text:
Khoi people
Cape Colony
Gonaqua ("Gona") Khoi
frontier wars
Christian Groepe
Andries Stockenström
Amatola fastnesses
Sandile
"Kat River" Khoi
Cape Town
political show trial
Frank Watermeyer
Johannes Brand
John Molteno
Andries Stockenström
Cape Parliament
Responsible Government
Eastern Cape Separatist League
Christian Groepe
Xhosa Wars
Khoikhoi
Andries Stockenstrom

categories: Members of the House of Assembly of the Cape Colony,Khoikhoi,Cape Colony politicians

paragraph: Andries Botha

paragraph: Field Cornet Andries Botha was an influential leader of the Khoi people of Kat River, Cape Colony.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Little is known about his childhood. However, he was probably born at the end of the 1700s, and as a young man in the 1830s he was recorded as a powerful leader of the Gonaqua ("Gona") Khoi at the Kat River Settlements.

paragraph: In 1834, the Surveyor General of the Cape Colony, W.F.Hertzog, recorded him as having originally arrived at Kat River in 1829, among the followers of Khoi leader Kobus Boezak who had migrated from Theopolis. The young Andries Botha and his community immediately split from Boezak's group and settled on the banks of the Buxton River - a Kat River tributary - where Botha built his farming estate.

paragraph: He was at one time the acknowledged civilian & military leader of the entire Kat River region.

paragraph: He had a troubled family life. He lost his first wife in 1841, in a background of family strife. He eventually remarried, to a widow with whom he was extremely happy. However he became estranged from the children of his first marriage.

paragraph: Section::::Distinction in the Frontier Wars.

paragraph: Andries Botha and his Khoi commandos won great distinction in the frontier wars, fighting under Khoi Commandant Christian Groepe, with Sir Andries Stockenström in the assault on the Amatola fastnesses in 1846.

paragraph: The bravery and martial ability of both Botha and his several hundred Khoi sharpshooters were repeatedly mentioned in accounts of the war, as was their habit of ignoring any order to retreat. At one point, Andries Botha and a mixed handful of his (predominantly Khoi) gunmen were surrounded in a valley by a large army of Sandile's Xhosa gunmen, and coming under heavy rifle fire from all sides. The tiny group fought off the enemy army for the entire day, before breaking out and riding back to the main army (from which they had received no support). Other dispatches from the 7th Frontier War describe him and his followers after the Burns Hill ambush, riding directly into the thick of the fighting while the rest of the army retreated, simply to rescue the ammunition.

paragraph: Section::::The Rebellion (1850-51).

paragraph: Botha retired in the Kat River valley as a local war hero - lauded for his bravery and incredible martial feats. He had also built up a substantial farming estate, and was one of the wealthiest landowners in the region.

paragraph: Several years later however, a vast range of grievances inflicted on the Khoi people led him to openly sympathize with those of the "Kat River" Khoi who joined the rebellion of 1850 (who included at least two of his sons). The rebellion caused enormous devastation and upheaval in the Kat River settlements. In spite of this, and deserted by most of his family and his followers, Botha himself offered his services and continuing loyalty to the Cape - defending Fort Armstrong and ensuring the safe passage of officials such as Magistrate Wienand. Botha's sons were captured on the 27 March 1851, and Botha immediately began negotiations with the Khoi rebel leader Willem Uithaalder (communications which were used against Botha in his later trial).

paragraph: Section::::Treason Trials (1851-52).

paragraph: After the rebellion was suppressed, much of the country descended into a mood of vindictive hatred against the Khoi rebels. Botha became a target for reactionary political elements in the frontier settler lobby and was charged with high treason.

paragraph: Section::::Treason Trials (1851-52).:First Treason Trial (1851).

paragraph: The hatred against Botha that was felt by the Eastern Frontier settlers was so severe, that the trial was ordered to be moved to the more moderate setting of Cape Town.

paragraph: In May 1851, the charge was firmly thrown out for lack of evidence.

paragraph: Section::::Treason Trials (1851-52).:Second Treason Trial (1852).

paragraph: In spite of his release, he was soon re-arrested and brought before a new court on 12 May 1852, in what became his second and more severe treason trial. The new Judge was Sir John Wylde, and the trial quickly became a political show trial - possibly South Africa's first.

paragraph: Nonetheless, Botha was defended by two of the colony's top lawyers - Frank Watermeyer and Johannes Brand. He was convicted of high treason and sentenced to death, in spite of an incredibly strong defense. Outrage from his friends and allies caused the death sentence to be quickly changed to one of life imprisonment, however controversy continued.

paragraph: Both trials had been immensely controversial as Botha was a respected war hero, held in high regard by many of those who fought with him (who were now also influential politicians). He was highly praised by his ex-companions-in-arms John Molteno and Andries Stockenström, who wrote to London of him ""Her Majesty has not in her dominions a more loyal subject, nor braver soldier"". Stockenström and James Read also gave evidence in his defence.

paragraph: Altogether, the guilty verdict was held to be very unconvincing and the whole event was accused of being a vindictive form of show-trial, with Botha even having to appear in chains. After intense political pressure from his supporters, Botha's sentence was commuted and then scrapped. In October 1855 he received a royal amnesty from the Queen, together with 38 other convicted rebels.

paragraph: Even after the amnesty, he was not immediately permitted to return to Kat River, nor did he immediately receive compensation for the lands which were broken up and reassigned during the rebellion. However, further public support from Stockenstrom and other ex-companions-in-arms saw these decisions reversed. In June 1862 he received a substantial compensation for his properties and in 1865 he was permitted to return to Kat River.

paragraph: Nonetheless, the massive injustices inflicted on Botha and fellow "rebels" had a lasting effect. Botha never recovered his former prosperity and influence. In an even more lasting effect of the rebellion, the Kat River region was attacked and suffered from the removal of its legal protection - it was no longer reserved as land exclusively for the Khoi, and was effectively broken up.

paragraph: Section::::Old age and politics.

paragraph: Very little is known about his final years. However he did become involved in politics in his old age, and spoke in the Cape Parliament in support of the movement for "Responsible Government".

paragraph: This support for a greater degree of independence from Britain (after a long life of loyalty) was possibly inspired by his terrible experiences of the rebellion and his treason trial. He also launched a fiery attack on the proposed "native policy" of the opposition "Eastern Cape Separatist League", calling its leaders "the Colesberg foxes".

paragraph: His last years were spent in retirement, living on the wool farm of a colleague from his early life, Robert Hart.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christian Groepe

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xhosa Wars

paragraph: BULLET::::- Khoikhoi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andries Stockenstrom

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dictionary of South African Biography"

description: South African politician

wikidata_label: Andries Botha

wikipedia_title: Andries Botha


text:
Caracas
FIA World Endurance Championship
Rolex Sports Car Series
Starworks Motorsport
2012 24 Hours of Le Mans
2012 12 Hours of Sebring
Formula Ford
F2000 Championship Series
Mid-Ohio
Ryan Dalziel
2012 24 Hours of Daytona
Ryan Dalziel
Alex Popow
Lucas Luhr
Allan McNish
Watkins Glen
Stéphane Sarrazin
Tom Kimber-Smith
Ferrari 458 Italia GT2

categories: Blancpain Endurance Series drivers,Venezuelan racing drivers,Formula Ford drivers,24 Hours of Spa drivers,Living people,People from Caracas,Rolex Sports Car Series drivers,24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,FIA World Endurance Championship drivers,Venezuelan people of Italian descent,1968 births,United SportsCar Championship drivers,24 Hours of Daytona drivers

paragraph: Enzo Potolicchio

paragraph: Vicente "Enzo" Potolicchio (born 7 August 1968 in Caracas) is a Venezuelan racing driver and businessman, who competes in the FIA World Endurance Championship and Rolex Sports Car Series for Starworks Motorsport. He won the 2012 24 Hours of Le Mans and 2012 12 Hours of Sebring, both in the LMP2 class.

paragraph: Section::::Early racing career.

paragraph: Potolicchio spent his early career racing Formula Ford, both at home in Venezuela where he was champion in 2005, and in the American F2000 Championship Series. He also took part in Venezuelan Porsche Super Cup in 1998, which saw him earn 11 victories and the country's Automobile Driver of the Year award.

paragraph: Section::::Ferrari Challenge.

paragraph: Potolicchio participated in two Ferrari Challenge North America races in 2009, earning a victory and a third-place finish. In 2010 and 2011 he won back-to-back Ferrari Challenge titles.

paragraph: Section::::Rolex Sports Car Series.

paragraph: Potolicchio made his Grand-Am debut in 2011, racing in the Rolex Sports Car Series for Starworks Motorsport. He earned his first career victory at Mid-Ohio, teamed with Ryan Dalziel, finishing 13th in the end-of-season Daytona Prototype points standings.

paragraph: In 2012, Potolicchio finished second overall in the 2012 24 Hours of Daytona, teamed with Ryan Dalziel, Alex Popow, Lucas Luhr and Allan McNish. He has collected four podium finishes in eight races to date.

paragraph: Leading up to the second race at Watkins Glen, Potolicchio announced he was leaving the Rolex Series, but would continue to support the No. 8 Starworks car in the title challenge.

paragraph: Section::::FIA World Endurance Championship.

paragraph: Together with Starworks, Potolicchio made his FIA World Endurance Championship debut at the 2012 12 Hours of Sebring, where he, Ryan Dalziel and Stéphane Sarrazin finished third overall and first in LMP2. The trio finished 14th in class at the Six Hours of Spa-Francorchamps, punctuated by a mechanical issue.

paragraph: Potolicchio and teammates Ryan Dalziel and Tom Kimber-Smith won the Le Mans in the LMP2 class. Starworks also won the FIA LMP2 Trophy in the 2012 FIA World Endurance Championship season.

paragraph: In 2013, Potolicchio announced that he would enter the 2013 FIA WEC season with his newly created team, 8Star Motorsports, competing with one Ferrari 458 Italia GT2.

description: racing driver

wikidata_label: Enzo Potolicchio

wikipedia_title: Enzo Potolicchio


text: Littleton/Lyttelton family

text: Member of Parliament for Staffordshire

text: House of Commons of England

text: Parliament of England

text: Richard Littleton

text: Thomas de Littleton

text: Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham

text: Penkridge

text: Baxterley

text: moat

text: manor house

text: Pillaton Hall

text: Inner Temple

text: Henry VIII

text: War of the League of Cambrai

text: France

text: Battle of the Spurs

text: Tournai

text: Sir John Giffard

text: Chillington Hall

text: Brewood

text: escheat

text: Gentleman Usher

text: Stafford Castle

text: High Sheriff of Staffordshire

text: Staffordshire

text: Knights of the Shire

text: Sir John Giffard

text: Chillington Hall

text: Reformation Parliament

text: annulment

text: Catherine of Aragon

text: Statute in Restraint of Appeals

text: Thomas Cromwell

text: Thomas Giffard

text: Second Act of Dissolution

text: expropriating

text: Edward VI's

text: Queen Mary

text: Roman Catholic

text: first Parliament

text: Stafford

text: Baron Stafford

text: Henry

text: River Penk

text: Dunston

text: poll

text: Privy Council

text: Lord Chancellor

text: Stephen Gardiner

text: knight

text: landed gentry

text: Pilgrimage of Grace

text: theological

text: Catholic dogma

text: George Blagge

text: Bedford

text: Mass

text: Thomas Wriothesley

text: Lord Chancellor

text: Newgate Prison

text: Guildhall

text: Cheshire

text: Lord Privy Seal

text: John Russell

text: Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk

text: Edward VI

text: Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey

text: Sacramentarian

text: Stephen Gardiner

text: Eucharist

text: Tudor dynasty

text: chantries

text: litigation

text: Burton Abbey

text: Wulfric Spot

text: Sir William Paget

text: Black Ladies Priory

text: Rowland Lee

text: bishop of Coventry and Lichfield

text: Thomas Cromwell

text: Haughmond Abbey

text: Rowland Hill

text: Lord Mayor of London

text: lease

text: deanery

text: manor

text: collegiate church

text: canons

text: Henry de Loundres

text: Archbishop of Dublin

text: dean

text: King John

text: lay

text: Barons Willoughby de Broke

text: Royal Peculiar

text: Anglo-Saxon

text: dissolution of the chantries

text: John Dudley, Earl of Warwick

text: his father

text: Duke of Northumberland

text: buckler

text: royal forest

text: Cannock

text: Cannock Chase

text: Jane Dudley, Duchess of Northumberland

text: Teddesley Hall

text: Tudor

text: Perpendicular style

text: Sampson Erdeswicke

text: antiquarian

text: nobility

text: feudal society

text: landed gentry

text: Pillaton Hall

text: chancel

text: Edward Littleton

text: History of Penkridge

text: Littleton Baronets

categories: 16th-century English soldiers,People associated with the Dissolution of the Monasteries,1558 deaths,English MPs 1554–1555,English MPs 1553,English MPs 1539–1540,High Sheriffs of Staffordshire,English MPs 1529–1536,1480s births,English landowners

paragraph: Edward Littleton (died 1558)

paragraph: Edward Littleton or Edwarde Lyttelton (by 1489–1558) was a Staffordshire landowner from the extended Littleton/Lyttelton family. He also served as soldier and Member of Parliament for Staffordshire in the House of Commons of England, the lower house of the Parliament of England, five times.

paragraph: Section::::Background and early life.

paragraph: Edward Littleton's father was Richard Littleton, a younger son of the great 15th-century jurist, Thomas de Littleton. Richard had settled in Staffordshire, his mother's home county, and become surveyor to Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham. He became a tenant and probably steward of William Wynnesbury, who was lord of Pillaton and Otherton, in the parish of Penkridge, in the late 15th century. He inherited Baxterley, Warwickshire, from his father but made his most important gains through marriage.

paragraph: Edward's mother was Alice Wynnesbury, William's daughter and only heir, whom Richard married. She inherited the Pillaton and Otherton estates, including the moated medieval manor house of Pillaton Hall, when her father died in 1502. Richard died in 1517 and she outlived him by 12 years. Only with her death did the Wynnesbury estates become part of the Littleton inheritance.

paragraph: Edward Littleton probably received legal training at the Inner Temple, Thomas de Littleton's inn. Probably in 1512, he enlisted to serve in the campaign launched by Henry VIII as part of the War of the League of Cambrai against France. In 1513, Littleton took part in Henry's invasion of northern France, in which his troops defeated the French at the Battle of the Spurs, going on to take the important stronghold of Tournai. Littleton's companion in this campaign was Sir John Giffard of Chillington Hall, near Brewood, a near neighbour who distinguished himself in the fighting.

paragraph: It was probably Giffard who helped Littleton gain a number of appointments at court and locally in Staffordshire. Littleton himself was of greater note after Richard Littleton's death in 1516 left him in possession of some property. The execution of Buckingham, the most important Staffordshire magnate, in 1521 also opened up numerous lines of preferment in the county. Littleton was made escheator for Staffordshire during 1517–18. He was appointed Gentleman Usher, an important royal honour, by 1522. Around the same time he became constable of Stafford Castle and Keeper of Stafford Park, as well as bailiff of Forebridge. These honours were crowned by becoming High Sheriff of Staffordshire during 1523–24, an honour he was to repeat in 1539–40.

paragraph: Section::::Parliamentary career.

paragraph: With the death of his mother Alice in 1529, Littleton inherited the Pillaton and Otherton estates, together with the hall, making him a much more important force locally. Within months he was elected as the junior of Staffordshire's two Knights of the Shire – a designation for county members of parliament that does not imply a knighthood. His senior colleague was Sir John Giffard, his near neighbour of Chillington Hall.

paragraph: The 1529 Parliament, known as the Reformation Parliament, assembled in November and was to last for six and a half years. The most important measures in the early years were concerned with stripping away the privileges of the clergy, particularly those that tied them to the Pope, with whom Henry VIII was in continual conflict over the proposed annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. The fifth session in 1533 dealt with the Statute in Restraint of Appeals, forbidding all appeals to the Pope. Thomas Cromwell, the architect of the act, listed Littleton and Giffard as opposed. However, he was probably generally in favour of the Reformation measures. Both Giffard and Littleton were happy to buy and speculate in lands that came on the market as a result of the Dissolution of the Lesser Monasteries Act, the most important measure of the last session of the 1529–36 Parliament. Certainly Littleton and Thomas Giffard, Sir John's son, were returned to Parliament by the shire again in 1536, with the king's approval. This parliament lasted until 1539, when it passed the Second Act of Dissolution, expropriating the major religious houses. Littleton did not serve in the parliaments of 1542, 1545 and 1547, nor in the first parliament of 1553, which was the last of Edward VI's reign.

paragraph: In August 1553 Queen Mary, Henry VIII's Roman Catholic daughter summoned her first Parliament. In September the local gentry assembled at Stafford and immediately elected Sir Thomas Giffard as their representative. Baron Stafford, Buckingham's son, had made known his intention to have his son, Henry, take up the other county seat and had put two of his allies, Sir George Griffith and Humphrey Welles in charge of the business. However, Littleton had fallen out with the Staffords, previously friends and allies, over fishing rights on the River Penk at Dunston, north of Penkridge. When the young Henry was acclaimed as Giffard's colleague, Littleton intervened and demanded a poll. He persuaded the High Sheriff, George Blount, to begin the poll by examining Stafford's supporters. The latter then began to melt away, leaving Littleton to claim victory, with 248 votes. Stafford petitioned the Privy Council, claiming that the Sheriff had also discriminated against his son in the previous election, earlier in the year. Littleton took his case to the Lord Chancellor, Stephen Gardiner, who found in his favour. The case caused lasting ill-feeling between the Staffords and Littletons. Littleton was knighted in October at the assembly of the parliament.

paragraph: Littleton seems to have accepted rather than welcomed the restoration of Catholicism in Mary's reign. As there was never a suggestion of restoring the monasteries and chantries, the gains made by the landed interest in the previous reigns were never under threat. Littleton's attitude was not warm enough to get him into the next Parliament, in the spring of 1554. However, he was returned for the second Parliament of that year, with his stepson, Sir Philip Draycott as second member, and for the 1555 Parliament, with Sir Thomas Giffard again.

paragraph: Section::::Religious beliefs.

paragraph: Littleton seems to have been a religious conservative, opposing the initial break with the Papacy. His main associates, like the Giffards, had similar attitudes. However, none of them opposed changes that benefited the landed gentry, particularly the dissolution of the monasteries. Unlike the northern gentry, who led the Pilgrimage of Grace, a large and threatening rebellion against the dissolution, the Staffordshire gentry, not least Littleton, clamoured to buy newly-marketable land and houses. However, the theological conservatism remained, with a strong attachment to traditional Catholic dogma. This fitted well with Henry VIII's own attitudes but Littleton still managed to turn it to his own disadvantage.

paragraph: Littleton's most important intervention on a theological issue was in the case of George Blagge, at the time MP for Bedford. On 9 May 1546 Blagge was induced to deny the efficacy of the Mass, by trickery he alleged, while walking home after church. He was immediately summoned by Thomas Wriothesley, the Lord Chancellor, and sent to Newgate Prison. At his trial at the Guildhall, the main witnesses for the prosecution were Littleton and Sir Hugh Calverley, MP for Cheshire. On their evidence, Blagge was sentenced to be burned for heresy the following Wednesday. Fortunately for him, the Lord Privy Seal, John Russell, appealed on his behalf to the king, who had not heard of the proceedings to that point. Henry immediately pardoned Blagge and ordered Wriothesley to release him.

paragraph: The real sin of Blagge seems to have been that he was openly opposed to the influence of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, who was one of the most powerful men in the country. Blagge feared that he would exercise too much influence over the future Edward VI and had said as much to Norfolk's son, Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey. It is unclear whether Blagge at that time actually held the Sacramentarian views imputed to him: five years later he gave evidence against Stephen Gardiner, specifically pinpointing the bishops traditional views on the Eucharist. However, in testifying against Blagge, Littleton was acting, consciously or not, in the interests of the Howard dynasty. Henry clearly shared Blagge's fears, and soon acted against both the Howards. So Littleton's part in the case did not endear him to the king. Still less did it endear him to the subsequent regime. This is probably part of the reason he stayed away from Parliament for some years.

paragraph: Section::::Landowner.

paragraph: Littleton consolidated and enlarge his family's holdings of land, taking advantage wherever possible of the revolution in land ownership carried through by the Tudor dynasty – in particular the Dissolution of the monasteries and of the chantries, which changed many relationships and created many opportunities. He was frequently involved in litigation and other disputes in his pursuit of these ends.

paragraph: Pillaton itself, with the manor house, actually belonged to Burton Abbey, probably since about, when Wulfric Spot donated land in the area. Dissolution placed overlordship in the hands of the king, and Henry VIII gave it to Sir William Paget in 1546: it was to rest in the Paget family's hands for at least two centuries. However, the Littletons, as terre tenants, were secure in possession of Pillaton. When Edward Littleton died in 1558, the rent they paid to the overlord amounted to just 16 shillings, while the estate was valued at £15 3s. 9d.

paragraph: Black Ladies Priory, Brewood, was one of the very small houses swept away in the first round of dissolutions in 1536. Littleton and Thomas Giffard both petitioned the King for the right to buy the site and property. Both apparently received his consent. Littleton won the support of Rowland Lee, the bishop of Coventry and Lichfield. The issue went to Thomas Cromwell who decided to sell to Giffard, who, after some negotiation, bought the site, mill and demesne lands, worth £7 9s. 1d. a year, for £134 1s. 8d. The competition for the priory does not seem to have affected relationship between Gifdfard and Littleton adversely. Haughmond Abbey in Shropshire was a much larger property, put on the market after the Second Dissolution Act of 1539. Bishop Lee supported Littleton in his bid to buy the Abbey, and he acquired it in 1540. Two years later, he sold it, presumably at a profit, to Rowland Hill, a Shropshire-born businessman who was to become Lord Mayor of London seven years later.

paragraph: In 1543 Littleton leased the deanery manor of Penkridge from the collegiate church of St. Michael and All Angels. This included everything from the site of the church itself and the canons' residential buildings, to paddocks in the town and areas of arable land and pasture, most of it farmed by tenants, around the town. The deanery manor had existed since the 13th century, when Henry de Loundres, Archbishop of Dublin and dean of Penkridge, had acquired the manor of Penkridge at the instigation of King John and divided it into two. The smaller part, conferred on the church was known as the deanery manor, while the remainder was placed in lay hands – in the 16th century the Grevilles, who were Barons Willoughby de Broke. The church was a Royal Peculiar which had survived since the Anglo-Saxon period. However, the deanery and college were soon abolished by the dissolution of the chantries under Edward VI in 1547. The Crown conferred the deanery manor on John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, an immensely ambitious member of Edward's government. Dudley had also recently acquired Penkridge manor itself by foreclosing on a loan from his father to the cash-strapped Grevilles.

paragraph: Warwick, soon to become Duke of Northumberland, inherited the deanery's legal obligations. The lease still stood and Littleton was able to continue exploiting the estate in return for annual rent. The assessment carried out at the dissolution in 1547 valued the college's property at £82 6s. 8d. annually. It was because of his attempts to maximise the value of the deanery manor that Littleton got into dispute with Stafford. The latter believed that Northumberland was used as a buckler in the dispute, i.e. that his great power shielded Littleton when he was in the wrong. The downfall of Northumberland at the beginning of Mary's reign returned the deanery manor to the Crown, but the Littletons continued to lease it until, in the 1580s Littleton's grandson was able to buy the estate.

paragraph: Another acquisition, hugely important in the future to Littleton's family, was Teddesley Hay. This sparsely populated area was part of the royal forest of Cannock, sometimes (not quite accurately) called Cannock Chase: Cannock Chase originally referred to the bishop's hunting grounds, which were contiguous with the king's. The Hay was granted to Dudley in 1550. After his execution in 1553 it reverted to the Crown, but Dudley's widow, Jane Dudley, Duchess of Northumberland was granted a life's interest in it from 1554. However, she died only a year later and Littleton was able to buy the Hay. Two hundred years later it would become the site of a new home for the Littletons: Teddesley Hall.

paragraph: Littleton clearly became both rich and locally powerful through his numerous dealings. Both Pillaton Hall and the parish church of St. Michael were greatly altered in the early to mid-16th century. The hall was rebuilt in typical Tudor style. The church acquired a Littleton family chapel in its south aisle and was partly rebuilt in Perpendicular style, with impressive square tower and east windows of local sandstone. Littleton must have played a significant part in all of these changes, although some may have continued in his son's time.

paragraph: Section::::Contemporary assessments.

paragraph: When he was sued by a son of Sampson Erdeswicke, the noted Staffordshire antiquarian, Littleton was described as:

paragraph: This was intended as a criticism of Littleton. Stafford, a former friend who became his main enemy among the local magnates, described how, in his later years:

paragraph: It appears that some contemporaries regarded Littleton as an upstart. While the local nobility and their retainers assumed a value system derived from feudal society, Littleton and other landed gentry were essentially rural entrepreneurs, making their fortunes in a profoundly changed rural economy.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and family.

paragraph: Littleton married twice:

paragraph: Littleton died on 10 October 1558 at Pillaton Hall. He was buried in St. Michael's church, apparently in the family chapel, and a large alabaster tomb for himself and both his wives was installed. This was later moved to the south side of the chancel, where it remains.

paragraph: A son by Helen Swynnerton, Edward Littleton, succeeded him in his estates.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Penkridge

paragraph: BULLET::::- Littleton Baronets

description: English politician, died 1558

wikidata_label: Edward Littleton

wikipedia_title: Edward Littleton (died 1558)


text: avant-garde

text: graphic artist

text: sculptor

text: Cubist

text: modern sculpture

text: Section d'Or

text: Crystal Cubism

text: Purism

text: De Stijl

text: Abstract art

text: Art Deco

text: World War I

text: naturalized

text: World War II

text: la Résistance

text: Valençay

text: Jacques Doucet

text: figurative

text: Szeged

text: Austro-Hungarian Empire

text: Budapest

text: figure drawing

text: Pécs

text: francs

text: Joseph Brummer

text: African sculpture

text: Congo

text: Pablo Picasso

text: La Ruche

text: Gustave Eiffel

text: Alfred Boucher

text: émigré

text: Alexander Archipenko

text: Wladimir Baranoff-Rossine

text: Sonia Delaunay (Terk)

text: Guillaume Apollinaire

text: Ossip Zadkine

text: Moise Kisling

text: Marc Chagall

text: Max Pechstein

text: Fernand Léger

text: Jacques Lipchitz

text: Max Jacob

text: Blaise Cendrars

text: Chaim Soutine

text: Robert Delaunay

text: Amedeo Modigliani

text: Constantin Brâncuși

text: Diego Rivera

text: Auguste Rodin

text: Cubist

text: Cycladic art

text: Oceanic art

text: Art of ancient Egypt

text: Szeged

text: Académie de La Palette

text: Jean Metzinger

text: André Dunoyer de Segonzac

text: Henri Le Fauconnier

text: Bateau-Lavoir

text: Puteaux Group

text: Cézanne

text: Seurat

text: Cubist sculptors

text: Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler

text: Guillaume Apollinaire

text: Henri Laurens

text: Jacques Villon

text: Raymond Duchamp-Villon

text: Jean Metzinger

text: Henri Le Fauconnier

text: Ricciotto Canudo

text: Café de la Rotonde

text: proto-Cubist

text: Salon des Indépendants

text: Duchamp

text: Gleizes

text: Laurencin

text: La Fresnaye

text: Léger

text: Picabia

text: Salon d'Automne

text: Modigliani

text: Lhote

text: Duchamp-Villon

text: Villon

text: František Kupka

text: Constantin Brâncuși

text: Wilhelm Lehmbruck

text: Robert Delaunay

text: Juan Gris

text: Piet Mondrian

text: Alfréd Réth

text: Diego Rivera

text: Groupe de femmes

text: Amedeo Modigliani

text: Rhode Island School of Design

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: Section d'Or

text: World War I

text: Pierre Reverdy

text: Purism

text: Léonce Rosenberg

text: Piet Mondrian

text: Georges Braque

text: Auguste Herbin

text: Gino Severini

text: Georges Valmier

text: Amédée Ozenfant

text: Léopold Survage

text: De Stijl movement

text: Art Deco

text: Gustave Miklos

text: Jacques Lipchitz

text: Louis Marcoussis

text: Neuilly

text: Jacques Doucet

text: Post-Impressionist

text: Cubist

text: Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

text: figurative art

text: Jacques Doucet

text: Salon d'Automne

text: Groupe de femmes

text: Danseuse, Femme à l'éventail, Femme à la cruche

text: Head

text: Centre Georges Pompidou

text: Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts

text: Salon des Indépendants

text: Section d'Or

text: Léonce Rosenberg

text: Salon des Artistes Décorateurs

text: Salon des Tuileries

text: Union des Artistes Modernes

text: Saarbrücken

text: München

text: Stuttgart

text: Budapest

text: Expositions universelles de Paris

text: Brussels

text: Rotterdam

text: Utrecht

text: Minneapolis Institute of Arts

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: Los Angeles County Museum of Art

text: São Paulo

text: Tate Gallery

text: Hayward Gallery

text: Bordeaux

text: Lambert Rucki

text: Grand Palais

text: Musée Rodin

text: Saint-Paul de Vence

text: Kunsthalle

text: Cologne

text: Frankfurt

text: Solomon Guggenheim Museum

text: Saarbrücken

text: Palazzo dei Diamanti

text: Ferrara

text: Madrid

text: Hollis Taggart Galleries

text: Modernist Works from a California Collection

text: Crystal Cubism

text: Csernus Sándor

text: Réunion des Musées Nationaux, Grand Palais, Agence photographique

text: Ricciotto Canudo, 1914, Montjoie! text by André Salmon, 3rd issue, 18 March

text: Catalogue of public auction, 1921, two works by Csaky reproduced

text: Smithsonian Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, DC, Josef Csaky, Abstraction (Standing Figure) 1919

text: La Danseuse, Szeged

text: CSÁKY József, in Hungarian

text: CSÁKY József

text: Csáky József, Szuromi Pál, Csongrád Megyei Lapkiadó 1989

text: Joconde, Portail des Collection des Musée de France, CSAKY Joseph

text: Ministère de la Culture, France, La Médiathèque de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine, Base Memoire

text: Base Arcade, Culture.gouv.fr Csaky

text: Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo, Netherlands, 23 works by Joseph Csaky

text: Hungarian National Gallery – Magyar Nemzeti Gáleria, Budapest 1

text: Hungarian National Gallery – Magyar Nemzeti Gáleria, Budapest 2

categories: 1971 deaths,Modern sculptors,1888 births,Austro-Hungarian people,Abstract sculptors,French male sculptors,Sculpture by Joseph Csaky,Purism,School of Paris,Art Deco artists,Cubist artists,Joseph Csaky,Art Deco sculptors,People from Szeged,De Stijl,20th-century French sculptors,20th-century Hungarian sculptors

paragraph: Joseph Csaky

paragraph: Joseph Csaky (also written Josef Csàky, Csáky József, József Csáky and Joseph Alexandre Czaky) (18 March 1888 – 1 May 1971) was a Hungarian avant-garde artist, sculptor, and graphic artist, best known for his early participation as a sculptor in the Cubist movement. Joseph Csaky was one of the first sculptors in Paris to apply the principles of pictorial Cubism to his art. A pioneer of modern sculpture, Csaky is among the most important sculptors of the early 20th century. He was an active member of the Section d'Or group between 1911 and 1914, and closely associated with Crystal Cubism, Purism, De Stijl, Abstract art, and Art Deco throughout the 1920s and 1930s.

paragraph: Csaky fought alongside French soldiers during World War I and in 1922 became a naturalized French citizen. He was a founding member of l'Union des Artistes modernes (UAM) in 1929. During World War II, Csaky joined forces with the French underground movement ("la Résistance") in Valençay. In the late 1920s, he collaborated with some other artists in designing furniture and other decorative pieces, including elements of the Studio House of the fashion designer Jacques Doucet.

paragraph: After 1928, Csaky moved away from Cubism into a more figurative or representational style for nearly thirty years. He exhibited internationally across Europe, but some of his pioneering artistic innovation was forgotten. His work today is primarily held by French and Hungarian institutions, as well as galleries and private collections both in France and abroad.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: József Csáky was born in Szeged, Hungary, then part of the dual monarchy of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. A provincial southern city, Szeged is now the third-largest in the country.

paragraph: Csaky moved with his family to Budapest at an early age, where he frequented museums and galleries. In 1905 Csaky was accepted at the Academy of Applied Arts () in Budapest, where he studied under the direction of the sculptor (1875–1945) for one and a half years. His interest centered around figure drawing, but, dissatisfied with the local traditional art training (which consisted of copying sculptures in plaster and modeling wild flowers out of clay), Csaky and fellow students left the school to study in the workshop of the photographer-painter László Kimnach, in Buda.

paragraph: In 1907, for six and a half months, he worked in the Zsolnay Factory in Pécs, making ceramic ashtrays and vases. He worked briefly as a metal founder in Budapest, and at one point with a taxidermist. Attracted by its reputation for lights and great artists, Csaky made the decision to move to Paris France, and did so with only forty "francs" in his pocket. He traveled mostly by foot, walking fifty or sixty kilometers per day during the summer of 1908. In Paris a 'new world' opened up for him. He made a living by doing odd jobs: working as a peddler, stone cutter, and posing as a model for students at a local art school, making 20 francs a week. He later posed for individual artists in their own studios, making more money and leaving plenty of time free to pursue his own work. By autumn of 1908 he shared a studio space at with Joseph Brummer, a Hungarian friend who had opened the Brummer Gallery with his brothers and was studying art. Within three weeks of Csaky's arrival in Paris, Brummer showed the newcomer a sculpture he was working on: an exact copy of an African sculpture from the Congo. Brummer told Csaky that another artist in Paris, a Spaniard named Pablo Picasso, was painting in the spirit of 'Negro' sculptures.

paragraph: Shortly after, Csaky found a studio at the artists' collective La Ruche in Montparnasse. The building had been constructed by Gustave Eiffel, and was adapted as artists' studios by the sculptor Alfred Boucher. Among other émigré artists at La Ruche were Alexander Archipenko (who arrived in Paris the same year), Wladimir Baranoff-Rossine, and Sonia Delaunay (Terk). In the early years of the 20th century, other artists who lived there for a time included Guillaume Apollinaire, Ossip Zadkine, Moise Kisling, Marc Chagall, Max Pechstein, Fernand Léger, Jacques Lipchitz, Max Jacob, Blaise Cendrars, Chaim Soutine, Robert Delaunay, Amedeo Modigliani, Constantin Brâncuși, and Diego Rivera, attracted to Paris from across Europe and Mexico.

paragraph: With his discovery of the work of Auguste Rodin laying the groundwork for an oeuvre characterized by a mastery of sculptural techniques, Csaky's work in stone carving would evolve.

paragraph: Csaky's work of this time is already distinguished by a Cubist understanding of volumetric and spatial relationships, with the integration of armature and open space, and the rhythmic use of geometry. Planes are faceted into abstract architectonic forms. His sculptural interpretation of Cubist painting is marked by elements employed in non-Western sculpture (Cycladic art, Oceanic art, the Art of ancient Egypt).

paragraph: Soon Csaky and his new Parisian girlfriend Jeanne moved into a studio together on rue Didot, near the Pasteur Institute and Montparnasse Cemetery. They married.

paragraph: "Thinking back on my life now," Csaky would later write, "I am amazed by the speed of the events. A few months before I had been a poor and helpless fellow who had found himself in a strange country all alone, not even speaking the language. And then, all of a sudden, from one minute to the next, I became a man with an orderly life, a place of his own and a wife, an honest, and good working woman." (Joseph Csaky)

paragraph: This relationship did not last long. The two separated but retained a friendship. Csaky rented a small attic studio on rue Dalou. In 1910 Csaky won the "Ferenc József Art Scholarship" in Szeged, giving him enough money to attend l'Académie de La Palette, a private school in Paris where the painters Jean Metzinger, André Dunoyer de Segonzac and Henri Le Fauconnier taught. He was able to devote himself full-time to art.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Cubism.

paragraph: "Csaky, after Archipenko, was the first sculptor to join the cubists, with whom he exhibited from 1911 on. They were followed by Duchamp-Villon [...] and then in 1914 by Lipchitz, Laurens and Zadkine." (Michel Seuphor)

paragraph: The inspirations that led Csaky to Cubism were diverse, as they were for artists of the Bateau-Lavoir, on the one hand, or the Puteaux Group on the other. While art historians are divided on the influence of African art in the distillation of Cubism, they generally agree that Cézanne's geometric syntax was significant, as well as Seurat's approach to painting. Given a growing dissatisfaction with the classical methods of representation, and the contemporary changes—the industrial revolution, exposure to art from across the world—artists began to transform their expression.

paragraph: Archipenko and Csaky—along with the Cubist sculptors who would follow—stimulated by the profound cultural changes and their own experiences, contributed their own personal artistic language.

paragraph: Csaky wrote of the direction his art had taken during the crucial years:

paragraph: "There was no question which was my way. True, I was not alone, but in the company of several artists who came from Eastern Europe. I joined the cubists in the Académie La Palette, which became the sanctuary of the new direction in art. On my part I did not want to imitate anyone or anything. This is why I joined the cubists movement." (Joseph Csaky)

paragraph: Early in his artistic career, Csaky had understood that Cubism was a great liberating force. It was a means of reassessing the nature of sculpture as a four-dimensional continuum, with space, mass, plane and direction, dynamic and changing in time. It represented for him the departure from classicism, from the conventions of his predecessors.

paragraph: Csaky first met Picasso at the gallery of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler. He had already met Guillaume Apollinaire but was never as close to either of them as to Archipenko, Henri Laurens, Jacques Villon, Raymond Duchamp-Villon, and Jean Metzinger. They often met at Henri Le Fauconnier's studio on rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs, near the Boulevard de Montparnasse, as well as with the "Montjoie!" publisher Ricciotto Canudo, Café de la Rotonde and in Montparnasse.

paragraph: Csaky exhibited his highly stylized 1909 sculpture, "Tête de femme" (Portrait de Jeanne), at the 1910 Salon de la Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts. The following year, he exhibited a proto-Cubist work entitled "Mademoiselle Douell" (1910).

paragraph: In 1911, Csaky exhibited his Cubist sculptures at the "Salon des Indépendants" (21 April – 13 June) with Archipenko, Duchamp, Gleizes, Laurencin, La Fresnaye, Léger, Picabia and Metzinger. This exhibition provoked an 'involuntary scandal' out of which Cubism, brought to the attention of the general public for the first time, emerged and spread throughout Paris and beyond. Four months later Csaky exhibited at the "Salon d'Automne" (1 October – 8 November) together with the same artists, in addition to Modigliani, Lhote, Duchamp-Villon, Villon and František Kupka.

paragraph: The following year Csaky showed with the Cubists at the 1912 Salon des Indépendants (20 March – 16 May): with Archipenko, Gleizes, La Fresnaye, Laurencin, Le Fauconnier, Léger, Lhote, Zadkine, Duchamp, Constantin Brâncuși, Wilhelm Lehmbruck, Robert Delaunay, Juan Gris, Piet Mondrian, Alfréd Réth, and Diego Rivera.

paragraph: Csaky participated in the Salon d'Automne of 1912 (1 October – 8 November) with the Cubists: Duchamp, Duchamp-Villon, Gleizes, La Fresnaye, Le Fauconnier, Léger, Lhote, Marcoussis, Metzinger, Picabia, Villon and Kupka. A rare photograph of the 1912 Salon d'Automne shows Csaky's "Groupe de femmes", a sculpture now lost, exhibited in front of Kupka's "Amorpha: Fugue in Two Colours" and next to sculptures by Amedeo Modigliani. In the same photograph can be seen Henri Le Fauconnier's vast composition "Les Montagnards attaqués par des ours" (Mountaineers Attacked by Bears,) now at the Rhode Island School of Design Museum; and Francis Picabia's monumental "La Source" (The Spring), now at the Museum of Modern Art in New York.

paragraph: Csaky exhibited as a member of "Section d'Or" at the Galerie La Boétie (10–30 October 1912), with Archipenko, Duchamp-Villon, La Fresnaye, Gleizes, Gris, Laurencin, Léger, Lhote, Marcoussis, Metzinger, Picabia, Kupka, Villon and Duchamp.

paragraph: By this time, Csaky's participation in the avant-garde milieu was complete.

paragraph: "One could say that before the war, life in Paris had been like a summer day, and after the announcement of war the sky and life were darkened by weighty, heavy clouds" (Joseph Csaky)

paragraph: Csaky enlisted as a volunteer in the French army and was expecting to be called in. Before joining his company, he married Marguerite Fétrié on 19 August 1914. She had become pregnant and had a child during their relationship, and Csaky wanted to become his daughter's legal father prior to his departure for what became known as World War I.

paragraph: Returning to Paris after the war, Csaky began a series of works derived in part from the machine aesthetic; streamlined with geometric and mechanical affinities. By this time Csaky's artistic vocabulary had evolved: it was distinctly mature, showing a new, refined sculptural quality. Nothing in early modern sculpture in comparable to the revolutionary work Csaky produced in the years directly succeeding World War I. These were nonrepresentational free-standing objects, i.e., abstract three-dimensional constructions combining organic and geometric elements.

paragraph: The scholar Edith Balas writes of Csaky's sculpture following the war years:

paragraph: "Csáky, more than anyone else working in sculpture, took Pierre Reverdy's theoretical writings on art and cubist doctrine to heart. "Cubism is an eminently plastic art; but an art of creation, not of reproduction and interpretation." The artist was to take no more than "elements" from the external world, and intuitively arrive at the "idea" of objects made up of what for him constant in value. Objects were not to be analyzed; neither were the experiences they evoked. They were to be re-created in the mind, and thereby purified. By some unexplained miracle the "pure" forms of the mind, an entirely autonomous vocabulary, of (usual geometric) forms, would make contact with the external world." (Balas, 1998, p. 27)

paragraph: These 1919 works (e.g., "Cones and Spheres, Abstract Sculpture") are made of juxtaposing sequences of rhythmic geometric forms, where light and shadow, mass and the void, play a key role. They allude, occasionally, to the structure of the human body or modern machines, but the semblance functions only as "elements" (Reverdy) and are deprived of descriptive narrative. Csaky's polychrome reliefs of the early 1920s display an affinity with Purism—an extreme form of the Cubism aesthetic developing at the time—in their rigorous economy of architectonic symbols and the use of crystalline geometric structures.

paragraph: With this intense flurry of activity, Csaky was taken on by Léonce Rosenberg, owner of the Galerie de l'Effort Moderne, 19, rue de la Baume, Paris. By 1920 Rosenberg was the sponsor, dealer and publisher of Piet Mondrian, Léger, Lipchitz and Csaky. He had just published "Le Néo-Plasticisme"—a collection of writings by Mondrian—and Theo van Doesburg's "Classique-Baroque-Moderne". Csaky's showed a series of works at Rosenberg's gallery in December 1920.

paragraph: For the following three years, Rosenberg purchased Csaky's entire artistic production. In 1921 Rosenberg organized an exhibit entitled "Les maîtres du Cubisme", a group show that featured works by Csaky, Albert Gleizes, Metzinger, Mondrian, Gris, Léger, Picasso, Laurens, Georges Braque, Auguste Herbin, Gino Severini, Georges Valmier, Amédée Ozenfant and Léopold Survage.

paragraph: Csaky's works of the early 1920s reflect a collective spirit of the time,

paragraph: "a puritanical denial of sensuousness that reduced the cubist vocabulary to rectangles, verticals, horizontals," writes Balas, "a Spartan alliance of discipline and strength" to which Csaky adhered in his "Tower Figures." "In their aesthetic order, lucidity, classical precision, emotional neutrality, and remoteness from visible reality, they should be considered stylistically and historically as belonging to the De Stijl movement." (Balas, 1998)

paragraph: Joseph Csaky became a naturalized French citizen in 1922. He began to work with , a dealer and gallery owner who from 1924 onward bought Csaky's sculptures in order to cast them in bronze. The two created furniture in the Art Deco style, within which sculpted elements of marble, wood and glass were integrated.

paragraph: In 1927 Csaky collaborated with other artists, including Gustave Miklos, Jacques Lipchitz and Louis Marcoussis, on the decoration of Studio House, rue Saint-James, Neuilly, owned by the French fashion designer Jacques Doucet. Doucet was also collecting Post-Impressionist and Cubist paintings; he bought "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" directly from Picasso's studio. Csaky designed the staircase in Studio House.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:1928–1971, Toward figurativism.

paragraph: From 1928, while his fellow pioneers tended towards greater abstraction, Csaky moved away both from the faceted Cubism of his early Parisian epoch, and from the highly abstract or nonrepresentational intent of his post-war series. Turning towards figurative art, he no longer saw potential in abstraction.

paragraph: Waldemar George, the Polish-French art critic, writes in 1930 of Csaky's departure from abstraction: "The cube, the polyhedron with right angles with its abrupt edges, are replaced by ovoids and spheres." Turning towards a more representational figuration—in a highly stylized, curvilinear and descriptive form—allowed Csaky the contact with reality, a reality that ran deeper than surface appearances. For the rest of his life, he was interested primarily in the female body in youth, a theme that expressed optimism, happiness and well-being. He was fascinated by the beauty and expressiveness of the human form in itself. He explored the subject to express his ideas and connotations attached to them. His monumental figures (although not always in sheer size) possess a timeless "amaranthine beauty, a fundamental essence relevant only to themselves."

paragraph: Csaky continued exhibiting from the 1930s onwards; he was shown internationally, with shows in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Brussels, Hungary, and Luxembourg. In 1935, he traveled in Greece, an experience that shaped his artistic exploration of nudes for the remainder of his life. He had an exhibit there in 1965.

paragraph: Joseph Csaky died in Paris 1 May 1971.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Joseph Csaky contributed substantially to the development of modern sculpture, both as a pioneer in applying Cubism to sculpture, and as a leading figure in nonrepresentational art of the 1920s.

paragraph: After fighting alongside the French underground movement against the Nazis during World War II, Csaky faced many difficulties: health issues, family problems and a lack of work-related commissions. Unlike many of his friends, whose names became widely known, Csaky was appreciated by fewer people (but they notably included art collectors, art historians and museum curators).

paragraph: "Today, however," writes Edith Balas, "in a postmodernist atmosphere, those aspects of his art that made Csáky unacceptable to the more advanced modernists are readily accepted as valid and interesting. The time has come to give Csáky his rightful place in the ranks of the avant-garde, based on an analysis of his artistic innovations and accomplishments."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Art market.

paragraph: On 30 October 2017, a rock crystal and obsidian sculpture by Csaky, titled "Tête" ("Head"), was purchased at an auction at Sotheby's Paris for $1,077,004 (925,500 EUR), a world record for the artist. The 1923 work, formerly in the collection of fashion designer Jacques Doucet, had not appeared on the market since it was commissioned from the artist by Doucet.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Femme et enfant" (1909), collection Zborovsky

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tête de femme de profil" (1909), exhibited Société National des Beaux-Arts, 1910, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tête de femme de face" (1909)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tête de femme, Portrait de Jeanne" (1910)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tête d'homme, Autoportrait, Tête Cubiste" (1911), location unknown, exhibited Salon d'Automne, 1911, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Groupe de femmes" (1911–1912), location unknown, exhibited Salon d'Automne, 1912, Salon des Indépendants, 1913, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Head" (1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tête de femme, Buste de femme" (1912), exhibited Salon des Indépendants, 1913, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Danseuse, Femme à l'éventail, Femme à la cruche" (1912), exhibited Salon d'Automne, 1912, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Figure de Femme Debout (Standing Woman), or Figure Habillée" (1913), exhibited Salon des Indépendants, 1914, Paris, Musée National d'Art Moderne, and currently in the collection of Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), and Solomon Guggenheim Museum New York, acquired 1977

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works on paper, 1913, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Head" (1913) location unknown

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Head" (1914), Musée National d'Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, Musée d'Art et d'Industrie de Saint-Étienne

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cubist Composition" (1919) Musée d'Art moderne et d'Art contemporain de la Ville de Liège (MAMAC)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cubist Head" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deux figures" (1920), Relief, Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo, the Netherlands

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tête" (1923), Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo, the Netherlands

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mother and Child" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mother and Young Child", (1930), stone, 160 cm: "Les Musées Nationaux", circa 1950. Pétrus Faure (1891–1985), Mayor from 1947 to 1971, had this monumental sculpture placed in the "Parc du Bouchet", Le Chambon-Feugerolles (believed to be its current location).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Danseuse, the Dancer" (1940–1959), Szeged, Kálvin tér, Anna-kút public square

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bas-Reliefs" (1952), commissioned by Georges Lecompte, Ministère de l'Education Nationale, Amiens, two Bas-Reliefs by Csaky

paragraph: Section::::Selected exhibitions.

paragraph: Section::::Selected exhibitions.:During his life.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salon de la Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts, 1910–1911

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salon d'Automne, 1911, 1912, 1945, 1949

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salon des Indépendants, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1920, 1923

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salon de la Section d'Or, Galerie La Boétie, Octobre 1912

paragraph: BULLET::::- , Léonce Rosenberg, "Les Mâitre du Cubisme," Paris, 1921, 1924

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salon des Artistes Décorateurs, 1924

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salon des Tuileries, 1928, 1929

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reid & Lefevre Art Gallery, London, 1930

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exposition de l'Union des Artistes Modernes, 1930, 1931, 1937, 1955

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum Heilbronn, Museum, Saarbrücken, 1932

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galerie Casperi, München, Galerie Valentien, Stuttgart, 1933

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ernst Múzeum, Budapest, 1936

paragraph: BULLET::::- L'Exposition Internationale, "Arts et Techniques dans la Vie moderne," (Expositions universelles de Paris), 1937

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palais des Beaux-Arts, Brussels, "Cent Ans de Sculpture Française, 1933–1939," 1940

paragraph: BULLET::::- Volksuniversiteit, Rotterdam, the Netherlands 1949

paragraph: BULLET::::- Centraal Museum, Utrecht, the Netherlands, 1950

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gemeentemuseum Den Haag, the Netherlands, 1953

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris, "Le Cubisme," 1953

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée d'Art et d'Industrie de Saint-Étienne, "L'Art de l'Afrique Noire," 1956

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Csáky Retrospective Exhibition" (Kulturális Kapcsolatok Intézete), Budapest, Hungary, 1959

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée d'Art et d'Industrie de Saint-Étienne, "Cent sculptures de Daumier à nos jours," 1960

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée d'Ixelles, Palais des beaux-arts, Charleroi, Tournai, Luxembourg, "De Maillol à nos Jours: 120 sculptures et dessins du Musée National d'Art Moderne de Paris," 1960

paragraph: BULLET::::- Athènes, Biennale en plein air, "Panathénées de la Sculpture", Sept.-Nov 1965

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deutsche Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst, Berlin, "Avant-Garde, 1910–1930" Osteurops, 1967

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minneapolis Institute of Arts, "Art Deco," July–September 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museu de Arte Contemporanea de USP, São Paulo, "Tendencias de Escultura Moderna," W. Zanini, 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tate Gallery, London. "Léger and Purist Paris," 18 November 1970 – 24 January 1971

paragraph: Section::::Selected exhibitions.:Post-humous.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hayward Gallery, London, "Pioneers of Modern Sculpture," 20 July – 23 September 1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galerie Dépôt 15, Paris, "Csaky," 15 October-30 November 1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galerie des Beaux-Arts, Bordeaux, "Les Cubistes," 4 May-1 September 1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, "Les Cubistes," 26 September-10 November 1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palais des Arts et de la Culture, Brest, "La Sculpture et le Cubisme," 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée Bourdelle, "Trois Sculpteurs des Années 30, Gargalo-Csaky-Lambert Rucki," Juin-Sept. 1977

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Palais, Paris, "L'Art Moderne dans les Musée de Province," 1977

paragraph: BULLET::::- Orangerie des Tuileries, Paris, "Donation Pierre Lévy," 16 February-16 April 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée Rodin, Paris, "Formes Humaines, neuvième biennale de sculpture contemporaine – Hommage a Csaky," 3–30 June 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fondation Maeght, Saint-Paul de Vence, "Sculpture du XXe siècle 1900–1945: Tradition et rupture," 4 July-4 October 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kubismus, Kunsthalle, Cologne, Germany, 1982

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Troyes, "Csaky, Sculptures Dessins," 26 Juin-15 September 1986

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galerie René Reichard, Frankfurt, "Joseph Csaky 1888–1971, Kubistische und Nachkubistische Skulpturen 1913–1950," 12/10 – 3/12 1988

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galerie Berès, "Au Temps des Cubistes," Oct. 2006 – Jan. 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solomon Guggenheim Museum New York collection, acquired 1977, and the Modern Art Gallery in Saarbrücken collection, "Figure de Femme Debout, or Figure Habillée (1913)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris – MAM/ARC, "L'école de Paris, 1904–1929 – La part de l'Autre," 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo, "Helenes Favourites," 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palazzo dei Diamanti, Ferrara (FE), "Il Cubismo. Rivoluzione e tradizione," 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- MODEM Centre for Modern and Contemporary Arts, "Debrecen, Ninety-Nine Years – The Antal-Lusztig Collection in the Modem," 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galería Leandro Navarro, Madrid, "Los tiempos del Cubismo," 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- MODEM Centre for Modern and Contemporary Arts, Debrecen, "Body language – Antal-Lusztig collection II.," 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janos Gat Gallery, New York City, "Hungarian Modernism," 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hollis Taggart Galleries, New York City, "Modernist Works from a California Collection," 2010

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crystal Cubism

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: In chronological order:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Apollinaire, Guillaume, 1912, "Art and Curiosity, the Beginning of Cubism", Le Temps

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canudo, Ricciotto, 1914, Montjoie! text by André Salmon, 3rd issue, 18 March

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reverdy, Pierre, 1917, "Sur le Cubisme, Nord-Sud (Paris)", 15, 5–7 March

paragraph: BULLET::::- Apollinaire, Guillaume, "Chroniques d'art", 1902–1918

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pál, Bor, 1924, "Az új művészet céljáról. Csáky József szobraihoz", Magyar Iparművészet, 65–68

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tabarant, Adolphe, "Le Bulletin de la vie artistique", December 1924 and January 1925

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pál, Bor, 1926, "Csáky József és szobrászata", Budapest (Corvina Kiadó, Budapest, 1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Basler, Adolphe, 1928, "La Sculpture Moderne en France", Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- Raynal, Maurice, 1929, "A propos de Csaky", Montparnasse, no. 56

paragraph: BULLET::::- George, Waldemar 1930, "Csaky", Editions Ars, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deutsche Kunst und Dekoration, 1930, Darmstadt, 247–250

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sandor, Kemeri, 1931, "Visage de Bourdelle", Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- Csáky József, 1931, "Tiszta építészet és szobrászat", Magyar Iparművészet, 129–131

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilenski, Reginald Howard, 1932, "The meaning of modern sculpture", AMS Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laude, Jean, 1933, "La Peinture Français et l'Art Negre", Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- Goldwater, R., 1938 (1967) "Primitivism in Modern Art", New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gide, André, 1947, "The Journals of André Gide", Vol. 2 "1889 – 1913" New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seuphor, Michel, 1959, "La Sculpture de ce Siècle", "Dictionnaire de la Sculpture Moderne", Edition du Griffon, Neuchâtel, Switzerland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dutka Mária, 1959, "Csáky József szobrászművész kiállítása", Magyar Nemzet, 1 September

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seuphor, Michel, 1960, "The Sculpture of This Century", New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lebel, Robert. "Anthologie des Formes Inventées", Paris: Edition de la Galerie du Cercle, 1962

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robbins, Daniel, 1963–1964, "From Symbolism to Cubism: The Abbaye of Créteil", Art Journal 23

paragraph: BULLET::::- Csáky József, 1964, "Pályakezdése (Önéletrajzi részlet, I., II., III.,) Tiszatáj"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Le XXe Siècle, Chefs-D’Oeuvre de L’Art, 1965, Librairie Hachette, Paris, Musée National d’Art Modern, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bowness, Alan, 1965, "Modern Sculpture", London

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lugano, 1967, Art International Vol. XI no. 3

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burnham, Jack, 1968, "Beyond Modern Sculpture", New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bajomi Lázár Endre, 1967, "A Montmartre", Budapest, Corvina Kiadó

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bölöni György, 1967, "Képek között", Budapest, Szépirodalmi Könyvkiadó

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cooper, Douglas, 1970, "The Cubist Epoch", Phaidon Press Limited, London 1970, The Los Angeles County Museum of Art & The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- Green, Christopher, 1971, "Léger and l'Esprit Nouveau, 1912–1928" In Tate Gallery Exhibition Catalogue, 18 November 1970 – 24 January 1971, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- Green, Christopher, 1971, "Léger and the Purists", Paris, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferenc, Bodri, 1971, "Csáky József", Művészet, 8. szám

paragraph: BULLET::::- A.M. Hammacher, 1969, 1971, "La Sculpture, L’Evolution de la Sculpture Moderne", Thames and Hudson, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burnham, Jack, 1971, "The structure of Art", New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- Szélesi Zoltán, 1972, "Csáky József", Budapest

paragraph: BULLET::::- Szelesi Zoltán, 1972, "Szegedi avantgarde szobrászok", Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyv

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Csáky József", 1972, "Emlékek a modern művészet nagy évtizedéből, 1904–1914" (Memories of the great decade of modern art, 1904–1914), Budapest

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karshan, Donald, 1973, "Csaky", Paris: Dépôt 15, 1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elsen, Albert E., 1974, "Origins of Modern Sculpture: Pioneers and Premises", New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- Passuth Krisztina, 1974, "Magyar művészek az európai avantgardeban" (A kubizmustól a konstruktivizmusig, 1919–1925), Budapest

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marcilhac, Felix, 1974, "Josef Csaky: A Pioneer of Modern Sculpture", Connoisseur 186, no. 747

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gera György, 1975, "A kubizmus", Gondolat Kiadó, Budapest

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lévy, Pierre, 1976, "Des artistes et un collectionneur", Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marcilhac, Felix, 1977, "Josef Csaky" 1888–1971, Encyclopedie Connaissance des Arts, no. 309

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeanine Warnod, 1978, "Les Artistes de Montparnasse, La Ruche", Edition Mayer-Van Wilder

paragraph: BULLET::::- Szelesi Zoltán, 1978–79, "Csáky József utolsó évtizede", Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyv

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Chronique des Arts, March 1980, Supplement a la Gazette des Beaux Arts, no. 1334

paragraph: BULLET::::- Balas, Edith, 1981, "The Art of Egypt as Modigliani's Stylistic Source", Gazette des Beaux-Arts

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reichard, René, 1983, "Joseph Csaky, 1888–1971, Einführung in das plastische werk", vol. II. Mémoire de René Reichard, Université Goethe, Frankfurt

paragraph: BULLET::::- Purchases by the Hirshhorn Museum 1974–1983, Sculpture Newsletter (Mountainville, NY: Storm King Art Center, Fall 1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Balas, Edith, 1987, "Brâncuși and Romanian Folk Tradition. East European Monograph", no. 224, Boulder Colorado

paragraph: BULLET::::- Balas, Edith, 1987, "The Unbuilt Architecture of Modern Sculptures", Gazette des Beaux-Arts

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fletcher, Valerie J., 1987, "Cubist Sculpture", Washington, DC: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, permanent exhibition brochure

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferenc, Apró, 1988, "Adatok Csáky József pályakezdéséhez" (Párizs, 1908–1914), Tiszatáj

paragraph: BULLET::::- Főszerk, Fitz Péter, 1999, "Hungarian contemporary art lexicon", Budapest: Encyclopedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Denoël, 1984, "Un Siècle d'Art Moderne: l'Histoire du Salon des Indépendants", 1884–1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. Barré-Despond, 1986, UAM (Union des Artistes Modernes), Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karshan, Donald, 1986, "Csaky", Exhibition catalogue, Musée d'Art Moderne de Troyes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Szuromi Pál, 1988, "Egy modern klasszikus szobrász: Csáky József munkásságáról", Tiszatáj

paragraph: BULLET::::- Szuromi Pál, "Csáky József", Szeged

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johnson, Stanley, R., 1991, "Cubism and La Section d'Or Exhibition Catalogue", Chicago-Düsseldorf

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tóth Attila, "Szeged szobrai és muráliái", Szeged

paragraph: BULLET::::- Szeged folyóirat 2006. Január, 4. oldal (Csernus Sándor: Szeged és Párizs kézfogása)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Souren Melikian, 2006, International Herald Tribune, "Discovering the many facets of Cubism", 28–29 October

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marcilhac, Félix, 2007, "Joseph Csaky, Du cubisme historique à la figuration réaliste, catalogue raisonné des sculptures", Les Editions de l'Amateur, Paris

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Réunion des Musées Nationaux, Grand Palais, Agence photographique

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ricciotto Canudo, 1914, Montjoie! text by André Salmon, 3rd issue, 18 March

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catalogue of public auction, 1921, two works by Csaky reproduced

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smithsonian Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, DC, Josef Csaky, Abstraction (Standing Figure) 1919

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Danseuse, Szeged

paragraph: BULLET::::- CSÁKY József, in Hungarian

paragraph: BULLET::::- CSÁKY József

paragraph: BULLET::::- Csáky József, Szuromi Pál, Csongrád Megyei Lapkiadó 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joconde, Portail des Collection des Musée de France, CSAKY Joseph

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ministère de la Culture, France, La Médiathèque de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine, Base Memoire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Base Arcade, Culture.gouv.fr Csaky

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo, Netherlands, 23 works by Joseph Csaky

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hungarian National Gallery – Magyar Nemzeti Gáleria, Budapest 1

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hungarian National Gallery – Magyar Nemzeti Gáleria, Budapest 2

paragraph: BULLET::::- Correspondance échangée entre Léonce Rosenberg et Joseph Csaky, contrat et ensemble de pièces documentaires, The Frick Collection, Archives Directory for the History of Collecting in America

alias:
Jozsef Czáky
Jozseph Csasky
Joseph Czaky
Jozsef Csaky
Jozsef Alexandre Csaky
József Csáky
Jozsef Csáky
Joseph Csáky
Joseph-Alexandre Csaky
Joseph Cszaky
Jozsef Czaky

description: Hungarian-French artist

wikidata_label: Joseph Csaky

wikipedia_title: Joseph Csaky


text: House of Saud

text: Saudi Arabia

text: Salman bin Abdulaziz

text: King of Saudi Arabia

text: Asir Province

text: Fahd bin Salman

text: Ahmed bin Salman

text: Sultan bin Salman

text: Faisal bin Salman

text: the oil ministry

text: Hisham Nazer

text: Ibn Saud

text: Ali Naimi

text: Oxford Institute for Energy Studies

text: Institute of Petroleum

categories: 1960 births,Saudi Arabian academics,King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals faculty,Living people,King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals alumni

paragraph: Abdulaziz bin Salman Al Saud

paragraph: Abdulaziz bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud () (born 1960) is a member of the House of Saud. He was the assistant oil minister of Saudi Arabia between 2005 and 2017. In April 2017 he was made state minister for energy affairs.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Prince Abdulaziz was born in 1960. He is the fourth son of King Salman bin Abdulaziz, King of Saudi Arabia. His mother is Sultana bint Turki Al Sudairi, who died at age 71 in July 2011. She was the daughter of Prince Salman's uncle, Turki bin Ahmed Al Sudairi, who was formerly the governor of Asir Province. Abdulaziz bin Salman is the full brother of late Fahd bin Salman, late Ahmed bin Salman, Sultan bin Salman, Faisal bin Salman and Hassa bint Salman (born 1974).

paragraph: Abdulaziz bin Salman received a science degree in industrial administration from King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. He also holds an MBA in industrial administration from the same university in 1985.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Abdulaziz bin Salman began his career as a lecturer at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, followed by a period as an acting director of the research institute there, dealing with energy studies. Later, he served as the manager of the economic and industrial research division at the same institute.

paragraph: In 1987, he became an advisor at the oil ministry. During his tenure, he is said to have had tense relations with the then minister, Hisham Nazer. Prince Abdulaziz was promoted to deputy oil minister in June 1995. He was also appointed undersecretary for petroleum affairs, a body founded in June 1996. In addition, he is the head of the energy rationalization committee.

paragraph: His term as deputy oil minister lasted until 2005 and he was appointed assistant oil minister. His term as assistant oil minister ended on 22 April 2017 when he was made state minister for energy affairs.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: As assistant oil minister, Prince Abdulaziz was regarded as a significant figure in Saudi politics since he dealt directly with the Kingdom's major source of income, petroleum. He is said to be popular and has supporters who have benefited from their support of him and his father, King Salman. Prince Abdulaziz is considered to be one of the future key players in Saudi Arabia when the grandsons of Ibn Saud begin to rule the country. He was also considered to be a potential successor to the former oil minister, Ali Naimi.

paragraph: Section::::Other roles.

paragraph: Prince Abdulaziz is a member of the board of governors of the following organizations: Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, Oxford Energy Policy Club and the Institute of Petroleum. He is honorary president of the Saudi Economic Association. He is also the supervisor-general of the Prince Fahd bin Salman Charity Association for Renal Failure Patients Care.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Abdulaziz bin Salman is married to Sara bint Khalid bin Musa'ad bin Abdulaziz (born 1966).

description: Saudi prince and politician

wikidata_label: Abdulaziz bin Salman

wikipedia_title: Abdulaziz bin Salman Al Saud


text: Monterrey

text: Mexican

text: FIA World Endurance Championship

text: 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: 2013 FIA WEC

text: 2016 FIA World Endurance Championship

text: RGR Sport by Morand

text: 2016 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: 12 Hours of Sebring

text: Roberto, Jr.

text: Mexico City

text: Roberto González Barrera

text: Gruma

text: Banorte

text: Arkansas State University System

text: Querétaro

text: Mexican F3 FIA

text: kart

text: Indy Lights

text: Formula Chrysler Euroseries

text: Roberto

text: World Series by Nissan

text: American Le Mans Series

text: Luis Díaz

text: LMPC

text: Core Autosport

text: American Le Mans Series

text: Gunnar Jeannette

text: GP of Long Beach

text: GP of Mosport

text: American Le Mans Series season

text: Greaves Motorsport

text: Elton Julian

text: Christian Zugel

text: 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: Zytek

text: Nissan

text: OAK

text: Morgan

text: Nissan

text: FIA World Endurance Championship

text: Bertrand Baguette

text: Martin Plowman

text: 6 Hours of Silverstone

text: OAK Racing

text: Morgan LMP2

text: Nissan

text: 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps

text: 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: OAK Racing

text: Morgan LMP2

text: Nissan

text: Circuit de la Sarthe

text: safety car

text: Pedro Rodríguez

text: safety car

text: 6 Hours of São Paulo

text: Autódromo José Carlos Pace

text: Oreca 03

text: Nissan

text: Rusinov

text: Martin

text: Conway

text: 6 Hours of Circuit of the Americas

text: Austin

text: Texas

text: 6 hours of Fuji

text: pole position

text: 6 Hours of Shanghai

text: 6 Hours of Bahrain

text: Le Castellet

text: European Le Mans Series

text: ART Grand Prix

text: McLaren MP4-12C

text: GTC

text: Alex Brundle

text: Karim Ajlani

text: FIA World Endurance Championship

text: Russia

text: G-Drive Racing

text: Gustavo Yacamán

text: Pipo Derani

text: FIA World Endurance Championship

text: RGR Sport by Morand

text: Formula 1

text: Bruno Senna

text: Filipe Albuquerque

text: 6 Hours of Silverstone

text: 6 Hours of Nürburgring

text: Signatech Alpine

text: 6 Hours of Mexico

text: Aztec

text: Signatech Alpine

text: pole position

text: G-Drive Racing

text: fastest lap

categories: Sportspeople from Monterrey,1978 births,American Le Mans Series drivers,FIA World Endurance Championship drivers,24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,Racing drivers from Nuevo León,Living people

paragraph: Ricardo González (racing driver)

paragraph: Ricardo González Valdez (born 20 October 1977 in Monterrey) is a Mexican racing driver who competes in the FIA World Endurance Championship. In 2013, he won the 24 Hours of Le Mans in LMP2 class and 2013 FIA WEC World Champion LMP2 class for drivers and teams.

paragraph: For the 2016 FIA World Endurance Championship, González shall participate as owner and pilot of the rookie Mexican team RGR Sport by Morand in the LMP2 class and confirms its participation in 2016 24 Hours of Le Mans.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Ricardo comes from a family of drivers, his father Roberto González, Sr., finished in third place in the 12 Hours of Sebring in 1976 and his brother Roberto, Jr., competed in the Champ Car World Series in 2003 and 2004. He is a father of four children and lives with his family in Mexico City. His grandfather Roberto González Barrera was the chairman of food company Gruma and bank Banorte. His daughter Roberta Luciana, at 11 years old is a 2013 National equestrian champion in Mexico.

paragraph: He is the president of the foundation ASUCQ which was formed to create Arkansas State University-Campus Querétaro, a campus of the Arkansas State University System in Querétaro, Mexico. The campus opened with its first class of students on 4 September 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:1994 - 95.

paragraph: In 1994-1995 Ricardo was the youngest driver to participate in the Mexican F3 FIA, His career began in karts in 1990.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:1999 - 2000.

paragraph: Indy Lights Panamericana

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:2001.

paragraph: In 2001, González took part in the Formula Chrysler Euroseries as teammate to his older brother Roberto at Swiss team Alpie Motorsport. Ricardo finished the season fourth as Roberto was runner-up. In 2003 he raced in the World Series by Nissan.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:2010.

paragraph: In 2010 he returned from a seven-year break from racing to contest the American Le Mans Series. After starting four races in the GTC class, he and teammate Luis Díaz switched to the LMPC class for the final four rounds of the season.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:2011.

paragraph: In 2011 season González drove for Core Autosport team in the American Le Mans Series LMPC class with his co-driver Gunnar Jeannette, they got the victory in two races, GP of Long Beach and GP of Mosport, with 156 points they won the American Le Mans Series season.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:2012.

paragraph: In 2012 he is racing in the FIA World Endurance Championship for Greaves Motorsport alongside Elton Julian and Christian Zugel.

paragraph: In 24 Hours of Le Mans González and his co-drivers Julian and Zugel from Greaves Motorsport Zytek Z11SN-Nissan team, got 5th place in the LMP2 class (twelfth overall).

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:2013.

paragraph: For 2013, González was hired by OAK Morgan-Nissan to drive Morgan-Nissans in the LMP2 class on the FIA World Endurance Championship. González shares the number 35 entry with co-drivers Bertrand Baguette and Martin Plowman.

paragraph: The 2013 season started at the 6 Hours of Silverstone, the OAK Racing Morgan LMP2-Nissan No. 35 finished in fourth place (twelfth overall) to get their first 10 points for the World Championship.

paragraph: On the 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps, González, Baguette and Plowman finished in third position (for cars registered for points in the FIA World Endurance Championship), of LMP2 class (eleventh overall).

paragraph: In 24 Hours of Le Mans Ricardo and his co-drivers Bertrand Baguette and Martin Plowman from OAK Racing Morgan LMP2-Nissan team, won 81st edition of the 24 Hours of Le Mans in LMP2 class (seventh overall). Their Morgan LMP2 covered a total of 329 laps in the Circuit de la Sarthe. The race was run in very difficult weather conditions and several serious accidents bringing out a record of twelve safety car caution periods. So, González became the first Mexican driver to get the first place of since Pedro Rodríguez in 1968. González recognize to Pedro Rodríguez as his hero. Heavy rains forced race officials to start the race under safety car conditions, completing eight laps before the race was temporarily stopped due to no improvement in track conditions.

paragraph: The 6 Hours of São Paulo were held at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace, on 30 August–1 September. González, Baguette and Plowman got the second place of LMP2 category, only behind Oreca 03-Nissan team (Rusinov, Martin and Conway). With this result the Mexican driver got his second podium of the year.

paragraph: In the fifth round of 2013 season were the 6 Hours of Circuit of the Americas in Austin, Texas on 20–22 September. González, Baguette and Plowman obtained the seventh place of LMP2 category (eleventh overall).

paragraph: On 18–20 October, in the 6 hours of Fuji, following a two-hour delay the race was restarted once more under the safety car, lapping another eight circuits before officials stopped the race again and eventually called an end to the event. The No. 35 OAK Morgan-Nissan (Baguette, González and Plowman), started in the pole position and was declared the race winner of LMP2 class (fourth overall), in the same position they started. Due to difficult weather conditions half points will be awarded for all the teams and drivers in the event.

paragraph: During the 6 Hours of Shanghai on 8–9 November, the No. 35 OAK Morgan-Nissan trio (Baguette, González and Plowman), qualified in fourth position and finished in third place (7th overall). With this new podium the French team extend their lead on 15 points to the final race of the championship.

paragraph: On the last race of the season the 6 Hours of Bahrain on 29–30 November, González, Baguette and Plowman qualified in sixth place and finished in fourth position (sixth overall). Therefore, the Mexican Ricardo González won the 2013 FIA WEC World Championship for drivers and teams in LMP2 class.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:2014.

paragraph: Le Castellet, France – April 2, 2014 – Ricardo González will compete in the 2014 European Le Mans Series with ART Grand Prix driving a McLaren MP4-12C GT3 in GTC class. González will run for the first time in his career in a GT3 car, which he will share with Alex Brundle and Karim Ajlani.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:2015.

paragraph: In 2015 González returns to FIA World Endurance Championship with the Russian team G-Drive Racing along with his co-drivers Gustavo Yacamán and Pipo Derani.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:2016.

paragraph: In 2016 González returns to FIA World Endurance Championship as owner and driver of the Mexican team RGR Sport by Morand. His co-drivers were ex Formula 1 Bruno Senna and Filipe Albuquerque.

paragraph: In the 6 Hours of Silverstone the Mexican rookie team won the race in the LMP2 Class (fifth overall), incredible result in their debut as a team.

paragraph: Second podium for González and the Mexican team in the 6 Hours of Nürburgring (ninth overall), only behind #36 car Signatech Alpine.

paragraph: On the fifth race of the season, the 6 Hours of Mexico, the Aztec squad achieved the first place in the LMP2 class (sixth overall), with the minimal advantage of 1.985 seconds over the second place, the #36 Signatech Alpine. The car #43 started from the pole position but missing 4 hours and 4 minutes the car fell to third place due to a contact with the #26 G-Drive Racing but rallied to take the checkered flag in the rain with Albuquerque behind the wheel. The RGR Sport by Morand recorded the fastest lap on turn number 28. Great success for González as principal, driver and promoter of the event in his home soil.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results.

paragraph: * Season in progress.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:European Le Mans Series results.

paragraph: * Season still in progress.

alias:
Ricardo González Valdez
Gozalez, Ricardo
Ricardo Gonzalez
Ricardo Gonzalez Valdez

description: racing driver, 2012-2016 World Endurance Championship driver, 2013 24 Hours of Le Mans LMP2 winner

wikidata_label: Ricardo González

wikipedia_title: Ricardo González (racing driver)


text:
Prince-Bishop of Worms
House of Franckenstein
Castle Frankenstein
cathedral chapter
Worms Cathedral
Prince-Bishop
Worms
Pope Innocent XI
consecrated
bishop
Anselm Franz von Ingelheim
Archbishop-Elector of Mainz
Frankfurt Cathedral

categories: 1610 births,Roman Catholic bishops of Worms,1691 deaths

paragraph: Johannes Karl von und zu Franckenstein

paragraph: Johannes Karl von und zu Franckenstein (1610–1691) was the Prince-Bishop of Worms from 1683 to 1691.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: A member of the House of Franckenstein, Johannes Karl von und zu Franckenstein was born in Castle Frankenstein in 1610.

paragraph: On 17 August 1683, the cathedral chapter of Worms Cathedral elected him to be the new Prince-Bishop of Worms. Pope Innocent XI confirmed his appointment on 16 July 1688 and he was consecrated as a bishop by Anselm Franz von Ingelheim, Archbishop-Elector of Mainz, on 5 September 1688.

paragraph: He died on 29 September 1691 and is buried in Frankfurt Cathedral.

description: Roman Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Johannes Karl von und zu Franckenstein

wikipedia_title: Johannes Karl von und zu Franckenstein


text:
Greek
rally
Profile at WRC.com
Profile on ewrc-results.com

categories: Greek rally drivers,1964 births,Living people,World Rally Championship drivers

paragraph: Jourdan Serderidis

paragraph: Jourdan Serderidis (born January 29, 1964) is a Greek rally driver.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at WRC.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on ewrc-results.com

description: rally driver

wikidata_label: Jourdan Serderidis

wikipedia_title: Jourdan Serderidis


text:
London
Liverpool
Woodburytype
Francis James Barraud
HMV
Woodburytypes - Alan F. Elliott
National Portrait Gallery
Argentic Photo

categories: 1845 births,English photographers,Artists from London,1896 deaths,Portrait photographers,Artists' Rifles soldiers,Artists from Liverpool

paragraph: Herbert Rose Barraud

paragraph: Herbert Rose Barraud (24 August 1845 – 1896) was a noted portrait photographer who had studios in London and Liverpool. He produced cabinet photographs of many famous Victorian statesmen, artists, and members of the aristocracy, many of which were published in his two-volume work, "Men and Women of the Day, 1888-89". Most of Barraud's images were Woodburytypes, then a newly developed process which lent itself admirably to portraiture, being able to render middle tones accurately.

paragraph: Between 1873 and 1880 he had a partnership, "Barraud & Jerrard", with George Milner Gibson Jerrard (1848–1918).

paragraph: Barraud's studios were at 96 Gloucester Place, Portman Square in 1883, at 263 Oxford Street ("A few doors west of 'The Circus'") between 1883 and 1891, at 73 Piccadilly from 1893 to 1896, and at 126 Piccadilly in 1897. Another studio was located at 92 Bold Street, Liverpool.

paragraph: Herbert's brother was Francis James Barraud (1856–1924), an artist celebrated for having created """", a painting used in advertising by the early HMV gramophone records.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Woodburytypes - Alan F. Elliott

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Portrait Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Argentic Photo

alias:
Herbert Barraud
H. R. Barraud

description: English photographer

wikidata_label: Herbert Rose Barraud

wikipedia_title: Herbert Rose Barraud


text:
Liberal Party
Mill Hill School
Splott
House of Commons
1906 general election
Breconshire constituency
Charles Morley
Justice of the Peace
January 1910
December 1910 election
Justice of the Peace
Sir Francis Edwards
Brecon and Radnorshire
Lloyd George
1922 general election

categories: UK MPs 1918–1922,UK MPs 1906–1910,1956 deaths,UK MPs 1910–1918,Councillors in Wales,UK MPs 1910,1863 births,Liberal Party (UK) MPs for Welsh constituencies

paragraph: Sidney Robinson (British politician)

paragraph: Sidney Robinson (6 January 1863 – 6 December 1956) was a Liberal Party politician and Timber trader.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: He was the fourth son of John Robinson, of Backwell House, Somerset. He was educated at Mill Hill School. He married in 1887, Catherine Flora Grant of Cardiff. She died in 1935.

paragraph: Section::::Business career.

paragraph: In 1880 he moved to Cardiff and worked in the timber trade with Messrs. John Grant & Co. He subsequently bought the company and then became a partner with T.W. David. They renamed the business Robinson, David & Co. He was elected President of the Bristol Channel Timber Importers Association.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: In 1895 he was elected as a Liberal to Cardiff Town Council representing Splott Ward. He stood down from the Council in 1901. He opposed the Conservative Government's Education Bill which drew him back into Cardiff politics. He became President of Cardiff Liberal Association.

paragraph: He was elected to the House of Commons at his first attempt, at the 1906 general election, for the Breconshire constituency. He had been selected in succession to Liberal MP, Charles Morley who had held the seat since 1895.

paragraph: In 1907 he was appointed as a Justice of the Peace to serve in Glamorgan. He was re-elected at both the January 1910 and December 1910 elections.

paragraph: From 1911 he served as a Justice of the Peace in Wiltshire and Somerset.

paragraph: For the 1918 General Election there were boundary changes that merged Robinson's Breconshire constituency with the Radnorshire constituency of his Liberal colleague Sir Francis Edwards to form the new Brecon and Radnorshire constituency. Robinson was chosen by the new local Liberal Association to contest the seat and Edwards retired from parliament. Robinson's candidacy was further endorsed by Lloyd George and the Coalition Government, which was enough to deter any other candidate from standing.

paragraph: With the approach of the 1922 general election, Robinson retired from parliament at the age of 59.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Sidney Robinson

wikipedia_title: Sidney Robinson (British politician)


text:
Lê dynasty
Lê Duy Vĩ
Lê Hiển Tông
Trịnh Sâm
Lê dynasty
Tây Sơn
Nguyễn Huệ
Trịnh lords
Lê Hiển Tông
Phú Xuân
Trịnh Bồng
Trịnh Lệ
Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh
Nghệ An
Vũ Văn Nhậm
Thăng Long
Qianlong Emperor
Qing Empire
Sun Shiyi
Quang Trung
Lunar New Year
Lê dynasty
Qing Empire
Nguyễn dynasty
Jiaqing Emperor
Thanh Hóa
Vietnam
Chinese
Vietnamese

categories: Lê dynasty emperors,1793 deaths,1765 births

paragraph: Lê Chiêu Thống

paragraph: Lê Chiêu Thống (1765–1793), born Lê Duy Khiêm and later Lê Duy Kỳ, was the last emperor of the Vietnamese Lê dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Lê Duy Khiêm was the eldest son of Lê Duy Vĩ who was the first crown prince of emperor Lê Hiển Tông. After Khiêm's father was killed by the ninth Trịnh lord Trịnh Sâm in 1771, he was jailed. In 1783, lord Trịnh Khải deposed crown prince Lê Duy Cận and made Lê Duy Khiêm crown prince of the Lê dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Succession and reign.

paragraph: In 1786, the Tây Sơn general Nguyễn Huệ led his force to northern Vietnam and destroyed the house of the Trịnh lords. The next year, 1787, the Lê emperor Lê Hiển Tông died of natural causes, and Nguyễn Huệ installed Lê Duy Khiêm on the throne as emperor Lê Chiêu Thống and then he withdrew almost all his troops to Phú Xuân. Trịnh Lords members took advantage of Nguyễn Huệ's absence. Two Trinh heirs, Trịnh Bồng and Trịnh Lệ, appeared and made their claims to the lord throne. emperor Lê Chiêu Thống appointed Trinh Bong as the next Trịnh lord which triggered Trịnh Lệ to revolt. After suppressing Trịnh Lệ forces, Trịnh Bồng became the most powerful man in north Vietnam but his leadership was bad. The entirety of north Vietnam sank into chaos, thus forcing King Lê Chiêu Thống to ask for assistance from Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh, Tây Sơn governor of Nghệ An. Nguyen Huu Chinh led an army marched north, easily defeated Trinh army, forced Trinh Bong to flee and captured Thăng Long. After pacifying the region, Nguyen Huu Chinh abused power for his own interests, thus impinging Nguyễn Huệ's political status.

paragraph: After learning about actions of Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh, Nguyễn Huệ sent north a general named Vũ Văn Nhậm with an army to attack Thăng Long (now Hanoi). Vu Van Nham swiftly defeated and killed Nguyen Huu Chinh and occupied Thăng Long, but then he took the power himself. Nguyễn Huệ sent two other generals to suppress Vu Van Nham and recaptured Thăng Long. Meanwhile, Lê Chiêu Thống fled to the furthest north of Vietnam and refused Nguyễn Huệ's invitations to return. He gathered a small army of Lê dynasty loyalists and sent his family to China to seek aid from the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing Empire. The Qianlong Emperor agreed and sent a massive army to north Vietnam. Under the banner of the Lê king, the large Qing army easily drove Tây Sơn out of north Vietnam and took over Thăng Long. After the Qing occupation of northern Vietnam, the Qing viceroy Sun Shiyi reinstalled Lê Chiêu Thống as a puppet ruler. Although Lê Chiêu Thống did not have much ruling power, he began taking a bloody revenge on Tây Sơn supporters and forced people to supply him food in spite of war and famine.

paragraph: The actions of Lê Chiêu Thống and the Qing invasion gave Nguyễn Huệ a good chance to officially take the throne and gain popularity among northern Vietnamese people. On 22 December 1788, Nguyễn Huệ proclaimed himself emperor Quang Trung and formally declared that the Lê dynasty had ended. He then led an army march north. Although the Tây Sơn army was smaller, they defeated the unprepared Qing troops in a series of battles during the 1789 Lunar New Year celebration and forced the rest of Qing army to flee in confusion. Lê Chiêu Thống fled to China which marked the end of the Lê dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Exile and death.

paragraph: After the war, Nguyễn Huệ sent a request of recognition to China and it was accepted with conditions. The Qing Empire recognized Nguyễn Huệ as a new ruler of Vietnam and gave him the traditional title "An Nam Quốc Vương" (King of Pacified South). From this point on, Lê Chiêu Thống did not manage to receive aid from the Qing Empire of China any more. He spent the rest of his life in China, and died in 1793.

paragraph: In 1802, when envoys of the Nguyễn dynasty visited China, Lê dynasty loyalists requested that the Jiaqing Emperor let them bring Lê Chiêu Thống's remains back to Vietnam and the emperor agreed. The Jiaqing Emperor also freed all the followers of Lê Chiêu Thống who were imprisoned in China.

paragraph: Lê Chiêu Thống's remains are buried in Bàn Thạch village, Thanh Hóa, Vietnam. He was posthumously given the title Mẫn Đế (愍帝).

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: • a) Chinese: 孫士毅. Vietnamese: "Tôn Sĩ Nghị".

description: King of Vietnam

wikidata_label: Lê Chiêu Thống

wikipedia_title: Lê Chiêu Thống


text:
Italian
expressionist
Fucecchio
Academy of Fine Arts
Alfonso De Carolis
Florence
Fucecchio
Florence
Rome
Forte dei Marmi
Viareggio
Florence
Perugia
Venice Biennale
Academy of Brera
Academy of Florence
Perugia
Palazzo Pitti
Florence

categories: Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze alumni,Italian male painters,1886 births,20th-century Italian painters,People from Fucecchio,Tuscan painters,1971 deaths

paragraph: Arturo Checchi

paragraph: Arturo Checchi (1886 – 24 December 1971) was an Italian artist active in Tuscany. His paintings and sculptures are in an expressionist style.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Fucecchio. In 1898, he began the study of drawing with a private tutor. In 1902 he enrolled for three years at the Academy of Fine Arts in Florence, studying under Alfonso De Carolis. After completing studies, he settled in Florence, working as a decorative painter until the outbreak of the First World War led him to return to Fucecchio.

paragraph: Checchi exhibited at the Florentine "Promotrice" of 1911, 1913, and 1914, and at the "Secessione Romana" of 1914 and 1915. Works from the latter are now part of the collections of the Galleries of Modern Art at Florence and Rome.

paragraph: In 1916 he had two personal shows in Forte dei Marmi and at the Kursaal in Viareggio. In 1918 he participated in the exhibition Ars Florentina, and in the 1920 and 1922 "Promotrice" of Florence. In 1920, he held an exhibition in Florence.

paragraph: In 1921 he presented three etchings at the Rome Biennale. In 1922 he exhibited at the "Quadrennial of Turin" and Fiorentina spring. In 1924 he was honored at the S. Ussi shows the framework for Le Marie. In 1925, he moved to Perugia to teach at the Academy of Fine Arts.

paragraph: Arturo Checchi was present in 1927 at the exhibition of the Black and White of New York. He exhibited in the Venice Biennale for the first time in 1928, and again in 1932, 1934, 1936 and 1940 with etchings, drawings and paintings. In 1939, he taught figure drawing at the Academy of Brera and 1942 back to Academy of Florence as a lecturer until 1961. After the war he continued to exhibit in Rome and Florence.

paragraph: Section::::Public works.

paragraph: Since 1975, two sculptures are exhibited in Vallombrosa: "The siren" (1932) and "Girls in the sun" (1935). In the foyer of the Teatro Morley of Perugia are displayed "violin" and "guitar". His works are also in the Gallery of Modern Art in Turin and Milan, the Gallery of Modern Art in Prints and Drawings of the Uffizi and Rome, in national libraries in Florence and Paris, at the Ministry of Education and the Chamber of Commerce of Florence.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1927 Gold Medal at the International Graphic Palazzo Pitti in Florence.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970 he was awarded the gold medal by the International Centre for culture and the arts Montenero.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The dishes broken by Arturo Checchi" by Piero Bargellini, New Editions Henry Vallecchi.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arturo Checchi, the cards, the works and the life" by Federica De Paolis and Walter Scancarello, Bibliography and Information Publisher, Pontedera, 2013

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Arturo Checchi

wikipedia_title: Arturo Checchi