text:
Vienna
Holy Roman Empire
naturalized
England
Baron Diego Pereira d'Aguilar
Moses Mendes da Costa
American Revolutionary War
country house
freemason
Benjamin Mendes da Costa, the elder
Benjamin Mendes da Costa
Family tree
Cartoon

categories: Sephardi Jews,Spanish and Portuguese Jews,1739 births,1802 deaths,Freemasons of the Premier Grand Lodge of England,Barons of the Holy Roman Empire,English Jews,Misers

paragraph: Ephraim Lópes Pereira d'Aguilar, 2nd Baron d'Aguilar

paragraph: Ephraim Lópes Pereira d'Aguilar (1739 in Vienna – 1802 in London) was the second Baron d'Aguilar, a Barony of the Holy Roman Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: In 1757, d'Aguilar was naturalized in England, where he had settled with his father, Baron Diego Pereira d'Aguilar. On 8 December 1756, he married Sarah (Simha) Mendes da Costa (born c.1742, died 5 May 1763), daughter of Moses Mendes da Costa, who is reported to have brought him a fortune of £150,000. She was the mother of his two legitimate daughters. He also had a son. He succeeded to his father's title and fortune in 1759, and for a time lived in luxurious style with twenty servants at the Broad Street Buildings. By the time of the American Revolutionary War, however, d'Aguilar had lost an American estate of 15,000 acres (61 km²).

paragraph: Subsequently, he became known as a miserly and eccentric person, giving up his mansion in Broad Street as well as his country houses at Bethnal Green, Twickenham, and Sydenham. His establishment at Colebrook Row, Islington, was popularly styled "Starvation Farm", because of the scanty food provided for the cattle. He came a freemason in 1778. Upon his death there in 1802, d'Aguilar left a fortune valued at £200,000 hidden throughout the dwelling to his two daughters who survived him.

paragraph: D'Aguilar held various positions in his community, and served as treasurer of the Portuguese Synagogue; the minutes of the proceedings of the Mahamad bear the signature of Ephraim d'Aguilar. He was elected warden in 1765, but declined to serve, and refused on technical grounds to pay the fine. D'Aguilar was given eight days to accept the position or to submit to the penalty. He evidently submitted, since on 5 March 1767 he married Rebecca, née Lamego (dsp 30 November 1795), daughter of Isaac Lamego and widow of Benjamin Mendes da Costa, the elder (the father of Benjamin Mendes da Costa?), Chairman of the Committee of Diligence. He would not have been able to marry her had he been lying under the ban. When d'Aguilar took up his eccentric life, however, the couple separated. After twenty years, a partial reconciliation took place between the baron and his wife, but only for a short time. d'Aguilar was again elected to office in 1770, and for some years thereafter remained a member of the synagogue.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Family tree

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cartoon

description: Baron of the Holy Roman Empire


text: House of Piast

text: Masovian branch

text: Rawa

text: Płock

text: Sochaczew

text: Gostynin

text: Płońsk

text: Wizna

text: Belz

text: Zawkrze

text: Teutonic Order

text: Siemowit III, Duke of Masovia

text: Nicholas II of Opava

text: Janusz I

text: Louis of Poland and Hungary

text: Greater Poland

text: Kujawy

text: Lesser Poland

text: Mary

text: Sigismund of Luxembourg

text: Greater Poland Civil War

text: Buda

text: Elizabeth of Bosnia

text: Jadwiga

text: William of Habsburg

text: Sieradz

text: Bodzanta

text: Kraków

text: John of Tęczyn

text: Grand Duchy of Lithuania

text: Wawel

text: Książ

text: Kalisz

text: Kujawy

text: Łęczyca

text: Union of Krewo

text: Jogaila

text: Duchy of Belz

text: Alexandra of Lithuania

text: Christianization of Lithuania

text: Teutonic Order

text: Wizna

text: Płońsk

text: Zawkrze

text: Battle of Grunwald

text: Peace of Thorn (1411)

text: prebends

text: Bishopric of Veszprém

text: Hungary

text: Stanisław z Pawłowic

text: Bishop of Płock

text: Gostynin

text: Alexandra

text: Algirdas

text: Grand Duke of Lithuania

text: Uliana of Tver

text: Siemowit V

text: Hedwig

text: Janos Garai

text: Cymburgis

text: Ernest I, Duke of Austria

text: Euphemia

text: Bolesław I, Duke of Cieszyn

text: Amelia

text: William II, Margrave of Meissen

text: Alexander

text: Bishop of Trento

text: Bishop of Chur

text: Cardinal

text: Damascus

text: Patriarch of Aquileia

text: Casimir II

text: Trojden II

text: Władysław I

text: Maria

text: Bogislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania

text: Michael Žygimantaitis

text: Catherine

text: Michael Žygimantaitis

text: Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Przemyslaus II, Duke of Cieszyn

text: Dorothy Garai

categories: 1426 deaths,1352 births,Dukes of Masovia

paragraph: Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia

paragraph: Siemowit IV (Ziemowit IV), also known as Siemowit IV the Younger (pl: "Siemowit IV Młodszy"; ca. 1353/1356 – 21 January 1426), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast from the Masovian branch, from 1373/74 Duke of Rawa, and after the division of the paternal inheritance between him and his brother in 1381, ruler over Rawa, Płock, Sochaczew, Gostynin, Płońsk and Wizna, since 1386 hereditary Polish vassal, since 1388 ruler over Belz, during 1382–1401 he lost Wizna and during 1384–1399 and 1407–1411 he lost Zawkrze, during 1384–1399 he lost Płońsk, taken by the Teutonic Order.

paragraph: He was the second son of Siemowit III, Duke of Masovia and his first wife Euphemia, daughter of Nicholas II of Opava.

paragraph: Already during his father's lifetime, Siemowit IV received his own district, Rawa Mazowiecka (ca. 1373/74), and as a result of the partition of Masovia between him and his older brother Janusz I after the death of their father on 16 June 1381, Siemowit IV finally obtain the totality of his domains: Rawa, Płock, Sochaczew, Gostynin, Płońsk and Wizna.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Siemowit IV chosen to be opposed to his older brother Janusz I in the relations with the Polish Kingdom - in particular, when he attempted to obtain the royal crown. One year after the acquisition of his own domains, King Louis of Poland and Hungary died (10 September 1382), and with this emerged the opportunity to place his candidacy to the crown, supported by the Greater Poland and Kujawy nobility (centered around the powerful Bartosz Wezenborg). However, the late King had made arrangements among the Lesser Poland nobility who guaranteed the support to his eldest daughter and heiress Mary and her husband Sigismund of Luxembourg. Without waiting for a favorable settlement, in January 1383, Siemowit IV marched to Greater Poland at the head of his troops, marked the beginning of the Greater Poland Civil War.

paragraph: Unexpectedly, in Buda the Dowager Queen Elizabeth of Bosnia decided to change the decision of her husband and accepted to reign of her youngest daughter Jadwiga over Poland instead of Mary and Sigismund, who remained rulers of Hungary. This decision caused that several supporters of Siemowit IV hoped that he could married the young Queen (despite the fact that she was already betrothed to William of Habsburg) and in this way, both factions could reconcile and in addition this union with the old Piast dynasty could further legitimized the Angevin rule.

paragraph: The first step to implement this plan was the formal candidacy of Siemowit IV to the royal crown. To this end, in a meeting of nobles and gentry at Sieradz the Archbishop Bodzanta of Gniezno, one of his leading supporters, proposed Siemowit IV's candidacy to the throne. This proposal quickly gained widespread acceptance, and only thanks to the courageous intervention of the voivode of Kraków John of Tęczyn, who advised them to abstain from any decision until the arrival of Jadwiga, the idea was abandoned. The opposition of Lesser Poland to the candidacy of Siemowit IV was probably associated with the fear of the growing role of Greater Poland under an eventual rule of the Masovian Duke. Another argument against this was the emerging idea of the union with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

paragraph: This events didn't discouraged Siemowit IV, who was determined to obtain the crown, even by force. Probably with the knowledge and consent of Archbishop Bodzanta, he attempted to abduct Jadwiga and marry her, in a desperate act to win the crown. When the Lesser Poland nobility knew of his intentions, they close the gates of Wawel to Bodzanta's men, among them was hidden Siemowit IV. They also warned Jadwiga, who remained at the court of her mother until was secured to travel.

paragraph: Despite the defeat of his ambitious plans, Siemowit IV continued his efforts to obtain the Polish throne. For this purpose, after burning the property of his political opponents in Książ, he went back to Sieradz, where a part of the local nobility proclaimed him King of Poland. This time, however, the congress lacked of real authority, and for this reason, he delayed his expected coronation, trying to conquer the country by force. After a disastrous campaign and a failed siege to Kalisz (Siemowit IV was able to obtain only Kujawy), some of his supporters decided to sign an armistice on 29 September 1383.

paragraph: Better advantage of the ceasefire to the Polish was the join of Hungarian troops to the country under the personal command of Sigismund of Luxembourg. The combined attack of Hungarian-Polish forces caused that Siemowit IV resigned from further fighting, moreover when his brother Janusz opted for the recognition of Jadwiga as Queen.

paragraph: The defeat of Siemowit IV reduced considerably the number of his supporters. Consequently, and after a final rejection in October 1384 from the powerful Lesser Poland nobility to a marriage with Jadwiga, the Masovian Duke adopted a different tactic: if it was impossible for him obtain the crown, he decided to win all the territory possible.

paragraph: This time the fight took place successfully for Siemowit IV: by the end of 1384 he could conquer Łęczyca. However, he soon realized that, given the power of the Polish-Lithuanian union (confirmed in the Union of Krewo), his forces are too small. Finally, he decided to make peace negotiations with Jadwiga, which ended successfully on 12 December 1385 with the signing of a treaty, under which Siemowit IV returned all the lands taken by him in exchange for the sum of 10,000 silver marks, and most important, he relinquished all his claims to the Polish crown and paid homage to the Queen Jadwiga and her new husband and King, Jogaila, from which he received the Duchy of Belz as dowry of Princess Alexandra of Lithuania, Jogaila's sister, who married Siemowit IV as a gesture of reconciliation between both parties.

paragraph: Siemowit IV's final testimony of complete resignation over the Polish crown was his attendance to the ceremonies of baptism, marriage and coronation of Jadwiga and Jogaila in Kraków. After these ceremonies, he renewed his homage to the royal couple. After this, he joined the royal entourage to Vilnius, where he participated in the process of Christianization of Lithuania.

paragraph: After finally admitted his defeat and paid homage to the Polish King, the political situation of Siemowit IV was significantly deteriorated. Before the war, as an independent ruler he can effectively maneuver between the Polish, Lithuanians and the Teutonic Order; now, as a vassal was clearly seen as an ally of the Polish Kingdom. In addition, in order to finance his policies he needed money and several times he mortgaged some of his domains to the Teutonic Order, including Wizna (during 1382-1401), Płońsk (during 1384-1399) and Zawkrze (during 1384-1399 and 1407-1411).

paragraph: In view of the growing friction between the Polish and Teutonic Order, Siemowit IV tried to obtain the greatest benefit for him and intervened as a mediator. Also, after the outbreak of the war of 1409–1410 between Poland, Lithuania and the Teutonic Order, the attitude of the Masovian Duke wasn't clear: in one side, he tried to contact King Sigismund of Hungary and by other side, he pressured his warring neighbors to maintain the peace. In view of the failure of his attempts to make a compromise, Siemowit IV finally sent his troops at the Battle of Grunwald, but his participation was only symbolic; in fact, was his son Siemovit V who fielded two banners of his own troops and fought alongside the 'Royal' Poles and Lithuanian troops. In order to maintain his friendly relations with the Teutonic Order, he provides them with refunds even during the campaign; in exchange, the Order returned Zawkrze to Siemowit IV, despite the fact that under the Peace of Thorn (1411) they aren't obliged to do it.

paragraph: Despite his official subordination to Poland, Siemowit IV tried to pursue an independent foreign policy. This was expressed in his frequent contacts with the Hungarian King Sigismund, who, wishing to drag a Polish vassal to his side gave the Masovian Duke the rich prebends from the Bishopric of Veszprém and other possessions across Hungary.

paragraph: Siemowit IV's relations with Poland, although some temporary frictions caused by his too independent policy (he even minted his own coins) remained friendly, despite the fact that he didn't fulfill his duties as a vassal, and only sent troops to Poland occasionally when he was required to do. Another gesture of friendship with King Władysław II was noted when he used Siemowit IV's daughters into political marriages and the support given to his son Alexander in his Church career.

paragraph: In domestic politics, Siemowit IV continued the economic restructuring which begun under the rule of his father. For this purpose, in addition to the existing statutes he implemented the Kulm law in several of his cities and promoted the colonization of the Masovian nobility to Belz.

paragraph: After 1420 Siemowit IV, due to his progressive blindness, gradually gave participation in the government to his adult sons. In 1425, the dispute about the election of his Chancellor Stanisław z Pawłowic as Bishop of Płock didn't brought anything good to Masovia, and only forced his sons Siemowit V and Casimir II into a humiliating surrender.

paragraph: Siemowit IV died on 21 January 1426 at Gostynin and was buried in the Ducal crypt at Płock Cathedral.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and Issue.

paragraph: In 1387, Siemowit IV married Alexandra (d. 20 April 1434), a Lithuanian princess, daughter of Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and his second wife, Uliana of Tver. They had thirteen children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siemowit V (1389 - 17 February 1442).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hedwig (ca. 1392 - aft. 19 February 1439), married after 3 January 1410 to Janos Garai, Ban of Uzora and Obergespan of Temes and Pozsega.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cymburgis (ca. 1394 - 28 September 1429), married on 25 January 1412 to Ernest I, Duke of Austria.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Euphemia (1395/97 - bef. 17 September 1447), married on 20 November 1412 to Bolesław I, Duke of Cieszyn.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amelia (1397/98 - aft. 17 May 1434), married on 16 May 1413 to William II, Margrave of Meissen.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander (1400 - 2 June 1444), a diplomat and Bishop of Trento, titular Bishop of Chur, titular Cardinal of Damascus, and Patriarch of Aquileia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Casimir II (1401/03 - 15 September 1442).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trojden II (1403/06 - 25 July 1427).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Władysław I (1406/09 - 11/12 December 1455).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexandra (1407/10 - ca. 1426).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria (1408/15–14 February 1454), married on 24 June 1432 to Bogislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anna (24 April 1411 - bef. 7 Feb 1435), married bef. 26 May 1427 to Michael Žygimantaitis, a Lithuanian prince.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine (1413/16 - betw. 2 June 1479/5 July 1480), married bef. 21 August 1439 to Michael Žygimantaitis, a Lithuanian prince (widower of her sister).

paragraph: Grandchildren of Alexandra and Siemowit IV included Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, Przemyslaus II, Duke of Cieszyn, Sophie of Pomerania, Duchess of Pomerania and Dorothy Garai, queen of Bosnia.

paragraph: Prior to his marriage, Siemowit IV fathered an illegitimate son, Miklusz (also called "Mikołaj"; born before 1387), who was legitimated on 29 June 1417 by Emperor Sigismund. Nothing more is known about him.

description: Duke of Masovia

wikidata_label: Siemowit IV

wikipedia_title: Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia


text: Spanish

text: graffiti

text: Movida

text: logo

text: Madrid

text: Spanish

text: spring

text: hip-hop culture

text: Spain

text: United States

text: television

text: newspaper

categories: Spanish graphic designers,Spanish graffiti artists,History of Madrid,Spanish male painters,20th-century Spanish painters

paragraph: Muelle

paragraph: Muelle was a trademark signature and design by Juan Carlos Argüello, Spanish graffiti pioneer (circa 1966–1995).

paragraph: Around 1980, during the Madrilene cultural Movida, Argüello started reproducing the logo he had designed in walls and public spaces of Madrid. It consisted of the word "Muelle" (Spanish for "spring"), or an R with an enclosing circle (®) and a line in the shape of a coiled spring ending in an arrowhead. At first he used an ink marker, and later spraypainted his signature extensively around Madrid (and to a lesser extent, in other Spanish localities). In the eighties, he improved his technique, using several colours, wider borders, and 3-D effects.

paragraph: His innovative style, along with the profusion of his tags made his work popular. Many other Madrilene youths created their own tags inspired by Muelle's, often ending strokes with arrowheads. The spread of hip-hop culture in Spain in the late 1980s introduced the new graffiti styles developed in the United States, but variations in Muelle's work basically kept his original design. Argüello appeared in Spanish television and newspapers.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photographs at Madrid Old School Graffiti, an "aficionado"'s web.

description: Spanish painter and graphic designer (1966-1995)

wikidata_label: Muelle

wikipedia_title: Muelle


text:
American football
running back
National Football League
college football
University of Miami
Indianapolis Colts
1999 NFL Draft
Arizona Cardinals
Seattle Seahawks
AP NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year
Pro Bowl
All-Pro
10,000 Yards rushing club
Immokalee High School
University of Miami
running backs
University of Miami
Baltimore Ravens
Willis McGahee
Indianapolis Colts
1999 NFL Draft
Heisman Trophy
Ricky Williams
NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year
Associated Press
Ezekiel Elliott
ACL
Super Bowl XLI
Jim Irsay
Indianapolis Colts Ring of Honor
Jacksonville Jaguars
Arizona Cardinals
Corey Dillon
LaDainian Tomlinson
Ken Whisenhunt
Philadelphia Eagles
Pittsburgh Steelers
Super Bowl XLIII
Seattle Seahawks
running back
T. J. Duckett
Miami, Florida
leukemia
Seattle Seahawks bio

categories: 1978 births,National Football League Offensive Rookie of the Year Award winners,Seattle Seahawks players,Players of American football from Florida,Miami Hurricanes football players,American football running backs,Sportspeople from Miami,Indianapolis Colts players,Arizona Cardinals players,Living people,American Conference Pro Bowl players

paragraph: Edgerrin James

paragraph: Edgerrin Tyree James (; born August 1, 1978) is a former American football running back who played in the National Football League (NFL) for eleven seasons. He played college football for the University of Miami. He was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts fourth overall in the 1999 NFL Draft. James also played for the Arizona Cardinals and Seattle Seahawks. The AP NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year in 1999, he earned four Pro Bowl selections and four All-Pro selections. James is the Colts' all-time leader in career rushing yards, attempts, and touchdowns. James is thirteenth on the all-time rushing list, and a member of the 10,000 Yards rushing club.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: James was recruited out of Florida's Immokalee High School by the University of Miami. He proved to be one of the most successful running backs in the school's history.

paragraph: James ranks third in all-time University of Miami rushing yards. He was the only running back in school history to post two consecutive seasons with 1,000-plus rushing yards, and he ranks first in school history with the most 100-plus rushing games (14). All single season records held by James have since been broken by former Baltimore Ravens running back Willis McGahee.

paragraph: Edgerrin was inducted into the University of Miami Sports Hall of Fame on April 23, 2009 at its 41st Annual Induction Banquet at Jungle Island in Miami.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:College statistics.

paragraph: "Source:"

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Indianapolis Colts.

paragraph: The Indianapolis Colts selected James in the first round of the 1999 NFL Draft with the fourth overall pick. James signed a seven-year, $49 million rookie contract. Some critics believed that the Colts made a mistake by choosing James over the reigning Heisman Trophy winner Ricky Williams.

paragraph: James quieted the critics and was an immediate success, and was named the 1999 NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year by the Associated Press. James won the NFL rushing title in his first two seasons. He was the last NFL player to win the rushing title in his rookie season before Ezekiel Elliott. Six games into the 2001 season, he tore his ACL.

paragraph: James had over 1,500 rushing yards in both the 2004 and 2005 seasons.

paragraph: James left Indianapolis as its all-time leading rusher with 9,226 yards. After James departure in March 2006, the Colts won Super Bowl XLI the following season. Although he was not on the team at the time, Colt's Owner Jim Irsay still sent him a Super Bowl ring.

paragraph: On September 23, 2012, James was inducted into the Indianapolis Colts Ring of Honor during the week 3 game against the Jacksonville Jaguars.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Cardinals.

paragraph: James signed a four-year, $30 million deal with the Arizona Cardinals on March 23, 2006. With the retirement of Corey Dillon, James became the active leader in career rushing yards at the start of 2007, and remained so through his last game in November 2009 (though he would be passed by LaDainian Tomlinson by the end of the season). James went through a stretch of 10 games out of the 2008 season where he carried the ball only 20 times. Through this time, Ken Whisenhunt brought him in strictly as a pass protector. In Week 17 against the Seattle Seahawks, James carried the ball 14 times for 100 yards. James said he would not come back to Arizona following the 2009 NFL playoffs, despite a year left on his contract. In the Cardinals' first playoff game since 1998, James averaged 4.7 yards per carry and ran for 100 yards. In the Divisional Round of the playoffs, James rushed for 57 yards and a touchdown in the Cardinals' upset victory over the heavily favored Carolina Panthers. James rushed for 73 yards in the Cardinals' 32-25 win over the Philadelphia Eagles in the NFC Championship game. James rushed 9 times for 33 yards in the Cardinals' 27-23 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XLIII.

paragraph: His long-time girlfriend, the mother of his children, died of cancer in April 2009. After this, he asked for his release from the team, and the Cardinals honored his request on April 28.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Seattle Seahawks.

paragraph: After spending the 2009 offseason grieving with his four children and declining NFL offers, James finally agreed to a one-year, $2 million contract with the Seattle Seahawks on August 24, 2009, missing the team's training camp. The team released running back T. J. Duckett to make room for James on the roster. However, James rushed for only 125 yards on a career-low 46 carries. He played in only seven games, and on November 3, 2009, Seattle cut him from the team.

paragraph: On July 26, 2011, James announced his retirement from professional football. He had amassed 12,246 rushing yards (11th all-time at the time of his last game in 2009) and 80 rushing touchdowns (15th).

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Colts franchise records.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most career rushing yards (9,226)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most career rushing touchdowns (64)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Best career rushing yards per game average: 96.1

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most rushing yards in a single season: 1,709 (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most seasons with 1,000 rushing yards (5)

paragraph: Section::::NFL career statistics.

paragraph: "Source"

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: James currently resides in Miami, Florida. He has six children. On April 14, 2009, Andia Wilson, James' long-time girlfriend and the mother of four of his children, died from leukemia at the age of 30.

paragraph: James also practiced creative arts and bowled professionally through high school.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seattle Seahawks bio

description: American football player, running back

wikidata_label: Edgerrin James

wikipedia_title: Edgerrin James


text: Kabbalah

text: Safed

text: Ottoman Syria

text: acronym

text: Kabbalah

text: Zohar

text: Meir ibn Gabbai

text: Jewish philosophy

text: evolving

text: cause and effect

text: Infinite

text: Finite

text: Isaac Luria

text: World

text: Rectification

text: pre-Rectification

text: Rationalism

text: Expulsion from Spain

text: Córdoba

text: Spain

text: Spanish Inquisition

text: Safed

text: Land of Israel

text: Kabbalah

text: Talmud

text: Jewish philosophical

text: semicha

text: Jacob Berab

text: Yosef Karo

text: Halakha

text: Moshe of Trani

text: Yosef Sagis

text: Moshe Alshich

text: Shlomo Alkabetz

text: Lecha Dodi

text: Zohar

text: Pardes Rimonim

text: magnum opus

text: Jerusalem

text: Tikkunei Zohar

text: Tomer Devorah

text: Sephirot

text: Ohr Neerav

text: Elimah Rabbati

text: Sefer Gerushin

text: asceticism

text: Safed

text: Ottoman Syria

text: Elijah

text: Eliyahu de Vidas

text: Reshit Chochmah

text: Chaim Vital

text: Isaac Luria

text: Solomon Alkabetz

text: Jerusalem

text: Isaac Luria

text: Zohar

text: Haim Vital

text: Zohar

text: Jewish philosophy

text: Maimonides

text: Kabbalah

text: Pardes Rimonim

text: Pomegranate

text: Magnum opus

text: Sefer Yetzirah

text: Tomer Devorah

text: Musar Literature

text: Louis Jacobs

text: Henry Abramson

text: Rabbi Moshe Cordovero

text: The Ramak

text: Jewish Encyclopedia article

text: "The Unity of God"

text: Video Lecture on Rabbi Moshe Cordevero

text: Henry Abramson

text: Touro College South

categories: Rabbis in Safed,1522 births,16th-century rabbis,People from Córdoba, Andalusia,Sephardi rabbis,Authors of Kabbalistic works,Burials at the Old Jewish Cemetery, Safed,Kabbalists,1570 deaths,Rabbis in Ottoman Galilee

paragraph: Moses ben Jacob Cordovero

paragraph: Moses ben Jacob Cordovero ( "Moshe Kordovero" ; 1522–1570) was a central figure in the historical development of Kabbalah, leader of a mystical school in 16th-century Safed, Ottoman Syria. He is known by the acronym the Ramak ().

paragraph: After the Medieval flourishing of Kabbalah, centered on the Zohar, attempts were made to give a complete intellectual system to its theology, such as by Meir ibn Gabbai. Influenced by the earlier success of Jewish philosophy in articulating a rational study of Jewish thought, Moshe Cordovero produced the first full integration of the previous differing schools in Kabbalistic interpretation. While he was a mystic inspired by the opaque imagery of the Zohar, "Cordoverian Kabbalah" utilised the conceptual framework of evolving cause and effect from the Infinite to the Finite in systemising Kabbalah, the method of philosophical style discourse he held most effective in describing a process that reflects sequential logic and coherence. His encyclopedic works became a central stage in the development of Kabbalah.

paragraph: Immediately after him in Safed, Isaac Luria articulated a subsequent system of Kabbalistic theology, with new supra-rational doctrines recasting previous Kabbalistic thought. While Lurianism displaced the Cordoverian scheme and became predominant in Judaism, its followers read Cordoverian works in harmony with their teachings. Where to them, Lurianism described the "World" of Rectification, Cordovero described the pre-Rectification World. Both articulations of the 16th century mystical Renaissance in Safed gave Kabbalah an intellectual prominence to rival Medieval Rationalism, whose social influence on Judaism had waned after the Expulsion from Spain.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: The name Cordovero indicates that his family originated in Córdoba, Spain and perhaps fled from there during the expulsion of 1492 during the Spanish Inquisition. His Hebrew signature, however (Cordoeiro), strongly suggests a long-lasting residence in Portugal.

paragraph: The "Ramak" was either born in, or moved to Safed in the Land of Israel, the city that was soon to become famed as a center of Kabbalah and mystical creativity. Albeit not involved in mystical studies until his twentieth year, RaMaK soon after gained a reputation of an extraordinary genius and a prolific writer. Besides his knowledge in Kabbalah, he was a Talmudic scholar and a man of commanding mastery in Jewish philosophical thought who was respected in these fields. Contrary to popular belief, however, Ramak was not one of the rabbis who received the special semicha ("ordination") from Rabbi Jacob Berab in 1538, alongside Rabbi Yosef Karo (Cordovero's teacher in Halakha), Rabbi Moshe of Trani, Rabbi Yosef Sagis, and Rabbi Moshe Alshich. As a whole, Ramak's contributions to posterity were in speculative and performative Kabballah, but during his lifetime he was the renowned head of the Yeshiva for Portuguese immigrants in Safed.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Scholarship.

paragraph: According to his own testimony in the introduction to "Pardes Rimonim", in 1542, at the age of twenty, Ramak heard a "Heavenly voice" urging him to study Kabbalah with his brother-in-law, Rabbi Shlomo Alkabetz, composer of the mystical song Lecha Dodi. He was thus initiated into the mysteries of the Zohar. The young Ramak not only mastered the text, but decided to organize the Kabbalistic themes leading to his day and present them in an organized fashion. This led to the composition of his first book, "Pardes Rimonim" ("Orchard of Pomegranates"), which was completed in 1548 and secured Ramak's reputation as a brilliant Kabbalist and a lucid thinker. The "Pardes", as it is known, was a systemization of all Kabbalistic thought up to that time and featured the author's attempt at a reconciliation of various early schools with the conceptual teachings of the Zohar in order to demonstrate an essential unity and self-consistent philosophical basis of Kabbalah.

paragraph: His second work - a magnum opus titled "Ohr Yakar" ("Precious Light") - was a 16 volume commentary on the Zoharic literature in its entirety and a work to which Ramak had devoted most of his life (the modern publication of this great work has started during the mid 1960s and reached partial fruition in 2004 Jerusalem, though the 23-volume set left out about two-thirds of the Tikkunei Zohar; additional volumes are still being published). Some parts of Ohr Yakar have been published under separate titles, such as Shiur Qomah, Tefilah le-Moshe etc.

paragraph: Some other books for which the Ramak is known are "Tomer Devorah" ("Palm Tree of Deborah"), in which he utilizes the Kabbalistic concepts of the Sephirot ("Divine attributes") to illuminate a system of morals and ethics; "Ohr Neerav", a justification of and insistence upon the importance of Kabbalah study and an introduction to the methods explicated in Pardes Rimonim; "Elimah Rabbati", a highly abstract treatise on kabbalistic concerns revolving around the Godhead and His relationship to the Sefirot; and "Sefer Gerushin", a short and intimate composition which features the highly devotional slant of Ramak, as well as his asceticism and religious piety. Certain parts of Ramak's works are still in form of manuscripts, whereas his existing writings suggest many other compositions which he either intended to write or had actually written - but were lost.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Disciples.

paragraph: Around 1550, the Ramak founded a Kabbalah academy in Safed (then in Ottoman Syria), which he led for twenty or so years, until his death. According to Jewish legend, it was reported that the prophet Elijah revealed himself to him. Among his disciples were many of the luminaries of Safed, including Rabbi Eliyahu de Vidas, author of Reshit Chochmah ("Beginning of Wisdom"), and Rabbi Chaim Vital, who later became the official recorder and disseminator of the teachings of Rabbi Isaac Luria.

paragraph: Ramak was survived by a wife whose name remains unknown (it is known that she was Solomon Alkabetz' sister) and by a son named Gedaliah (1562–1625). Gedaliah was the impetus behind the publication of some of Ramak's books in Venice, Italy c. 1584-7. Gedaliah was buried in Jerusalem, where he had spent most of his adult life after returning from Venice.

paragraph: Section::::Succession of Kabbalistic interpretation after the Ramak.

paragraph: According to tradition, Isaac Luria (known by the acronym "Ari" or "Arizal") arrived in Safed on the exact day of the funeral of Moshe Cordovero in 1570. When he joined in the funeral procession, he realised that only he saw a pillar of fire following the Ramak's presence. The Zohar describes this spiritual revelation as a sign to the individual who sees it, that he is meant to inherit the succession of leadership from the departed person. However, as Luria had been instructed to find his chosen disciple in Safed, Haim Vital, to reveal his new teachings to, he avoided accepting Kabbalistic leadership until six months later, when Rabbi Haim Vital approached him. The Ari only lived for two years after this, until 1572, but in those few months he revolutionised the conceptual system of Kabbalah, with his new doctrines and philosophical system.

paragraph: The two schools of Cordoveran and Lurianic Kabbalah give two alternative accounts and synthesis of the complete theology of Kabbalah until then, based on their interpretation of the Zohar. After the public dissemination of the Zohar in Medieval times, various attempts were made to give a complete intellectual system of theology to its different schools and interpretations. Influenced by the earlier rational success of Jewish philosophy, especially the work of Maimonides, in producing a systematic intellectual articulation of Judaism, the Ramak achieved the first accepted systemisation of Kabbalah, based on its rational categorisation and study. Subsequent followers of the Ari saw their teachings as harmonious with, and a deeper interpretation of the Zohar and the Ramak's system, but the new system of Isaac Luria revealed completely new doctrines, as well as new descriptions of the earlier ideas of Kabbalah. In time, Lurianic Kabbalah emerged as the dominant system; however, the works of the Ramak are still highly esteemed and widely studied, as well.

paragraph: Section::::Among the Ramak's most visible books.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "Pardes Rimonim" ("An Orchard of Pomegranates") - Ramak's first book, an encyclopedic synthesis of the main trends of kabbalistic thought, which secured his reputation as a mystical genius.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. "Ohr Yakar" ("A Precious Light") - A Magnum opus of some 16 volumes in its extant manuscript form, which had occupied Ramak throughout his adult life - a classic commentary on the Zohar, Sefer Yetzirah and the Zoharic literary offshoots. Its publication ended around 2005 in Jerusalem (some 22 volumes). Certain parts, such as Tefilah le-Moshe and Shiur Qomah, were previously published as separate works.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. "Tomer Devorah" ("Palm tree [of] Deborah"), a popular work of Musar Literature based on kabbalistic principles. It was translated to English by Louis Jacobs as "Moses Cordovero, The Palm Tree of Deborah", New York Sepher-Hermon Press, 1960, BJ1287.C8T61J2; and later by Rabbi Moshe Miller (1993). First chapter was also translated with an extensive commentary by Henry Abramson under the title The Kabbalah of Forgiveness: The Thirteen Levels of Mercy in Rabbi Moshe Cordovero's Date Palm of Devorah (Tomer Devorah) (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. "Eilima Rabbati" - of which 2/3 is still unpublished.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. "Ohr Neerav" ("A Pleasant Light" - can also mean "a mixed light" and "a darkened light")- translated to English and annotated by Ira Robinson (1994).

paragraph: BULLET::::6. " Sefer Gerushin" ("The Book of Banishments") - a disclosure of Ramak's fellowship and their devotional piety in the Galilean outskirts of Safed. A highly informative text concerning RaMaK's devotional piety and the use of landscape as the negotiator between heaven and earth.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rabbi Moshe Cordovero

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tomer Devorah (The Palm Tree of Deborah) - Cordovero's classic text

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moses Cordovero's Meditations for the Ten Days of Repentance

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Ramak

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jewish Encyclopedia article

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Unity of God" - from The Garden of Pomegranates

paragraph: BULLET::::- Video Lecture on Rabbi Moshe Cordevero by Henry Abramson of Touro College South

paragraph: BULLET::::- Translation of First Chapter of Tomer Devorah excepted from Henry Abramson's The Kabbalah of Forgiveness.

description: rabbi and cabalist in Ottoman Palestine

wikidata_label: Moses ben Jacob Cordovero

wikipedia_title: Moses ben Jacob Cordovero


text:
American football
center
National Football League
college football
University of California, Los Angeles
1996 NFL Draft
Green Bay Packers
Houston Texans
Washington, D.C.
Rio Americano High School
Sacramento, California
Irish descent
UCLA
Pac-10
Jonathan Ogden
Bachelor of Arts
1996 NFL Draft
Green Bay Packers
Carolina Panthers
Chicago Bears
Pro Bowl
Houston Texans
Houston Texans bio (as of Jan. 2008)

categories: Houston Texans players,American people of Irish descent,Green Bay Packers players,Players of American football from California,Living people,Players of American football from Washington, D.C.,American football centers,National Conference Pro Bowl players,UCLA Bruins football players,1973 births

paragraph: Mike Flanagan (American football)

paragraph: Michael Christopher Flanagan (born November 10, 1973) is a former American football center who played twelve seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). In the third round of the 1996 NFL Draft, the Green Bay Packers selected him as the 90th overall pick. Flanagan played from 1998 to 2005 with the Packers then with the Houston Texans from 2006 to 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and college.

paragraph: Flanagan was born in Washington, D.C. and graduated from Rio Americano High School in Sacramento, California in 1991. He is of Irish descent. At UCLA, Flanagan redshirted in 1991, played one game in 1992, and started 32 consecutive games from 1993 to 1995. He was a first-team All-Pac-10 selection in his junior and senior seasons and third-team All-America recognition as a senior. Flanagan became a starter in 1993 after Jonathan Ogden, a future NFL player, was injured. In 2002, he graduated from UCLA with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history. For three years, Flanagan earned a spot on the UCLA athletic director's academic honor roll.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Green Bay Packers.

paragraph: In the 1996 NFL Draft, the Green Bay Packers selected Flanagan in the third round as the 90th overall pick. Flanagan sat out the 1996 and 1997 seasons due to an injury sustained during the 1996 preseason.

paragraph: Although the Green Bay Packers traded Flanagan to the Carolina Panthers in August 1998, the trade was nullified because Flanagan did not pass a physical. With the Packers, Flanagan made his professional regular season debut on December 13, 1998, a victory over the Chicago Bears. Flanagan became the starting center in 2001. Flanagan was named to the Pro Bowl for the first time in 2003, the first Packers center to be named since 1996. Flanagan sat out the season after October 2004 due to knee surgery.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Houston Texans.

paragraph: On March 24, 2006, Flanagan signed with the Houston Texans. He was released by the Texans on February 20, 2008.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Houston Texans bio (as of Jan. 2008)

alias:
Michael Christopher Flanagan
Michael Flanagan

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Mike Flanagan

wikipedia_title: Mike Flanagan (American football)


text: American football

text: linebacker

text: National Football League

text: college football

text: University of Virginia

text: New York Jets

text: Pittsburgh Steelers

text: Super Bowl

text: XL

text: XLIII

text: Ettrick, Virginia

text: "Parade"

text: Matoaca High School

text: football

text: track

text: wrestling

text: George Welsh

text: Virginia Cavaliers football

text: University of Virginia

text: Mike Tomlin

text: wide receiver

text: William & Mary

text: Carquest Bowl

text: Pittsburgh Steelers

text: Pittsburgh Steelers 2005 campaign

text: New England Patriots

text: tackles

text: sack

text: AFC

text: Indianapolis Colts

text: US$

text: Super Bowl XLV

text: Green Bay Packers

text: Happy Days

text: The Ultimate Warrior

text: Matt Farrior

text: Los Angeles, California

text: The James Farrior Foundation

text: National Bone Marrow Registry

text: Richmond, VA

text: Dwight C. Jones

text: Chesterfield County Public Schools

text: James Farrior at NFL.com

text: Steelers Player Bio

text: The James Farrior Foundation

categories: Players of American football from Virginia,African-American players of American football,American football middle linebackers,Pittsburgh Steelers players,1974 births,Super Bowl champions,American football linebackers,New York Jets players,Virginia Cavaliers football players,Living people,Sportspeople from Petersburg, Virginia,American Conference Pro Bowl players

paragraph: James Farrior

paragraph: James Alfred Farrior (born January 6, 1975) is a former American football linebacker who played fifteen seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the University of Virginia. He played with the New York Jets and the Pittsburgh Steelers, and earned two Super Bowl rings with the Steelers (XL and XLIII).

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Farrior was born in Ettrick, Virginia. He was a "Parade" High School All-America selection and named Virginia's Group AA Co-Offensive Player of the Year as senior at Matoaca High School in his hometown and birthplace of Ettrick, Virginia. He was also selected first-team All-Conference at both FB and LB, also earned All-Metro and All-State honors, he was "The Richmond Times-Dispatch" co-Player of the Year after posting 78 tackles, 11 sacks, five blocked kicks, four forced fumbles and two interceptions, he rushed the ball 105 times for 1,006 (9.6 avg.) and 22 touchdown and had 19 receptions for 340 yards (17.9 avg.) and 4 touchdowns receiving as a senior fullback. He earned All-Metro, district and region honors as a junior, lettered three times in football, track and wrestling.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Farrior played for coach George Welsh's Virginia Cavaliers football team while attending the University of Virginia. During his career there, he racked up 381 tackles, ranking him third on the school's all-time list. In 1996 season, Farrior earned All-Atlantic Coast Conference first-team honors as a senior while registering 107 tackles, 13 tackles for a loss, 7 passes defensed, and 6.5 sacks. He even played against his future head coach, Mike Tomlin, while Tomlin was a wide receiver at William & Mary.

paragraph: In 1995 season as a junior he earned All-ACC second-team honors after he started every game at LOLB and led the team in tackles (122 stops) and also had half sack, nine passes defensed and an interception. In 1994, he earned all-ACC honorable mention as a sophomore when he started every game at LOLB and finished second on the team in tackles with 100, 1 sack, a blocked punt, 4 interceptions and 6 passes defensed. During 1993, as a freshman he appeared in 10 games and had 52 tackles, placing him seventh on the team, despite not starting any games, he earned ACC Newcomer of the Week honors when he came off the bench to register 18 tackles vs. Ohio. He had seven tackles and a fumble recovery vs. Boston College in the Carquest Bowl.

paragraph: He graduated in four years with a bachelor's degree in psychology.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New York Jets.

paragraph: Farrior began his pro career in 1997 as the 8th overall pick for the New York Jets. Until 2001, Farrior played sparingly as a reserve outside linebacker, playing in only 27 games from 1997 through 2000. In 2001, Farrior broke out and recorded 142 tackles, 106 of which were solo, one sack and two interceptions. After the 2001 season, the Jets allowed Farrior to leave via free agency, but his career exploded once he got to the Pittsburgh Steelers and was put back in his college position, ILB.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.

paragraph: In his first year with the Pittsburgh Steelers, Farrior recorded 82 tackles throughout 14 games. In 2003, he recorded 141 tackles and one interception. During the 2004 season, his third with the franchise, Farrior made 94 tackles, three sacks, and a career-high four interceptions. He also finished second behind Ed Reed for NFL Defensive Player of the Year honors. During the Pittsburgh Steelers 2005 campaign Farrior missed 2 games due to injury, but performed well in the 14 regular season games and 4 post-season games in which he appeared. His best regular season performance came in a week 3 loss to the New England Patriots, in which he recorded 9 tackles and 1 sack. Farrior's best performance in the post-season came in the AFC Divisional playoffs against the Indianapolis Colts, where Farrior recorded 10 tackles and 2.5 sacks. He finished the season with 119 tackles and a Super Bowl ring. In 2006, he played in all 16 games and recorded 126 tackles, four sacks and one interception. Farrior finished the 2007 season with 94 tackles and 6.5 sacks, a career-high, along with one interception. Entering the 2008 season, Farrior stated that he wished to remain a Steeler for the remainder of his career. In August 2008, Farrior signed a five-year, US$18.25 million contract with the Steelers. The deal included a $5 million signing bonus. At the end of the 2010 season, Farrior and the Steelers appeared in Super Bowl XLV against the Green Bay Packers. He was a starter in the game and recorded two total tackles in the 31–25 loss. He was released on March 2, 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Hall of Fame Induction.

paragraph: In 2016, Farrior was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame in Portsmouth, Virginia.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: He is nicknamed "Potsie" by his parents, Rebecca and James Farrior, because he had a pot-belly as a child and because of the popularity of the sit-com Happy Days. Farrior has garnered several nicknames among fans, too; one being "The Ultimate Farrior", a play on words in reference to explosive WWF wrestler The Ultimate Warrior.

paragraph: He is the older brother of former NFL linebacker, Matt Farrior. In July 2012, Farrior wed. He and his wife, Iman, reside in Los Angeles, California.

paragraph: James and his brother Matt Farrior have been recognized for their charitable contributions and actions and have created their own foundation - The James Farrior Foundation. The foundation runs a variety of programs to assist those in need through all stages of life. The Impact 51 program provides guidance and mentoring for students, the Farrior Scholarship Fund provides college financial assistance to eligible students and the Families in Crisis program provides assistance in many forms to families in need. In addition to their own organization, James and Matt work with the National Bone Marrow Registry. For these and other contributions to those less fortunate, the Farrior Foundation was given the "Key to the City" of Richmond, VA by Richmond's Mayor Dwight C. Jones in June 2009. James Farrior is also a recipient of the Bravo award given by the Chesterfield Public Education Foundation which recognizes Extraordinary Alumni of the Chesterfield County Public Schools.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Farrior at NFL.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steelers Player Bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- The James Farrior Foundation

description: American football player, middle linebacker

wikidata_label: James Farrior

wikipedia_title: James Farrior


text:
Iranian
Khorram-Dinān
Abbasid Caliphate
orthodoxy
Zoroastrianism
neo-Mazdakism
Azerbaijan
northwestern Iran
Iranian
Iran
Azerbaijan
Iranian
New Persian
Middle Persian
Sasanian Empire
Ardashir I
Papak
Ardabil
Azerbaijan
marzban
margrave
Muslim conquest of Iran
occupied
Khazars
Rawadid
Iranian people
Adhari
al-Maqdisi
Aramean
peddler
al-Mada'in
Armenia
Sabalan
Sarab
ghilman
Tabriz
Javidhan
Khurramite
Abu Muslim
Abbasid
Umayyad
Khurramiyyah
Zoroastrians
Khurramiyyah
Khorramdin
Arab
Zoroastrian
Maziar
Arab Caliph
Ibn Esfandyar
Tarikh-e Tabaristan
Tabaristan
Maziar
Iran
Persian language
al-Ma'mun
Vladimir Minorsky
Al-Mahdi
Tabarestān
Isfahan
Hamadan
Harun al-Rashid
Mas'udi
Adharbayjan
Tabarestan
Khorasan
Balkh
Isfahan
Kashan
Qom
Karaj
Hamadan
Lorestan
Khuzestan
Basra
Armenia
Tabari
Yahya ibn Mu'adh
al-Mu'tasim
Afshin
Bugha al-Kabir
al-Mu'tasim
Byzantine Empire
Sahl Smbatean
Khachen
Armenian
Caucasian Albania
Adharbayjan
Sahl Smbatian
Al-Mu'tasim
Afshin
gibbeted
Mazdak
Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
Soviet era
Ziya Bunyadov
Victor Schnirelmann
Republic of Azerbaijan
pre-Islamic
Reza Shah

categories: 795 births,Khurramites,Iranian rebels,Iranian Zoroastrians,838 deaths,Azerbaijan under the Abbasid Caliphate,Rebellions against the Abbasid Caliphate,8th-century Iranian people,9th-century executions by the Abbasid Caliphate,9th-century Iranian people

paragraph: Babak Khorramdin

paragraph: Bābak Khorramdin (Formally known as ""Pāpak"" meaning ""Young Father"") (, alternative spelling: "Pāpak Khorramdin"; 795, according to some other sources 798— January 838) was one of the main Iranian revolutionary leaders of the Iranian Khorram-Dinān ("Those of the joyous religion"), which was a local freedom movement fighting the Abbasid Caliphate. Khorramdin appears to be a compound analogous to "dorustdin" "orthodoxy" and "Behdin" "Good Religion" (Zoroastrianism), and are considered an offshoot of neo-Mazdakism. Babak's Iranianizing rebellion, from its base in Azerbaijan in northwestern Iran, called for a return of the political glories of the Iranian past. The Khorramdin rebellion of Babak spread to the Western and Central parts of Iran and lasted more than twenty years before it was defeated when Babak was betrayed. Babak's uprising showed the continuing strength in Azerbaijan of ancestral Iranian local feelings.

paragraph: Section::::Etymology.

paragraph: "Bābak" () is a New Persian name meaning "father", which is derived from the Middle Persian "Pāpak/Pābag" (𐭯𐭠𐭯𐭪𐭩), a common name in pre-Islamic Iran and also the hereditary name of the Sasanian Empire, whose founder Ardashir I (), was the son of a prince named Papak. The original name of Babak was al-Hasan.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Babak was born in 795 (or 798) in Bilalabad in the Mimadh district of the Ardabil area, which was part of Azerbaijan, a region in north-western Iran. The Mimadh district had provided the Sasanian "marzban" ("margrave") of Ardabil with troops during the Muslim conquest of Iran in 633–654, which resulted in the fall of the Sasanians and the conquest of Azerbaijan. The region was briefly occupied by the Khazars in 730–731, and had since the mid 8th-century been under colonization by the Arab Rawadid clan. Azerbaijan was populated by an Iranian people known as the Adhari, who although closely related, were distinct from the Persians. They spoke Adhari, which according to the 10th-century geographer al-Maqdisi, was similar to Persian.

paragraph: Babak was most likely himself not of pure Persian extraction, but of Adhari. His mother, Mahru (meaning "Moon-Face") was a non-Muslim wet-nurse from Azerbaijan. She is described as being "one-eyed" in Muslim sources, which is a fabrication made in order to disgrace Babak. Babak's father was an Aramean peddler from al-Mada'in, who had settled in Azerbaijan. His name was Abdallah, Amir ibn Abdallah, or Amir ibn Ahad, which suggests that he was seemingly a Muslim. Likewise, Babak's father is also the subject of derogatory fabrication in Muslim sources.

paragraph: The original faith of Babak is uncertain; he was born with the Muslim name of al-Hasan, and his three brothers, Mu'awiya, Abdallah, and Ishaq, also had Muslim names. Although having Muslim name was not in itself proof of any religious beliefs, as it was not uncommon for people to have an Muslim name in order "to move freely in Muslim society by virtue of their high position in their own community, such as the Armenian princes" (Crone). Babak's parents, who were no more than landless villagers, most likely learned that Babak and his brothers future lay with the Arab warlords of Azerbaijan, and thus as a way of "adapting to the standards of new the world" (Crone), they raised them as Muslims.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: During Babak's youth, his travelling father was killed near Sabalan. Till the age of twelve, Babak worked as a cowherd, and afterwards entered the service of an Arab warlord named Shibl ibn al-Muthanna al-Azdi in Sarab, where he worked as a groom and servant. The "ghilman" ("slaves") of Shibl taught Babak how to play the lute. Babak also learned to recite poetry, probably in the local Adhari dialect. According to the 11th-century writer Abu'l Ma'ali, Babak played the lute and sang songs for the locals whilst working as a fruit vendor in the village. Babak later established himself in the city of Tabriz. There he worked under another Arab warlord, Muhammad ibn Rawwad Azdi for two years, until he reached adulthood and left for his village, Bilalabad. There Babak encountered a wealthy and influential landlord named Javidhan, who was reportedly impressed with the latters cleverness, and as result recruited him into his service. Unlike the previous men Babak had served, Javidhan was a local Iranian, and the leader of one of the two Khurramite movements in Azerbaijan. The leader of the other Khurramite movement was a certain Abu Imran, who often clashed with Javidhans forces. During one of the clashes, Abu Imran was defeated and killed, whilst Javidhan was mortally wounded, dying three days later. Javidhan was succeeded by Babak, who had already converted to Khurramism under the latters service. It was most probably during this period that Babak changed his name from al-Hasan to Babak.

paragraph: Section::::Movement.

paragraph: In 755, Abu Muslim was murdered. Although he had helped the Abbasids to defeat the former Caliphs, the Umayyad dynasty, the ruling Caliph had given the order to kill him, probably because of his increasing popularity among Iranians and Non-Muslims. Many Iranians, who had expected more freedom and more rights from the new rulers, could not believe that their hero was killed by the ruling Caliph whom they had considered a friend of Iran and Iranians.

paragraph: This incident led to many revolts, mostly by angry Khurramiyyah ("Khorram-Dinān") and some Zoroastrians. This, in turn, forced the Caliphs to use more violence against the Iranian population in order to keep the eastern provinces under control. The constant revolts did not come to an end in the following decades, and the Iranian population of the Caliphate was constantly being oppressed.

paragraph: Babak joined the Khurramiyyah ("Khorram-Dinān"). The story of joining the Khorrami movement is being told in Waqed's account, in summary, as follows:

paragraph: Under the direction of his mentor Javidhan, a leader of one of the sects of the Khorramdin, Babak's knowledge of history, geography, and the latest battle tactics strengthened his position as a favorite candidate for commander during the early wars against the Arab occupiers.

paragraph: Bābak was a highly spiritual person who respected his Zoroastrian heritage. He made every possible effort to bring Iranians together and also with leaders such as Maziar to form a united front against the Arab Caliph. According to the medieval historian, Ibn Esfandyar, who composed the book "Tarikh-e Tabaristan" "History of Tabaristan", Maziar said:

paragraph: However, one of the most dramatic periods in the history of Iran was set under Bābak's leadership between 816–837. During these most crucial years, they not only fought against the Caliphate, but also for the preservation of Persian language and culture.

paragraph: After the death of Javidhan, Babak married Javidhan's wife and became the Khorramis' leader, sometime in the year 816-17 during al-Ma'mun's reign. Babak incited his followers to rise in rebellion against the caliphal regime. The reports state that Babak called Persians to arms, seized castles and strong points, thereby barring roads to his enemies. Gradually a large multitude joined him.

paragraph: According to Vladimir Minorsky, around the 9th–10th century:

paragraph: There had long been groups of Khorramis scattered in Isfahan, Adharbayjan, Ray, Hamadan, Armenia, Gorgan, and elsewhere in Iran, and there had been some earlier Khorrami revolts, e.g., in Gorgan jointly with Red Banner (Sorkh-'alamān) Bātenis in the caliph Al-Mahdi's reign in 778-79, when 'Amr b. 'Ala', the governor of Tabarestān, was ordered to repulse them, and at Isfahan, Ray, Hamadan, and elsewhere in Harun al-Rashid's realm, when 'Abd-Allah b. Malek and Abu Dolaf 'Ejli put them down on caliph's behalf – but none had the scale and duration of Babak's revolt, which pinned down caliphal armies for twenty years. After Babak's emergence, the Khorrami movement was centered in Adharbayjan and reinforced with volunteers from elsewhere, probably including descendants of Abu Muslim's supporters and other Iranian enemies of the 'Abbasid caliphate. The figures given for the strength of Babak's Khorramdinan army, such as 100,000 men (Abu'l-Ma'ali), 200,000 (Mas'udi), or innumerable (Baghdadi) are doubtless highly exaggerated but at least indicate that it was large. At that time of Babak, there were Khorramis scattered in many regions of Iran, besides Adharbayjan, reportedly in Tabarestan, Khorasan, Balkh, Isfahan, Kashan, Qom, Ray, Karaj, Hamadan, Lorestan, Khuzestan as well as in Basra, and Armenia.

paragraph: Tabari records that Babak claimed he possessed Javadan's spirit and that Babak became active in 816–817. In 819–820 Yahya ibn Mu'adh fought against Babak, but could not defeat him. Two years later Babak vanquished the forces of Isa ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Khalid. In 824–825 the caliphal general Ahmad ibn al Junayd was sent against Babak. Babak defeated and captured him.

paragraph: In 827–828 Muhammad ibn Humayd Tusi was dispatched to fight Babak. He won a victory and sent some captured enemy, but not Babak, to al-Ma'mun. However, about two years later, on June 9, 829, Babak won a decisive victory over this general at Hashtadsar. Muhammad ibn Humayd lost his life. Many of his soldiers were killed. The survivors fled in disarray.

paragraph: In 835–836 the caliph al-Mu'tasim sent his outstanding general Afshin against Babak. Afshin rebuilt fortresses. He employed a relay system to protect supply caravans. Babak tried to capture the money being sent to pay Afshin's army, but was himself surprised, lost many men and barely escaped. He did succeed in capturing some supplies and inflicting some hardship on his enemies. Amongst Babak's commander, various names have been mentioned including Azin, Rostam, Tarkhan, Mua’wiyah and Abdullah.

paragraph: The next year Babak routed the forces of Afshin's subordinate, Bugha al-Kabir. In 837–838 al-Mu'tasim reinforced Afshin and provided him clear military instructions. Patiently following these enabled Afshin to capture Babak's stronghold of Badhdh. Babak escaped. Al-Mu'tasim sent a safety guarantee for Babak to Afshin. This was taken to Babak who was very displeased. He said:

paragraph: "Better to live for just a single day as a ruler than to live for forty years as an abject slave."

paragraph: He decided to leave the country for the Byzantine Empire and on his way Babak met Sahl Smbatean (Sahl ibn Sunbat in Arab sources), Prince of Khachen, who was Armenian due to the Armenian historiography and Caucasian Albanian due to the Adharbayjani historiography. Sahl Smbatian, however, handed Babak over to Afshin in return for a large reward. Al-Mu'tasim commanded his general to bring Babak to him. Afshin informed Babak of this and told him since Babak might never return, this was the time to take a last look around. At Babak's request, Afshin allowed his prisoner to go to Badhdh. There Babak walked through his ruined stronghold one night until dawn.

paragraph: Eventually, Bābak, his wife, and his warriors were forced to leave "Ghaleye Bābak" after 23 years of constant campaigns.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He was eventually betrayed by Afshin and was handed over to the Abbasid Caliph. During Bābak's execution, the Caliph's henchmen first cut off his legs and hands in order to convey the most devastating message to his followers. The legend says that Bābak bravely rinsed his face with the drained blood pouring out of his cuts, thus depriving the Caliph and the rest of the Abbasid army from seeing his pale face, a result of the heavy loss of blood. He was then gibbeted alive whilst sewn into a cow's skin with the horns at ear level to gradually crush his head as it dried out.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Babak Khorramdin was not well known outside academia until the 20th century; however, due to Soviet nation building efforts and Babak's following of teaching of Mazdak with its pseudo-communist and socialist themes, Babak Khorramdin was proclaimed a national hero in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic. For example, the Soviet era scholar Ziya Bunyadov, claimed that "Babak was a national hero of Azerbaijani people" while the Russian ethnologist, historian and anthropologist Victor Schnirelmann dismisses Bunyadov's theory, criticizing Bunyadov for not mentioning that Babak spoke Persian, and ignoring the witness accounts of Babak's contemporaries who call him Persian. To this day, in the modern Republic of Azerbaijan, Babak is a cult figure and celebrated as a national hero. In modern Iran, due to the rise of nationalism in the 20th century, and renewed interest in pre-Islamic Iran, Babak Khorramdin was rediscovered during the reign of Reza Shah, and is celebrated as a national hero. However, Babak remains a controversial figure in the Islamic Republic, whose idolization is criticized by some Shia clerics.

description: Azerbaijan revolutionary

enwikiquote_title: Babak Khorramdin

wikidata_label: Babak Khorramdin

wikipedia_title: Babak Khorramdin


text: Labour

text: House of Lords

text: 2009 cash for influence scandal

text: USDAW

text: Blackburn

text: OBE

text: 1969 Birthday Honours

text: Sir George Eddie

text: CBE

text: 1974 Birthday Honours

text: Jack Straw

text: James Callaghan

text: Association of Education Committees

text: Reg Prentice

text: Electricity Consultative Council

text: Norweb

text: North West Economic Planning Council

text: North West Area Health Authority

text: Life Peer

text: Blackburn

text: County of Lancashire

text: Who's Who

text: Drax Power Ltd

text: A Division Holdings

text: BAE Systems

text: Initial Electronic Security Systems Ltd

text: Electronic Data Systems Ltd

text: AES Electric Ltd

text: United Utilities plc

text: Experian

text: Capgemini UK plc

text: NPL Estates

text: Alcatel-Lucent

text: Canatxx Energy Ventures Ltd

text: BT plc

text: Gersphere UK

text: T-Systems

text: University of Lancaster

text: National Foundation for Visual Aids

text: The Sunday Times

text: Peter Truscott

text: Angela Smith

text: Speeches and voting record

text: TheyWorkForYou

categories: Deputy Lieutenants of Lancashire,Labour Party (UK) life peers,1929 births,Councillors in Lancashire,English justices of the peace,2016 deaths,Commanders of the Order of the British Empire,Freemen of the City of London,Road incident deaths in London,Alumni of Lancaster University

paragraph: Tom Taylor, Baron Taylor of Blackburn

paragraph: Thomas Taylor, Baron Taylor of Blackburn, (10 June 192925 November 2016) was a Labour member of the House of Lords. He was one of two peers suspended for six months from admittance to the House of Lords after the 2009 cash for influence scandal, the first peers to be suspended since the 17th century.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Thomas Taylor was born in Blackburn, the son of James and Edith Taylor. He was taught at Blakey Moor elementary school, but left aged fourteen to go to work as a shop assistant in the local Co-op. Later on he was selected as branch representative chairman of USDAW.

paragraph: Still only twenty-one years old Thomas Taylor married Kathleen Nurton in 1950, they had a son, Paul Taylor from their union. In 1954 he was elected to Blackburn Town Council, later becoming chairman of the education committee. In 1960 he was appointed a JP on the Blackburn bench. A Congregationalist and committed Christian, he was named president of the Free Church Council in 1963. Appointed OBE in the 1969 Birthday Honours list, he was finally raised to Leader of the council from 1972–76, on the recommendation of fellow church-goer and former leader Sir George Eddie. For his services local government he was promoted to CBE in the 1974 Birthday Honours.

paragraph: Throughout a period of industrial decline for British textiles, Taylor gained a reputation for handling the situation sensitively by importing immigrants as cheap labour to work in the factories. His management of education was considered one of the best local authority areas in the country deploying a maximum 7% solution to the ethnic mix of local schools: to ensure social integration students were bussed across town. He became leader of education services on Lancashire County Council, as well as being Chairman of the juvenile bench. A consensual politician in the tradition of Hugh Gaitskell he steered comprehensive education through despite some concerns in the town. There he developed the Rochdale tradition of co-operative societies on the council bringing together teachers and parents on a corporatist model. He utilised the leverage of businesses to help finance educational needs by brokerage of a third way for community uses of premises out of school hours and in the holidays. He was not a particular friend of Barbara Castle the local MP who was so close to Wilson, but was delighted to influence the succession of Jack Straw to the seat on her retirement. Taylor's socialist circle included James Callaghan, so when he lost his seat on Blackburn Council in 1976 he was a natural recruit for the labour peerage. His "froideur" for Castle was not helped when he was asked to share an office at the House of Lords.

paragraph: Section::::National education and Labour governments.

paragraph: Taylor was an acolyte of Harold Wilson. Sitting on the Public School Commission in 1958 he attacked Public Schools Headmasters Conference reluctance to relinquish their independent status. Their refusal to integrate in the comprehensive system caused Labour and Taylor to threaten class warfare for failing to modernise. In 1972 Taylor was embroiled in a row to dismiss a communist English lecturer, Dr David Craig at the new Lancaster University of which he was a co-founder and deputy Pro-Chancellor. Students staged a sit-in when the Vice-Chancellor refused to lift a threat of disciplinary action against the political agitation. Taylor was remitted to act independently but investigate the causes. Taylor's Report of July 1972 exonerated the local authority of any blame, but thought the whole case has poisoned the atmosphere and culture of the university. Craig was reinstated but outside the faculty, while the Vice-Chancellor archly refused any assistance for delegations. The following year he accused the Conservative government of a failure to invest: a creaking management had invested the system with paralysis by analysis.

paragraph: In his role as president of the Association of Education Committees he continued to press for more investment in schools and universities. A somewhat cynical approach was dictated by his disdain for the peerage, "or as third best chose a mother who has a degree." He carried forward the tripartite industrial strategies of Labour's super-ministries into the new Wilsonian era, when the Education Secretary Reg Prentice asked him to report on school management. The report "New Partnership for Our Schools" was the first attempt to put schools on the same footing as independents by giving overall management control to a board of Governors, in co-operation with the teachers and parents.

paragraph: From 1977-80 he was Chairman of the Electricity Consultative Council for the North West and a member of the Board of Norweb. He served on various governmental bodies connected with education in the region, including the North West Economic Planning Council and the North West Area Health Authority. He was created a Life Peer on 4 May 1978 taking the title Baron Taylor of Blackburn, "of Blackburn in the County of Lancashire".

paragraph: He was listed in "Who's Who" 2009 as a Non-executive Director of Drax Power Ltd and A Division Holdings, a Consultant to BAE Systems plc; Initial Electronic Security Systems Ltd; and an adviser to Electronic Data Systems Ltd, AES Electric Ltd, United Utilities plc, Experian and Capgemini UK plc. On 29 January 2009 Experian agreed with Taylor that he would retire as an adviser to them. However, by 30 January 2009 he was an Adviser to NPL Estates, Alcatel-Lucent, Canatxx Energy Ventures Ltd, BT plc, Gersphere UK and T-Systems; and a Non-executive Director only of A Division Holdings

paragraph: He was President or patron of various organisations and held an Hon. LLD from the University of Lancaster from 1996. He was a Freeman of Blackburn and of the City of London. He was also at various times in his career Chairman of the National Foundation for Visual Aids.

paragraph: Section::::Health.

paragraph: Labour was in opposition in 1983, and Taylor was alleged to have been a likely appointment to the front bench, but his wife committed him to hospital under the Mental Health Act 1983, due to a problem with alcohol. Taylor applied for a writ of Habeas Corpus arguing that the Mental Health Act could not apply to peers when the House was sitting. After 19 days in hospital his barrister secured his release, and the case never came to court.

paragraph: Section::::'Cash for Influence' scandal.

paragraph: In late-January 2009, Taylor was one of four Labour peers accused of 'sleaze' by "The Sunday Times" — it was alleged that Taylor proclaimed to two journalists posing as lobbyists that he was ready, willing and able to help a business secure favourable legislation in their sphere of interest in return for a fee reported to be in excess of £100,000. Taylor was duped, and his behaviour exposed, by the reporter's 'sting' operation. The Conservative leader in Blackburn & Darwen demanded that the Freedom of the City Award be stripped from the former councillor. A few days later on 20 May 2009, the House of Lords considered the report of its Privileges Committee and voted to suspend Taylor and Peter Truscott for six months, the first such action since the 17th century.

paragraph: Section::::Expenses.

paragraph: In 2005, Taylor claimed £57,000, the second-highest level of expenses claimed in the House of Lords. He spoke 15 times in the chamber that year.

paragraph: Over the 2014-15 parliamentary session, Taylor claimed £43,110 in expenses, including £29,100 in tax-free attendance allowances. During the same parliamentary session he did not speak in the House of Lords. Taylor, then aged 86, defended his record by saying he votes regularly and only speaks on matters which he has some knowledge or experience.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On 17 November 2016, Taylor was involved in an accident when his mobility scooter collided with a van on the corner of Millbank and Great College street, near the House of Lords. He died on 25 November 2016 as a result of injuries sustained in the crash. Angela Smith, Shadow leader of the House of Lords, said he would be "sadly missed". She continued, "Tom Taylor had a life-long commitment to the Labour Party, through both local government and Parliament, and was held in high regard and with great affection by his party colleagues." The Metropolitan Police investigated the scene and detained a 55-year-old man but at the time of his death in hospital had not pressed charges.

paragraph: In March 2018, the driver admitted causing the death by careless driving and was given a 24 week suspended sentence on 9 April 2018.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Speeches and voting record at TheyWorkForYou

paragraph: BULLET::::- Audio of the secretly recorded conversation between Baron Taylor and an undercover reporter

description: British politician

wikipedia_title: Tom Taylor, Baron Taylor of Blackburn


text:
Sedbergh
Yorkshire
Old Bailey
Sydney
Port Macquarie
South Head
Bell's Life
meteorological station
ML 72
DG 218
ML 237
ML 493
DG 34
DL 14
DG 313
DG 336
ML 1226
DG 337
ML 659
DG 206
DG 376
709.94074/35

categories: 19th-century Australian painters,English male painters,1806 births,Artists from Sydney,19th-century English painters,Australian painters,Australian landscape painters,Year of death missing

paragraph: George Edwards Peacock

paragraph: George Edwards Peacock was an Australian Colonial artist. He was born in England and transported to Australia for forgery in 1837. While working as a meteorologist at South Head, Sydney, he started exhibiting paintings. The surviving landscape paintings are now considered as early documents of Colonial Sydney.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: George Edwards Peacock was born in Sedbergh, Yorkshire on 4 September 1806 He was the younger son of the vicar of Sedbergh, Rev. Daniel Mitford Peacock, and Catherine, nee Edwards; both sons were given her maiden name. Peacock was admitted as a solicitor in February 1830 and although he ran his own practice it did not fare well. In 1836 he forged a power of attorney for transfer of stock valued at £7,814, the property of his brother, Rev. Edwards George Peacock. After appearing in court for the forgery he was sentenced to death at London's Old Bailey but the sentence was commuted to transportation for life. Before being sent to Australia Peacock spent time on board the hulk "Justisa", moored in the Thames.

paragraph: Peacock eventually reached Sydney aboard the "Prince George" on 8 May 1837. As a 'special’ or educated prisoner, he was sent to Port Macquarie where he acted as clerk to the prison barracks. There is no evidence that he painted at this time and three months after his arrival, Peacock’s wife and son joined him at Port Macquarie.

paragraph: By 1839, however, his family was living in Sydney and Peacock was requesting a transfer there. By 1840 he was back in Sydney training with the government astronomer, James Dunlop and he was afterwards employed as a meteorologist at the South Head Weather Station. After his marriage break-up, he moved into a nearby cottage and the views from the road to Sydney became the subject of many of his paintings. On 27 November 1847, the Sydney Chronicle announced that the Governor had granted a conditional pardon to George Peacock which enabled him to proceed to all parts of the world except England.

paragraph: He appears to have been most active as a painter between 1845 and 1852 and in 1847 he exhibited with the Society for the Promotion of the Fine Arts in Australia. On 22 June 1850 Bell's Life reported on an exhibition of local works at Kern and Mader's of George Street where they were highly complimentary of a copy of an oil picture by Mr. Peacock of South Head. They also listed 'Richmond Road' and 'Buttermero Lake' as landscapes by Peacock. In March 1851 the dealer J.T. Grocott had five of Peacock's oil views of Port Jackson on display at his gallery, together with lithographs after Peacock's painting, Citizens' Mayor's Picnic.

paragraph: After the closure of the meteorological station in South Head little is known about Peacock's movements. In an article in the Sydney Morning Herald from 1857, "P. G. K." says that Mr. Peacock had 'bolted from the colony' suggesting this may be the reason no later works have come to light.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sydney from Woolloomooloo, 1849, G.E. Peacock, State Library of New South Wales ML 72

paragraph: BULLET::::- View of Lyons' Terrace Hyde Park Sydney N.S.W., 1849, G.E. Peacock, State Library of New South Wales DG 218

paragraph: BULLET::::- Port Jackson NSW distant view from above Double Bay - on the South Head Road, 1847, G. E. Peacock, State Library of New South Wales ML 237

paragraph: BULLET::::- View from Glenrock looking towards Double Bay in Port Jackson, NSW, 1846, G. E. Peacock, State Library of New South Wales ML 493

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parsley Bay, ca. 1845, G. E. Peacock,State Library of New South Wales DG 34

paragraph: BULLET::::- View from Craigend looking over Government House and Domain, 1845, G. E. Peacock,State Library of New South Wales DL 14

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sydney from the North Shore, 1845, G. E. Peacock,State Library of New South Wales DG 313

paragraph: BULLET::::- No.4 Government House and Fort Macquarie Sydney N.S.W. from the Botanical Gardens, 1846, G. E. Peacock,State Library of New South Wales DG 336

paragraph: BULLET::::- View of the town of Parramatta from May's Hill, ca. 1840, attributed to G. E. Peacock, State Library of New South Wales ML 1226

paragraph: BULLET::::- No. 6 Port Jackson N.S.W. Woolloomooloo Lady Darling's and Point Piper Points in perspective from the Domain, 1846, G. E. Peacock, State Library of New South Wales DG 337

paragraph: BULLET::::- Supreme Court House, Sydney N.S.W., 1845, G. E. Peacock, State Library of New South Wales ML 659

paragraph: BULLET::::- Government House, ca. 1850, G. E. Peacock, State Library of New South Wales DG 206

paragraph: BULLET::::- View of Woolloomooloo from the South Head Road, 1844, G. E. Peacock, State Library of New South Wales DG 376

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neville, R. (2002). George Edwards Peacock in the Picture Gallery, State Library of New South Wales, 709.94074/35

wikidata_label: George Edwards Peacock

wikipedia_title: George Edwards Peacock


text:
Yangon-Mandalay Highway
Tada-U Township
Mandalay Region
Shwedaung Village
Nga Tat Pyar
Robin Hood

paragraph: Amay Gyan

paragraph: Amay Gyan (,also known as Ma Chan Thar) is a prominent Burmese nat (spiritual being). She is one of the five mother nats of Burma. The festival of Amay Gyan is held on June 17–18 of each year at "Aye Kyi Kone Village" near the Yangon-Mandalay Highway of Mileage mark 347, Tada-U Township, Mandalay Region.

paragraph: Section::::Legend.

paragraph: Ma Chan Thar (Amay Gyan) was born in Shwedaung Village and married with Nga Tat Pyar, the legendary thief who was like Robin Hood during Innwa era.

wikidata_label: Amay Gyan

wikipedia_title: Amay Gyan


text:
Athenian
Ariphron
Pericles
Alcmaeonid
Cleisthenes
Themistocles
ostracism
Persians
Greco-Persian Wars
Athens
aristocracy
Battle of Marathon
Miltiades the Younger
Paros
Alcmaeonidae
Philaidae
Themistocles
populist
Aristides
ostracisms
Persians
Plutarch
Salamis
Battle of Salamis
eponymous archon
Themistocles
Battle of Mycale
Persians
Lydia
Asia Minor
Leotychidas
Sparta
Samos
Mount Mycale
Battle of Plataea
Pausanias
Ionia
Asia Minor
Hellespont
pontoon bridge
Sparta
Sestus
Thracian Chersonese
Artayctes
Black Sea
talents
crucified
Pericles

categories: Alcmaeonidae,Ostracized Athenians,5th-century BC Athenians,Eponymous archons

paragraph: Xanthippus

paragraph: Xanthippus (; , ; c. 525-475 BC) was a wealthy Athenian politician and general during the early part of the 5th century BC. His name means "Yellow Horse." He was the son of Ariphron and father of Pericles. He is often associated with the Alcmaeonid clan. Although not born to the Alcmaeonidae, he married into the family when he wed Cleisthenes' niece Agariste, and would come to represent their interests in government. He distinguished himself in the Athenian political arena, championing the aristocratic party. His rivalry with Themistocles led to his ostracism, only to be recalled from exile when the Persians invaded Greece. He distinguished himself during the Greco-Persian Wars making a significant contribution to the victory of the Greeks and the subsequent ascendancy of the Athenian Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Early political career and ostracism.

paragraph: As a citizen-soldier of Athens and a member of the aristocracy, Xanthippus most likely fought during the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. Xanthippus first appears in the historical record the following year (489 BC), when he led the prosecution of Miltiades the Younger, the general who led Athenians to victory at Marathon. Miltiades had asked for a fleet of 70 ships and a supply of troops to be put at his disposal in reward for his victory, saying that he would not reveal his intentions, but that the venture would reap great profit for the city. The Athenians granted his wish, but when he met with set-backs and injury during an attack on Paros he had to return empty handed and sick. Many Athenians suspected him of deceiving them. The Alcmaeonidae were traditional political rivals of Miltiades' clan, the Philaidae, and they pressed for charges against the hero of Marathon, with Xanthippus making their case and asking for the death penalty. Miltiades was in great pain due to his injury and could not defend himself, but his friends put up enough of a defence to avoid his execution; instead he was fined a sum too large to pay and thrown in prison as a debtor. He died there of his wounds. Athenians would come to regret their treatment of their war hero, but immediately following the trial Xanthippus became the pre-eminent politician of the day, if only briefly.

paragraph: Xanthippus' leadership was short lived due to the rise of Themistocles, who was a populist set against the aristocracy that Xanthippus represented. Xanthippus teamed up with his fellow aristocrat Aristides to counter the ambitions of Themistocles, but Themistocles out-maneuvered them with a series of ostracisms that were basic referendums concerning the direction of the Athenian government. The lower classes had begun to flex their political muscle with Themistocles, and the results of the ostracisms reflected their new-found power. There were 5 prominent ostracisms of aristocrats during the political clashes of the 480's BC, and both Xanthippus and Aristides were among the victims. Xanthippus was ostracised in 484 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Return to Athens.

paragraph: Normally, an ostracism led to a 10-year exile. But when the Persians returned to attack Greece in 480 BC, Themistocles and Athens recalled both Xanthippus and Aristides to aid in the defence of the city. The rival politicians settled their differences and prepared for war. The city of Athens had to be abandoned to protect its citizens and Plutarch relates a folk tale about Xanthippus' dog, who had been left behind by his master when the Athenians embarked for the safety of the Island of Salamis. The dog was so loyal that it jumped into the sea and swam after Xanthippus' boat, managing to swim across to the isle, before dying of exhaustion. In Plutarch's day there was still a place on Salamis called "the dog's grave."

paragraph: Although not mentioned directly, it would seem that Xanthippus at least witnessed, if not fought in, the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC, which saved the Athenians and began to force back the Persian invaders. Xanthippus was elected to the position of eponymous archon the following year (479/478 BC), showing the esteem in which he was then held. At that time a large force of Persian infantry still remained in Greece and Athens was still under threat. He also succeeded Themistocles as commander of the Athenian fleet that year, while Aristides was given command of the land forces. (It remains unclear why Themistocles, after his brilliant victory at Salamis, did not retain his position.)

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Mycale.

paragraph: Xanthippus' greatest military accomplishment was his command of the Athenian naval forces at the decisive Battle of Mycale against the Persians, which was fought off the coast of Lydia in Asia Minor under the command of Leotychidas of Sparta. The remains of the Persian fleet that had survived the Battle of Salamis were stationed at the island of Samos. When they discovered that they were being pursued by the Greek fleet they abandoned Samos and sailed to the opposite shore, under the slopes of Mount Mycale, where they beached their ships and retreated inland to set up a defensive fort. The Greek forces launched an attack on them, with Xanthippus leading his Athenian contingent on the left flank (Greek generals fought on the front lines as an example for their men). Xanthippus' men had easier terrain to cross than the other flank, so they engaged in combat with the Persians first and fought ferociously to earn all the credit. They broke through the line and sent the Persian troops running to their fort for safety. But the Athenians were able to breach the wall and when the other flank joined them they set to slaughtering the enemy. After the rout, the Greeks, led by Xanthippus and Leotychidas, went back to the beach and set fire to the Persian ships effectively destroying the Persian fleet. Herodotus claims this battle occurred on the same day as the Battle of Plataea, where Aristides led the Athenian contingent under the command of the Spartan Pausanias, and defeated the Persian land-forces. With these two decisive battles the war was won and Athens was now safe.

paragraph: Section::::Siege of Sestus.

paragraph: After the Battle of Mycale, the Spartans suggested that the defence of the Ionian colonies of Asia Minor should be abandoned, since it would be difficult to protect them from the nearby Persians. Xanthippus, however, refused to consider the proposal. Athens was the "mother city" of many of the Ionian colonies and she felt a deep kinship with them that demanded their common defence. So the Greek fleet sailed to the Hellespont to destroy the Persian pontoon bridge there, but when they discovered it had already been destroyed, the Spartans withdrew and headed home, while Xanthippus led the remaining force on an assault upon Sestus in the Thracian Chersonese, which had been captured by the Persians and left under the charge of a Persian governor, Artayctes. Sestus controlled the European side of the Hellespont and all the shipping trade that passed. Since Athens was very dependent upon imported grain, this made trade with the Black Sea of strategic importance and Xanthippus was determined to bring these shipping lanes back under Athenian protection. After a winter siege, Artayctes and his son attempted to escape, but they were captured. Artayctes offered 200 talents to Xanthippus to spare his life - a huge sum. But Xanthippus refused. Artayctes' son was stoned to death in front of his father, and then Artayctes himself was crucified. That Herodotus ends his account of the great war with Persia with this relatively minor affair has led some scholars to imply that the historian wished to end on a note that flattered Xanthippus' son, Pericles, who was one of Herodotus' patrons.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Xanthippus returned to Athens a hero. He died a few years later, but Pericles, his son, would go on to build upon the family glory, transforming Athens into the greatest centre of learning, art and architecture in Greece, while leading the city into battle against her rival, Sparta.

description: Athenian politician and father of Pericles

wikidata_label: Xanthippus

wikipedia_title: Xanthippus


text: Jesuit

text: Tyburn

text: Somerset

text: Hertford College

text: Robert Parsons

text: Balliol College

text: Richard Holtby

text: Reims

text: English College, Douai

text: Somerset

text: John Bodey

text: Bridewell

text: Counter Prison

text: Tower of London

text: hanged, drawn and quartered

text: Edmund Campion

text: Ralph Sherwin

text: venerable

text: Pope Pius XI

text: beatified

text: canonized

text: Pope Paul VI

text: Forty Martyrs of England and Wales

text: feast day

categories: Executed people from Somerset,Alumni of Hart Hall, Oxford,1556 births,Forty Martyrs of England and Wales,Converts to Roman Catholicism,16th-century Christian saints,16th-century English Jesuits,People executed under Elizabeth I of England,People executed under the Tudors for treason against England,English College, Reims alumni,English Roman Catholic saints,Jesuit saints,16th-century Roman Catholic martyrs,1581 deaths

paragraph: Alexander Briant

paragraph: Saint Alexander Briant (17 August 1556 – 1 December 1581) was an English Jesuit and martyr, executed at Tyburn.

paragraph: He was born in Somerset, and entered Hart Hall, Oxford (now Hertford College), at an early age. While there, he became a pupil of Father Robert Parsons and he completed his studies with him at Balliol College, which, along with his association with Richard Holtby, led to his conversion. After leaving university, he entered the English College at Reims then went to the English College, Douai, and was ordained priest on 29 March 1578. Assigned to the English mission in August of the following year, he laboured with zeal in his own county of Somerset.

paragraph: A party of the persecution, searching for Father Parsons, placed Alexander Briant under arrest on 28 April 1581. Arrested along with Briant was Gilbert Bodey, brother of John Bodey. Gilbert Bodey was scourged at Bridewell and afterwards confined to Counter Prison. He was released on bond, and when not called to appear, escaped to Rheims.

paragraph: In the hope of extorting information, Briant was sent to the Counter. After fruitless attempts to this end, he was taken to the Tower of London where he was subjected to torture. It was during this confinement that Briant penned his letter to the Jesuit Fathers in England requesting admission into the Society, which was granted. He was arraigned with six other priests on 16 November 1581, in Queen's Bench, Westminster, on the charge of high treason, and condemned to death. In his letter to the Jesuit Fathers he says that he felt no pain during the various tortures he underwent, and adds: ""Whether this that I say be miraculous or no, God knoweth."" He was twenty-five years old when he was executed by being hanged, drawn and quartered on 1 December 1581. Through either malice or carelessness of the executioner he was put to needless suffering. Edmund Campion and Ralph Sherwin were also executed with him.

paragraph: Alexander Briant was declared venerable on 8 December 1921 by Pope Pius XI and beatified one week later on 15 December. Blessed Alexander Briant was canonized nearly forty-nine years later in 1970 by Pope Paul VI as one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales with a common feast day of 25 October. His individual feast day is celebrated on 1 December, the day of his martyrdom.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patron Saints Index: "Saint Alexander Briant"

description: Jesuit martyr

wikidata_label: Alexander Briant

wikipedia_title: Alexander Briant


text:
jazz
John Pizzarelli
Maplewood, Missouri
St. Louis
Tom
Ruby Braff
John Pizzarelli
Randy Sandke
Dream
Dick Hyman
Mount Sinai Hospital

categories: 2015 deaths,American jazz pianists,1957 births,American male pianists,20th-century American pianists,20th-century male musicians

paragraph: Ray Kennedy (pianist)

paragraph: Raymond Huston "Ray" Kennedy Jr. (1957 – May 28, 2015) was an American jazz pianist, composer, and arranger. He was a member of John Pizzarelli's trio for more than a decade and recorded more than 10 albums under his own name.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Kennedy was born and grew up in Maplewood, Missouri, in 1957. His father was a bandleader, trumpeter and vocalist in the 1930s and 1940s in St. Louis. His mother worked in the Maplewood music store that his parents owned. Kennedy had two siblings: Tom, who became a bassist; and Wanda, who also became a musician. With his brother, he formed The Ray Kennedy Trio at the age of 13, and they played together, including with their sister as vocalist, for five years. According to a biographer of Ruby Braff, Ray and his brother made a recording together in 1972.

paragraph: Kennedy moved to New York City in his early twenties. He was pianist and arranger for the John Pizzarelli Trio for almost 13 years, after joining in 1993. With the John Pizzarelli Trio, Kennedy played with the New York Pops and Boston Pops orchestras, played for Broadway and off-Broadway productions, and toured internationally. Kennedy first recorded with Pizzarelli in 1994, after making two recordings for Randy Sandke. In 1997 he was part of the cast for the musical "Dream". In 2003 he recorded a piano duo album with Dick Hyman.

paragraph: Around 2005, Kennedy, according to John Pizzarelli, "began expressing a desire to get off the road and spend more time with his family". Kennedy developed multiple sclerosis symptoms in 2006. His career had ended by 2013, and he was living in a nursing home.

paragraph: Kennedy died at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City, on May 28, 2015. He was survived by his wife, Eve Langner, and two daughters, Lauren and Brielle.

paragraph: Section::::Playing style.

paragraph: "Kennedy was known for his finger technique and his ability to swing and improvise versions of well-known jazz works."

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: An asterisk (*) indicates that the year is that of release.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography

description: American jazz pianist

wikidata_label: Ray Kennedy

wikipedia_title: Ray Kennedy (pianist)