href: drummer singer Netherlands zZz Badhoevedorp Amsterdam Punk%20rock http%3A//www.soundofzzz.nl

text:
drummer
singer
Dutch
zZz
Badhoevedorp
Amsterdam
punk
Sound of zZz Official HomePage

categories: Living people,Dutch drummers,Male drummers

paragraph: Björn Ottenheim

paragraph: Björn Ottenheim is drummer, singer and co-founder of the Dutch music band zZz.

paragraph: He lives in Badhoevedorp, near Amsterdam.

paragraph: Before the formation of zZz in 2001 he was also the drummer of Dutch punk band Hernia.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sound of zZz Official HomePage

description: Dutch musician

wikidata_label: Björn Ottenheim

wikipedia_title: Björn Ottenheim


text:
Medina de Pomar
Province of Burgos
Alcalá
College of St. Ildefonsus
Michael Carasco
Cardinal Ximenes
moral theology
Council of Trent

categories: Spanish Roman Catholic theologians,1490 births,1547 deaths

paragraph: Juan de Medina

paragraph: Juan de Medina (1490–1547) was a Spanish theologian, and Spain's ambassador to Rome. Although he is repeatedly quoted and praised by several theologians of his time, little was written about his life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born at Medina de Pomar in the Province of Burgos (rather than Alcalá, as some writers state).

paragraph: He entered the College of St. Ildefonsus at Alcalá, 20 May 1516, took doctor's degrees in philosophy and theology, and soon after was made canon and master of theology at the university. He was selected as primary professor of theology in the College of St. Ildefonsus in succession to Michael Carasco, whom Cardinal Ximenes wished to be made perpetual Rector of the College. From about 1526 and for the space of twenty years, Medina filled this position.

paragraph: Alvarez Gomez and Andrea Schott state that Medina was buried in the church of St. Ildefonsus. The first lines of the epitaph on his tomb are:

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Medina's works are principally on moral theology and ethics. Some of his opinions were not in accordance with the doctrine propounded at the Council of Trent. The "Diccionario Enciclop. Hispano Americano" says that his treatise "de Poenitientia" was put on the Index published in 1707; the edition of the Index printed in 1711 does not give Medina's work, nor does any of the subsequent editions. The Council of Trent declares that at the hour of death there is no "reservatio" and that all priests can absolve "in articulo mortis". Medina says "that absolution given by an excommunicated priest is invalid"; and again, "at a time of necessity (arliculo necessitatis) any priest, not suspended or excommunicated can absolve any person". His opinions on the "materia" for sacramental absolution, and on the "Copia confessariorum" seem opposed to the teaching of the council on these points.

paragraph: Many editions of Medina's works were printed in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. His brother John de Medina brought out the theological books at Alcala in 1544 and sqq.; Salamanca, 1555; Ingoldstadt, 1581; Brescia, 1590–1606; Cologne, 1607 etc.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: Spanish theologian

wikidata_label: Juan de Medina

wikipedia_title: Juan de Medina


text:
women's golf tournament
1900 Paris Games
Mary Abbott
University of Florida
Finley Peter Dunne
Phillip Dunne
The New York Times

categories: 1878 births,American female golfers,Sportswomen from Kolkata,Olympic golfers of the United States,Olympic gold medalists for the United States in golf,Golfers at the 1900 Summer Olympics,Amateur golfers,Medalists at the 1900 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Margaret Abbott

paragraph: Margaret Ives Abbott (June 15, 1878 – June 10, 1955) was the first American woman to win an Olympic event. She won the women's golf tournament, consisting of nine holes, with a score of 47, at the 1900 Paris Games.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Calcutta, Abbot was the daughter of Charles and Mary Abbott. Charles died when Margaret was very young and after his death, the family moved to Boston.

paragraph: When Abbott was a teenager, her mother took a job as the literary editor of "The Chicago Herald" and the family moved to Illinois. In Illinois, Abbott began playing golf and soon began winning local championships. After moving to Illinois, she joined the Chicago Golf Club and took up the game, winning local tournaments and was reported to have a two handicap.

paragraph: Section::::Paris Olympics.

paragraph: Mary and Margaret Abbott lived in Paris from 1899 to 1902. While in Paris, Mary researched a travel guide and Margaret studied art with Rodin and Degas.

paragraph: At the 1900 Paris Olympics, 22 women competed out of a total 997 athletes. It was the first time women were allowed to compete in the Olympic Games. The 1900 Olympics stretched over six months and were something of a sideshow of the Paris Exhibition. The events were referred to as the Championnats Internationaux, or International Championship, instead of the Olympic Games. The women's golf tournament was held on October 4, 1900 at a nine-hole course at Compiègne, north of Paris. "Golf Illustrated" referred to the medal event as "The international golf competition recently held ... in connection with the Paris Exhibition." The games were so poorly organized and publicized that many competitors, including Abbott, did not realize that the events they entered were part of the Olympics.

paragraph: Historical research did not establish that the game was on the Olympic program until after Abbott's death, so she herself never knew it. Additionally, Abbott's victory was not well known until University of Florida professor and member of the Olympic Board of Directors Paula Welch researched the golfer and began to put together pieces of Abbott's life. She examined newspaper articles that mentioned Abbott's successes in various golfing competitions in an attempt to gain more information. She also located Abbott's children and informed them of their mother's victory.

paragraph: Part of the reason she was not widely known was due to the fact that she had not originally been an official member of the U.S. Olympic team. This is due to the fact she had been residing in France to study art. Abbott competed because she played golf and happened to be in France. In the 1890s, Abbott played as a member of the Chicago Golf Club, where she initially learned to play the sport.

paragraph: She won the Olympics with a 9-hole score of 47. Abbott was awarded a porcelain bowl for first place in golf. The 1900 Games were the only Olympics at which winners received valuable artifacts instead of medals.

paragraph: All the competitors played in long skirts and fashionable hats, but according to Abbott, some "apparently misunderstood the nature of the game scheduled for the day and turned up to play in high heels and tight skirts."

paragraph: Mary Abbott also entered the competition. She shot a 9-hole score of 65 and finished seventh. This was the only time in Olympic history that a mother and daughter competed in the same sport in the same event at the same Olympics.

paragraph: Women's golf would not be seen again at the Olympics until the 2016 Games in Rio.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and legacy.

paragraph: Margaret Abbott married the writer Finley Peter Dunne on December 10, 1902. They had four children together: Finley Peter Dunne Jr., Peggy Dunne, Leonard Dunne, and Phillip Dunne, who later became a noted screenwriter. Abbott continued to play golf as she helped raise her children. Abbott died at age 76 on June 10, 1955 in Greenwich, Connecticut.

paragraph: In 1996, Abbot was the featured athlete of the 1900 Olympic Games in the official Olympic program of the Atlanta games.

paragraph: In 2018, "The New York Times" published a belated obituary for her.

description: Amateur golfer

wikidata_label: Margaret Abbott

wikipedia_title: Margaret Abbott


text:
Tondano
North Celebes
Netherlands East Indies
Indonesia
interned
Eindhoven
Peter Koelewijn
Wim-Jaap van der Laan
Radio Veronica
Sleeswijk Revue
Eurovision Song Contest
Jij bent mijn leven
kroncong
Bengawan Solo
Big Brother VIPS
Corry Brokken
gold
platinum
Soerabaja

categories: Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1964,1942 births,Indo people,Dutch Eurovision Song Contest entrants,Dutch people of Indonesian descent,Dutch female singers,Musicians from Eindhoven,2018 deaths,People from Minahasa Regency

paragraph: Anneke Grönloh

paragraph: Louise Johanna "Anneke" Grönloh (7 June 1942 – 14 September 2018) was an Indonesia-born Dutch singer. She had a successful career starting in 1959 that lasted throughout the 1960s, and scored a hit with "Brandend Zand", one of the best-selling Dutch songs of all time.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Grönloh was born in Tondano, North Celebes, Netherlands East Indies (now Indonesia), and spent her early years in the Japanese-occupied Dutch East Indies in a Japanese concentration camp. Her father, an officer in the KNIL, had been interned before her birth.

paragraph: After the war, the family moved to the Netherlands, and Grönloh grew up in Eindhoven. At the "Gemeentelijk Lyceum" (Municipal College) she met and played with Peter Koelewijn and his band "Peter en zijn Rockets" at parties. In 1959 her career took off after she won a talent show. On 31 August 1964 she married Wim-Jaap van der Laan, a DJ for Dutch radio station Radio Veronica, and in 1965 began singing in the Sleeswijk Revue. Throughout the 1960s she scored hits, especially with "Brandend Zand" (English: "Burning sand"). At the height of her fame, in 1964, Grönloh took part in the Eurovision Song Contest with the song "Jij bent mijn leven" (English: "You are my life"), which ended with a joint tenth place with the Belgian entry, and by the end of the 1960s she had begun an international singing career.

paragraph: Besides popular music, Grönloh also performed the kroncong genre, singing songs such as "Bengawan Solo", "Boeroeng Kakatua", and "Nina Bobo", and also sings jazz, which she claims is her favorite genre.

paragraph: Section::::Singer of the Century.

paragraph: In 2000, Grönloh was named "Singer of the Century" because of the record-breaking sales of "Brandend Zand". In the same year, she was also a participant on the television program Big Brother VIPS. In 2006 she released "Anneke and Friends", a DVD of her theater tours. Later that year she was part of the theater tour "Purple 100", replacing Corry Brokken who could not perform due to illness.

paragraph: Section::::End of career.

paragraph: Grönloh had retired due to health problems, having played her last show on 26 August 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Grönloh died on 14 September 2018, aged 76.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Asmara" (1960, in Indonesian)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flamenco Rock"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brandend Zand" (1961) – gold

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paradiso" (1962) – went platinum

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Soerabaja" (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cimeroni" (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oh Malaysia" (1963)

description: Dutch singer

wikidata_label: Anneke Grönloh

wikipedia_title: Anneke Grönloh


text:
Hawkstone
revivalist
Tory
member of Parliament
Shropshire
baronet
Attingham Park
Sir Brian Broughton, 3rd Baronet
Delves
Richard Hill
Rowland
Viscount Hill
Evangelical
Rowland Hill
Shrewsbury School
Westminster School
Magdalen College, Oxford
Methodists
Dissenters
George Whitfield
John Wesley
William Pitt the Younger
Nathaniel Wraxall
landscape garden
Rowland Hill
Protestant
Lord Mayor of London
Switzerland
Tahiti
William Hill
Attingham Park
Baron Berwick
Hawkstone Park
Richard Hill of Hawkstone
Rowland Hill
Viscount Hill
The Life of Sir Richard Hill, Bart.

categories: Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain,People from Shropshire,People educated at Shrewsbury School,British MPs 1790–1796,British MPs 1784–1790,People educated at Westminster School, London,Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford,English Methodists,1808 deaths,British MPs 1796–1800,1732 births,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies,British MPs 1780–1784

paragraph: Sir Richard Hill, 2nd Baronet

paragraph: Sir Richard Hill, 2nd Baronet of Hawkstone (6 June 1732 – 28 August 1808), was a prominent religious revivalist and Tory member of Parliament for Shropshire 1780-1806.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was the eldest son of Sir Rowland Hill, 1st baronet, who was also a first cousin of Thomas Hill, of Tern, (today Attingham Park); his mother was Jane, daughter of Sir Brian Broughton, 3rd Baronet, of Broughton, by Elizabeth Delves. The Hills of Hawkstone owed their status and fortune to the "Great Hill", the Hon. Richard Hill (1655-1727), diplomatist and statesman, great-uncle of Sir Richard Hill. His nephew, Rowland, was a distinguished soldier, created first Viscount Hill of Hawkstone (d. 1842), and his brother was the Evangelical preacher, also named Rowland Hill.

paragraph: Richard Hill was educated at Shrewsbury School, Westminster School and Magdalen College, Oxford. He became a writer of religious tracts, a patron of Methodists and tolerant of Dissenters, who supported George Whitfield against John Wesley. In Parliament he was a supporter of William Pitt the Younger. Nathaniel Wraxall writes that he was

paragraph: "one of the most upright, honest and disinterested men who ever sat in Parliament… but his religious cast of character laid him open to … ridicule. His manners were quaint and puritanical, his address shy and embarrassed. He possessed, however, a most benevolent disposition, together with a great estate, which enabled him to gratify his generous and philanthropic feelings."

paragraph: Hill developed the landscape garden at Hawkstone as one of the most notable and visited of the day, with its features of follies and grottos, and column surmounted by a statue of his ancestor, Sir Rowland Hill, the first Protestant Lord Mayor of London. He created a garden of epiphany, a landscape that would display God's majesty in the natural grandeur of Shropshire's rugged hills: "the smooth lawns gave it beauty; the lake and the ruin made it picturesque; and the craggy hills singled it out as one of the very few sublime gardens in the country." It had a 10-mile circuit of novel features, including scenes representing Switzerland and Tahiti. Its excited visitor was left perched on a ‘Raven’s Shelf’, below which cliffs dropped hundreds of feet.

paragraph: Sir Richard Hill's estate was large even by the standards of the day, but not without difficulties in its administration. In 1790 his steward, George Downward, was found negligent, but Hill did not discharge him. Extravagance continued: in 1796 Hill did not flinch from a very expensive parliamentary contest with his Attingham kinsmen, William Hill, and in 1816 the Hawkstone estate was hit hard by the failure of Thomas Eyton, receiver general of Shropshire.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attingham Park

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baron Berwick

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hawkstone Park

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Hill of Hawkstone

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rowland Hill

paragraph: BULLET::::- Viscount Hill

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rev. Edwin Sidney, "The Life of Sir Richard Hill, Bart." (R. B. Seeley and W. Burnside, London, 1839), xxiv, 533 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir L. B. Namier and J. Brooke (eds.), "The House of Commons, 1754-1790" (vol. 1), p. 624

description: Tory Member of Parliament for Shropshire, 1780-1806

wikidata_label: Sir Richard Hill, 2nd Baronet

wikipedia_title: Sir Richard Hill, 2nd Baronet


text:
football
West Bromwich Albion
Wales national team
Manchester United
Munich air disaster
1957–58 season
Israel
Red Star Belgrade
1958 FIFA World Cup
Ton Pentre
Glamorgan
church organ
Treorchy
Cardiff
West Bromwich Albion
Blackpool
1930–31
FA Cup
Second Division
First Division
1932–33
1934–35
1935 FA Cup Final
Sheffield Wednesday
Swindon Town
Second World War
Welsh national team
Matt Busby
Manchester United
Manchester United
FA Youth Cup
Busby Babes
Duncan Edwards
Bobby Charlton
Munich air disaster
1958 FA Cup Final
1958 FIFA World Cup
Pelé
Brazil
Juventus
Arsenal
Old Trafford
Tommy Docherty
Steve Coppell
Gordon Hill
Lee Martin
blue plaque
Philip Madoc
Best
David Tennant
BBC Two
United
Munich air disaster
First Division
1951–52
1955–56
1956–57
1964–65
1966–67
FA Cup
1947–48
1962–63
FA Charity Shield
1952
1956
1957
1965
1967
European Cup
1967–68
The Central League
FA Youth Cup
West Bromwich

categories: People from Rhondda,Wales international footballers,Welsh football managers,Wales national football team managers,1989 deaths,Welsh footballers,1910 births,West Bromwich Albion F.C. players,Manchester United F.C. managers,Swindon Town F.C. players,Welsh people of Irish descent,English Football League players,1958 FIFA World Cup managers,Manchester United F.C. non-playing staff

paragraph: Jimmy Murphy (footballer)

paragraph: James Patrick Murphy (8 August 1910 – 14 November 1989) was a Welsh football player who made over 200 appearances for West Bromwich Albion and won 15 caps for the Wales national team, which he later managed. Murphy is most famous for being an influential figure at Manchester United from 1946 until the 1970s, as assistant manager, first-team coach, reserve team manager and a full-time scout, although he disliked the limelight and preferred to work quietly behind the scenes. Following the Munich air disaster on 6 February 1958, Murphy temporarily took over as Manchester United manager until the end of the 1957–58 season, steering the club through its greatest crisis. Murphy had not been on the Munich aeroplane, as he had missed the trip in order to take charge of Wales against Israel in Cardiff on the same night as Manchester United's match against Red Star Belgrade in Yugoslavia. Wales' win that night ensured they qualified for the 1958 FIFA World Cup in Sweden.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Born in Ton Pentre, Glamorgan, Murphy attended Ton Pentre Village School and as a boy played the church organ. As a youth he played football for Ton Pentre Boys, Treorchy Thursday F.C., Treorchy Juniors and Mid-Rhondda Boys and in 1924 represented Wales in a schoolboy international against England in Cardiff. He turned professional in February 1928 when he joined West Bromwich Albion as a 17-year-old.

paragraph: Murphy made his debut in a 1–0 defeat away to Blackpool on 5 March 1930 and played one further league game during his first season. In the following season, 1930–31, West Bromwich Albion won the FA Cup and promotion from the Second Division, but Murphy had yet to establish himself in the team and again made just two appearances. He became a regular in the Albion side upon the club's return to the First Division; from 1931–32 to 1934–35 he appeared 149 times in league and cup, helping his team to achieve four consecutive top ten finishes, including fourth place in 1932–33. The 1934–35 season saw Murphy miss just one match all season, and he helped Albion to reach the 1935 FA Cup Final, which they lost 4–2 to Sheffield Wednesday.

paragraph: Murphy played more than 200 times for Albion, before moving to Swindon Town in 1939, but the Second World War ended his spell at Swindon almost as soon as it had begun. Murphy was also called up to the Welsh national team during the 1930s, winning 15 caps.

paragraph: Section::::Managerial career.

paragraph: During the Second World War, Murphy was giving a speech about football to a band of troops, and in attendance was Matt Busby. Busby was so impressed by Murphy's speech that, upon his appointment as manager of Manchester United, he made Murphy the first signing of his tenure at the club. Murphy had the role of "chief coach" from 1946 until 1955, and became assistant manager in 1955 after Manchester United won their third FA Youth Cup in a row. It was Murphy's responsibility at the club to train the young footballers who were to become the "Busby Babes", which included Duncan Edwards and Bobby Charlton. Prior to this the larger teams had mainly bought rather than developed their players but instead Busby decided to slowly replace the older and more experienced players in his team with their youth players.

paragraph: After the Munich air disaster of 6 February 1958, he temporarily took over as manager while Matt Busby recovered from his injuries and, having assembled a substitute team, steered United to the 1958 FA Cup Final. Murphy had not been on the fatal flight because he had been away managing the Welsh team in a World Cup qualifying game. Murphy managed Wales at the 1958 FIFA World Cup in Sweden when they reached the quarter-finals in their only appearance to date in a World Cup finals tournament. They lost 1–0 to Brazil (the eventual winners), to a goal by 17 year-old Pelé.

paragraph: Despite being approached to manage Brazil, Juventus and Arsenal, he remained as assistant manager at Old Trafford until 1971. Murphy chose never to become manager of the club because of his hate of the limelight, he loved working in the background but never aspired to fulfil the job of manager. From 1973, Murphy did scouting work for Manchester United, most famously during the managerial reign of Tommy Docherty, when Murphy urged Docherty to sign wingers Steve Coppell and Gordon Hill. Murphy died in November 1989, aged 79. In Murphy's honour, Manchester United commissioned the "Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year Award", to be given to the best player in the club's youth system in the previous season. It was first awarded the summer after Murphy's death, with Lee Martin receiving the inaugural award.

paragraph: On 23 March 2009, a blue plaque was placed on his former family home in Treharne Street, Pentre.

paragraph: He was portrayed by Philip Madoc in the 2000 film "Best", and by David Tennant in the 2011 BBC Two film "United", which centred on the Busby Babes and the Munich air disaster.

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.:Roles at Manchester United.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manager (temporary) (1958) – took over for five months after the Munich air disaster

paragraph: BULLET::::- Assistant manager (1955–1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chief coach (1946–1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reserve team manager (1946–1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Full-time scout (1946–1969 and 1973–1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scouting office clerk (1971–1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Part-time scout (1977–1989)

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:As a coach.

paragraph: Manchester United

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Division: 1951–52, 1955–56, 1956–57, 1964–65, 1966–67

paragraph: BULLET::::- FA Cup: 1947–48, 1962–63

paragraph: BULLET::::- FA Charity Shield: 1952, 1956, 1957, 1965 (shared), 1967 (shared)

paragraph: BULLET::::- European Cup: 1967–68

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Central League: 1946–47, 1955–56, 1959–60

paragraph: BULLET::::- FA Youth Cup: 1952–53, 1953–54, 1954–55, 1955–56, 1956–57, 1963–64

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Murphy married Winifred Powell at West Bromwich in 1935, and they had six children, Patricia (born 1936), John (born 1939), Philip (born 1941), Jimmy Jr. (born 1942), Nicholas (born 1948) and Anne (born 1949). They were married for 54 years until his death. Winifred outlived him by nine years, dying in 1998 at the age of 84.

description: Welsh footballer

wikidata_label: Jimmy Murphy

wikipedia_title: Jimmy Murphy (footballer)


text:
cricket
first-class cricket
Middlesex
Marylebone Cricket Club
Lord's Cricket Ground
Thirsk
Yorkshire
Roman Catholic
yeoman
Jacobite
Diss
Norfolk
London
bowler
White Conduit Club
Islington
Lord's Old Ground
Dorset Square
Essex
Lord
George Finch, 9th Earl of Winchilsea
Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond
Lord's Middle Ground
Regent's Canal
St John's Wood
William Ward
Bank of England
West Meon
Hampshire
Thomas Lord
Marylebone
Hambledon
Hambledon Cricket Club
Cricinfo page on Thomas Lord
CricketArchive
MCC site
Harry Altham
Derek Birley
Rowland Bowen
Samuel Britcher
G. B. Buckley
H. T. Waghorn
Arthur Haygarth
John Major
Sir Pelham Warner

categories: 1755 births,Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers,People from Thirsk,English cricketers,English cricketers of 1787 to 1825,Hampshire cricketers,Non-international England cricketers,Middlesex cricketers,Lord's,1832 deaths,Old Etonians cricketers,Epsom cricketers

paragraph: Thomas Lord

paragraph: Thomas Lord (23 November 1755 – 13 January 1832) was an English professional cricketer who played first-class cricket from 1787 to 1802. He made a brief comeback, playing in one further match in 1815. Overall, Lord made 90 known appearances in first-class cricket. He was mostly associated with Middlesex and with Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) as a ground staff bowler.

paragraph: Lord is best remembered as the founder of Lord's Cricket Ground.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Lord was born in Thirsk, Yorkshire, in what is now the town museum. His father was a Roman Catholic yeoman, who had his lands sequestered for supporting the Jacobite rising in 1745 and afterwards he had to work as a labourer. The Lord family later moved to Diss, Norfolk, where Thomas Lord was brought up. Once he was out of childhood, Lord moved to London and got a job as a bowler and general attendant at the White Conduit Club in Islington.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Lord is known to have begun playing about 1780 but his first recorded game was on his "own ground", now referred to as Lord's Old Ground, at the current site of Dorset Square on 31 May 1787 when he played for Middlesex v. Essex. Lord has never been given much credit as a player but the match records of the 1790s indicate that he was a very good bowler, although it is true that his opposition was not always of the highest standard.

paragraph: In 1786 Lord was approached by George Finch, 9th Earl of Winchilsea, and Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond, who were the leading members of the White Conduit Club. They wanted Lord to find a more private venue for their club and offered him a guarantee against any losses he might suffer. In May 1787, Lord acquired seven acres (28,000 m²) off Dorset Square and started his first ground. White Conduit relocated there and soon afterwards formed, or merged into, the new Marylebone Cricket Club.

paragraph: The lease on the first ground ended in 1810 and Lord obtained an eighty-year lease on two fields, the Brick and Great Fields at North Bank, St John's Wood. The second venue, now referred to as Lord's Middle Ground, was built by 1809 when the first games were played there by St John's Wood Cricket Club. This was later merged into MCC who relocated to the Middle Ground in 1811. In 1813 Parliament requisitioned the land for the Regent's Canal, which was cut through the site, thereby necessitating a further move.

paragraph: Section::::Lord's third ground.

paragraph: Lord then moved his ground to the present site in St John's Wood, literally taking his turf with him. It opened in 1814. Lord was not, however, making enough money and therefore obtained permission to develop part of the ground for housing, a move which would have left only 150 square yards of playing area. To counter his plan, Lord was bought out for £5,000 by prominent MCC member William Ward, a noted batsman who was also a director of the Bank of England. Despite the change of ownership, the ground has continued to bear Lord's name.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement.

paragraph: Lord remained in St John's Wood till 1830 when he retired to West Meon in Hampshire, where he died in 1832. His son, also Thomas Lord, and born in Marylebone on 27 December 1794, was also a first-class cricketer.

paragraph: Thomas Lord is buried in the churchyard of St John's Church at West Meon. The village has a public house named after him and is just a few miles from Hambledon, home of the famous Hambledon Cricket Club.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cricinfo page on Thomas Lord

paragraph: BULLET::::- CricketArchive

paragraph: BULLET::::- MCC site

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harry Altham, "A History of Cricket, Volume 1 (to 1914)", George Allen & Unwin, 1926.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Derek Birley, "A Social History of English Cricket", Aurum, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rowland Bowen, "Cricket: A History of its Growth and Development", Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1970.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Samuel Britcher, "A list of all the principal Matches of Cricket that have been played (1790 to 1805)".

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. B. Buckley, "Fresh Light on 18th Century Cricket", Cotterell, 1935.

paragraph: BULLET::::- H. T. Waghorn, "The Dawn of Cricket", Electric Press, 1906.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur Haygarth, "Scores & Biographies, Volume 1 (1744-1826)", Lillywhite, 1862.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Major, "More Than a Game: the story of cricket's early years", Harper Collins, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lord's 1787-1945" by Sir Pelham Warner .

description: English cricketer, founder of Lord's Cricket Ground

wikidata_label: Thomas Lord

wikipedia_title: Thomas Lord


text:
noble
szlachcic
magnate
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Courtier
Court Marshal
king
Stefan Batory
Sigismund III Vasa
Wladyslaw IV Waza
Starost
Kokenhaus
Krosno
Bacicko
Mukarowo
Solecko
Klobucko
Battle of Kircholm
defense of Chocim
funeral
Zofia Warszewicka
Zofia Kazanowska
Elżbieta Humnicka
Helena Kazanowska
Katarzyna Kazanowska
Aleksandra Kazanowska
Stanisław Kazanowski
Adam Kazanowski
crown prince
St.John Chapel in Warsaw

paragraph: Zygmunt Kazanowski

paragraph: Zygmunt Kazanowski (1563–1634) was a noble (szlachcic), magnate in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Courtier and Court Marshal of kings Stefan Batory, Sigismund III Vasa and teacher of Wladyslaw IV Waza. From 1613 Starost of Kokenhaus and Krosno, from 1617 starost of Bacicko, from 1633 starost of Mukarowo, Solecko and Klobucko and Court Chamberlain.

paragraph: Zygmunt was a soldier, and spend much time fighting for his country. He took part in the Battle of Kircholm, and the defense of Chocim. For his military valor and experience he became teacher to Zygmunt's son, Wladyslaw. During the funerals of king Zygmunt and queen Konstancja he carried the royal insignia.

paragraph: He was first married to Zofia Warszewicka around 1591 and they had daughter Zofia Kazanowska. In 1615 he married Elżbieta Humnicka, with whom he had several children: Helena Kazanowska, Katarzyna Kazanowska, Aleksandra Kazanowska, Stanisław Kazanowski (?–1648), Adam Kazanowski (1599–1649).

paragraph: In 1627 he ceded villages of Grzymałów, Kazanów i Ciepielów to his sons. His sons raised together with crown prince Wladyslaw (crowned in 1634) gained much influence over the young prince. Especially Adam used to extend his family wealth, when Wladyslaw often lavishly showered him with expensive gifts.

paragraph: Zygmunt died in 1634 and was buried in the St.John Chapel in Warsaw.

description: Polish-Lithuanian noble

wikidata_label: Zygmunt Kazanowski

wikipedia_title: Zygmunt Kazanowski


text:
Greek
epithet
Gandhara
Pushkalavati
Pakistan
Afghanistan
Indo-Greek
Indo-Scythian
Maues
Menander II
Apollodotus II
Bopearachchi
Bopearachchi
Artemis
Nike
Scythian
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
Seleucid Empire
Greco-Buddhism
Indo-Scythians
Indo-Parthian Kingdom
Kushan Empire
Coins of Artemidoros
More Coins of Artemidoros

paragraph: Artemidoros Aniketos

paragraph: Artemidoros Aniketos (Greek: ; epithet means "the Invincible") was a king who ruled in the area of Gandhara and Pushkalavati in modern northern Pakistan and Afghanistan.

paragraph: Section::::A son of Maues?

paragraph: Artemidoros has a Greek name and has traditionally been seen as an Indo-Greek king. His remaining coins generally feature portraits of Artemidoros and Hellenistic deities and are typical of Indo-Greek rulers, but on a coin described by numismatician R. C. Senior, Artemidoros seems to claim to be the son of the Indo-Scythian king Maues. Not only does this coin enable a closer dating of Artemidoros; it also sheds new light on the transient ethnic identities during the decline of the Indo-Greek kingdom.

paragraph: While Maues was 'Great King of Kings', Artemidoros only styled himself King; it appears as though he ruled only a smaller part of his father's dominions. He was either challenged by or ruled in tandem with other kings such as Menander II, whose coins have been found alongside his, and Apollodotus II.

paragraph: Section::::A son of Maues?:New evaluation.

paragraph: In a 2009 article however, Bopearachchi disputes the interpretation of the coin according to which Artemidoros would be son of Maues. The analysis of several similar coins in good condition and cleaned-up reveals that the obverse should be read "rajatirajasa moasa putrasa ca artemidorosa", the "ca" (pronounced "cha") meaning "and", which opens the way to a possible translation being "King of kings Maues, and the son of Artemidoros". This would suggest that the son of Artemidoros would have issued coins in the name of his father, recognizing at the same time the suzerainty of Maues. In that case, Artemidoros would have been a regular Indo-Greek king, whose son simply made a transition with the rule of Maues.

paragraph: Section::::Time of rule.

paragraph: Bopearachchi has suggested a date of c. 85-80 BCE, but this was before the appearance of the Maues coin. Senior's dating is wider, c. 100–80 BCE, because Senior has given Maues an earlier date.

paragraph: Section::::Coins.

paragraph: During the 1990s, several new types of Artemidoros' coins appeared, of variable quality. R. C. Senior has suggested that Artemidoros relied mostly on temporary mints, perhaps because he held no major cities. All his coins were Indian bilinguals.

paragraph: Silver:

paragraph: Obverse: diademed or helmeted bust of king.

paragraph: Reverse: Artemis facing left or right, Nike facing left or right, or king on horseback.

paragraph: Artemis, the eponymous goddess of hunting, is seen using a curved bow, which may have been typical of Scythian tribes and further supports his affiliation with them.

paragraph: Bronzes:

paragraph: Artemis / humped bull or Artemis / lion.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Bactrian Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seleucid Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Buddhism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Scythians

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Parthian Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kushan Empire

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Shape of Ancient Thought. Comparative studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies" by Thomas McEvilley (Allworth Press and the School of Visual Arts, 2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Greeks in Bactria and India", W. W. Tarn, Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coins of Artemidoros

paragraph: BULLET::::- More Coins of Artemidoros

wikidata_label: Artemidoros

wikipedia_title: Artemidoros Aniketos


text: American

text: talk radio

text: Orlando, Florida

text: WFLA AM 540 (WFLF)

text: Glen Rock, New Jersey

text: Colgate University

text: Syracuse University

text: the Colgate Thirteen

text: a cappella

text: news anchor

text: Syracuse, New York

text: WFTV

text: ABC

text: WTVF

text: CBS

text: Nashville

text: The CW

text: WKCF

text: iHeartMedia

text: WFLA

text: Bush

categories: Radio personalities from Orlando, Florida,People from Glen Rock, New Jersey,1947 births,American television news anchors,Syracuse University alumni,Colgate University alumni,Bowling broadcasters,Television anchors from Orlando, Florida,American talk radio hosts,Living people,Weather presenters

paragraph: Bud Hedinger

paragraph: John Harris Brady "Bud" Hedinger III (born January 23, 1947) is an American talk radio host in the Orlando, Florida area on station WFLA AM 540 (WFLF).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Glen Rock, New Jersey, his mother nicknamed him "Bud" the day he was born.

paragraph: He received a bachelor's degree from Colgate University and a master's degree from Syracuse University. During his time at Colgate Hedinger was a member and assistant leader of the Colgate Thirteen, America's most widely heard and second oldest collegiate a cappella group.

paragraph: From 1969 until 1986, Hedinger was a television news weatherman, news anchor, and bowling show host in Syracuse, New York. He worked at WFTV Channel 9, the ABC television affiliate in Orlando from 1986 until 1989. Hedinger then spent time as an anchor for WTVF NewsChannel 5, the CBS affiliate in Nashville, before returning to Orlando in 1993. He then worked as an anchor at the Orlando affiliate of The CW television network, WKCF Channel 18, for the 10 o'clock news prior to moving on to his current position in radio for iHeartMedia's WFLA 102.5FM and WFLA 540AM Orlando simulcast.

paragraph: Hedinger likes to give credit to the Bush administration by saying there have been "x" number of days since a terrorist attack in the United States. He often opens his shows with an announcer saying, "It's all right, have another Bud," in reference to his name.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bud Hedinger Live Podcasts on WFLA-FM 540 website

description: Talk Radio Host

wikidata_label: Bud Hedinger

wikipedia_title: Bud Hedinger


text:
Orontid Armenian
Commagene
Sames II Theosebes Dikaios
Syria
Laodice VII Thea
Greek culture
Antiochus I Theos of Commagene
Commagene
List of rulers of Commagene
Mount Nemrut
Laodice VII

categories: 1st-century BC rulers in Asia,Kings of Commagene,70 BC deaths,Year of birth unknown,2nd-century BC rulers in Asia

paragraph: Mithridates I Callinicus

paragraph: Mithridates I Callinicus () was a king of Orontid Armenian descent who lived during the late 2nd century BC and early 1st century BC. Mithridates was a prince, the son, and successor of King of Commagene, Sames II Theosebes Dikaios. Before his succession in 109 BC, he married the Syrian Greek Princess Laodice VII Thea as a part of a peace alliance. Mithridates embraced Greek culture. Laodice bore Mithridates a son, Antiochus I Theos of Commagene (c. 86 BC–38 BC), a prince and future king of Commagene. Mithridates died in 70 BC and Antiochus succeeded him.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commagene

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of rulers of Commagene

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mount Nemrut

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laodice VII

wikidata_label: Mithridates I Callinicus

wikipedia_title: Mithridates I Callinicus


text: Coro

text: Falcón State

text: Venezuela

text: Caracas

text: Nueva canción

text: national heritage

text: Paraguaná Peninsula

text: Caja de Agua

text: Las Piedras

text: La Vela de Coro

text: Punto Fijo

text: Caracas

text: Central University of Venezuela

text: Universidad de los Andes

text: Communist Party of Venezuela

text: Romania

text: Autopista

text: Caracas

text: gaita

text: Zulia State

text: Alí Primera in Cuba

text: "Learn to play his songs"

text: "Mipunto.com – Temas – Alí Primera"

text: "Alí Primera – 20 años de sobrevida"

categories: Venezuelan socialists,Venezuelan male singers,1942 births,20th-century composers,Venezuelan composers,Road incident deaths in Venezuela,1985 deaths,Male composers,20th-century singers,People from Falcón

paragraph: Alí Primera

paragraph: Alí Rafael Primera Rosell (31 October 1942 – 16 February 1985) was a Venezuelan musician, composer, poet, and political activist. He was born in Coro, Falcón State, Venezuela and died in Caracas. He was one of the best known representatives of Nueva canción ("new song") in Venezuela – his songs "condemning exploitation and repression, and celebrating resistance, struck a chord among a wide public," and he is known in Venezuela as "El Cantor del Pueblo" ("The People's Singer"). In 2005 the Venezuelan government declared his music to be national heritage.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Alí Primera was baptized as Rafael Sebastián Primera Rosell by his parents Antonio Primera and Carmen Adela Rossell; he was known as Alí because his grandparents were Arabs. Poor from the start, he lost his father when he was three. His father, who served as an official in Coro, died accidentally during a shooting incident that occurred when some prisoners tried to escape from the jail in town in 1945. As Primera was still quite young when his father died, he travelled with his mother and 2 siblings through different towns on the Paraguaná Peninsula, including San José, Caja de Agua, where he graduated from elementary school; Las Piedras and finally, La Vela de Coro, near Punto Fijo. It was in this town that Primera worked a number of jobs, from a shoeshiner at the age of 6 to a boxer, due to the miserable conditions his family lived in. These jobs did not, however, discourage him from continuing his studies.

paragraph: In 1960, Primera and his family left La Vela looking for a better life and moved to Caracas, where he enrolled in the "Liceo Caracas" in order to complete his education. After he graduated in 1964, he enrolled at the Central University of Venezuela to study Chemistry at the Faculty of Science. While at the university, he started singing and composing music. At first, it was a just a hobby for him, but it gradually came to take up all of his time. His first songs, "Humanidad" and "No basta rezar", the latter of which was presented at the Festival of Protest Songs organized by the Universidad de los Andes in 1967, propelled him to fame.

paragraph: Section::::The People's Singer.

paragraph: Between 1969 and 1973, Primera lived in Europe thanks to a scholarship he received in 1968 from the Communist Party of Venezuela to continue his studies in Romania. Once in Europe, he earned a living by washing dishes and occasionally sang in places that respected his work. He recorded his first album "Gente de mi tierra" in a studio in Germany. Primera's compositions talk about the suffering of the people, destroyed by poverty and social inequality. Because of his songs, he quickly made his way into the hearts of the people and soon became known as "El Cantor del Pueblo" or "The People's Singer".

paragraph: Section::::Primera's work at the time of his death.

paragraph: Primera died in a car accident on 16 February 1985 on the Autopista Valle-Coche in Caracas. Before his death, Alí Primera had started a new album at the end of 1984 that combined the recurring themes of his songs with beats that he had never used before such as the gaita from Zulia State in his country Venezuela.

paragraph: Only four of the songs which were recorded by Primera had only vocals. When he died, Alí was actually driving back from a recording session. Weeks after the accident, his brother José Montecano (Also musician and composer) decided to complete the project. The album was called "Por si no lo sabía" (If you didn't know'), it was a success and was the very first one of Ali's album to ever make it into TV promotion. Alí never appeared on TV.

paragraph: Al año siguiente, la disquera Cigarrón acordó editar el álbum "Alí ¡En Vivo!", un trabajo grabado pocos años antes en el Auditorio "Magdalena Seijas" del Instituto Universitario Pedagógico de Barquisimeto. La presentación, en la cual Primera incluyó el Himno Nacional de Venezuela ("Gloria Al Bravo Pueblo"), fue realizada para celebrar el aniversario de un programa radial de música de protesta latinoamericana.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alí Primera in Cuba

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Learn to play his songs"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "ENcontrARTE – Revista Cultural Alternativa"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mipunto.com – Temas – Alí Primera"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alí Primera – 20 años de sobrevida"

description: Venezuelan musician

wikidata_label: Alí Primera

wikipedia_title: Alí Primera


text:
Julia the Younger
Augustus
Lucius Aemilius Paullus
Scribonia
Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (6-39)
Drusilla
Claudius
Julia the Younger
Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus
the patrician branch
gens Junia
Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus
Nero
Junia Calvina
fl.
Lucius Vitellius
Vitellius
Claudius
Nero
Decimus Junius Silanus Torquatus
Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus
Octavia
Claudius
Agrippina
Junia Lepida
Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus
Agrippina the Younger
Nero
Domitia Lepida
Valeria Messalina
Junia (gens)
Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus
De Vita Caesarum
Publius Cornelius Tacitus

categories: Aemilii Lepidi,Aemilii,5 BC births,Place of death missing,1st-century Roman women,Place of birth missing,Julio-Claudian dynasty,43 deaths,1st-century BC Roman women

paragraph: Aemilia Lepida (fiancee of Claudius)

paragraph: Aemilia Lepida (5 BC – c. 43 AD) was a noble Roman woman and matron. She was the eldest daughter and first-born child of Julia the Younger (the first granddaughter of the Emperor Augustus) and consul Lucius Aemilius Paullus. Her father was of a distinguished and ancient patrician family. She was the first great-grandchild of Emperor Augustus, noblewoman Scribonia and a great-grandchild of consul Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus (brother of the triumvir Marcus Aemilius Lepidus). Aemilia Lepida was the sister of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (6-39) who was married to Caligula's favorite sister Drusilla and who was executed in Caligula's reign.

paragraph: In her younger years, Lepida was betrothed to Claudius, but her parents fell out of favour with Augustus so the emperor broke off the engagement. In AD 8, her mother Julia the Younger (otherwise called Vipsania Julia) was exiled for adultery, like her own mother Julia. Her father Lucius was executed in 14 for participating in a conspiracy against Augustus.

paragraph: By AD 13, Lepida had married Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus, a member of the patrician branch of the ancient gens Junia. Their children were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus (AD 14-54), consul in 46, put to death in order to ensure the succession of Nero, and to prevent him from avenging the death of his brother, Lucius.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Junia Calvina (fl. AD 79), married Lucius Vitellius, a brother of the future emperor Vitellius. Accused of incest with her youngest brother, she was exiled by Claudius, only to be recalled ten years later by the emperor Nero.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Decimus Junius Silanus Torquatus (d. AD 64), consul in 53, forced by Nero to commit suicide after being accused of boasting of his descent from Augustus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus (d. AD 49), praetor in 48, he was engaged to Octavia, daughter of Claudius. Agrippina spread a rumor that he had committed incest with his sister, as a result of which he was expelled from the Senate and deprived of his office. He committed suicide on the day that Claudius and Agrippina were married.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Junia Lepida who married Gaius Cassius Longinus, and raised her nephew Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus the younger (50-66) after his father, Marcus, was murdered.

paragraph: The time of her death is not known. She is sometimes said to have been poisoned on the orders of Agrippina the Younger during the reign of Nero, but this Lepida was evidently Domitia Lepida, the mother of Valeria Messalina and the "second" wife of Appius Junius Silanus.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Junia (gens)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, "De Vita Caesarum, Claudius", 26.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Publius Cornelius Tacitus, "Annales".

wikidata_label: Aemilia Lepida

wikipedia_title: Aemilia Lepida (fiancee of Claudius)


text: Leinster

text: Justiciar of Ireland

text: Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland

text: Norman French

text: Striguil

text: William Marshall

text: Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke

text: Earl of Pembroke

text: Henry II of England

text: Stephen of England

text: Empress Matilda

text: marcher lordship

text: Striguil

text: Chepstow

text: Monmouthshire

text: River Wye

text: Diarmait Mac Murchada

text: Leinster

text: Diarmait Mac Murchada

text: Kingdom of Leinster

text: High King of Ireland

text: Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair

text: Dervorgilla

text: King of Breifne

text: Tiernan O'Rourke

text: Henry II

text: Bristol

text: Bannow

text: Aquitaine

text: Wales

text: Welsh Marches

text: Aoife

text: Welsh

text: Raymond FitzGerald

text: Wexford

text: Waterford

text: Dublin

text: Donal MacMurrough-Kavanagh

text: Brehon Laws

text: Hervey de Montmorency

text: war in France

text: rebellion by his sons

text: Connaught

text: Raymond FitzGerald

text: Waterford

text: Aoife MacMurrough

text: Gilbert de Clare, 3rd Earl of Pembroke

text: in her own right

text: Sir William Marshal

text: Richard I

text: John the Marshal

text: Patrick, Earl of Salisbury

text: Holy Trinity Church

text: Lawrence

text: Dublin

text: Aoife

text: Christ Church Cathedral

text: effigy

text: Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin

text: St Edan's Cathedral, Ferns

text: Christ Church Cathedral, Waterford

text: Dominican priory, Kilkenny

text: Gloucester cathedral

text: Strongbow

text: The Song of Dermot and the Earl

text: De Lacy

text: Kilkenny Castle

categories: Anglo-Normans in Ireland,People from Tonbridge,Anglo-Normans in Wales,1130 births,De Clare family,Earls of Pembroke (1138),People from Pembrokeshire,Earls of Buckingham,1176 deaths,Bush family

paragraph: Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke

paragraph: Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (of the first creation), Lord of Leinster, Justiciar of Ireland (113020 April 1176) was an Anglo-Norman nobleman notable for his leading role in the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland. Like his father, Richard fitz Gilbert has since become commonly known by his nickname Strongbow (Norman French: "Arc-Fort") which may be a mistranscription or mistranslation of Striguil.

paragraph: His son Gilbert de Striguil, or Strigoil, died unmarried before 1189. As a minor, he never became an earl, thus the earldom was passed with Richard's daughter Isabel to her spouse William Marshall.

paragraph: Section::::Cognomen.

paragraph: Richard's cognomen Strongbow has become the name he is best known by, but it is unlikely that he was called that at the time. Cognomens of other Cambro-Norman and Norman lords were exclusively Norman-French as the nobility spoke French and, with few exceptions, official documents were written in Latin during this period. The confusion seems to have arisen when Richard's name was being translated into Latin. In the Domesday Exchequer annals between 1300 and 1304 (over 120 years after his death) it was written as ""Ricardus cognomento Stranghose Comes Strugulliae" (Richard known as Stranghose earl of Striguil)." This chronicler erroneously has attributed Stranghose (foreign leggings) as a cognomen, where it is much more likely a variant spelling or mistranscription of Striguil, which is called Strangboge, Stranboue or Stranbohe in other transcriptions. It is in the fourteenth century that we have Richard's name finally rendered as Strongbow "Earl Richard son of Gilbert Strongbow [earl of Shropshire]."

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Richard was the son of Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke and Isabel de Beaumont. Richard's father died in about 1148, when he was roughly 18 years old, and Richard inherited the title 'count of Strigoil' Earl of Pembroke. It is probable that this title was not recognized at Henry II's coronation in 1154. As the son of the first 'earl', he succeeded to his father's estates in 1148, but was deprived of the title by King Henry II of England in 1154 for siding with King Stephen of England against Henry's mother, the Empress Matilda. Richard was in fact, called by his contemporaries Count Striguil, for his marcher lordship of Striguil where he had a fortress at a place now called Chepstow, in Monmouthshire on the River Wye. He saw an opportunity to reverse his bad fortune in 1168 when he met Diarmait Mac Murchada, the deposed King of Leinster.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Dispossession of the King of Leinster.

paragraph: In 1167, Diarmait Mac Murchada was deprived of the Kingdom of Leinster by the High King of Ireland – Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair. The grounds for the dispossession were that Mac Murchada had, in 1152, abducted Dervorgilla, the wife of the King of Breifne, Tiernan O'Rourke (). To recover his kingdom, Mac Murchada solicited help from the King of England – Henry II. The deposed king embarked for Bristol from near Bannow on 1 August 1166. He met Henry in Aquitaine in the Autumn of 1166. Henry could not help him at this time, but provided a letter of comfort for willing supporters of Mac Murchada's cause in his kingdom. However, after his return to Wales, he failed to rally any forces to his standard. He eventually met the count of Striguil (nicknamed "Strongbow") and other barons of the Welsh Marches. Mac Murchada came to an agreement with Richard de Clare: for the Earl's assistance with an army the following spring, he could have Aoife, Mac Murchada's eldest daughter in marriage and the succession to Leinster. As Henry's approval or licence to Mac Murchada was a general one, the count of Striguil thought it prudent to obtain Henry's specific consent to travel to Ireland: he waited two years to do this. The licence he got was to aid Mac Murchada in the recovery of his kingdom of Leinster.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:The re-taking of Leinster.

paragraph: Mac Murchada and Richard de Clare raised a large army, which included Welsh archers and arranged for Raymond FitzGerald (also known as Raymond "le Gros") to lead it. The force took the Ostman towns of Wexford, Waterford, and Dublin in rapid succession between 1169 and 1170. Richard de Clare, however, was not with the first invading party and arrived later, in August 1170.

paragraph: In May 1171, Diarmait Mac Murchada died and his son, Donal MacMurrough-Kavanagh (), claimed the kingdom of Leinster in accordance with his rights under the Brehon Laws. Richard de Clare also claimed the kingship in the right of his wife. At this time, Strongbow sent his uncle, Hervey de Montmorency, on an embassy to Henry II. This was necessary to appease the King who was growing restive at the count's increasing power. Upon his return, de Montmorency conveyed the King's terms – the return of Richard de Clare's lands in France, England, and Wales as well as leaving him in possession of his Irish lands. In return, Richard de Clare surrendered Dublin, Waterford, and other fortresses to the English king. Henry's intervention was successful and both the Gaelic and Norman lords in the south and east of Ireland accepted his rule; Richard de Clare also agreed to assist Henry II in his coming war in France.

paragraph: Henry crossed over to Ireland in October 1172 and stayed in Ireland six months. He put his own men into nearly all the important places, Richard keeping only Kildare. In 1173 Richard went in person to France to help Henry II during the rebellion by his sons, being reinstated in Leinster as a reward. In 1174 he advanced into Connaught and was severely defeated, but subsequently Raymond FitzGerald re-established his supremacy in Leinster.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: By an unknown mistress, Richard de Clare fathered two daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aline de Clare, who married William FitzMaurice FitzGerald, baron of Naas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Basilia de Clare, who married Robert de Quenci, Constable of Leinster

paragraph: On about 26 August 1171 in Reginald's Tower, Waterford, Richard de Clare married MacMurrough's daughter, Aoife MacMurrough (anglicised as "Eva"). Their children were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gilbert de Clare, 3rd Earl of Pembroke, a minor who died in 1185

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel de Clare, 4th Countess of Pembroke, who became Countess of Pembroke in her own right in 1185 (on the death of her brother) until her own death in 1220.

paragraph: King Henry II had promised Sir William Marshal that he would be given Isabel as his bride, and his son Richard I upheld the promise one month after his ascension to the throne. The earldom was given to her husband as her consort. Marshall was the son of John the Marshal, by Sibylle, the sister of Patrick, Earl of Salisbury.

paragraph: Richard de Clare died in June 1176 of some type of infection in his leg or foot. He was buried in Holy Trinity Church in Dublin with his uncle-in-law, Lawrence, Archbishop of Dublin, presiding. King Henry II took all of Strongbow's lands and castles for himself and placed a royal official in charge of them. He guarded well the inheritance of Isabel. Eve was given her dower rights and possibly held Striguil [Chepstow] as part of those dower rights until the Welsh rebellion of 1184/85. There is a record of Eve confirming a charter in Ireland in 1188/89 as "comtissa de Hibernia".

paragraph: Richard de Clare's widow, Aoife, lived on and was last recorded in a charter of 1188.

paragraph: There are no known extant records of the personal lives of Richard de Clare and Eve. We know that this young red-haired son of Gilbert de Clare Earl of Pembroke survived the years of being deprived of his rightful inheritance. He took the gamble that Dermot MacMurchada offered. He conquered and re-constituted his inherited lordship of Leinster, married the golden-haired Eve, and re-gained the respect of king Henry II. Two interesting questions arise for which there is no known extant contemporary records. Did Richard de Clare perhaps meet the man who would be his daughter's husband in the 1173 rebellion of the young King Henry? Would Richard de Clare have approved of the knight William Marshal who married his daughter Isabel and not only regained all the land, castles and titles that Richard de Clare should have inherited, but added greatly to them?

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Richard de Clare was first interred in Dublin's Christ Church Cathedral where an alleged effigy can be viewed. Richard de Clare's actual tomb-effigy was destroyed when the roof of the Cathedral collapsed in 1562. The one on display dates from around the 15th century, bears the coat of arms of an unknown knight, and is the effigy of another local knight. Richard de Clare was buried in Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin within sight of the cross according to an eyewitness, Giraldus Cambrensis. There is little evidence to support the tradition that he was buried either in St Edan's Cathedral, Ferns, Christ Church Cathedral, Waterford or Dominican priory, Kilkenny. References to 'de Clare' being buried in Gloucester cathedral refer to his father, while those to 'Strongbow' in Tintern abbey refer probably to Walter or Anselm Marshall, both of whom died in 1245.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: The English cider brand Strongbow is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dáibhí Ó Cróinín, "Early Medieval Ireland 400–1200" (London; New York: Longman Press, 1995) pp. 6, 281, 287, 289

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Song of Dermot and the Earl

paragraph: BULLET::::- De Lacy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kilkenny Castle

alias:
Strongbow
Richard de Clare
Richard Fitzgilbert de Clare
Arc-Fort

description: Cambro-Norman lord in Ireland

wikidata_label: Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke

wikipedia_title: Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke