text:
IJmuiden
Netherlands
DJ Sammy
Life Is Just A Game
Paradisio
Bailando
Hijo de la Luna
Mecano
Lunita
Dónde Vas
Latino Lover
You're the Greatest Lover
Luv'
In 2 Eternity
Sunlight
Don Henley
The Boys of Summer
Heaven
Rise Again
Eric Clapton
Tears In Heaven
Wind of Time
Procol Harum
A Whiter Shade of Pale
Peter Sarstedt
Where Do You Go to My Lovely
Ralph McTell
Streets Of London
Sting
Fragile
Bob Dylan
Blowin' In The Wind
David Bisbal
Popstars
Sido
Detlef Soost
Vamos a la playa
Miranda
Pigbag
Playboy
Taylor Dayne
Brazil
Francisco Alves
Aquarela do Brasil
FIFA World Cup
extended play
Brazil
Ademloos door de Nacht
German
Helene Fischer
Atemlos durch die Nacht
Paradisio
Mecano
Herbert Grönemeyer
Luv'
Elvis Presley
Sezen Aksu
David Bisbal
Donna Summer
Don Henley
Cidinho & Doca
Miranda
Pigbag
Taylor Dayne
Barry Manilow
Helene Fischer
Francisco Alves
Gebroeders Ko
Lunita
Wind of Time
Official website

categories: Spanish-language singers,Dutch expatriates in Germany,Dutch pop singers,Living people,21st-century Dutch singers,People from Velsen,Dutch people of Spanish descent,Dutch female singers,Eurodance musicians,1974 births

paragraph: Loona (singer)

paragraph: Marie-José van der Kolk (born 16 September 1974), better known by her stage name Loona, is a Dutch singer, songwriter and dancer.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:1994–98: Beginnings and "Life Is Just a Game".

paragraph: Van der Kolk was born on 16 September 1974 in IJmuiden, Netherlands. In 1991, she met DJ and producer DJ Sammy at Zorba's Club in El Arenal Mallorca. In 1992, DJ Sammy became resident DJ at the Joy Palace Club in El Arenal, while Van der Kolk was a resident dancer there, for whom she started to be a background singer for live performances. She soon adopted the stage name "Carisma" and performed as a freatured artist on DJ Sammy's music. In 1996, they released their first singles "Life is Just a Game" and "You Are My Angel", which was their first hit. In 1997, with the release of their third single "Prince of Love", they scored a Top 30 hit in Germany, followed by the singles "Golden Child" and "Magic Moment". DJ Sammy's debut studio album "Life Is Just A Game", which heavily involved van der Kolk on vocals, peaked at 62 in the German album chart. In the Summer of 1998. van der Kolk came up with a new project called Loona (leaned on the Spanish word "luna" for "moon"), also produced by DJ Sammy. Originally started as a Duo, DJ Sammy stayed in the background for music videos and cover arts. The first single, which also appeared as a bonus track on "Life is Just a Game", was a cover of Paradisio's song "Bailando" and it became the summer song of 1998 in Germany, reaching the number 1 of the German charts and Echo-awarded as "Best International Dance Single". By Autumn, it was followed by another single "Hijo de la Luna" (a cover of the Spanish band Mecano) which also reached number 1 on the German charts. These two singles sold millions and became gold- and platinum selling records in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:1999–00: "Lunita" and "Entre dos Aguas".

paragraph: In 1999, Loona's first studio album titled "Lunita" has been released, followed by the third and final single, the Top 30 hit "Dónde Vas". The song "Mamboleo", a cover version of Herbert Grönemeyer's song "Mambo", from the second album "Entre dos Aguas" has been released, which was also Echo-awarded as "Best Dance Single". Due to a lawsuit set up by Herbert Grönemeyer, a second black and white music video was shot, and finally both videos banned from music stations to be played for just one day of airing, after the infringement case. The song itself then had to be removed from "Entre dos Aguas", the re-issued versions of the album does not include the track and only can be found on rare and early pressings (Still the song re-appeared and included on Loona's first compilation album "Greatest Hits" later in 2000). "Entre dos Aguas" saw the three more single releases "Salvador Dalí", another cover of the Spanish band Mecano, "La Vida es una Flor" and the Christmas single "Navidad", becoming minor hits and didn't reached the Top 50 in Germany. In 2000, Loona's first compilation album "Greatest Hits" and its first single, "Latino Lover" (a Spanish remake of "You're the Greatest Lover" by the pop band Luv'), was released and peaked at #6 in German and Swiss single chart. In 1999, van der Kolk again provided guest vocals as Carisma for DJ Sammy's single "In 2 Eternity" from his first remix album "DJ Sammy at Work (In the Mix)".

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:2001–02: "Baila mi Ritmo" and "Colors".

paragraph: In 2001, Loona released the singles "Baila mi Ritmo" and "Viva el Amor" followed by her second compilation album "Baila mi Ritmo". "Viva el Amor" became a number 1 hit in Spain. In 2002, she released the singles "Rhythm of the Night" and "Colors" from the third studio album "Colors". For this album, Loona experimented with a more mature and oriental sound, which can be heard on songs like "Land of broken dreams", "If you want my love" or on the third single release and #4 hit "Rhythm of the Night", a remake of "Hadi Bakalim" from Sezen Aksu's 1991 album "Gülümse". In 2002, van der Kolk continued providing guest vocals for DJ Sammy's singles "Sunlight" and the Don Henley cover version "The Boys of Summer" from his second studio album "Heaven", but this time for the first time credited as "DJ Sammy feat. Loona".

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:2003–05: "Wind of Time", hiatus and motherhood.

paragraph: In 2004, Loona was featured on DJ Sammy's single "Rise Again" and released her first and only single, the Eric Clapton classic "Tears In Heaven", of her fourth studio album "Wind of Time", followed in 2005. Both singles became moderate hits. The album is a collection full of cover versions. According to van der Kolk, she dedicated the album title, selected track list and the entire album to her mother, whom she lost ten years ago. It features covers such as Procol Harum's "A Whiter Shade of Pale", Peter Sarstedt's "Where Do You Go to My Lovely", Ralph McTell's "Streets Of London", Sting's "Fragile" or Bob Dylan's "Blowin' In The Wind". She emotionally performed "Tears In Heaven" at "The Dome" crying and pregnant with her first child, her daughter named Saphira Maria, welcomed in 2005. In 2005, Loona released the David Bisbal classic "Oye el Boom" and went on hiatus for her baby.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:2007–08: "Everybody on the Floor" and "Moonrise".

paragraph: In 2007, Loona's third compilation album "Everybody on the Floor" and the same titled single, a reggaeton song titled "Everybody on the Floor (Uh la la la)" have been released. In May 2008, Loona signed a new contract with Sony BMG/Ariola and returned with her fifth studio album "Moonrise" in October, preceded by its two single releases "Por la Noche" and "Salam Aleikoum", all with limited success. Professionally and in private, van der Kolk parted ways with her longtime collaborator and father of her daughter, DJ Sammy. She was also a Judge in the seventh season of the German version of "Popstars" alongside rapper Sido and choreographer Detlef Soost.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:2009–13: "Rakatakata (Un Rayo de Sol)" and collaborations.

paragraph: In 2009, Loona returned with the cover version of Cidinho & Doca, "Parapapapapa" to her summer tune roots since "Viva el Amor" in 2001. The single peaked #29 in the German single chart. van der Kolk attend in the Vox television program "Das perfekte Promidinner im Schlafrock". In 2010, the single "Vamos a la playa", a Miranda cover, she landed another summer hit, charted at No. 2 in Belgium, and "El Cucaracho, El Muchacho", a collaboration with Movetown, followed. "Vamos a la playa" also reached No. 3 in France, No. 1 in Haïti, No. 5 in South-Africa, No. 16 in Swiss, No. 22 in Denmark, and No. 29 in Germany. In July 2011, the single and Pigbag classic "El Tiburón" charted at #31 in the German single chart. Again in 2012, van der Kolk attend in the Vox television program "Das perfekte Promidinner im Schlafrock" and the Pro7 program "TV Total Wok WM". In June 2012, Loona posed nude for the German edition of Playboy. Until 2013, Loona released four further songs, the singles "Policia", "Oh la la, dance avec moi", the Los Diablos cover version "Rakatakata (Un Rayo de Sol)". All these singles to be included on her long-awaited, sixth studio album with the working title "Summer Dance", later retitled "Rakatakata (Un Rayo de Sol)". Loona appeared as guest vocalist on DJ Cassey Doreen's single "Tell it to my Heart", a Taylor Dayne cover version.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:2014–15: "Brazil" and singles.

paragraph: In 2014, the single "Brazil", a cover of Francisco Alves's "Aquarela do Brasil", was released for the FIFA World Cup in Brazil. Loona was also guest vocalist on Flava & Stevenson's 2k14 remix of their single "Rio de Janeiro", found on their album "Quantum of Dance", which both latter mentioned songs appeared on her first extended play titled Brazil. In 2014, Loona released the single "Ademloos door de Nacht", a Dutch language cover version of German singer Helene Fischer's single "Atemlos durch die Nacht" and first release under her real name Marie-José van der Kolk, from her upcoming studio album. In the summer of 2015, Loona re-released her single "Caliente" in a remixed version, and the German language single "OMG! Dein Body ist so Heiß" alongside Ko&Ko, formally Gebroeders Ko.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:2016–Present: "Badam".

paragraph: In 2016, Loona released her single "Badam", a cover version of Lylloo & Lorinda, as a lead single from her eponymous titled seventh studio album.

paragraph: Section::::Artistry.

paragraph: Loona is best known for her catchy, good mood, summervibe tunes such as "Bailando", "Vamos a la Playa", "Mamboleo", "Latino Lover" or "Viva el Amor" with easy beats, sounds, melodies and simple lyrics. Although she also released ballads such as the Mecano cover versions "Hijo de la Luna" or "Salvador Dalí". Other genres include pop ("Dónde Vas" or "La Vida es una Flor"), vocal trance/electronic ("Prince of Love", "Sunlight" or "Rise Again"), R&B ("No one loves you (like I do)") or reggaeton, such as "Everybody on the floor (Uh la la la)". While Loona experimented with ambient sounds on the second album "Entre dos aguas", such as in "Pajaro sin cielo" or "Tell me why", for the third studio album "Colors", she used a more mature and oriental sound, which can be heard on songs like "Land of broken dreams", "If you want my love" or "Rhythm of the Night", a remake of "Hadi Bakalım" from Sezen Aksu's 1991 album "Gülümse". Since "Parapapapapa", Loona has returned to the summervibe tune roots. Loona is known for numerous songs and singles being covers of other artists such as Paradisio, Mecano, Herbert Grönemeyer, Luv', Elvis Presley, Sezen Aksu, David Bisbal, Donna Summer, Don Henley, Cidinho & Doca, Miranda, Pigbag, Los Diablos, Taylor Dayne, Barry Manilow, Helene Fischer, Francisco Alves, Gebroeders Ko or Lylloo & Lorinda (Not counting her fourth album "Wind of Time", which was a full cover album), which ended up of 21 of her first 42 singles being cover versions so far. She is also noted for singing multilingual, mostly Spanish, spanglish or English, but also parts in Arabic ("Salam Aleikoum"), French ("Et me voila"), Dutch ("Ademloos door de Nacht") or German ("Gib mir deine Angst", "OMG! Dein Body ist so Heiß").

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lunita" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Entre dos aguas" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Colors" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wind of Time" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moonrise" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rakatakata (Un Rayo de Sol)" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Badam" (2016)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

alias:
Marie-Jose van der Kolk
Carisma
Marie-José van der Kolk

description: Dutch singer, songwriter and dancer

wikidata_label: Loona

wikipedia_title: Loona (singer)


text:
legionary
Legio II Augusta
gens Fabia
Lucca
Argentoratum
stele
Strasbourg
Musée archéologique de Strasbourg
limestone
runner
gladius
pugio
century
legion

categories: 1st-century Romans,History of Strasbourg,People from Lucca

paragraph: Caius Largennius

paragraph: Caius Largennius (died c. AD 50) was a legionary of the Legio II Augusta. A scion of the gens Fabia, he was born in Lucca and stationed in Argentoratum. His funerary stele, discovered in 1878 in the Strasbourg district of Koenigshoffen, has been much studied and is well documented. It is now kept in the Musée archéologique de Strasbourg.

paragraph: Section::::Funerary stele.

paragraph: The limestone stele was found at the current address 27–29, route des Romains, . Its style has been described as "confident and extrovert", the pose of the legionary as "relaxed". The dimensions have been given as:

paragraph: BULLET::::- height

paragraph: BULLET::::- width

paragraph: BULLET::::- depth

paragraph: or, more recently, as:

paragraph: BULLET::::- height

paragraph: BULLET::::- width

paragraph: BULLET::::- depth

paragraph: According to an Italian expert, col. Vittorio Lino Biondi, the "costly" design of the stele and the fact that Largennius is represented only with light armament indicate that he was not a "first line soldier" but a runner, whose importance and reliability must have been considerable. Largennius is indeed depicted only with a gladius (sword) and a pugio (dagger), and his left hand is holding a parchment roll.

paragraph: The inscription on the stele reads: "C. LARGENNIUS/ C. FAB. LUC. MIL./ LEG. II SCAEVAE/ AN. XXXVII STIP./ XVIII H.S.E."; which is transcribed as: "Caius Largennius Caii Fabia Luca miles legionis II scaevae annorum XXXVII stipendiorum XVIII hic situs est", i. e. "Caius Largennius, son of Caius, of the Fabia family from Lucca. A soldier of the Scaeva century of the II legion. He died aged 37 after 18 years of service. His resting place is here."

paragraph: A replica of the stele has been set up in Strasbourg, on a square inaugurated in 2009 and named after the legionary ("Square Caius Largennius"). Another replica was unveiled on 24 March 2017 in Lucca, where the "return of the first Lucchese in the world" ("Il primo Lucchese nel mondo torna a casa") was greeted with an official ceremony and a public celebration on .

description: Roman legionnary

wikidata_label: Caius Largennius

wikipedia_title: Caius Largennius


text:
English
Black Butter Records
Did You See
Common Sense
UK Albums Chart
London
Stratford
Muslim
Fula
secondary school
French Montana
Kojo Funds
MoStack
Brotherhood
Nines
One Foot Out
Stormzy
Gang Signs & Prayer
UK Singles Chart
Dave
Common Sense
Burna Boy
EP
Big Spang
Drake
Feltham Prison
ASBO
PTSD
carrying a knife in public
TRNSMT
Wireless
Thames Magistrates' Court
bail
Westfield

categories: English male rappers,English people of Gambian descent,Rappers from London,People from Stratford, London,1995 births,Living people

paragraph: J Hus

paragraph: Momodou Lamin Jallow (born 27 May 1995) better known professionally as J Hus, is an English rapper and singer. He is currently signed to Black Butter Records.

paragraph: He gained popularity in 2015 following the release of his song "Dem Boy Paigon". J Hus released "Did You See" on 2 March 2017, quickly becoming his biggest song peaking at number 9 on the UK Singles Chart and eventually being certified platinum. On 12 May 2017, J Hus released his debut album, "Common Sense", peaking at number 6 on the UK Albums Chart.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: J Hus was born Momodou Lamin Jallow in London and grew up in the city's Stratford district. He is of The Gambian descent and was raised by his mother who emigrated to England when she was 25 years old. Jallow was raised Muslim and is of ethnic Fula heritage. Growing up he had wanted to become an actor "but then around Year 10 or Year 11, it was whatever really", and he was expelled from school as he had, in his words, "started getting into a bit of trouble." In September 2014, distraught following two separate prison stints, he was advised to focus on pursuing a music career by his childhood friend Moe who also agreed to be his manager. Moe and his older brother would go on to form their own management company 2K Management.

paragraph: J Hus got his name from the word "hustler", explaining that he would buy a pack of doughnuts and sell them individually at a profit when he was in secondary school.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.:2015–present: "Common Sense".

paragraph: J Hus began his career by recording several freestyles, including #StreetHeat, Bl@CKBOX and GRM daily and publishing them online. He followed this with "#Rated", which samples the beat from French Montana's "Don't Panic", and "Want From Me" Remix of Kojo Funds' song, which gained a lot of coverage, helping his breakthrough. His next release was "Dem Boy Paigon", which was described by Ajay Rose of The Link Up as having "brought together an Afro-beat sound with lyrical rap ... capable of turning any dance upside down". He followed this with "No Lie" and his Warm Up. Session.

paragraph: Around the end of March 2015, he and MoStack released their "Westwood Crib Session". In late May 2015, he released "Lean & Bop", which was streamed more than 10 million times in total on music platforms. Around this time, he also released a "Daily Duppy" for GRM Music, which he followed with his first mixtape, "The 15th Day".

paragraph: Jallow released the single "Friendly" in 2016, which received a nomination at the 2016 MOBO Awards, as well as "Playing Sports", "Liar Liar" (remix) and "Solo One", the last of which appeared on the "Brotherhood" soundtrack.

paragraph: In 2017, he featured on Nines’ "High Roller", which featured on his album "One Foot Out". He also featured on Stormzy's "Bad Boys" from his album "Gang Signs & Prayer", which peaked at number 22 on the UK Singles Chart, on Dave's "Samantha", which peaked at number 63, and charted at number 9 with his solo composition "Did You See". The song served as the lead single off his debut album, "Common Sense" (2017). Upon release, the album was positively received by fans, and includes features from Mo Stack, MIST, Tiggs da Author and Burna Boy. In May 2018, he released his EP, "Big Spang" (2018)".

paragraph: Following his arrest for carrying a bladed article in public, Jallow was sentenced to eight months in prison. Jallow's label stopped releasing music with his only verse whilst incarcerated coming from collaborator Dave's debut album, "Psychodrama"'s song "Disaster." "Disaster" debuted at number eight on the UK Singles Chart on 15 March 2019.

paragraph: Hours after his release from prison in April 2019 he made a surprise appearance on stage at Drake's concert in London.

paragraph: Section::::Legal issues.

paragraph: In 2011, J Hus was arrested outside Westfield following a "mass attack" on four people, which ended in one of them being stabbed. He'd already received a referral order that year after being caught with a knife in public.

paragraph: In 2014 and 2015, he was arrested and served stints in Her Majesty’s Feltham Prison. He accrued six convictions for ten offences between 2011 and 2016, including for carrying a knife and for violent disorder. He has also been given an ASBO.

paragraph: In September 2015 the musician was admitted to hospital after being stabbed five times in London. Whilst in hospital, he was criticised for posting on Instagram a photo of him making a gang sign from his hospital bed with the message "5 stab wounds could never stop me #AntiCh #F***DaOvaSide". The attack left him with mild PTSD, for which at the time of his 2018 imprisonment he was seeing a therapist.

paragraph: In June 2018, he was arrested in Stratford and charged with carrying a knife in public. He was subsequently dropped from the performance lineups of the TRNSMT and Wireless festivals. Jallow appeared at Thames Magistrates' Court on 22 June and was released on bail. On 20 July, he pleaded not guilty, but changed his plea in October and in December was sentenced to eight months in jail. When asked why he had been carrying a six-inch blade, J Hus said: "You know, it's Westfield."

paragraph: He was eventually released on 5 April 2019.

description: English rapper

wikidata_label: J Hus

wikipedia_title: J Hus


text: Arabic

text: ALA-LC

text: Syrian

text: Nahda

text: literary salon

text: Arabic-language daily newspapers

text: Aleppo

text: Ottoman Syria

text: Syria

text: Melkite

text: wali

text: Catholic-Orthodox clash

text: sect

text: Filioque

text: Francis

text: Abdallah

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Maronite

text: Beirut

text: qanun

text: Al-Jinan

text: Abdul Hamid II

text: panegyric

text: Alphonse de Lamartine

text: Alfred de Musset

text: Mu`allaqat

text: 'araq

text: Bosworth, Clifford Edmund

text: Lewis, Bernard

text: Pellat, Charles

text: De Tarrazi, Philippe

text: "Māryānā Marrāsh"

categories: 20th-century writers of the Ottoman Empire,Al-Nahda,19th-century writers of the Ottoman Empire,Syrian poets,20th-century women writers of the Ottoman Empire,Women poets of the Ottoman Empire,Arabic-language women poets,19th-century women of the Ottoman Empire,Syrian salon-holders,Syrian Christians,19th-century women writers of the Ottoman Empire,People from Aleppo,1919 deaths,20th-century Syrian women writers,1848 births,Syrian women writers,Syrian women poets,20th-century Syrian writers,Salon-holders of the Ottoman Empire,Arabic-language writers

paragraph: Maryana Marrash

paragraph: Maryana bint Fathallah bin Nasrallah Marrash (Arabic: / ALA-LC: "Maryānā bint Fatḥ Allāh bin Naṣr Allāh Marrāsh"; 1848–1919), also known as Maryana al-Marrash or Maryana Marrash al-Halabiyyah, was a Syrian writer and poet of the Nahda movement—the Arabic renaissance. She revived the tradition of literary salons in the Middle East and was the first Syrian woman to publish a collection of poetry. She may have been the first woman to write in the Arabic-language daily newspapers.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Background and education.

paragraph: Maryana Marrash was born in Aleppo, a city of Ottoman Syria (present-day Syria), to an old Melkite family of merchants known for their literary interests. Having earned wealth and standing in the 18th century, the family was well established in Aleppo, although they had gone through troubles: a relative of Maryana, Butrus Marrash, was killed by the "wali"s troops in the midst of a Catholic-Orthodox clash in April 1818. Other Melkite Catholics were exiled from Aleppo during the persecutions, among them the priest Jibrail Marrash. Maryana's father, Fathallah, tried to defuse the sectarian conflict by writing a treatise in 1849, in which he rejected the "Filioque". He had built up a large private library to give his three children Francis, Abdallah and Maryana a thorough education, particularly in the field of Arabic language and literature. As worded by Marilyn Booth, Maryana's mother was from "the famous al-Antaki family", related to Archbishop Demetrius Antachi.

paragraph: Aleppo was then a major intellectual center of the Ottoman Empire, featuring many thinkers and writers concerned with the future of the Arabs. It was in the French missionary schools that the Marrash family learnt Arabic with French, and other foreign languages (Italian and English). By providing their daughter with an education, at a time when Middle Eastern women received none, Maryana's parents challenged the then widespread belief that a girl should not be educated "so she would not sit in the men's reception room", as quoted by Marilyn Booth. Thus, Fathallah put his five-year-old daughter in a Maronite school. Later on, Maryana was educated by the nuns of St. Joseph in Aleppo. She finally went to an English school in Beirut. In addition to her formal education in these schools, where she was exposed to French and Anglo-Saxon cultures, she was tutored by her father and brothers, especially on the subject of Arabic literature. The first biographies of Maryana mention that she excelled in French, Arabic and mathematics, and that she played the "qanun" and sang beautifully.

paragraph: Aleppine historian Muhammad Raghib al-Tabbakh wrote that she was unique in Aleppo, and that "people looked at her with a different eye". Although she had many suitors, she initially wished to remain single. However, she was persuaded to marry after her mother's death, and chose for husband Habib Ghadban, a scion of a local Christian family. They had one son and two daughters.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Literary career.

paragraph: As early as 1870, Marrash started contributing articles and poems to journals—especially "Al-Jinan" and "Lisan al-hal", both of Beirut. In her articles, she criticized the condition of Arab women, urging the latter—regardless of their religious affiliations—to seek education and express themselves on matters of concern to them. Her collection of poetry "Bint fikr" (A Daughter of Thought) was published in Beirut in 1893. Marrash was granted permission by the Ottoman government to print her book after composing a poem exalting Sultan Abdul Hamid II. In some of the several other panegyrics included in the collection, she also praised Ottoman governors of Aleppo. Her poetry was much more traditional in style than her brother Francis', as exemplified by the elegy she composed to lament his death; yet, she was at home with the poetry of French romantics, especially that of Alphonse de Lamartine and Alfred de Musset. Sami Kayyali said about Marrash:

paragraph: The emergence of a woman writing in the press and composing poetry in this dark era was a significant event. Our recent history shows that it was rare for even men to read and write; her appearance in these dark nights was thus like a bright star in the center of the heavens.

paragraph: Her non-fiction works also include a history of late Ottoman Syria, "[Tarikh] [Suriya] al-hadith", the first book on the subject.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Marrash's salon.

paragraph: Marrash was famous for the salon she held in the home she shared with her husband. She had travelled to Europe once, and was impressed by what she saw of life there. As related by Joseph Zeidan:Upon her return in Aleppo, Maryana Marrash turned her house into a gathering place for a group of celebrated writers who met there on a regular basis to cultivate each other's friendship and discuss literature, music, and political and social issues.

paragraph: However, according to Joseph Zeidan, there are no proofs supporting whether or not she created her salon after seeing similar ones in Europe; in any case, it did not start from scratch, since "most of the participants were regular visitors to her family's home, where they used to meet with her father and two brothers." The members of Maryana's salon included prominent Aleppine intellectuals of both sexes, in addition to politicians and members of the foreign diplomatic corps. Marrash was fully engaged in the intellectual discourse and would also entertain her guests by playing the "qanun" and singing. Antun Sha'arawi has described typical evenings spent at Marrash's salon:

paragraph: Wearing either all black or all white dresses ordered from Paris, Marrash hosted the mixed evening get-togethers in which literary topics as varied as the "Mu`allaqat"—a cycle of seven pre-Islamic poems—or the work of Rabelais were discussed. Chess and card games were played, and complicated poetry competitions took place; wine and "'araq" flowed freely; participants sang, danced, and listened to records played on a phonograph.

paragraph: However, Heghnar Zeitlian Watenpaugh has presumed Sha'arawi's description to be partly apocryphal.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bint fikr" (A Daughter of Thought), 1893.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "[Tārīkh] [Sūriyā] al-ḥadīth" (The History of Modern Syria).

paragraph: Writings published in periodicals:

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Al-Mawsū‘at aṣ-ṣuḥufiyyat al-‘Arabiyyah" (in Arabic). Volume VI. 1997. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ashour, Radwa; Ghazoul, Ferial J.; Reda-Mekdashi, Hasna, ed. (2008). "Arab Women Writers: a Critical Reference Guide, 1873–1999". American University in Cairo Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Booth, Marilyn (2001). "May Her Likes Be Multiplied: Biography and Gender Politics in Egypt". University of California Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bosworth, Clifford Edmund; van Donzel, Emeri; Lewis, Bernard; Pellat, Charles, ed. (1991). "Encyclopaedia of Islam". Volume VI. Brill. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charon, Cyrille (1903). "L'Église Grecque Melchite Catholique. Chapitre VIII : persécutions d'Alep et de Damas (1817–1832)" (in French). "Échos d'Orient". Volume VI.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cooke, Miriam (2007). "Dissident Syria: Making Oppositional Arts Official". Duke University Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dabbāgh, ‘Ā’ishah (1972). "Al-Ḥarakat al-fikriyyah fī Ḥalab: fī al-nișf al-thānī min al-qarn al-tāsi‘ ‘ashar wa-maṭla‘ al-qarn al-‘ishrīn" (in Arabic). Dār al-Fikr.

paragraph: BULLET::::- De Tarrazi, Philippe (1913). "Tārīkh al-ṣiḥāfah al-‘arabiyyah" (in Arabic). Volume II. Al-Maṭba‘ah al-adabiyyah.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dorigo, Rosella, ed. (2000). "Quaderni di studi arabi. Volume XVIII: Literary Innovation in Modern Arabic Literature". Herder.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ende, Werner; Steinbach, Udo, ed. (2010). "Islam in the World Today: a Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society". Cornell University Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hafez, Sabry (1993). "The Genesis of Arabic Narrative Discourse: a Study in the Sociology of Modern Arabic Literature". Saqi Books. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Halevi, Sharon; Zachs, Fruma (2015). "Gendering Culture in Greater Syria: Intellectuals and Ideology in the Late Ottoman Period". I. B. Tauris. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kuroki, Hidemitsu (1993). "The Orthodox-Catholic Clash in Aleppo in 1818". "Orient". Volume 29.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Māryānā Marrāsh" (in Arabic). "www.almoajam.org".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Masters, Bruce (2001). "Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World: the Roots of Sectarianism". Cambridge University Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Somekh, Sasson (1992). "The Neo-classical Arabic poets". In Badawi, Mohammed Mustafa. "Modern Arabic Literature". Cambridge University Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Watenpaugh, Heghnar Zeitlian (2010). "The Harem as Biography: Domestic Architecture, Gender and Nostalgia in Modern Syria". In Booth, Marilyn. "Harem Histories: Envisioning Places and Living Spaces". Duke University Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Watenpaugh, Keith David (2006). "Being Modern in the Middle East: Revolution, Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Arab Middle Class". Princeton University Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wielandt, Rotraud (1992). "Fransis Fathallah Marrashs Zugang zum Gedankengut der Aufklärung und der französischen Revolution" (in German). In van Gelder, Geert Jan; de Moor, Ed. "The Middle East and Europe: Encounters and Exchanges". Rodopi Publishers. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zeidan, Joseph T. (1995). "Arab Women Novelists: the Formative Years and Beyond". State University of New York Press. .

alias:
Maryana al-Marrash
Maryana Marrash al-Halabiyyah

description: Ottoman-Syrian poet, writer

wikidata_label: Maryana Marrash

wikipedia_title: Maryana Marrash


text:
American
aviation
African-American
Bessie Coleman
James Banning
segregation
Jim Crow
Henderson, Kentucky
Chicago
University of Illinois
electrical engineering
370th Illinois Infantry Regiment
World War I
Army Air Corps
Los Angeles School of Flight
Oscar De Priest
Los Angeles
Booker T. Washington
Duke Ellington
Joe Louis
trade journal
Labor Day
air show
Great Depression
Los Angeles National Cemetery
National Air and Space Museum

categories: University of Illinois alumni,Aviators from Kentucky,1897 births,1942 deaths,Writers from Chicago,African-American people,People from Henderson, Kentucky

paragraph: William J. Powell

paragraph: William Jenifer Powell (July 27, 1897 – July 12, 1942) was an American engineer, soldier, civil aviator and author who is credited with promoting aviation among the African-American community. Along with Bessie Coleman and James Banning, he is recognized as a pioneer aviator and a civil rights activist. Powell was optimistic about the prospects of African Americans in aviation, and believed that their involvement in the industry would help end racial prejudice at a time of widespread segregation under the Jim Crow laws.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Powell was born in Henderson, Kentucky and moved with his family to Chicago, where he was accepted to the University of Illinois electrical engineering program. His studies were cut short when he volunteered to the 370th Illinois Infantry Regiment and was shipped off to fight in World War I. He was wounded in a gas attack, and subsequently returned to the United States to finish his college degree.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He was fascinated by flight and applied to the Army Air Corps and several other flight schools without success, until he was accepted at the Los Angeles School of Flight in 1928. Powell then founded the Bessie Coleman Aero Club, in honor of the first female black aviator, who had died three years before. In 1929, Chicago Congressman Oscar De Priest, then the nation's only black representative, visited Los Angeles. Powell took De Priest on a flight over the city, and subsequently asked Susan Hancock, Booker T. Washington's mother-in-law, to christen the plane with the congressman's name. Other personalities that visited Powell's club included Duke Ellington and Joe Louis.

paragraph: To complement his work at the club, Powell also established a school to train mechanics and pilots, and published the "Craftsmen Aero News", which he claimed to be the first African-American trade journal. On Labor Day 1931, the club sponsored the first all-black air show in the United States, which was attended by 15,000 spectators. By 1932, Powell was one of only 14 Black pilots in the United States, as well as being a licensed navigator and aeronautical engineer.

paragraph: "Bessie Coleman Aero" was closed due to financial hardships caused by the Great Depression. In 1934 Powell published "Black Wings", a fictionalized account of his own life, through which he aimed to inspire young African Americans to enter aviation not only as pilots, but as designers, engineers and mechanics. He called for them to "fill the air with black wings".

paragraph: Powell died in 1942, probably due to the effects of his exposure to poison gas in the war. He is buried in the Los Angeles National Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at the National Air and Space Museum

description: aviator

wikidata_label: William J. Powell

wikipedia_title: William J. Powell


text: Syrian Catholics

text: Kerala

text: Alengad

text: Aluva

text: Propaganda College

text: Pontifical Urban University

text: Saint Thomas Christians

text: Coonen Cross Oath

text: Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar

text: Archbishop of Cranganore

text: Kodungalloor

text: Goa

text: Syro-Malabar Catholic Church

text: List of Syro-Malabar Catholics

text: Christianity in India

text: Saint Thomas Christians

text: Mar Joseph Kariattil

categories: 1786 deaths,Syro-Malabar archbishops,Syro-Malabar Catholic Archbishops of Ernakulam-Angamaly,1742 births,Indian Roman Catholic archbishops,People from Aluva

paragraph: Kariattil Mar Ousep

paragraph: Mar Joseph Kariattil (5 May 1742 – 10 September 1786) was the first native Indian to be appointed as Archbishop of the Syrian Catholics in the territory now comprising Kerala, India.

paragraph: Kariattil was born at Alengad, near Aluva in present-day central Kerala. He had his initial religious education at the Seminary at Alengad. Later he was sent to the Propaganda College of Pontifical Urban University, Rome, in 1755 when he was barely 13 years old. There he was ordained as a priest, and he took Doctorate in Philosophy and Theology from there. He returned to India in 1766. He was then appointed as a Malpan at Alangad Seminary.

paragraph: Kariattil Malpan took great efforts for the reunion of the Saint Thomas Christians (also known as Syrian Christians or Nasrani) who had split following the Coonen Cross Oath. He made the historic journey to Rome in 1778 together with Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar to represent the matter with the church authorities there. Kariattil Malpan was consecrated at Lisbon in 1783 and was appointed as Archbishop of Cranganore (Kodungalloor). However, on his way back to India, he died at Goa on 10 September 1786. He was initially buried there and later his mortal remains were transferred to Alengad and were re-interred at St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, Alangad in 1961.

paragraph: He is the author of two books, viz. "Vedatharkkam" ("Dialectics on Theology") (1768) and "Noticias do Reino do Malabar" (1780).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Syro-Malabar Catholic Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Syro-Malabar Catholics

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timeline of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christianity in India

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Thomas Christians

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mar Joseph Kariattil

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India – Edited by George Menachery, Vol.2 (1973).

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Christianity in India – Mundadan, A. Mathias (1984).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indian Church History Classics,Vol 1, Ed. George Menachery: The Nazranies (1998).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vathamaanappusthakam, Thomas Paremakkal (Malayalam) Various Editions. Eng. Tr. by Placid Podipara, Rome.

description: Roman Catholic archbishop

wikidata_label: Joseph Kariattil

wikipedia_title: Kariattil Ousep

wikipedia_title: Kariattil Mar Ousep


text: soft rock

text: Sniff 'n' the Tears

text: Driver's Seat

text: riff

text: Burton upon Trent

text: Wild Turkey

text: Tim Rose

text: Snips

text: Sniff 'n' the Tears

text: Pat Travers Band

text: Noel McCalla

text: John Illsley

text: The Hank Wangford Band

text: Maddy Prior

text: Glenn Cornick

text: Mona Leeza

text: Hereford

text: NME.com feature on Pat Travers Band

text: Wild Turkey web page

text: Mick Dyche with Wild Turkey in 2006

text: Mick Dyche discography

categories: English guitarists,People from Burton upon Trent,English male guitarists,1951 births,2018 deaths

paragraph: Mick Dyche

paragraph: Mick Dyche (1951-2018) was an English rock and folk guitarist, and former member of 1970s soft rock band Sniff 'n' the Tears. He was known for playing guitar guitar on their only major hit "Driver's Seat", for which he also provided the opening guitar riff, as credited by former bandmate Laurence "Loz" Netto in a 2005 interview with Lars Hindsley.

paragraph: Born in Burton upon Trent, Staffordshire, England, he had appeared on Wild Turkey's 1972 LP "Turkey" as a guitarist and vocalist, on Tim Rose's 1975 LP "The Musician", and on Snips' 1978 LP "Video King" before joining Sniff 'n' the Tears.

paragraph: After Sniff 'n' the Tears, Dyche played live and recorded with a range of bands and musicians, including the Pat Travers Band, Noel McCalla, John Illsley, The Hank Wangford Band and The Maddy Prior Band.. He also rejoined Glenn Cornick's band Wild Turkey, for some time circa 2006, and, more recently, he played with the Burton upon Trent-based band Mona Leeza.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Mick Dyche died on 21 December, 2018, in Hereford. He had been diagnosed with cancer in February 2018.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sniff 'n the Tears: Mick Dyche in the 1978 line-up

paragraph: BULLET::::- NME.com feature on Pat Travers Band

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wild Turkey web page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mick Dyche with Wild Turkey in 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mick Dyche discography

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Mick Dyche

wikipedia_title: Mick Dyche


text: International Solidarity Movement

text: Israel Defense Forces

text: armored bulldozer

text: Rafah

text: Gaza Strip

text: second Palestinian intifada

text: sister cities

text: collective punishment

text: Amnesty International

text: Human Rights Watch

text: B'Tselem

text: Yesh Din

text: Israel

text: Supreme Court of Israel

text: Olympia, Washington

text: Capital High School

text: The Evergreen State College

text: Washington State Conservation Corps

text: International Solidarity Movement

text: West Bank

text: Gaza Strip

text: Rafah

text: pen-pal

text: house demolitions

text: collective punishment

text: Gaza-Egypt border

text: human shields

text: snipers

text: interpreter

text: shrapnel

text: Palestinian militants

text: watchtower

text: crossfire

text: spies

text: Arabic

text: Bush Administration

text: municipal

text: CIDA

text: megaphone

text: February 15, 2003 anti-war protest

text: invasion of Iraq

text: Robert Spencer

text: The Guardian

text: Norton

text: Let Me Stand Alone

text: Yale

text: David Bromwich

text: My Name is Rachel Corrie

text: The Skies are Weeping

text: refugee camp

text: Philadelphi Route

text: Caterpillar D9R

text: armored bulldozer

text: Red Crescent

text: demolition of the home

text: armored personnel carrier

text: Caterpillar D9

text: bulldozer

text: Haaretz

text: Palestinian Centre for Human Rights

text: Channel 4

text: The Observer

text: Sandra Jordan

text: The Seattle Times

text: Joshua Hammer

text: Mother Jones

text: megaphone

text: Prime Minister of Israel

text: Ariel Sharon

text: Abu Kabir Forensic Institute

text: Tel Aviv

text: Yehuda Hiss

text: Human Rights Watch

text: U.S. Department of State

text: asphyxiation

text: fractures

text: vertebrae

text: dorsal

text: spinal column

text: scapula

text: hemorrhaging

text: pleural cavities

text: The Guardian

text: The Jerusalem Post

text: pathologist

text: blindspot

text: The Rebuilding Alliance

text: CCTV

text: U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv

text: Consulate General of Israel to the Pacific Northwest

text: San Francisco

text: U.S. Representative

text: Brian Baird

text: U.S. Congress

text: Yasser Arafat

text: Palestinian Authority

text: Palestinian people

text: Green Party

text: Dan Shapiro

text: Amnesty International

text: Human Rights Watch

text: NGO Monitor

text: Gerald Steinberg

text: Shurat HaDin

text: The Observer

text: Haaretz

text: Bradley Burston

text: Pentagon

text: collateral damage

text: Charlie Wolf

text: talkSPORT

text: Ofcom

text: Tom Gross

text: National Review

text: IED

text: Palestinian Center for Rapprochement between Peoples

text: San Francisco Chronicle

text: Ramallah

text: Rebuilding Alliance

text: MV "Mavi Marmara"

text: IHH

text: Bülent Yıldırım

text: Caterpillar Inc.

text: United States District Court for the Western District of Washington

text: political question

text: United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit

text: political question

text: Israeli Defense Ministry

text: Haifa

text: IDF

text: Philadelphi route

text: Yisrael Beitenu

text: UN Special Rapporteur

text: Richard Falk

text: Jimmy Carter

text: Carter Center

text: Supreme Court of Israel

text: West Bank

text: Nablus

text: Tehran

text: Alaska

text: Philip Munger

text: cantata

text: The Skies are Weeping

text: University of Alaska Anchorage

text: My Name is Rachel Corrie

text: Alan Rickman

text: Katharine Viner

text: New York Theatre Workshop

text: Off-Broadway

text: Billy Bragg

text: Bob Dylan

text: The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll

text: "Fight Songs"

text: Kíla

text: The Observer

text: Sandra Jordan

text: Channel 4

text: BBC

text: James Miller

text: Thomas Hurndall

text: TV production

text: cinematography

text: filmmaking

text: al-Quds University

text: subtitles

text: Rachel

text: Morocco

text: Simone Bitton

text: Tribeca Film Festival

text: Dundalk

text: Free Gaza Movement

text: blockade of the Gaza Strip

text: flotilla was intercepted

text: Ashdod

text: Tehran cemetery

text: Let Me Stand Alone

text: W. W. Norton & Company

text: Voices of a People's History of the United States

text: Seven Stories Press

text: ISM casualties in Palestine and Israel

text: Iain Hook

text: UNRWA

text: project manager

text: James Miller

text: Vittorio Arrigoni

text: Kayla Mueller

text: ISIS

text: Pippa Bacca

text: List of peace activists

text: English

text: Hebrew

text: Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center

categories: The Evergreen State College alumni,Women diarists,2003 deaths,American diarists,1979 births,American anti-war activists,American expatriates in the State of Palestine,Protest-related deaths,Human rights in the Gaza Strip,Second Intifada casualties,Rachel Corrie,Israel–United States relations,Writers from Olympia, Washington

paragraph: Rachel Corrie

paragraph: Rachel Aliene Corrie (April 10, 1979 – March 16, 2003) was an American activist and diarist. She was a member of a pro-Palestinian group called the International Solidarity Movement (ISM). She was killed by an Israel Defense Forces (IDF) armored bulldozer in a combat zone in Rafah, in the southern part of the Gaza Strip, under contested circumstances during the height of the second Palestinian intifada.

paragraph: She had gone to Gaza as part of her senior-year college assignment to connect her home town with Rafah in a sister cities project. While there, she had engaged with other International Solidarity Movement (ISM) activists in efforts to prevent the Israeli army's demolition of Palestinian houses. According to the Israeli authorities the demolitions were carried out to eliminate weapons-smuggling tunnels. According to human rights groups the demolitions were used as collective punishment.

paragraph: Less than two months after her arrival, on March 16, 2003, Corrie was killed during an Israeli military operation after a three-hour confrontation between Israeli soldiers operating two bulldozers and eight ISM activists.

paragraph: The exact nature of her death and the culpability of the bulldozer operator are disputed, with fellow ISM protestors saying that the Israeli soldier operating the bulldozer deliberately ran over Corrie, and Israeli eyewitnesses saying that it was an accident since the bulldozer operator could not see her.

paragraph: The Israeli army conducted an investigation, which concluded that the death was an accident, and that the driver of the bulldozer could not see Corrie due to limited visibility from his cab. Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch as well as B'Tselem and Yesh Din criticized the military investigation.

paragraph: In 2005, Corrie's parents filed a civil lawsuit against the state of Israel. The lawsuit charged Israel with not conducting a full and credible investigation into the case and with responsibility for her death, contending that she had either been intentionally killed or that the soldiers had acted with reckless neglect. They sued for a symbolic one US dollar in damages.

paragraph: In August 2012, an Israeli court rejected their suit and upheld the results of the 2003 military investigation, ruling that the Israeli government was not responsible for Corrie's death. The ruling was met with criticism by some human rights organizations such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, and by activists.

paragraph: An appeal against the August 2012 ruling was heard on May 21, 2014. On February 14, 2015, the Supreme Court of Israel rejected the appeal.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Corrie was born on April 10, 1979, and raised in Olympia, Washington, United States. She was the youngest of three children of Craig Corrie, an insurance executive, and Cindy Corrie. Cindy describes their family as "average Americans—politically liberal, economically conservative, middle class".

paragraph: After graduating from Capital High School, Corrie went on to attend The Evergreen State College, also in Olympia, where she took a number of arts courses. She took a year off from her studies to work as a volunteer in the Washington State Conservation Corps. According to the ISM, she spent three years making weekly visits to mental patients.

paragraph: While at Evergreen State College she became a "committed peace activist" arranging peace events through a local pro-ISM group called "Olympians for Peace and Solidarity". She later joined the International Solidarity Movement (ISM) organisation in order to challenge the policies of the Israeli army in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. In her senior year, she proposed an independent-study program in which she would travel to Gaza, join protesters from the ISM, and initiate a "sister city" project between Olympia and Rafah. Before leaving, she also organized a pen-pal program between children in Olympia and Rafah.

paragraph: Section::::Activities in the Palestinian territories.

paragraph: While in Rafah, Corrie stood in front of armored bulldozers, in an alleged attempt to impede house demolitions which the ISM claims were being carried out. Demolitions were a common tactic employed along the security road near the border between Israel and Egypt at Rafah to uncover explosive devices and destroy tunnels used by terrorists to smuggle weapons from Egypt to Gaza. These military operations were criticized as "collective punishment" by some human rights groups. Israel authorities said that demolitions were necessary because "Palestinian gunmen used the structures as cover to shoot at their troops patrolling in the area, or to conceal arms-smuggling tunnels under the Gaza-Egypt border." Corrie was a member of a group of about eight activists from outside of the Palestinian territories who tried to prevent the Israeli army's activities by acting as human shields.

paragraph: On Corrie's first night there, she and two other ISM members set up camp inside Block J, which the ISM described as "a densely populated neighborhood along the Pink Line and frequent target of gunfire from an Israeli watchtower". By situating themselves visibly between the Palestinians and the Israeli snipers manning the watchtowers they hoped to discourage shooting by displaying banners stating that they were "internationals". When Israeli soldiers fired warning shots, Corrie and her colleagues dismantled their tent and left the area.

paragraph: Qishta, a Palestinian who worked as an interpreter, noted: "Late January and February was a very crazy time. There were house demolitions taking place all over the border strip and the activists had no time to do anything else." Qishta also stated of the ISM activists: "They were not only brave; they were crazy." The safety of the protestors was frequently jeopardized by these confrontations— a British participant was wounded by shrapnel while retrieving the body of a Palestinian man killed by a sniper, and an Irish ISM activist had a close encounter with an armored bulldozer.

paragraph: Palestinian militants expressed concern that the "internationals" staying in tents between the Israeli watchtowers and the residential neighborhoods would get caught in crossfire, while other residents were concerned that the activists might be spies. To overcome this suspicion Corrie learned a few words of Arabic and participated in a mock trial denouncing the "crimes of the Bush Administration". While the ISM members were eventually provided with food and housing, a letter was circulated in Rafah that cast suspicion on them."Who are they? Why are they here? Who asked them to come here?" On the morning of Corrie's death they planned to counteract the letter's effects. According to one of them, "We all had a feeling that our role was too passive. We talked about how to engage the Israeli military."

paragraph: Section::::Activities in the Palestinian territories.:Water well protecting efforts.

paragraph: According to a January 2003 article by Gordon Murray, a fellow ISM activist, in the last month of her life Corrie "spent a lot of time at the Canada Well helping protect Rafah municipal workers" who were trying to repair damage to the well done by Israeli bulldozers. Canada Well was built in 1999 with CIDA funding. It, along with El Iskan Well, had supplied more than 50% of Rafah's water before the damage. The city had been under "strict rationing (only a few hours of running water on alternate days)" since. Murray writes that ISM activists were maintaining a presence there since "Israeli snipers and tanks routinely shot at civilian workers trying to repair the wells." In one of her reports, Corrie wrote that despite her group's having received permission from the Israeli District Command Office and the fact that they were carrying "banners and megaphones the activists and workers were fired upon several times over a period of about one hour. One of the bullets came within two metres of three internationals and a municipal water worker close enough to spray bits of debris in their faces as it landed at their feet."

paragraph: Section::::Activities in the Palestinian territories.:Controversy over protest against the Iraq War.

paragraph: While in Gaza, Corrie took part in a demonstration as part of the February 15, 2003 anti-war protest against the invasion of Iraq. She was photographed burning a makeshift U.S. flag. Robert Spencer criticized Corrie for having burned the flag in front of children, writing that she was "fostering ... hatred" of the United States.

paragraph: After her death the ISM released a statement quoting Corrie's parents on the widely circulated picture of the incident:

paragraph: In the words of Rachel's parents: "The act, while we may disagree with it, must be put into context. Rachel was partaking in a demonstration in Gaza opposing the War on Iraq. She was working with children who drew two pictures, one of the American flag, and one of the Israeli flag, for burning. Rachel said that she could not bring herself to burn the picture of the Israeli flag with the Star of David on it, but under such circumstances, in protest over a drive towards war and her government's foreign policy that was responsible for much of the devastation that she was witness to in Gaza, she felt it OK to burn the picture of her own flag. We have seen photographs of memorials held in Gaza after Rachel's death in which Palestinian children and adults honor our daughter by carrying a mock coffin draped with the American flag. We have been told that our flag has never been treated so respectfully in Gaza in recent years. We believe Rachel brought a different face of the United States to the Palestinian people, a face of compassion. It is this image of Rachel with the American flag that we hope will be remembered most.

paragraph: Section::::Activities in the Palestinian territories.:Corrie's emails from Gaza to her mother.

paragraph: Rachel Corrie sent a series of emails to her mother while she was in Gaza, four of which were later published by "The Guardian". In January 2008, Norton published a book titled "Let Me Stand Alone" by Corrie, which included the e-mails along with some of her other writings. Yale Professor David Bromwich said that Corrie left "letters of great interest". The play "My Name is Rachel Corrie" and the cantata "The Skies are Weeping" were based on Corrie's letters.

paragraph: Section::::Death and subsequent controversy.

paragraph: On March 16, 2003, the IDF was engaged in an operation, possibly involving the demolition of Palestinian houses, to seize weapons and locate smuggling tunnels in a military zone between the Rafah refugee camp and the Egyptian border called Philadelphi Route. Corrie was part of a group of three British and four American ISM activists attempting to disrupt the IDF operation. Corrie placed herself in the path of a Caterpillar D9R armored bulldozer in the area and was run over by the bulldozer and fatally injured. After she was injured she was taken by a Red Crescent ambulance to the Palestinian Najar hospital, arriving at the emergency room at 5:05 pm, still alive but near death. At 5:20 pm she was declared dead.

paragraph: The events surrounding Corrie's death are disputed. Fellow ISM activists said that the soldier operating the bulldozer deliberately ran Corrie over while she was acting as a human shield to prevent the demolition of the home of local pharmacist Samir Nasrallah. They said she was between the bulldozer and a wall near Nasrallah's home, in which ISM activists had spent the night several times. Israeli eyewitnesses maintain that the death was accidental because the bulldozer operator was unable to see Corrie due to the vehicle's obstructed view. Furthermore, Israeli witnesses maintain that Corrie was not defending a house from being demolished and was instead inhibiting a military operation to find contraband weapons and smuggling tunnels in Gaza. An IDF officer testified in court that on that day they were only clearing vegetation and rubble from houses that were previously demolished, and that no new houses were slated for demolition.

paragraph: The major points of dispute are whether the bulldozer operator saw Corrie and whether her injuries were caused by being crushed under the blade or by the mound of debris the bulldozer was pushing. An IDF spokesman has acknowledged that Israeli army regulations normally require that the operators of the armored personnel carriers (APCs) that accompany bulldozers are responsible for directing the operators towards their targets because the Caterpillar D9 bulldozers have a restricted field of vision with several blind spots.

paragraph: Section::::Death and subsequent controversy.:ISM accounts.

paragraph: ISM activist Richard Purssell testified, "[t]hey began demolishing one house. We gathered around and called out to them and went into the house, so they backed out. During the entire time they knew who we were and what we were doing, because they didn't shoot at us. We stood in their way and shouted. There were about eight of us in an area about 70 square meters. Suddenly, we saw they turned to a house they had started to demolish before, and I saw Rachel standing in the way of the front bulldozer." Human-rights activists and Palestinians say that the demolitions had also been accompanied by gunfire from Israeli snipers. The director of Rafah's hospital, Dr. Ali Moussa said that 240 Palestinians, including 78 children, had been killed since the Al-Aqsa Intifada began in 2001, "Every night there is shooting at houses in which children are sleeping, without any attacks from Palestinians." The United Nations said that 582 Rafah homes were demolished and 721 damaged, with 5,305 people made homeless.

paragraph: An ISM activist using the name "Richard", saying he had witnessed Corrie's death, told "Haaretz":

paragraph: There's no way he didn't see her, since she was practically looking into the cabin. At one stage, he turned around toward the building. The bulldozer kept moving, and she slipped and fell off the plow. But the bulldozer kept moving, the shovel above her. I guess it was about 10 or 15 meters that it dragged her and for some reason didn't stop. We shouted like crazy to the operator through loudspeakers that he should stop, but he just kept going and didn't lift the shovel. Then it stopped and backed up. We ran to Rachel. She was still breathing.

paragraph: Eyewitness and ISM member Tom Dale, commenting on the 2012 verdict said: "Whatever one thinks about the visibility from a D9 bulldozer, it is inconceivable that at some point the driver did not see her, given the distance from which he approached, while she stood, unmoving, in front of it. As I told the court, just before she was crushed, Rachel briefly stood on top of the rolling mound of earth which had gathered in front of the bulldozer: her head was above the level of the blade, and just a few meters from the driver."

paragraph: Joe Carr, an American ISM activist who used the assumed name of Joseph Smith during his time in Gaza, gave the following account in an affidavit recorded and published by the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights (PCHR):

paragraph: Still wearing her fluorescent jacket, she knelt down at least 15 meters in front of the bulldozer, and began waving her arms and shouting, just as activists had successfully done dozens of times that day... When it got so close that it was moving the earth beneath her, she climbed onto the pile of rubble being pushed by the bulldozer... Her head and upper torso were above the bulldozer's blade, and the bulldozer operator and co-operator could clearly see her. Despite this, the operator continued forward, which caused her to fall back, out of view of the driver. He continued forward, and she tried to scoot back, but was quickly pulled underneath the bulldozer. We ran towards him, and waved our arms and shouted; one activist with the megaphone. But the bulldozer operator continued forward, until Corrie was all the way underneath the central section of the bulldozer.

paragraph: On March 18, 2003, two days after Corrie's death, Joe (Smith) Carr was interviewed by British Channel 4 and "The Observer" reporter Sandra Jordan for a documentary, "The Killing Zone", which aired in June 2003. He stated, "It was either a really gross mistake or a really brutal murder."

paragraph: According to "The Seattle Times", "Smith, who witnessed Sunday's incident, said it began when Corrie sat down in front of the bulldozer. He said the operator scooped her up with a pile of earth, dumped her on the ground and ran over her twice."

paragraph: However, "Smith" later acknowledged that after Corrie fell down the dirt pile, the bulldozer operator could well have lost sight of Corrie.

paragraph: Section::::Death and subsequent controversy.:Israeli accounts.

paragraph: The bulldozer operator, a Russian immigrant to Israel, was interviewed on Israeli TV and insisted he had no idea she was in front of him:

paragraph: You can't hear, you can't see well. You can go over something and you'll never know. I scooped up some earth, I couldn't see anything. I pushed the earth, and I didn't see her at all. Maybe she was hiding in there.

paragraph: The IDF produced a video about Corrie's death that includes footage taken from inside the cockpit of a D9. The video makes a "credible case", wrote Joshua Hammer in "Mother Jones," that "the operators, peering out through narrow, double-glazed, bulletproof windows, their view obscured behind pistons and the giant scooper, might not have seen Corrie kneeling in front of them".

paragraph: In April 2011, during the trial of the civil suit brought by Corrie's parents, an IDF officer testified that Corrie and other activists had spent hours trying to block the bulldozers under his command. He went on to say that it was a war zone "where Palestinian militants used abandoned homes as firing positions and exploited foreign activists for cover". He shouted over a megaphone for the activists to leave, tried to use tear gas to disperse them and moved his troops several times. "To my regret, after the eighth time, (Corrie) hid behind an earth embankment. The D9 operator didn't see her. She thought he saw her," he said.

paragraph: An infantry major later testified that the activists were endangering troops and had ignored numerous warnings to leave the area. Between September 2000 and the date of Corrie's death Israeli forces in the area had been subjected to 1,400 attacks involving gunfire, 150 involving explosive devices, 200 involving anti-tank rockets, and 6,000 involving hand grenades or mortar fire.

paragraph: Section::::Death and subsequent controversy.:Autopsy.

paragraph: Prime Minister of Israel Ariel Sharon promised President Bush a "thorough, credible, and transparent investigation". Later, Capt. Jacob Dallal, a spokesman for the Israeli army, called Corrie's death a "regrettable accident" and said that she and the other ISM activists were "a group of protesters who were acting very irresponsibly, putting everyone in danger—the Palestinians, themselves and our forces—by intentionally placing themselves in a combat zone".

paragraph: An autopsy was conducted on March 24 at the Abu Kabir Forensic Institute in Tel Aviv by Chief Pathologist Yehuda Hiss. The final report was not released publicly, but in their report on the matter Human Rights Watch says a copy was provided to them by Craig Corrie, with a translation supplied by the U.S. Department of State. In the report they quote Hiss as concluding, "Her death was caused by pressure on the chest (mechanical asphyxiation) with fractures of the ribs and vertebrae of the dorsal spinal column and scapulas, and tear wounds in the right lung with hemorrhaging of the pleural cavities."

paragraph: Section::::Death and subsequent controversy.:Military investigation.

paragraph: The Israeli army's report [seen by "The Guardian"], said:

paragraph: On June 26, 2003, "The Jerusalem Post" quoted an Israeli military spokesman as saying that Corrie had not been run over and that the operator had not seen her:

paragraph: The driver at no point saw or heard Corrie. She was standing behind debris which obstructed the view of the driver and the driver had a very limited field of vision due to the protective cage he was working in... The driver and his commanders were interrogated extensively over a long period of time with the use of polygraph tests and video evidence. They had no knowledge that she was standing in the path of the tractor. An autopsy of Corrie's body revealed that the cause of death was from falling debris and not from the tractor physically rolling over her. It was a tragic accident that never should have happened.

paragraph: The classified IDF report made no mention of the pathologist's conclusion.

paragraph: Howard Blume told that IDF stated:

paragraph: [a bulldozer with 2 crews] was engaged in "routine terrain leveling and debris clearing", not building demolition. Quoting from the IDF report, Corrie died "as a result of injuries sustained when earth and debris accidentally fell on her... Ms. Corrie was not run over by the bulldozer," he added, IDF also claimed she was possibly "in a blindspot for the bulldozer operators and "behind an earth mound", so they did not see that she was in harm's way.

paragraph: In later IDF operations, the house was damaged (a hole was knocked in a wall) and was later destroyed. By that time, the Nasrallah family had moved into a different house. It was reported in 2006 that the house that Corrie was trying to protect was rebuilt with funds raised by The Rebuilding Alliance.

paragraph: A spokesman for the IDF told the "Guardian" that, while it did not accept responsibility for Corrie's death, it intended to change its operational procedures to avoid similar incidents in the future. The level of command of similar operations would be raised, said the spokesman, and civilians in the area would be dispersed or arrested before operations began. Observers will be deployed and CCTV cameras will be installed on the bulldozers to compensate for blind spots, which may have contributed to Corrie's death.

paragraph: The IDF gave copies of the report, titled "The Death of Rachel Corrie", to members of the U.S. Congress in April 2003, and Corrie's family released the document to the media in June 2003, according to the Gannett News Service. In March 2004 the family said that the entire report had not been released, and that only they and two American staffers at the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv had been allowed to view it. The family said they were allowed to look at the report in the Consulate General of Israel to the Pacific Northwest in San Francisco. The ISM rejected the Israeli report, stating that it contradicted their members' eyewitness reports and that the investigation had not been credible and transparent.

paragraph: Section::::Reactions.

paragraph: Corrie's death sparked controversy and led to international media coverage.

paragraph: Section::::Reactions.:Corrie's parents reaction.

paragraph: Corrie's father, Craig Corrie has said "I know there's stuff you can't see out of the double glass windows." But he has denied that as a valid excuse, saying "you're responsible for knowing what's in front of your blade... It's a no brainer that this was gross negligence". He added that "they had three months to figure out how to deal with the activists that were there."

paragraph: Section::::Reactions.:Political reactions.

paragraph: In March 2003, U.S. Representative Brian Baird introduced a resolution in the U.S. Congress calling on the U.S. government to "undertake a full, fair, and expeditious investigation" into Corrie's death. The House of Representatives took no action on the resolution. The Corrie family joined Representative Baird in calling for a U.S. investigation.

paragraph: Yasser Arafat, the first President of the Palestinian Authority, offered his condolences and gave the "blessings of the Palestinian people" to Corrie, promising to name a street in Gaza after her. According to Cindy Corrie, Arafat told Craig Corrie that Rachel Corrie "is your daughter but she is also the daughter of all Palestinians. She is ours too now."

paragraph: On March 21, 2003, the U.S. Green Party called for an investigation of the "murder of American Peace Activist Rachel Corrie by Israeli Forces".

paragraph: In August 2012, U.S. Ambassador to Israel Dan Shapiro stated that the Israeli investigation was not satisfactory, and was not as thorough, credible or transparent as it should have been. Shapiro said further that the government of the United States is unsatisfied with the IDF's closure of its official investigation into Corrie's death.

paragraph: Section::::Reactions.:Human rights organizations.

paragraph: Amnesty International called for an independent inquiry, with Christine Bustany, their advocacy director for the Middle East, saying, "U.S.-made bulldozers have been 'weaponized' and their transfer to Israel must be suspended."

paragraph: In 2005, Human Rights Watch published a report raising questions about the impartiality and professionalism of the IDF investigation. Some of the problems that the report mentioned were the investigators' lack of preparation, the "hostile," "inappropriate," and "mostly accusatory" questions they asked witnesses, the failure to ask witnesses to draw maps or to identify locations of events on maps, and their lack of interest in reconciling soldiers' testimonies with those of other eyewitnesses.

paragraph: NGO Monitor, an Israeli group, strongly criticized other NGOs and said the verdict reflects all of the facts and circumstances surrounding the incident. Its president, Gerald Steinberg said, "Corrie's death was entirely unnecessary, and the leaders of the ISM bear much culpability for her death."

paragraph: Shurat HaDin, an organization representing Israeli victims of terrorism, said that the Corrie Family should sue the Palestinian Authority and ISM over their daughter's death.

paragraph: Section::::Reactions.:Media.

paragraph: "The Observer" suggested that because Corrie was American her death attracted more attention than the deaths of Palestinians under similar circumstances: "On the night of Corrie's death, nine Palestinians were killed in the Gaza Strip, among them a four-year-old girl and a man aged 90. A total of 220 people have died in Rafah since the beginning of the intifada. Palestinians know the death of one American receives more attention than the killing of hundreds of Muslims."

paragraph: In 2006, "Haaretz" political columnist Bradley Burston said that Corrie's death was accidental but that "incidental killing is no less tragic than intentional killing"; Burston criticized both the pro-Palestinian and pro-Israeli sides for their excessive rhetoric:

paragraph: Of all of the tragedies and casualties of the intifada, in which more than 4,000 people were killed over five years, the case of Rachel Corrie still stands apart, the subject of intense world interest and fierce debate... Part of it starts with us. ""They had no business being there"" is no excuse for what the Pentagon long ago christened collateral damage. We've learned much. But we're still not there. We should have saved Rachel Corrie's life that day, either by sending out a spotter or delaying the bulldozer's work. Right now, somewhere in the West Bank, there's an eight-year-old whose life could be saved next week, if we've managed to learn the lesson and are resourceful enough to know how to apply it.

paragraph: American journalist Charlie Wolf referred to Corrie as "scum" on his show on British radio station talkSPORT. Media regulator Ofcom ruled that this "seriously ill-judged" remark was in breach of the "Generally Accepted Standards" of Broadcasting.

paragraph: Section::::Reactions.:Criticism of Corrie's actions.

paragraph: Tom Gross, in an article called "The Forgotten Rachels", discusses six other women named Rachel who were Jewish victims of Palestinian terrorism in the Arab-Israeli conflict. Their deaths, he wrote, received little if any coverage outside Israel. Gross went on to argue that "partly because of the efforts of Corrie's fellow activists in the ISM, the Israeli army was unable to stop the flow of weapons through the tunnels... Those weapons were later used to kill Israeli children ... in southern Israel". The article prompted a "National Review" editorial arguing "Corrie's death was unfortunate, but more unfortunate is a Western media and cultural establishment that lionizes 'martyrs' for illiberal causes while ignoring the victims those causes create." Explaining the Israeli court's ruling, judge Oded Gershon said Corrie's death was "the result of an accident she brought upon herself." Corrie was in a closed military area, with entry forbidden to civilians. The area was the site of daily gunfire by snipers, missile fire and IED explosions. The United States government had issued a travel warning against American citizens visiting the Gaza Strip. "She did not distance herself from the area, as any thinking person would have done," the judge ruled.

paragraph: Section::::Reactions.:Role of the International Solidarity Movement.

paragraph: George Rishmawi, director of the Palestinian Center for Rapprochement between Peoples, told the "San Francisco Chronicle" that the ISM's main purpose is to "increase international awareness of Palestinian suffering through the involvement of foreign activists". He stated: "When Palestinians get shot by Israeli soldiers, no one is interested anymore ... [b]ut if some of these foreign volunteers get shot or even killed, then the international media will sit up and take notice."

paragraph: Joseph Smith (aka Joseph Carr) stated that "'We knew there was a risk ... but we also knew it never happened in the two years that we (the ISM) have been working here. I knew we take lots of precautions so that it doesn't happen, that if it did happen it would have to be an intentional act by a soldier, in which case it would bring a lot of publicity and significance to the cause.'"

paragraph: Section::::Reactions.:Activities of Corrie's parents.

paragraph: Since their daughter's death, Corrie's parents, Cindy and Craig, have spent time trying to "promote peace and raise awareness about the plight of Palestinians", and continue what they believe to be her work. The Corries have worked to set up the "Rachel Corrie Foundation for Peace and Justice" and launched projects in memory of their daughter. They have also advanced investigation into the incident and asked the U.S. Congress and various courts for redress.

paragraph: Corrie's parents have visited the region several times since their daughter's death and have twice visited Gaza. Following their daughter's death, they visited Gaza and Israel, seeing the place where she died, and meeting ISM members and Palestinians whom she had known. They also visited Ramallah in the West Bank, where Arafat met them and presented them with a plaque in memory of their daughter. On March 28, 2008, they addressed a demonstration in Ramallah at which Craig Corrie said: "This village has become a symbol of nonviolent resistance. I call for solidarity with the people of Palestine in resisting the conditions imposed by the Israeli occupation to prevent the establishment of their state."

paragraph: The Nasrallahs, whose home Rachel Corrie allegedly believed she was preventing from destruction, toured with the Corries across the United States in June 2005. The aim of the trip was, with the cooperation of the Rebuilding Alliance, to raise funds to rebuild the Nasrallah home and other homes destroyed in Rafah.

paragraph: In January 2011, Corrie's parents visited the MV "Mavi Marmara" in Turkey, together with the head of the IHH Bülent Yıldırım. Cindy Corrie called dead "Mavi Marmara" activists "martyrs" and compared them to her daughter.

paragraph: Section::::Subsequent events.

paragraph: Section::::Subsequent events.:Lawsuits.

paragraph: Section::::Subsequent events.:Lawsuits.:In the United States.

paragraph: Corrie's family and several Palestinians filed a federal lawsuit against Caterpillar Inc. in the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington alleging liability for Corrie's death. The suit alleged Caterpillar supplied the bulldozers to the Israelis despite having notice they would be used to further "a policy plaintiffs contend violates international law". The case was dismissed by a Federal judge in November 2005 for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, citing, among other things, the political question doctrine. The judge found, alternatively, that the plaintiffs' claims failed on the merits.

paragraph: The Corrie family appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. In September 2007 the Ninth Circuit affirmed the dismissal on the political question grounds and thus did not rule on the merits of the suit. The Court found that as the bulldozers were paid for by the U.S. Government as part of its aid to Israel, the Judicial Branch could not rule on the merits of the case without ruling on whether or not the government's financing of such bulldozers was appropriate and that this was a matter not entrusted to the Judicial Branch.

paragraph: Section::::Subsequent events.:Lawsuits.:In Israel.

paragraph: In 2010, Corrie's parents, represented by Attorney Hussein Abu Hussein, filed a lawsuit against the Israel Defense Forces and the Israeli Defense Ministry in the Haifa District Court, seeking US$324,000 in compensation. The case began in Haifa on March 10, 2010. Judge Oded Gershon presided over the case. On October 21, 2010, the bulldozer driver who had run over Corrie testified for four hours, and was cross-examined by the Corries' attorney. At the request of state prosecutors, who argued that his life could be imperiled if he was publicly identified, the driver was hidden behind a screen and visible to only the judge and attorneys. A request by the Corrie family that they also be allowed to see the driver was turned down by the judge. The driver was identified only by his initials, "YB", and a gag order was imposed on identifying details, although it was disclosed in court that he was a 38-year old Russian immigrant who had arrived in Israel at age 23, and was working for a food processing company at the time. The driver denied having seen her before hitting her. In addition, four experts, including an expert on the behalf of the Corrie family testified during the trial, and concluded that the bulldozer driver could not see Corrie. Four ISM witnesses testified during the case. However, the Palestinian physician from Gaza who had examined Corrie's wounds on the scene was unable to testify after Israel refused him an entry visa and rejected an application for him to testify by video link.

paragraph: The court ruled against Corrie's family on August 28, 2012. In a 62-page verdict, Judge Oded Gershon ruled that Corrie's death was an accident for which she was responsible, and absolved the IDF of any wrongdoing. The judge ruled that the bulldozer driver and his commander had a very limited field of vision and could not possibly have seen her. According to the judge "The mission of the IDF force on the day of the incident was solely to clear the ground... The mission did not include, in any way, the demolition of homes." The court invoked the principle of the combatant activities exception, as the IDF was attacked in the same area where Corrie was killed a few hours earlier; that Corrie could have avoided the danger and that defendants were not at fault as there was neither intent nor negligence involved in her death. The judge said that the IDF did not violate Corrie's right to life because Corrie had placed herself in a dangerous situation, that Israel's investigation was appropriate and did not contain mistakes, and also criticized the U.S. government for failing to send a diplomatic representative to observe Corrie's autopsy. Gershon said: "I rule unequivocally that the claim that the deceased was intentionally hit by the bulldozer is totally baseless. This was an extremely unfortunate accident. I reached the conclusion that there was no negligence on the part of the bulldozer driver. I reject the suit. There is no justification to demand the state pay any damages. She [Corrie] did not distance herself from the area, as any thinking person would have done. She consciously put herself in harm's way."

paragraph: Furthermore, Gershon pointed to three different entry bans, and also pointed out that the Philadelphi route was effectively a war zone and was formally declared a closed military zone when Corrie died. Gershon also noted that the United States had issued an Israel travel advisory warning to avoid Gaza and the West Bank. In addition, Gershon said that the ISM "abuses the human rights discourse to blur its actions which are de facto violence" and specialized in disrupting IDF activity, which "included an army of activists serving as 'human shields' for terrorists wanted by Israeli security forces, financial and logistical aid to Palestinians including terrorists and their families, and disruption of the sealing of suicide bombers' houses". The Corrie family lawyer, Hussein Abu Hussein, said they were "now studying our options", in regards to a possible appeal.

paragraph: While rejecting the Corrie family's claims to damages, the judge also waived the Corrie family's court costs.

paragraph: Haifa District Court spokeswoman Nitzan Eyal said that her family could appeal the ruling. The amount sought was a symbolic US$1 and legal costs. Her mother reacted to the verdict in saying: "I am hurt. We are, of course, deeply saddened and deeply troubled by what we heard today from Judge Oded Gershon." Corrie's sister, Sarah Corrie Simpson, stated that she believed "without a doubt" that the driver had seen her as he approached, and stated that she hoped he would one day "have the courage" to tell the truth. The right wing political party Yisrael Beitenu issued a statement that called the verdict "vindication after vilification".

paragraph: Former UN Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian Territories Richard Falk said of the verdict that it was "a sad outcome, above all for the Corrie family that had initiated the case back in 2005, but also for the rule of law and the hope that an Israeli court would place limits on the violence of the state, particularly in relation to innocents and unarmed civilians in an occupied territory". Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter of the Carter Center said that the "court's decision confirms a climate of impunity, which facilitates Israeli human rights violations against Palestinian civilians in the Occupied Territory".

paragraph: The verdict of the Haifa District Court was appealed to the Supreme Court of Israel on May 21, 2014. The Supreme Court rejected the appeal and upheld the District Court's verdict regarding the circumstances of Corrie's death, which cleared the IDF from wrongdoing.

paragraph: Section::::Subsequent events.:Memorial events.

paragraph: Immediately after her death, posters and graffiti praising Corrie were posted in Rafah, with one graffiti tag reading, "Rachel was an American citizen with Palestinian blood." According to the ISM's official publications, the day after Corrie died, about thirty American and European ISM activists with 300 Palestinians began protests during the public memorial service over the spot where she was fatally injured in Rafah. Gordon Murray, an ISM activist who attended the memorial, states that the IDF sent a representative to the event who intimidated the mourners into dispersing, allegedly using non-lethal weapons.

paragraph: In 2008, Corrie's parents commemorated the fifth anniversary of her death at an event held in the West Bank town of Nablus. About 150 Palestinians and foreigners joined them to dedicate a memorial to Corrie on one of the city's streets.

paragraph: In 2011, Iran named a street in Tehran after Corrie.

paragraph: Section::::Subsequent events.:Artistic tributes.

paragraph: In 2004, Alaska composer Philip Munger wrote a cantata about Corrie called "The Skies are Weeping", which was scheduled to premiere on April 27 at the University of Alaska Anchorage, where Munger teaches. After objections to the upcoming performance were received, including from members of the Jewish community, a forum was held co-chaired by Munger and a local rabbi who claimed the work "romanticized terrorism". After the forum "disintegrate[d]", Munger announced, "I cannot subject 16 students ... to any possibility of physical harm or to the type of character assassination some of us are already undergoing. Performance of "The Skies are Weeping" at this time and place is withdrawn for the safety of the student performers." Munger later related that he had received threatening e-mails whose content he considered was "[just] short of what you'd take to the troopers", and that some of his students had received similar communications. The cantata was eventually performed at the Hackney Empire theatre in London, premiering on November 1, 2005.

paragraph: In early 2005, "My Name is Rachel Corrie", a play composed from Corrie's journals and emails from Gaza and compiled by actor Alan Rickman and journalist Katharine Viner, in a production directed by Rickman, was presented in London and later revived in October 2005. The play was to be transferred to the New York Theatre Workshop, but when it was postponed indefinitely, the British producers denounced the decision as censorship and withdrew the show. It finally opened Off-Broadway on October 15, 2006, for an initial run of 48 performances. In the same year, "My Name is Rachel Corrie" was shown at the Pleasance theatre as part of the Edinburgh (Fringe) Festival. The play has also been published as a paperback, and performed in ten countries, including Israel.

paragraph: Singer Billy Bragg recounted Corrie's death in the song "The Lonesome Death of Rachel Corrie", composed to the tune of Bob Dylan's "The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll". After being originally released as a free digital download, it was included on the album "Fight Songs" in 2011. Irish folk music/world music group Kíla included the instrumental "Rachel Corrie" on their 2015 album "Suas Síos".

paragraph: Section::::Subsequent events.:Documentaries.

paragraph: In 2003, British Channel 4 and "The Observer" reporter Sandra Jordan and producer Rodrigo Vasquez made a documentary that was aired June 2003 on Channel 4 titled "The Killing Zone", about ongoing violence in the Gaza Strip. Jordan said: "There has been a lot of interest in Britain and around the world about what happened to Rachel, I find it highly disappointing that no serious American investigative journalist has taken Rachel's story seriously or questioned or challenged the Israeli Army version of events."

paragraph: In 2005, the BBC produced a 60 minute documentary titled "When Killing is Easy aka Shooting the Messenger, Why are foreigners suddenly under fire in Israel?", described as "a meticulous examination of" the shooting to death of James Miller, who was shot while filming in an Israeli war zone in May 2003; the shooting of British photography student Thomas Hurndall in April 2003, and the death of Rachel Corrie in March 2003. The documentary claims that the attacks were not "random acts of violence", but rather "represent a culture of killing with impunity which is sanctioned by the higher echelons of the Israeli army."

paragraph: In 2005 Yahya Barakat, who lectures on TV production, cinematography, and filmmaking at al-Quds University, filmed a documentary in Arabic with English subtitles, named "Rachel Corrie – An American Conscience".

paragraph: In 2009, a documentary film titled "Rachel" is produced by Morocco born, French-Israeli director Simone Bitton detailing the death of Rachel Corrie from "an Israeli point of view". Its first North American public screening was at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.

paragraph: Section::::Subsequent events.:MV "Rachel Corrie".

paragraph: On March 30, 2010, an 1800-tonne vessel was bought at auction in Dundalk, Ireland, for €70,000 by the Free Gaza Movement. It was outfitted for use in a voyage to Gaza, named in honour of Rachel Corrie and launched May 12, 2010. It sailed to join a flotilla intended to break the blockade of the Gaza Strip. The flotilla was intercepted; however, the MV "Rachel Corrie" had not reached the other ships and continued towards Gaza by itself. Israeli navy officers addressed the ship as "Linda"—the vessel's name before it was renamed for Rachel Corrie. The ship was intercepted by the Israeli navy on Saturday, June 5, 2010, 23 miles off the coast, and diverted to the port of Ashdod. There the cargo was to be inspected and sent over land to Gaza.

paragraph: Section::::Subsequent events.:Symbolic gravestone in Iran.

paragraph: On the twelfth anniversary of Corrie's death, a symbolic gravestone with her name was installed in the Tehran cemetery to honor her by the Commemoration of Martyrs of movement of the Islamic World's Staff. Near her symbolic gravestone are twelve other symbolic gravestones.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Let Me Stand Alone", collected writings and memoirs of Rachel Corrie published in January 2008 by W. W. Norton & Company,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Corrie, Rachel. "Letter from Palestine". "Voices of a People's History of the United States". Ed. Howard Zinn and Anthony Arnove. New York: Seven Stories Press. pp. 609–610.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ISM casualties in Palestine and Israel

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iain Hook – British UNRWA project manager shot and killed by IDF during a battle in Jenin, November 22, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Miller – British film-maker shot and killed by the IDF in Gaza, May 2, 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vittorio Arrigoni – Italian ISM volunteer abducted and murdered in Gaza by a Salafist militant group.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kayla Mueller – American activist and aid worker abducted by ISIS and later killed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pippa Bacca - Italian peace activist raped and murdered in Turkey.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of peace activists

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quotes from the verdict and analysis: English and Hebrew, Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center, August 28, 2012

description: American anti-war and human rights activist

wikidata_label: Rachel Corrie

wikipedia_title: Rachel Corrie


text:
French
Nicolas Ozanne
École Navale
Duhamel du Monceau
Flore
American war of Independence
Languedoc
Vengeur
Vengeur du Peuple
HMS "Ambuscade"
Bayonnaise
Crown of Napoleon
Téméraire
Vétéran
Jérôme

categories: Naval architects,1737 births,1813 deaths

paragraph: Pierre Ozanne

paragraph: Pierre Ozanne (Brest, 1737 - Brest, 1813 ) was a French naval artist and engineer, brother of Nicolas Ozanne.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: From 1750, Ozanne was schooled at the "Ecole des Gardes de la Marine", ancestor of the École Navale, and in Paris, where he was a pupil of Duhamel du Monceau. He returned to Brest in 1764 with a commission of drawing professor at the naval academy.

paragraph: From 1771 to 1772, he took part in a scientific expedition on the frigate "Flore", and in 1776, on the "Boussole".

paragraph: After the start of the American war of Independence, Ozanne served on "Languedoc" and on the "Vautour".

paragraph: In 1788, he directed the plans of the 74-gun "Vengeur", earning a commission of naval engineer in the process.

paragraph: Ozanne contributed to the propaganda of the Revolutionary era by commissioning two notable works: "le "Vengeur du Peuple" au combat de prairial", in 1795, depicting the highly romanticised tale of the sinking of "Vengeur du Peuple"; and "Le combat de la "Bayonnaise, in 1798, depicting the capture of the 32-gun HMS "Ambuscade" by the 24-gun "Bayonnaise".

paragraph: In 1801, he was made a "captaine de vaisseau". He was present at the Crown of Napoleon, representing naval engineering. Ozanne notably directed the construction of an enlarged version of the "Téméraire" class, the 86-gun "Vétéran", that served as the personal ship of Napoleon's brother Jérôme.

paragraph: Ozanne retired in 1811 in Brest.

alias:
M. Ozane
Ozanne
Ozane
M. Ozanne

description: French naval engineer

wikidata_label: Pierre Ozanne

wikipedia_title: Pierre Ozanne


text:
Darq E Freaker
Azekel
BBC Radio 1
Neneh Cherry
Afropunk
Flying Lotus
Hudson Mohawke
The Guardian
The Carps
Adamski
Seal
M.I.A
The Cool Kids
Bok Bok
Instagram
Twitter
Facebook
Soundclound

categories: English singer-songwriters,Black British musicians,English electronic musicians,English record producers,English male singers,English soul musicians,Living people,Singers from London

paragraph: Mickey Lightfoot

paragraph: Mickey Lightfoot, whose real name is "Osei Amponsa", is a British rapper, singer-songwriter, musician and producer. His music is a blend of future hip-hop, afro-beats and alternative grime. Lightfoot released his EP "To Kill A Flockin Bird" on Peckish in 2013 that featured Darq E Freaker and Azekel and led to mixes for BBC Radio 1. Lightfoot, along with Neneh Cherry, was named one of "10 Artists to watch in 2014" by New York's cultural influencers "Afropunk".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Mickey Lightfoot was born in Brockley, South London to Ghanaian parents. His mother Comfort Akuse was a seamstress for Vivienne Westwood at one point and his father Alex Amponsah was a pioneering West African political radical. Despite showing a strong interest in football and music during his school years, he pursued studies in science. and graduated with a degree in Physiology and Pharmacology from Bristol University.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Mickey Lightfoot sought refuge in Bristol. There he promoted club nights which led to music making. He was later accepted into the Red Bull Music Academy, an establishment that boast an alumni that includes the likes of Flying Lotus, Evian Christ and Hudson Mohawke. Some of his early releases resulted in coverage by the British publication "The Guardian" Since then, the live set up has organically grown to include Akara The Music and Neil White, former bass player for Canadian band The Carps.

paragraph: Section::::Artistry.

paragraph: Lightfoot’s musical style has been described as being based in hip hop, blended with sounds from the garage, grime, electronic music, and R&B that bridges a gap between soul and rap. Sonically hefty, it requires careful listening, challenging why some listeners put strict categories in place for music. Lightfoot has said that Afrocentrism is the skeleton of everything he does.

paragraph: Section::::Influences.

paragraph: His influences range from Tricky-esque quirkiness to Andre 3000 style glamour.

paragraph: Mickey Lightfoot combines Ghanaian highlife influences with UK grime tendencies incorporating the 90’s hip hop and the garage influences from formative years

paragraph: Section::::Releases.

paragraph: "To Kill A Flockin Bird" was released digitally on 6 October 2013 on Peckish. The EP was well received across tastemaker blogs such as Hypetrack. and Rankin’s Hunger TV

paragraph: Section::::Appearances.

paragraph: In June 2014, Lightfoot appeared at the Plissken Festival in Athens, Greece, and in June he appeared at the Lunatic Festival in Lüneburg, Germany, and also played Field Day festival that same year. Past performances include Sonar Festival as well as SXSW.

paragraph: Section::::Other Work.

paragraph: Mickey Lightfoot has writing credits for producer Adamski whose hits include Seal's chart topping record "Killer". They have also assisted the likes of M.I.A, Brandt Brauer Frick, Om'mas Keith, The Cool Kids and Bok Bok .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Instagram

paragraph: BULLET::::- Twitter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Facebook

paragraph: BULLET::::- Soundclound

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Mickey lightfoot

wikipedia_title: Mickey Lightfoot