text:
Bouxwiller
Philipp II of Hanau-Lichtenberg
Anna of Isenburg-Büdingen
War of the Succession of Landshut
Bavaria
Electorate of the Palatinate
imperial ban
King of the Romans
Maximilian I
Wilhelm II, Landgrave of Hesse
district
Babenhausen
Bohemian
Landshut War of Succession
imperial ban
condominium
Groß-Umstadt
Otzberg Castle
Landgraviate of Hesse
enfeoffed
district
Babenhausen
Kleestadt
Langstadt
Ludwig
Reinhard
Strasbourg
Zweibrücken-Bitsch
condominia
Willstätt
Brumath
German Peasants' War
Neuwiller-lès-Saverne
Antoine
Aulic Council
Reichskammergericht
feud
Franz von Sickingen
Duntzenheim
Worms
Speyer
Regensburg
Maximilian I
Karl V
Ferdinand I
Elector Palatine
Württemberg
bank
Reformation
Johannes Anglicus
Archbishopric of Mainz
Roman-Catholic
Philipp IV
Babenhausen
Palace Museum Darmstadt
Baden-Baden
Margravine
Sibylle of Baden
Christoph I
florins
Johanna
Eberstein Castle
Gernsbach
Wilhelm IV of Eberstein
nun
abbess
Marienborn Abbey
Babenhausen
Philipp IV
Die Deutschen Inschriften

categories: 1482 births,1538 deaths,Counts of Hanau-Lichtenberg

paragraph: Philipp III, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg

paragraph: Philipp III of Hanau-Lichtenberg (18 October 1482 – 15 May 1538, Bouxwiller ()) was the third Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg.

paragraph: Section::::Childhood and youth.

paragraph: Philipp III was the eldest son of Count Philipp II of Hanau-Lichtenberg and his wife Anna of Isenburg-Büdingen.

paragraph: During the War of the Succession of Landshut (1503–1505) between Bavaria and the Electorate of the Palatinate, Philipp's father had remained neutral. Philipp, however, had sided with the Palatinate and against his father. The Palatinate side lost the war and an imperial ban was issued by the King of the Romans and later Emperor, Maximilian I, against their leaders, who were accused of breaching the peace. Wilhelm II, Landgrave of Hesse was tasked with enforcing this ban. He destroyed the rural district of Babenhausen before Philipp II managed, with Maximilian I's help, and the fact that Babenhausen, as a Bohemian fief, indirectly belonged to the Habsburg family, to curb the campaign against his possessions. Nevertheless, Maximilian I resented Philipp III for having fought on the losing side.

paragraph: Section::::Government.

paragraph: Due to his siding with the Palatinate during the Landshut War of Succession, Count Philipp III was under an imperial ban when he succeeded his father in 1504. The final settlement of the war at the Diet of Cologne in 1505 required him to assign his half share in the condominium of Groß-Umstadt and Otzberg Castle to the Landgraviate of Hesse, as compensation for Hesse's war costs. After this settlement, the situation calmed down and the imperial ban was lifted. In 1506, he was again enfeoffed with the district of Babenhausen by King Maximilian I of Bohemia and he was even appointed as an imperial councillor. Nearly two decades later, in 1521, he was partly compensated by Hesse and the Palatinate for his losses after the Landshut War of Succession, with Kleestadt and Langstadt and cash payment of . So in the end, his losses were not that big.

paragraph: Philipp III had to share his inheritance with his younger brothers Ludwig and Reinhard. They decided not to divide the county. In 1513, Ludwig received the district of Buchsweiler, but he later swapped it for an annual pension of 500 florins plus the right to use the Hanau-Lichtenberg residence in Strasbourg. Some territory was assigned to Reinhard, but this fell back to Philipp III when Reinhard died.

paragraph: After long negotiations, Philipp reached an agreement with his relatives of the House of Zweibrücken-Bitsch. The condominia of Willstätt and Brumath were divided, with Hanau-Lichtenberg receiving Willstätt and Zweibrücken-Bitsch receiving Brumath.

paragraph: The German Peasants' War also happened during Philipp's reign. On behalf of the Palatinate, he fought against farmers in the Hettgau region, including his own subjects. At the same time, he took advantage of the unrest and invaded the monastery at Neuwiller-lès-Saverne and plundered it. The situation slipped out of his control and on 6 May 1525, farmers looted his castle in Bouxwiller. He had to call in Duke Antoine of Lorraine for help. Antoine defeated the peasants and the 18 municipalities of the Buchsweiler district submitted themselves to Philipp III again. They were sentenced to heavy fines and had to swear a new oath of allegiance. They also had to abandon their weapons and gatherings were banned.

paragraph: Philipp III was not squeamish. For example, Albrecht von Berwangen, one of his officials, had gone on strike, because his salary had not been paid. Philipp had killed Albrecht and had to answer to murder charges before both the Aulic Council and the Reichskammergericht. He pleaded self-defense — not very credible because of the mangled condition of the corpse. Philipp was sentenced to a fine of 500 florins. The victim's brother felt that that was not enough. He declared a feud on Philipp and allied himself with Franz von Sickingen. Together, they looted the Hanau-Lichtenberg village of Duntzenheim.

paragraph: Philipp also had a never-ending series of disputes with the City of Strasbourg, due to their conflicting economic, religious and political interests.

paragraph: He participated in the diets of Worms in 1521, Speyer in 1526 and Regensburg in 1532. He was imperial councillor under Maximilian I and Karl V and also Councillor to Archduke Ferdinand I, the Elector Palatine and the Duke of Württemberg.

paragraph: In 1528 he founded a hospital in Buchsweiler. He also created an "endowment fund" to finance the hospital. This fund developed over the years in the largest bank in the county.

paragraph: Section::::Reformation.

paragraph: Under the reign of Count Philipp III, the Reformation slowly took hold in the County of Hanau-Lichtenberg from 1525 onwards. For example, the practice of "" was banned. On the other hand, Johannes Anglicus, who spread the new doctrine in the county, was sent into exile. Philipp III proceeded very carefully on this matter, because of the political consequences. Factors he was taking into account included the revolutionary ideas that had been spread among the peasants, his foreign policy, in particular with regard to the neighbouring Archbishopric of Mainz, his aversion to the bourgeois, Protestant Strasbourg and his wife, who was devoted uncompromisingly to the Roman-Catholic faith.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: A few years before his death, Philipp III became ill and handed the reins of government to his son and successor, Philipp IV.

paragraph: Philipp III died on 15 May 1538 in Buchsweiler and was buried in the family crypt in the St. Nikolaus Church in Babenhausen. His grave stone can still be seen in the church and his funeral shield is on display in the Palace Museum Darmstadt.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Philipp III married on 24 . January 1504 in Baden-Baden with Margravine Sibylle of Baden (born: 26 April 1485; died: 10 July 1518), daughter of the Margrave Christoph I of Baden-Sponheim. She brought a dowry of 5000 florins into the marriage. They had six children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Johanna (born: 1507; died: 27 January 1572 at Eberstein Castle in Gernsbach), married on 6 November 1522 Count Wilhelm IV of Eberstein (born: 3 May 1497; died: 1 July 1562).

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Christophora (born: 1509, died: 7 March 1582), a nun from November 1526 and later the last nun abbess of Marienborn Abbey, reverted to secular status in 1559, after the dissolution of the monastery.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Amalia (born: 1512, died: 5 February 1578), nun in Marienborn Abbey from November 1526, secular after dissolution of the monastery in 1559, buried on 7 February 1578 in the St. Nikolaus church in Babenhausen.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Felicitas (born: 5 March 1513; died: November 1513).

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Philipp IV (born: 20 October 1514; died: 19 February 1590).

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Felicitas (born: 1516; died: 27 August 1551? at Babenhausen or, according to other sources, after 1559), nun in Marienborn Abbey from November 1526.

paragraph: Section::::References and sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johannes Beinert: "Der Zug Straßburgs gegen Graf Philipp III. von Hanau-Lichtenberg", in: "Jahrbuch für Geschichte, Sprache und Literatur Elsaß-Lothringens", vol. 24, 1908, p. 33 ff

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. Goltzené: "Aus der Geschichte des Amtes Buchsweiler", in: "Pay d’Alsace", vol. 111/112, p. 64 ff

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. G. Lehmann: "Urkundliche Geschichte der Grafschaft Hanau-Lichtenberg im unteren Elsasse". two vols., 1862 (?), reprinted Pirmasens, 1970.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilhelm Morhardt: "Hanau alt's - in Ehren b'halt's - Die Grafen von Hanau-Lichtenberg in Geschichte und Geschichten" = "Babenhausen einst und jetzt", vol. 10, Babenhausen, 1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sebastian Scholz: "Die Inschriften der Stadt Darmstadt und des Landkreises Darmstadt-Dieburg und Groß-Gerau" = "Die Deutschen Inschriften" vol. 49, Mainzer Reihe vol. 6, edited by the Akademie der Wissenschaften Mainz, Wiesbaden, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sebastian Scholz: "Ein Totenschild für Graf Philipp III. von Hanau-Lichtenberg", in: "Beiträge zur Geschichte der Grafschaft Hanau-Lichtenberg. Herausgegeben zum 20-jährigen Jubiläum der Partnerschaft zwischen den beiden ehemaligen gräflichen Residenzstädten Babenhausen und Bouxwiller" = "Babenhausen einst und jetzt", vol. 31, 2004, p. 31 ff

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reinhard Suchier: "Genealogie des Hanauer Grafenhauses". In: Festschrift des Hanauer Geschichtsvereins zu seiner fünfzigjährigen Jubelfeier am 27. August 1894", Hanau, 1894

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ernst J. Zimmermann: "Hanau Stadt und Land", third edition, Hanau, 1919, reprinted 1978

description: Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg

wikidata_label: Philip III, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg

wikipedia_title: Philipp III, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg


text: Xšâyathiya Xšâyathiyânâm

text: Persia

text: Darius II

text: Parysatis

text: Old Persian

text: Amyrtaeus

text: Pasargadae

text: Cyrus the Younger

text: Asia Minor

text: Tissaphernes

text: Caria

text: Pisidians

text: Sparta

text: Cilicia

text: Cyrus the Younger

text: Ten Thousand

text: Battle of Cunaxa

text: Mithridates

text: Xenophon

text: Anabasis

text: Spartan

text: Corinthian war

text: Sparta

text: Agesilaus II

text: Asia Minor

text: Timocrates of Rhodes

text: Athenians

text: Thebans

text: Corinth

text: Darics

text: Achaemenid coinage

text: Sparta

text: Corinthian War

text: Plutarch

text: Toxotai

text: Daric

text: Battle of Cnidus

text: Hellespontine Phrygia

text: Pharnabazus II

text: Conon

text: Peloponnesia

text: Treaty of Antalcidas

text: Ionia

text: Aeolis

text: campaigned against the Cadusians

text: Egypt

text: Pharnabazus

text: Hellespontine Phrygia

text: Phoenicia

text: Iphicrates

text: Chabrias

text: Nectanebo I

text: Chabrias

text: Iphicrates

text: Mendes

text: Pelusium

text: Nectanebo I

text: Diodorus Siculus

text: Cornelius Nepos

text: Iphicrates

text: Pelusiac

text: Nile

text: Memphis

text: Nile flood

text: Datames

text: Satraps' Revolt

text: Great Satraps' Revolt

text: Datames

text: Pharnabazus II

text: Egypt

text: Cappadocia

text: Sparta

text: Theban hegemony

text: Theban–Spartan War

text: Philiscus of Abydos

text: Ariobarzanes

text: Delphi

text: Messenia

text: Chersonese

text: Thebes

text: Ariobarzanes

text: Agesilaus II

text: Timotheus

text: Chabrias

text: Tachos

text: Palace of Darius I at Susa

text: Ecbatana

text: apadana

text: Persepolis

text: Naqsh-e Rustam

text: "Inscription A2Pa"

text: Satrap Revolt

text: rebellion of Egypt

text: Palace of Darius in Susa

text: eunuchs

text: high priest Johanan

text: Elephantine papyri

text: Darius II

text: Ezra

text: Ezra 6:1

text: Ezra 7:1

text: Amongst others

text: Ahasuerus

text: Book of Esther

text: Plutarch

text: Artaxerxes II Mnemon

text: Deinon

text: Ctesias

text: hypocoristicon

text: Berossus

text: Bar-Hebraeus

text: John of Ephesus

text: Stateira

text: Phocaea

text: Pericles

text: Stateira

text: Artaxerxes I

text: History of Persia

text: The Anabasis

text: Ten Thousand (Greek)

text: Artaxerxes by Plutarch

text: R.J. van der Spek

categories: 5th-century BC Iranian people,4th-century BC rulers,358 BC deaths,4th-century BC Babylonian kings,4th-century BC Kings of the Achaemenid Empire,5th-century BC Babylonian kings,5th-century BC Kings of the Achaemenid Empire,430s BC births,5th-century BC rulers,Anabasis (Xenophon),4th-century BC Iranian people,Artaxerxes II of Persia,Babylonian captivity,Kings of the Achaemenid Empire

paragraph: Artaxerxes II of Persia

paragraph: Artaxerxes II Mnemon (, meaning "whose reign is through truth") was the King of Kings (Xšâyathiya Xšâyathiyânâm) of Persia from 404 BC until his death in 358 BC. He was a son of Darius II and Parysatis.

paragraph: Greek authors gave him the epithet "Mnemon" (, in Old Persian: "abiataka"), meaning "remembering; having a good memory".

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.

paragraph: Darius II died in 404 BC, just before the final victory of the Egyptian general, Amyrtaeus, over the Persians in Egypt.

paragraph: His successor was his eldest son Arsames who was crowned as Artaxerxes II in Pasargadae.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.:Dynastic conflict with Cyrus the Younger (401 BC).

paragraph: Before Artaxerxes II could take to the throne he encountered an issue that would threaten his legitimacy as ruler of the Achaemenid Empire. Cyrus the Younger, who at the time was the appointed governor of Asia Minor had also made claims to the throne. These claims of dethroning Artaxerxes II came to his attention from Tissaphernes who was a satrap of Caria at the time. Tissapherenes noted that Cyrus the Younger's claims to be on a military expedition to attack the Pisidians had many flaws that led him to believe that Cyrus was planning to revolt. These claims became realized when Cyrus began to seek political support for his campaign. Cyrus found support with Sparta who sent soldiers to aid the campaign against Artaxerxes II. Notably Cyrus found support with a Persian kingdom of Cilicia who contributed to the effort through funds. During this time due to Tissaphernes reports Artaxerxes II began to build up a force to contend with his younger brothers revolt.

paragraph: By the time of Darius II's death, Cyrus had already been successful in defeating the Syrians and Cilicians and was commanding a large army made up of his initial supporters plus those who had joined him in Phrygia and beyond.

paragraph: Upon hearing of his father's death, Cyrus the Younger declared his claim to the throne, based on the argument that he was born to Darius and Parysatis after Darius had ascended to the throne, while Artaxerxes was born prior to Darius II gaining the throne .

paragraph: Artaxerxes II initially wanted to resolve the conflict peacefully, however the negotiations fell through. Cyrus also ran into issues with the locals who were loyal to Artaxerxes. Artaxerxes defended his position against his brother Cyrus the Younger who, with the aid of a large army of Greek mercenaries called the "Ten Thousand", attempted to usurp the throne. Though Cyrus' mixed army fought to a tactical victory at the Battle of Cunaxa in Babylon (401 BC), Cyrus himself was killed in the exchange by Mithridates, rendering his victory irrelevant. (The Greek historian Xenophon, himself one of the leaders of the Greek troops, would later recount this battle in the "Anabasis", focusing on the struggle of the now-stranded Greek mercenaries to return home.)

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Artaxerxes became involved in a war with Persia's erstwhile allies, the Spartans, during the Corinthian war (395-387 BC). The Spartans under their king Agesilaus II had started by invading Asia Minor in 396-395 BC. In order to redirect the Spartans' attention to Greek affairs, Artaxerxes subsidized their enemies through his envoy Timocrates of Rhodes: in particular the Athenians, Thebans and Corinthians received massives subsidies. Tens of thousands of Darics, the main currency in Achaemenid coinage, were used to bribe the Greek states to start a war against Sparta. These subsidies helped to engage the Spartans in what would become known as the Corinthian War. According to Plutarch, Agesilaus said upon leaving Asia Minor "I have been driven out by 10,000 Persian archers", a reference to "Archers" ("Toxotai") the Greek nickname for the Darics from their obverse design, because that much money had been paid to politicians in Athens and Thebes in order to start a war against Sparta.

paragraph: The Achaemenids, allied with Athens, managed to utterly destroy the Spartan fleet at the Battle of Cnidus (494 BC). After that the Achaemenid satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia Pharnabazus II together with former Athenian admiral Conon, raided the coasts of Peloponnesia, putting increased pressure on the Spartans. This encouraged the resurgence of Athens, which started to bring back under her control the Greek cities of Asia Minor, thus worrying Artaxerxes II that his Athenian allies were becoming too powerful.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Conflict against Sparta (396-387 BC).:Final agreement with Sparta (387 BC).

paragraph: In 386 BC, Artaxerxes II betrayed his allies and came to an arrangement with Sparta, and in the Treaty of Antalcidas he forced his erstwhile allies to come to terms. This treaty restored control of the Greek cities of Ionia and Aeolis on the Anatolian coast to the Persians, while giving Sparta dominance on the Greek mainland. In 385 BC he campaigned against the Cadusians.

paragraph: Although successful against the Greeks, Artaxerxes had more trouble with the Egyptians, who had successfully revolted against him at the beginning of his reign. An attempt to reconquer Egypt in 373 BC under the command of Pharnabazus, satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, was completely unsuccessful, but in his waning years the Persians did manage to defeat a joint Egyptian–Spartan effort to conquer Phoenicia.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Egypt campaign (373 BC).:Unfolding of the Egyptian campaign.

paragraph: In 377 BC, Pharnabazus was reassigned by Artaxerxes II to help command a military expedition into rebellious Egypt, having proven his ability against the Spartans.

paragraph: After 4 years of preparations in the Levant, Pharnabazus gathered an expeditionary force had 200,000 Persian troops, 300 triremes, 200 galleys, and 12,000 Greeks under Iphicrates. The Achaemenid Empire had also been applying pressure on Athens to recall the Greek general Chabrias, who was in the service of the Egyptians, but in vain. The Egyptian ruler Nectanebo I was thus supported by Athenian General Chabrias and his mercenaries.

paragraph: The Achaemenid force landed in Egypt with the Athenian general Iphicrates near Mendes in 373 BC. The expedition force was too slow, giving time to the Egyptians to strengthen defenses. Pharnabazus and Iphicrates appeared before Pelusium, but retired without attacking it, Nectanebo I, king of Egypt, having added to its former defences by laying the neighboring lands under water, and blocking up the navigable channels of the Nile by embankments. (Diodorus Siculus xv. 42; Cornelius Nepos, "Iphicrates" c. 5.) Fortifications on the Pelusiac branch of the Nile ordered by Nectanebo forced the enemy fleet to seek another way to sail up the Nile. Eventually the fleet managed to find its way up the less-defended Mendesian branch. At this point, the mutual distrust that had arisen between Iphicrates and Pharnabazus prevented the enemy from reaching Memphis. Then the annual Nile flood and the Egyptian defenders' resolve to defend their territory turned what had initially appeared as certain defeat for Nectanebo I and his troops into a complete victory.

paragraph: After several weeks the Persians, and their Greek mercenaries under Iphicrates, had to reembark. The expedition against Egypt had failed. It was the end of the career of Pharnabazus, who was now over 70 years old. Pharnabazes was replaced by Datames to lead a second expedition to Egypt, but he failed and then started the "Satraps' Revolt" against the Great King.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Revolt of the Satraps (372-362 BC).

paragraph: The Achaemenid defeat in Egypt led to unrest among the Achaemenid nobility. From 372 BC many western satrapies of the Achaemenid Empire started to rebel against Artaxerxes II, in the Great Satraps' Revolt, starting with the powerful satrap Datames. Following the failure of Pharnabazus II in Egypt, Datames had been entrusted by the Persian king with the chief command of a force designed for the recovery of Egypt. But the machinations of his enemies at the Persian court, and the risks to which he was in consequence exposed, induced him to change his plan, and throw off his allegiance to the king. He withdrew with the troops under his command into Cappadocia, and made common cause with the other satraps who were revolting from Persia.

paragraph: The Pharaoh Nectanebo provided financial support to the rebelling satraps and re-established ties with both Sparta and Athens. Artaxerxes II finally quashed the Revolt of the Satraps by 362 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Peace mediation in the Theban–Spartan War (368-366 BC).

paragraph: Artaxerxes again attempted to mediate in conflicts between the Greek city-states at the time of the Theban hegemony, especially the Theban–Spartan War. He sent Philiscus of Abydos, a hyparch ('vice-regents') and military commander of the Achaemenid satrap Ariobarzanes, to Delphi in order to help the Greek negotiate peace. The objective of Philicus of Abydos was such to help broker a Common Peace between the Greek belligerants reunited at Delphi. The negotiation collapsed when Thebes refused to return Messenia to the Spartans.

paragraph: Before returning to Abydos, Philicus used Achaemenid funds to finance an army for the Spartans, suggesting that he was acting in support of the Spartans from the beginning. With the Achaemenid financing of a new army, Sparta was able to continue the war. Among the mercenaries whom he had recruited, Philiscus gave 2,000 to the Spartans. He also probably provided funds to the Athenians and promised them, on behalf of the King, to help them recover the Chersonese militarily. Both Philiscus and Ariobarzanes were made citizens of Athens, a remarkable honor suggesting important services rendered to the city-state.

paragraph: During autumn of 367 BCE, first the Spartans, soon followed by the Athenians, the Arcadians, the Argives, the Eleans, the Thebans and other Greek city-states sent envoys to Susa in attempts to obtain the support of Achaemenid king Artaxerxes II in the Greek conflict. The Achaemenid king proposed a new peace treaty, this time highly tilted in favour of Thebes, which required Messenia to remain independent and that the Athenian fleet to be dismantled. This Peace proposal was rejected by most Greek parties except Thebes.

paragraph: Sparta and Athens, dissatified with the Persian king's support of Thebes, decided to provide careful military support to the opponents of the Achaemenid king. Athens and Sparta provided support for the revolted satraps, in particular Ariobarzanes: Sparta sent a force to Ariobarzanes under an aging Agesilaus II, while Athens sent a force under Timotheus, which was however diverted when it became obvious that Ariobarzanes had entered frontal conflict with the Achaemenid king. An Athenian mercenary force under Chabrias was also sent to the Egyptian Pharao Tachos, who was also fighting against the Achaemenid king.

paragraph: Section::::Building projects.

paragraph: Much of Artaxerxes' wealth was spent on building projects. He restored the Palace of Darius I at Susa, and also the fortifications; including a strong redoubt at the south-east corner of the enclosure and gave Ecbatana a new apadana and sculptures.

paragraph: Section::::Building projects.:Tomb at Persepolis.

paragraph: The tomb of Artaxerxes II is located at Persepolis, and was built on the model of his predecessors at Naqsh-e Rustam. On the upper register of the tomb appear reliefs of the Emperor, supported by the soldiers of all ethnicities of the Empire. On the lintel over each figure appears a trilingual inscription describing each ethnicity. These are known collectively as "Inscription A2Pa".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The Persian Empire under Artaxerxes II was viewed as a political power that had many unfortunate complications, such as the many wars with Greece. One aspect of his legacy which would have great influence upon his successors was his conflict with Cyrus the Younger. This conflict was remembered due to the power vacuum that followed, allowing the Satrap Revolt and the rebellion of Egypt. Artaxerxes II was also remembered for his works to restore monuments of his predecessors. His largest restoration was that of the Palace of Darius in Susa. He would also be remembered for his tomb in Persepolis.

paragraph: The image of Artaxerxes from contemporary foreign sources depicts him in a similar light to his image among those in the Achaemenid Empire. The Greek portrayal highlights his long rule with many conflicts and shortcomings of Artaxerxes II in his ability to control his empire. Greek sources also focus on his problems in his court with his harem and eunuchs. Greek sources portray Artaxerxes II as sad in his reign.

paragraph: Section::::Identification.

paragraph: The Jewish high priest Johanan is mentioned in the Elephantine papyri dated to 407 BC, i.e., during Darius II's reign, and is also mentioned in Ezra 10:6 after the reign of Darius (Ezra 6:1) and during the rule of Artaxerxes (Ezra 7:1), thereby supporting the chronological sequence.

paragraph: Amongst others, it has been suggested that Artaxerxes II was the Ahasuerus mentioned in the Book of Esther. Plutarch in his "Lives" (AD 75) records alternative names "Oarses" and "Arsicas" for Artaxerxes II Mnemon given by Deinon (c. 360–340 BC) and Ctesias (Artexerxes II's physician) respectively. These derive from the Persian name "Khshayarsha" as do "Ahasuerus" ("(Arta)Xerxes") and the hypocoristicon "Arshu" for Artaxerxes II found on a contemporary inscription ("LBAT" 162). These sources thus arguably identify Ahasuerus as Artaxerxes II in light of the names used in the Hebrew and Greek sources and accords with the contextual information from Pseudo-Hecataeus and Berossus as well as agreeing with Al-Tabari and Masudi's placement of events. The 13th century Syriac historian Bar-Hebraeus in his "Chronography", also identifies Ahasuerus as Artaxerxes II citing the sixth century AD historian John of Ephesus.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: Artaxerxes II is reported to have had a number of wives. His main wife was Stateira, until she was poisoned by Artaxerxes' mother Parysatis in about 400 BC. Another chief wife was a Greek woman of Phocaea named Aspasia (not the same as the concubine of Pericles). Artaxerxes II is said to have more than 115 sons from 350 wives.

paragraph: BULLET::::- By Stateira

paragraph: BULLET::::- By other wives

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artaxerxes I

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Persia

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Anabasis"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ten Thousand (Greek)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artaxerxes by Plutarch

paragraph: BULLET::::- H. Hunger & R.J. van der Spek, "An astronomical diary concerning Artaxerxes II (year 42 = 363-2 BC). Military operations in Babylonia" in: "Arta" 2006.002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inscriptions of Artaxerxes II in transcribed Persian and in English translation.

description: King of Persia

wikidata_label: Artaxerxes II of Persia

wikipedia_title: Artaxerxes II of Persia


text: pen names

text: American humor

text: satire

text: Mark Twain

text: Edgar Nye

text: Frances Miriam Whitcher

text: Ann S. Stephens

text: Ellisburg, New York

text: Adams, New York

text: Jefferson County, New York

text: Connecticut

text: the Baptist faith

text: Peterson's Magazine

text: American Publishing Company

text: Hartford, Connecticut

text: Pierrepont

text: Saratoga

text: Coney Island

text: Susan B. Anthony

text: Clara Barton

text: prohibition

text: women's rights

text: Charles Dickens

text: "Betsey Bobbet: A Drama"

text: "The Lament of the Mormon Wife"

text: "Miss Richard’s Boy and Other Stories"

text: 'Poems"

text: "Samantha Among the Brethren"

text: Lippincott

text: "Samantha in Europe"

text: "Samantha at the St. Louis Exposition"

text: "Samantha on Children’s Rights"

text: "Samantha on the Woman Question"

text: "Josiah Allen on the Woman Question"

text: Electronic Books

categories: American humorists,American women non-fiction writers,1836 births,American satirists,Pseudonymous women writers,American women novelists,19th-century American women writers,People from Ellisburg, New York,Novelists from New York (state),19th-century American novelists,1926 deaths,People from Jefferson County, New York,Women satirists,Pseudonymous writers

paragraph: Marietta Holley

paragraph: Marietta Holley (pen names, Jemyma, later, Josiah Allen's Wife; July 16, 1836 – March 1, 1926), was an American humorist who used satire to comment on U.S. society and politics. Holley enjoyed a prolific writing career and was a bestselling author in the late 19th century, though she was largely forgotten by the time of her death. Her writing was frequently compared to that of Mark Twain and Edgar Nye. Along with Frances Miriam Whitcher and Ann S. Stephens, Holley is remembered as one of America's most significant early female humorists. Holley's work appealed to all classes of society. Her readers are scattered over the entire world and include men and women of every station and grade. Her books are widely read in Europe.

paragraph: Section::::Early years and education.

paragraph: Holley was born in a modest cottage in Ellisburg, New York, on the outskirts of Adams, New York, July 16, 1836. She was the youngest of Mary Tabor and John Milton Holley's seven children. The family lived on a small farm in Jefferson County, New York, on the road leading from Adams to Pierrepont Manor. The Holleys went to Jefferson county from Connecticut. Her maternal grandfather, "Old Squire Taber" as he was called, went to Pierrepont Manor from Rhode Island.

paragraph: She received the rudiments of an English education at a neighboring school, and later, with the exception of teachers in music and French, she pursued her studies at home. At fourteen, she ended her formal education in order to supplement the family income by giving piano lessons. When she was a young girl she was given to poetry, and wrote a great deal. She thought she should like to become a great painter; then she decided to be a poet, but finally abandoned both intentions. Holley commenced her career as a writer when in her teens, though she published nothing until 1876.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: At the age of seventeen, she converted to the Baptist faith and joined the Adams Village Baptist Church. Her father died when she was 25, and Holley took charge of the farm and care of her sick mother and sister.

paragraph: Her first appearance in print was in a newspaper published in the "Adams Journal". Her first pen-name was "Jemyma." The editor of that paper encouraged the young aspirant with some timely praise, as did Charles J. Peterson, for whom she wrote later. The editors of the "Christian Union" published what they called "a sweet little poem " from her pen. She wrote also for the "Independent" and several other weekly and monthly journals. Her articles at that time were mostly poems, and were widely copied in the United States and in Europe.

paragraph: It was in a dialect sketch written for "Peterson's Magazine" that she first adopted the pen-name "Josiah Allen's Wife". That pen name and "Jemyma" were a protest against the too musical pen-names of literary aspirants. Those articles attracted the attention of Elijah Bliss, president of the American Publishing Company, of Hartford, Connecticut. Against the protest of his company, he brought out Holley's work. He urged her to write a book for him, which she did, and it was an immediate success, and was republished at once in England and Canada. The name of that book was "My Opinions and Betsy Bobbet's" (Hartford, 1872).

paragraph: Her next book, "Samantha at the Centennial", appeared in 1877, and at once pleased the popular taste. "The Wayward Pardner" appeared in 1880. "Miss Richard's Boy", a book of stories not in dialect, was published in 1882. These books were brought out by the American Publishing Company, and the same firm published an illustrated poem of hers called "The Mormon Wife". Holley's follow-up prose work, "Sweet Cicely", (New York, 1885) was wrought out through her horror of intemperance and her desire to see the young of her country saved from the evils of strong drink. This was followed by "Samantha at Saratoga" (Philadelphia, 1887). "Poems" (New York, 1887), revealed strength and tenderness, but failed to suit the popular taste because they were wanting in the grotesque humor and pathetic homeliness of style which characterized her prose works. "Samantha Amongst the Brethern", appeared in 1891.

paragraph: After Holley became a successful novelist, she built a mansion called "Bonnie View" near her family's home in Pierrepont.

paragraph: She wrote over 25 books, including one collection of poems, two dramas and one long poem, between 1873 and 1914. Among her novels was a 10-book series that detailed the travels and married life of Samantha and Josiah Allen as they journey outside Samantha's rural hometown, which was similar to Holley's own. Holley herself spent most of her life close to her family's farm; aside from Saratoga and Coney Island, she never actually visited the places to which she sent her fictional protagonists; she instead depended on maps, guidebooks, and descriptions for the necessary details.

paragraph: Her books were translated into other languages and brought her a comfortable income. Many contemporary writers and suffragists held her in high regard; her famous friends included Susan B. Anthony, Twain, and Clara Barton. Anthony frequently asked Holley to give speeches at suffrage conventions because of Holley's support of women's suffrage, but she refused public appearances.

paragraph: Section::::Themes and style.

paragraph: Many of Holley's writings share themes of prohibition and women's rights. Like Charles Dickens, she brought to her aid the very people whose sufferings she aimed to relieve, and whose evil deeds she hopeed to check. She was not only quaint in expression but magnetic, and her sentiments were often touchingly and pathetically strong.

paragraph: Quaint, grotesque humor and pathetic homeliness of speech were the weapons she used to make known the wrongs of her sex and the evils of the times. In her prose work, she mostly employed the speech of half-taught people, writing of their ludicrous blunders, and turning ridicule against ancient wrongs, venerated because they are ancient. Every one laughs at the absurdities of "Josiah Allen's Wife", and no one forgets the crushing exposures of fraud and oppression which she makes.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Holley never married. A maiden sister resided with her. Holley died March 1, 1926, at age 89.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ''My Opinions and Betsey Bobbet's: Designed as a Beacon Light, To guide Women to Life Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness, But which May Be read by Members of the Sterner Sect, Without Injury to Themselves or The Book". Josiah Allen's Wife. Hartford Conn., : American Publishing Company, 1873, c. 1872

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Josiah Allen’s Wife as a P.A. and P.I.: Designed as a Bright and Shining Light, To Pierce the Fogs of Error and Injustice That Surround Society and Josiah, And to Bring More Clearly to View the Path That Leads Straight on to Virtue and Happiness". Josiah Allen's Wife. Hartford, Conn.: American Publishing Company, c. 1877

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Betsey Bobbet: A Drama". Adams, N.Y.: W. J. Allen, 1880

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lament of the Mormon Wife". Josiah Allen's Wife. Hartford, Conn. : American Publishing Company, 1880

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Wayward Pardner; or, My Trials with Josiah, America, the Widow Bump, and Etcetery". Josiah Allen's Wife. Hartford Conn., American Publishing Company, 1880

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Miss Richard’s Boy and Other Stories". Hartford, Ct.: American Publishing, 1883

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sweet Cicely: Josiah Allen as a Politician". New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1885

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Miss Jones' Quilting and Other Stories". New York: J.S. Ogilvie, 1887

paragraph: BULLET::::- ''Poems". New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1887

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Samantha at Saratoga or Flirtin’ with Fashion". Philadelphia: Hubbard Brothers, 1887

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Samantha Among the Brethren". New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1890

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Samantha on the Race Problem". New York: Dodd, Mead, 1892; republished 1898 as "Samantha Among the Colored Folks"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tirzah Ann's Summer Trip and Other Sketches". New York: F. M. Lupton, 1892

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Samantha at the World's Fair". New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1893

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Widder Doodle's Love Affair and Other Stories". New York: F. M. Lupton, 1893

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Josiah's Alarm and Abel Perry’s Funeral". Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1895

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Samantha in Europe". New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1895

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Samantha at the St. Louis Exposition". New York: G. W. Dillingham, 1904

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Around the World With Josiah Allen’s Wife". New York: G. W. Dillingham, 1905

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Samantha Vs. Josiah: Being the Story of the Borrowed Automobile and What Became of It". New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1906

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Samantha on Children’s Rights". New York: G. W. Dillingham, 1909

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Josiah's Secret". Watertown, N.Y.: Hungerford-Holbrook, 1910

paragraph: BULLET::::- "How I Wrote My First Books". Harper’s Bazaar (September 1911)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Samantha at Coney Island and a Thousand Other Islands". New York: Christian Herald, 1911

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Samantha on the Woman Question". New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1913

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Josiah Allen on the Woman Question". New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1914

paragraph: BULLET::::- "What Is Behind Ouija?" The World Magazine (27 June 1920): 5,13

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Story of My Life", Published serially. Watertown Daily Times, Watertown, N.Y., 5 February to 9 April 1931

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marietta Holley's 1890 Book 'Samantha Among the Bretheren' has been serialized in Mister Ron's Basement Podcast

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marietta Holley (links, bibliography, and pictures at the American Authors site)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Electronic Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marietta Holley site created by South Jefferson Central School Students

alias:
Jemyma
Josiah Allen's Wife

description: American author

wikidata_label: Marietta Holley

wikipedia_title: Marietta Holley


text: Aesop's Fables

text: Edward Lear

text: The Giant Jam Sandwich

text: Glossop

text: University of Salford

text: Central School of Arts and Crafts

text: modernist

text: Mervyn Peake

text: Cecil Collins

text: Gerard Hoffnung

text: André François

text: Ronald Searle

text: Saul Steinberg

text: Paul Klee

text: steel engraving

text: The Book of Taliesyn

text: Deep Purple

text: Faculty of Arts

text: Reynard the Fox

text: Conrad Aiken

text: Punch

text: Radio Times

text: University of Brighton

text: Lewis Carroll

text: James Joyce

text: The Folio Society

text: James Joyce

text: The Giant Jam Sandwich

text: Janet Burroway

text: Jonathan Cape

text: Camberwell Press

text: University of Brighton

text: Nobrow Press

text: Four Generations of Illustrators

text: "The Giant Jam Sandwich": a Lecture

text: "Teaching Illustration"

text: "Narrative Music"

text: "A Collection of Lectures"

categories: Alumni of the Central School of Art and Design,Academics of the University of Brighton,English writers,British illustrators,Alumni of the University of Salford,1939 births,Living people

paragraph: John Vernon Lord

paragraph: John Vernon Lord is an illustrator, author and teacher. He has illustrated texts including "Aesop's Fables","The Nonsense Verse of Edward Lear"; the Folio Society's "Myths and Legends of the British Isles", and In addition, he has illustrated classics of English literature including the work of Lewis Carroll and James Joyce.

paragraph: Lord has written and illustrated several children's books, which have been published and translated into several languages.

paragraph: His book "The Giant Jam Sandwich" has been in print since 1972

paragraph: He was head of various departments, including the Head of the School of Design,

paragraph: at Brighton Art School, Polytechnic and University. He was Professor of Illustration at the University of Brighton 1986-99, where he is now Professor Emeritus. An Honorary D.Litt. was conferred upon him by the University of Brighton in 2000.

paragraph: He was the chair of the Graphic Design Board of the Council for National Academic Awards 1981-84.

paragraph: Section::::Background and education.

paragraph: John Vernon Lord was born in Glossop, Derbyshire in 1939. He was the son of a baker and a ship's hairdresser. He attended Salford School of Art, now the University of Salford in Lancashire (1956–60); and completed his formal education at the Central School of Arts and Crafts in London, where he was taught by the modernist writer and artist Mervyn Peake and the surrealist Cecil Collins, amongst others. In his recent retrospective, "Drawing Upon Drawing" he states that,

paragraph: "During (his) student days, in the late 1950s the work of Gerard Hoffnung, André François, Ronald Searle and Saul Steinberg...and, to a certain extent..the work of Paul Klee"

paragraph: were also influential, as was "an abiding interest" in Victorian steel engraving.

paragraph: Section::::Drawing for a living.

paragraph: In 1961, Lord began work as a freelance illustrator, joining the agents Saxon Artists, in New Oxford Street, London. This required him to draw on demand, day in and out, often for long hours. He describes the difference between life as an art student and life as a professional illustrator in the following terms:

paragraph: As well as drawing the insides of stomachs, I tackled everything that came my way. I carried out portraits of company directors for their retirement dinner menu covers, buildings for brochures, strip cartoons, maps and humorous drawings for advertisements...gardens and their plants, vegetables, mazes, refrigerators, dishwashers, totem poles, kitchen utensils, resuscitation diagrams, all kinds of furniture, typewriters, agricultural crop spraying machines, door locks, folded towels, decorative letters, Zodiac signs, animals...When you are a student there is a tendency at first to limit yourself to draw only what you "like" drawing. This of course ultimately shackles you and limits your repertoire ...(it) narrows the margin of what you are able to depict in an image and consequently stifles imagination and ideas.

paragraph: As a commercial artist, in 1968 Lord designed the album cover for "The Book of Taliesyn" by the band Deep Purple. The brief from the artist's agent is detailed in "Drawing upon Drawing" as follows:

paragraph: "the agent gave me the title saying that the art director wanted a 'fantasy Arthurian touch' and to include hand lettering for the title and the musicians' names. I mainly drew from The Book of Taliesin, which is a collection of poems, said to be written by the sixth century Welsh bard Taliesin."[3]

paragraph: Section::::Brighton.

paragraph: In 1968, Lord became a teacher at Brighton College of Art (now the Faculty of Arts). He concentrated on the illustration of books. He was commissioned to illustrate the "Adventures of Jabotí on the Amazon" and "Reynard the Fox" and so began a love affair with narrative illustration. During the 1970s, while a teacher at Brighton, he wrote "The Giant Jam Sandwich", "The Runaway Roller Skate" and "Mr Mead and his Garden", and illustrated Conrad Aiken's "Who's Zoo" Lord produced several illustrations for "Punch" and the "Radio Times". He wrote articles and gave public lectures on illustration as an art form. He began to work in black and white. In an article on cross hatching Lord writes:

paragraph: "The whiteness of the paper already exists before you proceed to draw. It has established itself as a fundamental entity; a ground to tread on. What marks you make on the paper are as important as the marks you don't make; or is the opposite the case? The editing and selection of gap-making is fundamental to drawing. Nothingness, therefore, allows something else to exist. Planets move in space. Planets need space to move about in. Space doesn't need planets. The pencil (or whatever other drawing instrument you are using) clothes the naked surface of the paper with a network of marks and the paper often peeps through the drawing. A picture is made up of a balancing between the making, the removing, and the not-making of marks. Somehow a drawing represents the trails of a journey like, as Klee put it – 'taking a line for a walk', which is a far more conducive activity than taking a dog for a walk."

paragraph: In 1986, he was appointed Professor of Illustration at University of Brighton and his inaugural lecture "Illustrating Lear's Nonsense" was published a few years later. Robert Mason reviewing Lord's lecture "A Journey of Drawing An Illustration of a Fable" writes:

paragraph: Lord's fastidious verbal dissection of the process of making a single pen and ink illustration, The Crow And The Sheep, over a period of 11 hours and 11 minutes on the 10th and 11th of February 1985, was intimate and unique. Its very length, and its combination of intense focus interspersed with frequent digressions – about how to avoid actually working, the tendency of Rotring pens to clog, contemporary news topics (mortgage rate increases / African famines / American defence spending…) and the maximum and minimum temperatures of the days in question (minus 3 and minus 7 degrees Fahrenheit) made the audience feel at one with the process..."

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications as an illustrator.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965 A Visit to Bedsyde Manor, by Stanley Penn, Guinness Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968 Adventures of Jabotí on the Amazon, by Lena F. Hurlong, Abelard-Schuman.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969 Reynard the Fox, by Roy Brown, Abelard-Schuman.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970 A Natural History of Man, by J.K. Brierley, Heinemann.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970 The Truck on the Track, by Janet Burroway, Jonathan Cape.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970 Dinosaurs Don't Die, by Ann Coates, Longman.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972 The Adventures of Brer Rabbit, after Joel Chandler Harris, BBC Jackanory.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975 Sword at Sunset, by Rosemary Sutcliff, (Edito-Service), Geneva.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 Who's Zoo, poems by Conrad Aiken, Jonathan Cape.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984 The Nonsense Verse of Edward Lear, Jonathan Cape.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989 The Song that Sings the Bird, poems chosen by Ruth Craft and illustrated by JVL, Collins.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989 Aesop's Fables, verses by James Michie, Jonathan Cape.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 The Squirrel and the Crow, by Wendy Cope, 'Prospero Poets' series for the Clarion Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 King Arthur's Knights, by Henry Gilbert, Macmillan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 Myths and Legends of the British Isles, edited by Richard Barber, The Folio Society.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 Icelandic Sagas, Volume 2, translated by Magnus Magnusson, The Folio Society.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 Epics of the Middle Ages, edited by Richard Barber, The Folio Society.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 The Hunting of the Snark, by Lewis Carroll, Artists' Choice Editions, The Foundry, Church Hanborough.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, by Lewis Carroll, Artists' Choice Editions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There, by Lewis Carroll, Artists' Choice Editions

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 Finnegans Wake, by James Joyce, The Folio Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 Ulysses, by James Joyce, The Folio Society

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972, "The Giant Jam Sandwich", set to verse by Janet Burroway, Jonathan Cape.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973, "The Runaway Roller Skate", Jonathan Cape.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974, "Mr Mead and his Garden", Jonathan Cape.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979, "Miserable Aunt Bertha", set to verse by Fay Maschler, Jonathan Cape.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986, "The Doodles and Diaries of John Vernon Lord", Camberwell Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007, "Drawing Upon Drawing: 50 Years of Illustrating", University of Brighton.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009, "John's Journal Jottings", Inky Parrott Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014, "Drawn to Drawing", by John Vernon Lord, Nobrow Press

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: In 1985 his The Nonsense Verse of Edward Lear won the ‘Redwood Burn Award’ sponsored by the NBL and Publishers’ Association; and it also won the ‘General Selectors’ Award’ by the British Federation of Master Printers.

paragraph: In 1990 his illustrations for Aesop’s Fables won the overall prize in the ‘V&A/W.H Smith Illustration Awards’.

paragraph: In 2018 his illustrations for Ulysses won the ‘V&A Illustration Award for Book Illustration’ and the winner of the ‘2018 Moira Gemmill Illustrator of the Year Prize’.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Journal of the Association of Illustrators

paragraph: BULLET::::- Four Generations of Illustrators

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Links to lectures and articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Giant Jam Sandwich": a Lecture

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Teaching Illustration"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Journey Of Drawing an Illustration of a Fable"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Narrative Music"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Collection of Lectures"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "John Vernon Lord on Illustrating Ulysses" The Folio Society 16 May 2016

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Conversation with John Vernon Lord" 9 January 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Drawn to Drawing by John Vernon Lord" 3 March 2015

description: British artist

wikidata_label: John Vernon Lord

wikipedia_title: John Vernon Lord


text: Scot's Hall

text: Smeeth

text: Kent

text: Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports

text: Sir John Scott

text: Sir Edward Poynings

text: Henry VII

text: Privy Council

text: Comptroller of the Household

text: Companion of the Bath

text: Prince Arthur

text: High Sheriff of Kent

text: Dover Castle

text: Marshal of Calais

text: Cinque Ports

text: Henry VIII

text: Field of the Cloth of Gold

text: Emperor Charles V

text: Dover

text: Brabourne

text: Scot's Hall

text: Brabourne

text: Trotton

text: Sussex

text: Katherine of Valois

text: Sir John Scott

text: Nettlestead, Kent

text: Sussex

text: Calais

text: Sir Robert Oxenbridge

categories: 16th-century English people,1524 deaths,15th-century English people,Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports,People from Brabourne,High Sheriffs of Kent,1459 births,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: William Scott (died 1524)

paragraph: Sir William Scott of Scot's Hall in Smeeth, Kent (1459 – 24 August 1524) was Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: William Scott was the son of Sir John Scott and Agnes Beaufitz, daughter and co-heiress of William Beaufitz. His sister, Elizabeth Scott (d. 15 August 1528), married Sir Edward Poynings.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Scott rose to favour following the seizure of the throne by Henry VII. Within a few years he had been appointed to the Privy Council, appointed Comptroller of the Household and in 1489 was created a Companion of the Bath at the same ceremony as Prince Arthur. He served as High Sheriff of Kent in 1491, 1501 and 1510, and was also to become Constable of Dover Castle, Marshal of Calais (1490-1) and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (1492–1493). He remained in favour under Henry VIII, being present at the famous meeting at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520 and one of the deputation sent to greet Emperor Charles V when he landed at Dover in 1522.

paragraph: Scott inherited the manor of Brabourne in 1495, and had Scot's Hall elaborately rebuilt so that it came to be regarded as one of the foremost houses in Kent.

paragraph: He was buried at Brabourne, where there is a memorial brass to him in the Scott chapel in St Mary's church.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Scott married Sibyl Lewknor, the daughter of Sir Thomas Lewknor (d. 20 July 1484) of Trotton, Sussex, and Katherine Pelham (d.1481), widow of John Bramshott (d.1468), and daughter of Sir John Pelham, Chamberlain to Katherine of Valois, by whom he had two sons and three daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir John Scott (d. 7 October 1533), who married Anne Pympe, daughter and heiress of Sir Reynold Pympe, esquire, of Nettlestead, Kent, by Elizabeth or Isabel Pashley, daughter of John Pashley, esquire, by whom he had five sons and seven daughters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Scott of The Moat, Sussex, who married Alice Fogge, daughter and co-heiress of Thomas Fogge, sergeant porter of Calais. After Scott's death his widow married Sir Robert Oxenbridge.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne Scott, who married Sir Edward Boughton.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katherine Scott.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Scott.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ross, David, "Brabourne, Kent, St Mary's Church" Retrieved 18 September 2013

alias:
William Scott of Scott's Hall
Sir William (III) Scott

description: Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports

wikidata_label: William Scott

wikipedia_title: William Scott (died 1524)


text:
alternative rock
The Charlatans
Salford
Northwich
psychedelic
The Charlatans
acid house
West Coast
Syd Barrett
Pink Floyd
Situation Two
Beggars Banquet
The Only One I Know
Top 10
UK Singles Chart
Up at the Lake
Los Angeles
Oh No I Love You
Nashville
Tennessee
Kurt Wagner
Factory Floor
R. Stevie Moore
My Morning Jacket
Artrocker
Saint Etienne
The Chemical Brothers
Exit Planet Dust
Push the Button
The Chavs
Carl Barât
The Libertines
Jamie Reynolds
The Klaxons
Robots in Disguise
Isle of Wight Festival
Killing Joke
The Horrors
Freebass
New Order
Peter Hook
Mani
The Stone Roses
Joaquin Phoenix
Manchester Cathedral
Mark Collins
The Charlatans
Martin Duffy
Primal Scream
New Order
Asia Argento
Minny Pops
Hatcham Social
BBC Radio 6 Music
Lauren Laverne
National Union of Journalists (NUJ)
BBC
Viking Press
The Daily Telegraph
Transcendental Meditation
John Lennon
Roddy Frame
Edwyn Collins
PIAS
Oh No I Love You
Same Language, Different Worlds
Peter Gordon (composer)
Penguin Books
Faber and Faber
Official website
The Charlatans official website

categories: Madchester musicians,People from Salford,Musicians from Manchester,English songwriters,1967 births,People from Northwich,The Charlatans (UK band) members,English male singers,Britpop musicians,Living people

paragraph: Tim Burgess (musician)

paragraph: Timothy Allan Burgess (born 30 May 1967) is an English musician, singer-songwriter and record label owner, best known as the lead singer of the alternative rock band The Charlatans.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Burgess was born in Salford, and grew up in Moulton, near Northwich, Cheshire.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:The Charlatans.

paragraph: Burgess was initially the lead singer in The Electric Crayons (named after the psychedelic compilation album "The Electric Crayon Set", released on the Bam-Caruso record label), who released one single, "Hip Shake Junkie".

paragraph: Burgess then joined The Charlatans, who were largely influenced by acid house, 1960s-era West Coast psychedelia and the Syd Barrett era of Pink Floyd. The Charlatans' debut single "Indian Rope" was successful, and the group subsequently signed to Situation Two, an offshoot of the Beggars Banquet label. In 1990 they released the single "The Only One I Know" on the imprint, which charted in the Top 10 of the UK Singles Chart. The band have released twelve studio albums to date.

paragraph: Prior to the release of the 2004 Charlatans album "Up at the Lake", Burgess was living in Los Angeles in the USA, away from the other band members who were still based in England. He explained the band's process during that period in a 2012 interview:

paragraph: "I'm back in London now, but Mark and Tony enjoyed trips out to Los Angeles and we used Los Angeles as a writing tool. I loved the idea of incorporating a city into your music. We used LA quite a lot."

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Solo.

paragraph: Burgess's debut solo album, "I Believe", was released in Europe on 3 September 2003 and included the track "Oh My Corazon".

paragraph: Burgess' second solo album "Oh No I Love You" was produced by Mark Nevers and recorded at his home in Nashville, Tennessee, US. In 2012, Burgess explained the origin of this album :

paragraph: "The root of this album goes right back to a Kurt Wagner show in Manchester. I carried Kurt's guitar to the car for him. I took the chance to ask him if he would ever consider writing a song with me. He said, "Sure Tim, you write the music and I'll write the words." That one song turned into an album and almost ten years after we first talked about it, the album is ready."

paragraph: "Oh No I Love You" also features collaborations with Factory Floor, R. Stevie Moore and My Morning Jacket, amongst others. The album was later nominated for the Artrocker 'Album of the Year' award in 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Collaborations.

paragraph: Burgess contributed vocals to Saint Etienne's 1993 song "I Was Born on Christmas Day", which appeared on the "Xmas 93" CD single.

paragraph: Burgess has twice contributed vocals to tracks by The Chemical Brothers: 1995's "Life Is Sweet", taken from their debut album "Exit Planet Dust"; and 2005's "The Boxer", from their "Push the Button" album.

paragraph: Burgess is a member of The Chavs, together with Carl Barât (The Libertines) and Jamie Reynolds (The Klaxons). In mid-2008, Burgess stated that the band planned to record their debut album in August of that year; however, as of July 2015, an album has yet to emerge. Burgess explained in a 2010 interview:

paragraph: "I think The Chavs have definitely got this mythical thing going on. They have existed and will exist again."

paragraph: Burgess remixed the Robots in Disguise song "The Tears", which was released in 2008.

paragraph: In 2009, Burgess curated the Big Top stage at the Isle of Wight Festival, with a line-up that included Killing Joke and The Horrors. Burgess later explained his reason for selecting The Horrors:

paragraph: "I really believed in them from the very first time I met them. It was at the time when their first album was released."

paragraph: Burgess contributed vocals to the song "You Don't Know This About Me" by Freebass, the group featuring New Order ex-member Peter Hook and Gary "Mani" Mounfield of The Stone Roses. The song was released in 2010 as part of the band's debut EP "Two Worlds Collide".

paragraph: During his time in Los Angeles, Burgess collaborated with Joaquin Phoenix on an album that Phoenix was recording at the time; however, in a 2012 interview, Burgess explained that he had not heard from Phoenix since his return to the UK:

paragraph: "I've not seen him for ages... I don't live in Los Angeles anymore. The time that we spent together was a really great moment. A really great couple of months for me really. He invited me into the recording studio to work on a record and we had a really great time. All relationships with people in bands or actors I've met along the way, you meet them, you're best friends for a minute and you just don't see them at all. If you just remember them as being really great friends and in a way they are. Even if you don't see someone, it's kind of better, 'cos you never get a chance to fall out!"

paragraph: On 15 November 2012, Burgess performed at Manchester Cathedral as part of a "supergroup" featuring Mark Collins of The Charlatans, Martin Duffy of Primal Scream, and New Order's Peter Hook. The performance was part of a concert organised to help the city's "deprived youth."

paragraph: Burgess collaborated with Asia Argento on the song "Hours / Ours", which was released on Burgess's own record label O Genesis in 2014.

paragraph: Burgess collaborated with Peter Gordon to release Same Language Different Worlds on 2 September 2017 through Burgess' own label, O Genesis. The Charlatans frontman originally met New Yorker Peter Gordon in 2012 and they decided then on a music collaboration. Burgess had been a long time fan of Gordon’s work with Arthur Russell and The Love Of Life Orchestra. The album was produced by Gordon in New York and features many of his and Tim’s previous collaborators: Ernie Brooks who played with Arthur Russell on the first Modern Lovers album, trombone player Peter Zummo, conga player Mustafa Ahmed and Nik Void from Factory Floor.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:O Genesis.

paragraph: O Genesis is Burgess's own record label, founded in 2011. A compilation CD showcasing the label's artists was released on 10 March 2014, featuring Burgess as a solo artist alongside artists such as Minny Pops, Hatcham Social and Joseph Coward.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Other work.

paragraph: In February 2013, Burgess replaced BBC Radio 6 Music host Lauren Laverne when she and other National Union of Journalists (NUJ) members engaged in strike action against the BBC.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Burgess' autobiography "Telling Stories" was published in 2012 by Viking Press. Following the release of the book, Burgess responded to a question about whether he would have changed anything about his career:

paragraph: No, because I would have had to re-write it again! Everything that happened happened because we made a decision at a point in time and at certain ages. I had a relationship with drugs for quite a long time. I'm glad it's over but at the same time I don't regret it. I must have enjoyed it because I did it for so long. It's the same with the relationship with other people. They lasted as long as they did because they were mostly quite good.

paragraph: In 2012, Burgess told "The Daily Telegraph" why he practises Transcendental Meditation:

paragraph: At the minimum it de-stresses you. You get thoughts — it's not psychedelic—but things pop into your brain. John Lennon used to stop and write his ideas down; I choose not to. I'm enjoying myself so much I don't want to stop.

paragraph: Burgess lived in Los Angeles for twelve years, return to the UK in 2013.

paragraph: In March 2014, during a BBC Radio 6 interview with Roddy Frame, it was revealed that Burgess is a fan of the music of both Frame and Edwyn Collins, and invited the pair to play at a Manchester café that he owns. Frame stated during the interview that Burgess is "so positive" and both will occasionally drink tea together.

paragraph: Section::::Solo discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Believe" (8 September 2003, PIAS)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oh No I Love You" (1 October 2012, O Genesis)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Same Language, Different Worlds (with Peter Gordon (composer))" (2 September 2016, O Genesis)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "As I Was Now" (2018)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Telling Stories" (2013) Penguin Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tim Book Two - Vinyl Adventures" (2016) Faber and Faber

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Charlatans official website

description: English singer-songwriter

wikidata_label: Tim Burgess

wikipedia_title: Tim Burgess (musician)


text: education

text: cricket

text: English women's cricket team

text: Australia

text: bodyline

text: Helen Archdale

text: suffragette

text: Emmeline Pankhurst

text: Bedales School

text: Hampshire

text: St Leonards School

text: St Andrews

text: Fife

text: McGill University

text: Montreal

text: Gray's Inn

text: WRNS

text: Singapore

text: Order of the British Empire

text: Sydney University

text: Women's College

text: Abbotsleigh

text: Wahroonga

text: Galston

text: Alexander Archdale

text: National Living Treasure

text: Marylebone Cricket Club

text: Women's cricket

text: English women's cricket team

text: CricketArchive page on Betty Archdale

categories: Cricketers from Greater London,English women cricketers,People educated at St Leonards School,England women Test cricketers,Australian educators,McGill University alumni,1907 births,People educated at Bedales School,Kent women cricketers,2000 deaths

paragraph: Betty Archdale

paragraph: Helen Elizabeth "Betty" Archdale (21 August 1907 – 1 January 2000) was a British educationalist and cricketer. She was a captain of the English women's cricket team in 1934 and 1935. In 1934/35 she led the first English cricket team to tour Australia and New Zealand, the result of which was a 2–0 victory over Australia. This tour did much both to raise the status of women's cricket and to heal some of the damage done to Anglo-Australian cricket relations by bodyline two years earlier.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Archdale was born in London, the daughter of Helen Archdale (née Russel), a suffragette who was at one time jailed for smashing windows at Whitehall, and was later renowned as a leading British feminist; and an Irish professional soldier in the British Army, who died in World War I when she was eleven. Her godmother was Emmeline Pankhurst. Archdale attended Bedales School in Hampshire where she learned to play cricket and, thence, to St Leonards School in St Andrews, Fife.

paragraph: After school Archdale attended McGill University in Montreal, graduating in 1929 with a BA in Economics and Political Science. She studied Law in London. Specialising in international law, she conducted part of her studies in the Soviet Union. In 1938 she was called to the Bar at Gray's Inn.

paragraph: During World War II, she served in the WRNS as a wireless operator in Singapore. She was awarded an Order of the British Empire for helping nurses escape from the conflict.

paragraph: Having moved to Australia, in 1946 she was appointed principal of Sydney University's "Women's College", a post she held for 10 years. Archdale was a member of the University Senate for 25 years, and a television and radio personality throughout the 1960s.

paragraph: Archdale was headmistress of the private girls school Abbotsleigh in Wahroonga, Sydney for 12 years from 1958. Archdale was credited with breaking down the rigid system of discipline at the school, with introducing sex education and abandoning the gloves and hat as part of the school uniform. She also reformed the curriculum, introducing physics and cutting back on British, in favour of Australian, history. The Assembly Hall (1963) and Chapel (1965) both date from this time. She lived on an estate in Galston, Sydney with her brother Alexander Archdale, an actor.

paragraph: Section::::Honours and legacy.

paragraph: In 1997, she was listed as a National Living Treasure. In March 1999, Archdale was one of the first ten women to be granted Honorary Life Membership of Marylebone Cricket Club in England. She died in January 2000 at the age of 92, in Sydney.

paragraph: The Association of Heads of Independent Girls' Schools, 'Archdale Debating' competition (for Sydney's private and Catholic girls' schools) is named in her honour.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Women's cricket

paragraph: BULLET::::- English women's cricket team

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- CricketArchive page on Betty Archdale

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deirdre Macpherson, "The Suffragette's Daughter: Betty Archdale, Her Life of Feminism, Cricket, War and Education", Rosenberg Publishing, Dural

description: cricketer

wikidata_label: Betty Archdale

wikipedia_title: Betty Archdale


text:
Singapore
New Zealand
Glororum
Abbey St. Bathans
Wooler and Duns Academy
Marischal College
Edinburgh University
Newcastle-on-Tyne
Malay Straits
East India
Surveyor
Superintendent
Public Works
survey
topographical
marine
Straits of Singapore
coast
Johore
Penang
Horsburgh Lighthouse
Pedra Branca
Britain
Continent
New Zealand
Otago Province
Surveyor-General of New Zealand
Invercargill
South Island
Maori
Maniototo
Ranfurly
Central Otago
Thomson's Barnyard
Otago
Southland
scientific
ethnological
Hindustani
Malay
comparative linguistics
racial diffusion
philological
landscape
oil
Dunedin
William Hall-Jones
Prime Minister of New Zealand
John Hall-Jones
water supply
MacRitchie Reservoir
Straits of Singapore
pirates
Malayan
Keppel Harbour
Tombs of the Malayan Princes
Coleman Bridge
Horsburgh Lighthouse
Pedra Branca
Hajjah Fatimah Mosque
spire
St. Andrew's Cathedral
Dalhousie Obelisk
Kallang River
Thomson Bridge
Tan Tock Seng Hospital
Serangoon Road
Thomson
Thomson Road
Jalan Lembah Thomson
Old Upper Thomson Road
Thomson Close
Thomson Green
Thomson Heights
Thomson Hill
Thomson Hills Drive
Thomson Ridge
Thomson Terrace
Thomson View
Upper Thomson Road
Thomson Medical Centre
1966 Encyclopedia of New Zealand
Dictionary of New Zealand Biography

categories: 1821 births,Alumni of the University of Aberdeen,1884 deaths,Settlers of Otago,New Zealand public servants,New Zealand surveyors,People of British Singapore

paragraph: John Turnbull Thomson

paragraph: John Turnbull Thomson (10 August 1821 – 16 October 1884) was a British civil engineer and artist who played an instrumental role in the development of the early infrastructure of nineteenth-century Singapore and New Zealand.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Thomson was born at Glororum, Northumberland, England, the third child of Alexander Thomson and his wife, Janet, "née" Turnbull.

paragraph: After his father was killed in a hunting accident in 1830, the young Thomson and his mother went to live in Abbey St. Bathans, Berwickshire. He was educated at Wooler and Duns Academy, later spending some time attached to Marischal College, Aberdeen, and Edinburgh University before studying engineering at Peter Nicholson's School of Engineering at Newcastle-on-Tyne.

paragraph: Thomson arrived in the Malay Straits in 1838 and was employed by the East India Survey. In 1841 he was appointed Government Surveyor at Singapore and in 1844 became Superintendent of Roads and Public Works.

paragraph: He was responsible for the design and construction of a number of notable engineering works including bridges, roads, and hospitals. He conducted the allotment survey of Singapore, the topographical survey of the island of Singapore and its dependencies, and the marine survey of the Straits of Singapore and the east coasts of Johore and Penang. His outstanding achievement was the erection of the Horsburgh Lighthouse on Pedra Branca.

paragraph: In 1853 his health failed and he returned to England where he studied modern engineering techniques, and travelled widely through Britain and the Continent inspecting engineering works. Early in 1856 he emigrated to New Zealand, where he worked as Chief Surveyor of the Otago Province until 1873. From 1876 until 1879 he was Surveyor-General of New Zealand. He was also the original surveyor of the city of Invercargill.

paragraph: From 1856 until 1858 Thomson surveyed and explored large sections of the interior of the South Island, covering most of the southern half of the island. Many names in the area bear witness to Thomson's Northumbrian background, though there is a widespread belief that the naming of many places was through a disagreement with the New Zealand surveying authorities. It has long been suggested that Thomson originally intended to give traditional Maori names to many places, but these names were refused. In response, Thomson gave prosaic Northumbrian names to many places, often simply in the form of a Northumbrian dialectic name for an animal. The Maniototo region around the town of Ranfurly, Central Otago is rife with such names as Kyeburn, Gimmerburn, Hoggetburn, and Wedderburn as a result, and the area is still occasionally referred to as "Thomson's Barnyard".

paragraph: Thomson was a founder of the Otago and Southland Institutes of New Zealand, to which he contributed numerous papers on scientific subjects including ethnological studies. Through his knowledge of Hindustani and Malay, he became interested in comparative linguistics and developed a theory of racial diffusion based on philological evidence.

paragraph: He was also a keen amateur painter of landscapes, working mostly in oils. His paintings have little artistic merit but from a topographical viewpoint are of some interest today.

paragraph: Thomson married Jane Williamson of Dunedin in 1876. He died at his home in Invercargill on 16 October 1884. By marriage he was related to the Hall-Jones family, whose number included William Hall-Jones, a former Prime Minister of New Zealand.

paragraph: Thomson was responsible for the planning of the city of Invercargill in Southland, New Zealand and his mausoleum is in the St. John's Cemetery in Waikiwi, Invercargill. His descendants have written numerous books which contain authoritative information on his life in New Zealand. Thomson's great-grandson, John Hall-Jones, was a historian specializing in the history of southern New Zealand.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy in Singapore.

paragraph: During his government service in Singapore, Thomson was responsible for many projects:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomson's 1852 report on Singapore's water supply led in 1862 to approval of the Thomson Reservoir, now MacRitchie Reservoir.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He made an elaborate survey of the Straits of Singapore, in conjunction with Captain Congalton who was largely responsible for clearing pirates from Malayan waters. He also surveyed Keppel Harbour. In 1829, he surveyed the Tombs of the Malayan Princes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He carried out repairs and lowering of the Coleman Bridge.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He was the architect and builder of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Horsburgh Lighthouse on Pedra Branca,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hajjah Fatimah Mosque,

paragraph: BULLET::::- the spire for the St. Andrew's Cathedral,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dalhousie Obelisk, a monument,

paragraph: BULLET::::- European Seaman's Hospital,

paragraph: BULLET::::- the first bridge across the Kallang River, known as Thomson Bridge, and

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tan Tock Seng Hospital at Serangoon Road.

paragraph: Several extant places, roads and buildings in Singapore are named after J.T. Thomson. These include:

paragraph: Area

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomson, a region in central Singapore

paragraph: Roads

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomson Road, the arterial road that runs through the Thomson area

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jalan Lembah Thomson

paragraph: BULLET::::- Old Upper Thomson Road

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomson Close

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomson Green

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomson Heights

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomson Hill

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomson Hills Drive

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomson Ridge

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomson Terrace

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomson View

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomson Walk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Upper Thomson Road

paragraph: Amenities

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomson Medical Centre

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomson/Whitley Park

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victor R Savage, Brenda S A Yeoh (2003), "Toponymics – A Study of Singapore Street Names", Eastern Universities Press,

paragraph: Further readings

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Turnbull Thomson, "Extracts from a journal: kept during the performance of a reconnaissance survey of the southern districts of the province of Otago, New Zealand", s.n., 1858.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Turnbull Thomson, "Sketch of the Province of Otago: A Lecture, Being One of the Series Delivered at Dunedin", W. Lambert "Otago Colonist" Office, 1858.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Turnbull Thomson, "An Outline of the Principles and Details Connected with the Colonial Survey of the Province of Otago", Otago Witness, 1891.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Thomas Locke Travers, Walter Baldock Durrant Mantell, Richard Taylor, Fraser (Capt.), Gilbert Mair, W. D. Campbell, Johann Friedrich Heinrich Wohlers, James West Stack, A. C. Baines, William Colenso, John Turnbull Thomson, Julius von Haast, "The Māori", 1871.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Turnbull Thomson, "An Exposition of Processes and Results of the Survey System of Otago", Henry Wise & Company, 1875.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Turnbull Thomson, "Exploration and Travel in New Zealand", Royal Scottish Society of Arts, 1878.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Turnbull Thomson, "On the Cleansing of Towns", 1879.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Turnbull Thomson, "Ethnographical Considerations on the Whence of the Maori", Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 1871.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Turnbull Thomson, "Rambles with a Philosopher, Or, Views at the Antipodes", Mills, Dick & Company, 1867.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 Encyclopedia of New Zealand

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dictionary of New Zealand Biography

description: British surveyor

wikidata_label: John Turnbull Thomson

wikipedia_title: John Turnbull Thomson


text: Begum

text: Sahiba

text: Abdulmejid II

text: Ottoman dynasty

text: heir apparent

text: Ottoman Imperial throne

text: Caliph

text: Ottoman Caliphate

text: Berar

text: Ottoman Empire

text: monarchy's abolition

text: Üsküdar

text: Istanbul

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Abdülmecid II

text: Paris

text: France

text: Caliphate

text: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

text: France

text: Shah of Persia

text: King Fuad I

text: Mohammed Reza Pahlavi

text: Farouk

text: Azam Jah

text: Nizam

text: Hyderabad State

text: Osman Ali Khan, Asif Jah VII

text: Nice

text: Nilüfer

text: Moazzam Jah

text: Maulana Shaukat Ali

text: Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar

text: Khilafat Movement

text: India

text: Hyderabad

text: purdah

text: Hyderabad

text: London

text: Andhra Pradesh

text: N. T. Rama Rao

text: Mukarram Jah

text: Muffakham Jah

text: Britain

text: Nizam

text: Mir Osman Ali Khan

text: Osmania General Hospital

text: Aligarh Muslim University

text: Silver Jubilee

text: Berar

text: Deccan Chronice: "Princess Durru dead"

text: When marriage brought continents closer

categories: 1914 births,Burials at Brookwood Cemetery,People from Üsküdar,2006 deaths,People of the Ottoman Empire,Hyderabad State people,20th-century people of the Ottoman Empire,Women of the Hyderabad State,20th-century women of the Ottoman Empire,Daughters of Ottoman sultans

paragraph: Dürrüşehvar Sultan

paragraph: Begum Sahiba Hatice Hayriye Ayşe Dürrüşehvar Sultan (; 26 January 1914 – 7 February 2006) was the daughter of Abdulmejid II of the Ottoman dynasty, who was the last heir apparent to the Ottoman Imperial throne and the last Caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate. She held the titles of Princess of Berar through marriage, and Imperial Princess of the Ottoman Empire by birth before the monarchy's abolition in 1922.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Youth.

paragraph: The princess was born in Üsküdar, Istanbul when the Ottoman Empire was passing through its last phase. Her father, Caliph Abdülmecid II, went into exile in Paris, France after the abolition of the Caliphate by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1924.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Marriage.

paragraph: Upon the family's exile to France in 1924, she was sought by the Shah of Persia and King Fuad I of Egypt as a bride for their respective heirs, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi and Farouk, and by Prince Azam Jah (1907–1970), the eldest son and heir of the last Nizam of Hyderabad State, Osman Ali Khan, Asif Jah VII, whom she married in Nice, France, on 12 November 1932. Her first cousin Nilüfer, was married to Prince Moazzam Jah, the second son of the Nizam.

paragraph: The marriage of the princess was performed, in the south of France, by the good offices of Maulana Shaukat Ali, brother of Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar, the leader of the Khilafat Movement in India. Dürrüşehvar was 18 at the time, and significantly taller than her husband of 25, Azam Jah. Her father-in-law, the Nizam loved pointing out how much taller she was than his son, at their parties.

paragraph: It was believed at that time that the matrimonial alliance between the Nizam, the richest ruler in the world of his time, and the deposed Caliph would lead to the emergence of a Muslim ruler who could be acceptable to the world powers in place of the Ottoman sultans. Dürrüşehvar, whose father was raised by a branch of the Ottoman monarchy deeply interested in modernizing reforms and believed in modern education for women including his wives and daughter, became a popular public figure after her arrival in Hyderabad. She believed that women should earn their own living, and helped to remove the practice of purdah.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Social life.

paragraph: Highly respected and well-educated lady, the princess was fluent in French, Turkish, English and also Urdu. She also established a junior college for girls in her name, Bagh-e-jahan Ara, Yakutpura, Hyderabad.

paragraph: She divided her time principally between Hyderabad and London, where she died, attended by her two sons.

paragraph: Philip Mason, of the Indian Civil Service, described her as "a commanding figure, handsome of feature, with a clear fair complexion and auburn hair… No one could ignore her or slight her. She was always essentially and indefinably royal, and it seems to me that if fate had so willed she might have been one of the great queens of the world."

paragraph: In the 1990s When she opened a hospital she had established at Purani Haveli in India. The crowds were keener to see her than the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, N. T. Rama Rao, himself a film star.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later life.

paragraph: Following the birth of her sons Prince Mukarram Jah in 1934 and Prince Muffakham Jah in 1939, she took charge of their upbringing, the two princes being educated in Britain but got them married to Turkish ladies. The last Nizam- (Mir Osman Ali Khan) later bypassed his own son and nominated her first son and his grandson, as his successor.

paragraph: The Princess became the first woman to inaugurate an airport when she inaugurated the airport in Hyderabad in the 1940s. She is also credited with inaugurating the Osmania General Hospital. She set up the Durru Shehvar Children's & General Hospital for women and children in the old city of Hyderabad. She also inaugurated the famous Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College Hospital at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh in 1939. Her last public appearance in the city was when she presided over the opening ceremony of the Nizam’s Silver Jubilee Museum in 2000. She last visited Hyderabad in 2004.

paragraph: She was upset about Turkish Government's attitude against her family members after declaration of the republic. Despite being a member of Ottoman royal family she refused to be buried in Turkey since she was upset that the Turkish Government refused in 1944 her father's burial in Istanbul.

paragraph: Section::::Titles and styles.

paragraph: "Her Imperial and Exalted Highness" The Princess Hatice Hayriye Ayşe Dürrüşehvar Sultan, Imperial Princess of the Ottoman Empire, Princess of Berar.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Telegraph: Obituary for Princess Dürrühsehvar of Berar

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Calcutta Telegraph: "Goodbye, sweet princess - India’s great beauties before the pageant came in"

paragraph: BULLET::::- NewKerala.com: "Nizam's daughter-in-law passes away"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deccan Chronice: "Princess Durru dead"

paragraph: BULLET::::- When marriage brought continents closer

paragraph: BULLET::::-

description: Ottoman princess

wikidata_label: Princess Durru Shehvar

wikipedia_title: Dürrüşehvar Sultan