text: Los Angeles

text: California

text: recorded

text: hit

text: Tainted Love

text: glam rock

text: Marc Bolan

text: T. Rex

text: Cincinnati, Ohio

text: Billy Preston

text: It's a Blessing

text: late teens

text: Ed Cobb

text: recorded

text: record

text: toured

text: Disneyland

text: Dusty Springfield

text: Spencer Davis

text: Capitol

text: EMI

text: Tainted Love

text: Northern England

text: label

text: Come Go with Me

text: Bach

text: Othello

text: Jerry Lee Lewis

text: The Blossoms

text: Dr. John

text: Mark Taper Forum

text: Hair

text: Pam Sawyer

text: Motown Records

text: Gladys Knight & the Pips

text: Commodores

text: The Four Tops

text: The Jackson 5

text: The Supremes

text: Marvin Gaye

text: Diana Ross

text: Junior Walker

text: Ry Cooder

text: eponymous first album

text: Grammy

text: Share My Love

text: Marc Bolan

text: T. Rex

text: Warner Brothers

text: Winterland

text: clavinet

text: "Dock of the Bay"

text: Bolan's Zip Gun

text: Vixen

text: singles

text: disco

text: Bob Marley

text: Osibisa

text: Mini 1275 GT

text: Richmond

text: Mayfair

text: Windstorm

text: R&B

text: chart

text: music industry

text: Reunited

text: Billy Preston

text: Come Go with Me

text: Share My Love

text: Vixen

text: Windstorm

text: Reunited

text: Share My Love

text: Zinc Alloy and the Hidden Riders of Tomorrow

text: Light of Love

text: Bolan's Zip Gun

text: Futuristic Dragon

text: Dandy in the Underworld

text: To Know You Is to Love You

text: Marc Bolan

text: Neil Young

text: Neil Young

text: Jackie DeShannon

text: Put a Little Love in Your Heart

text: Dylan's Gospel

text: Ry Cooder

text: Ry Cooder

text: Jesse Davis

text: Ry Cooder

text: Into the Purple Valley

text: REO Speedwagon

text: Buffy Saint Marie

text: Moonshot

text: Elvin Bishop

text: Delaney Bramlett

text: Judee Sill

text: Little Feat

text: Dixie Chicken

text: John Kay

text: Maria Muldaur

text: Maria Muldaur

text: Joe Cocker

text: Joe Cocker

text: Judee Sill

text: Eddie Floyd

text: REO Speedwagon

text: Ridin' the Storm Out

text: The Commodores

text: Michael Masser

text: Harry Nilsson

text: Duit on Mon Dei

text: Billy Preston

text: T. Rex

text: Dandy in the Underworld

text: Steve Harley

text: Billy Preston

text: Late at Night

text: Lonnie Liston Smith

text: List of disco artists (F-K)

text: Jones and Bolan, photo

categories: Record producers from Ohio,Songwriters from Ohio,American expatriates in the United Kingdom,1945 births,Musicians from Cincinnati,American female singers,Motown artists,Singers from Ohio,American expatriates in Sierra Leone,Northern soul musicians,African-American singers,T. Rex (band) members,Living people

paragraph: Gloria Jones

paragraph: Gloria Richetta Jones (born October 19, 1945) is an American singer and songwriter from Los Angeles, California. She recorded the 1965 hit song "Tainted Love". She was the girlfriend of glam rock artist Marc Bolan of the band T. Rex until his death in 1977, and was a member of the band, as a keyboardist and backing vocalist, from 1973 to 1976.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and career.

paragraph: Jones was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, and moved to Los Angeles, California, at the age of seven, where she first started singing. Jones' first taste of fame came at the age of 14, when, while still at school, she formed with Frankie Kahrl and Billy Preston the successful gospel group the COGIC Singers, with whom she recorded the album "It's a Blessing". Although she remained with the group for some four years, she soon found herself drawn into the Los Angeles pop scene.

paragraph: In 1964, Jones, in her late teens, was discovered by the songwriter Ed Cobb. Signing with Cobb's Greengrass Productions, she recorded her first hit record, "Heartbeat Pts 1 & 2," which Cobb wrote and produced. She toured the United States, performing on several American television programs, footage of which still exists. One performance occurred at a Rock and Soul show in Disneyland in the summer of 1965. "Heartbeat" became a rhythm and blues tune which was recorded later by Dusty Springfield, Spencer Davis and many other artists.

paragraph: By then, Jones had recorded other songs for Uptown Records, a subsidiary of Capitol/EMI. Included among these was another Cobb-written song, "Tainted Love". So strong was Jones's following in Northern England that she was proclaimed the "Northern Queen of Soul." Jones also recorded an album for the Uptown label entitled "Come Go with Me" which was released in 1966. Jones studied piano, and acquired an advanced classical degree primarily in the works of Bach. In 1968, she joined the cast of "Catch My Soul", a rock and soul version of the play "Othello", which included cast members Jerry Lee Lewis, The Blossoms, and Dr. John. During the summer of 1968, she performed in a play called "Revolution", at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles. That winter, she joined the Los Angeles cast of "Hair", the musical. Eventually, she was to meet Pam Sawyer, who asked her to write for Motown Records. Jones and Sawyer were amongst the second string of writers at Motown, but still wrote for such artists as Gladys Knight & the Pips, Commodores, The Four Tops and The Jackson 5. As Jones was also initially a singer for the label, protocol demanded a pseudonym, so for some of her earlier co-writes she used the name LaVerne Ware.

paragraph: Songs that Jones worked on during this period include The Supremes' "Have I Lost You" (writer), Marvin Gaye and Diana Ross's "My Mistake" (writer), Junior Walker's "I Ain't Goin' Nowhere" (writer/producer) and the Four Tops' "Just Seven Numbers" (writer). In 1970 she provided backing vocals on Ry Cooder's eponymous first album. The most remembered song that Jones penned was Gladys Knight and the Pips' "If I Were Your Woman", which was nominated for a Grammy in 1971. Jones left Motown at the end of 1973, following the release of her album "Share My Love".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:After Motown.

paragraph: Jones first met Marc Bolan of T. Rex in 1969 while performing in "Hair" (Los Angeles cast). While touring in Europe, Bolan and Jones met for the second time at the Speakeasy in London. In 1972, she was recommended by Warner Brothers' Bob Regere to sing backing vocals behind T. Rex at Winterland in San Francisco.

paragraph: Soon after joining T. Rex, Jones and Bolan became romantically involved. Together, they had a son, Rolan Bolan (b. Sep 26, 1975). She sang backing vocals and played clavinet with T. Rex from 1973 to 1977. Her rendition of "Dock of the Bay" appears as a bonus track on T.Rex's album "Bolan's Zip Gun". Jones released an album in 1976, called "Vixen", featuring several songs written by Bolan, and he also was the producer.

paragraph: In 1977, Jones worked with the group Gonzales, producing several of their singles, and also penning the disco hit, "Haven't Stopped Dancing Yet" for the group. She toured the UK with Gonzales, first on the Bob Marley tour, and then with Osibisa.

paragraph: She was the driver of the car, a Mini 1275 GT, that crashed and killed Bolan at 4:00 am on September 16, 1977 on the way home to Bolan's Richmond property. They had been out to a restaurant in Mayfair and had been drinking wine. Jones was found by her brother Richard, her foot trapped beneath the clutch by the engine, while Bolan was found still in the passenger seat which had been dislodged and landed in the rear of the vehicle. Jones broke her jaw in the accident. When she was well enough to leave the hospital, she soon was told that Bolan's fans had looted what was left of their possessions. She was later due to appear in court in London on charges of being unfit to drive and driving a car in a dangerous condition. She never returned to face the charges and the Coroner's Court recorded a verdict of accidental death.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:After Bolan.

paragraph: Having lost her possessions, Jones and her son moved back to Los Angeles where they stayed with Jones' family.

paragraph: In 1978, she released the album "Windstorm", which was a dedication to the memory of Bolan. On the back cover, it is written "Special Dedication in memory of my son's father, Marc Bolan, whom we miss very much." Her single "Bring on the Love" was a success on the American R&B chart.

paragraph: Jones stayed in the music industry for several years after, releasing an album produced by Ed Cobb, titled "Reunited" in 1981. She also collaborated again with Billy Preston and other Cogic Singers for a 1984 reunion album "The Cogic's". She has since worked as a musical supervisor for films.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo studio albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 – "Come Go with Me"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973 – "Share My Love"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976 – "Vixen" (Not released in the US)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978 – "Windstorm"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982 – "Reunited"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 – "Vixen" / "Windstorm" (CD release)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 – "Share My Love" (CD release)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With T. Rex.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974 – "Zinc Alloy and the Hidden Riders of Tomorrow"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974 – "Light of Love"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975 – "Bolan's Zip Gun"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976 – "Futuristic Dragon"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 – "Dandy in the Underworld"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With The COGIC'S.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 – "It's a Blessing"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984 – "The COGIC'S"

paragraph: Section::::UK solo singles (selected).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973 – "Tin Can People" / "So Tired"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976 – "Get It On (Part 1)" / "Get It On (Part 2)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976 – "I Ain't Going Nowhere" / "Simplicity Blues"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976 – "Tainted Love" (New Version) / "Go Now" (Album Version) (12" – MAXI)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 – "To Know You Is to Love You" / "City Port" (with Marc Bolan)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 – "Go Now" (Single Version) / "Drive Me Crazy (Disco Lady)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 – "Bring on the Love" (Single Version) / "Cry Baby"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 – "Bring on the Love" (Album Version) / "Bring on the Love" (Instrumental)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978 – "When I Was a Little Girl" /"When I Was a Little Girl" (Instrumental)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978 – "Windstorm" / "Blue Light Microphone"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 – "Listen to Me" / "Father I'm Coming Home" (From the v/a Double Album "Alpha Omega")

paragraph: Section::::UK solo singles (selected).:Backing vocal work.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 With Denny Brooks on "Denny Brooks"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 With Gary St. Clair on "Gary St. Clair"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 With Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band on "Music For The Times We Live In"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968 With Neil Young on "Neil Young"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968 With Jackie DeShannon on "Put a Little Love in Your Heart"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969 with the Brothers and Sisters of Los Angeles on "Dylan's Gospel"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gloria sings lead on "I Shall Be Released", "Chimes of Freedom", and "I'll Be Your Baby Tonight"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970 With Ry Cooder on "Ry Cooder"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970 With Daniel Moore on "Daniel Moore"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971 With Jesse Davis on "Jesse Davis"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971 With Ry Cooder on "Into the Purple Valley"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971 With REO Speedwagon on "REO Speedwagon"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971 With Roy Ayers/Roy Ayers Ubiquity on "He's Coming"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971 With Alan Gerber on "Alan Gerber Album"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972 With Buffy Saint Marie on "Moonshot"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972 With Elvin Bishop on "Rock My Soul"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972 With Delaney Bramlett on "Some Things Coming (Heartbeat)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973 With Judee Sill on "Heart Food"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973 With Little Feat on "Dixie Chicken"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973 With John Kay on "My Sportin' Life"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973 With Maria Muldaur on "Maria Muldaur"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973 With Joe Cocker on "Joe Cocker"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973 With Eddie Floyd on "Soul Street"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973 With REO Speedwagon on "Ridin' the Storm Out"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974 With Michael Edward Campbell on "Michael Edward Campbell"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974 With The Commodores on "Machine Gun"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975 With Michael Masser on "The Original Soundtrack of Mahogany"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975 With Harry Nilsson on "Duit on Mon Dei"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 With Billy Preston on "Whole New Thing"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 With T. Rex on "Dandy in the Underworld"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978 With Steve Harley on "Hobo with a Grin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 With Billy Preston on "Late at Night"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 With Lonnie Liston Smith on "Love is the Answer"

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of disco artists (F-K)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jones and Bolan, photo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gloria Jones & Jacklyn LaBranch, Jerry Garcia Band (for reference )

paragraph: BULLET::::- LtoR: Melvin Seals, Gloria Jones, Cheryl Rucker, Shirley Starks - Melvin Seals & JGB (for reference)

description: American singer

wikidata_label: Gloria Jones

wikipedia_title: Gloria Jones


text: Roman

text: courtier

text: Nero

text: Satyricon

text: satirical novel

text: Tacitus

text: Plutarch

text: Pliny the Elder

text: emperor

text: Nero

text: suffect consul

text: senatorial class

text: Tacitus

text: Annals

text: Satyricon

text: Trimalchio

text: allusion

text: Lucretia

text: Menippean satire

text: Tigellinus

text: Cumae

text: Pliny the Elder

text: fluorspar

text: sesterce

text: Charlton Ogburn

text: Asteroid

text: 3244 Petronius

text: Supplements to the "Satyricon"

text: Latin text

text: The Latin Library

categories: Literary critics who committed suicide,66 deaths,Ancient Romans who committed suicide,Writers who committed suicide,Classical Latin novelists,Roman-era satirists,Male suicides,Roman-era poets,Petronii,Slave owners,Silver Age Latin writers,27 births,1st-century Romans,1st-century writers,Suffect consuls of Imperial Rome,Suicides by sharp instrument in Italy

paragraph: Petronius

paragraph: Gaius Petronius Arbiter (; c. 27 – 66 AD) was a Roman courtier during the reign of Nero. He is generally believed to be the author of the "Satyricon", a satirical novel believed to have been written during the Neronian era (54–68 AD).

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Tacitus, Plutarch and Pliny the Elder describe Petronius as the "elegantiae arbiter" (also phrased "arbiter elegantiarum"), "judge of elegance" in the court of the emperor Nero. He served as suffect consul in 62. Later, he became a member of the senatorial class who devoted themselves to a life of pleasure. His relationship to Nero was apparently akin to that of a fashion advisor.

paragraph: Tacitus gives this account of Petronius in his historical work the "Annals" (XVI.18):

paragraph: None of the ancient sources give any further detail about his life, or mention that he was a writer. However, a medieval manuscript written around 1450 of the "Satyricon" credited a "Titus Petronius" as the author of the original work. Traditionally, this reference is linked with Petronius Arbiter, since the novel appears to have been written or at least set during his lifetime. The link, however, remains speculative and disputed.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:As a writer.

paragraph: Petronius' development of his characters in the "Satyricon", namely Trimalchio, transcends the traditional style of writing of ancient literature. In the literature written during Petronius' lifetime, the emphasis was always on the typical considerations of plot, which had been laid down by classical rules. The character, which was hardly known in ancient literature, was secondary. Petronius goes beyond these literary limitations in his exact portrayals of detailed speech, behavior, surroundings, and appearance of the characters.

paragraph: Another literary device Petronius employs in his novel is a collection of specific allusions. The allusions to certain people and events are evidence that the "Satyricon" was written during Nero's time. These also suggest that it was aimed at a contemporary audience which consisted in part of Nero's courtiers and even Nero himself.

paragraph: One such allusion, found in chapter 9, refers to the story of the good wife Lucretia which was well-known at the time:

paragraph: The message Petronius tries to convey in his work is far from moral and does not intend to produce reform, but is written above all to entertain and should be considered artistically. Nevertheless, his writings can be a valuable tool to better comprehend the customs and ways of life of Roman society at that particular time, since the author strives to preserve the plausibility of his representation, as can be noted by the frequent use of allusions and detailed descriptions of characters and behaviours. As the title implies, the "Satyricon" is a satire, specifically a Menippean satire, in which Petronius satirizes nearly anything, using his taste as the only standard. It is speculated that Petronius' depiction of Trimalchio mirrors that of Nero. Although the author's own opinion is never alluded to, the opinions of the characters involved in the story are evident, as is how Encolpius criticizes Trimalchio.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Death.

paragraph: Petronius' high position soon made him the object of envy for those around him. Having attracted the jealousy of Tigellinus, the commander of the emperor's guard, he was accused of treason. He was arrested at Cumae in 65 AD but did not wait for a sentence. Instead, he chose to take his own life. Tacitus again records his elegant suicide in the sixteenth book of the "Annals":

paragraph: According to Pliny the Elder: "T. Petronius, a consular, when he was going to die through Nero's jealousy and envy, broke his fluorspar wine-dipper so that the emperor's table would not inherit it. It had cost 300,000 sesterces". T. Petronius and G. Petronius have been said to have been the same man.

paragraph: Section::::Apocryphal quotation.

paragraph: In recent times, a popular quotation, actually written by Charlton Ogburn in 1957, on reorganization is often spuriously attributed to a Gaius Petronius. In one version it reads:

paragraph: We trained hard ... but it seemed that every time we were beginning to form up into teams we would be reorganized. I was to learn later in life that we tend to meet any new situation by reorganizing; and a wonderful method it can be for creating the illusion of progress while producing confusion, inefficiency, and demoralization.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asteroid 3244 Petronius, named after the satirist

paragraph: BULLET::::- Supplements to the "Satyricon"

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Breitenstein, Natalie, "Petronius, Satyrica 1–15. Text, Übersetzung, Kommentar" (2009. Berlin – New York: De Gruyter) (Texte und Kommentare, 32).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Conte, Gian Biagio, "The Hidden Author: An Interpretation of Petronius' Satyricon" (1997. Berkeley: University of California Press).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Connors, Catherine, "Petronius the Poet: Verse and Literary Tradition in the Satyricon" (1998. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Habermehl, Peter, "Petronius, Satyrica 79–141. Ein philologisch–literarischer Kommentar. Band I : Satyrica 79–110". Berlin : de Gruyter 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jensson, Gottskalk, "The Recollections of Encolpius. The Satyrica of Petronius as Milesian Fiction" (2004. Groningen: Barkhuis Publishing and Groningen University Library) (Ancient narrative Suppl. 2).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prag, Jonathan and Ian Repath (eds), "Petronius: A Handbook" (2009. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reeve, Michael D. 1983. Petronius. In "Texts and Transmission: A Survey of the Latin Classics". Edited by Leighton D. Reynolds, 295–300. Oxford: Clarendon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Repath, Ian. 2010. "Plato in Petronius: Petronius in Platanona". "The Classical Quarterly," 60(2), new series, 577–595.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rose, Kenneth F. C. 1971. "The Date and Author of the Satyricon". "Mnemosyne, Bibliotheca Classica Batava", Supplementum 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schmeling, Gareth. 2011. "A Commentary on the Satyrica of Petronius". Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Slater, Niall W. 1990. "Reading Petronius". Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sullivan, John P. 1985. "Petronius’ Satyricon and its Neronian Context". In "Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neuren Forschung", Vol. II, Part 32.3. Edited by Hildegard Temporini and Wolfgang Haase, 1666–1686. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vannini, Giulio, "Petronius 1975–2005: bilancio critico e nuove proposte" (2007. Goettingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht) (Lustrum, 49).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vannini, Giulio, "Petronii Arbitri Satyricon 100–115. Edizione critica e commento" (2010. Berlin – New York: De Gruyter) (Beiträge zur Altertumskunde, 281).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Petronius at Perseus Digital Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Latin text of the "Satyricon" from The Latin Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Petronii satirae" et "liber priapeorum", iterum edidit Franciscus Buecheler, adiectae sunt Varronis et Senecae satirae similesque reliquiae, Berolini apud Weidmannos, 1871.

alias:
Gaius Petronius Arbiter
Publius Petronius Niger

description: Roman courtier, supposed author of the Satyricon

enwikiquote_title: Petronius

wikidata_label: Petronius

wikipedia_title: Petronius


text: magnate

text: fifteenth-century

text: England

text: Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury

text: Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick

text: Kingmaker

text: his House

text: feud

text: Percy family

text: Henry VI

text: protectorate

text: Richard, Duke of York

text: first Battle of St Albans

text: Thomas

text: Battle of Blore Heath

text: battle

text: the peerage

text: Lord Montagu

text: St Albans

text: Towton

text: King Edward IV

text: Earl of Northumberland

text: George, Duke of Clarence

text: Marquis of Montagu

text: pie's nest

text: Olney

text: Buckinghamshire

text: Richard, Duke of Gloucester

text: Henry VI

text: Margaret of Anjou

text: Coventry

text: Barnet

text: Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury

text: Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick

text: Henry VI

text: Greenwich

text: Edmund

text: Jasper Tudor

text: William Herbert

text: William Catesby

text: Middleham Castle

text: Westmorland

text: Percy family

text: Northumberland

text: Thomas Neville

text: Thomas Percy, Lord Egremont

text: Topcliffe

text: tenantry

text: Royal Council

text: Knaresborough

text: Sir William Plumpton

text: ambush

text: Tattershall Castle

text: Heworth Moor

text: Catton

text: manor

text: Stamford Bridge

text: Richard Percy

text: Burrough Green

text: Sawston

text: Cambridgeshire

text: Thomas Bourchier

text: Canterbury Cathedral

text: John Tiptoft

text: Earldom of Worcester

text: letter to John Paston

text: þ

text: Countess of Salisbury

text: Queen Margaret

text: legal age

text: ward

text: fine

text: bound

text: Duke of York

text: protector

text: Leicester

text: St Albans

text: Duke of Somerset

text: Lord Clifford

text: Duke of Somerset

text: Cheapside

text: chroniclers

text: mayor

text: serjeant

text: steward

text: Honour of Pontefract

text: Ludlow

text: Middleham Castle

text: Lord Audley

text: Blore Heath

text: Mucklestone

text: Staffordshire

text: Thomas

text: retainer

text: James Harrington

text: Acton Bridge

text: Tarporley

text: Chester Castle

text: rout

text: Battle of Ludford Bridge

text: Calais

text: attainted

text: Parliament of Devils

text: Chamberlain

text: St Paul's Cathedral

text: Sandal

text: Battle of Wakefield

text: Captain

text: Chancellor

text: Benet's "Chronicle"

text: common law

text: livery

text: Order of the Garter

text: choir stall

text: Windsor Castle

text: St. George's Chapel

text: Great North Road

text: Second Battle of St Albans

text: flank

text: Bernards Heath

text: vanguard

text: York Castle

text: Milanese

text: Ambassador

text: lord of Somerset

text: Wars of the Roses

text: Towton

text: Edward IV

text: John Gillingham

text: Carlisle

text: Alnwick Castle

text: Bamburgh Castle

text: baileys

text: keep

text: Dunstanburgh Castle

text: dolerite

text: Pontefract Castle

text: Bisham Abbey

text: Warden of the Eastern March

text: western marches

text: Norham Castle

text: Chevauchée

text: patronage

text: duty

text: Kingston upon Hull

text: Viscount Beaumont

text: John Tiptoft

text: Ferrybridge

text: A. J. Pollard

text: Bamburgh

text: Hexham

text: Langley

text: Norham

text: Prudhoe Castle

text: Newcastle

text: Charles Ross

text: Order of the Garter

text: East March

text: Humphrey Neville

text: Battle of Hedgeley Moor

text: Ralph Percy

text: Lords Greystoke

text: Willoughby

text: Devil's Water

text: Archbishop of York

text: beheading

text: Earl of Northumberland

text: Henry Percy

text: Cora L. Scofield

text: Archbishop of York

text: Duke of Gloucester

text: Duke of Albany

text: mark

text: Hicks

text: Duke of Brittany

text: League of the Public Weal

text: Louis XI of France

text: honours

text: Knaresborough

text: Pontefract Castle

text: arrears

text: Trent

text: Beverley

text: Elizabeth Woodville

text: Robin of Redesdale

text: George, Duke of Clarence

text: Isabelle

text: Calais

text: Robin of Holderness

text: Battle of Edgecote Moor

text: Henry Percy

text: Marquess

text: English peerage

text: Earl of Devon

text: Duke of Bedford

text: Warkworth's Chronicle

text: Lincolnshire

text: Lincolnshire rebellion

text: Battle of Empingham

text: Doncaster

text: Dartmouth

text: Doncaster

text: Bishop's Lynn

text: Henry VI

text: returned to the throne

text: Earl of Worcester

text: Lord Clifford

text: Earl of Devon

text: Ravenspur

text: East Anglia

text: Pontefract Castle

text: bailiff

text: Coventry

text: Duke of Exeter

text: Earl of Oxford

text: Viscount Beaumont

text: Barnet

text: fog

text: battle

text: Great North Road

text: St. Albans

text: Philippe de Commines

text: Jean de Waurin

text: romance

text: William, Lord Hastings

text: looting

text: Streaming star

text: Sunne in splendour

text: cognizance

text: Bisham Priory

text: George Neville, Duke of Bedford

text: Duke of Exeter

text: Earl of Dorset

text: Pyrton

text: Oxfordshire

text: William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk

text: 6th Baron Scrope of Masham

text: Henry Wentworth

text: Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk

text: Aldwark, North Yorkshire

text: Anthony Browne

text: Millom

text: Cumberland

text: William Norreys

text: Yattendon

text: label

text: gobong

categories: 1430s births,People of the Wars of the Roses,English military personnel killed in action,1471 deaths,Knights of the Garter,Marquesses in the Peerage of England,Neville family,Earls of Northumberland

paragraph: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

paragraph: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu (c. 1431 – 14 April 1471) was a major magnate of fifteenth-century England. He was a younger son of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, and the younger brother of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, the 'Kingmaker'.

paragraph: From an early age he was involved in fighting for his House, particularly in the feud that sprang up in the 1450s with the Neville family's major regional rivals, the Percy family. John Neville was personally responsible for much of the violence until, with his brothers, they defeated and imprisoned their enemies. This was taking place against the backdrop of a crisis in central government. The king, Henry VI, already known to be a weak ruler, suffered a mental collapse which led to a protectorate headed by John's uncle, Richard, Duke of York. Within two years an armed conflict had broken out, with York openly in rebellion against the king, and his Neville cousins supporting him. John fought with his father and Warwick against the king at the first Battle of St Albans, at which they had the victory.

paragraph: Following a few years of uneasy peace, the Yorkists' rebellion erupted once again, and John Neville fought alongside with his father and elder brother Thomas at the Battle of Blore Heath in September 1459. Although the Earl of Salisbury fought off the Lancastrians, both his sons were captured, and John, with Thomas, spent the next year imprisoned. Following his release in 1460, he took part in the Yorkist government. His father and brother died in battle just after Christmas 1460, and in February the next year, John – now promoted to the peerage as Lord Montagu – and Warwick fought the Lancastrians again at St Albans. John was once again captured and not released until his cousin Edward, York's son, won a decisive victory at Towton in March 1461, and became King Edward IV.

paragraph: John Neville soon emerged, with Warwick, as representatives of the king's power in the north, which was still politically turbulent, as there were still a large number of Lancastrians on the loose attempting to raise rebellion against the new regime. As his brother Warwick became more involved in national politics and central government, it devolved to John to finally defeat the last remnants of Lancastrians in 1464. Following these victories, Montagu, in what has been described as a high point for his House, was created Earl of Northumberland. At around the same time, however, his brother Warwick became increasingly dissatisfied with his relationship with the king, and began instigating rebellions against Edward IV in the north, finally capturing him in July 1469. At first, Montagu helped suppress this discontent, and also encouraged Warwick to release Edward. Eventually, however, his brother went into French exile with the king's brother George, Duke of Clarence, in March 1470.

paragraph: During Warwick's exile, King Edward stripped Montagu of the Earldom of Northumberland, making him Marquis of Montagu instead. John Neville appears to have seen this as a reduction in rank, and accepted it with poor grace. He seems particularly to have complained about the lack of landed estate that his new marquisate brought with it, calling it a 'pie's nest'. When the Earl of Warwick and Clarence returned, they distracted Edward with a rebellion in the north, which the king ordered Montagu to raise troops to repress in the king's name. Montagu, however, having raised a small army, turned against Edward, almost capturing him at Olney, Buckinghamshire; the king, with his other brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, fled into exile in Burgundy.

paragraph: While in exile, Warwick had allied with the old king, Henry VI and his Queen, Margaret of Anjou, Henry was restored to the throne, and Warwick now effectively ruled the kingdom, This return to Lancastrianism did not, however, last long; within the year, Edward and Gloucester had returned. Landing only a few miles from Montagu in Yorkshire – who did nothing to stop them – the Yorkists marched south, raising an army. Montagu followed them, and, meeting up with his brother at Coventry, they confronted Edward over a battlefield at Barnet. John Neville was cut down in the fighting, Warwick died soon after, and within a month Edward had reclaimed his throne and Henry VI and his line was extinguished.

paragraph: Section::::Youth and early career.

paragraph: Montagu was the third son of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, and Alice Montacute, 5th Countess of Salisbury, and a younger brother of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, "the Kingmaker."

paragraph: John Neville's upbringing and career was entwined with that of the north of England and specifically, the marcher areas, the eastern and western borders between Scotland and England, controlled from Berwick and Carlisle respectively. His Early activity there consisted of diplomatic meetings with the Scots, at which he acted as a witness, between 1449 and 1451. He was also one of three men who were instructed, in a letter of 3 February 1449, to not attend the forthcoming parliament and remain in the north guarding the border. He was knighted by King Henry VI at Greenwich on 5 January 1453, alongside Edmund and Jasper Tudor, his brother Thomas Neville, William Herbert, Roger Lewknor, and William Catesby.

paragraph: Section::::Youth and early career.:Feud with the Percys.

paragraph: Sir John Neville was from the branch of the Neville family based at Middleham Castle in Yorkshire, rather than that of Westmorland. It has been claimed that he, as a 'landless younger son' was partially to blame for his family's long-running feud with the Lancastrian Percy family of Northumberland. The first outburst of violence that took place was a result of the 1 May 1453 royal licence for John Neville's brother, Thomas Neville to marry Maud Stanhope being issued. News of this must have reached the north within the fortnight, for by the twelfth, one of the Earl of Northumberland's younger sons, Thomas Percy, Lord Egremont, began recruiting men. In August 1453, John Neville raided the Percy castle of Topcliffe, possibly with the intention of seizing Egremont. Failing to find him, Neville resorted to threatening the Percy tenantry who were in residence. He and Egremont were subsequently summoned to appear before the Royal Council, a summons which was ignored by both. Feuding continued through summer 1453, and even though they had been instructed to keep the peace, by the 27 July, the council was issuing letters to Northumberland and Salisbury regarding their sons. This was followed by more letters to the sons. In Knaresborough, the locals generally aligned themselves with John Neville due to the unpopularity of Sir William Plumpton (the king's man), from whom they began stealing with impunity, which resulted in severe injuries when the Neville brothers demonstrated a 'show of force' in January 1454.

paragraph: John Neville was with his brother's wedding party when Egremont ambushed them on the return from Tattershall Castle. This took place on Heworth Moor on 24 August 1453. The next month, John took a raiding party and ransacked Egremont's Catton manor, 'breaking windows and shattering tiles.' With his brothers, Thomas and Richard, as well as the Earl of Salisbury, they faced the Earl of Northumberland and his sons at Topcliffe on 20 October 1453, although a peace was then negotiated. The feud continued for much of the next year, and only came to a halt with a battle at Salisbury's manor of Stamford Bridge, near York on 31 October 1454. Thomas and John confronted, and decisively beat, Egremont and Richard Percy, whom the Nevilles captured.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: John Neville married Isabel Ingoldsthorpe (c.1441 – 20 May 1476), of Burrough Green and Sawston, Cambridgeshire, on 25 April 1457; Archbishop Thomas Bourchier officiated the marriage at Canterbury Cathedral. Isabel was not only the heiress of her father, Sir Edmund Ingaldsthorpe (who had died on 2 September 1456), but also the heiress of her maternal uncle, John Tiptoft and his Earldom of Worcester. It may have been that Earl of Worcester had engineered the match. A letter to John Paston on 1 May 1457 described how 'the Erle [of Warwick's] yonger broþere maryed to Ser Edmund Ynglthorp's doughter upon Seynt Markes Day; the Erle of Worcestre broght aboute the maryage.' She was a greater heiress than might have been expected for a youngest son like John. John was granted seven southern manors by his father and mother, the Earl and Countess of Salisbury, for his part.

paragraph: John Neville's marriage caused a dispute with Queen Margaret: even though Isabel was over fourteen years-old (and therefore of legal age), the Queen claimed that Isabel was still her ward. As a result, Queen Margaret insisted that John pay her a fine for his marriage to Isabel: he was bound to pay her £1,000 in ten instalments.

paragraph: Section::::Wars of the Roses.

paragraph: The king had become incapacitated in August 1453, which had led to the Duke of York being appointed protector and controlling the government. By Christmas of 1454, however, King Henry had recovered from his illness, which removed the basis for York's authority. Having reconvened the court at Westminster by mid-April 1455, Henry and a select council of nobles decided to hold a great council at Leicester. York and the Nevilles anticipated that Somerset would bring charges against them at this assembly. John Neville included, they gathered an armed retinue and marched to stop the royal party from reaching Leicester, intercepting them at St Albans.

paragraph: Although only a small affray, it resulted in the deaths of some important people; viz. the Duke of Somerset, the Earl of Northumberland, and Lord Clifford. It has been suggested that, whilst Somerset might have been targeted by York, the latter too might have been intentionally slain by the Neville brothers. It was John who, after the battle, appears to have been responsible for the victorious Duke of York removing Sir William Skipwith from the household offices the latter held of the Duke. Neville was said to have achieved this by pointing out how Skipwith failed to join York in battle; John Neville subsequently shared in the profits of York's redistribution of Skipwith's ex-offices.

paragraph: In December 1456, the new Duke of Somerset tried to attack John Neville in London's Cheapside; Somerset had already attempted something similar to John's brother Warwick the previous month. John's encounter, reported contemporary chroniclers, would have become a 'skirmish' if the mayor had not intervened. As it had been John who had 'spearheaded' the Neville retaliation to the Percies during their feud, Salisbury entered into a bond for Thomas and John's behaviour on 23 March 1458. John, however continued to receive commissions from the government. He was part of a delegation of twenty-two Ambassadors nominated to discuss breaches of the Truce with Burgundy on 14 May that year, and two months later he was investigating the murder of a royal serjeant. In 1459, he was appointed steward of the Honour of Pontefract.

paragraph: Reconciliation between the crown and the sons of the dead lords of St Albans on the one half and of York and his Neville allies did not last, however. In mid-September 1459, the Earl of Salisbury, intending to meet York at the latter's castle at Ludlow, marched south from Middleham Castle with his household, retainers, and a force of around five-thousand men. John and Thomas were with him. Salisbury's force was engaged by a much larger royal army under the command of Lord Audley on 23 September at Blore Heath, near Mucklestone, Staffordshire. Even though he had numerical superiority the result was defeat for Audley, who was killed. However at some point John Neville – along with his brother Thomas and their father's retainer James Harrington were captured. This might have occurred in their pursuit of fleeing Lancastrians the next day or alternatively they may have been injured in battle and had been sent home. Either way, captured at Acton Bridge near Tarporley, Cheshire, the four were imprisoned in Chester Castle.

paragraph: John Neville was not released until July 1460. As a result, he was not present at the Yorkists' rout at the Battle of Ludford Bridge, which resulted in his father and brother's exile in Calais. He had still been attainted at the Parliament of Devils in October 1459 and only restored in August the next year. He was not released until June that year, and remained in London with during York's return from exile, and his claiming of the throne. On 1 November 1460, York appointed John the king's Chamberlain for a crown-wearing ceremony at St Paul's Cathedral. He stayed in London as word arrived that Lancastrians were gathering an army in the north; York, Salisbury, and John's brother Thomas marched north to confront them. On 30 December 1460 they went down to a crushing defeat outside York's castle at Sandal, at the Battle of Wakefield where York and Thomas were killed, and Salisbury captured and killed the next day.

paragraph: John Neville appears to have been Lieutenant of the castle of Calais, whilst Warwick served as its Captain. During the Protector's absence that winter, and after York's and Salisbury's death, alongside his brothers Warwick and George (the Chancellor) Neville was part of the head of government.

paragraph: According to Benet's "Chronicle", John Neville was elevated to the peerage as Lord Montagu in the January 1461 parliament. It was also at this parliament that he presented a petition, regarding his wife, in which he reiterated that in common law women receive livery of their lands at fourteen years of age, and he requested parliament to reaffirm this. In February he was elected to the Order of the Garter. He was installed on 21 March 1462, when he took his father's choir stall in Windsor Castle's St. George's Chapel.

paragraph: By February 1461 Queen Margaret's army was marching south. Warwick and John, with their 'frantically raised' army, collected the King and marched north to confront the Queen's army on the Great North Road. The two armies met on 17 February at the Second Battle of St Albans- this time, just outside the town. In the resulting encounter, Warwick was 'outflanked and now outmatched,' whereas John seems to have kept his army together up until the point the King's person was regained by the Lancastrians. Montagu commanded the left flank of the Yorkist army, which itself was subdivided into a group of archers in the town itself, with the majority posted on Bernards Heath, stretching eastwards towards Warwick's vanguard. This 'bloody and bitter' encounter' saw Warwick and John's army defeated. The Earl escaped; Montagu was captured and sent to York Castle. It seems probable that he escaped execution after the battle because, as the Milanese Ambassador wrote, 'a brother of my lord of Somerset is a prisoner [of Warwick's] at Calais.

paragraph: As a result of his capture and imprisonment in York, Montagu escaped participation in the biggest and probably bloodiest battle of the Wars of the Roses which took place on 29 March 1461 at Towton in Yorkshire. This decisive Yorkist victory led to Montagu being released the next day, when the son of the Duke of York – and England's "de facto" new king – Edward IV entered York in triumph. Montagu and Warwick then missed the King's coronation in April, as they stayed in the north to attempt the recapture of northern castles still in Lancastrian hands; as John Gillingham has put it, 'the 'unfinished military business would have to be left to the Nevilles.' And on 10 May 1461 Montagu was commissioned to raise troops against both the Lancastrian remnants and the king of Scotland. One of Montagu's first actions was to successfully raise the siege of Carlisle, 'with prompt action.' Carlisle had had its suburbs burnt and been under siege from June by a Scottish-Lancastrian force, but was easily relieved by him, apparently killing 6,000 Scots and Lord Clifford's brother in the process, before Warwick had even arrived.

paragraph: The military campaign that followed was focussed on the recapture of strategically vital castles on the Northumbrian border. Alnwick Castle was commanded by a shell keep, to which extra towers had been added, as well as to the curtain wall, with a solid barbican and gatehouse. Bamburgh Castle was on a high spur ridge with three baileys, a large keep, and fortified gateways. Dunstanburgh Castle stood on a dolerite spur which had the sheer drop of a cliff on one side. Montagu besieged Bamburgh, the most important of these northern bulwarks, due to its distance from London and proximity to Scotland. By 26 December 1462, when the garrison surrendered, they 'had been reduced to eating their horses.'

paragraph: Montagu joined Warwick in escorting the chariot of six horses in the funeral cortege conveying the mortal remains of their father and brother from Pontefract Castle to the family mausoleum at Bisham Abbey, on 14–15 February 1463. On 6 May he was appointed Warden of the Eastern March; Warwick was his counterpart on the western marches. Later that year, he led an expedition to Norham Castle, which had been besieged by the Scots for the previous eighteen days, and relieved it on 26 July; this was followed by a Chevauchée into Scotland which only ceased when Montagu's force ran out of supplies.

paragraph: Section::::Elevation to the peerage and war in the north.:Royal patronage.

paragraph: In the meantime though, John received the first royal patronage of the reign, being granted the royal gold and silver mines in Devon and Cornwall worth £110 annually, for life. This was followed by duty payments from York and Kingston upon Hull and manors belonging to the dead Lancastrian Viscount Beaumont. In June 1461 he received the wardship of Edward Tiptoft, the heir of John Tiptoft, during his minority, and also the lands of Lord Clifford (who had died at Ferrybridge in a sharp encounter the night before Towton). Professor A. J. Pollard has noted, ironically, that Neville "had to earn his rewards." In 1462 he was appointed Steward of the Household of the Palatinate of Durham, for which he received around £40 a year. This was twice the salary his legally-trained and 'non-noble' successors would receive from the Bishop in later years, and has been described as a 'unique post.'

paragraph: Section::::Hexham and Hedgeley Moor.

paragraph: In spite of Montagu's and Warwick's northern successes in the years following Towton, a not-insubstantial Lancastrian army was still active in the area; it had been slowly been re-taking castles, like Bamburgh, Hexham, Langley, Norham, and Prudhoe Castles, between February and March 1464. This threatened Newcastle, a major Yorkist supply centre. Local Lancastrians were returning to their estates, such as the Cliffords, who regained their castle at Skipton Craven with no royal response, military or otherwise. They 'virtually controlled most of the country immediately south of the Scottish border', wrote Charles Ross, although very few local gentry directly supported them. The situation was severe enough that in April 1464 he was too occupied with the northern situation to travel to London, and was exempted from attending the Order of the Garter Chapter meeting on the 29th of the month. He has been described as the king's 'resident commander' in the north and a 'confident and aggressive commander.'

paragraph: In Early 1464, the Lancastrians having coalesced in the East March, the ongoing peace negotiations with the Scots were moved from Newcastle to York. Montagu was sent to escort their embassy through now-unfriendly territory. On his way to pick them up at Norham, he only avoided an ambush near Newcastle, by a small force of eighty spear and bowmen under Sir Humphrey Neville, by changing his route.

paragraph: The Scottish embassy he eventually collected at Norham had been delayed, and it was on the return journey that the Duke of Somerset with Lords Roos and Hungerford, Sir Richard Turnstall, and Sir Thomas Findern and the bulk of the Lancastrian army (approximately 5,000 men) ambushed Montagu at the Battle of Hedgeley Moor on 25 April 1464. The assault failed, and left Sir Ralph Percy dead on the field.

paragraph: Montagu, having delivered the Scottish embassy to Newcastle, left there on 14 May, either with Lords Greystoke and Willoughby or picking them up "en route" with other supporters, to seek out the Lancastrians. The next day, at Hexham – having crossed the Tyne 'either at Bulwell or Corbridge' – he attacked the rebels in their camp which was on the south side of Devil's Water river. Montagu, his army swelled with new recruits from Newcastle, and men raised by Montagu's brother, the Archbishop of York, may have had up to 10,000 men. Leading his army 'forward at the charge,' Montagu's attack soon became a rout, with the Lancastrian army dissolving and attempting escape over the bridge. Lords Roos, Hungerford, Findern, and Tallboys survived the battle only to be executed, on Montagu's order- and probably in his presence- with the Duke of Somerset in Newcastle. Following Hexham, Montagu ordered the largest number of beheadings the civil wars had yet seen.

paragraph: Section::::Hexham and Hedgeley Moor.:Earl of Northumberland.

paragraph: In May 1464, Hexham, Langley and Bywell castles surrendered to Montagu. Eight days later, on 27 May, he was created Earl of Northumberland, while Henry Percy was imprisoned in the Tower. The Earldom gave an income of between £700 and £1,000 a year. This, wrote Cora L. Scofield, was his reward for his decisive victories, since the Crown "had played no direct part in them." That summer Montagu recaptured the three Northumberland castles – Dunstanburgh, Alnwick, and Bamburgh – that had been previously lost. Later that year – the 'high watermark of his House, the zenith of the Nevilles' – Montagu's brother George was appointed Archbishop of York, with John his Treasurer at his enthronement feast. During the feast, John's wife Isabel, sat at the children's table, supervising Warwick's two daughters and the young Duke of Gloucester.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: Following the final crushing of the Lancastrian resistance, Montagu's role focussed on diplomacy and peace keeping. In June 1465 he was commissioned to contract marriages "between English and Scottish subjects" as well as to treat for a perpetual peace with Scotland, as a result of which, Montagu returned the captured Duke of Albany to Scotland, for which he was paid fifty marks. It was during this time (Hicks has suggested around January 1465) that Montagu and Lord Scales were requested by the Duke of Brittany to accompany a force of 3,000 Breton archers supplied by him, for the 'League of the Public Weal' against Louis XI of France. However, due to commitments in the north with Warwick, Montagu ended up taking no part in this campaign.

paragraph: In 1465 Montagu received the main grant of the Percy Earldom of Northumberland estates, and on 25 March the following year he was granted the constableships and honours of Knaresborough and Pontefract Castles, which Warwick and before him their father had previously held, and also the castles of Tickhill, Snaith, and Dunstanburgh. This was to repay his arrears in back wages from his Wardenship of the East March, from an indenture of 1 June 1463. On the same day he was made Steward of the Duchy of Lancaster (north of the Trent), and it was from the profits of the duchy that his wages were coming from, amounting to approximately £1,000.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.:Warden of the Marches.

paragraph: The Wardens were the military guardians of the border from the late fourteenth-century, and their salaries made them the highest-paid among Crown officers, but this was inclusive of the cost of raising troops and maintaining defence. This has also been described as controlling 'private armies raised at the Crown's expense.' By the mid-fifteenth century, the Wardenship of the East March was the most important of the two northern marcher lordships. Marcher Wardens were granted the right to recruit by their being 'explicitly' exempted from the 1468 Statute of Livery, which restrained- or attempted to restrain- retaining. Montagu, however, was allowed to continue retaining in times of peace as well as war. At this point Humphrey Neville was still on the run, and Montagu required troops to be raised on various occasions; in 1467, for example, Beverley sent him troops to deal with Humphrey's resistance.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.:Warwick's rebellion.

paragraph: In 1467, as part of his brother's plan for a closer relationship with the French, John and Isabelle accompanied Warwick in escorting the French King's envoys to Canterbury. However, by this time, it was being rumoured that Warwick was moving towards supporting the House of Lancaster, as a result of dissatisfaction over the king's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville and his pursuit of an anti-French foreign policy. In 1469, Warwick organised Robin of Redesdale's rebellion against Edward IV in Yorkshire and in July that year the king's brother George, Duke of Clarence married Warwick's daughter Isabelle whilst anchored off Calais; this was in direct defiance of the king's own wishes. It seems that Montagu, however, reacted strongly against his brother's machinations, and, unlike him, was satisfied with his current position.

paragraph: On 27 October 1469, Henry Percy had taken his oath of fealty to the King, and had been released from the Tower. The following year saw the return of Robin of Redesdale and another rebellion on behalf of Warwick. Montagu was forced to come down from the Scottish border to suppress it; this he did, but, one historian has suggested, albeit that he 'allowed the leaders to escape ... ensuring that the rebellion could rise again' at a more opportune moment. Almost immediately, Montagu was forced to crush another rebellion, this time lead by a Robin of Holderness, but calling for the return of Percy to the Northumberland Earldom. The Redesdale rebels soon reformed into an army big enough to march south and defeat a royal force at the Battle of Edgecote Moor on 26 July 1469. King Edward still accepted that Montagu was uninvolved in his brother's rebellion, and in the event, Montagu was the only Neville to accompany the king on his journey from the north back to London.

paragraph: However, it was while Edward was in York that he ordered the rehabilitation of Henry Percy to his family Earldom on 25/27 March 1470. On the same day John was elevated to the Marquessate of Montagu, and now outranked his brother- an Earl- in the English peerage. Historians have since questioned, however, whether his new title had the gravitas that his previous Earldom had had, and have even suggested that the king was 'walking a tightrope' as to whether Montagu would actually accept it or not. To compensate him for the loss of the Percy estates Montagu was granted the lands of the dead Earl of Devon, and Montagu's son, George was created Duke of Bedford. These were substantial estates, providing an income of at least £600 per annum. Montagu was to be the new regional magnate- as he been in the north- to fill an existing power vacuum.

paragraph: Section::::Rebellion and death.

paragraph: Montagu, though, was not happy with the new arrangements, and King Edward has been held responsible for turning Montagu from a friend to an enemy. Warkworth's Chronicle describes him as condemning these grants to him as 'a [mag]pyes] nest.' Montagu had been on the Scottish border since at least January 1470. Following unrest in Lincolnshire and the subsequent Lincolnshire rebellion, the king marched from London to crush the rising. This he did at the Battle of Empingham. Following the battle, Edward headed north where he was met by Montagu and Northumberland at Doncaster. Warwick and Clarence's involvement in the Lincolnshire uprising had by now been established, and they fled to Calais. Further trouble broke out in the summer of 1470 in the north, with friends and relatives of Warwick in open rebellion. The new Earl of Northumberland was unable to put down these risings, so the king, once again marched north to deal with it personally. Modern historians generally consider that these rebellions were a deliberate trap, instigated by Warwick and Clarence from Calais. On 24 June 1470 the Wardenship of the East March was stripped from Montagu and given to Percy. Edward was still in the north with Percy when he received word that the Warwick and Clarence had landed in Dartmouth.

paragraph: At Doncaster, the king awaited Montagu, who was in the north raising a substantial force in Edward's name. Edward waited; but on 29 September 1470, marching to the King, Montagu declared for Warwick. His last-minute, surprise defection from the king has been called 'decisive'. The king was trapped; disbanding his army, and with a few followers, he escaped to Bishop's Lynn, sailing for Burgundy on 2 October.

paragraph: Section::::Rebellion and death.:Readeption of Henry VI.

paragraph: On 3 October, with Edward IV in exile, Henry VI was released from the Tower and returned to the throne by Warwick. Almost immediately, Montagu was granted the wardship of the executed Earl of Worcester's heir and estates, as well as of the young Lord Clifford. He was reappointed to the Wardenship of the East March, with its salary, on 22 October 1470.

paragraph: However, Montagu did not profit from the new regime as he probably expected to. He did not regain the Earldom of Northumberland. Further, he lost some of the Courtney lands that had come with his Marquessate to the newly returned Earl of Devon. Montagu had no active role in government, and does not seem to have sat in Council, although he was appointed Chamberlain to the King's Household. Although he was confirmed in command of the new King's forces in the north and in possession of the manor of Wressle on 21 March 1471, he did not regain any other Percy estates. Indeed, it has been suggested that his loyalty might still have been suspect by the newly arrived Lancastrians: having been summoned to the November 1470 parliament, Polydor Virgil states that he had to apologise there for his prior support of Edward. Montagu even had to pay cash for the king's pardon, which he only received after making a lengthy speech, declaring that he had only remained faithful to Edward out of fear.

paragraph: Montagu, having responsibility for the defence of the north, received various commissions of array, which reflected the government's knowledge that King Edward was equipping a Burgundian-backed fleet in order to re-invade. Montagu was to raise men from all across the north. On 14 March 1471, King Edward landed at Ravenspur, on the coast of Yorkshire; he had intended to land in East Anglia, but this had been established as being unsafe. Montagu, it has been suggested, could have 'snuffed out' Edward's army almost immediately had he moved fast enough. Montagu was in Pontefract Castle as Edward passed by (where even his castle bailiff deserted him for the returning king, taking the castle's funds with him). Montagu's army, composed of local militias, was probably in the region of several thousand men, between 6,000 and 7,000, and increased as he trailed Edward south. Montagu arrived at Coventry, where the Earl of Warwick was camped, in Early April 1471; this was probably the day after Clarence had defected back to his brother Edward, and taken his army with him.

paragraph: Section::::Rebellion and death.:Battle of Barnet Heath.

paragraph: By 12 April 1471, Montagu, with his brother Warwick and the Duke of Exeter, the Earl of Oxford, and Viscount Beaumont were approaching London with their army.

paragraph: Edward, having arrived in London on 11 April and been reunited with his queen, met Montagu and Warwick a few miles north of London, outside the village of Barnet. It is possible that he commanded a smaller army, perhaps of only 9,000 men, and probably no more than 14,000.

paragraph: The battle was a 'confused affair' and fought in fog. It has been suggested that it was Montagu who persuaded Warwick to fight on foot at Barnet, leaving the horses tethered at the rear, in order to demonstrate their commitment to the cause by taking the same risks as the common soldier. Montagu probably controlled the centre battle of Warwick's army, facing Edward's own section, on the Great North Road from Barnet to St. Albans. Warkworth's Chronicle states that Warwick had an army of 20,000 men and that the battle beginning at 0400, lasted until ten o'clock that morning. Contemporaries have favourably described Montagu's martial skill at Barnet. Philippe de Commines called him as 'a very courageous knight,' and the Burgundian observer Jean de Waurin wrote that, in the thick of the fighting, Montagu was 'cutting off arms and heads like a hero of romance.'

paragraph: The Earl of Oxford, commanding the right wing of the Neville army, broke the opposing Yorkist line, under William, Lord Hastings, early in the battle. Oxford's men proceeded to chase the fleeing soldiers, and ended up looting away from the battlefield. Oxford managed to regroup his men, but, returning to the battlefield, as James Ross has put it, 'disaster struck.' In the time he and his force had been absent, the line of battle had shifted almost ninety degrees, so instead of returning to attack Edward's rear, he crashed into Montagu's section. The fog prevented identification, and Oxford's men fought with Montagu's. Montagu may, one chronicler suggests, have mistakenly seen Oxford's 'Streaming star' banner as the king's 'Sunne in splendour,' and thus believe that the Earl had gone over to York. Recently though, one historian has pointed out that, in fact, Oxford had never previously used such a cognizance, and it was more prosaically just a case of men confused by fog.

paragraph: At some point, possibly around this time, Montagu was killed; he was certainly dead before his brother. The "Arrivall" chronicler states this occurred 'in plain battle,' and in the thick of the fighting, rather than in the rout that later followed.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: The bodies of Warwick and Montagu were laid out 'on the morrow after' and 'openly shewed and naked' in St. Paul's, to prevent rumour starting that they had in fact survived the battle; Warkworth too said that the King personally directed this, and arranged for the corpses 'to be put in a cart ... to be laid in the church of Paul's, on the pavement, that every man might see them; and so they lay for three or four days' before granting permission to their brother George for their burial at Bisham Priory.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: With Isabelle Ingaldsthorpe, John Neville had a son and five daughters. The eldest was George Neville, Duke of Bedford (c. 1461–1483). It appears that Montagu had wanted to marry George to Anne, heiress of the Duke of Exeter; however, she had married the Earl of Dorset by 1466. George eventually died without issue, having been stripped of his dukedom in 1478. His first daughter was Anne, who married Sir William Stonor of Stonor in Pyrton, Oxfordshire (and was thus a descendant of William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk). Elizabeth married firstly Thomas Scrope, 6th Baron Scrope of Masham, who was a dedicated Yorkist for his whole career, and secondly Sir Henry Wentworth of Nettlestead, while Margaret Neville married firstly Sir John Mortimer (who was dead before 12 November 1504), only son of Sir Hugh Mortimer and Eleanor Cornwall,secondly Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, and thirdly Robert Downes, gentleman. Lucy married firstly Sir Thomas FitzWilliam of Aldwark, North Yorkshire, and secondly Sir Anthony Browne. Finally, Isabel, who married firstly Sir Thomas Huddleston of Millom, Cumberland, (the Huddlestons of Millom were an important regional family and old allies of the Nevilles) and secondly Sir William Smythe of Elford in Staffordshire. Neville's widow remarried, on 25 April 1472, as his second wife, Sir William Norreys of Yattendon.

paragraph: Section::::Family.:Arms.

paragraph: Montagu took for his crest 'a griffin issuing from a ducal crown'. His coat of arms was the Neville 'Gules a saltiire argent' with a label 'gobong argent and azure crescent' for differencing, as a younger son. The gobong (or 'compony') was a 'border, pale, bend, or other ordinary made up, the first of one row and the second of two rows of squares, consisting of metals and colours alternately,' in this case silver and azure. This coat, when he was made Marquis of Montagu, was later augmented with further quarterings.

description: Yorkist leader in the Wars of the Roses

wikidata_label: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu

wikipedia_title: John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu


text:
Urdu
Sindhi
Lal Shahbaz Qalandar
Sehwan Sharif
Sindh
Pakistan

paragraph: Bodla Bahar

paragraph: Maaz Mulla Urdu (بودلہ بہار) Sindhi (بودلو بهار) was a faithful partisan and devotee of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar. His mausoleum is in Sehwan Sharif, Sindh, Pakistan. His original name was Sikander. According to legends Bodla Bahar was already resident of Sehwan Sharif before coming of Qalandar Lal Shahbaz. Later, he turned to the circle of affectionate believers of the saint. He was the most reliable and trustworthy servant of Qalandar. Several myths have been related to Bodla Bahar concerning Qalandar Shahbaz. It is believed that Bodla Bahar was killed and his flesh was sold in market by butcher Annud. When Qalandar knew he called Bodla three times. After calling, the pieces of flesh of Bodla came to Qalandar and he was restored into life by Qalandar.

alias:
Sikandar Bodla Bahar
Makhdoom Sikandar

description: Sufi Saint

wikidata_label: Bodla Bahar

wikipedia_title: Bodla Bahar


text:
soprano
The Marriage of Figaro
Axur, re d'Ormus
Una cosa rara
Domenico Mombelli

categories: 1760s births,Italian opera composers,People from Florence,Italian operatic sopranos,1790s deaths

paragraph: Luisa Laschi

paragraph: Luisa Laschi, also known as Luisa Laschi-Mombelli, (c. 1760 – c. 1790) was an Italian operatic soprano prominent in the opera houses of Austria and Italy. Amongst the numerous roles she created in her brief but intense career were Countess Almaviva in Mozart's "The Marriage of Figaro", Aspasia in Salieri's "Axur, re d'Ormus", and Isabella in Martín y Soler's "Una cosa rara". Laschi was the first wife of the tenor Domenico Mombelli by whom she had two children, both of whom died in infancy.

wikidata_label: Luisa Laschi

wikipedia_title: Luisa Laschi


text:
Palestinian
Nabi Salih
West Bank
tear gas
throwing stones
Nabi Saleh
Halamish
tear gas
stone-throwing
B'Tselem
Israeli settlement
Beilinson Hospital
Ramallah
West Bank
skunk water
Jonathan Pollack
IDF
rules of engagement
The Telegraph
Yedioth Ahronoth

categories: People from Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate,Political violence in the Palestinian territories,Human rights in the State of Palestine,Deaths in the Palestinian territories,2011 deaths

paragraph: Death of Mustafa Tamimi

paragraph: Mustafa Tamimi, a 28-year-old Palestinian taxi driver, was fatally hit by a tear gas canister by Israeli forces fired from close range and hitting him directly in the face on 9 December 2011 during a weekly protest in Nabi Salih, West Bank. The tear gas canister that struck him was fired from the rear door of a military vehicle at which he was throwing stones while running after it. The incident raised questions about Israeli military behavior when engaging with the demonstrators.

paragraph: Some Israeli military officials used social media to defend the army. Israeli army statements said that Tamimi was throwing a rock when he was targeted and that the soldier firing the canister "did not see any people in the line of fire" and was not criminally liable. Tamimi's brother, Louai, rejected the investigation saying he was not approached by the investigators although he said he witnessed the incident as he was standing close to the army jeep at the time of the shot.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Residents of Nabi Saleh had protested against the Halamish settlement since 1976 when it was first built. Demonstrations were stepped up in 2009 when the settlers claimed a fresh-water spring historically used by the village. The protests were regularly disbanded by Israeli troops using tear gas, and were often accompanied by stone-throwing by local youths. Sarit Michaeli, a spokeswoman for the Israeli human rights group B'Tselem, who was in Nabi Saleh, said she was aware of dozens of cases where, "in violation of explicit regulations", tear gas canisters were fired directly at protesters by Israeli soldiers and border policemen.

paragraph: Section::::Event.

paragraph: During one of the weekly demonstrations to protest the seizure of Nabi Saleh land by a neighboring Israeli settlement, Tamimi was hit in the head below his right eye by a tear-gas canister fired at close range from the rear door of an Israeli armored vehicle, while he was throwing stones at it. The projectile fired towards Tamimi can be seen in a photograph of the incident. According to the Israeli activist Haim Schwarczenberg, Tamimi fell down after he was shot at. His friends then rushed to him and "covered his bloodied face with a black-and-white Palestinian checkered scarf". He was taken to Beilinson Hospital in central Israel where he died from his wounds the next day.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.:Funeral.

paragraph: Thousands of Palestinians participated in Tamimi's funeral where his body, wrapped in a Palestinian flag, was moved from the hospital in Ramallah north to Nabi Saleh in West Bank. Participants held up posters showing graphic images of Tamimi's injuries. These were also "plastered on monuments in Ramallah's central squares". The mourning event turned violent. Israeli soldiers fired tear gas canisters in response to stones being thrown and tried to push the protesters back using "jets of skunk water, a foul-smelling chemical waste spray". Four Israelis and two foreign activists were arrested. Six people, including Israeli activist Jonathan Pollack, were injured at the funeral.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.:Investigations.

paragraph: The Israeli army said it was investigating the incident. In its initial statement, Israeli military said that Tamimi "threw rocks at IDF soldiers". Later investigation said that the soldier "did not see any people in the line of fire" and was not criminally liable. According to the IDF the soldier could not clearly see Tamimi and did not "aim" to shoot the gas canister at him. The Israeli human rights group B'Tselem questioned the legality of the soldier's act since he "could not ensure that no harm will result". IDF also said that they could not reconstruct the event because there were rocks thrown at the investigators. Tamimi's brother, Louai, rejected the investigation saying that investigators had not approached him although he was a witness to the incident standing about from the army jeep when the soldier shot. Speaking to the Reuters he said: "there is no doubt that he saw us, and struck my brother directly".

paragraph: The IDF speaker said a Palestinian witness refused to testify. Tamimi running towards the Jeep, the tear-gas launcher appearing from the rear door, the canister in the air, and then "Tamimi falling to the ground, clutching his face", are seen in photographs taken of the incident. According to B'Tselem the fact it took two years for the military to come to a decision, though the incident was "well-documented", indicated "the failure of the military investigation system." B'Tselem also said that the decision announced by the military was not in accordance with its regulations over the use of tear gas.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.:Controversies.

paragraph: Tamimi's supporters accused Israeli soldiers "of using excessive force to deal with the protester, delaying an ambulance from reaching him and not letting his family or others to be with him". Tamimi's death, and the photo which was said to record the moment before he was hit, raised concerns over the Israeli military's use of force in dealing with Palestinian demonstrators. Human-rights groups questioned whether the forces respect military rules of engagement for demonstrators. The "widely publicized" photograph gave the impression that the Israeli soldier had deliberately targeted Tamimi.

paragraph: "The Telegraph" described Israeli military officials as "largely unapologetic for the death", and trying to prove Tamimi had thrown stones by "releasing pictures of a sling they said was found on Tamimi's body". Some of the military officials "defended the army and attacked Tamimi" via Twitter, among them Peter Lerner, then spokesman for the IDF Central Command, whose Twitter comment caused the most "outrage", according to "The Telegraph", and a "storm", according to "Yedioth Ahronoth". "What was Mustafa thinking running after a moving jeep while throwing stones #fail", posted Lerner. ("Fail" is an American slang term used in a derogatory manner to denote "extreme stupidity".) "Yedioth Ahronoth" wrote that Lerner intended "to use the word in its literal sense–as failure", and that he had shown his "happiness" for Tamimi's chance of survival after he was transferred to the hospital. Lerner later denied the mockery and said he did not mean "to hurt anyone's feelings by writing 'fail'", and that "fail" was directed at activists who he believed were not impartial relating the incident. Lerner described the death as an "individual tragedy, with an awful outcome" and believed that Tamimi had "put himself at unnecessary risk" and that the soldier "had operated within the realm of their responsibility".

wikidata_label: Death of Mustafa Tamimi

wikipedia_title: Death of Mustafa Tamimi


text: mystic

text: Duchy of Brabant

text: Brabantian

text: Middle Dutch

text: John of Ruysbroeck

text: beguine

text: Latin

text: French

text: Saint Augustine

text: Middle Ages

text: autograph

text: Brabantian

text: Middle Dutch

text: vision

text: trouvère

text: minnesinger

text: contrafacta

text: French

text: spirituality

text: vernacular

text: Christ

text: Bernard of Clairvaux

text: beguine

text: inquisition

text: Jan van Ruusbroec

text: Jacques Lacan

text: Seminar XX

text: jouissance

text: manque

text: Ecrits

text: Hadewijch in the Columbia Encyclopedia

categories: 13th-century writers,13th-century Christian mystics,Middle Dutch writers,13th-century women writers,Roman Catholic mystics,Dutch-language poets

paragraph: Hadewijch

paragraph: Hadewijch (sometimes referred to as Hadewych, Hadewig, ... of Antwerp, or ... of Brabant) was a 13th-century poet and mystic, probably living in the Duchy of Brabant. Most of her extant writings are in a Brabantian form of Middle Dutch. Her writings include visions, prose letters and poetry. Hadewijch was one of the most important direct influences on John of Ruysbroeck.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: While little details of her life are known outside of her writings, Hadewijch may have been born in the southern part of the Flemish province of Brabant around 1200. Through her "Letters", it is suggested that she functioned as the head of a beguine house prior to 1250. There, she experienced opposition that drove her to a wandering life. Among this evidence, Hadewijch herself even reflects on the possibility of a future imprisonment or exile after she writes on being exiled from other beguines named Sara, Emma, and Margriet. This evidence, as well as her lack of reference to life in a convent, makes the nineteenth-century theory that she was a nun problematic, and thus it has been abandoned by modern scholars. Her writings suggest she received an education in Latin and French, as well as an expansive knowledge of religious figures including Saint Augustine.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Most of Hadewijch's extant writings, none of which survived the Middle Ages as an autograph, are in a Brabantian form of Middle Dutch. Five groups of texts survive: her writings include poetry, descriptions of her visions, and prose letters. There are two groups of poetry: "Poems in Stanzas" ("Strophische Gedichten") and "Poems in Couplets" ("Mengeldichten"). Finally there is the "Lijst der volmaakten" ("list of the perfect ones").

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"Poems in Stanzas" ("Strophische Gedichten").

paragraph: Her forty-five "Poems in Stanzas" ("Strophische Gedichten", also "Liederen", "Songs") are lyric poems following the forms and conventions used by the trouvères and minnesingers of her time, but in Dutch, and with the theme of worldly courtship replaced by sublimated love to God. Many of them are contrafacta of Latin and vernacular songs and hymns, leading to a Dutch edition renaming them "Liederen" ("Songs") and including audio recordings of performances.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"Poems in Couplets" ("Mengeldichten" or "Berijmde brieven").

paragraph: The sixteen works in "Poems in Couplets" ("Mengeldichten", also "Berijmde brieven", "letters on rhyme") are actually letters that repeat the same ideologies of 12th century French spirituality. Although, not all of them are considered authentic.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Visions (Visioenen).

paragraph: Hadewijch’s "Book of Visions" ("Visioenenboek"), the earliest vernacular collection of such revelations, appears to have been composed in the 1240s. It prominently features dialogue between Hadewijch and Christ in visionary speech, an early example of this mode of vernacular religious instruction.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Letters (Brieven).

paragraph: Thirty-one prose letters also survive. Here, Hadewijch explains her views, which gives some context about her life. Hadewijch writes that she experienced "such passionate love" from God which can be ascertained as the beginning of her form of mysticism in the physical sense. The letters continue to describe her concept of "minne" by detailing her reaction to life events. In her twenty-fifth letter, Hadewijch addresses her reader to send messages to various women who are perhaps those whom she lived with. She also declares that: "[Sarah] may well leave me to my wandering." The wandering that Hadewijch mentions can be read as either a literal physical wandering or it could be read as a theoretical wandering as Hadewijch explores her own beliefs. Reading Hadewijch's twenty-fifth letter as autobiographical is problematic because later in the same letter she writes that there is an "us" to be lived with, as she pleads to the reader to speak with a woman named Margriet about the dangers of pride. In letter twenty-six, however, Hadewijch continues writing as though she is still part of a community (assumably the one she priorly belonged to) despite her literal wandering about. Due to this, it seems clear that Hadewijch belonged to a specific group of fellow believers and that she left either by exile or her own volition. Through these letters which give minor autobiographical details, Hadewijch offers a mystical didacticism to dealing with concerns including pride, loneliness, and love.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Lijst der volmaakten.

paragraph: The "Lijst der volmaakten" ("list of the perfect ones"), is attached to the "Visions" in some manuscripts, and to the "Poems in Stanzas" in more recent ones. It lists several saints, such as Bernard of Clairvaux, but some entries are more remarkable, like a beguine who had been condemned to death by the inquisition.

paragraph: Section::::Minne.

paragraph: Minne is Hadewijch's central concept, and it acts as the focal point of her belief system. Scholars have debated as to what minne refers to, and some views identify the word as a conception of a divine entity. She writes in her eleventh letter that she first experienced minne in the tenth year of her life. Hadewijch describes the love as something so powerful that she feels as though she could have died without being given a special power to withstand it by God. Hadewijch's minne is a nuanced form of love because it cannot come without a secondary power being conferred to tolerate its energy; at the same time, minne is not simply a state of being for Hadewijch, because it must be achieved through specific deeds because its presence is not a given through the deeds and charity of the desirer. The attainment of minne is always in question, as well, because although Hadewijch writes about her experience in minne, her stanzas often address the believer to put their "trust in love" which suggests minne is an unreachable end and not an experiential state. Despite minne sounding like an experience, Hadewijch directly writes that "love is all" which seems to suggest minne is present in all things, or that the capacity to see or engage minne is within all things reflexively. In the sixteenth letter, Hadewijch writes that minne is the "glue that binds" God to the soul and that God's energy is an invitation offered to existence to experience his love. Hadewijch uses the word "orewoet" to conceptualize the feeling of having once been affected or tied to the feeling of minne through God in the desire for its re-attainment.

paragraph: Section::::Minne.:Gender Transferal.

paragraph: Hadewijch refers to a masculine lover throughout her letters and poems, but the masculine gender changes to the feminine when she describes the power of God. In one passage she writes:

paragraph: Hadewijch writes that she is "man" but that the God she is writing of is also a He. Through her writings, she maintains that the love that exists within and from God is a She. Hadewijch writes that the divine "He" is not the experience that she desires because she instead wants to be entwined with the "she" (the love). Hadewijch's mysticism becomes an experiential devotion that does not directly desire God, but the experience of Love that exists within all, and is thus Godly in its own conception because of her gendered distinctions. Through the use of gendered pronouns, Hadewijch also gives judgment-centered agency to both Love and God for they both have the ability to reject the believer due to their own conditions. As a result, Hadewijch's mysticism gives agency, dualism, and gender transferal, to her God.

paragraph: Hadewijch's writings influenced Jan van Ruusbroec both as a theologian and a mystic. Along with scholarly and theological influence, Hadewijch has also been placed within many anthologies of Dutch literature and is considered part of the country's literary canon.

paragraph: Section::::Influence and Contemporary Scholarship.:Re-Emergence.

paragraph: Hadewijch's work was lost to scholarship after the mid-16th century. In 1830, historian and professor Franz Mone discovered two of Hadewijch's manuscripts in the Royal Library of Brussels. Due to the hybridity of styles throughout her body of work, several sources have identified Hadewijch's work as a central component of the national literary canons in the Netherlands and in Flanders. Internationally, Hadewijch's work as a Medieval Mystic became the center of contemporary scholarship after a complete edition of her work was published in 1980 through Paulist Press. As a result of Hadewijch's emergence in contemporary scholarship, many popular theorists including the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan have specifically referenced and quoted her.

paragraph: Jacque Lacan's reference to Hadewijch came during Seminar XX in which he discusses jouissance. In the Lacanian system, manque is a concept in which desire is present due to a lack. In Seminar XX, Lacan explains that much like the project within his "Ecrits", Hadewijch and other female mystics of her type are engaged in a jaculation that comes from beyond the pleasure principle. From this, desire is experienced on the part of the mystic to return to the state of presence; the subject, or believer, is always at odds with having or being within the experiential.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.:Studies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swan, Laura. "The Wisdom of the Beguines: the Forgotten Story of a Medieval Women's Movement" (BlueBridge, 2014).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hadewijch in the Columbia Encyclopedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hadewijch at DBNL (digitale bibliotheek voor Nederlandse letteren) Introductions (most of them in Dutch) and various editions of Hadewijch's writings in Middle Dutch

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poetry by Hadewijch in English translation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicolette, Carlos Eduardo. "Hadewijch de Amberes: a mística medieval e suas visões sobre o divino" in "Revista Mais Que Amélias", 2017 (with English abstract)

description: 13th-century Dutch poet and mystic

enwikiquote_title: Hadewijch

wikidata_label: Hadewijch

wikipedia_title: Hadewijch