text: Croatia

text: Croatian

text: Czech

text: Latin

text: Spanish

text: Chile

text: aesthetics

text: axiology

text: Hvar

text: Republic of Croatia

text: noble

text: Dubrovnik

text: Split

text: Zagreb

text: Moravia

text: Catholic

text: Saint Thérèse of Lisieux

text: Aloysius Stepinac

text: Croatian Writers Association

text: aesthetics

text: Croatian literature

text: Dominicans

text: "Witness to the First Beauty"

categories: Croatian expatriates in Chile,Croatian male poets,Croatian anti-communists,1996 deaths,Date of death missing,Croatian writers,20th-century Croatian poets,Members of the Dominican Order,1914 births

paragraph: Rajmund Kupareo

paragraph: Rajmund Kupareo (Spanish: Raimundo Kupareo) (16 November 1914 – 1996) was a Croatian Roman Catholic priest, poet, theological writer, composer, translator and editor. He wrote in Croatian, Czech, Latin and Spanish. He spent most productive years of his life working in Chile as a professor of aesthetics and axiology in Santiago de Chile; he served there as the dean of the Faculty of Philosophy (twice) and the vice-rector of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Rajmund Kupareo was born on 16 November 1914 in Vrboska, the island of Hvar (present-day Republic of Croatia), a descendant of an old noble family. He entered the Order of the Preachers in Dubrovnik in 1930 and was ordained priest in Split in 1937. He studied philosophy, theology and languages in Dubrovnik, Zagreb (Croatia), Olomouc (Moravia), Santiago de Chile (Chile) and Washington, D.C. (USA).

paragraph: During World War II, Kupareo was the editor-in-chief of "Gospina krunica" ("Our Lady's Rosary"), a Catholic monthly magazine in Zagreb. He also managed the Dominican publishing house "Istina" ("Truth"), which published a translation of The Story of a Soul by Saint Thérèse of Lisieux, and "Razmišljanja o krunici" ("Meditations on the Rosary"), translated by Aloysius Stepinac, the Archbishop of Zagreb. The arrival of communist troops in the spring of 1945 hindered his project to publish all the sermons and speeches delivered by Stepinac from 1934–44, in which the Archbishop had strongly condemned racism and intolerance, and emphasized the right of the Croatian people to have their own state. After entering Zagreb, the communists destroyed the entire edition of 10.000 books in the printing-house. Only one copy was saved and Stepinac later used it at his trial to show there was no freedom of press in Tito's Yugoslavia.

paragraph: He left Croatia on 2 January 1947, and did not return until 10 June 1971. He took refuge first in the Czech Republic, afterwards in the Netherlands, France and Spain. Finally, in 1950, he found his place in Chile. He spent his most productive years as a professor of aesthetics and axiology in Santiago de Chile and served as the dean of the Faculty of Philosophy (twice) and the vice-rector of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. He founded the Institute of Aesthetics and the School of Journalism in Santiago de Chile, as well as initiator and editor of several publications. As the official representative of the university, he traveled through North, Central and South America, Europe and the Middle East.

paragraph: He suffered a stroke on 14 May 1970, which forced him to retire. He returned to Croatia to die but recovered to a certain degree and led a secluded and simple life in the Dominican priory in Zagreb. Despite his frail condition, he continued his literary and scientific work. In 1985 he became a member of "Academia Chilena de la Lengua" of the "Instituto de Chile", the Chilean Academy of Arts and Letters. After the democratic changes in Croatia he finally became a member of the Croatian Writers Association.

paragraph: In 1985, he was promoted a foreign member of "Academia Chilena de la Lengua".

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Kupareo published 25 different volumes of his writings: nine treatises on aesthetics (in Latin, Spanish and Croatian) and 14 books of poetry, novels, stories and plays (in Croatian, Czech and Spanish). His poetry is compiled in the anthology "Svjetloznak" ("Lightsign", 1994). After his death two more poems were found in manuscript form and published in the daily newspaper "Vjesnik" on 6 June 1998.

paragraph: He authored significant number of compositions of religious and secular character: manuscripts of polyphonic motets and even a few operettas, mainly to his own lyrics, are kept in Dominican priories’ archives in Croatia, Chile and Italy. Among others, he put to music "O Spem Miram" ("O wonderful hope"), the famous prayer to St Dominic, while he was in Las Caldas de Besayu priory (Spain) in 1949.

paragraph: His stories on World War II and the lives of Dominicans, priests, professors and emigrants in Latin and North America: "Balada iz Magallanesa" (The Ballad from Magallanes) are published in 1978; followed by stories on the same subject "Čežnja za zavičajem" (Longing for Home, 1989) and "Patka priča" (Tales by a Duck, 1994).

paragraph: In 1939. is published his novel: "U morskoj kući" (In the Sea House, 1939), followed with novels "Jedinac" (The Only Son, 1942), "Baraban" (Barabban, 1943) and "Sunovrati" (The Narcissi, 1960).

paragraph: He wrote two children's plays: "Magnificat" and "Sliepo srdce" (The Blind Heart, 1944) and three plays: "Muka Kristova" (Christ's Passion, Madrid, 1948), "Uskrsnuće" (The Resurrection, 1983) and "Porođenje" (The Nativity, 1984). These last three were published together under the title "Prebivao je među nama" (He Resided Among Us, 1985).

paragraph: Starting with his Chilean period, he wrote several book on aesthetics: "Ars et moralis" (1951), "El Valor del Arte – Axiología estética" (1964), "Creationes Humanas", I, "La Poesia" (1965), "Creationes Humanas", II, "El Drama" (1966), "Umjetnik i zagonetka života" (The Artist and the Mystery of Life, 1982), "Govor umjetnosti" (Language of the Art, 1987), "Čovjek i umjetnost" (Man and the Art, 1993) and "Um i umjetnost" (Intellect and Art, 2007).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Croatian literature

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dominicans

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Petar Marija Radelj, "Witness to the First Beauty" (biography and poems), 27 November 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile: Kupareo, Rajmund, catalogo.bcn.cl; retrieved 29 November 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Radoslav Ivelić Kusanović "El hombre en la estética del dr. Raimundo Kupareo", Radoslav Ivelić Kusanović, 3 February 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "KUPAREO, RAJMUND, NOVELISTA, BÁSNÍK, DRAMATIK, KOMPONISTA, ESTÉT", Czech Dominican Province, 29 November 2014.

description: Croatian poet

wikidata_label: Rajmund Kupareo

wikipedia_title: Rajmund Kupareo


text: Modum

text: Niels Andreas Vibe

text: Heinrich Arnold Thaulow

text: Aimée Sommerfelt

text: Hans Heiberg

text: Østre Aker

text: King's Medal of Merit

categories: 1935 deaths,Norwegian psychiatrists,People from Modum,Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters,Recipients of the King's Medal of Merit in gold,1863 births

paragraph: Henrik Dedichen

paragraph: Henrik Arnold Thaulow Dedichen (23 March 1863 – 3 March 1935) was a Norwegian psychiatrist. He was born in Modum. He was a great-grandson of Niels Andreas Vibe and grandson of Heinrich Arnold Thaulow. He was the father of children's writer Aimée Sommerfelt, and an uncle of Hans Heiberg.

paragraph: He established a private psychiatric hospital at Trosterud in Østre Aker in 1911, which he managed until 1933. He started and edited the journal "Tidsskrift for nordisk retsmedicin og psykiatri" from 1901 to 1911, and wrote several books on psychiatric subjects. He was a member of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters from 1895, and was awarded the King's Medal of Merit in gold in 1926.

description: Norwegian psychiatrist

wikidata_label: Henrik Dedichen

wikipedia_title: Henrik Dedichen


text:
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Petras Mantigirdaitis
Voivode of Trakai
Grand Marshal of Lithuania
Marcin Bielski
Alexander Jagiellon
Grand Duke of Lithuania
Bishop of Vilnius
Grand Duchy of Moscow
Helena of Moscow
First Muscovite–Lithuanian War
Great Hetman of Lithuania
Bychowiec Chronicle
Konstantin Ostrogski
First Muscovite–Lithuanian War
Starosta
Braslaw
Lutsk
Volhynia
Voivode of Trakai
Grand Marshal of Lithuania
Great Hetman of Lithuania
Jonas Vėževičius
Smolensk
Battle of Vedrosha
Stanisław Kiszka
Alexander Olshanski
Kaributas
Vilnius Cathedral
Iwye

categories: 1497 deaths,Lithuanian nobility,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Petras Jonaitis Mantigirdaitis

paragraph: Petras Jonaitis Mantigirdaitis (died after 1497) was a prominent noble of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Grandson of Petras Mantigirdaitis, he first appeared in written sources in 1476 and reached his career high in 1490s when he was Voivode of Trakai (1490–97) and Grand Marshal of Lithuania (1491–97).

paragraph: Chronicler Marcin Bielski described that Alexander Jagiellon was crowned and blessed as the new Grand Duke of Lithuania by the Bishop of Vilnius in 1492. Then Mantigirdaitis presented Alexander with a naked sword and a reminder that Alexander was elected to be a just ruler. In 1494, Mantigirdaitis was sent on the diplomatic mission to negotiate peace with the Grand Duchy of Moscow and marriage of Helena of Moscow to Alexander to end the First Muscovite–Lithuanian War.

paragraph: Mantigirdaitis is mentioned as the first Great Hetman of Lithuania. The Bychowiec Chronicle describes how Grand Duke Alexander visited ailing Mantigirdaitis in Trakai and asked for his recommendations for a successor. Mantigirdaitis recommended Konstantin Ostrogski. Mantigirdaitis is also mentioned as Hetman in a surviving copy of a donation document by Grand Duke Alexander that Vytas Jankauskas dated March 1494. If the date is correct, this would indicate that the Hetman position developed during the First Muscovite–Lithuanian War (1492–94).

paragraph: Section::::Offices.

paragraph: Mantigirdaitis held the following offices:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Starosta of Braslaw (1476–82) and Lutsk (1486–89)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marshal of Grand Duke (1480–82) and Volhynia (1487–89)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Voivode of Trakai (1490–97)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Marshal of Lithuania (1491–97)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Great Hetman of Lithuania (1494–97)

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: There is no information available on his father, thus historians assume he died in his youth. Mantigirdaitis was married twice. His first wife was Anna, daughter of Jonas Vėževičius, regent of Smolensk. They had a son and a daughter. Their son Jonas died in the Battle of Vedrosha ending the family line. Their daughter Sophia married Stanisław Kiszka, who inherited the family's substantial wealth. Mantigirdaitis' second wife was Anna, daughter of Alexander Olshanski or of , son of Kaributas; they had no children. In 1482, Anna funded the Chapel of Holy Trinity in Vilnius Cathedral. It is likely that Mantigirdaitis funded the Catholic church in Iwye, his most important estate.

description: Lithuanian statesman

wikidata_label: Petras Jonaitis Mangirdaitis

wikipedia_title: Petras Jonaitis Mantigirdaitis


text:
KG
Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
Dover Castle
Knight of the Garter
Richard II of England
Edward, the Black Prince
Aquitaine
Peter of Castile
Lusignan
Isabella of Valois, Duchess of Bourbon
John Chandos
Edward III
Windsor Castle
Gloucester
Llanstephan
Wales
Edmund Mortimer
constableship of Dover Castle
wardenship of the Cinque Ports
Joan of Kent
impeach
treason
commons
Merciless Parliament
English Peasant's Revolt
Kent
Anonimalle Chronicle
Gravesend
Rochester Castle
Dartford
Wat Tyler
Anne of Bohemia
villein
Essex
Black Prince

categories: 14th-century executions,People executed under the Plantagenets for treason against England,Knights of the Garter,Year of birth uncertain,Year of birth unknown,Executed English people,Executions at the Tower of London,14th-century English people,Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports,1330s births,1388 deaths

paragraph: Simon Burley

paragraph: Sir Simon de Burley, KG (ca. 1336 – 1388) was holder of the offices of Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports and Constable of Dover Castle between 1384-88, and was a Knight of the Garter.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Sir Simon Burley was one of the most influential men in the court of King Richard II of England. Although of humble origin, he was brought up with Edward, the Black Prince; they became intimate friends, and Burley was raised to become a tutor to the prince's son, later Richard II.

paragraph: He first served in the fleet which destroyed the Spanish corsairs in 1350.

paragraph: In 1355, he took part in Edward‘s abortive expedition from Calais, and in 1364 he appears in attendance on the Black Prince in Aquitaine. By him he was sent on the embassy to Peter of Castile in 1366, and shared in his restoration and the victory of Najara in 1367.

paragraph: On the war being renewed in 1369, he was attacked near Lusignan, when with a detached force, and made prisoner by the French.

paragraph: On the release of the Isabella of Valois, Duchess of Bourbon he was exchanged (1370) and rejoined the Black Prince at Limoges.

paragraph: In 1377, Richard II confirmed an annual grant of £100 to Burley granted to him first by Sir John Chandos and then by Edward III along with the custody of Carmarthen castle, in terms referring to him as "the King's father's Knight".

paragraph: In the same year, Burley was given the office of Master of the Falcon and Keeper of the Mews near Charring, and was appointed constable of Windsor Castle for life.

paragraph: The following year, the King further granted Burley the manor of Chiltenham in Gloucester and the 'fee simple' of the castle and lordship of Llanstephan.

paragraph: In 1382, Richard granted him the office of under-chamberlain of the King's household for life, and appointed him surveyor of the lands in South Wales in the King's hands during the minority of the heir of Edmund Mortimer.

paragraph: In 1384, the King granted him for life the constableship of Dover Castle and the wardenship of the Cinque Ports, and three hundred pounds yearly (for the maintenance of himself, chaplains, etc.) with provision that he exercise the office himself.

paragraph: His long connection with the family of Richard II is indicated by his being named by Joan of Kent, King Richard's mother, as one of the executors of her will in 1385.

paragraph: In 1388 Burley, along with other favourites of the King, was impeached for treason by the commons and executed in the Merciless Parliament of 1388.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Role in 1381 Peasants' Revolt.

paragraph: In some histories, Sir Simon Burley figures as the trigger for the explosion of the English Peasant's Revolt in 1381 in the county of Kent. In the story related by the "Anonimalle Chronicle", Simon Burley appeared in Gravesend with two sergeants on June 3, 1381, and laid claim that one of its residents, a certain Robert Belling (or Bellyng), was his runaway bondsman. When the townsfolk of Gravesend pleaded with Burley on the man's behalf, Burley demanded £300 in silver for manumission. It was an enormous sum that Belling could not afford nor his Gravesend supporters raise for his release, so Burley ordered the royal sergeants to arrest Belling and confine him to nearby Rochester Castle until the money was raised. This incident hit a nerve in the region, long tired of corruption and abuses by royal officials, and led directly to a riot in Dartford (just seven miles from Gravesend) the next day. An armed band was raised that would go on to attack Rochester Castle on June 6 and spring Robert Belling out of jail. Wat Tyler would be elected leader of this Kentish rebel band a few days later.

paragraph: There are a few problems with the "Anonimalle" story. Firstly, Simon Burley was abroad at the time, negotiating the king's marriage with Anne of Bohemia, and so could not have appeared at Gravesend in person. Secondly, uniquely among English counties, villein service was not practiced in Kent at the time. Nonetheless, the release of Robert Belling from Rochester is well-attested in other sources. So it is possible that Belling may have run away from Burley's estates in another county (e.g. Essex), and that the claim in Gravesend was carried out by another official in Burley's name.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Simon Burley had no children (that survived). His father was a John Burley of Birley, Hereford, and Simon was the younger brother of another Sir John Burley who, along with his son Richard had also served under the Black Prince and were also both Knights of the Garter.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: English noble

wikidata_label: Simon de Burley

wikipedia_title: Simon Burley


text:
English
Second Barons' War
Stephen of Thornham
First Barons' War
Rochester Castle
William de Leybourne
Knight's fee
Kent
Oxfordshire
Henry III
jousting tournament
Pilgrimage
Lord Edward
Wales
Simon de Montfort
Bristol Castle
Earl of Gloucester
Elham
High Sheriff of Kent
Essex
Sussex
Peter of Aigueblanche
Bishop of Hereford
Steward of the King's Household
Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
High Sheriff of Kent
Louis IX
Battle of Northampton
Battle of Lewes
Kenilworth Castle
Battle of Evesham
Westmorland
Carlisle Castle
High Sheriff of Cumberland
Cinque Ports
Nottingham Castle
Leeds, Kent
Pope Adrian V
Gascony
Lieutenant
Libourne
pp. 133-192 & pedigree
pp. 329-41

categories: 1215 births,1271 deaths,English admirals,13th-century English Navy personnel,Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports,High Sheriffs of Kent

paragraph: Roger de Leybourne

paragraph: Sir Roger de Leybourne (1215–1271) was an English soldier, landowner and royal servant during the Second Barons' War.

paragraph: He was the younger son of another Sir Roger de Leybourne, by his 1st wife, Eleanor, the daughter and heir of Stephen of Thornham. In 1199 when the elder Roger was still a minor his wardship was sold to Thornham for 300 marks. The elder Roger then joined the rebels at the start of the First Barons' War in 1215, being captured in November at the siege of Rochester Castle, paying 250 marks for his release. After the death of the elder Roger some time before 1251 his son William de Leybourne inherited seven Knight's fees in Kent and Oxfordshire, as well as substantial debts, which were only cancelled in 1253 by Henry III.

paragraph: Roger first came to royal notice in 1252 when he killed Arnulf de Munteny, one of the king's household knights, in a jousting tournament with a sharpened lance, avenging himself of an injury caused by Arnulf in a previous tournament. To atone for his crime he "took the cross" (went on a Pilgrimage), and was pardoned by King Henry III.

paragraph: In 1253 he was given the lands of Roger Connell in Kent, and from then until his death he spent large amounts of time and money acquiring land in that county. In 1257 he served in the army of Lord Edward as part of his campaign in Wales, and became part of an influential group of his supporters. He joined Edward in autumn 1259 when he allied with Simon de Montfort, and was made custodian of Bristol Castle in November. He was part of Edward's retinue in 1260 when he and the Earl of Gloucester attempted to take London, and was one of those pardoned when Edward patched up his relationship with Henry III. In thanks for this service Edward gave him the manor of Elham in Kent, but in 1262 the grant was deemed to be in violation of the conditions of Henry giving the manor to Edward in the first place, and the manor was returned, with the High Sheriff of Kent being ordered to take £1,820 from Leybourne's lands; Leybourne frustrated him by simply removing all the goods from his lands in Kent, Essex and Sussex.

paragraph: In 1263 he along with other Marcher Lords arrested Peter of Aigueblanche, Bishop of Hereford, and seized Hereford, Gloucester, and Bristol, returning south to assault Windsor Castle. They were joined by Simon de Montfort, beginning the Second Barons' War. They marched into Kent, attacking the Cinque Ports. By August 1263 the Marcher Lords were in negotiations with Edward, having been unnerved by de Montford's plan to ally with the Welsh, and they swore an oath to the king on the 18th. From this point onwards Leybourne was a loyal servant of the king, and swiftly returned to royal favour. In September he was made Steward of the King's Household, Keeper of Kent, Surrey and Sussex, and in December was appointed Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports and made High Sheriff of Kent. In October 1263 he was one of those who sealed the agreement between Henry and Louis IX, and travelled with the king to France at the end of the year.

paragraph: During the second half of the conflict with de Montfort, Leybourne fought at the Battle of Northampton and as a defender at the siege of Rochester Castle, where he was badly wounded. He fought at the Battle of Lewes with the other marcher lords, who were allowed to go free after their defeat on the condition that they return to stand trial at the next Parliament. When they failed to do so, de Montfort sent a military expedition which failed to defeat them. So they remained a thorn in the side of de Montfort throughout the rest of the war.

paragraph: In December 1264 he was given a safe conduct to visit the king, and then in May 1265 he spoke with Edward, helping organise his escape from Kenilworth Castle on 28 May. Leybourne subsequently fought at the Battle of Evesham, reportedly saving the king's life, and for the two years of conflict after Evesham served as Edward's principal lieutenant. In August 1265 he was made keeper of Westmorland, in October he was given custody of Carlisle Castle, made High Sheriff of Cumberland and trusted with subduing London on behalf of the king. In November he fought the rebels in Kent, and in January 1266 he recaptured Sandwich, serving as Edward's deputy for the capture of the other Cinque Ports. Along with Edward he besieged and captured Winchelsea, fighting off rebels across the Thames in May. He was knighted in September, with the king ordering that he should be received everywhere 'with due honour as the king's knight'. He was also a member of the king's council, and appointed custodian of Nottingham Castle.

paragraph: During this period he was rewarded by the king with large amounts of land, including the village of Leeds, Kent, where he later built a castle, and areas of Kent, Cumberland and Westmorland. He went on a second pilgrimage in 1269, and was rewarded with 1000 marks from Ottobuono, the papal legate, who later became Pope Adrian V. Rather than going to the Holy Land he travelled to Gascony, where he had been appointed Lieutenant on 29 November 1269, with his aim possibly being to raise men for the crusade. He stayed for long enough to have the city of Libourne named after him, but returned home in December 1270, dying before 7 November 1271.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- L.B. Larking, 'On the heart-shrine in Leybourne church', "Archaeologia Cantiana" V (1863), pp. 133-192 & pedigree (Society's pdf).

paragraph: BULLET::::- L.B. Larking, 'On the heart-shrine in Leybourne Church, and the family of de Leybourne', "Archaeologia Cantiana" VII (1868), pp. 329-41 (Internet Archive).

description: English soldier and landowner

wikidata_label: Roger de Leybourne

wikipedia_title: Roger de Leybourne


text:
Sanskrit
Dharma
Yona
Ionia
Indo-Greek
Menander
Mahavamsa
Pali
Alexandria of the Caucasus
Kabul
Alexandria of the Arachosians
stupa
Anuradhapura
Sri Lanka
Dutthagamani Abhaya
Alexandria of the Caucasus
Alexandria of the Arachosians
Shunga
Milinda Panha
Menander
arhat
Ashoka
Kanishka
Dharmaraksita
Greco-Buddhist monasticism
Edicts of Ashoka
Greco-Buddhism
History of Buddhism
Full text of the Mahavamsa
Full text of the Milinda Panha

paragraph: Mahadharmaraksita

paragraph: Mahadhammarakkhita (Sanskrit: Mahadharmaraksita, literally "Great protector of the Dharma") was a Greek (in Pali:"Yona", lit. "Ionian") Buddhist master, who lived during the 2nd century BCE during the reign of the Indo-Greek king Menander.

paragraph: In the Mahavamsa, a key Pali historical text, he is recorded as having travelled from “Alasandra” (thought to be Alexandria of the Caucasus, around 150 kilometers north of today's Kabul, or possibly Alexandria of the Arachosians), with 30,000 monks for the dedication ceremony of the Maha Thupa ("Great stupa") at Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka, when it was completed shortly after the death of the Sri Lankan king Dutthagamani Abhaya (r. 161 - 137 BCE).

paragraph: The Mahamvasa lists the congregations that visited Sri Lanka for the dedication of the Maha Thupa, explaining that:

paragraph: This reference is seen as having several implications regarding the role of the Greeks in the Buddhist community at that time:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexandria of the Caucasus or Alexandria of the Arachosians, cities under the control of the Greek king Menander, had a Buddhist monk population of possibly as many as 30,000, indicating a flourishing Buddhist culture under the Greeks.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The head of this Buddhist community was a Greek (Yona) Buddhist elder whose religious name was Mahadhammarakkhita ("Great protector of the Dharma), indicating the direct involvement of Greeks in the development of the faith, in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent.

paragraph: BULLET::::- They were able to travel unhindered south as far as Sri Lanka, indicating some kind of stable political situation along the west coast of the Indian subcontinent, especially at a time when the Shunga Empire in the east was persecuting Buddhists.

paragraph: It is also separately established through another text, the Milinda Panha, and archeological evidence that Menander himself ruled a vast empire in northern India, and that he became a Buddhist arhat. According to Buddhist tradition he was a great benefactor of the Buddhist faith, on a par with Ashoka or the Kushan Kanishka.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dharmaraksita

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Buddhist monasticism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edicts of Ashoka

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Buddhism

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Buddhism

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “The shape of ancient thought. Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian philosophies”, by Thomas Mc Evilly (Allworth Press, New York 2002)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Full text of the Mahavamsa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Full text of the Milinda Panha

description: 2nd century BCE Greek Buddhist master

wikidata_label: Mahadharmaraksita

wikipedia_title: Mahadharmaraksita


text:
Ross Sea Party
Ernest Shackleton's
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
Aneroid barometer
two thermometers
Museum Victoria
war

categories: 1885 births,University of Melbourne alumni,Australian physicists,1966 deaths,Antarctic expeditions

paragraph: Andrew Keith Jack

paragraph: Andrew Keith Jack (also known as Keith Jack) (9 September 1885 – 26 September 1966) was an Australian physicist who served as a member of the Ross Sea Party as part of Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition.

paragraph: Keith Jack was educated at the University of Melbourne, graduating with an MSc in 1914. A year later he joined the Shackleton expedition, where along with other members of the crew, he became stranded for 2 years in Antarctic after the loss of the ship Aurora. During this time he kept a regular diary across five volumes. Keith was rescued along with six other survivors in 1917. Keith also took many photographs during the expedition, some of which were later hand-coloured as lantern slides. Keith's diaries, as well as a number of his artefacts from the expedition, including his Aneroid barometer and a set of two thermometers, were bequeathed to the Museum Victoria.

paragraph: After the expedition, Keith worked during the war in an explosives factory (known as the Cordite Factory), utilising his expertise in chemistry, eventually become a Senior Assistant Manager. After the war he took on various roles managing explosives and safety for the Australian Government.

description: Australian physicist

wikidata_label: Andrew Keith Jack

wikipedia_title: Andrew Keith Jack


text: entrepreneur

text: open data

text: co-founder

text: CEO

text: BudgIT

text: Ogbomoso

text: Oyo State

text: Osogbo

text: Osun State

text: Nigeria

text: Ibadan

text: Ibadan

text: Loyola College

text: University of Agriculture, Abeokuta

text: bachelor of engineering

text: Electrical/Electronics Engineering

text: social entrepreneurship

text: Benin City

text: Co-Creation Hub

text: Buharimeter;

text: Chatham House

text: Tracka

text: Lagos

categories: 21st-century Nigerian businesspeople,Loyola College, Ibadan alumni,People from Osogbo,Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta alumni,1985 births,Web developers,Nigerian technology businesspeople,Yoruba businesspeople,Living people,Nigerian company founders

paragraph: Oluseun Onigbinde

paragraph: Oluseun Onigbinde (18 September 1985) is a Nigerian entrepreneur and open data analyst popularly known as the co-founder and CEO of BudgIT, a Nigerian civic startup. Oluseun Onigbinde is a fiscal transparency advocate and firm believer in the power of Open Data. In 2012, he was awarded the Future Awards Prize for Science and Tech Innovation.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Oluseun is a native of Masifa, Ogbomoso, Oyo State. He was born in Osogbo, presently Osun State, Nigeria. He was raised a Baptist in Ibadan and also attended Christ Apostolic Church, Agbala Itura.

paragraph: Section::::Educational background.

paragraph: He had his primary and secondary school education in Ibadan. The prestigious Loyola College, Ibadan where he excelled in the sciences. He scored nine distinctions in his West African Examinations Council’s exam, earning the best result of the school's 2001 set.

paragraph: Oluseun attended the University of Agriculture, Abeokuta where he obtained a bachelor of engineering (B.Eng.) in Electrical/Electronics Engineering and the Stanford university graduate school of business where he completed the executive program in social entrepreneurship.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: During his NYSC, he was posted to Benin City where he got a job at Access bank. He later joined First Bank for a period of three and half years. It was while he was working at First Bank that he got the idea for BudgIT. According to him, his interest in banking was from the strategy angle, a space where he could contribute his ideas.

paragraph: Oluseun Onigbinde is a recipient of several awards and he is currently an Obama Foundation Scholar at Columbia University. He board member of the ONE Africa Policy Advisory Board.

paragraph: Section::::BudgIT.

paragraph: In 2011, Oluseun Onigbinde and Joseph Agunbiade formed a team during a hackathon held at the Co-Creation Hub. It was here that he came up with the idea for a need to publicize government spending to the general public, leading to the startup BudgIT. In 2014, the Omidyar Network invested $400,000 in BudgIT; this has always been listed on their website. In June 2015, the Kaduna State government under the administration of Mallam El-Rufai, signed BudgIT to build Open Budget mobile portal similar to the Buharimeter; a platform which was built by BudgIT for Center for Democracy and Development to hold President Buhari accountable for his campaign promises. In January 2017, BudgIT raised an additional $3 million grant from Omidyar Network and Gates Foundation. In February 2016, Oluseun Onigbinde was honoured to make a presentation at the Chatham House under the African Project on issue of accountability and governance.

paragraph: Section::::Civic Technology.

paragraph: Onigbinde has always been a big believer in data-driven journalism and participated a health journalism project as part of the Knight Innovation Fellowship of the International Center for Journalists. In 2014, BudgIT launched Tracka, a project tracking tool. Tracka monitors public projects in over 600 communities in Nigeria.

paragraph: His organization also founded Civic Hive, Nigeria's civic innovation hub, that incubates solely civic tech start-ups.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Seun resides in Lagos with his wife, Oluwaseun, and daughters - Wuraola and Ireoluwa

paragraph: Section::::Awards and recognitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ashoka Fellowship for Global Entrepreneurs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Future Awards, 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Summit Youth Award

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight International Journalism Fellow/ International Center for Journalists

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harambe Fellowship (Harambe Entrepreneur Alliance)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 Aspen New Voices Fellowship

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 Draper Hills Summer Fellowship, Stanford University (Center for Democracy, Development, and the Rule of the Law).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Melvin Jones Fellow

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obama Foundation Scholar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quartz Africa Innovators Award

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 Archbishop Desmond Tutu Leadership Fellow

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oluseun Onigbinde on CCHub’s ventures page.

wikidata_label: Oluseun Onigbinde

wikipedia_title: Oluseun Onigbinde


text:
American football
running back
New Orleans Saints
National Football League
college football
Tulane
Washington Redskins
undrafted free agent
football
O. Perry Walker High School
Orleans Darkwa
Washington Redskins
2016 NFL Draft
New York Giants
Detroit Lions
Kirk Cousins
Matt Jones
Cincinnati Bengals
Green Bay Packers
NBC Sunday Night Football
Chris Thompson
Samaje Perine
Seattle Seahawks
New Orleans Saints
9th Ward district
New Orleans
Hurricane Katrina
effect on the city
2014 season
2015 season
Washington Redskins bio

categories: Washington Redskins players,African-American players of American football,Players of American football from Louisiana,1992 births,Sportspeople from New Orleans,American football running backs,Living people,Tulane Green Wave football players

paragraph: Robert Kelley (American football)

paragraph: Robert Kelley (born October 3, 1992), nicknamed "Fat Rob", is an American football running back for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Tulane, and was signed by the Washington Redskins as an undrafted free agent in 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Kelley attended and played football at O. Perry Walker High School.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Kelley attended and played college football at Tulane from 2011–2015.

paragraph: In the 2011 season, Kelley was part of a backfield dominated by Orleans Darkwa. Overall, he had 332 rushing yards, two rushing touchdowns, and 16 receptions for 178 receiving yards. In the 2012 season, he had a team-high 286 rushing yards and 46 receptions for 340 yards and four receiving touchdowns. In the 2013 season, he had 420 rushing yards, three rushing touchdowns, 18 receptions, 176 receiving yards, and a receiving touchdown. In his final collegiate season in 2015, he shared the backfield with Dontrell Hilliard, Sherman Badie, Lazedrick Thompson, and Josh Rounds. Overall, he had 232 rushing yards, one rushing touchdown, six receptions, 33 receiving yards, and one receiving touchdown.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Washington Redskins.

paragraph: On May 6, 2016, the Washington Redskins signed Kelley as an undrafted free agent after the 2016 NFL Draft. On September 25, 2016, Kelley had his first rushing attempt of his career against the New York Giants. On October 23, 2016, he scored his first career touchdown against the Detroit Lions, a one-yard reception from quarterback Kirk Cousins. On October 30, 2016, Kelley made his first career start in place of an injured Matt Jones, where he rushed for 87 yards on 21 carries, while also scoring his first career rushing touchdown in a 27–27 tie with the Cincinnati Bengals. After his starting debut, the team announced that Kelley would be the full-time starting running back. On November 20, 2016, Kelley had his first multi-touchdown game after recording a career-high 137 rushing yards with three rushing touchdowns in a 42–24 victory over the Green Bay Packers on "NBC Sunday Night Football". Overall, he finished his rookie season with 704 rushing yards, six rushing touchdowns, 12 receptions, 82 receiving yards, and a receiving touchdown.

paragraph: In the 2017 season, Kelley's role diminished with the usage of Chris Thompson and Samaje Perine increasing. He scored two touchdowns against the Seattle Seahawks in the Week 9 win. He was placed on injured reserve on November 14, 2017, after re-aggravating a high ankle sprain and suffering an MCL sprain in Week 10. Overall, he finished the 2017 season with 194 rushing yards and three rushing touchdowns.

paragraph: Kelley was placed on injured reserve on September 18, 2018 with a toe injury. He played two games in the 2018 season with only eight rushing yards.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New Orleans Saints.

paragraph: On July 30, 2019, Kelley signed with the New Orleans Saints.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Kelley was born and raised in the 9th Ward district of New Orleans, until he and his parents lost their home as a result of Hurricane Katrina's effect on the city in August 2005.

paragraph: Kelley was arrested in July 2014 after a fellow student at Tulane claimed Kelley assaulted him and stole his bicycle. Due to the arrest, Kelley was suspended from the football team and subsequently missed the entirety of the 2014 season due to him being academically ineligible. The charges for the arrest were later dropped, and Kelley returned to the team for the 2015 season.

paragraph: Kelley's "Fat Rob" nickname originated during his senior year at Tulane, after his running backs coach bought him a backpack with the nickname ingraved on it.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Washington Redskins bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Robert Kelley

wikipedia_title: Robert Kelley (American football)


text:
Lübeck
geologist
Würzburg
Leipzig
German South-West Africa
Sinai Peninsula
University of Berlin
Namib sand gecko
herpetologist
Lars Gabriel Andersson
Namaqualand
Palestine
isthmus desert

categories: University of Würzburg alumni,Leipzig University alumni,1952 deaths,Humboldt University of Berlin alumni,People from Lübeck,1879 births

paragraph: Paul Theodor Range

paragraph: Paul Theodor Range (1 May 1879 in Lübeck – 29 August 1952 in Lübeck) was a German geologist and naturalist.

paragraph: He studied natural sciences at the universities of Würzburg and Leipzig, receiving his doctorate in 1903. From 1906 to 1914 he worked as a government geologist in German South-West Africa, and afterwards, performed scientific studies in the Sinai Peninsula. From 1921 he gave lectures in geology at the University of Berlin, becoming an associate professor in 1934. In 1936 he was named president of the Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft.

paragraph: The Namib sand gecko ("Palmatogecko rangei", synonym: "Pachydactylus rangei") commemorates his name, being circumscribed by herpetologist Lars Gabriel Andersson in 1908.

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das Diluvialgebiet von Lübeck und seine Dryastone : nebst einer vergleichenden Besprechung der Glazialpflanzen führenden Ablagerungen überhaupt", 1903 – The diluvial area of Lübeck and its dryastone.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geologische Übersichtskarte des deutschen Namalandes", 1912 – Geological overview map of German Namaqualand.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beiträge und Ergänzungen zur Landeskunde des deutschen Namalandes", 1914 – Contributions and supplements to the geography of German Namaqualand.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ergebnisse von bohrungen in Deutsch-Südwest-Afrika", 1915 – Results from drilling in German South-West Africa.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die flora der Isthmuswuste", 1921 – Flora of the isthmus desert.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die küstenebene Palästinas. Mit geologischer übersichtskarte im maszstab 1:250000", 1922 – The coastal plain of Palestine; with a geological outline map (scale: 1:250000).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Begleitworte zur geologischen Karte der Isthmuswüste", 1922 – Accompaniments to the geological map of the isthmus desert.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die isthmuswüste und Palästina", 1926 – The isthmus desert and Palestine.

description: botanist (1879-1952)

wikidata_label: Paul Theodor Range

wikipedia_title: Paul Theodor Range


text:
Prime Minister of Cambodia
Ambassador
Beijing

categories: Ambassadors of Cambodia to China,Prime Ministers of Cambodia,People executed by the Khmer Rouge,1900 births,1975 deaths,People from Phnom Penh,Democratic Party (Cambodia) politicians

paragraph: Leng Ngeth

paragraph: Leng Ngeth (; 1900 – 1975) was Prime Minister of Cambodia from January to October 1955.

paragraph: From 1958 to 1962 he was Ambassador in Beijing.

description: Cambodian politician

wikidata_label: Leng Ngeth

wikipedia_title: Leng Ngeth


text:
dressage
2016 Summer Olympics
Rio de Janeiro
individual
team competition

categories: Swedish dressage riders,Equestrians at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Swedish female equestrians,Olympic equestrians of Sweden,1987 births,Living people

paragraph: Juliette Ramel

paragraph: Juliette Ramel (born 12 April 1987) is a Swedish Olympic dressage rider. Representing Sweden, she competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro where she finished 28th in the individual and 5th in the team competition.

wikidata_label: Juliette Ramel

wikipedia_title: Juliette Ramel


text:
archaeologist
sociologist
comparative religion
Celt
Marcel Mauss
Année Sociologique
Lycée Louis-le-Grand
Assyria
École Normale Supérieure
Christianity
agrégation
the Eastern Orthodox Church
Byzantine Empire
iconoclasm
Asia Minor
École Pratique des Hautes Études
Musée des Antiquités
Émile Durkheim
École du Louvre
Germanic peoples

categories: Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni,Scientists from Paris,1872 births,French archaeologists,École Normale Supérieure alumni,1927 deaths,French male non-fiction writers,French sociologists

paragraph: Henri Hubert

paragraph: Henri Hubert (23 June 1872 – 25 May 1927) was a French archaeologist and sociologist of comparative religion who is best known for his work on the Celts and his collaboration with Marcel Mauss and other members of the Année Sociologique.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Hubert was born and raised in Paris, where he attended Lycée Louis-le-Grand. There he was influenced by the school chaplain, Abbé Quentin, who instilled in him an interest in religion and in particular in religion amongst Assyrians. He entered the École Normale Supérieure. He began to study the history of Christianity. He passed the agrégation in history in 1895 after studying the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Byzantine Empire, and iconoclasm. His doctoral thesis focused on pre-Christian religion in Asia Minor.

paragraph: Unlike most French academics, Hubert focused on research rather than teaching after graduation. He took a position at the École Pratique des Hautes Études and in 1898 he also took up a position at the Musée des Antiquités. It was at this time that he grew increasingly interested in Celtic history and culture.

paragraph: It was also in 1898 that Hubert became a close friend of Marcel Mauss and began collaborating on the Année Sociologique of Émile Durkheim, where he eventually became responsible for the section on the 'sociology of religion'. Hubert and Mauss were to collaborate on several important works in the future, including an "Sacrifice: Its Nature and Function" (1899) and their "Outline of a General Theory of Magic" (1904).

paragraph: By 1906 Maus was thoroughly ensconced at the Ecole Pratique, where he would remain until his death. It was also this time that he took up a post at the École du Louvre where he lectured on the ethnographic prehistory of Europe. Throughout the first two decades of the twentieth century Hubert continued to publish on both Asia and the Celts as well as more general topics. Works from this period include (in English translation) "The Rise of the Celts" and "The Greatness and Decline of the Celts", both available in a single volume entitled "The History of the Celtic People" (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner 1934; reprint Bracken 1993). His follow-up work on the Germanic peoples, entitled "Les Germains" and published posthumously in 1952, has yet to be translated to English. Also from this period is "Essay on Time: A Brief Study of the Representation of Time in Religion and Magic".

paragraph: Durkheim's death in 1917 affected Hubert greatly, as did the death of his wife in childbirth in 1924. After years of bereavement, Hubert died in 1927.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Celtes et l'expansion celtique jusqu'à l'époque de La Tène", Albin Michel Paris (1932) reissued (1974), reissued by Jean de Bonnot (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Celtes depuis l'époque de la Tène et la civilisation celtique", La renaissance du livre (1932), reissued by Jean de Bonnot (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Germains: Cours professé à l'école du Louvre en 1924-1925", Albin Michel Paris (1952)

description: French sociologist

wikidata_label: Henri Hubert

wikipedia_title: Henri Hubert


text: woodcrafter

text: Istanbul

text: Naci Bengisu

text: Ünal Bengisu

text: Zincirlikuyu Cemetery

text: Woman Artists Union

text: Hadi Bara

text: Müfide Çalık

text: Edip Hakkı Köseoğlu

text: İlhan Koman

text: Şadi Çalık

text: "Barış"

text: Website made for Lerzan Bengisu

categories: Turkish women sculptors,Artists from Istanbul,Burials at Zincirlikuyu Cemetery,1906 births,1978 deaths

paragraph: Lerzan Bengisu

paragraph: Lerzan Bengisu (1906–1978) was a Turkish sculptor and woodcrafter.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: She was born in Istanbul in 1906. She is the wife of Prof. Dr. Naci Bengisu and the mother of Prof. Dr. Ünal Bengisu. She died in 1978 in Istanbul and was buried in the Zincirlikuyu Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: She considered to be among the contemporary Turkish sculptors of the Republican era. In the first phase of her art career she worked with tree branches creating decorative works and also wood figures. She would shine and polish the surfaces of dried tree bodies. Later on she worked on balanced and uniform works preserving the shape integrity.

paragraph: She was a member of the International Association of Soroptimists and of the Woman Artists Union. She had exhibits both in Turkey and abroad and received the State exhibition award.

paragraph: In one of the photos of her in the archive of the Architecture Museum she appears net to Hadi Bara, Müfide Çalık, Edip Hakkı Köseoğlu, İlhan Koman and Şadi Çalık.

paragraph: Section::::Sculptures.

paragraph: Some of her well known sculptures include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Barış" (1974)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Website made for Lerzan Bengisu

wikidata_label: Lerzan Bengisu

wikipedia_title: Lerzan Bengisu


text: Ukrainian

text: Cossack-nobility

text: chronicler

text: Ukrainian Cossack state

text: Cossack

text: Poltava regiment

text: Kyiv-Mohyla Collegium

text: Europe

text: General Military Chancellery

text: Vasyl Kochubey

text: Russian tsar

text: Volosky

text: Muntyansky

text: , 1848-1864;

categories: 18th-century Ukrainian people,1670 births,Zaporozhian Cossack nobility,Ukrainian historians

paragraph: Samiilo Velychko

paragraph: Samiilo Vasyliovych Velychko () (1670—after 1728 ) — Ukrainian Cossack-nobility chronicler, the author of the first systematic presentation of the history of the Ukrainian Cossack state.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in the family of the Cossack Vasily Velychko in the village of Zhuky of the first hundred Poltava regiment. His father was able to write, was a man of wisdom and respected and had a large library.

paragraph: Successfully passed entrance exams to the Kyiv-Mohyla Collegium, which at that time was one of the most reputable educational institutions in Europe.

paragraph: Successfully graduated from college before 1690. From this year he took office as the clerk of the General Military Chancellery, headed by Vasyl Kochubey.

paragraph: Velichko also fulfilled the special orders of Vasyl Kochubey, "the most necessary and secret at that time military affairs," even those who went to the Russian tsar, and the cipher (encrypted) letters to the owners of Volosky and Muntyansky. Via Velychko there was correspondence, which Ivan Mazepa did not know. In this status, he has served 15 years.

paragraph: Section::::Honoring Memory.

paragraph: Unfortunately, the grave of Samiilo Velychko has not survived to this day. And in the center of the village Zhuky, on the top, near the chapel of the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos and the mound of memory, a granite boulder was set up, which symbolizes the last shelter of the famous historian of the Cossack.

paragraph: Today, in the village where Samiilo Velychko was born, lived and worked, the memorial complex of the glory of the Ukrainian Cossacks was erected. In 2010, the first complex of memory of the dead Cossacks was opened.

paragraph: In 2003, in order to honor the memory of the glorious Cossack chronicler, the son of Poltava region, and the presentation of the best examples of national culture in the context of the creativity of one of its founders, the regional literary award named after Samiil Wielicz was initiated.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Velychko, Samiilo.— Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine, Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine: 10 volumes. Величко Самійло Васильович та його літопис // Енциклопедія історії України : у 10 т. / редкол.: В. А. Смолій (голова) та ін. ; Інститут історії України НАН України. — К. : Наук. думка, 2003. — Т. 1 : А — В. — С. 472. —

paragraph: BULLET::::- Velychko S. V. Chronicle. Vol. 1, Vol. 2 Т. 1. / Пер. з книжної української мови, вст. стаття, комент. В. О. Шевчука; Відп. ред. О. В. Мишанич.— К.: Дніпро, 1991.; Літопис. Т. 2. / Пер. з книжної української мови, комент. В. О. Шевчука; Відп. ред. О. В. Мишанич.— К.: Дніпро, 1991. (т. І) (т. 2)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The village of Zhuky is the birthplace of the chronicler Samiilo Velychko: a collection of materials for the scientific conference. / Ред. кол.: Л. В. Бабенко, М. М. Кононенко (голова), А. Г. Логвиненко та ін.; О. Б. Супруненко (відп. ред.) / ЦП НАН України і УТОПІК; УК ПОДА; ПКМ імені Василя Кричевського; Полтавська районна рада.— К.; Полтава: ЦП НАНУ і УТОПІК, 2017.— 80 с., іл.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chronicle of events in south-western Russia in the XVIIth century: [in 4 volumes.] / Compiled by Samoil Velichko, former clerk of the office of the Zaporozhsky troops, 1720. Published by the Temporary Commission for the analysis of ancient acts. - Kiev: In the litho-typographical institution of Joseph Wallner; 1848-1864. , 1848-1864;

alias:
Velychko Samiilo
Samiilo Velychko

wikidata_label: Samiilo Vasyliovych Velychko

wikipedia_title: Samiilo Velychko


text:
Broadway
Lambertville
Wharton School
University of Pennsylvania
New Hope, Pennsylvania
Max Dreyfus
Chappell Music
New York City
Carousel
Finian's Rainbow
Call Me Madam
The Pajama Game
The Music Man
Fiddler on the Roof
Shenandoah
Cabaret
Anyone Can Whistle
The Gay Life
cimbalom
Irwin Kostal
Robert Ginzler
A Connecticut Yankee
Pal Joey
Of Thee I Sing
Music Theatre International
Frank Loesser
Stephen Sondheim
John Kander
Zorba
The Happy Time
Cabaret
Flora the Red Menace
70, Girls, 70
Richard Rodgers
By Jupiter
Me and Juliet
Cole Porter
Leave It to Me!
Something for the Boys
Silk Stockings
Jerry Bock
She Loves Me
The Rothschilds
George Abbott
Wonderful Town
Damn Yankees
Andrew Lloyd Webber
By Jeeves
Frank Loesser
The Most Happy Fella
Great Performances
television
The Admiral Broadway Revue
Memphis Bound
swing
Gilbert and Sullivan
H.M.S. Pinafore
tap dancer
Bill Robinson
Jack Lawrence
Alfred Drake
A Thousand Clowns
Jason Robards
The Appointment
Omar Sharif
Fred Waring
Your Hit Parade

categories: 20th-century American composers,American male composers,American musical theatre composers,1907 births,1989 deaths

paragraph: Don Walker (orchestrator)

paragraph: Don Walker (October 28, 1907 – September 12, 1989) was a prolific Broadway orchestrator, who also composed music for musicals and one film and worked as a conductor in television.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Walker was born in Lambertville, New Jersey. He attended the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. He and his wife, Audrey, had a daughter, Anne Liebgold, and a son, David. Walker died in New Hope, Pennsylvania in 1989 at the age of 81.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career.

paragraph: As with many of the other great orchestrators, Walker served a long apprenticeship with Max Dreyfus at Chappell Music's arranging department starting in the 1930s, until he finally went out in business for himself in the early 1950s setting up office in New York City.

paragraph: Among the scores that he orchestrated were those for the popular musicals "Carousel", "Finian's Rainbow", "Call Me Madam", "The Pajama Game", "The Music Man", "Fiddler on the Roof", "Shenandoah" and "Cabaret", as well as cult failures like "Anyone Can Whistle" and "The Gay Life". He was known for trying to give each Broadway score a unique and appropriate sound style, which he often accomplished by giving a lot of prominence to a distinctive instrument, like the accordion in "Fiddler on the Roof" or the cimbalom in "The Gay Life". In "Anyone Can Whistle", he used a string section with five cellos and no violins or violas. Like other busy orchestrators, Walker sometimes turned to assistants to score selected numbers that he didn't have time to do; several major orchestrators, including Irwin Kostal and Robert Ginzler, got their start working for him.

paragraph: When older shows were revived, Walker was often chosen to re-orchestrate them in a more up-to-date style. He performed this task on the 1943 revival of "A Connecticut Yankee", the 1952 revival of "Pal Joey", and the Broadway revival that same year of "Of Thee I Sing". During this process, he realized that original orchestrations were often neglected, and the lucrative secondary licensing business was poorly exploited. With this in mind, he set up Music Theatre International in partnership with Frank Loesser, which has managed the subsidiary rights of many shows since the mid-1950s.

paragraph: Stephen Sondheim has said that Walker's work on "Carousel" was "probably the best orchestration I ever heard in my life", but that when he worked with Walker on "Anyone Can Whistle", he was disappointed to find that Walker treated him with contempt, ignored his suggestions and apparently "resented working for any young composer." Nevertheless, Sondheim was so pleased with Walker's work that a year after the show closed, he sent the orchestrator a note "to thank you once more for the marvelous job you did. I still feel proud of the piece – surprisingly – and your contribution is no small part of the glow."

paragraph: Other younger songwriters had a better working relationship with Walker, particularly John Kander, who sent Walker a note after the premiere of "Zorba" thanking him for his work on "all our trips together – to French Canada ("The Happy Time"), Berlin ("Cabaret"), New York in the '30s ("Flora the Red Menace") and Crete." They also collaborated on "70, Girls, 70". Other composers who frequently worked with Walker were Richard Rodgers ("Carousel", "By Jupiter", "Me and Juliet"), Cole Porter ("Leave It to Me!", "Something for the Boys", "Silk Stockings") and Jerry Bock ("Fiddler on the Roof", "She Loves Me", "The Rothschilds"). He also orchestrated many shows for director George Abbott, including "Wonderful Town" and "Damn Yankees".

paragraph: Walker is credited with writing some arrangements for Andrew Lloyd Webber's 1975 musical "By Jeeves". His orchestrations for Frank Loesser's "The Most Happy Fella", which had never been filmed, were heard in the 1980 production of the play telecast on "Great Performances". Walker also orchestrated the early television variety program "The Admiral Broadway Revue".

paragraph: Occasionally Walker wrote his own music and lyrics for Broadway. In 1945 he collaborated with Clay Warnick on "Memphis Bound", a swing version of Gilbert and Sullivan's "H.M.S. Pinafore", featuring legendary tap dancer Bill Robinson and an all-black cast. "Courtin' Time" was his 1951 musical with Jack Lawrence, notable for direction by the actor Alfred Drake. The only film score he composed was for the motion picture "A Thousand Clowns", starring Jason Robards. Walker orchestrated and contributed original score elements to "The Appointment" (1969), starring Omar Sharif.

paragraph: Walker also did the arrangements for Fred Waring's Pennsylvanians and was the conductor for the television program "Your Hit Parade."

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suskin, Steven. "The Sound of Broadway Music: a book of orchestrators and orchestrations", New York: Oxford University Press, 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zadan, Craig, "Sondheim & Co.", New York: Harper & Row, 1974 & 1986 p. 4

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walsh, Michael, "Andrew Lloyd Webber: His Life and Works", Abrams: New York (1989, revised and expanded, 1997)

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Don Walker

wikipedia_title: Don Walker (orchestrator)


text: Spanish

text: Reconquista

text: Burgos

text: Pedro Fernández de Velasco

text: Henry IV of Castile

text: Castile

text: Constable of Castile

text: Úbeda

text: Baeza

text: Saint Andrew

text: Gibraltar

text: Archidona

text: conquest of Granada

text: Burgos Cathedral

text: Ferdinand II of Aragon

text: María de Tovar, Lady of Berlanga

text: Pedro de Zúñiga, 2nd Count of Miranda

text: Juan Téllez-Girón, 2nd Count of Ureña

text: Juan Pacheco, 1st Duke of Escalona

categories: 1425 births,Lords of Briviesca,Lords of Belorado,1492 deaths,Lords of Villadiego,Lords of Medina de Pomar,Spanish viceroys,Lords of Salas de los Infantes y su Sierra,House of Frías,Fernández de Velasco family,15th-century Castilians,Counts of Haro

paragraph: Pedro Fernández de Velasco, 2nd Count of Haro (in full, ) (c. 1425 – 1492) was a Spanish nobleman and military figure of the last stages of the Reconquista.

paragraph: Fernández de Velasco was born in Burgos, the son of Pedro Fernández de Velasco and of Beatriz Manrique. He became "Camarero Mayor" of King Henry IV of Castile, and viceroy and governor of Castile. In 1473 Henry IV named him sixth Constable of Castile and made this title hereditary in his family.

paragraph: He participated in the conquest of Úbeda and Baeza, which both occurred on Saint Andrew's day. He also fought against the Moors in the battles of Gibraltar and Archidona and participated in the conquest of Granada, where he died. He and his wife are buried in the "Capilla del Condestable" in the Burgos Cathedral.

paragraph: He married Mencía de Mendoza y Figueroa, with whom he had six children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernardino Fernández de Velasco, 1st Duke of Frías, married

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blanca de Herrera, señora de Pedraza de la Sierra

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juana of Aragon, illegitimate daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Íñigo Fernández de Velasco, 2nd Duke of Frías, married María de Tovar, Lady of Berlanga

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catarina de Velasco, married Pedro de Zúñiga, 2nd Count of Miranda

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leonor de Velasco, married Juan Téllez-Girón, 2nd Count of Ureña

paragraph: BULLET::::- María de Velasco, married

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juan Pacheco, 1st Duke of Escalona

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beltrán de la Cueva, 1st Duke of Alburquerque

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel Fernandez de Velasco, married Juan Alonso de Guzmán, 3rd Duke of Medina Sidonia

alias: Pedro Fernández de, 2nd Conde de Haro Velasco

description: 2nd count of Haro


text: Lieutenant Colonel

text: Eva Carrington

text: peer

text: House of Lords

text: manslaughter

text: maiden speech

text: Sir Oswald Mosley

text: British Union of Fascists

text: Belgravia

text: Eton College

text: Imperial College London

text: Royal Gloucestershire Hussars

text: Territorial Army

text: Lieutenant

text: Captain

text: Sir Oswald Mosley

text: British Union of Fascists

text: Marylebone

text: 43 Club

text: Kate Meyrick

text: West End

text: Lord Mayor of London

text: magistrates' court

text: Road Traffic Act 1934

text: Surrey

text: coroner's court

text: felony

text: indicted

text: Old Bailey

text: peer of the realm

text: The 2nd Earl Russell

text: bigamy

text: select committee

text: Lord Chancellor

text: Lord Hailsham

text: Lord High Steward

text: the Crown

text: Attorney General

text: Criminal Justice Act 1948

text: impeachment

text: The Spectator

text: libel

text: co-respondent

text: Second World War

text: Royal Army Ordnance Corps

text: lieutenant colonel

text: regular army

text: Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville

categories: People educated at Eton College,Barons in the Peerage of England,English fascists,People from Belgravia,1982 deaths,Royal Tank Regiment officers,Royal Army Ordnance Corps officers,Royal Gloucestershire Hussars officers,Officers of the Order of the British Empire,Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers officers,1907 births,British Army personnel of World War II

paragraph: Edward Russell, 26th Baron de Clifford

paragraph: Lieutenant Colonel Edward Southwell Russell, 26th Baron de Clifford, (31 January 1907 – 3 January 1982), was the only son of Jack Southwell Russell, 25th Baron de Clifford, and Eva Carrington.

paragraph: In 1935 he became the last peer to be tried in the House of Lords for a felony, manslaughter, the result of a car accident. He was found not guilty. He lost his father to a road accident; in his maiden speech in 1928 in the House of Lords he called for mandatory driving tests. Later he spoke for speed limits, both of which measures were introduced in 1934. He was one of four peers to have at times before 1945 supported Sir Oswald Mosley and his British Union of Fascists.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Russell was born in Belgravia, London, educated at Eton College and studied engineering at Imperial College London. In 1926 he was commissioned into the 21st (Royal Gloucestershire Hussars) Armoured Car Company of the Territorial Army; he was promoted Lieutenant in 1929 and Captain in 1938. His hobby was racing cars before 1936, and he was a young supporter of fascist Sir Oswald Mosley and his British Union of Fascists.

paragraph: In 1926 in Marylebone, he married Dorothy Evelyn Meyrick, daughter of 43 Club owner Kate Meyrick. Since he was nineteen, the law at the time required him to have his mother's consent to the marriage, which he knew he could not obtain due to his fiancée's association with the West End. He therefore lied about his age claiming to be 21, for which he was fined £50 by the Lord Mayor of London in the magistrates' court.

paragraph: In 1928 he made his maiden speech in the House of Lords, on the subject of road safety, in which he proposed introducing mandatory driving tests for anyone applying for a driving licence. During his career in the House he also argued for speed limits to be imposed. (Both measures were introduced by the Road Traffic Act 1934.)

paragraph: Section::::Trial in the House of Lords.

paragraph: On 15 August 1935, Lord de Clifford was involved in a high speed head-on collision which killed a 26-year-old driver in Surrey, Douglas George Hopkins, and caused him injury, while driving his sports car on the wrong side of the road. When a jury in the coroner's court found unanimously that an 'accident involving others' was the cause of death, and that he had been well beyond the speed limit, the police charged him with a felony. At first he was indicted and committed for trial at the Old Bailey, until it dawned on the courts that, as he was a peer of the realm, only the House of Lords could try him for a felony. Since this had not occurred since 1901, when The 2nd Earl Russell was convicted of bigamy, the House set up a select committee to investigate the precedents and rules for such a proceeding.

paragraph: The trial commenced on 12 December, with the Lord Chancellor, Lord Hailsham, presiding, in the capacity of Lord High Steward appointed by the Crown for the occasion. The Attorney General prosecuted the case. Admission to the public was by ticket only. This was to be the last ever trial in the House of Lords, since the right of peers to be tried by their peers for felonies was abolished by the Criminal Justice Act 1948. (The House still has the power to try impeachments.)

paragraph: Lord de Clifford's defence was that Hopkins's vehicle had been travelling at excessive speed on the wrong side and that de Clifford had been compelled to switch lanes at the last moment to avoid a collision, only for the other vehicle to do the same. This defence was successful and he was acquitted.

paragraph: Lord de Clifford still faced another charge of dangerous driving, which was not a felony and therefore could not be tried in the House. He was due to be tried in the Old Bailey in January. However, in view of his acquittal, the prosecution abandoned their case and a verdict of not guilty was entered.

paragraph: He made no more speeches in the House of Lords for nearly forty years.

paragraph: Section::::Life after the trial.

paragraph: In 1936 he sued "The Spectator" for libel, settling out of court. He was named as a co-respondent in a divorce petition. Whether this was true or false, his own marriage survived.

paragraph: Following his trial in the House of Lords, de Clifford gave up racing cars. During the Second World War he transferred to the Royal Army Ordnance Corps in 1942 and the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers in 1943. In 1946, having reached the rank of lieutenant colonel, he joined the regular army. He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1955 New Year Honours.

paragraph: He divorced in 1973, having separated from his wife after the war, and married Mina Margaret in 1974.

paragraph: Lord de Clifford died in 1982 aged 74 and was survived by his second wife and two sons by his first wife. He was succeeded in the barony by his elder son, John Edward.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville, the last person to be tried in the House of Lords on impeachment.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of trials of peers in the House of Lords

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Everything2 Biography of Edward Southwell Russell

description: British Army officer

wikidata_label: Edward Russell, 26th Baron de Clifford

wikipedia_title: Edward Russell, 26th Baron de Clifford


text: philosophy of art

text: Ludwigsburg

text: Tübinger Stift

text: aesthetics

text: Württemberg

text: democrat

text: Zürich

text: Tübingen

text: Stuttgart

text: Gmunden

text: Hegelian

text: Chisholm

text: University and State Library Düsseldorf

categories: ETH Zurich faculty,German art critics,German philosophers,University of Tübingen faculty,Members of the Frankfurt Parliament,People from Ludwigsburg,People from the Kingdom of Württemberg,1807 births,1887 deaths

paragraph: Friedrich Theodor Vischer

paragraph: Friedrich Theodor Vischer (; 30 June 180714 September 1887) was a German novelist, poet, playwright, and writer on the philosophy of art. Today, he is mainly remembered as the author of the novel "", in which he developed the concept of (the spite of objects), a comic theory that inanimate objects conspire against humans.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born at Ludwigsburg as the son of a clergyman, Vischer was educated at Tübinger Stift, and began life in his father's profession. He became in aesthetics and German literature at his old university in 1835, was advanced to extraordinary professor two years later, and was appointed to full professor in 1844. Due to his outspoken inaugural address he was suspended for two years by the Württemberg government. In this enforced leisure he wrote the first two volumes of his "Aesthetik, oder Wissenschaft des Schönen" (1846), the fourth and last volume of which did not appear till 1857.

paragraph: Vischer threw himself heartily into the great German political movement of 1848-49, and shared the disappointment of patriotic democrats at its failure. In 1855 he became professor at Zürich. In 1866, his fame being now established, he was invited back to Germany with a professorship at Tübingen combined with a post at the Polytechnikum of Stuttgart. He died at Gmunden on 14 September 1887.

paragraph: Section::::Critical legacy.

paragraph: Vischer was not an original thinker, and his monumental , in spite of industry and learning, has not the higher qualities of success. He attempts the hopeless task of explaining art by the Hegelian dialectic. Starting with the definition of beauty as "the idea in the form of limited appearance," he goes on to develop the various elements of art (the beautiful, sublime and comic), and the various forms of art (plastic art, music and poetry) by means of the Hegelian antitheses—form and content, objective and subjective, inner conflict and reconciliation. The shape of the work also is Hegelian, consisting of short highly technical paragraphs containing the main argument, followed by detailed explanations printed in different type.

paragraph: Still, Vischer had a thorough knowledge of every branch of art, except music. Much valuable material is buried in his volumes.

paragraph: In later life Vischer moved considerably away from Hegelianism, and adopted the conceptions of sensuous completeness and cosmic harmony as criteria of beauty; but he never found time to rewrite his great book. According to Chisholm, 'His own work as a literary artist is of high quality; vigorous, imaginative and thoughtful without academic technicality.'

paragraph: He would not abstain from grossly unfair remarks, e. g. in vol. 2 of "Auch Einer": "In der lächerlichsten aller Kultursprachen hat Shakespeare geschrieben" about English (Shakespeare wrote in the most ridiculous of all civilized languages), or "Übrigens war der Taugenichts Beyle ein Narr" on Stendhal (Besides, the good-for-nothing Beyle was a fool).

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ueber das Erhabene und Komische und andere Texte zur Philosophie des Schönen", 1837

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kritische Gänge", 1844

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aesthetik oder Wissenschaft des Schönen". In six parts, 1846

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kritische Gänge. Neue Folge". In six parts, 1860

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Faust. Der Tragödie dritter Teil" (under the pseudonym Deutobold Symbolizetti Allegoriowitsch Mystifizinsky), a parody of Goethe's , 1862

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mein Lebensgang", autobiography, 1874

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Auch Einer. Eine Reisebekanntschaft", novel, 1879 (Digital edition in two volumes from 1900 by the University and State Library Düsseldorf)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Altes und Neues", 1881

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lyrische Gänge", poetry, 1882

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nicht Ia. Schwäbisches Lustspiel in drei Aufzügen", comedy, 1884

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Altes und Neues. Neue Folge", 1889

paragraph: A complete list of Vischer's works is .

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- This work in turn cites:

paragraph: BULLET::::- O. Keindl, "F. T. Vischer, Erinnerungsblätter" (1888)

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. E. von Günthert, "F. T. Vischer, ein Charakterbild" (1888)

paragraph: BULLET::::- I. Frapan, "Vischer-Erinnerungen" (1889)

paragraph: BULLET::::- T. Ziegler, "F. T. Vischer" ("Vortrag") (1893)

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. G. Oswald, "F. T. Vischer als Dichter" (1896)

description: German philosopher, writer and politician

wikidata_label: Friedrich Theodor Vischer

wikipedia_title: Friedrich Theodor Vischer


text:
Middleburgh
Schoharie County, New York
New York Supreme Court
Bainbridge, N.Y.
1880
1884
1888
1892
1896
1900
1904 Democratic National Convention
Lawrence J. Fitzgerald
New York State Treasurer
1889
1891
Secretary of State
Treasurer
Comptroller
Attorney General
State Engineer
electoral fraud
Dutchess County
David B. Hill
New York State Senate
Gilbert A. Deane
Edward B. Osborne
New York Supreme Court
writ
D. Cady Herrick
New York Court of Appeals
closed
New York State Democratic Committee
Alton B. Parker
New York Court of Appeals
1898
Lieutenant Governor of New York
Augustus Van Wyck
Theodore Roosevelt
Timothy L. Woodruff
Manhattan
pneumonia
Woodlawn Cemetery
the Bronx

categories: People from Bainbridge, New York,1906 deaths,Deaths from pneumonia,New York State Treasurers,1850 births,Infectious disease deaths in New York (state),People from Middleburgh, New York,Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx),Politicians from New York City

paragraph: Elliott Danforth

paragraph: Elliott Danforth (March 6, 1850 – January 7, 1906) was an American lawyer and politician.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born on March 6, 1850, in Middleburgh, Schoharie County, New York, the son of Peter S. Danforth, a justice of the New York Supreme Court. He studied law with his father and was admitted to the bar in 1871. On December 17, 1874, he married Ida Prince, and they had a son, Edward Danforth, and a daughter. In 1878, he removed to Bainbridge, N.Y., where his father-in-law was President of the First National Bank. There, Danforth practiced law in partnership with George H. Winsor, and was President of the Corporation of Bainbridge.

paragraph: He was a delegate to the 1880 and 1884, 1888, 1892, 1896, 1900 and 1904 Democratic National Conventions.

paragraph: He was Deputy Treasurer under Lawrence J. Fitzgerald from 1885 to 1889, and was New York State Treasurer from 1890 to 1893, elected in 1889 and 1891.

paragraph: In November 1891, he was a member of the State Board of Canvassers (made up by the Secretary of State, Treasurer, Comptroller, Attorney General and State Engineer), when the electoral fraud in the Dutchess County senatorial election happened by which Governor David B. Hill gained control of the New York State Senate. The Republican candidate Gilbert A. Deane had received 78 votes more than Democrat Edward B. Osborne, but the Board changed 92 votes and declared Osborne elected by a plurality of 14. The New York Supreme Court issued a writ to Danforth, ordering him to certify the election of Deane, but Danforth refused to obey. For this he and the other members of the Board were fined $500 by Justice D. Cady Herrick. The sentence was later upheld by the New York Court of Appeals.

paragraph: In August 1893, it became known that Danforth had received a loan of $50,000 (about seven times the annual salary of the Treasurer) from the Madison Square Bank in New York City in exchange for keeping a large amount of State monies in that bank. Danforth managed to withdraw the State's $250,000 from the bank in the early hours of August 9, the day the bank (of which Fitzgerald was a director) closed.

paragraph: After leaving the Treasury, he resumed the practice of law at New York City. From 1896 to 1898, he was Chairman of the New York State Democratic Committee, and in 1897 campaigned successfully for the election of Alton B. Parker as Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals. In 1898, he ran for Lieutenant Governor of New York with Augustus Van Wyck but they were narrowly defeated by Theodore Roosevelt and Timothy L. Woodruff.

paragraph: He died on January 7, 1906, at his home at 51, East 58th Street in Manhattan, of pneumonia; and was buried at the Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::-  Bainbridge history

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Elliott Danforth

wikipedia_title: Elliott Danforth


text:
Classical Latin
Nero Claudius Drusus
Antonia Minor
Roman Emperor
Claudius
Germanicus
Caligula
Nero
Tiberius
Augustus
Livia Drusilla
Julio-Claudian dynasty
Augustus
Gaius Caesar
Tiberius
Drusus the Younger
Sejanus
Gaius Caesar
Augustus
Agrippina the Elder
Julia the Younger
Drusus Julius Caesar
Tiberius
Julia Livia
Tiberius Gemellus
Tacitus
Tiberius
Livia Drusilla
Agrippina the Elder
Germanicus
Caligula
Agrippina the Younger
Suetonius
Claudius
Julio-Claudian dynasty
Lucius Aelius Sejanus
praetorian prefect
Germanicus
Tacitus
Suetonius
Cassius Dio
Antonia Minor
Senate
Apicata
Eudemus
Cassius Dio
Antonia Minor
Mamercus Aemilius Scaurus
damnatio memoriae
Great Cameo of France
Drusus the Younger
television
The Caesars
Suzan Farmer
I, Claudius
Patricia Quinn
Agrippa Postumus
A.D.
Susan Sarandon
Julia Livilla
Germanicus

categories: Executed Roman women,Claudii,10s BC births,Ancient Roman women,People executed by the Roman Empire,1st-century Roman women,1st-century BC Romans,1st-century Romans,People executed by starvation,Poisoners,Julio-Claudian dynasty,31 deaths,1st-century executions,Ancient Roman assassins,1st-century BC Roman women

paragraph: Livilla

paragraph: Claudia Livia Julia (Classical Latin: ; c. 13 BC – AD 31) was the only daughter of Nero Claudius Drusus and Antonia Minor and sister of the Roman Emperor Claudius and general Germanicus, and thus the paternal aunt of the emperor Caligula and maternal great-aunt of emperor Nero, as well as the niece and daughter-in-law of Tiberius. She was named after her grandmother, Augustus' wife Livia Drusilla, and commonly known by her family nickname Livilla ("little Livia"). She was born after Germanicus and before Claudius.

paragraph: She was twice married to the potential successor in the Julio-Claudian dynasty, first to Augustus' grandson Gaius Caesar (died 4 AD) and later to Tiberius' son Drusus the Younger (died AD 23). Allegedly, she helped her lover Sejanus in poisoning her second husband and died shortly after Sejanus fell from power in AD 31.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages.

paragraph: Livilla was married twice, first in 1 BC to Gaius Caesar, Augustus' grandson and potential successor. Thus, Augustus had chosen Livilla as the wife of the future Emperor. This splendid royal marriage probably gave Livilla grand aspirations for her future, perhaps at the expense of the ambition of Augustus' granddaughters, Agrippina the Elder and Julia the Younger. However, Gaius died in AD 4, cutting short Augustus' and Livilla's plans.

paragraph: In the same year, Livilla married her cousin Drusus Julius Caesar (Drusus the Younger), the son of Tiberius. When Tiberius succeeded Augustus as Emperor in AD 14, Livilla again was the wife of a potential successor. Drusus and Livilla had three children, a daughter named Julia Livia in around AD 7 and twin brothers in AD 19: Germanicus Gemellus who died in 23, and Tiberius Gemellus who survived infancy.

paragraph: Section::::Livilla's standing in her family.

paragraph: Tacitus reports that Livilla was a remarkably beautiful woman, despite the fact she was rather ungainly as a child. The "Senatus Consultum de Cn. Pisone patre" indicates that she was held in the highest esteem by her uncle and father-in-law, Tiberius, and by her grandmother Livia Drusilla.

paragraph: According to Tacitus, she felt resentment and jealousy against her sister-in-law Agrippina the Elder, the wife of her brother Germanicus, to whom she was unfavourably compared. Indeed, Agrippina fared much better in producing imperial heirs to the household (being the mother of the Emperor Caligula and Agrippina the Younger) and was much more popular. Suetonius reports that she despised her younger brother Claudius; having heard he would one day become Emperor, she deplored publicly such a fate for the Roman people.

paragraph: As with most of the female members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, she may also have been very ambitious, in particular for her male offspring.

paragraph: Section::::Affair with Sejanus.

paragraph: Possibly even before the birth of the twins, Livilla had an affair with Lucius Aelius Sejanus, the praetorian prefect of Tiberius – later on, some (including Tiberius) suspected Sejanus to have fathered the twins. Drusus, heir apparent since the death of Germanicus in AD 23, died in the same year, shortly after striking Sejanus in an argument. According to Tacitus, Suetonius, Cassius Dio, Sejanus had poisoned Drusus, not only because he feared the wrath of the future Emperor but also because he had designs on the supreme power, and aimed at removing a potential competitor, with Livilla as his accomplice. If Drusus was indeed poisoned, his death aroused no suspicions at the time.

paragraph: Sejanus now wanted to marry the widowed Livilla. Tiberius in 25 rejected such a request but in 31 eventually gave way. In the same year, the Emperor received evidence from Antonia Minor, his sister-in-law, that Sejanus planned to overthrow him. Tiberius had Sejanus denounced in the Senate, then had him arrested and dragged off to prison to be put to death. A bloody purge then erupted in Rome, most of Sejanus' family (including his children) and followers sharing his fate.

paragraph: Section::::Accusations and death.

paragraph: Hearing of the death of her children, Sejanus' former wife Apicata committed suicide. Before her death, she addressed a letter to Tiberius, accusing Sejanus and Livilla of having poisoned Drusus. Drusus' cupbearer Lygdus and Livilla's physician Eudemus were questioned and under torture confirmed Apicata's accusation.

paragraph: Livilla died shortly afterwards, either being killed or by suicide. According to Cassius Dio, Tiberius handed Livilla over to her mother, Antonia Minor, who locked her up in a room and starved her to death.

paragraph: Early in 32, the Senate proposed "terrible decrees...against her very statues and memory".

paragraph: Posthumously, there were further allegations of adultery with her physician Eudemus and with the senator and poet Mamercus Aemilius Scaurus.

paragraph: Section::::Portraiture.

paragraph: The iconographic identification of Livilla has posed many problems to date, mainly due to the "damnatio memoriae" voted against her by the Senate after her death. Several possibilities have been advanced but none has to date received widespread acceptance. However, a portrait type that survives in at least three replicas and which we may refer to as the "Alesia type" may very well represent Livilla. All these replicas show the head of a lady in her blossom years, with a hairstyle clearly from the Tiberian period. The physiognomy is close but not identical to portraits of Antonia Minor, Livilla's mother, and some replicas seem to bear the marks of voluntary damage (that one would expect from a "damnatio memoriae"). For all these reasons, it has been proposed to see in this portrait type a representation of Livilla.

paragraph: A cameo portrait of a lady with the silhouettes of two infants, has been tentatively identified as Livilla. Although it is possible that the seated woman on right on the Great Cameo of France represents Livilla, it seems more likely that the female figure seated on the left and holding a roll represents Livilla, depicted there as the widowed wife of Drusus the Younger, seen just above her as one of the three heavenly imperial male figures.

paragraph: Section::::Appearance on television.

paragraph: Livilla has been depicted in three television series about the period. In the 1968 British television series "The Caesars" she was portrayed by Suzan Farmer.

paragraph: In the 1976 BBC TV series adaptation of "I, Claudius" she was played by Patricia Quinn. Here she has an affair with Agrippa Postumus, but Livia persuades her to frame him for rape, leading to his exile. She murders Drusus with the help of Sejanus and also plots with him to murder Tiberius, but her mother finds the evidence and sends it to Tiberius via Claudius. She also believes Livilla is trying to murder her daughter for standing in her way. Livilla is then locked in a room by her mother, who says Livilla won't leave until she is dead.

paragraph: In the 1985 mini-series "A.D." she was played by Susan Sarandon.

paragraph: Section::::Others with the same name.

paragraph: Julia Livilla, the youngest daughter of Germanicus, was named after her paternal aunt.

wikidata_label: Livilla

wikipedia_title: Livilla


text: anglicised

text: Greek

text: Prime Minister of Greece

text: Rallis

text: Phanariote

text: Constantinople

text: Dimitrios Rallis

text: Ioannis Rallis

text: collaborationist

text: German

text: occupation

text: Georgios Theotokis

text: Kolonaki

text: Athens

text: University of Athens

text: fight against fascist Italy

text: Greek Civil War

text: People's Party

text: 1950 general election

text: 1958 election

text: June 1989 election

text: Alexander Papagos

text: Constantine Karamanlis

text: Minister for the Interior

text: National Radical Union

text: Minister for Public Order

text: caretaker cabinet

text: Panagiotis Kanellopoulos

text: coup d'état

text: Greek Gendarmerie

text: III Army Corps

text: Junta of the Colonels

text: Kasos

text: Republic referendum of 1973

text: fall of the dictatorship

text: New Democracy

text: November 1974 election

text: educational reform

text: Demotic Greek

text: formal language

text: Katharevousa

text: 1977 election

text: Minister for Foreign Affairs

text: Soviet Union

text: EEC

text: Bulgaria

text: Yugoslavia

text: was elected

text: President of the Republic

text: NATO

text: Andreas Papandreou

text: PASOK

text: 18 October 1981 election

text: Konstantinos Mitsotakis

text: Corfu

text: Macedonia naming dispute

text: heart failure

text: "Athens News" obituary

categories: Greek MPs 1985–1989,Greek MPs 1952–1956,Greek MPs 1989–1990,Foreign ministers of Greece,Greek military personnel of the Greek Civil War,Greek MPs 1964–1967,Greek prisoners and detainees,Greek MPs 1977–1981,Greek MPs 1956–1958,Greek MPs 1961–1963,Prime Ministers of Greece,Greek MPs 1950–1951,Greek MPs 1963–1964,Leaders of New Democracy (Greece),Children of national leaders,National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni,People's Party (Greece) politicians,Greek MPs 1951–1952,Greek military personnel of World War II,Greek MPs 1990–1993,National Radical Union politicians,Greek MPs 1981–1985,2006 deaths,Ministers of the Interior of Greece,People from Athens,1918 births,Greek MPs 1974–1977,Rallis family,Greek Rally politicians

paragraph: Georgios Rallis

paragraph: Georgios Ioannou Rallis (; 26 December 1918 – 15 March 2006), anglicised to George Rallis, was a Greek conservative politician and Prime Minister of Greece from 1980 to 1981.

paragraph: Section::::Ancestors in politics.

paragraph: Georgios has descended from an old, noble and political Rallis family. Before Greek independence, Alexandros Rallis was a prominent Phanariote (Greek from Constantinople). In 1849 his son became Chief Justice of the Greek Supreme Court. Dimitrios Rallis (1844–1921), paternal grandfather of Georgios Rallis, was five times Prime Minister of Greece, for short periods in 1897, 1903, 1905, 1909 and 1921. His son, Ioannis Rallis (1878–1946), was collaborationist Prime Minister from 1943 to 1944, during the German occupation. After the liberation of Greece he was sentenced to life imprisonment for collaboration and died in jail in 1946. His maternal grandfather, Georgios Theotokis, was four times Prime Minister of Greece, between 1901 and 1907.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Georgios Rallis was born on 26 December 1918 in the prestigious Kolonaki district of Athens.

paragraph: After schooling he studied law and political sciences at the University of Athens. Shortly after graduating he joined the fight against fascist Italy after the invasion on 28 October 1940 as an cavalry Second Lieutenant of the Reserve. He was recalled to active service during the Greek Civil War of 1946–49, during which he served in the armoured corps.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Rallis was first elected to the Greek Parliament as a member of the People's Party in the 1950 general election, and was re-elected in all subsequent elections until the end of his political career in 1993, except the 1958 election and the June 1989 election, where he did not run. He was first appointed a cabinet minister on 11 April 1954 in the government of Alexander Papagos, as Minister for the Presidency of the Government).

paragraph: A close collaborator of Constantine Karamanlis, he retained the position under the first Karamanlis cabinet (6 October 1955 – 29 February 1956), and went on to serve as Minister for Transport and Public Works in the 1956–58 Karamanlis cabinet, and as Minister for the Interior in the 1961–1963 Karamanlis cabinet. He was also among the founding members of the National Radical Union (ERE) in 1956. In 1958, he quarrelled with Karamanlis over the latter's adoption of a new electoral law, on which he had not been consulted, and for a few years left ERE, before returning to the fold in 1961.

paragraph: Rallis was appointed to the post of Minister for Public Order in the caretaker cabinet of Panagiotis Kanellopoulos on 3 April 1967. It was in this position that the coup d'état of the Colonels found him on 21 April 1967. Rallis managed to evade capture by the putschists and go to the command centre of the Greek Gendarmerie, from where by radio he tried in vain to get in contact with the III Army Corps and order it to descend onto Athens and suppress the coup. Following the establishment of the Junta of the Colonels, he was arrested thrice, imprisoned and sent to internal exile to the island of Kasos. Among his anti-regime activities were his campaigning against the Junta-sponsored Republic referendum of 1973, and his criticism of the regime through his editorship of the magazine "Politika Themata".

paragraph: In 1974, following the fall of the dictatorship, Rallis became briefly Minister for the Interior and then again Minister to the Prime Minister in the national unity government under Karamanlis, and held on to the post (from 2 January 1975 as Minister for the Presidency of the Government) under the government formed by Karamanlis' new party, New Democracy, after the November 1974 election. On 5 January 1976 he also assumed the post of Minister for National Education and Religious Affairs, which he held in tandem with the former post until the end of the cabinet term on 28 November 1977. From the post of Minister for Education he oversaw the educational reform, the institution of the Demotic Greek as the formal language in schools and the administration, replacing the Katharevousa, and the reform of the school curricula.

paragraph: Following the 1977 election, he served first as Minister for Coordination, before becoming Minister for Foreign Affairs in May 1978. He was the first Greek Foreign Minister to visit the Soviet Union, in October 1978, and negotiated Greece's accession to the EEC, signing Greece's accession agreement in May 1979. He also worked to restore relations with Bulgaria and Yugoslavia.

paragraph: After Karamanlis was elected to the post of President of the Republic, on 8 May 1980 Rallis was elected by New Democracy's parliamentary group as the new party chairman, and was sworn in as Prime Minister on 10 May. During his tenure Greece rejoined the military wing of NATO.

paragraph: He led the government until his defeat by Andreas Papandreou's PASOK in the 18 October 1981 election, resigning on 21 October. Shortly after, in early December, having lost the confidence of his party's MPs, he resigned from the chairmanship of New Democracy.

paragraph: In May 1987 he split from New Democracy and became an independent MP. He did not participate in the June 1989 election, but after a personal invitation by the new New Democracy chairman, Konstantinos Mitsotakis, he rejoined the party and was elected an MP for Corfu. After a renewed dispute with Mitsotakis, now Prime Minister, over the handling of the Macedonia naming dispute, he resigned from his post and retired from politics in March 1993. During his retirement, Rallis established and cultivated organically-farmed vineyards and olive groves at his family estate on Corfu.

paragraph: Although Rallis became Prime Minister at a time when the fortunes of his party were in decline, he remained a popular figure because of his well-liked personal attributes of mildness, modesty and straightforwardness. A wealthy patrician by birth, he always made a point of living modestly, walking to work (even as a Prime Minister, much to the frustration of his security detail), and taking the time to greet and talk with those he met on the street. He died of heart failure at his home on 15 March 2006. He is survived by his wife, Lena Rallis ("née" Voultsou) and their two daughters, Zaira Papaligouras and Joanna Farmakidis.

paragraph: Rallis spoke English, French, and German, and wrote 14 books.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Athens News" obituary

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 interview of Rallis on his career in the 1950s and early 1960s, ERT Archive

description: Prime Minister of Greece

wikidata_label: Georgios Rallis

wikipedia_title: Georgios Rallis