text: outsider art

text: industrial waste

text: Barnet

text: North London

text: performance art

text: Muswell Hill

text: Middlesex University

text: collage

text: artist-in-residence

text: Lehigh University

text: Bethlehem, Pennsylvania

text: Baltimore

text: Kaustinen

text: American Visionary Art Museum

text: Baltimore

text: Irish Museum of Modern Art

text: La Halle Saint Pierre

text: Paris

text: acrylic enamel

text: Stonehenge

text: Merton

text: Oxford University

text: Trafalgar Square

text: graffiti

text: City of London Police

text: criminal damage

text: witness statement

text: BBC

text: MyMuswell

text: Raw Vision

text: The Daily Telegraph

text: The New York Times

text: short

text: documentary film

text: Gallery of Ben Wilson's works

categories: English woodcarvers,People from Cambridge,20th-century English artists,Artists from London,1963 births,People from Chipping Barnet,English graffiti artists,Pavement artists,Living people

paragraph: Ben Wilson (artist)

paragraph: Ben Wilson (born 1963) is an English wood carver and outsider artist. The son of an artist, Wilson grew up in a creative environment and attended art school. His distaste for industrial waste, cars and rubbish eventually turned into an art form. He creates tiny works of art by painting chewing gum stuck to the pavement. Initially, his work garnered him unwanted attention from the authorities, but because he is not defacing private property but merely painting rubbish, he was found to be breaking no law. In addition to the chewing gum art, Wilson paints and sculpts. He has exhibited his paintings and sculptures in England, the United States, Germany, Ireland, Finland, France and Serbia.

paragraph: Section::::Personal details.

paragraph: Wilson was born in Cambridge and grew up in a family of artists in Barnet, in North London, England. His father is an artist who has painted, made ceramics and done performance art.

paragraph: He lives in Muswell Hill with his family.

paragraph: Section::::Outsider artist.

paragraph: Wilson studied art at Middlesex University, but disliked the "overanalysing" in formal art education and dropped out. He preferred to use found wood to create sculptures, as he had done as a child.

paragraph: An artist with a strong distaste for industrial waste, cars and rubbish, Wilson took to carving sculptures in wooded areas. He would later find many of his carvings vandalized and destroyed. He had already created collages that incorporated collected bits of litter and had painted over billboards and advertisements in an effort to beautify the urban environment, an effort that brought him trouble with the law. He came on the idea of painting chewing gum, which required no gallery, bureaucracy, or permit and was not defacing property, since the gum was already discarded. He began painting gum on Barnet High Street, intending to create a trail into the centre of London.

paragraph: Wilson does not confine himself to painting gum and has worked on large constructions in Finland, Australia and the United States, where he was artist-in-residence at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania and created a large sculpture in Baltimore, Maryland. He also produces "normal-sized" paintings, which he occasionally sells.

paragraph: Wilson has exhibited at the Contemporary Folk Art Museum in Kaustinen, Finland, the American Visionary Art Museum in Baltimore, the Lehniner Institut für Kunst und Handwerk near Berlin, the Musgrave-Kinley Outsider Art Collection at the Irish Museum of Modern Art in Dublin and La Halle Saint Pierre in Paris.

paragraph: Wilson started experimenting with occasional chewing-gum paintings in 1998, and in October 2004 began working on them full-time. He has created more than 10,000 of these works on pavements all over the UK and parts of Europe. Most of his work is found in Muswell Hill, however.

paragraph: Wilson first heats the gum with a small blow torch, then coats the gum with three layers of acrylic enamel. He uses special acrylic paints to paint his pictures, finishing each with a clear lacquer seal. The paintings take from two hours to three days to produce. Subject matter ranges from personal requests to animals, portraits or whatever whimsy pops into his head, such as "Gum Henge", a miniature painting of Stonehenge.

paragraph: Britain spends £150 million annually cleaning chewing gum from pavement. John Carey, Merton professor of English at Oxford University says, "gum-spitters register themselves as a disaffected underclass with no share in communal aspirations. Our ruined education system is partly to blame, but so is the vast inequality of wealth we permit, which breeds despair." Wilson was arrested in 2005 in Trafalgar Square and once in 2009, but he says, "Technically, it is not criminal damage, because you are painting the gum, not the pavement." Wilson does not consider himself to be a graffiti artist, but has come to know graffiti writers through his work.

paragraph: Section::::Community support.

paragraph: People crowd around Wilson when he works and he has been praised by passersby. He has become a local celebrity as his work has chronicled the changes in the neighborhood. He has a large book where he keeps backlogged requests for paintings, such as births and deaths, marriages or some other personal commemoration. He does not charge for gum painting requests, a word he prefers to use over "commissions". When he was arrested in 2009 by the City of London Police on suspicion of criminal damage, the case was dropped after dozens of people wrote letters of support a few months later. The Barnet police also came to his support, filing a witness statement on his behalf.

paragraph: Section::::Media attention.

paragraph: Wilson's work has been featured by the BBC, MyMuswell "This Is Local London", "Raw Vision", "The Daily Telegraph", "The New York Times" and in non-anglophone countries, such as Switzerland, Germany and Serbia. Two short documentary films have also been made about Wilson, "Ben Wilson, The Chewing Gum Man" and "In My Blood". In 2015, Ben Wilson was also featured in the Erjia Guan show.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gallery of Ben Wilson's works Flickr. Retrieved 15 June 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilson's artwork and news of exhibitions

description: outside artist, painter, sculptor

wikidata_label: Ben Wilson

wikipedia_title: Ben Wilson (artist)


text: known in

text: Auvergnat

text: troubadour

text: cansos

text: courtly love

text: Occitan

text: Pérols

text: Prondines

text: Puy-de-Dôme

text: castle

text: Rochefort-Montagne

text: Pérol

text: Riom-es-Montagnes

text: Dauphin of Auvergne

text: knight

text: vida

text: Dalfi d'Alvernha

text: jongleur

text: fiddler

text: tornada

text: Albertet de Sestaro

text: Jerusalem

text: Montpellier

text: courtliness

text: trobar leu

text: piano

text: Folquet de Marselha

text: Peire Vidal

text: Dorian

text: Mixolydian

text: trouvère

text: Guiot de Dijon

text: Old French

text: sirventes

text: Third Crusade

text: tenso

text: Conrad of Montferrat

text: King of Jerusalem

text: Dalfi d'Alvernha

text: Damietta

text: Emperor Frederick II

text: crusading song

text: imperial eagle

text: Sultan of Egypt

text: Eighth Crusade

text: contrafactum

text: Ricaut Bonomel

text: Palestinian

text: Templar

text: Austorc d'Aurillac

text: sirventes

text: reverse psychology

text: cansos

text: tenso

text: Dalfi d'Alvernha

text: Gaucelm Faidit

text: Bernart de Ventadorn

text: cobla

text: JavaScript

text: Speculum

text: "The Jongleur Troubadours of Provence."

text: Ezra Pound

text: "The Meaning of Courtly Love."

text: "Text and Melody in Peirol's Cansos."

text: Peirol's complete works online

text: Biography of Peirol

text: Multimedia edition of Peirol's lyrics

categories: French male poets,People from Auvergne,1220s deaths,1160s births,Troubadours

paragraph: Peirol

paragraph: Peirol or Peiròl (, ; birth ca. 1160, known in 1188–1222/1225, death in the 1220s) was an Auvergnat troubadour who wrote mostly "cansos" of courtly love in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. Thirty-four surviving poems written in Occitan have been attributed to him; of these, seventeen (sixteen of them love songs) have surviving melodies. He is sometimes called Peirol d'Auvergne or Peiròl d'Auvèrnha, and erroneously Pierol.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Not much is known of his life, and any attempt to establish his biography from a reading of his poems is soundly rejected by the most recent scholarship.

paragraph: Peirol's birth is commonly estimated around 1160. He may have hailed from — and been named after — the village of Pérols in Prondines, Puy-de-Dôme, "at the foot of" ("al pe de") the castle of Rochefort-Montagne ("Rocafort"). Another candidate for his birth town is Pérol in modern Riom-es-Montagnes. His homeland was thus "en la contrada del Dalfin": in the county of the Dauphin of Auvergne.

paragraph: Peirol was originally a poor knight, described as "courtly and handsome" by the author of his late thirteenth-century "vida" (biography). He served at the court of Dalfi d'Alvernha, but was in love with his sister Salh (or Sail) de Claustra (which means "fled from the cloister"), the wife of Béraut III de Mercœur, and wrote many songs for this "domna" (lady). While Dalfi had brought his sister to his court for Peirol and had helped Peirol cater to her tastes in his compositions, eventually Dalfi grew jealous of the attention his sister gave Peirol and, in part because of the impropriety, had to dismiss Peirol, who could not support himself as a man-at-arms. His biographer indicates, "Peirols no se poc mantener per cavallier e venc joglars, et anet per cortz e receup dels barons e draps e deniers e cavals." That is: Peirol being unable to maintain himself as a knight became a jongleur, and travelled from court to court, receiving from barons clothing, money, and horses.

paragraph: Peirol is known to have been a fiddler and singer from a reference in a "tornada" of Albertet de Sestaro. After returning from a pilgrimage to Jerusalem sometime in or after 1222, Peirol may have died in Montpellier in the 1220s.

paragraph: Section::::Courtly love.

paragraph: Peirol's works are simple and metaphysical; based on familiar concepts of courtliness, they lack originality. They are most characteristic in their abstractness and lack of concrete nouns; the adjectives are rarely sensory (related to sight, touch, etc.) and there are no extended references to nature as found in many troubadours. The purpose behind his writing was probably economical and chivalric — for reputation, prestige, and honour — rather than emotional or sentimental; his writing is intellectual and formulaic. Among the personal statements in his works, he expresses a preference for the "vers" over the "chansoneta". Among his love songs can be distinguished the light-hearted "gay songs", which sometimes at least had equally gay melodies, and the more "serious songs", which were "theoretical discussions of love". He wrote in the "trobar leu" (light poetry) tradition.

paragraph: To Peirol, the "crafty lover" can "circumvent the foolish watchfulness of the jealous husband." Peirol gave up a nobler woman for a lesser "that I love in joy and peace and am loved in return." Peirol also waded into the discussion concerning whether it was permissible to love in a pure, elevated form at the same time as one sought low, physical love.

paragraph: One of Peirol's works, "Mainta gens mi malrazona", survives with a melody to which a piano accompaniment was written as "Manta gens me mal razona" by E. Bohm. Among his surviving melodies, Théodore Gérold has ascertained a discord between music and lyric, and although Switten denies this, she admits that they are generally melancholic and not expressive of the mood of the lyrics (if one is conveyed). Both agree, however, that his melodies are simpler than those of contemporary troubadours Folquet de Marselha and Peire Vidal. They are usually written in either the Dorian or Mixolydian modes and "cannot be rejected as tiresome pedantries [...] yet possessed of an intrinsic harmony, a singularity of purpose, a unanimity of conception and intent that may properly be termed artistic."

paragraph: A trouvère, Guiot de Dijon, writing in Old French, probably modelled his song "Chanter m'estuet, coment que me destraigne" after Peirol's love song "Si be.m sui loing et entre gent estraigna".

paragraph: Peirol also tried his hand at the art of the "sirventes" with the "Ren no val hom joves que no.s perjura", which was widely copied. This poem, which has stark and vivid imagery and even a prosaic reference to merchants, is so unusual for Peirol that its authenticiy has been placed in doubt.

paragraph: Section::::Crusading songs.

paragraph: Peirol supported the Third Crusade (1189–1192) and wrote a "tenso", "Quant amors trobet partit" (When Love discovered that my heart / Had parted from his concerns), encouraging the kings of Europe to make peace and send aid to "the noble and valiant marquess" Conrad of Montferrat, then King of Jerusalem. Though Peirol expresses a desire to accompany his lord, Dalfi d'Alvernha, on the Crusade, he is ultimately convinced by Love not to abandon his lady ("domna") by pointing out that "never by your intervention will the Turk and Arab yield up the Tower of David" and giving the counsel: "love and sing often."

paragraph: It appears that Peirol never did go on the Third Crusade, but he eventually pilgrimaged to Jerusalem in 1221 and may have witnessed the surrender of Damietta. He placed some of the blame on the Emperor Frederick II in a crusading song — his last poem — entitled "Pus flum Jordan ai vist e.l monimen". He even went so far as to mock the imperial eagle ("vostr'aigla, qu'en gitet us voutors") and praise the victorious Sultan of Egypt ("Anta y avetz e.l Soudan onramen").

paragraph: "M'entencio ai tot'en un vers mesa", one of Peirol's "cansos" and not one of his crusading songs, was used twice around the time of the Eighth Crusade (1270) as the basis for a contrafactum in support of the Crusades. First, Ricaut Bonomel, a Palestinian Templar, wrote a scathing analysis of the future of Christianity in the Holy Land, and a few years after that, Austorc d'Aurillac, composed a "sirventes" encouraging conversion to Islam. Both later poems were exercises in reverse psychology and attempts to spur further Crusades.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: The thirty-four surviving poems that constitute Peirol's complete works have been titled after their first line.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The "cansos", alphabetically

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ab gran joi mou maintas vetz e comenssa"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Atressi co.l signes fai"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Be.m cujava que no chantes oguan"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ben dei chantar puois amors m'o enseigna"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Car m'era de Joi lunhatz"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Camjat ai mon consirier"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cora qu'amors vuelha"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Coras que.m fezes doler"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "D'eissa la razon qu'ieu suoill"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Del sieu tort farai esmenda"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "D'un bon vers vau pensan com lo fezes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "D'un sonet vau pensan"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "En joi que.m demora"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eu non lausarai ja mon chan"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La gran alegransa"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mainta gens mi malrazona"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "M'entencion ai tot' en un vers mesa"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mout m'entremis de chantar voluntiers"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nuills hom no s'auci tan gen"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Per dan que d'amor mi veigna"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pos de mon joi vertadier"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pos entremes me suy de far chansos"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ren no val hom joves que no.s perjura"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Si be.m sui loing et entre gent estraigna"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tot mon engeing e mon saber"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tug miei cossir son d'amor e de chan"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The "tensos", alphabetically

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dalfi, sabriatz me vos"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with Dalfi d'Alvernha)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gaucelm, diguatz m'al vostre sen"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with Gaucelm Faidit)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Peirol, com avetz tan estat"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with Bernart de Ventadorn)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Peirol, pois vengutz es vas nos"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (a "cobla")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pomairols, dos baros sai"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with Pomairol, Guionet, and one Peire)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pus flum Jordan ai vist e.l monimen"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with "Dieus", God)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quant Amors trobet partit"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with "Amors", Love)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Senher, qual penriaz vos"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with a "Senher", Lord)

paragraph: Section::::Modern recordings.

paragraph: Several dozens albums exist featuring at least one recording of a Peirol song. Below are some recordings, alphabetically by poem name. (If you have enabled JavaScript, you can reorder the table by clicking any column heading.)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sources consulted

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aston, S. C. "Peirol: Troubadour of Auvergne". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aston, S. C. "On the Attribution of the Poem 'Be·m cujava que no chantes oguan' and the Identity of 'Marqueza'." "The Modern Language Review", Vol. 48, No. 2. (Apr., 1953), pp. 151–158.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aubrey, Elizabeth. "References to Music in Old Occitan Literature." "Acta Musicologica", Vol. 61, Fasc. 2. (May–Aug., 1989), pp. 110–149.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aubrey, Elizabeth. "The Music of the Troubadours". Indiana University Press, 1996. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chambers, Frank M. "Three Troubadour Poems with Historical Overtones." "Speculum", Vol. 54, No. 1. (Jan., 1979), pp. 42–54.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Egan, Margarita, ed. and trans. "The Vidas of the Troubadours". New York: Garland, 1984. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jones, W. Powell. "The Jongleur Troubadours of Provence." "PMLA", Vol. 46, No. 2. (Jun., 1931), pp. 307–311.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kehew, Robert (ed.) "Lark in the Morning: The Verses of the Troubadours". Ezra Pound and William De Witt Snodgrass, trans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moller, Herbert. "The Social Causation of the Courtly Love Complex." "Comparative Studies in Society and History", Vol. 1, No. 2. (Jan., 1959), pp. 137–163.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moller, Herbert. "The Meaning of Courtly Love." "The Journal of American Folklore", Vol. 73, No. 287. (Jan.–Mar., 1960), pp. 39–52.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nichols, Stephen G. "Poetic Places and Real Spaces: Anthropology of Space in Crusade Literature (in Allegory and the Space of Otherness)." "Yale French Studies, No. 95, Rereading Allegory: Essays in Memory of Daniel Poirion". (1999), pp. 111–133.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paterson, Linda M. "Occitan Literature and the Holy Land." "The World of Eleanor of Aquitaine: Literature and Society in Southern France between the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries", edd. Marcus Bull and Catherine Léglu. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2005. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Puckett, Jaye. "'Reconmenciez novele estoire': The Troubadours and the Rhetoric of the Later Crusades." "MLN", Vol. 116, No. 4, French Issue. (Sep., 2001), pp. 844–889.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siberry, Elizabeth. "Criticism of Crusading, 1095–1274". Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schutz, A. H. "Where Were the Provençal "Vidas" and "Razos" Written?" "Modern Philology", Vol. 35, No. 3. (Feb., 1938), pp. 225–232.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smythe, Barbara. "The Connection between Words and Music in the Songs of the Trobadors." "The Modern Language Review", Vol. 3, No. 4. (Jul., 1908), pp. 329–336.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Switten, Margaret Louise. "Text and Melody in Peirol's Cansos." "PMLA", Vol. 76, No. 4. (Sep., 1961), pp. 320–325.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Endnotes

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peirol's complete works online at Trobar.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Peirol

paragraph: BULLET::::- Multimedia edition of Peirol's lyrics

description: French troubadour

wikidata_label: Peirol

wikipedia_title: Peirol


text:
Middle-Eastern
United Kingdom
Drama Centre
Only Fools and Horses
The Bill
Navy Seals
Salmon Fishing in the Yemen

categories: British male film actors,1949 births,Living people

paragraph: Nayef Rashed

paragraph: Nayef Rashed (born 1949) is a Middle-Eastern actor living in the United Kingdom. After training at London's Drama Centre, he has appeared in such television favourites as "Only Fools and Horses", "The Bill", and feature films such as "Navy Seals". He appeared in the film "Salmon Fishing in the Yemen" as the Rebel Leader.

description: British actor

wikidata_label: Nayef Rashed

wikipedia_title: Nayef Rashed


text: Kyoto

text: Kanō Motonobu

text: Ashikaga shogunate

text: Chinese painting

text: Jukō-in

text: Daitoku-ji

text: Oda Nobunaga

text: Toyotomi Hideyoshi

text: Azuchi castle

text: Osaka Castle

text: Einō

text: Sengoku period

text: Amaterasu

text: Kanō Sanraku

text: Japanese art

text: National Archives of Japan

categories: Artists from Kyoto,1543 births,1590 deaths,16th-century Japanese artists,16th-century Japanese painters,16th-century painters,16th-century Japanese people

paragraph: Kanō Eitoku

paragraph: Section::::Life and works.

paragraph: Born in Kyoto, Eitoku was the grandson of Kanō Motonobu (1476–1559), an official painter for the Ashikaga shogunate. He was recognized for his artistic talent at a very young age. Under Motonobu's guidance, he developed his grandfather's style, which had influence from Chinese painting.

paragraph: Collaborating with his father Shōei (1519–92), Eitoku painted the wall panels of the abbot's quarters in Jukō-in, a subtemple of the Daitoku-ji Zen monastic complex in Kyoto.

paragraph: Eitoku's patrons included Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi. His standing screen, sliding door, wall, and ceiling paintings decorated Nobunaga's Azuchi castle and Hideyoshi's residence in Kyoto and Osaka Castle. Contemporary accounts indicate that Eitoku was one of the most highly sought-after artists of his time, and received many wealthy and powerful patrons. Maintaining the preeminence of the Kanō School was not merely an artistic feat, but an organizational and political one also. Eitoku was able to secure a steady stream of commissions and an efficient workshop of students and assistants, and at one point successfully intercepted a warlord's commission of the rival Hasegawa studio.

paragraph: Section::::Life and works.:Style.

paragraph: His signal contribution to the Kanō repertoire was the so-called "monumental style" ("taiga"), characterized by bold, rapid brushwork, an emphasis on foreground, and motifs that are large relative to the pictorial space. The traditional account for this style, codified by Eitoku's great-grandson Einō (1631–97) in his "History of Japanese Painting" ("Honcho gashi"), is that it resulted partly from the exigencies of Eitoku's busy schedule, and that it embodied the martial and political bravura of the warlords, Nobunaga and Hideyoshi.

paragraph: Unfortunately, most of his works were destroyed in the turmoil of the Sengoku period. However, those that do still exist provide testimony to his talent, to the power and wealth of his patrons Nobunaga and Hideyoshi, and to the magnificence of Azuchi-Momoyama culture. Symbolic representations, like pheasants, phoenixes and trees are often depicted in the works. The pheasant, for example is the national symbol of Japan, are mythological messengers of the sun goddess Amaterasu.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kanō Sanraku

paragraph: BULLET::::- Japanese art

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Archives of Japan: "Ryukyu Chuzano ryoshisha tojogyoretsu," scroll illustrating procession of Ryukyu emissary to Edo, 1710 ("Hōei" 7).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Momoyama, Japanese Art in the Age of Grandeur, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Kanō Eitoku

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bridge of dreams: the Mary Griggs Burke collection of Japanese art, a catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Kanō Eitoku (see index)

alias:
狩野永徳
狩野永德
狩野栄徳
Eitoku
Eitoku Kanō
Kuninobu
Genshiro Eitoku
Kano Eitoku
Kanou Eitoku

description: Japanese artist

wikidata_label: Kanō Eitoku

wikipedia_title: Kanō Eitoku


text: Serbia

text: Belgrade

text: Serbia

text: SFR Yugoslavia

text: Euroleague

text: International Swimming Hall of Fame

text: Fort Lauderdale

text: Partizan Raiffeisen

text: Dejan Udovičić

text: Partizan Belgrade

text: Mladost

text: Crvena Zvezda Jupeks

text: PVK Budvanska Rivijera

text: CN Catalunya

text: Partizan Belgrade

text: LEN Euroleague

text: LEN Supercup

text: División de Honor de Waterpolo

text: LEN Trophy

text: LEN Euroleague

text: LEN Supercup

text: Tom Hoad Cup

categories: Yugoslav male water polo players,Water polo players at the 1984 Summer Olympics,European champions for Yugoslavia,Sportspeople from Belgrade,Serbian male water polo players,Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Croatia,Water polo players at the 1988 Summer Olympics,Olympic water polo players of Yugoslavia,Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics,1965 births,Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics,Competitors at the 1991 Mediterranean Games,Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Yugoslavia,Universiade medalists in water polo,World Aquatics Championships medalists,Olympic gold medalists for Yugoslavia,Living people,Serbian water polo coaches,Olympic medalists in water polo,Mediterranean Games medalists in water polo,Universiade silver medalists for Yugoslavia,Water polo players at the 1996 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Igor Milanović

paragraph: Igor Milanović (; born 18 December 1965) is a retired Serbian water polo player who is considered as the best water polo player of all time. Milanović had an illustrious professional career spanning twenty years. He is now a water polo coach.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Milanović was born in Belgrade, Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia. He played a total of 349 games for the Yugoslav national team, scoring 540 goals. As a player, he won numerous trophies: he was a two-time Olympic gold medalist, a two-time World Championship winner, European Championship winner, a two-time FINA Cup winner, and a three-time Euroleague Championship winner. On 13 May 2006, he was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame in Fort Lauderdale.

paragraph: In June 2009, Milanović was named the head coach of Partizan Raiffeisen after Dejan Udovičić stepped down. In 2011 as a head coach of Partizan Raiffeisen, he won the Euroleague Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Club career.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975–1989 Partizan Belgrade

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989–1991 Mladost

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991–1992 Crvena Zvezda Jupeks

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992–1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994–1994 PVK Budvanska Rivijera

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994–1995 CN Catalunya

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995–1996 Partizan Belgrade

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:As a player.

paragraph: BULLET::::- VK Partizan

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Championship of Yugoslavia (3): 1983–84, 1986–87, 1987–88

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Cup of Yugoslavia (4): 1981–82, 1984–85, 1986–87, 1987–88

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mediterranean Cup (1): 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mladost

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Championship of Yugoslavia (1): 1989–90

paragraph: BULLET::::- LEN Euroleague (2): 1989–90, 1990–91

paragraph: BULLET::::- LEN Supercup (1): 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mediterranean Cup (1): 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- VK Crvena Zvezda

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Championship of Yugoslavia (1): 1991–92

paragraph: BULLET::::- CN Catalunya

paragraph: BULLET::::- División de Honor de Waterpolo (1): 1992–93

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roma

paragraph: BULLET::::- LEN Trophy (1): 1993–94

paragraph: BULLET::::- PVK Budva

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Championship of Serbia and Montenegro (1): 1993–94

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:As a coach.

paragraph: BULLET::::- VK Partizan

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Championship of Serbia (3): 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Cup of Serbia (3): 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12

paragraph: BULLET::::- LEN Euroleague (1): 2010–11

paragraph: BULLET::::- LEN Supercup (1): 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eurointer League (2): 2009–10, 2010–11

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tom Hoad Cup (1): 2011

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame

description: water polo player

wikidata_label: Igor Milanović

wikipedia_title: Igor Milanović


text:
genre
Stockholm
Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts
Johan Christoffer Boklund
Sten Sture the Younger
Gustav Trolle
Uppsala Cathedral
Paris
Düsseldorf
Léon Bonnat
Alexandre Cabanel
Pierre-Charles Comte
Salon
Dalarna
Franco-Prussian War
Brussels
Picardy
Skåne
Prince Eugen
Paris Salon
Exposition Universelle (1889)
Nordic Exhibition of 1888
Copenhagen
Charlottenborg Palace
Gothenburg
Lund
Nationalmuseum
Gothenburg Art Museum
Malmö Art Museum
Prince Eugens Waldemarsudde
Lund University
Musée de Picardie
Musée d'Orsay
Musée des Beaux-Arts
Nantes
Bergen City Museum
Corcoran Gallery of Art
Washington, D. C.
ArtNet: More works by Salmson.

categories: 1894 deaths,19th-century Swedish painters,Swedish genre painters,Artists who committed suicide,1843 births

paragraph: Hugo Salmson

paragraph: Hugo Fredrik Salmson (7 July 1843 - 1 August 1894) was a Swedish painter; known for figures and genre scenes.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Salmson was born in Stockholm, Sweden. He was the son of Fredrik Ludvig Salmson and Maria Perlberg.

paragraph: His father was a wholesaler. He initially studied business, but soon decided on an artistic career. In 1862, he began his studies at the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts where he was trained by Johan Christoffer Boklund. His painting of Sten Sture the Younger meeting Gustav Trolle in Uppsala Cathedral (1867) won him a Royal Medal and a travelling scholarship.

paragraph: In 1868, he went to Paris, via Düsseldorf. The classes taught by Léon Bonnat and Alexandre Cabanel had no vacancies, so he took private lessons from Pierre-Charles Comte.

paragraph: He had his début at the Salon in 1870 with a genre scene of a cottage in Dalarna titled "Révélation". During the Franco-Prussian War, he lived and worked in Brussels. He maintained a studio in Paris until the early 1880s and often visited Picardy. From 1883, Salmson usually spent the summers at Dalby in Skåne.

paragraph: Upon returning to Sweden, he became a member of the Royal Academy and gave lessons to Prince Eugen, but later joined a group opposed to the Academy's teaching methods. In addition to the Paris Salon, he participated in a number of the Academy's exhibitions in Stockholm in (1886–1888), the World Exhibition in (1878), the Exposition Universelle (1889) in Paris, the Nordic Exhibition of 1888 in Copenhagen, Forers exhibition at Charlottenborg Palace (1879), the Art Exhibition in Gothenburg (1881), as well as Swedish Association of Artists' Exhibitions at Stockholm and Gothenburg in (1886).

paragraph: He was frequently reclusive, uncommunicative and suffered from depression. He died during 1894 while staying at a hotel in Lund.

paragraph: Salmson is represented at the Nationalmuseum in Stockholm, Gothenburg Art Museum, Malmö Art Museum, Prince Eugens Waldemarsudde, Lund University, Musée de Picardie, Musée d'Orsay, Musée des Beaux-Arts in Nantes, Bergen City Museum and Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D. C.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ArtNet: More works by Salmson.

alias:
Hugo Fredrik Salmson
Salmson
H. Salmson

description: Swedish painter

wikidata_label: Hugo Salmson

wikipedia_title: Hugo Salmson


text: Jamaican Moravian

text: missionary

text: teacher

text: clergyman

text: Danish Protectorate of Christiansborg

text: Osu

text: Accra, Ghana

text: Gold Coast

text: West Indian

text: Jamaica

text: Antigua

text: Basel Evangelical Missionary Society of Switzerland

text: Caribbean

text: Deacon

text: Christ Presbyterian Church, Akropong

text: Andreas Riis

text: Presbyterian Church of Ghana

text: colonial Ghana

text: Salem School

text: Presbyterian College of Education

text: Biblical studies

text: normal school

text: West Africa

text: Fourah Bay College

text: Freetown

text: Sierra Leone

text: Nicholas Timothy Clerk

text: theologian

text: Synod Clerk

text: Presbyterian Boys’ Secondary School

text: progenitor

text: Clerk family

text: Fairfield Plantage

text: Manchester Parish

text: British colonial rule

text: Jamaican

text: "apprenticeship act"

text: Christian theology

text: ministry

text: dogmatics

text: homiletics

text: philosophy

text: ethics

text: pedagogy

text: education

text: teacher’s training college

text: theological seminary

text: West Indies

text: classical education

text: German

text: Latin

text: Greek

text: Hebrew

text: Moravian mission

text: Gospel

text: abolishment of slavery in the British Empire in 1834

text: Queen Victoria

text: Victorian

text: Bath, Somerset

text: Fairfield Moravian Church

text: presbytery

text: classis

text: seminary

text: Moravian Church

text: Herrnhut

text: Saxony, Germany

text: arts

text: philosophy

text: University of Copenhagen

text: North German Missionary Society

text: Baptist Missionary Society

text: Church Missionary Society

text: Gold Coast

text: Christiansborg

text: malaria

text: blackwater fever

text: yellow fever

text: dysentery

text: Latin America

text: Caribbean

text: Southeast Asia

text: dengue fever

text: Christian Protestants

text: Lutheran

text: Reformed Churches

text: Germany

text: Switzerland

text: German Missionary Society

text: Basel Evangelical Missionary Society

text: Danish Protectorate, Christiansborg

text: Major

text: moral values

text: Christiansborg Castle

text: Danish Crown

text: Denmark

text: Christiansborg Castle

text: Switzerland

text: Germany

text: Christiansborg

text: palm oil

text: entrepreneurs

text: tradesmanship

text: Basel committee

text: slave trade

text: European colonialism

text: Gospel

text: Christiansborg

text: church service

text: coast

text: hamlet

text: Osu

text: Danish

text: minister

text: malaria

text: Euro-African

text: quinine

text: tree bark

text: Akropong – Akuapem

text: Omanhene

text: Akuapem

text: Akropong

text: Akan language

text: Akuapem Twi

text: peppersoup

text: snail

text: wormfish

text: Christmas Eve

text: Kumasi

text: Switzerland

text: Omanhene

text: Akuapem

text: Afro-Caribbean

text: Christians

text: Basel

text: England

text: Basel's

text: Europe

text: chief

text: board committee

text: Caribbean islands

text: freed slaves

text: abolitionist

text: emancipation

text: Americo-Liberian

text: George Peter Thompson

text: Basel

text: Antigua

text: Gravesend

text: Liverpool

text: James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin

text: Governor of Jamaica

text: Africa Civilization Society

text: Africa

text: Lititz

text: Fairfield

text: Jesus Christ

text: Gospel

text: Biblical Joseph narrative

text: Kingston

text: Irish

text: brigantine

text: Christiansborg

text: Easter Sunday

text: Easter Monday

text: p.m.

text: GMT

text: tropical storm

text: Caribbean sea

text: Christiansborg Castle

text: Danish Governor

text: Acting Governor

text: Fairfield congregation

text: skilled craftsmen

text: Fairfield

text: farm worker

text: Rose Ann

text: Fairfield

text: cooper

text: Nazareth congregation

text: carpenter,

text: Irwin Hill

text: Montego Bay

text: rum distiller

text: Bethlehem church

text: domestic servant

text: Bethlehem church

text: farm worker

text: Fulneck

text: farm worker

text: Grace Hill

text: Antigua

text: Catherine Mulgrave

text: Fairfield

text: Headmistress

text: Christiansborg Castle School

text: Osu

text: mango

text: cocoa

text: coffee

text: breadnut

text: breadfruit

text: guava

text: yam

text: cassava

text: plantains

text: cocoyam

text: banana

text: pear

text: Cocoyam

text: cocoa

text: Tetteh Quarshie

text: cocoa

text: Fernando Po

text: Bioko

text: Equatorial Guinea

text: brandy

text: Akuapem people

text: Twi language

text: Akan vocabulary

text: Jamaican Patois

text: Hanover

text: Hanover

text: water well

text: pastor

text: administrator

text: bursar

text: accountant

text: carpenter

text: architect

text: public relations officer

text: Montego Bay

text: Presbyte

text: Akropong

text: paganism

text: Akan language

text: Americo-Liberian

text: Christian baptisms

text: Presbyterian College of Education

text: Christiansborg

text: Akropong

text: Pan-Africanist

text: Christian evangelism

text: Church Missionary Society

text: Cape Coast

text: breast cancer

text: Caribbean

text: Akropong

text: Clerk family

text: Aburi

text: Akuapem

text: Theophilus Opoku

text: Carl Christian Reindorf

text: Aburi

text: Akan

text: Ga

text: hymn

text: Ga

text: Akan

text: English

text: German

text: water wells

text: Twi language

text: Rose Ann Miller

text: Aburi Girls’ Secondary School

text: Presbyterian College of Education

text: Biblical studies

text: David Asante

text: English language

text: Salem School

text: Christiansborg

text: Catherine Mulgrave

text: Americo-Liberian

text: Angola

text: Portuguese

text: Governor of Jamaica

text: Earl of Mulgrave

text: Lady Mulgrave

text: Mico Institution

text: Abokobi

text: Odumase

text: West Indian

text: English

text: Ga language

text: arithmetic

text: geography

text: history

text: religious knowledge

text: hygiene

text: music

text: arts and crafts

text: pottery

text: carpentry

text: basket and mat weaving

text: agriculture

text: Christian religious training

text: British authorities

text: poll-tax

text: Abokobi

text: Peki

text: La

text: Teshie

text: Odumase

text: Ada Foah

text: Kibi

text: Abetifi

text: Nsaba

text: accountant

text: bank

text: civil servants

text: dentists

text: diplomats

text: engineer

text: judge

text: lawyer

text: medical doctors

text: political leaders

text: professor

text: teacher

text: colonial era

text: noblesse oblige

text: old boys

text: nouvelle haute bourgeoisie

text: Gold Coast

text: multilingual

text: Ghanaian

text: European

text: Ga

text: Twi

text: English

text: Jamaican Creole

text: German

text: Basel

text: administrative assistants

text: 18th century

text: Caribbean

text: island

text: coffee

text: sugar plantations

text: transatlantic slave trade

text: Asante origin

text: oral

text: narrative

text: Gas

text: Fantes

text: Igbo

text: Yoruba

text: Nigeria

text: genealogical

text: St. James

text: Trelawny

text: Cornwall

text: Hanover

text: Euro-Ga

text: Hesse family

text: Ga-Dangme

text: Shai Hills

text: Danish

text: German

text: Christiansborg Castle School

text: Catherine Mulgrave

text: Regina Hesse

text: Carl Christian Reindorf

text: Cape Coast Castle School

text: Anglican vicar

text: Church of England

text: European Governors

text: mulatto

text: forced displacement

text: brother-in-law

text: Ga-Dangme

text: measles

text: Nicholas Timothy

text: Gulf of Guinea

text: patriarch

text: German

text: Ga language

text: church services

text: Swiss-Italian

text: Pietist

text: natural causes

text: Aburi

text: Aburi Botanical Gardens

text: Aburi

text: World War I

text: German

text: Scottish Presbyterian

text: Germans

text: Presbyterian Church

text: Scots

text: British Governor

text: World War I

text: Frederick Gordon Guggisberg

text: Gospel

text: Protestant Christian movement in Ghana

text: church liturgy

text: 1 million members

text: church almanac

text: Nicholas Clerk

text: Ebenezer Presbyterian Church, Osu

text: education

text: hospital

text: social welfare programs

text: medical services

text: healthcare

text: infrastructure

text: road

text: commerce

text: agriculture

text: Abetifi

text: Aburi

text: Agogo

text: Bawku

text: Donkorkrom

text: Dormaa Ahenkro

text: Enchi

text: vernacular

text: lineage

text: progeny

text: architecture

text: church development

text: civil service

text: diplomacy

text: education

text: health services

text: journalism

text: medicine

text: natural science

text: public administration

text: public health

text: public policy

text: urban planning

text: Nicholas Timothy Clerk

text: Synod Clerk

text: Presbyterian Boys' Secondary School

text: Peter Hall

text: Moderator

text: Caribbean

text: Rose Ann Miller

text: formal education

categories: Jamaican Protestants,Gold Coast (British colony) people,Christian missionaries in Africa,Jamaican emigrants to Ghana,Jamaican educators,Jamaican people of the Moravian Church,Moravian Church missionaries,1820 births,Jamaican Protestant missionaries,1906 deaths

paragraph: Alexander Worthy Clerk

paragraph: Alexander Worthy Clerk (4 March 1820 – 11 February 1906) was a Jamaican Moravian pioneer missionary, teacher and clergyman who arrived in 1843 in the Danish Protectorate of Christiansborg, now Osu in Accra, Ghana, then known as the Gold Coast. He was part of the first group of 24 West Indian missionaries from Jamaica and Antigua who worked under the aegis of the Basel Evangelical Missionary Society of Switzerland. Caribbean missionary activity in Africa fit into the broader ""Atlantic Missionary Movement"" of the diaspora between the 1780s and the 1920s. Shortly after his arrival in Ghana, the mission appointed Clerk as the first Deacon of the Christ Presbyterian Church, Akropong, founded by the first Basel missionary survivor on the Gold Coast, Andreas Riis in 1835, as the organisation's first Protestant church in the country. Alexander Clerk is widely acknowledged and regarded as one of the pioneers of the precursor to the Presbyterian Church of Ghana. A leader in education in colonial Ghana, he established an all-male boarding middle school, the "Salem School" at Osu in 1843. In 1848, Clerk was an inaugural faculty member at the Basel Mission Seminary, Akropong, now known as the Presbyterian College of Education, where he was an instructor in Biblical studies. The Basel missionaries founded the Akropong seminary and normal school to train teacher-catechists in service of the mission. The college is the second oldest higher educational institution in early modern West Africa after Fourah Bay College in Freetown, Sierra Leone which was established in 1827. Clerk was the father of Nicholas Timothy Clerk (1862 – 1961), a Basel-trained theologian, who was elected the first Synod Clerk of the Presbyterian Church of the Gold Coast from 1918 to 1932 and co-founded the all boys’ boarding high school, the "Presbyterian Boys’ Secondary School" established in 1938. A. W. Clerk was also the progenitor of the historically important Clerk family from the suburb of Osu in Accra.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Clerk was born on 4 March 1820 or 1823 on Fairfield Plantage near Spur Tree, Manchester Parish under British colonial rule. Little is known of Clerk's parentage and childhood other than his parents were Jamaican Christians. He was the third son among five brothers and four sisters. In 1833, when Alexander Clerk was about thirteen years old, the "apprenticeship act", granting immediate and full freedom to children six years of age and younger, and an intermediate status for those older, was enacted. Between 1838 and 1842, Clerk studied Christian theology, ministry, dogmatics and homiletics; philosophy and ethics; pedagogy and education at the now defunct "Fairfield Teachers’ Seminary (Lehrerseminar Fairfield)," a teacher’s training college and theological seminary, founded in 1837 by the Rev. Jacob Zorn (1803 – 1843), a German-speaking Danish subject and a superintendent of the Moravian Church in Jamaica and the Cayman Islands from 1834 until his death in 1843. Zorn was also a missionary of the London-based "Missions of the Church of the United Brethren" and its sister organisation, "The Brethren’s Society for the Furtherance of the Gospel". The Jamaican branch of the Moravian Church, which had its early beginnings in 1754, had by then been in the West Indies for nearly hundred years. The first Moravian missionaries in Jamaica were Zecharias Georg Caries, Thomas Shallcross and Gottlieb Haberecht, who evangelised to slaves on the "Bogue Estate" and later, to surrounding plantations. As part of his classical education, Clerk also studied languages: German, Latin, Greek and Hebrew. The training institute was established by Zorn at the behest of the Moravian mission leadership to prepare young Jamaican men for Christian evangelism, catechism and the propagation of the Gospel in the West Indies after the abolishment of slavery in the British Empire in 1834 followed by the full emancipation of slaves in Jamaica on 1 August 1838, a little over a year after Queen Victoria's ascension to the throne. Zorn also envisioned sending graduates from his small missionary training school to evangelical mission in Africa. Clerk was also mentored by the Rev. J. Blandfield at the Moravian school. Clerk’s education was funded by a wealthy Victorian Christian woman from Bath, Somerset, Mrs. P. Skeate (née Ibbett) . A. W. Clerk maintained correspondence with his English benefactor when he later worked on the Gold Coast as a teacher-missionary. Clerk was set to become a teacher-catechist and a missionary affiliated to the Fairfield Moravian Church mission presbytery or classis, (founded on 1 January 1826) after his graduation from the seminary and subsequent consecration in 1842.

paragraph: Section::::Missionary activities on the Gold Coast.

paragraph: Section::::Missionary activities on the Gold Coast.:Historical context.

paragraph: Early accounts indicate that the Moravian Church in Herrnhut in Saxony, Germany, recruited an inhabitant of the Gold Coast in 1735 and trained him in the arts and philosophy at the University of Copenhagen. However, on his return to the Gold Coast, the man found out that he could barely speak his mother tongue. A series of European missions were embarked upon by these Protestant missionary bodies, including the Dutch Missionary Society, North German Missionary Society, Baptist Missionary Society and the Church Missionary Society. Some missionaries died within a few years, others within a few months. The Directors of the Danish Guinea Company invited "Missions of the Church of the United Brethren," a missionary society of the Moravian Church to the Gold Coast, to teach in the castle and fort schools with five missionaries arriving at Christiansborg in 1768. The first two batches of eleven missionaries all died within a short period from tropical diseases such as malaria, blackwater fever, yellow fever and dysentery, having not fully acclimatised to the local environment. European missionaries who operated in Latin America, Caribbean and Southeast Asia were also infected with dengue fever. A group of Christian Protestants from the Lutheran Moravians and other sister Reformed Churches in Germany and Switzerland founded the German Missionary Society in 1815 as ""the result of a pledge taken by a few dedicated Christians at Basel in the face of a military threat"." “"If God would spare their city, they pledged to begin a seminary for the training of missionaries",” the Christian believers asserted. The mission later changed its name to the Basel Evangelical Missionary Society, and finally the Basel Mission. This German Missionary Society had roots in the "", established in Basel in 1780 as a Bible reading fellowship that sought to disseminate Christian literature. They envisioned working with established missionary societies already operating in “"unevangelized areas"” in the world.

paragraph: In 1825, the Governor of the Danish Protectorate, Christiansborg (Osu), Major Johan Christopher von Richelieu, upon the observation of the degradation of moral values of European residents living within and without the Danish fort, Christiansborg Castle, requested the Danish Crown, through a certain Mr. Ronne who represented Basel Mission interests in Denmark, to arrange for missionaries from the Basel Evangelical Missionary Society in Switzerland to evangelize in the then Gold Coast colony. For a decade and half, the chaplain's station at the Christiansborg Castle had remained vacant. Richelieu acted as a chaplain and reinstated public Christian worship, set up a school where 150 pupils were baptised and educated. More hands were therefore needed for evangelism. In March 1827, four young men from rural Switzerland and southern Germany between the ages of 23 and 27 years were selected by the Basel Mission. They were: Karl F. Salbach (27 years), Gottlieb Holzwath (26 years), Johannes Henke (23 years) and the Swiss-born Johannes Gottlieb Schmidt (24 years). They were skilled tradesmen with practical training experience in pottery, carpentry, shoe-making, masonry, joinery hat-making and black-smithing.

paragraph: In Christiansborg, Accra, they also started the "Basel Mission Trading Factory" to export palm oil and other local products to fund the mission work and also set up an artisan workshop to train local entrepreneurs in advanced methods of tradesmanship in order to serve their communities on the Gold Coast and in West Africa, which in the view of the Basel committee, was a way of atoning for the horror and devastating effects of the slave trade brought on by European colonialism. According to church history, their priorities were “"to become acclimatised, to take time over the selection of a permanent site for the mission, to master the local language at all costs, to begin actual mission activity by founding a school, and lastly to present the Gospel with love and patience...to show to the people an inexhaustible forbearance and an excess of beneficent love, even though only a few of the thousand bleeding wounds may be healed which greed of gain and the cruel craftiness of the European have caused"."

paragraph: They arrived in Christiansborg on 18 December 1828 and had their first church service at a coastal hamlet called Amanfon, near Osu on 28 December 1828. All but Johannes Henke died within eight months of their arrival (August 1829) from malaria and other tropical diseases. Henke eventually died on 22 November 1831. On 21 March 1832, a second batch of three missionaries made up of the Rev. Andreas Riis, the Rev. Peter Peterson Jager and Dr. Christian Frederich Heinze, a physician arrived to continue the work. Five weeks after their arrival, the medical doctor who was supposed to take care of the health needs of the other two missionaries died of malaria on 26 April 1832. The Rev. P. P. Jager also died on 18 July 1832.

paragraph: The Rev. Andreas Riis, a Danish minister was the only surviving missionary. After becoming ill from malaria fever, a native herbalist, introduced to Riis by his Euro-African trader friend and a friend of the mission, George Lutterodt, treated him with lemon, soap, a cold bath and naturally occurring quinine in tree bark. After his recovery, Lutterodt advised Riis to move to the hilly countryside in Akropong – Akuapem where the climate is much cooler and had a more conducive environment.

paragraph: In January 1835, Riis and his friend were warmly received by the then Omanhene of Akuapem, Nana Addo Dankwa I. They finally moved and settled at Akropong on 26 March 1835. "Osiadan," meaning "builder in the Akan language, is what Riis was affectionately called, because he had built his house made of stones and timber. He ate local foods and spoke Akuapem Twi just like the people of Akropong. Riis lived like the locals at the time, residing in the forested hinterlands, using palm branches as sleeping mats and eating regional delicacies like peppersoup, snails and wormfish by some accounts.

paragraph: After settling for a year and with the approval of the Home Committee of the Basel Mission, Riis arranged to get a wife called Anna Margaretha Wolters, a twenty year old Danish lady. Among those who came with her were Andreas Stranger and Johannes Murdter. Stranger died on Christmas Eve in 1837 and Riis’ own infant died at the close of 1838. Riis had become the symbol of hope for the evangelical revival in the missionary work.

paragraph: Riis’ poor health condition, the rough terrain and the high death rates of European missionaries, sometimes reaching eighty percent, coupled with the failure of the missionary work compelled the Basel Missionary Society to abandon the work and recall Riis. For eight years, Riis had been unable to convert a native to Christianity and could not boast of a single baptism. In 1840, Andreas Riis travelled through Akwamu, Shai, Kroboland, Akim Abuakwa, and Cape Coast and arrived in Kumasi in 1840. Seeing that conditions were too harsh to contain, the Basel Mission authorities were displeased and Riis was recalled to Switzerland - the mission was to be closed. At the valedictory durbar organised in honour of Riis, the paramount chief, Omanhene of Akuapem, is known to have remarked, “"When God created the world, He made the Book (Bible) for the European and animism (fetish) for the African, but if you could show us some Africans who could read the Bible, then we would surely follow you"”.

paragraph: Section::::Missionary activities on the Gold Coast.:Arrival of West Indian missionaries.

paragraph: This chief’s coded message gave Riis and the Basel Mission Society food for thought. The dawn of a new day for African missions appeared when contacts were made to involve Afro-Caribbean Christians from the West Indies in the mission to Africa. Already, such a suggestion had come to Basel from England, but the impetus for Basel's involvement must have come from Riis.

paragraph: Riis arrived at the European headquarters of the Basel Mission on 7 July 1840 and immediately conferred with the directors of the mission who had already decided to end the mission’s operations in West Africa. Riis then made a compelling case by narrating the Akropong’s chief farewell address to the mission’s board committee. The directors agreed to go to the Caribbean islands with the aim of finding the descendants of freed slaves who were perhaps better suited or adapted to acclimatise to the West African tropical environment. Morally, they were well-equipped to handle missionary work due to their strong sense of social mission, gleaned from the abolitionist and emancipation movements, and an imbibing of the Moravian Christian educational ethos in the West Indies. Furthermore, the Afro-Caribbean recruits had no immediate links to families or clans or ethnic groups in Africa which made them neutral agents in evangelical efforts.

paragraph: Sometime in 1842, the Home Committee selected new missionary graduate, the Rev. Johann Georg Widmann (1814 – 1876), the assistant missionary, Hermann Halleur and the Beuggen and Basel-trained Americo-Liberian mission teacher, George Peter Thompson (1819 – 1889) to go to Jamaica to recruit Christians of African descent. On 28 May 1842, Andreas Riis and his wife, Anna Wolters, Widmann together with Thompson left Basel for the British leeward island of Antigua in the West Indies via Gravesend and Liverpool to engage and recruit black Christian men who would accompany them to West Africa while Halleur went directly to the Gold Coast to prepare the grounds for their arrival. With the assistance of James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, the Governor of Jamaica at the time, the Rev. Jacob Zorn, the Superintendent of the Moravian Mission in Jamaica, the Rev. Jacob F. Sessing and the Rev. J. Miller, an agent of the Africa Civilization Society, Riis was able to recruit candidates after a mass appeal across the island and an extensive and rigorous interview process. Many of the prospective volunteers or "repatriates" who initially applied to the programme were found to be unsuitable: a few were lapsed Christians, one was excited about the adventure and wished to mine for gold, another had an invalid wife who was too ill to travel while other potential recruits wished merely to return to the motherland, Africa, the mission work not being a top priority in their minds. It was quite an arduous task finding the right candidates to the extent that Riis and other Basel missionaries almost gave up on the initiative.

paragraph: Riis met Clerk’s teacher, the Moravian, Jacob Zorn who insisted on a proper contract of service between these Jamaican missionaries represented by the Conference of the Jamaican Moravian Mission and the Basel Mission. The agreement stipulated among other things, that:

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""The form of public worship and the rules of the Moravian Church in regard to church discipline were to be maintained"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The West Indians were to undertake to serve the mission willingly. In return the mission would take care of all their needs for the first two years"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Basel Mission would provide houses for the West Indians and give them land for farming and gardening, on which they could work one day per week"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "At the end of the first two years, the West Indians could choose to either follow their own source of employment or to work for the Basel Mission at a reasonable wage"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "After five years, if anyone wanted to return to Jamaica, the Basel Mission would pay the passage, provided that they had not been guilty of moral aberration.""

paragraph: The provision which allowed the West Indian Moravians to use their own form of worship and discipline was an indication of the extent to which both the Moravians and the Basel Mission were prepared to go in order to enlist Afro-Caribbean Christians in the mission. Given the historical similarities between the Moravian and Basel missions due to their shared Lutheran heritage, the alliance was the commencement of a new and effective model in the mission entreprise which had profound socio-cultural effects on the indigenous community in Ghana.

paragraph: Before their departure from Jamaica, an emotional farewell service was held at the Moravian Churches at Lititz and Fairfield for the missionaries and their families. Amidst tears and hugs, the West Indian emigrants made it known to their families and church congregations in a valedictory address telling them: "“When we go to Africa, we go not to a foreign country. Africa is our country and our home. Our grandfathers and great-grandfathers were taken from there and brought here. We go there to witness the Grace of God not only to the European, but also to the African and our only prayer is that the eyes of the Africans whom we regard as our brothers may be opened to see Jesus Christ as Saviour of the World.”" The Jamaicans were essentially a bridge to share the Gospel with the Gold Coast natives while connecting with their ancestral and cultural roots in Africa.

paragraph: In an allegory of the Biblical Joseph narrative, a team of 24 Jamaicans and one Antiguan (6 distinct families and 3 bachelors) sailed from the port at Kingston on 8 February 1843 aboard the Irish brigantine, "The Joseph Anderson," rented for £600, and according to varying historical accounts, arrived in Christiansborg, Gold Coast on Easter Sunday, 16 April or Easter Monday, 17 April 1843 at about 8 p.m. local time (GMT) after sixty-eight days and nights of voyage, enduring a five-day tropical storm on the Caribbean sea, shortage of fresh water and an oppressive heat aboard the vessel. A short welcome ceremony was held for them by the Basel Mission at the Christiansborg Castle, where they were warmly received by Edvard James Arnold Carstensen, the Danish Governor at the time, together with George Lutterodt, a mulatto and personal friend of Andreas Riis who had earlier been Acting Governor of the Gold Coast. The West Indians rested for a while on the coast before leaving for Frederikgave on 10 May, 1843, the old villa and royal plantation of the Danish Governor at modern day Sesemi village near the Akwapim hills. While in Accra, half of the group stayed with Lutterodt while the rest of the West Indians stayed in the home of another Euro-African called Yestrop.

paragraph: Apart from A. W. Clerk from the Fairfield congregation, who was already a trained mission agent, other Moravian missionary recruits doubled as skilled craftsmen:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Miller of Fairfield, a farm worker, with his wife, Mary Miller and children, Rose Ann, Robert and Catherine

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Rochester of Fairfield, a cooper, with his wife Mary, sister, Ann and son John Powell Rochester

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Greene of the Nazareth congregation, a carpenter, with his wife Catherine and son Robert

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Hall of Irwin Hill, Montego Bay, a rum distiller and his wife Mary and son Andrew

paragraph: BULLET::::- James G. Mullings of the Bethlehem church, a domestic servant, with his wife Margarethe and daughter, Catharine Elisa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Walker of the Bethlehem church, a farm worker, with wife, Sarah and son John

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Robinson of Fulneck, a farm worker

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jonas Horsford of the Grace Hill church, Liberta Village in Antigua

paragraph: In addition, the West Indians were accompanied by an Angolan-born, Jamaican-raised school teacher named Catherine Mulgrave, also from Fairfield who later married George Peter Thompson and became the Headmistress of the then Danish-run Christiansborg Castle School in Osu, Accra, which was taken over by the Basel Mission. Riis also had the Rev. Johann Georg Widmann, a German clergyman as his assistant. They also had donkeys, horses, mulls and other animals and agricultural seeds and cuttings such as mango seedlings which they were going to introduce to the Gold Coast economy. Other tropical seedlings brought by the West Indian missionaries include cocoa, coffee, breadnut, breadfruit, guava, yam, cassava, plantains, cocoyam, variety of banana species and pear. Cocoyam, for example, is now a Ghanaian staple. Later on in 1858, the missionaries experimented with cocoa planting at Akropong, more than two decades before Tetteh Quarshie brought cocoa seedlings to the Gold Coast from the island of Fernando Po, now known as Bioko in the Equatorial Guinea.

paragraph: Section::::Missionary activities on the Gold Coast.:Mission enterprise at Akropong.

paragraph: Majority of the West Indians relocated to Akropong from "Frederiksgave" between 17 and 18 June 1843. While at the villa, Mary Hall gave birth to her second son, Henry who was baptised by Johann Georg Widmann. The local people received the West Indians with enthusiasm but were later disappointed “because we (the West Indians) did not bring them money and brandy” as remarked by one of the missionaries, Joseph Miller. Nonetheless, they settled in and wholly “trusted the Akuapem people” and formed close friendships with the natives who became their interpreters as they could not originally communicate in the local Twi language; they later incorporated Akan vocabulary into their Jamaican Patois. The political unrest in Akropong within the period 1839 to 1850 hampered the missionary effort.

paragraph: Clerk and his colleagues started work immediately since the houses they were promised were actually in disrepair. Per historical literature, they built the first brick and stone houses in Akropong and the area of West Indian settlement became known as Hanover, a connection to the parish (region) in northwest Jamaica. Hanover was described as a “"community lined with mango trees"” as seen in Jamaican neighbourhoods even today. There is even a "Hanover Street" in Akropong built circa 1860: the street of little stone houses built by the Jamaicans which now runs parallel to the north boundary of the Presbyterian Training College (PTC). There is still a water well called "Jamaica" in Aburi that was built by Clerk and his colleagues dating back to the 1850s. Based on an 1851 headcount, 25 out of the total 31 Christians at Akropong were West Indian. There was a cordial atmosphere in the West Indian community as the Caribbean settlers saw one another as brothers and sisters.

paragraph: Initially, as local mission president, Riis had to be master of all trades: pastor, administrator, bursar, accountant, carpenter, architect and a public relations officer between the Mission and the traditional rulers. Hermann Halleur was the mission station manager responsible for all economic activities while J. G. Widmann was appointed the school inspector and Basel minister-in-charge of the Christ Presbyterian Church, Akropong. As a result of his previous experience as an elder in his home church in Irwin Hill in Montego Bay, John Hall became the first Presbyter of the church while Alexander Worthy Clerk became the first deacon with an additional role in distributing food supplies like corn and imported clothing to his fellow Caribbean emigrants. Clerk was also put in charge of teaching the children of the settlers at the then newly established infant school at Akropong. John Rochester supervised the agricultural work of the mission.

paragraph: As more missionaries were recruited for the mission, the burden of the administrator increased. Riis and another Basel missionary, Simon Süss were forced by the situation to trade and barter in order to get money to buy food and other needs of his expanding mission staff and local workers. The missionaries faced many difficulties and one of the many charges levelled against them by their detractors was that they had become commercial traders instead of church missionaries. Riis and his men started evangelising to the rural people around Akropong; the Basel Mission became colloquially known as “rural" or "bush” church. Riis wanted to address paganism inland and to learn the Akan language spoken more widely in the hinterlands of the Gold Coast. Riis as a disciplinarian suspended theAmerico-Liberian missionary, George Thompson who failed in his mission at Osu in 1845.

paragraph: The first Christian baptisms were performed by the Jamaicans in 1847 when a theological seminary was established at Christiansborg, Osu. Another seminary, the Basel Mission Seminary (later Presbyterian College of Education) was established in 1848 to train natives in the work of the mission. Later on, the Christiansborg seminary was permanently moved to the Akropong campus and merged with the Basel Mission Seminary there. Upon the opening of the seminary, the Sierra Leonean Pan-Africanist, James Africanus Beale Horton noted that, ""it is indeed an academic achievement which can very well hold its own in comparison with European Training Colleges of the period."" The school produced teacher-catechists whose roles were pivotal in Christian evangelism as the curriculum grounded students in the theory and practice of general education and pedagogy as well as a classic seminary training. There were also plans in 1845 to import prospective students from Barbados but those plans were shelved as there was a greater need to train local scholars and preachers. The catechist educational model was based on the Church Missionary Society system in which trained catechists who were non-ordained pastors and regarded as probationers for a number of years before being elevated to the position of church minister.

paragraph: Challenges in the early days were not uncommon. It was documented that ""by January 1845 some of the West Indian Christians had grown weary of the Christian experiment and wrote to the Basel Mission requesting repatriation to the West Indies but the mission refused"” citing the signed agreement. In 1848, a few West Indian emigrants opted to return to Jamaica upon the expiration of the five-year residency requirement in the original contract with the Basel Mission. David Robinson died in 1850 on the Gold Coast from persistent illness. As tensions continued to rise between the Basel Mission and the West Indians, the Walkers became disenchanted, left the mission station at Akropong and relocated to Accra before permanently settling in Cape Coast. Some disagreements among the Caribbean settlers over the distribution of clothing supplies resulted in the flogging of Antiguan, Jonas Horsford by Andreas Riis and the labourer-foreman, Ashong. Horsford, who was then in his early twenties, fled to Osu, Accra and later, Cape Coast out of anger and humiliation. He was voluntarily repatriated to Antigua but died at sea on his way home. The Greenes requested repatriation to Jamaica in 1849, only for Catherine, wife of James to die at sea from apparent terminal breast cancer which was diagnosed while she was living in Akropong. A Basel missionary, Johann Friedrich Meischel believed Mrs. Catherine Greene negatively influenced her husband to be wary of the European missionaries as the Greenes thought the society would renege on its promise to repatriate Caribbean missionary-volunteer after five years if they desired to.

paragraph: Five Caribbean families remained to form the nucleus of the African Christian community at Akropong: Alexander Worthy Clerk, John Hall, Joseph Miller, James Gabriel Mullings, John Powell Rochester and their respective families. According to historical archives,“…"the mission took steps to secure farming land for the West Indian families that decided to stay. The mission purchased land near Adami for the Miller and the Hall families and at Adobesum on the road to Amanprobi for the Mullings and Rochester families. Land was secured for the Clerk family in Aburi at a place called Little Jamaica today.”"

paragraph: He was a missionary in villages and towns in the Akuapem area from 1864 and 1867. In 1867, Clerk was sent to Tutu, a town in the Akuapem area and raised funds locally for the construction of the first Basel Mission chapel there. On 1 September, 1872, together with indigenous Akan native pastor, Theophilus Opoku, Alexander Worthy Clerk was ordained a full Basel Mission minister by the Basel missionary, the Rev. Johann Georg Widmann. The Gold Coast historian, Carl Christian Reindorf was ordained six weeks later on 13 October, 1872. This ceremony was the beginning of ordination of local pastors for mission work. He later became the district minister of the Basel Mission Church at Aburi.

paragraph: Section::::Contributions to education.

paragraph: Clerk and his fellow Caribbean missionaries were self-motivated and adapted quickly despite the initial homesickness and learnt the indigenous languages of Akan and Ga. The missionaries composed new local language hymns, translated church hymns into Ga and Akan from English and German, built stone houses, water wells and schools, set up large farms and taught the local people to read and write vastly improving literacy in the region. In 1848, thirty-seven girls, twenty-five boys and seven children of the West Indians attended the newly set-up, "United Akropong School" with Clerk as a founding schoolmaster. As a result of his hardwork, Clerk was nicknamed, ""Suku Mansere"", a bastardisation of "schoolmaster" in the Twi language. The West Indian children who were taught at the school included Andrew Hall, Rose Ann Miller, Robert Miller, Catherine Miller, Elizabeth Mullings, Ann Rochester and John Rochester. The girls’ school was later transferred to Aburi in 1854 to become the Girls’ Senior School, predecessor to the present-day Aburi Girls’ Secondary School. Rose-Ann Miller, daughter of Jamaican missionaries, Joseph and Mary Miller, who had previously run the infant school at Akropong in 1857 was put in charge of the girls' school at Aburi in 1859 until 1874 when she voluntarily left the Basel Mission to work at the state-run Government Girls' School in Accra.

paragraph: Clerk and other missionaries also trained native catechists to help them in their evangelical work and play significant roles in the Basel Mission at the then newly established Basel Mission Training College in 1848 (now Presbyterian College of Education) as the second oldest higher educational institution in West Africa after Fourah Bay College (founded in 1827) in Freetown, Sierra Leone. At the seminary, Clerk was given a new role as an instructor of Biblical studies. Clerk's students in the pioneer class included John Powell Rochester, David Asante, Paul Staudt Keteku, William Yirenkyi and Jonathan Bekoe Palmer. These seminarians later became teacher-catechists and pastors in the service of the mission.

paragraph: A few years earlier, on 27 November 1843, an English language all boys’ boarding middle school, the "Salem School" was opened at Christiansborg, the oldest existing school founded by the Basel Mission. The founding educators were all missionaries: Jamaicans, Alexander Worthy Clerk and Catherine Mulgrave (1827–1891) as well as George Thompson, the German-trained Americo-Liberian missionary. Mulgrave was born in Angola but raised in Jamaica after being rescued as a six-year old from Portuguese slave traders. She recalled her mother calling her by the Angolan name “"Gewe"” as a child and was adopted by the then Governor of Jamaica, Earl of Mulgrave and his wife, Lady Mulgrave who educated her at the "Female Refuge School" followed by teacher training at the "Mico Institution" in Kingston, Jamaica. Between 1843 and 1891, Mulgrave also established various boarding schools for girls at Osu, Abokobi and Odumase, with curricula that emphasised arithmetic, reading, writing, needlework, gardening and household chores.

paragraph: The West Indians introduced English as the preferred medium of instruction in school and this gained wide acceptance after the Danes sold their forts and castles on the eastern board of the Gold Coast, including Osu, to the British in 1850. In the 19th century, the name Salem described that part of town where the early European Basel missionaries had settled together with their converts. Originally, the term Salem included the church, the school and other buildings in the Christian quarter of the town The school was built around a quadrangle with the classrooms on one side, dormitories on the other and the headmaster’s and teachers’ residences on the other side. This arrangement kept teachers and pupils in constant touch with one another. Salem, therefore had a ""Christian village culture"" that was typical in the European small towns and villages many Basel missionaries hailed from.

paragraph: The school curriculum was rigorous: It included English and Ga languages, arithmetic, geography, history, religious knowledge, nature study, hygiene, handwriting and music. There was also instruction in arts and crafts, including pottery, carpentry, basket and mat weaving and practical lessons in agriculture on the school farm. Christian religious training was core to the curriculum with compulsory church attendance required of all pupils. A strict disciplinary code, based on austere living was enforced.

paragraph: The early years of the school were difficult. Within a year of its establishment, Clerk was sent to Akropong to start a similar school there. In 1854, the British authorities, aided by the colonial forces, bombarded the town of Osu for two days using the warship, “"H.M. Scourge"” after the indigenes refused to pay the newly imposed poll-tax. Several parts of the town were destroyed. The young school together with a large number of new African converts moved to Abokobi. The school was transferred back to Osu to the place called Salem around 1857. Later, similar Salem schools were established in Peki, La, Teshie, Odumase, Ada Foah, Kibi, Abetifi and Nsaba.

paragraph: Many of the school’s alumni later became administrators, accountants, bankers, civil servants, dentists, diplomats, engineers, judges, lawyers, medical doctors, political leaders, professors and teachers in the colonial era. The Christian-rooted Basel training the Salem alumni received in their formative years instilled in them a strong sense of "noblesse oblige." From the mid nineteenth century to the latter part of the twentieth century, "Salem" old boys dominated many facets of public life and society, and formed a nucleus of the "nouvelle haute bourgeoisie" in the Gold Coast colonial social hierarchy.

paragraph: Despite being highly educated by all standards; self-taught and multilingual in several Ghanaian, Caribbean and European languages (Ga, Twi, English, Jamaican Creole and German), the Home Committee in Basel never accorded Clerk the full or maximum respect he deserved as a Basel missionary, minister and educator during his lifetime. He and his other Caribbean colleagues in particular, were instead seen by the Europeans as having the same status as administrative assistants or mission helps, leading sometimes to strained relations with the Basel Mission.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life and ancestry.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life and ancestry.:Lineage.

paragraph: Clerk was a descendant of 18th century West African slaves who were captured by slave traders and forcibly brought to the Caribbean island to work on coffee and sugar plantations at the height of the transatlantic slave trade. Some West African slaves were possibly of Asante origin per some oral narratives, and from the middle belt of present-day Ghana while others originated from the coastal corridor of Ghana, populated by Gas and Fantes. Later on, many slaves were also taken from Igbo and Yoruba communities in modern-day Sierra Leone and Nigeria. Additionally, genealogical research based on a registry of Jamaican births and baptisms between 1752 and 1920 showed earlier records of a Jamaican family with the Clerk surname. An individual named John Clerk ("the older)" had his two children, James Shaw Clerk and Mary Ann Clerk baptised on 21 November 1793 at St. James, Trelawny in the county of Cornwall, Jamaica. Other members of this family were Fanny, Richard Brian and John Clerk ("the younger"), all christened on 30 August 1798 in Hanover, Jamaica.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life and ancestry.:Marriage.

paragraph: In 1848, Clerk married Pauline Hesse of "Osu Amantra", the daughter of a Euro-Ga merchant, Herman Hesse of the Hesse family and a Ga-Dangme woman, Charlotte Lamiaakaa, who hailed from a trading family at Shai Hills. Pauline Hesse's paternal grandfather, Dr. Lebrecht Wilhelm Hesse, was an eighteenth century-Danish physician of German ethnicity. Hesse-Clerk was Basel Mission-trained and educated at the Danish language "Christiansborg Castle School" in Osu. One of her schoolteachers was Catherine Mulgrave, the Basel Mission's first woman educator on the Gold Coast. Hesse's schoolmates included her sisters, Mina Hesse (Mrs. Briandt), Regina Hesse (1832 –1898), a teacher who later married Hermann Ludwig Rottmann, the first Basel missionary-trader in Christiansborg and the founder of the Basel Mission Trading Company. Her brother, William Hesse (1834 –1920) was Basel Mission pastor. Another schoolmate was the historian and minister, Carl Christian Reindorf (1834 –1917), whose seminal book, "The History of the Gold Coast and Asante," was published in 1895. The Christiansborg Castle School, opened in 1722, was very similar to the "Cape Coast Castle School" established by the Anglican vicar, the Reverend Thompson and the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG) affiliated to the Church of England Danish was the medium of instruction at the Christiansborg School. The castle schools were established by the European Governors to baptise and primarily educate the male Euro-African mulatto children of European men and Gold Coast African women for eventual employment as administrative assistants and soldiers in the colonial civil service. Later on, Hesse-Clerk became a small business owner and a commercial trader. Pauline Hesse's relation, William Hesse (1834-1920) was a Basel Mission pastor. As a result of the 1854 bombardment of Osu and the ensuing forced displacement of its residents, a brother-in-law of Clerk, John Hesse, relocated to Akropong as a domestic refugee and engaged in petty trading together with other Ga-Dangme traders who had also fled the bombing.

paragraph: The couple had twelve children but one, the Rev. A. W. Clerk's namesake, Alexander Worthy, died at birth: Caroline Rebecca (Mrs. Svaniker), John Patrick, Louisa, Ophelia (died in childhood from measles), Charles Emmanuel, Richard Alfred, Nicholas Timothy, Jane Elizabeth (Mrs. Bruce), Mary Anne, Matilda Johanna (Mrs. Lokko) and Christian Clerk who died in his youth in a drowning accident in the Gulf of Guinea. Thus, A. W. Clerk became the patriarch of the historically notable Clerk family of Accra by virtue of his 1843 arrival to the Gold Coast as a bachelor and his subsequent 1848 marriage to Pauline Hesse.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: A. W. Clerk wrote and translated hymns from German into the Ga language. These hymns are captured in the Presbyterian Hymnals and are still used by the Presbyterian Church of Ghana for its church services:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mɛni Yesu efee eham'?" - "What is there Christ has done for me?" (PHB 497)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mɔ ni ji Kristo kaselɔ" "- All you that follow Jesus Christ" (PHB 528), translated from a German hymn, originally written by the Swiss-Italian Pietist theologian and hymn composer, (1697 – 1770)

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Clerk died of natural causes on 11 February 1906, three weeks before his eighty-sixth birthday at his home, "Fairfield House," in Aburi, 20 miles (32 km) north of Accra. He was buried next to his wife, Pauline Hesse-Clerk at the old "Basel Mission Cemetery" near the Aburi Botanical Gardens in Aburi. As an opinion leader at Aburi, Clerk had been influential in the choice of the campus of the botanical garden.

paragraph: During World War I, German missionaries working left the Gold Coast and Scottish Presbyterian missionaries came and served the Christians of the Moravian Church. Sometime after the war ended, the Germans sought to renew their dominant influence but the Gold Coast Christians declared a strong preference for the Presbyterian Church brought there by the Scots.

paragraph: In a fitting tribute to the legacy of Clerk, other West Indian missionaries and the Basel Mission, the British Governor of the Gold Coast during World War I, Sir Frederick Gordon Guggisberg, reacted to the expulsion of Basel Mission as alien security risk from the Gold Coast by lamenting that, the forced departure was “"the greatest blow which education in this country has ever suffered";” describing their work as the “"first and foremost as regards quality of education and character training"” – a testament to the mission’s approach of combining academic study with practical training for life. While propagation of the Gospel was the main objective of the West Indians and the Basel Mission, the domestic socioeconomic and dire educational environment motivated them to establish the first formal schools and colleges in the country, open to pupils from all walks of life. Moreover, the missionaries provided alternative sources of employment to rural inhabitants through the establishment of mechanized agriculture and commerce-driven small-scale artisanal industries such as construction and craftsmanship including printing, book-binding, tile manufacturing, brick-making and weaving in order to create self-sufficiency among the natives. To accentuate this point, the scholar, Noel Smith noted in 1966, ""In education and in agriculture, in artisan training and in the development of commerce, in medical services and in concern for the social welfare of the people, the name 'Basel' by the time of the expulsion of the Mission from the country had become a treasured word in the minds of the people.""

paragraph: The Presbyterian Church of Ghana today duly remembers and recognises Clerk and the other West Indian missionaries for their pioneering role in the Protestant Christian movement in Ghana. The church continues to maintain much of the Jamaican church liturgy, order and discipline that were imported to Ghana in the nineteenth century and is a strong mission-minded one. The denomination currently has nearly 1 million members constituting about a quarter of the Ghanaian Christian Protestant demographic and about four-percent of the national population. The Presbyterian Church of Ghana today has instituted ""Presbyterian Day"" or ""Ebenezer Day"", a special Sunday designated in the church almanac to honour the memories, selfless work and toil of the missionaries in the early years. The names of Alexander Clerk and his son Nicholas Clerk appear on a commemorative plaque in the sanctuary of the Ebenezer Presbyterian Church, Osu, listing pioneering missionaries of the church, in recognition of their contributions to formal education and the growth of the Presbyterian faith in Ghana. In the sanctuary of the Christ Presbyterian Church, Akropong, a tablet memorialises the life and work of Alexander W. Clerk and his Caribbean compatriots, Joseph Miller, John Hall, John Rochester, James Mullings, John Walker, James Green and Antiguan Jonas Horsford.

paragraph: In addition to increased access to education, A. W. Clerk and other Basel Mission and West Indian missionaries were also instrumental in the expansion of hospitals, social welfare programs, medical services or healthcare as well as the development of infrastructure including roads and the growth of commerce and agriculture to support church mission activities. Today, the church maintains schools, colleges and health centres in many cities and towns in Ghana including Abetifi, Aburi, Agogo, Bawku, Donkorkrom, Dormaa Ahenkro and Enchi. In order to preserve the old culture, the usage of vernacular as the principal medium of ministry continues to be emphasised by the Presbyterian Church of Ghana.

paragraph: Clerk's lineage or progeny has played pioneering roles in the development of architecture, church development, civil service, diplomacy, education, health services, journalism, medicine, natural sciences, public administration, public health public policy and urban planning on the Gold Coast and in modern Ghana. His son, Nicholas Timothy Clerk was a Basel-trained theologian who served as the first Synod Clerk of the Presbyterian Church of the Gold Coast from 1918 to 1932 and initiated the groundbreaking for the establishment of Presbyterian Boys' Secondary School in 1938. Peter Hall, the son of John Hall, Clerk’s fellow Jamaican missionary, was also elected the first Moderator of Presbyterian Church of the Gold Coast in 1918. Other second generation descendants of the Jamaicans who were instrumental in strengthening the country's educational foundations laid by their Caribbean forebears include John Powell Rochester, Timothy Mullings, Henry Hall, James Hall, Caroline Clerk, Patrick Clerk, Charles Clerk, Rose Ann Miller and Emil Miller. As agriculturists, educators, craftsmen and preachers, they toiled to provide formal education in the communities they worked in.

description: Jamaican Moravian educator and missionary

wikidata_label: Alexander Worthy Clerk

wikipedia_title: Alexander Worthy Clerk


text:
French
philosopher
aesthetics
Alland'Huy-et-Sausseuil
Ardennes
theology
Reims
Paris
Lisieux
Navarre
Greek
Roman philosophy
Collège de France
beauty
taste
P. O. Kristeller
Horace
Académie des Inscriptions
Académie française
John Locke
Voltaire
sensualism
fine arts
poetry
Epicurus
Gassendi
Epicureanism
Leon Battista Alberti
Giovanni Battista Armenini
Sebastiano Serlio

categories: French philosophers,Collège de France faculty,Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres,Members of the Académie française,1780 deaths,People from Ardennes (department),1713 births

paragraph: Charles Batteux

paragraph: Charles Batteux (6 May 171314 July 1780) was a French philosopher and writer on aesthetics.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Batteux was born in Alland'Huy-et-Sausseuil, Ardennes, and studied theology at Reims. In 1739 he came to Paris, and after teaching in the colleges of Lisieux and Navarre, was appointed to the chair of Greek and Roman philosophy in the Collège de France.

paragraph: His 1746 treatise "Les beaux arts réduits à un même principe" (translated into English as "The Fine Arts Reduced to a Single Principle", trans. James O. Young, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015) was an attempt to find a unity among existing theories of beauty and taste on "a single principle", and its views were widely accepted, not only in France but throughout Europe.

paragraph: According to P. O. Kristeller,

paragraph: The reputation thus gained, confirmed by his translation of Horace (1750), led to Batteux's becoming a member of the Académie des Inscriptions (1754) and of the Académie française (1761). His "Cours de belles lettres" (1765) was afterwards included with some minor writings in the large treatise, "Principes de la littérature" (1774). His philosophical writings were "La morale d'Épicure tirée de ses propres écrits" (1758), and the "Histoire des causes premières" (1769). In consequence of the freedom with which in this work he attacked the abuse of authority in philosophy, he lost his professorial chair.

paragraph: His last and most extensive work was a "Cours d'études à l'usage des élèves de l'école militaire" in forty-five volumes.

paragraph: In "Les Beaux Arts", Batteux developed a theory influenced by John Locke through Voltaire's sceptical sensualism. He held that the fine arts are arts ("assemblages of rules for doing well"), for producing fine or beautiful things ("which please" of themselves), always "in imitation of "la belle nature"" and requiring genius.

paragraph: Applying this principle to the art of poetry, and analysing, line by line and even word by word, the works of great poets, he deduced the law that the beauty of poetry consists in the accuracy, beauty and harmony of individual expression.

paragraph: His "Histoire des causes premières" was among the first attempts at a history of philosophy, and in his work on Epicurus, following on Gassendi, he defended Epicureanism against the general attacks made against it.

paragraph: Strictly in Aesthetics terms Batteux sets the single principle for fine arts in imitation of nature, and this in terms of ideal of perfection to make an harmonious whole: "let's choose the most beautiful parts of nature, to make an exquisite whole, more perfect then nature, but never ending to be natural". In this concept, clearly, Batteux follows a long tradition, present at least in Leon Battista Alberti; as well as for the expression of fine arts, present in Giovanni Battista Armenini and more back in Sebastiano Serlio.

alias:
Abbé Charles Batteux
Abbe Charles Batteux

description: French philosopher

wikidata_label: Charles Batteux

wikipedia_title: Charles Batteux


text: German

text: Meistersinger

text: poet

text: playwright

text: Nuremberg

text: tailor

text: Latin school

text: apprentice

text: shoemaker

text: journeyman

text: Wanderjahre

text: Regensburg

text: Passau

text: Salzburg

text: Munich

text: Osnabrück

text: Lübeck

text: Leipzig

text: Wels

text: Emperor Maximilian I

text: Innsbruck

text: Munich

text: Reformation

text: Luther

text: nightingale

text: Wittenberg

text: Mastersongs

text: poem

text: Tragedies

text: Comedies

text: Fable

text: Andreas Osiander

text: Albert Lortzing

text: Richard Wagner

text: Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg

text: Spiegel.de

text: fh-augsburg.de

text: ni.schule.de

categories: 16th-century German writers,German Lutherans,16th-century German musicians,Converts to Lutheranism from Roman Catholicism,German male poets,German male composers,People from Nuremberg,German male dramatists and playwrights,1494 births,Shoemakers,16th-century composers,16th-century dramatists and playwrights,German composers,16th-century German poets,1576 deaths

paragraph: Hans Sachs

paragraph: Hans Sachs (5 November 1494 – 19 January 1576) was a German "Meistersinger" ("mastersinger"), poet, playwright, and shoemaker.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Hans Sachs was born in Nuremberg (). As a child he attended a singing school that was held in the church of Nuremberg. This helped to awaken in him a taste for poetry and music. His father was a tailor. He attended Latin school () in Nuremberg. When he was 14 he took up an apprenticeship as a shoemaker.

paragraph: After the apprenticeship, at age 17, he was a journeyman and set out on his "Wanderjahre" (or "Walz"), that is, travelling about with companions and students. Over several years he worked at his craft in many towns, including Regensburg, Passau, Salzburg, Munich, Osnabrück, Lübeck, and Leipzig.

paragraph: In 1513 he reached the small town of Wels, where he remained for a time, devoting himself to the cultivation of the fine arts. The Emperor Maximilian I chanced to pass through this town with his dazzling retinue, and the young poet allowed himself to be carried away by the splendour of the court. The prince placed him in the halls of the palace of Innsbruck. Later Hans Sachs quit the court and went to Schatz and Munich.

paragraph: In the same year, he took up a kind of apprenticeship to become a mastersinger at Munich. Lienhard Nunnenbeck, a linen weaver, was his master. In 1516 he settled in Nuremberg and stayed there for the rest of his life. On 1 September 1519 he married Kunigunde Creutzer (1502–1560). He had seven children, but all died while he was still alive. He married again on 2 September 1561, this time to the young widow Barbara Harscher.

paragraph: The great event of his intellectual life was the coming of the Reformation; he became an ardent adherent of Luther, and in 1523 wrote in Luther's honor the poem beginning “The nightingale of Wittenberg, which is heard everywhere” (), and four remarkable dialogues in prose, in which his warm sympathy with the reformer was tempered by counsels of moderation. In spite of this, his advocacy of the new faith earned him a reproof from the town council of Nuremberg, and he was forbidden to publish any more “pamphlets or rhymes” (). It was not long, however, before the council itself openly threw in its lot with the Reformation.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: He wrote over 6000 pieces of various kinds. Exact numbers vary widely in secondary literature, mainly because it is not always clear if a piece is an independent work or part of a larger work. Also, certain works may be put in different categories by different authors. His productivity is especially remarkable because he kept working as a shoemaker throughout his life. (As far as is known, the Mastersingers did not as a common practice write or sing for money.) His works include

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mastersongs () proper (about 4200)

paragraph: BULLET::::- other poems and songs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carnival plays

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tragedies

paragraph: BULLET::::- Comedies

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prose dialogues

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fables

paragraph: BULLET::::- Religious tracts, including “A wonderful prophecy of the papacy about how things will go for it up until the end of the world” () in collaboration with Andreas Osiander (1527).

paragraph: Section::::Assessment.

paragraph: His mastersongs were not published, being intended solely for the use of the Nuremberg Meistersinger school, of which Sachs was the leading spirit. His fame rests mainly on the “spoken poems” () which include his dramatic writings. His “tragedies” and “comedies” are, however, little more than stories told in dialogue, and are divided by convenient pauses into a varying number of acts. Sachs had little idea of the essentials of dramatic construction or the nature of dramatic action.

paragraph: The subjects are drawn from the most varied sources, but particularly the Bible, the classics and the Italian novelists. He succeeds best in the short anecdotal "Fastnachtsspiel" or Shrovetide play, where characterisation and humorous situation are of more importance than dramatic form or construction.

paragraph: Some of his farces have been played on the modern stage. Among these are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der fahrende Schüler im Paradies" (1550)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das Wildbad" (1550)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das heiss Eisen" (1551)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Bauer im Fegefeuer" (1552)

paragraph: Section::::As a fictional character.

paragraph: Hans Sachs is the subject of an opera (1840) by Albert Lortzing. He is a leading character in Richard Wagner's opera "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg" (1868).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spiegel.de (some Works in German)

paragraph: BULLET::::- fh-augsburg.de (other works in German)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ni.schule.de (more works in German)

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. Wagners "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg"

description: German meistersinger ("mastersinger"), poet, playwright and shoemaker

wikidata_label: Hans Sachs

wikipedia_title: Hans Sachs


text:
Pencarrow
Governor of Jamaica
Leighrayment.com

categories: 1689 deaths,Governors of Jamaica,Year of birth uncertain,17th-century Jamaican people,Baronets in the Baronetage of England

paragraph: Hender Molesworth

paragraph: Sir Hender Molesworth, 1st Baronet ("ca." 1638 – 27 July 1689), was made 1st Baronet of Pencarrow after serving as acting Governor of Jamaica from 1684 to 1687 and from 1688 to 1689.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leighrayment.com

description: Governor of Jamaica

wikidata_label: Hender Molesworth, 1st Baronet

wikipedia_title: Hender Molesworth