text:
Flemish
Crespin Carlier
Brabant
Henry III of France
Sainte-Chapelle
El Escorial
clavichord
Saint Gervais Church
Église Saint-Jacques-du-Haut-Pas
Claude-François Clicquot
Alfred Kern & fils
Ypres
Veurne
Brussels
Albert VII, Archduke of Austria
Isabella Clara Eugenia
Saint-Omer
Madrid
Anderlecht
Cathedral of Our Lady (Antwerp)
's-Hertogenbosch
Peter Philips
Mechelen
John Bull
stops
Ghent

paragraph: Matthijs Langhedul

paragraph: Matthijs Langhedul (d. around 1636) was a Flemish organ-builder who did important work in Paris.

paragraph: He and Crespin Carlier had great influence on the development of the classical seventeenth century French organ.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: The family of Matthijs Langhedul was from Brabant, an organ-building dynasty founded by Victor Langhedul, who died around 1513. Victor's son Michiel Langhedul I built organs in England around 1530 and later in Flanders, living until at least 1570. Michiel's son Jan (or Jehan) moved to France, first to Lille and then to Paris in 1585 to escape from the ongoing fighting between the Dutch and Spanish.

paragraph: Jan Langhedul was given the title "facteur d'orgues de Roy" by King Henry III of France for the work he did in restoring the organ of Sainte-Chapelle in 1588.

paragraph: Matthijs Langhedul was Jan Langhedul's son.

paragraph: They moved to Paris around 1585 and worked on several organs.

paragraph: Jan Langhedul returned to Flanders while in 1592 Matthijs Langhedul obtained a position with the Spanish court.

paragraph: There he was court organist at El Escorial, and maintained four organs that had been built by his compatriot Jean Brebos.

paragraph: He held this position until 1599, when he returned to Paris.

paragraph: Before he left Madrid, the Archduke Albert made him a present of a large clavichord to which he had made various improvements.

paragraph: Section::::Paris.

paragraph: Matthijs Langhedul was in demand in Paris to maintain the organs that he and his father had built or repaired.

paragraph: He restored the organs at Saint-Jean-en-Grève and Saint Benoit, where he replaced his father's spring-chest with a slider-chest to make repair easier.

paragraph: With an established reputation, he was asked to build or repair organs for the churches of Saints-Innocents and St Jacques-la-Boucherie.

paragraph: His most notable organ is the one built between 1599 and 1601 for Saint Gervais Church. Many of the original stops are still working.

paragraph: Some of the pipes are signed "Langhedul 1600".

paragraph: He made the organ for the Saint-Benoît-le-Bétourné Collegiate.

paragraph: When that institution was secularized in 1792, its organ was transferred and installed in the Église Saint-Jacques-du-Haut-Pas by Claude-François Clicquot.

paragraph: This organ underwent extensive restoration by Alfred Kern & fils, completed in 1971.

paragraph: Section::::Later work.

paragraph: Matthijs Langhedul was in Ypres in 1608.

paragraph: He made the organ of the collegiate church of Sainte Walburga in Veurne in 1611. It was rebuilt in 1859 by the Neuville de Rexpoëde brothers within Langhedul's original case, one of the oldest in Flanders.

paragraph: The rest of the instrument has almost all been lost.

paragraph: In 1613 he was in Brussels, the official organ builder of Albert VII, Archduke of Austria and his consort Isabella Clara Eugenia.

paragraph: While in Brussels he worked on organs at Saint Gudula (1614), Begijnhof (1617), Hofkapel (1624-1625) and at the Notre Dame Cathedral in Saint-Omer.

paragraph: He built new instruments for the court in Madrid, for Anderlecht (from 1621) and for the Cathedral of Our Lady (Antwerp) (1618-1636).

paragraph: A design for an organ at the St. John's in 's-Hertogenbosch has been preserved.

paragraph: In 1624 Peter Philips joined him in Mechelen to help him repair the organ there.

paragraph: Matthijs worked with the English composer and organist John Bull in Antwerp between 1626 and 1627, where they built a ten-stop organ for the Cathedral. The organ included Nasard, Tierce, Cornet and Trumpet stops.

paragraph: There are no records of Matthijs Langhedul from 1636 onward.

paragraph: A stone from the Dominican church at Ghent mentions the burial in 1639 of a "M. Langhedal".

paragraph: Jan Langhedul had previously been buried there, so this may refer to Matthijs Langhedul.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Notes

paragraph: Citations

paragraph: Sources

description: Flemish organ builder

wikidata_label: Matthijs Langhedul

wikipedia_title: Matthijs Langhedul


text: Perugia

text: Giovanni Battista Caporali

text: Genoa

text: palazzi

text: World Heritage List

text: Ferrara

text: Bologna

text: Naples

text: Milan

text: Santa Maria presso San Celso

text: Vignola

text: Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli

text: Flanders

text: El Escorial

text: Spain

text: Perugia

text: Palazzo dei Priori

text: Duomo

text: San Pietro

text: Assisi

text: Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli

text: Cathedral of San Rufino

text: Genoa

text: Albaro

text: S. Maria Assunta, Carignano

text: St. Lawrence Cathedral

text: Villa delle Peschiere

text: Villa Grimaldi-Sauli in Bisagno

text: Strada Nuova

text: Milan

text: Palazzo Marino (Municipio di Milano)

text: Tommaso Marino

text: San Barnaba

text: Santa Maria presso San Celso

text: Duomo di Milano

text: Sacro Monte di Varallo

text: Vercelli

text: Rome

text: Church of the Gesù

categories: 16th-century Italian architects,1512 births,1572 deaths

paragraph: Galeazzo Alessi

paragraph: Galeazzo Alessi (1512 – December 30, 1572) was an Italian architect from Perugia, known throughout Europe for his distinctive style based on his enthusiasm for ancient architecture. He studied drawing for civil and military architecture under the direction of Giovanni Battista Caporali.

paragraph: For a number of years he lived in Genoa. He was involved in the lay-out of the streets and the restoration of the city walls, as well as being responsible for many of its impressive palazzi, now a part of the World Heritage List. His work can be found in many other Italian cities, including in Ferrara, Bologna, Naples and Milan, where he designed the facade of Santa Maria presso San Celso. With Vignola, he designed the Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli in Assisi, the seventh largest Christian church at the time. Elsewhere in Europe, he designed churches and palaces in France, Germany and Flanders. He produced designs for El Escorial in Spain, but age and health prevented him from carrying them out.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.:Perugia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rocca Paolina, remodelling

paragraph: BULLET::::- Loggia at the Oratorio di S. Angelo della Pace

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. Maria del Popolo (Camera di Commercio)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Loggia for the Palazzo dei Priori, remodelling

paragraph: BULLET::::- Convent of Santa Giuliana (S. Caterina)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portale of the Villa del Leone

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doorway in the southern flank of the Duomo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works for San Pietro

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.:Assisi.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tabernacle of San Francesco (original design in the Metropolitan Museum of Art)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works in the Cathedral of San Rufino

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.:Genoa.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Villa Giustiniani-Cambiaso, Albaro

paragraph: BULLET::::- Basilica of S. Maria Assunta, Carignano

paragraph: BULLET::::- Porta del Molo (Porta Siberia), inserted in the city walls

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cupola of St. Lawrence Cathedral

paragraph: BULLET::::- Villa delle Peschiere

paragraph: BULLET::::- Villa Grimaldi-Sauli in Bisagno

paragraph: BULLET::::- Proposals for the palazzi in the Strada Nuova

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.:Milan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palazzo Marino (Municipio di Milano), for the Genoese Tommaso Marino.

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Barnaba

paragraph: BULLET::::- Auditorium of the Scuole Canobiane

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santa Maria presso San Celso

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Raffaele

paragraph: BULLET::::- Various projects in the Duomo di Milano, including the monument of the Arcimboldi.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.:Sacro Monte di Varallo (Vercelli).

paragraph: BULLET::::- City plan

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.:Rome.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unexecuted designs for the Church of the Gesù

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rossi, "Di Galeazzo Alessi memorie" (Perugia, 1873)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emmina De Negri, "Galeazzo Alessi : architetto a Genova", (Quaderni dell'Istituto di storia dell'arte dell'Università di Genova, number 1, (Genoa) 1957.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Galeazzo Alessi e l'architettura del Cinquecento", atti del convegno internazionale di studi : Genoa, 16–20 April 1974, (Genoa 1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. L. Torrijos, "Un testamento dimenticato di Galeazzo Alessi", in "Architettura, storia e documenti", 1 (1985:97-100)

description: architect

wikidata_label: Galeazzo Alessi

wikipedia_title: Galeazzo Alessi


text:
Italian
Jesuit
missionary
scholar
Brescia
Yanping
China
Society of Jesus
China
Macau
Jiangxi
Fujian
Andrius Rudamina
Wanwu Zhenyuan
Manchu
Kang-he
Möllendorff
Beijing
Zhifang waiji
Matteo Ricci
Aleni, Giulio
Life and passion of Christ
Houghton Library

categories: People from Brescia,Italian historians,1649 deaths,Roman Catholic missionaries in China,1582 births,Jesuit missionaries in China,Jesuit scientists,Italian Jesuits,Italian Roman Catholic theologians,Italian astronomers

paragraph: Giulio Alenio

paragraph: Giulio Aleni (; 1582– June 10, 1649), in Chinese , was an Italian Jesuit missionary and scholar. He was born in Leno near Brescia in Italy, at the time part of the Republic of Venice, and died at Yanping in China. He became a member of the Society of Jesus in 1600 and distinguished himself in his knowledge of mathematics and theology.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: In 1610, he was sent as a missionary to China. While waiting at Macau for a favorable opportunity to enter the country he taught mathematics to local scholars and published his "Observation sur l'éclipse de lune du 8 Novembre 1612, faite a Macao" ("Mémoires de l'Acad. des Sciences", VII, 706.)

paragraph: He adopted the dress and manners of the country, was the first Christian missionary in Jiangxi, and built several churches in Fujian. One of his converts, a scholar name Li Jiubiao, recorded Aleni's and Andrius Rudamina's, one of his fellow Jesuits, responses to the questions and speculations of his parishioners and compiled them into a journal.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: He published works in Chinese on a variety of topics. His cosmography, "Wanwu Zhenyuan" (The True Origin of the Ten-thousand Things), was translated into Manchu during the reign of Kang-he as Wylie: Tumen chakai unengki sekiyen, Möllendorff: Tumen jakai unengki sekiyen. A copy was sent from Beijing to Paris in 1789. He completed the work of earlier Jesuit scholars to produce the "Zhifang waiji", China's first global geography. Among his most important religious works are a controversial treatise on the Catholic Faith, in which are refuted what he saw as the principal errors of the Chinese; and "The Life of God, the Saviour, from the Four Gospels" (Peking, 1635–1637, 8 vols.; often reprinted, e.g. in 1887 in 3 vols) and used even by Protestant missionaries.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The life and works of Giulio Aleni are the subject of several conferences in 1994 and 2010. Two of his books, "Life of Matteo Ricci, Xitai of the West" and "Holy images of the Heavenly Lord" have been presented to the public by "Fondazione Civiltà Bresciana" in two separate occasions, on 13 and 25 October 2010.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Menegon, Eugenio. "Un solo Cielo. Giulio Aleni S.J. (1582-1649). Geografia, arte, scienza, religione dall’Europa alla Cina". Brescia: Grafo, 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Witek, S.J. "Aleni, Giulio, in Gerald Anderson, ed., "Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions" (Erdmans, 1999), pp. 9–10

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lippiello, Tiziana, and Roman Malek. "Scholar from the West: Giulio Aleni S.J. (1582-1649) and the Dialogue between Christianity and China". Brescia: Sankt Augustin: Fondazione civiltà bresciana; Monumenta Serica Institute, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sommervogel, Carlos, "Bibliothèque de la Campagnie de Jesus", I, 157 sq.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pfister, S.J., "Bibliogr. des Jesuites Chinois miss."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cordier, "Essai d'une bibliogr. des ouvr. publ. en Chine par les Europeéns" (Paris 1883).

paragraph: BULLET::::- ALENI, Giulio, Geografia dei paesi stranieri alla Cina. Zhifang waiji, with translation (Italian), Introduction and commentary by Paolo De Troia, Brescia, Fondazione Civiltà Bresciana/Centro Giulio Aleni, 2009, with a full Map of ten thousand countries (Wangguo quantu)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ahn Jaewon, A comparative research on Cicero's orator perfectus and Confucius' rex perfectus( Papers on Rhetoric 10)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Life and passion of Christ. Digital facsimile of Aleni's ca. 1640 printing from Houghton Library, Harvard University.

alias:
Ai Rulve
si ji

description: missionary

wikidata_label: Giulio Alenio

wikipedia_title: Giulio Alenio


text:
Lombards
Perctarit
Alahis
duke
Brescia
Trento
Paul the Deacon
Historia Langobardorum
Isola Comacina
Lake Como
Catholic Church
Brescia
Piedmont
Venetia
Battle of Coronate
Adda
Lodi
Ansfrid of Friuli
schism
Italian
Aquileia
Grado
Liutpert
regent
Ansprand

categories: 7th-century kings of Italy,7th-century Lombard people,Lombard warriors,Lombard kings,7th-century monarchs in Europe,Bavarian dynasty,700 deaths

paragraph: Cunipert

paragraph: Cunincpert (also Cunibert or Cunipert) was king of the Lombards from 688 to 700. He succeeded his father Perctarit, though he was associated with the throne from 680.

paragraph: Soon after his assumption of the sole kingship, Cunincpert was ousted by Alahis, duke of Brescia (who had previously been duke of Trento). Alahis had also rebelled during the reign of Perctarit, but it was Cunincpert who, according to Paul the Deacon in the "Historia Langobardorum", had persuaded his father to show mercy. Perctarit is reported to have warned his son of the consequences. It was thus soon after Perctarit's death that Alahis forced Cunincpert to flee to Isola Comacina, an island in the middle of Lake Como.

paragraph: The only extant record of the rule of Alahis is contained in "Book V" of Paul the Deacon's "Historia Langobardorum". His rule is portrayed as burdensome and tyrannical, and particularly antagonistic to the Catholic Church. Having lost the support of the Church and, crucially, of the 'people' (notably the brothers Aldo and Grauso of Brescia), Cunincpert was able to return to Pavia and resume control. Alahis, however was able to acquire sufficient support to bring the matter to battle. Cunincpert, with the men of Piedmont, defeated Alahis and the men of Venetia at the Battle of Coronate, on the Horn of the Adda, near Lodi, in 689. Alahis was slain in battle.

paragraph: Cunincpert suppressed other insurrections during his reign, including that of the usurper Duke Ansfrid of Friuli.

paragraph: He also successfully settled the schism in the Italian church between Aquileia and Grado.

paragraph: He died in 700 and was succeeded by his young son Liutpert, the regent Ansprand, and many rebels. Many wars took place during his reign. He is notably the first Lombard monarch to strike coins in his image.

description: 7th-century Lombard king

wikidata_label: Cunipert

wikipedia_title: Cunipert


text: Test cricket

text: Australian rules football

text: Australian Football Hall of Fame

text: South Melbourne

text: 1933 premiership team

text: Australia

text: Marylebone Cricket Club

text: Victorian Football League

text: Keith Miller

text: New Guinea

text: Fitzroy, Victoria

text: Irish Catholic

text: Robert

text: Carlton Football Club

text: Collingwood Football Club

text: Footscray Football Club

text: Hamilton

text: 1920–1921 touring English side

text: Tasmania

text: Victoria

text: Prime Minister of New Zealand

text: Walter Nash

text: Eileen Joyce

text: Richmond

text: Tommy Lahiff

text: Fitzroy

text: Victorian

text: Tasmania

text: Parattah

text: Launceston

text: first-class cricket

text: Tasmania

text: Leo O'Brien

text: Roy Cazaly

text: City

text: Northern Tasmanian Football Association

text: national carnival

text: Adelaide

text: West Indian cricket team

text: Learie Constantine

text: Ted Pickett

text: Protestant

text: called for throwing

text: Bernard Whimpress

text: South Africans

text: Eric Dalton

text: bouncer

text: Jock Cameron

text: Australian side

text: Melbourne Cricket Ground

text: Charles Eady

text: Roger Woolley

text: Jack Fingleton

text: Bert Ironmonger

text: Gregory

text: Richmond

text: Footscray

text: Fitzroy

text: Douglas Jardine

text: England

text: News Chronicle

text: Bodyline

text: Vic Richardson

text: Poms

text: Australian Board of Control for International Cricket

text: Marylebone Cricket Club

text: Bill Woodfull

text: hook

text: Arthur Mailey

text: Victorian Football League

text: South Melbourne

text: 1933 VFL season

text: Joe Scanlan

text: Melbourne

text: South Melbourne Cricket Club

text: Coburg

text: VFL debut

text: Carlton Football Club

text: Princes Park

text: centre half-back

text: 1933 Home and Away season

text: Hawthorn

text: 1933 premiership

text: The Sporting Globe

text: South Melbourne

text: Bill Woodfull

text: Carlton

text: 1934 tour of England

text: Don Blackie

text: rheumatism

text: Hans Ebeling

text: 1934 VFL season

text: European settlement of Victoria

text: centre half-forward

text: full-forward

text: Bob Pratt

text: Victoria

text: South Australia

text: Bill Mohr

text: Ivor Warne-Smith

text: 1934 Grand Final

text: Peter Reville

text: Constable

text: ruck

text: Perth

text: Grand Final

text: Ron Hillis

text: Brownlow Medal

text: Denis Ryan

text: Jack Mueller

text: Grand Final

text: Jack Ross's

text: Jack Bisset

text: Roy Cazaly

text: Brighton Diggins

text: Melbourne district cricket

text: Sheffield Shield

text: English cricket team

text: represent two different states in cricket and Australian rules football

text: Neil Hawke

text: 1936–1937 Ashes series

text: Gubby Allen

text: Australian Board of Control

text: Wally Hammond

text: Ken Farnes

text: Ernie McCormick

text: Leslie Ames

text: Joe Hardstaff junior

text: South Australia

text: Adelaide Oval

text: Hobart

text: peritonitis

text: 1938 Ashes Tour

text: Keith Miller

text: Don Bradman

text: sledging

text: 1938 season

text: Victorian Football Association

text: this schism

text: Camberwell

text: sub-district

text: Camberwell Cricket Club

text: Camberwell Council

text: Recorder Cup

text: Ron Todd

text: Coburg

text: Williamstown

text: osteoarthritis

text: Second Australian Imperial Force

text: Trooper

text: 2/2nd Pioneer Battalion

text: Syria-Lebanon

text: Netherlands East Indies campaign

text: South West Pacific theatre

text: 7th Division

text: New Guinea campaign

text: Finisterre Range campaign

text: Lae

text: War Bonds

text: Returned Services League

text: Anzac Day

text: Bull Adams

text: Footscray

text: North Melbourne

text: Richmond

text: Don "Mopsy" Fraser

text: 1945 VFL Grand Final

text: Bob Chitty

text: Vin Brown

text: Ovens and Murray Football League

text: Wangaratta

text: Greta

text: Ovens and King Football League

text: cowpat

text: Casterton

text: 1953 VFL season

text: Bob Skilton

text: World of Sport

text: South Yarra

text: Port Melbourne

text: Melbourne Magistrates Court

text: Lindsay Hassett

text: Aboriginal

text: Doug Nicholls

text: 1958 VFL Grand Final

text: emphysema

text: Heidelberg, Victoria

text: Richmond Football Club

text: Jack Dyer

text: Gordon Coventry

text: Vic Richardson

text: Brownlow Medal

text: Manning Clark

text: University of Melbourne

text: duck

text: golf

text: tennis

text: quoits

text: Clarrie Grimmett

text: Johnnie Moyes

text: Sydney's grand final win

text: Australian Football Hall of Fame

text: Merv Harvey

text: rhyming slang

text: Martin Flanagan

text: List of cricketers called for throwing in top-class cricket matches in Australia

text: List of Australian rules football and cricket players

text: List of Tasmanian representative cricketers

text: List of Victoria first-class cricketers

text: Main, Jim

text: World War II Service Record: Nash, Laurence John

text: Blueseum: 1945 Grand Final (Nash's last game for South Melbourne)

categories: Australian cricketers,South Melbourne cricketers,Australian people of Irish descent,Victoria cricketers,1986 deaths,Sydney Swans players,Casterton Football Club players,Sydney Swans coaches,Tasmania cricketers,Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees,Camberwell Football Club players,Camberwell Football Club coaches,Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia),Sportspeople from Melbourne,Wangaratta Football Club players,City-South Football Club players,Australian military personnel of World War II,Australia Test cricketers,Australian Roman Catholics,1910 births,Cricketers from Victoria (Australia)

paragraph: Laurie Nash

paragraph: Laurence John "Laurie" Nash (2 May 1910 – 24 July 1986) was a Test cricketer and Australian rules footballer. An inductee into the Australian Football Hall of Fame, Nash was a member of South Melbourne's 1933 premiership team, captained South Melbourne in 1937 and was the team's leading goal kicker in 1937 and 1945. In cricket, Nash was a fast bowler and hard hitting lower order batsman who played two Test matches for Australia, taking 10 wickets at 12.80 runs per wicket, and scoring 30 runs at a batting average of 15.

paragraph: The son of a leading Australian rules footballer of the early twentieth century who had also played cricket against the touring Marylebone Cricket Club in 1921, Nash was a star sportsman as a boy. Following the family's relocation from Victoria to Tasmania, he began to make a name for himself as both a footballer and a cricketer, and became both one of the earliest professional club cricketers in Australia and one of the first fully professional Australian rules footballers. Nash made his Test cricket debut in 1932, against South Africa and his Victorian Football League (VFL) debut in 1933.

paragraph: While Nash had great success in football, he faced opposition from the cricket establishment for his supposedly poor attitude towards authority. This led fellow cricketer Keith Miller to write that his non-selection as a regular Test player was "the greatest waste of talent in Australian cricket history".

paragraph: During World War II Nash rejected offers of a home posting and instead served as a trooper in New Guinea, stating that he wished to be treated no differently from any other soldier. Following the end of the war, Nash returned to South Melbourne and won the team goal kicking award, although his age and injuries inhibited any return of his previous successes. Nash retired from VFL football at the end of the 1945 season to play and coach in the country before returning to coach South Melbourne in 1953. After retiring, Nash wrote columns for newspapers, was a panellist on football television shows and was a publican before his death in Melbourne, aged 76.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Nash was born in Fitzroy, Victoria on 2 May 1910, the youngest of three children of Irish Catholics Robert and Mary Nash. He had a brother, Robert Junior, and one sister, Mary, known as Maizie.

paragraph: Nash belonged to a sporting family; his grandfather Michael Nash and great-uncle Thomas Nash were leading players for Carlton Football Club in the 1880s, his father Robert captained Collingwood Football Club and coached Footscray Football Club, and played cricket, opening the bowling for Hamilton in a match against the 1920–1921 touring English side, while Robert Junior also became a leading footballer in Tasmania and country Victoria. Nash's mother was an orphan who was probably adopted several times, allowing historians no opportunity to determine any sporting links on her side of the family. Nash's biographer also claims that former Prime Minister of New Zealand Sir Walter Nash and pianist Eileen Joyce were related to the family.

paragraph: Nash's father, who had initially worked as a gas stoker, joined the police force in 1913 and served in a number of postings, including Hamilton in western Victoria, taking his family with him. In Hamilton, Nash attended Loreto Convent and began his interest in sport, practising kicking a football made of newspapers and tied together with string.

paragraph: When Nash Senior was transferred back to Melbourne in 1922, the Nash brothers attended St Ignatius School in the Melbourne working-class suburb of Richmond, where Nash became best friends with fellow student Tommy Lahiff, who would also become a leading Australian rules footballer.

paragraph: Although short and stocky, Nash and his brother Robert Junior developed into star junior sportsmen, excelling at football and cricket, although Nash Senior preferred Laurie to become a cricketer, considering it a better and longer career option and forbade his sons from playing senior football until age 20.

paragraph: Nash's performance in junior cricket led Victorian district cricket club Fitzroy to sign him for the 1927/28 season. Nash made his first grade debut for Fitzroy as a seventeen-year-old and spent two and a half seasons at Fitzroy, earning plaudits for his performances and, until he broke his wrist in a fielding mishap, there were suggestions that he was close to Victorian selection.

paragraph: Nash Senior was a member of a group of 600 police who went on strike in 1923 for better wages but was dismissed from the force and required to find another livelihood. Nash Senior went into the hotel business, firstly in Melbourne before eventually moving his family to Tasmania in 1929 to run the hotel at Parattah.

paragraph: Section::::Tasmania.

paragraph: In Tasmania, Nash gained work in a Launceston sport store and made his Tasmanian district cricket debut for the Tamar Cricket Club on 7 December 1929, taking 7 wickets for 29 (7/29) and 1/16. After one more match for Tamar, in which he took 5/41, Nash was chosen in the Northern Tasmania side in the annual match against Southern Tasmania, where he took match figures of 7/40 and top scored in both innings.

paragraph: These performances led Nash to make his first-class cricket debut for Tasmania against Victoria in Launceston on 31 December 1929, taking 2/97, with future Test player Leo O'Brien his maiden first-class wicket, and scoring 1 and 48 (Tasmania's top score in their second innings).

paragraph: Four months later, he made his senior football debut for the Roy Cazaly coached City side in the Northern Tasmanian Football Association (NTFA), immediately standing out on account of his skills, blond hair and confidence in his abilities. Nash made the Tasmanian side for the national carnival in Adelaide where he won the medal for the most outstanding Tasmanian player of the carnival. Nash played in defence for City while Robert Junior played in the forward line and both were considered sensational.

paragraph: Between 1930 and 1932 Nash played 45 games for City (including premierships in 1930 and 1932), kicking 14 goals, and winning the Tasman Shields Trophy, awarded to the Best and Fairest player in the NTFA, in 1931 and 1932. Additionally, Nash played 10 games for Northern Tasmania (12 goals) and 5 games for Tasmania at the national carnival.

paragraph: Nash played for Tasmania against the touring West Indian cricket team in December 1930. Batting at number three, Nash made 41 and 0 and took 2/87, including bowling Learie Constantine, who had scored 100 in 65 minutes. Journalists noted that during Constantine's innings, Nash was the only Tasmanian bowler to watch the West Indian closely and take note of his strengths and weaknesses, which led to his eventual success against the batsman.

paragraph: In September 1932 Nash married Irene Roles in Launceston, with City and Tasmania teammate Ted Pickett acting as best man. Due to the strict sectarianism of the 1930s, there was some controversy as Irene was a Protestant from one of Launceston's establishment families, and the wedding was held in a Protestant church. For years afterwards, Nash was subjected to a campaign by Catholic clergy to hold a Catholic wedding ceremony to legitimise his marriage but refused.

paragraph: Laurie and Irene had one child, Noelene, in January 1940. Wallish states that it was thought that Laurie sought to have additional children but Irene was opposed.

paragraph: Section::::Tasmania.:Called for throwing.

paragraph: On 26 January 1931 Nash was called for throwing in a match for Tasmania against Victoria at Launceston. He later claimed that the throw was deliberate and came out of frustration with his fielders. The call for throwing was early in the innings but Nash was able to recover from the incident to take 5/76 out of Victoria's total of 524. Earlier in the same match Nash opened the batting and made 110, his highest first-class score. It has been speculated by cricket historian Bernard Whimpress that Nash's decision to throw the ball may have been regarded by selectors as "part of a parcel of anti-social behaviours which told against regular selection" for either Australia or Victoria.

paragraph: Section::::Test debut.

paragraph: Nash was picked for Tasmania in two matches against the touring South Africans in January 1932. He failed to perform in the first match in Launceston, taking 1/68 and 2/45 and scoring 17 and 9. However, Nash had a lively bowling performance in the Hobart match, making the ball come off the wicket at a great pace and gaining match figures of 9/137, including two wickets in consecutive balls and breaking batsman Eric Dalton's jaw with a vicious bouncer on the hat-trick ball. South African captain Jock Cameron praised Nash for his performance as his bowling in the match was thought to be as quick and dangerous as any bowler in the world.

paragraph: Following the Hobart match Nash was included in the Australian side to make his Test debut, aged 21 years and 286 days, against South Africa at the Melbourne Cricket Ground beginning 12 February 1932. Nash was the first Tasmanian based player chosen to play for Australia since Charles Eady in 1902 and would be the last until Roger Woolley debuted in 1983. Also making his Test debut for Australia was batsman Jack Fingleton while spin bowler Bert Ironmonger was recalled to the side.

paragraph: Nash's inclusion raised eyebrows, as "The Argus" wrote "The inclusion of Nash will occasion most surprise", particularly as Nash was the only fast bowler chosen in the Australian team. However Nash soon silenced any critics with a dangerous opening spell, capturing three of the first four South African wickets to fall and 4 in the first innings for just 18 runs, followed by 1/4 in the second as South Africa were routed for 36 and 45. The match was the first to finish in under six hours' play.

paragraph: Following the match, "The Times" commented favourably on Nash, reporting "Nash is a short, powerfully built man, … made the ball kick awkwardly, several balls getting up head-high, and in one spell before luncheon took three wickets for four runs. Nash has plenty of stamina for a fast bowler and is considered by some to be the man for whom the selectors are searching to fill the place of Gregory."

paragraph: Nash's performance also drew the interest of VFL clubs, as he was "said to be a better footballer than he is a cricketer." Victorian Football League clubs Richmond and Footscray sought to recruit Nash but the VFL considered Nash a Fitzroy player due to his time at Fitzroy Cricket Club.

paragraph: Section::::Bodyline.

paragraph: The 1932–1933 cricket season saw the Douglas Jardine-led England side tour Australia, with Nash expected to open the bowling. English newspaper the "News Chronicle" stated that the emergence of Nash was "a grim prospect for England in its attempts to recover the Ashes." Despite this, he was left out of what became known as the Bodyline series.

paragraph: In the wake of England's tactics of sustained fast short pitched bowling at the body of the Australian batsman, Australian vice-captain Vic Richardson urged that Nash be brought into the Test team to "give the Poms back some of their own medicine." Another Australian cricketer, Jack Fingleton, later wrote that the Australian selectors erred in not playing Nash, believing he was to be the best exponent in Australia of intimidatory fast bowling. However, the Australian Board of Control for International Cricket, which had been protesting to the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) about the Bodyline tactics of Jardine, believed that the inclusion of Nash would only aggravate an already tense situation, and Australian captain Bill Woodfull thought Bodyline bowling to be unsportsmanlike and refused to use the tactic.

paragraph: Nash himself claimed that he could have ended Bodyline in two overs without needing to resort to a leg field, as he believed that the English batsman could not hook and a few overs of sustained, fast short pitched bowling would have caused England to abandon their Bodyline tactics.

paragraph: As it was, Nash only played one first-class game during the 1932–1933 season—for an Australian XI side against MCC at the MCG. Opening the bowling, Nash took 3/39 in the first innings and 0/18 in the second, with reporters noting that he occasionally got a lot of bounce out of the wicket. By this point Nash had played 17 matches for Tasmania, scoring 857 runs at 29.55 and taking 51 wickets at 31.96. There was also talk, which proved unfounded, that Nash would be invited to join the touring team to Canada that Arthur Mailey was compiling.

paragraph: Section::::Move to Victoria.

paragraph: Section::::Move to Victoria.:1933.

paragraph: Nash's football career continued to soar as several Victorian Football League clubs sought to recruit Laurie and Robert Junior. South Melbourne, partly through its connection to Roy Cazaly and partly through its offer to Nash of an unprecedented £3 per match, accommodation and a job in a sports store, eventually won the battle for the Nash brothers' signatures for the 1933 VFL season. Such was the interest in Melbourne in where Nash would play, when South Melbourne committee member Joe Scanlan travelled to Tasmania to sign Nash, he was smuggled aboard the steamer to avoid media attention.

paragraph: Nash moved to Melbourne in late 1932 and began playing cricket for South Melbourne Cricket Club while waiting for his transfer to South Melbourne Football Club to be processed.

paragraph: The collection of players recruited from interstate in 1932/1933 became known as South Melbourne's "Foreign Legion". Laurie starred in practice matches for South Melbourne but Robert Junior struggled and left the club prior to the start of the season to successfully play firstly for VFA club Coburg and then play and coach in country Victoria, Wearing guernsey number 25, Nash made his VFL debut for South Melbourne against Carlton Football Club at Princes Park on 29 April 1933, aged 22 years and 362 days. A near-record crowd of 37,000 attended the match and Nash immediately became one of the League's top players, dominating matches from centre half-back. Due in large part to Nash's performance, South Melbourne finished the 1933 Home and Away season in second.

paragraph: Nash caused the South Melbourne coaching staff concern when he fractured two fingers in a match against Hawthorn two weeks before the final series. Normally this type of injury would require a player to miss six weeks of football but Nash, who kicked six goals in the match, missed just one week, returned for South's Semi-Final win against Richmond and was considered Best on Ground in South Melbourne's 1933 premiership win. In the Grand Final Nash played at centre-half-back, took thirteen marks and had twenty-nine kicks and dominated play.

paragraph: Nash was adjudged the finest defender since World War I by "The Sporting Globe" and was runner-up in the Best and Fairest at South Melbourne.

paragraph: A week after the Grand Final and still on a high from the premiership win, Nash opened the bowling for his district club South Melbourne against Australian captain Bill Woodfull's team, Carlton. Mindful of the upcoming Test tour of England, Nash thought he could impress Woodfull by bowling him a series of short pitched deliveries, eventually hitting him over the heart (Woodfull had been hit just under the heart by Harold Larwood during the Bodyline series). Nash dismissed Woodfull caught and bowled later that over for 15 but did not realise that "there was no way in the world Woodfull would take this wild and slightly uncouth cricketer with him to England in the current political climate (or perhaps any other)" and was not chosen for the subsequent tour of England.

paragraph: Section::::Move to Victoria.:1934.

paragraph: Nash continued to play district cricket and was considered a strong possibility for the 1934 tour of England. He was chosen to play in the Bert Ironmonger/Don Blackie benefit match, which was also a Test trial, but was forced to withdraw after contracting rheumatism in his shoulder. Nash's replacement, Hans Ebeling, bowled well enough to secure a place in the tour squad instead.

paragraph: Following the 1933 Premiership success, hopes were high for the 1934 VFL season, which was known as the Centenary Premiership year, in recognition of one hundred years since the European settlement of Victoria. Nash continued to move between centre half-back and centre half-forward, kicking 53 goals for the year (47 of which from 9 games) as well as playing a significant role in South Melbourne full-forward Bob Pratt reaching a record 150 goals (although later in life Pratt would joke that Nash only kicked to him once "but that was a mistake.")

paragraph: In August 1934, Nash was chosen to play for Victoria in an interstate match against South Australia at the MCG, replacing the injured Pratt. Initially selected at centre half-forward, Nash had kicked 2 goals by the start of the second quarter when he was moved to full-forward to replace the injured Bill Mohr and proceeded to kick a further 16 goals to finish with 18 goals, a record for a Victorian player in an interstate match and for the MCG as Victoria defeated South Australia 30.19 (199) to 14.10 (94). Brownlow Medallist Ivor Warne-Smith wrote of Nash's performance; "his was a great achievement. He showed superb marking, good ground play, and accurate kicking. Some of his shots from left-foot snaps were gems… His performance has never been equalled." He later claimed he would have kicked 27 goals that day but for the selfishness of the rovers who refused to kick to him. Following the match, Dr B. Crellin, who attended the birth of Nash, publicly apologised to the South Australian side, claiming part responsibility for the mayhem inflicted by Nash.

paragraph: South Melbourne finished the home and away series in third position, defeated Collingwood by three points in the first Semi-Final and Geelong by 60 points in the Preliminary Final, with Nash in brilliant form in the drizzling rain, kicking four goals.

paragraph: Going into the 1934 Grand Final, South Melbourne were favourites to retain the premiership but while Nash kicked six goals and was adjudged one of the best players of the match, South Melbourne were defeated by Richmond by 39 points. Such was the surprise around South Melbourne's loss, there were post-match rumours of South players being offered and accepting bribes to play poorly and Bob Pratt and Peter Reville angrily confronted teammates who underperformed.

paragraph: Section::::Move to Victoria.:1935.

paragraph: Nash resigned his position at the sports store and followed in his father's footsteps by joining the Victorian police force on 14 January 1935, and at 5'9" only just reached the minimum height requirement. Constable Nash served in the South Melbourne area for two years before resigning, having made no arrests in that time.

paragraph: Nash continued to cement his reputation as one of the top footballers in the country, being called "the most versatile player in Australia", as, in addition to playing at centre half-back and centre half-forward, he successfully played in the ruck.

paragraph: Named at centre half-back for Victoria in the game against Western Australia, Nash arrived in Perth with such a severe cold he was unable to train in the lead up to match. Nash injured his knee and ankle in Victoria's win over Western Australia in Perth in early July and was unable to train for a week. While Nash did not miss any matches due to the injuries, they bothered him throughout the season and he was forced to miss South Melbourne Footballers' weekly dance at the Lake Oval Social Hall. Although carrying injuries, Nash continued to show his versatility, playing around the ground and led South Melbourne to the Grand Final, their third in a row, only to be defeated by Collingwood.

paragraph: At the end of the 1935 season, Nash was adjudged the Best Player in the VFL by the "Sporting Globe", yet only came runner-up to Ron Hillis in South Melbourne's Best and Fairest.

paragraph: Section::::Move to Victoria.:1936.

paragraph: Appointed vice-captain of South Melbourne, Nash had his best Brownlow Medal result in 1936, receiving ten votes and finishing equal sixteenth behind winner Denis Ryan, while at South Melbourne, Nash was voted runner-up in the Best and Fairest and was runner-up in the Leading Goalkicker award. Nash however was considered by many judges as the best footballer in Australia, being adjudged "VFL Best Player" by the "Sporting Globe", "VFL Footballer of the Year" by the "Melbourne Herald" and "VFL Best Player of the Year" by "The Australian", while newspapers reported that crowds "gasped" at the remarkable things he was able achieve with the ball.

paragraph: South Melbourne finished the year as Minor Premier but lost to Collingwood in the Second Semi-Final, although Nash, at centre-half-back, was listed as one of South's best players in the match. South then won the Preliminary Final against Melbourne, with the dominance of Nash, again at centre-half-back, over his opponent Jack Mueller, himself one of the VFL's leading players, deciding the result of the final.

paragraph: For the fourth season in a row, South Melbourne reached the Grand Final, only to lose, for the third season in a row, to Collingwood for the second time in a row. Nash kicked one goal in the Grand Final and was adjudged one of South's best players but Collingwood's Jack Ross's dogged tagging of Nash throughout the match was considered the decisive factor in Collingwood's win.

paragraph: Section::::Move to Victoria.:1937.

paragraph: Nash was selected as captain of South Melbourne for the 1937 season to replace the retiring Jack Bisset, becoming part of the first father and son team to captain a VFL/AFL side. It is thought that South Melbourne's newly appointed coach Roy Cazaly influenced the selection of Nash as captain, as Cazaly, Nash's coach in Tasmania, believed Nash to be the best footballer ever. There was some controversy over Nash's selection as captain, as it had been expected that vice-captain Brighton Diggins would be named captain. In response, Diggins quit South.

paragraph: South Melbourne did not enjoy the same level of success it had in the past four seasons, dropping to ninth position as retirements of some its key players from the previous four seasons, as well as injuries meant Nash was forced to play a lone hand for much of the year. Nash won the club goal kicking award with 37 goals.

paragraph: Section::::Test comeback.

paragraph: Nash spent five years out of the cricketing spotlight (although he dominated Melbourne district cricket, the Victorian selectors refused to select him and he never played a Sheffield Shield match). In 1936–1937 he topped the district cricket bowling averages.

paragraph: Nash was chosen for Victoria against the touring English cricket team and responded with figures of 2/21 and 2/16 and had the tourists ducking and weaving with "several head and rib-hunting deliveries an over". By playing for Victoria in this match, Nash became the first person to represent two different states in cricket and Australian rules football. He remains one of only three players to do so (the others being Keith Miller and Neil Hawke).

paragraph: In response to his bowling performance, Nash was picked for the deciding Fifth Test of the 1936–1937 Ashes series at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, with the sides locked at 2–2 in the series. His selection invoked complaints from the touring English side, where it was reported that a "feeling bordering on panic" had arisen at the thought of facing Nash during the Test. England captain Gubby Allen pressed for Nash's banishment from the Australian team, organising a private lunch with Bradman, then Australian captain. Bradman refused to omit Nash, believing "his presence in the team would be a psychological threat to England whether he bowled bouncers or underarm grubbers". Allen then approached the Australian Board of Control. It has been suggested that the Board of Control wanted to accede to Allen's demand and veto Nash's selection but were forced to relent when the selectors threatened to resign if Nash was not included. Finally, Allen informed the umpires that if Nash was to bowl one ball aimed at the body, he would immediately bring his batsmen off the ground.

paragraph: Nash claimed 4/70 and 1/34 and scored a sedate 17 in seventy-five minutes (disappointing the crowd which "was expecting fireworks from him") as Australia clinched the series. Nash also took a number of catches, including Wally Hammond off Bill O'Reilly and a spectacular catch to dismiss Ken Farnes, the last England batsman, pocketing the ball and a stump as souvenirs. When later asked about his inclusion, Nash replied "They knew where to come when they stood 2-all in the rubber."

paragraph: The media was full of praise for Nash's performance in the Test, claiming that Nash was a much more reliable fast bowler than his "erratic" opening partner Ernie McCormick. Nash was praised for his stamina, his ability to keep his footing and his direction during long bowling stints and his vicious yorker, which he used to dismiss Leslie Ames in the first innings and Joe Hardstaff junior in the second.

paragraph: Bradman later wrote that Nash's bowling was scrupulously fair and that any bouncers were few and adhered to the spirit of cricket.

paragraph: Section::::Cricket wilderness.

paragraph: Following the Test, Nash was selected for Victoria for their match against South Australia at the Adelaide Oval in what would have been his first Sheffield Shield match. However, Nash was forced to withdraw and fly to Tasmania following his wife Irene's sudden collapse in Hobart with peritonitis.

paragraph: At the start of the 1937–1938 cricket season, it was expected that Nash would be chosen for the 1938 Ashes Tour, with one journalist stating that if he was not selected, the team "would not be truly representative of our nation's real cricketing strength." Nash continued to terrorise batsmen in district cricket, including the rare occurrence of taking all 10 wickets in an innings (for 35 runs) for South Melbourne against Prahran in 1937–38, but was not selected for Victoria throughout the season. Nash's non-selection for Victoria led some Victorian Cricket Association delegates to publicly question why "the best fast bowler in Australia, and probably the world, is not chosen to represent Victoria" and demand that the Victorian selectors explain their non-selection of Nash.

paragraph: Nash's first-class career ended at the age of 26. His career Test figures 10 wickets at 12.60 places him fourth on the list of averages for bowlers to have taken 10 or more Test wickets (and the best by an Australian). His 22 first-class matches reaped 69 wickets at 28.33 and 953 runs at 28.02. His district cricket career of 63 matches netted 174 wickets at 14.95.

paragraph: A young Keith Miller also played for the South Melbourne Cricket Club and gained his first wicket in district cricket from a catch by Nash. Miller later declared that the non-selection of Nash as a regular Test player was "the greatest waste of talent in Australian cricket history", adding that Australian captain Don Bradman wanted Nash in the side to tour England in 1938 but that Nash "suffered injustices at the hands of high-level cricket administration", who refused to consider his selection.

paragraph: The reasons given for the administrators' disinclination towards Nash include his reputation for blunt speech, his abrasive personality, which included sledging, and even the fact that he wore cut off sleeves, which was considered a serious faux pas in the 1930s. Nash himself believed it was due to his working-class background, saying "I didn't wear the old school tie. I was a working man's son. I didn't fit in".

paragraph: Section::::Transfer to Camberwell.

paragraph: Prior to the 1938 season, the Victorian Football Association (VFA), the second-tier senior football competition in the state, made an ambitious break from tradition in what was ultimately a successful ploy to improve its popularity: it legalised throwing the ball in general play and made a few other rule changes to create a distinct and faster variation of Australian rules football, and ended the legal framework which required players to obtain a clearance when switching from the VFL to the VFA (or "vice versa"). On March 31, Nash caused a sensation when he became the first VFL player to defect under this schism, transferring from South Melbourne to Camberwell without a clearance. Nash was already one of the highest paid players in the VFL, but accepted an offer of £8/week to captain-coach the Camberwell Football Club, £3/week to captain-coach the sub-district Camberwell Cricket Club and a job as a Camberwell Council official.

paragraph: South Melbourne and the VFL objected to the transfer and South Melbourne sent out a public appeal for a job for Nash that would match that offered by Camberwell but nothing suitable was forthcoming. There were also threats of legal action against Nash and Camberwell, which did not eventuate, although for playing in another competition without a clearance, Nash was banned from playing in the VFL competition for three years – a suspension which meant he would have to sit out of all football (both VFA and VFL) for three years if he wished to return from the VFA to the VFL.

paragraph: Nash was immediately appointed captain of Camberwell and quickly became one of the most popular figures in the VFA, drawing large crowds to even practice matches. Playing mainly at centre-half-back in his first season but later in the forward-line, Nash was runner-up in the 1938 Camberwell Best and Fairest and won the 1939 Best and Fairest; and in 1939, he finished second in both of the VFA's Best and Fairest awards: the Recorder Cup and VFA Medal. Nash spent four seasons at Camberwell, where he played 74 games and kicked 418 goals, including 100 in 1939 and 141 in 1941. At the start of the 1940 season Nash was still considered amongst the best footballers in the country and, with the transfer of former South Melbourne teammate Bob Pratt and Collingwood full-forward Ron Todd to rival VFA sides Coburg and Williamstown respectively, there was talk that the VFA would now match the VFL for crowds.

paragraph: Nash was officially appointed Captain/Coach of Camberwell Cricket Club on 19 September 1938 and his debut for the club in the summer of 1938–1939 meant that he was the first person to be paid for playing grade cricket in Australia.

paragraph: Section::::War service.

paragraph: Nash did not rush to enlist in the Australian armed forces on the outbreak of war in 1939. While there was no public statement from Nash, it is thought that with a family to support and an Irish Catholic anti-pathy to the British, Nash did not feel an urgency to fight. However, following the commencement of the war against Japan, Nash enlisted on 2 February 1942.

paragraph: Realising the potential public relations coup in having a star sportsman enlist, officers recommended that Nash be seconded to the Army School of Physical Training (where Don Bradman had been given a commission), which offered greater pay and rank and ensured that Nash would not be posted overseas, away from family. Additionally, a medical examination detected osteoarthritis in both his knees, derived from the number of injuries he sustained throughout his footballing career. Nash refused, stating that he did not wish to be treated differently from ordinary recruits, and enlisted in the Second Australian Imperial Force, gaining the rank of Trooper.

paragraph: Nash was posted to the 2/2nd Pioneer Battalion, which had seen action in the Syria-Lebanon and the Netherlands East Indies campaigns. The 2/2nd Pioneer Battalion was sent to the South West Pacific theatre, supporting the 7th Division in the New Guinea campaign and fought in the Finisterre Range campaign in the advance to Lae.

paragraph: Throughout his tour of duty Nash had been wary of preferential treatment towards him due to his fame and opposed any attempts to promote him, which he believed he did not deserve. However, a jeep crash resulted in further injury to Nash's knees and ultimately led to a medical discharge from the Army on 18 February 1944. Following his return to Australia, Nash sold War Bonds and appeared at war-related charity functions, including one where he raised an additional £100 by singing to the large crowd.

paragraph: Although Nash would claim that he was never prouder than when he was a soldier, always wore his Returned Services League (RSL) badge and eagerly attended reunions of the 2/2nd Pioneer Battalion, he never marched on Anzac Day or applied for the campaign medals for which he was eligible.

paragraph: Section::::Postwar sport.

paragraph: Although out of shape and with arthritic knees, Nash announced that he was making a football comeback in 1945. He sought to return to South Melbourne, rather than Camberwell, but Camberwell declined Nash's transfer application and both clubs stated that they would be naming Nash in their respective sides for Round 1. An impediment to Nash's return to South Melbourne arose as a result of Nash having played two games for his old boy scout troop, the 6th Melbourne Scouts, while on leave in mid-1942; these games were considered competitive, and playing in them meant that Nash had not sat out of football for the three years required to serve the suspension he had received for crossing to Camberwell without a clearance. After an appeal by South Melbourne, a special meeting of the VFL was held to amend the rules so ex-servicemen would not be penalised for playing in minor matches. The amendment was made the day before the commencement of the 1945 season, allowing Nash to take his place for South Melbourne in their Round 1.

paragraph: Nash was slower and more portly than he was in the 1930s, short of match practice and forced to spend most Sundays in hospital having fluid drained from his injured knees swollen from the exertions of the day before, forcing South Melbourne coach Bull Adams to nurse Nash through the season. Additionally, in the Round 5 match against Footscray, he tore the webbing between his fingers which later became infected, causing him to miss the Round 6 match against North Melbourne and although Nash wore a special leather glove to protect his hand, the injury would trouble him for the rest of the season. Despite these setbacks, Nash could still be a match winner and many opposition players saw him as the key player for South Melbourne. Nash's best return for the year was seven goals against St Kilda in Round 12 and he twice kicked six goals in a match; against Geelong in Round 15 and Fitzroy in Round 18. When an opposition player did well against Nash, it was something to savour; years later leading Richmond player Don "Mopsy" Fraser wrote "Trouncing Nash does a lot for your confidence, even an ageing Nash."

paragraph: South Melbourne won the minor premiership in 1945 and reached the 1945 VFL Grand Final, where it lost to . Named at full-forward, Nash was the oldest player in the Grand Final at 35 years and 150 days. The match, known as 'the Bloodbath', was notorious for its onfield violence. For his part, Nash king-hit Carlton captain Bob Chitty in the final quarter with what he later described as the sweetest punch he had ever thrown, knocking Chitty out, breaking his jaw and leaving a large wound over his left eye which required several stitches; as the umpire was unsighted, Nash went unreported over this incident. Nash was generally ineffective on the day, and his opponent Vin Brown was a consensus pick for best player on ground. Nash was described as a "sad figure… age and injury had reduced him to almost a caricature, a lion in winter simply going through the motions. His body was no longer capable of performing the feats that a decade earlier had seen him feted as the finest footballer to ever play the game."

paragraph: Nash played 17 games for South in 1945, kicking 56 goals. This left him with 99 VFL matches and 246 goals in his career. Nash also played three matches for Victoria, kicking 19 goals.

paragraph: On 18 February 1944, the day he was discharged from the Army, Nash played an internal trial cricket match for South Melbourne, although he had not played competitive cricket for four years. However, he did not play another first XI district match for South Melbourne after the war.

paragraph: Section::::Post-VFL footballing career.

paragraph: Nash trained with South Melbourne during the 1946 pre-season but ultimately retired from VFL football to accept a position as captain-coach of the Ovens and Murray Football League side Wangaratta for a salary of £12 per week, four times the wage he would have received playing for South Melbourne. The high wage also meant that Nash was not required to find additional employment to cover his family's expenses, and in so doing, became one of the first fully professional Australian rules football players.

paragraph: Nash not only led Wangaratta to a premiership but, as a favour to a friend, also coached another country side, Greta in 1946, leading them to a premiership in the Ovens and King Football League, becoming one of the few people to have coached two different teams to a premiership in the same season. Nash is still remembered in Greta for placing a football in a cowpat and placekicking it over a tall gum tree.

paragraph: In 1947, Nash was appointed captain-coach of Casterton, in western Victoria, once again at a wage of £12 per week. He took Casterton to a grand final that season, losing by a point. The grand final would be Nash's final official game as a player, although he did play in charity matches for some years.

paragraph: Section::::Post-VFL footballing career.:South Melbourne coach.

paragraph: Nash's success as a coach in country football lead South Melbourne to appoint him as coach for the 1953 VFL season. Following his appointment, Nash confidently predicted that he would coach South Melbourne to a premiership that year and at the halfway point of the season South were tipped to play in the finals but injuries to key players led to five consecutive losses and at the end of the season South Melbourne had won nine games and lost nine games to finish eighth in the twelve team competition.

paragraph: There was some criticism of Nash as a coach as he apparently could not understand how players were unable to do things on the football field that came to him naturally. Nash had signed a two-year contract, yet the South Melbourne committee re-advertised the position of coach following the end of the 1953 season and while Nash applied, he was not reappointed. Fellow South Melbourne champion Bob Skilton claimed that had Nash been given time, he "would have become one of the all-time great coaches".

paragraph: Section::::Post-sporting career.

paragraph: Following his retirement from coaching, Nash became involved in the sporting media. He wrote a column for the "Sporting Globe" newspaper, spoke at sportsmans' nights and made regular television appearances, including on "World of Sport", to comment on Australian rules football and point out that there had not been a player of his ability in the VFL since his retirement.

paragraph: In his newspaper column, Nash did not shy away from controversy, claiming on one occasion that Sir Donald Bradman had openly "roasted" a number of leading Australian cricketers for their performance during a Test. The claim sparked an angry response from Bradman, who claimed "everything in the article as attributed to me is completely without foundation in every particular."

paragraph: In addition to his positions in the media, Nash was also a publican, which proved so financially successfully he was able to pay cash for a house in the upmarket Melbourne suburb of South Yarra. An altercation with a drunken patron resulted in a broken left hip and forced Nash to sell his hotel, the Prince Alfred in Port Melbourne and gain employment as a clerk in the Melbourne Magistrates Court, a position he held until his mandatory retirement at 65.

paragraph: Along with fellow former Test cricketer Lindsay Hassett, Nash voluntarily served on the executive committee of the Anti-Cancer Council of Victoria and worked closely with the Aboriginal community of Melbourne, partly in recognition of his old friend Doug Nicholls, a former VFL footballer and leading figure in the Indigenous community. He also turned his interest to fishing, stating that he felt "edgy" if he did not go fishing a couple of times a week.

paragraph: Nash strongly opposed the relocation of South Melbourne Football Club to Sydney (renamed the Sydney Swans) in 1981, considering it a repudiation of the proud South Melbourne he had helped create. Nash stated that he had given fifty years to South Melbourne but due to the relocation they had now lost him forever and refused to attend Swans matches for many years, relenting only shortly before his death to attend a match between Sydney and Footscray.

paragraph: Nash was forced to have a pin and plate inserted in his broken left hip and as a result walked with a profound limp. He also began to drink and eat more and stopped his exercise routine, leading him to become bloated, "like an old, red balloon that had been slightly let down".

paragraph: Nash's father Bob Senior collapsed and died in 1958 while at the MCG watching Collingwood win the 1958 VFL Grand Final. Laurie Nash later said that it would have been the perfect way for his father to die. Nash's brother Bob Junior died of emphysema in the early 1970s, while in 1975 Irene Nash, who had been in poor health for some time, died, leaving Nash heartbroken. Every day for five years he visited the cemetery where her remains were scattered.

paragraph: In 1980 Nash met twice widowed Doreen Hutchison and eventually moved in with her. While they never married, Doreen answered to the name "Mrs Nash". When Doreen died suddenly from a heart attack in 1985, Nash's health quickly deteriorated and he suffered a stroke in early 1986. Visitors to Nash's bedside remarked that Nash could not believe his own mortality.

paragraph: Following a succession of strokes, Nash died in the Repatriation Hospital in Heidelberg, Victoria on 24 July 1986, aged 76. Survived by his daughter Noelene and grandsons Anthony and Simon, a service for Nash was held at a Catholic church in Melbourne and his cremated remains were scattered at Fawkner Memorial Park, near that of his wife Irene.

paragraph: Section::::Style.

paragraph: Nash's great sporting success can be partly attributed to his self-confidence. Once, when asked who was the greatest footballer he had ever seen, Nash replied "I see him in the mirror every morning when I shave".

paragraph: Yet, whilst Nash tended to sound arrogant in public, he was very modest about his success in private; in fact, his daughter Noelene was not aware of her father's sporting success until aged 12 when a friend's father told her.

paragraph: Section::::Style.:Footballing style.

paragraph: Nash was a superbly fit athlete who never smoked, drank rarely, and dedicated himself to a punishing exercise regime; something rare in 1930s sports circles.

paragraph: Legendary Richmond Football Club player and coach Jack Dyer asserted that Nash was "Inch for inch, pound for pound, the greatest player in the history of Australian Rules", adding "He was the only man I knew who could bite off more than he could chew and chew it."

paragraph: In the view of champion Collingwood full-forward Gordon Coventry, whose record of 1299 VFL career goals between 1920 and 1937 would not be surpassed for 62 years, if Nash had played at full-forward for his entire career, he would have kicked more goals than anyone, Coventry included. In 1936 Coventry stated that Nash was the best player he had seen; "No player is more versatile, for he can play anywhere. He is fast, has great control of the ball, kicks with either foot and has that little bit of "devil" so essential in the makeup of a champion of to-day."

paragraph: Fellow footballer Vic Richardson wrote in 1968 that Nash "was faster than any player I have seen in getting the ball moving to players running on. Add his high marking ability and speed to his quick thinking and you had a player who practically originated today's style of play and one who would be unbeatable at it."

paragraph: In retirement, Nash was asked why he never won a Brownlow Medal (the award for the Best and Fairest player in the VFL). He replied, "I was never the best and fairest but I reckon I might have been the worst and dirtiest. I played it hard and tough."

paragraph: Section::::Style.:Cricketing style.

paragraph: Nash's bowling action has been described as letting "the ball go with a furious arm action, as if a fortune depended on every ball", making "the ball fizz as he charged through the crease at a speed that always appeared likely to topple him over." Another witness added "there was little beauty in his bowling. He sprinted to the wicket faster than most bowlers but had an almost round-arm flipping delivery" which made him the most dangerous bowler in Australia on lively pitches. In 1990, famed Australian historian Manning Clark recalled Nash's bowling when he wrote of the period in the 1930s when he was an opening batsman for the University of Melbourne in Victorian district cricket and had to draw on his mother's strength to help him "face Laurie Nash at the South Melbourne ground without flinching."

paragraph: Nash was also complimented on his control, stamina and "an ever present confidence in his ability", which, combined with his speed, made him a formidable bowler. Additionally, Nash was also praised for his fielding in almost any position, with one scribe referring to his "amazingly athletic ability".

paragraph: Nash's batting stance was described as "peculiar".

paragraph: His bat touches the turf in line with the off-stump, but his feet are well clear of the leg stump. He grips the bat near the tip of the handle, and it gives an impression that the bat is inordinately long.

paragraph: After making a duck in the first innings of the match between Tasmania and the touring Australian side in March 1930, members of the Australian side advised Nash to change his stance, stating that it was too unorthodox to be successful. Nash ignored this advice and promptly scored 93 in the second innings of the match.

paragraph: Section::::Style.:Other sports.

paragraph: Nash also excelled in other sports, winning awards in golf, tennis and quoits, including the Australian cricket team's 1932 deck quoits championship at the Oriental Hotel in Melbourne, defeating Clarrie Grimmett in the final. Nash's natural skills in any sport he tried led former first-class cricketer Johnnie Moyes to call Nash "one of the finest all-round athletes of the century".

paragraph: Section::::Honours and legacy.

paragraph: In addition to the awards he received during his playing career, Nash was awarded accolades for his sporting prowess after his retirement.

paragraph: Nash was made a life member of South Melbourne Football Club in 1960 and following his death, the Sydney Swans wore black armbands in their match against Carlton, named their Best and Fairest Award the "Laurie Nash Medal", in 2003 named him at centre-half-forward in their "Team of the Century" and in 2009 named him as an inaugural member of their Hall of Fame. The central place Nash held at the Swans was illustrated in 2005, when following Sydney's grand final win, a cartoon appeared in the Melbourne "Herald Sun", featuring Swans players surrounding Nash, who was wearing his South Melbourne guernsey and was drinking from the premiership cup.

paragraph: In 1987 Nash was made a foundation member of the Tasmanian Sporting Hall of Fame and named at centre-half-back in the Tasmanian Australian rules "Team of the Century". When he was selected for the Australian Football Hall of Fame in 1996, the summary commented "One of the most gifted players ever, his career was half as long as many but it shone twice as brightly as most. Considered by many judges (himself included) the best player in the land…". In 2003, he was named at centre half forward in the Camberwell Team of the Century.

paragraph: Test batsman Merv Harvey once claimed that his greatest achievement was scoring runs off Nash's bowling, which he classed as the fastest he had ever faced, in a club match.

paragraph: Author Ian Shaw called Nash "perhaps the greatest all-round sportsman Australia has ever produced", while some fans old enough to remember Nash at his peak list him as the greatest player they ever saw and a football journalist who failed to include Nash in a "Best Ever" list was the target of a letter writing campaign from elderly fans.

paragraph: Additionally, by way of a folk memorial, he is recalled in the Australian vernacular term "Laurie Nash", rhyming slang for "cash" and is mentioned in the 1993 novel "Going Away" by award-winning journalist Martin Flanagan.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of cricketers called for throwing in top-class cricket matches in Australia

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Australian rules football and cricket players

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Tasmanian representative cricketers

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Victoria first-class cricketers

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atkinson, G. (1982) "Everything you ever wanted to know about Australian rules football but couldn't be bothered asking", The Five Mile Press: Melbourne. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atkinson, G. (1996). "The Complete Book of AFL Finals". Melbourne: The Five Mile Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collins, B. (2008). "The Red Fox: The Biography of Norm Smith: Legendary Melbourne Coach". Melbourne: Slattery Media Group. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hobbs, G. & Palmer, S. (1977). "Football's 50 Greatest (In the Past 50 Years)". Victoria: Bradford Usher & Associates, Pty. Ltd. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holmesby, Russell & Main, Jim (2002). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers: every AFL/VFL player since 1897 (4th ed.). Melbourne, Victoria: Crown Content. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hutchinson, G. & Ross, J. (managing editors) (1998). "The Clubs". Melbourne: Viking. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tasmanian Sporting Hall of Fame" (2008), Department of Sport and Recreation, Hobart.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- World War II Service Record: Nash, Laurence John

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blueseum: 1945 Grand Final (Nash's last game for South Melbourne)

description: sportsman

wikidata_label: Laurie Nash

wikipedia_title: Laurie Nash


text: Chinese:

text: Tipperary

text: Shanghai

text: Tientsin

text: HSBC

text: Bohercrowe

text: County Tipperary

text: Bank of Ireland

text: Foyle College

text: Derry

text: Japanese invasion

text: Vandeleur Grayburn

text: reserves

text: prisoners of war

text: David C Edmondston

text: Board of Directors

text: Michael Turner

text: Changi Prison

text: Executive Council of Hong Kong

text: Morse Park

text: The Scout Association of Hong Kong

text: Der Geld-Taipan (in German)

text: HSBC - Group History 1900-1945

text: HSBC - Group History 1946-1979

categories: People associated with Scouting,Chairmen of HSBC,1892 births,Members of the Executive Council of Hong Kong,Hong Kong entrepreneurs,1967 deaths

paragraph: Arthur Morse

paragraph: Sir Arthur Morse (Chinese: 摩士) (25 April 1892 – 13 May 1967) was the head of The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation during and after World War II. He was a British banker born in Tipperary in Ireland. He worked in Shanghai, London and Tientsin and finally many years in Hong Kong. He rebuilt HSBC and did much to revive Hong Kong after the war, retired in 1953 and moved to London where he died in 1967.

paragraph: Morse was born in 1892 in Bohercrowe, County Tipperary, Ireland and his father Digby Scott Morse was a Bank of Ireland agent. and Lizzie Jane Holmes.

paragraph: Morse attended Foyle College in Derry, before embarking on his banking career with HSBC.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:HSBC.

paragraph: By 1940, Hong Kong was under the threat of Japanese invasion with the majority of branches in East Asia already in the hands of Japanese. Morse was sent to London by the then-Chief Manager of the bank Vandeleur Grayburn, to lead the bank and shift the headquarters to London to avoid the reserves being frozen in New York and San Francisco by the American authorities in the case of a Japanese take over in Hong Kong. On 16 December 1941, 9 days before Japanese occupation, Morse was appointed as the Commissioner and General Manager of the bank.

paragraph: During the war, most of the staff in the East became prisoners of war and hundreds of them died. The Chief Manager, Sir Vandeleur Grayburn and his designated successor David C Edmondston died whilst prisoners in Hong Kong.

paragraph: In 1943 the London Advisory Committee were empowered to act as a Board of Directors and he became the Chairman and Chief Manager of the bank.

paragraph: In 1946, he moved the headquarters of the bank back to Hong Kong and the bank resumed its role as the central bank in Hong Kong. He involved himself in the revival of the infrastructure of the city, as well as the bank, his success in the latter task shown by the improving financial position of the bank starting a trend which continued after the end of his service in the bank in 1953.

paragraph: His was succeeded by Michael Turner. Turner had been interned in Singapore at Changi Prison during the war.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Public services.

paragraph: Arthur Morse participated many public bodies in Hong Kong and was an unofficial member of the Executive Council of Hong Kong during his stay in Hong Kong after the war. Morse was knighted for his service to the colony in 1949.

paragraph: Section::::Places and buildings named after him.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morse Park

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morse Hut and Morse House, headquarters of The Scout Association of Hong Kong

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Der Geld-Taipan (in German)

paragraph: BULLET::::- HSBC - Group History 1900-1945

paragraph: BULLET::::- HSBC - Group History 1946-1979

description: Hong Kong businessman

wikidata_label: Arthur Morse

wikipedia_title: Arthur Morse


text:
Bulgaria
de facto
Principality of Karvuna
Kaliakra
Terter
Cuman
Terteroba
Vlach
Zagore
Theodore
Balik
Byzantine Empress
Anna of Savoy
civil war
John VI Kantakouzenos
George Phakrases
Midia
Obzor
Emona
Ivan Alexander
John V Palaiologos
Amadeus VI of Savoy
Savoyard crusade
Anchialos
Mesembria
Varna
Vladislav I of Wallachia
Hungarians
retake Vidin
Varna
Trebizond
Genoese
his navy
Dobruja
Dobrich
Bulgaria

categories: 14th-century births,People of the Bulgarian–Ottoman wars,Medieval Bulgarian military personnel,Year of birth unknown,Medieval Bulgarian nobility,Medieval Dobruja,Year of death unknown,1386 deaths,14th-century Bulgarian people

paragraph: Dobrotitsa

paragraph: Dobrotitsa (, pronounced ; ; "Τομπροτίτζας" in contemporaneous Byzantine documents; "Dobrodicie" in contemporaneous Genoese documents) was a Bulgarian noble, ruler of the "de facto" independent Principality of Karvuna and the Kaliakra fortress from 1354 to 1379–1386.

paragraph: Dobrotitsa's ethnic origin is disputed, in consequence he is considered by some a Bulgarian noble kindred of the Terter dynasty (from the Cuman Terteroba clan), to others a Vlach (mostly by Romanian historians), and to others a Christianized Turk. Venetian sources from the late 14th century refer to Dobrotitsa as a ""despot of Bulgarians"" ("") and to his realm as ""parts of Zagore (Bulgaria) subordinate to Dobrotitsa"" ("").

paragraph: In 1346, Dobrotitsa and his brother Theodore were sent along with 1,000 soldiers by the Dobrujan ruler Balik to help the Byzantine Empress Anna of Savoy in the civil war against John VI Kantakouzenos, but were defeated by George Phakrases. The following year, after the death of Balik, he became the ruler of Dobruja. In 1348 Dobrotitsa took over the fortress of Midia and by 1356 managed to seize Kozyak (present-day Obzor) and Emona from the Byzantines.

paragraph: In 1366 Emperor Ivan Alexander refused to allow the Byzantine emperor John V Palaiologos, who was returning home from Hungary, passage through Bulgaria. In order to force the Bulgarians, a relative of John V, Count Amadeus VI of Savoy, then leading his own the Savoyard crusade, attacked the Bulgarian coastal towns. In the fall of the same year Amadeo's navy captured Anchialos, Mesembria, Emona and on 25 October he besieged the strong fortress Varna, where he was repulsed. As a result, Ivan Alexander gave the Byzantines safe conduct across Bulgaria and they kept the conquered towns. In 1369 Dobrotitsa and Vladislav I of Wallachia helped Ivan Alexander to defeat the Hungarians and retake Vidin. Out of gratitude, the Emperor gave Dobrotitsa Emona and Kozyak. Later he built a navy in Varna which was engaged in actions as far as Trebizond. The Genoese manuscripts write that his navy was very strong albeit rather small and achieved successes against the Ottomans and Genoese. He was succeeded by his son Ivanko in 1386.

paragraph: The names of the region of Dobruja derives from the Turkish rendition of his name. The city of Dobrich and two villages in northern Bulgaria are also named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Васил Н. Златарски, "История на българската държава през средните векове", Част I, II изд., Наука и изкуство, София 1970.

wikidata_label: Dobrotitsa

wikipedia_title: Dobrotitsa


text: O.C.

text: English

text: Canadian

text: chamber orchestra

text: Blackheath, London

text: Dartmouth

text: Royal Navy

text: Geddes Axe

text: Caius College

text: Cambridge

text: Saint George's Hospital

text: Guildhall School of Music

text: Royal Academy of Music

text: Royal College of Music

text: Aeolian Hall

text: Respighi's

text: Julian Herbage

text: Wolf-Ferrari

text: BBC

text: Decca

text: Ernest Bloch

text: Vaughan Williams's

text: Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis

text: Britten's

text: Simple Symphony

text: Glyndebourne

text: John Christie

text: Salzburg Festival

text: Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge

text: John Ireland

text: World War II

text: Sadler's Wells Opera

text: Rigoletto

text: D'Oyly Carte Opera Company

text: Gilbert and Sullivan

text: Australia

text: New Zealand

text: Canada

text: United States

text: Edinburgh

text: Aix-en-Provence

text: J S Bach

text: J C Bach

text: Handel

text: Vivaldi

text: Torelli

text: Geminiani

text: Concerti Grossi

text: Mozart

text: the Royal Conservatory of Music

text: Toronto

text: Ontario

text: University of Toronto

text: Brussels

text: World's Fair

text: Aldeburgh Festival

text: Expo '67

text: Sarnia

text: Lake Huron

text: C.B.E.

text: Royal Academy of Music

text: Opera Canada

text: University of Toronto

text: Order of Canada

text: Profile of Neel

text: List of some available Neel recordings

categories: The Royal Conservatory of Music faculty,20th-century conductors (music),British male conductors (music),English Anglicans,English conductors (music),Gilbert and Sullivan performers,1905 births,Decca Records artists,20th-century English musicians,1981 deaths,Officers of the Order of Canada

paragraph: Boyd Neel

paragraph: Louis Boyd Neel O.C. (19 July 190530 September 1981) was an English, and later Canadian conductor and academic. He was Dean of the Royal Conservatory of Music at the University of Toronto. Neel founded and conducted chamber orchestras, and contributed to the revival of interest in baroque music and in the 19th and 20th Century string orchestra repertoire.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Neel was born in Blackheath, London, and wanted to be a pianist as a child. His mother, Ruby Le Couteur, was a professional accompanist, and his father was an engineer.

paragraph: Section::::Education and career.

paragraph: Neel attended Osborne Naval College and then Dartmouth, and was commissioned in the Royal Navy. Soon after he was commissioned, the armed forces underwent a drastic reduction (the so-called 'Geddes Axe'), and Neel left the navy to study medicine at Caius College, Cambridge. He qualified in 1930, and became House Surgeon and Physician at Saint George's Hospital, London, and Resident Doctor at King Edward VII's Hospital, London.

paragraph: In 1930, while practising medicine, Neel studied music theory and orchestration at the Guildhall School of Music.

paragraph: Section::::Education and career.:The Boyd Neel Orchestra.

paragraph: For Neel, at this stage, music was still a hobby. He conducted amateur groups and formed an orchestra of young professionals, whom he recruited in 1932 from the Royal Academy of Music and the Royal College of Music. The Boyd Neel London String Orchestra (later the Boyd Neel Orchestra) made its debut at the Aeolian Hall, London, on 22 June 1933. The programme included the first performance in England of Respighi's "Suite of Ancient Airs and Dances" and the premiere of a new suite by occasional composer Julian Herbage. After the concert, Neel returned to his surgery and delivered a baby. The second concert, at the same venue, took place on 24 November 1933, and included the first performance in England of the "Serenade for Strings" by Wolf-Ferrari. On 18 December 1933 the orchestra was invited to broadcast by the BBC for the first time. When Decca offered Neel and the orchestra a contract, he left medicine to devote himself full-time to music. On 16 February 1934 the orchestra performed a concert of chamber works by Ernest Bloch at the Aeolian Hall, conducted by the composer.

paragraph: Among the Boyd Neel Orchestra's early releases were the first recordings of Vaughan Williams's "Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis" and Britten's "Simple Symphony". Neel conducted the first music heard in the new Glyndebourne opera house in 1934, in private performances, at John Christie's invitation. In 1937, Neel and his orchestra were invited to the Salzburg Festival, for which Neel commissioned Britten's "Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge". In 1939 Boyd Neel commissioned John Ireland's three movement "Concertino Pastorale" for string orchestra for performance by the orchestra at the Canterbury Festival on 14 June 1939. Ir was subsequently recorded by them in February 1940. The orchestra toured Great Britain and Europe until the outbreak of war.

paragraph: Section::::Education and career.:World War II to 1952.

paragraph: During World War II, Neel returned to medical work and the Navy, while continuing to conduct when time permitted. Britten wrote his "Prelude and Fugue" for 18 string instruments as a 10th birthday present to the Boyd Neel Orchestra in 1943. After the war, Neel resumed his musical career, conducting for Sadler's Wells Opera ('50 Rigolettos' he recalled) from 1944 to 1946 and the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company for its 1947 and 1948 London seasons at Sadler's Wells, performing the Gilbert and Sullivan operas.

paragraph: Beginning in 1947, with the Boyd Neel Orchestra, he embarked on a series of world tours, playing in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States, and appearing in festivals such as Edinburgh and Aix-en-Provence. Neel published a book about these experiences called "The Story of an Orchestra" in 1950. As well as modern works, the orchestra revived then seldom heard Baroque works by J S Bach, J C Bach, Handel, Vivaldi, Torelli and Geminiani, including the first ever recording of Handel's Concerti Grossi, Op. 6. The orchestra also performed and recorded the piano concertos of Mozart.

paragraph: Section::::Education and career.:Toronto and later years.

paragraph: In 1952 Neel accepted the post of Dean of the Royal Conservatory of Music at Toronto, Ontario. He served in this post for 18 years, reorganising and rebuilding the Faculty of Music at the University of Toronto. Soon after his appointment he formed the Hart House Orchestra in Toronto and toured with it extensively, at, among other events, the Brussels World's Fair in 1958, the Aldeburgh Festival in 1966 and Expo '67. After this, he became Artistic Director of the Sarnia Festival Opera House on Lake Huron.

paragraph: After Neel's departure to Canada, the Boyd Neel Orchestra was renamed the Philomusica of London and continues under that name today. Neel was awarded the C.B.E. in 1953 and was an Honorary Member of the Royal Academy of Music. He became a naturalized Canadian citizen in 1961.

paragraph: As a radio commentator, Neel was heard on such CBC programs as "Sunday Concert", "Tuesday Night", "Concerts from Two Worlds", and his own "Opera with Boyd Neel" (1954). He also wrote a series of essays, under the headline "This Week's Music", for the "CBC Times" in 1959, and his writings have appeared in "Opera Canada", the "Journal of Music Education", and the "University of Toronto Bulletin". He was the subject of a CBC-FM series - "The Boyd Neel Memoirs" - in 1979. Neel became an instructor for the Student Conductors' Workshop (run by the OAC and University of Toronto) at its inception in 1969 and continued to conduct with it until the late 1970s. In 1972, he became the first conductor of the Mississauga Symphony Orchestra, continuing after 1978 as conductor emeritus.

paragraph: In 1972, Neel was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada, "For his contribution to music education in Canada and his achievements as an artist and conductor."

paragraph: After his retirement, Neel worked on his memoirs, which were edited and published posthumously by his friend, J. David Finch. The book also includes an extensive discography of recordings of the Boyd Neel Orchestra and the National Symphony Orchestra conducted by Neel for Decca Records between 1934 and 1979. Neel died in Toronto at the age of 76.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neel, Boyd. "The Story of an Orchestra", Vox Mundi, London, 1950. with an introduction by Benjamin Britten.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neel, Boyd, and J David Finch. "My orchestras and other adventures: the memoirs of Boyd Neel" University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1985.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile of Neel at "bach-cantatas.com"

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of some available Neel recordings

paragraph: BULLET::::- Another list of available Neel recordings

description: British conductor

wikidata_label: Boyd Neel

wikipedia_title: Boyd Neel


text: Hamburg

text: Neu!

text: Harmonia

text: Kraftwerk

text: Munich

text: Wilmslow

text: Karachi

text: Düsseldorf

text: Pakistan

text: Pakistani music

text: Kraftwerk

text: Wolfgang Flür

text: Wunderbar

text: Neu!

text: Klaus Dinger

text: Hans-Joachim Roedelius

text: Dieter Moebius

text: Cluster

text: Harmonia

text: Brian Eno

text: Kraftwerk

text: Florian Schneider

text: Ralf Hütter

text: Beat Club

text: Flammende Herzen

text: Sterntaler

text: Katzenmusik

text: Can

text: Jaki Liebezeit

text: Fernwärme

text: Lust

text: Süssherz und Tiefenschärfe

text: Traumreisen

text: Radio

text: Esperanza

text: Remember

text: Red Hot Chili Peppers

text: live jam

text: Hamburg

text: Dieter Moebius

text: Harmonia

text: Berlin

text: Sonic Youth

text: Steve Shelley

text: Tall Firs

text: Aaron Mullan

text: ATP New York 2010

text: Incubate 2010

text: Tilburg

text: Netherlands

text: Neu!

text: Harmonia

text: Shelter

text: ATP: Michael Rother

text: "Michael Rother Comes to Hoboken"

text: Neu! Morning

text: Village Voice

text: KRAUTROCK DELUXE

categories: Kraftwerk members,Musicians from Hamburg,1950 births,German keyboardists,Neu!,Living people

paragraph: Michael Rother

paragraph: Michael Rother (born 2 September 1950 in Hamburg, Germany) is a German experimental musician, best known for being a founding member of the influential bands Neu! and Harmonia, and an early member of the band Kraftwerk.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Born in 1950, Rother was educated in Munich, Wilmslow (England), Karachi, and Düsseldorf. He also resided in Pakistan in the early 1960s where he was exposed to Pakistani music that would influence his own music in the late 1960s and early 1970s. From 1965 Rother played in the band Spirits of Sound, from which other members would later go on to join Kraftwerk (Wolfgang Flür) and Wunderbar.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.

paragraph: Rother is a multi-instrumentalist (primarily guitar and keyboards) who, along with a catalog of several solo albums starting in 1977, is best known for having co-founded the German group Neu! with drummer Klaus Dinger (five albums between 1971 and 1996), and his collaborative efforts with Hans-Joachim Roedelius and Dieter Moebius (aka Cluster) under the name Harmonia (two albums, one in 1974 and 1975, with later 1976 sessions recorded with Brian Eno; the studio tapes for the latter disappeared but were found by Roedelius two decades later; he remixed the tapes and released the results as "Tracks and Traces" in 1997; Rother was the main producer for the version re-released in 2009).

paragraph: Rother and Dinger were also in a short-lived version of Kraftwerk in 1971, with Florian Schneider, during a time when founding member Ralf Hütter had temporarily left the band (this version of the group was filmed during an appearance on the German music show "Beat Club", which has been available sporadically on VHS and DVD).

paragraph: Beginning in the late 1970s, Rother began issuing LPs under his own name: "Flammende Herzen" (1977), "Sterntaler" (1978), and "Katzenmusik" (1979) all featured drums by Can drummer Jaki Liebezeit. Further releases included "Fernwärme" (1982), "Lust" (1983), "Süssherz und Tiefenschärfe" (1985) and "Traumreisen" (1987). Rother regained the rights to these releases in the late 90s, and re-released CD versions of them, all of which contained bonus tracks, usually in the form of then-current remixes of original album tracks. Along with these reissues were a best-of compilation, "Radio", and a new release, "Esperanza" (1996). His most recent album; "Remember" featured vocals (a first for Rother's solo work) and was released in 2004.

paragraph: On 1 July 2007, Rother joined the Red Hot Chili Peppers for a live jam at the end of their concert in Hamburg. Together they played for nearly 25 minutes in front of 35,000 people. In November 2007 he toured with Dieter Moebius (another member of Harmonia) as "Rother & Moebius". On 27 November 2007, a Harmonia reunion concert was announced for Berlin, where they performed together live for the first time since 1976.

paragraph: In 2010, Rother played five shows in Europe with Sonic Youth drummer Steve Shelley and Tall Firs guitarist Aaron Mullan (who played bass in the trio). This group, known as Hallogallo, performed the music of Neu! live for the first time in many years. They also played the ATP New York 2010 music festival in Monticello, New York and Incubate 2010 in Tilburg, Netherlands in September 2010. In December 2012 Rother performed the music of Neu! and Harmonia at the ATP festival in Camber Sands, England, accompanied by the Berlin-based band Camera. In November 2013, he performed at the final UK holiday camp edition of ATP.

paragraph: In 2015, Rother recorded scores for the German film "Die Räuber" ("The Robbers") by Paul Cruchten and Frank Hoffmann and the German TV film "Houston" by Bastian Günther.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: The discography of Michael Rother consists of nine studio albums, three compilations, a boxset and nine singles.

paragraph: As a member of Neu! Rother released three studio albums, two albums of studio outtakes ("Neu! 4"/"Neu! '86") and a rehearsal recording. As a member of Harmonia, Rother released two studio albums, one live album, a studio out-takes album and a remix album. In 2010 Rother released the "Blinkgürtel" single with his live group Hallogallo 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Studio albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- Compilation albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- Singles

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flammende Herzen" b/w "Karussell" (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sterntaler" b/w "Sonnenrad" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Katzenmusik 9" b/w "Katzenmusik 2" (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Silberstreif" b/w "Erlkönig" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hohe Luft" b/w "Fortuna" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Palmengarten" b/w "Cascadia" (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Süssherz" b/w "Maus-Mann-Motiv Nr. 4" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Glitzerglanz" b/w "Rapido" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lichtermeer" b/w "Happy-End" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Contributions

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Station 17" (1990, Mercury/Phonogram) – "Morning Sun"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Homage To Neu!" (1999, Cleopatra) – "Neutronics 98 (A Tribute To Conny Plank)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brand Neu!" (2009, Feraltone) – "Neutronics 98"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Music For A Good Home" (2009, Audioscope/Shelter) – "Maus-Mann-Motiv"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:with Hallogallo 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blinkgürtel" b/w "Drone Schlager" (December 2010, Vampire Blues)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ATP: Michael Rother

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Michael Rother Comes to Hoboken" "Paris Review Daily" essay, August 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neu! Morning August 2010 Interview by the Village Voice

paragraph: BULLET::::- KRAUTROCK DELUXE Interview for Blurt magazine, September 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- SF-EP-018 – Interview Series: Michael Rother Special Features Podcast, 14 March 2012

description: German musician

wikidata_label: Michael Rother

wikipedia_title: Michael Rother