text: photographer

text: Brighton

text: "The Face"

text: Sleazenation

text: Massive Attack

text: The Streets

text: The Charlatans

text: Paul Reas

text: Mark Power

text: University of Brighton

text: UK garage

text: Sleazenation

text: The White Stripes

text: NME

text: Martin Parr

text: grime music

text: D&AD

text: The Guardian

text: Dick Hebdige

text: Tom Wood

text: Pete Townshend

text: Mike Skinner

text: Kick over the statues

text: The Guardian

text: "The Face"

text: Original Pirate Material

text: The Streets

text: The Guardian

text: The Independent

text: i-D

text: Martin Parr

text: Mike Skinner

text: Jason Evans

text: DJ Slimzee

text: Dizzee Rascal

text: Kano

text: Lethal B

text: Newham Generals

text: Jammer

text: JME

text: Logan Sama

text: roller skaters

text: Dazed

text: Channel 4

text: i-D

text: GQ

text: Third Floor Gallery

text: Barbican Centre

text: Rencontres d'Arles

text: Courtauld Institute of Art

text: The Photographers' Gallery

text: Roger Ballen

text: Pep Bonet

text: Deirdre O'Callaghan

text: Jason Evans

text: Ryan Enn Hughes

text: Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin

text: Gareth McConnell

text: Ryan McGinley

text: Lorena Turner

text: Dan Wilton

text: "Three's a Crowd" on i-D Online - interview

text: Creative Review - Thoroughly Modern Men

text: Interview at It's Nice That

categories: English photographers,Alumni of the University of Brighton,People from Brighton,1971 births,Living people

paragraph: Ewen Spencer

paragraph: Ewen Spencer (born 1971) is a British photographer and filmmaker based in Brighton, England. His photography is primarily of youth and subcultures.

paragraph: He began his career working for style, music and culture magazines "The Face" and "Sleazenation" and has since transplanted himself into groups of young people and musicians to form numerous personal projects, as well as making films for Massive Attack , The Streets and The Charlatans and undertaking commercial work. His photography series have included "Open Mic, UKG and Kick over the statues". He has self-published a number of photobooks including a series of zines called Guapamente.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Spencer studied Editorial Photography under photographers Paul Reas and Mark Power at the School of Art and Design at the University of Brighton. He graduated in 1997.

paragraph: In 1999 he worked photographing nightlife, such as the UK garage scene, for fashion and lifestyle magazine "Sleazenation".

paragraph: Between 2001 and 2005 Spencer photographed the American rock band The White Stripes. Initially for the NME he photographed shows from their first UK tour onwards, including candid backstage photographs. In 2010 he self-published "Three's a Crowd,"documenting the early stages of the band's rise to popularity.

paragraph: In 2002 photographer Martin Parr tipped Spencer as the most promising newcomer of that year.

paragraph: Spencer is also a noted photographer of London's grime music scene, for which he has received widespread acclaim and which resulted in his book "Open Mic", which was awarded a Yellow Pencil certificate for photographic publishing by D&AD in 2005. Martin Parr, in his introduction to "Open Mic" said:

paragraph: Ewen Spencer has already established his reputation, in recent years, as a photographer of much talent with his work on youth culture, but now he turns his attention to the 'grime' music scene in London... This is where Spencer's quality as a photographer really begins to work. He has thrown himself into this whole scene with such enthusiasm and dedication that he has won over the confidence of the key players on the grime circuit. This demonstrates how the potential magic of contemporary photography begins to operate. Because Spencer's photography is so compelling, the viewer begins to understand what attracted him in the first place... This scene is about energy... Ewen Spencer's photographs are also about energy, making visual sense of the wonderful anarchy of grime. Spencer brings the same raw passion to his photographs; I think those who view them benefit from this engagement.

paragraph: Alice Vincent writing for the "Huffington Post" in 2012 said "it is his photography from the front line of genuine youth culture that are the most striking. The rituals of sex and socialising are prominent, with Spencer's images seeming to be captured by an invisible voyeur." In a 2012 interview for "The Guardian", Spencer named Dick Hebdige, Tom Wood, and Pete Townshend as influences.

paragraph: In 2013 GOST published Spencer's book of photographs of the UK garage scene, "UKG". Writing in "The Guardian", Mike Skinner said of "UKG" that:

paragraph: Ewen's photographs start when the scene was moving at its fastest, and go right up to Moving Too Fast. The first thing I wondered when I saw them was how he didn't get beaten up for snapping such intimate moments of some pretty certified-looking badmen. But my second, more lasting impression was how much more rich in detail they were than my fading typecast memory... But the important and exciting thing about Ewen's photos are that they take you back to the real thing...

paragraph: In 2016 he was commissioned by Photoworks and Fabrica to produce a body of work for Brighton Photo Biennial. With Kick over the statues Spencer’s intention was to re-establish a belief in youth tribes and style. Young Londoners were cast along the route of the August 2016 Notting Hill Carnival and against locations in Liverpool. These cities celebrate and enhance the idea of a UK diaspora, through style and cultural background with an association to music and culture that recalls the history of British Subcultures and invents its own contemporary incarnations. The gallery installation resembled a snapshot of how photography is often encountered in the streets of a modern city. Large format images posted onto custom-built billboards are supplemented with music and projected images.

paragraph: His photography has featured in "The Guardian" and he has worked for the "NME", "The Face", Nike, Apple, Smirnoff, Footlocker, JD Sports, Sony, Reebok, T-Mobile, Toyota, Vodafone and Channel 4 (photographing on the set of E4's series, Skins). He took the inner liner photographs for the album Original Pirate Material by The Streets.

paragraph: Spencer is also a documentary short film director. His "Brandy & Coke" (2014), about the UK garage scene, was broadcast on Channel 4 in 2014 as part of the first of their "Music Nation" music documentary series with "Dazed".Sam Richards, writing in "The Guardian" in 2014, called it "excellent". "Open Mic" (2014), about grime music, was broadcast in the second series. Ellen E. Jones, writing in "The Independent" in 2014, said "There are enough ideas in ‘Open Mic’, the opening film from Ewen Spencer, to justify a whole series of films on grime music alone." In 2015 Spencer was commissioned by "i-D" to make a four-part series for Channel 4, "Street, Sound and Style," describing how music and street style subcultures have changed the face of British pop culture.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Publications by Spencer.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Open Mic." Self-published, 2005. . Photographs of young people involved in the Grime music scene in London. Introductions by Martin Parr and Mike Skinner.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three's a Crowd Vol. 1." Self-published, 2010. Edition of 500 copies. Photographs of The White Stripes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three's a Crowd Vol. 2." Self-published, 2011. . Photographs of The White Stripes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guapamente (Issue 1)." Self-published, 2013. . Photographs of young people in Naples, Italy. Edition of 300 copies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "UKG." London: GOST, 2013. . Photographs of people involved in the UK garage music scene. Edition of 1,000 copies. With an essay by Jason Evans, "Meanwhile, on the Other Side of Town".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guapamente (Issue 2)." Self-published, 2014. . Photographs of young people in Marseille, France. Edition of 300 copies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guapamente (Issue 3)." Self-published, 2014. . Photographs of young people in Miami, FL. Edition of 300 copies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Open Mic Vol.2." Brighton: See-W, 2014. Edition of 500 copies. Additional photographs from his "Open Mic" series plus interviews made for the film "Open Mic" (2014) with DJ Slimzee, Dizzee Rascal, Kano, Lethal B, Newham Generals, Jammer, JME, Ratty (Lord Of The Mics) and Logan Sama.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guapamente (Issue 4)." Brighton: See-W, 2015. . Photographs of roller skaters in London. Edition of 300 copies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guapamente (Issue 5): Bring, Come, Punish." Brighton: ES Books. . Edition of 200 copies

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Young Love." London: Stanley Barker, 2017. . Edition of 1000 copies.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Publications with contributions by Spencer.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "HOST Portfolio", 8 Magazine, Issue 24: "Resistance", Foto8, 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Films.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brandy & Coke", 2013. 8 m short. Directed by Ewen Spencer, produced by Denna Cartamkhoob, for Dazed

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brandy & Coke", 2014. 22 m short. Directed by Ewen Spencer, produced by Denna Cartamkhoob and Adam Farley

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Open Mic", 2014. 23 m short. Directed by Ewen Spencer. Commissioned by Channel 4 as part of the Music Nation series.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jam and Cheese", 2015. 7 m short. Directed by Ewen Spencer. Commissioned by Dazed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Street, Sound and Style", 2015. Four episodes, each 23 m short. Directed by Ewen Spencer, produced by Oz Thakkar. Commissioned by i-D.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Business of Grime", 2016, 20m short. Directed by Ewen Spencer, produced by Oz Thakkar and Youern. Commissioned by GQ

paragraph: Section::::Solo exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Teenagers", Courtyard Arts Centre, Hereford, 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Teenagers", Sketch, London, 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Open Mic", Proud Galleries, London, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Open Mic", AG925 Gallery, Stockholm, Sweden, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Open Mic", City University, London, 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dream On (10 Years of British Youth Culture)", Lazarides Gallery, London, 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wag Lad", KK Outlet, London, 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three's a Crowd", KK Outlet, London, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Teenagers", Third Floor Gallery, Cardiff, 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Teenagers", Repositioned Gallery, Glasgow, 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- "England’s Dreaming", White Cloth Gallery, Leeds, 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brandy & Coke", Create Studios, Brighton, 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "UKG" and screenings of "Open Mic" and "Brandy & Coke", Wieden+Kennedy, Amsterdam, 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kick over the statues", co-commissioned by Photoworks and Fabrica for Brighton Photo Biennial, Fabrica Gallery, Brighton, 2016

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kick over the statues", HASSELL, London (UK) 2017

paragraph: Section::::Group exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jam London - Tokyo", Barbican Centre, London, 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exposure, Hereford Photography Festival, 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jam London - Tokyo", Tokyo Opera House Gallery, Japan 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rencontres d'Arles, Arles, France, 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Culture Bound", East Wing Collection VII, Courtauld Institute of Art, London, 2005-2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Teen City", Musee D'Elysee, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Facing Youth", The Museum de Imagem (as part of Encontras de Imagem festival), Braga, Portugal, 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We Want More: Image-Making and Music in the 21st Century," The Photographers' Gallery, London, 17 July – 20 September 2015. With Roger Ballen, Pep Bonet, Deirdre O'Callaghan, Daniel Cohen, Jason Evans, Ryan Enn Hughes, Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin, Gareth McConnell, Ryan McGinley, James Mollison, Lorena Turner and Dan Wilton.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We also dance", Krakow Photmonth, June 2017, with Phil Collins, Elaine Constantine, Denis Darzacq, Stéphane Degoutin & Gwenola Wagon, Sirkka Liisa Kontinnen, Zarina Muhammad, Morten Nilsson, Ewen Spencer, Vojtěch Veškrna, Gillian Wearing

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three's a Crowd" on i-D Online - interview

paragraph: BULLET::::- From Stills to Motion at British Journal of Photography (video)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'The Soul of UK Garage, As Photographed by Ewen Spencer' interview

paragraph: BULLET::::- Creative Review - Thoroughly Modern Men

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview at It's Nice That

paragraph: BULLET::::- Back to the bogle: the UK garage scene – in pictures - photographs from UKG, at "The Guardian"

description: British photographer

wikidata_label: Ewen Spencer

wikipedia_title: Ewen Spencer


text:
American football
offensive guard
Dallas Cowboys
National Football League
college football
Notre Dame
2014 NFL Draft
Pro Bowl
All-Pro
Nick
Indianapolis
Indiana
Bishop Chatard High School
Indianapolis, Indiana
2009 Under Armour All-America Game
Orlando, Florida
track & field
shot putter
discus thrower
Rivals.com
offensive tackle
Notre Dame
Indiana
Kentucky
Michigan
left tackle
2013 BCS National Championship Game
Alabama Crimson Tide
offensive lineman
FBS
MVP
2013 Pinstripe Bowl
Rutgers
offensive lineman
bowl game
2014 NFL Draft
Dallas Cowboys
quarterback
Johnny Manziel
linebacker
Ryan Shazier
Pittsburgh Steelers
offensive guard
right guard
Mackenzy Bernadeau
offensive line
2014 Pro Bowl
2014
AP
2014 All-Pro Team
running back
Calvin Hill
1969
offensive lineman
AP
All-Pro
Dick Huffman
Demarco Murray
Philadelphia Eagles
Darren McFadden
2016 Pro Bowl
All-Pro
Travis Frederick
Tyron Smith
NFL Top 100 Players of 2017
NFL Top 100 Players of 2018
Cincinnati Bengals
tight end
Tyler Eifert
University of Notre Dame
Notre Dame Fighting Irish bio
Dallas Cowboys bio

categories: Unconferenced Pro Bowl players,Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players,Dallas Cowboys players,Players of American football from Indiana,1990 births,National Conference Pro Bowl players,Sportspeople from Indianapolis,Under Armour All-American football players,Living people,American football offensive guards,American football offensive tackles

paragraph: Zack Martin

paragraph: Zachary Edward Martin (born November 20, 1990) is an American football offensive guard for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Notre Dame and was drafted 16th overall by the Cowboys in the first round of the 2014 NFL Draft. He has made five Pro Bowls and been selected to five All-Pro teams.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Zack and his brother Nick, spent their entire elementary years from kindergarten through eighth grade at Saint Matthew Catholic School, in Indianapolis, Indiana, according to their then principal, Martin Erlenbaugh. The Martins are products of Catholic Youth Organization (CYO) sports in the Archdiocese of Indianapolis. Zack and Nick each enrolled their freshman year at Bishop Chatard High School in Indianapolis, Indiana. Zack tallied 114 pancake blocks during senior campaign, and was named first-team all-state selection as senior and junior. He was a member of Indiana Class 3A State Championship team as sophomore with 12-3 record, and helped lead high school team to 14-1 record and second consecutive Indiana Class 3A state championship as junior in 2007.

paragraph: He started both ways as sophomore along offensive and defensive lines, and recorded 73 tackles including five tackles for loss as defensive tackle during sophomore season in 2006. He also starred in basketball during his sophomore and junior years at Bishop Chatard. His style of play earned him the nickname "The Butcher", given to him by opposing fans. He was selected to play in the 2009 Under Armour All-America Game in Orlando, Florida. He also competed in track & field as a shot putter and discus thrower. He played for legendary coach Andrew Slome

paragraph: Considered a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, he was rated the 22nd best offensive tackle in the nation. He accepted a scholarship from Notre Dame over offers from Indiana, Kentucky, and Michigan.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: After redshirting in 2009, he became the starting left tackle for the Irish in 2010. He saw action in all 13 games in 2010, and was one of 11 players to start all 13 games for the Irish that season. As a junior in 2011, he started all 13 games at left offensive tackle, and was part of a unit that only allowed 17 sacks during the season. He helped pave the way for a running game that averaged 4.8 yards a carry, the best by a Notre Dame team since 1996. In 2012, he was named one of four team captains for the Irish. He started all 13 games and helped lead the team to a 12-0 regular season record and a trip to the 2013 BCS National Championship Game against the Alabama Crimson Tide, but lost 42-14. He announced he would return to the Irish for the 2013-2014 season.

paragraph: In his final season, he was named team captain for the second time, becoming only the 18th player in school history to earn such an honor. Martin would start all 13 games, setting a new school record for career starts by an offensive lineman with 52. He was leader of a unit that allowed only 8 sacks, tied for second best in the FBS. He was named MVP of the 2013 Pinstripe Bowl after a 29-16 win over Rutgers, becoming the first offensive lineman since 1959 (Jay Huffman) to receive that distinction in a college bowl game.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2014 season.

paragraph: In the 2014 NFL Draft, there was speculation that the Dallas Cowboys would select quarterback Johnny Manziel if he was available. Instead, the team had targeted linebacker Ryan Shazier, who ended up going to the Pittsburgh Steelers. With the 16th pick of the first round the Cowboys drafted Martin with the intention of converting him to an offensive guard.

paragraph: He was named the starter at right guard from the first day of Organized Team Activities in the preseason, replacing Mackenzy Bernadeau, who had been the starter in the previous two years. His addition contributed to the offensive line becoming arguably the best in the league.

paragraph: On December 23, Martin became one of four rookies selected to the 2014 Pro Bowl. On January 2, 2014 he was voted to the AP 2014 All-Pro Team, the only rookie to make the team, and was the first Cowboys rookie since running back Calvin Hill was named to the team in 1969. Also, he was the first rookie offensive lineman to be named first-team AP All-Pro since Dick Huffman in 1947.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2015 season.

paragraph: Martin had a second All-Pro caliber season in as many years despite losing Demarco Murray to the division rivals Philadelphia Eagles in free agency. Martin and company led the NFL's ninth best rushing attack as teammate Darren McFadden finished fourth in rushing with 1,089 yards. Martin played for Team Irvin along with each of his elected teammates in the 2016 Pro Bowl and was named second team All-Pro by the Associated Press.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2016 season.

paragraph: Martin was named to his third straight Pro Bowl and was named First-team All-Pro, both honors being shared with fellow Cowboy offensive linemen Travis Frederick and Tyron Smith. He was also ranked 58th on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2017 season.

paragraph: On April 18, 2017, the Cowboys picked up the fifth-year option on Martin's rookie contract. He was named to his fourth straight Pro Bowl alongside tackle Tyron Smith and center Travis Frederick for the fourth straight year. He was ranked 71st by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2018 season.

paragraph: On June 13, 2018, Martin signed a six-year, $84 million contract extension with the Cowboys with $40 million guaranteed, making him the highest paid guard in the NFL. He suffered a knee injury in Week 14 and missed the following week, the first time in his career that he had missed a game.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Martin married his wife Morgan in July 2016. His wife is the sister of Cincinnati Bengals tight end, Tyler Eifert. Before becoming brothers-in-law, Martin and Eifert were teammates and roommates at the University of Notre Dame

paragraph: Martin's brother Nick Martin (Nicholas Jacob Martin) is an American football center for the Houston Texans of the National Football League (NFL). He also played college football at Notre Dame and was drafted 50th overall by the Texans in the second round of the 2016 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notre Dame Fighting Irish bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dallas Cowboys bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Zack Martin

wikipedia_title: Zack Martin


text:
stage name
Brooklin
São Paulo
Sepultura
Revolusongs
Public Enemy
Black Steel in the Hour of Chaos
Carandiru
2Pac
Rap É Compromisso!

categories: Musicians from São Paulo,Murdered rappers,2003 deaths,Brazilian rappers,1973 births

paragraph: Sabotage (rapper)

paragraph: Mauro Mateus dos Santos (April 3, 1973 – January 24, 2003), better known by his stage name Sabotage, was a Brazilian rapper and songwriter from São Paulo.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He grew up selling drugs in Brooklin, a neighborhood in São Paulo’s South Zone. He gained fame in 2001 after the release of his first and only album titled "Rap é Compromisso". He performed on other artists' recordings, such as Sepultura's "Revolusongs" EP, a cover of Public Enemy's ""Black Steel in the Hour of Chaos"", which was released in 2002. That same year, he appeared as himself in the Brazilian film "The Trespasser" ("O Invasor") and contributed to its soundtrack. This was followed soon after by an acting role as Fuinha in the movie "Carandiru".

paragraph: His influence as a musician was crucial for the growth of hip hop in Brazil meaning that his vision and style were unique and inspiring for many rappers. His lyrics full of words of wisdom of a man who experienced a hard early life in the favelas of Brazil. To this day, Sabotage is considered by many rappers and the Brazilian hip hop fans as the greatest Brazilian rapper of all time, often compared with 2Pac. In 2016, his posthumous album, "Sabotage" was released.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In 2003, Sabotage died after being shot four times in the head and chest. No arrest was made and, despite the nature of the attack, no connection was established between his drug-peddling and his violent death.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rap É Compromisso!" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Uma Luz Que Nunca Irá se Apagar" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rap é o Hino que Me Mantém Vivo" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sabotage" (2016)

description: Brazilian rapper and singer

wikidata_label: Sabotage

wikipedia_title: Sabotage (rapper)


text: Italian

text: physician

text: pathologist

text: bacteriology

text: splenomegaly

text: nephrology

text: leukaemia

text: motor aphasia

text: Banti’s disease

text: Tuscany

text: University of Pisa

text: Florence

text: Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova

text: post mortem examination

text: heart enlargement

text: anatomist

text: aphasia

text: Pierre Marie

text: gastritis

text: typhoid fever

text: endocarditis

text: nephritis

text: atherosclerosis

text: kidney

text: anaemia

text: cirrhosis

text: ascites

text: splenectomy

text: haemolytic jaundice

text: sarcoma

text: Artur Pappenheim

text: systematic diseases

text: haemopoietic

text: bone marrow

text: lymph glands

text: staminal blood cells

categories: 19th-century Italian physicians,20th-century Italian physicians,1925 deaths,1852 births

paragraph: Guido Banti

paragraph: Guido Banti (8 June 1852 – 8 January 1925) was an Italian physician and pathologist. He also performed innovative studies on the heart, infectious diseases and bacteriology, splenomegaly, nephrology, lung disease, leukaemia and motor aphasia. He gave his name to Banti’s disease.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Banti was born in Montebichieri in Tuscany. His father was a physician. He studied medicine at the University of Pisa and later the Medical School in Florence where he graduated in 1877. He was appointed to an assistant’s position at the local Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova and concurrently, as an assistant at the Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy. The ability to observe patients in bed and then carry out post mortem examination was to prove fundamental in parts of his work.

paragraph: Working under the guidance of Celso Pellizzari by 1882 he was chief of medical services. In 1895, after a 5-year spell in a temporary post, he was appointed Ordinary Professor of Pathological Anatomy in the medical school in Florence. He remained in this post for 29 years until his retirement and death a year later in 1925.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Banti’s lifetime’s work ranged across several specialties. He published the first textbook in Italy on the techniques of bacteriology; "Manuale di Tecnica Batteriologica," (Florence, 1885).

paragraph: In 1886, he undertook a study of heart enlargement, and at the same time as an anatomist he studied the causes of aphasia, confuting the contemporary theory of Pierre Marie with a publication "A proposito de recenti sulle afasie" (Florence, 1907), followed in 1898 by a study of hyperplastic gastritis. He spent time studying cancer cells in 1890–93. 1894 he published a study of typhoid fever, "Le setticemie tifiche" (Florence). In 1895 he wrote about endocarditis and nephritis, "Endocarditis e nefriti". (Florence) describing various forms of endocarditis and atherosclerosis of the kidney.

paragraph: From 1882 to 1914 he studied various forms of splenomegaly, enlargement of the spleen, with neither infection nor degeneration. He described one form that was characterized by progressive anaemia in adults, and from his earliest studies he described a new form of enlarged spleen which led to cirrhosis of the liver with ascites and eventual death. This work resulted in two papers, "Dell’anemia splenica" and "Archivo di anatomica patologica" (1882) describing the condition that would be known as Banti’s disease. Banti proposed that the enlarged spleen was the cause of red cell destruction which led to anemia and that only removal of the spleen could stop this process. On his advice the first splenectomy for haemolytic jaundice was carried out in Florence in 1903.

paragraph: Banti’s name is associated closely with leukaemia. He asserted in 1903 that “All leukaemias belong to the sarcomatoses”, this was contrary to the existing opinions of Artur Pappenheim and Carl von Sternberg. Banti continued with further observations and in 1913 decided that the leukaemias are systematic diseases arising from the haemopoietic structures, bone marrow and lymph glands, and that they are the result of the uncontrolled proliferation of staminal blood cells. This definition accords closely with the modern definition.

paragraph: Banti was a municipal advisor and consultant to the sanitary services in Florence from 1907 to 1909.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- English translation of Italian Encyclopedia

description: Italian physician

wikidata_label: Guido Banti

wikipedia_title: Guido Banti


text:
Soviet
aircraft
missile
MKB "Raduga"
Boyarkino
Ozerski District
Moscow Region
Soviet
RSFSR
CPSU
Moscow Aviation Institute
V.F.Bolkhovitinov
BI-1
rocket engine
BI-1
A.M.Isayev
OKB-2
Lenin Prize
USSR State Prize
Order of Lenin
Order of October Revolution
Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Dubna
Moscow region
BI
rocket-powered aircraft
Isaev
He-176
302P
346
468
List of Russian inventors
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Alexander Bereznyak

categories: 1974 deaths,1912 births,Russian inventors,Moscow Aviation Institute alumni,Soviet scientists,Aircraft manufacturers of the Soviet Union

paragraph: Alexander Bereznyak

paragraph: Alexander Yakovlevich Bereznyak ) ( – 7 July 1974) was a Soviet aircraft and missile designer. He was the Chief Designer of MKB "Raduga", from March 1957.

paragraph: He was born on 29 December 1912 in Boyarkino, Ozerski District, Moscow Region. Alexander Bereznyak was a Soviet aircraft designer, a doctor of technical science (1968), and an honoured worker of science and technology in the RSFSR (1973). He became a member of the CPSU in 1932. He was employed in aviation industries since 1931. Bereznyak was a graduate of the Moscow Aviation Institute named after Ordzhonikidze (1938). He was an engineer in the experimental design bureau of V.F.Bolkhovitinov While working in the bureau, he designed the first soviet jet, the BI-1, which was equipped with liquid fuel to power a rocket engine. The BI-1 was created in 1942 in co-operation with A.M.Isayev). He became Vice-chief designer of OKB-2 in 1946, later to become The chief designer in 1957.

paragraph: In March 1957 he was assigned to lead the newly established MKB Raduga in the village of Ivan'kovo near the town of Dubna This had started in 1951 as Branch 2 of Artem Mikoyan's OKB-155 to produce the KS-1 Kometa AShM. Raduga specialised in a range of tactical missiles

paragraph: Bereznyak was later awarded with the Lenin Prize,the USSR State Prize, the Order of Lenin,the Order of October Revolution, the Order of the Red Banner of Labour, and numerous medals. He died on 7 July 1974 in Dubna, Moscow region.

paragraph: Section::::Aircraft (conventional).

paragraph: BULLET::::- BI — an early rocket-powered aircraft and the world's first rocket fighter developed by Bereznyak and Isaev in 1940-1944. It flew after German's experimental He-176, but still was the first Soviet rocket plane. Eight test planes (usually referred as BI-1 — BI-8) were built.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 302P

paragraph: BULLET::::- 346 — experimental, trans-sonic speed, 1946.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 468 — jet, project, 1948..1949.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Russian inventors

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Vol.30, 3rd edition, Moscow, 1978, p. 579.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Bereznyak

description: Russian aircraft and missile designer

wikidata_label: Alexander Bereznyak

wikipedia_title: Alexander Bereznyak


text:
Persian
music
Sassanid era
Khosrau II
Jahrom
Shiraz
Pars
Marv
Sassanid Empire
Persia
calendar
dastgah
Khosrau II
Shabdiz
Nezami Ganjavi
Khosrow and Shirin
Yaqut Hamawi
Mu'jam Al-Buldan
Khosrau II
equerry
Pahlavi
Khosrau II
Khosrau II
Shahanshah
Khalid Fayyadh
Sassanid
Bamshad
Nagisa (Nakisa)
Sarkash
Music of Iran
Sassanid Empire
Music of Sassanids
Bamshad

categories: 7th-century Iranian people,628 deaths,Musicians of the Sasanian Empire,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Barbad

paragraph: Barbad () or Barbad-ī Marvazi ( / باربد / باربذ) was a Persian musician of the Sassanid era, who lived during the rule of Khosrau II, 590 to 628.

paragraph: Section::::Etymology.

paragraph: The name is the Arabicized pronunciation of the Persian name Pahlbod, which is most probably how he was called in his own day.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: In most sources, Jahrom a small city south of Shiraz in the Pars province is mentioned as his birthplace, but in some sources he is mentioned as "Marvi" (meaning from Marv). Barbad was the most famous and skilled court musician of the Sassanid Empire of Persia. Barbad is remembered in many documents and has been named as a remarkably high skilled musician of his time.

paragraph: He has been credited to have given an organisation of musical system consisting of seven "Royal modes" named "Xosrovani" (), thirty derivative modes named "lahn", and 360 melodies named "dastan". These numbers are in accordance with Sassanid's calendar of number of days in a week, month, and year. His musical theories based on which these modal system was based are not known, however the writers of later period have left a list of these modes and melodies. These names include some of "epic forms" such as "kin-i Iraj" ("lit." the Vengeance of Iraj), "kin-i siavash" ("lit." the Vengeance of Siavash), and "Taxt-i Ardashir" ("lit." the Throne of Ardashir) and some connected with the "glories of Sassanid royal court" such as "Bagh-i shirin" ("lit" the garden of Shirin), "Bagh-i Shahryar" ("lit." the Sovereign's Garden), and "haft Ganj" ("lit." the seven treasures). There are also some of a "descriptive nature" like "roshan charagh" ("lit." bright lights).

paragraph: This was the oldest Middle Eastern musical system of which some traces still exist. Its enduring heritage is the names given to some of today's "goosheh"s of the various dastgahs in the modern system of Persian music.

paragraph: According to the legends, it was Barbad, who through a song - potentially risking his life - informed the Sassanid king, Khosrau II of his most beloved horse, Shabdiz's death. According to the Nezami Ganjavi epic Khosrow and Shirin, Khosrau II's courtship with Shirin began in earnest when Shirin overheard Barbad singing of the king's love for her in a neighbouring tent.

paragraph: Yaqut Hamawi in Mu'jam Al-Buldan relates that Shabdiz had developed a sickness and its death appeared imminent. Khosrau II restlessly threatened that: "Whoever brings tidings of Shabdiz's death, shall be executed!". As Shabdiz expired, the royal equerry (Pahlavi: ākhorsālār) resorted to Barbad in frustration to convey this news to Khosrau II in whichever way he deemed appropriate and receive a certain reward in exchange for the same. Once Khosrau II's feast started as usual, Barbad tuned his çārtār (four-stringed musical instrument) and played an overwhelmingly melancholic tune. "Lest Shabdiz hath died?" Khosrau II queried sorrowfully. Barbad immediately replied: "Shahanshah saith thus!". Yaqut also mentions that Khalid Fayyadh has also related this story in verse.

paragraph: Other famous musicians lived during the Sassanid era were: Bamshad, Nagisa (Nakisa), Sarkash and Ramtin.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music of Iran

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sassanid Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music of Sassanids

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bamshad

description: Persian musician

wikidata_label: Barbad

wikipedia_title: Barbad


text:
Jamaica
sprinter
Sanjay Ayre
Brandon Simpson
Davian Clarke
2005 World Championships in Athletics
Commonwealth Games
Yohan Blake
Marvin Anderson
Allodin Fothergill
Sheri-Ann Brooks
stimulant
methylxanthine
200 metres
400 metres
List of doping cases in athletics

categories: Pan American Games silver medalists for Jamaica,Pan American Games gold medalists for Jamaica,Doping cases in athletics,Jamaican sportspeople in doping cases,Central American and Caribbean Games silver medalists for Jamaica,1982 births,Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Jamaica,Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics,Olympic athletes of Jamaica,Athletes (track and field) at the 2011 Pan American Games,Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Commonwealth Games,Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field),World Championships in Athletics medalists,Competitors at the 2002 Central American and Caribbean Games,Living people,Jamaican male sprinters,Athletes (track and field) at the 2003 Pan American Games,Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Commonwealth Games

paragraph: Lansford Spence

paragraph: Lansford Spence (born 15 December 1982) is a Jamaican sprinter. Together with Sanjay Ayre, Brandon Simpson and Davian Clarke he won a bronze medal in 4 x 400 metres relay at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics. He also competed in the individual contest, but was knocked out in the semi final. In 2006 the relay team won another bronze medal at the Commonwealth Games. He won a Commonwealth Games Silver medal in the 200m in 2010.

paragraph: He was one of five athletes (along with Yohan Blake, Marvin Anderson, Allodin Fothergill and Sheri-Ann Brooks) who failed their doping tests at the 2009 Jamaican National Championships. All five tested positive for banned stimulant methylxanthine. Spence received a three-month doping ban for the infraction.

paragraph: Section::::Personal bests.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 200 metres - 20.33 Wind +0.5 (2011, done at altitude)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 400 metres - 44.77 (2005)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of doping cases in athletics

description: athletics competitor

wikidata_label: Lansford Spence

wikipedia_title: Lansford Spence


text: Dutch

text: landscape

text: Flemish

text: Hans

text: Gillis van Coninxloo

text: Antwerp

text: Pieter Brueghel the Elder

text: Haarlem

text: Haarlem Guild of St. Luke

text: Hercules Segers

text: Adam Elsheimer

text: genre

text: Prince Maurits

text: Frederick Henry

text: Roelant Savery

text: Jan van de Velde

text: Pieter van Laer

text: Jan Martszen de Jonge

text: Pieter de Molyn

text: Pieter de Neyn

text: Jan van Goyen

text: Palamedes Palamedesz

text: Zacharias Blijhooft

text: Jan Asselyn

text: Willem van de Velde

text: The Hague

text: Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam

text: Allen Memorial Art Museum

text: Biography and painting

text: Vermeer and The Delft School

categories: 1587 births,1630 deaths,Dutch male painters,Dutch Golden Age painters,Artists from Amsterdam

paragraph: Esaias van de Velde

paragraph: Esaias van de Velde (17 May 1587 (baptized) – 18 November 1630 (buried)

paragraph: ) was a Dutch landscape painter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Amsterdam, where his Flemish father Hans had fled as a Protestant in 1585. He probably studied under his father and Gillis van Coninxloo, a landscape painter from Antwerp and a follower of Pieter Brueghel the Elder. Van de Velde worked in Haarlem from 1610 to 1618, and joined the Haarlem Guild of St. Luke in 1612 along with Hercules Segers. This event in many ways established realistic landscape paintings as a separate genre in that part of the Netherlands. Van de Velde had been influenced by the German painter Adam Elsheimer to develop his paintings in a more naturalistic direction than his tutor, and to adopt a low viewpoint and a triangular composition.

paragraph: In addition to landscapes, van de Velde also painted genre and military paintings. He died in The Hague in 1630, where he had been Court Painter to the Prince Maurits and Frederick Henry. According to the RKD, he was influenced by Roelant Savery and Jan van de Velde. His pupils were Pieter van Laer, Jan Martszen de Jonge, Pieter de Molyn, Pieter de Neyn, Anthony van de Velde (II), and Jan van Goyen. He influenced Palamedes Palamedesz, Nicolaes de Quade van Ravesteyn, Adriaen Adriaensz Ghibons, Jacob Wynants, Zacharias Blijhooft, Abraham Vinck, Willem Viruly, and Jan Asselyn.

paragraph: Esaias was not related to Willem van de Velde, but he was the cousin of Jan van de Velde. He died and was buried at The Hague.

paragraph: Section::::Works in museum collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Courtly Procession before Abstpoel Castle", 1619

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George S. Keyes, "Esaias van den Velde", 1587-1630 (1984)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam

paragraph: BULLET::::- Allen Memorial Art Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography and painting

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works and literature on Esaias van de Velde

paragraph: BULLET::::- Velde (van de Velde), Dutch painters family

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vermeer and The Delft School, a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Esaias van der Velde

alias:
Esaias van den Velde
Elias van de Velde
Esias van de Velde
E. V. Velde
Esias Vandevelde
Esaias Vande Velde
Isaias van de Velde
Esaias Van den Velde
Esijas van de Velde
Isias vande Velde
Esayas van de Velde
Esa. Vandervelde
Esaias I van de Velde
Esaias Vandeveldt
Esaias van den Velden
Esajas van de Velde
Jesias van de Velde
Esaias Vandevelde
Esaias van de Velde I
Esaias Vandervelde
Esaias Van De Velde
Esaias van de, I Velde
Esaias vande Velde
Esaias van der Velde
Osias van der Velde
Josias van der Velde
E. van de Velde
esaias van der velde
Esias Vandeveldt
I. van der Velde
Isaac van der Velden
Esaias Van De I Velde
Isaye Vandevelde
esaijas van de velde
Esias van Velden
E. Vande Velde
E. Van de Velde
Es. v. Velde
Ysaye Van de Velde
Esaias vanden Velde
Esaias von der Velden
Isaac Vandevelde
E. van der Velden
Essayes Vanderveltden
Esaias van der Velden
esaijas v. d. velde
Esyns vande Velde
Is. Van den Velde
E. Vandervelde
Esaias v.d. Velden
E. V. de Velde
Esaïas van de Velden
Esias van der Velden
Isaie Vanden Velden
Isaje vande Velde
Isaie Van-De-Velde
Isaï Vandevelde
E van de Velde
Ezias V. de Velde
e. van de velde
Esaie Vande Velde
Esias V.D. Velde
E.v.d. Velden besten Zeit
Esysas van de Velde
Isaiah Vandeveld
Esais Van de Velde
Esayes van de Velde
Isaïe vanden Welde
Esaias, Holl. Vandevelde
Jesaias van dr Velde
Isaias vande Velde
Es. v. der Velden
Is. Vandevelden
Isaïe Vandevelde
Jesaias vande Velde
Esaie Vandesvelde
van der, esajas velde
Esaye Vandevelde
Jesajas von der Velden
E. von der Velde
Elias vande Velde
Esias van der Velde
Elias V. de Velde
Ez. Vandevelde
Esais Vandevelde
E. vande Velden
Isaac VAn den Welde
Essaias v.d. Velde
Esajas van der Velden
Isaïe Van den Velde
Isaië Vanden Velde
Essaias van der Velde
Elias v. d. Velde
Ezais van de Velde
Isaias van den Velde
Ezias vande Velde
Jsajas van de Velde
Esaias V. de Velde
Ysaye Van Develde
E. Vandeveldt
Isaye Vanden Welde
Esaye Vanden Velden
E. Vandevelde
E.v.d. Felden
Isaac Vanden-veld
Elias von der Velden
Isaias v. d. Felden
Es. Van Velde
Es. v. d. Velden
esijas van velde
Isaias von der Velden
Ysack van Velde
Esyas van de Velde
E. v. d. Velden
E. v. d. Velde
Esaie Van de Velde
E. van der Velde
Jesias vander Velde
Essaias Vanderelde
Es. V. de Velde
Isaie Vanden Welde
Esaias v. d. Velde
Ez. V. Velde
Esayas vander Velden
E. Vanderveldt
E. van de Velden
E. von der Velden
E.v.d. Velden
Isaias van der Velde
Esaias v. d. Velden
E. van Velde
Is. Van de Veld
Isaie Van de Velde
Isaias van Velde
Efaye Vandevelde
Velde
Isaie - Vande Velde
esajas v. d. velde
Esaias van der Welde
E. Vandenveldt

description: Dutch landscape painter

wikidata_label: Esaias van de Velde

wikipedia_title: Esaias van de Velde


text:
Anglo-Scot
David of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon
Matilda of Chester
Hugh de Kevelioc
Elen ferch Llywelyn
Llywelyn the Great
Earl of Huntingdon
Ranulph de Blondeville, Earl of Chester
Matilda (Maud) of Chester
William de Forz
Simon de Montfort
William de Clinton

categories: Earls of Huntingdon (1065),1207 births,1237 deaths,House of Dunkeld

paragraph: John of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon

paragraph: John of Scotland (or John de Scotia), 9th Earl of Huntingdon and 7th Earl of Chester (c. 12076 June 1237), sometimes known as "the Scot", was an Anglo-Scottish magnate, the son of David of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon by his wife Matilda of Chester, daughter of Hugh de Kevelioc.

paragraph: John married Elen ferch Llywelyn, daughter of Llywelyn the Great, in about 1222.

paragraph: John became Earl of Huntingdon in 1219 on the death of his father.

paragraph: On the death of John's maternal uncle, Ranulph de Blondeville, Earl of Chester, on 26 October 1232, the Earldom of Chester was inherited by John's mother Matilda (Maud) of Chester (Ranulph's eldest sister). Less than a month later with the consent of the King, she gave an "inter vivos" gift of the earldom to her son John who became Earl of Chester by right of his mother. He was formally invested by King Henry III as Earl of Chester on 21 November 1232. He became Earl of Chester in his own right six weeks later on the death of his mother in January 1233.

paragraph: John died childless on 6 June 1237, aged 30. He too, like his uncle Ranulph before him, left four sisters as his co-heirs. They agreed to share the estates between them, and to make the husband of the eldest sister Christian, William de Forz, Earl of Chester and Huntingdon by right of his wife. However Henry III decided that the earldoms should be annexed to the crown "lest so fair a dominion should be divided among women". In 1246, Henry bought the honour (estate) of Chester from John's four sisters. The earldom of Chester was recreated for Simon de Montfort in 1264, and the earldom of Huntingdon was recreated in 1337 for William de Clinton.

description: English Earl

wikidata_label: John of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon

wikipedia_title: John of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon


text: Anglo-Norman

text: baron

text: Angevin

text: Hugh de Kevelioc

text: Bertrade de Montfort of Evreux

text: earldom of Chester

text: Constance of Brittany

text: Henry II

text: Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany

text: Arthur of Brittany

text: King John

text: magnate

text: earldom of Richmond

text: Richard I of England

text: Nantes

text: Rouen

text: Louis

text: Philip II

text: Clemence of Fougères

text: William of Fougères

text: Alan de Dinant

text: Geoffrey of Fougères

text: partisan

text: Poitou

text: Magna Carta

text: Magna Carta of Chester

text: William Marshal

text: of Derby

text: High Sheriff of Lancashire

text: High Sheriff of Staffordshire

text: High Sheriff of Shropshire

text: Gloucester

text: Henry III

text: Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester

text: Mountsorrel

text: Ranulf de Gernon

text: at Lincoln a battle

text: Earl of Lincoln

text: Genoa

text: Egypt

text: Damietta

text: Bishop Pelagius

text: Hubert de Burgh

text: Bolingbroke Castle

text: Spilsby

text: King Henry IV

text: Chartley Castle

text: Beeston Castle

text: Wallingford Castle

text: Llywelyn the Great

text: Elen

text: John the Scot

text: carucage

text: viscera

text: Dieulacres Abbey

text: Chester

text: Powis Castle

text: Welshpool

text: Chartley Castle

text: Bugbrooke

text: Hawise

text: Bolingbroke

text: Henry III

text: Margaret de Quincy

text: John de Lacy, 2nd Earl of Lincoln

text: John the Scot

text: Matilda (Maud) of Chester

text: Sharon Kay Penman

text: Falls the Shadow

text: the king

categories: 1172 births,High Sheriffs of Shropshire,Anglo-Normans,Burials at Chester Cathedral,12th-century English nobility,Christians of the Fifth Crusade,Norman warriors,High Sheriffs of Staffordshire,High Sheriffs of Lancashire,Earls of Lincoln,13th-century English nobility,1232 deaths

paragraph: Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester and 1st Earl of Lincoln (1170–1232), known in some references as the 4th Earl of Chester (in the second lineage of the title after the original family line was broken after the 2nd Earl), was one of the "old school" of Anglo-Norman barons whose loyalty to the Angevin dynasty was consistent but contingent on the receipt of lucrative favours. He has been described as "almost the last relic of the great feudal aristocracy of the Conquest".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Ranulf, born in 1170, was the eldest son of Hugh de Kevelioc and Bertrade de Montfort of Evreux. He was said to have been small in physical stature.

paragraph: He succeeded to the earldom of Chester (like his father before him) as a minor (aged eleven) and was knighted in 1188 or 1189, which gave him control of his estates in England and Normandy. Although he used, not inconsistently, the style "Duke of Brittany" on account of his marriage, he never had the control of the duchy, and is not known to have played an important role there.

paragraph: Section::::Chronology of Ranulf's career.:Early career.

paragraph: In 1188 or 1189, he was married to the Duchess Constance of Brittany, the widow of Henry II's son Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany, and mother of Arthur of Brittany, with whom King John contested the succession to the crown of England. Richard Coeur de Lion, John's brother, had no known legitimate issue. The King had named Arthur of Brittany as his adopted son and heir to the crown of England. Henry did not envy the Duchess and wanted her married to a magnate whom he could trust. The marriage gave Ranulf control of the earldom of Richmond, but it wasn't a success, and they separated.

paragraph: In 1196, King Richard I of England nominated the nine-year-old Arthur as his heir, and summoned him and his mother, Duchess Constance, to Normandy. Constance left Nantes and travelled towards Rouen. On the way she was abducted by her estranged husband. Richard, furious, marched to Brittany at the head of an army, intent on rescuing his nephew. Arthur was secretly taken away by his tutor to the French court to be brought up with Louis, son of the French king Philip II. In 1199, Constance escaped from her husband and their marriage was dissolved on the grounds of desertion.

paragraph: In 1200 Ranulf cemented his power in Normandy by marrying Clemence of Fougères; she was the daughter of William of Fougères, widow of Alan de Dinant, and sister of Geoffrey of Fougères. He had opposed John's attempted coup of 1193–4, and retained many contacts with partisans of his former stepson Arthur. He spent most of 1199–1204 in France and his continued loyalty was bought by John with further patronage. However the King was suspicious of the Earl, perhaps with some reason. In the winter of 1204–5, Ranulph, suspected of dealings with the rebellious Welsh and of contemplating revolt himself, had extensive estates temporarily confiscated by the king. This episode apparently convinced Ranulph to show loyalty in future. Thereafter he was showered with royal favours. In return he fought John's Welsh wars 1209–12; helped secure the peace with the pope in 1213–14, and was with the king in Poitou in 1214.

paragraph: Loyal to the king in 1215–16, he was one of the few magnates to witness the Magna Carta of 1215, which he would later adapt to appease his own barons in the form of the Magna Carta of Chester. He played a leading military role in the civil war by virtue of his extensive estates and numerous castles. Ranulf stood with William Marshal and the Earls of Derby and Warwick with the King, whilst the other nobility of the land stood with the enemy or remained aloof from the conflict.

paragraph: Section::::Chronology of Ranulf's career.:Regency.

paragraph: Chester was appointed in 1215 Lord of the County of Lancashire with the power to appoint sheriffs. He was also High Sheriff of Lancashire, High Sheriff of Staffordshire and High Sheriff of Shropshire in 1216. On John's death in 1216, Ranulf's influence increased further. There was an expectation at Gloucester that Ranulf would contend the regency for the young Henry III. Events moved quickly at Gloucester, where William Marshal and the young king were, in Ranulph's absence. The Marshal was put forward and offered the regency by the nobility and clerics gathered at Gloucester before the arrival of Ranulph. There was concern that Ranulph might object to the decision, but when he arrived (29 October 1216) he stated that he did not want to be regent, so any potential conflict vanished.

paragraph: Section::::Chronology of Ranulf's career.:Campaign of 1217.

paragraph: Before John's death, rebel barons had offered the throne of England to Louis, the dauphin. Louis had invaded the country during the summer of 1216 and had taken Winchester. De Blondeville put his political weight behind re-issuing the Magna Carta in 1216 and 1217; his military experience was used in defeating the rebels at Lincoln in 1217. Ranulph was based in the north midlands and was charged with stopping the northern barons linking up with Louis in the south.

paragraph: The Earl chose to combine personal concerns with those of the country by attacking Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester's castle at Mountsorrel in Leicestershire – from which the Earl of Winchester's predecessors had ousted Ranulph's grandfather, Ranulf de Gernon. Louis was persuaded by the Earl of Winchester to send a relief force to the castle. When they arrived, de Blondeville and the Royalist force were gone. In fact they had headed to Lincoln to deal with a French force besieging the castle there.

paragraph: William Marshal with his main army at Northampton also made for the city, and at Lincoln a battle was fought between the Royalists headed by William Marshal and de Blondeville and the French forces and their allies. The battle went in favour of the Royalists, and they captured forty-six Barons and the Earls of Winchester and Hereford and the Earl of Lincoln, recently created by Louis the French King. Following the battle in recognition of his support Ranulf was created Earl of Lincoln by King Henry III of England on 23 May 1217.

paragraph: Section::::Chronology of Ranulf's career.:Fifth Crusade.

paragraph: In 1218, de Blondeville decided to honour the crusading vow he had made three years previously, and he journeyed eastwards. He met up with the Count of Nevers and the Count of La Marche in Genoa, accompanied by the Earls of Derby, Arundel and Winchester. They then sailed on towards Egypt and the Nile. An icy winter in camp was followed by a burning summer which affected the morale of the crusaders greatly. During September 1219, the Sultan, wary of the conflict outside Damietta, offered the Crusaders a startling bargain – Bethlehem, Nazareth, Jerusalem and central Palestine and Galilee, so long as the Crusaders gave up their war in Egypt. Earl Ranulph was one of many voices in support of taking the offer, and was supported by his English peers. However, Bishop Pelagius, the Patriarch of Jerusalem and the military orders would have none of it. They finally refused the offer and on 5 November they found the walls of Damietta poorly manned, so they attacked and secured the city. When winter came the army was smouldering with discontent. Earl Ranulf left Damietta in September 1220, with his fellow English earls, leaving behind an indecisive force under the command of Bishop Pelagius and the Military Orders. Upon the crusade's failure he returned to England to find his rival, William Marshal dead and the government in the hands of Hubert de Burgh.

paragraph: Section::::Chronology of Ranulf's career.:Final years.

paragraph: From 1220 to 1224, tensions grew between government officials and old loyalists of King John. This flared into open conflict in the winter of 1223–4 when Ranulf among others briefly tried to resist de Burgh's policy of resumption of sheriffdoms and royal castles. Ranulf built Bolingbroke Castle near Spilsby in Lincolnshire around 1220, later the birthplace of King Henry IV, as well as Chartley Castle Staffordshire, and Beeston Castle in Cheshire. Ranulf was briefly made castellan of Wallingford Castle. He made an alliance with Llywelyn the Great, whose daughter Elen married Ranulf's nephew and heir, John the Scot, in about 1222.

paragraph: De Blondeville's final years saw him acting as an elder statesman, witnessing the 1225 re-issue of the Magna Carta, playing a prominent role in the dispute in 1227 over Forest Laws and, as a veteran, leading Henry III's army on the ill-fated Poitou expedition of 1230–1. He came to lead the campaign after the death of William Marshal (the younger). He showed vigour and made a thrust into Anjou, but by the end of June the French had reached the Breton border. Ranulf concluded the campaign with a truce with the King of France for three years, to end in 1234.

paragraph: Earl Ranulf kept in sight his personal advantage. In 1220 some of his estates avoided carucage; in 1225 Aid was not levied in Cheshire; and in 1229 he successfully resisted the ecclesiastical tax collector. His only major failure, in old age, was not avoiding the 1232 levy of the fortieth on his lands.

paragraph: Section::::Ranulf's death.

paragraph: Ranulf died at Wallingford on 26 October 1232, aged sixty. His viscera were buried at Wallingford Castle, his heart at Dieulacres Abbey, which he had founded, and the remainder of his body at St Werburg's in Chester. His various estates were divided between his four sisters Matilda (Maud), Mabel, Agnes (Alice), and Hawise as co-heirs.

paragraph: Ranulf's second sister Mabel and his eldest sister Matilda (Maud) shared in the estates with their other sisters. Ranulf's third sister Agnes (Alice) inherited, along with a share in other estates with her sisters, lands between the Ribble and the Mercy rivers, Powis Castle near Welshpool in Wales, Chartley Castle, Staffordshire, and land at Bugbrooke, Northamptonshire. Ranulf's youngest sister Hawise inherited the honour and castle of Bolingbroke, other large estates such as Lindsey and Halland in Lincolnshire, and a share of other estates with her sisters.

paragraph: Prior to Ranulf's death, however, he had also made Hawise, his youngest sister an "inter vivos" gift, after receiving dispensation from the crown, of the Earldom of Lincoln. In April 1231 he granted her the title by a formal charter under his seal which was confirmed by King Henry III. She was formally invested as "suo jure" 1st Countess of Lincoln on 27 October 1232 the day after Ranulf's death. She held the Earldom of Lincoln until less than a month later with the consent of the King she likewise gifted the Earldom "inter vivos" to her daughter Margaret de Quincy and her son-in-law John de Lacy, 2nd Earl of Lincoln. They were formally invested by King Henry III as Countess and Earl of Lincoln on 23 November 1232.

paragraph: After his death, his nephew John the Scot (son of his eldest sister Matilda (Maud) of Chester), was formally invested by King Henry III as Earl of Chester on 21 November 1232, which suggests a prior agreement.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: As an important figure in the reigns of Richard I and King John, Ranulf appears in novels set in the period.

paragraph: Ranulf de Blondeville is a supporting character in James Goldman's 1979 novel "Myself as Witness" set in the reign of King John. Goldman's narrator describes Ranulf as the "only living Visigoth" and condemns him for killing many Welshman in his capacity as an Anglo-Norman lord of the Welsh Marches. He is represented as a brutal and aggressive opponent of all things, and people, Welsh.

paragraph: He appears early in Sharon Kay Penman's novel "Falls the Shadow", on the life and career of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, when he promises to personally support Simon's appeal to the king to recognise his right to the impoverished Leicester earldom.

paragraph: Ranulf makes a brief appearance in Lauren Johnson's 2013 novel "The Arrow of Sherwood" participating at the siege of Nottingham in 1194.

paragraph: Ranulf is mentioned several times over the course of the 1980s television series "Robin of Sherwood".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Eales, ‘Ranulf (III), sixth earl of Chester and first earl of Lincoln (1170–1232)’, "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, October 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keith Stringer, ‘David, earl of Huntingdon and lord of Garioch (1152–1219)’, "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- |title-date=10 April 2012 |title= Charles Cawley, "England, earls created 1067–1122"

description: Anglo-Norman baron born in Wales


href: Shahnameh Persian%20literature Ferdowsi Sohrab Turan Shirzad%20Aghaee Ferdousi

text:
Shāhnāmeh
Persian poet
Hakīm Abū l-Qāsim Firdawsī Tūsī
Sohrab
Turan
Shirzad Aghaee
Ferdousi

paragraph: Gordafarid

paragraph: Gordāfarīd () is one of the heroines in the "Shāhnāmeh" "The Book of Kings" or "The Epic of Kings", an enormous poetic opus written by the Persian poet Hakīm Abū l-Qāsim Firdawsī Tūsī around 1000 AD. She was a champion who fought against Sohrab (another Iranian hero who was the commander of the Turanian army) and delayed the Turanian troops who were marching on Persia. She is a symbol of courage and wisdom for Iranian women.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abolqasem Ferdowsi, Dick Davis trans. (2006), "Shahnameh: The Persian Book of Kings" , modern English translation (abridged), current standard. See also

paragraph: BULLET::::- Levy, Reuben (translator), The Epic of the Kings: Shah-Nama, the National Epic of Persia, (Mazda Publications, 1996) (abridged prose version)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Warner, Arthur and Edmond Warner, (translators) The Shahnama of Firdausi, 9 vols. (London: Keegan Paul, 1905–1925) (complete English verse translation)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shirzad Aghaee, "Nam-e kasan va ja'i-ha dar Shahnama-ye Ferdousi"(Personalities and Places in the Shahnama of Ferdousi, Nyköping, Sweden, 1993. ()

wikidata_label: Gordafarid

wikipedia_title: Gordafarid


text:
general
lawyer
Millstone, New Jersey
Frederick Frelinghuysen
Theodore
Frederick
Rutgers University
Somerset County, New Jersey
New Jersey Legislative Council
New Jersey Senate
Surrogate Court
Somerset County, New Jersey
War of 1812
New Jersey State Militia
Sandy Hook
New York City
brigadier general
Millstone, New Jersey
Somerville, New Jersey
Raritan Public Library

categories: United States Army generals,1833 deaths,Frelinghuysen family,Rutgers University alumni,1776 births,Members of the New Jersey Legislative Council,People from Millstone, New Jersey,New Jersey lawyers

paragraph: John Frederick Frelinghuysen

paragraph: John Frederick Frelinghuysen (March 21, 1776 – April 10, 1833) was an American general and lawyer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: John Frelinghuysen was born in Millstone, New Jersey on March 21, 1776 to Frederick Frelinghuysen and Gertrude Schenck. He had four siblings: Catharine, Maria, Theodore, and Frederick. John graduated from Queen's College (now Rutgers University) in 1792 after studying law, and he was admitted to the bar in the state of New Jersey in 1797. He was a member representing Somerset County, New Jersey in the New Jersey Legislative Council (now the New Jersey Senate) from 1805 to 1814 and 1815 to 1820, and served three consecutive five-year terms on the Surrogate Court for Somerset County, New Jersey. During the War of 1812, he joined the military, and commanded the New Jersey State Militia at Sandy Hook, where his assignment was to prevent ships from attacking New York City. At the close of the war he was promoted to brigadier general.

paragraph: John Frelinghuysen married Louisa Mercer in 1797, and they had two daughters: Gertrude and Mary Ann. Louisa died around 1809 and John married Elizabeth Mercereau Van Vechten on November 13, 1811. They had eight children: Louisa, Theodore, Frederick J., Catharine, Sallie, Sophia, and Elizabeth LaGrange Frelinghuysen.

paragraph: John Frelinghuysen died in Millstone, New Jersey on April 10, 1833, and was buried in the Old Somerville Cemetery in Somerville, New Jersey. His tombstone reads: "Sacred to the memory of General John Frelinghuysen who died on the 10th day of April A.D. 1833 in the fifty eighth year of his age ..."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: His house was donated to the Raritan Public Library in 1970 and retains its 19th-century interior finishes and exterior appearance and serves as an active community library.

description: United States general

wikidata_label: John Frederick Frelinghuysen

wikipedia_title: John Frederick Frelinghuysen


text:
Portachuelo
Cachuela Esperanza
South America
rubber boom
Andes
Río Beni
Acre
Manaus
Belém
London
Bolivia
Beni
Pando
Bolivian Chronicle 1876-1888 (German)

paragraph: Nicolás Suárez Callaú

paragraph: Nicolás Suárez Callaú (1851 in Portachuelo – 1940 in Cachuela Esperanza) set up a multinational rubber empire in South America at the beginning of the 20th century.

paragraph: Attracted by the rubber boom, Nicolas Suárez with his six brothers crossed the Andes at the end of the 19th century and founded "Cachuela Esperanza" at the rapids of Río Beni as a headquarters for the rubber export.

paragraph: During the heyday of the rubber boom, his empire had branches at Acre, Manaus, Belém, and London, and Nicolás Suárez Callaú owned 80,000 square kilometres of land in the Bolivian Beni and Pando departments, 50,000 heads of cattle and 6 steamboats.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bolivian Chronicle 1876-1888 (German)

description: Bolivian businessman

wikidata_label: Nicolás Suárez come Callaú

wikipedia_title: Nicolás Suárez Callaú


text:
triathlete
triathlon
Ironman
Boulder, Colorado
Paul Huddle
Paula Newby-Fraser
What it Takes
Kona, Hawaii
Peter Reid
Heather Fuhr
Lori Bowden
Official website

categories: Australian male triathletes,Living people,1979 births

paragraph: Luke Bell

paragraph: Luke Bell is an Australian triathlete, specializing in long course triathlons, particularly half-ironman and Ironman distance. Bell was born in Portland, Australia, but currently resides in Melbourne. Bell spends time training in Boulder, Colorado during the Australian winter.

paragraph: Section::::Professional triathlete.

paragraph: His best results in full-distance Ironman Triathlons include 5th place in Hawaii in 2003 at the relatively young age of 24. He also has second-place finishes at Ironman Australia, Ironman Brazil and Ironman New Zealand. He has won multiple half-ironman races, including California, Shepparton, and Tasmania. His former coach is Paul Huddle, husband of Ironman legend Paula Newby-Fraser, and current coach is Matt Dixon from Purple Patch Fitness.

paragraph: Section::::Additional information.

paragraph: Bell was featured in the Ironman documentary entitled "What it Takes", which tracked four triathletes competing for the Ironman World Championships in Kona, Hawaii. The film also featured fellow triathletes Peter Reid, Heather Fuhr, and Lori Bowden.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

description: Australian triathlete

wikidata_label: Luke Bell

wikipedia_title: Luke Bell


text:
New York City
Cape Town
Cape Dutch architecture
Johannesburg
Sir George Cory

categories: South African photographers,1870 births,1938 deaths,Architecture of South Africa

paragraph: Arthur Elliott (photographer)

paragraph: Arthur Elliott (1870, New York City – 20 November 1938, Cape Town), was a South African photographer who recorded the archtecture and daily life of the Cape. Elliott took over 10,000 photographs of Cape Dutch architecture, creating an unrivalled pictorial record of early 20th century buildings at the Cape.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Elliott was born in New York City in 1870. He was orphaned at 12 years old and lived in England and India before arriving in South Africa at the age of 30. He tried his hand at various jobs such as scene-painter and production manager at the Luscombe Searelle Acting Company in Johannesburg.

paragraph: Elliott died in Cape Town on November 30, 1948.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Elliott ended up in Cape Town as a war refugee in 1900 and took to photography, which became a life passion. His home in Cape Town is commemorated by a plaque at 134 Long Street. He had a number of major exhibitions in Cape Town ; in 1910, 1913 (with a catalogue compiled by Theal and F.K. Kendall's article on Cape architecture), in 1926 (with an introduction by Sir George Cory, the historian), another in 1930, arranged by W.R. Morrison. His final exhibition, in 1938, was titled "The Cape, Quant and Beautiful” and included a catalogue edited by Victor de Kockin. These gave him widespread recognition and enabled him to eke out a living through the selling of prints.

paragraph: Elliott seems to have been determined to record as much as he was able of the old farmhouses, buildings and streets that were rapidly disappearing with the ever-growing pressure to modernize. During his lifetime only a portfolio of some of his images was published for the use of schools, but in 1969 he authored selection of his best images, showing farmsteads and historic buildings, with an introduction and annotations by Hans Fransen. Before his death, Elliott offered his collection of photographs to the local government for £5000; the offer was declined. After his death, his collection was acquired by the Government and presented to the Cape Archives. A further 1,000 photographs from the collection of W.R. Morrison were added later. The "Elliott Collection", as his set of images came to be called, has been used extensively by authors writing about all aspects of old Cape architecture.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laidler, P. W. "Arthur Elliott, a Sentimental Appreciation." Cape Town.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lighton, C. "Arthur Elliott; a Memoir of the Man and the Story of his Photographic Collection." Cape Town, 1956.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Architectural Beauty of the Cape as seen by Arthur Elliott" – Hans Fransen (Balkema, Cape Town 1969)

description: South African photographer

wikidata_label: Arthur Elliott

wikipedia_title: Arthur Elliott (photographer)


text: Flemish

text: Middle Dutch

text: Middle Ages

text: Bruges

text: sacristan

text: Maerlant

text: Oostvoorne

text: sexton

text: Bruges

text: Middle Dutch

text: French

text: romance

text: Benoît de Sainte-Maure

text: Aristotle

text: Brabant

text: Thomas of Cantimpré

text: Petrus Comestor

text: scripture

text: Josephus

text: Latin

text: Bonaventure

text: Vincent de Beauvais

text: Count Floris V

text: Philip Utenbroeke

text: Lodewijc van Velthem

text: Arthurian

text: Lancelot-Compilatie

text: Robert de Boron

text: Joseph of Arimathea

text: Merlin

text: Virgin Mary

text: Holy Land

text: Acre

text: Groningen

text: Middle Dutch

text: Rutebeuf

text: Roman Catholic

text: Bible

text: vulgar

text: satirist

text: Oost-Voorne

text: County of Holland

text: Zeeland

text: Brielle

text: County of Flanders

text: Bruges

text: Saint-Jean d'Acres

text: Petrus Comestor

text: Flavius Josephus

text: Vespasianus

text: Titus

text: couplet

text: stanza

text: Santiago de Compostella

text: Den Bosch

text: Damme

text: Dutch literature

text: Flemish literature

text: Frits van Oostrom

categories: 13th-century writers,Writers of Arthurian literature,Belgian chroniclers,13th-century historians,1300 deaths,Medieval poets,People from Damme,People from Westvoorne,Middle Dutch writers,Flemish poets,13th-century births,Flemish writers (before 1830),People from Bruges

paragraph: Jacob van Maerlant

paragraph: Jacob van Maerlant (c. 1230–40 – c. 1288–1300) was the greatest Flemish poet of the 13th century and one of the most important Middle Dutch authors during the Middle Ages.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Van Maerlant was born near Bruges. He became sacristan of Maerlant, in the island of Oostvoorne, where he lived for some time, employed as a sexton, whence his surname "de Coster". Later he resided at Damme, near Bruges, where, according to tradition, he held the position of town clerk.

paragraph: His early works are Middle Dutch translations of French romances. Jacob's most serious work in the field of romance was his "Historie van Troyen" (c. 1264), a poem of some forty thousand lines, translated and amplified from the "Roman de Troie" of Benoît de Sainte-Maure.

paragraph: From this time Jacob rejected romance as idle, and devoted himself to writing scientific and historical works for the education and, enlightenment of the Flemish and Dutch nobility. His "Heimelicheit der Heimelicheden" (c. 1266) is a translation of the "Secreta secretorum", a manual for the education of princes, ascribed throughout the Middle Ages to Aristotle. "Van der Naturen Bloeme" is a free translation of "De natura rerum", a natural history in twenty books by a native of Brabant, Thomas of Cantimpré; and his "Rijmbijbel" is taken, with many omissions and additions, from the "Historia scholastica" of Petrus Comestor. He supplemented this metrical paraphrase of scripture history by "Die Wrake van Jherusalem" (1271) from Josephus. He also translated a "Life of St. Francis" ("Leven van St. Franciscus") from the Latin of Bonaventure. Jacob's most extensive work is the "Spiegel Historiael", a rhymed chronicle of the world, translated, with omissions and important additions, from the "Speculum historiale" of Vincent de Beauvais. It is dedicated to Count Floris V and was begun in 1283, but was left unfinished at the poet's death. Continuations were given by Philip Utenbroeke and Lodewijc van Velthem, a Brabant priest. He wrote three Arthurian works: "Torec", which survives in the massive "Lancelot-Compilatie";, and two romances based on the works of Robert de Boron, "Historie van den Grale" and "Boec van Merline", which tell the stories of Joseph of Arimathea and Merlin.

paragraph: Van Maerlant is also the author of a number of strophic poems, which date from different periods of his life. Of these the best known is the "Wapene Martijn" ("Alas! Martin") so called from the opening words. It is a dialogue on the course of events held between the poet himself and a character named Martin. Altogether there are three parts, of which the above-mentioned is the first. The other two parts are known as "Dander Martijn" ("Second Martin") and "Derden Martijn" ("Third Martin").

paragraph: Other poems of this kind are "Van ons Heren wonden", a translation of the hymn "Salve mea! o patrona"; "Die Clausule van der Bible", an allegorical poem in praise of the Virgin Mary; the "Disputacie van onser Vrouwen ende van den helighen Cruce", which bewails the sad situation of the Holy Land. Jacob's last poem "Van den Lande van Oversee" was written after the fall of Acre (1291) and is a stirring summons to a crusade against the infidels, with bitter complaints about abuses in the Church. The "Geesten" were edited by Franck (Groningen, 1882). Complete editions of the strophic poems were given by E. Verwijs (Groningen, 1880) and by J. Franck and J. Verdam (Groningen, 1898).

paragraph: Based on doctoral research (Van Anrooij 1997), it is now thought likely that van Maerlant was also the author of the hitherto anonymous "Van neghen den besten" ("On the Nine Worthies"). This would be his last work. It is one of the few works with European distribution whose source text was written in Middle Dutch. The work had a profound and lasting impact on the honor code of the Western European knightly elite.

paragraph: Jacob died in the closing years of the 13th century. The greater part of his work consists of translations, but he also produced poems which prove him to have had real original poetic faculty. Among these are "Die Clausule van der Bible", "Der Kerken Clage", imitated from a "Complainte" of Rutebeuf, and the three dialogues entitled "Martijn", in which the fundamental questions of theology and ethics were discussed.

paragraph: Although Jacob was an orthodox Roman Catholic, he is said to have been called to account by the priests for translating the Bible into the vulgar tongue. In spite of his orthodoxy, Jacob was a keen satirist of the corruptions of the clergy. He was one of the most learned men of his age, and for two centuries was the most celebrated of Flemish poets.

paragraph: Section::::Uncertainty about biography.

paragraph: Jacob van Maerlant is the modern name of a medieval Dutch author, who called himself Jacob van Merlant. Merlant was the name of a harbour at the island of Oost-Voorne, which was part of the County of Holland (and Zeeland), where the viscount of Zeeland held residence. In the 14th century Merlant disappeared from the map and became a part of the city of Brielle, also known as Den Briel. In the year 1261 or shortly after Jacob got a job as a 'custos' at the church of Saint Martin at Merlant, from which he took his second name.

paragraph: The date and year of his birth are unknown. Estimates usually range between 1230 and 1240, due to the 'fact' that his oldest work, "Alexanders geesten" (The deeds of Alexander [the Great]), was probably written (shortly) after 1260. Also unknown is where Jacob was born and from what parents or family. His language has been analyzed by the Dutch linguists Amand Berteloot and Evert van den Berg, who came to the conclusion that he grew up and learned to speak in the County of Flanders, somewhere south of the city of Bruges, Belgium.

paragraph: Also unknown is when and where Jacob died. Tradition holds that Jacob must have been alive in 1291, because he is considered to be the author of a poem "Vanden lande van Overzee" (On the Land across the Sea [the Holy Land]), which was written as a 'complaint' of the fall of the last Christian city in the Holy Land, Saint-Jean d'Acres.

paragraph: This poem however, which survived in only one manuscript (UB Groningen, Ms. 405), has no name attached to it in the manuscript itself. None of the texts in this manuscript bears the name of its author. But since the main body of this manuscript is Jacob van Maerlant's translation/adaptation of Petrus Comestor's "Historia scholastica", traditionally known as "Rijmbijbel" (rhymed Bible) and Jacob's adaptation/translation of Flavius Josephus's "De bello judaeico". In his recent edition of the oldest surviving manuscript (BR/KB Brussel, Ms. 15001) Maurits Gysseling treats Jacob's Josephus-translation as belonging to the Comestor-translation, yet it is a different text which Jacob named "Die wrake van Jherusalem" (The vengeance of Jeruzalem), thereby showing his interpretation of what happened – and why it happened – during the Jewish revolt against the Roman oppressors, which ended in the capture of Jeruzalem and the destruction of the Temple by emperor Vespasianus' son Titus in AD 70. Nineteenth century Dutch scholars who were used to consider rhymed texts as 'poetry' were not too happy with Jacob's rhyming couplets, which they thought were lacking poetical beauty, so they needed his authorship of these 'real' poems at the end of manuscript to prove that he was a real poet or could be a real poet, if only he wanted to.

paragraph: That Jacob was the author of this poem "Vanden lande van Overzee" was based on a verse in the 19th and last stanza: "Ghi heren, dit is Jacobs vont. (v. 235): Gentlemen, this is Jacob's creation". This is no evidence in the modern sense of the word, but in the middle of the 19th century it was more than enough proof that – considering the subject and the way the poet expresses humself – could not have been anybody else than Jacob van Maerlant. Fact is that Jacob only called himself Jacob when he was young and before he went to Merlant at Oost-voorne. Than he called hemself 'Jacob (die coster) van Merlant'. At older age when he was known and famous as the author of "Scolastica in dietschen" alias the "Rijmbijbel", finished on March 25, 1271, he simply called himself 'Merlant'. It was not uncommon in medieval literature to use alloniems to give a text more 'weight'. It is very well possible that some poet used the name Jacob – if it wasn't his name, and an often given name to celebrate the apostle Jacobus who lied buried in Santiago de Compostella – to make the impression that it was written by the famous Jacob van Maerlant. The same technique was used to appoint Jacob of Maerlant as the author (and inventor!) of a Dutch poem about the Nine Worthies. In this case the 'pia fraus' was written in Latin.

paragraph: Recent examination of the manuscript Groningen 405 by bookhistorian Jos Biemans has revealed that this codex is a mixture of older and younger quires. Jacob's "Scolastica/Wrake" belongs to the younger part, "Vanden lande van Overzee" to the older part. It took probably some 10 years (1330–1340)? to write and to assemble this book, which was presumably done in the Brabantine city Den Bosch for the nearby monastery 'Marienweerd'. Most likely the main guideline to collect the quires into one codex was not the authorship of Jacob van Maerlant but the virgin Mary, which is in perfect harmony with the name of the monastery 'Marienweert'. To make a long story short: there is no real evidence or reason to think that this manuscript Groningen 405 has to be a 'Maerlant'-collection. There is too much wishful thinking involved.

paragraph: Tradition says he died at Damme; ca. 1300, yet ca. 1288 is more realistic.

paragraph: Section::::Attributed works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alexanders Geesten"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historie van den grale"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Merlijns boeck"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Istory van Troyen"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der naturen bloeme"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rijmbijbel"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spieghel historiael"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sinte Franciscus' Leven"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wapene Martijn"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tweede Martijn"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Van der Drievoudecheide"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Verkeerde Martijn"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Kerken claghe"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Van den lande van overzee"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heimelykheid der heimelykheden"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lapidarijs"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leven van Ste. Clara"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sompniariis'

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Torec"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Van neghen den besten"

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dutch literature

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flemish literature

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evert van den Berg, "Waar kwam Jacob van Maerlant vandaan?", in Amand Berteloot: "Verslagen en mededelingen van de Koninklijke Academie voor Nederlandse taal- en letterkunde" 1993, p. 30-77.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jos Biesmans, 'Het Gronings-Zutphense Maerlant-handschrift. Over de noodzakelijkheid der handschriftenkunde', in: "Queeste" 3 (1996), p. 107-219.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frits van Oostrom, "Maerlants wereld". Amsterdam 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karina van Dalen-Oskam, "Studies over Jacob van Maerlants Rijmbijbel". Hilversum 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ingrid Biesheuvel, "Maerlants werk. Juweeltjes van zijn hand". Amsterdam 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Willem Kuiper, 'Die Destructie van Jherusalem in handschrift en druk', in: "Voortgang, jaarboek voor de neerlandistiek" 25 (2007), p. 67-88.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Claudine A. Chavannes-Mazel, "Maerlants Rijmbijbel in Museum Meermanno. De kracht van woorden, de pracht van beelden." Met vertalingen uit het Middelnederlands van het handschrift 10 B 21 door Karina van Dalen-Oskam en Willem Kuiper. Den Haag 2008.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Repertorium van Eigennamen in Middelnederlandse Literaire Teksten (REMLT)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Page on Jacob van Maerlant at Project Laurens Janszoon Coster with electronic versions of a few of his works

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diplomatic transcription of MS 10 B 21 Museum Meermanno

description: 13th-century Flemish poet

wikidata_label: Jacob van Maerlant

wikipedia_title: Jacob van Maerlant


text: Paralympic

text: Alpine skier

text: IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup

text: guide

text: Robin Femy

text: men's visually impaired giant slalom

text: Sault Ste. Marie Walk of Fame

text: Haviland Bay, Ontario

text: BMX

text: go-karts

text: Stargardt disease

text: degenerative condition

text: Alpine Canada

text: Para-Alpine

text: sighted guide

text: IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup

text: Mount Hutt, New Zealand

text: Giant Slalom

text: La Molina, Spain

text: Slalom

text: Sun Peaks, British Columbia

text: 2014 Winter Paralympics

text: Sochi

text: Robin Femy

text: Downhill

text: Super-G

text: Sault Ste. Marie Walk of Fame

text: BMX

text: go-karts

text: Debbie Amaroso

text: Canada at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

categories: Paralympic gold medalists for Canada,Medalists at the 2018 Winter Paralympics,Paralympic alpine skiers of Canada,Medalists at the 2014 Winter Paralympics,Alpine skiers at the 2014 Winter Paralympics,Alpine skiers at the 2018 Winter Paralympics,Paralympic bronze medalists for Canada,1997 births,Living people

paragraph: Mac Marcoux

paragraph: Mac Marcoux (born 20 June 1997) is a Canadian Paralympic Alpine skier who won three titles at the IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup at the age of 15. With guide Robin Femy, he won three medals in alpine skiing at the 2014 Winter Paralympics, including gold in the men's visually impaired giant slalom. He also has numerous awards including being inducted into the Sault Ste. Marie Walk of Fame. He has an older brother and a younger sister. He also enjoys riding BMX and mountain bikes.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Mac Marcoux was born on 20 June 1997 in Haviland Bay, Ontario. He resides there with his parents and two siblings, an older brother and a younger sister. He started skiing at the age of four. He also rode BMX bikes and raced go-karts. In 2006, he started losing his sight due to Stargardt disease, a degenerative condition, and became legally blind in 2007. He said: "We've always been a racing family from the beginning. It's how I've grown up. Going fast was just a part of it. The faster you go the more fun it is".

paragraph: After Marcoux had lost his vision, his brother Billy Joe (B.J.) Marcoux decided to put his college education on hold in order to assist him with skiing. Alpine Canada introduced them to a new kind of skiing called Para-Alpine. They were inspired by the McKeever brothers to do visually impaired para-alpine. Other than the Paralympics, his brother B.J. has been his sighted guide using radio communication ever since then; something they had never used before.

paragraph: Section::::Para-Alpine career.

paragraph: Marcoux is classified as a B3 (visually impaired) athlete. At the age of 15, he competed at the 2013 IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup in Mount Hutt, New Zealand, with B.J. as his guide, winning three medals. Later that year he won a silver medal in the Giant Slalom at the 2013 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships in La Molina, Spain, and became the national Slalom and Giant Slalom champion at Sun Peaks, British Columbia.

paragraph: Section::::Para-Alpine career.:2014 Winter Paralympics.

paragraph: The following year he competed in the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi as the youngest member of the Canadian Paralympic Team at the age of 16. With Robin Femy as his guide. He won bronze in both the Downhill and the Super-G, as well as a gold in the Giant Slalom by over two seconds. "It is the best moment of my life", he said after winning gold. "I can't even explain how amazing this is."

paragraph: Mac and his brother B.J. were inducted into the Sault Ste. Marie Walk of Fame on 19 September 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Para-Alpine career.:Post-Sochi.

paragraph: At the 2017 World Championships he won gold in the downhill, giant slalom, slalom, and super-G. He also won silver in the super combined.

paragraph: Section::::Other interests.

paragraph: He raced BMX bikes and go-karts with his brother B.J. before he was blind. After he lost his sight, he fished and also rode mountain bikes at Whistler with a guide using the same kind of radio communication system.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: Marcoux and his brother BJ was presented the H.P. Broughton Trophy and was named into the Sault Ste. Marie Walk of Fame. In October 2014, the brothers were also inducted into the Sault Ste. Marie Sports Hall of Fame by mayor Debbie Amaroso.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canada at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

description: Canadian Para-Alpine Skier

wikidata_label: Mac Marcoux

wikipedia_title: Mac Marcoux


href: Dacia Decebalus Jordanes Comosicus Duras%20%28Dacian%20king%29 Frontinus Moesia Tiberius Caligula Year%20of%20Four%20Emperors Roxolani Licinius%20Mucianus Vespasian Vitellius

text:
Dacia
Decebalus
Jordanes
Comosicus
Duras
Frontinus
Moesia
Tiberius
Caligula
Year of Four Emperors
Roxolani
Licinius Mucianus
Vespasian
Vitellius

categories: Dacian kings,1st-century monarchs in Europe

paragraph: Scorilo

paragraph: Scorilo (died c.70) was a king of Dacia who may have been the father of Decebalus. Evidence for his life and reign is fragmentary.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: The Roman historian Jordanes lists a series of Dacian kings before Decebalus, placing a ruler called "Coryllus" between Comosicus and the independently attested Duras, who preceded Decebalus as king. Coryllus is supposed to have presided over a long peaceful 40-year rule.

paragraph: The name Coryllus is not mentioned by any other historian, and it has been argued that it "is a misspelling of Scorilo, a relatively common Dacian name". On this basis, Coryllus has been equated with the Scorilo named on an ancient Dacian pot bearing the words “Decebalus per Scorilo”. Though far from certain, this has also been translated as "Decebalus son of Scorilo". If so, this might mean that Decebalus was the son of Scorilo, with Duras possibly being either an older son or a brother of Scorilo. A Dacian king ("dux Dacorum") called Scorilo is also mentioned by Frontinus, who says he was in power during a period of turmoil in Rome.

paragraph: From this evidence and references to Dacian kings elsewhere, it is suggested that Scorilo probably ruled from the 30s or 40s AD through to 69-70.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: The Dacians regularly raided into Roman territory in Moesia. The emperors Tiberius and Caligula solved this problem by paying protection money to the Dacians in the form of annual subsidies. This policy appears to have coincided with the reign of Scorilo. Scorilo's brother was apparently held captive for a period in Rome, but was released in exchange for a promise that the Dacians would not intervene in Rome's volatile power-politics.

paragraph: During the reign of Nero, troops were withdrawn from the Dacian border, leaving the empire vulnerable. When Nero was overthrown in 69, the empire was plunged into turmoil in the Year of Four Emperors. The Dacians appear to have tried to take advantage of the situation to launch an invasion of Moesia in alliance with the Sarmatian Roxolani. The invasion was ill-timed. Licinius Mucianus, a supporter of Vespasian, was advancing with an army through Moesia towards Rome to overthrow Vitellius. The Dacians unexpectedly encountered his forces and were pushed back, suffering a major defeat.

paragraph: Scorilo appears to have died around this time, perhaps during the campaign.

wikidata_label: Scorilo

wikipedia_title: Scorilo


text: Zapruder film

text: Stemmons Freeway

text: Dealey Plaza

text: assassination of John F. Kennedy

text: Errol Morris

text: The New York Times

text: umbrella

text: President

text: John F. Kennedy

text: Kennedy's limousine

text: Texas School Book Depository

text: Richard Sprague

text: Oliver Stone

text: JFK

text: The X-Files

text: Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man

text: Robert B. Cutler

text: L. Fletcher Prouty

text: Joseph

text: Neville Chamberlain

text: Adolf Hitler

text: World War II

text: Harvard

text: Why England Slept

text: Berlin Wall

text: Bonn

text: "Guinness Book of World Records"

text: Badge Man

text: Three tramps

text: Babushka Lady

text: The JFK 100: The Umbrella Man

categories: Conspiracy theories regarding the assassination of John F. Kennedy,Formerly unidentified people,Witnesses to the assassination of John F. Kennedy,1924 births

paragraph: Umbrella man (JFK assassination)

paragraph: The "umbrella man", identified by the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations in 1978 as Louie Steven Witt, is a name given to a figure who appears in the Zapruder film, and several other films and photographs, near the Stemmons Freeway sign within Dealey Plaza during the assassination of John F. Kennedy.

paragraph: Witt is the subject of a 2011 documentary short, "The Umbrella Man", by Errol Morris for "The New York Times".

paragraph: Section::::Speculation.

paragraph: A person popularly dubbed the "umbrella man" has been the object of much speculation, as he was the only person seen carrying, and opening, an umbrella on that sunny day. He was also one of the closest bystanders to President John F. Kennedy when Kennedy was first struck by a bullet. As Kennedy's limousine approached, the man opened up and lifted the umbrella high above his head, then spun or panned the umbrella from east to west (clockwise) as the president passed by him. In the aftermath of the assassination, the "umbrella man" sat down on the sidewalk next to another man before getting up and walking towards the Texas School Book Depository.

paragraph: Early speculation came from assassination researchers Josiah Thompson and Richard Sprague who noticed the open umbrella in a series of photographs. Thompson and Sprague suggested that the "umbrella man" may have been acting as a signaler of some kind, opening his umbrella to signal "go ahead" and then raising it to communicate "fire a second round" to other gunmen. The "umbrella man" is depicted as performing such a role in Oliver Stone's film "JFK" and "The X-Files" episode "Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man." Another theory proposed by Robert B. Cutler and endorsed by Colonel L. Fletcher Prouty is that the umbrella may have been used to fire a dart with a paralyzing agent at Kennedy to immobilize his muscles and make him a "sitting duck" for an assassination.

paragraph: Section::::Identification.

paragraph: After an appeal to the public by the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA), Louie Steven Witt came forward in 1978 and claimed to be the "umbrella man". He claimed still to have the umbrella and did not know he had been the subject of controversy. He said that he brought the umbrella simply to heckle Kennedy whose father Joseph had been a supporter of the Nazi-appeasing British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain. By waving a black umbrella, Chamberlain's trademark fashion accessory, Witt said he was protesting the Kennedy family appeasing Adolf Hitler before World War II. An umbrella had been used in cartoons in the 1930s to symbolize such appeasement, and Chamberlain often carried an umbrella. Kennedy, who wrote a thesis on appeasement while at Harvard, "Why England Slept", might have recognized the symbolism of the umbrella. Black umbrellas had been used in connection with protests against the President before; at the time of the construction of the Berlin Wall, a group of schoolchildren from Bonn sent the White House an umbrella labeled "Chamberlain".

paragraph: Testifying before the HSCA, Witt said "I think if the "Guinness Book of World Records" had a category for people who were at the wrong place at the wrong time, doing the wrong thing, I would be No. 1 in that position, without even a close runner-up."

paragraph: Witt died on November 17, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Badge Man

paragraph: BULLET::::- Three tramps

paragraph: BULLET::::- Babushka Lady

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The JFK 100: The Umbrella Man

paragraph: BULLET::::- JFK Assassination Home Page: The Umbrella Man in Dealey Plaza

paragraph: BULLET::::- JFK Assassination Home Page: The Umbrella Man Shooting Darts in Dealey Plaza

description: Person seen in the Zapruder film

wikidata_label: Umbrella Man

wikipedia_title: Umbrella man (JFK assassination)


text:
Egyptian
pharaoh
13th Dynasty of Egypt
Second Intermediate Period
Thebes
Memphis
14th Dynasty
Turin canon
Ramesside period
Kim Ryholt
schist
Petrie Museum
Jürgen von Beckerath
Stephen Quirke
Khepri
Merkare
Mershepsesre Ini II

paragraph: Merkheperre

paragraph: Merkheperre was an Egyptian pharaoh of the late 13th Dynasty of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period reigning some time between 1663 BC and 1649 BC. As such Merkheperre would have reigned either over Upper Egypt from Thebes or over Middle and Upper Egypt from Memphis. At the time, the Eastern Nile Delta was under the domination of the 14th Dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.

paragraph: Merkheperre appears on the Turin canon, a king list compiled in the early Ramesside period. According to the egyptologist Kim Ryholt, the canon gives his prenomen on the 8th column, line 17 (Gardiner entry 7.22 ). The Turin papyrus is damaged on the section covering the late 13th dynasty and Merkheperre's reign length is lost in a lacuna.

paragraph: Merkheperre is also attested by two artefacts dating to his reign: a glazed weight of grey schist bearing his cartouche, now in the Petrie Museum UC 16372 and a scarab inscribed with his name. Although the scarab is accepted as evidence of Merkheperre by Darrell Baker, Jürgen von Beckerath, Stephen Quirke and others, Kim Ryholt rejects this attribution. Ryholt points to its lack of royal attributes and insignia as well as its stylistic features which depart from other royal seals of the 13th dynasty. Rather, Ryholt proposes that the scarab simply represents Khepri pushing the sun.

paragraph: Section::::Chronological position.

paragraph: The exact chronological position of Merkheperre is not known for certain as the damaged state of the Turin canon only allows for conjectural reconstructions of the late 13th dynasty. According to Ryholt he was the forty-seventh ruler of the dynasty, while Baker sees him as the forty-sixth and von Beckerath as the fifty-seventh. All agree that he was succeeded by Merkare, however von Beckerath proposed that his predecessor was Mershepsesre Ini II, when a new reconstruction of the Turin canon led Ryholt and Baker to propose that his predecessor was "Mer[...]re".

description: Pharaoh of the 13th dynasty of Egypt

wikidata_label: Merkheperre

wikipedia_title: Merkheperre