text: microbiologist

text: pathologist

text: environmentalist

text: humanist

text: So Human An Animal

text: Think globally, act locally

text: tropical medicine

text: Harvard Medical School

text: Harvard School of Public Health

text: The Rockefeller University

text: Oswald Avery

text: Rollin Hotchkiss

text: tyrothricin

text: gramicidin

text: Gram-positive bacteria

text: microorganisms

text: tuberculosis

text: pneumonia

text: Selman Waksman

text: National Academy of Sciences

text: Journal of Experimental Medicine

text: environmental

text: humanistic

text: philosophy

text: social evolution

text: Wesleyan University

text: non-profit

text: Pace University

text: North Castle, New York

text: Andrew Cuomo

text: Mount Kisco, New York

text: So Human An Animal

text: Thomas D. Brock

text: So Human an Animal

wikipedia_title: Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health

categories: Rockefeller University people,1901 births,Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction winners,Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research,Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences,1982 deaths,American environmentalists,Recipients of the Cullum Geographical Medal,Wesleyan University faculty,American microbiologists,People from Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt,French emigrants to the United States

paragraph: René Dubos

paragraph: René Jules Dubos (February 20, 1901 – February 20, 1982) was an American microbiologist, experimental pathologist, environmentalist, humanist, and winner of the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction for his book "So Human An Animal". He is credited for having made famous environmental maxim: "Think globally, act locally" Aside from a period from 1942 to 1944 when he was George Fabyan Professor of Comparative Pathology and professor of tropical medicine at Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health, his scientific career was spent entirely at The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, later renamed The Rockefeller University.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Dubos was born in Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt, France, on February 20, 1901, and grew up in Hénonville, another small Île-de-France farming village north of Paris. His parents operated butcher shops in each of these villages. He attended high school and the National Institute of Agronomy in Paris, and he received a Ph.D. from Rutgers University in 1927.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Dubos began his career in microbiology in 1927, when he joined Oswald Avery's laboratory at The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. Avery was looking for a microbe that could break down the polysaccharide capsule of a deadly strain of bacterial pneumonia in the same way that soil bacteria digested decaying organic matter in the woods. Dubos identified a bacterium that secreted an enzyme that broke down polysaccharide. In 1939, with the help of Rockefeller Institute biochemist Rollin Hotchkiss, Dubos isolated the antibacterial agents tyrothricin and gramicidin from the bacterium "Bacillus brevis" that killed or inhibited Gram-positive bacteria and tested their bacterial, chemical, and clinical properties. These antibiotics remain in limited use today. In 1942, before antibiotics were in general use, Dubos warned that bacterial resistance should be expected.

paragraph: Dubos devoted most of his professional life to the empirical study of microbial diseases and to the analysis of the environmental and social factors that affect the welfare of humans. His pioneering research in isolating antibacterial substances from certain soil microorganisms led to the discovery of major antibiotics. He performed groundbreaking research and wrote extensively on a number of subjects, including tuberculosis, pneumonia, and the mechanisms of acquired immunity, natural susceptibility, and resistance to infection.

paragraph: In 1948, Dubos shared the Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award with Selman Waksman for "their achievement in studies of the antibiotic properties of soil bacteria". A member of the National Academy of Sciences, he served as an editor of the "Journal of Experimental Medicine" from 1946 to 1972.

paragraph: In later years, Dubos explored the interplay of environmental forces and the physical, mental and spiritual development of mankind. The main tenets of his humanistic philosophy were: global problems are conditioned by local circumstances and choices, social evolution enables us to rethink human actions and change direction to promote an ecologically balanced environment, the future is optimistic since human life and nature are resilient and we have become increasingly aware of the dangers inherent in natural forces and human activities, and we can benefit from our successes and apply the lessons learned to solving other contemporary environmental problems.

paragraph: For the academic years 1963–1964 and 1964–1965, he was a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Studies of Wesleyan University. He served as chairman of the trustees of the René Dubos Center for Human Environment, a non-profit education and research organization that was dedicated in his honor in 1980. The mission of the center, which was co-founded by William and Ruth Eblen, is to "assist the general public and decision-makers in formulating policies for the resolution of environmental problems and the creation of environmental values." Dubos remained actively involved with the Center until his death in 1982. He also served on the board of trustees of Science Service, now known as Society for Science & the Public, from 1949 to 1952.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Think Globally, Act Locally.

paragraph: Dubos is often attributed as the author of the popular maxim "Think Globally, Act Locally" that refers to the argument that global environmental problems can turn into action only by considering ecological, economic, and cultural differences of our local surroundings. This motto appeared for the first time in 1977, five years after Dubos served as advisor to the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. In 1979, Dubos suggested that ecological consciousness should begin at home. He urged creation of a world order in which "natural and social units maintain or recapture their identity, yet interplay with each other through a rich system of communications". In the 1980s, Dubos held to his thoughts on acting locally, and felt that issues involving the environment must be dealt with in their "unique physical, climatic, and cultural contexts". Dubos' approach to building a resilient and constructive relationship between people and the Earth continues to resonate.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He died February 20, 1982, his 81st birthday, due to heart failure. He is survived by his wife, Letha Jean Porter.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1998, the René Dubos Center for Human Environments donated a large portion of its environmental library and archives to Pace University. The collection consists of works by Dubos as well as those of other leading environmental scholars, some of which have been annotated by Dubos himself. According to Robert Chapman, professor of philosophy and coordinator of Pace's Environmental Studies Program, "Pace now has many of Dubos's own research books from the Rockefeller University, and this means that we can not only look at his writing, but we can also do an analysis of where his ideas come from and what influenced him."

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1979, the René Dubos Center purchased of land in North Castle, New York, with donations from foundations. As a condition of the purchase it agreed to keep the property in a natural state. Nevertheless, in 2002 it attempted to sell the land to developer Michael Cappelli, who planned to develop luxury homes there. The Center filed legal action in 2007 to attempt to complete this transaction; however, New York Attorney General Andrew Cuomo opposed the move, and the State Supreme Court ruled against the Center in that year. In 2009, the controversy was resolved when the Center agreed to sell the land to the village of Mount Kisco, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Recipient of the International Center in New York's Award of Excellence.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winner of Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction for "So Human An Animal" in 1969

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bacterial Cell in its Relation to Problems of Virulence, Immunity and Chemotherapy", 1945, Harvard University Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Louis Pasteur, Free Lance of Science", 1950, 1960, Charles Scribner's Sons, Da Capo Press 1986 reprint of 1960 edition:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The White Plague: Tuberculosis, Man, and Society", 1952, Little, Brown, and Company, Rutgers University Press 1987:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Biochemical Determinants of Microbial Diseases", 1954, Harvard University Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Man, Medicine, and Environment", 1968, Praeger

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mirage of Health: Utopias, Progress & Biological Change", 1959, Rutgers University Press 1987:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pasteur and Modern Science", 1960, Anchor Books, American Society of Microbiology edition with new chapter by Thomas D. Brock, 1998:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dreams of Reason: Science and Utopias", 1961 George B. Pegram lectures, Columbia University Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Unseen World", 1962, The Rockefeller Institute Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Torch of Life: Continuity in Living Experience", 1962, Simon and Schuster, Touchstone 1970 reprint:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Man Adapting", 1966, Yale University Press, , enlarged edition 1980:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "So Human an Animal: How We Are Shaped by Surroundings and Events", 1968, Scribner Book Company, Transaction Publishers 1998 edition: (won the 1969 Pulitzer Prize for non-fiction)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reason Awake", 1970, Columbia University Press,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Only One Earth: The Care and Maintenance of a Small Planet", 1972, coauthored with Barbara Ward and United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, W W Norton & Co,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A God Within", 1973, Scribner,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Of Human Diversity", 1974, Clark University Press,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beast or Angel: Choices That Make Us Human", 1974, Scribner, hardcover: , paperback 1984:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Professor, the Institute, and DNA: Oswald T. Avery, His Life and Scientific Achievements", 1976, Paul & Company,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wooing of Earth", 1980, Scribner,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quest: Reflections on Medicine, Science, and Humanity", 1980, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Celebrations of Life", 1981, McGraw Hill,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The World of René Dubos: A Collection from His Writings", 1990, Henry Holt & Co,

paragraph: Section::::Books.:As editor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "LIFE Science Library", including authorship of one of its 26 volumes: "Health and Disease" (1965), with Maya Pines

paragraph: Section::::Books.:Collected papers.

paragraph: The collected papers of Dubos from 1927–1982 including correspondence, lecture notes, book and article drafts, laboratory notebooks, photographs, audio and video cassettes, and films, are stored at the Rockefeller Archive Center.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frank Ryan, M.D., "The Forgotten Plague: How the Battle Against Tuberculosis Was Won and Lost", 1992, Little Brown and Company, includes chapter on Dubos, puts his work in context of fight against TB.

paragraph: BULLET::::- René Dubos, Of Human Nature (1968)

alias:
René Jules Dubos
Rene Dubos
Rene Jules Dubos

description: American microbiologist

wikidata_label: René Dubos

wikipedia_title: René Dubos


text:
African-American
Indianapolis, Indiana
African Methodist Episcopal
minister
Lewis and Clark High School
Spokane, Washington
Paris, France
Sorbonne
Oberlin College
Hallie Flanagan
Negro Unit
Federal Theatre Project
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Works Progress Administration
Sojourners for Truth and Justice
American Communist Party
W. E. B. Du Bois
Ghana
citizenship
Cairo, Egypt
breast cancer
Beijing, China
Tanzania
Kwame Nkrumah
Julius Nyerere
Cleveland, Ohio
Paul Robeson
Kwame Nkrumah
Frederick Douglass
Phillis Wheatley
Booker T. Washington
Julius Nyerere
Herbert Aptheker
Julian Messner
Anisfield-Wolf Book Award

wikipedia_title:
African Americans
Indianapolis
African Methodist Episcopal Church
Minister (Christianity)
Lewis and Clark High School
Spokane, Washington
Paris
Sorbonne
Oberlin College
Hallie Flanagan
Federal Theatre Project
Federal Theatre Project
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Works Progress Administration
Sojourners for Truth and Justice
Communist Party USA
W. E. B. Du Bois
Ghana
Citizenship
Cairo
Breast cancer
Beijing
Tanzania
Kwame Nkrumah
Julius Nyerere
Cleveland
Paul Robeson
Kwame Nkrumah
Frederick Douglass
Phillis Wheatley
Booker T. Washington
Julius Nyerere
Herbert Aptheker
Julian Messner
Anisfield-Wolf Book Award

categories: American female composers,20th-century American composers,Activists for African-American civil rights,African-American feminists,Writers from Evansville, Indiana,Radical feminists,1977 deaths,American women writers,Musicians from Evansville, Indiana,Ghanaian women writers,American Marxists,Deaths from breast cancer,American women activists,African-American women writers,American feminist writers,Marxist writers,American communists,African-American musicians,American feminists,African-American female composers,African-American writers,Guggenheim Fellows,Ghanaian activists,Deaths from cancer in the People's Republic of China,Communist women writers,1896 births,African-American composers,American expatriates in Ghana,African-American activists,Marxist feminists

paragraph: Shirley Graham Du Bois

paragraph: Shirley Graham Du Bois (November 11, 1896 – March 27, 1977) was an American author, playwright, composer, and activist for African-American and other causes. She won the Messner and the Anisfield-Wolf prizes for her works.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: She was born Lola Shirley Graham, Jr. in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1896, as the only daughter among six children. Her father was an African Methodist Episcopal minister, her mother was European, and the family moved often. In June 1915, Shirley graduated from Lewis and Clark High School in Spokane, Washington.

paragraph: She married her first husband, Shadrach T. McCants, in 1921. Their son Robert was born in 1923, followed by David in 1925. They divorced in 1927. In 1926, Graham moved to Paris, France, to study music composition at the Sorbonne. She thought that this education might allow her to achieve better employment and be able to better support her children. Meeting Africans and Afro-Caribbean people in Paris introduced her to new music and cultures.

paragraph: In 1931, Graham entered Oberlin College as an advanced student and, after earning her B.A. in 1934, went on to do graduate work in music, completing a master's degree in 1935. In 1936, Hallie Flanagan appointed Graham director of the Chicago Negro Unit of the Federal Theatre Project, part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Works Progress Administration. She wrote musical scores, directed, and did additional associated work.

paragraph: In the late 1940s, Graham became a member of Sojourners for Truth and Justicean African-American organization working for global women's liberation. Around the same time, she joined the American Communist Party.

paragraph: In 1951, she married W. E. B. Du Bois, the second marriage for both. She was 54 years old; he was 83. They later emigrated to Ghana, where they received citizenship in 1961 and he died in 1963. In 1967, she was forced to leave after a military-led coup d'état, and moved to Cairo, Egypt, where she continued writing. Her surviving son David Graham Du Bois accompanied her and worked as a journalist.

paragraph: Shirley Graham Du Bois died of breast cancer on March 27, 1977, aged 80, in Beijing, China.

paragraph: She died as Tanzanian. She had moved from Ghana to Tanzania after Ghanaian president, Kwame Nkrumah, was overthrown on 24 February 1966, and became close to Tanzanian president, Julius Nyerere, and acquired Tanzanian citizenship.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: After meeting Africans in Paris while studying at the Sorbonne in 1926, Graham composed the musical score and libretto of "Tom Tom: An Epic of Music and the Negro" (1932), an opera. She used music, dance and the book to express the story of Africans' journey to the North American colonies, through slavery and to freedom. It premiered in Cleveland, Ohio. The opera attracted 10,000 people to its premier at the Cleveland Stadium and 15,000 to the second performance.

paragraph: According to the "Oxford Companion to African-American Literature," her theatre works included "Deep Rivers" (1939), a musical; "It's Morning" (1940), a one-act tragedy about a slave mother who contemplates infanticide; "I Gotta Home" (1940), a one-act drama; "Track Thirteen" (1940), a comedy for radio and her only published play; "Elijah's Raven" (1941), a three-act comedy; and "Dust to Earth" (1941), a three-act tragedy.

paragraph: Due to the difficulty in getting musicals or plays produced and published, Graham turned to literature. She wrote in a variety of genres, specializing from the 1950s in biographies of leading African-American and world figures for young readers. She wanted to increase the number of books that dealt with notable African Americans in elementary school libraries. Owing to her personal knowledge of her subjects, her books on Paul Robeson and Kwame Nkrumah are considered especially interesting. Other subjects included Frederick Douglass, Phillis Wheatley, and Booker T. Washington; as well as Gamal Abdul Nasser, and Julius Nyerere. One of her last novels, "Zulu Heart" (1974), included sympathetic portrayals of whites in South Africa despite racial conflicts.

paragraph: Selections from her correspondence with her husband (both before and after their relationship began) appear in the three volume 1976 collection edited by Herbert Aptheker (ed.), "Correspondence of W.E.B. Du Bois". Shirley Graham Du Bois is the subject of "Race Woman: The Lives of Shirley Graham Du Bois".

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Biographies for young readers:

paragraph: BULLET::::- with George D. Lipscomb, "Dr. George Washington Carver, Scientist", New York: Julian Messner, 1944, (Library binding has )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paul Robeson, Citizen of the World," Connecticut, 1946: Greenwood Press, reprint 1972

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Your Most Humble Servant: Benjamin Banneker", New York: Julian Messner, 1949; winner of the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award in 1950

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Story of Phillis Wheatley: Poetess of the Revolution", New York: Julian Messner, 1949

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Story of Pocahontas", New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1953

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jean Baptiste Pointe duSable: Founder of Chicago" (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Booker T. Washington: Educator of Head, Hand and Heart", New York: Julian Messner, 1955

paragraph: BULLET::::- "His Day Is Marching On: A Memoir of W.E.B. Du Bois", New York: Lippincott, 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Julius K. Nyerere, Teacher of Africa", New York: Julian Messner, 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Du Bois: A Pictorial Biography", Johnsons, 1978

paragraph: Novels:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "There Once Was a Slave" (1947), the Messner Prize-winning historical novel on the life of Frederick Douglass; and

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zulu Heart," New York: Third Press, 1974

paragraph: Section::::Further reading/links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nishikawa, Kinohi. "Shirley Graham" entry, "The Greenwood Encyclopedia of African American Literature". Ed. Hans Ostrom and J. David Macey, Jr. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2005, pp. 652–53.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thompson, Robert Dee. "A socio-biography of Shirley Graham-Du Bois: a life in the struggle". University of California, Santa Cruz, 1997 (digitized August 4, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shirley Graham Du Bois profile, "African American Registry"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shirley Graham Du Bois Papers, Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shirley Graham Du Bois bibliography, amazon.com; accessed May 2, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hine, Darlene Clark (ed). "Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia", New York: Carlson, NY, 1993

description: American composer and writer

wikidata_label: Shirley Graham Du Bois

wikipedia_title: Shirley Graham Du Bois


text:
Harley-Davidson
President
Jimmy Carter
Lillian Gordy Carter
BB gun
high school
Georgia Southwestern College
journalism
Americus
Georgia
Texas
Webster County, Georgia
Harley-Davidson
nocturnal
evangelist
Ruth Stapleton
California
1976 Presidential campaign
White House
farmhouse
outhouse
Daytona
pancreatic cancer
palliative
smoker
Ruth Stapleton
Billy Carter
Plains, Georgia

wikipedia_title: 1976 United States presidential election

categories: People from Plains, Georgia,Carter family,1990 deaths,Deaths from pancreatic cancer,Georgia Southwestern State University alumni,1926 births

paragraph: Gloria Carter Spann

paragraph: Gloria Carter Spann (October 22, 1926 – March 5, 1990) was noted as one of the first women inducted into Harley-Davidson’s 100,000 Mile Club, was named Most Outstanding Female Motorcyclist in 1978 and worked as an activist for motorcycle rights. Spann was a sister of former President Jimmy Carter.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Gloria Carter was the second of four children, and the first daughter born to James Earl Carter, Sr. (1894–1953) and Lillian Gordy Carter (1898–1983) and was 24 months younger than her brother, Jimmy. When Jimmy was small, he pronounced her name "Go Go", a nickname which stuck. By many accounts, including that of their mother, Gloria was the smartest, most interesting, most attractive, most outgoing, and most talented of the Carter children. As children competing for the affections of their parents, the relationship between Spann and the future president was somewhat strained but the two grew extremely close in their later years. Her brother Jimmy shot her with a BB gun after she threw a wrench at him when they were children.

paragraph: Carter graduated from high school in June 1944 and enrolled in Georgia Southwestern College where she began to study journalism. Her plans were deferred when she married a war hero named William Everett Hardy from Americus. The Carters disapproved of the match, as the groom was a former drug store clerk. This was not a suitable job for the well-to-do families at the time. The marriage produced a son, William Everett (Hardy) Spann (1946–1997). Gloria returned to Georgia in 1949 from Texas, and her father, Earl Carter, was upset by the brutal beatings Gloria suffered at the hands of her husband. With the help of her father, Gloria had her marriage annulled in 1949. On December 15, 1950, Carter-Hardy married Walter Guy Spann (1925–2012), a farmer from Webster County, Georgia and he adopted the son of her first marriage. Walter and Gloria Spann produced no children of their own together. By all accounts, the two had a very happy, affectionate marriage which lasted almost 40 years, until her death.

paragraph: In 1964, Spann resigned from the Baptist Church the Carters belonged to after the church voted to ban blacks from attending.

paragraph: Section::::Carter presidency: 1977–1981.

paragraph: Although she had some level of fame of her own before Jimmy's election, she was not forced into the spotlight until her brother was elected President. Gloria was probably the sibling who shunned the spotlight most during her brother's years in office. Prior to Jimmy Carter's achieving the presidency in 1976, Spann had participated in several campaigns for her brother. In his bids for the governorship of Georgia, she made countless phone calls and mailed numerous pamphlets in order to win votes for Carter.

paragraph: Mrs. Spann maintained a relatively low profile as she and her husband, Walter, participated in cross-country cycling on their Harley-Davidson motorcycles. Spann began cycling in about 1967. In 1977, Span published a book of letters written by her mother detailing her mothers struggles and accomplishments during two years working for the Peace Corps in India. She and Walter were also members of Union Life, a religious brotherhood.

paragraph: Mrs. Spann's son caused her great distress. He became a nocturnal wanderer and often disappeared for three or four days at a time, leaving Mrs. Spann frantic. As her husband made good money, Gloria was not required to work, but since her son was continually expelled from schools, Gloria Spann began work as a secretary in order to send her son to a private school. Gloria discussed her trouble with her evangelist sister, Ruth Stapleton. At Ruth's cabin in the mountains, Gloria picked up material that encourages the reader to give his problems to God. Spann expected to be bored to sleep by the material but finally took her sister's advice.

paragraph: William Carter Spann moved to California in 1969 and Gloria credited his troubled life as the main factor that turned her back toward her faith. William Spann often said that his mother rejected him and used this as a means to justify his unconventional behavior. Gloria Carter Spann did not see her son even once during the last twenty-one years of her life.

paragraph: Though William had moved out to California and severed contact with his family, this did not keep him out of the spotlight. During Jimmy Carter's 1976 Presidential campaign, the media's intense scrutiny found them at William's jail cell out in California. When interviewed about his uncle's success, he stated: "He's in the White House, I'm in the big house." Gloria also received a phone call threatening to reveal that "Jimmy Carter's got a nephew in jail" if she did not pay a sum of money to keep the caller quiet. In 1979, Spann was herself arrested for disorderly conduct when she refused to stop playing a harmonica in a McWaffle restaurant in Americus, Georgia.

paragraph: Spann was noted as one of the first women inducted Harley Davidson’s 100,000 Mile Club, was named Most Outstanding Female Motorcyclist in 1978 and worked as an activist for motorcycle rights. During their years as motorcyclists, Gloria and her husband became "den mother" and father to the younger riders. The Spanns planted a large garden for the bikers each year and canned the vegetables to serve as they often had unexpected guests. Their farmhouse was arranged for multiple cots or sleeping bags. Walter constructed a four-hole outhouse to accommodate bikers who were cruising through the South or headed down to the races at Daytona.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In the fall of 1989, Spann learned that she had pancreatic cancer. The Spanns, both well into their sixties, were looking forward to retiring to their farmhouse and continuing their interest in motorcycles. Pancreatic cancer, as is common, was detected in its late stages when the only treatment is palliative care. Spann had been a smoker but had broken the habit in the years prior to her death. Like her two younger siblings who had died of the disease during the 1980s in their 50s, she declined life-extending treatment.

paragraph: On March 5, 1990, Spann, 63, died of pancreatic cancer. Gloria's parents and her sister, Ruth Stapleton, and brother, Billy Carter, had also died from pancreatic cancer. Gloria's tombstone reads, "She rides in Harley Heaven." Spann is buried in the Lebanon Church Cemetery near Plains, Georgia where her parents and brother, Billy Carter, are also buried.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.bikerrogue.com/Articles/Bros_Events/goodbye_gloria.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20050315170533/http://www.bassharp.com/bspress.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20011101131356/http://www.hdfoundation.org/testread/family.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carter Sister Injured on Cycle

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/01/us/jimmy-carter-s-sister-has-pancreas-cancer.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/07/obituaries/gloria-carter-spann-ex-president-s-sister-63.html

description: sister of former United States President Jimmy Carter

wikidata_label: Gloria Carter Spann

wikipedia_title: Gloria Carter Spann


text:
Sultan
Mohammed V
Morocco
French
Madagascar
Spanish-protected part of Morocco
France
patronymic
sharif
royal
Charles-André Julien
Michel Abitbol
Bernard Lugan
Moulay
current king of Morocco
Fez
Alaouite
Mohammed IV
Hassan I
Abd el-Aziz
Abd el-hafid
Yusef
Thami El Glaoui
Lalla Abla bint Tahar
protectorate in Morocco
Treaty of Fez
Augustin Guillaume
resident-general of Morocco
Marrakesh
Corsica
Madagascar
Ulama
Francis Lacoste
Tunisia
Algerian War
Gilbert Grandval
Muhammad al-Muqri
Vichy
La Celle-Saint-Cloud
Spanish
Tangiers
international city
Nice
Beirut
Order of the Legion of Honor
France
List of Kings of Morocco
History of Morocco
Michel Abitbol

categories: 1886 births,Moroccan people of Arab descent,1976 deaths,Alaouite dynasty monarchs

paragraph: Mohammed Ben Aarafa

paragraph: Mohammed Ben Aarafa (), or Ben Arafa (1886 – 17 July 1976), was a paternal first cousin once removed of Sultan Mohammed V of Morocco; he was put in Mohammed V's place by the French after they exiled Mohammed V to Madagascar in August 1953. His reign as "Mohammed VI" was not recognized in the Spanish-protected part of Morocco. Protests against Ben Aarafa helped lead to Moroccan independence, which was agreed to between France and Mohammed V, after his abdication in October 1955.

paragraph: Section::::Nomenclature.

paragraph: In Morocco, the subject of this article is "known simply as 'Mohammed ben Arafa', as if he came from an ordinary family of Fez, where patronymics in 'Ben' are very common, and is no longer acknowledged as heir to the sharifan and royal line." Others, including notable historians like Charles-André Julien, Michel Abitbol and Bernard Lugan have chosen to refer to him as 'Moulay' (prince) 'ben Arafa', rather than the traditional 'Sidi Mohammed ben Arafa', used by Joseph Luccioni and Roger Gruner. He is never referred to as 'Mohammed VI', which instead refers to the current king of Morocco.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Birth and family.

paragraph: Mohammed ben Arafa was born around 1886 in Fez, which was then the Alaouite capital. He was a member of the Sharifan and royal Alaouite line through his father Moulay Arafa, who was himself the son of Mohammed IV. Thus he was the nephew of Hassan I and cousin of the latter's sons and successors Abd el-Aziz, Abd el-hafid, and Yusef.

paragraph: Through his mother, Lalla Noufissa, he was linked to the Glaoua tribe, since she was a cousin of Madani El Glaoui who had been vizir of war under Abd el-Aziz and Grand Vizir under Abd el-Hafid after helping him overthrow his brother Abd el-Aziz in 1908. Madani was in turn the brother of Thami El Glaoui who would play a central role in Ben Arafa's accession to the throne in 1953.

paragraph: Ben Arafa married Lalla Hania bent Tahar, a granddaughter of Hassan I, who had formerly been married to sultan Abd el-Hafid, but had divorced him after he abdicated and went into exile in 1912. Her sister Lalla Abla bint Tahar was married to Mohammed V.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Reign.

paragraph: Ben Arafa was placed on the Alouite throne on 21 August 1953 after his cousin Mohammed V was deposed, by the French authorities, which maintained a protectorate in Morocco under the 1912 Treaty of Fez. General Augustin Guillaume, who had been resident-general of Morocco since 1951, had clashed with Mohammed V because of the latter's support for the Moroccan independence movement and led a campaign to overthrow him, which was supported by the French colonists and some Moroccan leaders, such as Thami El Glaoui the Pasha of Marrakesh. Eventually, the sultan was arrested, loaded onto an aeroplane and sent into exile - first in Corsica, and later in Madagascar. Despite Mohammed V's refusal to abdicate, the Ulama of Fez recognised Ben Arafa as his successor.

paragraph: His short reign was marked by increasing violence from the nationalists who refused to recognise him as sultan. Less than a month into his reign, on 11 September 1953, he narrowly survived an assassination attempt by one Allal ben Abdallah. His power was limited by the authority of the resident-general (General Guillaume until 1954 and then Francis Lacoste) and the influence of the Pasha of Marrakesh, but also by the radicalisation of the French colonists who founded the 'Présence française' party.

paragraph: Because of Ben Arafa's lack of legitimacy or popularity with the Moroccan population, as well as the increasing links of the violence in Morocco with that in Tunisia and with the Algerian War, led the French authorities to consider deposing him and restoring Mohammed V in 1955. Gilbert Grandval, who had been named as the new resident-general, decided to meet with Grand Vizir Muhammad al-Muqri. Al-Muqri flew to France and met with Grandval at Vichy and intimated that Ben Arafa needed to leave, in light of popular agitation throughout the country, and it was envisioned that Mohammed V would be restored to power. On 1 October, Ben Arafa abdicated.

paragraph: Mohammed V's triumphant return to Morocco on 16 November 1955, after the Accords of La Celle-Saint-Cloud, marked the end of Ben Arafa's short reign and the restoration of full sovereignty to Morocco, which was completed in 1956 with the end of the French and Spanish protectorates.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Exile and death.

paragraph: After his abdication in October 1955, Ben Arafa went to Tangiers, which was then an international city. After it was reintegrated into Morocco, he departed for Nice where he was sumptuously supported by the French authorities. He became more and more withdrawn, especially after the death of his wife and is not known to have ever spoken about what led him to collaborate in the deposition of his cousin. He was forbidden to return to Morocco, as a traitor. In the late 1960s he moved to Beirut, but after an incident in which some thieves stole his old royal seal, he returned to Nice, where he died on 17 July 1976.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honor of France10 December 1953.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Kings of Morocco

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Morocco

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michel Abitbol, "Histoire du Maroc", Paris, Perrin, 2009 pp. 34, 536-549.

description: Moroccan monarch

wikidata_label: Mohammed Ben Aarafa

wikipedia_title: Mohammed Ben Aarafa


text:
dubstep
industrial
Maritza Medina
Eduardo Paniagua
Puya
Earshot
Danny Diablo
"The Lab"
Eduardo Paniagua
Cirex Official Website

categories: Industrial musicians,Drum and bass musicians,Puerto Rican musicians,Dubstep musicians,Musicians from Ponce,Puerto Rican producers

paragraph: Cirex

paragraph: Cirex is a Puerto Rican solo project that combines metal. with dubstep and industrial influences, embedded with guitars, created by Eric Ortiz.

paragraph: His music has appeared on independent Horror Films in Denmark. When Ortiz is in Puerto Rico, he spent some time playing bass on a local church. In February 2015, Cirex officially composed the music theme of the radio program "Al Tiempo de Dios" () by Maritza Medina on Radio Vida ("Puerto Rico"). Eduardo Paniagua, drummer of the band Puya, has collaborated with his percussion on some of Cirex productions as with William Martin from the band Earshot, who mastered part of his first album 'The Lab'. Cirex is also a sketcher. Cirex is currently working an EP with Danny Diablo.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cirex – "The Lab" (2009)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cirex – "Nietzsche is Dead" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cirex – "Trialism" (2015)

paragraph: Section::::EP.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cirex – "Camera Obscura" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cirex – "Cosmology" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cirex – "Future Pain" (2018)

paragraph: Section::::Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cromosomas" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Outernet" (2014), featuring (Eduardo Paniagua)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Money Magnet" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bat-Darts" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Want you to Bleed" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wall" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Talk" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chances Are" (2019)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mecha Corta" (2019)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cirex Official Website

description: Industrial Musician

wikidata_label: Cirex

wikipedia_title: Cirex


text: scanning tunneling microscope

text: quantum technology

text: nanoscience

text: spectroscopy

text: IBM Research

text: Almaden

text: stop-motion animated

text: A Boy and His Atom

text: American Physical Society

text: Ewha Womans University

text: Institute for Basic Science

text: Center for Quantum Nanoscience

text: Diplom

text: physics

text: University of Göttingen

text: Kavli Prize

text: Don Eigler

text: Stuttgart

text: Guinness Book of World Records

text: Ministry of Science and ICT

text: MRI

text: Ministry of Science and ICT

text: Chinese Academy of Sciences

text: IBM

text: American Physics Society

text: Feodor Lynen

text: Alexander von Humboldt Foundation

text: IBS Center for Quantum Nanoscience

text: Institute for Basic Science (IBS)

text: GoogleScholar

categories: Fellows of the American Physical Society,University of Göttingen alumni,IBM employees,Institute for Basic Science,German physicists,Materials scientists and engineers,Living people,Nanotechnologists

paragraph: Andreas J. Heinrich

paragraph: Andreas J. Heinrich is a physicist working with scanning tunneling microscope, quantum technology, nanoscience, spin excitation spectroscopy, and precise atom manipulation. He worked for IBM Research in Almaden for 18 years, during which time he developed nanosecond scanning tunneling microscopy which provided an improvement in time resolution of 100,000 times, and combined x-ray absorption spectroscopy with spin excitation spectroscopy. He was also principle investigator of the stop-motion animated short film "A Boy and His Atom" filmed by moving thousands of individual atoms. He serves on the Scientific Advisory Board of Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research and is a Fellow of the American Physical Society.

paragraph: In 2016, he became a distinguished professor at Ewha Womans University and the founding director of the Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Center for Quantum Nanoscience. Groundbreaking for the research center's tentatively named Research Collaboration Building occurred in 2018 and is set to open in 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: He received his Masters (Diplom) and PhD in physics in 1994 and 1998, respectively, from the University of Göttingen, Germany. He was a research assistant from 1994 to 1998 under supervision of R. G. Ulbrich. After obtaining a PhD, he was a postdoc at IBM Almaden with Kavli Prize laureate Don Eigler until 2001, in which Heinrich was hired as a researcher/engineer.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After working in IBM Almaden for several years, he became a group leader on magnetic nanostructures on surfaces and scanning probe microscopy in 2005 where he worked until 2016. In 2012 he became a Fellow of the American Physics Society for the development of spin excitation spectroscopy and nanosecond STM. From 2012, he has been serving on the Scientific Advisory Board of Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research in Stuttgart, Germany.

paragraph: While exploring the limits of data storage, his team made "A Boy and His Atom"; the World's Smallest Stop-Motion Film as recognized by the "Guinness Book of World Records". Their research showed that data storage could shrink from a standard of one million atoms, down to twelve. Less than five years later, the team Heinrich was on reduced this number to a single atom. The Korean Ministry of Science and ICT deemed this research result one of the most substantial domestic outcomes of that year.

paragraph: He moved to South Korea to become a distinguished professor at Ewha Womans University and director of the Institute for Basic Science Center for Quantum Nanoscience in 2016. One of the long-term goals for the center is to fully control the quantum states of molecules and atoms on clean surfaces and near interfaces which would enable the use of high-sensitivity quantum sensors. Working in collaboration with IBM Almaden, they were able to preform MRI scans on individual atoms.

paragraph: Section::::Honors and awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 Outstanding National R&D Performances in 2018 (국가연구개발 우수성과 100선), Ministry of Science and ICT

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: Foresight Institute Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: Joseph F. Keithley Award For Advances in Measurement Science

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: Distinguished Fellowship from the Chinese Academy of Sciences President's International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: Outstanding Technical Achievement Award, IBM

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: Fellow of the American Physics Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: Best of IBM Award

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: Corporate Award, IBM

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: Outstanding Technical Achievement Award, IBM

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: Outstanding Innovation Award, IBM

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: Research Division Award, IBM

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998: Feodor Lynen scholarship, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Germany

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Institute for Basic Science - Andreas J. Heinrich

paragraph: BULLET::::- IBS Center for Quantum Nanoscience

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andreas Heinrich - Google Scholar Citations

paragraph: BULLET::::- Institute for Basic Science (IBS)

paragraph: BULLET::::- GoogleScholar citations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- YouTube channel - QNS Center for Quantum Nanoscience

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exploring the Quantum World inside Atoms

wikidata_label: Andreas J. Heinrich

wikipedia_title: Andreas J. Heinrich


text:
Kadıköy
Istanbul
Turkish
footballer
academician
multi-sport club
Fenerbahçe
Ziya Songülen
Ayetullah Bey
Fenerbahçe Futbol Kulübü
Naval Academy (Turkey)
Naval Forces
Royal Navy
Imperial German Navy
Ege University
İzmir

categories: Association footballers not categorized by position,1959 deaths,Fenerbahçe S.K. footballers,1892 births,Turkish footballers

paragraph: Necip Okaner

paragraph: Necip Okaner (1892 Kadıköy, Istanbul – 1959, Izmir) was a Turkish navy officer, footballer and academician. He was among the principal founders of the major Turkish multi-sport club Fenerbahçe.

paragraph: Necip Okaner, Ziya Songülen and Ayetullah Bey met at Okaner's residence, which was located at Beşbıyık street in the Moda neighbourhood, where the club was officially founded as Fenerbahçe Futbol Kulübü (Fenerbahçe Football Club).

paragraph: Necip Okaner, in 1907 graduated from the Naval Academy (Turkey) and became a marine lieutenant. In 1909 he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant and brought to the Naval Forces. Between 1912-1913, he took torpedo training in the Royal Navy. When he returned to Istanbul, he was promoted to the rank of captain. Between 1914-1916 he worked as a mine teacher. In 1916, he studied for six weeks at the Imperial German Navy

paragraph: Necip Bey, after resigning from the army; was an English professor at Ege University School of Foreign Languages. He died in 1959. He was buried in Kokluca Cemetery in Bornova, İzmir.

description: Turkish association football player

wikidata_label: Necip Okaner

wikipedia_title: Necip Okaner


text: Captain

text: USN

text: NASA

text: astronaut

text: aeronautical engineer

text: naval officer

text: aviator

text: test pilot

text: Apollo 12

text: third man to walk on the Moon

text: Gordon Cooper

text: Gemini 5

text: Gemini 11

text: Skylab 2

text: Skylab

text: space station

text: President

text: Jimmy Carter

text: Congressional Space Medal of Honor

text: Philadelphia

text: Great Depression

text: dyslexia

text: Haverford School

text: Haverford, Pennsylvania

text: Darrow School

text: New Lebanon, New York

text: Princeton University

text: Navy ROTC

text: center

text: Paoli, Pennsylvania

text: aircraft

text: aircraft engine

text: airplane

text: high school

text: instrument flight rating

text: Bachelor of Science

text: Aeronautical Engineering

text: Ensign

text: Naval Air Station Pensacola

text: Florida

text: Naval Air Station Corpus Christi

text: Texas

text: Naval Aviator

text: fighter pilot

text: aircraft carrier

text: flight instructor

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: United States Naval Test Pilot School

text: Naval Air Station Patuxent River

text: Patuxent, Maryland

text: Wally Schirra

text: Jim Lovell

text: Mercury Seven

text: Lovelace Clinic

text: New Mexico

text: Rorschach inkblot test

text: Pacific Fleet

text: F-4 Phantom II

text: Alan Shepard

text: naval aviators

text: test pilot

text: jet aircraft

text: New Nine

text: Gemini 5

text: Gordon Cooper

text: Apollo program

text: American football

text: Gemini 8

text: Gemini 11

text: Richard Gordon

text: Agena target vehicle

text: apogee

text: Apollo spacecraft

text: Lunar Module

text: low Earth orbit

text: Apollo 8

text: Apollo 9

text: Deke Slayton

text: Apollo 11

text: Apollo 12

text: Dick Gordon

text: Command Module

text: Alan Bean

text: Oriana Fallaci

text: Popular Science

text: astronaut selfies

text: Skylab 2

text: Skylab

text: space station

text: micrometeoroid

text: spacewalks

text: Jimmy Carter

text: Congressional Space Medal of Honor

text: Delaware

text: Ellington AFB

text: instrument flight rules

text: Bergstrom AFB

text: McDonnell Douglas

text: McDonnell Douglas DC-10

text: Delta Clipper

text: single-stage-to-orbit

text: Learjet

text: Bill Daniels

text: Denver International Airport

text: ABC News "Nightline"

text: Space Shuttle

text: PBS

text: Nova

text: Mars

text: Bryn Mawr

text: Uvalde, Texas

text: lymphoma

text: Nancy Crane

text: Denver

text: Cub Scout

text: golf

text: water skiing

text: auto racing

text: Formula Vee

text: Huntington Beach

text: Monterey, California

text: Ojai

text: Arlington National Cemetery

text: Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center

text: Houston, Texas

text: NASA

text: Apollo 12

text: Alan Bean

text: Navy Distinguished Service Medals

text: Distinguished Flying Cross

text: Congressional Space Medal of Honor

text: NASA Distinguished Service Medal

text: NASA Exceptional Service Medal

text: Yuri Gagarin

text: Fédération Aéronautique Internationale

text: Harmon Trophy

text: Thompson Trophy

text: International Space Hall of Fame

text: Honorary

text: Master of Arts

text: Doctor of Laws

text: Lincoln-Wesleyan University

text: Doctor of Science

text: Kings College

text: Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania

text: Robert J. Collier Trophy

text: Gerald Carr

text: Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy

text: fellow

text: American Astronautical Society

text: New York Academy of Sciences

text: Society of Experimental Test Pilots

text: The Right Stuff

text: American Express

text: "Plymouth"

text: Stowaway to the Moon

text: Apollo 13

text: David Andrews

text: HBO

text: miniseries

text: "From the Earth to the Moon"

text: Peter Scolari

text: Paul McCrane

text: First Man

text: Ethan Embry

text: List of spaceflight records

text: Conrad Foundation

categories: Collier Trophy recipients,Harmon Trophy winners,Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States),United States Astronaut Hall of Fame inductees,1930 births,People from New Lebanon, New York,People diagnosed with dyslexia,Project Gemini astronauts,American Episcopalians,Apollo program astronauts,Motorcycle road incident deaths,Aviators from Pennsylvania,American astronauts,Burials at Arlington National Cemetery,1999 deaths,20th-century American businesspeople,Apollo 12,Darrow School alumni,American flight instructors,Recipients of the NASA Exceptional Service Medal,Recipients of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor,Recipients of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal,United States Navy captains,People who have walked on the Moon,United States Naval Test Pilot School alumni,National Aviation Hall of Fame inductees,Princeton University alumni,United States Navy astronauts,Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States),Military personnel from Philadelphia,United States Naval Aviators,Road incident deaths in California

paragraph: Pete Conrad

paragraph: Charles "Pete" Conrad Jr. (June 2, 1930 – July 8, 1999) (Captain, USN), was an American NASA astronaut, aeronautical engineer, naval officer and aviator, test pilot, and during the Apollo 12 mission became the third man to walk on the Moon. Conrad was selected in NASA's second astronaut class.

paragraph: He set an eight-day space endurance record along with his Command Pilot Gordon Cooper on his first spaceflight, the Gemini 5 mission. Conrad also commanded the Gemini 11 mission. He became the third human to walk on the moon during the Apollo 12 mission. After Apollo, he commanded Skylab 2, the first crewed Skylab mission. On the mission, he and his crewmates repaired significant launch damage to the Skylab space station. For this, President Jimmy Carter awarded him the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in 1978.

paragraph: After he retired from NASA in 1973, he became a vice president of American Television and Communications Company. He went on to work for McDonnell Douglas, as a vice president. During his tenure, he served as vice president of marketing, senior vice president of marketing, staff vice president of international business development, and vice president of project development.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Pete Conrad was born on June 2, 1930, in Philadelphia, the third child and the first son of Charles Conrad Sr. (1892–1969) and Frances De Rappelage Conrad (nee Vinson; 1899–1981), a well-to-do real estate and banking family. His mother wanted to name her newborn son "Peter", but Charles insisted that his first son bear his name. In a compromise between two strong-willed people, the name on his birth certificate read "Charles Conrad, Jr.", but to his mother and virtually all who knew him, he was "Peter". When he was 21, his fiancée's father called him "Pete" and thereafter, Conrad adopted it. For the rest of his life, to virtually everyone, he was "Pete".

paragraph: The Great Depression wiped out the Conrad family's fortune, just as it had those of so many others. In 1942, the family lost their manor home in Philadelphia, and then moved into a small carriage house, paid for by Frances's brother, Egerton Vinson. Eventually, Charles Sr., broken down by financial failures, left his family.

paragraph: Conrad was considered a bright, intelligent boy, but he continually struggled with his schoolwork. He suffered from dyslexia, a condition little understood at the time. Conrad attended the Haverford School, a private academy in Haverford, Pennsylvania, that previous generations of Conrads had attended. Even after his family's financial downturn, his uncle Egerton supported his continued schooling at Haverford. However, Pete's dyslexia continued to frustrate his academic efforts. After he failed most of his 11th grade exams, Haverford expelled him from school.

paragraph: Conrad's mother refused to believe that her son was unintelligent, and she set about finding him a suitable school. She found Darrow School in New Lebanon, New York. There, Conrad learned how to apply a "systems" approach to learning, and thus found a way to work around his dyslexia. Despite having to repeat the 11th grade, Conrad so excelled at Darrow that after his graduation in 1949, he not only was admitted to Princeton University, but he was also awarded a full Navy ROTC scholarship. While at Darrow, although he was only 5'6" and weighed 135 pounds, Conrad started as the center on his football team and became the team captain. "He was a very tough boy, and we won our share of games," said the school's assistant headmaster.

paragraph: Starting when he was 15 years old, Conrad worked during the summertime at the Paoli Airfield near Paoli, Pennsylvania, bartering lawn mowing, sweeping, and other odd jobs for airplane flights and occasional instructional time. He learned more about the mechanics and workings of aircraft and aircraft engines, and then he graduated to minor maintenance work. When he was 16, he drove almost to help a flight instructor whose airplane had been forced to make an emergency landing. Conrad repaired the plane single-handedly. Thereafter, the instructor gave Conrad the flight lessons that he needed to earn his pilot's certificate even before he graduated from high school.

paragraph: Conrad continued flying while he was in college, not only keeping his pilot's certificate, but also earning an instrument flight rating. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering from Princeton in 1953, and received automatic commission as an Ensign in the U.S. Navy as a Naval ROTC graduate.

paragraph: Section::::Aviation career in the U.S. Navy.

paragraph: Following his commission in 1953, Conrad was sent to Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, for flight training. He was also trained at the Naval Air Station Corpus Christi, Texas. He was designated a Naval Aviator in September 1954 and became a fighter pilot. He excelled in Navy flight school, and he served for several years as an aircraft carrier-based fighter pilot in the navy. Conrad also served as a flight instructor in Navy flight schools along the Gulf of Mexico.

paragraph: Next, Conrad applied for and he was accepted by the United States Naval Test Pilot School at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Patuxent, Maryland. His classmates were future fellow astronauts Wally Schirra and Jim Lovell. He graduated in 1958, as part of Class 20, and was assigned as a Project Test Pilot. Conrad became a captain in the U.S. Navy on December 11, 1969.

paragraph: During this period, Conrad was invited to take part in the selection process for the first group of astronauts for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (the "Mercury Seven"). Conrad, like his fellow candidates, underwent several days of what they considered to be invasive, demeaning, and unnecessary medical and psychological testing at the Lovelace Clinic in New Mexico. Unlike his fellow candidates, Conrad rebelled against the regimen. During a Rorschach inkblot test, he told the psychiatrist that one blot card revealed a sexual encounter complete with lurid detail. When shown a blank card, he turned it around, pushed it back and replied, "It's upside down".

paragraph: Then when he was asked to deliver a stool sample to the onsite lab, he placed it in a gift box and tied a red ribbon around it. Eventually, he decided that he had had enough. After dropping his full enema bag on the desk of the clinic's commanding officer, he walked out. His initial application to NASA was denied with the notation "not suitable for long-duration flight."

paragraph: After his NASA episode, Conrad returned to the Navy as a fighter pilot, serving in the Pacific Fleet's second operational F-4 Phantom II squadron, VF-96, on board . Thereafter, when NASA announced its search for a second group of astronauts, Mercury veteran Alan Shepard, who knew Conrad from their time as naval aviators and test pilots, approached Conrad and persuaded him to reapply. This time, Conrad found the medical tests less invasive, and in June 1962 he was selected to join NASA.

paragraph: He logged more than 6,500 hours of flying time, with more than 5,000 hours in jet aircraft.

paragraph: Section::::NASA career.

paragraph: Section::::NASA career.:Project Gemini.

paragraph: Conrad joined NASA as part of the second group of astronauts, known as the New Nine, on September 17, 1962. Regarded as one of the best pilots in the group, he was among the first of his group to be assigned a Gemini mission. As pilot of Gemini 5 he, along with his commander Gordon Cooper, set a new space endurance record of eight days. The duration of the Gemini 5 flight was actually 7 days 22 hours and 55 minutes, surpassing the then-current Russian record of five days. Eight days was the time required for the first crewed lunar landing missions. Conrad facetiously referred to the Gemini 5 capsule as "a flying garbage can".

paragraph: Conrad tested many spacecraft systems essential to the Apollo program. He was also one of the smallest of the astronauts, 5 feet 6½ inches (1.69 meters) tall, so he found the confinement of the Gemini capsule less onerous than his Commander Gordon Cooper, who played American football, did. He was then named Commander of the Gemini 8 backup crew, and later Commander of Gemini 11 with pilot Richard Gordon. Gemini 11 docked with an Agena target vehicle immediately after achieving orbit. Such a maneuver was an engineering and flight test similar to what the Apollo Command Module (CM) and Lunar Module (LM) would later be required to do. Also, the Gemini 11 flight holds the distinction of being the highest-apogee earth orbit ever, reaching an apogee of .

paragraph: Section::::NASA career.:Apollo program.

paragraph: Conrad was assigned in December 1966 to command the backup crew for the first Earth orbital test flight of the complete Apollo spacecraft, including the Lunar Module (LM) into low Earth orbit. Delays in the LM's development pushed this mission to December 1968 as Apollo 8. But when one more delay occurred in readying the first LM for crewed flight, NASA approved and scheduled a lunar orbit mission without the LM as Apollo 8, pushing Conrad's backup mission to Apollo 9 in March 1969. Director of Flight Crew Operations Deke Slayton's practice was to assign a backup crew as the prime crew on the third following mission. If the swap of 8 and 9 had not occurred, Conrad might have commanded Apollo 11, the first mission to land on the Moon.

paragraph: On November 14, 1969, Apollo 12 was launched with Conrad as Commander, Dick Gordon as Command Module Pilot, and Alan Bean as Lunar Module Pilot. The launch was the most harrowing of the Apollo program, as a series of lightning strikes just after liftoff temporarily knocked out power and guidance in the Command Module. Five days later, after stepping onto the lunar surface, Conrad joked about his own small stature by remarking:

paragraph: He later revealed that he said this in order to win a bet he had made with the Italian journalist Oriana Fallaci for $500 to prove that NASA did not script astronaut comments (Fallaci was convinced that Armstrong's "One small step for man" speech had been written for him and were not his own words). (In actuality, Conrad's "long one" and Armstrong's "small step" refer to two different actions: going from the ladder down to the landing pad, then stepping horizontally off the pad onto the lunar surface. Conrad's words for stepping onto the Moon were "Oooh, is that soft and queasy.")

paragraph: One of the photos that he took during the mission with his own image visible on the helmet visor of Al Bean was later listed on "Popular Science"s photo gallery of the best astronaut selfies.

paragraph: Section::::NASA career.:Skylab.

paragraph: Conrad's last mission was as Commander of Skylab 2, the first crew to board the Skylab space station. The station had been damaged on its uncrewed launch, when its micrometeoroid shield tore away, taking one of two main solar panels with it and jamming the other one so that it could not deploy. Conrad and his crew repaired the damage on two spacewalks. Conrad managed to pull free the stuck solar panel by sheer brute force, an action of which he was particularly proud. The astronauts also erected a "parasol" solar shield to protect the station from intense solar heating, a function which the lost micrometeoroid shield was supposed to perform. Without the shield, Skylab and its contents would have become unusable. President Jimmy Carter honored Conrad for this in 1978 by awarding him the Congressional Space Medal of Honor.

paragraph: During his training for Skylab 2, Conrad had to bail out from NASA T-38 N957NA on May 10, 1972. He was returning to Houston from a visit to ILC Industries in Delaware. On approach to Ellington AFB he was advised that the weather had deteriorated below minimums so he diverted to Hobby. During the night, instrument flight rules (IFR) descent, he suffered a generator failure at 800 feet and broke off the approach. He elected to divert to an airfield with better weather. Unfortunately he ran out of fuel as he reached Bergstrom AFB and was forced to eject at 3,700 feet. He landed about 100 yards from the base operations building and his airplane impacted in an open field about two miles away.

paragraph: Section::::Post-NASA career.

paragraph: Conrad retired from NASA and the Navy in 1973, and went to work for American Television and Communications Company. He started as the vice president of operations and chief operating officer. Conrad was in charge of the operation of existing systems and the national development of new cable television systems.

paragraph: In 1976, he accepted a position with McDonnell Douglas as a vice president and consultant. In 1978, he became vice president of marketing and was responsible for the commercial and military sales of Douglas Aircraft Company. After an engine fell off a McDonnell Douglas DC-10, causing it to crash with the loss of all passengers and crew in 1979, Conrad spearheaded McDonnell Douglas's ultimately unsuccessful efforts to allay the fears of the public and policymakers, and save the plane's reputation. In 1980, he was promoted to senior vice president of marketing. From 1982 to 1984, Conrad served as the senior vice president of marketing and product support. He was appointed staff vice president of international business development in 1984. During the 1990s he consulted for the Delta Clipper experimental single-stage-to-orbit launch vehicle. He became vice president of project development in 1993.

paragraph: On February 14, 1996, Conrad was part of the crew on a record-breaking around-the-world flight in a Learjet owned by cable TV pioneer, Bill Daniels. The flight lasted 49 hours, 26 minutes and 8 seconds. Today the jet is on permanent static display at Denver International Airport's Terminal C.

paragraph: A month before he died, Conrad appeared on ABC News "Nightline" and said, "I think the Space Shuttle is worth one billion dollars a launch. I think that it is worth two billion dollars for what it does. I think the Shuttle is worth it for the work it does." In the last interview he gave before his death, Conrad sat down for PBS's "Nova" series and discussed where he felt the future direction of space travel should go. He considered returning to the Moon "a waste of taxpayer money", but recommended missions to Mars and asteroids.

paragraph: In 2006, NASA posthumously awarded him the Ambassador of Exploration Award for his work for the agency and science.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: While at Princeton, Conrad met Jane DuBose, a student at Bryn Mawr, whose family owned a ranch near Uvalde, Texas. Her father, Winn DuBose, was the first person to call Conrad "Pete" rather than "Peter", the name he had used since birth. Upon his graduation from Princeton and acceptance of his navy commission, Conrad and Jane were married on June 16, 1953. They had four sons: Peter, born in 1954; Thomas, born in 1957; Andrew, born in 1959; and the youngest, Christopher, born in 1960.

paragraph: Given the demands of his career in the navy and NASA, Pete and Jane spent a great deal of time apart, and Pete saw less of his boys growing up than he would have liked. Even after he retired from NASA and the Navy, he kept himself busy. In 1988, Pete and Jane divorced. Both Pete and Jane remarried.

paragraph: In 1989, Conrad's youngest son, Christopher, was stricken with a malignant lymphoma. He died in April 1990, at the age of 29.

paragraph: Conrad met Nancy Crane, a Denver divorcee, through mutual friends. Conrad and Crane married in 1990.

paragraph: Conrad was a Cub Scout. His recreational interests included golf, water skiing and auto racing, such as Formula Vee.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Conrad died on July 8, 1999, from internal injuries sustained in a motorcycle accident. While traveling with his wife and friends from his Huntington Beach home to Monterey, California, his motorcycle crashed on a turn. Conrad later died in a hospital in Ojai. He was wearing a helmet at the time and was operating within the speed limit. He was buried with full honors at Arlington National Cemetery, with many Apollo-era astronauts in attendance.

paragraph: The Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, has a grove of trees that have been planted to honor the memory of the astronauts who have died. After Conrad's death, NASA planted a tree in his honor. During the dedication ceremony, his Apollo 12 crewmate Alan Bean, used his speech to lighten the somber occasion by injecting a little levity, pretending to "channel" Conrad's instructions from the hereafter. Bean said, Conrad wanted NASA to light his tree every Christmas season with colored lights instead of the white used for everyone else, in keeping with his motto "when you can't be good, be colorful". NASA has honored this "request", and every Christmas since then, all of the trees in the grove have been lit with white lights, except Conrad's tree, which has been lit with red lights.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Two Navy Distinguished Service Medals

paragraph: BULLET::::- Two Distinguished Flying Crosses

paragraph: BULLET::::- Congressional Space Medal of Honor (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Two NASA Distinguished Service Medals

paragraph: BULLET::::- Two NASA Exceptional Service Medals

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yuri Gagarin Gold Space Medal (Fédération Aéronautique Internationale)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harmon Trophy (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thompson Trophy (1974)

paragraph: He is inducted into several Aviation and Astronaut Halls of Fame. He was one of ten Gemini astronauts inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame in 1982. Conrad and his fellow Gemini astronauts were inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame in 1993. Conrad was presented an Honorary Master of Arts degree from Princeton in 1966; an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Lincoln-Wesleyan University in 1970, and an Honorary Doctor of Science degree from Kings College, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania in 1971.

paragraph: The three Skylab astronaut crews were awarded the 1973 Robert J. Collier Trophy "For proving beyond question the value of man in future explorations of space and the production of data of benefit to all the people on Earth." Gerald Carr accepted the 1975 Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy from President Ford, awarded to the Skylab astronauts.

paragraph: Conrad was a fellow of the American Astronautical Society; New York Academy of Sciences; American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and the Society of Experimental Test Pilots.

paragraph: Section::::In popular media.

paragraph: Conrad is discussed at length in Tom Wolfe's novel, "The Right Stuff", about the pilots engaged in U.S. postwar research about rockets.

paragraph: "And someday, I may even use it on the Moon." — Conrad, in footage of an American Express television commercial.

paragraph: Conrad played himself in the 1991 television movie "Plymouth", about a fictional lunar base; and in the 1975 made-for-TV movie, "Stowaway to the Moon".

paragraph: In the 1995 film "Apollo 13", Conrad was played by David Andrews. In the 1998 HBO miniseries "From the Earth to the Moon", he was played by Peter Scolari (in episode 1, "Can We Do This?") and by Paul McCrane (in episode 7, "That's All There Is"). In the 2018 film "First Man", Conrad was played by Ethan Embry.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of spaceflight records

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chaikin, Andrew. "A Man on the Moon: The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts" (Penguin Group New York 1994) .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Conrad, Nancy and Klausner, Howard. "Rocketman: Astronaut Pete Conrad's Incredible Ride to the Moon and Beyond" (NAL 2005).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Slayton, Donald; Cassutt, Michael. "Deke!" (Forge, New York 1994) .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Conrad Foundation

paragraph: BULLET::::- as Charles Conrad

paragraph: BULLET::::- as Pete Conrad

alias:
Charles Conrad Jr.
Charles "Pete" Conrad, Jr.
Charles Conrad, Jr.

description: American astronaut

wikidata_label: Pete Conrad

wikipedia_title: Pete Conrad


text:
Greco-Roman
dramatist
epic poet
Old Latin
Greek
Latin
Homer
Odyssey
New Comedy
comoedia palliata
Suetonius
Ennius
Roman drama
Varro
Cicero
Horace
Classical Latin
Latin literature
Andronicus
Latium
gentilicium
patron ("patronus")
freedman
Livia gens
praenomen
Aulus Gellius
Cassiodorus
C. Clodius
Accius
Tarentum
Plautus
Naevius
C. Claudius Nero
M. Livius
Jerome
Olympiad
Chronicon
Gaius Livius Salinator
Marcus Livius Salinator
Tarentum
Odyssey
Saturnian
Livy
trochaic septenarius
tragedies
comedies
New Comedy
fabulae palliatae
Juno
Minerva
Aventine

categories: Livii,Ancient Greeks in Rome,3rd-century BC Romans,3rd-century BC Greek people,Latin-language writers,Old Latin-language writers,Ancient Tarantines,Greco-Roman relations in classical antiquity,Ancient Roman tragic dramatists,Roman-era Greeks,280s BC births,People from Taranto

paragraph: Livius Andronicus

paragraph: Lucius Livius Andronicus (; c. 284 – c. 205 BC) was a Greco-Roman dramatist and epic poet of the Old Latin period. He began as an educator in the service of a noble family at Rome by translating Greek works into Latin, including Homer's "Odyssey". They were meant at first as educational devices in the school he founded. He wrote works for the stage—both tragedies and comedies—which are regarded as the first dramatic works written in the Latin language of ancient Rome. His comedies were based on Greek New Comedy and featured characters in Greek costume. Thus, the Romans referred to this new genre by the term comoedia palliata (fabula palliata). The Roman biographer Suetonius later coined the term "half-Greek" of Livius and Ennius (referring to their genre, not their ethnic backgrounds). The genre was imitated by the next dramatists to follow in Andronicus' footsteps and on that account he is regarded as the father of Roman drama and of Latin literature in general; that is, he was the first man of letters to write in Latin. Varro, Cicero, and Horace, all men of letters during the subsequent Classical Latin period, considered Livius Andronicus to have been the originator of Latin literature. He is the earliest Roman poet whose name is known.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Name.

paragraph: In ancient sources, Livius Andronicus is either given that name or is simply called Livius. Andronicus is the Latinization of a Greek name, which was held by a number of Greek historical figures of the period. It is generally considered that Andronicus came from his Greek name and that Livius, a name originally local to Latium, was the gentilicium, the family name, of his patron ("patronus"). His career at Rome was launched from servitude and he became a freedman ("libertus") by the grace of his master, one of the "Livia gens". The praenomen Lucius is given by Aulus Gellius and Cassiodorus.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Dates.

paragraph: Livius' dates are based mainly on Cicero and Livy. Cicero says, "This Livius exhibited his first performance at Rome in the Consulship of M. Tuditanus, and C. Clodius the son of Caecus, the year before Ennius was born," that is, in 240 BC. Cicero goes on to relate the point of view of Accius, that Livius was captured from Tarentum in 209, and produced a play in 197. Cicero disagrees with this view on the grounds that it would make Livius younger than Plautus and Naevius, though he was supposed to have been the first to produce a play. Livy says, "The pontiffs also decreed that three bands of maidens, each consisting of nine, should go through the city singing a hymn. This hymn [the "parthenion") was composed by the poet, Livius." This action was taken to expiate the gods after a series of evil portents in the consulship of "C. Claudius Nero for the first time, M. Livius for the second;" that is, in 207. Only the dates of 240 and 207 seem exempt from controversy.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Events.

paragraph: Jerome has some additional detail that tends to support the capture at Tarentum and enslavement. His entry for the year of Abraham 1829, the second year of the 148th Olympiad (186/185 BC), of his "Chronicon", reads"Titus Livius tragoediarum scriptor clarus habetur, qui ob ingenii meritum a Livio Salinatore, cuius liberos erudiebat, libertate donatus est."

paragraph: Titus Livius, author of tragedies, is held to be outstanding. He was given liberty by Livius Salinator, whose children he was educating, by merit of his intelligence.

paragraph: Jerome is the only author to name him Titus. The passage is ambiguous concerning the events actually happening in Olympiad 148; Andronicus could have been being given liberty or simply have been being honoured, having been liberated long ago. Livius Salinator might be Gaius Livius Salinator, his father Marcus Livius Salinator, or his grandfather Marcus. If Jerome means that the liberation took place in 186, then he seems to be following Accius' view, which might have been presented in the missing portions of Suetonius' "de Poetis" and read by Jerome. The passage is not conclusive about anything. However, the mixed name of Livius and his being associated with Salinator suggests that he was captured at the first fall of Tarentum in 272, sold to the first Marcus Livius Salinator, tutored the second and was set free to have an independent career when the task was complete.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"Odusia".

paragraph: Livius made a translation of the "Odyssey", entitled the "Odusia" in Latin, for his classes in Saturnian verse. All that survives is parts of 46 scattered lines from 17 books of the Greek 24-book epic. In some lines, he translates literally, though in others more freely. His translation of the "Odyssey" had a great historical importance. Livius' translation made this fundamental Greek text accessible to Romans, and advanced literary culture in Latin. This project was one of the first examples of translation as an artistic process; the work was to be enjoyed on its own, and Livius strove to preserve the artistic quality of the original. Since there was no tradition of epic in Italy before him, Livius must have faced enormous problems. For example, he used archaising forms to make his language more solemn and intense. His innovations would be important in the history of Latin poetry.

paragraph: In the fragments we have, it is clear that Livius had a desire to remain faithful to the original and to be clear, while having to alter untranslatable phrases and ideas. For example, the phrase "equal to the gods", which would have been unacceptable to Romans, was changed to ""summus adprimus"", "greatest and of first rank". Also, early Roman poetry made use of pathos, expressive force, and dramatic tension, so Livius interprets Homer with a mind to these ideas as well. In general, Livius did not make arbitrary changes to the text; rather, he attempted to remain faithful to Homer and to the Latin language.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Plays.

paragraph: Livius' first play, according to Cicero, was staged in 240. Livy tells us that Livius was the first to create a play with a plot. One story says that after straining his voice, Livius, who was also an actor, was the first to leave the singing to singers and limited the actors to dialogue.

paragraph: His dramatic works were written in the iambic senarius and trochaic septenarius. They included both lyric passages ("cantica") and dialogue ("diverbia"). His dramatic works had large element of solos for chief actor, often himself. It is not known whether he had a chorus. These dramatic works of Livius Andronicus were consistent with Greek requirements of drama and probably had Greek models, and we have no more than 60 fragments, as quoted in other authors.

paragraph: The titles of his known tragedies are "Achilles", "Aegisthus", "Aiax Mastigophorus" ("Ajax with the Whip"), "Andromeda", "Antiopa", "Danae", "Equus Troianus", "Hermiona", and "Tereus".

paragraph: Two titles of his comedies are certain, "Gladiolus" and "Ludius", though the third, "Virgo", is probably corrupt. They were all composed on the model of Greek New Comedy, adapting stories from the Greek. The Romans called this sort of adaptation of comedy by Livius and his immediate successors "fabulae palliatae", or "comoedia palliata", named from the "pallium", or short cloak, worn by the actors. Of Andronicus' "palliata" we have 6 fragments of 1 verse each and 1 title, "Gladiolus", ("Little Saber").

paragraph: Section::::Works.:The hymn.

paragraph: According to Livy, Livius also composed a hymn for a chorus of 27 girls in honour of Juno to be performed in public as part of religious ceremonies in 207. Because of the success of this hymn, Livius received public honours when his professional organization, the "collegium scribarum histrionumque" was installed in the Temple of Minerva on the Aventine. Actors and writers would gather here and offer gifts.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albrecht, Michael von. (1997). A History of Roman Literature: From Livius Andronicus to Boethius. With special regard to its influence on world literature. 2 vols. Revised by Gareth L. Schmeling and Michael von Albrecht. Mnemosyne Supplement 165. Leiden: Brill.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boyle, A. J., ed. (1993). Roman Epic. London and New York: Routledge.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Büchner, Karl. (1979). Livius Andronicus und die erste künstlerische Übersetzung der europäischen Kultur. Symbolae Osloenses 54: 37–70.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Erasmi, G. (1979). The Saturnian and Livius Andronicus. "Glotta", 57(1/2), 125-149.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Farrell, Joseph. (2005). The Origins and Essence of Roman Epic. In A Companion to Ancient Epic. Edited by John Miles Foley, 417–428. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World, Literature and Culture. Malden: Blackwell.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fantham, Elaine. (1989). The Growth of Literature and Criticism at Rome. In The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism. Vol. 1, Classical Ccriticism. Edited by George A. Kennedy, 220–244. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Horsfall, N. (1976). The Collegium Poetarum. Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, (23), 79-95.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kearns, J. (1990). Semnoths and Dialect Gloss in the Odussia of Livius Andronicus. The American Journal of Philology, 111(1), 40-52.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sciarrino, E. (2006). The Introduction of Epic in Rome: Cultural Thefts and Social Contests. Arethusa 39(3), 449-469. The Johns Hopkins University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sheets, G. A. (1981). The Dialect Gloss, Hellenistic Poetics and Livius Andronicus. The American Journal of Philology, 102(1), 58-78.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Waszink, J. (1960). Tradition and Personal Achievement in Early Latin Literature. Mnemosyne, 13(1), fourth series, 16-33.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wright, John. (1974). Dancing in Chains: The Stylistic Unity of the comoedia palliata. Papers and Monographs of the American Academy in Rome 25. Rome: American Academy in Rome.

description: Greco-Roman dramatist and epic poet

wikidata_label: Livius Andronicus

wikipedia_title: Livius Andronicus


text:
Patriarch of Aquileia
Pope
Treviso
Ghibelline
house of Hohenstaufen
Sesto
Benedictine
Treaty of Venice
Frederick Barbarossa
Pope Alexander III
Ulrico di Treven
Pavia
Peace of Constance
Henry of Swabia
Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio
Bishop of Milan
Pope Urban III
Capodistria
Third Crusade
Henry VI
Friuli
Istria
Giapidia
Treviso
Belluno
Ceneda
Feltre
Pellegrino II

paragraph: Godfrey of Hohenstaufen

paragraph: Godfrey of Hohenstaufen, known in Italian as Goffredo, Gotofredo or Gotifredo (died 9 October 1194), was Patriarch of Aquileia in northern Italy from 1182 to 1194. He was a supporter of the Imperial party in its disputes with the Pope. He was involved in a war with the neighboring commune of Treviso, which was unresolved at his death.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Godfrey was of German origin, a Ghibelline from the house of Hohenstaufen.

paragraph: The first record of him is from 1176, when he was abbot of Sesto.

paragraph: This Benedictine abbey was within the jurisdiction of Aquileia. The influence of painters from Aquileia is still visible in the head and wings of an archangel that has survived in the chapel of the archangel Michael in the abbey.

paragraph: In 1177 he was a participant in the Treaty of Venice between the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa (r. 1155–1190) and Pope Alexander III (r. 1159–1181), which indicates he was already occupying an important position in church affairs.

paragraph: Section::::Patriarch.

paragraph: Section::::Patriarch.:Imperial affairs.

paragraph: Godfrey succeeded Ulrico di Treven as Patriarch of Aquileia in 1182.

paragraph: In this role, he was legally a German prince, since Aquileia was within German territory.

paragraph: Godfrey was a supporter of the emperor Frederick Barbarossa.

paragraph: In 1183 he contracted a loan for the emperor with the Pavian family of Isembardi.

paragraph: This was just before the Peace of Constance, signed on 23 June 1183 between the emperor and the Italian communes, and may have been used by Frederick's envoys to sweeten the negotiations.

paragraph: On 27 January 1186 1186 Godfrey crowned the emperor's son, Henry of Swabia, as King of Italy in the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio, Milan.

paragraph: Henry of Swabia was the future Emperor Henry VI.

paragraph: Godfrey's action drew the anger of the former Bishop of Milan, Pope Urban III, who felt that he should have been the one to perform the ceremony.

paragraph: The pope suspended Godfrey and all the ecclesiastics who attended the ceremony from divine office.

paragraph: This disagreement was short-lasting, and later that year when the diocese of Capodistria was established the pope stressed that it would be subordinate to Aquiliea.

paragraph: In 1190 the emperor Frederick Barbarossa named Godfrey the Imperial Vicar and left on the Third Crusade.

paragraph: Barbarossa died on 10 June 1190. Godfrey accompanied Henry VI to Rome where he was crowned emperor in April 1191.

paragraph: Section::::Patriarch.:Local disputes.

paragraph: Godfrey was temporal ruler of Friuli, Istria and Giapidia.

paragraph: He was the first patriarch to place his name on the coins of Aquileia, a practice that was continued by his successors.

paragraph: In 1183 he began a war with the neighboring commune of Treviso for control of the dioceses of Belluno, Ceneda and Feltre.

paragraph: In 1193 the municipality of Treviso plundered the lands of Feltre, Ceneda e Belluno.

paragraph: Godfrey responded by devastating seventy villages in Treviso.

paragraph: Godfrey died on 9 October 1194 leaving his successor, Pellegrino II, huge debts and an ongoing war with Treviso.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Citations

paragraph: Sources

description: Italian bishop

wikidata_label: Godfrey of Hohenstaufen

wikipedia_title: Godfrey of Hohenstaufen