text: Shakers

text: Manor of Rensselaerswyck

text: Albany County

text: Colonie

text: Shakers

text: Manchester

text: Manchester Cathedral

text: Society of Friends

text: Jane

text: Holy Spirit

text: celibacy

text: Quakers

text: gender equality

text: second coming

text: blasphemy

text: Established Church

text: Niskayuna

text: Watervliet

text: Albany

text: Dark Day

text: New Light

text: New Lebanon, New York

text: Lucy Wright

text: Benjamin Osborn House

text: Shadrack Ireland

text: Shirley, Massachusetts

text: Watervliet Shaker Historic District

text: New Lebanon, New York

text: Era of Manifestations

text: Judy Chicago

text: The Dinner Party

text: A Maggot

text: Millennial Praises

text: Public Universal Friend

categories: British emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies,Shakers,18th-century Christian mystics,People of colonial New York,English Christian religious leaders,18th-century American people,Female religious leaders,1784 deaths,American Christian religious leaders,People from Niskayuna, New York,1736 births,Protestant mystics,People from New Lebanon, New York,18th-century English people,People from Manchester,Doctrine and Covenants people

paragraph: Ann Lee

paragraph: Ann Lee (29 February 1736 – 8 September 1784), commonly known as Mother Ann Lee, was the leader of the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing, or the Shakers.

paragraph: In 1774 Ann Lee and a small group of her followers emigrated from England to New York. After several years, they gathered at Niskayuna, renting land from the Manor of Rensselaerswyck, Albany County, New York (the area now called Colonie). They worshiped by ecstatic dancing or "shaking", which resulted in them being dubbed the Shakers. Ann Lee preached to the public and led the Shaker church at a time when few women were religious leaders.

paragraph: Section::::Early history.

paragraph: Ann Lee was born in Manchester, England, and baptized privately at Manchester Collegiate Church (now Manchester Cathedral) on 1 June 1742, at the age of 6. Her parents were members of a distinct branch of the Society of Friends, and too poor to afford their children even the rudiments of education. Ann Lee's father, John Lees, was a blacksmith during the day, and a tailor at night. It is probable that Ann Lee's original surname was Lees, but somewhere through time it changed to Lee. Little is known about her mother other than she was a very religious woman. As often happened in those days, the mother's name was not even recorded. When Ann was young she worked in a cotton factory, then she worked as a cutter of hatter's fur, and later as a cook in a Manchester infirmary.

paragraph: In 1758, she joined an English sect founded by Jane and preacher James Wardley; this was the precursor to the Shaker sect. She believed in and taught her followers that it is possible to attain perfect holiness by giving up sexual relations. Like her predecessors, the Wardleys, she taught that the shaking and trembling were caused by sin being purged from the body by the power of the Holy Spirit, purifying the worshiper.

paragraph: Beginning during her youth, Ann Lee was uncomfortable with sexuality, especially her own. This repulsion towards sexual activity continued and manifested itself most poignantly in her repeated attempts to avoid marriage and remain single. Eventually her father forced her to marry Abraham Stanley. They were married on 5 January 1761 at Manchester Collegiate Church. She became pregnant four times, all of her children died during infancy. Her difficult pregnancies and the loss of four children were traumatic experiences that contributed to Ann Lee's dislike of sexual relations. Lee developed radical religious convictions that advocated celibacy and the abandonment of marriage, as well as the importance of pursuing perfection in every facet of life. She differed from the Quakers, who, though they supported gender equality, did not believe in forbidding sexuality within marriage.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to prominence.

paragraph: In England, Ann Lee rose to prominence by urging other believers to preach more publicly concerning the imminent second coming, and to attack sin more boldly and unconventionally. She spoke of visions and messages from God, claiming that she had received a vision from God the message that celibacy and confession of sin are the only true road to salvation and the only way in which the Kingdom of God could be established on the earth. She was frequently imprisoned for breaking the Sabbath by dancing and shouting, and for blasphemy.

paragraph: She claimed to have had many miraculous escapes from death. She told of being examined by four clergymen of the Established Church, claiming that she spoke to them for four hours in 72 tongues.

paragraph: While in prison in Manchester for 14 days, she said she had a revelation that "a complete cross against the lusts of generation, added to a full and explicit confession, before witnesses, of all the sins committed under its influence, was the only possible remedy and means of salvation." After this, probably in 1770, she was chosen by the Society as "Mother in spiritual things" and called herself "Ann, the Word" and also "Mother Ann." After being released from prison a second time, witnesses say Mother Ann performed a number of miracles, including healing the sick.

paragraph: Lee eventually decided to leave England for America in order to escape the persecution (i.e. multiple arrests and stays in prison) she experienced in Great Britain.

paragraph: Section::::Move to America.

paragraph: In 1774 a revelation led her to take a select band to America. She was accompanied by her husband, who soon afterwards deserted her. Also following her to America were her brother, William Lee (1740–1784); Nancy Lee, her niece; James Whittaker (1751–1787), who had been brought up by Mother Ann and was probably related to her; John Hocknell (1723–1799), who provided the funds for the trip; his son, Richard; James Shepherd, and Mary Partington. Mother Ann and her converts arrived on 6 August 1774, in New York City, where they stayed for nearly five years. In 1779 Hocknell leased land at Niskayuna, in the township of Watervliet, near Albany, and the Shakers settled there, where a unique community life began to develop and thrive.

paragraph: During the American Revolution, Lee and her followers maintained a stance of neutrality. Maintaining the position that they were pacifists, Ann Lee and her followers did not side with either the British or the colonists.

paragraph: Ann Lee opened her testimony to the world's people on the famous Dark Day in May 1780, when the sun disappeared and it was so dark that candles had to be lighted to see indoors at noon. She soon recruited a number of followers who had joined the New Light revival at New Lebanon, New York, in 1779, including Lucy Wright.

paragraph: Beginning in the spring of 1781 Mother Ann and some of her followers went on an extensive missionary journey to find converts in Massachusetts and Connecticut. They often stayed in the homes of local sympathizers, such as the Benjamin Osborn House near the New York - Massachusetts line. There were also songs attributed to her which were sung without words.

paragraph: The followers of Mother Ann came to believe that she embodied all the perfections of God in female form, and was revealed as the "second coming" of Christ. The fact that Ann Lee was considered to be Christ's female counterpart was unique. She preached that sinfulness could be avoided by not only treating men and women equally, but also by keeping them separated so as to prevent any sort of temptation leading to impure acts. Celibacy and confession of sin were essential for salvation.

paragraph: Ann Lee's mission throughout New England was especially successful in converting groups who were already outside the mainstream of New England Protestantism, including followers of Shadrack Ireland. To the mainstream, however, she was too radical for comfort. Ann Lee herself recognized how revolutionary her ideas were when she said, "We [the Shakers] are the people who turned the world upside down."

paragraph: The Shakers were sometimes met by violent mobs, such as in Shirley, Massachusetts, and Ann Lee suffered violence at their hands more than once. Because of these hardships Mother Ann became quite frail; she died on 8 September

paragraph: 1784, at the age of 48.

paragraph: She died at Watervliet and is buried in the Shaker cemetery located in the Watervliet Shaker Historic District.

paragraph: It is claimed that Shakers in New Lebanon, New York experienced a 10-year period of revelations in 1837 called the Era of Manifestations. It was also referred to as "Mother Ann's Work".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Ann Lee is memorialized in:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Judy Chicago's "The Dinner Party"

paragraph: BULLET::::- the (afterword of the) novel "A Maggot"

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Millennial Praises

paragraph: BULLET::::- the Public Universal Friend, contemporary leader of another new religious movement

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of people who have claimed to be Jesus

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Campion, Nardi Reeder. "Mother Ann Lee: Morning Star of the Shakers" Publisher: UPNE. 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francis, Richard (2000). Ann the Word : the story of Ann Lee, female messiah, mother of the Shakers, the woman clothed with the sun. New York : Arcade Pub. : Distributed by Time Warner

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hall, Roger Lee. "Invitation to Zion: A Shaker Music Guide." Publisher: PineTree Press, 2017.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stein, Stephen J. "The Shaker Experience in America: A History of the United Society of Believers" (Yale University Press, 1992).

alias:
Mother Ann Lee
Mother Ann

description: English Shaker leader

enwikiquote_title: Ann Lee

wikidata_label: Ann Lee

wikipedia_title: Ann Lee


text: violin

text: conductor

text: orchestrator

text: Chicago Symphony Orchestra

text: Esens

text: Göttingen

text: Karl Eckert

text: Louis Antoine Jullien

text: first violin

text: Jenny Lind

text: Henrietta Sontag

text: Giulia Grisi

text: Giuseppe Mario

text: Philharmonic Society

text: La Grange

text: Maria Piccolomini

text: Thalberg

text: Joseph Mosenthal

text: George Matzka

text: Carl Bergmann

text: William Mason

text: Zoellner Quartet

text: Philadelphia

text: Cincinnati

text: St. Louis

text: Milwaukee

text: Chicago

text: Crosby Opera House

text: New York Philharmonic

text: American Opera Company

text: Brooklyn Philharmonic

text: Richard Wagner

text: Charles Norman Fay

text: hell

text: Chicago Club

text: Auditorium Theatre

text: Tchaikovsky

text: Piano Concerto No. 1

text: Rafael Joseffy

text: Beethoven

text: Symphony No. 5

text: Dvořák

text: Hussite Overture

text: Anton Bruckner

text: Edward Elgar

text: Alexander Glazunov

text: Edvard Grieg

text: Jules Massenet

text: Bedřich Smetana

text: Richard Strauss

text: Pauline de Ahna

text: Metropolitan Opera House

text: New York

text: Saint-Saëns

text: "Organ Symphony"

text: Auditorium Theatre

text: Orchestra Hall

text: Daniel H. Burnham

text: influenza

text: pneumonia

text: Frederick Stock

text: Charles Edward Russell

text: Pulitzer Prize

text: Willa Cather

text: The Song of the Lark

text: Jenny Lind

text: Henrietta Sontag

text: Miss Porter's School

text: Farmington, Connecticut

text: Chicago

text: Cook County, Illinois

text: Church of the Ascension

text: Harvard College

text: Burlington, Vermont

text: Mount Auburn Cemetery

text: Cambridge, Massachusetts

text: Amy Fay

text: Harriet Melusina "Zina" Fay

text: Charles Sanders Peirce

text: Paul Weiss

text: John Henry Hopkins

text: bishop

text: Episcopal Diocese of Vermont

text: Presiding Bishop

text: Middlesex County, Massachusetts

text: Abel Prescott

text: James Smith Bush

text: attorney

text: Episcopal

text: Bush political family

text: Chicago, Illinois

text: St. James Episcopal Cathedral

text: Mount Auburn Cemetery

text: Cambridge, Massachusetts

text: memorial monument

text: Grant Park

text: Felsengarten

text: Theodore Thomas Papers

text: Newberry Library

categories: 19th-century conductors (music),19th-century German musicians,American male conductors (music),Music directors of the New York Philharmonic,American conductors (music),1835 births,Classical musicians from Illinois,American people of German descent,Musicians from Chicago,19th-century American musicians,German classical musicians,1905 deaths,German male conductors (music),American classical musicians,German conductors (music),German emigrants to the United States,Burials in Massachusetts

paragraph: Theodore Thomas (conductor)

paragraph: Theodore Thomas (October 11, 1835 – January 4, 1905) was a German-American violinist, conductor, and orchestrator of German birth. He is considered the first renowned American orchestral conductor and was the founder and first music director of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra (1891–1905).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Theodore Christian Friedrich Thomas was born in Esens, Germany, on October 11, 1835, the son of Johann August Thomas.

paragraph: His mother, Sophia, was the daughter of a physician from Göttingen.

paragraph: He received his musical education principally from his father, who was a violinist of ability, and at the age of six years he played the violin in public concerts. His father was the town "Stadtpfeifer" (bandleader) who also arranged music for state occasions.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career.

paragraph: Thomas showed interest in the violin at an early age, and by age ten, he was practically the breadwinner of the family, performing at weddings, balls, and even in taverns. By 1845, Johann Thomas and his family, convinced there was a better life for a respected musician in America, packed their belongings and made the six-week journey to New York City.

paragraph: In 1848, Thomas and his father joined the Navy Band, but in 1849 his father ceased to support him, and he set out on his own. Thomas soon became a regular member of several pit orchestras, including the Park, the Bowery, and the Niblo. He then toured the United States performing violin recitals. During this time Thomas served as his own manager, ticket sales, and press agent. He reached as far south as Mississippi.

paragraph: Thomas returned to New York in 1850, with the intent of returning to Germany for advanced musical education; instead, he began his studies conducting in New York with Karl Eckert and Louis Antoine Jullien. He became first violin in the orchestra that accompanied Jenny Lind in that year, Henrietta Sontag in 1852, and Giulia Grisi and Giuseppe Mario in 1854. Also in 1854, at the age of nineteen, he was invited to play with the Philharmonic Society's orchestra.

paragraph: He led the orchestras that accompanied La Grange, Maria Piccolomini, and Thalberg through the country. Meanwhile, in 1855, with himself as first violin, Joseph Mosenthal, second violin, George Matzka, viola, Carl Bergmann, violoncello, and William Mason as pianist, he began a series of chamber music soirées which were given at Dodworth's Academy. The Mason-Thomas concerts lasted until his founding of the Theodore Thomas Orchestra in 1862. That orchestra would in turn have a chamber music connection of its own: Joseph Zoellner, who was at least for a time its concertmaster, later went on to form the Zoellner Quartet, another pioneering promoter of classical music in the United States.

paragraph: In 1864, Thomas began a series of summer concerts with his orchestra, first in New York City, and later in Philadelphia, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Milwaukee, and eventually Chicago. The orchestra toured regularly and received consistent critical and popular acclaim, despite persistent financial setbacks.

paragraph: One such setback occurred on October 9, 1871, when he and his orchestra arrived in Chicago for a new concert series, where they learned large portions of the city were destroyed by fire the night before, including the Crosby Opera House where he was to perform.

paragraph: The orchestra was ultimately dissolved in 1888.

paragraph: Thomas was also music director of the New York Philharmonic in 1877-78 and from 1879 to 1891; of the short-lived American Opera Company in New York in 1886; and of the Brooklyn Philharmonic Society 1862 to 1891. He was director of the Cincinnati College of Music from 1878 to 1879, and from 1873 to 1904 the conductor of the biennial May festivals at Cincinnati.

paragraph: To Theodore Thomas is largely due the popularization of Richard Wagner's works in America, and it was he who founded the Wagner union in 1872.

paragraph: Section::::Chicago Symphony Orchestra.

paragraph: Thomas always received an enthusiastic welcome in Chicago. In 1889, Charles Norman Fay, a Chicago businessman and devoted supporter of the Theodore Thomas Orchestra, encountered Thomas in New York and inquired whether he would come to Chicago if he was given a permanent orchestra. Thomas's legendary reply was, "I would go to hell if they gave me a permanent orchestra."

paragraph: On December 17, 1890, the first meeting for incorporation of the Orchestral Association, organized by Fay, was held at the Chicago Club. Less than one year later on October 16 and 17, 1891, the first concerts of the Chicago Orchestra, led by Thomas, were given at the Auditorium Theatre. The concert included Wagner's "Faust" Overture, Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto No. 1 with Rafael Joseffy, Beethoven's Symphony No. 5, and Dvořák's Hussite Overture.

paragraph: During his tenure, Thomas introduced several new works to his Chicago audiences, including the United States premieres of works of Anton Bruckner, Dvořák, Edward Elgar, Alexander Glazunov, Edvard Grieg, Jules Massenet, Bedřich Smetana, Tchaikovsky, and his personal friend Richard Strauss who became the orchestra's first guest conductor, appearing with his wife Pauline de Ahna in April 1904 at Thomas's invitation.

paragraph: During this time, he also conducted in other places. For example, on 19 February 1887 at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York, he conducted the U.S. premiere of Saint-Saëns's "Organ Symphony" (Symphony No. 3).

paragraph: Thomas, who was never completely satisfied with the Auditorium Theatre (finding it far too cavernous and nearly impossible to sell over 4,200 tickets twice weekly), fully realized his dream of a permanent home, when Orchestra Hall, designed by the Chicago architect Daniel H. Burnham, was completed. Thomas led the dedicatory concert on December 14, 1904. He would only lead two weeks of subscription concerts in the new hall, after contracting influenza during rehearsals for the dedicatory concert. Though he continued with his customary vigor, he conducted his beloved Chicago Orchestra for the last time on Christmas Eve 1904 and died of pneumonia on January 4, 1905.

paragraph: His post was assumed by Frederick Stock, who in 1905 wrote a symphonic poem "Eines Menschenlebens Morgen, Mittag, und Abend", dedicated to "Theodore Thomas and the Members of the Chicago Orchestra." The work was first performed on April 7 and 8, 1905.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Music historian Judith Tick writes: "Theodore Thomas was a legend in his own time, and in 1927 the journalist Charles Edward Russell's biography of Theodore Thomas won the only Pulitzer Prize ever awarded for the biography of a musician." Thomas also makes a brief appearance as a character in Chapter VI of Willa Cather's "The Song of the Lark" (1915) in which he recounts some of the struggles of his early years and describes how listening to the singing of sopranos Jenny Lind and Henrietta Sontag influenced his violin playing:

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.

paragraph: He married his first wife in 1864 in New York City, Minna L. Rhodes. She was a graduate and later a teacher at Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut. They met at a series of chamber concerts in Farmington, Connecticut. Thomas and Minna had five children: Franz Thomas, Marion Thomas, Herman Thomas, Hector W. Thomas and Mrs. D.N.B. Sturgis.

paragraph: He married, his second wife, in Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, at the Church of the Ascension on May 7, 1890, Rose Emily Fay, the daughter of Rev. Charles Fay, Harvard College 1829, an Episcopal priest and Emily Hopkins. She was born in 1853 in Burlington, Vermont and died on April 19, 1929 at Cambridge, Massachusetts. She is buried next to her husband at Mount Auburn Cemetery, in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

paragraph: Rose was a gifted woman who contributed many of the critical notices published in the New York and Chicago Journals; Rose was well known in Chicago as a decorative artist. Her marriage was a society event. She was a sister of Amy Fay, a prominent pianist, and Harriet Melusina "Zina" Fay who married in 1862, Charles Sanders Peirce, an American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist. The philosopher Paul Weiss called Peirce "the most original and versatile of American philosophers and America's greatest logician". She was also the sister of businessman Charles Norman Fay, who was Thomas's chief booster and supporter in organizing a major Chicago orchestra.

paragraph: She was the granddaughter of John Henry Hopkins, who was the first bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Vermont and was the eighth Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America. She was also the granddaughter of Samuel Prescott Phillips Fay (1778–1856). He was a Probate Judge for Middlesex County, Massachusetts for 35 years and served on the Board of Overseers of Harvard College for 28 years. She was the great-great granddaughter of Dr. Abel Prescott, a physician in Concord, Massachusetts and the father of two American patriots who sounded the alarm on April 19, 1775.

paragraph: Her first cousin was Harriet Eleanor Fay, the wife of Rev. James Smith Bush, an attorney and Episcopal priest and religious writer, and an ancestor of the Bush political family.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.:Death.

paragraph: He died at Chicago, Illinois on January 4, 1905. His funeral service was held at St. James Episcopal Cathedral in Chicago and he was buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

paragraph: Section::::Memorials.

paragraph: Thomas is honored with a memorial monument and garden in Chicago's Grant Park, near Orchestra Hall.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Felsengarten, the summer house of Thomas and his second wife

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Russell, Charles Edward. "The American Orchestra and Theodore Thomas". New York: Doubleday, 1927

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas, Rose Fay. "Memoirs of Theodore Thomas". New York: Moffat, Yard, 1911.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theodore Thomas Papers at Newberry Library

description: American violinist and conductor

wikidata_label: Theodore Thomas

wikipedia_title: Theodore Thomas (conductor)


text:
Montpellier
French
naturalist
malacologist
botanist
malacology
medicine
pathology
Faculté de Médecine de Montpellier
Müller
taxa
mollusc
Arion subfuscus
Bulimulus lineatus
Myosotella myosotis
Draparnaudiidae
Draparnaudia
Oxychilus draparnaudi
Société d'Agriculture

paragraph: Jacques Philippe Raymond Draparnaud

paragraph: Jacques Philippe Raymond Draparnaud (3 June 1772, Montpellier – 2 February 1804) was a French naturalist, malacologist and botanist.

paragraph: Draparnaud is considered the father of malacology in France. He was professor of medicine and pathology at the Faculté de Médecine de Montpellier.

paragraph: Draparnaud understood the breadth of the fauna he studied, as can be seen in a quote from him, in "Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques", published in 1805:Au reste, quoique j'aie décrit pour la France seule un bien plus grand nombre d'espèces que Muller et Schroeter n'ent ont fait connoître pour l'Europe entière, et trois fois autant que Geoffroy et Poiret n'en ont observé dans les environs de Paris, je suis convaincu qu'il reste encore en ce genre bien des découvertes à faire.

paragraph: Translation: As for the remainder, even though I have described for France a greater number of species than Müller and Schroeter made known for the whole of Europe, and three times as many as Geoffroy and Poiret observed around Paris, still I am convinced that there remain many more discoveries of this kind to be made.

paragraph: Section::::Taxa.

paragraph: Draparnaud named ("described") a large number of new taxa of molluscs, including for example:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arion subfuscus" , a land slug

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bulimulus lineatus" , a tropical land snail

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Myosotella myosotis" , a saltmarsh snail

paragraph: In addition, many other taxa of molluscs were named by others in honor of him, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Draparnaudiidae, a family of land snails

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Draparnaudia", a genus of land snails

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oxychilus draparnaudi", a species of land snail

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1794 (an II). Observations sur le "Mantis oratoria". "Bulletin de la Société philomatique de Paris," III, p. 161.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1797 (an V). Note sur l"'Agaricus radiosus". "Journal de Santé et d'Histoire naturelle de Bordeaux," I, n° 8, 25 floréal an V, p. 145-149.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1797 (an V). Théorie de l'origine et de la formation des Egagropiles de mer. "Journal de Santé et d'Histoire naturelle de Bordeaux", I, n°2, 25 pluviose an V, p. 21-27.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1797 (an V). Observations sur l"'Helix algira". "Journal de Santé et d'Histoire naturelle de Bordeaux", I, an V, p. 98.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1797 (an V). Réponse aux observations du citoyen Guérin sur la théorie des Egagropiles de mer. "Journal de Santé et d'Histoire naturelle de Bordeaux," I, n° 10, 25 prairial an V, p. 173-180.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1799 (an VII). Observations sur le mouvement giratoire des molécules du Camphre. "Journal de Santé et d'Histoire naturelle de Bordeaux", III, an VII, p. 264.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1799 (an VII). "Propositions générales et observations relatives à diverses branches de la médecine." Thèse soutenue le 12 germinal an VII.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1799 (an VII). "Fragments de la physiologie végétale." Deuxième thèse soutenue le 1 messidor an VII.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1800 (an VIII). "Aperçus de la philosophie médicale." Troisième thèse, soutenue le 22 messidor an VIII.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1800 (an VIII). Observations sur la "Gioenia". "Bulletin de la Société philomatique de Paris," II, p. 113-114 ; Millin, "Mag. encycl.," V, 5, 1800, p. 378-379 ; "Journ. phys.," LVI, 1800, p. 146-147.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1801 (an IX). "Fragments pour servir à l'Histoire des progrès en médecine dans l'Université de Montpellier." Quatrième thèse, soutenue le 18 ventôse an IX.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1801 (an IX). Observations sur la "Bulla Hydatis". Millin, "Mag. Encycl.," VI, 1, p. 115-116.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1801 (an IX). Observations sur l"'Alcyonum domuncula". "Bulletin de la Société philomatique de Paris", p. 167-170.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1801 (an IX). "Dissertation sur l'utilité de l'Histoire naturelle dans la médecine, présentée à l'École de médecine de Montpellier." Montpellier, 61 p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1801 (an IX). "Discours relatif à l'Histoire naturelle de Montpellier". Montpellier, 41 p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1801 (an IX). "Discours sur les avantages de l'Histoire naturelle, et discours sur les mœurs et la manière de vivre des plantes." Montpellier, 61 p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1801 (an IX). "Tableau des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la France." Montpellier et Paris, 116 p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1802 (an X). "Essai de pathologie végétale." Discours lu le 30 vendémiaire an X (1802) à la séance publique de la Société d'Agriculture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1802 (an X). "Discours sur la vie et les fonctions, ou précis de la physiologie comparative." Montpellier.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1802 (an X). "Discours sur la philosophie des Sciences." Montpellier.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1802 (an X). Sur le glauque de certains végétaux. "Journ. phys.", LVI, p. 112.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1803 (an XI). "Dissertation sur l'utilité de l'Histoire naturelle en médecine." Montpellier.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1803 (an XI). Mémoire sur la reproduction considérée dans les divers corps organiques. "Recueil des Bulletins de Montpellier," I, p. 3-8.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1803 (an XI). Observations sur la Lime. "Recueil des Bulletins de Montpellier," I, p. 52-54.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1803 (an XI). Mémoire sur les organes du chant des Insectes. "Recueil des Bulletins de Montpellier," I, p. 55-61.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1803 (an XI). Mémoire sur l'Insecte qui a dévasté, en l'an X, les vignes des communes de Marseillan et de Florensac. "Recueil des Bulletins de Montpellier," I, p. 86-91.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1803 (an XI). Observations sur le passage des couleurs des coquilles à la couleur bleue. "Recueil des Bulletins de Montpellier," I, p. 162-163.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1803 (an XI). Fragment d'un essai sur la pathologie végétale. "Recueil des Bulletins de Montpellier", I, p. 174-185.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1803 (an XI). Notice minéralogique sur Montferrier. "Recueil des Bulletins de Montpellier," I, p. 353-359.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1803 (an XI). Observations sur la formation et la cristallisation sous-marines du spath calcaire. "Recueil des Bulletins de Montpellier," I, p. 359-361 et "Journ. phys.", LVII, p. 174-180.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1803 (an XI). Sur les mouvements que certains fluides reçoivent par le contact d'autres fluides. "Annales de la chimie," XLVII, p. 303-311 ; Gilbert Ann., XXIV, p. 130-134 ; Nikolson Journ., VIII, p. 201-204.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1805 (an XIII). "Histoire naturelle des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la France." Paris, 164 p., 13 pl. [ouvrage posthume]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Specimen florae soricianae

paragraph: BULLET::::- Observationes agrostographicae

paragraph: BULLET::::- Observationes muscologicae

paragraph: BULLET::::- Algarum species novae

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nova plantarum Lichenosarum methodus microscopico-analytica

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prodromus Historiae confervarum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Compendium Historiae naturalis Monspeliensis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flora Monspeliensis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliotheca universalis Historiae naturalis

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Bibliography from French Wikipedia version .

description: French naturalist

wikidata_label: Jacques Philippe Raymond Draparnaud

wikipedia_title: Jacques Philippe Raymond Draparnaud


text:
Zárate
Buenos Aires
Argentine
film director
screenwriter
film producer
Palme d'Or
1986 Cannes Film Festival
Pobre mariposa
Juan Lamaglia y señora
Crónica de una señora
Heroine
El Infierno tan temido
Pubis Angelical
Pobre mariposa
Color escondido
Funes, un gran amor

categories: People from Zárate,Argentine film producers,2010 deaths,Argentine male writers,Male film score composers,Male screenwriters,1938 births,Argentine screenwriters,Argentine film directors,Argentine film score composers

paragraph: Raúl de la Torre

paragraph: Raúl de la Torre (19 February 1938, in Zárate – 19 March 2010, in Buenos Aires) was an Argentine film director screenwriter and film producer.

paragraph: He was nominated for a Palme d'Or at the 1986 Cannes Film Festival for the film "Pobre mariposa".

paragraph: Section::::Filmography as director.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Juan Lamaglia y señora" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crónica de una señora" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heroine" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Revolución" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sola" (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El Infierno tan temido" (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pubis Angelical" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pobre mariposa" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Color escondido" (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Funes, un gran amor" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Peperina" (1995)

description: film director

wikidata_label: Raúl de la Torre

wikipedia_title: Raúl de la Torre


text: Isabelle of Angoulême

text: Count of Angoulême

text: Hugh X

text: Count of La Marche

text: King Henry III of England

text: Joan of Toulouse

text: Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse

text: Sancha de Aragón

text: Alphonse, Count of Poitiers

text: Louis IX of France

text: Isabelle of France

text: Louis VIII of France

text: Blanche of Castile

text: Yolande of Brittany

text: Peter I, Duke of Brittany

text: Alix

text: Hugh XII of Lusignan

text: Jeanne de Fougères

text: Alice (or Alix) de Lusignan

text: Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby

text: Seventh Crusade

text: Battle of Fariskur

text: Count of La Marche

text: Angoulême

text: Europäische Stammtafeln

categories: House of Lusignan,Counts of Angoulême,13th-century French people,1250 deaths,Counts of La Marche,1221 births

paragraph: Hugh XI of Lusignan

paragraph: Hugh XI de Lusignan, Hugh VI of La Marche or Hugh II of Angoulême (1221 – April 6, 1250). He succeeded his mother Isabelle of Angoulême, former queen of England, as Count of Angoulême in 1246. He likewise succeeded his father Hugh X as Count of La Marche in 1249. Hugh XI de Lusignan was the half-brother of King Henry III of England.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Hugh XI was betrothed in 1224 to Joan of Toulouse, the daughter and heiress of Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse and his wife Sancha de Aragón. The betrothal was later broken and Joan was married to Alphonse, Count of Poitiers, brother of King Louis IX of France.

paragraph: By the Treaty of Vendôme in March 1227, Hugh XI was next betrothed to Isabelle of France, the daughter of Louis VIII of France and Blanche of Castile. However, Isabelle would later break off their marriage plans.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.

paragraph: Hugh XI married Yolande of Brittany (1218 – 1272) in 1236, the daughter of Peter I, Duke of Brittany, Earl of Richmond, and Alix.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh XII of Lusignan. Married Jeanne de Fougères

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guy de Lusignan (died 1288/89)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geoffrey de Lusignan (died 1264)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alice (or Alix) de Lusignan ( after October 1236- May 1290). Married Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary (or Marie) de Lusignan (1242-after 11 July 1266). Married Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabelle de Lusignan, lady of Belleville (1248–1304). Married Maurice de Belleville

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yolande de Lusignan (died 10 November 1305). Married Pierre I, seigneur of Préaux

paragraph: Hugh XI's wife Yolande never remarried.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In 1249 he agreed to serve the count of Poitiers for a year on the Seventh Crusade. Hugh was killed on April 6, 1250 during the Battle of Fariskur, which was the last major battle of the Seventh Crusade. He was on crusade with Louis IX of France. His son Hugh XII succeeded him as Count of La Marche and Angoulême.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bibliothèque de l’École des Chartes 4th Ser. 2" (1856): 537–545.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Douet d’Arcq, "Collection de Sceaux des Archives de l’Empire 1(1)" (1863): 398 (seal of Hugues XI de Lusignan dated 1246 — "Sceau équestre. Costume de chasse comme au sceau précédent. Legend: ……..VGONIS ……..; Revers. Écu burelé, à six lions rampants faisant l’orle brochant sur le tout. Legend: ……..M . HVGON…….."), 398–399 (seal of Yolande, Countess of La Marche & Angoulême dated 1250 — "La comtesse debout, vue de face et tenant un oiseau au poing. Legend: S. YOLENDIS : VXORIS : [D]NI : HVGONIS : .RVN; Contre-sceau. Écu burelé, à cinq lionceaux en orle brochant sur le tout. Legend: + SECRETVM . DNE . YOLENDIS :").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Delisle "Chronologie Hist. des Comtes de la Marche (Bull. Société Archéologique et Hist. de la Charente) 4th Ser. 4" (1867): 3–16.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duval, "Cartulaire de l’Abbaye royale de Notre-Dame des Châtelliers" (1872): 82–85 (testament of Hugues [X] de Lusignan dated 1248).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Inventaire Sommaire des Archives départmentales antérieures à 1790: Haute Vienne, Série H. Supp". (1884–7): 58.

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Porta, "Les Gens de Qualité en Basse-Marche 1(2)" (1886): 1–60 (Généalogie de Lusignan).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cal. Charter Rolls, 1 (1903): 438–439.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogist n.s. 21 (1905): 78–82, 163–171, 234–243.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cal.Patent Rolls, 1247–1258 (1908): 35 (Hugh le Brun, Count of Angoulême, styled “king’s brother” by King Henry III of England in 1249), 130, 175, 317 (Hugh, Count of La Marche, styled “king’s brother”).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Recueil des Docs. de l’Abbaye de Fontaine-le-Comte (Société des archives historiques du Poitou 61)" (1982): 82 (testament of Hugues [X] de Lusignan dated 1248).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schwennicke "Europäische Stammtafeln n.s. 3(4)" (1989): 816 (sub Lusignan).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jackson Seventh Crusade, 1244–1254 (2009) 34–35.

description: French noble

wikidata_label: Hugh XI of Lusignan

wikipedia_title: Hugh XI of Lusignan


text:
Hugh XI
Count of La Marche
Count of Angoulême
Fougères
Jeanne de Fougères
Isabelle de Craon
Hugh XIII of Lusignan
Guy I & I & I de Lusignan
Yolande I & I de Lusignan
Jeanne of Lusignan
Crusade
Louis IX of France
Eighth Crusade
Europäische Stammtafeln

categories: House of Lusignan,Counts of Angoulême,13th-century French people,Counts of La Marche,13th-century births,1270 deaths

paragraph: Hugh XII of Lusignan

paragraph: Hugh XII de Lusignan, Hugh VII of La Marche or Hugh III of Angoulême (c. 1235/1240 – after August 25, 1270). He succeeded his father Hugh XI as seigneur of Lusignan, Couhé, and Peyrat, Count of La Marche and Count of Angoulême in 1250.

paragraph: He married at Fougères 29 January 1253/4 Jeanne de Fougères (d. aft.1273), daughter of Raoul III, seigneur of Fougères, and Isabelle de Craon. They had six children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh XIII of Lusignan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guy I & I & I de Lusignan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yolande I & I de Lusignan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeanne of Lusignan, married (1st) Bernard-Ezy I, seigneur of Albret; (2nd) Sir Peter de Geneville, Knt.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie de Lusignan (d. aft. 1312), married in 1288 Etienne II, Count of Sancerre (d. c. 1306)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabelle de Lusignan, nun at Fontevrault.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Hugh XII de Lusignan died in 1270 while on Crusade with King Louis IX of France in an early battle of the Eighth Crusade. His eldest son Hugh XIII de Lusignan succeeded him.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baluzii, "Miscellaneaorum, Liber II: Collectio Veterum" (1679): 320 ("Chronicon Savigniacense sub A.D. 1253: "IV Kal. Februarij [29 Jan.] Hugues Comes Marchiæ desponsavit Iohannam unicam filiam Radulfi Domini Filgeriarum in dicto castro"").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fonteneau, "Tables des Manuscrits, 1 (Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaires de l'Ouest 4)" (1839): 240, 244–245, 249–254.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Douet d'Arcq, "Collection de Sceaux des Archives de l'Empire 1(1)" (1863): 399 (seal of Hugues XII de Lusignan dated 1257 — "Sceau équestre. Costume de chasse. Legend: + S. HVGONIS : DE : LEZIGNE : COMITIS : MARCHIE : ET : ENGOLISME; Contre-sceau. Écu burelé. Legend: + SECRETVM MEUM").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Delisle "Chronologie Hist. des Comtes de la Marche (Bull. Société Archéologique et Hist. de la Charente) 4th Ser. 4" (1866): 3–16.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard, "Chartes et Documents pour servir a l'Histoire de l'Abbaye de Saint-Maixent (Archives Hist. du Poitou 18)" (1886): 92–93.

paragraph: BULLET::::- C.P. 12(2) (1959): 280, footnote b (sub Vescy).

description: French noble

wikidata_label: Hugh XII of Lusignan

wikipedia_title: Hugh XII of Lusignan


text: French

text: Aspres

text: Hautes-Alpes

text: Grenoble

text: Tours

text: duc de Choiseul

text: Chanteloup

text: comte de Choiseul-Gouffier

text: Constantinople

text: French Revolution

text: New York

text: America

text: Napoleon Bonaparte

text: coup d'etat

text: Légion d'Honneur

text: Spain

text: pope

text: Talleyrand

text: Austria

text: Restoration

text: Paris

categories: 18th-century French politicians,1830 deaths,1754 births,18th-century French diplomats,Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres,19th-century French politicians

paragraph: Alexandre Maurice Blanc de Lanautte, Comte d'Hauterive (1754–1830), French statesman and diplomatist, was born at Aspres (Hautes-Alpes) on the 14 April 1754, and was educated at Grenoble, where he became a professor. Later he held a similar position at Tours, and there he attracted the attention of the duc de Choiseul, who invited him to visit him at Chanteloup.

paragraph: Hauterive there came into contact with noblemen who visited the duke. One of these, the comte de Choiseul-Gouffier, took Hauterive with him on his appointment as ambassador to Constantinople in 1784. Hauterive was enriched for a time by his marriage with a widow, Madame de Marchais, but was ruined by the French Revolution. In 1790, he applied for and received the post of consul at New York. Under the Consulate, however, he was accused of embezzlement and recalled. Although the charge was proven to be false, he was not reinstated.

paragraph: In 1798, after trying his hand at farming in America, Hauterive was appointed to a post in the French foreign office. In this capacity he made a sensation by his "De l'état de la France, à la fin de l'an VIII" (1800), which he had been commissioned by Napoleon Bonaparte to draw up, as a manifesto to foreign nations, after the "coup d'etat" of the 18th Brumaire. This won him the confidence of Bonaparte, and he was henceforth employed in drawing up many of the more important documents. In 1805 he was made a councillor of state and member of the Légion d'Honneur, and between 1805 and 1813 he was more than once temporarily minister of foreign affairs. He attempted, though in vain, to use his influence to moderate Napoleon's policy, especially in the matter of Spain and the treatment of the pope.

paragraph: In 1805, a difference of opinion with Talleyrand on the question of the Austrian alliance, which Hauterive favored, led to his withdrawal from the political side of the ministry of foreign affairs, and he was appointed keeper of the archives of the same department. In this capacity he did very useful work, and after the Restoration continued in this post at the request of the duc de Richelieu, his work being recognized by his election as a member of the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 1820. He died in Paris on 28 July 1830.

description: French politician


text:
Arctotis
cultivar
Anglican
Affane
Brasenose College, Oxford
matriculated
County Cork
Great Island
Cork Harbour
Compositae
Dahlia
Gnaphalium
Arctotis
Olearia
J.D. Hooker
cultivars
Kniphofia
Azalea
Irish National Botanic Gardens
Glasnevin
Joseph Foster
E.C.Nelson

categories: 20th-century Irish people,Irish gardeners,1840 births,Irish botanists,1911 deaths

paragraph: William Edward Gumbleton

paragraph: William Edward Gumbleton (2 March 1840 – 4 April 1911) was an eminent Irish horticulturist with at least one species ("Arctotis gumbletonii") and two cultivars named after him.

paragraph: He was the elder of the two sons of Rev. George Gumbleton, an Anglican clergyman, and Frances Anne (née Penrose). The Gumbleton family had lived in Ireland for several generations and Rev. George Gumbleton was vicar of Affane, County Cork. William Edward Gumbleton was educated at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he matriculated 8 June 1858, but seems to have left the university before graduating, as there is no record of his being awarded a degree.

paragraph: As a young man, he travelled in Europe with his mother and studied languages, art and music, before settling at Belgrove, County Cork, an estate owned by his family and situated on Great Island in Cork Harbour. There, he devoted himself to horticulture, specialising in the growing of rare and newly introduced plants, particularly the species and cultivars of the Compositae such as "Dahlia", "Gnaphalium", "Arctotis" and "Olearia".

paragraph: Gumbleton was highly opinionated and quite intolerant of other people and of plants which he considered 'inferior'. There are examples of cases where, during visits to other people's gardens, he destroyed inferior specimens of plants, sometimes with his umbrella.

paragraph: The species "Arctotis gumbletonii" was named after him by J.D. Hooker, "in tardy recognition of Mr. Gumbleton's services as a raiser and flowerer of many fine new plants". He also had two cultivars named after him: "Kniphofia" 'W.E. Gumbleton' and "Azalea"'W.E. Gumbleton'.

paragraph: He built up a comprehensive collection of botanical books which he bequeathed to the Irish National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Foster, "Alumni Oxonienses 1715-1886"

paragraph: BULLET::::- B.D. Morley & E.C.Nelson, "Irish Horticulturists, II — William Edward Gumbleton (1840-1911), Connoisseur and Bibliophile", Garden History, Vol. 7, No. 3 (Winter, 1979), pp. 53–65.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ray Desmond, Desmond Desmond, "Dictionary of British and Irish Botanists and Horticulturists", Taylor & Francis, 1994.

description: horticulturist

wikidata_label: William Edward Gumbleton

wikipedia_title: William Edward Gumbleton


text:
Europe
North Africa
Israel
Soviet Union
Japan
Paris Conservatoire
Brussels
Belgium
Paris Conservatoire
Louis Diémer
André Gedalge
Albert Lavignac
Jacques Thibaud
Alfredo Casella
Maurice Ravel
Alfred Cortot
George Enescu
Pierre Monteux
Édouard Colonne
Schumann
A minor Piano Concerto
Concerts Colonne
Camille Saint-Saëns
Iberia
Isaac Albéniz
Darius Milhaud
Paul Dukas
Marcel Ciampi
Alfred Cortot
Isidor Philipp
Marguerite Long
World War II
Alois Brunner
Agnelle Bundervoët
Jean Langlais
Clara Haskil
Lukas Foss
Solomon
John Cage
Monique Haas

categories: Levites,French music educators,French Jews,People from Brussels,20th-century classical pianists,1964 deaths,Piano pedagogues,Conservatoire de Paris alumni,Jewish classical pianists,French classical pianists,French male pianists,Jewish classical musicians,French expatriates in Belgium,1882 births,Academics of the École Normale de Musique de Paris,Academics of the Conservatoire de Paris

paragraph: Lazare Lévy

paragraph: Lazare Lévy, also hyphenated as Lazare-Lévy, (18 January 188220 September 1964) was an influential French pianist, organist, composer and pedagogue. As a virtuoso pianist he toured throughout Europe, in North Africa, Israel, the Soviet Union and Japan. He taught for many years at the Paris Conservatoire.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Lazare Lévy was born of French parents in Brussels, Belgium. After early lessons with an English piano teacher there, he entered the Paris Conservatoire at age 12 in 1894. He studied under Louis Diémer, André Gedalge, and Albert Lavignac. His fellow musicians and friends included Jacques Thibaud, Alfredo Casella, Maurice Ravel, Alfred Cortot, George Enescu, and Pierre Monteux. In 1898, he was awarded a Premier Prix.

paragraph: He was conducted by Édouard Colonne at his début récital at the age twenty. He played Schumann's A minor Piano Concerto at the Concerts Colonne. Camille Saint-Saëns, who saw him at one of his early recitals, considered him to possess "that rare union of technical perfection and musicality." Saint-Saëns intentionally obtained a front row seat to show his support for the pianist.

paragraph: In 1911, he played "Iberia" (Book I) of Isaac Albéniz, whom he admired. He also supported French composers Darius Milhaud and Paul Dukas early in their careers by playing their works. Having an interest in new music, he also championed the careers of several of his students.

paragraph: He co-wrote "Méthode Supérieure for piano" when he was 25. He became an assistant of Diémer, who published the piece. Beginning in 1914, he became a temporary teacher at the Paris Conservatoire. He became a professor in 1923 and taught there until 1953, except for the period during the war when the Germans had dismissed him because he was a Jew holding an official position. However, his position has been given to Marcel Ciampi and although he was reappointed in 1944, he did not get the same position after the war. He was a leading performer and influential teacher, along with Alfred Cortot, Isidor Philipp, and Marguerite Long.

paragraph: During World War II, he refused to play on the radio, which was controlled by the Germans. He evaded capture as a Jew by using false papers, taking other names, and hiding out. Phillipe, his son, was a resistance fighter, who was captured and sent to Drancy concentration camp. The SS officer Alois Brunner tortured him and he was murdered.

paragraph: Among his pupils were Agnelle Bundervoët, Jean Langlais, Clara Haskil, Lukas Foss, Solomon, John Cage, and Monique Haas.

paragraph: Lazare Lévy died in 1964, aged 82.

description: French classical pianist

wikidata_label: Lazare Lévy

wikipedia_title: Lazare Lévy


text: Swiss

text: Argentine

text: Calvin Coolidge

text: National Geographic Magazine

text: Bern

text: Buenos Aires

text: St. George's College, Quilmes

text: Buenos Aires English High School

text: pampas

text: Criollo

text: conquistador

text: Pedro de Mendoza

text: feral

text: Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham

text: Coricancha

text: Will H. Ogilvie

text: Tschiffely's books

text: Tschiffely's Patagonia

categories: Argentine writers in German,1895 births,1954 deaths,Swiss emigrants to Argentina,Argentine travel writers

paragraph: Aimé Félix Tschiffely

paragraph: Aimé Félix Tschiffely (May 7, 1895 – January 5, 1954) was a Swiss-born, Argentine professor, writer, and adventurer. A. F. Tschiffely (as he was better known) wrote a number of books, most famously "Tschiffely's Ride" (1933) in which he recounts his solo journey on horseback from Argentina to New York City, an epic adventure that still marks one of the greatest horse rides of all time. Tschiffely was a household name in the United States during the 1930s, meeting with President Calvin Coolidge and appearing in National Geographic Magazine and earning a living from his popular book sales.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: A. F. Tschiffely was born into an old Swiss family in Bern in 1895 where he was educated and became a teacher. An adventurer at heart, he left Switzerland to teach in England in his early 20s, but found a new passion as a professional footballer and boxer. He then moved to Buenos Aires where he settled into teaching again, at St. George's College, Quilmes, and later as the temporary headmaster of the Buenos Aires English High School, but still found time on long vacations for adventures riding horses and exploring the surrounding pampas.

paragraph: He made many friends among the ranchers and learned a lot about horses and outdoor travel. In 1925, at the age of thirty, he decided to undertake a journey by horseback from Buenos Aires to Washington DC. At the time (and even to this day) most would assume this could not be done. Newspaper at the time declared "Impossible! Absurd! The man must be mad!". He wrote about his ride in a bestselling book called "Southern Cross to Pole Star," "The Ride" or "Tschiffely's Ride" in which he recounts his epic three-year journey from 1925 to 1928 on two native Criollo horses named Mancha (meaning "Spotty") and Gato (meaning "Cat"), direct descendants of horses brought to Argentina by the conquistador Pedro de Mendoza in 1535, the first horses brought to the new world. These horses were of the best Spanish stock, at the time, the best in Europe, which had gone feral in the pampas. They were legendary for their toughness, intelligence and stamina.

paragraph: After "Ride" Tschiffely became a famous successful author and moved with his wife Violet to London where he continued to write more books, one of which was a biography of his friend Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham who had died in 1936. In 1937 he returned to South America and made another journey, by car, to the southern tip of the continent, recording his experiences among the natives and the changes brought on by modernity in "This Way Southward" (1940).

paragraph: Tschiffely has inspired many people, over five generations, to try to follow in his hoofprints..

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tschiffely's Ride" or "The Ride" or "Southern Cross to Pole Star" (1933).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tale of Two Horses" (1934) . The story of "The Ride" from the viewpoint of his two horses, Mancha and Gato.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bridle Paths: the story of a ride through rural England" (1936). Travels through Britain on horseback, a poetic look at a now-vanished Britain, as it was before the advent of suburbia changed it forever.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don Roberto: The Life of R B Cunninghame Graham" (1937). London: William Heinneman Ltd.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Coricancha (garden of gold): Discovery of Peru and conquest of the Inca empire" (1943). See also Coricancha.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This Way Southward" (1945). Recounts his journey by car to Tierra del Fuego and emotional reunion with his two horses Mancha and Gato.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ming and Ping" (1948).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bohemia Junction" (1951). A biography of 40 years of travel and adventure.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Round and about Spain" (1952) .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Matt Cass - a tale of a man from the north" (1953).

paragraph: Section::::Others' works.

paragraph: Tschiffely was a friend and admirer of Scots-Australian bush poet Will H. Ogilvie. Ogilvie's poem "Saddles again" makes reference to Tschiffely's horses 'Gato' and 'Mancha' used in the Ride.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tschiffely's books

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tschiffely's Patagonia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tschiffely, Mancha and Gato, Heroes of the Pampas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tschiffely's route from Buenos Aires to New York

description: Argentine-Swiss writer

wikidata_label: Aimé Félix Tschiffely

wikipedia_title: Aimé Félix Tschiffely


text:
Almaty
pole vault
Kazakhstan
1995 IAAF World Indoor Championships
Asian Games
1994
1998

categories: Sportspeople from Almaty,Kazakhstani male pole vaulters,Asian Games gold medalists for Kazakhstan,1967 births,Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games,Athletes (track and field) at the 1994 Asian Games,Athletes (track and field) at the 1998 Asian Games,Olympic athletes of Kazakhstan,Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics,Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field),Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games,Living people,Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Igor Potapovich

paragraph: Igor Potapovich (Игорь Потапович; born September 6, 1967 in Almaty) is a former pole vault athlete from Kazakhstan. Potapovich won his first World Junior Championship in 1986. He won the World Cup in 1992. He also finished second at the 1995 IAAF World Indoor Championships and became the indoor World Champion two years later in 1997.

paragraph: Potapovich also won the Asian Games in 1994 and the 1998. Potapovich finished 4th at the 1996 Olympic Games and did not make the finals of the 2000 Olympic Games. His personal best was 5.92 metres.

paragraph: Section::::International competitions.

paragraph: Representing Asia

paragraph: br

description: athletics competitor

wikidata_label: Igor Potapovich

wikipedia_title: Igor Potapovich


text: Cuban-American

text: Accademia italiana

text: Varadero

text: Matanzas

text: Aguada de Pasajeros

text: Official Website

categories: Cuban contemporary artists,Living people

paragraph: Henry Ballate

paragraph: Henry Ballate was born on July 30, 1966, in Aguada de Pasajeros, Cuba. He is a Cuban-American visual artist, curator and Art History Professor.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Henry received his MFA in Visual Arts and his BFA in Graphic Design from Miami International University of Art and Design in 2007. Previously, he studied drawing and painting at the Accademia italiana in Florence, Italy, and graduated from the Art Instructors school in Matanzas, Cuba.

paragraph: Section::::Art.

paragraph: In his work, Henry merges art history with the contemporary style by using popular symbols, visuals, and techniques of his own making. He deals with provocative themes in his art, mixing them with popular culture in order to create a significant message. His work is easily recognizable through his use of known iconography, which are essential to his public interventions and appropriations. Throughout his career, he has exhibited at solo and group shows in America, Europe, and Asia. His works are part of private collections in the United States, Canada, Germany, Spain, France, and Italy.

paragraph: Section::::Selected Exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2019 - Foosaner Art Museum, Melbourne, FL. US

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 - Cornell Art Museum, Delray Beach, FL. USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 - MUD Foundation Gallery, Miami, FL. USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 - Kendall Art Center, Miami, FL. USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 - Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 - Vargas Gallery, Pembroke Pines, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 - Art-Street Project, Valencia, Spain

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 - London Art Biennale, Chelsea, London, UK

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 - Art-Street Project During Art Basel Week, Miami, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 - Vargas Gallery, Pembroke Pines, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 - MIU Gallery, Miami, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 - SOHO ARTS, Miami, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 - Art Basel Miami, Miami, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 - Arteamericas, Miami, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 - National Art Gallery, Dhaka, Bangladesh

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 - Galeria Nacional, San Jose, Costa Rica

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 - Art Basel Miami, Miami, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 - State Art Collection, Tallahassee, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 - FYR Arte Contemporanea, Florence, Italy

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 - Art Basel Miami, Miami, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 - Art Basel Miami, Miami, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 - Art Miami, Miami, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 - Latin American Art Museum, Miami, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 - Art Basel Miami, Miami, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 - Latin American Art Museum, Miami, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 - Art Basel Miami, Miami, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 - Sirius Studio Art Gallery, Miami, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 - Galería Provincial de Arte, Cienfuegos, Cuba

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 - Casa de Joven Creador, Cienfuegos, Cuba

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 - Centro Provincial de Artes Plásticas, Habana, Cuba

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 - Galería de Arte Varadero, Matanzas, Cuba

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 - Galería de Matanzas, Matanzas, Cuba

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989 - Galería Aguada, Aguada de Pasajeros, Cienfuegos, Cuba

paragraph: Section::::Curated Exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 - "Four artists One Generation," Kendall Art Center.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 - "Unofficial," Kendall Art Center

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 - "Across Time: Cuban Artists from vanguardist to contemporaries," Kendall Art Center

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 - "Artists in Purgatory," Kendall Art Center.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 - "Cuban Slugger" by Reynerio Tamayo, Kendall Art Center

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 - "Diálogos Místicos" by José Bedia, Kendall Art Center.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 - "International Group Exhibition," "21 New Abstract." Vargas Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 - "Explor-Art Puerto Rico," Group Exhibition. Vargas Gallery

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ballate, Henry. "Luna Over Miami: Poesia," MAS, 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aguado, Enrique. "Artista secuestra la Bienal de La Habana.", April 16, 2015.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Condis, Alejandro. "La generación del milenio, nueva polémica sobre arte cubano.", January 27, 2017.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Del Risco, Enrique. "Resiliencia, La Otra Cuba: el arte como exilio.", November 15, 2015.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bermejo, Roxana. "Made in Cuba: Utopias and some others honors.", March 1, 2018.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Website

wikidata_label: Henry Ballate

wikipedia_title: Henry Ballate


text: American football

text: center

text: Los Angeles Chargers

text: National Football League

text: college football

text: University of Florida

text: BCS National Championship

text: All-American

text: Miami Dolphins

text: 2011 NFL Draft

text: Ardmore, Oklahoma

text: Lakeland High School

text: USA Today

text: national championship

text: Rivals.com

text: Florida State

text: Clemson

text: Miami

text: Michigan

text: University of Florida

text: Urban Meyer

text: Florida Gators football

text: defensive line

text: tackles

text: interception

text: Oklahoma Sooners

text: 2009 BCS National Championship Game

text: Associated Press

text: Southeastern Conference

text: Pro Football Weekly

text: All-American

text: Maurkice Pouncey

text: 2010 NFL Draft

text: 2011 NFL Draft

text: Miami Dolphins

text: Richie Incognito

text: John Jerry

text: Jonathan Martin

text: Cameron Wake

text: Randy Starks

text: Los Angeles Chargers

text: identical twin

text: Maurkice Pouncey

text: Pittsburgh Steelers

text: 2010 NFL Draft

text: 2008 Florida Gators football team

text: List of Miami Dolphins players

text: Florida Gators bio

text: Miami Dolphins profile

text: Los Angeles Chargers bio

categories: African-American players of American football,Living people,Players of American football from Oklahoma,Twin sportspeople,American football centers,1989 births,Miami Dolphins players,Lakeland High School (Lakeland, Florida) alumni,People from Ardmore, Oklahoma,Los Angeles Chargers players,Sportspeople from Lakeland, Florida,Florida Gators football players,American football offensive guards,All-American college football players

paragraph: Mike Pouncey

paragraph: James Michael Pouncey (born July 24, 1989) is an American football center for the Los Angeles Chargers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the University of Florida, was a member of a BCS National Championship team, and earned All-American honors. He was drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the first round of the 2011 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Pouncey was born in Ardmore, Oklahoma. He attended Lakeland High School, where he was a standout lineman for the Lakeland Dreadnaughts high school football team. As a senior in 2006, he helped lead Lakeland High to its third consecutive Florida Class 5A state championship and second straight "USA Today" national championship.

paragraph: Considered a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, Pouncey was listed as the No. 16 offensive guard in the nation in 2007. He chose Florida over offers from Florida State, Clemson, Miami, and Michigan.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Pouncey accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played for coach Urban Meyer's Florida Gators football team from 2007 to 2010. As a freshman in 2007, he started the season as an offensive lineman but had to move to the defensive line as replacement when several defensive starters were injured.

paragraph: Pouncey started four of thirteen games as a freshman, recording eight tackles and an interception. As a sophomore in 2008, he moved back to the offensive line and started all fourteen of the Gators' games at right guard, including the Gators' 24–14 victory over the Oklahoma Sooners in the 2009 BCS National Championship Game.

paragraph: After his junior season in 2009, Pouncey was named an Associated Press honorable mention All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) selection and a "Pro Football Weekly" first-team All-American. As a senior team captain in 2010, he moved from guard to center for the Gators, replacing his twin brother Maurkice Pouncey at center, after Maurkice entered the 2010 NFL Draft following his junior year.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Miami Dolphins.

paragraph: Pouncey graded out as the top center and guard prospects in the 2011 NFL Draft. He was selected by the Miami Dolphins in the first round with the 15th pick overall, and started all sixteen regular season games of his rookie season.

paragraph: In February 2014, the NFL released the "Wells Report" finding that Pouncey, along with Dolphins teammates Richie Incognito and John Jerry, had bullied and harassed lineman Jonathan Martin, another unnamed player, and an assistant trainer. The harassment of the assistant trainer, in which Pouncey took part, included racial insults.

paragraph: On April 29, 2014, the Dolphins exercised the fifth year option on his rookie contract. Pouncey underwent hip surgery to repair a torn labrum with an expected recovery time of three months on June 23. He would go on to play the entire 2014 season at Guard and was named to his second Pro Bowl, becoming the third Dolphin in team history to earn Pro Bowl honors at two different positions (Cameron Wake, Randy Starks).

paragraph: On April 10, 2015, Pouncey signed a 5-year contract extension with the Dolphins worth $52.15 million with $22 million guaranteed. Pouncey only played in five games in 2016 after dealing with a hip injury before being placed on injured reserve on December 13, 2016.

paragraph: The Dolphins released Pouncey on March 15, 2018, after he asked the team to release him.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Los Angeles Chargers.

paragraph: On March 19, 2018, Pouncey signed a two-year, $15 million contract including $10 million fully guaranteed with the Los Angeles Chargers. He started all 16 games at center for the Chargers in 2018, on his way to his fourth Pro Bowl.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Pouncey's identical twin brother Maurkice Pouncey was selected 18th overall by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the 2010 NFL Draft. He is one minute older than Maurkice. Pouncey has two children, a daughter, Janiyah (born 2008), and a son, Kayden (born July 6, 2013).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 Florida Gators football team

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Florida Gators football All-Americans

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Florida Gators football players in the NFL

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Miami Dolphins first-round draft picks

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Miami Dolphins players

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Florida Gators bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miami Dolphins profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los Angeles Chargers bio

description: American football player, offensive lineman

wikidata_label: Mike Pouncey

wikipedia_title: Mike Pouncey


text: Castilian

text: House of Lara

text: Alfonso VIII of Castile

text: Ferdinand II of León

text: Viscount of Narbonne

text: Kingdom of Toledo

text: Extremadura

text: Almohads

text: Reconquista

text: Cuenca

text: Huerta

text: Arandilla

text: Navarrese

text: El Cid

text: epic

text: Poema de mio Cid

text: Henry II of England

text: seals

text: by the grace of God

text: Molina

text: Manrique Pérez de Lara

text: Ermessinde

text: Aimery II of Narbonne

text: toponymic surname

text: Pedro González

text: patronymic

text: Cogolludo

text: Battle of Huete

text: Molina

text: Atienza

text: Lara

text: infanta

text: García Ramírez of Navarre

text: Urraca

text: Alfonso VII of León and Castile

text: Gontrodo Pérez

text: Praemonstratensian

text: La Vid

text: Gaston V of Béarn

text: Tercegüela

text: Santa María de Huerta

text: Martín de Finojosa

text: King Sancho of Navarre

text: García

text: Aimerico

text: Nuño Pérez I

text: Richard A. Fletcher

text: Manrique

text: Bishop of León

text: Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar

text: Poema de mio Cid

text: Per Abbat

text: San Esteban de Gormaz

text: Molina

text: count

text: by the grace of God

text: Occitan

text: Catalan

text: Osma

text: parish church

text: military order

text: Knights of Calatrava

text: Arandilla

text: Extremadura

text: Cabezón

text: Kingdom of Toledo

text: Toledo

text: al-Andalus

text: Pamplona

text: Sancho VI

text: Siege of Cuenca

text: Cerebruno

text: Archbishop of Toledo

text: Añover

text: Barcilés

text: maravedí

text: majordomo

text: wax seal

text: France

text: Torralba de Ribota

text: Calatayud

text: Canons of the Holy Sepulchre

text: Spanish era

text: vill

text: Beteta

text: Cathedral of Santa María

text: Sigüenza

text: Santa María de Molina

text: Cistercian

text: Sacramenia

text: Benedictines

text: Arlanza

text: Ángel Manrique

text: regular clergy

text: Carabanchel

text: Madrid

text: usufruct

text: Alcozar

text: Cathedral of Santa María

text: Burgos

text: Los Ausines

text: Hita

text: Angers

text: cartulary

text: Llanthony Secunda

text: bridewealth

text: Henry II of England

text: Andaluz

text: Agusino

text: Eles

text: Polvoranca

text: kalends

text: Era

text: Asturias de Oviedo

text: León

text: Salamanca

text: Toro

text: Ciudad Rodrigo

text: vassal

text: Babia

text: Luna

text: region of Cuenca

text: Huete

text: Ermengarde

text: Aimerico Manrique de Lara

text: Fontfroide

text: Terrail

text: Archbishop of Narbonne

text: Bernard Gaucelin

text: Aimerico

text: suzerainty

text: viscounts of Béziers

text: Montpesat

text: Ariza

text: Peter II of Aragon

text: Sancha

text: Anales toledanos primeros

text: Gonzalo

text: Tragacete

text: Cuenca

text: merino mayor

text: Richard A. Fletcher

text: Luis de Salazar y Castro

text: University of Seville

categories: Viscounts of Narbonne,12th-century births,1202 deaths,12th-century people from León and Castile,People of the Reconquista

paragraph: Pedro Manrique de Lara

paragraph: Pedro Manrique de Lara (died January 1202), commonly called Pedro de Molina or Peter of Lara, was a Castilian nobleman and military leader of the House of Lara. Although he spent most of his career in the service of Alfonso VIII of Castile, he also served briefly Ferdinand II of León (1185–86) and was Viscount of Narbonne by hereditary right after 1192. He was one of the most powerful Castilian magnates of his time, and defended the Kingdom of Toledo and the Extremadura against the Almohads. He also fought the "Reconquista" in Cuenca, and was a "second founder" of the monasteries of Huerta and Arandilla.

paragraph: Pedro was married three times. By his first marriage, to a Navarrese princess, he forged a connexion with the lineage of the folk hero El Cid, and scholars have suggested that Lara patronage lies behind the epic "Poema de mio Cid". Pedro's second wife was a relative of Henry II of England. Pedro's trans-Pyrenean connexions explain his adoption of seals for authenticating documents; he is the first Spanish aristocrat from whom an examples survives. He also adopted the style "by the grace of God" to indicate his independence in ruling the lordship of Molina, which he inherited from his father.

paragraph: Section::::Inheritance.

paragraph: Pedro was the eldest son and heir of Manrique Pérez de Lara and Ermessinde, daughter of Aimery II of Narbonne. He regularly called himself "de Lara", a toponymic surname first employed by his grandfather and namesake Pedro González. Pedro's descendants adopted his own patronymic, Manrique, as part of their surname. Pedro's patrimony was extensive, but he is well known among historians for how much of it he mortgaged or sold for a small profit. This had led to the accusation that he was a poor administrator. He owned land at Cogolludo.

paragraph: Pedro first appears in a public document on 18 December 1157. Pedro's father died at the Battle of Huete in the summer of 1164 and his semi-independent lordship of Molina was inherited by his widow, who promptly invested half of it in her eldest son. By November 1164 Pedro was governing the eastern fief of Atienza, which his father had held before his death. Dating to 1 March 1165 is the only document that cites Pedro as actually ruling Lara, from which his family took its name.

paragraph: Section::::First marriage.

paragraph: Pedro's first wife was the "infanta" Sancha Garcés, a daughter of García Ramírez of Navarre and his second wife, Urraca, illegitimate daughter of Alfonso VII of León and Castile and his mistress Gontrodo Pérez. She was thus descended from royalty on both sides and a highly auspicious match for the young nobleman. She first appears as his wife in a donation to the Praemonstratensian foundation at La Vid dated to 1165. This presents problems, however, as her first husband, Gaston V of Béarn, did not die until 1170. In May 1172, Pedro and his brother Manrique donated half of the saltworks ("salinas") of Tercegüela to the abbey of Santa María de Huerta and Abbot Martín de Finojosa. In February 1173 Manrique along with Sancha donated the remaining half in exchange for a horse. This charter reads was "made in the month of February in the era 1211 in the year when King Sancho of Navarre gave his sister to count Pedro son of Manrique" ("facta ... mense febrero in era M.CC.XI in anno quando rex Sancius Navarre dedit sororem suam comiti Petro filio comitis Almarica"). This indicates that the marriage must have occurred sometime after February 1172, and as Sancha does not appear with her husband in the donation of May 1172, probably after that date as well.

paragraph: Sancha and Pedro had three sons: García, Aimerico, and Nuño. Nuño, known as Nuño Pérez II to distinguish him from his great uncle, Nuño Pérez I, was still alive in 1228. He had received the "tenencia" of Bertabillo. Nuño Pérez I and Pedro Manrique shared the guardianship of the young Alfonso VIII before he attained his majority in 1169. British historian Richard A. Fletcher believed that Manrique, the Bishop of León from 1181 to 1205, was a son of Pedro and Sancha, although it is more likely that he was Pedro's brother.

paragraph: Sancha was a great-granddaughter of Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, called the Cid. It has been argued that the author of the "Poema de mio Cid", perhaps Per Abbat, was patronised by the Lara family and that the "Poema" can be read as a work of "escarnho e mal dizer" ("shaming and cursing") against the Laras' enemies, the Castros (represented in the epic by the "Infantes de Carrión"). The town of San Esteban de Gormaz, nearby where the daughters of the Cid were beaten and abandoned, was also the site where the Laras, led by Pedro's father, hid the young Alfonso VIII in 1163; and the favourable light shone on Avengalvón, the last Muslim ruler of Molina (which fell to the Christians shortly before 1138), may reflect his relationship with the later Lara rulers of the same.

paragraph: Section::::Military governor of the southern frontier.

paragraph: By 1 September 1166 Pedro was a count ("comes" in Latin), the highest dignity to which a Castilian nobleman of his time could be appointed by the king. He regularly titled himself "Dei gratia", "by the grace of God", a rare usage for a nobleman in twelfth-century Spain, perhaps borrowed from his Occitan or Catalan cousins. There is also an example of his use of the phrase "munere divino" ("by divine mercy"). In 1168 he was sent to govern the "tenencias" of Osma and San Esteban de Gormaz in eastern Castile. On 4 October that year he made a donation to the parish church of Molina.

paragraph: Pedro was a regular patron of the military order of the Knights of Calatrava. He made his first donatio to them on 8 May 1169. In 1169 Pedro intervened to arbitrate a dispute between the settlers of Molina and the Abbey of Huerta concerning the boundaries of the village of Arandilla.

paragraph: In June 1170 Pedro was the governor (or tenant, "tenens") of the militarily important frontier zone of Extremadura. On 5 November 1172 he was cited as governing Cabezón. By 3 April 1173 Pedro was governing the Kingdom of Toledo, the region centred on the populous city of Toledo and bordering al-Andalus to the south. That year, when Alfonso VIII invaded Navarre as far as Pamplona, Pedro acted as a mediator between his sovereign and the king of Navarre, Sancho VI, his brother-in-law. The war ended in a treaty in October.

paragraph: In 1177, Pedro took part in the Siege of Cuenca. On 19 August, during the siege, Cerebruno, Archbishop of Toledo, purchased Pedro's lands at Añover and Barcilés for 100 "maravedíes". The size and sophistication of Pedro Manrique's own court and "mesnada" (private army) is indicated by his employment of a majordomo ("maiordomus") of his own, Pedro Vidas, in 1177.

paragraph: Section::::Use of seals.

paragraph: The earliest surviving aristocratic wax seal from Spain is found hanging from a document of Pedro's dated 22 January 1179. Since this practice was already current in France, it is probable that it entered Spain through the Laras' connexions with Narbonne and was certainly influenced by Occitan and Catalan designs. It may have been made from a matrix cast as early as 1164, when Pedro succeeded his father in Molina. This is the only surviving example of Pedro's seal and, although heavily worn, its image is describable:

paragraph: It depicts a knight, protected by a conical helmet and a long kite-shaped shield, mounted upon a galloping charger and brandishing a lance. This, without any shadow of a doubt, was how Count Pedro wished to present himself to the world: warlike, puissant, unstoppable; a warrior aristocrat indeed.

paragraph: The seal is double-sided, both sides bearing equestrian depictions of Pedro. The obverse bears the barely discernible legend "seal of count Pedro", and the reverse and indiscernible legend that appears to be a sentence or motto. This would be the earliest of only three examples of personal seals from medieval Spain bearing mottoes. The charter to which it was attached put the village of Torralba de Ribota, which belonged to the mother church at Calatayud of the Canons of the Holy Sepulchre in Spain, under the protection of Pedro "Dei gratia comes", "by the grace of God count". It was confirmed in the city of Calatayud on Saint Vincent's Day in the year 1217 of the Spanish era. The identification with Pedro Manrique is secure, since there was neither another count named Pedro in Castile at the time nor any other count using the style "Dei gratia". Pedro was at Torralba in March 1179. On 20 March Pedro assisted Alfonso VIII in laying the foundation stone of the Abbey of Huerta.

paragraph: Section::::Relations with religious houses.

paragraph: On 11 February 1172 Pedro received half the vill of Beteta from Cathedral of Santa María in Sigüenza in exchange for the monastery of Santa María de Molina. On 2 May Pedro made a donation to the Cistercian monastery at Sacramenia. On 17 May he made another donation to a Cistercian house, this time the Abbey of Huerta. Although he made donations to the Praemonstratensians and the Benedictines (the monastery of Arlanza on an unknown date), the Cistercians were his preferred monastic order. The Cistercian historian Ángel Manrique in his "Annales Cistercienses" (II, 429) considers Pedro and his descendants, the Manriques de Lara, as the "second founders" of Huerta because of their numerous benefactions.

paragraph: On 26 June 1176 Pedro made a donation to the regular clergy of Alcalech. In October 1176 he made an apparently pious donation to the cathedral of Sigüenza, for this time he received nothing in return. On 16 January 1178 he made his second donation to the parish of Molina.

paragraph: On 1 January 1181 Pedro and his sister María granted the vill of Carabanchel, on the outskirts of Madrid, to a certain Gonzalo Díaz and his wife Melisenda. The vill had been mortgaged for 100 "maravedíes" by Ermessinde of Narbonne. Later that year (28 June) Pedro pledged 2,000 "maravedíes" for the construction of a monastery at Arandilla, which had lain in his jurisdiction since at least 1169. Besides the money, not only did Pedro offer land for the building of an abbey, he also granted the monks of Huerta (who were to build it) some four hundred sheep, forty cows, and ten mares. Pedro also instructed that he was to be buried at Arandilla if work on the monastery had not been finished by the time of his death, and that his successor was to donate a further 3,000 "maravedíes". As early as 14 March 1167 Pedro's mother had attempted to establish a monastery there. She gave the usufruct of her estates at Arandilla to the monks of Huerta for two years on that date, and also promised them some properties at Molina. Ermessinde further pledged 200 gold pieces per annum for the erection of a monastery at Arandilla, offering even to pay the salary of the master builder who would supervise its construction. No monastery was every built at Arandilla, nor was Pedro buried there. It is not clear why the project failed.

paragraph: On 11 March 1183, Pedro and his eldest son, García, made a donation to the Order of Calatrava for the good of the soul of his first wife, the latter's mother, the "infanta" Sancha. Pedro, with his sister María, made another donation to Calatrava that same month, letting go the castle of Alcozar. On 23 April he made a further pious donation (of two houses) to the Cathedral of Santa María in Burgos. Some time in 1183 Pedro and María mortgaged their joint property of the vill and castle of Los Ausines to the monastery of La Vid for 1,000 "maravedíes".

paragraph: Section::::Member of the Leonese court and second marriage.

paragraph: Pedro is last seen ruling Toledo in May 1179. On 8 May 1181 Pedro was governing Hita. On 28 June that year he made a donation to Huerta, his third. Also in June 1179 Pedro rewarded one of his loyal followers, García de Alberit, and the latter's daughter Toda and brother Pascasio with land at Valtablado.

paragraph: Pedro took as his second wife Margaret (Margarita, Margerina). The couple first appears as married in a charter redacted at Angers and preserved in the cartulary of Llanthony Secunda, recording the gift of bridewealth to a certain Margaret, relative of Henry II of England, by her husband, "Petrus Dei gratia comes de Lara". The properties granted were Molmera (perhaps Molina), Andaluz, Agusino, Eles, and Polvoranca. It is dated "the tenth kalends of February of the Era 1221" ("x kal′ februarii Era(t) m cc xxi"), that is, 23 January 1183 according to Evans, but Church says of it, "Dated 23 January, it must have been granted in either 1184, 1185 or 1186." This charter is the only evidence to hint at Margaret's origin. They made another donation to the Order of Calatrava in which she was cited as "countess (comitissa) Margaret" on 30 December 1187 (or perhaps 1186). The couple was still married on 17 November 1189 when they made another donation to Calatrava. She gave him no known children.

paragraph: On 27 January 1185 Pedro witnessed his first charter as a member of the court of Ferdinand II of León. By 11 February he had been appointed majordomo, the highest-ranking official at court. This appointment could not have lasted much more than a week, for Ferdinand had returned the former official, Rodrigo López, to the office by 16 February. By that time, however, Pedro had been appointed to a post away from court: the large and important, if quiet, "tenencia" of Asturias de Oviedo. His "tenencias" steadily increased throughout the year. By 22 February he was governing the "towers of León", that is, the royal citadel that controlled the capital city; by 6 July he held Salamanca and Toro, the latter only briefly; and by 26 September he was holding Ciudad Rodrigo, an important city in the south of the kingdom. On 4 March 1186 Pedro was styled a "vassal of king Ferdinand" ("uassallo regis Fernandi"). There is an isolated reference to his governing Babia on 16 March and Luna on 31 March–1 April. He continued to govern Asturias de Oviedo, Ciudad Rodrigo, and Salamanca until at least 5 May that year. He held onto León a short while longer, for he was still in charge of the fortress there on 21 May.

paragraph: On 29 January 1187 Pedro made a second donation to Alcalech (his first had been in 1176). From 1188 until 1200 Pedro was ruling the region of Cuenca. After 1190 Pedro no longer held Atienza. Beginning in that year he ruled Huete, where his father had been killed in battle. His rule there lasted until at least 21 March 1198. On 13 June 1195 Pedro made a second donation to the cathedral of Sigüenza.

paragraph: Section::::Viscount of Narbonne.

paragraph: Pedro seems to have been second in line to the viscounty of Narbonne, since his aunt, the viscountess Ermengarde, was childless. Pedro's brother Aimerico Manrique de Lara was invited to co-rule with Ermengarde, but on his death in 1177 the viscountess again ruled alone, at least until 1184. In that year the abbot of Fontfroide, the abbey where Aimerico was buried, donated the hamlet of Terrail to the Archbishop of Narbonne, Bernard Gaucelin. The archbishop solicited a confirmation of this acquisition of territory within the viscounty from "Ermengarde, viscountess of Narbonne, and from you, Count Pedro, and from your successors," which suggests the presence of Pedro Manrique north of the Pyrenees and that his aunt had recognised him as her heir. The confirmation was duly received from Ermengarde, "by the grace of God, viscountess of Narbonne, and my relative Pedro, by the same grace count." This demonstrates that on the other side of the Pyrenees Pedro continued to style himself and be styled as a count, as in "Count Pedro, Viscount of Narbonne".

paragraph: In 1192 on the abdication of his aunt (died 1197), Pedro succeeded in the viscounty of Narbonne. On 28 April 1194 he, "in consideration of the good", named his second son, Aimerico, as his heir there, and may have invested him with the viscounty. Aimerico remained behind in it, for he did not return to Castile until after Pedro's death in 1202. Besides the viscounty, Pedro also inherited suzerainty over the viscounts of Béziers, which he included in his cession to his son of 1194. Excepted was the castle of Montpesat, which Pedro retained under his control.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: In April 1199 Pedro was present at Huerta when it was visited by Alfonso VIII, the occasion for which the "Poem de mio Cid" may have first been publicly recited. On 30 October 1199 he made his second donation to La Vid. In September 1200 he may have been present at Ariza when Peter II of Aragon received the local castle from his mother, Sancha.

paragraph: Pedro's last appearance at court was on 11 December 1201. He died early in 1202 and was buried in the abbey of Huerta, next to his first wife under the first stone archway of the cloister, on 14 January, according to the "Anales toledanos primeros". On 29 July 1203 the Cistercian monastery at Piedra received properties promised it in Pedro's will.

paragraph: Although there is no further mention of Pedro's second wife, Margaret, after their joint donation to Calatrava on 17 November 1189, his third and final wife (and widow), Mafalda, is not mentioned until after his death, on 3 February 1202, when she and her eldest son by Pedro, Gonzalo, sold their estate at Tragacete to the city council of Cuenca for 4,000 "maravedíes". She also had by Pedro a son named Rodrigo or Ruy, who in the 1190s joined his father at the royal court and became "merino mayor". He also became the lord of Montpesat.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon Barton. "The Aristocracy in Twelfth-century León and Castile". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- José María Canal Sánchez-Pagín. "Casamientos de los condes de Urgel en Castilla". "Anuario de estudios medievales", 19 (1989), 119–35.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fredric L. Cheyette. "Ermengard of Narbonne and the World of the Troubadours". Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stephen Church. "King John and the Road to Magna Carta". New York: Basic Books, 2015.

paragraph: BULLET::::- José María de Corral. "Santa María de Rocamador y la milagrosa salvación de una Infanta de Navarra en el siglo XII". "Hispania", 7:29 (1947), 554–610.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon R. Doubleday. "The Lara Family: Crown and Nobility in Medieval Spain". Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph J. Duggan. "The "Cantar de Mio Cid": Poetic Creation in Its Economic and Social Contexts". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Evans. "Margaret of Scotland, Duchess of Brittany." "Mélanges offerts à Szalbocs de Vajay à l'occasion de son cinquantième anniversaire", edd. Le comte de'Adhémar de Panat, Xavier de Ghellinck Vaernewyck and Pierre Brière. Braga: 1971.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Judith Everard and Michael Jones, eds. "The Charters of Duchess Constance of Brittany and her Family, 1171–1221". London: Boydell and Brewer, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard A. Fletcher. "The Episcopate in the Kingdom of León in the Twelfth Century". Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julio González. "Repoblación de las tierras de Cuenca". "Anuario de estudios medievales", 12 (1982), 183–204.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elaine Graham-Leigh. "The Southern French Nobility and the Albigensian Crusade". Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hilda Grassotti. "El sitio de Cuenca en la mecánica vasallático-señorial de Castilla". "Anuario de estudios medievales", 12 (1982), 33–40. Originally published in "Cuadernos de Historia de España", 63–64 (1980), 112–19.

paragraph: BULLET::::- María Eugenia Lacarra. "El Poema de mio Cid: realidad histórica e ideología". Madrid: Ediciones José Porrúa Turanzas, 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués. "Los sellos de los señores de Molina". "Anuario de estudios medievales", 14 (1984), 101–119.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Derek E. T. Nicholson. "The Poems of the Troubadour Peire Rogier". Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1976.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luis de Salazar y Castro. "Pruebas de la historia de la Casa de Lara". Madrid: Imprenta Real, 1694.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antonio Sánchez de Mora. "La nobleza castellana en la plena Edad Media: el linaje de Lara (SS. XI–XIII)". Doctoral Thesis, University of Seville, 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colin Smith. "The Making of the "Poema de mio Cid. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

alias:
Pedro de Molina
Peter of Lara
Peter of Narbonne

description: Spanish noble

wikidata_label: Pedro Manrique de Lara

wikipedia_title: Pedro Manrique de Lara


text:
O.S.
New York
New York Supreme Court
Morrisania
Westchester County, New York
Lewis Morris
Lewis Morris
Staats Long Morris
Gouverneur Morris
Richard Valentine Morris
Yale College
Robert Monckton
American Revolutionary War
Patriots
New York State Assembly
New York State Senate
Dr. John Jones
1st
2nd
3rd New York State Legislature
Council of Appointment
New York Supreme Court
John Jay
December 1794
Federalist
Westchester–Richmond district
Philip Van Cortlandt
William Henry Ludlow
Lewis Richard Morris
Jonathan Hunt
American Revolution
Scarsdale, New York
Trinity Churchyard
James Alexander Hamilton
Founding Father
Alexander Hamilton
Lewis Gouverneur Morris
Lorillard Tobacco

categories: People from the Bronx,Morris family,New York Supreme Court Justices,1810 deaths,New York state senators,1730 births

paragraph: Richard Morris (New York judge)

paragraph: Richard Morris (August 15, 1730 O.S. – April 11, 1810) was an American lawyer and politician from New York. He was Chief Justice of the New York Supreme Court from 1779 to 1790.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born on August 15, 1730, in Morrisania, then located in Westchester County, New York, the third son of Lewis Morris (1698–1762) and Katrintje (Staats) Morris (1697–1731).

paragraph: His paternal grandfather was Governor of New Jersey Lewis Morris (1671–1746). His brothers included Continental Congressman Lewis Morris (1726–1798) and Gen. Staats Long Morris (1728–1800). His half-brother was U.S. Senator Gouverneur Morris (1752–1816) and Assemblyman Richard Valentine Morris (1768–1815) was his nephew.

paragraph: Morris was a graduate of Yale College in 1748. Then he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1752.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1762, he was appointed by Governor Robert Monckton to the New York Court of Vice-Admiralty. At the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War he sided with the Patriots, and resigned from the bench in 1775.

paragraph: On March 4, 1778, he was appointed by the New York State Assembly to the New York State Senate as one of the representatives of the Southern District, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Dr. John Jones. He remained in the State Senate until October 1779, sitting in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd New York State Legislatures.

paragraph: On October 23, 1779, he was appointed by the Council of Appointment as Chief Justice of the New York Supreme Court, and remained on the bench until September 1790 when he reached the constitutional age limit. In 1788, he was a delegate to the New York Convention to Ratify the U.S. Constitution. On October 19, 1789, he administered the oaths of office to Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court John Jay.

paragraph: In December 1794, he ran on the Federalist ticket for Congress in the Westchester–Richmond district, but was defeated by Democrtaic-Republican Philip Van Cortlandt.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: On June 13, 1759, he married Sarah Ludlow (1730–1791), the daughter of Henry Ludlow (1701–1784) and Mary Corbett and the sister of William Henry Ludlow. Together, they had five children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lewis Richard Morris (1760–1825), who married Theodosia Olcott (d. 1800), who died soon after. He later married Ellen Hunt (1781–1865), daughter of Jonathan Hunt.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Morris (1762–1851), who married Frances Ludlum (1766–1852).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Morris (1763–1836), who married William Popham.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine Morris (1765–1765), who died in infancy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine Morris (1766–1767), who also died in infancy.

paragraph: He owned estates in Westchester county at Mount Fordham and in Scarsdale. Mount Fordham was burned by the British during the American Revolution.

paragraph: He died on April 11, 1810, in Scarsdale, New York; and was buried at the Trinity Churchyard in New York City.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Descendants.

paragraph: His granddaughter, Mary Morris (1790–1869), married James Alexander Hamilton (1788–1878), son of Founding Father Alexander Hamilton. His grandson, Lewis Gouverneur Morris (1808–1900), was married to Emily Lorillard (1819–1850), of the Lorillard Tobacco family.

wikidata_label: Richard Morris

wikipedia_title: Richard Morris (New York judge)


text: Union Army

text: American Civil War

text: Medal of Honor

text: Burlington, Ohio

text: LaSalle County, Illinois

text: corporal

text: Elk River

text: Decatur, Illinois

categories: People from Lawrence County, Ohio,Burials in Illinois,People of Illinois in the American Civil War,1840 births,Union Army soldiers,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor,1914 deaths

paragraph: Lemuel F. Holland

paragraph: Lemuel F. Holland (July 28, 1840 – January 13, 1914) was a Union Army soldier in the American Civil War who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor.

paragraph: Holland was born in Burlington, Ohio on July 28, 1840, and entered service at LaSalle County, Illinois. He was awarded the Medal of Honor, for extraordinary heroism on July 2, 1863, while serving as a corporal with Company D, 104th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment, at Elk River, Tennessee. His Medal of Honor was issued on October 30, 1897.

paragraph: He died at the age of 73, on January 13, 1914, and was buried at the Greenwood Cemetery in Decatur, Illinois.

wikidata_label: Lemuel F. Holland

wikipedia_title: Lemuel F. Holland