text: Protestant

text: missionary

text: Northeast China

text: Dongguan Church

text: Shenyang

text: Korean

text: Easter Ross

text: Gaelic

text: Glasgow University

text: Edinburgh

text: Scottish United Presbyterian Mission

text: Northeast China

text: Manchuria

text: Yingkou

text: Mukden

text: Shenyang

text: Dongguan Church

text: Boxer Rebellion

text: mission in Fushun

text: New Testament

text: Korean version

text: James Scarth Gale

text: Edinburgh

text: Newington Cemetery

text: John Gilbert Baker

text: Iris rossii

text: Christianity in China

text: Christianity in Korea

text: Korean Bible

text: Scottish United Presbyterian Mission

text: Seo Sang-ryun

text: Father of the Korean Church

categories: Scottish Presbyterian missionaries,1842 births,Translators of the Bible into Korean,British expatriates in China,19th-century translators,1915 deaths,Presbyterian missionaries in China,Presbyterian missionaries in Korea

paragraph: John Ross (missionary)

paragraph: John Ross (1842-1915), (his Chinese name: ) was a Scottish Protestant missionary to Northeast China who established Dongguan Church in Shenyang. He is also known for translating the first Korean Bible.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: John Ross was born at Rarichie in Easter Ross where Gaelic was his native language. He received his education at Fearn School, Glasgow University and Theological Hall, Edinburgh. In 1872 he was sent by the Scottish United Presbyterian Mission () to Northeast China, known at that time as Manchuria. John Ross, called in , went first to Yingkou, then moved to Mukden (the present-day Shenyang) and established a church there in 1889. This church was called Dongguan Church (East Gate Church) because it was built just outside East Gate, as Christian churches were not allowed within the city wall. It was rebuilt after the Boxer Rebellion, and is now still used as a Protestant church. He also started a mission in Fushun.

paragraph: While in China, John Ross met traders from Korea one day, and decided to make a Korean translation of the New Testament, which was completed in 1887 and brought to Korea. This was the first Korean version In 1892 he was visited from Korea by James Scarth Gale.

paragraph: Ross returned to Scotland in 1910, but continued to help the Scotland-China Society. He died in Edinburgh and is buried there mid-way along the east side of the main north-south path in Newington Cemetery. There is a plaque commemorating John Ross on the sea front at Balintore in Easter Ross.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He was married to Isabella Strapp McFadyen (d.1930) who travelled with him in China.

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.

paragraph: In 1877, John Gilbert Baker named "Iris rossii" in his honour. Ray Desmond (Editor).

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Corean primer: being lessons in Corean on all ordinary subjects, transliterated on the principles of the "Mandarin primer", by the same author" (1877)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Manchus, or The reigning dynasty of China: their rise and progress (1891)

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Corea, Ancient and Modern; with Description of Manners and Customs, Language and Geography (1891)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christianity in China

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christianity in Korea

paragraph: BULLET::::- Korean Bible

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scottish United Presbyterian Mission

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seo Sang-ryun

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father of the Korean Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ross and Bible women in the early Protestant mission of northern Korea and Eastern China

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shenyang Dingguan Christian Church (The Baidu Encyclopedia) (in Chinese)

description: scottish missionary, born 1842

wikidata_label: John Ross

wikipedia_title: John Ross (missionary)


text:
New York City
little black dress
costume jewelry
Salzburg
America
Harlem, New York
home business
I. Magnin
department store
wholesaling
Manhattan, New York
French
couturiers
word of mouth
Life Magazine
Neiman Marcus Fashion Award
costume jewelry
TIME Magazine
Coty Award
First Lady
Mamie Eisenhower
Neiman Marcus
Inauguration

categories: People from Salzburg,Austrian Jews,American fashion designers,American people of Austrian-Jewish descent,1980 deaths,American jewelry designers,Women fashion designers,Austrian emigrants to the United States,Companies based in New York City,1890 births

paragraph: Nettie Rosenstein

paragraph: Nettie Rosenstein (1890 - March 13, 1980) was an American fashion designer, based in New York City between c.1913 and 1975. She was particularly renowned for her little black dresses and costume jewelry.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born Nettie Rosenscrans in Salzburg, Austria in 1890, she and her family migrated to America in the 1890s and settled in Harlem, New York. Her family was Jewish. In 1913 Nettie married Saul Rosenstein, who ran a women's underwear business, and began dressmaking as a home business. After being approached by the I. Magnin department store in 1919, she began wholesaling. By 1921, she owned an establishment with 50 workers in Manhattan, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Nettie Rosenstein Inc..

paragraph: In the 1920s American fashion business, imported fashions by named French couturiers were considered the best to be had. At this time Rosenstein's designs were sold by stores under their own labels, though purchasers were told that the dresses were in fact by Nettie Rosenstein. Through word of mouth Rosenstein earned name recognition and her own-name label became a valuable commodity. Her clothes were retailed around America, but only one store in each city was permitted to carry fashions bearing Rosenstein's label. In 1927 Rosenstein tried an early retirement, but resumed designing in 1931, when she reopened on West 47th Street in collaboration with her sister-in-law, Eva Rosenstein and Charles Gumprecht.

paragraph: In 1937, Rosenstein was described by Life Magazine as one of the most highly regarded American designers. She was one of the first recipients of the Neiman Marcus Fashion Award on its launch in 1938. In 1940, Rosenstein clothing was sold out of 92 shops and department stores across the USA, at prices ranging from $98 to $500. Whilst these prices were beyond the range of most consumers, Rosenstein's designs were so widely copied that she still influenced the average American woman's wardrobe. One such design was the "little black dress" designed to go from day to evening with low-cut evening necklines combined with daywear silhouettes and materials. Her designs also included printed dresses with gloves to match, and she was also known for her accessories and striking costume jewelry.

paragraph: Nettie Rosenstein announced her second retirement in March 1942, inspiring a tribute in TIME Magazine. However, this retirement did not last long, as she resumed fashion design a few years later, winning a Coty Award in 1947. She was the designer responsible for First Lady Mamie Eisenhower's dress commissioned by Neiman Marcus for the 1953 Inauguration Ball.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Nettie Rosenstein discontinued the fashion side of her business in 1961. Her long term business partner and Coty Award Winner, Sol L. Klein, continued to design and manufacture costume jewelry and accessories under the name Nettie Rosenstein Accessories until 1975. He retired in 1975, the same time as the Nettie Rosenstein brand closed. On March 13, 1980, after a long illness, Nettie Rosenstein died at the age of 90.

description: American fashion designer

wikidata_label: Nettie Rosenstein

wikipedia_title: Nettie Rosenstein


text: Greek

text: Hellenistic period

text: Roman Republic

text: Sack of Carthage

text: Corinth

text: Achaean War

text: separation of powers

text: Montesquieu

text: The Spirit of the Laws

text: United States Constitution

text: Megalopolis

text: Arcadia

text: Achaean League

text: Lycortas

text: strategos

text: Achaean League

text: Philopoemen

text: hipparchus (cavalry officer)

text: strategia

text: Perseus

text: Macedon

text: Achaean

text: Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus

text: Third Macedonian War

text: Scipio Aemilianus

text: Scipio Africanus

text: Scipionic Circle

text: Carthaginians

text: Third Punic War

text: Africa

text: Sack of Carthage

text: Corinth

text: Rome

text: Numantine War

text: Via Domitia

text: Pseudo-Lucian

text: First

text: Second Punic War

text: Battle of Ticinus

text: Battle of the Trebia

text: Siege of Saguntum

text: Battle of Lilybaeum

text: Battle of Rhone Crossing

text: Timaeus

text: factual integrity

text: Philopoemen

text: Plutarch

text: Parallel Lives

text: military tactics

text: Numantine War

text: Cato the Elder

text: Livy

text: xenophobia

text: Eratosthenes

text: Callisthenes

text: Theopompus

text: anacyclosis

text: Philip II

text: Theopompus

text: Roman Republic

text: Senate

text: "apodeiktike"

text: "pragmatikoi"

text: Thucydides

text: objectivity

text: reasoning

text: hagiographic

text: Peter Green

text: Ronald Mellor

text: Scipio

text: Adrian Goldsworthy

text: Crete

text: Strabo

text: Scylax

text: Kydonia

text: telegraphy

text: Hist. X.45.6 ff.

text: cryptographic

text: steganography

text: Polybius square

text: 26 letter alphabet

text: Dionysius of Halicarnassus

text: Strabo

text: Athenaeus

text: Sempronius Asellio

text: Cicero

text: Diodorus

text: Livy

text: Plutarch

text: Arrian

text: Florence

text: Niccolò Machiavelli

text: Discourses on Livy

text: Isaac Casaubon

text: Jacques Auguste de Thou

text: William Camden

text: Paolo Sarpi

text: vernacular

text: French

text: English

text: Italian

text: Cicero

text: Charles de Montesquieu

text: Founding Fathers of the United States

text: John Adams

text: Age of Enlightenment

text: Hellenistic Greece

text: Edward Tufte

text: Charles Joseph Minard

text: Hannibal

text: Italy

text: Second Punic War

text: José Ortega y Gasset

text: Polibio Fumagalli

text: University of Pennsylvania

text: Anacyclosis

text: The Histories

text: Polybius square

text: Polybius (urban legend)

text: Mixed government

text: Ludovico Dindorfi

text: vol. 1

text: vol. 2

text: vol. 3

text: vol. 4

text: vol. 5

text: Perseus Project

text: English & Greek version

text: LacusCurtius

text: Short introduction to the life and work of Polybius

text: 1670 edition of Polybius' works vol.1 at the Internet archive

text: 1670 edition of Polybius' works vol.2 at the Internet archive

text: The Rise of Historical Criticism

text: (in CELT)

text: "Polybius and the Founding Fathers: the separation of powers"

text: World Digital Library

text: Walbank, Frank W

text: Momigliano, Arnaldo M.

text: Works by Polybius at Perseus Digital Library

categories: Hellenistic-era historians,Ancient Arcadians,2nd-century BC historians,Ancient Greek statesmen,2nd-century BC Greek people,Ancient Megalopolitans,Roman-era Greek historians,Historians of Roman Achaea,200s BC births

paragraph: Polybius

paragraph: Polybius (; , "Polýbios";  –  BC) was a Greek historian of the Hellenistic period noted for his work which covered the period of 264–146 BC in detail. The work describes the rise of the Roman Republic to the status of dominance in the ancient Mediterranean world and includes his eyewitness account of the Sack of Carthage and Corinth in 146 BC, and the Roman annexation of the mainland Greece after the Achaean War.

paragraph: Polybius is important for his analysis of the mixed constitution or the separation of powers in government, which was influential on Montesquieu's "The Spirit of the Laws" and the framers of the United States Constitution.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: Polybius was born around 208 BC in Megalopolis, Arcadia, when it was an active member of the Achaean League. His father, Lycortas, was a prominent, land-owning politician and member of the governing class who became "strategos" (commanding general) of the Achaean League. Consequently, Polybius was able to observe first hand the political and military affairs of Megalopolis. He developed an interest in horse riding and hunting, diversions that later commended him to his Roman captors.

paragraph: In 182 BC, he was given quite an honor when he was chosen to carry the funeral urn of Philopoemen, one of the most eminent Achaean politicians of his generation. In either 169 BC or 170 BC, Polybius was elected hipparchus (cavalry officer), an event which often presaged election to the annual "strategia" (chief generalship). His early political career was devoted largely towards maintaining the independence of Megalopolis.

paragraph: Section::::Personal experiences.

paragraph: Polybius’ father, Lycortas, was a prominent advocate of neutrality during the Roman war against Perseus of Macedon. Lycortas attracted the suspicion of the Romans, and Polybius subsequently was one of the 1,000 Achaean nobles who were transported to Rome as hostages in 167 BC, and was detained there for 17 years. In Rome, by virtue of his high culture, Polybius was admitted to the most distinguished houses, in particular to that of Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, the conqueror in the Third Macedonian War, who entrusted Polybius with the education of his sons, Fabius and Scipio Aemilianus (who had been adopted by the eldest son of Scipio Africanus). Polybius remained on cordial terms with his former pupil Scipio Aemilianus and was among the members of the Scipionic Circle.

paragraph: When Scipio defeated the Carthaginians in the Third Punic War, Polybius remained his counsellor. The Achaean hostages were released in 150 BC, and Polybius was granted leave to return home, but the next year he went on campaign with Scipio Aemilianus to Africa, and was present at the Sack of Carthage in 146, which he later described. Following the destruction of Carthage, Polybius likely journeyed along the Atlantic coast of Africa, as well as Spain.

paragraph: After the destruction of Corinth in the same year, Polybius returned to Greece, making use of his Roman connections to lighten the conditions there. Polybius was charged with the difficult task of organizing the new form of government in the Greek cities, and in this office he gained great recognition.

paragraph: Section::::At Rome.

paragraph: In the succeeding years, Polybius resided in Rome, completing his historical work while occasionally undertaking long journeys through the Mediterranean countries in the furtherance of his history, in particular with the aim of obtaining firsthand knowledge of historical sites. He apparently interviewed veterans to clarify details of the events he was recording and was similarly given access to archival material. Little is known of Polybius' later life; he most likely accompanied Scipio to Spain, acting as his military advisor during the Numantine War.

paragraph: He later wrote about this war in a lost monograph. Polybius probably returned to Greece later in his life, as evidenced by the many existent inscriptions and statues of him there. The last event mentioned in his "Histories" seems to be the construction of the Via Domitia in southern France in 118 BC, which suggests the writings of Pseudo-Lucian may have some grounding in fact when they state, "[Polybius] fell from his horse while riding up from the country, fell ill as a result and died at the age of eighty-two".

paragraph: Section::::"The Histories".

paragraph: Polybius’ "Histories" cover the period from 264 BC to 146 BC. Its main focus is the period from 220 BC to 167 BC, describing Rome's efforts in subduing its arch-enemy, Carthage, and thereby becoming the dominant Mediterranean force. Books I through V of "The Histories" are the introduction for the years during his lifetime, describing the politics in leading Mediterranean states, including ancient Greece and Egypt, and culminating in their ultimate "συμπλοκή" or interconnectedness. In Book VI, Polybius describes the political, military, and moral institutions that allowed the Romans to succeed. He describes the First and Second Punic Wars. Polybius concludes the Romans are the pre-eminent power because they have customs and institutions which promote a deep desire for noble acts, a love of virtue, piety towards parents and elders, and a fear of the gods ("deisidaimonia").

paragraph: He also chronicled the conflicts between Hannibal and Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus such as the Battle of Ticinus, the Battle of the Trebia, the Siege of Saguntum, the Battle of Lilybaeum, and the Battle of Rhone Crossing. In Book XII, Polybius discusses the worth of Timaeus’ account of the same period of history. He asserts Timaeus' point of view is inaccurate, invalid, and biased in favor of Rome. Therefore, Polybius's "Histories" is also useful in analyzing the different Hellenistic versions of history and of use as a credible illustration of actual events during the Hellenistic period.

paragraph: Section::::"The Histories".:Sources.

paragraph: In the seventh volume of his "Histories", Polybius defines the historian's job as the analysis of documentation, the review of relevant geographical information, and political experience. Polybius held that historians should only chronicle events whose participants the historian was able to interview, and was among the first to champion the notion of factual integrity in historical writing. In Polybius' time, the profession of a historian required political experience (which aided in differentiating between fact and fiction) and familiarity with the geography surrounding one's subject matter to supply an accurate version of events.

paragraph: Polybius himself exemplified these principles as he was well travelled and possessed political and military experience. He did not neglect written sources that proved essential material for his histories of the period from 264 BC to 220 BC. When addressing events after 220 BC, he examined the writings of Greek and Roman historians to acquire credible sources of information, but rarely did he name those sources.

paragraph: Section::::As historian.

paragraph: Polybius wrote several works, the majority of which are lost. His earliest work was a biography of the Greek statesman Philopoemen; this work was later used as a source by Plutarch when composing his "Parallel Lives", however the original Polybian text is lost. In addition, Polybius wrote an extensive treatise entitled "Tactics", which may have detailed Roman and Greek military tactics. Small parts of this work may survive in his major "Histories", but the work itself is lost, as well. Another missing work was a historical monograph on the events of the Numantine War. The largest Polybian work was, of course, his "Histories", of which only the first five books survive entirely intact, along with a large portion of the sixth book and fragments of the rest. Along with Cato the Elder (234–149 BC), he can be considered one of the founding fathers of Roman historiography.

paragraph: Livy made reference to and uses Polybius' "Histories" as source material in his own narrative. Polybius was among the first historians to attempt to present history as a sequence of causes and effects, based upon a careful examination and criticism of tradition. He narrated his history based upon first-hand knowledge. "The Histories" capture the varied elements of the story of human behavior: nationalism, xenophobia, duplicitous politics, war, brutality, loyalty, valour, intelligence, reason, and resourcefulness.

paragraph: Aside from the narrative of the historical events, Polybius also included three books of digressions. Book 34 was entirely devoted to questions of geography and included some trenchant criticisms of Eratosthenes, whom he accused of passing on popular preconceptions or "laodogmatika". Book 12 was a disquisition on the writing of history, citing extensive passages of lost historians, such as Callisthenes and Theopompus. Most influential was Book 6, which describes Roman political, military, and moral institutions, which he considered key to Rome's success; it presented Rome as having a mixed constitution in which monarchical, aristocratic, and popular elements existed in stable equilibrium. This enabled Rome to escape, for the time being, the cycle of eternal revolutions ("anacyclosis"). While Polybius was not the first to advance this view, his account provides the most cogent illustration of the ideal for later political theorists.

paragraph: A key theme of "The Histories" is the good statesman as virtuous and composed. The character of the Polybian statesman is exemplified in that of Philip II. His beliefs about Philip's character led Polybius to reject historian Theopompus' description of Philip's private, drunken debauchery. For Polybius, it was inconceivable that such an able and effective statesman could have had an immoral and unrestrained private life as described by Theopompus.

paragraph: In recounting the Roman Republic, Polybius stated that "the Senate stands in awe of the multitude, and cannot neglect the feelings of the people".

paragraph: Other important themes running through "The Histories" are the role of Fortune in the affairs of nations, his insistence that history should be demonstratory, or "apodeiktike", providing lessons for statesmen, and that historians should be "men of action" ("pragmatikoi").

paragraph: Polybius is considered by some to be the successor of Thucydides in terms of objectivity and critical reasoning, and the forefather of scholarly, painstaking historical research in the modern scientific sense. According to this view, his work sets forth the course of history's occurrences with clearness, penetration, sound judgment, and, among the circumstances affecting the outcomes, he lays special emphasis on geographical conditions. Modern historians are especially impressed with the manner in which Polybius used his sources, particularly documentary evidence as well as his citation and quotation of sources. Furthermore, there is some admiration of Polybius's meditation on the nature of historiography in Book 12. His work belongs, therefore, amongst the greatest productions of ancient historical writing. The writer of the "Oxford Companion to Classical Literature" (1937) praises him for his "earnest devotion to truth" and his systematic pursuit of causation.

paragraph: It has long been acknowledged that Polybius's writings are prone to a certain hagiographic tone when writing of his friends, such as Scipio, and subject to a vindictive tone when detailing the exploits of his enemies, such as Callicrates, the Achaean statesman responsible for his Roman exile.

paragraph: As a hostage in Rome, then as client to the Scipios, and after 146 BC, a collaborator with Roman rule, Polybius was probably in no position to freely express any negative opinions of Rome. Peter Green advises that Polybius was chronicling Roman history for a Greek audience, to justify what he believed to be the inevitability of Roman rule. Nonetheless, Green considers Polybius's "Histories" the best source for the era they cover. For Ronald Mellor, Polybius was a loyal partisan of Scipio, intent on vilifying his patron's opponents. Adrian Goldsworthy, while using Polybius as a source for Scipio's generalship, notes Polybius' underlying and overt bias in Scipio's favour. H. Ormerod considers that Polybius cannot be regarded as an 'altogether unprejudiced witness' in relation to his "betes noires"; the Aetolians, the Carthaginians, and the Cretans. Other historians perceive considerable negative bias in Polybius' account of Crete; on the other hand, Hansen notes that the same work, along with passages from Strabo and Scylax, proved a reliable guide in the eventual rediscovery of the lost city of Kydonia.

paragraph: Section::::Cryptography.

paragraph: Polybius was responsible for a useful tool in telegraphy that allowed letters to be easily signaled using a numerical system (mentioned in Hist. X.45.6 ff.). This idea also lends itself to cryptographic manipulation and steganography.

paragraph: This was known as the "Polybius square", where the letters of the alphabet were arranged left to right, top to bottom in a 5 x 5 square, (when used with the modern 26 letter alphabet, the letters "I" and "J" are combined). Five numbers were then aligned on the outside top of the square, and five numbers on the left side of the square vertically. Usually these numbers were arranged 1 through 5. By cross-referencing the two numbers along the grid of the square, a letter could be deduced.

paragraph: In "The Histories", he specifies how this cypher could be used in fire signals, where long-range messages could be sent by means of torches raised and lowered to signify the column and row of each letter. This was a great leap forward from previous fire signaling, which could send prearranged codes only (such as, 'if we light the fire, it means that the enemy has arrived').

paragraph: Other writings of scientific interest include detailed discussions of the machines Archimedes created for the defense of Syracuse against the Romans, where he praises the 'old man' and his engineering in the highest terms, and an analysis of the usefulness of astronomy to generals (both in the "Histories").

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: Polybius was considered a poor stylist by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, writing of Polybius' history that "no one has the endurance to reach [its] end". Nevertheless, clearly he was widely read by Romans and Greeks alike. He is quoted extensively by Strabo writing in the 1st century BC and Athenaeus in the 3rd century AD.

paragraph: His emphasis on explaining causes of events, rather than just recounting events, influenced the historian Sempronius Asellio. Polybius is mentioned by Cicero and mined for information by Diodorus, Livy, Plutarch and Arrian. Much of the text that survives today from the later books of "The Histories" was preserved in Byzantine anthologies.

paragraph: His works reappeared in the West first in Renaissance Florence. Polybius gained a following in Italy, and although poor Latin translations hampered proper scholarship on his works, they contributed to the city's historical and political discourse. Niccolò Machiavelli in his "Discourses on Livy" evinces familiarity with Polybius. Vernacular translations in French, German, Italian and English first appeared during the 16th century. Consequently, in the late 16th century, Polybius's works found a greater reading audience among the learned public. Study of the correspondence of such men as Isaac Casaubon, Jacques Auguste de Thou, William Camden, and Paolo Sarpi reveals a growing interest in Polybius' works and thought during the period. Despite the existence of both printed editions in the vernacular and increased scholarly interest, however, Polybius remained an "historian's historian", not much read by the public at large.

paragraph: Printings of his work in the vernacular remained few in number — seven in French, five in English, and five in Italian.

paragraph: Polybius' political analysis has influenced republican thinkers from Cicero to Charles de Montesquieu to the Founding Fathers of the United States. John Adams, for example, considered him one of the most important teachers of constitutional theory. Since the Age of Enlightenment, Polybius has in general held appeal to those interested in Hellenistic Greece and early Republican Rome, while his political and military writings have lost influence in academia. More recently, thorough work on the Greek text of Polybius, and his historical technique, has increased the academic understanding and appreciation of him as a historian.

paragraph: According to Edward Tufte, he was also a major source for Charles Joseph Minard's figurative map of Hannibal's overland journey into Italy during the Second Punic War.

paragraph: In his "Meditations On Hunting", Spanish philosopher José Ortega y Gasset calls Polybius "one of the few great minds that the turbid human species has managed to produce", and says the damage to the "Histories" is "without question one of the gravest losses that we have suffered in our Greco-Roman heritage".

paragraph: The Italian version of his name, Polibio, was used as a male first name - for example, the composer Polibio Fumagalli - though it never became very common.

paragraph: The University of Pennsylvania has an intellectual society, the Polybian Society, which is named in his honor and serves as a non-partisan forum for discussing societal issues and policy.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anacyclosis

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Histories"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polybius square

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polybius (urban legend)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mixed government

paragraph: Section::::Notes and references.

paragraph: Section::::Notes and references.:Editions and translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Usher, S. (ed. and trans.) "Critical Essays, Volume II." Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Polybii Historiae", editionem a Ludovico Dindorfi curatam, retractavit , Lipsiae in aedibus B. G. Teubneri, vol. 1, vol. 2, vol. 3, vol. 4, vol. 5, 1882-1904.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Loeb Number L128; Books I-II.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Loeb Number L137; Books III-IV.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Loeb Number L138; Books V-VIII.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Loeb Number L159; Books IX-XV.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Loeb Number L160; Books XVI-XXVII.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Loeb Number L161; Books XXVIII-XXXIX.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Histories" or "The Rise of the Roman Empire" by Polybius:

paragraph: BULLET::::- At Perseus Project: English & Greek version

paragraph: BULLET::::- At "LacusCurtius": Short introduction to the life and work of Polybius

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1670 edition of Polybius' works vol.1 at the Internet archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1670 edition of Polybius' works vol.2 at the Internet archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oscar Wilde, The Rise of Historical Criticism: (in CELT)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Polybius and the Founding Fathers: the separation of powers"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polybius: "The Rise Of The Roman Empire", Penguin, 1979.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Books 1–5 of History. Ethiopian Story. Book 8: From the Departure of the Divine Marcus" featuring Book I-V of "The Histories", digitized, from the World Digital Library

paragraph: Section::::Notes and references.:Other ancient sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titus Livius of Patavium (Livy), libri XXI — XLV

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pseudo-Lucian "Makrobioi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paulus Orosius libri VII of "Histories against Pagans"

paragraph: Section::::Notes and references.:Modern references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Davidson, James: 'Polybius' in Feldherr, Andrew ed. "The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Historians" (Cambridge University Press, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walbank, Frank W:

paragraph: BULLET::::- —— "Philip V of Macedon", the Hare Prize Essay 1939 (Cambridge University Press, 1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- —— "A Historical Commentary on Polybius" (Oxford University Press)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vol. I (1957) Commentary on Books I–VI

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vol. II (1967) Commentary on Books VII–XVIII

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vol. III (1979) Commentary on Books XIX–XL

paragraph: BULLET::::- —— "Polybius" (University of California Press, 1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Momigliano, Arnaldo M.: "Sesto Contributo alla Storia degli Studi Classici e del Mondo Antico" (Rome, 1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- —— Vol. V (1974) "The Historian's Skin”, 77–88 (Momigliano Bibliography no. 531)

paragraph: BULLET::::- —— Vol. VI (1973) “Polibio, Posidonio e l'imperialismo Romano”, 89 (Momigliano Bibliography no. 525) (original publication: "Atti della Accademia delle Scienze di Torino", 107, 1972–73, 693–707)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moore, John M: "The Manuscript Tradition of Polybius" (Cambridge University Press, 1965)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Champion, Craige B. 2004. "Cultural Politics in Polybius’s Histories." Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Derow, Peter S. 1979. "Polybius, Rome, and the East." "Journal of Roman Studies" 69:1–15.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eckstein, Arthur M. 1995. "Moral Vision in the Histories of Polybius." Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Farrington, Scott Thomas. 2015. "A Likely Story: Rhetoric and the Determination of Truth in Polybius’ Histories. "Histos: The On-Line Journal of Ancient Historiography" 9: 29-66.

paragraph: BULLET::::- McGing, Brian C. 2010. "Polybius: The Histories." Oxford Approaches to Classical Literature. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moore, Daniel Walker. 2017. "Learning from Experience: Polybius and the Progress of Rome." "Classical Quarterly" 67.1: 132-148.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pausch, Dennis. 2014. "Livy Reading Polybius: Adapting Greek Narrative to Roman History." In "Defining Greek Narrative." Edited by Douglas L. Cairns and Ruth Scodel, 279-297. Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sacks, Kenneth S. 1981. "Polybius on the Writing of History." Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schepens, Guido, and Jan Bollansée, eds. 2005. "The Shadow of Polybius: Intertextuality as a Research Tool in Greek Historiography." Leuven, Belgium: Peeters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walbank, Frank W. 2002. "Polybius, Rome and the Hellenistic World: Essays and Reflections." Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Polybius at Perseus Digital Library

description: ancient Greek historian

enwikiquote_title: Polybius

wikidata_label: Polybius

wikipedia_title: Polybius


text: American

text: professional baseball

text: center fielder

text: college baseball

text: University of California, Berkeley

text: United States national baseball team

text: Chicago Cubs

text: 2009 MLB Draft

text: Baseball America

text: MLB.com

text: Miramonte High School

text: University of California, Berkeley

text: college baseball

text: California Golden Bears baseball

text: Pacific-10 Conference

text: Division I

text: collegiate summer baseball

text: Cotuit Kettleers

text: Cape Cod Baseball League

text: Baseball America

text: batting average

text: home run

text: runs batted in

text: 2009 Major League Baseball Draft

text: Chicago Cubs

text: Arizona League Cubs

text: Arizona League

text: Boise Hawks

text: Northwest League

text: Peoria Chiefs

text: Midwest League

text: Daytona Cubs

text: Florida State League

text: All-Star Futures Game

text: Tennessee Smokies

text: Southern League

text: Iowa Cubs

text: Class-AAA

text: Pacific Coast League

text: United States national baseball team

text: 2011 Baseball World Cup

text: 2011 Pan American Games

text: Arizona Diamondbacks

text: San Francisco Giants

text: Rule 5 draft

text: Drew

text: Pitch

categories: Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States,Arizona League Cubs players,Boise Hawks players,Major League Baseball outfielders,Baseball players from California,Cotuit Kettleers players,Tennessee Smokies players,Chicago Cubs players,Mesa Solar Sox players,Living people,Iowa Cubs players,Reno Aces players,Daytona Cubs players,1988 births,Sportspeople from Berkeley, California,California Golden Bears baseball players,Peoria Chiefs players,Baseball players at the 2011 Pan American Games,Arizona Diamondbacks players,Sacramento River Cats players,All-Star Futures Game players

paragraph: Brett Jackson

paragraph: Brett Elliott Jackson (born August 2, 1988) is an American former professional baseball center fielder. Prior to beginning his professional career, he played college baseball at the University of California, Berkeley. Jackson has also competed for the United States national baseball team.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Chicago Cubs.

paragraph: The Chicago Cubs selected Jackson in the first round of the 2009 MLB Draft. Before the 2011 season, Jackson was considered the Cubs second best prospect according to "Baseball America". He was also ranked as one of the top 50 overall prospects by MLB.com.

paragraph: Jackson attended Miramonte High School. He then enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley, where he played college baseball for the California Golden Bears baseball team in the Pacific-10 Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's (NCAA) Division I. In the summer of 2008, Jackson played collegiate summer baseball for the Cotuit Kettleers of the Cape Cod Baseball League. "Baseball America" rated Jackson as the eighth best prospect in the league. As a junior in 2009, Jackson had a .321 batting average with eight home runs and 41 runs batted in for the Golden Bears.

paragraph: Heading into the 2009 Major League Baseball Draft, "Baseball America" rated Jackson as the 34th best prospect available. The Chicago Cubs drafted Jackson in the first round (31st overall). He debuted professionally with the Arizona League Cubs of the Rookie-level Arizona League, receiving promotions to the Boise Hawks of the Class-A Short Season Northwest League and the Peoria Chiefs of the Class-A Midwest League. Before the 2010 season, "Baseball America" rated Jackson as the 74th best prospect in baseball. In 2010, Jackson played for the Daytona Cubs of the Class-A Advanced Florida State League, and participated in the 2010 All-Star Futures Game. Rated as the 38th best prospect in baseball by "Baseball America" before the 2011 season, Jackson started the year with the Tennessee Smokies of the Class-AA Southern League, before earning a promotion to the Iowa Cubs of the Class-AAA Pacific Coast League.

paragraph: After the 2011 season, Jackson played for the United States national baseball team in the 2011 Baseball World Cup and the 2011 Pan American Games, winning the silver medal.

paragraph: On August 5, 2012, Jackson was called up by the Cubs and made his Major League debut, batting second, as their starting center fielder. He batted .175 with 59 strikeouts in 120 at bats.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Arizona Diamondbacks.

paragraph: On August 14, 2014, the Cubs traded Jackson to the Arizona Diamondbacks in exchange for right-handed pitcher Blake Cooper. Jackson had been struggling with Iowa, batting .210 on the season. He played in seven games for the Diamondbacks, and was outrighted off the Diamondbacks roster on October 7, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:San Francisco Giants.

paragraph: The San Francisco Giants selected Jackson from the Diamondbacks in the Class AAA phase of the 2014 Rule 5 draft. He was released on July 15, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Brett's younger brother, Drew, is a professional baseball player. Brett had an uncredited role in the TV series "Pitch".

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Brett Jackson

wikipedia_title: Brett Jackson


text:
Cavers
Chamberlain of Scotland
King John of England
Magna Carta
Alexander II
Caerlaverock
George Crawfurd
Peter de Maule
fief
shire
Henry III of England
Gascon War
Melrose Abbey
William de Valognes
Panmure
Battle of Evesham
Alexander

categories: House of Balliol,13th-century Scottish people,1246 deaths,Year of birth unknown,Members of the Privy Council of Scotland,Lord Chamberlains of Scotland

paragraph: Henry de Baliol

paragraph: Sir Henry de Baliol (died 1246) of Cavers was Chamberlain of Scotland.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Henry was a son of Ingelram de Balliol and a daughter of William de Berkeley, lord of Reidcastle. Although invited by King John of England to take his side shortly before the time of the Magna Carta, it is probable that he, like his sovereign Alexander II, joined the party of the barons. He is mentioned in the Scottish records in the years between 1223 and 1244, and the appointment of Sir John Maxwell of Caerlaverock, who appears as Lord Chamberlain of Scotland in 1231, must either have been temporary, or Baliol must have retained the title after demitting the office, which George Crawfurd supposes him to have done in 1231. In 1234 he succeeded, in right of his wife as co-heiress, along with her sister Christina and brother-in-law Peter de Maule, to the English fiefs of the Valognes family, vacant by the death of Christian, countess of Essex; it was a rich inheritance, situated in six shires.

paragraph: In 1241 he attended Henry III of England to the Gascon War, and dying in 1246, was buried at Melrose Abbey.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Henry married Lora de Valognes, daughter of William de Valognes, lord of Panmure and had the following known issue;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guy (d. 4 August 1265) who died in the Battle of Evesham

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander of Cavers (d. before June 1311), who also served as Chamberlain of Scotland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Constance, married a member of the Fishburn family.

description: Scottish noble

wikidata_label: Henry de Baliol

wikipedia_title: Henry de Baliol


text: modernist

text: Pueblo Native Americans

text: Stuttgart

text: Theodore Tilton

text: Rotterdam

text: Netherlands

text: Basel, Switzerland

text: Brooklyn

text: Stuttgart Conservatory of Music

text: Pratt Institute

text: Max Weber

text: Arthur Wesley Dow

text: Ipswich, Massachusetts

text: Georgia O'Keeffe

text: William Langson Lathrop

text: life drawing

text: British Academy in Rome

text: Hamilton Easter Field

text: Walt Kuhn

text: 1913 Armory Show

text: Arthur B. Davies

text: Mabel Dodge Luhan

text: Taos, New Mexico

text: School of American Research

text: Greenwich Village

text: still lifes

text: Cathedral City, California

text: Agni Yoga

text: Dane Rudhyar

text: Raymond Jonson

text: San Jacinto Mountains

text: Georgia O'Keeffe

text: Florence Miller Pierce

text: Agnes Martin

text: Phoenix Art Museum

text: Honolulu Museum of Art

text: University of New Mexico Art Museum

text: Oakland Museum of California

text: Palm Springs Art Museum

text: Parrish Art Museum

text: Southampton, New York

text: Phoenix Art Museum

text: San Diego Museum of Art

text: Santa Barbara Museum of Art

text: New Mexico Museum of Art

text: Whitney Museum of American Art

text: Crystal Bridges Museum

text: California Desert Art

categories: 20th-century American painters,American women painters,American landscape painters,Painters from California,American people of German descent,1881 births,People from Cathedral City, California,Pratt Institute alumni,Abstract painters,People from Stuttgart,German emigrants to the United States,1961 deaths

paragraph: Agnes Lawrence Pelton

paragraph: Agnes Lawrence Pelton (1881–1961) was a modernist painter who was born in Germany and moved to the United States as a child. She studied art in the United States and Europe. She made portraits of Pueblo Native Americans, desert landscapes and still lifes. Pelton's work evolved through at least three distinct themes: her early "Imaginative Paintings," art of the American Southwest people and landscape, and abstract art that reflected her spiritual beliefs.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Agnes Lawrence Pelton was born in Stuttgart, Germany to American parents, and Florence Pelton. Her maternal grandfather was American abolitionist Theodore Tilton and her paternal grandfather was a plantation owner in Louisiana. She lived in Rotterdam, the Netherlands from 1882 to 1884 and in Basel, Switzerland from 1884 to 1888. In 1888, Agnes and her mother moved to Elizabeth Tilton's home in Brooklyn, New York, located at 1403 Pacific Street. Agnes' father tragically died of a morphine overdose May 23, 1891, at his brother's home in Louisiana. Florence Pelton studied music at the Stuttgart Conservatory of Music and operated the Pelton School of Music, from the family home, in Brooklyn for 30 years. She also gave lessons in French and German. Due to her poor health, Agnes was educated at home and her mother and taught her piano.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Pelton studied at the Pratt Institute from 1895 to 1900, graduating with fellow Modernist artist Max Weber. She continued her studies with one of her instructors, Arthur Wesley Dow, in Ipswich, Massachusetts. She studied landscape and was Dow's assistant at his summer school, where he taught Modernism, inspired by Chinese and Japanese art. Biographer Tiska Blankenship said that "Dow emphasized structure, spirit, imagination, creation, and the nonnaturalistic use of color, a technique he taught using Japanese prints to demonstrate space relations and the appropriate use of light and dark masses... Dow's influence was critical to Pelton's development of abstractions based on interior, spiritual values." Dow also taught Georgia O'Keeffe. Pelton took summer classes from William Langson Lathrop in 1907. Pelton studied in Italy in 1910 and 1911, taking life drawing lessons and studying Italian painters at the British Academy in Rome, and also studied with Hamilton Easter Field, who was another of her Pratt instructors.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Her work was exhibited in Ogunquit, Maine at Field's studio in 1912. Based upon her work at that show, Walt Kuhn invited her to participate in the 1913 Armory Show, where two of her paintings, "Stone Age" and "Vine Wood" were exhibited. What Pelton called "Imaginative Paintings" were influenced by the work of Arthur B. Davies and depicted the effect of natural light. She made these paintings from 1911 to 1917.

paragraph: Pelton's work changed significantly following a visit to Mabel Dodge Luhan in Taos, New Mexico in 1919. She painted in oil and used pastels to create realistic portraits and desert landscapes and her works were exhibited in Santa Fe at the School of American Research. Pelton visited Pueblo Native Americans in the American southwest.

paragraph: Pelton had her studios in Greenwich Village in New York City until 1921 when her mother died. She moved to Long Island and lived in a Hayground windmill that had been converted to a house. She also traveled to Hawaii, Beirut, Syria, Georgia and California.

paragraph: She painted portraits and still lifes in Hawaii in 1923 and 1924. She created abstract works of art beginning 1926, which were exhibited in New York at the Argent Galleries and the Museum of New Mexico. By 1926, she had exhibited in 20 group exhibitions and 14 solo exhibitions.

paragraph: She settled in Cathedral City, California in 1932. Pelton originally intended to just visit the area, but lived there for nearly 30 years. She wrote:

paragraph: Pelton recorded her spiritual and philosophical thoughts, had an "intense interest" in Agni Yoga, which influenced her work. Seven of her paintings, like "Fires of Spring" and "White Fire", represented the fire symbol of Agni Yoga. She had a close friendship with modern transpersonal astrology pioneer Dane Rudhyar and Modernist Southwest painter Raymond Jonson. In 1938, she was a co-founder, first president, and the oldest member of the Transcendental Painting Group. Pelton died in Cathedral City in 1961 and was cremated. Her ashes were buried in the San Jacinto Mountains.

paragraph: Section::::Posthumous exhibitions and legacy.

paragraph: "Agnes Pelton, Poet of Nature", a 1995-1996 retrospective exhibition of her work, brought national attention to her work. Curator Michael Zakian wrote:

paragraph: In 2009, her work was exhibited with three other Modernist artists: Georgia O'Keeffe, Florence Miller Pierce, and Agnes Martin. A 192-page catalog accompanied the exhibition.

paragraph: In March–September 2019, the Phoenix Art Museum will hold an exhibition featuring over 40 of Pelton's works.

paragraph: The Agnes Pelton Society was founded in 2013 to promote Pelton's life and legacy.

paragraph: Section::::Collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honolulu Museum of Art, Hawaii

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Raymond Jonson Collection, University of New Mexico Art Museum, Albuquerque

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oakland Museum of California

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palm Springs Art Museum, California

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palladino/Den Historic Home of Agnes Pelton, Cathedral City Cove, California

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parrish Art Museum, Southampton, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phoenix Art Museum, Arizona: "Messengers", 1932; Day, 1935

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Diego Museum of Art, California: "The Primal Wing", 1933

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santa Barbara Museum of Art, California

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Mexico Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Whitney Museum of American Art, New York: Untitled abstract, 1931

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crystal Bridges Museum, Arkansas: Divinity Lotus, 1929

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Severson, Don R. "Finding Paradise: Island Art in Private Collections", University of Hawaii Press, 2002, p. 120.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gale, Zona, "When I was a Little Girl", with illustrations by Agnes Pelton, New York, The Macmillan Company, 1913.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moss, Karen, "Illumination, the Paintings of Georgia O'Keeffe, Agnes Pelton, Agnes Martin and Florence Miller Pierce", Newport Beach, Calif., Orange County Museum of Art, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papanikolas, Theresa and DeSoto Brown, "Art Deco Hawai'i", Honolulu, Honolulu Museum of Art, 2014, , p. 97

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zakian, Michael, "Agnes Pelton, Poet of Nature", (Palm Springs, Calif., Palm Springs Desert Museum). Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 1995. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- California Desert Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cathedral City Historical Society: Voyaging, Agnes Pelton

description: American artist (1881-1961)

wikidata_label: Agnes Lawrence Pelton

wikipedia_title: Agnes Lawrence Pelton


text:
Gilbert Scott
Joseph Bazalgette
River Thames
Lincolnshire
Wyberton
Boston
Gilbert Scott
Algakirk
Cambridge Lunatic Asylum
Fulbourn
Three Counties Asylum
Hitchin
Southern Outfall Sewer
Abbey Mills Pumping Station
Grosvenor Canal
Pimlico
Victoria Embankment
Albert
Chelsea Embankment
Houses of Parliament
Holborn Viaduct railway station
Tower Bridge
Hither Green Cemetery
Lee, London
St Margaret's, Lee
William
Blackheath Halls
Peckham
Crossness Pumping Station
Albert Embankment
Victoria Embankment
Chelsea Embankment
Blackheath Halls
Thames Embankment

categories: Buildings and structures on the River Thames,British builders,People from Wyberton,Buildings and structures in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea,Water supply and sanitation in London,Infrastructure in London,1819 births,Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster,Waterfronts,London water infrastructure,1888 deaths

paragraph: William Webster (builder)

paragraph: William Webster (May 1819 - 1 February 1888) was an English builder who worked with architects and engineers such as Gilbert Scott and Joseph Bazalgette and is especially associated with several embankments of the River Thames.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Born in the small Lincolnshire village of Wyberton in 1819, Webster apprenticed to the Boston builder Mr. Jackson. Immediately following his apprenticeship, Webster became a builder in Wyberton and was initially involved in the refurbishment and renovation of a number of churches in Lincolnshire (working with Sir Gilbert Scott on Algakirk church) and the surrounding counties as well the building of Boston's Exchange Building.

paragraph: Between 1856 and 1857, Webster was commissioned to build the Cambridge Lunatic Asylum at Fulbourn. Following the completion of this project his next was the building of the Three Counties Asylum, near Hitchin.

paragraph: Moving to London in 1860, his first projects in the capital included contracts for the Crossness Southern Outfall Sewer, Abbey Mills Pumping Station and the Western Pumping Station (adjacent to the Grosvenor Canal in Pimlico). He then moved to constructing parts of the Victoria Embankment and the whole of the Albert and Chelsea Embankments (1871) as well as an extension to the embankment around the Houses of Parliament. He was also involved in the Holborn Viaduct railway station and hotel, and the southern approaches to Tower Bridge. His company also undertook many other contracts including building chapels - for example, the "Dissenters' Chapel" in Hither Green Cemetery.

paragraph: Webster died at his residence, Wyberton House (built, probably to his own design, by his firm and completed in 1869), in Lee, London on 1 February 1888, and was interred at St Margaret's, Lee.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: After Webster's death, his firm was continued for some years by his son, also called William, a chemical engineer. Some sources suggest the company's work included construction of Blackheath Halls though this may reflect his son's involvement in funding the project, as other sources attribute the construction to a J.O. Richardson of Peckham.

paragraph: Section::::Notable works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crossness Pumping Station (1865)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albert Embankment (1869)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victoria Embankment (1870)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chelsea Embankment (1874)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blackheath Halls

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thames Embankment

wikidata_label: William Webster

wikipedia_title: William Webster (builder)


text:
Spanish
Palace of Charles V
Granada
Renaissance
Moorish architecture
acquired
province of Granada
Toledo
Michelangelo
Pontormo
Royal Chapel of Granada
Jaén
Pedro Machuca Biography
Pedro Machuca at greatbuildings.com
Index of works at artcyclopedia.com
Palace of Charles V

categories: 16th-century Spanish architects,Renaissance architects,Spanish Renaissance painters,People from Toledo, Spain,1490s births,1550 deaths,16th-century Spanish painters,Spanish male painters

paragraph: Pedro Machuca

paragraph: Pedro Machuca (born Toledo, Spain ca. 1490; died 1550) is mainly remembered as the Spanish architect responsible for the design of the Palace of Charles V (begun 1528) adjacent to the Alcazar in Granada. The significance of this work is that it represents likely the first major classic Renaissance style building in Spain. Culturally, it represents the urge by the conquering Christians to challenge the hegemony of Moorish architecture in the recently (1492) acquired province of Granada.

paragraph: The details of his life are poorly known. Born in Toledo, he is said to have been a pupil or friends with Michelangelo and Pontormo. Returning to Spain in 1520, he worked as a painter in the Royal Chapel of Granada, as well as in Jaén, Toledo, and Uclés.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rosenthal, Earl E. (1985). "The Palace of Charles V in Granada." Princeton University Press, .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pedro Machuca Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pedro Machuca at greatbuildings.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Index of works at artcyclopedia.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palace of Charles V

alias:
Pietro Spagnolo
Pietro Spagnolo Machuca
Machuca

description: Spanish artist

wikidata_label: Pedro Machuca

wikipedia_title: Pedro Machuca


text:
British
molecular biologist
Great Britain
Iceland
United States
New Zealand
conservation biology
disabilities
AIDS
hospice
Bachelor of Science
biochemistry
genetics
University of Leeds
PhD
molecular biology
University College London
Postgraduate Certificate in Education
Canterbury Christ Church University
John o' Groats
Scotland
Land's End
England
Broadstairs
Kent
Iceland
Seyðisfjörður
Vatnajökull
Reykjavík
volcanic ash
rain shadow
Vatnajökull
glaciers
petrol
petrol
Macmillan Cancer Support
hospice
Canada
John o' Groats
West Highlands
Pennine Way
Land's End
Snowdonia Marathon
Macmillan Cancer Support
United States
World Trade Center
Kennedy Airport
Staten Island
Fahrenheit
Utah
Fahrenheit
Niagara Falls
Ontario
Canada
Detroit
Great Lakes
Great Plains
Rockies
Yellowstone National Park
Grand Canyon
Las Vegas
Death Valley
Sierras
San Francisco
Sierras
Yosemite
New York City
San Francisco
Canada
San Francisco
Art Agnos
AIDS
Britain
Pathology
Middlesex Hospital
PhD
Molecular Biology
University College London
London Marathon
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Nashville
Tennessee
gene sequencing
protein purification
cytochrome P450
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Cape Reinga
Bluff
New Zealand
volcano
White Island
Richter Scale
glaciers
seals
conservation biology
endangered species
Internet
Scholastic Corporation
conservation biology
Internet
PGCE
Canterbury Christ Church University
Canterbury
Dover
post office
Pfizer
pancreatic cancer
Britain
Ranulph Fiennes
Britain
Canada
John o' Groats
Land's End
Kennedy Airport
New York City
Devil's Lake
North Dakota
Fahrenheit
pressure
blisters
food poisoning
wolf
Upper Michigan
ski masks
North Dakota
hospice
hospice
Buffalo, New York
lung cancer
hospice
Windsor
Ontario
U.S. Route 2
Devil's Lake
North Dakota
Tuolumne Meadows
Yosemite National Park
California
North Dakota
Montana
Idaho
Utah
Arizona
Nevada
California
Tioga Pass
Sierra Mountains
frostbite
hospices
Internet
science-fiction
fantasy
trilogy
Internet
science-fiction
fantasy
trilogy
trilogy
time travel
parallel universes
vampires
angels
demons
giants
Nephilim
Internet
Australia
Japan
China
Tibet
Afghanistan
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Egypt
Europe
List of pedestrian circumnavigators

categories: English travel writers,English biologists,Walkers of the United Kingdom,British non-fiction writers,1965 births,Pedestrian circumnavigators of the globe,Alumni of Canterbury Christ Church University,Living people

paragraph: Colin Skinner

paragraph: Colin Skinner (born 1965) is a British author, adventurer and molecular biologist who is attempting to walk around the world. As of mid-2014, he has walked over and has crossed Great Britain, Iceland, United States and New Zealand. He has used the walks to raise money and awareness for various causes, including conservation biology, people with disabilities, cancer relief, AIDS, and hospice.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Skinner earned his Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) combined honours degree in biochemistry and genetics from the University of Leeds. He earned his PhD in molecular biology from University College London. He earned his Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE) in secondary science from Canterbury Christ Church University.

paragraph: Section::::Walking around the world.

paragraph: Section::::Walking around the world.:Scotland to England in 1984.

paragraph: He began at the age of 18 at John o' Groats (at the northern tip of Scotland) in 1984, and walked to Land's End in England. On this journey, which he carried out with three other people, he pushed a wheelchair and raised £3,500 for The Forelands School for handicapped children. In 1983, he had already run around a 400-metre track to raise further money for The Forelands School for handicapped children, at Broadstairs in Kent.

paragraph: Section::::Walking around the world.:Iceland in 1986.

paragraph: In 1986, at the age of 20, whilst at the University of Leeds, he crossed Iceland, together with three other people, from Seyðisfjörður in the east, through the interior to the north of the Vatnajökull ice fields, and then west to Reykjavík. The team encountered an 'ash storm', where storm force winds had whipped up fine black volcanic ash, and had to wear goggles and face masks to push on into the winds. In the rain shadow of the Vatnajökull, they ran out of water, then encountered a flash flood, as mud rushed down from the melting glaciers. They also had to survive on food contaminated with petrol that had leaked from their petrol stoves. This journey of raised £2,000 for the Royal Association for Disability and Rehabilitation. As part of the training for the walk across Iceland he ran the Leeds Marathon, in a time of 3 hours and 41 minutes.

paragraph: On the Icelandic trek, he came up with the idea of walking , across Britain and America to raise money for Macmillan Cancer Support in Britain and hospice in America and Canada.

paragraph: Section::::Walking around the world.:Scotland to England in 1988.

paragraph: On 1 May 1988, he set off again from John o' Groats, this time walking through the West Highlands, down the Pennine Way and then south to Land's End: a distance of in seven weeks. As part of the training for this walk he ran the gruelling Snowdonia Marathon, in a time of 4 hours and 40 minutes. The walk through Scotland and England raised £2,000 for Macmillan Cancer Support.

paragraph: Section::::Walking around the world.:Across the U.S.A. in 1988/1989.

paragraph: The journey across the United States began on 15 July 1988. On the journey he slept in bushes beneath the World Trade Center, camped outside Kennedy Airport in a tent, then headed west. On Staten Island he collapsed from heat exhaustion at 105 degrees Fahrenheit. In Utah the temperatures went down to minus 30 Fahrenheit. Carrying a tent and a backpack, with no backup, he walked alone to Niagara Falls, through Ontario in Canada, to Detroit, between the Great Lakes, across the Great Plains, through the Rockies in winter, to Yellowstone National Park, then south to the Grand Canyon, on to Las Vegas, through Death Valley and then snowshoed over the Sierras to reach San Francisco. In Death Valley, down to his last $13, Skinner found $200 in the desert, and he had $1 left when he crossed the Sierras to reach Yosemite Valley. The total distance he walked from New York City to San Francisco, was .

paragraph: On the journey he visited 70 hospices and appeared on television, radio and in newspapers to encourage support for hospices across the U.S. and Canada. The mayor of San Francisco, Art Agnos, proclaimed 21 March 1989, "Colin Skinner Day," in recognition of the attention he brought to the work of hospices with AIDS patients in the city.

paragraph: Returning to Britain after this walk, he obtained a job as a research assistant in Chemical Pathology at the Middlesex Hospital and went on to obtain a PhD in Molecular Biology at University College London. In 1992, whilst studying for his PhD, he also ran the London Marathon, in a time of 4 hours and 41 minutes, to raise money to buy a computer for a young boy with physical disabilities. Skinner's PhD involved developing genetic tests to detect congenital adrenal hyperplasia in children. He had work published in a number of scientific journals. In 1994 he had his work published in "Human Molecular Genetics".

paragraph: In 1994, Skinner married Dr. Monica Schneider (also a molecular biologist), and in 1996 their son James was born. From 1994 to 1996 Skinner worked as a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, in Nashville, Tennessee. The work he carried out there involved gene sequencing and protein purification of cytochrome P450 enzymes. His work was published in the "Journal of Biological Chemistry". From 1996 to 1997 Skinner took care of his infant son, James, whilst his wife continued to work at Vanderbilt University Medical Center.

paragraph: Section::::Walking around the world.:New Zealand in 1998.

paragraph: In 1998 he walked from Cape Reinga in the North Island, to Bluff, at the southern tip of New Zealand; a distance of . On the journey he walked through the active volcano at White Island, experienced earthquakes up to 4.9 on the Richter Scale, clambered over glaciers, swam with seals and reported on conservation biology projects involving endangered species. Information from the journey was posted on the Internet for schoolchildren in the U.S. via the Scholastic Corporation Scholastic Network. In December 2010 Skinner completed a book about the journey and conservation biology, "New Zealand - 1500 miles on foot through - The Land Of The Long White Cloud" on an Internet website.

paragraph: In 1999 he obtained a PGCE (Postgraduate Certificate in Education) from Canterbury Christ Church University in Canterbury, England. In 2000 he worked as a secondary school science teacher at St. Edmund's School in Dover, teaching 11 to 16-year-olds.

paragraph: In 2001 he worked as a volunteer at a wildlife park, working on enrichment activities for animals. From 2001 until 2003 he worked part-time at a post office. During this time, he also taught science to primary school children, in a 'Link-Scientist' scheme run by the pharmaceutical company Pfizer, and took care of his son.

paragraph: In 2003 his mother died from pancreatic cancer, at the age of 59. This prompted him to write the story of the journey across Britain and America. In 2006 he finished the book "Beyond the Setting Sun", with an introduction by Ranulph Fiennes, the renowned polar explorer and adventurer. The book was written to raise money for hospices in Britain, Canada and America.

paragraph: Section::::Walking around the world.:Scotland to England in 2007.

paragraph: On 29 April 2007, he began walking again at John o' Groats and arrived at Land's End on 8 June, having covered in 6 weeks. On the walk in Britain he visited 20 hospices and raised £10,000 for hospice through sales of his "Beyond the Setting Sun" book.

paragraph: Section::::Walking around the world.:U.S.A. in 2009.

paragraph: Starting on 22 August 2009, he walked from Kennedy Airport in New York City to within 15 miles of Devil's Lake, North Dakota. This was a distance of and Skinner stopped his journey on 3 December 2009, after 3 days with windchills down to -30 Fahrenheit. During the trip Skinner had to make incisions in his feet to relieve the pressure from blisters, suffered food poisoning, met up with a wolf in Upper Michigan, had to face down two wild dogs, and had ski masks frozen to his beard in North Dakota. On the journey he appeared on television, radio and in newspaper articles. He also wrote a daily blog for the National Hospice Foundation. He met hospice patients, including one woman with a terminal illness, who said that at times she could forget she was ill, thanks to the care she received in a hospice house in Buffalo, New York. He also met a man with lung cancer who could not sleep in hospitals, where there was always someone coming to check on him. In the hospice house in Windsor, Ontario, the man had a peaceful room to himself, where he could finally get some rest.

paragraph: Section::::Walking around the world.:U.S.A. in 2011.

paragraph: On 10 September 2011, Skinner set off from mile marker 283 on U.S. Route 2, before Devil's Lake, North Dakota and walked to Tuolumne Meadows in Yosemite National Park, California. The walk took him through North Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Nevada and into California. Skinner snow-shoed over Tioga Pass and camped in a tent in the Sierra Mountains for several nights, but was forced to stop walking after suffering from frostbite in both feet. On the journey he appeared on television, radio and in newspapers and encouraged support for hospices taking care of people with serious illnesses. Skinner is now writing a book about this journey, entitled "America- 12000 miles on foot, a wing and a prayer".

paragraph: In September 2012, Skinner completed a short story, entitled "Chenga", and published this on an Internet website. In October 2012, Skinner completed the second part of a science-fiction fantasy trilogy, entitled "Djara", and published this on an Internet website.

paragraph: Skinner has now begun writing the third part of the science-fiction fantasy trilogy, entitled "Tau". The "Chenga", "Djara", "Tau" trilogy includes the themes of time travel, parallel universes, vampires, shapeshifters, angels, demons and descendants of the fabled giants known as the Nephilim.

paragraph: In 2012 Skinner published four short poems: "Gaia", "The Dreaming", "New Zealand Water Torture" and "Life Jim But Not As We Know It" on an Internet website.

paragraph: He is planning future walks through Australia, Japan, China, Tibet, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Egypt and Europe.

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beyond the Setting Sun - 6000 miles on foot for hospice."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New Zealand - 1500 miles on foot through the Land Of The Long White Cloud."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of pedestrian circumnavigators

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://teacher.scholastic.com/zealand/meet.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://thesheetnews.com/archives/12352

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://mammothtimes.com/content/walking-dying-hiker-stares-death-eye

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.clipsyndicate.com/video/play/3151738/helping_hospice_brown_mon_01_02_2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GONf-3NMnPc

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V53RA-vlWcY

description: English pedestrian circumnavigators of the globe

wikidata_label: Colin Skinner

wikipedia_title: Colin Skinner


text: American West

text: Dorothea Lange

text: Fernand Lungren

text: Santa Barbara, California

text: Fresno, California

text: American Civil War

text: Arthur Mathews

text: Arthur Putnam

text: Overland Monthly

text: Sunset

text: Clarence E. Mulford

text: Hopalong Cassidy

text: Jennie V. Cannon

text: University of Arizona

text: Alameda, California

text: Bohemian Club

text: San Francisco Art Association

text: Hotel Del Monte

text: Panama-Pacific International Exposition

text: University of California, Berkeley

text: California State Fair

text: Golden Gate International Exposition

text: Laura Adams Armer

text: Bohemian Club

text: Ralph Stackpole

text: Otis Oldfield

text: Helen Katharine Forbes

text: William Ritschel

text: Armin Hansen

text: Granville Redmond

text: Leland Curtis

text: Legion of Honor (museum)

text: de Young Museum

text: Dorothea Lange

text: Great Depression

text: social realism

text: Salinas Valley

text: Zion National Park

text: Mount Carmel, Utah

text: Edith Hamlin

text: a summer home

text: Milford Zornes

text: Tucson, Arizona

text: watercolor

text: Brigham Young University

text: The Bancroft Library

text: KUED

categories: 1946 deaths,20th-century American painters,Social realist artists,Artists of the American West,1875 births,American male painters,People from Fresno, California,American muralists,Painters from California,19th-century American painters

paragraph: Maynard Dixon

paragraph: Maynard Dixon (January 24, 1875 – November 11, 1946) was an American artist whose body of work focused on the American West. He was married for a time to American photographer Dorothea Lange.

paragraph: Together with Fernand Lungren (1857-1932), another California (i.e. Santa Barbara, California) based artist, Maynard Dixon is considered one of the finest artists having dedicated most of their art on the US South West cultures and landscapes at the end of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Dixon was born in Fresno, California, into a family of aristocratic Virginia Confederates who had found a new home there after the American Civil War. His mother, Constance Maynard, a well-educated daughter of a Navy officer from San Francisco, shared her love of classic literature with the young boy and encouraged him in his writing and drawing. His father was Harry St. John Dixon.

paragraph: Dixon moved to San Francisco and studied briefly in 1893 with Arthur Mathews at the California School of Design where he became close friends with the Tonalist painter Xavier Martinez, with whom he traveled to Monterey, Carmel, and Point Lobos. In 1900 Dixon visited Arizona and Mexico and a year later he accompanied artist Edward Borein on a horseback trip through several Western states. Also in 1900 Dixon arranged for the debut exhibition of the soon-to-be-famous sculptor Arthur Putnam in the “jinks room” of the San Francisco Press Club. Dixon's sketching trip thru Arizona and Guadalajara in March and April 1905 with Martinez garnered much attention in the press. Dixon moved into Martinez's Montgomery Street atelier; their joint studio exhibitions were usually held on Saturdays. To insure a steady income he worked as an illustrator for local newspapers and magazines (including the Overland Monthly and Sunset Magazine), and illustrated numerous books, such as Clarence E. Mulford’s Hopalong Cassidy.

paragraph: For his first exhibition in the Southwest Dixon contributed four oils to the show of Modern Art From The American West curated by the well-known impressionist Jennie V. Cannon at the University of Arizona in Tucson in December of 1912.

paragraph: In 1917 to support America’s entry into World War I Maynard Dixon joined Lee F. Randolph, Bruce Nelson and other prominent artists on a committee to redesign the U.S. Army camouflage.

paragraph: During his long tenure in Northern California he became a prolific contributor to art exhibitions. His first publicized exhibition was a show of “regional artists” in Alameda, California during the spring of 1899. Thereafter he exhibited at almost every major venue: California Society of Artists (1902); Bohemian Club (1903-1928); San Francisco Art Association (1903-1931); Newspaper Artists League (1903); Press Club (1904); Hotel Del Monte Art Gallery (1907-1909); Panama-Pacific International Exposition (1915); Gump's Gallery (1920 – one-man show); San Francisco Print Rooms (1920 – this show was later sent to Honolulu); San Francisco's Don Lee Galleries (1923); Oakland Art Gallery (1926-1928); Galerie Beaux Arts (1925-1930); University of California, Berkeley (1928); California State Fair (1928); and Golden Gate International Exposition (1939).

paragraph: In March 1926 he acted as co-curator with Laura Adams Armer for an exhibit of “Pueblo and Navajo Arts & Crafts” at the Paul Elder Gallery of San Francisco under the under the auspices of the Indian Defense Association of Central and Northern California. In 1927 Dixon joined several prominent artists in a boycott of the Bohemian Club Annual Exhibition when works of the more “modern” artists were excluded. During February 1930 he was one of a handful of artists, which included Ralph Stackpole, Otis Oldfield, Helen Katharine Forbes and several others, who contributed to a Galerie Beaux Arts show where the subject of every painting was the same female model. During the summer of 1931 he exhibited with the most prominent artists of the West, including William Ritschel, Armin Hansen, Granville Redmond, and Leland Curtis, at the Tahoe Tavern on Lake Tahoe. Between 1935 and 1943 he was a member of the Society of the Thirteen Watercolorists which exhibited at the: San Francisco Museum of Art, California Palace of the Legion of Honor (museum), Stanford University Art Gallery; and the de Young Museum.

paragraph: For a time he lived in New York with his young wife and baby daughter Constance, but soon returned to the western United States where he said he could create "honest art of the west" instead of the romanticized versions he was being paid to create. Shortly after he began a new life in San Francisco, his first marriage ended.

paragraph: Dixon developed his style during this early period, and Western themes became a trademark for him. In San Francisco, Dixon was considered a colorful character with a good sense of humor. He often dressed like a cowboy and seemed determined to impart a Western style, most often in the form of a black Stetson, boots and a bola tie.

paragraph: Influenced in part by the Panama Pacific International Exposition of 1915, Dixon began to search for a new expression, moving away from impressionism and into a simpler, more modern style. Meeting and marrying Dorothea Lange, a portrait photographer from the East, had a great influence on his art. They married in 1920 and by 1925, the year their first son Daniel Rhoades Dixon was born, Maynard's style had changed dramatically to even more powerful compositions, with the emphasis on design, color, and self-expression. A true modernist emerged. The power of low horizons and marching cloud formations, simplified and distilled, became his own brand and at once were both bold and mysterious. In 1929 his second son was born, John Eaglefeather Dixon.

paragraph: During the Great Depression, Dixon painted a series of social realism canvases depicting the prevailing politics of maritime strikes, displaced workers, and those affected by the depression. Simultaneously, Lange captured on film images of the migrant workers in the Salinas Valley and the city breadlines, images that eventually brought her fame. In 1933 the Dixons spent the summer in Zion National Park with sojourns to the hamlet of Mount Carmel, Utah. Lange was called back to San Francisco, a separation which led to the couple's divorce in 1935.

paragraph: Two years later, Dixon married San Francisco muralist Edith Hamlin. The couple left San Francisco two years later for southern Utah, the source of some of Dixon's greatest art. In 1939, the couple built a summer home in Mount Carmel, where Dixon found new friends and became reacquainted with the local natural landscapes. He lived near the cottonwood trees along an old irrigation ditch and took short hikes to a plateau where he loved the quiet. Dixon spent winter months in Tucson, where the couple also had a home and studio.

paragraph: Dixon continued to create simple but powerful compositions in which non-essential elements were distilled or eliminated. In 1946, Maynard died at his winter home in Tucson. In the spring of 1947, his widow Edith brought his ashes to Mount Carmel where she buried them on a high bluff above the art studio being built on the property. This had been at his request and she felt it a fitting tribute where friends could come to pay respects and view the land that he loved.

paragraph: In addition to painting, he also wrote poetry. An article in the "California Historical Quarterly" describe his poetry as "very competent and sometimes superb".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: There are two museums devoted to Maynard Dixon and his works.

paragraph: The Maynard and Edith Hamlin Dixon House and Studio, operated by the Thunderbird Foundation, offers guided tours by appointment of his home and studio in Mount Carmel, Utah. The Foundation is working to establish a separate museum and regional art center that would feature works by Maynard Dixon and his circle, Milford Zornes and his circle, as well as contemporary work by local artists.

paragraph: The Maynard Dixon Museum is located inside the Mark Sublette Medicine Man Gallery in Tucson, Arizona. Works by the artist include paintings, watercolors, pastels, drawings, poetry and illustrations.

paragraph: The world's largest collection of Dixon's works is owned by Brigham Young University, where it can be viewed at the Museum of Art.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Along the Distant Mesa: An Homage to Maynard Dixon", Medecine Man Gallery, Tucson, Arizona, March-April 2019

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maynard Dixon’s New Mexico Centennial", El Museo Cultural - Objects of Art, Santa Fe, NM. August 2018

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maynard Dixon: The Paltenghi Collections". Nevada Museum of Art, Reno, NV. January to July 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maynard Dixon: Beyond the Clouds". Western Museum, Wickenburg, AZ. December 2016-March 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Widening the Horizon: New Mexico Landscapes". Matthews Gallery, Santa Fe, NM. June 13–30, 2015

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maynard Dixon - Masterpieces from Brigham Young University & Private Collections". Pacific Museum of California Art, Pasadena, CA, June–August 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maynard Dixon". University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. January to April 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Escape to Reality": The Western World of Maynard Dixon". Brigham Young University, Provo, UT. November 2000 - November 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maynard Dixon". University of California Berkeley Art Museum - MATRIX, Berkeley, CA. December 15, 1981 - March 7, 1982

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maynard Dixon - Images of the Native American". California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA. June - October 1981

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sublette, J. Mark: "Maynard Dixon's American West: Along the Distant Mesa" (2019). Medecine Man Gallery, Santa Fe, NM.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wesley Jessup, Donald J. Hagerty, Jayne McKay: "Maynard Dixon - Masterpieces from Brigham Young University & Private Collections" (2007). Pacific Museum of California Art, Pasadena, CA.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gibbs, Linda Jones: "Escape to Reality: The Western World of Maynard Dixon" (2001). Brigham Young University, Creative Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sublette, J. Mark, and Hagerty, Donald J.: "Mesas, Mountains, & Man: The Western Vision of Maynard Dixon" (1998). Medecine Man Gallery Publishing, Santa Fe, NM.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lange, Dorothea (1994): Thunderbird Remembered: Maynard Dixon, the Man and the Artist. University of Washington Press.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maynard Dixon Gallery of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works from the Permanent Collection of the Utah Museum of Fine Arts

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maynard Dixon Museum, Tucson, AZ

paragraph: BULLET::::- MaynardDixon.org Dedicated to the lifework of Maynard Dixon

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://www.MaynardDixon.org, books about Maynard Dixon for sale

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thunderbird Foundation for the Arts a non-profit organization furthering the legacy of American artist Maynard Dixon by preserving his estate and educating the public about his immeasurable contributions to American art. The Thunderbird Foundation also maintains the Maynard Dixon summer home and studio in Mt. Carmel, Utah.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maynard Dixon Country, annual art show

paragraph: BULLET::::- Award-winning documentary about Dixon, written by Jayne McKay and Daniel Dixon, narrated by Diane Keaton, original music by John McEuen.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guide to the Maynard Dixon Papers at The Bancroft Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maynard Dixon" Documentary produced by KUED

alias:
L. Maynard Dixon
Lafayette Maynard Dixon

description: American painter

wikidata_label: Maynard Dixon

wikipedia_title: Maynard Dixon


text:
footballer
defender
Nybergsund
Oldham Athletic
Barnsley
Leyton Orient
Zawisza Bydgoszcz
Raith Rovers
Dunfermline Athletic
Paris
Sunderland
loan
Southend United
Oldham Athletic
Oumare Tounkara
Barnsley
Leyton Orient
Zawisza Bydgoszcz
Raith Rovers
Fife rivals
Dunfermline Athletic
East End Park
Nybergsund

wikipedia_title:
Association football
Defender (association football)
Nybergsund IL-Trysil
Oldham Athletic A.F.C.
Barnsley F.C.
Leyton Orient F.C.
Zawisza Bydgoszcz
Raith Rovers F.C.
Dunfermline Athletic F.C.
Paris
Sunderland A.F.C.
Loan (sports)
Southend United F.C.
Oldham Athletic A.F.C.
Oumare Tounkara
Barnsley F.C.
Leyton Orient F.C.
Zawisza Bydgoszcz
Raith Rovers F.C.
Fife derby
Dunfermline Athletic F.C.
East End Park
Nybergsund IL-Trysil

categories: Leyton Orient F.C. players,French people of Cameroonian descent,Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players,Dunfermline Athletic F.C. players,Sportspeople from Paris,English Football League players,Sunderland A.F.C. players,Raith Rovers F.C. players,Expatriate footballers in Poland,Barnsley F.C. players,Expatriate footballers in England,French footballers,France youth international footballers,Zawisza Bydgoszcz players,French expatriate footballers,Living people,French expatriate sportspeople in England,Southend United F.C. players,1988 births,Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players,Association football defenders,Nybergsund IL players

paragraph: Jean-Yves Mvoto

paragraph: Jean-Yves Mvoto Owono (born 6 September 1988) is a French professional footballer who plays as a defender for Nybergsund. He has also appeared for English teams Oldham Athletic, Barnsley, Leyton Orient, Polish team Zawisza Bydgoszcz, as well as Scottish sides Raith Rovers and Dunfermline Athletic.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Mvoto was born in Paris. He joined Sunderland on a -year contract for an undisclosed fee on 15 January 2008. On 7 August 2009, Mvoto signed a six-month loan with Southend United.

paragraph: On 12 January 2010, Mvoto extended his loan with Southend until the end of the season. He scored his first goal for Southend in a 2–2 draw with future club Oldham Athletic on 24 April 2010.

paragraph: On 5 August 2010 he, along with teammate Oumare Tounkara, joined Oldham Athletic on a season-long loan. He scored his first Oldham goal on 30 October 2010 in a 4–2 victory over Plymouth Argyle. After being virtually ever present for the team he injured his ankle and Oldham cancelled the remainder of his loan in January 2011.

paragraph: However, on 18 March 2011, after regaining full fitness, Oldham Athletic re-signed the defender on loan from Sunderland until the end of the season. On 7 April Sunderland announced that he was amongst eight players to be released at the end of the season.

paragraph: On 30 June 2011, Oldham Athletic announced that Mvoto had signed a two-year contract with the club, despite interest from other clubs.

paragraph: Mvoto signed a two-year contract with Championship club Barnsley on 23 July 2013.

paragraph: After leaving Barnsley in the summer of 2015, he spent some time without a club before signing on a two-month contract with League Two club Leyton Orient on 20 November 2015. On 20 January 2016, Leyton Orient announced that Mvoto would be departing the club at the conclusion of his two-month deal.

paragraph: In January 2016 he signed at Polish club Zawisza Bydgoszcz.

paragraph: On 8 July 2016 it was announced that Mvoto had then signed for Raith Rovers. After one year with Raith, Mvoto signed a one-year deal for Fife rivals Dunfermline Athletic in May 2017. Mvoto left East End Park at the end of his contract..

paragraph: Mvoto joined Norwegian Third Division side Nybergsund in April 2019.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: Mvoto is a former France Under-19 international.

description: French association football player

wikidata_label: Jean-Yves Mvoto

wikipedia_title: Jean-Yves Mvoto


text: KC

text: Liberal

text: Member of Parliament

text: North Norfolk

text: Master of the Rolls

text: University College School

text: Hampstead

text: New College, Oxford

text: called to the Bar

text: took silk

text: Bencher

text: Justice of the Peace

text: Norfolk

text: Bengal

text: Commander

text: Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve

text: Admiralty

text: knighted

text: Union

text: South Norfolk

text: 1918 general election

text: whip

text: House of Commons

text: by-election of 27 July 1920

text: George Edwards

text: Labour

text: Lloyd George

text: Asquithian

text: Starnberg

text: Bavaria

wikipedia_title: North Norfolk (UK Parliament constituency)

wikipedia_title: South Norfolk (UK Parliament constituency)

categories: UK MPs 1918–1922,Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War I,People from Letheringsett with Glandford,Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,1869 births,Presidents of the Oxford Union,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,Members of Lincoln's Inn,1924 deaths,People educated at University College School,Alumni of New College, Oxford

paragraph: William Cozens-Hardy, 2nd Baron Cozens-Hardy

paragraph: William Hepburn Cozens-Hardy, 2nd Baron Cozens-Hardy, KC (25 March 1869 – 25 May 1924) was a British Liberal politician and lawyer.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Cozens-Hardy was the eldest son of Herbert Cozens-Hardy, 1st Baron Cozens-Hardy and Maria Hepburn. Herbert Cozens-Hardy was a lawyer and Liberal Member of Parliament for North Norfolk from 1885-99. He was then appointed a judge and eventually became Master of the Rolls. The Barony was created in 1914 and William succeeded as 2nd Baron on the death of his father in 1920. In 1895, he married Gertrude Lilian the eldest daughter of Colonel Sir William Everett KCMG. They had one daughter.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: William was educated at University College School in Hampstead where he was leader of the school debating society and Captain of School. He then went up to New College, Oxford where he took his degree with classical honours.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Like his father, William went into the law. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln’s Inn in 1893 and took silk in 1912. He was made a Bencher of Lincoln’s Inn in 1916. He also sat as a Justice of the Peace in Norfolk. In 1913 he was offered the post of Chief Justice of Bengal but refused for private reasons. Throughout the four years of the First World War, he was a Commander in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, serving on the Admiralty War Staff, attached to the Intelligence Department. He was awarded the Italian Order of St Maurice and St Lazarus. He was knighted in 1912.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.

paragraph: Cozens-Hardy also followed his father in his political affiliation. While at Oxford University he was involved in Liberal politics, being a member of the Russell Club and he was President of the Union. He was elected as Liberal MP for South Norfolk at the 1918 general election. Although he stood as a Coalition Liberal at that election he did not receive the Coalition coupon. One source indicates this was because he was late entering the field. He then chose to take the Coalition whip in Parliament. William's political stance in the election has been described as a "...conventional Coalition programme: support for Lloyd George and harsh peace with Germany, jobs and houses for the returning soldiers all topped off with expressions of concern about agriculture and repeated references to his own Norfolk roots."

paragraph: When William succeeded his father to the peerage he had to stand down from the House of Commons and in the by-election of 27 July 1920 which followed, his seat was won by George Edwards, the Labour candidate with the Liberal vote split between Lloyd George Coalition Liberal and Asquithian Independent Liberal candidates.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Cozens-Hardy was a pioneer of motoring. In the early days of his marriage he and his wife would undertake long and hazardous trips around continental Europe. This love of cars was the cause of his death as he was killed in a motor accident at Bucchof, Starnberg in Bavaria on 25 May 1924 aged 55. As he had no male heir, the title passed to his younger brother, Edward Herbert Cozens-Hardy (1873–1956).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who was Who", OUP 2007

description: British politician


text:
Henry Melville Whitney
William Collins Whitney
Whitney family
South Deerfield, Massachusetts
Republican
Senator
Representative
Henry L. Dawes
Whitney family
London
Watertown, Massachusetts
Massachusetts State Militia
Conway, Massachusetts
Jacksonian Democrat
Springfield, Massachusetts
Franklin Pierce
Democratic National Convention of 1856
James Buchanan
1860
Stephen A. Douglas
Springfield Armory
Abraham Lincoln
Boston
Metropolitan Steamship Company
Cape Cod
Somers, Connecticut
William Bradford
Henry Melville Whitney
William Collins Whitney
Henry B. Payne
Henry F. Dimock
Timothy Dimock
Charles T. Barney
Knickerbocker Trust Company

wikipedia_title:
Henry Melville Whitney
William Collins Whitney
Whitney family
South Deerfield, Massachusetts
Republican Party (United States)
United States Senate
United States House of Representatives
Henry L. Dawes
Whitney family
London
Watertown, Massachusetts
Massachusetts National Guard
Conway, Massachusetts
Jacksonian democracy
Springfield, Massachusetts
Franklin Pierce
1856 Democratic National Convention
James Buchanan
1856 Democratic National Convention
Stephen A. Douglas
Springfield Armory
Abraham Lincoln
Boston
Metropolitan Steamship Company
Cape Cod
Somers, Connecticut
William Bradford (governor)
Henry Melville Whitney
William Collins Whitney
Henry B. Payne
Henry F. Dimock
Timothy Dimock
Charles T. Barney
Knickerbocker Trust Company

categories: American people of English descent,People from Deerfield, Massachusetts,Collectors of the Port of Boston,Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives,American manufacturing businesspeople,Massachusetts Democrats,Massachusetts state senators,1878 deaths,Whitney family,1811 births

paragraph: James Scollay Whitney

paragraph: James Scollay Whitney (May 19, 1811 – October 24, 1878) was an American business executive and politician. He was the father of Henry Melville Whitney and William Collins Whitney, founders of the Whitney family business interests.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Whitney was born on May 19, 1811 in the part of South Deerfield, Massachusetts that was then known as "Bloody Brook." He was the son of Stephen Whitney (1784–1852), a merchant manufacturer, and, his second wife, Mary (née Burgess) Whitney (1786–1868), the daughter of Dr. Benjamin Burgess. Among his siblings was Susan Whitney (wife of James I. Wakefield) and Mary Ann Whitney (wife of Theodore Billings). From his father's first marriage to Persis Locke, he was the younger half-brother of Stephen Whitney.

paragraph: Through his maternal aunt, Mercy (née Burgess) Dawes, he was a first cousin of Republican Senator and Representative Henry L. Dawes. The Whitney family were descended from John Whitney (1590–1673) of London, who settled in 1635 at Watertown, Massachusetts.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1835, when he was only 24, Whitney was elected and commissioned brigadier general of the 2nd Brigade of the Massachusetts State Militia, which he was largely influential in reorganizing. Upon succeeding to the management of his father's manufacturing business in 1838, he moved it to Conway, Massachusetts, where he became a large manufacturer.

paragraph: A Jacksonian Democrat, Whitney was town clerk of Conway from 1843 to 1852. He represented Conway in the legislature of 1851, and in the same year he was appointed sheriff of Franklin County. In 1853 he was elected to the convention for the revision of the state constitution, in which he was prominent in the deliberations of the delegates. Whitney again represented Conway in the legislature of 1854.

paragraph: In 1854, Whitney was appointed superintendent of the federal armory at Springfield, Massachusetts, by President Franklin Pierce, holding the position until 1860. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention of 1856 in Cincinnati, which nominated James Buchanan, and also that of 1860 in Charleston, which was wracked by sectional dissension before finally nominating Stephen A. Douglas. When Whitney left the Springfield Armory in 1860, President Buchanan appointed him Collector of Customs for the Port of Boston. He was removed, however, by the incoming Republican administration of Abraham Lincoln in 1861.

paragraph: Whitney then went into business in Boston. In February 1866 he joined Boston interests in organizing the Metropolitan Steamship Company, of which he was elected president. His son Henry was named its agent at Boston. The company operated steamships between Boston and New York City on the "outside line" around Cape Cod. The line named the iron steamer "General Whitney" in his honor in 1873.

paragraph: A member of the state senate from the 1st Norfolk District in 1872, Whitney was president of the Democratic State Convention of 1876, which nominated Charles Francis Adams, Sr. for governor, and also that of 1878, which nominated Josiah G. Abbott for governor.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: On November 23, 1836, Whitney married Laurinda Collins (1810–1908) in Somers, Connecticut. Laurinda, a daughter of William Collins and Eunice (née Parsons) Collins, was a descendant of William Bradford, the Governor of Plymouth Colony. The Whitneys were the parents of two sons and four daughters, of whom the following received historical mention:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Melville Whitney (1839–1923), who married Margaret Foster Green, daughter of Admiral Joseph F. Green.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Collins Whitney (1841–1904), who first married Flora Payne, daughter of Senator Henry B. Payne of Ohio. After her death, he married Edith (née May) Randolph.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Susan Collins Whitney (1845–1939), who married lawyer Henry F. Dimock (1842–1911), son of Timothy Dimock.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lorinda Collins "Lily" Whitney (1852–1946), who married Charles T. Barney (1851–1907), president of the Knickerbocker Trust Company.

paragraph: Whitney died in Boston on October 24, 1878. He was succeeded as president of the Metropolitan Steamship Company by his son, Henry M. Whitney.

wikidata_label: James Scollay Whitney

wikipedia_title: James Scollay Whitney


text:
Los Angeles
Time Squad
¡Mucha Lucha!

wikipedia_title:
Los Angeles
Time Squad
¡Mucha Lucha!

categories: American film score composers,American people of Dominican Republic descent,Male television composers,1961 births,Male film score composers,Animation composers,American television composers,Living people

paragraph: Michael Tavera

paragraph: Michael Anthony Tavera (born September 24, 1961) is an American composer best known for his animation scores. He has also worked on countless television series, live-action films, and direct-to-video sequels.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Tavera grew up in Los Angeles. He is most notable for composing music for shows such as "Time Squad" and "¡Mucha Lucha!".

description: American composer

wikidata_label: Michael Tavera

wikipedia_title: Michael Tavera