text:
C.R.S.A.
canon regular
mystical theologian
prior
Abbey of Saint Victor
Scotland
Hugh of St Victor
Achard of St. Victor
Patrologia Latina
Augustine of Hippo
Bede
Pope Gregory I

categories: Medieval philosophers,1173 deaths,Medieval Scottish theologians,Canonical Augustinian theologians,Catholic philosophers,Scottish Roman Catholic priests,12th-century Christian mystics,Year of birth missing,12th-century Scottish writers,12th-century Scottish people,Roman Catholic mystics,Canonical Augustinian scholars,Scottish expatriates in France,Scottish philosophers,Canonical Augustinian abbots and priors,12th-century Roman Catholic priests

paragraph: Richard of Saint Victor

paragraph: Richard of Saint Victor, C.R.S.A. (died 1173) was a Medieval Scottish philosopher and theologian and one of the most influential religious thinkers of his time. A canon regular, he was a prominent mystical theologian, and was prior of the famous Augustinian Abbey of Saint Victor in Paris from 1162 until his death in 1173.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Very little is known about the origins and upbringing of Richard of Saint Victor. John of Toulouse wrote a short "Vita" of Richard in the seventeenth century. He said that Richard came from Scotland. John added that Richard was received into the Abbey of St Victor by Abbot Gilduin (1114–1155) and was a student under Hugh of St Victor, the most influential of all Victorine teachers (implying that Richard entered the community before Hugh's death in 1141). This account of Richard's early life is not accepted by all modern scholars, however, and some have suggested that Richard entered the abbey after Hugh's death in 1141.

paragraph: All scholarship agrees, however, that Richard was a magister during the 1150s, and was then promoted to subprior in 1159 (as stated by a document found at the abbey). He served under Achard of St. Victor's elected successor Ernisius, who was unworthy of the position. Richard's life was then burdened by the frustrations of working under a man who was ill-suited for his responsibilities. Ernisius wasted the abbey's resources on overly ambitious building projects and persecuted those who attempted to resist him. Richard was allowed to keep his office but his influence was restricted. Things became so unbearable that an appeal was made to the Pope, who then visited Saint Victor in 1162. Through a multitude of transactions, Ernisius was eventually removed from his position and the Pope commended Richard for his continued involvement in the matter. Letters from England written to Richard show that he was in constant touch with English affairs and give evidence of the international character of intellectual life at this time.

paragraph: He was then promoted to prior in 1162, a position he held until his death on 10 March 1173.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: Richard wrote extensively (Migne's "Patrologia Latina" contains 34 works attributed to him, and this is not Richard's full corpus). There are some problems with establishing the chronology of Richard’s works. The earliest ones come before 1153, and the latest were written one or two years before his death. His earlier works are similar to the general teaching and writing of the period. His writing develops from basic exegesis, theology and philosophy to more of a study of purely spiritual questions. In his early writings he relies on the moral interpretations of previous theologians such as Augustine of Hippo, Bede, Pope Gregory I and Hugh. He later became more independent and strayed from Hugh's influence. There is some debate between historians about which of Richard's texts are the most influential and important. Because Richard's work covers many spheres of thought it is somewhat difficult to categorise his work.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.:"The Book of the Twelve Patriarchs", or "Benjamin Minor".

paragraph: "The Book of the Twelve Patriarchs", sometimes titled "Benjamin Minor", is one of Richard of Saint Victor's great works on contemplation. It is not exactly known when it was written, but it would seem to date before 1162. Richard specifies that this work is not a treatise on contemplation but rather prepares the mind for contemplation.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.:"The Mystical Ark", or "Benjamin Major".

paragraph: "The Mystical Ark", sometimes called "Benjamin Major" or "The Grace of Contemplation" completes this with the study of the mind in relation to prayer. However, in the last chapters of "Benjamin Major", written later than the Minor, Richard almost abandons his topic and the discussion of the teaching of mystical theology takes up a good portion of every remaining chapter. He is still attempting to instruct his followers on a text but he has also engaged himself in creating a system of mystical theology.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.:"De Trinitate".

paragraph: One of Richard’s greatest works was the "De Trinitate" which was probably written while Richard was prior, between 1162 and 1173. This is known because it incorporates pieces of theological text which editors are now finding in earlier works. "De Trinitate" is Richard's most independent and original study on dogmatic theology. It stems from the desire to show that dogmatic truths of Christian revelation are ultimately not against reason. Richard's theological approach stems from a profoundly mystical life of prayer, which in the Spirit seeks to involve the mind, in continuation with the Augustinian and Anselmian tradition.

paragraph: Owing to the fact that until recently this masterpiece has not been available in any English translation, its diffusion has been limited and its influence has seldom gone beyond 'Book III', condemning serious enquiry to an understanding of Richard's argument that is only partial. Finally, in 2011, through the efforts of Ruben Angelici's scholarship, the first, full translation of Richard's 'De Trinitate' has been released for publication in English and now this scholastic masterpiece is readily available to a wider audience to be appreciated in its entirety.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.:Other Treatises and Works.

paragraph: Richard wrote a massive handbook of biblical education entitled "Liber Exceptionum" ("Book of Selections/Book of Notes"), important scriptural commentaries, and many treatises.

paragraph: "The Four Degrees of Violent Charity", composed about 1170, with its description of how vehement love leads to union with God and more perfect service of neighbour, has been of interest to writers interested in Christian mysticism.

paragraph: Richard’s other treatises are a number of short works which mainly deal with textual difficulties and theological issues. Many of them can be grouped together with larger works. Some of them are correspondence between Richard and his students while others seem to have been written at the request of friends. Although short, they are often interesting because they allow the modern reader to see the mentality of the students and the discussions and issues of the time.

paragraph: Richard of Saint Victor’s "Commentary on Ezekiel" is of special interest in the field of art history because they explanations laid out by the author are accompanied by illustrations. A number of copies have come down to us, none of which are dated, but they are written in a style attributable to the second half of the twelfth century.

paragraph: Section::::Historiographical contributions.

paragraph: What makes Richard of Saint-Victor stand out from other theologians of his time is that he approaches theological problems as more of a psychologist, contributing to 'a careful analysis of contemplative experiences.'

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franklin T Harkins and Frans van Liere, eds, "Interpretation of scripture: theory. A selection of works of Hugh, Andrew, Richard and Godfrey of St Victor, and of Robert of Melun", (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2012) [includes translation of selections from "The book of notes", and selections from "On the Apocalypse of John"]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh Feiss, ed, "On love: a selection of works of Hugh, Adam, Achard, Richard and Godfrey of St Victor", (Turnhout: Brepols, 2011) [includes A.B. Kraebel's translation of "On the Four Degrees of Violent Love"]

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. Angelici, "Richard of Saint Victor: On the Trinity. English Translation and Commentary" (Eugene: Cascade, 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boyd Taylor Coolman and Dale M Coulter, eds, "Trinity and creation: a selection of works of Hugh, Richard and Adam of St Victor". (Turnhout: Brepols, 2010) [includes translation of Richard of St Victor, "On the Trinity"]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard of St Victor, "Twelve Patriarchs, Mystical Ark, Book Three of the Trinity".' Translation and introduction by Grover A. Zinn. Paulist Press, Toronto 1979. xviii + 425pp. [Translations & 50page introduction]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard of St Victor, "On the Trinity", Book One, trans. Jonathan Couser. [A translation of Book One of "On the Trinity"] http://pvspade.com/Logic/docs/StVictor.pdf

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard of St Victor, "Selected Writings on Contemplation". Translated with an introduction and notes by Clare Kirchberger. (London: Faber and Faber, 1957) [Contains extracts from the "Twelve Patriarchs", "The Mystical Ark", some notes on the Psalms and the "Four degrees of Charity".]

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- P. Sicard. "Iter Victorinum. La tradition manuscrite des œuvres de Hugues et de Richard de Saint-Victor. Répertoire complémentaire et études" ("Bibliotheca Victorina" 24), Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2015 ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Bougerol. 'The Church Fathers and Auctoritates in Scholastic Theology to Bonaventure', in "The Reception of the Church Fathers in the West", 1997, pp. 289–335.

paragraph: BULLET::::- W. Cahn, 'Architecture and Exegesis: Richard of St.-Victor's Ezekiel Commentary and Its Illustrations' in "The Art Bulletin",76, no.1, pp. 53–68.

paragraph: BULLET::::- O. Davies. 'Later Medieval Mystics', in "The Medieval Theologians", 2001, pp. 221–232.

paragraph: BULLET::::- K. Emery. 'Richard of Saint Victor', in "A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages", 2003, pp. 588–594.

paragraph: BULLET::::- H. Feiss, 'Heaven in the Theology of Hugh, Achard and Richard of Saint Victor', in "Imagining Heaven in the Middle Ages",2000, pp. 145–163.

paragraph: BULLET::::- P. Healy. 'The Mysticism of the School of Saint Victor' in "Church History" 1, 1932, pp. 211–221.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spijker, 'Learning by Experience: Twelfth Century Monastic Ideas' in "Centres of Learning", 1995, pp. 197–206.

description: Scottish theologian

wikidata_label: Richard of Saint Victor

wikipedia_title: Richard of Saint Victor


text: jazz

text: Benito Mussolini

text: fascist

text: Italy

text: Forlì

text: Emilia-Romagna

text: World War II

text: Lilian Terry

text: Nunzio Rotondo

text: RCA Records

text: Dizzy Gillespie

text: Duke Ellington

text: Helen Merrill

text: Chet Baker

text: Oscar Peterson

text: Anna Maria Villani Scicolone

text: Sophia Loren

text: Alessandra Mussolini

text: European Parliament

text: national conservative

text: Alternativa Sociale

text: Carla Maria Puccini

text: Rachele Mussolini

text: Il Duce

text: Mussolini's jazz pianist son dies

text: BBC News

text: La Repubblica

categories: Mussolini family,Italian jazz musicians,People from Forlì,Italian male painters,2006 deaths,21st-century Italian painters,Italian jazz pianists,Italian male pianists,20th-century Italian painters,Children of national leaders,1927 births,20th-century male musicians,20th-century pianists

paragraph: Romano Mussolini

paragraph: Romano Mussolini (26 September 1927 – 3 February 2006) was an Italian jazz pianist, painter and film producer. He was the fourth and youngest son of Benito Mussolini, fascist dictator of Italy from 1922 to 1943.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: A native of Villa Carpena, Forlì (Emilia-Romagna), Romano Mussolini studied music as a child, playing classical pieces with his father on the violin.

paragraph: After World War II, he started playing jazz under the assumed name Romano Full and by the mid-1950s, he had formed a trio. Romano Mussolini released a self-titled record (featuring Lilian Terry on vocals and trumpeter Nunzio Rotondo) through RCA Records in 1956. By the 1960s, he had formed the "Romano Mussolini All Stars", which became one of Italy's foremost jazz bands.

paragraph: The All Stars recorded a well-received record "Jazz Allo Studio 7" in 1963 with "At the Santa Tecla" following a year later. Mussolini's band toured internationally with artists including Dizzy Gillespie, Duke Ellington, Helen Merrill and Chet Baker. In the 1990s, Mussolini recorded two more albums, "Perfect Alibi" and "Soft and Swing". His playing style has been described as "...like a slightly melancholic Oscar Peterson. Occasionally inspired, he was always efficient; he made the refrains run on time."

paragraph: In 1962, Mussolini married Anna Maria Villani Scicolone, the sister of actress Sophia Loren. They had two daughters, Elisabetta and her elder sister Alessandra Mussolini, who was a member of the European Parliament, and leads an Italian national conservative party, "Alternativa Sociale". Romano Mussolini composed the party's official anthem, "The Pride of Being Italian".

paragraph: With his second wife, the actress Carla Maria Puccini, he had a third daughter, Rachele, named after his mother Rachele Mussolini.

paragraph: Mussolini was very reserved about his family history. It was only in 2004 that he published a book, entitled "Il Duce, mio padre" ("The Leader, my father"), followed by a similar book in 2005, collecting personal memories and accounts of private confidences and discussions with his father.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Romano Mussolini died in 2006, aged 78, in a hospital in Rome from heart problems.

paragraph: Section::::Selected discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mirage" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Soft & Swing" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wonderful World of Louis" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Timeless Blues" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Music Blues" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Romano Piano & Forte" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jazz Album" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Napule 'nu quarto 'e luna" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alibi perfetto" (2004) soundtrack

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mussolini's jazz pianist son dies from BBC News

paragraph: BULLET::::- Singer Helen Merrill recalls Romano Mussolini

paragraph: BULLET::::- E' morto Romano Mussolini, il figlio jazzista del duce from La Repubblica

description: Italian pianist, composer, poet and painter, son of Benito Mussolini

wikidata_label: Romano Mussolini

wikipedia_title: Romano Mussolini


text:
Old Church Slavonic
Old Norse
Hrøríkʀ
Primary Chronicle
Varangian
Rus'
Ladoga
Holmgard
Novgorod
Rurik Dynasty
Grand Duchy of Moscow
Tsardom of Russia
Primary Chronicle
Nestor
Chud
Slavs
Merias
Veses
Krivichs
Sineus and Truvor
the Rus'
Varangian
Gotlander
Belozersk
Hypatian Chronicles
Novgorod
Volkhov River
Oleg
Igor
Rurik Dynasty
Kiev
Kievan Rus'
Mongol invasion
Rurikid
Vasily IV
Ladoga
dendrochronological
Earthenware
Jutland
Finno-Ugric
Slavic
Hrærekr
Annales Fuldenses
Annales Bertiniani
Rorik of Dorestad
Germanic king
Scylding
Haithabu
Jutland Peninsula
Frank
Hedeby
Harold Klak
Friesland
Emperor Louis I
Dorestad
Bremen
demesne
Charles the Bald
Christianization of the Rus'
Patriarch Photius
Boris Rybakov
Alexander Nazarenko
Estonia
peasant
estonianized
Rurik dynasty
Kievan Rus'
Tsardom of Russia
Vasily Tatishchev
Wend
Gostomysl
Vadim
Ioachim Chronicle

categories: 9th-century princes in Kievan Rus',Varangians,Princes of Novgorod,870s deaths,Rurik dynasty,Viking Age monarchs,Founding monarchs,830s births

paragraph: Rurik

paragraph: Rurik (also Riurik; Old Church Slavonic "Rjurikŭ", from Old Norse "Hrøríkʀ"; 830 – 879), according to the 12th-century "Primary Chronicle", was a Varangian chieftain of the Rus' who in the year 862 gained control of Ladoga, and built the Holmgard settlement near Novgorod. He is the founder of the Rurik Dynasty, which ruled the Kievan Rus' and its successor states, including the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Tsardom of Russia, until the 17th century.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The only information about Rurik is contained in the 12th-century "Primary Chronicle" written by one Nestor, which states that Chuds, Eastern Slavs, Merias, Veses, and Krivichs "...drove the Varangians back beyond the sea, refused to pay them tribute, and set out to govern themselves". Afterwards the tribes started fighting each other and decided to invite the Varangians, led by Rurik, to reestablish order. Rurik came in 860-862 along with his brothers Sineus and Truvor and a large retinue.

paragraph: According to the "Primary Chronicle", Rurik was one of the Rus', a Varangian tribe likened by the chronicler to Danes, Swedes, Angles, and Gotlanders. Sineus established himself at Beloozero (now Belozersk), on the shores of lake Beloye, and Truvor at Izborsk (or at Pskov). Truvor and Sineus died shortly after the establishment of their territories, and Rurik consolidated these lands into his own territory.

paragraph: According to the entries in the Radzivil and Hypatian Chronicles under the years 862–864, Rurik’s first residence was in Ladoga. He later moved his seat of power to Novgorod, a fort built not far from the source of the Volkhov River. The meaning of this place name in medieval Russian is 'new fortification', while the current meaning ('new city') developed later.

paragraph: Rurik remained in power until his death in 879. On his deathbed, Rurik bequeathed his realm to Oleg, who belonged to his kin, and entrusted to Oleg's hands his son Igor, for he was very young. His successors (the Rurik Dynasty) moved the capital to Kiev and founded the state of Kievan Rus', which persisted until the Mongol invasion in 1240. A number of extant princely families are patrilineally descended from Rurik, although the last Rurikid to rule Russia, Vasily IV, died in 1612.

paragraph: Section::::Historicity debate.

paragraph: Section::::Historicity debate.:Archaeological evidence.

paragraph: In the 20th century, archaeologists partly corroborated the chronicle's version of events.

paragraph: It was discovered that the settlement of Ladoga, whose foundation has been ascribed to Rurik, was actually established in the mid-9th century, although doubt is now cast on this by the dendrochronological evidence that Ladoga existed by the mid-8th century. Earthenware, household utensils, and types of buildings from the period of Rurik's purported foundation correspond to patterns then prevalent in Jutland. but mostly the excavations denied most of the chronicle's data about Rurik's arrival when it was apparent that the old settlement stretched to the mid-8th century and the excavated objects were mostly of Finno-Ugric and Slavic origin, dated to the mid-8th century, which showed the settlement was not Scandinavian from the beginning.

paragraph: Section::::Historicity debate.:Hypothesis of identity with Rorik of Dorestad.

paragraph: The name "Rurik" is accepted to be a form of the Old Norse name "Hrærekr". This has been taken as evidence that Rurik was in some way ethnically Scandinavian. The only similarly named figure described in the Carolingian "Annales Fuldenses" and "Annales Bertiniani" was Rorik of Dorestad (also spelled Rørik, Rörik, Roerik, Hrörek, etc.), a Germanic king from the royal Scylding house of Haithabu in the Jutland Peninsula. Since the 19th century, there have been attempts to identify him with the Rurik of Russian chronicles.

paragraph: Rorik of Dorestad was a member of one of two competing families reported in the Frankish chroniclers as having ruled the nascent Danish kingdom at Hedeby, and was likely nephew of king Harold Klak. He is mentioned as receiving lands in Friesland from Emperor Louis I. This was not enough for him, and he started to plunder neighbouring lands: he took Dorestad in 850, attacked Hedeby in 857, and looted Bremen in 859, yet his own lands were ravaged in his absence. The Emperor was enraged and stripped him of all his possessions in 860. After that, Rorik disappears from the Western sources for a considerable period of time, while only two years later, in 862, the Russian chronicle's Rurik arrives in the eastern Baltic, builds the fortress of Ladoga, and later moves to Novgorod.

paragraph: Rorik of Dorestad reappeared in Frankish chronicles in 870, when his Friesland demesne was returned to him by Charles the Bald; in 882 Rorik of Dorestad is mentioned as dead (without a date of death specified). The Russian chronicle places the death of Rurik of Novgorod at 879, a three year gap prior than the Frankish chronicles. According to Western sources, the ruler of Friesland was converted to Christianity by the Franks. This may have parallels with the Christianization of the Rus', as reported by Patriarch Photius in 867.

paragraph: The idea of identifying the Rurik of Nestor's chronicle with Rorik of Dorestad of the Carolingian chronicles was revived by the anti-Normanists Boris Rybakov and Anatoly H. Kirpichnikov in the mid-20th century, while modern scholars like Alexander Nazarenko object to it. The hypothesis of their identity currently lacks support among scholars, though support for a "Normannic" (i.e. Norse, rather than Slavic) origin of the Rus' has increased.

paragraph: Section::::Folklore.

paragraph: In Estonian folklore there is a tale of three brothers, who were born as sons of a peasant, but through great bravery and courageousness later became all rulers in foreign countries. The brothers were called "Rahurikkuja" (Troublemaker), "Siniuss" (Blue snake) and "Truuvaar" (Loyal man)(estonianized names for Rurik and his brothers Sineus and Truvor), names given to them by their childhood friend, a blue snake.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The Rurik dynasty (or "Rurikids") went on to rule the Kievan Rus', and ultimately the Tsardom of Russia, until 1598, and numerous noble Russian and Ruthenian families claim a male-line descent from Rurik. Vasily Tatishchev (a Rurikid himself) claimed that Rurik was of Wendish extraction and went so far as to name Rurik's wife, Efanda of Norway (Edvina); mother, Umila; his maternal grandfather, Gostomysl; and a cousin, Vadim (apparently basing his account on the lost "Ioachim Chronicle").

description: Varangian chieftain

wikidata_label: Rurik

wikipedia_title: Rurik


text: medieval French

text: rabbi

text: Talmud

text: commentary on the "Tanakh"

text: Talmud

text: tractates

text: Daniel Bomberg

text: Tanakh

text: Chumash

text: Lunel

text: Provence

text: Simon

text: Wolf

text: Bernardo de Rossi

text: Leopold Zunz

text: Troyes

text: Champagne

text: Simon the Elder

text: Mainz

text: Gershom ben Judah

text: Johanan HaSandlar

text: Gamaliel

text: Davidic line

text: Solomon Luria

text: winemaker

text: Voice of God

text: Elijah

text: Worms, Germany

text: Worms Synagogue

text: Shavuot

text: yeshiva

text: Yaakov ben Yakar

text: Worms

text: Days of Awe

text: Passover

text: Shavuot

text: Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi

text: Mainz

text: Lorraine

text: Rabbeinu Gershom

text: Eliezer Hagadol

text: Beth din

text: halakhic

text: Zerach ben Abraham

text: vintner

text: Seine

text: Rhine

text: People's Crusade

text: Selichot

text: Rosh Hashanah

text: Fast of Gedalia

text: Tammuz

text: Seder Hadoros

text: Sorbonne

text: microcalligraphy

text: Yisroel Meir Gabbai

text: Rishonim

text: tefillin

text: Meir ben Samuel

text: Rashbam

text: Rivam

text: Rabbeinu Tam

text: Baalei Tosafot

text: Judah ben Nathan

text: Makkot

text: Yom Tov

text: Chumash

text: Aggadic

text: halakhah

text: Shneur Zalman of Liadi

text: Ashkenazi

text: Sephardi

text: Reggio di Calabria

text: Italy

text: Chronicles I & II

text: Shabbat

text: halakha

text: Parsha

text: Targum Onkelos

text: Shnayim mikra ve-echad targum

text: Orthodox Jewish

text: Mordechai Leifer

text: Nadvorna

text: Parsha

text: Yeshiva

text: commentary on the Talmud

text: Aramaic

text: French language

text: Old French

text: Tosefta

text: Jerusalem Talmud

text: Midrash

text: Targum

text: Geonim

text: Chulin

text: Akiva Eger

text: Zvi Hirsch Chajes

text: Makkot

text: Judah ben Nathan

text: Bava Batra

text: Rashbam

text: responsa

text: Mahzor Vitry

text: Nicolas de Lyre

text: Martin Luther

text: humanists

text: Christian Hebraist

text: pshat

text: Tosafot

text: Jewish National and University Library

text: Hebrew University

text: Judah Loew

text: Elijah Mizrachi

text: Solomon Luria

text: rabbinic literature

text: Middle Ages

text: Nicholas de Lyra

text: Franciscan

text: Rashi script

text: Soncino family

text: Daniel Bomberg

text: Venice

text: Mikraot Gedolot

text: Talmud

text: Rashi

text: Hebrew University of Jerusalem

text: Biography, the Legend, the Commentator and more

text: Family Tree

text: In honor of the 900th anniversary of his passing

text: rashiyomi.com

text: Complete Tanach with Rashi

text: Chumash with Rashi (Judaica Press translation)

text: Chumash with Rashi (Metsudah translation)

text: Lookup Verses

text: Complete Rashi script

text: "Rashi: Teacher of All Israel"

text: Dr. Henry Abramson

text: Touro College South

categories: French rabbis,12th-century rabbis,People from Troyes,11th-century French writers,11th-century rabbis,1105 deaths,French male writers,1040 births,Worms, Germany,Rishonim,Bible commentators,12th-century French writers

paragraph: Rashi

paragraph: Shlomo Yitzchaki (; ; , 22 February 1040 – 13 July 1105), today generally known by the acronym Rashi (, RAbbi SHlomo Itzhaki), was a medieval French rabbi and author of a comprehensive commentary on the Talmud and commentary on the "Tanakh". Acclaimed for his ability to present the basic meaning of the text in a concise and lucid fashion, Rashi appeals to both learned scholars and beginner students, and his works remain a centerpiece of contemporary Jewish study. His commentary on the Talmud, which covers nearly all of the Babylonian Talmud (a total of 30 out of 39 tractates, due to his death), has been included in every edition of the Talmud since its first printing by Daniel Bomberg in the 1520s. His commentary on Tanakh—especially on the Chumash ("Five Books of Moses")— serves as the basis for more than 300 "supercommentaries" which analyze Rashi's choice of language and citations, penned by some of the greatest names in rabbinic literature.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: Rashi's surname, Yitzhaki, derives from his father's name, Yitzhak. The acronym is sometimes also fancifully expanded as Rabban Shel YIsrael which means the rabbi of Israel, or as Rabbenu SheYichyeh (Our Rabbi, may he live). He may be cited in Hebrew and Aramaic texts as (1) "Shlomo son of Rabbi Yitzhak", (2) "Shlomo son of Yitzhak", (3) "Shlomo Yitzhaki", and myriad similar highly respectful derivatives.

paragraph: In older literature, Rashi is sometimes referred to as "Jarchi" or "Yarhi" (), his abbreviated name being interpreted as Rabbi Shlomo Yarhi. This was understood to refer to the Hebrew name of Lunel in Provence, popularly derived from the French "lune" "moon", in Hebrew , in which Rashi was assumed to have lived at some time or to have been born, or where his ancestors were supposed to have originated. Simon and Wolf claimed that only Christian scholars referred to Rashi as Jarchi, and that this epithet was unknown to the Jews. Bernardo de Rossi, however, demonstrated that Hebrew scholars also referred to Rashi as Yarhi. In 1839, Leopold Zunz showed that the Hebrew usage of Jarchi was an erroneous propagation of the error by Christian writers, instead interpreting the abbreviation as it is understood today: Rabbi Shlomo Yitzhaki. The evolution of this term has been thoroughly traced.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Birth and early life.

paragraph: Rashi was an only child born at Troyes, Champagne, in northern France. His mother's brother was Simon the Elder, Rabbi of Mainz. Simon was a disciple of Gershom ben Judah, who died that same year. On his father's side, Rashi has been claimed to be a 33rd-generation descendant of Johanan HaSandlar, who was a fourth-generation descendant of Gamaliel, who was reputedly descended from the Davidic line. In his voluminous writings, Rashi himself made no such claim at all. The main early rabbinical source about his ancestry, Responsum No. 29 by Solomon Luria, makes no such claim either.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Legends.

paragraph: His fame later made him the subject of many legends. One tradition contends that his parents were childless for many years. Rashi's father, Yitzhak, a poor winemaker, once found a precious jewel and was approached by non-Jews who wished to buy it to adorn their idol. Yitzhak agreed to travel with them to their land, but en route, he cast the gem into the sea. Afterwards he was visited by either the Voice of God or the prophet Elijah, who told him that he would be rewarded with the birth of a noble son "who would illuminate the world with his Torah knowledge."

paragraph: Another legend also states that Rashi's parents moved to Worms, Germany while Rashi's mother was pregnant. As she walked down one of the narrow streets in the Jewish quarter, she was imperiled by two oncoming carriages. She turned and pressed herself against a wall, which opened to receive her. This miraculous niche is still visible in the wall of the Worms Synagogue.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Yeshiva studies.

paragraph: According to tradition, Rashi was first brought to learn Torah by his father on Shavuot day at the age of five. His father was his main Torah teacher until his death when Rashi was still a youth. At the age of 17 he married and soon after went to learn in the yeshiva of Rabbi Yaakov ben Yakar in Worms, returning to his wife three times yearly, for the Days of Awe, Passover and Shavuot. When Rabbi Yaakov died in 1064, Rashi continued learning in Worms for another year in the yeshiva of his relative, Rabbi Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi, who was also chief rabbi of Worms. Then he moved to Mainz, where he studied under another of his relatives, Rabbi Isaac ben Judah, the rabbinic head of Mainz and one of the leading sages of the Lorraine region straddling France and Germany.

paragraph: Rashi's teachers were students of Rabbeinu Gershom and Rabbi Eliezer Hagadol, leading Talmudists of the previous generation. From his teachers, Rashi imbibed the oral traditions pertaining to the Talmud as they had been passed down for centuries, as well as an understanding of the Talmud's unique logic and form of argument. Rashi took concise, copious notes from what he learned in yeshiva, incorporating this material in his commentaries.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Rosh yeshiva.

paragraph: He returned to Troyes at the age of 25, after which time his mother died, and he was asked to join the Troyes "Beth din" (rabbinical court). He also began answering halakhic questions. Upon the death of the head of the "Bet din", Rabbi Zerach ben Abraham, Rashi assumed the court's leadership and answered hundreds of halakhic queries.

paragraph: In around 1070 he founded a yeshiva which attracted many disciples. It is thought by some that Rashi earned his living as a vintner since Rashi shows an extensive knowledge of its utensils and process, but there is no evidence for this. Most scholars and a Jewish oral tradition contend that he was a vintner. The only reason given for the centuries-old tradition that he was a vintner being not true is that the soil in all of Troyes is not optimal for wine growing grapes, claimed by the research of Rabbi Haym Soloveitchik. Earlier references such as a reference to an actual seal from his vineyard are said not to prove that he sold wine but just that fermented his grapes for his own use.

paragraph: Although there are many legends about his travels, Rashi likely never went further than from the Seine to the Rhine; the utmost limit of his travels were the yeshivas of Lorraine.

paragraph: In 1096, the People's Crusade swept through the Lorraine, murdering 12,000 Jews and uprooting whole communities. Among those murdered in Worms were the three sons of Rabbi Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi, Rashi's teacher. Rashi wrote several "Selichot" (penitential poems) mourning the slaughter and the destruction of the region's great yeshivot. Seven of Rashi's "Selichot" still exist, including "Adonai Elohei Hatz'vaot"", which is recited on the eve of Rosh Hashanah, and "Az Terem Nimtehu", which is recited on the Fast of Gedalia.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death and burial site.

paragraph: Rashi died on July 13, 1105 (Tammuz 29, 4865) at the age of 65. He was buried in Troyes. The approximate location of the cemetery in which he was buried was recorded in "Seder Hadoros", but over time the location of the cemetery was forgotten. A number of years ago, a Sorbonne professor discovered an ancient map depicting the site of the cemetery, which now lay under an open square in the city of Troyes. After this discovery, French Jews erected a large monument in the center of the square—a large, black and white globe featuring the three Hebrew letters of רשי artfully arranged counterclockwise in negative space, evoking the style of Hebrew microcalligraphy. The granite base of the monument is engraved: "Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki — Commentator and Guide".

paragraph: In 2005, Yisroel Meir Gabbai erected an additional plaque at this site marking the square as a burial ground. The plaque reads: ""The place you are standing on is the cemetery of the town of Troyes. Many Rishonim are buried here, among them Rabbi Shlomo, known as Rashi the holy, may his merit protect us"".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Descendants.

paragraph: Rashi had no sons, but his three daughters, Miriam, Yocheved, and Rachel, all married Talmudic scholars. Legends exist that Rashi's daughters wore tefillin. While some women in medieval Ashkenaz did wear tefillin, there is no evidence that Rashi's daughters did or did not do so.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rashi's oldest daughter, Yocheved, married Meir ben Samuel; their four sons were: Shmuel (Rashbam) (born 1080), Yitzchak (Rivam) (born 1090), Jacob (Rabbeinu Tam) (born 1100), and Shlomo the Grammarian, all of whom were among the most prolific of the "Baalei Tosafot", leading rabbinic authorities who wrote critical and explanatory glosses on the Talmud which appear opposite Rashi's commentary on every page of the Talmud. Yocheved's daughter, Chanah, was a teacher of laws and customs relevant to women.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rashi's middle daughter, Miriam, married Judah ben Nathan, who completed the commentary on the Talmud Makkot which Rashi was working on when he died. Their daughter Alvina was a learned woman whose customs served as the basis for later halakhic decisions. Their son Yom Tov later moved to Paris and headed a yeshiva there, together with his brothers Shimshon and Eliezer.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rashi's youngest daughter, Rachel, married (and divorced) Eliezer ben Shemiah.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Commentary on the Tanakh.

paragraph: Rashi's commentary on the Tanakh—and especially his commentary on the Chumash—is the essential companion for any study of the Bible at any level. Drawing on the breadth of Midrashic, Talmudic and Aggadic literature (including literature that is no longer extant), as well as his knowledge of Hebrew grammar and halakhah, Rashi clarifies the "simple" meaning of the text so that a bright child of five could understand it. At the same time, his commentary forms the foundation for some of the most profound legal analysis and mystical discourses that came after it. Scholars debate why Rashi chose a particular Midrash to illustrate a point, or why he used certain words and phrases and not others. Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi wrote that "Rashi's commentary on Torah is the 'wine of Torah'. It opens the heart and uncovers one's essential love and fear of G-d."

paragraph: Scholars believe that Rashi's commentary on the Torah grew out of the lectures he gave to his students in his yeshiva, and evolved with the questions and answers they raised on it. Rashi only completed this commentary in the last years of his life. It was immediately accepted as authoritative by all Jewish communities, Ashkenazi and Sephardi alike.

paragraph: The first dated Hebrew printed book was Rashi's commentary on the Chumash, printed by Abraham ben Garton in Reggio di Calabria, Italy, 18 February 1475. (This version did not include the text of the Chumash itself.)

paragraph: Rashi wrote commentaries on all the books of Tanakh except Chronicles I & II. Scholars believe that the commentary which appears under Rashi's name in those books was compiled by the students of Rabbi Saadiah of the Rhine, who incorporated material from Rashi's yeshiva. Rashi's students, Rabbi Shemaya and Rabbi Yosef, edited the final commentary on the Torah; some of their own notes and additions also made their way into the version we have today.

paragraph: Today, tens of thousands of men, women and children study "Chumash with Rashi" as they review the Torah portion to be read in synagogue on the upcoming Shabbat. According to halakha, a man may even study the Rashi on each Torah verse in fulfillment of the requirement to review the Parsha twice with Targum (which normally refers to Targum Onkelos) This practice is called in Hebrew: "Shnayim mikra ve-echad targum". Since its publication, Rashi's commentary on the Torah is standard in almost all Chumashim produced within the Orthodox Jewish community.

paragraph: Rabbi Mordechai Leifer of Nadvorna said that anyone who learns the weekly Parsha together with the commentary by Rashi every week, is guaranteed to sit in the Yeshiva (school) of Rashi in the Afterlife.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Commentary on the Talmud.

paragraph: Rashi wrote the first comprehensive commentary on the Talmud. Rashi's commentary, drawing on his knowledge of the entire contents of the Talmud, attempts to provide a full explanation of the words and of the logical structure of each Talmudic passage. Unlike other commentators, Rashi does not paraphrase or exclude any part of the text, but elucidates phrase by phrase. Often he provides punctuation in the unpunctuated text, explaining, for example, "This is a question"; "He says this in surprise", "He repeats this in agreement", etc.

paragraph: As in his commentary on the Tanakh, Rashi frequently illustrates the meaning of the text using analogies to the professions, crafts, and sports of his day. He also translates difficult Hebrew or Aramaic words into the spoken French language of his day, giving latter-day scholars a window into the vocabulary and pronunciation of Old French.

paragraph: Rashi exerted a decisive influence on establishing the correct text of the Talmud. Up to and including his age, texts of each Talmudic tractate were copied by hand and circulated in yeshivas. Errors often crept in: sometimes a copyist would switch words around, and other times incorporate a student's marginal notes into the main text. Because of the large number of merchant-scholars who came from throughout the Jewish world to attend the great fairs in Troyes, Rashi was able to compare different manuscripts and readings in Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, Midrash, Targum, and the writings of the Geonim, and determine which readings should be preferred. However, in his humility, he deferred to scholars who disagreed with him. For example, in Chulin 4a, he comments about a phrase, "We do not read this. But as for those who do, this is the explanation..."

paragraph: Rashi's commentary, which covers nearly all of the Babylonian Talmud (a total of 30 tractates), has been included in every version of the Talmud since its first printing in the fifteenth century. It is always situated towards the middle of the opened book display; i.e., on the side of the page closest to the binding.

paragraph: Some of the other printed commentaries which are attributed to Rashi were composed by others, primarily his students. Akiva Eger stated that the commentary on Nazir was not in fact by Rashi, while Zvi Hirsch Chajes states that the commentary on Taanit was not by Rashi. In some commentaries, the text indicates that Rashi died before completing the tractate, and that it was completed by a student. This is true of Makkot (the end of which was composed by his son-in-law, Rabbi Judah ben Nathan), and of Bava Batra (finished, in a more detailed style, by his grandson the Rashbam). There is a legend that the commentary on Nedarim, which is clearly not his, was actually composed by his daughters. Another legend states that Rashi died while writing a commentary on Talmud, and that the very last word he wrote was 'tahor,' which means pure in Hebrew - indicating that his soul was pure as it left his body.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Responsa.

paragraph: About 300 of Rashi's responsa and halakhic decisions are extant. Although some may find contradictory to Rashi's intended purpose for his writings, these responsa were copied, preserved, and published by his students, grandchildren, and other future scholars. "Siddur Rashi", compiled by an unknown student, also contains Rashi's responsa on prayer. Many other rulings and responsa are recorded in Mahzor Vitry. Other compilations include "Sefer Hapardes", edited by Rabbi Shemayah, Rashi's student, and "Sefer Haorah", prepared by Rabbi Nathan Hamachiri.

paragraph: Rashi's writing is placed under the category of post-Talmudic, for its explanation and elaboration on the Talmud; however, he not only wrote about the meaning of Biblical and Talmudic passages, but also on liturgical texts, syntax rules, and cases regarding new religions emerging. Some say that his responsa allows people to obtain "clear pictures of his personality," and shows Rashi as a kind, gentle, humble, and liberal man. They also showed the great deal of common sense and intelligence he had.

paragraph: Rashi's responsa not only addressed some of the different cases and questions regarding Jewish life and law, but it shed light into the historical and social conditions which the Jews were under during the First Crusade. He covered the following topics and themes in his responsa: linguistic focus on texts, law related to prayer, food, and the Sabbath, wine produced by non-Jews, oaths and excommunications, sales, partnerships, loans and interest, bails, communal affairs, and civil law. Rashi's responsa can be broken down into three genres: questions by contemporary sages and students regarding the Torah, the law, and other compilations.

paragraph: For example, in his writing regarding relations with the Christians, he provides a guide for how one should behave when dealing with martyrs and converts, as well as the "insults and terms of [disgrace] aimed at the Jews." Stemming from the aftermath of the Crusades, Rashi wrote concerning those who were forced to convert, and the rights women had when their husbands were killed.

paragraph: A main characteristic of Rashi's writing was his focus on grammar and syntax. His primary focus was on word choice, and "essentially [he acts] as a dictionary where he defines unusual Hebrew words." He searches for things that may not be clear to the reader and offers clarification on the inconsistency that may be present. Rashi does so by "filling in missing information that [helps] lead to a more complete understanding" of the Torah. Rashi focused the majority of his responsa, if not all, on a "meticulous analysis of the language of the text." A portion of his writing is dedicated to making distinctions between the peshat, or plain and literal meaning of the text, and the aggadah or rabbinic interpretation. One of Rashi's grandchildren, Rabbi Samuel B. Meir or Rashbam, heavily critiqued his response on his "commentary on the Torah [being] based primarily on the classic midrashim (rabbinic homilies)."

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Influence in non-Jewish circles.

paragraph: Rashi also influenced non-Jewish circles. His commentaries on the Bible, especially those on the Pentateuch, circulated in many different communities. In the 12th–17th centuries, Rashi's influence spread from French and German provinces to Spain and the east. He had a tremendous influence on Christian scholars. The French monk Nicolas de Lyre of Manjacoria, who was known as the "ape of Rashi", was dependent on Rashi when writing the 'Postillae Perpetuate' on the Bible. He believed that Rashi's commentaries were the "official repository of Rabbinical tradition". and significant to understanding the Bible. De Lyre also had great influence on Martin Luther. Rashi's commentaries became significant to humanists at this time who studied grammar and exegesis. Christian Hebraists studied Rashi's commentaries as important interpretations "authorized by the Synagogue".

paragraph: Rashi's influence grew the most in the 15th century; from the 17th century onwards, his commentaries were translated into many other languages. Rashi's commentary on the Pentateuch was known as the first printed Hebrew work. Many of his works were translated into English by M. Rosenbaum and A.M. Silbermann in London from 1929 to 1934. Although Rashi had an influence on communities outside of Judaism, his lack of connection to science prevented him from entering the general domain and he remained more popular among the Jewish community.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Criticism of Rashi.

paragraph: Although Rashi's interpretations were widely respected, there were some who criticized his work. After the 12th century, criticism on Rashi's commentaries became common on Jewish works such as the Talmud. The criticisms mainly dealt with difficult passages. In general, Rashi provides the "pshat" or literal meaning of Jewish texts, while his disciples known as the Tosafot ("additions"), criticized his work and gave more interpretative descriptions of the texts. The Tosafot's commentaries can be found in the Talmud opposite Rashi's commentary. The Tosafot added comments and criticism in places where Rashi had not added comments. The Tosafot went beyond the passage itself in terms of arguments, parallels, and distinctions that could be drawn out. This addition to Jewish texts was seen as causing a "major cultural product" which became an important part of Torah study.

paragraph: Although often disagreeing with his interpretations, the Tosafot always speak of Rashi with great respect.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Rashi's commentary on the Talmud continues to be a key basis for contemporary rabbinic scholarship and interpretation. Without Rashi's commentary, the Talmud would have remained a closed book. With it, any student who has been introduced to its study by a teacher can continue learning on his own, deciphering its language and meaning with the aid of Rashi.

paragraph: The Schottenstein Edition Elucidated translation of the Talmud bases its English-language commentary primarily on Rashi, and describes his continuing importance as follows:

paragraph: In 2006, the Jewish National and University Library at Hebrew University put on an exhibit commemorating the 900th anniversary of Rashi's death (2005), showcasing rare items from the library collection written by Rashi, as well as various works by others concerning Rashi.

paragraph: Section::::Supercommentaries.

paragraph: Voluminous supercommentaries have been published on Rashi's commentaries on the Bible and Talmud, including "Gur Aryeh" by Rabbi Judah Loew (the Maharal), "Sefer ha-Mizrachi" by Rabbi Elijah Mizrachi (the Re'em), and "Yeri'ot Shlomo" by Rabbi Solomon Luria (the Maharshal). Almost all rabbinic literature published since the Middle Ages discusses Rashi, either using his view as supporting evidence or debating against it.

paragraph: Rashi's explanations of the Chumash were also cited extensively in "Postillae Perpetuae" by Nicholas de Lyra (1292–1340), a French Franciscan. De Lyra's book was one of the primary sources that was used in Luther's translation of the Bible.

paragraph: Section::::"Rashi script".

paragraph: The semi-cursive typeface in which Rashi's commentaries are printed both in the Talmud and Tanakh is often referred to as "Rashi script." This does not mean that Rashi himself used such a script: the typeface is based on a 15th-century Sephardic semi-cursive hand. What would be called "Rashi script" was employed by early Hebrew typographers such as the Soncino family and Daniel Bomberg, a Christian printer in Venice, in their editions of commented texts (such as the Mikraot Gedolot and the Talmud, in which Rashi's commentaries prominently figure) to distinguish the rabbinic commentary from the primary text proper, for which a square typeface was used.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abecassis, Deborah Reconstructing Rashi's Commentary on Genesis from Citations in the Torah Commentaries in the Tosafot Dissertation 1999, Department of Jewish Studies, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rashi The Jewish History Resource Center – Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography, the Legend, the Commentator and more rashi900.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Family Tree

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rashi's Daughters: A Novel of Life, Love and Talmud in Medieval France

paragraph: BULLET::::- In honor of the 900th anniversary of his passing

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rashi; an exhibition of his works, from the treasures of the Jewish National and University Library

paragraph: Rashi Room at the Jewish Escape Room in Brooklyn: https://OneBeforeEscape.com/rashi

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Technique and methodology

paragraph: BULLET::::- rashiyomi.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Full text resources and translation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Complete Tanach with Rashi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chumash with Rashi (Judaica Press translation)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chumash with Rashi (Metsudah translation)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Summarized text resources and translation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Illustrated Summary and Analysis of the Torah with selected Rashi commentary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Textual Search

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lookup Verses, rashiyomi.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Complete Rashi script

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Public Domain Hebrew and CC-BY English of Rashi on Torah

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rashi: Teacher of All Israel", video lecture by Dr. Henry Abramson of Touro College South

description: French rabbi and commentator

enwikiquote_title: Rashi

wikidata_label: Rashi

wikipedia_title: Rashi


categories: 1937 births,Olympic medalists in volleyball,Olympic gold medalists for Japan,Japanese women's volleyball players,Volleyball players at the 1964 Summer Olympics,Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics,Olympic volleyball players of Japan,Living people

paragraph: Emiko Miyamoto

description: volleyball player

wikidata_label: Emiko Miyamoto

wikipedia_title: Emiko Miyamoto


text:
footballer
midfielder
English Football League
Newcastle United
Consett
Crook Town
Bishop Auckland
FA Amateur Cup
Port Vale
Workington
Rotherham United
Fourth Division
Stockport County
Newport County
Cardiff City
Plymouth Argyle
Sunderland
Newcastle United
Sunderland
Consett
Northern League
Crook Town
Wembley
Enfield
Amateur Cup
Bishop Auckland
Lawrie McMenemy
league football
Jackie Mudie
Port Vale
Fourth Division
Barrow
Holker Street
1966–67
Stanley Matthews
Vale Park
1967–68
Gordon Lee
1968–69
Workington
1969–70
1970–71
George Aitken
1971–72
1972–73
Borough Park
Rotherham United
Jimmy McGuigan
1973–74
1974–75
Third Division
1975–76
Crystal Palace
1976–77
1977–78
Millmoor
Stockport County
1978–79
Mike Summerbee
Edgeley Park
Len Ashurst
Newport County
Cardiff City
Second Division
1982–83
Sunderland
Jimmy Mullen
the season
1984–85
Alan Durban
Plymouth Argyle
Ninian Park
Frank Burrows
Manchester United
FA Amateur Cup
Football League Fourth Division
1974–75

categories: Workington A.F.C. players,Consett A.F.C. players,Association football physiotherapists,Rotherham United F.C. players,Crook Town A.F.C. players,English Football League players,People from Bishop Auckland,Cardiff City F.C. non-playing staff,Port Vale F.C. players,Newport County A.F.C. non-playing staff,English football managers,1943 births,Stockport County F.C. players,Cardiff City F.C. managers,Plymouth Argyle F.C. non-playing staff,English Football League managers,Living people,Association football midfielders,Bishop Auckland F.C. players,Northern Football League players,English footballers,Sportspeople from Sunderland, Tyne and Wear

paragraph: Jimmy Goodfellow

paragraph: James Goodfellow (born 16 September 1943) is an English former professional footballer and manager. A midfielder, he scored 33 goals in 479 league goals in a 13-year career in the English Football League.

paragraph: He spent his youth with Newcastle United, but did not earn a professional contract. Instead he played amateur football with Consett, Crook Town, and Bishop Auckland; he won the FA Amateur Cup with Crook Town in 1962. He entered the Football League with Port Vale in 1966, before transferring to Workington in May 1969. He moved on to Rotherham United four years later, and helped the "Millers" to win promotion out of the Fourth Division in 1974–75. He ended his playing career after spending the 1978–79 season with Stockport County. He then took up coaching with Newport County, Cardiff City, Plymouth Argyle, and Sunderland. He served as Cardiff's manager for six months in 1984, and later spent ten years working behind the scenes at the club.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Early career.

paragraph: Goodfellow signed for Newcastle United, despite being a Sunderland fan, but was released by the club at the age of 17 without making a first team appearance. He moved into non-league football, signing for Consett before moving to Northern League side Crook Town. In 1964, at the age of 20, he scored Crook Town's first goal at Wembley when he scored against Enfield in the Amateur Cup final victory. Goodfellow became unhappy with the way the team was selected at Crook Town, being chosen by a committee rather than the club's manager, and agreed to join Bishop Auckland when manager Lawrie McMenemy asked him to do so.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Port Vale.

paragraph: Goodfellow got the call to move into league football at the age of 23, when he was signed to Jackie Mudie's Port Vale. He scored his first goal in the Fourth Division on 1 October 1966, in a 2–2 draw with Barrow at Holker Street. He went on to finish the 1966–67 campaign with seven goals in 28 appearances. Stanley Matthews then took charge at Vale Park, with disastrous consequences; Goodfellow scored twice in 31 games in 1967–68, as the club slipped to 18th place. New boss Gordon Lee then revitalised the club, though after two goals in 36 games in 1968–69, Goodfellow joined Workington on a free transfer in May 1969.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Workington.

paragraph: The "Reds" finished just one place and one point above the re-election zone in 1969–70, before rising up to tenth place in 1970–71. New boss George Aitken then led the club to sixth and 13th-place finishes in the 1971–72 and 1972–73 campaigns. Goodfellow scored 15 goals in 199 Fourth Division appearances in his time at Borough Park.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Rotherham United.

paragraph: He signed for Rotherham United in 1973. A highly consistent player, his one weakness was his lack of goals. Jimmy McGuigan's "Millers" finished 15th in 1973–74, before winning promotion with a third-place finish in 1974–75. They adjusted well to the Third Division, posting a 16th-place finish in 1975–76, before missing out on promotion due to a slightly inferior goal difference to Crystal Palace in 1976–77. Rotherham then dropped to just one position and three points above the relegation zone in 1977–78. Goodfellow scored eight goals in 192 league games during his time at Millmoor.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Stockport County.

paragraph: He ended his playing career with Stockport County at the end of the 1978–79 season. He made just three Fourth Division appearances for Mike Summerbee's "Hatters", before departing Edgeley Park.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: Goodfellow asked by Len Ashurst to join him as his assistant manager at Newport County, but was sacked in November 1981. Ashurst himself was sacked three months later, and after being appointed as manager of Cardiff City in March 1982 he again installed Goodfellow as his assistant. He helped Ashurst to lead Cardiff to promotion into the Second Division in 1982–83. Ashurst would leave in March 1984 to take over at Sunderland, his hometown club. Goodfellow was appointed joint caretaker manager of the club, alongside senior player Jimmy Mullen. At the end of the season he was named as the club's permanent manager, with Mullen as his assistant. However, Goodfellow had a poor start to his tenure as City manager, losing eight of the first nine games of the 1984–85 season, and was sacked after just over two months in charge and replaced by Alan Durban. After his dismissal he joined Plymouth Argyle as physiotherapist, before joining up with Lawrie McMenemy again for an ill-fated spell at Sunderland.

paragraph: Two years after leaving Ninian Park, he was asked to return to Cardiff as the club's physiotherapist and coach by then manager Frank Burrows. Goodfellow would go on to serve the "Bluebirds" with distinction under a series of managers, and in 1998 he was given a testimonial by the club against Manchester United, with Goodfellow himself being brought on in the final few minutes, at the age of 55.

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.:Playing statistics.

paragraph: Source:

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crook Town

paragraph: BULLET::::- FA Amateur Cup winner: 1962

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rotherham United

paragraph: BULLET::::- Football League Fourth Division third-place promotion: 1974–75

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- General

paragraph: BULLET::::- Specific

description: Footballer

wikidata_label: Jimmy Goodfellow

wikipedia_title: Jimmy Goodfellow


categories: Olympic medalists in volleyball,Olympic gold medalists for Japan,Volleyball players at the 1964 Summer Olympics,Japanese women's volleyball players,1944 births,Olympic volleyball players of Japan,2016 deaths,Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Sata Isobe

description: Japanese volleyball player

wikidata_label: Sata Isobe

wikipedia_title: Sata Isobe


text: Persian

text: fl.

text: Persia

text: Fat'h Ali Shah Qajar

text: Qajar art

text: Mirza Baba

text: Shahnameh

text: Isfahan

text: James Morier

text: William Ouseley

text: Charles Texier

text: Afrasiyab

text: Genghis Khan

text: Kay Khusraw

text: Abul-Hasan Ghaffari

categories: 19th-century Iranian people,Persian painters,19th-century Iranian painters,Court painters,Year of death missing,Iranian painters

paragraph: Mihr 'Ali

paragraph: Mihr 'Ali (Persian: مهر علی نقاش; fl. 1795-"post" 1830) (also spelt Mir Ali or Mehr Ali) was one of the great royal painters of the Persian court during the reign of Fat'h Ali Shah Qajar, and is regarded as the most notable Persian portraitist of the early part of this reign. Mihr Ali was one of the foremost painters of the early period of Qajar art.

paragraph: Mihr 'Ali's chief skill was his ability to capture the portrait-sitter's grandeur and power, and as such he became a favourite painter of the Shah. Mihr 'Ali produced at least ten full-size oil paintings of Fat'h Ali Shah, one of the earliest of which was probably sent as a present to the amirs of Sind in 1800. A further portrait, of the Shah enthroned, was sent to Napoleon. Mihr Ali's finest portrait is an 1813–4 work, regarded by some as the finest Persian oil painting in existence. It shows a full-length portrait of the King wearing a gold brocade robe and a royal crown, holding a jewelled staff.

paragraph: Fat'h Ali Shah commissioned great numbers of lifesize portraits of himself and his sons, works which formed the backdrop to court ceremonies. The works, painted by Mihr 'Ali and his predecessor as court painter, Mirza Baba, portrayed Fat'h Ali Shah in his manyb stately roles, and were intended to show his power as a ruler rather than to be realistic portraits. As a result, the works are heavily stylised, are painted in rich, deep tones, and are filled with symbols of power.

paragraph: Other important works by Mehr 'Ali include a series of portraits of Persian rulers and figures from the "Shahnameh", commissioned by Fat'h Ali Shah as decoration for the 'Imarat-i Naw Palace in Isfahan. This series of works was notable enough to be mentioned in the reports of many of the European travellers to Isfahan, such as James Morier (in "A Journey through Persia in the years 1808 and 1809", published in 1812), Sir William Ouseley in 1812 (in "Travels into various Countries of the East", published in 1823), and Charles Texier (in "Description de l'Arménie, la Perse et la Mesopotamie", published in 1852). Until 1985, it was thought that all of the paintings in this series had been destroyed, but three have since been discovered and authenticated, those being portraits of Afrasiyab, Genghis Khan, and Kay Khusraw, though the Kay Khusraw portrait does not exist in its full form but has been reduced to only some 80% of its original size. Despite this, it sold at auction at Christie's in London in 2007 for £54,000 ($US 107,500). The other two works are also in private hands, having been auctioned by the same company in 1987.

paragraph: Mihr 'Ali was also a capable teacher, his pupils including the noted painter Abul-Hasan Ghaffari.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Painting of Fat'h Ali Shah Qajar by Mihr Ali

alias:
Mihr `Ali
Mihr `Alī
Mihr 'Alī
Mihr Ali
Ali Mihr

description: Iranian artist

wikidata_label: Mihr 'Ali

wikipedia_title: Mihr 'Ali


text:
alchemist
Bavaria
Lauingen
Martin Ruland the Elder
Regensburg
Prague
Rudolf II
alchemy
astrology
nobility
Carl Jung
Waite
Philosopher's Stone

categories: 1611 deaths,17th-century German physicians,16th-century alchemists,1569 births,People from Lauingen,German alchemists,16th-century German physicians,17th-century German writers

paragraph: Martin Ruland the Younger

paragraph: Martin Ruland the Younger (11 November 1569 – 23 April 1611), also known as Martinus Rulandus or Martin Rulandt, was a German physician and alchemist.

paragraph: He was born in the Bavarian town of Lauingen, the son of the physician and alchemist Martin Ruland the Elder.

paragraph: Ruland the Younger practiced at Regensburg during the 1590s and later at Prague. In Prague, he belonged to Emperor Rudolf II's retinue at the Habsburg court which during Rudolf's reign promoted the study of alchemy and astrology. Rudolf II conferred nobility upon Ruland the Younger in 1608.

paragraph: Ruland's 1612 "Lexicon alchemiae" (Dictionary of Alchemy) is cited by the Swiss psychologist Carl Jung in his writings on alchemy. Waite translated the book into the English language.

paragraph: Ruland the Younger was also the editor of his father's works.

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ("The True Method for Completing the Philosopher's Stone") (1606)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Defence of Alchemy" (1607)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1607)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ("Dictionary of Alchemy") (1612)

description: German alchemist

wikidata_label: Martin Ruland the Younger

wikipedia_title: Martin Ruland the Younger


text: short story

text: Montreal

text: Quebec

text: The New York Times

text: Winnipeg

text: National Film Board

text: Montreal Standard

text: Northern Review

text: Paris

text: The New Yorker

text: literary agent

text: W. Somerset Maugham

text: Ben Hecht

text: Grace Metalious

text: Jack Schaefer

text: John Cheever

text: John Updike

text: Alice Munro

text: semi-autobiographical

text: Macmillan of Canada

text: Robert Fulford

text: Douglas Gibson

text: Bravo! Canada

text: Stéphan Bureau

text: Selected Shorts

text: Russell Banks

text: Jhumpa Lahiri

text: Michael Ondaatje

text: McClelland and Stewart

text: Knopf

text: Boris Pasternak

text: Order of Canada

text: University of Toronto

text: American Academy of Arts and Letters

text: Queen’s University

text: LL.D.

text: Quebec Writers' Federation Awards

text: Giller Prize

text: Matt Cohen Prize

text: Rea Award for the Short Story

text: O. Henry Prize Stories

text: PEN/Nabokov Award

text: Prix Athanase-David

text: Acadian

text: Antonine Maillet

text: Janice Kulyk Keefer

text: Books in Canada

text: Robert Fulford

text: Henry James

text: Chekhov

text: George Eliot

text: Francine Prose

text: Marlon James

categories: Canadian women novelists,Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature,20th-century Canadian women writers,Writers from Paris,Canadian essayists,Prix Athanase-David winners,21st-century essayists,PEN/Nabokov Award winners,Canadian women essayists,Canadian women journalists,Canadian people of Romanian descent,Anglophone Quebec people,Canadian women dramatists and playwrights,20th-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights,21st-century Canadian short story writers,2014 deaths,Canadian women short story writers,Canadian people of English descent,Canadian expatriates in France,Governor General's Award-winning fiction writers,Canadian newspaper journalists,20th-century Canadian novelists,1922 births,20th-century essayists,20th-century Canadian short story writers,Companions of the Order of Canada,Writers from Montreal,21st-century Canadian women writers,University of Toronto people

paragraph: Mavis Gallant

paragraph: Mavis Leslie de Trafford Gallant, , née Young (11 August 1922 – 18 February 2014), was a Canadian writer who spent much of her life and career in France. Best known as a short story writer, she also published novels, plays and essays.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: Gallant was born in Montreal, Quebec, the only child of Albert Stewart Roy de Trafford Young, a Canadian furniture salesman and painter who was the son of an officer in the British Army, and his wife, Benedictine Wiseman. Young died in 1932 of kidney disease, and his widow soon remarried and moved to New York, leaving their daughter behind with a guardian. Gallant did not learn of her father's death for several years and later told "The New York Times": "I had a mother who should not have had children, and it's as simple as that."

paragraph: Gallant was educated at 17 public, private, and convent schools in the United States and Canada.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: She married John Gallant, a Winnipeg musician, in 1942. The couple divorced in 1947. The marriage, however, was "briefer than the dates suggest since her husband was in the armed forces overseas for much of the time".

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In her 20s, Gallant briefly worked for the National Film Board before taking a job as a reporter for the "Montreal Standard" (1944–1950). While working for the "Standard", she published some of her early short stories, both in the newspaper and in the magazines "Preview" and "Northern Review".

paragraph: Gallant left journalism in 1950 to pursue fiction writing full-time. She moved to Europe with the hope of being able to work exclusively as a writer rather than supporting herself with other work, and lived briefly in Spain before settling in Paris, France, where she resided for the remainder of her life. Despite residing in Paris, Gallant never surrendered her Canadian citizenship nor applied for French citizenship.

paragraph: Her first internationally published short story, "Madeline's Birthday", appeared in the September 1, 1951 issue of "The New Yorker". The magazine soon published other stories of hers, including "One Morning in June" and "The Picnic". She did not initially know these later stories had been accepted by the magazine, as her literary agent, Jacques Chambrun, pocketed her $1,535 in royalties and told her the magazine had declined her stories, while simultaneously lying about her residence to the magazine so they could not contact her directly; she discovered that she had been published only upon seeing her name in the magazine while reading it in a library, and thus established her longstanding relationship with the magazine by directly contacting and befriending "New Yorker" fiction editor William Maxwell. Chambrun had also embezzled money from W. Somerset Maugham, Ben Hecht, Grace Metalious, and Jack Schaefer, among others.

paragraph: She published 116 stories in "The New Yorker" throughout her career, putting her in the same league as John Cheever or John Updike. Alongside Alice Munro, Gallant is one of only a few Canadian authors whose works have regularly appeared in the magazine.

paragraph: She wrote two novels, "Green Water, Green Sky" (1959) and "A Fairly Good Time" (1970); a play, "What Is to Be Done?" (1984); numerous celebrated collections of stories, "The Other Paris" (1953), "My Heart Is Broken" (1964), "The Pegnitz Junction" (1973), "The End of the World and Other Stories" (1974), "From the Fifteenth District" (1978), "Home Truths: Selected Canadian Stories" (1981), "Overhead in a Balloon: Stories of Paris" (1985), "In Transit" (1988) and "Across the Bridge" (1993); and a non-fiction work, "Paris Notebooks: Selected Essays and Reviews" (1986). Numerous new collections of stories from the earlier books, including "The Selected Stories of Mavis Gallant" (1996), "Paris Stories" (2002) and "Montreal Stories" (2004), were also released in the 1990s and 2000s. In addition, a 2009 book, which was published as "Going Ashore" in Canada and "The Cost of Living" internationally, collected stories from throughout her career which were published in literary magazines but had not appeared in her earlier collections. Her "Linnet Muir" series of stories, which appeared in several of her books before being collected in their entirety in "Home Truths", are her most explicitly semi-autobiographical works.

paragraph: Throughout Gallant's early career, Canadian literary critics often wrote of her as being unfairly overlooked in Canada because of her expatriate status; prior to the 1970s, in fact, her books were not picked up by Canadian publishers at all, and were available only as rare and expensive American imports until Macmillan of Canada bought publication rights to "From the Fifteenth District". According to journalist Robert Fulford, the neglect flowed in both directions, as Gallant did not actually undertake any serious effort to secure a Canadian publisher until Macmillan editor Douglas Gibson approached her in the late 1970s. The Canadian publication of "From the Fifteenth District" did not initially quell the criticism, however, as the book failed to garner a shortlisted nomination for the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction despite being widely regarded as her greatest work. In response, Gibson compiled "Home Truths: Selected Canadian Stories", a collection of previously published stories selected to highlight the Canadian themes and settings present in her work. That volume won the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction in 1981.

paragraph: She only rarely granted interviews until 2006, when she participated in two television documentaries: one in English for Bravo! Canada, "Paris Stories: The Writing of Mavis Gallant", and one in French as part of the series "CONTACT, l'encyclopédie de la création", hosted by Canadian broadcaster Stéphan Bureau. Gallant was honored at Symphony Space in New York City on November 1, 2006, in an event for "Selected Shorts"—fellow authors Russell Banks, Jhumpa Lahiri and Michael Ondaatje honoured her and read excerpts from her work, and Gallant herself made a rare personal appearance, reading one of her short stories in its entirety.

paragraph: Gallant's private journals are slated for publication by McClelland and Stewart and Knopf, with the first volume, covering the period from 1952 to 1969, scheduled for release in 2014 or 2015. Some excerpts from the diaries have already been published by "The New Yorker" beginning in 2012.

paragraph: Gallant was candid about her desire for autonomy and privacy. In an interview with Geoff Hancock in "Canadian Fiction" magazine in 1978, she discussed her "life project" and her deliberate move to France to write by saying, "I have arranged matters so that I would be free to write. It's what I like doing." In the preface to her collection "Home Truths: Selected Canadian Stories" (1981), she used the words of Boris Pasternak as her epigraph: "Only personal independence matters."

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: In 1981, Gallant was named an Officer of the Order of Canada for her contribution to literature. She was promoted to Companion of the Order in 1993.

paragraph: In 1983-84, she returned to Canada to be the writer-in-residence at the University of Toronto. In 1989, Gallant was made a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Queen’s University awarded her an honorary LL.D. in 1991, and the Quebec Writers' Federation Awards committee has named its annual non-fiction literary award in her honor. She served on the jury of the Giller Prize in 1997.

paragraph: In 2000, Gallant won the Matt Cohen Prize, and in 2002 she received the Rea Award for the Short Story. The O. Henry Prize Stories of 2003 was dedicated to her. In 2004, Gallant was awarded a Lannan Literary Fellowship as well as a PEN/Nabokov Award.

paragraph: On November 8, 2006, Gallant received the Prix Athanase-David from the government of her native province of Quebec. She was the first author writing in English to receive this award in its 38 years of existence.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Gallant died, aged 91, on February 18, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Depiction of fascism.

paragraph: Fascism is a recurring subject in Gallant's stories. She once described her 1973 collection "The Pegnitz Junction" as "a book about where fascism came from . . . not the historical causes of Fascism—just its small possibilities in people." Critics have also singled out Gallant's later story "Speck's Idea" (1979) as offering a sustained engagement with the psychological appeal of fascism. The story, which is Gallant's most widely anthologized work and has been called "arguably her masterpiece," depicts an art dealer in 1970s France who seems to slowly embrace fascism. At the same time, there are details in the story that seem to undermine his association with fascist ideology.

paragraph: According to critic Andy Lamey, the protagonist of "Speck's Idea" should indeed be viewed as a fascist, "but of a particular, non-ideological type." In the 1970s, France was undergoing a debate about the country's collaboration with its Nazi occupiers during World War II. Lamey offers historical material to suggest that Gallant's story is informed by this debate. He characterizes "Speck's Idea" as a "dramatization of how a segment of the French population, which its central character represents, could tolerate and condone fascism for reasons other than a deep attraction to fascist ideas. These reasons include indifference and self-interest. Gallant's protagonist ultimately illustrates how fascism drew not merely on ideological, but also on opportunistic, motivations."

paragraph: Section::::Critical assessment.

paragraph: Grazia Merler observes in her book, "Mavis Gallant: Narrative Patterns and Devices", that "Psychological character development is not the heart of Mavis Gallant's stories, nor is plot. Specific situation development and reconstruction of the state of mind or of heart is, however, the main objective." Frequently, Gallant's stories focus on expatriate men and women who have come to feel lost or isolated; marriages that have grown flimsy or shabby; lives that have faltered and now hover in the shadowy area between illusion, self-delusion, and reality. Because of her heritage and understanding of Acadian history, she is often compared to Antonine Maillet, considered to be a spokesperson for Acadian culture in Canada.

paragraph: In her critical book "Reading Mavis Gallant", Janice Kulyk Keefer says, "Gallant is a writer who dazzles us with her command of the language, her innovative use of narrative forms, the acuity of her intelligence, and the incisiveness of her wit. Yet she also disconcerts us with her insistence on the constrictions and limitations that dominate human experience."

paragraph: In a review of her work in "Books in Canada" in 1978, Geoff Hancock asserts that "Mavis Gallant's fiction is among the finest ever written by a Canadian. But, like buried treasure, both the author and her writing are to discover." In the "Canadian Reader", Robert Fulford writes, "One begins comparing her best moments to those of major figures in literary history. Names like Henry James, Chekhov, and George Eliot dance across the mind."

paragraph: Section::::Plagiarism case.

paragraph: The Pakistani author Sadia Shepard was accused of having copied Gallant's short story "The Ice Wagon Coming Down the Street" in her story "Foreign-Returned". Gallant's story involves a couple from Canada, Peter and Sheilah, remembering the time that they spent in Geneva, where they met a shy girl called Agnes and a rich family called the Burleighs. They invite Agnes for dinner, and then all go separately to a dinner with the Burleighs, in which Agnes gets drunk and is brought home by Peter. Shepard's story tells of a Pakistani couple living in Connecticut called Hassan and Sara. They meet Hina, and the glamorous Ahmeds. As in Gallant's story, Hina comes to their house, and they all go to the Ahmeds later, after which Hassan brings Hina home.

paragraph: Shepard acknowledged Gallant as an influence on her story, but many, such as Francine Prose, who was the person to bring up the uncanny resemblance between the two, felt that it was plagiarism. Prose said, 'scene by scene, plot turn by plot turn, gesture by gesture, the Shepard story follows the Gallant. Some phrases and sentences are mirrored with only a few words changed,” wrote Prose. “The correspondences far exceed the bounds of ‘debt’, and even of ‘homage’, or of a ‘translation’ into a different ethnicity and historical period. Is it really acceptable to change the names and the identities of fictional characters and then claim the story as one's own original work? Why, then, do we bother having copyright laws?'

paragraph: Some writers, such as the Booker-prize winner Marlon James, respected Shepard's story, but many others believed she took a disproportionate amount from Gallant, and that she should have credited the influence.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Short story collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Other Paris", 1956 ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Heart Is Broken", 1964 ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Pegnitz Junction", 1973 ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The End of the World and Other Stories", 1974 ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "From the Fifteenth District", 1979 ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Home Truths", 1981 ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Overhead in a Balloon", 1985 ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Transit", 1988 ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Across the Bridge and Other Stories", 1993 ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Moslem Wife", 1994 ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Selected Stories of Mavis Gallant" (1996, ). Titled "The Collected Stories of Mavis Gallant" () in the United States.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paris Stories", 2002 ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Montreal Stories", 2004 (). Titled "Varieties of Exile" () in the United States.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Cost of Living: Early and Uncollected Stories", 2009 (). Titled "Going Ashore" () in Canada.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Green Water, Green Sky", 1959 ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Fairly Good Time", 1970 ()

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Plays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "What Is to Be Done?", 1983 ()

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Non-fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paris Notebooks", 1986 ()

description: Canadian writer

wikidata_label: Mavis Gallant

wikipedia_title: Mavis Gallant


text:
Camden, New South Wales
Australia
motorcycle racer
Yoshimura
Suzuki
AMA Superbike
Miguel Duhamel
Sydney
Australian Superbike Championship
500cc World Championship
Cagiva
Suzuki
Ducati
Ben Spies
Daytona 200
wild card
Superbike World Championship
Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca
Team Rockstar Makita Yoshimura Suzuki
DMG
Heartland Park
Oakdale, New South Wales

categories: Australian motorcycle racers,1972 births,Superbike World Championship riders,500cc World Championship riders,Sportspeople from Sydney,AMA Superbike Championship riders,Living people

paragraph: Mat Mladin

paragraph: Mathew Mladin (born 10 March 1972, in Camden, New South Wales) is a retired Australian professional motorcycle racer who last raced in 2009, riding a Yoshimura Suzuki in the AMA Superbike series. He won the title seven times (no other rider has won more than four), and holds series records for wins (83, breaking Miguel Duhamel's previous record of 27), poles (50) and poles in a season (10).

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early years (1992-1995).

paragraph: Born in Camden, a suburb of Sydney, Mladin began his professional racing career in 1992. He won the Australian Superbike Championship that year, and made his debut in the 500cc World Championship class the following year, disappointed at finishing in position thirteen and at his treatment by the Cagiva factory team.

paragraph: A plane crash in 1995 nearly cost him his foot, but he returned in time to finish second in the Australian Superbike championship.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:AMA (1996-2009).

paragraph: Mladin joined the AMA Superbike series in 1996, riding for Yoshimura Suzuki, and finished fourth overall. He switched to Fast By Ferracci Ducati the following year and finished third in the championship before returning to Suzuki for 1998 where he again finished third. He finally broke through to win the 1999 championship. Remaining with Suzuki as of 2007, he went on to take the title in 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, and 2005, with a second-place finish behind Ben Spies in 2006 (despite winning the final 5 races, after making some riding style changes to cope with his young team-mate). Mladin also finished runner up in the Championship to Spies again in 2007, losing by one point.

paragraph: Mladin is a three-time winner of the Daytona 200 (2000, 2001, 2004). He has also made wild card appearances in Superbike World Championship races, taking pole position in the class at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca in 2003.

paragraph: On 20 August 2008, AMA Pro Racing issued a press release announcing the disqualification of Mladin from the previous weekend's AMA Superbike National round at Virginia International Raceway. The press release indicated that the crankshaft from Mladin's bike was found, after comparison with a stock "control" part kept by the AMA, to have violated Superbike class rules, which require an essentially stock crankshaft to be used. The Team Rockstar Makita Yoshimura Suzuki's appeal of the penalty was summarily dismissed as being, "without merit," by AMA/DMG on 5 September 2008.

paragraph: As a result, with only one round remaining in the championship, Ben Spies' numerical advantage in the championship points became unassailable and Mladin lost the championship for the 3rd year in a row to Spies. It is a known that all Yoshimura bikes on that day had the same crankshaft. Mladin's bike was the only one inspected. Upon his disqualification, Spies and Hayden were moved up the ladder into first and second placings, also riding illegal bikes.

paragraph: On 31 July 2009, Mladin announced that he would retire from the AMA Superbike Championship at the end of the season, and the announcement came as Mladin refused to take part in that weekend's round at Heartland Park, Kansas due to concerns over rider safety at the circuit: Mladin is known for his campaign for improved rider safety through improvements into the circuits. Mat won the 2009 AMA Superbike championship, and then retired.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: He lives near Oakdale, New South Wales, with his wife and two children. In 1998 he commented that "I don't enjoy all the press side of things at all, I enjoy my racing and I enjoy winning like nothing else.".

description: Australian motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Mat Mladin

wikipedia_title: Mat Mladin


text:
social activist
nu metal
Hed PE
Afro-Brazilian
Orange County
hardcore punk
extended play
Church of Realities
Jive
Sony
Waterbury, Connecticut
Suburban Noize Records
hip hop
South Park
Twiztid
Independents Day
System of a Down
Shavo Odadjian
Korn
James Shaffer
rapping
death growl
Bob Marley
Black Sabbath
Rage Against The Machine
Sublime
Sex Pistols
The Clash
Public Image Ltd.
The Ramones
Beastie Boys
N.W.A
Tupac Shakur
punk rock
reggae
ska
heavy metal
9/11 Truth movement
social liberal
Nancy Pelosi
Barack Obama
Hed PE
Broke
Blackout
Only in Amerika
Back 2 Base X
Insomnia
The D.I.Y. Guys
New World Orphans
Truth Rising
Evolution
Forever!
The LUST EP
Primer 55
Introduction to Mayhem
Snot
Strait Up
Twiztid
"Independents Day"
DJ Muggs
Bass For Your Face
Tech N9ne
Killer
Bass and Bubblegum
Verbally Abusive

categories: American punk rock singers,Hed PE members,African-American rock singers,9/11 conspiracy theorists,California Democrats,1968 births,Musicians from Fullerton, California,Living people,American conspiracy theorists,American people of Brazilian descent

paragraph: Jared Gomes

paragraph: Paulo Sergio "Jared" Gomes, also known as Jahred and M.C.U.D. (born February 29, 1968) is an American singer, musician and social activist, best known as the lead vocalist of the nu metal band Hed PE.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Gomes was born Paulo Sergio Gomes on February 29, 1968 to a mother of Brazilian descent and a father of Afro-Brazilian descent. He got his first start in the music industry as the frontman of the new wave band The Clue, which was active from 1984 until 1990. After that he fronted Live Urban Sexx Tribe from 1991-1994. He later met guitarist Wes Geer amidst the Orange County hardcore punk scene, and the two formed a band, recruited guitarist Chizad, bassist Mawk, drummer B.C. Vaught and DJ Product © 1969. They named the group "Hed", which stands for "higher education". The band built a following based on energetic performances at local venues such as Club 369, and released the self-financed extended play, "Church of Realities". Legal issues forced Hed to change their name, adding "PE" (Planet Earth). The album, the band found themselves unable to repay the cash advances given to them by Jive. Gomes is quoted as saying "We had these romantic visions of the music industry, and we thought it would be cool to be a punk band on a rap label. So we fulfilled that dream, but it was also probably the worst thing that could have happened. [...] We've had offers from Sony and others that we can't take because we owe Jive so much money."

paragraph: On October 27, 2000, Gomes was arrested for possession of marijuana while the band was performing in Waterbury, Connecticut. He was released on a US$1,500 bail. After recording two more albums for the label, the band left Jive to release albums independently, eventually signing with Suburban Noize Records.

paragraph: Gomes has expressed interest in recording a solo album in the hip hop genre, stating "I would like to but I just have to find the time to do it. [...] I just need to get my discipline down and use my time more wisely than watching "South Park" for eight hours straight." In 2007, Gomes appeared on Twiztid's sixth studio album, "Independents Day", contributing to the track "Weak Shit'z Out". According to Gomes, he had previously discussed appearances on solo albums by System of a Down bassist Shavo Odadjian and Korn guitarist James Shaffer, but the projects had fallen through.

paragraph: Section::::Style and influences.

paragraph: Gomes' vocal style ranges from melodic singing to rapping and death growls. His influences include Bob Marley, Black Sabbath, Rage Against The Machine, Sublime, Sex Pistols, The Clash, Public Image Ltd., The Ramones, Beastie Boys, N.W.A, Tupac Shakur, along with various punk rock, reggae, ska, and heavy metal bands.

paragraph: Section::::Political activism.

paragraph: Gomes is a supporter of the 9/11 Truth movement, and social liberal politicians such as Nancy Pelosi and president Barack Obama.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Gomes has a son.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Hed PE.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hed PE" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Broke" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blackout" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Only in Amerika" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Back 2 Base X" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Insomnia" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The D.I.Y. Guys" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New World Orphans" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Truth Rising" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Evolution" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Forever!" (2016)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Live Urban Sexx Tribe.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The LUST EP" (2017)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo Project Jahred.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unite EP" (March 27, 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Doomsday Paradise" (2012)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Guest appearances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Primer 55 – "Set It Off" from the album "Introduction to Mayhem" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Snot – "I Know Where You Are At" from the album "Strait Up" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Twiztid – "Weak Shit'z Out" from the album "Independents Day" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- DJ Muggs – "Wikid" from the album "Bass For Your Face" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tech N9ne – "I Am Everything" from the album "Killer" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bloodstepp – "Blood Steps Pt. 1" from the album "Bass and Bubblegum" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sketchy Waze x HomeTown Criminal – "Save Yourself" (2013 Breaking Ordinance LP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Urban Rebel – "Awake" (2013 single)

paragraph: BULLET::::- December In Red – "Hadouken" (2014 single)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bloodstepp – "Blood Steps (The Complete Saga)" from the album "" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- L.S.F. - "Firebreather" from the album "Verbally Abusive" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- sQuawk! – "The Answer" (2017 single)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arhythmia - "YOLO" (2013 "Time No Coming Back" LP)

description: musician

wikidata_label: Jared Gomes

wikipedia_title: Jared Gomes


text: sobriquet

text: Islam

text: Bursa

text: Turkey

text: Kayseri

text: Darende

text: Ulu Camii (The Great Mosque)

text: Bayezid I

text: Molla Fenari

text: Hacı Bayram-ı Veli

text: Anadolu

text: Muhammad

text: Şam

text: Tabriz

text: Erdebil

text: Bursa

text: Bursa Grand Mosque

text: Bayezid I

text: Al-Fatiha

text: Bursa Grand Mosque

text: Bursa

text: Bursa

text: Aksaray

text: Mecca

text: Anadolu

text: Darende

text: Darende

text: Hacı Bayram-ı Veli

text: Ankara

text: Molla Şemseddin Fenari

text: Bursa

text: Akşemseddin

text: Göynük

text: Akbıyık Sultan

text: Bursa

text: Şeyh Üftade

text: Bursa

text: Aziz Mahmud Hudayi

text: Bursa

text: Darende

text: Aksaray

text: Göynük

text: Bursa

text: Darende

text: Gelibolu

text: Balıkesir

text: Kütahya

text: İskilip

text: Bolu

text: Somuncu Baba ve Neseb-i Âlisi

text: Somuncu Baba ve Neseb-i Âlisi

text: Opening of Somuncu Baba Mosque

paragraph: Somuncu Baba

paragraph: Sheyh Hamid-i Vali (1331–1412), better known by his sobriquet Somuncu Baba, was an ascetic teacher of Islam in Bursa, Turkey, who exerted extensive influence and is known as a Muslim saint. He was born in Kayseri and died in Darende. He taught at the Ulu Camii (The Great Mosque) where he was installed by Sultan Bayezid I after it was completed. Somuncu Baba's students included Molla Fenari and Hacı Bayram-ı Veli.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Somuncu Baba is one of the virtuous men who came to Anadolu for spiritual conquest, he was also a descendant of Islamic prophet Muhammad After receiving an education in cities which are the center of knowledge like Şam, Tabriz, Erdebil, he settled in Bursa for his guidance and duty. He taught at the Bursa Grand Mosque where he was installed by Sultan Bayezid I after it was completed. For hiding his sipiritual side, he baked bread and sold them so he was known as Somuncu Baba. He became known after he had translated the sura of Al-Fatiha, in seven different ways during the opening of Bursa Grand Mosque, in Bursa. He avoided becoming famous so he left Bursa and moved Aksaray. He left his son Yusuf Hakiki Baba in Aksaray and he went to Mecca with his son Halil Taybi when they got back to Anadolu they settled in Darende and he died here in 1412. His tomb is still in Darende.

paragraph: With the help of Es-Seyyid Osman Hulusi Efendi Foundation, it has another mosque,a library, museum and an exhibition hall and it became a complex of building with restoration. With its excursion, it is an attractive center of local and foreign tourists.

paragraph: Section::::Somuncu Baba's students.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hacı Bayram-ı Veli - Ankara

paragraph: BULLET::::- Molla Şemseddin Fenari - Bursa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Akşemseddin - Göynük

paragraph: BULLET::::- Akbıyık Sultan - Bursa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Şeyh Üftade - Bursa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aziz Mahmud Hudayi - Bursa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Halil Taybi - Darende

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baba Yusuf Hakiki - Aksaray

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bıçakçı Ömer Dede - Göynük

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hızır Dede- Bursa

paragraph: BULLET::::- İnce Bedreddin - Darende

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yazıcıoğlu - Gelibolu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Şeyh Lutfullah - Balıkesir

paragraph: BULLET::::- Şeyhî - Kütahya

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muslihiddin Halife - İskilip

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uzun Selahaddin - Bolu

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Akgündüz, Ahmet (1992) "Arşiv belgeleri ışığında Şeyh Hâmid-i Velî Somuncu Baba ve neseb-i âlîsi" Es-Seyyid Osman Hulûsi Efendi Vakfı, Istanbul, (biography of Hamidüddin Aksarayî in Turkish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Akgündüz, Ahmet (2009) "Arşiv Belgeleri Işığında Somuncu Baba ve Neseb-i Âlisi" , Osmanlı Araştırmaları Vakfı, Istanbul, , (Biography of Somuncu Baba with the Ottoman Archives)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prof.Dr. Ahmet Akgündüz Symposium about Somuncu Baba

paragraph: BULLET::::- Somuncu Baba ve Neseb-i Âlisi, "Somuncu Baba culture and literature magazine"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Opening of Somuncu Baba Mosque

description: teacher

wikidata_label: Somuncu Baba

wikipedia_title: Somuncu Baba


text:
St. Louis, Missouri
American football
linebacker
Green Bay Packers
San Diego Chargers
National Football League
NFL.com player page

categories: 1955 births,San Diego Chargers players,Green Bay Packers players,San Diego State Aztecs football players,Los Angeles City Cubs football players,American football linebackers,Living people,Sportspeople from St. Louis

paragraph: Mike Douglass (American football)

paragraph: Michael Reese Douglass (born March 15, 1955 in St. Louis, Missouri) is a former American football player. He played outside linebacker for the Green Bay Packers (1978–1985) and the San Diego Chargers (1986) in the National Football League. He ranks third in the lists of tackles made by a Packers player.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NFL.com player page

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Mike Douglass

wikipedia_title: Mike Douglass (American football)


text: Swedish

text: opera singer

text: actress

text: tenor

text: Jussi Björling

text: Stockholm

text: soprano

text: Royal Swedish Academy of Music

text: Jussi Björling

text: Royal Swedish Opera

categories: 20th-century opera singers,Swedish sopranos,Swedish film actresses,2006 deaths,20th-century women singers,1910 births,Swedish operatic sopranos

paragraph: Anna-Lisa Björling

paragraph: Anna-Lisa Björling, née "Emy Anna-Lisa Berg" (March 15, 1910 – November 24, 2006), was a Swedish opera singer and actress. She was married to tenor, Jussi Björling, from 1935 until his death in 1960.

paragraph: Born in Stockholm, Anna-Lisa was a soprano who had studied at the Royal Swedish Academy of Music. After her marriage to Jussi Björling in 1935, Anna-Lisa focused on her family life and their children for ten years. When the children were older she resumed her musical studies, and made a very successful comeback at the Royal Swedish Opera in 1948, where she performed various roles until the late 1960s.

paragraph: In Sweden and occasionally abroad, she performed duets with her husband Jussi Björling, for television specials and other events. She had also appeared in some Swedish films, both as an actress and singer in the 1930s.

paragraph: She was sometimes credited as "Anna-Lisa Berg" or "Anna-Lisa Björling Barkman".

paragraph: She died in Stockholm in 2006, at age 96.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1932 - "Svarta rosor"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1932 - "Landskamp"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1932 - "Hans livs match"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1931 - "Skepp ohoj!"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1931 - "Falska miljonären"

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- SvD - Anna-Lisa Björling Barkman död (short news report of her death with a mini biography) (from TT Spektra - Sweden)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Björling, Anna-Lisa: "Mitt liv med Jussi" (My Life with Jussi), Stockholm, Bonnier, 1987 (Sweden).

description: Swedish actor and singer

wikidata_label: Anna-Lisa Björling

wikipedia_title: Anna-Lisa Björling