text: Mongolian

text: Genghis Khan

text: Great Khan

text: Mongol Empire

text: Mongol invasions of Europe

text: East Asia

text: China

text: Iran

text: Central Asia

text: Genghis Khan

text: Börte Ujin

text: Khalakhaljid Sands

text: Jamukha

text: Töregene

text: Merkit

text: steppe

text: Khagan

text: Jalayir

text: Suldus

text: Khongqatan

text: appanage

text: Emil

text: Hobok

text: Ilugei

text: Jin dynasty (1115–1234)

text: Hebei

text: Shanxi

text: Ordos

text: Xi Xia

text: Mongol conquest of Eastern Persia

text: Chagatai

text: Otrar

text: Jochi

text: Urganch

text: Ghazni

text: Genghis Khan

text: Khwarezmid Empire

text: Tolui

text: kurultai

text: Kherlen River

text: Mongols

text: Oirat

text: Western Xia

text: Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu

text: Persia

text: Muhammad ‘Ala al-Din II.

text: Dameghan

text: Isfahan

text: Chormaqan

text: Bukhara

text: Khorasan

text: Amu Darya River

text: Afghanistan

text: Caspian Sea

text: Ismailis

text: Rey

text: Qum

text: Hamadan

text: Fars

text: Kirman

text: Kabul

text: Shanxi

text: Tolui

text: Fengxiang

text: Henan

text: besieged in his capital

text: Kaifeng

text: Song dynasty

text: fall of Caizhou

text: Luoyang

text: Chang'an

text: war with the Jin dynasty

text: Eastern Xia

text: Puxian Wannu

text: Manchuria

text: Water Tatars

text: Caucasus

text: Ganjak

text: catapult

text: battering ram

text: Irbil

text: Möngke Khan

text: Armenia

text: Tiflis

text: Lorhe

text: Shahanshah

text: Hohanaberd

text: Hasan Jalal

text: Transcaucasia

text: Georgian

text: tribute

text: Saritai

text: invade Korea

text: Goryeo

text: Mongol overseers

text: Choe U

text: Kaesong

text: Ganghwa

text: Koreans

text: Southern Song

text: Kipchak

text: envoy

text: Mongolia

text: hostage

text: Batu Khan

text: Novgorod

text: Minsk

text: Lithuania

text: Kolomna

text: Volga Bulgaria

text: Alania

text: Güyük

text: Büri

text: Kadan

text: Transylvania

text: Chengdu

text: Xiangyang

text: Yangtze River

text: Khuden

text: Tibet

text: Silk Road

text: Qonduz

text: Indus valley

text: Lahore

text: Delhi Sultanate

text: Delhi Sultanate

text: Kashmir

text: darughachi

text: Buddhist

text: Christian

text: Turks

text: Uyghur

text: scribe

text: Keraites

text: Khorazm

text: North Chinese

text: Confucian

text: Yelu Chucai

text: Khitan

text: Jurchen

text: tax farmer

text: loan

text: interest

text: paper currency

text: Beshbalik

text: Yanjing

text: Amu Darya

text: Turkestan

text: Shigi Khutugh

text: Iran

text: Kara-kitai

text: Korguz

text: Taoist

text: silk

text: appanage

text: Western

text: Yassa

text: Yam

text: paiza

text: jarliq

text: sheep

text: herd

text: pavilion

text: nomad

text: Karakorum

text: stone tortoise

text: Tolui

text: alcoholism

text: dictator

text: Töregene Khatun

text: Golden Horde

text: Möngke Khan

text: Kublai Khan

text: Yuan dynasty

text: khatun

text: Boraqchin

text: Töregene

text: Möge Khatun

text: Güyük

text: Koden

text: Khochu

text: during the campaign in Song China

text: Qarachar

text: Qashi

text: Kaidu

text: Kadan

text: Mongolian Airlines

text: Boeing 737-800

text: House of Ögedei

text: Brockhampton Press

categories: House of Ögedei,Year of birth uncertain,Generals of the Mongol Empire,1241 deaths,Great Khans of the Mongol Empire,1186 births,13th-century Mongol rulers

paragraph: Ögedei Khan

paragraph: Ögedei (also Ogodei; , Mongolian: "Ögedei", "Ögüdei"; ; c.1186– 11 December 1241) was the third son of Genghis Khan and second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, succeeding his father. He continued the expansion of the empire that his father had begun, and was a world figure when the Mongol Empire reached its farthest extent west and south during the Mongol invasions of Europe and East Asia. Like all of Genghis' primary sons, he participated extensively in conquests in China, Iran, and Central Asia.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Ögedei was the third son of Genghis Khan and Börte Ujin. He participated in the turbulent events of his father's rise. When Ögedei was 17 years old, Genghis Khan experienced the disastrous defeat of Khalakhaljid Sands against the army of Jamukha. Ögedei was heavily wounded and lost on the battlefield. His father's adopted brother and companion Borokhula rescued him. Although already married, in 1204 his father gave him Töregene, the wife of a defeated Merkit chief. The addition of such a wife was not uncommon in steppe culture.

paragraph: After Genghis was proclaimed Emperor or Khagan in 1206, "myangans" (thousands) of the Jalayir, Besud, Suldus, and Khongqatan clans were given to him as his appanage. Ögedei's territory occupied the Emil and Hobok rivers. According to his father's wish, Ilugei, the commander of the Jalayir, became Ögedei's tutor.

paragraph: Ögedei, along with his brothers, campaigned independently for the first time in November 1211 against the Jin dynasty (1115–1234). He was sent to ravage the land south through Hebei and then north through Shanxi in 1213. Ögedei's force drove the Jin garrison out of the Ordos, and he rode to the juncture of the Xi Xia, Jin, and Song domains.

paragraph: During the Mongol conquest of Eastern Persia, Ögedei and Chagatai massacred the residents of Otrar after a five-month siege in 1219–20 and joined Jochi who was outside the walls of Urganch. Because Jochi and Chagatai were quarreling over the military strategy, Ögedei was appointed by Genghis Khan to oversee the siege of Urganch. They captured the city in 1221. When the rebellion broke out in southeast Persia and Afghanistan, Ögedei also pacified Ghazni.

paragraph: Section::::Ascendancy to Supreme Khan.

paragraph: The Empress Yisui insisted that Genghis Khan designate an heir before the invasion of Khwarezmid Empire in 1219. After the terrible brawl between two elder sons Jochi and Chagatai, they agreed that Ögedei was to be chosen as heir. Genghis confirmed their decision.

paragraph: Genghis Khan died in 1227, and Jochi had died a year or two earlier. Ögedei's younger brother Tolui held the regency until 1229. Ögedei was elected supreme khan in 1229, according to the kurultai held at Kodoe Aral on the Kherlen River after Genghis' death, although this was never really in doubt as it was Genghis' clear wish that he be succeeded by Ögedei. After ritually declining three times, Ögedei was proclaimed Khagan of the Mongols on 13 September 1229. Chagatai continued to support his younger brother's claim.

paragraph: Genghis Khan saw Ögedei as having a courteous and generous character. His charisma is partially credited for his success in keeping the Empire on his father's path. Thanks mostly to the organization left behind by Genghis Khan, and to the personality of Ögedei, the affairs of the Mongol Empire remained for the most part stable during his reign. Ögedei was a pragmatic man, though he made some mistakes during his reign. Ögedei had no delusions that he was his father's equal as a military commander or organizer and used the abilities of those he found most capable.

paragraph: Notwithstanding reports of his charisma, Ögedei was criticized by Mongol and Persian chroniclers for a crime he committed in 1237, which according to Persian chroniclers consisted of ordering the rape of four thousand Oirat girls above the age of seven. These girls were then confiscated for Ögedei's harem or given to caravan hostels throughout the Mongol Empire for use as prostitutes. This move brought the Oirat and their lands under Ögedei's control following the death of Ögedei's sister Checheyigen, who previously controlled Oirat lands.

paragraph: Section::::World conquests.

paragraph: Section::::World conquests.:Expansion in the Middle East.

paragraph: After destroying the Khwarazmian empire, Genghis Khan was free to move against Western Xia. In 1226, however, Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, the last of the Khwarizm monarchs, returned to Persia to revive the empire lost by his father, Muhammad ‘Ala al-Din II. The Mongol forces sent against him in 1227 were defeated at Dameghan. Another army that marched against Jalal al-Din scored a pyrrhic victory in the vicinity of Isfahan but was unable to follow up that success.

paragraph: With Ögedei's consent to launch a campaign, Chormaqan left Bukhara at the head of 30,000 to 50,000 Mongol soldiers. He occupied Persia and Khorasan, two long-standing bases of Khwarazmian support. Crossing the Amu Darya River in 1230 and entering Khorasan without encountering any opposition, Chormaqan passed through quickly. He left a sizable contingent behind under the command of Dayir Noyan, who had further instructions to invade western Afghanistan. Chormaqan and the majority of his army then entered the northern section of Persia known as Mazandaran in the autumn of 1230, thus avoiding the mountainous area south of the Caspian Sea. That region was controlled by the Ismailis.

paragraph: Upon reaching the city of Rey, Chormaqan made his winter camp there and dispatched his armies to pacify the rest of northern Persia. In 1231, he led his army southward and quickly captured the cities of Qum and Hamadan. From there, he sent armies into the regions of Fars and Kirman, whose rulers quickly submitted, preferring to pay tribute to Mongol overlords rather than having their states ravaged. Meanwhile, further east, Dayir steadily achieved his goals in capturing Kabul, Ghazni, and Zawulistan. With the Mongols already in control of Persia, Jalal al-Din was isolated in Transcaucasia where he was banished. Thus all of Persia was added to the Mongol Empire.

paragraph: Section::::World conquests.:The fall of the Jin dynasty.

paragraph: At the end of 1230, responding to the Jin's unexpected defeat of the Mongol general Doqulkhu, the Khagan went south to Shanxi province with Tolui, clearing the area of the Jin forces and taking the city of Fengxiang. After passing the summer in the north, they again campaigned against the Jin in Henan, cutting through territory of South China to assault the Jin's rear. By 1232 the Jin Emperor was besieged in his capital of Kaifeng. Ögedei soon departed, leaving the final conquest to his generals. After taking several cities, the Mongols, with the belated assistance of the Song dynasty, destroyed the Jin with the fall of Caizhou in February 1234. However, a viceroy of the Song murdered a Mongol ambassador, and the Song armies recaptured the former imperial capitals of Kaifeng, Luoyang, and Chang'an, which were now ruled by the Mongols.

paragraph: In addition to the war with the Jin dynasty, Ögedei crushed the Eastern Xia founded by Puxian Wannu in 1233, pacifying southern Manchuria. Ögedei subdued the Water Tatars in the northern part of the region and suppressed their rebellion in 1237.

paragraph: Section::::World conquests.:Conquest of Georgia and Armenia.

paragraph: The Mongols under Chormaqan returned to the Caucasus in 1232. The walls of Ganjak were breached by catapult and battering ram in 1235. The Mongols eventually withdrew after the citizens of Irbil agreed to send a yearly tribute to the court of the khagan. Chormaqan waited until 1238, when the force of Möngke Khan was also active in the north Caucasus. After subduing Armenia, Chormaqan took Tiflis. In 1238, the Mongols captured Lorhe whose ruler, Shahanshah, fled with his family before the Mongols arrived, leaving the rich city to its fate. After putting up a spirited defense at Hohanaberd, the city's ruler, Hasan Jalal, submitted to the Mongols. Another column then advanced against Gaian, ruled by Prince Avak. The Mongol commander Tokhta ruled out a direct assault and had his men construct a wall around the city, and Avak soon surrendered. By 1240, Chormaqan had completed the conquest of Transcaucasia, forcing the Georgian nobles to surrender.

paragraph: Section::::World conquests.:Invasion of Korea.

paragraph: In 1224, a Mongol envoy was killed in obscure circumstances and Korea stopped paying tribute. Ögedei dispatched Saritai to subdue Korea and avenge the dead envoy in 1231. Thus, Mongol armies began to invade Korea in order to subdue the kingdom. The Goryeo King temporarily submitted and agreed to accept Mongol overseers. When they withdrew for the summer, however, Choe U moved the capital from Kaesong to Ganghwa Island. Saritai was hit with a stray arrow and died as he campaigned against them.

paragraph: Ögedei announced plans for the conquest of the Koreans, the Southern Song, the Kipchaks and their European allies, all of whom killed Mongol envoys, at the kurultai in Mongolia in 1234. Ögedei appointed Danqu commander of the Mongol army and made Bog Wong, a defected Korean general, governor of 40 cities with their subjects. When the court of Goryeo sued for peace in 1238, Ögedei demanded that the king of Goryeo appear before him in person. The Goryeo king finally sent his relative Yeong Nong-gun Sung with ten noble boys to Mongolia as hostages, temporarily ending the war in 1241.

paragraph: Section::::World conquests.:Europe.

paragraph: The Mongol Empire expanded westward under the command of Batu Khan to subdue the Russian steppe and drive into Europe. Their western conquests included almost all of Russia (save Novgorod, which became a vassal, and Minsk, which became part of Lithuania), Hungary, Poland, Serbia and Bulgaria. During the siege of Kolomna, the Khagan's half brother Khulgen was killed by an arrow.

paragraph: After the conquest of Volga Bulgaria, Alania, and the Rus' principalities, Ögedei's son Güyük and Chagatai's grandson Büri ridiculed Batu, and the Mongol camp suffered dissension. The Khagan harshly criticized Güyük: "You broke the spirit of every man in your army...Do you think that the Russians surrendered because of how mean you were to your own men?". He then sent Güyük back to continue the conquest of Europe. Güyük and another of Ögedei's sons, Kadan, attacked Transylvania and Poland, respectively.

paragraph: Ögedei Khan had granted permission to invade the remainder of Europe, all the way to the "Great Sea", the Atlantic Ocean; his death prevented the invasions from continuing west, as Batu withdrew to participate in the election of a successor.

paragraph: Section::::World conquests.:Conflict with Song China.

paragraph: In a series of razzias from 1235 to 1245, the Mongols commanded by Ögedei's sons penetrated deep into the Song Dynasty and reached Chengdu, Xiangyang and Yangtze River. But they could not succeed in completing their conquest due to climate and the number of Song troops, and Ögedei's son Khochu died in the process. In 1240, Ögedei's other son Khuden dispatched a subsidiary expedition to Tibet. The situation between the two nations worsened when Song officers murdered Ögedei's envoys headed by Selmus.

paragraph: The Mongol expansion throughout the Asian continent under the leadership of Ögedei helped bring political stability and re-establish the Silk Road, the primary trading route between East and West.

paragraph: Section::::World conquests.:India.

paragraph: Ögedei appointed Dayir commander of Ghazni and Menggetu commander in Qonduz. In winter 1241 the Mongol force invaded the Indus valley and besieged Lahore, which was controlled by the Delhi Sultanate. However, Dayir died storming the town, on 30 December 1241, and the Mongols butchered the town before withdrawing from the Delhi Sultanate.

paragraph: Some time after 1235 another Mongol force invaded Kashmir, stationing a darughachi there for several years. Soon Kashmir became a Mongolian dependency. Around the same time, a Kashmiri Buddhist master, Otochi, and his brother Namo arrived at the court of Ögedei.

paragraph: Section::::Administration.

paragraph: Ögedei began the bureaucratization of Mongol administration. Three divisions constituted his administration:

paragraph: BULLET::::- the Christian eastern Turks, represented by Chinqai, the Uyghur scribe, and the Keraites.

paragraph: BULLET::::- the Islamic cycle, represented by two Khorazmians, Mahumud Yalavach, and Masud Beg.

paragraph: BULLET::::- the North Chinese Confucian circle, represented by Yelu Chucai, a Khitan, and Nianhe Zhong-shan, a Jurchen.

paragraph: Mahamud Yalavach promoted a system in which the government would delegate tax collection to tax farmers who collect payments in silver. Yelu Chucai encouraged Ögedei to institute a traditional Chinese system of government, with taxation in the hands of government agents and payment in a government issued currency. The Muslim merchants, working with capital supplied by the Mongol aristocrats, loaned at higher interest the silver needed for tax payments. At the same time the Mongols began circulating paper currency backed by silver reserves.

paragraph: Ögedei abolished the branch departments of state affairs and divided the areas of Mongol-ruled China into ten routes according to the suggestion of Yelü Chucai. He also divided the empire into Beshbalik and Yanjing administration, while the headquarters in Karakorum directly dealt with Manchuria, Mongolia and Siberia. Late in his reign, Amu Darya administration was established. Turkestan was administered by Mahamud Yalavach, while Yelu Chucai administered North China from 1229 to 1240. Ögedei appointed Shigi Khutugh chief judge in China. In Iran, Ögedei appointed first Chin-temur, a Kara-kitai, and then Korguz, an Uyghur who proved to be honest administrator. Later, some of Yelu Chucai's duties were transferred to Mahamud Yalavach and taxes were handed over to Abd-ur-Rahman, who promised to double the annual payments of silver. The Ortoq or partner merchants lent Ögedei's money at exorbitant rates of interest to the peasants, though Ögedei banned considerably higher rates. Despite it proving profitable, many people fled their homes to avoid the tax collectors and their strong-arm gangs.

paragraph: Ögedei had imperial princes tutored by the Christian scribe Qadaq and the Taoist priest Li Zhichang and built schools and an academy. Ögedei Khan also decreed to issue paper currency backed by silk reserves and founded a Department responsible for destroying old notes. Yelu Chucai protested to Ögedei that his large-scale distribution of appanages in Iran, Western and North China, and Khorazm could lead to a disintegration of the Empire. Ögedei thus decreed that the Mongol nobles could appoint overseers in the appanages, but the court would appoint other officials and collect taxes.

paragraph: The Khagan proclaimed the Great Yassa as an integral body of precedents, confirming the continuing validity of his father's commands and ordinances, while adding his own. Ögedei codified rules of dress and conduct during the kurultais. Throughout the Empire, in 1234, he created postroad stations (Yam) with a permanent staff who would supply post riders' needs. Relay stations were set up every 25 miles and the yam staff supplied remounts to the envoys and served specified rations. The attached households were exempt from other taxes, but they had to pay a qubchuri tax to supply the goods. Ögedei ordered Chagatai and Batu to control their yams separately. The Khagan prohibited the nobility from issuing paizas (tablets that gave the bearer authority to demand goods and services from civilian populations) and jarliqs. Ögedei decreed that within decimal units one out of every 100 sheep of the well-off should be levied for the poor of the unit, and that one sheep and one mare from every herd should be forwarded to form a herd for the imperial table.

paragraph: Section::::Karakorum.

paragraph: From 1235–38 Ögedei constructed a series of palaces and pavilions at stopping places in his annual nomadic route through central Mongolia. The first palace Wanangong was constructed by North Chinese artisans. The Emperor urged his relatives build residences nearby and settled the deported craftsmen from China near the site. The construction of the city, Karakorum (Хархорум), was finished in 1235, assigning different quarters to Islamic and North Chinese craftsmen, who competed to win Ögedei's favor. Earthen walls with 4 gates surrounded the city. Attached were private apartments, while in front of stood a giant stone tortoise bearing an engraved pillar, like those that were commonly used in East Asia. There was a castle with doors like the gates of the garden and a series of lakes where many water fowl gathered. Ögedei erected several houses of worship for his Buddhist, Muslim, Taoist, and Christian followers. In the Chinese ward, there was a Confucian temple where Yelu Chucai used to create or regulate a calendar on the Chinese model.

paragraph: Section::::Character.

paragraph: Ögedei was considered to be his father's favorite son, ever since his childhood. As an adult, he was known for his ability to sway doubters in any debate in which he was involved, simply by the force of his personality. He was a physically big, jovial, and charismatic man, who seemed mostly to be interested in enjoying good times. He was intelligent and steady in character. His charisma was partially credited for his success in keeping the Mongol Empire on the path that his father had set.

paragraph: The sudden death of Tolui in 1232 seems to have affected Ögedei deeply. According to some sources, Tolui sacrificed his own life, accepting a poisoned drink in shamanist ritual in order to save Ögedei who was suffering from illness. Other sources say Ögedei orchestrated Tolui's death with the help of shamans who drugged the alcoholic Tolui.

paragraph: Ögedei was well known for his alcoholism. Chagatai entrusted an official to watch his habit, but Ögedei managed to drink anyway. It is commonly told that Ögedei did so by vowing to reduce the number of cups he drank a day then having cups twice the size created for his personal use. When he died at dawn on 11 December 1241, after a late-night drinking bout with Abd-ur-Rahman, the people blamed the sister of Tolui's widow and Abd-ur-Rahman. The Mongol aristocrats recognized, however, that the Khagan's own lack of self-control had killed him.

paragraph: Ögedei was also known to be a humble man, who did not believe himself to be a genius, and who was willing to listen to and use the great generals that his father left him, as well as those he himself found to be most capable. He was the Emperor (Khagan) but not a dictator. Like all Mongols at his time, he was raised and educated as a warrior from childhood, and as the son of Genghis Khan, he was a part of his father's plan to establish a world empire. His military experience was notable for his willingness to listen to his generals and adapt to circumstances. He was a pragmatic person, much like his father, and looked at the end rather than the means. His steadiness of character and dependability were the traits that his father most valued, and that gained him the role of successor to his father, despite his two older brothers.

paragraph: However, Mongol and Persian chroniclers criticize Ögedei for a crime he committed in 1237 which violated the laws of his father, Genghis Khan, which forbade seizure, rape, kidnapping, bartering, or selling young girls, who were allowed to be married at a young age but could not engage in sexual activity until the age of sixteen. Mongol chronicles were vague about the nature of the crime, but Persian chroniclers indicated that after the Oirat did not send girls for Ögedei's harem, Ögedei had four thousand Oirat girls above the age of seven stripped naked and raped by his soldiers repeatedly in full sight of the girls' relatives. Two of these girls died from the ordeal, and the remaining were divided up by soldiers, with some being sent to the royal harem, and others assigned to caravan hostels for sexual servitude, and others not deemed suitable for this were left present for anyone to carry them away or use them for any purposes deemed fit. Ögedei seems not to have done this out of sexual depravity as such, but more to consolidate power over the Oirat.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath of Ögedei's death.

paragraph: Ögedei had nominated his grandson Shiremun as his heir, but Güyük eventually succeeded him after the five-year regency of his widow Töregene Khatun. However, Batu, the Khan of the Golden Horde (also known as the Kipchak Khanate or the Ulus of Jochi) nominally accepted Güyük, who died on the way to confront Batu. It was not until 1255, well into the reign of Möngke Khan, that Batu felt secure enough to again prepare to invade Europe. He died before his plans could be implemented.

paragraph: When Kublai Khan established the Yuan dynasty in 1271, he had Ögedei Khan placed on the official record as Taizong ().

paragraph: Section::::Spouses and Children.

paragraph: Ögedei had many khatuns and concubines. Ögedei married first Boraqchin and then Töregene. Other wives included Möge Khatun and Jachin.

paragraph: He had 7 sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Güyük, the 3rd Great Khan of the Mongols

paragraph: BULLET::::- Koden, the first Buddhist Mongol prince

paragraph: BULLET::::- Khochu, died during the campaign in Song China.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Qarachar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Qashi, the father of Kaidu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kadan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Melig

paragraph: Section::::Memorial.

paragraph: Mongolian Airlines named its Boeing 737-800 EI-CSG Ogoodei Khan.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- House of Ögedei

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amitai-Preiss, Reuven, "The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War", 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chambers, James, "The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hildinger, Erik, "Warriors of the Steppe: A Military History of Central Asia, 500 B.C. to A.D. 1700"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morgan, David, "The Mongols",

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicolle, David, "The Mongol Warlords" Brockhampton Press, 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reagan, Geoffry, "The Guinness Book of Decisive Battles", Canopy Books, New York (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saunders, J.J., "The History of the Mongol Conquests", Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 1971,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sicker, Martin, "The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna, Praeger Publishers, 2000"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Soucek, Svatopluk, "A History of Inner Asia", Cambridge, 2000

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medieval History: Mongol Invasion of Europe

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Islamic World to 1600: The Golden Horde

alias:
Ogotai
Yuán Tàizōng
Tai Zong
Wokuotai
Ogedei

description: second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire

wikidata_label: Ögedei Khan

wikipedia_title: Ögedei Khan


text:
diplomat
statesman
Han Dynasty
Xiongnu
détente
chanyu
Qiedihou
Emperor Wu of Han
Qiedihou
Lake Baikal
Li Ling
Emperor Zhao
Emperor Xuan
Zhang Qian
Chinese paper cutting
Tale of the Heike
Han poetry

categories: 60 BC deaths,140 BC births,Han dynasty politicians from Shaanxi,Han dynasty diplomats

paragraph: Su Wu

paragraph: Su Wu (; 140 BC - 60 BC ) was a Chinese diplomat and statesman of the Han Dynasty. He is known in Chinese history for making the best of his mission into foreign territory. During his mission he was captured and then detained for nineteen years, enduring major hardship at least in the early years of his captivity. Nevertheless, he endured this treatment while remaining faithful to his mission and his homeland.

paragraph: According to Chinese tradition, in the early stages of his captivity, Su Wu was so deprived of food that he only survived in the cold north lands by eating his coverings, then enduring long years of servitude herding sheep, before managing to return home. He was able to return home after deceiving his captors with a story about his having sent a message back to China by means of tying a letter on the leg of a wild goose.

paragraph: Su's loyalty to the Han Dynasty is emphasised by the story that during his detainment he married a wife, that he had children by her, but that he chose to return to his homeland, even though it meant abandoning his wife and children.

paragraph: Section::::Mission to Xiongnu.

paragraph: Little is known about Su's life or career other than his mission beyond the borders of China involving the Xiongnu, a mission which turned out to be drastically more trying and lengthy than expected.

paragraph: In 100 BC, there was a short-lived détente between long-term adversaries the Han and the Xiongnu. One year earlier, in 101 BC, a new chanyu had come to power in Xiongnu, Chanyu Qiedihou (且鞮侯), who had expressed an interest in peace with the Han and who, as a goodwill gesture, had allowed some Han diplomats who had been detained by the Xiongnu to return to Han, along with gifts from the chanyu.

paragraph: In response, in 100 BC, Emperor Wu of Han commissioned Su, then the deputy commander of the imperial guards, to serve as an ambassador to Xiongnu. His deputy was fellow deputy commander, Zhang Sheng (張勝), and the third in command was Chang Hui (常惠). However, once they arrived at the Xiongnu chanyu's headquarters, Chanyu Qiedihou was far more arrogant than expected, which angered Zhang. In response, Zhang plotted with two Xiongnu officials, the Prince of Gou (緱王) and Yu Chang (虞常), to assassinate Chanyu Qiedihou's half-Chinese advisor Wei Lü (衛律) and kidnap the chanyu's mother.

paragraph: The Prince of Gou and Yu Chang carried out their plot while the chanyu was away on a hunt, but someone alerted the chanyu, who quickly returned and killed the Prince of Gou in battle and captured Yu. Yu admitted to plotting with Zhang. Zhang, alarmed, informed Su, who had been unaware of Zhang's plot. Aware that the chanyu was planning on forcing him to surrender to Xiongnu, Su tried to preserve his dignity by committing suicide with his sword. Wei, who had wanted Su to surrender and become an advisor to the chanyu as well, quickly summoned doctors and was able to just save Su's life. Chanyu Qiedihou, impressed with Su's heroism, also sent messengers to care for Su's recovery, while putting Zhang and Chang under arrest.

paragraph: After Su recovered, Chanyu Qiedihou decided to publicly execute Yu as an example and to force the entire Han mission to surrender. Zhang became apprehensive and surrendered. Su, however, was not shaken even when Wei put his sword onto Su's neck while Zhang tried to explain that he would be greatly honoured to be the chanyu's advisor. Su rebuked him for his faithlessness to Han and refused to surrender.

paragraph: Section::::Life in exile.

paragraph: Unable to force Su to surrender, Chanyu Qiedihou decided to try to torture him by starvation, and so put him in a cellar without food and drink. However, for several days, Su survived by consuming wool from his coat and the snow that fell into the cellar. The chanyu was further surprised and thought that the gods were protecting him. The chanyu then exiled him to Lake Baikal and ordered him to tend a flock of sheep, telling him that he would be allowed to go home when the sheep produced young. (It is conjectured, with some evidence based on correspondence later between Su and Li Ling that the chanyu gave Su a Xiongnu wife, and she bore him children.)

paragraph: During exile, Su often lacked food, as the food supplies coming from the Xiongnu headquarters were not arriving steadily. He often had to resort to eating grass roots and wild rodents. Regardless of the difficulties, however, Su always held onto the imperial staff (節) given to all imperial messengers, and he used it as the shepherd's rod so much that the decorative hairs on the staff eventually all fell off.

paragraph: Twice, during exile, the chanyu sent Li Ling, who had surrendered to Xiongnu after being defeated on the battlefield in 99 BC, to visit Su. The first time, Li informed Su that his two brothers had both been accused of crimes and committed suicide; that his mother had died; and that his wife had remarried. He tried to convince Su to surrender, but Su refused. On the second occasion, Li informed him of Emperor Wu's passing, and Su was so despondent that in mourning that he vomited blood. When the Emperor of Han died, Su Wu faced south towards his old homeland of China and wept in utter sadness.

paragraph: Section::::Return to Han.

paragraph: In 81 BC, Han was again in a détente with Xiongnu, when Han ambassadors inquired of Su's fate. The Xiongnu government claimed that Su had long died. However, Su's old assistant Chang Hui secretly informed the ambassadors of Su's exile, and the ambassadors, under Chang's suggestion, told then chanyu Huyandi (壺衍鞮) that Emperor Zhao had killed a migratory goose while hunting, and that a letter from Su seeking help was found on the bird's foot. Surprised, Chanyu Huyandi admitted that Su was in fact still alive, recalled him and allowed him as well as his nine followers to go home. In all, he was in exile for 19 years.

paragraph: Once Su returned to Han, he was given the position of Director of Colonization (典屬國), a high-ranking official post. He remained in that post at least until the early years of Emperor Xuan's reign—late 70s BC. In 51 BC, when Emperor Xuan, in gratitude to 11 key officials who served him well, had their portraits painted onto the main gallery of the main imperial palace, Su was one of the 11 so portrayed.

paragraph: Section::::Impact on Chinese history.

paragraph: Su was often regarded as the epitome of faithful service in light of great odds and trials. His story was often invoked when acts of great faith or courage were performed by officials. His story, as undetailed as it was in actual history, often became subjects of drama, poetry, and songs throughout Chinese history. Many people take him as a second Zhang Qian, who was also previously caught in the same situation, refused to surrender, and managed to escape back to Han China.

paragraph: Section::::Art.

paragraph: Section::::Art.:Music.

paragraph: Among other musical works on the theme of Su Wu, a traditional Chinese melody, "Su Wu Mu Yang" (蘇武牧羊), is based on the story of Su Wu herding sheep. It is generally played on a Chinese flute.

paragraph: Section::::Art.:Pictures.

paragraph: In graphical representations, such as the folk art of Chinese paper cutting, Su Wu is typically depicted herding sheep, with his staff.

paragraph: Section::::Art.:Literature.

paragraph: In the Japanese "Tale of the Heike" the story of Su Wu and the letter tied to the migratory goose is retold. In this version, the Xiongnu amputate Su Wu's leg.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Han poetry

description: Han Dynasty politician

enwikiquote_title: Su Wu

wikidata_label: Su Wu

wikipedia_title: Su Wu


text:
Major League Baseball
outfielder
Miami Southridge High School
college baseball
University of Miami
2002 World Series
2005 World Series
Houston Astros
St. Louis Cardinals
batted
home run
RBI
pinch hitter
List of Famous Cuban-Americans

categories: 1969 births,Houston Astros players,Living people,California Angels players,Miami Hurricanes baseball players,Anaheim Angels players,Sportspeople from Hoboken, New Jersey,St. Louis Cardinals players,Major League Baseball outfielders,Baseball players from New Jersey,Major League Baseball designated hitters

paragraph: Orlando Palmeiro

paragraph: Orlando Palmeiro (born January 19, 1969) is a former Major League Baseball outfielder. He attended high school at Miami Southridge High School and played college baseball at the University of Miami.

paragraph: Palmeiro, a star high school player in Miami, Florida, went on to play baseball at the community college level at Miami-Dade Community College South and then briefly at the University of Miami under UM coach Ron Fraser before being drafted by the Angels where he played for a number of years in various farm teams until joining the California Angels.

paragraph: Palmeiro spent his entire career as a backup outfielder, never having been a regular starter. He was the fourth outfielder of the 2002 World Series Champion Anaheim Angels team, batting .300 for the year. Palmeiro also made the last out of the 2005 World Series for the Houston Astros. His best season was arguably with the St. Louis Cardinals in 2003, when he batted .271 with 3 home runs and 33 RBI.

paragraph: Palmeiro had a low percentage of swings that miss (7.9%) and was considered one of the game's best pinch hitters with 105 career pinch hits.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Famous Cuban-Americans

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Orlando Palmeiro

wikipedia_title: Orlando Palmeiro


text:
Australian
rower
2012 Summer Olympics
London
Men's Pair event
James Marburg
Harvard University

categories: Rowers at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Australian male rowers,Harvard Crimson rowers,Olympic rowers of Australia,1983 births,Living people

paragraph: Brodie Buckland

paragraph: Brodie "The Boss" Buckland (born 12 December 1983) is an Australian rower. He participated in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London where he competed in the Men's Pair event together with his teammate James Marburg. They qualified for the A finals, where they reached a fifth place. He graduated from Harvard University in 2006.

description: Australian rower

wikidata_label: Brodie Buckland

wikipedia_title: Brodie Buckland


text:
Kluger Agency
Tampa, Florida
Santa Fe College
Gainesville, Florida
Lady Gaga
Wired
Lady Gaga
Kesha
Britney Spears
Jennifer Lopez
Christina Aguilera
Beyoncé Knowles
Eminem
Danielle Bregoli
Atlantic Records
Bhad Bhabie
Billboard
Forbes
US Magazine
Billboard Magazine
Kluger Agency homepage

categories: Businesspeople from Tampa, Florida,Lake Brantley High School alumni,American music people,American company founders,American marketing businesspeople,Living people

paragraph: Adam Kluger

paragraph: Adam Kluger is a music manager, and the founder and CEO of the Kluger Agency, an agency that arranges product placements in music videos and on musical recordings.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Kluger grew up in Tampa, Florida. Between 2004 and 2006 Kluger attended Santa Fe College in Gainesville, Florida and attended a certificate program in music business and production in Los Angeles, taking classes on topics including royalties and audio engineering. In 2008 he formed his own boutique advertising firm, focusing on product placement in music videos and song recordings called the Kluger Agency.

paragraph: Section::::Brand and talent management.

paragraph: Kluger's first client was Interscope Records, who hired Kluger to find placement for the artist Lady Gaga for one of her first music videos, before her album "The Fame" launched the artist's career. Kluger placed the brand Vixen's Visions at the tail end of the video "Beautiful, Dirty, Rich". His next placement was for the brand Drank in a series of hip hop videos. The success of his business plan caused some controversy among music industry observers. A "Wired" magazine blog, for example, criticized the concept of having artists paid for using brand names in their songs, writing that if an artist chooses to use product names in their songs they should not be compensated.

paragraph: Kluger works out of his offices in Los Angeles. In addition to serving as CEO of his own company, he manages musical artists individually. While not all of Kluger's clients are known, it was reported that his clients have included Lady Gaga, Kesha, Britney Spears, and Jennifer Lopez, in addition to artists like Christina Aguilera, Beyoncé Knowles and Eminem.

paragraph: Kluger is also responsible for discovering and managing controversial social media star Danielle Bregoli, who signed a multimillion-dollar recording contract with Atlantic Records in 2017 under the stage name Bhad Bhabie. She currently holds the record as the youngest female rapper of all time to chart on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and has subsequently reached multi-platinum sales status. His work has been used as a case study in several books and articles on music marketing.

paragraph: In 2012 "Forbes" named Kluger one of their 30 most influential people in the music industry under the age of 30, citing that he brought in more than five million dollars a year in revenues. The magazine has also interviewed Kluger in response to current events pertaining to the music and entertainment industries, as has "US Magazine". He had previously been nominated for the "Billboard Magazine" 30 under 30 in the music industry in 2011.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kluger Agency homepage

description: Founder and CEO of the Kluger Agency

wikidata_label: Adam Kluger

wikipedia_title: Adam Kluger


text:
botanist
Flora
Södermanland County
The Royal Academy
Åbo
Strängnäs
gymnasium
Charles XI
Church of Sweden
Strängnäs
Stockholm County
Erik Dahlbergh
scurvy
life sciences
Carl von Linné
Carl Linnaeus
Hippocratic medicine
valeriana
wormwood
vervain
blood-letting
cupping therapy
quackery
astrology

categories: Botanists active in Europe,1691 deaths,People from Södermanland County,Swedish biologists,17th-century Swedish physicians,Swedish botanists,1640 births,17th-century Latin-language writers

paragraph: Johannes Palmberg

paragraph: Johannes Palmberg (c.1640–1691) was a Swedish botanist, physician, and priest. He published the early Swedish textbook in botany, ’’Serta Florea Svecana’’ or ’’Swenske Örtekrantz’’, a Flora with alphabetically arranged pictures of the 150 most common trees and herbs together with descriptions of their use for medical purposes.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Johannes Olai Palmberg was born as one of 20 siblings at the rectory at Råby-Rönö parish in Södermanland County, Sweden.

paragraph: His father, Olof Bononis Palmberg, was the local vicar.

paragraph: He studied medicine at The Royal Academy in Åbo between 1663 and 1668 under professor Daniel Achrelius (1644-1692) while working as de facto town doctor in the municipality.

paragraph: Palmberg was appointed lecturer in medicine and physicae at Strängnäs gymnasium 1674, after a nomination dispute finally settled by King Charles XI. He was ordained priest in the Church of Sweden 1676, and acted as the headmaster at Strängnäs gymnasium 1678 and 1684. In 1688 he was appointed rector at Turinge Parish in Stockholm County after proposed by Count Erik Dahlbergh (1625–1703). He died in Turinge in his fifties.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Scientist and botanist.

paragraph: Palmberg published in 1671 a dissertation in Latin on scurvy – "Exercitatiomedica brevissimam Scorbuti delineationem exhibeus". However, it was his floral textbook – "Serta Florea Svecana" or "Swenske Örtekrantz" (1684) – that has contributed the most to life sciences. It was used in Sweden as textbook in botany during sixty years before replaced by Carl von Linnés "Flora Svecica" in 1745 and was the source of Carl Linnaeus early botanical understanding. Örtekrantzen was published in three editions, the most recent as late as 1738.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Public educator.

paragraph: Palmberg was also an early public educator and published a number of popular scientific essays in the Swedish language which were included in the almanacs of 1670–1672 with medical advice based on Hippocratic medicine. The therapeutic use of herbs such as camille flowers, ginger, valeriana, wormwood and vervain is described as well as blood-letting, purging and cupping therapy. In these essays Palmberg strongly advocated against quackery and the use of astrology for medical divination.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Serta Florea Svecana eller Swenske Örtekrantz" (1684).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Exercitatio medica brevissimam Scorbuti delineationem exhibeus " (1671)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Sundheetzskötsel för gemeent folk" – popular scientific essay published in 1670 on diagnostics and treatment of common diseases.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Johannis Palmbergs Sundheetzskötzels Continuation" popular scientific essay published 1671 on the use of blood-letting.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Johannis Palmbergs Sundheetzskötzels Continuation : on what to keep in a domestic pharmacy and how to maintain health if physicians are not available" (1672)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vilhelm Djurberg, En svensk medicinsk folkskriftsförfattare på 1600-talet, HYGIEA, part LXII (1900).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vilhelm Djurberg, En svensk medicinsk folkskriftsförfattare på 1600-talet. Tillägg HYGIEA, part LXVIII (1906).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oscar Nycander, Personhistorisk tidskrift, part 2 (1906).

description: Swedish botanist

wikidata_label: Johannes Palmberg

wikipedia_title: Johannes Palmberg


href: Nordhausen Berlin archaeologist architecture Nordhausen Bauakademie University%20of%20Greifswald University%20of%20Berlin Ancient%20Greek%20architecture Acropolis Athens Parthenon Markus%20Breitschmid

text:
Nordhausen
Berlin
archaeologist
architecture
Nordhausen
Academy of Architecture
University of Greifswald
University of Berlin
Ancient Greek architecture
Akropolis
Athen
Parthenon
Breitschmid, Markus

categories: 1806 births,1889 deaths,German archaeologists,People from Nordhausen,German architects,Artists from Berlin,19th-century German architects

paragraph: Karl Bötticher

paragraph: Karl Gottlieb Wilhelm Bötticher (29 May 1806, Nordhausen – 19 June 1889, Berlin) was a German archaeologist who specialized in architecture.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Nordhausen. He studied at the Academy of Architecture in Berlin, and was afterwards appointed an instructor in the School of Design of the Industrial Institute there. In 1844 he was appointed a professor of tectonics (architectonics) at the Academy of Architecture.

paragraph: In 1853 he received his doctorate from the University of Greifswald, and later worked as a lecturer at the University of Berlin (until 1862). In 1868 he was appointed director of the sculpture department at the Berlin Museum.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: His chief work is the ""Tektonik der Hellenen"" (Architectonics of the Greeks; 1844–52), a contribution to the study of Ancient Greek architecture. Others of his works are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Holzarchitektur des Mittelalters" (Wooden architecture of the Middle Ages; 1835–41).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das grab des Dionysos. An der marmorbasis zu Dresden", (1858).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Omphalos des Zeus zu Delphi", (1859)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bericht über die Untersuchungen auf der Akropolis in Athen" (1863).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Zophoros am Parthenon" (1875).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Thymele der Athena Nike auf der Akropolis von Athen" (1880).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Breitschmid, Markus. "Can architectural art-form be designed out of construction? Carl Boetticher, Gottfried Semper, and Heinrich Woelfflin: a sketch of various investigations on the nature of "Tectonic" in nineteenth-century architectural theory", (Blacksburg: Architecture Edition, 2004).

description: German archaeologist

wikidata_label: Karl Bötticher

wikipedia_title: Karl Bötticher


text:
General
John Upton, 1st Viscount Templetown
62nd Foot
Coldstream Guards
Alma
Inkerman
CB
Legion of Honour
Order of the Medjidie
County Antrim
Irish Representative Peer
Western District
Devonport
Southern District
Portsmouth
90th Foot
60th Rifles
2nd Life Guards
KCB
GCB
Alexander Woodford
Henry

categories: 1802 births,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Antrim constituencies (1801–1922),Irish representative peers,Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath,Irish Conservative Party MPs,Viscounts in the Peerage of Ireland,1890 deaths

paragraph: George Upton, 3rd Viscount Templetown

paragraph: General George Frederick Upton, 3rd Viscount Templetown (5 August 1802 – 4 January 1890), styled The Honourable George Upton until 1863, was an Irish soldier and politician.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Upton was the second son of John Upton, 1st Viscount Templetown of Botleys, Surrey.

paragraph: He joined the British Army in 1823 and was promoted lieutenant in 1825, captain in 1826, major in 1837, and lieutenant-colonel in 1841, all in the 62nd Foot, with the exception of the period 13 February 1827 to 8 June 1830 when serving as a Captain with 60th rifles.

paragraph: In 1842 he transferred to be captain and lieutenant-colonel in the Coldstream Guards. He was a major and brevet colonel in command of 1st Battalion in the Crimea in 1854–55, taking part in the Battles of the Alma and Inkerman and was made CB in 1855 and major general in 1858. He was made a commander of the Legion of Honour in 1856 and awarded the Order of the Medjidie (fourth class) in 1858.

paragraph: In 1859 he was returned to parliament for County Antrim, a seat he held until 1863, when he succeeded his childless elder brother in the viscountcy. In 1866 he was elected an Irish Representative Peer.

paragraph: Promoted lieutenant-general, he became general officer commanding Western District at Devonport in January 1865 and general officer commanding Southern District at Portsmouth in August 1870.

paragraph: He was briefly colonel of the 90th Foot in 1862 before transferring to be colonel of 2nd Battalion, 60th Rifles from 1862 to 1876 and then the 2nd Life Guards from 1876 until his death in 1890. He was elevated to KCB in 1869 and promoted full general on 6 April 1873. He was further elevated to GCB in 1886.

paragraph: Lord Templetown died in January 1890, aged 87, and was buried at Castle Upton, County Antrim. He had married Susan Woodford, the daughter of Field Marshal Sir Alexander Woodford GCB and was succeeded in the viscountcy by his nephew, Henry.

description: Irish Viscount

wikidata_label: George Upton, 3rd Viscount Templetown

wikipedia_title: George Upton, 3rd Viscount Templetown


text:
Perthshire
University of St Andrews
Dr. Thomas Chalmers
New College, Edinburgh
Dunedin
Knox Church
Otago Boys'
Otago Girls' High School
University of Otago
Dunedin Southern Cemetery
The Exchange
Knox Church

categories: 1894 deaths,New Zealand Presbyterian ministers,Settlers of Otago,Religious leaders from Dunedin,1819 births,Alumni of the University of St Andrews,Scottish emigrants to New Zealand

paragraph: Donald Stuart (minister)

paragraph: Donald McNaughton Stuart (1819 – 12 May 1894)

paragraph: was a New Zealand presbyterian minister and educationalist.

paragraph: Stuart was the son of Alexander Stuart and Janet (McNaughton) his wife, was born in the hamlet of Styx Kenmore, or Stichs, Perthshire, Scotland. In 1837 he started a school at Leven, Perthshire, and two years later entered at the University of St Andrews. Having supported Dr. Thomas Chalmers for the Lord Rectorship after the disruption, he was expelled, with the majority of the students, for refusing to submit to an admonition from the senators. A Royal Commission shortly afterwards reinstated the extruded students, but Dr. Stuart removed from St. Andrews to New College, Edinburgh, where he was a theological student under Dr. Chalmers.

paragraph: In 1844 Stuart was appointed classical master, and subsequently principal, of a private secondary school at Upton Park, Eton, and in July 1848 was married at Slough, Windsor, to Miss Jessie Robertson. He commenced studying for the ministry in London and completed his curriculum in Edinburgh, being licensed by the Free Presbytery of Kelso to the Presbyterian church of Falstone, North Northumberland, where he remained for ten years. In January 1860 Dr. Stuart arrived in Dunedin to take up the position of first minister of Knox Church. Stuart was highly regarded in Dunedin. Humane, liberal, and approachable, he was well-known for his support for the poor, often visiting the needy to provide blankets and food for them from his own purse.

paragraph: Stuart was heavily involved in education, becoming chairman of the Otago Boys' and Otago Girls' High Schools, having been active in the campaigns to set up these two institutions, and was Vice-Chancellor and then Chancellor of the University of Otago, holding the latter post until his death in 1879.

paragraph: Stuart died at Dunedin on 12 May 1894, and was buried in Dunedin Southern Cemetery. An estimated 6,000 people walked in his funeral procession. He is uniquely commemorated by having two public statues in his honour in Dunedin, a seated figure in The Exchange and a bust outside Knox Church.

description: Presbyterian minister, educationalist

wikidata_label: Donald Stuart

wikipedia_title: Donald Stuart (minister)


text:
Changde
Hunan
Eastern Han dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Shu Han
Battle of Xiaoting
Eastern Wu
Changde
Hunan
Liu Bei
Shu Han
Battle of Xiaoting
Sun Quan
Eastern Wu
Ma Liang
Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Three Kingdoms
Battle of Xiaoting
Gan Ning
Zhou Tai
Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms
Chen, Shou
Records of the Three Kingdoms
Luo, Guanzhong
Romance of the Three Kingdoms

categories: People of Shu Han,222 deaths,People from Changde,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Shamoke

paragraph: Shamoke (died 222) was a tribal chieftain who lived in Wuling Commandery (武陵郡; around present-day Changde, Hunan) in the late Eastern Han dynasty and Three Kingdoms period of China. He allied with the Shu Han state during the Battle of Xiaoting of 221–222 against the Eastern Wu state and was killed in battle.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Shamoke was a chieftain among the local tribes living in the five valleys/gorges in Wuling Commandery (武陵郡; around present-day Changde, Hunan). In 221, Liu Bei, the emperor of the Shu Han state, started the Battle of Xiaoting against his ally-turned-rival Sun Quan, the ruler of the Eastern Wu state. He sent an official, Ma Liang, as an envoy to meet Shamoke and the tribal chiefs in Wuling Commandery and managed to bribe them with wealth and titles to gain their support in the war against Sun Quan. Shamoke was killed in battle in 222 when Sun Quan's forces launched a counterattack against Liu Bei's forces and dealt them a devastating defeat.

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: Shamoke appears as a minor character in the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", which romanticises the events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. His physical appearance is described as follows in the novel: During the Battle of Xiaoting, he encounters the Eastern Wu general Gan Ning, who insists on participating in the battle even though he is ill at the time. When Gan Ning realises that he cannot fight Shamoke due to his condition, he tries to retreat but is killed by Shamoke, who fires an arrow that hits him in the head. Later on, when Shamoke gets caught up in the Eastern Wu forces' fire attack against the Shu Han forces, he attempts to flee the battlefield but the Eastern Wu general Zhou Tai catches up with him and kills him after a brief fight.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguo Yanyi").

description: Shu Han general

wikidata_label: Shamoke

wikipedia_title: Shamoke


text: musician

text: guitarist

text: songwriter

text: composer

text: record producer

text: Roger Daltrey

text: Mick Jagger

text: Don Henley

text: Stevie Nicks

text: Tokyo

text: General Douglas MacArthur

text: judge advocate

text: Mickie Yoshino

text: Godiego

text: Fairfax High School

text: The Motels

text: Don Henley

text: Mick Jagger

text: Wandering Spirit

text: Don Henley

text: Inside Job

text: Stevie Nicks

text: Enchanted

text: Rod Stewart

text: Don Felder

text: Charlotte Church

text: Sylvie Vartan

text: Engelbert Humperdinck

text: David Lee Roth

text: Warren Zevon

text: Roger Waters

text: Roger Daltrey

text: Moonlighting

text: The Who

text: Roger Daltrey

text: No Plan B

text: Paramount Television

text: Modern

text: Baroque

text: Romantic

text: London Philharmonic Orchestra

text: Sony Music Entertainment

text: RCA Records

text: Epic Records

text: Don Henley

text: Rod Stewart

text: Rod Stewart

text: Roger Daltrey

text: Art Garfunkel

text: Mylène Farmer

text: Sylvie Vartan

text: Ann Lewis

text: Roger Daltrey

text: No Plan B

text: "Use It or Lose It"

text: Eric Clapton

text: Tommy

text: Bournemouth

text: O2 Academy

text: Royal Albert Hall

text: Teenage Cancer Trust

text: Pete Townshend

text: The Who

text: The Who

text: Quadrophenia

text: The Who

text: The Who Hits 50!

text: Don Henley

text: Rod Stewart

text: David Lee Roth

text: Mick Jagger

text: Timothy B. Schmit

text: The Muppets

text: Puffy

text: Don Henley

text: Don Henley

text: London Philharmonic Orchestra

text: David Lee Roth

text: Hurricane

text: Slave to the Thrill

text: Don Felder

text: Art Garfunkel

text: The Who

text: The Who

text: The Who

text: The Who Hits 50!

text: Roger Daltrey

text: Roger Daltrey

text: Don Felder

text: Don Henley

text: Stevie Nicks

text: The Who

text: Don Henley

text: Roger Daltrey

text: The Who

text: Don Henley

text: Stevie Nicks

text: Don Henley

text: The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon

text: The Ellen DeGeneres Show

text: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: The Conan O'Brien Show

text: MTV Unplugged

text: Saturday Night Live

text: Late Night with David Letterman

text: Rosie O'Donnell

text: Solid Gold

text: The Arsenio Hall Show

text: Top Of The Pops

text: Cell

text: Stephen King

text: John Cusack

text: The Sopranos

text: Friends

text: Sex And The City

text: Mad About You

text: Drew Carey Show

text: King of the Hill

text: Entertainment Tonight

text: Nightline

text: General Hospital

text: One Life to Live

text: Nash Bridges

text: World News Now

text: Primetime Live

text: Jerry Springer

text: Roseanne

text: Step By Step

text: Maury Povich

text: Wheel Of Fortune

text: Good Morning America

text: Extra

text: Buffy The Vampire Slayer

text: Saved By The Bell

text: Mike And Maty

text: Gordon Elliott Show

text: Martha Stewart Living

text: Ripley's Believe It Or Not

text: The Ricki Lake Show

text: The Fresh Prince Of Bel-Air

text: Jenny Jones

text: The Tracey Ullman Show

text: Colgate

text: Honda

text: Beneful

text: Blue Cross

text: Burger King

text: Frank Simes - Artistdirect.com

text: Frank Simes Interview - NAMM Oral History Library (2016)

categories: Fairfax High School (Los Angeles) alumni,1956 births,American musicians,American male musicians,Living people

paragraph: Frank Simes

paragraph: Frank Turner Simes is a musician, guitarist, songwriter, composer and record producer. Simes is the musical director for Roger Daltrey, and has recorded and performed with Mick Jagger, Don Henley, and Stevie Nicks.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Tokyo as a US citizen, Frank Simes began studying guitar at the age of ten. The second and younger son of Stephen Hardy Simes, legal attaché to General Douglas MacArthur and judge advocate at US Army Japan, and Japanese model and restaurateur, Sachiko Nakamura. Frank's early interests also included close-up magic and fine arts, which remain lifelong passions. His professional career began at 14 when his band, Sunrise, which he formed with Mickie Yoshino and Steve Fox, later of Godiego released a record on RCA Victor. The following year he moved to Los Angeles to study music at Fairfax High School. When Frank was 16 he began attending college as a music major. At 20, his band, the Whizz Kidds, was signed by Highland/A&M Records, and Frank's song, "Sweet Honey", their debut single, received national airplay.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.

paragraph: Frank Simes continued his music career, working with Martha Davis of The Motels as a songwriter, producer, and guitarist for three years in the mid-80's. In 1989 he began touring with Don Henley as a guitarist, and vocalist and soon after as a songwriter when Frank co-wrote "Workin' It" and "Goodbye to a River". Simes was featured on the "Inside Job" DVD and continues to work with Henley today.

paragraph: Simes toured and recorded with Mick Jagger on his "Wandering Spirit" album and tour, was the band leader for Don Henley on the "Inside Job" tour, and played guitar and sang for Stevie Nicks on the "Enchanted" tour. During the next two decades Frank Simes also worked with Rod Stewart, Don Felder, Charlotte Church, Sylvie Vartan, Engelbert Humperdinck, David Lee Roth, Warren Zevon and Roger Waters. Frank played on Roger Daltrey's album "Moonlighting" and appeared in The Who's documentary "". Frank Simes was named musical director for Roger Daltrey's band No Plan B.

paragraph: Since 1993, Frank has composed over 1,400 pieces of music for such companies as Paramount Television and Los Angeles Post Music. Simes has also composed original guitar and piano pieces in the Modern, Baroque, and Romantic styles, some of which were recorded by the London Philharmonic Orchestra.

paragraph: Simes produced several albums for major labels such as Sony Music Entertainment, RCA Records, Epic Records and Mitsubishi. Frank Simes is the recipient of nine platinum records with such artist as Don Henley, Rod Stewart and various soundtrack albums. His credits include producing three albums on Sony, recording with Rod Stewart on his album entitled, "As Time Goes By: the Great American Songbook, Volume II", performing on Roger Daltrey's "" anthology CD and DVD, and Daltrey's "Gold" CD, as well as on Engelbert Humperdinck's "The Winding Road" album and "Greatest Hits and More". Frank Simes also recorded with Art Garfunkel on "Some Enchanted Evening", Mylène Farmer on her "Innamoramento" album, and with Sylvie Vartan on her album "Nouvelle Vague". Frank has produced five albums for vocalist Ann Lewis.

paragraph: Frank Simes composed and recorded a musical entitled "The Door" with partner Lisa Verlo. Together they formed Soundlove Productions, collaborating on a children's CD, "Turner's Treehouse", as well as music for TV and film.

paragraph: In 2009, Simes toured as lead guitarist and musical director in Roger Daltrey's No Plan B band for the "Use It or Lose It" tour. The band also opened for Eric Clapton on two tours in 2010. In 2011, continuing as musical director and lead guitarist for Roger Daltrey, Frank performed the rock opera Tommy and other songs at a warm-up show in Bournemouth at the O2 Academy in preparation for a show at the Royal Albert Hall to benefit Teenage Cancer Trust. Frank performed alongside Pete Townshend who played and sang as a guest at the TCT show. In July 2011, Roger Daltrey and band toured England, Scotland, Ireland, Belgium, and Denmark, performing the legendary rock opera Tommy, The Who classics, and Roger's solo works. Roger and band also toured in the US and Canada beginning September 2011. Additional dates in Europe, Australia and Japan were booked for 2012.

paragraph: On 18 July 2012, The Who announced Frank Simes as Musical Director and on keyboards/backing vocals for a 35-date tour where they played their album "Quadrophenia" in its entirety.

paragraph: In November 2014, The Who started their 50th-anniversary world tour The Who Hits 50! with Simes as musical director and playing keyboards, mandolin, banjo, percussion, and backing vocals. He also wears a hat and stands up during the concerts so the audience can't miss him.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Double Grammy nominee with Don Henley – 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- Platinum Album, "Inside Job" CD - Don Henley, Warner Bros.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Platinum Album, "Inside Job" DVD - Don Henley, Warner Bros.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Platinum Album, "Actual Miles" - Don Henley, Geffen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Platinum Album, "As Time Goes By: the Great American Songbook, Volume II" – Rod Stewart, Jay Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- Platinum Album, "Your Filthy Little Mouth" CD - David Lee Roth, Warner Bros.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Platinum Album, "Wandering Spirit" – Mick Jagger, Atlantic

paragraph: BULLET::::- Platinum Album, "Leap of Faith" Soundtrack – Don Henley

paragraph: BULLET::::- Platinum Album, "Tell Me The Truth" – Timothy B. Schmit, MCA

paragraph: BULLET::::- Platinum Album, "Michael" Soundtrack – Various Artists, Revolution

paragraph: BULLET::::- Platinum Album, "Kermit Unpigged" – The Muppets Jim Henson

paragraph: BULLET::::- Platinum Album, "SoloSolo" – Puffy, Epic/Sony

paragraph: Section::::Songs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pink Christmas", Pink Christmas, Victor – 2007 (to be released in 11/07)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Battlefield", Rebirth, Ann Lewis, Sony Jpn – 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Truth or Lies", Rebirth, Ann Lewis, Sony Jpn– 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Garasu no Tenshi" ["The Prince of Glass"], Rebirth, Ann Lewis, Sony Jpn– 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Helpless Abuse", Me, Myself, Ann I, Ann Lewis, Mitsubishi – 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Loneliness", Me, Myself, Ann I, Ann Lewis, Mitsubishi – 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jinsei Wa Jeopardy" ["Life is Jeopardy"], Me, Myself, and I, Ann Lewis, Mitsubishi – 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sakura and Rose" ["Cherry Blossom and Rose"], Girls' Night Out, Ann Lewis, Sony Jpn – 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Genshi-Bakudan" ["Atom Bomb"], Girls' Night Out, Ann Lewis, Sony Jpn – 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Girls' Night Out", Girls' Night Out, Ann Lewis, Sony Jpn – 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Workin' It", Inside Job, Warner Bros. – co-wrote with Don Henley – 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Goodbye to a River", Inside Job, Warner Bros. – co-wrote with Don Henley – 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Opus 5 in B minor" – London Philharmonic Orchestra – 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Snacks", SoloSolo, Epic – Puffy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Imagined You", Surreal McCoys, Sony Jpn – 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Thousand Miles Away", Surreal McCoys, Sony – 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- "So Disappointed", Surreal McCoys, Sony – 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The One that Got Away", Surreal McCoys, Sony – 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trip of No Return", Surreal McCoys, Sony – 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- "What Kind of Life", Surreal McCoys, Sony – 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No One", Surreal McCoys, Sony – 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Life's a Rocket", Surreal McCoys, Sony – 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don't Be Late", Surreal McCoys, Sony – 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The One Sure Thing on Mars", Surreal McCoys, Sony – 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Everybody's Got the Monkey", David Lee Roth, Warner Bros. – 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Young Man", Slave to the Thrill, Hurricane, Enigma – 1988

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Slave to the Thrill", Slave to the Thrill, Hurricane, Enigma – 1988

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Get Your Hooks Off Me", The Whizz Kidds, LA Freeway, Compilation – 1979

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sweet Honey", The Whizz Kidds, A&M/Highland – 1977

paragraph: Section::::Recordings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Best of the British" – Engelbert Humperdinck

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sylvie Vertan" – Sylvie Vertan

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wandering Spirit" – Mick Jagger, Atlantic

paragraph: BULLET::::- "As Time Goes By: the Great American Songbook, Volume II" – Rod Stewart, Jay Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Girls In Black" – Don Felder, Rocket Science

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don't Rock The Boat" – Don Henley, "Leap of Faith" Soundtrack

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Come Rain Come Shine" – Don Henley, Warner Bros.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "It's Not Easy Being Green" – Don Henley, BMG

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Some Enchanted Evening" – Art Garfunkel

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cruel Obsession" – David Lee Roth, Atlantic

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tell Me The Truth" – Timothy B. Schmit, MCA

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pink Christmas" – Ann Lewis, Victor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bleu" – Ann Lewis, Victor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Boys Get Ready" – Ann Lewis, Victor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Conqueror" – Ann Lewis, Victor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Girls Night Out" – Ann Lewis, Victor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Last Action Hero" – Michael Kaman's Score

paragraph: BULLET::::- "SoloSolo" – Puffy, Epic/Sony

paragraph: Section::::Musical director.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Who – 2012 Olympics

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Who – Quadrophenia tour, 2012-2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Who – The Who Hits 50! tour, 2014-2016

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keith Moon: The Real Me – musical, Mick Berry, 2015

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roger Daltrey – Tommy tour, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roger Daltrey – 2006 to present

paragraph: BULLET::::- Don Felder – 2005 to present

paragraph: BULLET::::- Don Henley – Inside Job, tour and video, 1999 to present

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stevie Nicks – Enchanted tour, 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heartbeat of a Planet – TV show, 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Door – musical, 2012

paragraph: Section::::DVD and film.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Who Quadrophenia Live in London" - The Who

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Inside Job" – Don Henley

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The How" – Roger Daltrey

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amazing Journey: The Story of The Who" - interviewed in the documentary

paragraph: BULLET::::- "VH1 Storytellers" – Don Henley

paragraph: BULLET::::- "VH1 Storytellers" – Stevie Nicks

paragraph: BULLET::::- "MTV Unplugged" – Don Henley

paragraph: Section::::Television appearances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" - with The Who

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" – with Roger Daltrey

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" – with Don Henley

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Conan O'Brien Show" – with Don Henley

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Taking You Home" – music video with Don Henley

paragraph: BULLET::::- "MTV Unplugged" Stevie Nicks

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Storytellers", Stevie Nicks

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saturday Night Live" with Mick Jagger

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saturday Night Live" with Don Henley (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saturday Night Live" with Don Henley (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Last Worthless Evening" – music video with Don Henley

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don't Tear Me Up" music video with Mick Jagger

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live In New York" with Mick Jagger

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Late Night with David Letterman" with Don Henley

paragraph: BULLET::::- "MTV Unplugged" with Don Henley

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stoytellers" with Don Henley

paragraph: BULLET::::- "MTV Awards Presentation" with Don Henley

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rosie O'Donnell" with Stevie Nicks

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Solid Gold" with Martha Davis

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Arsenio Hall Show" with Peter Cetera

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Top Of The Pops" with Martha Davis

paragraph: Section::::TV and Film composing.

paragraph: Simes is composer of over 1,200 musical pieces. His works have appeared in TV shows and films including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cell", Stephen King, starring John Cusack

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Sopranos", HBO

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Friends", NBC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sex And The City", HBO

paragraph: BULLET::::- "20/20", ABC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mad About You", NBC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Drew Carey Show", ABC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "King of the Hill", FOX

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Entertainment Tonight", Syndicated

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nightline", ABC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "General Hospital", ABC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "One Life to Live", ABC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nash Bridges", CBS

paragraph: BULLET::::- "World News Now", ABC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Primetime Live", ABC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jerry Springer", Syndicated

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Roseanne", ABC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hudson Street", ABC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beach Patrol", Local

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hangin' With You", ABC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Step By Step", ABC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maury Povich", NBC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wheel Of Fortune", Syndicated

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Good Morning America", ABC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saturday World News", ABC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Extra", Syndicated

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reboot", ABC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bugs Bunny and Tweetie Bird", ABC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Buffy The Vampire Slayer", UPN

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saved By The Bell", NBC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "TV's Funniest Families", NBC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mike And Maty", ABC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bad As I Wanna Be: The Dennis Rodman Story", USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gordon Elliott Show", Syndicated

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Game Warden Wildlife Journal", DSC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Martha Stewart Living", TLC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ripley's Believe It Or Not", TBS

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Professional Bowling", ABC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "What-A-Mess", ABC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rebecca's Garden", Local

paragraph: BULLET::::- "", ABC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Search Of History", A&E

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Ricki Lake Show", Syndicated

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bump In The Night", ABC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Person With Ma", NBC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fresh Prince Of Bel-Air", NBC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jenny Jones"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Living Better With Carrie Wait"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thursday Night Movie", ABC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Good Morning America", ABC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shipmates"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Worst Witch"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Young Comedians"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tracey Ullman Show"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rock 'n Roll High"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paula Poundstone"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Extreme Comedy", ABC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Winnie The Pooh", ABC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pee Wee Herman", NBC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ed", ABC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Golf, The Memorial", ABC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Speedway Survival"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sniper School"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Name Your Adventure", NBC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "George Carlin", Promo

paragraph: Section::::TV commercials.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colgate – 2015

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honda – 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beneful – 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blue Cross – 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burger King – 2013

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Who website - Frank Simes Musical Director, keyboards/backing vocals

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Who website - Frank Simes on tour with Roger Daltrey

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frank Simes - Artistdirect.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Frank Simes blog

paragraph: BULLET::::- THE DOOR a musical

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gary Graff (2009) Roger Daltrey plots rare North American solo tour

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frank Simes Interview - NAMM Oral History Library (2016)

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Frank Simes

wikipedia_title: Frank Simes


text:
Jean-François Champollion
Melkite
Greek seminary
Basilian
Monastery of the Saviour
Sidon
Joseph Fourier
Institut d'Égypte
Silvestre de Sacy
Coronation of Napoleon I
Jacques-Louis David
famous painting
Al-Azhar University
Waterloo
Muhammad 'Ali Pasha

categories: People from Cairo,1759 births,1831 deaths,Egyptian translators,Egyptian orientalists,Egyptian Melkite Greek Catholics,Translators to Arabic

paragraph: Raphaël de Monachis

paragraph: Rufa'il Zakhûr known in France as Raphaël de Monachis (1759 - 1831) was an Egyptian-born monk of Syriac ancestry, known for his orientalist studies and for being one of Jean-François Champollion's language teachers. He was born in Cairo to a Syriac-Melkite family. He studied at the Greek seminary in Rome and took his vows at the Basilian Monastery of the Saviour in Sidon where he remained from 1789 to 1794 when he returned to Egypt. During Napoleon's campaign in Egypt he served as Napoleon's personal interpreter. In 1803 he traveled to France where after visiting Joseph Fourier in Grenoble, he traveled to Paris to give important documents to the French government. He was appointed as adjunct professor of Arabic language at the "Ècole des Langues Orientales". Among his students there was Champollion, to whom he taught colloquial Arabic and Coptic. He was also the single Arab member of the French "Institut d'Égypte". His colleague there, Silvestre de Sacy, who taught literary Arabic was strongly opposed to having a second professor of Arabic at the School of Oriental languages, considering it a personal offense. In 1803 he participated in the Coronation of Napoleon I and was depicted in Jacques-Louis David's famous painting.

paragraph: Among his unpublished manuscripts was a treatise in Arabic called "Marj al-azhar wa bustan al hawadith al Akhbar" ("The Hubbub of Al Azhar and the Garden of New Events"), in which he subtly critiqued the pedagogical methods of the Al-Azhar University by contrasting them to the more organized teaching of the French Academy.

paragraph: In 1816 after the fall of Napoleon at Waterloo, he returned to Egypt where he entered the service of Muhammad 'Ali Pasha. He worked as a translator and poet, translating many works from Italian to Arabic.

description: Egyptian orientalist

wikidata_label: Raphaël de Monachis

wikipedia_title: Raphaël de Monachis


href: Brussels Antwerp Belgium architect Art%20Nouveau Zurenborg Wilrijk

text:
Brussels
Antwerp
Belgian
architect
Art Nouveau
Zurenborg
Wilrijk

categories: People from Brussels,Belgian architects,1927 deaths,1863 births,Art Nouveau architects

paragraph: Joseph Bascourt

paragraph: Joseph Bascourt (15 September 1863 in Brussels – 6 March 1927 Antwerp) was a Belgian architect who designed numerous Art Nouveau buildings in and around Antwerp. Among his contributions to the landscape of the city are 25 houses in the Zurenborg neighbourhood, and the community centre in Wilrijk (1914–20).

description: architect

wikidata_label: Joseph Bascourt

wikipedia_title: Joseph Bascourt


text:
English
motorcycle trial
Scottish Six Days Trial
FIM Trial World Championship
Scott Trial
Otley
West Yorkshire
Mick Andrews
Scott Trial
Bultaco
Ossa
Montesa
FIM Trial World Championship
Suzuki
Aprilia
Sherco
FIM Trial World Championship
Scott Trial
Scottish Six Days Trial
Malcolm Rathmell sports ltd

categories: 1949 births,Motorcycle trials riders,English motorcycle racers,Living people,People from Otley

paragraph: Malcolm Rathmell

paragraph: Malcolm Rathmell (born 18 June 1949), is an English former international motorcycle trials rider. He won the Scottish Six Days Trial in 1973 and 1979, and clinched the FIM Trans America Trials Championship in 1974 (The series was to become FIM Trial World Championship in 1975). Rathmell is a six-time winner of the British Trials Championship between 1971 and 1981 and six-time winner of the Scott Trial between 1971 and 1980.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Otley, West Yorkshire, England, Rathmell first contested the FIM European Championship in 1970 before finishing runner up to Mick Andrews in the 1971 championship, a year in which he also won the Scott Trial for the first time. Though rarely off the podium in 1972 the championship was a repeat to the previous season, followed by a 3rd-place finish on the factory supported Bultaco for 1973. In 1974 Rathmell almost switched camps from Bultaco to Ossa but found himself facing legal action from Bultaco for breach of contract. Sticking with Bultaco for 1974 worked out for Rathmell as he won the FIM Trans America Trials Championship. He did however switch to Montesa for the 1975 season for the first year of the FIM Trial World Championship and added world round wins in Belgium, Poland and the United States and finish 3rd in the championship. A Runner up position to Bultaco rider Yrjo Vestarinen in 1976 and a 3rd place in 1977 were to be Rathmell's best attempts at recapturing the title on the Montesa. For 1978 a Suzuki ride could only yield a 16th-place finish after which Rathmell rounded out his international career back with Montesa through the 1982 season. Malcolm Rathmell Sports Limited opened in the UK in 1991 as an Aprilia importer and is currently the sole UK distributor for Sherco Motorcycles.

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trans America Champion 1974 - (Was called World Champion from the following Year on)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 6 Times British Trials Champion (1971-1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 6 Times Scott Trial Winner

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2 Times SSDT winner

paragraph: Section::::Related reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- FIM Trial World Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scott Trial

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scottish Six Days Trial

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Malcolm Rathmell sports ltd

wikidata_label: Malcolm Rathmell

wikipedia_title: Malcolm Rathmell


text:
Clermont-Ferrand
France
French
Grand Prix
motorcycle
road racer
Kawasaki
Patrick Pons
1977
German Grand Prix
1982
Finnish Grand Prix
1982
Carlos Lavado
1983
Swedish Grand Prix
1984
Yamaha
250 World Championship
Yamaha
1985
German Grand Prix
Freddie Spencer
Eddie Lawson
1989
Wayne Rainey
Dominique Sarron
Bol d'or
1995
Superbike

categories: 1955 births,350cc World Championship riders,Sportspeople from Clermont-Ferrand,French motorcycle racers,250cc World Championship riders,500cc World Championship riders

paragraph: Christian Sarron

paragraph: Christian Sarron (born 27 March 1955 in Clermont-Ferrand, France) is a French former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer.

paragraph: Section::::Motorcycle racing career.

paragraph: He began his career on a Kawasaki when he met French Grand Prix racer Patrick Pons. Pons helped him get his start in the international racing circuit. His first victory came in the rain in the 1977 German Grand Prix. He was injured in a 750cc race which would begin a trend of numerous injuries for the next few years. In 1982, he again won in the rain at the Finnish Grand Prix, cementing his reputation as an exceptional wet weather rider. He finished the 1982 season 8th in the 350 class and 10th in the 250 class.

paragraph: He would finish second to Carlos Lavado in the 1983 250 class with another Grand Prix victory in the Swedish Grand Prix. In 1984, he won three times on a Yamaha and captured the 250 World Championship.

paragraph: The following year saw him move up to the premiere 500cc division with the Gauloises-Yamaha team where he won again in the rain at the 1985 German Grand Prix. He finished the season in an impressive third place to Freddie Spencer and Eddie Lawson. In 1989, he again finished third in the 500cc championship behind Lawson and Wayne Rainey.

paragraph: Sarron's 500cc career occurred at a time when the bikes suited the sliding style of the Americans who had been brought up on dirt oval tracks, yet Sarron still managed to post respectable results. In 1994, he teamed up with his brother Dominique Sarron to win the prestigious Bol d'or endurance race. In 1995 he retired from competition to take on the role of team director for Yamaha's Superbike team.

paragraph: Section::::Grand Prix career statistics.

paragraph: Points system from 1969 to 1987:

paragraph: Points system from 1988 to 1992:

description: French motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Christian Sarron

wikipedia_title: Christian Sarron


text:
Baroque
Bamboccianti
Giuseppe Cesari
Caravaggio
Paulus Bor
Pietro Paolo Bonzi
still life
Accademia di San Luca
Barberini family
Colonna family
Modenese
Famiano Strada
Alessandro Farnese
Pietro da Cortona
Giacinto Brandi
Cornelis Bloemaert
Spanish Steps
Ashmolean Museum
Salvator Rosa
Jacques Courtois
Bamboccianti
Pieter van Laer
Jan Miel
Pieter van Laer
Jan Miel
Campagna
Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister
realist
Sacchi
Albani
Reni
Accademia di San Luca
Pietro Paolo Bonzi
still life
Caravaggio
Prado Museum
Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen
"Basket of fruit
Biblioteca Ambrosiana
plein air
Viviano Codazzi
Angeluccio
Flavio Chigi
Naples
Vesuvius
Domenico Gargiulo
Bernardino Spada
Jan Miel
Giacomo Borgognone
Alessandro Farnese

categories: Artists from Rome,1660 deaths,Italian male painters,1602 births,17th-century Italian painters

paragraph: Michelangelo Cerquozzi

paragraph: Michelangelo Cerquozzi, known as Michelangelo delle Battaglie (12 February 1602 – 6 April 1660) was an Italian Baroque painter known for his genre scenes, battle pictures, small religious and mythological works and still lifes. His genre scenes were influenced by the work of the Flemish and Dutch genre artists referred to as the Bamboccianti active in Rome who created small cabinet paintings and prints of the everyday life of the lower classes in Rome and its countryside. One of the leading battle painters active in Italy in the first half of the 17th century, Michelangelo Cerquozzi earned the nickname 'Michelangelo delle Battaglie' ('Michelangelo of the Battles').

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Michelangelo Cerquozzi was born in Rome as the son of Marcello Cerquozzi and Lucia Vassalli, both Roman citizens. His father was a successful leather merchant and the family was well-off. Michelangelo Cerquozzi started his artistic training at the age of 12 in the studio of Giuseppe Cesari, a history painter in whose studio the young Caravaggio trained upon his arrival in Rome.

paragraph: Various biographers and scholars describe Cerquozzi as an artist in close contact with the circle of Flemish and Dutch artists active in Rome. They place him in the period 1620-1621 as living or working in Rome alongside Jacob de Hase (also known as Giacomo Fiammingo), an Antwerp painter of battles who came to Rome in 1601. He may have studied with Jacob de Hase before this date. In 1624 he lived with the Dutch painters Paulus Bor originally from Amersfoort and Jan Harmansz originally from Reims, and during 1625-1630 with the Fleming Willem Michiels. By 1631, he had a studio with his pupil Matteo Bonicelli and Michiels.

paragraph: The work from his early period is not well-known. He painted some battle paintings and also produced still life paintings which imitated the work of Pietro Paolo Bonzi, a still life specialist.

paragraph: Cerquozzi joined the Accademia di San Luca in 1634 and attended their meetings until 1652. However, he never followed their strict decorum.

paragraph: Cerquozzi gradually gained recognition starting from 1630 and his works sold very well to all classes of patrons. The early sponsorship of purchasers such as the merchant Dominico Viola played an important role in launching his career. He was also able to secure commissions from prominent patrons including professionals such as the lawyer Raffaelo Marchesi and the doctor Vincenzo Neri and aristocratic clients from the circle of the Barberini family, the Colonna family, Cardinal Rapaccioli, Modenese Count Camillo Carandini, count Carpegna and Monsignor Raggi. Many of his patrons were from circles that supported the Spanish cause in Italy. Cerquozzi would also collaborate on designs of Famiano Strada's "De Bello Belgico" celebrating Alessandro Farnese's campaigns to recapture the Spanish Netherlands for the Spanish emperor.

paragraph: His friends included Pietro da Cortona, Giacinto Brandi, and Cornelis Bloemaert. Among his pupils were Matteo Bonicelli and Giovanni Francesco Gerardi.

paragraph: Cerquozzi never married and remained childless. When he died on 29 March 1660 in Rome in his house located near the Spanish Steps he had become a very wealthy artist with important financial and property holdings.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:General.

paragraph: Michelangelo Cerquozzi is best known for painting small canvases depicting genre scenes and his lively Baroque battle scenes. Cerquozzi was recognised as a prominent still life painter, while his multi-faceted career also included religious and mythological compositions. Cerquozzi executed only one public commission in Rome, a lunette depicting the "Miracle of Saint Francis of Paolo" in the cloister of the Church of Sant’Andrea delle Fratte, which has been lost. He is said to have painted altarpieces for several unidentified Sardinian churches.

paragraph: Cerquozzi’s religious works are generally cabinet-sized pictures and feature, like his genre paintings, small, unidealized figures in naturalistic landscape settings. His mythological canvases, for example "Hercules" and "Herminia and the Shepherds" are grounded in a peasant world. He also painted some allegorical paintings, including personifications of the seasons, such as and (both in the Ashmolean Museum).

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Battle paintings.

paragraph: Michelangelo Cerquozzi earned the nickname 'Michelangelo delle Battaglie' for his battle pieces. In his battle pieces, he adapted the Bamboccianti style to the genre. Cerquozzi utilised an immediate, almost brutal language and pushed battle painting toward a representation of the naked facts. Some of his battle pieces were influenced by scenes of Salvator Rosa, such as the "Battle" in the Galleria Nazionale of Rome.

paragraph: He made significant contributions to the genre in his small canvases. These feature a close-up viewpoint of a battle dominated by an intense cavalry conflict, complete with horses and men unbridled in whirling movement. These works influenced and anticipated Jacques Courtois' (Borgognone) achievements in the battle genre.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Genre scenes.

paragraph: In his genre scenes Cerquozzi shows his indebtedness to the "Bamboccianti", the circle of Dutch and Flemish painters around Pieter van Laer and Jan Miel who had developed a new style in Rome rooted in Northern traditions of genre painting. A painting in this style was known as a "Bambocciata" (plural: "Bambocciate"). The important contribution of the Bamboccianti was the introduction to Roman painting of new subjects derived from Flemish and Dutch genre paintings including according to a contemporary source, "rogues, cheats, pickpockets, bands of drunks and gluttons, scabby tobacconists, barbers, and other 'sordid' subjects."

paragraph: In his early genre works Cerquozzi showed his mastery of the style of Pieter van Laer and Jan Miel in their compact scale, anti-heroic subject-matter and dramatic chiaroscuro effects. In these works Cerquozzi explored the humble life of the Roman people, among its ruins, in its taverns and their quarrels. He often set the scenes in Rome and the surrounding Campagna. Cerquozzi was not a slavish follower of these Flemish and Dutch models and differed from them in his emphasis on contemporary narrative and anecdotal elements. He also introduced figures of higher social standing, a tendency also present in Jan Miel's work during the 1640s and 1650s. Cerquozzi's (Kassel, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister) displays typical "bambocciata" characteristics in its naturalism and small format. However, rather than the usual low-life figures it depicts groups of finely dressed men and women. These include the artist himself, his doctor Vincenzo Neri and other friends engaged in conversation and games.

paragraph: The traditional art historical view was that the Bamboccianti style practised by the Bamboccianti offered a realist "true portrait of Rome and its popular life without variation or alteration" of what the artist sees. However, their contemporaries did not generally regard the Bamboccianti as realists. An alternative view of the art of the Bamboccianti is that their works constitute complex allegories that provide a commentary on classical art with a view to bringing the observer to contemplate elevated ideas. They thus stand in a long tradition of paradox in which low or vulgar subjects were the vehicle for conveying important philosophical meanings.

paragraph: While his style of painting was openly disdained by pre-eminent Italian painters in Rome and Bologna, such as Sacchi, Albani, and Reni, acceptance of the Bamboccianti in the Accademia di San Luca, the prestigious association of leading artists in Rome was not impossible. This is demonstrated by the fact that Cerquozzi and van Laer were associated with both. Cerquozzi was even admitted to the Accademia in 1634 when he was only 30 years old. The dislike of other artists for the Bamboccianti has been explained by the fact that they produced paintings which were often cheaper and thus constituted strong competition for 'serious' painters, particularly at the end of the 1640s and during the 1650s when the economy was depressed. Contrary to what these other artists believed, the most successful Bamboccianti such as Cerquozzi were in fact able to command high prices for their works.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Still life paintings.

paragraph: Cerquozzi painted still life paintings throughout his career. His early still life paintings imitated the work of Pietro Paolo Bonzi, a still life specialist. These painting were still lifes of fruits that strived for realism and showed the influence of Caravaggio. He started to compose large still life painting which included with life-size figures.

paragraph: Examples of his still life paintings are the (640-1645, Prado Museum) and the (after 1640, Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen), which both depict a young man and a young woman in an orchard with the man offering the sitting woman a piece of fruit. A still life of fruit is in front of the figures. The figures show clearly the influence of the Caravaggesque naturalism. The somewhat contorted expression of the young man, his naked torso and the open white shirt bring to mind the memory of certain early works of Caravaggio. The superb rendering of the vine leaves and grapes in the Prado piece evoke Caravaggio's "Basket of fruit in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana. However, the opulence of the pumpkins, the open pomegranate and the presence of a landscape barely visible in the background point to a more advanced phase in the evolution of the genre and show full Baroque influences. The Baroque freedom of vision and "plein air" setting of these compositions show Cerquozzi to be a mediator from Caravaggio to the "Baroque".

paragraph: The theme of the plucking of fruit and offering it to a young woman was already common in the Low Countries in the 16th century. In the in the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, the young man offers a pomegranate to the young women. The pomegranate was for centuries a symbol of fertility and abundance, undoubtedly because of the many seeds it contains. The erotic meaning of the composition is indicated by the fact that the fruit offered is about to burst and by the loving glance that the woman casts towards the man.

paragraph: He achieved considerable success with his still lifes, which appear frequently in 17th and 18th century inventories.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Collaborations.

paragraph: He was a frequent collaborator with various landscape and architectural painters. These included collaborations with the architectural painters Viviano Codazzi (starting from the 1630s) and the landscape painter Angeluccio.

paragraph: Cerquozzi and Codazzi became frequent collaborators. As Codazzi's compositions typically depicted Antique ruins and monuments, the collaboration likely made Cerquozzi move away from the representation of anecdotes of rural life to more elevated and exotic subjects. In 1657 the two artists collaborated on various canvases for Cardinal Flavio Chigi, one of the most important art patrons of his time. Some of the canvases made for Cardinal Chigi treated original subject matter. For instance, a composition entitled "Women's bath" represents a fantastic Renaissance interior in which numerous naked women are shown in sunken pools, possibly a surprising subject for a commission by a Cardinal.

paragraph: Cerquozzi collaborated with Viviano Codazzi in 1648 on a canvas depicting the . This work deals with the anti-Spanish rebellion that took place on 7 July 1647 in the Piazza del Mercato in Naples with the support of France. Cerquozzi framed and objectified his observations on the event in a wide scenic and challenging perspective. He brilliantly used the naturalistic "bambocciata" manner to produce a comic–heroic portrayal of the revolt. He depicted a lively historical fresco in miniature, in which the town square, angry populace, petty thieves and animals are all enclosed by the wide view of the city which opens onto the Vesuvius. The various events which happened during the rebellion are depicted in this single composition. The leader of the rebellion appears on a horse in the centre front of the painting. Unlike the contemporary by Domenico Gargiulo who treats Masaniello twice in a single canvas as a primitive saint, Cerquozzi treated the anti-Spanish revolt, which was a very important event in Europe's balance of power, in a rather even-handed and objective manner even though he was generally regarded as being pro-Spanish. The piece had in fact been commissioned by Bernardino Spada, a pro-French cardinal. Cerquozzi, a painter of genre and battle scenes, may have been a logical choice for the cardinal. The historic rebellion was still regarded as 'news' at the time he commissioned the painting. Masaniello is represented not so much as a hero, or even a comic anti-hero, whether pro- or anti-Spanish, but as a kind of prodigy who rose above the ordinary fate of his class to accomplish fabulous deeds. Cerquozzi's composition can thus be regarded as falling in the genre of painted marvels, which travellers brought back from the East or the New World to document rarities of nature or peculiarities of human behaviour for the interest of European collectors. Masaniello, the fisherman who had become king, was similarly an aberration in the normal course of human events, and thus deserved such a representation.

paragraph: In 1647, Cerquozzi collaborated with Jan Miel, Giacomo Borgognone, and others on illustrations for he second volume of Famiano Strada's "De Bello Belgico", which celebrated the campaigns waged by Alessandro Farnese in the Netherlands for the Spanish emperor.

alias: detto il Michelangelo delle battaglie Michelangelo Cerquozzi

alias: Michelangelo, gen. delle Battaglie Cerquozzi

alias: Michelangelo Cerquozzi detto delle Battaglie

alias: genannt Delle Battaglie Mich. Ang. Cerquozzi

alias: Michelangelo Cerquozzi detto il Michelangelo delle Battaglie

alias: ou des Bambochades Michel-Ange des Batailles

alias: dit Michel Angelo delle Bataglie Michel Angelo Cercozze

alias: Michel Ange Cerquozzi dit des Batailees [sic]

description: painter from Italy

wikidata_label: Michelangelo Cerquozzi

wikipedia_title: Michelangelo Cerquozzi