text:
American football
cornerback
Cleveland Browns
2015 NFL Draft
college football
University of Oregon
Nigerian
Chino Hills High School
Chino Hills, California
running back
defensive back
Rivals.com
Oregon
2014 NFL Draft
true freshman
Ducks
All-Pac-12
All-American
Associated Press
sophomore
junior
Walter Camp Football Foundation
2015 Rose Bowl
College Football Playoff
Phil Steele
NCAA
ESPN
anterior cruciate ligament injury
2015 NFL Draft
Mike Pettine
Cleveland Browns
Miami Dolphins
Nigerian
Oregon Ducks bio

categories: Cleveland Browns players,Players of American football from California,People from Chino Hills, California,Sportspeople from San Bernardino County, California,American people of Nigerian descent,Oregon Ducks football players,American football cornerbacks,1993 births,Living people,All-American college football players

paragraph: Ifo Ekpre-Olomu

paragraph: Ifomeno "Ifo" Ekpre-Olomu ( ; born July 10, 1993) is an American football cornerback who is currently a free agent. He was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the seventh round of the 2015 NFL Draft. He played college football for the University of Oregon.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Ekpre-Olomu, who is of Nigerian descent, attended Chino Hills High School in Chino Hills, California and played both running back and defensive back. He was named to the 2010 California All-State Defensive first-team, All-Southern Section Defensive first-team and was the Sierra League MVP.

paragraph: Considered a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, Ekpre-Olomu was listed as the No. 17 cornerback in the nation in 2011.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Over the course of three seasons at Oregon, Ekpre-Olomu helped the Ducks to a 35-5 record with three consecutive post-season bowl victories. He was praised by Duck's longtime secondary coach John Neal as, "(...) the best player I've ever coached.” Despite being projected as a late first-round draft selection in the 2014 NFL Draft, Ekpre-Olomu decided to return for his senior season at the University of Oregon to complete his degree in general social science.

paragraph: As a true freshman in 2011, Ekpre-Olomu played in all 14 games while recording 34 tackles for the Ducks.

paragraph: He was named to the first-team All-Pac-12 and third-team All-American by the Associated Press as a sophomore in 2012 after starting 13 games and recording 59 tackles with four interceptions.

paragraph: As a junior in 2013, Ekpre-Olomu was named first-team All-Pac-12 for the second consecutive year while also earning first-team all-America status from ESPN and was a second-team all-America according to no less than four organizations, including the prestigious Walter Camp Football Foundation. Starting in all 13 games, he recorded 84 tackles with three interceptions.

paragraph: The 2014 season featured #3 Oregon against #7 Michigan State in a highly anticipated game considered to be the best non-conference match-up of the season. Oregon's win over #7 Michigan State was sealed after a game-changing interception by Ekpre-Olomu. Later in the year, Ekpre-Olomu sustained a knee injury which ended his season prior to the 2015 Rose Bowl, in which Oregon received the second seed for the new College Football Playoff. Phil Steele called Ekpre-Olomu the best cornerback in the NCAA.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: NFL draft expert Mel Kiper, Jr. of ESPN rated Ekpre-Olomu as the top senior cornerback available in the 2015 NFL draft. However, an anterior cruciate ligament injury (ACL) he suffered in December 2014 during practice left many teams no longer interested in him. Ekpre-Olomu later revealed that he had also dislocated his knee. He underwent two major reconstructive surgeries, with his ACL reconstruction being much more extensive than usual. An insurance policy taken out by his family through International Specialty Insurance disability insurance program paid him $3 million.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cleveland Browns.

paragraph: Ekpre-Olomu was picked by the Cleveland Browns in the seventh round of the 2015 NFL Draft. He was the 241st player picked overall. His injury meant that he fell at least four rounds during the draft. On May 13, 2015, Ekpre-Olomu signed a four-year, $2.337 million with the Browns. His contract includes a $57,300 signing bonus. On July 28, 2015, the Browns said Ekpre-Olomu would sit out the entire 2015 season so that he could continue to recover from his knee surgery. Head coach Mike Pettine said the team knew Ekpre-Olomu was unlikely to play when they drafted him.

paragraph: Ekpre-Olomu was waived by the Cleveland Browns on April 2, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Miami Dolphins.

paragraph: On April 5, 2016, Ekpre-Olomu was claimed off waivers by the Miami Dolphins. The Dolphins waived him on August 7, 2016 and placed him on injured reserve after he injured his other knee.

paragraph: On February 16, 2017, Ekpre-Olomu was released by the Dolphins.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: His parents Joshua and Queen Ekpre-Olomu are Nigerian, and his birth name of Ifomeno means "something that fits you well."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oregon Ducks bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Ifo Ekpre-Olomu

wikipedia_title: Ifo Ekpre-Olomu


text:
Canadian football
linebacker
Hamilton Tiger-Cats
Canadian Football League
St. Louis Rams
undrafted free agent
college football
Minnesota
St. Louis Rams
undrafted free agent
Hartford Colonials
2010 UFL Draft
Philadelphia Eagles
2010 UFL season
Chicago Bears
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Las Vegas Locomotives
Edmonton Eskimos
Canadian Football League
Hamilton Tiger-Cats
Greg Wojt
Jeremiah Masoli
Nathan Kanya
Carson Rockhill
Hamilton Tiger-Cats
2014
Grey Cup
Saskatchewan Roughriders
Zach Collaros
Just Sports Stats
Hamilton Tiger-Cats bio

categories: African-American players of American football,Minnesota Golden Gophers football players,Canadian football linebackers,Hartford Colonials players,Hamilton Tiger-Cats players,Las Vegas Locomotives players,1989 births,American football linebackers,People from Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania,African-American players of Canadian football,Players of American football from Pennsylvania,Living people,Edmonton Eskimos players

paragraph: Simoni Lawrence

paragraph: Simoni Lawrence (born February 1, 1989) is a Canadian football linebacker for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League. He was signed by the St. Louis Rams as an undrafted free agent in 2010. He played college football at Minnesota.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:St. Louis Rams.

paragraph: He was signed by the St. Louis Rams as an undrafted free agent on April 26, 2010, but was released one month later.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Hartford Colonials/Philadelphia Eagles.

paragraph: Lawrence was then drafted by the Hartford Colonials 22nd overall in the 2010 UFL Draft on June 2, 2010, but signed with the Philadelphia Eagles on June 8. He was part of the Eagles' final cuts on August 28 and joined the Colonials instead, playing in eight games for the team.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Chicago Bears.

paragraph: After the conclusion of the 2010 UFL season, he signed with the Chicago Bears on December 14, 2010 and spent three weeks on the team's practice roster.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

paragraph: He then joined the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on December 30, 2010 and participated in the team's training camp for the 2011 season. However, he was released on September 3, 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Las Vegas Locomotives.

paragraph: Lawrence played in the UFL for the Las Vegas Locomotives in 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Edmonton Eskimos.

paragraph: Lawrence signed with the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League on January 10, 2012, playing in 15 games and starting one. Over the course of the season Lawrence contributed 15 tackles, 11 special teams tackles and 1 fumble recovery.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Hamilton Tiger-Cats.

paragraph: During the following off-season, he was traded to the Hamilton Tiger-Cats with Greg Wojt and Jeremiah Masoli for Nathan Kanya and the rights to Carson Rockhill on February 5, 2013. In his first season with the Ti-Cats Lawrence made an immediate impact, amassing 53 tackles, 3 special teams tackles, 1 quarterback sack, and 3 interceptions.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Minnesota Vikings.

paragraph: On February 10, 2014, Lawrence signed with the Minnesota Vikings. He was released on May 13, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Hamilton Tiger-Cats (II).

paragraph: As a free-agent Lawrence signed with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, agreeing to a three-year contract on June 1, 2014. In 2014 Lawrence played in 16 of the 18 regular season games, and both playoff games en route to the team's second consecutive trip to the Grey Cup (the Ti-Cats lost both championship appearances). He led the team in tackles in that season, with 78; while adding 3 sacks, 2 interceptions and 1 fumble recovery. Lawrence continued his stellar play into the 2015 season, accumulating 78 tackles, 5 sacks and 2 interceptions. His performance on the field was recognized when he was named a CFL All-Star. In his fourth season with the Ti-Cats Lawrence set a career-high with 89 tackles, while also contributing 4 sacks and 1 interception for a touchdown. On January 11, 2017 Lawrence and the Ti-Cats agreed to a two-year contract extension. Lawrence was suspended for two games by the CFL for his hit to the head of Saskatchewan Roughriders quarterback Zach Collaros in his team’s 2019 season opener.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Just Sports Stats

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hamilton Tiger-Cats bio

description: Canadian football player

wikidata_label: Simoni Lawrence

wikipedia_title: Simoni Lawrence


text: metalsmith

text: coppersmith

text: Neuwied

text: Rhineland-Palatinate

text: Niederbieber

text: Martin Werhand

text: Martin Werhand Verlag

text: plumber

text: Bundeswehr

text: master craftsman

text: plumber

text: electrician

text: Kommanditgesellschaft

text: Kaufbeuren

text: Carl Wyland

text: Cologne

text: blacksmithing

text: copper

text: repoussé

text: Berlin

text: Frankfurt

text: Munich

text: Herbert Gauls

text: fountain

text: Neuwied

text: Luisenplatz

text: Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Wied

text: copper

text: brass

text: bronze

text: aluminum

text: steel

text: repoussé

text: fire guards

text: engravings

text: Albrecht Dürer

text: Rembrandt

text: coats of arms

text: reliefs

text: grilles

text: Rhineland-Palatinate

text: Neuwied

text: Herbert Gauls

text: Repoussé

text: Koblenz

text: Neuwied

text: Fountain

text: Klaus Rudolf Werhand

text: Rheinland-Pfälzische Personendatenbank

categories: People from Neuwied,Metalsmiths,1938 births,20th-century German sculptors,2009 deaths,People from the Rhine Province,Coppersmiths,German blacksmiths,German male sculptors

paragraph: Klaus Rudolf Werhand

paragraph: Klaus Rudolf Werhand (4 December 1938 – 20 March 2009) was a metalsmith and a coppersmith from Neuwied, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Werhand was born into a well-established family of craftsmen in Niederbieber and the son of Master Peter Griffin, a plumber and electrician, and Helene Werhand (née Neumann), a master tailor. In 1960, he married Renate Kuhn (born on 3 October 1939 in Neuwied), the daughter of Hermann Kuhn, a locksmith and racer. Werhand and Kuhn had two children: a daughter, Susanne, and a son, Martin Werhand. Martin Werhand is the founder of the publishing house Martin Werhand Verlag, which specializes in fiction.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After leaving school, Klaus Rudolf Werhand trained to become a plumber in the family business. In 1959, he joined the Bundeswehr, the unified armed forces of Germany, where he trained as a mechanic aircraft-cell constructor. In 1965, he received his diploma of master craftsman as a plumber and electrician and began working with his older brother Dietrich Werhand, the head of the family business founded by their father in 1939. His older brother Dietrich grew the Werhand Company into a medium-sized enterprise as a Kommanditgesellschaft.

paragraph: At the age of 14, Werhand began his first works in copper manufacturing. In 1970 he finally started his own business as a metal sculptor. He learned his craft from, among others, an artist in Kaufbeuren. Werhand was the last student of the German blacksmith Carl Wyland in Cologne, where he studied the intricacies of the art of blacksmithing.

paragraph: During the 1960s and 1970s, Werhand had numerous exhibitions of copper repoussé, including in the cities of Berlin, Frankfurt and Munich as well as at the Koblenz Chamber of Skilled Crafts (Handwerkskammer Koblenz), which was documented by the German photographer Herbert Gauls.

paragraph: In 1979, Werhand's fountain was opened in the city of Neuwied, on Luis Place (Luisenplatz). At the beginning of the 1980s, Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Wied turned to Werhand for the production of wrought iron lamps for the electoral Schloss Neuwied.

paragraph: Werhand made numerous artifacts from copper, brass, bronze, aluminum, and steel. In addition to fulfilling contracts for the public sector, he created sculptures using the technique of repoussé, and other works of art including: fire guards, door panels, numerous metal images and engravings, (inspired by artworks by Albrecht Dürer and Rembrandt), coats of arms, lights, reliefs, and copper portraits, as well as hand-forged window grilles, railings, candle holders, lamps and various other pieces of art.

paragraph: Werhand was a registered Member of the Professional Association of Visual Artists in Rhineland-Palatinate (Berufsverband Bildender Künstler Rheinland Pfalz) from 1970 until his death.

paragraph: Klaus Rudolf Werhand retired in the late-1990s. He died on 20 March 2009 in his home town of Neuwied at the age of 70 after a long illness.

paragraph: Section::::Notable exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971: 08.06. – 12.07. Klaus Rudolf Werhand – Metal Photo of Herbert Gauls

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971: 19.07. – 30.08. Klaus Rudolf Werhand – Exhibition of copper Repoussé in Koblenz

paragraph: Section::::Notable works.

paragraph: Werhand created a complex sculptural and artistic work with a variety of Art Metal works for the Public Sector. His work has been shown at numerous exhibitions and erected in public.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Klaus-Rudolf-Werhand Fountain" in the city of Neuwied 1979 (Langendorfer Straße 143, 56564 Neuwied)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Warrior honor Males in copper

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wrought-iron lamps at the electoral Schloss Neuwied in the early 1980s

paragraph: Section::::Review.

paragraph: "Dating from the Neutered born and multi-award winning metal sculptor Klaus Rudolf Werhand in Melsbach, the work of art whose execution is transferred was a fountain of running 180 meters and about seven hundred pounds of heavy, hand-forged copper tape. When the Copper Fountain was artfully crafted in 1971, it would take another eight years until he finally found his place on the Luisenplatz. Since the days when Neutered staged his great dike city festival, the Copper Fountain as a jewelry of downtown Neuwied now enriched and towering its almost delicate cascade forms at the parish road opposite the post round four meters and its illuminated water column in the dark as an eye-catcher."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galerie Handwerk Koblenz – Metallarbeiten im Kunsthandwerk (PDF; 138 kB)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Klaus-Rudolf-Werhand Brunnen der Stadt Neuwied

paragraph: BULLET::::- Klaus Rudolf Werhand – In the Rheinland-Pfälzische Personendatenbank

description: German Blacksmith

wikidata_label: Klaus Rudolf Werhand

wikipedia_title: Klaus Rudolf Werhand


text:
Roman Catholic
Ascoli Piceno
Italy

categories: Bishops in le Marche,1938 births,2013 deaths

paragraph: Silvano Montevecchi

paragraph: Silvano Montevecchi (31 March 1938 – 27 September 2013) was a Roman Catholic bishop.

paragraph: Ordained to the priesthood in 1962, Montevecchi was named bishop of the Diocese of Ascoli Piceno, Italy, in 1997 where he died in office in 2013.

description: Italian Roman Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Silvano Montevecchi

wikipedia_title: Silvano Montevecchi


text:
Russian
Metropolitan of Moscow
hegumen
Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra
Ivan III
clergy
Perm
flock
knyaz
idolatry
pagan
sobor
Sobor (Council) of 1503
Gennady of Novgorod
Novgorod
Moscow
heresy
Sect of Skhariya the Jew
dogma
rite
Russian Orthodox Church
deacon
Novospassky Monastery

categories: 1512 deaths,Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow

paragraph: Simon, Metropolitan of Moscow

paragraph: Simon ("Симон" in Russian) (died 1512) was the Metropolitan of Moscow between 1495 and 1511.

paragraph: Simon was a hegumen at the Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra. In 1495, he was elected Metropolitan of Moscow after the removal of Zosimus on charges of heresy. Simon soon won the respect of Ivan III. In 1501, Simon wrote a letter to the clergy of Perm, asking them to admonish their flock, knyaz, and ruling elite to eradicate idolatry and pagan beliefs among ordinary people. Simon was the responsible for the convocation of the sobors in 1503 and 1504. The Sobor (Council) of 1503 condemned the charging of fees for the ordination of priests as simony, though the practice had been approved by the Moscow Council of 1270 and had been practiced in the Byzantine church for years before that. As a result of the condemnation, Archbishop Gennady of Novgorod was condemned the following year for simony and removed from office. Despite this, the Sobor of 1504 condemned the Novgorod-Moscow heresy of the Sect of Skhariya the Jew, which repudiated some of the dogmas and rites of the Russian Orthodox Church, thus confirming Gennady's major activity during his archiepiscopate. As a result of this sobor, many sectarians were either executed or imprisoned. The same sobor also dealt with the issue of debauchery among the widowed clergymen and deacons.

paragraph: Simon is also known for having consecrated a number of monasteries, including the Novospassky Monastery, St.George Monastery, and Yauza Monastery.

description: Metropolitan of Moscow

wikidata_label: Simon, Metropolitan of Moscow

wikipedia_title: Simon, Metropolitan of Moscow


text:
Alvar
Srivaishnava
Hinduism
Tamil
Thiruppavai
Nachiar Tirumozhi
Margazhi
Periazhwar
Perumal
Tulasi
Sri Mahalakshmi
Kannan
avatar
Srivilliputhur Andal temple
Tamil month
Chitra Pournami
Perumal
Ranganatha
Thiruvarangam
Radha
Bhakti
Mirabai
Bhakti
Krishna
Gopi
Brindavan
Ranganatha
Thiruvarangam Ranganathaswamy temple
Raja
Sriman
Andhra Vishnu
Tirupati Brahmotsavam
Venkateswara Temple
Tirupati
Andhra Pradesh
Venkateswara
Kerala
Nambudiri
Kerala
Bhūmi
Devi
Sri Lakshmi
Mother Earth
Srivilliputhur Divya Desam
Tamil month
Vishnu
Tamil Nadu
Bhakti movement
Vaishnava
Thiruppavai
Gopi
Thiruppavai
Nachiar Tirumozhi
Nachiar Tirumozhi
Nachiar Tirumozhi
Jayadeva
Gita Govinda
A.K. Ramanujan
Krishnadevaraya
Vijayanagar Dynasty
Amuktamalyada
Telugu
Periyalvar
Lakshmi
Vishnu
Mangalasasanam
Thiruppavai
Nachiar Tirumozhi
Srivilliputhur Andal Temple
Amuktamalyada
Andal's Thirupavai meaning in English
Andal's Varanam Aayiram

categories: Hindu female religious leaders,Alvars,Bhakti movement,Tamil deities

paragraph: Andal

paragraph: Andal (, "Äṇɖāḷ" ) or Godadevi is the only female Alvar among the 12 Alvar saints of South India. The Alvar saints are known for their affiliation to the Srivaishnava tradition of Hinduism. Active in the 8th-century, with some suggesting 7th-century, Andal is credited with the great Tamil works, Thiruppavai and Nachiar Tirumozhi, which are still recited by devotees during the winter festival season of Margazhi.

paragraph: Section::::History of Andal.

paragraph: Periazhwar (originally called Vishnuchittar) was an ardent devotee of Perumal and he used to string garland to Perumal every day. He was childless and he prayed to Perumal to save him from the longing. One day, he found a girl child under a Tulasi plant in a garden inside the temple. The child was goddess Sri Mahalakshmi herself incarnated to test the devotion of alvars. He and his wife named the child as Kothai, who grew up as a devotee of Kannan, an avatar of Perumal. She is believed to have worn the garland before dedicating it to the presiding deity of the temple. Periazhwar, who later found it, was highly upset and remonstrated her. Sri Vishnudeva appeared in his dream and asked him to dedicate only the garland worn by Andal to him. The girl Kothai was thus named Andal and was referred as சூடிகொடுத்த சுடர்க்கொடி,or "Chudikodutha Sudarkodi" (lady who wore and gave her garland) to Lord Vishnu. The practise is followed during modern times when the garland of Andal from Srivilliputhur Andal temple is sent to [Tirumala Venkateswara Temple] on Garudotsavam during the Tamil month of "Purattaasi" (September - October) and [Azhagar Koyil] during Chitra Pournami.

paragraph: Section::::History of Andal.:Dedication to Perumal.

paragraph: Kodhai was brought up by Vishnuchitta (Periyalvar) in an atmosphere of love and devotion. As Kodhai grew into a beautiful maiden, her fervor for the Lord Perumal grew to the extent that she decided to marry only the Lord himself. As time passed, her resolve strengthened and she thought constantly about marrying Ranganathar of Thiruvarangam (the reclining form of Perumal).

paragraph: Section::::Andal's Bhakti.

paragraph: In North India, Radha Rani is celebrated as the "Queen of Bhakti (devotion)." Among the female devotees, Mirabai's name is also taken as an example of complete devotion or Bhakti to Lord Krishna. Similarly, in Tamil Nadu Andal is remembered for her pure love and devotion. In the Thiruppavai, Andal, as a Gopi in Ayarpadi (Brindavan), emphasizes that the ultimate goal of life is to seek surrender and refuge at the Lord's feet.

paragraph: Section::::Andal's Garlands.

paragraph: It is also believed that Ranganatha of Thiruvarangam Ranganathaswamy temple married Andal, who later merged with the idol. Since Andal married Thiru Ranganatha, who came as king Raja Sriman Andhra Vishnu, the presiding deity is called Rangamannar.

paragraph: Section::::Andal's Garlands.:Andal garland and Tirupati Venkateswara.

paragraph: For Tirupati Brahmotsavam, garlands worn to Andal in Srivilliputhur temple are sent to Venkateswara Temple at Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh. These traditional garlands are made of tulasi, sevanthi and sampangi flowers.These garlands are worn to Lord Venkateswara during Garuda seva procession.

paragraph: Every year Tirupati Venkateswara’s garland is sent to Srivilliputtur Andal for marriage festival of Andal.

paragraph: Section::::Andal's Garlands.:Kallazhagar.

paragraph: Andal garland is being sent to Madurai Kallazhagar for Chithirai Festival day.

paragraph: Section::::Andal's Garlands.:Andal's Hairstyle.

paragraph: Andal's hairstyle and ornamentation are unique to Kerala. The tuft of hair is worn in front of the head similar to the Nambudiri priests of Kerala

paragraph: Section::::Andal's Parrot.

paragraph: Thiruvillipuththur Andal's hand-crafted parrot is made with fresh green leaves each and every day.This parrot is kept in the left hand of Andal. It takes approximately four and half hours to make this parrot. A pomegranate flower for beak and mouth, Bamboo sticks for legs, banana plant, petals of pink oleander and nandiyavattai are used to prepare this parrot.

paragraph: Section::::Importance in South India.

paragraph: Andal is one of the best-loved poet-saints of the Tamils. Pious tradition holds her to be the incarnation of Bhūmi Devi (Sri Lakshmi as Mother Earth) to show humanity the way to Lord Vishnu's lotus feet. Representations of her next to Vishnu are present in all vaishnava temples. During the month of Margazhi, discourses on the Thiruppavai in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Hindi take place all over India. The Srivilliputhur Divya Desam at Srivilliputhur consists of twin temples, one of which is dedicated to Andal. Most South Indian Vishnu temples have a separate shrine for Andal. There are a number of festivals dedicated to Andal, among the most notable being the Pavai Nonbu in the Tamil month of "Margazhi" (December – January), Andal Thirukalyanam in "Panguni", Pagalpathu, Rapathu, Adi Thiruvizha, when Andal is depicted seated in the lap of Ranganathar. Andal is known for her unwavering devotion to Lord Vishnu, the God of the Gods. Adopted by her father, Periyalvar, Andal avoided earthly marriage, the normal and expected path for women of her culture, to marry Vishnu, both spiritually and physically. In many places in India, particularly in Tamil Nadu, Andal is treated more than a saint and as a form of god herself and a shrine for Andal is dedicated in most Vishnu temples.

paragraph: Section::::Importance in South India.:Festivals.

paragraph: Thousands of people from the state Tamil nadu participate in the "Aadi Pooram" festival celebrated in the Andal Temple. After early morning special pujaas, the presiding deities, Shri Rengamannar and Goddess Andal are taken in decorated palanquins to the car. The festival marks the adoption of presiding deity, Andal, by Periyazhwar after he found her near a Tulsi plant in the garden of Vadabadrasai Temple at Thiruvilliputhur on the eighth day of the Tamil month of "Aadi".

paragraph: In poetry, 9th-century Andal became a well known Bhakti movement poetess, states Pintchman, and historical records suggest that by 12th-century she was a major inspiration to Hindu women in south India and elsewhere. Andal continues to inspire hundreds of classical dancers in modern times choreographing and dancing Andal's songs. Andal is also called "Goda", and her contributions to the arts have created "Goda Mandali" (circle of Andal) in the Vaishnava tradition.

paragraph: Section::::Importance in South India.:Women groups inspired by Andal.:Goda Mandali.

paragraph: Goda Mandali (circle) which was named after Andal was formed in 1970 and reorganized in 1982 spreads Andal songs widely through TV and radio programs

paragraph: Section::::Literary works.

paragraph: Andal composed two literary works, both of which are in Tamil verse form and express literary, philosophical, religious, and aesthetic content.

paragraph: Section::::Literary works.:Thiruppavai.

paragraph: Her first work is the Thiruppavai, a collection of 30 verses in which Andal imagines herself to be a Gopi, one of the cowherd girls known for their unconditional devotion to Lord Krishna. In these verses, she describes her yearning to serve Lord Vishnu and achieve happiness not just in this lifetime, but for all eternity. She also describes the religious vows (pavai) that she and her fellow cowherd girls will observe for this purpose. It is said that Thiruppavai is the nectar of Vedas and teaches philosophical values, moral values, ethical values, pure love, devotion, dedication, single-minded aim, virtues, and the ultimate goal of life.

paragraph: Section::::Literary works.:Nachiar Tirumozhi.

paragraph: The second work by Andal is the Nachiar Tirumozhi, a poem of 143 verses. "Thirumozhi" literally means "Sacred Sayings" in a Tamil poetic style and "Nachiar" means Goddess. Therefore, the title means "Sacred Sayings of the Goddess." This poem fully reveals Andal's intense longing for Vishnu, the Divine Beloved. Utilizing classical Tamil poetic conventions and interspersing stories from the Vedas and Puranas, Andal creates imagery that is possibly unparalleled in the whole gamut of Indian religious literature. However, conservative vainava institutions do not encourage the propagation of Nachiar Tirumozhi as much as they encourage Thiruppavai because Nachiar Tirumozhi belongs to an erotic genre of spirituality that is similar to Jayadeva's Gita Govinda.

paragraph: Section::::Contemporary commentaries and inspired poems.

paragraph: In contemporary commentaries on Tamil "bhakti" poetry, A.K. Ramanujan's work remarks on how many other religious traditions would keep and treat passionate love and devotion to God as separate, while in the "bhakti" tradition, they can be in resonance with one another:

paragraph: "All devotional poetry plays on the tension between saguna and nirguna, the lord as person and the lord as principle. If he were entirely a person, he would not be divine, and if he were entirely a principle, a godhead, one could not make poems about him.

paragraph: The Vaishnavas, too, say that the lord is characterized by both 'paratva, 'otherness' and soulabhaya, 'ease of access'; he is both here and beyond, both tangible as a person and intangible as a principle-such is the nature of the ground of all being. It is not either/or, but both and; myth, bhakti and poetry would be impossible without the presence of both attitudes".

paragraph: Feminist interpretations look at some of Andal's verses as her open acknowledgement of her love for Lord Vishnu, written with bold sensuality and startlingly savage longing, hunger and inquiry as widely found in Tamil Sangam literature that express women's longings and their separation from their men; even today, her most erotic poems are rarely rendered publicly. In one such verse Andal dispenses with metaphor and imagines herself lying in the arms of Krishna, making love to him:

paragraph: poem

paragraph: My life will be spared

paragraph: Only if he will come

paragraph: To stay for me for one night

paragraph: If he will enter me,

paragraph: So as to leave

paragraph: the imprint of his saffron paste

paragraph: upon my breasts

paragraph: Mixing, churning, maddening me inside,

paragraph: Gathering my swollen ripeness

paragraph: Spilling nectar,

paragraph: As my body and blood

paragraph: Bursts into flower.

paragraph: /poem William Dalrymple- In search of Tamil Nadu’s poet-preachers

paragraph: poem

paragraph: tell him I will survive

paragraph: only if he will stay with me

paragraph: for one day -

paragraph: enter me

paragraph: so as to wipe away

paragraph: the saffron paste

paragraph: adorning my breasts

paragraph: /poemVidya - The Body Adorned: Sacred and Profane in Indian Art(p. 140)

paragraph: Andal admiring herself whilst wearing the garland that was meant for the deity:

paragraph: poem

paragraph: the guilt glazed love lay on Andal's breasts.

paragraph: thick and heavy as him.

paragraph: frightened with force

paragraph: and locked away, she conjured him every night,

paragraph: her empurumaan, her emperor-man.

paragraph: /poem- Meena Kandasamy, Ms Militancy

paragraph: In one of her poems, Andal says that her voluptuous breasts will swell for the Lord alone, and scorns the idea of making love to mortal beings, comparing that with the sacrificial offering made by Brahmins being violated by jackals in the forest, and in another verse she dedicates her swelling breasts to the Lord who carries a conch.

paragraph: poem

paragraph: My surging breasts long to leap to the touch of his hand which holds aloft the flaming discus and the conch.

paragraph: /poem

paragraph: poem

paragraph: Coax the world-measurer to caress my waist, to encircle the twin globes of my breasts

paragraph: /poem

paragraph: Section::::Krishnadevaraya's Amuktamalyada.

paragraph: Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagar Dynasty composed the epic poem Amuktamalyada in Telugu, which is considered as a masterpiece. Amuktamalyada translates to "one who wears and gives away garlands", and describes the story of Andal or Goda Devi, the daughter of Periyalvar.

paragraph: Amuktamalyada describes pain of separation (viraha) experienced by Andal, who is described as the incarnate of Lakshmi the consort of Vishnu. Further the poem describes Andal’s beauty in 30 verses written in the keśādi-pādam style, starting from her hair, going down her body till her feet.

paragraph: Section::::Mangalasasanam.

paragraph: Andal has sung in praise of eleven holy sites:

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thiruppavai

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nachiar Tirumozhi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Srivilliputhur Andal Temple

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amuktamalyada

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andal's Thirupavai meaning in English

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andal's Varanam Aayiram

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.advaita.org.uk/discourses/teachers/andal_marvelly.htm

description: Tamil poet-saint

wikidata_label: Andal

wikipedia_title: Andal


text: Wharton School of Finance and Commerce

text: University of Pennsylvania

text: cost accounting

text: University of Pennsylvania

text: Coopers & Lybrand

text: Wharton School of Finance and Commerce

text: National Association of Cost Accountants

text: Ford Aerospace

text: Temple University

text: Joseph Wharton

text: Alexander Hamilton Institute

text: Henry Rand Hatfield

text: Charles Waldo Haskins

text: Emile Garcke

text: John Manger Fells

text: payroll

text: labor cost

text: time book

text: general ledger

text: scientific management

text: Adolph Matz

text: cost accounting

text: variance accounts

text: Segelod

text: Segelod

text: scientific management

text: standard costing

text: Alexander Hamilton Institute

text: Principles of factory cost keeping

text: Bank Defalcations-Their Causes and Cures

text: Ethics of Accountancy

text: public domain material

text: Edward P. Moxey, Jr

text: Adolph Matz

categories: American accountants,American business theorists,1943 deaths,1881 births,University of Pennsylvania faculty,University of Pennsylvania alumni,Accounting academics

paragraph: Edward P. Moxey

paragraph: Edward Preston Moxey, Jr. (October 2, 1881 – April 6, 1943 ) was an American accountant, and the first Professor of Accounting at the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce at the University of Pennsylvania. He is known for his early works on cost keeping in factories, which describe the elementary principles of cost accounting.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Philadelphia to Edward P. and Mary Ann, Moxey was named after his father. He was banker, broker, businessman and accountant, had founded the Edward P. Moxey accountancy firm, and had published the 1881 book, entitled "Fluctuations of the New York stock market, 1870-1880." Moxey obtained his BS in Economics in 1904, his MA in 1906, and his PhD at the University of Pennsylvania in 1909. Subsequently, he obtained his Certified Public Accountants license in 1913 for the state of Pennsylvania.

paragraph: After his graduation Moxey joined the accountancy firm Edward P. Moxey & Co, where he became partner in 1911. After his father's death in 1915, he took over the prestigious accounting firm. The firm would eventually merge into Coopers & Lybrand in 1962. Moxey had started at the University of Pennsylvania as Assistant Instructor in 1904, became Instructor in 1907, Assistant Professor in 1910 and Full Professor in 1915. At the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce he was the first to be appointed Professor of Accounting, and the first chairman of its Accounting department.

paragraph: Moxey was co-founder of the National Association of Cost Accountants, board member and co-founder of its Philadelphia chapter and its president in 1929-31.

paragraph: Moxey's son, Edward P. Moxey, III, graduated from Wharton in 1930 and followed his father's and grandfather's footsteps and became a third generation CPA. He worked for Philco-Ford Corporation, later Ford Aerospace, and taught at Temple University.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Accounting at the Wharton School.

paragraph: Moxey had joined the Wharton School faculty in the early 1900s. A 1904 article in the "Bulletin" of the American Institute of Banking reports, that under Moxey, Jr., a class in bookkeeping was organized for those without previous experience. The class completed the first set of books in the elementary work, and at the beginning of the second half would take up first year accounting, to be prepared to take advanced accounting in the second year.

paragraph: The teaching in accounting had been organized within the Wharton School since its initiation. Joseph Wharton had agreed upon this in its initial plan, which had stated that "one professor or instructor of accounting or bookkeeping [should] teach the simplest and most practical forms of bookkeeping for housekeepers, for private individuals, for commercial and banking firms, for manufacturing establishments, and for banks; also, the modes of keeping accounts by executors, trustees, and assignees, by the officials of towns and cities, as well as by the several departments of a State or National Government; also, the routine of business between a bank and a customer."

paragraph: In his second year at the Wharton School (1905–06) Moxey taught three regular accounting courses, entitled "Elementary Accounting," "Accounting Systems," and "C.P.A. Problems."

paragraph: Section::::Work.:"Accounting Systems" (1911).

paragraph: In 1911 Moxey's first book "Accounting Systems" was published by the Alexander Hamilton Institute. This work was part of a twelve-volume series on "Modem Business," and was written for a particular clientele. The series is designed for home study, partly as the basis for correspondence work, but more generally used as a comprehensive treatment of business organization and methods for persons studying by themselves without personal intercourse with an instructor.

paragraph: In a 1912 review by Henry Rand Hatfield in "Journal of Political Economy," Hatfield explained, that "for such it would seem an almost indispensable feature that there be furnished a convenient, yet fairly comprehensive, list of collateral references. Even in the college classroom, where text can readily be amplified by suggestions or criticisms of the instructor, the use of collateral references is well-nigh universal. Much more important is it that the isolated student should be encouraged to compare other, perhaps conflicting, views. Furthermore, the interested student constantly desires to

paragraph: branch out and make a more intensive study of some topic, touched upon in a general treatise but in such a work necessarily given but scant attention."

paragraph: In the 1912 review Hatfield further explained, that the subject matter of the volumes is in general very well presented. Moxey, in the volume on accounting systems, presents in some considerable detail general systems of accounts adapted respectively to the needs of building and loan associations, life and fire insurance companies, department stores, gas companies, railroads, street railways, and municipalities. To these are added chapters on bank

paragraph: accounting by Howard Jefferson, on brewery accounting by Otto A. Grundmann, and on accounts of executors and administrators by Harold D. Greeley. Hatfield commented, that "if any criticism is to be made it might be that somewhat too much attention is given to details of forms, and too little emphasis is laid on the particular features which logically require differently ordered accounting systems."

paragraph: And furthermore Hatfield (1912) noted, that "it seems almost gratuitous to print forms of a customer's check, a bank draft, and a deposit ticket. The purchase of supplies is not particularly different in a department store from that in a gas company, or a street railway, so there is some repetition in describing the handling of purchases in each of these institutions. Voucher payments and pay-rolls are not referred to in the discussion of department stores, but are described in connection with gas companies as if particularly connected with the latter industry. The chapter on municipal accounts is the least satisfactory; that on department stores is particularly clear and interesting."

paragraph: Section::::Work.:"Principles of Factory Cost Keeping" (1913).

paragraph: In the preface of the 1913 "Principles of Factory Cost Keeping," Moxey started to explain, that the literature in which an activity finds its expression depends upon the interest in, and the development of, that activity. It was according to Moxey therefore not surprising to find that there was comparatively little literature on accounting in his days. Charles Waldo Haskins had said:

paragraph: "The literature of accounting is virtually in its infancy, awaiting the fostering care of cultured authorship."

paragraph: Haskins' statement was particularly applicable to the subject of cost accounting. Although many valuable articles had been written on different phases of this subject, and while excellent books on costs had appeared from time to time, it was a notable fact that such articles and such books have been either of a highly technical character, or otherwise treating of special systems of costs as actually installed and used by certain manufacturing plants.

paragraph: As a result of this, according to Moxey, in his day there existed in many minds the idea that the principles of cost accounting were more or less mysterious and vague, and that the subject is one for the expert, only to be understood after years of study and experience. This idea is due largely to the lack of a clear and simple presentation of the principles upon which cost accounting rests; and it is to supply this need that the present book has been prepared.

paragraph: Moxey admitted that the use of diagrams in illustrating the principles of cost accounting is not new. They were used quite successfully in the early 1880s by Emile Garcke and John Manger Fells in their book "Factory Accounts"; but the idea had been further developed by Moxey, and had been made applicable to conditions of his day.

paragraph: Moxey ended his preface by stating that "the book offered to those interested along cost accounting lines, with the hope that it may help to a clearer understanding of the true aims of this important branch of accounting science."

paragraph: Section::::Work.:The purpose of cost keeping.

paragraph: Moxey (1913) explained that there are two reasons which warrant the keeping of cost records and which justify the consequent expense involved.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Analysis of General Ledger.

paragraph: A system of accounting, according to Moxey, should go beyond the elementary presentation of facts to furnish information sufficient and accurate enough for the requirements of modern business. Some classes of expense are not of a temporary nature. The use of certain articles in production such as machinery extends over a series of years. It is not right to charge the original cost of such purchases to profit and loss in the period in which they are made, for they will figure in the manufacture of hundreds of subsequent lots of goods.

paragraph: In his "Principles of Factory Cost Keeping" (1913) Moxey proposes a system, which is based on the following basic distinctions:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Temporary and Permanent Expenditures" : For cost accounting purposes, therefore, a first distinction considering expenditures only for the present must be made between expenditures for assets of a more permanent type generally known as fixed assets, and comprehended in the term "Plant" and those of a more or less temporary character, known as "Profit and Loss" items, or those comprehended in the general class of "Nominal Accounts."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Classification of Merchandising Expenditures" : Following this a more detailed classification becomes desirable. Taking a merchandising concern for the sake of illustration, we find that "Profit and Loss" expenditure is divided into two parts, the distinguishing feature being the difference between payments for that which is dealt in, classified under the heading "Merchandise," and payments for services and other items necessary to the proper conduct of the business, known as "General Expense."

paragraph: A further subdivision of "General Expense" must then be made to show the items which make up its total amount. Two subheadings, known respectively as "Trading Expense" and "Administrative Expense," are usually employed. The former covers the detailed expense accounts which go to make up the cost of distributing the goods, including salesmen's salaries and expenses, rent of the store in the case of a merchandising house, costs of advertising and of the delivery service; while the latter includes those accounts which show the cost of managing the financial and business affairs of the concern, including all administrative salaries and general office expense, such as, for example, office supplies.

paragraph: On the other hand, "Merchandise," being entirely too general in its character, is also subdivided. The first distinction is that made between purchases and sales. The sales may also be divided into classified sales accounts, while in the division of the purchases we find the first signs of detailed costs.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Relation Between Cost and General Books.

paragraph: In factory accounting more cost books are being used corresponding to the different divisions of the factory: There are the "Stores Ledger," the "Cost Ledger," and the "Stock Ledger." The relation of these cost books to the general commercial books is shown by the diagram.

paragraph: In order to understand the diagram and illustrate the operation of the books, it can be presumed that a certain sum of money is disbursed for the purchase of materials, labor, and other supplies and services connected with the production of the goods. This, in the ordinary journal form, would be represented by an entry, whereby materials, labor, and/or indirect expense are directed to cash. By this entry the accounts costing the business value are debited, and the account which has produced value, viz., cash, is credited.

paragraph: Now Moxey explained, that in his days in a small business this method of accomplishing the result might be satisfactory. In a large business, however, there are numerous transactions involving these accounts which occur every business day. If these were to be separately recorded in the

paragraph: journal, the work required and the expense involved would be out of all proportion to the results obtained. To avoid this labor, transactions

paragraph: of a similar nature, when there are many of them, are brought together in one subsidiary record, and the totals only are posted to the ledger. Thus there is usually a book devoted to the detailed recording of cash receipts and payments, while the general ledger cash account is concerned

paragraph: merely with the totals. Likewise the "Stores Ledger" contains a number of accounts usually kept upon cards for convenience in handling, or

paragraph: else in loose-leaf books whose totals appear in a general ledger "Stores" account. If, then, a certain amount of money should be paid out for the purchase of stores, the cash book entry expressing such transaction.

paragraph: Both the stores item and the cash item find their way to the general ledger in totals. The stores item also appears in the stores ledger in

paragraph: detail, being taken from the original purchase invoices. When the stores purchased, after having been received and placed in the storeroom,

paragraph: are requisitioned and delivered to the producing departments, there must be a credit to the Stores account for the value of the quantity delivered, etc.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Progress of factory work as appears in the books.

paragraph: A special feature of the "Principles of Factory Cost Keeping" (1913) was an illustration and description of the progress of factory work as it appears in the books. It is illustrated in the accompanying diagram, which shows the operation of a factory cost system from the time payment of cash is made to begin production until the goods have been completed and are available for sale. At the bottom of the diagram Moxey noted, that the difference between the total Merchandise Orders appearing and the Debit side of the Trading Account and the Sales Invoices represents

paragraph: gross manufacturing profit.

paragraph: Moxey further explained that the manufacturer, who has his factory cost system arranged on this general plan is in a position enabling him to adjust his selling prices so as to bring to him the largest amount of profit. He possesses a cost system organized along the same lines as his system of factory management; a system economical of operation, accurate in its results as to current operations, and one from which estimates or bids on future work can be accurately and quickly made. By a subdivision of his sales account into the different classes or grades of goods

paragraph: manufactured, and by carrying corresponding cost accounts, he can accurately determine the cost of producing each line of goods and the profit or loss on each grade sold.

paragraph: And furthermore Moxey explained, that "the factors which enter into the manufacturing cost of any product can be grouped under the main headings of "Stores," "Direct Labor," and "Indirect Expenses." We are now in a position to take up each of these in the order given, and to show the method of determining the amount and value of each. At the same time, we shall see how to detect and prevent waste and leaks, which are important items to the manufacturer from the standpoint of profits. etc."

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Accounting for Labour, Methods of Recording Time.

paragraph: The third chapter of the "Principles of Factory Cost Keeping," is dedicated to "Accounting for Labour." The chief problem in the accounting for labor, according to Moxey, is the formulation of a system which will give an accurate record of the labor time consumed in production. Hereto different methods of recording time have been developed. Initially there were two systems.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The methods of recording time that had started in many factories relied on a "watchman" or "gatekeeper", stationed at the entrance to the factory, kept a record of the employees as they arrived in the morning and departed at night, each workman being known to him personally. Under this system, if an employee were late, even if only as much as a minute, he was docked a half hour's time. Any labor cost less than half an hour did not figure in production costs. The gatekeeper's record was amply sufficient for payroll purposes, as well as for the determination of costs of production in the aggregate.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Under another system of timekeeping each laborer was assigned a number. A series of brass checks, numbered to correspond to the workmen's numbers, were hung on a board at the gatekeeper's lodge or outside the watchman's office, and as the men entered in the morning each one would take his own check off its hook and drop it into a box kept for that purpose at the watchman's office. The board on which the checks were hung, being arranged on a pivot, was turned around when the beginning whistle blew so that the side containing the checks faced into the office. Any man who was late must then pass through the watchman's office before he would receive credit for having been at the plant. This scheme worked well as long as the watchman was careful not to let any man drop the check of a comrade at the time that he dropped his own.

paragraph: The weakness of both these systems lay in the fact that there was no check whatever on the time the men actually spent at work. A man might

paragraph: register for an absent comrade, or he might record his own arrival and then take his departure from the plant by climbing over the back fence, returning by the same route at noon in order to pass out through the gate. By this means he would receive credit for having worked a full half day, when as a matter of fact he had rendered no service whatever to his employer.

paragraph: In order to prevent such practices it was found necessary to employ departmental timekeepers, whose duty it was to make a tour of the plant to ascertain whether each man was at his appointed task. It was soon recognized that a knowledge of the exact time spent by each man on a piece of work handled by him was not only desirable but necessary, in order to determine accurately the labor cost of each unit of product. This was accomplished by the timekeeper getting from each workman a statement of the time spent on different pieces of work; and the results of these rough guesses were used to compile the labor cost of work in process. The employment of departmental timekeepers was an added expense to the operation of the plant.

paragraph: The next development was to have the men themselves keep their record of time spent on each piece of work. The results were set forth on slips which were turned into the office, where the time as shown was posted to the accounts of the various orders to which it belonged. This, as can well be seen, was a loose system, for the reason that the workman's sense of time was frequently not well developed, and there was neither incentive nor necessity for accuracy. Since there was no definite check on the workman's movements, his record would often show that he "knocked off" at 12:30 P.M., when as a matter of fact he quit work at 12:20 P.M., and loitered around the toilet room or engaged in conversation with other workmen for the extra ten minutes which had been charged by him to the work just finished.

paragraph: These difficulties have been largely overcome by the use of mechanical devices for the recording of time. One record is made of the total time on duty, which serves as the basis for the pay-roll, and a second record is kept of the time actually expended on work performed, which serves as the basis of the charges to manufacturing cost. The time on duty is obtained from a time card record, while the time on work in process appears on work tickets or job cards. The total time on duty should agree with, the total time expended on goods in process, plus any lost time. Expressed diagrammatically the relation of the time cards to the work tickets is shown in the diagram. The data from the time cards were transferred into the time book, and this data would eventually end up in the general ledger.

paragraph: Section::::Reception.

paragraph: The US Federal Board for Vocational Education (1919) had described Moxey's "Principles of Factory Cost Keeping" (1919) as a "clear, simple treatment of the fundamental principles of cost accounting." In those days the field of cost accounting was largely controlled by scientific management consultants and managers, but Moxey was able to establish a firm national reputation as leader in the area. Understandably, in 1924 William Duncan Gordon and Jeremiah Lockwood dedicated their "Modern Accounting Systems" to Edward P. Moxey, Jr.

paragraph: In his 1972 article, Adolph Matz summarized that Moxey's elementary work on cost accounting was taught at the University, and in Evening School, and was part of the State’s C.P.A. examination. His work was taught over four decades, but after World War II the "new trends in teaching accounting and the move away from the practical approach led in the early 1950s to the discontinuation of the course."

paragraph: Moxey is nowadays also credited for advocating the practice of including imputed interest on the total capital invested (which didn't work out), and for advocating variance accounts. According to Segelod & Carlsson (2010), Moxey "offered a means to connect cost accounting and financial accounting even in times of price changes. Variance analysis became common in the United States in the early 1920s following the rapid development of standard costing between 1910 and 1920..., while the technique of connecting cost and financial accounting was... well elaborated in Anglo-Saxon countries around 1920."

paragraph: Even more, according to Segelod & Carlsson (2011), the "scientific management and the introduction of variance accounts, developed by Moxey (1913), paved the way for the rapid development of standard costing in the US between 1910 and 1920."

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moxey, Edward Preston. "Accounting Systems: A Description of Systems Appropriate to Different Kinds of Business." New York City, Alexander Hamilton Institute, 1911.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grundman, Otto A., Howard McNayr Jefferson, Harold Dudley Greeley & Edward Preston Moxey. "Practical accounting methods: a description of systems appropriate to various kinds of business." New York, Key publishing company, 1913.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moxey, Edward Preston. "Principles of factory cost keeping." Ronald Press Company, 1913; 1920.

paragraph: Articles, a selection

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moxey, Edward Preston. "Bank Defalcations-Their Causes and Cures." "Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science" 25 (1905): 32-42.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moxey Jr., Edward P. "Ethics of Accountancy," in: "Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science." Vol. 101, The Ethics of the Professions and of Business (May, 1922), pp. 196–202

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: This article incorporates public domain material from the 1904 article by the American Institute of Banking, and the book by Edward P. Moxey, Jr. "Principles of Factory Cost Keeping" (1913).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward P. Moxey, Jr by Adolph Matz, 1976.

description: American accountant

wikidata_label: Edward P. Moxey

wikipedia_title: Edward P. Moxey


text: Uí Chennselaig

text: Leinster

text: Dublin

text: Meic Murchada

text: Diarmait mac Énna

text: Diarmait

text: Uí Chennselaig

text: kingship of Leinster

text: King of Uí Chennselaig

text: Diarmait mac Máel na mBó

text: kingship of Dublin

text: high-kingship of Ireland

text: Meic Murchada

text: first cousin

text: Diarmait mac Énna

text: kingship of Dublin

text: Annals of Ulster

text: Cormac Mac Carthaig

text: Annals of Tigernach

text: Church of the Holy Trinity

text: Annals of Inisfallen

text: Annals of the Four Masters

text: Book of Leinster

text: Wexford

text: Norse-Gaelic

text: Conchobar

text: first cousin once removed

categories: 1126 deaths,Kings of Uí Cheinnselaig,Monarchs of Dublin,12th-century Irish people,12th-century Irish monarchs

paragraph: Énna Mac Murchada

paragraph: Énna Mac Murchada, or Enna Mac Murchada, also known as Énna mac Donnchada, and Énna mac Donnchada mic Murchada, was a twelfth-century ruler of Uí Chennselaig, Leinster, and Dublin. Énna was a member of the Meic Murchada, a branch of the Uí Chennselaig dynasty that came to power in Leinster in the person of his paternal great-grandfather. Énna himself gained power following the death of his cousin Diarmait mac Énna. Throughout much of his reign, Énna acknowledged the overlordship of Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht, although he participated in a failed revolt against the latter in 1124 before making amends. When Énna died in 1126, Toirdelbach successfully took advantage of the resulting power vacuum.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Énna was a son of Donnchad mac Murchada, King of Leinster. Donnchad had two other sons: one slain in 1115, and another named Diarmait. The men were members of the Uí Chennselaig. In the 1040s, the family seized possession of the provincial kingship of Leinster in the person of the King of Uí Chennselaig, Diarmait mac Máel na mBó, Énna's paternal great-grandfather. Diarmait mac Máel na mBó eventually gained the kingship of Dublin, and further laid claim the high-kingship of Ireland itself. For over a century afterwards the royal rulers of Leinster were regularly drawn from the family. Énna and his immediate family were members of the Meic Murchada, a branch of the Uí Chennselaig descended and named after Diarmait mac Máel na mBó's son, Murchad.

paragraph: In 1117, the kingship of Uí Chennselaig, Leinster, and Dublin was held by Énna's first cousin, Diarmait mac Énna. When the latter died within the year, Énna succeeded to the kingship of Uí Chennselaig, and Leinster. Unlike other recent Uí Chennselaig monarchs, Énna did not face any serious inter-dynastic opposition to his position.

paragraph: Section::::Dublin.

paragraph: In 1118, Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht seized the kingship of Dublin, after expelling the reigning Domnall Gerrlámhach Ua Briain, King of Dublin, who appears to have seized control following Diarmait's death the year before.

paragraph: At some point afterwards, Énna apparently gained the kingship himself, as he is accorded the title "rí Laigen ⁊ Gall" by the "Annals of Ulster" in an entry recording his submission to Toirdelbach in 1122. Rather than control Dublin directly himself, Toirdelbach appears to have allowed Énna to rule in Dublin as his subordinate. Although the two appear to have generally enjoyed amiable relations, the former participated in a revolt against the latter in 1124, spearheaded by Cormac Mac Carthaig, before relations were finally restored, as Toirdelbach travelled to Dublin and is recorded by the "Annals of Tigernach" to have handed the kingship over to Énna. Énna's reign in Dublin is further evidenced by the record of his gift of the estate of ""Realgeallyn"" to the Church of the Holy Trinity, Dublin's ecclesiastical centre.

paragraph: Énna's early death in 1126 is recorded in numerous sources such as the "Annals of Inisfallen", the "Annals of Tigernach", the "Annals of the Four Masters", and the "Annals of Ulster". The "Book of Leinster" further reveals that he died in Wexford. His death there suggests that the Meic Murchada were patronising this Norse-Gaelic enclave, and it appears that this town and Dublin were the primary concentrations of Leinster's wealth.

paragraph: Toirdelbach seized upon the power vacuum caused by Énna's demise, and the following year installed his own son, Conchobar, as King of Dublin. Toirdelbach also invaded the core territory of the Uí Chennselaig, and deposed an unnamed Meic Murchada, before installing Conchobar as king. The aforesaid Meic Murchada may well have been Máel Sechlainn mac Diarmata, a first cousin once removed of Énna. Another possibility, however, is that the unnamed Meic Murchada was Énna's aforesaid younger brother, Diarmait, an apparent rival of Máel Sechlainn.

description: King of Leinster and Dublin

wikidata_label: Énna Mac Murchada

wikipedia_title: Énna Mac Murchada


text: CMG

text: English

text: Australia

text: Congregationalist

text: Hazlerigg

text: Northumberland

text: schoolmaster

text: Clunes, Victoria

text: Wesleyan Methodist Church

text: Congregational Church

text: minister

text: Ballarat

text: Avoca

text: Hobart

text: Tasmania

text: Geeveston

text: Huon

text: apple

text: Bank of Van Diemen's Land

text: mortgage

text: Lunawanna

text: Bruny Island

text: Tasmanian House of Assembly

text: Franklin

text: Philip Fysh

text: Leader of the Opposition

text: Speaker of the House of Assembly

text: Sir Elliott Lewis

text: South Hobart

text: Legislative Council

text: Australian Dictionary of Biography

text: Obituary

categories: English emigrants to Australia,Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George,Speakers of the Tasmanian House of Assembly,Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly,Australian Congregationalist ministers,People from Newcastle upon Tyne (district),Australian Methodist ministers,1840 births,19th-century Methodist ministers,Leaders of the Opposition in Tasmania,Methodist ministers,Members of the Tasmanian Legislative Council,1924 deaths,19th-century Congregationalist ministers

paragraph: Stafford Bird

paragraph: Bolton Stafford Bird CMG (30 January 1840 – 15 December 1924) was an English-born Australian Congregationalist clergyman, farmer and politician.

paragraph: Bird was born in Hazlerigg, Northumberland, the son of the local schoolmaster. In 1852 the family emigrated to Australia and began farming at Clunes, Victoria. In 1865 Bird was ordained in the Wesleyan Methodist Church, but in 1867 transferred to the Congregational Church as minister of the church at Ballarat. In 1870 he took charge of several churches in the Avoca district.

paragraph: In 1874 he took over the church in Davey Street, Hobart, Tasmania, but resigned in 1877 due to ill-health and bought a farm near Geeveston in the Huon district. He grew apples, which he began to ship to England, thus becoming a pioneer of the Tasmanian apple export industry. In August 1891, however, the Bank of Van Diemen's Land, with whom Bird held a mortgage, collapsed and he lost the farm, moving to a much smaller property at Lunawanna on Bruny Island.

paragraph: In 1882, Bird was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly for Franklin. In 1887 he became Treasurer in Philip Fysh's ministry, serving until Fysh's defeat in 1892. He then served as Leader of the Opposition until 1894 and then Speaker of the House of Assembly until December 1896. He was Treasurer again under Sir Elliott Lewis from 1899 to 1903. From 1904 to 1909 he represented South Hobart. In 1909 he was elected to the upper house, the Legislative Council, and retired in 1923.

paragraph: Bird was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 1920 New Year Honours.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Australian Dictionary of Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary

description: Australian politician

wikidata_label: Stafford Bird

wikipedia_title: Stafford Bird


text:
Major League Baseball
outfielder
minor league
manager
bench coach
Oakland Athletics
Arizona Diamondbacks
Milwaukee Brewers
Texas Rangers
farm system
Pepperdine University
Oakland Athletics
1995 Major League Baseball draft
Southern Oregon A's
West Michigan Whitecaps
Visalia Oaks
Huntsville Stars
Edmonton Trappers
Vancouver Canadians
Sacramento River Cats
Arizona Diamondbacks
Rob Ryan
Tucson Sidewinders
Milwaukee Brewers
Rule 5 draft
Indianapolis Indians
Arizona League Brewers
Texas Rangers
Oklahoma RedHawks
Florida Marlins
Albuquerque Isotopes
hits
at-bat
batting average
home run
stolen base
RBI
managing
Beloit Snappers
Midwest League
Stockton Ports
California League
Midland RockHounds
Texas League
league championships
Nashville Sounds
Pacific Coast League
bench coach

categories: Major League Baseball bench coaches,Pepperdine Waves baseball players,Mayos de Navojoa players,Edmonton Trappers players,Albuquerque Isotopes players,Minor league baseball managers,Indianapolis Indians players,Major League Baseball outfielders,Sportspeople from Riverside, California,Texas Rangers players,Oklahoma RedHawks players,Oakland Athletics coaches,Baseball coaches from California,Baseball players from California,Southern Oregon Timberjacks players,Visalia Oaks players,Oakland Athletics players,Arizona League Brewers players,Milwaukee Brewers players,Living people,American expatriate baseball players in Canada,Huntsville Stars players,Vancouver Canadians players,Arizona Diamondbacks players,Nashville Sounds managers,Sacramento River Cats players,Tucson Sidewinders players,Southern Oregon A's players,1974 births

paragraph: Ryan Christenson

paragraph: Ryan Alan Christenson (born March 28, 1974) is a former Major League Baseball outfielder, minor league manager, and current bench coach.

paragraph: He played six seasons in Major League Baseball with the Oakland Athletics (1998–2001), was traded to the Arizona Diamondbacks for the second half of the 2001 season, and played one season each with the Milwaukee Brewers (2002) and the Texas Rangers (2003). After his playing career ended, he began managing in the Oakland Athletics' farm system. He was promoted to Oakland's coaching staff for 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Oakland Athletics.

paragraph: Christenson attended college at Pepperdine University and was drafted by the Oakland Athletics in the 10th round of the 1995 Major League Baseball draft. He played in his first professional season that year for the Class A Short Season Southern Oregon A's. In 1996, he played for Southern Oregon and the Class A West Michigan Whitecaps. In 1997, he advanced to the Class A-Advanced Visalia Oaks, Double-A Huntsville Stars, and Triple-A Edmonton Trappers. He began the 1998 season at Triple-A, but was called up to the Athletics and made his major league debut on April 20. Christenson started out the 1999 season in Oakland, but was sent to the Triple-A Vancouver Canadians for a month after going 3–9 at the plate. He returned to the big league club in late May. He spent the entire 2000 season with the A's. He played seven games at the start of the 2001 season with Oakland before being sent to the Triple-A Sacramento River Cats.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Arizona Diamondbacks.

paragraph: On June 19, 2001, Christenson was traded to the Arizona Diamondbacks for Rob Ryan. He played four games with Arizona, but was then optioned to the Triple-A Tucson Sidewinders. He was recalled to the majors at the September roster expansion.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Milwaukee Brewers.

paragraph: The Milwaukee Brewers selected Christenson in the 2001 Rule 5 draft. He played the majority of the 2002 season in the minors, mostly with the Triple-A Indianapolis Indians, but also a few with the Rookie Arizona League Brewers. He was recalled by Milwaukee in September and played the rest of the season with them. He was released after the season.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Texas Rangers.

paragraph: Having signed as a free agent with the Texas Rangers for the 2003 season, Christenson split the year between the Rangers and their Triple-A Oklahoma RedHawks. He was granted free agency at the season's end.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Florida Marlins.

paragraph: Christenson signed a minor league contract with the Florida Marlins for 2004. He played the entire season with the Triple-A Albuquerque Isotopes. This was his last season playing professional baseball. In all, he played in 452 major league games in his career, with 222 hits in 998 at-bats (a .222 batting average). He had 16 home runs, 16 stolen bases, and 102 RBI.

paragraph: Section::::Managing career.

paragraph: After retiring from playing, Christenson began managing in the Oakland Athletics' minor league farm system in 2013. In his first year, he managed the Class A Beloit Snappers of the Midwest League. In 2014, he was manager of the Class A-Advanced Stockton Ports of the California League. He served as manager of the Double-A Midland RockHounds of the Texas League in the 2015 and 2016 seasons. He led the RockHounds to win back-to-back league championships in his two seasons, and was selected as the Texas League Manager of the Year in 2016. In 2017, he managed the Triple-A Nashville Sounds of the Pacific Coast League.

paragraph: Section::::Major league coaching.

paragraph: Christenson was promoted to the position of bench coach with the Athletics for the 2018 season.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Ryan Christenson

wikipedia_title: Ryan Christenson


text: KG

text: knight of the shire

text: King Richard II

text: jouster

text: Hardington Mandeville

text: Hugh de Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon

text: Margaret de Bohun

text: Hugh Courtenay

text: Edward Courtenay, 3rd Earl of Devon

text: John Courtenay, 7th Earl of Devon

text: Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon

text: Sir Hugh Courtenay

text: Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon

text: William Courtenay

text: Archbishop of Canterbury

text: Sir Philip Courtenay

text: Powderham

text: Black Prince

text: Battle of Najera

text: Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel

text: Exeter Cathedral

text: monumental brass

text: chantry

text: Maurice Russell

text: Dyrham

text: Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley

text: Wotton-under-Edge

text: leonine verse

text: John Prince

text: Prince

text: Richard Izacke

text: Robert Hallam

text: Maurice Russell

text: Dyrham

text: chest tomb

text: James Berkeley

text: escutcheons

text: quatrefoil

text: Prince, John

text: History of Parliament

text: Members 1386-1421

text: Polwhele, Richard

categories: 1405 deaths,Medieval English knights,Knights of the Garter,People from Devon,14th-century English MPs,15th-century English MPs,1346 births,Courtenay family

paragraph: Peter Courtenay (died 1405)

paragraph: Sir Peter Courtenay, KG, (1346–1405) was a soldier, knight of the shire, Chamberlain to King Richard II (1377–1399) and a famous jouster. His principal seat was Hardington Mandeville, Somerset.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: He was the 5th son of Hugh de Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon (1303–1377) by his wife Margaret de Bohun (d.1391). He had several highly prominent elder brothers, but was the most flamboyant of them all:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Hugh Courtenay, KG, (1326–1349) the eldest, who predeceased his father.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Courtenay, Prebendary of Cutton, cleric.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Edward Courtenay (1329–1372), predeceased his father. Born in 1329 at Haccombe, Devon, died: 20 September 1372. He married an heiress, Emmeline Dawney, daughter of Sir John Dawney of Madfordferry, and had the following issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Courtenay, 3rd Earl of Devon (d.1419), in whose descendants the earldom remained until the death of his great-grandson John Courtenay, 7th Earl of Devon (d.1471), after which the earldom passed in 1485, by a new creation, to Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (d.1509), the grandson of his brother Sir Hugh Courtenay of Haccombe and Bampton (d.1425).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Hugh Courtenay (d.1425), of Haccombe, whose grandson was Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (d.1509), under the 1485 creation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Courtenay of Moreton

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Courtenay (1342–1396), Archbishop of Canterbury.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Philip Courtenay (c.1355–1406) of Powderham.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He received the honour of knighthood from the Black Prince after the Battle of Najera in 1367, at the same time as his brother Sir Philip. In 1378 whilst on a naval expedition with his brother Sir Philip, under the command of Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel (d.1397) and

paragraph: William de Montacute, 2nd Earl of Salisbury (d.1397), the fleet was attacked by Spaniards off the coast of Brittany and Sir Peter and his brother were captured. His ransom was paid by two wealthy burgesses of Bristol.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: He married Margaret Clyvedon, daughter of John de Clyvedon by his wife Elizabeth.

paragraph: Section::::Death and burial.

paragraph: He died on 2 February 1405 and was buried in Exeter Cathedral, where his monumental brass, much worn-away, exists set into a slab in the floor of the south aisle. It was reported by Lysons in 1822 as being then situated further to the west in or near the now demolished Courtenay chantry chapel, near to the chest tomb of his parents, which has also been moved. He is shown full-length, in armour, with hands together in prayer. The figure is very similar to those of Sir Maurice Russell (d.1416) in Dyrham Church, and to that of Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley (d.1417) at Wotton-under-Edge, both in Gloucestershire. His figure is surrounded by a ledger line on which was formerly visible the following inscribed leonine verse (or "jingling verse") in Latin, transcribed by John Prince in his "Worthies of Devon", with variants in brackets given by Polwhele:

paragraph: ""Devoniae natus, comitis (comes) Petrusque vocatus," br

paragraph: "Regis cognatus, camerarius intitulatus,"br

paragraph: "Calisiae (Ecclesiae) gratus, capitaneus ense probatus,"br

paragraph: "Vitae privatus, fuit hinc super astra relatus,"br

paragraph: "Et quia (qua) sublatus, de mundo transit amatus,"br

paragraph: "Caelo (Coelo) firmatus (confirmatus), maneat sine fine beatus"".br

paragraph: Which may be translated literally into English thus:

paragraph: "Born of the Earl of Devon, called Peter,br

paragraph: A relation of the king with title "Chamberlain"br

paragraph: Beloved of Calais, a Captain proven by the swordbr

paragraph: Deprived of life he was carried away hence above the starsbr

paragraph: And where lifted up beloved he crossed from the worldbr

paragraph: Strengthened by Heaven may he remain blessed without end".br

paragraph: Poetic translations into English were made by Prince (d.1723), in his "Worthies of Devon" and in Richard Izacke's "Antiquities of Exeter". Prince's verse is thus:

paragraph: ""The Earl of Devonshire's son, Peter by name" br

paragraph: "Kin to the King, Lord Chamberlain of fame"br

paragraph: "Captain of Calais, for arms well approved"br

paragraph: "Who dying was above the stars removed"br

paragraph: "And well beloved went from the world away"br

paragraph: "To lead a blessed life in Heaven for aye"br

paragraph: Similar leonine verse may be seen on the tombstone of English design of Robert Hallam (d.1416), Bishop of Salisbury, at Constance Cathedral, Germany, and on the brass of Sir Maurice Russell (d.1416) at Dyrham. The surviving chest tomb of Bishop of Exeter James Berkeley (d.1327) in the south ambulatory only a few feet away from Courtenay's brass, originally displayed similar verse including the line "In Barkley natus, jacet hic Jacobus tumulatus" ("In Berkeley (Castle) he was born, here lies James covered"), stripped away with his brass in 1561.

paragraph: Above his figure and to the sides are four heraldic escutcheons showing his paternal arms of Courtenay and his maternal arms of Bohun. At the extreme top on either side within barbed quatrefoils is a figure of a hawk mantling over its captured prey of a duck (right) and a heron (left).

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince, John, Worthies of Devon, first published 1701, 1810 edition, biography of Sir Peter Courtenay, knight, pp. 252–255

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Parliament, House of Commons, Members 1386-1421, Sir Philip Courtenay (d.1406), brother Sir Peter mentioned "passim" who has own entry pending publication on-line.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polwhele, Richard (1760–1838), History of Devon

description: English politician

wikidata_label: Peter Courtenay

wikipedia_title: Peter Courtenay (died 1405)


text: Cnossos

text: mythical

text: Greek

text: seer

text: philosopher

text: poet

text: Cretan

text: Zeus

text: Diogenes Laërtius

text: Plutarch

text: Athens

text: Alcmeonidae

text: sacrifice

text: Solon

text: Cnossus

text: Aristotle

text: Ath. Pol

text: Athenaeus

text: "erastes" and "eromenos"

text: Solon

text: Sparta

text: Pausanias

text: tattoo

text: slave

text: scholar

text: shamanic

text: religion

text: Central Asia

text: initiation

text: ephores

text: Sparta

text: Melampus

text: Onomacritus

text: Orphism

text: Pythagoras

text: Cave of Ida

text: theogony

text: Argonautic expedition

text: cosmogony

text: Minos

text: Rhadymanthus

text: New Testament

text: Syriac

text: Isho'dad of Merv

text: Acts of the Apostles

text: J. Rendel Harris

text: Apr. 1907, 332–37

text: Zeus

text: Callimachus

text: Acts of the Apostles

text: chapter 17, verse 28

text: Epistle to Titus

text: Titus 1:12

text: Clement of Alexandria

text: Epimenides

text: Stromata

text: i. 14

text: Chrysostom

text: Homily 3 on Titus

text: Epimenides paradox

text: liar paradox

text: epistle to Titus

text: Middle Ages

text: insolubilia

text: Epimenides of Crete Fragments

text: demonax.info

categories: 6th-century BC poets,Ancient Cretan philosophers,Archaic Greek seers,Seven Sages of Greece,Year of birth unknown,6th-century BC philosophers,Classical oracles,Ancient Greek poets,Longevity myths,Luck,Immigrants to Archaic Athens,Year of death unknown,Ancient Greek shamans

paragraph: Epimenides

paragraph: Epimenides of Cnossos (; ) was a semi-mythical 7th or 6th century BC Greek seer and philosopher-poet.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: While tending his father's sheep, Epimenides is said to have fallen asleep for fifty-seven years in a Cretan cave sacred to Zeus, after which he reportedly awoke with the gift of prophecy (Diogenes Laërtius i. 109–115). Plutarch writes that Epimenides purified Athens after the pollution brought by the Alcmeonidae, and that the seer's expertise in sacrifices and reform of funeral practices were of great help to Solon in his reform of the Athenian state. The only reward he would accept was a branch of the sacred olive, and a promise of perpetual friendship between Athens and Cnossus (Plutarch, "Life of Solon", 12; Aristotle, "Ath. Pol". 1).

paragraph: Athenaeus also mentions him, in connection with the self-sacrifice of the "erastes" and "eromenos" pair of Cratinus and Aristodemus, who were believed to have given their lives in order to purify Athens. Even in antiquity there were those who held the story to be mere fiction ("The Deipnosophists," XIII. 78–79). Diogenes Laërtius preserves a number of spurious letters between Epimenides and Solon in his "Lives of the Philosophers". Epimenides was also said to have prophesied at Sparta on military matters.

paragraph: He died in Crete at an advanced age; according to his countrymen, who afterwards honoured him as a god, he lived nearly three hundred years. According to another story, he was taken prisoner in a war between the Spartans and Cnossians, and put to death by his captors, because he refused to prophesy favourably for them. Pausanias reports that when Epimenides died, his skin was found to be covered with tattooed writing. This was considered odd, because the Greeks reserved tattooing for slaves. Some modern scholars have seen this as evidence that Epimenides was heir to the shamanic religions of Central Asia, because tattooing is often associated with shamanic initiation. The skin of Epimenides was preserved at the courts of the ephores in Sparta, conceivably as a good-luck charm. Epimenides is also reckoned with Melampus and Onomacritus as one of the founders of Orphism.

paragraph: According to Diogenes Laertius, Epimenides met Pythagoras in Crete, and they went to the Cave of Ida.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Several prose and poetic works, now lost, were attributed to Epimenides, including a theogony, an epic poem on the Argonautic expedition, prose works on purifications and sacrifices, a cosmogony, oracles, a work on the laws of Crete, and a treatise on Minos and Rhadymanthus.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"Cretica".

paragraph: Epimenides' "Cretica" (Κρητικά) is quoted twice in the New Testament. Its only source is a 9th-century Syriac commentary by Isho'dad of Merv on the Acts of the Apostles, discovered, edited and translated (into Greek) by Prof. J. Rendel Harris in a series of articles in the "Expositor" (Oct. 1906, 305–17; Apr. 1907, 332–37; Apr. 1912, 348–353).

paragraph: In the poem, Minos addresses Zeus thus:

paragraph: The "lie" of the Cretans is that Zeus was mortal; Epimenides considered Zeus immortal. "Cretans, always liars," with the same theological intent as Epimenides, also appears in the "Hymn to Zeus" of Callimachus. The fourth line is quoted (with a reference to one of "your own poets") in Acts of the Apostles, chapter 17, verse 28.

paragraph: The second line is quoted, with a veiled attribution ("a prophet of their own"), in the Epistle to Titus, , to warn Titus about the Cretans. The "prophet" in Titus 1:12 is identified by Clement of Alexandria as Epimenides ("Stromata", i. 14). In this passage, Clement mentions that "some say" Epimenides should be counted among the seven wisest philosophers.

paragraph: Chrysostom (Homily 3 on Titus) gives an alternative fragment:

paragraph: Section::::Epimenides paradox.

paragraph: It is not clear when Epimenides became associated with the Epimenides paradox, a variation of the liar paradox. Epimenides himself does not appear to have intended any irony or paradox in his statement "Cretans, always liars." In the epistle to Titus, there is a warning that "One of themselves, even a prophet of their own, said, the Cretians are alway liars, evil beasts, slow bellies." In the Middle Ages, many forms of the liar paradox were studied under the heading of insolubilia, but these were not associated with Epimenides.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zaykov, Andrey. "Epimemdes' activities in Sparta" (In Russian + English summary). In: Journal of Ancient History. Moscow, 2002. No 4. P. 110-130.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Epimenides of Crete Fragments at demonax.info

description: Ancient Greek poet and philosopher

wikidata_label: Epimenides

wikipedia_title: Epimenides


text:
James III of Scotland
Margaret of Denmark
Marquess of Ormond
Earl of Ross
John
Lord of the Isles
Edward IV's
Catherine of York
James IV
Duke of Ross
Archbishop of St Andrews
Lord Chancellor of Scotland
James IV of Scotland
John Stewart, Earl of Mar
Christian name
Royal Arms of Scotland

categories: Abbots of Dunfermline,1476 births,Chancellors of the University of St Andrews,Court of James IV of Scotland,16th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Archbishops of St Andrews,Peers created by James III,Heirs to the Scottish throne,House of Stuart,15th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,1504 deaths,Abbots of Arbroath,Lord Chancellors of Scotland,Earls of Ross,Scottish princes

paragraph: James Stewart, Duke of Ross

paragraph: James Stewart, Duke of Ross (March 1476 – January 1504) was the second son of King James III of Scotland and Margaret of Denmark.

paragraph: Section::::Titles and offices.

paragraph: He was made Marquess of Ormond at his baptism. He was created Earl of Ross in 1481 after that title was forfeited to the crown by John, Lord of the Isles.

paragraph: Of his father's three sons, James of Ross was the favourite. James III even tried to marry him to Edward IV's daughter, Catherine of York. This increasing preference shown to James of Ross was a factor in the rebellion of his elder brother (the future James IV) against their father; and later, as king, James IV was suspicious of his brother's loyalty.

paragraph: Nonetheless, when the elder James succeeded to the crown in 1488, he raised James of Ross's title to Duke of Ross, aged 12.

paragraph: Around May 1497, his brother the King nominated James of Ross (then 21 years old) to be Archbishop of St Andrews. King James thought that would keep James of Ross from rebelling against him. Also, James of Ross was a minor, and so the revenues of the archbishopric would be controlled by King James.

paragraph: James of Ross also became Lord Chancellor of Scotland in 1502.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: He was one of three brothers, his two brothers being King James IV of Scotland and John Stewart, Earl of Mar. It may seem surprising that there were two brothers both called James. It has been suggested that at the time the younger was born the older was seriously ill and seemed unlikely to survive, but it is unclear whether there is any evidence for this hypothesis. In late mediaeval Scotland it was not uncommon to have two brothers with the same Christian name, or occasionally even three.

paragraph: Section::::Arms.

paragraph: The arms of James of Ross were: "Quarterly 1st and 4th: Royal Arms of Scotland, 2nd: Gules, three lions rampant argent" (Ross) "3rd: Or, three piles gules" (Brechin)

description: Scottish bishop

wikidata_label: James Stewart, Duke of Ross

wikipedia_title: James Stewart, Duke of Ross


text: American Revolutionary War

text: John Stark

text: Haverhill, Massachusetts

text: Dunbarton, New Hampshire

text: postmaster

text: New Hampshire

text: Caleb Stark

text: Battle of Bennington

text: smallpox

text: New Hampshire

text: Vermont

text: Molly Stark State Park

text: Wilmington, Vermont

text: Deerfield River

text: Molly Stark Trail

text: Route 9

text: Battle of Bennington

text: Long Trail

text: Camel's Hump

text: Route 17

text: New Boston, New Hampshire

text: Manchester

text: Ohio

text: Nimishillen Township

text: Stark County

text: tuberculosis

text: sanatorium

text: asbestos remediation

text: Otter Tail County, Minnesota

text: Virtual Vermont Biography

text: Vermont State Parks: Molly Stark

text: Towns on the Molly Stark Byway

categories: People of New Hampshire in the American Revolution,Women in the American Revolution,1737 births,People from Haverhill, Massachusetts,1814 deaths,People of colonial New Hampshire

paragraph: Molly Stark

paragraph: Molly Stark, née Elizabeth Page, (February 16, 1737 – 1814) campaigned for smallpox vaccination. She was mentioned in a battle call because she was the wife of American Revolutionary War general John Stark and she has a state highway named after her.

paragraph: Section::::Life and significance.

paragraph: Elizabeth "Molly" Page was born on February 16, 1737/8 to Puritans Caleb Page and Elizabeth Merrill. She was born in Haverhill, Massachusetts , moved with her family to Dunbarton, New Hampshire, around 1755 , and was the daughter of the first postmaster of New Hampshire, Caleb Page . Her mother died when she was five, and she was adopted by her aunt, Ruth Wallingford, a widow with ten children of her own. She spent ten years with the Wallingfords. She later returned to live with her father in Starkstown in 1752 at the age of 15. Her father owned slaves, which was not common in New Hampshire. She married John Stark on August 20, 1758. Together they had 11 children, including their eldest son Caleb Stark. The Molly Stark house still stands in Dunbarton at Page's Corner.

paragraph: Stark gained historical notoriety due to her husband's battle call of ""There are your enemies, the Red Coats and the Tories. They are ours, or this night Molly Stark sleeps a widow!"" before engaging with the British and Hessian army in the Battle of Bennington. Stark is also known for her success as a nurse to her husband's troops during a smallpox epidemic and for opening their home as a hospital during the war. In late November 1778, she petitioned the New Hampshire Court "praying for leave to inoculate herself and family for the Small Pox," but was denied by state authorities who continued to ban inoculation for fear that it would spread the disease.

paragraph: Section::::In New England.

paragraph: Stark is honored throughout New Hampshire and Vermont with many businesses, streets and schools bearing her name, as well as the Molly Stark State Park in Wilmington, Vermont and a statue of a gun-toting Molly which overlooks the Deerfield River. There was a gazebo next to the statue, but, during Hurricane Irene's visit in 2011 which flooded downtown Wilmington, the gazebo disappeared. The inn on the other side was badly damaged, but, the statue stood tall, and never moved. Also named for her is the Molly Stark Trail, otherwise known as Route 9, which crosses southern Vermont and is thought to be the route used by General Stark on his victory march home from the Battle of Bennington. Molly Stark Mountain is one of the Green Mountain peaks on the Long Trail, just south of Camel's Hump and north of Route 17; the adjacent peak is Baby Stark.

paragraph: The Molly Stark cannon, or "Old Molly", bears her name, and is kept by the New Boston Artillery Company in New Boston, New Hampshire.

paragraph: The Molly Stark Chapter of the National Society Daughters of the American Revolution is located in Manchester, New Hampshire.

paragraph: Section::::In Ohio and Minnesota.

paragraph: Numerous revolutionary war veterans settled in Ohio, so the General and his wife were honored there. Molly Stark Park is located in Nimishillen Township, Stark County, in northeastern Ohio. It is the grounds of the former Molly Stark Hospital, which served as a tuberculosis sanatorium in the 1930s. It became a state hospital for the mentally ill and the aged, and closed in 1995. In 2009 the Stark County Commissioners released the grounds and former hospital to the Stark County Park District. After asbestos remediation the old hospital is to be demolished, and more hiking and bicycling trails, and picnic grounds added.

paragraph: Molly Stark Lake in Otter Tail County, Minnesota, is named for her.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Virtual Vermont Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Molly Stark Trail: A Byway Through the Green Mountains

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vermont State Parks: Molly Stark

paragraph: BULLET::::- Town of New Boston, NH - History of the Molly Stark Cannon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Towns on the Molly Stark Byway

description: American colonial

wikidata_label: Molly Stark

wikipedia_title: Molly Stark