text: Col

text: USAF

text: test pilot

text: NASA

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text: seventh person to walk on the Moon

text: Apollo 15

text: third group

text: Aerospace Research Pilot School

text: space

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text: Neil Armstrong

text: low Earth orbit

text: Command Module

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text: James McDivitt

text: Lunar Module

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text: Apollo 12

text: James Irwin

text: Dryden Flight Research Center

text: "Apollo 13"

text: Randolph Field

text: San Antonio

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text: 32d Tactical Fighter Squadron

text: Soesterberg Air Base

text: F-86 Sabres

text: F-100 Super Sabres

text: flameout

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text: Cold War

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text: test pilot

text: Edwards Air Force Base

text: aeronautics

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text: Air Force Academy

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text: Deke Slayton

text: Neil Armstrong

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text: Reaction Control System

text: Francis French

text: Colin Burgess

text: Space Race

text: Apollo crew

text: Apollo 1

text: Jim McDivitt

text: Russell Schweickart

text: North American Rockwell

text: Downey, California

text: command and service module

text: Apollo 8

text: lunar module

text: George Low

text: Apollo 7

text: Apollo 9

text: command module pilot

text: extravehicular activity

text: S-IVB

text: space adaptation syndrome

text: Mercury program

text: USS "Guadalcanal"

text: Apollo 12

text: Al Worden

text: James Irwin

text: Apollo 15

text: Apollo 11

text: J Mission

text: Lunar Roving Vehicle

text: Caltech

text: Lee Silver

text: Hadley Rille

text: Kennedy Space Center

text: ALSEP

text: Mount Hadley Delta

text: Spur Crater

text: plagioclase

text: anorthosite

text: Genesis Rock

text: Galileo

text: Fallen Astronaut

text: Apollo 17

text: Newsweek

text: Alan Shepard

text: Astronaut Office

text: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project

text: Christopher C. Kraft

text: Alexei Leonov

text: Dryden Flight Research Center

text: approach and landing tests

text: Space Shuttle

text: "Challenger" disaster

text: Secretary of Transportation

text: ICBM

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text: From the Earth to the Moon

text: Brett Cullen

text: Tom Hanks

text: book

text: In the Shadow of the Moon

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text: Bulova

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text: federal magistrate

text: Anna Ford

text: Morgan Stanley

text: Robert Seamans

text: NASA Exceptional Service Medal

text: Distinguished Flying Cross

text: NASA Distinguished Service Medal

text: Air Force Distinguished Service Medal

text: Daley

text: United Nations Peace Medal

text: Air Force Association

text: Into the Wild Blue Yonder

text: Robert Gilruth

text: Robert J. Collier Trophy

text: De la Vaulx Medal

text: Fédération Aéronautique Internationale

text: Honorary Doctorate

text: Jacksonville University

text: fellow

text: American Astronautical Society

text: Society of Experimental Test Pilots

text: Tau Beta Pi

text: Sigma Xi

text: Sigma Gamma Tau

text: International Space Hall of Fame

text: New Mexico Museum of Space History

text: U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame

text: List of spaceflight records

text: Astronautix biography of David R. Scott

categories: Collier Trophy recipients,U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni,Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States),United States Astronaut Hall of Fame inductees,1971 in spaceflight,University of Michigan alumni,Apollo 9,Apollo program astronauts,Aviators from Texas,American astronauts,20th-century American businesspeople,20th-century American engineers,San Antonio Academy alumni,People from San Antonio,Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni,United States Air Force officers,Recipients of the NASA Exceptional Service Medal,1932 births,21st-century American businesspeople,United States Military Academy alumni,Recipients of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal,1966 in spaceflight,People who have walked on the Moon,1969 in spaceflight,Living people,United States Air Force astronauts,NASA people,Apollo 15,Military personnel from Texas,Articles containing video clips,21st-century American engineers,Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)

paragraph: David Scott

paragraph: David Randolph Scott (born June 6, 1932) (Col, USAF, Ret.) is a retired test pilot and NASA astronaut who was the seventh person to walk on the Moon. The commander of Apollo 15, Scott was selected as an astronaut as part of the third group in 1963. Scott flew three times in space, and is the only living commander of an Apollo mission that landed on the Moon and one of four surviving Moon walkers.

paragraph: Before becoming an astronaut, Scott graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point and joined the Air Force. After serving as a fighter pilot in Europe, he graduated from the Air Force Experimental Test Pilot School and the Aerospace Research Pilot School. Scott retired from the Air Force in 1975 with the rank of colonel, and more than 5,600 hours of logged flying time.

paragraph: As an astronaut, Scott made his first flight into space as pilot of the Gemini 8 mission, along with Neil Armstrong, in March 1966, spending just under eleven hours in low Earth orbit. Scott then spent ten days in orbit in March 1969 as Command Module Pilot of Apollo 9, a mission that extensively tested the Apollo spacecraft, along with Commander James McDivitt and Lunar Module Pilot Rusty Schweickart.

paragraph: After backing up Apollo 12, Scott made his third and final flight into space as commander of the Apollo 15 mission, the fourth crewed lunar landing and the first J mission. Scott and James Irwin remained on the Moon for three days. Following their return to Earth, Scott and his crewmates fell from favor with NASA after it was disclosed they had carried 400 unauthorized postal covers to the Moon. After serving as director of NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center in California, Scott retired from the agency in 1977. Since then, he has worked on a number of space-related projects and served as consultant for several films about the space program, including "Apollo 13".

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Scott was born June 6, 1932, at Randolph Field (for which he received his middle name) near San Antonio, Texas. His father was Tom William Scott, a fighter pilot in the United States Army Air Corps who would rise to the rank of brigadier general; his mother was the former Marian Davis. Scott lived his earliest years at Randolph Field, where his father was stationed, before moving to an air base in Indiana, and then in 1936 to Manila in the Philippines, then under U.S. rule. David remembered his father as a strict disciplinarian. The family returned to the United States in December 1939. By the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the family was living in San Antonio again; shortly thereafter Tom Scott was deployed overseas.

paragraph: As it was felt that he needed more discipline than he would receive with his father gone for three years, David was sent to Texas Military Institute, spending his summers at Hermosa Beach in California with his father's college friend, David Shattuck, after whom he had been named. Determined to become a pilot like his father, David built many model airplanes and watched with fascination war films about flying. By the time of Tom Scott's return, David was old enough to be allowed to go up in a military aircraft with him, and in David Scott's autobiography remembered it as "the most exciting thing I had ever experienced".

paragraph: David Scott was active in the Boy Scouts of America, achieving its second highest rank, Life Scout. With Tom Scott assigned to March Air Force Base near Riverside, California, David attended Riverside Polytechnic High School, where he joined the swimming team and set several state and local records. Before David could finish high school, Tom Scott was transferred to Washington, D.C., and after some discussion as to whether he should remain in California to graduate, David attended Western High School in Washington, graduating in June 1949.

paragraph: David Scott wanted an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point, but lacked connections to secure one. He took a government civil service examination for competitive appointments and accepted a swimming scholarship to the University of Michigan where he was an honor student in the engineering school. In the spring of 1950, he received and accepted an invitation to attend West Point.

paragraph: Scott still wanted to fly, and wanted to be commissioned in the newly-established Air Force. The Air Force Academy was founded in 1954, the year Scott graduated from West Point; an interim arrangement had been made whereby a quarter of West Point and United States Naval Academy graduates could volunteer to be commissioned as Air Force officers. Earning a Bachelor of Science degree in military science, Scott graduated 5th in his class of 633, and was commissioned in the Air Force.

paragraph: Section::::Air Force pilot.

paragraph: Scott did six months' primary pilot training at Marana Air Base in Arizona, beginning there in July 1954. He completed Undergraduate Pilot Training at Webb Air Force Base, Texas, in 1955, then went through gunnery training at Laughlin Air Force Base, Texas, and Luke Air Force Base, Arizona.

paragraph: From April 1956 to July 1960, Scott flew with the 32d Tactical Fighter Squadron at Soesterberg Air Base, Netherlands, flying F-86 Sabres and F-100 Super Sabres. The weather there was often poor, and Scott's piloting skills were tested. Once, he had to land his plane on a golf course after a flameout. On another, he barely made it to a Dutch base on the edge of the North Sea. Scott served in Europe during the Cold War and tensions were often high between the U.S. and Soviet Union. During the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, his squadron was placed on highest alert for weeks, but was stood down without going into combat.

paragraph: Scott hoped to advance his career by becoming a test pilot, to be trained at Edwards Air Force Base. He was counseled that the best way to get into test pilot school was to gain a graduate degree in aeronautics. Accordingly, he applied to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and was accepted. He received both a Master of Science degree in Aeronautics/Astronautics and the degree of Engineer in Aeronautics/Astronautics (the E.A.A. degree) from MIT in 1962.

paragraph: After receiving these degrees, Scott was stunned to receive orders from the Air Force to report to the new Air Force Academy as a professor, rather than to test pilot school. Although challenging orders was strongly discouraged, Scott went to the Pentagon and found a sympathetic ear from a colonel. Scott received changed orders to report to Edwards.

paragraph: Scott reported to the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards in July 1962. The commandant of the school was Chuck Yeager, first person to break the sound barrier, who Scott idolized; Scott got to fly several times with him. Scott graduated top pilot in his class. He was selected for the Aerospace Research Pilot School, also at Edwards, where those intended as Air Force astronauts were trained. There he learned how to control aircraft, such as the F-104 Starfighter, at altitudes of up to .

paragraph: Section::::NASA career.

paragraph: In applying in 1963 to be part of the third group of astronauts to be selected, Scott intended only a temporary detour from a mainstream military career; he expected to fly in space a couple of times and then return to the Air Force. He was accepted as one of the fourteen Group 3 astronauts later that year.

paragraph: Scott's initial assignment was as astronaut representative at MIT supervising the development of the Apollo Guidance Computer. He spent most of 1964 and 1965 in residence in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He served as backup CAPCOM during Gemini 4 and as a CAPCOM during Gemini 5.

paragraph: Section::::NASA career.:Gemini 8.

paragraph: After the conclusion of Gemini 5, Director of Flight Crew Operations Deke Slayton informed Scott that he would fly with Neil Armstrong on Gemini 8. This made Scott the first Group 3 astronaut to become a member of a prime crew, and this without having served on a backup crew. Scott was highly regarded by his colleagues for his piloting credentials; another Group 3 astronaut, Michael Collins, wrote later that Scott's selection to fly with Armstrong convinced him that NASA knew what it was doing.

paragraph: Scott found Armstrong something of a taskmaster, but the two men greatly respected each other and worked well together. They spent most of the seven months before launch in each other's company. One part of the training that Scott undertook without Armstrong was riding the Vomit Comet, where he practiced in preparation for a planned spacewalk.

paragraph: On March 16, 1966, Armstrong and Scott were launched into space, a flight originally planned to last three days. The Agena rocket with which they were to dock had been launched an hour and forty minutes earlier. They carefully approached and docked with the Agena, the first docking ever accomplished in space. After the docking, there was unexpected movement by the joined craft. Mission Control was out of touch during this portion of the orbit, and the astronauts' belief that the Agena was causing the problem proved incorrect, for once they performed an emergency undocking, the spin only got worse. With the spacecraft spinning, there was risk of the astronauts blacking out or the Gemini vehicle disintegrating. The problem was one of the craft's OAMS thrusters firing unexpectedly; the crew shut down those thrusters, and Armstrong activated the Reaction Control System thrusters to negate the spin. The RCS thrusters were to be used for reentry, and the mission rules said if they were activated early, Gemini 8 had to return to Earth. Gemini 8 splashed down in the Western Pacific on the day of launch; the mission lasted only ten hours, and the early termination meant that Scott's spacewalk was scrubbed.

paragraph: According to Francis French and Colin Burgess in their book on NASA and the Space Race, "Scott, in particular, had shown incredible presence of mind during the unexpected events of the Gemini 8 mission. Even in the middle of an emergency, out of contact with Mission Control, he had thought to reenable ground control command of the Agena before the two vehicles separated." This allowed NASA to check the Agena from the ground, and use it for a subsequent Gemini mission. Scott's competence was recognized by NASA when, five days after the brief flight, he was assigned to an Apollo crew. He was also promoted to lieutenant colonel.

paragraph: Section::::NASA career.:Apollo 9.

paragraph: Scott's Apollo assignment was as backup senior pilot/navigator for what would become known as Apollo 1, scheduled for launch in February 1967, with Jim McDivitt as backup commander and Russell Schweickart as pilot. In that capacity, they spent much of their time at North American Rockwell's plant in Downey, California, where the command and service module (CSM) for that mission was under construction.

paragraph: By January 1967, Scott's crew had been assigned as prime crew for a subsequent Apollo mission, and were at Downey on January 27 when a fire took the lives of the Apollo 1 prime crew during a pre-launch test. During the fire, the inward-opening hatch had proved impossible for the astronauts to open, and Scott's post-fire assignment, with all flights put on hold amid a complete review of the Apollo program, was to serve on the team designing a simpler, outward-opening hatch.

paragraph: After the pause, Scott's crew was assigned to Apollo 8, intended to be an Earth-orbit test of the full Apollo spacecraft, including the lunar module (LM). There were delays in the development of the lunar module and in August 1968, NASA official George Low proposed that if Apollo 7 in October went well, Apollo 8 should go to lunar orbit without a lunar module, so as not to hold up the program. The Earth-orbit test would become Apollo 9. McDivitt was offered Apollo 8 by Slayton, but turned it down on behalf of his crew (who fully agreed), preferring to wait for Apollo 9, which would involve extensive testing of the spacecraft and was dubbed "a test pilot's dream".

paragraph: As command module pilot for Apollo 9, Scott's responsibilities were heavy. The LM was to separate from the CSM during the mission; if it failed to return, Scott would have to run the entire spacecraft for reentry, normally a three-man job. He would also have to go rescue the LM if it could not perform the rendezvous, and if it could not dock, would have to assist McDivitt and Schweickart in performing an extravehicular activity (EVA) or spacewalk, back to the CSM. Scott was somewhat unhappy, though, that CSM-103, which he had worked on extensively, would stay with Apollo 8, with Apollo 9 given CSM-104.

paragraph: The planned February 28, 1969 launch date was postponed as all three astronauts had head colds, and NASA was wary of medical issues in space after problems on Apollo 7 and 8. The launch took place on March 3, 1969. Within hours of launch, Scott had performed a maneuver essential to the lunar landing by piloting the CSM "Gumdrop" away from the S-IVB rocket stage, then turned "Gumdrop" around and docked with the LM "Spider" still attached to the S-IVB, before the combined spacecraft separated from the rocket.

paragraph: Schweickart vomited twice on the third day in space, suffering from space adaptation syndrome. He was supposed to do a spacewalk from the LM's hatch to that of the CM the following day, proving that this could be done under emergency conditions, but because of concerns about his condition, simply exited the LM while Scott stood in the CM's hatch, bringing in experiments and photographing Schweickart. On the fifth day in space, March 7, McDivitt and Schweickart in the LM "Spider" flew away from the CSM while Scott remained in "Gumdrop", making him the first American astronaut to be alone in space since the Mercury program. After the redocking, "Spider" was jettisoned. The LM had gone over 100 miles (160 km) from the CSM during the test.

paragraph: The remainder of the mission was devoted to tests of the command module, mostly performed by Scott; Schweickart called these days "Dave Scott's mission"; McDivitt and Schweickart had much time to observe the Earth as Scott worked. The mission stayed in space one orbit longer than planned due to rough seas in the Atlantic Ocean recovery zone. Apollo 9 splashed down on March 13, 1969 less than four nautical miles (7 km) from the helicopter carrier USS "Guadalcanal", east of the Bahamas.

paragraph: Section::::NASA career.:Apollo 15.

paragraph: Scott was deemed to have performed his duties well, and on April 10, 1969, was named backup commander of Apollo 12, with Al Worden as command module pilot and James Irwin as lunar module pilot. McDivitt had chosen to go into NASA management, and Slayton had seen Scott as a potential crew commander; Worden and Irwin were working on the support crews for Apollo 9 and 10, respectively. Schweickart was ruled out due to the space sickness episode. This put the three in line to be the prime crew for Apollo 15. Scott's status as backup commander of the next flight allowed him to sit in the Mission Control room as Apollo 11, with his old crewmate Armstrong in command, landed on the Moon. That Scott, Worden and Irwin would be the crew of Apollo 15 was announced on March 26, 1970.

paragraph: Apollo 15 would be the first J Mission, which emphasized scientific research, with longer stays on the Moon's surface and the use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV). Already having an interest in geology, Scott made time during the training for his crew to go on field trips with Caltech geologist Lee Silver. The scientists were divided over where Apollo 15 should land; Scott's argument for the area of Hadley Rille won the day. As time dwindled towards the launch date, Scott pushed to make the field trips more like what they would encounter on the lunar surface, with mock backpacks simulating what they would wear on the Moon, and from November 1970 onwards, the training version of the LRV.

paragraph: Apollo 15 launched from Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex 39A on July 26, 1971. The outward flight to the Moon's orbit saw only minor difficulties, and the mission entered lunar orbit without incident. The descent to the Moon by the LM "Falcon", with Scott and Irwin aboard, took place on the late afternoon of July 30, with Scott as commander attempting the landing. Despite difficulties caused by the computer-controlled flight path being to the south of what was planned, Scott assumed manual control for the final descent, and successfully landed the "Falcon" within the designated landing zone.

paragraph: After landing, Scott and Irwin donned the helmets and gloves of their pressure suits and Scott performed the first and only stand-up EVA on the lunar surface, by poking his head and upper body out of the docking port on top of the LM. He took panoramic photographs of the surrounding area from an elevated position and scouted the terrain they would be driving across the next day. After deploying the LRV from its folded-up position on the side of the LM's descent stage, Scott drove with Irwin in the direction of Hadley Rille. Once there, Scott marveled at the beauty of the scene. Their exploits followed by a television camera mounted on the Rover and controlled from Earth, Scott and Irwin took samples of the lunar surface before returning to the LM to set up the ALSEP, the experiments that were to continue to run after their departure.

paragraph: The second traverse, the following day (August 1) was to the slope of Mount Hadley Delta. At Spur Crater, they discovered one of the most famous lunar samples, a plagioclase-rich anorthosite from the early lunar crust, that was later dubbed the Genesis Rock by the press. The third day, August 2, they went on their final moonwalk, an excursion cut short by problems with retrieving a core sample. On their return to the LM, Scott, before the television camera, dropped a hammer and a feather to demonstrate Galileo's theory that objects in a vacuum will drop at the same rate. After driving the LRV to a position where the camera could view "Falcon"'s takeoff, Scott left a memorial to the astronauts and cosmonauts who had died to advance space exploration. This consisted of a plaque bearing their names, and a small aluminum sculpture, "Fallen Astronaut", by Paul Van Hoeydonck. Once this was done, Scott re-entered the LM, and soon thereafter, "Falcon" lifted off from the Moon.

paragraph: Apollo 15 splashed down in the Pacific Ocean north of Honolulu on August 7, 1971. The first crew to land on the Moon and not be quarantined on return, the astronauts were flown to Houston, and after debriefing, were sent off on the usual circuit of addresses to Congress, celebrations and foreign trips that met returning Apollo astronauts. Scott regretted the lack of quarantine, which he felt would have given them time to recover from the flight, as the demands on their time were heavy.

paragraph: Section::::NASA career.:Postal covers incident.

paragraph: The crew had arranged with a friend named Horst Eiermann to carry postal covers to the Moon in exchange for about $7,000 for each astronaut. Slayton had issued regulations that personal items taken in spacecraft be listed for his approval; this was not done for the covers through an error. Scott carried the covers into the CM in his spacesuit; they were transferred to the LM en route to the Moon, and landed there with the astronauts. Scott sent 100 of them to Eiermann, and in late 1971, against the astronauts' wishes, the covers were offered for sale by West German stamp dealer Hermann Sieger. The astronauts returned the money, but in April 1972, Slayton learned of the unauthorized covers, and had Scott, Worden and Irwin removed as backup crew members for Apollo 17. The matter became public in June 1972, and the astronauts were reprimanded for poor judgment by NASA and the Air Force the following month. The covers that the crew still had were initially impounded by NASA but were in 1983 returned to the astronauts in an out-of-court settlement, as the government felt it could not successfully defend the lawsuit, and that NASA either authorized the covers to be flown or was aware of them.

paragraph: The press release that announced the reprimands, dated July 11, 1972, stated that the astronauts' "actions will be given due consideration in their selection for future assignment", something that made it extremely unlikely that they would be selected to fly in space again. "Newsweek" reported that "there are no forthcoming missions for which he [Scott] is being considered". Scott related in his autobiography that Alan Shepard, then head of the Astronaut Office, had offered him the choice between backing up Apollo 17, and serving as a special assistant on the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, the first joint mission with the Soviet Union, and that he had chosen the latter. Although a NASA spokesman had stated that Scott had no choice but to leave the Astronaut Corps, and this was reproduced in the press, Slayton's supervisor, Christopher C. Kraft, stated that the Public Affairs Office at NASA had erred, and the transfer was not a further rebuke.

paragraph: Section::::NASA career.:NASA management.

paragraph: In his role with Apollo-Soyuz, Scott traveled to Moscow, leading a team of technical experts. There he met the commander of the Soviet part of the mission, Alexei Leonov, with whom he would later write a joint autobiography. In 1973, Scott was offered the job of deputy director of NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center, located at Edwards, a place Scott had long loved. This allowed Scott to fly aircraft that reached the edge of space, and let him renew his acquaintance with the retired Chuck Yeager who was there as a consulting test pilot, and to whom Scott granted flying privileges.

paragraph: On April 18, 1975, at age 42, Scott became the Center Director at Dryden. This was a civilian appointment, and to accept it, Scott retired from the Air Force in March 1975. Kraft wrote in his memoirs that Scott's appointment "pissed off Deke to his eyebrows". Scott found the work interesting and exciting, but with budget cuts and the forthcoming end of approach and landing tests for the Space Shuttle, in 1977 he decided it was time to leave NASA and retired from the agency on September 30, 1977.

paragraph: Section::::Post-NASA career.

paragraph: Entering the private sector, Scott founded Scott Science and Technology, Inc. In the late 1970s and the 1980s, Scott worked on several government projects, including designing the astronaut training for a proposed Air Force version of the Space Shuttle. One of Scott's firms went out of business after the 1986 "Challenger" disaster; though the company played no part in the disaster, subsequent redesign of parts of the shuttle eliminated Scott's firm's role. After "Challenger", Scott served four years on the Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee, formed to advise the Secretary of Transportation on the possible conversion of ICBMs to launch vehicles. In 1992, Scott was found by a Prescott, Arizona, court to have defrauded nine investors in a partnership organized by him. He was ordered to pay roughly $400,000 to investors in the partnership, which was to create technology to prevent aircraft mechanical breakdowns, but which was never developed.

paragraph: Scott was a commentator for British television on the first shuttle flight (STS-1) in April 1981. He also was a consultant on the movie "Apollo 13" and for the 1998 HBO miniseries "From the Earth to the Moon", in which he was portrayed by Brett Cullen. Scott consulted on the 3D IMAX film, (2005), showing Apollo astronauts on the Moon, and produced by Tom Hanks and the IMAX Corporation. He is one of the astronauts featured in the 2007 book and documentary "In the Shadow of the Moon".

paragraph: In 2003–2004 he was a consultant on the BBC TV series "". In 2004, he and Leonov began work on a dual biography/history of the "Space Race" between the United States and the Soviet Union. The book, "Two Sides of the Moon: Our Story of the Cold War Space Race", was published in 2006. Armstrong and Hanks both wrote introductions to the book. Scott has worked on the Brown University science teams for the Chandrayaan-1 lunar orbiter. For NASA, he has worked on the 500-Day Lunar Exploration Study and as a collaborator on the research investigation entitled "Advanced Visualization in Solar System Exploration and Research (ADVISER): Optimizing the Science Return from the Moon and Mars".

paragraph: Scott had taken two Bulova timepieces, a wrist watch and a stopwatch, with him to the Moon without advance authorization from Slayton. Scott wore the wrist watch on the third EVA, after his NASA-issued watch lost its crystal. He sold the Bulova watch in 2015 for $1.625 million, after which the company marketed similar timepieces, whose accompanying material mentioned Scott and Apollo 15. Scott sued in federal court in 2017, alleging Bulova and Kay Jewelers were wrongfully using his name and image for commercial purposes, and the following year a federal magistrate ruled he could proceed on some of his claims.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1959 Scott married his first wife, Ann Ott. He had two children with her: Tracy (born 1961) and Douglas (born 1963). In 2000, it was reported that he was engaged to British TV presenter Anna Ford; at the time he was still married to Ann Scott, although separated. His relationship with Ford had begun in 1999. By 2001, Scott and Ford had separated. He subsequently married Margaret Black, former vice-chairman of Morgan Stanley. David Scott and Margaret Black-Scott reside in Los Angeles.

paragraph: Section::::Awards, honors, and organizations.

paragraph: Deputy Administrator Robert Seamans presented Scott and Armstrong the NASA Exceptional Service Medal in 1966 for their Gemini flight. Scott was also awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for the Gemini 8 flight. Vice President Spiro Agnew presented the Apollo 9 crew with the NASA Distinguished Service Medal. At the ceremony, Agnew said, "I am proud that America has forged to the forefront and established the leadership in space to match our new leadership on Earth." Scott received the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal for the Apollo 9 mission.

paragraph: Agnew also gave the Apollo 15 crew the NASA Distinguished Service Medal. Scott earned his second Air Force Distinguished Service Medal for Apollo 15. On September 15, 1971, the city of Chicago hosted the Apollo 15 crew in a parade attended by more than 200,000 people. Mayor Daley presented the crew with honorary citizenship medals. On August 25, 1971, the Apollo 15 crew were honored with a ticker-tape parade in New York City. The city bestowed them with gold medals. Later that day, U.N. Secretary General Thant awarded the trio the first-ever United Nations Peace Medal. At the Air Force Association's annual dinner dance in September 1971, the Apollo 15 crew were presented with the David C. Schilling Trophy, the association's top flight award. Scott presented the Air Force and Air Force Association with items they flew to the Moon: sheet music of "Into the Wild Blue Yonder" and a U.S. Air Force flag. The Apollo 15 crew and Robert Gilruth (director of the Manned Spacecraft Center) were awarded the 1971 Robert J. Collier Trophy, an annual award for the greatest achievement in aeronautics or astronautics. Scott received the De la Vaulx Medal, the Gold Space Medal, and the V.M. Komorav Diploma from Fédération Aéronautique Internationale for 1971 for his role in the Apollo 15 flight. Scott was awarded his third NASA Distinguished Service Medal in 1978.

paragraph: Scott, Worden and Irwin were granted Honorary Doctorates of Astronautical Science from the University of Michigan in 1971. Scott was awarded an honorary doctor of science and technology degree from Jacksonville University in 2013. It was the first honorary degree bestowed by the university.

paragraph: Scott is a fellow of the American Astronautical Society, associate fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots, and Tau Beta Pi, Sigma Xi and Sigma Gamma Tau.

paragraph: In 1982, Scott was inducted with nine other Gemini astronauts into the International Space Hall of Fame in the New Mexico Museum of Space History. Along with 12 other Gemini astronauts, Scott was inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame in 1993.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of spaceflight records

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Numbers for Worden/French and for Slayton are Kindle locations.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Astronautix biography of David R. Scott

description: American engineer, retired U.S. Air Force officer, former test pilot, and former NASA astronaut

wikidata_label: David Scott

wikipedia_title: David Scott


text: Roman Catholic

text: Augustinian

text: Canoness

text: Windesheim

text: mystic

text: Marian

text: visionary

text: ecstatic

text: stigmatist

text: Flamschen

text: Coesfeld

text: Diocese of Münster

text: Westphalia

text: Dülmen

text: passion of Jesus Christ

text: Blessed Virgin Mary

text: religious ecstasy

text: Clemens Brentano

text: beatified

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter

text: dowry

text: Poor Clares

text: Münster

text: Coesfeld

text: Augustinian nun

text: Dülmen

text: religious vows

text: Jérôme Bonaparte

text: King of Westphalia

text: suppressed the convent

text: stigmata

text: Herbert Thurston

text: John of Ruusbroec

text: visions

text: Purgatory

text: Holy Trinity

text: heaven

text: Ergine

text: Clemens von Droste zu Vischering

text: Archbishop of Cologne

text: Johann Michael Sailer

text: Bishop of Ratisbon

text: Bernhard Overberg

text: Luise Hensel

text: Friedrich Stolberg

text: personal complexes

text: New Testament

text: Virgin Mary

text: Westphalian dialect

text: standard German

text: Munich

text: Noah

text: Ham

text: used their blood

text: Dülmen

text: Dülmen

text: Ephesus

text: House of the Virgin Mary

text: Assumption

text: Ephesus

text: Julien Gouyet

text: Marie de Mandat-Grancey

text: Holy See

text: Pope Pius XII

text: Pope John XXIII

text: Pope Paul VI

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Pope Benedict XVI

text: beatification

text: Münster

text: Mel Gibson

text: The Passion of the Christ

text: America

text: Clemens Brentano

text: Alexandrina Maria da Costa

text: Maria Valtorta

text: Marthe Robin

text: Maria Domenica Lazzeri

text: Marie Rose Ferron

text: Charlotte

text: Tan Books

text: Charlotte

text: Tan Books

text: Charlotte

text: TAN Books

text: ""Anne Katherina Emmerich,""

text: "The Life of Anne Catharine Emmerich,"

categories: 1824 deaths,Augustinian canonesses,German beatified people,18th-century Christian mystics,Augustinian nuns,Marian visionaries,1774 births,German Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns,19th-century Christian mystics,Roman Catholic mystics,Stigmatics,Roman Catholic writers,Beatifications by Pope John Paul II,People from Coesfeld

paragraph: Anne Catherine Emmerich

paragraph: Blessed Anne Catherine Emmerich (; 8 September 1774 – 9 February 1824) was a Roman Catholic Augustinian Canoness Regular of Windesheim, mystic, Marian visionary, ecstatic and stigmatist.

paragraph: She was born in Flamschen, a farming community at Coesfeld, in the Diocese of Münster, Westphalia, Germany, and died at age 49 in Dülmen, where she had been a nun, and later become bedridden. Emmerich is notable for her visions on the life and passion of Jesus Christ, reputed to be revealed to her by the Blessed Virgin Mary under religious ecstasy.

paragraph: During her bedridden years, a number of well-known figures were inspired to visit her. The poet Clemens Brentano interviewed her at length and wrote two books based on his notes of her visions. The authenticity of Brentano's writings has been questioned and critics have characterized the books as "conscious elaborations by a poet" and a "well-intentioned fraud" by Brentano.

paragraph: Emmerich was beatified on 3 October 2004, by Pope John Paul II. However, the Vatican focused on her own personal piety rather than the religious writings associated to her by Clemens Brentano. Her documents of postulation towards canonization are handled by the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Emmerick as born into a family of poor farmers and had nine brothers and sisters. The family's surname was derived from an ancestral town. From an early age, she helped with the house and farm work. Her schooling was rather brief, but all those who knew her noticed that she felt drawn to prayer from an early age. At twelve, she started to work at a large farm in the vicinity for three years and later learned to be a seamstress and worked as such for several years.

paragraph: She applied for admission to various convents, but she was rejected because she could not afford a dowry. Eventually, the Poor Clares in Münster agreed to accept her, provided she would learn to play the organ. She went to the organist Söntgen in Coesfeld to study music and learn to play the organ, but the poverty of the Söntgen family prompted her to work there and to sacrifice her small savings in an effort to help them. Later, one of the Söntgen daughters entered the convent with her.

paragraph: Section::::Religious life.

paragraph: In 1802, at the age of 28, Anne Catherine and her friend Klara Söntgen finally managed to join the Augustinian nuns at the convent of Agnetenberg in Dülmen. The following year, Anne Catherine took her religious vows. In the convent, she became known for her strict observance of the order's rule; but, from the beginning to 1811, she was often quite ill and had to endure great pain. At times, her zeal and strict adherence to rules disturbed some of the more tepid sisters, who were puzzled by her weak health and religious ecstasies.

paragraph: When Jérôme Bonaparte, King of Westphalia, suppressed the convent in 1812, she found refuge in a widow's house.

paragraph: Section::::Stigmata.

paragraph: In early 1813, marks of the stigmata were reported on Emmerich's body. The parish priest called in two doctors to examine her. When word of the phenomenon spread three months later, he notified the vicar general. With the news causing considerable talk in the town, the ecclesiastical authorities conducted a lengthy investigation. Many doctors wished to examine the case, and although efforts were made to discourage the curious, there were visitors whose rank or status gained them entry. During this time, the poet and romanticist Clemens Brentano first visited.

paragraph: At the end of 1818, the periodic bleeding of Emmerich's hands and feet had stopped and the wounds had closed. While many in the community viewed the stigmata as real, others considered Emmerich an impostor conspiring with her associates to perpetrate a fraud. In August 1819, the civil authorities intervened and moved Emmerich to a different house, where she was kept under observation for three weeks. The members of the commission could find no evidence of fraud and were divided in their opinions.

paragraph: As the cross on her breastbone had the unusual shape of a "Y", similar to a cross in the local church of Coesfeld, English priest Herbert Thurston surmised that "the subjective impressions of the stigmatic exercise a preponderating influence upon the manifestations which appear exteriorly," the same pathway to Stigmata described in the works of blessed John of Ruusbroec.

paragraph: Section::::Visions and inspirations.

paragraph: Emmerich said that as a child she had visions in which she talked with Jesus, saw the souls in Purgatory, and witnessed the core of the Holy Trinity in the form of three concentric, interpenetrating full spheres. The largest but dimmest of the spheres represented the Father core, the medium sphere the Son core, and the smallest and brightest sphere the Holy Spirit core. Each sphere of omnipresent God is extended toward infinity beyond God's core placed in heaven. The Brentano compilation tells that during an illness in Emmerich's childhood, she was visited by a child (suggested as being Jesus), who told her of plants she should ingest in order to heal, including Morning Glory flower's juice, known to contain Ergine.

paragraph: Based on Emmerich's growing reputation, a number of figures who were influential in the renewal movement of the church early in the 19th century came to visit her, among them Clemens von Droste zu Vischering, the future Archbishop of Cologne; Johann Michael Sailer, the Bishop of Ratisbon, since 1803 the sole surviving Elector Spiritual of the Holy Roman Empire; Bernhard Overberg and authors Luise Hensel and Friedrich Stolberg. Clemens von Droste, at the time still vicar‑general of the Archdiocese, called Emmerich "a special friend of God" in a letter he wrote to Stolberg.

paragraph: Section::::Visions and inspirations.:Clemens Brentano's visits.

paragraph: At the time of Emmerich's second examination in 1819, Brentano visited her and she immediately recognized him. He claimed that she told him he was sent to help her fulfill God's command, to express in writing the revelations made to her. Brentano became one of Emmerich's many supporters at the time, believing her to be a "chosen Bride of Christ". Professor Andrew Weeks claims that Brentano's own personal complexes were a factor in substituting Emmerich as a maternal figure in his own life.

paragraph: From 1819 until Emmerich's death in 1824, Brentano filled many notebooks with accounts of her visions involving scenes from the New Testament and the life of the Virgin Mary. Because Emmerich only spoke the Westphalian dialect, Brentano could not transcribe her words directly, and often could not even take notes in her presence, so he would quickly write in standard German when he returned to his own apartment a set of notes based on what he remembered of the conversations he had with Emmerich. Brentano edited the notes later, years after the death of Emmerich.

paragraph: About ten years after Emmerich had recounted her visions, Brentano completed editing his records for publication. In 1833, he published his first volume, "The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ According to the Meditations of Anne Catherine Emmerich". Brentano then prepared "The Life of the Blessed Virgin Mary from the Visions of Anna Catherine Emmerich" for publication, but he died in 1842. The book was published posthumously in 1852 in Munich.

paragraph: Catholic priest Father Karl Schmoger edited Brentano's manuscripts and from 1858 to 1880 published the three volumes of "The Life of Our Lord". In 1881, a large illustrated edition followed. Schmoger also penned a biography of Anne Catherine Emmerich in two volumes that has been republished in English language editions.

paragraph: The Vatican does not endorse the authenticity of the books written by Brentano. However, it views their general message as "an outstanding proclamation of the gospel in service to salvation". Other critics have been less sympathetic and have characterized the books Brentano produced from his notes as "conscious elaborations of an overwrought romantic poet".

paragraph: Brentano wrote that Emmerich said she believed that Noah's son Ham was the progenitor of "the black, idolatrous, stupid nations" of the world. The "Dolorous Passion" is claimed to reveal a "clear antisemitic strain throughout", with Brentano writing that Emmerich believed that "Jews ... strangled Christian children and used their blood for all sorts of suspicious and diabolical practices"

paragraph: Section::::Visions and inspirations.:Allegations of partial fabrication by Brentano.

paragraph: When the case for Anne Catherine's beatification was submitted to the Vatican in 1892, a number of experts in Germany began to compare and analyze Brentano's original notes from his personal library with the books he had written. The analysis revealed various apocryphal biblical sources, maps and travel guides among his papers, which could have been used to enhance Emmerich's narrations.

paragraph: In his 1923 theological thesis, German priest Winfried Hümpfner, who had compared Brentano's original notes to the published books, wrote that Brentano had fabricated much of the material he had attributed to Emmerich.

paragraph: By 1928, the experts had come to the conclusion that only a small portion of Brentano's books could be safely attributed to Emmerich.

paragraph: At the time of the Emmerich's beatification in 2004, the Vatican position on the authenticity of the Brentano books was elucidated by priest Peter Gumpel, who was involved in the study of the issues for the Congregation for the Causes of the Saints: "It is absolutely not certain that she ever wrote this. There is a serious problem of authenticity". According to Gumpel, the writings attributed to Emmerich were "absolutely discarded" by the Vatican as part of her beatification process.

paragraph: Section::::Death and burial.

paragraph: Anne Catherine began to grow ever weaker during the summer of 1823. She died on 9 February 1824 in Dülmen and was buried in the graveyard outside the town, with a large number of people attending her funeral. Her grave was reopened twice in the weeks following the funeral, due to a rumor that her body had been stolen, but the coffin and the body were found to be intact. In February 1975, Emmerich's remains were moved to the Holy Cross Church in Dülmen, where they rest today.

paragraph: Section::::House of the Virgin Mary.

paragraph: Neither Brentano nor Emmerich had ever been to Ephesus, and indeed the city had not yet been excavated; but visions contained in "The Life of The Blessed Virgin Mary" were used during the discovery of the House of the Virgin Mary, the Blessed Virgin's supposed home before her Assumption, located on a hill near Ephesus, as described in the book "Mary's House".

paragraph: In 1881, a French priest, the Abbé Julien Gouyet used Emmerich's book to search for the house in Ephesus and found it based on the descriptions. He was not taken seriously at first, but sister Marie de Mandat-Grancey persisted until two other priests followed the same path and confirmed the finding.

paragraph: The Holy See has taken no official position on the authenticity of the location yet, but in 1951 Pope Pius XII initially declared the house a Holy Place. Pope John XXIII later made the declaration permanent. Pope Paul VI in 1967, Pope John Paul II in 1979 and Pope Benedict XVI in 2006 visited the house and treated it as a shrine.

paragraph: Section::::Beatification.

paragraph: The process of Anne Catherine's beatification was started in 1892 by the Bishop of Münster. However, in 1928 the Vatican suspended the process when it was suspected that Clemens Brentano had fabricated some of the material that appeared in the books he wrote, and had attributed to Ann Catherine.

paragraph: In 1973 the Congregation for the Causes of the Saints allowed the case for her beatification to be re-opened, provided it only focused on the issue of her life, without any reference to the possibly doctored material produced by Clemens Brentano.

paragraph: In July 2003 the Congregation for the Causes of the Saints promulgated a decree of a miracle attributed to her, and that paved the way for her beatification.

paragraph: On 3 October 2004 Anne Catherine Emmerich was beatified by Pope John Paul II. However, the books produced by Brentano were set aside, and her cause adjudicated solely on the basis of her own personal sanctity and virtue. Father Peter Gumpel who was involved in the analysis of the matter at the Vatican told Catholic News Service: "Since it was impossible to distinguish what derives from Sister Emmerich and what is embroidery or additions, we could not take these writings as a criteria. Therefore, they were simply discarded completely from all the work for the cause".

paragraph: Section::::Cinematic portrayals.

paragraph: In 2003 actor Mel Gibson brought Anne Catherine Emmerich's vision to prominence as he used her book "The Dolorous Passion" as a key source for his movie "The Passion of the Christ". Gibson stated that Scripture and "accepted visions" were the only sources he drew on, and a careful reading of Emmerich's book shows the film's high level of dependence on it. In his review of the movie in the Catholic publication "America", Jesuit priest John O'Malley used the terms "devout fiction" and "well-intentioned fraud" to refer to the writings of Clemens Brentano.

paragraph: In 2007 German director Dominik Graf made the movie "The Pledge" as a dramatization of the encounters between Anne Catherine (portrayed by actress ) and Clemens Brentano, based on a novel by Kai Meyer.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexandrina Maria da Costa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Valtorta

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marthe Robin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Domenica Lazzeri

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie Rose Ferron

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:English editions of Emmerich's visions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emmerich, Anna Catherine. "The Nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ," Burns & Oates, 1899.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emmerich, Anna Catherine. "The Lowly Life and Bitter Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ and His Blessed Mother," Sentinel, 1915 [third volume only].

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emmerich, Anna Catherine. "The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ". Charlotte, NC: Tan Books, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emmerich, Anna Catherine. "The Life of the Blessed Virgin Mary: From the Visions of Anna Catherine Emmerich": Charlotte, NC: Tan Books, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emmerich, Anna Catherine. "Life of Jesus Christ and Biblical Revelations". Charlotte, NC: TAN Books, 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emmerich, Anna Catherine. "The Bitter Passion and the Life of Mary: From the Visions of Anna Catherine Emmerich: As Recorded in the Journals of Clemens Brentano". Fresno, California: Academy Library Guild, 1954.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Corcoran, Rev. Mgr. ""Anne Katherina Emmerich,"" The American Catholic Quarterly Review, Vol. X, 1885.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederickson, Paula. ed. "On the Passion of the Christ." Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kathleen Corley and Robert Webb. ed. "Jesus and Mel Gibson's Passion of the Christ. The Film, the Gospel and the Claims of History." London: Continuum, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ram, Helen. "The Life of Anne Catharine Emmerich," Burns and Oates, 1874.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schmoger, Karl. "Life of Anna Katherina Emmerich". Rockford, Illinois: Tan Books and Publications, 1974. (set); (volume 1); (volume 2)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wegener, Thomas. "Life of Sister Anna Katherina Emmerich": New York: Benziger Brothers: 1898.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hartmann S.J., Hubert, "the Case of Sister Anne Catherine Emmerich", "Fortnightly Review", Vol.XXIX, No.12, St. Louis, Missouri, 1922

alias:
Catherine Emmerich
Blessed Anne Catherine Emmerich

description: German beatified nun

wikidata_label: Anne Catherine Emmerich

wikipedia_title: Anne Catherine Emmerich


text:
Guildford
Wareham
Weymouth
Salisbury
Sir Francis Baring, 1st Baronet
Eton College
Christ Church, Oxford

categories: People educated at Eton College,1795 births,Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,1853 deaths

paragraph: Charles Baring Wall

paragraph: Charles Baring Wall (1795-14 October 1853) was at various stages throughout the 19th century the Member of Parliament for Guildford, Wareham, Weymouth and Salisbury. He belonged to the Peelite faction and died while MP for Salisbury.

paragraph: He was the son of Charles Wall and Harriet Baring. His maternal grandfather was Sir Francis Baring, 1st Baronet. He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford.

description: politician

wikidata_label: Charles Baring Wall

wikipedia_title: Charles Baring Wall


text:
Savona
Italy
Italian
lutenist
theorbist
recording artist
Liguria
Jakob Lindberg
Royal College of Music
pipa
Jiao Xiangwen
Sandro Boccardi
Nigel Rogers
Ottavio Dantone
Flavio Colusso
Flavio Emilio Scogna
Basso continuo
Europe
Asia
South America
Francesco Spinacino
Franciscus Bossinensis
Joachim van den Hove
Robert de Visée
Gabriele Fallamero
Roman Turovsky-Savchuk
Roman Turovsky-Savchuk
Francesco Spinacino
Franciscus Bossinensis
Rubens
Vihuela
Robert de Visee
Joachim van den Hove
Lute
Theorbo
Vihuela
Basso continuo

categories: Italian lutenists,People from Savona,Living people

paragraph: Massimo Marchese

paragraph: Massimo Marchese (born in Savona, Italy) is an Italian musician, lutenist, theorbist and recording artist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Savona in the Italian region of Liguria, Marchese was a student of Jakob Lindberg at the Royal College of Music in London.

paragraph: Section::::Collaborations.

paragraph: He collaborated with the pipa player Jiao Xiangwen and the poet Sandro Boccardi

paragraph: He accompanied Nigel Rogers, Ottavio Dantone, Flavio Colusso, Flavio Emilio Scogna, and many ensemble as a Basso continuo musician.

paragraph: He played in Europe, Asia and South America.

paragraph: His recordings include the works of Francesco Spinacino , Franciscus Bossinensis, Joachim van den Hove , Robert de Visée, Gabriele Fallamero, and Roman Turovsky-Savchuk.

paragraph: Section::::Partial discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Turovsky-Savchuk - "Dialogues with Time" (daVinci Edition C00028, 2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francesco Spinacino - "Intavolatura di Leuto, Libri I e II" (Tactus, 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franciscus Bossinensis - "Petrarca ed il cantare a Leuro" (Tactus, 2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The journeys of Rubens - Music from the courts of Europe" (Centaur Records 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Virtuoso Vihuela music from Spain and Italy" (Centaur records, 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert de Visee "La musique de la chambre du Roi" voll I, II and III (Brilliant Classics 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joachim van den Hove - "Florida" (Brilliant Classics 2015)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lute

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theorbo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vihuela

paragraph: BULLET::::- Basso continuo

description: Italian lutenist

wikidata_label: Massimo Marchese

wikipedia_title: Massimo Marchese


text:
performance artist
Oakland,
California
The Broad
Los Angeles
John Currin's
The Huffington Post
Juana María Rodriguez
ecdysis
cockroach
community organizer
immigrant rights
anti-rape
prison abolitionist
Incite!
Eli Broad
De Young Museum
Maccarone Inc
The Stud (bar)
Asian Art Museum,
Bogotá, Colombia
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Joe's Pub
NYC
Yerba Buena Center for the Arts
Franklin Furnace
Juana María Rodríguez
University of California, Berkeley
U.S./ Mexican border
Tapatio
Mexican cuisine
Chicana/o
Asco
Artforum
Art Practical
Hyperallergic
The Huffington Post
San Francisco Bay Guardian
New York Times
Artforum

categories: Queer artists,Chicana feminists,Living people,LGBT artists from the United States,Performance art in California,Sex-positive feminism,1979 births,LGBT Hispanic and Latino American people,American performance artists,Feminist artists

paragraph: Xandra Ibarra

paragraph: Xandra Ibarra (born July 9), who sometimes works under the alias of "La Chica Boom", is a performance artist from the US/Mexico border of El Paso/Juarez now based in Oakland, California. Ibarra works across video, sculpture and performance to explore abjection and joy and the borders between proper and improper racial, gender, and queer subject.

paragraph: Section::::Art and Performance.

paragraph: Section::::Art and Performance.:Spictacles.

paragraph: Ibarra performed "spictacles" under the moniker of La Chica Boom from 2002 - 2012. Spictacles, a term coined by Ibarra, "mixed and repurpose traditional Mexican

paragraph: iconography alongside racist tropes within the erotic and sensual vocabulary of burlesque. One example of such a performance is "La Tortillera," exhibited in 2004. "The performance consists of Ibarra in "traditional" colorful Mexican tortillera garb. Although she singles out the Mexican housewife, this is also the attire that high end or "authentic" Mexican restaurants require of women who stand in panoptical view of their costumers, assuring the tortilla's faux homemade authenticity. As the performance progresses, Ibarra sheds more and more items of clothing, in the tradition of burlesque, until she dons nothing but her pasties and a Tapatío bottle attached to a strap-on, which she then uses to cum on the tortilla before consuming it."

paragraph: Section::::Art and Performance.:Nude Laughing.

paragraph: Xandra Ibarra performed "Nude Laughing" at The Broad Museum in Los Angeles in 2016, where she walks nude while laughing throughout the museum, dragging a nylon sac with paradigmatic "white lady accoutrements" . Through this performance, Ibarra uses nudity and the sonic quality of laughter to explore the "vexed relation racialized subjects have to not only one's own skin, but also one's own entanglements and knots (skeins) with whiteness and white womanhood." The piece is inspired from John Currin's 1998 painting titled "Laughing Nude," which features a nude white woman with her face caught in the middle of maniacal laughter that blurs the erotic with the grotesque. In an email to The Huffington Post, Ibarra explains, "I want to capture what I can of these white nudes in my brown figure and skin and enact a union between sound and gesture that can't be captured within a painting." She aims to bring the nudes to life in what she describes as the "wrong" body, enhancing the grotesque, tactile, and expressive dimensions of how she imagines white womanhood.

paragraph: Section::::Art and Performance.:Untitled Fucking (A Collaboration).

paragraph: The 2013 video, "Untitled Fucking," is a collaborative performance work by artists Xandra Ibarra and Amber Hawk Swanson that stages a queer intercourse between sex acts and speech acts. Performance studies scholar Juana María Rodriguez examines the video to argue that "feminism also needs to be about imagining a sexual politics that does not require the abandonment of fun and pleasure." She goes on to state that "It is precisely because our sexual realities are so often steeped in abjection and violence that insisting on depictions of sex that represent the viscous substances of our lives becomes so urgent."

paragraph: Section::::Art and Performance.:Spic Ecdysis.

paragraph: In her photo essay/series Spic Ecdysis (2014) published and featured on the cover of Women and Performance Journal, Ibarra aligns herself with the figure of the cockroach and "dwells within the limits given—showing the false promise of sheer transformation." The term ecdysis means to shed, molt, it comes from Ancient Greek: ἐκδύω (ekduo), "to take off, strip off." She captures the symbolic process of shedding the skin of a cockroach by laying next to costumes of her former persona La Chica Boom.

paragraph: Section::::Activism.

paragraph: Ibarra is a community organizer, working within immigrant rights, anti-rape, and prison abolitionist movements. Since 2003, she has actively participated in organizing with Incite!, a national feminist of color organization dedicated to creating interventions at the intersection of interpersonal and state violence.

paragraph: Section::::Significance.

paragraph: Section::::Significance.:Venues and Exhibits.

paragraph: Xandra Ibarra's performance work has been featured internationally in a wide range of venues, including, the Eli Broad Museum, the De Young Museum, Anderson Collection, Maccarone Inc Art Gallery, The Stud (bar), Asian Art Museum, El Museo de Arte Contemporañeo (Bogotá, Colombia), Popa Gallery (Buenos Aires, Argentina), Joe's Pub, PPOW Gallery (NYC), and Yerba Buena Center for the Arts

paragraph: Section::::Significance.:Grants and Awards.

paragraph: Among her numerous awards are the Queer Art Prize for Recent Work (this award made possible through Queer|Art’s ongoing partnership with HBO), Art Matters Grant, National Association of Latino Arts and Culture Award, the Fund for the Arts, ReGen Artist Fund and the Franklin Furnace Performance and Variable Media Award.

paragraph: Section::::Significance.:Features in Academic Publications.

paragraph: Ibarra has attracted the attention of various scholars of performance, gender, and race. Juana María Rodríguez, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley writes about Xandra Ibarra's performance and the erotics of the U.S./ Mexican border in her book "Sexual Futures, Queer Gestures and Other Latina Longings" and in her essay "Viscous Pleasures and Unruly Feminisms" in GLQ. Amber Jamilla Musser’s "Sexual Excess: Queer Femininity and Brown Jouissance" includes a chapter about Ibarra's collaboration with performance artist Amber Hawk Swanson, “Untitled Fucking” (2013). Leticia Alvarado's Abject Performances: Aesthetic Strategies in Latino Cultural Production features Ibarra's performance work "Skins/Less Here" (2015) on the cover and within the book. Ivan Ramos, a Professor at the University of Maryland writes about La Chica Boom's performances ' Tortillera" and "Untitled Fucking."" Ramos discusses Ibarra's incorporation of the symbolic Tapatio bottle across many of her performances and discusses how this calls attention to the history of denigration of Mexicans, carried out through the harsh criticisms of the spiciness of Mexican cuisine. Ramos writes about the ways La Chica Boom appropriates and plays with the stereotypes of Mexicans as unsanitary, obnoxiously flavorful, and over sexualized, in order to dismantle them. The author connects Ibarra to the Chicana/o art collective founded in the 1960s, Asco.

paragraph: Section::::Significance.:Press.

paragraph: Xandra Ibarra has been featured in many newspapers and magazines, most notably, Artforum, Art Practical, Hyperallergic, The Huffington Post, San Francisco Bay Guardian and New York Times. Artforum recognized Ibarra's performance "Nude Laughing" as best in performance in 2016.

wikidata_label: Xandra Ibarra

wikipedia_title: Xandra Ibarra


text:
KG
knight
landowner
House of Commons
Speaker
Admiral
peer
Hundred Years' War
Battle of Agincourt
Council of Constance
admiral of the fleet
Henry V
Protector Gloucester
conference at Arras
House of Lords
Baron Hungerford
Treasurer of England
Thomas Hungerford
Farleigh Castle
Parliament of England
Speaker of the House of Commons
Lancastrian
John of Gaunt
Member of Parliament
Wiltshire
Member of Parliament
Somerset
Speaker of the House of Commons
Sheriff of Wiltshire
Sheriff of Somerset and Dorset
Marlborough
Council of Constance
Battle of Agincourt
Charles, Duke of Orléans
Archbishop of Cologne
Admiral of the Fleet
John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford
Siege of Rouen
Steward of the King's Household
Le Hommet
Knight of the Garter
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester
Lord Protector
Steward of the Household
writ
Baron Hungerford
Treasurer of England
Great Seal
conference at Arras
Sampford Peverell
Thomas Courtenay
Wootton Courtenay
heir apparent
prisoner of war
retinue
John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford
Robert Hungerford, 2nd Baron Hungerford
Battle of Verneuil
Down Ampney
Windrush, Oxfordshire
Black Bourton
Cadenham
Philip Courtenay
Powderham
marriage portion
manor of Molland
chest tomb
Peter Courtenay
Bishop of Exeter
Bishop of Winchester
Bishop's Palace, Exeter
Sir John Berkeley
Beverstone Castle
John FitzAlan, 13th Earl of Arundel
Salisbury Cathedral
James Wyatt
William Hamilton Rogers
Heytesbury
Chippenham
Salisbury Cathedral
Bath Cathedral
Royal Chapel
Palace of Westminster
almshouse
Heytesbury
John of Gaunt
advowson
Rushall
canons
Longleat Priory
p. 154
p. 291
Hoare, Sir Richard Colt, 2nd Baronet

categories: Hungerford family,1449 deaths,High Sheriffs of Somerset,Knights of the Garter,15th-century English MPs,English admirals,1378 births,14th-century English MPs,High Sheriffs of Dorset,Lord High Treasurers of England,High Sheriffs of Wiltshire

paragraph: Walter Hungerford, 1st Baron Hungerford

paragraph: Walter Hungerford, 1st Baron Hungerford KG (1378–9 August 1449) was an English knight and landowner, from 1400 to 1414 Member of the House of Commons, of which he became Speaker, then was an Admiral and peer.

paragraph: He won renown in the Hundred Years' War, fighting in many engagements, including the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. He was an English envoy at the Council of Constance in 1415. In 1417 he was made admiral of the fleet. On the death of Henry V he was an executor of Henry's will and a member of Protector Gloucester's council. He attended the conference at Arras in 1435, and was a Member of the House of Lords sitting as Baron Hungerford from January 1436 until his death in 1449. For some years he was Treasurer of England.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: He was the only surviving son and heir of Sir Thomas Hungerford (died 1398) of Farleigh Castle in Wiltshire, the first person to be recorded in the rolls of the Parliament of England as holding the office of Speaker of the House of Commons. His mother was his father's second wife, Joan Hussey (died 1412), daughter and heiress of Sir Edmund Hussey of Holbrook.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: His father had been strongly attached to the Lancastrian cause at the close of the reign of King Richard II (1377–1399), having been steward in the household of John of Gaunt. On the accession of King Henry IV in 1399, Walter was knighted and was granted an annuity of £40 out of the lands of Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk. He served as Member of Parliament for Wiltshire in October 1400, in 1404, 1407, 1413, and in January 1413–14, and served as Member of Parliament for Somerset in 1409. He served as Speaker of the House of Commons from 29 January 1413/14, the last parliament in which he served as an MP.

paragraph: He was appointed Sheriff of Wiltshire for 1405, during which term he pronounced his own selection as MP for Wiltshire, and as Sheriff of Somerset and Dorset for 1414.

paragraph: Hungerford won renown as a warrior. In 1401 he was with the English army in France, and is said to have defeated the French king in a duel outside Calais. He distinguished himself in battle and tournament, and received substantial rewards. In consideration of his services he was granted in 1403 one hundred marks per annum, payable by the town and castle of Marlborough in Wiltshire, and was appointed Sheriff of Wiltshire. On 22 July 1414 he was nominated ambassador to treat for a league with Sigismund, King of the Romans, and as the English envoy attended the Council of Constance in 1414-15.

paragraph: In the autumn of 1415, with twenty men-at-arms and sixty horse archers, Hungerford accompanied King Henry V to France. He can probably be identified correctly as the officer who on the eve of the Battle of Agincourt expressed regret that the English had not ten thousand archers, which drew a famous rebuke from the king. In Shakespeare's "Henry V," however, this officer is the Earl of Westmoreland. He fought bravely at the Battle of Agincourt, but the legend that he took Charles, Duke of Orléans prisoner is not substantiated. He was employed in May 1416 in diplomatic negotiations with ambassadors of Theodoric, Archbishop of Cologne and in November 1417 with envoys from France.

paragraph: In 1417 he was made Admiral of the Fleet under John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, and in 1418 was with King Henry V at the Siege of Rouen. In November 1418 he was designated Steward of the King's Household, and was granted the barony of Hommet in Normandy (today Le Hommet). He took part in the peace negotiations of 1419 and on 3 May 1421 was installed as a Knight of the Garter.

paragraph: Hungerford was an executor of the will of King Henry V, and in 1422 became a member of the council of the Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, the Lord Protector. In 1424 he was made Steward of the Household of the infant King Henry VI, and on 7 January 1425/6 was summoned by writ to Parliament as Baron Hungerford. The summons was continued to him until his death. Hungerford became Treasurer of England in succession to Bishop Stafford, when Bishop Beaufort's resignation of the Great Seal in March 1426-7 placed Gloucester in supreme power. He acted as Carver at Henry VI's coronation in Paris in December 1430, but on the change of ministry which followed Henry VI's return from France in February 1431-2, he ceased to be Treasurer. He attended the conference at Arras in 1435.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and progeny.

paragraph: Hungerford married twice:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Firstly to Catherine (or Eleanor) Peverell, daughter of Sir Thomas Peverell, MP, of Parke and Hamatethy, Cornwall (a cadet branch of Peverell of Sampford Peverell in Devon) by his wife Margaret Courtenay (1355–1422) one of the two daughters and eventual sole heiresses of Sir Thomas Courtenay (died 1356) of Wootton Courtenay in Somerset and of Woodhuish, Devon, by whom he had three sons and at least one daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walter Hungerford, eldest son and heir apparent, who was made a prisoner of war in France in 1425, was ransomed by his father for three thousand marks, was in the retinue of John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford in France in 1435, and predeceased his father without issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Hungerford, 2nd Baron Hungerford, eldest surviving son and heir.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edmund Hungerford, who was knighted by Henry VI after the Battle of Verneuil on Whit-Sunday 1426, and married Margaret Burnell, daughter and co-heiress of Edward Burnell, by whom he had two sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Hungerford, ancestor of the Hungerfords of Down Ampney in Gloucestershire, of the Hungerfords of Windrush, Oxfordshire and of the Hungerfords of Black Bourton, Oxfordshire.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Hungerford, ancestor of the Hungerfords of Cadenham, Wiltshire.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Hungerford (died 14 December 1476), who married Sir Philip Courtenay (1404–1463) of Powderham, Devon. On her marriage she took to her husband as her marriage portion the manor of Molland in North Devon, which she gave to her second son Sir Philip Courtenay of Molland (died 1488), who founded a junior branch of the Courtenay family there. A fragment of an ancient chest tomb in Molland Church displays heraldic motifs of two interlaced Hungerford sickles and a dolphin of Courtenay of Powderham. Her third son was Peter Courtenay (c.1432–1492) Bishop of Exeter and Bishop of Winchester, whose splendid surviving mantlepiece in the Bishop's Palace, Exeter displays much heraldry including Hungerford sickles and Peverell garbs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secondly he married Eleanor Berkeley (died 1 August 1455), daughter of Sir John Berkeley of Beverstone Castle, Gloucestershire, (by his second wife, Elizabeth Betteshorne). Eleanor Berkeley was a widow successively of John FitzAlan, 13th Earl of Arundel (died 1421) and of Sir Richard Poynings (died 1429)). Walter Hungerford and Eleanor de Berkeley were without progeny.

paragraph: Section::::Death and burial.

paragraph: Hungerford died on 9 August 1449 and was buried beside his first wife in Salisbury Cathedral, where two beautiful mortuary chapels erected by the Hungerford family stood until removed and destroyed by the restorations of James Wyatt in 1790. William Hamilton Rogers (1877) wrote as follows concerning the monument:

paragraph: Section::::Benefactions.

paragraph: By his marriages and royal grants Hungerford added largely to the family estates. He built chantries at Heytesbury and Chippenham, and made bequests to Salisbury Cathedral and to Bath Cathedral. In 1428 he presented valuable estates to the Royal Chapel in the Palace of Westminster. He founded an almshouse in 1442 at Heytesbury for twelve poor men and one woman, with a schoolmaster's residence; after being re-endowed by Margaret de Botreaux, widow of his son Robert, and then rebuilt in 1769 after a fire, the charity continues today as the Hospital of St John.

paragraph: In his will he left to his daughter-in-law, Margaret de Botreaux (wife of Sir Robert Hungerford, 2nd Baron), his "best legend of the Lives of the Saints" and to John, Viscount Beaumont he bequeathed a cup formerly used by John of Gaunt.

paragraph: In 1407 Hungerford donated the advowson of the church at his manor of Rushall in Wiltshire to the canons of Longleat Priory, who were struggling to support themselves financially.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dugdale's Baronage; Burke's Extinct Peerage;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collinson's Somerset, iii. 354;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hoare's Hungerfordiana, 1823;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maclean's Trigg Minor, i. 358 sq.;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hoare's Mod. Wiltshire, Heytesbury Hundred;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kymer's Fcedera;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stubbs's Const. Hist.;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicolas's Battle of Agincourt, 1832;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monstrelet's Chroniques, ed. Doiiet d'Arcq (Soc. de 1'Hist. de France), 1862, ii. 404, iv. 93, vi. 314;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manning's Lives of the Speakers.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Goddard, Edward Hungerford (editor 1869). "The Wiltshire archæological and natural history magazine, Volumes 11–12", Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, H. Bull. p. 154

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burke, Bernard (1866). "A genealogical history of the dormant, abeyant, forfeited, and extinct peerages of the British empire", Harrison p. 291

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hoare, Sir Richard Colt, 2nd Baronet (d.1838), "Hungerfordiana or, The Memoirs of the Family of Hungerford", 1823

description: English soldier, MP and peer.

wikidata_label: Walter Hungerford, 1st Baron Hungerford

wikipedia_title: Walter Hungerford, 1st Baron Hungerford


text: naturalist

text: philologist

text: Locust Grove

text: Bainbridge, Pennsylvania

text: classical

text: Harrisburg

text: Dickinson College

text: Henry D. Rogers

text: Pennsylvania

text: Dauphin

text: Lancaster

text: Scolithus

text: Franklin Institute

text: Selma, Alabama

text: University of Pennsylvania

text: Delaware College

text: philology

text: Chickies, Pennsylvania

text: Benjamin Silliman

text: American Journal of Science

text: Amerindian

text: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: National Academy of Sciences

text: Lamarckian

text: transmutation of species

text: On the Origin of Species

text: Charles Darwin

text: "Elements of Latin Pronunciation"

text: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: Samuel Stehman Haldeman papers

text: University of Pennsylvania Libraries

text: DEI

text: Samuel Stehman Haldeman Archive

categories: People from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania,Dickinson College alumni,1812 births,Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences,American philologists,Lamarckism,Proto-evolutionary biologists,University of Pennsylvania faculty,American entomologists,1880 deaths,American Roman Catholics,Conchologists,American naturalists

paragraph: Samuel Stehman Haldeman

paragraph: Samuel Stehman Haldeman (August 12, 1812 – September 10, 1880) was a United States naturalist and philologist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born at Locust Grove (the Haldeman mansion), now in Bainbridge, Pennsylvania. He attended a classical school in Harrisburg and then spent two years at Dickinson College, although he did not receive a diploma.

paragraph: For a time he managed a saw mill. In 1836 Henry D. Rogers, having been appointed state geologist of New Jersey, sent for Haldeman, who had been his pupil at Dickinson, to assist him. A year later, on the reorganization of the Pennsylvania geological survey, Haldeman was transferred to his own state, and was actively engaged on the survey until 1842, preparing five annual reports, and personally surveying the counties of Dauphin and Lancaster. In 1840 he began the publication of his monograph on the “Fresh-Water Univalve Mollusca of the United States,” in which he described the "Scolithus linearis", a new genus and species of fossil plant, the most ancient organic remains in Pennsylvania. During the year 1842/3, he gave a course of lectures on zoology at the Franklin Institute. He visited Texas in 1851 to investigate the presidency of an institution there, but declined the position. On his return trip from Texas, he was offered the position of president of Masonic College in Selma, Alabama, which he accepted and held from January to October 1852.

paragraph: In 1852 (apparently listed by some sources as 1851 in error), Haldeman was appointed professor of the natural sciences in the University of Pennsylvania. In 1855 he went to Delaware College, where he filled the same position. While there, he also lectured on geology and chemistry in the state agricultural college of Pennsylvania. In 1869, he returned to the University of Pennsylvania as professor of comparative philology. He remained there until his death, which occurred at Chickies, Pennsylvania.

paragraph: Haldeman made numerous visits to Europe for purposes of research, and when studying the human voice in Rome determined the vocal repertoire of 40-50 varieties of human speech. His ear was remarkably delicate, and he discovered a new organ of sound in lepidopterous insects, which was described by him in Benjamin Silliman's "American Journal of Science" in 1848. He made extensive researches among Amerindian dialects, and also in Pennsylvania Dutch, besides investigations in the English, Chinese, and other languages. Haldeman was an earnest advocate of spelling reform. He was a member of many scientific societies, was the founder and president of the American Philological Association, and one of the early members of the National Academy of Sciences.

paragraph: Raised a Protestant, Haldeman converted to Catholicism, after undertaking a systematic study of religion.

paragraph: Section::::Evolution.

paragraph: Haldeman was a proponent of Lamarckian evolution and transmutation of species. In the third edition of "On the Origin of Species" published in 1861, Charles Darwin added a "Historical Sketch" that acknowledged the ideas of Haldeman.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A monograph of the Limniades and other freshwater univalve shells of North America". Philadelphia, J. Dobson. (1840)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A monograph of the freshwater univalve mollusca of the United States, including notices of species in other parts of North America" (1842)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zoological Contributions" (1842–1843)

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Monographie du genre leptoxis” (in Chenu's "Illustrations conchologiques", Paris, 1847)

paragraph: BULLET::::- “On some Points in Linguistic Ethnology” (in "Proceedings of the American Academy", Boston, 1849)

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Zoölogy of the Invertebrate Animals” (in the "Iconographic Encyclopædia", New York, 1850)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Elements of Latin Pronunciation". (1851)

paragraph: BULLET::::- “On the Relations of the English and Chinese Languages” (in "Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science", 1856)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Analytic Orthography" (1860) In 1858, this essay gained Haldeman the Trevelyan Prize in England over 18 European competitors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tours of a Chess Knight" (1864)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pennsylvania Dutch, a Dialect of South German with an Infusion of English" (1872)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Outlines of Etymology" (1877)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Word-Building" (1881)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. W. Geiser, "Notes on Some Workers in Texas Entomology 1839-1880", Volume 49, Number 4, Southwestern Historical Quarterly Online (accessed 2 June 2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finding aid to the Samuel Stehman Haldeman papers at the University of Pennsylvania Libraries

paragraph: BULLET::::- DEI Entomology

paragraph: BULLET::::- Samuel Stehman Haldeman Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

alias:
Haldeman
S.S. Haldeman

wikidata_label: Samuel Stehman Haldeman

wikipedia_title: Samuel Stehman Haldeman


text:
Greek
wrestler
Magna Graecia
Croton
ancient Greece
Diodorus Siculus
Sybaris
Pierre Puget
Étienne-Maurice Falconet
Rabelais
Gargantua and Pantagruel
Shakespeare
Troilus and Cressida
Alexandre Dumas
Olympic
wrestling
Pythian Games
Delphi
Isthmian Games
Nemean Games
stade
Diodorus Siculus
Pythagoras
Heracles
Pausanias
Pythagoras
Myia
Diogenes Laërtius
Dicaearchus
Diogenes Laërtius
Metapontum
Porphyry
Herodotus
Democedes
Darius
Polycrates
Persia
Susa
tragic
Aristotle
Athenaeus
hubris
Pliny the Elder
Solinus
gizzard stones
Claudius Aelianus
Titormus
Strabo
Pausanias
wolves
Pierre Puget
Étienne-Maurice Falconet
Académie des beaux-arts
Alessandro Vittoria
Holland Park
London
John Graham Lough
Royal Academy
Ralph Hedley
Blagdon Hall
Joseph-Benoît Suvée
James Barry
François Rabelais
Gargantua and Pantagruel
Shakespeare
Troilus and Cressida
Emily Brontë
Wuthering Heights
Catherine Earnshaw
Johann Wyss
Swiss Family Robinson
Alexandre Dumas
Three Musketeers
Milo
Milo
Web Gallery of Art

categories: Ancient Olympic competitors,6th-century BC Greek people,Pythagoreans of Magna Graecia,Year of birth unknown,Ancient Pythian athletes,Ancient Greek wrestlers,Ancient Crotonian athletes,Deaths due to wolf attacks

paragraph: Milo of Croton

paragraph: Milo of Croton (; Greek: Μίλων, "Mílōn"; gen.: Μίλωνος, "Mílōnos") was a 6th-century BC wrestler from the Magna Graecian city of Croton, who enjoyed a brilliant wrestling career and won many victories in the most important athletic festivals of ancient Greece. In addition to his athletic victories, Milo is credited by the ancient commentator Diodorus Siculus with leading his fellow citizens to military triumph over neighboring Sybaris in 510 BC.

paragraph: Milo was also said to have carried a bull on his shoulders, and to have burst a band about his brow by simply inflating the veins of his temples.

paragraph: The date of Milo's death is unknown, but he reportedly was attempting to tear a tree apart when his hands became trapped in a crevice in its trunk, and a pack of wolves surprised and devoured him. Milo has been depicted in works of art by Pierre Puget, Étienne-Maurice Falconet and others. Literary allusions to this story appear in works such as Rabelais's "Gargantua and Pantagruel", Shakespeare's "Troilus and Cressida", and Alexandre Dumas's "".

paragraph: Section::::Athletic career.

paragraph: Milo was a six-time Olympic victor. He won the boys' wrestling (probably in 540 BC), and thereafter five men's wrestling titles between 536 and 520 BCE. He also won seven crowns at the Pythian Games at Delphi (one as a boy), ten at the Isthmian Games, and nine at the Nemean Games. Milo was a five-time "Periodonikēs", a "grand slam" sort of title bestowed on the winner of all four festivals in the same cycle. Milo's career at the highest level of competition must have spanned 24 years.

paragraph: Milo was defeated (or tied) in his attempt at a seventh Olympic title in 516 BCE by a young wrestler from Croton who practiced the technique of "akrocheirismos"—literally, 'highhandedness' or wrestling at arm's length—and by doing so, avoided Milo's crushing embrace. Simple fatigue took its toll on Milo.

paragraph: Milo's hometown had a reputation for producing excellent athletes. In the Olympiad of 576 BC, for example, the first seven finishers in the stade—a sprint—were all men of Croton. After Milo's career, Croton apparently produced no other athletes of renown.

paragraph: Section::::Military experience.

paragraph: About 510 BC, hostilities arose between Croton and nearby Sybaris when Telys, a Sybarite tyrant, banished the 500 wealthiest citizens of Sybaris after seizing their property. When the displaced Sybarites sought refuge at Croton and Telys demanded their return, an opportunity for the Crotoniates to destroy a powerful neighbor presented itself. In an account that appeared five hundred years after the event, Diodorus Siculus wrote that the philosopher Pythagoras, who spent much of his life at Croton, urged the Croton assembly to protect the banished citizens of Sybaris. When the decision to do so was made, the dispute between the two cities was aggravated, each took up arms, and Milo led the charge against Sybaris.

paragraph: According to Diodorus (XII, 9):"One hundred thousand men of Croton were stationed with three hundred thousand Sybarite troops ranged against them. Milo the athlete led them and through his tremendous physical strength first turned the troops lined up against him."

paragraph: Diodorus indicates Milo led the charge against the Sybarites wearing his Olympic crowns, draped in a lionskin and brandishing a club in a manner similar to the mythic hero Heracles (see adjacent image).

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: According to Pausanias he was the son of Diotimus. Ancient commentators mention an association between Milo and the philosopher Pythagoras, who lived at or near Croton for many years. Commentators may have confused the philosopher with an athletic trainer, Pythagoras of Samos, but it is also possible the trainer and the philosopher were the same person.

paragraph: It was said Milo saved Pythagoras's life when a pillar collapsed in a banquet hall and he supported the roof until Pythagoras could reach safety. He may have married Myia, a Pythagorean herself or possibly Pythagoras' daughter. Diogenes Laërtius (VIII, 39) says Pythagoras died in a fire in Milo's house, but Dicaearchus (as cited by Diogenes Laërtius, VIII, 40) says Pythagoras died in the temple of the Muses at Metapontum of self-imposed starvation. Porphyry ("Vita Pythagorae", 55) says Milo's house at Croton was burned and the Pythagoreans within stoned.

paragraph: Herodotus (III, 137-38), who lived some years after Milo's death, says the wrestler accepted a large sum of money from the distinguished physician Democedes for the privilege of marrying Milo's daughter. If Herodotus is indeed correct, then Milo was probably not a member of Croton's nobility for such an arrangement with a wage-earning physician would have been beneath the dignity of a Greek noble. Democedes was a native of Croton and enjoyed a successful career as a physician at Croton, Aegina, Athens, and Samos. He was captured by Darius in the defeat of the Samian tyrant Polycrates and taken to the Persian capital of Susa as a slave. There, he carefully tended both the king and queen and was eventually permitted to revisit Croton, but under guard. He escaped his Persian guards and made his way to Croton, where he married Milo's daughter. The physician sent a message regarding his marriage to Darius, who was an admirer of the wrestler and can only have learned of him through Democedes during his slavery at Susa.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural representations.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural representations.:Place of champions in Greek culture.

paragraph: Like the tragic protagonists of Greek drama, the Greek athlete had a "larger than life" quality. At Olympia, for example, they were set apart from the general population for lengthy training periods and the observation of a complex series of prohibitions that included abstinence from intercourse. Once training was completed and the athletes were brought before their fellow citizens trim, fit, nude and shimmering with oil, they must have appeared semi-divine.

paragraph: The reverential awe in which athletes were held in Greece led to exaggeration in the tales surrounding their lives. In Milo's case, Aristotle ("Ethica Nichomachea", II, 6 = 1106b) began the myth-making process with reports likening Milo unto Heracles in his enormous appetite, and Athenaeus (X, 412e-f) continued the process with the story of Milo carrying a bull—a feat also associated with Heracles. It is Milo's sudden death which makes him most akin to the heroes: there is a hint of hubris in his attempt to rend the tree asunder, and striking contrast between his glorious athletic achievements and his sudden ignoble death.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural representations.:Feats of strength.

paragraph: Anecdotes about Milo's almost superhuman strength and lifestyle abound. His daily diet allegedly consisted of 9 kg (20 lbs) of meat, 9 kg (20 lbs) of bread, and 10 litres (18 pt) of wine. Pliny the Elder (XXXVII, 54 = 144) and Solinus ("De mirabilibus mundi", 77) both attribute Milo's invincibility in competition to the wrestler's consumption of "alectoriae", the gizzard stones of roosters. Legends say he carried his own bronze statue to its place at Olympia, and once carried a four-year-old bull on his shoulders before slaughtering, roasting, and devouring it in one day. He was said to have achieved the feat of lifting the bull by starting in childhood, lifting and carrying a newborn calf and repeating the feat daily as it grew to maturity.

paragraph: One report says the wrestler was able to hold a pomegranate without damaging it while challengers tried to pry his fingers from it, and another report says he could burst a band fastened around his brow by inhaling air and causing the temple veins to swell. He was said to maintain his footing on an oiled discus while others tried to push him from it. These feats have been attributed to misinterpretations of statues depicting Milo with his head bound in victor's ribbons, his hand holding the apple of victory, and his feet positioned on a round disc that would have been fitted into a pedestal or base.

paragraph: When he participated in the Olympics for the seventh time and collided against a fellow, the eighteen year , who admired him as a child and where he also learned many moves, the final, his opponent bowed before they had even started fighting, in a sign of respect. This was the only case in the history of Greece when we remember the name of the man who finished second in a race / competition. For his exploits as a supporter of the Dameas erected a statue in the stadium of Olympia, where he was represented standing on a disc with their feet united.

paragraph: While one report says Milo held his arm outstretched and challengers were unable to bend his fingers, another anecdote recorded by Claudius Aelianus ("Varia historia", XII, 12) disputes Milo's reputation for enormous strength. Apparently, Milo challenged a peasant named Titormus to a trial of strength. Titormus proclaimed he had little strength, but lifted a boulder to his shoulders, carried it several meters and dropped it. Milo was unable to lift it.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural representations.:Death.

paragraph: The

paragraph: Ancient Greeks typically attributed remarkable deaths to famous persons in keeping with their characters. The date of Milo's death is unknown, but according to Strabo (VI, 1, 12) and Pausanias (VI, 14, 8), Milo was walking in a forest when he came upon a tree-trunk split with wedges. In what was probably intended as a display of strength, Milo inserted his hands into the cleft to rend the tree. The wedges fell from the cleft, and the tree closed upon his hands, trapping him. Unable to free himself, the wrestler was devoured by wolves. A modern historian has suggested it is more likely that Milo was traveling alone when attacked by wolves. Unable to escape, he was devoured and his remains found at the foot of a tree.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural representations.:Modern art and literature.

paragraph: Milo's legendary strength and death have become the subjects of modern art and literature. His death was a popular subject in 18th-century art. In many images of this period his killer is portrayed as a lion rather than wolves. In Pierre Puget's sculpture "Milo of Croton" (1682), the work's themes are the loss of strength with age, and the ephemerality of glory as symbolized by an Olympic trophy lying in the dust.

paragraph: Étienne-Maurice Falconet's marble "Milo of Croton" (1754) secured his admission to the Académie des beaux-arts, but was later criticized for lack of nobility. The work clashed with the classical ideal requiring a dying hero to express stoic restraint.

paragraph: Milo was the subject of a bronze by Alessandro Vittoria circa 1590, and another bronze now standing in Holland Park, London by an unknown nineteenth-century artist. A sculpture was made by John Graham Lough and exhibited at the Royal Academy. It was depicted by Ralph Hedley in of the artist in his studio, and a bronze cast of it stands in the grounds of Blagdon Hall, Northumberland.

paragraph: His death is also depicted in paintings. It is the subject of an eighteenth-century oil on canvas by Joseph-Benoît Suvée and a work by the eighteenth-century Irish painter James Barry.

paragraph: In literature, François Rabelais compares Gargantua's strength to that of Milo's in "Gargantua and Pantagruel", and Shakespeare refers anachronistically to "bull-bearing Milo" in Act 2 of "Troilus and Cressida". In Emily Brontë's "Wuthering Heights", character Catherine Earnshaw refers to the circumstances of Milo's demise when she says, "Who is to separate us, pray? They'll meet the fate of Milo!" In Johann Wyss' novel "Swiss Family Robinson", the youngest son Franz is entrusted with a bull buffalo to raise, and from which gains comparison to Milo. Alexandre Dumas has the strongest of the Three Musketeers, Porthos, mention "Milo of Crotona" saying that he had replicated a list of his feats of strength - all except breaking a cord tied around the head, whereupon d'Artagnan tells Porthos that it is because his strength is not in his head (a joke about Porthos being a bit dim-witted).

paragraph: The chocolate and malt powder drink base, Milo, developed by Thomas Mayne in Australia in 1934 is named after Milo of Croton. "Milo", a magazine covering strength sports that was published from 1993 to 2018, is also named after him.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Web Gallery of Art Depictions of Milo of Croton by Vittoria, Puget, Falconet, and Suvée

description: Ancient Crotonian Olympic competitor

wikidata_label: Milo of Croton

wikipedia_title: Milo of Croton


text:
World War II
flying ace
United States Army Air Forces
Fifteenth Air Force
Mayfield, Kentucky
North Africa
Italian campaigns
325th Fighter Group
Distinguished Service Cross
Purple Heart
Air Medal
Silver Star
Distinguished Flying Cross
Torrance, California

categories: Aviators from Kentucky,2006 deaths,1920 births,Recipients of the Air Medal,American World War II flying aces,Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States),Recipients of the Silver Star,Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)

paragraph: Herschel Green

paragraph: Herschel Harper "Herky" Green (July 3, 1920 – August 16, 2006) was a World War II flying ace in the United States Army Air Forces. Green was the leading ace of the Fifteenth Air Force, shooting down 18 enemy aircraft and destroying 10 more on the ground.

paragraph: Green was born in Mayfield, Kentucky.

paragraph: Section::::325th Fighter Group.

paragraph: Green flew in 1943 and 1944 in the North Africa and Italian campaigns with the 325th Fighter Group. By the end of 1944, he had flown 100 missions and received the Distinguished Service Cross, Purple Heart, Air Medal with 25 Oak Leaf Clusters, Silver Star, and two Distinguished Flying Crosses.

paragraph: Section::::Memoir.

paragraph: He published his memoir "Herky!: the Memoirs of a Checkertail Ace" in 1996. The "Checkertail" refers to the group's recognition markings. The tail of each aircraft was painted yellow with black squares. He died in Torrance, California, aged 86.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Green, Herschel H. "Herky! The Memoirs of a Checkertail Ace". Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 1996 (republished in 2000). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- McDowell, Ernest R. "Checkertails: The 325th Fighter Group in the Second World War". Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 1994. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- McDowell, Ernest R. and William N. Hess. "Checkertail Clan: The 325th Fighter Group in North Africa and Italy". Fallbrook, California: Aero Publishers, Inc., 1969.

description: Recipient of the Purple Heart medal

wikidata_label: Herschel Green

wikipedia_title: Herschel Green