text: Austria

text: philosopher

text: realist

text: ontology

text: Ritter

text: Major General

text: Akademisches Gymnasium

text: Vienna

text: University of Vienna

text: history

text: Franz Brentano

text: University of Graz

text: Graz School

text: Christian von Ehrenfels

text: "Gestalt" psychology

text: Adalbert Meingast

text: Alois Höfler

text: Anton Oelzelt-Newin

text: David Hume

text: British empiricism

text: intending

text: nonexistent

text: Meinong's jungle

text: Gilbert Ryle

text: Bertrand Russell

text: On Denoting

text: theory of descriptions

text: Terence Parsons

text: Roderick Chisholm

text: Karel Lambert

text: philosophy of language

text: existence

text: J. N. Findlay

text: Chisholm, R.

text: I. Levi

text: On the Content and Object of Presentations

text: Kazimierz Twardowski

text: Bergmann, Gustav

text: A. C. Grayling

text: Philosophy Bites

text: Alexius Meinong's Theory of Objects

categories: 1920 deaths,20th-century Austrian philosophers,Catholic philosophers,19th-century Austrian writers,1853 births,University of Vienna alumni,People from Lviv,People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria,Ontologists,University of Graz faculty,Philosophers of mind,20th-century Austrian writers,19th-century philosophers,Austrian Roman Catholics

paragraph: Alexius Meinong

paragraph: Alexius Meinong Ritter von Handschuchsheim (17 July 1853 – 27 November 1920) was an Austrian philosopher, a realist known for his unique ontology. He also made contributions to philosophy of mind and theory of value.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Alexius Meinong's father was the Austrian officer Anton von Meinong (1799–1870), who was granted the hereditary title of Ritter in 1851 and reached the rank of Major General in 1858 before retiring in 1859.

paragraph: Alexius Meinong studied at the Akademisches Gymnasium, Vienna and later the University of Vienna, where he read history and philosophy as a pupil of Franz Brentano. He was professor and Chair of Philosophy at the University of Graz, where he founded the Graz psychological institute (in 1894) and the Graz School of experimental psychology. Meinong supervised the promotions of Christian von Ehrenfels (founder of "Gestalt" psychology) and Adalbert Meingast, as well as the habilitation of Alois Höfler and Anton Oelzelt-Newin.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Ontology.

paragraph: Meinong wrote two early essays on David Hume, the first dealing with his theory of abstraction, the second with his theory of relations, and was relatively strongly influenced by British empiricism. He is most noted, however, for his "Über Gegenstandstheorie" (Theory of Objects, 1904), which grew out of his work on intentionality and his belief in the possibility of intending nonexistent objects. The theory is based around the purported empirical observation that it is possible to think about something, such as a golden mountain, even though that object does not exist. Since we can refer to such things, they must have some sort of being. Meinong thus distinguishes the "being" of a thing, in virtue of which it may be an object of thought, from a thing's "existence", which is the substantive ontological status ascribed to — for example — horses but not to unicorns. Meinong called such nonexistent objects "homeless"; others have nicknamed their place of residence "Meinong's jungle" because of their great number and exotic nature.

paragraph: Historically, Meinong has been treated, especially by Gilbert Ryle, as an eccentric whose theory of objects was allegedly dealt a severe blow in Bertrand Russell's essay "On Denoting". However, Russell himself thought highly of the vast majority of Meinong's work and, until formulating his theory of descriptions, held similar views about non-existent objects. Further, recent Meinongians such as Terence Parsons and Roderick Chisholm have established the consistency of a Meinongian theory of objects, while others (e.g., Karel Lambert) have defended the uselessness of such a theory.

paragraph: Meinong is also seen to be controversial in the field of philosophy of language for holding the view that "existence" is merely a property of an object, just as color or mass might be a property. Closer readers of his work, however, accept that Meinong held the view that objects are "indifferent to being" and that they stand "beyond being and non-being". On this view Meinong is expressly denying that existence is a property of an object. For Meinong, what an object is, its real essence, depends on the properties of the object. These properties are genuinely possessed whether the object exists or not, and so existence cannot be a mere property of an object.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Types of objects.

paragraph: Meinong holds that objects can be divided into three categories on the basis of their ontological status. Objects may have one of the following three modalities of being and non-being:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Existence ("Existenz", verb: "existieren"), or actual reality ("Wirklichkeit"), which denotes the material and temporal being of an object

paragraph: BULLET::::- Subsistence ("Bestand", verb: "bestehen"), which denotes the being of an object in a non-temporal sense.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Absistence or Being-given ("Gegebenheit", as in the German use "es gibt", i.e. "there are", "it is given"), which denotes being an object but not having being.

paragraph: Certain objects can exist (mountains, birds, etc.); others cannot in principle ever exist, such as the objects of mathematics (numbers, theorems, etc.): such objects simply subsist. Finally, a third class of objects cannot even subsist, such as impossible objects (e.g. square circle, wooden iron, etc.). Being-given is not a minimal mode of being, because it is not a mode of being at all. Rather, to be "given" is just to be an object. Being-given, termed "absistence" by J. N. Findlay, is better thought of as a mode of non-being than as a mode of being. Absistence, unlike existence and subsistence, does not have a negation; everything absists. (Note that all objects absist, while some subset of these subsist, of which a yet-smaller subset exist.) The result that everything absists allows Meinong to deal with our ability to affirm the non-being ("Nichtsein") of an object. Its absistence is evidenced by our act of intending it, which is logically prior to our denying that it has being.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Object and subject.

paragraph: Meinong distinguishes four classes of "objects":

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""Object"" ("Objekt"), which can be real (like horses) or ideal (like the concepts of difference, identity, etc.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""Objective"" ("Objectiv"), e.g. the affirmation of the being ("Sein") or non-being ("Nichtsein"), of a being-such ("Sosein"), or a being-with ("Mitsein") - parallel to existential, categorical and hypothetical judgements. Objectives are close to what contemporary philosophers call states of affairs (where these may be actual—may "obtain"—or not).

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""Dignitative"", e.g. the true, the good, the beautiful

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""Desiderative"", e.g. duties, ends, etc.

paragraph: To these four classes of objects correspond four classes of psychological acts:

paragraph: BULLET::::- (re)presentation ("das Vorstellen"), for objects

paragraph: BULLET::::- thought ("das Denken"), for the objectives

paragraph: BULLET::::- feeling ("das Fühlen"), for dignitatives

paragraph: BULLET::::- desire ("das Begehren"), for the desideratives.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meinong, A. (1885). "Über philosophische Wissenschaft und ihre Propädeutik"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meinong, A. (1894). "Psychologisch-ethische Untersuchungen zur Werttheorie"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meinong, A. (1902). "Über Annahmen", 1st ed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meinong, A., ed. (1904). "Untersuchung zur Gegenstandstheorie und Psychologie"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meinong, A. (1910). "Über Annahmen", 2nd ed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meinong, A. (1915). "Über Möglichkeit und Wahrscheinlichkeit"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meinong, A. (1917). "Über emotionale Präsentation"

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meinong, A. (1877). "Hume Studien I. Zur Geschichte und Kritik des modernen Nominalismus" in "Sitzungsbereiche der phil.-hist. Classe der kais. Akademie der Wissenschaften", 78:185-260.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meinong, A. (1882). "Hume Studien II. Zur Relationstheorie" in "Sitzungsbereiche der phil.-hist. Classe der kais. Akademie der Wissenschaften", 101:573–752.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meinong, A. (1891). "Zur psychologie der Komplexionen und Relationen" in "Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane", II:245–265.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meinong, A. (1899). "Über Gegenstände höherer Ordnung und deren Verhältniss zur inneren Wahrnehmung" in "Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane", 21, pp. 187–272.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Books together with other authors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Höfler, A., & Meinong, A. (1890). "Philosophische Propädeutik. Erster Theil: Logik". F. Tempsky / G. Freytag, Vienna.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Posthumously edited works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haller, R., Kindinger, R., and Chisholm, R., editors, (1968–78). "Gesamtausgabe", 7 vols., Akademische Druck- und Verlagsgesellschaft, Graz.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meinong, A. (1965). "Philosophenbriefe", ed. Kindinger, R., Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:English translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Assumptions", trans. James Heanue. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Emotional Presentation", trans. M.-L. Schubert Kalsi. Evanston, Ill: Northwestern University Press, 1927.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Theory of Objects", trans. I. Levi, D. B. Terrell, and R. Chisholm. In "Realism and the Background of Phenomenology", ed. Roderick Chisholm. Atascadero, CA: Ridgeview, 1981, pp. 76–117.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the Content and Object of Presentations" by Kazimierz Twardowski

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albertazzi, L., Jacquette, D., and Poli, R., editors (2001). "The School of Alexius Meinong". Aldershot: Ashgate.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bergmann, Gustav. "Realism: A Critique of Brentano and Meinong." Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1967.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chisholm, R. "Brentano and Meinong Studies." Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dölling, E. "Wahrheit Suchen und Wahrheit Bekennen. Alexius Meinong: Skizze seines Lebens." Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Findlay, J. N. "Meinong's Theory of Objects and Values," 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grossman, R. "Meinong." London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haller, R., editor. "Jenseits von Sein und Nichtsein". Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, 1972.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lindenfeld, D. F. "The Transformation of Positivism: Alexius Meinong and European Thought", 1880-1920. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rollinger, R. D. "Meinong and Husserl on Abstraction and Universals". Number XX in "Studien zur Österreichischen Philosophie". Amsterdam and Atlanta: Rodopi, 1993.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rollinger, Robin D. "Austrian Phenomenology: Brentano, Husserl, Meinong, and Others on Mind and Object". Frankfurt am Main: Ontos, 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Routley, R. (1982). "Exploring Meinong's Jungle and Beyond". Ridgeview Pub Co. . (Also published by the Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, 1979.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schubert Kalsi, Marie-Luise. "Alexius Meinong: On Objects of Higher Order and Husserl's Phenomenology". Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, Barry. "Austrian Philosophy: The Legacy of Franz Brentano". Chicago: Open Court, 1996.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chrudzimski, A. (2005). "Abstraktion und Relationen beim jungen Meinong". In [Schramm, 2005], pages 7–62.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dölling, E. (2005). "Eine semiotische Sicht auf Meinongs Annahmenlehre". In [Schramm, 2005], pages 129–158.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kenneth, B. (1970). "Meinong’s Hume Studies. Part I: Meinong’s Nominalism". in "Philosophy and Phenomenological Research", 30:550–567.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kenneth, B. (1971). "Meinong’s Hume Studies. Part II: Meinong’s Analysis of Relations". in "PPR", 31:564–584.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rollinger, R. D. (2005). "Meinong and Brentano". In [Schramm, 2005], pages 159–197.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Routley, R. and Valerie Routley. "Rehabilitating Meinong's Theory of Objects". "Review Internationale de Philosophie" 104-105 (1973).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Russell, Bertrand. "Meinong's Theory of Complexes and Assumptions" in "Essays in Analysis", ed. Douglas Lackey. New York: George Braziller, 1973.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ryle, Gilbert. "Intentionality-Theory and the Nature of Thinking." "Review Internationale de Philosophie" 104-105 (1973).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schermann, H. (1972). "Husserls II. Logische Untersuchung und Meinongs Hume-Studien I. In [Haller, 1972], pages 103–116.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vendrell-Ferran, I. (2009): "Meinongs Philosophie der Gefühle und ihr Einfluss auf die Grazer Schule" in: Meinong Studien III Graz

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Journals.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schramm, A., editor. "Meinong Studies — Meinong Studien", Volume 1 (2005). Ontos Verlag.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Podcasts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The philosopher A. C. Grayling discusses Meinong in a podcast about Bertrand Russell's Theory of Descriptions. Available from Philosophy Bites and iTunes.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexius Meinong's Theory of Objects

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexius Meinong: Editions, Translations, Bibliographic Resources

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexius Meinong's page on the Mathematics Genealogy Project

description: Austrian philosopher

wikidata_label: Alexius Meinong

wikipedia_title: Alexius Meinong


text:
Kerala
Guruvayur Keshavan
Government of India
Padma Shri
Suffolk
East of England
British India
Ted Kotcheff
Stanley Donen
British Army
Kolkata
Guruvayur Temple
Guruvayur Devaswom Board
Roshan Seth
Guruvayur Keshavan
New York Times
Guardian
Guruvayur Temple
Guruvayur Keshavan
bismuth
poojas
Theyyam
Government of India
Padma Shri
Guruvayur Temple
Guruvayur Keshavan
Theyyam
Honouring Pepitha Seth – News report
Interview with Pepitha Seth
Reference on Narthaki.com

categories: 1942 births,20th-century British photographers,Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education,20th-century British women,English women photographers,Living people

paragraph: Pepita Seth

paragraph: Pepita Seth is a British born writer and photographer, known for her accounts of the temple arts and rituals of Kerala and her photographs of the widely celebrated captive elephant, Guruvayur Keshavan. The Government of India honoured her, in 2012, with the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award, for her services to the field of art and culture.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Pepita Seth was born in Suffolk, East of England, UK, in a family of farmers. Pepita's maternal great grandfather was a soldier who served in the army in the British India. As was the custom during those days, Pepita, being a girl, did not have any formal education. She, choosing a career in films, studied film editing and got opportunities to work under film directors like Ted Kotcheff and Stanley Donen. However, Pepita's life took a turn when she chanced upon the diary of her grandfather and decided to trace his trails with the British Army and document the movements and landed in Kolkata, in 1970.

paragraph: The journey from Kolkata ended in Guruvayur where she became fascinated by the temple arts and rituals of Kerala. For the next nine years, she visited Kerala several times and, in 1979, she found a home and settled in Guruvayur. Though, at first, she was denied entry to the Guruvayur Temple, her persistence made the Guruvayur Devaswom Board to relent and she remains the only foreigner to be granted entry to the Temple.

paragraph: Pepita was married to the Indian born British actor Roshan Seth but was estranged from her husband in the late 80s. The couple formally divorced in 2004.

paragraph: Pepita Seth has extensively covered the rituals and temples of Kerala through her photographs. Her photographs of the elephant, Guruvayur Keshavan have been published in many magazines and journals including the New York Times and the Guardian. It is generally considered that Pepita's photographs of the rituals and temple arts of Kerala have helped promote the image of Kerala as a tourist destination.

paragraph: Pepita Seth lives in Guruvayur.

paragraph: Section::::Books and articles.

paragraph: Pepita Seth has authored two books on Kerala, with accounts and photographs.

paragraph: "Heaven on Earth: The Universe of Kerala’s Guruvayur Temple" is a research study on the Guruvayur Temple and the life, traditions, beliefs, myths and rituals associated with the place. It also covers the elephants fostered by the temple, especially Guruvayur Keshavan, widely regarded as the most famous of them all. The book follows an "account with photographs" style and has represented the information gathered from various sources, including the priests at the temple. The book is regarded as the first such attempt on the Guruvayur Temple. It consists of 17 chapters and 215 images and covers the history of the 5000-year-old idol, made out of black bismuth, of the temple, and the rituals and poojas, in detail.

paragraph: "The Divine Frenzy – Hindu Myths and Rituals of Kerala" is an account of the spiritual and practical relationship of the people of Kerala with the deities. It attempts to depict, with text and images, the various rituals associated with Hinduism in Kerala.

paragraph: Pepita Seth has written extensively about Kerala, its rituals and its elephants. She is working on a book on Theyyam, a ritualistic dance form of Kerala.

paragraph: Pepita Seth has written a novel The Edge of Another World (2015) Published by The Speaking Tiger in English and soon to be translated to Malayalam and published by Poorna Publications.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and recognitions.

paragraph: In recognition of her services to the fields of art and culture, the Government of India, in 2012, bestowed the civilian award of Padma Shri on her.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guruvayur Temple

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guruvayur Keshavan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theyyam

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honouring Pepitha Seth – News report

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with Pepitha Seth

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reference on Narthaki.com

description: British writer and photographer

wikidata_label: Pepita Seth

wikipedia_title: Pepita Seth


text:
contemporary artist
sculpture
photography
video
California Institute of the Arts
2019 Venice Biennale

categories: Artists from Los Angeles,Guggenheim Fellows,American contemporary artists,1960s births,Living people

paragraph: Shirley Tse

paragraph: Shirley Tse () is an American contemporary artist born in Hong Kong (now a US citizen residing in Los Angeles). Tse's work is often installation based and incorporates sculpture, photography and video, and explores sculptural processes as models of multi-dimensional thinking and negotiation. She is faculty in the School of Art at California Institute of the Arts, and was the Co-Director of the Program in Art from 2011-2014. She is co-organizer of the ReMODEL Sculpture Education Now symposia series and has been visiting faculty at Yale School of Art, Northwestern University, California College of Arts and Crafts (San Francisco), and Claremont Graduate University.

paragraph: Shirley Tse was born in the late 1960s in Hong Kong. Her sculptures, installations and photographs have been included in numerous museum exhibitions worldwide, among them are The Biennale of Sydney(including Polymathistyrene 2000), Bienal Ceara America, Brazil, Kaohshiung Museum of Fine Arts, Taiwan, Art Gallery of Ontario, Canada, Museum of Modern Art, Bologna, Italy, San Francsico Museum of Modern Art, New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York, P.S.1 Contemporary Art Center, New York, Kettle's Yard, UK, and Govett-Brewster Art Gallery, New Zealand. Tse is represented by Shoshana Wayne Gallery in Los Angeles. Her work has been included in numerous articles, catalogues and publications including Sculpture Today by Phaidon (2007) and Akademie X - Lessons in Art + Life (2015). Tse's work is in public collections such as Rhode Island School of Design Museum, RI, M+, Hong Kong and Hong Kong Heritage Museum, Hong Kong.

paragraph: She received the City of Los Angeles (COLA) Individual Artist Fellowship in 2008, the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship in 2009, and the California Community Foundation Fellowship for Visual Artists in 2012. Art commissions included Capp Street Project, San Francisco, CA (2002), and Tse was artist-in-residence at the America Art Foundation Project, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, The Banff Center for the Arts, Banff, Alberta, Canada, and Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture, Skowhegan, ME.

paragraph: Shirley Tse was selected to represent Hong Kong in the 2019 Venice Biennale, the first woman artist to present a solo show in the Hong Kong Pavilion at the Biennale . The Venice Biennale will open 11May19 and run through 24nov19 .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://art.calarts.edu/programs/art/program-faculty/shirley-tse

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://shirleytse.com/files/Velasco.artforum.4.07.pdf

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://shirleytse.com/files/Rugoff1-01.pdf

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Shirley Tse

wikipedia_title: Shirley Tse


text: Avranches

text: Brünn

text: French Revolution

text: French Revolution

text: Lille

text: Anvers

text: Lawfeld

text: Quesnoy

text: Hungary

text: French Republican Calendar

text: Battle of Montebello (1800)

text: Battle of Austerlitz

text: Suchet

text: Moravia

text: Napoleon

text: Charles X

text: Arc de Triomphe

text: Galerie des batailles

text: château de Versailles

categories: 1764 births,People from Manche,1805 deaths

paragraph: Jean-Marie Valhubert

paragraph: Jean-Marie Mellon Roger, better known as le général Valhubert, was born on October 22, 1764, at Avranches in Normandy, and died December 3, 1805 at Brünn. He was a French General during the French Revolution.

paragraph: Before he attained twenty years of age, he enrolled in the "Rohan-Soubise Regiment". During the beginning of the French Revolution, he returned to his family.

paragraph: In 1791, the first battalion of the "Manche", elected him as their leader on October 22. He conducted this battalion, which was attached to the "Northern Army", with which he conducted his military campaigns in 1792 and 1793.

paragraph: As superior officer, he was noticed in Lille, in Anvers, and in Lawfeld; was made a prisoner of war in Quesnoy September 13, 1793, and was brought to Hungary. He was exchanged during year IV of the French Republican Calendar, and served in the inferior army until its suppression, but remained in Paris, from the month of "vendémiaire" of year V to the 30th of "germinal", year VII, as leader of the half-brigade during the Battle of Montebello (1800).

paragraph: In 1805, during the Battle of Austerlitz, which was commanded by Suchet, he had his leg fractured by a shell. He fell and was incapable of getting up until soldiers came to get him. He died of his wounds five days later after this battle, where he had remained at his post with the fractured leg. His comrades erected a monument for him in the plains of Moravia. The Emperor Napoleon accomplished his last wishes after his death. He took charge of the family of the General, and ordered that a monument be erected in his name where he was wounded; that a new square in Paris be given his name; and that a marble statue be erected. Charles X gave the statue to his native city in 1828, and inaugurated in Avranches on September 16, 1832.

paragraph: His name is inscribed at the Arc de Triomphe, and on a tables of brass at the Galerie des batailles at the château de Versailles.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Précis de la vie du général Valhubert par son aide de camp

description: French commander

wikidata_label: Jean-Marie Valhubert

wikipedia_title: Jean-Marie Valhubert


text:
Hosokawa Katsumoto
Yamana Sōzen
Ōnin War

categories: 1430s births,1491 deaths,Taira clan,Hatakeyama clan,People of Muromachi-period Japan

paragraph: Hatakeyama Yoshinari

paragraph: This rivalry grew out of the larger conflict between Hosokawa Katsumoto and Yamana Sōzen, which escalated into the Ōnin War. Masanaga and Yoshinari were largely stalemated for much of this period, as Yamana and Hosokawa Katsumoto warned that the first to engage in battle within the capital would be declared a rebel. Becoming a "rebel" meant losing alliances as well as honor.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turnbull, Stephen (1998). "The Samurai Sourcebook". London: Cassell & Co.

description: Japanese samurai

wikidata_label: Hatakeyama Yoshinari

wikipedia_title: Hatakeyama Yoshinari


text: New York City Fire Department

text: September 11 attacks

text: Chief of Department

text: 82nd Airborne Division

text: War in Vietnam

text: The New York Times

text: Bedford-Stuyvesant

text: Howard Safir

text: Donald Burns

text: American Airlines Flight 11

text: 1 World Trade Center

text: Danny Nigro

text: United Airlines Flight 175

text: Newsday

text: it collapsed

text: building collapsed

text: Rudy Giuliani

text: William Feehan

text: Massapequa, New York

text: Manas Air Base

text: Kyrgyzstan

text: Memorial Day

text: Farmingdale, New York

text: National September 11 Memorial & Museum

text: CNN

categories: Victims of the September 11 attacks,People from Massapequa, New York,American terrorism victims,Terrorism deaths in New York (state),2001 deaths,1946 births,American army personnel of the Vietnam War,United States Army soldiers,American people of Italian descent,New York City firefighters

paragraph: Peter J. Ganci Jr.

paragraph: Peter James Ganci Jr. (October 27, 1946 – September 11, 2001) was a career firefighter in the New York City Fire Department killed in the September 11 attacks. At the time of the attacks, he held the rank of Chief of Department, the highest ranking uniformed fire officer in the department.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Prior to joining the Fire Department, Ganci served in the 82nd Airborne Division in the War in Vietnam.

paragraph: Ganci joined the New York City Fire Department in the 1960s, serving in engine and ladder companies in Brooklyn and the Bronx, beginning with Engine Company 92 in the Bronx and then subsequently Ladder Company 111.

paragraph: During this time the FDNY, a time described by "The New York Times" as "an era of crisis", fire companies battled arson fires almost continually in the city's poorest neighborhoods. Ganci was promoted to lieutenant in 1977, captain in 1983, battalion chief in 1987, and deputy chief in 1993, when he was working in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. In 1994 Ganci was made the head of the Bureau of Fire Investigation following the appointment as fire commissioner of Howard Safir, who needed a uniformed chief to address conflicts between fire marshals and uniformed firefighters, a conflict whose resolution Safir credits to Ganci. In January 1997 Ganci replaced his boss Donald Burns as Chief of Operations, the second highest uniformed position in the Fire Department.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:During the September 11 attacks.

paragraph: On the morning of the attacks, Ganci's best friend and executive assistant, Steve Mosiello, was going to drive Ganci to court, where Ganci had been scheduled for jury duty. Immediately after American Airlines Flight 11 hit the North Tower (1 World Trade Center), however, Ganci, Mosiello, and Chief of Operations Danny Nigro rushed there from their command post in downtown Brooklyn. Driving there in Ganci's car, they arrived on the scene in less than 10 minutes, and set up a command post on a ramp leading to a garage near the North Tower, in time to see United Airlines Flight 175 hit the South Tower. According to "Newsday", Ganci and others were in the basement of the South Tower when it collapsed, but they dug themselves out of the rubble that had caved in on them. Ganci ordered his men to set up a different command post in a safer location, further north of the buildings, and ordered Mosiello to acquire backup. However, Ganci himself returned to the buildings, coming to stand in front of 1 World Trade Center, where he was directing the rescue efforts with a multichannel radio, when the building collapsed. He and Mayor Rudy Giuliani had spoken just minutes before, when Giuliani had left for his command post, following Ganci's instruction to Giuliani, the fire commissioners and others to clear the area because it was apparent the North Tower would fall. However, Ganci himself did not evacuate the area, saying, "I'm not leaving my men", and remained at that location with William Feehan, first deputy commissioner of the fire department.

paragraph: Ganci and Feehan were killed when the second tower collapsed. After a rescue dog located Ganci's body, Ganci's fire team, including Mosiello, pulled it from beneath four feet of debris. Ganci's former supervisor, Howard Safir, commented that Ganci "would never ask anyone to do something he didn't do himself. It didn't surprise me that he was right at the front lines. You would never see Pete five miles away, in some command center."

paragraph: Ganci was survived by his sisters, Mary Dougherty and Ellen Ganci, his brothers, Dan and Jim, his wife, Kathleen, their sons, Peter Ganci III (a firefighter assigned to Ladder Company 111 in Brooklyn) and Christopher (also a firefighter in the FDNY), and their daughter, Danielle, who lived with Ganci in Massapequa, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and memorials.

paragraph: Manas Air Base in Kyrgyzstan was officially renamed for him as Ganci Air Base.

paragraph: On Memorial Day, 2003 the post office at 380 Main Street in Farmingdale, New York was named for him.

paragraph: In 2003 Ganci's son, Chris Ganci, wrote a biography of Ganci.

paragraph: At the National September 11 Memorial & Museum, Ganci Jr. is memorialized at the South Pool, on Panel S-17.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "September 11 Memorial: Peter J. Ganci Jr." CNN.

description: American firefighter

wikidata_label: Peter J. Ganci, Jr.

wikipedia_title: Peter J. Ganci Jr.


text:
Roman Catholic
Roman Catholic Diocese of Andria

categories: 2017 deaths,1940 births,Italian Roman Catholic bishops

paragraph: Raffaele Calabro

paragraph: Raffaele Calabro (10 July 1940 – 4 August 2017) was a Roman Catholic bishop.

paragraph: Ordained to the priesthood in 1964, Calabro served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Andria, Italy, from 1989 to 2016.

description: Italian priest

wikidata_label: Raffaele Calabro

wikipedia_title: Raffaele Calabro


text:
Algeria
Tuareg
Djanet
Tamahaq language
Steve Shehan
Nabil Bali

categories: 1953 births,2005 deaths,Algerian singers

paragraph: Othmane Bali

paragraph: Othmane Bali, real name Mbarek Athmany, (May 1953 – June 2005) was an Algerian Tuareg singer. Bali died in an accident in his car after the flooding of a river in his native region of Djanet.

paragraph: Bali issued his first album in 1986, and afterward worked on promoting Tuareg music in the Tamahaq language. Bali worked with world-famous singers such as Steve Shehan. After his death, his son Nabil Bali continued his legacy and took the same path as his father.

description: Algerian singer (1953-2005)

wikidata_label: Othmane Bali

wikipedia_title: Othmane Bali


text: visual artist

text: photographs

text: Düsseldorf

text: Bernd and Hilla Becher

text: Andreas Gursky

text: Kazimir Malevich

text: Piet Mondrian

text: Mark Rothko

text: Donald Judd

text: Cy Twombly

text: Andreas Gursky

text: Andreas Gursky

text: Lehmbruck Museum

text: NRW Forum

text: Kunstakademie Düsseldorf

text: Sprüth Magers

text: Sprüth Magers

text: Works of Ulrich Hensel on his homepage

categories: German photographers,1946 births,German contemporary artists,People from Düsseldorf

paragraph: Ulrich Hensel

paragraph: Ulrich Hensel (born 1946) is a German visual artist known for his large format colour photographs of construction sites.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: He was born in Düsseldorf in 1946 and studied psychology, art and film. Ulrich Hensel did a number of different series of works (e.g. Middle East and North Africa, 1967-1975, India, 1981-1990, local deities in North and in South India, 1995-1997) but since 1991 he has been focusing on images of construction sites.

paragraph: Section::::Career and style.

paragraph: While not being formally associated with the Düsseldorf School of Photography the serial character of Ulrich Hensel's images and his similarly methodical approach suggests certain parallels to the school of Bernd and Hilla Becher. Andreas Gursky, with whom for some time he shared a flat, is said to be a fan of his work. Gurskys famous image "Gasherd" from 1980 was shot in their flat. However, Hensel's oeuvre is viewed as occupying a unique place among the photographic art to come out of Germany.

paragraph: For nearly two decades, Ulrich Hensel has been working almost obsessively focussing on one single subject: construction sites. His images are often abstract and sometimes minimalist – "grids, dots, fastenings and iron grilles extend across the pictures in rigorous formations defined by the functions of the objects shown" – and inevitably create associations with the geometric abstract art of Kazimir Malevich and Piet Mondrian. The technical world of rebars, Lintels, insulation, wall markings, cladding and steel bars in his works are the metaphers to works from Mark Rothko, Donald Judd as well as Cy Twombly. Like Leonardo da Vinci recognized a world from drawings in a weathered wall, Ulrich Hensel loves to look at construction sites.

paragraph: In contrast to Andreas Gursky, who in recent years has been heavily relying on computers to edit and enhance his pictures, Hensel is concerned with authenticity and avoids digital manipulations. His large-format photographs are described as "unobtrusive and complex at the same time".

paragraph: Section::::Selected exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 Exhibition project together with Andreas Gursky, Lehmbruck Museum, Duisburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 State of the Art Photography. NRW Forum, Düsseldorf.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 Die Entdeckung der Wirklichkeit – Photographie an der Kunstakademie Düsseldorf von 1970 bis Heute. Akademie-Galerie. Düsseldorf.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 Galerie Sprüth Magers, Projektraum, Munich, Germany

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 Galerie Thomas Taubert, Düsseldorf., Germany

paragraph: Section::::Art market.

paragraph: Most of Hensel's photos come in editions of six with two artist's proof. He is represented by Sprüth Magers Munich Berlin London in Europe.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works of Ulrich Hensel on his homepage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works from Ulrich Hensel at Martin Leyer-Pritzkow

paragraph: BULLET::::- Literature about and from the artist in the German National Library

description: photographer

wikidata_label: Ulrich Hensel

wikipedia_title: Ulrich Hensel


text: Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum

text: De Appel

text: Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth

text: Stuttgart

text: San Antonio

text: University of Texas at Austin

text: Peter Saul

text: Purchase College

text: Purchase College

text: University of Texas at Austin

text: San Antonio College

text: Interview/Studio Visit with Erik Parker

categories: Contemporary painters,University of Texas at Austin alumni,American painters,1968 births,People from Stuttgart,Living people

paragraph: Erik Parker

paragraph: Erik Parker (born 1968) is a New York-based artist. He has had solo exhibitions at the Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum in Connecticut; the De Appel in Amsterdam; the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, Texas; Colette in Paris; Honor Fraser in Los Angeles; and Galleri Faurschou in Copenhagen, Denmark.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Erik Parker was born in Stuttgart, Germany but later moved to San Antonio, Texas. Parker attended the University of Texas at Austin with artist Peter Saul before receiving a master of fine art from Purchase College in New York.

paragraph: Erik Parker is known for his precisely painted and organized worlds of chaos that exist within his brightly colored, intensely layered, highly saturated canvases. Parker's work depicts unique, fantastical scenes of biomorphic subjects and unworldly landscapes. Parker methodically paints each composition to the optical extreme creating an intense visual experience. His work maintains a premeditated sense of order all the while suggesting an underlying madness through his use of bold and fragmented forms. Parker employs many styles in his work, from graffiti to psychedelic album covers and cartoons. Drawing from elements of American subculture, Parker creates color infused paintings that illustrate his take on the pressing issues of our time.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rema Hort-Mann Foundation Grant (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Purchase College 25th Anniversary Scholarship (SUNY Purchase College) (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rose Scholarship (Visual Arts Department, SUNY Purchase College) (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Durhurst Family Scholarship (Visual Arts Department, SUNY Purchase College) (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Excellence in Painting (Department of Art &Art History, University of Texas at Austin) (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Merit Scholarship in Painting and Drawing (University of Texas at Austin)(1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Denbela-Ortiz Galeria Outstanding Scholarship in Visual Art (San Antonio College) (1992)

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: Erik Parker Personae, book published by Honor Fraser Inc. Los Angeles, California 2008. , with text by Max Henry, designed by Brian Roettinger.

paragraph: Erik Parker: Colorful Resistance, book published by Rizzoli 2012. , with text by Monica Ramirez-Montagut (Author), Peter Saul (Foreword)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum of Modern Art (MoMa) Collection: Erik Parker

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview/Studio Visit with Erik Parker

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photo Tour of Erik Parker's Brooklyn Studio

description: artist

wikidata_label: Erik Parker

wikipedia_title: Erik Parker