text:
Florence
Italian
painter
architect
Gaddo Gaddi
Giotto
Giorgio Vasari
Baroncelli Chapel
Basilica of Santa Croce
Florence
Galleria dell'Accademia
Munich
Berlin
Stefaneschi Polyptych
Bern
Dijon
Job
Pisa
Camposanto Monumentale
Uffizi Gallery
Harvard Art Museums
Santa Felicita
Ponte Vecchio
Agnolo Gaddi
Giovanni Gaddi
"Italian Paintings: Florentine School"

categories: 14th-century people of the Republic of Florence,1366 deaths,Gaddi family,1290s births,Italian male painters,Trecento painters,Church frescos in Italy,Gothic painters,14th-century Italian painters,Fresco painters,Florentine painters

paragraph: Taddeo Gaddi

paragraph: Taddeo Gaddi (c. 1290, Florence – 1366, Florence) was a medieval Italian painter and architect.

paragraph: He was the son of Gaddo di Zanobi, called Gaddo Gaddi. He was a member of Giotto's workshop from 1313 to 1337, when his master died. According to Giorgio Vasari, he was considered Giotto's most talented pupil: in 1347 he was placed at the top in a list of Florence's most renowned painters.

paragraph: His main work is the cycle of "Stories of the Virgin" in the Baroncelli Chapel of the Basilica of Santa Croce in Florence (1328–1338). Later he perhaps painted the cabinet tiles in the sacristy of the same church, now divided among the Galleria dell'Accademia of Florence and museums in Munich and Berlin. These works show his mastership of Giotto's new style, to which he added a personal experimentation in the architectural backgrounds, such as in the staircase of the "Presentation of the Virgin" in the Baroncelli Chapel.

paragraph: According to some scholars, he collaborated in the Stefaneschi Polyptych in Rome. His other works include a " Madonna" in Bern, an "Adoration of the Magi" in Dijon, the "Stories of Job" (Pisa, Camposanto Monumentale), the "Madonna Enthroned with Child, Angels and Saints" (Florence, Uffizi Gallery), "The Stigmatization of Saint Francis" (Cambridge, MA, Harvard Art Museums), the "Madonna del Parto" (Florence), and the Polyptych in Santa Felicita's sacristy, Florence. Vasari credited him also of the design and reconstruction of the Ponte Vecchio, which is however disputed by modern scholars.

paragraph: He was the father of Agnolo Gaddi and Giovanni Gaddi.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Italian Paintings: Florentine School", a collection catalog containing information about Gaddi and his works (see pages: 22-25).

alias:
Taddeus Gaddi de Florentia
Taddeo di Gaddo Gaddi
Taddeo Di Gaddo Gaddi
Gaddi
Schüler von Giotto Taddeo Gaddi

description: Italian early renaissance painter

wikidata_label: Taddeo Gaddi

wikipedia_title: Taddeo Gaddi


text:
fl.
Occitan
troubadour
Dante
Petrarch
Ezra Pound
The Spirit of Romance
Ribérac
Périgord
Bertran de Born
Richard Cœur de Lion
Raimon de Durfort
sestina
stanza
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Lancillotto
Launcelot of the Lake
The Divine Comedy
Purgatory
Old Occitan
T. S. Eliot
The Waste Land
The Waste Land
The Waste Land

categories: 12th-century French composers,Medieval male composers,French male classical composers,French male poets,12th-century French poets,Troubadours

paragraph: Arnaut Daniel

paragraph: Arnaut Daniel (; fl. 1180–1200) was an Occitan troubadour of the 12th century, praised by Dante as a "the best smith" ("miglior fabbro") and called a "grand master of love" ("gran maestro d'amore") by Petrarch. In the 20th century he was lauded by Ezra Pound in "The Spirit of Romance" (1910) as the greatest poet to have ever lived.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: According to one biography, Daniel was born of a noble family at the castle of Ribérac in Périgord; however, the scant contemporary sources point to him being a jester with pernicious economic troubles. It is probable that he became friends with another troubadour Bertran de Born as the de Born addresses an "Arnaut the joglar" in the tornada of one of his poems while Arnaut addresses a "Betran" in one of his own. The two likely met in the court of Richard Cœur de Lion which Daniel frequented. Raimon de Durfort calls him "a student, ruined by dice and shut-the-box".

paragraph: Section::::Work & Style.

paragraph: The dominant characteristic of Daniel's poetry is an extreme obscurity of thought and expression. He belonged to one school of troubadour poets that sought to make their meanings difficult to understand through the use of unfamiliar words and expressions, enigmatical allusions, complicated meters and uncommon rhyme schemes. Daniel further invented a form of stanza in which no lines rhymed with each other, finding their rhymes only in the corresponding line of the next stanza.

paragraph: Daniel was the inventor of the sestina, a song of six stanzas of six lines each, with the same end words repeated in every stanza, though arranged in a different and intricate order. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow claims he was also the author of the metrical romance of "Lancillotto", or "Launcelot of the Lake", but this claim is completely unsubstantiated; Dante's reference to Daniel as the author of "prose di romanzi" ("proses of romance") remains, therefore, a mystery. There are sixteen extant lyrics of Arnaut Daniel only one of which can be accurately dated to 1181. Of the sixteen there is music for at least one of them, but it was composed at least a century after the poet's death by an anonymous author. No original melody has survived.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Daniel's attempt to avoid simple and commonplace expressions in favour of striving for newer and more subtle effects found an admirer in Dante who would imitate the sestina's form in more than one song. Petrarch also wrote several sestinas as the form later gained popularity with Italian poets.

paragraph: In Dante's "The Divine Comedy", Arnaut Daniel appears as a character doing penance in Purgatory for lust. He responds in Old Occitan to the narrator's question about who he is:

paragraph: Translation:

paragraph: In homage to these lines which Dante gave to Daniel, the European edition of T. S. Eliot's second volume of poetry was titled "Ara Vos Prec". In addition, Eliot's poem "The Waste Land" opens and closes with references to Dante and Daniel. "The Waste Land" is dedicated to Pound as "il miglior fabbro" which is what Dante had called Daniel. The poem also contains a reference to Canto XXVI in its line "Poi s'ascose nel foco che gli affina" ("Then hid him in the fire that purifies them") which appears in Eliot's closing section of "The Waste Land" as it does to end Dante's canto.

paragraph: Arnaut's 4th canto contains the lines that Pound claimed were "the three lines by which Daniel is most commonly known" (The Spirit of Romance, p. 36):

paragraph: Translation:

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eusebi, Mario (1995). "L'aur'amara". Parma: Pratiche Editrice. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smythe, Barbara (1911). "Trobador Poets Selections from the Poems of Eight Trobadors". London: Chatto & Windus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pound, Ezra (1910). "The Spirit of Romance". New Direction Books (1968 reprinting).

description: Occitan troubadour

enwikiquote_title: Arnaut Daniel

wikidata_label: Arnaut Daniel

wikipedia_title: Arnaut Daniel


text:
Australian rules football
Collingwood Football Club
Victorian Football League
Essendon

categories: 1873 births,Collingwood Football Club players,1944 deaths,Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)

paragraph: Frank Hailwood

paragraph: Frank Hailwood (3 April 1873 – 21 May 1944) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the Collingwood Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

paragraph: Hailwood was Collingwood's ruckman during seven seasons in eight years for Collingwood in the VFL. Hailwood played 150 games for Collingwood, including the 1902 Grand Final win over Essendon.

description: Australian rules footballer

wikidata_label: Frank Hailwood

wikipedia_title: Frank Hailwood


text:
Australian rules football
Collingwood
Victorian Football League
back pocket
Carlton

categories: 1886 births,1975 deaths,Collingwood Football Club players,Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)

paragraph: Jim Sadler

paragraph: Jim Sadler (28 July 1886 - 19 July 1975) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

paragraph: Sadler played in 135 games over ten years for Collingwood in the VFL. He was Collingwood's back pocket player in the 1910 Grand Final win over Carlton.

paragraph: Sadler also played in Collingwood's losing Grand Final teams in 1911 and 1915.

description: Australian rules footballer

wikidata_label: Jim Sadler

wikipedia_title: Jim Sadler


text:
Masovian dialect
House of Piast
Płock
Bohemia
Bolesław II of Płock
Kunigunde
Ottakar II of Bohemia
Wenceslaus II of Bohemia
Siemowit II
Trojden I
Teutonic Order
Poland
Inowrocław
Golub
Lithuania
Dobrzyń
Władysław I the Elbow-high
Brodnica
Polish–Teutonic War
Gostynin
John of Bohemia
Wyszogród
Płock Cathedral
Jan Długosz
Dannila
Gediminas
Grand Duke of Lithuania
Bolesław III
Henry V of Iron
Żagań

paragraph: Wenceslaus of Płock

paragraph: Wenceslaus (Wańko) of Płock (, Masovian dialect: "Wańko Puocky"; 1293/97 – 23 May 1336), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast, Duke of Płock since 1313 and vassal of Bohemia from 1329.

paragraph: He was the third son of Bolesław II of Płock but the only born from his second marriage with Kunigunde, daughter of King Ottakar II of Bohemia. He was probably named after his maternal uncle, King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Unlike his older half-brothers Siemowit II and Trojden I, Wenceslaus didn't receive his own district until the death of their father in 1313, when he inherited Płock. This division didn't satisfy anybody and lead to a brief war between the three brothers in 1316. Apart from a brief mention in the "Roczniku miechowskim", the exact details of this conflict are unknown.

paragraph: Early in his reign, Wenceslaus tried to pursue a neutral policy with his two powerful neighbors, the Teutonic Order and Poland; a clear manifestation of this was his refusal to testifying during the Teutonic-Polish trial in Inowrocław or the agreement that he signed on 14 April 1321 in the city of Golub with the Teutonic Knights (represented by Frederick von Wildenberg), by which the Masovian rulers committed to refuse passage to the Lithuanians troops who fight against help the Order. Despite the treaty with the Teutonic Order, initially Wenceslaus managed to maintain good relations with Lithuania, evidenced when in 1323 he allowed Lithuanian troops to cross his territory to invaded the district of Dobrzyń.

paragraph: In 1325, Wenceslaus was obliged to renounce his policy of neutrality when Władysław I the Elbow-high launched a surprise attack against Płock. The reasons for this attack are unknown, but caused that on 2 January 1326 at Brodnica the dukes of Masovia concluded an alliance against Wladysław I.

paragraph: In 1326 the Polish–Teutonic War erupted. In this fight, Wenceslaus strongly supported the Teutonic Order; in revenge, Wladysław I besieged and burned Płock; after Gostynin managed to resist the attack of the Polish forces, Wenceslaus asked the help of the Teutonic Order, and thanks to this, the Masovian rulers are able to rejected the army of Wladysław I from their domains.

paragraph: In 1329, Wenceslaus suddenly changed sides and allied with Wladysław I. After this betrayal, an army led by King John of Bohemia and with the help of Teutonic Knights, invaded Płock, forcing Wenceslaus to surrender. On 29 March he was forced to paid homage to the Bohemian King, who was also a candidate for the throne of Poland. Wenceslaus' last years is known very little; probably discouraged by both the Polish and Teutonic Order, he withdrew from active politics.

paragraph: Wenceslaus died on 23 May 1336 in Wyszogród, and was buried at Płock Cathedral (according to the reports of Jan Długosz).

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and Issue.

paragraph: In 1316, Wencesalus married with Dannila (baptized "Elisabeth"; ca. 1301/04 – 2 June 1364), a daughter of Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania. They had two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Bolesław III (1322/30 – 20 August 1351).

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Anna (1324 - 16 February 1363), married bef. 6 September 1337 to Henry V of Iron, Duke of Żagań.

description: Duke of Masovia

wikidata_label: Wenceslaus of Płock

wikipedia_title: Wenceslaus of Płock


text: styled

text: The Hon.

text: English

text: diarist

text: travel

text: England

text: Wales

text: Lord John Russell

text: George Byng, 3rd Viscount Torrington

text: Southill Park

text: George Byng, 4th Viscount Torrington

text: House of Lords

text: seat

text: Southill Park

text: viscount

text: Commodore

text: Arthur Forrest

text: Royal Navy

text: George Byng, 6th Viscount Torrington

text: House of Lords

text: Regency

text: dandy

text: Page of Honour

text: George, Prince of Wales

text: Foreign Office

text: Rear-Admiral

text: Percy Fraser

text: Childe Harold's Pilgrimage

text: Charles Henry Hall

text: Church of England

text: Charles Herbert

text: Sir John Morris, Baronet

text: Southill

text: Bedfordshire

text: Donald Adamson

text: Devon

text: valet

text: literary

text: Don Quixote

text: Sancho Panza

text: Shakespeare

text: Tintern Abbey

text: Crowland Abbey

text: Fountains Abbey

text: Woburn Abbey

text: Duke of Bedford

text: Viscount Torrington

text: Biggleswade

text: Turner

text: Lake District

text: Barfreston

text: Greta Bridge

text: Bell Bar

text: Horace Walpole

text: William Thomas Beckford

text: Gothic architecture

text: Romantic movement

text: Jane Austen

text: Northanger Abbey

text: Dunham Massey

text: Adlington Hall

text: Etruria Hall

text: Attingham Park

text: diarist

text: Whig

text: Hanoverian settlement

text: Maidstone

text: Bedfordshire

text: Church of England

text: Methodism

text: Cromford Mill

text: Derbyshire

text: Richard Arkwright

text: Overton

text: Basingstoke

text: Sapperton

text: Gloucestershire

text: Josiah Wedgwood

text: Etruria, Staffordshire

text: picturesque

text: first-rate

text: man of war

text: reform

text: inn

text: alehouse

text: Biggleswade

text: Wansford

text: Disley

text: Alconbury

text: Leicester

text: rushlight

text: pence

text: shilling

text: Boston, Lincolnshire

text: Bedford

text: damson

text: pigeon-pie

text: James Burnett, Lord Monboddo

text: Biggleswade

text: Broadway, Worcestershire

text: Buxton

text: Manchester

text: Settle

text: chimney board

text: Lewes

text: Humphry Repton

text: Birmingham

text: Sarah Siddons

text: Ampthill

text: Lord Monboddo

text: Blenheim Palace

text: Duke of Marlborough

text: Colonel Johnson

text: Grand Tour

text: picturesque

text: South Mimms

text: Canterbury Cathedral

text: rialto

text: Samuel Pepys

text: diarist

text: Earl of Strafford

text: Donald Adamson

text: Folio

text: Donald Adamson

text: Current research being undertaken on Byng and the "Torrington Diaries"

text: Volume 4 of the "Torrington Diaries"

text: Volume 4 of the "Torrington Diaries"

categories: 18th-century English writers,1743 births,People educated at Westminster School, London,Viscounts in the Peerage of Great Britain,18th-century male writers,Grenadier Guards officers,1813 deaths,People from Southill, Bedfordshire,British travel writers

paragraph: John Byng, 5th Viscount Torrington

paragraph: John Byng, 5th Viscount Torrington (18 February 1743 – 8 January 1813), styled for most of his lifetime "The Hon. John Byng" (before 1812), was a notable English diarist. His fifteen extant diaries, covering the years 1781–1794, describe his travels on horseback throughout England and Wales during twelve summers. He was a great-uncle of the politician Lord John Russell.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: He was the younger son of George Byng, 3rd Viscount Torrington, of Southill Park in Bedfordshire]].

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: On 14 December 1812 he succeeded in the viscountcy his elder brother, George Byng, 4th Viscount Torrington, but died before he had the opportunity of being introduced into the House of Lords. The paternal seat of Southill Park had been sold by his elder brother for the repayment of debt, and John Byng thus found himself a viscount without an estate.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage & progeny.

paragraph: On 3 March 1767 he married Bridget Forrest, a daughter of Commodore Arthur Forrest (d. 1770), of the Royal Navy by his wife Juliana Frederica Marina Cecila Lynch (1722–1804). By his wife he had 14 children, 13 of whom survived infancy:

paragraph: Section::::Marriage & progeny.:Sons.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Byng, 6th Viscount Torrington (5 January 1768 – 18 June 1831), eldest son and heir, who took his seat in the House of Lords on 3 February 1813. He married twice, firstly on 8 February 1793 to Elizabeth Langmead (d. 1810) and secondly on 5 October 1811 to Frances Harriet Barlow (d. 1868).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edmund John Byng (11 September 1774 – 5 April 1854), 2nd son.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Byng (16 January 1777 – 23 November 1811), who married Eliza Amelia Mayne on 5 November 1806.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Dilkes Byng (22 September 1781 – 24 September 1860), who married Maria Jane Clarke (d. 1874) on 2 October 1810.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederick Gerald Finch Byng (4 December 1784 – 5 June 1871), known as "Poodle Byng". A Regency society dandy who served as a Page of Honour to George, Prince of Wales, held commissions in the Army, and worked in the Foreign Office. In his later life he became actively involved in the campaign to improve sanitation in London.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A stillborn child, sex not recorded, born in 1794.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage & progeny.:Daughters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Lucy Byng (11 July 1769 – 18 January 1846), who married twice, firstly on 26 September 1797 to Rear-Admiral Percy Fraser (1767–1827), Royal Navy, and secondly on 10 August 1836 to George Goodenough Lynn (1809–1889).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cecilia Elizabeth Byng (15 August 1770 – July 1843), who married Robert Gregge-Hopwood (1773–1854) on 31 October 1805. They lived at Hopwood Hall, Middleton, Lancashire; they were friends of the poet Lord Byron and his work Childe Harold's Pilgrimage was partly written while he stayed with them in 1811.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anna Maria Bridget Byng (18 August 1771 – 30 October 1852), who on 29 August 1794 married Rev. Charles Henry Hall (1763–1827), an ecclesiastic who served in several prominent positions in the Church of England.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frances Byng (11 May 1773 – November 1796).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bridget Augusta Forrest Byng (1779 – 4 March 1876), who in July 1806 married Captain the Hon. Charles Herbert (1774–1808), Royal Navy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georgiana Byng (1786 – 23 July 1856), who married Rev. Geoffrey Hornby (1780–1850).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beatrice Charlotte Byng (15 January 1788 – 12 March 1848), who married Rev. Colin Alexander Campbell (1792–1860) on 30 November 1820.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucy Juliana Byng (about 1790 – 27 November 1881), who on 5 October 1809 married Sir John Morris, Baronet (1775–1855).

paragraph: Section::::Death & burial.

paragraph: He was buried in the Byng Mausoleum in the Church of All Saints in the parish of Southill in Bedfordshire.

paragraph: Section::::The diaries.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Tour to the West, [31 May-14 July] 1781, Bodleian Library, Oxford ("Travel Journals").

paragraph: BULLET::::2. A Ride into the West, [23 August-9 September] 1782, Hampshire Archives & Local Studies, Winchester ("Diary of a Tour through Surrey, Hampshire and Dorset").

paragraph: BULLET::::3. A Tour to North Wales, [25 June-31 July] 1784, Cardiff Central Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. A Ride taken in July, [2 July-12 July] 1785, Shakespeare Centre Library & Archive, Stratford-upon-Avon ("Diary of a Tour through Oxfordshire and Warwickshire").

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Of a Tour into South Wales, [21 July-18 August] 1787, Cardiff Central Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Fragment of a diary of a Tour in Hertfordshire, ("circa" 11-"circa" 21) June 1788, Cambridge University Library ("Torrington Diary, June 1788").

paragraph: BULLET::::7. A Tour into Sussex, [15 August-25 August] 1788, Brighton & Hove Library Service ("Diary of a Tour through Sussex").

paragraph: BULLET::::8. A Tour in the Midlands, [9 June-4 July] 1789, Bodleian Library, Oxford ("Travel Journals").

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Tour in the Midlands, [7 June-22 June, 29 June-20 July] 1790, Manchester Archives & Local Studies ("Diary of Tours from Leicester to Manchester & through the East Midlands").

paragraph: BULLET::::10. A Tour into Bedfordshire, [21 August-5 September] 1790, Luton Central Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::11. A Tour into Kent, [17 September-26 September] 1790, in private hands.

paragraph: BULLET::::12. A Tour into Lincolnshire, [13 June-27 July] 1791, Lincoln Central Library ("Diary of a Tour of Lincolnshire").

paragraph: BULLET::::13. A Tour to the North, [27 May-17 July] 1792, Bodleian Library, Oxford ("Travel Journals").

paragraph: BULLET::::14. Tour into North Wales, [9 July-20 August] 1793, Cardiff Central Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::15. A Tour in Bedfordshire, [1 May-13 June, 6 September-28 September] 1794, Luton Central Library.

paragraph: The historian Donald Adamson believes there to be a missing diary of Byng's tour of Devon.

paragraph: Section::::Scope of his work.

paragraph: Byng’s journeys encompass England and Wales in the summer months of 1781-1794. After this time he gave up his journeyings, feeling he was too old to cover so many miles on horseback with only a servant to accompany him and sometimes to ride on ahead to book the inn for the next night’s stay. This servant, who was the person variously of Thomas Bush, Garwood, young Thomas Bush or an unlikeable unnamed valet, had the duties of carrying his master's bedclothes on his own horse, making his master's bed, attending to both horses, calling his master in the morning and "give him consequence". Viewed in a literary light, Bush or Garwood resembles Don Quixote’s Sancho Panza.

paragraph: Byng wrote no travel journal for Scotland though he may have been acquainted with that country. He travelled the Midlands in 1774 without leaving any record of his impressions.

paragraph: On his travels Byng displays the training and attitude of a retired Army officer (subsequently, from 1782 to 1799, a Commissioner of Stamps) together with the intellectual outlook of an antiquary steeped from his schooldays in Shakespeare and in the classics of Greek and Roman antiquity. He delights in ruins, such as those of Tintern Abbey, Crowland Abbey and Fountains Abbey, studies gravestones in many or most of the churches he visits, and records the inscriptions on some of them. He makes detours in order to view historic mansions whilst taking care not to stay at any of them even when they are inhabited by his aristocratic relations. He does not, for example, enter Woburn Abbey although it is the home of his niece’s brother-in-law, the future 6th Duke of Bedford. Nor does he stay with his brother the 4th Viscount Torrington but rather at the Sun Inn at Biggleswade, which he calls his “country seat”.

paragraph: In keeping with his military training Byng is gifted with his pencil. Like Turner in the Lake District, he uses his paintbrushes to sketch charming but somewhat naïve watercolour scenes, for example of Barfreston church, Greta Bridge or the “tortur'd tree” at Bell Bar.

paragraph: Like Horace Walpole or William Thomas Beckford, he admired Gothic architecture, thus foreshadowing the Romantic movement. (It is the attitude satirized by Jane Austen in "Northanger Abbey"). He deplores any “ugly, staring, red-brick house”, such as Dunham Massey, Adlington Hall, Etruria Hall or Attingham Park. And yet, as befits a former Army officer, he admires orderliness and the well-kept economy of a flourishing country estate.

paragraph: There is a vividness and an immediacy about Byng’s documentary record which is seldom if ever to be found in the work of any other British diarist.

paragraph: Section::::Byng's picture of 18th-century society.

paragraph: Byng is a "laudator temporis acti", or "praiser of times past". As a Whig he looked favourably on the Hanoverian settlement and expressed a strong dislike for Scotland. He lamented that Scotland seemed to be taking over England: “like their native thistles, they never can be weeded out”. He was a countryman at heart, far happier fishing and shooting than endeavouring to adapt himself to the airs and graces of polite London society, for which he had little affection. He fondly recollects his visits to Yotes Court, Maidstone in about 1755. Yet emotionally he was rooted in Bedfordshire, the county of his childhood.

paragraph: Faithful to the established Church of England (although conscious of its imperfections), he had only limited sympathy with Methodism – whilst recognizing its potential to rejuvenate traditional churchgoing.

paragraph: He was aware that great social changes were afoot and did not totally disapprove of them. Concerning the new industries, he was full of admiration for Cromford Mill in Derbyshire, and for the pioneering technology of Richard Arkwright. He admired the silk-mills at Overton near Basingstoke, the mining and the navigation tunnel at Sapperton in Gloucestershire, and Josiah Wedgwood’s potteries at Etruria, Staffordshire. But this was the "picturesque" side. Of the Derbyshire mills he writes: “These cotton mills, seven storeys high and fill'd with inhabitants, remind me of a first-rate man of war and, when they are lighted up on a dark night, look most luminously beautiful”. Politically, however, he dreaded revolution or even reform.

paragraph: In the course of his journeyings Byng provides much information about the inns and alehouses of the time. Often included in his diaries are the bills he has paid at his various stopping-places. Partly because they were so often on his routes, there were four inns he especially liked: the Sun at Biggleswade, the Haycock at Wansford, the Ram’s Head at Disley, and the Wheatsheaf at Alconbury (Hill). People travelled with their own bed-sheets, merely renting a bed at an inn in preference to sleeping in “damp house sheets”. At Leicester the diarist's bed was “sheeted, contrary to [his] orders”. A rushlight would faintly illuminate his bedroom during the hours of darkness.

paragraph: Byng rose early in the morning and sometimes breakfasted as late as nine. Broadly speaking, dinner (lunch) was at two o’clock. However, it could be called for as late as four. Supper could be at any time between seven and nine o'clock. At both meals there was sometimes a fairly wide range of dishes. The breakfast drink was usually coffee. The food was standard fare, with recipes that were fairly identical in whichever part of the country Byng happened to be. Breakfast costed 10 pence, dinner was 1 shilling 6 pence or 2 shillings, and supper 1 shilling: at Boston, Lincolnshire it is called a “gentleman's supper”, at 1/9d. Wine, the cost varying with the quantity consumed, was be an additional charge. Also additional were the horses' hay and corn, which generally cost 3/6d to 4/-.

paragraph: The quality of inn fare varied enormously. At Bedford Byng lifted the lid of a damson tart and decided not to have any of it – plastering it down “for the next comer”, and adding caustically that “it was not the first time of the lids being removed”. A good “pigeon-pie, with a pint of good port wine” was one of his favourite collations. James Burnett, Lord Monboddo had for “supper ... a provincial dish, cook'd from his directions”.

paragraph: At the Sun Inn at Biggleswade Byng had not only his own parlour, where he could eat privately, but was also provided with his own lockable chest of drawers (complete with “nightcap, shirts, fishing-tackle” ) and with grazing for his horse whilst he was in London. Though at Broadway, Worcestershire he enjoyed the luxury of a “spacious and clean parlour”, he was often in the “public parlours”; and this was all the more remarkable because of the great disparity which then existed between the grand bedrooms and dining-rooms of historic houses and the cold, draughty, ill-lit “gallery chamber[s]” where he so frequently had to spend the night. In the era of inns and alehouses, hotels had scarcely come into existence (though there was one at Buxton and in Manchester there was the Bridgewater Arms Hotel. The bedrooms in these inns and alehouses could be very primitive indeed. There might be “dirty blankets” (25 August 1782). At Settle his “windows, door and chimney board kept an incessant clatter”. A traveller, or "tourist", might even be made to share a servants' bedroom. At Lewes Byng and Isaac Dalby had to share a double bed. On the more positive side, it was sometimes possible to have supper served in one's bedroom.

paragraph: On his travels Byng met up with, or glimpsed, many of the prominent people of his age. In August 1788 he undertook a tour into Sussex with the mathematician Isaac Dalby. At Biggleswade, in 1792, he met Humphry Repton. At Birmingham, in the same year, he encountered Sarah Siddons. Two years later, at Ampthill, he glimpsed Lord Monboddo travelling post-haste from London to Edinburgh. Byng leaves unforgettable memories of Blenheim Palace (its grounds, gardens and gardeners but not of the Duke of Marlborough himself). His meeting with Colonel Johnson, told with economy, lingers in the imagination.

paragraph: The overall impression is that of a man keenly aware of social change: that is Byng’s "head"; but in his "heart" he clings to the old ways.

paragraph: Section::::Purpose of his work.

paragraph: In England and Wales Byng set out, year after year, on his own sort of Grand Tour. The Grand Tour, a leisurely exploration of outstanding cultural features of the European Continent, was undertaken by many young men—though not by Byng himself—before and during the 1780s. Byng, intensely patriotic, believed that there was just as much of interest in Britain as in France or Italy, particularly as England and Wales contained so much that was picturesque.

paragraph: He writes in his "Fragment of a diary of a Tour in Hertfordshire", June 1788:-

paragraph: Now I should be glad to ask of our Travellers, who brag of every country but their own, where they will find a cheaper charge than this [18/3d for 2½ days]; which was on a high road, [at South Mimms,] near the metropolis of Europe!

paragraph: Talk not, therefore, gentlemen, of foreign parts, till you have seen and learnt something of your own country: – ye, who drive by Canterbury Cathedral, without deigning a look, and return boasting of rialtos, eclipsed by the work of the most ordinary Welsh masons.

paragraph: “If my journals should remain legible, or be perused at the end of 200 years”, he writes elsewhere, “there will, even then, be little curious in them relative to travel, or the people; because our island is now so explored; our roads, in general, are so fine; and our speed has reach'd the summit”.

paragraph: But it is impossible to agree with his assessment that "The Torrington Diaries" or "Rides Round Britain" have no enduring historical value. Like Samuel Pepys, Byng conveys a most vivid impression of what it was like for the diarist to live from day to day in the society of his own period.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Earl of Strafford

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Byng, 5th Viscount Torrington, "The Torrington Diaries", ed. C.B. Andrews, 4 vols, 1934-1938.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Byng, 5th Viscount Torrington, "The Torrington Diaries", ed. C.B. & Fanny Andrews, 1954.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Byng, 5th Viscount Torrington, "The Torrington Diaries. A Literary Account of English Life and Thought in the 18th Century", ed. Bothaina Abd-El-Hamid Mohamed, 1958.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Byng, 5th Viscount Torrington, "Byng’s Tours: The Journals of the Hon. John Byng, 1781-1792", ed. David Souden, 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Byng, 5th Viscount Torrington, "Rides Round Britain", ed. Donald Adamson, 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Following John Byng", "Folio", Donald Adamson, summer 1996, pp. 3–9.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.nationalarchives.gov.uk

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.burkespeerage.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Current research being undertaken on Byng and the "Torrington Diaries"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Full text of Volume 4 of the "Torrington Diaries" on "The Internet Archive", as page images.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Full text of Volume 4 of the "Torrington Diaries" on "A Vision of Britain through Time", as proofread text with links to the places named.

description: British Peer of the Realm

wikidata_label: John Byng, 5th Viscount Torrington

wikipedia_title: John Byng, 5th Viscount Torrington


text: Madrid

text: Ávila

text: president

text: Spanish Republican government in Exile

text: Francisco Franco

text: Central University of Madrid

text: Asturias

text: León

text: Castilla

text: Real Academia de la Historia

text: Dean

text: newly established republican government

text: Minister of Education

text: Spanish Civil War

text: ambassador

text: Portugal

text: Lisbon

text: Francisco Franco

text: France

text: Argentina

text: University of Cuyo

text: Mendoza

text: University of Buenos Aires

text: Spanish Republican Government in Exile

text: Castile and León

text: Visigothic

text: feudalism

text: Reconquista

text: Américo Castro

text: Princeton University

text: convivencia

text: Buenos Aires

text: Ávila

text: Cathedral of Ávila

text: José Luis Gómez Martínez

categories: Spanish historians,1984 deaths,Ambassadors of Spain to Portugal,Foreign ministers of Spain,Members of the Congress of Deputies of the Second Spanish Republic,Politicians from Madrid,Exiles of the Spanish Civil War in Argentina,Republican Left (Spain) politicians,20th-century historians,Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction),1893 births,Republican Action (Spain) politicians

paragraph: Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz

paragraph: Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz y Menduiña (; Madrid, April 7, 1893 – Ávila, July 8, 1984) was an eminent Spanish medieval historian, statesman, and president of the Spanish Republican government in Exile during the rule of Francisco Franco.

paragraph: Section::::Education and early career.

paragraph: Sánchez-Albornoz was born in Madrid to a prominent political family from the provincial capital of Ávila and attended the Central University of Madrid, where he obtained a licentiate degree in letters and philosophy in 1913 with first class honours. One year later, at age 21, he was awarded a doctorate degree in history with a thesis entitled "La Monarquía en Asturias, León y Castilla durante los siglos VIII al XIII. La Potestad Real y los Señoríos". He quickly established himself as the country's preeminent young scholar of medieval Spanish history, particularly the history of the monarchy and royal institutions in the early Middle Ages.

paragraph: By 1920, Sánchez-Albornoz had already held several prestigious university chairs when he was offered the chair in Spanish medieval history at Madrid held by his late thesis adviser, Eduardo de Hinojosa. In 1926, he was inducted into the Real Academia de la Historia—the youngest member up to that time ever admitted to the elite scholarly institution. By 1931, he was appointed Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters and served as rector of the Central University the following year. During this time, he took a hiatus from his academic pursuits to join the newly established republican government, serving in parliament as a representative from Ávila, and later in several other prominent posts, including Minister of Education.

paragraph: Section::::Exile and later career.

paragraph: During the early years of the Spanish Civil War, Sánchez-Albornoz was appointed the Spanish Republic ambassador to Portugal. When the government in Lisbon declared its support for Francisco Franco, he was dismissed from his post and he fled with his family to France and then, in 1940, to Argentina, where he would spend more than four decades in exile as both a scholar and leader of the democratic anti-Franco movement abroad.

paragraph: After a brief post at the University of Cuyo in the northern province of Mendoza, Sánchez-Albornoz was offered a position at the University of Buenos Aires where he created a center for Iberian medieval studies and founded a historical journal, the "Cuadernos de historia de España". During these years, he remained a tremendously productive scholar, writing extensively on early Spanish history and training young Argentine and other Latin American scholars to work on medieval documents and legal texts.

paragraph: For Sánchez-Albornoz, the work of recovering the roots of the Spanish character and its political institutions in the Middle Ages was an extension of his political commitments to the republican Spanish state he had been a part of in the 1930s.

paragraph: Between 1962 and 1970, Sánchez-Albornoz served as president of the council of the Spanish Republican Government in Exile and used his reputation and numerous invitations to speak abroad as a platform to promote the restoration of democracy in Spain.

paragraph: Even when Franco extended an amnesty to regime critics in 1969, Sánchez-Albornoz refused to return until the dictator had died.

paragraph: Sánchez-Albornoz's scholarship came to focus on the kingdoms of Castile and León and the evolution of social and economic institutions under the influence of external pressures, whether Germanic (Visigothic) or Muslim/Arab. In his monumental, three-volume history of early feudalism that he had begun composing in France before the outbreak of war, "En torno a los origines del feudalismo" (1942), Sánchez-Albornoz emphasized the contributions of Visigothic culture and legal institutions to early Spanish history, particularly the monarchy and its relationship to the nobility and other segments of society. He also emphasized the emergence in Spain of a free peasantry in advancing the frontier regions during the Reconquista that complicated the development of serfdom and hierarchical structures of lordship historians described elsewhere in feudal Europe. While an earlier generation of scholars had also tended to focus on questions about the continuity of Roman influences in medieval Iberia, Sánchez-Albornoz instead argued that the Visigothic invasions of the fifth century had created a new, uniquely Hispanic, civilization which defined Spanish history and the Spanish people from that point forward, even during the centuries of Arab occupation.

paragraph: Section::::Dispute with Américo Castro.

paragraph: This conviction about the origins of a unique Spanish national identity led to a notable academic feud with another scholar in exile, Américo Castro, who had moved to the United States and taught at Princeton University. Castro's ground-breaking book, "España en su historia" (1948; Engl. trans. 1954) posited that "Spanish" culture was essentially a hybrid one, produced over the course of centuries by the intermixing of Christian, Muslim and Jewish populations and traditions. Castro coined the term "convivencia"—loosely translated as "living-together-ness" or "cohabitation"—to describe the multicultural, religiously tolerant and dynamic society of medieval Spain. Sánchez-Albornoz—who regarded Castro's interdisciplinary, literature-focused methodology as insufficiently rigorous and scholarly—responded with a new study, "España: un enigma histórico" (1956), that argued for the persistence of a pre-Arab invasion Spanish culture and national identity grounded in the reproduction of key legal, political, and economic institutions. While he did not deny that Muslims and Jews were an important presence in medieval Iberia, Sánchez-Albornoz maintained that they contributed little creative energy to the processes of history or state-building and insisted upon an enduring idea of Spanish nationhood and identity that transcended the vagaries of history and the temporary influence of outside groups.

paragraph: While few academic historians today still subscribe to Sanchez-Albornoz's ideas about an essential national Spanish "character" which motivates history, there is still a lively scholarly debate over "convivencia" as a historical model for understanding medieval Spain.

paragraph: Section::::Return to Spain.

paragraph: In April 1976, six months after the death of Franco, Sánchez-Albornoz returned to his homeland for the first time in more than forty years and was given a hero's welcome, particularly in his family town of Ávila. On 2 March 1983 he received the Gran Cruz de la Real y Muy Distinguida Orden de Carlos III. He returned to Buenos Aires after a brief stay, but moved back to Ávila permanently in July 1983.

paragraph: He died one year later, on 8 July 1984 at the age of 91 at Hospital de la Seguridad Social Nuestra Señora de Sonsoles in Ávila, and was buried in the Cathedral of Ávila. A month before he received the Premio Príncipe de Asturias de Comunicación y Humanidades.

paragraph: The Fundación D. Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz  in Ávila was established shortly after his death to preserve and promote his scholarly legacy.

paragraph: During his long and distinguished career, Sánchez-Albornoz received dozens of awards and honorary degrees from institutions and nations around the world and was a member, or corresponding member, of numerous scholarly academies.

paragraph: Sánchez-Albornoz was survived by two daughters, and a son, Nicolás (born 1926), who went on to become a noted scholar of Latin American demographic history, author of "La población de América Latina" (1973, trans 1974, frequently republished).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- José Luis Gómez Martínez, "Américo Castro y Sánchez-Albornoz: Dos posiciones ante el origen de los españoles." "Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica" 2l (l972): 30l-320.

paragraph: BULLET::::- James F. Powers, "Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz y Menduiña," in "Medieval Scholarship: Biographical Studies on the Formation of a Discipline", vol. 1, ed. Helen Daimico & Joseph B. Zavadil (New York, 1995), 233–246.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luis G. de Valdevellano, "Don Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz y Menduiña," "Boletin de la Real Academia de la Historia" 181 (1984):337–45.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Linehan, "A History of Isolation," "Times Literary Supplement", 11 October 1985, 1144.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fundación Claudio Sanchez-Albornoz biography (in Spanish)

alias: Claudio Sanchez Albornoz., Sánchez-Albornoz

description: Spanish historian and politician

wikidata_label: Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz y Menduiña

wikipedia_title: Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz


text:
steeplechase
trainer
Aintree
Grand National
1850
Abd-el-Kader
1859
Half Caste
The Lamb
1871
Upwell
Wisbech
Isle of Ely
harriers
Phosphorus
Derby
Colkirk House
Colkirk
Diss
Waltham Abbey
Jerry
1840 Grand National
Jem Mason
Stallinghall
Louth
Lincoln
Lincoln
Abd-el-Kader
Grand National
Littleport
Littleport
Half Caste
John Gerard Leigh
1858 Grand National
Half Caste
Newmarket
Littleport
Newmarket
1859 Grand National
Aintree
The Era
Sporting Life
1860 Grand National
Newmarket
Newmarket
nom de course
1861 Grand National
1863 Grand National
Soberton
Droxford
Newmarket
1866 Grand National
Newmarket
Newmarket
1868 Grand National
The Lamb
1869 Grand National
Droxford
The Lamb
Wisbech
Walsoken
Walsoken
Outwell
Walsoken
Littleport
Littleport
Littleport
Woodditton
1871 Grand National
Abd-el-Kader
Half Caste
1859 Grand National
Henry Barraud
Sotheby's

categories: British horse trainers,1874 deaths,Grand National winners,British jockeys,1820 births

paragraph: Chris Green (horseman)

paragraph: Chris Green (1820–1874) was a leading English steeplechase rider and trainer who won two Aintree Grand Nationals as jockey (1850 on Abd-el-Kader and 1859 on Half Caste) and trained the winning horse in another, The Lamb in 1871.

paragraph: He was active as a rider from around 1837 to around 1863, and as a trainer from the mid-1850s to about 1872, two years before his death. He interspersed his professional racing life with periods concentrating on his farming interests on the Norfolk–Cambridgeshire borders.

paragraph: His full name was Christopher Green but throughout his professional life he was referred to as Chris or Cris Green.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: His exact date of birth is not known, but he was baptised on 16 July 1820 as Christopher Green to William and Mary Green at Upwell, close to Wisbech and the Isle of Ely in the Fenlands of the Norfolk/Cambridgeshire borders. There is nothing in later records to disagree with 1820 being his year of birth. His 1874 obituary writer, styling himself as 'The Sportsman', tells of him learning to ride at a very early age 'whipped in to his father' who hunted a pack of harriers across the 'enormous Fen drains'. He soon earned a name for the daring manner in which he rode.

paragraph: Section::::Early career – rider.

paragraph: Chris Green soon obtained his first 'place' on leaving home with Lord Berners but, according to his obituary writer, when he thought it was he that was entitled to the mount (and not George Edwards, the nominated jockey) of Phosphorus, the eventual but unfancied winner of the 1837 Derby, he threw up his engagement.

paragraph: He then moved on to William Rowland Sandiford 'who kept a small stud of flat racers and steeplechasers' at Colkirk House, Colkirk, Norfolk. Bailey's Magazine of Sports & Pastimes illustrates Green's work ethic with three rides in two days for William Rowland Sandiford at the Norfolk and Norwich Steeple Chases on 10 & 11 September 1839 on the 4yr-old bay colt Oliver Twist. A small biography when he hit the public consciousness ten years later mentions that 'in 1839-40 was successful with Thought, Corringham and Longwaist' and there are several race reports of 1840 that mention his wins on these horses. Indeed, one account of a Chase at Diss waxes quite lyrical over Green's handling of the race-winning heavyweight chestnut Thought - 'Mr Green was rider for Mr Sandiford, and Mr Turner of Carlton, was seen mounted on Modesty. It would be hard to find two better Steeple Chase Riders than them ... Green on Thought had a tremendous fall, by his horse swerving against a gate post; although much stunned he was up "as quick as Thought," and away went horse and rider at an increased speed ... The riding of Green was much admired, he is not only a good but a most fortunate rider, and has almost invariably ridden the winner, wherever he has appeared this season'.

paragraph: As well as these mostly local races, Thought, ridden by Green, started to take to a wider stage. At the Waltham Abbey Steeple Chase on 9 April 1840 he came second to Jerry, the 1840 Grand National winner, ridden by Jem Mason in a duel that was a credit to both riders, even if the race itself was mismanaged. After this promising start to his career, though, the potted biography of 1850 goes on to say that Christopher Green's farming interests took precedence over his racing and he gave up professional horsemanship. He only 'took to the pigskin again' in 1849.

paragraph: His return in 1849 was marked by a second and a first place at the same meeting on 2 April on Mr Abel's grey mares, Present and Novice, at Stallinghall, just outside Norwich (although Chris Green's name as rider does not appear in contemporary reports). Early 1850 was not so successful - riding Mr Briggs' bay gelding, Hope, he failed to finish both at Louth (on account of a severe fall) on 1 February and Lincoln on 21 February. On both occasions, a rider named Canavan was also unsuccessfully piloting a small bay gelding named Abd-el-Kader.

paragraph: Another obituary of Green was written by this rider, now identified as the Irish rider Charlie Canavan in which fuller details of the Lincoln Steeple Chase and its consequences are given. Abd-el-Kader 'leaped on the wrong side of one of the flags soon after starting and was pulled up' and Hope 'might, nevertheless, have won had he not possessed the most wayward of tempers' and failed at the penultimate fence, as another writer said 'on account of the course being imperfectly flagged'. Chris Green had ridden well enough, though, to confirm to his Irish owner and trainer, Joseph Osborne that he was the rider for Abd-el-Kader in the Grand National in a few days time. He did indeed win, leading from the front, by about a length, in a record time of 9min 57.5sec 'taken by three watches', and Green had ridden the gelding masterfully: 'The judgment with which he steered Abd-el-Kader for this great event betokened an ″artiste″ of no little merit, for he rode throughout with indomitable resolution, steadying the little horse when necessary, and keeping him going in that part of the line where his superior jumping soon made the heavy weights tell.'

paragraph: Section::::Intermediate career – rider and trainer.

paragraph: Such a victory propelled him into a different league of steeplechases, horses and trainers. Christopher Green was granted a passport in 1850 which may well mean he was riding abroad. He rode, and won, often for 'Mr Carew' and Ben Land snr. and he is now mainly mentioned by the sporting press only when something out of the ordinary happened. For a while, though, Green had been wanting to set up a training establishment on his own account and so moved back to Littleport in the Isle of Ely (his father's birthplace) where 'he soon got the management of several steeple chase horses' but found 'it was easier to find stabling than a country to train over'. He soon made the acquaintance of Henry Jones of Aps (or Apes) Hall, Littleport which became a long-standing relationship of friendship rather than one of pure business. In the 1850s, Green and Jones, as co-owners, bought Tomyrus (foaled 1851) who had a successful flat and hurdles career. Prince Charlie, Camel, Hester, Avenger, Gownsman 'and other good horses' were all descended from Tomyrus and gave Jones fame and success.

paragraph: Henry Jones also gave him the liberty to train his own stud over his grounds, and one of these was Half Caste (a horse owned by the team of John Gerard Leigh and Samuel Brisco Sheward). Other horses mentioned as being under his management were Old Dog Tray, Lady Hathaway, Abd-el-Kader (by Scutari, and so not the 1850 and 1851 National winner, although Green did ride him unsuccessfully in the 1858 Grand National), The Screw, Fox and Yeoman. Half Caste learnt 'his fine quick style of jumping' at Apes Hall and was prepared for the 1859 Grand National here and finally at Newmarket - Green relocated from Littleport to the premises (off Station Road) lately occupied by W. Smith in Newmarket. A month before the Aintree race, he was still taking in horses for training.

paragraph: The 1859 Grand National was one of the closest in Aintree history. Half Caste, ridden by Green, started second favourite at 100:15 (nearly 7:1), and won 'a most exciting race' from the French horse Jean du Quesne by only a neck and Huntsman was only a length behind them. Green then went on to win twice at the Warwick Spring Meeting which led 'Touchstone', "The Era" columnist, to say that he 'was extremely fortunate in the steeple chases, having ridden the winners of the two in which the professionals were entitled to ride on Thursday, and as he has undoubtedly placed himself at the head of cross-country riders, having won on three out of the last four different horses he has mounted, only one of which was the favourite'.

paragraph: By 1860, his stud was very well respected with the "Sporting Life" highlighting Abd-el-Kader, Lord Oswald, Sepoy, Dutch Drops, Physician, King William and, especially, Miss Harkaway as representing 'the stable which is usually as formidable, in cross-country events, as John Day's in the Derby'. For the 1860 Grand National Green rode Sepoy for Captain White (1790–1866), but even though they were backed to 20:1 (largely on account of his celebrity), they were not mentioned in the race commentaries. Later in that year Abd-el-Kader had to be destroyed at the Upton-on-Severn Steeple Chases on 1 November – Green was severely shaken after the stricken horse rolled over him.

paragraph: Chris Green had not severed his links with Henry Jones and nor had he severed his links with top-rank flat racing. He trained Eastern Princess (foaled 1858, a daughter of Tomyrus by Surplice) for Jones and rode her himself in The Oaks of June 1861 at Epsom, although not to any success. Green also entered her in the Berkshire Stakes at Abingdon in July 1861 where she was favourite (at 5 to 4 on). The race was a disaster as Eastern Princess 'overpowered her jockey' (H Bradley) and rushed to the front. Green actually 'ran up to his jockey on the far side... and gave him orders to "sit still and hold hard" but soon after it was clear her bolt was shot'. Eastern Princess had been favourite on the basis of her performance at Newmarket on 2 and 3 July where she had won the opening Handicap Plate of 50 Sovereigns easily (by three lengths) and the Town Plate of 50 Sovereigns by the same margin (and at a canter) the day after. The race report confirmed that Eastern Princess was trained by Green amongst his jumpers in Newmarket.

paragraph: Later that year saw him training and riding Cockatoo (another Leigh/Sheward horse although run under the "nom de course" of Mr S Gooderham) in the 1861 Grand National (third favourite at 6:1), but it fell on the second circuit and led to Green being struck and again he was left 'much shaken'. He also trained Yaller Gal for the 1863 Grand National which was seen as being 'not the worst outsider in the world" and could cause a betting upset but in the event, ridden by Mr Dixon, she came third.

paragraph: In 1863 Green started jumping his own horse, Reporter – a bay colt foaled 1859 in America by Lexington, dam by Glencoe. He actually rode Reporter for victory himself, on the horse's jumping debut, at the Great National Steeple Chase at Lincoln in October 1863 in a close and exciting duel with Socks, 'the victory being mainly attributable to the steady way in which he was ridden by Chris Green'. This seems to be the last winner that Green actually rode himself. Reporter almost immediately then won the Worcestershire Grand Annual Steeple Chase by ten lengths and Green was immediately offered 800 pounds – or guineas (£840) – after the race by rider-trainer John Nightingall of Epsom. Reporter had a solid record at first and he was put up for auction in October 1864 but did not sell. An injury to his foot around mid-1865 blighted his career.

paragraph: Section::::Later career – trainer.

paragraph: By the mid-1860s, Chris Green was forging closer links with Lord Poulett, another major racehorse owner. It was reported in late 1865 that Poulett was building a private racecourse and training ground on Soberton Downs in Hampshire (more familiarly known in the Poulett context as Droxford) and had engaged Green as personal trainer. As it was, Green stayed in Newmarket at that stage (Ben Land sen. went to Droxford) but got immediate charge of all the Poulett horses including Cortolvin (who he then trained to be second in the 1866 Grand National).

paragraph: Green's mid-1860s Newmarket premises were in Station Road, very near where it joins the High Street. They were obviously very extensive as they included a vast half-mile wide straw-bed circle which, in hard frosts, other trainers (Blanton, Godding and J Wood are mentioned) he allowed to use. But Green's Newmarket premises were put up for sale at the White Hart Inn on the 13 February 1868 by auctioneer Ebenezer Feist and presumably he, as a quarterly tenant, was obliged to move to other premises in Newmarket at that point. Further details of the property are given though – a dwelling house with enclosed court yard, stalls and loose boxes for sixteen horses, hay, corn and straw chambers, carriage houses and an ample supply of spring water, within a short distance of the railway station.

paragraph: Two months later, Green was sending four horses up to the 1868 Grand National (Thalassius, Archimedes, Brick and Daisy) but only Daisy and Thalassius actually ran and neither was placed. The winner was The Lamb, trained by Ben Land snr. for Lord Poulett.

paragraph: 1869 started badly when his horse Reporter cut his foot badly on a stone – the wound turned septic and Reporter died a week later of 'lockjaw' (tetanus). Only one of his horses started the 1869 Grand National, Guy of Warwick, and he disgraced himself by refusing at the second fence and exiting the course. The rest of the year was very quiet as well and Green was realising that 'however fit the [Newmarket] Heath might be to train horses for the flat, there is no rough-and-ready country sufficiently near the metropolis of the Turf to keep steeple chasers au fait to their business'. Christopher Green retired back to his farming interests.

paragraph: Ben Land snr., private trainer to Lord Poulett at Droxford, had decided to retire in 1870, and Chris Green was persuaded to take his place in Hampshire in September 1870 where he took charge of such horses as Benazet, Cortolvin and The Lamb. He was given the task of preparing The Lamb, a little iron grey Irish horse, for a second Grand National win and during the winter 'Lord Poulett and his party were exceedingly sanguine of success, and his Lordship caused a private circular to be distributed among his friends telling them to back The Lamb to win'. For the race itself, The Lamb, unseen in public for exactly two years, was paraded by Ben Land jun. and 'was greeted with a buzz of admiration, aroused by his beautiful appearance and condition... No horse in the world could have looked better than The Lamb did'. This testament to Green's work continued in the race as The Lamb kept ahead of the pursuing horses to finally win by a couple of lengths in 'a desperately exciting finish'.

paragraph: It is not known exactly when he gave up his appointment at Droxford, but it has been stated that he 'retired from public life' to reside 'at Wisbech' either at the end of 1871 or upon the death of his father (21 April 1872).

paragraph: Section::::Judgement by his peers.

paragraph: His 1874 obituary writers summarise his record thus... 'As a jockey Chris Green was one of the best and boldest horsemen of any time' and 'As a cross-country jockey he had few equals, for to the most indomitable pluck he added rare judgment, never being taken aback in a difficulty; he had a firm and at the same time elegant seat, and the finest hands. It mattered not what kind of horse he was put on, for he was equally at home on the puller as on the slug.'

paragraph: Praise for him as a trainer was slightly more muted, but, after the 1871 Grand National victory with The Lamb, a correspondent did comment on him in the following terms: 'Chris Green has not had charge of Lord Poulett's horses more than a twelvemonth, and it is something in the trainer's favour that he was able to win a Grand National on the first time of asking'.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Christopher Green married Rebecca Bettinson at All Saints, Walsoken, Norfolk, on 19 September 1854. He was aged 34 and she was ten years younger than he

paragraph: She was the second child of Thomas Bettinson, a Walsoken farmer of 190 acres, and his wife Hannah. Green's father, William, farmed 250 acres at Outwell, six miles from Walsoken.

paragraph: Christopher and Rebecca Green had six known children (two of whom died in infancy):

paragraph: BULLET::::1. William Warth Green - born Q2 1856 Ely area, Cambridgeshire, baptised Littleport, Cambridgeshire on 8 July 1856

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Tom Bettinson Green - born Q3 1857 Ely area, Cambridgeshire, baptised Littleport, Cambridgeshire on 24 July 1857, died Q1 1858 Ely area, Cambridgeshire

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Christopher Green - born Q3 1858 Ely area, Cambridgeshire, baptised Littleport, Cambridgeshire 1858, died Q2 1859 Newmarket area, Cambridgeshire

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Rebecca Green - born Q1 1860 Newmarket area, Cambridgeshire, baptised Woodditton, Cambridgeshire on 1 June 1860

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Christopher Green - born Q4 1861 Newmarket area, Cambridgeshire, baptised St Mary, Newmarket, Cambridgeshire on 6 November 1861

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Mary Hannah Green - born Q4 1862 Newmarket area, Cambridgeshire

paragraph: At the same time as his horse, Reporter, was dying in early 1869, it was also reported that his wife and family were 'very ill' but no further details were given. So after an unsuccessful Grand National, Green retired to Walsoken to his farming interests. Soon, though, he was coaxed back to training with Lord Poulett in Hampshire in 1870, taking his family with him. He won the 1871 Grand National but was soon back with his family at Walsoken - sources disagree whether this was in late 1871 or April 1872 when his father died.

paragraph: The life of a gentleman farmer was brought to an abrupt end by the death of his wife, Rebecca, in late 1873, aged just 43. According to the Churchwarden of All Saints, Peter Wadlow, she was buried in the parish graveyard on 22 December 1873. Green did not long survive her and he died two months later on 26 February 1874. The Walsoken parish burial register does not seem to list his burial, but his obituary states that he was laid to rest alongside his wife. The graveyard was closed and largely cleared of monuments in 1971 and so his grave cannot now be pinpointed.

paragraph: Green did leave a valid will, but his executors had either died or were unwilling to act. The probate calendar shows that his brother, James William Green of Upwell, Norfolk, acted as administrator and was also now ward to the four young orphans. He left an estate valued at under £200.

paragraph: Section::::Depictions.

paragraph: An evocative description exists in words from 1867: ″Look at the dapper little fellow, how neatly he sits on the back of the old American horse, Reporter. Notice the jerry-hat, the open but determined, never-say-die, countenance, the polished boots, the burnished spurs, the tight-fitting breeches, the long waistcoat, creaseless coat, and general ′get-up′ of that wiry-looking, ten-stone, five-feet-five specimen of humanity, and tell me if he is a ′character′ when once seen that will never be forgotten.″ Charlie Canavan differs on one point - he states his weight 'when at man's age' did not exceed 9 stone (126 lb or 57 kg).

paragraph: In 1850 ′a correct likeness′ of Chris Green with Abd-el-Kader was commissioned by Joseph Osborne and painted by Henry Thomas Davis. An engraving of this (to match one already made of Raby) was advertised and prints were to be sold for one guinea (21 shillings or £1.05) each through Mr John Moore, publisher and bookmaker.

paragraph: Half Caste, the 1859 Grand National winner, was painted by Henry Barraud later that year. No publicly available image of this painting has been found but a contemporary image of Half Caste with Green up is held by one of Christopher Green's descendants and this may be based on this. The original was sold by Sotheby's, London on 18 July 1979.

paragraph: The very next Sotheby's lot comprised another Henry Barraud painting, entitled "Rebecca Green with her son William on a pony". No publicly available image of this painting of Green's wife Rebecca, and his eldest son William Warth Green, has been found either.

description: British racehorse trainer

wikidata_label: Chris Green

wikipedia_title: Chris Green (horseman)


text: Ecuadorian

text: supercentenarian

text: 116 years, 347 days

text: Guinness World Records

text: world's oldest living person

text: Guayaquil

text: Austria-Hungary

text: Pula

text: Chile

text: last rites

text: pneumonia

text: Hendrikje van Andel-Schipper

text: Elizabeth Bolden

text: South American

text: Elizabeth Bolden

text: Jeanne Calment

text: List of the verified oldest people

text: List of the oldest people by country

text: guinnessworldrecords.com

text: World's Oldest Woman dies at 116

categories: Female supercentenarians,2006 deaths,1889 births,People from Guayaquil,Ecuadorian centenarians

paragraph: María Capovilla

paragraph: María Esther Heredia Lecaro de Capovilla, known internationally as María Capovilla (14 September 1889 – 27 August 2006), was an Ecuadorian supercentenarian, and, at the time of her death at age 116 years, 347 days, was recognized by Guinness World Records as the world's oldest living person. She is only one of two verified people to have reached age 116 in the 2000s.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born as María Esther Heredia Lecaro in Guayaquil, she was the daughter of a colonel, and lived a life among the upper-class elite, attending social functions and art classes. She never smoked or drank hard liquor.

paragraph: In 1917, she married Antonio Capovilla (1864–1949), who was a military officer. An ethnic Italian, Antonio was born in Pola, Austria-Hungary (now Pula, Croatia). He moved to Chile in 1894 and then to Ecuador in 1910. After his first wife died, he married María. Together they had five children, three of whom were still living at the time of María's death: Hilda (age 81), Irma (age 79) and son Anibal (age 77). She also had twelve grandchildren, twenty great-grandchildren and two great-great-grandchildren.

paragraph: At age 100, Capovilla nearly died and was given last rites, but had been free of health problems since then. In December 2005, at the age of 116, Maria was in good health for someone of her age and watched TV, read the paper and walked without the aid of a stick (though she was helped by an aide). Capovilla was unable to leave her home in the two years before her death and she shared her home with her eldest daughter Hilda, and her son-in-law. In a media interview Capovilla stated her dislike of the fact that women nowadays are permitted to court men, rather than the reverse.

paragraph: In March 2006, however, Capovilla's health had declined, and she was not able to read the newspaper any more. She had nearly stopped talking and no longer walked except when helped by two people. Still, Capovilla was able to sit in her chair and fan herself, and had been doing fine until she succumbed to a bout of pneumonia in the last week of August 2006, 18 days before she would have celebrated her 117th birthday.

paragraph: Section::::Age records.

paragraph: Capovilla's records were submitted to Guinness on 27 August 2005, exactly one year before her death at the age of , and was named the World's Oldest Person by Guinness World Records on 9 December 2005 at the age of , thus superseding both Hendrikje van Andel-Schipper of the Netherlands thought to be the world's oldest person from 29 May 2004 to 30 August 2005, when she died, and Elizabeth Bolden of the United States, thought to be the world's oldest person from 30 August 2005 to 9 December 2005.

paragraph: Guinness noted that ""María Esther de Capovilla has beaten the odds – not only to live past 116, but to have the records to prove it."" Their spokesman, Sam Knights, added in a telephone interview from London that ""while a lot of the time it's difficult for people to prove their age, there was no problem with any of the documents we were shown in Mrs. Capovilla's case"". Capovilla was finally added to the Guinness website on 12 April 2006 at the age of .

paragraph: At the time of her death at age 116 years, 347 days, Capovilla was the fifth-oldest verified person to have ever lived. Capovilla is still currently the oldest verified South American to have ever lived. She is also the last verified person to have been born in the 1880s.

paragraph: Following her death on 27 August 2006, her successor as oldest person was Elizabeth Bolden, the previous "titleholder". Bolden became only the second person to regain the title after losing it (Frenchwoman and all-time world recordholder Jeanne Calment was the first).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of the verified oldest people

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of the oldest people by country

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- guinnessworldrecords.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- The word from the world's oldest person (with photo)

paragraph: BULLET::::- World's Oldest Woman dies at 116

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ecuadoran woman who once drank donkey milk is now world's oldest (with family photo)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ecuadorean woman, 116, is world's oldest (story notes Mrs Capovilla walks with assistance, not unaided)

alias:
María Esther de Capovilla
Maria Capovilla
Maria Esther de Capovilla

description: Ecuadorian supercentenarian

wikidata_label: María Capovilla

wikipedia_title: María Capovilla


text: German

text: Protestant Reformer

text: Protestant Reformation

text: Silesia

text: Thomas Müntzer

text: Andreas Karlstadt

text: Martin Luther

text: Valentin Crautwald

text: Schwenckfelders

text: Anabaptism

text: Pietism

text: Puritan

text: England

text: Schwenkfelder Church

text: United States

text: United Kingdom

text: Ossig

text: Silesia

text: Osiek

text: Legnica

text: Poland

text: Cologne

text: University of Frankfurt on the Oder

text: Duchy of Liegnitz

text: Lutheran

text: Real Presence

text: Lord's Supper

text: Magisterial Reformation

text: Radical Reformation

text: Strassburg

text: Swabia

text: infant baptism

text: Martin Luther

text: Silesia

text: Matthias Flacius Illyricus

text: Ulm

text: Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf

text: Herrnhuter Brüdergemeinde

text: Schwenkfelder Church

text: Philadelphia

text: Schwenkfelder Library & Heritage Center

text: Pennsburg, Pennsylvania

text: Radical Reformation

text: Peter C. Erb

text: Valley Forge

text: Chester David Hartranft

text: Breitkopf & Härtel

text: Paul L. Maier

text: R. Emmet McLaughlin

text: Rufus M. Jones

text: Douglas H. Shantz

text: Valentin Koerner

text: Caspar von Schwenckfeld

categories: 15th-century births,1561 deaths,16th-century German writers,German spiritualists,16th-century male writers,German male non-fiction writers,Deaths from dysentery,16th-century German Protestant theologians,Infectious disease deaths in Germany,Silesian-German people,Silesian nobility,German Protestant Reformers,People from Lubin County

paragraph: Caspar Schwenckfeld

paragraph: Caspar (or Kaspar) Schwen(c)kfeld von Ossig () (1489 or 1490 – 10 December 1561) was a German theologian, writer, and preacher who became a Protestant Reformer and spiritualist. He was one of the earliest promoters of the Protestant Reformation in Silesia.

paragraph: Schwenckfeld came to Reformation principles through Thomas Müntzer and Andreas Karlstadt. However, he developed his own principles and fell out with Martin Luther over the eucharistic controversy (1524). He had his own views on the sacraments - the Heavenly Flesh doctrine - developed in close association with his humanist colleague, Valentin Crautwald (1465–1545). His followers became a new sect ("see Schwenckfelders"), which was outlawed in Germany, but his ideas influenced Anabaptism, Pietism on mainland Europe, and Puritanism in England.

paragraph: Many of his followers were persecuted in Europe and thus forced to either convert or flee. Because of this, there are Schwenkfelder Church congregations in countries such as the United States (which was then a part of the United Kingdom).

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life.

paragraph: Schwenckfeld was born in Ossig near Liegnitz, Silesia now Osiek, near Legnica, Poland, to noble parents in 1489. From 1505 to 1507 he was a student in Cologne, and in 1507 enrolled at the University of Frankfurt on the Oder. Between 1511 and 1523, Schwenckfeld served the Duchy of Liegnitz as an adviser to Duke Charles I (1511–1515), Duke George I (1515–1518), and Duke Frederick II (1518–1523).

paragraph: Section::::Life.:From Catholic to Magisterial Reformer to Radical Reformer.

paragraph: In 1518 or 1519, Schwenckfeld experienced an awakening that he called a "visitation of God." Luther's writings had a deep influence on Schwenckfeld, and he embraced the "Lutheran" Reformation and became a student of the Scriptures. In 1521, Schwenckfeld began to preach the gospel, and in 1522 won Duke Friedrich II over to Protestantism. He organized a "Brotherhood" of his converts for the purpose of study and prayer in 1523. In 1525, he rejected Luther's idea of Real Presence and came to a spiritual interpretation of the Lord's Supper, which was subsequently rejected by Luther. Schwenckfeld began to teach that the true believer ate the spiritual body of Christ. He pushed for reformation wherever he went, but also criticized reformers that he thought went to extremes. He emphasized that for one to be a true Christian, one must not change only outwardly but inwardly. Because of the communion and other controversies, Schwenckfeld broke with Luther and followed what some describe as a "middle way". Because of his break from Luther and the Magisterial Reformation, scholars typically categorize Schwenckfeld as a member of the Radical Reformation. He voluntarily exiled himself from Silesia in 1529 in order to relieve pressure on and embarrassment of his duke. He lived in Strassburg from 1529–1534 and then in Swabia.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Teachings.

paragraph: Some of the teachings of Schwenckfeld included opposition to war, secret societies, and oath-taking, that the government had no right to command one's conscience, that regeneration is by grace through inner work of the Spirit, that believers feed on Christ spiritually, and that believers must give evidence of regeneration. He rejected infant baptism, outward church forms, and "denominations". His views on the Eucharist prompted Luther to publish several sermons on the subject in his 1526 "The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics".

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Publications.

paragraph: In 1540 Martin Luther expelled Caspar Schwenckfeld from Silesia. In 1541, Schwenckfeld published the "Great Confession on the Glory of Christ". Many considered the writing to be heretical. He taught that Christ had two natures, divine and human, but that he became progressively more divine. He also published a number of works about interpreting the Scriptures during the 1550s, often responding to the rebuttals of the Lutheran Reformer Matthias Flacius Illyricus.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Death.

paragraph: In 1561, Schwenckfeld became sick with dysentery, and gradually grew weaker until he died in Ulm on the morning of December 10, 1561. Because of his enemies, the fact of his death and the place of his burial were kept secret.

paragraph: Section::::Schwenkfelder Church.

paragraph: Schwenckfeld did not organize a separate church during his lifetime, but followers seemed to gather around his writings and sermons. In 1700 there were about 1,500 of them in Lower Silesia. Many fled Silesia under persecution of the Austrian emperor, and some found refuge on the lands of Count Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf and his Herrnhuter Brüdergemeinde. These followers became known as Schwenkfelders. A group arrived in Philadelphia in 1731, followed by five more migrations up to 1737. In 1782, the Society of Schwenkfelders was formed, and in 1909 the Schwenkfelder Church was organized.

paragraph: The Schwenkfelder Church has remained small, and currently there are five churches with about 3,000 members in southeastern Pennsylvania. All of these bodies are within a fifty-mile radius of Philadelphia.

paragraph: Section::::Schwenkfelder Library & Heritage Center.

paragraph: The Schwenkfelder Library & Heritage Center is a small museum, library and archives in Pennsburg, Pennsylvania. It is the only institution dedicated to the preservation and interpretation of the Schwenkfelder story, including Caspar Schwenckfeld, the Radical Reformation, religious toleration, the Schwenkfelders in Europe and America, and the Schwenkfelder Church. The Schwenkfelder Library & Heritage Center has exhibits and programs throughout the year.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter C. Erb: "Schwenckfeld in his Reformation Setting". Valley Forge, Pa: Judson Press, 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edited by Chester David Hartranft et alii: "Corpus Schwenkfeldianorum" . Vols. 1-19. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, 1907-1961.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul L. Maier: "Caspar Schwenckfeld on the Person and Work of Christ. A Study of Schwenckfeldian Theology at Its Core." Assen, The Netherlands: Royal Van Gorcum Ltd, 1959.

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. Emmet McLaughlin: "Caspar Schwenckfeld, reluctant radical : his life to 1540." New Haven : Yale University Press, 1986

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rufus M. Jones: "Spiritual reformers in the 16th and 17th centuries". London: Macmillan, 1914.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Douglas H. Shantz: "Crautwald and Erasmus. A Study in Humanism and Radical Reform in Sixteenth Century Silesia". Baden-Baden: Valentin Koerner, 1992.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Life & Thought of Caspar Schwenckfeld von Ossig

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caspar von Schwenckfeld in "Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online"

description: German theologian

wikidata_label: Caspar Schwenckfeld

wikipedia_title: Caspar Schwenckfeld


text:
waka
Asuka period
Man'yōshū
Kakinomoto clan
Yamato Province
Iwami Province
Empress Jitō
elegies
Thirty-six Poetry Immortals
Ōtomo no Yakamochi
Ki no Tsurayuki
Kokin Wakashū
Heian period
Fujiwara no Teika
Sōgi
Bashō
Man'yōshū
Kakinomoto clan
Nara Basin
Yamato Province
Yamashiro
Ōmi
Tanba
Harima
Nihon Shoki
Shinjō, Nara
Tenri, Nara
Shinsen Shōjiroku
persimmon
Emperor Bidatsu
hereditary title
Omi
Ason
Japanese calendar
Kakinomoto no Saru
Junior Fifth Rank
Shoku Nihongi
Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade
Takeshi Umehara
Japanese reckoning
Tanabata
Emperor Tenmu
Kakinomoto no Ason Hitomaro Kashū
Empress Jitō
Crown Prince Kusakabe
Prince Osakabe
Emperor Monmu
Princess Asuka
Kii Province
Prince Karu
Prince Takechi
Prince Naga
Prince Yuge
Prince Toneri
Princess Hatsusebe
Princess Asuka
Yamato Province
Yamashiro Province
Ōmi Province
Shikoku
Kyūshū
Seto Inland Sea
Iwami Province
Susumu Nakanishi
Nara
Sixth Rank
Mokichi Saitō
Izumo
Tajihi clan
private collection
Kakinomoto no Ason Hitomaro Kashū
chōka
tanka
envoys
zōka
sōmon
banka
elegies
Prince Naga
Kibitsu no Uneme
Hijikata no Otome
Izumo no Otome
Silla
personal collection
Kakinomoto no Asomi Hitomaro Kashū
sedōka
national mythology
Jinshin War
lyricism
"third period"
Yamabe no Akahito
Ōtomo no Yakamochi
above
Japanese preface
Kokin Wakashū
Ki no Tsurayuki
Heian period
Hitomaru-eigu
Kamakura
Muromachi period
Edo period
Keichū
Kamo no Mabuchi
Akashi
Hyōgo Prefecture
Kakinomoto Shrine
Fujiwara no Teika
Sōgi
Bashō
Kenneth Rexroth

categories: Man'yō poets,700s deaths,7th-century Japanese poets,Japanese male poets,Kakinomoto no Hitomaro,Hyakunin Isshu poets,650s births

paragraph: Kakinomoto no Hitomaro

paragraph: Kakinomoto no Hitomaro (柿本 人麻呂 or 柿本 人麿; – ) was a Japanese "waka" poet and aristocrat of the late Asuka period. He was the most prominent of the poets included in the "Man'yōshū", the oldest "waka" anthology, but apart from what can be gleaned from hints in the "Man'yōshū", the details of his life are largely uncertain. He was born to the Kakinomoto clan, based in Yamato Province, probably in the 650s, and likely died in Iwami Province around 709.

paragraph: He served as court poet to Empress Jitō, creating many works praising the imperial family, and is best remembered for his elegies for various imperial princes. He also composed well-regarded travel poems.

paragraph: He is ranked as one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals. Ōtomo no Yakamochi, the presumed compiler of the "Man'yōshū", and Ki no Tsurayuki, the principal compiler of the "Kokin Wakashū", praised Hitomaro as "Sanshi no Mon" (山柿の門) and "Uta no Hijiri" (歌の聖) respectively. From the Heian period on, he was often called Hito-maru (人丸). He has come to be revered as a god of poetry and scholarship, and is considered one of the four greatest poets in Japanese history, along with Fujiwara no Teika, Sōgi and Bashō.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Sources.

paragraph: The sole early source for the life of the poet Kakinomoto no Hitomaro is the "Man'yōshū". His name does not appear in any of the official court documents, perhaps on account of his low rank.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Ancestry.

paragraph: Hitomaro was born into the Kakinomoto clan, an offshoot of the ancient . Centred in the northeastern part of the Nara Basin, the Wani clan had furnished many imperial consorts in the fourth through sixth centuries, and extended their influence from Yamato Province to Yamashiro, Ōmi, Tanba and Harima provinces. Many of their clan traditions (including genealogies, songs, and tales) are preserved in the "Nihon Shoki" and, especially, the "Kojiki". The Kakinomoto clan were headquartered in either Shinjō, Nara or, perhaps more likely, the Ichinomoto area of Tenri, Nara. The main Wani clan were also based in this area, so the Kakinomoto clan may have had a particularly close relationship with their parent clan. According to the "Shinsen Shōjiroku", the clan's name derives from the persimmon ("kaki") tree that grew on their land during the reign of Emperor Bidatsu.

paragraph: The Kakinomoto clan had their hereditary title promoted from Omi to Ason in the eleventh month (see "Japanese calendar") of 684. According to the "Nihon Shoki", Kakinomoto no Saru, the probable head of the clan, had been among ten people appointed "", equivalent to Junior Fifth Rank, in the twelfth month of 681. These facts lead Watase to conjecture that the Kakinomoto clan may have had some literary success in the court of Emperor Tenmu. According to the "Shoku Nihongi", Saru died in 708, having attained the Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade.

paragraph: There are several theories regarding the relationship of this Kakinomoto no Saru to the poet Hitomaro, including the former being the latter's father, brother, uncle, or them being the same person. The theory that they were the same person has been advanced by Takeshi Umehara, but has little supporting evidence. While the other theories cannot be confirmed, it is certain that they were members of the same clan (probably close relatives), and were active at the same time. It is likely that their mutual activity at court had a significant effect on each other.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Birth and early life.

paragraph: The year in which he was born is not known, nor can much be said with certainty about any aspects of his life beyond his poetic activities. Watase tentatively takes Hitomaro as being 21 years old (by Japanese reckoning) between 673 and 675, which would put his birth between 653 and 655.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Emperor Tenmu's reign.

paragraph: The earliest dated work attributed to him in the "Man'yōshū" is his Tanabata poem ("Man'yōshū" 2033) composed in the ninth year of Emperor Tenmu's reign (680). The content of this poem reveals an awareness of the mythology that, according to the preface to the "Kojiki" (completed in 712) had begun to be compiled during Tenmu's reign. Watase also observes that Hitomaro's having composed a Tanabata poem means that he was probably attending Tanabata gatherings during this period. A significant number of poems in the "Kakinomoto no Ason Hitomaro Kashū" were apparently recorded by Hitomaro before 690, and are characteristic of court poetry, leading to the conclusion that he was active at court from the early part of Emperor Tenmu's reign. From this point he was active in recording and composing love poems at court.

paragraph: Watase speculates that Hitomaro came to court in the service of the in response to an imperial edict in 673.

paragraph: Based on Hitomaro's poetic activities during Empress Jitō's reign, there are a few possibilities for where Hitomaro was serving at Tenmu's court. Watase presents three principal theories: first under the empress-consort Princess Uno-no-sarara (who later became Empress Jitō); second under Crown Prince Kusakabe; third in the palace of Prince Osakabe.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Reigns of Empress Jitō and Emperor Monmu.

paragraph: Hitomaro acted as a court poet during the reigns of Empress Jitō and Emperor Monmu. In the fourth month of 689, Prince Kusakabe died, and Hitomaro composed an elegy commemorating the prince. He also composed an elegy for Princess Asuka, who died in the fourth month of 700, and a poem commemorating an imperial visit to Kii Province.

paragraph: His poetic composition flourished during the period in which Empress Jitō was active (both during her reign and after her retirement). He composed poetry for numerous members of the imperial family, including the empress, Prince Kusakabe, Prince Karu, Prince Takechi, Prince Osakabe, Prince Naga, Prince Yuge, Prince Toneri, , Princess Hatsusebe and Princess Asuka. He apparently composed poetry in Yamato Province (his home), Yamashiro Province and Ōmi Province in the north, Kii Province in the south, Shikoku, Kyūshū and the Seto Inland Sea in the west, as well as Iwami Province in the northwest.

paragraph: Susumu Nakanishi remarks that the fact that he did not apparently compose elegies for emperors themselves, and that most of his poems centre around princes and princesses, indicates that he was probably a writer affiliated with the literary circles that formed around these junior members of the imperial family.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Later life and death.

paragraph: The ordering of poems, and their headnotes, in volume 2 of the "Man'yōshū", implies that Hitomaro died shortly before the moving of the capital to Nara in 710. He would have been in Iwami Province, at the Sixth Rank or lower.

paragraph: The date, site and manner of his death are a matter of scholarly debate, due to some contradictory details that are gleaned from poems attributed to Hitomaro and his wife . Taking Watase's rough dates, he would have been in his mid-fifties in 709, when Watase speculates he died. Mokichi Saitō postulated that Hitomaro died in an epidemic that swept Iwami and Izumo provinces in 707. Hitomaro's final poem gives the strong impression that he met his death in the mountains.

paragraph: Saitō was convinced he had located the site of the Kamoyama of the above poem and erected a monument there, but two poems by Yosami that immediately follow the above in the "Man'yōshū" suggest otherwise, as they mention "shells" (貝 "kai") and a "Stone River" (石川 "Ishikawa"), neither of which seem likely in the context of Saitō's Kamoyama.

paragraph: The above-quoted translation is based on Saitō's interpretation of "kai" as referring to a "ravine" (峡). Other scholars take the presence of "shells" as meaning Hitomaro died near the mouth of a river where it meets the sea. (This interpretation would give the translation "Alas! he lies buried, men say, / With the shells of the Stone River.")

paragraph: There is no river named "Ishikawa" near the present Kamoyama; Saitō explained this as "Ishikawa" perhaps being an archaic name for upper part of another river.

paragraph: An unknown member of the Tajihi clan wrote a response to Yosami in the persona of Hitomaro, very clearly connecting Hitomaro's death to the sea.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Hitomaro was a court poet during the reigns of Empress Jitō and Emperor Monmu, with most of his dateable poems coming from the last decade or so of the seventh century. He apparently left a private collection, the so-called "Kakinomoto no Ason Hitomaro Kashū", which does not survive as an independent work but was cited extensively by the compilers of the "Man'yōshū".

paragraph: 18 "chōka" and 67 "tanka" (of which 36 are envoys to his long poems) are directly attributed to him in the "Man'yōshū". All are located in the first four books of the collection. Of these, six "chōka" and 29 "tanka" are classified as "zōka" (miscellaneous poems), three "chōka" and 13 "tanka" as "sōmon" (mutual exchanges of love poetry), and nine "chōka" and 25 "tanka" as "banka" (elegies). Of note is the fact that he contributed "chōka" to all three categories, and that he composed so many "banka".

paragraph: Broken down by topic, the above poems include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- three "chōka" and five "tanka" about reigning emperors, such as hymns praising Empress Jitō's visits to Yoshino and , and poems lamenting the fallen Ōmi capital;

paragraph: BULLET::::- seven "chōka" and 17 "tanka" about imperial princes and princesses such as his elegies for Prince Kusakabe, Prince Takechi, Princess Asuka and and his songs of praise for Prince Karu, Prince Osakabe, Prince Naga and Prince Niitabe;

paragraph: BULLET::::- seven "chōka" and 28 "tanka" about court women, including the three "tanka" he composed on the court women accompanying Empress Jitō on her visit to Ise while he stayed in the capital, one "chōka" and eight "tanka" mourning Kibitsu no Uneme, Hijikata no Otome and Izumo no Otome, and a number of romantic exchanges with his wife and other lovers;

paragraph: BULLET::::- one "chōka" and three "tanka" commemorating the bodies of dead people Hitomaro encountered;

paragraph: BULLET::::- 14 "tanka" composed on travel topics that do not fit into any of the above categories (all of which also include travel poems).

paragraph: From the above it can be said that Hitomaro's poetry was primarily about affairs of the court, but that he also showed a marked preference for poems on travel.

paragraph: In addition to the 85 poems directly attributed to Hitomaro by the "Man'yōshū", two "chōka" and three "tanka" in books 3 and 9 are said to be traditionally attributed to Hitomaro. Additionally, there is one Hitomaro "tanka" in book 15 said to have been recited in 736 by an envoy sent to Silla. Including these "traditional" Hitomaro poems, that gives 20 "chōka" and 71 "tanka". It is quite possible that a significant number of these poems were incorrectly attributed to Hitomaro by tradition. In addition to Hitomaro's own compositions, there are also many poems said to have been recorded by him in his personal collection, the "Kakinomoto no Asomi Hitomaro Kashū" (柿本朝臣人麿歌集). The "Hitomaro Kashū" included 333 "tanka", 35 "sedōka", and two "chōka". This adds up to a total figure of close to 500 poems directly associated with Hitomaro.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Characteristic style.

paragraph: Hitomaro is known for his solemn and mournful elegies of members of the imperial family, whom he described in his courtly poems as "gods" and "children of the sun". He incorporated elements of the national mythology seen in the "Kojiki" and "Nihon Shoki" and historical narrative in his poetry. While he is known for his poems praising the imperial family, his poetry is also filled with human sensitivity and a new, fresh "folkiness".

paragraph: His lament for the Ōmi capital is noted for its vivid, sentimental descriptions of the ruins, while his elegy for Prince Takechi powerfully evokes the Jinshin War. His Yoshino and poems praise splendidly the natural scenery and the divinity of the Japanese islands, and his Iwami exchange vividly describes the powerful emotions of being separated from the woman he loved. His romantic poems convey honest emotions, and his travel poems exquisitely describe the mood of the courtiers on these trips. He shed tears for the deaths of even random commoners on country paths and court women whose names he did not even know.

paragraph: Watase credits him with the creation of an ancient lyricism that expressed both human sentiment and sincere emotions across both his poems of praise and mourning.

paragraph: Section::::Reception.

paragraph: There is evidence that Hitomaro exerted direct influence on the poetry composed during his own time. For example, poems 171 through 193 of Book 1 of the "Man'yōshū" bear similarities to his work. It is generally accepted that the court poets of the following generation (the so-called "third period" of "Man'yō" poetry), including Yamabe no Akahito, were influenced by Hitomaro's courtly poems. Ōtomo no Yakamochi, a poet of the "fourth period" who probably had a hand in the final compilation of the collection, held Hitomaro in high regard, praising him as "Sanshi no Mon" (山柿の門). As discussed above, the death of Hitomaro appears to have already taken on some legendary characteristics.

paragraph: In his Japanese preface to the tenth-century "Kokin Wakashū", Ki no Tsurayuki referred to Hitomaro as "Uta no Hijiri" ("Saint of Poetry"). In the Heian period the practice of Hitomaru-eigu (人丸影供) also gained currency, showing that Hitomaro had already begun to be apotheosized. Hitomaro's divinity status continued to grow in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods. The Edo period scholars Keichū and Kamo no Mabuchi tended to reject the various legends about Hitomaro.

paragraph: In Akashi, Hyōgo Prefecture there is a Kakinomoto Shrine dedicated to him, commemorating an early Heian belief that Hitomaro's spirit came to rest in Akashi, an area the historical Hitomaro probably visited multiple times.

paragraph: Hitomaro is today ranked, along with Fujiwara no Teika, Sōgi and Bashō, as one of the four greatest poets in Japanese history.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kenneth Rexroth's "One Hundred Poems from the Japanese" (New Directions, 1955, ) contains several of Hitomaro's waka, as well as notable translations of 3 naga uta ("In the sea of ivy clothed Iwami", "The Bay of Tsyunu", and "When she was still alive")

description: Japanese poet

enwikiquote_title: Kakinomoto no Hitomaro

wikidata_label: Kakinomoto no Hitomaro

wikipedia_title: Kakinomoto no Hitomaro