text: Stamfordham, Northumberland

text: modernist

text: Organ reform movement

text: Newcastle Royal Grammar School

text: St Michael's Church, Breaston

text: Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Hucknall

text: Sedbergh School

text: Trent College

text: St Giles' Church, Sandiacre

text: St Mary's Church, Disley

text: Saxon Church, Escomb

text: Coxwold

text: St Mary's Church, Harborne, Birmingham

text: Liverpool Cathedral

text: Christ Church, Chilwell

text: Birmingham Conservatoire

categories: Organ builders of the United Kingdom,British pipe organ builders,Year of birth uncertain,Musical instrument manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom

paragraph: Nigel Church

paragraph: Nigel B. Church is a British organ builder who was based in Stamfordham, Northumberland from 1971 to 1998.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He started building organs as Church and Company in Stamfordham in 1971 and concentrated on new build organs with mechanical action.

paragraph: Although some restorations of older organs were undertaken (mostly in the area around Durham near their workshop) Church's small organ-building company gradually became best known for effective design of small organs (of one or two manuals) in the neo-baroque style then fashionable, often featuring modernist architectural design and casework - in strong contrast to the elaborate, noble and grand post-Victorian aesthetics of most of Britain's organ stock. As such, the firm's legacy constitutes a modest but important ingredient in the spread of the 20th Century European Organ reform movement into the UK.

paragraph: The firm ceased trading in 2000. Many of Church's organs are still in regular use.

paragraph: Section::::Organs built.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Newcastle Royal Grammar School 1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Willibrord with All Saints, Newcastle upon Tyne 1974

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Paul's Church, Winlaton, Durham 1974

paragraph: BULLET::::- All Saints' Church, The Oval, Pin Green, Stevenage 1974

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Michael's Church, Breaston 1975 now in English Martyrs Church, Alvaston, Derbyshire

paragraph: BULLET::::- St James and St Basil's Church, Fenham, Newcastle upon Tyne 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Church of the Holy Saviour, Lemington, Tyne and Wear 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Hucknall 1976 then at Sedbergh School - now at SS Peter & Paul RC Church, Lincoln

paragraph: BULLET::::- St George's Church, Hartlepool 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trent College Chapel, Nottingham 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Matthew's Church, Newcastle upon Tyne 1977

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Giles' Church, Sandiacre 1977

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Mary's Church, Disley, Cheshire 1977

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saxon Church, Escomb, Durham 1977

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Peter ad Vincula, Thornaby-on-Tees 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Michael's church, Coxwold, North Yorkshire 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of Our Lady and St Columba, Wallsend 1979

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Helen's Church, Hoveton, Norfolk 1979

paragraph: BULLET::::- St John of Beverley School, Beverley, Humberside 1979

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Robert of Newminster, Morpeth, Northumberland 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- United Reformed Church, Aston Tirrold, Berkshire 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Edward the Confessor, Dringhouses, Yorkshire 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Mary's Cathedral, Newcastle upon Tyne 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- Houston and Killellan Kirk, Strathclyde 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Joseph's Church, Cookham Road, Maidenhead 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Hugh of Lincoln, Timperley, Greater Manchester 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hartley Hall of Residence, Royal Northern College of Music, Manchester 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Mary's Church, Harborne, Birmingham 1982

paragraph: BULLET::::- St James' Church, Inverleith Row, Edinburgh 1982

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Mary Magdalene's Church, Trimdon 1982

paragraph: BULLET::::- Priory Church of St Hilda, Sneaton Castle 1983

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Mary the Virgin, Denham, Buckinghamshire 1983

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lylesand Church Paisley, Strathclyde 1983

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Alban’s Church, Chester Road, Macclesfield 1983

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arley Hall Chapel, Cheshire 1983

paragraph: BULLET::::- St George's Church, Wigan 1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- All Saints’ Church, Friern Barnet, London 1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liverpool Cathedral 1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christ Church, Chilwell 1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holy Trinity Church, Old Bewick 1986

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barnard Castle School Chapel, Durham 1986

paragraph: BULLET::::- 55 Courthill Avenue, Glasgow 1987

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chetham's School, Greater Manchester 1987

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Thomas of Aquin and Stephen Harding, Market Drayton 1987

paragraph: BULLET::::- Birmingham Conservatoire 1987

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Joseph's Church, Westgate, Wetherby 1987

description: British organ builder

wikidata_label: Nigel Church

wikipedia_title: Nigel Church


text:
League for Women's Rights
Edirne
Athens
Greco-Turkish War of 1897
Athens Conservatoire
Andreas
music history
pianoforte
Marika Kotopouli
Balkan War (1912–13)
honored
enfranchise women
Hellenic Conservatory
Agni Roussopoulos
Maria Svolou
International Woman Suffrage Alliance
Greek government
war
Greco-Turkish War
Little Entente of Women
King Alexander I of Yugoslavia
Alexandrina Cantacuzino
National Conservatoire
Ioannis Metaxas
war resistance
occupation
Civil War
List of suffragists and suffragettes

categories: 1963 deaths,Greek women pianists,20th-century women musicians,19th-century Greek people,Greek suffragists,Greek pianists,Greek women's rights activists,1880 births,Greek feminists

paragraph: Avra Theodoropoulou

paragraph: Avra Theodoropoulou (; 3 November 1880 – 20 January 1963) was a Greek music teacher, pianist, suffragist and women's rights activist. She founded the League for Women's Rights in 1920 and served as its chairperson from 1920 to 1957. She was married to the poet .

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Avra Drakopoulou was born on 3 November 1880 in Edirne, Ottoman Empire, to Eleni and Aristomenis Drakopoulos, who was a consul official for Greece in Turkey. Her sister, , was a well-known poet and actress. In their childhood, the family was posted in Turkey and then Crete before settling in Athens. Completing high school, Drakopoulou learned English, French and German and became involved as a volunteer nurse during the Greco-Turkish War of 1897. In 1900, she graduated from the Athens Conservatoire and that same year she met Spyros Theodoropoulos, who would become a politician and writer, using the pen name Agis Theros. They would marry in 1906, after overcoming her father's objections to the match.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Theodoropoulous received the Andreas and Iphigeneia Syngros Silver Medal for her piano skill in 1910 and was appointed to teach music history and pianoforte at the conservatoire. During this early period, seeking different methods to express herself, Theodoropoulous wrote at least two plays. One, entitled Chance or will () (1906), which was not performed as it was semi-autobiographical, and Sparks dying out (), which was performed in 1912 by Marika Kotopouli. In 1911, she became involved with establishing the Sunday School for Working Women () (KSE), an organization which demanded for the first time that education for women was a right. During the Balkan War (1912–13), she returned to volunteering as a nurse and was honored for her participation with the Medal of the Hellenic Red Cross, the Queen Olga Medal, the Medal of the Balkan War and the Medal of the Greco-Bulgarian War.

paragraph: In 1918, Theodoropoulous was one of the founders of Sister of the Soldier (), an association created to address social issues caused by war and give women an active means to participate civically. The organization aimed to enfranchise women and give them civic and political rights. The following year, she left the Athens Conservatoire and began teaching at the Hellenic Conservatory. In 1920, Theodoropoulous, along with , , Agni Roussopoulos, Maria Svolou, and other feminists, established the League for Woman’s Rights () and sought an association with the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA) to further their demands for equality. From the beginning, the organization was one of the most dynamic of the Greek feminist organizations. In 1920, she presented a resolution to the Greek government on behalf of the association demanding that the legal inequalities barring women from voting be addressed. The following year, she became president of the League and would remain so until 1958, except during the war when the organization was banned.

paragraph: The KSE ceased operations in 1922 and Theodoropoulous turned her attention toward the Supervision Service and the National Shelter (), which were both organizations aimed at helping refugees from the Greco-Turkish War. At the end of the conflict, Greece was flooded with refugees and the League's Supervision Service provided volunteers at fifty settlements to provide aid. The National Shelter was an orphanage, which could house up to 85 girls. In 1923, Theodoropoulous launched the League’s journal "Woman’s Struggle" () and participated in the IWSA’s 9th conference held in Rome. She became a board member of the IWSA and served until 1935 and from the contacts she made at the conference, established the Little Entente of Women () (LEW) which met in Bucharest later that year. At that conference, Theodoropoulous honored with the King Alexander I of Yugoslavia Medal for her work for peace. LEW was made of up feminists from Czechoslovakia, Greece, Poland, Romania and Yugoslavia and she helped co-organized their annual conferences. Theodoropoulous served as the president of the Greek LEW from 1925 to 1927, following the presidency of Alexandrina Cantacuzino. She was extremely active in this period with international conferences and gained some success at home, when in 1930 educated Greek women were allowed the right to elect local officials.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: In 1936, Theodoropoulou left the Hellenic Conservatory and began teaching at the National Conservatoire. In 1936, when Ioannis Metaxas assumed his dictatorship over Greece, he suspended activities of the women's organization. Women funneled their activities into the war resistance effort to the occupation and Theodoropolous, as she had in other conflicts, volunteered as a nurse. In 1946, she became the president of the newly formed Panhellenic Federation of Women () (POG), which was developed to bring all of the women's organizations together and counterbalance left and right positions. The POG organized a conference held in May 1946 with 671 delegates coming together in Athens, but within months the Civil War erupted and Theodoropoulou resigned because she felt that the women's movement should be non-partisan. She was forced to sign a loyalty oath in 1948 because of her previous involvement with communists and the secret police kept dossiers on she and her husband between 1949 and their deaths, which were not destroyed until 1989.

paragraph: After the conflict ceased, Theodoropoulou resumed her participation in IWSA conferences, attending the conferences held in Amsterdam (1949), Stockholm (1951), Naples (1952), Colombo (1955), Copenhagen (1956), and Athens (1958). In 1952, Greek women finally won the right to be full voting participants. She retired from teaching in 1957 and from the League for Women's Rights in 1958. During her later years, she worked as a music critic, publishing in newspapers and magazines, and after her husband's death in 1961, she organized their archives. Theodoropoulou died in Athens on 20 January 1963.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of suffragists and suffragettes

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bonnie G. Smith: "The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History": 4 Volume Set

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uglow, Jennifer S. & Hendry, Maggy, "The Macmillan dictionary of women's biography", 3. ed., Papermac, London, 1999

description: Greek musician

wikidata_label: Avra Theodoropoulou

wikipedia_title: Avra Theodoropoulou


text: DL

text: Houghton Hall

text: Sancton

text: Yorkshire

text: Jockey Club

text: Miles Watson, 2nd Baron Manton

text: Eton

text: Wentworth Woodhouse

text: Rotherham

text: Milton Hall

text: British Army

text: Life Guards

text: Egypt

text: Germany

text: Italy

text: 7th Queen's Own Hussars

text: Leicestershire Yeomanry

text: Adjutant

text: Kim Muir Chase

text: Cheltenham Festival

text: Plumpton Place

text: Sussex

text: Jockey Club

text: Doncaster

text: Beverley

text: York Racecourse

text: Tattersalls

text: Grand Military Gold Cup

text: Belvoir

text: Quorn

text: County Cork

text: Leicestershire

text: Houghton Hall, East Riding of Yorkshire

text: Barony of Langdale

text: East Riding of Yorkshire

text: Deputy Lieutenant

text: Humberside

categories: People educated at Eton College,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,2003 deaths,1924 births

paragraph: Rupert Watson, 3rd Baron Manton

paragraph: (Joseph) Rupert Eric Robert Watson, 3rd Baron Manton (22 January 1924 – 8 August 2003), DL, of Houghton Hall in the parish of Sancton, Yorkshire, was a British soldier, landowner and racehorse owner who served as Senior Steward of the Jockey Club (1982-5).

paragraph: Section::::Background and education.

paragraph: He was the only son and heir of Miles Watson, 2nd Baron Manton by his first wife Alethea Langdale, the younger of the two daughters and co-heireses of Colonel Philip Joseph Langdale, OBE, JP, DL, of Houghton Hall. In 1936 when Watson was 12 years of age, his parents were divorced and his father remarried two years later.

paragraph: He was educated at Eton. He inherited the barony on the death of his father in 1968. He was given Houghton Hall by his aunt Countess FitzWilliam (1898-1995) (née Joyce Elizabeth Mary Langdale) who from 1956 was the wife of William Thomas George Wentworth-FitzWilliam, 10th Earl FitzWilliam (1904–1979). With her husband's home, Wentworth Woodhouse, near Rotherham, Yorkshire, being the largest private residence in England, and with his second seat of Milton Hall, Peterborough, being the largest house in Cambridgeshire, also at her disposal, she may have felt little need to retain Houghton for her own use.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: In 1942 Watson joined the British Army and the next year was commissioned into the Life Guards. He saw service in Egypt, Germany, and Italy. He was promoted captain and retired in 1947. In 1951 he returned to the army and served in the 7th Queen's Own Hussars until 1956. He then served in the Leicestershire Yeomanry, in which he was appointed Adjutant.

paragraph: Section::::Horse racing.

paragraph: From a young age, Watson was a successful jockey having won 130 times as an amateur. He won the Kim Muir Chase at the Cheltenham Festival in 1955 riding Gay Monarch.

paragraph: Following the example of his father, who had established a stud at Plumpton Place in Sussex, he became a successful owner and breeder of racehorses. In 1970 he was a director of Thirsk Racecourse in Yorkshire. From 1970 to 1975 he was a member of the Horserace Betting Levy Board, created to divert monies from bookmakers to the racing industry. In 1982 he was appointed Senior Steward of the Jockey Club, becoming effectively chief executive of the British horse racing, which term ended in 1985. As Senior Steward he led the campaign to allow betting shops to show televised races.

paragraph: Manton was a steward at several racecourses, Doncaster, Beverley and York Racecourse. He was a Tattersalls Committee member and between 1985 and 1991 he chaired the York Race Committee. In 1998 he entered a horse he bred and owned, Silver Stick, in the Horse & Hound Grand Military Gold Cup at Sandown Park. His son Miles was the jockey and won the race. When the Queen Mother presented Manton with his trophy he told her: "I saddled the horse; I bred the horse - and the jockey."

paragraph: Section::::Fox-hunting.

paragraph: He was Field Master of both the Belvoir and the Quorn Foxhounds and was a "well known" hunter in Leicestershire.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: On 9 January 1951 Lord Manton married Mary Hallinan, known as Mimi, the daughter of Major Thomas Dennehy Hallinan, of County Cork. They lived initially near Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire. They had two sons and a daughter who were triplets and two elder daughters.

paragraph: He was given Houghton Hall, East Riding of Yorkshire the ancient seat of the extinct Barony of Langdale, by his aunt Joyce Elizabeth Mary, Countess FitzWilliam, heiress of her father Lieutenant-Colonel Philip Joseph Langdale and wife of the 10th Earl Fitzwilliam. He moved to the East Riding of Yorkshire to run Houghton Hall and its estate. He was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Humberside in 1980.

paragraph: On his death on 8 August 2003 the title passed to Miles, his eldest son. Miles was formerly a successful amateur jockey and was an officer in the Life Guards.

description: British Peer

wikidata_label: Rupert Watson, 3rd Baron Manton

wikipedia_title: Rupert Watson, 3rd Baron Manton


text:
bishop of Paris
relics
St Clotilda

categories: 614 deaths,7th-century Christian saints,Bishops of Paris,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Ceraunus

paragraph: Ceraunus (Céran) (died 614) was bishop of Paris. His relics are in the church of St. Genevieve, Paris; they are on the altar of St Clotilda. He is also said to have been bishop 609 to 622.

paragraph: He is a Catholic and Orthodox saint, his feast day is 27 September.

description: French bishop

wikidata_label: Ceraunus

wikipedia_title: Ceraunus


text: Hugo Banzer

text: right-wing

text: military of Bolivia

text: Hugo Banzer

text: Carter administration

text: United States

text: Republican

text: anti-communist

text: cocaine

text: narcotrafficker

text: Lidia Gueiler

text: Junta of Commanders

text: coup d'état

text: Cocaine Coup

text: Marcelo Quiroga Santa Cruz

text: Argentine Army

text: Batallón de Inteligencia 601

text: anti-communist

text: Pinochet

text: trade union

text: SS

text: Klaus Barbie

text: neofascist

text: Stefano Delle Chiaie

text: neofascists

text: Ernesto Milá Rodríguez

text: 1980 Paris synagogue bombing

text: Jorge Videla

text: Council on Hemispheric Affairs

text: Bolivian Army

text: Luis Arce

text: Marcelo Quiroga

text: drug trafficking

text: Ronald Reagan

text: Celso Torrelio

text: Palacio Quemado

text: human rights

text: Brazil

text: La Paz

text: heart attack

text: Luis Arce Gómez

text: Roberto Suárez Goméz

categories: Presidents of Bolivia,Leaders who took power by coup,People extradited from Brazil,Bolivian anti-communists,Bolivian generals,People extradited to Bolivia,People convicted of drug offenses,1929 births,People from La Paz,Bolivian people who died in prison custody,2018 deaths,Bolivian prisoners and detainees

paragraph: Luis García Meza

paragraph: Luis García Meza Tejada (8 August 1929 – 29 April 2018) was a Bolivian dictator. A native of La Paz, he was a career military officer who rose to the rank of general during the reign of Hugo Banzer (1971–78). Between 1980 and 1981 García Meza was the dictator of Bolivia.

paragraph: Section::::Prelude to dictatorship.

paragraph: García Meza graduated from the military academy in 1952, and served as its commander from 1963 to 1964. He then rose to division commander in the late 1970s.

paragraph: He became leader of the right-wing faction of the military of Bolivia most disenchanted with the return to civilian rule. Many of the officers involved had been part of the Hugo Banzer dictatorship and disliked the investigation of economic and human right abuses by the new Bolivian Congress. Moreover, they tended to regard the decline in popularity of the Carter administration in the United States as an indicator that soon a Republican administration would replace it—one more amenable to the kind of pro-US, more hardline anti-communist dictatorship they wanted to reinstall in Bolivia. Many allegedly had ties to cocaine traffickers and made sure portions of the military acted as their enforcers/protectors in exchange for extensive bribes, which in turn were used to fund the upcoming coup. In this manner, the narcotraffickers were in essence purchasing for themselves the upcoming Bolivian government.

paragraph: Section::::Coup d'état.

paragraph: This group pressured President Lidia Gueiler (his cousin) to install General García Meza as Commander of the Army. Within months, the Junta of Commanders headed by García Meza forced a violent "coup d'état", sometimes referred to as the Cocaine Coup, of 17 July 1980, when several Bolivian intellectuals such as Marcelo Quiroga Santa Cruz were killed. When portions of the citizenry resisted, as they had done in the failed putsch of November 1979, it resulted in dozens of deaths. Many were tortured. Allegedly, the Argentine Army unit Batallón de Inteligencia 601 participated in the coup.

paragraph: Section::::Dictatorship, 1980-81.

paragraph: Of rightwing ultra-conservative anti-communist persuasion, García Meza endeavored to bring a Pinochet-style dictatorship that was intended to last 20 years. He immediately outlawed all political parties, exiled opposition leaders, repressed trade unions and muzzled the press. He was backed by former SS officer and Nazi German war criminal Klaus Barbie and Italian neofascist Stefano Delle Chiaie. Further collaboration came from other European neofascists, most notoriously Spanish Ernesto Milá Rodríguez (accused of the 1980 Paris synagogue bombing). Among other foreign collaborators were professional torturers allegedly imported from the notoriously repressive Argentine dictatorship of General Jorge Videla.

paragraph: The García Meza regime, while brief (its original form ended in 1981), became internationally known for its extreme brutality. The population was repressed in the same ways as under the Banzer dictatorship. In January 1981, the Council on Hemispheric Affairs named the García Meza regime, "Latin America's most errant violator of human rights after Guatemala and El Salvador." Some 1,000 people are estimated to have been killed by the Bolivian Army and security forces in only 13 months. The administration's chief repressor was the Minister of Interior, Colonel Luis Arce, who cautioned that all Bolivians who opposed the new order should "walk around with their written will under their arms."

paragraph: The most prominent victim of the dictatorship was the congressman, presidential candidate, and gifted orator Marcelo Quiroga, murdered and "disappeared" soon after the coup. Quiroga had been the chief advocate of bringing to trial the former dictator, General Hugo Banzer (who was in power from 1971 until 1978), for human right violations and economic mismanagement.

paragraph: Section::::Dictatorship, 1980-81.:Drug trafficking.

paragraph: The García Meza government's drug trafficking activities led to the complete isolation of the regime. In contrast to his position regarding the other military dictatorships in Latin America, the new conservative U.S. President Ronald Reagan kept his distance, as the regime's unsavory links to criminal circles became more public. Eventually, the international outcry was sufficiently strong to force García Meza's resignation on 3 August 1981. He was succeeded by a less tainted but equally repressive general, Celso Torrelio.

paragraph: The Bolivian military would sustain itself in power only for another year, and would then retreat to its barracks, embarrassed and tarnished by the excesses of the 1980-82 dictatorships (it has never returned to the Palacio Quemado).

paragraph: Section::::Exile and jail.

paragraph: Next García Meza left the country, but was tried and convicted in absentia for the serious human rights violations committed by his regime. In 1995, he was extradited to Bolivia from Brazil and was given a 30-year prison sentence, in the same penitentiary where he once kept his enemies. His main collaborator, Colonel Arce, was extradited to the United States, where he served a prison sentence for drug trafficking.

paragraph: García Meza had reportedly been living in considerable comfort whilst in prison, with a barbecue, a gym, and a telephone at his disposal, not to mention a sauna and the occupation of three cells. These privileges were later revoked in response to protests from human rights organisations and victims.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: García Meza died in La Paz on April 29, 2018, of a heart attack at the age of 88.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Government of Luis García Meza Tejada, 1980-1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luis Arce Gómez

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roberto Suárez Goméz

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mesa José de; Gisbert, Teresa; and Carlos D. Mesa, "Historia De Bolivia," 5th edition, pp. 681–689.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prado Salmón, Gral. Gary. "Poder y Fuerzas Armadas, 1949-1982."

alias:
pichi
Luis Garcia Meza Tejada

description: Bolivian dictator

wikidata_label: Luis García Meza Tejada

wikipedia_title: Luis García Meza


text: Brazil

text: architect

text: urban planner

text: Brasília

text: Toulon

text: France

text: Salvador, Bahia

text: Manaus, Amazonas

text: Royal Grammar School, Newcastle

text: Switzerland

text: National School of Fine Arts

text: Rio de Janeiro

text: Modernism

text: Gregori Warchavchik

text: Rodrigo Melo Franco de Andrade

text: Maria Elisa Costa

text: Controversies

text: Le Corbusier

text: Oscar Niemeyer

text: Ministry of Education and Health

text: Roberto Burle Marx

text: Le Corbusier

text: Brasília

text: Liceu de Artes e Ofícios

text: Associação Académica de Coimbra

text: Brazilian Senate

text: urban renewal

text: Arquimedes Memória

text: Roberto Brothers

text: Brasília

text: hinterland

text: Rio de Janeiro

text: Brazil

text: Oscar Niemeyer

text: superblock

text: UNESCO

text: World Heritage Site

text: mercury-vapor lamps

text: The Modernist City

text: poverty

text: Rio de Janeiro

text: São Paulo

text: José Osvaldo de Meira Penna

text: State of Goiás

text: Brasilia

text: superblock

text: Juscelino Kubitschek

text: Oscar Niemeyer

text: 3rd most populous city

text: Castelo de Itaipava

text: Vila Operária da Gamboa

text: Vila Operária de João Monlevade

text: Minas Gerais

text: Gustavo Capanema Palace

text: Affonso Eduardo Reidy

text: Roberto Burle Marx

text: Oscar Niemeyer

text: Mission Museum

text: Rio Grande do Sul

text: 1939 New York World's Fair

text: Residência Hungria Machado

text: Summer Home of Barão de Saavedra

text: Petrópolis

text: Park Hotel São Clemente

text: Nova Friburgo

text: Parque Guinle

text: Laranjeiras

text: Casa do Brasil

text: Paris

text: Jockey Club do Brasil

text: Brasília

text: Barra da Tijuca

text: Rio de Janeiro

categories: 1998 deaths,20th-century Brazilian architects,1902 births,People from Toulon,Brazilian people of Portuguese descent,Brazilian urban planners

paragraph: Lúcio Costa

paragraph: Lúcio Marçal Ferreira Ribeiro Lima Costa (27 February 1902 – 13 June 1998) was a Brazilian architect and urban planner, best known for his plan for Brasília.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Costa was born in Toulon, France, the son of Brazilian parents. His father Joaquim Ribeiro da Costa, from Salvador, Bahia, was a naval engineer, and his mother Alina Ferreira da Costa, was from Manaus, Amazonas. He was educated at the Royal Grammar School, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, and at the "Collège National" in Montreux, Switzerland, until 1916, he graduated as an architect in 1924 from the National School of Fine Arts in Rio de Janeiro. After some early works in the eclectic manner, he adopted Modernism in 1929.

paragraph: In 1930 Costa established a partnership with Russian-born Brazilian architect Gregori Warchavchik, and also became the Director of the National School of Fine Arts where he had studied. Even though he found students eager to be taught in the "new style," his ruthless administration won him the opposition of the faculty and student body, and Costa eventually had to resign after a year in office. He joined the newly created SPHAN ("Servico do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional" – National Service of Historic and Artistic Heritage) in 1937 under Rodrigo Melo Franco de Andrade. He remained at the National Heritage Service until retirement, acceding to the top post of director, where he was followed by his granddaughter Maria Elisa Costa. During his tenure as regional and then national director, he became involved in numerous controversial decisions (see Controversies).

paragraph: Costa became a figure associated with reconciling traditional Brazilian forms and construction techniques with international modernism, particularly the work of Le Corbusier. His works include the Brazilian pavilion at the New York World's Fair of 1939 (designed with Oscar Niemeyer), the Parque Guinle residential complex in Rio of 1948, and the Hotel do Park São Clemente in Nova Friburgo of 1948.

paragraph: Among his major works are also the Ministry of Education and Health, in Rio (1936–43), designed with Niemeyer, Roberto Burle Marx, among others, and consulted by Le Corbusier, and the Pilot Plan of Brasília, a competition winner designed in 1957 and mostly built in 1958–1960.

paragraph: Costa taught geometry and drawing at the Liceu de Artes e Ofícios of Rio from 1938–1954. The Liceu was affiliated with the Associação Académica de Coimbra where Costa also taught until 1966, and received a Medal of Merit from the Portuguese government.

paragraph: Section::::Controversies.

paragraph: During his long tenure as regional, later national chief of the Brazilian Historic and Artistic Heritage Institute ("Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional" – IPHAN), Costa pushed for systematic documentation of existing architectural and urbanistic heritage, but his critics allege that he let his personal preferences and political opinions interfere with the bases of his decisions . In 1975, he created a public controversy by refusing to sign the landmarking act of Palácio Monroe, the former seat of the Brazilian Senate, built in 1906. The building was slated for demolition because of the construction of the subway but in the face of public and media outcry, the construction company shifted the line to preserve the building. This effort, however, was in vain since landmark status was denied and a developer razed the building shortly thereafter.

paragraph: Costa preferred the heritage of the Portuguese colonization over that of any other time or ethnic group (except for Brazilian Modernism). Because of that attitude, inculcated also on younger preservationists thanks to Costa's influence in the architecture schools, much of 19th- and early 20th-century architecture, including the architecture of German, Japanese and Italian immigrants, was lost to urban renewal in the 1960s and 1970s.

paragraph: In 1936, when the competition to design the new Ministry of Education and Health was held, the winner was an eclectic design by architect Arquimedes Memória. Costa used his political connections within the government to scrap the competition result and instead form a new design team headed by himself, the Roberto Brothers and a young architect who had been Costa's intern, Niemeyer.

paragraph: Section::::Design of Brasilia.

paragraph: Section::::Design of Brasilia.:Summary.

paragraph: Costa is best known for his urban plan for the city of Brasília, located in Brazil's hinterland. Costa won the job in a 1957 public competition in order to replace Rio de Janeiro as the capital of Brazil. His "Plano Piloto" (Pilot Plan) for Brasília, is in the shape of an irregular cross, suggesting an airplane or dragonfly. While the majority of the project's architecture was designed by Oscar Niemeyer, Costa's own Parque Guinle project was the model for Brasília's many residential tower-in-a-park superblocks. The new city was inaugurated on April 21, 1960 and represents one of the largest adoptions of Modernism in a singular project to the present day.

paragraph: Although named as an UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987, the city is notorious for its windswept emptiness and anti-pedestrian layout. Some streets are badly lit because the height and the spacing of light standards were not changed with the advent of mercury-vapor lamps, and World Heritage Site designation has prevented remediation. Overall, despite the city's positive features, the concept and execution have sparked controversy which is explored in "The Modernist City". Brasilia has been expressed as an attempt at a utopian city or in the nickname "ilha da fantasia" (fantasy island), indicating the sharp contrast between the city and the surrounding regions, marked by poverty and disorganization.

paragraph: Section::::Design of Brasilia.:Background and Concept.

paragraph: The middle of the 20th century saw urban struggles for Brazil. Brazilian cities, particularly Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo had seen an increase of problems regarding transportation, sufficient housing, public utilities, and distribution of essential goods such as food. By the 1950s, the frustration of the upper class residents of these locations had convinced the political elite that a long term solution was necessary, making the idea of constructing a new capital city a compelling idea.

paragraph: There was no consensus on the project from the Brazilian people. Many thought that the new capital would be a “monumental urbanistic and social disaster”, believing that a project of that magnitude and cost would cause massive inflation in the Brazilian economy. The critics believed that the current state of Brazil, defined by poverty, corruption, and disease, would not be addressed by the building of a new capital city; it would merely distract from the nation’s real issues while giving the populist politicians, such as Juscelino Kubitschek, a way of enriching their personal legacies.

paragraph: Despite the criticism, the idea of a new capital received widespread backing. To the supporters, Brasília would symbolize Brazil’s coming of age. The Brazilian coastal cities were remnants of the colonial era and the center for agricultural trade. Despite Brazil’s imposing geographic presence in South America, the country was largely a coastal country. There had been several publicists calling for a "marcha para oeste", or westward march, in order to utilize the bountiful excess of land to the west. Also, it was felt that due to the current capital’s location at Rio, the government’s views of the nation was distorted. To be placed in a central location for these reasons, Brasília could become a new source for new growth for the country, a springboard for modernization and industrial production.

paragraph: The new capital would be the diverging point for a series of new infrastructure development, such as long-range highways. It would be an optimistic step towards a unified, modern, and prosperous Brazil; towards fulfilling Brazil’s “continental destiny” while also relieving the pressure on the existing urban centers. As put by Brazilian writer and diplomat José Osvaldo de Meira Penna in 1958: “A centrally located capital…might make Brazil more conscious of her role in the Americas, her terrestrial frontiers with Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, and Venezuela. When the attention of the elites turns from their nearly exclusive interest in Europea, the ‘splendid isolation’ will be broken which has until now separated, in spirit and in fact, Brazil from continental neighbors.”

paragraph: The idea to establish a new Brazilian capital was adopted, and the location for Brasília would be within the Brazilian State of Goiás. The search for the site had been calculated, based on factors such as the favorability of the climate, water supply, land quality for agriculture, a suitable power source within 100 kilometers, and access to ground and air transportation.

paragraph: Section::::Design of Brasilia.:Costa's Design.

paragraph: Once it had been determined that there would be a new capital and the location had been established, the project entered into the design process. The plan was to be selected among competing plans from various Brazilian architects and city planners by an international jury. The participating designers were given the necessary information to make suitable plans for the space. Each participant was to submit two pieces in their proposal, a basic layout of the city and a supporting report that exhibited logistical details.

paragraph: The design of Lucio Costa was selected for Brasilia. Although the design had not been as detailed as some of the other plans submitted, the jurors found it favorable due its features that would complement future population growth. The plan, called Costa's "Plano Piloto", conceptually demanded four components: (1) the government buildings, (2) the residential zones or superblocks, (3) the vehicular circulation and transportation infrastructure, (4) and the city center. In all, this original design was intended to hold a population of 500,000 people. In order to fulfill this, Costa’s design called for an urban plan in the form of a cross, often described as an airplane, bird, or dragonfly. Some scholars have found symbolism in this shape of plan, a reference to the cross of the early Portuguese conquerors, the bow and arrow of the native populations of Brazil, or the jet shape as a symbol for future innovation.

paragraph: The plan essentially divided the new capital into two parts, the Monumental Axis and the Residential Axis. The Monumental Axis, which points east to west, would serve as the home for the new civic buildings. This wide mall was intended to create a feeling of grandeur and significance, and is the location of the ministries, national congress, supreme court and other administrative buildings. The two “wings” of the Residential Axis, which runs north to south, would contain the residential and commercial developments. Costa envisioned these as the most important aspect of the design, as they would be home to a majority of the city's daily operations, such as local commerce, schools, recreation and churches. The Residential Axis consisted of 96 superblocks, which were limited to six storey buildings, and 12 additional superblocks limited to three storey buildings.

paragraph: Each of the individual super blocks was supposed to have a distinct style for each superblock and a uniform paint scheme that set it apart from the surrounding superblocks. Costa’s goal for the superblocks was to create neighborhoods and communities that were small self-contained and self-sufficient. He envisioned that they would have apartment buildings of a consistent modern style that housed both upper and middle classes, making integration a key theme of the city’s design. The Residential Axis’s two wings were meant to have a character that was intimate and peaceful, rather than the Monumental Axis that was designed to be imposing.

paragraph: One of the unique aspects about the plan was how it was designed to handle expansion and growth. Unlike most cities, which add to a grid or expand the urban plan with growth, Costa’s design provided the complete and large-scale plan. The original plan included paving streets in areas of the city that would not be put to immediate use, making the landscape of the city defined and hard to change during future construction. It was already “born with an adult skeleton.” However, this did mean that large portions of the city would not see high levels of activity in the early years. Another contributing factor in the thorough plan was an emphasis on establishing an organized road system that would best serve the expanding use of automobiles. Costa’s design of auto-routes was meant to create a system where traffic would be free flowing. He hoped that by establishing this grid at the city’s founding that future construction projects regarding traffic improvements could be avoided.

paragraph: Section::::Design of Brasilia.:Construction and Establishment.

paragraph: The President of Brazil, Juscelino Kubitschek (1956-1961), approved Costa’s plan and construction of Brasília, fulfilling the promise of the Brazilian constitution and some of his own personal political campaign promises. Construction started in 1956, using the urban design of Costa and the services of chief architect Oscar Niemeyer. The building materials for the large project were primarily from local sources. The residential buildings in the superblocks were all constructed with local concrete. The initial phase of Brasília was completed on April 21, 1960, in only four years. By the time of the inauguration on this date, while the city was not fully complete, Costa’s vision had taken its physical form; the main buildings on the Monumental Axis, such as the Congress and Ministries had been built, along with the main transit center, the majority of the highway system, and several of the superblocks. In order to complete the large project in a short window of time, funding had to be organized swiftly, sufficient labor had to be acquired, and equipment and material had to be bought and transported onto the site.

paragraph: Labor for the project required the migration of workers into the area and construction camps were built to house workers with the permission of the authorities. These temporary settlements, also called "Cidade Livre", were eventually slated for removal. However, these efforts were ineffective, and the settlements grew into self-sustaining communities, and were eventually adopted as satellite cities (suburbs). Gradually over the decades to come, the satellite communities continued to form on the outskirts of Brasilia, serving a valuable function towards battling low-cost housing issues that arose in the city. While alterations have been made to the design since the city's construction, the original plan by Costa prominently survives.

paragraph: Following the opening of Brasilia, the modern design attracted the interest of artists, theater and musical groups, and younger generations of Brazilian citizens. One reason for this particular crowd was a coordinated effort to make Brasilia the new cultural center of the country. There were venues during the city's first years to help encourage artistic activities, such as the International Congress of Art Critics in 1959, an annual National Salon for several years in the early 1960s, and the establishment of several musical and theatrical groups.

paragraph: Since its initial completion, Brasilia has gone through several stages of population changes. After initial interest following the opening, population numbers decreased before recovering in the late 1960s. Brasilia is now estimated to be Brazil's 3rd most populous city.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1920 – Castelo de Itaipava, with Fernando Valentim

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1934 – Vila Operária da Gamboa, Rio de Janeiro

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1934 – Vila Operária de João Monlevade, Minas Gerais;

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1936 – Gustavo Capanema Palace, Rio de Janeiro, with Affonso Eduardo Reidy, Roberto Burle Marx, Oscar Niemeyer, et al.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1937 – Mission Museum, Rio Grande do Sul

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1939 – Brazil Pavilion, 1939 New York World's Fair

paragraph: BULLET::::- Residência Hungria Machado, Rio de Janeiro

paragraph: BULLET::::- Summer Home of Barão de Saavedra, Petrópolis

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1944 – Park Hotel São Clemente, Nova Friburgo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parque Guinle, Laranjeiras, Rio de Janeiro

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1952 – Design of Casa do Brasil, Cité Internationale Universitaire de Paris, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956 – Offices of Jockey Club do Brasil, Rio de Janeiro

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1957 – Master plan for Brasília

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967 – Master plan for Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro

alias:
Lúcio Costa
Lùcio Costa

description: Brazilian architect

wikidata_label: Lucio Costa

wikipedia_title: Lúcio Costa


text:
Finnish
lay preacher
Awakening
Lapinlahti
bible
Jyväskylä
herännäisyys
Ostrobothnia
Nilsiä
The Last Temptations
Joonas Kokkonen
Lauri Kokkonen

categories: People from Lapinlahti,1852 deaths,1777 births,Finnish Lutherans,Finnish farmers,Finnish Christian religious leaders

paragraph: Paavo Ruotsalainen

paragraph: Paavo Ruotsalainen (9 July 1777 – 27 January 1852) was a Finnish farmer and lay preacher who became the leader of the revivalist Awakening religious movement in Finland.

paragraph: Section::::Religious views.

paragraph: Born in Tölvänniemi (now a part of Lapinlahti) as the oldest son of plain farmers, he received his first bible at age six. At the time of his confirmation he had already read it three times. His preoccupation with the words of the bible gained him the nickname "foolish Paavo". When he heard about the lay pastor Jakob Högman in Jyväskylä, he immediately walked the 200 km to Jyväskylä in the winter of 1799. This visit laid the foundation of his religious life.

paragraph: Jakob Högman was known as an avid reader of a revivalist devotional booklet "Kallis Hunajan Pisara" ("The Choice Drop of Honey").

paragraph: He gave Ruotsalainen a copy of the book which remained important to Paavo throughout his life. Högman illustrated to Paavo that there was one thing of utmost importance he was missing: the utmost spiritual poverty where only Christ could bring mercy.

paragraph: Section::::Revivalist movement.

paragraph: Ruotsalainen became the leader of the revivalist movement called "herännäisyys" (Awakening) in Finland. He traveled around Finland to meet with other members of the movement, most notably the priests Jonas Lagus and Nils Gustav Malmberg in Ostrobothnia.

paragraph: It is estimated that he traveled 40,000 km altogether, most of it on foot. With the spreading of the movement, both church and state authorities became worried about it. In 1838-39 he was put on trial and fined, yet this could not stop the movement.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Ruotsalainen died on 27 January 1852 in Nilsiä, aged 74.

paragraph: Section::::In culture.

paragraph: In 1975, Ruotsalainen became the subject of "The Last Temptations", an opera by Joonas Kokkonen. The libretto of the opera was written by Lauri Kokkonen who had earlier written a play with the same title.

description: Finnish lay preacher and the leader of the revivalist Awakening religious movement

wikidata_label: Paavo Ruotsalainen

wikipedia_title: Paavo Ruotsalainen


text: Mass Observation

text: Lindsay Anderson

text: Walberswick

text: Guild Socialists

text: the Perse School

text: Pembroke College

text: Cambridge

text: William Empson

text: Jacob Bronowski

text: Thomas Gray

text: I. A. Richards

text: GPO Film Unit

text: John Grierson

text: Alberto Cavalcanti

text: 1936 Surrealist Exhibition in London

text: André Breton

text: Roland Penrose

text: Herbert Read

text: Charles Madge

text: Tom Harrisson

text: Mass Observation

text: The Silent Village

text: Routledge

text: Frank Cottrell Boyce

text: London 2012 Olympics Opening Ceremony

text: Crown Film Unit

text: Ministry of Information

text: Fires Were Started

text: Auxiliary Fire Service

text: montage

text: London Can Take It!

text: E.M. Forster

text: Festival of Britain

text: Listen to Britain

text: Dame Myra Hess

text: National Gallery

text: Emily Coleman

text: Peggy Guggenheim

text: Poros

text: First Cemetery of Athens

text: Oscar

text: Kevin Macdonald

text: Channel 4

text: Tate Britain

text: Robert Vas

text: Royal Mail

text: BBC Radio 4

text: Great Lives

text: Post Haste

text: Locomotives

text: The Story of the Wheel

text: Farewell Topsails

text: Penny Journey

text: Speaking from America

text: The Farm

text: English Harvest

text: Making Fashion

text: Spare Time

text: SS Ionian

text: The First Days

text: Spring Offensive

text: Welfare of the Workers

text: London Can Take It!

text: The Heart of Britain

text: Words for Battle

text: Listen to Britain

text: Fires Were Started

text: The Silent Village

text: The True Story of Lili Marlene

text: The Eighty Days

text: Myra Hess

text: A Diary for Timothy

text: A Defeated People

text: The Cumberland Story

text: The Dim Little Island

text: Family Portrait

text: The Good Life

text: Alberto Cavalcanti

text: The Birth of the Robot

text: Len Lye

text: Edgar Anstey

text: Alberto Cavalcanti

text: Arthur Elton

text: Robert Flaherty

text: E. M. Forster

text: John Grierson

text: Tom Harrisson

text: Stuart Legg

text: Charles Madge

text: Stewart McAllister

text: I. A. Richards

text: Paul Rotha

text: Harry Watt

text: Basil Wright

categories: English documentary filmmakers,Accidental deaths from falls,English film directors,People from Walberswick,Accidental deaths in Greece,Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge,Burials at the First Cemetery of Athens,People educated at The Perse School,1907 births,1950 deaths

paragraph: Humphrey Jennings

paragraph: Frank Humphrey Sinkler Jennings (19 August 1907 – 24 September 1950) was an English documentary filmmaker and one of the founders of the Mass Observation organisation. Jennings was described by film critic and director Lindsay Anderson in 1954 as: "the only real poet that British cinema has yet produced."

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Born in Walberswick, Suffolk, Jennings was the son of Guild Socialists, an architect father and a painter mother. He was educated at the Perse School and later read English at Pembroke College, Cambridge. When not studying, he painted and created advanced stage designs and was the founder-editor of "Experiment" in collaboration with William Empson and Jacob Bronowski.

paragraph: After graduating with a starred First Class degree in English, Jennings undertook post-graduate research on the poet Thomas Gray, under the supervision of a predominantly absent I. A. Richards, who was teaching abroad. After abandoning what looked like being a successful academic career, Jennings undertook a number of jobs including photographer, painter and theatre designer. He joined the GPO Film Unit, then under John Grierson, in 1934, largely it is thought because Jennings needed the income after the birth of his first daughter, rather than from a strong interest in filmmaking. Relations with his colleagues were difficult; they saw him as something of a "dilettante", but he did form a friendship with Alberto Cavalcanti.

paragraph: In 1936, Jennings helped with the organisation of the 1936 Surrealist Exhibition in London, in association with André Breton, Roland Penrose and Herbert Read. It was at about this time that Jennings, along with Charles Madge and Tom Harrisson, helped to found Mass Observation and co-edited with Madge the text "May the Twelfth", a montage of extracts from observer reports of the 1937 coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth for Mass Observation. A fiftieth-anniversary edition of this text was published in 1987 by Faber.

paragraph: In 1938, he edited an issue of the "London Bulletin" which included a "collection of texts on the Impact of the Machine" and he used this material to prepare a series of talks to miners in the Swansea Valley while making "The Silent Village" several years later. This prompted him to add more material and he obtained a contract from Routledge to prepare it for publication as a book; he worked on it fitfully and thought it was almost ready just before his death. His daughter, Mary-Louise, asked Charles Madge to assist in finally editing it for publication in 1985 as "Pandaemonium, 1660–1886: The Coming of the Machine as Seen by Contemporary Observers". The book was cited by writer Frank Cottrell Boyce as an influence in the London 2012 Olympics Opening Ceremony, with an early section of the ceremony named after it.

paragraph: Section::::The war years.

paragraph: The GPO Film Unit became the Crown Film Unit in 1940, a film-making propaganda arm of the Ministry of Information, and Jennings joined the new organisation.

paragraph: Jennings only feature-length film, the 70-minute "Fires Were Started" (1943), also known as "I Was A Fireman", details the work of the Auxiliary Fire Service in London. It blurs the lines between fiction and documentary because the scenes are re-enactments. This film, which uses techniques such as "montage", is considered one of the classics of the genre.

paragraph: His films are otherwise shorts, inclusively patriotic in sentiment and very British in their sensibility, such as: "Spare Time" (1939), "London Can Take It!" (1940), "Words for Battle" (1941), "A Diary for Timothy" (with a narration written by E.M. Forster, 1945), "The Dim Little Island" (1948) and "Family Portrait" (his last completed film, which tells of the Festival of Britain, 1950). Co-directed with Stewart McAllister, Jennings' best remembered short film is "Listen to Britain" (1942). Excerpts are often seen in other documentaries, especially portions of one of the concerts given by Dame Myra Hess in the National Gallery while its collection was evacuated for safe-keeping.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Jennings married Cicely Cooper in 1929. The couple had two daughters. He was also associated with the American writer Emily Coleman and the American heiress Peggy Guggenheim in the 1930s. He died in Poros, Greece, in a fall on the cliffs of the Greek island while scouting locations for a film on post-war healthcare in Europe. Jennings was buried in the First Cemetery of Athens.

paragraph: Section::::Reputation.

paragraph: Humphrey Jennings' reputation always remained very high among filmmakers, but had faded among others. After 2001 this situation was partly rectified: firstly by the feature-length documentary by Oscar-winning documentary-maker Kevin Macdonald, "Humphrey Jennings: The Man Who Listened to Britain" (made by Figment Films in 2002 for British television's Channel 4); and secondly by Kevin Jackson's 450-page biography "Humphrey Jennings" (Picador, 2004). In 2003 two of his films, "Listen to Britain" and "Spare Time", were included in the Tate Britain retrospective, "A Century of Artists' Film in Britain" which featured the work of over one hundred filmmakers. The Macdonald documentary is included in the Region 2 DVD of "I Was a Fireman" ("Fires Were Started") released by Film First in 2008. An earlier BBC documentary written and directed by Robert Vas is entitled "Heart of Britain" (1970).

paragraph: On 14 May 2014, his 1939 film "Spare Time" was one of those chosen to be commemorated in a set of Royal Mail stamps depicting notable GPO Film Unit films.

paragraph: The edition of BBC Radio 4's "Great Lives", on 18 December 2018, was devoted to the life of Jennings.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.:As director.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Post Haste" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Locomotives" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Story of the Wheel" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Farewell Topsails" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Penny Journey" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Speaking from America" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Farm" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "English Harvest" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Making Fashion" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spare Time" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "SS Ionian" (1939, a.k.a. "Cargoes")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The First Days" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spring Offensive" (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Welfare of the Workers" (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "London Can Take It!" (1940, a.k.a. "Britain Can Take It!")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Heart of Britain" (1941, a.k.a. "This Is England")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Words for Battle" (1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Listen to Britain" (co-director 1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fires Were Started" (1943, a.k.a. "I Was A Fireman")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Silent Village" (1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The True Story of Lili Marlene" (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Eighty Days" (1944, a.k.a. "V. 1")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Myra Hess" (1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Diary for Timothy" (1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Defeated People" (1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Cumberland Story" (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dim Little Island" (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Family Portrait" (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Good Life" (completed by Graham Wallace 1951)

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.:As producer/creative contributor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (dir. Alberto Cavalcanti, 1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Birth of the Robot" (dir. Len Lye, 1936)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edgar Anstey

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alberto Cavalcanti

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur Elton

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Flaherty

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. M. Forster

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Grierson

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tom Harrisson

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stuart Legg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Madge

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stewart McAllister

paragraph: BULLET::::- I. A. Richards

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Rotha

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harry Watt

paragraph: BULLET::::- Basil Wright

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aitken, Ian ed. "Encyclopedia of the Documentary Film". Routledge (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jackson, Kevin (Ed.). "The Humphrey Jennings Film Reader" (Carcanet, 1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jackson, Kevin. "Humphrey Jennings" (Picador, 2004).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Merralls, James. "Humphrey Jennings: A Biographical Sketch". Film Quarterly vol 15, no 2 (Winter 1961-62), pp. 29-34

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winston, Brian. "Fires Were Started-" (BFI, 1999)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography of books and articles about Jennings via UC Berkeley Media Resources Center

paragraph: BULLET::::- the BFI's "screenonline" site about Jennings

paragraph: BULLET::::- Review of Kevin Jackson's Jennings biography

description: British documentary filmmaker

wikidata_label: Humphrey Jennings

wikipedia_title: Humphrey Jennings


text: mathematician

text: computer scientist

text: Freddie Williams

text: Williams–Kilburn tube

text: stored-program computer

text: Manchester Baby

text: University of Manchester

text: Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge

text: radar

text: Malvern

text: Frederic Calland Williams

text: Manchester computers

text: Ferranti Mark 1

text: Atlas

text: job scheduling

text: spooling

text: interrupt

text: pipelining

text: paging

text: Dewsbury

text: Wheelwright Grammar School for Boys

text: Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge

text: university don

text: Bletchley Park

text: University of Cambridge

text: Gordon Welchman

text: Geoff Tootill

text: First Class Honours

text: Mathematical Tripos

text: C.P. Snow

text: electronics

text: Malvern

text: radar

text: Frederic Calland Williams

text: storage

text: cathode ray tube (CRT)

text: Williams–Kilburn tube

text: bit

text: Electrotechnics

text: University of Manchester

text: Manchester Baby

text: stored-program computer

text: program

text: Ferranti Mark 1

text: Max Newman

text: Alan Turing

text: index registers

text: magnetic drum

text: Manchester computers

text: vacuum tube

text: diode

text: solid state

text: clock rate

text: floating point

text: Ferranti

text: 'Mercury'

text: Dick Grimsdale

text: transistor

text: STC

text: Metropolitan-Vickers

text: Metrovick 950

text: Atlas

text: multiprogramming

text: job scheduling

text: spooling

text: interrupt

text: pipelining

text: interleaved storage

text: autonomous transfer units

text: virtual storage

text: paging

text: read only memory

text: compiler-compiler

text: virtual memory

text: University of London

text: Rutherford Laboratory

text: School of Computer Science

text: Dean

text: high-level programming language

text: ICL 2900 Series

text: Fellow of the Royal Society

text: Computer History Museum

text: University of Bath

text: W. Wallace McDowell Award

text: British Computer Society

text: Royal Medal

text: Eckert-Mauchly Award

text: Mountbatten Medal

text: School of Computer Science

text: Royal Society

text: Blackpool

text: Manchester United F.C.

text: football

text: 1968 European Cup

text: Wembley

text: Trafford General Hospital

text: Davyhulme

text: pneumonia

text: abdominal

categories: Fellows of the British Computer Society,Alumni of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge,Fellows of the Royal Society,British computer scientists,2001 deaths,People from Dewsbury,1921 births,Commanders of the Order of the British Empire,Alumni of the Victoria University of Manchester,English electrical engineers,History of computing in the United Kingdom,Royal Medal winners

paragraph: Tom Kilburn

paragraph: Tom Kilburn (11 August 1921 – 17 January 2001) was an English mathematician and computer scientist. Over the course of a productive 30-year career, he was involved in the development of five computers of great historical significance. With Freddie Williams he worked on the Williams–Kilburn tube and the world's first electronic stored-program computer, the Manchester Baby, while working at the University of Manchester. His work propelled Manchester and Britain into the forefront of the emerging field of computer science.

paragraph: A graduate of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, Kilburn worked on radar at the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE) in Malvern under Frederic Calland Williams during the Second World War. After the war ended, he was recruited by Williams to work on the development of computers at the University of Manchester. He led the development of a succession of innovative Manchester computers that incorporated a host of ground-breaking innovations and developments, including the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercial computer, and the Atlas, one of the first time-sharing multiprocessing computers that incorporated job scheduling, spooling, interrupts, pipelining and paging.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Tom Kilburn was born in Dewsbury, Yorkshire, on 11 August 1921, the only son of John William Kilburn, a wool mill clerk who later became a company secretary, and his wife, Ivy Mortimer. From 1932 to 1940, he attended the Wheelwright Grammar School for Boys, where the headmaster encouraged his aptitude for mathematics. He also played sports, notably running.

paragraph: In 1940, Kilburn entered Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, with a state scholarship, a county major scholarship, and a minor open scholarship, where he studied mathematics. Although many university dons were absent performing war work at places like Bletchley Park, the University of Cambridge maintained a vigorous mathematical community, and Kilburn became the Sidney Sussex College representative in the New Pythagoreans, a clique with the Cambridge University Mathematical Society that also numbered Gordon Welchman and Geoff Tootill among its members. Due to the outbreak of the Second World War, courses were compressed to two years, and he graduated in 1942 with First Class Honours in Part I of the Mathematical Tripos and preliminary examinations for Part II.

paragraph: Section::::Career and research.

paragraph: On graduation, Kilburn was recruited by C.P. Snow. He was given a quick course in electronics, and was posted to the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE) in Malvern, where he worked on radar in Group 19 under Frederic Calland Williams. The group was responsible for designing and debugging electronic circuitry. Although Williams was initially disappointed at being given someone with so little practical experience, Kilburn became a valued member of the team. On 14 August 1943, he married Irene Marsden, a shop assistant. They went on to raise a son, John, and a daughter, Anne.

paragraph: Kilburn's wartime work inspired his enthusiasm for some form of electronic computer. The principal technical barrier to such a development at that time was the lack of any practical means of storage for data and instructions. In July 1946, Kilburn and Williams collaboratively developed a storage device based on a cathode ray tube (CRT) called the Williams–Kilburn tube. A patent was filed in 1946. Initially they used it to store a single bit. The CRT image soon faded, so they devised a scheme by which it was read and refreshed continually, effectively making the data storage permanent. By December 1947, they were able to store 2,048 bits on one diameter CRT.

paragraph: In December 1946, Williams took up the Edward Stocks Massey Chair of Electrotechnics at the University of Manchester, and recruited Kilburn on secondment from Malvern. The two developed their storage technology and, in 1948, Kilburn put it to a practical test in constructing the Manchester Baby, which became the first stored-program computer to run a program, on 21 June 1948. He received the degree of PhD in 1948 for his work at Manchester, writing his thesis on "A storage system for use with binary digital computing machines" under Williams's supervision.

paragraph: Section::::Career and research.:Manchester computers.

paragraph: Kilburn anticipated a return to Malvern but Williams persuaded him to stay to work on the university's collaborative project developing the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercial computer. Max Newman withdrew from the project, believing that the development of computers required engineers and not mathematicians at this point, but Williams preferred to return to electrotechnics, leaving Kilburn in charge. He was assisted by Alan Turing, who arrived at Manchester in 1948. The Mark I incorporated innovations such as index registers, and combined CRTs with magnetic drum storage. Nine Mark I computers were sold by between 1951 and 1957.

paragraph: Over the next three decades, Kilburn led the development of a succession of innovative Manchester computers. The first, commenced in 1951, was a development of the Mark I known as the megacycle machine or Meg, that replaced the vacuum tube diodes with solid state ones. This permitted an order of magnitude increase in the clock rate. To add further speed, Kilburn provided for 10-bit parallel CRT memory. It was also one of the first computers, if not the first, to have floating point arithmetic. Meg operated for the first time in 1954, and nineteen were sold by Ferranti under the name 'Mercury', six of them to customers overseas.

paragraph: While Kilburn led one design team working on Meg, he led another with Dick Grimsdale and Douglas Webb, on a research project examining what he believed would be the next step forward in computer design: the use of transistors. The 48-bit machine they completed in November 1953 was the world's first transistor computer, with 550 diodes and 92 transistors, and was manufactured by STC. An improved version completed in April 1955 had 1,300 diodes and 200 transistors, and was sold by Metropolitan-Vickers as the Metrovick 950.

paragraph: Kilburn's next project, known as Atlas, aimed to create a fast computer by making maximum use of existing and new technologies. The project was backed by Ferranti and a £300,000 grant from the National Research Development Corporation. It incorporated numerous technologies and techniques such as "multiprogramming, job scheduling, spooling, interrupts, pipelining, interleaved storage, autonomous transfer units, virtual storage and paging – though none of these techniques had been invented when the project started in 1956." Other innovations included read only memory and a compiler-compiler. The greatest innovation was virtual memory, which allowed the drum storage to be treated as if it were core. Three of them were built, and installed at Manchester University, the University of London and the Rutherford Laboratory.

paragraph: Kilburn became a professor of computing engineering in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Manchester in 1960. He was instrumental in forming the School of Computer Science in 1964, becoming the first head of the department, and served as Dean of the Faculty of Science from 1970 to 1972, and pro-vice-chancellor of the university from 1976 to 1979. His final computer project was the MU5, which was designed to facilitate the running of programs in high-level programming languages. An analysis of code written for the Atlas gave an insight into the frequency of different operands and control structures. The project was assisted by a £630,000 Science Research Council (SRC) grant awarded over five-years. The design heavily influenced the successful ICL 2900 Series.

paragraph: Section::::Career and research.:Awards and honours.

paragraph: Over the years, Kilburn received numerous awards and accolades. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1965, a Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society in 1974 and a fellow of the Computer History Museum "for his contributions to early computer design including random access digital storage, virtual memory and multiprogramming" in 2000. He was created a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1973, and was awarded an honorary doctorate of science from the University of Bath in 1979.

paragraph: Kilburn received the IEEE Computer Society W. Wallace McDowell Award in 1971 "for his achievement in designing and building some of the first – as well as some of the most powerful – computers in the world", the British Computer Society IT Award in 1973, the Royal Medal of the Royal Society, in 1978, the IEEE Computer Society Computer Pioneer Award in 1982, the Eckert-Mauchly Award in 1983, and the Mountbatten Medal. 1997. A building at the University of Manchester, which houses the School of Computer Science, is named "The Kilburn Building" in his honour. His nomination for the Royal Society reads:

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Kilburn habitually holidayed with his family in Blackpool but was always back in time for Manchester United F.C.'s first match of the football season. He claimed that watching Manchester United win the 1968 European Cup at Wembley was the best day of his life. He took early retirement in 1981 to care for his ailing wife, who was suffering from chronic bronchitis, but she died on 3 August 1981, two weeks before his retirement.

paragraph: After his wife's death, Kilburn lived alone in the modest house they had shared in Manchester. He did not own a personal computer. In 1998 he unveiled a fully functional replica of "The Baby" at the Manchester Museum of Science and Industry. He died at Trafford General Hospital in Davyhulme of pneumonia following abdominal surgery on 17 January 2001.

description: British electrical engineer

wikidata_label: Tom Kilburn

wikipedia_title: Tom Kilburn


text:
Eila Roine
Ihmiset suviyössä

categories: 20th-century Finnish male actors,1966 deaths,Finnish male television actors,1904 births

paragraph: Eero Roine

paragraph: Eero Rafael Roine (10 February 1904 – 8 June 1966) was a Finnish actor. He made a long career on television and also appeared in several films. Actress Eila Roine is Eero Roine's daughter.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tukkijoella" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ihmiset suviyössä" (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kipparikvartetti" (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Opri" (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kuu on vaarallinen" (1962)

description: Finnish actor

wikidata_label: Eero Roine

wikipedia_title: Eero Roine


text: Carbondale, Illinois

text: Canby, Oregon

text: Oregon State University

text: DIY

text: Corvallis, Oregon

text: Official Facebook page

text: Official Bandcamp page

text: Odio La Musica, 22 March, 2012

categories: Singers from Oregon,People from Canby, Oregon,Musicians from Corvallis, Oregon,1990 births,Songwriters from Oregon,Living people,American folk singers

paragraph: Brian Smith (American musician)

paragraph: Brian Eric Smith (born February 20, 1990) is an American musician and poet best known for his work as a solo performer. He was born in Carbondale, Illinois and moved to Canby, Oregon when he was three. According to his website, "Brian was inspired by his older brother to begin playing guitar at the age of fourteen and start recording one year later. Since then, he has written and recorded over 450 songs, toured the US west coast five times, toured South America twice, performed in over thirty European countries, created an album containing more than forty personalized songs for each of his closest friends, served as president of the Oregon State University Musicians Guild for two years, and founded his own music festival as well as DIY music collective in Corvallis, Oregon, which he operated for four years."

paragraph: Brian has been on an endless tour since August 1, 2012. He is also a vegetarian.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 "Magnum Opus I" (release date TBA)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 "Searching For Sound" (release date TBA)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 "Conscious Conscience Volume One: Voluntary Exile"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 "Holding Hands (with Biological Lovers)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 "Serenity Infinity!"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 "WIZARD ISLAND (with Wizard Island)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 "Bloody Twins: Songs for the Separation of the Soul Longing for Life After Death"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 "The Nights Grew Longer And The Rain Poured In"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 "A Venture Was Sought And Discoveries Were Made In Realms Of Love Among Other Good/Bad Things

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 "A Song For All My Friends"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 "New Sounds From A New Home"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 "And We Packed Up Our Bags To Discover New Lands Under New Identities After Leaving Our Past Behind"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 "From The Thoughts In My Mind To The Computer In My Kitchen"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 "Elephants Remember Bones of the Dead"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 "Album 3"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 "Album 2"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 "Album 1"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005–2012 "Outtakes and Outdated Tracks"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 "Early Home Recordings"

paragraph: EPs

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 "Feeling Freaky (with Biological Lovers)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 "For Old Age"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 "Sharing Secrets (with Biological Lovers)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 "Old Flames Collected"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 "Farewell Home"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 "Miscellaneous Objects (with Collectanea)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 "Songs For Paul"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 "One Country At A Time: Tales Of Longing From The Adventurous Depths Of Peru"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 "Songs From The Heart Of My Heart In The Heart Of Texas"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 "Fully Fledged And Ready To Leave The Nest"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Facebook page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Bandcamp page

paragraph: Section::::Reviews.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Couchsurfing article on Brian Smith’s endless tour, 12 December, 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gazette Times review of "Serenity Infinity!", 28 December, 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gazette Times Review of "The Nights Grew Longer And The Rain Poured In", 25 November, 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- Le Blog des critiques de concerts, 9 August 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- Odio La Musica, 22 March, 2012

description: American singer-songwriter and member of Biological Lovers

wikidata_label: Brian Smith

wikipedia_title: Brian Smith (American musician)


text:
para-alpine sit skier
Real Orden del Mérito Deportivo Español
Palace of Zarzuela
Prince Felipe
Princess Letizia
Fundación También
Teresa Silva
Esther Peris
Mariluz del Río
Sandra Cavallé
Irene Villa
Alberto Ávila
Equipo Santiveri
Santiveri
Royal Canin
Xacobeo
Landgraaf
Fundación También
Sierra Nevada

categories: Disability alpine skiers of Spain,Living people,Spanish female alpine skiers,Paralympic alpine skiers of Spain

paragraph: Nathalie Carpanedo

paragraph: Nathalie Carpanedo is a Spanish para-alpine sit skier. Having started in able bodied skiing when she was eight years old, she switched to the para-alpine side in 2002 following an accident. She has been involved with several firsts in women's disability skiing in Spain. She has competed in a number of skiing events since 2009 including the 2009 National Championships where she won a pair of gold medals in the slalom and giant slalom events.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Carpanedo has a physical disability, that is a result of an accident. In 2009, she was awarded the Real Orden del Mérito Deportivo Español. In March 2011, she attended an event at the Palace of Zarzuela in Spain hosted by Prince Felipe and Princess Letizia that sought to promote disability sport and social integration of people with disabilities in the country.

paragraph: Carpanedo participates in other sports including swimming, kayaking and weight training. She is also a mother.

paragraph: Section::::Skiing.

paragraph: Carpanedo is a sit skier.

paragraph: Carpanedo is a member of Fundación También, and was one of the team's eight original members. The team was the first women's adaptive ski teams in Spain. As a member of the team, she trains with Teresa Silva, Esther Peris, Mariluz del Río, Sandra Cavallé, Irene Villa and Alberto Ávila. She competed in the Campeonatos de España the first year that women sit-skiers were eligible to do so. She is also a member of Equipo Santiveri. Sponsorship is almost a requirement of her participating in elite disability skiing because of the costs associated with the sport, including the cost of a specialised ski-chair. People and organisations who have sponsored her skiing in some way include Santiveri, Royal Canin, the Vice President of the Government of Galicia, and Xacobeo.

paragraph: Carpanedo started skiing when she was eight years old. She continued with the sport following her accident. She first participated in the disability side of the sport while in the Alps, and took it up more seriously in 2002 while skiing in the Sierra Nevada.

paragraph: For the first time in 2007, the Spanish national championships were open to female sit-skiers. Carpanedo subsequently made her national championship debut that year. Competing at the 2009 Spanish national championships, she won a gold medal. At the 2009 Spanish national championships, Carpanedo won a pair of gold medals in the slalom and giant slalom events. She won the women's 2010 French championships. She competed at the third European Cup event held in La Molina in late January 2010. At Aramón Cerler in April 2010, the last competition of the season that was organised by Campeonato de España de Esquí Alpino adaptado was held. She finished first in the Super G women's sitting event. She participated in Spanish national team competition from 5 to 7 April 2010 in Vancouver. It was organised by the Federación Española de Deportes de Personas con Discapacidad Física (FEDDF), Federación Española de Deportes para Paralíticos Cerebrales (FEDPC) and Federación Española de Deportes para Ciegos (FEDC). She earned a gold medal in the women's sit skiing group. At a November 2010 ski competition in Landgraaf, Netherlands, she finished fourth in the first event that she competed in and fifth in the second event she competed in. In November 2011 at the first IPC sanctioned event of the year which was held in the Netherlands, she finished seventh in the slalom event. She participated in the 2012 Campeonatos de España de Esquí held in Valle de Arán, where the Slalom, Giant Slalom and Super G events were contested. It was her first major competition after having been out of the sport for fifteen months because of injury. She earned a silver medal at the event. In January 2013, she participated in a five-day training camp with the Fundación También team at Sierra Nevada.

description: Spanish paralympic alpine skier

wikidata_label: Nathalie Carpanedo

wikipedia_title: Nathalie Carpanedo


text:
Queen consort
Gyanendra of Nepal
Bagmati
Kathmandu
Rana family
Aishwarya
Birendra of Nepal
palace massacre
Jawalakhel
Kurseong
India
Kathmandu
King Birendra
Crown Prince Dipendra
Prince Nirajan
Prekshya
Shah dynasty
Prince Dhirendra
Gyanendra of Nepal
Kathmandu
Crown Prince Paras
Princess Prerana
SOS Children's Villages-Nepal
Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu
Order of Tri Shakti Patta
Nepal Pratap Bhaskara
Order of Ojaswi Rajanya
Order of the White Elephant
National Order of Merit
Order of Isabella the Catholic
Royal Ark

categories: Queens consort,Nepalese royalty,Dames Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic,Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (France),Members of the Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu, First Class,1951 births,Shooting survivors,Nepalese queens consort,Living people

paragraph: Queen Komal of Nepal

paragraph: Komal Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah (born 18 February 1951) is the Queen consort of King Gyanendra of Nepal. She was the last Queen consort of Nepal before the Monarchy was abolished on 28 May 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Queen Komal was born in Bagmati, Kathmandu into the Rana family, the daughter of Kendra Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana (1927–1982) and his wife Shree Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah (1928–2005).

paragraph: Queen Komal's older sister Aishwarya was married to King Birendra of Nepal, the brother of Gyanendra. Aishwarya was killed in the palace massacre on 1 June 2001. Komal sustained bullet injuries as a result of the palace shooting and spent four weeks recovering in hospital.

paragraph: She was educated at St Mary's School, Jawalakhel, St Helen's Convent, Kurseong, India and Kalanidhi Sangeet Mahavidhyalaya, Kathmandu.

paragraph: As a result of the massacre, Komal's husband Gyanendra succeeded to the throne following the deaths of King Birendra, Crown Prince Dipendra (who had briefly succeeded him), and Prince Nirajan. Komal thus became Queen of Nepal.

paragraph: Komal's younger sister Prekshya also married into the Shah dynasty marrying Gyanendra and Birendra's brother Prince Dhirendra who was killed in the palace massacre. They divorced in 1991. Princess Prekshya was killed in a helicopter crash on 12 November 2001.

paragraph: Queen Komal married her second cousin Prince Gyanendra of Nepal on 1 May 1970 in Kathmandu, and they have two children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crown Prince Paras (born on 30 December 1971 in Kathmandu).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Prerana (born on 20 February 1978 in Kathmandu).

paragraph: Section::::Abolition of the monarchy.

paragraph: The Nepalese Parliament voted on 28 December as part of a peace deal with former Maoist rebels, 270-3 in favour of abolishing the monarchy.

paragraph: On 28 May 2008, the monarchy was officially abolished, replaced by secular federal republic.

paragraph: Section::::Patronages.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member of the Raj Sabha (1977).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patron Association of St Mary's Alumnae Nepal.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chairman of the Pashupati Area Development Trust (PADT).

paragraph: BULLET::::- President of the SOS Children's Villages-Nepal (2001).

paragraph: Section::::Styles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lady" Komal Rajya Lakshmi (1951–1969).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "HRH" Princess Komal Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah of Nepal (1969–2001).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "HM" The Queen of Nepal (Shree Panch Badamaharani) Komal Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah (2001–2008).

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Honours

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member of Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member of the Order of Om Rama Patta (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member of the Order of Tri Shakti Patta (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member of the Order of Nepal Pratap Bhaskara (17/10/2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member of the Order of Ojaswi Rajanya (07/04/2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- King Mahendra Investiture Medal (02/05/1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vishesh Seva [Distinguished Service Medal] (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- King Birendra Investiture Medal (24/02/1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commemorative Silver Jubilee Medal of King Birendra (31/01/1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vishista Seva [Distinguished Service Medal] (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- King Gyanendra Investiture Medal (04/06/2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Foreign Honours

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Dame Grand Cordon of the Order of the White Elephant (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Dame Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (02/05/1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (13/11/1987)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal Ark

description: Queen Consort of King Gyanendra of Nepal

wikidata_label: Queen Komal of Nepal

wikipedia_title: Queen Komal of Nepal


text:
Chancellor
Song dynasty
traitor
Yue Fei
Jin dynasty
Jin–Song Wars
Emperor Gaozong
Nanjing
Jiangsu
Jinshi
Imperial examination
Emperor Qinzong
Emperor Huizong
Jingkang Incident
Emperor Gaozong
pacifist
war hawks
Treaty of Shaoxing
Yue Fei
Jurchen people
Hainan Island
Emperor Xiaozong of Song
The Story of Yue Fei
Yue Yun
treason
Ming dynasty
Han Shizhong
Moqi Xie
Zhang Jun
Hangzhou
West Lake
Youtiao
Ming dynasty
Journey to the West
Monkey King
Tang
Song dynasty
King Yama
dragon fly
Yue Fei
Subhodi
Taoist
Tang Sanzang
Buddhist
Confucian
kowtow
Ming dynasty
Hangzhou
West Lake
sedan
Southern Song dynasty
Ji Gong
Fengbo
Lingyin Temple
Cao Cao
Arahat
Jiu Hua Mountain
Ji Gong
The Story of Yue Fei
Chengdu
Emperor Gaozong
Zhang Jun (Song chancellor)
Yue Fei
Zhou Tong (archer)
Youtiao
History of Song
History of Song

categories: Song dynasty chancellors,Song dynasty politicians from Jiangsu,1155 deaths,1090 births

paragraph: Qin Hui

paragraph: Qin Hui or Qin Kuai (January 17, 1090 – November 18, 1155) was a Chancellor of the Song dynasty in Chinese history. He is widely regarded as a traitor for his part in the persecution and execution of his political enemy, Yue Fei, a general who fought for the Song against the Jin dynasty during the Jin–Song Wars, resulting him being condemned by later generations of being corrupt. Modern historians, however, have placed as much blame (if not more) on the reigning Emperor Gaozong himself. He was also nicknamed "Long-legged Qin" () by the people out of scorn.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Jiangning (present days Nanjing, Jiangsu), Qin won Jinshi in the Imperial examination of 1115. During the Northern Song dynasty, Qin was an activist against the invasion by the Jin dynasty in the Jin–Song Wars. He was captured along with Emperor Qinzong and Emperor Huizong in the Jingkang Incident.

paragraph: Some years later, he suddenly returned from captivity in the Jin empire to the capital of Emperor Gaozong. He claimed some sort of miraculous escape but quite some people expressed doubt regarding his story. However, he quickly won the emperor's favor and became the Chancellor of the Southern Song empire in 1131. In the next year, he was removed from the position after impeachment. After some Song victories in 1137, the Jin empire was forced to reopen peace talks, and Qin gained power as a pacifist.

paragraph: With Qin's help, the emperor suppressed the war hawks and signed the Treaty of Shaoxing with the Jin empire. The emperor basically accepted the status of being a vassal of the Jin empire publicly. To open the peace talks, the national hero general Yue Fei, who was famous for his military successes against the Jurchen people, was first removed from his position, then imprisoned, and then killed in prison. The killing of Yue Fei is one of the most famous evil acts by a government minister in the whole history of the Song dynasty. Qin became notorious, and (after he lost power and died) some people suspected that he was a traitor.

paragraph: Qin removed all his political opponents from the government by use of his control over the Imperial Censorate. Most of his enemies were exiled far to the south, several in fact died on Hainan Island. He believed that schools should only teach "acceptable ideas" and practiced a strong form of censorship and thought control over the Imperial University.

paragraph: After Emperor Gaozong's resignation, the new Emperor Xiaozong of Song pardoned most of Qin's political enemies, including a posthumous pardon for Yue Fei. From that point on, Qin was constantly vilified by Chinese historians. He became one of the most important examples in Chinese history of an evil minister.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural echo.

paragraph: "The Story of Yue Fei" states that after having Yue Fei, Yue Yun, and Zhang Xian arrested on false charges, Qin and his wife, Lady Wang (), were sitting by the "eastern window", warming themselves by the fire, when he received a letter from the people calling for the release of the general. Qin was worried because, after nearly two months of torture, he could not get Yue Fei to admit the false charges of treason and would eventually have to let him go. However, after a servant girl brought fresh oranges into the room, Lady Wang devised a plan to execute the general. She told Qin to slip an execution notice inside the skin of an orange and send it to the examining judge. This way, the general and his companions would be put to death before the Emperor or Qin himself would have to rescind an open order of execution. This conspiracy became known as the “East-Window Plot”. An anonymous novel was written about this called the "Dong Chuang Ji" ("Tale of the Eastern Window") during the Ming dynasty.

paragraph: When asked by General Han Shizhong what crime Yue had committed, Qin Hui replied, "Though it isn't sure whether there is something that he did to betray the dynasty, maybe there is.” The phrase "unneeded" () has entered the Chinese language as an expression to refer to fabricated charges.

paragraph: For their part in Yue Fei's death, iron statues of Qin Hui, Lady Wang, and two of Qin Hui's subordinates, Moqi Xie and Zhang Jun (), were made to kneel before Yue Fei's tomb (located by Hangzhou's West Lake). For centuries, these statues have been cursed, spat and urinated upon by young and old. But now, in modern times, these statues are protected as historical relics. There is a poem hanging on the gate surrounding the statues, it reads:

paragraph: ""The green hill is fortunate to be the burial ground of a loyal general, the white iron was innocent to be cast into the statues of traitors.""

paragraph: The story of Qin and his wife are also said to be the origin of Youtiao.

paragraph: Section::::Folktales.

paragraph: Section::::Folktales.:Xiyoubu.

paragraph: "Xiyoubu" (西遊補 - "Supplement to the Journey to the West", 1640) - A Ming dynasty addendum to the famous Chinese novel "Journey to the West", which takes place between the end of chapter 61 and the beginning of 62. In the novel, The Monkey King faces a representation of his own carnal desires and is trapped inside of a tower full of mirrors, each with its own powers. One mirror causes him to travel forward in time, from the Tang to the Song dynasty. There, some junior devils appear and tell him that the ruler of the underworld King Yama has recently died of an illness, and so Monkey must take his place until a suitable replacement can be found. Monkey ends up judging the fate of the recently deceased Prime Minister Qin Hui. He tortures Qin into confessing his sins. These tortures include having millions of embroidery needles shoved into his flesh, being ground into paste, thrown onto a mountain of swords and spears, hacked into bits, forced to drink human pus, and his rib cage ripped apart to give him the appearance of a dragon fly. A demon is charged with using his magic breath to "blow" Qin back into his proper form. Monkey finally sends a demon to heaven to retrieve a powerful magic gourd that sucks anyone, who speaks before it, inside, and melts them down into a bloody stew. He uses this gourd for Qin's final punishment. Meanwhile, Monkey invites the ghost of Yue Fei to the underworld and takes him as his third master. (He claims this completes his lessons on the three religions since: 1) the immortal Subhodi taught him Taoist magic 2) the monk Tang Sanzang taught him Buddhist restraint and 3) Yue Fei taught him Confucian ideals.) He entertains Yue Fei until Qin has been reduced to liquid and offers the general a cup of Qin's "blood wine." Yue, however, refuses on the grounds that drinking it would sully his soul. Monkey then does an experiment where he makes a junior devil drink the wine. Sometime later, the devil, apparently under the evil influence of the blood wine, murders his personal religious teacher and escapes into the "gate of ghosts," presumably being reborn into another existence. Yue Fei then takes his leave to return to his heavenly abode. Monkey sends him off with a huge display of respect by making all of the millions of denizens of the underworld kowtow before him.

paragraph: Section::::Folktales.:Qin Hui The Stinker.

paragraph: The following is a folktale about one of Qin's descendants:

paragraph: During the Ming dynasty, the new Provincial Governor-General of Hangzhou, who was a direct descendant of Qin and Madam Wang, had both iron statues thrown into the West Lake under cover of night. The next day, the lake turned pitch-black and smelt of vomit. The townsfolk realized that the lake’s condition coincided with the statues' disappearance. When Official Qin arrived on the scene, the people questioned him about his relationship with Qin. Because he knew the statues had sunk to the bottom of the lake, he boasted, "If anyone can really scoop the statues out of the lake, this official is waiting to resign and ask for punishment." At that exact moment, the murky water became clear, and the statues drifted ashore as if propelled by an invisible force. The cowardly official bolted for his sedan when he saw this miraculous sight. The townsfolk pelted his sedan with rocks as he fled, many of them ripping through the curtain, giving him huge lumps on his head. That night, Official Qin escaped Hangzhou, never to be heard from again.

paragraph: Section::::Folktales.:The mad monk sweeps Qin out of the temple.

paragraph: During the Southern Song dynasty there were two famous Buddhists named the "Crazy monk" Ji Gong and the "Mad Monk" Fengbo. Fengbo lived during the time of Yue Fei and became famous for "Sweeping Qin Hui’s face with a broom". The story is told after having Yue Fei imprisoned on false charges, Qin went to the Lingyin Temple to have his fortune read. There he was confronted by a laughing Feng Bo who asked, "Cao Cao was once a big hero, but where is he today?" The Prime Minister asked him what he meant in confusion. Fengbo said,

paragraph: Qin countered, "Who is that pillar of the country?" "General Yue Fei!" screamed Fengbo. When Qin seemed unaffected by his words, Fengbo laughed and said, "What a fool! Repent now before it is too late." He then grabbed a broom and raked it across the Prime Minister’s face and quickly ran off. Feeling embarrassed, Qin returned to the palace a defeated man.

paragraph: The boldness of the monk caught the attention of the common folk. It is said he would appear in crowded areas and begin to sweep the floor, even in the cleanest of places, and proclaim "sweeping Qin" as a reminder to the people that they should band together to eliminate the traitor Qin from office. The "Mad Monk" was later raised to the level of Arahat.

paragraph: The statues of the "Mad and Crazy Monks" were often seen together in various temples throughout the Southern Song dynasty. There are two such statues of these arahats in the "Da Xiong Temple Hall" of Zhan Tan Forest on the Jiu Hua Mountain. One of them is the "Crazy Monk" Ji Gong in the form of a deity and the other is the "Mad Monk" Fengbo holding a duster in one hand and a broom under his left armpit, standing ever ready to give the wicked Prime Minister another sweep.

paragraph: This is a derivative of an episode from The Story of Yue Fei, which mentions no "sweeping" at all. The fortuneteller's name was "Xie Renfu of Chengdu" and he told the fortunes of both Emperor Gaozong and Qin Hui, who were in disguise, in the "Dragon's Intonation Monastery". When Qin returned to the palace, he sent men to arrest the fortuneteller, but he had already fled the city, out of fear once he discovered who they really were.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhang Jun (Song chancellor)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yue Fei

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhou Tong (archer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Youtiao

paragraph: Section::::Footnotes and references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "History of Song" Volume 473, Biography of Qin Hui.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "History of Song" Volume 365, Biography of Yue Fei.

alias:
Qin Kuai
Miuhen
Qin Gui
Huizhi
Zhongxian
Miuchou

description: Chinese politician of the Song Dynasty

wikidata_label: Qin Hui

wikipedia_title: Qin Hui