text:
Odd Future
A$AP Mob
Waka Flocka Flame
Pharrell Williams
The Clipse
Kanye West

categories: 1993 births,Musicians from Delaware,Living people,Musicians from Baltimore

paragraph: Rakeem Miles

paragraph: Rakeem Tyree Miles born March 12, 1993, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, artist and record producer from Baltimore, Maryland.

paragraph: Miles self-proclaims his own sound of "Alternative Hip Hop". He is one of the founding members of Hip-Hop collective group Organic Geniuses, which disbanded in 2017. Miles is also the founder of Weird n Awful Music Festival, an annual event to which he's currated headling acts such as Left Brain, Mike G of Odd Future, A$AP Ant of A$AP Mob and recently with Waka Flocka Flame.

paragraph: Section::::Earlier Life.

paragraph: As a child, Rakeem was orphaned into foster care. His mothers struggle with substance abuse and behaviorial issues caused him to move between multiple schools. He found an outlet of expression through hiphop music being introduced musically to J Dilla, Madlib and MF Doom. Miles credits his Uncle who was a touring gospel rapper for introducing him to the East Coast Hip-hop music scene and the lifestyle causing him to pursue a career despite his grandmother's wishes.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Studio albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Depression" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adderall" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Do They Really Love You" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Singles

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Can't Be Friends" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Dollar A Day"(2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "That's My Girl"(2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hard Way" (2018)

paragraph: Section::::Tours.

paragraph: Headlining

paragraph: BULLET::::- Weird and Awful (2016–Present)

paragraph: Section::::Artistry.

paragraph: In an Interview with Delaware Online, Rakeem cited Pharrell Williams, The Clipse and Kanye West as a focal point of his musical inspirations.

wikidata_label: Rakeem Miles

wikipedia_title: Rakeem Miles


text:
Director of the United States Mint
Denmark
Florida
President of the United States
Theodore Roosevelt
Western Europe
Federal Farm Loan Act
Farm Credit System
Woodrow Wilson
Director of the United States Mint
Federal Land Bank
bond
World War I
United States Secretary of War
Newton D. Baker

categories: Danish emigrants to the United States,1881 births,1930 deaths

paragraph: Friedrich Johannes Hugo von Engelken

paragraph: Friedrich Johannes Hugo "F. H." von Engelken (1881–1930) was Director of the United States Mint from 1916 to 1917.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: F. H. von Engelken was born in Denmark in 1881. He later moved to Florida. He married Louisiana Breckenridge Hart Gibson in 1906.

paragraph: In 1908, von Engelken was a member of the American Commission appointed by President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt to study rural credits in Western Europe. He authored a minority report that was ultimately incorporated into the Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916 which created the Farm Credit System.

paragraph: In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson named von Engelken Director of the United States Mint and he subsequently held this office from September 1916 to March 1917.

paragraph: In 1917, he became president of the Federal Land Bank of the Third District. He later became head of bond sales for the Farm Loan Board.

paragraph: Toward the end of World War I, United States Secretary of War Newton D. Baker recommended von Engelken for a major of engineers. In 1919, he traveled to Europe to report on economic conditions.

description: Director of the United States Mint

wikidata_label: Friedrich Johannes Hugo von Engelken

wikipedia_title: Friedrich Johannes Hugo von Engelken


text: Australian rules football

text: Carlton Football Club

text: Australian Football League

text: Pembroke School

text: Norwood Football Club

text: Magarey Medal

text: Eagles

text: Adelaide

text: Sudan

text: AFL draft

text: Richmond

text: Brock McLean

text: Geraldton, Western Australia

text: Great Northern Football League

categories: 1984 births,Northern Blues players,Australian rules footballers from South Australia,Carlton Football Club players,Living people,Norwood Football Club players

paragraph: Nick Duigan

paragraph: Nick Duigan (born 7 September 1984) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Carlton Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Originally from South Australia, Duigan grew up supporting the Adelaide Crows and playing junior football for Pembroke School in Adelaide and also was a junior player at the Walkerville Football Club. Throughout his junior career, he was troubled by injuries and had a hard time stringing a series of games together until after the age of twenty.

paragraph: Duigan is a registered psychologist; throughout his early 20s, Duigan studied psychology at university, and by the end of 2010, then aged 26, Duigan had completed his master's degree in psychology. During the same period, Duigan played football semi-professionally for the Norwood Football Club in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL), primarily as a defender. He appeared in a total of 87 senior games for the Redlegs during that time, and was the club's vice-captain in 2010. He finished tenth in the 2010 Magarey Medal, and kicked the game-winning goal in Norwood's come-from-behind preliminary final victory against the Eagles.

paragraph: Duigan is the son of former South Australian Member of Parliament for the seat of Adelaide, Michael Duigan.

paragraph: Section::::AFL career.

paragraph: Duigan left Norwood at the end of 2010, intending to travel to Sudan for a year to do volunteer work. However, he also nominated for the AFL draft, and was drafted by the Carlton Football Club with its fifth selection (#70 overall). The selection surprised many, as it was very rare at the time for a player as old as Duigan (26), and without previous AFL experience, to be drafted. Duigan was given guernsey number 34.

paragraph: Playing in defence, Duigan impressed for the Blues during the pre-season, and he made his senior AFL debut in the club's first round match against Richmond. He immediately became a regular in the Carlton backline in the 2011, and was noted for both his ability and his courage. He played twenty-two games for the year and won Carlton's Best First Year Player award. He played sixteen matches in 2012.

paragraph: In 2013, Duigan was elevated to the club's five-man leadership group, however struggled to retain his place in the team on form, playing only three home-and-away matches for the year. He was famously brought into Carlton's elimination final team as an emergency after Brock McLean was injured at the very end of the warm-up, and kicked four goals as Carlton overcame a 32-point deficit to defeat in front of a record crowd of 94,690.

paragraph: Duigan had intended to continue playing in 2014, but after struggling with an ongoing knee injury during the first month of the pre-season, he announced his retirement on 9 December 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Post-AFL career.

paragraph: In 2014, Duigan moved Geraldton, Western Australia to take a role with mental health services provider Youth Focus. He also took a role as coach, with ambitions to play should his knee heal sufficiently, with the Towns Football Club in the Great Northern Football League.

description: Australian rules footballer

wikidata_label: Nick Duigan

wikipedia_title: Nick Duigan


text: journalist

text: Humboldt, Illinois

text: Waco, Texas

text: Baptists

text: wealthy eastern social elites

text: Vanderbilt family

text: Bradley-Martin

text: Baylor University

text: Rufus Burleson

text: Austin, Texas

text: William Sydney Porter

text: Waco, Texas

text: Censorship in the United States

text: Rufus Columbus Burleson

text: William Cowper Brann Collection

text: Harry Ransom Center

text: University of Texas at Austin

categories: 19th-century American journalists,Editors of Texas newspapers,19th-century American newspaper publishers (people),Journalists from Illinois,Baylor University people,Murdered American journalists,Deaths by firearm in Texas,1855 births,Burials at Oakwood Cemetery (Waco, Texas),19th-century American newspaper editors,Journalists killed in the United States,American male journalists,Journalists from Texas,1898 deaths

paragraph: William Cowper Brann

paragraph: William Cowper Brann (January 4, 1855 – April 1, 1898) was an American journalist known as Brann the Iconoclast.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Humboldt, Illinois, Brann was a journalist known for the articulate savagery of his writing. At the time of his death, Brann owned and edited the "Iconoclast" newspaper in Waco, Texas.

paragraph: He was particularly noted for his writings attacking religious conservatism. "I have nothing against the Baptists. I just believe they were not held under long enough" (Conger, 1964, "Baptism by Immersion"). Brann also devoted many paragraphs to his idiosyncratic views of the wealthy eastern social elites, such as the Vanderbilt family, and deplored their marriages to titled Europeans. He characterized such marriages as diluting the elites' already-debased American stock with worthless foreign blood. He was equally critical of the New York social scene: "Mrs. Bradley-Martin's sartorial kings and pseudo-queens have strutted their brief hour on the stage, disappearing at daybreak like foul night-birds or an unclean dream—have come and gone like the rank eructation of some crapulous Sodom... a breath blown from the festering lips of half-forgotten harlots..." (Brann, 1897).

paragraph: One of his targets was Baylor University, the prominent Baptist institution in Waco. Brann revealed that some Baylor officials had been importing South American children recruited by missionaries and making house-servants out of them. He also stated that Baylor President Rufus Burleson's son-in-law's brother Steen Morris, who lived with the Burleson family, had impregnated a student from Brazil ("ibid", Conger). More speculatively, he alleged that male faculty members were having sexual relations with female students and any father sending his daughter to Baylor would be risking her rape. In Brann's view Baylor was, as he published, "A factory for the manufacture of ministers and magdalenes." ("ibid", Conger).

paragraph: Brann was shot in the back by Tom Davis, a Baylor supporter who resented the reference to "magdalenes" (meaning 'prostitute' in this context) because his daughter was a student at the University. After being shot, Brann turned, drew his pistol, and fired multiple shots at Davis, who fell, mortally wounded, in the doorway of the Jake French Cigar Store. Brann was shot through the left lung with the bullet exiting his chest. He was forced to walk to the city jail but later escorted home by friends (Waco Daily Telephone, 1898). Brann died the morning after he was shot. Engraved on Brann's monument is the word TRUTH, and beneath it is a profile of Brann with a bullet hole in it.

paragraph: In the early 1890s, Brann, who had only three years of formal education, owned and published an Austin, Texas newspaper. He eventually sold the Austin "Iconoclast" to William Sydney Porter, better known as O. Henry. He repurchased it from Porter to operate it out of Waco, Texas until the time of his assassination. Following the assassination, Brann's wife moved the publication to Chicago, but still covered Texas issues.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of journalists killed in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Censorship in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rufus Columbus Burleson

paragraph: Section::::Other sources consulted.

paragraph: BULLET::::- W.C. Brann Brann's Iconoclast Vol 7, Number 2 Waco, Texas March 1897.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Conger, Roger M. "A Pictorial History of Waco." Waco, TX: Texian Press, 1964.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Waco Daily Telephone Newspaper Extra, Waco Texas, April 1, 1898.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Complete Works of Brann the Iconoclast." New York: Brann Publishers, 1919.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Carver, "Brann the Iconoclast." Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1957.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jerry Flemmons. "Oh Dammit!: A Lexicon and Lecture from William Cowper Brann, the Iconoclast." Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University Press, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward G. Fletcher and Jack L. Hart, "Brann the Playwright." Austin, TX: University of Texas, 1941.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Susan Nelle Gregg, "Waco's Apostle." M.A. thesis. University of Texas at Austin, 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cathy Howard, "Brann's "Iconoclast" and the Fight Against Baylor University," "Texas Historian," September 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andy Kopplin, "W. C. Brann, a Texas Iconoclast," "Texas Historian," May 1981.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gary Cleve Wilson, "Bane of the Baptists," "Texas Monthly," vol. 14, no. 1 (Jan. 1986), pg. 122.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "William Cowper Brann" in the Handbook of Texas Online

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Iconoclast's Icon" by Dave Shiflett, October 1, 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Cowper Brann Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baylor University's description of its Willam Cowper Brann Collection A careful and honest appraisal by Baylor of its great critic, and his charges.

description: American journalist

wikidata_label: William Cowper Brann

wikipedia_title: William Cowper Brann


text: geologist

text: physicist

text: University of Virginia

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: American Civil War

text: Mount Rogers

text: University of Pennsylvania

text: College of William and Mary

text: James Blythe Rogers

text: Henry Darwin Rogers

text: Robert Empie Rogers

text: Baltimore, Maryland

text: Maryland Institute

text: dew

text: voltaic battery

text: greensand

text: marl

text: fertilizer

text: geological survey

text: Pennsylvania

text: Appalachian

text: metamorphism

text: lignite

text: anthracite

text: geological faults

text: coal bed

text: Industrial Revolution

text: University of Virginia

text: mineralogy

text: curriculum

text: chemistry

text: refusal to award

text: honorary degrees

text: Boston

text: Boston Society of Natural History

text: American Academy of Arts and Sciences

text: American Journal of Science

text: Lowell Institute

text: Massachusetts

text: Massachusetts State Legislature

text: bituminous coal

text: American Social Science Association

text: National Academy of Sciences

text: Harvard

text: LL.D.

text: W. S. W. Ruschenberger

text: J. R. Killian, Jr.

text: Technology Review

text: Official mini-biography

categories: 1882 deaths,College of William & Mary faculty,American people of Irish descent,American people of English descent,People from Virginia,Presidents of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,College of William & Mary alumni,American geologists,University of Virginia alumni,Scientists from Philadelphia,University of Virginia faculty,1804 births,American people of Scottish descent

paragraph: William Barton Rogers

paragraph: William Barton Rogers (December 7, 1804 – May 30, 1882) was an American geologist, physicist, and educator at the University of Virginia from 1835 to 1853. In 1861, Rogers founded the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). The university opened in 1865 after the American Civil War. Because of his affiliation with Virginia, Mount Rogers, the highest peak in the state, is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Rogers was born on December 7, 1804, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was the second son of Patrick Kerr Rogers and Hannah Blythe and was of Irish, Scottish, and English extraction. Patrick Rogers was born in Ireland and had immigrated at the end of the 18th century to America, where he graduated from the University of Pennsylvania and practiced medicine. When William Barton was born, Patrick Rogers was tutor at Penn. In 1819 Patrick Rogers became professor of natural philosophy and mathematics at the College of William and Mary, where he remained until his death in 1828.

paragraph: William Barton Rogers had three brothers: James Blythe Rogers (1802–1852), Henry Darwin Rogers (1808–1866), and Robert Empie Rogers (1813–1884). The Rogers brothers would each grow up to be distinguished scientists.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Education and scientific career.

paragraph: Rogers was educated by his father, attended the public schools of Baltimore, Maryland, and also graduated from the College of William and Mary. He delivered a series of lectures on science before the Maryland Institute in 1827, and succeeded his father as professor of natural philosophy and chemistry at William and Mary in 1828, where he remained until 1835. During this time, he carried on investigations on dew and on the voltaic battery, and prepared a series of papers on the greensand and calcareous marl minerals of eastern Virginia and their value as fertilizers.

paragraph: In 1833, his brother Henry had returned from England filled with enthusiasm for geology, and this had prompted Rogers to begin studies in the field. The practical value of his article on greensand caught the eye of the Virginia legislature. Rogers took this opportunity to lobby for a geological survey of Virginia, and he was called upon to organize it in 1835.

paragraph: By 1835, his brother Henry was state geologist of Pennsylvania, and together the brothers unfolded the historical geology of the Appalachian chain. Among their joint special investigations were the study of the solvent action of water on various minerals and rocks, and the demonstration that "coal beds stand in close genetic relation to the amount of disturbance to which the inclosing strata have been submitted, the coal becoming harder and containing less volatile matter as the evidence of the disturbance increases". In modern terms, this was the realization that the geological process of metamorphism had gradually transformed softer grades of coal, such as lignite, into harder grades, such as anthracite.

paragraph: Together, the brothers published a paper on "The Laws of Structure of the more Disturbed Zones of the Earth's Crust", in which the wave theory of mountain chains was first announced. This was followed later by William Rogers' statement of the law of distribution of geological faults. These pioneering works contributed to a better understanding of the vast coal beds underlying some parts of the Appalachian region, and helped pave the way for the Industrial Revolution in the United States.

paragraph: In 1842 the work of the survey closed. State revenues had shrunk beginning in 1837, and the funding for the survey had been cut back. Meanwhile, Rogers had published six "Reports of the Geological Survey of the State of Virginia" (Richmond, 1836–40), though there were few copies, and recognition of their significance was slow to develop. They were later compiled by Jed Hotchkiss and issued in one volume with a map as "Papers on the Geology of Virginia" (New York, 1884).

paragraph: In 1835 Rogers also began serving as professor of "natural philosophy" at the University of Virginia (UVa). There he added mineralogy and geology to the curriculum, and did original research in geology, chemistry and physics. While he was chair of the department of philosophy at UVA, he vigorously defended to the Virginia State Legislature the University's refusal to award honorary degrees, a policy which continues today. (Later, MIT would adopt a similar policy from its beginning, and continuing to the present). During the time Rogers lived in Virginia, he was a slaveowner, with two slaves in his household in 1840 and six slaves in 1850. In 1849, he married Emma Savage of Boston.

paragraph: In 1853 he resigned from UVa, moving to Boston for two principal reasons. First, he wanted to increase his participation in scientific circles under the auspices of the Boston Society of Natural History and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, in whose proceedings and in the "American Journal of Science" his papers had been published while at UVa. Second, and more importantly, Rogers wanted to implement his innovative scheme for technical education (which could not be achieved within the structure and institutional focuses of UVa), in which he desired to have associated, on one side, scientific research and investigation on the largest scale and, on the other side, agencies for the popular diffusion of useful knowledge. This project continued to occupy his attention until it culminated in the chartering of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1861), of which he became first president.

paragraph: To raise funds and public awareness of his new Institute, Rogers delivered a course of lectures before the Lowell Institute on "The Application of Science to the Arts" in 1862.

paragraph: In 1861, he was appointed inspector of gas and gas meters for the state of Massachusetts, a post he accepted reluctantly. During his service, he improved the standards of measurement.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:MIT Presidency.

paragraph: For more detail, see History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

paragraph: An act of the Massachusetts State Legislature incorporated MIT in 1861, and Rogers became its first president in 1862. He served as president of MIT until 1870, when he stood down because of declining health. By necessity, he returned to office in 1878 and continued to 1881, when he was made professor emeritus of physics and geology, which position he had held while he was president.

paragraph: He died after collapsing during a speech at MIT's 1882 commencement exercises. According to legend his last words were "bituminous coal":

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Other affiliations.

paragraph: Rogers was chairman of the Association of American Geologists and Naturalists (AAGN; organized 1840) in 1845 and again in 1847, and contributed important memoirs to its "Transactions", including observations on the temperature of coal mines in eastern Virginia. In 1847 he also called to order the first meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), an enlargement of the AAGN. He was president of the AAAS in 1875, and elected its first honorary fellow in 1881, as a special mark of distinction. He was active in founding the American Social Science Association and its first president; also he was one of the corporate members of the National Academy of Sciences, and its president from 1878 until his death. In 1866, Harvard gave him the degree of LL.D.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Besides numerous papers on geology, chemistry, and physics, contributed to the proceedings of societies and technical journals, he was the author of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Strength of Materials" (Charlottesville, 1838)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Elements of Mechanical Philosophy" (Boston, 1852)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Papers on the Geology of Virginia" (New York, 1884)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Angulo A.J. (2009.) "William Barton Rogers and the Idea of MIT". Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.

paragraph: BULLET::::- W. S. W. Ruschenberger, "A Sketch of the Life of Robert E. Rogers, with Biographical Notices of His Father and Brothers," in "Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society", v. XXIII (1886).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emma Barton (with William T. Sidgwick), ed., "Life and Letters of William Barton Rogers" (Boston, 1897)

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. R. Killian, Jr., "William Barton Rogers" in "Technology Review", v. 60 (1958), pp. 105–8, 124-30.

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. R. Shrock, "Geology at M.I.T. 1865-1965", vol. 1: The Faculty and Supporting Staff, 1977.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official mini-biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Life and Letters of William Barton Rogers

description: American scientist, founder of MIT

wikidata_label: William Barton Rogers

wikipedia_title: William Barton Rogers


text:
regent
Asuka period
Japan
Empress Suiko
Emperor Yōmei
Soga clan
Mononobe clan
Nihon Shoki
Buddhism
Saichō
Shinran
Empress Suiko
Twelve Level Cap and Rank System
Seventeen-article constitution
Sangyō Gisho
Lotus Sutra
Vimalakirti Sutra
Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra
Hokke Gisho
Bodhidharma
Ōji, Nara
Shitennō-ji
Settsu Province
Osaka
Hōryū-ji
Yamato Province
Kansai region
Shinto
Emperor Yang of Sui
Wa
Ono no Imoko
land of the rising sun
Kawachi Province
Osaka Prefecture
Shotoku Gakuen University
its associated junior college
Gifu
Go-on
Kan-on
Seitoku University
its associated junior college
Matsudo, Chiba
Seitoku Junior College of Nutrition
Seiei College
horse archer
Kojiki
Nihon Shoki
Kaifūsō
Asuka-dera
Jōgū Shōtoku Hōō Teisetsu
Kokki
Sangyō Gisho
Tennōki
Historical Sites of Prince Shōtoku
Varley, H. Paul.
OCLC 59145842

categories: People of Asuka-period Japan,Regents of Japan,Shinran,Sesshō and Kampaku,622 deaths,Japanese princes,574 births

paragraph: Prince Shōtoku

paragraph: , also known as or , was a semi-legendary regent and a politician of the Asuka period in Japan who served under Empress Suiko. He was the son of Emperor Yōmei and his consort, Princess Anahobe no Hashihito, who was also Yōmei's younger half-sister and his much older sister. His parents were relatives of the ruling Soga clan and also he was involved in the defeat of the rival Mononobe clan. The primary source of the life and accomplishments of Prince Shōtoku comes from the "Nihon Shoki".

paragraph: Over successive generations, a devotional cult arose around the figure of Prince Shōtoku for the protection of Japan, the Imperial Family, and for Buddhism. Key religious figures such as Saichō, Shinran and others claimed inspiration or visions attributed to Prince Shōtoku.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural and political role.

paragraph: According to tradition, Shōtoku was appointed regent ("Sesshō") in 593 by Empress Suiko (554–628), his aunt. Shōtoku, inspired by the Buddha's teachings, succeeded in establishing a centralized government during his reign. In 603, he established the Twelve Level Cap and Rank System at the court. He is credited with promulgating a Seventeen-article constitution.

paragraph: The Prince was an ardent Buddhist and is traditionally attributed the authorship of the "Sangyō Gisho" or "Annotated Commentaries on the Three Sutras" (the "Lotus Sutra", the "Vimalakirti Sutra", and the "Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra"). The first of these commentaries, "Hokke Gisho", is traditionally dated to 615 and thus regarded as "the first Japanese text", in turn making Shōtoku the first Japanese writer.

paragraph: A legend claims that when Bodhidharma came to Japan, he met with Prince Shōtoku whilst under the guise of a starving beggar. The Prince asked the beggar to identify himself, but the man did not reply. Instead of going ahead, Shōtoku gave him food, drink, and covered him with his purple garment, telling him to "lie in peace". The Prince then sang for the starving man.

paragraph: "Alas! For"

paragraph: "The wayfarer lying"

paragraph: "And hungered for rice"

paragraph: "On the hill of Kataoka"

paragraph: "Art thou become"

paragraph: "Parentless?"

paragraph: "Hast thou no lord"

paragraph: "Flourishing as a bamboo?"

paragraph: "Alas! For"

paragraph: "The wayfarer lying"

paragraph: "And hungered for rice!"

paragraph: The second day, the Prince sent a messenger to the starving man, but he was already dead. Hereupon, Shōtoku was greatly grieved and ordered his burial. Shōtoku later thought the man was no ordinary man for sure, and sending another messenger, discovered the earth had not been disturbed. On opening the tomb there was no body inside, and the Prince's purple garment lay folded on the coffin. The Prince then sent another messenger to claim the garment, and he continued to wear it just as before. Struck by awe, the people praised the Prince: "How true it is that a sage knoweth a sage." This legend is linked with the temple of Daruma-dera in Ōji, Nara, where a stone stupa was found underground, which is exceedingly rare.

paragraph: Prince Shōtoku commissioned the Shitennō-ji (temple) in Settsu Province (present-day Osaka) after his military victory against the powerful Mononobe clan, for he is said to have summoned them to crush his enemies. Shōtoku's name has been linked with Hōryū-ji, a temple in Yamato Province, and numerous other temples in the Kansai region. Documentation at Hōryū-ji claims that Suiko and Shōtoku founded the temple in the year 607. Archaeological excavations in 1939 have confirmed that Prince Shōtoku's palace, the "Ikaruga no miya" (斑鳩宮), stood in the eastern part of the current temple complex, where the "Tō-in" (東院) sits today.

paragraph: Despite being credited as the founder of Japanese Buddhism, it is also said that the Prince respected Shinto and never visited Buddhist temples without visiting Shinto shrines.

paragraph: In his correspondence with Emperor Yang of Sui, the Prince's letter contains the earliest known written instance in which the Japanese archipelago is referred to by a term meaning "land of the rising sun." The Sui Emperor had dispatched a message in 605 that said, "the sovereign of Sui respectfully inquires about the sovereign of Wa," and Shōtoku responded by sponsoring a mission led by Ono no Imoko in 607, who brought along a note reading: "From the sovereign of the land of the rising sun ("hi izuru tokoro") to the sovereign of the land of the setting sun."

paragraph: He is said to have been buried at Shinaga in Kawachi Province (modern Osaka Prefecture).

paragraph: Section::::In currency.

paragraph: His face has appeared on 100, 1,000, 5,000 and 10,000 yen bills. Two tickets made with different types of materials and special inks with a face value of 100,000,000 (One hundred million yen) were also issued. The characteristic of these bills is that they have a border around it to prevent its alteration. As characteristics, it has a seal and figures in different positions starting from the middle outwards. The measurements of these 2 issues of bills are 35.3 cm x 16 cm and the other with a small variation of 34.3 by 16.5 cm. These cloth tickets were used for the exchange of important values at that time.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: A number of institutes are named after him, such as Shotoku Gakuen University and its associated junior college (both in Gifu). The first syllable of his name (聖), can be read "shō" in Go-on and can also be read "sei" in Kan-on. The later reading is found in Seitoku University and its associated junior college (both in Matsudo, Chiba) as well as Tokyo's defunct Seitoku Junior College of Nutrition (and indirectly its replacement Seiei College).

paragraph: He features as a playable character, represented by a horse archer, in "".

paragraph: Section::::Titles and name.

paragraph: Shōtoku is known by several titles, although his real name is since he was born in front of a stable. He is also known as or . In the "Kojiki", his name appears as . In the "Nihon Shoki", in addition to "Umayado no ōji", he is referred to as "Toyomimito Shōtoku" (豊耳聡聖徳), "Toyotomimi no Nori no Ōkami" (豊聡耳法大王), and simply "Nori no Ushi no Ōkami" (法主王).

paragraph: The name by which he is best known today, "Prince Shōtoku", first appeared in "Kaifūsō", written more than 100 years after his death in 622 AD.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asuka-dera

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jōgū Shōtoku Hōō Teisetsu, biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kokki

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sangyō Gisho

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tennōki

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical Sites of Prince Shōtoku

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Como, Michael A. (2008). "Shotoku: Ethnicity, Ritual and Violence in the Japanese Buddhist Tradition". New York: Oxford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Varley, H. Paul. (1973). "Japanese Culture: A Short History." New York: Praeger Publishers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Varley, Paul. (1980). "Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns." New York: Columbia University Press. ; OCLC 59145842

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pradel, Chari (2008). Shoko Mandara and the Cult of Prince Shotoku in the Kamakura Period, Artibus Asiae 68 (2), 215-246

alias: Kamitsumiya no Umayado no Toyotomimi no Mikoto

description: Japanese prince

wikidata_label: Prince Shōtoku

wikipedia_title: Prince Shōtoku


text: courtesy name

text: Eastern Wu

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Sun Quan

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Lü Meng

text: an invasion

text: Jing Province

text: Liu Bei

text: Guan Yu

text: Battle of Xiaoting

text: Wei

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text: Confucian

text: Wu County

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text: Lu Kang

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text: Han emperor

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text: Sun Quan

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text: Lipu County

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text: Emperor Xian

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text: Three Kingdoms

text: Liu Bei

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text: vassal

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text: li

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text: attack the Wei fortress of Xincheng at Hefei

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text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

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text: Sun Ba, the Prince of Lu

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text: posthumous title

text: Sun Liang

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text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Liu Bei

text: Sun Ce

text: Lu Kang

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text: Lu Jing

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text: Lu Yun

text: Lu Mao

text: Lu Ji

text: Lu Kang

text: 24 Filial Exemplars

text: Lu Kai

text: Imperial Chancellor

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Luo Guanzhong

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Battle of Xiaoting

text: Koei

text: Dynasty Warriors

text: Warriors Orochi

text: Samurai Warriors

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Portal Three Kingdoms

text: Shao Feng

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Fan, Ye

text: Book of the Later Han

text: Luo, Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

text: Sima, Qian

text: Records of the Grand Historian

categories: 183 births,Chinese chancellors,Politicians from Suzhou,3rd-century heads of government,Sun Ce and associates,Han dynasty generals from Jiangsu,Eastern Wu generals,Generals under Sun Quan,Political office-holders in Hubei,245 deaths,Eastern Wu politicians,Officials under Sun Quan

paragraph: Lu Xun (Three Kingdoms)

paragraph: Lu Xun (183 – March or April 245), courtesy name Boyan, also sometimes referred to as Lu Yi, was a military general and statesman of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He started his career as an official under the warlord Sun Quan in the 200s during the late Eastern Han dynasty and steadily rising through the ranks. In 219, he assisted Sun Quan's general Lü Meng in an invasion of Jing Province, which led to the defeat and death of Liu Bei's general Guan Yu. In 222, he served as the field commander of the Wu army in the Battle of Xiaoting against Liu Bei's forces and scored a decisive victory over the enemy. Lu Xun reached the pinnacle of his career after this battle as Sun Quan regarded him more highly, promoted him to higher positions and bestowed upon him unprecedented honours. Throughout the middle and the later parts of his career, Lu Xun oversaw and managed both civil and military affairs in Wu while participating in some battles against Wu's rival state, Wei, from time to time. In his final years, Lu Xun was drawn into a succession struggle between Sun Quan's sons and fell out of Sun Quan's favour as a consequence. He managed to retain his appointment as Imperial Chancellor – an office he assumed in 244 – but died a year later in frustration. Lu Xun's role in the Wu government was likened to that of a "custos morum" as he believed firmly in and upheld Confucian principles and practices. On the one hand, he provided constant and timely advice to Sun Quan to exercise benevolence and consider the welfare of the people. On the other hand, he vehemently objected to Sun Quan's idea of replacing his legitimate heir apparent in favour of a younger son.

paragraph: Section::::Family background.

paragraph: Lu Xun's original given name was "Yi" (議), hence he was sometimes referred to as "Lu Yi" in older historical records. He was born in a family of high social status in Wu County, Wu Commandery, which is present-day Suzhou, Jiangsu. His grandfather Lu Yu (陸紆) and father Lu Jun (陸駿) served as officials in the government of the Eastern Han dynasty. The Lu clan, which he was from, was one of the four most influential clans in Wu Commandery and also in the Jiangdong region at the time.

paragraph: As he was orphaned at a young age, Lu Xun was raised by his granduncle, Lu Kang, who served as the Administrator (太守) of Lujiang Commandery (廬江郡) under the Han government. Lu Kang was originally on friendly terms with the warlord Yuan Shu, but relations between them soured after Lu Kang broke ties with Yuan Shu when the latter declared himself emperor – an act deemed treasonous against the Han emperor. When Lu Kang heard that Yuan Shu was planning to attack Lujiang Commandery, he immediately sent Lu Xun and his relatives back to Wu Commandery for their safety. After Lu Kang died from illness during the siege of Lujiang, Lu Xun became the new head of the Lu family because he was older than Lu Ji (Lu Kang's son) in terms of age, even though Lu Ji was one generation older than him.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.:As a county-level official.

paragraph: In the early 200s, when Lu Xun was 20 years old, he came to serve the warlord Sun Quan, who was nominally a subject of the Han emperor, but had full autonomy in governing the territories in Jiangdong he inherited from his elder brother, Sun Ce. Lu Xun started his career as a minor officer in Sun Quan's office. He later became a Foreman Clerk in the East and West Bureaus (東西曹令史) and the Tuntian Commandant of Haichang (海昌屯田都尉; jurisdiction in present-day Haining, Zhejiang), before he was appointed as a county-level official. When the county was plagued by consecutive years of drought, Lu Xun opened up the granaries and distributed food supplies to the people, and promoted agriculture. The people benefited from his policies. At the time, there were many households in Wu, Kuaiji, and Danyang (丹楊) commanderies who were hiding from the government because they wanted to evade taxes and conscription. Lu Xun had them tracked down, registered and resettled. Some able-bodied young men were drafted for military service while others were recruited for agricultural labour.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.:Eliminating bandit forces.

paragraph: Early in his career, Lu Xun joined Sun Quan's forces in eliminating bandits in the Jiangdong territories who had been terrorising the region for years and posed serious threats to Sun Quan's administration. He organised a militia to attack the bandits led by Pan Lin (潘臨) in Kuaiji Commandery, passing through treacherous territory and pacifying those who stood in his way. The number of troops under his command increased to over 2,000. When another bandit chief, You Tu (尤突), caused trouble in Poyang County, Lu Xun led an army to attack the bandits and achieved success. He was commissioned as Colonel Who Establishes Might (定威校尉) and ordered to garrison at Lipu County.

paragraph: Lu Xun once advised Sun Quan to eliminate local bandit forces in Jiangdong first because they would hinder him in his aims to achieve supremacy over China. Sun Quan heeded Lu Xun's words and appointed him as a Commandant of the Right Section (右部督) under him. Fei Zhan (費棧), a bandit chief in Danyang Commandery, had received an official appointment from Cao Cao, a leading warlord who was also the "de facto" head of the Han government. Cao Cao had secretly instructed Fei Zhan to instigate the Shanyue tribes in Jiangdong to cause trouble for Sun Quan. In response, Sun Quan sent Lu Xun to attack Fei Zhan. Lu Xun had a much smaller army as compared to Fei Zhan, but he deceived the enemy into thinking that he had more troops. He prepared more flags and banners, spread out his war drums, ordered his men to sneak into the valleys at night and beat the drums loudly, so as to create an illusion of an overwhelming army. He emerged victorious over Fei Zhan.

paragraph: Lu Xun sent his troops into the three commanderies in eastern Jiangdong, where he drafted many able-bodied young men for military service while the less physically fit ones were recruited for agricultural labour. He drafted tens of thousands of soldiers in total. He also cleared the region of opposing forces before returning to a garrison at Wuhu.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.:Conflict with Chunyu Shi.

paragraph: Chunyu Shi (淳于式), the Administrator of Kuaiji Commandery, once accused Lu Xun of oppressing and disturbing the common people. When Lu Xun travelled to Wu Commandery to meet Sun Quan and explain himself, he praised Chunyu Shi for being an excellent civil official. Sun Quan was puzzled so he asked Lu Xun, "Chunyu Shi made accusations against you, yet you praise him. Why?" Lu Xun replied, "Chunyu Shi was concerned about the people's welfare when he made accusations against me. If I rebuked him, I'll be violating my principles. This is something I won't do." Sun Quan said, "This is something a person with good morals will do and something which ordinary people aren't capable of doing."

paragraph: Section::::Invasion of Jing Province.

paragraph: Section::::Invasion of Jing Province.:Planning for the invasion.

paragraph: Around 215, about six years after the Battle of Red Cliffs, Sun Quan had territorial disputes with his ally, Liu Bei, over southern Jing Province. Tensions between them nearly escalated to the point of armed conflict. However, after tense negotiations between Lu Su (Sun Quan's representative) and Guan Yu (Liu Bei's representative), both sides eventually agreed to divide southern Jing Province between their respective domains along the Xiang River. Guan Yu guarded Liu Bei's territories in southern Jing Province while Lü Meng was in charge of Sun Quan's.

paragraph: In 219, Lü Meng came up with a plan to help Sun Quan seize control of Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province. He pretended to be sick and asked for permission to return to Jianye to seek medical treatment. Sun Quan played along by pretending to approve his request. Lu Xun went to visit Lü Meng and said, "Guan Yu is near the border. How can we remain far behind the border and not worry about having to guard against him?" Lü Meng replied, "What you've said is true, but I'm seriously ill now." Lu Xun then said, "Guan Yu is proud of his own valour and he scorns others. He may have made great achievements, but he's overly conceited. Besides, he's heading north and he has never seen us a threat. When he knows you're sick, he'll definitely lower his defences. If we attack him when he lowers his guard, we can capture him. I came here to discuss with you a plan to attack him." Lü Meng replied, "Guan Yu is known for his bravery and ferocity in battle, and he's a formidable foe. Besides, he's in control of Jing Province. He governs with virtue and has made great accomplishments, while the morale of his army is at its peak. It won't be easy to defeat him."

paragraph: Section::::Invasion of Jing Province.:Succeeding Lü Meng.

paragraph: When Lü Meng arrived in Jianye, Sun Quan asked him, "Who can replace you?" Lü Meng responded, "Lu Xun is careful and thoughtful. He has the ability to shoulder this important responsibility. Based on my observations of him, I believe he's capable of taking up greater responsibilities in the future. Besides, he's relatively unknown, so Guan Yu won't be wary of him. This can't be better. If he's appointed, our enemies will be unaware of our intentions, while we can assess our strengths better and seek an opportunity to launch the attack." Sun Quan followed Lü Meng's suggestion and commissioned Lu Xun as a Lieutenant-General (偏將軍) and Inspector of the Right Section (右部督) to replace Lü Meng in Jing Province.

paragraph: When Lu Xun arrived at Lukou (陸口; at Lushui Lake near present-day Chibi, Hubei) to assume his new office, he wrote to Guan Yu to flatter him:

paragraph: Later, after Guan Yu defeated Yu Jin at the Battle of Fancheng, Lu Xun wrote a letter to Guan again to flatter him and put him off guard:

paragraph: Section::::Invasion of Jing Province.:Invasion and pacification of Jing Province.

paragraph: Upon receiving the letters, Guan Yu saw that Lu Xun showed humility and expressed his desire to rely on him, so he felt at ease and lowered his guard. When Lu Xun heard about it, he wrote a report to Sun Quan and provided crucial details on how to defeat Guan Yu. Sun Quan secretly sent an army to invade Jing Province, with Lü Meng and Lu Xun leading the vanguard force. Lü Meng employed infiltration tactics to disable the watchtowers set up by Guan Yu along the Yangtze River, rendering them unable to warn Guan Yu about Sun Quan's advances, and then swiftly conquered Guan Yu's key bases in Jing Province – Gong'an County and Nan Commandery (南郡; around present-day Jiangling County, Hubei). For his contributions to the successful conquest of Jing Province, Lu Xun was appointed as the Administrator (太守) of Yidu Commandery (宜都郡; around present-day Yidu, Hubei), promoted to General Who Pacifies the Border (撫邊將軍), and enfeoffed as the Marquis of Hua Village (華亭侯). Fan You (樊友), the previous Administrator of Yidu Commandery under Guan Yu, abandoned his post and fled, while the officials and tribal chiefs in the commandery surrendered to Lu Xun. Lu Xun ordered official seals to be carved from gold, silver or bronze, and presented to these officials and tribal chiefs. This took place in around January 220.

paragraph: Even after Sun Quan's forces successfully conquered southern Jing Province, there were still some areas which were still controlled by Liu Bei's forces or other hostile forces, so Lu Xun had to pacify those regions. He sent his subordinates Li Yi (李異), Xie Jing (謝旌) and others to lead 3,000 troops to attack Liu Bei's officers Zhan Yan (詹晏) and Chen Feng (陳鳳). Li Yi led the naval forces while Xie Jing commanded the land army. They sealed the critical routes and defeated Zhan Yan and captured Chen Feng. They then attacked Deng Fu (鄧輔) and Guo Mu (郭睦), the Administrators of Fangling Commandery (房陵郡) and Nanxiang County (南鄉縣) respectively, and defeated the enemy. Wen Bu (文布) and Deng Kai (鄧凱), two influential men in Zigui County, rallied thousands of local tribesmen to form an army to attack Lu Xun in the west. In response, Lu Xun sent Xie Jing to attack them. Wen Bu and Deng Kai were defeated and they fled west to the state of Shu Han (founded by Liu Bei in 221). Lu Xun successfully induced Wen Bu into defecting to Sun Quan's side.

paragraph: Section::::Invasion of Jing Province.:Aftermath.

paragraph: Throughout these campaigns in Jing Province, Lu Xun had killed, captured or recruited tens of thousands of enemies. In recognition of Lu Xun's efforts, Sun Quan promoted him to Right Protector-General (右護軍), General Who Guards the West (鎮西將軍), and promoted him from a village marquis to a county marquis under the title "Marquis of Lou" (婁侯). Sun Quan was very pleased with Lu Xun and wanted to specially honour him. However, even though Lu Xun already held the rank of a general and a marquis title, he still had to go through the standard protocol of receiving a recommendation from the chief administrating officer in his home province. Hence, Sun Quan ordered Lü Fan, the Governor of Yang Province, to "backdate" Lu Xun's service record by stating that he had previously employed Lu Xun as an aide-de-camp (別駕從事) and recommended him as a "maocai" (茂才).

paragraph: At the time, there were many educated men in Jing Province who had either obtained positions in the civil service or were unemployed, so Lu Xun wrote a proposal to Sun Quan: Sun Quan accepted Lu Xun's proposal.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Xiaoting.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Xiaoting.:Historical background.

paragraph: In late 220, Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian to abdicate the throne in his favour and ended the Han dynasty. He declared himself emperor and established the state of Cao Wei to replace the Han dynasty, marking the start of the Three Kingdoms period. Two years later, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor and established the state of Shu Han as a successor to the Han dynasty and to challenge Cao Pi's legitimacy. Sun Quan agreed to submit to Cao Pi's rule and received the title of a vassal king, King of Wu" (吳王). However, in late 222, he declared independence from the Cao Wei regime but retained his title "King of Wu".

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Xiaoting.:Early stages.

paragraph: In early 222, Liu Bei personally led the Shu army to attack Sun Quan and retake his lost territories in southern Jing Province. Sun Quan appointed Lu Xun as Grand Chief Controller (大都督) and put him in command of 50,000 troops to resist the enemy, with Zhu Ran, Pan Zhang, Song Qian, Han Dang, Xu Sheng, Xianyu Dan (鮮于丹), Sun Huan and others serving as his subordinates. The Shu army passed through Wu Gorge (巫峽), Jianping (建平) and Lianping (連平) until they arrived on the outskirts of Yiling (夷陵; present-day Yichang, Hubei), where they laid siege and built several camps. Liu Bei bribed the local tribes in Yiling with gold and silk to support him. He appointed Feng Xi as his Chief Controller, Zhang Nan (張南) as the vanguard, and Fu Kuang (輔匡), Zhao Rong (趙融), Liao Chun (廖淳) and Fu Rong as the controllers of the various divisions. He also sent Wu Ban to lead a few thousand men to construct camps on flat ground and provoke the Wu forces into attacking them.

paragraph: When the Wu generals wanted to respond to the enemy's taunts, Lu Xun said, "This must be a trick. We should observe first." Earlier on, when the Shu army first arrived at Yiling, the Wu generals wanted to attack the enemy, but Lu Xun objected and said, "Liu Bei is leading an army east to attack us and his army's morale is very high. Besides, his forces are based in high and mountainous terrain, so it's difficult for us to attack them. Even if we manage to win, we cannot completely defeat them. If we suffer any setback, our morale will be greatly affected and this isn't a small issue. Now, we should raise our troops' morale and make plans while waiting for changes in the situation. If we're on plains and flat ground, we should be worrying about sustaining heavy losses in skirmishes and charges. However, since the enemy is on mountainous terrain, they can't carry out an all-out assault because they're sandwiched between wood and rocks. We should take advantage of this weakness of theirs." The Wu generals did not understand Lu Xun's reasoning and thought that he feared the enemy so they were very disgruntled with him.

paragraph: When Liu Bei realised that his plan to lure Wu forces into attacking him had failed, he led the 8,000 troops out of the valley, where they had been waiting in ambush earlier. When Lu Xun heard about it, he told his subordinates, "The reason why I didn't follow your suggestions to attack the enemy is because I suspected there was something fishy about it." He then wrote a report to Sun Quan:

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Xiaoting.:Burning of the Shu camps.

paragraph: The Wu generals said, "We should have attacked Liu Bei in the initial stages. Now, he has advanced further in by 500-600 "li" and we have been locked in a stalemate for seven to eight months. He has reinforced all his crucial positions, so even if we attack them it will yield nothing." Lu Xun replied, "Liu Bei is cunning and experienced. In the initial stage, his army was very focused and its morale was very high, so we couldn't defeat them then. Now, however, since it has been quite some time, they are already weary, low on morale, and out of ideas. Now is the time for us to launch a multi-pronged assault on them."

paragraph: Lu Xun then targeted one enemy camp and attacked it but failed to capture it. The Wu officers complained, "We're sacrificing our soldiers' lives for nothing." Lu Xun replied, "I have devised a strategy for defeating the enemy." He then ordered his men to carry a pile of straw each and launch a fire attack on the enemy. Upon the commencement of the fire attack, Lu Xun led all the Wu units on an all-out assault on the Shu forces. The Shu generals Zhang Nan and Feng Xi, and the tribal king Shamoke (Liu Bei's ally) were killed in battle, while the Wu forces destroyed over 40 Shu camps.

paragraph: The Shu officers Du Lu (杜路), Liu Ning (劉寧) and others surrendered when they saw they had no chance of escaping. Liu Bei and his remaining troops retreated to the Ma'an Hills (馬鞍山), where they continued to be fiercely assaulted by Wu forces from all directions. At the same time, landslides occurred at the Ma'an Hills and caused the Shu forces to suffer thousands of casualties. Liu Bei fled at night and ordered his men to pile up their armour and set them on fire to create barriers for the pursuing enemy. By the time Liu Bei reached the safety of Baidicheng, all his boats, military equipment and supplies had been captured by Wu forces. The dead bodies of Shu soldiers floated in the river and obstructed its flow. Liu Bei was extremely upset and furious with his defeat. He exclaimed, "Is it not the will of Heaven that I must be humiliated by Lu Xun?"

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Xiaoting.:Incidents during the battle.

paragraph: During the preliminary stages of the Battle of Xiaoting, Sun Huan had led a separate force to attack the Shu vanguard force at Yidao (夷道) but ended up being besieged by the enemy. He requested for reinforcements from Lu Xun but was denied. The other Wu officers said, "General Sun is a relative of our lord. He's under siege, so shouldn't we help him?" Lu Xun replied, "He has the support of his men, his base is well defended, and he has sufficient supplies. There's nothing to worry about. When my plans are set in motion, even if we don't go to his aid, the siege on him will automatically be lifted." After the Wu victory, Sun Huan came to see Lu Xun and said, "Earlier on, I was indeed very resentful when you refused to help me. But now, after the victory, I see you have your own way of doing things."

paragraph: Many of the Wu officers who participated in the battle had either served in Wu since Sun Ce's time or were relatives of the Sun family, so they viewed themselves highly and were unwilling to follow Lu Xun's orders. Lu Xun placed his sword on the desk and said, The Wu officers began to show greater respect towards Lu Xun after the Wu victory, which was largely due to his strategies.

paragraph: When Sun Quan heard about this incident, he asked Lu Xun, "Why didn't you report to me about the generals refusing to follow your orders?" Lu Xun replied, Sun Quan laughed and praised Lu Xun. Lu Xun was promoted to General Who Assists the State (輔國將軍), appointed as Governor (牧) of Jing Province, and had his marquis title changed to "Marquis of Jiangling" (江陵侯).

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Xiaoting.:Aftermath.

paragraph: After Liu Bei had retreated to Baidicheng, Xu Sheng, Pan Zhang, Song Qian and other Wu generals suggested to attack Baidicheng and capture Liu Bei. When Sun Quan asked Lu Xun for his opinion, Lu, along with Zhu Ran and Luo Tong, said that when Cao Pi amassed his forces and seemed like he was going to help Wu attack Shu, he was actually harbouring sinister intentions, so they should be cautious, abandon their pursuit of Liu Bei, and return to Wu. Not long later, Cao Pi led the Wei armies to invade Wu from three directions.

paragraph: When Liu Bei heard of the Wei invasion of Wu, he wrote to Lu Xun: "The enemy (Wei) is at Jiangling now. If I launch another attack again, in your opinion, do you think I will succeed?" Lu Xun replied:

paragraph: Liu Bei died in 223 and was succeeded by his son, Liu Shan, as the emperor of Shu. Zhuge Liang became Shu's head of government and he made peace with Wu and reestablished the Wu–Shu alliance against Wei. Sun Quan granted permission to Lu Xun to reply to Zhuge Liang on his behalf, and had a duplicate of his own official seal made and sent to Lu's office. Whenever Sun Quan wrote to Liu Shan and Zhuge Liang, he would allow Lu Xun to read the letters, make the appropriate modifications, stamp his official seal on them and have them delivered to Shu.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Shiting.

paragraph: In 228, Sun Quan instructed Zhou Fang, the Administrator (太守) of Poyang Commandery (鄱陽郡), to pretend to defect to Cao Xiu, the Grand Marshal (大司馬) of Wei, and lure Wei forces to attack Wu. Cao Xiu fell for the ruse and led his armies to attack the Wu garrison at Wan County (皖縣; present-day Qianshan County, Anhui). Sun Quan granted Lu Xun a yellow ceremonial axe, appointed him as Grand Chief Controller (大都督) again, and put him in command of six Wu armies and the imperial guards to resist the Wei invaders. Lu Xun thus had the authority to act on Sun Quan's behalf. Sun Quan even waved a ceremonial whip and ordered all his subjects to pay their respects to Lu Xun.

paragraph: When Cao Xiu realised he had been deceived by Zhou Fang, he felt humiliated but decided to continue the campaign anyway because he had superiority in numbers and his troops were well-trained. During the Battle of Shiting, Lu Xun remained in the central command, with Zhu Huan and Quan Cong leading the armies on his left and right flanks respectively. Their three armies advanced together and defeated Cao Xiu's forces lying in ambush and drove them further northward until Jiashi (夾石). They killed and captured thousands of enemies and obtained much of the enemy's livestock, equipment and supplies. Cao Xiu died of illness after returning to Wei. Lu Xun and the victorious Wu forces returned to Wuchang (武昌; present-day Ezhou, Hubei), where Sun Quan held a grand reception for them. Sun Quan instructed his servants to shield Lu Xun with his imperial parasol when he entered or left the palace, and rewarded Lu Xun with many gifts. The honours Lu Xun received were unprecedented in his time. He moved to Xiling County (西陵縣; present-day Xiling District, Yichang, Hubei) after that.

paragraph: Section::::Mid career.

paragraph: In 229, after Sun Quan declared himself emperor and established the state of Eastern Wu in Wuchang (武昌; present-day Ezhou, Hubei), he appointed Lu Xun as Senior General-in-Chief (上大將軍) and Right Protector-General (右都護). That year, Sun Quan embarked on an inspection tour of Jianye in the east, leaving behind his crown prince Sun Deng, his other sons, and some high-ranking officials in charge of Wuchang. Lu Xun was instructed to assist Sun Deng and oversee all civil and military affairs in Jing Province and three other commanderies.

paragraph: Section::::Mid career.:Treatment of Sun Lü and Sun Song, and criticism of Liu Yi.

paragraph: At the time, Sun Quan's second son Sun Lü, the Marquis of Jianchang, enjoyed watching duck fights so he had a small shed built in front of the main hall of his residence to stage duck fights. When Lu Xun heard about it, he reprimanded Sun Lü sternly, "Marquis, you should be spending time reading the classics and enriching yourself with knowledge. Why are you doing this?" Sun Lü immediately had the shed torn down. Sun Song (孫松; Sun Yi's son), the Colonel of Trainee Archers (射聲校尉), who was one of Sun Quan's favourite relatives, allowed his men to fool around in camp and did not maintain good military discipline. Lu Xun punished Sun Song's subordinates by having their heads shaved.

paragraph: Xie Jing (謝景) admired Liu Yi's discourse on punishment before civility. Lu Xun chided Xie Jing, "The idea of civility before punishment has been long promulgated and espoused. Liu Yi is wrong when he distorted the teachings of ancient sages through his sly manipulation of words. You're serving in the Crown Prince's residence, so you should advocate the principles of benevolence and righteousness in order to promote moral virtues. Ideas (like Liu Yi's) should never be discussed again."

paragraph: Section::::Mid career.:Memorial on current affairs.

paragraph: Even though Lu Xun was stationed far away from the Wu capital, he was still very concerned about his state. He once wrote a memorial on current affairs to Sun Quan:

paragraph: Section::::Mid career.:Advising Sun Quan against the Yizhou and Zhuya campaigns.

paragraph: When Sun Quan was planning to send armies to conquer Yizhou (夷州; present-day Taiwan) and Zhuya (朱崖; present-day Hainan), he asked Lu Xun for his opinion. Lu Xun wrote a memorial to Sun Quan, advising him against the campaigns: Sun Quan ignored Lu Xun's advice and launched the campaigns. Lu Xun's predictions were right as the losses incurred by Wu in the conquests outweighed the gains.

paragraph: Section::::Mid career.:Advising Sun Quan against the Liaodong campaign.

paragraph: In 237, the Liaodong warlord Gongsun Yuan rebelled against Wu's rival state Wei and allied with Wu, but broke the alliance later. Sun Quan was angered and he wanted to personally lead an army to attack Liaodong. Lu Xun wrote another memorial to dissuade Sun Quan from the campaign: Sun Quan heeded his advice.

paragraph: Section::::Xiangyang campaign.

paragraph: In 234, when Sun Quan led a 100,000 strong army to attack the Wei fortress of Xincheng at Hefei, he ordered Lu Xun and Zhuge Jin to lead another 10,000 troops to attack the Wei city of Xiangyang. Lu Xun sent a close aide, Han Bian (韓扁), to deliver a report to Sun Quan. On the journey back, Han Bian was captured by a Wei patrol. When Zhuge Jin received news of Han Bian's capture, he became fearful so he wrote to Lu Xun: "His Majesty has withdrawn his forces. The enemy has captured Han Bian and they know our situation. The rivers have dried up so we should make a hasty retreat." Lu Xun did not respond, and he instructed his men to plant turnips and peas, while he played weiqi and other games with his officers as though nothing had happened. Zhuge Jin said, "Boyan possesses intelligence and strategy, he knows what he's doing." He came to see Lu Xun, who told him, "The enemy knows that His Majesty has withdrawn his forces, so they have no worries and will concentrate their attacks on us. Besides, they have already stationed troops at critical positions and are poised to strike. Hence, we should remain composed and calm our men, after which we will have a change of plans and prepare to withdraw. If we display signs of retreat now, the enemy will think that we are afraid and will definitely attack us, resulting in defeat for us."

paragraph: Lu Xun then secretly conveyed his plan to Zhuge Jin and ordered him to supervise the fleet of vessels on which they would sail back to Wu, while he gathered his troops and headed towards Xiangyang. The Wei forces had been wary of Lu Xun all this while so they immediately retreated back into the city when they saw Lu Xun's army approaching. Lu Xun organised his men in an orderly manner and instructed them to pretend to prepare for an attack on Xiangyang. By then, Zhuge Jin and the fleet had shown up, so Lu Xun and his forces progressively retreated to the vessels and left. The Wei forces in Xiangyang did not dare to make any move.

paragraph: Section::::Xiangyang campaign.:Raid in Shiyang.

paragraph: On their journey back to Wu, the fleet passed by Baiwei (白圍), where Lu Xun announced that they would be getting off their vessels to go ashore for a hunting expedition. However, he actually gave secret orders to his subordinates Zhou Jun (周峻) and Zhang Liang (張梁) to lead their men to attack Xinshi (新市), Anlu (安陸) and Shiyang (石陽) counties in Jiangxia Commandery (江夏郡). Outside Shiyang County, the common people were going about their daily activities in the marketplace when Zhou Jun and his men showed up. The people immediately packed up everything and attempted to rush to safety behind the city walls. The Wei soldiers in Shiyang wanted to close the city gates but the civilians were blocking the way, so they killed some people and forced the gates to be shut. Zhou Jun and his men killed and captured over 1,000 civilians in Shiyang. The captives were resettled in Wu. Lu Xun gave orders to his men, forbidding them from harassing the people. Those captives who had their families with them were given due attention and care while those who lost their loved ones during the raid were provided with food and clothing and treated well before they were sent home. Many people were so touched by Lu Xun's acts of kindness that they decided to move to Wu territory. When news of Lu Xun's kindness spread to the neighbouring regions, two Wei officers, Zhao Zhuo (趙濯) and Fei Sheng (斐生), and a tribal king, Meiyi (梅頤), led their followers to join Lu Xun. Lu Xun generously distributed rewards to them.

paragraph: Section::::Xiangyang campaign.:Criticism.

paragraph: The historian Pei Songzhi, who annotated Lu Xun's biography in the "Records of the Three Kingdoms", condemned the raid on Shiyang County and said it was totally uncalled for. He commented:

paragraph: In response to Lu Xun's "acts of kindness" after the raid, Pei Songzhi remarked:

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.:Eliminating Lu Shi.

paragraph: Lu Shi (逯式), the Administrator (太守) of the Wei-controlled Jiangxia Commandery (江夏郡), often led his men to cause trouble at the border between Wu and Wei. When Lu Xun heard that Lu Shi could not get along with Wen Xiu (文休), a son of the veteran Wei general Wen Ping, he came up with a plan to stop Lu Shi. He pretended to have received a letter from Lu Shi and wrote a "reply" as such: "I can sense your sincerity and sorrow when you told me you have disagreements with Wen Xiu. You said both of you cannot exist together and you intend to defect to my side. I have delivered your letter to my lord and will gather my men to welcome you. You should make preparations soon and inform us of the date of your defection." He then left the "reply" letter at the border, where it was picked up by Lu Shi's men. When Lu Shi heard about it, he became afraid and immediately sent his family to the Wei capital Luoyang. His subordinates became distrustful of him and eventually he was dismissed from office.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.:Eliminating Lu Shi.:Criticism.

paragraph: Commenting on this incident, the historian Pei Songzhi wrote:

paragraph: Section::::Later career.:Suppressing rebellions in Wu.

paragraph: In 237, Zhou Zhi (周祗), a General of the Household (中郎將), wanted to recruit soldiers from Poyang Commandery (鄱陽郡) so he sought Lu Xun's opinion. Lu Xun believed that the people in Poyang were very restless and should not be recruited for military service because they might rebel. Zhou Zhi ignored Lu Xun's advice and persisted. As Lu Xun predicted, the people in Poyang started a rebellion under the leadership of Wu Ju (吳遽) and they killed Zhou Zhi and seized control of many counties. The people in the nearby Yuzhang (豫章) and Luling (廬陵) commanderies had a history of being rebellious, so they responded to Wu Ju's call and joined the revolt. Lu Xun led his forces to suppress the rebellion and succeeded in forcing Wu Ju and the rebels to surrender. He recruited over 8,000 men into his army and pacified the three commanderies.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.:Incident of Lü Yi.

paragraph: At the time, Lü Yi, the supervisor of the audit bureau, was abusing his powers. Lu Xun and the Minister of Ceremonies (太常), Pan Jun, expressed their worries about Lü Yi's behaviour to Sun Quan, to the point of shedding tears. After Lü Yi's crimes were exposed later, Sun Quan had him executed and deeply regretted not listening to Lu Xun and Pan Jun.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.:Advice to Sun Quan on governance.

paragraph: Xie Yuan (謝淵) and Xie Gong (謝厷), proposed implementing changes to policies to increase government revenue, so Sun Quan sought Lu Xun's opinion on this issue. Lu Xun argued,

paragraph: Section::::Chancellorship.

paragraph: Sometime between 27 January and 25 February 244, Lu Xun succeeded Gu Yong as the Imperial Chancellor (丞相) of Wu. Sun Quan's imperial edict read:

paragraph: Section::::Role in the succession struggle.

paragraph: There were vacancies in the appointments available in the estates (or offices) of two of Sun Quan's sons: Sun He, the Crown Prince and Sun Ba, the Prince of Lu. Many officials nominated their relatives to fill up these positions in the hope of building connections with the princes. When Quan Cong told Lu Xun about this, Lu Xun said that many of the nominated candidates were actually not up to standard. He argued that those officials were actually promoting nepotism and pursuing their own interests. He also worried that if those officials' relatives turned out to be incompetent, it could lead to serious problems in the administration. Lu Xun also foresaw that conflict was bound to break out between the two princes because they were equally influential and had their own factions supporting them. He believed that a power struggle between the princes would be detrimental to Eastern Wu's prosperity and stability. Quan Cong's son, Quan Ji (全寄), became a close aide to Sun Ba and helped him in his fight against Sun He. Lu Xun wrote to Quan Cong to warn him: "If you don't learn from Ma Midi and choose to let (Quan) Ji have his way, you'll bring disaster upon yourself and your family." Quan Cong ignored Lu Xun's advice and their relationship became strained.

paragraph: When there were rumours that Sun He could no longer secure his position as Crown Prince, Lu Xun wrote a memorial to Sun Quan: "The Crown Prince is the legitimate heir apparent so he should have a foundation as solid as hard rock. The Prince of Lu is a vassal and a subject of the state, so he should receive less favours than the Crown Prince. If both of them know their places, Your Majesty and all your subjects will have peace. I humbly kowtow and beg Your Majesty, to the point of bleeding (from my forehead), to (re)consider this issue carefully." He wrote several memorials to Sun Quan and even requested to leave Wuchang (武昌; present-day Ezhou, Hubei) and go to the capital to speak up on this problem. Sun Quan denied him permission. Lu Xun's maternal nephews Gu Tan, Gu Cheng (顧承) and Yao Xin (姚信), who supported Sun He during the succession struggle, were sent into exile. Wu Can, the Crown Prince's Tutor (太子太傅), who had been exchanging letters with Lu Xun, was imprisoned and later executed.

paragraph: Section::::Role in the succession struggle.:Death and aftermath.

paragraph: Sun Quan repeatedly sent emissaries to Wuchang (武昌; present-day Ezhou, Hubei) to reprimand Lu Xun for interfering with the succession. Lu Xun died sometime between 16 March and 13 April 245 in anger and frustration at the age of 63 (by East Asian age reckoning). Lu Xun was a thrifty man. When he died, he left behind little or no wealth for his family. Sometime between 258 and 264, Sun Xiu, the third Wu emperor, awarded Lu Xun the posthumous title "Marquis Zhao" (昭侯; literally "illustrious marquis").

paragraph: The succession struggle concluded in 250 – five years after Lu Xun's death – with Sun Quan deposing Sun He and replacing him with Sun Liang, and forcing Sun Ba to commit suicide. Many officials who were involved in the conflict (i.e., supported either Sun He or Sun Ba) met with unhappy ends.

paragraph: In the winter of 251, about half a year before his death, Sun Quan regretted what he did to Lu Xun. When he was sending off Lu Xun's son Lu Kang back to Chaisang (柴桑), with tears in his eyes he told Lu Kang, "Previously, I believed slanderous rumours and failed to understand your father's well-meaning advice. I've let you down. I've burnt all the documents containing the allegations against your father so that nobody can ever see them."

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.

paragraph: When Ji Yan proposed introducing drastic reforms in the Wu administration (which included the dismissal of many officials he deemed incompetent), Lu Xun cautioned Sun Quan against that and accurately predicted that it would lead to problems. Lu Xun once told Zhuge Ke, "I respect those who are superior to me in status; I assist those who are subordinate to me. I see you behave arrogantly in front of those superior to you, and you belittle those subordinate to you. This isn't the way to build a stable career." In another incident, Yang Zhu (楊笁) became famous in his youth, but Lu Xun predicted that he was doomed to failure, so he advised Yang Zhu's elder brother, Yang Mu (楊穆), to break ties with Yang Zhu. Lu Xun's prediction came true as Yang Zhu later got into trouble during the Sun He-Sun Ba succession struggle.

paragraph: The historian Chen Shou, who wrote Lu Xun's biography in the "Records of the Three Kingdoms", commented on Lu Xun as such: "Liu Bei was a hero of his time and many people feared him. Lu Xun, then in his prime years and relatively unknown, managed to defeat Liu Bei. Lu Xun's brilliant strategies, when combined with Sun Quan's recognition of his talent, resulted in the accomplishment of a great task. Lu Xun was loyal, honest and sincere. He died worrying about his state's future, and was perhaps an important pillar of his state."

paragraph: Section::::Family and relatives.

paragraph: Sometime after 216, when Lu Xun was commissioned as Colonel Who Establishes Might (定威校尉). Under Sun Quan's arrangement, Lu Xun married the eldest daughter of Sun Quan's elder brother and predecessor Sun Ce.

paragraph: Lu Xun's eldest son, Lu Yan (陸延), died at a young age. Lu Xun's marquis title was inherited by his second son, Lu Kang (陸抗), who became a prominent general in Eastern Wu during the reign of the last Wu emperor Sun Hao. Lu Kang had six sons: Lu Yan (陸晏), Lu Jing (陸景), Lu Xuan (陸玄), Lu Ji (陸機), Lu Yun (陸雲) and Lu Dan (陸耽).

paragraph: Lu Xun's younger brother, Lu Mao, also served as an official in Eastern Wu.

paragraph: Lu Ji, a son of Lu Xun's granduncle Lu Kang (陸康), was one of the 24 Filial Exemplars and served as an official under Sun Quan.

paragraph: Lu Kai, a relative of Lu Xun, served as the ninth Imperial Chancellor of Eastern Wu.

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: Lu Xun appeared as a character in the historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" by Luo Guanzhong, which romanticises the historical events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. His most significant moment in the novel, apart from his role in the Battle of Xiaoting, is a fictional encounter he had after the battle.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Lu Xun is featured as a playable character in Koei's "Dynasty Warriors" video game series, as well as "Warriors Orochi", a crossover between "Dynasty Warriors" and "Samurai Warriors". He also appears in Koei's strategy game series "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: In the trading card game "", there is a card called "Lu Xun, Scholar General" in the "Portal Three Kingdoms" set.

paragraph: He was played by the actor Shao Feng in the 2010 Chinese television series Three Kingdoms.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Citations from the "Sanguozhi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Citations from annotations in the "Sanguozhi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fan, Ye (5th century). "Book of the Later Han" ("Houhanshu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguo Yanyi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). "Zizhi Tongjian".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Qian (1st century BCE). "Records of the Grand Historian" ("Shi Ji").

wikipedia_title: Lu Xun (Three Kingdoms)


text: Cardinal

text: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ranchi

text: polyglot

text: Oraon

text: Hindi

text: Sadri

text: Chainpur

text: Bihar

text: Jharkhand

text: India

text: Adivasi

text: St. Xavier's College, Ranchi

text: theology

text: Pontifical Urbaniana University

text: priest

text: Dumka

text: Ranchi

text: Jharkhand

text: Cardinal-Priest

text: Pope John Paul II

text: titular church

text: Adivasi

text: elector

text: 2005 papal conclave

text: Joseph Ratzinger

text: Pope Benedict XVI

text: Catholic Bishops' Conference of India

text: Conference of Catholic Bishops of India

text: cardinal electors

text: 2013 papal conclave

text: Pope Francis

text: Mediatrix

text: Co-Redemptrix

text: the Elijah Interfaith Institute

text: Felix Toppo

text: Jamshedpur

text: Biography at catholic-pages.com

categories: Indian cardinals,21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,1939 births,Living people,Indian Roman Catholics

paragraph: Telesphore Toppo

paragraph: Telesphore Placidus Toppo (born 15 October 1939) is an Indian Cardinal and was the Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ranchi from 1984 until his resignation was accepted on 24 June 2018.

paragraph: A polyglot, Toppo speaks Oraon, Hindi, Sadri, English and Italian.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and ordination.

paragraph: Toppo was born in Chainpur, in the state of Bihar and now in Jharkhand, India, on 15 October 1939, the eighth of ten children. He and his family belonged to the indigenous peoples of India, known as tribals or Adivasi, who are among the country's most neglected and the least integrated into modern society.

paragraph: He studied at St. Xavier's College, Ranchi, and theology at the Pontifical Urbaniana University in Rome. He was ordained priest on 3 May 1969 by Bishop Franz von Streng.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop.

paragraph: After a stint at Torpa (Jharkhand), as Headmaster of St Joseph's School and Director of the Lievens Vocational Center, Toppo was named Bishop of Dumka and received his episcopal consecration on 7 October 1978 from Archbishop Pius Kerketta SJ. He was appointed Coadjutor Archbishop of Ranchi, capital of the Jharkhand state, on 8 November 1984. He became Archbishop there on 7 August 1985.

paragraph: Section::::Cardinal.

paragraph: Toppo was made Cardinal-Priest by Pope John Paul II on 21 October 2003, given the titular church of Sacro Cuore di Gesù agonizzante a Vitinia. He was the third cardinal from India, the first Adivasi. He said the title of cardinal was a "mark of distinction for the tribal Church in India and recognition of its growth".

paragraph: He was elector at the 2005 papal conclave that elected Joseph Ratzinger as Pope Benedict XVI.

paragraph: He was elected to serve a two-year term president of Catholic Bishops' Conference of India on two occasions, in 2004 and 2006. He also served as president of the Conference of Catholic Bishops of India, made up of Latin Rite bishops only, from 2001 to 2004 and from 2011 to 2013.

paragraph: At the Synod of Bishops in 2008, he endorsed ecumenical efforts but warned against "dilution of the Truth" and called for agreement on a common date for the celebration of Easter. At the Synod on the New Evangelization in 2012, he called on religious orders to commit themselves anew to missionary work.

paragraph: He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2013 papal conclave that selected Pope Francis.

paragraph: On 11 February 2008, he called for the proclamation of a new marian dogma on Mary, Mediatrix of graces, Co-Redemptrix of humanity, with Jesus as sole and unique mediator.

paragraph: Toppo sits on the Board of World Religious Leaders for the Elijah Interfaith Institute.

paragraph: Pope Francis accepted Toppo's resignation as Archbishop of Ranchi on 24 June 2018, announcing as his successor Felix Toppo, Bishop of Jamshedpur.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at catholic-pages.com

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Telesphore Toppo

wikipedia_title: Telesphore Toppo


text:
racing driver
Concord
Bordeaux–Paris
Rudge
Harvey Du Cros
Dunlop
Ditchling
De Dion-Bouton
Montague Napier
Napier & Son
Panhard
Harvey du Cros
₤
Gladiator
Clément-Panhard
Adolphe Clément-Bayard
Ministry of Munitions
AC Cars
Anzani
auto racing
Automobile Club
Trial
Automobile Club
Edward Kennard
C. S. Rolls
riding mechanic
Paris-Toulouse-Paris
rally
Gordon Bennett Cup
Paris-Bordeaux rally
Adolphe Clément
Arthur McDonald
Genoa
Dorothy Levitt
Gladiator
British society
Brooklands
Dewar Trophy
Spyker
Harmsworth Trophy
Cork Harbour
Napier
Dorothy Levitt
Napier II

categories: People from London,English male cyclists,English racing drivers,Australian emigrants to England,Brooklands people,Cyclists from Sydney,Brighton Speed Trials people,Racing drivers from New South Wales,1940 deaths,1868 births,English businesspeople

paragraph: Selwyn Edge

paragraph: Selwyn Francis Edge (1868–1940) was a British businessman, racing driver, cyclist and record-breaker. He is principally associated with selling and racing De Dion-Bouton, Gladiator; Clemént-Panhard, Napier and AC cars.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Edge was born in Concord township, near Sydney, on 29 March 1868; his parents were Alexander Ernest Edge and Annie Charlotte Sharp. At age three, he was taken to London where in his teens he competed successfully as a bicycle racer, winning the North Road Cycling Club's 100 Mile Road Race in 1888 and the Westerham Hill climb when he was nineteen. One of the English Team and aged 23 he came 3rd in the first Bordeaux–Paris cycle race in 1891. He worked for Rudge then Harvey Du Cros as manager of his new Dunlop offices in London. In 1892 he married Eleanor Rose Sharp who died sometime before 1917; his second wife, Myra Caroline Martin, whom he married in 1917, had two daughters by him.

paragraph: From 1910 until at least 1922 he resided at Gallops Homestead, Ditchling, Sussex, and from 1912–19, courtesy of his contract with Napiers, he devoted himself to farming.

paragraph: He died 12 February 1940 in Eastbourne, Sussex, England.

paragraph: Section::::Business career.

paragraph: In 1899, he went into partnership with pioneering motorist Charles Jarrott and Herbert Duncan to found De Dion-Bouton British and Colonial Ltd as importers of cars. He had become friends with Montague Napier (of Napier & Son), another keen cyclist, and in 1898 asked Napier to carry out some improvements to his Panhard. In 1899, along with Harvey du Cros, Edge formed the Motor Vehicle Company Ltd to sell these improved cars, made by Napiers (Edge paid ₤400, selling at £500), as well as Gladiators and Clément-Panhards, both manufactured in Paris by Adolphe Clément-Bayard.

paragraph: In 1907 "The Sydney Morning Herald" reported: "S. F. Edge (1907), Ltd., has been registered at Somerset House, London, with a capital of £275,000, to carry on the business of motor car, cycle, launch, and flying machine manufacturers." He sold his company, S.F. Edge Ltd, to Napier in 1912, for £120,000. The sale included an agreement not to be involved in motor manufacturing for seven years. During this period he devoted himself to farming at Ditchling, Sussex.

paragraph: In 1917 he was appointed controller of the agricultural machinery department of the Ministry of Munitions.

paragraph: When the embargo on motor manufacturing expired in 1919 he started to build up a shareholding in AC Cars, gaining full control in 1922. About 1923 Edge was also managing director of William Cubitt & Company, who had entered the car market with the Cubitt "marque", but were out of business by 1925. Edge switched the contract for purchasing engines for the AC car from Anzani, where he also sat on the board, to Cubitt, who produced what was essentially a copy of the Anzani design. Edge purchased AC cars outright for £135,000 in 1927. When AC collapsed in 1929, Edge sold his interest in the company and took no further business interest in the motor industry.

paragraph: Section::::Motor racing.

paragraph: Recognizing the value of publicity gained from auto racing, which no other British marque did, Edge entered an 8 hp (6 kW) four-cylinder Napier in the Automobile Club's 1900 Thousand Miles (1600 km) Trial of the Automobile Club on behalf of Edward Kennard; driven by Edge, with Kennard along, on a circuit from Newbury to Edinburgh and back, she won her class, being one of only thirty-five finishers (of sixty-four starters) and one of just twelve to average the requisite 12 mph (19 km/h) in England and 10 mph (16 km/h) in Scotland. He did the same (with C. S. Rolls his riding mechanic) at the 837 mi (1350 km) Paris-Toulouse-Paris rally in June; the car would be eliminated due to ignition trouble.

paragraph: In the 1901 Gordon Bennett Cup, Edge entered a special 17-litre Napier which he was only able to test "en route" because it had been completed on 25 May, only four days before the event. Montague Napier was the riding mechanic. The car was too powerful for the Dunlop tyres and fitting new French tyres led to disqualification, since they were not of the same national of origin. In the concurrent Paris-Bordeaux rally, it retired with clutch trouble.

paragraph: For the 1902 Gordon Bennett, Edge's Napier was the sole British entrant; with his cousin, Cecil Edge, as riding mechanic, he won, at an average 31.8 mph (51.2 km/h) (though by default, since the French entrants all fell out). The preparation of the car was hurried with some parts being fitted on the train to Paris. Additionally the second gear had not been hardened properly so, on arriving in Paris, Edge got the gear out, contacted his friend Adolphe Clément (Adolphe Clément-Bayard), borrowed his factory, hardened the gear, reassembled everything, and went on to win the race.

paragraph: At the 1903 Gordon Bennett, Edge had an 80 hp (60 kW) Napier, the Type K5, but was disqualified. Edge (with Arthur McDonald, manager of Napiers' Genoa factory, as riding mechanic) fared no better with the K5 in the 1904 Gordon Bennett in Germany.

paragraph: In 1903 Edge's eye for publicity created a world first when, on 2 October, Dorothy Levitt won her class at the Southport Speed Trials driving his 12 Hp Gladiator, shocking British society as she was the first woman, a working secretary, to compete in a 'motor race'.

paragraph: In June 1907 Edge broke the 24-hour distance record, driving a 60 hp (44.7 kW) Napier six, at the newly opened Brooklands track, accompanied by riding-mechanic Joseph H Blackburn.(Born 17 December 1875 D 8 May 1919) He covered 1,581 miles (2544 km), 1,310 yards at an average speed of 65.905 mph (106.06 km/h). This record stood for 18 years. In 1910 Edge was awarded the Dewar Trophy for his drive in top gear in a Napier on the route London-Edinburgh-London.

paragraph: In 1922 Edge returned to Brooklands in a Spyker setting a new "Double 12" world record covering 1,782 miles 1,066 yards (2,868 km 693 m) at an average speed of for the aggregate 24 hours.

paragraph: His final contribution to motor racing was the inauguration of the Campbell Circuit at Brooklands in 1937.

paragraph: Section::::Motor yachting.

paragraph: In 1903 Edge won the inaugural British International Harmsworth Trophy for speedboats held on the River Lee, Queenstown, Cork Harbour, Ireland, in a boat called "Napier I". The steel-hulled, 'Napier' speedboat fitted with a 3-blade propeller, achieved . It was driven by Dorothy Levitt, but as both owner and entrant "S.F.Edge" is engraved on the trophy as the winner. The third crew member, Campbell Muir, may also have taken the controls.

paragraph: In May 1905 "The Rudder" reported that :

paragraph: Edge, driving "Napier II", won the race for racers in the eight to 12 metres classes in 1 hour 5 minutes, he also finished second in "Napier 1" as it was common practice to describe the owner and entrant as the driver, even if he did not take the wheel.

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My motoring reminiscences", Selwyn Francis Edge, Foulis, 1934. For a review of this book see: "The Manchester Guardian", 18 October 1934, Page 7.

description: British businessman and racing driver

wikidata_label: Selwyn Edge

wikipedia_title: Selwyn Edge


text:
FRS
autodidact
parson
Devon
Nevil Maskelyne
Astronomer Royal
Constantine, Kerrier
Greens Norton
ten-year man
Trinity College, Cambridge
Potterspury
North Tawton
Potterspury
John Hellins Primary School
Fellow of the Royal Society
perturbations
Maria Gaetana Agnesi
The Gentleman's Magazine
Davies Gilbert
Maria Gaetana Agnesi
John Colson
Constantine in Cornwall
Greens Norton
Earl Bathurst
Trinity College, Cambridge
Nautical Almanac
Greenwich
William Windham
Philosophical Transactions
Copley Medal
British Critic
Bishop Horsley
F. Baily
Link to article in ODNB
Link to article in ODNB
Link to article in ODNB
Link to article in ODNB

categories: 18th-century English Anglican priests,English astronomers,Recipients of the Copley Medal,1827 deaths,19th-century English Anglican priests,Fellows of the Royal Society,1749 births,People from Devon

paragraph: John Hellins

paragraph: John Hellins FRS ( 1749 – 5 April 1827) was an autodidact, schoolteacher, mathematician, astronomer and country parson.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: He was born in Devon c. 1749, the son of a poor family, and the parish apprenticed him to a cooper.

paragraph: He became a schoolteacher and through hard work and patronage became assistant to Nevil Maskelyne, the Astronomer Royal in 1773.

paragraph: Section::::Service as priest.

paragraph: He went on to become a clergyman, serving as a curate at Constantine, Kerrier (1779–83) and afterwards at Greens Norton, near Towcester. In 1789 he was entered as a 'ten-year man' at Trinity College, Cambridge, and eventually graduated BD in 1800. In 1790 he was presented to the vicarage of Potterspury in Northamptonshire. On 10 November 1794 he married Anne Brock of North Tawton. He founded the village school in Potterspury: today the John Hellins Primary School bears his name.

paragraph: His mathematician and astronomical learning was noted. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1796. Three years later (1799), he was awarded the Copley Medal largely for his paper on computing the perturbations of planets.

paragraph: Section::::Recognition of his scientific contribution.:"Analytical Institutions".

paragraph: He supervised the translation from Italian of the "Instituzioni analitiche ad uso della gioventù italiana" by Maria Gaetana Agnesi, which was published in 1801 by Taylor and Wilks, London as "Analytical Institutions in Four Books"

paragraph: Section::::Recognition of his scientific contribution.:Davies Gilbert's eulogy.

paragraph: "The Gentleman's Magazine" in 1828, printed the eulogy on Hellins's life and achievements, given at a meeting of the Royal Society, by Davies Gilbert, its president:

paragraph: One of those extraordinary men, who, deprived of early advantages, have elevated themselves, by the force of genius of industry, to a level above most persons blessed with regular education.

paragraph: In 1787 he edited "The Young Algebracist's Companion". In 1788, he published "Mathematical Essays, on several subjects" and in 1802 in two volumes, "The Analytical Institutions", originally written in Italian, by Maria Gaetana Agnesi, translated by John Colson. Taking orders, Hellins was for some time curate of Constantine in Cornwall and, afterwards, of Greens Norton, Northamptonshire, but in 1790 he was presented by the Earl Bathurst to the vicarage of Potterspury in Northamptonshire. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1796, and in 1800 took the degree of BD at Trinity College, Cambridge.

paragraph: Hellins at one time computed the "Nautical Almanac". He later assisted at Greenwich and, furnished William Windham with calculations and tables on which to base his new military system, as Minister of War, in 1806.

paragraph: Hellins applied himself also branches of pure mathematics. Nine communications from him appeared in the "Philosophical Transactions":

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the summation of series."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the conversion of slowly-converging series into others of swifter convergency."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On their application to the calculation of logarithms, and to the verifying of circular area."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the roots of equations."

paragraph: And in 1798,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On method of computing with increased facility the planetary perturbations."

paragraph: For the last he was honoured with the Copley Medal.

paragraph: Mr. Hellins also occasionally furnished Mathematical articles to the "British Critic", from the year 1795 to 1814. They included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- On Mr. Wales' Method of finding the Longitude, Vol. 6. p. 413.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On Bishop Horsley's Mathematical Treatises, Vol. 21. p. 272.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On Donna Agnesi's Analytical Institutions, of which he superintended the publication, Vol. 23. p. 143; Vol. 24. p. 653 ; and 25. p. 141.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On Keith's Trigonometry, Vol. 31. p. 489.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On F. Baily's work, on the Doctrine of Interest and Annuities, Vol. 38. p. 622, and Vol. 43. p. 502.

paragraph: When the first series of the "British Critic" closed, the connection with Hellins with the work is supposed to have ceased.

paragraph: Hellins retired to the small living of Pottersbury in Northamptonshire. He married Miss Anne Brock, a Devonshire lady, who survived him but a short time, and by whom he left an only son, William.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He died in Potterspury 5 April 1827, leaving one son (William Brock Hellins) by his wife Anne. In the North Aisle of the parish church of St. Nicholas is a small tablet of white marble, inscribed: poem

paragraph: In Memory of

paragraph: The REVD. JOHN HELLINS, B.D. & F.R.S.

paragraph: upwards of 36 years Vicar of this parish, who died April 5th 1827

paragraph: aged 78 years.

paragraph: of ANNE HELLINS his widow, who died June 3rd 1827. Aged 72.

paragraph: /poem

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Hellins: R. E. Anderson, ‘Hellins, John (d. 1827)’, rev. Adrian Rice,Link to article in ODNB accessed 30 May 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Wales: E. I. Carlyle, ‘Wales, William (bap. 1734, d. 1798)’, rev. Derek Howse, Link to article in ODNB accessed 20 August 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Keith: W. A. J. Archbold, ‘Keith, Thomas (bap. 1759, d. 1824)’, rev. Ruth Wallis, Link to article in ODNB, accessed 20 August 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Beloe: Antonia Forster, ‘Beloe, William (1758–1817)’, Link to article in ODNB accessed 21 August 2007. Beloe was one of the proprietors of "The British Critic".

description: British astronomer

wikidata_label: John Hellins

wikipedia_title: John Hellins