text: Swedish Army

text: Chief of the Army

text: Stjärnorp Castle

text: Östergötland County

text: Ludvig Douglas

text: Marshal of the Realm

text: Ehrensvärd

text: Queen Augusta Victoria

text: Manuel II

text: Carl August Ehrensvärd

text: Gösta Ehrensvärd

text: Augustin Ehrensvärd

text: Life Regiment Dragoons

text: General Staff

text: Galicia

text: Royal Swedish Army Staff College

text: Stockholm

text: Finnish Civil War

text: Finland

text: Finnish Army

text: Battle of Länkipohja

text: Battle of Tampere

text: "ryttmästare"

text: Royal Swedish Naval Staff College

text: Norrland Dragoon Regiment

text: Germany

text: France

text: Chief of the Army

text: Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences

text: aide-de-camp

text: Gustaf V

text: Ronneby

text: Salomon Eberhard Henschen

text: Djurgården

text: "Carl" Ludvig Douglas

text: Gösta "Archibald" Douglas

text: Gustaf Douglas

text: Princess Elisabeth, Duchess in Bavaria

text: Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria

text: Marshal of Finland

text: Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim

text: Field Marshal

text: Robert Douglas, Count of Skenninge

text: Grensholm

text: Linköping

text: Lieutenant

text: Captain

text: Major

text: Lieutenant Colonel

text: Colonel

text: Major General

text: Lieutenant General

text: King Gustaf V's Commemorative Medal

text: Order of the Sword

text: Order of the Polar Star

text: Order of Vasa

text: Order of the Dannebrog

text: Order of St. Olav

text: Order of the Cross of Liberty

text: Order of the Cross of Liberty

text: Order of the White Rose of Finland

text: Order of the Star of Ethiopia

text: Order of the White Lion

text: Order of Orange-Nassau

text: Order of Saint Stanislaus

text: Article by Douglas on Mannerheim

categories: Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences,Knights of the Order of the Polar Star,Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword,People from Linköping Municipality,1883 births,Road incident deaths in Sweden,Swedish people of Scottish descent,Chiefs of Army (Sweden),1960 deaths,House of Douglas and Angus,Swedish Army lieutenant generals

paragraph: Archibald Douglas (1883–1960)

paragraph: Count Wilhelm Archibald Douglas (19July 1883 – 5July 1960) was a Swedish Army lieutenant general and nobleman who served as Chief of the Army from 1944 to 1948.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Douglas was born at Stjärnorp Castle, Östergötland County and was the second of three sons of Count Ludvig Douglas, Marshal of the Realm, and Countess Anna Louise Dorotea (née Ehrensvärd). His younger brother, Count Carl Douglas (1888–1946), was a chamberlain, and his elder brother Robert (1880–1955), a nobleman in Germany, married dowager Queen Augusta Victoria of Portugal, widow of King Manuel II. Archibald Douglas was cousin to general Carl August Ehrensvärd (his successor on the Chief of the Army post), vice admiral Gösta Ehrensvärd and Deputy Director of the Ministry of Defence Augustin Ehrensvärd.

paragraph: He became an officer in 1903 and was promoted to lieutenant in the Life Regiment Dragoons (K 2) in 1906. Douglas was lieutenant in the General Staff in 1913 and served as general staff officer in the staff of the 1st Army Division ("I. arméfördelningen") from 1914 to 1917. He was promoted to captain in 1916 and did the same year a study trip to Galicia region in Central-Eastern Europe. Back in Sweden, Douglas served as a military history teacher at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College in Stockholm from 1917 to 1918 and as general staff officer at the Finnish headquarters during the Finnish Civil War in 1918. During his time in Finland in 1918, he became captain and lieutenant colonel in the Finnish Army and took part in the Battle of Länkipohja and Battle of Tampere. Back in Sweden, Douglas became "ryttmästare" and squadron commander in the Life Regiment Dragoons in 1919 and taught ground warfare at the Royal Swedish Naval Staff College on and off between 1919 and 1929.

paragraph: In 1922, Douglas returned to the General Staff as captain and became major there in 1924. He served as chief of staff of the 5th Army Division ("V. arméfördelningen") from 1923 to 1927 when he became major in the Life Regiment Dragoons. Douglas became lieutenant colonel in the Life Regiment of Horse ("Livregementet till häst", K 1) in 1928. He was promoted to colonel and appointed commanding officer of Norrland Dragoon Regiment (K 4) in 1930 and in 1935 Douglas was appointed executive officer of the Life Regiment of Horse. In 1937 Douglas was promoted to major general and appointed commanding officer of Upper Norrland's Troops ("Övre Norrlands trupper") and in 1940 he conducted a study trip to Germany and France. In 1942 he was appointed Inspector of the Swedish Army and the year after he was chairman of the Officer Training Investigation ("Officersutbildningsutredningen"). In 1944, Douglas was promoted to lieutenant general and was appointed Chief of the Army. During this time he also served as president of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences from 1945 to 1947. Douglas retired from the military in 1948.

paragraph: Beside his military career, Douglas was a member of the Stockholm City Council from 1921 to 1923 and served as aide-de-camp to King Gustaf V from 1920 to 1930 and as chief aide-de-camp ("överadjutant") to King Gustaf V from 1931 to 1950.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life and death.

paragraph: In 1907 he married Astri Henschen (1883–1976) in Ronneby. She was the daughter of Professor Salomon Eberhard Henschen and Gerda (née Sandell). Douglas lived in Villa Parkudden in Djurgården, and also owned Stjärnorp Castle in Östergötland County from 1947. The ancestral Stjärnorp Castle, which his father had purchased back to the family some years before Archibald's birth, was designated as Archibald's family seat.

paragraph: He was the father of the Ambassador "Carl" Ludvig Douglas (1908–1961) and company executive Gösta "Archibald" Douglas (1910–1992) and grandfather of financier Gustaf Douglas. Through his eldest son, Carl Ludvig, he is the grandfather of Princess Elisabeth, Duchess in Bavaria, wife of Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria. He is also the grandfather of Rosita Spencer-Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, the third wife of John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough, they divorced in 2008.

paragraph: Douglas wrote biographical literature and biographies of Marshal of Finland Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (his Finnish contemporary), and Swedish Field Marshal Robert Douglas, Count of Skenninge, his ancestor.

paragraph: Douglas died as a result of a car accident in Grensholm near Linköping in July 1960.

paragraph: Section::::Dates of rank.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1906 – Lieutenant

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1916 – Captain

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1924 – Major

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1928 – Lieutenant Colonel

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1930 – Colonel

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1937 – Major General

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1944 – Lieutenant General

paragraph: Section::::Awards and decorations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- King Gustaf V's Jubilee Commemorative Medal (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- King Gustaf V's Jubilee Commemorative Medal (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- King Gustaf V's Commemorative Medal (16 February 1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight of the Order of the Polar Star

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knights of the Order of Vasa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second Class of the Order of the Cross of Liberty with Swords

paragraph: BULLET::::- Third Class of the Order of the Cross of Liberty with Swords

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commander First Class of the Order of the White Rose of Finland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commander of the Order of the Star of Ethiopia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commander Second Class of the Order of the White Lion

paragraph: BULLET::::- Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau with Swords

paragraph: BULLET::::- Third Class of the Order of Saint Stanislaus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Association of the Swedish Voluntary Motor Transportation Corps Medal of Merit in Gold ("Frivilliga Automobilkårernas Riksförbunds förtjänstmedalj i guld")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Home Guard Medal of Merit in Gold ("Hemvärnets förtjänstmedalj i guld")

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gen. Archibald Douglas", "The Times" (9 July 1960): 10.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article by Douglas on Mannerheim

description: Chief of the Swedish Army

wikidata_label: Archibald Douglas

wikipedia_title: Archibald Douglas (1883–1960)


text:
Shimazu
Ryūzōji
Okitanawate
siege of Iwaya Castle
Muneshige
Tachibana
Tachibana Ginchiyo
Takahashi Shigetane - SamuraiWiki
Siege of Iwaya - SamuraiWiki

paragraph: Takahashi Shigetane

paragraph: The powerful Shimazu had conquered the Ryūzōji at Okitanawate in 1584, and by 1586 had set their aim upon the destruction of the Ōtomo, with whom they had a long, intense rivalry. This action forced Shigetane, who was unprepared, to strengthen his defenses. However, the forces of Shimazu arrived earlier than the Ōtomo initially anticipated, and therefore Shigetane was desperately placed in a dilemma: on one hand he had no more than 763 men, and as the opposition respectively wielded around 50,000 soldiers, no form of defense could be utterly possible, considering that such a mass of military might was additionally set on solely besieging Iwaya castle, as opposed to splitting and assaulting from a different direction. And as the circumstances would naturally have it, Shigetane was overwhelmed relatively immediately, but the forces in Iwaya somehow managed to survive for over two weeks before initially seeing that the situation was far beyond any length of salvation, forcing Shigetane to commit suicide there and then, who was consequently praised by the Shimazu for his bravery and conviction, despite being in a situation that entirely contradicted any means of victory.

paragraph: During the siege of Iwaya Castle, a commanding officer of the Shimazu stopped his attack and said, "Why do you serve the unjust Ōtomo clan that makes light of Buddhism and has faith in Christianity? Your bravery has already been proven, please surrender." To which he answered: "Swearing allegiance and loyalty to your lord and his clan when he is powerful, and betraying the clan when it is weak. Many a man do that, but I owe a debt of gratitude to my lord and his clan, and therefore I cannot do such a thing. A samurai who is ungrateful is worse than animals." It was said that all men in the battlefield, including Shimazu's soldiers admired him.

paragraph: His son Muneshige later was adopted to the Tachibana and succeeded Shigetane's daughter-in-law Tachibana Ginchiyo as the head of the clan.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Takahashi Shigetane - SamuraiWiki. (Samurai Archives) FWSeal & CEWest, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siege of Iwaya - SamuraiWiki. (Samurai Archives) FWSeal & CEWest, 2005

description: daimyo

wikidata_label: Takahashi Shigetane

wikipedia_title: Takahashi Shigetane


href: Mosul Arab cryptologist Cryptanalysis literature poetry Baghdad Damascus Cairo frequency%20analysis cryptogram

text:
Mosul
Arab
cryptologist
Cryptanalysis
literature
poetry
Baghdad
Damascus
Cairo
frequency analysis
cryptogram

categories: Medieval Iraqi mathematicians,Pre-19th-century cryptographers,13th-century Muslims,Arabic-language poets,People from Mosul,1268 deaths,Medieval Arab mathematicians,Mathematicians of medieval Islam,1187 births

paragraph: Ibn 'Adlan

paragraph: ʻAlī ibn ʻAdlān (; 1187–1268 CE),born in Mosul, was an Arab cryptologist, linguist and poet who is best known for his early contributions to Cryptanalysis for which he dedicated more than one book. He was also involved in literature and poetry.

paragraph: Ibn 'Adlan was educated in Baghdad and lived in Damascus and Cairo.

paragraph: Section::::Cryptanalysis.

paragraph: His two major works on cryptanalysis were "Al-mu'lam" and "Al-mu'allaf lil-malik al-'Asraf". One of his most important contributions was on sample size for use of frequency analysis. He believed that the cryptogram "should be at least 90 letters long and that each of the 28 letters of Arabic should be represented at least three times".

description: Poet and writer

wikidata_label: Ibn 'Adlan

wikipedia_title: Ibn 'Adlan


text: United Kingdom

text: bronze

text: steel

text: Camberwell College of Arts

text: John Hilliard

text: painter

text: Wimbledon College of Art

text: Dundee

text: public art

text: Canada

text: Ireland

text: Czech Republic

text: Titanic Quarter

text: Airfix

text: nostalgia

text: The Frankenstein Project

text: Titanic Kit

text: Official website

text: Tony Stallard page

text: Tony Stallard page

text: Tony Stallard page

text: Tony Stallard page

categories: English sculptors,Living people,English male sculptors,1958 births

paragraph: Tony Stallard

paragraph: Tony Stallard (born 26 August 1958) is an English artist, best known for his large scale public artworks in the United Kingdom and abroad, which utilise bronze, steel and light sculptures for work in the public realm.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Stallard studied at Camberwell College of Arts, where he was influenced by Tony Carter and tutored by John Hilliard. Having started as a painter, Stallard then moved on to 3D work where he studied at Wimbledon College of Art and developed his skills of site specific sculpture. Stallard subsequently went on to Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design in Dundee, which at the time was one of the few public art courses teaching the professional use of public art in the public realm.

paragraph: Section::::Career in public art.

paragraph: Stallard has worked for twenty-five years in public artworks within the public realm and his work has been exhibited widely from Canada to Ireland and the Czech Republic. This work has included research and development within architectural and engineering practices, as well as processing artworks with multiple stake holders for practical engineered concepts towards public artworks.

paragraph: In 2009, Stallard was selected to by the Titanic Quarter and Arts And Business Northern Ireland to create a sculpture to promote the regeneration of the Titanic Quarter. A scale model of an Airfix kit, the piece was a reference to Belfast's industrial heritage and encourages a nostalgia for the area's shipbuilding history.

paragraph: Section::::Artworks.

paragraph: Selected works include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Double Helix" (1999), a commission for Paddington Arts Centre.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Frankenstein Project" (2001), a piece which draws on Blackpool’s history of freak shows, which were active until World War II.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seam" (2002), a site specific light sculptural installation for Mayrau Mines, Czech Republic.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ghost Train" (2009), a project which aimed to regenerate a busy, polluted area into a gateway feature and progress Watford's ambitions to be a 'greener' more sustainable town

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Titanic Kit" (2009), a major, high-profile and contemporary site-specific light sculpture cast in bronze.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Guardian" (2010), an impressive 30-foot sculpture constructed of steel and neon which aimed to capture the historical significance of the landscape.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tony Stallard page at the ArtLyst website.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tony Stallard page at the Axis Web website.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tony Stallard page at the Saatchi Online website.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tony Stallard page at the Art Doxa website.

description: British artist

wikidata_label: Tony Stallard

wikipedia_title: Tony Stallard


text:
Litunga
Barotseland
Zambia
Mwanawina I
Prince Mbanga
Princess Notulu
Mulambwa Santulu
Queen Notulu
being starved to death

paragraph: Mwananyanda Liwale

paragraph: "Mulena Yomuhulu Mbumu wa Litunga" Mwananyanda Liwale was a King of Barotseland in Zambia, very unpopular ruler.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Family.

paragraph: Mwananyanda was the second son of the King Mwanawina I and grandson of Prince Mbanga and Princess Notulu.

paragraph: His brothers were Prince Yutuluwakaole and King Mulambwa Santulu, who succeeded him.

paragraph: He had a son, Prince Mwanang'ono, who was a candidate for the succession.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reign.

paragraph: Mwananyanda Liwale succeeded his father.

paragraph: Queen Notulu was killed on his order, being starved to death.

paragraph: He was killed by Mwanamatia, 4th Chief of Nalolo.

description: King of Barotseland

wikidata_label: Mwananyanda Liwale

wikipedia_title: Mwananyanda Liwale


text: Duke

text: Zähringen

text: Conrad I, Duke of Zähringen

text: Fribourg

text: Conrad I

text: Frederick Barbarossa

text: Beatrice

text: Burgundy

text: Geneva

text: Lausanne

text: Sion

text: Frederick IV

text: Swabia

text: Welf VI

text: Zurich

text: Berthold V

text: Urach

text: Kyburg

categories: 1120s births,12th-century German people,House of Zähringen,Dukes of Zähringen,1186 deaths

paragraph: Berthold IV, Duke of Zähringen

paragraph: Berthold IV, Duke of Zähringen ( – 8 December 1186) was a Duke of Zähringen and Rector of Burgundy. He was the son of Conrad I, Duke of Zähringen and Clementia of Luxembourg-Namur. He founded numerous cities, including Fribourg.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Berthold IV succeeded his father, Conrad I, in 1152 as Duke of Zähringen. Berthold also claimed the title of "Duke of Burgundy", which he had agreed upon with Barbarossa to receive after conquering the Cisjuran ("French") territories of Burgundy together and also helping him out in his Italian campaign in 1152. However, the conquest of Burgundy failed and in 1156 the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa instead married Beatrice, the daughter of the last Count of Burgundy of the House of Ivrea. This interfered with Berthold's claims and Berthold was given the title of "Rector of Burgundy" and was made overlord over the Transjuran ("Swiss") parts of Burgundy, Geneva, Lausanne and Sion.

paragraph: The rivalry with Duke Frederick IV of neighbouring Swabia caused him to fight on the side of Welf VI in the Feud of Tübingen (1164-1166). In 1173, he became overlord of Zurich.

paragraph: An entry in the necrology of the Abbey of Saint Peter in the Black Forest reads : "Berthold IV, Duke of Zähringen donated 5 candles for the memory of John the Baptist".

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and issue.

paragraph: Berthold IV was married to Heilwig of Frohburg, with whom he had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berthold V, the last Duke of Zähringen. After his death, the counts of Kyburg and Urach inherited the Zähringen possessions

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agnes, married to Count Egino IV of Urach — According to the necrology of Tennenbach Abbey, she was the daughter of Berthold V

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anna, married to Count Ulrich III of Kyburg

wikidata_label: Berthold IV, Duke of Zähringen

wikipedia_title: Berthold IV, Duke of Zähringen


text: American

text: poet

text: Norwalk, Connecticut

text: Elinor Wylie

text: Barnard College

text: William Whittingham Lyman Jr

text: Poetry

text: The Egoist

text: The Masses

text: Marianne Moore

text: Mina Loy

text: Idella Purnell Stone

text: Clark Ashton Smith

categories: 20th-century American women writers,20th-century American poets,American women poets,Writers from Norwalk, Connecticut,1972 deaths,1887 births

paragraph: Helen Hoyt

paragraph: Helen Lyman commonly known as Helen Hoyt or Helen Hoyt Lyman (January 22, 1887 – August 2, 1972)

paragraph: was an American poet.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: She was born as Helen Hoyt in Norwalk, Connecticut on January 22, 1887. Her father was Gould Jennings Holt. Her niece was the 1920s poet Elinor Wylie,

paragraph: Helen Hoyt was educated at Barnard College.

paragraph: In 1921 she married fellow poet William Whittingham Lyman Jr, and so also became known either as Mrs. W.W. Lyman or Helen Hoyt Lyman.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.:Career.

paragraph: Early in her career Helen Hoyt was an Associate Editor of the journal "Poetry", and also had numerous articles and poems published within the magazine from 1913 to 1936. She also edited the September 1916 edition of "", the woman's number. Other magazines to publish her work include "The Egoist" and "The Masses".

paragraph: Aside from her own collections, her work was also published in notable anthologies of her times, including "The New Poetry: An Anthology" (1917), "The Second Book of Modern Verse" (1920), "Silver Pennies: Modern Poems for Boys and Girls" (1925), "May Days" (1926), and "The Best Poems of 1931".

paragraph: Her poems include "Ellis Park", "Memory", "Lamp Posts" and "Rain At Night".

paragraph: In 1932, she wrote the foreword to "California Poets: An Anthology of 244 Contemporaries,"

paragraph: [House of Henry Harrison, editors].

paragraph: She was a contemporary of Marianne Moore and Mina Loy, among others.

paragraph: She was known to entertain correspondence with Idella Purnell Stone and Clark Ashton Smith.

paragraph: Section::::Quotation.

paragraph: "At present most of what we know, or think we know, of women has been found out by men,br we have yet to hear what woman will tell of herself, and where can she tell more intimately than in poetry?" "" in 1916

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The New Poetry: An Anthology at Bartleby.com

description: American writer

wikidata_label: Helen Hoyt

wikipedia_title: Helen Hoyt


text: Cowboy Junkies

text: Cowboy Junkies

text: Blonde on Blonde

text: Highway 61 Revisited

text: Nashville Skyline

text: Bob Dylan

text: Nebraska

text: Bruce Springsteen

text: Harvest

text: Neil Young

text: Townes Van Zandt

text: Flyin' Shoes

text: Carole King

text: Montreal

text: Toronto

text: Etobicoke

text: Richview Collegiate Institute

text: punk music

text: Queen Street West

text: stage fright

text: Graham Henderson

text: Grey County, Ontario

text: The Rivoli

text: BMG

text: U.S.

text: McCarthy Tétrault

text: Universal Music Canada

text: Canadian Recording Industry Association

text: Bruce Springsteen

text: Rhodesian Ridgeback

text: Order of Ontario

text: Molly Ringwald

text: Sylvester Stallone

text: Meat Loaf

text: Jon Lovitz

text: Sean Penn

text: O Canada

text: Pittsburgh

text: The Star-Spangled Banner

categories: Living people,1961 births,Members of the Order of Ontario,Singers from Montreal,Canadian female country singers,Canadian female rock singers,20th-century Canadian singers,Musicians from Toronto,21st-century Canadian singers,Canadian female pop singers

paragraph: Margo Timmins

paragraph: Margo Timmins (born January 27, 1961) is the lead vocalist of the Canadian band Cowboy Junkies. She is the sister of Michael Timmins, the band's lead guitarist, and Peter Timmins, the band's drummer. Her ethereal vocals, paired with the band's spare and quiet songs performed at a languid pace, give the band its unique sound.

paragraph: Section::::Childhood.

paragraph: Margo Timmins was born and spent most of her childhood in Montreal as one of six children of Barbara and John Timmins. She describes her mother Barbara as "a very honest person, and very confident in who she was and her emotions and her place in the world. And I think if she gave anything, that's what she gave us: the sense that you do what you do, and not to worry about it too much. A confidence. Not a confidence that we're necessarily right, but even if we're wrong, well, too bad".

paragraph: Her father, John Timmins, spent his professional life working in the sales and marketing divisions of several aviation companies. His passion in life, however, was music and his love of song was passed on to his children, especially his son Michael (Margo's brother) who would eventually start Cowboy Junkies.

paragraph: As a young girl, she remembered going through her brother Michael's extensive record collection. Some of her early favourites that influence her to this day include: "Blonde on Blonde", "Highway 61 Revisited", and "Nashville Skyline", by Bob Dylan, "Nebraska" by Bruce Springsteen, "Harvest" by Neil Young, and Townes Van Zandt's, "Flyin' Shoes".

paragraph: It did not occur to Timmins that she could ever sing professionally. However, her youth was filled with music. She remembers singing while doing the dishes, singing in school plays and pageants and singing Carole King songs at camp.

paragraph: As a child, her ambition was to grow to be like her mother – get married, stay at home and have seven children.

paragraph: In 1977, the Timmins family moved from Montreal to Toronto. They lived in Etobicoke in the west-end of the city and Margo attended Richview Collegiate Institute in her high school years.

paragraph: Section::::Young adult.

paragraph: After graduating from high school, Timmins spent her evenings along with her brother Michael exploring the punk music scene in Toronto that was happening on Queen Street West. When Michael started his first band, the Hunger Project, she would hang out with the band, take the tickets, and carry the equipment.

paragraph: Timmins supported herself by doing clerical work for her father and performing chores around the house.

paragraph: But by her mid-20s, Timmins had left the night life behind and was studying social work at university. It was also during this time that Timmins developed her signature mane of long hair. As she tells it, "As a kid I was always mistaken for a boy. I didn't get long hair until my early 20s. That's when I discovered hair was important."

paragraph: Section::::Cowboy Junkies.

paragraph: In 1985, her brother Michael recruited Margo as the vocalist for Cowboy Junkies even though she had never sung publicly before. Initially Margo would not sing in front of the other band members, she would only sing in front of Michael. Eventually, Michael convinced Margo to sing in front of the other band members and they liked her performance.

paragraph: Michael knew that she had a pretty enough voice, but that she was shy and anxious. However, he also knew that Margo was really a show off at heart. "A little shaky" was how Michael remembers her first attempts behind the microphone.

paragraph: Margo Timmins has said about that time, "So when he asked me I was freaked out, but I said 'Okay, so long as if I don't do a good job you fire me' I didn't want to hurt his music, because his music is so important to him." It took a long time for her to get comfortable singing in front of an audience. In fact, many of the early shows had Margo singing with her back to the audience.

paragraph: She has stated, "In those early days, I wouldn't turn around to face the audience. But nobody forced me and I slowly turned around and I slowly opened my eyes and I slowly began to say hello. And now they can't shut me up! I see Mike looking at me as I tell a story that has no relevance whatsoever and I lose track. Now, the guys have to start playing songs because my on-stage monologues go on so long."

paragraph: While Timmins has stated that it took her ten years to get comfortable singing in front of an audience, to this day she suffers from stage fright and has a ritual she performs prior to each show. Timmins says, "I do two things. One is, I iron my dress and I post the set list on the wall and stare at it to get a sense of the flow of the songs. After that, I arrange my flowers. I always have flowers on stage. Once they're arranged, I hand them to my crew guy to put on stage and that's the cue that we're about to start. Arranging my flowers is my meditation. I focus on the flowers and think about nothing. I have no problems being on the stage nowadays. But it's still difficult for me to get from the side of the stage to the microphone. Just that initial walking out is hard. I have my tea. I always bring my tea out with me because I think it's an anchor, it's something to carry, something to do with my hands. I stand on the side of the stage drinking my tea before I go out. That's my nervous time. I go out, I say hi, and we go into a song. Within that song, I calm down, catch my breath and relax. Then it's like, Yeah, I like it up here. I forgot how much I like it up here."

paragraph: As the lead singer of Cowboy Junkies, Timmins is more comfortable being the focal point of attention than she used to be. But she admits that if she is invited to party, and no one wants to talk with her, she is quite happy sitting quietly by herself. She claims that she is not an extrovert and does not have a lot of friends. She is close to one girlfriend, a sister and her mother. She likes being at home. This is exemplified by the three essential things she brings with her on the road while touring with the Cowboy Junkies - her toothbrush, needlepoint and hot water bottle.

paragraph: She believes that the best song she ever wrote is "Misguided Angel". When asked what was the best thing ever written about Cowboy Junkies, Timmins replied "I think it was about my hair".

paragraph: Section::::Present.

paragraph: She lives in Toronto with her husband Graham Henderson and their son Ed. However, she likes to spend most of her time at their 100-year-old farmhouse in Grey County, Ontario.

paragraph: She married Graham Henderson in 1988. She met her husband, an entertainment lawyer, in the mid-1980s after he heard the band's demo tapes and went to see them at Toronto's nightclub/restaurant The Rivoli. Shortly thereafter he was not only working to get the Junkies their deal with BMG in the U.S., but he and Margo started dating. Graham Henderson has been a partner at the law firm of McCarthy Tétrault and served as vice-president of business affairs and e-commerce at Universal Music Canada until 2000 when he was named president of the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA).

paragraph: While Timmins recently celebrated her 20th year of marriage she admits to having a crush on Bruce Springsteen. She has said, "When I got married, I told my husband that if Bruce ever wanted me, that I would be his. And my husband said, OK".

paragraph: She loves animals and she and Graham have had two Rhodesian Ridgebacks, Achilles and Drusilla, as well as Sparticus the cat. In 2002, Margo and Graham suffered a significant loss in the death of their dog Gaius. Graham described the loss this way, "On August 20, 2002 our dog Gaius was diagnosed with pneumonia. Margo and I had just finished a three week vacation. I left to come home for work on the Sunday evening. Margo noticed trouble almost right away. Though he was in hospital almost immediately, the disease ravaged him and his great, loving heart gave out in the early hours of August 25, 2002. For those of us without children, our animals often become our children".

paragraph: It was after the death of this beloved pet, that Margo and Graham started exploring the possibility of adopting a child. The adoption process took a year, during the recording of the Cowboy Junkies CD "One Soul Now", but Margo and Graham were rewarded with a blond-haired, cherubic-cheeked son named Edward.

paragraph: When Timmins is not on the road touring with Cowboy Junkies, she is home on the farm with her son Ed. Ed travels with the band on longer tours, but for shorter tours stays in Canada with his grandparents.

paragraph: In 2009, she released a solo album of covers "Margo's Corner: Ty Tyrfu Sessions, Volume 1".

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: In 2016, she was made a member of the Order of Ontario.

paragraph: Section::::Additional information.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Every square inch of her refrigerator door at her farm house is covered with a personal photo gallery of famous people she has met over the years, including Molly Ringwald, Sylvester Stallone, Meat Loaf, Bruce Springsteen, Jon Lovitz, Stephen Huff and Sean Penn.

paragraph: BULLET::::- She sang "O Canada" at the 1994 Major League Baseball All-Star Game in Pittsburgh, while Meat Loaf sang "The Star-Spangled Banner" at the same game.

description: Canadian singer

wikidata_label: Margo Timmins

wikipedia_title: Margo Timmins


text:
Roman Client King
Bosporan Kingdom
Aspurgus
Gepaepyris
Cotys I
Greek
Iranian
Roman ancestry
Asander
Dynamis
Thrace
Cotys VIII
Antonia Tryphaena
Mark Antony
Julio-Claudian dynasty
Greek Macedonian Kings:
Antigonus I Monophthalmus
Seleucus I Nicator
Regent
Antipater
Alexander the Great
Mithridates VI of Pontus
Roman Emperor
Claudius
garrison
Aulus Didius Gallus
cohorts
Gaius Julius Aquila
battalion
Don River
Rome
Roman Forum
Bosporan Kingdom
Roman Crimea
Tacitus
Coinage of Mithridates

categories: 1st-century births,Rulers of the Bosporan Kingdom,Roman client rulers,68 deaths,1st-century monarchs in Europe

paragraph: Tiberius Julius Mithridates

paragraph: Tiberius Julius Mithridates Philogermanicus Philopatris, sometimes known as Mithridates III of the Bosporan (, "Philopatris" means "lover of his country", flourished 1st century, died 68) was a Roman Client King of the Bosporan Kingdom.

paragraph: Mithridates was the first son of Roman Client Monarchs Aspurgus and Gepaepyris. His younger brother was prince and future King Cotys I. He was a prince of Greek, Iranian and Roman ancestry. He was the first grandchild and grandson of Bosporan Monarchs Asander and Dynamis and Roman Client Rulers of Thrace, Cotys VIII and Antonia Tryphaena.

paragraph: Through his maternal grandmother Antonia Tryphaena, he was a descendant of Roman triumvir Mark Antony. Tryphaena was the first great granddaughter born to the triumvir. Through Tryphaena, Mithridates was also related to various members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty.

paragraph: Through Aspurgus, Mithridates was a descendant of the Greek Macedonian Kings: Antigonus I Monophthalmus, Seleucus I Nicator and Regent, Antipater. These three men served under King Alexander the Great. Mithridates was named in honor of his ancestor King Mithridates VI of Pontus. Mithridates VI was the paternal grandfather, of his paternal grandmother Dynamis.

paragraph: Little is known on the early life of Mithridates. When Aspurgus died in 38, Mithridates had become joint ruler with his mother, Gepaepyris. Sometime before 45, the Roman Emperor Claudius, had given Mithridates the whole Bosporan Kingdom to rule. Claudius recognised and appointed him as the legitimate Bosporan King. In 45 for unknown reasons Claudius, deposed Mithridates from the Bosporan throne and replaced him with his younger brother Cotys I. Claudius had withdrawn the Roman garrison under Aulus Didius Gallus from the Bosporan Kingdom and a few Roman cohorts were left with the Roman Knight Gaius Julius Aquila in the Bosporan.

paragraph: Mithridates despised the situation. He mistrusted Cotys I, Aquila and attempted to regain his throne. Mithridates was able to entice the leaders of the local tribes and deserters into his allies. He was able to seize control of the local tribes and collect an army to declare war on Cotys I and Aquila. When Cotys I and Aquila heard news of this war, they feared that the invasion was imminent. Both men knew they had the support of Claudius. Mithridates with his army, engaged in war with Cotys I's army and Aquila's battalions, in a three-day war, which Cotys I and Aquila won unscathed and triumphant at the Don River.

paragraph: Mithridates knew that resistance was hopeless and considered an appeal to Claudius. Mithridates turned to a local tribesman called Eunones, to help him. Eunones, sent envoys to Rome to Claudius with a letter from Mithridates.

paragraph: In Mithridates’ letter to the Emperor, Mithridates greeted and addressed him with great honor and respect from one ruler to another ruler. Mithridates asked Claudius for a pardon and to be spared from a triumphal procession or capital punishment. Claudius wasn't sure how to punish or deal with Mithridates. Mithridates was captured and brought to Rome as a prisoner. He was displayed as a public figure beside the platform in the Roman Forum along with his guards and his expression remained undoubted.

paragraph: Claudius was impressed with Mithridates’ mercy from his letter and allowed Mithridates to live. He was spared from any capital punishment and was exiled. Mithridates lived as a destitute exiled monarch until his death. He never married nor had children.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bosporan Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Crimea

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tacitus, Annals of Imperial Rome

paragraph: BULLET::::- French version of Wikipedia

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coinage of Mithridates

description: Roman client ruler of the Bosporan Kingdom

wikidata_label: Tiberius Julius Mithridates

wikipedia_title: Tiberius Julius Mithridates


text:
Grand Master
Teutonic Order
patrician
Trier
Jakob von Oeren
alderman
Komtur
bailiwick
Champagne
Lorraine
Burgundy
Venice
Siegfried von Feuchtwangen
capitulum
Marienburg
Otto von Lutterberg
Friedrich von Wildenberg
Prussia
Pope John XXII
Erfurt
St. Catherine

categories: 1324 deaths,1265 births,Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order

paragraph: Karl von Trier

paragraph: Karl Bessart von Trier (1265 – February 11, 1324) was the 16th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, serving from 1311 to 1324.

paragraph: Karl came from a family of patricians of Trier and strove for a refined education.

paragraph: He was the eldest son of Jakob von Oeren, an alderman. He joined the Teutonic Order in 1288 along with his two brothers, Jakob and Ortolf. During the 1290s he administered the office of Komtur for both German and French bailiwicks (Champagne, Lorraine, and Burgundy). In 1304 he took on the office of "Großkomtur" and in this capacity became the representative in Venice of Grand Master Siegfried von Feuchtwangen.

paragraph: Karl was chosen Grand Master by the order's capitulum in Marienburg in mid-June 1311. He was in favor of reforms within the order, but his endeavors met resistance. He attempted to introduce the office of conductor, whose appointees would be the only brothers able to deal in commerce and trade. There were disputes among the order's leaders led by Komtur Otto von Lutterberg and Grand Hospitaller Friedrich von Wildenberg which led to a special assembly of the order's capitulum which forced him to resign and caused him to leave Prussia in 1317.

paragraph: The split within the order was averted by Pope John XXII, who condemned the dissent of the Prussian komturs and ordered them to call a new capitulum. On March 12, 1318, Karl accepted the position of Grand Master again during a general meeting in Erfurt, although he did not return to Prussia. He spent the last years of his life in Trier, where he died in 1324. He was buried in Trier's Church of St. Catherine.

description: Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights

wikidata_label: Karl von Trier

wikipedia_title: Karl von Trier


text:
Grand Master
Teutonic Order
vogt
Counts of Falkenstein
Oberursel
Frankfurt
Komtur
Ordensburg
Ragnit
Order State
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Karl von Trier
Malbork Castle
coup d'etat
resident
Prussia
capitulum
Władysław I the Elbow-high
Poland
Pomerelia
takeover of Gdańsk
Brodnica
Masovian
Siemowit II
Trojden I
Wenceslaus of Płock
Silesian Piasts
John of Bohemia
Polish–Teutonic War
Płock
Kujavia
Dobrzyń Land
Marienwerder
assemblies

categories: 1330 deaths,1280 births,People from Hochtaunuskreis

paragraph: Werner von Orseln

paragraph: Werner von Orseln (c. 1280 – 18 November 1330) was the 17th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, serving from 1324 to 1330.

paragraph: Von Orseln hailed from a noble family of "vogts" (reeves) of the Counts of Falkenstein in Oberursel near Frankfurt. It is not known when he joined the Teutonic Order. He is first mentioned in 1312 holding the office of a Komtur at the Ordensburg of Ragnit (present-day Neman) near the border of the Order State with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1314, Grand Master Karl von Trier appointed von Orseln Grand Komtur at Malbork Castle. During a coup d'etat in the Monastic State, he supported the Grand Master and was exiled along with him. However, he returned in 1319 and he held the position of von Trier's resident in Prussia. He negotiated discussion and restored hierarchic discipline within the Order.

paragraph: Upon the death of Karl von Trier, the Order's capitulum on 6 July 1324 chose von Orseln as the next Grand Master. Immediately after being elected, von Orseln was forced to start negotiations with King Władysław I the Elbow-high of Poland over the contested lands of Pomerelia, which the Knights had annexed after the takeover of Gdańsk in 1308. The discussions did not produce any results, however, and the Teutonic Order started preparations for war with Poland. In 1326 the Grand Master formed an anti-Polish coalition at Brodnica, consisting of the Masovian dukes Siemowit II, Trojden I and Wenceslaus of Płock as well as of several Silesian Piasts and King John of Bohemia. The pretext to start the Polish–Teutonic War gave King Władysław I by the invasion of Płock in 1327. In retaliation, the Grand Master ordered the conquest of Polish Kujavia and Dobrzyń Land.

paragraph: Yet during the war, von Orseln died at Marienburg Castle as a result of several wounds after an assassination attempt by a mad knight, Johan von Endorf. He was buried in the cathedral of Marienwerder (Kwidzyn).

paragraph: As the superior of the Order, von Orseln paid special attention to spiritual life. Despite the ongoing war with Poland, he was able to organize two assemblies of the Prussian clergy and issue several administrative acts forming the base of the political system of the state for decades.

description: Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights

wikidata_label: Werner von Orseln

wikipedia_title: Werner von Orseln


text:
Beastie Boys
Cypress Hill
Ritmo Machine
Beastie Boys
Latin jazz
Willie Bobo
C.S.U.L.A.
We're Back
Diversions
Monstrosity!
Beastie Boys
Check Your Head
Ill Communication
Hello Nasty
Cypress Hill
Tucson, Arizona
Nacional Records
B-Real
Tony Touch
Latin Bitman
Ritmo Machine
Nacional Records
Mixmaster Mike
Sen Dog
Ana Tijoux

categories: American hip hop musicians,American people of Puerto Rican descent,Musicians from Los Angeles,Sol Invicto members,1968 births,Cypress Hill members,Living people

paragraph: Eric "Bobo" Correa

paragraph: Eric "Bobo" Correa (born August 27, 1968) is a percussionist and a member of the bands Beastie Boys, then Cypress Hill and Ritmo Machine. He performed and recorded with the Beastie Boys through the 1990s.

paragraph: Section::::Biography and career.

paragraph: Eric "Bobo" Correa is the son of Latin jazz musician Willie Bobo. He began drumming at the age of four, and made his first public appearance at the age of five, performing on stage with his father.

paragraph: When he was 15, his father died and he took over his Latin jazz band for a full year while still in high school. He attended C.S.U.L.A. for three years (1985-1988) and worked in the jazz studies of the music department and recorded on three critically acclaimed jazz LPs: "We're Back", "Diversions", and "Monstrosity!". With a recommendation from a friend, he got an audition with the Beastie Boys and was accepted to join them on their national "Check Your Head" tour.

paragraph: Correa ended up recording with the Beastie Boys for the albums "Ill Communication" and "Hello Nasty". While on tour with the Beasties, Correa encountered Cypress Hill and joined the group as their percussionist for their world tours, splitting time between both groups.

paragraph: As the Beastie Boys began taking major touring breaks, Correa became an official full-time member of Cypress Hill and has toured and recorded with the group ever since. In August 2005, Correa recorded his debut album, "Meeting of the Minds", in a studio in Tucson, Arizona. It was released by Nacional Records on November 18, 2008. The album features appearances by B-Real and Tony Touch. In 2012, Correa teamed up with Latin Bitman to form the group Ritmo Machine, which released the album "Welcome To The Ritmo Machine" by Nacional Records. The album features appearances by Mixmaster Mike, Sen Dog, Ana Tijoux, and others.

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Eric "Bobo" Correa

wikipedia_title: Eric "Bobo" Correa


text:
American football
quarterback
Turku Trojans
street free agent
college football
Hanover
Cincinnati Marshals
Louisville Fire
Tampa Bay Storm
California Redwoods
Cascade High School
Clayton, Indiana
Covington Catholic High School
af2
Turku Trojans
Cincinnati Marshals
National Indoor Football League
Tampa Bay Storm
Louisville Fire
Spalding
starting
John Kaleo
Stoney Case
rookie
ArenaBowl XXIII
Spokane Shock
California Redwoods
United Football League
UFL Premiere Season Draft
Arena Football bio

categories: High school football coaches in the United States,1981 births,Spokane Shock players,Hanover Panthers football players,American football quarterbacks,Kansas City Brigade players,Louisville Fire players,Tampa Bay Storm players,Sacramento Mountain Lions players,Chicago Rush players,Sportspeople from Covington, Kentucky,Living people,Players of American football from Kentucky

paragraph: Brett Dietz

paragraph: Brett Dietz (born October 8, 1981) is a former American football quarterback. He was signed by the Turku Trojans as a street free agent in 2004. He played college football at Hanover. Dietz has also played for the Cincinnati Marshals, Louisville Fire, Tampa Bay Storm and California Redwoods. He was the quarterbacks coach for Cascade High School in Clayton, Indiana for the 2006 season.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Dietz played football for Covington Catholic High School.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Dietz is the only player in AFL and af2 history to win "rookie of the year" in back-to-back seasons (2006 with Louisville Fire (af2), 2007 with Tampa Bay Storm (AFL)).

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Turku Trojans.

paragraph: Dietz began his career in 2004 playing for the Turku Trojans in the Finnish Professional League. He led the Trojans to top-ranked pass offense, as well as leading

paragraph: league in passing and total offense, while guiding the team to the championship game.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cincinnati Marshals.

paragraph: In 2005, he played with the Cincinnati Marshals of the National Indoor Football League.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Louisville Fire.

paragraph: Attended training camp with the Tampa Bay Storm He was assigned to Practice Squad January 27. After spending six weeks on Practice Squad, he was released on March 9 to join the af2's Louisville Fire. He spent the remainder of 2006 with Fire as starting quarterback and was named af2 Spalding Rookie of the Year and first-team American Conference All-af2. Set af2 single-game high with 12 touchdown passes 6/17/06 at Albany, where he completed 23 of 31 passes for 314 yards. He led af2 in completion percentage (71.2%) and pass efficiency (126.7). During his off-season he entered the traditional employment field briefly, but was noted to have too much competitive spirit by coworkers and the deputy CEO of Dicks Sporting Goods specifically took notice of his talent and noted his abilities to the CEO of the company. He had shown too much enthusiastic actions for the traditional sporting goods market.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tampa Bay Storm.

paragraph: He became starting quarterback in 2007 after both John Kaleo and Stoney Case were injured (Kaleo ultimately retired). He propelled them to an 8-1 record during his reign and led them to the playoffs after a 1-6 start, although they lost 56-55 in his first playoff game. However, for his efforts during the season, Dietz was named co-rookie of the year in the league. After the Arena Football League returned for the 2010 season, Dietz returned with the Storm. He led them to a 13-6 record, but the team was defeated in ArenaBowl XXIII by the Spokane Shock.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:California Redwoods.

paragraph: Dietz was drafted by the California Redwoods of the United Football League in the UFL Premiere Season Draft in 2009. He signed with the team on August 18. He was released on September 23.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arena Football bio

description: American football player and coach

wikidata_label: Brett Dietz

wikipedia_title: Brett Dietz


text: Río Piedras massacre

text: Puerto Rican Nationalist Party

text: Río Piedras, Puerto Rico

text: University of Puerto Rico

text: Puerto Rican independence

text: José Coll y Cuchí

text: Pedro Albizu Campos

text: Río Piedras massacre

text: Puerto Rican Senate

text: Luis Muñoz Marín

text: "Ley de la Mordaza"

text: Smith Law

text: Jesús T. Piñero

text: Leopoldo Figueroa

text: US Constitution

text: Freedom of Speech

text: Peñuelas

text: Mayagüez

text: Naranjito

text: Arecibo

text: Ponce

text: Utuado uprising

text: Jayuya uprising

text: San Juan

text: Luis Muñoz Marín

text: La Fortaleza

text: FBI

text: Jayuya Uprising

text: Mayagüez, Puerto Rico

text: Nelson Antonio Denis

text: List of Puerto Ricans

text: History of women in Puerto Rico

text: María de las Mercedes Barbudo

text: Lola Rodríguez de Tió

text: Mariana Bracetti

text: Blanca Canales

text: Rosa Collazo

text: Julia de Burgos

text: Lolita Lebrón

text: Ruth Mary Reynolds

text: Isabel Rosado

text: Isabel Freire de Matos

text: Olga Viscal Garriga

text: Puerto Rican Nationalist Party

text: Ponce Massacre

text: Río Piedras massacre

text: Puerto Rican Independence Party

text: Grito de Lares

text: Intentona de Yauco

categories: Puerto Rican women activists,1990 deaths,Puerto Rican activists,Members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party,People from Río Piedras, Puerto Rico,1913 births

paragraph: Isolina Rondón

paragraph: Isolina Rondón (April 11, 1913 – October 2, 1990) was a political activist. She was one of the few witnesses of the killing of four Nationalists committed by local police officers in Puerto Rico during a confrontation with the supporters of the Nationalist Party that occurred in October 24, 1935, and which is known as the Río Piedras massacre. Rondón joined the political movement and became the Treasurer of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party which staged various uprisings in Puerto Rico against the colonial Government of the United States in 1950.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Rondón was born in Río Piedras, Puerto Rico and was raised by her upon her father's death. Her mother was a housekeeper and at times Rondón helped. after Rondón began her primary education in her hometown and after completing her eighth grade she attended a secretarial school. She went on to study at the University of Puerto Rico where she worked in the office of the Dean of Social Sciences.

paragraph: Her cousin was a member of the faction of the Puerto Rican Union Party which believed in Puerto Rican independence. On September 17, 1922, three political organizations joined forces and formed the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. Her cousin followed José Coll y Cuchí, a former member of the Puerto Rican Union Party, and the founder of the nationalist Party. In 1924 Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos joined the party and was named vice-president. Rondón was influenced by her cousins political ideals.

paragraph: Section::::Nationalist.

paragraph: Rondón attended the local Nationalist Party meetings with her cousin at the house of Albizu Campos in Río Piedras. Together with other devotees she made daily visits to the house. Eventually Rondon was asked by Albizu Campos to take notes at the meetings and it wasn't long before Rondón became his personal secretary.

paragraph: Section::::Nationalist.:Río Piedras massacre.

paragraph: On October 23, 1935, a group of students at the university began a signature collection campaign with the intention of declaring Albizu Campos "Student Enemy Number One". A protest against the group by the pro-nationalist faction of students in turn denounced Chardón and the Liberal Party as instigators and agents of the United States.

paragraph: A student assembly was held at the university on Oct. 24, where Albizu Campos was declared "Persona non-grata". Chardón requested that the governor provide and place armed police officers on the grounds of the university in case the situation turned violent. A couple of police officers spotted what they believed to be a suspicious looking automobile and asked the driver Ramón S. Pagán, secretary of the Nationalist Party, who was accompanied by his friend Pedro Quiñones, for his license. A fight between the men in the car and the police soon followed which resulted in the death of Pagán and Quiñones. According to the local newspaper "El Mundo" of Oct. 25th, an explosion, followed by gunfire, was heard resulting in the additional deaths of Eduardo Rodríguez Vega and José Santiago Barea.

paragraph: Rondón watched from her front door on Calle Brumbaugh, near the University of Puerto Rico, as the police shot into the car carrying the four Nationalists. Rondón, testified how she saw the police officers shooting at the victims and how she heard one police officer screaming "do not to let them escape alive". However, her testimony, as to the incident which became known as the Río Piedras massacre, was ignored and there were no charges raised against the officers. They were instead given a promotion. That same year, Albizu Campos was arrested and sent to Atlanta Penitentiary.

paragraph: Section::::Nationalist.:Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s.

paragraph: On May 21, 1948, a bill was introduced before the Puerto Rican Senate which would restrain the rights of the independence and nationalist movements in the island. The Senate at the time was controlled by the PPD and presided by Luis Muñoz Marín approved the Bill. The Bill, also known as the "Ley de la Mordaza" (gag Law), made it illegal to display a Puerto Rican flag, to sing a patriotic tune, to talk of independence, and to fight for the liberation of the island. The Bill which resembled the anti-communist Smith Law passed in the United States, was signed and made into law on June 10, 1948, by the U.S.-appointed governor of Puerto Rico, Jesús T. Piñero and became known as "Ley 53" (Law 53). In accordance to the new law, it would be a crime to print, publish, sale, to exhibit or organize or to help anyone organize any society, group or assembly of people whose intentions are to paralyze or destroy the insular government. Anyone accused and found guilty of disobeying the law could be sentenced to ten years of prison, be fined $10,000 dollars (US) or both. According to Dr. Leopoldo Figueroa, a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives, the law was repressive and was in violation of the First Amendment of the US Constitution which guarantees Freedom of Speech. He pointed out that the law as such was a violation of the civil rights of the people of Puerto Rico.

paragraph: On October 30, 1950, on the orders of Albizu Campos, the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party staged various uprisings, in what is known as the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s, in various towns, among them Peñuelas, Mayagüez, Naranjito, Arecibo and Ponce, of which the most notable occurrences being in Utuado uprising, where the insurgents were massacred, Jayuya uprising, the town where the "Free Republic of Puerto Rico" was declared, and which was heavily damaged by the military in response to the insurrection, and in San Juan where the Nationalists made an attempt against then-Governor Luis Muñoz Marín at his residence "La Fortaleza". The uprisings failed and hundreds of Nationalists were rounded up and arrested.

paragraph: On April 15, 1952, she was interviewed by the FBI in her Rio Piedras apartment in regard to the uprisings. She stated that she had been treasurer of the Nationalist Party from 1936 to 1946. Rondón also stated that any actions taken by the party were a result of the inspiration of Albizu Campos. On May 20, she was asked if Albizu Campos used any of the Party's funds for himself and she stated no, she also insisted that any questions in regard to the Nationalist Party should be directed at Albizu Campos, since he is the spokesperson of the party's ideals. She was then asked if Albizu Campos gave the order that resulted in the Nationalist Uprisings of October 30, 1950 and she responded that Albizu Campos was unaware of many of the actions which involved the Nationalists. She stated that to the best of her knowledge Albizu Campos had nothing to do with the uprisings.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: Isolina Rondón continued to be active in Puerto Rico's Independent movement. She acted as the Secretary of the Nationalist Party. She died on October 2, 1990 in New York City.

paragraph: There is a plaque, located at the monument to the Jayuya Uprising participants in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, honoring the women of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. Rondón's name is on the fourteenth line of the second (middle) plate.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "War Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America’s Colony"; Author: Nelson Antonio Denis; Publisher: Nation Books (April 7, 2015); ; .

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Puerto Ricans

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of women in Puerto Rico

paragraph: 19th Century female leaders of the Puerto Rican Independence Movement

paragraph: BULLET::::- María de las Mercedes Barbudo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lola Rodríguez de Tió

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mariana Bracetti

paragraph: Female members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blanca Canales

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rosa Collazo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julia de Burgos

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lolita Lebrón

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ruth Mary Reynolds

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel Rosado

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel Freire de Matos

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olga Viscal Garriga

paragraph: BULLET::::- Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ponce Massacre

paragraph: BULLET::::- Río Piedras massacre

paragraph: BULLET::::- Puerto Rican Independence Party

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grito de Lares

paragraph: BULLET::::- Intentona de Yauco

description: Puerto Rican independence advocate

wikidata_label: Isolina Rondón

wikipedia_title: Isolina Rondón


text: painter

text: illustrator

text: photographer

text: Portuguese

text: Moss Landing, California

text: Monterey

text: San Francisco Art Institute

text: Gottardo Piazzoni

text: tuberculosis

text: Santa Fe, New Mexico

text: Pecos River

text: Pueblo Revival Style architecture

text: John Gaw Meem

text: John Gaw Meem

text: School of American Archaeology

text: Edgar Lee Hewett

text: New Mexico Museum of Art

text: Palace of the Governors

text: Pueblo Revival Style architecture

text: patron

text: Panama–California Exposition

text: Museum of Man

text: Santa Fe Plaza

text: aerial photography

text: New Mexico National Guard

categories: 20th-century American painters,Pueblo Revival architecture,American people of Portuguese descent,1937 deaths,American illustrators,Artists from Santa Fe, New Mexico,American photographers,American male painters,1876 births,19th-century American painters

paragraph: Carlos Vierra

paragraph: Carlos Vierra (October 3, 1876 – 1937) was an American painter, illustrator and photographer of Portuguese descent.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Carlos Vierra was born and raised in Moss Landing, California near Monterey by his father, Portuguese sailor, Cato Vierra and his mother, Maria de Fratas. Vierra went to school in Monterey, California and had a hard time deciding between a life at sea and art. He studied art at the Mark Hopkins Institute (now the San Francisco Art Institute) under Gottardo Piazzoni in the 1890s, until he was twenty-five. Wanting to further his studies, Vierra took a six-month trip around Cape Horn to New York City. Once there, he worked hard to become an illustrator, a growing artistic field. In time, his art began to comfortably sustain him, though only for a short time. In 1904, at age twenty-eight, Vierra contracted tuberculosis and, at the advice of his doctor, relocated to Santa Fe, New Mexico. Vierra decided to live in a remote, small cabin along the Pecos River. When his health was not improved, he was forced to get help from the Sanitarium.

paragraph: Section::::New Mexico.

paragraph: Vierra was Santa Fe's first resident artist and was one of the first three "members" of the Santa Fe Art Colony. He was a strong advocate for preserving landmark buildings and for making sure that new buildings were in the style that is so unique to Santa Fe. That style is now known as the Pueblo Revival Style architecture. It was at the Sunmount Sanatarium, a restorative institution for tubercular consumption, where Vierra met architect John Gaw Meem and others who influenced each other and made sure the Pueblo Revival style of Santa Fe was preserved. The first houses in 1925 and 1926 that John Gaw Meem designed show a clear debt to his mentor, Carlos Vierra. In 1909, the School of American Archaeology's director, Edgar Lee Hewett appointed Vierra to manage the building of the New Mexico Museum of Art (formerly the Museum of Fine Arts). Hewett also allowed him to have an influential role in restoring the Palace of the Governors, the oldest capitol building in the United States. Additionally, he painted three murals in the St. Francis Auditorium. In 1914, Frank Springer commissioned Vierra to paint each of the pueblo mission churches. These and other paintings would show both Spanish and Pueblo traditional New Mexico architecture. In 1918, after he wrote, "'See Santa Fe First.' There is a reason [to do so] in our rare climate, in our wonderful surroundings and in what is left of historic Santa Fe. Are we going to destroy what is left…or are we going to build in keeping with it?" Vierra began construction on a pueblo style home for his family on Old Santa Fe Trail. It is considered the first residence built in the Spanish Pueblo Revival Style architecture. The home was funded by Frank Springer, who was a patron of the arts.

paragraph: Section::::Other achievements.

paragraph: Vierra was commissioned and executed Six murals of Mayan cities for the 1915 Panama–California Exposition in San Diego. The 35mm reproductions of his murals can be seen on an interior wall of the Museum of Man, Balboa Park, San Diego. In addition to his illustrating and painting, Vierra opened his own photography studio on the west side of the Santa Fe Plaza, which he purchased for $280 from J.B. Aylsworth on November 27, 1905. In the 1920s he became involved in aerial photography and documented archeological sites from the sky. Vierra was also a captain in the New Mexico National Guard.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Facing Southwest: the life & houses of John Gaw Meem", 1935.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Myth of Santa Fe: Creating a Modern Regional Tradition", 1997.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vierra Paintings and Mural in Balboa Park, San Diego

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vierra Murals for the 1915 Panama–California Exposition in San Diego

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Carlos Vierra

wikipedia_title: Carlos Vierra


text:
Milan
Paris
Novecento Italiano
World War I
Aldo Conti
Artgate
Fondazione Cariplo

categories: Italian landscape painters,Italian male painters,Italian vedutisti,20th-century Italian painters,19th-century Italian painters,1988 deaths,1890 births

paragraph: Aldo Conti

paragraph: Aldo Conti (1890 – 1988) was an Italian painter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Milan. He studied between 1911 and 1914 both in Milan and in Paris, where he attended the course in architecture at the School of Fine Arts. Having returned to Italy, he devoted his energies to landscapes and urban views. Though influenced by the Novecento Italiano movement in the years after World War I, he did not participate in its group exhibitions. He began showing works in the national events held by the Milan Società per le Belle Arti ed Esposizione Permanente in the 1930s and took part in the Rome Quadrenniale (Quadriennale Nazionale d’Arte di Roma, 1931 and 1943) and the Venice Biennale (Esposizione Internazionale d’Arte di Venezia, 1936, 1940 and 1942). He was awarded the Sallustio Fornara Prize at the Mostra Sociale Autunnale della Società per le Belle Arti in 1938 and his painting "The Lombard Countryside" was purchased for the Galleria d’Arte Moderna in Milan as a result. He also took part in the first Bergamo Prize competition, held in the same year, as well as the edition of 1940.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antonella Crippa, Aldo Conti, online catalogue Artgate by Fondazione Cariplo, 2010, CC BY-SA (source for the first revision of this article).

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Aldo Conti

wikipedia_title: Aldo Conti


text: Hamina

text: Stockholm

text: Finnish

text: painter

text: symbolism

text: Tampere cathedral

text: Hamina

text: Helsinki

text: Finnish Art Association

text: Finnish

text: artist

text: Helsinki

text: Jules-Joseph Lefebvre

text: Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant

text: Académie Julian

text: Symbolist movement

text: Pierre Puvis de Chavannes

text: Brittany

text: Sâr Péladan

text: Olof Sager-Nelson

text: homosexual

text: Routledge

text: Milan

text: Florence

text: Ravenna

text: Siena

text: Venice

text: Masaccio

text: Fra Angelico

text: Post Impressionism

text: Verner Thomé

text: Ellen Thesleff

text: Tampere Cathedral

text: fresco

text: Berlin

text: Finnish Arts Association

text: Fine Art Academy of Finland

text: Stockholm

text: Magnus Enckell

categories: 1870 births,Burials in Finland,LGBT people from Finland,People from Viipuri Province (Grand Duchy of Finland),People from Hamina,Finnish people of German descent,Gay artists,Swedish-speaking Finns,Alumni of the Académie Julian,1925 deaths

paragraph: Magnus Enckell

paragraph: Knut Magnus Enckell (November 9, 1870 in Hamina – November 27, 1925 in Stockholm) was a Finnish symbolist painter. At first he painted with a subdued palette (which included mostly just grey, black, and brown), but from 1902 onwards used increasingly bright colors. He was a leading member of the 'Septem' group of colorist painters. Young Magnus has been considered to be a very influential representator of symbolism. Enckell was one of the painters of an altar in the Tampere cathedral.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Knut Magnus Enckell was born on 9 November, 1870, in Hamina, a small town in eastern Finland, the son of Carl Enckell, a priest, and Alexandra Enckell (born Appelberg). He was the youngest of six sons.

paragraph: In 1889, at the age of 19, he began his artistic studies in Helsinki, at the Drawing School of the Finnish Art Association, but he dropped out and continued his studies privately under Gunnar Berndtson. Enckell was the first Finnish artist to break with Naturalism, which was the established style during his education in Helsinki 1889-1891.

paragraph: In 1891 he went to Paris for the first time, where he became a student of Jules-Joseph Lefebvre and Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant at the Académie Julian. There he was drawn to the Symbolist movement, and was influenced by the painter Pierre Puvis de Chavannes as well as Symbolist literature.

paragraph: During a stay in Brittany he made two paintings in spare colors: "Self-Portrait" and "Breton Woman". He was enthusiastic about the Renaissance and about the idealistic and mystical ideas of Sâr Péladan.

paragraph: During his second stay in Paris in 1893, he painted "The Awakening", in which he used a rigorous composition and transparent colors to suggest a spiritual atmosphere; and, through contact with the Swedish artists, Olof Sager-Nelson and Ivan Aguéli, he deepened his interest in mysticism.

paragraph: It is generally believed that Enckell was a homosexual, as seems indicated in some erotic portraits which were quite uninhibited for their time, but his homosexuality has never been officially proven. As Routledge's "Who’s Who in Gay and Lesbian History" puts it, "His love affairs with men have not been denied ... Enckell's naked men and boys are openly erotic and sensual."

paragraph: In 1894 and 1895 Enckell traveled to Milan, Florence, Ravenna, Siena and Venice, where his inner conflicts were reflected in his art. In 1898 he taught himself fresco and tempera techniques in Florence, by studying the work of Masaccio and Fra Angelico.

paragraph: The years in Italy gave his work a greater range of colors and a more optimistic foundation. In the first years of the twentieth century, under the influence of Post Impressionism, he developed a brighter, more colorful palette. An example of this is the series, "The Bathers", in dark, lively colors. Together with Verner Thomé and Ellen Thesleff, Enckell founded the group 'Septem', in which artists who shared his beliefs came together.

paragraph: 1907 Enckell executed the commission for the altarpiece of Tampere Cathedral. The fresco, more than 10 meters wide and 4 meters high, shows, in subdued colors, the resurrection of people of all races. In the middle of the painting two men walk hand in hand.

paragraph: From 1901 onwards Enckell spent many summers on Suursaari Island, where he painted his "Boys on the Shore" (1910). He organised exhibitions of Finnish art in Berlin (1903) and Paris (1908), and of French and Belgian art in Helsinki (1904). He chaired the Finnish Arts Association from 1915 to 1918, and was elected a member of the Fine Art Academy of Finland in 1922.

paragraph: Enckell died in Stockholm in 1925. His funeral was a national event. He was buried in his native village in Finland.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. Koja, ed. "Nordic Dawn Modernism's Awakening in Finland 1890-1920" [exhibition catalogue] (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Magnus Enckell 1870–1925" [exhibition catalogue, Helsinki City Art Museum] (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Magnus Enckell 1870–1925" [exhibition catalogue, Tampere Art Museum] (1988)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Magnus Enckell

paragraph: BULLET::::- Enckell Magnus - National Gallery of Finland

alias:
Knut Magnus Enckell
M. Enckell
K. M. Enckell

description: Symbolist painter

wikidata_label: Magnus Enckell

wikipedia_title: Magnus Enckell


text:
Strasbourg
Gabriel-Christophe Guérin
Gustave Brion
Crimean War
Saintes
Louis-Augustin Auguin
Jean-Baptiste Corot
Gustave Courbet
Bussac-sur-Charente
Bordeaux

categories: 1824 births,19th-century French painters,1913 deaths,People from Strasbourg,French military personnel of the Crimean War

paragraph: Hippolyte Pradelles

paragraph: Justin Jean-Baptiste Hippolyte Pradelles (29 March 1824 – 6 January 1913) was a French landscape painter. Initially working as a draughtsman and watercolourist, Pradelles later moved into painting, principally producing regional landscapes but also genre and military scenes.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The son of an army officer, he was born in Strasbourg. He studied under Gabriel-Christophe Guérin and Gustave Brion. He volunteered to fight in the Crimean War, where he made several drawings, including four published in "L'Illustration". A corporal in the 6th Line Infantry Regiment, he was evacuated for health reasons, convalesced in his regimental depot in Saintes and resumed work as an artist.

paragraph: He joined with Louis-Augustin Auguin, Jean-Baptiste Corot and Gustave Courbet to form the short-lived Port-Berteau group in 1862. It painted landscapes in the open air around Bussac-sur-Charente until 1863, when it was dissolved. Pradelles and Auguin based themselves in Bordeaux from 1863 onwards, where Pradelles set up a studio and trained other artists. He exhibited at the salon of the Société des Amis des Arts de Bordeaux and Société des Amis des Arts de Strasbourg. He died in Bordeaux.

description: French painter

wikidata_label: Hippolyte Pradelles

wikipedia_title: Hippolyte Pradelles


text: Illyria

text: Dardanian Kingdom

text: Paeonia

text: Ardiaean Kingdom

text: Dardani

text: Bylazora

text: Demetrius II of Macedon

text: Balkans

text: Teuta

text: Epirus

text: Illyrian tribes

text: Scerdilaidas

text: Antigonus Doson

text: Antigoneia

text: Axius

text: Greece

text: Philip V

text: Skopje

text: Aeropus

text: Orestida

text: Rome

text: Scerdilaidas

text: Epirus

text: Bato of Dardania

text: Monunius II of Dardania

text: Dardani

text: Illyrian warfare

text: List of rulers of Illyria

text: Neritan Ceka

paragraph: Longarus

paragraph: Longarus (ruled c. 231 – 206 ) was an Illyrian king of the Dardanian Kingdom. Longarus was at war with various Macedonian kings and managed to conquer at different times part of Macedonia. Longarus was an ally of the Paeonian State and liberated the Paeonians in order to open the routes towards Macedonia. Longarus' influence grew and many other Illyrians from the Ardiaean Kingdom joined him.

paragraph: Section::::Military activities.

paragraph: After the Gallic invasions of Dardania, the Dardanians were not heard of for four decades; probably as they were in the process of recovering from the consequences of the Gallic invasions. During that time, the Dardanian State grew stronger and extended its borders in the south and in the north. During the second half of the 3rd century BC, the Illyrian-Macedonian Wars continued because of the desire for territorial expansion by the Macedonian kings against the Dardanians, particularly against Paeonia. The Paeonians had continually rebelled against the Macedonians and entered into anti-Macedonian alliances to maintain their independence. An old alliance (rather than competitiveness) had existed between these two Illyrian states, because every time the Paeonians won their independence, the Dardanians gained an open road into Macedonia.

paragraph: Even before Longarus, the Dardanians had been a constant threat to the Macedonian kingdom. In 231 BC, under Longarus, they captured the Paeonian capital, Bylazora, and freed the Paeonians and in an important battle in 229 BC, Longarus attacked and defeated the Macedonian forces under Demetrius II of Macedon, disapproving of his attempts to extend Macedon's northern borders. The Macedonians attacked Longarus with large forces. In that period, Longarus made attempts to strengthen his state's position in the heart of the Balkans against neighbouring peoples. In 229 BC, Longarus, profiting from the fact that the Ardiaean Kingdom under Teuta was dealing with campaigns in Epirus, invaded its northern borders. Longarus' influence on the region grew stronger and some other Illyrian tribes from the Ardiaean Kingdom joined the Dardanians under Longarus, forcing Teuta to call off her expeditions into Epirus. Scerdilaidas was sent north to force Longarus' army to return to Dardania.

paragraph: Antigonus Doson claimed a victory over Longarus after the death of Demetrius. Part of the Paeonian state was annexed to Macedonia and Antigoneia was founded on the river Axius, the main invasion route from the north. The Dardanians were driven out of all the lands they conquered from Demetrius II and the city of Bylazora was garrisoned. While Doson was dealing with a war in Greece in 222 BC, he hastened back home within a few days when news came that Longarus had invaded and that his forces were looting his kingdom. Doson found the Dardanians still in the country and forced them to do battle, which he won but it was reported that he so over-exerted himself in shouting encouragement to his troops that he burst a blood-vessel and fell fatally ill.

paragraph: Longarus despised the youth of Philip V and constantly provoked him. Longarus did not agree with the situation created in Paeonia or Macedonia's claim to it. When Philip V rose to the Macedonian throne, skirmishing with the Dardanians began in 220–219 BC. In 219 BC when Philip was in the Peloponnese, Longarus freed Paeonia and their capital, Bylazora, but Philip captured Bylazora from them in 217 BC. Philip conquered the Dardanian city of Sintia, somewhere south-east of Skopje, in 211 BC and the northern area of Pelagonia. A force of Dardanians under Aeropus, probably a pretender to the Macedonian throne, captured Lychnidus. While Aeropus' military incursion was limited and satisfied with Lychnidus, in 208 BC, Longarus attacked upper Macedonia, occupying the region of Orestida, taking 20,000 prisoners, and reaching the plain of Argestes. This was done when Longarus allied himself with the enemies of Macedonia, Rome, Scerdilaidas and Epirus. In 206 BC, Philip continued the war with Longarus in order to drive them from the Dardanian-occupied areas.

paragraph: Longarus succeeded in making the Dardanian state into a military power that threatened Macedonia. It was up to his two sons, Bato of Dardania and Monunius II of Dardania, to follow in his footsteps. Longarus was succeeded by Bato around 206 BC.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dardania

paragraph: BULLET::::- Illyrian warfare

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of rulers of Illyria

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Illyrians" by J. J. Wilkes, 1992,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Illyrians to the Albanians" by Neritan Ceka, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titus Livius - THE HISTORY OF ROME, Book XXXI

wikidata_label: Longarus

wikipedia_title: Longarus


text:
Berlin
orphan
soprano
London
Haymarket Theatre
United Kingdom Census of 1901
Vienna
Neues Wiener Konservatorium
Dresden
Munich
Leipzig University of Music and Theatre
Max Reger
Stern'sches Konservatorium
Reichsmusikkammer
Wilhelm Furtwängler
Nazi
Propaganda Ministry
Militant League for German Culture
Nazi Party
World War II
Wiesbaden
Romanticism
Richard Strauss
Max Reger
Hanneles Himmelfahrt
Gerhart Hauptmann
play
Albert Emil Brachvogel
Concerto
Prinz Eugen
Hans Knappertsbusch
Berlin Philharmonic
Don Randel
Knut Andreas
Site dedicated to Graener

categories: 20th-century classical composers,German Nazi politicians,20th-century German composers,University of Music and Theatre Leipzig faculty,1872 births,German classical composers,German male classical composers,1944 deaths,Militant League for German Culture members,Musicians from Berlin

paragraph: Paul Graener

paragraph: Paul Graener (11 January 1872 – 13 November 1944) was a German composer and conductor.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Graener was born in Berlin and orphaned as a young child. A boy soprano, he taught himself composition and in 1896 moved to London, where he gave private lessons and served briefly as conductor at the Haymarket Theatre. Before the move, he had married Maria Elisabeth Hauschild, who bore him three children in London. Graener is recorded in the United Kingdom Census of 1901 as a "musical director (theatre)" living at 3 Poplar Grove in Hammersmith together with Maria (born in Kiel), their first two children (Heinz and Paul, aged 4 and 2) and Graener's author cousin, George.

paragraph: In around 1910 Graener moved to Vienna, where he took up a teaching post at the Neues Wiener Konservatorium. He moved several times in the 1910s, living in Salzburg, Dresden and Munich, eventually accepting the position of professor of composition at the Leipzig University of Music and Theatre which had previously been held by Max Reger. In 1925, he left in order to focus on composition.

paragraph: Returning to Berlin in 1930, he directed the Stern'sches Konservatorium and, from 1935 to 1941, served as vice-president of the "Reichsmusikkammer". This position, previously held by Wilhelm Furtwängler, was a major governmental post within an arm of the Nazi Propaganda Ministry, although the extent to which Graener sympathized with Nazi ideals is a subject of debate - however, Erik Levi states in Graener's entry in the "New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians" (ç. 1988) that he continued to support the regime until he died. In the late 1920s Graener had joined the Militant League for German Culture, and on 1 April 1933 he became a member of the Nazi Party. During World War II, his Berlin apartment was bombed and he moved with his family to, successively, Wiesbaden, Munich, Vienna and Salzburg, where he died aged 72 in 1944.

paragraph: Stylistically, Graener was heavily indebted to the late Romanticism of Richard Strauss and Max Reger.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Operas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Faithful Sentry", Op. 1 (premiered 1899)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das Narrengericht", Op. 38 (1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don Juans letztes Abenteuer", Op. 42 (1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Theophano", Op. 48 (premiered 1918, Munich)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Schirin und Gertraude", Op. 51 (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hanneles Himmelfahrt", W/o Op. (1927) (after Gerhart Hauptmann's play)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Friedemann Bach", Op. 90 (1931) (after Albert Emil Brachvogel's novel)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Prinz von Homburg", Op. 100 (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Schwanhild" (1941, premiered January 4, 1942, Cologne)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Orchestral.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2 Stücke, Op. 9

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3 Stücke, Op. 26

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sinfonietta for Strings and Harp, Op. 27 (1910)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symphony in D Minor "Schmied Schmerz" (1912, Op. 39)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aus dem Reiche des Pan", Op. 22 (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Romantische Phantasie, Op. 41

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Musik am Abend", Op. 44

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Variationen über ein russisches Volkslied', Op. 55 (from 1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Waldmusik", Op. 60

paragraph: BULLET::::- Divertimento in D major, Op. 67

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piano Concerto, Op. 72

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Juventus academica" (overture), Op. 73

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gotische Suite", Op. 74

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Concerto for Cello and Chamber Orchestra", Op. 78 (published in 1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Flöte von Sanssouci", Op. 88 (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Comedietta", Op. 82

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Variationen über Prinz Eugen", Op. 108 (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sinfonia breve", Op. 96

paragraph: BULLET::::- "3 schwedische Tänze", Op. 98

paragraph: BULLET::::- Violin Concerto, Op. 104

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Feierliche Stunde", Op. 106

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Turmwächterlied", Op. 107 (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wiener Sinfonie", Op. 110 (1941, First Performance: Hans Knappertsbusch, Berlin Philharmonic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flute Concerto, Op. 116

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Chamber music.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 4 String Quartets (incl. Opp. 54, 65 and 80 published 1920-8 )

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suite, Op. 63 for flute and piano (published in 1924 )

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Other.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ca. 130 songs

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Don Randel, "The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music". Harvard, 1996, p. 327.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knut Andreas, Zwischen Musik und Politik: Der Komponist Paul Graener (1872–1944), Frank&Timme Berlin, 2008.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Site dedicated to Graener

description: German composer

wikidata_label: Paul Graener

wikipedia_title: Paul Graener


text:
German
film director
Berlin
Oskar Messter
German cinema
elevated railway
Richard Wagner
Kabale und Liebe
Die Brüder Karamasoff
Mutter und Kind
Henny Porten
sound film
Die Nacht gehört uns
Berlin-Tempelhof
silent film
Rolf Hansen
Das Schönheitsfleckchen
drama film
Leontine Sagan
lesbian
Mädchen in Uniform
Hans Albers
Heinz Rühmann
Ingrid Bergman
Zarah Leander
Ich für dich, du für mich
NSDAP
Heimat
Das Herz der Königin
British
historical film
Mary, Queen of Scots
Der Gasmann
propaganda film
National Socialist Party
Reichsfilmkammer
war
Reichskulturkammer
National Socialist
de-Nazified
Three Girls Spinning
Stips
Werner Krafft
Ikarus, the Flying Man
The Loves of Käthe Keller
Wandering Souls
The Brothers Karamazov
Island of the Dead
The Weather Station
Mother and Child
Chamber Music
The Adventures of Sybil Brent
Tragedy
The Flames Lie
Roses from the South
The Long Intermission
My Aunt, Your Aunt
Lotte
Love in the Cowshed
Violantha
The Night Belongs to Us
German Wine
The Woman Everyone Loves Is You
Hans in Every Street
Fire in the Opera House
Louise, Queen of Prussia
Mädchen in Uniform
This One or None
Gitta Discovers Her Heart
Love at First Sight
The Hymn of Leuthen
Trouble with Jolanthe
The Private Life of Louis XIV
I Was Jack Mortimer
The Dreamer
If We All Were Angels
Such Great Foolishness
Heimat
The Four Companions
The Roundabouts of Handsome Karl
The Life and Loves of Tschaikovsky
The Gasman
Wedding in Barenhof
The Buchholz Family
Marriage of Affection
Three Girls Spinning
Stips
The Marriage of Luise Rohrbach
The Salamander Ruby
The Abduction of the Sabine Women
Torreani
Cinegraph.de: Das Froelich-Atelier
filmportal.de: Biography

categories: Nazi Party members,1875 births,German-language film directors,1953 deaths,German film directors,Artists from Berlin

paragraph: Carl Froelich

paragraph: Carl August Hugo Froelich (5 September 1875 – 12 February 1953) was a German film pioneer and film director. He was born and died in Berlin.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Apparatus builder and cameraman.

paragraph: From 1903 Froelich was a colleague of Oskar Messter, one of the advance guard of German cinema, for whom initially he worked on the construction of cinematographic equipment. As cameraman for Messter's weekly newsreels he filmed among many other things the aftermath of a train accident on the Berlin elevated railway on 28 September 1908, one of the worst transport disasters of the time.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Film director and producer.

paragraph: Between 1912 and 1951 he made 77 films.

paragraph: In 1913 Froelich made his directorial debut with "Richard Wagner". In 1920 he founded his own production company, Froelich-Film GmbH, among the productions of which were "Kabale und Liebe" (1921), "Die Brüder Karamasoff" (1922), and "Mutter und Kind" (1924). During these years he often filmed with the actress Henny Porten, who made her screen debut in one of his earliest films, and with whom between 1926 and 1929 he shared ownership of a production company.

paragraph: In 1929 Froelich made the first German sound film, "Die Nacht gehört uns" ("The Night Belongs To Us"). In 1930 he took over two glasshouses in Berlin-Tempelhof, which had been used as studios in the days of silent film, and had them converted to sound film studios. Here he produced many films, including Rolf Hansen's short film "Das Schönheitsfleckchen" (1936) ("The Beauty Spot"), the first German drama film in colour. In 1931 he was advisor, as "senior artistic director", to Leontine Sagan's famous boarding-school film and later lesbian classic, "Mädchen in Uniform" ("Girls in Uniform") (1931).

paragraph: By 1933 Froelich was one of Germany's most noted film artists, producing successful films with the stars of the period, among others Hans Albers, Heinz Rühmann, Ingrid Bergman and Zarah Leander.

paragraph: Some of the best-known of the films he made during this period were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1934: "Ich für dich, du für mich" for the Reich Propaganda Directorate of the NSDAP

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1938: "Heimat"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1940: "Das Herz der Königin" ("The Queen's Heart"), an anti-British historical film about Mary, Queen of Scots

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1941: "Der Gasmann", a propaganda film, in which Heinz Rühmann plays a gas-meter reader suspected of being a foreign spy

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Culture politics.

paragraph: Froelich became a member of the National Socialist Party in 1933 and took over the direction of the "Gesamtverbandes der Filmherstellung und Filmverwertung" ("Union of Film Manufacture and Film Evaluation"). In 1937 he was awarded a professorship and in 1939 was appointed president of the "Reichsfilmkammer", an office which he retained until the end of the war in 1945. The "Reichsfilmkammer" was subordinate to the "Reichskulturkammer", which as a National Socialist trade organisation regulated and controlled access to all artistic professions. He was one of the few filmmakers that received the title "Filmprofessor" from Goebbels.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:After the end of the war.

paragraph: After the end of the war Froelich was arrested and in 1948 de-Nazified. His studio had been badly damaged during the war and did not resume production. Only two more films were made under his direction before his death: "Three Girls Spinning" and "Stips".

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.:Director.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Werner Krafft" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ikarus, the Flying Man" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Loves of Käthe Keller" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wandering Souls" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Brothers Karamazov" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Island of the Dead" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Weather Station" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mother and Child" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chamber Music" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Adventures of Sybil Brent" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tragedy" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Flames Lie" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Roses from the South" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Long Intermission" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Aunt, Your Aunt" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lotte" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love in the Cowshed" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Violantha" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Night Belongs to Us" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "German Wine" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Woman Everyone Loves Is You" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hans in Every Street" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Fire in the Opera House" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Louise, Queen of Prussia" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mädchen in Uniform" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " This One or None" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gitta Discovers Her Heart" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love at First Sight" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Hymn of Leuthen" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trouble with Jolanthe" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Private Life of Louis XIV" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Was Jack Mortimer" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dreamer" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "If We All Were Angels" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Such Great Foolishness" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heimat" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Four Companions" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Roundabouts of Handsome Karl" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Life and Loves of Tschaikovsky" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Gasman" (1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wedding in Barenhof" (1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Buchholz Family" (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Marriage of Affection" (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three Girls Spinning" (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stips" (1951)

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.:Writer.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Marriage of Luise Rohrbach" (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Salamander Ruby" (1918)

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.:Producer.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Abduction of the Sabine Women" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Torreani" (1951)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cinegraph.de: Das Froelich-Atelier

paragraph: BULLET::::- filmportal.de: Biography

description: German film director, cinematographer and film producer

wikidata_label: Carl Froelich

wikipedia_title: Carl Froelich


text:
FRS
Abernethy biscuit
John Abernethy
Coleman Street
City of London
Wolverhampton Grammar School
Charles Blicke
St Bartholomew's Hospital
William Blizard
London Hospital
Percivall Pott
John Hunter
Royal College of Surgeons
aneurysm
external iliac artery
dyspepsia
digestive biscuit
Abernethy biscuit
Rees's Cyclopædia
"Memoirs of John Abernethy"
George Macilwain
Edgar Allan Poe
The Purloined Letter
Sir William Lawrence
Marilyn Butler
Mary Shelley
Frankenstein

categories: Alumni of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital,People from Wolverhampton,1831 deaths,Fellows of the Royal Society,People from the City of London,1764 births,English anatomists,English people of Scottish descent,English surgeons,People educated at Wolverhampton Grammar School

paragraph: John Abernethy (surgeon)

paragraph: John Abernethy FRS (3 April 1764 – 20 April 1831) was an English surgeon. He is popularly remembered today for having given his name to the Abernethy biscuit, a coarse-meal baked good meant to aid digestion.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was a grandson of the Reverend John Abernethy. He was born in Coleman Street in the City of London on 3 April 1764, where his father was a merchant. Educated at Wolverhampton Grammar School, he was apprenticed in 1779 to Sir Charles Blicke (1745–1815), a surgeon at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London. He attended the anatomical lectures of Sir William Blizard (1743–1835) at the London Hospital, and was employed to assist as "demonstrator"; he also attended Percivall Pott's surgical lectures at St Bartholomew's Hospital, as well as the lectures of John Hunter. On Pott's resignation of the office of surgeon of St Bartholomew's, Sir Charles Blicke, who was assistant-surgeon, succeeded him, and Abernethy was elected assistant-surgeon in 1787.

paragraph: In this capacity he began to give lectures at his house in Bartholomew Close, which were so well attended that the governors of the hospital built a theatre (1790–1791), and Abernethy thus became the founder of the medical school of St Bartholomew's. He held the office of assistant-surgeon for twenty-eight years, till, in 1815, he was elected principal surgeon. He had before that time been appointed lecturer in anatomy to the Royal College of Surgeons (1814). Abernethy was not a great operator, though his name is associated with the treatment of aneurysm by ligature of the external iliac artery.

paragraph: His "Surgical Observations on the Constitutional Origin and Treatment of Local Diseases" (1809) – known as "My Book", from the great frequency with which he referred his patients to it, and to page 72 of it in particular, under that name – was one of the earliest popular works on medical science. So great was his zeal in encouraging patients to read the book that he earned the nickname ""Doctor My-Book"". He taught that local diseases were frequently the results of disordered states of the digestive organs, and were to be treated by purging and attention to diet. As a lecturer he was exceedingly attractive, and his success in teaching was largely attributable to the persuasiveness with which he enunciated his views. It has been said, however, that the influence he exerted on those who attended his lectures was not beneficial in this respect, that his opinions were delivered so dogmatically, and all who differed from him were disparaged and denounced so contemptuously, as to repress instead of stimulating inquiry. The celebrity he attained in his practice was due not only to his great professional skill, but also in part to his eccentricity. He was very blunt with his patients, treating them often brusquely and sometimes even rudely. He resigned his position at St Bartholomew's Hospital in 1827, and died at his residence at Enfield on 20 April 1831.

paragraph: Section::::Abernethy biscuit.

paragraph: Abernethy believed that a variety of diseases originated in a disordered state of the digestive organs, and that treating underlying maldigestion and dyspepsia was essential to restoring health. He invented, or at least gave his name to, a digestive biscuit called the Abernethy biscuit that he promoted from about 1829 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: He contributed articles to "Rees's Cyclopædia" on Anatomy and Physiology, but the topics are not known. A collected edition of his works was published in 1830. A biography, "Memoirs of John Abernethy", by George Macilwain (1797–1882), appeared in 1853.

paragraph: Section::::In literature.

paragraph: John Abernethy is mentioned in Edgar Allan Poe's "The Purloined Letter" (1844).

paragraph: His debate with Sir William Lawrence is believed by Marilyn Butler to have influenced Mary Shelley's Frankenstein.

description: British surgeon

wikidata_label: John Abernethy

wikipedia_title: John Abernethy (surgeon)