text:
Meinhardiner
Henry III

categories: Counts of Gorizia,14th-century deaths,Year of death unknown,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Meinhard V, Count of Gorizia

paragraph: Meinhard V, Count of Gorizia (d. after 1318) was a member of the Meinhardiner family. He was a son of Count Henry III and his first wife Beatrix dei Camerino.

paragraph: Little is known about his life. He was probably co-ruler with his father.

description: Austrian nobleman

wikidata_label: Meinhard V, Count of Gorizia

wikipedia_title: Meinhard V, Count of Gorizia


text:
American football
running back
NFL
Pro Bowls
Cleveland Browns
Los Angeles Raiders
kick returner
Super Bowl XVIII
Washington Redskins
University of Oklahoma
B.C. Elmore High School
All-American
1971
1972
Heisman Trophy
College Football Hall of Fame
ABC
Superstars
decathlon
Interview of Greg Pruitt
Dan Coughlin
Cleveland Public Library

categories: Oklahoma Sooners football players,American Conference Pro Bowl players,People from Houston,Cleveland Browns players,Los Angeles Raiders players,1951 births,College Football Hall of Fame inductees,Sportspeople from Shaker Heights, Ohio,American football running backs,Living people,All-American college football players

paragraph: Greg Pruitt

paragraph: Gregory Donald "Greg" Pruitt (born August 18, 1951) is a former American football running back in the NFL from 1973 through 1984. He was selected to five Pro Bowls, four as a member of the Cleveland Browns and one as a member of the Los Angeles Raiders, the last one as a kick returner. He was also part of the Raiders' Super Bowl XVIII winning team, beating the Washington Redskins.

paragraph: University of Oklahoma American football line coach Bill Michael liked to recruit players from B.C. Elmore High School, where he recruited Pruitt. Pruitt was an All-American at the University of Oklahoma in 1971 and 1972, Greg was All-Big 8 as well in '71 and '72. He ranks third among Sooners in career all-purpose yards. Pruitt gained 3,122 rushing yards, 491 receiving yards, 139 yards on punt returns and 679 yards returning kickoffs. Pruitt scored 41 career touchdowns as a Sooner. He came in second in Heisman Trophy voting in 1972, and third in 1971.

paragraph: In 1999, he was inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame.

paragraph: The Greg Pruitt rule established tear-away jerseys as illegal. Pruitt purposely wore flimsy jerseys that ripped apart in the hands of would-be tacklers.

paragraph: In 1979, Pruitt won ABC's Superstars, an all-around sports competition that pits elite athletes from different sports against one another in a series of athletic events resembling a decathlon.

paragraph: Section::::External Links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview of Greg Pruitt conducted by Dan Coughlin at Cleveland Public Library on May 4, 2016 (audio only).

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Greg Pruitt

wikipedia_title: Greg Pruitt


text:
anatomist
Halle
zoology
medical
doctorate
University of Halle
Kurt Sprengel
Johann Christian Reil
Würzburg
Vienna
Paris
zoologist
Georges Cuvier
zootomical
pathological anatomy
surgery
obstetrics
Justus Christian Loder
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
naturalist
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
teratology
embryologist
Étienne Serres
ontogeny
scala naturae
Meckel's diverticulum
Meckel's cartilage
mandible
Meckel syndrome
chromosome 8
Meckel-Serres Law
Johann Friedrich Meckel, the Elder
Philipp Friedrich Theodor Meckel
August Albrecht Meckel
tuberculosis
Johann Heinrich Meckel
pathologic anatomy
University of Berlin
Charité
Rudolf Virchow
Meckel syndrome
Meckel diverticulum
Johann Friedrich Meckel
Who Named It

categories: 1833 deaths,University of Halle alumni,German anatomists,Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,Teratologists,1781 births,People from Halle (Saale),University of Halle faculty,Proto-evolutionary biologists,People from the Duchy of Magdeburg

paragraph: Johann Friedrich Meckel

paragraph: Johann Friedrich Meckel (17 October 1781 – 31 October 1833), often referred to as Johann Friedrich Meckel, the Younger, was a German anatomist born in Halle. He worked as a professor of anatomy, pathology and zoology at the University of Halle, Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Life and research.

paragraph: In 1802, he received his medical doctorate from the University of Halle, defending his doctoral thesis "De cordis conditionibus abnormibus" on 8 April 1802. At Halle he had as instructors, Kurt Sprengel (1766-1833) and Johann Christian Reil (1759-1813). After graduation, Meckel continued his education in Würzburg, Vienna and Paris. In Paris, he assisted zoologist Georges Cuvier (1769–1832) with systematic analysis of anatomical and zootomical specimens. In 1810 he finished translating Cuvier's five-volume "Leçons d’anatomie Comparée" from French into German.

paragraph: In 1808, he became a full professor of normal and pathological anatomy, surgery and obstetrics at the University of Halle, replacing Justus Christian Loder (1753-1832). From 1826 to 1833, he was editor of the "Archiv für Anatomie und Physiologie". In 1829, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

paragraph: Meckel adopted naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's (1744–1829) evolutionary beliefs. He was a pioneer in the science of teratology, in particular the study of birth defects and abnormalities that occur during embryonic development. He believed that abnormal development adhered to the same natural laws as did normal development. With French embryologist Étienne Serres (1786–1868), the "Meckel-Serres Law" is named, defined as a theory of parallelism between the stages of ontogeny and the stages of a unifying pattern in the organic world ("scala naturae").

paragraph: Section::::Associated terms.

paragraph: The following eponymous terms are named after him:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meckel's diverticulum – an out-pouching of the ileum, part of the small intestine, and found in approximately 2% of the population.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meckel's cartilage – A cartilaginous bar from which the mandible is formed. Described in 1820.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A syndrome – Meckel syndrome – is also named after him. This condition was described in 1822.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A protein – mecklin – the gene for which is found on chromosome 8 (8q21.3-q22.1) is named after him.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The supposed Meckel-Serres Law of recapitulation in embryology.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: His grandfather was also named "Johann Friedrich Meckel". In order to avoid confusion, he is often referred to as Johann Friedrich Meckel, the Elder. The elder Meckel was also a professor of anatomy, and he too has anatomical structures named after him.

paragraph: His father, Philipp Friedrich Theodor Meckel (1755–1803), was also an anatomist.

paragraph: His brother, August Albrecht Meckel (1789–1829), practiced legal medicine and investigated avian anatomy but died prematurely from tuberculosis.

paragraph: August's son – Johann Heinrich Meckel (1821–1856) – was the professor of pathologic anatomy at the University of Berlin that his great-grandfather had held at the Charité. After his death also from pulmonary disease, his position was filled by Rudolf Virchow.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meckel syndrome

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meckel diverticulum

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johann Friedrich Meckel @ Who Named It

description: German anatomist

wikidata_label: Johann Friedrich Meckel the younger

wikipedia_title: Johann Friedrich Meckel


text:
Mexican
boleros
rancheras
Tacubaya
Mexico City
Puebla
Julito Rodriguez
Alfredo Gil
Los Panchos
stage name
boleros
trio music
mariachi
rancheras
corridos
danzones
waltzes
tangos
En Mi Viejo San Juan
José Alfredo Jiménez
Pedro Armendáriz
María Victoria
Antonio Aguilar
Lola Beltrán
Juan Pistolas
Sinful
Jorge Negrete
Pedro Infante
Pedro Infante
Mérida, Yucatán
Jorge Negrete
1961
1966
gallbladder surgery
Complete Discography on mtv.com
Lyrics of selected songs
Recuerdo a Javier Solís
Rancheras

categories: 20th-century Mexican singers,Singers from Mexico City,1931 births,Ranchera singers,Mexican male singers,1966 deaths,Male actors from Mexico City,Mexican male film actors,20th-century Mexican male actors

paragraph: Javier Solís

paragraph: Javier Solís (born Gabriel Siria Levario 1 September 1931 – 19 April 1966) was a Mexican singer of boleros and rancheras as well as a movie actor.

paragraph: Section::::Early history.

paragraph: Gabriel Siria Levario was the first of three children of Francisco Siria Mora, a baker and butcher, and Juana Levario Plata, a trader. Juana had a stall at a public market and as her spouse had allegedly abandoned her, she had little time save for work. After a time, she decided to leave her son at the household of his uncle Valentín Levario Plata and his wife, Ángela López Martínez, whom Gabriel considered his real parents.

paragraph: Siria had to drop out of school before his teens to support his family, after the death of his aunt Angela. Due to his aunt's death Gabriel only completed the first five years of primary school in Tacubaya in Mexico City, where he used to participate in singing contests. After dropping out of school he worked collecting bones and glass. Later he worked in a supermarket transporting merchandise. He worked as a baker, a butcher, a carpenters helper and a car washer. In his spare time, he trained as an amateur boxer, with aspirations of going professional, but after suffering a few defeats, he was urged to work at something "more decent".

paragraph: Section::::Singing career.

paragraph: Siria began singing in competitions under the pseudonym of "Javier Luquín" in which the winner would be awarded a new pair of shoes; he was eventually banned from participating because he so dominated the competition. At that time he was working as a butcher, and sang while he worked. His boss, David Lara Ríos, heard him and was so impressed with his talent that he urged Siria to dedicate himself to his music and recommended him to a voice coach, even paying for singing lessons with Noé Quintero.

paragraph: At age 16, Siria went to Puebla to sing with the Mariachi Metepec, but he did not get his first professional break until two years later when Julito Rodriguez and Alfredo Gil of the famous singing trio, Los Panchos, discovered him and took him to audition at CBS Records. There in 1950, he signed a contract and recorded his first album. He was singing at the same time at the Teatro Lirico in Mexico City when he met dancer Blanca Estela Saenz who would later become his wife. His first hit, "Llorarás", came two years later, and it was his then-producer Felipe Valdes Leal who gave Siria his stage name, "Javier Solís".

paragraph: Solís began to receive international acclaim in 1957 when he began appearing in the United States and Central and South America. He was among the first artists to sing in the new style now known as bolero-ranchera. He sang boleros typically associated with trio music but which now were accompanied by mariachis. Solís was a versatile interpreter singing not only boleros, but rancheras, corridos, danzones, waltzes, and tangos, among others. His hit recordings included "Sombras", "Payaso", "Vereda Tropical", "En Mi Viejo San Juan", and "Amanecí En Tus Brazos", the latter a re-recording of the hit written and recorded by José Alfredo Jiménez.

paragraph: Section::::Acting career.

paragraph: Solís began his acting career in 1959 and appeared in more than 20 films, working with such artists as Pedro Armendáriz, María Victoria, Antonio Aguilar, and Lola Beltrán. His last movie, "Juan Pistolas", was finished in 1965, the same year that his film, "Sinful", was released. During his lifetime, he was considered a better singer than actor by his public, who rated him alongside such accomplished artists as Jorge Negrete and Pedro Infante who with Solis, made up the "Three Mexican Roosters" of Mexican music and cinemas.

paragraph: Section::::Final years and death.

paragraph: Following the 1957 death of Pedro Infante in a plane crash in Mérida, Yucatán, Solís experienced a surge of popularity, not least because he was considered the last of the "Three Mexican Roosters" who along with Infante and Jorge Negrete, had been the idols of Mexican music and cinema. Between 1961 and 1966 (the year of his death), he had 12 No. 1 hits on the Mexican charts.

paragraph: On April 12, 1966 (only seven days before his death), Solís performed the song "Perdóname mi vida" live on a TV Show, making notorious pain gestures during the performance. On April 19, 1966, Solís died at the age of 34 in Mexico City from complications due to gallbladder surgery. Following surgery, his doctors had refused him water, and his last words concerned his thirst and imminent death: "They will have to shower my grave with lots of water. I know that I'm going to die. There is no cure."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Javier Solís was a prolific artist, leaving an extensive discography, and like Infante, most of his albums are still in print.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Complete Discography on mtv.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lyrics of selected songs

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Recuerdo a Javier Solís

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rancheras

alias:
Javier Solis
Señor de Sombras

description: Mexican actor and singer

wikidata_label: Javier Solís

wikipedia_title: Javier Solís


text: courtesy name

text: Chancellor

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: final years of the dynasty

text: Three Kingdoms

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text: Ye

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text: Chinese opera

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text: speak of the Devil

text: Communists

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text: Tang dynasty poetry

text: "Jian'an" style

text: Classic of Poetry

text: Burton Watson

text: Shanshui poetry

text: "View of the Blue Sea" (觀滄海)

text: Anyang County

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text: Cao Huan

text: Cao Yu

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text: spirit way

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text: Empress Wuxuan

text: Cao Pi

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text: A daughter

text: Liu Xie

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text: Xiahou Mao

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text: He Yan

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text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Luo Guanzhong

text: Han dynasty

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Lü Boshe

text: Hong Kong cinema

text: Lai Man-Wai

text: The Witty Sorcerer

text: Zuo Ci

text: Shaw Brothers

text: The Weird Man

text: Five Element Ninjas

text: Bao Guo'an

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Golden Eagle Awards

text: Flying Apsaras Award

text: Damian Lau

text: Zhang Fengyi

text: Red Cliff

text: Chen Jianbin

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Jiang Wen

text: The Lost Bladesman

text: Cao Cao

text: Chow Yun-fat

text: The Assassins

text: Zhao Lixin

text: Cao Cao

text: The Advisors Alliance

text: Tse Kwan-ho

text: Secret of the Three Kingdoms

text: Wang Kai

text: Dynasty Warriors

text: San Guo Sha

text: Portal Three Kingdoms

text: Koei

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Dynasty Warriors

text: Warriors Orochi

text: Koei

text: Kessen II

text: Puzzle & Dragons

text: Civilization IV

text: Civilization V

text: Creative Assembly

text: Capcom

text: Tenchi wo Kurau

text: Koihime Musō

text: Sōten Kōro

text: The Story of the Stone

text: Western Han dynasty

text: Cao Shen

text: Fudan University

text: Shanghai University

text: Song dynasty

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Cao Teng

text: Cao Song

text: Cao Wei family trees

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Empty Fort Strategy

text: "Peng Te-huai: The Man and the Image"

text: Yip, Wai-lim

text: Cao Cao – Ancient History Encyclopedia

categories: Chinese non-fiction writers,Political office-holders in Shandong,Politicians from Bozhou,3rd-century Chinese poets,Han dynasty prime ministers,220 deaths,Regents of China,Han dynasty warlords,Cao Cao and immediate family,155 births,Han dynasty politicians from Anhui,Han dynasty poets,3rd-century heads of government,Poets from Anhui

paragraph: Cao Cao

paragraph: Cao Cao (; ; ;  – 15 March 220), courtesy name Mengde, was a Chinese warlord and the penultimate Chancellor of the Eastern Han dynasty who rose to great power in the final years of the dynasty. As one of the central figures of the Three Kingdoms period, he laid the foundations for what was to become the state of Cao Wei and ultimately the Jin dynasty, and was posthumously honoured as "Emperor Wu of Wei". He is often portrayed as a cruel and merciless tyrant in subsequent literature; however, he has also been praised as a brilliant ruler and military genius who treated his subordinates like his family.

paragraph: During the fall of the Eastern Han dynasty, Cao Cao was able to secure the most populated and prosperous cities of the central plains and northern China. Cao Cao had much success as the Han chancellor, but his handling of the Han Emperor Xian was heavily criticised and resulted in a continued and then escalated civil war. Opposition directly gathered around warlords Liu Bei and Sun Quan, whom Cao Cao was unable to quell.

paragraph: Cao Cao was also skilled in poetry, calligraphy and martial arts and wrote many war journals.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Cao Cao was born in Qiao, Principality of Pei (present-day Bozhou, Anhui), in 155. His father Cao Song was a foster son of Cao Teng, who in turn was one of the favourite eunuchs of Emperor Huan. Some historical records, including the "Biography of Cao Man", claim that Cao Song's original family name was Xiahou. However, recent studies show that these records are wrong.

paragraph: Cao was known for his craftiness as an adolescent. According to the "Biography of Cao Man", Cao Cao's uncle complained to Cao Song about Cao Cao's indulgence in hunting and music with Yuan Shao. In retaliation, Cao Cao feigned a fit before his uncle, who immediately rushed to inform Cao Song. When Cao Song went to see his son, Cao Cao behaved normally. When asked, Cao Cao replied, "I have never had a fit, but I lost the love of my uncle, and therefore he deceived you." Afterwards, Cao Song ceased to believe his brother regarding Cao Cao, and thus Cao Cao became even more blatant and insistent in his wayward pursuits.

paragraph: At that time, there was a man named Xu Shao who lived in Runan and was famous for his ability to evaluate a person's potentials and talents. Cao Cao paid him a visit in hopes of receiving an evaluation that would help him politically. At first, Xu Shao refused to make a statement; however, under persistent questioning, he finally said, "You would be a capable minister in peaceful times and an unscrupulous hero in chaotic times." Cao Cao laughed and left. There are two other versions of this comment in other unofficial historical records.

paragraph: Section::::Early career and Yellow Turban Rebellion (175–188).

paragraph: At the age of 20, Cao Cao was appointed district captain of Luoyang. Upon taking up the post, he placed rows of multicolored stakes outside his office and ordered his deputies to flog those who violated the law, regardless of their status. An uncle of Jian Shuo, one of the most powerful and influential eunuchs under Emperor Ling, was caught walking in the city after the evening curfew by Cao Cao's men and was flogged. This prompted Jian Shuo and other higher authorities to ostensibly promote Cao Cao to the post of governor of Dunqiu County while actually moving him out of the imperial capital. Cao Cao remained in this position for little more than a year, being dismissed from office in 178 for his distant family ties with the disgraced Empress Song. Around 180, Cao Cao returned to court as a Consultant (議郎) and presented two memoranda against the eunuchs' influence in court and government corruption during his tenure, to limited effect.

paragraph: When the Yellow Turban Rebellion broke out in 184, Cao Cao was recalled to Luoyang and appointed Captain of the Cavalry (騎都尉) and sent to Yingchuan in Yu Province to suppress the rebels. He was successful and was sent to Jinan as Chancellor (相) to prevent the spread of Yellow Turban influence there. In Jinan, Cao Cao aggressively enforced the ban on unorthodox cults, destroyed shrines, and supported state Confucianism. He offended the local leading families in the process, and resigned on grounds of poor health around 187, fearing that he had put his family in danger. He was offered the post of Administrator of Dong Commandery (東郡), but he declined and returned to his home in Pei County. Around that time, Wang Fen (王芬) tried to recruit Cao Cao to join his coup to replace Emperor Ling with the Marquis of Hefei, but Cao Cao refused. The plot came to nothing, and Wang Fen killed himself.

paragraph: Section::::Alliance against Dong Zhuo (189–191).

paragraph: After 18 months in retirement, Cao Cao returned to the capital Luoyang in 188. That year, he was appointed Colonel Who Arranges the Army (典軍校尉), fourth of eight heads of a newly established imperial army, the Army of the Western Garden. The effectiveness of this new force was never tested, since it was disbanded the very next year.

paragraph: In 189, Emperor Ling died and was succeeded by his eldest son (Emperor Shao), although state power was mainly controlled by Empress Dowager He and her advisors. The empress dowager's brother, General-in-Chief He Jin, plotted with Yuan Shao to eliminate the Ten Attendants (a group of influential eunuchs in the imperial court). He Jin summoned Dong Zhuo, a seasoned general of Liang Province, to lead an army into Luoyang to pressure the empress dowager to surrender power, braving accusations of Dong's "infamy". Before Dong Zhuo arrived, He Jin was assassinated by the eunuchs and Luoyang was thrown into chaos as Yuan Shao's supporters fought the eunuchs. Dong Zhuo's army easily rid the palace grounds of opposition. After he deposed Emperor Shao, Dong Zhuo placed the puppet Emperor Xian on the throne, since he deemed that Emperor Xian was more capable than the original puppet Emperor Shao.

paragraph: After rejecting Dong Zhuo's offer of appointment, Cao Cao left Luoyang for Chenliu (southeast of present-day Kaifeng, Henan, Cao's hometown), where he built an army. The next year, regional warlords formed a military alliance under Yuan Shao against Dong. Cao Cao joined them, becoming one of the few active fighting members of the coalition. Although the warlords liberated the capital of Luoyang, Dong Zhuo's court managed to flee westwards to the former capital of Chang'an, abducting Emperor Xian. The coalition fell apart after months of inactivity, and China fell into civil war while Dong Zhuo was killed in 192 by Lü Bu.

paragraph: Section::::Carving a territory (191–199).

paragraph: Section::::Carving a territory (191–199).:Conquest of Yan Province (191–195).

paragraph: Through short-term and regional-scale wars, Cao Cao continued to expand his power. In 191, Cao Cao was appointed Administrator of Dong commandery (Dongjun) in Chenliu. This happened after he successfully fought against the bandit chieftain Bo Rao, and Yuan Shao named him Administrator in the stead of the ineffectual Wang Hong. He cleared Dong of bandits, and when the Inspector of Yan Province Liu Dai died the following year, he was invited by Bao Xun and other officers to become the Governor of Yan Province, and deal with an uprising of Yellow Turbans in Qing Province who raided Yan. Despite several setbacks, Cao Cao managed to subdue the rebels by the end of 192, likely through negotiations, and added their 30,000 troops to his army. In early 193, Cao Cao and Yuan Shao fought against the latter's cousin Yuan Shu, driving him away to the River Huai.

paragraph: Cao Cao's father Cao Song was killed in autumn 193 by troops of Tao Qian, governor of Xu Province (who claimed to be innocent, and that Cao Song's murderers had been mutineers). Enraged, Cao Cao massacred thousands of civilians in Xu during two punitive expeditions in 193 and 194, to avenge his father. Because he took the bulk of his soldiers to Xu Province in order to defeat Tao Qian, most of his territory was left undefended. A number of discontented officers led by Chen Gong and Zhang Chao (Zhang Miao’s brother) plotted to rebel. They convinced Zhang Miao to be their leader, and to ask Lü Bu to come with reinforcements. Chen Gong invited Lü Bu to be the new Inspector of Yan province. Lü Bu accepted this invitation and led his soldiers into the province. Since Cao Cao’s army was away, many of the local commanders figured that fighting would be a lost cause and surrendered to Lü Bu as soon as he arrived. However three counties – Juancheng, Dong’a, and Fan, remained loyal to Cao Cao and when Cao Cao returned, he gathered his own forces at Juancheng.

paragraph: Throughout 194 and 195, Cao Cao and Lü Bu fought several battles of some size for the control of Yan Province. Though Lü Bu initially did well in holding Puyang, Cao Cao won almost every engagement outside of Puyang. Cao Cao’s decisive victory came in a battle near Dongming. Lü Bu and Chen Gong led a large army to assault Cao Cao’s forces. At that time, Cao Cao was out with a small army, harvesting grain. Seeing Lü Bu and Chen Gong approaching, Cao Cao hid his soldiers in some woods and behind a dam. He then sent a small force ahead to skirmish with Lü Bu’s army. Once the two forces were committed, he unleashed his hidden soldiers. Lü Bu’s army was devastated by this attack and many of his soldiers fled.

paragraph: Lü Bu and Chen Gong both fled after that battle. Since Xu province was now under Liu Bei’s command and Liu Bei had been Cao Cao’s enemy in the past, they fled to Xu for safety. Cao Cao decided not to pursue them and instead set about crushing Lü Bu’s loyalists in Yan, consolidating his hold over that province. Eighteen months after the rebellion started, Cao had destroyed Zhang Miao and his family, and regained Yan Province by the end of 195.

paragraph: Section::::Carving a territory (191–199).:Securing the emperor (196).

paragraph: Cao Cao moved his headquarters in early 196 from Puyang to Xu City (許, present-day Xuchang), where he built military agricultural colonies for the settlement of refugees and supply of food for his troops.

paragraph: Around August 196, Emperor Xian returned to Luoyang under the escort of Yang Feng and Dong Cheng. Cao Cao joined Emperor Xian in autumn 196 and convinced him to move the capital to Xu City as suggested by Xun Yu and other advisors, as Luoyang was ruined by war and Chang'an was not under Cao's military control. He was appointed Minister of Works (after negotiating with his nominal superior Yuan Shao), and Director of Retainers (司隸 Sī lì), granting him nominal control over Sili Province. Furthermore, he became General-in-Chief (大將軍) and Marquis of Wuping (武平侯), though both titles had little practical application. While some viewed the emperor as a puppet under Cao Cao's control, Cao adhered to a strict personal code until his death that he would not usurp the throne. When he was approached by his advisors to overthrow the Han dynasty and start his own dynasty, he replied, "If heaven bestows such a fate upon me, let me be King Wen of Zhou."

paragraph: To maintain a good relationship with Yuan Shao, who had become the most powerful warlord in China when he united the northern four provinces, Cao Cao lobbied to have Yuan appointed Minister of Works. However, this had the opposite effect, as Yuan Shao believed that Cao Cao was trying to humiliate him, since Minister of Works technically ranked lower than General-in-Chief, and therefore refused to accept the title. To pacify Yuan Shao, Cao Cao offered his own position to him, while becoming Minister of Works himself. While this temporarily resolved the conflict, it was the catalyst for the Battle of Guandu later.

paragraph: Section::::Carving a territory (191–199).:Battling Zhang Xiu, Liu Biao, and Lü Bu (197–198).

paragraph: Liu Biao was a major power at that time, holding all of Jing province. Jing had always been prosperous, but it had grown in size because many people fled from the northern wars and sought refuge there. Therefore, Liu Biao constituted a danger to Cao Cao. Zhang Xiu commanded Liu Biao’s territory on the border with Cao Cao, so Cao Cao went to attack him. In 197 Zhang Xiu surrendered to Cao Cao but later attacked his camp in the night (the Battle of Wancheng), killing many people and forcing Cao Cao to flee.

paragraph: After taking a few months to recover, Cao Cao attacked Yuan Shu’s forces at Ku, claiming more of the man’s land.

paragraph: Later in 197, Cao Cao returned south to attack Liu Biao/Zhang Xiu once more. This time, Cao Cao was very successful and greatly damaged their army. Cao Cao attacked Zhang Xiu again in 198 leading to the Battle of Rangcheng and was again victorious. He ultimately retreated from this campaign because he received word that Yuan Shao was planning to march on Xu, though this report turned out to be in error.

paragraph: In April 198, Cao Cao sent envoys to incite the western warlords to attack Chang'an, still controlled by Dong Zhuo's successor Li Jue. One of Li Jue's subordinates, Duan Wei (段煨), mutinied and killed Li Jue along with his family in the summer of 198. Duan Wei sent Li Jue's head to Xu City (as a token of his submission to Cao Cao).

paragraph: Meanwhile, Lü Bu was growing more aggressive. He drove Liu Bei out of his territory again and allied with Yuan Shu – who had now declared himself Emperor of Zhong. Since Zhang Xiu had recently been crushed, he was in no position to be a threat in the south, so Cao Cao went east to deal with Lü Bu.

paragraph: Section::::Carving a territory (191–199).:Conquest of Xu and Yu Provinces (199).

paragraph: Cao Cao defeated Lü Bu in numerous battles and eventually surrounded him at Xiapi. Lü Bu tried to break free but could not do so. Ultimately, many of his officers and soldiers defected to Cao Cao. Some were kidnapped by defectors. Lü Bu grew disheartened and surrendered to Cao Cao, who executed him on 7 February 199. By eliminating Lü Bu, Cao had obtained effective control of Xu Province.

paragraph: With Lü Bu gone, Cao Cao set about dealing with Yuan Shu. He sent Liu Bei and Zhu Ling south to attack Yuan Shu. However, the false emperor died in the summer of 199 before Liu Bei and the others arrived. This meant Cao Cao had no major opponents in the Huai River region (Yu Province) anymore either. Meanwhile, in March 199 Yuan Shao had finally finished his war with Gongsun Zan at the Battle of Yijing, and was now planning to move south to defeat Cao Cao. Seeing this, Cao Cao set about preparing his defenses, intending to make his stand at Guandu. On the advice of Jia Xu, Zhang Xiu surrendered to Cao Cao and his forces were integrated into Cao Cao's army after they rejected an envoy from Yuan Shao to ally.

paragraph: Section::::Uniting northern China (200–207).

paragraph: Section::::Uniting northern China (200–207).:Liu Bei's betrayal and defeat.

paragraph: Near the end of the year 199, Liu Bei betrayed Cao Cao and killed his commanders in Xu Province, claiming to own the province. Cao Cao wanted to attack Liu Bei quickly so as to not get into a two-front war. While some in the court were worried that Yuan Shao would attack them soon if the main army were east, Guo Jia assured Cao Cao that Yuan Shao would be slow to react, and that Cao Cao could handle Liu Bei if he did it quickly. So on Guo Jia's advice, Cao Cao attacked Liu Bei and utterly defeated him in Xu Province, capturing Guan Yu as well as Liu Bei's family members at the start of 200. Liu Bei himself fled to Yuan Shao, who only sent a part of his army to make an attack on Cao Cao. This incursion was stopped by Yu Jin at the Battle of Dushi Ford in February 200, marking the outbreak of open warfare between Cao and Yuan.

paragraph: Section::::Uniting northern China (200–207).:War with the Yuan clan.

paragraph: In 200, Yuan Shao amassed more than 100,000 troops and marched southwards on Xu City in the name of rescuing the emperor. Cao Cao gathered 20,000 men in Guandu, a strategic point on the Yellow River. The two armies came to a standstill as neither side was able to make much progress. Cao Cao's lack of men did not allow him to make significant attacks, and Yuan Shao's pride forced him to meet Cao's force head-on. Despite his overwhelming advantage in terms of manpower, Yuan Shao was unable to make full use of his resources because of his indecisive leadership and Cao Cao's position.

paragraph: Besides the middle battleground of Guandu, two lines of battle were present. The eastern line with Yuan Tan of Yuan Shao's army against Zang Ba of Cao Cao's army was a one-sided battle in favour of Cao, as Yuan Tan's poor leadership was no match for Zang's local knowledge of the landscape and his hit-and-run tactics. On the western front, Yuan Shao's nephew, Gao Gan, performed better against Cao Cao's army and forced several reinforcements from Cao's main camp to maintain the western battle. Liu Bei, then a guest in Yuan Shao's army, suggested that he instigate rebellion in Cao Cao's territories as many followers of Yuan were in Cao's lands. The tactic was initially successful but Man Chong's diplomatic skills helped to resolve the conflict almost immediately. Man Chong had been placed as an official there for this specific reason, as Cao Cao had foreseen the possibility of insurrection prior to the battle. Finally, a defector from Yuan Shao's army, Xu You, informed Cao Cao of the location of Yuan's supply depot. Cao Cao broke the stalemate by sending a special group of soldiers to burn all the supplies of Yuan Shao's army, thus winning a decisive and seemingly impossible victory.

paragraph: Yuan Shao fell ill and died shortly after the defeat in 202, leaving two sons – the eldest son, Yuan Tan and the youngest son, Yuan Shang. As he had designated the youngest son, Yuan Shang, as his successor, rather than the eldest as tradition dictated, the two brothers fought each other, as they fought Cao Cao. Cao Cao used the internal conflict within the Yuan clan to his advantage and defeated the Yuans easily. Gao Gan, governor of Bing Province, defected to Cao Cao in 203. The province of Ji fell to Cao Cao in 204 after the long siege of Ye, the Yuans' capital city. In January and February 205, Cao Cao battled Yuan Tan at Nanpi, and conquered Qing Province. Gao Gan rebelled in 205, but in 206 Cao Cao defeated and killed him, annexing Bing definitively.

paragraph: Cao Cao assumed effective rule over all of northern China, but Yuan Shang and Yuan Xi had fled to the Wuhuan chieftains for aid after a defect in 206 to Cao Cao. In 207, Cao Cao led a daring campaign beyond Chinese borders in hopes of destroying the Yuan’s once and for all. He fought an alliance of Wuhuan chieftains at White Wolf Mountain. Though outnumbered and isolated, Cao Cao emerged victorious. He killed a number of the Wuhuan chiefs and forced the Yuans to flee once again. This time, they went to Gongsun Kang for help, but he executed them and sent their heads to Cao Cao, granting him nominal control over You Province. Meanwhile, the northern tribes were now terrified of Cao Cao. Most of the remaining Wuhuan submitted to him, along with the Xianbei and Xiongnu.

paragraph: Section::::Red Cliffs and the South campaign (208–210).

paragraph: Nevertheless, Cao Cao's attempt to extend his domination south of the Yangtze River was unsuccessful. He received an initial success when Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province, died, and his successor, Liu Cong surrendered to Cao Cao without resistance. Delighted by this, he pressed on despite objections from his military advisors and hoped the same would happen again. His forces were defeated by a coalition of his arch-rivals Liu Bei and Sun Quan (who later founded the states of Shu Han and Eastern Wu respectively) at the Battle of Red Cliffs in 208.

paragraph: Throughout 209 and 210, Cao Cao’s commanders were engaged in defensive efforts against Sun Quan. In battles at Jiangling and Yiling, Cao Cao's commanders in northern Jing fought against Sun Quan. They experienced mixed success, and Cao Cao was able to retain some territory in the north of that province. At the same time, they held off an attack on Hefei and put down a revolt in Lu that Sun Quan's forces tried to assist, keeping Sun Quan from moving to attack Shouchun. However, Cao Cao's commanders in southern Jing, cut off from the rest of Cao Cao’s forces, surrendered to Liu Bei.

paragraph: Section::::Campaigns in the northwest (211–220).

paragraph: By 211, the situation in the south had stabilized and Cao Cao decided to crush his remaining enemies in the north. In Hanzhong commandery, in the north of Yi Province, Zhang Lu lived in revolt against the Han, running his own theocratic state. Cao Cao sent Zhong Yao with an army to force Zhang Lu’s surrender. A number of warlords in Liang Province however united under Han Sui and Ma Chao to oppose Cao Cao, believing that his maneuvers against Zhang Lu were actually directed at them. Cao Cao personally led the army against this alliance. In the Battle of Tong Pass Cao Cao outmaneuvered the rebel army at every turn. The alliance shattered and many of the leaders were killed. Cao Cao spent the next month or two hunting down some of the leaders, many of whom surrendered to him. He then returned home and left Xiahou Yuan to clear up affairs in the region.

paragraph: In 213, Cao Cao received the title "Duke of Wei" (魏公) and was given the nine bestowments and a fief of ten cities under his domain, known as Wei. That same year, he marched south and attacked Ruxu. Sun Quan's general Lü Meng held off the attacks for about a month, and Cao Cao had to pull back in the end. In 215, Cao Cao moved into and took over Hanzhong. In 216, Cao Cao was promoted to the status of a vassal king – "King of Wei" (魏王). Over the years, Cao Cao, as well as Liu Bei and Sun Quan, continued to consolidate their power in their respective regions. Through many wars, China became divided into three powers – Wei, Shu and Wu, which fought sporadic battles without the balance tipping significantly in anyone's favour. The only exception was when Liu Bei's forces were able to take Hanzhong from Cao Cao's army after a campaign that took two years.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In 220, Cao Cao died in Luoyang at the age of 65, having failed to unify China under his rule. His will instructed that he be buried near Ximen Bao's tomb in Ye without gold and jade treasures, and that his subjects on duty at the frontier were to stay in their posts and not attend the funeral as, in his own words, "the country is still unstable".

paragraph: Cao Cao's eldest surviving son Cao Pi succeeded him. Within a year, Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian to abdicate and proclaimed himself the first emperor of the state of Cao Wei. Cao Cao was then posthumously titled "Grand Ancestor Emperor Wu of Wei" (魏太祖武皇帝)

paragraph: Section::::Cultural legacy.

paragraph: While historical records indicate Cao Cao as a brilliant ruler, he was represented as a cunning and deceitful man in Chinese opera, where his character is given a white facial makeup to reflect his treacherous personality. When Luo Guanzhong wrote the historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", he took much of his inspiration from Chinese opera.

paragraph: As a result, depictions of Cao Cao as unscrupulous have become much more popular among the common people than his real image. There have been attempts to revise this depiction.

paragraph: As the novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" has been adapted to modern forms of entertainment, so has its portrayal of Cao Cao. Given the source material upon which these adaptations are founded, Cao Cao continues to be characterised as a prominent villain.

paragraph: Through to modern times, the Chinese equivalent of the English idiom "speak of the Devil" is "speak of Cao Cao and Cao Cao arrives" ().

paragraph: After the Communists won the Chinese Civil War in 1949, some people in China thought there might be some similarities between Cao Cao and Mao Zedong. In 1959, Peng Dehuai wrote a letter to Mao, in which he compared himself to Zhang Fei: because Mao Zedong compares himself to Cao Cao, Peng's comparison implied that he had an intuitively confrontational relationship with Mao. Mao had the letter widely circulated in order to make Peng's attitude clear to other Party members, and proceeded to purge Peng, eventually ending Peng's career.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural legacy.:Agriculture and education.

paragraph: While waging military campaigns against his enemies, Cao Cao did not forget the bases of society – agriculture and education.

paragraph: In 194, a locust plague caused a major famine across China. The people resorted to cannibalism out of desperation. Without food, many armies were defeated without fighting. From this experience, Cao Cao saw the importance of an ample food supply in building a strong military. He began a series of agricultural programs in cities such as Xu City and Chenliu. Refugees were recruited and given wasteland to cultivate. Later, encampments not faced with imminent danger of war were also made to farm. This system was continued and spread to all regions under Cao Cao as his realm expanded. Although Cao Cao's primary intention was to build a powerful army, the agricultural program also improved the living standards of the people, especially war refugees.

paragraph: By 203, Cao Cao had eliminated most of Yuan Shao's forces. This afforded him more attention on construction within his realm. In autumn of that year, Cao Cao passed an order decreeing the promotion of education throughout the counties and cities within his jurisdiction. An official in charge of education was assigned to each county with more than 500 households. Youngsters with potential and talent were selected for schooling. This prevented a lapse in the training of intellectuals in those years of war, and, in Cao Cao's words, would benefit the people.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural legacy.:Poetry.

paragraph: Cao Cao was an accomplished poet, as were his sons Cao Pi and Cao Zhi. He was also a patron of poets such as Xu Gan. Of Cao Cao's works, only a remnant remain today. His verses, unpretentious yet profound, helped to reshape the poetic style of his time and beyond, eventually contributing to the poetry styles associated with Tang dynasty poetry. Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi are known collectively as the "Three Caos". The Three Caos' poetry, together with additional poets, became known as the "Jian'an" style, which contributed eventually to Tang and later poetry. Cao Cao also wrote verse in the older four-character per line style characteristic of the "Classic of Poetry". Burton Watson describes Cao Cao as: "the only writer of the period who succeeded in infusing the old four-character metre with any vitality, mainly because he discarded the archaic diction associated with it and employed the ordinary poetic language of his time." Cao Cao is also known for his early contributions to the Shanshui poetry genre, with his 4-character-per-line, 14-line poem "View of the Blue Sea" (觀滄海).

paragraph: Section::::Mausoleum.

paragraph: On 27 December 2009, the Henan Provincial Cultural Heritage Bureau reported the discovery of Cao Cao's tomb in Xigaoxue Village, Anyang County, Henan. The tomb, covering an area of 740 square metres, was discovered in December 2008 when workers at a nearby kiln were digging for mud to make bricks. Its discovery was not reported and the local authorities knew of it only when they seized a stone tablet carrying the inscription 'King Wu of Wei' — Cao Cao's posthumous title — from grave robbers who claimed to have stolen it from the tomb. Over the following year, archaeologists recovered more than 250 relics from the tomb. The remains of three persons — a man in his 60s, a woman in her 50s and another woman in her 20s — were also unearthed and are believed to be those of Cao Cao, one of his wives, and a servant.

paragraph: Since the discovery of the tomb, there have been many skeptics and experts who pointed out problems with it and raised doubts about its authenticity. In January 2010, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage legally endorsed the initial results from research conducted throughout 2009 suggesting that the tomb was Cao Cao's. However, in August 2010, 23 experts and scholars presented evidence at a forum held in Suzhou, Jiangsu to argue that the findings and the artifacts of the tomb were fake. In September 2010, an article published in an archaeology magazine claimed that the tomb and the adjacent one actually belonged to Cao Huan (a grandson of Cao Cao) and his father Cao Yu.

paragraph: In 2010, the tomb became part of the fifth batch of Major Historical and Cultural Sites Protected at the National Level in China. , it has been announced that the local government in Anyang is constructing a museum on the original site of the tomb which will be named 'Cao Cao Mausoleum Museum' (曹操高陵博物馆).

paragraph: Media reports from 2018 describe the tomb complex as having an outer rammed earth foundation, a spirit way, and structures on the east and south sides. Archaeologists have also noted that the tomb's exterior and perimeter appear to be deliberately left unmarked; there are neither structures above the ground around the tomb nor massive piles of debris in the vicinity. This indirectly confirms historical records that Cao Pi had ordered the monuments on the surface to be systematically dismantled to honour his father's wishes to be buried in a simple manner in a concealed location, as well as to prevent tomb robbers from finding and looting the tomb.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parents:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Song, Emperor Tai (posthumous) (; d. 193)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Ding clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consorts and Issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Furen", of the Ding clan (; d. 219)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Wuxuan, of the Bian clan (; 161–230)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Pi, Emperor Wen (; 187–226), second son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Zhang, Prince Wei of Rencheng (; 189–223), third son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Zhi, Prince Si of Chen (; 192–232), fourth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cao Xiong, Prince Huai of Xiao" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- A daughter (195–260), personal name Jie (), who married Liu Xie, Duke Shanyang (181–234) in 213, and had issue (one daughter)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A daughter, personal name Hua (), who married Liu Xie, Duke Shanyang (181–234) in 213

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Furen", of the Liu clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Ang, Prince Min of Feng (; 178–197), first son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cao Shuo, Prince Shang of Xiang" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Qinghe ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Xiahou Mao

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Furen", of the Huan clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cao Chong, Prince Ai of Deng" (; 196–208)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Ju, Prince Pengcheng ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Yu, Prince Yan (; d. 278)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Furen", of the Du clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Lin, Prince Mu of Pei (; d. 256)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Gun, Prince Gong of Zhongshan (; d. 235)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Jin ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married He Yan (196–249), and had issue (one son)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Furen", of the Qin clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Xuan, Prince Huai of Jiyang ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Jun, Prince Gong of Chenliu (; d. 259)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Furen", of the Yin clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cao Ju, Prince Min of Fanyang" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Sun clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cao Shang, Duke Shang of Linyi" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Biao, Prince Chu (; 195–251)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cao Qin, Duke Shang of Gang" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Li clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cao Cheng, Duke Shang of Gucheng" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Zheng, Duke Dai of Mei (; d. 218)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cao Jing, Duke Shang of Ling" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Zhou clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Jun, Duke An of Fan (; d. 219)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Chen clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Gan, Prince Zhao (; 214–261)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Liu clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cao Ji, Duke Shang of Guangzong" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Song clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Hui, Prince Ling of Dongping (; d. 242)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Zhao clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Mao, Prince Leling ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unknown

paragraph: BULLET::::- A daughter, personal name Xian (), who married Liu Xie, Duke Shanyang (181–234) in 213

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Anyang ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Xun Yun of Yingchuan (), the first son of Xun Yu, and had issue (two sons)

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", a historical novel by Luo Guanzhong, was a romanticisation of the events that occurred in the late Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period. While adhering to historical facts most of the time, the novel inevitably reshaped Cao Cao to some extent, so as to portray him as a cruel and suspicious villain. In some chapters, Luo created fictional or semi-fictional events involving Cao Cao.

paragraph: See the following for some fictitious stories in "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" involving Cao Cao:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lü Boshe

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Film and television.

paragraph: The "Father of Hong Kong cinema", Lai Man-Wai, played Cao Cao in "The Witty Sorcerer", a 1931 comedy film based on the story of Zuo Ci playing tricks on Cao Cao. In the Shaw Brothers film "The Weird Man", Cao Cao was seen in the beginning of the film with Zuo Ci. Zuo Ci was playing tricks on him by giving him a tangerine with no fruit inside. This was later referenced in another film titled "Five Element Ninjas".

paragraph: Other notable actors who have portrayed Cao Cao in film and television include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bao Guo'an, in the 1994 Chinese television series "Romance of the Three Kingdoms". Bao won two Best Actor awards at the 1995 Golden Eagle Awards and Flying Apsaras Awards for his performance.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Damian Lau, in the 2008 Hong Kong film "".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhang Fengyi, in the 2008–09 Chinese film "Red Cliff".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Jianbin, in the 2010 Chinese television series "Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jiang Wen, in the 2011 Hong Kong film "The Lost Bladesman" and the 2018 Chinese television series "Cao Cao".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chow Yun-fat, in the 2012 Chinese film "The Assassins".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhao Lixin, in the 2014 Chinese television series "Cao Cao".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yu Hewei, in the 2017 Chinese television series "The Advisors Alliance".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tse Kwan-ho, in the 2018 Chinese television series "Secret of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang Kai, in the upcoming Hong Kong film "Dynasty Warriors".

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Card games.

paragraph: In the selection of hero cards in the Chinese card game "San Guo Sha" (三国杀), there is also a Cao Cao hero that players can select at the beginning of the game.

paragraph: Cao Cao is also referenced in "", as the card "Cao Cao, Lord of Wei". This card is black, the colour representing ruthlessness and ambition, though not necessarily evil. It was first printed in "Portal Three Kingdoms" and again in "".

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Video games.

paragraph: Cao Cao appears in Koei's "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" video game series. He is also featured as a playable character in Koei's "Dynasty Warriors" and "Warriors Orochi" series. He also features in Koei's "Kessen II" as a playable main character.

paragraph: Cao Cao also appears in "Puzzle & Dragons" as part of the Three Kingdoms Gods series.

paragraph: Cao Cao appears as a Great Person in "Civilization IV" and later as a Great General in "Civilization V".

paragraph: He is also featured as one of the available warlords that the player can choose from in Creative Assembly's game "".

paragraph: Cao Cao is a major character in Capcom's "Tenchi wo Kurau" video game series, all of which were based on the manga of the same name.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Other appearances.

paragraph: As with most of the other relevant generals of the period, Cao Cao is portrayed as a young female character in the "Koihime Musō" franchise. He is also the central character in the Japanese manga series "Sōten Kōro". Barry Hughart's novel "The Story of the Stone" mentions the "Seven Sacrileges of Tsao Tsao", most of which involve family.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Research on ancestry.

paragraph: Cao Cao was a purported descendant of the Western Han dynasty chancellor Cao Shen. In the early 2010s, researchers from Fudan University compared the Y chromosomes collected from a tooth from Cao Cao's granduncle, Cao Ding (曹鼎), with those of Cao Shen and found them to be significantly different. Therefore, the claim about Cao Cao descending from Cao Shen was not supported by genetic evidence. The researchers also found that the Y chromosomes of Cao Ding match those of self-proclaimed living descendants of Cao Cao who hold lineage records dating back to more than 100 generations ago.

paragraph: Zhu Ziyan, a history professor from Shanghai University, felt that Cao Ding's tooth alone cannot be used as evidence to determine Cao Cao's ancestry. He was sceptical about whether those who claim to be Cao Cao's descendants are really so, because genealogical records dating from the Song dynasty (960–1279) are already so rare in the present day, much less those dating from the Three Kingdoms era (220–280). Besides, according to historical records, Cao Ding was a younger brother of the eunuch Cao Teng, who adopted Cao Cao's biological father, Cao Song. Therefore, Cao Cao had no known blood relations with Cao Ding. In other words, Cao Ding was not Cao Cao's real granduncle (this assuming that there was no intra-family adoption, which was actually common in China). Zhu Ziyan mentioned that Fudan University's research only proves that those self-proclaimed descendants of Cao Cao are related to Cao Ding; it does not directly relate them to Cao Cao.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Wei family trees

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empty Fort Strategy

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Domes, Jurgen. "Peng Te-huai: The Man and the Image", London: C. Hurst & Company. 1985. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yip, Wai-lim (1997). "Chinese Poetry: An Anthology of Major Modes and Genres". (Durham and London: Duke University Press).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Cao – Ancient History Encyclopedia

alias:
Tsao Tsao
Cho Cho

description: Chinese warlord during the Eastern Han Dynasty

enwikiquote_title: Cao Cao

wikidata_label: Cao Cao

wikipedia_title: Cao Cao


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categories: 1847 births,People from Paris,Esterházy,French people of Hungarian descent,People associated with the Dreyfus affair,1923 deaths

paragraph: Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy

paragraph: Charles Marie Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy (16 December 1847 – 21 May 1923) was an officer in the French Army from 1870 to 1898. He gained notoriety as a spy for the German Empire and the actual perpetrator of the act of treason of which Captain Alfred Dreyfus was wrongfully accused and convicted in 1894.

paragraph: After evidence against Esterhazy was discovered and made public, he was eventually subjected to a closed military trial in 1898, only to be officially found not guilty. A revisionist theory raises the possibility that Esterhazy may have been a double agent working for the French counter-espionage service and that this could help to explain the degree of protection he received. This thesis has not gained general acceptance, the consensus being that the high command saw its own credibility as bound up with upholding the earlier conviction of Dreyfus.

paragraph: Esterhazy retired from the military with the rank of Major in 1898—presumably under pressure—and fled by way of Brussels to the United Kingdom, where he lived in the town of Harpenden in Hertfordshire until his death in 1923.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Ancestry.

paragraph: Charles Marie Ferdinand Walsin-Esterhazy was born in Paris, France, the son of General Ferdinand Walsin-Esterhazy (1807–1857), who later distinguished himself as division commander in the Crimean War.

paragraph: His paternal grandfather, Jean Marie Auguste Walsin-Esterhazy, born in 1767 at Valleraugue, was the illegitimate son of Countess Marie Anne Esterhazy de Galántha (1741–1823), by her affair with Jean André César de Ginestous (1725–1810), governor of Vigan.

paragraph: The boy was adopted by a Dr Walsin, a French doctor in the service of the Austrian emperor. Growing up under the name of Jean Marie Auguste Walsin, he became a business man and landowner in Nîmes, and added the name of Esterházy, apparently without the agreement of the family, after being acknowledged by his mother about 1897. This branch of the Esterházys had settled in France at the end of the 17th century and provided military officers to France, namely in its hussar regiments.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and military career.

paragraph: Charles Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy was left an orphan in September 1857, aged only nine. After some schooling at the Lycée Bonaparte in Paris, he attempted in vain to enter the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr. He disappeared in 1865. In 1869 he was found to have enlisted in the Legion of Antibes; a unit drawn from French volunteers in the service of Pope Pius IX.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Franco-Prussian War.

paragraph: In June 1870, his uncle's influence enabled Esterhazy to be commissioned into the French Foreign Legion. It was an irregular appointment as he had neither been promoted from the ranks after service as a non-commissioned officer, or graduated from a military academy. However, the start of the Franco-Prussian War in July precluded any action being taken against him. He then assumed the title of count, to which he was not entitled.

paragraph: There being a dearth of officers after the catastrophe of Sedan, Esterhazy was able to pass muster as a lieutenant and then as a captain. He served as an infantry officer in the campaigns of the Loire and of the Jura Mountains. After peace was declared, he remained in the army.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Post-war career.

paragraph: Between 1880 and 1882 Esterhazy was employed to translate German at the French military counter-intelligence section, where he became acquainted with Major Henry and Lieutenant Colonel Sandherr, both to become major figures in the Dreyfus affair. He was then employed at the French War Ministry. He never appeared in his regiment at Beauvais, and for about five years led a life of dissipation in Paris, as a result of which his small fortune was soon squandered.

paragraph: In 1882 Esterhazy was attached to the expedition sent to Tunis. While there he was employed in the Intelligence Department, then in the Native Affairs Department of the regency. On his own authority he inserted in the official records a citation of his "exploits in war", which was later recognized as false.

paragraph: Returning to France in 1885, Esterhazy remained in garrison at Marseille for a long time. Having come to the end of his financial resources, he married in 1886; but he soon spent his wife's dowry. In 1888 she was forced to demand a separation.

paragraph: In 1892, through the influence of General Félix Gustave Saussier, Esterhazy succeeded in getting a nomination as garrison-major in the Seventy-fourth Regiment of the line at Rouen. Being thus in the neighborhood of Paris, he resumed a life of speculation and excess. His inheritance squandered, Esterhazy had tried to retrieve his fortune in gambling-houses and on the stock-exchange; hard pressed by his creditors, he had recourse to extreme measures.

paragraph: Having seconded André Crémieu-Foa in his duel with Édouard Drumont in 1892, Esterhazy claimed that this action had made his family, as well as his military seniors, quarrel with him. He produced false letters to support this allegation and threatened to kill both himself and his children. Through the medium of Zadoc Kahn, chief rabbi of France, Esterhazy obtained assistance from the Rothschild family (June, 1894). At the same time he was on good terms with the editors of the antisemitic newspaper "La Libre Parole", which he supplied with information.

paragraph: For an officer whose original commission had been irregular, Esterhazy's military advancement had been unusually rapid: lieutenant in 1874, captain in 1880, decorated in 1882, major in 1892. The reports on him were generally excellent. Nevertheless, he considered himself wronged. In his letters he continually launched into recrimination and abuse against his chiefs. He made negative written comments on the French Army, and even France herself, for which he predicted and hoped that new disasters were in store.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Dreyfus affair.

paragraph: The Dreyfus affair was triggered in September 1894 when an office cleaner at the German Embassy in Paris, who was also an agent of French military intelligence, passed her French contacts a handwritten memorandum (widely known as the "bordereau"), evidently written by an unnamed French officer, offering the German Embassy various confidential military documents.

paragraph: Captain Alfred Dreyfus was picked by the army as the alleged traitor in October 1894. Suspicion seems to have fallen on Dreyfus mainly because the handwriting was a match for his own. The official evidence against him depended overwhelmingly on the contention that his handwriting matched that on the "bordereau". Convicted, he was formally stripped of his military rank in a public ceremony of degradation, and then shipped to the penal colony of Devil's Island (l'Île du Diable) off the coast of French Guiana.

paragraph: In 1896, Lieutenant-Colonel Picquart, the then-new head of the Intelligence Service, uncovered a letter sent by Schwartzkoppen to Esterhazy. After comparison of Esterhazy's handwriting with that of the bordereau, he became convinced of Esterhazy's guilt of the crime for which Dreyfus had been convicted.

paragraph: In 1897, after fruitless efforts to persuade his superiors to take the new evidence seriously and being transferred to Tunisia in an effort to silence him, Picquart provided proof to Dreyfus' lawyers. They started a campaign to bring Esterhazy to justice. In 1898 an ex-lover of Esterhazy made public letters of his in which he expressed his hatred of France and his contempt for the army. However, Esterhazy was still protected by the High Staff, who did not want to see the judgment of 1895 put into doubt.

paragraph: In order to clear his name, Esterhazy asked for a trial behind closed doors by French Military Justice (10–11 January 1898). He was acquitted, a judgment which ignited anti-Semitic riots in Paris.

paragraph: On 13 January 1898, Émile Zola published his famous "J'Accuse…!", which accused the French government of anti-Semitism and especially focused on the court-martial and jailing of Dreyfus.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Flight to Britain and later years.

paragraph: Esterhazy was discreetly put on military pension with the rank of major. On 1 September 1898, having shaved off his mustache, he fled France, via Brussels, for the relative safety of the United Kingdom. From Milton Road in the town of Harpenden, he continued to write in anti-Semitic papers such as "La Libre Parole" until his death in 1923. He is buried in St Nicholas' churchyard, Harpenden, under the name of Jean de Voilemont. A headstone was erected shortly after with the false name and a false birthdate with an inscription from Shelley: "He has outsoared the shadow of our night".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Revisionist thesis: Was Esterhazy a double agent?

paragraph: The French historian Jean Doise espoused the revisionist hypothesis that Esterhazy might have been a French double agent masquerading as a traitor in order to pass along misinformation to the German army. Doise was not the first writer to explore the hypothesis of Esterhazy as a double agent: earlier writings by Michel de Lombarès and Henri Giscard d'Estaing, though they differred in the details of their theories, also presented this line of argument. According to Doise, Esterhazy's perceived bitterness and utter lack of patriotic feeling, along with his fluency in German, were qualities that would have helped him to pose as an effective and unrepentant traitor.

paragraph: In Tunis, he was judged to have become too intimate with the German military "attaché". In 1892, he was the object of an accusation made to the head of the staff, General Brault. In 1893, he entered (or, if one accepts the revisionist explanation, pretended to enter) the service of Maximilian von Schwartzkoppen, the German military attaché in Paris.

paragraph: According to later disclosures he received from the German attaché a monthly pension of 2,000 marks ($480). In return, Esterhazy furnished him in the first place with information (or, it is argued, misinformation) about artillery.

paragraph: Esterhazy reported that he got his information from Major Henry, who had been his comrade in the French military counter-intelligence section of the War Ministry, in 1876. However, Henry, limited to a very special branch of the service, was hardly in a position to furnish details on technical questions. The main architect of the disinformation campaign is claimed to have been Colonel Sandherr, head of French military counter-intelligence.

paragraph: The lack of value of the material furnished by Esterhazy soon became so apparent that Alessandro Panizzardi, the Italian military attaché, to whom Schwartzkoppen communicated it without divulging the name of his informant, began to doubt his qualifications as an officer. To convince the attaché, it was necessary for Esterhazy to show himself one day in uniform, galloping behind a well-known general.

paragraph: The infamous document, or "bordereau", which was used to convict Dreyfus had been retrieved in a wastepaper basket at the German Embassy by a cleaning lady who was in the employ of French military counterintelligence. This document had been torn up but was easily pieced together. It announced, among other items, a forthcoming report on a new French 120mm howitzer ["Canon de 120C Modele 1890 Baquet"] and the comportment of its hydraulic recoil mechanism, as well as detailed manuals describing the current organization of French field artillery."

paragraph: In fact, however, the French army had already rejected the 120 mm model as unworkable and had begun development of the revolutionary (for its time) 75 mm field gun. The argument is thus made that the document was designed to prevent the Germans from discovering the development of the French 75.

paragraph: However, there are reports of Esterhazy admitting that he had "indeed been a spy for Germany". As such, the historical revisionism theories proposing that Esterhazy was merely pretending to be a spy are controversial as they deny concrete evidence of Esterhazy spying against France.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dreyfus Rehabilitated

description: French army officer

wikidata_label: Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy

wikipedia_title: Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy


text:
Golden Horde
khan
kingmaker
Battle of Kulikovo
Crimean Khanate
Berdi Beg
beylerbey
Berdi Beg
Qulpa
Golden Horde
Nawruz Beg
Genghis Khan
White Horde
Uzbeg Khan
Khan
Tulun Beg Khanum
Urus
Dmitri Donskoi
Battle of the Vozha River
Battle of Kulikovo
Tokhtamysh
Kalka River
Russian language
Ivan Aivazovsky
Kirovske Raion
Lithuania
Vytautas the Great
Hlinsk
Poltava
Ukraine
Glinski
Michael Glinski
Italian Wars
Muscovy
Smolensk
Elena Glinskaya
Vasily III
Moscow
Ivan the Terrible

categories: 14th-century people,1380 deaths,Ethnic Kazakh people,Generals of the Mongol Empire,Golden Horde,1335 births

paragraph: Mamai

paragraph: Mamai (; 1335–1380), of Kiyat descent, was a powerful military commander of the Golden Horde. Contrary to popular misconception, he was not a khan (king), but a warlord and a kingmaker for several khans, and the de facto regent of the Horde in the 1370s. His defeat in Battle of Kulikovo marked the beginning of the decline of the Horde, as well as his own.

paragraph: Section::::Viceroy of Crimea.

paragraph: Mamai became governor, sometime in the second half of the 1350s, of a territory that later would become the Crimean Khanate. During the rule of Berdi Beg (1357–59) Mamai was appointed as "beqlar beg" (beylerbey), a position simultaneously combining the duties of general of the army, minister of foreign affairs, and the head of the supreme court.

paragraph: Section::::Interregnum after the assassination of Berdi Beg.

paragraph: Upon the assassination of Berdi Beg by Qulpa in 1359, Mamai associated himself with one of the coalitions formed to depose Qulpa. During that period of time the Golden Horde was in relative chaos; numerous regional governors were striving to become the Khan. Qulpa eventually was killed by Nawruz Beg who was himself assassinated less than six months later. Mamai, who was not a direct descendant of Genghis Khan, played a key role in promoting and supporting rival khans of the White Horde (western part of Golden Horde). In 1361 he supported Ğabdullah, son of Uzbeg Khan, who became Khan in Crimea. Upon the death of Ğabdullah in 1370, Mamai supported Bulak under regency of Tulun Beg Khanum, who only briefly enjoyed power before being replaced by his main opponent Urus in 1372.

paragraph: Section::::Attempts to subdue the Principalities of Rus.

paragraph: After being badly defeated by Russians under Dmitri Donskoi first in 1378 at the Battle of the Vozha River and then at the Battle of Kulikovo (1380), Mamai began to assemble a large force to punish Dmitri. But he was defeated by Tokhtamysh on the banks of the Kalka River and was either executed by Tokhtamysh or assassinated by the Genoese after fleeing to Caffa. The death of Mamai paved the way for the next khan to reunify the Golden Horde.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The memory of Mamai has endured for centuries. Contemporary Russian language has an expression "как Мамай прошёл" ("kak Mamaj prošjol"), which translates roughly to "it's as if Mamai came through here", used to describe an utter mess.

paragraph: The burial of Mamai was found by the native Crimean and famous Russian painter Ivan Aivazovsky. Mamai was buried in a village of "Şeyh Mamay" (today Aivazovske, Kirovske Raion).

paragraph: Section::::Purported descendants.

paragraph: Khan Mamatsios or Mamatzios, Mamatsou,Mamatsu (Mamai-son) Macedonie was a supposed son of Mamai. One of his sons, Manzur Kiyat, purportedly escaped to Lithuania, and, serving Grand Prince Vytautas the Great, received the title of Prince of Hlinsk with multiple estates around the modern city of Poltava (Ukraine). These legendary events could have taken place in the 15th century, although the first documented mention of the Glinski princes is made in 1437. Michael Glinski was the most illustrious member of the family: he studied at the German university, took part as a knight in the Italian Wars, was the most powerful man in Lithuania in the 16th century, but later rebelled and run away with his brothers to Muscovy and helped the Russians to retake the city of Smolensk. His niece Elena Glinskaya was married to Vasily III, Grand Prince of Moscow, and Ivan the Terrible was her son.

description: politician

wikidata_label: Mamai

wikipedia_title: Mamai


text:
Saint-Lin-Laurentides
Quebec
Québécois
Félix Award
2002 Juno Awards
Prix Félix
Juno Award
2002
Best New Solo Artist
Best Selling Francophone Album
Gabrielle sur QuébecInfoMusique

categories: French Quebecers,Living people,French-language singers of Canada,Singers from Montreal,Canadian dance musicians,21st-century Canadian singers,Canadian female pop singers,1982 births

paragraph: Gabrielle Destroismaisons

paragraph: Gabrielle Destroismaisons (born December 29, 1982 in Saint-Lin-Laurentides, Quebec) is a Québécois singer. In 2000, she released her debut album "Etc...", which sold more than 100,000 copies in a few months and led to Destroismaisons being awarded one win and two nominations at the 2002 Félix Awards and a nomination at the 2002 Juno Awards. She participated in the 20 year anniversary show of "La fureur" as a guest singer.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000: "Etc..."

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: "La vie qui danse"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: "Gabrielle Destroismaisons"

paragraph: Section::::Videography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Et cetera"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Into You"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le big bang"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Suivre l'étoile"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Laisse-moi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Folle folie" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Elle attend"

paragraph: Section::::Awards and nominations.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and nominations.:"Prix Félix" (Félix Awards).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Won "Révélation de l'année" (New Artist of the Year)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nominated for "Album de l'année, pop/rock" (Album of the Year, Pop/Rock) for "Etc..."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nominated for "Interprète féminine de l'année" (Female Performer of the Year)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nominated for "Album de l'année, pop/rock" (Album of the Year, Pop/Rock) for "La vie qui danse"

paragraph: Section::::Awards and nominations.:Juno Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nominated for Best New Solo Artist

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nominated for Best Selling Francophone Album for "Etc..."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gabrielle sur QuébecInfoMusique

description: Canadian singer

wikidata_label: Gabrielle Destroismaisons

wikipedia_title: Gabrielle Destroismaisons


text: Uruguayan

text: psychologist

text: psychology

text: Daniel Drexler

text: Rubén Rada

text: Jorge Drexler

text: Edú Lombardo

text: Premios Gardel

text: Graffiti Award

text: Uruguayan Popular Music Workshop

text: folk

text: milonga

text: Interview

categories: People from Paysandú,Uruguayan musicians,Living people,1971 births

paragraph: Ana Prada

paragraph: Ana Prada (born May 1, 1971) is a Uruguayan singer-songwriter and psychologist.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Prada started studying music and psychology in Montevideo, Uruguay in 1992. During this time, she practiced and perfected her musical techniques with Esteban Klissich.

paragraph: Prada is the cousin of Daniel Drexler, who incorporated her into his musical group, "La Caldera," (Spanish for "the boiler") as a vocalist. She had also worked with Rubén Rada, Jorge Drexler (also her cousin), Edú Lombardo, and others.

paragraph: Prada was nominated for various awards, including the Premios Gardel as a folk artist and in four categories for the Uruguayan Graffiti Award. She taught vocals in the Uruguayan Popular Music Workshop.

paragraph: As a soloist, she has released the 2006 album "Soy Sola" (Spanish for "I am alone"), the 2009 album "Soy Pecadora" (Spanish for "I am a sinner"), and the 2013 album "Soy Otra" (Spanish for "I am other").

paragraph: Section::::Style.

paragraph: Critics often describe folk and milonga influences in Prada's music, bolstered by urban Uruguayan undertones. The music is also described as simple but powerful. Prada's lyrics often involve solitude, love, and death.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ana Prada – the face of modern Uruguayan folk music Guru'guay.info

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview La Nacion (Spanish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- SXSW Presents: Ana Prada (Sounds Of Uruguay) SXSW

description: Uruguayan musician

wikidata_label: Ana Prada

wikipedia_title: Ana Prada


text: Oakwood Collegiate Institute

text: St. Andrew's College, Aurora

text: University of Toronto

text: Harvard University

text: MBA

text: Karl Brooks Heisey

text: Alan Heisey

text: Toronto Scottish Regiment

text: Cold War

text: Communist

text: Canadian nationalism

text: Canadian cultural protectionism

text: North American Free Trade Agreement

text: Parliament of Canada

text: 1968 federal election

text: Progressive Conservative

text: York—Scarborough

text: Robert Stanbury

text: 1974 federal election

text: CBC

text: North York

text: Don Valley West

text: 1976 election

text: Beverley Salmon

text: 1978 election

text: Group home

text: Toronto Transit Commission

text: 1980 election

text: Seneca College

text: 1997 municipal election

text: representation by population

text: Beausoleil Island

text: Honey Harbour

text: Georgian Bay

categories: Politicians from Toronto,People of United Empire Loyalist descent,1928 births,2014 deaths,Ontario municipal councillors,Canadian activists,Progressive Conservative Party of Canada candidates for the Canadian House of Commons,Harvard Business School alumni

paragraph: Alan Milliken Heisey Sr.

paragraph: Alan Milliken Heisey Sr (May 20, 1928 – 2 November 2014) was a Canadian publisher, author, activist, political columnist

paragraph: and politician from Toronto who wrote the book "The Great Canadian Stampede - The Rush to Economic Nationalism - Right or Wrong" in 1973 which presaged free trade between Canada and the United States and opposed Canadian economic nationalism.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: He was born in Toronto and attended Oakwood Collegiate Institute and St. Andrew's College, Aurora, Class of 1946. He graduated from University of Toronto in Engineering in 1951. and from Harvard University with an MBA in 1953. He was married to Barbara Muriel Cornes (b. 1930) in 1953. His father was Karl Brooks Heisey a mining engineer. He had 3 sons Alan Heisey II, Peter and Robin. Heisey earned a commission in the Toronto Scottish Regiment.

paragraph: Section::::Student activism.

paragraph: While attending the University of Toronto Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering he was a member of the Student Executive of The University of Toronto Engineering Students' Society. At the height of the Cold War in 1951 he led a group of 60 anti communist engineering students in assuming control of a Communist affiliated group called the Peace Council of the University of Toronto for the purpose of destroying the organisation.

paragraph: Section::::Anti-nationalism.

paragraph: He was an early advocate of free trade between Canada and the United States in the 1960s and 1970s and was an opponent of Canadian nationalism

paragraph: and Canadian cultural protectionism. He was described as Canada's leading anti-nationalist in 1976. Free Trade between Canada and the United States occurred with the passage of the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement in 1988, eventually superseded by the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994.

paragraph: Section::::Political activities.

paragraph: He ran for the Parliament of Canada in the 1968 federal election as the Progressive Conservative candidate for York—Scarborough

paragraph: and lost to Liberal Robert Stanbury. Heisey ran for the Progressive Conservative nomination in the 1974 federal election for the York-Scarborough riding and lost to Ron Collister, a CBC reporter.

paragraph: He was an active member in the Progressive Conservative Party

paragraph: He was first elected alderman for Ward 8 in the former Borough of North York, now Ward 15 Don Valley West, in the 1976 election defeating Beverley Salmon. Heisey ran again as alderman for Ward 8 in the 1978 election and was acclaimed. He was Chairman of the Works Committee

paragraph: and an active member of North York Council As Alderman he championed the equitable distribution of Group homes throughout the City, naming rather than numbering City electoral districts, market value assessment for property taxes and criticised the conduct and decorum of fellow council members.

paragraph: In November 1979 Heisey supported the introduction of a new Toronto Transit Commission Bus Route 115, servicing the Silver Hills area in North York, that travelled through a wealthy neighbourhood in face of strong opposition. He ran for reelection in the 1980 election and lost to Andy Borins who campaigned against the new bus service.

paragraph: Heisey served on the Board of Governors of Seneca College during the period 1978-80.

paragraph: Section::::Civic activism.

paragraph: He was an activist in local politics in the City of Toronto and the Township of Georgian Bay.

paragraph: He ran as a fringe candidate for Mayor of Toronto at the age of 68 in the 1997 municipal election.

paragraph: For the last 20 years of his life he advocated for representation by population and electoral equality for urban voters in Canada concerned about city dwellers electoral under-representation at the provincial and federal levels of government and wrote extensively on the topic.

paragraph: Section::::Heisey Islands, Georgian Bay.

paragraph: As a result of Heisey's contributions as a writer and as a long time resident in the Township of Georgian Bay the Ontario Minister of Natural Resources officially named a group of islands in the Township of Georgian Bay located to the northwest of Beausoleil Island near Honey Harbour, on the Georgian Bay after him on July 17, 2017 pursuant to Section 4 of the Ontario Geographic Names Board Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. O.16.

description: Canadian politician

wikidata_label: Alan Milliken Heisey Sr.

wikipedia_title: Alan Milliken Heisey Sr.


text: Uí Briain

text: King of Dublin

text: Kingdom of Dublin

text: Kingdom of Leinster

text: Uí Briain

text: Dál Cais

text: Airgíalla

text: Annals of Tigernach

text: epithet

text: Kingdom of Munster

text: high-kingship of Ireland

text: Kingdom of Dublin

text: King of Dublin

text: Murchad

text: kingship of Munster

text: Gofraid Crobán, King of the Isles

text: Kingdom of the Isles

text: Domnall mac Taidc

text: King of the Isles

text: Magnús Óláfsson, King of Norway

text: Diarmait Ua Briain

text: Christ Church Cathedral

text: Mac Carthaigh's Book

text: co-kings of Leinster

text: King of Uí Failge

text: Kingdom of Leinster

text: Annals of Ulster

text: Annals of Inisfallen

text: Giraldus Cambrensis

text: Annals of Loch Cé

text: Annals of the Four Masters

text: Chronicon Scotorum

text: hostage

text: Kingdom of Desmond

text: Kingdom of Thomond

text: Lismore

text: battle of Móin Mhór

categories: 12th-century Irish monarchs,1135 deaths,11th-century Irish monarchs,Monarchs of Dublin

paragraph: Domnall Gerrlámhach

paragraph: Domnall Gerrlámhach (died 1135), also known as Domnall Gerrlámhach Ua Briain, Domnall mac Muirchertaig, and Domnall Ua Briain, was an obscure twelfth-century Uí Briain dynast and King of Dublin. He was one of two sons of Muirchertach Ua Briain, High King of Ireland. Domnall's father appears to have installed him as King of Dublin in the late eleventh- or early twelfth century, which suggests that he was his father's successor-designate. Although Domnall won a remarkable victory in the defence of the Kingdom of Dublin in the face of an invasion from the Kingdom of Leinster in 1115, he failed to achieve the successes of his father. After his final expulsion from Dublin at the hands of Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht, and the death of his father, Domnall disappears from record until his own death in 1135. He was perhaps survived by two sons.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Domnall was one of two recorded sons of Muirchertach Ua Briain, High King of Ireland; the other being Mathgamain. Domnall was a member of the Uí Briain, a branch of the Dál Cais, descended from the eponymous Brian Bóruma mac Cennétig, High King of Ireland. Domnall's mother was Derb Forgaill, daughter of Lethlobar Ua Laidcnén, King of Airgíalla. The fourteenth-century "Annals of Tigernach" accord Domnall the epithet "gerrlámhach" ("short-armed") which may indicate—if the term is taken literally—that he suffered some sort of deformity.

paragraph: Muirchertach Ua Briain was one of three sons of Toirdelbach Ua Briain, High King of Ireland, a man who secured control of the Kingdom of Munster in the 1060s before gaining the high-kingship of Ireland less than a decade later. In 1075, in an act of overlordship over the Kingdom of Dublin, Toirdelbach Ua Briain appointed Muirchertach Ua Briain King of Dublin, following a precedent set by Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó, King of Leinster, a previous claimant to the Irish high-kingship who had done the same to his own eldest son, Murchad, in 1052. When Toirdelbach Ua Briain finally died in 1086, his sons bitterly contested the kingship of Munster before Muirchertach Ua Briain succeeded in securing it for himself. By 1091, the latter appears to have regained control of the Dublin, only to lose it to Gofraid Crobán, King of the Isles, who united it with the Kingdom of the Isles. Gofraid's reign in Ireland was short-lived, as Muirchertach Ua Briain forced him from Dublin in 1094. After the Gofraid's death the following year, Muirchertach Ua Briain appointed his own nephew, Domnall mac Taidc, as King of the Isles. Uí Briain influence in the Isles was similarly short-lived, however, as Domnall mac Taidc was apparently forced from the region, and Magnús Óláfsson, King of Norway seized control of not only the Isles, but perhaps even Dublin itself, before falling in battle in 1103. Later in 1111, Domnall mac Taidc temporarily seized the kingship of the Isles in an act that may have been opposed by his aforesaid uncle. The reasons for Domnall mac Taidc's exit from the Isles are uncertain. Although he may have been forcibly ejected by the Islesmen, he may well have returned to Ireland to take advantage of Muirchertach Ua Briain's rapidly failing health.

paragraph: Section::::Kingship of Dublin.

paragraph: In 1114, the power of a now gravely ill Muirchertach Ua Briain's began to waver. The kingship of Munster was temporarily seized by Muirchertach Ua Briain's half-brother, Diarmait Ua Briain. The record of a grant to Christ Church Cathedral, in which Domnall is styled "King of Ireland", appears to suggest that he attempted to assert a claim to the kingship as well. In fact, the fifteenth-century "Mac Carthaigh's Book" specifically states that Domnall was installed in the kingship of Dublin by his father in 1114. Although Muirchertach Ua Briain's problems were lessened with the death Domnall mac Taidc in 1115, within the year the co-kings of Leinster—Donnchad mac Murchada and Conchobar Ua Conchobair Failge, King of Uí Failge—took advantage of his own decline, and attempted to gain control of Dublin by way of a major assault upon the town. In fact, Domnall's father and grandfather had excluded the Kingdom of Leinster from overlordship of Dublin for the last forty years. Furthermore, not only was Conchobar was an unremitting opponent of Domnall's father, but Donnchad possessed several links to the kingship of Dublin as he was married to Domnall mac Taidc's sister, and further had a claim of his own, as both his father and grandfather—Murchad and Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó—held the kingship during their own careers.

paragraph: The prospect of enduring overlordship from nearby Leinster, as compared to the more distant and anaemic overlordship of Munster, appears to have compelled the Dubliners to oppose the Leinstermen. The ensuing battle itself is recorded by both the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century "Annals of Ulster" and the eleventh- to fourteenth-century "Annals of Inisfallen", which reveal that it was Domnall himself who marshalled the forces of Munster to victory. Considering Munster's weakened state, his triumph in Dublin was remarkable achievement. Unfortunately for Donnchad, however, he lost his life in the encounter; and according to the thirteenth-century ecclesiast Giraldus Cambrensis, the Dubliners added insult to injury by burying his corpse with that of a dog as a show of contempt to the Leinstermen. There is uncertainty as to when Domnall originally gained the kingship of Dublin. His father could have installed him as such upon assuming the Irish high-kingship, or perhaps following the aforesaid ousting of Gofraid Crobán in 1094—although it is not impossible that Domnall mac Taidc was installed as king at this point instead. Another possibility is that Domnall had been appointed king not long before his victory over the Leinstermen—perhaps upon his father's failing health in 1114—or else not long after his successful defence of Dublin. Whatever the case, the evidence of Domnall's kingship indicates that Muirchertach Ua Briain was the third consecutive claimant to the high-kingship to appoint an intended successor to the kingship of Dublin.

paragraph: Although Muirchertach Ua Briain recovered enough to regain power in Munster within the year, Dublin was later lost to Donnchad's kinsman and Leinster successor, Diarmait mac Énna meic Murchada, King of Leinster, who died there in 1117. Meanwhile, as Muirchertach Ua Briain's power continued to evaporate, the authority of Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht ever increased. In 1118, several sources, such as the sixteenth-century "Annals of Loch Cé", the seventeenth-century "Annals of the Four Masters", the twelfth-century "Chronicon Scotorum", and "the Annals of Tigernach", indicate that Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair gained control of Dublin. In fact, the later source specifies that he had driven Domnall from the kingship once and for all, revealing that Domnall had regained the kingship following Diarmait mac Énna's death in 1117. Although this source also relates that hostages from the "northern half of Ireland" were recovered from Dublin by Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair, a statement perhaps indicative of the power that Domnall managed to preserve over northern realms once firmly under his father's suzerainty, at his height Domnall's father had been one of the most successful Uí Briain monarchs, and Domnall was unable to match his accomplishments. Domnall's victory in Dublin marked the beginning of the end of Munster domination of Norse-Gaelic Dublin. Before the frail Muirchertach Ua Briain finally died in 1119, he was forced to resign the kingship of Munster in favour of his half-brother. When the latter died in 1118, Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair had the realm partitioned between Tadc Mac Carthaig in the Kingdom of Desmond, and the sons of Diarmait Ua Briain in the Kingdom of Thomond. Domnall himself was excluded from the kingship.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Thereafter Domnall disappears from record until his death, as an old man at Lismore, dated by the "Annals of the Four Masters" to 1135. The annal-entry itself describes him as a one-time lord of Leinster, which could be evidence that he had tried to seize Leinster at some point in his career. The "Annals of Tigernach" apparently also record Domnall's death, although the annal-entry identifies him as a grandson of Muirchertach Ua Briain. Long afterwards in 1157, Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn, King of Cenél nEógain, a contender to the Irish high-kingship, invaded the partitioned Munster and forced the submission of Diarmait Mac Carthaig, and further drove out Toirdelbach mac Diarmata Uí Briain—the son of Domnall's aforesaid uncle, Diarmait Ua Briain—and replaced him with another Uí Briain dynast, Conchobar mac Domnaill Uí Briain, King of Ormond. The latter was likely a brother of Lughaid mac Domnaill Uí Briain who was slain in the battle of Móin Mhór in 1151. Both men—Conchobar and Lughaid—could well have been sons of Domnall himself, although another candidate may be his like-named first cousin, Domnall mac Taidc.

alias:
Domnall mac Muirchertaig
Domnall Ua Briain

description: King of Dublin

wikidata_label: Domnall Gerrlámhach

wikipedia_title: Domnall Gerrlámhach