text: Svitavy

text: non-picture painting

text: ornament

text: Home page

text: Brno/Barcelona/Art/Architecture

text: Painting studio 3 FOFA

text: Galerie 5. Patro Artkunst

categories: 1960 births,Czech male painters,Minimalist artists,Czech painters,Art educators

paragraph: Petr Kvíčala

paragraph: Petr Kvíčala (born 1960 in Svitavy) is one of the most significant personalities in Czech abstract non-picture painting. At the turn of the 1980s and 1990s he became a pioneer in discovering and promoting ornament as a unique individual phenomenon. He also significantly contributed to the acceptance of aesthetic qualities of visual art. Since 1995 he has undertaken commissions for architecture-related projects in which he has collaborated with a number of leading architects both from the Czech Republic and abroad. He has been a lecturer at the Faculty of Fine Arts of the Brno University of Technology, where he is in charge of a painting studio, since 1994. His works are represented in public and private collections.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Petr Kvíčala was born in Svitavy in 1960. A serious interest in fine arts he developed during his studies at the Secondary Technical School of Chemistry, led to the attempt to transfer to a school with an artistic focus, that he was denied. A major impuls of Kvíčala’s artistic development came in the course of his compulsory military service in Janovice nad Úhlavou, where he met graduates of the Prague Academy of Fine Arts and began to draw portraits of other soldiers.

paragraph: After finishing his military service, Kvíčala started Secondary School of Arts and Crafts in Brno, where he received a number of recommendations for his further study at the Academy. However, he was not permitted to enrol for ideological reasons. At the same time in 1982 he started working as a stoker (what he did until 1990) and began to engage in the underground movement.

paragraph: A milestone in his artistic career was his participation in an exhibition in The Youth Gallery in 1985. There started author’s closer co-operation with Petr Veselý and Vladimir Kokolia, which subsequently led to creation of an art group called Tovaryšstvo malířske (Society of Painting). Since the second half of the 1980s Kvíčala’s work was supported by theoreticians Petr Nedoma and Jiří Valoch and he started to be repeatedly invited to participate in exhibitions of professional artists.

paragraph: In 1986 Kvíčala entered the underground music scene with his band called Květen (May), working on the basis of minimalism and musical and political irony, what are themes which correlate with author’s painterly work of that time. In 1989 he became a member of the art group Měkkohlaví, which was formed in response to the emergence of various artistic groups, lacking a common program, whose main objective was to promote commercially. In 1989 Kvíčala founded, along with Marian Palla and Milan Magni, a musically-performative group called Florián – Group of Haze and Kine.

paragraph: After 1989 Petr Kvíčala started to be represented in state and public collections and his work was regularly reflected in professional journals. Since 1994 he has been working on the Faculty of Fine Arts in Brno, initially in the studios of conceptual tendencies and intermedia, and later as a head of one of the painting studios (his students were e.g. Jindřich Chalupecký prize laureate Barbora Klímová, Pavel Ryška, Matěj Smetana, Anežka Hošková, Petr Dub, Jana Babincová or Václav Kočí). In 2001 he received a Degree of an Assistant Professor at the Academy of Fine Arts in Prague.

paragraph: In 1995 Kvíčala made his first painterly intervention into architecture (in the apartement of architect Ivan Koleček in Lausanne) and so started a long series of art projects in architecture, which has been one of the main themes of his work until now.

paragraph: Section::::Painting.

paragraph: Petr Kvíčala has been dealing with ornament since mid 1980‘s. Both through his work and as a creative artist he confirmed the significance and importance of painting in the era when new media were violently trying to replace other forms of visual art. He works with the simplest ornament, consisting of wavy lines, broken arches or loops. His source of inspiration- landscape – was transformed into an extremely reduced visual vernacular, the basic elements of which are ornamental lines.

paragraph: His beginnings were punctuated by attempts to express nature’s principles using the medium of visual art but it the second half of the 1980s the artistic means employed became extremely unorthodox. His creative aspirations from that period were typified by the limitless merging of various disciplines: he created texts inspired by what he had experienced in the landscape and drew simple sketches of fields. At the same time, he was a member of several ensembles dabbing in minimalist music and musique concrète whose productions crossed the boundary between theatrical and performance and animated sculptural installation.

paragraph: At the turn of 1980’s and 1990’s, Petr Kvíčala’s work seemed to display an affinity with the broad stream of post-modernist Czech painting as hinted at by the clear colours of the paintings, which enclosed colour surfaces within boundaries and used archetypal-geometric elements. Today, such a general classification is less justifiable. Obviously, rather than making post-modernist quotations and providing a symbolic content to the paintings, so characteristic for the painters from the circle of the Tvrdohlaví group, Kvíčala was more interested in probing the possibilities of the painting medium itself. The orderly inner arrangements of Kvíčala’s work is determined by employing lines approached as ornaments. Of these, the undulating line – a rhythmic painterly gesture in time – if featured most often. The lines are combined and composed according to clear pre-determined rules of algorithms which nevertheless may produce unexpected results. Attention was drawn to the similarities between his works and ornamental paintings in folk architecture (the Waves 1991) or to the affinity to the abstract cave paintings.

paragraph: Kvíčala indicates his inspiration from „low“ culture by using elements from artistic crafts or industrial manufacturing. In the Wallpapers (1987–1988) and Festive Tablecloths for Everyday (1992–1994) cycles he balanced on the hard-to-define line between ornaments on utility objects and artistic expression. He also emphasized manual, and therefore imperfect, reproduction of the ornamental rhythm. However, at the initial level, Kvíčala is not concerned with a post-modern game of aligning various languages, but rather he wishes to rehabilitate ornament as such. He values its visual effectiveness, rational order and its possibility of continuous variation. Kvíčala showed great invention and desire to experiment within his intentionally abridged vocabulary. Among his works we can find procedural paintings, where the surface of the painting can be looked upon as a relic of the time spent on the execution (60 Days of Red, Blue and Yellow, 1996, Monochromes).

paragraph: In Memory cycle (2001–2003) Kvíčala works with a negative definition of lines, delineating them with a surrounding red surface, a memory of lines and fragments of ornaments, their imprint in the mind. Working with broad lines led author to an opposite extreme: using white paint he reduced ornamental lines to the very extreme of technical possibilities of traditional painting (Fine Stripes – Coded Ornaments 2008).

paragraph: The recent works by Petr Kvíčala implement the artist’s accustomed repertoire of line ornaments, combining waves, broken lines and loops. The special optical effect is achieved by a multiple repetition of thin parallel lines of the two basic ornaments and an intentionally limited colour palette, relying on a simple rhythm of two to three colours. Special prominence is given to minuscule deviations and “flaws” in the applied order. These serve as another, improvised, level of rhythmicizing the paintings although they can also be perceived as a generalization of the natural and human responses to environmental changes (cycles Dogon 2007, Pacific 2008, Flow 2009).

paragraph: Section::::Installation.

paragraph: Since 1993 Petr Kvíčala has created a number of ephemeral installations – mostly on the floors of galleries and in public space. Major installations are e.g. send lines in Plasy convent (1993), the red pigment installation in Behémot gallery in Praque (1994) or contemporary Zig Zag streed art in Brno (2009).

paragraph: Section::::Architectonic Interventions.

paragraph: Since the second half of 1990’s painterly interventions into architecture are one of the main topics of Kvíčala’s work. He uses principles and themes from his paintings, which he strives to transfer to the specific architectural space. Kvíčala is also a coordinator of international educational and research project 2B2A, dealing with cooperation between art and architecture, its theoretical reflection and practical implementation.

paragraph: The very first painterly intervention into architecture Kvíčala made, was in the apartment of architect Ivan Koleček in Lausanne. „Southern part of the apartment, with windows facing the lake, contains the living space and the adjoining studies, while the northern part faces the town. I noticed that the southern exterior „pervades“ the house to such an extend that any change in weather and the continual play of light are reflected, by the great mirror of the lake surface, in the living space and becomes ts integral component. As a result, I decided to underline the opposing role of the dividing role relative to the view.“

paragraph: Major international project Kvíčala worked on in 2004, was new Deutsche Bundesbank building in Chemnitz (architect Josep Luís Mateo), where he realized the ceiling painting „Watermelon Cut – Ceiling Dance“. The painting on the entrance hall ceiling (exceeding 150 m² in area) is both a counterpoint and to the overall logic of the building and its complement. The paint application technique left the brush strokes visible as a sign of a human, yet artificial intervention in stark contrast to the abstraction of the organic construction materials, free of any trace of craftsmanship. Retaining the brushwork proved to be of importance in integrating the work within the architectural space, both as a nod to the process of making the painting and an element evoking the organic nature of the painting – a cut through the living tissue of a solid architectural form.

paragraph: In numerous sketches prepared for the painting I first examined the rhythm of the division relative to the format as well as the harmonization of colours with regards to the materials within the space. I continued by producing two cardboard paintings at the actual scale in order to be able to precisely determine the density of the network of lines, the magnitude of the waves and their thickness. While working on the cardboards I concluded that waves of this magnitude cannot be drawn using a standard method, as their dimensions surpass the physical capability of human being. I resorted to attaching the charcoal that I used for drawing on a long pole and, by standing on tip-toe and gyrating the whole body including carefully thought-out legwork, I negotiated smooth curves. I performed something short of a dance during which the body movement is transmitted into the lines drawn.

paragraph: In 2005 Petr Kvíčala cooperated, with architects A. Novák and P. Valenta, on the reconstruction of the historical building of Reduta theatre in Brno. He is author of the mural „40 Days of Red“ in Reduta ballroom hall, atrium floor and ceiling arches of the theatre café. The mural consists of layers of red undulating lines laid next to one another. on a red background. In each of the superimposed layer the undulating lines have a different direction. The monochrome effect of the red paint, together with the colour of the parquet flooring arranged into historical patterns conjures up a solemn ambience nurtured by the rare occurrence of the colour red in the nature patterns, and even more so by its endorsement of the culutral and historical tradition. „ The regular layers of repeatedly painted undulating lines impregnates the walls with aspects of time, exertion and sumptuousness. No celebration can take place without show and splendor as, in essence, a „purposeless“ celebration is the most natural human response to the mystery of life.“

paragraph: The motive of Memory cycle was used for wall paintings in Rischart building in Munich (2007). The target to achieve was to create environment which is not only positive but also outstanding and which makes it possible for the employees to identify with. Those paintings are repeated in the areas of central communications: in the corridors of the cloakrooms located in the basement, in the high lit part of the staircase leading from the second to the fifth floor, as well as in the central area in front of the offices of the owners and in the meeting room of the fifth floor, around the staircase leading to the café for the employees on the sixth floor.. „ Restricting the lines by surrounding red areas, the memory of the line and fragments of the ornaments is a sort of an imprint on one's mind. I thought of the ancient concept of Crete in which unlike in the Greek one everything is floating, everything is shown in non-existence and does not manifest its achievement and the drama of the fight. It is a world of gardens determined for solitary confinement, for rest and meditation, for the world I sometimes long for and which I can relate to.“

paragraph: Section::::Other.

paragraph: Since 1980’s Kvíčala has also created number of painted objects, since 1990’s he has been applying his motives to utility items, especially to textiles (e.g. his cooperation with Denisa Nová, DNB) or China.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Home page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brno/Barcelona/Art/Architecture

paragraph: BULLET::::- QiQi - PAINTWORK INSTALLATIONS IN ARCHITECTURE AND INTERIOR DESIGN

paragraph: BULLET::::- Painting studio 3 FOFA

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galerie 5. Patro Artkunst

description: Czech painter

wikidata_label: Petr Kvíčala

wikipedia_title: Petr Kvíčala


text:
Tver
Boris of Tver
Grand Prince of Tver
Olelkovich
Lithuania
Casimir IV Jagiellon
Ivan III of Moscow
Kingdom of Poland
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Casimir IV Jagiellon

categories: Princes of Tver,Yurievichi family,1505 deaths,Rurik dynasty,1453 births

paragraph: Mikhail III of Tver

paragraph: Mikhail III of Tver or Michael the Exile (1453–1505) was the last prince of Tver.

paragraph: Mikhail was the son of Boris of Tver and Anastasia of Suzdal (d. after 1486). He was Grand Prince of Tver from February 10, 1461 to 1485. He married Sophia Olelkovich, princess of Slutsk of Lithuanian origin in 1471 (d. February 6, 1483), then a granddaughter of Casimir IV Jagiellon, and eventually lost the title when Ivan III of Moscow conquered Tver in 1485. Ivan the Younger, son of Ivan III the Great, is by some sources counted as prince of Tver from 1485 to 1490, but may have been without real ruling power.

paragraph: Mikhail of Tver went to exile to Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, trying to regain the throne of Tver, but King Casimir IV Jagiellon prevented that.

description: Prince of Tver

wikidata_label: Mikhail III of Tver

wikipedia_title: Mikhail III of Tver


text:
Grand Prince of Tver
Mozhaysk
Maria of Tver
Ivan III of Moscow
Suzdal
Mikhail III of Tver
Third Rome

categories: Princes of Tver,1461 deaths,Yurievichi family,Rurik dynasty,1400 births

paragraph: Boris of Tver

paragraph: Boris of Tver or Boris the Great (ca. 1399–February 10, 1461) was a prince of Tver.

paragraph: Boris, the son of Alexander II of Tver, was Grand Prince of Tver from April 22, 1426 to his death. He first married to Anastasia Andreevna of Mozhaysk and had a daughter Maria of Tver (future wife of Ivan III of Moscow), second to Anastasia Alexandrovna of Suzdal, and had two sons - Mikhail III of Tver and Alexander.

paragraph: During his reign, the story of Third Rome ("the second Constantine") started in Tver, when the monk Foma (Thomas) of Tver had written "The Eulogy of the Pious Grand Prince Boris Alexandrovich" in 1453.

description: Prince of Tver

wikidata_label: Boris of Tver

wikipedia_title: Boris of Tver


text:
Ceylon Tamil
Member of Parliament
Royal College, Colombo
Ceylon University College
B.Sc.
Trinity Hall, Cambridge
B.A.
Ceylon
advocate
Jaffna Youth Congress
Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi
Kopay
March 1960 parliamentary election
Parliament
July 1960 parliamentary election
independent
1965 parliamentary election
S. Kathiravelupillai

categories: Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi politicians,Members of the 5th Parliament of Ceylon,Alumni of Royal College, Colombo,People of British Ceylon,1903 births,Sri Lankan Tamil lawyers,Members of the 4th Parliament of Ceylon,People from Northern Province, Sri Lanka,Alumni of the Ceylon University College,1965 deaths,Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge,Sri Lankan Tamil journalists

paragraph: M. Balasundaram

paragraph: Murugesu Balasundaram (; 7 April 1903 – 15 December 1965) was a Ceylon Tamil lawyer, politician and Member of Parliament.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and family.

paragraph: Balasundaram was born on 7 April 1903. He was the son of Reverend K. S. Murugesu, a Methodist clergyman. He was educated at Kilner College, Jaffna and Royal College, Colombo. After school Balasundaram joined the Ceylon University College, graduating in 1923 with a B.Sc. degree. He received a scholarship to study at Trinity Hall, Cambridge from where he graduated with a B.A. degree.

paragraph: Balasundaram married Sinnammah, daughter of Sinnathamby. They had four sons (Gnanasanmugan, Yogasundaram, Balakrishnan and Sivanandasundaram) and two daughters (Somasundaravalli and Yogeswari).

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After returning to Ceylon Balasundaram worked as journalist for a brief period before joining the legal profession as an advocate.

paragraph: Balasundaram was one of the founding members of the Jaffna Youth Congress in 1924. He stood as the Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi's (Federal Party) candidate in Kopay at the March 1960 parliamentary election. He won the election and entered Parliament. He was re-elected at the July 1960 parliamentary election. He stood as an independent candidate in Kopay at 1965 parliamentary election but was defeated by the ITAK candidate S. Kathiravelupillai.

paragraph: Balasundaram died on 15 December 1965.

description: Sri Lankan politician

wikidata_label: M. Balasundaram

wikipedia_title: M. Balasundaram


text:
knight
House of Bethune
Artois
crusader
Hawise of Aumale
Count of Aumale
Béthune
Advocate
Abbey of Saint Vaast
Arras
Count of Saint-Pol
William Marshal
Henry the Young King
tournament
Lagny-sur-Marne
knight banneret
Richard I of England
Third Crusade
Palestine
Aquileia
Vienna
Leopold V, Duke of Austria
Eleanor
Aumale
Otto IV of Germany
Holy Roman Emperor
John
Philip
Burstwick
Meaux Abbey
Henry II
Châteauroux
Berry
Sées
Lower Normandy
William Marshal
William de Forz
Greens Norton
Gayton
Robert VII, Lord of Béthune
Bedfordshire
Luton
In Berkshire
Wantage
In Hampshire
Ovington
Overton
In Hertfordshire
Rushden
In Kent
Brabourne
Kemsing
Sutton Valence
In Norfolk
Foulsham
In Northamptonshire
Wollaston
In Somerset
Haselbury Plucknett
In Worcestershire
Severn Stoke
In Yorkshire
Hedon
Chocques, Eecke
Lapugnoy
Westrozebeke

categories: 1158 births,12th-century French people,Medieval French knights,1212 deaths,Frankish warriors,12th-century Roman Catholics,13th-century French people,13th-century Roman Catholics,People from Béthune,Christians of the Crusades

paragraph: Baldwin of Bethune

paragraph: Baldwin of Bethune or Baldwin de Béthune ("French": Baudouin de Béthune "Dutch": Boudewijn van Bethune) (c. 1158–1212), a French knight from the House of Bethune in Artois and a crusader, was close companion to successive English kings and on marriage to Hawise of Aumale became Count of Aumale with extensive estates in England.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: Baldwin was the third son of Robert V of Béthune, hereditary Lord of Béthune and Advocate of the Abbey of Saint Vaast at Arras, and his wife Alice, daughter of Hugh III, Count of Saint-Pol. His brothers included:

paragraph: His date of birth is unknown but would have been shortly before 1160, probably at Béthune.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: His career was as a knight in royal service, though not with the kings of his native France but with their English opponents.

paragraph: In 1170, still in his teens, he was with his lifelong friend, William Marshal in the court of Henry the Young King. In 1180 at the great international tournament of Lagny-sur-Marne, he was a knight banneret, leading the Flemish team while William headed the English team.

paragraph: About 1187, he was rewarded with his first landholding in England and, once king, Richard I of England added the lordship of several other manors. These not only gave him income but also, at least as important in those days, added to his rank of knight the status of a feudal landowner.

paragraph: In 1191 he was with Richard's contingent on the Third Crusade in Palestine where his father Robert, who was with the Flemish contingent, died. When Richard set out on his incognito voyage home in 1192, Baldwin was with him. They were blown ashore in a December storm near Aquileia and the disguised Richard was captured by his Austrian enemies at an inn near Vienna.

paragraph: Baldwin stood hostage for him, let loose to organise a ransom into which he put not only months of effort but much of his own money as well. As well as cash to free Richard, Leopold V, Duke of Austria wanted two princesses, including Eleanor, niece of Richard. Early in December 1194, Baldwin was sent with two princesses to Vienna and told that if he did not turn up with them his life would be forfeit. Before they arrived, the Duke died and with him the death threat.

paragraph: In 1195 Baldwin married Hawise of Aumale, a great Anglo-Norman heiress, gaining through his wife vast lands and the title of Count of Aumale. The lands of Aumale itself were however lost shortly after in 1196, when the French captured and kept them. In 1197 Baldwin was one of the English delegates to the election of Richard's nephew Otto IV of Germany as Holy Roman Emperor.

paragraph: When John succeeded Richard as king in 1199, Baldwin was initially in his immediate circle. In 1200 he was one of John's guarantors for the peace signed with the French king, Philip and the next year he was one of the signatories to a royal grant. After that he seems to have become less close to the king and no doubt occupied himself with running both his wife's and his own extensive estates in England.

paragraph: On 13 or 14 October 1212 he died, probably in Hawise's house at Burstwick in Yorkshire, and was buried in the chapter house at Meaux Abbey, of which nothing remains. On 3 November 1212, Hawise promised the king 5000 marks (£3333 then, equivalent to over £3 million in 2014) to keep her lands and avoid a fourth marriage.

paragraph: On the death of his father in 1199 he had become Advocate of the Abbey of Chocques and guaranteed its rights and privileges. After he died, in memory of his donations, the abbot and monks prayed daily for his soul and held a solemn mass on the anniversary of his death.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.

paragraph: King Henry II promised both William Marshal and Baldwin that he would find them rich heiresses to marry and in 1189 was arranging a match for Baldwin with the heiress of Châteauroux in the French province of Berry when he died. His son and successor Richard gave her to a French noble instead, saying he would find someone better for Baldwin.

paragraph: It was not until 1194, when Richard got back to England from crusade and captivity, that he fulfilled the promise and gave Baldwin the twice-widowed Hawise of Aumale. Their wedding was in the cathedral of Sées in Lower Normandy, with Richard paying for both the celebrations and the honeymoon trip to England.

paragraph: Not long after, Baldwin and Hawise had a daughter Alice, no doubt named after his mother. While still a child, she was engaged in 1203 to William Marshal the younger, son of William Marshal and Isabel of Pembroke. As Baldwin's heiress, it was specified in the contract that she would bring all his lands in England to her husband. (Hawise's lands were to go to her son William de Forz.) Alice did not long outlive her father, dying in her teens without having any children.

paragraph: Some sources have claimed Baldwin as the ancestor of the Bethunes in Scotland, who start appearing in records there shortly after his death. Though some are called John, the name of one of Baldwin's brothers, and some Robert, the name of another brother, none are ever called Baldwin.

paragraph: Baldwin did in fact have a son called Baldwin, whether legitimate from a brief early marriage or illegitimate is unrecorded. He seems to have settled in Northamptonshire, first at Greens Norton as a tenant of his brother-in-law William Marshal the younger, by then 2nd Earl of Pembroke, and later at Gayton, where in 1240 he exercised the right of presentation though the manor was held by his cousin Robert VII, Lord of Béthune. He married a woman called Joan but nothing is known of any children. He did not inherit the seigneurie of Chocques, which was in the hands of Baldwin's younger brother John in 1219.

paragraph: Section::::Landholdings.

paragraph: A list of lands held in his own right, rather than through his wife, by Baldwin of Bethune.

paragraph: In England, using county boundaries in force at the time:br

paragraph: In Bedfordshire : Luton.In Berkshire : Wantage.In Hampshire : Ovington, Polhampton near Overton, Upper ClatfordIn Hertfordshire : RushdenIn Kent : Brabourne, Kemsing,Sutton Valence.In Norfolk : Foulsham, an unidentified place written as "Roltesham".In Northamptonshire : Greens Norton, Wollaston.In Somerset : Haselbury Plucknett.In Worcestershire : Severn Stoke.In Yorkshire : Hedon, which may have been held jointly with his wife.

paragraph: In France:Chocques, Eecke, Lapugnoy, Westrozebeke br St Pierre Mesnil and St Sauveur.

description: French knight (d.1212)

wikidata_label: Baudouin de Béthune

wikipedia_title: Baldwin of Bethune


text:
Sergeant
Union
American Civil War
Medal of Honor
Battle of Vaughan Road
Battle of Vaughan Road
1st New Jersey Cavalry
Confederate
Brigadier General
John Dunovant
Henry E. Davies
President
Andrew Johnson
Medal of Honor
Remedios, Cuba
Ten Years' War
Spain
Cuban War of Independence
'Military Times Medal Citations'

categories: 1870 deaths,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Union Army soldiers,Missing middle or first names,1833 births,American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor

paragraph: James T. Clancy

paragraph: James T. Clancy (1833–December 1870) was a Sergeant in the Union Army during the American Civil War who was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Battle of Vaughan Road.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Clancy joined the 1st New Jersey Cavalry in October 1863. He distinguished himself on October 1, 1864 at the Battle of Vaughan Road. He served with C Company of the 1st New Jersey Cavalry, and is credited with firing the shot that killed Confederate Brigadier General John Dunovant. Dunovant was leading a Confederate cavalry charge against the front of a fortified Union position where Union cavalry under the command of Brigadier General Henry E. Davies were fighting dismounted. Dunovant's death was one of the key factors leading to a Union victory in the engagement as it disconcerted his brigade and led to a delay in further attacks. This gave Davies time to move his men to an even stronger fortified position. President Andrew Johnson awarded the Medal of Honor to Sergeant Clancy on July 3, 1865.

paragraph: Following this action, Clancy was commissioned as an officer in September 1864, and mustered out with his regiment in July 1865. He died in December 1870 in Remedios, Cuba while working on U.S. civilian military aid to Cuba during the Ten Years' War (1868–1878) against Spain, the first Cuban War of Independence. His burial place is currently unknown.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sommers, Richard J. "Richmond Redeemed: The Siege at Petersburg". Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1981. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Military Times Medal Citations'

description: Sergeant in the American Civil War

wikidata_label: James T. Clancy

wikipedia_title: James T. Clancy


text:
diver
Prague
Czechoslovakia
Pilzen
Bohemia
gymnastic
diver
Hříměždice
Central Bohemian Region
Furore
Red Bull
Hawkesbury River
Chile
Easter Island
Yucatan
Athens
La Rochelle
Polignano a Mare
Boston
Ukraine
Yalta
Gary Hunt
Orlando Duque
Shenzhen
Sea World
Royal Caribbean
Navrátil's Website
WORLD HIGH DIVING FEDERATION
Pictures at Telegraph.co.uk
Nytimes.com article

categories: Czech male divers,Male high divers,1985 births,World Aquatics Championships medalists in high diving,Living people

paragraph: Michal Navrátil

paragraph: Michal Navrátil (; born 5 June 1985) is a Czech professional diver.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Michal Navrátil was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia. Originally his family come from Pilzen, Bohemia.

paragraph: His father introduced him to swimming competitions from the young age of five, he swam in the Nationals where he earned a 2nd-place finish in the 50m butterfly.

paragraph: As an born athlete also competed in gymnastic competitions in club of Sparta Prague at the age of 10 after that he started his diver career in Sport Club USK Podoli where he earned a second-place finish in the Nationals on the 1 and 3 meter boards. In European competitions he was trained by Hana Novotna.

paragraph: Michal's favorite dive is the triple somersault with half twist from 28 meters.

paragraph: Section::::Highdiving career.

paragraph: Section::::Highdiving career.:National Championships.

paragraph: Every last weekend of July and is located in the quarry of Hříměždice in Central Bohemian Region

paragraph: 2002 1st place 12 and 16 meters

paragraph: 2003 2nd place 12 and 16 meters

paragraph: 2004 1st place 12 and 16 meters

paragraph: 2005 1st 16 meters

paragraph: 2006 2nd 12 meters

paragraph: 2007 1st place 12 and 16 meters

paragraph: 2009 1st place 12 and 16 meters

paragraph: Section::::Highdiving career.:Mediterranean Championships - Marmeeting.

paragraph: This international sport event is located in Furore, Italy and is every year in first Sunday of July.

paragraph: 2008 7th

paragraph: 2011 1st

paragraph: Section::::Highdiving career.:European Championships.

paragraph: Located in a small valley in the Swiss Italian mountains in Ponte Brolla in Switzerland.

paragraph: Presented by WHDF World High Diving Federation every year in finals of July.

paragraph: Section::::Cliffdiving career.

paragraph: Started with the annual Red Bull World Wide Series - Cliff Diving competition which draws hundreds of spectators to the sites around the world, watchers hold their collective breath as the competitors take off from rocks and platforms set high on cliffs at 27 or 28 meters.

paragraph: Section::::Cliffdiving career.:2011 World Wide Series.

paragraph: Qualification Results: 1st Australia - Hawkesbury River

paragraph: Results Stop 1: 5th Chile - Easter Island

paragraph: Results Stop 2: 5th Mexico - Yucatan

paragraph: Results Stop 3: 3rd Greece - Athens

paragraph: Results Stop 4: 2nd France- La Rochelle

paragraph: Results Stop 5: 3rd Italy - Polignano a Mare

paragraph: Results Stop 6: 12th United States - Boston

paragraph: Finals: 3rd Ukraine - Yalta

paragraph: Section::::Cliffdiving career.:World Series Standings 2011.

paragraph: 1. Gary Hunt GBR

paragraph: 2. Artem Silchenko RUS

paragraph: 3. Michal Navrátil CZE

paragraph: 4. Slava Polyeshchuk UKR

paragraph: 5. Cyrille Oumedjkane FRA

paragraph: 6. Alain Kohl LUX

paragraph: 7. Sacha Kutsenko UKR

paragraph: 8. Orlando Duque COL

paragraph: 9. Kent De Mond USA

paragraph: 10. Steven LoBue USA

paragraph: 11. Jorge Ferzuli MEX

paragraph: 12. Hassan Mouti FRA

paragraph: Section::::Performing career.

paragraph: Section::::Performing career.:2009.

paragraph: He trained and performed for one year in Shenzhen Xiaomeisha Sea World in China.

paragraph: China's leading marine-based theme park and entertainment complex that has attracted millions of visitors since opening in 1998.

paragraph: Section::::Performing career.:2010.

paragraph: Gain contract with Royal Caribbean which is the most exclusive and largest luxury cruise lines in the world.

paragraph: Performing in the diving and acrobatics show, Aqua Aria at the AquaTheater, the world first amphitheater at sea.

paragraph: Section::::Cinematography career.

paragraph: Performed in mainstream movies

paragraph: 2004 Jedna ruka netleska (CZ)

paragraph: 2007 Wanted (USA)

paragraph: 2007 Babylon A.D. (CAD)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Navrátil's Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- WORLD HIGH DIVING FEDERATION

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pictures at Telegraph.co.uk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nytimes.com article

description: Czech diver

wikidata_label: Michal Navrátil

wikipedia_title: Michal Navrátil


text: Schwerin

text: Rostock

text: House of Amsberg

text: First World War

text: Weimar Republic

text: Order of the Red Eagle

text: House Order of Hohenzollern

text: Iron Cross

text: Service Award

text: Military Merit Order

text: Albert Order

text: Order of the Zähringer Lion

text: Order of the Griffon

text: Military Merit Cross

text: Order of Henry the Lion

text: Friedrich August Cross

text: Cross for Merit in War

text: War Merit Cross (Lippe)

text: Military Merit Cross

text: Liakat Medal

text: Ottoman War Medal

categories: Knights First Class of the Order of the Zähringer Lion,Recipients of the Silver Liakat Medal,Knights 1st class of the Albert Order,Amsberg,Knights of the House Order of Hohenzollern,Recipients of the Friedrich-August-Kreuz, 1st class,People from the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin,People from Schwerin,Prussian Army personnel,19th-century Prussian military personnel,Generals of Infantry (Reichswehr),1869 births,1945 deaths,Knights 1st class of the House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis,Recipients of the Military Merit Cross (Mecklenburg-Schwerin), 1st class,Recipients of the Order of the Griffon (Mecklenburg)

paragraph: Joachim von Amsberg (general)

paragraph: Joachim von Amsberg (26 August 1869 in Schwerin – 5 September 1945 in Rostock) was a German General and a member of the House of Amsberg. He joined the Grand Ducal Mecklenburgian Grenadier Regiment No. 89 in 1890, and saw service during the First World War and the Weimar Republic era, being promoted to Major-General in 1924 and General der Infanterie upon his retirement in 1929.

paragraph: Section::::Decorations and awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of the Red Eagle, 4th class with Crown (Prussia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iron Cross of 1914, 1st and 2nd class

paragraph: BULLET::::- Service Award (Prussia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Military Merit Order, 3rd class with Swords and Crown (Bavaria)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross, First Class of the Albert Order with Swords and Crown (Saxony)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross, First Class of the Order of the Zähringer Lion with Swords (Baden)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross of the Order of the Griffon with Crown (Mecklenburg)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Military Merit Cross, 1st class (Mecklenburg-Schwerin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross, First Class of the Order of Henry the Lion (Brunswick)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary Knight's Cross, First Class of the House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis (Oldenburg)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friedrich August Cross, 1st class (Oldenburg)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cross for Merit in War (Saxe-Meiningen)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honour Cross, 2nd class with Crown (Reuss)

paragraph: BULLET::::- War Merit Cross (Lippe)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Military Merit Cross, 3rd class with War Decoration (Austria-Hungary)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Silver Liakat Medal with swords (Ottoman Empire)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ottoman War Medal (Turkish: "Harp Madalyası"), better known as the "Gallipoli Star" or "Iron Crescent"

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dermot Bradley: Die Generale des Heeres 1921-1945 Band 1 Abberger-Bitthorn, Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück 1993, , pp. 59–60

wikidata_label: Joachim von Amsberg

wikipedia_title: Joachim von Amsberg (general)


text:
French
lector
catechist
cathedral of Lyons
bishop of Lyons
Justus
hermit
Egypt
Marseilles
Egypt
monastery
Scetes
Wadi El Natrun
translated
Lyon
Clerics of Saint Viator
deacon
See of Lyons
Alexandria
desert of Scetes
Nitria
Macarius of Egypt
Anthony
The Clerics of Saint Viator
Viator of Lyons

categories: 390s deaths,Roman Catholic deacons,Year of birth unknown,Gallo-Roman saints,4th-century Christian saints,French hermits

paragraph: Viator of Lyons

paragraph: Viator of Lyons (died ) is a French saint of the fourth century.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: The name "Viator" in Latin originally meant "traveller by road". In Roman law, the word came to designate a minor court official who went out to summon people to appear before the magistrate. This might have been Viator's prior occupation, or refer to his family of origin. According to tradition, he was a lector or a catechist at the cathedral of Lyons, and was held in high esteem by the bishop of Lyons, Justus (Just), and by the congregants. Around 381 Justus decided to live as a hermit in Egypt and Viator knowing his intentions, decided to follow his bishop and master. He caught up with the bishop at Marseilles, and together they boarded ship for Egypt. They died at a monastery of Scetes (present-day "Wadi El Natrun") in AD 389.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: Their relics were translated to Lyon (the day is recorded as September 2). By the fifth century four feast days were celebrated annually in Lyon in honor of Sts Just and Viator. Their remains lie in the church of St. Just in Lyon.

paragraph: His feast day is October 21.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The Clerics of Saint Viator take their name from him.

paragraph: Section::::St Just of Lyon.

paragraph: Just was born in Vivarais and became a deacon of the Church of Vienne. Sometime after 343, he was chosen to succeed Bishop Verissimus, as bishop of Lyons. In 374, Bishop Just assisted at regional Council at Valence. In 382, he attended the Council of Aquileia, as one of the two representatives of the Bishops of Gaul.

paragraph: Shortly after returning from the Council of Aquileia, Bishop Just confided to Viator intention to abandon the See of Lyons in order to take up the ascetical life a monk in the desert of Scete in Egypt. This decision seems to have motivated by a number of factors: his character, that of a mild studious and contemplative man; his age, for he had been a bishop many years and it seems he was already in his sixties; and by a sad event which had occurred in Lyons a short time before.

paragraph: A mad man had raced through the market place of the city, slashing wildly with a sword, and wounding and killing many citizens. He then dashed to the Cathedral and claimed the right of sanctuary. A mob gathered to storm the church. Bishop Just intervened, but on being assured that the man would be given a fair trial he agreed to hand the man over. No sooner had this been done, than the mob seized the man from the magistrate's guard, and killed him on the spot. The bishop came to believe that his failure to adequately protect the murderer had made him unworthy to continue to lead the Christian community, and he resolved to devote the remainder of his life to doing penance.

paragraph: In 381 Bishop Just secretly left Lyons for Marseilles, where he took ship for Alexandria in Egypt. Once there, they joined the community of monks in the desert of Scetes, about 40 or 50 miles south of Alexandria, beyond the mountains of Nitria, in the Libyan Desert. At that time the leader or abbot of this community was St. Macarius of Egypt (or the Elder) († 390), a disciple of one of the founders of monasticism in Egypt, St. Anthony († 356). Macarius had a reputation for great holiness and a fierce asceticism. Most of the monks lived in cells, either dug in the ground or built of stones, and each out of sight of others. They came together only on Saturdays to celebrate the liturgy. They supported themselves by manual labor, and ate only the poorest of foods. Fasting, prayer, silence, and the keeping of night vigils, characterized their lives. Bishop Just died around 389.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Clerics of Saint Viator

paragraph: BULLET::::- Viator of Lyons

description: French saint

wikidata_label: Viator of Lyons

wikipedia_title: Viator of Lyons


text: Schoten

text: Belgian

text: sidecarcross

text: Sidecarcross World Champion

text: French

text: Roggenburg

text: Switzerland

text: Daniël Willemsen

text: Kristers Serģis

text: Kaspars Stupelis

text: Dutch national titles

text: Slagelse

text: Ben Adriaenssen

text: Champions

text: Champions

text: Champions

categories: Belgian sidecarcross riders,1967 births,Living people

paragraph: Sven Verbrugge

paragraph: Sven Verbrugge (Schoten, 21 August 1967) is a retired Belgian sidecarcross passenger and triple Sidecarcross World Champion, winning the title in 2005, 2006 and 2011.

paragraph: Verbrugge started racing motocross in 1983 in the 125 cc solo class before becoming a sidecarcross passenger in 1986. In his career, he has raced for over 20 years in the Belgian, Dutch and the world sidecarcross championships. After his second world championship in 2006, Sven retired from the world championship, but felt, according to himself, "homesick" for the GP circus and returned for the 2008 season alongside his countryman Nicky Pulinx.

paragraph: Apart from two world championships, he also won the Belgian title in 1993, 1994, 2004 and 2006 and the Dutch in 2001 and 2006.

paragraph: Sven Verbrugge joined the sidecarcross world championship in 1993 as the passenger of his countryman Gunther Gooverts, whom he raced with quite successfully for four seasons. He made his debut at the French GP in Pernes Les Fontaines on 4 April 1993. He won his first race in this season in Roggenburg, Switzerland on 15 August 1993. In 1995, an ankle injury prevented him for three month from taking part in most of the season but the year after the pair returned with a sixth place overall finish. After those four seasons, Verbrugge had two lean ones with only four races in 1997 and none in 1998 after Gooverts choose not to take part in the world championship and only race in domestic events in Belgium. He raced successfully with two different drivers in 1999, Martin Gölz and Gerton Kops, who finished 12th and 9th overall this season. After a short stint with Peter Steegmans he returned to Daniël Willemsen for a second time and the pair finished second overall in the 2000 and 2001 world championship. In 2002, apart from Willemsen, he also raced with Are Kaurit, with both drivers finishing in the top four. Another second-place finish, now with Kristers Serģis, in 2003, when his old partner Willemsen won the championship was followed by a seventh place in 2004 due to a three-month-long injury for Serģis. After this, the two drivers, Willemsen and Serģis, swooped partners, with Verbrugge returning to Willemsen for a third time and Kaspars Stupelis joining Serģis instead. This move proved very successful for Verbrugge as he managed to win two world championships with Willemsen. After the second one, Verbrugge left the world championship in 2006, seemingly for good, at the age of 39. After a year away from the GP circus however, he decided to return, now with his new partner, fellow Belgian Nicky Pulinx.

paragraph: In 2009, he was back as passenger of Daniël Willemsen once more, except in the first race of the season, when he raced with Gerrit van Werven. The pair dominated the early part of the season but an injury to Willemsen forced them to miss three events and a lack of good form upon return caused them to finish only fifth in the world championship. In the last event of the season, Verbrugge broke his thumb and the team was unable to score any points. Daniël Willemsen however declared already before the race that he would try to win title number eight in 2010.

paragraph: After riding with fellow Belgian Peter Steegmans in 2010, Verbrugge started once more with Willemsen in 2011, after an injury to first-choice passenger Roman Vasyliaka. It is the fifth time that the two are racing together in the competition. As Willemsens passenger, Verbrugge has also won two Dutch national titles, in 2001 and 2006. Willemsen temporarily switched to Ondrej Cermak as his passenger for the first of two German GP's because of an injury to Verbrugge. Willemsen and his passenger clinched the World Championship at the second-last race of the season, at Slagelse, Denmark, having a 53-point lead over Latvians Jānis and Lauris Daiders at the time.

paragraph: The last race event of the 2011 season saw the World Champions, Willemsen and Verbrugge, failing to score any points. A dispute during qualifying between the two lead to Verbrugge walking out during the first qualifying session. He later returned to take part in the "last chance", where the team qualified for the race after all. Verbrugge however was injured during a fall and had to be taken to hospital where his arm was placed into a plaster, ruling the team out of the race.

paragraph: In the 2012 season Verbrugge was racing with fellow Belgian pilot Ben Adriaenssen, finishing third in the world championship.

paragraph: Section::::Sidecarcross world championship results.:Season by season.

paragraph: Sven Verbrugge's season by season world championship results:

paragraph: Source:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Passengers" in italics.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:World Championship.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Champions: (3) 2005, 2006, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Runners-up: (4) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Belgium.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Champions: (4) 1993, 1994, 2004, 2006

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Netherlands.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Champions: (2) 2001, 2006

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Germany.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Champions: (1) 2010

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sven Verbrugges official website (in Dutch)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The World Championship on Sidecarcross.com

description: sidecarcross racer

wikidata_label: Sven Verbrugge

wikipedia_title: Sven Verbrugge


text: code name

text: spy

text: American Revolution

text: Culper Ring

text: Culper Ring

text: Abraham Woodhull

text: George Washington

text: New York City

text: John Andre

text: Benedict Arnold

text: Anna Strong

text: Robert Townsend's

text: common-law

text: Andrea Meyer

text: Major John André

text: Benjamin Tallmadge

text: Elizabeth Burgin

text: Tappan, New York

text: Loyalist

text: prison ship

text: namesake

text: Vertigo Comics

text: Assassins Creed 3

text: British

text: Idara Victor

categories: Female wartime spies,1780s deaths,Unidentified people,Women in the American Revolution,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Agent 355

paragraph: Agent 355 (died after 1780) was the code name of a female spy during the American Revolution, part of the Culper Ring. Agent 355 was one of the first spies for the United States, but her real identity is unknown. The number, 355, could be de-crypted from the system the Culper Ring used to mean "lady."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The only direct reference to Agent 355 in any of the Culper Ring's missives was from Abraham Woodhull ("Samuel Culper Sr."), to General George Washington. Woodhull described her as "one who hath been ever serviceable to this correspondence."

paragraph: The true identity of Agent 355 is still unknown, but some facts about her seem clear. She worked with the American Patriots during the Revolutionary War as a spy. She would have been recruited by Woodhull into the spy ring. The way the code is constructed indicates that she may have had "some degree of social prominence." She was likely living in New York City, and at some point had contact with Major John Andre and Benedict Arnold. One person who may have been Agent 355 was Anna Strong, Woodhull's neighbor. Another theory is that Agent 355 may have been Robert Townsend's common-law wife. Stories about Townsend state that he was in love with Agent 355. John Burke and Andrea Meyer have made a different case for 355's involvement in the spy ring using circumstantial evidence that she may have been close to Major John André and also to Benjamin Tallmadge, thereby protecting Woodhull from accusations of being a spy. Other possible candidates for 355 include Sarah Horton Townsend and Elizabeth Burgin.

paragraph: It is also occasionally believed that there was no Agent 355, but rather that the code indicated a woman who had useful information, but wasn't "formally connected to the ring." The code itself may have referred to "a woman," not an agent who was a woman.

paragraph: Agent 355 is thought to have played a major role in exposing Arnold and the arrest of Major John André, who was hanged in Tappan, New York. She may have been member of a prominent Loyalist family which would put her within easy reach of British commanders.

paragraph: Agent 355 was arrested in 1780 when Benedict Arnold went to the Loyalists. She was imprisoned on , a prison ship, where she may have given birth to a boy named Robert Townsend, Jr. She later died on the prison ship. However, Alexander Rose disagrees with this narrative, stating that "females were not kept aboard prison ships," and that "there's no record whatsoever of a birth." Strengthening the idea that Agent 355 may have been Anna Strong is the fact that her husband Selah Strong was imprisoned on "Jersey" and she was supposedly allowed to bring him food. Her presence on the ship may have led to the legend that Agent 355 was imprisoned there.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Agent 355 has become a part of popular fiction. She is the namesake of one of the main characters in "" from Vertigo Comics. She was also an inspiration for a modern spy also called 355, and being included in Assassins Creed 3's in-game database of historical facts, in which her information was critical in helping the protagonist in discovering the British plot to capture.

paragraph: In the television series "", Agent 355 is a former slave named Abigail who had been owned by Anna Strong until the British army seized Selah's property upon his imprisonment. Though technically free, she is coerced into working for John André. Abigail sends Anna information she overhears in André's home hidden in gifts to her son, whom she was forced to leave behind in Anna's care. She is played by Idara Victor.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War

paragraph: BULLET::::- Intelligence operations in the American Revolutionary War

description: spy

wikidata_label: Agent 355

wikipedia_title: Agent 355


text:
Maratha
Kingdom of Nagpur
Janoji Bhonsle
Madhoji
Panchgaon
Mandla
Narmada
Peshwa
Maratha Confederacy
Daulat Rao Sindhia
British East India Company
Second Anglo-Maratha War
Assaye
Argaon
Treaty of Deogaon
Cuttack
Berar
Sambalpur
Sambalpur
Bhonsale
Pindari

categories: People of the Maratha Empire,1816 deaths,History of Nagpur,People of the Second Anglo-Maratha War,Maharajas of Nagpur

paragraph: Raghoji II Bhonsle

paragraph: Raghuji Bhonsale II (died 22 March 1816) or Raghuji II Bhonsale was the Maratha ruler of the Kingdom of Nagpur in Central India from 1788 to 1816.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Raghuji was adopted as an infant by his uncle Janoji Bhonsle to be his chosen heir. Janoji died in 1772, and his brothers fought for succession, until Madhoji until shot the other on the battlefield of Panchgaon, six miles south of Nagpur, and succeeded to the regency on behalf of Raghuji.

paragraph: The Nagpur Kingdom reached its greatest extent in the first half of Raghuji's reign.

paragraph: In 1785 Mudhoji added Mandla and the upper Narmada valley to the Nagpur Kingdom through a deal with the Peshwa, chief ruler of the Maratha Confederacy. Raghoji II also acquired Hoshangabad and the lower Narmada valley between 1796 and 1798.

paragraph: Mudhoji had courted the favor of the British, and this policy was continued for some time by Raghuji II

paragraph: In 1803 Ragoji united with Daulat Rao Sindhia of Gwalior against the British East India Company in the Second Anglo-Maratha War. The two Maratha rulers were decisively defeated at Assaye and Battle of Argaon, and by the Treaty of Deogaon of that year Raghuji ceded Cuttack, southern Berar, and Sambalpur to the British, although Sambalpur and Patna was not relinquished until 1806.

paragraph: To the close of the 18th century the Maratha administration had been on the whole good, and the country had prospered. The first four of the Bhonsales were military chiefs with the habits of rough soldiers, connected by blood and by constant familiar interaction with all their principal officers. Descended from a class of cultivators, they favored and fostered that order. They were rapacious, but seldom cruel to the lower castes.

paragraph: Up to 1792 their territories were seldom the theater of hostilities, and the area of cultivation and revenue continued to increase under a fairly equitable and extremely simple system of government.

paragraph: After the Treaty of Deogaon, however, all this had changed. Raghuji II was deprived of a third of his territories, and he attempted to make up the loss of revenue from the remainder. The villages were mercilessly rack-rented, and many new taxes imposed.

paragraph: During the Bhonsle-English wars the Navab of Bhopal had taken Husangabad and Sivani from the Bhonsles. In 1807 Raghuji sent his army and captured Cainpurvadi and Cankigad of the Bhopal territory. Later he entered into an agreement with the Sindes for a concerted attack on Bhopal. The two armies besieged Bhopal fort in 1814. But Raghuji withdrew his forces when the Nawab of Bhopal asked for British help.

paragraph: The pay of the troops was in arrears, and they maintained themselves by plundering the cultivators, while at the same time commenced the raids of the Pindaris, who became so bold that in 1811 they advanced to Nagpur and burnt the suburbs. It was at this time that most of the numerous village forts were built, to which on the approach of these marauders the peasant retired and fought for bare life, all he possessed outside the walls being already lost to him.

paragraph: Raghuji died on 22 March 1816 and succeeded by his son Parsoji.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, et al. (1908). "Imperial Gazetteer of India", Volume 17. 1908-1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford.

description: Maharajah of Nagpur

wikidata_label: Raghoji II Bhonsle

wikipedia_title: Raghoji II Bhonsle


text:
Slovene
sculptor
figurative art
Slovenia
Trbovlje
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
coal mine
partisan resistance
Nazi German
World War II
Academy of Fine Arts
University of Ljubljana
Boris Kalin
Frančišek Smerdu
Paris
Ossip Zadkine
Ljubljana
Ljubljana City Gallery
Jakopič Gallery
Slovene history
peasant revolts
Ljubljana Castle
war scythe
Tivoli Castle
Tivoli Park
lignite
abstract art
Prešeren Award
List of Slovenian sculptors
"Stojan Batic", "Artnet"

categories: Yugoslav Partisans members,2015 deaths,People from Ljubljana,People from Trbovlje,21st-century Slovenian sculptors,Prešeren Award laureates,1925 births,20th-century Slovenian sculptors

paragraph: Stojan Batič

paragraph: Stojan Batič (2 February 1925 – 17 September 2015) was a Slovene sculptor. Mostly a figurative artist, he is particularly known for his sculptures exhibited in many public places in Slovenia.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Batič was born in a working-class family in Trbovlje, a mining town in central Slovenia, then part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. As a teenager, he worked in the local coal mine. At the age of 19, he joined the partisan resistance and fought the invading Nazi German forces. After World War II, he was the first to enroll at the newly established Academy of Fine Arts at the University of Ljubljana, where he studied sculpture under Boris Kalin and Frančišek Smerdu. In 1957, he received a scholarship, which enabled him to study in Paris with the sculptor Ossip Zadkine.

paragraph: Batič lived and worked in Ljubljana. In 1995, he had a show at Ljubljana City Gallery. In 2015, the Jakopič Gallery held a retrospective exhibition of his work under the title "The Man and The Myth" ().

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Batič, predominantly a figurative sculptor, is known for about 40 public monuments depicting events from Slovene history, as well as European and Oriental myths and legends. His best-known works include the monument to the Slovene peasant revolts at Ljubljana Castle featuring a group of men holding war scythes, and the "Itaka" series of figurative sculptures. His 1957 bronze sculpture (Ballet) stands in front of Tivoli Castle in Tivoli Park in Ljubljana. In the 1960s, he created a mining-related series in lignite, and in the 1970s a series of glass sculptures, the two representing his most significant approach to abstract art.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: In 1960, Batič received the Prešeren Award, the highest prize for artistic and cultural achievements in Slovenia.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Slovenian sculptors

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stojan Batic", "Artnet"

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stojan Batič. "Izbor reproduciranih del in oblikovanje monografije: Zoran Kržišnik, Jože Brumen, Stojan Batič". Prevod v angleščino: Bojan P. Moll. Reprodukcije: Miro Zdovc.

alias:
Stojan Batik
Stojan Batic

description: Slovenian artist

wikidata_label: Stojan Batič

wikipedia_title: Stojan Batič


text:
Charolles
Viviers
Roman Catholic
bishop of Viviers
France
Autun
Marida
Catholic Hierarchy

categories: Bishops of Viviers,2006 deaths,20th-century Roman Catholic bishops,1917 births,Participants in the Second Vatican Council

paragraph: Jean Hermil

paragraph: Jean Hermil (September 24, 1917, Charolles – March 10, 2006, Viviers) was Roman Catholic bishop of Viviers, France.

paragraph: He was ordained a priest on July 5, 1942 at Autun. He was appointed auxiliary bishop there on May 15, 1963, and simultaneously appointed titular bishop of Marida, with formal ordination on July 2 – being the last holder of that office. On December 14, 1965, he was appointed bishop of Viviers, a position he held until retirement on October 15, 1992.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Hierarchy

wikidata_label: Jean Hermil

wikipedia_title: Jean Hermil


text:
Ptolemaic dynasty
Egypt
Ptolemy X Alexander I
Cleopatra Selene
Ptolemy IX
Rome
Sulla
Berenice III
Alexandria
Ptolemy XII
Peter Green
University of California Press
Ptolemy XI Alexander II

categories: 80 BC deaths,Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty,1st-century BC Pharaohs,1st-century BC murdered monarchs,2nd-century BC births,1st-century BC rulers in Africa,Lynching deaths

paragraph: Ptolemy XI Alexander II

paragraph: Ptolemy XI Alexander II (, "Ptolemaĩos Aléxandros") was a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty who ruled Egypt for a few days in 80 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ptolemy XI was born to Ptolemy X Alexander I and supposedly Cleopatra Selene.

paragraph: His uncle Ptolemy IX Lathryos died in 81 BC or 80 BC, leaving only his sole legitimate daughter as his heir, and so Cleopatra Berenice (= Berenice III) ruled alone for a time.

paragraph: However, Rome's Sulla wanted a pro-Roman ruler on the throne, and sent the young son of Ptolemy X to Egypt, displaying Ptolemy Alexander's will in Rome as supposed justification for this obvious interference.

paragraph: The will also apparently required Ptolemy XI to marry Berenice III, who was his stepmother, cousin, and possible half-sister.

paragraph: However, nineteen days after the marriage, Ptolemy murdered his bride for unknown reasons, an unwise move since Berenice was very popular; Ptolemy was soon lynched by the citizens of Alexandria.

paragraph: He was succeeded by his cousin Ptolemy XII, an illegitimate son of Ptolemy IX.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Peter Green, "Alexander to Actium" (University of California Press, 1990), pp. 553–554 br

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ptolemy XI Alexander II entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith

paragraph: br

description: sovereign

wikidata_label: Ptolemy XI Alexander II

wikipedia_title: Ptolemy XI Alexander II


text: Conservative

text: member of the House of Lords

text: Chancellor of the Exchequer

text: Chancellor

text: University of Exeter

text: London

text: Heathcoat-Amory baronets

text: OBE

text: Vice-Admiral

text: Henry Seymour

text: Francis, 5th Marquess of Hertford

text: Eton College

text: Christ Church, Oxford

text: MA

text: Rt Hon David Heathcoat-Amory

text: baronet

text: Devon County Council

text: Royal Artillery

text: Territorial Army

text: Second World War

text: Operation Market-Garden

text: Lieutenant-Colonel

text: Member of Parliament

text: Tiverton

text: Sir John Heathcoat-Amory, 1st Baronet

text: Conservatives

text: Winston Churchill

text: Minister of Pensions

text: Minister of State for Trade

text: Cabinet

text: Sir Thomas Dugdale

text: Minister

text: Chancellor of the Exchequer

text: Harold Macmillan

text: office

text: election the previous autumn

text: House of Commons

text: peerage

text: Hudson's Bay Company

text: English

text: royal charter

text: Privy Council

text: GCMG

text: KG

text: degree

text: Hon. LLD

text: Exon

text: sailor

text: yacht

text: Thames

text: Budget

text: his brother

text: baronetcy

text: viscountcy

text: Heathcoat-Amory baronets

text: Viscount

text: "Burke's Peerage

categories: Chancellors of the University of Exeter,Governors of the Hudson's Bay Company,1899 births,Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom,Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom,People educated at Eton College,Conservative Party (UK) hereditary peers,UK MPs 1951–1955,UK MPs 1959–1964,UK MPs 1945–1950,1981 deaths,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Devon,Royal Artillery officers,Councillors in South West England,Deputy Lieutenants,Agriculture ministers of the United Kingdom,British Army personnel of World War II,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,Knights of the Garter,Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George,UK MPs 1950–1951,Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,UK MPs 1955–1959

paragraph: Derick Heathcoat-Amory, 1st Viscount Amory, , ( ; 26 December 1899 – 20 January 1981) was a British Conservative politician and member of the House of Lords.

paragraph: He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer between 1958 and 1960, and later as Chancellor of the University of Exeter from 1972 until his death in 1981.

paragraph: Section::::Background and education.

paragraph: Born in London, the son of Sir Ian Heathcoat-Amory, 2nd Baronet (see Heathcoat-Amory baronets) and Alexandra Georgina (OBE; who d. 1942), eldest daughter of Vice-Admiral Henry Seymour  (brother of Francis, 5th Marquess of Hertford ).

paragraph: He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford, receiving an MA degree.

paragraph: His great-nephews include the Rt Hon David Heathcoat-Amory and Sir Ian Heathcoat-Amory, 6th and present baronet. A great-aunt was the sculptress, Princess Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Countess von Gleichen.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Heathcoat-Amory was elected a Devon County Councillor in 1932 and worked in textile manufacturing and banking. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 11th (Devonshire) Brigade of the Royal Artillery (Territorial Army) on 31 July 1920, promoted to lieutenant in the 96th (Royal Devonshire Yeomanry) Field Brigade on 31 July 1922 and promoted to captain on 1 September 1926. He was promoted to major on 1 October 1935. During the Second World War, he was wounded and captured during Operation Market-Garden. He retired on 1 September 1948 with the honorary rank of Lieutenant-Colonel.

paragraph: He was elected Member of Parliament for Tiverton in 1945 (a constituency previously held by his grandfather Sir John Heathcoat-Amory, 1st Baronet). When the Conservatives came to power under Winston Churchill in 1951 he was appointed Minister of Pensions. In September 1953 he was appointed Minister of State for Trade. He joined Churchill's Cabinet in July 1954 succeeding Sir Thomas Dugdale as Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries (continuing his responsibilities as Minister of State for Trade). In October 1954 these ministries merged under Heathcoat-Amory's leadership. The Hon. Gwilym Lloyd George "later" Viscount Tenby had previously been charged with Food ministerial affairs. He remained in this post until being appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1958, by Harold Macmillan, an office he held until 1960.

paragraph: A highlight of Amory's chancellorship was the raising of Bank Rate to 6% in June 1960, in an effort to cool the economy after the election the previous autumn.

paragraph: He stood down from the House of Commons in 1960 and was raised to the peerage as "Viscount Amory, of Tiverton in the County of Devon", on 1 September of that year.

paragraph: From 1965 to 1970, he was Governor (Company Chairman) of the Hudson's Bay Company, North America's oldest company (established by English royal charter in 1670).

paragraph: Viscount Amory was sworn of the Privy Council in 1953, appointed GCMG in 1961 and KG in 1968. He also received the degree of Hon. LLD (Exon) in 1959, before serving as Chancellor of Exeter University from 1972 to 1981.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Heathcoat-Amory was an accomplished sailor, who famously had his yacht brought up the Thames to take him away after making Budget speeches when Chancellor of the Exchequer. The Civil Service Sailing Association continues to award annually "The Heathcoat Amory Trophy" (donated by Viscount Amory) for outstanding sailing achievements by its members.

paragraph: In 1972, Lord Amory succeeded his brother in the family baronetcy; he died unmarried in January 1981, aged 81.

paragraph: The viscountcy became extinct upon his death and his younger brother succeeded him as Sir William Heathcoat-Amory, 5th Baronet, DSO.

paragraph: Section::::National honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- - KG

paragraph: BULLET::::- - Bt

paragraph: BULLET::::- - GCMG

paragraph: BULLET::::- - TD

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heathcoat-Amory baronets

paragraph: BULLET::::- Viscount

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dell, Edmund. "The Chancellors: A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer, 1945-90" (HarperCollins, 1997) pp 242–57, covers his term as Chancellor.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Burke's Peerage"/a

description: politician and British Government Minister


text: ancient Greek

text: philosopher

text: Plato

text: Potone

text: Academy

text: Xenocrates

text: Theory of Forms

text: Good

text: knowledge

text: Athens

text: Eurymedon

text: Potone

text: Plato

text: Thirteenth Letter of Plato

text: Syracuse

text: Dion

text: Timon

text: Athenaeus

text: Diogenes Laërtius

text: Dionysius the Younger

text: scholarch

text: Academy

text: stroke

text: Xenocrates

text: Diogenes Laërtius

text: genera

text: species

text: Dialectics

text: Ethics

text: Physics

text: thought

text: perception

text: Theory of Forms

text: idea

text: substance

text: number

text: soul

text: Aristotle

text: Good

text: Pythagoreans

text: Pythagorizing

text: Clement of Alexandria

text: happiness

text: Stoics

text: Epicurean

text: ataraxia

text: polemic

text: Eudoxus of Cnidus

text: Aulus Gellius

text: Philebus

text: justice

text: citizen

text: Diogenes Laërtius

text: "Aristippus of Cyrene"

text: Plato

text: Dion

text: Dionysius

text: Lysias

text: Plato's unwritten doctrines

text: Hellmut Flashar

categories: 400s BC births,4th-century BC philosophers,Academic philosophers,Classical Greek philosophers,Ancient Athenian philosophers,4th-century BC Athenians

paragraph: Speusippus

paragraph: Speusippus (; ; c. 408 – 339/8 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher. Speusippus was Plato's nephew by his sister Potone. After Plato's death, c.348 BC, Speusippus inherited the Academy, near age 60, and remained its head for the next eight years. However, following a stroke, he passed the chair to Xenocrates. Although the successor to Plato in the Academy, Speusippus frequently diverged from Plato's teachings. He rejected Plato's Theory of Forms, and whereas Plato had identified the Good with the ultimate "principle", Speusippus maintained that the Good was merely secondary. He also argued that it is impossible to have satisfactory knowledge of any thing without knowing all the differences by which it is separated from everything else.

paragraph: The standard edition of the surviving fragments and testimonies is Leonardo Tarán's "Speusippus of Athens: A Critical Study with a Collection of the Related Texts and Commentary" (1982).

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Speusippus was a native of Athens, and the son of Eurymedon and Potone, a sister of Plato. The pseudonymous "Thirteenth Letter of Plato" claims that Speusippus married his niece (his mother's granddaughter). We hear nothing of his life until the time when he accompanied his uncle Plato on his third journey to Syracuse (Italy), where he displayed considerable ability and prudence, especially in his amicable relations with Dion. His moral worth is recognised even by Timon, though only that he may heap the more unsparing ridicule on his intellect.

paragraph: The report about his sudden fits of anger, his greed, and his debauchery, are probably derived from a very impure source: Athenaeus and Diogenes Laërtius can adduce as authority for them scarcely anything more than the abuse in some spurious letters of Dionysius the Younger, who was banished by Dion, with the cooperation of Speusippus. Having been selected by Plato as his successor as the leader ("scholarch") of the Academy, he was at the head of the school for only eight years (348/7–339/8 BC). He died, it appears, of a lingering paralytic illness, presumably a stroke. He was succeeded as the head of the school by Xenocrates.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.

paragraph: Diogenes Laërtius gives us a list of some of the titles of the many dialogues and commentaries of Speusippus, which is of little help in determining their contents, and the fragments provided by other writers provide us with only a little extra.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Epistemology.

paragraph: Speusippus was interested in bringing together those things which were similar in their philosophical treatment, and to the derivation, and laying down, of the ideas of genera and species: for he was interested in what the various sciences had in common, and how they might be connected. Thus he furthered the threefold division of philosophy into Dialectics, Ethics, and Physics, for which Plato had laid the foundation, without losing sight of the mutual connection of these three branches of philosophy. For he maintained that no one could arrive at a complete definition who did not know all the differences by which a thing which was to be defined was separated from the rest.

paragraph: With Plato, moreover, he distinguished between that which is the object of thought, and that which is the object of sensuous perception, between the cognition of the reason and sensuous perception. He tried, however, to show how perception can be taken up and transformed into knowledge, by the assumption of a perception, which, by participation in rational truth, raises itself to the rank of knowledge. By this he seems to have understood an immediate (in the first instance aesthetic), mode of conception; since he appealed, in support of this view, to the consideration that artistic skill has its foundation not in sensuous activity, but in an unerring power of distinguishing between its objects, that is, in a rational perception of them.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Metaphysics.

paragraph: Speusippus rejected Plato's Theory of Forms; whereas Plato distinguished between ideal numbers (i.e. the Platonic Forms of numbers) and mathematical numbers, Speusippus rejected the ideal numbers, and consequently the ideas. He tried to determine the idea of substance more distinctly by separating its types, the difference between which he considered would result from the difference between the "principles" ("archai") on which they are based. Thus he distinguished substances of number, of size, of soul, while Plato had referred them, as separate entities, to the ideal numbers.

paragraph: Speusippus made still more kinds of substance, beginning with the One, and assuming principles for each kind of substance, one for numbers, another for spatial magnitudes, and then another for the soul; and by going on in this way he multiplies the kinds of substance.

paragraph: Nevertheless, Speusippus also must have recognised something common in those different kinds of substances, inasmuch as, firstly, he set out from the absolute One, and regarded it as a formal "principle" which they had in common, and, secondly, he appears to have assumed that multitude and multiformity was a common primary element in their composition. But it is only the difficulties which led him to make this and similar deviations from the Platonist doctrine, of which we can get any clear idea, not the way in which he thought he had avoided those difficulties by distinguishing different kinds of "principles". The criticism of Aristotle, directed apparently against Speusippus, shows how little satisfied he was with the modification of the original Platonist doctrine.

paragraph: With this deviation from Plato's doctrine is connected another which takes a wider range. As the ultimate "principle", Speusippus would not, with Plato, recognise the "Good", but, with others (who doubtless were also Platonists), going back to the older "Theologi", maintained that the "principles" of the universe were to be set down as causes of the good and perfect, but were not the good and perfect itself, which must rather be regarded as the result of generated existence, or development, just as the seeds of plants and animals are not the fully formed plants or animals themselves.

paragraph: Speusippus [supposes] that supreme beauty and goodness are not present in the beginning, because the beginnings both of plants and of animals are causes, but beauty and completeness are in the effects of these.

paragraph: The ultimate "principle" he designated, like Plato, as the absolute One, but it was not to be regarded as an existing entity, since all entities can only be the result of development. When, however, with the Pythagoreans, he reckoned the "One" in the series of "good" things, he probably conceived it only in its opposition to the "Many", and wished to indicate that it was from the "One" and not from the "Many", that the good and perfect is to be derived. Nevertheless, Speusippus seems to have attributed vital activity to the primordial Unity, as inseparably belonging to it, probably in order to explain how it could grow, by a process of self-development, into the good, spirit, etc.; for spirit also he distinguished from the one, as well as from the good; and the good from pleasure and pain. Less worthy of notice is the attempt by Speusippus to find a more suitable expression for the material "principle", the indefinite duality of Plato; and his Pythagorizing mode of treating the doctrine of numbers which we can see in the extracts of his treatise on the Pythagorean numbers.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Ethics.

paragraph: Diogenes Laertius' list of Speusippus' works includes titles on justice, friendship, pleasure, and wealth. Clement of Alexandria (fr. 77 Tarán) reports that Speusippus considered happiness to be "a state that is complete in those things that are in accordance with nature, a condition desired by all human beings, while the Good aim at freedom from disturbance; and the virtues would be productive of happiness." This testimony suggests that Speusippus' ethics may have been an important background to ethical ideas of the Stoics (the will's conformity with nature) and Epicureans (compare "freedom from disturbance," "aochlēsia", with the notion of "ataraxia").

paragraph: Modern scholars have detected a polemic between Speusippus and Eudoxus of Cnidus concerning the good. Eudoxus also accepts that the Good will be that at which all people aim, but identifies this as pleasure, as opposed to Speusippus' exclusive focus on moral goods. Texts of Aristotle and Aulus Gellius suggest that Speusippus insisted that pleasure was not a good, but that the Good was "in between the opposites of pleasure and pain." It is possible that the dispute between Speusippus and Eudoxus influenced Plato's "Philebus" (esp. 53c–55a).

paragraph: Speusippus also seems to have developed further Plato's ideas of justice and of the citizen, and the fundamental principles of legislation.

paragraph: Section::::List of works.

paragraph: Diogenes Laërtius gives a selection of his works, adding that all his writings represent 43,475 lines of manuscript.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aristippus of Cyrene".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Wealth", one book.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Pleasure", one book.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Justice."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Philosophy."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Friendship."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the Gods."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Philosopher."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Reply to Cephalus".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cephalus".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Clinomachus or Lysias".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Citizen".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Of the Soul".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Reply to Gryllus".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aristippus".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Criticism of the Arts", one book for each art.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Memoirs", in the form of dialogues.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Treatise on System", in one book.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dialogues on the Resemblances in Science", in ten books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Divisions and Hypotheses relating to the Resemblances".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Typical Genera and Species".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Reply to the Anonymous Work".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eulogy of Plato".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Epistles to Dion, Dionysius and Philip".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Legislation".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mathematician".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mandrobolus".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lysias".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Definitions".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arrangements of Commentaries".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plato's unwritten doctrines, for debates in the Early Academy over Plato's esotericism

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Attribution:

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Editions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Lang, "De Speusippi academici scriptis. Accedunt fragmenta", diss. Bonn, 1911 (repr. Frankfurt 1964, Hildesheim 1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elias Bickermann and Johannes Sykutris, "Speusipps Brief an König Philipp: Text, Übersetzung, Untersuchungen", "Berichte über die Verhandlungen der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig: Philologisch-historische Klasse" 80:3 (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margherita Isnardi Parente, "Speusippo: Frammenti. Edizione, traduzione e commento", Naples: Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici, 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leonardo Tarán, "Speusippus of Athens: A Critical Study with a Collection of the Related Texts and Commentary", Leiden: Brill, 1982

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anthony Francis Natoli, "The Letter of Speusippus to Philip II: Introduction, Test, Translation, and Commentary" ("Historia Einzeschriften" 176), Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 2004

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Studies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Dillon: "The Heirs of Plato. A Study of the Old Academy (347–274 BC)". Clarendon Press, Oxford 2003,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hans Krämer: "Speusipp". In: "Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie", "Die Philosophie der Antike", Bd. 3: "Ältere Akademie – Aristoteles – Peripatos", hrsg. Hellmut Flashar. 2. Auflage. Schwabe, Basel 2004, , S. 13–31

paragraph: BULLET::::- Debra Nails: "The People of Plato. A prosopography of Plato and other Socratics", Indianapolis 2002, , S. 271f. (und Stammtafel S. 244)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fabian Wilhelmi: "Isokrates' Philippos und Speusippos' Brief an König Philipp II. als Bitte um königliches Patronat", Düsseldorf 2010, .

description: ancient greek philosopher

wikidata_label: Speusippus

wikipedia_title: Speusippus


text: lawyer

text: Cornwall

text: Michael An Gof

text: Cornish Rebellion of 1497

text: Henry VII of England

text: John Flamank

text: Bodmin

text: Nanstallon

text: Henry VII

text: Scotland

text: James IV

text: Perkin Warbeck

text: Michael Joseph

text: Bodmin

text: Archbishop Morton

text: Reginald Bray

text: Wells

text: James Tuchet, 7th Baron Audley

text: Salisbury

text: Winchester

text: Giles Daubeny, 8th Baron Daubeny

text: Blackheath

text: Deptford Strand

text: Tower Hill

text: Tyburn

text: Keskerdh Kernow 500

text: St. Keverne

text: John Castle

text: BBC

text: The Shadow of the Tower

text: List of topics related to Cornwall

text: Second Cornish Uprising of 1497

text: Prayer Book Rebellion

text: Francis Bacon

text: Thomas Gainsford

text: John Stow

text: John Maclean

text: Richard Polwhele

text: William Hals

text: Mychal Josef an Gof "The Smith"

text: The Cornish Rebellion

text: The Black Heath Rebellion

text: The Black Heath Rebellion, 16 June 1497

text: Thomas Flamank

text: Michael An Gof, the Cornish Blacksmith

categories: People executed by Tudor England by hanging, drawing and quartering,Medieval Cornish people,Cornish nationalists,Military history of Cornwall,People executed under the Tudors for treason against England,Year of birth unknown,People executed under Henry VII of England,1497 deaths,15th-century English people,People executed at Tyburn,People from Bodmin,Cornish nationalism,Prisoners in the Tower of London,Executed Cornish people

paragraph: Thomas Flamank

paragraph: Thomas Flamank (died 27 June 1497) was a lawyer and former MP from Cornwall, who together with Michael An Gof led the Cornish Rebellion of 1497, a protest against taxes imposed by Henry VII of England.

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry.

paragraph: He was the eldest son of Richard Flamank or Flammock of Boscarne, by Johanna or Jane, daughter of Thomas Lucombe of Bodmin, and older brother of John Flamank, MP for Bodmin in 1515. Thomas Flamank himself had been MP for Bodmin in 1492. The family is of great antiquity at Bodmin, having held the manor of Nanstallon in uninterrupted succession from the fourteenth to the nineteenth century (1817). In early times the name appeared as Flandrensis, Flemang, Flammank, and in other forms Thomas Flamank married Elizabeth, daughter of John Trelawny of Menwynick, and had a daughter Joanna, wife of Peter Fauntleroy.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: In 1497 Henry VII was attempting to raise a subsidy in Cornwall for the despatch of an army to Scotland to punish James IV for supporting Perkin Warbeck. Michael Joseph, a blacksmith, was chosen by the people of St. Keverne to challenge the tax. When he and his followers reached Bodmin, they were joined by Thomas Flamank, whose father was one of the commissioners appointed to supervise the tax collection. Flamank argued that it was the business of the barons of the north, and of no other of the king's subjects, to defend the Scottish border, and that the tax was illegal. He suggested that the Cornishmen should march on London and present a petition to the king setting forth their grievances, and urging the punishment of Archbishop Morton and Sir Reginald Bray, and other advisers of the king who were held responsible for his action.

paragraph: As the Cornishmen proceeded into Devon, they were joined by others sympathetic to their cause. At Wells, James Tuchet, 7th Baron Audley, joined them and undertook the leadership. They marched towards London by way of Salisbury and Winchester. London was panic-stricken; but the rebels had grown disheartened by the lack of support shown them in their long march. Giles Daubeny, 8th Baron Daubeny, was directed to take the field with the forces which had been summoned for service in Scotland, a force numbering about 8,000 men.

paragraph: By 16 June 1497, the Cornish army of about 9,000 had arrived at Blackheath. Daubeny was joined by the king and some of the nobles and gentry from nearby counties. The next morning battle was joined at Deptford Strand. After a fierce skirmish, Daubeny took Deptford Bridge and he and his troops moved onto the Heath. Daubeny, outdistancing his men, was taken prisoner, but soon released. Fighting continued and the Cornish found themselves surrounded. Although they fought bravely, they were a mob without artillery or cavalry against a trained and well-equipped army. The Cornish were soon put to flight.

paragraph: Audley was beheaded at Tower Hill. Flamank and Joseph were hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn (27 June), and their limbs exhibited in various parts of the city. Most of their followers were pardoned.

paragraph: Section::::Family and descendants.

paragraph: He married Elizabeth Trelawny and had the following issue-

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joan Flamank, m. Peter Fauntleroy

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In 1997, the five-hundredth anniversary of the Rebellion, a commemorative march ("Keskerdh Kernow 500") was held, retracing the route of the original march from St. Keverne in Cornwall to London. A statue depicting An Gof and Flamank was unveiled in St. Keverne and a commemorative plaque was unveiled on Blackheath Common, and another, en route, at Guildford at the location of a preliminary skirmish.

paragraph: Flamank, played by John Castle, appeared as a character in the ninth episode of the 1972 BBC television series "The Shadow of the Tower", which focused on the reign of Henry VII.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of topics related to Cornwall

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second Cornish Uprising of 1497

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prayer Book Rebellion

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francis Bacon, "History of Henry VII"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Gainsford, "History of Perkin Warbeck", 1618, in Harleian Miscellany, 1810, xi. 422–7

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Stow, "Annals", s. a. 1497

paragraph: BULLET::::- W. C. Boase and W. P. Courtney, "Bibliographia Cornubiensis" p. 1181

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sir" John Maclean "Parochial History of Trigg Minor", i. 44, 279–84, ii. 518

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Polwhele, "History of Cornwall", iv. 53–4

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Hals, "History of Cornwall", p. 24.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mychal Josef an Gof "The Smith"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Battle of Deptford Bridge (Blackheath) 1497

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Cornish Rebellion

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A name perpetual and a fame permanent and immortal"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Black Heath Rebellion

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Black Heath Rebellion, 16 June 1497

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Flamank

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael An Gof, the Cornish Blacksmith

alias:
Thomas Flammock
Thomas Flamanc
Thomas Flamang
Thomas Flandrensis

description: Cornish lawyer and rebel

wikidata_label: Thomas Flamank

wikipedia_title: Thomas Flamank