text:
Ziyarid
Emir
Arghush Farhadan
Gilan
Kai Khosrow
Zoroastrianism
Mazdak
Zurvanite
Mardavij
Sunni Muslim
Alids
Ziyarid dynasty
Tabaristan
Makan ibn Kaki
Tabaristan
Amol
Isfahan
Buyid
Ali ibn Buya
Turkish
Buyid
Hasan
Bajkam
Abbasid
caliph
Baghdad
Gilite
Ray
Samanid
Tabaristan
Gorgan
Abu 'Ali ibn Muhtaj
Iskhabad
Bukhara
Sari
al-Hasan ibn al-Fairuzan
Khurasan
Bavandid
Shahriyar II
Nuh I
Gurgan
Paduspanid
Hasan
Baghdad
Bisutun
Qabus
Hausam
Langar

categories: Deaths due to boar attacks,967 deaths,10th-century Iranian people,Ziyarid dynasty,Year of birth unknown,10th-century monarchs in Asia

paragraph: Vushmgir

paragraph: Zahir al-Dawla Vushmgir (), mostly known as Vushmgir (also spelled as Voshmgir, Wushmgir, Wushmagir and Washmgir), was the second Ziyarid Emir who ruled from 935 until his death in December 967. He was a son of Ziyar. Voshmgir means "quail catcher" in the local Caspian Iranian dialects.

paragraph: Section::::Origins and early life.

paragraph: Vushmgir was the son of Ziyar. He belonged to the Arghich tribe, which claimed to be descended from Arghush Farhadan, king of Gilan who lived during the time of Kai Khosrow. The religion of Ziyar and his family is not exactly known. Zoroastrianism, including heterodox branches such as the Mazdakite, the Zurvanite and Gayomardian, was still popular at his time. However, unlike his Zoroastrian brother Mardavij, Vushmgir was a Sunni Muslim. During his early life, Vushmgir lived in Gilan, which was then under control of the Alids.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.

paragraph: In 931, Mardavij, the brother of Vushmgir and king of the Ziyarid dynasty, sent an army to conquer Tabaristan from Makan ibn Kaki, his army was, however, defeated. One later year, Mardavij and Vushgmir defeated Makan and conquered Tabaristan. Vushmgir was then appointed as governor of Amol. In 931, Vushmgir captured Isfahan from the Buyid Ali ibn Buya.

paragraph: In 935, Voshmgir's brother Mardavij was murdered by his Turkish troops. Many of the Turks then defected; some entered the service of the Buyid Hasan, while others under Bajkam traveled to the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad. Hasan took advantage of this situation by stripping Isfahan from Ziyarid rule. The Dailamite and Gilite troops, however, pledged their support to Voshmgir, who was in Ray. That same year, he defeated a Samanid army, as well as the Dailamite Makan, which had together invaded Tabaristan. Voshmgir then wrested Gorgan from Samanid control.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Voshmgir soon decided to acknowledge Samanid supremacy, and in 936 he also turned over Gorgan to Makan. Turning against Hasan, he retook Isfahan in 938. In 939 or 940 the Samanid governor Abu 'Ali ibn Muhtaj attacked Gorgan; Voshmgir sent Makan aid, but the city fell after a long siege. Ibn Muhtaj then engaged Voshmgir and Makan at Iskhabad. During the first phase of the battle, Vushmgir fled from the battlefield, leaving Makan behind. Many of Makan's elite units were shortly killed, while he himself was shot in the head by an arrow, and then beheaded by the victorious Samanid soldiers, who sent his head, along with many captured high-ranking Dailamite officers, to the Samanid court in Bukhara.

paragraph: When Voshmgir arrived to Tabaristan, he was faced there with a revolt by his governor of Sari, al-Hasan ibn al-Fairuzan, who was a cousin of Makan and blamed Vushmgir for his death. Voshmgir defeated him, but al-Hasan convinced Ibn Muhtaj to invade Tabaristan. Voshmgir was forced to recognize Samanid authority again. Hasan furthered the Ziyarid's troubles by retaking Isfahan in 940.

paragraph: When Ibn Muhtaj left for Samanid Khurasan, Voshmgir retook control of Ray. However, in 943, a battle was fought near the city between Vushmgir and Hasan. During the battle, two of Vushmgir's officers named Shir Mardi and Gurigir mutinied against him and joined Hasan. Vushmgir was shortly defeated, losing Ray for good. He then returned to Tabaristan, but was defeated there by al-Hasan, who had previously occupied Gorgan. Voshmgir fled to the court of the Bavandid Shahriyar II, and then to the court of the Samanid Nuh I, where he was treated well. Al-Hasan meanwhile allied with Hasan. During the same time, an officer of Vushmgir named Isfahi, who had recently returned to Tabaristan, not knowing that Vushmgir was gone, quickly discovered it, and went to a fortress, where he fortified himself there. A revolt shortly broke against al-Hasan, who had many of Vushmgir's officer's killed, including Isfahi.

paragraph: Vushmgir, with the aid of 30,000 Samanid troops under their general Qaratakin, captured Gurgan in 945, and set forth to conquer the rest of Tabaristan. Al-Hasan then fled to a fortress, where he could prepare for a counter-attack. Vushmgir, however, managed to defeat al-Hasan and capture the fortress. Al-Hasan once again fled, and this time took refuge with the Paduspanid ruler. Vushmgir then marched to the domains of the Paduspanid ruler, where he defeated the latter. Al-Hasan then fled to another fortress, where he fortified himself. Vushmgir then proceeded to fortress, but was shortly surprised attacked by the Buyid ruler Hasan, and was forced to flee back to the Samanid border, where he once again requested aid from the Samanid ruler Nuh I, who once again sent an army to aid him. This time the conquest went successful; in 947, Vushmgir managed to defeat al-Hasan and expel him from Tabaristan, gaining control over the region once again.

paragraph: In 948 Hasan (who since the Buyids' entrance into Baghdad in 945 had used the title "Rukn al-Dawla") invaded Tabaristan and Gorgan and took them from Voshmgir. While al-Hasan supported the Buyids, Voshmgir relied on his Samanid allies. Tabaristan and Gorgan changed hands several times until 955, when in a treaty with the Samanids, Rukn al-Dawla promised to leave Voshmgir alone in Tabaristan. Peace between the two sides did not last long, however; in 958 Voshmgir briefly occupied Ray, which was Rukn al-Dawla's capital. Rukn al-Dawla later made a counter-attack, temporarily taking Gorgan in 960, then taking both Tabaristan and Gorgan for a short time in 962. He may have also taken Tabaristan and Gorgan in 966, but did not hold on to them for long.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Voshmgir was killed by a boar during a hunt in December 967, shortly after a Samanid army had arrived for a joint campaign against the Buyids. He was succeeded by his eldest son Bisutun, although the Samanid army attempted to put another son, Qabus, into power. A third son predeceased him in 964 in the fighting over Hausam (for Voshmgir's involvement in this conflict, see Langar).

description: Ruler of the Ziyarids

wikidata_label: Vushmgir

wikipedia_title: Vushmgir


text: Nantes

text: Pays de la Loire

text: Etienne Martin

text: CESAR

text: Venice

text: art history

text: Michel Poniatowsky

text: Camille Claudel

text: Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts

text: Salon d’Automne

text: Charles de Gaulle

text: Jules Verne

text: François Mitterrand

text: Elisabeth Cibot official website

text: Art "Salons" in France

categories: 1960 births,People from Nantes,Artists from Paris,21st-century French sculptors,20th-century French sculptors,Living people

paragraph: Élisabeth Cibot

paragraph: Élisabeth Cibot (born 1960 in Nantes, Pays de la Loire) is a French sculptor and art historian.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born into an artistic family, collectors of Italian Renaissance bronzes, Élisabeth Cibot has been surrounded by sculpture ever since her birth.

paragraph: She studied art form at France's major art school, the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts (ENSBA) under the direction of great sculptors such as Etienne Martin, Léopold Kretz and CESAR. From 1981 to 1983, she worked with painter Riccardo Licata at Centro Internazionale di Grafica in Venice. She was also guest artist at the Harvey Littleton Glass School at Spruce Pine, USA in 1983. Since then she has developed a strong interest in glass and mixed media furniture design.

paragraph: In parallel to her artistic creation, she studied art history, presenting her first thesis, on Roman Archeology, in 1984 which was followed by a DEA (Diploma in Specialist Studies) in the History of Techniques in 1990. In 1993, she returned to bronze statuary and monumental work. Since 1997 she lives and works near Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and distinctions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 : Conti Sculpture Award (presented by Mr Michel Poniatowsky)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 : Gold medal of sculpture (Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 : Camille Claudel Sculpture Award, Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 : Grant from the Fondation Taylor

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 : Gabriel Diana Award, Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 : Award, Fondation Taylor

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 : Paul Belmondo Award, Salon d’Automne

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 : Sculpture Award, Amis du Salon d’Automne

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 : Michel Dumont Award, Salon des Artistes Français

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 : Bronze medal, Salon des Artistes Français

paragraph: Recognition

paragraph: BULLET::::- Permanent Member of the Salon d'Automne

paragraph: BULLET::::- Permanent Member of the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts

paragraph: Section::::List of permanent public installations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lalbenque, "Lo Trufair" (bronze 1,20 m), City Hall

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sarrebourg : "Tellina" (bronze 1.50 M H)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Calais : "Homage to Charles de Gaulle et Yvonne Vendroux"(bronze 3 M H)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nogent-sur-Marne: « » (bronze 2.50 m H)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lyon : "Homage to Pope Jean-Paul II" (bronze 3 m H)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Drancy : "Homage to Charles de Gaulle"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nantes, Monument « Captain Nemo and Jules Verne »

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pontault-Combault : Monumental bust of François Mitterrand

paragraph: BULLET::::- Béthune : Monumental bust of François Mitterrand

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vouziers : "François Mitterrand and his dog"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Béthune : Monumental bust of Willy Brandt

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Création et innovation chez Baccarat et Daum entre 1890 et 1990, Élisabeth Cibot-Genin - 1992

paragraph: BULLET::::- Création artistique et innovation dans l'industrie verrière en France 1880-1989, Élisabeth Cibot-Genin - 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dialogues d'atelier, Élisabeth Cibot, Foreword : Julien Denoun and Jean-Philippe Ricard, Photographer : Alan Tournaille - Centro Internazionale della Grafica di Venezia - 2008

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arts of the representation, Revue Jules Verne n°33-34, p. 209-212.

paragraph: BULLET::::- LA PERRIERE Patrice (de), «Jules Verne, le Capitaine Nemo et Élisabeth Cibot», in Univers des Arts, n°108, p. 24-25, février 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- LA PERRIERE Patrice (de), «Élisabeth Cibot, hommage au Général de Gaulle», in Univers des Arts, n°122, p. 43, juin 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- «Guide Emer de l’Art Contemporain», Aline Jaulin and Didier Bernheim, Ed. Froville,1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- BLOCH-DERMANT J., «Élisabeth Cibot», in Le verre en France, les années 80, Ed. de l’Amateur, Paris, 1988, p. 25-27.

paragraph: BULLET::::- DOLEZ A., «Paravent, l’aigle Élisabeth Cibot», in Glass animals, Ed. Abram’s, New York, 1988, p. 184-185.

paragraph: BULLET::::- BERNSTEIN A., «Paravent Elisabeth Cibot», in Neues Glass ( Allemagne), janvier 1988, p. 33.

paragraph: Notes

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elisabeth Cibot official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art "Salons" in France

description: French artist and art historian

wikidata_label: Élisabeth Cibot

wikipedia_title: Élisabeth Cibot


text:
American football
linebacker
college football
Mississippi State
Noxubee County High School
Macon, Mississippi
New England Patriots
Philadelphia Eagles
New York Giants
high school football
Mississippi State Bulldogs
redshirted
New England Patriots
2014 NFL Draft
Super Bowl XLIX
Seattle Seahawks
Minnesota Vikings
Philadelphia Eagles
New York Giants
Oakland Raiders
Tennessee Titans
College stats

categories: Players of American football from Mississippi,African-American players of American football,Mississippi State Bulldogs football players,Philadelphia Eagles players,People from Macon, Mississippi,Super Bowl champions,Oakland Raiders players,American football linebackers,1990 births,Tennessee Titans players,New England Patriots players,New York Giants players,Living people

paragraph: Deontae Skinner

paragraph: Deontae Skinner (born December 18, 1990) is an American football linebacker who is a free agent. He played college football at Mississippi State and attended Noxubee County High School in Macon, Mississippi. He has played for the New England Patriots, Philadelphia Eagles, and New York Giants.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Skinner played high school football at Noxubee County High School. He was named First-Team All-State for his accomplishments during his senior year, recording 134 tackles, 28 tackles for loss, 11 of which were sacks, and two forced fumbles. Skinner recorded 122 tackles and five sacks his junior year.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Skinner played football for the Mississippi State Bulldogs from 2010 to 2013. He was redshirted for the 2009 season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New England Patriots.

paragraph: Skinner was signed by the New England Patriots on May 12, 2014 after going undrafted in the 2014 NFL Draft. He was released by the Patriots on August 26, 2014. He was signed to the team's practice squad on September 1, 2014. Skinner was promoted to the active roster on September 13, 2014 and was part of the team that won Super Bowl XLIX over the Seattle Seahawks. He made his NFL debut on September 14, 2014 against the Minnesota Vikings, recording two tackles. Skinner was released by the Patriots on October 29, 2014 and re-signed to the team's practice squad on October 31. He was released by the Patriots on November 26 and re-signed to the team's practice squad on December 3, 2014. He was released by the Patriots on May 5, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Eagles.

paragraph: Skinner signed with the Philadelphia Eagles on August 14, 2015. He was released by the Eagles on September 5 and signed to the team's practice squad on September 6, 2015. On August 22, 2016, Skinner was released by the Eagles.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New York Giants.

paragraph: On September 13, 2016, Skinner was signed to the New York Giants' practice squad. He was released on September 17, 2016 and re-signed to the practice squad on September 19. He was promoted to the active roster on October 11, 2016. He was released again on November 19, 2016. He was re-signed to the active roster on December 3, 2016.

paragraph: On September 2, 2017, Skinner was waived by the Giants. He was re-signed by the Giants on September 28, 2017. He was released again on October 4, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Oakland Raiders.

paragraph: On October 10, 2017, Skinner was signed to the Oakland Raiders' practice squad.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New York Giants (second stint).

paragraph: On November 7, 2017, Skinner was signed by the Giants off the Raiders' practice squad. He was placed on injured reserve on November 27, 2017. He was waived by the Giants on February 22, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tennessee Titans.

paragraph: On August 21, 2018, Skinner was signed by the Tennessee Titans. He was waived on August 28, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- College stats

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Deontae Skinner

wikipedia_title: Deontae Skinner


text:
American football
wide receiver
Cleveland Browns
National Football League
college football
Arizona State
college basketball
Drexel
leukemia
West Catholic Preparatory High School
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
touchdowns
Eastern Michigan
Villanova
Pierce College
track & field
long jump
triple jump
Los Angeles Pierce College
Arizona State University
touchdowns
touchdowns
2015 NFL Draft
40-yard dash
NFL Combine
Houston Texans
2015 NFL Draft
New York Jets
Lorenzo Mauldin
Jarvis Harrison
Cleveland Browns
Jacksonville Jaguars
DeVier Posey
Indianapolis Colts
hail mary pass
Jacksonville Jaguars
Cleveland Browns
Scottsdale, Arizona
Arizona State Sun Devils bio

categories: Houston Texans players,American football wide receivers,Arizona State Sun Devils football players,1994 births,Sportspeople from Philadelphia,Jacksonville Jaguars players,Players of American football from Pennsylvania,Living people,Pierce Brahmas football players

paragraph: Jaelen Strong

paragraph: Jaelen Strong (born January 25, 1994) is an American football wide receiver for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Arizona State.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Strong's father, John Rankin, played college basketball at Drexel and died of leukemia in 2003 when Strong was 9. Strong attended West Catholic Preparatory High School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he played football and ran track. As a junior, he caught 24 passes for 385 yards with four touchdowns. As a senior, he had 17 receptions for 318 yards and four touchdowns. He had scholarship offers from Eastern Michigan, Villanova and VMI before opting to attend Pierce College. In track & field, Strong posted personal-bests of 6.42 meters (20-11.5) in the long jump and 12.42 meters (40-6.5) in the triple jump.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Strong attended Los Angeles Pierce College for two years before transferring to Arizona State University. At Pierce in 2012, he had 67 receptions for 1,263 yards and 15 touchdowns in 10 games. In his first season at Arizona State in 2013, he had 75 receptions for 1,122 yards and seven touchdowns. In 2014, he had 82 receptions for 1,165 yards and 10 touchdowns.

paragraph: After his junior season, Strong entered the 2015 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Coming into the draft, Strong was ranked by some analysts as a late first-round prospect. He had been criticized for his lack of vertical speed, but surprised many with a 4.44 40-yard dash at the NFL Combine. His vertical jump of 42 inches was the 4th best among wide receivers over the past ten years.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Houston Texans.

paragraph: Strong was selected by the Houston Texans with the 70th overall pick in the third round of the 2015 NFL Draft. The Texans traded with the New York Jets for the pick, giving away their own third round pick (82nd overall, Jets picked Lorenzo Mauldin), their fifth round pick (152nd overall, Jets picked Jarvis Harrison), a seventh round pick via the Cleveland Browns (229th overall, Jets traded pick to Jacksonville Jaguars), and wide receiver DeVier Posey. Against the Indianapolis Colts on October 8, 2015, he made his first two career receptions, both for touchdowns; the first was on a 42-yard hail mary pass to end the first half. He finished his rookie season with 14 receptions for 161 yards and three touchdowns.

paragraph: In Week 8 of the 2016 season, Strong suffered a serious ankle sprain against the Lions. The injury kept him out the next five weeks before being placed on injured reserve on December 10, 2016. He finished his second season with 14 receptions for 131 yards with no touchdowns in eight games.

paragraph: Strong was suspended the first game of the 2017 season for violating the NFL Policy and Program for Substances of Abuse.

paragraph: On September 18, 2017, Strong was released by the Texans.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Jacksonville Jaguars.

paragraph: On September 19, 2017, Strong was claimed off waivers by the Jacksonville Jaguars. He was released by the Jaguars on November 18, 2017 and was re-signed to the practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on December 23, 2017. In Week 16, Strong caught three passes for 38 yards and a touchdown. However, he suffered a torn ACL in the game and was placed on injured reserve on December 26, 2017. He was released on April 30, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cleveland Browns.

paragraph: After spending the 2018 season out of the NFL, Strong was signed by the Cleveland Browns on February 20, 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: On February 28, 2016, Strong was arrested in Scottsdale, Arizona for marijuana possession. He was later released from jail.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arizona State Sun Devils bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Jaelen Strong

wikipedia_title: Jaelen Strong


text:
Bishop of Milan
Saint
Catholic Church
Pavia
Epiphanius
Milan
Constantine I
Licinius
Edict of Milan
religious toleration
Roman Empire
basilica vetus
Cathedral of Milan
Lateran council
Pope Miltiades
Donatism
Donatus Magnus
Caecilianus
Carthage
held in Arles on 1 August 314
canon law
Victor Maurus
martyr
Diocletian
Milan
San Vittore al Corpo

categories: Archbishops of Milan,310s deaths,4th-century Christian saints,Italian saints

paragraph: Mirocles (bishop of Milan)

paragraph: Mirocles (or "Merocles", ) was Bishop of Milan from before 313 to c. 316. He is honoured as a Saint in the Catholic Church and his feast day is on December 3.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Almost nothing is known about the life of Mirocles. He was elected as bishop of Milan in some year before 313 and he reigned till about 316. He perhaps was born to a family of Pavia, to which will born also Epiphanius.

paragraph: Mirocles was the bishop of Milan when in 313 the Emperors Constantine I and Licinius issued the Edict of Milan which proclaimed the religious toleration in the Roman Empire. After the Edict of Milan, Mirocles started the erection of the basilica vetus, which was the first cathedral of the town and that was placed on the area nowadays occupied by the present Cathedral of Milan.

paragraph: Sources record the presence of Mirocles to the Lateran council held in October 313 in Rome, under Pope Miltiades, which took a stand in the Donatism issue, condemning Donatus Magnus charged to re-baptizing clergy who had lapsed and which sided with Caecilianus bishop of Carthage. Mirocles participated also in the following council of all the Western bishops held in Arles on 1 August 314, which confirmed the condemnation of Donatus and ruled about canon law.

paragraph: Mirocles possibly founded also the church of "San Vittore al Corpo" in Milan (rebuilt many times during the next centuries) in honor of saint Victor Maurus, who was martyred during the reign of Emperor Diocletian in 303.

paragraph: Mirocles died on the 30 November of about 316, and his feast day was set on 3 December. His body was buried in Milan in the church of "San Vittore al Corpo".

description: Bishop of Milan

wikidata_label: Mirocles

wikipedia_title: Mirocles (bishop of Milan)


text:
Corinthian vase painter
black-figure style
Middle Corinthian period
skyphoi
named
Herakles
Pholos
centaur
Corinth
Louvre
Thomas Mannack

categories: Ancient Corinthians,6th-century BC Greek people,Ancient Greek vase painters

paragraph: Pholoe Painter

paragraph: The Pholoe Painter was an ancient Corinthian vase painter in the black-figure style; his real name is unknown. He was active during the Middle Corinthian period (c. 600–575 BC). He was specialised in decorating "skyphoi".

paragraph: He is named after a "skyphos" with an image of Herakles in the cave of Pholos, combating several centaurs. The work is dated to about 580 BC. It was discovered in Corinth and acquired by the Louvre in 1884.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Mannack: "Griechische Vasenmalerei. Eine Einführung". Theiss, Stuttgart 2002, S. 101, .

wikidata_label: Pholoe Painter

wikipedia_title: Pholoe Painter


text: Swedish-American

text: Kumla, Sweden

text: Visby

text: Chicago

text: Chicago

text: Columbia

text: Edison

text: Victor

text: Carl Michael Bellman

text: J. L. Runeberg

text: Gunnar Wennerberg

text: Lars Bondeson

text: Socialist

text: Columbia Records

text: Swedish

text: labor

text: La Marseillaise

text: The Internationale

text: Eugène Pottier's

text: Swedish

text: "Svenska Nyheter" 10-11-04

text: "Vestkusten" 10-28-43

text: Swedish American Song

text: Joel Mossberg

text: Joel Mossberg articles

text: Joel Mossberg

text: Victor Records

text: Joel Mossberg

text: Swedish media database

text: Joel Mossberg

text: Swedish songs

text: Joel Mossberg

text: Swedish songs

text: Joel Mossberg

text: Bellman in America

text: Swedish labor songs

text: Swedish male singers

text: A Scandinavian Christmas

text: Swedish and Finnish poets

text: Swedish-American songbooks

text: College and Lutheran Church Archives

text: Joel Mossberg audio

text: Joel Mossberg

text: Lars Bondeson:

text: Olle i Gråthult:

categories: 1870 births,Swedish emigrants to the United States,Operatic baritones,1943 deaths,Edison Records artists,American male singers,People from Närke,American singers,Columbia Records artists

paragraph: Joel Mossberg

paragraph: Joel Mossberg (1870-1943) was a Swedish-American singer, educator and choir director, who was active between the years 1900 and 1940.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: A noted singer and vocal teacher, Joel Mossberg was born in Kumla, Sweden. After completing his elementary education he worked as a stone-carver in Visby before emigrating in 1892.

paragraph: In Chicago Mossberg continued working at his trade, devoting his spare time to musical studies. His fine voice and masterful technique soon made him famous as a baritone of rare ability and secured for him the position of soloist at the North Shore Jewish Synagogue and the Sixth Presbyterian Church.

paragraph: Much in demand for his concert work, he sang in over twenty states throughout the country. He was a choral director and teacher at the Mendelssohn Conservatory of Music in Chicago as well as head of the American Union of Swedish Singers. A member of several fraternities, he held honorary membership in the Orpheus Singing Club and Björgvin Singing Society.

paragraph: Between 1906 and 1919 Joel Mossberg released over seventy songs on the Columbia, Edison and Victor labels. Many were from the Swedish choral tradition: folk songs, student songs, hymns and patriotic anthems. Literary stalwarts Carl Michael Bellman, J. L. Runeberg and Gunnar Wennerberg contributed to his repertoire. He nonetheless also recorded several comic songs written by the entertainer Lars Bondeson.

paragraph: In 1916 Mossberg recorded two Socialist songs for Columbia Records. The first one, "Arbetets söner" (Sons of the workers), was a Swedish labor song from 1885 with lyrics by Henrik Menander. The second one, "Marseljäsen" (La Marseillaise), may well have been "The Internationale", which had originally been sung to the melody of the French national anthem. Eugène Pottier's lyrics were first translated into Swedish in 1902 by Henrik Menander.

paragraph: Section::::Selected lyrics.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Svenska Nyheter" 10-11-04

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vestkusten" 10-28-43

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swedish American Song

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swedish music and film

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joel Mossberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historic American Newspapers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joel Mossberg articles

paragraph: BULLET::::- Discographies

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joel Mossberg on Victor Records.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joel Mossberg at the Swedish media database.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joel Mossberg in "Ethnic Music on Records:" pp. 2709–2711.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Streaming audio at the Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joel Mossberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swedish songs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Streaming audio at the Library of Congress

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joel Mossberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swedish songs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Streaming audio at the Internet Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joel Mossberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bellman in America

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swedish labor songs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swedish male singers

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Scandinavian Christmas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swedish and Finnish poets

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swedish-American songbooks

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gustavus Adolphus College

paragraph: BULLET::::- College and Lutheran Church Archives

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joel Mossberg audio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Songbooks

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joel Mossberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lars Bondeson: 8 songs recorded by Joel Mossberg.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olle i Gråthult: More songs recorded by Joel Mossberg.

description: Swedish-American singer

wikidata_label: Joel Mossberg

wikipedia_title: Joel Mossberg


text:
Attic
Louvre
Perseus
Nessos Painter
Geometric style
Animal-Style
Sophilos
black-figure style
Corinth
Greek order
Gorgon Painter’s ‘name vase’
Perseus
Medusa

categories: Artists of ancient Attica,6th-century BC Greek people,Ancient Greek vase painters

paragraph: Gorgon Painter

paragraph: The Gorgon Painter was one of the early Attic black-figure vase painters. He was active between 600 and 580 BC. His name vase, "The Dinos of the Gorgon Painter" is currently on display in the Louvre and depicts Perseus fleeing the gorgons.

paragraph: The Gorgon Painter is considered as a very productive successor of the Nessos Painter. Additionally, in accordance with other Geometric style artists, he arranged his subjects in symmetric patterns. Characteristic of his paintings are flat representations of humans or gods and animals painted in sections around the pottery. Rather than filling blank spaces with geometric patterns, the Gorgon Painter uses the Animal-Style; depicting real and fantastical animals in friezes around the vases which is considered to be a Corinthian tradition.

paragraph: The better recorded artist Sophilos is said to be influenced by the Gorgon Painter, continuing work in the black-figure style and animal-style.

paragraph: Section::::Style.

paragraph: Section::::Style.:Corinthian.

paragraph: The Gorgon Painter is considered to use the Corinthian style, or animal style, in his pottery. The name comes from its place of popularity, Corinth. Not to be mistaken with the Greek order of the same name, within Corinthian, there are different subsets including what is called “Animal-Style” which is what the Gorgon painter is partially known for; the animal-style is marked by no geometric shapes, but rather larger depictions of animals and plants. Unlike many early depictions of animals, the animal-style does not have the animals facing the same direction, rather they interact with each other and the other elements of the piece. Historians have noted that the Gorgon Painter uses both old myths and depictions alongside newer versions, which is how they have identified him as a singular artist.

paragraph: Section::::Themes.

paragraph: Section::::Themes.:Name Vase.

paragraph: The Gorgon Painter’s ‘name vase’ depicts the Greek myth of Perseus and the Gorgons. This particular myth was quite common and is seen on many pieces of pottery by many different artists, it is considered the most popular myth represented on pottery at this time. This particular depiction shows Perseus fleeing the gorgons after fulfilling his duty to kill Medusa. Although this dinos is the most well-known work attributed to The Gorgon Painter, it is not the only work. The Gorgon Painter often used gorgons in his works as shown in the image of the plate, as well as animals rather than established geometric shapes.

description: ancient greek attic black-figure vase painter

wikidata_label: Gorgon Painter

wikipedia_title: Gorgon Painter


text:
Bishop Dwenger High School
Fort Wayne, Indiana
defensive back
football
power forward
basketball
touchdowns
interceptions
Rivals.com
Indiana
Minnesota
Purdue
University of Notre Dame
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football
Charlie Weis
Brian Kelly
Kyle Rudolph
Ken MacAfee
Mackey Award
Mackey Award
All-America
Associated Press
Alabama Crimson Tide
2013 BCS National Championship Game
2013 NFL Draft
Cincinnati Bengals
2013 NFL Draft
Chicago Bears
Pittsburgh Steelers
Andy Dalton
Detroit Lions
Pittsburgh Steelers
stinger
Baltimore Ravens
2014 season
Baltimore Ravens
Oakland Raiders
San Diego Chargers
Andy Dalton
NFC
Seattle Seahawks
Cleveland Browns
Rodney Holman
Bob Trumpy
Arizona Cardinals
St. Louis Rams
2016 Pro Bowl
Irvin
NFL Top 100 Players of 2016
Washington Redskins
A. J. Green
New York Giants
Baltimore Ravens
Philadelphia Eagles
Cleveland Browns
Atlanta Falcons
Purdue
Dallas Cowboys
guard
Zack Martin
University of Notre Dame
Cincinnati Bengals biography
Notre Dame Fighting Irish biography

categories: Unconferenced Pro Bowl players,Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players,American football tight ends,1990 births,Sportspeople from Fort Wayne, Indiana,Cincinnati Bengals players,Indiana Republicans,Living people

paragraph: Tyler Eifert

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Eifert attended Saint Vincent De Paul Catholic School and Bishop Dwenger High School in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He played tight end and defensive back in football and power forward in basketball. As a senior, he had nine touchdowns on offense and 97 tackles and five interceptions on defense. Considered only a three-star recruit by "Rivals.com", he chose to attend Notre Dame over other offers from Indiana, Minnesota, and Purdue.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Eifert enrolled in the University of Notre Dame, where he played for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team from 2009 to 2012 under head coaches Charlie Weis and Brian Kelly. As a freshman in 2009, Eifert played in only one game after suffering a back injury. As a sophomore in 2010, he entered the season as a backup to Kyle Rudolph but took over as the starter after Rudolph suffered a season-ending injury. He finished the season with 27 receptions for 352 yards and two touchdowns in 11 games. In his junior season, he took over the tight end starting position. As a starter, Eifert had 63 receptions for 803 yards and five touchdowns. He broke the school's tight end single-season receptions and receiving yards record, previously held by Ken MacAfee. He was named a 2011 Mackey Award finalist but did not win the award. As a senior, he had 50 receptions for 685 yards with 4 touchdowns. He also won the 2012 Mackey Award after being named a finalist the year before and was also named second-team All-American by the Associated Press.

paragraph: After a 42–14 loss to the Alabama Crimson Tide in the 2013 BCS National Championship Game, Eifert decided to forgo his final season of eligibility and declared his intention to enter the 2013 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Eifert was selected in the first round with the 21st overall pick by the Cincinnati Bengals in the 2013 NFL Draft. On July 15, 2013, Eifert signed a four-year, $8.25 million rookie contract with the Bengals.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2013 season.

paragraph: On September 8, 2013, Eifert made his NFL debut, recording five receptions for 47 yards against the Chicago Bears. On September 16, 2013, Eifert caught three passes for 66 yards against the Pittsburgh Steelers. Of those three passes, Eifert grabbed his longest catch of the season, a 61-yard reception. On October 20, 2013, Eifert caught his first career touchdown on a 32-yard pass from Andy Dalton against the Detroit Lions. On December 15, 2013, Eifert caught his second touchdown of his career against the Pittsburgh Steelers. On December 22, 2013, Eifert left the game against the Minnesota Vikings early with a stinger injury. This injury sidelined Eifert for the season finale against the Baltimore Ravens.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2014 season.

paragraph: On September 7, 2014, during the first game of the 2014 season against the Baltimore Ravens, Eifert suffered a dislocated elbow after landing awkwardly on his arm while trying to twist out of a leg tackle. He was placed on injured reserve on September 10, 2014, and ended up being out for the season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2015 season.

paragraph: On September 13, 2015, Eifert posted a career day with nine receptions for 104 yards and two touchdowns in the season-opening victory over the Oakland Raiders. On September 20, 2015, Eifert scored his third touchdown of the season against the San Diego Chargers. On October 11, 2015, Eifert was also Andy Dalton's biggest target in a Week 5, 27-24 comeback victory against the two-time defending NFC Champion Seattle Seahawks with eight receptions for 90 yards and two touchdowns. On November 5, 2015, Eifert finished with five catches for 53 yards and 3 touchdowns in a 31-10 Bengals win over the Cleveland Browns, tying him with Rodney Holman (1989) and Bob Trumpy (1969) for the Bengals franchise record for single-season touchdowns by a tight end, with nine. On November 22, 2015, Eifert caught three passes for 22 yards and two touchdowns against the Arizona Cardinals. Eifert became the franchise leader for most single-season touchdowns by a tight end. On November 29, 2015, Eifert caught a touchdown in the Bengals' 31-7 win over the St. Louis Rams. Eifert left the game in the third quarter with a stinger injury. The injury sidelined Eifert for two games until the season finale. On January 3, 2016, Eifert capped off the regular season with a touchdown in the Bengals' 24-16 win over the Baltimore Ravens. Eifert earned a bid to the 2016 Pro Bowl on Team Irvin but injured his ankle during the game. He was ranked 44th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2016 season.

paragraph: On April 13, 2016, the Bengals announced that they would pick up the fifth-year option of Eifert's contract. The injury Eifert suffered in the 2016 Pro Bowl kept Eifert sidelined until Week 8 of the 2016 season. In that game, Eifert caught nine passes for 102 yards and a touchdown against the Washington Redskins, his second 100-plus yard game of his career. Eifert had his first 100-yard game since the 2015 opener and the first time he's teamed with wide receiver A. J. Green for a 100-yarder as well. In Week 10, he caught three passes for 96 yards against the New York Giants. In Week 12, Eifert caught five passes for 68 yards and a touchdown against the Baltimore Ravens. In Week 13, he caught a 13-yard touchdown, his third of the season, against the Philadelphia Eagles. In Week 14, he caught five passes for 48 yards and a season-high two touchdowns against the Cleveland Browns. He was placed on injured reserve on December 26, 2016 after dealing with a lingering back injury.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2017 season.

paragraph: Eifert's 2017 season was again cut short due to injuries as he played 2 games with 46 receiving yards. On October 11, 2017, the Bengals announced that Eifert would undergo back surgery for the second consecutive season, putting him out for the rest of the year. He also had a cyst surgically removed from his knee.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2018 season.

paragraph: On March 15, 2018, Eifert signed a one-year contract to remain with the Bengals.

paragraph: During a Week 4 matchup against the Atlanta Falcons, Eifert was carted off the field in the second quarter with a right ankle injury. The following day, it was revealed that Eifert suffered a broken ankle and would undergo corrective surgery, missing the remainder of the season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2019 season.

paragraph: On March 16, 2019 Eifert signed a one-year contract to remain with the Bengals.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Eifert's brother Grady played basketball for Purdue and started on the 2018-19 team.

paragraph: Eifert's brother-in-law is Dallas Cowboys guard Zack Martin, who is married to Eifert's sister, Morgan. Martin and Eifert were teammates and roommates at the University of Notre Dame.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cincinnati Bengals biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notre Dame Fighting Irish biography

description: American football player, tight end

wikidata_label: Tyler Eifert

wikipedia_title: Tyler Eifert


text:
black-figure
name vase
dinos
Athenian Acropolis
National Museum
R.M. Cook
Kleitias
amphora
Horsehead Amphora
Beazley, John
Boardman, John

categories: Anonymous artists of antiquity,6th-century BC Greek people,Ancient Greek vase painters

paragraph: Painter of Acropolis 606

paragraph: The Painter of Acropolis 606 (sometimes Painter of Athens 606) was a black-figure vase painter, active around 570–560 BC.

paragraph: His name vase is a "dinos" discovered on the Athenian Acropolis and now on display in the National Museum at Athens (inventory acr. 606). The vase is representative of the "new seriousness" which was then emerging in Attic painting. On its main frieze, it depicts a battle between warriors and chariots. R.M. Cook says:

paragraph: The subsidiary friezes are of animals, plants and horsemen. On the lower part, there is an eddy of animal figures, resembling the work of Kleitias. His sensitivity for colour and details also resembles that artist. He took a careful interest in the posture of his figures, and expended much effort on such details as armour or helmets. He painted many so-called "Rider amphorae", with a more pronounced belly than normal amphorae and a decorative scheme comparable to that of Horsehead Amphorae.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beazley, John: "Attic Black-figure Vase-painters". Oxford 1956, p. 81.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boardman, John: "Schwarzfigurige Vasen aus Athen. Ein Handbuch", von Zabern, 4. edn, Mainz 1994 (Kulturgeschichte der Antiken Welt, Vol 1) , p. 39

description: ancient attic-greek black-figure vase-painter

wikidata_label: Painter of Acropolis 606

wikipedia_title: Painter of Acropolis 606


text: Meissen porcelain

text: Arnsdorf

text: Germany

text: Frederick the Great

text: court sculptor

text: Johann Benjamin Thomae

text: Augustus II

text: Johann Jacob Kirchner

text: Swan Service

text: Heinrich von Brühl

text: rococo

text: jays

text: squirrels

text: stag beetle

text: orioles

text: woodpecker

text: cockchafer

text: Clara the rhinoceros

text: commedia dell'arte

text: rococo

text: Harlequin

text: Enlightenment

text: Augustus III of Poland

text: Victoria and Albert Museum

text: Birmingham Museum of Art

text: Getty Museum

text: National Gallery of Art

text: Rijksmuseum

text: Bavarian National Museum

text: Dresden Porcelain Collection

text: Zwinger Palace

text: Austro-Prussian Wars

text: Johann Friedrich Eberlein

text: Peter Reinecke

categories: 1706 births,1775 deaths,18th-century German sculptors,Court sculptors,German potters,German designers,German male sculptors

paragraph: Johann Joachim Kändler

paragraph: Johann Joachim Kändler (June 15, 1706 – May 18, 1775) was the most important modeller of the Meissen porcelain manufactury.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Kändler was born in Fischbach near Arnsdorf, Germany, as the son of a pastor. He received a classical education and developed an excellent knowledge of Greco-Roman mythology. This knowledge, great skill with his hands and an exceptional gift for observation laid the foundations for Kändler's later career, which would lead him to the court of Prussian King Frederick the Great. The profits of his porcelain work rose in tandem with his social status. Yet at the end of his life, although he owned several properties and his own vineyard, he left behind large debts. He was buried at .

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Kändler's professional life began as an apprentice under the important Dresden court sculptor and altar carver Johann Benjamin Thomae (1682–1751). Already at this time he showed much skill, which led to him being given important tasks. His talent did not remain unnoticed and on 22 June 1731 at the age of 25, he was appointed court sculptor by Augustus II and installed as a modeller at the Meissen porcelain manufactory. There he became assistant to Johann Jacob Kirchner, and succeeded him as "modelmaster" in 1733 when Kirchner resigned. His early porcelain animal groups combine a forceful impression of nature with the influence of Dresden sculpture. Later, Kändler was in charge of sculptural shaping and finally became an "arcanist", admitted to the secrets of the formula for porcelain. The summit of his career in official terms was his appointment as Court Commissioner in 1749.

paragraph: The fame of the Meissen factory was based on the porcelain completed under Kändler's technical and aesthetic direction. In the Swan Service for his Director, Heinrich von Brühl, also the dictatorial First Minister, he developed the small figural scenes which enrich the table service. In its elegant flourish and easy charm, his work shows the heavy influence of rococo.

paragraph: The works which he produced at Meissen, substantially changed the porcelain industry. His early sculptures, which primarily drew motifs from the natural world, were celebrated for their accuracy and elegance, which contrasted with most work in their pathos. His bird sculptures are especially noteworthy, such as jays with squirrels and stag beetles, orioles, and woodpeckers with cockchafers. Other animal sculptures included one of Clara the rhinoceros. The "Swan service" created for von Brühl, which is today considered a masterpiece of porcelain art, marked his turn to small decorative figures. Later, as Kändler became increasingly involved in court life, he took inspiration from the very popular form of theatre, commedia dell'arte. Together with his co-workers, he created entire groups of small accessories and figurines, which took the romantic shepherd imagery of rococo and infused it with the life of Commedia dell'arte characters. These figures, especially the Harlequins, give a more evocative sense of this form of theatre than most illustrations.

paragraph: Out of the over a thousand different items, the "Monkey Band" (or orchestra) created in 1753, which Kändler wished to be seen as a metaphorical rejection of any kind of compulsion, stands out. With this homage to the Enlightenment ideal of the free and rational human, he tapped into the contemporary zeitgeist and created a timeless masterpiece of European porcelain art. To this day, the monkey orchestra has lost none of its popularity and it is still often reproduced. A crucifixion group made by Kändler stands in the . Kändler also produced a model of Augustus III of Poland on a horse which was intended to be a life size statue for the city. It was never carried through though.

paragraph: A sample of such work (1738–43) can seen on the sixth floor, Ceramics, of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Other museums containing Kändler's work include the Birmingham Museum of Art, the Getty Museum, the National Gallery of Art, and the Rijksmuseum. In Germany you can find his sculptures in the Bavarian National Museum and the Dresden Porcelain Collection at Zwinger Palace.

paragraph: In addition to his work as a modeller, Kändler also came to serve in other roles at Meissen. First as leader of sculptural shaping, later as arcanist, he led the state porcelain manufactury through the restless period of the Austro-Prussian Wars and kept production going against the odds. After forty years work at the manufactury, he died at Meissen on 18 May 1775. There is an all white figure of the "Triumph of Amphitrite" in the Berlin Museum that is the only known figure Kändler ever signed himself. He was succeeded by his assistants Johann Friedrich Eberlein and Peter Reinecke.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biographical information from the Getty Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kändler, Johann Joachim." "The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts. Volume 2." Oxford University Press, 2006. pg. 535-536

alias:
Johann Joachim Kaendler
Johann Joachim Kandler

description: German artist

wikidata_label: Johann Joachim Kändler

wikipedia_title: Johann Joachim Kändler


text:
couturier
Tunis
Tunisia
couture
Vogue
École des Beaux-Arts
fashion design
Christian Dior
Algerian war
Guy Laroche
Thierry Mugler
Marie-Hélène de Rothschild
Louise de Vilmorin
Greta Garbo
ready-to-wear
Marais
French Ministry of Culture
Grace Jones
Elle
Andrée Putman
Madison Avenue
Bergdorf Goodman
New York City
Beverly Hills
Grace Jones
A View to a Kill
Tina Turner
Raquel Welch
Madonna
Janet Jackson
Brigitte Nielsen
Naomi Campbell
Stephanie Seymour
Tatiana Sorokko
Shakira
Franca Sozzani
Carine Roitfeld
Carla Sozzani
Marais
Florence
Julian Schnabel
Prada
Richemont
Cartier
Van Cleef & Arpels
Marie Claire
Jean-Paul Gaultier
perfume
Edward Enninful
Naomi Campbell
Groninger Museum
Netherlands
Guggenheim Museum
Barneys New York
Lanvin
Balenciaga
Dolce & Gabbana
Bergdorf Goodman
Carine Roitfeld
The New York Times
Victoria Beckham
David Beckham
Academy Award
Clueless
Alicia Silverstone
Marion Cotillard
Madame Figaro
Rust and Bone
BFI Southbank
Michelle Obama
First Lady
NATO
Strasbourg
American Ballet Theatre
Carla Bruni
Madonna
Bad Girl
Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur
Lady Gaga
Rihanna
Grammys
Beyoncé
Nicki Minaj
Victoria Beckham
Kim Kardashian
Gwyneth Paltrow
Solange Knowles
Behati Prinsloo
Anna Wintour
Karl Lagerfeld
Mariah Carey
A No No
Julian Schnabel
At Eternity's Gate

categories: Tunisian fashion designers,1935 births,2017 deaths,People from Tunis,Twin people from Tunisia,Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur

paragraph: Azzedine Alaïa

paragraph: Azzedine Alaïa (; , ; 26 February 1935 – 18 November 2017) was a Tunisian-born couturier and shoe designer, particularly successful beginning in the 1980s.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Alaïa was born in Tunis, Tunisia, on 26 February 1935. His parents were wheat farmers, but his glamorous twin sister, Hafida, inspired his love for couture. A French friend of his mother, Mrs. Pineau, fed Alaïa's instinctive creativity with copies of "Vogue". He lied about his age to get himself into the local École des Beaux-Arts in Tunis, where he gained valuable insights into the human form and began studying sculpture. He worked as a dressmaker with his sister to pay for school supplies.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After his graduation, Alaïa began working as a dressmaker's assistant. He soon began dressing private clients, and in 1957 he moved to Paris to work in fashion design.

paragraph: In Paris, he started to work at Christian Dior as a tailleur, but had to leave five days later as the Algerian war broke out, soon moved to work for Guy Laroche for two seasons, then for Thierry Mugler until he opened his first atelier in his little rue de Bellechasse apartment in the late 1970s. It is in this tiny atelier that for almost 20 years he privately dressed members of the world's jet set, from Marie-Hélène de Rothschild to Louise de Vilmorin (who would become a close friend) to Greta Garbo, who used to come incognito for her fittings.

paragraph: He produced his first ready-to-wear collection in 1980 and moved to larger premises on rue du Parc-Royal in the Marais district. Alaïa was voted Best Designer of the Year and Best Collection of the Year at the "Oscars de la Mode" by the French Ministry of Culture in 1984 in a memorable event where Jamaican singer Grace Jones carried him in her arms on stage. His career skyrocketed when two of the most powerful fashion editors of the time, Melka Tréanton of Depeche Mode and Nicole Crassat of French "Elle", supported him in their editorials.

paragraph: In 1980, while interior designer Andrée Putman was walking down Madison Avenue with one of the first Alaïa leather coats, she was stopped by a Bergdorf Goodman buyer who asked her what she was wearing, which began a turn of events that lead to his designs being sold in New York City and in Beverly Hills.

paragraph: By 1988, he had opened his own boutiques in these two cities and in Paris. His seductive, clinging clothes were a massive success and he was named by the media 'The King of Cling'. Devotees included both fashion-inclined celebrities and fashionistas: Grace Jones (wearing several of his creations in "A View to a Kill"), Tina Turner, Raquel Welch, Madonna, Janet Jackson, Brigitte Nielsen, Naomi Campbell, Stephanie Seymour, Tatiana Sorokko, Shakira, Franca Sozzani, Isabelle Aubin, Carine Roitfeld, and Carla Sozzani.

paragraph: During the mid-1990s, following the death of his sister, Alaïa virtually vanished from the fashion scene; however, he continued to cater to a private clientele and enjoyed commercial success with his ready-to-wear lines. He presented his collections in his own space, in the heart of the Marais, where he brought his creative workshop, boutique and showroom together under one roof.

paragraph: In 1996 he participated at the Biennale della Moda in Florence, where along with paintings by longtime friend Julian Schnabel, he exhibited an outstanding dress created for the event. Schnabel-designed furniture, as well as his large-scale canvases, still decorate Alaïa's boutique in Paris.

paragraph: He then signed a partnership with the Prada group in 2000. Working with Prada saw him through a second impressive renaissance, and in July 2007, he successfully bought back his house and brand name from the Prada group, though his footwear and leather goods division continues to be developed and produced by the group. In 2007, the Richemont group, which owns Cartier and Van Cleef & Arpels, took a stake in his fashion house but he still does not show during the collections.

paragraph: However, Alaïa still refused the marketing-driven logic of luxury conglomerates, continuing to focus on clothes rather than "it-bags". Alaïa is revered for his independence and passion for discreet luxury. Catherine Lardeur, the former editor-in-chief of French "Marie Claire" in the 1980s, who also helped to launch Jean-Paul Gaultier's career, stated in an interview to "Crowd Magazine" that "Fashion is dead. Designers nowadays do not create anything, they only make clothes so people and the press would talk about them. The real money for designers lie within perfumes and handbags. It is all about image. Alaïa remains the king. He is smart enough to not only care about having people talk about him. He only holds fashion shows when he has something to show, on his own time frame. Even when Prada owned him he remained free and did what he wanted to do."

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On 18 November 2017, it was announced Alaia had died in Paris. He was 82 years old.

paragraph: British "Vogue" editor, Edward Enninful, stated that "Azzedine Alaïa was a true visionary, and a remarkable man. He will be deeply missed by all of those who knew and loved him, as well as by the women around the world who wore his clothes." He was considered a father figure to Naomi Campbell since she was 16 years old.

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.

paragraph: Alaïa was honored with a solo exhibition at the Groninger Museum in the Netherlands in 1998, which debuted at the Guggenheim Museum in New York in 2000 and curated by Mark Wilson and Jim Cook. In the United States, his clothes are available at Barneys New York alongside Lanvin, Balenciaga, and Dolce & Gabbana, and his shoes are sold at Bergdorf Goodman. Carine Roitfeld was photographed during February 2007 Fashion Week in one of his coats, with "The New York Times" declaring that she was the only woman at any of the fall 2007 shows who "looked like the future." Victoria Beckham stated that Alaïa is her favourite designer and wore the designer's work, a gift from husband David Beckham, to two Academy Award parties in February 2007.

paragraph: Alaïa was referenced in the mid-'90s teen hit "Clueless" starring Alicia Silverstone. Silverstone's character, mugged at gunpoint in the film, protests kneeling in a parking lot in a famously clingy dress by the "totally important designer" by exclaiming, "This is an Alaïa!"

paragraph: Marion Cotillard wore an Alaïa gown in a photoshoot for the French issue of "Elle" magazine in May 2005. In June 2009, she wore an Alaïa black dress for a photoshoot for the French magazine "Madame Figaro". In March 2010, she wore a black Alaïa dress in a photoshoot for "Jalouse" magazine. On 27 November 2012, she wore an Alaïa black and white pleated dress while attending a luncheon for her film "Rust and Bone" at Brasserie Ruhlmann in New York City. Cotillard also attended a screen talk at the BFI Southbank wearing the same dress.

paragraph: Michelle Obama is a regular Alaïa client. The First Lady wore a formal black knit sleeveless dress with a ruffled skirt designed by Alaïa to the NATO dinner with heads of state in Strasbourg, France, on 3 April 2009. Also in 2009, Michelle Obama wore an Alaïa dress to the American Ballet Theatre's opening-night Spring Gala in New York. Her choice of fashion by the Tunisian couturier broke with the tradition of American First Ladies who had worn only the clothes of American designers to such events.

paragraph: The former First Lady of France, Carla Bruni, also wore an Alaïa jacket during the state visit to Spain in 2009.

paragraph: Madonna also honored him in her 1993 "Bad Girl" video. She rips the plastic off her dry cleaned suit, the tag of which reads "Alaïa."

paragraph: Azzedine Alaïa was named Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur by the French government in 2008.

paragraph: Lady Gaga has also worn several of his creations, notably in her Thanksgiving special, when she wore a long fall 2011 dress.

paragraph: Rihanna has worn his creations as well, notably at the 2013 Grammys.

paragraph: His creations have also been worn by Beyoncé, Nicki Minaj, Victoria Beckham, Kim Kardashian, Gwyneth Paltrow, Solange Knowles, Behati Prinsloo and more.

paragraph: During an interview with "The Ground Social & Magazine" (formerly known as "Virgine"), Alaïa slammed both Anna Wintour and Karl Lagerfeld. Alaïa, then 71 and based in Paris, said of Chanel creative director Lagerfeld, "I don't like his fashion, his spirit, his attitude. It's too much caricature. Karl Lagerfeld never touched a pair of scissors in his life." Alaïa also lashed out at the "Vogue" editor-in-chief: "She runs the business very well, but not the fashion part. When I see how she is dressed, I don't believe in her tastes one second... Anyway, who will remember Anna Wintour in the history of fashion? No one."

paragraph: In 2018, Alaia was mentioned by Mariah Carey in her song "A No No" from the album "Caution": "Got a pink gown custom by Alaia".

paragraph: The movie director Julian Schnabel dedicated his movie "At Eternity's Gate" to Azzedine Alaïa.

description: Tunisian fashion designer

wikidata_label: Azzedine Alaia

wikipedia_title: Azzedine Alaïa


text:
painter
William-Adolphe Bouguereau
Léon Cogniet
Salon (Paris)
Legion of Honor
Paul Durand-Ruel
Durand-Ruel
Bouguereau
Paul Durand-Ruel
Paris
Georges Merle

categories: French male painters,1881 deaths,1823 births,19th-century French painters

paragraph: Hugues Merle

paragraph: Hugues Merle (1822–1881) was a French painter who mostly depicted sentimental or moral subjects. He has often been compared with William-Adolphe Bouguereau.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Hugues Merle was born in 1822 in La Sône. He studied painting with Léon Cogniet. Merle started exhibiting at the Salon (Paris) in 1847. He received second class prizes in 1861 and 1863. In 1866 he was made Chevalier of the Legion of Honor.

paragraph: Hugues Merle became a friend of Paul Durand-Ruel in the early 1860s. Durand-Ruel had started buying paintings by Merle in 1862 and introduced the artist to painter William-Adolphe Bouguereau. Merle was later often compared to Bouguereau and “became a considerable rival of Bouguereau in subject and treatment”. In the mid-1860s, Merle painted several portraits of Paul Durand-Ruel, his wife, and their son, John.

paragraph: Hugues Merle died in 1881 in Paris. His son Georges Merle also became a painter.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "European Art in the High Museum", by Eric M. Zafran, Atlanta, 1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Accounting for Tastes", by Linda Whiteley, "Oxford Art Journal," Vol. 2, Art and Society (Apr., 1979), pp. 25–28

description: French painter

wikidata_label: Hugues Merle

wikipedia_title: Hugues Merle


text:
Sultan
Suleiman the Magnificent
Mahidevran
Manisa
Amasya
Konya
Şehzade
Manisa
Şehzade Suleiman
Mahidevran
Selim I
Şehzade Mehmed
Hürrem Sultan
Selim II
Bursa
Manisa
Amasya
Kütahya
Amasya
Şehzade Bayezid
Elkas
Konya
Rüstem Pasha
Selim
Bayezid
Ereğli
Amasya
Konya
Muradiye Complex
Bursa
Muradiye Complex
Rumelia Eyalet
Konya
Istanbul
Eyüp Sultan Mosque
Gabriel Bounin
Muhteşem Yüzyıl
Mehmet Günsür

categories: Suleiman the Magnificent,Executed royalty,16th-century executions by the Ottoman Empire,1553 deaths,Turks of the Ottoman Empire,Ottoman dynasty,1515 births,People from Manisa,16th-century people of the Ottoman Empire,Executed people of the Ottoman Empire

paragraph: Şehzade Mustafa

paragraph: Şehzade Mustafa Muhlisi ( 1515 - 6 October 1553) was the eldest son of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent and his chief consort Mahidevran. He was the prince-governor of Manisa from 1533 to 1541, Amasya from 1541 to 1549, and Konya from 1549 to 1553. Şehzade Mustafa was the heir apparent to the Ottoman throne and an immensely popular prince among the army and the populace prior to his execution ordered by his father Suleiman, which he later regretted.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Mustafa was born in 1515 in Manisa to Şehzade Suleiman (the future sultan) and Mahidevran during the reign of his grandfather Selim I.

paragraph: Mustafa experienced some problems in his relationship with his father since very early in his life. He was the first-born son and therefore the heir apparent to the throne, but his father, according to some historians, was more interested in Mustafa's younger half-brother Şehzade Mehmed, the eldest son of Hürrem Sultan, the most prominent of Suleiman's consorts and later his legal wife. Suleiman created more opportunities for the younger one and appeared to be preparing him for the throne. His father's treatment further displeased Mustafa and the whole people and even Suleiman's sisters who supported Mustafa.

paragraph: Mustafa was reported to be very close to his half-brothers Mehmed, Selim II, Bayezid, and Cihangir, exemplified by the fact that Selim II treated Mahidevran like his own mother during her last years and built Mustafa's tomb at Bursa.

paragraph: Then, in 1541, he faced a second shock by being sent from the more prominent Manisa to the more distant Amasya. The rule of Manisa was given to Mehmed, while Selim and Bayezid were assigned to Konya and Kütahya respectively. However, after he was sent to Amasya, Mustafa got the news of an edict written by Suleiman: he had sent Mustafa to Amasya not because he didn't want him to be his heir, but in order to defend the east coast of the Ottoman Empire and learn how to manage a large empire. This edict relieved the Ottoman army and people, as Şehzade Mustafa was the popular successor to the throne.

paragraph: In Amasya, he got the news of the death of his brother Mehmed. It seemed like all barriers between the throne and Mustafa were gone, but he still faced another challenge. In 1544, Mustafa's other brother, Şehzade Selim, was sent to Manisa for his sanjak assignment while Şehzade Bayezid remained in Kütahya.

paragraph: It was a critical decision, as they were both Hürrem Sultan's sons, the mother of the late Mehmed. Her support of her own sons, Selim and Bayezid, made Mustafa's political career difficult, but he successfully ruled Amasya for 8 years.

paragraph: In 1547, during Sultan Suleiman's Elkas Campaign, the sultan met with his sons Mustafa, Selim, and Bayezid in different places to discuss the political situation. It was long after the death of Mehmed, but the race between the three princes was still going on.

paragraph: In 1549, as a reward for his excellent participation in the Ottoman-Safavid War, Mustafa moved to Konya for his sanjak assignment. The rumours and speculations said that Mustafa's life was now in danger, as Hürrem and Rüstem Pasha had made a court alliance against him in favor of Hürrem's sons, Selim and Bayezid.

paragraph: Section::::Execution.

paragraph: During Suleiman's Persian campaign, his army halted in Ereğli for a while. While Suleiman's army was in Ereğli, Rüstem Pasha made an offer to Mustafa to join his father's army. At the same time, he warned Suleiman that Mustafa was coming to kill him. Mustafa was accused by his father because of Hürrem Sultan and Rüstem Pasha. Mihrimah Sultan also played a role in Şehzade Mustafa's death.

paragraph: Mustafa accepted Rüstem Pasha's offer and assembled his army to join his father's. Suleiman saw this as a threat and ordered the execution of his son. When Mustafa entered his father's tent to meet with him, Suleiman's guards attacked Mustafa, and after a long struggle they killed him using a bow-string. The name of the man who strangled Şehzade Mustafa was Mahmut Ağa. He was Rüstem Pasha's right hand.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consorts

paragraph: Mustafa had two consorts:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fatma Handan Hatun (buried in Üçhanım Kızlar Mausoleum, Bursa);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Begüm Nurcihan Hatun (buried in Üçhanım Kızlar Mausoleum, Bursa);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sons

paragraph: Mustafa had three sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Şehzade Süleyman Çelebi (buried in Şehzadeler Mausoleum, Amasya);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Şehzade Ahmed (buried in Turgutoğlu Mausoleum, Konya);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Şehzade Mehmed (killed 1553, buried in Muradiye Complex, Bursa);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughters

paragraph: Mustafa had two daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nergisşah Sultan (died in Bursa, buried in Muradiye Complex), married in 1554 to Maktul Ahmed Pasha, governor of Rumelia Eyalet;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Şah or Neslişah Sultan (1548, Konya – 2 October 1577, Istanbul buried in Eyüp Sultan Mosque) She was married in 1562 to Damat Abdülkerim Pasha;

paragraph: Section::::Depictions in literature and popular culture.

paragraph: In 1561, eight years after Mustafa's death, the French author Gabriel Bounin wrote a tragedy titled "La Soltane" about the role of Hürrem Sultan in Mustafa's death. This tragedy marks the first time the Ottomans were introduced on stage in France.

paragraph: In the television series "Muhteşem Yüzyıl", Mustafa is played by Turkish actor Mehmet Günsür.

description: Ottoman prince, son of Suleiman the Magnificent

wikidata_label: Şehzade Mustafa

wikipedia_title: Şehzade Mustafa


text:
Senegal
veterinarian
Négritude
Ouakam
Dakar
Saint-Louis
Victor Hugo
Charles Baudelaire
Edgar Allan Poe
veterinary medicine
University of Toulouse
France
colonial
West Africa
French Sudan
Ivory Coast
French Upper Volta
Mauritania
Wolof
Tunisia
Léopold Sédar Senghor
Senegal
Mali
griot
French language
World War II
Ivory Coast
Upper Volta
Burkina Faso
Les Contes d'Amadou Koumba
Grand prix littéraire
Dakar
Tales of Amadou Koumba
Officier de la Légion d'Honneur
Senegal
List of African writers
Birago Diop
Archives de 'Birago Diop'

categories: Storytellers,People of French West Africa,Senegalese poets,Ambassadors of Senegal to Tunisia,1906 births,Senegalese dramatists and playwrights,People from Dakar,1989 deaths

paragraph: Birago Diop

paragraph: Birago Diop (11 December 1906 – 25 November 1989) was a Senegalese poet and storyteller whose work restored general interest in African folktales and promoted him to one of the most outstanding African francophone writers. A renowned veterinarian, diplomat and leading voice of the Négritude literary movement, Diop exemplified the "African renaissance man".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Son of Ismael and Sokhna Diop, Birago Diop was born on 11 December 1906 in Ouakam, a neighborhood in Dakar, Senegal. His mother raised him with his two older brothers, Massyla and Youssoupha; his father, for unknown reasons, disappeared two months before Diop was born. Diop's childhood exposed him to many folktales, which he later used in his literary work.

paragraph: In 1920, Diop earned a scholarship to attend the French-speaking school Lycée Faidherbe in Saint-Louis, which was then Senegal's capital. During this time, he became fascinated with the poems and style of writing of Victor Hugo, Charles Baudelaire, Edgar Allan Poe and several others and began writing his own. In the late 1920s, he served as a nurse in a military hospital and later went on to study veterinary medicine at the University of Toulouse in France, graduating in 1933.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Although he was mostly recognized for his poems and folktales, Diop also worked as a veterinary surgeon for the French colonial government in several West African countries, spending 1937–39 in the French Sudan (now Mali), 1940 in the Ivory Coast and French Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso), and 1950 in Mauritania. Throughout his civil service career in 1934, he collected and reworked Wolof folktales, and also wrote poetry, memoirs, and a play. He also served as the first Senegalese ambassador to Tunisia from 1960 to 1965.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early literary work.

paragraph: During his time in France as a veterinary student, Diop met numerous African, African-American and Caribbean students, among them Léopold Sédar Senghor, who later went on to become Senegal's first president after its independence. Inspired by these young black intellectuals, artists and poets, Diop drafted his earliest poems in "L'étudiant noir" ("the black student") - a student review that established the idea of the Négritude movement, which protested against the assimilation theory in favour of African cultural values.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Inspiration.

paragraph: During his work as the head of the government's cattle-inspection service for several regions in Senegal and Mali, he was introduced to traditional folktales, most of which he committed to memory. These served as the main inspiration for much of his literary work. Indeed, most of his poems and tales have their roots in oral African traditions. Generally recited to a group at night by a professional storyteller, called a griot, folktales were repeated in different places by the people who heard them. These ceremonies commonly consisted of songs and dances in addition to these folktales. Although the tales served as entertainment, they also had the greater purpose of teaching younger generations about the beliefs and values of their ancestors. By combining his mastery of the French language with his experience with African folktakes, Diop was able to spread the values and beliefs of his ancestors throughout the world.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:During and after World War II.

paragraph: In the early 1940s, during World War II, Diop was forced to return to France for two years. Homesick, he began writing down adaptions of folktales as advised by his fellow Negritude writers. The following excerpt illustrating his homesickness can be found in "The Humps":

paragraph: When Diop finally returned to Africa, he served as a director of zoological technical services in Ivory Coast and Upper Volta (modern day Burkina Faso). His first literary piece "Les Contes d'Amadou Koumba" was published in 1947. The work, totaling three volumes, managed to earn him the "Grand prix littéraire" award. Each volume contained a collection of short stories: animal-centred tales he directly transcribed from the griot Amadou Koumba's accounts. These tales provided a combination of humor, fantasy and realism where people, supernatural beings, and animals interacted.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:"The broken pen".

paragraph: As soon as Senegal gained its independence, Diop was nominated as the first Senegalese ambassador in Tunisia. Upon accepting this position, he claimed to have "broken his pen," suggesting that he was ready to give up writing altogether and focus on his diplomatic career. It was not until the mid-1970s, towards the end of his life, that his "pen was mended." He published "La plume raboutée" in 1978, followed by "À rebrousse-temps" (1982), "À rebrousse-gens" (1982), and "Senegal du temps de..."(1986).

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Birago Diop died on 25 November 1989 in Dakar at the age of 83. He was survived by his wife of many years, Marie-Louise Pradére, and two children, Renée and Andrée. His legacy includes the titles of novelist, diplomat, a founder of the Negritude movement and veterinarian. Even now, decades after his death, his stories and poems remain, sharing African values and culture.

paragraph: Section::::List of works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Narrative

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tales of Amadou Koumba" ("Les contes d'Amadou Koumba", 1947, tr. 1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New Tales of Amadou Koumba" ("Les nouveaux contes d'Amadou Koumba", 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tales and Commentaries" ("Contes et Lavanes", 1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Contes Choisis" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Contes d'Awa" (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lures and Glimmers" ("Leurres et Lueurs", 1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Drama

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'os de Mor Lam" (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Memoirs

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Plume raboutée" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A rebrousse-temps" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A rebrousse-gens" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Du temps de..." (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Et les yeux pour me dire" (1989)

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Prix Littéraire de l'Afrique-Occidentale Francaise for "Les Contes d'Amadou Koumba"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Association des Ecrivains d'Expression Francaise de la Mer et de l'Outre Mer, Grand Prix Littéraire de l'Afrique Noire for "Contes et lavanes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Officier de la Légion d'Honneur

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chevalier de l'Étoile Noire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chevalier du Mérite Agricole

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Senegal

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of African writers

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Birago Diop

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archives de 'Birago Diop'

description: Senegalese poet, storyteller and diplomat

wikidata_label: Birago Diop

wikipedia_title: Birago Diop


text: Ge'ez

text: Aksumite

text: Ethiopia

text: sacred music

text: Ethiopian Orthodox Church

text: Eritrean Orthodox Church

text: Ethiopian Catholic Church

text: musical notation

text: Zema

text: 11 Genbot

text: Jared

text: hymn

text: Debtera

text: Zema

text: Gabra Masqal

text: Semien Mountains

text: Ethiopian chant

text: A brief History of Saint Yared

text: Biography of Saint Yared

text: Saint Yared

categories: Ethiopian saints,6th-century Christian saints,Ethiopian musicians,571 deaths,505 births

paragraph: Yared

paragraph: Saint Yared (Ge'ez: ቅዱስ ያሬድ; April 25, 505 – May 20, 571) was a legendary Aksumite musician from Ethiopia credited with inventing the sacred music tradition of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, Eritrean Orthodox Church and Ethiopian Catholic Church and Ethiopia's system of musical notation. He is responsible for creating the "Zema" or the chant tradition of Ethiopia, particularly the chants of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, which are still performed today. He is regarded as a saint of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church with a feast day of 11 Genbot (May 19). His name is from the Biblical person known in English as "Jared" (Gen. 5:15).

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Yared was born in the city of Aksum to Abyud (Isaac) and Christina (Tawklia). His parents were born and raised in Aksum. His father died when he was seven, and his mother sent him to be raised by his uncle Gidewon, a priest who taught religious studies. A legend describes Yared gaining musical insight and talent through interaction with three birds, which inspired him to link the spiritual with the musical through the blending of musical characteristics to which he attached the Ethiopian words "Ge’ez", "Izil", and "Ararary".

paragraph: Yared arranged and composed hymns connected to religious celebrations and holidays, introducing the concept of sacred music to Ethiopian Orthodox services. This music, claim Debtera, is the basis of their performances.

paragraph: Yared wrote five volumes of "Zema" chants for church services and celebrations. These volumes include "The Book of Digua and Tsome Digua" (chants for church holidays and Sundays services), "The Book of Meraf" (chants for major holidays, daily prayers and the month of fasting), "The Book of Zimare" (chants to be performed after Mass), "The Book of Mewasit" (chants for the dead).

paragraph: Tradition states that Yared was a favorite of the Emperor Gabra Masqal. According to legend, the emperor once became so enchanted with Yared's singing that he accidentally dropped his spear on Yared's foot during a performance. As an apology, the emperor offered to grant Yared a request. Yared requested to live the remainder of his life in solitude, where he could focus on prayer, meditation, and music composition. He spent his final years as a recluse in the Semien Mountains.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ethiopian chant

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A brief History of Saint Yared

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Saint Yared

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yelibenwork Ayele. Honoring St. Yared, Ethiopia’s father of music. Ethiopian Reporter, Saturday August 30, 2008. (dead link)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles L. Chavis Jr. Saint Yared

description: Ethiopian church musician, music theoretician, priest and saint of the orthodox Ethiopian church at the time of the Kingdom of Aksum

wikidata_label: Yared

wikipedia_title: Yared