text:
Old Norse
Norway
Middle Irish
1102
Ireland
Hebrides
Rögnvald Kali Kolsson
Earl of Orkney
Magnus Barefoot
Sigurd the Crusader
ordeal by fire
Magnus
Tønsberg
Haugating
Old Norse
Thing
Bohuslän
Denmark
Bergen
Sigurd Slembe
Ingrid Ragnvaldsdotter
Inge the Elder
Inge I of Norway
saga
Bjaðǫk
Eystein II of Norway
Sigurd II of Norway
Magnus Haraldsson of Norway
Norwegian history
succession laws
Bagler
Birkebeiner

categories: Norwegian monarchs,1136 deaths,12th-century Norwegian people,12th-century murdered monarchs,Norwegian people of Irish descent,House of Gille,Norwegian civil wars

paragraph: Harald Gille

paragraph: Harald Gille (Old Norse: "Haraldr Gilli" or "Haraldr Gillikristr", died 14 December 1136) was king of Norway from 1130 until his death. His byname Gille is probably from Middle Irish "Gilla Críst" "servant of Christ".

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Harald was born ca. 1102 in Ireland or the Hebrides, more likely the former. According to the sagas, he became familiar with Norway through an acquaintance with Norwegian merchants including Rögnvald Kali Kolsson, who would later become Earl of Orkney. Around 1127, Harald went to Norway and declared he was an illegitimate son of the former king, Magnus Barefoot, who had visited Ireland just before his death in 1103. In fact this is not implausible because other descendants of Magnus are reported in Irish sources and he is known to have been particularly fond of at least one Irish woman. Harald consequently claimed to be a half-brother of the reigning king, Sigurd the Crusader. Harald appears to have submitted successfully to the ordeal by fire. The alleged relationship was acknowledged by Sigurd on condition that Harald did not claim any share in the government of the kingdom during his lifetime or that of his son Magnus. Living on friendly terms with the king, Harald kept this agreement until Sigurd’s death in 1130.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Harald was in Tønsberg when he heard of King Sigurd's death. He called together a meeting at the Haugating (from the Old Norse word "haugr" meaning hill or burial mound). At this Thing, Harald was chosen king over half the country. King Magnus was obliged to divide the kingdom with Harald into two parts.

paragraph: The kingdom accordingly was so divided that each of them should have the half part of the kingdom which King Sigurd had possessed. They ruled the country for some time in peace. After four years of uneasy peace, Magnus began to openly prepare for war on Harald. On August 9, 1134, he defeated Harald in a decisive Battle at Färlev in Bohuslän and Harald fled to Denmark. Subsequently Magnus disbanded his army and traveled to Bergen to spend the winter there. Harald then returned to Norway with a new army and meeting little opposition, reached Bergen before Christmas. Since Magnus had few men, the city fell easily to Harald's army on January 7, 1135. Magnus was captured and dethroned. His eyes were put out, and he was thrown into prison. Harald now ruled the country until 1136, when he was murdered by Sigurd Slembe, another alleged illegitimate son of Magnus Barefoot.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Harald was married to Ingrid Ragnvaldsdotter, daughter of Ragnvald Ingesson, the son and heir of Inge the Elder. Harald had a son, Inge I of Norway, with her. According to the sagas, Harald had previously been married to Bjaðǫk, mother of his son, Eystein II of Norway. Among Harald's concubines was Thora Guttormsdotter ("Þóra Guthormsdóttir"), the daughter of Guttorm Gråbarde, who was the mother of Sigurd II of Norway. He also had a son, Magnus Haraldsson of Norway, who died in 1145 at 10 years of age. All four sons were kings of Norway.

paragraph: Section::::Historical context.

paragraph: Approximately from his accession to the throne, the civil wars period of Norwegian history started, that lasted from 1130 to 1217. During this period there were several interlocked conflicts of varying scale and intensity. The background for these conflicts were the unclear Norwegian succession laws, social conditions and the struggle between Church and King. There were two main parties, firstly known by varying names or no names at all, but finally condensed into parties of Bagler and Birkebeiner. The rallying point regularly was a royal son, who was set up as the head figure of the party in question, to oppose the rule of the king from the contesting party.

description: King of Norway

wikidata_label: Harald IV of Norway

wikipedia_title: Harald Gille


text:
courtesy name
emperor
Chen dynasty
Emperor Fei
Northern Qi
Northern Zhou
Chen Shubao
Sui dynasty
Liang Dynasty
Jiankang
Hou Jing
Chen Qian
Chen Chang
Chen Baxian
Wang Sengbian
Xiao Yi
Jingzhou
Hubei
Zhenjiang
Jiangsu
Liu Jingyan
Huzhou
Zhejiang
Western Wei
Chang'an
Chen Shubao
Nanyang
Henan
Xiao Fangzhi
Northern Qi
Xiao Yuanming
Chen Dynasty
Northern Zhou
Wuhan
Hubei
Wu Mingche
crown prince
Chen Bozong
Empress Dowager Shen Miaorong
Hunan
Northern Zhou
Western Liang
Wuhan
Hubei
Grand Empress Dowager Zhang Yao'er
empress dowager
empress
heir apparent
Guangzhou
Guangdong
Unicode
Yangtze River
Huai River
Lu'an
Anhui
Wang Lin
Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou
Taiyuan
Shanxi
Yecheng
Gao Wei
Xuzhou
Jiangsu
Yellow River
Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou
Wei Xiaokuan
Yang Jian
regent
Yuchi Jiong
Xiaogan
Hubei
Sui Dynasty
Chen Baxian
Empress
Chen Shubao
Chen Shuda
Yang Jian
Princess Ningyuan
Yang Jian

categories: 530 births,582 deaths,Northern Zhou people,Chen dynasty regents,Liang dynasty people,Chen dynasty generals,Chen dynasty emperors

paragraph: Emperor Xuan of Chen

paragraph: Emperor Xuan of Chen (陳宣帝) (530–582), personal name Chen Xu (陳頊), courtesy name Shaoshi (紹世), nickname Shili (師利), was an emperor of the Chen dynasty of China. He seized the throne from his nephew Emperor Fei in 569 and subsequently ruled the state for 13 years. He was considered to be a capable and diligent ruler, who at one point militarily expanded at the expense of Northern Qi. After Northern Qi fell to Northern Zhou in 577, however, Chen was cornered, and soon lost the gains it had previously made against Northern Qi. Emperor Xuan died in 582, leaving the state in the hands of his incompetent son Chen Shubao, and by 589, Chen would be destroyed by Northern Zhou's successor state Sui dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Chen Xu was born in 530, as the second son of Chen Daotan (陳道譚), a commander in the Liang Dynasty palace guards. His mother's name is not recorded in history. Chen Daotan died in 548 or 549, while commanding the guards in resisting a siege of the palace at the capital Jiankang by the rebel general Hou Jing. After the palace fell to Hou in 549, Chen Xu's older brother Chen Qian and cousin Chen Chang were imprisoned by Hou, because Chen Chang's father, the general Chen Baxian, had joined forces with Wang Sengbian, a general under the command of Xiao Yi the Prince of Xiangdong in resisting Hou. It is unclear whether Chen Xu was imprisoned as well. In 551, Wang, with Chen's assistance, defeated Hou and recaptured Jiankang. Xiao Yi subsequently declared himself emperor (as Emperor Yuan), but set up his capital at Jiangling (江陵, in modern Jingzhou, Hubei) rather than returning to Jiankang, which he put under the command of Wang. As part of this alignment, Chen Baxian was given the post of defending Jingkou (京口, in modern Zhenjiang, Jiangsu). Emperor Yuan then summoned Chen Chang and Chen Xu to Jiangling to serve in his administration—and also to serve as hostages. Both were given mid-level positions. He also gave Chen Xu a wife—his niece Liu Jingyan. (Chen Xu had previously married a wife, Lady Qian, while he was at his home commandery of Yixing (義興, roughly modern Huzhou, Zhejiang), but Lady Qian did not accompany him to Jiangling)

paragraph: In 554, rival Western Wei attacked Jiangling and captured it, executing Emperor Yuan around the new year 555. Chen Xu and Chen Chang were taken to the Western Wei capital Chang'an as honored captives, while Lady Liu and their son Chen Shubao were left at Rangcheng (穰城, in modern Nanyang, Henan). Wang and Chen Baxian initially wanted to make Emperor Yuan's son Xiao Fangzhi the Prince of Jin'an emperor, but after military pressure from Northern Qi, in summer 555, Wang agreed to make Northern Qi's favored candidate Xiao Yuanming (Emperor Yuan's cousin) emperor instead—a decision that Chen disagreed with. In fall 555, he made a surprise attack on Jiankang, killing Wang and deposing Xiao Yuanming, making Xiao Fangzhi emperor instead (as Emperor Jing). In 557, he had Emperor Jing yield the throne to him, establishing Chen Dynasty as its Emperor Wu. Chen Xu's brother Chen Qian was created the Prince of Linchuan, and while Chen Xu was still then detained by Western Wei, Emperor Wu remotely created him the Prince of Shixing, to inherit the title that Emperor Wu posthumously created his father Chen Daotan.

paragraph: Emperor Wu died in 559, and because Chen Chang was still detained at Chang'an as well, Chen Qian took the throne (as Emperor Wen). Because Chen Xu was not available to offer sacrifices to their father Chen Daotan, Emperor Wen created his own son Chen Bomao (陳伯茂) the Prince of Shixing instead, changing (remotely) Chen Xu's title to Prince of Ancheng. In 560, Western Wei's successor state Northern Zhou began to make overtures to Chen, offering to return Chen Xu. In 562, after Emperor Wen gave Northern Zhou the city of Lushan (魯山, in modern Wuhan, Hubei) in exchange, Chen Xu was allowed to return to Chen. Initially, Princess Liu and Chen Shubao were not returned, but after further negotiations by Emperor Wen, they were returned as well. (Chen Xu also welcomed his first wife Lady Qian to his mansion, but as Princess Liu was of an honored birth as the daughter of a Liang princess, she retained the position of his wife, although she gave due respect to Lady Qian)

paragraph: Section::::During Emperor Wen's reign.

paragraph: Chen Xu quickly became one of his brother Emperor Wen's key subordinates. For example, in spring 562, when the warlord Zhou Di (周迪) rebelled, Emperor Wen initially sent the general Wu Mingche against Zhou, but when Wu was unable to defeat Zhou, Emperor Wen sent Chen Xu to replace Wu. Over the next few years, Chen Xu continued to be promoted, although he was temporary relieved of several of his posts in 565, when his associate Bao Sengrui (鮑僧叡), in reliance of their close relationship, was acting inappropriately, and was accused of such impropriety by the official Xu Ling (徐陵).

paragraph: In spring 566, Emperor Wen was seriously ill, and Chen Xu, along with the other key officials Dao Zhongju (到仲舉), Kong Huan (孔奐), Yuan Shu (袁樞), and Liu Shizhi (劉師之), attended to him. As Emperor Wen believed his crown prince Chen Bozong to be weak in personality, he offered to pass the throne to Chen Xu, but Chen Xu, weeping bitterly, declined, and the move was also opposed by Dao and Kong, and Emperor Wen did not alter his succession order. Emperor Wen died soon thereafter, and Chen Bozong took the throne as Emperor Fei.

paragraph: Section::::During Emperor Fei's reign.

paragraph: Although Emperor Fei was emperor, the power was split between Chen Xu, Dao Zhongju, and Liu Shizhi, and all three lived inside the palace in order to handle sensitive matters. Liu, fearful of Chen Xu's honored status as the emperor's uncle, soon planned to exclude Chen Xu. He had the official Yin Buning (殷不佞) informing Chen Xu that he should leave the palace to attend to the matters of the capital region Yang Province (揚州), of which Chen Xu was also governor. When Chen Xu considered doing so, his associate Mao Xi (毛喜) and the general Wu Mingche persuaded him that he needed to remain in the palace. Chen Xu therefore invited Liu to a meeting—and while the meeting was still going on, had Mao confirming with Emperor Wen's wife Empress Dowager Shen Miaorong and Emperor Fei that it was not their order that he leave the palace. Once Mao confirmed so, Chen Xu arrested Liu and ordered him to commit suicide, while demoting Dao to a lesser position. From this point on, the administration was controlled by Chen Xu.

paragraph: Fearful of what would come next, Dao and the general Han Zigao (韓子高) considered actions against Chen Xu, but before they could take any actions against Chen Xu, their plot was reported to Chen Xu, and Chen Xu arrested them and then had Emperor Fei issue an edict ordering them to commit suicide. Emperor Fei's brother Chen Bomao (陳伯茂) the Prince of Shixing, whom Chen Xu believed to have participated in both Liu's and Dao and Han's plots, was stripped of his governmental posts and ordered to keep Emperor Fei company.

paragraph: The deaths of Liu and Han, both of whom were close associates of Emperor Wen, brought fear into the heart of another associate of Emperor Wen—Hua Jiao (華皎) the governor of Xiang Province (湘州, modern central Hunan). In summer 567, Hua therefore submitted himself to Northern Zhou and Northern Zhou's vassal state, Western Liang. Chen Xu sent Wu and Chunyu Liang (淳于量) to lead a fleet against the joint forces of Hua, Northern Zhou, and Western Liang. The opposing sides met at Dunkou (沌口, in modern Wuhan, Hubei). Wu and Chunyu were able to ram Hua's, Northern Zhou's, and Western Liang's fleets, causing them to collapse. Both Hua and the Northern Zhou general Yuwen Zhi (宇文直) the Duke of Wei fled to Western Liang's capital Jiangling, while the Northern Zhou general Yuan Ding (元定) were captured. Wu followed up by putting Jiangling under siege in spring 568, but was not able to capture it and subsequently forced to withdraw.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Chen Xu was receiving greater formal titles and authorities. Chen Bomao, angry over the situation, was making repeated denigrations of Chen Xu, who then resolved to take the throne himself. In winter 568, Chen Xu had an edict issued in the name of Emperor Wu's wife Grand Empress Dowager Zhang Yao'er, falsely accusing Emperor Fei of having been part of the plots of Liu and Hua. The edict further stated that Emperor Wen had already known that Emperor Fei was unsuitable, and that Emperor Wen's stated desire to have Chen Xu take the throne should be carried out. Emperor Fei was deposed and demoted to the title of Prince of Linhai, while Chen Bomao was demoted to Marquess of Wenma and subsequently assassinated.

paragraph: Section::::Early reign.

paragraph: For reasons unclear in history, Chen Xu left the throne empty for more than a month, but finally took the throne in spring 569 (as Emperor Xuan). He honored Grand Empress Dowager Zhang as empress dowager instead, while Emperor Wen's wife Empress Dowager Shen became known as Empress Wen. He created his wife Princess Liu empress and his heir apparent Chen Shubao crown emperor. Emperor Wen's sons continued to have honored positions as imperial princes and held key posts, but none had particularly high power.

paragraph: In fall 569, Emperor Xuan, suspicious that Ouyang He (歐陽紇) the governor of Guang Province (廣州, roughly modern Guangzhou, Guangdong) would rebel, summoned Ouyang back to Jiankang. Ouyang was himself suspicious of Emperor Xuan's intentions, and therefore refused the order and rebelled. Emperor Xuan sent the official Xu Jian (徐儉, Xu Ling's son) to try to persuade Ouyang to change his mind, but Ouyang would not relent. Emperor Xuan then sent the general Zhang Zhaoda (章昭達) to attack Ouyang. By spring 570, Zhang captured Ouyang and delivered him to Jiankang, where Ouyang was beheaded. Zhang, encouraged by the victory, then attacked Western Liang's capital Jiangling, but after some initial gains, nearly capturing Jiangling, he suffered defeats by the Northern Zhou general Lu Teng (陸騰) and withdrew. Despite this campaign, however, after this point on, Chen and Northern Zhou largely had peaceful relations, often exchanging embassies, forming a rough alliance against Northern Qi.

paragraph: In spring 573, Emperor Xuan resolved to attack Northern Qi—but when he discussed the matter with his officials and generals, they had split of opinion. Emperor Xuan, at the suggestion of Xu Ling, selected Wu Mingche, who alone among the generals was resolute as to his support for the campaign, as the commander of the forces, with Pei Ji (裴忌) and Huang Faqu (name not in Unicode) as Wu's deputies. Wu's forces made quick gains against Northern Qi, and by summer 573 had gained most of the territory between the Yangtze River and the Huai River. By fall 573, Wu put the important city Shouyang (壽陽, in modern Lu'an, Anhui) under siege, and he captured Shouyang in 573, capturing and killing the Northern Qi general in charge of defending the city, the former Liang general Wang Lin. The entire region between the Yangtze and Huai were now in Chen hands. Emperor Xuan was so pleased that he, in an elaborate ceremony, conferred a variety of honors on Wu. He also displayed Wang's head on the Jiankang city gate, although after a request by Zhu Yang (朱瑒), in which Zhu pointed out that Wang was faithful to Liang and should be honored, he returned Wang's head for a proper burial. In the following years, Chen continued to make minor gains against Northern Qi, but was not making major attacks.

paragraph: Section::::Late reign.

paragraph: In winter 576, Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou launched a major attack on Northern Qi, quickly capturing, in succession, Northern Qi's secondary capital Jinyang (晉陽, in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) and capital Yecheng. Soon, he captured the Northern Qi emperor Gao Wei and annexed most of Northern Qi's territory by spring 577.

paragraph: Oddly enough, Emperor Xuan believed that he could seize part of Northern Qi territory after Northern Zhou's victory, and he sent Wu Mingche to again advance north. In winter 577, Wu put Pengcheng (彭城, in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu) under siege, and Emperor Xuan was confident that Wu would soon be able to capture the region south of the Yellow River. When the official Cai Jingli (蔡景歷) warned otherwise, he was so displeased that he demoted Cai to the post of a commandery governor. In spring 578, the Northern Zhou general Wang Gui (王軌) thoroughly crushed Wu, capturing him. Regretting his actions, Emperor Xuan recalled Cai to the capital. With the people's hearts shaken by the great defeat, in fall 578, Emperor Xuan held a ceremony in which the officials reaffirmed their loyalty to the state.

paragraph: In winter 579, Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou (Emperor Wu's son and successor) launched an attack on Chen, commanded by the general Wei Xiaokuan. Chen's Emperor Xuan mobilized his troops to resist. However, Chen forces could not stand against Northern Zhou's attacks, and all of the cities that they had captured from Northern Qi previously quickly fell. By new year 580, nearly all of the territory north of the Yangtze had fallen to Northern Zhou, leading to a large wave of refugees who fled across the Yangtze to Chen territory.

paragraph: In summer 580, Northern Zhou's Emperor Xuan died suddenly, and his father-in-law Yang Jian seized power as regent. The generals Yuchi Jiong rose against Yang, and he was joined by the generals Sima Xiaonan (司馬消難) and Wang Qian (王謙). Sima, the governor of Xun Province (勛州, roughly modern Xiaogan, Hubei) and the nine surrounding provinces, soon surrendered to Chen, seeking Chen aid. Emperor Xuan sent the generals Fan Yi (樊毅), Ren Zhong (任忠), and Chen Huiji (陳慧紀) to attack Northern Zhou's southern provinces to aid Sima, whom he created the Duke of Sui. However, Wei Xiaokuan quickly defeated Yuchi, forcing Yuchi to commit suicide, and Sima's own forces collapsed. He was forced to flee to Chen territory, and all of the territory he controlled was retained by Northern Zhou. (Yang Jian soon seized the throne in spring 581, ending Northern Zhou and establishing Sui Dynasty)

paragraph: In spring 582, Emperor Xuan died. After a failed attempt by his son Chen Shuling (陳叔陵), allied with Emperor Wen's son Chen Bogu (陳伯固), to seize the throne, Crown Prince Shubao took the throne.

paragraph: Section::::Era name.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Taijian" (太建 tài jiàn) 569–582

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parents:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Daotan, Prince Shixing Zhaolie (), a brother of Chen Baxian

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consorts and Issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guifei", of the Qian clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chen Shuxian, Prince Hedong Kangjian" (; 568–580), ninth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress, of the Liu clan of Hedong (; 533–615)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shubao, Emperor (; 553–604), first son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Lechang ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Xu Deyan of Donghai ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guiren", of the Peng clan (; d. 579)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shuling, Prince Shixing (; 554–582), second son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shuhua", of the Cao clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shuying, Prince Yuzhang (), third son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shuyi", of the He clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shuxian, Prince Changsha (), fourth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shuming, Prince Yidu (; 562–615), sixth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zhaorong", of the Wei clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shuqing, Prince Jian'an (), fifth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zhaorong", of the Yuan clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shuwen, Prince Jinxi (), 12th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shuda, Prince Yiyang (; d. 635), 17th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shutan, Prince Xinhui (), 31st son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zhaoyi", of the Liu clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shuqi, Prince Xincai (; 569–608), 11th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Xiuhua", of the Wang clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shuyu, Prince Wuchang (), 19th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Xiurong", of the Wei clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shuping, Prince Xiangdong (), 20th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jieyu", of the Shen clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shujian, Prince Nan'an (), 24th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shucheng, Prince Nan (), 25th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shushao, Prince Yueshan (), 27th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shukuang, Prince Taiyuan (), 34th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meiren", of the Ceng clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Linchuan (), 24th daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Yang Jian (541–604) in 589

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Wang clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shubiao, Prince Huainan (), 13th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shuxiong, Prince Bashan (; d. 589), 18th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Wu clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shuzhong, Prince Shixing (), 14th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Wucheng ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Xu clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shuyan, Prince Xunyang (; 573–589), 15th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Chunyu clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shushen, Prince Yueyang (; 572–589), 16th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Shi clan (; 551–609)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shu'ao, Prince Linhe (), 21st son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shuxing, Prince Yuanling (; 573–607), 26th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Ningyuan (; 577–605), 14th daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Ceng clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shuxuan, Prince Yangshan (), 22nd son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Yang clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shumu, Prince Xiyang (), 23rd son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Yuan clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shuchun, Prince Xinxing (), 28th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Wu clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shumo, Prince Badong (), 29th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Liu clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shuxian, Prince Linjiang (), 30th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Qin clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shulong, Prince Xinning (), 32nd son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shurong, Prince Xinchang (; 577–612), 33rd son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unknown

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shurui (), 35th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shuzhong (), 36th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shuhong (), 37th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shuyi (), 38th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shuxun (), 39th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shuwu (), 40th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shuchu (), 41st son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Shufeng (), 42nd son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Qixi (), personal name Jingling (), 13th daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Shen Shu'an ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- A daughter who married Heruo Bi (; 544–607) in 589

alias:
Chen Xu(2)
Gao Zong
Shaoshi
Xuan Di

description: Chen Dynasty Emperor

wikidata_label: Emperor Xuan of Chen

wikipedia_title: Emperor Xuan of Chen


text:
king
Urartu
Rusa I
Urartu-Assyria War
counter-offensive
Assyria
Lake Urmia
Mushashir
Ushnu
Tepe
Nimrud
Tigris River
Golden Age
Rusa II
Sarduri III
Iranian Azerbaijan
List of kings of Urartu

categories: 7th-century BC rulers,8th-century BC rulers,Urartian kings

paragraph: Argishti II

paragraph: Argishti II () was king of Urartu from 714 BC to 680 BC. He succeeded his father, King Rusa I. During the Urartu-Assyria War, Argishti was responsible for orchestrating major Urartian counter-offensives against the invading Assyrians. His forces drove the Assyrians back across the pre-war border and deep into the Assyrian heartlands, reconquering major towns and cities around Lake Urmia, including Mushashir, Ushnu, and Tepe, and conquering the territory as far south as the city of Nimrud on the Tigris River. These victories forced the Assyrians to accept a lengthy peace and cede large tracts of territory north of the Tigris. The remainder of Argishti's lengthy reign was characterized by a "Golden Age", a period of lengthy peace and economic prosperity, which carried into the reigns of Argishti's two successors, his son Rusa II and his grandson Sarduri III.

paragraph: Although the region of Urartu had been controlled by the Assyrians following conflicts, Argishti II was still able to expand his influence further east, as inscriptions in Iranian Azerbaijan have shown.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of kings of Urartu

alias:
Argishti II of Urartu
Argishtish II

description: King of Urartu from 714 BC to 680 BC

wikidata_label: Argishti II

wikipedia_title: Argishti II


text:
Latin
French
mythographer
humanist
Latin
classical mythology
Muses
Geoffroi Linocier
allegory
Classical Antiquity
Ernst Gombrich
esoteric wisdom
Euhemeristic
Francis Bacon
centaur
man's dual nature
Odysseus
Everyman
Charles IX
Ballet comique de la Reine
musical drama with dancing
Circe
Romantic era
Benedetto Croce
Joseph Scaliger
Setho Calvisio
Rome
Milan
Venice
table of contents
downloadable.
Images from a 1616 edition

categories: Italian male writers,Italian Renaissance humanists,1582 deaths,1520 births,Mythographers,16th-century Italian people

paragraph: Natalis Comes

paragraph: Natale Conti or Latin Natalis Comes, also Natalis de Comitibus and French Noël le Comte (1520–1582) was an Italian mythographer, poet, humanist and historian. His major work "Mythologiae", ten books written in Latin, was first published in Venice in 1567 and became a standard source for classical mythology in later Renaissance Europe. It was reprinted in numerous editions; after 1583, these were appended with a treatise on the Muses by Geoffroi Linocier. By the end of the 17th century, his name was virtually synonymous with mythology: a French dictionary in defining the term "mythologie" noted that it was the subject written about by Natalis Comes.

paragraph: Conti believed that the ancient poets had meant for their presentations of myths to be read as allegory, and accordingly constructed intricate genealogical associations within which he found layers of meaning. Since Conti was convinced that the lost philosophy of Classical Antiquity could be recovered through understanding these allegories, "The most apocryphical and outlandish versions of classical and pseudo-classical tales," notes Ernst Gombrich, "are here displayed and commented upon as the ultimate esoteric wisdom."

paragraph: Taking a Euhemeristic approach, Conti thought that the characters in myth were idealized human beings, and that the stories contained philosophical insights syncretized through the ages and veiled so that only "initiates" would grasp their true meaning. His interpretations were often shared by other Renaissance writers, notably by Francis Bacon in his long-overlooked "De Sapientia Veterum", 1609. In some cases, his interpretation might seem commonplace even in modern mythology: for Conti, the centaur represents "man's dual nature," both animal passions and higher intellectual faculties. Odysseus, for instance, becomes an Everyman whose wanderings represent a universal life cycle:

paragraph: Despite or because of its eccentricities, the "Mythologiae" inspired the use of myth in various art forms. A second edition, printed in 1568 and dedicated to Charles IX, was popular in France, where it served as a source for the "Ballet comique de la Reine" (1581), part of wedding festivities at court. The "Ballet" was a musical drama with dancing set in an elaborate recreation of the island of Circe. The surviving text associated with the performance presents four allegorical expositions, based explicitly on Comes' work: physical or natural, moral, temporal, and logical or interpretive.

paragraph: The allegorization of myth was criticized during the Romantic era; Benedetto Croce said that medieval and Renaissance literature and art presented only the "impoverished shell of myth." The 16th-century mythological manuals of Conti and others came to be regarded as pedantic and lacking aesthetic or intellectual coherence.

paragraph: Nor were criticisms of Conti confined to later times: Joseph Scaliger, twenty years his junior, called him "an utterly useless man" and advised Setho Calvisio not to use him as a source.

paragraph: Conti, whose family (according to his own statement) originated in Rome, was born in Milan. He described himself as "Venetian" because his working life was spent in Venice.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Natale Conti's Mythologiae", translated and annotated by John Mulryan and Steven Brown, vol. 1-2 (Tempe: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies (ACMRS), 2006) (Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, 316).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Natale Conti, Mitología", translation with notes and introduction by Rosa María Iglesias Montiel and Maria Consuelo Álvarez Morán (Universidad de Murcia, 1988). In Spanish. Navigate table of contents to download chapters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Consuelo Álvarez Morán and Rosa María Iglesias Montiel, "Algunas lecturas de textos latinos en la "Mythologia" de Natalis Comes," "Cuadernos de Filología Clásica" 20 (1986) 31-39, full text downloadable.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Consuelo Álvarez Morán and Rosa María Iglesias Montiel, "Natale Conti, estudioso y transmisor de textos clásicos" in "Los humanistas españoles y el humanismo europeo" (Murcia, 1990), pp. 33–47.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Consuelo Álvarez Morán, Rosa María Iglesias Montiel, "Isacius en la Mythologia de Natalis Comes", "Euphrosyne" 31 (2003) 395-402.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Virgilio Costa, "I frammenti di Filocoro tràditi da Boccaccio e Natale Conti", in E. Lanzillotta (ed.), Ricerche di Antichità e Tradizione Classica (Edizioni TORED, Tivoli [Roma], 2004), pp. 117–147.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Virgilio Costa, "Natale Conti e la divulgazione della mitologia classica in Europa tra Cinquecento e Seicento", in E. Lanzillotta (ed.), Ricerche di Antichità e Tradizione Classica (Edizioni TORED, Tivoli [Roma], 2004), pp. 257–311.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Virgilio Costa, "«Quum mendaciis fallere soleat». Ancora sui frammenti della storiografia greca tràditi da Natale Conti", in C. Braidotti - E. Dettori - E. Lanzillotta (eds.), οὐ πᾶν ἐφήμερον. Scritti in memoria di Roberto Pretagostini, vol. II (Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 2009), pp. 915–925.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rosa María Iglesias Montiel and Consuelo Álvarez Morán, "Los manuales mitológicos del Renacimiento", "Auster" 3 (1998). 83-99.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Thake, "A largely unexplored account of the Great Siege", Treasures of Malta, Vol XVIII No.1, (Christmas, 2011).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Images from a 1616 edition

description: Italian mythographer

wikidata_label: Natalis Comes

wikipedia_title: Natalis Comes


text:
Italian
Roman Catholic
bishop
cardinal
House of Cornaro
Venice
Marco Cornaro
Francesco Cornaro
Luigi Cornaro
Federico Cornaro
Bishop of Brescia
canonical age
Apostolic Camera
Pope Paul III
cardinal deacon
consistory
red hat
deconry
San Teodoro
Council of Trent
papal conclave of 1549-50
Pope Julius III
papal legate
Viterbo
Patrimonium Sancti Petri
Santa Maria in Domnica
Latin
Venetian language
Rome
Basilica di Sant'Agostino
San Salvador

paragraph: Andrea Cornaro (cardinal)

paragraph: Andrea Cornaro (1511–1551) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: A member of the House of Cornaro, Andrea Cornaro was born in Venice on December 18, 1511, the son of Giacomo Cornaro. He was the nephew of Cardinals Marco Cornaro and Francesco Cornaro, and a cousin of Cardinals Luigi Cornaro and Federico Cornaro.

paragraph: On March 13, 1532, he was elected Bishop of Brescia. He was appointed administrator of the diocese until he reached the canonical age of 30; he thereafter occupied the see until his death. In 1534, he became a cleric in the Apostolic Camera.

paragraph: Pope Paul III made him a cardinal deacon in the consistory of December 19, 1544. He received the red hat and the deconry of San Teodoro on January 9, 1545.

paragraph: As cardinal, he attended a few sessions of the Council of Trent. He was also a participant in the papal conclave of 1549-50 that elected Pope Julius III. The new pope made Cardinal Cornaro papal legate in Viterbo and the "Patrimonium Sancti Petri". On June 27, 1550, he opted for the deaconry of Santa Maria in Domnica.

paragraph: A scholar, he published two pastoral works, "De statu praelatorium" and "De residentia episcoporum". Seven volumes of his letters in Latin and two volumes in the Venetian language were also published.

paragraph: He died in Rome on January 30, 1551. He was initially buried in the Basilica di Sant'Agostino. His remains were later transferred to Venice and buried in the family tomb in San Salvador.

wikidata_label: Andrea Cornaro

wikipedia_title: Andrea Cornaro (cardinal)


text:
Toronto
Canada
Portugal at the 2012 Summer Olympics
women's artistic qualification

categories: European Games competitors for Portugal,Portuguese female artistic gymnasts,Olympic gymnasts of Portugal,1991 births,Gymnasts at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Living people,Gymnasts at the 2015 European Games

paragraph: Zoi Mafalda Marques de Lima

paragraph: Zoi Mafalda Marques de Lima (born 7 October 1991, Toronto, Canada) is a Portuguese gymnast. She competed for Portugal at the 2012 Summer Olympics, finishing at rank 53 in the women's artistic qualification with a score of 49.631 on 29 July.

description: Portuguese gymanst

wikidata_label: Zoi Mafalda Marques de Lima

wikipedia_title: Zoi Mafalda Marques de Lima


text:
French
Kingdom of Hungary
Yolanda de Courtenay
Andrew II of Hungary
bishop of Pécs
Brancion
Uxelles
Burgundy
Kalán
cathedral chapter
Holy See
canon law
magister
archdiocese of Kalocsa
Sremska Mitrovica
Serbia
Mecsek Hills
Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit
parish church
Saint James
Archbishop Robert of Esztergom
Cumans
Carpathian Mountains
Coloman of Slavonia
heretics in Bosnia
Franciscan
Dominicans
Aragon
Yolanda of Hungary
James I of Aragon
prenuptial agreement
marks
Cluny Abbey
invading Mongols
Battle of Mohi
Ladislaus
Kán
Somogy County
Split
Dalmatia
Béla IV of Hungary
Trogir
Lyon
Pope Innocent IV
Assisi
Italy
Paris
Mongol invasion of Europe

categories: Hungarian people of French descent,Bishops of Pécs,13th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Pauline Order

paragraph: Bartholomew le Gros

paragraph: Bartholomew le Gros or Bartholomew Grossus () was a prelate of French origin in the Kingdom of Hungary in the 13th century. He left his homeland for Hungary in the retinue of Yolanda de Courtenay, queen of Andrew II of Hungary in 1216 or 1217. Bartholomew was bishop of Pécs between 1219 and 1251, but he spent a significant part of this period on diplomatic missions. He returned to his family estates in 1247 and resigned from the bishopric some year before his death around 1254.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life.

paragraph: Bartholomew was the third son of Henri le Gros, lord of Brancion and Uxelles in Burgundy by his wife, Beatrix of Vignory. A younger son, Bartholomew was dedicated to ecclesiastical carrier. He escorted Yolande de Courtaney, bride to King Andrew II of Hungary to her new homeland at the turn of 1216 and 1217.

paragraph: King Andrew II appointed Bartholomew bishop of Pécs in 1219 after the death of Bishop Kalán. The canons of the cathedral chapter of Pécs attempted to prevent Bartholomew's installation by stating that he was too young for this position, but an official inquiry ordered by the Holy See ascertained that the new bishop had already attained 30 years, the age required by canon law. The same inquiry, however, revealed that Bartholomew's education was imperfect, so the pope ordered him to employ a magister until improving his knowledge. Bartholomew fulfilled this requirement in two years.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Bishop of Pécs.

paragraph: He was appointed eight times between 1223 and 1239 to decide in court cases, which proves that he had by that time made himself master of canon law. Bartholomew himself was involved in a debate over the borders between his diocese and the archdiocese of Kalocsa. He even attempted to acquire the right of patronage over the abbey at Sremska Mitrovica (now in Serbia) by using a falsified charter.

paragraph: Bartholomew established a monastery at the Saint James Hill at Pécs for the hermits, up to that time scattered in the Mecsek Hills. A short regulation allegedly written by Bishop Bartholomew for the monastery is presented in the 16th-century work on the history of the Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit by Gergely Gyöngyösi, but the authenticity of the text is debated. Bartholomew also built a parish church dedicated to Saint James which contributed to the formation of a core territory in Pécs, a town consisting of smaller independent communities. He accompanied Archbishop Robert of Esztergom to a group of Cumans who had decided to receive baptism to the territories east of the Carpathian Mountains in 1227. He also assisted the military expeditions Duke Coloman of Slavonia launched against the heretics in Bosnia in the 1230s. Bartholomew's evangelical ardour is also reflected by the introduction of the Franciscans and Dominicans in Pécs in his time.

paragraph: Bartholomew visited the court of Aragon four times between 1229 and 1235 in order to make arrangements for the planned marriage of Princess Yolanda of Hungary (a daughter of King Andrew II by Queen Yolanda) to King James I of Aragon. Moreover, Bartholomew prepared the first draft to the prenuptial agreement in 1233 and performed the ceremony in 1235. In the meantime, he also visited his homeland and made a donation of 12 marks of gold for the Cluny Abbey.

paragraph: Along with other prelates, Bishop Bartholomew personally led his troops against the invading Mongols in the Battle of Mohi in 1241. He only escaped from the battlefield when he saw that the battle had been lost. Although the Mongols were chasing after the bishop, his life was saved by the intervention of Ladislaus from the kindred Kán, head of Somogy County. Bartholomew fled to Split in Dalmatia where he stayed with King Béla IV of Hungary and his family who also survived the second phase of the Mongol invasion in the seaside town. Following the withdrawal of the Mongols from Hungary, Bishop Bartholomew was often appointed by the monarch to lead diplomatic missions. First he unsuccessfully attempted to mediate a peace between Split and Trogir in 1244.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Last years.

paragraph: King Béla IV sent Bartholomew to Lyon in 1247 in order to seek assistance from Pope Innocent IV against a planned new Mongol invasion. Back in his homeland, Bartholomew settled in his family estates and never returned to his see. He even decided to resign his office in 1251.

paragraph: Although the pope promised him a life annuity of 200 marks of silver from the revenues of the diocese of Pécs, Bartholomew did not receive this income for two years. Therefore he again visited the pope, now in Assisi (Italy). The pope, however, took into account the financial difficulties in Bartholomew's former diocese caused by the Mongol invasion and reduced his income to 100 marks of silver. The last record on the retired bishop is dated to the spring of 1254 when he sold three houses in Paris.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mongol invasion of Europe

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bouchard, Constance Brittain (1987). "Sword, Miter, and Cloister: Nobility and the Church in Burgundy, 980–1198". Cornell University Press. Ithaca and London. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Master Roger's Epistle to the Sorrowful Lament upon the Destruction of the Kingdom of Hungary by the Tatars" (Translated and Annotated by János M. Bak and Martyn Rady) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010); "Anonymus and Master Roger"; CEU Press; Budapest and New York. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Koszta, László (2009). "Gros, másnéven Brancion-i Bertalan (1219–1251)". In: "A Pécsi Egyházmegye története I: A középkor évszázadai (1009–1543)" (Szerkesztette: Fedeles Tamás, Sarbak Gábor, Sümegi József), "pp." 74-77. ("A History of the Diocese of Pécs, Volume I: Medieval Centuries, 1009–1543; Edited by Tamás Fedeles, Gábor Sarbak and József Sümegi"); Fény Kft.; Pécs; .

paragraph: Section::::Other reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Archdeacon Thomas of Split: History of the Bishops of Salona and Split" (Edited, translated and annotated by Damir Karbić, Mirjana Matijević Sokol, and James Ross Sweeney) (2006). CEU Press. Budapest and New York. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Koszta, László (1996). "Un prélat français de Hongrie: Bertalan, évêque de Pécs (1219–1251)" ("A French prelate in Hungary: Bertalan, bishop of Pécs (1219–1251)"). In: "Cahiers d'Etudes Hongroises 8" (1996), "pp." 71-96.

description: Roman Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Bartholomew le Gros

wikipedia_title: Bartholomew le Gros


text:
Duke of Jülich
William IV
Gerhard V of Jülich
Godfrey of Brabant
Edward III of England
Emperor Ludwig IV
Walram of Jülich
Archbishop of Cologne
Adolph II of the Marck
Hundred Years' War
House of Luxembourg
Emperor Charles IV
inheritance tax
Flanders
knighthood
territorial state
Margrave
Gerhard
Margaret of Ravensberg
William
Nideggen
Earl of Cambridge
Joanna of Hainaut
Gerhard
Berg
Ravensberg
William
Engelbert III of the Marck
John Plantagenet, 3rd Earl of Kent
genealogie-mittelalter.de
Lower Rhine Nobility

categories: Earls of Cambridge,1299 births,Dukes of Jülich,Burials in North Rhine-Westphalia,Date of birth unknown,House of Jülich,1361 deaths

paragraph: William V, Duke of Jülich

paragraph: William V, Duke of Jülich ( – 25/26 February 1361) was a German nobleman. Some authors call him William I, because he was the first "Duke of Jülich"; the earlier Williams had been "Count of Jülich". Other authors call the subject of this article "William VI"; they count the son and co-ruler of William IV as William V.

paragraph: William V was the eldest son of Gerhard V of Jülich and Elisabeth of Brabant-Aarschot, daughter of Godfrey of Brabant.

paragraph: William V was a key political figure of his time, being a brother-in-law to both Edward III of England and Emperor Ludwig IV. He spent enormous sums of money to have his brother Walram of Jülich appointed as Archbishop of Cologne over Adolph II of the Marck. In 1337 he was crucially involved in the German-English alliance which caused the start of the Hundred Years' War. William was an important supporter of Emperor Ludwig and for a time, he supported the Habsburgs against the House of Luxembourg in the Carinthian war of succession. Upon the collapse of the German-English alliance and the death of his brother-in-law, William switched his allegiance to Emperor Charles IV. In 1352 he initiated an inheritance tax on Heinsberg-Valkenburg/Monschau. William won important positions through his Archbishop brother and also served for a time as a field captain for Flanders in the Hundred Years' War. His sons fought against him during an uprising of part of the Jülich knighthood which opposed inclusion in the increasing territorial state, and he was imprisoned by them in 1349, but released in 1351 due to public pressure.

paragraph: Upon his father's death in 1328, William became Count of Jülich. In 1336 William was appointed Margrave by his brother-in-law, Emperor Ludwig IV, and in 1356/57 he was raised to the level of Duke by Emperor Charles IV, thus becoming the first Duke of Jülich. His skillful marriage policy, especially the marriage of his son Gerhard to Margaret of Ravensberg, heiress of Berg and Ravensberg, enabled him to add territory to the house of Jülich. Upon William's death in 1361, the Duchy of Jülich passed to his second son, William, his eldest son having predeceased. William and his wife are buried in Nideggen.

paragraph: He seems to have held the title of Earl of Cambridge from 1340 to his death.

paragraph: Section::::Family and children.

paragraph: On 26 February 1324 in Cologne, William married Joanna of Hainaut (1311/13 – 1374). They had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Gerhard, Count of Berg and Ravensberg (c. 1325 – 1360), had issue

paragraph: BULLET::::2. William, Duke of Jülich (c. 1327 – 1393)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Richardis, married Engelbert III of the Marck

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Philippa, married Godfrey II of Heinsberg

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Reinold

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Joanna, married William I, Count of Isenburg-Wied

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Elizabeth, married John Plantagenet, 3rd Earl of Kent and Sir Eustache d'Aubrechicourt

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- genealogie-mittelalter.de

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lower Rhine Nobility

description: Duke of Julich

wikidata_label: William V, Duke of Jülich

wikipedia_title: William V, Duke of Jülich


text: Polish

text: mathematician

text: Wojciech Brudzewski

text: Jan Brożek

text: Nicolas Copernicus

text: Samuel Dickstein

text: Stefan Banach

text: Stefan Bergman

text: Marian Rejewski

text: Wacław Sierpiński

text: Stanisław Zaremba

text: Witold Hurewicz

text: differential forms

text: Lie groups

text: differential geometry

text: fluid mechanics

text: differential equations

text: geometry

text: physics

text: astrophysics

text: cosmology

text: Ciechanów

text: Russian Empire

text: Poland

text: Warsaw

text: University of Warsaw

text: Warsaw Astronomical Observatory

text: analytical mechanics

text: Leipzig

text: Göttingen

text: M. Sophius Lie

text: Jagiellonian University

text: Kraków

text: Berlin

text: geodesy

text: Academy of Learning

text: Polish Academy of Learning

text: Czech Academy of Sciences

text: Prague

text: Academy of Maining

text: Warsaw University of Technology

text: Warsaw Society of Science and Letters

text: World War II

text: Radziwill

text: Red Army

text: Warsaw Uprising

text: Order of Polonia Restituta

text: Gold Cross of Merit

text: Bronisław Knaster

text: Edward Marczewski

text: Hugo Steinhaus

text: Władysław Ślebodziński

text: Kraków School of Mathematics

text: Franciszek Leja

text: Tadeusz Ważewski

text: Polish Mathematical Society

text: Władysław Ślebodziński

text: Sophus Lie

text: January Uprising

text: Russian Empire

text: conscription

text: Mauthausen-Gusen

text: Maria Skłodowska

text: Pierre Curie

text: Le Corbusier

text: Cracow University of Technology

text: List of Poles

text: Żorawski biography

text: Zaremba biography

text: Curie bio

text: Biography (in Polish)

categories: 20th-century Polish mathematicians,19th-century Polish mathematicians,People from Maków County,Warsaw University of Technology faculty,University of Warsaw alumni,1953 deaths,1866 births,Jagiellonian University alumni,Recipients of the Gold Cross of Merit (Poland),Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta

paragraph: Kazimierz Żorawski

paragraph: Kazimierz Żorawski (June 22, 1866 – January 23, 1953) was a Polish mathematician. His work earned him an honored place in mathematics alongside such Polish mathematicians as Wojciech Brudzewski, Jan Brożek (Broscius), Nicolas Copernicus, Samuel Dickstein, Stefan Banach, Stefan Bergman, Marian Rejewski, Wacław Sierpiński, Stanisław Zaremba and Witold Hurewicz.

paragraph: Żorawski's main interests were invariants of differential forms, integral invariants of Lie groups, differential geometry and fluid mechanics. His work in these disciplines was to prove important in other fields of mathematics and science, such as differential equations, geometry and physics (especially astrophysics and cosmology).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Kazimierz Żorawski was born in Szczurzyn near Ciechanów, in the Russian Empire, now in Poland, to Juliusz Bronisław Wiktor Żórawski and Kazimiera Żórawska. In 1884 he completed secondary school in Warsaw. From 1884 to 1888 he studied mathematics at the University of Warsaw. In 1889 he was selected to continue his mathematics studies on the strength of a paper on observations that he had made at the Warsaw Astronomical Observatory.

paragraph: In the years that followed he studied the theory of conversion groups and analytical mechanics in Leipzig, and differential equations in Göttingen. In 1891 he was awarded a PhD (under M. Sophius Lie) in Leipzig for his thesis on the applications of group conversion theory to differential geometry. In 1892 he became a lecturer at the Polytechnic Higher School of Lwów where he taught mathematics and, in 1893, assumed the Chair of Mechanical Science.

paragraph: In 1893, Żorawski received a doctorate in mathematics from Jagiellonian University in Kraków, and in 1895 he traveled to Berlin to study higher level geodesy. He later returned to Kraków where, he was named assistant professor and, in 1898, full professor of mathematics at Jagiellonian where he taught higher analysis, geometry (analytic, differential and projective), theory of algebraic curves and theory of singularities. In 1900 he was elected a member of the Academy of Learning (from 1919 Polish Academy of Learning) in Kraków.

paragraph: In 1905, Żorawski became a Dean of the Faculty of philosophy at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, and in 1910, he became an associate member of the Czech Academy of Sciences in Prague. In 1911, he became a president of the Societies of the Scientific Committee. Two years later he took part in the Organizational Committee of Academy of Maining in Kraków. From 1917 to 1918, he was a rector and from 1918 to 1919 vice-rector of the Jagiellonian University

paragraph: In 1919, Żorawski settled in Warsaw where he became a full professor in mathematics at the Warsaw University of Technology, while at the same time teaching courses on the application of geometric analysis at the University of Warsaw. That same year he became a member of the Polish Society of Mathematics.

paragraph: In 1920, Żorawski was elected to the Warsaw Society of Science and Letters, and from 1926 to 1931, served as its President. To honor his services, the Society struck a commemorative medal (see picture) in 1931. At the same time, he became an active member of the Warsaw Technical Academy of Science, and in 1926, a full professor of mathematics at the University of Warsaw. He was a Polish delegate for the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation which was formally established in January 1922 ( Marie Curie was a prominent member of this organization).

paragraph: Żorawski announced his retirement in 1935 after 46 years devoted to professorship. Upon his retirement, the University of Warsaw conferred upon him the title of Professor Emeritus in mathematics and natural science.

paragraph: Both before World War II and during the Nazi occupation of Poland, Professor Żorawski worked on analytical geometry, primarily in the area of first- and second-degree plane figures and differential properties of real andicomplex plane figures. His work was three-quarters completed when the Warsaw Uprising occurred. Żorawski, like tens of thousands of Warsaw residents, was expelled from the capital and sent to Pruszków. His apartment, which contained all of his property, including many of his scientific papers, was destroyed by fire.

paragraph: Upon his release from the camp of Pruszków along with a group of other scientists, Zorawski took refuge in Nieborów, staying at the home of the Radziwill family. After the Red Army occupied Poland, Żorawski returned to a destroyed Warsaw and lived for a time with his daughter Leokadia Paprocka. Shortly thereafter, the Ministry for Education gave him a small bedroom with a kitchen at the Students House at the Narutowicz Square in Warsaw, one of the few buildings not destroyed by the Germans during the war. There he rewrote the nearly two-thirds (2650 pages) of his work that had been destroyed during the Warsaw Uprising.

paragraph: In 1952, Żorawski was named a full member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. He was also decorated with the Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta and the Gold Cross of Merit.

paragraph: Żorawski died in 1953.

paragraph: After his death, the importance of his work to the development of Polish mathematics was recognized by many scientists. A telegram addressed to his family by Bronisław Knaster, Edward Marczewski, Hugo Steinhaus, and Władysław Ślebodziński expresses this recognition:

paragraph: ""...we wish to express to the family of Professor Kazimierz Żorawski our deep compassion. He was the first of the scientists of his generation to bring the name of Poland to the forefront of world mathematics"."

paragraph: Section::::Accomplishments.

paragraph: Kazimierz Żorawski dealt with a particularly difficult field of mathematics – continuous invariants of Lie groups, and the results of his work have been applied to other fields of mathematics and science, especially differential equations, geometry and physics.

paragraph: The seventy scientific works of Professor Żorawski relate mainly to analytical geometry, differential geometry, Lie groups, differential equations, kinematics of continuous symmetry, and non-Euclidean complex geometry.

paragraph: Section::::Accomplishments.:Kraków School of Mathematics.

paragraph: At the turn of the 20th century, groups of mathematicians worked in the Polish scientific centers of Lwów, Kraków and Warsaw and created the "mathematical Schools" of Warsaw, Lwów and Kraków. Kazimierz Żorawski, along with Stanisław Zaremba, (both faculty members of Jagiellonian University) was a cofounder of the Kraków School of Mathematics, to which professors Franciszek Leja, Władysław Ślebodziński and Tadeusz Ważewski also belonged. Thus, Jagiellonian became the center of traditional analysis of differential equations and analytical functions.

paragraph: Section::::Accomplishments.:Polish Mathematical Society.

paragraph: On April 2, 1919, Żorawski chaired the inaugural meeting, in Kraków, of the Mathematical Society, which soon changed its name to the Polish Mathematical Society. Żorawski is considered one of the key founders of this Society.

paragraph: Section::::Accomplishments.:Development of Polish mathematics.

paragraph: In 1958, Polish Mathematical Society member Władysław Ślebodziński recalled the importance of the role played by Stanisław Zaremba and Kazimierz Żorawski in the development of Polish mathematics:

paragraph: Section::::Accomplishments.:Lie groups.

paragraph: Żorawski was a student of eminent Norwegian professor Sophus Lie, the author of the theory of continuous groups (Lie groups). Żorawski developed several areas close to the theory of Lie groups and other theories which were based upon it—in particular the theories of differential equations and differential geometry, as well as topics from the theory of integral invariants (new at that time), and selected problems of kinematics.

paragraph: While a professor in Leipzig, Lie wrote the following regarding Żorawski‘s work devoted to Lie groups:

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1863, Żorawski's mother, Kazimiera, took part in the January Uprising against the Russian Empire. This uprising started as a spontaneous protest by young Poles against conscription into the Russian Army and was soon joined by various politicians and high ranking Polish officers from the tsarist army. While the uprising failed militarily, it did succeed in blunting the effect of the Tsar's abolition of serfdom in the Russian partition. Kazimiera was captured and imprisoned by the Russian authorities, and her father was imprisoned in the citadel at Warsaw, where he later died.

paragraph: Żorawski had five siblings, one of whom, Stanislaw, became proprietor of the Obrebiec Estate, near Przasnysz. In 1940, his property was seized by the Nazis and Stanislaw was arrested and interned at the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp, where he died.

paragraph: Żorawski fell in with love with the family governess, Maria Skłodowska (later better known as Marie Curie). The two discussed marriage, but Żorawski’s parents rejected Marie due to her family's poverty. Nevertheless, their hopes of marriage continued until 1891, when a dispirited Marie moved to Warsaw and then to Paris where she would eventually marry Pierre Curie and earn two Nobel prizes. Żorawski married Leokadia Jewniewicz, a well-known pianist. Her father, Hipolit, was a professor at the Institute of Technology in Petersburg and specializing in applied mathematics. One of his works "The Theory of Elasticity", was published posthumously in Warsaw in 1910. Żorawski and his wife had three children - Juliusz, Leokadia and Maria. became a well-known architect, often compared with Le Corbusier. After the Second World War he was a professor of architecture at the Cracow University of Technology.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Poles

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Żorawski biography (In Polish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zaremba biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- W.Ślebodziński, Kazimierz Żorawski [in Polish], [in:] Studia z dziejów katedr Wydziału Matematyki, Fizyki, Chemii Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, S.Gołąb ed.,Kraków 1964, 87-101.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Curie bio

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography (in Polish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Mathematics Genealogy Project - Franciszek Leja

description: Polish mathematician

wikidata_label: Kazimierz Żorawski

wikipedia_title: Kazimierz Żorawski


text:
record producer
singer-songwriter
trumpeter
DJ
New Jersey
hip hop
Deep Thinkers
Ces Cru
Sage Francis
New Mexico
Helen Bonny
New Jersey
Teaneck
Teaneck High School
Lawrence, Kansas
Kansas University
Sub Verse Music
Kansas City
Kansas City, Missouri
DJ Premier
Scion
Scratch Magazine
The Pitch
Deep Thinkers
John Brewer
Sage Francis
Human the Death Dance
Epitaph Records
Stevie Wonder
Madlib
Germany
Czech Republic
Poland
Australia
New Zealand
Austria
New Mexico
social worker
MilesBonny.com

categories: People from Teaneck, New Jersey,1980 births,American male singers,Singers from New York City,Neo soul singers,21st-century American singers,American hip hop record producers,American soul singers,Record producers from New York (state),American DJs,Living people

paragraph: Miles Bonny

paragraph: Miles Bonny (born November 7, 1980) is a record producer, singer-songwriter, trumpeter, and DJ. Originally from New Jersey, Bonny began producing and creating hip hop while living in the midwest in the late 1990s, and founded the hip-hop group SoundsGood with rapper Joe Good in 2000. He has released a number of solo albums, and has collaborated with musicians such as Deep Thinkers, Ces Cru, and Sage Francis. He operates the record label InnateSounds, and in 2010 Bonny won the Pitch Music Award for DJ Hip-Hop in Kansas City. Currently based in New Mexico, Bonny frequently tours as a DJ and performer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Miles Bonny was born on November 7, 1980 in New York City, to his parents Anne Grothe and Francis Bonny, a broadway musician. His grandmother, Helen Bonny, was a music therapist. In 1981 Miles Bonny moved to New Jersey, where he grew up in the town of Teaneck and attended Teaneck High School.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.:Early years (1999-2004).

paragraph: Bonny moved to Lawrence, Kansas to attend Kansas University in 1999. There he began producing music and started the regional hip hop website Lawrencehiphop.com, which helped bring media attention to the region's hip hop artists. He has also worked on collaborative projects with Approach (Al Japro) and iD (The Find). During this period an internship with Sub Verse Music led Miles becoming more acquainted with the New York independent hip hop scene, which informed his ability to later start his own label, INnatesounds.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.:Soundsgood.

paragraph: Additionally, he co-founded the hip-hop group SoundsGood in 2000 with Kansas City-based rapper Joe Good. In the early years of SoundsGood the group was well known in the "house party" scene. After the pair released a 12-song eponymous debut LP in 2002, they released "Biscuits & Gravy" in 2005. Miles released an instrumental version of "Biscuits & Gravy" in 2007, after Joe Good had left the hip-hop scene. In 2008, Miles released another SoundsGood LP using material recorded between the band's debut and "Biscuits."

paragraph: Section::::Music career.:Recent years (2005-present).

paragraph: Miles moved to Kansas City, Missouri in 2005. That year he produced the track "Comin For You" for rap artist Reach, which was chosen by a panel of judges including DJ Premier for Scion's NextUp competition. That same year he received international recognition in "Scratch Magazine's" Hydrosonic's section.

paragraph: In 2006, Miles released his debut solo project, "Smell Smoke?" According to "The Pitch", the main single from the album, "Miles Gets Open," is a "soulful, jazzy tune, on which Bonny himself plays trumpet, showcases his jazz upbringing in New Jersey, where his father, now a woodworker, used to work nights as a musician across the river in New York City."

paragraph: In 2007 he produced and recorded for musicians such as Reggie B, Deep Thinkers, and John Brewer, all of whom are members of the hip-hop collective Innate Sounds. That year he also made the beat for "Call Me Francois" on Sage Francis' album "Human the Death Dance", released on Epitaph Records.

paragraph: He released the "Miles Gets Open" 7" & "Closer Love EP" in conjunction with the German-based Melting Pot Music in 2007. Miles' next work, "Steveland", was released on December 15, 2007, and is a five-song album with Miles singing and playing the horns over a 2002 tribute to Stevie Wonder by indie producer Madlib.

paragraph: In 2010, he won the Pitch Music Award for DJ Hip-Hop in Kansas City.

paragraph: Bonny released "Egg Black EP" with producer B.Lewis on April 3, 2012, and he was nominated for a 2013 Amadeus Award (Austria) for his S3 project. He has performed internationally in countries such as Germany, the Czech Republic, Poland, Australia, New Zealand, and Austria.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 2013 Bonny moved to Tres Piedras, New Mexico. His home is solar-paneled and handbuilt using materials such as wood, straw bales, and adobe. Bonny has a separate career as a social worker.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo material.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Studio albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000: "Dino Jack Crispy"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: "The Find"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "Smell Smoke"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: "Remixes Volume One"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: "Closer Love" EP

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: "Clap Clap" EP

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "Steveland"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "Scorpio Inn"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "Lumberjack Soul / J.Birly / Breakfast"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "INcense and Wine"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "ACCAs"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "Lumberjack Soul"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "The "We" Remixes" EP

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "2011 Bootlegs"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "For My Real Folks" EP

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "Ain’t No Sunshine"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "Super Yum Yums "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Singles

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "Miles Gets Open "

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Do You / You"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "Water Rights"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:SoundsGood.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Studio albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: "SoundsGood”

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: "Biscuits & Gravy”

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "Midnight Music" (Subcontact)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "Midnight Music EP" (Subcontact)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Singles

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: "Money / Pacin" (InnateSounds)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Goodbye"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Studio albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Supa Soul Sh*t" (Melting Pot Music)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Collaborations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Studio albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: " Al Japro" by Approach and Miles Bonny

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "Instant Saadiq" by DJ Day and Miles Bonny

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "Doin our Thang" by Reggie B and Miles Bonny

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "Did This For Hip Hop" by Ces Cru and Miles Bonny

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "It's been a LonG day" by Lindquist & Greer

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Understanding" by Jabee + Miles Bonny “

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Egg Black EP " by Miles Bonny & B. Lewis

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- MilesBonny.com

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Miles Bonny

wikipedia_title: Miles Bonny


text: Schloss Leutstetten

text: Starnberg

text: Bavaria

text: Nazi Germany

text: House of Habsburg-Lorraine

text: titular

text: Grand Duke of Tuscany

text: Archduke Gottfried of Austria

text: Princess Dorothea of Bavaria

text: Laetitia de Belzunce d'Arenberg

text: St. Gilgen

text: Menetou-Salon

text: Lausanne

text: Kensington

text: Glasgow

text: Punta del Este

text: Cuernavaca

text: San Salvador

text: Montevideo

text: San Salvador de Jujuy

text: Argentinian

text: Viennese

categories: 1942 births,Knights of the Golden Fleece,House of Habsburg-Lorraine,People from Starnberg,Grand Masters of the Order of Saint Joseph,Living people

paragraph: Archduke Leopold Franz of Austria

paragraph: Archduke Leopold Franz of Austria () (born 25 October 1942 at Schloss Leutstetten in Starnberg, Bavaria, Nazi Germany) was a member of the Tuscan line of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine and Archduke and Prince of Austria, Prince of Hungary, Bohemia, and Tuscany by birth. Leopold Franz was the titular Grand Duke of Tuscany from 21 January 1984 to 18 June 1993.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Leopold Franz was the third eldest child and only son of Archduke Gottfried of Austria and his wife Princess Dorothea of Bavaria.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Leopold Franz married Laetitia de Belzunce d'Arenberg, eldest child and only daughter of Henri de Belzunce, marquis de Belzunce, a French nobleman, and his wife Marie-Thérèse de la Poëze d'Harambure, civilly on 19 June 1965 in St. Gilgen and religiously on 28 July 1965 in Menetou-Salon. Leopold Franz and Laetitia had two children together:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archduke Sigismund Otto of Austria, Prince of Tuscany (born 21 April 1966 in Lausanne), married on 11 September 1999 in Kensington, Elyssa Juliet Edmonstone (born 11 September 1973 in Glasgow), daughter of Sir Archibald Bruce Charles Edmonstone, 7th Baronet, and Juliet Elizabeth Deakin. They have three children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archduke Guntram Maria of Austria, Prince of Tuscany (born 21 July 1967 in Punta del Este), married on 13 April 1996 in Cuernavaca, Debora de Sola (born 21 January 1970 in San Salvador), daughter of Orlando de Sola and Marion Liebes. They have two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Countess Anna Faustine von Habsburg-Lothringen (born 28 December 2001 in Montevideo)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Count Tiziano Leopold von Habsburg-Lothringen (born 24 October 2004 in Montevideo)

paragraph: Leopold Franz and Laetitia divorced on 21 May 1981.

paragraph: He married for a second time on 18 June 1993 to Marta Julia Perez Valverde (born 13 March 1947 in San Salvador de Jujuy), an Argentinian-born Viennese psychoanalyst, thereby renouncing his rights to the titular Grand Ducal throne of Tuscany in favor of his elder son Sigismund, the current head of the House of Habsburg-Tuscany. Leopold Franz and Marta divorced in 1998.

description: Austrian archduke

wikidata_label: Archduke Leopold Franz of Austria

wikipedia_title: Archduke Leopold Franz of Austria


text:
American
Roman Catholic Church
auxiliary bishop
Archdiocese of Baltimore
Archdiocese of Washington
Baltimore
Maryland
Loyola College
St. Mary's Seminary
ordained
priesthood
James Gibbons
Archdiocese of Baltimore
Diocese of Wilmington
pastor
St. Gabriel Church
Washington, D.C.
Auxiliary Bishop
Titular Bishop
Pope Pius XI
episcopal
consecration
Michael Joseph Curley
William Joseph Hafey
Thomas Joseph Toolen
co-consecrators
Cathedral of the Assumption
vicar general
Assistant at the Pontifical Throne
Archdiocese of Washington
canonization
Elizabeth Ann Seton
Bishop McNamara High School

categories: Religious leaders from Baltimore,1878 births,American Roman Catholic bishops,Loyola University Maryland alumni,1960 deaths

paragraph: John Michael McNamara

paragraph: John Michael McNamara (August 12, 1878—November 26, 1960) was an American clergyman of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Baltimore (1927–1947) and of the Archdiocese of Washington (1947–1960).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: John McNamara was born in Baltimore, Maryland, to Michael and Margaret (née McNeally) McNamara. He studied at Loyola College and at St. Mary's Seminary, both in Baltimore. He was ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal James Gibbons on June 21, 1902. He then did pastoral work in the Archdiocese of Baltimore and in the Diocese of Wilmington, and became the founding pastor of St. Gabriel Church in Washington, D.C. in 1919.

paragraph: On December 16, 1927, McNamara was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Baltimore and Titular Bishop of "Eumenia" by Pope Pius XI. He received his episcopal consecration on March 29, 1928 from Archbishop Michael Joseph Curley, with Bishops William Joseph Hafey and Thomas Joseph Toolen serving as co-consecrators, at the Cathedral of the Assumption. He served as vicar general of the archdiocese, and was named an Assistant at the Pontifical Throne on March 30, 1947. On November 15, 1947, McNamara was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of the newly erected Archdiocese of Washington. He assumed the role of vicar general in Washington as well.

paragraph: Throughout his ecclesiastical career, he actively supported the canonization of Mother Elizabeth Ann Seton, and ordained nearly 2,000 men to the priesthood. McNamara continued to serve as an auxiliary bishop until his death at age 82.

paragraph: Bishop McNamara High School bears the name of the bishop.

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: John Michael McNamara

wikipedia_title: John Michael McNamara


text:
American football
wide receiver
free agent
New York Giants
National Football League
undrafted free agent
college football
Southern Oregon University
Houston Texans
Green Bay Packers
Tennessee Titans
Winnipeg Blue Bombers
Dallas Desperados
college football
Arizona Wildcats
Southern Oregon University Raiders
New York Giants
National Football League
undrafted free agent
Houston Texans
Pittsburgh Steelers
Green Bay Packers
Tennessee Titans
Green Bay Packers
Winnipeg Blue Bombers
Canadian Football League
Dallas Desperados
Arena Football League
Las Vegas Locomotives
Arizona Rattlers
Arena Football League
Milwaukee Mustangs
Arena Football League
Philadelphia Soul
ArenaBowl XXVI
Portland Thunder
Jacksonville Sharks
Cleveland Gladiators

wikipedia_title:
American football
Wide receiver
Free agent
New York Giants
National Football League
Free agent
College football
Southern Oregon University
Houston Texans
Green Bay Packers
Tennessee Titans
Winnipeg Blue Bombers
Dallas Desperados
College football
Arizona Wildcats football
Southern Oregon University
New York Giants
National Football League
Free agent
Houston Texans
Pittsburgh Steelers
Green Bay Packers
Tennessee Titans
Green Bay Packers
Winnipeg Blue Bombers
Canadian Football League
Dallas Desperados
Arena Football League
Las Vegas Locomotives
Arizona Rattlers
Arena Football League
Milwaukee Mustangs (2009–12)
Arena Football League
Philadelphia Soul
ArenaBowl XXVI
Portland Steel
Jacksonville Sharks
Cleveland Gladiators

categories: 1980 births,Las Vegas Locomotives players,Southern Oregon Raiders football players,Jacksonville Sharks players,Winnipeg Blue Bombers players,American football wide receivers,Portland Thunder players,Tennessee Titans players,New York Giants players,American players of Canadian football,Houston Texans players,Dallas Desperados players,Players of American football from Texas,Arizona Rattlers players,Living people,Milwaukee Mustangs (2009–12) players,Sportspeople from Houston,Canadian football wide receivers,Green Bay Packers players,Arizona Wildcats football players,Philadelphia Soul players

paragraph: Andrae Thurman

paragraph: D'Andrae Carnell Thurman (born October 25, 1980) is an American football wide receiver who is currently a free agent. He was signed by the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL) as an undrafted free agent in 2004. He played college football at Southern Oregon University.

paragraph: Thurman has also been a member of the Houston Texans, Green Bay Packers, Tennessee Titans, Winnipeg Blue Bombers and Dallas Desperados.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Thurman played college football for the Arizona Wildcats and Southern Oregon University Raiders. During his time, he had 105 receptions, 1,530 receiving yards and 4 receiving touchdowns along with a kickoff return touchdown.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New York Giants.

paragraph: On May 7, 2004, he was signed by the New York Giants of the National Football League as an undrafted free agent. On June 26, 2004, he was released.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Houston Texans.

paragraph: On July 2, 2004, he signed with the Houston Texans. On August 30, 2004, he was eventually released.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.

paragraph: On September 7, 2004 he signed with the Pittsburgh Steelers to join their practice squad.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Green Bay Packers.

paragraph: On September 8, 2004 he signed with the Green Bay Packers. He only played 2 games and recorded 2 receptions for 12 yards.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tennessee Titans.

paragraph: On September 4, 2005, he signed with the Tennessee Titans and was on the practice squad. He only appeared in 5 games and he return 9 punts for 31 yards along with 2 kickoff returns for 42 yards. On October 25, 2005, he was released after violating team rules.

paragraph: On October 25, 2005, he signed with the Green Bay Packers. He appeared in 10 games and started just one game. He recorded 7 receptions for 92 yards.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Winnipeg Blue Bombers.

paragraph: On May 18, 2006, he signed with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League. He recorded 40 receptions for 426 yards and one touchdown.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Dallas Desperados.

paragraph: In 2007, he signed with the Dallas Desperados of the Arena Football League. He played for 2 seasons where recorded 65 receptions for 839 yards and 19 touchdowns.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Las Vegas Locomotives.

paragraph: In 2009, he signed with the Las Vegas Locomotives of the United Football League. In three seasons, he recorded 57 receptions for 796 yards and one touchdown. He is currently the UFL's All-Time leading in Receptions and receiving yards.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Rattlers.

paragraph: He signed with the Arizona Rattlers of the Arena Football League.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Milwaukee Mustangs.

paragraph: He signed with Milwaukee Mustangs of the Arena Football League.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Soul.

paragraph: He would next sign with the Philadelphia Soul and played in ArenaBowl XXVI.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Portland Thunder.

paragraph: On February 19, 2014, Thurman was traded to the Portland Thunder for future considerations, but was later released by the team.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Jacksonville Sharks.

paragraph: On April 16, 2014, Thurman was assigned to the Jacksonville Sharks. He was placed on reassignment on April 24, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cleveland Gladiators.

paragraph: On October 9, 2014, Thurman was assigned to the Cleveland Gladiators. On June 23, 2015, Thurman was placed on reassignment.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Las Vegas Locomotives bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milwaukee Mustangs bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Andrae Thurman

wikipedia_title: Andrae Thurman


text:
Pseudonym
Hebrew
Jewish
socialist
London
United States
Lithuania
Der Poylisher Yidl
Yiddish
Arbeter Fraynd
New York City
Abraham Cahan
Yiddish
The Forward
Socialist Labor Party
Social Democracy of America
Social Democratic Party of America
Socialist Party of America
Jewish Socialist Federation
American Jewish Congress
Paris Peace Conference
Zionist
Communist Party USA
Morgen Freiheit
poetry
Morris Rosenfeld
David Edelstadt
Toronto, Ontario
Morris Winchevsky School
United Jewish People's Order

wikipedia_title:
Pseudonym
Hebrew language
Jews
Socialism
London
United States
Lithuania
Der Poylisher Yidl
Yiddish
Arbeter Fraynd
New York City
Abraham Cahan
Yiddish
The Forward
Socialist Labor Party of America
Social Democracy of America
Social Democratic Party of America
Socialist Party of America
Jewish Socialist Federation
American Jewish Congress
Paris Peace Conference, 1919
Zionism
Communist Party USA
Morgen Freiheit
Poetry
Morris Rosenfeld
David Edelstadt
Toronto
Morris Winchevsky School
United Jewish People's Order

categories: 1932 deaths,Jewish socialists,Jewish American politicians,American Marxists,Russian Jews,American socialists,1856 births,Members of the Socialist Party of America,Writers from Kaunas,American people of Polish-Jewish descent,Imperial Russian emigrants to the United States

image: 512px-מ._ווינטשעווסקי.jpg

paragraph: Morris Winchevsky

paragraph: Morris Winchevsky (Leopold Benzion Novokhovitch; Pseudonym: Ben Netz (Hebrew: 'Son of Hawk'; 1856–1932) was a prominent Jewish socialist leader in London and the United States in the late 19th century.

paragraph: Born in Lithuania in 1856, Winchevsky later moved to London where, already a well known socialist, he founded the "Der Poylisher Yidl" (The Little Polish Jew), one of the first Yiddish daily socialist newspapers; and the "Arbeter Fraynd", the first Yiddish-language anarchist newspaper.

paragraph: Section::::In the US.

paragraph: After immigrating to New York City, Winchevsky joined with Abraham Cahan and Louis Miller, two other prominent New York Jewish socialists, to found what would later become the largest Yiddish-language daily newspaper in the world, The Forward in 1897. This got them kicked out of the Socialist Labor Party. They would later migrate to the Social Democracy of America, the Social Democratic Party of America and the Socialist Party of America.

paragraph: Winchevsky was later selected as the representative of the Jewish Socialist Federation to the American Jewish Congress when the AJC met to select its delegates to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. At the meeting of the Congress, Winchevsky was publicly censured by the JSF for expressing Zionist sentiments.

paragraph: He was subsequently associated with the Communist Party USA and its Yiddish daily "Morgen Freiheit".

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.

paragraph: Winchevsky is also well known for his role in the development of Yiddish poetry. Notably, he was a member of the "Proletarian Poets", an association formed with Winchevsky, Morris Rosenfeld, David Edelstadt, and Joseph Bovshover.

paragraph: Section::::Tributes.

paragraph: A "secular humanist" Jewish Sunday school in Toronto, Ontario was named after Winchevsky. Founded in 1928, the Morris Winchevsky School is run by the United Jewish People's Order.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Melech Epstein, "Profiles of Eleven." Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1965.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irving Howe, "World of Our Fathers: The Journey of the East European Jews to America and the Life They Found and Made." New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976.

description: Jewish socialist leader and writer

wikidata_label: Morris Winchevsky

wikipedia_title: Morris Winchevsky


text: footballer

text: Aris Thessaloniki F.C.

text: right winger

text: Primeira Liga

text: Vitória de Setúbal

text: Rio Ave

text: Deportivo

text: Dnipro

text: Alcorcón

text: Aris

text: caps

text: Portugal

text: Vila Verde

text: Braga District

text: S.C. Braga

text: Primeira Liga

text: U.D. Leiria

text: FC Porto

text: the club's B-side

text: FC Slovan Liberec

text: the campaign

text: UEFA Cup

text: Vitória de Setúbal

text: Rio Ave F.C.

text: his first season

text: Vila do Conde

text: Leixões SC

text: Deportivo de La Coruña

text: his first year

text: Galicians

text: Segunda División

text: La Liga

text: CA Osasuna

text: Deportivo's relegation

text: FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk

text: hat-trick

text: FC Metalist Kharkiv

text: all rounds

text: the final of the 2015 Europa League

text: Sevilla FC

text: substitute

text: Warsaw

text: free agent

text: AD Alcorcón

text: CF Reus Deportiu

text: Aris Thessaloniki F.C.

text: Superleague Greece

text: PAS Lamia 1964

text: Portugal

text: that year

text: FIFA World Cup

text: Finland

text: captained

text: 2004 European Under-17 Championship

text: the under-19s

text: Under-19 European Championship

text: the squad

text: 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup

text: free kick

text: penalty spot

text: New Zealand

text: Olympic team

text: 2009–11 International Challenge Trophy

text: Augusto

text: Taça da Liga

text: Segunda División

text: UEFA Europa League

text: UEFA European Under-17 Championship

text: UEFA European Under-17 Championship

text: FIFA U-20 World Cup

text: Primeira Liga

text: Young Player of the Month

wikipedia_title: Portugal national under-17 football team

wikipedia_title: 2004 UEFA European Under-17 Championship

wikipedia_title: 2006 UEFA European Under-19 Championship

wikipedia_title: Portugal national under-19 football team

wikipedia_title: Portugal national under-20 football team

wikipedia_title: New Zealand national under-20 football team

wikipedia_title: Portugal national under-21 football team

categories: S.C. Braga players,Ukrainian Premier League players,1987 births,Segunda División players,Association football wingers,Portugal youth international footballers,AD Alcorcón footballers,People from Vila Verde,Portuguese Second Division players,FC Porto B players,Aris Thessaloniki F.C. players,Vitória F.C. players,Portuguese expatriate footballers,Portuguese footballers,Rio Ave F.C. players,Expatriate footballers in Ukraine,FC Porto players,La Liga players,Expatriate footballers in Spain,FC Dnipro players,Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Spain,Living people,Expatriate footballers in Greece,Deportivo de La Coruña players,Superleague Greece players,Primeira Liga players,Portugal under-21 international footballers

paragraph: Bruno Gama

paragraph: Bruno Alexandre Vilela Gama (born 15 November 1987) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Greek club Aris Thessaloniki F.C. mainly as a right winger.

paragraph: He amassed Primeira Liga totals of 129 matches and 11 goals over seven seasons, mainly representing Vitória de Setúbal and Rio Ave (two years apiece). Abroad, he played with Deportivo, Dnipro, Alcorcón and Aris.

paragraph: Gama won 83 caps for Portugal all youth categories comprised, scoring 28 goals.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Portugal.

paragraph: Gama was born in Vila Verde, Braga District. A S.C. Braga youth graduate, he appeared aged 16 in his first Primeira Liga game, a 2–2 away draw against U.D. Leiria, being subsequently acquired by FC Porto in a €750,000 deal.

paragraph: After spending most of his first seasons with the club's B-side, Gama served another two first division loans, at Braga in 2006–07– scoring in a 4–0 home win over FC Slovan Liberec for the campaign's UEFA Cup– and Vitória de Setúbal in the following two years.

paragraph: In mid-July 2009, Gama was released by Porto and joined Rio Ave F.C. on a two-year contract. During his first season with the Vila do Conde club he was one of the few players to appear in all 30 league matches, contributing to a final 12th place in the top division; he scored in home wins against former side Setúbal (1–0) and Leixões SC (2–0).

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Deportivo.

paragraph: As many compatriots during that timeframe, Gama signed for Spain's Deportivo de La Coruña on 27 July 2011, for an undisclosed fee. He contributed with 29 games and seven goals in his first year, to help the Galicians win the Segunda División championship.

paragraph: Gama made his debut in La Liga on 20 August 2012, playing the full 90 minutes in a 2–0 home win against CA Osasuna.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Dnipro.

paragraph: On 20 August 2013, following Deportivo's relegation, Gama moved teams and countries again, joining FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk on a three-year contract. On 13 September of the following year, he scored a hat-trick in a 5–2 win at FC Metalist Kharkiv.

paragraph: Gama contributed with 16 appearances – all rounds included – to help his team reach the final of the 2015 Europa League against Sevilla FC, being an unused substitute in the 2–3 loss in Warsaw.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Alcorcón.

paragraph: On 17 February 2018, after a further two top flight seasons with Deportivo, free agent Gama signed a short-term deal with AD Alcorcón. He scored his only goal for the latter on 3 June, helping the hosts defeat CF Reus Deportiu 3–0.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Aris.

paragraph: On 10 August 2018, Gama joined Aris Thessaloniki F.C. on a two-year contract for an undisclosed fee. Seventeen days later, in his Superleague Greece debut, he scored in a 3–0 away win against PAS Lamia 1964.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: Internationally, Gama first participated in the 2003 UEFA European Under-17 Championship, as Portugal emerged victorious on home soil. He also helped the team reach the quarter-finals in that year's FIFA World Cup held in Finland, scoring one goal against Cameroon.

paragraph: Gama captained Portugal in the 2004 European Under-17 Championship, being crowned top goal scorer after netting three in five appearances and being essential as the national side took third place. In 2006 he appeared with the under-19s at the Under-19 European Championship, scoring in every game in the group stage.

paragraph: Gama was part of the squad that took part in the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup, scoring two goals in Portugal's only win in the tournament – one from a free kick and the other from the penalty spot in a 2–0 triumph against New Zealand. In the ensuing Autumn he was called up to the under-21s and, in 2010, he played with the Olympic team in the 2009–11 International Challenge Trophy.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Gama's older brother, Augusto, was also a footballer. He too represented Braga and Rio Ave.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Club.

paragraph: Vitória Setúbal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taça da Liga: 2007–08

paragraph: Deportivo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Segunda División: 2011–12

paragraph: Dnipro

paragraph: BULLET::::- UEFA Europa League: Runner-up 2014–15

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Country.

paragraph: BULLET::::- UEFA European Under-17 Championship: 2003

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Individual.

paragraph: BULLET::::- UEFA European Under-17 Championship: Top Scorer 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- FIFA U-20 World Cup: All-Star Team 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Primeira Liga: Young Player of the Month January 2009, May 2009

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- National team data

description: Portuguese footballer

wikidata_label: Bruno Gama

wikipedia_title: Bruno Gama


text:
Ratt
Jailhouse
Rough Cutt
Ronnie James Dio
Rough Cutt
Rough Cutt
Wants You!
Rough Cutt Live
Anthology
Hear 'n Aid
Rough Cutt

wikipedia_title:
Ratt
Prison
Rough Cutt
Ronnie James Dio
Rough Cutt
Rough Cutt (album)
Wants You!
Rough Cutt Live
Anthology (Rough Cutt album)
Hear 'n Aid
Rough Cutt

categories: Ratt members,American rock drummers,Rough Cutt members,1958 births,20th-century American drummers,American male drummers,Living people

paragraph: Dave Alford

paragraph: Dave Alford also known as Rockin Dave is an American Heavy Metal Rock drummer, singer, songwriter and producer who has played in the bands Max Havoc, Ratt, Jailhouse, Mod Ev, Kryme and Rough Cutt, whom he rejoined in 2016 upon their reformation. Alford also contributed to the Hear 'N Aid video project where various heavy metal/ hard rock artists collaborated to raise money for Famine Relief in 1985; produced by Ronnie James Dio. In 2013 Dave reunited with members of Jailhouse to perform on the Monsters of Rock Cruise. More recently, Dave has reunited with Rough Cutt members for the 2016 Monsterwood Monsters of Rock Cruise. Dave Alford currently resides in Los Angeles, California and is playing various venues; also supporting his new project Rockin Dave's Hit Factory.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Ratt.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Garage Tape Dayz 78-81" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Your Direction" (2004)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Rough Cutt.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rough Cutt" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wants You!" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rough Cutt Live" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anthology" (2008)

paragraph: Rough Cutt in Japan Live - Piece of My Heart

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Jailhouse.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alive In A Mad World" (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jailhouse" (1998)

paragraph: Jailhouse on Demon Doll Records

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vamps in Las Vegas (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monsters of Rock (2013)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dave Alford Interview

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dave Alford Official MySpace

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hear 'n Aid Hear 'N Aid - Wikipedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rough Cutt Rough Cutt - Wikipedia

paragraph: BULLET::::-  Hair Band Rock - 80's Rock Ratt

paragraph: BULLET::::-  All Hard Rock - Ratt

paragraph: BULLET::::-  Rock Detector - Rough Cutt

paragraph: BULLET::::-  Kryme Official My Space

description: Drummer, Singer, Songwriter and Producer

wikidata_label: Dave Alford

wikipedia_title: Dave Alford


text:
Alboraya
Valencia
Spain
Valencian
linguistic
Standard Valencian
Antiblavers biography
"El perill català"
pdf

categories: Valencian writers,1886 births,People from Valencia,1970 deaths,Catalan-language writers

paragraph: Josep Maria Bayarri

paragraph: Josep Maria Bayarri i Hurtado () (Alboraya (Valencia), Spain, 1886-1970) was a writer and poet, also known as "Xusep Maria Vaiarri".

paragraph: He studied at the San Carlos School of Fine Arts before releasing his first publication, 1915's collection of Valencian poetry, "Poetes valencians contemporanis", featuring various poets of his generation. He later helped found two poetry magazines in the Valencian language, "El vers valencià" (1934) and "Ribalta" (1939).

paragraph: During several stages of his literary life he attempted to impose linguistic norms upon Valencian, based on the apitxat (Central Valencian) dialect instead of Standard Valencian. One such was the 1966 book, "Alfavetisasió dels valensians". These attempts, however, met with little success.

paragraph: His last work, published in the year of his death, was "La qinteta epdomadaria" (1970).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antiblavers biography of Josep Maria Bayarri.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El perill català", a 1931 work by Josep Maria Bayarri (pdf).

description: Spanish writer

wikidata_label: Josep Maria Bayarri

wikipedia_title: Josep Maria Bayarri


text: C.S.B.

text: Roman Catholic

text: Bishop of London

text: Ontario

text: Canada

text: Sudbury

text: Ontario

text: St. Charles College

text: Queen's University

text: Bishop Robert Anthony Daniels

text: Bishop William McGrattan

text: Archbishop John Michael Miller, C.S.B

text: Sudbury

text: Ontario

text: Congregation of St. Basil

text: Congregation of St. Basil

text: Bishop of London

text: Ontario

text: Canada

text: Bishop of London

text: Ontario

text: Canada

text: Congregation of St. Basil

text: Catholic-Hierarchy profile

categories: Canadian Roman Catholic bishops,1950 births,Congregation of St. Basil,People from Greater Sudbury,Living people

paragraph: Ronald Peter Fabbro

paragraph: Ronald Peter Fabbro, C.S.B. (born 6 November 1950) is the Roman Catholic Bishop of London, Ontario, Canada. He was born in Sudbury, Ontario, and was educated at St. Charles College and Queen's University.

paragraph: Fabbro was the principal consecrator of Bishop Robert Anthony Daniels and Bishop William McGrattan, as well as a principal co-consecrator of Archbishop John Michael Miller, C.S.B.

paragraph: Section::::Timeline.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 6 Nov 1950, born in Sudbury, Ontario

paragraph: BULLET::::- 15 Aug 1975, professed as a member of the Congregation of St. Basil

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3 May 1980, ordained priest of the Congregation of St. Basil

paragraph: BULLET::::- 27 Apr 2002, appointed Bishop of London, Ontario, Canada

paragraph: BULLET::::- 15 Aug 2002, consecrated Bishop of London, Ontario, Canada

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Congregation of St. Basil

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic-Hierarchy profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Diocese of London biography

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Ronald Peter Fabbro

wikipedia_title: Ronald Peter Fabbro