text:
Ottoman
grand vizier
Suleiman the Magnificent
damat
Ottoman dynasty
Constantinople
Mihrimah Sultan
Suleiman the Magnificent
Hürrem Sultan
Sinan Pasha
Hürrem Sultan
Enderun
science
finance
close combat
military
Rüstem
Ottoman army
Rüstem
Suleiman the Magnificent
Ebussuud Efendi
Ottoman Empire
Şehzade Mustafa
Mihrimah Sultan
Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha
Hürrem Sultan
Rüstem
Bursa
Istanbul
Mekka
Jerusalem
Süleymaniye Mosque
Mimar Sinan
Rüstem Pasha Mosque
Mimar Sinan
sanjak bey
Diyarbakir
Mihrimah Sultan
Suleiman the Magnificent
Rustem Pasha
Ottoman Empire
Ayas Mehmed Pasha
Lütfi Pasha
Ottoman Empire
Hürrem
Suleiman the Magnificent
Rüstem
Sinan Pasha
Mihrimah Sultan
Diyarbakır
Hürrem
Suleiman
Mimar Sinan
Mimar Sinan
Sinan Pasha (Ottoman admiral)
Semiz Ali Pasha
Suleiman the Magnificent
Rüstem Paşa Camii
Mihrimah Sultan
Muhteşem Yüzyıl
Ozan Güven
List of Ottoman Grand Viziers
Mihrimah Sultan
Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai
Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Edirne)
Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Ereğli)
Rüstem Pasha Medrese
Rüstem Pasha Medrese (Kütahya)
Sinan Pasha (Ottoman admiral)

wikipedia_title:
Ottoman Empire
List of Ottoman Grand Viziers
Suleiman the Magnificent
Damat
Ottoman dynasty
Constantinople
Mihrimah Sultan
Suleiman the Magnificent
Hurrem Sultan
Sinan Pasha (Ottoman admiral)
Hurrem Sultan
Enderûn
Science
Finance
Close combat
Military
Rüstem
Military of the Ottoman Empire
Rüstem
Suleiman the Magnificent
Ebussuud Efendi
Ottoman Empire
Şehzade Mustafa
Mihrimah Sultan
Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha
Hurrem Sultan
Rüstem
Bursa
Istanbul
Mecca
Jerusalem
Süleymaniye Mosque
Mimar Sinan
Rüstem Pasha Mosque
Mimar Sinan
Sanjak-bey
Diyarbakır
Mihrimah Sultan
Suleiman the Magnificent
Rüstem Pasha
Ottoman Empire
Ayas Mehmed Pasha
Lütfi Pasha
Ottoman Empire
Hurrem Sultan
Suleiman the Magnificent
Rüstem
Sinan Pasha (Ottoman admiral)
Mihrimah Sultan
Diyarbakır
Hurrem Sultan
Suleiman
Mimar Sinan
Mimar Sinan
Sinan Pasha (Ottoman admiral)
Semiz Ali Pasha
Suleiman the Magnificent
Rüstem Pasha Mosque
Mihrimah Sultan
Muhteşem Yüzyıl
Ozan Güven
List of Ottoman Grand Viziers
Mihrimah Sultan
Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai
Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Edirne)
Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Ereğli)
Rüstem Pasha Medrese
Rüstem Pasha Medrese (Kütahya)
Sinan Pasha (Ottoman admiral)

categories: Suleiman the Magnificent,1561 deaths,16th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire,Pashas,Converts to Islam from Roman Catholicism,Military personnel of the Ottoman Empire,Devşirme,Government of the Ottoman Empire,Grand Viziers of Suleiman the Magnificent,1500 births

paragraph: Rüstem Pasha

paragraph: Rüstem Pasha Opuković (; ; 1500 – 10 July 1561) was a Bosniak and Croatian born Ottoman statesman. He served as the grand vizier of sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. Rüstem Pasha is also known as Damat Rüstem Pasha (the epithet "damat" meaning "son-in-law" to the Ottoman dynasty) as a result of his marriage to the sultan's only daughter, Mihrimah sultan. He is known as one of the most influential and successful grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire. He was as one the wealthiest grand vizier in history.

paragraph: Rustem Pasha was taken as a child to Constantinople, where he built a military and bureaucracy career. He was very well educated. On 26 November 1539, he married Mihrimah Sultan, the daughter of Suleiman the Magnificent and his powerful wife Haseki Hürrem Sultan. His brother Sinan Pasha was an Ottoman grand admiral.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Rüstem owes his career to the support of Hürrem Sultan, he was extremely ambitious. Rustem Pasha was a man of very humble origins. He came as a child to Constantinople where he studied at Enderun, a free-boarding multicultural school for talented children. At the end, the graduates were able to speak, read and write at least three languages, able to understand the latest developments in science, finance and excel in army command as well as in close combat skills. That was the perfect start for a career in the military and bureaucracy. In 1526, Rüstem took part in the Battle of Mohacs as silahdar (weapon bearer in a cavalry division). Silahdars were an elite division of the Ottoman army. Members of this division could also become ordinary soldiers (non-aristocrat), if they proved to be extraordinarily courageous and loyal.

paragraph: A few years later Rüstem advanced to mirahur-i evvel aga (chief supervisor of the sultan's stables) and rikab-dar (the stirrup holder when the ruler got on the horse). The mirahur accompanied the Sultan during his travels, so the Sultan knew Rüstem a long time before he appointed him, possibly inspired by Hürrem, the tutor of his sons. In making this decision, he was surely influenced by Rüstem's character. Most historical sources describe Rüstem as a reasonable and calm man with a keen intellect, who always keeps a cool head, and who is always unconditionally devoted to his ruler. These characteristics reflected Rüstem's faith, and brought Rüstem, Suleiman the Magnificent, and the famous jurist Ebussuud Efendi (Mehmed Ebussuud Efendi), permanently closer together. Rüstem was a sunni and preferred the spiritual order of Sunni Islam Sufism Naqshbandi.

paragraph: Section::::Wealth and Legacy.

paragraph: As Grand Vizier, he collected vast wealth. In this way, he acquired an unprecedented wealth. Even Rüstem's sworn opponents admitted, that he never boasted of his wealth or power (although he was a man of fortune), and that he was the very first Grand Vizier in the history of the Ottoman Empire who significantly contributed to the development of the state from his own funds. Also many charitable foundation charters confirm this fact. For example, the charters from 1544, 1557, 1560, 1561 as well as from 1570 (Rüstem's posthumous endowment, realized by Mihrimah). According to most period testimonies (excluding Taşlıcalı Yahya Bey's "Şehzade Mustafa Mersiyesi"), Rüstem was considered one of the few state dignitaries who didn't take bribes. Nonetheless, Rüstem's famous economic talent and his modest way of life, both highly valued by the Sultan, made him rich, even before his marriage to Mihrimah Sultan. It is not surprising that our knowledge of his wealth comes from his last will (a part of endowment charter from 1561). Here Rüstem made an inventory of every single detail of his property, in order to secure his great foundation projects after his death. Such an accurate description has left none of his predecessors behind (therefore historians propose that some of these predecessors, like Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha, were even richer). Rüstem's testament determines exactly which part of his property belongs to the state, to his foundations, to the Hürrem Sultan's foundation and to Mihrimah's foundations, what he leaves to his wife Mihrimah and to his daughter Ayşe Hümaşah. He determines his wife Mihrimah Sultan as executor of his last will and his daughter Ayşe Hümaşah as the executor and administrator of his foundations.

paragraph: All historians emphasize Rüstem's relentless hard work to consolidate the troubled economy of the Ottoman Empire - impoverished by excessive spending on wars and a lavish lifestyle of the court - and his efforts to improve it. The period documents say that he also generously financed this upswing from his own resources. On his lands were built toll free bridges, roads, covered bazaars, granaries, baths, hospices, caravanserais, convents, schools and various other establishments for the public benefit. Their funding was largely secured by the leasing of Rüstem's estates. He supported agriculture, founded new trading centers, like the bazaar in Sarajevo or silk factories in Bursa and Istanbul, social and educational institutions. He developed the domestic economy by encouraging major public works projects and built a modern infrastructure: trade routes, and water networks in Istanbul, Mekka and Jerusalem.

paragraph: He also found enough money in the treasury to make Suleiman's dream come true (Süleymaniye Mosque 1550-57), as well as to fund other monumental architectural projects realized by the legendary Mimar Sinan. To reduce protectionism in the state administration, an official installment fee was introduced, and confiscated when the officials misused his authority. Rüstem's reform of the military remained unfinished. At the time of his death in Constantinople on 10 July 1561, his personal property included 815 lands in Rumelia and Anatolia, 476 mills, 1700 slaves, 2,900 war horses, 1,106 camels, 800 gold ambroidery Holy Qur'ans, 500 books, 5000 Caftan, 130 kinds of armors, 860 gold embroidered swords, 1500 silver tolga, 1000 silver balls, 33 precious jewels etc.

paragraph: The Rüstem Pasha Mosque (Turkish: Rüstem Paşa Camii) is an Ottoman mosque located in Hasırcılar Çarşısı (Strawmat Weavers Market) in Fatih, Turkey,[3] which was designed by Ottoman imperial architect Mimar Sinan for Grand Vizier Rüstem Pasha. It was built between 1561 and 1563.[4]

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: In the first, Rustem Pasha was a sanjak bey. After the death of Pargali Ibrahim Pasha his way became very easy. He was promoted to Baylerbey of the Diyarbakir. When he married Mihrimah Sultan Rustem was a vizier.

paragraph: Suleiman the Magnificent made Rustem the grand vizier for the first time in 1544. But in 1553, Rustem Pasha was dismissed from his position. After two years he take his position again from 1555 until his death in 1561. During his tenure the Ottoman Empire was the most powerful in the economy.

paragraph: As a diplomat, Rüstem initiated many trade agreements with European countries and India. His biggest success in the diplomatic area, was the agreement with the King Ferdinand I and the Emperor Charles V, which confirmed, without firing a shot, the western border of the Ottoman Empire for more than 14 years (signed in 1547). Ferdinand renounced his claim to the Kingdom of Hungary and agreed to pay a tax of 30,000 gold ducats per year into the Ottoman treasury. The ambassador of the Emperor Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq wrote that Charles had tried on several occasions to revise the unfavourable agreement, but Rüstem had always prevented it. Rüstem also worked on the agreement with the Safavids (signed 1554), which ended the long-standing Ottoman-Safavid wars, and secured the eastern borders of the Ottoman Empire.

paragraph: Suleiman was manipulated by Hürrem's intrigues when he murdered Ibrahim and replaced him with his son-in-law, Rüstem Pasha. Rüstem was not Suleiman's son-in-law when Pargali Ibrahim Pasha was executed. The background of Ibrahim's execution was much more complicated (e.g. he used the seal "Sultan Ibrahim", retained the majority of the confiscated property of Suleiman's "minister of finance" Iskender Celebi, whose execution he ordered etc.). Ibrahim was replaced with Ayas Mehmed Pasha, followed by Lütfi Pasha and Hadim Süleyman Pasha. Rüstem's career developed, unlike Ibrahim, exactly according to the rules. He became Grand Vizier eight years after Ibrahim's death.

paragraph: Sehzade Mustafa, the hope of the Ottoman Empire, was killed by his paranoid father after Hürrem and Rüstem had conspired against him for many years.

paragraph: It would be too naïve to consider Mustafa's death only as the result of the internal struggle for succession to the throne. Without a doubt, an important role was played by the persistent attempts of foreign powers to destabilize the Ottoman Empire. The very ambitious Mustafa received foreign ambassadors as well as Ottoman commanders many times, without his father's knowledge, and was regarded by them as an important ally against Suleiman. So the Austrian ambassador Ghislain de Busbecq (visiting Mustafa before Süleyman), informed his ruler: "Mustafa will be an excellent sultan, receptive and open to talks." And the papal ambassador Navagero said: "Mustafa lives with his mother. She says that people adore him." Understanding the danger of the situation, Suleiman the Magnificent remembered his father Selim dethroning his grandfather Bayezid (who was killed only a month after his abdication in 1512). Officers loyal to him advised that a part of the army is getting ready to put Mustafa on the throne. In 1552, while preparing a campaign against Persia, Suleiman appointed Rüstem "Serasker" (commander-in-chief) of the campaign. But soldiers assembled in the military camp in Karaman (Anatolia), rejected Suleiman's appointment, and insisted Rüstem should be replaced with Mustafa (the same problem was faced by Rüstem's brother Sinan Pasha, as admiral of the Ottoman fleet during the Tripolis siege, even though he achieved many victories until his death in 1553). Rüstem's military reform should not be forgotten in this context.

paragraph: The destabilization continued. What Mustafa did was now less important than what he did not do to avoid a new Ottoman Civil War. Suleiman knew that time was running out. That was probably the most important reason he decided the fate of Mustafa. Mustafa's so-often cited correspondence with the Safavids signed "Sultan Mustafa" (kept today in archives), was, in this context, probably not so relevant. It could be authentic, it could be a Safavids' or a Hürrem-Rüstem deception, or maybe Suleiman's safeguard to calm public opinion after Mustafa's death. There are various versions of reports on Mustafa's end in the Ereğli valley. According to one of them, Rüstem Pasha made an offer to Mustafa to join his father's army and at the same time he warned Suleiman that Mustafa was coming to kill him. According to another version, it was Suleiman himself who summoned his son to Ereğli, and Mustafa came, "confident that the army would protect him".

paragraph: Only Rüstem appears in all the versions as the antagonist. However, it is not surprising, as they are all based on Mustafa's PR chief consultant Taşlıcalı Yahya Bey's elegy, "Şehzade Mustafa Mersiyesi". Even the report of the Austrian ambassador de Busbecq, who claims to have received an account from an eyewitness, had the same origin. Rüstem, suspended and banished, was fair game as an object of violence. No one dared to criticize the Sultan himself. Suleiman probably realized, and called Rüstem back two years later.

paragraph: Rüstem's scapegoating as the seemingly dominant figure of the "conspiracy against Mustafa", radically changed public opinion. The public likes uncomplicated stories with melodramatic contrasts. And so the Rüstem extolled years ago as the "pillar of the Ottoman empire", brilliant economist and sophisticated statesman, was forgotten, as well as his great projects and charitable foundations. He became Rüstem the "black heart, the murderer of the loved Prince Mustafa". Nothing was enough to make him dirty: his "dirty" origin, the imputation of bribery, the story with the louse... Some foreign amabassadors like Ghiselin de Busbecq or Bernardo Navagero, repeated it spitefully in their reports (all the more that Rüstem was as a diplomat an invincible opponent, the agreement from 1547 must not be forgotten). Unlike them, Jean Chesneau, the secretary of the French ambassador, wrote about him: "The grand vizier is a man of humble origin, who, thanks to his talent and will, worked his way up from nothing. He is an agreeable companion, engaging your interest with his acute faculty of judgment, an insightful way of thinking and magnanimous manners. During the negotiations, he is calm and dispassionate, although in his views determined."

paragraph: Taşlıcalı Yahya Bey's elegy, the reports of ambassadors, administrative dossiers, foundation charters and some private documents like Hürrem's and Mihrimah's plea to Suleiman when Rüstem was expelled to Üsküdar, are the only period sources reporting on Rüstem's life. They were also the basis of the often cited İbrāhīm Peçevī's work 'Tārīḫ-i Peçevī", published 80 years after Rüstem's death.

paragraph: Section::::Relationship with Mihrimah.

paragraph: Mihrimah Sultan was married off to the governor of Diyarbakır Rüstem in 1539, because her mother misused her for her political intrigues. After his marriage, he was nominated to the vizierate in November 1544.

paragraph: Though the union was unhappy, Mihrimah flourished as a patroness of the arts and continued her travels with her father until her husband's death.

paragraph: This marriage had, like many dynastic unions, a political character. Hürrem's role was probably important. Nonetheless, according to the rules, it was a decision of the father. It must not be forgotten that Rüstem was at that time already a wealthy man and had, since 1538, a splendid career as Governor of Anatolya, one of the two most important administrative regions in the Ottoman Empire. This post was considered to be a preliminary stage to Grand Vizier. Rüstem's calm nature, faith, intellect and allegiance could also have influenced Süleyman's decision.

paragraph: Mihrimah knew Rüstem for a very long time as the mentor of her brothers and the adviser of her father. There is no record of another man in her life.

paragraph: The relationship between Mihrimah and Rüstem was probably not such a love story like that of Hürrem and Suleiman, with no letters full of great feelings and flowery parables. But Mihrimah was always at her husband's side, and after his death she accomplished his work as she had promised, as well as the Rüstem Paşa Camii (Rüstem Pasha Mosque, 1561–63), one of Mimar Sinan's most impressive projects. Rüstem supported Mihrimah's charitable foundations, for example, the Mihrimah Sultan İskele Camii (Mihrimah Sultan Mosque in Üsküdar, 1540–48; a known külliye in Istanbul, Mimar Sinan project). Rüstem was also Mihrimah's mentor, particularly concerning political and financial decisions. His last will from 1561 (above), provides evidence of his confidence in his wife.

paragraph: Other interesting facts, Rüstem's brother Sinan Pasha (Ottoman admiral) (who died in December 1553, a turbulent year for the family), was buried in Mihrimah Sultan Complex in Üsküdar, as well as two sons of Rüstem and Mihrimah. The daughter, Ayşe Hümaşah Hanım Sultan (1542-1594), was married in 1561 to Semiz Ali Pasha (Rüstem's successor as Grand Vizier).

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Damat Rüstem Pasha, the 32nd Grand Vizier of Suleiman the Magnificent (ruled 1544-1553 and 1555-1561), died after a long illness, on 10 July 1561 of hydrocephalus. He was buried in the wonderful Sehzade Mosque (Shehzade Camii), dedicated to Suleiman's favourite son Sehzade Mehmed (1520-1543), because his dream project, the Rüstem Paşa Camii, was not yet built. His tomb is alongside of the Şehzade Mehmed tomb (on the left - the side of the heart).

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: Together with Mihrimah Sultan, he had three children; one daughter and two sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ayşe Hümaşah Hanımsultan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sultanzade Osman Bey

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sultanzade Mehmed Bey

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: In the acclaimed Turkish television series "Muhteşem Yüzyıl", he is portrayed by actor Ozan Güven.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Ottoman Grand Viziers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mihrimah Sultan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai, Erzurum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Edirne), Edirne

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Ereğli), Ereğli, Konya

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rüstem Pasha Medrese, Fatih, Istanbul

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rüstem Pasha Medrese (Kütahya)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rustem Pasha Mosque

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sinan Pasha (Ottoman admiral)

alias:
Rüstem Pasha Opuković
Manga 4koma Palette

description: Ottoman statesman

wikidata_label: Rüstem Pasha

wikipedia_title: Rüstem Pasha


text:
Team Time Trial event
1976 Summer Olympics
Montreal
Verner Blaudzun
Jørgen Hansen
Jørn Lund
track cyclist
Six Days of Ghent
Patrick Sercu
Hans Henrik Ørsted
René Pijnen
Derny

categories: Danish male cyclists,Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics,Olympic bronze medalists for Denmark,1956 births,Olympic medalists in cycling,People from Hobro,2019 deaths,Cyclists at the 1976 Summer Olympics,Olympic cyclists of Denmark

paragraph: Gert Frank

paragraph: Gert Frank (15 March 1956 – 19 January 2019) was a cyclist and Olympic medalist from Denmark.

paragraph: Section::::Amateur.

paragraph: Frank won the bronze medal in the Team Time Trial event at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, alongside Verner Blaudzun, Jørgen Hansen and Jørn Lund.

paragraph: Section::::Professional.

paragraph: Frank was predominantly a track cyclist and won 20 indoor six-day track races, including the 1981 Six Days of Ghent race with Patrick Sercu. He also won the European Madison Championships in 1981 and 1983 (with Hans Henrik Ørsted) and in 1985 (with René Pijnen). Additionally he won the European Derny championship in 1984.

description: Cyclist and Olympic medalist from Denmark

wikidata_label: Gert Frank

wikipedia_title: Gert Frank


text:
Dielsdorf
Switzerland
Swiss
ice hockey
goaltender
SC Bern
National League A
2001–2002
Jacques Plante Trophy
2003–04
SC Bern
SC Bern
Anaheim Ducks
SC Bern

categories: Olympic ice hockey players of Switzerland,Swiss ice hockey players,1979 births,Ice hockey goaltenders,Kloten Flyers players,Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics,People from Dielsdorf District,SC Bern players,Living people

paragraph: Marco Bührer

paragraph: Marco Bührer (born October 9, 1979 in Dielsdorf, Switzerland) is a Swiss professional ice hockey goaltender. He has been playing for SC Bern of National League A since the 2001–2002 season.

paragraph: Bührer was awarded the Jacques Plante Trophy as the league's best goaltender of the 2003–04 season. Bührer is also often known for his ability to steal games, even though not ranked particularly well statistically. In an annual match up between the Anaheim Ducks and SC Bern, Bührer has managed a shutout numerous times, especially one notable game where SC Bern beat the Anaheim Ducks 11-0. SC Bern general manager at the time, Robert Cox, praised Bührer's efforts, claiming that he was undoubtedly one of the best goaltenders in the world.

description: Swiss ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Marco Bührer

wikipedia_title: Marco Bührer


text: Manetho

text: Strabo

text: pharaoh

text: Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt

text: qore

text: Kingdom of Kush

text: Sudan

text: Piye

text: Napata

text: Shebitku

text: Serapeum

text: stele

text: Apis bull

text: Season of the Emergence

text: Psamtik I

text: Shabaka

text: Shebitku

text: Shabaka

text: Shabaka

text: Assyria

text: Kush

text: Sennacherib

text: Hebrew Bible

text: Hezekiah

text: Jerusalem

text: Napatan

text: Jebel Barkal

text: Ethiopia

text: Sennacherib

text: Hezekiah

text: Judah

text: 2 Kings

text: Isaiah

text: biblical

text: commander

text: Herodotus

text: Shebitku

text: Francis Llewellyn Griffith

text: Nubia

text: Assyria

text: Esarhaddon

text: Arab

text: Dead Sea

text: Brook of Egypt

text: regnal year

text: Ashkelon

text: Memphis

text: Necho I

text: Sais

text: Commemorative stela of Nahr el-Kalb

text: victory stele

text: Zincirli Höyük

text: Lower Egypt

text: Ashurbanipal

text: Thebes

text: Thebes

text: Tantamani

text: Shabaka

text: Nuri

text: Greek

text: Strabo

text: Megasthenes

text: Pillars of Hercules

text: Spain

text: Will Smith

text: Carl Franklin

text: Randall Wallace

text: Takhar

text: Victory stele of Esarhaddon

text: Sphinx of Taharqo

text: King Taharqa's photo gallery

categories: Nubian people,7th century BC in Egypt,Egyptian people of Nubian descent,7th-century BC Pharaohs,Year of birth unknown,Pharaohs of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt,Kingdom of Kush,Taharqa,664 BC deaths

paragraph: Taharqa

paragraph: Taharqa, also spelled Taharka or Taharqo (, Manetho's "Tarakos", Strabo's "Tearco"), was a pharaoh of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt and qore (king) of the Kingdom of Kush (present day Sudan).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Taharqa was the son of Piye, the Nubian king of Napata who had first conquered Egypt. Taharqa was also the cousin and successor of Shebitku. The successful campaigns of Piye and Shabaka paved the way for a prosperous reign by Taharqa.

paragraph: Section::::Ruling period.

paragraph: Taharqa's reign can be dated from 690 BC to 664 BC. Evidence for the dates of his reign is derived from the Serapeum stele, catalog number 192. This stela records that an Apis bull born and installed (fourth month of Season of the Emergence, day 9) in year 26 of Taharqa died in Year 20 of Psamtik I (4th month of Shomu, day 20), having lived 21 years. This would give Taharqa a reign of 26 years and a fraction, in 690–664 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Irregular accession to power.

paragraph: Taharqa explicitly states in Kawa Stela V, line 15, that he succeeded his predecessor (generally assumed to be Shebitku but now established to be Shabaka instead) after the latter's death with this statement: ""I received the Crown in Memphis after the Falcon flew to heaven"." The reference to Shebitku was an attempt by Taharqa to legitimise his accession to power. However, Taharqa never mentions the identity of the royal falcon and completely omits any mention of Shabaka's intervening reign between Shebitku and Taharqa possibly because he ousted Shabaka from power.

paragraph: In Kawa IV, line 7-13, Taharqa states:

paragraph: In Kawa V: line 15, Taharqa states

paragraph: “I was brought from Nubia amongst the royal brothers that his Majesty had brought. As I was with him, he liked me more than all his brothers and all his children, so that he distinguished me. I won the heart of the nobles and was loved by all. It was only after the hawk had flown to heaven that I received the crown in Memphis.”

paragraph: Therefore, Taharqa says that King Shebitku, who was very fond of him, brought him with him to Egypt and during that trip he had the opportunity to see the deplorable state of the temple of Amun at Kawa, an event he remembered after becoming king. But on Kawa V Taharqa says that sometime after his arrival in Egypt under a different king whom this time he chose not to name, there occurred the death of this monarch (Shabaka here) and then his own accession to the throne occurred. Taharqa's evasiveness on the identity of his predecessor suggests that he assumed power in an irregular fashion and chose to legitimise his kingship by conveniently stating the possible fact or propaganda that Shebitku favoured him "more than all his brothers and all his children."

paragraph: Moreover, in lines 13 – 14 of Kawa stela V, His Majesty (who can be none other but Shebitku), is mentioned twice, and at first sight the falcon or hawk that flew to heaven, mentioned in the very next line 15, seems to be identical with His Majesty referred to directly before (i.e. Shebitku). However, in the critical line 15 which recorded Taharqa's accession to power, a new stage of the narrative begins, separated from the previous one by a period of many years, and the king or hawk/falcon that flew to heaven is conspicuously left unnamed in order to distinguish him from His Majesty, Shebitku. Moreover, the purpose of Kawa V, was to describe several separate events that occurred at distinct stages of Taharqa's life, instead of telling a continuous story about it. Therefore, the Kawa V text began with the 6th year of Taharqa and referred to the High Nile flood of that year before abruptly jumping back to Taharqa's youth at the end of line 13. In the beginning of line 15, Taharqa's coronation is mentioned (with the identity of the hawk/falcon—now known to be Shabaka—left unnamed but if it was Shebitku, Taharqa's favourite king, Taharqa would clearly have identified him) and there is a description given of the extent of the lands and foreign countries under Egypt's control but then (in the middle of line 16) the narrative switches abruptly back again to Taharqa's youth: "My mother was in Ta-Sety …. Now I was far from her as a twenty year old recruit, as I went with His Majesty to the North Land". However, immediately afterwards (around the middle of line 17) the text jumps forward again to the time of Taharqa's accession: "Then she came sailing downstream to see me after a long period of years. She found me after I had appeared on the throne of Horus...". Hence, the Kawa V narrative switches from one event to another, and has little to no chronological coherence or value.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Although Taharqa's reign was filled with conflict with the Assyrians, it was also a prosperous renaissance period in Egypt and Kush. When Taharqa was about 20 years old, he participated in a historic battle with the Assyrian emperor Sennacherib at Eltekeh. According to the Hebrew Bible, at Hezekiah's request, Taharqa and the Egyptian/Kushite army managed to stall the Assyrian advance on Jerusalem, with Sennacherib eventually abandoning the siege due to the loss of 185,000 soldiers at the hand of the Lord according to the Biblical account.

paragraph: The might of Taharqa's military forces was established at Eltekeh, leading to a period of peace in Egypt. During this period of peace and prosperity, the empire flourished. In the sixth year of Taharqa's reign, prosperity was also aided by abundant rainfall and a large harvest. Taharqa took full advantage of the lull in fighting and abundant harvest. He restored existing temples, built new ones, and built the largest pyramid in the Napatan region. Particularly impressive were his additions to the Temple at Karnak, new temple at Kawa, and temples at Jebel Barkal.

paragraph: Section::::Biblical references.

paragraph: Taharqa has been suggested to be Tirhakah, king of Ethiopia (Kush), who waged war against Sennacherib during the reign of King Hezekiah of Judah (2 Kings 19:9; Isaiah 37:9).

paragraph: The events in the biblical account are believed to have taken place in 701 BC, whereas Taharqa came to the throne some ten years later. If the title of king in the biblical text refers to his future royal title, he still may have been too young to be a military commander.

paragraph: Herodotus, the Greek historian who wrote his "Histories" c. 450 BC, speaks of a divinely-appointed disaster destroying an army of Sennacherib, which was defeated by Sethos (probably Shebitku) after praying to the gods. The gods sent "a multitude of field-mice, which devoured all the quivers and bowstrings of the enemy, and ate the thongs by which they managed their shields." This is commemorated in "a stone statue of Sethos, with a mouse in his hand, and an inscription to this effect 'Look on me, and learn to reverence the gods'."

paragraph: According to Francis Llewellyn Griffith, an attractive hypothesis is to identify the pharaoh as Taharqa before his succession, and Sethos as his Memphitic priestly title, "supposing that he was then governor of Lower Egypt and high-priest of Ptah, and that in his office of governor he prepared to move on the defensive against a threatened attack by Sennacherib. While Taharqa was still in the neighbourhood of Pelusium, some unexpected disaster may have befallen the Assyrian host on the borders of Palestine and arrested their march on Egypt."

paragraph: The two snakes in the crown of pharaoh Taharqa show that he was the king of both the lands of Egypt and Nubia.

paragraph: Section::::Assyrian invasion of Egypt.

paragraph: It was during his reign that Egypt's enemy Assyria at last invaded Egypt. Esarhaddon led several campaigns against Taharqa, which he recorded on several monuments. His first attack in 677 BC, aimed at pacifying Arab tribes around the Dead Sea, led him as far as the Brook of Egypt. Esarhaddon then proceeded to invade Egypt proper in Taharqa's 17th regnal year, after Esarhaddon had settled a revolt at Ashkelon. Taharqa defeated the Assyrians on that occasion. Three years later in 671 BC the Assyrian king captured and sacked Memphis, where he captured numerous members of the royal family. Taharqa fled to the south, and Esarhaddon reorganized the political structure in the north, establishing Necho I as king at Sais. Upon Esarhaddon's return to Assyria he erected a stele alongside the previous Egyptian and Assyrian Commemorative stela of Nahr el-Kalb, as well as a victory stele at Zincirli Höyük, showing Taharqa's young son Ushankhuru in bondage.

paragraph: Upon the Assyrian king's departure, however, Taharqa intrigued in the affairs of Lower Egypt, and fanned numerous revolts. Esarhaddon died en route to Egypt, and it was left to his son and heir Ashurbanipal to once again invade Egypt. Ashurbanipal defeated Taharqa, who afterwards fled to Thebes.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Taharqa died in the city of Thebes in 664 BC and was followed by his appointed successor Tantamani, a son of Shabaka. Taharqa was buried at Nuri, in North Sudan.

paragraph: Section::::Depictions.

paragraph: Taharqa was described by the Ancient Greek historian Strabo as having "Advanced as far as Europe", and (citing Megasthenes), even as far as the Pillars of Hercules in Spain.

paragraph: In biblical depictions, he is the saviour of the Hebrew people, as they are being besieged by Sennacherib (Isaiah 37:8-9, & 2 Kings 19:8-9).

paragraph: Actor Will Smith was developing a film entitled "The Last Pharaoh", which he planned to produce and star as Taharqa. Carl Franklin contributed to the script. Randall Wallace was hired to rewrite in September 2008.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- Takhar (the deity)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victory stele of Esarhaddon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Statues of Amun in the form of a ram protecting King Taharqa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sphinx of Taharqo

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- King Taharqa's photo gallery

description: Egyptian Pharaoh

wikidata_label: Taharqa

wikipedia_title: Taharqa


text:
Egyptian
Aten
Akhetaten
Amarna Period
Nefertiti
Meritaten
hypaethral
Amenhotep III
Tiye
Amarna
Tombs of the Nobles
Tomb of Panehsy
Akhenaten

paragraph: Panehesy

paragraph: The Egyptian noble Panehesy (also transcribed as Pinhasy or Panehsy) was the 'Chief servitor of the Aten in the temple of Aten in Akhetaten' ('Second Prophet of the Lord of the Two Lands').

paragraph: Section::::Titles.

paragraph: Panehesy held a variety of titles that show how powerful he must have been during the Amarna Period. He was the 'Chief servitor of the Aten in the temple of Aten in Akhetaten' and 'Second Prophet of the Lord of the Two Lands'. He was also the 'Seal-bearer of Lower Egypt.'.

paragraph: Panehsy was also the 'Superintendent of the Cattle of the Aten in Akhetaten' and the 'Superintendent of the Granary of the Aten'.

paragraph: Section::::Houses.

paragraph: Panehesy had two houses in Amarna. One was located near the temple, while another was located in the Central City. The house near the temple was likely more of an office.

paragraph: The main residence of Panehesy (R44.2) lies in the Central City of Amarna. In his main residence a large shrine was discovered which depicted Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and princess Meritaten making offerings to the Aten. This is an example of the domestic cult of the royal couple. The hypaethral chapel was located within the central hall. To the south of Panehesy's home was a small village. The total area occupied by the village is less than the area occupied by the main residence of the Priest. The village consists of some 40 houses that were likely the residences of Panehesy's staff.

paragraph: In the vicinity of the home a stele was discovered depicting Amenhotep III and Queen Tiye.

paragraph: The second residence of Panehesy near the temple of the Aten may be related to his function as the overseer of the cattle. The structure includes stone floors and brick mangers and may have served as a holding pen for the cattle. Excavations revealed remains of cattle, horn and bones. The bones were the remains of the cattle butchered for the offerings in the temple. The central hall of this house held a stone built shrine painted to look like an Amarna Temple. The structure held narrow wooden doors and likely held a statue of the King. The shrine is now at the Cairo Museum.

paragraph: Section::::Tomb.

paragraph: He had a tomb constructed at Amarna, among the northern tombs among the Tombs of the Nobles. The Tomb of Panehsy (Amarna Tomb 6) contains scenes of himself and his family and others showing the royal family, but his remains have never been identified. The tomb had suffered damage from iconoclasts. The images of Akhenaten and Nefertiti had been disfigured, and most of the names had been removed.

paragraph: In later times, his tomb was turned into a Coptic place of worship for a while and suffered damage.

paragraph: A deep font for total immersion was placed before the apse.

description: Ancient Egyptian noble

wikidata_label: Panehesy

wikipedia_title: Panehesy


text: Spanish explorer

text: Palma del Rio

text: Córdoba

text: Spain

text: West Coast of North America

text: Spanish Empire

text: California

text: Pánfilo de Narváez

text: Portuguese

text: Spanish

text: Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas

text: Palma del Río

text: province of Córdoba

text: Montalegre

text: Portugal

text: Beira Alta

text: Havana

text: Hernán Cortés

text: Mexico

text: New Spain

text: Guatemala

text: conquistador

text: encomienda

text: Mixtec

text: Oaxaca

text: Francisco de Ulloa

text: Gulf of California

text: Viceroy of New Spain

text: Antonio de Mendoza

text: Pacific coast

text: Northwest Passage

text: Hudson Bay

text: Acajutla

text: El Salvador

text: Navidad, Mexico

text: Pedro de Alvarado

text: Nochistlán

text: Philippine Islands

text: Ruy Lopez de Villalobos

text: galleon

text: San Salvador

text: lateen

text: Cedros Island

text: San Diego Bay

text: Santa Catalina Island

text: San Clemente Island

text: San Pedro Bay

text: Santa Monica Bay

text: Anacapa Island

text: San Miguel Island

text: Point Conception

text: Chumash

text: Santa Barbara County, California

text: Ventura County, California

text: Point Pinos

text: Point Reyes

text: San Francisco Bay

text: Russian River

text: Monterey Bay

text: Tongva

text: gangrene

text: Andrés de Urdaneta

text: National Park Service

text: Cabrillo National Monument

text: Point Loma

text: San Diego

text: Portugal

text: San Diego Bay

text: San Miguel Island

text: Point Cabrillo Light

text: San Pedro

text: Los Angeles

text: Cabrillo Beach

text: Cabrillo Marine Aquarium

text: Cabrillo College

text: Aptos, California

text: Lompoc

text: Long Beach

text: California State Route 1

text: Las Cruces

text: Santa Barbara County

text: San Francisco

text: Cabrillo Bridge

text: California State Route 163

text: Balboa Park

text: SS "Cabrillo"

text: United States Postal Service

text: Maritime Museum of San Diego

text: Cabrillo National Monument

text: San Salvador

text: Southern California

text: Instituto Camões

text: Cabrillo National Monument

categories: 1543 deaths,Spanish conquests in the Americas,16th-century Portuguese people,Spanish explorers of the Pacific,People of New Spain,The Californias,Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery,1540s in Mexico,1500s births,Year of birth missing,Portuguese explorers of the Pacific,Channel Islands of California,Pre-statehood history of California,Navigators,Spanish conquistadors,Explorers of the United States,Portuguese explorers of North America,16th-century explorers,1542 in New Spain

paragraph: Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo

paragraph: Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo (1497 – January 3, 1543) was a Spanish explorer born in Palma del Rio, Córdoba, Spain, although he is also claimed by tradition as a native of Portugal. Among other things he was a maritime navigator known for exploring the West Coast of North America on behalf of the Spanish Empire. Cabrillo was the first European to navigate the coast of present-day California. He is best known for his exploration of the coast of California in 1542–1543. Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo served under the command of Pánfilo de Narváez and aided him in the conquest of Cuba about 1518.

paragraph: Section::::Nationality.

paragraph: Cabrillo's nationalityPortuguese or Spanishhas been debated for centuries. He was described as Portuguese by Spanish chronicler Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas; in his "Historia General de los hechos de los Castellanos en las Islas y tierra firme del Mar Oceano", written 60 years after Cabrillo's death, Herrera referred to Cabrillo as "Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo Português". Several locations in Portugal claim to be his birthplace (e.g. Lapela (Cabril), Portugal). However, the source for Herrera's description is unknown.

paragraph: Some historians have long believed that Cabrillo was from Spain, and a set of documents discovered in 2015 gave strength to that opinion. A witness from a 1532 lawsuit, named Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, testified under oath that he was born in Palma de Micergilio (now Palma del Río), a town in the province of Córdoba in Spain. Other details of the witness's biography match known facts about the explorer. A leader of San Diego's Portuguese community cautioned that the new evidence must be carefully evaluated, and requested that copies of the documents be turned over to the Portuguese government for study.

paragraph: Lapela, in the parish of Cabril and a municipality of Montalegre (Portugal), is the region where allegedly the nickname "Cabrilha" originated. It became the surname Cabrilho and was pronounced at the time "Cabrilhe" in Galician and "Cabrillo" in Spanish, according to the historian João Soares Tavares, biographer of João Rodrigues Cabrilho. The name still exists in Portugal as a surname, and several localities named Cabril in Beira Alta and neighboring regions as Castro Daire, Viseu or Pampilhosa da Serra have been claimed as Cabrillo's birthplace. In Lapela there is an ancient house where local tradition claims he was born. Local people, and alleged local descendants of branches of his ancient family with the same surname ("Rodrigues Cabrilho"), call the house "Casa do Galego" ("House of the Galician") and "Casa do Americano" ("House of the American").

paragraph: Section::::Voyages.

paragraph: Cabrillo shipped for Havana as a young man and joined forces with Hernán Cortés in Mexico (then called New Spain). Later, his success in mining gold in Guatemala made him one of the richest of the conquistadores in Mexico. According to his biographer Harry Kelsey, he took an indigenous woman as his common-law wife and sired several children, including at least three daughters. Later he married Beatriz Sanchez de Ortega in Seville during a hiatus in Spain. She returned to Guatemala with him and bore him two sons.

paragraph: Cabrillo benefited from the encomienda system that enslaved the Native peoples of the Americas. In Honduras, for example, he broke up families, sending the men to the mines for gold and to the forest to harvest materials he needed for shipbuilding. The women and girls he gave over to his soldiers and sailors, presumably as slaves.

paragraph: He accompanied Francisco de Orozco to subdue the indigenous Mixtec people at what would eventually become the city of Oaxaca, in Mexico. Little is known of what Cabrillo did there.

paragraph: In 1539, Francisco de Ulloa, who had been commissioned by Cortés, discovered the Gulf of California and reached nearly as far north as the 30th parallel. Cabrillo was then commissioned by the new Viceroy of New Spain, Antonio de Mendoza, to lead an expedition up the Pacific coast in search of trade opportunities, perhaps to find a way to China (for the full extent of the northern Pacific was unknown) or to find the mythical Strait of Anián (or Northwest Passage) connecting the Pacific Ocean with Hudson Bay. Cabrillo built and owned the flagship of his venture (two or three ships), and stood to profit from any trade or treasure.

paragraph: In 1540 the fleet sailed from Acajutla, El Salvador, and reached Navidad, Mexico on Christmas Day. While in Mexico, Pedro de Alvarado went to the assistance of the town of Nochistlán, which was under siege by hostile natives, and was killed when his horse fell on him, crushing his chest. Following Alvarado's death, the viceroy took possession of Alvarado's fleet. Part of the fleet was sent off to the Philippine Islands under Ruy Lopez de Villalobos and two of the ships were sent north under the command of Cabrillo.

paragraph: On June 27, 1542, Cabrillo set out from Navidad with three ships: the 200-ton galleon and flagship "San Salvador", the smaller "La Victoria" (c. 100 tons), and the lateen-rigged, twenty-six oared "fragata" or "bergantin" "San Miguel". On August 1, Cabrillo anchored within sight of Cedros Island. Before the end of the month they had passed Baja Point (named "Cabo del Engaño" by de Ulloa in 1539) and entered "uncharted waters, where no Spanish ships had been before". On September 28, he landed in what is now San Diego Bay and named it "San Miguel". A little over a week later he reached Santa Catalina Island (October 7), which he named "San Salvador", after his flagship. On sending a boat to the island "a great crowd of armed Indians appeared" — whom, however, they later "befriended". Nearby San Clemente Island was named "Victoria", in honor of the third ship of the fleet. The next morning, October 8, Cabrillo came to San Pedro Bay, which was named "Baya de los Fumos" (English: Smoke Bay). The following day they anchored overnight in Santa Monica Bay. Going up the coast Cabrillo saw Anacapa Island, which they learned from the Indians was uninhabited. The fleet spent the next week in the islands, mostly anchored in Cuyler Harbor, a bay on the northeastern coast of San Miguel Island. On October 18 the expedition saw Point Conception, which they named "Cabo de Galera".

paragraph: Cabrillo's expedition recorded the names of numerous Chumash villages on the California coast and adjacent islands in October 1542 — then located in the two warring provinces of "Xexo" (ruled by an "old woman", now Santa Barbara County, California) and "Xucu" (now Ventura County, California).

paragraph: On November 13 they sighted and named "Cabo de Piños" (possibly either Point Pinos or Point Reyes), but missed the entrance to San Francisco Bay, a lapse that mariners would repeat for the next two centuries and more. The expedition reached as far north as the Russian River before autumn storms forced them to turn back. Coming back down the coast, Cabrillo entered Monterey Bay, naming it "Bahia de Los Piños".

paragraph: On November 23, 1542, the little fleet arrived back in "San Salvador" (Santa Catalina Island) to overwinter and make repairs. There, around Christmas Eve, Cabrillo stepped out of his boat and splintered his shin when he stumbled onto a jagged rock while trying to rescue some of his men from attacking Tongva warriors. The injury became infected and developed gangrene, and he died on January 3, 1543 and was buried. A possible headstone was later found on San Miguel Island. His second-in-command brought the remainder of the party back to Navidad, where they arrived April 14, 1543.

paragraph: A notary's official report of Cabrillo's expedition was lost; all that survives is a summary of it made by another investigator, Andrés de Urdaneta, who also had access to ships' logs and charts. No printed account of Cabrillo's voyage appeared before historian Antonio de Herrera's account early in the 17th century.

paragraph: Section::::Namesakes and commemorations.

paragraph: His discoveries went largely unnoticed at the time, so none of his place names were permanently adopted. Despite this, Cabrillo is now remembered as the first European to travel the California coast, and many parks, schools, buildings and streets in California bear his name.

paragraph: Most notably, the National Park Service operates Cabrillo National Monument, overlooking the bay and ocean from Point Loma in San Diego, commemorating his first landing in California and offering views of San Diego and the Pacific Ocean. The monument features a larger-than-life statue of Cabrillo, donated by the government of Portugal, as well as a plaque honoring him donated in 1935 by the Portuguese ambassador to the United States. A museum in the park focuses on Cabrillo and his voyages of discovery. Every September Cabrillo Festival Inc. hosts the Cabrillo Festival, an annual three-day celebration of his discovery of San Diego Bay, including a re-enactment of his landing at Ballast Point.

paragraph: Another Cabrillo Monument is located on San Miguel Island.

paragraph: In the state of California, September 28 is officially "Cabrillo Day".

paragraph: A civic organization of Portuguese-Americans primarily in California is called the Cabrillo Club.

paragraph: In northern California, the Point Cabrillo Light is named after him. San Pedro, part of the city of Los Angeles, has Cabrillo Beach and the Cabrillo Marine Aquarium.

paragraph: Schools named for him include Cabrillo College in Aptos, California, high schools in Lompoc and Long Beach, and several middle and elementary schools.

paragraph: The portion of California State Route 1 that runs from Las Cruces in Santa Barbara County north to San Francisco is called the Cabrillo Highway. The Cabrillo Bridge and Cabrillo Freeway (California State Route 163) running through San Diego's Balboa Park are also named for him. There are streets named for him in many cities in California.

paragraph: The SS "Cabrillo" was a wooden steamer launched in 1914 to serve as a ferry across the San Pedro Channel to Santa Catalina Island. It was later requisitioned by the United States Army and served as a troop transport in northern California during World War II.

paragraph: In 1992, the United States Postal Service issued a 29¢ stamp in honor of Cabrillo.

paragraph: Section::::San Salvador replica.

paragraph: The Maritime Museum of San Diego, in partnership with Cabrillo National Monument, has built a full-sized, fully functional, and historically accurate replica of Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo’s flagship, "San Salvador". The construction of the replica was based on historical and archeological research into early Spanish and Portuguese shipbuilding techniques.

paragraph: The construction was carried out in full public view on the shores of San Diego Bay by professional boat builders, assisted by scores of volunteers. Her keel was laid in April 2011; her first official public unveiling was in September 2015 when she led a parade of tall ships. The replica ship now sails on regular tours in the waters of the Southern California coast as an educational historical resource.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kelsey, Harry. 1986. "Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo". The Huntington Library, San Marino

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cabrillo National Monument Foundation. 1999 "An Account of the Voyage of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tavares, João Soares, 1998, " João Rodrigues Cabrilho um Homem do Barroso?", Lisboa, Portugal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tavares, João Soares, 2009, "Montalegre e o descobridor da Costa da Califórnia", Editora Cidade Berço, Guimarães, Portugal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kramer, Wendy, 2018, "El español que exploró California: Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo (c.1497-1543) De Palma del Río a Guatemala". Editorial Córdoba, Esp. (Diputacion de Córdoba, Spain)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Instituto Camões

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cabrillo National Monument

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Salvador build site at the Maritime Museum of San Diego

paragraph: BULLET::::- Port of San Diego Celebrates Milestone in Construction of Historic Ship Replica

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Diego History Center - Summer Fall 2016, Volume 62, Number 3 & 4

description: Spanish explorer

wikidata_label: Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo

wikipedia_title: Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo


text:
Robert de Ferrers, 1st Earl of Derby
Earl of Derby
London
Derbyshire
Duffield Frith
Merevale Abbey
Warwickshire
England
Darley Abbey
Duffield Forest
The Anarchy
Empress Matilda
Stephen of England
Earl of Chester
Henry II
Tutbury Castle
Margaret Peverell
William de Ferrers, 3rd Earl of Derby
Margaret Peverel

categories: People from Staffordshire,Burials in Warwickshire,Anglo-Normans,People from Derbyshire,Earls of Derby,Year of birth unknown,1162 deaths

paragraph: Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Earl of Derby

paragraph: Robert II de Ferrers, 2nd Earl of Derby (c. 1100 – 1162) was a younger, but eldest surviving son of Robert de Ferrers, 1st Earl of Derby and his wife Hawise. He succeeded his father as Earl of Derby in 1139 (William, his elder brother, having been murdered in London some time before). He was head of a family which controlled a large part of Derbyshire including an area later known as Duffield Frith.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Little is known of Robert's life, other than his generosity to the church. In 1148, he established Merevale Abbey in Warwickshire, England, where he requested to be buried in an ox hide.

paragraph: He founded the Priory of Derby, which later moved to Darley Abbey, and its Abbot was granted many privileges in Duffield Forest and Chase.

paragraph: He continued his father's attempts to play a role in the civil war commonly called The Anarchy that arose because of the contesting claims of Empress Matilda and Stephen of England. The family's support for Stephen led to him being awarded the revenues of the Borough of Derby in 1139, though in 1149 Stephen then granted the Borough to the Earl of Chester

paragraph: He finally threw in his lot with the future Henry II after Tutbury Castle was besieged in 1153. However, when Henry came to the throne in 1154, he withdrew de Ferrers' right to use the title of Earl or to receive the "third penny" on the profits of the county.

paragraph: Section::::Family and death.

paragraph: Around 1135, he married Margaret Peverell, and had at least one son and one daughter.

paragraph: He died in 1162 and was succeeded by his son William de Ferrers, 3rd Earl of Derby. The stone effigies of Robert and his wife, Margaret Peverel, lie in the gatehouse chapel of Merevale Abbey, near the village of Atherstone.

description: English noble

wikidata_label: Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Earl of Derby

wikipedia_title: Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Earl of Derby


text:
American football
offensive tackle
National Football League
Arizona Cardinals
2007 NFL Draft
college football
Penn State
Granby High School
Norfolk, Virginia
U.S. Army All-American Bowl
Travarous Bain
defensive lineman
redshirt
redshirt freshman
sophomore
Iowa
tackle
Associated Press
Sports Illustrated
All-America
Big Ten
All-American
Bachelor of Science
Industrial Relations
Psychology
Penn State World Campus
2007 NFL Draft
Marcus McNeill
Arizona Cardinals
Jeff Hartings
1996
Chafie Fields
New Orleans Saints
Max Hall
injured reserve
Robert Quinn
Pittsburgh Steelers
Arizona Cardinals bio

categories: Players of American football from Virginia,Pittsburgh Steelers players,1984 births,Penn State Nittany Lions football players,Arizona Cardinals players,Living people,American football offensive tackles

paragraph: Levi Brown (offensive tackle)

paragraph: Levi James Brown III (born March 16, 1984) is a former American football offensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Arizona Cardinals fifth overall in the 2007 NFL Draft. He played college football at Penn State.

paragraph: Section::::High school career.

paragraph: Brown attended Granby High School in Norfolk, Virginia and was a student and a letterman in football and basketball. In football, he was a two-year starter as both an offensive lineman and a defensive end. As a senior, he helped lead his team to an 8-2 record and was a first-team All-Tidewater selection and a Second team All-State selection on both offense and defense by the Virginia high school coaches. After his senior season, he participated in the U.S. Army All-American Bowl Game alongside future Arizona Cardinals teammate Travarous Bain.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Originally listed as a defensive lineman, Brown redshirted his freshman season in 2002. In 2003, as a redshirt freshman, he started all 12 games at left tackle and played 841 snaps. In 2004, as a sophomore, Brown started 10 games, including 1 game at right tackle against Iowa, and played 630 snaps. In 2005, as a junior, he started every game at left tackle and played 869 snaps. He was named an Associated Press and "Sports Illustrated" second-team All-American as well as a first-team All-Big Ten selection. In 2006, he anchored a young offensive line, still earning All-American accolades.

paragraph: Brown earned a Bachelor of Science in Labor & Industrial Relations from Penn State in 2005, and Bachelor of Science in Psychology. Before his NFL career began Brown started his master’s program. In 2011 Brown began taking one master’s course each offseason via Penn State World Campus. Brown worked as an intern at a law firm during the process, and he finished the research portion of the program by assisting a company with its human resource practices. In May 2016 Brown graduated with his Master of Professional Studies for Human Resources & Employment Relations (HRER).

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2007 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Considered one of the best offensive tackles available in the 2007 NFL Draft, Brown drew comparisons to Marcus McNeill. He was selected by the Arizona Cardinals as the fifth pick in the first round. He was the sixth offensive lineman in Penn State history to be selected in a first round of an NFL Draft, and the first since Jeff Hartings in 1996.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Cardinals.

paragraph: Brown agreed to terms with the Cardinals on August 2, 2007, six days after the team reported to training camp. The six-year contract could be worth up to $62 million, just over $18 million of it guaranteed. He is represented by fellow Penn-Stater Chafie Fields. On October 10, 2010, Brown scored a touchdown in a game against the New Orleans Saints after quarterback Max Hall fumbled the ball near the goal-line.

paragraph: He was released on March 12, 2012, but re-signed on March 15, 2012. He was placed on injured reserve with a torn triceps on August 24, 2012. In his first regular season game since returning from the triceps injury, Brown gave up 3 sacks to Robert Quinn one of which was a fumble that was recovered by Brown.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.

paragraph: Brown was traded to the Pittsburgh Steelers on October 2, 2013 for a conditional late-round draft selection.

paragraph: On March 5, 2014, Brown was released by the Steelers.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arizona Cardinals bio

description: Player of American Football

wikidata_label: Levi Brown

wikipedia_title: Levi Brown (offensive tackle)


text: Los Angeles

text: California

text: Wales

text: realty

text: City Hall

text: Inglewood Park Cemetery

text: assessor

text: Frank L. Shaw

text: 8th District

text: Board of Supervisors

text: Alameda Street

text: Manchester Avenue

text: Vermont Avenue

text: Bunker Hill

text: unemployment relief

text: George W.C. Baker

text: tango parlors

text: protection money

text: Venice amusement zone

text: Los Angeles street railway company

categories: Burials at Inglewood Park Cemetery,Los Angeles City Council members,1869 births,1941 deaths,Welsh emigrants to the United States

paragraph: Evan Lewis (politician)

paragraph: Evan Lewis (1869–1941) was a member of the Los Angeles, California, City Council between 1925 and 1941.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Lewis was born in Wales on July 2, 1869, and was taken to Iowa when young. He became a U.S. citizen in 1890, two years after moving to California. He was at various times a deputy sheriff, a paving contractor and a realty dealer. He and Mary Powell, the daughter of Major E.B. Powell, were married in the Powell home at 2041 East Sixth Street on December 7, 1904, and eventually moved into a house at 268 E. 50th Street near South Park. They had one son, Evan Weldon, who became a deputy district attorney.

paragraph: He died on while in office on May 5, 1941. A funeral service was held at the Welsh Presbyterian Church, and the body lay in state beneath the rotunda of the new City Hall. Interment followed at Inglewood Park Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Public service.

paragraph: Section::::Public service.:Elections.

paragraph: "See also List of Los Angeles municipal election returns, 1904–1937

paragraph: Lewis was nominated for city assessor at a citywide Republican convention on October 28, 1904, and was elected on December 5. He served one two-year term and then went into business for himself as a private assessor. He was on the Planning Commission 1920–25. and in December 1928 he was chosen by the City Council to succeed Frank L. Shaw, who resigned as 8th District councilman when Shaw won his race for the county Board of Supervisors. Lewis was elected repeatedly thereafter but did not run in 1941.

paragraph: In 1937 the 8th District boundaries were: North: 45th Street or 48th Street. East: Alameda Street. South: Manchester Avenue. West: Vermont Avenue.

paragraph: Section::::Public service.:Positions.

paragraph: Lewis was once labeled the "official roarer for the Council. He is fearless in his outbursts, and his thundering attacks upon shady deals that he discovers lurking about the City Hall are classics in the art of strenuous oratory. Brother councilmen who trail with Lewis generally look upon him as a sort of watchdog to raise the alarm upon the approach of a dubious proposition. . . . He fights for what he believes is right until he is the last man on the firing line, and then battles single-handed."

paragraph: 1930 He was among six council members who in May 1930 unsuccessfully opposed allocating funds to make a study of leveling Bunker Hill, "which stands as a hindrance to traffic and a bar to development in the northwestern downtown territory."

paragraph: 1931 Lewis forced the postponement of a city law that would have allowed smoking in the balconies of theaters. He opined that "We should look into the ventilation feature of this ordinance. Smokers might run everybody else out of the theater. Holes will be burned in clothing, it will increase the fire risk."

paragraph: 1931 He proposed a resolution by which employees of city, county, state and federal governments would contribute a percentage of their salaries to go toward "unemployment relief." Then he added private businesses as well. His idea was referred to a committee.

paragraph: 1931 Lewis voted twice in favor of having the city attorney appeal a judge's decision ordering the city to stop the practice of segregating its swimming pools by race. An appeal would have delayed or halted the desegregation of the pools.

paragraph: 1932 When Council Member George W.C. Baker asked for an ordinance to require inspection and certification of raw-milk dairies, Lewis opposed the idea, asserting it was simply a scheme to raise the price of milk.

paragraph: 1933 Lewis was a vocal dissenter when the council passed an ordinance fixing a quarterly fee of $37.50 "per chair or space" in tango parlors. He said the action "legalizes open gambling."

paragraph: 1934 He proposed doing away with most city commissions, which in that year numbered 19, with 105 members. He wanted "all municipal departments and divisions under the jurisdiction of the City Council," and he urged a reduction in the size of the 15-member council, with members "nominated by the voters in the district but elected by the voters at large."

paragraph: 1934 Lewis attacked "beer parlors" which had painted their windows, claiming that "such an effort at concealment shows that something wrong is going on inside. "Minors couldn't enter a saloon in the old days," he said, "and you never saw a woman standing at the bar. Today you see many women at the bar."

paragraph: 1936 He charged that a weekly payoff of $8,750 in protection money was being given to officials by operators of "Chinese lotteries" to allow them to remain open.

paragraph: 1936 He again ripped into "games of skill and science" that were to be allowed in the Venice amusement zone. claiming that allowing them there was "nothing but a bold attempt to legalize gambling throughout the entire city."

paragraph: 1936 He opposed a resolution aimed at stronger regulation of the Los Angeles street railway company, claiming that the yellow cars had "the best service in the world."

paragraph: 1936 He urged that the city should employ only people who had been residents for a year and who were registered voters.

paragraph: 1940 He loudly berated city health officer George Parrish for his plan to require food markets to "ratproof" their premises. Parrish said there were about 1.5 million rats in the city and each ate about $1.67 worth of food. His department caught 50,000 in 1939, Parrish said.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Access to the "Los Angeles Times" links may require the use of a library card.

description: Member of the Los Angeles, California city council

wikidata_label: Evan Lewis

wikipedia_title: Evan Lewis (politician)


text: Malayalam film

text: Ettumanoor

text: Kottayam

text: Joshi

text: Thambi Kannanthanam

text: Nirakkoottu

text: Shyama

text: Rajavinte Makan

text: New Delhi

text: Sangham

text: Nair Saab

text: No.20 Madras Mail

text: Kottayam Kunjachan

text: Indrajaalam

text: Kizhakkan Pathrose

text: Akashadoothu

text: Gandharvam

text: Palayam

text: F.I.R

text: Manu Uncle

text: Adharvam

text: Jose Prakash

text: Eeran Sandhya

text: Nirakkoottu

text: Joshiy

text: Nirakkoottu

text: Mammootty

text: Urvashi

text: Lizzy

text: Sumalatha

text: Mammootty

text: Mohanlal

text: Rajavinte Makan

text: Sidney Sheldon

text: Thampi Kannanthanam

text: Mohanlal

text: Mammootty

text: New Delhi

text: Joshiy

text: Delhi

text: New Delhi

text: Mammootty

text: Joshiy

text: T.S Suresh Babu

categories: Directors who won the Best Children's Film National Film Award,20th-century Indian film directors,21st-century Indian male writers,Indian male screenwriters,Living people,20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights,21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights,People from Kottayam district,Malayalam screenwriters,Film directors from Kerala,20th-century Indian male writers,Screenwriters from Kerala,Malayalam film directors

paragraph: Dennis Joseph

paragraph: Dennis Joseph is an Indian scriptwriter and director known for his Malayalam films. Born in Ettumanoor, Kottayam in Kerala, India, Dennis Joseph has been a popular name during the 1980s and early 1990s. He is best known for his associations with several top directors, including Joshi and Thambi Kannanthanam. He's known for scripting films such as "Nirakkoottu" (1985), "Shyama" (1986), "Rajavinte Makan" (1986), "New Delhi" (1987), "Sangham" (1988), "Nair Saab" (1989), "No.20 Madras Mail" (1990), "Kottayam Kunjachan" (1990), "Indrajaalam" (1990), "Kizhakkan Pathrose" (1992), "Akashadoothu" (1993), "Gandharvam" (1993), "Palayam" (1994), and "F.I.R" (1999). Dennis Joseph has also directed five films, including "Manu Uncle" (1988) and "Adharvam" (1989). "Manu Uncle" won the National Film Award for Best Children's Film. He is the nephew of actor Jose Prakash.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Dennis Joseph started his career as a sub-editor in Cut Cut magazine. He made his debut into cinema in 1985, through Eeran Sandhya as a story writer followed by "Nirakkoottu" (screenplay) in 1985. Directed by Joshiy, Nirakkoottu had a strong cast line including Mammootty, Urvashi, Lizzy and Sumalatha. The film was a success, he wrote a series of films in the next couple of years. Dennis Joseph wrote the two breakthrough film of Mammootty and Mohanlal. "Rajavinte Makan", loosely adapted over "Rage of an Angels", a novel by Sidney Sheldon got released in 1986. Directed by Thampi Kannanthanam, this film was a huge success at the box office. Appearing as Vincent Gomas, an underworld don, Mohanlal successfully mesmerised the movie goers, the film raised his stardom. Similarly, after around two dozen huge flops, Mammootty was in his darkest days of his career in the period 1986–87, when Dennis Joseph scripted "New Delhi". Directed by Joshiy, this film was also a loose adaptation of an English novel. Completely shot in and around Delhi, this film initially had no takers to buy it. Even theatre owners were not that relent to release it. But New Delhi became a commercial success, thus it became the comeback film of Mammootty who would have been field out otherwise.

paragraph: Dennis Joseph was active throughout eighties and early nineties with several films of his becoming success. Joshiy directed most of his scripts in these years. T.S Suresh Babu was another director with whom, Dennis Joseph joined hands most frequently in those days.

description: Film director and screenwriter

wikidata_label: Dennis Joseph

wikipedia_title: Dennis Joseph


text: Salzburg

text: MBA

text: HBS

text: Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn

text: James II of England

text: James Fitzjames, 1st Duke of Berwick

text: Salzburg

text: Baroness Marianne von Mayr-Melnhof

text: Fürst

text: Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn

text: Europa Nostra

text: Schönborn-Wiesentheid

text: Schloss Weißenstein

text: Pommersfelden

text: Donna

text: Incisa della Rocchetta

text: Marchese

text: Hunyadi

text: Corinna Larsen

categories: 1943 births,People from Salzburg,20th-century German businesspeople,German princes,21st-century German businesspeople,House of Sayn-Wittgenstein

paragraph: Alexander, Prince zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn

paragraph: Alexander Konrad Friedrich Heinrich Prince zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn, (born 22 November 1943 in Salzburg, Austria), a German businessman, MBA HBS '68, is head of the Princely House Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Alexander is a descendant of James II of England and his illegitimate son James Fitzjames, 1st Duke of Berwick, through his father's grandmother Marie Auguste Yvonne de Blacas d'Aulps. He was born in Salzburg as the first son of Ludwig, 6th Prince zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn (1915–1962) and his wife Baroness Marianne von Mayr-Melnhof (born 1919). Following Prince Ludwig's death in 1962, Alexander succeeded as head of the princely house and, by tradition, as the 7th Prince (German: "Fürst)" zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn.

paragraph: Prince Alexander is vice president of Europa Nostra and president of Europa Nostra Germany. From 1986 to 2013, he served as president of the German Castles Association, which elected him on 28 April 2013 honorary president as well as president of the "Stiftung der Deutschen Burgenvereinigung" (Foundation of the German Castles Association).

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: Alexander married Countess Gabriela of Schönborn-Wiesentheid 1969 at Schloss Weißenstein, Pommersfelden. They have seven children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heinrich, Hereditary Prince zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn (born 1971) married in 2003 "Donna" Priscilla Incisa della Rocchetta (born 1975), daughter of "Don" Niccolo, "Marchese Incisa della Rocchetta", and they have issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Alexandra (born 1973) married firstly in 1994 Hereditary Prince Carl Eugen zu Oettingen-Wallerstein (divorced in 2002), and married secondly Count Stefano Hunyadi in 2006, and has issue from both marriages.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Casimir (born 1976) married (civilly) in 1999 Corinna Larsen (born 1965), and they have issue (divorced in 2004). Remarried to Model Alana Camille Bunte.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Filippa (1980–2001) married in June 2001 Count Vittorio Mazzetti d'Albertis (born 1965). She was killed in an automobile accident in England three months later, without issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Ludwig (Louis) born 1982); married in 2011 Countess Philippa Spannocchi (born 1982), and they have issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Sofia (born 1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Peter (born 1992)

paragraph: Section::::Titles and styles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1943 - 1958 "His Serene Highness" Prince Alexander zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958 - 1962 "His Serene Highness" The Hereditary Prince zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962–present "His Serene Highness" The Prince zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn

description: Head of the Princely House Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn


text:
Governor of Mizoram
Uttarakhand
Uttar Pradesh

categories: Lok Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh,Governors of Uttar Pradesh,1940 births,Living people,Indian Muslims,8th Lok Sabha members,Governors of Uttarakhand,Politicians from Bhopal,Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University alumni

paragraph: Aziz Qureshi

paragraph: Aziz Qureshi was the 15th Governor of Mizoram. He has also served as the governor of Uttarakhand and governor of Uttar Pradesh.

description: Indian political figure

wikidata_label: Aziz Qureshi

wikipedia_title: Aziz Qureshi


text: S.J.

text: Jesuit

text: Catholic Church

text: Woodstock College

text: The Catholic University of America

text: Fordham University

text: Auburn, New York

text: John Foster Dulles

text: U.S. Secretary of State

text: Washington Dulles International Airport

text: Director of Central Intelligence

text: Allen Welsh Dulles

text: John W. Foster

text: Robert Lansing

text: Auburn Theological Seminary

text: ecclesiology

text: New York City

text: St. Bernard's School

text: Switzerland

text: The Choate School

text: Wallingford, Connecticut

text: Harvard College

text: Presbyterian

text: agnostic

text: Charles River

text: theism

text: Catholicism

text: Phi Beta Kappa

text: Harvard Law School

text: "St. Benedict Center"

text: Leonard Feeney

text: United States Navy

text: World War II

text: Lieutenant

text: French Navy

text: Croix de guerre

text: Society of Jesus

text: priesthood

text: ecclesiology

text: Francis A. Sullivan

text: Gregorian University

text: Doctorate of Sacred Theology

text: Woodstock College

text: The Catholic University of America

text: Weston School of Theology

text: Union Theological Seminary

text: Princeton Theological Seminary

text: Virginia Theological Seminary

text: Boston College

text: Campion Hall, Oxford

text: University of Notre Dame

text: Catholic University at Leuven

text: Yale University

text: St. Joseph's Seminary, Dunwoodie

text: Evangelicals and Catholics Together

text: Catholic Theological Society of America

text: American Theological Society

text: International Theological Commission

text: Lutheran/Roman Catholic Dialogue

text: dual-covenant theology

text: U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops

text: National Conference of Catholic Bishops

text: Church hierarchy

text: Pope John Paul II

text: bishop

text: titular

text: Cardinal-Deacon

text: SS. Nome di Gesù e Maria in Via Lata

text: conclave

text: Phi Beta Kappa

text: Croix de Guerre

text: University of Portland

text: Oregon

text: America

text: The Catholic University of America

text: honorary doctorate

text: Pope Benedict XVI

text: Bronx

text: Auriesville, New York

text: Fordham University Press

text: Models of the Church

text: Doubleday

text: Faculty Homepage

text: Cardinal Avery Dulles Online Archive

text: Cardinal Avery Dulles

text: Catholic pages Cardinal Dulles bio

categories: 20th-century American Jesuits,21st-century American Roman Catholic theologians,United States Navy officers,Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France),Deaths from polio,International Theological Commission,Catholic University of America faculty,People from the Bronx,St. Bernard's School alumni,Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism,People from Auburn, New York,People with polio,Choate Rosemary Hall alumni,Pontifical Gregorian University alumni,Burials in New York (state),21st-century American Jesuits,2008 deaths,Jesuit theologians,James Cardinal Gibbons Medal winners,Harvard Law School alumni,Catholics from New York (state),Jesuit cardinals,Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II,Fordham University faculty,1918 births,Dulles family,21st-century Jesuits,American cardinals,Converts to Roman Catholicism from Calvinism

paragraph: Avery Dulles

paragraph: Avery Robert Dulles, S.J. (; August 24, 1918 – December 12, 2008) was a Jesuit priest, theologian, and Cardinal of the Catholic Church. Dulles served on the faculty of Woodstock College from 1960 to 1974, of The Catholic University of America from 1974 to 1988, and as the Laurence J. McGinley Professor of Religion and Society at Fordham University from 1988 to 2008. He was an internationally known author and lecturer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Dulles was born in Auburn, New York, the son of John Foster Dulles, the future U.S. Secretary of State (for whom Washington Dulles International Airport is named), and Janet Pomeroy Avery Dulles. His uncle was Director of Central Intelligence Allen Welsh Dulles. Both his great-grandfather John W. Foster and great-uncle Robert Lansing also served as U.S. Secretary of State. His paternal grandfather, Allen Macy Dulles, was a member of the faculty of Auburn Theological Seminary and published in the field of ecclesiology, to which the Catholic Dulles would likewise devote scholarly attention.

paragraph: He received his primary school education in New York City at the St. Bernard's School and attended secondary schools in Switzerland and The Choate School (now Choate Rosemary Hall) in Wallingford, Connecticut. He then enrolled at Harvard College in 1936.

paragraph: Dulles was raised a Presbyterian but had become an agnostic by the time he was a student at Harvard. His religious doubts were diminished during a personally profound moment when he stepped out into a rainy day and saw a tree beginning to flower along the Charles River; after that moment he never again "doubted the existence of an all-good and omnipotent God." He noted how his theism turned toward conversion to Catholicism: "The more I examined, the more I was impressed with the consistency and sublimity of Catholic doctrine." He converted to Catholicism in the fall of 1940.

paragraph: After both winning the Phi Beta Kappa Essay Prize and graduating from Harvard in 1940, Dulles spent a year and a half at Harvard Law School, during which time he founded the "St. Benedict Center". (The Center later became well known due to the controversial Jesuit priest, Leonard Feeney, S.J.) He served in the United States Navy during World War II, attaining the rank of Lieutenant. For his liaison work with the French Navy, Dulles was awarded the French Croix de guerre.

paragraph: Section::::Society of Jesus and elevation to cardinal.

paragraph: Upon his discharge from the Navy in 1946, Avery Dulles entered the Society of Jesus, and was ordained to the priesthood in 1956. After a year in Germany, he studied ecclesiology under the American Jesuit Francis A. Sullivan at the Gregorian University in Rome, and was awarded the Doctorate of Sacred Theology in 1960.

paragraph: Dulles served on the faculty of Woodstock College from 1960 to 1974, and that of The Catholic University of America from 1974 to 1988. He was a visiting professor at The Gregorian University (Rome), Weston School of Theology, Union Theological Seminary (New York), Princeton Theological Seminary, Virginia Theological Seminary, Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg, Boston College, Campion Hall, Oxford, the University of Notre Dame, the Catholic University at Leuven, Yale University, and St. Joseph's Seminary, Dunwoodie. He was the author of over 700 articles on theological topics, as well as twenty-two books. In 1994, he was a signer of the document "Evangelicals and Catholics Together."

paragraph: Past President of both the Catholic Theological Society of America and the American Theological Society, and Professor Emeritus at The Catholic University of America, Dulles served on the International Theological Commission and as a member of the United States Lutheran/Roman Catholic Dialogue.

paragraph: Dulles was critical of dual-covenant theology, especially as understood in the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops' document "Reflections on Covenant and Mission". He was a consultant to the Committee on Doctrine of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops.

paragraph: Although Jesuits make a promise not to pursue ecclesiastical dignities and do not normally accept promotion within the Church hierarchy, Dulles was created a cardinal on February 21, 2001, by Pope John Paul II. He was not made a bishop, as is normally the case, as the pope had granted him a dispensation. His titular assignment was as Cardinal-Deacon of SS. Nome di Gesù e Maria in Via Lata. Because he had reached the age of 80 before becoming cardinal, Dulles was never eligible to vote in a conclave. Dulles became an honorary, non-voting member of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops.

paragraph: Section::::Honors and awards.

paragraph: Dulles' awards included Phi Beta Kappa, the Croix de Guerre, the Cardinal Spellman Award for distinguished achievement in theology, the Boston College Presidential Bicentennial Award, the Christus Magister Medal from the University of Portland (Oregon), the Religious Education Forum Award from the National Catholic Educational Association, "America" magazine's Campion Award, the F. Sadlier Dinger Award for contributions to the catechetical ministry of the Church, the James Cardinal Gibbons Award from The Catholic University of America, the John Carroll Society Medal, the Jerome Award from the Roman Catholic Library Association of America, Fordham Founders Award, Gaudium Award from the Breukelein Institute, and thirty-three honorary doctorates.

paragraph: Section::::Farewell address and death.

paragraph: In his later years, the cardinal suffered from the effects of polio from his youth. On Tuesday April 1, 2008, Cardinal Dulles gave his Farewell Address as Laurence J. McGinley Professor of Religion and Society. As Dulles was unable to speak, former President of Fordham University Father Joseph O'Hare, S.J., read his address. In addition to the loss of speech, the use of his arms was impaired but his mind remained clear and he continued to work and communicate using his computer keyboard. Current Fordham President Father Joseph McShane, S.J. also presented him with the University's President's Medal that evening. April 1, 2008 also marked the date the Cardinal's book, "Church and Society: The Laurence J. McGinley Lectures, 1988–2007" (Fordham University Press, 2008) was released.

paragraph: In his Farewell Lecture, the cardinal reflected on his weakening condition:

paragraph: Suffering and diminishment are not the greatest of evils but are normal ingredients in life, especially in old age. They are to be expected as elements of a full human existence.

paragraph: Well into my 90th year I have been able to work productively. As I become increasingly paralyzed and unable to speak, I can identify with the many paralytics and mute persons in the Gospels, grateful for the loving and skillful care I receive and for the hope of everlasting life in Christ. If the Lord now calls me to a period of weakness, I know well that his power can be made perfect in infirmity. "Blessed be the name of the Lord!"

paragraph: On April 19, 2008, Pope Benedict XVI gave the ailing Cardinal Dulles a private audience during his apostolic trip to the United States. Dulles prepared his written remarks to the pope prior to the visit.

paragraph: Dulles died on December 12, 2008 at Fordham University in the Bronx, where he had lived for many years. His remains were buried in the Jesuit cemetery in Auriesville, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Cardinal Dulles wrote 25 books and hundreds of articles and essays. A "catalogue raisonné" including his many translations, forewords, introductions, reviews and letters to the editor, was published by Fordham University Press in 2012 under the title "The Legacy of Avery Cardinal Dulles, S.J.: His Words and His Witness".

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Partial list of publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Princeps Concordiae: Pico della Mirandola and the Scholastic Tradition – The Harvard Phi Beta Kappa Prize Essay for 1940", Cambridge, MA: Harvard (1941).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Testimonial To Grace" Sheed & Ward, New York (1952); the fiftieth anniversary edition of this book was republished in 1996 by the original publishers, with an afterword containing his reflections on the past fifty years.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Revelation and the Quest for Unity" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Survival of Dogma (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Models of the Church", Doubleday (1974),

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Models of Revelation" (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Models of the Church" 2nd ed. (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Craft of Theology: From Symbol to System" (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Assurance of Things Hoped For: A Theology of Christian Faith" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Splendor of Faith: The Theological Vision of Pope John Paul II" (1999; revised in 2003 for the twenty-fifth anniversary of the papal election)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Models of the Church", Expanded Edition, Image Classics (2002),

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Magisterium: Teacher and Guardian of the Faith", Sapientia Press of Ave Maria University (2007),

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Church and Society: The Laurence J. McGinley Lectures, 1988–2007", Fordham University Press (2008),

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Initial text based on faculty bio posted with permission from Avery Dulles, S.J.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Faculty Homepage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Avery Dulles Online Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Hierarchy – information on Cardinal Dulles

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Avery Dulles

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic pages Cardinal Dulles bio

description: Catholic cardinal

enwikiquote_title: Avery Dulles

wikidata_label: Avery Dulles

wikipedia_title: Avery Dulles


text: jazz

text: Jazz på svenska

text: HammerFall

text: Anders Johansson

text: Stratovarius

text: Jens Johansson

text: Söderhamn

text: Hälsingland

text: swing

text: bebop

text: Stan Getz

text: Jazz at the Philharmonic

text: violin

text: Svend Asmussen

text: Georg Riedel

text: double bass

text: Radiojazzgruppen

text: Grammy

text: Swedish

text: TV series

text: Pippi Longstocking

text: Astrid Lindgren

text: Inger Nilsson

text: Jönköping

text: Opeth

text: Heritage

text: Svend Asmussen

text: Radiojazzgruppen

text: Alice Babs

text: Stan Getz

text: Imported from Europe

text: Stan Getz at Large

text: Oscar Pettiford

text: My Little Cello

text: Official YouTube channel

categories: Swedish jazz pianists,1931 births,Folk jazz musicians,Swedish jazz musicians,Road incident deaths in Sweden,1968 deaths,20th-century pianists

paragraph: Jan Johansson (jazz musician)

paragraph: Jan Johansson (16 September 1931 – 9 November 1968) was a Swedish jazz pianist. He is little known outside Scandinavia and his records are not widely available, though "Jazz på svenska" ("Jazz in Swedish") has sold more than a quarter of a million copies, and is the best selling jazz release ever in Sweden, and has been streamed more than 10 million times on Spotify. He was the father of former HammerFall drummer Anders Johansson and Stratovarius keyboardist Jens Johansson, who nowadays run Heptagon Records which keeps their father's recordings available.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Johansson was a native of Söderhamn, in the Hälsingland province of Sweden. Studying classical piano as a child, he would also go on to master the guitar, organ and accordion, before turning on to swing and bebop as a teenager. He met saxophonist Stan Getz while at university. He abandoned his studies to play jazz full-time, and worked with many American jazz musicians, becoming the first European to be invited to join the Jazz at the Philharmonic package.

paragraph: The years 1961 to 1968 produced a string of classic albums, which would help define his style of re-imagining traditional European folk tunes via jazz and the avant garde. These included "Jazz på svenska" and "Jazz på ryska" ("Jazz in Russian") which are both available in an expanded form on CD. "Jazz på ungerska" ("Jazz in Hungarian") together with Danish Jazz violinist Svend Asmussen is the third album in that series. "Jazz in Swedish" comprises variations on sixteen Swedish folk songs with Georg Riedel playing double bass. During this period, Johansson also made several recordings with Radiojazzgruppen.

paragraph: The Grammy award winning albums "Musik genom fyra sekler" ("Music from the past four centuries") builds on traditional Swedish melodies, but this time uses larger groups of musicians. There were also "300.000" and two trio sets, "8 Bitar" and "Innertrio", which have been reissued as a single CD.

paragraph: With his career including film & TV music, Johansson is also best known as the composer of "Here Comes Pippi Longstocking" ("Här kommer Pippi Långstrump"), the theme song of the famous Swedish TV series, "Pippi Longstocking". With lyrics by character/series creator Astrid Lindgren and sung by the series' young star Inger Nilsson, it would also be one of Johansson's last works.

paragraph: In November 1968 Jan Johansson died in a car crash on his way to a concert in a church in Jönköping, Sweden.

paragraph: American hip hop group Non Phixion sampled "Bandura" for their song "Skum". The Swedish band Opeth has claimed him as an influence on the title track for their album "Heritage".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Collaborations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Svend Asmussen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968: "Spelar jazz på ungerska" (Megafon Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Radiojazzgruppen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969: "Vårdkasar" (Sveriges Radio)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970: "Frostrosor" (Sveriges Radio), with Georg Riedel

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991: "Den korta fristen" (Megafon Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Alice Babs

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: "Illusion" (Vax Records ), with Georg Riedels Orkester

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Stan Getz

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Imported from Europe" (Verve, 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stan Getz at Large" (Verve, 1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "Stan Getz At Nalen (Live In The Swedish Harlem)" (Riverside Records)

paragraph: With Oscar Pettiford

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Little Cello" (Debut, 1960)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A very useful guide to buying Johansson issues and reissues on CD.

paragraph: BULLET::::- [ AllMusic guide entry]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official YouTube channel

description: pianist

wikidata_label: Jan Johansson

wikipedia_title: Jan Johansson (jazz musician)


text:
American football
Chicago Bears
National Football League
NFL Europe
University of Louisville
St. Ignatius High School
letterman
University of Louisville
All-American
2003 NFL draft
Houston Texans
started
David Carr
NFL Europe
Berlin Thunder
World Bowl XIII
Cincinnati Bengals
St. Louis Rams
Louisville, Kentucky
WQKC
Kentucky Country Day School
quarterbacks coach
Hartford Colonials
United Football League
wide receivers coach
Tennessee Titans
Washington Redskins
Chicago Bears
John Fox
Matt Nagy
Louisville Cardinals bio
Tennessee Titans bio

categories: Houston Texans players,St. Louis Rams players,Berlin Thunder players,Living people,Players of American football from Ohio,American football quarterbacks,Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland) alumni,1979 births,Tennessee Titans coaches,Louisville Cardinals football players,Hartford Colonials coaches

paragraph: Dave Ragone

paragraph: David Patrick Ragone (born October 3, 1979) is an American football coach and former player who is the quarterbacks coach for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL). He played in the NFL and NFL Europe for four seasons. He played college football for the University of Louisville.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Ragone attended St. Ignatius High School and was a student and a letterman in football and basketball. In football, as a senior quarterback, he was an All-State first team honoree and led his team to the State Semi-Final game, losing 20–19 against Canton McKinley. Also as a senior, he was a starter on the basketball team that went on to be the State Runner-Up.

paragraph: In the fall of 2009, Ragone was inducted into the Saint Ignatius Athletic Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: During his college career at the University of Louisville, he went 27–11 as a starting quarterback, including an 11–1 mark in 2001. Ragone finished his college years as Louisville's second all-time leading passer. He was a three-time All-American honorable mention and three-time Conference USA Offensive Player of the Year.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: He was selected in the third round of the 2003 NFL draft by the Houston Texans and started in two games behind David Carr. In 2005, Ragone was named NFL Europe's Offensive MVP, leading the Berlin Thunder to World Bowl XIII. Ragone was waived by the Texans and claimed by the Cincinnati Bengals in May 2006. In June 2006, the Bengals traded Ragone to the St. Louis Rams.

paragraph: Ragone was released by the Rams during training camp prior to the 2006 season. He then began a sports talk show on Louisville, Kentucky radio station WQKC.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: Ragone began his coaching career with the Kentucky Country Day School Bearcats in 2009 where he was the Offensive Coordinator. He then went to Hartford as the quarterbacks coach for the Hartford Colonials of the United Football League in 2010. He was named wide receivers coach of the Tennessee Titans on February 22, 2011. He moved to quarterbacks coach in 2013, but was fired after the 2013 season. On February 27, 2015, he was hired as the offensive quality control coach for the Washington Redskins. On January 22, 2016, he was named quarterbacks coach of the Chicago Bears under head coach John Fox. When Fox was fired after the 2017 season, Ragone was retained by new coach Matt Nagy; he was the lone offensive assistant from the Fox regime to stay with the Bears.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louisville Cardinals bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tennessee Titans bio

description: American football player and coach

wikidata_label: Dave Ragone

wikipedia_title: Dave Ragone