text: Henry Darger

text: Samuel Beckett

text: Theodor W. Adorno

text: Marquis de Sade

text: Venice Biennale

text: Whitney Biennial

text: documenta

text: Serpentine Gallery

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: New Museum

text: ebook

text: Badlands Unlimited

text: Gunter Grass

text: Greene Naftali Gallery

text: Pier Paolo Pasolini

text: Biggie Smalls

text: Leviticus

text: paparazzi

text: Serpentine Gallery

text: Samuel Beckett

text: Creative Time

text: Xavier University

text: Abu Ghraib

text: Supreme Court of the United States

text: Marcel Duchamp

text: Art World

text: Badlands Unlimited

text: Etel Adnan

text: Cory Arcangel

text: Ian Cheng

text: Petra Cortright

text: Marcel Duchamp

text: Carroll Dunham

text: Claudia La Rocco

text: Hans Ulrich Obrist

text: Craig Owens

text: Yvonne Rainer

text: Rachel Rose

text: Dread Scott

text: Cauleen Smith

text: Martine Syms

text: Lynne Tillman

text: Calvin Tomkins

text: Hugo Boss Prize

text: Nottingham Contemporary

text: Museum of Cycladic Art

text: Athens, Greece.

text: Artistic License: Six Takes on the Guggenheim Collection

text: Odysseus and the Bathers,

text: Green Naftali Gallery

text: Deste Foundation

text: Hugo Boss Prize

text: Guggenheim

text: Schaulager

text: Greene Naftali Gallery

text: New Museum

text: Serpentine Gallery

text: Stedelijk Museum

text: Guggenheim Museum, New York

text: The Museum of Modern Art, New York

text: The Whitney Museum of American Art, New York

text: The Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston

text: Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh

text: The Art Institute of Chicago

text: The Walker Art Center, Minneapolis

text: Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles

text: Hammer Museum, Los Angeles

text: The Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto

text: The Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam

text: Teamsters

text: Independent Media Center

text: Occupy

text: Julian Assange

text: Chelsea Manning

text: National School Walkout

text: March for our Lives

text: "Fearless Symmetry."

text: "Next Day, Same Place: After Godot in New Orleans."

text: "October"

text: "The Unthinkable Community."

text: "X Jxm Vlr Rpb Pelria Ilpb Vlr."

text: "A Lawless Proposition."

text: "Progress as Regression."

text: "Idiot Wind: An Introduction."

text: Chan, Paul. "Wanderlusting." Art in America. June 1, 2012

text: "Occupy Response"

text: October

text: "The Cat and the Owl: Remembering Chris Marker"

text: October

text: "The Potency of Art"

text: "Second Nature"

text: October

text: "Letters on Frieze London: Paul Chan and Zachary Small Respond"

text: Hyperallergic

text: "Odysseus as Artist"

text: Los Angeles Review of Books

text: "A Questionnaire on Monuments"

text: October

text: "The spirit and the damage done: On Bruce Nauman's 100 Live and Die by Paul Chan - BOMB Magazine"

text: 7 Lights by Paul Chan

text: Greene Naftali Gallery

text: Schaulager - Paul Chan

text: Badlands Unlimited

text: Video Data Bank

categories: Artists from Nebraska,Hong Kong emigrants to the United States,Living people,1973 births

paragraph: Paul Chan (artist)

paragraph: Paul Chan (born April 12, 1973 in Hong Kong) is an American artist, writer and publisher. His single channel videos, projections, animations and multimedia projects are influenced by outsider artists, playwrights, and philosophers such as Henry Darger, Samuel Beckett, Theodor W. Adorno, and Marquis de Sade. Chan's work concerns topics including geopolitics, globalization, and their responding political climates, war documentation, violence, deviance, and pornography, language, and new media.

paragraph: Chan has exhibited his work at the Venice Biennale, the Whitney Biennial, documenta, the Serpentine Gallery, the Museum of Modern Art, the New Museum, and other institutions. Chan has also engaged in a variety of publishing projects, and, in 2010, founded the art and ebook publishing company Badlands Unlimited, based in New York. Chan's essays and interviews have appeared in "Artforum, Frieze, Flash Art, October, Tate, Parkett, Texte Zur Kunst, Bomb", and other magazines and journals.

paragraph: Section::::Childhood and education.

paragraph: Chan was born in Hong Kong in 1973. Hong Kong's air quality had a deleterious effect on Chan's health, and so in 1980, his family relocated to Sioux Falls, Iowa, and later to Omaha, Nebraska.

paragraph: Chan attended the School of the Art Institute of Chicago from 1992-1996, receiving a BFA in Video/Digital Arts. Chan served as editor of the school newspaper "F" for three years. Chan attended Bard's MFA program beginning in 2000 and graduating in 2002.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Chan’s career as an artist can be roughly divided into three periods: his early works, up until 2009; his “hiatus” period, stretching from 2009 until the 2014, during which he established his publishing company Badlands Unlimited, and his “Return to art” period, from 2016 on, during which his work abandoned using video projections and computer screens.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early Works.

paragraph: In 1999, Chan launched his personal website www.nationalphilistine.com. The website would become the platform from which he distributed videos, animations, fonts and other works for free. One such project was "Alternumerics" (2000), a series of fonts available for use on Macs and PCs that transform what the user types into both legible and illegible blocks of text that explore both the "relationship between language and interactivity" and the "fissure between what we write and what we mean." Another was "Now Let Us Praise American Leftists" (2000), a 3-minute 35 second experimental animation that sought to "eulogize and ridicule the American leftist movement of the past century.

paragraph: Chan completed his 18-minute animation "Happiness (Finally) After 35,000 Years of Civilization" in 2002. In 2003, the animation became the first of Chan's works to be shown in an art gallery (The Green Naftali). When it was shown, the animation was played in a loop and projected on a "floating screen shaped and textured like a torn scroll." The characters and events in the animation are heavily influenced by Henry Darger's novel "The Story of the Vivian Girls". "Happiness" received a warm critical reception.

paragraph: Following a 2002 trip to Iraq with the anti-war activists Voices in the Wilderness, Chan's work became increasingly concerned with war and politics. "Re: The Operation" (2002) is Chan's interpretation of what he imagined members of the Bush administration would look like were they fighting and being wounded in Afghanistan. The video consists of still images of Chan's drawings overlaid with audio and text. "Baghdad in no Particular Order" (2003) was created with footage Chan took of Baghdad while on his trip to Iraq. The video was composed of shots of ordinary life in Baghdad. Chan's third video in the same vein was "Now Promise Now Threat" (2005), a video consisting of clips of interviews of residents of Omaha, Nebraska. The interviews focused on the political climate of Nebraska, a deeply Republican state. Chan gathered "Re: The Operation," "Baghdad in no Particular Order", and "Now Promise Now Threat" into a single collection he named "The Tin Drum Trilogy." Despite major differences in the "form, philosophy" and "spirit" of the three videos, Chan put them together as a trilogy connected by what he felt was "the room temperature of the times," as was the form expressed in Gunter Grass' novel "The Tin Drum" (1959).

paragraph: In October 2004 Chan had his solo exhibition debut at Greene Naftali Gallery. It was there that he premiered "My Birds...Trash...The Future" (2004), a 17-minute two-channel animation featuring characters based on murder victims Pier Paolo Pasolini and Biggie Smalls adrift in a bleak landscape populated by a lone tree, birds from the Biblical book of Leviticus, hunters, and paparazzi in yellow Hummers. The animation was projected on both sides of a fourteen-foot long screen. The audio for the animation was broadcast from the muzzle of a toy gun that required viewers to lift it to one of their ears in order to hear it. The animation was accompanied by charcoal drawings and prints of birds.

paragraph: In 2005, Chan began "7 " a series of large-scale projected animations based on the Biblical seven days of Creation. In a formal break with his previous animations, Chan designed"7 " to be projected on the walls and floor of its venue, instead of on a rectangular screen. The animations forgo the hard-edged color and line of the previous animated works and are instead composed solely of light and moving shadows in the shapes of humans, animals, and consumer goods. In 2007, Chan debuted all seven of the projections of the "7 " series at the Serpentine Gallery in 2007. The projections were accompanied by charcoal drawings and collages of the projections of the series re-imagined as musical scores.

paragraph: Chan's first trip to New Orleans was in 2006, a year after Hurricane Katrina. Having witnessed desolate neighborhoods and city residents still waiting for help, Chan was inspired to stage a production of Samuel Beckett's "Waiting for Godot" on the city streets themselves. While he organized the production with Creative Time and the Classical Theater of Harlem, Chan began living in New Orleans and teaching for free at Xavier University and the University of New Orleans. He started a "shadow fund" with Creative Time that matched the production cost of the play and was later donated to organizations in New Orleans involved in post-Katrina recovery. Godot premiered in the Lower Ninth Ward on Friday, November 2, 2007.

paragraph: Chan's second solo show at Greene Naftali Gallery in 2009 featured a nearly six-hour-long looping projected animation titled "Sade for Sade's Sake" (2009). The animation is composed of shadows in the shape of naked human figures "gyrating in various states of sexual frenzy. Parallels were drawn by critics between the violent sexual orgies depicted in "Sade" and the abuse of prisoners at Abu Ghraib.

paragraph: In addition to the animation, the exhibition included a number of pen and ink and charcoal drawings. "My Laws are My Whores" (2009) is an installation of nine charcoal portraits of the justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. In a return to his earlier "Alternumerics" project, Chan produced a collection of fonts based on the writings of Marquis de Sade.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Hiatus.

paragraph: Following "Sade for Sade's Sake," Chan took a hiatus from art making, an act comparable to Marcel Duchamp's "retirement." Chan used his time away from the Art World to found the publishing company Badlands Unlimited in 2010. In an interview with "The Believer" magazine, Chan said, “I always wanted to publish books but I never had the money. I also never had the time. And so, after my last show, in 2009, I quit making art. It was time. I stopped making new work, and I stopped taking on opportunities to show my works. I essentially retired. [I] wanted to do nothing in particular, exhibition-wise. The old work gets shown. I’ve turned down most opportunities to do anything, because I wanted more than anything else the thing one can never have enough of: time. It is of course wonderful and gratifying to have shows and exhibitions and to travel and partake in the excitement that makes contemporary art interesting. And then you realize that a carrot isn’t a carrot. A carrot is a stick.”

paragraph: Badlands Unlimited has since published over 50 paper books, e-books, and artist editions, including works of Etel Adnan, Cory Arcangel, Bernadette Corporation, Ian Cheng, Petra Cortright, Aruna D’Souza, Marcel Duchamp, Carroll Dunham, Claudia La Rocco, Hans Ulrich Obrist, Craig Owens, Yvonne Rainer, Rachel Rose, Dread Scott, Cauleen Smith, Martine Syms, Lynne Tillman, and Calvin Tomkins.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Return to art.

paragraph: Chan ended his hiatus in April 2014 with the opening of the six-month-long show "Selected Works" in Schaulager, Basel. His two collections of sculptural installations "Arguments" (2012 - 2013) and "Nonprojections" (2012 – 2013) hark back to his earlier animated projections with the inclusion of working projectors as sculptural components.

paragraph: In November 2014, Chan was awarded the Hugo Boss Prize. Asked to comment on winning the prize, Chan responded, “I’m afraid the success comes from a complete misunderstanding of my work.”

paragraph: The following year, Chan exhibited at the Guggenheim Museum in New York as part of the prize. He chose to show new work rather than older, better-known works from his earlier period. Chan calls these new works “Breathers.” Each Breather consists of a fabric shell attached to one or more specially modified fans. According to Chan, he employs techniques from fashion design, physics, and other fields to influence how the air flows from the fans to create different kinds of motion. Chan has talked about making the Breathers as his way of steering clear of making “screen images.” He has talked about the “regressive” nature of moving image works and has referred to the ubiquity of screens, from smartphones to computers, as contributing to a kind of “fatigue.” Chan said in an interview: “Someone recently coined the phrase “peak screen,” meaning that we’ve reached a stage where screens dominate our social lives so much that we’ve become fatigued by them. Even the companies that make them, like Apple or Google or Samsung, know that the profits from TVs and smartphones have plateaued. That’s partly why there’s been such a push for audio assistants like Siri and Alexa. Corporations know we’ve become so fatigued from looking at a screen that we’ll no longer purchase devices. I got that fatigue six or seven years ago. One of the reasons I stopped making art was because I had to use screens for making moving-image works for video projection, and I couldn’t bear to look at them anymore. I first stopped making work, and then when I started again, I didn’t make any screen works. How was I going to continue making work if I could no longer bear to look at the form that I historically used? The "Breathers" are my solution. It took around four years of research and development to figure out how much control I had of these animations. I wanted to control the movement of these works as nimbly as I could control the animations when I was working on a computer.”

paragraph: In 2018, Chan collaborated with the Greek-based non profit organization NEON to present "Odysseus and the Bathers," an exhibition curated by Sam Thorne, Director of Nottingham Contemporary at the Museum of Cycladic Art in Athens, Greece. The artist presented a body of new and recent works, which he calls “breathers” and “bathers”. Each figure is composed of a fabric “body” designed by Chan and attached to specially modified fans. These kinetic sculptural works act like moving images in three dimensions.

paragraph: Chan is one of six artist-curators who made selections for "Artistic License: Six Takes on the Guggenheim Collection", on view at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum from May 24, 2019 through January 12, 2020.

paragraph: Section::::Solo exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Odysseus and the Bathers," NEON at the Museum of Cycladic Art. July - October 2018

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paul Chan: Rhi Anima", Green Naftali Gallery, 2017.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paul Chan: Hippias Minor", Deste Foundation Project Space, Slaughterhouse, Hydra, 2015.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hugo Boss Prize 2014: "Paul Chan, Nonprojections for New Lovers", Guggenheim, 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paul Chan - Selected Works." Schaulager, Basel, Switzerland, 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sade for Sade's Sake." Greene Naftali Gallery, New York, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My laws are my whores." Renaissance Society at the University of Chicago, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paul Chan: The 7 Lights." New Museum, 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paul Chan: The 7 Lights." Serpentine Gallery, London, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lights and Drawings." Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, March–June 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Collection.

paragraph: Chan's work is held in the following public collections:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guggenheim Museum, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Museum of Modern Art, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Whitney Museum of American Art, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Art Institute of Chicago

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Walker Art Center, Minneapolis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hammer Museum, Los Angeles

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam

paragraph: Section::::Activism and controversy.

paragraph: Along with his history as an exhibiting artist, Chan has worked with a number of different political and activist movements. In 1997, Chan supported the Teamsters-led UPS strike in Chicago.

paragraph: Section::::Activism and controversy.:Anti-war activities.

paragraph: From 2002-2006, Chan was part of an American aid and activist group that opposed the US-led invasions and is called Voices in the Wilderness, and he worked in Baghdad in 2002.

paragraph: On February 13, 2003, teams of artists and activists posted photos of Iraqis that Chan had taken during his trip to Iraq around New York City and other cities around the world. This activity became known as "Snapshot Action," and was meant to show passersby real people in Iraq who might die if Iraq were to be invaded. Artists Emilie Clark and Lytle Shaw were arrested for a "quality of life infraction" for taping a photo to a metal lamppost.

paragraph: On August 12, 2005 a US federal judge ordered Voices in the Wilderness to pay $20,000 in fines for violating sanctions against Iraq.

paragraph: Section::::Activism and controversy.:Journalism.

paragraph: Chan was a co-founder of the New York chapter of the Independent Media Center.

paragraph: In 2004, Chan collaborated with Josh Breitbart, Nadxi Mannello, and Elise Gardella to create "A People's Guide to The Republican National Convention" (2004).

paragraph: In 2011, Chan helped recruit volunteers to get involved with what would become known as The Occupied Wall Street Journal, a free newsletter written and distributed by Occupy volunteers.

paragraph: In 2011, Chan was one of several artists to conduct an interview with Julian Assange. Assange is under investigation by US authorities for publishing classified documents leaked by Chelsea Manning.

paragraph: Section::::Activism and controversy.:Gun Reform Protest.

paragraph: In 2018 the artist and his publishing outfit Badlands Unlimited have produced banners for New York student activists involved in the National School Walkout protest on March 14, and the March for our Lives demonstration on 24 March.

paragraph: Section::::Activism and controversy.:Other controversies.

paragraph: Art Review commissioned Chan to create an image for their annual Power 100 issue in 2014, but then refused to run the issue with the image on the cover in fear that it would offend readers.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Paul, and Martha Rosler. 2006. "Paul Chan, Martha Rosler." New York: A.R.T. Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Paul, and Melissa Larner. 2007. "Paul Chan: The 7 Lights." Cologne: Verlag Der Buchhandung Walther König.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Paul. "Fearless Symmetry." Artforum 45, no. 7 (2007): 260.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Paul. "Paul Chan on Betrayal." Art Review, June 1, 2007, 40.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Paul. 2007. "The Shadow and Her Wanda: Story and Pictures and Footnotes (strictly for Children)." London: König.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Paul. "Next Day, Same Place: After Godot in New Orleans." TDR: The Drama Review 52, no. 4 (2008): 2-3.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Paul. "Trembling Before Time: On the Drawings of Paul Sharits." Parkett, 2008, 8-12.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "What Art Is and Where It Belongs by Paul Chan." In The Return of Religion and Other Myths: A Critical Reader in Contemporary Art, edited by Maria Hlavajova, Sven Lütticken, and Jill Winder, 56-71. Utrecht, Netherlands: BAK, Basis Voor Actuele Kunst, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Paul. "The Spirit of Recession." "October", July 1, 2009, 3-12.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biesenbach, Klaus, Cornelia H. Butler, and Neville Wakefield. "A Time Apart by Paul Chan." In Greater New York 2010, 84-85. New York: MoMA PS1 and the Museum of Modern Art, 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Paul. "Phaedrus Pron." Brooklyn, N.Y: Badlands Unlimited, 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Paul. "Private View: Henri Michaux." Tate Etc., April 1, 2010, 58-59.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Paul. "Miracles, Forces, Attractions, Reconsidered." Texte Zur Kunst, September 1, 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Paul. "The Essential and Incomplete Sade for Sade's Sake." 2010. New York: Badlands Unlimited.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Paul. "The Unthinkable Community." E-flux. January 1, 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Paul. 2010. "Waiting for Godot in New Orleans: a field guide." Köln: Walther König.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Paul. "X Jxm Vlr Rpb Pelria Ilpb Vlr." Art Journal. April 20, 2011.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Paul. "A Lawless Proposition." E-flux. December 1, 2011.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Paul. "Progress as Regression." E-flux. January 1, 2011.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Paul, and Sven Lütticken. "Idiot Wind: An Introduction." E-flux. January 1, 2011.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Paul. "Wanderlusting." Art in America. June 1, 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Paul. "Occupy Response". "October". October 1, 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Paul, Daniel Birnbaum, Heidi Naef, Isabel Friedli, Catherine Schelbert, Suzanne Schmidt, and Tarcisius Schelbert. 2014. "Paul Chan: selected works. Basel: Laurenz-Foundation", Schaulager

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Paul. "The Cat and the Owl: Remembering Chris Marker". "October," July 1, 2014, 149: 181–191

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Paul. "The Potency of Art". "Social Research: An International Quarterly," June 15, 2016, 83: 149–152.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Paul. "Second Nature". "October", January 1, 2016, 155: 151–161.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Letters on Frieze London: Paul Chan and Zachary Small Respond". "Hyperallergic". October 10, 2017.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Paul. "Odysseus as Artist". "Los Angeles Review of Books". December 21, 2017.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Allais, Lucia; Anderson, Noel W.; Weiner, Andrew; Bruguera, Tania; Burr, Tom; Carroll, Mary Ellen; Cassils; Chan, Paul; Cole, Andrew. "A Questionnaire on Monuments". "October". August 1, 2018, 165: 3–177.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Paul. "The spirit and the damage done: On Bruce Nauman's 100 Live and Die by Paul Chan - BOMB Magazine". "bombmagazine.org," March 22, 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, P. (2019). "Odysseus and the bathers". New York: Badlands Unlimited.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, P., Fletcher, R. and Marta, K. (2015). "Hippias Minor or The Art Of Cunning: A New Translation". New York: Badlands Unlimited.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, P. and Baker, G. (2014). "Selected writings 2000-2014". Basel: Laurenz Foundation, Schaulager.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, P. (2014). "New New Testament". New York: Badlands Unlimited.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, P. (2010). "Phaedrus Pron". New York: Badlands Unlimited.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, P. (2010). "The essential and incomplete Sade for Sade's sake". New York: Badlands Unlimited.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, P. (2010). "Waiting for Godot in New Orleans". New York: Badlands Unlimited.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asmar, Ranya. "Paul Chan Interview." Artbook. March 28, 2012. http://www.artbook.com/blog-paul-chan-e-book-interview.html.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bellini, Andrea. "Paul Chan: Where Form Ends and Content Begins." Flash Art, March 1, 2005, 68-70.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boyle, Deirdre. "The Advocate and the Artist Talk about Poetry and Justice." Speakeasy, July 1, 2006, 18-22.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carlson, Ben. "Making Worlds: Interview with Paul Chan." Dossier, January 1, 2009, 115-16.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cattelan, Maurizio. "Some Things Just Stick in Your Mind." Flash Art, October 1, 2008, 110-13.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edwards, Natalie. "Paul Chan: Quantity Is Not Quality." F Newsmagazine. March 23, 2007. http://fnewsmagazine.com/2007-apr/q&a--the-yes-men-s-andy-bichlbaum-and-paul-chan.php.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fogle, Douglas. "Paul Chan in Conversation with Eungie Joo." In Life on Mars: 55th Carnegie International. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Carnegie Museum of Art, 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hanru, Hou, and Hans-Ulrich Obrist. "Paul Chan in the Uncertain States of America." ARTit, April 1, 2006, 108-09.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hromack, Sarah. "A Thing Remade: A Conversation with Paul Chan." Rhizome. August 25, 2011. http://rhizome.org/editorial/2011/aug/25/a-thing-remade-conversation-paul-chan/

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hullot-Kentor, Robert. "Robert Hullot-Kentor with Paul Chan." The Brooklyn Rail. March 1, 2007. http://www.brooklynrail.org/2007/03/art/robert-hullot.

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Rocco, Claudia. "An Interview." The Brooklyn Rail, July 8, 2010, 22-26.

paragraph: BULLET::::- McClister, Nell. "Interview Paul Chan." BOMB Magazine, July 1, 2005, 22-29.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Molesworth, Helen Anne. "A Conversation between Paul Chan and Helen Molesworth." In Dance/draw. Ostfildern, Germany;: Hatje Cantz ; Institute of Contemporary Art (Boston, Mass.), 2011.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Negar, Azimi. "Paul Chan On Despotism, Democracy and the Fetish." Bidoun, November 1, 2006, 86-89.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obrist, Hans-Ulrich. "It's worth Trying to Imagine a New Visual Language to Describe the World We Live in Now." ARTit, August 1, 2007, 54-61.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obrist, Hans-Ulrich. Interviews. Volume 2. Milan: Charta Art, 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul, Schmelzer. "Over-Booked: Paul Chan on Badlands Unlimited." Walker Art Center - Blogs - The Gradient. September 7, 2012. http://blogs.walkerart.org/design/2012/09/07/over-booked-paul-chan-on-badlands-unlimited/.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rottmann, André. "Family of Strangers." Texte Zur Kunst, September 1, 2007, 153-59.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schmelzer, Paul. "What Can Saddam Teach Us About Democracy?" Walker. September 5, 2012. http://www.walkerart.org/magazine/2012/paul-chan-saddam-hussein-democracy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sciortino, Natalie. "Inside Out." ARTVOICES, March 1, 2008, 8-9.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Segal, Emily. "Biggie Smalls — Theodor Adorno." 032c, January 1, 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zita, Carmen. "Art Eternal." Trace, March 1, 2005, 50-51.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Van Der Poel, Daniël. "Paul Chan on Badlands Unlimited." Metropolis M, November 1, 2012.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 7 Lights by Paul Chan, New Museum. Video.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greene Naftali Gallery artist page.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schaulager - Paul Chan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Badlands Unlimited.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Video Data Bank artist page.

description: Hong Kong-born artist and activist

wikidata_label: Paul Chan

wikipedia_title: Paul Chan (artist)


text:
c.
Edward III
Stratford family
Stratford-on-Avon
John de Stratford
Archbishop of Canterbury
Henry de Stratford
Thomas de Stratford
Archdeacon of Gloucester
Shottery
Ralph Hatton
Andrew De Stratford
Prebend of Aylesbury
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Lord Chancellor
Chancellor
University of Oxford
Archdeacon of Canterbury
Bishop of Chichester

categories: Chancellors of the University of Oxford,Chancellors of the Exchequer of England,Bishops of Chichester,1292 births,Archdeacons of Canterbury,Fellows of Merton College, Oxford,Alumni of the University of Oxford,Year of birth uncertain,Lord Chancellors of England,14th-century English people,14th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Stratford family,1362 deaths

paragraph: Robert de Stratford

paragraph: Robert de Stratford (c. 1292 – 9 April 1362) was an English bishop and was one of Edward III's principal ministers.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Stratford was born into the landed Stratford family of Stratford-on-Avon around 1292. His father was another Robert and his mother was called Isabel. He was brother to John de Stratford (Archbishop of Canterbury) and possibly Henry de Stratford and Thomas de Stratford, Archdeacon of Gloucester (he was certainly a relation to both), to the latter of whom he gifted the manor of Shottery. Robert senior has been identified as ‘Master’ Robert, co-founder and first master of the hospital of St Cross within the town, but in view of the title magister and the celibate status required, this appears unlikely. The family was related to the Hattons, important men in the town, Ralph Hatton ‘of Stratford’, the future bishop of London, being John's nephew. He was also a relative of Sir Andrew De Stratford.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Stratford served for a time as deputy to his brother John. From 1329 he served as Prebend of Aylesbury and then from 1331 to 1334 he served as Chancellor of the Exchequer and from March to July 1338 as Lord Chancellor. He was dismissed as chancellor in 1338 but regained the office for six months in 1340.

paragraph: From 1335 to 1338, Stratford was Chancellor of the University of Oxford.

paragraph: From 1334–7, Stratford was Archdeacon of Canterbury. He was elected Bishop of Chichester between 23 July and 18 August 1337, and was consecrated 30 November 1337.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Stratford made his will and died at his manor of Aldingbourne in Sussex on 9 April 1362. Probate was granted on the 26th. His recumbent effigy lies in the south choir aisle of Chichester Cathedral.

description: Lord Chancellor, Bishop of Chichester

wikidata_label: Robert de Stratford

wikipedia_title: Robert de Stratford


text: Somali

text: Supreme Revolutionary Council

text: Marehan

text: Darod

text: Mudug

text: Somalia

text: Somali Air Force

text: Brigadier General

text: army

text: Somali Youth League

text: Somali Air Force

text: Muhammad Ali Samatar

text: Hussein Kulmiye Afrah

text: Abdullah Mohamed Fadil

text: Abdirizak Mohamud Abubakar

text: Muse Hassan Sheikh Sayid Abdulle

text: Abdullahi Ahmed Irro

text: Asli Hassan Abade

text: Salaad Gabeyre Kediye

categories: Somalian generals,Air force generals,1927 births,Somalian military leaders,Government ministers of Somalia,Ethnic Somali people,1978 deaths

paragraph: Ali Matan Hashi

paragraph: Ali Matan Hashi (1927–1978; , ), also known as Ali Matan, was a Somali senior military official and politician. He was the first Somali pilot, and a prominent member of the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC).

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Ali Matan was born into a Marehan Darod family in the Mudug Region of Somalia .

paragraph: He created the Somali Air Force in 1960, and oversaw the growth of it between 1960 and 1978. A Brigadier General in the army, he held various political and military positions, including Minister of Justice and Commander of the Air Force. He was also one of the closest advisers of the president.

paragraph: Ali was born in the Hobyo district of Mudug in 1927. At the age of 17, he joined the Signal Corps of the British Occupation Forces in 1944 where he took upon radio engineering. As it was the norm of many Somali activists at that time, he joined the incipient Somali Youth League in 1944 and was the secretary of the young political party at the Sagag (Segeg) village in Dhagabur District. Following the abolition of the Somaliland Signal Corps in 1947, he joined the Post and Telecommunications department in Mogadishu.

paragraph: Whilst in Mogadishu; he participated in several protests, notably the Hanoolaato anti-colonial uprising in Jan 1948. In 1950, he was imprisoned by the AFIS (Italian Trusteeship Administration) in Adado (Galgaduud) for drawing a painting depicting a Somali nomad carrying a load of 10 full sacks on his shoulders which indicated the 10 years that the country was to remain under the colonial rule.

paragraph: In the early 1950s, he joined the Aeronautic Department where he served as a deputy director. In 1955, after completing his intermediate education, he joined the then Political and Administrative School. In 1956, he left for Italy where he became the first Somali pilot and air traffic controller. A year later, he was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant in the pre-independence Somali Air Force (Somali Aeronautical Corps). In 1958, he was nominated as the director of airports in Somalia. Given that there were no other Somali pilots, he strived to convince the colonial administration to send 35 Somali students abroad for pilot and aircraft mechanics training.

paragraph: In 1959, he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant and was subsequently sent to Italy, where he commenced a training as a first class pilot, according to the type of aircraft then available at that time in Somalia.

paragraph: Upon his return from Italy in 1960, he was promoted to the rank of Captain and together with his colleagues were transferred to the newly created Somali Air Force. In late 1960, he supervised the first weekly flights connecting the capital city Muqdisho to the second capital Hargeisa. Hargeisa citizens dubbed it as the ‘Cali Mataan Airways’.

paragraph: In 1963, he was promoted to the rank of major, and towards the end of that year, he was sent to the Soviet Forces Academy in Moscow, where he undertook training as a full-fledged Mig pilot. Upon his return from the Soviet Union in 1965, he was appointed as the new Commander of the Somali Air Force and in 1967 was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel.

paragraph: Ali matan Hashi was one of the members who participated in the bloodless coup in 1969 that overthrew the corruption-rife post-colonial government. After the take-over, he was incorporated in the newly created Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC).

paragraph: In 1970, his rank was elevated to full colonel, and in 1973 he was nominated as an advisor on legal and presidential affairs. In 1974, he became the new chairman of the Legal Affairs Committee of the SRC, which oversaw the introductions of legal reformations in the country. Two years prior to his death in 1978, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muhammad Ali Samatar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hussein Kulmiye Afrah

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abdullah Mohamed Fadil

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abdirizak Mohamud Abubakar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muse Hassan Sheikh Sayid Abdulle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abdullahi Ahmed Irro

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asli Hassan Abade

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salaad Gabeyre Kediye

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The first Somali man to fly - Gen. Cali Mataan Xaashi

description: Commander of Somali Air Force

wikidata_label: Ali Matan Hashi

wikipedia_title: Ali Matan Hashi


text: Filipino

text: Philippine Revolution

text: Philippine–American War

text: Salasa, Pangasinan

text: Baliuag, Bulacan

text: Pangasinan

text: San Isidro, Nueva Ecija

text: Colegio de San Juan de Letran

text: Manila

text: Spanish government

text: Toledo

text: Spanish Army

text: second lieutenant

text: Philippines

text: Philippine Revolution

text: Cavite

text: Batangas

text: Talisay, Batangas

text: Treaty of Paris

text: Spanish–American War

text: First Philippine Republic

text: United States

text: American occupation

text: Antonio Luna

text: Philippine Army

text: major

text: veterans

text: Academia Militar

text: Malolos, Bulacan

text: Philippine–American War

text: La Loma Cemetery

text: Caloocan City

text: Arthur MacArthur, Jr.

text: lieutenant colonel

text: Bigaa

text: Malolos

text: Mauro Navarro

text: Pangasinan

text: Salasa

text: Bugallon

text: Sampaloc Church

text: Manila

categories: People from Pangasinan,Colegio de San Juan de Letran alumni,Filipino military personnel,1899 deaths,1873 births

paragraph: José Torres Bugallón

paragraph: José Torres Bugallón y Gonzales (August 28, 1873 – February 4, 1899) was a Filipino military officer who fought during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American War. He is known as the "Hero of the Battle of La Loma", where he was fatally wounded.

paragraph: Section::::Family background.

paragraph: Bugallón was born on August 28, 1873, in Salasa, Pangasinan. His father, José Asas Bugallón, came from Baliuag, Bulacan, while his mother was from the Gonzales family of Pangasinan.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: After elementary schooling in Salasa, Bugallón went to San Isidro, Nueva Ecija, where he studied under Don Rufino Villaruz. He finished his first and second years of secondary schooling in 1882. In 1886, he enrolled at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran in Manila, where he completed his secondary course and earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1889, with high scholastic ratings.

paragraph: After his graduation, Bugallón entered the Seminary of San Carlos with the intention of becoming a priest. However, he passed the validation examination given by the Spanish government in 1892, and he was sent abroad as a pensionado of the government to the Academia Militar de Toledo. As a result, Bugallon spent three years of his life studying military science and warfare.

paragraph: Section::::Philippine Revolution.

paragraph: In 1896, Bugallón graduated from the Academia and was commissioned in the Spanish Army with the rank of second lieutenant. He was dispatched to the Philippines where he joined the 70th Infantry Regiment. When Philippine Revolution broke out, he and his regiment were posted in Cavite and Batangas. Bugallón exhibited exemplary valor at the Battle of Talisay, Batangas, on May 30, 1897; as a result, he was awarded the Cross of María Cristina and the Cruz Roja del Merito Militar (Red Cross for Military Honor).

paragraph: Section::::Treaty of Paris.

paragraph: On December 10, 1898, the Treaty of Paris was signed, ending the Spanish–American War. Bugallón was able to obtain his clearance papers at this time.

paragraph: During this period, relations between the First Philippine Republic and the United States began to sour, especially with the American occupation of Manila. On January 23, 1899, Antonio Luna was appointed as head of the Philippine Army.

paragraph: Realizing possible American hostility, he began to reorganize the Filipino revolutionary forces. Luna recruited many officers and soldiers of the former Spanish colonial army, one of which was Bugallón, who apparently already held the rank of major. As aide-de-camp to Luna, Bugallón was responsible for the recruitment of Spanish war veterans, and he was very instrumental in reorganizing the Philippine Army, particularly as a faculty member of the Academia Militar established by Luna in Malolos, Bulacan in October 1898. As a result, Bugallon became an invaluable officer to Luna.

paragraph: Section::::Philippine–American War and death.

paragraph: On February 4, 1899, the Philippine–American War erupted. Bugallon rejoined Luna in the field immediately.

paragraph: The next day, February 5, saw them in La Loma hill, the present day site of La Loma Cemetery, between Manila and Caloocan City. While holding the line, American troops under General Arthur MacArthur, Jr. charged and outflanked them. As a result, Bugallon and his men were exposed to enemy fire, and he sustained a bullet in his thighs.

paragraph: Upon learning from that Bugallón was wounded, Luna ordered:

paragraph: Luna found Bugallón severely wounded and prostrate in a ditch along the road. "Don't expose yourself so much. Don't advance any farther," Bugallón said.

paragraph: For his bravery, Luna immediately promoted Bugallón to lieutenant colonel. The wounded hero was rushed by train to the medical station in Caloocan, hoping that he could be kept alive until he can be brought to the hospital in Malolos. However, it was too late; after inquiring if the Filipino reinforcements have arrived, and expired in Luna's arms. Allegedly, Luna unashamedly wept for Bugallón.

paragraph: Section::::Burial and perpetuation of memory.

paragraph: Arrangements were made to bury his remains in Bigaa but it was decided later to inter the corpse at the Malolos cemetery. There a tomb with a modest stone slab marked his final resting place.

paragraph: In 1921, to perpetuate his memory, Congressman Mauro Navarro of Pangasinan sponsored a law that changed the municipality of Salasa, the hero's birthplace, to Bugallon.

paragraph: His remains are now buried in the Sampaloc Church in Manila.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Major Jose Torres Bugallon 133rd birth anniversary"

description: Filipino military officer

wikidata_label: José Torres Bugallón

wikipedia_title: José Torres Bugallón


text:
Utrecht
Bishop of Utrecht
Hainaut
House of Avesnes
John II
Count of Hainaut
Count of Holland
John I of Avesnes
Adelaide of Holland
Adolf II van Waldeck
archbishop of Cologne
the Sticht
Battle of Duiveland
Council of Vienne
Aemstel
Woerden
town privileges
Amsterdam
Utrecht Cathedral
Otto van Asperen van Heuckelom
van Polanen
van Voorst
Arnold, Lord of IJsselstein
John I, Lord of Egmond
van Brederode
Arnold
Leiningen
canon
Utrecht
Wassenaer
abbess
's-Hertogenbosch

categories: 1253 births,Avesnes family,1317 deaths,Burials at St. Martin's Cathedral, Utrecht,Prince-Bishops of Utrecht

paragraph: Guy of Avesnes

paragraph: Guy van Avennes (also spelt as Guy van Avesnes; Dutch Gwijde van Avesnes) (c. 1253 - 23 May 1317, Utrecht) was Bishop of Utrecht from 1301 to 1317.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He was descended from an important Hainaut family, the House of Avesnes. He was the brother of John II, Count of Hainaut and Count of Holland, and their parents were John I of Avesnes and Adelaide of Holland.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: It was John II who ensured Guy's appointment as bishop of Utrecht in 1301, instead of Adolf II van Waldeck, and he was consecrated bishop by the archbishop of Cologne in 1302, the following year. He brought about a reconciliation between the Lichtenbergers and the Fresingen. However, in 1304 he weakened his brother John's position by leading an offensive of Flemish troops which then occupied Holland and the Sticht. Guy was then captured at the Battle of Duiveland on 20 March 1304. In Guy's absence, the Fresingen seized power in Utrecht with the support of the guilds, whose privileges they fixed in the "Gildenbrief" of 9 May 1304. On 14 September 1305, the guilds' regime had to capitulate to bishop Guy (who had been released), but from then on the city retained a high degree of autonomy. However, it took until 1309 before the king fully recognised the bishop as Utrecht's secular lord.

paragraph: In 1311, Guy took his place at the first Council of Vienne, and from that date on he was frequently abroad. He knew well that a compromise had to be made between the various parties in the Sticht and in Utrecht itself, and so took up a middle-of-the-road position. He personally managed the possessions of the lordships of Aemstel and of Woerden, and as such granted town privileges to Amsterdam in 1306. After his death these lordships definitively devolved to the count of Holland. He was buried in Utrecht Cathedral and his tomb, damaged during the iconoclasm in the 16th century, still survives.

paragraph: Section::::Offspring.

paragraph: He had two daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aleid of Avesnes, married Otto van Asperen van Heuckelom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elburg van Asperen married Dirk van Polanen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otto van Polanen married Johanna van Voorst

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria of Avesnes, married Arnold, Lord of IJsselstein

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guyotte van Amstel, heiress of IJsselstein, married John I, Lord of Egmond

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baerte van Egmond (d.1411) married first Walraven van Brederode , and secondly, Gerrit I van Culemborg (d.1394)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arnold (d. 1409) married Jolanda countess von Leiningen (d. 1434)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albert, a canon in Utrecht

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beatrix, married Ghisbert of Vianen (d.1391)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria (d. ), married Philip van Wassenaer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine, married Bartholomeus of Raephorst (d. 1406)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antonia, abbess in 's-Hertogenbosch

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerrit van Egmond married Wilhelmina van Wateringen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Griete married Jan van Almelo

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- G.C. van Nieuwenhuizen: "Gwijde van Avesnes, Bisschop van Utrecht 1301-1317"; scriptie RUU (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. van der Zee: "Vaderlandsche Kerkgeschiedenis"; Kampen (1936)

description: Dutch bishop

wikidata_label: Guy of Avesnes

wikipedia_title: Guy of Avesnes


text: Shia

text: Islamic prophet

text: Muhammad

text: Khadijah

text: Muhammad's household

text: Ali

text: Rightly Guided Caliphs

text: Hasan

text: Husayn

text: Shia Imams

text: Sayyid

text: Islam

text: prayer

text: worship

text: Imam

text: Imams

text: Mecca

text: Muhammad's wives

text: Quranic revelations

text: Kaaba

text: Arabia

text: Twelver

text: Shia

text: Qur'an

text: Zaynab bint Muhammad

text: Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad

text: Ruqayyah bint Muhammad

text: Qasim ibn Muhammad

text: Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad

text: Ibrahim ibn Muhammad

text: Mubahala

text: Gabriel

text: Michael

text: wet nurse

text: Quraysh

text: placenta

text: Amr ibn Hishām

text: angel

text: Gabriel

text: God

text: Abu Bakr

text: Umar

text: Muhammad's cousin

text: Ali

text: mahr

text: second year of the hijra

text: Uthman ibn Affan

text: Aisha

text: Umm Salama

text: Hossein Nasr

text: polygamy

text: Battle of Khaybar

text: Tasbih

text: Allahu Akbar

text: Alhamdulillah

text: Subhan'Allah

text: Abu Jahl's

text: Battle of Uhud

text: Abu Sufyan

text: Treaty of Hudaybiyyah

text: exegetes

text: the verse of purification

text: ayah

text: Surah

text: al-Ahzab

text: Al-i-Imran

text: al-Tabari

text: Ibn al-Jawzi

text: Jesus

text: Mary

text: Asiya

text: Pharaoh

text: Khadija

text: Fatima

text: Ali

text: Hasan

text: Husayn

text: Saqifa

text: Abu Bakr

text: Caliph

text: Umar

text: Al-Tabari

text: Ibn Qutaybah

text: Zubayr ibn al-Awam

text: Al-Imama wa al-Siyasa

text: Ibn Qutaybah

text: Al-Baladhuri

text: Muhsin

text: Mu'tazilite

text: Ibrahim al-Nazzam

text: Kitab Sulaym ibn Qays

text: Sulaym ibn Qays

text: Al-Baladhuri

text: Al-Ya'qubi

text: Al-Masudi

text: Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid

text: Kitab al-Irshad

text: Ali

text: Muhammad

text: prophets do not leave behind inheritance

text: sadaqah

text: Muhammad

text: Madelung

text: the Farewell Pilgrimage

text: Jumada al-Sani

text: Umar ibn al-Khattab

text: janazah

text: janazah

text: Lesley Hazleton

text: Iranians

text: Muzaffer Ozak

text: Fatimah's burial place

text: Madelung

text: The Succession to Muhammad

text: Al-Baqi'

text: Hasan

text: Husayn

text: Zaynab

text: Umm Kulthum

text: ibn Abi l-Hadid

text: attack on her house

text: Sharif

text: hadith

text: Khadijah

text: Paradise

text: Mary

text: Christianity

text: Rashidun

text: caliph

text: Imam

text: Ismaili

text: Fatimid Caliphate

text: immaculate

text: Mahmoud Ayoub

text: Umayyads

text: hereafter

text: Iranians

text: Mother's Day

text: Gregorian date

text: Book of Fatimah

text: Children of Muhammad

text: Fatima the Gracious

text: Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters

text: Hamsa

text: Our Lady of Fátima

text: Sermon of Fadak

text: Bayt al-Ahzan

text: The Life of Fatimah

text: Fatimah al-Ma`sumah (as): a role model for men and women

text: Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah

text: The world’s most outstanding Lady: Fatima az-Zahra’

text: Naser Makarem Shirazi

text: Fatima is Fatima

text: Ali Shariati

text: Fatima (S.A) The Gracious

text: Behar al-Anwar, Volume 43

text: Bihar al-Anwar

text: Muhammad Baqir Majlisi

text: Muhammad Shaykh Sarwar

text: Muntahi al-Amal

text: Abbas Qomi

text: Fatimah

text: The Life of Fatimah Az- Zahra'

text: The Virtues of Fatimah (sa)

categories: 7th-century Arabs,Khadija,615 births,632 deaths,Fatimah,7th-century women,Banu Hashim,Alid dynasties,Children of Muhammad,Female Sahabah,Muslim martyrs,The Fourteen Infallibles,Ahl al-Kisa,Ahl al-Bayt,Shia Islam,Sunni Islam,Ali,Muhammad

paragraph: Fatimah

paragraph: Fatimah bint Muhammad (; ""; born 615 AD, 5 BH – died 28 August 632 ) was the youngest daughter and, according to Shia Muslims, the only child of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and Khadijah who lived to adulthood, and therefore part of Muhammad's household. Her husband was Ali, the last of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, and her children include Hasan and Husayn, the second and third Shia Imams, respectively. She is the object of love and respect of Muslims, as she was the child closest to her father and supported him in his difficulties, was the supporter and loving caretaker of her own husband and children, and was the only child of Muhammad to have male children live beyond childhood, whose descendants are spread throughout the Islamic world and are known as Sayyids.

paragraph: Fatimah is a vital character in Islam and her name is one of the most popular for girls throughout the Muslim world. However, there is controversy between different sects regarding her political role.

paragraph: Section::::Titles.

paragraph: Fatimah is given many titles by Muslims to show their admiration of her moral and physical characteristics. The most used title is ""al-Zahra"", meaning "the shining one", and she is commonly referred to as "Fatimah Zahra". She was also known as ""al-Batūl"" (the chaste and pure one) as she spent much of her time in prayer, reciting the Qur'an and in other acts of worship. Besides, amongst 125 famous veneration titles, she has also been honored with the title of Umm-ul-Aaima (Mother of Imams).

paragraph: Section::::Titles.:Kunyas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Umm Abihā (Mother of Her Father) or Am-o-Abihā

paragraph: BULLET::::- Umm al-Ḥasanayn

paragraph: BULLET::::- Umm al-Ḥasan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Umm al-Ḥusayn

paragraph: BULLET::::- Umm al-Ā’ima (Mother of Imams).

paragraph: Moreover, there are many Shia narrations which have been stated from their Imams about the names and titles of Fatima. For instance, Imam al-Sadiq says: Fatima has nine names from God: 1-"Fāṭima" (a woman who throws herself and her followers out of the hell), 2-"al-Ṣiddīqah" (a woman who has never lied), 3-"al-Mubārakah" (a woman who is full of blessings), 4-"al-Ṭāhirah" (a woman who is pure, sinless and infallible), 5-"al-Zakiyyah" (a woman who is away from any contamination), 6-"al-Raḍiyyah" (a woman who suffers hardship and difficulty and is happy with the will of God), 7-"al-Marḍiyyah" (a woman with whom God is satisfied), 8-"al-Muḥaddithah" (a woman who transmits some "aḥādīth" [Prophetic traditions]), 9-"al-Zahrah" (bright and shining).

paragraph: Section::::Birth.

paragraph: Fatimah was born in Mecca to Khadija, the first of Muhammad's wives. There are differences of opinion on the exact date of her birth, but the widely accepted view is that she was born five years before the first Quranic revelations, during the time of the rebuilding of the Kaaba in 605, although this does imply she was over 18 at the time of her marriage, which was unusual in Arabia. Twelver Shia sources, however, state that she was born either two or five years after the first Qur'anic revelations, but that timeline would imply her mother was over fifty at the time of her birth, according to Sunni sources.

paragraph: Fatimah had three sisters named Zaynab bint Muhammad, Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad, and Ruqayyah bint Muhammad. She also had three brothers named Qasim ibn Muhammad, Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad, and Ibrahim ibn Muhammad, all of whom died in childhood. While Sunnis believe Zainab, Ruqayyah, and Umm Kulthum to be the other daughters of Muhammad, Shias believe that they were actually the daughters of Hala, the sister of Khadijah, who were adopted by Muhammad and Khadijah at her death. A reason given by the Shi'a scholars for this belief is the event of ("Mubahala") mentioned in the Quran, in which there is no reference to the presence of any other female apart from Fatimah.

paragraph: There are several Shia traditions regarding to the lead up to and after Fatimah's birth. One such states that prior to her conception, Muhammad fasted for forty days and worshipped during the nights. Afterwards, the angel Gabriel came down with a promise of a gift for Muhammad. This was revealed to be Fatimah, carried by the angel Michael in a vessel covered with fine silk and heavy brocade.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Following the birth of Fatimah, she was nursed by her mother and brought up by her father; contrary to local customs where the newborns were sent to "wet nurses" in the surrounding villages. She spent her early youth under the care of her parents in Mecca in the shadow of the tribulations suffered by her father at the hands of the Quraysh.

paragraph: Evoking the caring nature of Fatima is the account of when Muhammad, as he was performing the "salat" (prayer) in the Kaaba, had camel placenta poured over him by Amr ibn Hishām (Abu Jahl) and his men. Fatimah, upon hearing the news, rushed to her father and wiped away the filth while scolding the men.

paragraph: At the death of her mother, Fatimah was overcome by sorrow and found it very difficult to cope with it. To console her, her father informed her about having received word from angel Gabriel that God had built for her a palace in paradise.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: Many of Muhammad's companions asked for Fatimah's hand in marriage, including Abu Bakr and Umar. Muhammad turned them all down, saying that he was awaiting a sign of her destiny. Ali, Muhammad's cousin, also had a desire to marry Fatimah. When he went to see Muhammad, he could not vocalise his intention but remained silent. Muhammad understood the reason for his being there and prompted Ali to confirm that he had come to seek Fatimah in marriage. He suggested that Ali had a shield, which if sold, would provide sufficient money to pay the bridal gift ("mahr"). Muhammad put forward the proposal from Ali to Fatimah, who remained silent and did not reject the proposal like the previous ones. Muhammad took this to be a sign of affirmation and consent.

paragraph: The actual date of the marriage is unclear, but it most likely took place in 623, the second year of the hijra, although some sources say it was in 622. The age of Fatimah is reported to have been 9 or 19 (due to differences of opinion on the exact date of her birth i.e. 605 or 615) at the time of her marriage while Ali was between 21 and 25. Muhammad told Ali that he had been ordered by God to give his daughter Fatimah to Ali in marriage. Muhammad said to Fatimah: "I have married you to the dearest of my family to me." Ali sold his shield to raise the money needed for the wedding, as suggested by Muhammad. However, Uthman ibn Affan, to whom the shield was sold, gave it back to Ali saying it was his wedding gift to Ali and Fatimah. Muhammad himself performed the wedding ceremony and two of his wives, Aisha and Umm Salama, prepared the wedding feast with dates, figs, sheep and other food donated by various members of the Madinan community. According to Hossein Nasr, their marriage possesses a special spiritual significance for all Muslims because it is seen as the marriage between the greatest saintly figures surrounding Muhammad. Their marriage lasted about ten years and ended when Fatimah died. Although polygamy is permitted by Islam, Ali did not marry any other woman while Fatimah was alive.

paragraph: Section::::Life before the death of Muhammad.

paragraph: Section::::Life before the death of Muhammad.:A humble life.

paragraph: After her marriage to Ali, the couple led a humble life in contrast to her sisters who were all married to wealthy individuals. Ali had built a house not too far from Muhammad's residence where he lived with Fatimah. However, due to Fatimah's desire to be closer to her father, a Medinan (Haritha bin al-Numan) donated his own house to them.

paragraph: For several years after her marriage, she did all of the work by herself. The shoulder on which she carried pitchers of water from the well was swollen and the hand with which she worked the handmill to grind corn were often covered with blisters. Fatimah vouched to take care of the household work, make dough, bake bread, and clean the house; in return, Ali vouched to take care of the outside work such as gathering firewood and bringing food. Ali worked to irrigate other people's lands by drawing water from the wells. Their circumstances were akin to many of the Muslims at the time and only improved following the Battle of Khaybar when the produce of Khaybar was distributed among the poor. When the economic situations of the Muslims become better, Fatimah gained some maids but treated them like her family and performed the house duties with them.

paragraph: Another reference to their simple life comes from the "Tasbih of Fatimah", a divine formula that was first given to Fatimah when she asked her father for a kaneez (slave girl) in order to help her with household chores. Her father asked her if she would like a gift instead that was better than a servant and worth more than everything in the world. Upon her ready agreement, he told her to recite at the end of every prayer the Great Exaltation, "Allahu Akbar" 33 times, the Statement of Absolute Gratitude, "Alhamdulillah" 33 times and the Invocation of Divine Glory, "Subhan'Allah" 33 times, and "lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāh" once, totalling 100. This collective prayer is called the "Tasbih of Fatima".

paragraph: Section::::Life before the death of Muhammad.:Married life.

paragraph: Fatimah is believed to have had a happy marital life. However, there are claims that Ali angered her when he allegedly asked for Abu Jahl's daughter's hand in marriage. Muhammad is said to have refused to allow the marriage unless Ali divorced his daughter, saying "Fatima is a part of my body, and I hate what she hates to see, and what hurts her, hurts me." A letter Ali wrote later may have made reference to this proposal:

paragraph: However, Shia sources tend to dispute this event, citing speeches from Ali that deny any problem with his spouse. One such has Ali swearing to God, "I never did any act that made Fatimah angry and she never made me angry either." These sources also acknowledge the above saying of Muhammad, but disagree with its context. The statement is instead attributed to Fatimah herself, who is believed to have used it when voicing her anger at Abu Bakr and Umar. Abu Muhammad Ordoni quotes in his book: "Among the many fabricated stories told against Ali was that he had asked for Abu Jahl's (the chief of infidels) daughter's hand in marriage. When this news reached Fatimah, she rushed to her father who found out the falsity of the story." Regardless, had this proposal occurred, nothing appears to have come of it as there is no record of Ali marrying another woman during Fatimah's lifetime.

paragraph: Section::::Life before the death of Muhammad.:On the battlefield.

paragraph: Following the Battle of Uhud, Fatimah tended to the wounds of her father and husband and regularly visited the graves of all those who died in the battle and pray for them. Fatimah, along with her husband, was also called upon by Abu Sufyan to intercede on his behalf with Muhammad while attempting to make amends following the violation of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah. Abu Sufyan also asked for Fatimah's protection when she went to Mecca while it was under occupation which she refused under instruction from her father.

paragraph: Section::::Fatimah in the Qur'an.

paragraph: Some verses in the Qur'an are associated with Fatimah and her household by classical exegetes, although she is not mentioned by name. According to J. D. McAuliffe, two of the most important verses include the verse of purification, which is the 33rd ayah in Surah al-Ahzab, and the 61st ayah in Surah Al-i-Imran. In the first verse, the phrase "people of the house" ("ahl al-bayt") is ordinarily understood to consist of Muhammad, Fatimah, her husband Ali and their two sons (al-Tabari in his exegesis also mentions a tradition that interprets "people of the house" as Muhammad's wives; for Ibn al-Jawzi, the order of these options is reversed). The second verse refers to an episode in which Muhammad proposed an ordeal of mutual adjuration ("Mubahala") to a delegation of Christians. Fatimah, according to the "occasion for the revelation" of this verse, was among those offered by Muhammad as witnesses and guarantors.

paragraph: Muslim exegesis of the Qur'anic verse , links the praise of Mary, the mother of Jesus, with that of Fatimah based on a quote attributed to Muhammad that lists the outstanding women of all time as Mary, Asiya (the wife of Pharaoh), Khadija and Fatima.

paragraph: One of the significant chapters in the Quran related to Fatima is Surah Al-Kauthar. This chapter was revealed when Fatima was born in Mecca. However, it had been expressed by Muhammad's enemies that he would be without posterity.

paragraph: Another considerable verse which is regarded to Fatima is verse 23th of Surah Ash-Shura:

paragraph: ...I do not ask you any reward for it except love of [my] relatives... [42/23]

paragraph: Ibn Abbas says: when this verse revealed, I asked the Holy Prophet: who are those persons that their kindness and love is obligatory? The Prophet said: They are Ali, Fatimah, Hasan and Husayn.

paragraph: It has been said by some Quranic commentators, following the first verse of Surah Al-Qadr, that the meaning [entire example] of Night (لَيْلَةِ ) is Fatima. Some traditions are also narrated from Shia Imams regarding to this matter.

paragraph: Section::::Life after the death of Muhammad.

paragraph: Section::::Life after the death of Muhammad.:Attack on her house.

paragraph: After the gathering at Saqifa where Abu Bakr was elected Caliph, Umar (who had been among Abu Bakr's advocates) and his supporters were allegedly sent to Fatimah's house where Fatimah, Ali and some of their allies were gathered. Several scholars, such as Al-Tabari and Ibn Qutaybah, narrate that Umar threatened to burn the building down if Ali refused to acknowledge Abu Bakr's authority, with Al-Tabari adding that Umar's men beat Ali's friend Zubayr ibn al-Awam. According to the "Al-Imama wa al-Siyasa" (mistakenly attributed to Ibn Qutaybah), when Umar was informed that Fatimah was inside the house, he responded that her presence made no difference to him.

paragraph: While the historian Al-Baladhuri states that the altercation never became violent and ended with Ali's compliance, and Tabari makes no mention of Fatimah's involvement, some traditions add that Umar and his supporters forcibly entered the house, resulting in Fatimah's miscarriage of her unborn son Muhsin. Twelver Shia sources state that this occurred when Umar forced the front door open, crushing Fatimah behind it and breaking her ribs. However, the Mu'tazilite theologian Ibrahim al-Nazzam narrates that, "Umar hit Fatimah (sa) on the stomach such that the child in her womb died." Alternatively, Ibn Rustam Al-Tabari states that it was a client of Umar's named Qunfudh who caused the miscarriage, having struck her with the sheath of his sword. Other traditions add that Qunfudh had her whipped or had struck her face. The "Kitab Sulaym ibn Qays" (attributed to Sulaym ibn Qays, but possibly a much later creation) concludes the incident with Ali being dragged out of the house with a rope tied around his neck.

paragraph: The events that took place in the house have been the subject of dispute between various accounts, with the versions including violence primarily having Shia origins. Several early historical sources narrate that Fatimah's child Muhsin had died in early childhood rather than being miscarried. Al-Baladhuri, along with Al-Ya'qubi and Al-Masudi all list Muhsin among the children of Fatimah, but without any mention of a miscarriage. Similarly, the Shia theologian Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid, when writing his "Kitab al-Irshad", makes no mention of violence in relation to Muhsin's death. The earliest known reference of the miscarriage during the altercation only appears in the 10th century, in Ibn Qulawayh Al-Qummi's "Kamil al-Ziyarat".

paragraph: Other sources also add that Fatimah and Abu Bakr ultimately reconciled. Ali is also believed to have later willingly offered his oath of allegiance to Abu Bakr and gave a praise-filled oration during the latter's funeral. Professor Coeli Fitzpatrick surmises that the story of the altercation reflects the political agendas of the period and should therefore be treated with caution.

paragraph: Section::::Life after the death of Muhammad.:Inheritance.

paragraph: Fadak was a garden oasis in Khaybar, a tract of land in northern Arabia; it is now part of Saudi Arabia. Situated approximately 140 km (87 mi) from Medina, Fadak was known for its water wells, dates, and handicrafts. The Muhammad had found out that the people of Fadak had collected in order to fight the Muslims alongside the Khaybar Jews. Therefore, he sent Ali to them. The people of Fadak surrendered without a fight, and pleaded for a peace treaty in exchange for giving away half their land and wealth to Muhammad.

paragraph: Unlike the ascetic who has renounced the affairs of the world, both the historical and hagiographical sources about Fatima al-Zahra document her active participation in domestic and public life. One particular event is recounted in all of the histories both Shiʿi and Sunni: the dispute over the land Fatima received from her father at Fadak...her knowledge of her legal rights and desire for justice indicate that she was a woman involved in the affairs of society".

paragraph: After the death of her father, Fatimah approached Abu Bakr and asked him to relinquish her share of the inheritance from Muhammad's estate. Fatimah expected the land of Fadak (situated from Medina) and a share of Khaybar would be passed onto her as part of her inheritance. However, Abu Bakr rejected her request citing a narration where Muhammad stated that prophets do not leave behind inheritance and that all their possessions become "sadaqah" to be used for charity. Fatimah was upset at this flat refusal by Abu Bakr and did not speak to him until her death (however some Sunni sources claim she had reconciled her differences with Abu Bakr before she died). Shias contend that Fadak had been given to Fatimah by Muhammad and Abu Bakr was wrong in not allowing her to take possession of it.

paragraph: Fadak became Muhammad’s private property, as there was no Muslim fighters involved in Fadak to share the booty with. Muhammad gave the wealth away to orphans and also used it to finance the marriage of needy young men.

paragraph: After Muhammad's death, Abu Bakr confiscated Fatima's share in Fadak that this confiscation continued in Umar up era, the reason for this work, was that Fadak had been assigned to needs and emergencies of Muhammad and now it was just accessible for the ruler of Muslims.

paragraph: According to Madelung, Umar's saying about the communal property of Muslims in Fadak may be challenging since Abu Bakr made a gift from his share to his daughter Aiesha.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Section::::Death.:Historical perspective.

paragraph: Fatima fell ill soon after Muhammad's death. She died in the year 11 AH, though the month of her death is uncertain. Her death was kept secret and she was buried at night. Historical sources contain contradictory information about the exact location of her grave.

paragraph: Section::::Death.:Shia view.

paragraph: After the Farewell Pilgrimage, Muhammad summoned Fatimah and informed her that he would die soon, and also told her that she would be the next of his household to die. After Muhammad's subsequent passing, Fatimah was grief-stricken and remained so until she herself died less than six months later, on 3rd, Jumada al-Sani (as per Fatimid).

paragraph: Shia belief states that her death was the result of injuries sustained after the raid of her house by Umar ibn al-Khattab. Muhammad was said to have then appeared to her in a dream and informed Fatimah that she would be passing away the next day. Fatimah informed her Ali of her impending death and asked him not to allow her oppressors to be involved in her ceremonial prayers ("janazah"; prayer performed in congregation after the death of a Muslim) or take part in the burial.

paragraph: According to some sources, on the morning of her death, she took a bath, put on new clothes and lay down in bed. She asked for Ali and informed him that her time to die was very close. Upon hearing this news, Ali began to cry but was consoled by Fatimah who asked him to look after her two sons and for him to bury her without ceremony. It is further stated that her two sons were the first family members to learn of her death and immediately proceeded to the mosque to inform their father. Upon hearing the news, Ali fell unconscious. After recovering he followed Fatima's wishes and performed the "janazah". He buried her during the night on 13 Jumada al-awwal or 3rd Jamadi-u-Thani 11 AH (632 AD), also making three false graves to ensure her real grave could not be identified. With him were his family and a few of his close companions. After her death, Ali followed her wishes and buried her without informing the Medinan people.

paragraph: Lesley Hazleton also describes Fatimah's death as follows:

paragraph: Twelver Shi'a, especially Iranians, hold ceremonies every year for 20 days in Jumada al-awwal to commemorate the anniversary of the martyrdom of Fatimah. Mourners march in procession through the streets to reaffirm their allegiance to the ideals of Fatima.

paragraph: Section::::Death.:Sunni view.

paragraph: Sunni accounts state that Fatimah died as a result of illness or grief following Muhammad's death. Sufi scholar Muzaffer Ozak writes:

paragraph: Some sources also add that Fatimah and Abu Bakr had ultimately reconciled and that he attended and prayed at her funeral.

paragraph: Section::::Death.:Burial place.

paragraph: Fatimah's burial place is a disputed issue among Muslims from different sects. It is famous that Ali ibn Abi Talib buried his wife in an unknown location, because it was Fatimah's decision. According to Madelung in The Succession to Muhammad, the secret burial was done with the aim of avoiding the presence of caliph (Abu Bakr). Different locations have been mentioned as the possible burial places of Fatimah some of which are said to be nearer to fact. Al-Baqi', her house and between the Prophet's tomb and his minbar are the possible places of her grave. One of the important reasons that Fatima's grave was concealed is because of her protest against what happened regarding to the caliphate of the Holy prophet. Hence, as long as the Muslims don't believe in what Fatima believes relating to the Holy prophet's succession, the reason for the concealment of her grave will remain. One of the historians in this field says: "… In any case, concealment of the prophet’s daughter indicates that she was dejected about some people and it’s clear that she wanted to declare her dissatisfaction and unhappiness".

paragraph: Section::::Descendants.

paragraph: Fatimah was survived by two sons, Hasan and Husayn, and two daughters, Zaynab and Umm Kulthum. Controversy surrounds the fate of her third son, Muhsin. Shias and some Sunni scholars such as ibn Abi l-Hadid say that she miscarried following an attack on her house by Abu Bakr and Umar, while other Sunnis insist that Muhsin died in his infancy of natural causes.

paragraph: Modern descendants of Muhammad trace their lineage exclusively through Fatimah, as she was the only surviving child of Muhammad (according to Shias; Sunni and some Shia believe Muhammad had 4 daughters). Muhammad had no sons who reached adulthood.

paragraph: Fatimah's descendants are given the honorific titles "Sayyid" (meaning "lord" or "sir"), "Sharif" (meaning "noble"), and respected by both Sunni and Shi'a, though the Shi'as place much more emphasis and value on the distinction.

paragraph: Section::::Views.

paragraph: Muslims regard Fatimah as a loving and devoted daughter, mother, wife, a sincere Muslim, and an exemplar for women. It is believed that she was very close to her father and her distinction from other women is mentioned in many hadith. After Khadijah, Muslims regard Fatimah as the most significant historical figure, considered to be the leader (Arabic: "Sayyidih") of all women in this world and in Paradise. It is because of her moral purity that she occupies an analogous position in Islam to that Mary occupies in Catholic Christianity. She was the first wife of Ali, whom Sunnis consider the fourth "Rashidun" caliph, and whom the Shi'as consider the first infallible Imam, the mother of the second and third Imams, and the ancestor of all the succeeding Imams. The Ismaili Fatimid Caliphate was named after her.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Shia view.

paragraph: Fatimah, regarded as "the Mother of the Imams", plays a special role in the Shia sect. She is believed to have been immaculate, sinless, and a model for Muslim women. Although leading a life of poverty, the Shia tradition emphasises her compassion and sharing of whatever she had with others.

paragraph: According to Mahmoud Ayoub, the two main images of Fatimah within the Shia tradition are those of the "Eternal Weeper" and "the Judge in the hereafter". The former is through her suffering and death, which is viewed as the first tragedy of Islam. She had spent her last days mourning the death of her father and she eternally weeps at the death of her two sons, who were murdered by the Umayyads. Shias believe they share in Fatimah's suffering by weeping for her sorrows and that the tears of the faithful console her. They also hold that Fatimah will play a redemptive role as the mistress of the day of judgement in the hereafter, as a solace for her pain.

paragraph: Section::::Spiritual character.

paragraph: According to Louis Massignon there are many different attitudes among Shiites and Sunnis about the Mubahalah. One of those disagreements is in terms of the approving of the verse of Quran on Mubahalah whether the verse III, 54 was with the presence of the five persons such as Fatima. According to Shia sources not only Mubahala happened with the presence of Fatima but also Fatima considered as someone who is standing back of prophet. In other words, some mystical sects refer to the symbolic role during that event. They try to interpret her as an image. This image shows a lighting matter. Some sects such as Nusayrieh believes that the Christians of Najran acknowledge to the place of Fatima as Maryam.

paragraph: Section::::Spiritual character.:Mother's Day.

paragraph: Iranians celebrate Fatima Zahra's birth anniversary (20 Jumada al-Thani) as Mother's Day. On this day, banners reading ""Ya Fatemeah" (O! Fatemeh)" are displayed on "government buildings, private buildings, public streets and car windows." The Gregorian date for this changes every year:

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Book of Fatimah"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Children of Muhammad

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fatima the Gracious", biography of Fatimah

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hamsa, type of amulet also referred to as "Hand of Fatima"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Our Lady of Fátima, title of the Virgin Mary based on reported apparitions at Fátima, Portugal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sermon of Fadak given by Fatimah

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bayt al-Ahzan

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: Section::::Books.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (In Arabic)

paragraph: Section::::Books.:Books and journals.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buehler, Arthur, Fatima, in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (In Persian)

paragraph: Section::::Books.:Shia sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Life of Fatimah

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fatimah al-Ma`sumah (as): a role model for men and women  by Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah

paragraph: BULLET::::- The world’s most outstanding Lady: Fatima az-Zahra’  by Naser Makarem Shirazi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fatima is Fatima by Ali Shariati

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fatima (S.A) The Gracious by Abu Muhammad Ordoni

paragraph: BULLET::::- Behar al-Anwar, Volume 43 Bihar al-Anwar (Oceans of Light) a compendium of Ahadith by Muhammad Baqir Majlisi, (1110 AH/1698 AD) Translated to English by Muhammad Sarwar, (Muhammad Shaykh Sarwar), Publication 2015

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fatima's life", a chapter from "Muntahi al-Amal", by Abbas Qomi

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fatimah by Jean Calmard, article at "Encyclopaedia Iranica"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Life of Fatimah Az- Zahra'

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Virtues of Fatimah (sa)

alias:
Fatimah Zahra bint Muhammad
Zahra

description: daughter of Muhammad and Khadijah

enwikiquote_title: Fatimah

wikidata_label: Fatimah

wikipedia_title: Fatimah


text: French Resistance

text: World War II

text: European Atomic Energy Community

text: Hirsch Commission

text: Jewish

text: German

text: Bohemian

text: Convoy 35 in September 1942

text: Auschwitz

text: Battle of France

text: World War II

text: Charles de Gaulle

text: London

text: Free French Forces

text: French Resistance

text: Jean Monnet

text: French Committee of National Liberation

text: Algiers

text: liberation of France

text: European Coal and Steel Community

text: European Atomic Energy Community

text: Hirsch Commission

text: Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe

categories: 1901 births,French European Commissioners,French civil engineers,French people of Jewish descent,1994 deaths

paragraph: Étienne Hirsch

paragraph: Étienne Hirsch (20 January 1901 – 17 May 1994) was a French civil engineer and a member of the French Resistance during World War II. He served as President of the Commission of the European Atomic Energy Community between 1959–1962 (see Hirsch Commission).

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Étienne Hirsch was born in 1901 in a Jewish family of German and Bohemian descent.. He was the son of Richard and Marianne Hirsch (née Schwenk), deported by Convoy 77 in July 1944, and the brother of Madeleine Melese (nee Hirsch), and Juliette Lévy (née Hirsch) deported with her children Michèle, Jean-Paul, Alain and Catherine by Convoy 35 in September 1942. His parents and sister Juliette were assassinated in Auschwitz.

paragraph: After France's defeat in the Battle of France during World War II, he immediately joined Charles de Gaulle in London and became an officer in the Free French Forces under the name of Commandant Bernard. General de Gaulle put Hirsch in charge of supplying arms to the French Resistance forces on the Continent. In 1943, he became a close associate with Jean Monnet in the French Committee of National Liberation in Algiers. After the liberation of France, he directed a program to modernize the French economy. He served later as an administrator of the European Coal and Steel Community.

paragraph: In 1959, Hirsch became the chairman of the European Atomic Energy Community.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hirsch Commission

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988 : "Ainsi va la vie", Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe, Lausanne, 250 p.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oral history interview with Etienne Hirsch

description: French civil engineer and administrator

wikidata_label: Étienne Hirsch

wikipedia_title: Étienne Hirsch


text:
DD
Scottish
Presbyterian
divine
New College, Edinburgh
Edinburgh University
Glasgow
Scotland
Harry Rainy
University of Glasgow
Glasgow University
Disruption of 1843
Edinburgh
Free Church
New College
Huntly
Edinburgh
Dean Stanley
Robertson Smith
heresies
United Presbyterian
Biblical criticism
Moderator of the General Assembly
Alexander Neill Somerville
Rev John Laird
United Free Church of Scotland
Wee Frees
Australia
Melbourne
Dean Cemetery
Edinburgh
Principal Cunningham
Adam Rolland
Adam Rolland Rainy
University of Edinburgh
Patrick Carnegie Simpson

wikipedia_title:
Doctor of Divinity
Scotland
Presbyterianism
Anglicanism
New College, Edinburgh
University of Edinburgh
Glasgow
Scotland
Harry Rainy
University of Glasgow
University of Glasgow
Disruption of 1843
Edinburgh
Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)
New College, Edinburgh
Huntly
Edinburgh
Arthur Penrhyn Stanley
William Robertson Smith
Heresy
United Presbyterian Church (Scotland)
Biblical criticism
Moderator of the General Assembly
Alexander Neill Somerville
John Laird (minister)
United Free Church of Scotland
Wee Free
Australia
Melbourne
Dean Cemetery
Edinburgh
William Cunningham (theologian)
Adam Rolland
Adam Rolland Rainy
University of Edinburgh
Patrick Carnegie Simpson

categories: 1826 births,People from Glasgow,Academics of the University of Edinburgh,Ministers of the Free Church of Scotland,Alumni of the University of Edinburgh,1906 deaths

paragraph: Robert Rainy

paragraph: Very Rev Dr Robert Rainy DD (1 January 1826 – 22 December 1906), was a Scottish Presbyterian divine. Rainy Hall in New College, Edinburgh (the Divinity faculty in Edinburgh University) is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born on New Year's Day 1826 at 28 Montrose Street in Glasgow, Scotland, the son of Dr. Harry Rainy LLD (1792-1876) a surgeon who later served as Professor of Forensic Medicine in the University of Glasgow, and his wife Barbara Gordon (1793-1854). The family lived at 28 Montrose Street.

paragraph: Robert initially studied Medicine at Glasgow University to follow his father's career. However his interests turned to the church, which had been the path of his grandfather, Rev George Rainy (1734-1810) of Sutherland, in northern Scotland. He was caught by the evangelical fervour of the Disruption of 1843, and moved to Edinburgh to train as Free Church minister at the New College.

paragraph: He was ordained by the Free Church at Huntly in Aberdeenshire in 1851 and then in 1854 moved to the Free High Church in Edinburgh (occupying the north-east section of New College). In 1862 he was elected Professor of Church History in the same college. In 1874 he was made Principal of the College in succession to Robert Candlish, and was subsequently known as Principal Rainy. At this time he lived at 8 Rosebery Crescent in Edinburgh's West End.

paragraph: He had come to the front as a champion of the Liberal Party in the Union controversy within the Free Church, and in combating Dean Stanley's Broad Church views in the interests of Scotch evangelicism.

paragraph: From 1875 he became one of the leading figures of the Free Church. He guided it through the controversies as to Robertson Smith's heresies, as to the use of hymns and instrumental music (a large part of the church preferring unaccompanied singing), and also to the Declaratory Act. In this he was one of the figures who brought to a successful conclusion the union of the Free Church of Scotland and United Presbyterian Churches, and threw the weight of the newly united church on the side of freedom of Biblical criticism.

paragraph: He was Moderator of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland in 1887 in succession to Rev Alexander Neill Somerville and was succeeded in turn by Rev John Laird in 1888. Following the Union of 1900 he left the Free Church of Scotland to join as leader of the United Free Church of Scotland serving as its first Moderator.

paragraph: Though not a great scholar he was eminent as an ecclesiastical statesman, and his influence was far-reaching. After the strain of the fight with the so-called Wee Frees in 1904-5 his health broke down.

paragraph: In his final years he was living at 8 Rosebery Crescent in Edinburgh's West End. However, and he went on a trip to Australia to recover his health, and died in Melbourne on 22 December 1906.

paragraph: His body was returned to Scotland and he is buried against the southern wall of Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh. His wife, Susan Rolland (1835-1905) and most of his children (including Adam Rainy MP and Rev Henry Craigie Rainy DD) lie with him. His monument is nearly identical to that of the brewer John McEwan, slightly to the east of Rainy.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Delivery and Development of Christian Doctrine"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bible and Criticism"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three Lectures on the Church of Scotland"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Expository Commentary on Philippians"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Life of Principal Cunningham"

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1857 he married Susan Rolland, daughter of Adam Rolland of Gask.

paragraph: Their children included the politician Adam Rolland Rainy.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The main secular assembly space within New College is now called Rainy Hall. It is used as dining halls for the University of Edinburgh's student halls of residence at Mylne's Court and Patrick Geddes Hall.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: See "Lives" by Patrick Carnegie Simpson (1909) and R Mackintosh (1907).

description: Scottish minister

wikidata_label: Robert Rainy

wikipedia_title: Robert Rainy


text:
American
jazz
clarinet
saxophonist
Chicago
Illinois
Tommy Ladnier
Sidney Bechet
Louis Armstrong
Bernard Wolfe
Benny Carter
Teddy Wilson
Frankie Newton
record label
Oran "Hot Lips" Page
Fats Waller
Nice Jazz Festival
Claude Luter
Buck Clayton
Peanuts Holland
Jimmy Archey
Kansas Fields
Lionel Hampton
Buck Clayton
West End Blues
marijuana
Stuff Smith
If You're a Viper
African-American
Harlem
New York
joints
1939 New York World's Fair
black
Hugues Panassié
Eddie Condon
Mason-Dixie line
Père Lachaise Cemetery
Blue Note
Victor Records
RCA
Ducretet-Thomson Records

wikipedia_title:
United States
Jazz
Clarinet
Saxophone
Chicago
Illinois
Tommy Ladnier
Sidney Bechet
Louis Armstrong
Bernard Wolfe
Benny Carter
Teddy Wilson
Frankie Newton
Record label
Hot Lips Page
Fats Waller
Nice Jazz Festival
Claude Luter
Buck Clayton
Peanuts Holland
Jimmy Archey
Kansas Fields
Lionel Hampton
Buck Clayton
West End Blues
Cannabis (drug)
Stuff Smith
If You're a Viper
African Americans
Harlem
New York City
Joint (cannabis)
1939 New York World's Fair
Black people
Hugues Panassié
Eddie Condon
Mason–Dixon line
Père Lachaise Cemetery
Blue Note Records
Victor Talking Machine Company
RCA
London Records

categories: 20th-century saxophonists,1899 births,Dixieland saxophonists,American cannabis activists,American cannabis traffickers,Jewish jazz musicians,American jazz saxophonists,Jewish American musicians,Blue Note Records artists,20th-century American musicians,American jazz clarinetists,1972 deaths,American people convicted of drug offenses,Cannabis in New York (state),American male saxophonists,20th-century male musicians,Dixieland clarinetists

paragraph: Mezz Mezzrow

paragraph: Milton Mesirow (November 9, 1899 – August 5, 1972), better known as Mezz Mezzrow, was an American jazz clarinetist and saxophonist from Chicago, Illinois. He is well known for organizing and financing historic recording sessions with Tommy Ladnier and Sidney Bechet. He also recorded a number of times with Bechet and briefly acted as manager for Louis Armstrong. Mezzrow is equally well remembered as a colorful character, as portrayed in his autobiography, "Really the Blues" (which takes its title from a Bechet composition), co-written with Bernard Wolfe and published in 1946.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.

paragraph: Mezzrow organized and took part in recording sessions involving black musicians in the 1930s and 1940s, including Benny Carter, Teddy Wilson, Frankie Newton, Tommy Ladnier and Sidney Bechet. Mezzrow's 1938 sessions for the French jazz critic Hugues Panassie involved Bechet and Ladnier and helped spark the "New Orleans revival".

paragraph: In the mid-1940s Mezzrow started his own record label, King Jazz Records, featuring himself with groups, usually including Sidney Bechet and often including the trumpeter Oran "Hot Lips" Page. He also played on six recordings by Fats Waller.

paragraph: He appeared at the 1948 Nice Jazz Festival, following which he made his home in France and organized many bands that included French musicians like Claude Luter and visiting Americans, such as Buck Clayton, Peanuts Holland, Jimmy Archey, Kansas Fields and Lionel Hampton. With ex-Basie trumpeter Buck Clayton, he made a recording of the Louis Armstrong's "West End Blues" in Paris in 1953.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Mezzrow became better known for his drug dealing than his music. In his time, he was so well known in the jazz community for selling marijuana that "Mezz" became slang for marijuana, a reference used in the Stuff Smith song, "If You're a Viper". He was also known as the Muggles King, the word "muggles" being slang for marijuana at that time; the title of the 1928 Louis Armstrong recording "Muggles" refers to this. Armstrong was one of his biggest customers.

paragraph: Record producer Al Rose was critical of Mezzrow's musicianship, saying that in his opinion "he wasn't a very good clarinetist," but praised him for his willingness to help other musicians in need, citing "his generosity and his total devotion to the music we call jazz."

paragraph: Mezzrow praised and admired the African-American style. In his autobiography, "Really the Blues", he wrote that from the moment he heard jazz he "was going to be a Negro musician, hipping [teaching] the world about the blues the way only Negroes can."

paragraph: Mezzrow married a black woman, Mae (also known as Johnnie Mae), moved to Harlem, New York, and declared himself a "voluntary Negro". He believed that "he had definitely 'crossed the line' that divided white and black identities". In 1940 he was arrested in possession of sixty joints while trying to enter a jazz club at the 1939 New York World's Fair, with intent to distribute. When he was sent to jail, he insisted to the guards that he was black and was transferred to the segregated prison's black section. In "Really the Blues", he wrote:

paragraph: Mezzrow was lifelong friends with the French jazz critic Hugues Panassié and spent the last 20 years of his life in Paris.

paragraph: Eddie Condon said of him ("We Called It Music", London; Peter Davis 1948), "When he fell through the Mason-Dixie line he just kept going".

paragraph: Mezz Mezzrow was buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Selected discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1947: "Really the Blues", Jazz Archives (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1951: "Mezz Mezzrow & His Band Featuring Collins & Singleton, Blue Note

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1954: "Mezz Mezzrow"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1954: "Mezz Mezzrow with Frankie Newton", Victor Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1954: "Mezz Mezzrow's Swing Session", X Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1954: "Mezzin' Around", RCA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955: "Mezz Mezzrow", Disques Swing

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955: "Paris 1955, Vol. 1", Disques Swing

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955: "Mezz Mezzrow in Paris, 1955", Jazz Time Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956: "Mezz Mezzrow a La Schola Cantorum", Ducretet-Thomson Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995: "Makin' Friends", EPM

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: "Tells the King Jazz Story", Crisler

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Mezzrow and Bechet Remastered", Gralin Music

wikidata_label: Mezz Mezzrow

wikipedia_title: Mezz Mezzrow


text:
Milan
Strega Prize
Ippolito Nievo
Il Giornale d'Italia
Il Piccolo
La Repubblica
La Stampa
Il Gazzettino

categories: Italian male journalists,People from Milan,2006 deaths,Italian journalists,1928 births,Italian male writers,Strega Prize winners

paragraph: Stanislao Nievo

paragraph: Stanislao Nievo (born 30 June 1928 in Milan, died in 2006 in Roma) was an Italian writer, journalist and director. He won the Strega Prize. He was the great grandson of Ippolito Nievo, author of "Le confessioni di un italiano".

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mal d'Africa", 1968

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sette donne a testa", 1972

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Novels : "Il prato in fondo al mare" (Campiello Prize in 1975), "Aurora" (Mondadori, 1979), "Il palazzo del silenzio" (Mondadori, 1987), "Le isole del Paradiso" (Strega Prize in 1987), "La balena azzurra" (Mondadori, 1990), "Il sorriso degli dei" (Marsilio, 1997), "Aldilà" (Marsilio, 1999), "Gli ultimi cavalieri dell'Apocalisse" (in collaboration with E. Pennetta, Marsilio, 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stories : "Il padrone della notte" (Mondadori, 1976), "Il cavallo nero" (Stampatori, 1979), "Il tempo del sogno" (Mondadori, 1993), "Tre racconti (Italica, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poems : "Viaggio verde" (Mondadori, 1976), "Canto di pietra" (Mondadori, 1989), "Barca solare" (Rubbettino, 2001)

paragraph: Section::::Journalism.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il Giornale d'Italia", 1954–1962

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il Piccolo", 1959–1964

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Repubblica", 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Stampa", 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il Gazzettino"

description: Italian journalist

wikidata_label: Stanislao Nievo

wikipedia_title: Stanislao Nievo


text:
Syracuse, New York
leading lady
Burbank, California
stock company
Octoroon
Los Angeles, California
Charles Trowbridge
Paul Dickey

wikipedia_title:
Syracuse, New York
Leading lady
Burbank, California
Repertory theatre
Quadroon
Los Angeles
Charles Trowbridge
Paul Dickey

categories: Vaudeville performers,Year of birth missing,American stage actresses,Actresses from California,Actresses from Syracuse, New York

paragraph: Inez Plummer

paragraph: Inez Plummer was a Syracuse, New York native and a leading lady of the Burbank, California stock company, in the second decade of the 20th century. Plummer's father managed a theater for thirty-five years. He disapproved of his daughter becoming an actress. Plummer rehearsed her first

paragraph: role in her father's theater with a stock company, without his knowledge. After finding out he was shocked but decided to let her continue.

paragraph: Section::::Los Angeles theatre star.

paragraph: She played her first stage role when she was two years old. Until mid 1906, she was content acting in ingenue roles, until beginning her professional acting career. This began on August 29, 1906 as a performer in "The Price of Money", and endured until March 1929. Her final show was "The Octoroon", in which she played the character of "Zoe".

paragraph: In November 1916 she appeared at the Alhambra Theater in a production of "The High Cost of Living". She became the leading woman of the Belasco Theatre in Los Angeles, California. There she starred in "The Fortune Hunter" in the fall of 1916.

paragraph: From 1920 to 1921, she and Charles Trowbridge starred in "The Broken Wing", a play written by Paul Dickey.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inez Plumer at New York Public Library Digital Gallery

description: American stage actor

wikidata_label: Inez Plummer

wikipedia_title: Inez Plummer


text: United States Army

text: Medal of Honor

text: Indian Wars

text: Germany

text: Cypress Hills National Cemetery

text: Brooklyn

text: New York City

text: New York

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients

categories: United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,German-born Medal of Honor recipients,1899 deaths,1851 births,Burials at Cypress Hills National Cemetery,United States Army soldiers,German emigrants to the United States

paragraph: Henry Rodenburg

paragraph: Henry Rodenburg (–13 December 1899) was a United States Army soldier who received the Medal of Honor. His award came for gallantry in the Indian Wars.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Rodenburg was born in Germany in 1851. He joined the army and achieved the rank of corporal.

paragraph: Rodenburg died on 13 December 1899 and is buried in Cypress Hills National Cemetery, Section 2, Grave 5825, in Brooklyn, New York City, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: "For gallantry in engagements at Cedar Creek, Montana and other campaigns during the period 21 October 1876 to 8 January 1877, while serving with Company A, 5th U.S. Infantry. Private Rodenburg served in a series of engagements against the Sioux Indians in the Montana Territory. In actions at Cedar Creek, Private Rodenburg personally helped in the security of settlers throughout the region. For extreme gallantry, he was awarded the Medal of Honor and promoted Corporal. Date of Issue: 27 April 1877."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Indian Wars

wikidata_label: Henry Rodenburg

wikipedia_title: Henry Rodenburg