text: KT

text: Lord Lieutenant of Clackmannanshire

text: Louisa

text: Charles Cathcart, 9th Lord Cathcart

text: William Murray

text: Mansfield earldom

text: Kenwood House

text: Frederica

text: William Markham

text: James Hamilton Stanhope

text: William David

text: Thomas Anson, 1st Viscount Anson

text: Doctor of Civil Law

text: Christ Church, Oxford

text: East Middlesex Militia

text: Lord Lieutenant of Clackmannanshire

text: Order of the Thistle

text: Royal Society

text: Society of Antiquaries of London

text: Leamington

text: Kingsbury

text: London

categories: Lord-Lieutenants of Clackmannanshire,1777 births,Clan Murray,Fellows of the Royal Society,Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford,Earls in the Peerage of Great Britain,British Militia officers,1840 deaths,Knights of the Thistle,Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London

paragraph: David William Murray, 3rd Earl of Mansfield, KT (7 March 1777 – 18 February 1840) was a British army officer and peer. Mansfield served as Lord Lieutenant of Clackmannanshire from 1803 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: David William Murray was born in Paris in 1777 to David Murray, then 7th Viscount Stormont, and Louisa, daughter of Charles Cathcart, 9th Lord Cathcart. In 1792 Murray's father succeeded to his uncle William Murray's 1792 creation of the Mansfield earldom; Murray himself succeeded in 1796, inheriting Kenwood House in Camden, London.

paragraph: On 16 September 1797 Mansfield married Frederica, daughter of William Markham, Archbishop of York. They had nine children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Lady Frederica Louisa Murray (1800–1823), married James Hamilton Stanhope in 1823 and had issue

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Lady Elizabeth Anne Murray (born 1803), unmarried

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Lady Caroline Murray (born 1805), unmarried

paragraph: BULLET::::4. William David (1806–1898), who succeeded as 4th Earl of Mansfield and married Louisa, third daughter of Cutbbert Ellison, in 1829 and had issue

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Lady Georgina Catherine Murray (born 1807)

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Honourable Charles John Murray (born 1810), married Frances Elizabeth, second surviving daughter of Thomas Anson, 1st Viscount Anson in 1835

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Honourable David Henry Murray (born 1811), Captain in the Scots Fusilier Guards

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Lady Cecilia Sarah Murray (1814–1830)

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Lady Emily Murray (1816-1902), married Francis Seymour, later 5th Marquess of Hertford, in 1839 and had issue

paragraph: Section::::Education and career.

paragraph: He received a degree, Doctor of Civil Law, from Christ Church, Oxford in 1793. He joined the army, becoming a colonel in the East Middlesex Militia in 1798 and the Perthshire Regiment of the North British Militia in 1803.

paragraph: In 1835 Mansfield was elected a Knight of the Order of the Thistle. He was also a Fellow of the Royal Society (elected 1802) and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London.

paragraph: Mansfield died at Leamington on 18 February 1840 and is buried in St Andrew's Churchyard, Kingsbury, London.

alias:
David William Murray
William Murray, 3rd Earl of Mansfield
David William Murray, Viscount Stormont
William Murray

description: British army officer and peer


text: Jesuit

text: Bourges

text: Society of Jesus

text: Christ

text: Virgin Mary

text: Denis Pétau

text: Nicolas Sanson

text: plagiarizing

text: Gabriel Cossart

text: Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae

categories: 1607 births,1667 deaths,French historians,17th-century French Jesuits

paragraph: Philippe Labbe

paragraph: Philippe Labbe (; 10 July 1607 – 16 or 17 March 1667) was a French Jesuit writer on historical, geographical and philological questions.

paragraph: Born in Bourges, he entered the Society of Jesus on 28 September 1623, at the age of 16. After literary, philosophical and theological studies, he successively taught classes of rhetoric and philosophy. He then held the chair of theology for five years. His memory was quick and retentive, his erudition extensive and accurate. He expressed his devotion to Christ and the Virgin Mary in elegant Latin verse. Labbe wrote more than 80 literary, philosophical and theological works. Every year witnessed the production of one or more of his works, so that in the field of history Labbe and Denis Pétau have been considered the most remarkable of all French Jesuits.

paragraph: In 1647 Nicolas Sanson accused the Jesuit Labbe of plagiarizing him in his "Pharus Galliae Antiquae"; his accusation was published in Sanson's "In Pharum Galliae antiquae Philippi L'Abbe disquisitiones" (1647–1648).

paragraph: He died in Paris in 1667.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tirocinium Linguæ Græcæ etc." (1648)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Géographie royale" (1646)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Byzantinæ historiæ scriptoribus, etc." (1648)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Concordia sacræ et profanæ chronologiæ annorum 5691 ab orbe condito ad hunc Christi annum 1638" (1638)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bibliotheca antijanseniana" (1654)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bibliotheca bibliothecarum" (1664)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sancrosancti Oecumenici Tridentini Concilii . . . canones et decreta" (1667)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sacrosancta concilia ad regiam editionem exacta" (with Gabriel Cossart)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae

paragraph: BULLET::::- LABBE-COSSART, "Sacrosancta Concilia ad Regiam editionem exacta" Digitized original Latin text.

description: French historian

wikidata_label: Philippe Labbe

wikipedia_title: Philippe Labbe


text:
chamberlain
Fujiwara no Saneyori
regent
Emperor Reizei
Emperor En'yū
Daijō-kan
sangi
kugyō
Emperor Kazan
Emperor Ichijō
Fujiwara no Yoshichika
Fujiwara no Michitaka
Fujiwara no Michikane
Fujiwara no Michinaga
Kyushu
Dazaifu
cursive script
Sanseki
Ono no Michikaze
Fujiwara no Yukinari
National Treasures of Japan
sake
Ōkagami
Kyōto
Ōyamazumi Shrine
The Kagawa Museum
kanshi
waka
Heian period
Hatakeyama Memorial Museum of Fine Art
Shimonoseki
Museum of the Imperial Collections
governor
Iyo Province
Fujiwara no Yoritada
Junshi
Emperor En'yū

categories: Fujiwara clan,944 births,10th-century Japanese calligraphers

paragraph: Fujiwara no Sukemasa

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: In 961, Sukemasa was conferred the and appointed as a chamberlain. He passed through two minor military positions until, in 967, his adoptive father Fujiwara no Saneyori was appointed as regent to the newly ascended Emperor Reizei. Sukemasa was promoted that year to , and again in 968 to .

paragraph: In 969, Emperor En'yū ascended to the throne, and Sukemasa rose gradually as a in the "Daijō-kan". In 978 he was promoted to "sangi", joining the ranks of the "kugyō", and in 984 gained the .

paragraph: In the following courts of Emperor Kazan and Emperor Ichijō, Sukemasa was repeatedly passed over for promotion in favor of Kazan's relative Fujiwara no Yoshichika and then Ichijō's relatives Fujiwara no Michitaka, Fujiwara no Michikane, and Fujiwara no Michinaga. In 991, he resigned his post as "sangi" and moved to Kyushu as vice-minister of the Dazaifu. In 992, he was promoted to the .

paragraph: Sukemasa died on August 19, 998, at the age of 55.

paragraph: Section::::Personality and anecdotes.

paragraph: Sukemasa was recognized for his excellent calligraphy early on and was particularly esteemed as the leading practitioner of cursive script. His work adorned the folding screens used at the feasts following the coronations of Emperors En'yū, Kazan, and Ichijō. He is counted among the Sanseki group of great calligraphers, along with Ono no Michikaze and Fujiwara no Yukinari, and his flowing and lively handwriting is known in Japanese as . Several examples of original notes he wrote remain, including the National Treasures of Japan and .

paragraph: However, Sukemasa loved sake, and disgraced himself on numerous occasions. He was extremely neglectful of his duties and lacking in common sense, and the "Ōkagami" calls him a "slovenly man" (如泥人). That said, some of his documents as a "sangi" remain, and he did seem to have some views on ancient practices and customs, in which his family was well versed.

paragraph: The "Ōkagami" contains two anecdotes about Sukemasa. In one, as Sukemasa returns to Kyōto from his assignment to Kyushu, he receives an oracle from Ōyamazumi Shrine in a dream and then writes down the shrine's motto on its gate. In the other, the regent Fujiwara no Michitaka commands Sukemasa to write a poem on a sliding screen for his new palace, but Sukemasa arrives late and ruins Michitaka's mood.

paragraph: Section::::Extant works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , held by The Kagawa Museum – The term refers to kanshi or waka transcribed in a particular format. This is the only such work remaining from the Heian period.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , held by the Hatakeyama Memorial Museum of Fine Art – Written in 991 as Sukemasa was en route to his assignment in Kyushu and suddenly remembered in Shimonoseki that he had forgotten to greet the regent Fujiwara no Michitaka before his departure. In this letter of apology, he asked his nephew to smooth things out between them. The sense of speed in its cursive calligraphy style gives it a unique character.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , held by the Museum of the Imperial Collections – a letter

paragraph: BULLET::::- , held by the – Written in 982 while Sukemasa was serving as governor of Iyo Province, this was a letter of apology addressed to the regent Fujiwara no Yoritada via his household steward. Sukemasa apologizes for neglecting his paperwork, leaving the New Year's banquet before Yoritada himself, and failing to attend Yoritada's daughter Junshi's wedding to Emperor En'yū.

paragraph: BULLET::::- – a letter

paragraph: BULLET::::- , held by the – a letter

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: daughter of

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: , daughter of

paragraph: BULLET::::- Son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter: wife of

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederic, Louis (2002). "Japan Encyclopedia." Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

alias:
Sari Fujiwara
Fujiwara no Sari
Sukemasa Fujiwara
Sukemasa Fujiwarano

description: calligrapher

wikidata_label: Fujiwara no Sukemasa

wikipedia_title: Fujiwara no Sukemasa


text:
Grand Duke
Lithuania
Baltic Sea
Black Sea
Lithuanian history
Vilnius
Poland
Hungary
Bohemia
paganism
Christianize his country
negotiations
Pope
Vytenis
hostler
Skalmantas
Zadonshchina
Grand Duke
Lithuania proper
Samogitia
Navahradak
Podlasie
Polotsk
Minsk
Teutonic Knights
Livonian Order
Tatars
Holy See
John XXII
Dominicans
Franciscans
Archbishop of Riga
Hansa
Vilnius
Navahradak
Riga
bishop of Dorpat
Dobrzyń
Prussia
synod
Elbing
Wladislaus Lokietek
Aldona
Casimir III
Žemaitija
Aukštaitija
Mindaugas
Franciscan friars
Bohemia
Lithuanian religion
Orthodox
Belarus
Catholic
Masovia
Halych-Volynia
Lubart
Battle on the Irpin River
Kiev
Rurik Dynasty
Bryansk
Ryazan
Theodor
Black Sea
Mongol invasion
Golden Horde
Black Sea
Grand Duchy of Moscow
Simeon
Pskov
Great Novgorod
Vilnius
Trakai
coup d'état
cremated
human sacrifice
Jaunutis
Algirdas
Gediminids
Lithuania
iron clad wolf
confluence
Vilnia
Neris
Romantic movement
Adam Mickiewicz
Litas
Kūlgrinda
Semigallia
Low German
Pope John XXII
Bychowiec Chronicle
Courland
Smolensk
Jaunė
Polotsk
Eastern Orthodox
Jüngere Hochmeisterchronik
Narimantas
Manvydas
Narimantas
Duchy of Polatsk
Karijotas
Black Ruthenia
Jaunutis
Duchy of Zaslawye
Algirdas
Duchy of Vitebsk
Kęstutis
Duchy of Trakai
Duchy of Samogitia
Vytautas
Dmitry of Tver
Aldona
Casimir III of Poland
Wenceslaus of Płock
Boleslaw-Yuri II of Galicia
Liubartas
Volhynia
Columns of Gediminas
Viduramžių Lietuva

categories: 1341 deaths,City founders,1275 births,Gediminids

paragraph: Gediminas

paragraph: Gediminas ( – December 1341) was Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1315 or 1316 until his death. He is credited with founding this political entity and expanding its territory which, at the time of his death, spanned the area ranging from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea. Also seen as one of the most significant individuals in early Lithuanian history, he was responsible for both building Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania, and establishing a dynasty that later came to rule other European countries such as Poland, Hungary and Bohemia.

paragraph: As part of his legacy, he gained a reputation for being a champion of paganism, who successfully diverted attempts to Christianize his country by skillful negotiations with the Pope and other Christian rulers.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Origin.

paragraph: Gediminas was born in about 1275. Because written sources of the era are scarce, Gediminas' ancestry, early life, and assumption of the title of Grand Duke in ca. 1316 are obscure and continue to be the subject of scholarly debate. Various theories have claimed that Gediminas was either his predecessor Grand Duke Vytenis' son, his brother, his cousin, or his hostler. For several centuries only two versions of his origins circulated. Chronicles — written long after Gediminas' death by the Teutonic Knights, a long-standing enemy of Lithuania — claimed that Gediminas was a hostler to Vytenis; according to these chronicles, Gediminas killed his master and assumed the throne. Another version introduced in the Lithuanian Chronicles, which also appeared long after Gediminas' death, proclaimed that Gediminas was Vytenis' son. However, the two men were almost the same age, making this relationship unlikely.

paragraph: Recent research indicates that Gediminias' ancestor may have been Skalmantas. In 1974 historian Jerzy Ochmański noted that Zadonshchina, a poem from the end of the 14th century, contains a line in which two sons of Algirdas name their ancestors: "We are two brothers – sons of Algirdas, and grandsons of Gediminas, and great-grandsons of Skalmantas." This discovery led to the belief that Skalmantas was the long-sought ancestor of the Gediminids. Ochmański posited that the poem skipped the generation represented by Butvydas, and jumped back to the unknown ancestor. Baranauskas disagrees, believing Skalmantas was Butvydas' brother rather than his father, and that Vytenis and Gediminas were therefore cousins.

paragraph: Gediminas became the Grand Duke in 1316 at the age of 40 and ruled for 25 years.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Choice of religion.

paragraph: He inherited a vast domain, comprising not only Lithuania proper, but also Samogitia, Navahradak, Podlasie, Polotsk and Minsk. However, these possessions were all environed by the Teutonic Knights and the Livonian Order, which had long been the enemies of the state. Gediminas allied himself with the Tatars against the Teutonic order in 1319.

paragraph: The systematic raiding of Lithuania by the knights under the pretext of converting it had long since united all the Lithuanian tribes, but Gediminas aimed at establishing a dynasty which should make Lithuania not merely secure but powerful, and for this purpose he entered into direct diplomatic negotiations with the Holy See as well. At the end of 1322, he sent letters to Pope John XXII soliciting his protection against the persecution of the knights, informing him of the privileges already granted to the Dominicans and Franciscans in Lithuania for the preaching of God's Word. Gediminas also asked that legates should be dispatched to him in order to be baptized. This action was supported by the Archbishop of Riga, Frederic Lobestat. Following these events, peace between the Duchy and the Livonian order was eventually conducted on 2 October 1323.

paragraph: On receiving a favourable reply from the Holy See, Gediminas issued circular letters, dated 25 January 1325, to the principal Hansa towns, offering a free access into his domains to men of every order and profession from nobles and knights to tillers of the soil. The immigrants were to choose their own settlements and be governed by their own laws. Priests and monks were also invited to come and build churches at Vilnius and Navahradak. In October 1323, representatives of the archbishop of Riga, the bishop of Dorpat, the king of Denmark, the Dominican and Franciscan orders, and the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order assembled at Vilnius, when Gediminas confirmed his promises and undertook to be baptised as soon as the papal legates arrived. A compact was then signed at Vilnius, in the name of the whole Christian World, between Gediminas and the delegates, confirming the promised privileges.

paragraph: Thus his raid upon Dobrzyń, the latest acquisition of the knights on Polish soil, speedily gave them a ready weapon against him. The Prussian bishops, who were devoted to the knights, questioned the authority of Gediminas' letters and denounced him as an enemy of the faith at a synod in Elbing; his Orthodox subjects reproached him with leaning towards the Latin heresy, while the pagan Lithuanians accused him of abandoning the ancient gods. Gediminas disentangled himself from his difficulties by repudiating his former promises; by refusing to receive the papal legates who arrived at Riga in September 1323, and by dismissing the Franciscans from his territories. These apparently retrogressive measures simply amounted to a statesmanlike recognition of the fact that the pagan element was still the strongest force in Lithuania, and could not yet be dispensed with in the coming struggle for nationality. Even though power rested firmly in the hands of the pagans more than twice as many orthodox Christians livid in his realm than there were pagans inside it.

paragraph: At the same time Gediminas privately informed the papal legates at Riga through his ambassadors that his difficult position compelled him to postpone his steadfast resolve of being baptised, and the legates showed their confidence in him by forbidding the neighbouring states to war against Lithuania for the next four years, besides ratifying the treaty made between Gediminas and the archbishop of Riga. Nevertheless, disregarding the censures of the church, the Order resumed the war with Gediminas by murdering one of his delegates sent to welcome the Grand Master for his arrival to Riga in 1325. He had in the meantime improved his position by an alliance with Wladislaus Lokietek, king of Poland, and had his daughter Aldona baptized for the sake of betrothing her to Władysław's son Casimir III.

paragraph: An alternative view of these events was proposed by a British historian, Stephen Christopher Rowell, where he believes that Gediminas never intended to become a Christian himself, since that would have offended the staunchly pagan inhabitants of Žemaitija and Aukštaitija. Both the pagans of Aukštaitija and the Orthodox Rus' threatened Gediminas with death if he decided to convert; a similar scenario also happened to Mindaugas, which he desperately wanted to avoid.

paragraph: His strategy was to gain the support of the Pope and other Catholic powers in his conflict with the Teutonic Order by granting a favourable status to Catholics living within his realm and feigning a personal interest in the Christian religion. While he allowed Catholic clergy to enter his realm for the purpose of ministering to his Catholic subjects and to temporary residents, he savagely punished any attempt to convert pagan Lithuanians or to insult their native religion. Thus in about 1339-40 he executed two Franciscan friars from Bohemia, Ulrich and Martin, who had gone beyond the authority granted them and had publicly preached against the Lithuanian religion. Gediminas ordered them to renounce Christianity, and had them killed when they refused. Five more friars were executed in 1369 for the same offence.

paragraph: Despite Gediminas' chief goal to save Lithuania from destruction at the hands of the Germans, he still died as a pagan reigning over semi-pagan lands. Also, he was equally bound to his pagan kinsmen in Samogitia, to his Orthodox subjects in Belarus, and to his Catholic allies in Masovia. Therefore, it is still unclear whether the letters sent to the Pope were an actual request for conversion or simply a diplomatic maneuver.

paragraph: The Jewish community of Lithuania prospered during his reign.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Incorporation of Slavic lands.

paragraph: While on his guard against his northern foes, Gediminas from 1316 to 1340 was aggrandizing himself at the expense of the numerous Slavonic principalities in the south and east, whose incessant conflicts with each other wrought the ruin of them all. Here Gediminas triumphal progress was irresistible; but the various stages of it are impossible to follow, the sources of its history being few and conflicting, and the date of every salient event exceedingly doubtful. One of his most important territorial accretions, the principality of Halych-Volynia, was obtained by the marriage of his son Lubart with the daughter of the Galician prince.

paragraph: From about 23 km (14 mi) south west of Kiev, Gediminas resoundingly defeated Stanislav of Kiev and his allies in the Battle on the Irpin River. He then besieged and conquered Kiev sending Stanislav, the last descendant of the Rurik Dynasty to ever rule Kiev, into exile first in Bryansk and then in Ryazan. Theodor, brother of Gediminas, and Algimantas, son of Mindaugas from the "Olshanski family", were installed in Kiev. After these conquests, Lithuania stretched as far as to the Black Sea.

paragraph: While exploiting Slavic weakness in the wake of the Mongol invasion, Gediminas wisely avoided war with the Golden Horde, a great regional power at the time, while expanding Lithuania's border towards the Black Sea. He also secured an alliance with the nascent Grand Duchy of Moscow by marrying his daughter, Anastasia, to the grand duke Simeon. But he was strong enough to counterpoise the influence of Muscovy in northern Russia, and assisted the republic of Pskov, which acknowledged his overlordship, to break away from Great Novgorod.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Domestic affairs and death.

paragraph: His internal administration bears all the marks of a wise ruler. He protected the Catholic as well as the Orthodox clergy; he raised the Lithuanian army to the highest state of efficiency then attainable; defended his borders with a chain of strong fortresses and built numerous castles in towns including Vilnius. At first he moved the capital to the newly built town of Trakai, but in c. 1320 re-established a permanent capital in Vilnius.

paragraph: Gediminas died in 1341, presumably killed during a coup d'état. He was cremated as a part of a fully pagan ceremony in 1342, which included a human sacrifice, with his favourite servant and several German slaves being burned on the pyre with the corpse. All these facts assert that Gediminas most likely remained entirely faithful to his native Lithuanian religion, and that his feigned interest in Catholicism was simply a ruse designed to gain allies against the Teutonic Order.

paragraph: He was succeeded by one of his sons, Jaunutis, who was unable to control the unrest in the country, as a result of which he was deposed in 1345 by his brother Algirdas.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: He was a founder of a new Lithuanian dynasty; the Gediminids, and laid the foundations of the state's expansion while sometimes referred as the "true" state founder.

paragraph: In modern belief, he is also regarded as founder of Vilnius, the modern capital of Lithuania. According to a legend, possibly set in 1322 while he was on a hunting trip, he dreamt of an iron clad wolf, who stood on a hill, howling in an odd manner as if thousand of wolves would be howling at once. He consulted his vision with his priest Lizdeika who told him the dream spoke of a city that must be built at the exact place and decided to build a fortification on the confluence of rivers Vilnia and Neris, where the place of his vision was pointed out. This event inspired the Romantic movement, particularly Adam Mickiewicz, who gave the story a poetic form.

paragraph: Gediminas is depicted on a silver Litas commemorative coin, issued in 1996.

paragraph: The Lithuanian folk music group Kūlgrinda released an album in 2009 titled "Giesmės Valdovui Gediminui", meaning "Hymns to King Gediminas".

paragraph: Section::::Titles.

paragraph: Gediminas' normal Latin style is as follows:

paragraph: Which translates as:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gediminas, by the grace of God, of the Lithuanians and many Rus'ians, king"

paragraph: In his letters to the papacy in 1322 and 1323, he adds "Princeps et Dux Semigallie" (Prince and Duke of Semigallia). In contemporary Low German he is styled simply "Koningh van Lettowen", mirroring the Latin "Rex Lethowye" (both meaning "King of Lithuania"). Gediminas' right to use the Latin "rex", which the papacy had been claiming the right to grant from the 13th century onwards, was not universally recognized in Catholic sources. Thus, he was called "rex sive dux" ("King or Duke") in one source; Pope John XXII, in a letter to the King of France, referred to Gediminas as "the one who calls himself "rex"". However, the pope did call Gediminas "rex" when addressing him ("regem sive ducem", "king or duke").

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: It is uncertain how many wives Gediminas had. The Bychowiec Chronicle mentions three wives: Vida from Courland; Olga from Smolensk; and Jaunė from Polotsk, who was Eastern Orthodox and died in 1344 or 1345. Most modern historians and reference works say Gediminas' wife was Jewna, dismissing Vida and Olga as fictitious, since no sources other than this chronicle mention the other two wives.

paragraph: An argument has been advanced that Gediminas had two wives, one pagan and another Orthodox. This case is supported only by the Jüngere Hochmeisterchronik, a late 15th-century chronicle, mentioning Narimantas as half-brother to Algirdas. Other historians support this claim by arguing this would explain Gediminas' otherwise mysterious designation of a middle son, Jaunutis, as his succession would be understandable if Jaunutis were the first-born son of Gediminas and a second wife.

paragraph: He is said to have left seven sons and six daughters including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manvydas (Duchy of Kernavė) (ca. 1288–1348)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Narimantas (Duchy of Polatsk)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karijotas (Duchy of Navhrudak, Black Ruthenia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jaunutis (Duchy of Zaslawye) initially ruled Vilnius after the death of his father

paragraph: BULLET::::- Algirdas (Duchy of Vitebsk)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kęstutis (Duchy of Trakai and protectorate of Duchy of Samogitia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vytautas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria, married Dmitry of Tver

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aldona, married Casimir III of Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elžbieta, married Wenceslaus of Płock

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eufemija, married Boleslaw-Yuri II of Galicia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liubartas (Duchy of Lutsk, Volhynia)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Columns of Gediminas

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Viduramžių Lietuva

description: Grand Duke of Lithuania

wikidata_label: Gediminas

wikipedia_title: Gediminas


text: fl.

text: archdeacon

text: Tui

text: Bishop of Astorga

text: Nicene Christianity

text: Galician

text: Priscillianism

text: Leo the Great

text: synod

text: relics

text: lignum crucis

text: Monastery of Liébana

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Turibius of Liébana

text: Catholic Online: Turibius of Astorga

categories: Saints from Hispania,5th-century bishops,Year of birth unknown,Bishops of Astorga,460 deaths,People from Astorga, Spain,5th-century Christian saints,5th-century deaths

paragraph: Turibius of Astorga

paragraph: Saint Turibius of Astorga (; "fl." 446, died 460) was an archdeacon of Tui and an early Bishop of Astorga. Turibius was a zealous maintainer of ecclesiastical discipline, and defender of the Nicene Christianity against the Galician heresy of Priscillianism, for which he received a supportive letter from Leo the Great, which still survives.

paragraph: Turibius held a local synod in 446. After his death at Astorga in 460 he was revered as a saint. According to tradition, his relics, along with a piece of the "lignum crucis", were transferred to the Monastery of Liébana around the middle of the eighth century. His feast day is April 16 in the Roman Catholic Church. He is usually portrayed with a mitre and is not to be confused with Turibius of Liébana.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Online: Turibius of Astorga

paragraph: BULLET::::- Año Jubilar Lebaniego: Santo Toribio, Obispo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santo Toribio de Astorga, aproximación a una biografía

description: Spanish saint

wikidata_label: Turibius of Astorga

wikipedia_title: Turibius of Astorga


text: philologist

text: literature historian

text: critic

text: writer

text: Hamburg

text: Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums

text: abitur

text: University of Hamburg

text: NSDAP

text: Hitler Youth

text: World War II

text: doctorate

text: Freiburg

text: Sophocles

text: tragedy

text: habilitated

text: Tacitus

text: University of Tübingen

text: Turnerschaft

text: Akademischer Turnbund

text: Group 47

text: pseudonym

text: Die Zeit

text: International PEN

text: Germany

text: Academy of Arts, Berlin

text: Martin-Niemöller-Foundation

text: dementia

text: Tübingen

text: German Youth Literature Prize

text: Lessing Prize

text: Hamburg

text: Heinrich Heine Prize

text: Düsseldorf

text: Adolf Grimme Award

text: Theodor Heuss Prize

text: Inge Jens

text: Austrian State Prize

text: Austrian Decoration for Science and Art

text: Goethe University

text: University of Hamburg

text: Berlin University of the Arts

text: Ernst-Reuter-Medal

text: Corine Literature Prize

categories: Recipients of the Austrian State Prize,2013 deaths,German literary critics,University of Hamburg alumni,German philologists,German literary historians,Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art,German male non-fiction writers,Members of the Academy of the Arts, Berlin,University of Tübingen alumni,People from Hamburg,Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,1923 births

paragraph: Walter Jens

paragraph: Walter Jens (8 March 1923 – 9 June 2013) was a German philologist, literature historian, critic, university professor and writer.

paragraph: He was born in Hamburg, and attended the Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums from 1933 to 1941, when he gained his abitur, before studying at the University of Hamburg. In the early 1940s, Jens joined the NSDAP. He denied having applied for membership actively and claims that he had become a member automatically because he was a member of the Hitler Youth and that he never received a membership card. During World War II, he earned a doctorate in Freiburg with a work about Sophocles' tragedy and habilitated at age 26 with the work "Tacitus und die Freiheit" ("Tacitus and Freedom") at the University of Tübingen. Jens was a member of the Turnerschaft Akademischer Turnbund.

paragraph: From 1950 on, Jens was a member of the Group 47. That year, he had his breakthrough with the novel "Nein. Die Welt der Angeklagten". One distinguishing characteristic of his literary work is that he interprets current events by looking back at the past.

paragraph: From 1965 to 1988, Jens held the chair for General Rhetoric at the University of Tübingen, which was created in order to keep him at the university. Under the pseudonym "Momos", he wrote television reviews for "Die Zeit". From 1976 to 1982, he was president of the International PEN center in Germany. From 1989 to 1997, he was president of the Academy of Arts, Berlin, and afterwards he was the honorary president. From 1990 to 1995, he was chairman of the Martin-Niemöller-Foundation.

paragraph: Jens suffered from dementia, which began to manifest in 2004. He died in 2013 in Tübingen.

paragraph: Section::::Honours and awards.

paragraph: From 1961 to 1993 member of the Academy of Arts, Berlin (West), Section literature. From 1986 to 1990 corresponding member of the Academy of Arts, Berlin (East), Department of Literature and Language Maintenance. From 1990 to 1993 Ordinary Member of the Academy of Arts, Berlin (East), Section Literature and Language Maintenance. Since 1993 member of the Academy of Arts in Berlin, Literature section. Member of PEN, the German Academy for Language and Literature, Darmstadt, the Free Academy of the Arts, Hamburg, and the German Academy of Performing Arts, Frankfurt am Main. Honorary doctorates from the University of Stockholm, the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena and the University of Hamburg.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1951: Prize of Amis de la Liberté

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959: German Youth Literature Prize

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968: Lessing Prize of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981: Heinrich Heine Prize of the city of Düsseldorf

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982: Honorary President of the PEN Centre of the Federal Republic of Germany

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983: Austrian Merit

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984: Adolf Grimme Award

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988: Alternative Büchner Prize

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988: Theodor Heuss Prize (with Inge Jens)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989: Hermann Sinsheimer Award

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990: Austrian State Prize for Cultural Journalism

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: Austrian Decoration for Science and Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: Poetry Foundation Visiting Professor at the Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997: Bruno Snell sticker for outstanding work in science and society at the University of Hamburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997: Honorary President of the Berlin University of the Arts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 Ernst-Reuter-Medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: Ecumenical Sermon Prize ("Predigtpreis") awarded by German publisher Verlags für die Deutsche Wirtschaft

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: Grand Merit Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: Corine Literature Prize (with his wife Inge Jens)

wikidata_label: Walter Jens

wikipedia_title: Walter Jens


text: team pursuit

text: 2004 Summer Olympics

text: Vuelta a Burgos

text: Volta a Catalunya

categories: Spanish track cyclists,Olympic cyclists of Spain,Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics,Olympic bronze medalists for Spain,Olympic medalists in cycling,1979 births,Sportspeople from Madrid,Cyclists at the 2004 Summer Olympics,Living people

paragraph: Carlos Castaño Panadero

paragraph: Carlos Castaño Panadero (born 7 May 1979) is a retired Spanish cyclist. He had his best achievements in track cycling, in the 4000 m team pursuit. In this discipline he won a bronze medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics and at the 2004 UCI Track Cycling World Championships. He finished in 12th place in the individual pursuit at the 2004 Olympics.

paragraph: In road races, he won two stages of Vuelta a Burgos in 2005, finishing third overall. In 2006 he won one stage of Volta a Catalunya.

description: Spanish cyclist

wikidata_label: Carlos Castaño Panadero

wikipedia_title: Carlos Castaño Panadero


text:
footballer
C.D. Primeiro de Agosto
striker
São Vicente
Batuque
Mindelense
third division
Macedo de Cavaleiros
Pinhalnovense
Belenenses
second level
his first season
Primeira Liga
Farense
Braga
Vitória de Setúbal
Arouca
Vitória de Guimarães
Universitatea Craiova
Kay
Nuno Rocha
1º de Agosto
Girabola
Cape Verde
2013 Africa Cup of Nations

categories: S.C. Braga B players,Cape Verde international footballers,Girabola players,Expatriate footballers in Romania,People from São Vicente, Cape Verde,Batuque FC players,Portuguese Second Division players,CS Universitatea Craiova players,Cape Verdean footballers,Expatriate footballers in Angola,Vitória F.C. players,Cape Verdean expatriate footballers,Cape Verdean expatriate sportspeople in Portugal,CS Mindelense players,LigaPro players,Living people,S.C. Farense players,C.F. Os Belenenses players,Expatriate footballers in Portugal,Primeira Liga players,Association football forwards,1989 births,Liga I players,C.D. Primeiro de Agosto players,C.D. Pinhalnovense players,2013 Africa Cup of Nations players

paragraph: Rambé

paragraph: Ramilton Jorge Santos do Rosário (born 4 October 1989), known as Rambé, is a Cape Verdean professional footballer who plays for C.D. Primeiro de Agosto as a striker.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Rambé was born in São Vicente. He played in Cape Verde for Batuque and Mindelense before moving to Portugal in 2010, where he played one season apiece in the third division with Macedo de Cavaleiros and Pinhalnovense.

paragraph: In the 2012 off-season, Rambé signed for Belenenses in the second level. He missed the first three months of his first season due to injury.

paragraph: In the following years, Rambé alternated between the Portuguese division two and the Primeira Liga, representing Belenenses, Farense (two spells), Braga and Vitória de Setúbal. He made his debut in the latter competition on 12 January 2014 whilst at the service of the first, playing the full 90 minutes in a 0–2 away loss against Arouca, and scored his first during his spell with the latter, contributing to a 1–0 win at Vitória de Guimarães on 14 March 2015.

paragraph: On 15 July 2016, Rambé moved to Romanian club Universitatea Craiova, joining compatriots Kay and Nuno Rocha. He left in January 2017, signing with 1º de Agosto in the Angolan Girabola the following month.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: Rambé made his debut for Cape Verde in 2011. He was named for the squad that appeared at the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations.

description: Cape Verdean association football player

wikidata_label: Rambé

wikipedia_title: Rambé


text:
cryptographer
Francis I
Tours
Château de la Bourdaisière

categories: French cryptographers,1557 deaths,People from Tours, France,French Ministers of Finance,Year of birth uncertain

paragraph: Philibert Babou

paragraph: Philibert Babou (c. 1484–1557) was a cryptographer and minister of finance for Francis I. Mayor of Tours in 1520, he was appointed "trésorier" in 1523, with powers to collect and distribute much of the king's revenue.

paragraph: Francis I king of France, took his wife Marie Gaudin as a mistress, and from 1520 he built Château de la Bourdaisière for her.

wikidata_label: Philibert Babou

wikipedia_title: Philibert Babou


text: House of Rohan

text: Anne Julie de Rohan

text: Louis XIV

text: jure uxoris

text: Prince of Soubise

text: sire

text: Soubise, Charente-Maritime

text: cadet branch

text: House of Rohan

text: Hercule de Rohan

text: Marie de Rohan

text: Duke of Chevreuse

text: Duke of Luynes

text: Fronde

text: Louis de Rohan

text: Prince of Guéméné

text: Anne Julie de Rohan

text: Hôtel de Soubise

text: Duchess of Guise

text: Soubise, Charente-Maritime

text: European wars of religion

text: José Rodrigo da Câmara

text: Hercule Mériadec de Rohan

text: Anne Geneviève de Lévis

text: Marie Sophie de Courcillon

text: Armand Gaston Maximilien de Rohan

text: Grand Almoner of France

text: Battle of Ramillies

categories: 18th-century French people,House of Rohan,Princes of Soubise,1712 deaths,17th-century French people,1630 births

paragraph: François, Prince of Soubise

paragraph: François de Rohan (1630 – 24 August 1712) was a member of the House of Rohan and founder of the House of Soubise. His wife Anne Julie de Rohan was the one-time mistress of Louis XIV and mother of François's own eleven children. Prince of Soubise jure uxoris, he was also the Lord of Frontenay and of Ponghes.

paragraph: The title of Prince of Soubise was created in 1667 when the "sirerie" of Soubise, Charente-Maritime was raised to a principality for the cadet branch of the House of Rohan, and de Rohan raised to prince. François would be succeeded by three further princes before the male line of Rohan-Soubise became extinct.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: François was born to Hercule de Rohan and his wife Marie de Bretagne d'Avaugour. His father had been married twice, and François was the only son born from the second marriage. His older sister was Marie de Rohan, wife of the Duke of Chevreuse, Duke of Luynes and a key figure of the Fronde, the great civil war which threatened the power of the monarchy. His older brother was Louis de Rohan, Prince of Guéméné.

paragraph: He was married twice.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Firstly to Cathérine Lyonne (1633–1660). The couple had no issue before she died in 1660 aged roughly twenty seven.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secondly he married Anne Julie de Rohan, who was the mother of his eleven children. The couple were married in Paris on 17 April 1663.

paragraph: On 27 March 1700, at the insistence of his wife Anne, François bought of the Hôtel de Guise, in Paris, renaming it the Hôtel de Soubise. It was purchased from the trustees of the late Duchess of Guise.

paragraph: The church of Soubise, Charente-Maritime the Église Saint-Pierre, had been severely damaged during the European wars of religion. Originally built in the 12th century, the nave and choir had been largely destroyed. Between 1700 and 1712, the church was rebuilt and restored to its original grand proportions at the cost of the prince.

paragraph: Residing at the hôtel, François outlived his wife by three years, dying there 12 August 1712. He was bured at the Église Saint-Pierre.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne Marguerite de Rohan, Abbess of Jouarre (5 August 1664 – 26 June 1721) no issue;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis de Rohan, Prince of Rohan (11 March 1666 – 5 November 1689) no issue;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Constance Émilie de Rohan (1667 – ?) married José Rodrigo da Câmara, Count of Ribeira Grande and had issue (Luís Manuel da Câmara, 3rd Count of Ribeira Grande;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hercule Mériadec de Rohan, Prince of Maubuisson, Duke of Rohan-Rohan (8 May 1669 – 26 January 1749) married Anne Geneviève de Lévis, had issue; married Marie Sophie de Courcillon, no issue;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexandre Mériadec de Rohan (19 July 1670 – 9 March 1687) no issue;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henri Louis de Rohan, Chevalier de Rohan (4 January 1672 – 30 July 1693) no issue;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Armand Gaston Maximilien de Rohan, Cardinal de Soubise (26 June 1674 – 19 July 1749) Grand Almoner of France, suspected issue of Louis XIV, never married;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sophronie-Pélagie de Rohan (2 July 1678 – ?) married Don Alphonso Francisco de Vasconcellos, had issue;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Éléonore Marie de Rohan, Abbess in Origny (25 August 1679 – 2 November 1753) no issue;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maximilien Gaston de Rohan (1680 – 23 May 1706) died in the Battle of Ramillies, no issue;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frédéric Paul Malo de Rohan (1682) no issue.

description: French prince

wikidata_label: François, Prince of Soubise

wikipedia_title: François, Prince of Soubise


text:
prince
ancient Egypt
4th dynasty
Old Kingdom of Egypt
Ra
Pharaoh
Sneferu
Nefermaat I
Rahotep
Khufu
mastaba
Meidum
mummification
skull
canopic chest

paragraph: Ranefer

paragraph: Ranefer (or Ranofer) was a prince of ancient Egypt during the 4th dynasty (Old Kingdom of Egypt). His name means “Ra is beautiful”.

paragraph: Ranefer ‒ who had a title “King’s Son” ‒ was a son of Pharaoh Sneferu, who was the first ruler of the Fourth Dynasty. Ranefer’s mother was Sneferu’s wife or concubine; her name is unknown. Ranefer’s elder brothers were Nefermaat I and Rahotep. They all died before Sneferu and their younger half-brother Khufu became pharaoh after Sneferu.

paragraph: Ranefer worked as an overseer for his father (title: “Overseer of Djed-Sneferu”) and was buried inside a mastaba tomb at Meidum. In the tomb were found remains of viscera wrapped in linen. Ranefer’s body is the best representation of what mummification techniques entailed during the Old Kingdom. His body was facing east, was molded as well as painted. The mummy’s hair was painted black, the eyebrows and eyes were painted green whilst the mouth was painted red. The genitals were also carefully molded, the brain remained in the skull and its innards were found in a canopic chest in the tomb.

description: Egyptian prince

wikidata_label: Ranefer

wikipedia_title: Ranefer


text: prince étranger

text: Duke of Montbazon

text: Charles de Rohan

text: Charles, 4th "Duc de Montbazon"

text: Prince de Guéméné

text: Order of the Holy Cross

text: ducal peerage

text: House of Rohan

text: Louis XVI

text: Gendarmes de la Garde

text: Louis Constantin de Rohan

text: Bishop of Strasbourg

text: Armand Jules de Rohan-Guéméné

text: Archbishop of Rheims

text: Hercule Mériadec, "Duc de Rohan-Rohan"

text: Prince de Soubise

text: Anne Geneviève de Lévis

text: Louis Charles de Lévis

text: Duc de Ventadour

text: Louis XV

text: Marie Leszczyńska

text: Honneurs de la Cour

text: Fontainebleau

text: Sainte-Maure

text: Ferrero Fieschi

text: Prince of Masserano

text: Jules de Rohan, "Duc de Montbazon"

text: Marie Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne

text: Charles Godefroy

text: Duke of Bouillon

text: guillotine

text: Louis

text: Archbishop of Strasbourg

text: Ferdinand de Rohan

text: Archbishop of Cambrai

text: Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany

text: Charles Edward Stuart

text: Clementina Walkinshaw

categories: House of Rohan,French Roman Catholics,17th-century French people,Dukes of Montbazon,1757 deaths,Princes of Guéméné,1673 births,18th-century French people

paragraph: Hercule Mériadec, Prince of Guéméné

paragraph: Hercule Mériadec de Rohan (13 November 1688 – 21 December 1757) was a "prince étranger" and the sixth Duke of Montbazon in France, "Prince de Guéméne" being the title he bore prior to inheriting the dukedom.

paragraph: Section::::Lineage.

paragraph: Born to Charles de Rohan and his wife, Charlotte Élisabeth de Cochefilet, he was the couple’s third child and second son. Until the death of his paternal grandfather, Charles, 4th "Duc de Montbazon" in 1699, he was fifth in line of succession to the dukedom and not expected to inherit it: Ahead of him were his father Charles, then styled "Prince de Guéméné" (1655-1727), his eldest brother François-Armand, "Prince de Montbazon" (1682-1717), François-Armand's son Charles-Jules de Rohan (1700-1703) and another older brother, Louis-Charles-Casimir, "Comte de Rochefort" (1686-1749). After Charles-Jules died as a child, Louis-Charles-Casimir forfeited his claim to a secular inheritance by joining the Order of the Holy Cross, whereupon Hercule Mériadec became "Comte de Rochefort". His father was the fifth "Duc de Montbazon", but succession to that title remained uncertain until François-Armand died without living children at the age of 35 in 1717, leaving Hercule-Mériadec to become "Prince de Guéméné", the title usually borne by the heir apparent.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Only when his father died in October 1727 did he succeed to the Montbazon ducal peerage and become head of the House of Rohan, which enjoyed the high rank of "princes étrangers" at the court of Louis XVI.

paragraph: While serving in the "Gendarmes de la Garde", he held the position of standard-bearer of the company.

paragraph: Hercule Mériadec's siblings included Louis Constantin de Rohan, Bishop of Strasbourg, and Armand Jules de Rohan-Guéméné, Archbishop of Rheims, who crowned Louis XV king.

paragraph: He married his second cousin, "Louise" Gabrielle Julie de Rohan-Soubise (1704–1780), youngest daughter of Hercule Mériadec, "Duc de Rohan-Rohan" and "Prince de Soubise" (1669-1749), head of the younger (Soubise) branch of the House of Rohan. Her mother was Anne Geneviève de Lévis, daughter of Louis Charles de Lévis, "Duc de Ventadour".

paragraph: His wife presented their daughter, Charlotte Louise, to Louis XV and the queen, Marie Leszczyńska, during the "Honneurs de la Cour" on 26 October 1737 at Fontainebleau, two days before her marriage.

paragraph: Hercule-Mériadec died at Sainte-Maure aged sixty nine and was succeeded by his son, Jules. His two youngest sons were cardinals and only one of his daughters had issue (Charlotte Louise). His descendants in male line are settled in Austria.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charlotte de Rohan, "Mademoiselle de Rohan", later "Mademoiselle de Guéméné" (12 March 1722 – October 1786) married Vittorio Ferrero Fieschi, Prince of Masserano and Spanish ambassador in London, and had issue;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Généviève de Rohan, Abbess of Marquette (18 November 1724 – 1766) never married;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jules de Rohan, "Duc de Montbazon" (25 March 1726 – 10 December 1800) married Marie Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne, daughter of Charles Godefroy, sovereign Duke of Bouillon; and had issue;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie Louise de Rohan (1728 – 31 May 1737);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis Armand de Rohan, "Prince de Montbazon" (18 April 1731 – 24 July 1794), guillotined; married Gabrielle Rosalie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, no issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis, Cardinal de Rohan (25 September 1734 – 16 February 1803) Archbishop of Strasbourg, no issue;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferdinand de Rohan, Archbishop of Cambrai (7 November 1738 – 30 October 1813), had illegitimate children with Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany, illegitimate daughter of the English pretender, Charles Edward Stuart and Clementina Walkinshaw;

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles, honours and arms.:Titles and styles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1688 – 1699 Hercule-Mériadec de Rohan

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1699 – 1703 "His Highness" the Comte de Rochefort

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1703 – 1717 "His Highness" the "Prince de Montbazon"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1717 – 1727 "His Highness" the "Prince de Guéméné

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1727 – 1757 "His Highness" the "Duc de Montbazon"

description: French nobleman and Duke of Montbazon

wikidata_label: Hercule Mériadec, Prince of Guéméné

wikipedia_title: Hercule Mériadec, Prince of Guéméné


text:
Duke of Montbazon
prince de Guéméné
Charles de Rohan
princes étrangers
House of Rohan
Dukes of Brittany
Henri de Schomberg
Marshal of France
Louis Charles, duc de Luynes
Anne de Rohan
Jeanne Baptiste d'Albert de Luynes
Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy
Marie de Rohan
Sainte-Maure
Rochefort
French Revolution
François Armand de Rohan
Hercule Mériadec de Rohan
Louise Gabrielle Julie de Rohan
Charles de Rohan
Princess of Carignan
Duke of Elbeuf
"Louis" César "Constantin" de Rohan

categories: House of Rohan,French Roman Catholics,French nobility,1727 deaths,1655 births,17th-century French people,Princes of Guéméné,18th-century French people

paragraph: Charles III, Prince of Guéméné

paragraph: Charles de Rohan (30 September 1655 – 10 October 1727) was a French nobleman. His primary title was Duke of Montbazon, and before acceding to that title he was known by his other title, prince de Guéméné. He was the son of Charles de Rohan and Jeanne Armande de Schomberg.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born Charles de Rohan, his father was prince de Guéméné and ranked as one of the "princes étrangers" at the French court, by virtue of the House of Rohans claimed descent from the Dukes of Brittany

paragraph: His mother was Jeanne Armande de Schomberg. She was a daughter of Henri de Schomberg who was a Marshal of France. He was the eldest of four children.

paragraph: He married twice, firstly to Marie Anne d'Albert, daughter of Louis Charles, duc de Luynes and Anne de Rohan. Her half sister was Jeanne Baptiste d'Albert de Luynes, mistress of Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy. She was the grand daughter of Marie de Rohan, the famous "duchesse de Chevreuse"; as such they were second cousins sharing the same great grand parents. The couple were married on 19 February 1678 and had no children. Marie Anne died in 1679 aged just sixteen.

paragraph: Charles was then wed to Charlotte Élisabeth de Cochefilet (styled "Mademoiselle de Vauvineux" prior to marriage) on 30 November 1679, just nine months after Marie Anne's death. The couple had fourteen children.

paragraph: He held the subsidiary titles of Count of Sainte-Maure, of La Haye and of La Nouatre.

paragraph: He died at the château de Rochefort-en-Beauce aged seventy two. He was succeeded by his son. His third son was the founder of the Rochefort line of the House of Rohan. His male line descendants currently live in Austria, having fled France during the French Revolution.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charlotte de Rohan (20 December 1680 – 20 September 1733) never married, no issue;

paragraph: BULLET::::- François Armand de Rohan, Prince of Montbazon (4 December 1682 – 26 June 1717) married Louise Julie de La Tour d'Auvergne had a child who lived for three years;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hercule Mériadec de Rohan, Prince of Guéméné (13 November 1688 – 21 December 1757) married Louise Gabrielle Julie de Rohan, had issue;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles de Rohan, Prince of Rohan-Montauban, Prince of Rochefort (7 August 1693 – 25 February 1766) married Eléonore Eugénie de Béthisy de Mézières and had issue; grandparents of the Princess of Carignan and Duke of Elbeuf;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Armand Jules de Rohan (10 February 1695 – 28 August 1762) Archbishop-Duke of Reims, "Premier Pair de France", no issue;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Louis" César "Constantin" de Rohan (24 March 1697 – 11 March 1779) no issue.

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles, honours and arms.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 30 September 1655 – 1699 "His Highness" the Duke of Montbazon.

description: French noble

wikidata_label: Charles III, Prince of Guéméné

wikipedia_title: Charles III, Prince of Guéméné


href: Lisbon Portugal singer composer iTunes Spotify Universal%20Music%20France

text:
Lisbon
Portuguese
singer
composer
iTunes
Spotify
Universal Music France

categories: 1999 births,English-language singers from Portugal,Singers from Lisbon,People from Lisbon,Portuguese pop singers,21st-century Portuguese singers,Portuguese female singer-songwriters,Portuguese female singers,Living people

paragraph: April Ivy

paragraph: Mariana Gonçalves, better known as April Ivy (Lisbon, born 10 July 1999) is a Portuguese singer and composer. She gained her national recognition after her first single "Be Ok" got the lead position in both iTunes and Spotify national charts.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In June 2016, she signed up with Universal Music France.

paragraph: In 4 March 2019, she made an appearance in the television program "Programa da Cristina", where she sang "Tell Me Baby".

wikidata_label: April Ivy

wikipedia_title: April Ivy


text:
Austria
Vienna
Wiener Volksoper
Der Freischütz
Wiener Staatsoper
Salzburg Festival
Zerlina
Blonde
Despina
Berlin Staatsoper
Manon
Mimi
Cio-Cio-San
Liù
Royal Opera House
Nazi Party
Paris
Opéra-Comique
Mélisande
Marcellina
Bruno Walter
Paris Opera
Jewish
German occupation of France
World War II
voice teacher
Bobigny
Mozart
Richard Strauss
compact disc

categories: Musicians from Vienna,Austrian Jews,20th-century opera singers,Jews who emigrated to escape Nazism,Austrian expatriates in France,20th-century women singers,20th-century Austrian musicians,Austrian operatic sopranos,1891 births,1977 deaths

paragraph: Lotte Schöne

paragraph: Lotte Schöne, "née" Charlotte Bodenstein (December 15, 1891 – December 22, 1977) was an Austrian soprano.

paragraph: Born in Vienna, Schöne studied music in that city and made her debut in 1912 at the Wiener Volksoper as a bridesmaid in "Der Freischütz". From 1917 until 1925 she was on the roster of the Wiener Staatsoper, where she sang all the major light lyric parts. Between 1922 and 1934 she was also a regular at the Salzburg Festival, singing Zerlina, Blonde, and Despina. From 1925 to 1933 she also sang regularly at the Berlin Staatsoper, in roles such as Manon, Mimi, and Cio-Cio-San. For London she created Liù in 1927, her only season at the Royal Opera House. With the rise of the Nazi Party, Schöne moved to Paris and joined the Opéra-Comique, where she was especially noted for her Mélisande. After performances as Marcellina and Zerlina under Bruno Walter at the Paris Opera in 1937, she retired almost completely from the stage. Schöne was of Jewish extraction, and was forced to hide during the German occupation of France during World War II; when she emerged, in 1945, she returned to singing, but almost exclusively in concerts. She retired for good in 1953 and became a voice teacher in Paris. She died in Bobigny.

paragraph: Schöne was especially noted for her performances in the works of Mozart and Richard Strauss. She recorded a number of musical excerpts from both operas and operettas during her career, which may today still be heard on compact disc.

description: Austrian singer and opera singer

wikidata_label: Lotte Schöne

wikipedia_title: Lotte Schöne


text:
American football
wide receiver
San Francisco 49ers
National Football League
college football
Washington
JSerra Catholic High School
San Juan Capistrano, California
football
University of Washington
Washington
Oregon Ducks
AFCA
FWAA
Walter Camp Football Foundation
The Sporting News
San Francisco 49ers
2018 NFL Draft
Minnesota Vikings
Gary Pettis
Major League Baseball
Houston Astros
Kyler Pettis
Austin Pettis
Washington Huskies bio
San Francisco 49ers bio

categories: Players of American football from California,San Francisco 49ers players,American football wide receivers,American football return specialists,Sportspeople from Orange County, California,1995 births,People from San Clemente, California,Living people,All-American college football players

paragraph: Dante Pettis

paragraph: Dante Pettis (born October 23, 1995) is an American football wide receiver for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Washington.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Pettis attended JSerra Catholic High School in San Juan Capistrano, California. He played football, basketball and ran track. As a senior, he recorded 50 receptions for 889 yards and 11 touchdown receptions. He committed to the University of Washington to play college football.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Freshman season.

paragraph: As a true freshman for Washington in 2014, Pettis had 17 receptions for 259 yards and a touchdown. He also added 288 punt return yards and a punt return touchdown.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Sophomore season.

paragraph: As a sophomore, he recorded 30 receptions for 414 yards and a touchdown reception with 271 punt return yards and two punt return touchdowns.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Junior season.

paragraph: As a junior, he finished with 53 receptions, 822 yards, 15 touchdown receptions, 287 punt return yards and two touchdowns.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Senior season.

paragraph: As a senior in 2017 against the Oregon Ducks, he broke the record for most career punt return touchdowns in NCAA history. Pettis garnered consensus All-America honors as a result of being named a first-team All-American by the AFCA, FWAA, Walter Camp Football Foundation, and "The Sporting News". He finished the season with 63 receptions, 761 yards, and 7 touchdown receptions, as well as 428 punt return yards and 4 touchdowns.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: The San Francisco 49ers selected Pettis in the second round (44th overall) of the 2018 NFL Draft. He was the fourth wide receiver to be selected that year.

paragraph: In the San Francisco 49ers' season opener against the Minnesota Vikings, Pettis made his NFL debut and had two receptions for 61 receiving yards and a receiving touchdown. In addition, he had two punt returns for 14 net yards in the 24–16 loss. On December 29, 2018, Pettis was placed on injured reserve after suffering a knee injury. He finished his rookie season with 27 receptions for 467 yards and five touchdowns.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: His father, Gary Pettis, played in Major League Baseball (MLB) and is a coach for the Houston Astros. His brother, Kyler Pettis, is an actor and his cousin, Austin Pettis, played in the NFL.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Washington Huskies bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Francisco 49ers bio

description: American football wide receiver

wikidata_label: Dante Pettis

wikipedia_title: Dante Pettis


text:
Universalist
Gloucester, Massachusetts
Marlborough, Massachusetts
Easton, Pennsylvania
Trenton, New Jersey
Woman's Christian Temperance Union
American Woman Suffrage Association
Melrose, Massachusetts
Abington, Massachusetts
Mount Auburn Cemetery

categories: 1836 births,People from Gloucester, Massachusetts,Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery,Woman's Christian Temperance Union people,American suffragists,1928 deaths

paragraph: Ada Chastina Bowles

paragraph: Ada Chastina Burpee Bowles (August 2, 1836 – August 30, 1928) was a Universalist minister.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Ada Chastina Burpee was born in Gloucester, Massachusetts, on August 2, 1836. After easily and rapidly learning all that was taught in the public schools of Gloucester, she studied by herself.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: At the age of fifteen she began to teach in the public schools. She continued until she was twenty-two, at the same time writing for the press.

paragraph: Her success with an adult Bible class led her to expand her theological study. Her husband encouraged her to preach the gospel. She began in 1869 in New England. In 1872 she was licensed in Boston to preach and became the non-resident pastor of a church in Marlborough, Massachusetts. Her husband at the same time settled in Cambridge, and accepted a call to the pastorate of the Church of the Restoration in Philadelphia, while Bowles was called as non-resident pastor of the Universalist Church in Easton, Pennsylvania, a position she held for three years. She left that parish to lay the foundation of a new church in Trenton, New Jersey.

paragraph: She was regularly ordained in 1874 and preached and lectured since then in most of the large cities of the United States. When without a church of her own, she shared the parish work of her husband and was constantly engaged in charitable and philanthropic work.

paragraph: In addition to all her ministerial work, she lectured in various parts of the country under the auspices of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, in which organization she was state superintendent of various departments. She was national lecturer of the American Woman Suffrage Association and president of State, county and city suffrage organizations, as well as an active member of many other reforms.

paragraph: Notwithstanding all the duties and labors, she was famed among her acquaintances as a wise and affectionate mother and a model housekeeper. One of her most popular lectures was on "Strong-minded Housekeeping" which embodied her own experience in household cares and management.

paragraph: In 1892 she published "The Old Man of the Mountain and Old Mother Ann".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: She married Rev. Benjamin F. Bowles (1824-1892), pastor of the Universalist Church in Melrose, Massachusetts. She became the stepmother of three children, and later the mother of three more. She was an expert swimmer and could handle a saw, hammer or rolling-pin with equal dexterity.

paragraph: She lived at Abington, Massachusetts.

paragraph: She died on August 30, 1928, and is buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Evergreen Path Lot 1334.

wikidata_label: Ada Chastina Bowles

wikipedia_title: Ada Chastina Bowles


text: American

text: baseball

text: Major League Baseball

text: pitcher

text: New York Giants

text: Brevard, North Carolina

text: earned run average

text: National League

text: saves

text: New York Yankees

text: 1937 World Series

text: striking out

text: walking

text: innings of work

text: Baltimore, Maryland

text: Lloyd Waner

text: Paul Waner

text: Pittsburgh Pirates

text: B. J. Upton

text: Justin Upton

text: Atlanta Braves

text: Colorado Rockies

text: Jon Garland

text: SABR Biography Project

categories: Jersey City Giants players,Newark Bears (IL) players,Minor league baseball managers,Beaumont Roughnecks players,1986 deaths,1912 births,National League All-Stars,Harlan Smokies players,Americus-Cordele Orioles players,Baseball players from North Carolina,Navegantes del Magallanes players,Asheville Tourists players,Baltimore Orioles (IL) players,New York Giants (NL) players,Major League Baseball pitchers,Binghamton Triplets players,Erie Sailors players,Kansas City Blues (baseball) players,People from Brevard, North Carolina

paragraph: Cliff Melton

paragraph: Clifford George Melton (January 3, 1912 – July 28, 1986) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a left-handed pitcher for the New York Giants over parts of eight seasons spanning 1937–44. Listed at , , Melton batted and threw left-handed. A native of Brevard, North Carolina, he had two different nicknames: "Mickey Mouse" and "Mountain Music".

paragraph: Section::::Major League career.

paragraph: Melton enjoyed his best year in his rookie season of 1937, when he had a record of 20–9 with a 2.61 earned run average and topped the National League with seven saves, helping the Giants won the NL pennant before losing to the New York Yankees in the 1937 World Series. He also was named to the National League All-Star team in 1942.

paragraph: For his career, Melton posted an 86–80 record with a 3.42 ERA in 272 pitching appearances (179 starts), and 660 striking out 660 batters while walking 431 in 1453 innings of work. In World Series play, he went 0–2 with a 4.91 ERA in three games (two starts), including seven strikeouts and six walks in 11 innings.

paragraph: Melton died in 1986 in Baltimore, Maryland at the age of 74.

paragraph: Section::::Fact.

paragraph: The first time that two brothers hit back-to-back home runs in Major League history was on September 15, 1938, and the pitcher was Melton. The batters were Lloyd Waner and Paul Waner of the Pittsburgh Pirates. The second time was not until April 23, 2013, when B. J. Upton and Justin Upton of the Atlanta Braves homered against Colorado Rockies' Jon Garland.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- SABR Biography Project. Article written by Jack Zerby.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Cliff Melton

wikipedia_title: Cliff Melton


text:
infielder
Major League Baseball
Philadelphia
Cincinnati Red Stockings
Columbus Solons
shortstop
third base
second base
hits
runs batted in
batting average
Heinie Beckendorf
Heinie Berger
Heinie Elder
Heinie Groh
Heinie Heitmuller
Heinie Heltzel
Heinie Jantzen
Heinie Manush
Heinie Meine
Heinie Mueller
Heinie Mueller
Heinie Odom
Heinie Peitz
Heinie Reitz
Heinie Sand
Heinie Scheer
Heinie Schuble
Heinie Smith
Heinie Stafford
Heinie Wagner
Heinie Zimmerman

categories: Wilmington Blue Hens players,Syracuse Stars (minor league baseball) players,Harrisburg Senators players,Chattanooga Lookouts players,Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players,Sioux City Corn Huskers players,Major League Baseball infielders,19th-century baseball players,Sportspeople from Philadelphia,1905 deaths,Bridgeton (minor league baseball) players,Augusta Browns players,Cincinnati Red Stockings (AA) players,Albany Senators players,Columbus Solons players,Baseball players from Pennsylvania,Davenport Hawkeyes players,Atlantic City (minor league baseball) players,New Castle Neshannocks players,Memphis Browns players,1863 births,Allentown-Bethlehem Colts players

paragraph: Heinie Kappel

paragraph: Henry "Heinie" Kappel (September 1863 – August 27, 1905) was an American infielder in Major League Baseball who was born and died in Philadelphia. Kappel played three seasons in the major leagues with the Cincinnati Red Stockings (1887–1888) and the Columbus Solons (1889). Kappel played in 105 games: 49 games at shortstop, 33 at third base, and 16 at second base. As a batter, he had 54 hits, 51 runs batted in, and a .269 career batting average.

paragraph: "Heinie" was a popular nickname for German baseball players in the early part of the 20th century; in fact, 22 Heinies have played in the major leagues, and Kappel was the first. The others are: Heinie Beckendorf, 1909–1910; Heinie Berger, 1907–1910; Heinie Elder, 1913–1913; Heinie Groh, 1912–1927, known for his use of the "bottle bat"; Heinie Heitmuller, 1909–1910; Heinie Heltzel, 1943–1944; Heinie Jantzen, 1912–1912; Heinie Manush, 1923–1939, the only Hall of Famer; Heinie Meine 1922–1934, also known as "The Count of Luxemburg"; Heinie Mueller, 1920–1935; Heinie Mueller, 1938–1941; Heinie Odom, 1925–1925; Heinie Peitz, 1892–1913; Heinie Reitz, 1893–1899; Heinie Sand, 1923–1928; Heinie Scheer, 1922–1923; Heinie Schuble, 1927–1936; Heinie Smith, 1897–1903; Heinie Stafford, 1916–1916; Heinie Wagner, 1902–1918; and Heinie Zimmerman, 1907–1919, implicated in the Chicago "Black Sox" scandal.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Heinie Kappel

wikipedia_title: Heinie Kappel


href: Essex mathematician physicist Benedetto%20Castelli Pisa Italy Rome Inquisition Galileo%20Galilei gravity

text:
Essex
mathematician
physicist
Benedetto Castelli
Pisa
Italy
Rome
Inquisition
Galileo
gravity

categories: British mathematicians,1682 deaths,British physicists

paragraph: Richard White (mathematician)

paragraph: Richard White, or Ricardo Albio (Essex, 1590 – 1682), was a British mathematician and physicist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: A Catholic Englishman, he studied under Benedetto Castelli in Pisa and lived mostly in Italy. In his book preface, printed in Rome with permission of the Inquisition, he spoke with great admiration of Galileo.

paragraph: He led some experiments on gravity.

description: English mathematician

wikidata_label: Richard White

wikipedia_title: Richard White (mathematician)


href: Italy economist

text: Italian economist

paragraph: Giambattista Vasco

paragraph: Giambattista Vasco (also Giovanni Battista Vasco) (October 10th, 1733 - 1796) was an Italian economist.

description: economist from Italy

wikidata_label: Giambattista Vasco

wikipedia_title: Giambattista Vasco


text: Paris

text: Lyon

text: French

text: political economist

text: engineer

text: physiocratic theory

text: École des ponts ParisTech

text: Arbois

text: Stanley Jevons

text: physiocratic theory

text: François Quesnay

text: Tableau économique

categories: French engineers,1803 deaths,French economists

paragraph: Achille-Nicolas Isnard

paragraph: Achille-Nicolas Isnard (Paris, 1748 - Lyon, 1803) was a French political economist and engineer at the Ponts et Chaussées (public works) of Paris. He is known for his firm disapproval of the physiocratic theory, and his early contribution to mathematical economics.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Achille-Nicolas Isnard was born in Paris. He first studied some mathematics, map drawing and fortification, before attending the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, nowadays the École des ponts ParisTech, from 1767 to 1773. In 1775 he started his career as assistant engineer in Arbois, near the Swiss border. Later he was employed as engineer at the Ponts et Chaussées (public works) of Paris.

paragraph: In 1781, at the age of 33, Isnard anonymously published his "Traité des richesses," in two volumes with the London publisher François Grasset. Later in 1801 he published his "Considérations theoriques sur les caisses d'amortissement de dette publique," under his own name in Paris. The former is directed against the theory of the "produit net" and of the single tax of Quesnay ; Isnard does not mention Adam Smith, although generally concurring with the latter's views on the origin of wealth, the effects of protection, and of the accumulation of gold and silver, etc.

paragraph: As engineer Isnard frequently recoursed to mathematical symbols, although he did not venture farther than equations of the first degree and simple problems in the rule of three. As having done this, he is mentioned by Stanley Jevons in his "Theory of Political Economy."

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Criticizing the physiocratic theory.

paragraph: Isnard criticized the physiocratic theory, because of their claim that the agricultural sector was the only productive sector in the economy. He argued, that François Quesnay in his 1758 "Tableau économique" already had shown that both the agricultural and the manufacturing sector generated income. In real life the productivity of a sector depends on its surplus product. Isnard (1781; xv) argued:

paragraph: According to Fox (2005) Isnard started "with a system of the division of labour with only two commodities. Each producer produces a certain amount of one commodity, a part of which he uses as a means of production and as a means of subsistence. He swaps the sectoral surplus for the other commodity he is in need of, but does not produce himself."

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Science of man.

paragraph: In his 1781 treatise "Traité des richesses" Isnard proposed a science of man. According to Fox (2012):

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isnard, Achille-Nicolas (1781). "Considérations theoriques sur les caisses d'amortissement de dette publique," Paris.

wikidata_label: Achille-Nicolas Isnard

wikipedia_title: Achille-Nicolas Isnard


text: Brescia

paragraph: Giulio Sirenio

paragraph: Giulio Sirenio (Brescia, 1553 – 1593) was an Italian philosopher.

description: philosopher from Italy

wikidata_label: Giulio Sirenio

wikipedia_title: Giulio Sirenio


href: Switzerland historian Lausanne Bern Galileo%20Galilei

text:
Swiss
historian
Lausanne
Bern
Galileo Galilei

categories: Swiss historians,1718 births,1751 deaths,History of physics

paragraph: Charles de Loys

paragraph: Charles de Loys de Cheseaux (1718–1751) was a Swiss historian.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Lausanne, he was a member of Bern's economic society.

paragraph: Among his works is a history of physics in two volumes. Some of his works were translated in various languages in Europe.

paragraph: Section::::Related pages.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galileo Galilei

wikidata_label: Charles de Loys

wikipedia_title: Charles de Loys


text: logarithm

paragraph: William Gardiner (mathematician)

paragraph: William Gardiner (d. 18th century) was an English mathematician. His logarithmic tables ("Tables of logarithms", 1796) had various reprints in Italy and Europe.

description: English mathematician (18th century)

wikidata_label: William Gardiner

wikipedia_title: William Gardiner (mathematician)


text:
Spanish
archaeologist
historian
researcher
folklorist
Villena
Treasure of the Cabezo Redondo
Treasure of Villena
book
Musicology
CSIC
Fine Arts
Montaigne Award
Hamburg
Doctor honoris causa
Universidad de Alicante
Province of Alicante
Archaeological Museum José María Soler

categories: Spanish historians,People from Alto Vinalopó,Villena,Valencian writers,Folklorists,Spanish archaeologists,1996 deaths,1905 births,Linguists from Spain

paragraph: José María Soler García

paragraph: José María Soler García was a Spanish archaeologist, historian, researcher and folklorist. He is one of the persons who most deeply studied Villena and its surrounding area, since the vast majority of his research was focused on what concerned his hometown.

paragraph: In 1957 he founded Villena's Archaeological Museum with the findings he had collected from the 1920s on. In 1963, after he found the Treasure of the Cabezo Redondo in March and the Treasure of Villena in December, the museum's name was officially changed to "Archaeological Museum "José María Soler"". The José María Soler Foundation, constituted after his death, calls every year Research Awards in order to keep alive Soler's legacy.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: Soler has written several books on his archaeological works, some others on historical or folkloric research and even one dictionary on Villena's Spanish dialect. Moreover, he has written a hugh quantity of articles in newspapers and magazines, and he has also given many lectures all over Spain. A list of their published books follows:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archaeology

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956. "El yacimiento musteriense de "La Cueva del Cochino" (Villena-Alicante)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965. "El tesoro de Villena"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969. "El oro de los tesoros de Villena"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981. "El Eneolítico en Villena"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987. "Excavaciones arqueológicas en el Cabezo Redondo (Villena, Alicante)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991. "La Cueva del Lagrimal"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993. "Guía de los yacimientos y del Museo de Villena"

paragraph: BULLET::::- History

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1948. "Crónica de las Fiestas de septiembre de 1948"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969. "La Relación de Villena de 1575"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976. "Villena: Prehistoria - Historia - Monumentos"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981-1988. "Historia de Villena"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993. "La colección numismática de José Mª Soler"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006. "Historia de Villena: desde la Prehistoria hasta el siglo XVIII" (re-ed. 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Linguistics

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993. "Dicionario villenero" (reed. 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music and folklore

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979. "El Polifonista villenense Ambrosio Cotes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986. "Cancionero popular de Villena" (re-ed. 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other themes

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958. "Bibliografía de Villena y su Partido Judicial"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976. "I Congreso Nacional de Fiestas de Moros y Cristianos"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984. "Soldadescas, Comparsas y Toros"

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musicology Award of CSIC, on the "Cancionero popular de Villena" (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Golden Medal of Villena (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bronze Medal in Fine Arts (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Montaigne Award of Hamburg's FvS Foundation (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doctor honoris causa by Universidad de Alicante (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold Medal of the Province of Alicante (1991)

paragraph: In addition, Villena's City Hall gave his name to one street in the old part of the city in 1979.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archaeological Museum José María Soler

description: Spanish academic

wikidata_label: José María Soler García

wikipedia_title: José María Soler García


text: United States Army

text: Medal of Honor

text: Vietnam War

text: Baker High School

text: Columbus, Georgia

text: specialist four

text: 8th Cavalry Regiment

text: 1st Cavalry Division

text: Tay Ninh Province

text: Republic of Vietnam

text: Fort Benning

text: Georgia

text: Fort Benning

text: mortarman

text: fire support base

text: sapper

text: bunker

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients

categories: 1947 births,1969 deaths,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,American military personnel killed in the Vietnam War,People from Columbus, Georgia,United States Army soldiers

paragraph: Donald R. Johnston

paragraph: Donald Ray Johnston (November 19, 1947 – March 21, 1969) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Vietnam War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: After graduating from Baker High School, Johnston joined the Army from his birth city of Columbus, Georgia in 1968. By March 21, 1969 was serving as a specialist four in Company D, 1st Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division. On that day, in Tay Ninh Province, Republic of Vietnam, Johnston smothered the blasts of three enemy-thrown explosives with his body, sacrificing his life to protect those around him.

paragraph: Johnston, aged 21 at his death, was buried at the Fort Benning Post Cemetery in Georgia.

paragraph: For his heroism, the main recruit processing building at the 30th Adjutant General in Fort Benning is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor.

paragraph: Specialist Johnston's official Medal of Honor citation reads:

paragraph: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. Sp4 Johnston distinguished himself while serving as a mortarman with Company D, at a fire support base in Tay Ninh Province. Sp4 Johnston's company was in defensive positions when it came under a devastating rocket and mortar attack. Under cover of the bombardment, enemy sappers broke through the defensive perimeter and began hurling explosive charges into the main defensive bunkers. Sp4 Johnston and 6 of his comrades had moved from their exposed positions to 1 of the bunkers to continue their fight against the enemy attackers. As they were firing from the bunker, an enemy soldier threw 3 explosive charges into their position. Sensing the danger to his comrades, Sp4 Johnston, with complete disregard for his safety, hurled himself onto the explosive charges, smothering the detonations with his body and shielding his fellow soldiers from the blast. His heroic action saved the lives of 6 of his comrades. Sp4 Johnston's concern for his fellow men at the cost of his life were in the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the U.S. Army.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War

wikidata_label: Donald R. Johnston

wikipedia_title: Donald R. Johnston


text: United States Army

text: Medal of Honor

text: Vietnam War

text: San Francisco, California

text: Staff Sergeant

text: 12th Cavalry Regiment

text: 1st Air Cavalry Division

text: Firebase Bird

text: Kim Song Valley

text: Republic of Vietnam

text: Command Sergeant Major

text: Arlington National Cemetery

text: Arlington County, Virginia

text: artillery position

text: North Vietnamese Army

text: mortar

text: recoilless-rifle

text: howitzer

text: white phosphorus

text: sniper

text: booby trap

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War

categories: People from Silver City, New Mexico,2003 deaths,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,American army personnel of the Vietnam War,Burials at Arlington National Cemetery,1936 births,United States Army soldiers

paragraph: Delbert O. Jennings

paragraph: Delbert Owen Jennings (July 23, 1936 – March 16, 2003) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Vietnam War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Jennings joined the Army from San Francisco, California in 1956, and by December 27, 1966 was serving as a Staff Sergeant in Company C, 1st Battalion (Airborne), 12th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Air Cavalry Division. On that day, at Firebase Bird in the Kim Song Valley in the Republic of Vietnam, Jennings' unit came under heavy enemy attack. For his actions during the battle, he was awarded the Medal of Honor.

paragraph: He was also stationed in 1969-1971 time period with the 6th Infantry in [then] West Berlin, Germany.

paragraph: Jennings reached the rank of Command Sergeant Major before leaving the Army in 1985. He died at age 66 and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington County, Virginia.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Staff Sergeant Jennings' official Medal of Honor citation reads:

paragraph: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life above and beyond the call of duty. Part of Company C was defending an artillery position when attacked by a North Vietnamese Army regiment supported by mortar, recoilless-rifle, and machine gun fire. At the outset, S/Sgt. Jennings sprang to his bunker, astride the main attack route, and slowed the on-coming enemy wave with highly effective machine gun fire. Despite a tenacious defense in which he killed at least 12 of the enemy, his squad was forced to the rear. After covering the withdrawal of the squad, he rejoined his men, destroyed an enemy demolition crew about to blow up a nearby howitzer, and killed 3 enemy soldiers at his initial bunker position. Ordering his men back into a secondary position, he again covered their withdrawal, killing 1 enemy with the butt of his weapon. Observing that some of the defenders were unaware of an enemy force in their rear, he raced through a fire-swept area to warn the men, turn their fire on the enemy, and lead them into the secondary perimeter. Assisting in the defense of the new position, he aided the air-landing of reinforcements by throwing white phosphorus grenades on the landing zone despite dangerously silhouetting himself with the light. After helping to repulse the final enemy assaults, he led a group of volunteers well beyond friendly lines to an area where 8 seriously wounded men lay. Braving enemy sniper fire and ignoring the presence of booby traps in the area, they recovered the 8 men who would have probably perished without early medical treatment. S/Sgt. Jenning's extraordinary heroism and inspirational leadership saved the lives of many of his comrades and contributed greatly to the defeat of a superior enemy force. His actions stand with the highest traditions of the military profession and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the U.S. Army.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: 6th Infantry Assignment from personal knowledge since I served with him in Berlin.

wikidata_label: Delbert O. Jennings

wikipedia_title: Delbert O. Jennings


text: United States Army

text: Medal of Honor

text: Vietnam War

text: Los Angeles, California

text: specialist four

text: 5th Cavalry Regiment

text: 1st Cavalry Division

text: Đức Phổ

text: Republic of Vietnam

text: hand grenade

text: Riverside, California

text: killing zone

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients

categories: Burials in Riverside County, California,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,American military personnel killed in the Vietnam War,1946 births,United States Army soldiers,People from Hanford, California,1967 deaths

paragraph: George Alan Ingalls

paragraph: George Alan Ingalls (March 9, 1946 – April 16, 1967) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Vietnam War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ingalls joined the Army from Los Angeles, California in 1966, and by April 16, 1967 was serving as a specialist four in Company A, 2d Battalion, 5th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile). On that day, near Đức Phổ in the Republic of Vietnam, Ingalls smothered the blast of an enemy-thrown hand grenade with his body, sacrificing his life to protect those around him.

paragraph: Ingalls, aged 21 at his death, was buried in Pierce Brothers Crestlawn Memorial Park, Riverside, California.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Specialist Ingalls' official Medal of Honor citation reads:

paragraph: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. Sp4 Ingalls, a member of Company A, accompanied his squad on a night ambush mission. Shortly after the ambush was established, an enemy soldier entered the killing zone and was shot when he tried to evade capture. Other enemy soldiers were expected to enter the area, and the ambush was maintained in the same location. Two quiet hours passed without incident, then suddenly a hand grenade was thrown from the nearby dense undergrowth into the center of the squad's position. The grenade did not explode, but shortly thereafter a second grenade landed directly between Sp4 Ingalls and a nearby comrade. Although he could have jumped to a safe position, Sp4 Ingalls, in a spontaneous act of great courage, threw himself on the grenade and absorbed its full blast. The explosion mortally wounded Sp4 Ingalls, but his heroic action saved the lives of the remaining members of his squad. His gallantry and selfless devotion to his comrades are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflects great credit upon Sp4 Ingalls, his unit, and the U.S. Army.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

wikidata_label: George Alan Ingalls

wikipedia_title: George Alan Ingalls


text:
anglicized
Catholic
European traveller to medieval China
Florentine
Via de' Cerretani
the cathedral
habit
Franciscan
Santa Croce
University of Bologna
Avignon
Pope Benedict XII
khan
Cathay
Mongol
Yuan Dynasty
Alan
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Europeans in Medieval China

categories: 14th-century explorers,1360s deaths,13th-century births,14th-century Italian people,Italian explorers

paragraph: Giovanni de' Marignolli

paragraph: Giovanni de' Marignolli (; ), variously anglicized as John of Marignolli or John of Florence, was a notable 14th-century Catholic European traveller to medieval China.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life.

paragraph: Giovanni was born, probably before 1290, to the noble Florentine family of the Marignolli. The family is long extinct, but the Via de' Cerretani, a street near the cathedral, formerly bore their name. Giovanni received his habit at the Franciscan basilica of Santa Croce at a young age. His work claims he later held the chair of theology at the University of Bologna.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Departure.

paragraph: In 1338 he arrived at Avignon, where Pope Benedict XII held his court, an embassy from the great khan of Cathay (the Mongol emperor of the Chinese Yuan Dynasty), bearing letters to the pontiff from the khan himself, and from certain Christian Alan nobles in his service. These latter represented that they had been eight years (since Monte Corvino's death) without a spiritual guide, and earnestly desired one. The pope replied to the letters and appointed four ecclesiastics as his legates to the khan's court. The name "John of Florence" appears third on the letters of commission. A large party was associated with the four chief envoys: when in Khanbaliq (within modern Beijing), the embassy still numbered thirty-two out of an original fifty. The mission left Avignon in December 1338; picked up the "Tatar" envoys at Naples on 10 February 1339; and arrived at Pera near Constantinople on May 1. While there, the Byzantine emperor Andronicus III pled in vain for reconciliation and alliance with the western church. Leaving June 24, they sailed across the Black Sea to Caffa on the Crimea, whence they travelled to the court of Özbeg, khan of the Golden Horde, at Sarai on the Volga. The khan entertained them hospitably during the winter of 1339-40 and then sent them with an escort across the steppes to Armalec, or Almaliq (within modern Huocheng County), the northern seat of the house of Chaghatai. "There," says Marignolli, "we built a church, bought a piece of ground... sung masses, and baptized several persons, notwithstanding that only the year before the bishop (referring to Bishop of Armalec) and six other minor friars had there undergone glorious martyrdom for Christ's salvation."

paragraph: Section::::Life.:In China.

paragraph: Quitting Almaliq in the winter of 1341, they crossed the Gobi Desert by way of Kumul (within modern Hami), reaching Khanbaliq in May or June 1342. They were well received by Toghon Temür, the last emperor of the Yuan dynasty in China. An entry in the Chinese annals fixes the year of Marignolli's presentation by its mention of the arrival of the great horses from the kingdom of the "Folang" (i.e., Farang or Franks), one of which was 11 feet 6 inches in length, and 6 feet 8 inches high and black all over. Marignolli stayed at Khanbaliq three or four years, after which he travelled through southern and eastern China to Quanzhou or Xiamen, quitting China apparently in December 1347. He had been impressed by the Christian community in China, its imperial support, and Chinese culture.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Return.

paragraph: He reached Columbum (Kaulam, Kollam or Quilon in Malabar) in Easter week of 1348. At this place he found a church of the Latin communion, probably founded by Jordanus of Severac, who had been appointed Bishop of Columbum (Diocese of Quilon) by Pope John XXII in 1330. Here Marignolli remained sixteen months, after which he proceeded on what seems very much a wandering voyage. First he visited the shrine of St Thomas near the modern Madras, and then proceeded to what he calls the kingdom of Saba, and identifies with the Sheba of Scripture, but which seems from various particulars to have been Java.

paragraph: Taking ship again for Malabar on his way to Europe, he encountered great storms. They found shelter in the little port of Pervily or Pervilis (Beruwala or Berberyn) in the south-west of Ceylon; but here the legate fell into the hands of "a certain tyrant Coya Jaan (Khoja Jahan), a eunuch and an accursed Saracen," who professed to treat him with all deference but detained him four months and plundered all the gifts and Eastern rarities that he was carrying home. This detention in Ceylon enabled Marignolli to give a variety of curious particulars regarding Buddhist monasticism, the aboriginal races of Ceylon, and other marvels.

paragraph: The locals claimed that "Seyllan" (Adam's Peak) was 40 miles from Paradise, but he was unable to explore the area. After this we have only fragmentary notices, showing that his route to Europe lay by Ormuz, the ruins of Babel, Bagdad, Mosul, Aleppo and thence to Damascus and Jerusalem.

paragraph: In 1353, he arrived at Naples, whence he visited Florence before returning to Avignon by the end of the year. There, he delivered a letter from the great khan to Pope Innocent VI.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Later life.

paragraph: In the following year the Emperor Charles IV, on a visit to Italy, made Marignolli one of his chaplains. Soon after, in March 1354, the pope made him bishop of Bisignano but he seems to have been in no hurry to reside there. He appears to have accompanied the emperor to Prague in 1354–1355; in 1356 he is found acting as envoy to the Pope from Florence; and in 1357 he is at Bologna. That year, the emperor called him to be a councillor and his court historian. At his behest, Marignolli then compiled his "Annals of Bohemia".

paragraph: We do not know when he died. The last trace of Marignolli is a letter addressed to him, which was found in the 18th century among the records in the chapter library at Prague. The writer is an unnamed Archbishop of Armagh, easily identified with Richard Fitz Ralph, a strenuous foe of the Franciscans, who had broken lances in controversy with Ockham and Burley. The letter implies that some intention had been intimated from Avignon of sending Marignolli to Ireland in connexion with matters then in debate—a project which stirs Fitz Ralph's wrath.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Marignolli's primary work was his "Annals" or "Chronicles of Bohemia" ('). The fragmentary notes of Marignolli's eastern travels often contain vivid remembrance and graphic description, but combined with excessive vanity and an incoherent lapse from one thing to another. Henry Yule described Marignolli's digressions as "like unexpected fossils in a mud-bank" but they have no claim to be called a narrative, and it is with no small pains that anything like a narrative can be pieced out of them. Indeed the mode in which they were elicited illustrates how little medieval travellers thought of publication: The emperor Charles, instead of urging his chaplain to write a history of his vast journeys, set him to the repugnant task of recasting the annals of Bohemia and the clerk consoled himself by salting the insipid stuff with interpolations, ', of his recollections of Asiatic travel. Despite the sections of wonders in the work, he takes pains to deny the belief in the existence of nations of monsters or malformed humans, saying the truth is "no such people do exist as nations, though there may be an individual monster here and there".

paragraph: Nobody seems to have noticed the work till 1768, when the chronicle was published in Dobner. Thus in type, Marignolli again seems to have remained unread until 1820, when a paper on his travels was published by Meinert. Kunstmann devoted one of his papers on the ecclesiastical travellers of the Middle Ages to the account.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Europeans in Medieval China

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- , reprinted in .

alias:
John of Florence
John of Marignolli

description: Czech medieval chronicler

wikidata_label: Giovanni de' Marignolli

wikipedia_title: Giovanni de' Marignolli