text: Hugh Despenser the Younger

text: Edward I of England

text: Elizabeth de Clare

text: Margaret de Clare

text: Caerphilly Castle

text: Glamorgan

text: Wales

text: Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford

text: Earl of Gloucester

text: Lord of Glamorgan

text: Joan of Acre

text: Elizabeth de Clare

text: Roger d'Amory

text: Margaret de Clare

text: Hugh Audley

text: feudal barony of Gloucester

text: Battle of Bannockburn

text: Caerphilly Castle

text: Coity Castle

text: Westminster

text: Hugh le Despenser the Younger

text: Hugh le Despenser, Earl of Winchester

text: Isabella de Beauchamp

text: Lord of Glamorgan

text: dowry

text: Edward II of England

text: Isabella of France

text: Roger Mortimer

text: Hugh le Despencer, Baron le Despencer

text: Gilbert le Despenser

text: Edward le Despenser

text: Vannes

text: Knight of the Garter

text: John le Despenser

text: Isabel le Despenser

text: Richard Fitzalan, 10th Earl of Arundel

text: Eleanor le Despenser

text: Sempringham Priory

text: Joan le Despenser

text: Shaftesbury Abbey

text: Margaret le Despenser

text: Whatton Priory

text: Elizabeth le Despenser

text: Maurice de Berkeley, 4th Baron Berkeley

text: Tower of London

text: Hugh le Despencer, Baron le Despencer

text: Hanley Castle

text: Caerphilly Castle

text: Edward III

text: Devizes Castle

text: Edward III

text: Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March

text: Edward III

text: Glastonbury Abbey

text: John de Botetourt, 2nd Lord Botetourt

text: Tewkesbury Abbey

text: Last Judgment

text: Les Rois maudits

text: historical novel

text: Maurice Druon

text: French miniseries adaptation

text: Susan Higginbotham

text: Mary Anne Everett Green

text: Roy Martin Haines

categories: 1292 births,De Clare family,Le Despenser family,13th-century English people,14th-century English women,14th-century English people,13th-century English women,1337 deaths,Daughters of British earls

paragraph: Eleanor de Clare

paragraph: Eleanor de Clare, suo jure 6th Lady of Glamorgan (3 October 1292-30 June 1337) was a powerful English noblewoman who married Hugh Despenser the Younger and was a granddaughter of Edward I of England. With her sisters, Elizabeth de Clare and Margaret de Clare, she inherited her father's estates after the death of her brother, Gilbert de Clare, 8th Earl of Gloucester, 7th Earl of Hereford at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. She was born in 1292 at Caerphilly Castle in Glamorgan, Wales and was the eldest daughter of Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, 7th Earl of Gloucester, 5th Lord of Glamorgan and Princess Joan of Acre.

paragraph: Section::::De Clare inheritance.

paragraph: As a co-heiress with her sisters Elizabeth de Clare (wife of Roger d'Amory), and Margaret de Clare (wife of Hugh Audley), in 1314 she inherited the de Clare estates including the huge feudal barony of Gloucester, following the death of her brother, Gilbert de Clare, 4th Earl of Gloucester at the Battle of Bannockburn. The partition was not fully settled until 1317. During this period the family seat of Caerphilly Castle was held by the king under the stewardship of Payn de Turberville of Coity Castle. In protest against Turberville's mistreatment, the Welsh nobleman Llywelyn Bren and his supporters launched a surprise attack on 28 January 1316, and besieged Caerphilly Castle, which successfully held out under the command of "The lady of Clare" (almost certainly Eleanor) and a small garrison until relieved by Sir William Montacute on 12 March 1316.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage to Hugh Despenser the younger.

paragraph: In May 1306 at Westminster, Eleanor married Hugh le Despenser the Younger, the son of Hugh le Despenser, Earl of Winchester by his wife Isabella de Beauchamp, daughter of William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick. Despenser thereby became Lord of Glamorgan. Her grandfather, King Edward I, granted Eleanor a dowry of 2,000 pounds sterling. Eleanor's husband rose to prominence as the new favourite of her uncle, King Edward II of England. The king strongly favoured Hugh and Eleanor, visiting them often and granting them many gifts. Eleanor's fortunes changed drastically after the invasion of Isabella of France and Roger Mortimer, following which her husband Hugh le Despenser was executed.

paragraph: By Despencer Eleanor had nine children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Hugh le Despencer, Baron le Despencer (1308–1349), eldest son and heir.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Gilbert le Despenser, (1309–1381).

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Edward le Despenser, (1310–1342), soldier, killed at the siege of Vannes; father of Edward le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer, Knight of the Garter

paragraph: BULLET::::4. John le Despenser, (1311 - June 1366).

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Isabel le Despenser (1312–1356), wife of Richard Fitzalan, 10th Earl of Arundel

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Eleanor le Despenser, (c. 1315 – 1351), a nun at Sempringham Priory

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Joan le Despenser, (c. 1317 – 1384), a nun at Shaftesbury Abbey

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Margaret le Despenser, (c. 1319 – 1337), a nun at Whatton Priory

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Elizabeth le Despenser (1325- 13 July 1389), wife of Maurice de Berkeley, 4th Baron Berkeley.

paragraph: Section::::Imprisonment.

paragraph: In November 1326, Eleanor was confined to the Tower of London. The Despenser family's fortunes also suffered with the executions of Eleanor's husband and father-in-law. Eleanor and Hugh's eldest son Hugh le Despencer, Baron le Despencer (1308–1349), who held Caerphilly Castle against the queen's forces until the spring of 1327, was spared his life when he surrendered the castle, but he remained a prisoner until July 1331, after which he was eventually restored to royal favour. Three of Eleanor's daughters were forcibly veiled as nuns. Only the eldest daughter, Isabel, and the youngest daughter, Elizabeth, escaped the nunnery, Isabel because she was already married and Elizabeth on account of her infancy. In February 1328 Eleanor was freed from imprisonment. In April 1328, she was restored to possession of her own lands, for which she did homage.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage to William de la Zouche.

paragraph: In January 1329 Eleanor was abducted from Hanley Castle by William la Zouche, 1st Baron Zouche of Mortimer, who had been one of her first husband's captors and who had led the siege of Caerphilly Castle. The abduction may in fact have been an elopement; in any case, Eleanor's lands were seized by King Edward III, and the couple's arrest was ordered. At the same time, Eleanor was accused of stealing jewels from the Tower of London. Sometime after February 1329, she was imprisoned a second time in the Tower, and was later moved to Devizes Castle. In January 1330 she was released and pardoned after agreeing to sign away the most valuable part of her share of the lucrative Clare inheritance to the crown. She could recover her lands only on payment of the enormous sum of 50,000 pounds in a single day.

paragraph: Within the year, however, the young future King Edward III (Eleanor's first cousin) overthrew Queen Isabella's paramour, Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, and had him executed. Eleanor was among those who benefited from the fall of Mortimer and Isabella. She petitioned Edward III for the restoration of her lands, claiming that she had signed them away after being threatened by Roger Mortimer that she would never be freed if she did not. In 1331 Edward III granted her petition "to ease the king's conscience" and allowed her to recover the lands on the condition that she should pay a fine of 10,000 pounds, later reduced to 5,000 pounds, in instalments. Eleanor made part-payments of the fine, but the bulk of it was outstanding at her death.

paragraph: Eleanor's troubles were by no means over, however. After Eleanor's marriage to Zouche, John de Grey, 1st Baron Grey de Rotherfield claimed that he had married her first. In 1333 Grey was still attempting to claim marriage to Eleanor; the case was appealed to the Pope several times. Ultimately, Zouche won the dispute and Eleanor remained with him until his death in February 1337, only a few months before Eleanor's own death. By Zouche Eleanor had children as follows:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. William de la Zouche, born 1330, died after 1360, a monk at Glastonbury Abbey.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Joyce Zouche, born 1331, died after 4 May 1372, married John de Botetourt, 2nd Lord Botetourt.

paragraph: Section::::Tewkesbury Abbey Renovations.

paragraph: Hugh le Despenser the younger and Eleanor are generally credited with having begun the renovations to Tewkesbury Abbey, a foundation of her ancestors, which transformed it into one of the finest examples of the decorated style of architecture surviving today. The famous fourteenth-century stained-glass windows in the choir, which include the armour-clad figures of Eleanor's ancestors, brother and two husbands, were most likely Eleanor's own contribution, although she probably did not live to see them put in place. The naked kneeling woman watching the Last Judgment in the choir's east window may represent Eleanor.

paragraph: Section::::Fictional portrayals.

paragraph: Eleanor is a supporting character in "Les Rois maudits" ("The Accursed Kings"), a series of French historical novels by Maurice Druon. She was portrayed by Florence Dunoyer in the 1972 French miniseries adaptation of the series, and by Angèle Humeau in the 2005 adaptation.

paragraph: Eleanor features in the 1975/1976 two-part novel, "Feudal Family: The De Clares of Gloucester", by Edith Beadle Brouwer. She is the heroine of Susan Higginbotham's 2005 historical novel "The Traitor's Wife: A Novel of the Reign of Edward II".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- Altschul, Michael, "A Baronial Family in Medieval England: The Clares"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Anne Everett Green, "Lives of the Princesses of England"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roy Martin Haines, "King Edward II"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard K. Morris and Ron Shoesmith, "Tewkesbury Abbey: History, Art, and Architecture"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pugh, T. B., ed., vol. 3, "Glamorgan County History"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rees, William, "Caerphilly Castle and Its Place in the Annals of Glamorgan"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Underhill, Frances. "For Her Good Estate: The Life of Elizabeth de Burgh"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Calendar of Close Rolls"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Calendar of Fine Rolls"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers Relating to Great Britain and Ireland"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Calendar of Patent Rolls"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Parliament Rolls of Medieval England" (CD-ROM version), ed. by C. Given-Wilson, et al.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A genealogical survey of the peerage of Britain as well as the royal families of Europe"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700" by Frederick Lewis Weis, Lines: 8-30, 8-31, 39-32, 74-32

description: powerful English (Welsh) noblewoman who married Hugh Despenser the Younger and was a granddaughter of Edward I of England

wikidata_label: Eleanor de Clare

wikipedia_title: Eleanor de Clare


text: Regency era

text: Clown

text: harlequinade

text: pantomime

text: Theatre Royal, Drury Lane

text: Sadler's Wells

text: Covent Garden

text: whiteface

text: Robinson Crusoe

text: Thomas John Dibdin

text: Mother Goose

text: Joseph Samuel

text: Islington

text: Clare Market

text: Westminster

text: Pantaloon

text: John Rich

text: Harlequin

text: Bastille

text: King's Theatre

text: David Garrick

text: pantomime

text: Theatre Royal, Drury Lane

text: ballet master

text: Holborn

text: slum

text: High Holborn

text: harlequinade

text: Sadler's Wells Theatre

text: Richard Brinsley Sheridan

text: Boxing Day

text: Putney

text: dropsy

text: shilling

text: St. Giles

text: John Philip Kemble

text: Clown

text: strongman

text: Haymarket Theatre

text: Cymon

text: tenor

text: Michael Kelly

text: Thomas John Dibdin

text: Pierrot

text: Robinson Crusoe

text: Pentonville

text: A Trip to Scarborough

text: Rule a Wife and Have a Wife

text: low comedians

text: Drury Lane Theatrical Fund

text: Sadler's Wells

text: Charles Dibdin

text: Robert Paltock

text: Richard Cumberland

text: Hamlet

text: Punch

text: Harlequin

text: Theatre Royal, Covent Garden

text: Exeter

text: Rochester, Kent

text: Jack Bologna

text: Morning Chronicle

text: Joseph Samuel

text: Susanna Centlivre

text: A Bold Stroke for a Wife

text: Napoleonic Wars

text: John Tobin

text: James D'Egville

text: Thomas Harris

text: Charles Farley

text: Finchley

text: Astley's Theatre

text: Dublin

text: benefit concert

text: Mother Goose

text: Mrs Jordan

text: protest violently

text: Scaramouche

text: Birmingham

text: bankruptcy

text: Cheltenham

text: Gloucester

text: Lord Byron

text: Man Friday

text: Exmouth Market

text: Islington

text: guineas

text: debtors' prison

text: Daniel Egerton

text: gastric

text: spasm

text: rheumatoid

text: understudy

text: Coburg Theatre

text: The Times

text: mime artist

text: William Payne

text: Payne Brothers

text: Richard Brinsley Peake

text: namesake

text: dramaturge

text: English Opera House

text: Woolwich

text: Joseph Grimaldi Park

text: Charles Dickens

text: Richard Bentley

text: Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi

text: Bentley's Miscellany

text: James Planché

text: Victoria and Albert Museum

text: Simon Callow

text: Richard Findlater

text: Holy Trinity Church

text: Hackney

text: Joseph Grimaldi

text: Grimaldi Blue Plaque

text: Joseph Grimaldi Satirical Drawings

text: Joseph Grimaldi

categories: Male actors from London,1778 births,English male stage actors,1837 deaths,19th-century English male actors,English people of Italian descent,19th-century British dancers,English male dancers,People from Westminster,Pantomime dames,English clowns,Singers from London

paragraph: Joseph Grimaldi

paragraph: Joseph Grimaldi (18 December 1778 – 31 May 1837) was an English actor, comedian and dancer, who became the most popular English entertainer of the Regency era. In the early 1800s, he expanded the role of Clown in the harlequinade that formed part of British pantomimes, notably at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane and the Sadler's Wells and Covent Garden theatres. He became so dominant on the London comic stage that the harlequinade role of Clown became known as "Joey", and both the nickname and Grimaldi's whiteface make-up design were, and still are, used by other types of clowns. Grimaldi originated catchphrases such as "Here we are again!", which continue to feature in modern pantomimes.

paragraph: Born in London to an entertainer father, Grimaldi began to perform as a child, making his stage debut at Drury Lane in 1780. He became successful at the Sadler's Wells Theatre the following year; his first major role was as Little Clown in the pantomime "The Triumph of Mirth; or, Harlequin's Wedding" in 1781, in which he starred alongside his father. After a brief schooling, he appeared in various low-budget productions and became a sought-after child performer. He took leading parts in "Valentine and Orson" (1794) and "The Talisman; or, Harlequin Made Happy" (1796), the latter of which brought him wider recognition.

paragraph: Towards the end of the 1790s, Grimaldi starred in a pantomime version of "Robinson Crusoe", which confirmed his credentials as a key pantomime performer. Many productions followed, but his career at Drury Lane was becoming turbulent, and he left the theatre in 1806. In his new association with the Covent Garden theatre, he appeared at the end of the same year in Thomas John Dibdin's "Harlequin and Mother Goose; or, The Golden Egg", which included perhaps his best known portrayal of Clown. Grimaldi's residencies at Covent Garden and Sadler's Wells ran simultaneously, and he became known as London's leading Clown and comic entertainer, enjoying many successes at both theatres. His popularity in London led to a demand for him to appear in provincial theatres throughout England, where he commanded large fees.

paragraph: Grimaldi's association with Sadler's Wells came to an end in 1820, chiefly as a result of his deteriorating relationship with the theatre's management. After numerous injuries over the years from his energetic clowning, his health was also declining rapidly, and he retired in 1823. He appeared occasionally on stage for a few years thereafter, but his performances were restricted by his worsening physical disabilities. In his last years, Grimaldi lived in relative obscurity and became a depressed, impoverished alcoholic. He outlived both his wife and his actor son, Joseph Samuel, dying at home in Islington in 1837, aged 58.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Family background and early years.

paragraph: Grimaldi was born in Clare Market, in Westminster, London, into a family of dancers and comic performers. His great-grandfather, John Baptist Grimaldi, was a dentist by trade and an amateur performer, who in the 1730s moved from Italy to England. There he performed the role of Pantaloon opposite John Rich's Harlequin. John Baptist's son, Grimaldi's paternal grandfather, Giovanni Battista Grimaldi, began performing at an early age and spent much of his career in Italy and France. According to Grimaldi's biographer Andrew McConnell Stott, Giovanni was held in the Paris Bastille as the result of a scandalous performance. After his release, Giovanni moved to London in 1742, where John Baptist introduced him to John Rich; Giovanni then defrauded Rich and fled to the continent, where he later died.

paragraph: Grimaldi's father, Joseph Giuseppe Grimaldi (c. 1713–1788), an actor and dancer (known professionally as Giuseppe or "the Signor"), also made his way to London in around 1760. His first London appearance was at the King's Theatre. He was later engaged by David Garrick to play Pantaloon in pantomimes at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, earning high praise, and eventually became the ballet master there. Grimaldi's mother, Rebecca Brooker, was born in Holborn in 1764. She was apprenticed to Giuseppe Grimaldi in 1773 as a dancer and public speaker, and she became his mistress shortly afterwards, even though she was under 14 and he was about 60.

paragraph: Grimaldi's father was a serial philanderer who had at least ten children with three different women. In 1778, he divided his time between two London addresses occupied by his mistresses, Brooker and Anne Perry. Both women gave birth that year, Perry to a daughter named Henrietta and Brooker to Joseph. Although jubilant at the birth of his first son, Giuseppe Grimaldi spent little time with Brooker, living mostly with Perry, and probably maintaining other mistresses as well. Brooker raised her son alone for the first few years in Clare Market, a slum area of west London. In about 1780, Brooker gave birth to a second son, John Baptiste. Keen to set up an acting dynasty, Giuseppe left Perry and his daughter and moved with Brooker and his two sons to Little Russell Street, High Holborn. Giuseppe, who often displayed eccentric and obsessive behaviour, was a strict disciplinarian and often beat his children for disobeying his orders. A fascination with death consumed his later life; he would feign death in front of his children, so as to gauge their reactions, and he insisted on his eldest daughter, Mary, decapitating him after his death because of his fear of being buried alive, a task which earned her £5 extra in her inheritance.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early years at Sadler's Wells and Drury Lane.

paragraph: From the age of two, Grimaldi was taught to act the characters in the harlequinade by his father. Although he and his younger brother John Baptiste both displayed acting talent, Joseph was groomed for the London stage. He made his stage debut at the Sadler's Wells Theatre in late 1780, when Giuseppe took him on stage for his "first bow and first tumble". On 16 April 1781, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, the manager of Drury Lane, cast both Giuseppe and Grimaldi in the pantomime "The Wizard of the Silver Rocks; or, Harlequin's Release". Sheridan employed dozens of children, including Grimaldi, as extras at Drury Lane.

paragraph: On Boxing Day 1781, Grimaldi took the part of Little Clown in the pantomime "The Triumph of Mirth; or, Harlequin's Wedding" at Drury Lane. It was a success for him personally, and the pantomime enjoyed an extended run until March 1782. As a result of his performance, he received further work offers from the management and became an established juvenile performer at Drury Lane. At the same time, he was a prolific performer at Sadler's Wells where he played a host of minor roles, including monkeys, imps, fairies and demons. The Drury Lane season ran every year from September to late spring, with Sadler's Wells playing from 15 April to the second week in October. Though the two theatres staged similar productions, they appealed to different audiences: Drury Lane to the wealthy classes of society and Sadler's Wells to the boisterous working class. Although Grimaldi's stage career was flourishing, Giuseppe enrolled him at Mr Ford's Academy, a boarding school in Putney, which educated the children of theatrical performers. Although Grimaldi struggled with reading and writing, he showed a talent for art, as evidenced by some of his drawings that survive in the Harvard Theatre Collection.

paragraph: Their success on the London stage allowed the Grimaldis to enjoy an affluent lifestyle in contrast to other working-class families living in Clare Market and Holborn. By the age of six, Grimaldi was considered a prominent stage performer by the press, with one critic from the "Gazetteer" commenting that "the infant son of Grimaldi performs in an astonishing manner". One evening, Grimaldi was playing the part of a monkey and was led onto the stage by his father, who had attached a chain to Grimaldi's waist. Giuseppe swung his young son around his head "with the utmost velocity", when the chain snapped, causing young Grimaldi to land in the orchestra pit. From 1789 Grimaldi would appear alongside his siblings in an act entitled "The Three Young Grimaldis".

paragraph: Grimaldi's father suffered ill health for many years and died of dropsy in 1788. As a result, at age 9, Grimaldi became the family's principal breadwinner. Sheridan paid him an above-average wage of £1 a week at Drury Lane, and allowed his mother to work at Drury Lane as a dancer. However, the proprietors of Sadler's Wells were less supportive, cutting Grimaldi's pay from 15 shillings to 3 shillings a week, at which level it remained for the next three years. The loss of Giuseppe's income and Joseph's reduced summertime earnings meant the Grimaldis could no longer afford to keep the house in Holborn. They moved to the slum district of St. Giles, where they took lodgings with a furrier in Great Wild Street. Grimaldi's brother, John Baptiste, illegally signed on as a cabin boy aboard a frigate in 1788, when he was nine, using a false identity. Grimaldi saw him only once more in his life.

paragraph: John Philip Kemble took over the producer's (director's) duties at Drury Lane later in 1788 when Sheridan was promoted to chief treasurer. Sheridan often employed Grimaldi in minor roles in Kemble's productions and continued to allow him to work concurrently at Sadler's Wells. Grimaldi took an interest in the design and construction of stage scenery and would often help to design sets. His stage performances over the next two years did not garner him the kind of success he had experienced under the management of his father, and the role of pre-eminent Clown in London productions soon fell to Jean-Baptiste Dubois, a versatile French acrobat, horseman, singer and strongman, with a formidable repertoire of comic tricks. Grimaldi worked as Dubois' assistant, although in later life he denied that he had been the Frenchman's student.

paragraph: In 1791 the Drury Lane Theatre was demolished, and Grimaldi was loaned to the Haymarket Theatre, where he appeared, briefly, in the opera "Cymon", which starred the tenor Michael Kelly. On 21 April 1794, the new Drury Lane theatre opened, and Grimaldi, now 15 years old, resumed his place as one of the principal juvenile performers. The same year, he played his first major part since his father's death; as the dwarf in "Valentine and Orson". Two years later, at Sadler's Wells, he played the role of Hag Morad in the Thomas John Dibdin Christmas pantomime "The Talisman; or, Harlequin Made Happy". The pantomime was a success, and Grimaldi received rave reviews. The Drury Lane management were eager to capitalise on his success, and later that year he was cast in "Lodoiska", a Parisian hit adapted for the London stage by Kemble. Grimaldi played Camasin, a role that required the acrobatic and sword-fighting skills that he had learned as a child. He won wider admiration as Pierrot in the 1796 Christmas pantomime of "Robinson Crusoe" at Drury Lane.

paragraph: Grimaldi met his future wife, Maria Hughes in 1796. The eldest daughter of the proprietor of the Sadler's Wells theatre, Richard Hughes, Maria was introduced to Grimaldi by his mother, Rebecca Brooker, and a romance soon blossomed. They married on 11 May 1799 and moved to 37 Penton Street, Pentonville. Later that year, Grimaldi appeared in a succession of shows including "A Trip to Scarborough" (as a countryman) and "Rule a Wife and Have a Wife" (as a maid). The roles he took in these productions were eccentric and usually reserved for low comedians. Despite this, he was praised for his characterisations and was deemed a player of legitimate adult roles at Drury Lane, which qualified him to become a member of the prestigious Drury Lane Theatrical Fund.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Last years at Drury Lane.

paragraph: In 1798, Drury Lane suspended its tradition of staging an annual Christmas pantomime, which meant that Grimaldi had to seek work elsewhere during the festive period. The following year, with the help of his father-in-law, he joined the company at Sadler's Wells, where he played roles in several Charles Dibdin plays. Grimaldi made a big impression, especially in Dibdin's Easter 1800 pantomime, "Peter Wilkins: or Harlequin in the Flying World", based on Robert Paltock's 1751 novel. For this elaborate production, which featured two Clowns (Dubois and Grimaldi), Dibdin introduced new costume designs. Clown's costume was "garishly colourful ... patterned with large diamonds and circles, and fringed with tassels and ruffs," instead of the tatty servant's outfit that had been used for a century. The production was a hit, and the new costume design was copied by others in London. Despite Dubois' "endless bag of tricks [and] vast array of skills", his performance appeared artificial, in contrast to Grimaldi, who was better able to "draw the audience into believing the essential comedic qualities" of Clown.

paragraph: At Drury Lane later in 1800, he starred as an officer in "The Wheel of Fortune" by Richard Cumberland, a Jewish pedlar in "The Indian", as Clown in "Robinson Crusoe", and as the Second Gravedigger in "Hamlet", alongside John Philip Kemble. Grimaldi's wife Maria and his unborn child died during childbirth on 18 October 1800. To cope with his grief, Grimaldi would often perform two shows a night; one at Sadler's Wells and the other at Drury Lane.

paragraph: With the Christmas season approaching, and the success of "Peter Wilkins" still a topic of conversation within theatrical circles, Kemble decided to stage the first Drury Lane pantomime in three years, "Harlequin Amulet; or, The Magick of Mona", with Grimaldi as Punch and then as Clown, instead of Dubois. In this production, Harlequin became "romantic and mercurial, instead of mischievous", leaving Grimaldi's Clown as the "undisputed agent" of chaos. The pantomime was a great success, running for thirty-three performances and having a second Drury Lane season at Easter 1801; as a result, Grimaldi became recognised as one of London's leading Clowns. Grimaldi originated the catchphrase "Here we are again!", which is still used in pantomime. He also was known for the mischievous catchphrase "Shall I?", which prompted audience members to respond "Yes!"

paragraph: Grimaldi and Dubois appeared together again later that spring at Sadler's Wells in Dibdin's "Harlequin Alchemist", which set up a mock duel between the two Clowns, with the audience deciding who could pull the most hideous face. Grimaldi consistently won. In the next piece, "Harlequin Benedick; or, The Ghost of Mother Shipton". Dubois was relegated to the role of Pierrot, while Grimaldi played Clown. Grimaldi's mother was in the cast, appearing as the Butcher's Wife. He then appeared in another Dibdin play, "The Great Devil". During the run, he accidentally injured himself on stage by shooting himself in the foot and was confined to bed for five weeks. His mother became so concerned at her son's fragile and still grief-stricken state that she employed a dancer at Drury Lane, Mary Bristow, to care for him full-time during those weeks. They formed a close friendship, which resulted in a loving relationship, and they married on 24 December 1801.

paragraph: After a falling-out with Kemble at Drury Lane, Grimaldi was dismissed and began appearing at the nearby Theatre Royal, Covent Garden. He also took up an engagement at his father-in-law's theatre in Exeter. There was no Christmas 1801 or Easter 1802 pantomime at Drury Lane, and Kemble noticed a reduction in his theatre's audiences. Grimaldi began to appear in provincial theatres, with the first appearance being in Rochester, Kent, in 1801. In March 1802, he returned to Kent where he performed in pantomime, earning £300 for two days work. His dismissal from Drury Lane was short-lived, and he was reinstated within a few months in a revival of "Harlequin Amulet".

paragraph: Sadler's Wells closed for refurbishment at the end of its 1801 season and re-opened on 19 April 1802; Grimaldi returned to take a major role in the Easter pantomime, for which he designed the look of his recurring Clown character "Joey". He began by painting a white base over his face, neck and chest before adding red triangles on the cheeks, thick eyebrows and large red lips set in a mischievous grin. Grimaldi's design is used by many modern clowns. According to Grimaldi's biographer Andrew McConnell Stott, it was one of the most important theatrical designs of the 1800s. Later in 1802, Dubois left the Sadler's Wells company, making Grimaldi the sole resident Clown. Grimaldi starred in "St. George, Champion of England" opposite his friend Jack Bologna. This was followed by "Ko and Zoa; or, the Belle Savage". A critic from "The Times" remarked that the pair's death scene together was "truely affecting". Bologna and Grimaldi's on-stage partnership had by now become the most popular on the British stage; the "Morning Chronicle" thought they "stood unrivalled" compared to other acts within the harlequinade.

paragraph: On 21 November 1802, his wife Mary bore Grimaldi his only child, a son, Joseph Samuel, whom they called "JS". Grimaldi introduced his young son to the eccentric atmosphere at both Drury Lane and Sadler's Wells from the age of 18 months. Although eager to have his son follow him onto the stage, Grimaldi felt that it was more important for the boy to have an education and eventually enrolled him at Mr Ford's Academy.

paragraph: Grimaldi returned to Drury Lane late in 1802 and starred in a production of "Bluebeard", followed by the Christmas pantomime "Love and Magic". In 1803 Grimaldi's contract at Sadler's Wells was extended for another three years. He starred as Rufo the Robber in "Red Riding Hood", as Sir John Bull in "New Broom" and Aminadab in Susanna Centlivre's "A Bold Stroke for a Wife". The Napoleonic Wars had started, and the new proprietors of Sadler's Wells and Drury Lane looked to Grimaldi to satisfy audiences eager for comic relief. "Cinderella; or, the Little Glass Slipper" was presented at Drury Lane on 3 January 1804. Grimaldi played the part of Pedro, a servant to Cinderella's sisters. The production was a major success for the theatre, enhanced by Michael Kelly's musical score; however Grimaldi and the critics grew concerned that the theatre was underusing his talents and that he was miscast in the role.

paragraph: The Sadler's Wells season commenced at Easter 1805, and Grimaldi and Jack Bologna enjoyed a successful period. Drury Lane staged the opera "Lodoiska", in which Grimaldi, his mother and his wife all had starring roles. After this he was asked to choreograph John Tobin's play, "The Honey Moon", at Drury Lane on short notice. He accepted on the proviso that his wages be increased for the show's entire run and not just until a new dancing instructor was found. The Drury Lane management agreed to pay Grimaldi £2 more per week. A few weeks into his new assignment, management appointed James D'Egville as the new ballet master. D'Egville's debut production was "Terpsichore's Return", in which Grimaldi played Pan, a role which he considered to be one of his best assignments to date. That October, however, the theatre reduced his wages. The extra £2 that he had been promised had been deducted from his salary when "Terpsichore" closed, and he approached Thomas Dibdin for advice. Dibdin advised him to leave Drury Lane and to take up a residency at the nearby Covent Garden Theatre. Grimaldi wrote to Thomas Harris, the manager of the Covent Garden Theatre, hoping to persuade him to stage Christmas pantomimes. Harris was already a supporter of the shows and had employed the writing talents of both Charles Dibdin and his co-writer Charles Farley. Grimaldi met with Harris and obtained a contract. Before joining that theatre, however, he had to satisfy prior commitments at Drury Lane, appearing in the poorly received "Harlequin's Fireside".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Covent Garden years.

paragraph: In 1806, Grimaldi bought a second home, a cottage in Finchley, to which he retired between seasons. He was engaged to appear at Astley's Theatre in Dublin, in a play by Thomas Dibdin and his brother Charles. The Dibdins leased the theatre, but it was badly in need of repair. As a result audiences were small, and the show's box-office takings suffered. Grimaldi donated his salary to help pay for the renovation of the theatre. The Dibdin company, with Grimaldi, transferred to the nearby Crow Street Theatre where they performed a benefit concert in aid of Astley's. After two more plays, the company moved back to London.

paragraph: "Harlequin and the Forty Virgins" opened the Easter season at Sadler's Wells and lasted the entire season. Grimaldi sang "Me and my Neddy", which proved very successful for both him and the theatre. Amid great expectations, he appeared at the Covent Garden Theatre on 9 October 1806 playing Orson opposite Charles Farley's Valentine in Thomas Dibdin's "Valentine and Orson". Grimaldi, who considered the role of Orson to be the most physically and mentally demanding of his career, nevertheless performed the part with enthusiasm on tour in the provinces.

paragraph: Perhaps the best-known of Grimaldi's pantomimes was Thomas Dibdin's "Harlequin and Mother Goose; or, The Golden Egg", which opened on 29 December 1806 at the Covent Garden Theatre. As in most pantomimes, he played a dual role, in this case first as "Bugle", a wealthy but abrasive eccentric womaniser, and after the transformation to the harlequinade, as Clown. "Mother Goose" was a runaway success with its London audiences and earned an extraordinary profit of £20,000. It completed a run of 111 performances over a two-year residency, a record for any London theatre production at the time. Grimaldi, however, considered the performance to be one of the worst of his career and became depressed. Critics thought differently, attributing the pantomime's success to Grimaldi's performance. It prompted one critic from "European Magazine" to write: "We have not for several years witnessed a Pantomime more attractive than this: whether we consider the variety and ingenuity of the mechanical devices [or] the whim, humour, and agility of the Harlequin, Clown and Pantaloon". Kemble stated that Grimaldi had "proved himself [as] the great master of his art", while the actress Mrs Jordan called him "a genius ... yet unapproached". The production regularly played to packed audiences.

paragraph: In September 1808, a fire at the Covent Garden theatre destroyed much of the "Mother Goose" scenery; the production transferred to the Haymarket Theatre where it completed its run. While Kemble and Harris raised funds and renovated Covent Garden, Grimaldi made provincial appearances in Manchester and Liverpool. The Covent Garden theatre re-opened in December 1809 with a revival of "Mother Goose". In an attempt to recover the costs incurred by the rebuilding, Kemble raised the theatre's seat prices, causing audiences to protest violently for more than two months, and the management was forced to reinstate the old prices. Grimaldi's 1809–10 productions included "Don Juan", in which he appeared as Scaramouche, and "Castles in the Air", as Clown. Later in 1810, he appeared in Birmingham in a benefit performance in aid of his sister-in-law. The following year, Grimaldi sang "Tippitywitchet" for the first time at Sadler's Wells in Charles Dibdin's pantomime "Bang up, or, Harlequin Prime"; it became one of his most popular songs.

paragraph: By 1812, despite Grimaldi's success as a performer, he was close to bankruptcy as a result of his wife's extravagant spending, a number of thefts by his accountant and the cost of maintaining both an idyllic country lifestyle and his son JS's private education. The strain on Grimaldi's finances caused him to accept as many provincial engagements as he could. That year, he travelled to Cheltenham and appeared again as Scaramouche in a revival of "Don Juan". In nearby Gloucester he met the poet Lord Byron, on whose poem the play was based, at a dinner party. Byron was in awe at meeting the famous Clown, stating that he felt "great and unbounded satisfaction in becoming acquainted with a man of such rare and profound talents". Grimaldi returned to London to star as Queen Ronabellyana with much success in the Covent Garden Christmas pantomime, "Harlequin and the Red Dwarf; or, The Adamant Rock". After this, he increasingly played "dame" roles.

paragraph: Sadler's Wells opened its season in April 1814 with Grimaldi appearing in, amongst others, "Kaloc; or, The Pirate Slave". That year he played the title role in "Robinson Crusoe" at Sadler's Wells, with his young son, JS, making his stage debut as Man Friday. Other pantomimes followed at Sadler's Wells that year, including "The Talking Bird", in which he played Clown, and he also played Clown in productions at the Surrey Theatre and Covent Garden – a challenging schedule. Later in 1814, he played the title role in a revival of "Don Juan" at Sadler's Wells, with JS in his second role as Scaramouche. The receipts at the box-office were unusually large and confirmed, in Grimaldi's mind, that his son was capable of sustaining his own career. Grimaldi suffered two setbacks towards the end of the year, becoming housebound for a few months due to illness and learning of the death of his friend, mentor and former father-in-law, Richard Hughes, in December. In early 1815, Grimaldi and his son played father and son Clowns in "Harlequin and Fortunio; or, Shing-Moo and Thun-Ton".

paragraph: During 1815, the relationship between Grimaldi and Thomas Dibdin became strained. Dibdin, as manager at Sadler's Wells, denied Grimaldi's request for a month's leave to tour the provincial theatres. Dibdin was annoyed at the tolerant attitude Grimaldi displayed in his position as the Chief Judge and Treasurer of the Sadler's Wells Court of Rectitude, a body set up to regulate the behaviour of performers. Grimaldi briefly left Sadler's Wells in 1815 to conduct a tour of the northern provincial theatres. Alongside Jack Bologna, he staged fifty-six shows during the summer months and earned £1,743, a much higher amount than he earned at Sadler's Wells. Dibdin was struggling, and after the tour Grimaldi used the problems at Sadler's Wells to negotiate a lucrative contract. Dibdin agreed to a salary increase but bristled at Grimaldi's other demands and eventually gave the position of resident Clown to the little-known Signor Paulo.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later career.

paragraph: In 1815, Grimaldi played Clown in "Harlequin and the Sylph of the Oak; or, The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green" at Covent Garden, followed by the Christmas pantomime "Robinson Crusoe; or, The Bold Buccaneer", in which he played Friday to Charles Farley's title character. Grimaldi conducted a remunerative but gruelling tour to Scotland, Manchester and Liverpool in 1818. He sustained bruising and strains from two falls, the second of which left him briefly unable to walk. He and Mary moved to 56 Exmouth Market, Islington, where he recovered from his injuries before going on tour with his son.

paragraph: At Easter 1819, in "The Talking Bird, or, Perizade Columbine", he introduced perhaps his best known song "Hot Codlins", an audience participation song about a seller of roasted apples who gets drunk on gin while working the streets of London. Songs about trades were popular on the stage in the 1800s. Grimaldi sought inspiration for the character of the apple seller by walking around the streets of London and observing real-life tradespeople.

paragraph: Despite Signor Paulo's success at Sadler's Wells, Richard Hughes's widow Lucy, who was a majority shareholder at the theatre, pleaded with Grimaldi to return. He agreed on the conditions that he was sold an eighth share in the theatre, remained the resident Clown and received a salary of 12 guineas a week. She agreed to his terms, and he took the part of Grimaldicat in the 1818 Easter pantomime "The Marquis De Carabas; or, Puss in Boots". The show was a disaster and closed after one night. Grimaldi was booed off the stage after an impromptu joke (eating a prop mouse) upset the audience and caused two female audience members to fight in the auditorium. The audience was also angry at Grimaldi's weak performance; later he felt that this marked the beginning of his career's decline. Dibdin left Sadler's Wells that year; his fortunes changed rapidly for the worse, and he spent time in a debtors' prison. Grimaldi's debut as a theatre proprietor was also a failure. Although Jack Bologna, Mary, JS and Bologna's wife Louisa were all cast in Grimaldi's only commissioned pantomime, "The Fates; or, Harlequin's Holy Day", he had underestimated the amount of work required to run a theatre, and the strain of management hastened the already rapid deterioration in his health.

paragraph: The shares in Sadler's Wells were sold, with Grimaldi's going to Daniel Egerton. Egerton wanted to keep Grimaldi on the payroll but proposed loaning him to other theatres. Grimaldi refused a contract on these terms and instead appeared alongside JS in a few engagements in Ireland. During the Easter season of 1820, Grimaldi appeared at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden, in "Harlequin and Cinderella; or, the Little Glass Slipper". Grimaldi played the wife of the lead character Baron Pomposini; the role was probably an early example of a pantomime dame. In the latter months of 1820, Grimaldi's health worsened, and he suffered frequent emotional breakdowns, gastric spasms, breathlessness and severe rheumatoid pain. These ailments did not affect his desire to perform. That September he appeared at Covent Garden, as Kasrac in "Aladdin" followed by the Christmas pantomime "Harlequin and Friar Bacon"; the pantomime was particularly successful.

paragraph: In May 1821, Grimaldi collapsed after a performance of "Undine; or, the Spirit of the Waters". Doctors diagnosed him as suffering from "premature old age". JS took over his father's role and completed the remainder of the show's run. Now acting as an official understudy, JS filled many of his father's other theatrical engagements, including a rerun of "Harlequin and Mother Bunch; or, the Yellow Dwarf", in which he caused a scandal by threatening and verbally abusing a heckler in the audience. In the early 1820s, Grimaldi made a brief recovery and held a six-week engagement at the Coburg Theatre where he appeared as Clown in "Salmagundi; or, the Clown's Dish of All Sorts"; a pantomime which ran for a week before being replaced by "Disputes in China; or, Harlequin and the Hong Merchants". Both productions were successful, but Grimaldi was taken ill half way through the latter's run.

paragraph: In 1822, Grimaldi travelled to Cheltenham, in poor health, to fulfil an engagement as Clown by another actor in "Harlequin and the Ogress; or, the Sleeping Beauty in the Wood". Despite the rehearsals being cut short due to Grimaldi's rapidly deteriorating health, critics praised his performances.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Last years and death.

paragraph: Grimaldi retired from the stage in 1823 as a result of ill health. The years of extreme physical exertion his clowning had involved had taken a toll on his joints, and he suffered from a respiratory condition that often left him breathless. "The Times" noted in 1813:

paragraph: Although officially retired, Grimaldi still received half of his former small salary from Drury Lane until 1824. Soon after the fee stopped, Grimaldi fell into poverty after a number of ill-conceived business ventures and because he had entrusted management of his provincial earnings to people who cheated him. Despite his disabilities, he offered his services as a cameo performer in Christmas pantomimes. Along with Bologna, in 1827 he re-appeared briefly at Sadler's Wells where he gave some acting instruction to the mime artist William Payne, the future father of the Payne Brothers. He also started working for Richard Brinsley Peake, namesake of Richard Brinsley Sheridan, who was the dramaturge at the English Opera House. Peake hired Grimaldi to star in "Monkey Island" alongside his son JS. However, Grimaldi's health deteriorated further and he was forced to quit before the show opened; his scene was cut. The early end to his career, worries about money, and the uncertainty over his son's future made him increasingly depressed. To make light of it, he would often joke about his condition: "I make you laugh at night but am Grim-all-day". In 1828, two "farewell" benefit performances were held for him. In the first, he appeared as Hock the German soldier and a drunken sailor in Thomas Dibdin's melodrama "The Sixes; or, The Fiends" at Sadler's Wells to an audience of 2,000 people. Unable to stand for long periods of time, he sang a duet with JS and finished the evening with a scene from "Mother Goose". His last farewell benefit performance on 27 June 1828 was at Drury Lane. Between 1828 and 1836, Grimaldi relied on charity benefits to replace his lost income.

paragraph: The relationship between Grimaldi and his son first became strained during the early 1820s. JS, who had made a career of emulating his father's act, received favourable notices as Clown, but his success was constantly overshadowed by that of his father. He became resentful of his father and publicly shunned any association with him. JS became an alcoholic and was increasingly unreliable. In 1823, he became estranged from his parents, who saw their son only occasionally over the next four years, as JS went out of his way to avoid them. They communicated only through letters, with Grimaldi often sending his son notes begging for money. JS once replied: "At present I am in difficulties; but as long as I have a shilling you shall have half". However, there is no record of him ever sending money to his father. JS finally returned home in 1827, when the Grimaldis were awakened one night to discover their son standing in the street, feverish, emaciated and dishevelled.

paragraph: After appearing in a few Christmas pantomimes and benefits for his father, JS fell into unemployment and was incarcerated in a debtors' prison for a time; his alcoholism also further worsened. In 1832, Grimaldi, Mary and their son moved to Woolwich, but JS often abused his parents' hospitality by bringing home prostitutes and fighting in the house with his alcoholic friends. He moved out later that year and died at his lodgings on 11 December 1832, aged 30. With Grimaldi almost crippled, and Mary having suffered a stroke days before JS's death, they made a suicide pact. They took some poison, but the only result was a long bout of stomach cramps. Dismayed at their failure, they abandoned the idea of suicide.

paragraph: Mary died in 1834, and Grimaldi moved to 33 Southampton Street, Islington, where he spent the last few years of his life alone as a depressed alcoholic. On 31 May 1837 he complained of a tightening of the chest but recuperated enough to attend his local public house, The Marquis of Cornwallis, where he spent a convivial evening entertaining fellow patrons and drinking to excess. He returned home that evening and was found dead in bed by his housekeeper the following morning. The coroner recorded that he had "died by the visitation of God". Grimaldi was buried in St. James's Churchyard, Pentonville, on 5 June 1837. The burial site and the area around it was later named Joseph Grimaldi Park.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and reputation.

paragraph: After Grimaldi's death, Charles Dickens was invited by Richard Bentley to edit and improve Thomas Egerton Wilks's clumsily written life of Grimaldi, which had been based on the clown's own notes. As a child, Dickens saw Grimaldi perform at the Star Theatre, Rochester, in 1820. The "Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi" sold well, to Dickens's surprise.

paragraph: Grimaldi's fame was established primarily by his numerous successes as Clown in pantomimes. His Clown satirised many aspects of contemporary British life, and made comic mockery of absurdities in fashion. Grimaldi quickly became the most famous Clown in London, gradually transforming the Clown character from a pratfalling country bumpkin into the most important character in the harlequinade, more important even than Harlequin. He expanded the role of Clown to include a range of comic impersonations, from the rival suitor, to household cook or nurse. Grimaldi's popularity changed the balance of the evening's entertainment, so that the first, relatively serious, section of the pantomime soon dwindled to "little more than a pretext for determining the characters who were to be transformed into those of the harlequinade." He became so dominant in the harlequinade that later Clowns were known as "Joey", and the term, as well as his make-up design, were later generalised to other types of clowns.

paragraph: A contributor to "Bentley's Miscellany" wrote in 1846: "To those who never saw him, description is fruitless; to those who have, no praise comes up to their appreciation of him. We therefore shake our heads and say 'Ah! You should have seen Grimaldi!'" Another writer commented that his performances elevated his role by "acute observation upon the foibles and absurdities of society. ... He is the finest practical satyrist that ever existed. ... He was so extravagantly natural, that [no one was] ashamed to laugh till tears coursed down their cheeks at Joe and his comicalities." The British dramatist James Planché worried, in a rhymed couplet, that Grimaldi's death meant the end of a genre: "Pantomime's best days are fled; Grimaldi, Barnes, Bologna dead!"

paragraph: Grimaldi became "easily the most popular English entertainer of his day". The Victoria and Albert Museum and the actor Simon Callow have both concluded that no other Clown achieved Grimaldi's level of fame. Richard Findlater, author of a 1955 Grimaldi biography, commented: "Here is Joey the Clown, the first of 10,000 Joeys who took their name from him; here is the genius of English fun, in the holiday splendour of his reign at Sadler's Wells and Covent Garden ... during his lifetime [Grimaldi] was generally acclaimed as the funniest and best-loved man in the British theatre." A later biographer, Andrew McConnell Stott, wrote that "Joey had been the first great experiment in comic persona, and by shifting the emphasis of clowning from tricks and pratfalls to characterisation, satire and a full sense of personhood, he had established himself as the spiritual father of all those later comedians whose humour stems first and foremost from a strong sense of identity."

paragraph: Grimaldi is remembered today in an annual memorial service on the first Sunday in February at Holy Trinity Church in Hackney. The service, which has been held since the 1940s, attracts hundreds of clown performers from all over the world who attend the service in full clown costume. In 2010 a coffin-shaped musical memorial dedicated to Grimaldi, made of musical floor tiles, was installed in Joseph Grimaldi Park. The bronze tiles are tuned so that when danced upon it is possible to play "Hot Codlins".

paragraph: Section::::Notes and references.

paragraph: Notes

paragraph: References

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Grimaldi at the Victoria and Albert Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grimaldi Blue Plaque on the English Heritage website.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Pantomime Life of Joseph Grimaldi by Andrew McConnell Stott review by Jenny Uglow, taken from the "Guardian", 1 November 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Life of Joseph Grimaldi; with Anecdotes of his Contemporaries" by Henry Downes Miles, 1838.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Grimaldi Satirical Drawings at the British Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Grimaldi at The Public Domain Review.

description: English actor, comedian and dancer

wikidata_label: Joseph Grimaldi

wikipedia_title: Joseph Grimaldi


text:
Gilbert de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford
Isabel Marshal
Lordship of Glamorgan
Earl of Gloucester
Hubert de Burgh
annulment
wardship
King Henry III
marks
Maud de Lacy
John de Lacy, 1st Earl of Lincoln
Pope
Curia
Gascony
Edinburgh
Alexander III
Scotland
John Balliol
Edinburgh Castle
magnates
King Henry III
Northumberland
Waltham
Canterbury
Piers of Savoy
requiem mass
Tonbridge
Tewkesbury Abbey
chevronel
Maud de Lacy
John de Lacy
Margaret de Quincy
William VII, Marquess of Montferrat
Gilbert de Clare
Earl of Hertford
Earl of Gloucester
Thomas de Clare
Thomond
Juliana FitzGerald
Bogo de Clare
Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall
Roger de Mowbray, 1st Baron Mowbray
Tewkesbury
Holy Jesus Hospital

categories: De Clare family,Earls of Hertford,People from Clare, Suffolk,1222 births,1262 deaths,People from the City of Canterbury,Earls of Gloucester

paragraph: Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester

paragraph: Richard de Clare, 5th Earl of Hertford, 6th Earl of Gloucester, 2nd Lord of Glamorgan, 8th Lord of Clare (4 August 1222 – 14 July 1262) was son of Gilbert de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford and Isabel Marshal. He was also a powerful Marcher Lord in Wales and inherited the Lordship of Glamorgan upon the death of his father. He played a prominent role in the constitutional crisis of 1258–1263.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: On his father's death, when he became Earl of Gloucester (October 1230), Richard was entrusted first to the guardianship of Hubert de Burgh. On Hubert's fall, his guardianship was given to Peter des Roches (c. October 1232); and in 1235 to Gilbert, Earl Marshall.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: Richard's first marriage to Margaret or Megotta, as she was also called, ended with either an annulment or her death in November 1237. They were both about 14 or 15. The marriage of Hubert de Burgh's daughter Margaret to Richard de Clare, the young Earl of Gloucester, brought de Burgh into some trouble in 1236, for the earl was as yet a minor and in the wardship of King Henry III, and the marriage had been celebrated without the royal licence. Hubert, however, protested that the match was not of his making, and promised to pay the king some money, so the matter passed by for the time. Even before Margaret died, the Earl of Lincoln offered 5,000 marks to King Henry to secure Richard for his own daughter. This offer was accepted, and Richard's second marriage, on 2 February 1238, was to Maud de Lacy, daughter of John de Lacy, 1st Earl of Lincoln

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Richard joined in the Barons' letter to the Pope in 1246 against the exactions of the Curia in England. He was among those in opposition to the King's half-brothers, who in 1247 visited England, where they were very unpopular, but afterwards he was reconciled to them.

paragraph: In August 1252/3 the King crossed over to Gascony with his army, and to his great indignation Richard refused to accompany him and went to Ireland instead. In August 1255 the king sent him and John Maunsel to Edinburgh to find out the truth about reports which had reached the King that his son-in-law, Alexander III, King of Scotland, was being coerced by Robert de Roos and John Balliol. They were to try to bring the young King and Queen to him. The Earl and his companion, pretending to be the two of Roos's knights, obtained entry to Edinburgh Castle, and gradually introduced their attendants, so that they had a force sufficient for their defence. They gained access to the Scottish Queen, who complained to them that she and her husband had been kept apart. They threatened Roos with dire punishments, so that he promised to go to the King.

paragraph: Meanwhile, the Scottish magnates, indignant that their castle of Edinburgh was in English hands, proposed to besiege it, but they desisted when they found they would be besieging their King and Queen. The King of Scotland apparently travelled south with Richard, for on 24 September they were with King Henry III at Newminster, Northumberland. In July 1258 he fell ill, supposedly poisoned together with his brother William by his steward, Walter de Scotenay. He recovered, but his brother died.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Richard died at John de Criol's Manor of Asbenfield in Waltham, near Canterbury, on 14 July 1262 at the age of 39; it was rumoured that he had been poisoned at the table of Piers of Savoy. On the following Monday he was carried to Canterbury where a requiem mass was sung; his body was then taken to the canons' church at Tonbridge and interred in the choir. From there it was taken to Tewkesbury Abbey and buried 28 July 1262, with great solemnity in the presence of two bishops and eight abbots in the presbytery at his father's right hand. Richard's own arms were: Or, three chevronels gules.

paragraph: Richard left extensive property, distributed across numerous counties. Details of these holdings were reported at a series of inquisitions post mortem that took place after his death.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Richard had no children by his first wife, Margaret (or "Megotta") de Burgh. By his second wife, Maud de Lacy, daughter of the Surety John de Lacy and Margaret de Quincy, he had:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel de Clare (c. 1240–1270); m. William VII, Marquess of Montferrat.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, 7th Earl of Gloucester (2 September 1243 – 7 December 1295)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas de Clare (c. 1245–1287); seized control of Thomond in 1277; m. Juliana FitzGerald

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bogo de Clare (c. 1248–1294)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret de Clare (c. 1250–1312); m. Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rohese de Clare (c. 1252); m. Roger de Mowbray, 1st Baron Mowbray

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eglentina de Clare (d. 1257); died in infancy.

paragraph: Richard's widow Maud, who had the Manor of Clare and the Manor and Castle of Usk and other lands for her dower, erected a splendid tomb for her late husband at Tewkesbury. She arranged for the marriages of her children. She died before 10 March 1288/9.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holy Jesus Hospital

description: English nobleman


text: Sui

text: Tang dynasty

text: Chinese medicine

text: Tang dynasty

text: the Chinese Hippocratic Oath

text: Dayi Heart

text: Yuan Dynasty

text: Chinese ophthalmology

text: waidan

text: Nathan Sivin

categories: Northern Zhou people,Tang dynasty science writers,Sui dynasty people,Medieval Chinese physicians,Northern Wei people,682 deaths,Physicians from Shaanxi,Writers from Tongchuan,Chinese centenarians,Chinese non-fiction writers

paragraph: Sun Simiao

paragraph: Sun Simiao (; died 682) was a Chinese physician and writer of the Sui and Tang dynasty. He was titled as China's King of Medicine (藥王/药王, Yaowang) for his significant contributions to Chinese medicine and tremendous care to his patients.

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: Sun wrote two books - "Beiji Qian Jin Yao Fang" ("Essential Formulas for Emergencies [Worth] a Thousand Pieces of Gold") and "Qian Jin Yi Fang" ("Supplement to the Formulas of a Thousand Gold Worth") - that were both milestones in the history of Chinese medicine, summarizing pre-Tang dynasty medicine. The former listed about 5300 recipes for medicines, and the latter 2000. He also put forth the “Thirteen measures to keep health”, which claimed that actions like touching hair, rolling eyes, walking, and shaking heads improved health.

paragraph: Apart from this, he is known for the text "On the Absolute Sincerity of Great Physicians," often called "the Chinese Hippocratic Oath," or called "Dayi Heart", which comes from the first chapter of the first of the above-mentioned two books. This portion of the book is still a required reading for Chinese physicians. The following is an excerpt of the text:

paragraph: A Great Physician should not pay attention to status, wealth or

paragraph: age; neither should he question whether the particular person

paragraph: is attractive or unattractive, whether he is an enemy or friend,

paragraph: whether he is a Chinese or a foreigner, or finally, whether he is

paragraph: uneducated or educated. He should meet everyone on equal

paragraph: grounds. He should always act as if he were thinking of his

paragraph: close relatives.

paragraph: The work "Essential Subtleties on the Silver Sea" (银海精微, yínhǎi jīngwēi) was probably written by Sun Simiao. It was published at the end of the Yuan Dynasty (1271−1368) and has had wide influence on the Chinese ophthalmology until today.

paragraph: In addition to his medical work, Sun also experimented in Chinese "waidan" external alchemy and may have been an initiated Daoist adept. The sinologist Nathan Sivin says Sun Simiao's famous "Danjing yaojue" 丹經要訣 "Essential Formulas of Alchemical Classics"

paragraph: … is as close to a modern laboratory handbook as anything we are likely to find in ancient literature. Following a preface and a catalogue of elixir names, there is a set of detailed specifications for necessities of the laboratory, including the "liuyini" 六一泥 "six-one" lute which was universally employed in Chinese pharmacology and alchemy for the hermetical sealing of reaction vessels. Finally, there are the recipes themselves: ingredients grouped at the beginning, with weight and advance preparation clearly noted, and perspicacious, concise directions for compounding and using the products.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sun Simiao: Author of the Earliest Chinese Encyclopedia for Clinical Practice — Subhuti Dharmananda

description: physician (0581-0682)

wikidata_label: Sun Simiao

wikipedia_title: Sun Simiao


text: Corrosion of Conformity

text: Raleigh

text: North Carolina

text: Virginia

text: Corrosion of Conformity

text: Mike Dean

text: Reed Mullin

text: Pepper Keenan

text: Corrosion of Conformity

text: No Labels

text: Reed Mullin

text: Wayne Kerr

text: Alberta Stars

text: Interview with Woody on MT Radio

categories: 20th-century American guitarists,Guitarists from North Carolina,Lead guitarists,1965 births,Living people,American heavy metal guitarists,Musicians from Raleigh, North Carolina

paragraph: Woody Weatherman

paragraph: Woodroe "Woody" Weatherman is lead guitarist for the heavy metal band Corrosion of Conformity.

paragraph: Woody was born on July 29, 1965 in Raleigh, North Carolina, and now lives in Virginia.

paragraph: He started Corrosion of Conformity with Mike Dean and Reed Mullin in 1982 where they started as a punk band, but later transformed to a more metal sound with the addition of Pepper Keenan.

paragraph: They reformed without Keenan as a three-piece consisting of the original founding members in 2010. They have released two albums with this lineup, 2012's ""Corrosion of Conformity"" and 2014's ""IX"", along with an E.P. entitled ""Megalodon"" in 2013. For more information, see the Corrosion of Conformity page.

paragraph: Woody also played bass guitar in the Raleigh band No Labels with Reed Mullin, Ricky Hicks and Wayne Kerr. They formed in February 1982, and faded away during 1984. He played on the 1989 Snake Nation album along with C.O.C. bassist Mike Dean and artist Brian Walsby.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Corrosion of Conformity Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gallery of Woody Weatherman with Corrosion of Conformity on Alberta Stars

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with Woody on MT Radio

description: American guitarist

wikidata_label: Woody Weatherman

wikipedia_title: Woody Weatherman


text:
Thebes
Frankish Greece
Old Navarino castle
bailli
Principality of Achaea
Angevins
Naples
Bela of Saint Omer
Bonne de la Roche
Lord of Athens and Thebes
Guy I de la Roche
Thebes
Otho
John
War of the Euboeote Succession
Frankish Greece
Prince of Achaea
William II of Villehardouin
Charles I of Naples
Bulgarian
Serbian
Morea
Sicily
Robert of Artois
bailli
William I of Athens
Guy II
Messenia
castle at Navarino
Modon
Chronicle of Morea
Baron of Vostitsa
Guy de Charpigny
Bohemond VI of Antioch
Anna
Michael II Komnenos Doukas
William II of Villehardouin
Castle of Saint Omer
Cadmea
acropolis
Holy Land
Kalamata
Chlemoutsi
Leonard of Veroli
Elis
Messenia
Otho

categories: Medieval Thebes,1294 deaths,13th-century rulers in Europe,Baillis of the Principality of Achaea,People of the Duchy of Athens,Year of birth unknown,13th-century births

paragraph: Nicholas II of Saint Omer

paragraph: Nicholas II of Saint Omer was the lord of half of Thebes in Frankish Greece from 1258 to his death in 1294. From his two marriages he became one of the richest and most powerful barons of his time, building a splendid castle at Thebes as well as the Old Navarino castle. He also served as "bailli" of the Principality of Achaea on behalf of the Angevins of Naples between 1287 and 1289.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Nicholas was the son of Bela of Saint Omer and Bonne de la Roche, sister of the Lord of Athens and Thebes, Guy I de la Roche. Upon their marriage, in 1240, Guy gave Bela the lordship over half of Thebes.

paragraph: Along with his brothers, Otho and John, he participated in the War of the Euboeote Succession in the ranks of the coalition of most of the princes of Frankish Greece, who opposed the expansionist policies of the Prince of Achaea, William II of Villehardouin. In 1273, Charles I of Naples sent him as his envoy to the Bulgarian and Serbian courts, but he soon fell into disfavour with Charles, and was forced to exchange his holdings in the Morea with others in Sicily, under Charles' immediate control. His position and domains were not restored until after the death of Charles I in 1285. During this time, Nicholas often resided in Italy, where Charles used him and other visiting Moreote barons as counsellors on the affairs of the Principality.\

paragraph: In 1287, the Neapolitan regent Robert of Artois named him the Angevins' representative governor ("bailli") in the Principality of Achaea, in succession of William I of Athens, who had just died and whose heir, Guy II, was still under-age. At the time, Nicholas was the second richest and most influential baron living in the Latin East after Guy. He continued William's policy of fortification of Messenia and built the castle at Navarino and a smaller fortress at Maniatochori near Modon. His regime was remembered for its peace and prosperity: according to the "Chronicle of Morea", "He governed with nobility and wisdom, and kept the country at peace". He was succeeded in 1289 by the Baron of Vostitsa, Guy de Charpigny.

paragraph: Nicholas married twice, both times to rich heiresses. His first wife was Mary of Antioch, daughter of Bohemond VI of Antioch, and his second, ca. 1280, was Anna, daughter of Michael II Komnenos Doukas and widow of William II of Villehardouin. With financial aid from Mary of Antioch, Nicholas built the Castle of Saint Omer (in Greek Σανταμέρι, Santameri) in the Cadmea, the ancient acropolis of Thebes, which is much praised by the "Chronicle of the Morea" as being the strongest and most beautiful in Greece. It was richly furnished and decorated with frescoes depicting his ancestors' exploits in the Holy Land. Today, only a tower survives. Anna on the other hand, as Princess-dowager, brought with her a considerable property, including the castles of Kalamata and Chlemoutsi, comprising "some of the most fertile lands and the strongest fortress in the Morea", according to A. Bon. This worried King Charles, who was loath to cede these territories to an already very powerful and wealthy subject; in the event, they were exchanged in September 1281 with half the domains of the recently deceased Leonard of Veroli, comprising estates in both the Morea (in Elis and Messenia) and Italy.

paragraph: Both his marriages were childless, and on his death in 1294, he was succeeded by his younger brother Otho.

description: Ruler of one half of Thebes

wikidata_label: Nicholas II of Saint Omer

wikipedia_title: Nicholas II of Saint Omer


text: Lord Henry FitzGerald

text: Member of Parliament

text: West Looe

text: Barony of de Ros

text: Peerage of England

text: whist

text: gambling

text: sauter la coupe

text: libel

text: Theodore Hook

text: epitaph

text: London

text: Ducal House of Leinster

categories: 1793 births,UK MPs 1812–1818,FitzGerald dynasty,Barons de Ros,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Cornwall,1839 deaths,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies

paragraph: Henry FitzGerald-de Ros, 21st Baron de Ros

paragraph: Henry William FitzGerald-de Ros, 21st Baron de Ros (12 June 1793 – 28/29 March 1839) was a British nobleman, the son of Lord Henry FitzGerald and his wife Charlotte FitzGerald-de Ros, 20th Baroness de Ros.

paragraph: Fitzgerald-de Ros briefly served as Member of Parliament for the borough of West Looe from 1816 to 1818. In 1831, upon the death of his mother, he inherited the Barony of de Ros, the oldest surviving barony in the Peerage of England.

paragraph: He was an excellent whist player, but was involved in a gambling scandal in 1836. Lord de Ros was accused of cheating at Graham's Club by the trick of "sauter la coupe", and by marking the cards with his thumbnail. He sued his accusers for libel, but lost the case. He died not long after, and was commemorated by Theodore Hook with the punning epitaph, "Here lies the premier baron of England, patiently awaiting the last trump." He died in London, unmarried and without issue.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ducal House of Leinster

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Henry FitzGerald-de Ros, 22nd Baron de Ros


text: Twentieth dynasty of Egypt

text: Ramesses III

text: Ramesses XI

text: Jürgen von Beckerath

text: Mentuherkhepeshef

text: Takhat

text: Abbott Papyrus

text: Leopold II-Amherst Papyrus

text: recto

text: Papyrus Mayer B

text: Ramesses VI

text: Theban

text: necropolis

text: Sobekemsaf II

text: Mayor

text: Paweraa

text: Valley of the Kings

text: Dakhla Oasis

text: Ramesses II

text: Ramesses III

text: Ramesses VII

text: Heliopolis

text: Heliopolis

text: Valley of the Kings

text: Ramesses X

text: Ramesses VIII

text: Roman

text: Greek

text: graffiti

text: Ramesses II

text: Baketwernel

text: mummy

text: Deir el-Bahri

text: Neskhons

text: Pinedjem II

text: Grafton Elliot Smith

text: Maspero

text: Neskhons

text: Siamun

text: Ancient Evenings

text: Norman Mailer

text: Cyril Aldred

text: JEA

text: Göttinger Miszellen

text: Jürgen von Beckerath

text: Göttinger Miszellen

text: Gaston Maspero

categories: 1111 BC deaths,Pharaohs of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt,Ancient Egyptian mummies,Year of birth unknown,12th-century BC Pharaohs,Ramesses IX,12th century BC in Egypt

paragraph: Ramesses IX

paragraph: Neferkare Ramesses IX (also written Ramses) (originally named Amon-her-khepshef Khaemwaset) (ruled 1129 – 1111 BC) was the eighth pharaoh of the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt. He was the third longest serving king of this Dynasty after Ramesses III and Ramesses XI. He is now believed to have assumed the throne on I Akhet day 21 based on evidence presented by Jürgen von Beckerath in a 1984 GM article. According to Papyrus Turin 1932+1939, Ramesses IX enjoyed a reign of 18 years and 4 months and died in his 19th Year in the first month of Peret between day 17 and 27. His throne name, Neferkare Setepenre, means "Beautiful Is The Soul of Re, Chosen of Re." Ramesses IX is believed to be the son of Mentuherkhepeshef, a son of Ramesses III since Montuherkhopshef's wife, the lady Takhat bears the prominent title of King's Mother on the walls of tomb KV10 which she usurped and reused in the late 20th dynasty; no other 20th dynasty king is known to have had a mother with this name. Ramesses IX was, therefore, probably a grandson of Ramesses III.

paragraph: Section::::Tomb robberies.

paragraph: His reign is best known for the year 16 and year 17 tomb robbery trials, recorded in the Abbott Papyrus, the Leopold II-Amherst Papyrus, Papyrus BM 10054 and on the recto of both Papyrus BM 10053 and Papyrus BM 10068. It has been suggested that the undated Papyrus Mayer B, dealing with the plundering of the tomb of Ramesses VI may also stem from his reign but, so far, this remains conjecture.

paragraph: During these trials it became clear that several royal and noble tombs in the Western Theban necropolis had been robbed, including that of a 17th Dynasty king, Sobekemsaf II. Paser, Mayor of Eastern Thebes or Karnak, accused his subordinate Paweraa, the Mayor of West Thebes responsible for the safety of the necropolis, of being either culpable in this wave of robberies or negligent in his duties of protecting the Valley of the Kings from incursions by tomb robbers. Paweraa played a leading part in the vizierial commission set up to investigate, and, not surprisingly, it proved impossible for Paweraa to be officially charged with any crime due to the circumstantiality of the evidence. Paser disappeared from sight soon after the report was filed.

paragraph: Section::::Projects.

paragraph: In the sixth year of his reign, he inscribed his titulature in the Lower Nubian town of Amara West. Most of his building works centre on the sun temple centre of Heliopolis in Lower Egypt where the most significant monumental works of his reign are located. However, he also decorated the wall to the north of the Seventh Pylon in the Temple of Amun-Re at Karnak. Finally, his name has been found at the Dakhla Oasis in Western Egypt and Gezer at Canaan which may suggest a residual Egyptian influence in Asia; the majority of the New Kingdom Empire's possessions in Canaan and Syria had long been lost to the Sea Peoples by his reign. He is also known for having honoured his predecessors Ramesses II, Ramesses III and Ramesses VII. He also paid close attention to Lower Egypt and built a substantial monument at Heliopolis.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Ramesses IX is known to have had 2 sons: at Heliopolis, "a gateway was reinscribed with texts including the king's names and also those of the prince and High Priest Nebmaatre, who was fairly certainly his son." Ramesses IX's second son, Montuherkhopshef C, perhaps this king's intended heir, who did not live long enough to succeed his father, took over the former KV19 tomb of Sethirkhepsef B in the Valley of the Kings. The throne was instead assumed by Ramesses X whose precise relationship to Ramesses IX is unclear. Ramesses X might have been Ramesses IX's son, but this assumption remains unproven. Tomb KV19, which was one of the most beautifully decorated tombs in the royal valley, had been abandoned by Sethirkhepsef B when the latter assumed the throne as king Ramesses VIII and one of prince Montuherkhopshef's depictions there "bears the prenomen cartouche to Ramesses IX on its belt" thereby establishing the identity of this prince's father. The tomb of Ramesses IX, KV6, has been open since antiquity, as is evidenced by the presence of Roman and Greek graffiti on the tomb walls. It is quite long in the tradition of the 'syringe' tunnels of the later 19th and 20th Dynasties and lies directly opposite the tomb of Ramesses II in the Valley of the Kings; this fact may have influenced Ramesses IX's choice of location for his final resting place due to its proximity to this great Pharaoh. While Ramesses IX's chief queen is not precisely identified in surviving Egyptian inscriptions, she was most likely Baketwernel.

paragraph: Section::::Burial and rediscovery.

paragraph: In 1881, the mummy of Ramesses IX (nr. 5209) was found in the Deir el-Bahri cache (DB320) within one of the two coffins of Neskhons—wife of the Theban High Priest Pinedjem II. This pharaoh's mummy was not apparently examined by Grafton Elliot Smith and not included in his 1912 catalogue of the Royal Mummies. When the mummy was unwrapped by Maspero, a bandage was found from a year 5, mentioning the lady Neskhons, most probably from the reign of king Siamun. A further strip of linen from a year 7 identified the mummy as "Ra Khaemwaset" which can be taken as a reference to either Ramesses Khaemwaset Meryamun (IX) or Ramesses Khaemwaset Meryamun Neterheqainu (XI). But since an ivory box of Neferkare Ramesses IX was found in the royal cache itself, and Ramesses XI was probably never buried at Thebes but rather in Lower Egypt, "the [royal] mummy is most likely to be that of Ramesses IX himself."

paragraph: It is estimated that the king was about 50 years old when he died (but it is extremely difficult to correctly establish the age of mummies) and his mummy was found to have broken limbs, a broken neck and damage to its nose, which is missing.

paragraph: Section::::In modern literature.

paragraph: The novel "Ancient Evenings" by Norman Mailer is told from the perspective of characters living during the reign of Ramesses IX, including Ramesses IX himself.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cyril Aldred, A statue of king Neferkarē' Ramesses IX, JEA 41 (1955), 3-8

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amin A. M. A. Amer, Notes on Ramesses IX in Memphis and Karnak, Göttinger Miszellen 57 (1982), 11-16

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jürgen von Beckerath, Drei Thronbesteigungsdaten der XX. Dynastie, Göttinger Miszellen 79 (1984), 7-9

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dylan Bickerstaffe, Refugees for eternity - The royal mummies of Thebes - part 4 - Identifying the Royal Mummies, Canopus Press, 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jac. J. Janssen, Once Again the Accession Date of Ramesses IX, Göttinger Miszellen 191 (2002), 59-65

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gaston Maspero, Les momies royales de Deir el-Bahari, Paris, 1889, 566-568

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Tomb of Ramesses IX, Valley of the Kings, Egypt

alias:
Ramses IX
Amon-her-khepshef Khaemwaset

description: Egyptian pharaoh of the 20th dynasty

wikidata_label: Ramesses IX

wikipedia_title: Ramesses IX


text: Shoshone

text: fur trapper

text: Osborne Russell

text: Jim Bridger

text: Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)

text: Eastern Shoshones

text: Tussawehee

text: Shoshoni

text: Crooked Leg (Paseego)

text: Weasel Lungs

text: Tussawehee

text: Shoshoni

text: Tussawehee

text: Shoshoni

text: Lost Woman

text: Chosro (Bluebird)

text: Nanawu (Little Striped Squirrel)

text: Chochoco (Has No Horse)

text: Wilson Hunt

text: Astorians

text: Pacific Fur brigade

text: Boise River

text: Bruneau River

text: Fort Astoria

text: camas

text: Piegan Blackfeet

text: Blue Mountains

text: Fires Black Gun (Tooite Coon)

text: Sacajawea

text: Large Kidney

text: Four Horns

text: Boulder River

text: Owitze (Twisted Hand)

text: Po'have (The Horse)

text: Weahwewa (Wolf Dog)

text: Comanche

text: Boulder

text: Yellowstone

text: Musselshell

text: Eastern Shoshone

text: Federal government of the United States

text: General Crook

text: Sioux

text: Custer

text: Little Big Horn

text: Jim Bridger

text: Blackfeet

text: Three Forks, Gallatin County, Montana

text: Missouri River

text: Bannock Indians

text: rendezvous

text: Green River

text: Wind River

text: Snake River

text: Shoshone

text: Bannock

text: Idaho

text: Jim Bridger

text: Fort Bridger

text: Wind River Mountains

text: Uintah Mountains

text: Bitterroots

text: Snake River

text: Fort Bridger Treaty Council of 1868

text: Shoshone and Bannock Indian Agency

text: Eastern Shoshone

text: Wyoming

text: Wind River

text: Welsh

text: Brigham Young

text: Amos R. Wright

text: Episcopal Church

text: John Roberts

text: Fort Washakie

text: Washakie County, Wyoming

text: bronze statue of Washakie

text: National Statuary Hall Collection

text: Casper, Wyoming

text: University of Wyoming

text: ghost town

text: Washakie, Utah

text: Liberty Ship

text: Portland, Oregon

text: USS "Washakie"

text: United States Navy

text: harbor

text: tug

text: hide painter

text: Glenbow Museum

text: Sun Dance

text: Native American education

text: James Trosper

text: Le Fil qui chante

text: Lucky Luke

text: Morris

text: René Goscinny

text: Handbook of North American Indians

categories: Converts to Mormonism,Year of birth uncertain,Native American leaders,People of pre-statehood Wyoming,Shoshone people,Native American male artists,American Latter Day Saints,1900 deaths

paragraph: Washakie

paragraph: Washakie (1798/1810 – February 20, 1900) was a prominent leader of the Shoshone people during the mid-19th century. He was first mentioned in 1840 in the written record of the American fur trapper, Osborne Russell. In 1851, at the urging of trapper Jim Bridger, Washakie led a band of Shoshones to the council meetings of the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851). Essentially from that time until his death, he was considered the head of the Eastern Shoshones by the representatives of the United States government.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Much about Washakie's early life remains unknown, but some information is revealed. Washakie was born between 1798 and 1810. His mother Lost Woman, was a Tussawehee (White Knife) Shoshoni by birth. His father, Crooked Leg (Paseego), was an Umatilla rescued as a boy from slave traders at Wakemap and Celilo in 1786 by Weasel Lungs, a Tussawehee dog soldier (White Knife) Shoshoni medicine man. Crooked Leg was adopted into Weasel Lungs' clan. He became a Tussawehee dog soldier (White Knife) Shoshoni and married Weasel Lungs' eldest daughter Lost Girl, later Lost Woman. His maternal grandmother, Chosro (Bluebird)), was also Tussawehee by birth. Lost Woman's younger sister, Washakie's aunt, was Nanawu (Little Striped Squirrel). She was the mother of Chochoco (Has No Horse), a first cousin to Washakie.

paragraph: Washakie's birth name was Pinaquanah ("Smells of Sugar"). He had other names before being called Washakie. When he was a teenager, he changed his name to Shoots the Buffalo Running. He was a high-stakes gambler, playing a game involving shaking small stones inside of a gourd rattle, rather like dice, so his friends renamed him Gourd Rattler.

paragraph: Smells of Sugar met his first "white men" in 1811. Wilson Hunt's main party of Astorians, with the Pacific Fur brigade, were travelling down the Boise River from the mouth of the Bruneau River. Seven months late for their scheduled arrival at Fort Astoria, they happened into Crooked Leg's camp on the Boise. They needed horses, which Crooked Leg refused to sell to them; instead reluctantly selling them a few camas roots, dried fish, and four dogs.

paragraph: Crooked Leg was killed in 1824 by members of the Piegan Blackfeet when they raided a Shoshone hunting camp inside the Blackfoot hunting Boundary. Every able-bodied Shoshoni was following and hunting the migrating herds of game, as bison were now scarce in the Ochoco and the rest of the southern Blue Mountains, and food was in short supply. There had been a weak truce in the summer of 1820, between Fires Black Gun (Tooite Coon), (also known to white men as Cameahwait and Comeah Wait, brother to Sacajawea), and Piegan Blackfoot leader, Ugly Head. The Shoshoni had been hunting high in the Montana Rockies, well north of the southern boundary of the Blackfoot hunting grounds, for any game they could find. A Piegan war party, led by Large Kidney and Four Horns, burst into one of their encampments on the Boulder River, to find Shoshoni head chief Owitze (Twisted Hand), his war leader Red Wolf, and the popular young leader of the Tussawehee White Knife dog soldiers, Po'have (The Horse). Fighting ensued. Washakie, by now in his late teens and riding with the dog soldiers, led by Weahwewa (Wolf Dog), was moving north out of Wyoming country with a weapons shipment of Mexican guns from Comanche leader Shaved Head, and overheard the disturbance. Crooked Leg was camped a few miles away and Washakie immediately got word to him of the attack. When Crooked Leg arrived on the battle scene, he was killed.

paragraph: The hunting ceased and the dog soldiers went on the war trail, backed by Comanche war chief Red Sleeves and his reinforcements. They combed the Boulder, the Yellowstone, and the Musselshell for Blackfoot and killed many. This victory by the Shoshoni led to a council with the Blackfeet tribes, with the Shoshoni once again a proud warrior society. At the council, it was agreed that the Blackfeet tribes would join forces with the Shoshoni to restrict the expanding encroachment of trappers into each tribes' hunting grounds.

paragraph: By the late 19th century Washakie became head chief of the Eastern Shoshone. He was the only Shoshone warrior to be honored by the Federal government of the United States, for leading General Crook's army to defeat the Sioux, after Custer's defeat at Little Big Horn.

paragraph: The year of Washakie's birth date is debated. A missionary in 1883 recorded the year of his birth as 1798, but his tombstone was later inscribed with a birth date of 1804. Late in his life he told an agent at the Shoshone Agency that when he was 16, he had met Jim Bridger. Interpolating from the age of Bridger when he first went into the wilderness, researchers have determined that Washakie was likely born between 1808 and 1810. During his early childhood, the Blackfeet Indians attacked a combined camp of Flathead and Lemhi people while the latter were on a buffalo hunt near Three Forks, Gallatin County, Montana (where the Gallatin, Madison, and Jefferson rivers form the headwaters of the Missouri River). After Crooked Leg was killed, his mother and at least one sister were able to make their way back to the Lemhis on the Salmon River in Idaho. During the attack, Washakie was lost and possibly wounded. According to some family traditions, he was found by either Bannock Indians who had also come to hunt in the region, or by a combined Shoshone and Bannock band. He may have become the adopted son of the band leader. For the next twenty five years (c. 1815-1840) he learned the traditions and ways of a warrior that were typical of any Shoshone youth of that period.

paragraph: Although the name by which he would be widely known has been translated in various ways, it apparently dealt with his tactics in battle. One story describes how Washakie devised a large rattle by placing stones in an inflated and dried balloon of buffalo hide, which he tied on a stick. He carried the device into battle to frighten enemy horses, earning the name "The Rattle" or "Gourd Rattler". Another translation of "Washakie" is "Shoots-on-the-Run."

paragraph: Section::::Fur trade.

paragraph: Washakie's band evidently participated in the fur trade rendezvous (1825–1840), since those rendezvous took place within the Green River, Wind River, and Snake River regions claimed by the horse-owning and buffalo-hunting Shoshone and Bannock bands of eastern Idaho. Late in life, Washakie reported that he and Jim Bridger became fast friends, and indeed, Bridger became Washakie's son-in-law in 1850 when he took Washakie's daughter as his third wife. Bridger, born March 17, 1804, entered Shoshone country in 1824 (Washakie said Bridger was the older of the two). Washakie learned French and some English from trappers and traders. Washakie's close association with the trappers developed into a similar relationship with U.S. officials.

paragraph: Section::::Fort Bridger Treaties.

paragraph: In 1863, and again in 1868, he signed treaties with the U.S. at Fort Bridger, Wyoming. The established a generic Shoshone country, whose borders extended eastward to the crest of the Wind River Mountains, south to the Uintah Mountains of Utah, and on the northern side, to the crest of the Bitterroots. The western border was left undefined, but was understood to include most of the Snake River as far as the Oregon border. This treaty included a number of Shoshone and Bannock Indian bands besides that of Washakie. The was established at the Fort Bridger Treaty Council of 1868 and it proved more significant, for it established the Shoshone and Bannock Indian Agency located in west-central Wyoming. Moreover, this was land selected by Washakie and his headmen of the Eastern Shoshones. The initial reservation included about three million acres (12,000 km) in Wyoming's Wind River country for his people. Although an 1872 land cession reduced the size by , this valley remains the home of the Eastern Shoshones today. He was also determined that Native Americans should be educated, and he gave land to Welsh clergyman John Roberts to establish a boarding school where Shoshone girls learned traditional crafts and language.

paragraph: Section::::Washakie and Mormonism.

paragraph: Washakie was a friend of Brigham Young and expressed sadness at the fighting his people had often done with the Utahns. It was not until after 1880, after Young's death, that Washakie became a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He was baptized on 25 September 1880 by Amos R. Wright. About 300 other Shoshone joined the church at this point.

paragraph: Section::::Washakie and Episcopalianism.

paragraph: In 1883, the Episcopal Church assigned John Roberts to minister to the Shoshone and Arapahos on the Wind River Reservation. Roberts established several churches on the reservation, as well as within his designated 150 mile radius. Although the Washakie's son was killed by a white man in 1885 during a dispute over alcohol, which purportedly led Washakie to vow revenge against whites, Roberts purportedly earned the Chief's respect by offering his own life in exchange. Furthermore, Roberts learned Shoshone customs, beliefs and language, and translated the Bible into Shoshone (and Arapahoe). Circa 1888, Washakie helped Roberts establish a boarding school where Shoshone girls from distant villages could learn traditional crafts and language, by donating 160 acres near Trout Creek, which many considered sacred ground.

paragraph: Washakie chose Episcopalism as his faith, was baptized again in 1897, and ultimately buried in a service officiated by his friend Roberts, on February 22, 1900. Congress reaffirmed the church's ownership of the school in 1909, when it deactivated the fort named after Chief Washakie. Although the school closed circa 1945, many of the historic girls' school buildings survive today.

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.

paragraph: His prowess in battle, his efforts for peace, and his commitment to his people's welfare made him one of the most respected leaders in Native American history. In 1878 a U.S. army outpost located on the reservation was renamed Fort Washakie, which was the only U.S military outpost to be named after a Native American. Upon his death in 1900, he became the only known Native American to be given a full military funeral.

paragraph: Washakie County, Wyoming was named for him and there’s a statue of his head in front of the Washakie County Courthouse. In 2000, the state of Wyoming donated a bronze statue of Washakie to the National Statuary Hall Collection. There is also a statue of Washakie in downtown Casper, Wyoming. The dining hall at the University of Wyoming is also named after him. The current ghost town of Washakie, Utah was also named after him.

paragraph: During World War II, a Liberty Ship built in Portland, Oregon, in 1942, SS "Chief Washakie", was named in his honor. USS "Washakie", a United States Navy harbor tug in service from 1944 to 1946 and from 1953 to 1975, also was named for him.

paragraph: Washakie was a hide painter. An 1880 painted elk hide at the Glenbow Museum is attributed to him. The hide painting portrays the Sun Dance.

paragraph: Section::::Chief Washakie Foundation.

paragraph: The Chief Washakie Foundation was founded in 2004. It supports educational programs and research into the history and cultural traditions of the Shoshone and Arapaho of Central Wyoming and advocates for Native American education. Washakie's great-great grandson James Trosper serves as Chair and Executive Director.

paragraph: Section::::Selected references in popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chief Washakie appears in the album "Le Fil qui chante" of the Franco-Belgian comics series "Lucky Luke" created by Morris and René Goscinny.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shimkin, Demitri B. "Eastern Shoshone." Warren L. d'Azevedo, volume editor. "Handbook of North American Indians: Great Basin, Volume 11." Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1986: 308–335. .

description: Eastern Shoshone chief

wikidata_label: Washakie

wikipedia_title: Washakie