text: Greek

text: pharaoh

text: New Kingdom

text: Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt

text: Ramesses I

text: Sitre

text: Ramesses II

text: Set

text: nomen

text: Ptah

text: Manetho

text: Akhenaten

text: Horemheb

text: Ramesses I

text: Canaan

text: Syria

text: Hittite

text: Amun

text: Karnak

text: funerary temple

text: Qurna

text: Mortuary Temple of Seti I

text: Nile

text: Thebes

text: Abydos

text: Memphis

text: Kenneth Kitchen

text: Peter J. Brand

text: Aswan

text: Flaminian

text: Luxor

text: Ramesses II

text: Great Hypostyle Hall

text: Karnak

text: L.P.H.

text: Jürgen von Beckerath

text: Gebel Barkal

text: Jacobus van Dijk

text: David Aston

text: Horus Military road

text: Tjaru

text: Shasu

text: Beth-Shan

text: Yenoam

text: Syria

text: Kadesh

text: Amurru

text: Akhenaten

text: Tutankhamun

text: Horemheb

text: Ramesses II

text: Muwatalli

text: Ramesses II

text: Amarna letters

text: Giovanni Battista Belzoni

text: Valley of the Kings

text: Deir el-Bahri

text: Cairo Museum

text: Nut

text: Sir John Soane's Museum

text: British Museum

text: copper sulphate

text: hygroscopic

text: Ministry of Antiquities

text: Dr. Zahi Hawass

text: Horemheb

text: coregency

text: Peter J. Brand

text: Karnak

text: Qurna

text: Kenneth Kitchen

text: harem

text: Moses

text: Sir Cedric Hardwicke

text: "The Ten Commandments"

text: Bithia

text: Aharon Ipalé

text: The Mummy

text: The Mummy Returns

text: Imhotep

text: Anck-su-namun

text: The Prince of Egypt

text: Patrick Stewart

text: Moses

text: Book of Exodus

text: John Turturro

text: Banco de Gaia

text: Igizeh

text: Mortuary Temple of Seti I

text: List of colossal sculpture in situ

text: Kitchen, Kenneth

text: Seti I - Archaeowiki.org

text: The complete titulary of Seti I

categories: 13th-century BC rulers,13th century BC in Egypt,Pharaohs of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt,1279 BC deaths,13th-century BC Pharaohs,Ancient Egyptian mummies,Year of birth unknown,Seti I

paragraph: Seti I

paragraph: Menmaatre Seti I (or Sethos I as in Greek) was a pharaoh of the New Kingdom Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt, the son of Ramesses I and Sitre, and the father of Ramesses II. As with all dates in Ancient Egypt, the actual dates of his reign are unclear, and various historians claim different dates, with 1294 BC to 1279 BC and 1290 BC to 1279 BC being the most commonly used by scholars today.

paragraph: The name 'Seti' means "of Set", which indicates that he was consecrated to the god Set (also termed "Sutekh" or "Seth"). As with most pharaohs, Seti had several names. Upon his ascension, he took the "prenomen" "mn-m3‘t-r‘ ", usually vocalized as "Menmaatre", in Egyptian, which means "Established is the Justice of Re." His better known nomen, or birth name, is transliterated as ""sty mry-n-ptḥ"" or "Sety Merenptah", meaning "Man of Set, beloved of Ptah". Manetho incorrectly considered him to be the founder of the 19th dynasty, and gave him a reign length of 55 years, though no evidence has ever been found for so long a reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: After the enormous social upheavals generated by Akhenaten's religious reform, Horemheb, Ramesses I and Seti I's main priority was to re-establish order in the kingdom and to reaffirm Egypt's sovereignty over Canaan and Syria, which had been compromised by the increasing external pressures from the Hittite state. Seti, with energy and determination, confronted the Hittites several times in battle. Without succeeding in destroying the Hittites as a potential danger to Egypt, he reconquered most of the disputed territories for Egypt and generally concluded his military campaigns with victories. The memory of Seti I's military successes was recorded in some large scenes placed on the front of the temple of Amun, situated in Karnak. A funerary temple for Seti was constructed in what is now known as Qurna (Mortuary Temple of Seti I), on the west bank of the Nile at Thebes while a magnificent temple made of white limestone at Abydos featuring exquisite relief scenes was started by Seti, and later completed by his son. His capital was at Memphis. He was considered a great king by his peers, but his fame has been overshadowed since ancient times by that of his son, Ramesses II.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Duration of reign.

paragraph: Seti I's reign length was either 11 or 15 full years. Egyptologist Kenneth Kitchen has estimated that it was 15 years, but there are no dates recorded for Seti I after his Year 11 Gebel Barkal stela. As he is otherwise quite well documented in historical records, other scholars suggest that a continuous break in the record for his last four years is unlikely, although it is technically possible simply that no records have been yet discovered.

paragraph: Peter J. Brand noted that the king personally opened new rock quarries at Aswan to build obelisks and colossal statues in his Year 9. This event is commemorated on two rock stelas in Aswan. However, most of Seti's obelisks and statues — such as the Flaminian and Luxor obelisks were only partly finished or decorated by the time of his death since they were completed early under his son's reign based on epigraphic evidence. (they bore the early form of Ramesses II's royal prenomen: 'Usermaatre') Ramesses II used the prenomen 'Usermaatre' to refer to himself in his first year and did not adopt the final form of his royal title--'Usermaatre Setepenre'--until late into his second year.

paragraph: Brand aptly notes that this evidence calls into question the idea of a 15 Year reign for Seti I and suggests that "Seti died after a ten to eleven year reign" because only two years would have passed between the opening of the Rock Quarries and the partial completion and decoration of these monuments. This explanation conforms better with the evidence of the unfinished state of Seti I's monuments and the fact that Ramesses II had to complete the decorations on "many of his father's unfinished monuments, including the southern half of the Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak and portions of his father's temples at Gurnah and Abydos" during the very first Year of his own reign. Critically, Brand notes that the larger of the two Aswan rock stelas states that Seti I "has ordered the commissioning of multitudinous works for the making of very great obelisks and great and wondrous statues (i.e. colossi) in the name of His Majesty, L.P.H. He made great barges for transporting them, and ships crews to match them for ferrying them from the quarry." (KRI 74:12-14) However, despite this promise, Brand stresses that

paragraph: The German Egyptologist Jürgen von Beckerath also accepts that Seti I's reign lasted only 11 Years. Seti's highest known date is Year 11, IV Shemu day 12 or 13 on a sandstone stela from Gebel Barkal but he would have briefly survived for 2 to 3 days into his Year 12 before dying based on the date of Ramesses II's rise to power. Seti I's accession date has been determined by Wolfgang Helck to be III Shemu day 24, which is very close to Ramesses II's known accession date of III Shemu day 27.

paragraph: In 2011, Jacobus van Dijk questioned the "Year 11" stated on the Gebel Barkal stela. This monument is quite badly preserved but still depicts Seti I in erect posture, which is the only case occurring since his Year 4 when he started to be depicted in a stooping posture on his stelae. Furthermore, the glyphs "I ∩" representing the 11 are damaged in the upper part and may just as well be "I I I" instead. Subsequently, Van Dijk proposed that the Gebel Barkal stela is dated to Year 3 of Seti I, and that Seti's highest date more likely is Year 9 as suggested by the wine jars found in his tomb. In a 2012 paper, David Aston analyzed the wine jars and came to the same conclusion since no wine labels higher than his 8th regnal year were found in his tomb.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Seti's military campaigns.

paragraph: Seti I fought a series of wars in western Asia, Libya and Nubia in the first decade of his reign. The main source for Seti’s military activities are his battle scenes on the north exterior wall of the Karnak Hypostyle Hall, along with several royal stelas with inscriptions mentioning battles in Canaan and Nubia.

paragraph: In his first regnal year, he led his armies along the "Horus Military road," the coastal road that led from the Egyptian city of Tjaru (Zarw/Sile) in the northeast corner of the Egyptian Nile Delta along the northern coast of the Sinai peninsula ending in the town of "Canaan" in the modern Gaza strip. The Ways of Horus consisted of a series of military forts, each with a well, that are depicted in detail in the king’s war scenes on the north wall of the Karnak Hypostyle Hall. While crossing the Sinai, the king’s army fought local Bedouins called the Shasu. In Canaan, he received the tribute of some of the city states he visited. Others, including Beth-Shan and Yenoam, had to be captured but were easily defeated. The attack on Yenoam is illustrated in his war scenes, while other battles, such as the defeat of Beth-Shan, were not shown because the king himself did not participate, sending a division of his army instead. The year one campaign continued into Lebanon where the king received the submission of its chiefs who were compelled to cut down valuable cedar wood themselves as tribute.

paragraph: At some unknown point in his reign, Seti I defeated Libyan tribesmen who had invaded Egypt's western border. Although defeated, the Libyans would pose an ever-increasing threat to Egypt during the reigns of Merenptah and Ramesses III. The Egyptian army also put down a minor "rebellion" in Nubia in the 8th year of Seti I. Seti himself did not participate in it although his crown prince, the future Ramesses II, may have.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Capture of Kadesh.

paragraph: The greatest achievement of Seti I's foreign policy was the capture of the Syrian town of Kadesh and neighboring territory of Amurru from the Hittite Empire. Egypt had not held Kadesh since the time of Akhenaten. Tutankhamun and Horemheb had failed to recapture the city from the Hittites. Seti I was successful in defeating a Hittite army that tried to defend the town. He entered the city in triumph together with his son Ramesses II and erected a victory stela at the site. Kadesh, however, soon reverted to Hittite control because the Egyptians did not or could not maintain a permanent military occupation of Kadesh and Amurru which were close to the Hittite homelands. It is unlikely that Seti I made a peace treaty with the Hittites or voluntarily returned Kadesh and Amurru to them but he may have reached an informal understanding with the Hittite king Muwatalli on the precise boundaries of the Egyptian and Hittite Empires. Five years after Seti I's death, however, his son Ramesses II resumed hostilities and made a failed attempt to recapture Kadesh. Kadesh was henceforth effectively held by the Hittites even though Ramesses temporarily occupied the city in his 8th year.

paragraph: The traditional view of Seti I's wars was that he restored the Egyptian empire after it had been lost in the time of Akhenaten. This was based on the chaotic picture of Egyptian-controlled Syria and Palestine seen in the Amarna letters, a cache of diplomatic correspondence from the time of Akhenaten found at Akhenaten’s capital at el-Amarna in Middle Egypt. Recent scholarship, however, indicates that the empire was not lost at this time, except for its northern border provinces of Kadesh and Amurru in Syria and Lebanon. While evidence for the military activities of Akhenaten, Tutankhamun and Horemheb is fragmentary or ambiguous, Seti I has left us an impressive war monument that glorifies his achievement, along with a number of texts, all of which tend to magnify his personal achievements on the battlefield.

paragraph: Section::::Burial.

paragraph: Seti's well preserved tomb (KV17) was found in 1817 by Giovanni Battista Belzoni, in the Valley of the Kings; it proved to be the longest at 446 feet (136 meters) and deepest of all the New Kingdom royal tombs. It was also the first tomb to feature decorations (including "The Legend of the destruction of mankind") on every passageway and chamber with highly refined bas-reliefs and colorful paintings – fragments of which, including a large column depicting Seti I with the goddess Hathor, can be seen in the Museo Archeologico, Florence. This decorative style set a precedent which was followed in full or in part in the tombs of later New Kingdom kings. Seti's mummy itself was discovered by Émil Brugsch on June 6, 1881 in the mummy cache (tomb DB320) at Deir el-Bahri, and has since been kept at the Cairo Museum.

paragraph: His huge sarcophagus, carved in one piece and intricately decorated on every surface (including the goddess Nut on the interior base), is in Sir John Soane's Museum, Soane bought it for exhibition in his open collection in 1824, when the British Museum refused to pay the £2,000 demanded. On its arrival at the museum, the alabaster was pure white and inlaid with blue copper sulphate. Years of the London climate and pollution have darkened the alabaster to a buff colour and absorbed moisture has caused the hygroscopic inlay material to fall out and disappear completely. A small watercolour nearby records the appearance, as it was.

paragraph: The tomb also had an entrance to a secret tunnel hidden behind the sarcophagus, which Belzoni's team estimated to be 100 meters (328 feet) long. However, the tunnel was not truly excavated until 1961, when a team led by Sheikh Ali Abdel-Rasoul began digging in hopes of discovering a secret burial chamber containing hidden treasures. The team failed to follow the original passage in their excavations, and had to call a halt due to instabilities in the tunnel; further issues with permits and finances eventually ended Sheikh Ali's dreams of treasure, though they were at least able to establish that the passage was over 30 meters (98 feet) longer than the original estimate. In June 2010, a team from Egypt's Ministry of Antiquities led by Dr. Zahi Hawass completed excavation of the tunnel, which had begun again after the discovery in 2007 of a downward-sloping passage beginning approximately 136 meters (446 feet) into the previously excavated tunnel. After uncovering two separate staircases, they found that the tunnel ran for 174 meters (571 feet) in total; unfortunately, the last step seemed to have been abandoned prior to completion and no secret burial chamber was found.

paragraph: From an examination of Seti's extremely well-preserved mummy, Seti I appears to have been less than forty years old when he died unexpectedly. This is in stark contrast to the situation with Horemheb, Ramesses I and Ramesses II who all lived to an advanced age. The reasons for his relatively early death are uncertain, but there is no evidence of violence on his mummy. His mummy was found decapitated, but this was likely caused after his death by tomb robbers. The Amun priest carefully reattached his head to his body with the use of linen cloths. It has been suggested that he died from a disease which had affected him for years, possibly related to his heart. The latter was found placed in the right part of the body, while the usual practice of the day was to place it in the left part during the mummification process. Opinions vary whether this was a mistake or an attempt to have Seti's heart work better in his afterlife. Seti I's mummy is about 1.7 metres (5 ft 7 in) tall.

paragraph: Section::::Alleged co-regency of Seti I.

paragraph: Around Year 9 of his reign, Seti appointed his son Ramesses II as the crown prince and his chosen successor, but the evidence for a coregency between the two kings is likely illusory. Peter J. Brand who has published an extensive biography on this pharaoh and his numerous works, stresses in his thesis that relief decorations at various temple sites at Karnak, Qurna and Abydos, which associate Ramesses II with Seti I, were actually carved after Seti's death by Ramesses II himself and, hence, cannot be used as source material to support a co-regency between the two monarchs. In addition, the late William Murnane, who first endorsed the theory of a co-regency between Seti I and Ramesses II, later revised his view of the proposed co-regency and rejected the idea that Ramesses II had begun to count his own regnal years while Seti I was still alive. Finally, Kenneth Kitchen rejects the term co-regency to describe the relationship between Seti I and Ramesses II; he describes the earliest phase of Ramesses II's career as a "prince regency" where the young Ramesses enjoyed all the trappings of royalty including the use of a royal titulary and harem but did not count his regnal years until after his father's death. This is due to the fact that the evidence for a co-regency between the two kings is vague and highly ambiguous. Two important inscriptions from the first decade of Ramesses' reign, namely the Abydos Dedicatory Inscription and the Kuban Stela of Ramesses II, consistently give the latter titles associated with those of a crown prince only, namely the "king's eldest son and hereditary prince" or "child-heir" to the throne "along with some military titles."

paragraph: Hence, no clear evidence supports the hypothesis that Ramesses II was a co-regent under his father. Brand stresses that:

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seti I was portrayed as the father of Rameses II and adopted uncle of Moses by actor Sir Cedric Hardwicke in the 1956 film "The Ten Commandments". In the film, Seti I banishes Moses from Egypt, putting Moses on the path that eventually leads to his return to Egypt and liberation of the slaves after Rameses II ascends the throne. The film establishes the Biblical figure of Bithia (adopted mother of Moses) as Seti's sister.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seti I was portrayed by actor Aharon Ipalé in the films "The Mummy" and its sequel "The Mummy Returns" as a pharaoh who is murdered by his high priest Imhotep and his mistress Anck-su-namun. In 2006, Ipalé reprised the role in "The Ten Commandments: The Musical". "The Mummy" also mentions him as the richest of all pharaohs. In "The Mummy Returns", Seti is revealed to be Nefertiri's father.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the 1998 film "The Prince of Egypt" Seti (voiced by Patrick Stewart) is Moses' adoptive father and is depicted as having been the pharaoh who in the Biblical Book of Exodus ordered the massacre of the Hebrew boys, in order to prevent a feared rebellion.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seti I is portrayed by actor John Turturro in the 2014 film "".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seti" was produced in Germany as a board game with that title in 1979 by the game company Bütehorn Spiele and won an award for the most attractive game of that year. It was republished in 1986 by the German publisher Hexagames, this time with rules also in French and English. Though an abstract game, its backstory included the playing of Seti in ancient Egypt; the rules for the 20th century version have been surmised.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seti I" is the title of the first track on the Banco de Gaia album "Igizeh"; portions of the album were recorded at the Mortuary Temple of Seti I.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of colossal sculpture in situ

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Epigraphic Survey, "The Battle Reliefs of King Sety I". Reliefs and Inscriptions at Karnak vol. 4. (Chicago, 1985).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caverley, Amice "The Temple of King Sethos I at Abydos", (London, Chicago, 1933–58), 4 volumes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gaballa, Gaballa A. "Narrative in Egyptian Art". (Mainz, 1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hasel, Michael G., "Domination & Resistance: Egyptian Military Activity in the Southern Levant, 1300-1185 BC", (Leiden, 1998).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kitchen, Kenneth, "Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II" (Warminster, 1982).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liverani, Mario "Three Amarna Essays", Monographs on the Ancient Near East 1/5 (Malibu, 1979).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Murnane, William J. (1990) "The Road to Kadesh", Chicago.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schulman, Alan R. "Hittites, Helmets & Amarna: Akhenaten’s First Hittite War," "Akhenaten Temple Project" volume II, (Toronto, 1988), 53-79.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spalinger, Anthony J. "The Northern Wars of Seti I: An Integrative Study." "Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt" 16 (1979). 29–46.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spalinger, Anthony J. "Egyptian-Hittite Relations at the Close of the Amarna Age and Some Notes on Hittite Military Strategy in North Syria," "Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar" 1 (1979):55-89.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seti I - Archaeowiki.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Karnak Hypostyle Hall Project website

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Monuments of Seti I and their Historical Significance: Epigraphic, Art and Historical Analysis (PDF) 1998 by Peter Brand

paragraph: BULLET::::- The complete titulary of Seti I

paragraph: BULLET::::- 360° full-screen photospheric visit of Seti I tomb

description: second pharaoh of the 19th dynasty in ancient egypt

wikidata_label: Seti I

wikipedia_title: Seti I


text: Roman

text: senator

text: Julius Caesar

text: Calpurnia

text: Epicureanism

text: consul

text: Aulus Gabinius

text: Commentarii de Bello Gallico

text: Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus

text: Lucius Cassius Longinus

text: Tigurini

text: Cicero

text: Leges Clodiae

text: Macedonia

text: Quintus Ancharius

text: Senate

text: De provinciis consularibus

text: Cicero

text: invective

text: In Pisonem

text: censor

text: Pompey

text: Rome

text: Mark Antony

text: Octavianus

text: Lucius Marcius Philippus

text: Servius Sulpicius Rufus

text: Mutina

text: Philodemus

text: Villa of the Papyri

text: Herculaneum

text: Asconius

text: Lucius Calpurnius Piso

text: Pontifex

text: fiat justitia ruat caelum

text: Lord Mansfield

text: Somerset's Case

text: John Wilkes

text: fiat iustitia, et pereat mundus

text: Ferdinand of Habsburg

text: Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso

text: Google Books

categories: 100s BC births,Roman Republican consuls,Place of birth unknown,43 BC deaths,Senators of the Roman Republic,Place of death unknown,Year of birth uncertain,1st-century BC Romans,Calpurnii

paragraph: Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (consul 58 BC)

paragraph: Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (c. 100 BC – 43 BC) was a Roman senator and the father-in-law of Julius Caesar through his daughter Calpurnia. He was reportedly a follower of a school of Epicureanism that had been modified to befit politicians, as Epicureanism itself favored withdrawal from politics. Piso was consul in the year 58 BC with Aulus Gabinius as his colleague.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Caesar mentions his father-in-law in his "Commentarii de Bello Gallico". Piso's grandfather, also named Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, was killed with Lucius Cassius Longinus in 107 BC by the same Tigurini that Caesar conquered the year of Piso's consulate. As Caesar's father-in-law, when Cicero was faced with exile later that year for having violated the "Leges Clodiae" by executing members of the Catiline conspiracy without a formal trial, Piso declined to protect Cicero from the threat and consequences of exile, earning the enmity of that orator. In response, Cicero attacked Piso both during and after his subsequent administration of the province of Macedonia, which he administered from 57 BC to the beginning of 55 BC, when he was recalled and replaced by Quintus Ancharius. Piso's recall was perhaps in consequence of the violent attack made upon him by Cicero in the Senate in his speech "De provinciis consularibus".

paragraph: On his return, Piso addressed the Senate in his defence; Cicero replied with the coarse and exaggerated invective, a writing and/or oratory style or genre in classical times, known as "In Pisonem". Piso issued a pamphlet by way of rejoinder, and there the matter ended. Cicero may have been afraid to bring the father-in-law of Julius Caesar to trial. At any rate, Piso's repute was solid enough that he was elected, though reluctant, to the office of censor in 50 BC.

paragraph: At the outbreak of the civil war between Caesar and Pompey, Piso offered his services as mediator. However, when Caesar marched upon Rome, Piso left the city by way of protest of Caesar. After the murder of Caesar, Piso insisted on the provisions of Caesar's will being strictly carried out, and the assassinated Dictator was given a public funeral. In the growing tension between Mark Antony and Octavianus, Piso played a role neutral to both parties, yet seeking some form of resolution between the two sides. At the Senate session held that 1 August he offered a proposal to bring harmony between the two, but not one man supported him.

paragraph: As armed strife between the soldiers of the two sides increased, Piso continued to work for peace. When the Senate opened the year 43 BC with debating over Cicero's motion to declare Antony an enemy of the state, Piso twice intervened over the legality of such an act, arguing for compromise. Still hoping for peace, Piso joined two consular Senators -- Lucius Marcius Philippus and Servius Sulpicius Rufus—in an embassy to Antony at his camp in Mutina later that month. Piso and Philippus returned the following month—Sulpicius had died on the journey—to present terms from Antony that enraged Cicero. Antony's terms were rejected and the Senate declared a state of war. However, events in the further East alarmed the party at Rome, and a second embassy was sent to Antony in March, which included Piso. He is not heard of after this, and Syme concludes from this silence he died not long after.

paragraph: Section::::Patronage.

paragraph: According to Ronald Syme, Piso "united loyalty to Roman standards of conduct to a lively appreciation of the literature and philosophy of Hellas." The author Philodemus was one of those whom he sponsored.

paragraph: Piso is believed to have been the owner of the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: According to Asconius, Piso's wife was the daughter of one Rutilius Nudus. In addition to the daughter who married Julius Caesar, Piso also had a son, Lucius Calpurnius Piso, known as "the Pontifex", consul in 15 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The maxim "fiat justitia ruat caelum" ("let justice be done, though the heavens fall"), used by Lord Mansfield in Somerset's Case and in reversing the outlawry of John Wilkes, and in the alternate form "fiat iustitia, et pereat mundus" by Ferdinand of Habsburg, is sometimes attributed to Piso (more often to Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso), but this is disputed.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sources

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Calventius". "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology" 1. p. 584. at Google Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pap Levente 2015 "Piso the Rambler: Travelling and Tracking in Cicero's Rhetoric Discourse." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica, 7, 1 (2015) 21−28.

description: Statesman of ancient Rome

wikidata_label: Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus


text: Johannesburg

text: South Africa

text: privateer

text: Kawasaki

text: factory

text: Anton Mang

text: world championship

text: Bimota

text: Ulster Grand Prix

text: Isle of Man TT

text: Jon Ekerold career profile at IOMTT.com

categories: 350cc World Championship riders,Sportspeople from Johannesburg,250cc World Championship riders,500cc World Championship riders,South African motorcycle racers,1946 births,Living people

paragraph: Jon Ekerold

paragraph: Born in Johannesburg, South Africa, Ekerold is one of the few racers in the modern era to have won a world championship as a privateer without the benefit of a motorcycle manufacturer's support when he defeated Kawasaki factory racing team rider Anton Mang for the 1980 350cc Grand Prix road racing world championship. Ekerold rode a self-modified Yamaha TZ350 engine in a Bimota chassis during his championship season. He also won the Ulster Grand Prix once and finished second at the Isle of Man TT twice.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jon Ekerold career profile at IOMTT.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jon Ekerold article at realroadracing.com

description: South African motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Jon Ekerold

wikipedia_title: Jon Ekerold


href: Suzzara Conradin

text: Suzzara Conradin

categories: 13th-century jurists,Italian jurists,1292 deaths,Year of birth uncertain

paragraph: Guido da Suzzara

paragraph: Guido da Suzzara (ca. 1225-1292) was an Italian jurist. He was defense counsel at the trial of Conradin. Joseph Canning comments that he "was important in establishing that the princeps was bound by his contracts and privileges [...]".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::-

description: 13th-century Italian jurist

wikidata_label: Guido da Suzzara

wikipedia_title: Guido da Suzzara


text:
Count of Guelders
Zutphen
Hendrik of Guelders
Richardis of Bavaria
Otto I Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria
Frederick I Barbarossa
Third Crusade
Iconium
Guy of Lusignan
King of Jerusalem
Acre
Guelders
Zutphen
Otto
Bishop of Utrecht
Hendrik of Guelders
Agnes of Arnstein
Richardis of Bavaria
Otto I Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria
Agnes of Loon
Dirk VII, Count of Holland
Gerard III, Count of Guelders
Adelaide of Guelders
William I, Count of Holland
Otto
Bishop of Utrecht
Adolf
Frederick I, Count of Berg-Altena
Henry II, Count of Nassau

categories: Counts of Zutphen,House of Wassenberg,1150 births,Counts of Guelders,1207 deaths

paragraph: Otto I, Count of Guelders

paragraph: Otto I of Guelders (1150–1207) was a Count of Guelders and Zutphen from 1182 until his death in 1207. He was a son of Duke Hendrik of Guelders and Agnes of Arnstein. He married Richardis of Bavaria in 1184. Richardis was a daughter of Otto I Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Otto I of Guelders joined his Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa on the Third Crusade (1189–1192) during which he aided the Crusader army in the taking of Iconium. After the death of Frederick I Barbarossa, some of the crusaders in the army left for home but Otto joined one of the groups that went on towards Syria and Palestine. After arriving in the Holy Land, Otto joined the army of Guy of Lusignan, the King of Jerusalem, who was besieging the city of Acre. Further hardships decimated the army of the late Frederick, and by the spring of 1191 most of them had left for home. Otto was the only survivor from the Low Countries, and returned home in 1190.

paragraph: He is mentioned as the first Count of the combined area of Guelders and Zutphen in 1190. One of his sons was Otto, Bishop of Utrecht from 1212 until 1213.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Otto I of Guelders was a son of Duke Hendrik of Guelders and Agnes of Arnstein.

paragraph: He married Richardis of Bavaria in 1184. Richardis was a daughter of Otto I Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria and Agnes of Loon. Otto and his wife Richardis had 5 children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry of Guelders (?–1198). Was betrothed to Aleidis of Holland in 1197, the daughter of Dirk VII, Count of Holland. Henry died in 1198, before the wedding could take place.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerard III, Count of Guelders (1185–1229).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adelaide of Guelders (?–1218), married William I, Count of Holland.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otto (1193–1213), was Bishop of Utrecht

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irmgard of Guelders, married Adolf, Count of Altena and Mark, son of Frederick I, Count of Berg-Altena and his wife Alveradis.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret of Guelders, married Lothar III, Count of Hochstadt

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mechtild of Guelders, married Henry II, Count of Nassau.

description: Count of Guelders and participant in the Third Crusade

wikidata_label: Otto I, Count of Guelders

wikipedia_title: Otto I, Count of Guelders


text:
Guelders
Gerard II of Guelders
Ermgard of Zutphen
Zutphen
Bishopric of Utrecht
County of Holland
city of Utrecht
Bishop of Utrecht
Agnes of Arnstein
Louis III of Arnstein
Gérard II, Count of Looz
Otto I of Guelders
Kloster Kamp

categories: 1117 births,Counts of Zutphen,House of Wassenberg,Counts of Guelders,People from Zutphen,1182 deaths

paragraph: Henry I, Count of Guelders

paragraph: Henry I, Count of Guelders (1117–1182) was Count of Guelders from 1131 until 1182. He was a son of Gerard II of Guelders and Ermgard of Zutphen.

paragraph: In 1138 Hendrik inherited the County of Zutphen from his mother.

paragraph: Hendrik was under tremendous pressure from the Bishopric of Utrecht and the County of Holland, and was forced by Holland to negotiate a treaty with the city of Utrecht; this led to a problematic relation with the Bishop of Utrecht.

paragraph: In 1135 Hendrik married Agnes of Arnstein, daughter of count Louis III of Arnstein. Their daughter Adelaide married Gérard II, Count of Looz. Hendrik died in 1182 and was succeeded by his son Otto I of Guelders. He is buried at Kloosterkamp, probably the prestigious Cistercian abbey of Kloster Kamp.

description: Dutch noble

wikidata_label: Henry I, Count of Guelders

wikipedia_title: Henry I, Count of Guelders


text:
Latin
Bertrand Raimbaut
Albert of Aix
William of Tyre
First Crusade
army of Raymond of Saint-Gilles
Adhemar of Le Puy
Robert II of Flanders
siege of Antioch
Palestine
Orange
William of Aumelas
William VI of Montpellier
troubadour
Raimbaut of Orange
Aumelas
MedLands entry on the lords of Orange

categories: 11th-century births,1121 deaths,People from Orange, Vaucluse,Counts of Orange

paragraph: Raimbaut II, Count of Orange

paragraph: Raimbaut II, Count of Orange (in Latin "Raimboldus comes de Oringis") was the elder son of Bertrand Raimbaut and of his first wife Gilberte.

paragraph: Raimbaut's date of birth is not known. According to two sources, Albert of Aix and William of Tyre (neither of them eyewitnesses), he joined the First Crusade in the army of Raymond of Saint-Gilles, presumably setting out in 1096; his name is linked with those of Adhemar of Le Puy and Robert II of Flanders, and he is said to have been present at the siege of Antioch in 1098. He remained in Palestine and died there, probably in 1121.

paragraph: He married, but his wife's name is not known. No sons survived him. His daughter, Tiburge, in her father's prolonged absence, was being named "countess of Orange" as early as 1115. She married William of Aumelas, second son of William VI of Montpellier; she was still alive in 1136. Their son (Raimbaut's only grandson) was the troubadour Raimbaut of Orange, and he inherited the territories of Aumelas and Orange.

paragraph: A statue of Raimbaut, count of Orange, was erected in the main square at Orange in 1846.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- MedLands entry on the lords of Orange

description: Count of Orange

wikidata_label: Raimbaut II, Count of Orange

wikipedia_title: Raimbaut II, Count of Orange


text: MBE

text: English

text: Olympic Games

text: rowing

text: track cyclist

text: Carshalton

text: Surrey

text: Wallington

text: Wallington High School for Girls

text: silver medal

text: Athens 2004 Olympics

text: quadruple sculls

text: 2005 World Championships

text: quad scull

text: Moscow

text: Wendy Houvenaghel

text: Manchester

text: Joanna Rowsell

text: Olympic Games

text: individual pursuit

text: Roswitha Krause

text: Powerade

text: 2008 Summer Olympics

text: 2012 Summer Olympics

text: Land's End

text: John O'Groats

text: James Cracknell

text: time trial

text: Levens

text: British Cycling

text: Ironman 70.3

text: triathlon

text: Mallorca

text: Ironman

text: Bolton

text: 2012 Ironman World Championship

text: Olympic Games

text: World Championships

text: U23 World Championships

text: Leander Club

text: Profile on

text: British Cycling

text: Nadav Kander

text: Powerade

text: The Daily Mail

categories: Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain,1980 births,Members of the Order of the British Empire,Olympic medalists in cycling,English people of Spanish descent,English Olympic medallists,People from Carshalton,Alumni of St Mary's University, Twickenham,Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics,People educated at Wallington High School for Girls,Alumni of the University of Surrey,Members of Leander Club,Olympic rowers of Great Britain,Olympic medalists in rowing,Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics,UCI Track Cycling World Champions (women),English female rowers,Rowers at the 2004 Summer Olympics,English female cyclists,Olympic cyclists of Great Britain,Cyclists at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Living people,Olympic silver medallists for Great Britain,English track cyclists,World Rowing Championships medalists for Great Britain

paragraph: Rebecca Romero

paragraph: Rebecca Jayne Romero, MBE (born 24 January 1980) is an English sportswoman, a former World Champion and Olympic Games silver medallist at rowing, and a former World champion and former Olympic champion track cyclist.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Romero was born in Carshalton, Surrey, of an English mother and Spanish father, and brought up in Wallington, Surrey where she attended Wallington High School for Girls. Her success in both sports has meant that she has been funded as a full-time athlete since graduating from university.

paragraph: Section::::Rowing.

paragraph: Romero has won world championships in both cycling and rowing; as a rower, she won a silver medal at the Athens 2004 Olympics in the quadruple sculls, and the following year was part of the British crew that won the 2005 World Championships in the quad sculls.

paragraph: Suffering from a persistent back injury, Romero retired from rowing in 2006.

paragraph: Section::::Cycling.

paragraph: Romero later took up track cycling, and made rapid progress in her new sport, specialising in track endurance events.

paragraph: In December 2006, Romero won a silver medal in the pursuit at the UCI Track World Cup event in Moscow – her international cycling debut – losing out to fellow Briton Wendy Houvenaghel.

paragraph: Romero won her first Cycling World Championships medal in March 2007 with silver in the 3 km pursuit. The following year, at the 2008 UCI Track Cycling World Championships, held in Manchester, she won the individual and, (with Houvenaghel and Joanna Rowsell), team pursuit events.

paragraph: Section::::Cycling.:Beijing Olympics.

paragraph: She became the first British woman ever to compete in two different sports at the Olympic Games when she rode in the individual pursuit in Beijing. In winning the gold, she also became only the second woman of any country (after Roswitha Krause of East Germany) to win a medal in two different sports at Summer Games.

paragraph: Romero appeared nude on her bicycle in an advert for Powerade sports drink in the run up to the 2008 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: Romero was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2009 New Year Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Cycling.:Post-Beijing.

paragraph: Romero was expected to return to track cycling in October 2009 but did not return amid speculation that the individual pursuit would be dropped from the Olympic programme. It was announced in December 2009 that the event was to be dropped, meaning Romero was unable to defend her title at the 2012 Summer Olympics. She condemned the decision to drop the event as "ludicrous" but seemed set to make a further change of events by switching to the road time trial.

paragraph: In August 2009 she attempted the 874-mile non-stop mixed tandem bicycle record attempt from Land's End to John O'Groats with James Cracknell but had to give up at more than half way due to a knee injury.

paragraph: She planned to race in a time trial at Levens, Cumbria on 13 August 2011. She also raced in the British Time Trial Championships on 4 September 2011 finishing 4th overall.

paragraph: In October 2011 Romero announced that she was withdrawing from British Cycling's Olympic Programme and that she would not be competing in the 2012 Olympics. She subsequently confirmed that she would compete in the Ironman 70.3 triathlon in Mallorca and the Ironman UK event in Bolton in 2012 and the 2012 Ironman World Championship.

paragraph: Romero has set up Romero Performance, a sports performance consultancy organisation, which launched in January 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Achievements.

paragraph: Section::::Achievements.:Rowing.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olympic Games

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Championships

paragraph: BULLET::::- U23 World Championships

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leander Club (member)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on British Cycling

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olympians strip down as they prepare to make history in Beijing Photos by award-winning photographer Nadav Kander for Powerade advertising campaign, The Daily Mail

description: English rower and racing cyclist

wikidata_label: Rebecca Romero

wikipedia_title: Rebecca Romero


text:
blues
one-man band
guitar
harmonica
drums
WrayGunn
rockabilly
Portuguese Mozambique
Coimbra
Portugal
psychobilly
Coimbra
blues rock
WrayGunn
Naked Blues
Fuck Christmas, I Got the Blues
In Cold Blood
Masquerade
Jarvis Cocker
Femina
Asia Argento
Peaches
Lisa Kekaula
Phoebe Killdeer
Cibelle
Maria de Medeiros
Les Inrockuptibles
Rock & Folk
Telerama
El Pais
Rancho de La Luna
Dave Catching
Naked Blues
Fuck Christmas, I Got the Blues
In Cold Blood
Masquerade
Femina
True
Misfit

categories: Portuguese musicians,Living people,Blues musicians

paragraph: The Legendary Tigerman

paragraph: Paulo Furtado, known by his stage name The Legendary Tigerman (born 9 September 1970), is a Portuguese musician. As The Legendary Tigerman, he started playing blues music in a one-man band style, accompanying his singing with guitar, harmonica and drums alone on stage. The band is now a 4 piece, fat drums by Sega, big horns by Cabrita and low bass by Pisco, and of course Paulo "Tigerman" Furtado on vocals and guitar. Furtado is also the lead vocalist and primary songwriter of the rock band WrayGunn and formerly played in the rockabilly group Tédio Boys.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Furtado was born in Portuguese Mozambique, where he lived until he was one year old. He then moved to Coimbra, Portugal with his parents. Later, he enrolled at Lisbon University to study Human Movement Science but dropped out after three days, considering the studies pointless. He then focused a lot on surfing, becoming a local body board hero, and during this period it was said that he had various affairs.

paragraph: Furtado's musical career began in the late 1980's as the lead guitarist and songwriter in the Portuguese psychobilly band Tédio Boys. The group released three albums during the 1990's and embarked on a U.S. tour. In 1999, after leaving Tédio Boys, Furtado founded the Coimbra-based blues rock outfit WrayGunn, in which he plays lead guitar and sings alongside Raquel Ralha. The band has released five albums.

paragraph: During this period, Furtado began a solo career as The Legendary Tigerman. He released his first album, "Naked Blues", on the Subotnick Enterprises label in 2001. While working with Subotnick Enterprises, he released the followup, "Fuck Christmas, I Got the Blues" (2003) and the remix compilation "In Cold Blood" (2004). Switching to Rastilho Records, he produced "Masquerade" in 2006, which won him critical acclaim. In 2009 he joined Jarvis Cocker on a successful tour. Following this, he switched to EMI to produce his fifth solo album, "Femina", which featured collaborations with female singers and became one of the top 5 albums on the Portuguese charts.

paragraph: In 2009 he released FEMINA, a record about women, with special guests such as Asia Argento, Peaches, Lisa Kekaula, Becky Lee, Phoebe Killdeer, Cibelle, Maria de Medeiros...

paragraph: A year later the record went Platinum in Portugal and won Record of the Year for newspapers and magazines like Les Inrockuptibles, Rock & Folk, Telerama, El Pais, among many others.

paragraph: Sold-out shows, festivals, praise from the press.

paragraph: The secret was out.

paragraph: In 2014, TRUE sees the daylight though the light is much darker, much more complex...itʼs rock nʼ roll but with orchestras and brass and drums with truthness on every corner, shape or sound coming off from this seminal record.

paragraph: In the words of Lindsay Hutton “True comprises the type of music that really has been known to save souls.”

paragraph: Undergoing massive tours across Europe, Brazil, Mexico or China, The Legendary Tigerman takes on the rock nʼ roll ride full on, no more a one-man-band, now touring as an amazingly powerful trio, with drums and Baritone Sax.

paragraph: The most awaited 6th full length of The Legendary Tigerman is finally coming out in the beginning of 2018!

paragraph: MISFIT was recorded at Rancho de La Luna, Dave Catching´s legendary studio in Joshua Tree, in the heart of the Mojave Desert, and mixed and co-produced in Paris by Johnny Hostile (The Savages, John & Jehn) at Pop Noire Studios.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: He has released 6 albums:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: "Naked Blues" – Subotnick Enterprises

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: "Fuck Christmas, I Got the Blues" – Subotnick Enterprises

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: "In Cold Blood" – Subotnick Enterprises

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "Masquerade" – Nortesul/BMG

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "Femina" – Metrodiscos

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "True" – Metropolitana/Sony Music Portugal

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: "Misfit" - Metropolitana/Sony Music Portugal

description: Portuguese musician

wikidata_label: The Legendary Tigerman

wikipedia_title: The Legendary Tigerman


text: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Miami

text: Miami

text: Florida

text: The Catholic University of America

text: Boynton Beach

text: Knights of Columbus

text: USCCB

text: New Orleans

text: Louisiana

text: Jesuit High School

text: St. Joseph Seminary

text: Notre Dame Seminary

text: Pontifical Gregorian University

text: Pontifical North American College

text: Rome

text: diocese of New Orleans

text: Xavier University

text: New Orleans

text: Catholic University of America

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Tulane University

text: Archdiocese of New Orleans

text: Notre Dame Seminary

text: Metairie

text: Notre Dame Seminary

text: Alexandria, Louisiana

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Alexandria, Louisiana

text: Bishop Wiliam B. Friend

text: Diocese of Shreveport

text: Pio Laghi

text: Principal Consecrator

text: Philip Hannan

text: William Benedict Friend

text: Pope John Paul II

text: St. Petersburg, Florida

text: William Thomas Larkin

text: Miami, Florida

text: Archbishop Edward A. McCarthy

text: Cathedral of Saint Mary in Miami

text: The Catholic University of America

text: Boynton Beach

text: Knights of Columbus

text: USCCB

text: Scipione Rebiba

text: Giulio Antonio Santorio

text: Girolamo Bernerio

text: Galeazzo Sanvitale

text: Ludovico Ludovisi

text: Luigi Caetani

text: Ulderico Carpegna

text: Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni

text: Pope Benedict XIII

text: Pope Benedict XIV

text: Pope Clement XIII

text: Marcantonio Colonna

text: Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil

text: CRSP

text: Giulio Maria della Somaglia

text: Carlo Odescalchi

text: SJ

text: Costantino Patrizi Naro

text: Lucido Parocchi

text: Pope Pius X

text: Gaetano De Lai

text: Raffaele Rossi

text: OCD

text: Amleto Giovanni Cicognani

text: Pio Laghi

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

text: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Miami

categories: Xavier University of Louisiana alumni,Notre Dame Seminary alumni,Tulane University alumni,American Roman Catholic archbishops,21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops,1935 births,Catholic University of America alumni,20th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Archbishops of Miami,Jesuit High School (New Orleans) alumni,Pontifical Gregorian University alumni,Roman Catholic Diocese of Alexandria in Louisiana,Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of New Orleans,People from New Orleans,Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Miami,Catholic University of America trustees,Roman Catholic bishops of Saint Petersburg,Living people

paragraph: John Favalora

paragraph: John Clement Favalora (born December 5, 1935) is the former archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Miami in Miami, Florida, now styled as archbishop emeritus. He served as bishop in the dioceses of Alexandria, Louisiana and St. Petersburg, Florida. He was appointed the third Archbishop of Miami on November 3, 1994 and served until June 2010. Favalora is a former member of the Board of Trustees at The Catholic University of America and serves as a member of St. Vincent de Paul Regional Seminary in Boynton Beach. He serves as State Chaplain and a member of the Knights of Columbus in Florida in addition to being President of the Florida Catholic Conference. He is a member of the USCCB committees on Priestly Life and Ministry, Sexual Abuse and Pro-Life issues.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Favalora was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, where he graduated from Jesuit High School in 1954. He studied for the priesthood at St. Joseph Seminary in St. Benedict, Louisiana; Notre Dame Seminary in New Orleans; then the Pontifical Gregorian University and the Pontifical North American College in Rome, where he was ordained on December 20, 1961. He earned his bachelor's degree in Philosophy and History prior to his priestly ordination.

paragraph: After returning to his home diocese of New Orleans, he obtained certification as a secondary school teacher from Xavier University in New Orleans. Subsequently, he attended Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., and obtained a master's degree in education from Tulane University in New Orleans.

paragraph: Section::::Pastoral work.

paragraph: Favalora served 25 years as a priest of the Archdiocese of New Orleans where he worked as a pastor, high school principal, director of vocations, and rector-president of Notre Dame Seminary.

paragraph: Upon returning to New Orleans following his ordination, he served as Assistant Pastor of St. Theresa of the Child Jesus Church from 1962–70. In addition to his duties at St. Theresa, Favalora served as Vice Rector of St. John Vianney Preparatory School in 1964 and, in 1968, was appointed Principal. In 1973, he began a six-year stint as Pastor of St. Angela Merici Church in Metairie.

paragraph: In 1979, he was named Director of the Office of Vocations for the Archdiocese. Beginning in 1981, he was appointed Rector/President of Notre Dame Seminary, a position he held for the five years immediately prior to his appointment as Bishop of Alexandria, Louisiana.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopacy.

paragraph: Pope John Paul II appointed Father Favalora the ninth Bishop of Alexandria, Louisiana on June 24, 1986. He was appointed to fill the vacancy left a week earlier when Bishop Wiliam B. Friend was appointed the first Bishop of the newly created Diocese of Shreveport.

paragraph: Favalora was subsequently consecrated and installed as Bishop on July 29, 1986 at St. Francis Xavier Cathedral. Archbishop Pio Laghi served as Principal Consecrator with Archbishop Philip Hannan and Bishop William Benedict Friend serving as Principal Co-Consecrators.

paragraph: On March 14, 1989, Favalora was appointed by Pope John Paul II to be the third Bishop of St. Petersburg, Florida. He was appointed to succeed William Thomas Larkin, who submitted his letter of resignation abruptly in 1986 upon being diagnosed with leukemia. Bishop Larkin, still eligible to serve an additional 10 years, continued to lead the diocese until Bishop Favalora was installed on May 16, 1989. On November 3, 1994, Bishop Favalora received his third episcopal appointment as the third Archbishop of Miami, Florida, succeeding Archbishop Edward A. McCarthy, who retired upon reaching the usual retirement age. He was installed as Archbishop on December 20, 1994 at the Cathedral of Saint Mary in Miami. Archbishop Favalora submitted his resignation in April 2010, eight months before reaching the mandatory age for episcopal resignation of seventy-five.

paragraph: Favalora has served as a member of the Board of Trustees at The Catholic University of America and St. Vincent de Paul Regional Seminary in Boynton Beach. He has also served as State Chaplain and a member of the Knights of Columbus in Florida in addition to being President of the Florida Catholic Conference. He has been a member of the USCCB committees on Priestly Life and Ministry, Sexual Abuse and Pro-Life issues.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopal lineage.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Scipione Rebiba

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Giulio Antonio Santorio (1566)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Girolamo Bernerio, OP (1586)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archbishop Galeazzo Sanvitale (1604)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi (1621)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Luigi Caetani (1622)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Ulderico Carpegna (1630)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni (1666)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pope Benedict XIII (1675)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pope Benedict XIV (1724)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pope Clement XIII (1743)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Marcantonio Colonna (1762)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil, CRSP (1777)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Giulio Maria della Somaglia (1788)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Carlo Odescalchi, SJ (1823)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Costantino Patrizi Naro (1828)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Lucido Parocchi (1871)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pope Pius X (1884)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Gaetano De Lai (1911)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Raffaele Rossi, OCD(1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Amleto Giovanni Cicognani (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archbishop Pio Laghi (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archbishop John Favalora (1986)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Miami

description: Roman Catholic archbishop

wikidata_label: John Favalora

wikipedia_title: John Favalora


text: novelist

text: Constantinople

text: Istanbul

text: Turkey

text: Athens

text: Paris

text: London

text: World War II

text: George Seferis

text: Nafplion

text: Λάκαινα

categories: Constantinopolitan Greeks,Greek novelists,Generation of the '30s,1966 deaths,1906 births,Greeks of the Ottoman Empire

image: 512px-Γιώργος_Θεοτοκάς,_Πάρκο_Ελλήνων_Λογοτεχνών.jpg

paragraph: Yiorgos Theotokas

paragraph: Yiorgos Theotokas (), formally Georgios Theotokas (Γεώργιος Θεοτοκάς; 27 April 1906 – 30 October 1966), was a Greek novelist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey).

paragraph: He became one of the main representatives of the "". After studying in Athens, Paris, and London, his first essay was "Free Spirit" (1929). This was followed by three novels before World War II: "Argo" (1936), "The Demon" (1938), and "Leonís" (1940). His first and most influential novel, "Argo", dealt with the problems of young people growing up in difficult and turbulent times.

paragraph: After the war he became more involved with the theatre, and was twice director of the Greek National Theatre.

paragraph: Today he is perhaps best remembered for his friendship and correspondence with major figures of the Generation of the Thirties including the Nobel prize-winner George Seferis; but "Argo" remains in print.

paragraph: He died in Athens.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Αργώ" (Argo), Vol. 1: 1933, Vol. 2: 1936

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Το Δαιμόνιο" (The Demon), 1938

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Λεωνής" (Leonís), 1940

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ασθενείς και Οδοιπόροι" (Patients and Travellers), Part 1 ("Ιερά Οδός"): 1950, full edition: 1964

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Οι Καμπάνες" (The Bells), 1970

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Σημαίες στον ήλιο" (Flags in the Sun), including "Λεωνής" and "Παιδική ηλικία" (Childhood), 1985

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Short stories.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ευριπίδης Πεντοζάλης και Άλλες Ιστορίες" (Evripidis Pendozalis and other stories), 1937

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Essays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ελεύθερο Πνεύμα" (Free Spirit), 1929 (using the pseudonym Ορέστης Διγενής - Orestis Digenis)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Εμπρός στο Κοινωνικό Πρόβλημα", 1932

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Στο κατώφλι των Νέων Καιρών", 1945

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Προβλήματα του Καιρού Μας", 1956

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Πνευματική Πορεία", 1961

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Plays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Αντάρα στ' Ανάπλι" (Scud in Nafplion)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Το Γεφύρι της Άρτας"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Όνειρο του Δωδεκάμερου"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Το Κάστρο της Ωριάς"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Το Παιχνίδι της Τρέλας και της Φρονιμάδας"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Συναπάντημα στην Πεντέλη"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Το Τίμημα της Λευτεριάς"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Πέφτει το Βράδυ"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Αλκιβιάδης"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ο Τελευταίος Πόλεμος"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Λάκαινα"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Σκληρές Ρίζες"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Η Άκρη του Δρόμου"

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Travel literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Δοκίμιο για την Αμερική" (Essay for America)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ταξίδι στη Μέση Ανατολή και στο Άγιον Όρος" (Journey to Middle East and Mount Athos), 1961

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ταξίδια: Περσία, Ρουμανία, Σοβιετική Ένωση, Βουλγαρία" (Journeys: Persia, Romania, Soviet Union, Bulgaria)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Other works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ώρες Αργίας" (Leisure Hours), 1931

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ημερολόγιο της "Αργώς" και του "Δαιμονίου"" (Diary of "Argo" and "the Demon"), 1939

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Τετράδια Ημερολογίου 1939-1953" (Diary Books 1939-1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Στοχασμοί και Θέσεις" (RPonderings and Positions), Political texts: 1925-1949 & 1950-1966, Vol. 1 & 2

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Η Ορθοδοξία στον Καιρό Μας" (Orthodoxy in Our Times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Μια Αλληλογραφία" (A Correspondence of Letters)

paragraph: Section::::Translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leonis", tr. Donald E. Martin (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Argo", tr. E. M. Brooke, A. Tsatsopoulos (1951)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Αράγης, Γ., "Γιώργος Θεοτοκάς, Συλλογή: Η Μεσοπολεμική πεζογραφία. Από τον πρώτο ως τον δεύτερο παγκόσμιο πόλεμο (1914-1939)", Vol. 4, ed. Σοκόλης, Athens 1992. p. 8-81.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ν. Ι. Καγκελάρης, «Γ. Θεοτοκάς, "Αργώ": Οι Φιλικοί Ασημάκης Κορκίδης και Μάνθος Οικονόμου πίσω από τον πρώτο Νοταρά (1771-1824)», "Μικροφιλολογικά" 42 (2017): 62-4

paragraph: BULLET::::- Α. Καραντώνη, "Πεζογράφοι και πεζογραφήματα της γενιάς του '30", ed. Παπαδήμας, Athens 1977.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Κ. Μητσάκη, "Νεοελληνική πεζογραφία. Η γενιά του '30", Athens 1977.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marc Terrades, "Le Drame de l'hellénisme. Ion Dragoumis (1878-1920) et la question nationale en Grèce au début du XXe siècle", L'Harmattan, 2005. br.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mario Vitti, "Η γενιά του τριάντα. Ιδεολογία και μορφή", ed. Ερμής, Athens 1977.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Γιαλουράκης Ε., "Θεοτοκάς Γιώργος", Μεγάλη Εγκυκλοπαίδεια της Νεοελληνικής Λογοτεχνίας, ed. Εκδοτική Αθηνών, 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- «Διαβάζω» Magazine, 12. 2. 1986, "Αφιέρωμα στον Γιώργο Θεοτοκά"

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- T. Doulis, "George Theotokas" (1975) (Twayne's world authors)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ‘Theatrical Group of Tripoli’ (in Greek)

alias:
Geórgios Theotokás
Γιώργος Θεοτοκάς
Georgios Theotokas
Yorgos Theotokas

description: Greek novelist

wikidata_label: Yórgos Theotokás

wikipedia_title: Yiorgos Theotokas


text:
companion
Islamic Prophet
Muhammad
kunya
Asad Allāh
Lion
God
Jannah
Paradise
Muhammad
Abdul Muttalib
Hashim
Abd Manaf
Qusayy
Quraysh
Mecca
Hala bint Uhayb
Abdullah
Wahb ibn 'Abd Manaf
Aminah
God
hunting
Salma bint Umays ibn Ma'd
Maymuna bint al-Harith
Umama bint Hamza
Ibn Sa'd
Ruqayyah bint Muhammad
Islam
Hashimite
Abu Jahl
Kaaba
Al-Arqam
Muslim
angel
Jibreel
emerald
emigration
Medina
Zayd ibn Harithah
Ubaydah ibn al-Harith
Battle of Badr
camel
Utbah ibn Rabi'ah
Ali
Shayba
Banu Qaynuqa
Battle of Uhud
Shawwal
hijri
Allah's
lion
Jubayr ibn Mut'im
Abyssinian
Wahshi ibn Harb
Hind bint Utbah
grave
Abdullah ibn Jahsh
Fatima
Abdul-Muttalib
Banu Hashim
Hejaz
Mount Uhud
List of expeditions of Muhammad
Quraysh
Sunni view of the Sahaba
The Message (1976 film)

categories: Family of Muhammad,Sahabah participated in battle of Uhud,Male Sahabah,Angelic visionaries,625 deaths,Medieval Arabs killed in battle,Sahabah participated in battle of Badr,570s births

paragraph: Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib

paragraph: Ḥamzah ibn ‘Abdul-Muṭṭalib (; 570 – 625) was a foster brother, companion and paternal uncle of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad.

paragraph: His "kunyas" were "Abū Umārah" () and "Abū Ya‘lā" (). He had the by-names "Asad Allāh" (, "Lion of God") and "Asad al-Jannah" (, "Lion of the Paradise"), and Muhammad gave him the posthumous title "Sayyid ash-Shuhadā’" (, "Chief of the Martyrs").

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Section::::Family.:Parents.

paragraph: Hamzah's father was Abdul Muttalib ibn Hashim ibn Abd Manaf ibn Qusayy from the Qurayshi tribe of Mecca. His mother was Hala bint Uhayb from the Zuhra clan of Quraysh. His parents met when Abdul Muttalib went with his son Abdullah to the house of Wahb ibn 'Abd Manaf to seek the hand of Wahb's daughter Aminah. While they were there, Abdul-Muttalib noticed Wahb's niece, Hala bint Uhayb, and he asked for her hand as well. Wahb agreed, and Muhammad's father Abdullah and his grandfather Abdul-Muttalib were both married on the same day, in a double-marriage ceremony. Hence, Hamzah was the younger brother of Muhammad's father.

paragraph: Hamzah was reportedly four years older than Muhammad. This is disputed by Ibn Sayyid, who argues: "Zubayr narrated that Hamza was four years older than the Prophet. But this does not seem correct, because reliable hadith state that Thuwayba nursed both Hamza and the Prophet". Ibn Sayyid concludes that Hamza was only two years older than Muhammad, though he adds the traditional expression of doubt, "Only God knows". Ibn Hajar writes as a conclusion of Ibn sayyid hadiths: "Hamza was born two to four years before Muhammad".. The reliable hadiths state that Hamza was born up to two years before Muhammad.

paragraph: Hamza was skilled in wrestling, archery and fighting. He was fond of hunting, and he is described as "the strongest man of the Quraysh, and the most unyielding".

paragraph: Section::::Family.:Marriages and Children.

paragraph: Hamza married three times and had six children.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Salma bint Umays ibn Ma'd, the half-sister of Maymuna bint al-Harith.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Umama bint Hamza , wife of Salama ibn Abi Salama

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Zaynab bint Al-Milla ibn Malik of the Aws tribe in Medina.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Amir ibn Hamza.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Bakr ibn Hamza. who died in childhood

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Khawla bint Qays ibn Amir of the An-Najjar clan of the Khazraj in Medina.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Yaala ibn Hamza. He had issue, but their descendants had died out by the time of Ibn Sa'd.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Umara ibn Hamza. Married Ruqayyah bint Muhammad.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Atika bint Hamza.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Barra bint Hamza.

paragraph: Section::::Conversion to Islam.

paragraph: Hamza took little notice of Islam for the first few years. He did not respond to Muhammad's first appeal to the Hashimite clan in 613.

paragraph: He converted in late 615 or early 616. Upon returning to Mecca after a hunting trip in the desert, he heard that Abu Jahl had "attacked the Prophet and abused and insulted him," "speaking spitefully of his religion and trying to bring him into disrepute". Muhammad had not replied to him. "Filled with rage," Hamza "went out at a run ... meaning to punish Abu Jahl when he met him". He entered the Kaaba, where Abu Jahl was sitting with the elders, stood over him and "struck him a violent blow" with his bow. He said, "Will you insult him, when I am of his religion and say what he says? Hit me back if you can!" He "struck Abu Jahl's head with a blow that cut open his head". Some of Abu Jahl's relatives approached to help him, but he told them, "Leave Abu Umara [Hamza] alone, for, by God, I insulted his nephew deeply".

paragraph: After that incident, Hamza entered the House of Al-Arqam and declared Islam. "Hamza’s Islam was complete, and he followed the Apostle's commands. When he became a Muslim, the Quraysh recognised that the Apostle had become strong, and had found a protector in Hamza, and so they abandoned some of their ways of harassing him". Instead, they tried to strike bargains with him; but he did not accept their offers.

paragraph: Hamza once asked Muhammad to show him the angel Jibreel "in his true form". Muhammad told Hamza that he would not be able to see him. Hamza retorted that he would see the angel, so Muhammad told him to sit where he was. They claimed that Jibreel descended before them and that Hamza saw that Jibreel's feet were like emeralds, before falling down unconscious.

paragraph: Hamza joined the emigration to Medina in 622 and lodged with Kulthum ibn al-Hidm or Saad ibn Khaythama. Muhammad made him the brother in Islam of Zayd ibn Harithah.

paragraph: Section::::Military expeditions.

paragraph: Section::::Military expeditions.:First expedition.

paragraph: Muhammad sent Hamza on his first raid against Quraysh. Hamza led an expedition of thirty riders to the coast in Juhayna territory to intercept a merchant-caravan returning from Syria. Hamza met Abu Jahl at the head of the caravan with three hundred riders at the seashore. Majdi ibn Amr al-Juhani intervened between them, "for he was at peace with both parties," and the two parties separated without any fighting.

paragraph: There is dispute as to whether Hamza or his second cousin Ubaydah ibn al-Harith was the first Muslim to whom Muhammad gave a flag.

paragraph: Section::::Military expeditions.:Battle of Badr.

paragraph: Hamza fought at the Battle of Badr, where he shared a camel with Zayd ibn Harithah and where his distinctive ostrich feather made him highly visible. The Muslims blocked the wells at Badr.

paragraph: Al-Aaswad ibn Abdalasad al-Makhzumi, who was a quarrelsome ill-natured man, stepped forth and said, "I swear to God that I will drink from their cistern or destroy it or die before reaching it". Hamza came forth against him, and when the two met, Hamza smote him and sent his foot and half his shank flying as he was near the cistern. He fell on his back and lay there, blood streaming from his foot towards his comrades. Then he crawled to the cistern and threw himself into it with the purpose of fulfilling his oath, but Hamza followed him and smote him and killed him in the cistern".

paragraph: He then killed Utbah ibn Rabi'ah in single combat and helped Ali to kill Utbah's brother Shayba. It is disputed whether it was Hamza or Ali who killed Tuwayma ibn Adiy.

paragraph: Later Hamza carried Muhammad's banner in the expedition against the Banu Qaynuqa.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Hamza was killed in the Battle of Uhud on 22 March 625 (3 Shawwal 3 hijri) when he was 59 (lunar) years old. He was standing in front of Muhammad, fighting with two swords and shouting, "I am Allah's lion!"

paragraph: Jubayr ibn Mut'im bribed the Abyssinian slave Wahshi ibn Harb with a promise of manumission if he killed Hamza. This was to revenge his uncle, Tuwayma ibn Adiy, whom Hamza had killed in Badr. Hamza, running back and forth, stumbled and fell on his back; and Wahshi said, "who could throw a javelin as the Abyssinians do and seldom missed the mark," threw it into Hamza's abdomen and killed him.

paragraph: Wahshi then slit open his stomach and brought his liver to Hind bint Utbah, whose father Hamza had killed at Badr (see above). Hind chewed Hamza's liver then spat it out. "Then she went and mutilated Hamza and made anklets, necklaces and pendants from his body, and brought them and his liver to Mecca".

paragraph: Hamza was buried in the same "qabr" (, grave) as his nephew Abdullah ibn Jahsh. Muhammad later said, "I saw the angels washing Hamza because he was in Paradise on that day". Fatima used to go to Hamza's grave and tend it.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abdul-Muttalib

paragraph: BULLET::::- Banu Hashim

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hejaz

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mount Uhud

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of expeditions of Muhammad

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quraysh

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sunni view of the Sahaba

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Message (1976 film)

alias:
Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib
Amir Hamza
Qissa’i Emir Hamza
Amir Hamzah

description: uncle of Mohamed, aka Amir Hamza, writer & subject of Hamzanama

wikidata_label: Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib

wikipedia_title: Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib


text:
Aws
Medina
companions
Muhammad
Battle of the Trench
Aws
Khazraj
agnatic
Aws
Battle of Bu'ath
As'ad ibn Zurarah
al-Najjar
Khazraj
al-Waqidi
Ansar
Aws
Khazraj
Mu'sab ibn Umair
Battle of Badr
Umayah ibn Khalaf
Khalid bin Walid
counterattacked
Mu'sab ibn Umar
Battle of the Trench
Meccan
Banu Qurayza
Muslims
Banu Aws
Muhammad

categories: Male Sahabah,Year of birth unknown,620s deaths,Sahabah martyrs,Converts to Islam

image: 512px-تخطيط_اسم_سعد_بن_معاذ.png

paragraph: Sa'd ibn Mu'adh

paragraph: Sa'd ibn Mu'adh () (c.591-627) was the chief of the Aws tribe in Medina and one of the prominent companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He died shortly after the Battle of the Trench.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Sa'd was born in Medina c.591, the son of Mu'adh ibn al-Numan, of the Abdul-Ashhal clan of the Aws tribe, and of Kabsha bint Rafi, of the al-Harith clan of the Khazraj tribe.

paragraph: He married Hind bint Simak, his agnatic second cousin, whose brother had been chief of the Aws tribe until he was killed at the Battle of Bu'ath. They had two sons, Amr and Abdullah.

paragraph: As'ad ibn Zurarah, chief of the al-Najjar clan of the Khazraj, was Sa'd's maternal first cousin. Usayd ibn Hudayr was his wife's fraternal nephew, and was also said by al-Waqidi to have been Sa'd's first cousin.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Acceptance of Islam.

paragraph: Sa'd was among the leading figures among the Ansar, as Muhammad had dubbed the people of Aws and Khazraj from Medina who converted to Islam. He converted at the hands of Mu'sab ibn Umair. His conversion led to the immediate conversion of his entire subtribe of the Aus, the Banu Abdul-Ashhal:

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Confrontation with Abu Jahl and start of Badr hostilities.

paragraph: Prior to the Battle of Badr, Sa'd had visited Mecca once to perform his Umra with his non-Muslim friend Umayah ibn Khalaf, when they came across Abu Jahl. They had an argument, and as it became heated, Sa'd threatened Abu Jahl with preventing his safe passage through Medina if he stopped the Muslims from performing pilgrimage in Mecca.

paragraph: Narrated 'Abdullah bin Mas'ud:

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Battle of Badr.

paragraph: The Muslims originally expected a much smaller Meccan force, but were surprised by the large Meccan Army so Muhammad called Shura:

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Battle of Uhud.

paragraph: Sa'd was one of the few companions who remained on the battlefield, when the Meccans led Khalid bin Walid counterattacked and continue fight on until he was finally forced to retreat away from the Meccans. In fact, Sa'd was the last Muslim Mu'sab ibn Umar met (Sa'd by that time had disengaged the Meccans) when he chided other Muslims for retreating and ferociously attacked the Meccans resulting in his brutal martyrdom at the hands of the Meccans. He later met up with Muhammad and was part of the small contingent Muslims defending him.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Battle of Trench and Qurayza.

paragraph: After the Battle of the Trench in 627 (5 AH), when Medina was unsuccessfully besieged by the Meccan army, the Banu Qurayza had treacherous dealings with the enemy. Later the Muslims laid siege to their stronghold and the Banu Qurayza surrendered.

paragraph: Several members of the Banu Aws pleaded for their old Jewish allies and agreed to Muhammad's proposal that one of their chiefs should judge the matter. The Banu Qurayza themselves appointed Sa'd, and declared they would agree with whatever was Sa'd's verdict. The verdict was consistent with the Bible and some scholars claim the verdict was based on the Bible. However, this argument does not conform with the teachings of Jesus Christ (in the same Bible) concerning forgiveness and love . Therefore, such a decision to execute prisoners of war ( just like other war crimes - a case of a man seeking vengeance against his (perceived) enemies) cannot be justified with any document.

paragraph: Sa'd had been wounded in the earlier battles, and was on the verge of death. Sa'd succumbed to the wounds and died after returning to Medina.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: He dutifully served as a member of the Muslim community and even commanded military campaigns for Muhammad during his lifetime. Saad is said to have been a stern, just and passionate man, willing to impulsively fight for what he believed in. In Muslim history, he is well regarded as a noble companion who enjoyed a close relationship with Muhammad.

paragraph: Even after his death Muhammad made constant references praising him:

description: converts to Islam

wikidata_label: Sa'd ibn Mua'dh

wikipedia_title: Sa'd ibn Mu'adh


text:
companions
Islamic prophet
Persia
China
Mecca
Zuhrah
Banu Zuhrah
Quraysh
tribe
Aminah bint Wahb
Muhammad
Umayya
Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf
Umar
one of the first to accept Islam
referenced
Quran
31:14–15
polytheists
Medina
archer
the Farewell Pilgrimage
Sassanid army
Battle of al-Qādisiyyah
Battle of Nahāvand
Kufa
Nejd
caliphate
caliph
Umar ibn al-Khattab
third caliphate
Chinese Muslims
Islam to China
Emperor Gaozong of Tang
Lalmonirhat District
ten blessed companions
ten promised of paradise
Sunni Muslim
the ten to whom paradise was promised
Saad
Sunni view of the Sahaba
Emperor Gaozong of Tang
Sahaba.net: Sa`d ibn Abî Waqâs

categories: Medieval Muslim generals,Medieval diplomats,Shahnameh characters,Sahabah participated in battle of Uhud,History of the foreign relations of China,Male Sahabah,Islam in China,Arab generals,664 deaths,Banu Zuhrah,Tang dynasty,595 births

paragraph: Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas

paragraph: Saʿd ibn Abī Waqqās () was one of the companions of the Islamic prophet. Sa'd was the third or fourth person to embrace Islam at the age of seventeen. He is mainly known for his commandership in the Battle of Qadisiyyah and in the conquest of Persia in 636, governorship over it, and diplomatic sojourns to China in 651.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Family.

paragraph: Sa'd was born in Mecca, 595. His father was Abu Waqqas Malik ibn Uhayb ibn Abd Manaf ibn Zuhrah from the Banu Zuhrah clan of the Quraysh tribe. Uhayb ibn Abd Manaf was the paternal uncle of Aminah bint Wahb, mother of Muhammad. Sa'd's mother was Hamnah bint Sufyan ibn Umayya ibn Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf.

paragraph: He was seventeen years old when he accepted Islam. He had many children, among whom his sons Umar and Aamir and his daughter A'isha are the most well-known.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:During Muhammad's era 610–632.:Mothers reaction about Sa'd's conversion to Islam.

paragraph: He was one of the first to accept Islam.

paragraph: Saʿd relates:

paragraph: This was referenced in the Quranic verse 31:14–15.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:During Muhammad's era 610–632.:Battles.

paragraph: In 614, the Muslims were on their way to the hills of Mecca to offer prayer with Muhammad, when a group of polytheists observed them. They began to abuse and fight them. Sa`ad beat a polytheist and shed his blood, reportedly becoming the first Muslim to shed blood in the name of Islam.

paragraph: He fought at the battle of Badr with his young brother ʿUmayr. Being only in his early teens, Umayr was denied access to battle, but after struggling and crying, he was later given permission by Muhammed to fight in battle. Saʿd returned to Medina alone; ʿUmayr was one of the fourteen Muslims who died in the battle.

paragraph: At the battle of Uhud, Saʿd was chosen as an archer together with Zayd, Saʿīb (the son of Uthmān ibn Mazūn) and others. Saʿd was among those who fought in defense of Muhammad after some Muslims had deserted their positions. Muhammad honoured him by declaring him one of the best archers of that time. During the battle, Muhammad gathered some arrows for him.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:During Muhammad's era 610–632.:Farewell Pilgrimage.

paragraph: He fell ill during the Farewell Pilgrimage, and he had only a daughter during this period. Sa'ad said:

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:During Caliph ʿUmar's era 634–644.

paragraph: Sa` ad Ibn Abi Waqqas, was the one who built the city of Kufa in Iraq during the reign Umar ibn al-Khattab.

paragraph: Saʿd also fought under ʿUmar's command against the Sassanid army at the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah and Battle of Nahāvand. He was later appointed governor of Kufa and Nejd during the caliphate of ʿUmar.

paragraph: Some narrations state that although ʿUmar deposed him from his post as governor, he recommended that the caliph who succeeded him reinstall Saʿd, since Umar had not deposed Saʿd due to any treachery.

paragraph: He was one of six people nominated by Umar ibn al-Khattab for the third caliphate.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:During Caliph ʿUthman's era 644–656.

paragraph: ʿUthman carried out ʿUmar's recommendation and appointed Saʿd as governor of Kufa.

paragraph: Saʿd has been traditionally credited by Chinese Muslims with introducing Islam to China in 650, during the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Tang. A mosque in the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh has also been found, which is said to be built by himself in 648, and also locally called after his name as Abu Akkas mosque.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:During Caliph Muʿawiyah's era 661–664.

paragraph: He outlived all ten blessed companions, and died a wealthy man at the age of eighty, around the year 674. Sa'd is among the ten promised of paradise.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Sunni Muslims regard him as one of the ten to whom paradise was promised.

paragraph: One Sunni source states: To urge him on [during Uhud], Muhammad said: "Shoot, Saʿd ...may my mother and father be your ransom.". This was also reported by ʿAli ibn Abi Talib who said that he had not yet heard Muhammad promising such a ransom to anyone except Sa'ad Bin Malik. Bukhari, Volume 5, Book 59, Number 389. Sa'ad bin Malik and Saʿd bin abi Waqqas are the same person.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saad

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sunni view of the Sahaba

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor Gaozong of Tang

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sahaba.net: Sa`d ibn Abî Waqâs

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20051031062214/http://www.alinaam.org.za/fazaail/umar.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191053/http://www.muslimaccess.com/sunnah/seerah/10a.htm

description: Muslim general

wikidata_label: Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas

wikipedia_title: Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas


text:
comic strip
Nancy
Guy Gilchrist
Ernie Bushmiller's

categories: Living people,American women artists,21st-century American artists,American female comics artists,Pseudonymous artists

paragraph: Olivia Jaimes

paragraph: Olivia Jaimes is the pseudonym of an American cartoonist currently authoring and illustrating the daily comic strip, "Nancy". She is notable for reviving the over 80-year-old comic strip, creating material for a modern audience.

paragraph: Section::::Nancy.

paragraph: Section::::Nancy.:Comic Strip.

paragraph: On April 9, 2018, Jaimes took over the comic strip from Guy Gilchrist, who stepped down earlier in the year. She has introduced unique themes and designs into the comic since taking over. Artistically, Jaimes' style deviated significantly from Gilchrist, portraying Nancy more like Ernie Bushmiller's Nancy. Additionally, Jaimes toned down overly sexualized aspects of characters, particularly Aunt Fritzi, choosing instead to depict her in a similar style as the other characters in Nancy.

paragraph: The Jaimes-era Nancy also relies heavily on current trends and technologies. Smartphones, social media, ear buds, and robotics club play major roles in the setting Jaimes has created.

paragraph: Section::::Reception.

paragraph: While some previous fans of Gilchrist's run of Nancy were not pleased with the change, most professional criticism has remained positive.

paragraph: Social engagement on the comic strip's page has increased 500 percent compared with the end of Gilchrist's run.

paragraph: Section::::Reception.:Notable Awards.

paragraph: For her first year, Olivia Jaimes' Nancy was recognized in numerous year's best award including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tech Crunch, "Favorite Things of 2018

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Ringer, "Year in Review, Best Comic Strip"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hollywood Reporter, "The Best Comics of 2018"

paragraph: BULLET::::- AV Club, "Best Comics of 2018"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paste Magazine, "25 Best Comic Books of 2018 (Honorable Mention)"

paragraph: Section::::Reception.:Sluggo is Lit.

paragraph: Jaimes' 2018 Labor Day strip introduced a panel with Nancy riding a hoverboard announcing, 'Sluggo is Lit'. The panel quickly became an internet meme, replacing the phrase in various comic book panels and other images.

description: pseudonymous cartoonist

wikidata_label: Olivia Jaimes

wikipedia_title: Olivia Jaimes


text:
American
New York City
Hilter
Victorian era
Rococo Revival
John Henry Belter

categories: People from Osnabrück,American furniture designers,American cabinetmakers,1863 deaths,1804 births

paragraph: John Henry Belter

paragraph: John Henry Belter (1804–1863) was an American cabinetmaker active in New York City.

paragraph: Belter was born in Hilter near Osnabrück, Germany and was trained as a cabinetmaker's apprentice in Württemberg, specializing in German rococo carving, which later became popular during the Victorian era and is known today as the Rococo Revival style. He moved to NYC in 1833, becoming a citizen in 1839. His shop "J.H. Belter and Co." was located during the years 1846-1852 at nr. 372 Broadway. He is known for developing a technique for processing laminated rosewood in many layers to achieve thin panels that, once shaped in molds through steam heating, were finely carved. This style which became very popular in NYC, was widely copied by his competitors in New York, Philadelphia, and Boston.

paragraph: Belter died in New York City and his business was carried on by his brothers-in-law, the Springmyers.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Henry Belter in the Encyclopædia Britannica

alias:
Johann Heinrich Belter
John Henry Belcher

description: American cabinetmaker (1804-1863)

wikidata_label: John Henry Belter

wikipedia_title: John Henry Belter