text:
Lidköping
Göteborg
Düsseldorf School
genre
rural dean
Gunnar Wennerberg
Uno Troili
Leipzig
Düsseldorf
Kunstakademie Düsseldorf
Carl d'Unker
Karl Ferdinand Sohn
Rudolf Wiegmann
Thomas Couture
Frederik Collett
Arvid Mauritz Lindström
Emma Meissner
Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts
Sara Wennerberg-Reuter
"Brynolf Wennerberg"
"Gunnar Brynolf Wennerberg"

categories: 1894 deaths,Swedish painters,1823 births

paragraph: Gunnar Brynolf Wennerberg

paragraph: Gunnar Brynolf Wennerberg (16 August 1823, Lidköping - 3 October 1894, Göteborg) was a Swedish painter of the Düsseldorf School and a major landowner. He specialized in animal paintings (mostly horses) and genre scenes.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: His father, Gunnar Wennerberg den äldre (1782-1860), was a rural dean in Lidköping. His brother was the poet and composer, Gunnar Wennerberg.

paragraph: He developed an early interest in music and painting, but eventually decided to focus on the latter. His first studies were with Uno Troili in Stockholm. In 1850, he continued his studies in Copenhagen. When his brother received a royal scholarship, he accompanied him to Germany on a study trip. Their first stop was Leipzig, where they attended concerts and visited museums. In Düsseldorf, he registered as a student at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, while his brother continued on to Italy. He was one of only two Swedish students at the academy; the other being Carl d'Unker. He stayed there for three years, during which time his primary instructors were Karl Ferdinand Sohn and Rudolf Wiegmann.

paragraph: After his studies, he returned home and became involved in his father's church. He and some friends published an album called "Bilder ur Svenska Folklifvet" (Pictures from Swedish Folklife), which had some mild success. He was home for only short time when the money earned from painting portraits of a local nobleman and his family enabled him to make another trip overseas. In 1857, he went to Paris, rented a studio and took lessons from Thomas Couture. In 1860, he once again returned to Lidköping to marry Georgina Charlotta Schoug (1830-1870), the daughter of Johann Peter Schoug (1802-1890), a wealthy merchant from Germany. In 1870, Charlotta died of pneumonia. Two years later, he married her younger sister, Eugenia Louise (1845-1915).

paragraph: He built an estate near Lidköping, Krongodset Djurgården, where he farmed and bred horses. It became an important meeting point for local artists, including Frederik Collett and Arvid Mauritz Lindström. Emma Meissner, the soprano, and her brother, , the conductor, were also frequent guests.

paragraph: Between 1860 and 1890, he participated in several exhibitions at the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts, but his works (mostly pictures of horses) received little serious attention. In 1889, a fire broke out at his estate and the main building was destroyed. Some paintings were rescued and sent to the local , but they made no attempt to rebuild and moved to Göteborg. His younger children were sent to boarding schools and, until his death, he spent the summers at one of the surviving buildings on his estate.

paragraph: His son by his first marriage, , also became an artist and his daughter from his second marriage, Sara Wennerberg-Reuter, was a well known organist and composer.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brynolf Wennerberg", Biography @ Tore Hartung

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gunnar Brynolf Wennerberg", Biography @ Lexikonett Amanda

wikidata_label: Gunnar Brynolf Wennerberg

wikipedia_title: Gunnar Brynolf Wennerberg


text:
Atlantic Records
"Billboard" 200
Louisiana
Atlanta
Georgia
Meek Mill
Nipsey Hussle
DJ Mustard
03 Greedo
EP
PowerHouse
Los Angeles
London on da Track
XXXTentacion
YouTube
Spotify
Philadelphia
Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums
Marshmello
Roddy Ricch on YouTube

categories: American rappers,21st-century American rappers,Musicians from Compton, California,Crips,Record producers from California,People from Atlanta,Living people

paragraph: Roddy Ricch

paragraph: Rodrick Wayne Moore, Jr. (born October 22, 1998), known professionally as Roddy Ricch, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer. He is signed to Atlantic Records. In November 2018, he released the mixtape, "Feed Tha Streets II", which has peaked at number 67 on the "Billboard" 200 chart.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Rodrick Wayne Moore, Jr. was born on October 22, 1998 in Compton, California, where he was also raised. Some of his family is from Louisiana, and he also spent time living in Atlanta, Georgia in his youth. Ricch started rapping as young as 8, but he began making beats in earnest at age 16.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In November 2017, he released his first mixtape, "Feed Tha Streets", which featured songs like "Chase Tha Bag," "Hoodricch," and "Fucc It Up." That album earned him praise from established rappers like Meek Mill, Nipsey Hussle, DJ Mustard, Prabjot Thind, and 03 Greedo. In March 2018, he released an EP entitled "Be 4 Tha Fame". In May of that year, Nipsey Hussle brought Ricch out as his guest at a PowerHouse concert in Los Angeles.

paragraph: In July 2018, he released the London on da Track-produced single, "Die Young," which he had written the night rapper XXXTentacion died. The song—which was dedicated, in part, to the late rapper—and its music video would go on to accumulate 11 million views on YouTube and 8 million streams on Spotify. In August 2018, he released the single "Ricch Forever," produced by DJ Bugsy. That month, Meek Mill released a preview of a collaborative track with Ricch.

paragraph: In October 2018, Meek Mill brought Ricch out as his guest at a PowerHouse concert in Philadelphia. Mill also gifted him a "Dreamchasers" chain, prompting speculation that Ricch would be signed to Mill's Dreamchasers record label imprint. On November 2, 2018, Ricch released his second mixtape, "Feed Tha Streets II". The album, which features the singles "Die Young" and "Every Season," has thus far peaked at number 67 on the "Billboard" 200 chart and at number 36 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Later in the month, American electronic music producer and DJ Marshmello previewed a new track featuring Ricch.

paragraph: In June 2019, Roddy Rich appeared on the cover of XXL magazine as XXL Freshman Class of 2019 along with 10 other notable artists.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roddy Ricch on YouTube

description: American rapper

wikidata_label: Roddy Ricch

wikipedia_title: Roddy Ricch


text: Count of Penthièvre

text: Viscount of Limoges

text: Penthièvre claimant

text: Duchy of Brittany

text: Joan of Penthièvre

text: Charles of Blois

text: Margaret

text: Edward III of England

text: Montforts

text: Philippa of Lancaster

text: Gloucester Castle

text: Charles V of France

text: Olivier de Clisson

text: Jean Froissart

text: John IV, Duke of Brittany

text: Tours

text: Avesnes

text: Flanders

text: Guy II, Count of Blois

text: Constable of France

text: Olivier, Count of Penthièvre

text: John, Lord of l'Aigle

text: Nicole

text: William, Viscount of Limoges

text: Margaret

text: Charles VI of France

categories: House of Châtillon,1345 births,1404 deaths,People of the Hundred Years' War

paragraph: John I, Count of Penthièvre

paragraph: John I (5 February 1345 – 16 January 1404), was Count of Penthièvre and Viscount of Limoges from 1364 to 1404, and the Penthièvre claimant to the Duchy of Brittany.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: John was born in Jurgon-les-Lacs in Brittany while his parents, Joan of Penthièvre and Charles of Blois, ruled over the duchy of Brittany. Joan arranged to marry John to Margaret, daughter of Edward III of England, but Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster, an ally of the Montforts, broke off the negotiations. Edward offered instead Philippa of Lancaster as a wife, but Joan declined. In 1356, John was given to the English as a hostage and he was held at Gloucester Castle under the care of Robert de Vere, Duke of Ireland and Early of Oxford for nearly twenty-five years.

paragraph: On the death in 1380 of Charles V of France, who supported the Penthièvre claim against the Montforts, John and his mother negotiated the second treaty of Guérande on 14 April 1381, in which he renounced his claim to the Duchy of Brittany in exchange for a substantial indemnity. John was released with financial assistance from Olivier de Clisson, who paid his 60,000 franc ransom and offered him his younger daughter, Marguerite, as a wife. On 6 January 1384, John transferred management of all of his lands in Brittany and Limoges to Clisson, who in turn transferred it to Jean Rolland in 1387.

paragraph: The French chronicler Jean Froissart recounts how, in 1391, John's cousin John IV, Duke of Brittany denounced the Penthièvre claim to the Breton throne, writing:

paragraph: In 1392, at a meeting at Tours, John renounced his family's right to carry the arms of Brittany. This was later confirmed at Guingamp on 25 October 1395. He inherited the lands of Avesnes, Landrecies, Nouvion-en-Thiérache, and some lands in Flanders on the death of his cousin, Guy II, Count of Blois, in 1397. Three years later, he inherited further property from his brother, Henry, who died in England.

paragraph: John died in 1404 at Lamballe in Brittany. His eldest son, Olivier, succeeded him. He shared with his three brothers the family inheritance: Olivier received Penthièvre, John the lands of Aigle in Normandy, Charles the lordship of Avaugour, and William the viscounty of Limoges.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: John married Margaret de Clisson, daughter of Olivier de Clisson, Constable of France, at Moncontour on 20 January 1387. They had:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olivier, Count of Penthièvre and Seigneur of Avesnes (d. 1433 without legitimate posterity)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John, Lord of l'Aigle (d. 1454 without posterity)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles, Baron of Avaugour, through whose daughter, Nicole, the rulers of Penthièvre continued

paragraph: BULLET::::- William, Viscount of Limoges (d. 1455)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joan, who married in 1458 John III de Harpedane, seigneur de Belleville and Montaigu as his second wife (his first wife was Margaret, natural daughter of Charles VI of France).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marguerite de Châtillon, wife of Guillaume de Fayel.

alias:
Jean de Blois
John I of Blois-Chatillon

wikidata_label: John I of Blois-Châtillon

wikipedia_title: John I, Count of Penthièvre


text:
Italian
Roggiano Gravina
Cosenza
Calabria
Gregorio Caloprese
Naples
Canon law
Rome
Academy of Arcadians
La Sapienza
schism
Academy of Quirina
Innocent XII
Metastasio

categories: Sapienza University of Rome faculty,1718 deaths,1664 births,Italian male writers,Italian jurists,Canon law jurists,18th-century jurists,Members of the Academy of Arcadians,17th-century jurists,People from the Province of Cosenza,17th-century Latin-language writers

paragraph: Giovanni Vincenzo Gravina

paragraph: Giovanni Vincenzo Gravina (20 January 1664 – 6 January 1718) was an Italian man of letters and jurist. He was born at Roggiano Gravina, a small town near Cosenza, in Calabria.

paragraph: He was descended from a distinguished family, and under the direction of his maternal uncle, Gregorio Caloprese, who possessed some reputation as a poet and philosopher, received a learned education, after which he studied at Naples civil and Canon law. In 1689, he came to Rome, where in 1690, he united with several others of literary tastes in forming the Academy of Arcadians.

paragraph: In 1699, he was appointed to the chair of civil law in the Roman college of La Sapienza, and in 1703, he was transferred to the chair of canon law.

paragraph: A schism occurred in the academy in 1711, and Gravina and his followers founded in opposition to it the Academy of Quirina. From Innocent XII Gravina received the offer of various ecclesiastical honors, but declined them from a disinclination to enter the clerical profession.

paragraph: He died at Rome in January 1718. He was the adoptive father of Metastasio.

paragraph: Gravina is the author of a number of works of great erudition, the principal being his "Origines juris civilis", completed in 3 vols (1713) and his "De Romano imperio" (1712).

alias:
Gian Vincenzo Gravina
Gianvincenzo Gravina
Bione Crateo

description: Italian writer and jurist

wikidata_label: Giovanni Vincenzo Gravina

wikipedia_title: Giovanni Vincenzo Gravina


text:
cricket
England cricket team
batsman
Test matches
Ashes
amateur
first-class cricket
Lancashire
innings
Somerset
public school
Marylebone Cricket Club
K. S. Ranjitsinhji
Neville Cardus
Whalley Range
Manchester
the Lancashire team
James
Elstree
Old Trafford Cricket Ground
bowl
century
Harrow School
Geoffrey
first eleven
Eton College
Lord's
innings
batting averages
cricket pitch
forward at the ball
runs
football
House team
amateur cricketers
Oxford
Cambridge
Manchester and Liverpool District Bank
County Championship
first-class
Sussex
opened the batting
New Orleans
Yorkshire
Australian
opening partnership
Albert Ward
Gentlemen v Players
Wisden Cricketers' Almanack
Andrew Stoddart
wicket-keeper
lob bowler
South Australia
follow on
caught
horse races
number five
standing on his own wicket
"Young Batsman of the Year"
preparatory school
Somerset
Taunton
W. G. Grace
fours
six
Bill Ponsford
Brian Lara
Kent
New South Wales
Charlie McLeod
no-ball
crease
Ted Wainwright
neuralgia
Stanley Jackson
drawn
Ranjitsinhji
Daily Express
Arthur Mold
throwing
bowling action
Melbourne Cricket Club
Wilfred Rhodes
George Hirst
Lord Hawke
Sydney Barnes
Tom Hayward
Colin Blythe
Len Braund
Hampshire
Ashes
Bill Lockwood
Schofield Haigh
appealing against the light
Gilbert Jessop
Fred Tate
Neville Cardus
toss
Victor Trumper
Pelham Warner
Nawanagar
Albert Cotter
Bernard Bosanquet
Arthur Priestley
the Oval
India Office
Raffles
Jack Hobbs
medium-paced bowlers
Claude Buckenham
Sydney Pardon
Douglas Carr
googly
Lionel Robinson
Royal Army Service Corps
society
the 1921 Australian touring team
Australia
New Zealand
Tasmania
"The Four Feathers"
C. Aubrey Smith
The Times
drives
good length ball
hook
the outfield
slip

categories: C. I. Thornton's XI cricketers,Liverpool and District cricketers,People from Whalley Range,Lancashire cricketers,England Test cricket captains,Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers,Sportspeople from Manchester,English people of Scottish descent,H. D. G. Leveson Gower's XI cricketers,Lancashire cricket captains,English cricketers of 1890 to 1918,1871 births,Gentlemen of England cricketers,Norfolk cricketers,People educated at Harrow School,England Test cricketers,1944 deaths,North v South cricketers,English cricketers,London County cricketers,Gentlemen cricketers,Wisden Cricketers of the Year

paragraph: Archie MacLaren

paragraph: Archibald Campbell MacLaren (1 December 1871 – 17 November 1944) was an English cricketer who captained the England cricket team at various times between 1898 and 1909. A right-handed batsman, he played 35 Test matches for England, as captain in 22 of those games, and led the team to defeat in four Ashes series against Australia. An amateur, MacLaren played first-class cricket for Lancashire, captaining that county for most of his career. As a batsman, MacLaren was one of the leading cricketers of his time and had a reputation as a fast-scoring stylist. In 1895, he scored 424 runs in an innings against Somerset which was the highest individual score in first-class cricket until 1923 and remained a record in English cricket until 1994. Opinions were divided over his captaincy. He was a deep thinker on the game and critics believed him to be tactically advanced, but his pessimism, clashes with the selectors and inability to get the best out of his players led most commentators to rate him a poor leader.

paragraph: After attending public school, MacLaren played intermittently for Lancashire until 1899 as he tried to establish a career outside the sport. Even so, he was appointed county captain in 1894 and was chosen frequently to play for England. An appointment as Lancashire's assistant secretary allowed him to play more regularly from 1900. He first captained England in 1898 as a stand-in, but became captain in his own right in 1899. Under his leadership, England lost to Australia in three consecutive series—1899, 1901–02 and 1902. MacLaren was involved in controversies throughout all three defeats, and was replaced as captain in 1905, although he remained in the team. Business interests kept him out of the game for the following years, but he was invited to lead England once more in 1909. Defeat in that series ended his Test career, and the following year he ceased playing regular first-class cricket. He played occasionally until 1922–23, and had some late successes: in 1921, a team selected and captained by MacLaren defeated a previously unbeaten Australian team, and on his final first-class appearance during a 1922–23 Marylebone Cricket Club tour of New Zealand, he scored 200 runs.

paragraph: MacLaren had many jobs as he attempted to find ways to support his cricket, family and lifestyle. At various times, he worked as a teacher, a journalist and a cricket coach. For many years, he was employed as Lancashire's assistant secretary but such were his financial worries that he often had to ask for cash advances from the committee, with which he had a stormy relationship. He worked for several years as private secretary to K. S. Ranjitsinhji and he became involved in his employer's financial scandals. Many of MacLaren's later business ventures were failures, and only when his wife came into an inheritance did he and his family live in comfort. Throughout his life, MacLaren was involved in many disagreements and was never popular with teammates. However, he was a hero to the cricket writer Neville Cardus, who wrote prolifically on him. MacLaren died in 1944, aged 72.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: MacLaren was born on 1 December 1871 in Whalley Range, a fairly prosperous district of Manchester, the second of seven sons to James MacLaren and Emily Carver. His father, a cotton merchant and cricket enthusiast, served as honorary treasurer to the Lancashire team from 1881 until his death in 1900. MacLaren senior encouraged his sons to play cricket. With the aim of improving their ability in the game, MacLaren senior sent Archie and his older brother James to Elstree, a school well-regarded for its coaching.

paragraph: MacLaren's cricket instruction was supplemented during the holidays at Old Trafford Cricket Ground, where his father paid professional cricketers to bowl at him. He was soon selected for the school's cricket team, scored his first century, and was the captain by his final year. From Elstree, MacLaren went to Harrow School in 1886 where he joined James; Geoffrey, their younger brother, followed them but financial difficulties prevented any other family members attending the school. MacLaren had little success in intra-school cricket during his first year there but in 1887, success in trial games resulted in his promotion to the school first eleven. A century in an early match ensured his selection for the important fixture against Eton College at Lord's. Although an inexperienced Harrow team was easily defeated, MacLaren top-scored in both innings with scores of 55 and 67, and in praising his batting, critics suggested he had a bright future. He came top of the school batting averages for the 1887 season.

paragraph: Wet weather in the following two years affected playing conditions, making the cricket pitches slow-paced and difficult to bat on. With little experience of such conditions, MacLaren had a succession of failures. His technique, based at the time on playing forward at the ball, was unsuited to wet pitches and it was only late in 1889 that he made the required technical adjustments and learned to play off the back foot (i.e. stepping backwards to play a shot). During 1890, his final year at Harrow, he captained the team and had his most successful season, scoring over 500 runs at an average of 42.54. In the match against Eton at Lord's, MacLaren once more succeeded when others struggled, and he scored 76 on a difficult pitch. In his four years at Harrow, MacLaren was twice awarded the prize for the school's best batsman, and received awards for his fielding. MacLaren also played football successfully: he captained his House team and played in the school first eleven in 1888 and 1889 before a knee injury forced him to miss the 1890 season. Unlike many of his fellow amateur cricketers in this period, MacLaren did not attend Oxford or Cambridge Universities, where he would have played a high level of cricket; his father could not afford to send him or his brothers there. On leaving Harrow, MacLaren found employment with the Manchester and Liverpool District Bank.

paragraph: Section::::Lancashire cricketer.

paragraph: Lancashire monitored MacLaren's progress during his time at Harrow. When his season there ended in 1890, he was selected to play for Lancashire in the County Championship. Making his first-class debut on 14 August 1890 in a match against Sussex, he scored 108 runs on a difficult pitch in a relatively fast time of two hours. Although less successful in the remaining games of the season, he finished fourth in the Lancashire averages with 140 runs at an average of 23.33. MacLaren's financial circumstances forced him to keep working at the District Bank, limiting the amount of cricket he played in 1891 and 1892.

paragraph: When he did play for Lancashire, MacLaren was moderately successful. He led the county's batting averages in 1892 and in total scored 548 runs at 27.40. Of his two centuries, the second came when he opened the batting. During the winter of 1892–93, MacLaren studied cotton manufacture in New Orleans; when he returned home, he played more regularly for Lancashire. He scored consistently in 1893, totalling 831 runs at 25.18, had success in the high-profile match against Yorkshire, and led the team in the absence of the regular captain. As a result of his successes, he was selected to play for the North of England in a representative match against the Australian team who were touring England that year. He scored 66, sharing an opening partnership of 121 in 80 minutes with his county colleague Albert Ward. Later in the season, he was chosen to play for the amateur "Gentlemen" team in the prestigious Gentlemen v Players match at Lord's.

paragraph: Before the 1894 season, MacLaren resigned from the bank to play a whole season of cricket. Lancashire at the time were undergoing a period of transition, and the captaincy was unsettled: three men captained the county in the first part of the season. In the absence of other amateurs with county experience who could play regularly, MacLaren was appointed captain. "Wisden Cricketers' Almanack" observed that MacLaren was young for the position, and largely unproven in cricket, but it supported the decision. After losing his first match in charge, the team improved in the latter part of the season to finish fourth in the Championship. MacLaren finished sixth in the Lancashire averages, and in total scored 1,105 runs at 25.69, but his batting had made little progress since his debut. However, his successful leadership of Lancashire led some press critics to suggest him as a future England captain. At the end of the season, he was a last-minute selection to tour Australia with a team led by Andrew Stoddart.

paragraph: Section::::Test cricketer.

paragraph: Section::::Test cricketer.:Test debut.

paragraph: Approached to organise a touring team by the Australian cricket authorities, Stoddart had been unable to persuade several leading batsmen to join his squad. Stoddart only took 13 men, of whom two were wicket-keepers (only one of whom could realistically play in each match) and one was a lob bowler who did not play any Test matches; this guaranteed MacLaren's selection for all the matches against Australia. Consequently, he retained his place even when his form was poor. In his first game, against South Australia, he scored 228, and hit another half-century in the build-up to the first Test. He made his international debut on 14 December 1894, scoring 4 and 20 as England won despite being asked to follow on. England also won the next game, although MacLaren was caught from the opening delivery of the match, the first time anyone had been dismissed by the first ball of a Test. Australia took the third and fourth Tests to level the series. MacLaren had little personal success, and averaged only 12.50 in the series after four games.

paragraph: By then, MacLaren was in financial difficulties. As an amateur, his expenses were covered by the tour organisers but he received no money for playing. To support him financially, the Lancashire committee had given him £100 before the tour. By the latter stages of the tour, his money was running out; most of it was probably spent betting on horse races, and he sent Lancashire a request for further money. Just before the final Test, he received a £60 advance on his expenses for the upcoming English season. For the fifth Test, he dropped down from opening the batting, which he had done throughout the series, to batting at number five, and responded with his first Test century. Batting with greater caution than usual, he scored 120 before accidentally standing on his own wicket. England won the match to take the series 3–2, amid great public interest in England and Australia. MacLaren scored 240 runs at 26.67 in the Test series, finishing fourth in the English averages. He performed more effectively in the lesser matches, and following some final tour fixtures, he totalled 803 runs at 47.23 in all first-class games. On the six-week outward journey MacLaren met (Kathleen) Maud Power, an Australian socialite and the daughter of a horse racing official. They were married in 1898.

paragraph: Section::::Test cricketer.:World record holder.

paragraph: MacLaren returned home via Japan, missing the start of the 1895 cricket season. In his absence, he was named as a "Young Batsman of the Year" in "Wisden" for his performances in 1894. After playing two games for Lancashire, MacLaren accepted the offer of a teaching job in a preparatory school in Harrow; although still Lancashire's captain, he missed several matches, to the disquiet of its supporters. The team's results were mixed in his absence, and he returned to play Somerset at Taunton. On the first day of the three-day game, MacLaren scored 289 not out in 330 minutes. On the second day, he took his score to 424 before he was dismissed, surpassing the previous highest individual innings in first-class cricket, W. G. Grace's score of 344, made in 1876. MacLaren batted for 470 minutes in total and hit 62 fours and a six. This remained the highest score in first-class cricket until 1923 when Bill Ponsford scored 429 in Australia, and was the largest first-class innings in England until Brian Lara scored 501 in 1994. In total, Lancashire scored 801 runs and won the game by an innings. After a spell of lower scores, MacLaren played several big innings, including three consecutive centuries in the last three games of the season. He ended 1895 top of the national batting averages with 1,229 runs at 51.20. MacLaren was elected a life member of Lancashire in recognition of his achievements.

paragraph: Teaching commitments left MacLaren unavailable for the start of the 1896 season, and his first appearance came in July. Although he had only batted once in the season, he was chosen to play in the second Test match of the summer between England and Australia, a selection made controversial by his lack of cricket. As the Test was played at Old Trafford, the England team was chosen by the Lancashire committee, who recognised that MacLaren would attract spectators as a local player. He was dismissed by the first ball he faced in the first innings, and scored 15 runs in the second as England were defeated. Shortly after the Test, he scored 226 against Kent to take Lancashire to a draw in a match they seemed likely to lose. This was enough for him to retain his place in the team for the final Test match, where he scored 20 and 6. He batted effectively for the rest of the season, finishing with 713 runs for Lancashire at 54.85. Critics praised his batting, but his absences may have prevented the team from winning the Championship; they finished second. In all first-class matches, he scored 922 runs at 36.88.

paragraph: Section::::Test cricketer.:Second tour of Australia.

paragraph: MacLaren's teaching duties meant that in 1897 he again missed the start of the cricket season, and he felt it necessary to resign as Lancashire's captain. When he began playing, he scored heavily, including another double century against Kent, and his runs helped Lancashire to win the County Championship: concentrating on aggressive batting, he scored faster than in previous years, and hit 974 runs at 51.26. At the end of the season, MacLaren was included in Stoddart's second Australian touring team. Despite high expectations of success, the Test series was lost 4–1. Although nominally captain, Stoddart played in only two Tests; he was grief-stricken after the death of his mother and disillusioned by the failures of his team. MacLaren, after an unproductive start to the tour, scored 142 and 100 against New South Wales to become the first batsman to score two centuries in the same Australian first-class match. In the absence of Stoddart, he captained the England team in the first Test. He scored 109 in the first innings, batting more cautiously than usual, and 50 not out in the second as England won by nine wickets. His captaincy proved controversial when he refused to recall the Australian batsman Charlie McLeod to the wickets after he was dismissed; McLeod was out to a no-ball but, being deaf, did not hear the umpire's call and was run out when he left his crease. With Stoddart still absent, MacLaren was captain in the second Test. Australia won by an innings, and MacLaren was criticised in the Australian press for complaining about the pitch. Commentators also suggested that he underused the bowling of Ted Wainwright. Stoddart returned for the third and fourth Tests, both of which England lost by an innings. MacLaren scored 124 in the third game, but was mocked in the press after the fourth when he claimed that a fly in his eye caused him to be dismissed. When Stoddart withdrew from the final match, MacLaren once more assumed the leadership. He scored 65 in the first innings but could not prevent Australia winning again.

paragraph: In all first-class matches, MacLaren scored 1,037 runs at 54.57; in the Test matches, he aggregated 488 runs at an average of 54.22. "Wisden" noted that MacLaren batted "magnificently" and commented: "Of all the English players the one who had the best cause to look back upon the trip with satisfaction was MacLaren." At the conclusion of the tour, on 17 March 1898, he married Power. The wedding attracted media attention and was well attended. The couple later had two sons.

paragraph: Section::::England captain.

paragraph: Section::::England captain.:Appointment and start of captaincy.

paragraph: MacLaren played little cricket in 1898, initially owing to his teaching commitments and the need to establish himself and his wife in a new home. After making his first appearance in July, he did not play again until August. He played nine first-class games, scoring 478 runs at 29.87, before his season was ended by neuralgia. Despite his frequent absences—again he missed the first part of the season—Lancashire re-appointed MacLaren as joint captain for 1899. That summer, the Australians toured England and the first Test took place before MacLaren had played any cricket. For the second game, MacLaren replaced W. G. Grace as England captain; the other candidate for the leadership was Stanley Jackson, who was senior to MacLaren at Harrow and had preceded him into the England side, but MacLaren was favoured owing to his previous experience in the role with Lancashire and England.

paragraph: Australia comfortably won the second Test, and on his first appearance of the season, MacLaren scored 4 runs opening the innings on the first day. In the second innings, he moved down the order to number six, but he came in to bat when England trailed heavily and had lost four wickets. He batted for around 150 minutes to score 88 not out. The "Wisden" match report stated: "There was ... some risk in playing MacLaren, who had not so far taken part in any first-class cricket during the season. In this case however, the [selection] committee had reason to congratulate themselves, MacLaren playing a magnificent second innings and making a great, though fruitless, effort to save the game ... Never has MacLaren played a greater innings." Afterwards, MacLaren scored a century in difficult batting conditions against Yorkshire. Jackson did not play in this game, and initially refused to play for England in the third Test; the press attributed this to jealousy of MacLaren and anger at being passed over for the captaincy. The third Test was drawn owing to poor weather, but England's revival continued in the next game, which was drawn with England in a dominant position. The final match was also drawn, but while England lost the series 1–0, critics believed the team had recovered from a poor start to the summer and held the ascendancy in the final three games. MacLaren's only score over fifty was that in the second Test, and he finished the series with 164 runs at 32.80. In all first-class cricket, he made 814 runs at 32.56, including two centuries against Yorkshire.

paragraph: Section::::England captain.:Full-time cricketer.

paragraph: In late 1899, MacLaren joined a private cricket tour of America and Canada organised by the cricket-playing Indian prince Ranjitsinhji. The following March, he was appointed as an assistant secretary at Lancashire. The position was a sinecure; his main role was to coach the first eleven which effectively meant that he was paid to play cricket, despite his amateur status. Surviving records do not indicate his salary, but some sources suggest he was paid comfortably more than Lancashire's leading professionals. In addition, MacLaren worked as a journalist for the "Daily Express", reporting on matches in which he played, a common practice at the time for amateurs. Resuming sole control over the Lancashire side, and freed from his teaching responsibilities, MacLaren played from the beginning of the 1900 season, planning meticulously in a bid to lead Lancashire to the County Championship. His batting form suffered initially, but the team dominated the start of the season. Commentators gave much of the credit to MacLaren's captaincy. However, he was severely criticised for conservative tactics in one game, when he was reluctant to attempt to force a win. In the latter stages of the season, MacLaren scored prolifically, making a succession of high scores at rapid pace. He ended the 1900 season with 1,554 runs at 36.13. During that season, the leading Lancashire bowler Arthur Mold had been no-balled for throwing, but MacLaren defended him in the press. At a meeting of county captains in December, MacLaren was the only representative to defend the legality of Mold's bowling action, and in 1901, Mold was again no-balled and his career was effectively over. MacLaren struggled with injury in 1901, and his batting form suffered. He frequently dropped low in the batting order, and it was late in the season before he began to score runs regularly. His captaincy was criticised after some tactical decisions which were either unconventional or unsuccessful, and he clashed with the Lancashire committee over the poor state of Old Trafford's pitch. In total, he scored 1,069 first-class runs at 31.44.

paragraph: MacLaren was invited by the Melbourne Cricket Club to bring a team to Australia during the English winter of 1901–02. This was the last privately organised team to represent England at Test level in Australia, with subsequent ones playing under the colours of the MCC. Many leading players were unavailable—Yorkshire's Wilfred Rhodes and George Hirst were not permitted to tour by their captain Lord Hawke. The team was judged to be weak, but contained several players at the beginning of their careers who went on to success at Test level. Sydney Barnes was chosen by MacLaren after playing only a handful of county matches. Barnes' success on his single appearance for Lancashire in 1901 convinced MacLaren of his worth, to the surprise and disparagement of commentators, most of whom had never seen him. Barnes began the tour well, but did not get on with his captain. During a storm on part of the sea journey, MacLaren, speculating on their chances of survival, commented to a team member: "If we go down, at least that bugger Barnes will go down with us." The team lost their first match and continued to struggle. MacLaren clashed with authorities in Melbourne over his right to choose an umpire, but he began to bat well at Sydney, where he scored 145 and 73 in a tour match.

paragraph: In the first Test, MacLaren shared a century opening partnership with Tom Hayward and scored 116 to become the first man to score four Test centuries. This was the last Test century by an England captain in Australia for 57 years. Barnes bowled with great success; Colin Blythe and Len Braund, like Barnes chosen by MacLaren and making their Test debuts, performed effectively and England won by an innings. The remaining four Tests were lost as the team suffered from a lack of effective bowlers. MacLaren severely overbowled Barnes, who took 13 wickets, in the second Test; the bowler was injured in the next game and took no further part on the tour. MacLaren was successful with the bat. He scored 92 in the fourth Test, made centuries in the two first-class games played in between the Test matches, and finished top of the batting averages. Critics judged that his team had performed well despite the heavy defeat, and his captaincy attracted praise. In addition, the team were considered to be the best fielding side to visit Australia. In the Test series, MacLaren scored 412 runs at 45.77, while in all first-class matches he hit 929 runs at 58.06.

paragraph: Before the tour began, MacLaren resigned as Lancashire's captain and assistant secretary, owing to his concern for the health of his wife. Journalists speculated that MacLaren would join the Hampshire team as assistant secretary, as he lived in that county, or even move to Australia. Lancashire selected a replacement captain, but when MacLaren returned to England, he re-committed to the club, stating the visit to Australia had improved the health of his wife, and he was reappointed.

paragraph: Section::::England captain.:Ashes series of 1902.

paragraph: MacLaren began the 1902 season well and, facing an Ashes series against Australia, began planning for the Tests; he arranged to receive reports on prospective players from both sides. England dominated the first Test, scoring 376 and bowling Australia out for 36; rain prevented a result and also heavily curtailed the drawn second Test. The team for the third Test, played in Sheffield, was to be chosen from 12 players picked by the selectors, with the final place contested between Bill Lockwood and Schofield Haigh. However, on the morning of the match, MacLaren, with the approval of the selector Lord Hawke, summoned Barnes from Manchester to play instead of either. The move was unpopular with spectators—their favoured choice, Haigh, was a Yorkshire player—but Barnes took six wickets in the first innings, although injury reduced his effectiveness in the second innings. England were bowled out in poor light—MacLaren's biographer Michael Down suggests that part of the blame lies with him for not appealing against the light—and needed an unlikely 339 runs to win in their second innings. MacLaren changed the batting order, asking Gilbert Jessop to open the batting. Jessop scored fifty, and MacLaren scored 63, but England lost by 143 runs.

paragraph: Following the defeat, the England selectors made several changes for the fourth Test; both Barnes and Jessop were left out. MacLaren favoured Jessop's inclusion but the selectors considered him unreliable. Although Barnes was not fully fit, later commentators suggested the selectors omitted him because of MacLaren's actions at Sheffield. A further player was added to the squad in case the pitch was affected by rain before the match, but rather than choosing Haigh, the leading wet-pitch bowler in the country, Hawke insisted that Sussex's Fred Tate was included—critics have suggested that Hawke wanted to prevent Haigh's absence from the Yorkshire team, of which Hawke was captain, given the unlikeliness of the extra bowler being needed. According to the cricket writer Neville Cardus, when MacLaren saw the list of players in the team, he responded: "My God, look what they've sent me". MacLaren was angry with Hawke, and when it rained before the match, included Tate in the final eleven at the expense of George Hirst, a leading all-rounder. Gibson suggests that Tate was only included by the selectors "because they thought MacLaren could not possibly pick him" and so he could not make any further late changes to the team; MacLaren, according to Gibson, in turn included Tate out of spite. Other writers have suggested that MacLaren, as a Lancastrian, preferred a Sussex player to a Yorkshire one.

paragraph: Australia won the toss. The match began in damp conditions, and before the pitch began to dry, at which point it would become extremely difficult for batting, the Australian opening batsmen scored 135 in 90 minutes; Australia's total reached 173 for one wicket at lunch, and Victor Trumper scored a century in that time. MacLaren was subsequently criticised for allowing Australia to score so quickly, but claimed that his carefully planned strategy was rendered obsolete when Trumper began to strike the ball out of the ground. MacLaren commented: "I couldn't very well have had a man fielding in the bloody practice ground, now could I?" The bowlers recovered the situation to some extent, and following a century from Jackson, England trailed by 37 runs after the first innings. In the second innings, Australia collapsed to the England bowlers, but Tate dropped a crucial catch while stationed by MacLaren at the edge of the field. MacLaren also received criticism for this, as Tate was unaccustomed to fielding on the boundary. Gibson notes that MacLaren "later spent much breath defending himself on this point"; although it is not clear how Tate came to be moved—a later interpretation is that MacLaren moved Tate there rather than ask an amateur player to cross the field for a few deliveries—most commentators agree that this was the turning point of the match. England were left needing 124 runs to win. MacLaren opened the batting, having batted at number four in the first innings, and tried to score quickly, but was caught from a big hit. According to Gibson, he returned to the dressing room in fury, throwing his bat across the room and saying that he had "thrown away the match and the bloody rubber [series]". Gibson suggests that the implication that only MacLaren could have guided England to victory must have had a demoralising effect on the remaining batsmen, and speculates that he felt guilty over the composition of a team that looked likely to lose. Gibson comments: "This does not say much for MacLaren as a captain. Indeed, it has always seemed to me a shocking performance, from the choice of the team to the chuck of the bat." Wickets continued to fall and Tate, the last batsman, was bowled when England needed four runs to win.

paragraph: England won the final match by one wicket, but lost the series 2–1. While contemporary critics did not blame MacLaren, the cricket authorities were less happy. MacLaren believed that the choices of the selectors had made it impossible to win, and continued to write about the series for many years. He finished the series with 198 runs at 28.28, and ended the season with 1,254 first-class runs at 32.15.

paragraph: Section::::Cricketing decline.

paragraph: Section::::Cricketing decline.:Replacement as England captain.

paragraph: MacLaren took a new job with a wine merchant which allowed him to complete a full season in 1903. Wet weather caused many difficult pitches for batting, and MacLaren was often the only Lancashire batsman able to cope with the conditions. His highest-profile success came when he captained the Gentlemen against the Players at Lord's. When his team faced defeat on the final day on a difficult pitch, he scored 168 not out and shared a partnership of 309 with C. B. Fry in less than three hours. This innings was later praised as one of his finest. He ended the season with 1,886 runs at 42.86, and Lancashire finished fourth. However, his success with the bat was overshadowed by controversy over the England captaincy. MacLaren originally planned to tour Australia with another private team in the winter of 1903–04, but withdrew over his concerns that there was not enough strong bowling available. Frustrated with MacLaren, the cricket authorities in Melbourne asked the MCC, via Pelham Warner, to organise their own team. MacLaren was not offered the captaincy—Warner was chosen in June 1903 when Jackson proved unavailable. Newspaper rumours suggested that Lord Hawke played a part in this decision, and that MacLaren's recent paid role for Lancashire counted against him. The press favoured MacLaren, and Warner was widely criticised; one journal noted that he was "condemned as an interloper and a nonentity". The cricket establishment was less sympathetic to MacLaren. After publicly vacillating over the summer, he eventually decided not to tour under Warner, whom he perceived to be his junior. The tour proved a great success for Warner, and his team won the Test series.

paragraph: In 1904, MacLaren led Lancashire to victory in the County Championship, their only such success under his captaincy. Unusually for a Championship-winning team, the club relied heavily on batting rather than bowling. MacLaren played several big innings, scoring at a rapid pace, as his team began the season with a string of victories. Their form faded later in the season, but they remained unbeaten. In all first-class cricket, MacLaren scored 1,191 runs at 31.34. At some point during the season, he was asked by Ranjitsinhji, a close friend, to become his private secretary, and both men travelled to India during the winter of 1904–05. Ranjitsinhji at the time was pursuing his claim to the throne of Nawanagar, and he remained in India when MacLaren returned to England for the 1905 cricket season.

paragraph: The Australians toured England in 1905, but MacLaren was again passed over for the England captaincy; the team was captained by Jackson and won the series 2–0. MacLaren began the season well and played in the first Test. Australia led by 25 runs after the first innings, as England struggled to play the pace of Albert Cotter. According to a story later told by Neville Cardus, before the second innings he saw MacLaren muttering: "Cotter! I'll bloody Cotter him!". MacLaren attacked Cotter's bowling, and overcame the defensive bowling tactics used by Australia to slow down the game. He scored 140, his highest Test innings and only Test century in England. When Australia batted, Bernard Bosanquet took eight wickets to bowl England to a win; it was MacLaren's suggestion that Jackson persist with Bosanquet's bowling when it was initially unsuccessful. MacLaren scored 56 and 79 in the drawn second Test, but did not play in the third owing to injury. He played in the final two Tests but accomplished little. In the series, he scored 303 runs at 43.28. Jackson later wrote that MacLaren was an invaluable tactical aid during the series. Lancashire ended the season second in the Championship, and opened a testimonial fund for MacLaren which raised over £800 by the end of the season. He later clashed with committee members who were unhappy with his decision to use the money to buy a motor car. At the end of the season, MacLaren resigned the captaincy of Lancashire, but was persuaded to continue by the committee. In total during 1905, he scored 1,522 runs at an average of 35.39 in all first-class cricket.

paragraph: Section::::Cricketing decline.:Private secretary to Ranjitsinhji.

paragraph: A combination of injuries and work reduced the amount of cricket MacLaren played after 1905. He missed most of Lancashire's matches in June and July 1906. He returned against Middlesex at Lord's in August, but was involved in mild controversy when he declined to put Middlesex's batsmen under pressure when chasing a small but challenging total to win the game; this may have arisen from his dislike of Lord's and the figures in authority there. MacLaren ended the 1906 season with 599 runs at 20.65. In the winter of 1906–07, MacLaren returned to India to work for Ranjitsinhji. In January 1907, he wrote to Lancashire to inform them of his reduced availability for 1907; even so, the committee retained him as captain. In February, Ranjitsinhji was named as the new ruler of Nawanagar. MacLaren attended his installation on 11 March—MacLaren and the politician Arthur Priestley were the only English attendees—and did not return to England until mid-June, although he informed Lancashire that his absence in India was to recover from an illness. He resumed the captaincy of Lancashire, and made a good start with scores of 47 and 92 in his second match, but his form faded. One match provoked a public row between MacLaren and Lord's. MacLaren captained Lancashire against Middlesex at Lord's in July; rain restricted play on the first day of the three-day game, and at the start of the second day, the umpires ruled that the waterlogged pitch remained unfit to play on. Some spectators came on to the pitch to look for themselves, then protested outside the pavilion. The incident was defused by the ground authorities, but the following day MacLaren told the press: "Owing to the pitch having been deliberately torn up by the public, I, as captain of the Lancashire eleven, cannot see my way to continue the game, the groundsman bearing me out that the wicket [pitch] could not be again put right." Lancashire would not play—although all decisions about fitness for play should have been made by the umpires, not MacLaren—and the match was drawn. The incident provoked discussion in the press, but most critics agreed that MacLaren was in the wrong. MacLaren subsequently scored his first century for two years, but he did little in the remainder of the season, at the end of which he again resigned the captaincy of Lancashire, conscious of his failing form and fitness. In all first-class cricket in 1907, he scored 829 runs at 26.74.

paragraph: Much of MacLaren's time was now taken up working for Ranjitsinhji, who visited England between October 1907 and December 1908. MacLaren played just nine matches in 1908; Lancashire were eager for him to play, but he had little impact. His greatest success came for the Gentlemen against the Players at the Oval, when he shared a partnership of 141 with C. B. Fry. In total, he scored 428 runs at an average of 28.53. Meanwhile, Ranjitsinhji lived extravagantly in Sussex, running up huge bills and ignoring most attempts to make him pay. MacLaren was involved in several cases which resulted in either legal action or complaint to the India Office. When an artist had to go to court to make Ranjitsinhji pay for work she had done, MacLaren's attempts to delay and obstruct her caused the India Office, in its adjudication, to describe him as Ranjitsinhji's "ridiculous private secretary". In October, MacLaren was taken to court himself over non-payment of rent. He had a house close to Ranjitsinhji's residence, and claimed in court that Ranjitsinhji rented the house on his behalf, and, as a ruling prince, could not be prosecuted. The magistrates disagreed, ruled MacLaren liable, and forced him to pay—although Ranjitsinhji probably paid for him.

paragraph: In his biography of Ranjitsinhji, Simon Wilde suggests that MacLaren had to work very hard for his employer in this period, and found little time for cricket. In addition, his batting form was poor throughout, and he seemed to be in bad physical condition when he occasionally found time to play. Before Ranjitsinhji returned to India, MacLaren resigned as his secretary—although he went with him to India for a holiday. According to Wilde, the resignation was to allow MacLaren to play more regularly, but "he never really recovered his form". In summarising Ranjitsinhji's life at this time, Wilde suggests that his unreliability with money was quite calculated, and writes: "Many of his off-the-field exploits with A. C. MacLaren ... will probably never be known, but it seems clear that sometimes they were not averse to conducting themselves in the fashion of E. W. Hornung's fictional character Raffles, the cricketing burglar."

paragraph: Section::::Cricketing decline.:Return as England captain.

paragraph: For the 1909 season, MacLaren worked to improve his fitness prior to that summer's Test series against Australia. Jackson was first choice to lead the England team, but when he was unavailable, MacLaren was appointed captain, to the approval of critics and the public. MacLaren began the season well for Lancashire, and as Australia struggled in their early tour matches, England began the Tests as favourites to win. England won the low-scoring first match; the press praised MacLaren's deployment of fielders.

paragraph: In England's second innings Jack Hobbs, batting with Fry—whom MacLaren promoted to open the batting having done so himself in the first innings—scored the required runs to complete a ten-wicket win. Hobbs was making his first Test appearance in England, despite MacLaren's reluctance to include him in the team.

paragraph: The England selectors made several changes to the team for the second Test. Colin Blythe, a crucial bowler to the team, withdrew before the game. Other players were left out whom most commentators believed should have played, and the bowling attack was packed with medium-paced bowlers of a similar style. The report in "Wisden" suggested: "Never in the history of Test Matches in England has there been such blundering in the selection of an England eleven". The selectors later implied the controversial choices were at the behest of MacLaren, although other evidence suggests that MacLaren did not get the team he requested. England lost the game; MacLaren's reputation suffered and commentators began to blame him for the defeat. He offered his resignation, but the selectors retained him as captain and restored some of the players omitted from the second Test. When England lost the third Test after the batsmen failed, not helped by MacLaren's poor form, critics questioned his place in the team. MacLaren tried to excuse his position, suggesting in the press that he knew the team would struggle and played "in spite of my personal wishes". He also implied that the team's selection was out of his hands. When the fourth Test was rained off, England could not win the series and so Australia retained the Ashes.

paragraph: The final match of the series was drawn, mainly because the pitch heavily favoured batting. MacLaren was involved in another selection controversy when the fast bowler Claude Buckenham was left out of the England team at his instigation. The "Wisden" match report described this decision as "so grave a blunder that it is difficult to find words in which to speak of it." The "Wisden" editor, Sydney Pardon, commented: "A fatal blunder was committed in leaving out Buckenham—a blunder for which it was generally understood that MacLaren was responsible. Experts occasionally do strange things and this was one of the strangest. The idea of letting England go into the field in fine weather, on a typical Oval wicket, with no fast bowler except Sharp touched the confines of lunacy." Further issues arose over MacLaren's handling of his bowlers, and "Wisden" suggested "MacLaren was sadly at fault in his management of the England bowling". Douglas Carr, a 37-year-old, was called into the team after some success in preceding games and on the premise that the Australians would be unable to play his googly. After Carr had initial success, MacLaren kept him bowling for a long period until the player tired and was easily punished by the batsmen. In his only innings, MacLaren scored 12, and when the match ended, much of the blame for England's failures was apportioned to him. In the series, he scored 85 runs at 12.14. The Oval match was his final Test match; in 35 games he had scored 1,931 runs at 33.87. He ended the season with 613 runs at 19.77.

paragraph: Section::::Cricketing decline.:Retirement from regular cricket.

paragraph: MacLaren played regularly for Lancashire at the start of 1910, but his poor form continued until midway through the season, when he scored centuries in successive matches. He played once more for Lancashire and once for the "Gentlemen of England" before withdrawing from first-class cricket for the season, in which he scored 345 runs at 26.53. This was effectively the end of his Lancashire career and he played only sporadically for the team afterwards. He continued to play cricket, including a tour of Argentina with the MCC in 1910–11. He also played for the team of the businessman Lionel Robinson, including some first-class games, over the following seasons. During the 1914 season, MacLaren attempted to return to the Lancashire team, possibly to boost the circulation of a magazine for which he was writing. He appeared in one county match, without success, although he continued to play in other first-class games for the MCC and other teams.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.:Final cricket matches.

paragraph: After MacLaren stopped playing regularly for Lancashire, he formed a business partnership with J. N. Pentelow, a cricket writer. Pentelow was the owner of "The World of Cricket", a cricket magazine, and in 1914 MacLaren joined him in an attempt to improve its circulation. MacLaren was officially known as the editor of the publication and Pentelow his assistant, but the latter did most of the work. Pentelow was already struggling to keep the magazine going, but matters worsened after MacLaren joined. Pentelow's debts increased and by the end of 1914, the business folded; although details are obscure, Down suggests that "MacLaren's characteristic unreliability with money left Pentelow very much in the lurch."

paragraph: During the First World War, MacLaren joined the Royal Army Service Corps as a lieutenant and worked in the Manchester area recruiting men into the army. He was promoted to captain before leaving the Army on health grounds. After the war, he was employed as cricket manager for Lionel Robinson and wrote for various newspapers and cricket publications. MacLaren and his family lived for a time on Robinson's estate when their financial situation was poor. He advised Robinson on the best way to prepare cricket pitches and to organise matches which might bring about Robinson's greater acceptance in society. As part of this process, MacLaren arranged for the 1921 Australian touring team to play at Robinson's cricket ground against a team selected and captained by MacLaren himself. The Australians struggled against MacLaren's team, but went on to dominate the Test matches against England; MacLaren insisted throughout the summer that the Australian team was not as strong as it appeared, and that younger English players should be chosen. Eastbourne Cricket Club invited him to captain a team named "An England XI" against the tourists following the conclusion of the Tests. He was dismissed by critics when he claimed that he could beat the Australian team; prior to the game, the Australians were undefeated on the tour and had won 22 of their 36 games. MacLaren planned meticulously for the match; he chose an all-amateur team, selecting spin bowlers noted for their reliability and excellent fielders. Although bowled out for 43 in their first innings, MacLaren's team came back strongly to win by 28 runs, the touring team's first defeat, although his batting contribution was slight.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.:Coach and senior figure.

paragraph: Lancashire appointed MacLaren as coach for the 1922 season, to popular acclaim; he also captained the Lancashire second team. Even before he began work, his poor financial situation forced him to request two advances on his salary. As a coach, MacLaren was autocratic and demanding, but encouraged the players to think for themselves. He was unpopular with some players and clashed frequently with the Lancashire committee. During the winter of 1922–23, the MCC organised two cricket tours—a Test playing tour to South Africa and a tour to Australia and New Zealand intended to give experience to young, promising cricketers. MacLaren was chosen to captain the latter team on account of his experience and his success with young cricketers during his win over the Australians in 1921. He was given a good reception by the crowds when he played and press reports praised his tactical awareness. The team was undefeated in matches in New Zealand. Against the full New Zealand team, MacLaren scored 200 not out in 264 minutes in his final first-class innings; the effort placed a strain on his knee and he was unable to play again on the tour. He ended his first-class career with 22,236 runs at an average of 34.15.

paragraph: When the team returned to play more matches in Australia, MacLaren became involved in controversy for criticising the standards of play in New Zealand and for comments made in the press there. He also queried the first-class status of Bill Ponsford's record innings of 429, scored against Tasmania. On the journey home, MacLaren sent a message to Lancashire asking for more money; the committee declined to send the sum and shortly afterwards terminated his contract as coach. Lancashire told the press that MacLaren's knee injury meant that he could not continue.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.:Final years.

paragraph: In the following years, MacLaren and his family struggled financially. His wife's family sometimes sent money, but MacLaren often spent extravagantly whenever he had funds. On one occasion, when paid for writing an article, he moved out of his accommodation into an expensive hotel, and threw a dinner party for his friends. He ran up many debts—including an unpaid champagne bill at Old Trafford Cricket Ground in 1923—and borrowed money from friends. He supplemented his wife's income through working as a journalist and a coach. Among other business ventures, he designed a cricket bat, showed specially shot cricket films, briefly owned a hotel and attempted to start a horse bloodstock agency. He continued to play club cricket and in 1924–25 he managed a privately organised tour of South Africa.

paragraph: Shortly before the Second World War, MacLaren's wife inherited a large sum of money which enabled them to live in comfort. They bought an estate on which MacLaren had a house built, and the couple were able to live in the extravagant manner he had always wanted. Around this time, on a visit to America, MacLaren made a brief appearance in the Hollywood film "The Four Feathers", which starred his friend, former cricketer C. Aubrey Smith. In the 1940s, his health began to fail. He was hurt in a car crash and then contracted cancer. He died on 17 November 1944, aged 72; his wife died a few months later.

paragraph: Section::::Style, technique and captaincy.

paragraph: MacLaren's obituary in "The Times" stated that he was "one of the outstanding opening batsmen of all time". As a batsman, he had a reputation for stylishness, but his technique was based on scoring runs safely. He always tried to seize the initiative in a game. Batting with his head slightly raised, he drew his bat back unusually far, which provided the power to his shots, and in particular his drives. He scored runs quickly, mainly through his ability to score from good length balls. When playing a shot, he either stepped right forward or moved far back in the batting crease and having hit the ball, he followed through with the bat, often holding his pose for effect. These qualities, and his quick footwork, made him effective on difficult batting pitches. One of his most highly regarded shots was the hook. In later years, Cardus described the shot: "To see MacLaren hook a fast ball ... from the front of his face, was in those days an experience which thrilled me like heroic poetry; he didn't merely hook the ball, he dismissed it from his presence." Cardus, for whom MacLaren was a boyhood hero, wrote prolifically about him in later years; he called one such essay on MacLaren "The Noblest Roman", and judged him among the best of all batsmen. Gideon Haigh suggests: "If ever a cricketer was the creation of a single writer, it is MacLaren, the luminous majesty with which he is associated owed in very large degree to his youthful acolyte Neville Cardus." MacLaren was also a highly proficient fielder, initially in the outfield but later at slip.

paragraph: Critics have looked less favourably on MacLaren as a captain. When he assumed the leadership of England, the press were reporting on the tactical performance of captains for the first time. MacLaren was among the first captains to study tactics. However, judgements on his effectiveness have varied greatly. For most of his career, he was regarded as an excellent captain. Contemporaries praised his tactical awareness; he planned minutely, and organised his fields extremely carefully to prevent batsmen scoring through blocking their favourite shots, a technique practically unheard of at the time. He liked to alter the batting order, a tactic which often divides critics, although it frequently succeeded for MacLaren. He was less successful in managing his team. Regarded as a pessimist, he openly showed disappointment at the composition of his sides, and became downcast when the course of the match was running against him. Some of those who played under him thought that his sides were unhappy ones which operated without joy and solely concentrated on winning. He encountered many difficulties over selection; he often promoted cricketers whom he considered to show potential and consequently railed against committees which did not provide him with the players he wanted. Down suggests that MacLaren was usually correct, being more experienced and a better judge than most of those who chose the teams. Peter Wynne-Thomas describes MacLaren's approach to selection as "unorthodox", and writes that while his ideas were sometimes successful, they failed badly at other times. Apart from his own failings, MacLaren had a reputation as an unlucky captain, both in terms of losing important players to injury and illness before vital games, and in the frequency with which he lost the toss before a match. Nor was MacLaren particularly popular; in later years, several people for whom he had been a hero changed their opinion once they met him.

paragraph: In his history of the club, Peter Wynne-Thomas describes MacLaren as the dominant figure in Lancashire cricket from his debut until the First World War. Gibson accepts that MacLaren was tactically a good captain, but observes that in his 12 seasons as leader of a strong Lancashire team, he only once won the County Championship. In addition, as the appointed captain in four series against Australia, he was beaten in each one, something no other England captain has repeated. Gibson suggests that "the excuses begin to run thin, sieved through such a tale of failure." Gibson summarises that "England under MacLaren must have been a good side to watch, save for the passionate partisans, but an uncomfortable side in which to play ... Bad captain or no, with no doubt ... MacLaren was one of the most entrancing, one of the most glamorous—though that word had not come into fashion in his day—characters of his cricketing epoch."

description: Cricket player of England.

wikidata_label: Archie MacLaren

wikipedia_title: Archie MacLaren


text: British royal family

text: Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen

text: King George III of the United Kingdom

text: St James's Palace

text: William Howley

text: Bishop of London

text: King George IV

text: St James's Palace

text: intro-susception

text: Windsor Castle

text: St George's Chapel

text: Queen Victoria

categories: House of Hanover,1821 deaths,19th-century British people,1820 births,William IV of the United Kingdom,British princesses

paragraph: Princess Elizabeth of Clarence

paragraph: Princess Elizabeth of Clarence (Elizabeth Georgiana Adelaide; 10 December 1820 – 4 March 1821) was a member of the British royal family. She was the second daughter of Prince William, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews (later King William IV), and his wife, Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen. She was a granddaughter of King George III of the United Kingdom.

paragraph: After having had one child who died on the day of her birth, Princess Charlotte (27 March 1819), and suffering a stillbirth, the third pregnancy of the Duchess of Clarence also did not go as expected. The Duchess delivered a girl, almost six weeks premature, on 10 December 1820 at St James's Palace. She was christened on the day of her birth at the Palace by William Howley, then Bishop of London.

paragraph: The Duke and Duchess of Clarence had wanted to name her "Georgina", but King George IV asked that she be named "Elizabeth" instead. The couple agreed and christened her "Elizabeth Georgiana Adelaide" (or "Elizabeth-Georgiana-Adelaide").

paragraph: She lived the remainder of her days at St James's Palace. After "being suddenly seized with the fatal disease, an intro-susception of the bowels" she died shortly thereafter, aged 12 weeks. After her death, her mother suffered three more stillbirths.

paragraph: Elizabeth was buried at Windsor Castle, in St George's Chapel, on 10 March 1821. During her short life, she was ahead of her cousin, the future Queen Victoria, in the line of succession.

description: British princess

wikidata_label: Princess Elizabeth of Clarence

wikipedia_title: Princess Elizabeth of Clarence


text:
French
Jacobin
Revolution
Girondins
Nanterre
Paris
bourgeoise
"procureur"
octroi
Lafayette
orator
sans-culottes
sans-culottes
sans-culottes
September Massacres
September Massacres
National Guard
Commune
Montagnards
Girondist
Jean-Paul Marat
Fall of the Girondists
Committee of the Twelve
Girondists
Herault de Sechelles
Girondist
impeached
Hebert
Momoro
Thermidorean Reaction
Coffinhal
guillotine

categories: 18th-century French politicians,1794 deaths,People from Nanterre,1761 births,French generals

paragraph: François Hanriot

paragraph: François Hanriot (3 September 1761 – 28 July 1794) was a French Jacobin leader and street orator of the Revolution. He played a vital role in the Insurrection and subsequently the fall of the Girondins.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early years.

paragraph: François Hanriot was born to poor parents in Nanterre, a western suburb of Paris. His parents were servants to a Parisian bourgeoise which most likely helped influence his support of the Revolution later in life.

paragraph: Not a man of any specific profession, Hanriot held a variety of different jobs. He took his first employment with a "procureur" doing mostly secretarial work, but lost his position due to reasons of dishonesty. Next, he obtained a clerkship in the Paris "octroi" in 1789 doing tax work. His position here was also ill-fated, as he was again fired after leaving his station the night of 12 July 1789, when angry Parisians attempted to burn the building down. After his string of unfortunate professions, Hanriot remained unemployed and subsequently very poor.

paragraph: His next string of occupations is rather hazy in history; many people of the time connect him to a variety of professions including a shopkeeper, a peddler, and a stint as a soldier in America serving under Lafayette (whom he would later speak against to other patriot sans-culottes). He was eventually an orator for a local section of sans-culottes.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:First roles in the Revolution.

paragraph: After generating a more substantial fortune and moving to Rue de la Clef, a Parisian quarter inhabited by royalists and sans-culottes alike, in January 1792, Hanriot soon became well known for his anti-aristocratic outlook. He was strongly in favor of imposing taxes on the aristocracy, presenting them "with a bill in one hand and a pistol in the other." With this attitude he gained a loyal following of local sans-culottes and they would adopt him as their section leader in the September Massacres later that year. His involvement in the September Massacres secured his place as a soldier in the National Guard in Paris, gradually rising to the rank of captain.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:The Fall of the Girondists.

paragraph: The Spring of 1793 was a period of great political tension in Paris as the radical voices in the Commune and the Montagnards in the Convention became more overtly hostile to the ruling Girondist faction. The authorities' decision to arrest Jean-Paul Marat in April brought matters to a head, and precipitated the Fall of the Girondists in which Hanriot played a major part. On 30 May 1793 the Commune appointed Hanriot to the position of "Commandant-General" of the Parisian National Guard, and ordered him to march his troops the next day to the Palais National. The purpose of this move was to force the Convention to dissolve the Committee of the Twelve and the arrest of twenty-two select Girondists. Hanriot's troops surrounded the Convention with cannon while it was in session and throngs of sans-culotte soldiers entered the building and disrupted the sessions. The President of the Convention, Herault de Sechelles, came out to appeal to Hanriot to remove his troops, but he refused. There was no violence, but the Convention voted the arrest of 22 Girondist deputies, effectively removing that faction from power. On 11 June Hanriot resigned his command, declaring that order had been restored. On 13 June he was impeached by the Convention, but the motion was not carried. On 1 July he was elected by the Commune permanent Commander of the Armed Forces of Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:End of the Revolution.

paragraph: During the Spring of 1794 there were increasing tensions between Robespierre and the Committees on the one hand, and the Paris Commune and the sans-culottes on the other. This culminated in the arrest of Hebert, Momoro and their associates on 13 March. On 27 March the sans-culotte Revolutionary Army was disbanded and its artillery units brought under Hanriot's control. Although he was broadly supportive of the radical ideas of Hebert and his associates, Hanriot remained loyal to Robespierre.

paragraph: In July 1794 a group of Convention members organised the overthrow of Robespierre and his allies in what was known as the Thermidorean Reaction. Robespierre was first shouted down when he tried to speak at the Convention, and then the deputies voted for his arrest, along with others, including Hanriot. The deputies were held under arrest, but as Hanriot was not a deputy he remained free. When the Paris Commune heard of the arrests it began mobilising forces to free Robespierre and his allies and to take control of the Convention. Hanriot instructed the prisons of Paris to refuse admission to any prisoners sent to them by the Convention and took charge of military preparations for taking the Convention.

paragraph: Hanriot then took a unit of mounted policemen to the Tuileries Palace to try to find Robespierre and the other prisoners, intending to release them. He found them being held in the rooms of the Committee of General Security. However instead of freeing them, Hanriot was himself arrested. Robespierre and the other prisoners were taken away to various prisons, and eventually went free because none would admit them. Hanriot was kept at the Tuileries, but when the Commune learned of his arrest, they sent Coffinhal with soldiers to release him that evening, which proved easy.

paragraph: By 1 am on 28 July, Robespierre, Hanriot and the other liberated prisoners had gathered at the Hotel de Ville which was now their headquarters. The Convention responded by declaring them outlaws to be taken dead or alive, and ordering troops of its own under Barras to suppress them. Within an hour, the forces of the Commune quietly deserted the Hôtel de Ville and, at around two in the morning, troops of the Convention under the command of Barras arrived. Robespierre and a number of others were arrested. Hanriot fell from a side window and was found later in the day, unconscious, in a neighbouring courtyard. He was taken to the guillotine in the same cart as Robespierre and his brother and was executed shortly after Robespierre on 28 July 1794, only semi-conscious when led to the platform.

description: French general and revolutionary

wikidata_label: François Hanriot

wikipedia_title: François Hanriot


text:
cricket
Conservative Party
Test matches
England cricket team
Leeds
William Jackson, 1st Baron Allerton
Harrow School
fag
Winston Churchill
Trinity College, Cambridge
Cambridge University
Yorkshire
Ranjitsinhji
Blue
Alan Gibson
Wisden Cricketer of the Year
Test matches
in 1905
The Ashes
Marylebone Cricket Club
Lord Hawke
lieutenant
Harrow Volunteers
captain
King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment)
Second Boer War
South Africa
West Yorkshire Regiment
Lieutenant-Colonel
Member of Parliament
a by-election in February 1915
Howdenshire
Yorkshire
resigning his seat
Financial Secretary to the War Office
Governor of Bengal
KStJ
Bina Das
University of Calcutta
Hassan Suhrawardy
University of Calcutta
GCSI
London
Bishop of Knaresborough
History of Test cricket (1890 to 1900)

categories: Yorkshire cricketers,British Army personnel of the Second Boer War,UK MPs 1918–1922,C. I. Thornton's XI cricketers,West Yorkshire Regiment officers,King's Own Royal Regiment officers,UK MPs 1910–1918,Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India,British Army personnel of World War I,Knights of the Order of St John,Cricketers from Leeds,UK MPs 1923–1924,UK MPs 1922–1923,British sportsperson-politicians,Lord Hawke's XI cricketers,Cambridge University cricketers,England Test cricket captains,Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers,UK MPs 1924–1929,1947 deaths,Presidents of the Marylebone Cricket Club,Governors of Bengal,Chairmen of the Conservative Party (UK),English cricketers of 1890 to 1918,Gentlemen of England cricketers,Younger sons of barons,People educated at Harrow School,England Test cricketers,Wisden Leading Cricketers in the World,British Militia officers,Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire,1870 births,Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,English cricketers,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,England cricket team selectors,Presidents of Yorkshire County Cricket Club,Gentlemen cricketers,Wisden Cricketers of the Year,Deputy Lieutenants of the West Riding of Yorkshire

paragraph: Stanley Jackson

paragraph: Sir Francis Stanley Jackson (21 November 1870 – 9 March 1947), known as the Honourable Stanley Jackson during his playing career, was an English cricketer, soldier and Conservative Party politician. He played in 20 Test matches for the England cricket team between 1893 and 1905.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Jackson was born in Leeds. His father was William Jackson, 1st Baron Allerton. During Stanley's time at Harrow School his fag was fellow parliamentarian and future Prime Minister Winston Churchill. He went up to Trinity College, Cambridge in 1889.

paragraph: Section::::Cricket career.

paragraph: Jackson played for Cambridge University, Yorkshire and England. He spotted the talent of Ranjitsinhji when the latter, owing to his unorthodox batting and his race, was struggling to find a place for himself in the university side, and as captain was responsible for Ranji's inclusion in the Cambridge First XI and the awarding of his Blue. According to Alan Gibson this was "a much more controversial thing to do than would seem possible to us now". He was named a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1894.

paragraph: He captained England in five Test matches in 1905, winning two and drawing three to retain The Ashes. Captaining England for the first time, he won all five tosses and topped the batting and bowling averages for both sides, with 492 runs at 70.28 and 13 wickets at 15.46. These were the last of his 20 Test matches, all played at home as he could not spare the time to tour. Jackson still holds the Test record for the most matches in a career without playing away from home.

paragraph: An orthodox batsman with a penchant for forcing strokes in front of square on both sides of the wicket he was regarded as a very sound player of fast bowling. His own bowling was a brisk fast medium, with a good off cutter his main weapon. While his commitments outside of cricket limited the number of games he played he was a key member of the very strong Yorkshire sides who won 6 county championships during his career (although this did include 1901 when Jackson did not appear in the county championship). His performances in 1896 and 1898 in particular showed what his statistics could have been if he had been able to dedicate more time, scoring over 1,000 championship runs at better than 40.00 in each season and taking over 100 wickets across the two seasons at an average of under 20.

paragraph: He was also the first batsman to be dismissed for nervous 90's on test debut.

paragraph: Gibson wrote of him as a cricketer that he had "a toughness of character, a certain ruthlessness behind the genial exterior... He does not seem to have been a particularly popular man, though he was always a deeply respected one."

paragraph: He was President of the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1921.

paragraph: Jackson succeeded Lord Hawke as President of Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1938 after Hawke's death and held the post until his own death in 1947.

paragraph: Section::::Military and political career.

paragraph: Jackson was a lieutenant in the Harrow Volunteers when he was on 16 January 1900 appointed captain in 3rd (Militia) Battalion of the King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment). He left with his battalion in February 1900 to serve in the Second Boer War, and arrived in South Africa the following month. He transferred to the West Yorkshire Regiment as a Lieutenant-Colonel in 1914.

paragraph: He was elected as a Member of Parliament at a by-election in February 1915, representing Howdenshire (Yorkshire) until resigning his seat on 3 November 1926. He served as Financial Secretary to the War Office 1922–23. In 1927 he was appointed Governor of Bengal and in that year was knighted with the GCIE and was made a member of the Privy Council. In 1928 while he was Governor of Bengal, he inaugurated The Malda District Central Co-operative Bank Ltd in Malda District of Bengal to promote co-operative movements. He was awarded the KStJ in 1932.

paragraph: In 1932, he sidestepped and ducked five pistol shots fired at close range by a girl student named Bina Das in the Convocation Hall of the University of Calcutta. Escaping unharmed and smiling, "[e]ven before the smoke had blown away, the Governor resumed his speech amid cheers." The attacker was tackled and disarmed by Lieutenant-Colonel Hassan Suhrawardy (the first Muslim Vice Chancellor of the University of Calcutta), who was knighted by the King for his heroism. Later that year, Jackson was appointed GCSI.

paragraph: Section::::Funeral.

paragraph: Jackson died in London of complications following a road accident. Recalling his funeral, the Bishop of Knaresborough remarked "As I gazed down on the rapt faces of that vast congregation, I could see how they revered him as though he were the Almighty, though, of course, infinitely stronger on the leg side."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Test cricket (1890 to 1900)

description: English cricketer

wikidata_label: Stanley Jackson

wikipedia_title: Stanley Jackson


text:
railways
Diplomatic Service
2nd Baron Monkswell
peer
Parliament Act 1911
House of Lords
Ezra Pound
capitalism
The New Age
the General Strike of 1926
signalman
Marylebone Railway Station

categories: 1875 births,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,1964 deaths

paragraph: Robert Collier, 3rd Baron Monkswell

paragraph: Robert Alfred Hardcastle Collier, 3rd Baron of Monkswell (13 December 1875 – 14 January 1964), known as Robert Collier before 1909, was a British aristocrat and writer on railways.

paragraph: He joined the Diplomatic Service, and in April 1902 was appointed Third Secretary.

paragraph: Collier succeeded to the barony in 1909 on the death of the 2nd Baron Monkswell, his father. He was one of 112 peers (known as the "diehards") to vote against the Parliament Act 1911 in the House of Lords.

paragraph: Ezra Pound accused Lord Monkswell of displaying arrogance in his faith in capitalism, in an article he penned for "The Globe" in its last issue of 1919. Monkswell is quoted as writing there, "A man without any tools can produce nothing" to which Pound replied, in "The New Age" Vol. 26 #12, January 22, 1920, "Loophole being that one can make poems out of mere words, and that many have done so; but lacking speech one can say nothing".

paragraph: During the General Strike of 1926, Lord Monkswell worked as a signalman at Marylebone Railway Station.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: See Lord Monkswell's Notebooks reproduced in Railway Archive Nos. 35 and 36 and letter from Robert Humm in latter

description: British baron

wikidata_label: Robert Collier, 3rd Baron Monkswell

wikipedia_title: Robert Collier, 3rd Baron Monkswell


text:
Mombeltrán
Ávila Province
Lima
Spanish
Chile
Royal Governor
Cartagena de Indias
Santa Marta
Peru
Pedro de Valdivia
Santiago
encomienda
Tirúa
Francisco de Villagra
Arauco War
Lautaro
Battle of Peteroa
Viceroy of Peru
Diego López de Zúñiga y Velasco
Arauco
Angol
Concepción
Mapuche
Lorenzo Bernal del Mercado
toqui
Illangulién
Battle of Angol
Siege of Concepcion
Reinohuelen
Tolmillán
Bio-Bio River
Lope García de Castro
Rodrigo de Quiroga

categories: Captaincy General of Chile,1513 births,People from the Province of Ávila,Royal Governors of Chile,Spanish explorers,1577 deaths,Spanish generals

paragraph: Pedro de Villagra

paragraph: Pedro de Villagra y Martínez (Mombeltrán, Ávila Province ; 1513 - Lima; September 11, 1577) was a Spanish soldier who participated in the conquest of Chile, being appointed its Royal Governor between 1563 and 1565.

paragraph: His father was Juan de Villagra, a minor civil official. In 1537 he moved from Spain to Cartagena de Indias, then to Santa Marta and later Peru. He arrived in Chile with the expedition of Pedro de Valdivia.

paragraph: With the founding of Santiago, Villagra held for 4 years the post of the city's mayor. Valdivia also granted him an "encomienda" in Tirúa. After the death of the governor, he moved back to Peru, where he married Beatriz de Figueroa.

paragraph: He returned to Chile when his nephew (cousin?) Francisco de Villagra was governor for the first time. He fought in the Arauco War and took command of the southern forces when the governor became ill. In 1556 he commanded the forces that drove Lautaro back from Santiago in the Battle of Peteroa.

paragraph: He again commanded forces under Francisco de Villagra when he became governor again in 1561. When Francisco de Villagra died on June 22, 1563, he left Pedro de Villagra as interim governor. This was later confirmed by the Viceroy of Peru, Diego López de Zúñiga y Velasco. His military strategy led him to concentrate his forces, vacating the fort Arauco in order to reinforce Angol and Concepción. Some of the worst Mapuche defeats would be suffered through the attack on Angol, where the garrisoning forces led by Lorenzo Bernal del Mercado inflicted over a thousand of casualties and killed the toqui Illangulién in the Battle of Angol. Later he headed a new campaign in the south, relieving the Siege of Concepcion and resulting in the victorious battles of Reinohuelen and Tolmillán against the Mapuches north of the Bio-Bio River. This series of defeats resulted in a few years of apparent peace between the Spanish and Mapuche.

paragraph: With the death of the viceroy López de Zúñiga y Velasco in 1564 the political situation deteriorated for Villagra. In 1565, at the orders of the new viceroy Lope García de Castro, he was replaced by Rodrigo de Quiroga, arrested, and sent to Peru, where he managed to clear his name. After his absolution he petitioned the king for the reparations he believed himself due, but he never received a response.

paragraph: He died in Lima on September 11, 1577.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: This article was translated from the Spanish wiki on March 22-3, 2006.

description: Spanish general

wikidata_label: Pedro de Villagra

wikipedia_title: Pedro de Villagra


text: Rajab

text: Rabi' al-thani

text: CE

text: Safar

text: Husayn ibn Ali

text: Ali Zaynul-Abidin

text: Ali al-Akbar

text: Ali al-Asghar

text: Fatimah as-Sughra and Fatimah al-Kubra

text: Yazid

text: Battle of Karbala

text: Muharram

text: ‘Âshûrá’

text: Mecca

text: Kufa

text: Iraq

text: Karbala

text: Yazid

text: Muawiyyah

text: Caliph

text: Muharram

text: household

text: Shaam

text: Scholar

text: Mosque

text: Adnanites

text: Arabs

text: Banu Hashim

text: Family tree of Husayn ibn Ali

text: Fatimah bint Muhammad

text: Fatimah bint Musa

text: Quraysh

text: Sayyidah Ruqayyah of Cairo

text: Semite

text: ‘Ammar

text: Sumayyah bint Khayyat

text: Yasir ibn ʿAmir ibn Malik al-ʿAnsi

text: Yahya

text: ibn

text: Zakariyya

text: Sakina

text: Sakina, the young Hashemite princess

categories: Family of Muhammad,676 births,Women in war in the Middle East,7th-century women,Women in medieval warfare,Muslim martyrs,Arab women,730s deaths,Battle of Karbala

image: 512px-تخطيط_اسم_السيدة_رقية_بنت_الإمام_الحسين.jpg

paragraph: Sukayna bint Husayn

paragraph: Ruqayyah bint Al-Ḥusayn () (born on the 20th of Rajab, 56 AH – 5 Rabi' al-thani, 60 / 61 AH or 676 CE; died on the 13th of Safar, 60 / 61 AH or 680 / 681 CE), was the daughter of Husayn ibn Ali and Rubab bint Imra al-Qais ibn Adi bin Aws. Her brothers included Ali Zaynul-Abidin, Ali al-Akbar, and Ali al-Asghar. Her sisters included Fatimah as-Sughra and Fatimah al-Kubra, with the latter also being called 'Sakinah'.

paragraph: Section::::Narrative.

paragraph: The story of Sakinah is one of the many emotional stories that Muslims tell about Husayn and his martyrdom at the hands of Yazid's troops. The Battle of Karbala and the subsequent events at the court of Yazid are explained and mourned annually during the commemoration of the 10th of Muharram, also known as ‘Âshûrá’ (, tenth day).

paragraph: Section::::Narrative.:Journey to Iraq and Shaam.

paragraph: She accompanied her father when he traveled from Mecca to Kufah in Iraq. On the 2nd of Muharram, 61 AH (680 CE), Husain and 72 of his family members and companions were forced to camp in the plains of Karbala by Yazid's army of 30,000 men. Yazid ibn Muawiyyah was the practical Caliph who desired religious authority by obtaining the allegiance of Husain, but the Imam would not give up his principles. On the 10th of Muharram, the Imam's household was attacked, a number of his companions were killed, and the survivors were made captives. The survivors included the Imam's sisters, wife, and daughters, including Sakinah, relatives of companions of the Imam, and his son, Ali Zaynul-Abidin, who did not participate in the battle, due to an illness. Sakinah, as with others, had been grieved over the killings. They had also suffered from thirst.

paragraph: The survivors were marched by Yazid's army from Karbala to Kufah, where Sakinah received water from a sympathetic woman, and then to Damascus in Shaam. There was a lack of pity from the captors' part during the journey. Even at these times of hardship and misery, Ruqayyah was sympathetic to others, such as her mother, whom she consoled her mother on the death of Ali al-Asghar.

paragraph: Centuries later, an "‘Ālim" (, Scholar) had a dream in which Sakinah asked him to move her body from the grave to another site, due to water pouring into her grave. He and some people opened the grave, and saw that ground water was indeed entering the grave, besides that her body was still intact. Sakinah's body was moved from its original burial place, the dungeon, and reburied where her Mosque is now located.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adnanites

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arabs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Banu Hashim

paragraph: BULLET::::- Family tree of Husayn ibn Ali

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fatimah bint Muhammad

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fatimah bint Musa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quraysh

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sayyidah Ruqayyah of Cairo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Semite

paragraph: BULLET::::- Umm ‘Ammar Sumayyah bint Khayyat, wife of Yasir ibn ʿAmir ibn Malik al-ʿAnsi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yahya ibn Zakariyya

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Momen, Moojan "An Introduction to Shi'a Islam", Yale University Press, 1985.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sakina

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sakina, the young Hashemite princess

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poem for Bibi Sakina(A.S) by Mahmood Abu Shahbaaz Londoni

description: daughter of Husayn ibn Ali

wikidata_label: Sukayna bint Husayn

wikipedia_title: Sukayna bint Husayn