text:
Byzantine Emperor
Theophylact Rhangabe
Aegean
Prokopia
Nikephoros I
court dignity
kouropalatēs
Krum of Bulgaria
Staurakios
magistros
Theoktistos
Domestic of the Schools
Patriarch Nikephoros
Orthodox
iconoclasts
Patriarch Nikephoros
Theodore of Stoudios
Stoudios
Theophanes the Confessor
Franks
Charlemagne
imperator
basileus
Venice
Nesebar
Versinikia
Adrianople
Leo the Armenian
Leo the Armenian
Ignatios
Patriarch of Constantinople
Prokopia
Theophylact
Ignatios of Constantinople
List of Byzantine emperors

categories: 9th-century Byzantine emperors,Eastern Orthodox monks,Year of birth unknown,Nikephorian dynasty,Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars,810s in the Byzantine Empire,844 deaths

paragraph: Michael I Rangabe

paragraph: Michael I Rhangabe (, "Michaēl Rhangabe"; "c". 770 – 11 January 844) was Byzantine Emperor from 811 to 813.

paragraph: Michael was the son of the patrician Theophylact Rhangabe, the admiral of the Aegean fleet. He married Prokopia, the daughter of the future Emperor Nikephoros I, and received the high court dignity of "kouropalatēs" after his father-in-law's accession in 802.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Michael survived Nikephoros' disastrous campaign against Krum of Bulgaria, and was considered a more appropriate candidate for the throne than his severely injured brother-in-law Staurakios. When Michael's wife Prokopia failed to persuade her brother to name Michael as his successor, a group of senior officials (the "magistros" Theoktistos, the Domestic of the Schools Stephen, and Patriarch Nikephoros) forced Staurakios to abdicate in his favor on 2 October 811.

paragraph: Michael I attempted to carry out a policy of reconciliation, abandoning the exacting taxation instituted by Nikephoros I. While reducing imperial income, Michael generously distributed money to the army, the bureaucracy, and the Church. Elected with the support of the Orthodox party in the Church, Michael diligently persecuted the iconoclasts and forced the Patriarch Nikephoros to back down in his dispute with Theodore of Stoudios, the influential abbot of the monastery of Stoudios. Michael's piety won him a very positive estimation in the work of the chronicler Theophanes the Confessor.

paragraph: In 812 Michael I reopened negotiations with the Franks, and recognized Charlemagne as "imperator" and "basileus" (Emperor), but not Emperor of the Romans. In exchange for that recognition, Venice was returned to the Empire. However, under the influence of Theodore, Michael rejected the peace terms offered by Krum and provoked the capture of Mesembria (Nesebar) by the Bulgarians. After an initial success in spring 813, Michael's army prepared for a major engagement at Versinikia near Adrianople in June. The imperial army was defeated, while Leo the Armenian fled from the battle. With conspiracy in the air, Michael preempted events by abdicating on 11 July 813 in favor of the general Leo the Armenian and becoming a monk (under the name Athanasios). His sons were castrated and relegated into monasteries, one of them, Niketas (renamed Ignatios), eventually becoming Patriarch of Constantinople. Michael died 11 January 844.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: By his wife Prokopia, Michael I had at least five children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gorgo (f)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theophylact, co-emperor from 812 to 813.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Niketas, later Patriarch Ignatios of Constantinople.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Staurakios (m)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theophano (f)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Treadgold, W. A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Stanford University Press; 1 edition (1 November 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gregory, T., A History of Byzantium (Blackwell History of the Ancient World), Wiley-Blackwell (11 March 2005)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Byzantine emperors

description: byzantine emperor

wikidata_label: Michael I Rangabe

wikipedia_title: Michael I Rangabe


text:
Byzantine Emperor
Amorian (or Phrygian) dynasty
Macedonian dynasty
Theophilos
Theodora
minority
regency
Theoktistos
iconodule
Patriarch John VII of Constantinople
Patriarch Methodius I of Constantinople
iconoclasm
Bardas
Caesar
Petronas
Abbasids
Pamphylia
Crete
Syria
Arab
Paulicians
Thrace
Constantine VII
Peloponnese
Bulgarian Empire
Plovdiv
Develtus
Zagora
Franks
Louis the German
Croatians
Emir
Umar al-Aqta
Melitene
Samosata
attack
Rus'
Constantinople
battle of Lalakaon
Christianisation of Bulgaria
Photios
university
Ignatios
Council of Constantinople
Pope Nicholas I
filioque
Saints Cyril and Methodios
Khazar
Khagan
Judaism
Great Moravia
Glagolitic
Slavonic
Boris I of Bulgaria
Christianity
Frankish
Bulgaria
Byzantine rite
Eudokia Dekapolitissa
Eudokia Ingerina
Varangian
Basil the Macedonian
Leo
chariot races
Basiliskianos
assassinated
Church of the Holy Apostles
nomismata
Abbasid Caliphate
Eudokia Dekapolitissa
Eudokia Ingerina
Basil I
Leo VI
Stephen I
List of Byzantine emperors
Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium

categories: 9th-century Byzantine emperors,Deaths by blade weapons,Medieval child rulers,867 deaths,850s in the Byzantine Empire,Burials at the Church of the Holy Apostles,Assassinated Byzantine emperors,Phrygian dynasty,Byzantine people of the Arab–Byzantine wars,9th-century murdered monarchs,840 births,840s in the Byzantine Empire,860s in the Byzantine Empire

paragraph: Michael III

paragraph: Michael III (, "Mikhaēl III"; January 19, 840 – September 23/24, 867) was Byzantine Emperor from 842 to 867. Michael III was the third and traditionally last member of the Amorian (or Phrygian) dynasty. He was given the disparaging epithet "the Drunkard" () by the hostile historians of the succeeding Macedonian dynasty, but modern historical research has rehabilitated his reputation to some extent, demonstrating the vital role his reign played in the resurgence of Byzantine power in the 9th century.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life and regency.

paragraph: Michael was the youngest child of the emperor Theophilos and his empress Theodora. Already crowned co-ruler by his father in his infancy in 840, Michael had just turned two years old when his father died and Michael succeeded him as sole emperor on January 20, 842.

paragraph: During his minority, the empire was governed by a regency headed by his mother Theodora, her uncle Sergios, and the minister Theoktistos. The empress had iconodule sympathies and deposed Patriarch John VII of Constantinople, replacing him with the iconodule Patriarch Methodius I of Constantinople in 843. This put an end to the second spell of iconoclasm.

paragraph: As the emperor was growing up, the courtiers around him fought for influence. Increasingly fond of his uncle Bardas, Michael invested him with the title "kaisar" (Caesar – at the time a title second only to emperor) and allowed him to murder Theoktistos in November 855. With the support of Bardas and another uncle, a successful general named Petronas, Michael III overthrew the regency on March 15, 856 and relegated his mother and sisters to a monastery in 857.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Warfare.

paragraph: The internal stabilization of the state was not entirely matched along the frontiers. Byzantine forces were defeated by the Abbasids in Pamphylia, Crete, and on the border with Syria, but a Byzantine fleet of 85 ships did score a victory over the Arabs in 853. There were also many operations around the Aegean and off the Syrian coast by at least three more fleets, numbering 300 ships total. Following an expedition led by Michael's uncle and general, Petronas, against the Paulicians from the eastern frontier and the Arab borderlands in 856, the imperial government resettled them in Thrace, thus cutting them off from their coreligionists and populating another border region. Michael was also responsible, as per the writings of Constantine VII, for the subjugation of the Slavs settled in the Peloponnese.

paragraph: A conflict between the Byzantines and Bulgarian Empire occurred during 855 and 856. The Byzantine Empire wanted to regain its control over some areas of Thrace, including Philippopolis (Plovdiv) and the ports around the Gulf of Burgas on the Black Sea. Byzantine forces, led by the emperor and the caesar Bardas, were successful in reconquering a number of cities – Philippopolis, Develtus, Anchialus and Mesembria among them – as well as the region of Zagora. At the time of this campaign the Bulgarians were distracted by a war with the Franks under Louis the German and the Croatians. In 853 Boris had allied himself to Rastislav of Moravia against the Franks. The Bulgarians were heavily defeated by the Franks, following this the Moravians changed sides and the Bulgarians then faced threats from Moravia.

paragraph: Michael III took an active part in the wars against the Abbasids and their vassals on the eastern frontier from 856 to 863, and particularly in 857 when he sent an army of 50,000 men against Emir Umar al-Aqta of Melitene. In 859, he personally led a siege on Samosata, but in 860 had to abandon the expedition to repel an attack by the Rus' on Constantinople. In 863, Petronas defeated and killed the emir of Melitene at the battle of Lalakaon, and celebrated a triumph in the capital.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:The ascendency of Bardas and the Christianisation of Bulgaria.

paragraph: Bardas justified his usurpation of the regency by introducing various internal reforms. Under the influence of both Bardas and Photios, Michael presided over the reconstruction of ruined cities and structures, the reopening of closed monasteries, and the reorganization of the imperial university at the Maganaura palace under Leo the Mathematician. Photios, originally a layman, had entered holy orders and was promoted to the position of patriarch on the dismissal of the troublesome Ignatios in 858. This created a schism within the Church and, although a Council of Constantinople in 861 confirmed Photios as patriarch, Ignatios appealed to Pope Nicholas I, who declared Photios illegitimate in 863. Michael presided over a synod in 867 in which Photios and the three other eastern patriarchs excommunicated Pope Nicholas and condemned the Latin "filioque" clause concerning the procession of the Holy Spirit. The conflict over the patriarchal throne and supreme authority within the church was exacerbated by the success of the active missionary efforts launched by Photios.

paragraph: Under the guidance of Patriarch Photios, Michael sponsored the mission of Saints Cyril and Methodios to the Khazar Khagan in an effort to stop the expansion of Judaism among the Khazars. Although this mission was a failure, their next mission in 863 secured the conversion of Great Moravia and devised the Glagolitic alphabet for writing in Slavonic thus allowing Slavic-speaking peoples to approach conversion to Orthodox Christianity through their own rather than an alien tongue.

paragraph: Fearing the potential conversion of Boris I of Bulgaria to Christianity under Frankish influence, Michael III and the Caesar Bardas invaded Bulgaria, imposing the conversion of Boris according to the Byzantine rite as part of the peace settlement in 864. Michael III stood as sponsor, by proxy, for Boris at his baptism. Boris took the additional name of Michael at the ceremony. The Byzantines also allowed the Bulgarians to reclaim the contested border region of Zagora. The conversion of the Bulgarians has been evaluated as one of the greatest cultural and political achievements of the Byzantine Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:The rise of Basil the Macedonian and the assassination of Michael.

paragraph: Michael III's marriage with Eudokia Dekapolitissa was childless, but the emperor did not want to risk a scandal by attempting to marry his mistress Eudokia Ingerina, daughter of the Varangian (Norse) imperial guard Inger. The solution he chose was to have Ingerina marry his favorite courtier and chamberlain Basil the Macedonian. While Michael carried on his relationship with Ingerina, Basil was kept satisfied with the emperor's sister Thekla, whom her brother retrieved from a monastery. Basil gained increasing influence over Michael, and in April 866 he convinced the emperor that the Caesar Bardas was conspiring against him and was duly allowed to murder Bardas. Now without serious rivals, Basil was crowned co-emperor on 26 May 866 and was adopted by the much younger Michael III. This curious development may have been intended to legitimize the eventual succession to the throne of Eudokia Ingerina's son Leo, who was widely believed to be Michael's son. Michael celebrated the birth of Leo with public chariot races, a sport he enthusiastically patronized and participated in.

paragraph: If ensuring Leo's legitimacy had been Michael's plan, it backfired. Ostensibly troubled by the favour Michael was beginning to show to another courtier, named Basiliskianos, whom he threatened to raise as another co-emperor, Basil had Michael assassinated as he lay insensible in his bedchamber following a drinking bout in September 867. Basil with a number of his male relatives, plus other accomplices, entered Michael's apartment; the locks had been tampered with and no guard had been placed. Michael's end was grisly; a man named John of Chaldia killed him, cutting off both the emperor's hands with a sword before finishing him off with a thrust to the heart. Basil, as the sole remaining emperor (Basiliskianos had presumably been disposed of at the same time as Michael), automatically succeeded as the ruling "basileus".

paragraph: Michael's remains were buried in the Philippikos Monastery at Chrysopolis on the Asian shore of the Bosphoros. When Leo VI became ruling emperor in 886, one of his first acts was to have Michael's body exhumed and reburied, with great ceremony, in the imperial mausoleum in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The reign and personality of Michael III are difficult to evaluate because of the hostile accounts written by Byzantine authors operating under Basil I and his successors. Byzantine accounts describe Michael's habitual drunkenness, his obsession with chariot racing and his orchestration of public displays mocking the processions and rituals of the church. The impression gained from Arab sources, however, is one of Michael as an active and often successful military commander.

paragraph: Though Michael III was allegedly prone to squander money, his reign stabilized the economy, and by the year 850 the empire's annual revenues had increased to 3,300,000 "nomismata". The definitive end to iconoclasm early in his reign led, unsurprisingly, to a renaissance in visual arts. The Empire made considerable advances in internal organisation and religious cohesion, and it had more than held its own against the Abbasid Caliphate. Most importantly Bulgaria had been transformed into a religious and cultural satellite of Byzantium. Much of the credit for these achievements, however, must go to Theodora and Theoktistos up to 855, and Bardas and Petronas thereafter.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Michael III had no children by his wife Eudokia Dekapolitissa but was conjectured to have fathered one or two sons by his mistress Eudokia Ingerina, who was married to Basil I:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leo VI, who succeeded Basil I as emperor in 886

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stephen I, patriarch of Constantinople

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Byzantine emperors

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ahrweiler, H. and Laiou, A.E. (1998) "Studies on the Internal Diaspora of the Byzantine Empire", Dumbarton Oaks.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bulgarian historical review (2005), United Center for Research and Training in History, Published by Pub. House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, v.33:no.1-4.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fine, John, V.A. (1983), The Early Medieval Balkans, Ann Arbor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finlay, G. (1856), History of the Byzantine Empire from DCCXVI to MLVII, 2nd Edition, Published by W. Blackwood.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fossier, R. (1986) "The Cambridge illustrated history of the Middle Ages" Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gjuzelev, V., (1988) Medieval Bulgaria, Byzantine Empire, Black Sea, Venice, Genoa (Centre Culturel du Monde Byzantin). Published by Verlag Baier.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gregory, Timothy E. (2010). A History of Byzantium. Malden, Massachusetts and West Sussex, United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium", Oxford University Press, 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mango, Cyril, "Eudocia Ingerina, the Normans, and the Macedonian Dynasty," "Zbornik Radova Vizantološkog Instituta", XIV-XV, 1973, 17–27.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tougher, S. (1997) "The Reign of Leo VI (886–912): Politics and People." Brill, Leiden.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. .

alias:
Michael the Drunkard
Michael III the Drunkard

description: Byzantine emperor

wikidata_label: Michael III

wikipedia_title: Michael III


text:
Byzantine Emperor
Amorium
Leo V the Armenian
Michael I Rangabe
Thomas the Slav
Muslim conquest of Sicily
loss of Crete to the Saracens
iconoclasm
Amorium
Phrygia
Athinganoi
Cappadocia
Greeks
Armenians
Byzantine army
spatharios
Bardanes Tourkos
Leo the Armenian
Thomas the Slav
Thekla
Nikephoros I
Count of the Tent
Michael I Rangabe
tagma
Excubitors
Christmas Eve
Patriarch Theodotos I of Constantinople
iconoclasm
iconodule
Patriarch Nikephoros
Theodore of Stoudios
Methodios I
Thomas the Slav
Anatolia
Thrace
Constantinople
Al-Ma'mun
Abbasid
Caliphate
Patriarch of Antioch
Job
Omurtag of Bulgaria
Lüleburgaz
conquest
Crete
Arab
Sicily
Syracuse
Theophilos
Theophobos
George Hamartolus
Theodora
Joseph Genesius
Euphrosyne
Constantine VI
Maria of Amnia
Michael III
Amorian dynasty
Macedonian dynasty
Byzantine Renaissance
List of Byzantine emperors
Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium

categories: 9th-century Byzantine emperors,Protostratores,People from Amorium,770 births,829 deaths,Phrygian dynasty,810s in the Byzantine Empire,Eastern Orthodox monarchs,Byzantine Iconoclasm

paragraph: Michael II

paragraph: Michael II (, "Mikhaēl II"), (770- 829), surnamed the Amorian () or the Stammerer (ὁ Τραυλός or ὁ Ψελλός), reigned as Byzantine Emperor from 25 December 820 to his death on 2 October 829, the first ruler of the Phrygian or Amorian dynasty.

paragraph: Born in Amorium, Michael was a soldier, rising to high rank along with his colleague Leo V the Armenian (r. 813–820). He helped Leo overthrow and take the place of Emperor Michael I Rangabe. However, after they fell out Leo sentenced Michael to death. Michael then masterminded a conspiracy which resulted in Leo's assassination at Christmas in 820. Immediately he faced the long revolt of Thomas the Slav, which almost cost him his throne and was not completely quelled until spring 824. The later years of his reign were marked by two major military disasters that had long-term effects: the beginning of the Muslim conquest of Sicily, and the loss of Crete to the Saracens. Domestically, he supported and strengthened the resumption of official iconoclasm, which had begun again under Leo V.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Michael was born in 770 in Amorium, in Phrygia, into a family of professional peasant-soldiers who received land from the government for their military service. His family belonged to the Judeo-Christian sect of the "Athinganoi", whose members were Cappadocians and had adopted the Jewish faith and rituals. The "Athinganoi" were numerous in Anatolia and together with the Greeks and Armenians formed the backbone of the Byzantine army of that era.

paragraph: Michael first rose to prominence as a close aide ("spatharios") to the general Bardanes Tourkos, alongside his future antagonists Leo the Armenian and Thomas the Slav. He married Bardanes' daughter Thekla, while Leo married another daughter. Michael and Leo abandoned Bardanes shortly after he rebelled against Emperor Nikephoros I in 803, and they were rewarded with higher military commands: Michael was named the Emperor's Count of the Tent. Michael was instrumental in Leo's overthrow of Michael I Rangabe in 813, after Rangabe’s repeated military defeats against the Bulgarians. Under Leo V, Michael was appointed to command the elite "tagma" of the Excubitors.

paragraph: He became disgruntled with Leo V, however, when the Emperor divorced Michael's sister-in-law. On Christmas Eve 820, Leo V accused him of conspiracy, jailed him, and sentenced him to death, although he postponed the execution until after Christmas. Michael sent messages to his co-conspirators threatening to reveal their identity, whereupon his partisans freed him and murdered Leo V during the Christmas mass in the palace chapel of St. Stephen.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Michael was immediately proclaimed Emperor, while still wearing prison chains on his legs. Later the same day, he was crowned by Patriarch Theodotos I of Constantinople. In his internal policy, Michael II supported iconoclasm, but he tacitly encouraged reconciliation with the iconodules, whom he generally stopped persecuting and allowed to return from exile. These included the former Patriarch Nikephoros and Theodore of Stoudios, who failed, however, to persuade the emperor to abandon iconoclasm. One of the few victims of the Emperor's policy was the future patriarch Methodios I.

paragraph: Michael's accession whetted the appetite of his former comrade-in-arms Thomas the Slav, who set himself up as rival emperor in Anatolia and successfully transferred his forces into Thrace, effectively besieging the capital in December 821. Although Thomas did not win over all the Anatolian themes, he secured the support of the naval theme and their ships, allowing him to tighten his grip on Constantinople. In his quest for support, Thomas presented himself as a champion of the poor, reduced taxation, and concluded an alliance with Al-Ma'mun of the Abbasid Caliphate, having himself crowned Emperor by the Patriarch of Antioch Job.

paragraph: With the support of Omurtag of Bulgaria, Michael II forced Thomas to lift his siege of Constantinople in the spring of 823. Michael besieged Thomas in Arkadiopolis (Lüleburgaz) and forced his surrender in October. Michael inherited a seriously weakened military and was unable to prevent the conquest of Crete in 824 by 10,000 Arabs (who had 40 ships), or to recover the island with an expedition in 826. In 827 the Arabs also invaded Sicily, taking advantage of local infighting, and besieged Syracuse.

paragraph: Thekla and Michael had only one known son, the Emperor Theophilos (813 – 20 January 842). The existence of a daughter called Helena is possible but there is a contradiction between different sources. Helena is known as the wife of Theophobos, a patrician executed in 842 for conspiring to gain the throne for himself. George Hamartolus and Theophanes report him marrying the sister of the Empress Theodora. Joseph Genesius records Theophobos marrying the sister of the Emperor Theophilos. Whether Helena was sister or sister-in-law to Theophilos is thus unclear.

paragraph: After the death of Thekla, in c. 823, Michael II married Euphrosyne, a daughter of Constantine VI and Maria of Amnia. This marriage was probably intended to strengthen Michael's position as Emperor, but it incurred the opposition of the clergy, as Euphrosyne had previously become a nun. Michael II died on October 2, 829.

paragraph: Because of his Judeo-Christian origin and iconoclasm, Michael II was not popular among Orthodox clergy, who depicted him as an ignorant and poorly educated peasant, but Michael II was a competent statesman and administrator. Though the civil war his accession precipitated gravely weakened the imperial government, by the end of his reign he had begun a restoration of the Byzantine military. The system of government and military built by Michael II enabled the Empire under his grandson Michael III to gain the ascendancy in their struggles with the Abbasids and to withstand all the vicissitudes of Byzantine palace life. Michael II's direct descendants, the Amorian dynasty followed by the so-called Macedonian dynasty, ruled the Empire for more than two centuries, inaugurating the Byzantine Renaissance of the 9th and 10th centuries.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Byzantine emperors

paragraph: Section::::References.

alias:
Michael the Amorian
Michael the Stammerer
Michael II the Amorian
Michael II the Stammerer

description: Byzantine emperor

wikidata_label: Michael II

wikipedia_title: Michael II


text:
Byzantine emperor
Joseph Bringas
Romanos II
military finance minister
Theodora
Leo Paraspondylos
Theodosios
Constantine IX
Nikephoros Bryennios
Cappadocia
Isaac Komnenos
Paphlagonia
Battle of Petroe
Nicaea
Constantinople
Michael Psellos
Caesar
Michael Keroularios
Michael Psellus
List of Byzantine emperors

categories: Eastern Orthodox monks,Place of birth unknown,Monarchs who abdicated,11th-century Byzantine emperors,Year of birth unknown,1050s deaths,Eastern Orthodox monarchs

paragraph: Michael VI Bringas

paragraph: Michael VI Bringas (, "Mikhaēl VI Bringas"), called "Stratiotikos" or "Stratioticus" ("the Military One", "the Warlike", or "the Bellicose") or "Gerontas" ("the Old"), reigned as Byzantine emperor from 1056 to 1057.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Apparently a relative of the powerful courtier Joseph Bringas (influential during the reign of Romanos II), Michael Bringas was an elderly patrician and a member of the court bureaucracy who had served as military finance minister (and hence the epithet "Stratiotikos"). Michael Bringas was chosen by the empress Theodora as her successor shortly before her death on August 31, 1056. The appointment had been secured through the influence of Leo Paraspondylos, Theodora's most trusted adviser.

paragraph: Although Michael managed to survive a conspiracy organized by Theodosios, a nephew of the former emperor Constantine IX Monomachos, he was faced with the disaffection of the military aristocracy. His most costly error was to ignore the perceived rights of the general Nikephoros Bryennios, whom he restored to his former rank after his falling out with the Empress Theodora, but refused to restore his wealth and estates. After dismissing Bryennios's grievances in an audience, the emperor completely alienated the military, which remained a powerful element of society. Michael compounded his error by rebuffing Bryennios after he had already ordered the restored general to lead a division of 3,000 men to reinforce the army in Cappadocia. From here Bryennios began plotting to overthrow Michael VI, and it was his capture that precipitated the military nobility to rally around the general Isaac Komnenos, who was proclaimed emperor in Paphlagonia on 8 June 1057.

paragraph: Although Michael lost heart, the bureaucrats around him attempted to defend their position and assembled an army against the rebels. On 26 August 1057, the government's army was routed at the Battle of Petroe near Nicaea, and Isaac Komnenos advanced on Constantinople. Michael VI attempted to negotiate with the rebels through the famous courtier Michael Psellos, offering to adopt Isaac as his son and to grant him the title of "kaisar" (Caesar), but his proposals were publicly rejected. Privately Isaac showed himself more open to negotiation, and he was promised the status of co-emperor. However, during the course of these secret negotiations, a riot in favor of Isaac broke out in Constantinople. Patriarch Michael Keroularios convinced Michael VI to abdicate in Isaac's favor on 31 August 1057. The emperor duly followed the patriarch's advice and became a monk. He retired to his private home and died there by 1059.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.:Primary Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Psellus, "Chronographia".

paragraph: Section::::Sources.:Secondary Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Finlay, "History of the Byzantine Empire from 716 – 1057", William Blackwood & Sons, 1853

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Byzantine emperors

description: Byzantine emperor

wikidata_label: Michael VI Bringas

wikipedia_title: Michael VI Bringas


text:
Byzantine emperor
Constantinople
Constantine X Doukas
Eudokia Makrembolitissa
Konstantios Doukas
Romanos Diogenes
Andronikos
Alp Arslan
Seljuk Turks
Battle of Manzikert
John Doukas
Michael Psellos
Nikephoritzes
Bari
Italy
Normans
Robert Guiscard
Bulgaria
Asia Minor
Seljuk Turks
Alexios I Komnenos
Caesar
Malik Shah I
Nikephoros Bryennios
Nikephoros Botaneiates
Monastery of Stoudios
metropolitan of Ephesus
Song China
Byzantine embassies
Tang Empire
Wenxian Tongkao
Ma Duanlin
History of Song
Byzantium
Song dynasty
Emperor Shenzong of Song
Constantine X
dux
Paradounavon
Pechenegs
Constantinople
Philaretos Brachamios
Caesar John Doukas
Nikephoros Bryennios
Nikephoros Botaneiates
Maria of Alania
Bagrat IV of Georgia
Constantine Doukas
List of Byzantine emperors
Michael Psellus
Michael Attaleiates
John Skylitzes
Anna Komnene
Coins of Michael VII

categories: Doukid dynasty,Monarchs who abdicated,11th-century Byzantine emperors,11th-century Eastern Orthodox bishops,1090s deaths,1050s births,Eastern Orthodox monarchs,Studite monks,Bishops of Ephesus

paragraph: Michael VII Doukas

paragraph: Michael VII Doukas or Dukas/Ducas (, "Mikhaēl VII Doukas"), nicknamed Parapinakes (, lit. "minus a quarter", with reference to the devaluation of the Byzantine currency under his rule), was Byzantine emperor from 1071 to 1078.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Michael VII was born 1050 in Constantinople, the eldest son of Constantine X Doukas and Eudokia Makrembolitissa. He was associated with his father on the throne late in 1059, together with or shortly before his newly born brother Konstantios Doukas. When Constantine X died in 1067, Michael VII was 17 years old and should have been able to rule by himself. He exhibited little interest in politics, however, and his mother Eudokia and uncle John Doukas governed the empire as effective regents.

paragraph: On January 1, 1068, Eudokia married the general Romanos Diogenes, who now became senior co-emperor alongside Michael VII, Konstantios, and another brother, Andronikos. When Romanos IV was defeated and captured by Alp Arslan of the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Manzikert in August 1071, Michael VII remained in the background, while the initiative was taken by his uncle John Doukas and his tutor Michael Psellos. They conspired to keep Romanos from regaining power after his release from captivity, while Michael felt no obligation to honor the agreement that Romanos struck with the Sultan. After the dispatch of Eudokia to a monastery, Michael VII was crowned again on October 24, 1071 as senior emperor.

paragraph: Although still advised by Michael Psellos and John Doukas, Michael VII became increasingly reliant on his finance minister Nikephoritzes. The emperor's chief interests, shaped by Psellos, were in academic pursuits, and he allowed Nikephoritzes to increase both taxation and luxury spending without properly financing the army. As an emperor he was incompetent, surrounded by sycophantic court officials, and blind to the empire collapsing around him. In dire straits, imperial officials resorted to property confiscations and even expropriated some of the wealth of the church. The underpaid army tended to mutiny, and the Byzantines lost Bari, their last possession in Italy, to the Normans of Robert Guiscard in 1071. Simultaneously, they faced a serious revolt in the Balkans, where they faced an attempt for the restoration of the Bulgarian state. Although this revolt was suppressed by the general Nikephoros Bryennios, the Byzantine Empire was unable to recover its losses in Asia Minor.

paragraph: After Manzikert, the Byzantine government sent a new army to contain the Seljuk Turks under Isaac Komnenos, a brother of the future emperor Alexios I Komnenos, but this army was defeated and its commander captured in 1073. The problem was made worse by the desertion of the Byzantines' western mercenaries, who became the object of the next military expedition in the area, led by the "Caesar" John Doukas. This campaign also ended in failure, and its commander was likewise captured by the enemy. The victorious mercenaries now forced John Doukas to stand as pretender to the throne. The government of Michael VII was forced to recognize the conquests of the Seljuks in Asia Minor in 1074, and to seek their support. A new army under Alexios Komnenos, reinforced by Seljuk troops sent by Malik Shah I, finally defeated the mercenaries and captured John Doukas in 1074.

paragraph: These misfortunes caused widespread dissatisfaction, exacerbated by the devaluation of the currency, which gave the emperor his nickname "Parapinakēs", "minus a quarter". In 1078 two generals, Nikephoros Bryennios and Nikephoros Botaneiates, simultaneously revolted in the Balkans and Anatolia, respectively. Botaneiates gained the support of the Seljuk Turks, and he reached Constantinople first. Michael VII resigned the throne with hardly a struggle on March 31, 1078 and retired into the Monastery of Stoudios. He later became metropolitan of Ephesus and died in Constantinople in c. 1090.

paragraph: Before his resignation from the throne, Michael VII may have sent an embassy to Song China, following a series of Byzantine embassies to the earlier Tang Empire of China. From the "Wenxian Tongkao", written by Chinese historian Ma Duanlin (1245–1322), and the "History of Song" it is known that the Byzantine emperor Michael VII Parapinakēs Caesar ("Mie li sha ling kai sa" 滅力沙靈改撒) of "Fu lin" (i.e. Byzantium) sent an embassy to China's Song dynasty that arrived in November 1081, during the reign of Emperor Shenzong of Song (r. 1067–1085). The "History of Song" mentions how the Byzantine diplomat and official named "Ni-si-tu-ling-si-meng-p'an" offered saddled horses, sword-blades, and real pearls as tributary gifts to the Song court.

paragraph: Section::::Usurpers.

paragraph: Various usurpers attempted to overthrow Michael VII or rule parts of the empire. These included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nestor – A former slave of Constantine X, Nestor had been promoted to become the dux of Paradounavon, a region bordering the Danube. Having had much of his property and wealth confiscated by the minister Nikephoritzes, he rebelled in around 1076, placing himself at the head of the garrisons under his command, which were already in a state of mutiny due to an arrears in their pay. The troops were eager to plunder the Bulgarians, and Nestor obtained the assistance of one of the chiefs of the Pechenegs before marching onto Constantinople. The rebels demanded the dismissal of Nikephoritzes, but discovering that he didn't have the numbers to attack the capital, Nestor's troops separated into smaller parties and proceeded to plunder Thrace. Defeated by Alexios Komnenos in 1078, Nestor remained with the Pechenegs, and retreated with them back to Paradunavum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philaretos Brachamios

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caesar John Doukas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nikephoros Bryennios

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nikephoros Botaneiates

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Michael VII Doukas married Maria of Alania, daughter of King Bagrat IV of Georgia. By her he had at least one son, Constantine Doukas, co-emperor from c. 1075 to 1078 and from 1081 to 1087/8. He died c. 1095.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Byzantine emperors

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- see also

paragraph: Attribution:

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Attaleiates, "The Histories".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pseudo-John Skylitzes, "Scylitzes Continuatus".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anna Komnene, "The Alexiad".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coins of Michael VII

description: Byzantine emperor

wikidata_label: Michael VII Doukas

wikipedia_title: Michael VII Doukas


text:
Neo-Confucian
Tokugawa "bakufu"
Edo period
Hayashi clan
Hayashi Razan
rector
Shōhei-kō
Yushima Seidō
Tokugawa shogunate
Daigaku-no-kami
Nihon Ōdai Ichiran
Hayashi Hōkō
Hayashi clan (Confucian scholars)
University of British Columbia Press
University of Tokyo Press
Keene
Travelers of a Hundred Ages
Columbia University Press
Harvard University Press
Screech
RoutledgeCurzon

wikipedia_title:
Neo-Confucianism
Tokugawa shogunate
Edo period
Hayashi clan (Confucian scholars)
Hayashi Razan
Rector (academia)
Yushima Seidō
Yushima Seidō
Tokugawa shogunate
Daigaku-no-kami
Nihon Ōdai Ichiran
Hayashi Hōkō
Hayashi clan (Confucian scholars)
University of British Columbia Press
University of Tokyo Press
Donald Keene
Travelers of a Hundred Ages
Columbia University Press
Harvard University Press
Timon Screech
Routledge

categories: Confucianism in Japan,Japanese Confucianists,Japanese philosophers,1618 births,Advisors to Tokugawa shoguns,Japanese writers of the Edo period

paragraph: Hayashi Gahō

paragraph: , also known as Hayashi Shunsai, was a Japanese Neo-Confucian scholar, teacher and administrator in the system of higher education maintained by the Tokugawa "bakufu" during the Edo period. He was a member of the Hayashi clan of Confucian scholars.

paragraph: Following in the footsteps of his father, Hayashi Razan, Gahō (formerly Harukatsu) would devote a lifetime to expressing and disseminating the official neo-Confucian doctrine of the Tokugawa shogunate. Like his distinguished father, Gahō's teaching and scholarly written work emphasized Neo-Confucianist virtues and order.

paragraph: Section::::Academician.

paragraph: Gahō became the unofficial rector of what would become Edo’s Confucian Academy, the Shōhei-kō (afterwards known as the Yushima Seidō). This institution stood at the apex of the country-wide educational and training system which was created and maintained by the Tokugawa shogunate. Gahō's hereditary title was "Daigaku-no-kami," which, in the context of the Tokugawa shogunate hierarchy, effectively translates as "head of the state university."

paragraph: In the elevated context his father engendered, Gahō worked on editing a chronicle of Japanese emperors compiled in conformance with his father's principles. "Nihon Ōdai Ichiran" grew into a seven-volume text which was completed in 1650. Gahō himself was accepted as a noteworthy scholar in that period; but the potent Shōhei-kō and Hayashi family links to the work’s circulation are part of the explanation for this work's 18th and 19th century popularity. Contemporary readers must have found some degree of usefulness in this summary drawn from historical records.

paragraph: The narrative of "Nihon Ōdai Ichiran" stops around 1600, most likely in deference to the sensibilities of the Tokugawa regime. Gahō's text did not continue up through his present day; rather, he terminated the chronicles just before the last pre-Tokugawa ruler. Gahō modestly observed that "in a book intended for the shogun's eyes, it is incumbent upon one to be circumspect." This book was published in the mid-17th century and it was reissued in 1803, "perhaps because it was a necessary reference work for officials."

paragraph: Gahō would become his father's successor as advisor to the shogun. He was, in his lifetime, the Tokugawa shogunate's chief scholar. After Razan's death, Gahō finished work his father had begun, including a number of other works designed to help readers learn from Japan's history. In 1665, Gahō published an anthology of historical poems ("Honchō Ichinin Isshu"). In 1670, the Hayashi family's scholarly reputation was burnished when Gahō published the 310 volumes of .

paragraph: Together with his brother, Hayashi Dokkōsai (formerly Morikatsu), Gahō compiled, edited and posthumously published selections from their father's body of writings:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hayashi Razan bunshū" ("The Collected Works of Hayashi Razan"), reissued in 1918

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Razan Sensei Isshū" (Master Razan's Poems"), reissued in 1921

paragraph: Gahō's son, Hayashi Hōkō (formerly Nobuatsu), would eventually inherit the position as head of the Shōhei-kō or Yushima Seidō, as well as the honorific "Daigaku-no kami;" and his progeny would continue the Hayashi traditions.

paragraph: In January 1858, it would be the hereditary "Daigaku-no-kami" descendant of Hayashi Razan and Hayashi Gahō who would head the bakufu delegation which sought advice from the emperor in deciding how to deal with newly assertive foreign powers. This would have been the first time the Emperor's counsel was actively sought since the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate. The most easily identified consequence of this transitional overture would be the increased numbers of messengers which were constantly streaming back and forth between Tokyo and Kyoto during the next decade. There is no small irony in the fact that this 19th-century scholar/bureaucrat would find himself at a crucial nexus of managing political change—moving arguably "by the book" through uncharted waters with well-settled theories as the only guide.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kan'ei shoka keizu-den" (with Hayashi Razan), a genealogy of warrior families.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Honchō tsugan" (with Haayshi Razan), a history of Japan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kokushi jitsuroki".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nihon Ōdai ichiran".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kan'ei keizu" (1643).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hayashi clan (Confucian scholars)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brownlee, John S. (1997) "Japanese historians and the national myths, 1600–1945: The Age of the Gods and Emperor Jimmu." Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brownlee, John S. (1991). "Political Thought in Japanese Historical Writing: From Kojiki (712) to Tokushi Yoron (1712)." Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keene, Donald. (1999). "Travelers of a Hundred Ages: The Japanese as Revealed through 1,000 Years of Diaries." New York: Columbia University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). "Japan Encyclopedia." Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 48943301

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard A. B. (1956). "Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794–1869." Kyoto: The Ponsonby Memorial Society.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Screech, Timon. (2006). "Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822." London: RoutledgeCurzon.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- -- Tokyo's "Shōhei-kō" (Yushima Sedō) today

alias:
Hayashi Gaho
Hayashi Gahou

description: Japanese philosopher

wikidata_label: Hayashi Gahō

wikipedia_title: Hayashi Gahō


text:
Date Tadamune
Daitō, Iwate
Katakura Kagenaga
genpuku
Date Tsunamura
Tamura Tatsuaki
Ichinoseki Domain
courtesy title
Court rank
shōgun
Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
chamberlain
Aoba Castle
paper currency
sankin-kōtai
ryō
Nikkō Tōshō-gū
land reform
Fushin bugyō
Kansai region
Date Munemura
Ikeda Tsugumasa
Date Munemura
Katakura Murakiyo
Papinot, Edmond
Sendai Domain on "Edo 300 HTML"

categories: Tozama daimyo,Date clan,1752 deaths,1680 births

paragraph: Date Yoshimura

paragraph: Yoshimura was the eldest son of Date Munefusa (the 8th son of Date Tadamune, who had established a branch of the clan. He was born in what is now part of the village of Daitō, Iwate in the northern part of the domain, and his childhood name was Sukesaburo (助三郎). His mother was the daughter of Katakura Kagenaga. He became head of his household on 13 January 1686 on the death of his father, and underwent the "genpuku" ceremony in December 1690, receiving the name of . In 1693, when the clansmen and senior retainers petitioned Date Tsunamura to retire, his name does not appear on the documents.

paragraph: In March 1695, he was to be adopted as heir by Tamura Tatsuaki of Ichinoseki Domain; however, before official notice could be given to the shogunate, he was adopted by Date Tsunamura as his heir instead. His courtesy title was "Echizen-no-kami", and his Court rank was Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade. He was received in formal audience by "shōgun" Tokugawa Tsunayoshi in November 1696 and was given the name of Yoshimura, along with the Court Rank of Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade and honorary title of chamberlain. He became "daimyō" upon Tsunamura’s retirement in 1703, and also inherited the courtesy title of "Sakonoe-gon-shōshō" (General of the Left Guards) and "Mutsu-no-kami".

paragraph: Yoshimura first entered Aoba Castle on 21 May 1704. At the time, the domain was in a state of bankruptcy, caused by Tsunamura's ambitious public works and temple building projects. Determining that one cause of the debt and inflation was the domain's issuance of paper currency, he stopped issuance and began a process of removing these bills from circulation. In September 1706 he took the unprecedented step of informing the shogunate that Date Domain did not have the necessary funds to make its mandatory "sankin-kōtai" to Edo, and asked for financial assistance. The shogunate agreed to temporarily cut the domain's taxes in half and to accept payment in currency rather than rice. At the time, the domain's debt exceeded 123,000 "ryō" and continued to snowball due to high interest rates. In 1711, when Date Yoshimura ordered to accompany the Shogunal pilgrimage to Nikkō Tōshō-gū, the domain was forced to borrow an additional 73,700 "ryō" from moneylenders in Edo and Kyoto. In 1711, his court rank was increased to Senior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade and his courtesy title to "Sakonoe-gon-chūshō".

paragraph: In an effort to overcome the fiscal crisis, the domain conducted a re-survey in 1725, followed by extensive land reform to uncover undeclared rice lands and to bring waste lands back under cultivation. However, these efforts were hampered by poor harvests due to inclement weather, and by the opposition of many landholders.

paragraph: In 1726, the position of "Fushin bugyō" was abolished, and is 1729 the number of "gundai" (district governors) was reduced from eight to four, all in an effort the streamline the domain administration and reduce expenses. On the positive side, the shogunate established a mint for copper coinage in Sendai, using locally mined copper, in 1727. The use of currency for transactions corresponding increased within the domain, and the domain also took steps to buy up all surplus rice from farmers and sell in Edo for a profit. It was claimed that most of the rice on sale in Edo in the early 18th century was from Sendai. In 1732, a very severe famine struck the Kansai region of Japan, but Sendai enjoyed a bumper crop that year and was able to ship a very large quantity of rice to the affected areas, making over 500,000 "ryō" in profits and to wipe out decades of debt at a single stroke.

paragraph: In 1743, Yoshimura retired in favor of his son, Date Munemura, and moved to his villa in Sodegasaki, where he died in 1752. He was posthumously elevated to Senior Third Rank in 1928.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Date Munefusa (1646–1686)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Matsuhime

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: Fuyuhime (1689–1745)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concubines:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Okatashi no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Osomi no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otachi no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yukihime

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kazuhime married Ikeda Tsugumasa by Fuyuhime

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tomihime married Date Muratoshi by Fuyuhime

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toshihime by Fuyuhime

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tachihime by Fuyuhime

paragraph: BULLET::::- Date Munemura by Fuyuhime

paragraph: BULLET::::- Date Muramasa (1722–1729) by Okatashi no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mihohime married Inaba Masayoshi by Okatashi no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kikujiro by Osomi no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Date Murakaze by Osomi no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yurihime by Otachi no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gohime married Katakura Murakiyo by Otachi no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tamura Murataka (1737–1782) by Otachi no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yukisuke by Otachi no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tominosuke by Otachi no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Date Murayoshi by Otachi no Kata

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papinot, Edmond. (1948). "Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan". New York: Overbeck Co.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sendai Domain on "Edo 300 HTML" (3 November 2007)

description: daimyo

wikidata_label: Date Yoshimura

wikipedia_title: Date Yoshimura


text:
shōgun
Tokugawa Yoshimune
kanji
Tokugawa Munenao
Kii Domain
swordsmanship
hōjutsu
Watari District, Miyagi
sankin-kōtai
Edo
crucified
Date Shigemura
Date Yoshimura
Date Shigemura
Matsudaira Harusato
Papinot, Edmond
Sendai Domain on "Edo 300 HTML"

categories: 1756 deaths,Date clan,1718 births,Tozama daimyo

paragraph: Date Munemura

paragraph: Munemura was the fourth son of Date Yoshimura. Two of his older brothers died young, and the third (Date Murakaze) formed a separate household, so he was appointed heir. His childhood name was ; however, when he was received in formal audience by "shōgun" Tokugawa Yoshimune, he received one "kanji" from the "shōgun"s name, and the thus became Date Munemura. He was also betrothed to the daughter of Tokugawa Munenao, the "daimyō" of Kii Domain at that time. He became "daimyō" in 1743 upon the retirement of his father. He was noted as a man of many talents. As his father, he was noted for his literary achievements, and he was also proficient in horsemanship, swordsmanship, use of the spear, military strategy and "hōjutsu" (gunnery).

paragraph: In 1752, Sendai Domain was struck by a severe famine. While touring a stricken village in what is now Watari District, Miyagi on his way back from "sankin-kōtai" in Edo, he was directly petitioned by the headman of Nakaizumi village, Kitahara Kanehira, for a reduction in the village's taxes. As was the common punishment for such an action, the headman's house and fields were confiscated and he was crucified as punishment,

paragraph: Munemura died in 1756 at the age of 39, and was succeeded by his son, Date Shigemura. His grave is at the Date clan mausoleum at Dainenjiyama in Sendai.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Date Yoshimura

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Fuyuhime (1689–1745)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: Tonehime (1717–1746)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concubines:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nobuko later Osei no Kata (1719–1763)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oriku no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otoyo no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Odai no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ono no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Okiyo no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oguri no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ishiawa-dono

paragraph: BULLET::::- Children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Motohime (1739–1761) married Nabeshima Shigemochi by Tonehime

paragraph: BULLET::::- daughter by Tonehime

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kumenosuke by Osei no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Date Shigemura by Osei no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ichihime by Osei no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naohime by Osei no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Motoshichiro by Osei no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mitohime married Nakamura Kagesada by Osei no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yorihime by Osei no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- daughter married Sakai Tadatsura by Osei no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hotta Masaatsu (1755–1832) by Osei no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doi Toshinari (1748–1813) by Oriku no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Date Muratomo (1749–1776) by Otoyo no kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yukichiyo by Odai no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doi Toshiyasu (1750–1766) by Okiyo no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seihime married Matsudaira Harusato by Okiyo no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Akihime by Oguri no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hisahime by Oguri no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- daughter by Oguri no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saihime by Ishiawa-dono

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

description: daimyo

wikidata_label: Date Munemura

wikipedia_title: Date Munemura


text:
Date Munemura
genpuku
kanji
shōgun
Tokugawa Ieshige
Tamura Murataka
Ichinoseki Domain
second cousin
kuge
Kampaku
Konoe Uchisaki
courtesy title
Court rank
Kagoshima Domain
Shimazu Shigehide
ryō
Date Munemura
Date Narimura
jidaigeki
samurai
comedy film
Yuzuru Hanyu
Papinot, Edmond
Sendai Domain on "Edo 300 HTML"

categories: 1742 births,Tozama daimyo,Date clan,1796 deaths

paragraph: Date Shigemura

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Shigemura was the second son of Date Munemura. His infant name was Gihachirō (儀八郎), and he was renamed Date Kunimura on the death of his elder brother in 1745. At the time of his "genpuku" ceremony in 1755, he received a "kanji" from "shōgun" Tokugawa Ieshige and thus became Date Shigemura. He became "daimyō" at the age of 15 the following year, on the death of his father. Due to his youth, the shogunate appointed his uncle, Tamura Murataka of Ichinoseki Domain as his guardian. He inherited a dire situation, in which the domain was suffering from a great famine, finances were in arrears, and there was bitter in-fighting between the various senior retainers.

paragraph: In 1760, Shigemura married his second cousin, Toshiko, the daughter of the "kuge", Hirohata Nakatada, and adopted daughter of the "Kampaku" Konoe Uchisaki. This year also marked the end of his guardianship, and he was free to start to reform the situation within the domain on his own. However, he was severely sidetracked by an issue over his courtesy title and Court rank. Nominally, Sendai Domain was considered to have the same status in the Shogun’s court as Kagoshima Domain. In 1764, Shimazu Shigehide, "daimyō" of Kagoshima, received promotion to Junior Fourth Rank, Senior grade and "Sakonoe-gon-chūjō" (Lieutenant General of the Left Guards). Unable to abide by being surpassed by Shigehide, who was three years younger, Shigemura was forced to make a tremendous outlay in presents and bribes to shogunal officials to have his courtesy titles and position raised as well. To pay for these expenses, he demanded that his senior retainers accept cuts in their stipends, and those who protested were placed under house arrest. In 1767, he finally achieved promotion, but at the cost of 220,000 "ryō".

paragraph: In 1768, Sendai Domain received an order from the Shogunate to mint iron coins for a seven-year period. Normally, minting was considered a very lucrative task; however, the sudden influx of vast amounts of coinage from Sendai Domain created inflation nationwide, which drove the value of the coinage down. Also, as the traditional copper coinage was considered more valuable than Sendai iron coins despite having the same face value, this caused much confusion in the market. The shogunate intervened in 1772 to cut the contract short; but then relented in 1776 to permit another two years of production, as long as the coins remained within the borders of Sendai.

paragraph: These antics did nothing to improve on the even worsening financial situation and political in-fighting within the domain. In 1790, Shigemura resigned in favor of his son, and died six years later at the domain's "shimoyashiki" in Edo.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Date Munemura

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Osei no Kata (1719–1763)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: Toshiko (1745–1808)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concubines:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Osega no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Okoto no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ohisa no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Osada no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Osode no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Odai no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oai no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- daughter by Toshiko

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manhime married Ii Naotomi by Toshiko

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sosaburo (d. 1787) by Ohisa no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Junhime married Date Muranaga by Okoto no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sachihime married Tsuchiya Hidenao by Osega no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sensaburo by Osega no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- daughter by Osega no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Namahime married Ikeda Harumichi by Osega no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Date Narimura by Ojo no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- daughter by Ojo no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meguhime by Osode no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kazuhime by Odai no Kata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Utsuhime married Date Murayuki by Oai no Kata

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The 2016 Japanese jidaigeki samurai comedy film is set in Sendai Domain at the time of Date Shigemura, and refers to the issue of Shigemura's rivalry with Shimazu Shigehide over courtesy titles. Date Shigemura is played by the figure skater Yuzuru Hanyu.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papinot, Edmond. (1948). "Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan". New York: Overbeck Co.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sendai Domain on "Edo 300 HTML" (3 Nov. 2007)

description: daimyo

wikidata_label: Date Shigemura

wikipedia_title: Date Shigemura


text:
Sir Mordaunt Martin, 4th Baronet
baronet
Martin Baronet
Burnham Market
Norfolk
Murshidabad
Bengal
India

categories: People from Burnham Market,Baronets in the Baronetage of England,1778 births,1854 deaths

paragraph: Sir Roger Martin, 5th Baronet

paragraph: Sir Roger Martin, 5th Baronet (22 February 1778 - 15 December 1854) was son of Sir Mordaunt Martin, 4th Baronet and Everilda-Dorothea Smith. He inherited his baronetcy from his father, who was the fourth Martin Baronet, upon his death in 1815. He lived in Burnham Market in Norfolk

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Sir Roger was, from 1794 to at least 1833, a senior merchant and second judge in the court of appeal in Murshidabad, Bengal, India. He lived at Burnham Westgate Hall, which he inherited from his father and lived in until his death there in 1854.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Sir Roger had a mistress Mary Ann Clarke, but the couple were never married. Mary Ann did have a daughter, Ellen, and there is suggestion that she may have been an illegitimate child of Sir Roger. Ellen (c. 1827 - 17 January 1893) married John Overman, a farmer of Crabbe Hall, and was buried with him in the graveyard of Burnham Westgate church.

paragraph: With no male heir, the title of Baronet was unable to be passed on and so became extinct on his death on 15 December 1854. As with his immediate family, Sir Roger was buried at Burnham Westgate church with his mistress.

description: English Baronet

wikidata_label: Sir Roger Martin, 5th Baronet

wikipedia_title: Sir Roger Martin, 5th Baronet


text: Córdoba (Argentina)

text: Argentinian

text: composer

text: pianist

text: conductor

text: choir master

text: Brussels

text: Brussels Conservatory

text: Paul-Baudouin Michel

text: Daniel Capelletti

text: orchestration

text: forms

text: harmony

text: musical theory

text: Ars musica

text: Luciano Berio

text: Witold Lutosławski

text: György Ligeti

text: Pierre Boulez

text: Karlheinz Stockhausen

text: Brian Ferneyhough

text: Pascal Dusapin

text: Iannis Xenakis

text: Magnus Lindberg

text: Luca Francesconi

text: Wolfgang Rihm

text: Black Jackets Company

text: Pierre Kolp

text: Francis Ubertelli

text: David Nuñezañez

text: Ars musica

text: Marian Del Valle

text: Barbara Manzetti

text: Gabriela Carrizo

text: Giovanni Cioni

text: Paco Aragón

text: Institut Jaques-Dalcroze (Brussels)

text: music aesthetics

text: Germán Náger

text: Náger & Tolosa Piano Duo site

categories: 20th-century classical composers,Musicians from Córdoba, Argentina,Male pianists,20th-century conductors (music),21st-century conductors (music),Living people,1966 births,Male classical composers,21st-century classical composers,21st-century classical pianists,Argentine conductors (music),20th-century Argentine artists,21st-century Argentine artists,Argentine classical pianists,Argentine classical composers,20th-century male musicians

paragraph: Juan Carlos Tolosa

paragraph: Juan Carlos Tolosa (born in Córdoba (Argentina) on October 2, 1966) is an Argentinian composer, pianist and conductor.

paragraph: Section::::Studies.

paragraph: Juan Carlos Tolosa began his musical studies in 1972 at Instituto Domingo Zípoli in Córdoba, where he received the degree as choir master. After dropping law, he entered Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (Argentina) to pursue a career as a composer from 1986 to 1989. In 1989, he left for Europe and settled in Brussels. He studied at Brussels Conservatory, where he received composition prizes in the classes of Paul-Baudouin Michel and Daniel Capelletti, for orchestration, forms, harmony and musical theory. At the same time, between 1990 and 1998, he regularly attended the Ars musica contemporary music festival composition seminars and workshops, with the participation of Luciano Berio, Witold Lutosławski, György Ligeti, Pierre Boulez, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Brian Ferneyhough, Pascal Dusapin, Iannis Xenakis, Magnus Lindberg, Luca Francesconi and Wolfgang Rihm.

paragraph: Section::::European career.

paragraph: He created Black Jackets Company (1995) together with Pierre Kolp, Francis Ubertelli and David Nuñezañez, and then the Black Jackets Ensemble (1996). His music has been performed in several countries, such as Argentina, Venezuela, Chile, Japan, Luxemburg, Spain, Belgium and Germany, within prestigious festivals such as Ars musica (Belgium) or the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile contemporary music festival.

paragraph: Along with his pure music and musical theatre works, Tolosa has collaborated with the choreographers Marian Del Valle (Spain), Barbara Manzetti (Italy) and Gabriela Carrizo (Argentina), as well as with the film makers Giovanni Cioni (Italy) and Paco Aragón (Spain). He has been teaching Aesthetics of 20th century Music and Arts at Institut Jaques-Dalcroze (Brussels) since 1998, and is the conductor of the Black Jackets Ensemble (Brussels) since 2000.

paragraph: Section::::Latin American career.

paragraph: In 1999, Tolosa taught a 20th-century music aesthetics seminar at Universidad Nacional de Córdoba in Argentina.

paragraph: In 2000 he wrote, produced, directed and hosted a series of twelve radio shows on contemporary music, "La Odisea Musical del Siglo XX" (The 20th century Musical Odyssey), broadcast by Nacional Córdoba. The same year he made his debut with the Argentinian pianist Germán Náger as the Náger & Tolosa Piano Duo.

paragraph: In 2001, he created the Cordoba Ensamble (a 20 musicians formation), and then the Laboratorio Contemporáneo del Córdoba Ensamble, acting as the musical director of both.

paragraph: He started teaching composition and conduction at La Colmena, Córdoba, in 2002 and, since 2003, has been the artistic director of the Cordoba Contemporary Music Festival (Festival Internacional de Música Contemporánea de Córdoba).

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Canción del Cronopio" for bass trombone

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Y sacaréme la niebla" for wind quintet

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El ángel se pudre" for two violins

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Copper roses" for twelve mixed voices a cappella

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Evaporo el otro que sigue caminando" for bass clarinet

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A su imán" for double bass, bass clarinet and electronics

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Klavierkonzert" for piano and live electronics

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'endroit" for soprano, violin, cello, double bass and live electronics

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Obertura" for 18 musicians

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Canto II" for 16 musicians

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Estebnia" for percussion and cd

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Focos" for clarinet and 5 cd players

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Piano Kit" for piano

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pentimento" for two flutes

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dimmi chi fosti" for orchestra

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A rear window" for cello and bass clarinet

paragraph: BULLET::::- "gente que canta de espaldas" for 8 soloist voices

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Los vestigios" for string quartet

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Composer's site with extracts of his pieces

paragraph: BULLET::::- Náger & Tolosa Piano Duo site

description: Argentine composer

wikidata_label: Juan Carlos Tolosa

wikipedia_title: Juan Carlos Tolosa


text: American

text: prelate

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: auxiliary bishop

text: Archdiocese of Los Angeles

text: Minneapolis, Minnesota

text: California

text: Our Lady Queen of Angels Seminary

text: Mission Hills, Los Angeles

text: St. John's Seminary

text: Camarillo

text: ordained

text: priesthood

text: Archbishop Timothy Manning

text: pastoral

text: Pontifical Gregorian University

text: Rome

text: doctorate in theology

text: Religious Instruction

text: Secondary Schools

text: President

text: St. John's Seminary College

text: Auxiliary Bishop

text: Titular Bishop

text: Garðar

text: Greenland

text: Pope John Paul II

text: episcopal consecration

text: Cardinal

text: Roger Mahony

text: Archbishops William Levada

text: Justin Rigali

text: co-consecrators

text: Regional Bishop

text: Our Lady of the Angels Pastoral Region

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

categories: Clergy from Minneapolis,21st-century Roman Catholic bishops,1946 births,American titular bishops,Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles,Living people

paragraph: Edward William Clark

paragraph: Edward William Clark (born November 30, 1946) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He currently serves as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Edward Clark was born and raised in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Educated in California, he attended the former Our Lady Queen of Angels Seminary in Mission Hills, Los Angeles, and St. John's Seminary in Camarillo.

paragraph: Clark was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop Timothy Manning on May 9, 1972, and then served in pastoral assignments in the Archdiocese of Los Angeles. From 1985 to 1988, he studied at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, where he earned a doctorate in theology. He served as Coordinator of Religious Instruction for Secondary Schools from 1988 to 1990, and was named President of St. John's Seminary College in 1994.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Auxiliary Bishop of Los Angeles.

paragraph: On January 16, 2001, Clark was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Los Angeles and Titular Bishop of Garðar (in Greenland) by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on the following March 25 from Cardinal Roger Mahony, with Archbishops William Levada and Justin Rigali serving as co-consecrators. As an auxiliary bishop, he serves as the Regional Bishop for Our Lady of the Angels Pastoral Region.

paragraph: Within the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Clark has served as the Catholic Co-Chairman of the Anglican–Roman Catholic Theological Consultation and as a member of the Committee on Doctrine, the Committee on African American Catholics, and the Committee on Interfaith Activities. Within the California Conference of Catholic Bishops, Clark serves as chair of the Committee on Education, chair of the task force on Native American Historic Concerns, co-chair of the Serra Committee, and member of the Strategic Concerns Conmmittee. Clark is also president of the Western Catholic Education Association, responsible for the accreditation of Catholic schools in seven western states.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles Official Site

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Edward William Clark

wikipedia_title: Edward William Clark


text: Russia

text: triple jump

text: 2004 World Junior Championships

text: Chania

text: Turin

text: long jump

text: Moscow

categories: Russian female triple jumpers,1985 births,Living people

paragraph: Anastasiya Taranova-Potapova

paragraph: Anastasiya Taranova-Potapova (; born 6 September 1985) is a Russian triple jumper.

paragraph: She won the gold medals at the 2003 European Athletics Junior Championships, the 2004 World Junior Championships and the 2009 European Athletics Indoor Championships.

paragraph: Her personal best jump is 14.40 metres, achieved in June 2009 in Chania. She has 14.68 metres on the indoor track, achieved at the 2009 European Indoor Championships in Turin. She also has 6.71 metres in the long jump, achieved in February 2009 in Moscow.

description: Russian triple jumper

wikidata_label: Anastasiya Taranova-Potapova

wikipedia_title: Anastasiya Taranova-Potapova


text:
St Mabyn
High Sheriff of Cornwall
Conservative
River Thames
The Great Stink
Trinity College, Oxford
High Sheriff of Cornwall
East Cornwall
Thomas Agar-Robartes
Stannaries

categories: 1800 births,UK MPs 1859–1865,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,UK MPs 1865–1868,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Cornwall,High Sheriffs of Cornwall,1878 deaths,UK MPs 1852–1857,UK MPs 1857–1859

paragraph: Nicholas Kendall (Conservative politician)

paragraph: Nicholas Kendall (22 December 1800 – 8 June 1878) was born in St Mabyn, Cornwall.

paragraph: Kendall was High Sheriff of Cornwall in 1847 and a Conservative Member of Parliament (MP). In 1858 he was chairman of the River Thames Select Committee during The Great Stink

paragraph: The son of a vicar, Nicholas Kendall was a member of a Cornish landowning family. He was educated at Trinity College, Oxford. He was High Sheriff of Cornwall in 1847. In the same year he suppressed a riot at St Austell, on 11 June. He was returned to parliament for East Cornwall, in conjunction with Thomas Agar-Robartes, in 1852, which position he retained without intermission until 1868. Mr Kendall was one of the county magistrates and also a deputy-lieutenant, and deputy warden of the Stannaries. For some time he was captain of the Royal Cornwall Rangers Militia.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Nicholas Kendall


text:
Alii
Kingdom of Hawaii
cloak
Kalaniʻōpuʻu
Captain James Cook
Kānekapōlei
Pauli Kaʻōleiokū
Bernice Pauahi Bishop
Ruth Keelikolani
Kīwalaʻō
Kamehameha I
Battle of Moku'ohai
Kaū district
Kilauea
footprints in volcanic ash
Puukoholā Heiau
Kohala
Kawaihae
island of Hawaii

categories: Hawaiian military personnel,Royalty of Hawaii (island),House of Keawe,1791 deaths

paragraph: Keōua Kūʻahuʻula

paragraph: Keōua Kūahuula was an "Alii" (member of the royal class) during the time of the unification of the Kingdom of Hawaii.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: His name means "rain cloud of the red cloak".

paragraph: His father was Kalaniʻōpuʻu, the king at the time of the arrival of Captain James Cook.

paragraph: His mother was Kānekapōlei, one of the later wives of Kalaniōpuu, and mother of Pauli Kaʻōleiokū, the grandfather of Bernice Pauahi Bishop and Ruth Keelikolani.

paragraph: This meant his older half-brother Kīwalaʻō was in line to inherit the kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: He was not happy, however, to receive no lands after his father died in 1781. He challenged his cousin Kamehameha I, resulting in the Battle of Moku'ohai. He escaped the battle to relatives in the Kaū district to the South in 1782. Although Kamehameha controlled the West side of the island, repeated raids never resulted in a clear victory for either side.

paragraph: In 1790, after escaping another attack, his party was caught in an eruption of Kilauea, and lost two thirds of his army to lava and left footprints in volcanic ash still visible today.

paragraph: He was killed in 1791 when Kamehameha invited him to the Puukoholā Heiau in Kohala. He was captured in what is sometimes called the Battle of Kawaihae, and Keōua's body offered to sanctify the new temple.

paragraph: He may have mutilated himself before landing so as to render himself an inappropriate sacrificial victim. As he stepped on shore, one of Kamehameha's chiefs threw a spear at him. By some accounts he dodged it, but was then cut down by musket fire. Caught by surprise, Keōua's bodyguards were killed.

paragraph: He married at least once, to Kaiolaniokaiwalani and perhaps had two more wives, with several daughters and perhaps two sons.

paragraph: He was the last independent district ruler on the island of Hawaii.

description: member of the royal class during the unification of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi

wikidata_label: Keōua Kuahuula

wikipedia_title: Keōua Kūʻahuʻula


text:
North Riding of Yorkshire
Royal Agricultural Society
short-horn
Tory
Member of Parliament
House of Lords
Ultra-Tory
Richard Oastler
Factory Reform
Ten-Hour Act
Charles Duncombe
William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth
Duncombe Park
Helmsley
Yeomanry Cavalry
Justice of the peace
Arthur Duncombe
Octavius Duncombe
Thomas Slingsby Duncombe
Smithfield
Paris International Exposition of 1855
Royal Agricultural Society
Smithfield Show Club
cattle plague
Loyal Address
Duke of Wellington
ultra-Tory
Richard Oastler
Charles Tennyson
Member of Parliament
Great Grimsby
Catholic emancipation
Yorkshire
Henry Brougham
North Riding of Yorkshire
John Charles Ramsden
Edward Stillingfleet Cayley
House of Lords
Viscount Helmsley
George Stewart, 8th Earl of Galloway
William Ernest
Earl of Rosse
consumption
Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton
William Duncombe, 1st Earl of Feversham
William Beckett-Denison
1st Life Guards
North Riding of Yorkshire
North Eastern Railway
Sir Charles Mills, 1st Baronet
Grade II* listed
George Gilbert Scott

categories: Duncombe family,UK MPs 1832–1835,1867 deaths,UK MPs 1835–1837,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,1798 births,UK MPs 1837–1841,UK MPs 1826–1830,UK MPs 1830–1831,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,Tory MPs (pre-1834),UK MPs 1831–1832

paragraph: William Duncombe, 2nd Baron Feversham

paragraph: William Duncombe, 2nd Baron Feversham (14 January 1798 – 11 February 1867), was a British peer with a large estate in the North Riding of Yorkshire. He was prominent in the affairs of the Royal Agricultural Society and owner of a prize-winning herd of short-horn cattle. He served as a Tory Member of Parliament (MP) for the Riding from 1832 to 1841, after which he sat in the House of Lords, having succeeded to the title on the death of his father. From 1826 to 1831 he had sat as an Ultra-Tory MP. He was the first MP to support Richard Oastler's campaign for Factory Reform, and gave it unwavering support for the rest of his life; in 1847 he seconded the Second Reading in the Lords of the Factory Act of that year (the 'Ten-Hour Act').

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Feversham was the eldest son of Charles Duncombe (subsequently (1826) created Baron Feversham), and Lady Charlotte, daughter of William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth. He was born at the family's town house in London (their country seat was at Duncombe Park, just outside Helmsley in the North Riding). He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. In 1820, he was commissioned as a cornet in the Helmsley Yeomanry Cavalry; in 1821 he qualified as a Justice of the peace for the North Riding; by 1826, however, he was living near Doncaster. His younger brothers included the Hon. Arthur Duncombe and the Hon. Octavius Duncombe.

paragraph: Section::::Public life.

paragraph: When the colourful Radical MP Thomas Slingsby Duncombe died in 1861, it was noted in a piece appearing in a number of newspapers that The most comical contrast to Tom Duncombe was his cousin, the present Lord Feversham, a heavy, solid, goodnatured man, whose speeches are of the most ponderous and soporific character - "a man whose talk is of bullocks" and whose opinions were of the extreme Conservative and Protectionist colour.

paragraph: Section::::Public life.:Agriculturalist.

paragraph: When Faversham talked of bullocks, he did so as one of the leading breeders and exhibitors of short-horn cattle; animals from the Duncombe Park herd won prizes at Smithfield, at the Royal Agricultural Show, and at the Paris International Exposition of 1855, although he came to deplore the prevalence of judging criteria which led to prizes going to animals which had been over-fattened, to the detriment of their health and that of the breed. He was deeply involved with the Royal Agricultural Society, serving as its president in 1863-4, and with the Smithfield Show Club (president in 1862) as well as local and county agricultural shows. His final parliamentary speech was (in 1866) an attack on the inadequacy of the government's response to the current cattle plague outbreak:

paragraph: Section::::Public life.:Political views.

paragraph: Duncombe was a Tory; seconding the Loyal Address in 1822, he said that "the constitution stood so firm on its basis, was so beautifully connected in all its parts, and was so admirably adapted to all classes of society, that it was impossible but that all who enjoyed the blessing of living under it should perceive its advantages over any other system of government."

paragraph: Consequently, Duncombe was opposed to the great liberal causes of his time (Catholic emancipation, parliamentary reform, abolition of the corn laws) but he did not seek to reverse them. When the Duke of Wellington decided that Catholic emancipation had to be conceded, Duncombe remained opposed to any measure of Catholic emancipation; once the measure was passed he accepted it was irreversible, but remained unreconciled to those who had granted it (an 'ultra-Tory').

paragraph: Section::::Public life.:Factory Reform.

paragraph: Duncombe rarely spoke in Parliament, other than to present petitions. However, he gave his moral support to (and exerted himself on behalf of) the Factory Reform movement; when Richard Oastler wrote to MPs in 1831 seeking their support, Duncombe was the only one to reply. Duncombe spoke at the great York Factory Reform meeting of 1832, despite his concern that his past political activity would taint the cause: he stressed 'this is not the cause of party.. It is the cause of justice .. It is the cause of real humanity, of Christian benevolence ... it is the cause of the oppressed and the industrious poor' One of his rare parliamentary speeches was to second the Second Reading of the 1847 Factory Act (the Ten-Hour Act). He spoke in favour of a ""bona fide" ten-hours" amendment to the Factories Bill of 1850 (the Compromise Act), and also voted to include "children" in the provisions of the bill. in the week of his death, a letter from him offering his support for agitation for an eight-hour act was read out by the chairman of a meeting in Manchester. On Feversham's death in 1867, the Yorkshire Post noted that Oastler had "constantly alluded to the unfailing support he received from Lord Feversham in battling with the opponents of the bill as his principal mainstay and encouragement in the work they had undertaken"

paragraph: Section::::Public life.:Opposition to the Poor Law Commission.

paragraph: Like Oastler, he opposed the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834: he voted against its Third Reading (but he had been absent from all of the committee stage proceedings). Debating the Whig Poor Law Amendment Bill of 1841 (intended to extend the life of the Poor Law Commission for five years) he denounced the 1834 Act: "It was a measure which made poverty a crime; which incarcerated men who were guilty of no other crime but misery and distress, in gaols and dungeons; which cut asunder the dearest ties of human nature, fathers from their children, husbands from their wives; and it was a measure in his belief calculated more than any other to alienate the feelings of the people from the laws and institutions of their country, and upon these grounds he was determined to give it his strenuous and uncompromising opposition." In the subsequent committee stage of the bill he repeatedly voted for amendments returning powers from the Poor Law Commission to the local guardians- most notably he was teller for an amendment removing the supervisory powers of the commission: his one recorded vote against an amendment to the bill was against one making borrowing by guardians dependent on prior approval by a vestry meeting.

paragraph: Section::::Public life.:Support for Richard Oastler.

paragraph: His support of Oastler was not only political but personal. In 1838, he presented a petition from Huddersfield supporting the refusal of its magistrates to call out the military to suppress anti-Poor Law disturbances in which Oastler had been prominent. In 1840 he intervened in a Commons debate to obtain the retraction of a description of Oastler as an incendiary by a government minister. He visited Oastler in debtors' prison, and was a trustee of the Oastler Testimonial Fund (later the Oastler Liberation Fund), and prominent in raising the money to secure the release of Oastler (being one of the guarantors who met the shortfall in the money raised to satisfy Oastler's creditor).

paragraph: Section::::Public life.:Career as MP.

paragraph: In 1820 he stood with and was elected with Charles Tennyson Member of Parliament for the two-member borough constituency of Great Grimsby. Tennyson asserted his constituents had represented to him the need for both members for the seat to hold similar views; acceding to their wishes he had selected Duncombe as his running mate. Duncombe admitted to having no prior connection with the constituency but promised to assiduously promote its interests

paragraph: In 1825 Duncombe was called upon to stand for election as a 'firm upholder of the Protestant cause' (opponent of Catholic emancipation) in the prestigious four-member county constituency of Yorkshire. Duncombe acceded to the requisition and stood for Yorkshire, rather than Grimsby. On election day in June 1826 only four candidates (two Whig, two 'no Popery' Tories) were nominated, and therefore all (including Duncombe) were elected unopposed. Catholic emancipation split the Tories, and the Ultras (including Duncombe) withdrew their support from the government. In 1830, when Duncombe stood again for Yorkshire, Henry Brougham, a Whig-Radical standing in the same constituency said of him Mr Duncombe is a man from whom I differ. I differed from him in respect of the Test acts and on the Catholic Bill. But we have sat in Parliament two years on the same benches, and I declare to you I never saw a man whose conduct did him more honour, or who was more perfectly independent. He has despised place and power, and given an honest and consistent opposition to many of the measures of government, and I can scarcely call to mind one question upon which, during the two years I have mentioned, we have voted on opposite sides. I think it fair to say thus much, for many men might be offered to you who would be much less deserving of your support than is the Hon. William Duncombe

paragraph: None of Duncombe's previous colleagues offered themselves for re-election in 1830, but again there were three other candidates with significant backing (Brougham, another Whig, and a Wellingtonian Tory). Unlike the election of 1826 they were not immediately elected: this time a fifth candidate nominated himself and demanded a poll, The fifth candidate having received a mere handful of votes by the end of the first day of polling, the poll was closed on the second day, at which point Duncombe was third (behind the two Whig candidates). The four remaining candidates were therefore declared elected. In the 1831 general election, Duncombe was again requisitioned to stand: he accepted the invitation, but withdrew before the actual poll, it being clear that Reform candidates would take all four seats.

paragraph: In the reformed parliament, there were separate two-member county constituencies for each of the three ridings of Yorkshire. Duncombe stood in the North Riding of Yorkshire as the sole Tory candidate. In December 1832 he headed the poll ahead of two competing Reformers; John Charles Ramsden (supported by the Whig grandees) a West Riding industrialist and former Whig MP for Yorkshire, and Edward Stillingfleet Cayley, an independent of Liberal sympathies who farmed locally and put himself forward as a friend of the interests of small agriculturalists: Cayley took the second seat. In the election of January 1835 the constituency was contested by the two sitting MPs and a second Tory: despite (it was alleged) the Tories freely opening their purses the two MPs were reelected: at a November 1835 meeting they agreed that their first concern was to protect agricultural interests, regardless of party labels. They were returned unopposed in 1837, and again in 1841, but ten days after Duncome's re-election in 1841 election his father died, and Duncombe took his seat in the House of Lords: in the consequent by-election Duncombe's brother Octavius was elected unopposed.

paragraph: Section::::Public life.:Parliamentary proprietor.

paragraph: From 1832 to 1881, when Feversham's grandson Viscount Helmsley died, the North Riding always returned one Duncombe or another as one of its MPs. Usually, the other MP was a Liberal; an 1862 by-election which briefly gave the riding two Conservative MPs saw this analysis from a Liberal newspaper: "Lord Feversham is a great Parliamentary proprietor. He keeps several seats in the House of Commons, at great expense and with jealous care; and very naturally he does as he will with his own. When one of his Parliamentary saddles is vacant a relative usually has the preference. Three of the favoured family happen just now to be thus mounted. Nobody ever hears of them in the legislative field; but who has any right to ask a question? By the law of the land the head of the House of Duncombe has the might to be represented in the Lower House of Parliament by three of his immediate kinsmen, and in our electoral system might is right."

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: Lord Feversham married, in 1823, Lady Louisa Stewart, the youngest daughter of Admiral George Stewart, 8th Earl of Galloway. They had six children. He died in February 1867, aged 69, and was succeeded by his son, William Ernest, who was created Earl of Feversham the following year. Lady Feversham died in March 1889.

paragraph: Children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jane b 1824 m (1849) Lawrence Parsons, brother of the Earl of Rosse

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albert (1826-1846) died at Cowes from 'a raging malady' (consumption)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gertrude b 1827 m Francis Horatio Fitzroy, a grandson of Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Duncombe, 1st Earl of Feversham (1829-1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helen b 1831 m (1855) William Beckett-Denison

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Cecil Duncombe (1832-1902), a Captain of the 1st Life Guards, Deputy Lieutenant and County Councillor for North Riding of Yorkshire, and director of the North Eastern Railway; m. Eleanor Jane Mills, daughter of Sir Charles Mills, 1st Baronet.

paragraph: A Grade II* listed monument to Lord Feversham ' erected by his tenantry, friends and relations, who cherish his memory with affection and gratitude' stands in the middle of the market square of Helmsley, North Yorkshire. The monument (by Sir George Gilbert Scott) reportedly cost £800 raised by public subscription; the statue it houses cost £600 and was paid for by the Duncombe family.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: William Duncombe, 2nd Baron Feversham

wikipedia_title: William Duncombe, 2nd Baron Feversham


text: Tawstock Court

text: Member of Parliament

text: Restoration of the Monarchy

text: James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth

text: Sir Chichester Wrey, 3rd Baronet

text: St Ive

text: Sourton

text: Edward Bourchier, 4th Earl of Bath

text: Tawstock Court

text: Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex

text: manor of Tawstock

text: Member of Parliament

text: Liskeard

text: Devon

text: Hyde Park

text: Westminster

text: Thomas Bulkeley

text: Beaumaris

text: James Praed

text: St. Ives

text: Tawstock Church

text: John Rolle

text: Stevenstone

text: Wrey baronets

text: Vivian, Lt.Col. J.L.

categories: 1653 births,English MPs 1695–1698,English MPs 1661–1679,English MPs 1689–1690,English MPs 1685–1687,Members of the pre-1707 English Parliament for constituencies in Cornwall,1696 deaths

paragraph: Sir Bourchier Wrey, 4th Baronet

paragraph: Sir Bourchier Wrey, 4th Baronet (1653–1696) of Tawstock Court in North Devon, was a Member of Parliament and a noted duellist. He commanded a regiment of horse after the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, serving under James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: He was the eldest son and heir of Sir Chichester Wrey, 3rd Baronet (1628-1668), of Trebeigh in the parish of St Ive, Cornwall and of North Russell in the parish of Sourton, Devon, by his wife Lady Anne Bourchier, a daughter and coheiress of Edward Bourchier, 4th Earl of Bath (d.1636) of Tawstock Court in North Devon, and widow of Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex. The Wreys had been seated for several generations at the manor of Trebigh, but by the marriage of Sir Chichester with Lady Anne Bourchier they inherited the manor of Tawstock, thenceforth the family seat (in which parish the present baronet still lives in 2015), and several other estates.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: He served as Member of Parliament for Liskeard in Cornwall from 1678 to 1679, was elected for the county seat of Devon 1685, and sat for Liskeard again from 1689 to 1696.

paragraph: Section::::Duels.

paragraph: In Hyde Park, Westminster, on 4 February 1691–2 he fought a duel with Thomas Bulkeley (d.1708), MP for Beaumaris, in which of the six men engaged as principals and seconds five were MPs, as noted by Luttrell. Two of the seconds were slightly wounded.

paragraph: In May 1694 at Falmouth in Cornwall, he fought another duel with James Praed (d.1706) of Trevethowe, MP for St. Ives and "was run through the body, Mr. Praed being only hurt slightly in the face". Although on 1 June 1694 he was reported as having died from his wound, he lived on until 21 July 1696, when Luttrell notes that Sir Bourchier Wrey and Captain Pitts, both MPs, are dead. He was buried in Tawstock Church.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage & progeny.

paragraph: He married Florence Rolle, daughter of Sir John Rolle (d.1706) of Stevenstone, Devon, a great landowner.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wrey baronets

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vivian, Lt.Col. J.L., "The Visitations of Cornwall: Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1530, 1573 & 1620; with Additions by J.L. Vivian", Exeter, 1887, pp.564-566, pedigree of "Wrey of Trebeigh"

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: BULLET::::- Endnotes:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luttrell's Brief Relation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cal. State Papers, Dom.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lysons's Devon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cust and Colvin's History of the Society of Dilettanti

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes and Queries, 5th ser. viii. 473.

description: Kingdom of England politician

wikidata_label: Sir Bourchier Wrey, 4th Baronet

wikipedia_title: Sir Bourchier Wrey, 4th Baronet