text: John Patrick Carswell

text: Hanover

text: Göttingen

text: Leipzig

text: natural history

text: antiquities

text: Ossian

text: Leibniz

text: Thomas Percy

text: Reliques of Ancient English Poetry

text: Cassel

text: Philosophical Transactions

text: Fellow of the Royal Society of London

text: Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel

text: Horace Walpole

text: Matthew Boulton

text: assay

text: Dolcoath mine

text: history of art

text: Trewhiddle

text: tungsten

text: Pentewan

text: John Nichols

text: James Tassie

text: Caithness

text: Ulbster

text: Killarney

text: County Kerry

text: typhoid

text: Baron Munchausen

text: Gottfried August Bürger

text: Terry Gilliam

text: The Adventures of Baron Munchausen

text: Karel Zeman

text: The Fabulous Baron Munchausen

text: John Hawkins

text: Charles Lyell

text: Walter Scott

text: The Antiquary

text: Carswell, John Patrick

text: Munchausen – Library.

text: Linda Hall Library

categories: People from the Electorate of Hanover,German chemists,German emigrants to Ireland,People from Hanover,Leipzig University alumni,German male non-fiction writers,University of Göttingen alumni,1794 deaths,German translators,1736 births

paragraph: Rudolf Erich Raspe

paragraph: Rudolf Erich Raspe (March 1736 – 16 November 1794) was a German librarian, writer, and scientist, called by his biographer John Patrick Carswell a "rogue". He is best known for his collection of tall tales, "" also known as "Baron Munchausen's Narrative of his Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia", originally a satirical work with political aims.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Raspe was born in Hanover, and baptised on 28 March 1736. He studied law and jurisprudence at Göttingen and Leipzig and worked as a librarian for the university of Göttingen. In 1762, he became a clerk in the university library at Hanover, and in 1764 secretary to the university library at Göttingen. He had become known as a versatile scholar and a student of natural history and antiquities, and he published some original poems and also translations of Ossian's poems. In 1765 he published the first collection of Leibniz's philosophical works. He also wrote a treatise on Thomas Percy's "Reliques of Ancient English Poetry".

paragraph: In 1767, he was appointed professor in Cassel, and subsequently librarian. He contributed in 1769 a zoological paper to the 59th volume of the "Philosophical Transactions", which led to his being elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, and he wrote voluminously on all sorts of subjects. In 1774, he started a periodical called the "Cassel Spectator". From 1767, he was responsible for some collections of Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel). He had to flee to England in 1775 after having gone to Italy in 1775 to buy curios for the Landgrave. He was found to have sold the Landgrave's valuables for his own profit. He was ejected from the Royal Society that same year for his "divers frauds and gross breaches of trust".

paragraph: In London, he employed his knowledge of English and his learning to secure a living by publishing books on various subjects, and English translations of German works, and there are allusions to him as "a Dutch savant" in 1780 in the writings of Horace Walpole, who gave him money and helped him to publish an "Essay on the Origin of Oil-painting" (1781). But Raspe remained poor, and the Royal Society expunged his name from its list.

paragraph: From 1782 to 1788, he was employed by Matthew Boulton as assay-master and storekeeper in the Dolcoath mine in Cornwall. At the same time, he also authored books in geology and the history of art.

paragraph: The Trewhiddle Ingot, found in 2003, is a 150-year-old lump of tungsten found at Trewhiddle Farm. This may predate the earliest known smelting of the metal (which requires extremely high temperatures) and has led to speculation that it may have been produced during a visit by Raspe to Happy-Union mine (at nearby Pentewan) in the late eighteenth century. Raspe was also a chemist with a particular interest in tungsten. Memories of his ingenuity remained to the middle of the 19th century. While in Cornwall, he seems to have written the original version of Munchausen; whether he also wrote the several continuations that appeared until 1792 is still debated.

paragraph: He also worked for the famous publisher John Nichols on several projects, among which was a descriptive catalogue he compiled of James Tassie's collection of pastes and casts of gems, in two quarto volumes (1791) of laborious industry and bibliographical rarity. Raspe then went to Scotland, and in Caithness found a patron in Sir John Sinclair of Ulbster, whose mineralogical proclivities he proceeded to impose upon by pretending to discover valuable and workable veins on his estates. Raspe had "salted" the ground himself, and on the verge of exposure, he absconded. He finally moved to Ireland where he managed a copper mine on the Herbert Estate in Killarney. He died in Killarney, County Kerry, of typhoid, in November 1794.

paragraph: The Baron Munchausen tales were made famous when they were 'borrowed', translated into German, and embellished somewhat by Gottfried August Bürger in 1786—and have been among the favourite reading of subsequent generations, as well as the basis of several films, including Terry Gilliam's "The Adventures of Baron Munchausen" inspired by the Karel Zeman (Czech director) movie "The Fabulous Baron Munchausen", made twenty years before ("Baron Prášil" 1961). Others during Raspe's lifetime were also aware of his authorship of the "Adventures", including his friend John Hawkins, the geologist and traveller to Greece who mentions Raspe's authorship in a letter to Charles Lyell. It was not till 1824 that the biographer of Bürger revealed the truth about the book.

paragraph: Raspe's dubious mining activities in Scotland provided the model for the character of Herman Dousterswivel, a German mining swindler in Walter Scott's novel "The Antiquary" (1816), which was set in Scotland in the late 18th century. In a preface to the novel, Scott himself noted that the Dousterswivel character might seem "forced and improbable", but wrote: "... the reader may be assured that this part of the narrative is founded on a fact of actual occurrence."

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carswell, John Patrick (1950). "The Prospector: being the life and times of Rudolf Erich Raspe (1737–1794)". London: Cresset Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dawson, Ruth (1979). Rudolf Erich Raspe, The Geologist Captain Cook Refused. "Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture" 8, 269–290.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Linnebach, Andrea, ed. (2005). "Der Münchhausen-Autor Rudolf Erich Raspe: Wissenschaft – Kunst – Abenteuer". Kassel: Euregioverlag.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wiebel, Bernhard & Gfeller, Ursula (2009). Rudolf Erich Raspe als Geologe – vom "vulkanischen Mordbrenner" zum Zweifler am Vulkanismus. "Philippia" 14/1, p. 9–56. Kassel: Abhandlungen und Berichte aus dem Naturmuseum im Ottoneum. (Containing the transcription of a letter of 40 pages, R. E. Raspe to John Hawkins, dealing geological theories.)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Munchausen – Library. Munchausen.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rodolph Eric Raspe, by Robert Hunt, 1885

paragraph: BULLET::::- Raspe, Rudolf E. (1763). "Specimen historiæ naturalis globi terraquei" – digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library

description: German author and scientist

wikidata_label: Rudolf Erich Raspe

wikipedia_title: Rudolf Erich Raspe


text: singer-songwriter

text: guitarist

text: record producer

text: soul

text: African-American music

text: The Impressions

text: civil rights movement

text: Chicago

text: Illinois

text: gospel

text: North Side

text: Jerry Butler

text: The Impressions

text: People Get Ready

text: "Rolling Stone"

text: 500 Greatest Songs of All Time

text: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

text: soundtrack

text: blaxploitation

text: Super Fly

text: crime

text: poverty

text: drug abuse

text: 500 Greatest Albums of All Time

text: Flatbush, Brooklyn

text: New York

text: New World Order

text: Grammy Legend Award

text: Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award

text: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

text: Grammy Hall of Fame

text: type 2 diabetes

text: Chicago, Illinois

text: Cabrini–Green

text: Wells Community Academy High School

text: Jerry Butler

text: Sam Gooden

text: For Your Precious Love

text: Johnny Pate

text: Fred Cash

text: Gypsy Woman

text: gospel

text: United Artists

text: Lilies of the Field

text: Sidney Poitier

text: Keep On Pushing

text: People Get Ready

text: It's All Right

text: Civil Rights Movement

text: black pride

text: James Brown

text: Sly Stone

text: We're a Winner

text: black power

text: Move On Up

text: Martin Luther King, Jr.

text: Cameo-Parkway

text: Curtom

text: Leroy Hutson

text: the Five Stairsteps

text: the Staples Singers

text: Mavis Staples

text: Linda Clifford

text: Baby Huey and the Babysitters

text: Gene Chandler

text: Curtis

text: Marvin Gaye

text: What's Going On

text: Super Fly

text: blaxploitation

text: Super Fly

text: Isaac Hayes

text: Shaft

text: lyrics

text: ghetto

text: Rolling Stone

text: machismo

text: cocaine

text: Stevie Wonder

text: Innervisions

text: socially conscious

text: funky

text: soul music

text: Freddie's Dead

text: Super Fly

text: gold discs

text: R.I.A.A.

text: Gladys Knight & the Pips

text: Claudine

text: Aretha Franklin

text: Sparkle

text: The Staples Singers

text: Let's Do It Again

text: Mavis Staples

text: A Piece of the Action

text: Bill Cosby

text: Sidney Poitier

text: Poitier

text: Back to the World

text: Vietnam War

text: soundtrack

text: Robert M. Young

text: film

text: Miguel Piñero

text: Short Eyes

text: Curtom

text: Jerry Butler

text: I'm Gonna Git You Sucka

text: Hollywood Shuffle

text: Friday

text: Bend It Like Beckham

text: The Hangover Part II

text: Short Eyes

text: African-American music

text: Civil Rights Act of 1964

text: blaxploitation

text: Super Fly

text: Martin Luther King, Jr.

text: Flatbush

text: Brooklyn

text: Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award

text: amputated

text: Paul McCartney

text: Billy Joel

text: Bruce Springsteen

text: Dusty Springfield

text: George Martin

text: the Staple Singers

text: Bran Van 3000

text: Astounded

text: Discosis

text: Roswell, Georgia

text: R&B

text: social commentary

text: falsetto

text: register

text: modal

text: Jimi Hendrix

text: Bob Marley

text: Tracy Chapman

text: Sly Stone

text: Marvin Gaye

text: Stevie Wonder

text: Sinead O'Connor

text: Curtis

text: Roots

text: Super Fly (soundtrack)

text: Back to the World

text: Sweet Exorcist

text: Got to Find a Way

text: There's No Place Like America Today

text: Give, Get, Take and Have

text: Sparkle

text: Never Say You Can't Survive

text: Do It All Night

text: Heartbeat

text: Something to Believe In

text: The Right Combination

text: Linda Clifford

text: Love is the Place

text: Honesty

text: We Come in Peace with a Message of Love

text: Take It to the Streets

text: New World Order

text: Super Fly

text: Save the Children

text: Short Eyes

text: Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band

text: Vocal Group Hall of Fame

text: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

text: Songwriters Hall of Fame

text: Grammy Legend Award

text: Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award

text: Grammy Hall of Fame

text: People Get Ready

text: Super Fly

text: 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time

text: Super Fly

text: 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time

text: list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time"

text: Super Fly

text: Library of Congress

text: National Recording Registry

text: Official Curtis Mayfield Website

text: Discography at Discogs

text: Say Brother

text: Obituary from Socialist Action

text: BBC Obituary

categories: Grammy Legend Award winners,African-American singer-songwriters,Guitarists from Chicago,Singers from Chicago,20th-century American singers,The Impressions members,American soul singers,Record producers from Illinois,Curtis Mayfield,Disease-related deaths in Georgia (U.S. state),Deaths from diabetes,1999 deaths,American soul guitarists,American male singers,American funk singers,1942 births,African-American guitarists,Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners,American amputees,People with tetraplegia,American male guitarists,American rhythm and blues guitarists,American rhythm and blues singer-songwriters,Charly Records artists,American rhythm and blues singers,Countertenors,RSO Records artists,American funk guitarists

paragraph: Curtis Mayfield

paragraph: Curtis Lee Mayfield (June 3, 1942 – December 26, 1999) was an American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and record producer, and one of the most influential musicians behind soul and politically conscious African-American music. He first achieved success and recognition with The Impressions during the civil rights movement of the late 1950s and 1960s, and later worked as a solo artist.

paragraph: Born in Chicago, Illinois, Mayfield started his musical career in a gospel choir. Moving to the North Side, he met Jerry Butler in 1956 at the age of 14, and joined the vocal group The Impressions. As a songwriter, Mayfield became noted as one of the first musicians to bring more prevalent themes of social awareness into soul music. In 1965, he wrote "People Get Ready" for the Impressions, which displayed his more politically charged songwriting. Ranked at no. 24 on "Rolling Stone"'s list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, the song received numerous other awards, and was included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll, as well as being inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1998.

paragraph: After leaving the Impressions in 1970 in the pursuit of a solo career, Mayfield released several albums, including the soundtrack for the blaxploitation film "Super Fly" in 1972. The soundtrack was noted for its socially conscious themes, mostly addressing problems surrounding inner city minorities such as crime, poverty and drug abuse. The album was ranked at no. 72 on "Rolling Stone"'s list of 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.

paragraph: Mayfield was paralyzed from the neck down after lighting equipment fell on him during a live performance at Wingate Field in Flatbush, Brooklyn, New York, on August 13, 1990. Despite this, he continued his career as a recording artist, releasing his final album "New World Order" in 1996. Mayfield won a Grammy Legend Award in 1994 and a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1995, and was a double inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, as a member of the Impressions in 1991, and again in 1999 as a solo artist. He was also a two-time Grammy Hall of Fame inductee. He died from complications of type 2 diabetes in 1999 at the age of 57.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Curtis Mayfield was born on June 3, 1942 in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Marion Washington and Kenneth Mayfield, one of five children. Mayfield's father left the family when Curtis was five; his mother (and maternal grandmother) moved the family into several Chicago public housing projects before settling in Cabrini–Green during his teen years. Mayfield attended Wells Community Academy High School before dropping out his sophomore year. His mother taught him piano and, along with his grandmother, encouraged him to enjoy

paragraph: gospel music. At the age of seven he sang publicly at his aunt's church with the Northern Jubilee Gospel Singers.

paragraph: When he was 14 years old he formed the Alphatones when the Northern Jubilee Gospel Singers decided to try their luck in downtown Chicago and Mayfield stayed behind. Fellow group member Sam Gooden was quoted "It would have been nice to have him there with us, but of course, your parents have the first say."

paragraph: Later in 1956, he joined his high school friend Jerry Butler's group The Roosters with brothers Arthur and Richard Brooks. He wrote and composed songs for this group who would become The Impressions two years later.

paragraph: Section::::The Impressions.

paragraph: Mayfield's career began in 1956 when he joined the Roosters with Arthur and Richard Brooks and Jerry Butler. Two years later the Roosters, now including Sam Gooden, became the Impressions. The band had two hit singles with Butler, "For Your Precious Love" and "Come Back My Love", then Butler left. Mayfield temporarily went with him, co-writing and performing on Butler's next hit, "He Will Break Your Heart", before returning to the Impressions with the group signing for ABC Records and working with the label's Chicago-based producer/A&R manager, Johnny Pate.

paragraph: Butler was replaced by Fred Cash, a returning original Roosters member, and Mayfield became lead singer, frequently composing for the band, starting with "Gypsy Woman", a Top 20 Pop hit. Their hit "Amen" (Top 10), an updated version of an old gospel tune, was included in the soundtrack of the 1963 United Artists film "Lilies of the Field", which starred Sidney Poitier. The Impressions reached the height of their popularity in the mid-to-late-'60s with a string of Mayfield compositions that included "Keep On Pushing," "People Get Ready", "It's All Right" (Top 10), the up-tempo "Talking about My Baby"(Top 20) and "Woman's Got Soul".

paragraph: He formed his own label, Curtom Records in Chicago in 1968 and the Impressions joined him to continue their run of hits including "Fool For You," "This is My Country", "Choice Of Colors" and "Check Out Your Mind." Mayfield had written much of the soundtrack of the Civil Rights Movement in the early 1960s, but by the end of the decade, he was a pioneering voice in the black pride movement along with James Brown and Sly Stone. Mayfield's "We're a Winner" was their last major hit for ABC. A Number 1 soul hit which also reached the "Billboard" pop Top 20, it became an anthem of the black power and black pride movements when it was released in late 1967, much as his earlier "Keep on Pushing" (whose title is quoted in the lyrics of "We're a Winner" and also in "Move On Up") had been an anthem for Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement.

paragraph: Mayfield was a prolific songwriter in Chicago even outside his work for the Impressions, writing and producing scores of hits for many other artists. He also owned the Mayfield and Windy C labels which were distributed by Cameo-Parkway, and was a partner in the Curtom (first independent, then distributed by Buddah then Warner Bros and finally RSO) and Thomas labels (first independent, then distributed by Atlantic, then independent again and finally Buddah).

paragraph: Among Mayfield's greatest songwriting successes were three hits that he wrote for Jerry Butler on Vee Jay ("He Will Break Your Heart", "Find Another Girl" and "I'm A-Tellin' You"). His harmony vocals are very prominent. He also had great success writing and arranging Jan Bradley's "Mama Didn't Lie". Starting in 1963, he was heavily involved in writing and arranging for OKeh Records (with Carl Davis producing), which included hits by Major Lance, Walter Jackson, Billy Butler and the Artistics. This arrangement ran through 1965.

paragraph: Section::::Solo career.

paragraph: In 1970, Mayfield left the Impressions and began a solo career. Curtom released many of Mayfield's 1970s records, as well as records by the Impressions, Leroy Hutson, the Five Stairsteps, the Staples Singers, Mavis Staples, Linda Clifford and Baby Huey and the Babysitters. Gene Chandler and Major Lance, who had worked with Mayfield during the 1960s, also signed for short stays at Curtom. Many of the label's recordings were produced by Mayfield.

paragraph: Mayfield's first solo album, "Curtis", was released in 1970, and hit the top 20, as well as being a critical success. It pre-dated Marvin Gaye's album, "What's Going On", which it has been compared to. The commercial and critical peak of his solo career came with "Super Fly", the soundtrack to the blaxploitation "Super Fly" film. Unlike the soundtracks to other blaxploitation films (most notably Isaac Hayes' score for "Shaft"), which glorified the ghetto excesses of the characters, Mayfield's lyrics consisted of hard-hitting commentary on the state of affairs in black, urban ghettos at the time, as well as direct criticisms of several characters in the film. Bob Donat wrote in "Rolling Stone" magazine in 1972 that while the film's message "was diluted by schizoid cross-purposes" because it "glamorizes machismo-cocaine consciousness... the anti-drug message on [Mayfield's soundtrack] is far stronger and more definite than in the film." Because of the tendency of these blaxploitation films to glorify the criminal life of dealers and pimps to target a mostly black lower class audience, Mayfield's album set this movie apart. With songs like "Freddie's Dead", a song that focuses on the demise of Freddie, a junkie that was forced into "pushin' dope for the man" because of a debt that he owed to his dealer, and "Pusherman", a song that reveals how many people in the ghetto fell victim to drug abuse, and therefore became dependent upon their dealers, Mayfield illuminated a darker side of life in the ghetto that these blaxploitation films often failed to criticize. However, although Mayfield's soundtrack criticized the glorification of dealers and pimps, he in no way denied that this glorification was occurring. When asked about the subject matter of these films he was quoted stating "I don’t see why people are complaining about the subject of these films”, and “The way you clean up the films is by cleaning up the streets.”

paragraph: Along with "What's Going On" and Stevie Wonder's "Innervisions", this album ushered in a new socially conscious, funky style of popular soul music. He was dubbed 'The Gentle Genius'. The single releases "Freddie's Dead" and "Super Fly" each sold over one million copies, and were awarded gold discs by the R.I.A.A.

paragraph: "Super Fly" brought success that resulted in Mayfield being tapped for additional soundtracks, some of which he wrote and produced while having others perform the vocals. Gladys Knight & the Pips recorded Mayfield's soundtrack for "Claudine" in 1974, while Aretha Franklin recorded the soundtrack for "Sparkle" in 1976. Mayfield also worked with The Staples Singers on the soundtrack for the 1975 film "Let's Do It Again", and teamed up with Mavis Staples exclusively on the 1977 film soundtrack "A Piece of the Action" (both movies were part of a trilogy of films that featured the acting and comedic exploits of Bill Cosby and Sidney Poitier and were directed by Poitier).

paragraph: In 1973 Mayfield released the anti-war album "Back to the World", a concept album that dealt with the social aftermath of the Vietnam War and criticized the United States' involvement in wars across the planet. One of Mayfield's most successful funk-disco meldings was the 1977 hit "Do Do Wap is Strong in Here" from his soundtrack to the Robert M. Young film of Miguel Piñero's play "Short Eyes". In his 2003 biography of Curtis Mayfield, "People Never Give Up", author Peter Burns noted that Mayfield has 140 songs in the Curtom vaults. Burns indicated that the songs were maybe already completed or in the stages of completion, so that they could then be released commercially. These recordings include "The Great Escape", "In The News", "Turn up the Radio", "What's The Situation?" and one recording labelled "Curtis at Montreux Jazz Festival 87". Two other albums featuring Curtis Mayfield present in the Curtom vaults and as yet unissued are a 1982/83 live recording titled "25th Silver Anniversary" (which features performances by Mayfield, the Impressions and Jerry Butler) and a live performance, recorded in September 1966 by the Impressions titled "Live at the Club Chicago".

paragraph: In 1980, Mayfield decided to move to Atlanta with his family, closing down his recording operation in Chicago and effectively ending the era of the Chicago soul sound. The label had gradually reduced in size in its final two years or so with releases on the main RSO imprint and Curtom credited as the production company. Mayfield continued to record occasionally, keeping the Curtom name alive for a few more years, and to tour worldwide. Mayfields song "(Don't Worry) If There's a Hell Below, We're All Going to Go" has been included as an entrance song on every episode of the 2017 drama series The Deuce."The Deuce" tells of the germination of the sex-trade industry in the heart of New York's Times Square in the 1970s.

paragraph: In later years, Mayfield's music was included in the movies "I'm Gonna Git You Sucka", "Hollywood Shuffle", "Friday" (though not on the soundtrack album), "Bend It Like Beckham", "The Hangover Part II" and "Short Eyes", where he had a cameo role as a prisoner.

paragraph: Section::::Social activism.

paragraph: Curtis Mayfield was known for introducing social consciousness into African-American music. Having been raised in the Cabrini-Green projects of Chicago, he witnessed many of the tragedies of the urban ghetto first hand, and was quoted saying “With everything I saw on the streets as a young black kid, it wasn’t hard during the later fifties and sixties for me to write my heartfelt way of how I visualized things, how I thought things ought to be.”

paragraph: Following the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, his group the Impressions produced music that became the soundtrack to a summer of revolution. It is even said that "Keep On Pushing" became the number one sing along during the Freedom Rides. Black students sang their songs as they marched to jail or protested outside their universities, while King often used "Keep On Pushing", "People Get Ready" and "We're A Winner" because of their ability to motivate and inspire marchers. Mayfield had quickly become a civil rights hero with his ability to inspire hope and courage.

paragraph: Mayfield was unique in his ability to fuse relevant social commentary with melodies and lyrics that instilled a hopefulness for a better future in his listeners. He wrote and recorded the soundtrack to the 1972 blaxploitation film "Super Fly" with the help of producer Johnny Pate. The soundtrack for "Super Fly" is regarded as an all-time great body of work that captured the essence of life in the ghetto while criticizing the tendency of young people to glorify the "glamorous" lifestyles of drug dealers and pimps, and illuminating the dark realities of drugs, addiction, and exploitation.

paragraph: Mayfield, along with several other soul and funk musicians, spread messages of hope in the face of oppression, pride in being a member of the black race and gave courage to a generation of people who were demanding their human rights, without abandoning the struggle for equality. He has been compared to Martin Luther King, Jr. for making a lasting impact in the civil rights struggle with his inspirational music. By the end of the decade Mayfield was a pioneering voice in the black pride movement, along with James Brown and Sly Stone. Paving the way for a future generation of rebel thinkers, Mayfield paid the price, artistically and commercially, for his politically charged music. Mayfield's "Keep On Pushing" was actually banned from several radio stations when riots began flaring up in some cities. Regardless of the persistent radio bans and loss of revenue, he continued his quest for equality right until his death. His lyrics on racial injustice, poverty and drugs became the poetry of a generation.

paragraph: Mayfield was also a descriptive social commentator. As the influx of drugs ravaged through black America in the late 1960s and 1970s his bittersweet descriptions of the ghetto would serve as warnings to the impressionable. "Freddie's Dead" is a graphic tale of street life, while "Pusherman" revealed the role of drug dealers in the urban ghettos.

paragraph: Section::::Later years and death.

paragraph: Mayfield remained active in the 1970s. Then his career began to slow down during the 1980s.

paragraph: On August 13, 1990, Mayfield became paralyzed from the neck down, after stage lighting equipment fell on him at an outdoor concert at Wingate Field in Flatbush, Brooklyn, New York. Afterwards, though he was unable to play guitar, he continued to compose and sing. He also directed the recording of his last album, "New World Order".

paragraph: Mayfield's vocals were recorded, usually line-by-line, while he was lying on his back.

paragraph: Mayfield received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1995. In February 1998, he had to have his right leg amputated due to diabetes. He was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame on March 15, 1999. Health reasons prevented him from attending the ceremony, which included fellow inductees Paul McCartney, Billy Joel, Bruce Springsteen, Dusty Springfield, George Martin, and 1970s Curtom signees and labelmates the Staple Singers.

paragraph: Mayfield's last appearance on record was with the group Bran Van 3000 on the song "Astounded" for their 2000 album "Discosis", recorded just before his death and released in 2001.

paragraph: However, his health had steadily declined following his paralysis, so the vocals weren't new. Rather, they were lifted from archive recordings, including "Move On Up."

paragraph: Mayfield died from complications of type 2 diabetes on December 26, 1999, at the North Fulton Regional Hospital in Roswell, Georgia.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Mayfield was among the first of a new wave of mainstream black R&B performing artists and composers injecting social commentary into their work. This "message music" proved immensely popular during the 1960s and 1970s.

paragraph: Mayfield taught himself how to play guitar, tuning it to the black keys of the piano, giving the guitar an open F-sharp tuning that he used throughout his career. He primarily sang in falsetto register, adding another flavor to his music. This was not unique in itself, but most singers sing primarily in the modal register. His guitar playing, singing, and socially aware song-writing influenced a range of artists, including Jimi Hendrix, Bob Marley, Tracy Chapman, Sly Stone, Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder and Sinead O'Connor.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Curtis" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Roots" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Super Fly (soundtrack)" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Back to the World" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sweet Exorcist" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Got to Find a Way" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "There's No Place Like America Today" (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Give, Get, Take and Have" (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sparkle" (with Aretha Franklin) (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Never Say You Can't Survive" (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Do It All Night" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heartbeat" (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Something to Believe In" (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Right Combination" (with Linda Clifford) (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love is the Place" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Honesty" (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We Come in Peace with a Message of Love" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Take It to the Streets" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New World Order" (1996)

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Super Fly" (1972) as himself

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Save the Children" (1973) as himself

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Short Eyes" (1977) as Pappy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" (1978) as Guest

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hall of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- As a member of the Impressions, he was posthumously inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Along with his group the Impressions, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1999, he was inducted into The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist making him one of the few artists to become double inductees.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1999, he was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame just prior to his death.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grammy

paragraph: BULLET::::- He was a winner of the prestigious Grammy Legend Award in 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He is a 2-time Grammy Hall of Fame inductee: for the song "People Get Ready" with the Impressions, and for the award-winning album Super Fly as a solo artist.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rolling Stone"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Impressions' album/CD The Anthology 1961–1977 is ranked at No. 179 on "Rolling Stone"′s list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time".

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Impressions hits, "People Get Ready" and "For Your Precious Love" are both ranked on "Rolling Stone"′s list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time", as No. 24 and No. 327 respectively.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mayfield is ranked No. 34 on "Rolling Stone"′s list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mayfield is ranked No. 40 on "Rolling Stone"′s list of the "100 Greatest Singers of All Time".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mayfield's solo "Super Fly" is ranked No. 69 on "Rolling Stone"′s list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mayfield is ranked No. 78 on "Rolling Stone"′s list of the "100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time".

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2004, "Rolling Stone" ranked Mayfield No. 98 on their list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Impressions' 1965 hit song "People Get Ready", composed by Mayfield, has been chosen as one of the Top 10 Best Songs Of All Time by a panel of 20 top industry songwriters and producers, including Paul McCartney, Brian Wilson, Hal David, and others, as reported to Britain's "Mojo" music magazine.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2019, "Super Fly" was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Curtis Mayfield Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Discography at Discogs

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Curtis Mayfield and the Impressions perform 'We're a Winner' " for the WGBH series, Say Brother

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary from Socialist Action

paragraph: BULLET::::- BBC Obituary

paragraph: BULLET::::- RBMA Radio On Demand – Across 135th Street – Volume 10 – Curtis Mayfield Tribute – Chairman Mao (RBMA, Egotrip)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Curtis Mayfield and the Impact of His Music on the Civil Rights Movement A Conversation with Mr. Howard Dodson and Dr. Portia K. Maultsby at the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Curtis Mayfield and the "Super Fly" legacy - Wax Poetics

alias:
Curtis Lee Mayfield
00020246827 IPI

description: American singer, songwriter, and record producer

enwikiquote_title: Curtis Mayfield

wikidata_label: Curtis Mayfield

wikipedia_title: Curtis Mayfield


text:
American
The New Yorker
pseudonym
flapper
Stamford, Connecticut
William J. Long
Vassar College
Vogue
Vanity Fair
Harold Ross
Peter Arno
Stamford High School
Vassar College
Vogue
Vanity Fair
Harold Ross
The New Yorker
Roaring Twenties
"The New York Morning Telegraph"
New York Times obituary
Vassar Encyclopedia

categories: 1974 deaths,1901 births,Writers from Stamford, Connecticut,The New Yorker people,Vassar College alumni,American columnists

paragraph: Lois Long

paragraph: Lois Bancroft Long (December 15, 1901 – July 29, 1974) was an American writer for "The New Yorker" during the 1920s. She was known under the pseudonym "Lipstick" and as the epitome of a flapper.

paragraph: She was born on December 15, 1901, in Stamford, Connecticut, the oldest of three children of Frances Bancroft and William J. Long. She graduated from Vassar College. Long had worked at "Vogue" and "Vanity Fair" before finding fame at "The New Yorker". Harold Ross hired her to write a column on New York nightlife. Under the name of Lipstick, Lois Long chronicled her nightly escapades of drinking, dining, and dancing. She wrote of the decadence of the decade with an air of aplomb, wit, and satire, becoming quite a celebrity. Because her readers did not know who she was, Long often jested in her columns about being a "short squat maiden of forty" or a "kindly, old, bearded gentleman." However, in the announcement of her marriage to "The New Yorker" cartoonist Peter Arno, she revealed her true identity.

paragraph: She remained with "The New Yorker" as a columnist until 1968. She died in 1974.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:School years.

paragraph: Lois graduated from Stamford High School and entered Vassar College in 1918. Already displaying a drive for literary excellence and exploration, she graduated from Vassar in 1922 with a degree in English. In college, she began growing herself a modest reputation as a journalist, writing a review of "Vassar Dramatics" to the "Poughkeepsie Courier" in June of her senior year as well as participating as an editor in 1922's "Vassarian". In addition to making herself known through the school's written publications, Long occasionally participated in the institution's theatre program.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Personal life.

paragraph: In 1927, cartoonist Peter Arno and Lois Long got married. The marriage lasted four years, then in 1931 Long filed for divorce. The divorce was granted and the two shared custody of their daughter, Patricia.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career.

paragraph: As soon as she graduated from college, Long moved to New York and began making a name for herself. She started at "Vogue" and then went to "Vanity Fair", but Long found her niche—and fame—when Harold Ross hired her for his new magazine, "The New Yorker", a sophisticated humor magazine designed to appeal to New York City's elite. Even with that target audience, it (like most new publications) struggled financially in its early days; by May 1925, the astute Ross—looking for ways to increase readership—realized that Long was just the sort of writer who would. In the changing world of the 1920s, any truly modern magazine needed to appeal to both men and women, and the flapper—high-spirited, beautiful, independent, sexually open—did just that.

paragraph: At 23, Long was paid to review the speakeasies of New York. Her witty, satirical column was called "When Nights are Bold," the title of which changed to "Tables for Two" with the issue for September 12, 1925 and ran until June 7, 1930. In addition to her observations on the patrons of speakeasies, it also included criticism of public officials, such as Manhattan District Attorney Emory R. Buckner, who conducted raids on speakeasies. As the archetypal flapper, Long's columns offered women a glimpse of a glamorous lifestyle where they could enjoy many of the same freedoms and vices as men. This new liberty was prompted by women gaining the right to vote in the United States in 1920 as well as the ways in which they defied the Victorian and Edwardian roles proscribed for women.

paragraph: Her comment “I like music, and informality, and gaiety” is the epitome of the flapper mindset and what some critics felt were the sexual and moral failings of flappers in the Roaring Twenties.

paragraph: Different though they were, she and Ross managed to work together—and knew when, and how, to accommodate the other. Zeitz notes that Long's cubicle was originally on the other side of the building from her assistant, and after growing tired of running back and forth to exchange information, they made the trip on roller skates. In time, Ross grew exasperated and gave them offices next to one another to spare himself and the other journalists such antics.

paragraph: Throughout her career, Long's work appeared in numerous formats, and in 1928, she was recruited by the editor and screenwriter, Gene Fowler, to contribute, along with Ben Hecht, Ring Lardner, Westbrook Pegler, and Walter Winchell, to "The New York Morning Telegraph", and in 1936 Long was, for a short time, under contract to Paramount Pictures.

paragraph: She was considered the expert on New York's nightlife. Upon her death, William Shawn, editor of "The New Yorker" said that "Lois Long invented fashion criticism," adding that she "was the first American fashion critic to approach fashion as an art and to criticize women's clothes with independence, intelligence, humor and literary style."

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Long married US Air Force Major Harold A. Fox in 1957. They had no children. Long died of lung cancer aged 72 and is buried in Easton Cemetery, Pennsylvania.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York Times obituary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vassar Encyclopedia

alias:
Lois Long aka Lipstick
Lipstick

description: popular American writer for The New Yorker during the 1920s

wikidata_label: Lois Long

wikipedia_title: Lois Long


text:
Rome
Rome
Italian
Centro sperimentale di cinematografia
Italian neorealism
Children of Chance
Campane a martello
Commedia all'italiana
Alberto Sordi
Risveglio di una città
L'attore scomparso
C'è sempre un ma!
The Adventures of Fra Diavolo
Signorinette
L'abito nero da sposa
A Yank in Rome
To Live in Peace
L'onorevole Angelina
Difficult Years
Alarm Bells
Children of Chance
The White Line
Rome-Paris-Rome
His Last Twelve Hours
The City Stands Trial
We, the Women
Easy Years
Of Life and Love
Woman of Rome
The Art of Getting Along
Girls of Today
Ladro lui, ladra lei
The Love Specialist
The Magistrate
The Traffic Policeman
Roaring Years
Shivers in Summer
A Question of Honour
I nostri mariti
Be Sick... It's Free
Anyone Can Play
Let's Have a Riot
A Girl in Australia
The Flower in His Mouth
Il mostro
Tigers in Lipstick
A Thousand Lire a Month
Dora Nelson

categories: Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia alumni,Place of death missing,1905 births,Giallo film directors,Italian film directors,1991 deaths,Nastro d'Argento winners,Film directors from Rome

paragraph: Luigi Zampa

paragraph: Luigi Zampa (Rome, January 2, 1905 – Rome, August 16, 1991) was an Italian film-maker.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Son of a worker, Zampa studied film making from 1932 to 1937 at the Italian film school Centro sperimentale di cinematografia in Rome.

paragraph: He directed several Italian neorealism films in the 1940s. In 1949 he filmed in UK the British film "Children of Chance", which he remade in Italian the following year as "Campane a martello".

paragraph: During the 1950s and 1960s he became a director of several successful films belonging to the Commedia all'italiana genre, some starring Alberto Sordi.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.:as director.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1933 Risveglio di una città

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1941 L'attore scomparso

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1942 C'è sempre un ma!

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1942 The Adventures of Fra Diavolo ("Fra' Diavolo")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1942 Signorinette

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1945 L'abito nero da sposa

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1946 A Yank in Rome ("Un Americano in vacanza")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1947 To Live in Peace ("Vivere in pace")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1947 L'onorevole Angelina

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1948 Difficult Years ("Anni difficili")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1949 "Alarm Bells"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1949 Children of Chance

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1950 The White Line ("Cuori senza frontiere")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1951 Rome-Paris-Rome ("Signori, in carrozza!")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1951 His Last Twelve Hours ("È più facile che un cammello...")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1952 The City Stands Trial ("Processo alla città")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1953 We, the Women ("Siamo donne") episode Isa Miranda

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1953 Easy Years ("Anni facili")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1954 Of Life and Love ("Questa è la vita")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955 Woman of Rome ("La Romana")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955 The Art of Getting Along ("L'arte di arrangiarsi")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955 Girls of Today ("Ragazze d'oggi")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958 Ladro lui, ladra lei

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958 The Love Specialist ("La ragazza del palio")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959 The Magistrate ("Il magistrato")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960 The Traffic Policeman ("Il vigile")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962 Roaring Years ("Gli anni ruggenti")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963 Shivers in Summer ("Frenesia dell'estate")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965 A Question of Honour ("Una questione d'onore")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 Il Marito di Olga, episode of I nostri mariti

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968 Be Sick... It's Free ("Il medico della mutua")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968 Anyone Can Play ("Le dolci signore")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970 Let's Have a Riot ("Contestazione generale")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971 A Girl in Australia ("Bello, onesto, emigrato Australia sposerebbe compaesana illibata")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973 ("Bisturi, la mafia bianca")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975 The Flower in His Mouth ("Gente di rispetto")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 Il mostro

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 Tigers in Lipstick ("Letti selvaggi")

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.:script only.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1939 "Un mare di guai"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1939 "A Thousand Lire a Month"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1939 "Dora Nelson"

description: Italian film director

wikidata_label: Luigi Zampa

wikipedia_title: Luigi Zampa


text:
1968 European Indoor Games
1968 Summer Olympics
Bo Jonsson

categories: Olympic athletes of Sweden,Swedish male high jumpers,1946 births,Athletes (track and field) at the 1968 Summer Olympics,Living people

paragraph: Kenneth Lundmark

paragraph: Bengt Kenneth Lundmark (born 25 March 1946) is a retired Swedish high jumper. He won a bronze medal at the 1968 European Indoor Games and a gold medal at the 1970 European Cup, and competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics Lundmark was the Swedish champion in 1968 and 1970 and shared a national record with Bo Jonsson in 1969.

description: Swedish athletics competitor

wikidata_label: Kenneth Lundmark

wikipedia_title: Kenneth Lundmark


text: CBE

text: DL

text: FRSA

text: City of Westminster

text: Samuel Storey

text: Sunderland

text: Brig. Wilfred Woodcock

text: Samuel Storey

text: Sunderland Echo

text: National Service

text: Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve

text: Winchester College

text: Trinity College, Cambridge

text: called to the bar

text: Inner Temple

text: 1966 general election

text: Don Valley

text: Conservative

text: Huddersfield West

text: 1970 general election

text: Labour Party

text: Johnston Press

text: Reuters Holdings

text: Press Association

text: eFinancialNews.com

text: Press Council

text: baronet

text: life peer

text: Croydon Cable

text: Sunderland plc

text: Confederation of British Industry

text: Country Landowners' Association

text: BUPA Association

text: Hope and Homes for Children

text: University of York

text: Doctor of Letters

text: Sunderland Polytechnic

text: University of Portsmouth

text: High Sheriff of North Yorkshire

text: Deputy Lieutenant

text: Royal Society of Arts

text: Debrett's

text: silviculture

text: arboriculture

text: Castle Howard

text: Dendrology

text: Veitch Memorial Medal

text: Royal Horticultural Society

categories: 20th-century British businesspeople,1937 births,People from North Yorkshire,High Sheriffs in Yorkshire,Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,20th-century British newspaper publishers (people),Horticulturists and gardeners,21st-century British businesspeople,Deputy Lieutenants of North Yorkshire,Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom,Veitch Memorial Medal recipients,People from Westminster,Commanders of the Order of the British Empire,Living people,People educated at Winchester College

paragraph: Richard Storey

paragraph: Sir Richard Storey, 2nd Baronet, CBE, DL, FRSA (born 23 January 1937) is a British businessman.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Storey was born on 23 January 1937 in the City of Westminster, London, the only son of Samuel Storey, who at the time was a member of parliament for Sunderland and his wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Brig. Wilfred Woodcock. His great-grandfather, also Samuel Storey, was the main founder of the "Sunderland Echo" newspaper.

paragraph: In 1956, Storey completed his National Service with the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. Having earlier attended Winchester College, he graduated BA from Trinity College, Cambridge in 1960 and LLB in 1961. He was called to the bar at Inner Temple in 1962, practising until 1969. In the 1966 general election he contested Don Valley as the Conservative candidate and also contested Huddersfield West in the 1970 general election, however both times he lost to the Labour Party candidates.

paragraph: Storey was chairman of his family company Portsmouth and Sunderland Newspapers from 1973 (previously being a director from 1962 and chief executive from 1973 to 1986) until it was purchased by Johnston Press in 1998. His other press-related positions include director of Reuters Holdings from 1986 to 1992, a director of the Press Association from 1986 to 1995 (and chairman from 1991 to 1995), director of eFinancialNews.com from 2000 to 2006, founder chairman of the Regional Daily Advertising Council from 1988 to 90 (director from 1988 to 1991), member of the Press Council from 1980 to 1986, member of the Newspaper Society from 1980 to 1998 (president from 1990 to 1991) and representative of the European Newspaper Publishers' Association from 1990 to 1996.

paragraph: In 1960, Storey's father was created a baronet and a life peer in 1966. On his father's death in 1978, Storey inherited the baronetcy. His other business appointments include director of One Stop Community Stores from 1971 to 1998, director of Croydon Cable from 1983 to 1989, director of The Fleming Mid Cap Investment Trust from 1989 to 2002 (chairman from 1996 to 2002), director of Foreign & Colonial Smaller Companies from 1993 to 2002 and director of Sunderland plc from 1996 to 2004. He was also a member of the Confederation of British Industry's Regional Council for Yorkshire and Humberside from 1974 to 1979 and its Employment Policy Committee from 1984 to 1988, a member of the Country Landowners' Association's National Council and Executive Committee from 1980 to 1984 (and chairman of its Yorkshire Executive from 1974 to 1976), member of INCA-FIEJ Research Association from 1983 to 1988, member of the BUPA Association from 2002 to 2004, chairman of York Health Services NHS Trust from 1991 to 1997, trustee of the Hope and Homes for Children from 2002 to 2009 and a member of Court of the University of York from 2006 to 2010.

paragraph: In 1989, Sir Richard received an Honorary Doctor of Letters (DLitt) degree from Sunderland Polytechnic and was appointed an Honorary Fellow of the University of Portsmouth in 1992. From 1992 to 1993, he served as High Sheriff of North Yorkshire, was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1996 "for services to the Newspaper Industry" and appointed a Deputy Lieutenant for North Yorkshire in 1998. He is also a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts.

paragraph: Storey, together with film producer Ian Flooks, is a shareholder of loss-making Wasted Management Ltd, owner of MixMag. Wasted Management, changed its name from Mixmag Media Ltd in May 2017. Analysis of the accounts show that the company has been losing between £500,000 and £1,000,000 every year for the past ten years. Recently, the directors have gone cap in hand to Barclays for financial assistance.

paragraph: Section::::Horticulture.

paragraph: Sir Richard lists his hobbies in "Debrett's" as silviculture and arboriculture and has held various business posts in connection with these, including as chairman of Sir Harold Hillier Gardens and Arboretum Management Committee from 1989 to 2005, a trustee of The Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Foundation from 1990 to 2003, a director of Castle Howard Arboretum Trust (CHAT) from 1997 to 2013 and chairman of the International Dendrology Society from 2007 to 2012. He was also awarded the Veitch Memorial Medal from the Royal Horticultural Society in 2005.

wikidata_label: Sir Richard Storey, 2nd Baronet

wikipedia_title: Richard Storey


text: co-conspirator

text: Willie Bioff

text: Chicago Outfit

categories: American labor union officials convicted of crimes,Leaders of American trade unions,Year of death missing,International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees

paragraph: George Brown (union official)

paragraph: George Brown was at one time the president of the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees.

paragraph: In 1943, he was tried and convicted with co-conspirator Willie Bioff, of extortion of $1 million from Hollywood film studio producers after threatening them with labor strikes on behalf of the Chicago Outfit.

description: American union official (20th century)

wikidata_label: George Brown

wikipedia_title: George Brown (union official)


text: American

text: cardinal

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Archbishop of Philadelphia

text: Bishop of Pittsburgh

text: Brooklyn

text: New York

text: Italian

text: immigrants

text: meningitis

text: Spinazzola

text: bricklayer

text: Calitri

text: United States

text: New Rochelle

text: Hartford, Connecticut

text: Woodhaven, Queens

text: hair dying shop

text: shoe shine shop

text: Richmond Hill High School

text: Cathedral College

text: mathematics

text: science

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Immaculate Conception

text: Bachelor of Arts

text: Huntington

text: ordained

text: priesthood

text: St. James Cathedral

text: associate pastor

text: St. Stephen Church

text: St. Mary Church

text: Long Island

text: alma mater

text: Rome

text: Pontifical Gregorian University

text: doctorate in canon law

text: summa cum laude

text: diocesan tribunal

text: chaplain

text: Sisters of St. Joseph

text: Brentwood

text: Master's degree

text: political science

text: Columbia University

text: chancellor

text: visiting professor

text: canon law

text: law degree

text: St. John's University

text: Pennsylvania

text: U.S. Supreme Court

text: Honorary Prelate of His Holiness

text: immigration law

text: adjunct professor

text: St. John's University School of Law

text: Auxiliary Bishop

text: Titular Bishop

text: Pope John Paul II

text: episcopal consecration

text: Francis Mugavero

text: John J. Snyder

text: Charles Richard Mulrooney

text: co-consecrators

text: Basilica of Our Lady of Perpetual Help

text: motto

text: Detroit

text: Sister of Mercy

text: Agnes Mary Mansour

text: Michigan's

text: Medicaid

text: Michigan Department of Social Services

text: Edmund Szoka

text: Vatican

text: Bishop of Pittsburgh

text: Vincent Leonard

text: installed

text: Archbishop of Philadelphia

text: John Krol

text: Cardinal-Priest

text: consistory

text: conservatism

text: Chester

text: PoliticsPA

text: chairman

text: Southeast Asia

text: Africa

text: Pro-Life

text: Monsignor James Molloy

text: Michael Picard

text: Newtown, Pennsylvania

text: papal conclave

text: Apostolic Administrator

text: Justin Francis Rigali

text: St. Charles Borromeo Seminary

text: Wynnewood

text: Wynnewood, Pennsylvania

categories: Catholics from New York (state),21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,2012 deaths,Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II,Columbia University alumni,St. John's University School of Law alumni,Religious leaders from New Rochelle, New York,Archbishops of Philadelphia,Pontifical Gregorian University alumni,People from Brooklyn,Roman Catholic bishops of Pittsburgh,American cardinals,1923 births,American people of Italian descent,Knights Grand Cross of Justice of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George

paragraph: Anthony Bevilacqua

paragraph: Anthony Joseph Bevilacqua (June 17, 1923 – January 31, 2012) was an American cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Philadelphia from 1988 to 2003, having previously served as Bishop of Pittsburgh. He was created a cardinal in 1991.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and education.

paragraph: Bevilacqua was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Luigi (1884–1961) and Maria (née Codella, 1893–1968) Bevilacqua, who were Italian immigrants. One of eleven children, he had four brothers, Michael, Angelo, Rocco, and Frank; and six sisters, Josephine (died of meningitis at age 2), Isabella, Virginia, Mary Jo, Gloria, and Madeline. Bevilacqua's father was born in Spinazzola and worked as a bricklayer, and his mother was born in Calitri. Luigi immigrated to the United States in 1910, and was soon followed by his wife and oldest son, Michael. The family lived in New Rochelle; Hartford, Connecticut; and Brooklyn before settling in Woodhaven, Queens, where Luigi operated a hair dying shop and shoe shine shop.

paragraph: Bevilacqua attended Public School No. 60, St. Thomas the Apostle School, and Richmond Hill High School. He then studied at Cathedral College, where he won prizes in mathematics and science and earned a trip to Washington, D.C. for an essay on the Immaculate Conception. He graduated from Cathedral College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1943, and then entered the Immaculate Conception Seminary in Huntington.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Ordination and ministry.

paragraph: Bevilacqua was ordained to the priesthood on June 11, 1949, at St. James Cathedral. He then served as an associate pastor at the Sacred Heart Church, St. Stephen Church (Brooklyn), and St. Mary Church (Long Island) until 1950. He taught at his "alma mater" of Cathedral College from 1950 to 1954, and then furthered his studies in Rome at the Pontifical Gregorian University, from where he obtained a doctorate in canon law "summa cum laude" in 1956.

paragraph: Upon his return to the United States, Bevilacqua served as an official in the diocesan tribunal and as a chaplain to the Sisters of St. Joseph in Brentwood. He earned a Master's degree in political science from Columbia University in 1962, and was named vice-chancellor for the Diocese of Brooklyn in 1965. From 1968 to 1980, Bevilacqua was a visiting professor of canon law at Immaculate Conception Seminary. During this time, he also founded the Diocesan Office for Migration and Refugees in 1971. He earned a law degree from St. John's University in 1975. He was entitled to practice law in the courts of New York and Pennsylvania. He was also granted entry to argue cases before the U.S. Supreme Court, though he never did.

paragraph: Bevilacqua was raised to the rank of Honorary Prelate of His Holiness on January 23, 1976; he became chancellor of the Diocese that year as well. From 1977 to 1980, he taught immigration law as an adjunct professor at St. John's University School of Law.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Auxiliary Bishop of Brooklyn.

paragraph: On October 7, 1980, Bevilacqua was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Brooklyn, and Titular Bishop of "Aquae Albae in Byzacena" by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on the following November 24 from Bishop Francis Mugavero, with Bishops John J. Snyder and Charles Richard Mulrooney serving as co-consecrators, at the Basilica of Our Lady of Perpetual Help. He selected as his episcopal motto: "Ecclesia Mater Nostra", meaning, "The Church, our Mother." As an auxiliary to Bishop Mugavero, Bevilacqua continued to serve as diocesan chancellor and director of the Office for Migrants and Refugees.

paragraph: In 1983, Detroit Sister of Mercy Agnes Mary Mansour, who administered Michigan's Medicaid program in her position as the director of Michigan Department of Social Services, was directed by Detroit Archbishop Edmund Szoka to declare her opposition to public financing of abortion. When Mansour refused, Bevilacqua was appointed by the Vatican to demand that she immediately resign either her religious vows or her position as Director of Social Services. Mansour chose to sign the papers Bevilacqua had provided to request dispensation from her perpetual vows, leaving her religious order.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Bishop of Pittsburgh.

paragraph: Bevilacqua was later named the tenth Bishop of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on October 7, 1983. He succeeded Vincent Leonard, and was installed as Bishop on December 12 of that year.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Archbishop of Philadelphia.

paragraph: John Paul II appointed Bevilacqua Archbishop of Philadelphia on December 8, 1987. He succeeded Cardinal John Krol, and was installed on February 11, 1988. John Paul II created him Cardinal-Priest of "Ss. Redentore e S. Alfonso in Via Merulana" in the consistory of June 28, 1991.

paragraph: During a fifteen-year stewardship of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia, Bevilacqua is remembered for his frequent visits to churches in the diocese, his knowledge of fiscal matters, his conservatism, and his closing of schools (such as Saint James in Chester). Organizationally he divided the Archdiocese into six vicariates, each with a general vicariate, and subdivided the central administration into six secretariats. From 1995 to 2000, he hosted a live weekly radio call-in program, "Live with Cardinal Bevilacqua", which aired on WZZD-AM in Philadelphia. In 2002, he was named to the PoliticsPA "Power 50" list of politically influential personalities.

paragraph: Within the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Bevilacqua served as chairman of the Committee on Migration from 1983 to 1984, during which time he visited the refugee camps of Southeast Asia and Africa. He also chaired the Committee for Canonical Affairs (1981–1984) and the Committee on Pro-Life Activities.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Allegations of shielding pedophiles.

paragraph: In 2003 and 2004, Bevilacqua testified 10 times before grand juries regarded accusations that he had protected and shielded priests accused of molesting children. A final grand jury report said it had no doubt that the cardinal knew about the danger posed by the accused priests and that his actions endangered thousands of children in the archdiocese.

paragraph: In 2012, a document was discovered showing that Cardinal Bevilacqua had ordered Monsignor James Molloy, now deceased, who served in the Office of the Vicar to Cardinal Bevilacqua until 1994, to destroy a list of 35 abusive priests. Monsignor William Lynn was accused of covering up cases of abuse by archdiocesan priests, having at the time been the highest U.S. Catholic Church official to face criminal charges.

paragraph: During the trial of Monsignor Lynn, on Wednesday, May 2, 2012 (), it was revealed that Monsignor Michael Picard, a local Pastor (St. Andrew Church, Newtown, Pennsylvania), was punished by Cardinal Bevilacqua, who did not tolerate even the appearance of dissent from his priests. He was not, strictly speaking, canonically censored. He did not have any of his priestly faculties removed or changed; he was not suspended, removed from the priesthood, or laicized; and was not excommunicated or interdicted. He is now a priest in good standing and was finally named a monsignor much later than usual in 2010. He was ordered to apologize and spend two weeks on a contemplative retreat for raising concerns about a priest assigned to his parish. He viewed what he did as simply questioning orders, not outright disobedience. The priest was transferred to another parish in 1996. The Archdiocese said it had received no complaints about his work in 15 years of service to 3 parishes. In 2005, the priest rejected by Monsignor Picard was accused of having sexually assaulted a minor in 1982. That priest died in 2006.

paragraph: On August 14, 2018, Pennsylvania Attorney General Josh Shapiro released a grand jury report detailing sex abuse in six Pennsylvania Diocese, including Pittsburgh. The report showed a 1985 memo written by that Bevilacqua where he rejected a request to reassign Father Joseph D. Karabin after two children told the Diocese he had sexually molested them. The diocese report against Karabin was never reported to the police. The same year, Bevilacqua sent a written request to reassign Father John O'Connor to the Diocese of Camden in New Jersey after it was reported that he molested a 14-year old boy during two sleepovers. O'Connor was arrested before the transfer could take place, but never saw trial after agreeing to undergo rehabilitation therapy at Southdown Institute, a clinic near Toronto run by the Canadian Catholic Bishops Conference. After leaving Southtown, O'Connor was reassigned by Bevilacqua to serve as a hospital chaplain.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Retirement and death.

paragraph: Upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75 in June 1998, Bevilacqua submitted his letter of resignation to John Paul II, who allowed the Cardinal to continue in his post. He lost the right to participate in a papal conclave when he reached the age of 80 in June 2003. His resignation was later accepted by the Pope on July 15 of that year, and he served as Apostolic Administrator of Philadelphia until the installation of his successor, Justin Francis Rigali, on October 7, 2003.

paragraph: In retirement, Cardinal Bevilacqua lived at his home on the grounds of St. Charles Borromeo Seminary in Wynnewood. In February, 2011 it was reported that Cardinal Bevilacqua was suffering from cancer and dementia.

paragraph: In November, 2011, Cardinal Bevilacqua gave a seven-hour deposition in a sealed hearing on the subject of the sexual abuse scandal in the archdiocese. His testimony was videotaped.

paragraph: Cardinal Bevilacqua died on January 31, 2012, at age 88 in his home in Wynnewood, Pennsylvania.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Curriculum vitae in "The Daily Catholic"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh History of Bishops webpage

description: American cardinal

wikidata_label: Anthony Bevilacqua

wikipedia_title: Anthony Bevilacqua


text: American

text: prelate

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Archbishop of Philadelphia

text: auxiliary bishop

text: Diocese of Cleveland

text: cardinal

text: Cleveland

text: Ohio

text: Polish

text: Tatra Mountains

text: parochial school

text: St. Hyacinth Church

text: Cathedral Latin High School

text: Kroger

text: Lutheran

text: priesthood

text: St. Mary's College

text: Orchard Lake

text: Michigan

text: St. Mary's Seminary

text: tobacco

text: ordained

text: Joseph Schrembs

text: Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist

text: curate

text: Immaculate Heart of Mary Church

text: Pontifical Gregorian University

text: Rome

text: Licentiate of Canon Law

text: Doctor of Canon Law

text: Catholic University of America

text: Washington, D.C.

text: canon law

text: chancellor

text: papal chamberlain

text: domestic prelate

text: Canon Law Society of America

text: auxiliary bishop

text: titular bishop

text: Pope Pius XII

text: episcopal

text: consecration

text: Amleto Giovanni Cicognani

text: Edward Francis Hoban

text: Floyd Lawrence Begin

text: co-consecrators

text: vicar general

text: John Francis O'Hara

text: Archbishop of Philadelphia

text: Pope John XXIII

text: Cathedral of SS. Peter and Paul

text: Polish American

text: Second Vatican Council

text: Pope Paul VI

text: liberal

text: social principles

text: conservative

text: doctrine

text: Church government

text: arms race

text: abortion

text: clerical celibacy

text: disarmament

text: Cardinal-Priest

text: consistory

text: Archbishop Karol Wojtyła

text: Kraków, Poland

text: conclaves

text: August

text: October 1978

text: Archdiocese of Philadelphia

text: suburb

text: canonization

text: Katharine Drexel

text: John Neumann

text: pilgrimage

text: Romuald Spasowski

text: hospital

text: diverticulosis

text: Anthony Bevilacqua

text: Philadelphia

text: archidocese's sex abuse scandal

text: U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops

text: conservative

text: The New York Times

text: The Philadelphia Inquirer

text: liberal

text: nuclear disarmament

text: Republican National Convention

categories: Saint Mary Seminary and Graduate School of Theology alumni,Catholic Church sexual abuse scandals in the United States,Patronal Medal winners,Burials at the Cathedral Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul, Philadelphia,Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland,Religious leaders from Cleveland,Catholic University of America alumni,1910 births,1996 deaths,Archbishops of Philadelphia,Cardinals created by Pope Paul VI,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,American people of Polish descent,Participants in the Second Vatican Council,American cardinals

paragraph: John Krol

paragraph: John Joseph Krol (October 26, 1910 – March 3, 1996) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was Archbishop of Philadelphia from 1961 to 1988, having previously served as an auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Cleveland (1953–61). He was created a cardinal in 1967.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Krol was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the fourth of eight children of John and Anna (née Pietruszka) Krol. His parents were Polish immigrants who were originally from the Tatra Mountains. Krol's father held various occupations, working as a machinist, barber, carpenter, plumber and electrician; his mother worked as a maid at a hotel in Cleveland. At age 2, he and his family returned to Poland, but returned to Cleveland within a year. Krol received his early education at the parochial school of St. Hyacinth Church. At age 9, he went to work part-time as a butcher's helper. He later worked as a maker of wooden boxes.

paragraph: Krol attended Cathedral Latin High School, graduating at age 16 in 1927. He then took a job as a butcher at a Kroger grocery store in Cleveland, where he became manager of the meat department at age 18. Religious questions from a Lutheran co-worker prompted Krol to more deeply study Catholic theology and eventually decide to enter the priesthood. He began his studies at St. Mary's College in Orchard Lake, Michigan. He later enrolled at St. Mary's Seminary in his native Cleveland. At St. Mary's, he also operated a small tobacco business, receiving shipments of defective cigars and then selling them to his fellow seminarians.

paragraph: Section::::Priesthood.

paragraph: On February 20, 1937, Krol was ordained a priest by Bishop Joseph Schrembs at the Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist. His first assignment was as a curate at Immaculate Heart of Mary Church in Cleveland, where he remained for one year. In 1938, he was sent to continue his studies at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, where he earned a Licentiate of Canon Law in 1940. He received a Doctor of Canon Law degree from the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., in 1942.

paragraph: Following his return to Cleveland, Krol served as professor of canon law at St. Mary's Seminary from 1942 to 1943. He served as vice-chancellor (1943–51) and chancellor (1951–54) of the Diocese of Cleveland. He was named a papal chamberlain in 1945, and was raised to the rank of domestic prelate in 1951. In 1950, he became president of the Canon Law Society of America.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopacy.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopacy.:Cleveland.

paragraph: On July 11, 1953, Krol was appointed auxiliary bishop of Cleveland and titular bishop of "Cardi" by Pope Pius XII. He received his episcopal consecration on the following September 2 from Archbishop Amleto Giovanni Cicognani, with Archbishop Edward Francis Hoban and Bishop Floyd Lawrence Begin serving as co-consecrators, at the Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist. In addition to his episcopal duties, he was named vicar general of the Diocese of Cleveland in 1954.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopacy.:Philadelphia.

paragraph: Following the death of Cardinal John Francis O'Hara, Krol was appointed the sixth Archbishop of Philadelphia by Pope John XXIII on February 11, 1961. His installation took place at the Cathedral of SS. Peter and Paul on March 22 of that year. He was the first Polish American to become an archbishop, and, at age 50, was the youngest Catholic archbishop in the country at the time. In his first sermon as archbishop, Krol spoke of the need for civic dedication and virtue, saying, "I am conscious, too, of our beloved country, the bold idealism that inspired it, the courage that gave it birth. May God grant that our prayers, the moral integrity of our lives, the clarity of our teaching, and the sincerity of our patriotism help increase the spiritual resources without which no nation can survive."

paragraph: Krol attended all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council between 1962 and 1965. During the Council, he served as one of six permanent undersecretaries, with responsibility for keeping a record of votes and distributing, collecting and tabulating ballots. He also served as a member of the central coordinating committee. Like Pope Paul VI, he was more liberal in social principles but sternly conservative in those of doctrine and Church government. He condemned arms races and abortion, but supported clerical celibacy and disarmament.

paragraph: He was created Cardinal-Priest of "S. Maria della Mercede e Sant'Adriano a Villa Albani" by Paul VI on June 26, 1967, during the same consistory that elevated Archbishop Karol Wojtyła of Kraków, Poland. Both were cardinal electors in the conclaves of August and October 1978. Wojtyła became Pope John Paul II in the latter conclave, and Krol served as one of his closest advisors.

paragraph: During the 1960s and 1970s, Krol governed the Archdiocese of Philadelphia through an era where the population shifted to the suburbs. Krol campaigned for the canonization of Katharine Drexel, and was present at the canonization of his Czech-born predecessor in Philadelphia, Bishop John Neumann. He made a celebrated pilgrimage to Poland in 1972, and served as President of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops from 1971 to 1974. In 1985, Krol baptized Polish Communist Party defector, Romuald Spasowski.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and legacy.

paragraph: Krol was hospitalized in 1987 for treatment of diverticulosis. Due to his ill health, he resigned as Archbishop of Philadelphia on February 11, 1988, exactly 27 years after he was appointed to the post. He was succeeded by Anthony Bevilacqua.

paragraph: Krol died at age 85 in Philadelphia, where he is buried in the crypt beneath the Cathedral-Basilica of Sts. Peter and Paul.

paragraph: Cardinal Krol was criticized for his role in the archidocese's sex abuse scandal some 10 years after his death. The Grand Jury stated that Krol knew that priests under his command were systematically molesting and raping young boys and girls but did nothing to prevent future crimes.

paragraph: E. Michael Jones published a biography of Krol in 1995 titled "John Cardinal Krol and the Cultural Revolution". The book covers Krol's early life and his time as President of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops during the turbulent times of the 1970s. In order to give Jones sources for the book, Krol allowed Jones access to the Archdiocese of Philadelphia archives.

paragraph: Section::::Views.

paragraph: Krol was widely considered to be a staunch conservative, even a "traditionalist". As described by "The New York Times", he was "an outspoken defender of traditional theology, hierarchical authority and strict church discipline." "The Philadelphia Inquirer" recalled how Krol was "[ha]iled by conservatives as a defender of the church's heritage and criticized by liberals as an opponent of change." However, despite his conservative views on doctrine and church government, he was more liberal on social principles, such as nuclear disarmament and humanitarian programs.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Abortion.

paragraph: In 1973, he called the Supreme Court's decisions overturning state laws banning abortion "an unspeakable tragedy for this nation" that "sets in motion developments which are terrifying to contemplate."

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Marriages.

paragraph: He opposed looser regulations governing marriages between Catholics and non-Catholics.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Contraception.

paragraph: He referred to the Church's condemnation of contraception, reaffirmed by Pope Paul VI in 1968, as "divine law."

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Nuclear disarmament.

paragraph: In 1979, his Congressional testimony backing talks on limiting strategic arms foreshadowed an appeal in a pastoral letter by American bishops for nuclear disarmament in 1983. At the high tide of the nuclear freeze movement in 1982, Cardinal Krol told 15,000 demonstrators at a Philadelphia rally that it was time for governments "to dismantle existing nuclear weapons." He later acknowledged that his belief in gradual and reciprocal disarmament, with strong safeguards against cheating, was probably not shared by all the demonstrators.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Second Vatican Council.

paragraph: After the close of the Second Vatican Council in 1965, he soon joined those alarmed by the pressures for change that the Council produced. He opposed many of the small accommodations or options in church discipline that gained favor after Vatican II, including looser regulations governing marriages between Catholics and non-Catholics, the reception of Communion in the hand, and attending Mass on Saturday evening instead of Sunday.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Tax credits for Catholic schools.

paragraph: In 1984, Cardinal Krol appeared with President Ronald Reagan at a campaign rally at the National Shrine of Our Lady of Czestochowa shrine in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, praising Mr. Reagan for trying to win tax credits for parents of children in religious schools. In the same year, the Cardinal delivered an invocation at the Republican National Convention in Dallas.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He could speak eleven languages.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polish American Center: John Cardinal Krol

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church profile

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: John Krol

wikipedia_title: John Krol


text:
Swedish
Swedish
king
Sverker II of Sweden
House of Sverker
Ingegerd
Bjälbo
Birger Brosa
jarl
House of Eric
Battle of Lena
Battle of Gestilren
House of Eric
Eric X of Sweden
Eric
Pope
Rome
Valdemar Sejr
Valerius
Skara
Karl
Linköping
chancellor
Visingsö
Alvastra
Eric XI of Sweden
Estonia
Order of the Sword Brothers
Baltic region
Karl Döve
Birger Brosa
Karl Magnusson
Rotalia
Lihula
Ösel
Battle of Lihula
Chronicle of Henry of Livonia
Livonian Rhymed Chronicle

categories: 1201 births,13th-century Swedish monarchs,Rulers of Finland,Swedish monarchs,Christians of the Livonian Crusade,1222 deaths

paragraph: John I of Sweden

paragraph: John I (Swedish: Johan Sverkersson; c. 1201 – March 10, 1222) was a Swedish king elected in 1216.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: John was the son of King Sverker II of Sweden of the House of Sverker and Queen Ingegerd of the Bjälbo dynasty. When he was one year old, his maternal grandfather Jarl Birger Brosa died. King Sverker appointed his son as nominal jarl in order to strengthen his own ruling powers and secure the increasingly important jarl institution. This enraged the rival House of Eric as well as some of Birger Brosa's offspring, and John was contemptuously known as the "breech-less jarl". John retained his dignity until his father King Sverker was beaten in the Battle of Lena in 1208, later to be killed in the Battle of Gestilren in 1210. His rival Erik Knutsson, from the House of Eric, became King Eric X of Sweden.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: When King Eric died suddenly in fever in 1216, the teen-aged John was hailed king by the Swedish aristocracy against the will of the Pope in Rome. The Danish King Valdemar Sejr also opposed the choice, since the posthumous son of Eric X was a nephew of his. In Sweden itself the succession did not take place without strife. The Church had a big stake in the appointment, and it is apparent that John had a number of church leaders at his side, including Archbishop Valerius, Bishop Bengt of Skara and Bishop Karl of Linköping. The last-mentioned was termed chancellor; this is the first time that the title occurs in Sweden. The young ruler was crowned in 1219 and immediately issued a charter of privileges to the Swedish bishops. The charter confirmed the privileges that his father Sverker II had issued i 1200, but expanded them. The properties of the church were to be free from royal revenue demands, and fines paid by tenants of the Church would go to the bishops.

paragraph: King John remained on the throne until his death on March 10, 1222. He died unmarried and childless, and left a favourable memory in Swedish historiography: "He was young of years and very gentle. He was king for three winters and died of illness on Visingsö. All of Sweden deeply mourned his death, that he was not allowed a longer life. And he rests in Alvastra, and God may preserve his soul in eternity". In the same year 1222, the rival dynasty's young heir, Erik Eriksson ascended the throne at the age of 6 to reign as King Eric XI of Sweden.

paragraph: Section::::Expedition to Estonia.

paragraph: During the brief reign of King John, a Swedish presence was established in Estonia. The background to this is the activities of the German Order of the Sword Brothers and the Danish King Valdemar Sejr in the still pagan Baltic region. The Swedish aristocracy wished to share the spoils, and an expedition was equipped. King John himself, his cousin, Jarl Karl Döve (the brother of Birger Brosa), and his chancellor, Bishop Karl Magnusson led the fleet to Rotalia in Estonia in 1220. The enterprise was initially successful and King John established a base in Leal (Lihula). From this stronghold the Swedish soldiers made forays to the countryside, built churches and forced the locals to accept baptism. The king then returned home. However, the expedition ended in disaster. The inhabitants of Ösel assaulted the Swedish base in the Battle of Lihula on August 8, 1220. Bishop Karl and Jarl Karl Döve fell together with almost all the Swedish defenders. The devastating defeat left no Swedish presence and discouraged the Swedish expansion to Estonia for more than 300 years. The events were described in the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia and the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harrison, Dick, "Jarlens sekel. En berättelse om 1200-talets Sverige". Stockholm: Ordfront, 2002 ().

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tunberg, Sven, "Sveriges historia till våra dagar. Andra delen: Äldre medeltiden". Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt & Söners Förlag, 1926.

description: King of Sweden

wikidata_label: John I of Sweden

wikipedia_title: John I of Sweden


text: Prince of Orange

text: Provençal

text: Bertrand of Baux

text: Occitan poetry

text: Tibors de Sarenom

text: Raimbaut d'Aurenga

text: trobairitz

text: Emperor Frederick II

text: Kingdom of Burgundy

text: Metz

text: viceroyalty

text: Avignon

text: troubadour

text: lyric poetry

text: coblas

text: sirventes

text: Gui de Cavalhon

text: razo

text: Philip Augustus

text: royal seal

text: Ademar II of Valentinois

text: Rhône

text: Raimbaut de Vaqueiras

text: Raymond I of Baux

text: William II

text: Bertrand II

text: Thor de Châteauneuf

categories: French male poets,1150s births,Princes of Orange,House of Baux,1218 deaths,Troubadours

paragraph: William I of Baux

paragraph: William I of Baux (, archaic "Guillem" or "Guilhem dels Baus"}}, or "du Baus", ; c. 1155 – June 1218) was the Prince of Orange from 1182 until his death. He was an important Provençal nobleman.

paragraph: William was the son of Bertrand of Baux, the first Prince of Orange a major patron of Occitan poetry, and Tibors de Sarenom, a sister of Raimbaut d'Aurenga and herself a trobairitz. In 1215 when the Emperor Frederick II sought to make his power effective in the Kingdom of Burgundy, he granted to William at Metz the whole "Kingdom of Arles and Vienne", probably referring to the viceroyalty of the kingdom. William was imprisoned in Avignon in the summer of 1216 and remained there until his death in June 1218. William's descendants continued to claim the Kingdom of Arles until 1393.

paragraph: William was a man of letters and a troubadour, inheriting his love of lyric poetry from his patron-composer parents. Two "coblas" and a "sirventes" are preserved of William's writings. He was also in contact with other troubadours. The lone surviving "sirventes" of Gui de Cavalhon was written against William.

paragraph: An anecdotal "razo" is preserved describing how William robbed a French merchant, who subsequently took his case to the king, Philip Augustus, but was rejected because "it had taken place too far away" (i.e. out of French jurisdiction in Provence). The merchant subsequently counterfeited the royal seal and used it to lure William to his (unnamed) city with promises of rewards. When William and his companions arrived in the city the merchant had them arrested and imprisoned until he had made amends for what he had taken. On his return to Provence, William allegedly planned to annex a piece of land ("la Osteilla" or "Estella") belonging to Ademar II of Valentinois when he was captured by Ademar's fisherman in a small boat on the Rhône. This event inspired a "cobla" from the troubadour Raimbaut de Vaqueiras, who nicknamed William "Engles" (the Englishman, for unknown reasons).

paragraph: William married Ermengarde, daughter of Raymond of Mévouillon, but divorced her on 21 March 1203. Their child, Raymond I of Baux, succeeded his father as Prince of Orange and King of Arles. William remarried to a woman named Alix. His sons by her, William II and Bertrand II, both later inherited Orange. William also had a daughter named Tibors who married Giraud III Amic, lord of Thor de Châteauneuf.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aurell, Martin. "La vielle et l'épée: Troubadours et politique en Provence au XIII siècle". Aubier, 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cook, Theodore Andrea. "Old Provence". Signal Books, 2001. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Egan, Margarita, ed. "The Vidas of the Troubadours". New York: Garland, 1984. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guida, Saverio. "Per la biografia di Gui de Cavaillon e di Bertran Folco d'Avignon." "Cultura neolatina", 32 (1972), pp. 189–210.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medieval Lands Project: Guillaume de Baux.

description: William I of Baux

wikidata_label: William I of Baux

wikipedia_title: William I of Baux


text:
fl.
Provençal
troubadour
Toulouse
Provence
Toulouse
Castile
Aragon
cansos
sirventes
tenso
partimen
Sordello
Lombardy
Montanhac
vida
Lunel
Cesare de Lollis
Dolce Stil Novo
Occitan
Italian literature
courtly love
Albigensian Crusade
Languedoc
Papal Inquisition
Cathars
planh
Pons Santolh
Riquer, Martín de
Complete works

categories: 13th-century French people,French male poets,Troubadours

paragraph: Guilhem de Montanhagol

paragraph: Guilhem (de) Montanhagol (fl. 1233–1268) was a Provençal troubadour, most likely active in Toulouse, but known in the courts of Provence, Toulouse, Castile, and Aragon. Guilhem left behind seven "cansos" and six "sirventes". He also left behind one "tenso" (specifically, a "partimen") with Sordello (perhaps suggesting a brief sojourn in Lombardy) and his total surviving output comes to fourteen pieces.

paragraph: The meaning of Guilhem's name has been debated. "Montanhagol" means "from Montanhac", but it is not known which of the several places named Montanhac that could be. For a long time it was thought that the correct form of the troubadour's name was simply "Guilhem Montanhagol", since the "de" (of) would be redundant. Contemporary documents, however, clearly use "de".

paragraph: He was of humble birth. According to his "vida" he was from Provence, though some modern scholars suspect he was a Toulousain. His "vida" records that he was "a good inventor ("trobaire") of poetry, and a great lover." His lover was a lady named Jauseranda from Lunel, the lord of which castle, Raymond Gaucelm V, Guilhem probably knew.

paragraph: His "cansos" are awkward, and he emulated the earlier troubadours, praising "mezura" (moderation) among all the virtues. He stated that "from love proceeds chastity" ("d'amor mou castitatz"), which may mean no more than that love is necessary for fidelity. He has been viewed, most ardently by Cesare de Lollis, as a precursor of the "Dolce Stil Novo" and as an important link between Occitan and Italian literature through his work with Sordello. He has been credited with an innovative picture of courtly love blended with Christian morality, and indeed he refers to "noel dig de maestria" ("a new saying of mastery"), though this is probably not an indication of any conscious reformation.

paragraph: Guilhem's political "sirventes" concern Toulousain and Spanish politics. Writing in the aftermath of the Albigensian Crusade which devastated Languedoc, Guilhem was an opponent of the Papal Inquisition, though not of the Church itself. He encouraged the gentle correction of the Cathars, but not their violent suppression by means of war.

paragraph: Guilhem was grieved in a "planh" written by his brother-in-law Pons Santolh.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Lunel lutz una luna luzens

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ar ab lo coinde pascor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Del tot vey remaner valor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bel m'es quan d'armatz aug refrim

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ges, per malvastat qu'er veya

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leu chansoneta m'er a far

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No sap per que va son joy pus tarzan

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Non an tan dig li primier trobador

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Non estarai, per ome qe-m casti

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nulhs hom no val ni deu esser prezatz

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On mais a hom de valensa

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Per lo mon fan li un dels autres rancura

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Qui vol esser agradans e plazens

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Senh'En Sordel, mandamen

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boase, Roger. "The Origin and Meaning of Courtly Love: A Critical Study of European Scholarship". Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1977.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Egan, Margarita, ed. "The Vidas of the Troubadours". New York: Garland, 1984.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gaunt, Simon, and Kay, Sarah. "Appendix I: Major Troubadours" (pp. 279–291). "The Troubadours: An Introduction". Simon Gaunt and Sarah Kay, edd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paden, William D. "Guilhem de Montanhagol" (p. 425). "Medieval France: An Encyclopedia", ed. William W. Kibler. New Jersey: Routledge University Press, 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ricketts, Peter T. "Les poésies de Guilhem de Montanhagol: troubadour provençal du XIII siècle". Pontifical Institute for Medieval Studies, 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Riquer, Martín de. "Los trovadores: historia literaria y textos". 3 vol. Barcelona: Planeta, 1975.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spiers, A. G. H. ""Vita Nuova" and "Dolce Stil Nuovo"." "Modern Language Notes", 25:2 (Feb., 1910), pp. 37–39.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spiers, A. G. H. ""Dolce Stil Nuovo"—The Case of the Opposition." "Periodical of the Modern Language Association", 25:4 (1910), pp. 657–675.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Topsfield, L. T. "The Theme of Courtly Love in the Poems of Guilhem de Montanhagol." "French Studies", 11 (1957), 127–34.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Complete works at Trobar.org

description: French troubadour and poet

wikidata_label: Guilhem de Montanhagol

wikipedia_title: Guilhem de Montanhagol


text: Russia

text: ice hockey

text: Metallurg Magnitogorsk

text: Kontinental Hockey League

text: Moscow

text: HC CSKA Moscow

text: Philadelphia Flyers

categories: HC CSKA Moscow players,1992 births,Undrafted National Hockey League players,Metallurg Magnitogorsk players,Russian ice hockey forwards,People from Tver,Living people,Philadelphia Flyers players

paragraph: Roman Lyubimov

paragraph: Roman Lyubimov (born 6 January 1992) is a Russian professional ice hockey player who is currently under contract to Metallurg Magnitogorsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: As a youth, Lyubimov played in the 2005 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a team from Moscow. He later played exclusively within the development program of HC CSKA Moscow from the age of 15. He played the first six seasons of his pro career for CSKA in the KHL. Undrafted, and following the 2015–16 season, he agreed to sign a one-year, entry-level contract with the Philadelphia Flyers on 11 July 2016.

paragraph: In the ensuing 2016–17 season, Lyubimov remained with Flyers through training camp to make the opening night roster. As a depth forward for the Flyers, Lyubimov appeared in 47 games totaling 4 goals and 6 points. With his rights retained by the Flyers, Lyubimov opted to return to CSKA after his solitary season in North America by signing a three-year contract on July 3, 2017.

paragraph: Prior to the 2018–19 season, Lyubimov was released from his contract with CSKA in order to sign a two-year deal with Metallurg Magnitogorsk on August 23, 2018.

description: Russian ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Roman Lyubimov

wikipedia_title: Roman Lyubimov


text: Norwegian

text: ice hockey

text: University of Denver

text: National Collegiate Hockey Conference

text: Omaha Lancers

text: Muskegon Lumberjacks

text: United States Hockey League

text: Calgary Flames

text: National Hockey League

text: 2018 NHL Entry Draft

text: Omaha Lancers

text: Manglerud Star

text: Lørenskog IK

text: Färjestad BK

text: South Kent School

text: United States Premier Hockey League

text: Omaha Lancers

text: United States Hockey League

text: Muskegon Lumberjacks

text: University of Denver

text: International Ice Hockey Federation

text: Norway

text: Flemming Pettersen

text: Manglerud Star

text: Spektrum Flyers

text: Norwegian league

categories: Sportspeople from Oslo,Living people,2000 births,Omaha Lancers players,South Kent School alumni,Competitors at the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics,Muskegon Lumberjacks players,Denver Pioneers men's ice hockey players,Norwegian ice hockey players,Calgary Flames draft picks

paragraph: Mathias Emilio Pettersen

paragraph: Mathias Emilio Pettersen (born April 3, 2000) is a Norwegian collegiate ice hockey player for the University of Denver of the National Collegiate Hockey Conference (NCHC). He previously played for the Omaha Lancers and Muskegon Lumberjacks of the United States Hockey League (USHL), and was selected by the Calgary Flames of the National Hockey League (NHL) in the 2018 NHL Entry Draft. He previously played for the Omaha Lancers. Pettersen's early career has been met with great expectations. His career has been covered by supporters and newspapers since he was 6 years old.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Pettersen first played minor hockey for Manglerud Star and Lørenskog IK, often at age levels several years older than his own. He was invited to move to Sweden at age 13 and join the youth program of Färjestad BK, but instead opted to move to the United States in 2013. He joined South Kent School of the United States Premier Hockey League in 2014. He spent two season with South Kent, scoring 41 points in 28 games the first season, and 65 points in 40 games the second. He signed a tender with Omaha Lancers of the United States Hockey League on 4 January 2016. After one season with Omaha, where he recorded 27 points in 57 games, Pettersen was traded to the Muskegon Lumberjacks. He has committed to joining the University of Denver in 2018.

paragraph: Section::::International play.

paragraph: Petterson's first International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) tournament was the 2016 IIHF World U18 Championship Division I. He appeared in 5 games for Norway and recorded five points. He returned for the 2017 IIHF World U18 Championship Division I, and led the tournament in scoring with 12 points in 5 games.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Pettersen's father, Flemming Pettersen, is a former ice hockey player who played for Manglerud Star and Spektrum Flyers in the Norwegian league.

description: ice hockey player (2000-)

wikidata_label: Mathias Emilio Pettersen

wikipedia_title: Mathias Emilio Pettersen