text:
American football
center
college football
Tennessee
Atlanta Falcons
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Oakland Raiders
high school football
Maplewood High School
Nashville, Tennessee
Under Armour All-America Game
Tennessee Volunteers
Derek Dooley
Butch Jones
2014 NFL Draft
Atlanta Falcons
New York Giants
Arizona Cardinals
Green Bay Packers
Mike Person
Washington Redskins
New Orleans Saints
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Oakland Raiders
Chicago Bears

categories: Atlanta Falcons players,Under Armour All-American football players,African-American players of American football,Tampa Bay Buccaneers players,American football centers,1992 births,Players of American football from Tennessee,Sportspeople from Nashville, Tennessee,Oakland Raiders players,Tennessee Volunteers football players,Living people

paragraph: James Stone (American football)

paragraph: James Robert Stone (born April 26, 1992) is an American football center who is currently a free agent. He played college football at Tennessee. He has also been a member of the Atlanta Falcons, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and Oakland Raiders.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Stone played high school football for the Maplewood High School in Nashville, Tennessee. He was the Tennessee AA Lineman of the Year and named to the Tennessee Sports Writers All-State first team. He competed in the 2010 Under Armour All-America Game.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Stone played from 2010 to 2013 for the Tennessee Volunteers under head coaches Derek Dooley and Butch Jones.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Stone was rated the 10th best center in the 2014 NFL Draft by NFLDraftScout.com.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Atlanta Falcons.

paragraph: Stone signed with the Atlanta Falcons on May 10, 2014 after going undrafted in the 2014 NFL Draft. He made his NFL debut on October 5, 2014 against the New York Giants. In the 2014 season, Stone was in 12 games, starting nine at center. On November 30, 2014, Stone's offense recorded 500 total yards versus the Arizona Cardinals. On December 8, 2014, Stone's offense recorded 465 total yards against the Green Bay Packers. Stone blocked for an offense that was 8th in the NFL in total offense with 378.2 yards per game. That same offense was 5th in passing yards per game with 284.6 yards a game.

paragraph: On October 11, 2015, Stone filled in at center for an injured Mike Person, the offense gained a season-high 418 total yards, including 176 yards on the ground against the Washington Redskins. On October 15, 2015, Stone made his first start of the season, the offense gained 413 total yards, including 150 rushing yards against the New Orleans Saints. On December 18, 2015, Stone was placed on injured reserve with a knee injury. He was released by the Falcons with an injury settlement on July 19, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

paragraph: On January 20, 2017, Stone signed a reserve/future contract with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He was waived on September 2, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Oakland Raiders.

paragraph: On September 4, 2017, Stone was signed to the Oakland Raiders' practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on December 20, 2017.

paragraph: On September 1, 2018, Stone was released by the Raiders.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Chicago Bears.

paragraph: On September 3, 2018, Stone was signed to the Chicago Bears' practice squad. He was released on November 17, 2018.

description: American football player

wikidata_label: James Stone

wikipedia_title: James Stone (American football)


text:
Philip II, Duke of Savoy
Claudine de Brosse
Louise of Savoy
Francis I of France
house of Savoy
France
Geneva
count of Genevois
Louis XII
battle of Agnadello
Charles V
Francis I
duchy of Nemours
Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville
Nicolas, Duke of Mercœur
Jacques, Duke of Nemours

categories: People from Bourg-en-Bresse,Princes of Savoy,1533 deaths,Dukes of Nemours,Counts of Geneva,1490 births,House of Savoy

paragraph: Philip, Duke of Nemours

paragraph: Philip of Savoy, Duke of Nemours (149025 November 1533) was a French nobleman. He was a son of Philip II, Duke of Savoy, and his second wife Claudine de Brosse. He was a half-brother of Louise of Savoy, the mother of Francis I of France. He was the founder of the Nemours branch of the house of Savoy which eventually settled in France.

paragraph: Originally destined for the priesthood, he was given the bishopric of Geneva at the age of five, but resigned it in 1510, when he was made count of Genevois. He served under Louis XII, with whom he was present at the battle of Agnadello (1509), under the emperor Charles V in 1520, and finally under his nephew, Francis I.

paragraph: In 1528 Francis gave him the duchy of Nemours and married him to Charlotte of Orleans, a daughter of Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville. They had two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joanna (1532-1568), who married Nicolas, Duke of Mercœur as his second wife, and had 6 children with him, and

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacques, Duke of Nemours

description: Duke of Nemours (1528-1533)

wikidata_label: Philippe

wikipedia_title: Philip, Duke of Nemours


text:
jarl
Västergötland
Östergötland
Olav Tryggvason
Snorri
Ulf Tostesson
Þorgnýr the Lawspeaker
Sigrid the Haughty
Olof Skötkonung
Ingeborg Tryggvasdotter
Tryggve Olavsson
Olaf Haraldsson Geirstadalf
Harald Fairhair
Olaf Haraldsson
Norwegians
Västergötland
Ingigerd Olofsdotter
Olof Skötkonung
Thing
Gamla Uppsala
skald
Sigvatr Þórðarson
Yaroslav I the Wise
Kievan Rus'
Astrid Olofsdotter
Olof Skötkonung
Astrid
Sarpsborg
Norway
Olof Skötkonung
Yaroslav I the Wise
Staraja Ladoga
Ingria
Ingeborg Tryggvasdotter
Uleb Ragnvaldsson
Eilif Ragnvaldsson
Stenkil
Hervarar saga
skald
Austrfaravísur
Sigvatr Þórðarson
skald
Olaf Haraldsson of Norway
Fagrskinna
Snorri Sturluson
Heimskringla
Winroth, Anders
Wisén, Theodor
Erik Brate
Ragnvald Ulfsson
Nordisk familjebok

paragraph: Ragnvald Ulfsson

paragraph: Ragnvald Ulfsson the Old (beginning 11th century) was a jarl of Västergötland or Östergötland and was married to a sister of King Olav Tryggvason.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: According to Snorri, Ragnvald was the son of jarl Ulf Tostesson. He was also the foster-son of Þorgnýr the Lawspeaker. Through his aunt Sigrid the Haughty, he was the cousin of Swedish King Olof Skötkonung. He was married to Ingeborg Tryggvasdotter, daughter of Tryggve Olavsson, son of Olaf Haraldsson Geirstadalf and grandson of King Harald Fairhair.

paragraph: When Olaf Haraldsson became king of Norway in 1015, a war erupted with Sweden and Norwegians forces had pillaged in Västergötland.

paragraph: But then Norwegian King Olaf proposed to the Swedish princess Ingigerd Olofsdotter, the daughter of Sweden's King Olof Skötkonung. This would result in peace and a royal alliance which would favor Ragnvald who was related to both parties.

paragraph: However, at the Thing at Gamla Uppsala, Ragnvald and his foster-father Þorgnýr the Lawspeaker had to persuade King Olof Skötkonung to promise his daughter to King Olaf, whom he did not like. When the Swedish king failed to deliver his daughter, Ragnvald realized that he was in trouble. He has not only fallen out of grace with the Swedish king, but he could also expect the revenge of the Norwegians.

paragraph: During a visit by the skald Sigvatr Þórðarson, Ragnvald learned that Prince Yaroslav I the Wise of Kievan Rus' had proposed to Ingigerd, and so he developed the idea that King Olaf should marry Astrid Olofsdotter, an illegitimate daughter of Olof Skötkonung, who was staying with Ragnvald. Sigvat promised to deliver the proposal and the Norwegian king accepted. Ragnvald delivered Astrid at Sarpsborg in Norway and she married the King Olaf after Christmas of 1019.

paragraph: King Olof Skötkonung was now so upset that he intended to hang Ragnvald at the next Thing. However, when Ingigerd Olofsdotter married Yaroslav I the Wise, she received Staraja Ladoga ("Aldeigjuborg") and Ingria ("Ingermanland") as a wedding gift from Yaroslav. Ingigerd managed to arrange that Ragnvald became the jarl of both Staraja Ladoga and Ingria. Consequently Olof Skötkonung let Ragnvald depart with Ingigerd in the summer of 1019.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: Married to Ingeborg Tryggvasdotter. Children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Uleb Ragnvaldsson Jarl

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Eilif Ragnvaldsson Jarl

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Ostrida Ragnvalsdatter

paragraph: He has been considered to have fathered king Stenkil, with Astrid Nialsdotter from Norway. However this is based on later Icelandic sources, and the identification of Ragnvald with Ragnvald the Old of "Hervarar saga".

paragraph: Section::::Saga Sources.

paragraph: Ragnvald is mentioned in the skaldic poem "Austrfaravísur", ascribed to Sigvatr Þórðarson, skald of King Olaf Haraldsson of Norway ("Olaf the Holy"), who had been on a diplomatic mission to Sweden. This poem is quoted in the 13th century sagas "Fagrskinna" and Snorri Sturluson's "Heimskringla". In addition to the poem, "Fagrskinna" only briefly mentions Ragnvald, while "Heimskringla" contains a more elaborate account of him. This 13th-century prose text is not considered historically reliable.

paragraph: "Fagrskinna's" account of Olaf the Holy's betrothal to Ingigerd, and eventual wedding with Astrid, differs significantly from the account in "Heimskringla". In "Fagrskinna's" account, Ragnvald is not given a prominent role in the proceedings.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Larsson, Lars-Ove (1993, 2000). "Vem är vem i svensk historia, från år 1000 till 1900". Prisma, Stockholm.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Larsson, Mats G (2002). "Götarnas Riken : Upptäcktsfärder Till Sveriges Enande". Bokförlaget Atlantis AB

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lagerquist, Lars O. (1997). "Sveriges Regenter, från forntid till nutid". Norstedts, Stockholm.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winroth, Anders (1995–1997) "Ragnvald Ulfsson", "Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon", volume 29, page 616.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wisén, Theodor, revised by Erik Brate (1915), "Ragnvald Ulfsson", "Nordisk familjebok", volume 22, 913–914

description: Swedish noble

wikidata_label: Ragnvald Ulfsson

wikipedia_title: Ragnvald Ulfsson


text: United States Representative

text: Rhode Island

text: United States District Judge

text: Bristol

text: British America

text: Harvard University

text: Master of Arts

text: read law

text: Providence

text: Rhode Island

text: Rhode Island General Assembly

text: Justice of the Peace

text: United States Constitution

text: Pro-Administration

text: United States House of Representatives

text: 3rd United States Congress

text: Federalist

text: 5th United States Congress

text: recess appointment

text: George Washington

text: Henry Marchant

text: United States Senate

text: John Adams

text: Juniper Hill Cemetery

text: United States Representative

text: Shearjashub Bourne

text: Benjamin Bourne Papers

categories: 1755 births,Members of the Rhode Island House of Representatives,Rhode Island Federalists,Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island,Federalist Party members of the United States House of Representatives,People of colonial Rhode Island,Members of the United States House of Representatives from Rhode Island,Continental Army officers from Rhode Island,United States federal judges appointed by George Washington,18th-century American judges,1808 deaths,People from Bristol, Rhode Island,United States federal judges appointed by John Adams,Burials at Juniper Hill Cemetery (Bristol, Rhode Island),Harvard College alumni,Judges of the United States circuit courts

paragraph: Benjamin Bourne

paragraph: Benjamin Bourne (September 9, 1755 – September 17, 1808) was a United States Representative from Rhode Island, a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island and a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Circuit Court for the First Circuit.

paragraph: Section::::Education and career.

paragraph: Born on December 9, 1755, in Bristol, Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, British America, Bourne graduated from Harvard University in 1775, received a Master of Arts degree from the same institution in 1778, and read law. He was quartermaster of the Second Rhode Island Regiment in 1776. He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Providence, Rhode Island. He was a deputy in the Rhode Island General Assembly in 1780 and from 1787 to 1790. He was clerk of the Rhode Island General Assembly from 1780 to 1786. He was a Justice of the Peace in Providence from 1785 to 1790.

paragraph: Section::::Congressional service.

paragraph: Upon the ratification of the United States Constitution by the State of Rhode Island, Bourne was elected as a Pro-Administration candidate from Rhode Island's at-large congressional district to the United States House of Representatives of the 1st through the 3rd United States Congresses and as a Federalist to the 4th and 5th United States Congresses and served from August 31, 1790, until his resignation on October 13, 1796, before the close of the 4th United States Congress.

paragraph: Section::::Federal judicial service.

paragraph: Bourne received a recess appointment from President George Washington on October 13, 1796, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island vacated by Judge Henry Marchant. He was nominated to the same position by President Washington on December 21, 1796. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 22, 1796, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on February 20, 1801, due to his elevation to the First Circuit.

paragraph: Bourne was nominated by President John Adams on February 18, 1801, to the United States Circuit Court for the First Circuit, to a new seat authorized by . He was confirmed by the Senate on February 20, 1801, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on July 1, 1802, due to abolition of the court.

paragraph: Section::::Later service and death.

paragraph: Following his departure from the federal bench, Bourne resumed private practice in Providence and Bristol from 1801 to 1808. He died on September 17, 1808, in Bristol. He was interred in Juniper Hill Cemetery in Bristol.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Bourne was a first cousin once removed of Massachusetts United States Representative Shearjashub Bourne.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benjamin Bourne Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Benjamin Bourne

wikipedia_title: Benjamin Bourne


text:
Halifax
goalkeeper
Halifax Town
Swindon Town
Danny Williams
Oxford United
County Ground
1969 League Cup Final
Arsenal
Wembley Stadium
Geoffrey Green
The Times
Bob Wilson
Frank McLintock
Swindon Advertiser
Bobby Gould
penalty area
Arsenal
extra time
Brighton and Hove Albion
Bradford City
Crewe Alexandra
Player Profile

categories: 1943 births,Halifax Town A.F.C. players,Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players,Sportspeople from Halifax, West Yorkshire,Swindon Town F.C. players,Bradford City A.F.C. players,Living people,Association football goalkeepers

paragraph: Peter Downsborough

paragraph: Peter Downsborough (born 13 September 1943, in Halifax) is a retired goalkeeper.

paragraph: A Centre Forward as a schoolboy, he transferred into the role of goalkeeper after deputising for an injured team mate during a school match.

paragraph: Downsborough made his League debut for his local side Halifax Town just before his 17th birthday and went on to play in 148 games in total before being signed for Swindon Town by Danny Williams.

paragraph: He made his Swindon debut in the first game of the 1965/66 season, keeping a clean sheet against local rivals Oxford United at the County Ground. His confidence in his abilities and great positional strength were his most admirable qualities.

paragraph: With his assistance, Swindon made it to the 1969 League Cup Final against Arsenal at Wembley Stadium. Widely regarded by players and press as his finest moment, Downsborough pulled off save after save and prevented the higher division club from scoring for 86 minutes.

paragraph: "for quarter of an hour it was Downsborough versus Arsenal and Downsborough won." Geoffrey Green - The Times

paragraph: "During the 90 minutes even the most die-hard Swindon fans would have agreed we deserved an equaliser, We hit the woodwork and Peter Downsborough was just unbelievable. I had quite a lot of saves to make but not like he had." Bob Wilson - Arsenal goalkeeper

paragraph: "Downsborough was absolutely unbelievable that day and saved just about everything we threw at him." Frank McLintock - Arsenal centre-half

paragraph: "On the occasions they did find gaps in the Town rearguard, their efforts were not good enough to beat goalkeeper Downsborough, who was in superb form.

paragraph: Time and again he leapt out to punch away dangerous corner kicks, and two of his saves from direct shots were breathtaking" Clive King - Swindon Advertiser

paragraph: An error in the 86th minute of the game saw Arsenal equalise through a Bobby Gould header, Downsborough attempted to clear the ball from the edge of the penalty area only to kick it against the Arsenal player and launch the ball into the air. Gould calmly followed the ball's progress and scored easily.

paragraph: "It was my fault. I take the blame for it. I started to come off my line and then stopped. As the ball came to me I was late on it and kicked it straight at Bobby's foot. I was on the floor, the ball rebounded over my head and left Bobby with an easy header into the empty net. I remember wishing that the ground would open up and swallow me. I thought to myself that the one mistake could have cost us the League Cup. After all that hard work in 90 minutes of football it could have been my one moment of madness that cost Swindon the trophy. I could not believe that I had done a thing like that." Peter Downsborough

paragraph: Swindon beat Arsenal against the odds in extra time and Downsborough was voted "Town Player of the Year" by the supporters.

paragraph: He asked to be placed on the transfer list in 1972 believing that players such as himself who had been at the club a long time were not being rewarded as well as newcomers. Current manager Les Allen dropped him from the team as a result and eventually loaned out to Brighton and Hove Albion for 3 games, he returned to Swindon team for the final 13 games of the 1972/73 season to help the side avoid relegation.

paragraph: He was transferred to Bradford City before the start of the 1973/74 season and made 225 appearances before retiring in 1978. He kept a clean-sheet in his final game for the club, a 6-0 victory against Crewe Alexandra.

paragraph: In 1999, he had returned to his home town of Halifax and was working as a school caretaker.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Player Profile - Swindon-Town-FC.co.uk

description: English footballer

wikidata_label: Peter Downsborough

wikipedia_title: Peter Downsborough


text:
Suresnes
Paris
Ulan Bator
Les Disques Du Soleil Et De L'Acier
Bougival
Paris
Jean-Hervé Péron
Faust
Heldon
Maurice Dantec
Norman Spinrad
Magma
The Molecules
Michael Gira
Permanent Fatal Error
Law Speed
Damo Suzuki's Network
Can
Hollyaris
Werner "Zappi" Diermaier
Faust
Ulan Bator
That Summer
Simone Pellegrini
Reggio Emilia
Arzân
local dialect
Permanent Fatal Error
Deaf Sun/Deaf Blues
Law Speed
French Doctors
Ulan Bator
Ulaanbaatar
D-Construction
Polaire
Vegetale
Ursula Minor
2 Degrees
Ulan Bator s/t
Faust
... In Autumn
Collectif Met(z)
Damo Suzuki's Network
Hollyaris
BIAS!
Xabier Iriondo
s/t
Heldon
Richard Pinhas
Only Chaos is Real
Olivier Manchion's personal page

categories: People from Suresnes,Male bass guitarists,French rock musicians,Psychedelic folk musicians,1971 births,People from Reggio Emilia,French bass guitarists,Faust (band) members,Living people,Post-rock musicians

paragraph: Olivier Manchion

paragraph: Olivier Manchion (born 1971) is a French musician.

paragraph: Manchion was born in Suresnes, near Paris. In 1987 he started to perform on bass guitar together with Amaury Cambuzat. They founded Ulan Bator in 1993. They start to release albums in 1995 on Les Disques Du Soleil Et De L'Acier label. From 1995 to 1998 their studio recording is based in a disused chalkmine in Bougival ("Cradle of Impressionism"), near Paris. In 1996 meets Jean-Hervé Péron and starts immediately a long friendship and collaboration with Faust. The first musical meeting being entitled (and released later) as "Collectif Met(z)". Thenafter, in 1997, a French/Swiss tour as "Faust including Ulan Bator". From 1995 to 1998, Olivier also performs several times with Sleaze Art, a 30 guitars collective by Kasper T. Toeplitz (Ircam). Among others, "Zora Mudd" performances at la Fondation Cartier (1995, Paris-fr), Macba (1996, and Barcelona-sp), Musique Action festival (1998, Nancy-fr). During the summer 1998, contributes to some sessions for "Only Chaos Is Real" by Richard Pinhas's Heldon, together with Maurice Dantec, Norman Spinrad, Antoine and Bernard Paganotti (Magma). Also started the ORA project together with Cambuzat and Ron Anderson (The Molecules). In 2000 is released one of the most popular Ulan Bator album, "" (produced by Michael Gira), followed in 2002 by "OK:KO", a collection of "Ego:Echo" demo sessions and live recordings.

paragraph: In 2001 (September), Olivier left Ulan Bator and founded Permanent Fatal Error. He recorded "Law Speed", first PFE album, in 2003 (released in 2004). In 2003 and 2004 performed with Damo Suzuki's Network (Can) in France and Italy. Released "Hollyaris" from a Paris performance. In 2005 he's invited by Werner "Zappi" Diermaier and Jean-Hervé Péron to join again Faust, together with Amaury Cambuzat. They toured together in the Uk ("... In Autumn" release by Dirter) and France in 2005/06. From summer 2005 to spring 2007, he's back into Ulan Bator, and tours Italy, France and Sloveny. In the same period also performing as Cargo Culte in duo with Cambuzat (improvised music). Among his other projects : Bias! (with Xabier Iriondo), French Doctors (a collective of French improvisers). Also, he's been artistic producer for Osaka Bondage (Fr, 1999), Viclarsen (it, 2005) and Lule Kaine (it, 2006), and some of his 'Pfe' recordings were used as arrangements on "Home is where the studio is" by That Summer (fr, 2002).

paragraph: In late 2007 he started a collaboration with the Italian painter Simone Pellegrini.

paragraph: Since 2001 he has been living in Reggio Emilia. In 2012 he founded the supergroup Arzân with local independent musicians from Reggio. In fact "Arzân" means "from Reggio" in the local dialect.

paragraph: Section::::Main discography.

paragraph: Permanent Fatal Error

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deaf Sun/Deaf Blues 2015 album, cd (Secret furry hole)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Law Speed 2004 album, cd (Wallace, Ruminance, Klangbad)

paragraph: French Doctors

paragraph: BULLET::::- Au chevet des blessés 2012 album, LP (Ronda)

paragraph: Ulan Bator

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ulaanbaatar 2007 album unreleased material 1993-98, cd (Jestrai, Ruminance)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 album live/demo, cd (Ursula minor)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Echo#5 2000, 45rpm (Ruminance)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 album, cd (Sonica, Young God Records, Dsa)

paragraph: BULLET::::- D-Construction remixs, 1999, cd (Les Disques du Soleil et de l'Acier)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polaire 1997 compilation, cd (Sonica)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vegetale 1997 album, cd (Les Disques du Soleil et de l'Acier)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ursula Minor 1996, 45rpm (Popov island records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2 Degrees 1996 ep, cd (Les Disques du Soleil et de l'Acier)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ulan Bator s/t 1995 album, cd (Les Disques du Soleil et de l'Acier)

paragraph: Faust

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trial and Error 2007, DVD (Fuenfundvierzig)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ... In Autumn 2007, live, 3 cds box + 1 DVD (Dirter)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collectif Met(z) 2005, live/studio 3 cds box (Art-errorist)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Connections 2005 DVD (mop-visioni)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Impressions 2005 DVD (mop-visioni)

paragraph: Damo Suzuki's Network

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hollyaris 2005 live, 2 cds (fuenfundvierzig)

paragraph: BIAS! duo, w/ Xabier Iriondo

paragraph: BULLET::::- s/t 2005, ep, cd3" (Wallace)

paragraph: Heldon w/ Richard Pinhas, Maurice dantec, Norman Spinrad...

paragraph: BULLET::::- Only Chaos is Real 2001, 2 cds (Wagram)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olivier Manchion's personal page

description: French musician

wikidata_label: Olivier Manchion

wikipedia_title: Olivier Manchion


text:
American football
Super Bowl
coached
National Football League
defensive line
Green Bay Packers
Kansas City
St. Louis Rams
Eagles
Reggie White
Cleveland
Cardinals
starts
Super Bowl XV
Oakland Raiders
pro scout
Phoenix Cardinals
Marty Schottenheimer
Neil Smith
Dan Saleaumua
Dick Vermeil
Leslie O'Neal
Kevin Carter
Grant Wistrom
Super Bowl XXXIV
Pro Bowl
D'Marco Farr
Jared Allen
defensive ends
United Football League
BC Lions
Canadian Football League
BC Lions bio

categories: Omaha Nighthawks coaches,Maryland Eastern Shore Hawks football players,Florida Tuskers coaches,People from Martinsville, Virginia,Philadelphia Eagles players,Cleveland Browns players,Phoenix Cardinals players,American football defensive ends,Sacramento Mountain Lions coaches,1952 births,Green Bay Packers coaches,Kansas City Chiefs coaches,Living people,St. Louis Rams coaches

paragraph: Carl Hairston

paragraph: Carl Blake Hairston (born December 15, 1952) is a former professional American football player and coach. Hairston has played in one Super Bowl and coached in another during his 30 seasons in the National Football League. Among his 15 years in the league since the end of his playing career, the daunting Hairston has spent 11 seasons as a defensive line coach. He joined the Green Bay Packers from Kansas City, where he spent seven years (1995–1996 and 2001–2005), after sandwiching a four-year term as St. Louis Rams defensive line coach (1997–2000) between his two stints with the Chiefs.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Originally a seventh-round selection (191st overall) by Vermeil's Eagles in 1976, Hairston preceded Reggie White on the Eagles' line (1976–1983), then spent six years in Cleveland (1984–1989) and one final campaign with the Cardinals (1990). In 224 games (184 starts), he posted 94 sacks among 1,141 tackles. He started for the Eagles at defensive end in Super Bowl XV against the Oakland Raiders, one of his 15 postseason contests played.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: Originally a pro scout with the Chiefs in 1994, Hairston also spent three seasons (1991–1993) as a college scout with the Phoenix Cardinals, where he had finished his playing career.

paragraph: Marty Schottenheimer gave Hairston his first full-time coaching position at any level, Chiefs defensive line coach (1995–1996), a role in which he worked with then-quarterbacks coach McCarthy. Tutoring one of the most-feared defensive fronts, Hairston and his players helped the 13-3 Chiefs finish third in the NFL with 47 sacks. Again, his unit produced a pair of Pro Bowl performers, Neil Smith and Dan Saleaumua.

paragraph: On the field as either a player or coach during all 240 games of Dick Vermeil's career, Hairston first joined the legendary coach for a memorable run with the Rams. In Hairston's first year with the Rams, 1997, he assisted Leslie O'Neal to a ten-sack performance. He also coached a pair of players, Kevin Carter and Grant Wistrom, to double digits in sacks in 2000. One year earlier, when the Rams won Super Bowl XXXIV, his unit provided most of St. Louis' 57 sacks, which tied for the league lead. Carter's NFL-leading 17 sacks that year powered him to the Pro Bowl, where he joined his neighbor on the Rams line, D'Marco Farr.

paragraph: Under Hairston, Chiefs defensive end Jared Allen accumulated 20 sacks from 2004–2005, tied for tenth in the NFL during that period but first among players drafted in 2004, including 23 defensive linemen taken before him. Led by Allen's nine sacks as a rookie, the Chiefs finished 2004 with 41 sacks, seventh in the league.

paragraph: He joined the Packers as a defensive ends coach in 2006, but was let go—along with the majority of the defensive coaching staff—after a disappointing 2008 season.

paragraph: After spending time coaching in the United Football League, Hairston was hired as the defensive line coach for the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League. He was let go before the start of the 2015 CFL season.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- BC Lions bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Carl Hairston

wikipedia_title: Carl Hairston


text:
Heian period
Ogura Hyakunin Isshu
Gosen Wakashū
Emperor Yōzei
Emperor Daigo
Emperor Uda
brief biographical notice

categories: 943 deaths,10th-century Japanese poets,890 births,People of Heian-period Japan

paragraph: Prince Motoyoshi

paragraph: Prince Motoyoshi (元良親王, "Motoyoshi shinnō", 890-July 26, 943) was a poet and nobleman of the Heian period. One of his poems is included in the "Ogura Hyakunin Isshu" as number 20 in the anthology. Twenty of his poems were included in the "Gosen Wakashū"; a personal anthology entitled "Motoyoshi Shinnō-shū" (元良親王集) is also extant.

paragraph: He was the eldest son of Emperor Yōzei. His wives included Shūshi, a daughter of Emperor Daigo, and Kaishi, a daughter of Emperor Uda.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter McMillan (2008) "One hundred poets, one poem each: a translation of the Ogura Hyakunin Isshu". New York: Columbia University Press.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- brief biographical notice

alias:
元良親王
Prince Motoyoshi
Motoyoshi Shinnō
Motoyoshi-shinno
Motoyoshi-shinnou

description: Japanese nobleman and poet

wikidata_label: Motoyoshi-shinnō

wikipedia_title: Prince Motoyoshi


text:
Lucerne
Basel
Protestant reformer
Huldrych Zwingli
Switzerland
Erasmus
University of Basel
Hans Holbein
Zürich
Basel
New Testament
exegesis
Confession of Basel
Protestants
Theodore Bibliander
Henry Bennet
Melchior Adam
Karl Rudolf Hagenbach

wikipedia_title:
Lucerne
Basel
Protestant Reformers
Huldrych Zwingli
Switzerland
Erasmus
University of Basel
Hans Holbein the Younger
Zürich
Basel
New Testament
Exegesis
Confession of Basel
Protestantism
Theodore Bibliander
Henry Bennet (translator)
Melchior Adam
Karl Rudolf Hagenbach

categories: Swiss Calvinist and Reformed theologians,1488 births,1552 deaths,16th-century Swiss people

paragraph: Oswald Myconius

paragraph: Oswald Myconius (1488, Lucerne – 14 October 1552, Basel) was Swiss Protestant theologian and Protestant reformer. He was a follower of Huldrych Zwingli.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born at Lucerne, Switzerland. His family name was Geisshüsler, and his father was a miller; hence he was also called Molitoris (Latin "molitor", "miller"). The name Myconius is said to have been given him by Erasmus; it alludes to the proverbial expression "bald-headed Myconian". From the school at Lucerne he went to the University of Basel to study classics. From 1514 he obtained teaching posts at Basel, where he married, and made the acquaintance of Erasmus and of Hans Holbein, the painter. In 1516 he was called, as schoolmaster, to Zürich, where (1518) he attached himself to the reforming party of Zwingli. This led to his being transferred to Lucerne, and again (1523) reinstated at Zürich.

paragraph: On the death of Zwingli (1531) he moved to Basel, where he held the office of town's preacher, and (till 1541) the chair of New Testament exegesis. In 1534 he authored the Confession of Basel. In confessional matters he was for a union of all Protestants. Although a Zwinglian, his readiness to compromise with the advocates of consubstantiation gave him trouble with the hard-line Zwinglians. He had, however, a distinguished follower in Theodore Bibliander.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Among his several tractates, the most important is "De H Zwinglii vita et obitu" (1536), translated into English by Henry Bennet (1561).

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Melchior Adam, "Vita theologorum" (1620);

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. Kirchhofer, "O. Myconius" (1813);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karl Rudolf Hagenbach, "J. Oekolampad und O. Myconius" (1859);

paragraph: BULLET::::- F. M. Ledderhose, in "Allgemeine deutsche Biog." (1886);

paragraph: BULLET::::- B. Riggenbach and Egli, in Hauck's "Realencyklopadie" (1903).

description: Swiss theologian

wikidata_label: Oswald Myconius

wikipedia_title: Oswald Myconius


text: Sri Vaishnavism

text: Hinduism

text: Bhakti movement

text: guru

text: Yādava Prakāśa

text: Advaita Vedānta

text: Alvārs

text: Nāthamuni

text: Yamunāchārya

text: Vishishtadvaita

text: Vedānta

text: Shatyayaniya Upanishad

text: bhāsya

text: Brahma Sutras

text: Bhagavad Gita

text: monism

text: Dvaita

text: Madhvāchārya

text: Advaita

text: Ādi Shankara

text: epistemic

text: soteriological

text: bhakti

text: Ātman

text: Brahman

text: Tamil

text: Sriperumbudur

text: Tamil Nadu

text: Sriperumbudur

text: Chennai

text: Kānchipuram

text: Upanishad

text: Hindu monk

text: Varadharāja Perumal temple

text: Vishnu

text: Kānchipuram

text: moksha

text: samsara

text: Brahman

text: Vedas

text: J. A. B. van Buitenen

text: Chola dynasty

text: Sri Vaishnava sampradaya

text: Alvārs

text: Kulothunga Chola II

text: Nilakanta Sastri

text: Adhirajendra Chola

text: Virarajendra Chola

text: Vijayalaya

text: Koorathazhwan

text: Melukote

text: Mandya

text: Karnataka

text: Srirangam

text: Dasarathi

text: Chola empire

text: Tamil

text: Melukote

text: Kaikkolas

text: Sri Vaishnavism

text: Pancha Samskara

text: Yamunacharya

text: Srirangam

text: Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam

text: Brahma Sutras

text: Saranāgati Gadyam

text: Sriranga Gadyam

text: Srivaikunta Gadyam

text: monism

text: Vedānta

text: epistemically

text: Principal Upanishads

text: Madhvāchārya

text: Shankara

text: nondualistic

text: Maya

text: Harold Coward

text: Sri Vaisnavite

text: Wendy Doniger

text: J. A. B. van Buitenen

text: bhakti

text: Thomas Aquinas

text: Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple

text: Ranganātha temple

text: Srirangam

text: Tamil Nadu

text: Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala

text: Tirupati

text: Andhra Pradesh

text: Statue of Equality

text: Hyderabad

text: Chinna Jeeyar

text: Kidambi Aachan

text: ThirukurugaiPiran Pillan

text: Nadadhur Azhwan

text: Mudaliyandan

text: Koorathazhwan

text: Anantazhwar

text: Hindu philosophy

text: Subala Upanishad

text: Yoga (philosophy)

text: Vishnuvardhana

text: Biography and works

text: Biography of Ramanuja

text: Rāmānuja Biography

text: Rāmānuja Literature

text: Ramanuja.org

categories: Scholars from Chennai,Sri Vaishnava religious leaders,1137 deaths,12th-century Indian philosophers,Vedanta,Indian Vaishnavites,1017 births,Indian centenarians,People from Kanchipuram district,11th-century Indian philosophers,Vishishtadvaita Vedanta,Vaishnava saints,Ancient Indian philosophers,Indian Hindu religious leaders,Medieval Hindu religious leaders

paragraph: Ramanuja

paragraph: Ramanuja (traditionally, 1017–1137 CE; ; ) was an Indian theologian, philosopher, and one of the most important exponents of the Sri Vaishnavism tradition within Hinduism. His philosophical foundations for devotionalism were influential to the Bhakti movement.

paragraph: Ramanuja's guru was Yādava Prakāśa, a scholar who was a part of the more ancient Advaita Vedānta monastic tradition. Sri Vaishnava tradition holds that Ramanuja disagreed with his guru and the non-dualistic Advaita Vedānta, and instead followed the footsteps of Tamil Alvārs tradition, the scholars Nāthamuni and Yamunāchārya. Ramanuja is famous as the chief proponent of Vishishtadvaita subschool of Vedānta, and his disciples were likely authors of texts such as the Shatyayaniya Upanishad. Ramanuja himself wrote influential texts, such as bhāsya on the "Brahma Sutras" and the "Bhagavad Gita", all in Sanskrit.

paragraph: His Vishishtadvaita (qualified monism) philosophy has competed with the Dvaita (theistic dualism) philosophy of Madhvāchārya, and Advaita (monism) philosophy of Ādi Shankara, together the three most influential Vedantic philosophies of the 2nd millennium. Ramanuja presented the epistemic and soteriological importance of bhakti, or the devotion to a personal God (Vishnu in Ramanuja's case) as a means to spiritual liberation. His theories assert that there exists a plurality and distinction between Ātman (soul) and Brahman (metaphysical, ultimate reality), while he also affirmed that there is unity of all souls and that the individual soul has the potential to realize identity with the Brahman.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ramanuja was born to Tamil parents the village of Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu. His followers in the Vaishnava tradition wrote hagiographies, some of which were composed in centuries after his death, and which the tradition believes to be true.

paragraph: The traditional hagiographies of Ramanuja state he was born to mother Kānthimathi and father Asuri Kesava Somayāji, in Sriperumbudur, near modern Chennai, Tamil Nādu. He is believed to have been born in the month of Chaitra under the star Tiruvadhirai. They place his life in the period of 1017–1137 CE, yielding a lifespan of 120 years. These dates have been questioned by modern scholarship, based on temple records and regional literature of 11th- and 12th-century outside the Sri Vaishnava tradition, and modern era scholars suggest that Ramanuja may have lived between 1077-1157 CE.

paragraph: Ramanuja married, moved to Kānchipuram, studied in an Advaita Vedānta monastery with Yādava Prakāśa as his guru. Ramanuja and his guru frequently disagreed in interpreting Vedic texts, particularly the Upanishads. Ramanuja and Yādava Prakāśa separated, and thereafter Ramanuja continued his studies on his own.

paragraph: He attempted to meet another famed Vedanta scholar of 11th-century Yamunāchārya, but Sri Vaishnava tradition holds that the latter died before the meeting and they never met. Ramanuja was the great-grandson of Yamunāchārya through a grand-daughter. However, some hagiographies assert that the corpse of Yamunāchārya miraculously rose and named Ramanuja as the new leader of Sri Vaishnava sect previously led by Yamunāchārya. One hagiography states that after leaving Yādava Prakāśa, Ramanuja was initiated into Sri Vaishnavism by Periya Nambi, also called Māhapurna, another Vedānta scholar. Ramanuja renounced his married life, and became a Hindu monk. However, states Katherine Young, the historical evidence on whether Ramanuja led a married life or he did renounce and became a monk is uncertain.

paragraph: Ramanuja became a priest at the Varadharāja Perumal temple (Vishnu) at Kānchipuram, where he began to teach that moksha (liberation and release from "samsara") is to be achieved not with metaphysical, "nirguna" Brahman but with the help of personal god and "saguna" Vishnu. Ramanuja has long enjoyed foremost authority in the Sri Vaishnava tradition.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Hagiographies.

paragraph: A number of traditional biographies of Ramanuja are known, some written in 12th century, but some written centuries later such as the 17th or 18th century, particularly after the split of the community into the  and , where each community created its own version of Ramanuja's hagiography. The ' by Brahmatantra Svatantra Jīyar represents the earliest biography, and reflects the view of the succession following Ramanuja. ', on the other hand, represents the Tenkalai biography. Other late biographies include the "Yatirajavaibhavam" by Andhrapurna.

paragraph: Modern scholarship has questioned the reliability of these hagiographies. Scholars question their reliability because of claims which are impossible to verify, or whose historical basis is difficult to trace with claims such as Ramanuja learned the Vedas when he was an eight-day-old baby, he communicated with God as an adult, that he won philosophical debates with Buddhists, Advaitins and others because of supernatural means such as turning himself into "his divine self Sesha" to defeat the Buddhists, or God appearing in his dream when he prayed for arguments to answer Advaita scholars. According to J. A. B. van Buitenen, the hagiographies are "legendary biographies about him, in which a pious imagination has embroidered historical details".

paragraph: Section::::Historical background.

paragraph: Ramanuja grew up in the Tamil culture, in a stable society during the rule of the Chola dynasty. This period was one of pluralistic beliefs, where Vaishnava, Shaiva, Smarta traditions, Buddhism and Jainism thrived together. In Hindu monastic tradition, Advaita Vedānta had been dominant, and Ramanuja's guru Yādava Prākāsha belonged to this tradition. Prior to Ramanuja, the Sri Vaishnava sampradaya was already an established organization under Yamunāchārya, and bhakti songs and devotional ideas already a part of tamil culture because of the twelve Alvārs. Ramanuja's fame grew because he was considered the first thinker in centuries that disputed Shankara's theories, and offered an alternate interpretation of Upanishadic scriptures.

paragraph: Some hagiographies, composed centuries after Ramanuja departed his mortal body, state that a Chola king, Kulothunga Chola II, had immense hatred towards Sri Vaishnavism. The persecutor was called Krimikanta Chola or worm-necked Chola, so called as the king is said to have suffered from the cancer of the neck or throat. Historian Nilakanta Sastri identifies Krimikanta Chola with Adhirajendra Chola or Virarajendra Chola with whom the main line (Vijayalaya line) ended. Knowing the evil intentions of the king, Sri Rāmānujā's disciple, Sri Koorathazhwan persuaded Ramanuja to leave the Chola kingdom. Sri Rāmānujā then moved to Hoysala kingdom for 14 years, wherein he converted a Jain king, Bitti Deva to Hinduism after miraculously healing his daughter. Bitti Deva changed his name to Vishnuvardhana. King Vishnuvardhana assisted Sri Rāmānujā to build a temple of Lord Thirunarayanaswamy at Melukote which is presently a temple town in Mandya district of Karnataka. Rāmānujā later returned on his own to Tamil Nādu after the demise of Krimikanta Chola. According to Sastri, Krimikanta or Adhirajendra Chola was killed in a local uprising of the Vaishnavas. According to "Koil Olugu" (temple records) of the Srirangam temple, Kulottunga Chola was the son of Krimikanta Chola. The former, unlike his father, is said to have been a repentant son who supported vaishnavism. Ramanuja is said to have made Kulottunga II as a disciple of his nephew, Dasarathi. The king then granted the management of the Ranganathaswamy temple to Dasarathi and his descendants as per the wish of Ramanuja.

paragraph: According to John Carman, Ramanuja and his Srīvaiṣṇava disciples lived under the relatively stable and non-sectarian climate of the Chola empire, before its decline in the late 12th and 13th centuries. Ramanuja revolted against caste system, followed the same lines of alwars and helped the people who were considered to be untouchables (dasa, dasulu, dasu), to get absorbed into the Sri Vaishnava Bhakthi Movement, encouraging them to attain Spiritual enlightenment by teaching them Sri Alwar Divyaprabandham. He called these downtrodden classes as "Tirukulattar", meaning "of noble descent" in Tamil, and was instrumental in admitting them into the temple in Melukote. Ramanuja's liberal views also led to the reorganization of rituals in Srirangam and the involvement of non-brahmin people in the Vaishnava worship. This policy change contributed to the enhancement of social status for artisanal and other non-brahmin caste groups, especially the weavers (Kaikkolas) who were one of the chief beneficiaries. After the period of Ramanuja, the Sri Vaishnava community split on this issue and formed the Vadakalai (northern and Sanskritic) and Thenkalai (southern and Tamil) sects. Both sects believe in initiation into Sri Vaishnavism through Pancha Samskara. This ceremony or rite of passage is necessary for one to become a Sri Vaishnava Brahmin. It is performed by Brahmins and non-Brahmins in order to become Vaishnavas.

paragraph: Ramanuja was initiated into Vaishnavism by Mahapurna, a non-Brahmin and a disciple of Yamunacharya.

paragraph: Section::::Attempts on Ramanuja's life.

paragraph: There were multiple attempts on Ramanuja's life. When he was a student under Yadava Prakasa, the latter grew jealous of Ramanuja's rise to fame. So Yadava Prakasa tried to get rid of Ramanuja during a tour to the Ganges in north India. Govinda, Ramanuja's cousin (son of his mother's sister), came to know of this sinister plot and warned Ramanuja who then left the group and escaped to Kanchi with the help of an elderly hunter couple. Later Yadava Prakasa realised his folly and became a disciple under Ramanuja.

paragraph: Later another attempt was made on Ramanuja's life while he was about to take charge of the temple affairs in Srirangam. The head priest of the Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam did not like Ramanuja and decided to do away with him. Accordingly he invited Ramanuja to his house for having food and planned to kill him by poisoning his food. However, when Ramanuja arrived, the priest's wife saw the divine glow of Ramanuja and immediately confessed her husband's plan. This did not deter the priest who then made another attempt when Ramanuja visited the temple. He poisoned the temple "Theertham"(holy water) and served it to Ramanuja. However instead of dying Ramanuja began to dance with joy. The priest taken aback at once realised his mistake and fell at the feet of Ramanuja.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: The Sri Vaisnava tradition attributes nine Sanskrit texts to Ramanuja – "Vedārthasangraha" (literally, "Summary" of the "Vedas meaning"), "Sri Bhāshya" (a review and commentary on the "Brahma Sutras"), "Bhagavad Gita Bhāshya" (a review and commentary on the "Bhagavad Gita"), and the minor works titled "Vedāntadipa", "Vedāntasāra", "Gadya Trayam" (which is a compilation of three texts called the "Saranāgati Gadyam", "Sriranga Gadyam" and the "Srivaikunta Gadyam"), and "Nitya Grantham".

paragraph: Some scholars have questioned the authenticity of all but the three of the largest works credited to Ramanuja – Shri Bhāshya, Vedārthasangraha and the Bhagavad Gita Bhāshya.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.

paragraph: Ramanuja's philosophical foundation was qualified monism, and is called "Vishishtadvaita" in the Hindu tradition. His ideas are one of three subschools in Vedānta, the other two are known as Ādi Shankara's Advaita (absolute monism) and Madhvāchārya's Dvaita (dualism).

paragraph: Ramanuja accepted that the Vedas are a reliable source of knowledge, then critiqued other schools of Hindu philosophy, including Advaita Vedānta, as having failed in interpreting all of the Vedic texts. He asserted, in his "Sri Bhāshya", that "purvapaksin" (previous schools) selectively interpret those Upanishadic passages that support their monistic interpretation, and ignore those passages that support the pluralism interpretation. There is no reason, stated Ramanuja, to prefer one part of a scripture and not other, the whole of the scripture must be considered on par. One cannot, according to Ramanuja, attempt to give interpretations of isolated portions of any scripture. Rather, the scripture must be considered one integrated corpus, expressing a consistent doctrine. The Vedic literature, asserted Ramanuja, mention both plurality and oneness, therefore the truth must incorporate pluralism and monism, or qualified monism.

paragraph: This method of scripture interpretation distinguishes Ramanuja from Ādi Shankara. Shankara's exegetical approach "Samanvayat Tatparya Linga" with "Anvaya-Vyatireka", states that for proper understanding all texts must be examined in their entirety and then their intent established by six characteristics, which includes studying what is stated by the author to be his goal, what he repeats in his explanation, then what he states as conclusion and whether it can be epistemically verified. Not everything in any text, states Shankara, has equal weight and some ideas are the essence of any expert's textual testimony. This philosophical difference in scriptural studies, helped Shankara conclude that the Principal Upanishads primarily teach monism with teachings such as "Tat tvam asi", while helping Ramanuja conclude that qualified monism is at the foundation of Hindu spirituality.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Comparison with other Vedānta schools.

paragraph: Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita shares the theistic devotionalism ideas with Madhvāchārya's Dvaita. Both schools assert that Jīva (human souls) and Brahman (as Vishnu) are different, a difference that is never transcended. God Vishnu alone is independent, all other gods and beings are dependent on Him, according to both Madhvāchārya and Ramanuja. However, in contrast to Madhvāchārya's views, Ramanuja asserts "qualified non-dualism", that souls share the same essential nature of Brahman, and that there is a universal sameness in the quality and degree of bliss possible for human souls, and every soul can reach the bliss state of God Himself. While the 13th- to 14th-century Madhavāchārya asserted both "qualitative and quantitative pluralism of souls", Ramanuja asserted "qualitative monism and quantitative pluralism of souls", states Sharma.

paragraph: Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita school and Shankara's Advaita school are both nondualistic Vedānta schools, both are premised on the assumption that all souls can hope for and achieve the state of blissful liberation; in contrast, Madhvāchārya believed that some souls are eternally doomed and damned. Shankara's theory posits that only Brahman and causes are metaphysical unchanging reality, while the empirical world (Maya) and observed effects are changing, illusive and of relative existence. Spiritual liberation to Shankara is the full comprehension and realization of oneness of one's unchanging Ātman (soul) as the same as Ātman in everyone else as well as being identical to the "nirguna" Brahman. In contrast, Ramanuja's theory posits both Brahman and the world of matter are two different absolutes, both metaphysically real, neither should be called false or illusive, and "saguna" Brahman with attributes is also real. God, like man, states Ramanuja, has both soul and body, and all of the world of matter is the glory of God's body. The path to Brahman (Vishnu), asserted Ramanuja, is devotion to godliness and constant remembrance of the beauty and love of personal god ("saguna" Brahman, Vishnu), one which ultimately leads one to the oneness with "nirguna" Brahman.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: Harold Coward describes Ramanuja as "the founding interpreter of Sri Vaisnavite scripture." Wendy Doniger calls him "probably the single most influential thinker of devotional Hinduism". J. A. B. van Buitenen states that Ramanuja was highly influential, by giving "bhakti an intellectual basis", and his efforts made bhakti the major force within different traditions of Hinduism.

paragraph: Modern scholars have compared the importance of Ramanuja in Hinduism to that of scholar Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) in Christianity.

paragraph: Ramanuja reformed the Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple complex, undertook India-wide tours and expanded the reach of his organization. The temple organization became the stronghold of his ideas and his disciples. It is here that he wrote his influential Vishishtadvaita philosophy text, "Sri Bhashyam", over a period of time.

paragraph: Ramanuja not only developed theories and published philosophical works, he organized a network of temples for Vishnu-Lakshmi worship. Ramanuja set up centers of studies for his philosophy during the 11th- and 12th-century, by traveling through India in that era, and these influenced generations of poet saints devoted to the Bhakti movement. Regional traditions assert that his visits, debates and discourses triggered conversion of Jains and Buddhists to Vaishnavism in Mysore and Deccan region.

paragraph: The birthplace of Ramanuja near Chennai hosts a temple and is an active Vishishtadvaita school. His doctrines inspire a lively intellectual tradition in southern, northern and eastern states of India, his monastery and temple traditions are carried on in the most important and large Vaishnava centres – the Ranganātha temple in Srirangam, Tamil Nadu, and the Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh.

paragraph: The Statue of Equality in Hyderabad, planned by Chinna Jeeyar, is dedicated to Ramanuja.

paragraph: Section::::Disciples.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kidambi Aachan

paragraph: BULLET::::- ThirukurugaiPiran Pillan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nadadhur Azhwan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mudaliyandan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Koorathazhwan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anantazhwar

paragraph: Section::::Names.

paragraph: He is also known as "", Udaiyavar, "Ethirājar" ("Yatirāja", king of monks), Bhashyakarar, "Godāgrajar", Thiruppavai Jeeyar, "Emberumānār" and Lakshmana Muni

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hindu philosophy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Subala Upanishad – a minor Upanishad repeatedly cited by Ramanuja, and influential to his ideas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yoga (philosophy)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vishnuvardhana

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: Biographies

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography and works, The Internet encyclopaedia of Philosophy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Ramanuja, "Sanskrit.org"

paragraph: Works

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rāmānuja Biography, Surendranath Dasgupta, 1940

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rāmānuja Literature, Surendranath Dasgupta, 1940

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography of Ramanuja's works, Item 637, Karl Potter, University of Washington

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sri Bhashya: 's commentary on Vedanta Sutras, translated By George Thibaut (1904)

paragraph: Others

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ramanuja.org

alias:
Śrī Ramanujacharya
Udayavar
Ethirajar
Yatiraja
Emberumannar
Lakshmana Muni

description: Hindu philosopher, exegete of Vishishtadvaita Vedanta school

enwikiquote_title: Ramanuja

wikidata_label: Ramanuja

wikipedia_title: Ramanuja


text:
caricaturist
Latin
Gornja Gorevnica
Čačak
Partisan Movement
World War II
Chetniks
Zemun
architecture
Belgrade
Večernje novosti
Borba
Danas
Vreme
cartoons
caricatures
Danas
Presidents of Yugoslavia
Dobrica Ćosić
Slobodan Milošević
Vojislav Koštunica
President of Serbia
Aleksandar Vučić
art exhibition
Légion d'honneur
Corax works
Corax books

categories: People from Čačak,Serbian cartoonists,Living people,1933 births

paragraph: Predrag Koraksić Corax

paragraph: Predrag Koraksić Corax (; born 15 June 1933) is a Serbian political caricaturist.

paragraph: Section::::Name signature.

paragraph: He writes his signature Corax using Latin characters and spelling.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Koraksić was born on 15 June 1933 in Gornja Gorevnica, near Čačak. His parents are Stojan and Zorka (née Borić), who were teachers. His father, who was also one of the Partisan Movement leaders, was killed during the World War II by Chetniks in 1941. Corax spent four years as a refugee.

paragraph: After the war Corax graduated from the grammar school in Zemun and studied architecture in Belgrade, but dropped out in his third year of studies. Corax started his professional cartoonist career in 1950 in newspaper "Jež". Afterwards, Corax worked for "Večernje novosti", from which he was expelled after the court process in 1993.

paragraph: Since 1989, Corax worked for the independent newspaper "Borba", but moved to "Danas", where he still works, when Borba was taken over by the Serbian government. From 1990 until 2005 he was working for magazine "Vreme", where he was a member of the editorial board.

paragraph: Section::::Cartoons.

paragraph: Corax's cartoons are humorous accounts of contemporary, mostly Serbian, political events. He rarely uses any written text in his cartoons, but relies on caricatures of politicians for the message be self-explanatory. His strips are currently being published frequently by Serbian newspaper Danas.

paragraph: He is a prominent cartoonist in Serbia, as his cartoons are published in well known publications and his style is easily recognized. He also published several books, among which are: the "Past Continuous Tense" () and the "Phenomenon of Rusty Spoon" (), covering political life in Serbia from 1990 to 2016 in caricatures form. For his works he said that throughout his career: "(he) took care that the caricature should not offend anyone, not to be excessive, not to insult, but to be ridicule, irony, that a person laughs". Commenting on inspiration for making cartoons about politicians, he said: "I've been always driven mad by arrogance, which is actually a dominant characteristic of those people, ruthlessness, lies, deceit... and especially nationalism."

paragraph: Throughout career, his sarcastic cartoons about politicians have made a bunch of high-ranking officials of Serbia offended, that they even publicly criticized his work (in pretty negative way). Among them, most notable are at the time of Presidents of Yugoslavia Dobrica Ćosić, Slobodan Milošević and Vojislav Koštunica, and in recent years President of Serbia Aleksandar Vučić. From time to time, political leaders have also tried to obstruct his work following the provocative cartoons aimed at them, by replacing main editors in newspapers where he works or by cancelling his art exhibitions in public libraries without proper explanation.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: In October 2004, he was rewarded French Légion d'honneur. In December 2017, he was awarded with "Dobar primer Novog Optimzma" award.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Koraksić is married to Branislava (née Galić), with whom he has two children - Tatjana and Uroš.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Corax works at pescanik.net

paragraph: BULLET::::- Corax books at delfi.rs

description: Serbian caricaturist

wikidata_label: Predrag Koraksić Corax

wikipedia_title: Predrag Koraksić Corax


text: courtesy name

text: Song dynasty

text: Later Zhou dynasty

text: coup d'état

text: Emperor Gong

text: Southern Tang

text: Later Shu

text: Southern Han

text: Jingnan

text: China proper

text: Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period

text: Zhao Kuangyi (Emperor Taizong)

text: Luoyang

text: Zhao Hongyin

text: mounted archery

text: bridle

text: city gate

text: Lady He

text: arrangement

text: Guo Wei

text: jiedushi

text: Later Han dynasty

text: Li Shouzhen

text: Later Zhou dynasty

text: Battle of Gaoping

text: Northern Han

text: Liao

text: Liu Chong

text: Taiyuan

text: Shi Shouxin

text: Pan Mei

text: Zhao Kuangyi

text: jiedushi

text: Guo Wei

text: Li Chongjin

text: Guo Wei

text: Guo Zongxun

text: chancellor

text: Fan Zhi

text: Northern Han

text: Liao

text: li

text: Mandate of Heaven

text: Song

text: Guo Zongxun

text: Zhao family

text: Tang dynasty

text: Song dynasty

text: Chai Rong

text: Later Shu

text: Southern Han

text: Southern Tang

text: Northern Han

text: Taiyuan

text: Khitans

text: Liao dynasty

text: imperial examination

text: scientific advance

text: Zhao Kuangyi (Emperor Taizong)

text: Zhao Dezhao

text: Zhao Defang

text: Emperor Gaozong

text: a descendant of Emperor Taizu

text: Zhao Dezhao

text: Zhao Defang

text: Later Tang

text: Zhuozhou

text: Hebei Province

text: Zhuangzong of Later Tang

text: Zhao Hongyin

text: Empress Dowager Zhaoxian

text: Zhao Dezhao

text: Empress Xiaoming

text: Zhao Defang

text: Empress Xiaozhang

text: door god

text: Chinese

text: Taoist temple

text: Yang Gun

text: Later Tang

text: Later Jin

text: Later Han

text: Later Zhou

text: Generals of the Yang Family

text: wuxia

text: Antiquarian

text: courtesy name

text: Chai Rong

text: Shaolin

text: Long Fist style

text: 4D film

text: Academy Award

text: Bille August

text: Li Yu

text: Southern Tang

text: Qian Chu

text: Wuyue

text: Gordon Liu

text: Chen Jianbin

text: Li Houzhu

text: The Sword and the Song

text: Li Wenhai

text: Wu Hsing-kuo

text: Nicky Wu

text: Chinese emperors family tree (middle)

text: List of emperors of the Song dynasty

text: Architecture of the Song dynasty

text: Culture of the Song dynasty

text: Economy of the Song dynasty

text: History of the Song dynasty

text: Society of the Song dynasty

text: Technology of the Song dynasty

text: Paludan, Ann

categories: Deified Chinese people,976 deaths,10th-century rulers in Asia,Emperors from Luoyang,Northern Song emperors,Chinese gods,10th-century Chinese monarchs,Later Zhou generals,927 births

paragraph: Emperor Taizu of Song

paragraph: Emperor Taizu of Song (21 March 927 – 14 November 976) personal name Zhao Kuangyin, courtesy name Yuanlang, was the founder and first emperor of the Song dynasty in China. He reigned from 960 until his death in 976. Formerly a distinguished military general of the Later Zhou dynasty, Emperor Taizu came to power after staging a "coup d'état" and forcing Emperor Gong, the last Later Zhou ruler, to abdicate the throne in his favour.

paragraph: During his reign, Emperor Taizu conquered the states of Southern Tang, Later Shu, Southern Han and Jingnan, thus reunifying most of China proper and effectively ending the tumultuous Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. To strengthen his control, he lessened the power of military generals and relied on civilian officials in administration. He was succeeded by his younger brother, Zhao Kuangyi (Emperor Taizong).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Luoyang to military commander Zhao Hongyin, Zhao Kuangyin grew up excelling in mounted archery. Once, riding an untamed horse without a bridle, he knocked his forehead on the wall above the city gate and fell off, but got right back up and chased the horse, eventually subduing it while going unharmed. In the mid-940s, he married Lady He on his father's arrangement. After wandering around for a few years, in 949 he joined the army of Guo Wei, a "jiedushi" (military governor) of the Later Han dynasty, and helped Guo quell Li Shouzhen's rebellion.

paragraph: Section::::Career under Later Zhou.

paragraph: In 951, Guo Wei rebelled and created the Later Zhou dynasty. Because of his brilliant combat skills, Zhao Kuangyin was promoted to a palace guard commander. Chai Rong (Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou) frequently met Guo Wei and noticed Zhao Kuangyin's potential. Under his command, Zhao Kuangyin was made into a commander of the cavalry units. Under Chai Rong, Zhao Kuangyin's rise to power had begun.

paragraph: Zhao Kuangyin's career started at the Battle of Gaoping, against the alliance of the Northern Han and Liao dynasties.

paragraph: This rivalry started when Chai Rong ascended the throne and Liu Chong decided to work with the Liao dynasty. In the initial confrontation, the army's right flank, led by Fan Aineng (樊愛能) and He Hui (何徽), was defeated. Looking at the situation, Zhao Kuangyin and Zhang Yongde (張永德) led 4000 elite Palace troops to counter the Liao army. Zhao Kuangyin's exhortation for the loyalty to the emperor quickly strengthened morale. The small force held off the larger Liao army until reinforcements arrived. In the end, the successful counter repelled the Northern Han back to Taiyuan.

paragraph: The victory raised Zhao Kuangyin up to the post of the grand commander of the palace guards, as well as reorganising and training them. More importantly, he developed the relations with other generals and officials related to the Chief of Palace, including Shi Shouxin, Wang Shenqi (王審琦), Yang Guangyi (楊光義), Wang Zhengzhong (王政忠), Liu Qingyi (劉慶義), Liu Shouzhong (劉守忠), Liu Yanrang (劉延讓), Mi Xin (米信), Tian Chongjin (田重進), Pan Mei, his brother Zhao Kuangyi, Shen Yilun (沈義倫), Lu Xuqing, Zhao Pu (趙普), Chu Zhaofu (楚昭輔). Within a few years, Zhao Kuangyin completely controlled the palace guards and even developed a set of officials under him with the people mentioned above.

paragraph: Soon, he was promoted to a "jiedushi" (military governor), controlling most of the military power under Chai Rong. Nevertheless, he still had two rivals – Zhang Yongde (Guo Wei's son-in-law) and Li Chongjin (Guo Wei's nephew). In 959, after a trap set by Zhao Kuangyin, Zhang Yongde was demoted. After the death of Chai Rong, the Later Zhou throne was left to his seven-year-old son Guo Zongxun, and the second rival, Li Chongjin, soon found himself lacking the political backing. As a result, Zhao Kuangyin was able to use his influence to transfer Li Chongjin to Yang Prefecture as a "jiedushi".

paragraph: Section::::Coup at Chen Bridge.

paragraph: In 960, word reached the chancellor Fan Zhi that Northern Han and Liao dynasties were once again allied to invade them again. Without verifying the reliability of the hearsay, Fan Zhi sent Zhao Kuangyin to combat the alliance. After traveling 40 "li", there was a clamour that a "prophet" saw two suns fighting, and that this meant the transfer of the Mandate of Heaven to Zhao Kuangyin. The story effectively spread around the army: there came discontent of the "command" of the young emperor and a shift of loyalty to Zhao Kuangyin. A few days later, when Zhao Kuangyin was drunk in his tent, all the troops had not slept the whole night; they got their weapons and started yelling. Zhao Pu and Zhang Kuangyi, who were guarding the tent, saw the situation and went into the tent to wake up Zhao Kuangyin. When Zhao Kuangyin came out, all the troops yelled, "The army is without a master, we are willing to make the general the new emperor." Allegedly, Zhao Kuangyin took the power reluctantly, only under the urging of his soldiers. The midnight mutiny of officers forcibly urged Zhao Kuangyin to the throne; but, when the officers presented him to the troops as their new commander-in-chief he refused the imperial nomination until they swore unconditional obedience to him as leader. News of the rebellion soon reached the court and chaos erupted. The only person who thought about a resistance was Han Tong, but he was killed by one of Zhao Kuangyin's generals when he reached home.

paragraph: Upon entering the capital to take his seat on the throne, Zhao Kuangyin made an executive order prohibiting the troops from looting the city or otherwise violating the rights of the population.

paragraph: With the gates opened for Zhao Kuangyin, he became emperor with no resistance. Before the chancellor Fan Zhi could say anything, one of Zhao Kuangyin's generals pointed a sword at him and said, "We are without masters. Today, we must have an emperor." After the officials looked at each other and knew it was hopeless to resist; they all bowed down. With the court under control, Zhao Kuangyin was officially proclaimed emperor. The new dynasty's name, Song, was inspired by the army Zhao Kuangyin commanded in Song Prefecture.

paragraph: After the declaration, Zhao Kuangyin sent the dethroned young emperor Guo Zongxun with his mother to the Western Capital (西京). He personally ordered the Zhao family to receive the Chai family into their family's care for generations.

paragraph: Section::::As Emperor of the Song dynasty.

paragraph: In 960, Zhao Kuangyin (known now as Emperor Taizu) helped reunite most of China after the fragmentation and rebellion between the fall of the Tang dynasty in 907 and the establishment of the Song dynasty. The plan set during Chai Rong's reign was to first conquer the north, then the south. During Emperor Taizu's reign, there was a change in strategy. He would conquer all the smaller states such as Later Shu, Southern Han and Southern Tang. The exception was the strong Northern Han in the north at Taiyuan supported by the Khitans of the Liao dynasty. Emperor Taizu's strategy was to first take the southern territories because the south was weaker than the north as the Liao dynasty supported Northern Han.

paragraph: In 968, Emperor Taizu personally led the army against the Northern Han. At first, his forces tore through the defences and placed Taiyuan under siege, but was ultimately forced to retreat after he struck against the defences of the Northern Han with the Liao cavalry coming in to support.

paragraph: Emperor Taizu established the core Song Ancestor Rules and Policy for the later Song emperors. He was remembered for his expansion of the imperial examination system such that most of the civil service were recruited through the exams (in contrast to the Tang where less than 10% of the civil servants came through exams). He also created academies that allowed a great deal of freedom of discussion and thought, which facilitated the growth of scientific advance, economic reforms as well as achievements in arts and literature.

paragraph: Emperor Taizu is well known for bringing the power of the military under control, ending the era of the warlords, and so preventing anyone else rising to power as he did. Upon becoming emperor, he invited the general officers to a lavish banquet, where he convinced them all to retire as military leaders, in favour of enjoying extensive estates and generous retirement funds and benefits which he then offered them. At a certain point during the feast, the new emperor made a speech to the military officers assembled there, which he began by expressing his deep gratitude to each and all of them for placing him on the throne, and that now that he had the power to do so, he wished to reward them to the utmost of his ability; then he went on to say that he thought the present company would all understand that he could not feel at ease on his new throne, with them continuing in command of their various armies of troops: and, he said, that if they duly considered the ramifications of the matter, neither would they. He then sincerely promised that they and their families would live in happiness and harmony, if they accepted his offer to retire with the stated benefits: eventually, none of the generals refused his terms, and thus began a period of relative internal peace within the realm for the duration of the Song dynasty which he thus founded, also better securing the military forces for involvement with the rival surrounding empires.

paragraph: Many Song and later sources record the story of the "Taizu's Oath," which forbade his successors from killing scholar-officials. However, this story might be a later construct.

paragraph: Section::::Death and succession dispute.

paragraph: Emperor Taizu reigned for seventeen years and died in 976 at the age of 49. Curiously, he was succeeded by his younger brother, Zhao Kuangyi (Emperor Taizong), even though he had two grown sons – Zhao Dezhao, the Prince of Yan (951–979), and Zhao Defang, the Prince of Qin (959–981). The traditional historical accounts place emphasis on the role Zhao Kuangyin's mother played in the decision which was made shortly after the Song dynasty was proclaimed (around 961). So for nearly his entire reign, it was known and accepted that Zhao Kuangyi would succeed him.

paragraph: In folklore, the story known as "shadows by the candle and sounds from an axe" is very popular and suggests that Emperor Taizu was murdered by his brother, who was after the throne.

paragraph: After Emperor Taizong, the line of succession passed on to his son and descendants rather than those of Emperor Taizu. However, when Emperor Gaozong (1127–1161) failed to produce an heir, he selected a descendant of Emperor Taizu to be his adopted heir to succeed him in 1161. After 1161, all the subsequent Song emperors were descended from Emperor Taizu through his two sons, Zhao Dezhao and Zhao Defang.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Zhao Kuangyin's family was of fairly modest origins and cannot be traced back with any certainty further than the Later Tang. His great great grandfather Zhao Tiao was an official who served in Zhuozhou in Hebei Province near where the family lived. His descendants Zhao Ting and Zhao Jing also served as local officials in Hebei Province. Zhao Jing's son Zhao Hongyin decided against a civil career and became a military officer instead under Zhuangzong of Later Tang: he knew that in times of disunity it would be a military career that would lead to success.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parents:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhao Hongyin, Xuanzu (; 899–956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Dowager Zhaoxian, of the Du clan (; 902–961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consorts and Issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Xiaohui, of the He clan (; 929–958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zhao Dexiu, Prince Teng" (), first son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhao Dezhao, Prince Yanyi (; 951–979), second son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zhao Delin, Prince Shu" (), third son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Xiansu (; d. 1008), first daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Wang Chengyan () in 970

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Xianjing (; d. 1009), second daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Shi Baoji () in 972

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Xiaoming, of the Wang clan (; 942–964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhao Defang, Prince Qinkanghui (; 959–981), fourth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unnamed daughter"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unnamed daughter"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Xiaozhang, of the Song clan (; 952–995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unknown

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Xianhui (; d. 999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Wei Xianxin () in 972

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Princess Anhui" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Princess Xianhui" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Princess Xuanhui" ()

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Religion.

paragraph: The Great Ancestor of the Song sometimes appears as a door god in Chinese and Taoist temples in partnership with Yang Gun.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Literature.

paragraph: The late 16th century novel by Xiong Damu (熊大木) called "Records of the Two Songs, South and North" (南北兩宋志傳) is a historical novel about imperial China from roughly 926 to 1022. The first 50 chapters detail the fall of Later Tang and the rise and fall of Later Jin, Later Han and Later Zhou, with a focus on the legends of Zhao Kuangyin. The last 50 chapters focus on the "Generals of the Yang Family" legends. As a result, the book is in later publications usually split in two separate parts under various different names.

paragraph: A 1797 novel written by Wu Xuan (吳璿) called "Legends of the Flying Dragon" (飛龍傳) proved to be very popular in his time. He expanded the stories on Zhao Kuangyin in Xiong Damu's book and added a "wuxia" twist to it. Another novel "Emperor Taizu of Song Thrice Sets off for Southern Tang, Trapped in Shouzhou City" (宋太祖三下南唐被困壽州城) was written by an "Antiquarian Master" (好古主人) in 1858.

paragraph: While these stories mostly use historical figures as supporting characters, a number of fictional characters became famously associated with Zhao Kuangyin:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhao Jingniang (趙京娘), a beautiful teenage girl whom Zhao Kuangyin saved from kidnappers and protected during her journey home. She developed strong romantic feelings about Zhao Kuangyin, but he only regarded her as a younger sister. She eventually committed suicide when a misunderstanding occurred.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zheng En (鄭恩), courtesy name Ziming (子明), the third sworn brother of Zhao Kuangyin and Chai Rong in the stories. He is portrayed as dark-skinned, strong and loyal, with a simple temperament. He was accidentally killed by a drunk Zhao Kuangyin.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Martial arts.

paragraph: According to martial arts traditional lore, Emperor Taizu created a Shaolin-based fighting style known as "Taizu Changquan" (太祖長拳; literally "Taizu Long Fist"). It is the core style of the present-day Long Fist style. Whether he really did invent this style or if it even dates from this time is not actually known.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Films.

paragraph: A Chinese 4D film tentatively titled "Unifying the Country" (一統江山) is planned to be directed by Academy Award-winning Danish director Bille August. The film is said to center on Zhao Kuangyin as well as Li Yu (last ruler of Southern Tang) and Qian Chu (last ruler of Wuyue).

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Television series.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Military Control" (兵權), a 1988 Hong Kong series starring Gordon Liu as Zhao Kuangyin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zhao Kuangyin" (趙匡胤), a 1995 Chinese series starring Zhao Xiguang as Zhao Kuangyin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Preordained Emperor" (真命天子), a 1998 Taiwanese series starring Lin You-hsing as Zhao Kuangyin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zhao Kuangyin" (趙匡胤), a 2013 Chinese series starring Chen Jianbin as Zhao Kuangyin.

paragraph: Three independent television series focused on the complex relationships between Zhao Kuangyin, Li Houzhu (Li Congjia) and the many women in their lives. They are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Sword and the Song" (絕代雙雄), a 1986 Singaporean series starring Lin Mingzhe as Zhao Kuangyin and Li Wenhai as Li Congjia

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love, Sword, Mountain & River" (情劍山河), a 1996 Taiwanese series starring Wu Hsing-kuo as Zhao Kuangyin and Chin Feng as Li Congjia

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Li Houzhu and Zhao Kuangyin" (李後主與趙匡胤), a 2006 Chinese series starring Huang Wen-hao as Zhao Kuangyin and Nicky Wu as Li Congjia

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chinese emperors family tree (middle)

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of emperors of the Song dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Architecture of the Song dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Culture of the Song dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Economy of the Song dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the Song dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Society of the Song dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Technology of the Song dynasty

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paludan, Ann (1998). "Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China". New York, New York: Thames and Hudson.

alias:
Tai Zu
Zhao Kuangyin

description: Founding emperor of the Song Dynasty

wikidata_label: Emperor Taizu of Song

wikipedia_title: Emperor Taizu of Song


text: SDB

text: bishop

text: diocese of Surat Thani

text: Thailand

text: Wat Phleng

text: Ratchaburi Province

text: Salesians of Don Bosco

text: Hua Hin

text: Hong Kong

text: theology

text: Bethlehem

text: Pope Paul VI

text: Crescenzio Sepe

text: bishopric coat of arms

text: monstrance

text: host

text: Mother Mary

text: Lord's Prayer

text: Catholic hierarchy

categories: 1946 births,Living people,Thai Roman Catholic bishops

paragraph: Joseph Prathan Sridarunsil

paragraph: Joseph Prathan Sridanusil SDB (born February 9, 1946, ) is the bishop of the Roman Catholic diocese of Surat Thani, Thailand.

paragraph: Born in Wat Phleng, Ratchaburi Province, he in 1964 joined the order of the Salesians of Don Bosco in Hua Hin. He studied philosophy in Hong Kong and theology in Bethlehem. On June 29, 1975 he was ordained to the priesthood by Pope Paul VI in Rome.

paragraph: In the following years he had several posts at the Thai Catholic church, until he was appointed to be the bishop of Surat Thani on October 9, 2004. He was installed as bishop on November 28 by Crescenzio Sepe, Cardinal Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples.

paragraph: Section::::Coat of arms.

paragraph: The shield of the bishopric coat of arms consists of three symbols. The golden color represents the faith. The monstrance with the host in the middle of the shield symbolizes the central standing of Jesus Christ. The star in the top left corner stands for Mother Mary. The book to the right is the holy bible, the inspiration for live and work. The motto below "Fiat voluntas tua" (Thy Will be done) is the fourth line of the Lord's Prayer.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic hierarchy

description: Thai bishop

wikidata_label: Joseph Prathan Sridarunsil

wikipedia_title: Joseph Prathan Sridarunsil


text: French

text: French Formula Three Championship

text: 944 Cup

text: Porsche Supercup

text: French GT Championship

text: Chrysler Viper GTS-R

text: Oreca

text: Olivier Beretta

text: Karl Wendlinger

text: 24 Hours of Daytona

text: 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: François Fiat

text: Profile at Driver Database

text: Profile at Speedsport Magazine

categories: 24 Hours of Daytona drivers,Porsche Supercup drivers,French Formula Three Championship drivers,Rolex Sports Car Series drivers,1957 births,24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,French racing drivers,French Formula Renault 2.0 drivers,FIA GT Championship drivers,Living people

paragraph: Dominique Dupuy

paragraph: Dominique Dupuy (born 26 August 1957) is a French racing driver.

paragraph: Dupuy began racing professionally in 1983 in Championnat de France Formule Renault Turbo finishing 4th. He moved to the French Formula Three Championship the following year and raced there until 1988. After that, he moved to the professional French Porsche 944 Cup series and moved to the French Porsche Carrera Cup in 1991 where he would race until 1999. He won the series championship 5 times ( record ) in 1993,1994,1997,1998 and 1999, with 40 wins (record) and would move onto the Porsche Supercup in 1995, winning 3rd place honors in Supercup in 1997.

paragraph: He also won two times (1993-1994) 24 Hours of Le Mans in GT class with Porsche. Double program for 1999, he won the French Porsche Carrera cup and finish 5th to the FIA GT World Championship with only 3 participations over 12 races. After that he moved to the French GT Championship he signed on to drive a Chrysler Viper GTS-R, he won the championship two times (2000-2001), he also race with this viper in Spanish championship and he finish vice-champion. Prior to the season beginning Dupuy and his Oreca teammates Olivier Beretta and Karl Wendlinger were the surprise overall winners of the 24 Hours of Daytona in their Viper.

paragraph: Dupuy and the Oreca team were also the GTS champions of the 24 Hours of Le Mans in both 1999 and 2000. He also won 12H Sebring and Adelaide (2000).

paragraph: Dupuy and his teammate François Fiat would go on to win the French GT Championship that year and repeated the feat in 2001. He brought the first Saleen S7R in France in 2003 until 2005. He retired from full-time competition in 2005 after and has not driven in French GT since 2007.

paragraph: He is now technical director of the First Racing team with 2 Lamborghini Gallardo in FFSA GT3.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at Driver Database

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at Speedsport Magazine

description: French racing driver

wikidata_label: Dominique Dupuy

wikipedia_title: Dominique Dupuy


text:
Leipzig
Bipindi
Naples
Libreville
Gabon
Yaoundé Station
Kamerun
Zenkerella
Fabaceae
Paul Hermann Wilhelm Taubert
Zenker's fruit bat
Paul Matschie
Zenker's honeyguide
Anton Reichenow
Zenker's wormsnake
Richard Sternfeld

categories: German naturalists,1922 deaths,People from Leipzig,German gardeners,1855 births

paragraph: Georg August Zenker

paragraph: Georg August Zenker (11 June 1855, in Leipzig – 6 February 1922, in Bipindi) was a German gardener and naturalist.

paragraph: He worked as a gardener at the botanical gardens in Leipzig and Naples, and in 1886, on behalf of the Italian government, traveled as a researcher to Africa. Subsequently, he was put in charge of the Sibange Farm, located near Libreville (Gabon), and later on, he worked as a preparator at Yaoundé Station in Kamerun. In 1895 he quit the colonial service and returned to Germany, but soon afterwards, he went back to Kamerun as a private citizen and established a plantation at Bipindi, where he grew coffee, cacao and rubber.

paragraph: During his many years spent in Kamerun, he amassed an enormous collection of botanical, zoological and ethnographic items. Unfortunately, his botanical specimens sent to Berlin were for the most part destroyed during World War II. His name is associated with numerous plant and animal taxa; a few examples being:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zenkerella" (family Fabaceae): a plant genus circumscribed by Paul Hermann Wilhelm Taubert.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zenker's fruit bat, "Scotonycteris zenkeri", circumscribed by Paul Matschie.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zenker's honeyguide, "Melignomon zenkeri", circumscribed by Anton Reichenow.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zenker's wormsnake, "Typhlops zenkeri", circumscribed by Richard Sternfeld.

description: German gardener, botanist and zoologist; Head of the Yaounde Research Station (1889-1895)

wikidata_label: Georg August Zenker

wikipedia_title: Georg August Zenker


text: chemist

text: professor

text: academic administrator

text: 18th President

text: University of Texas at Austin

text: Rice University

text: corrosion

text: Baltimore, Maryland

text: Russian Empire

text: Estonia

text: Latvia

text: Johns Hopkins University

text: Loyola College

text: Blacksburg, Virginia

text: Manhattan Project

text: University of Texas System

text: National Academy of Sciences

text: American Academy of Arts and Sciences

text: Olin Palladium Award

text: Electrochemical Society

text: Charles Lathrop Parsons Award

text: Vannevar Bush Award

text: National Medal of Science

text: Acheson Award

text: Electrochemical Society

text: National Science Board

text: Welch Foundation

text: Journal of the Electrochemical Society

text: Electrochemical Society

text: The Electrochemical Society

text: Norman Hackerman Young Author Award

text: Journal of the Electrochemical Society

text: Texas

text: History of the Jews in Houston

categories: 1912 births,Electrochemistry,Rice University,Vannevar Bush Award recipients,20th-century American chemists,American Jews,Johns Hopkins University faculty,Johns Hopkins University alumni,Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences,Scientists from Baltimore,People from Temple, Texas,Presidents of the University of Texas at Austin,2007 deaths,National Medal of Science laureates,Baltimore City College alumni,Presidents of Rice University

paragraph: Norman Hackerman

paragraph: Norman Hackerman (March 2, 1912 – June 16, 2007) was an American chemist, professor, and academic administrator who served as the 18th President of the University of Texas at Austin (1967–1970) and later as the 4th President of Rice University (1970–1985). He was an internationally known expert in metal corrosion.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Baltimore, Maryland, he was the only son of Jacob Hackerman and Anna Raffel, immigrants from the Baltic regions of the Russian Empire that later became Estonia and Latvia, respectively.

paragraph: Hackerman earned his bachelor's degree in 1932 and his doctor's degree in chemistry in 1935 from Johns Hopkins University. He taught at Johns Hopkins, Loyola College in Baltimore and the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg, Virginia, before working on the Manhattan Project in World War II.

paragraph: He joined the University of Texas in 1945 as an assistant professor of chemistry, became an associate professor in 1946, a full professor in 1950, a department chair in 1952, dean of research in 1960, vice president and provost in 1961, and vice chancellor for academic affairs for the University of Texas System in 1963. Hackerman left the University of Texas in 1970 for Rice, where he retired 15 years later. He was named professor emeritus of chemistry at the University of Texas in 1985 and taught classes until the end of his life.

paragraph: He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Among his many honors are the Olin Palladium Award of the Electrochemical Society, the Gold Medal of the American Institute of Chemists (1978), the Charles Lathrop Parsons Award, the Vannevar Bush Award and the National Medal of Science. He was awarded the Acheson Award by the Electrochemical Society in 1984.

paragraph: Hackerman served on advisory committees and boards of several technical societies and government agencies, including the National Science Board, the Texas Governor's Task Force on Higher Education and the Scientific Advisory Board of the Welch Foundation. He also served as editor of the "Journal of the Electrochemical Society" and as president of the Electrochemical Society.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Hackerman's wife of 61 years, Gene Coulbourn, died in 2002; they had three daughters and one son.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In 1982 The Electrochemical Society created the Norman Hackerman Young Author Award to honor the best paper published in the Journal of the Electrochemical Society for a topic in the field of electrochemical science and technology by a young author or authors. In 2000 the Welch Foundation created the Norman Hackerman Award in Chemical Research to recognize the work of young researchers in Texas. The Rice Board of Trustees established the Norman Hackerman Fellowship in Chemistry in honor of Hackerman's 90th birthday in 2002. In 2008, the original Experimental Science Building at the University of Texas at Austin campus was demolished and rebuilt as the Norman Hackerman Experimental Science Building in his name and honor. The building was completed in late 2010, with the opening and dedication ceremony on March 2, 2011, which was both Hackerman's 99th Birthday and the 175th Anniversary of Texas Independence. The main building at the J. Erik Jonsson Center of the National Academy of Sciences is Hackerman House, named in his honor. Hackerman House overlooks Quissett Harbor in Woods Hole MA, on Cape Cod.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the Jews in Houston

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norman Hackerman Award in Chemical Research

paragraph: BULLET::::- Electrochemical Society Norman Hackerman Young Author Award

description: American chemist

wikidata_label: Norman Hackerman

wikipedia_title: Norman Hackerman


text: House of Welf

text: Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

text: Prince of Wolfenbüttel

text: William IV of Brunswick-Lüneburg

text: Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

text: Caleneberg

text: Eric

text: Principality of Göttingen

text: Brunswick

text: Wolfenbüttel

text: Magnus

text: John V, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg

text: Land of Wursten

text: Frisian

text: Weser

text: Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen

text: lansquenet

text: Land of Hadeln

text: exclave

text: beachhead

text: Johann Rode

text: Hamburg

text: Ritzebüttel

text: Bremen city

text: Buxtehude

text: Ditmarsh

text: Stade

text: feud

text: Black Guard

text: Thomas Slentz

text: Christopher

text: coadjutor

text: Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

text: Prince of Calenberg

text: status quo ante

text: cathedral chapter

text: canon-law

text: Butjadingen

text: Rhenish guilder

text: Catherine

text: County of Hoya

text: liege lord

text: East Frisia

text: Saxon Feud

text: Leerort

text: Leer

text: Catherine of Pomerania

text: Eric II, Duke of Pomerania

text: Catherine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

text: Magnus I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg

text: Henry of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

text: Teutonic Order

text: Teutonic Order

text: At the House of Welf site

categories: 1463 births,German military personnel killed in action,Princes of Wolfenbüttel,Princes of Calenberg,1514 deaths

paragraph: Henry IV, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

paragraph: Henry IV (14 June 1463 – 23 June 1514), called the Elder (), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruling Prince of Wolfenbüttel from 1491 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Henry's father, Duke William IV of Brunswick-Lüneburg retired in 1491, leaving government of the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel with Caleneberg to his two sons Henry the Elder and Eric, and only kept the Principality of Göttingen for himself. In 1494, the brothers divided their territories between them: Henry received the eastern part of the state, with the cities of Brunswick and Wolfenbüttel, while Eric took over the Calenberg estates.

paragraph: Starting in 1492, Henry laid siege to the City of Brunswick for a year and a half to enforce tax payments; the siege ended with a compromise. On 24 November 1498 Henry IV, Magnus and the latter's father John V, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg allied in order to conquer the Land of Wursten, a de facto autonomous region of free Frisian peasants in a marsh at the Weser estuary, under the loose overlordship of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen. Henry obliged to send 3,000 lansquenets to the Land of Hadeln, the Lauenburgian exclave serving as beachhead, with the lansquenets meant to gain their payment by looting and plundering the free peasants of Wursten, once successfully subjected.

paragraph: On 16 November, Prince-Archbishop Johann Rode of Bremen had prepared for this by concluding a defensive alliance with Hamburg, fearing for its military outpost Ritzebüttel at the Outer Elbe protecting free navigation from and to the city. Rode gained more allies on 1 August 1499 (Bremen city, Buxtehude, Ditmarsh, and Stade), providing 1,300 warriors and equipment to defend Wursten and / or invade Hadeln, and waged a pre-emptive feud on John V and his allies on 9 September 1499. Rode's allied forces easily conquered the Land of Hadeln.

paragraph: By 20 November 1499 Magnus hired the so-called "Great" or "Black Guard" of ruthless and violent Dutch and East Frisian mercenaries, commanded by Thomas Slentz, recapturing Hadeln in early 1500. By early December 1499 Rode had addressed Duke Henry IV for help, who was actually allied with Magnus. In return Rode offered to appoint Henry's 12-year-old son Christopher as his coadjutor, a position usually (as "coadiutor cum iure succedendi"), and in this case indeed, entailing the succession to the respective see. This exactly accomplished Henry's own expansionist ambitions, so he converted to Rode's column.

paragraph: Henry IV and his troops were then hunting the Black Guard. Mediated by Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Prince of Calenberg and Henry IV, Rode and Magnus concluded peace on 20 January 1500. Hadeln was restored to Magnus, thus no substantial change as compared with the status quo ante.

paragraph: On 1 February Rode and Bremen's cathedral chapter officially appointed Christopher as coadjutor. Rode and chapter had agreed to pay for Christopher's necessary papal dispensation from the canon-law age limit, as he was too young to be coadjutor, while Henry IV guaranteed military support for the prince-archbishopric. In 1501, Henry attacked Frisian Butjadingen, in order to subject it to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, but he had to abort the campaign. On 7 May 1501 Pope Alexander VI dispensed Christopher from being underage, which cost the Bremian see 1,500 Rhenish guilders. Alexander VI confirmed Christopher as coadjutor under the proviso that he should only ascend to office having come of age (27 years), which was in 1514. However, Christopher de facto assumed the rule in 1511, after Rode's death.

paragraph: In 1509 Magnus and Henry's daughter Catherine married, which sealed the reconciliation of Henry and Magnus. In 1511, Henry, together with the other members of the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg, conquered the County of Hoya, which had refused to recognize Brunswick-Lüneburg as its liege lord. A second attack on East Frisia in 1514—in the course of the Saxon Feud—led to Henry's death; his head was shot off during the siege of Leerort Castle (today part of Leer).

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Henry married Catherine of Pomerania, daughter of Eric II, Duke of Pomerania, in 1486. They had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christoper of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Archbishop of Bremen (c. 1487–1558)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (c. 1488 – 29 June 1563), married Magnus I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg in November 1509.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1489–1568), succeeded as Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francis of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Bishop of Minden (c.1492 – 1529)

paragraph: BULLET::::- George of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Archbishop of Bremen (1494–1566)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eric of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (c. 1500–1553), joined the Teutonic Order.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (died c. 1557), joined the Teutonic Order.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Abbess of Steterburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- John of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, died as a child.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elke Freifrau von Boeselager, „Das Land Hadeln bis zum Beginn der frühen Neuzeit", in: "Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser": 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg und Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.), Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995), vol. II "Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)"' (1995), vol. III "Neuzeit" (2008), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), ISBN (vol. I) , (vol. II) , (vol. III) , vol. II: pp. 321–388.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karl Schleif, "Regierung und Verwaltung des Erzstifts Bremen", Hamburg: no publ., 1972, (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vol. 1), zugl.: Hamburg, Univ., Diss., 1968.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Schütz, "Die Konsolidierung des Erzstiftes unter Johann Rode", in: "Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser": 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.), Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I "Vor- und Frühgeschichte" (1995), vol. II "Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)" (1995), vol. III "Neuzeit" (2008), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), ISBN (vol. I) , (vol. II) , (vol. III) , vol. II: pp. 263–278.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zedlers Universal-Lexicon, vol. 12, p. 776

paragraph: BULLET::::- At the House of Welf site

alias: Heinrich I von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel

description: German noble

wikidata_label: Henry IV, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

wikipedia_title: Henry IV, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg