text:
General
French Army
First World War
British Expeditionary Force
Battle of the Frontiers
Great Retreat
Saint-Germain-du-Plain
Saône-et-Loire
department
Infantry
second lieutenant
Franco-Prussian War
École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr
cavalry
General de brigade
Dragoon
Legion of Honour
Corps
Joseph Joffre
Verdun
Belgium
Ardennes
Liège
Meuse
President
Poincare
War Minister
Messimy
Charleroi
Jägers
Namur
Givet
Dinant
John French
Charles Lanrezac
Henri Berthelot
Sambre
Barbara W. Tuchman
Louvain
Antwerp
Grand Quartier Général
Luttre
Pont-à-Celles
Charleroi Canal
French Fifth Army
Battle of Charleroi
Battle of Mons
Sir John French
Bavai
Maubeuge
Edward Spears
Barbara Tuchman
Avesnes
Albert d'Amade
Major-General Snow
British 4th Division
Battle of Le Cateau
Landrecies
open city
Esnes
British II Corps
Walincourt
Battle of Le Cateau
75mm guns
Smith-Dorrien
Somme
Saint-Quentin
Colonel Edmonds
Michel-Joseph Maunoury
Sixth Army
Battle of Guise
Compiègne
Uhlan
von Kluck
Joseph Gallieni
Military governor of Paris
Seine
Mantes
Melun
Longjumeau
Brunoy
First Battle of the Marne
German First Army
Bargny
Nanteuil-le-Haudouin
Lévignen
Vendrest
general officer
Limoges
music critic
nom de plume
right wing
news agency
Vichy regime

categories: French military personnel of World War I,Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur,1852 births,1923 deaths,People from Saône-et-Loire

paragraph: André Sordet

paragraph: General Jean-François André Sordet (17 May 1852 – 28 July 1923) was a senior officer of the French Army. During the First World War his cavalry corps operated in close proximity to the British Expeditionary Force during the Battle of the Frontiers and during Great Retreat of August 1914.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Born on 17 May 1852 at Saint-Germain-du-Plain in the Saône-et-Loire department, the son of Claude Alfred Sordet and Marguerite Marie de la Blanche. Sordet was commissioned into the 57th Infantry Regiment as a second lieutenant in November 1870, during the Franco-Prussian War. In September 1871, he attended the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr and specialised in the cavalry arm. By August 1903, Sordet had been promoted to "General de brigade" and was given command of the 5th Dragoon Brigade, followed by command of 5th Cavalry Division in September 1907, 4th Cavalry Division in April 1910 and X Army Corps in May 1912. He was appointed a Knight of the Legion of Honour in July 1893, an Officer in July 1904 and a Commander in December 1912.

paragraph: Section::::Reconnaissance into Belgium.

paragraph: In 1914, Sordet commanded the I Cavalry Corps. General Joseph Joffre, the French Commander-in-Chief, believed that the main German thrust would be towards Verdun, but when Germany demanded passage of her troops through Belgium, he sent Sordet's corps into the Belgian Ardennes region to reconnoitre in force on 5 August.

paragraph: The Germans attacked the outermost Liège forts on 5 August. Three cavalry divisions under Sordet were to enter south-eastern Belgium on 6 August to reconnoitre the area east of the Meuse (President Poincare and War Minister Messimy had wanted to send five corps, but this suggestion did not meet with Joffre's approval). Between 5 and 8 August Sordet's corps searched the country east of the Meuse as far as Liège, covering in the last three days. They got within 9 miles of Liège, and also checked as far west as Charleroi, only to find no evidence yet of the Germans crossing the Meuse in order to march west through Belgium. Far from the opening weeks of war being marked by a "clash of cavalry" as predicted by prewar theorists, Sordet's three divisions failed to find any German troops until 8 August, when they encountered a security screen of German cavalry and machine-gun fire from Jägers around the northern group of armies near Liège and Namur and were unable to assess the size of the German force.

paragraph: The reconnaissance had been, in historian Ian Senior's view, too early as half a million German infantry were still backing up the roads from Germany. After an exhausting march in August heat with little water, Sordet's men were back roughly where they had started by 10 August. After a rest on 10 August Sordet's forces were in constant movement between 11 and 18 August. The Germans crossed the Meuse on 15 August, the first sign that they were coming further west than Joffre had anticipated. Sordet had been on the eastern side of the river. He made a brief attempt to attack the Germans from the south, but then crossed to the west bank at Givet and moved to a position northwest of Dinant.

paragraph: Sordet's men often covered per day, and at one point in August the 9th Cuirassiers covered in 48 hours. Unlike British cavalry who were trained to conserve their horses' strength by leading them whenever possible, French cavalry remained in the saddle, causing saddle sores and the loss of many horses from exhaustion. Sordet's men had covered distances which, as Spears put it, "would have taxed even British cavalry", and yet he was under pressure to fulfil different roles. Sir John French wanted him to cover the assembly of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), whereas Charles Lanrezac wanted him to gather tactical intelligence and was told by Joffre's deputy chief of staff Henri Berthelot on 17 August that this took priority. By 17 August, Liège having fallen, Sordet was ordered north of the Sambre by Joffre in a condition described by historian Barbara W. Tuchman as "shoeless". He was ordered to move up to Namur and Louvain to make contact with the remnants of Belgian Army to attempt to dissuade them from falling back on Antwerp. Grand Quartier Général (GQG) staff were unfairly angered at Sordet's "dilatoriness", even though his horses were too tired to do more than walk. Lanrezac demanded to Joffre on morning of 18th that he have use of Sordet's corps.

paragraph: Sordet's forces had now had a chance to recover their strength and he reported that he would be ready to move again on 22 August. He asked permission to operate north of the Sambre against the Germans who were reported to be marching west against the British. Lanrezac lent the 11th Infantry Brigade (part of III Corps), but on 21 August Sordet's men were pushed out of Luttre and Pont-à-Celles, crossings on the Charleroi Canal north of the Sambre.

paragraph: Section::::Charleroi and Mons.

paragraph: On retiring, the corps was attached to the French Fifth Army during the Battle of Charleroi (21-3 August) and the Battle of Mons (23 August). By the end of 22 August, Lanrezac, commander of the Fifth Army, reported that Sordet's corps was "greatly exhausted" and that it had had to pull back, helping to open a gap of – enough for an enemy corps – between Fifth Army's left and the right of the BEF. Together with the news which reached him at noon next day that Belgian 4th Division were evacuating Namur, this helped decide Lanrezac to pull back from his position at Charleroi.

paragraph: Sordet telegraphed to Lanrezac at 8 pm on the 23rd that Sir John French, commander-in-chief of the BEF, was pulling back to the Bavai-Maubeuge line (in fact this was a slight misunderstanding, as he was just making inquiries about the possibility of doing so), and asked if he should "keep to [his] mission on its left". Edward Spears argued that this may have been the source for the "legend" that Lanrezac pulled back because the BEF was doing so. He wrote that in fact Lanrezac pulled back before receiving the message and answering it at 11.30pm. Barbara Tuchman disagreed, citing Lanrezac's later claim that he had "received confirmation" of Sordet's message. She also scoffed at Spears' claim that "no evidence" had been found to link Lanrezac's retreat to concern about the British retreat, observing that Messimy testified at the postwar Briey hearings that there were 25 to 30 million relevant documents for the period in the archives.

paragraph: Section::::Le Cateau.

paragraph: Sir John French, worried at being cut off from the English Channel, visited Sordet at Avesnes on 24 August, and was informed that the Allied west flank was being defended by Territorial Army forces (reservists aged between 35 and 48) under Albert d'Amade at Arras and by the Lille garrison. Sir John asked Sordet to cover the British left, but Sordet initially asked to consult his own chain of command first. Sordet told Sir John that his horses were too tired to move, but he actually moved a long distance afterwards, a fact which Major-General Snow, commander of British 4th Division, later cited as evidence that Sordet is unlikely to have done much during the Battle of Le Cateau. At 10am on 24 August Lanrezac, concerned that Sir John French might be falling back on his lines of communication and away from the French forces, ordered Sordet to fall back on Landrecies on the next day, between the BEF and the Fifth Army. Lanrezac changed his mind an hour or so later and ordered Sordet to fall back to the BEF left as previously ordered.

paragraph: Later that day Lanrezac was informed that Joffre had taken direct command of Sordet with effect from 25 August, although GQG were not clear where he was. He brought his exhausted horses round the back of British Army and, in Spears' description, "that splendid little soldier never got rattled in the welter of contradictory orders he received", appearing on the British left on the evening of the 24th. Joffre wanted Sordet to reinforce d'Amade's three Territorial Divisions and the Lille garrison, which was now free to deploy after Lille had been declared an open city.

paragraph: On Tuesday 25 August the Cavalry Corps marched westward behind the BEF retreat, to the south of Esnes where British 12th Brigade was. That day War Minister Messimy complained to Joffre that German cavalry were running amok in Belgium and that "Sordet, who has had very little fighting, is asleep. This is inadmissible." This was unfair criticism from a man who was soon to be forced to resign. That night Sordet's forces passed behind the British forces and caused a delay of an hour until 1am in the pullback of British II Corps. Sordet's corps was bivouacked between Walincourt and Esnes on the night of 25/6 "wet through and the horses dead beat".

paragraph: At the Battle of Le Cateau (26 August) Sordet's men were deployed on the British left. Sordet moved off south very early on 26 August. 1st Cavalry Division moved to Villers-Guilain, 14 miles south of Cambrai and the same distance from 4 Division's left; it later moved forward to Cambrai. Sordet only moved up after receiving a message from Joffre timed 1pm ordering him not just to cover the British left flank but "to intervene in the battle with all the forces at [his] disposal". Spears wrote that after a march of 30 miles the previous day Sordet's artillery and cyclists attacked the flank of German forces attacking 4th Division, using their 75mm guns. Sordet's artillery fought from Séranvillers and Florenville south of Cambrai. Smith-Dorrien heard Sordet's guns around 4.30pm.

paragraph: Sordet's action helped the British 4th Division to pull away that night. The liaison officer Victor Huguet gave Sordet even greater praise on 28 August, claiming that he had helped the entire British II Corps withdraw.

paragraph: Section::::British Generals' views of Sordet at Le Cateau.

paragraph: Snow was highly critical of Sordet's conduct at Le Cateau, believing that he never intended to do more than demonstrate, but that the French Territorials and artillery on the left had helped protect the British flank. Snow wrote that there were not enough Germans to attempt to turn the British left flank until 3pm when 4th Division was already beginning to withdraw. Snow thought the guns which were heard that afternoon were more likely to belong to the Cambrai garrison. Snow also wrote that Sordet's guns opened fire at 6.30pm. Snow was wrong about this; in fact this was the time when Sordet "broke off" against German IV Reserve Corps, and his forces undoubtedly helped 4th Division to withdraw.

paragraph: Smith-Dorrien, the commander of British II Corps, thanked Sordet in his Order of the Day (29 August). In that document he wrote of the French on his left, especially the Territorials who had been engaging German troops further west, that "otherwise it is almost certain we should have had another corps against us on the 26th". However, Smith-Dorrien called the relevant chapter in his memoirs "Sordet's Tardy Help".

paragraph: In his original despatch (7 September) Sir John French wrote that Sordet gave no help and, according to General Snow, censured him. This was an exaggeration by Snow: in fact Sir John wrote that he sent Sordet an urgent message to support the retirement of the British left flank, but that Sordet was unable to intervene owing to the fatigue of his horses. But in his unreliable memoirs "1914" Sir John gave credit to Sordet, claiming that he had been ignorant of the assistance rendered by Sordet and d'Amade, and implying that Smith-Dorrien had misled him. By then Sir John was keen to praise everybody "but" Smith-Dorrien, against whom he bore a grudge.

paragraph: Section::::Retreat and dismissal.

paragraph: On 27 August, GQG, which had again briefly lost contact with Sordet, ordered him to cover British left until the BEF had crossed the Somme, then remain around Saint-Quentin until given further orders. Snow later wrote that the only time he ever saw "the great Sordet and his cavalry" during the retreat was on 27 August, when he saw several squadrons to the British left. The forces exchanged stirring messages via Colonel Edmonds, only for the French cavalry to withdraw immediately under shrapnel fire.

paragraph: Sordet, whose corps was by now incapable of fighting as a whole, formed a Provisional Cavalry Division under General Cornulier-Luciniere from the regiments which were still mobile, and placed it for two days at the disposal of Michel-Joseph Maunoury, commander of the Sixth Army. Maunoury was able to fall back behind the River Avre (29 August) because of the Battle of Guise.

paragraph: Sordet was under Maunoury's Sixth Army from 30 August to 1 September. Captain Lepic of Sordet's corps, reconnoitring northwest of Compiègne on 31 August, saw nine German cavalry squadrons (Uhlans, some of whom had discarded their helmets, were wearing cloth caps and were pretending to be ""Englisch"") followed by an infantry column 15 minutes later. They were not making south for Paris but rather south-east for Compiègne, the beginning of von Kluck's great turning movement east of Paris.

paragraph: Sordet was then under the direct command of Joseph Gallieni, Military governor of Paris, from 1 September to 4 September. He crossed the Seine between Mantes and Melun on 3 September. He was then again placed under the command of Sixth Army from 5 September, and was ordered to collect his troops together by 7 September in the region of Longjumeau-Brunoy, whilst the Provisional Cavalry Division moved east of Paris. In the space of a month, the corps had covered close to .

paragraph: On 8 September, during the Battle of the Ourcq (part of the First Battle of the Marne), Sordet tried to envelop the northern flank of von Kluck's German First Army via the Bargny Plateau. His three divisions left their bivouacs around Nanteuil-le-Haudouin around dawn, approaching Lévignen. Sordet was dismissed by Joffre that day for having previously withdrawn his exhausted troops for rest and refitting. After the news filtered out that Sordet had been sacked (he was replaced by General Bridoux, formerly commander of 5th Cavalry Division), 1st and 3rd Cavalry Divisions attacked but gave up at dusk and returned to bivouacs to feed and water their horses. Over the next two days 5th Cavalry Division would conduct a long distance raid, almost capturing von Kluck and First Army HQ at Vendrest.

paragraph: Sordet was one of fifty one French general officers who were relieved of their commands by Joffre in the first weeks of the war. Many were posted to the provincial garrison town of Limoges, and the verb "" as a result still means "to be dismissed" in French; however, Sordet was appointed Inspector-General of Cavalry Depots with an office initially in Orleans and by April 1916, in Paris. He was retired from active service in February 1917 and posted to the reserve in April 1917.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: André Sordet was married in September 1888 to Blanche Marie Adèle Henriette Bergasse (1863–1939). They had four children; a son, Jacques (1889–1946), and three daughters, Marguerite (1892–1952), Yvonne (1895–1989) and Jeanne (1896–1969). Jacques Sordet fought as an infantry officer in the First World War and later became a journalist and music critic under the "nom de plume" "Dominique Sordet"; in 1937, Dominique founded and ran the right wing news agency "Inter-France", which later supported the Vichy regime.

paragraph: In retirement, General Sordet co-wrote, with Marcel Victor Auguste Boucherie, a history of his command in 1914, entitled "Historique du Corps de Cavalerie Sordet", which was published in 1923. He died on 28 July 1923.

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (in French)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (in French)

wikidata_label: André Sordet

wikipedia_title: André Sordet


text:
Joseon period
gwageo
Sejong
Gang Huimaeng
Munjong
Sejo
Prince Anpyeong
Korean painting
List of Korean painters
Korean art
Korean culture
List of Korea-related topics
Arts of Korea

categories: Korean male poets,Korean calligraphers,People from Gyeonggi Province,15th-century Korean poets,1419 births,1464 deaths,Joseon Dynasty writers,Joseon Dynasty painters

paragraph: Gang Hui-an

paragraph: Gang Huian (1417?-1464), pen name Injae 인재, was a prominent scholar and painter of the early Joseon period. He was good at poetry, calligraphy, and painting. He entered royal service by passing gwageo in 1441 under the reign of king Sejong (1397–1418–1450).

paragraph: Section::::Birth Uncertainty.

paragraph: Gang Huian and his younger brother Gang Huimaeng were the sons of Gang Seokteok (1395–1459) and cousins of king Munjong (1414–1450–1452), king Sejo (1417 –1455–1468) and Prince Anpyeong 이용 안평대군 (1418–1453), that were the first three sons of king Sejong.

paragraph: Nevertheless, the year of birth of Gang Huian is unclear. Part of the references say 1417,

paragraph: part of them say 1419... None of these sources ever mention this discrepancy.

paragraph: Britannica specifies the more precise 1417(태종 17)~1464(세조 10).

paragraph: Section::::Gallery.

paragraph: The Korean Copyright Commission lists 5 paintings for Gang Huian, while Towooart gives a short notice.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Korean painting

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Korean painters

paragraph: BULLET::::- Korean art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Korean culture

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Korea-related topics

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arts of Korea, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Gang Huian

description: Early Joseon scholar and painter

wikidata_label: Gang Hui-an

wikipedia_title: Gang Hui-an


text: Atlanta, Georgia

text: American

text: Pylon

text: Supercluster

text: Pylon Reenactment Society

text: Atlanta, Georgia

text: Dacula, Georgia

text: Athens

text: University of Georgia

text: Pylon

text: Michael Lachowski

text: Randy Bewley

text: Curtis Crowe

text: Gang of Four

text: Hurrah

text: Kate Pierson

text: Fred Schneider

text: the B-52's

text: Danny Beard

text: Cool/Dub

text: Stone Mountain Studios

text: Gyrate

text: Central Park

text: Chomp

text: The Athens Show

text: Bob Hay

text: R.E.M.

text: SXSW

text: CMJ

text: Hits

text: DB Records

text: Chain

text: Sky Records

text: South by Southwest Festival

text: Little Kings

text: Athfest

text: Atlanta Heroes awards

text: Jason Gross

text: Perfect Sound Forever

text: Jeff Calder

text: The Swimming Pool Q's

text: Southern Tracks Studios

text: Rodney Mills

text: Rodney Mills Masterhouse

text: Duluth, Georgia

text: DFA

text: James Murphy

text: LCD Soundsystem (band)

text: Danger

text: Gyrate Plus

text: Chomp More

text: Supercluster (band)

text: Jason NeSmith

text: Hannah M. Jones

text: Kay Stanton

text: Bill David

text: John Fernandes

text: Heather McIntosh

text: Bryan Poole

text: Randy Bewley

text: Waves

text: Pylon

text: Chunklet

text: Pylon Reenactment Society

text: Swimming Pool Q's

text: Love Tractor

text: Pylon Reenactment Society

text: the Glands

text: Casper & the Cookies

text: Portland Mercury

text: Pylon Reenactment Society

text: Paste Magazine

text: Cool/Dub

text: single

text: Caution Records

text: Gyrate

text: DB Records

text: Pylon !!

text: EP

text: Crazy/M-Train

text: Beep/Altitude

text: Four Minutes/Beep/Altitude

text: Chomp

text: Hits

text: CD

text: Chain

text: Sky Records

text: Gyrate Plus

text: DFA Records

text: Chomp More

text: Gravity/Weather Radio

text: Pylon Live

text: Special 5

text: Waves

text: Cloud Recordings

text: Studio Mouse Productions

text: I Got The Answer/Sunflower Clock

text: 7" single

text: Paris Effect/Neat in the Street

text: Part Time Punks Session

text: Messenger / Cliff Notes

text: Totally Wired

text: Razor & Tie

text: Pylon

text: Iron Horse

text: Dead Letter Office (LP)

text: Cover + Remix

text: DFA Records

text: Tunabunny - "Form A Line RSD" 12"

text: HHBTM Records

text: Tunabunny

text: Dressy Bessy - "Lady Liberty" album

text: Yep Rock Records

text: Dressy Bessy

text: Motherhood

text: Uma Thurmond

text: Beep

text: Too Many Eights

text: I Got the Answer

text: Neat In The Street

text: Memory Of The Future

text: Beep

text: Messenger

text: Reynolds, Simon

text: Penguin Books

text: Strong,Martin Charles

text: Canongate Books

text: Christgau,Robert

text: Pantheon Books

text: PARTY ZONE: a tribute to Pylon

text: Pylon unofficial web site

text: Vanessa Briscoe Hay Top 5 Pylon Songs

categories: 1955 births,Musicians from Athens, Georgia,American rock singers,University of Georgia alumni,American female singers,American new wave musicians,Living people

paragraph: Vanessa Briscoe Hay

paragraph: Vanessa Briscoe Hay (born October 18, 1955 in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American singer for the Athens, Georgia bands Pylon, Supercluster and Pylon Reenactment Society.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born to a textile worker and a housewife in Atlanta, Georgia, Hay attended elementary and high school in Dacula, Georgia, prior to moving to Athens to attend college. Hay graduated from the University of Georgia art school in 1978. She became the singer for Pylon after being auditioned by Michael Lachowski, Randy Bewley, and Curtis Crowe. A few months later Pylon were the opening band for the U.K. group the Gang of Four in New York City at the club Hurrah after being brought to the club's attention by Kate Pierson and Fred Schneider of the B-52's.

paragraph: Danny Beard, from Atlanta helped Pylon to record their first single "Cool/Dub" in 1979 at Stone Mountain Studios in Atlanta, and Pylon began to tour the U.S. The album "Gyrate" followed and was released in late 1980. Early career highlights included a performance at Central Park opening for the B-52's, a tour of the U.K., opening a few dates for U2 on their first major U.S. tour and the release of the album "Chomp".

paragraph: Pylon decided to quit while they were still having fun. They broke up for the first time in 1983 after playing a "final" show, which was taped for The Athens Show. This was never formally released. In 1986, Hay was filmed for the movie "" and spoke about her experiences with Pylon. She and Bob Hay were married in 1986. In 1987 they had their first daughter.

paragraph: In 1989, Pylon reformed. Career highlights the second time around included tours with both R.E.M. and the B-52's, performances at SXSW and CMJ. "Hits", a compilation of their early material was reissued by DB Records in 1989. Pylon recorded their third album "Chain" for the Atlanta label Sky Records in 1991. Pylon broke up a second time in 1992.They played several more shows including the South by Southwest Festival in 1990 and 1991, but when guitarist Bewley decided to leave in 1991, the band broke up again.

paragraph: Vanessa Hay became an RN in 1994. In 1993, she and Bob Hay had their second daughter.

paragraph: Randy Bewley approached the other band members about reforming Pylon, just for fun, in 2004. In August, 2004 Pylon played an unannounced show at Little Kings in Athens, Georgia. In 2005, they played a series of dates in Athens and Atlanta, including Athfest and at the Atlanta Heroes awards by the invitation of the B-52's. Jason Gross, "Perfect Sound Forever" encouraged them to look into reissuing their first album, "Gyrate", on CD. Jeff Calder (The Swimming Pool Q's) restored the tapes at Southern Tracks Studios in Atlanta and Rodney Mills remastered them at Rodney Mills Masterhouse in Duluth, Georgia. DFA records in New York approached Pylon about reissuing this material, unaware that Pylon were already working toward this. James Murphy of LCD Soundsystem (band), had been including Pylon's song "Danger" in his DJ sets for several years and was interested in re—issuing Pylon's first album "Gyrate" on his label DFA. "Gyrate Plus" was reissued on October 16, 2007. A remastered Chomp More was reissued on October 20, 2009.

paragraph: Hay was also a member of the recording project Supercluster (band) who record and sometimes perform in Athens, Georgia along with Jason NeSmith. Other members of this project included Hannah M. Jones, Kay Stanton, Bob Hay, Bill David, John Fernandes, Heather McIntosh, Bryan Poole and Randy Bewley (deceased). "Waves", their full-length project, was released on October 6, 2009.

paragraph: A 7-inch vinyl single "Gravity / Altitude" by Pylon was issued in April 2016 by Chunklet as a part of the Pylon Live project. A double vinyl album was issued on July 25, 2016. This music was recorded at the first final performance on December 1, 1983 at the Mad Hatter in Athens, GA. Vanessa performed with Pylon Reenactment Society at both release events along with Swimming Pool Q's and members of Love Tractor.

paragraph: Since 2014, Hay has fronted the Pylon Reenactment Society, a Pylon tribute act featuring members of more recent Athens bands like the Glands and Casper & the Cookies. In a 2016 "Portland Mercury" interview, Hays said, "It's been inspirational, if that's the right word, to be able to play this music again. I really don't want people to forget Pylon. These are different people and we are re-enacting this experience, so it's not exactly Pylon, but it's fresh and done in the same spirit".

paragraph: In October 2017,Pylon Reenactment Society self-released an EP initially recorded on December 11,2016 for broadcast in Los Angeles, California for DJ Michael Stock's KXLU show "Part Time Punks," called "Part Time Punks Session."

paragraph: In March 2018, Hay was named one of the “25 Best Frontwomen of All Time” by Paste Magazine

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Pylon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cool/Dub" 7" single (Caution Records 1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gyrate" LP (DB Records, Armageddon 1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pylon !!" EP (DB Records, Armageddon 1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crazy/M-Train" 7" single (DB Records 1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beep/Altitude" 7" single (DB Records 1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Four Minutes/Beep/Altitude" EP (DB Records 1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chomp" LP (DB Records 1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hits" LP/CD (DB Records 1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chain" LP/CD (Sky Records 1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gyrate Plus" CD (DFA Records, 2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chomp More" CD (DFA Records, October 20, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gravity/Weather Radio" 7" single (Chunklet, 2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pylon Live" Double LP (Chunklet, 2016)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Supercluster.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Special 5" EP (self-issued, 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Waves" CD (Cloud Recordings/Studio Mouse Productions) (October 6, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Got The Answer/Sunflower Clock" 7" single (Cloud Recordings/Studio Mouse Productions) (October 6, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paris Effect/Neat in the Street" 7" single (Cloud Recordings/Studio Mouse Productions) (March 29, 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Things We Used To Drink/Memory Of The Future" 7" single (Studio Mouse Productions) (July 10, 2012)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Pylon Reenactment Society.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Part Time Punks Session" Vinyl 6 song 12" EP (PRS, Chunklet Industries, October 20, 2017) PRS001

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Messenger / Cliff Notes " Vinyl 2 song 7” single (PRS,Chunklet Industries, November 30, 2019) PRS002

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Compilations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Totally Wired" CD (Razor & Tie 1995) (Pylon - "Feast On My Heart")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" CD (Iron Horse, 2007) (guest vocalist-The Observatory-"Pilgrimage")

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Other.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dead Letter Office (LP)" LP (IRS Records 1985) (Cover of "Crazy" by R.E.M.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We Made A Record, What Did You Do?/Wuxtry Record Store Day Compilation (LP)" LP (Wuxtry Records 2010) (Paris Effect)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cover + Remix" 7" single (DFA Records, October 2011) (Cover of "Cool" by Deerhunter, Remix of Yo-Yo by Calvinist)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tunabunny - "Form A Line RSD" 12"" 12" ep (HHBTM Records, April 2013) ("Form A Line" by Tunabunny, Form A Line: Vanessa Vocal Version,Back It Up Dub Version,Album Version,Line Dance Version)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dressy Bessy - "Lady Liberty" album" (Yep Rock Records, February 2016) (Backing vocals on "Get Along (Diamond Ring) by Dressy Bessy

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1987), archive footage, interview

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Motherhood"(2009),songtrack song "Stop It," Pylon mentioned as The Pylons by Eliza Uma Thurmond, the main character who also dances with a bicycle messenger to this song.

paragraph: Section::::Video.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beep" (1990), Pylon, from CD: "Hits, a compilation", DB Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Look Alive" (1992), Pylon, from album :Chain, Sky Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Too Many Eights" (2007), Supercluster, from CDR EP: Special 5

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Got the Answer" (2009), Supercluster, from: CD Waves, Studio Mouse Productions/Cloud Recordings

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Neat In The Street" (2011), Supercluster, from: single "Paris Effect"/"Neat In The Street", Studio Mouse Productions/Cloud Recordings. Written by The Side Effects (Butchart/Ellison/Swartz), 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Memory Of The Future" (2012), Supercluster, from: single Things We Used To Drink/Memory Of The Future, Studio Mouse Productions. Directed by Hana Hay and Hannah Jones from artwork by Hannah Jones.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beep" (2017), Pylon Reenactment Society, from Vinyl 12” Ep "Part Time Punks Sessiom", PRS for Chunklet Industries, from unreleased documentary “Athens, GA...30 Years On” directed by Bill Cody,edited by Tony Brazier.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Messenger" (2019), Pylon Reenactment Society, from Vinyl 7” Single "Messenger / Cliff Notes", PRS for Chunklet Industries, directed by Tony Brazier.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reynolds, Simon: "Rip It Up and Start Again: Postpunk 1978-1984", Penguin Books, February 2006, p. 264.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strong,Martin Charles: "The Great Indie Discography", Canongate Books, October 2003, p. 282.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christgau,Robert: "Christgau's Consumer Guide-the 80's", Pantheon Books, 1990, pp. 329, 498, 506.

paragraph: BULLET::::- PARTY ZONE: a tribute to Pylon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pylon unofficial web site

paragraph: BULLET::::- [ AllMusic entry on Pylon]

paragraph: BULLET::::- [ AllMusic entry on Supercluster]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vanessa Briscoe Hay Top 5 Pylon Songs

description: American singer and songwriter for the bands Pylon and Supercluster

wikidata_label: Vanessa Briscoe Hay

wikipedia_title: Vanessa Briscoe Hay


text:
Japan
samurai
daimyō
Sengoku period
Ashikaga shōguns
Oda Nobunaga
Hosokawa Tadaoki
Oda clan
Incident at Honnō-ji
Akechi Mitsuhide
Battle of Yamazaki
Hosokawa Tadaoki
Hosokawa Gracia
tonsure
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Tokugawa Ieyasu
koku
Yamashiro Province
Ishida Mitsunari
Emperor Go-Yōzei
Sekigahara
Kumamoto
Tadatoshi
Numata Jako
Hosokawa Tadaoki
Hosokawa clan

categories: Toyotomi retainers,Daimyo,1534 births,Deified Japanese people,1610 deaths,Ōshū-Hosokawa clan,Izumi-Hosokawa clan,Oda retainers,Japanese poets,Japanese Buddhist monks

paragraph: Hosokawa Fujitaka

paragraph: , also known as , was a Japanese samurai "daimyō" of the Sengoku period. Fujitaka was a prominent retainer of the last Ashikaga shōguns. When he joined the Oda, Oda Nobunaga rewarded him with the fief of Tango. His son, Hosokawa Tadaoki, went on to become one of the Oda clan's senior generals.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: After the Incident at Honnō-ji in 1582 Fujitaka refused to join Akechi Mitsuhide for the Battle of Yamazaki despite the fact that his son, Hosokawa Tadaoki, was married to Akechi's daughter, Hosokawa Gracia. Fujitaka shaved his head in the Buddhist tonsure, changed his name to the priestly "Yūsai", and delegated his status as "daimyō" to Tadaoki. However, he remained an active force in politics as a cultural advisor, under both Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu. Hideyoshi granted Fujitaka a retirement estate worth 3,000 "koku" in Yamashiro Province in 1586, and added another 3,000 "koku" in 1595.

paragraph: Ishida Mitsunari had asked Fujitaka to join the Western Army, but Fujitaka refused due to one of Ishida's schemes which resulted in Gracia's and his granddaughter's death. As a general in the Eastern Army, he garrisoned Tanabe Castle with around 500 soldiers. When Tanabe Castle was besieged by the Western Army, the general commanding the siege had great respect for Fujitaka. Because of this, the attack lacked the usual spirit involved in a samurai siege: the attackers amused themselves by shooting the walls with cannons loaded only with gunpowder. Fujitaka laid down arms only after an imperial decree from Emperor Go-Yōzei. However, this was 19 days before Sekigahara, and neither he nor his attackers were able to join the battle.

paragraph: Fujitaka was buried in Kyoto, but has a second grave in Kumamoto, where his grandson Tadatoshi ruled.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Mitsubuchi Harukazu (1500-1570)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Chisein

paragraph: BULLET::::- Foster Father: Hosokawa Mototsune

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: Numata Jako (1544-1618)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hosokawa Tadaoki

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hosokawa Okimoto (1566-1619)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hosokawa Yukitaka (1571-1607)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hosokawa Takayuki

paragraph: BULLET::::- Itohime

paragraph: BULLET::::- Senhime

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kurihime

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kagahime

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hosokawa clan

description: daimyo

wikidata_label: Hosokawa Fujitaka

wikipedia_title: Hosokawa Fujitaka


text:
Major League Baseball
Petersburg, Illinois
college baseball
University of Notre Dame
Northwestern League
Union Association
Chicago White Stockings
Brooklyn Grays
Washington Nationals
Eastern League
home run
Minneapolis Millers
Western Association
triples
player-manager
Southern Association
catcher
outfielder
first baseman
batting average
Bill James
minor league baseball
Chillicothe, Illinois
Baseball-Almanac page

categories: Nashville Tigers players,Springfield, Illinois (minor league baseball) players,Minor league baseball managers,Peoria Reds players,Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players,St. Joseph Clay Eaters players,Peoria Distillers players,19th-century baseball players,People from Petersburg, Illinois,Major League Baseball outfielders,Hartford Dark Blues (minor league) players,Bloomington Blues players,Major League Baseball first basemen,Rock Island-Moline Islanders players,Washington Nationals (1886–89) players,Notre Dame Fighting Irish baseball players,Terre Haute Hottentots players,Major League Baseball catchers,Brooklyn Grays players,Milwaukee Creams players,Chicago White Stockings players,1930 deaths,Rockford Forest City players,Rockford Reds players,Chicago Browns/Pittsburgh Stogies players,Des Moines Prohibitionists players,Kansas City Blues (baseball) players,Chattanooga Lookouts managers,Detroit Creams players,Baseball players from Illinois,Burlington Hawkeyes players,Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players,Brockton Shoemakers players,1859 births

paragraph: Bill Krieg

paragraph: William Frederick Krieg (January 29, 1859 – March 25. 1930) was a Major League Baseball player from 1884 to 1887. He won three batting titles in the minor leagues.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Krieg was born in Petersburg, Illinois. He played college baseball at the University of Notre Dame and then started his professional baseball career in 1883, in the Northwestern League. In 1884, Krieg played in the Union Association, which is now considered a "major league." He batted .247. During the following season, he had short stints with four different ballclubs: two minor league teams based in Hartford and the major league Chicago White Stockings and Brooklyn Grays. In 1886, he split time with the Washington Nationals and the Eastern League's Hartford Dark Blues.

paragraph: Krieg started 1887 with Washington. On opening day, he hit a home run, and in the stands, "hats, umbrellas and canes were thrown into the air and the multitude shouted forth their joy in hilarious manner." However, Krieg batted just .253 in 25 games and was released in midseason. He played his final major league game on June 15. Afterwards, he joined the Northwestern League's Minneapolis Millers and batted .402, which was the second-best total in the circuit.

paragraph: Krieg played in the Western Association in 1888 and would remain in that league for most of the following decade. In 1889, he batted .326 and then joined Milwaukee in 1890. In 1892, he won his first batting title while playing in Milwaukee. Krieg had a career season with Rockford in 1895. During that campaign, he batted a robust .452, with 237 hits, 14 triples, and 11 home runs to lead the Western Association in all four categories. He won another batting title the following year, at .350. In 1897, he hit .340. In 1898, he became the player-manager for the Burlington Hawkeyes, but his batting average slipped to .297. In 1899, he was player-manager for the Bloomington Blues.

paragraph: Krieg's playing career ended in 1901, when he was 42 years old. The following season, he managed in the Southern Association and then retired from the game. Early in his career, he had been a catcher, outfielder, and first baseman – he played the majority of his MLB games as a catcher – but he ended up being primarily a first baseman later in his career. Krieg's lifetime minor league batting average was .335, and Bill James considered him to be the best minor league baseball player of the 1880s. By 1905 Krieg was living in Chillicothe, Illinois, where he died in 1930, at the age of 71.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baseball-Almanac page

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Bill Krieg

wikipedia_title: Bill Krieg


text:
Winchester, Kentucky
American Civil War
abolition of slavery
Cincinnati, Ohio
Wheeling, West Virginia
small-pox
Illinois General Assembly
Illinois House of Representatives
John W. E. Thomas
freemason

categories: Politicians from Chicago,Illinois Republicans,People from Winchester, Kentucky,Activists for African-American civil rights,1929 deaths,1846 births

paragraph: George French Ecton

paragraph: George French Ecton was a civil rights activist and Illinois' second black state legislator. He was born a slave in Winchester, Kentucky in 1846 to Antonio Ecton and Martha George. In June, 1865, after the American Civil War and the abolition of slavery, George and a friend received free papers in the mail and set off to escape slavery, as they were still being held in bondage. When they arrived in Cincinnati, Ohio they were hired as deck hands on the steam packet, "Sherman", working a route between Cincinnati and Wheeling, West Virginia. Later, in Cincinnati, George took a job at a number of hotels, including the Broadway House, Walnut Street House, Burnett House, and Spencer House. He became ill with small-pox while at the Walnut Street House, but recovered. He also began to attend night school taught by Luella Brown. He was reported to be a college graduate.

paragraph: On October 28, 1873 he moved to Chicago and took charge of the dining room at the Hotel Woodruff. In 1877 he married Patti R. Allen, also from Winchester. In Chicago, Ecton became active in Republican politics. He held his job as a waitor until being elected to the Illinois General Assembly, serving from 1887 to 1889. Ecton was elected from the third district to the Illinois House of Representatives, and replaced John W. E. Thomas, Illinois' first black state senator. He introduced legislation that protected former slaves. After his term, he became owner of a baseball league. He continued to be a leader in Chicago Republican politics into the 1910s.

paragraph: In Chicago, he was a member of Bethesda Baptist Church and was a freemason. He died on September 19, 1929 in Chicago.

wikidata_label: George French Ecton

wikipedia_title: George French Ecton


text:
Archbishop (Personal Title) of Novara
Archbishop of Chieti
Como
Italy
Pope Paul V
Archbishop of Chieti
Michelangelo Tonti
Bishop of Cesena
Domenico Rivarola
Titular Archbishop
Alessandro Borghi (bishop)
Bishop Emeritus of Sansepolcro
Archbishop (Personal Title) of Novara
Palazzo Volpi
Como
principal consecrator
Pasquale Grassi
Bishop of Chioggia
Agostino Morosini
Titular Archbishop of Damascus
Giovanni Benini
Titular Archbishop
Lorenzo Magalotti (cardinal)
Bishop of Ferrara
principal co-consecrator

categories: 17th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Bishops appointed by Pope Paul V,1629 deaths,1559 births

paragraph: Ulpiano Volpi

paragraph: Ulpiano Volpi or Volpiano Volpi (1559 – 10 March 1629) was an Italian Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop (Personal Title) of Novara (1619–1629), and Archbishop of Chieti (1609–1615).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ulpiano Volpi was born in Como, Italy in 1559.

paragraph: On 11 March 1609, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Paul V as Archbishop of Chieti.

paragraph: On 5 April 1609, he was consecrated bishop by Michelangelo Tonti, Bishop of Cesena, with Domenico Rivarola, Titular Archbishop of "Nazareth", and Alessandro Borghi (bishop), Bishop Emeritus of Sansepolcro, serving as co-consecrators.

paragraph: He served as Archbishop of Chieti until his resignation on 16 December 1615.

paragraph: On 13 November 1619, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Paul V as Archbishop (Personal Title) of Novara.

paragraph: He served as Archbishop of Novara until his death on 10 March 1629.

paragraph: His palace home, the Palazzo Volpi in Como was converted into the town civic art gallery.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopal succession.

paragraph: While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pasquale Grassi, Bishop of Chioggia (1619);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agostino Morosini, Titular Archbishop of Damascus (1621);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giovanni Benini, Titular Archbishop of "Hadrianopolis in Haemimonto" (1622);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lorenzo Magalotti (cardinal), Bishop of Ferrara (1628);

paragraph: and the principal co-consecrator of:

paragraph: Section::::External links and additional sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

wikidata_label: Volpiano Volpi

wikipedia_title: Ulpiano Volpi


text:
B.
Bishop of Novara
Milan
Italy
Clerics Regular of Saint Paul
Pope Innocent XI
Bishop of Novara
Carlo Pio di Savoia
Cardinal-Bishop
Sabina
principal co-consecrator

categories: 1644 births,18th-century Roman Catholic bishops,17th-century Roman Catholic bishops,1713 deaths,Bishops appointed by Pope Innocent XI

paragraph: Giovanni Battista Visconti Aicardi

paragraph: Giovanni Battista Visconti Aicardi, B. (1644 – 10 August 1713) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Novara (1688–1713).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Giovanni Battista Visconti Aicardi was born in Milan, Italy in 1644 and ordained a priest in the Clerics Regular of Saint Paul on 4 April 1665.

paragraph: On 31 May 1688, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Innocent XI as Bishop of Novara.

paragraph: On 8 June 1688, he was consecrated bishop by Carlo Pio di Savoia, Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina.

paragraph: He served as Bishop of Novara until his death on 10 August 1713.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopal succession.

paragraph: While bishop, he was the principal co-consecrator of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

wikidata_label: Giovanni Battista Visconti

wikipedia_title: Giovanni Battista Visconti Aicardi


text:
Bishop of Novara
Pope Martin V
Bishop of Novara
Carlo Gabriele Sforza
Archbishop of Milan

categories: 1402 births,Bishops appointed by Pope Martin V,15th-century Roman Catholic bishops,1457 deaths

paragraph: Bartolomeo Visconti

paragraph: Bartolomeo Visconti or Bartolomeo Aicardi Visconti (died 1457) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Novara (1429–1457).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Bartolomeo Visconti was born in 1402.

paragraph: On 4 November 1429, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Martin V as Bishop of Novara.

paragraph: He served as Bishop of Novara until his death on 28 April 1457.

paragraph: While bishop, he was the principal co-consecrator of Carlo Gabriele Sforza, Archbishop of Milan (1454).

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

wikidata_label: Bartolomeo Aicardi Visconti

wikipedia_title: Bartolomeo Visconti


text:
diplomat
1924 Summer Olympics
Romanian Davis Cup team
His father
Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania

wikipedia_title:
Diplomat
1924 Summer Olympics
Romania Davis Cup team
Nicolae Mișu
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Romania)

categories: Romanian male tennis players,Olympic tennis players of Romania,1973 deaths,Tennis players at the 1924 Summer Olympics,1893 births

paragraph: Nicolae Mișu (tennis)

paragraph: Nicolae Mișu (also "Nicholas Mishu"; 18 January 1893 – 1 January 1973) was a Romanian tennis player and diplomat. He competed at the 1924 Summer Olympics and was also a member of Romanian Davis Cup team. His father served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania.

description: Romanian tennis player

wikidata_label: Nicolae Mișu

wikipedia_title: Nicolae Mișu (tennis)


text:
Medici
Alfonso Parigi the Elder
Grand Duke of Tuscany
loggia
Bernardo Buontalenti
Inigo Jones
James I of England
Boboli Gardens
Boboli Gardens
bosquet
loggia
Mercato Nuovo
Giorgio Vasari
Villa di Poggio Imperiale
Palazzo della Crocetta
Maria Maddalena de' Medici
Alfonso Parigi

categories: 1571 births,17th-century Italian architects,1635 deaths

paragraph: Giulio Parigi

paragraph: Giulio Parigi (1571–1635) was an Italian architect and designer.

paragraph: He was the main member of a family of architects and designers working for the Grand Ducal court of the Medici. His father, Alfonso Parigi the Elder, was an architect and designer working in Florence for the Grand Duke of Tuscany. He became noted as one of the most innovative stage designers of the 17th-century and was also the first architect to use the loggia style in public buildings.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Giulio Parigi was born in Florence on 6 April 1571, the son of Alfonso di Santi Parigi and his wife, Alessandra di Berto Fiammeri. His father was an architect and set designer who was in service to the Grand Duke of Tuscany. Giulio grew up in Medici Florence, amongst the craftsmen who worked for his father. In 1594 he was enrolled at the Academy of Design as a painter and in 1597 he was enrolled at the Grand Ducal Court He was apprenticed to his father, Alfonso, Bartolomeo di Antonio Ammannati (1511–1592) and also to the theatre engineer, Bernardo Buontalenti (1535–1608).

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Through his father's collaborations under the court architect Bernardo Buontalenti, Giulio Parigi was trained in the practice of architecture. Following Buontalenti's death (1608) he designed and oversaw the creation of the elaborate ephemeral decorations for court festivities, in which he was an influence on Inigo Jones, who was providing similar services in the same years for the court of James I of England. In 1610 Parigi built the Convent of the Peace of the Friars of St. Bernard, outside of the Roman Gate (now destroyed).

paragraph: From 1613 onwards Giulio worked intensively as a civil engineer commissioned by the Grand Duke. Giulio worked on the Boboli Gardens, constructing the Grotto of Vulcan ("Grotticina di Vulcano", 1617) and laying out the second axis of the Boboli Gardens, at right angles to the first, with the bosquets on either side.

paragraph: Giulio constructed the Loggia del Grano in 1619, a Tuscan style loggia, and was thus amongst the first architects to employ the loggia in public buildings such as markets. The loggias established a pattern of market trading using mobile stalls under covered arcades which filtered out of the Italian peninsula and across Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries. Earlier exponents of this style included Giovanni Battista del Tasso with the Mercato Nuovo in 1547 and Giorgio Vasari with the Mercato Vecchio in Florence in 1567.

paragraph: Giulio rebuilt the Villa di Poggio Imperiale (1620–1622), and constructed the Ospedale dei Medicanti (1621), the church of San Felice in Piazza (1634–1635) and worked on projects for the Palazzo della Crocetta for Maria Maddalena de' Medici. His is also the grand stairs of Palazzo Gianni-Lucchesini-Vegni (1624).

paragraph: In the 16th and 17th century, theatre was for the very wealthy. Parigi constructed many sets for the Medici Court. Although none of these sets have survived, descriptions of them have been passed down. Parigi's set designs were notable for the instructions of machines that could emulate natural phenomena. These designs earned him a reputation as one of the most innovative stage designers of the 17th century.

paragraph: Parigi's worked straddled many various media and disciplines. He was an artist who worked in oil, drawing and frescoes; he was an engraver, cabinet-maker, jeweller, landscape designer, architect and engineer. His work as a set designer required skills in engineering and mechanics in which he was noted for his innovations. He was also the Master of an Academy where he studied Euclid, taught mechanics, perspective, civilian and military architecture.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and family.

paragraph: Giulio's son, Alfonso's grandson, Alfonso Parigi the Younger was also an architect and engraver. Alfonso worked with his father and under his supervision, completed some of the major projects. Parigi died in Florence on 13 July 1635.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: According to the "Dictionary of Biography," "The centrality of the role played by Giulio Parigi in the artistic culture of his time emerges with great clarity in the Privilege that on February 14, 1623 it was granted to him by Grand Duke Ferdinand II ... recalling how during the grandfathers of Ferdinand I and of Cosimo II there was no "factory or work famous" that had not been invented, manned and "perfected" by Parigi."

paragraph: Section::::Gallery.

paragraph: Parigi's Work: Architecture

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur Blumenthal, 'Giulio Parigi's Stage Designs: Florence and the Early Baroque Spectacle', PhD, New York University, 1984.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur Blumenthal, "Theatre Art of the Medici", Dartmouth:1980

description: Italian painter, engraver and architect

wikidata_label: Giulio Parigi

wikipedia_title: Giulio Parigi


text:
Renaissance humanist
Spanish
King Ferdinand
Queen Isabella
Christopher Columbus
Infanta
Catharine of Aragon
England
confessor
Bishop of Vulturara e Montecorvino
New World
Bishop of Santo Domingo
Amelia
Umbria
Columbus
Castile
Aragon
India
Pope Alexander VI
Bishop of Vulturara e Montecorvino
Pope Leo X
Bishop of Santo Domingo
Seville
Catharine of Aragon
Antilles
Fifth Laternan Council
Western Hemisphere
Roman Catholic Ecumenical Council

categories: People from the Province of Terni,Italian Renaissance humanists,16th-century Roman Catholic bishops,1524 deaths,Bishops appointed by Pope Alexander VI,Italian Roman Catholic bishops,1455 births,Bishops appointed by Pope Leo X,Archbishops of Santo Domingo

paragraph: Alessandro Geraldini

paragraph: Alessandro Geraldini ("also Gerardini or Gueraldini") (1455 – March 8, 1524) was a Renaissance humanist scholar at the Spanish court of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. He is known for his support of Christopher Columbus. He served as tutor to the royal children and later accompanied the Infanta Catharine of Aragon to England, as her confessor. He served as Bishop of Vulturara e Montecorvino (1496-1516); and in 1519, at 64 years of age, he traveled to the Spanish settlements in the New World, and became Bishop of Santo Domingo (1516-1524).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Geraldini was born in Amelia, in the region of Umbria in Italy. As a young man, he went to Spain, where he served against the Portuguese in 1475/1476. He entered the Church, and was entrusted with the education of the princesses of the royal family. While at court he supported Columbus, who had come to present to the sovereigns of Castile and Aragon his plan for discovering a new road to India and far east.

paragraph: In 1496, he was appointed by the King of Spain and confirmed by Pope Alexander VI as Bishop of Vulturara e Montecorvino.

paragraph: On November 23, 1516, he was nominated by the King of Spain and confirmed by Pope Leo X as Bishop of Santo Domingo and embarked at Seville. Geraldini wrote a great many works on theology, letters, poetry, a biography of Catharine of Aragon, treatises on politics and education, and an important account of his voyage to the Antilles. Geraldini served as Bishop of Santo Domigo until his death on March 8, 1524.

paragraph: Geraldini attended one of the sessions of the Fifth Laternan Council in 1516, likely making him the first cleric from the Western Hemisphere to attend a Roman Catholic Ecumenical Council.

paragraph: Section::::External links and additional sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

description: Roman Catholic Bishop of Santo Domingo

wikidata_label: Alessandro Geraldini

wikipedia_title: Alessandro Geraldini


text: Peerage of Ireland

text: Gregynog Hall

text: Tregynon

text: Montgomeryshire

text: Spain

text: Low Countries

text: Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex

text: Lord Mountjoy

text: Moyry Pass

text: Mountnorris

text: Newry

text: Armagh

text: Parliament

text: Irish House of Commons

text: Monaghan

text: Privy Council of Ireland

text: Monaghan

text: Lough Muckno

text: Castle Blayney

text: Castleblayney

text: Baron Blayney

text: Adam Loftus

text: Archbishop of Dublin

text: Henry Blayney, 2nd Baron Blayney

text: dowry

text: jointure

text: adultery

text: lawsuit

text: arbitration

text: King James I

text: Manchester University Press

text: Baron Blayney

categories: 16th-century Welsh people,People of Elizabethan Ireland,1570 births,17th-century Welsh people,17th-century Irish people,Barons in the Peerage of Ireland,1629 deaths,Welsh soldiers,16th-century Irish people,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Edward Blayney, 1st Baron Blayney

paragraph: Edward Blayney, 1st Baron Blayney, also Blainey or Blaney (1570-1629) was a Welsh soldier and politician in Ireland. He became Baron Blayney of Monaghan in the Peerage of Ireland. He gave his name to the town of Castleblayney, which he founded in about 1611.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born at Gregynog Hall in Tregynon, Montgomeryshire, a younger son of David Lloyd Blayney and his wife Elizabeth Jones. He became a soldier, saw service in Spain and the Low Countries, and came to Ireland in 1598 with  Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex.

paragraph: After Lord Mountjoy occupied Moyry Pass in 1600 and dismantled the Irish earthworks there, he marched to Mountnorris (halfway between Newry and Armagh) where he built an earthwork fort and left a garrison of 400 men under the command of Blayney, who was then a captain.

paragraph: In the Parliament of 1613-15 he sat in the Irish House of Commons as MP for Monaghan. He was sworn a member of the Privy Council of Ireland in 1615. In the 1620s he and his eldest son Henry were described as having great influence at the English Court. That he became a very wealthy man is indicated by the fact that he could afford to give his daughter Anne £1200 as her dowry for her ill-fated marriage to Lord Balfour.

paragraph: As the governor of Monaghan Blayney was granted lands at Ballynalurgan and Muckno on the shore of Lough Muckno. He built Castle Blayney castle, around which the town of Castleblayney has grown, and was created Baron Blayney of Monaghan on 29 July 1621.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He died on 11 February 1629. He married Anne, daughter of Adam Loftus, Archbishop of Dublin and Jane Purdon, as her third husband, and had eight children: Henry, Arthur, Anne, Mary, Martha, Elizabeth, Lettice, and Jane. He was succeeded in the barony by his eldest son Henry Blayney, 2nd Baron Blayney, who was killed in battle in 1646.

paragraph: Section::::Anne Blayney and her husband, Lord Balfour.

paragraph: His daughter Anne when she only 15 years old married as his third wife the aged James Balfour, 1st Baron Balfour of Glenawley. The marriage, which was "rushed though in great haste" was a disastrous failure. Balfour, having secured his wife's generous dowry, refused to honour his side of the marriage settlement, by which he had promised his wife a jointure of £300, on the ground that Anne had committed adultery. Anne under duress admitted to the adultery. The result was a lengthy and very public lawsuit, in which Lord Blayney complained that Balfour was trying to bankrupt him (although ultimately it was Balfour who was ruined). The case caused such a scandal that it was referred to the arbitration of King James I, who ordered the parties to settle their differences without further dishonour to either family: his sympathies seem to have been with Anne, as he asked why she would accuse herself of adultery, unless she had been coerced. Balfour died in 1634; Anne's date of death is uncertain.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://keithblayney.com/Blayney/Edward1.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ohlmayer, Jane "Scottish Peers in Seventeenth century Ireland": in "The Scots in Early Stuart Ireland-union and separation in two kingdoms "David Edwards editor" Manchester University Press 2016

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baron Blayney

description: Welsh soldier and Irish peer.

wikidata_label: Edward Blayney, 1st Baron Blayney

wikipedia_title: Edward Blayney, 1st Baron Blayney


text: Raab

text: Toszek

text: Pour le Mérite

text: Frederick the Great

text: Hans Karl von Winterfeldt

text: Seven Years' War

text: War of Bavarian Succession

text: Gotthold Lessing

text: Minna von Barnhelm

text: Raab

text: Habsburg

text: cornet

text: Franz Leopold von Nádasdy

text: lieutenant

text: Rittmeister

text: Spain

text: France

text: Turks

text: Prussia

text: Battle of Bitonto

text: Battle of Banja Luka

text: Battle of Grocka

text: Neipperg

text: Hofkriegsrat

text: War of Austrian Succession

text: Battle of Mollwitz

text: Battle of Chotusitz

text: Battle of Soor

text: Battle of Roucoux

text: Battle of Lauffeldt

text: major

text: Lutheran

text: Catholic

text: Karlsbad

text: Hans Karl von Winterfeldt

text: Silesian Wars

text: lieutenant colonel

text: Otto Ernst von Gersdorf

text: Kurt Christoph, Graf von Schwerin

text: Seven Years' War

text: Glatz

text: Octavio Piccolomini

text: Bohemia

text: Battle of Schleissitz.

text: Inhaber

text: Battle of Prague

text: Hans Joachim von Zieten

text: Battle of Kolin

text: Lausitz

text: Duke of Bevern

text: Klettendorf

text: Croatia

text: Battle of Breslau

text: Hans Joachim von Zieten

text: Kleinburg

text: Battle of Leuthen

text: generalmajor

text: Pour le Mérite

text: Karl Marquis de Ville

text: Battle of Landskrone

text: Kosel

text: Dresden

text: Minden

text: thaler

text: Kolberg

text: Glogau

text: Battle of Pasewalk

text: Vorpommern-Greifswald

text: generalleutnant

text: Uckerland

text: Treptow

text: Riga

text: Königsberg

text: Peter III

text: Leopold Joseph von Daun

text: Reichenbach

text: Naugarten

text: War of Bavarian Succession

text: Joachim Friedrich von Stutterheim

text: Duke of Brunswick

text: Teschen

text: Gotthold Lessing

text: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: Gliwice

text: Frederick William IV

categories: Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class),1785 deaths,Prussian military personnel of the Seven Years' War,Lieutenant generals of Prussia,Cavalry commanders,Prussian military personnel of the War of Bavarian Succession,1707 births,German military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession

paragraph: Paul von Werner

paragraph: Johann Paul von Werner (11 December 1707 in Raab – 25 January 1785 at Gut Bilschin in the district of Toszek) was chief of the Prussian Hussar Regiment No. 6 (Brown Hussars); he also received the Prussian Order Pour le Mérite. Initially in Austrian service, he fought against Spain, France, the Ottoman Empire and against Prussia. One of Frederick the Great's trusted diplomats, Hans Karl von Winterfeldt, recruited him into Prussian service in 1750; subsequently, he fought for Prussia against the Austrians in the Seven Years' War and the War of Bavarian Succession. He was wounded once, and taken prisoner several times. The Prussian playwright Gotthold Lessing modeled the character of the sergeant in his "Minna von Barnhelm" on Werner.

paragraph: Section::::Imperial service.

paragraph: Born on 11 December 1707 in Raab, Hungary, Paul von Werner entered Habsburg imperial service in 1723 and became a cornet in the hussar regiment of Franz Leopold von Nádasdy in 1731, a lieutenant in 1733 and "Rittmeister" (captain of cavalry) in 1734. During his time with the imperial army, he participated in eight campaigns against Spain, eight against France, six against the Turks and four against Prussia. He was taken prisoner during the Battle of Bitonto in 1734, and fought in the Battle of Banja Luka (1737) and the Battle of Grocka (1739).

paragraph: In August 1741, Field Marshal Count Neipperg sent a petition to the Hofkriegsrat, asking for a promotion for Werner but it was refused. During the War of Austrian Succession, Werner continued as a "Rittmeister", first at Battle of Mollwitz (1741) and subsequently in the Battle of Chotusitz (1742). In the Second Silesian War, he fought in the Battle of Soor in 1745, in the Battle of Roucoux in 1746 and the Battle of Lauffeldt in 1747. Despite his length of service and his unquestionable success as a soldier, he saw many men promoted to major ahead of him. During the fighting on the Rhine, he received a foot wound, his only serious injury during his long military career. In 1747, when he asked for a transfer to another regiment, Nádasdy reported that he was not fit. Werner interpreted this as meaning that he was not religiously fit because he was a Lutheran in the predominantly Catholic Austrian service.

paragraph: Dissatisfaction with his lack of career progress extended throughout the war between Austria and Prussia and opened the door for other opportunities. These probably occurred during a spa stay in Karlsbad, where he met Prussian General Hans Karl von Winterfeldt. Winterfeldt fell into conversation with Werner and, during the course of it, learned of Werner's dissatisfaction with his lack of career advancement. Ever the opportunist, Winterfeld reported to King Frederick that Werner, at the beginning of the First Campaign of the Silesian Wars, had made a "coup" when, with 60 Hussars, he had routed several larger units. Subsequently, Werner entered Prussian service in 1750, where experienced soldiers were accepted regardless of religion.

paragraph: Section::::Prussian service.

paragraph: Upon entry in Prussian service, Werner's career advancement became more regular. On 3 December 1751, Werner became a lieutenant colonel in the Brown Hussars Regiment No. 6 and in December 1752 he commanded the squadron formerly led by Lieutenant Colonel Otto Ernst von Gersdorf. By 1756 he was second in commend of the Brown Hussars in the army of "Feldmarschall" Kurt Christoph, Graf von Schwerin, who greatly appreciated Werner's prudence and vigilance.

paragraph: Section::::Prussian service.:Seven Years' War.

paragraph: Werner's first assignment in the Seven Years' War was to advance with 300 riders from Glatz around the rear of the Austrian army commanded by Octavio Piccolomini. During the invasion of Bohemia, he distinguished himself in the Battle of Schleissitz.. In February 1757 he became Inhaber (Proprietor) of the Brown Hussars and, in the Battle of Prague, he was part of the left wing reserve commanded by Hans Joachim von Zieten. In the final attack of the reserve, Werner's regiment formed the lead. In the Battle of Kolin, he was again on the left wing. After the battle, he was sent to Lausitz to join the army of the Duke of Bevern. Here, in action at Klettendorf, he routed two Croatian battalions. On 22 November 1757, at the Battle of Breslau, he was again on the left wing under Hans Joachim von Zieten, where he fought in the area of Kleinburg.

paragraph: In the Battle of Leuthen, he was able to defeat and disperse the enemy outposts commanded by General von Nostitz, including two Saxon and two Austrian hussar regiments. In September 1758, he was promoted to generalmajor and awarded the Order Pour le Mérite. In October, the Habsburg General Karl Marquis de Ville laid siege to the Neisse fortress. Werner was part of the relief troops and he was able to break through Russian and Habsburg lines in the Battle of Landskrone. He then went to Kosel, which was also besieged. In the spring of 1759 he was able to drive General de Ville from Silesia. In August 1760, he was part of the relief army of Prince Henry for Dresden; on the way he defeated the Dragoon regiment "Prince Joseph". For this he received from Frederick II the appointment as a provost in the cathedral at Minden and an endowment of 2,000 thalers. He was subsequently given the command of his own corps, and sent to relieve the besieged fortress of Kolberg. He marched the from Glogau to Kolberg from 5 to 18 September and upon arrival, he surprised the Russians by attacking immediately. The Russians were routed, fled their camp in a panic, and withdrew toward Russia. For this victory, he was memorialized on a commemorative coin. Werner received gold and twenty silver coins from the King. Subsequently, though, he was less successful: on 3 October 1760 at the Battle of Pasewalk, in Vorpommern-Greifswald, his troops attempted to storm the town and, although they took many prisoners during their attack on the redoubts, when darkness fell, Werner ordered his troops to withdraw.

paragraph: On 20 February 1761, the King promoted Werner to generalleutnant. On 3 September 1761, he captured a Swedish position at the village of Uckerland, taking eight guns and 600 prisoners. In 1761, he joined the army of the Prince of Wurttemberg, which was to resume efforts to relieve the besieged fortress of Kolberg but had hardly any supplies. In September 1761, Werner rode from Platens to meet the Russian troops moving westward from Poland. On 12 September, he fought with 2,000 men against the Russians at Treptow on the Riga river. After heavy losses, he was captured by the Russians and imprisoned in Königsberg, where he remained until the end of 1762. When Peter III became Tsar, he freed Werner, but tried to convince him to join the Russian army. Werner returned to Frederick's army in Silesia. There he again became commander of a corps, which first marched from Upper Silesia to Moravia, then joined the army the Duke of Bevern at Peterswalde in Lower Silesia. On 16 August 1762, he and Zieten routed an army of 47,000 commanded by Leopold Joseph von Daun near Reichenbach. He then moved back to Upper Silesia. After the war, Werner became the commander of Naugarten.

paragraph: Section::::Prussian service.:War of Bavarian Succession.

paragraph: In War of Bavarian Succession, Werner commanded an observation army, which was reinforced by Lieutenant General Joachim Friedrich von Stutterheim until the arrival of the Duke of Brunswick, when the two of them shared the command. The greatest combat he experienced in this uneventful war was a skirmish at Teschen.

paragraph: Section::::Post-military life.

paragraph: Gotthold Lessing modeled the character of the sergeant in his "Minna von Barnhelm" on von Werner: the character's name was even Paul Werner. The play was a characteristic "Soldatenstücke" (soldier play) popular in the latter half of the 18th century - until today. In one amateur production a young Johann Wolfgang von Goethe played the part of Werner.

paragraph: Werner died on 25 January 1785 on his Bitschin estate, near Toszek, which he had bought in 1783. He was buried in the Franciscan monastery in Gliwice. His service was immortalized in 1851 on one of the honorary plates on the Equestrian statue of Frederick the Great, erected by the King's great great nephew, Frederick William IV.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Werner's parents were the Habsburg lieutenant colonel Johann Paul of Werner and his wife, Marie Katharina von Streit. He married Maria Dorothea Apollonia of Shimonsky on 29 August 1756. Her father was Ludwig Jaroslav of Schimonskym, Lord of Prisowitz and Pojanow. Only one of Werner's five sons survived him: August Albrecht Joseph Ludwig Karl (born 23 January 1763).

wikidata_label: Paul Werner

wikipedia_title: Paul von Werner


text:
FMW
W*ING
Osaka Pro Wrestling
Dramatic Dream Team
Ebisu
Kuishinbo Kamen
self-parodic
alter ego
All Japan Pro Wrestling
Keiji Mutoh
Voodoo Murders
Keiji Mutoh
Stan Hansen
Abdullah the Butcher
Jyushin Thunder Liger
Triple H
Bret Hart
Cactus Jack
Bill Goldberg
Kurt Angle
Ric Flair
Yuji Nagata
Dragon Gate
Dramatic Dream Team
Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling
Impact Wrestling
Nosawa Bom-Ba-Ye
Osaka Pro Wrestling
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Tokyo Gurentai
Online World of Wrestling profile

categories: Japanese male professional wrestlers,1977 births,Living people

paragraph: Kikutaro

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Kikuzawa started his wrestling career in 1994, wrestling under his birth name for Japanese hardcore wrestling promotions including FMW and W*ING. He was only a jobber and never made much of a name for himself at this stage in his career. Kikuzawa eventually signed with Osaka Pro Wrestling and Dramatic Dream Team (DDT), where he continued to use his real name while competing for DDT.

paragraph: While wrestling for Osaka Pro, he began wearing a mask as a character named Ebessan based on Ebisu, the Japanese god of good fortune. Using comedic spots to get over with the crowd, Ebessan was immediately accepted by the Osaka Pro crowd. He moved up the ranks quickly and soon made Osaka Pro his full-time home in 2001. Ebessan became particularly well known for his rivalry with Kuishinbo Kamen, the two having many fun and comedic matches. They even worked as a tag team from time to time.

paragraph: As Ebessan was OPW's registered trademark, Kikuzawa was forced to give away his Ebessan character to another wrestler before leaving the company in 2005. Kikuzawa modified his character and used the name Ebetaro, but he would end up settling down for a new, original gimmick. He became Kikutaro, a masked, exaggerated self-parodic alter ego who behaved both goofy and self-important, wearing always colored tracksuits and baseball caps. He kept most of his comedic spots and impersionations, however, as well as his feud with Kuishinbo Kamen, adding now the new Ebessan to the enmity.

paragraph: In 2006, he began competing for All Japan Pro Wrestling, where he continued to work through the years. He often wrestled in the opening match, but also offered himself as an ally to Keiji Mutoh in his feud against Voodoo Murders and other factions.

paragraph: In December 2016, Kikutaro moved from Japan to the United States. He currently resides in Las Vegas, Nevada.

paragraph: Section::::Tributes.

paragraph: Kikuzawa has been known to do tributes to many wrestlers throughout his career, either through subtle imitations or by doing full imitations of their gimmick. He typically includes a tribute to Keiji Mutoh in his matches by performing Mutoh's signature elbow drop and Shining Wizard, as well as using Mutoh's "love" pose. Kikuzawa has also done many tributes to wrestlers in "borrowing" their gimmicks by dressing in similar attire and performing their signature moves. Kikuzawa has famously imitated Stan Hansen, Abdullah the Butcher, Jyushin Thunder Liger, Keiji Mutoh, Triple H, Bret Hart, Cactus Jack, Bill Goldberg, Kurt Angle, Ric Flair and Yuji Nagata.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Compound Pro Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dragon Gate

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dramatic Dream Team

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- Impact Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mobius

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nosawa Bom-Ba-Ye

paragraph: BULLET::::- Osaka Pro Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tokyo Gurentai

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ultimate Superstars Action

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online World of Wrestling profile

description: Japanese professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Mitsunobu Kikuzawa

wikipedia_title: Kikutaro


text:
Minister of the Left
Ogura Hyakunin Isshu
Kokinshū
Seiryō-ji

categories: Hyakunin Isshu poets,822 births,Minamoto clan,895 deaths

paragraph: Minamoto no Tōru

paragraph: Under his title Kawara no Sadaijin (河原左大臣, "Minister of the Left of Kawara"), he is the author of poem 14 in the "Ogura Hyakunin Isshu" poetry anthology:

paragraph: The poem originally appeared in the Kokinshū, no. 724. Here is another translation:

paragraph: The poet is also famous for making a replica of the "uta-makura" Shiogama ("poetic place name") in his garden.

paragraph: His tomb resides at the Seiryō-ji, a Buddhist temple situated on what was once Saga Moor in Kyoto.

alias:
源融
Minamoto no Toru
Minamoto no Touru

description: Japanese poet and statesman

wikidata_label: Minamoto no Tōru

wikipedia_title: Minamoto no Tōru


text:
Kara Koyunlu
Tamerlane
Qara Muhammad
Ahmad Jalayir
Qara Osman
Jalayirid
Baghdad
Tabriz
Aq Qoyunlu
Suşehri
Qara Yuluq
Timurids
Timur
Baghdad
Miran Shah
Azerbaijan
Samarkand
Sultan Ahmed Jalayir
Sultan Ahmed Jalayir
Ottoman Sultan
Bayezid I
Baghdad
Nasir-ad-Din Faraj
Mamluk Egypt
Battle of Algami Canal
Damascus
Nasir-ad-Din Faraj
Azerbaijan
Pirbudag
Faruk Sümer
Van
Barquq
Battle of Nakhchivan
Tabriz
Miran Shah
Battle of Sardrud
Shirvan
Shaki
Sultaniyya
Qazvin
Artuqids
Mosul
Sultan Ahmed Jalayir
Pirbudag
Shah Muhammad
Iraq
Shirvanshah Ibrahim
Constantine I
Syed Ahmed Orlat
Battle of Chalagan
Soltaniyeh
Jahan shah
Qara Osman
Aintab
Mehmed I
Shahrukh
Encyclopædia Iranica
Mehmed I
Avnik
Shah Muhammad
Qara Iskander
Ganja
Barda
Jahan Shah
Erciş
Shahrukh Mirza
Qara Iskander
Timurids
Jahan Shah
Manuel III of Trebizond
Shahrukh
Khalilullah I
Pirbudag
Shah Muhammad
Baghdad
Qara Iskander
Jahan Shah
Soltaniyeh
Abu Said
Erzincan
Amir Isfahan
Baghdad
Emir of Bitlis
Rulers of Kara Koyunlu

categories: Kara Koyunlu rulers,15th-century monarchs in Asia,1420 deaths,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Qara Yusuf

paragraph: "Abu Nasr" Qara Yusuf ibn Mohammad Barani (c. 1356 – 1420) was the ruler of the Kara Koyunlu dynasty (or "Black Sheep Turkomans") from c.1388 to 1420, although his reign was interrupted by Tamerlane's invasion (1400–1405). He was the son of Qara Muhammad, a brother-in-law to Ahmad Jalayir.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to chiefdom.

paragraph: After his father's death in rebellion by Pir Hasan, Kara Koyunlu elders gathered to choose his brother Khwaja Misr, however more energetic Qara Yusuf prevailed in succession. He made short-term alliance with Qara Osman against Pir Hasan and crushed his forces.

paragraph: Section::::Early reign.

paragraph: At the beginning of Qara Yusuf's reign, the Kara Koyunlu established an alliance with the Jalayirid dynasty in Baghdad and Tabriz against Aq Qoyunlu. However, he was soon captured and jailed in Suşehri. Not long after, he was released after his aunt Tatar Hatun paid ransom to Qara Yuluq. Soon Jalayirids and Kara Koyunlu both were threatened by the Timurids from the east. In 1393 Timur conquered Baghdad and 3 years later appointed his son Miran Shah as viceroy of Azerbaijan. In 1394, Timur imprisoned Khwaja Misr and sent him to Samarkand.

paragraph: By collaborating on equal terms with the Sultan Ahmed Jalayir against the Timurids, Qara Yusuf effectively secured the independence of the Kara Koyunlu.

paragraph: Section::::Early reign.:The Timurid Invasion.

paragraph: The Timurids began another campaign in 1400 and defeated both the Kara Koyunlu and the Jalayirids. Qara Yusuf and Sultan Ahmed Jalayir both fled and took refuge with the Mamelukes first, then Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I. In 1402 they returned together with an army. However, once they had retaken control of Baghdad they quarreled, and Qara Yusuf expelled Sultan Ahmed Jalayir from the city. Sultan Ahmed Jalayir took refuge with the Nasir-ad-Din Faraj the Sultan of Mamluk Egypt, but he imprisoned him out of fear of Timur. In 1403 the Timurids defeated Qara Yusuf at the Battle of Algami Canal and drove him out of Baghdad again, also killing his brother Yar Ali which made him to seek asylum in Damascus, which was then ruled by Mamelukes.

paragraph: Soon they were both imprisoned on the order of Nasir-ad-Din Faraj. Together in prison, the two leaders renewed their friendship, making an agreement that Sultan Ahmed Jalayir should keep Baghdad while Qara Yusuf would have Azerbaijan. Ahmad also adopted his son Pirbudag. When Timur died in 1405 Nasir-ad-Din Faraj released them both. However, according to Faruk Sümer, they were released on the orders of rebellious wali of Damascus - Sheykh Mahmud.

paragraph: Qara Yusuf, having returned from exile in Egypt and went back to Anatolia. He forced Timur's governor in Van Izzaddin Shir to submit, while capturing Altamış, another viceroy set up by Timur and sending him to Barquq. He later moved on to Azerbaijan. He defeated the Timurid Abu Bakr at the Battle of Nakhchivan on 14 October 1406 and reoccupied Tabriz. Abu Bakr and his father Miran Shah tried to recapture Azerbaijan, but on 20 April 1408, Qara Yusuf inflicted a decisive defeat on them at the Battle of Sardrud in which Miran Shah was killed. This battle, one of the most important in the history of the Orient, nullified the results of Timur's conquests in the West.

paragraph: In 1409 fall, he entered Tabriz and sent a raiding party to Shirvan, especially Shaki, which was fruitless. Another invasion force was sent to capture Sultaniyya and Qazvin under command of Bistam Beg. Same year, he marched to Anatolia and deposed Salih Şihabeddin Ahmed, thus ending Mardin branch of Artuqids. Instead he was married to a daughter of Yusuf and sent to govern Mosul.

paragraph: Section::::Defeating Jalayirids.

paragraph: Having firmly established as a ruler of Azerbaijan with Tabriz as his capital, Qara Yusuf fell foul of his former ally Sultan Ahmed Jalayir. Sultan Ahmed Jalayir tried to seize Azerbaijan, but was defeated near Tabriz on 30 August 1410. He was captured and forced to abdicate in favor of Pirbudag (7 year old biological son of Qara Yusuf) and to appoint Shah Muhammad (another son of Qara Yusuf) to be governor of Baghdad. He was executed the next day passing Iraq into the hands of Qara Yusuf after Bistam Beg urged him. Qara Yusuf declared his son as "sultan" and crowned him in 1411, however he was still in charge as regent.

paragraph: Section::::Later reign.

paragraph: Further consolidating his rule, he marched on Shirvan, where Shirvanshah Ibrahim, a loyal Timurid vassal was still reigning. Combined forces of Constantine I, Ibrahim and Syed Ahmed Orlat (lord of Shaki) were defeated on Battle of Chalagan, 1412. He later revoked governorship of Soltaniyeh from Bistam Beg and bestowed it on Jahan shah in 1415. He repeatedly defeated Qara Osman in 1417 and on 20 September 1418. Also made raids to Aintab which was then under Mameluke rule in response of them granting asylum to Qara Osman.

paragraph: In October 1418, his son and nominal sultan Pirbudag died, which left Qara Yusuf in grief for days.

paragraph: He tried to forge an anti-Timurid alliance with Mehmed I in 1420 unsuccessfully.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He died on his way to battle Shahrukh (who demanded his submission) on 17 November 1420. According to Ahmad Faridun Bey's ""Munshat-us-Salatin"" Shahrukh's "Fathnama" ("term used to denote proclamations and letters announcing victories in battle or the successful conclusion of military campaigns" according to Encyclopædia Iranica) sent to Mehmed I, right after Qara Yusuf's death his treasury was stolen by his nephews Qazan beg (Khwaja Misr's son) and Zeynal beg and taken to Avnik. Shah Muhammad and Qara Iskander retreated to Ganja and Barda. While Jahan Shah took his father's body to be buried in his ancestral town Erciş.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: After the death of Qara Yusuf in December 1420, Shahrukh Mirza tried to take Azerbaijan from Qara Yusuf's son Qara Iskander, using the fact that none of his sons was accompanying his father. Despite defeating Iskander, twice in 1420–21 and 1429, only in the third expedition of Shahrukh Mirza in 1434–35 did the Timurids succeed, when he entrusted the government to Iskander's own brother, Jahan Shah as his vassal.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He was married to a daughter of Manuel III of Trebizond. He also married to daughter of Abu Bakr ibn Miran Shah. Who was adopted by Shahrukh in 1420 and married her to Khalilullah I next year.

paragraph: Section::::Family.:Sons.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pirbudag (1403 - 1418)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shah Muhammad - "wali" of Baghdad

paragraph: BULLET::::- Qara Iskander

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jahan Shah - "wali" of Soltaniyeh

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abu Said - "wali" of Erzincan c. 1420

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amir Isfahan - "wali" of Baghdad

paragraph: Section::::Family.:Daughters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unnamed daughter married to Shamsaldin - Emir of Bitlis

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rulers of Kara Koyunlu

description: Kara Koyunlu ruler

wikidata_label: Qara Yusuf

wikipedia_title: Qara Yusuf


text:
R&B
Soul
Pop
singer-songwriter
Notting Hill Gate
St Thomas’ Hospital
Stevie Wonder
Michael Jackson
Fox Primary School
Cello
Centre for Young Musicians
Brit School
Sabrina Guinness
Estelle
Kelly Rowland
Simply Deeper Tour
Mean Fiddler
Beyoncé Knowles
Dangerously in Love Tour
opening act
Destiny's Child
Destiny Fulfilled ... And Lovin' It
Kanye West
Keyshia Cole
Sugababes
Jagged Edge
Missy Elliott
Motown
Dan Carey (Music)
Grammy Award
Tom Elmhirst
Adele
Amy Winehouse
Malik Yusef
Official web site

categories: English people of Jamaican descent,English people of Cuban descent,People educated at the BRIT School,British male singers,Black British singers,Living people

paragraph: Shawn Emanuel

paragraph: Shawn Emanuel is a British R&B, Soul, Pop singer-songwriter producer from West London’s Notting Hill Gate.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early years.

paragraph: Shawn was born in London on 5 January in South London’s St Thomas’ Hospital. Although he was born in South London, Shawn grew up in West London with his mother. His father is a reggae artist who recorded under the name Dixie Peach for the London-based record label Jah Tubby's. Shawn is the second oldest, of 4 siblings. His musical influences are Stevie Wonder and Michael Jackson.

paragraph: "“Even at a very young age, he was always intrigued with music. Before attending Primary School, he was caught several times on a small keyboard imitating Stevie Wonder.”"

paragraph: While attending Fox Primary School in West London, his mother sent him to Piano lessons once a week to nurture his passion for music. He also learned to play the Cello and attended the Centre for Young Musicians Weekend College in his early teens.

paragraph: Shawn was a student at The Brit School for performing arts. His passion for the stage was enhanced by his extra-curricular studies as a Sound and Lighting Technician. Shawn also attended Westminster Theatre Arts and was a member of Sabrina Guinness’s YCTV.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early career.

paragraph: Shawn cycled through a few boy bands before deciding to try it solo. After recording a song “Shake that thing” with British rapper Estelle, he was then given the opportunity to tour with singer Kelly Rowland as an opening act for her Simply Deeper Tour by Mean Fiddler Director/Promoter Rob Hallett and went later on to support Beyoncé Knowles for the European part of her Dangerously in Love Tour. He was also one of the opening acts on the European leg of Destiny's Child's Destiny Fulfilled ... And Lovin' It tour. Soon after Shawn was invited by rapper Kanye West to join the Late Registration tour with fellow support act Keyshia Cole. Other tours include the Sugababes Taller in more ways tour, Jagged Edge and Missy Elliott.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:DreamWorld Era.

paragraph: In May 2004 Shawn signed a five album deal with EMI. His album with EMI was titled "Dreamworld". The album was recorded in the old school Motown style, which included recording live vocals on tape and not digitally. His First single "Slow it Down", produced by Dan Carey (Music) was released on 29 May 2006 and his second single "U Better Believe it" was released on 16 October 2006. All tracks were mixed by multi-Grammy Award winner, Tom Elmhirst; noted for his work with British singer's Adele and Amy Winehouse. His "Dreamworld" album was not released due to his departure from EMI in 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Slow It Down" (29 May 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "U Better Believe" featuring Malik Yusef (16 October 2006)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official web site

description: SInger-songwriter

wikidata_label: Shawn Emanuel

wikipedia_title: Shawn Emanuel


text:
singer-songwriter
Streator, Illinois
BMI
The Storm
Steve Perry
Journey
Herbie Herbert
Alan Parsons
AOR
707
Billboard
Mainstream Rock
Steel Breeze
No Retreat, No Surrender
Joe Satriani
Ross Valory
Gregg Rolie
Steve Smith
Interscope Records
"Billboard" Hot 100
Bryan Adams
Peter Frampton
Herbie Herbert
San Francisco
Neal Schon
Jonathan Cain
Grammy
Alan Parsons Live Project
Chicago Bear
Shooting Star
Frontiers
Raised On Radio
Clique Records

categories: Songwriters from Illinois,American rock singers,American singer-songwriters,American male songwriters,American rock songwriters,People from Streator, Illinois,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Kevin Chalfant

paragraph: Kevin Chalfant is an American singer-songwriter and a native of Streator, Illinois. He obtained a BMI award for co-writing and singing on one of the most frequently aired rock radio hits of 1992 and 1993, "I’ve Got A Lot To Learn About Love"', by The Storm. In October 1993 he very briefly sat in for Steve Perry in Journey, singing lead at a roast for Journey's manager, Herbie Herbert, and in 2003, he toured as lead vocalist for the Alan Parsons Live Project.

paragraph: Chalfant's first national success came when he joined AOR group 707 in 1982. With Chalfant on lead vocals, the band enjoyed its biggest hit, "Mega Force", which peaked at #12 on "Billboard" 's Mainstream Rock chart. That success, however, was not enough to assuage internal conflicts and the group disbanded before a follow-up could be recorded.

paragraph: Section::::Steel Breeze.

paragraph: In 1984, Chalfant joined the band Steel Breeze, who were riding the success of their hit single, "You Don't Want Me Anymore." He recorded one album with the band, "Heart on the Line", before leaving in 1985. Around that time, he sang "Hold On to the Vision," the theme to the film "No Retreat, No Surrender", featuring Joe Satriani on guitar.

paragraph: Section::::The Storm.

paragraph: Chalfant later formed The Storm in 1990 with guitarist Josh Ramos and (former) Journey members Ross Valory (bass), Gregg Rolie (keys), and Steve Smith (drums). Journey, a multi-platinum band that was also no stranger to internal conflict, had undergone several personnel changes over the years. Original member and early vocalist/keyboardist Rolie had left Journey to pursue a solo career in 1980, and Valory and Smith had been "replaced" in the studio and on tour in 1986. Chalfant and Valory had dabbled in the studio with a side band called The Vu (pronounced "The View") as the mega-band's (Journey's) turmoil simmered and its next step was considered. By 1989, Journey had splintered completely into a series of solo projects and side bands, and The Storm started brewing.

paragraph: Released by Interscope Records in late 1991, "The Storm" hit the album charts and the band's first single, "I’ve Got A Lot To Learn About Love" surged well into the Top 40 of the "Billboard" Hot 100. Faring even better at Mainstream Rock radio, the single peaked at #6 on the national Billboard charts, and its follow-up, "Show Me The Way" went to #22. That spring, the band went on a major US tour in support of Bryan Adams, then at his commercial peak, and playing arenas, moving on to open for Peter Frampton, as well as several headlining dates.

paragraph: When it came time to release the second Storm album in 1993, however, the band found their label, Interscope, entrenched in the burgeoning rap scene. The band's second album, "The Eye Of The Storm", did not find label release until 1996, and by then the winds powering The Storm had died out.

paragraph: Section::::Journey.

paragraph: By 1993, Journey had been on a nearly seven-year hiatus, and the late-70s lineup was poised to regroup, minus singer Steve Perry, who was in the midst of working on a second solo album. Chalfant stepped in to tackle Perry's parts for a live performance in October 1993 for a Herbie Herbert roast at Bimbo's in San Francisco, he performed five songs with Neal Schon, Jonathan Cain, Gregg Rolie, Ross Valory, Steve Smith and Aynsley Dunbar at a roast for manager Herbie Herbert.[24]. Chalfant proved to be a good fit and was invited to formally join the band. Chalfant then began writing material in 1994 with Rolie, Neal Schon, and Jonathan Cain in anticipation of a full album and tour. By 1995, however Steve Perry had returned for a brief, Grammy-nominated reunion of their early-80s lineup instead, leaving Chalfant suddenly on his own again.

paragraph: Section::::Later recordings.

paragraph: Chalfant relocated back to his native Illinois and took a couple of years off. Upon his return to music, he brought his spirituality into the fore. He released a solo album in 1997 entitled "Running with the Wind", and released two albums with the band Two Fires, a self-titled release in 2000, and "Ignition" in 2002. In 2003, he toured as the lead singer for the Alan Parsons Live Project.

paragraph: In 2004, Chalfant released an album of traditional gospel songs and hymns, "Back To Square One", with proceeds going to benefit former Chicago Bear Jerry Stillman. A Christmas CD featuring fans caroling along with Chalfant and his band was released in December 2005.

paragraph: Chalfant featured in the studio project Shadows Fade, releasing a self-titled album in 2004. Chalfant then signed as the lead singer for Kansas City AOR favorite Shooting Star. He released one album, 2006's "Circles", before leaving the band.

paragraph: In 2007, Chalfant released "Fly2Freedom", a 13-track solo album covering his favorite Journey hits. The "fly" of the album's title and its cover art are a humorously self-deprecating homage to the scarab that appeared in the cover art on many of Journey's albums of the 1970s and 1980s. "Freedom" was the 1985 working title for Journey's followup to their "Frontiers" album prior to the departure of Valory and Smith; it was ultimately released as "Raised On Radio". Chalfant is quoted on the label's website as saying, "The Journey love-laden sound has won the hearts of millions of fans world wide. I am proud to consider them personal friends and label them America's Finest Rock Band."

paragraph: Section::::Rockingham 2016.

paragraph: In 2016 Chalfant appeared at the three-day Rockingham 2016 melodic/hard rock festival held in Nottingham, United Kingdom. He appeared on October 23, headlining that day's seven-act programme.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clique Records

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Kevin Chalfant

wikipedia_title: Kevin Chalfant