text: Tamil

text: philosopher

text: Thirukkuṛaḷ

text: Tamil literature

text: Madurai

text: Mylapore

text: Chennai

text: floruit

text: Tamils

text: Tamil land

text: Monsieur Ariel

text: French

text: Tiruvalluva Maalai

text: Paraiyar

text: Vellalar

text: Mu Raghava Iyengar

text: S. Vaiyapuri Pillai

text: Kapilar

text: Pulaya

text: Brahmin

text: Kamil Zvelebil

text: Vasuki

text: George Uglow Pope

text: metre

text: third book

text: mastwood

text: Shiva

text: Mylapore

text: Pariah

text: Vasuki

text: Elelasingan

text: Madurai College

text: Pandiyan King

text: Madurai

text: Avvaiyar

text: Idaikkadar

text: Tiruvalluva Maalai

text: Sangam

text: K. K. Pillay

text: Kamil Zvelebil

text: Sangam

text: Sangam literature

text: Sanskrit

text: loan word

text: Mānavadharmaśāstra

text: Kautilya

text: Arthaśāstra

text: S. Vaiyapuri Pillai

text: Dravidian

text: Thomas Burrow

text: Murray Barnson Emeneau

text: Tamil Nadu government

text: Maraimalai Adigal

text: Valluvar Year

text: Madurai

text: Mylapore

text: Chennai

text: Madurai

text: Kanyakumari

text: Kanyakumari district

text: Kani

text: Anusham

text: Vaikasi

text: Jainism

text: Hinduism

text: ahimsa

text: non-violence

text: strict vegetarianism

text: veganism

text: non-killing

text: dharma

text: artha

text: kama

text: moksha

text: Vishnu

text: Goddess Lakshmi

text: Vaishnavite

text: India

text: Christianity

text: Kamil Zvelebil

text: Jain

text: moral vegetarianism

text: Parimelalhagar

text: Arhat

text: Hindu

text: Shaivite

text: Shiva

text: Iyothee Thass

text: Buddhism

text: sangam

text: Tripiṭaka

text: Dhamma Pitaka

text: Sutta Pitaka

text: Vinaya Pitaka

text: Brahmin

text: George Uglow Pope

text: Christian

text: Alexandrian school

text: Pantaenus

text: Madras Christian College

text: Thomas the Apostle

text: Sermon of the Mount

text: moral vegetarianism

text: non-killing

text: Bible

text: Abrahamic

text: Jaina moral code

text: Christian ethics

text: John Lazarus

text: aram

text: porul

text: inbam

text: Constanzo Beschi

text: ayurvedic

text: Devaneya Pavanar

text: Valluvar Kottam

text: Chennai

text: Dravidian temples

text: temple car

text: granite

text: Kanyakumari

text: Arabian Sea

text: Bay of Bengal

text: Aram

text: Porul

text: Inbam

text: V. Ganapati Sthapati

text: Bengaluru

text: School of Oriental and African Studies

text: Russell Square

text: Government of Tamil Nadu

text: Thiruvalluvar Day

text: Pongal

text: Valluvar Kottam

text: List of Sangam poets

text: Thiruvalluvar year

text: Valluvar Year

text: Dating the Tirukkural

categories: Indian male philosophers,Philosophers of culture,1st-century BC births,Social commentators,Deified people,Political philosophers,Simple living advocates,Tamil poets,Philosophers from Tamil Nadu,Classical humanists,Nonviolence advocates,Poets from Tamil Nadu,Founders of philosophical traditions,Social philosophers,Moral philosophers,Indian male poets,Year of birth unknown,Philosophers of ethics and morality,Philosophers of mind,Ancient Indian philosophers,Year of death unknown,1st-century BC philosophers,Cultural critics,Philosophers of love,People whose existence is disputed,Vegetarianism,Scholars from Tamil Nadu,Sangam poets,Ancient Indian poets,Tirukkural

paragraph: Thiruvalluvar

paragraph: Thiruvalluvar, commonly known as Valluvar, was a celebrated Tamil poet and philosopher. He is best known for authoring the "Thirukkuṛaḷ", a collection of couplets on ethics, political and economical matters, and love. The text is considered the greatest work of the Tamil literature and one of the finest works on ethics and morality.

paragraph: Much of the information about Valluvar comes from legendary accounts, and little is known with certainty about his family background, religious affiliation, or birthplace. He is believed to have lived in Madurai and later in the town of Mylapore (a neighbourhood of the present-day Chennai), and his floruit is dated variously from 4th century BCE to 5th century CE, based on the traditional accounts and the linguistic analyses of his writings. Maraimalai Adigal gives 31 BCE as the birth year of Valluvar.

paragraph: Valluvar has influenced a wide range of scholars down the ages since his time across the ethical, social, political, economical, religious, philosophical, and spiritual spheres. Because the life, culture and ethics of the Tamils are considered to be solely defined in terms of the values set by the Kural literature, the government and the people of Tamil land alike venerate Valluvar and his work with utmost reverence. He is known by numerous honorific designations, such as Saint, First Poet, Divine Poet, Brahma, and Great Scholar.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: There is negligible authentic information about the life of Valluvar. In fact, neither his actual name nor the original title of his work can be determined with certainty. "Tirukkural" itself does not name its author. Reflecting on this, Monsieur Ariel, a French scholar of the 19th century, famously said of the "Tirukkural" thus: "Ce livre sans nom, par un auteur sans nom" ("The book without a name by an author without a name"). The name "Thiruvalluvar" was first mentioned in the later text Tiruvalluva Maalai (compiled c. 10th century).

paragraph: Various claims have been made regarding Valluvar's occupation. One tradition claims that he was a Paraiyar weaver. Another theory is that he must have been from the agricultural caste of Vellalars because he extols agriculture in his work. Mu Raghava Iyengar speculated that "valluva" in his name is a variation of "vallabha", the designation of a royal officer. S. Vaiyapuri Pillai derived his name from "valluvan" (a Paraiyar caste of royal drummers) and theorized that he was "the chief of the proclaiming boys analogous to a trumpet-major of an army".

paragraph: The poem "Kapilar Agaval", purportedly written by Kapilar, describes its author as a brother of Valluvar. It states that they were children of a Pulaya mother named Adi and a Brahmin father named Bhagwan. The poem claims that the couple had seven children, including three sons (Valluvar, Kapilar, and Atikaman) and four sisters (Avvai, Uppai, Uruvai, and Velli). However, this legendary account is spurious. Kamil Zvelebil dates "Kapilar Agaval" to 15th century CE, based on its language. Various biographies mention the name of Valluvar's wife as Vasuki, but such details are of doubtful historicity.

paragraph: George Uglow Pope called Valluvar "the greatest poet of South India", but according to Zvelebil, he does not seem to have been a poet. According to Zvelebil, while the author handles the metre very skillfully, the "Tirukkuṛaḷ" does not feature "true and great poetry" throughout the work, except, notably, in the third book, which deals with love and pleasure. This suggests that Valluvar's main aim was not to produce a work of art, but rather an instructive text focused on wisdom, justice, and ethics.

paragraph: Section::::Traditional account.

paragraph: Traditional account has it that Valluvar was left as a new-born child in a grove of "ilupay" or oil-nut tree ("Mahua longifolia"), and under a "punnai" or mastwood tree ("Calophyllum inophyllum"), near a temple sacred to Shiva at Mylapore. He was found and raised by a Velalan couple. Some believe that he was the chief, a priest, a soothsayer and a doctor, heading the eighteen tribes that compose the Pariah community. Once when Valluvar helped a farmer from the town of Kaveripakkam named Margasahayan by saving his crops from a disease, Margasahayan offered Valluvar his daughter Vasuki in marriage as a token of gratitude. Valluvar and Vasuki earned a living by weaving clothes. Valluvar purchased thread from a merchant named Elelasingan, who became his lifelong friend and disciple. Elelasingan owned vessels and thus traded overseas. Valluvar is said to have authored the Kural text on the insistence of Elelasingan’s son Arlyakananthar. On the advice of Elelasingan and other friends, Valluvar took his work to the Madurai College at the Pandiyan King's court at Madurai. Poetess Avvaiyar and Poet Idaikkadar are said to have accompanied Valluvar on his journey to Madurai. Upon reaching the Madurai College, he presented his work to an assembly of forty-nine poets presided over by the Pandiyan King. His work won the ordeal set by the assembly and was eventually accepted unanimously. The forty-nine professors along with Avvaiyar and Idaikkadar sung in praise of Valluvar and his work, which was compiled into an anthology named the Tiruvalluva Maalai.

paragraph: When Vasuki died, Valluvar buried her body in a sitting posture. Lamenting her death, he composed a quatrain that reveals his deep love and affection toward her.

paragraph: Valluvar was a deep thinker and a keen observer of life “in its more familiar and humbler walks.” He analyzed both the micro- and the macro-dimensions of the society and observed every action of not just the layman but also the ruler, including the follies and vices of the kings, the education of the princes, the intrigues of the kings’ courts, the attitudes of tactics of the ministers, the havoc wreaked by periodic wars, and the frequency of famines and epidemics. He scrutinized the application of morality in every sphere of life and the society and wrote down in couplets.

paragraph: Section::::Date.

paragraph: The exact date of Valluvar is still under debate. With his time being uncertain, the exact time when he authored the Kural text remains even murkier. The "Tirukkuṛaḷ" has been dated variously from 300 BCE to 5th century CE. According to traditional accounts, it was the last work of the third Sangam and was subjected to a divine test (which it passed). The scholars who believe this tradition, such as Somasundara Bharathiar and M. Rajamanickam, date the text to as early as 300 BCE. Historian K. K. Pillay assigned it to the early 1st century CE.

paragraph: Linguist Kamil Zvelebil is certain that "Tirukkuṛaḷ" does not belong to the Sangam period and dates it to somewhere between 450 and 500 CE. His estimate is based on the language of the text, its allusions to the earlier works, and its borrowing from some Sanskrit treatises. Zvelebil notes that the text features several grammatical innovations, that are absent in the older Sangam literature. The text also features a higher number of Sanskrit loan words compared with these older texts. According to Zvelebil, besides being part of the ancient Tamil literary tradition, the author was also a part of the "one great Indian ethical, didactic tradition", as a few of his verses seem to be translations of the verses in Sanskrit texts such as "Mānavadharmaśāstra" and Kautilya's "Arthaśāstra.

paragraph: S. Vaiyapuri Pillai assigned the work to c. 650 CE, believing that it borrowed from some Sanskrit works of the 6th century CE. Zvelebil disagrees with this assessment, pointing out that some of the words that Pillai believed to be Sanskrit loan words have now been proved to be of Dravidian origin by Thomas Burrow and Murray Barnson Emeneau.

paragraph: With the exact date of Valluvar still under debate, taking the latest of the estimated dates, the Tamil Nadu government officially ratified 31 BCE as the year of Valluvar. From 18 January 1935, as suggested by Maraimalai Adigal, the Valluvar Year was added to the calendar. Thus, the Valluvar year is calculated by adding 31 to any year of the common era.

paragraph: Section::::Birthplace.

paragraph: As with most other details about Valluvar, the exact place of his birth remains uncertain. Valluvar is believed to have lived in Madurai and later in the town of Mayilapuram or Thirumayilai (present-day Mylapore in Chennai). There are also accounts that say he was born in Mayilapuram and later moved to Madurai in order to publish his work at the royal court. The poem "Kapilar Akaval" states that Valluvar was born on the top of an oil-nut tree in Mayilapuram, while verse 21 of the "Tiruvalluva Maalai" claims that he was born in Madurai.

paragraph: In 2005, a three-member research team from the Kanyakumari Historical and Cultural Research Centre (KHCRC) claimed that Valluvar was born in Thirunayanarkurichi, a village in present-day Kanyakumari district. Their claim was based on an old Kani tribal leader who told them that Valluvar was a king who ruled the "Valluvanadu" territory in the hilly tracts of the Kanyakumari district.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Valluvar survived his wife for many years. Nevertheless, he was affected profoundly by Vasuki's death that he secluded himself from social life and devoted the rest of his life to religious contemplation. According to traditional accounts, Valluvar died on the day of Anusham in the Tamil month of Vaikasi. At his deathbed, he expressed a strange desire according to which his body should not be cremated but exposed in the open air outside the town to be devoured by crows and other scavenging animals, and it was done so. On the spot where Valluvar's corpse had lain, Elelasingan built a temple and instituted worship. The temple remains today, albeit in a comparatively modern form, at Mylapore.

paragraph: Section::::Religion.

paragraph: Valluvar is generally thought to have belonged to either Jainism or Hinduism. Valluvar's treatment of the concept of ahimsa or non-violence, which is the principal concept of both these religions, bolsters this. In particular, his treatment of the chapters on strict vegetarianism (or veganism) (Chapters 26 and 32) and non-killing (Chapter 33) reflects the Jain precepts, where these are stringently enforced. The three parts that the Kural literature is divided into, namely, "aram" (virtue), "porul" (wealth) and "inbam" (love), aiming at attaining "veedu" (ultimate salvation), follow, respectively, the four foundations of Hinduism, namely, dharma, artha, kama and moksha. His mentioning of God Vishnu in couplets 610 and 1103 and Goddess Lakshmi in couplets 167, 408, 519, 565, 568, 616, and 617 hints at the Vaishnavite beliefs of Valluvar. Other eastern beliefs of the poet found in the book include previous birth and rebirth, seven births, and some ancient Indian astrological concepts, among others. Nevertheless, even in the introductory chapter, Valluvar’s invocation of the Supreme Being does not give us a clue to his religion.

paragraph: However, owing to the Kural text's non-denominational nature, almost every religious group in India, including Christianity, has claimed the work and its author as one of their own.

paragraph: Section::::Religion.:Jainism.

paragraph: Kamil Zvelebil believes that the ethics of the Tirukkural reflect the Jain moral code (e.g. couplets 251–260 talks about moral vegetarianism, and couplets 321–330 talks against killing). Zvelebil states that the text features "several purely Jaina technical terms", such as the following epithets of God:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Malarmicaiyekinan" (Couplet 3), "he who walked upon the [lotus] flower"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aravaliyantanan" (Couplet 3), "the Brahmin [who had] the wheel of dharma"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Enkunattan" (Couplet 9), "one of the eight-fold qualities"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Atipakavan" (Couplet 1), "the Primeval Lord"

paragraph: Zvelebil notes that even the 13th-century Hindu scholar Parimelalhagar, who wrote a commentary on the Kural text, accepted that such epithets are applicable only to the Jain Arhat. Some other epithets mentioned in the text also reflect a "strong ascetic flavour" characteristic of Jainism:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ventutal ventamai ilan" (Couplet 4), "he who has neither desire nor aversion"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Porivayil aintavittan" (Couplet 6), "he who has destroyed the gates of the five senses"

paragraph: Zvelebil further states that Valluvar seems to have been "cognizant of the latest developments" in Jainism. Zvelebil theorizes that he was probably "a learned Jain with eclectic leanings", who was well-acquainted with the earlier Tamil literature, and also had knowledge of the Sanskrit texts.

paragraph: Section::::Religion.:Hinduism.

paragraph: Multiple Hindu sects have claimed Valluvar as one of their own and have tried to align his verses with their own teachings. Shaivites have characterised Valluvar as a devotee of Shiva and have installed his images in their temples.

paragraph: Section::::Religion.:Other claims.

paragraph: Anti-caste activist Iyothee Thass, who converted to Buddhism, claimed that Valluvar was originally called "Tiruvalla Nayanar", and was a Buddhist. Thass described him as follows: Tiruvalla Nayanar was born in Madurai, as the son of King Kanchan and Queen Upakesi. When he grew up, the prince wandered across many countries, until he joined a Buddhist sangam at Thinnanur. There, he learned about the Buddhist doctrine from his guru Chakaya Munivar. Thass further contended that the name "Tirukkural" is a reference to the Buddhist "Tripiṭaka". He claims that Valluvar's book was originally called "Tirikural" ("Three Kurals"), because it adhered to the three Buddhist scriptures "Dhamma Pitaka", "Sutta Pitaka", and "Vinaya Pitaka". According to Thass, the legend that presents Valluvar as the son of a Brahmin father and a Paraiyar mother was invented by Brahmins, who wanted to Hinduise a Buddhist text.

paragraph: Christian missionary George Uglow Pope claimed that the Tirukkural shows Christian influence, particularly from the Alexandrian school. He theorized that Valluvar came into contact with Christian teachers such as Pantaenus in Mayilapur and incorporated the ideas from the Christian scriptures in his text. However, he had to date Tiruvalluvar in 9th century AD to fit this into his theory. Pope goes on to praise the Kural text as an "echo of the 'Sermon on the Mount.'" In the Introduction to his English translation of the Kural, Pope even claims, "I cannot feel any hesitation in saying that the Christian Scriptures were among the sources from which the poet derived his inspiration." Since the 1960s, some South Indian Christians led by M. Deivanayagam at the Madras Christian College, have even attempted to characterize Valluvar as a disciple of Thomas the Apostle. According to this theory, Thomas visited present-day Chennai, where Valluvar listened to his lectures on the Sermon of the Mount. Nevertheless, Zvelebil also points out that the chapters on the ethics of moral vegetarianism (Chapters 26 and 32) and non-killing (Chapter 33), which the Kural emphasizes emphatically and unambiguously unlike the Bible or other Abrahamic religious texts, suggest that the ethics of the Kural is rather a reflection of the Jaina moral code than of Christian ethics. According to John Lazarus, the Kural’s chapter on killing “deals exclusively with the literal taking away of life,” of both humans and animals, in stark contrast to the Bible’s concept of killing, which refers only to the taking away of human life. He observes, “None of the ten epithets by which the Deity is described in the opening chapter of the Kural have the remotest connection with Christ or God, that is to say, as they are designated in the Bible.” He also says that the chapter on love “is quite different from the Apostle’s eulogium in 1 Cor. xiii.”

paragraph: Section::::Literary works.

paragraph: Tirukkural is the chief work attributed to Valluvar. It is one of the most revered ancient works in the Tamil language. It contains 1330 couplets, which are divided into 133 sections of 10 couplets each. The first 38 sections are about ethics ("aram"), the next 70 are about political and economic matters ("porul"), and the rest are about love ("inbam"). The text has been translated into several languages, beginning with a translation into Latin by Constanzo Beschi in 1699, which helped make the work known to European intellectuals.

paragraph: Tirukkural is also the only work attributed to Valluvar. However, claims are made that Valluvar was also the author of two Tamil texts on medicine, "Gnana Vettiyan" (1500 verses) and "Pancharathnam" (500 verses), although many scholars claim that they were by a later author with the same name, since they appear to have been written in the 16th and 17th centuries. These books, 'Pancharathnam' and 'Gnana Vettiyan', contribute to Tamil science, literature and other ayurvedic medicines. In addition to these, there are 15 other texts that are attributed to Valluvar, namely, "Rathna Sigamani" (800 verses), "Karpam" (300 verses), "Nadhaantha Thiravukol" (100 verses), "Naadhaantha Saaram" (100 verses), "Vaithiya Suthram" (100 verses), "Karpaguru Nool" (50 verses), "Muppu Saathiram" (30 verses), "Vaadha Saathiram" (16 verses), "Muppu Guru" (11 verses), "Kavuna Mani" (100 verses), "Aeni Yettram" (100 verses), "Guru Nool" (51 verses), "Sirppa Chinthamani" (a text on astrology), "Tiruvalluvar Gyanam", and "Tiruvalluvar Kanda Tirunadanam". Nevertheless, several scholars, such as Devaneya Pavanar, deny this claim.

paragraph: Section::::Memorials.

paragraph: A temple-like memorial to Valluvar, Valluvar Kottam, was built in Chennai in 1976. This monument complex consists of structures usually found in Dravidian temples, including a temple car carved from three blocks of granite, and a shallow, rectangular pond. The auditorium adjoining the memorial is one of the largest in Asia and can seat up to 4,000 people.

paragraph: There is a 133-foot tall statue of Valluvar erected at Kanyakumari at the southern tip of the Indian subcontinent, where the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean converge. The 133 feet denote Tirukkuṛaḷ's 133 chapters or "athikarams" and the show of three fingers denote the three themes "Aram", "Porul", and "Inbam", that is, the sections on morals, wealth and love. The statue was designed by V. Ganapati Sthapati, a temple architect from Tamil Nadu. On 9 August 2009, a statue was unveiled in Ulsoor, near Bengaluru, also making it the first of its kind in India for a poet of a local language to be installed in its near states other than his own home land. There is also a statue of Valluvar outside the School of Oriental and African Studies in Russell Square, London.

paragraph: The Government of Tamil Nadu celebrates the 15th (16th on leap years) of January (the 2nd of the month of 'Thai' as per Tamil Calendar) as "Thiruvalluvar Day" in the poet's honour, as part of the Pongal celebrations.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sarvajna and Tiruvalluvar statue installation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Valluvar Kottam

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Sangam poets

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thiruvalluvar year

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: a. The period of Valluvar is dated variously by scholars from c. 4th century BCE to c. 5th century CE, based on various methods of analysis, including traditional accounts and linguistics analyses. The officially accepted date, however, is 31 BCE, as ratified by the government in 1921, and the Valluvar Year is being followed ever since. For more in-depth analysis, see Dating the Tirukkural.

paragraph: b. "Valluvanadu" was a Taluk in erstwhile Madras Presidency as part of Malabar District. Currently that area is part of Palakkad and Malappuram Districts of Kerala adjoining Nilgiri District of Tamil Nadu. The Valluvanadu kings claim that they descended from Pallava Kings and was ruling earlier from Nilgiri area.

description: Tamil poet and philosopher

enwikiquote_title: Thiruvalluvar

wikidata_label: Thiruvalluvar

wikipedia_title: Thiruvalluvar


text:
Persian
satrap
Armenia
Lydia
Anatolia
Artaxerxes II
retreat of the 10,000
Tithraustes
Antalcidas
Corinthian War
Athens
Aegean
Sparta
Struthas
Antalcidas
Peace of Antalcidas
Evagoras
Cyprus
Orontes
Salamis
Cadusii
Amestris
Darius

categories: 4th-century BC rulers,People of the Corinthian War,Military leaders of the Achaemenid Empire,Achaemenid satraps of Lydia,4th-century BC Iranian people,Achaemenid satraps of Ionia,Achaemenid satraps of Armenia

paragraph: Tiribazus

paragraph: Tiribazus, Tiribazos or Teribazus (c.440 BC-370 BC) was a Persian general and Persian satrap of Western Armenia and later satrap of Lydia in western Anatolia.

paragraph: Section::::Satrap of Western Armenia.

paragraph: He was highly regarded by the Persian King Artaxerxes II, and when he was present, so Xenophon tells us, no one else had the honour of helping the sovereign to mount his horse.

paragraph: At the time of the retreat of the 10,000 in 401 BC, Tiribazus was satrap of Western Armenia.

paragraph: Section::::Satrap of Lydia.

paragraph: He succeeded Tithraustes as satrap of Western Asia (Sardis). He was holding this office when, in 393 BC, Antalcidas was sent to negotiate, through him, a peace for Sparta with the Persian king.

paragraph: In 392 BC, while the Corinthian War was being contested amongst the Greek states, Tiribazus received envoys from the major belligerents of that war, and held a conference in which a proposal for ending the war was discussed. That discussion failed, but Tiribazus, convinced that Athens was becoming a threat to Persia in the Aegean, secretly provided funds to rebuild the Spartan fleet. When the Persian king Artaxerxes II learned of this, Tiribazus was removed from power and replaced by Struthas, who pursued an anti-Spartan policy.

paragraph: However, five years later, in 387 BC, Tiribazus was again in power, and worked together with the Spartan general Antalcidas to rebuild the Spartan fleet as a threat to Athenian interests in the region. This action brought the Athenians and their allies to the negotiating table. Tiribazus represented Artaxerxes at the ensuing negotiations, which led to the Peace of Antalcidas.

paragraph: In 386 BC, he was appointed to command the Persian fleet against Evagoras, the king of Salamis in Cyprus, with the land forces being entrusted to the Persian satrap of Armenia, Orontes. They defeated Evagoras and lay siege to Salamis. However, in 385 BC Tiribazus was impeached by Orontes, and was recalled to court to answer for his conduct.

paragraph: Tiribazus was detained in prison until the return of Artaxerxes from his expedition against the Cadusii. Before three judges, Tiribazus was able to have the charges against him dismissed, and he was honourably acquitted with the full support of King Artaxerxes, in consideration not only of his innocence in regard to the special charges, but also of the great services he had rendered to his master.

paragraph: Tiribazus now stood higher than ever in the royal favour, and received a promise of the hand of Amestris, the king's daughter. Artaxerxes, however, reneged on this arrangement, and married Amestris himself.

paragraph: When King Artaxerxes reneged on a pledge to Tiribazus once more, this time with respect to Atossa, the youngest of the king's princesses, Tiribazus could no longer remain loyal to the king and incited Darius, the son of Artaxerxes, to join him in a plot against the king's life.

paragraph: Tiribazus' plans were betrayed to Artaxerxes by a eunuch, and the conspirators were found out. Tiribazus offered a desperate resistance to the guards who endeavored to arrest him, and was slain with a javelin.

description: Armenian politician (0500-0400)

wikidata_label: Tiribazus

wikipedia_title: Tiribazus


text:
Salem witch trials
Marblehead, Massachusetts
hanging
Jonathan Corwin
John Hathorne
witchcraft
Mary Walcott
Mercy Lewis
Salem Village

categories: Executed American women,American people executed for witchcraft,People executed by the Thirteen Colonies by hanging,17th-century executions of American people,Year of birth unknown,1692 deaths,People executed by Massachusetts by hanging,People of the Salem witch trials,17th-century executions by England,Executed people from Massachusetts,People from Marblehead, Massachusetts,People executed by the Province of Massachusetts Bay

paragraph: Wilmot Redd

paragraph: Wilmot Redd (a.k.a. Wilmot Read and Wilmot Reed) (early 17th century - September 22, 1692) was one of the victims of the Salem witch trials of 1692. She was born in Marblehead, Massachusetts, and executed by hanging on September 22, 1692. Her husband was Samuel Redd, a fisherman. She was known for her irritability, but she was given little serious attention and, to her neighbors, was "probably more bitch than witch."

paragraph: Redd was apprehended on May 28, 1692, by local constable James Smith. The warrant was signed by Magistrates Jonathan Corwin and John Hathorne. The charge brought against her was one of having "committed sundry acts of witchcraft on bodys of Mary Walcott & Mercy Lewis and others in Salem Village to their great hurt."

paragraph: A preliminary examination took place on May 31, 1692, at Nathan Ingersoll's house in Salem Village. This was Redd's first meeting with the children she allegedly bewitched. They promptly fell into fits, and when asked what she thought ailed them, Redd said, "I cannot tell." Urged to give an opinion, she stated, "My opinion is they are in a sad condition."

paragraph: Indicted as a witch, Redd was accused of "detestable arts called Witchcraft and Sorceries wickedly, mallitiously [sic] and felloniously used, practiced & exercised at the Towne of Salem."

paragraph: Redd's body was buried in a common grave whose location is now unknown. Memorial markers for her exist at Old Burial Hill in Marblehead and the Salem Witch Trials Memorial in Salem.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: Upham, Charles (1980). Salem Witchcraft. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 2 vv., v. 2 pp. 208, 324-5. .

alias:
Wilmot Reed
Wilmot Read

description: Salem witch

wikidata_label: Wilmot Redd

wikipedia_title: Wilmot Redd


text: American

text: prelate

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Bishop

text: Diocese of Worcester

text: Massachusetts

text: Providence, Rhode Island

text: Catholic University of America

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Toronto School of Theology

text: Kenneth Anthony Angell

text: Providence

text: Monsignor

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Auxiliary Bishop

text: Diocese of Providence

text: Daniel P. Reilly

text: College of the Holy Cross

text: Catholic Church

text: Northbridge

text: Martha Coakley

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

text: Bio on Diocesan website

text: Official site of the Holy See

categories: Religion in Worcester County, Massachusetts,American people of Irish descent,Living people,Catholic University of America alumni,20th-century Roman Catholic bishops,1951 births,Clergy from Providence, Rhode Island,21st-century Roman Catholic bishops,People from Worcester, Massachusetts,Roman Catholic bishops of Worcester, Massachusetts,Roman Catholic Diocese of Providence

paragraph: Robert Joseph McManus

paragraph: Robert Joseph McManus (born July 5, 1951) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who serves as the fifth Bishop of the Diocese of Worcester, Massachusetts.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: McManus was born in Providence, Rhode Island, to Edward W. & Helen F. (née King) McManus. He grew up in the Providence area, graduating from Blessed Sacrament School and Our Lady of Providence High School. He is an alumnus of the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., and the Toronto School of Theology.

paragraph: Section::::Ordination and ministry.

paragraph: McManus was ordained to the priesthood on May 27, 1978 by Bishop Kenneth Anthony Angell of Providence. He served as an associate pastor at several parishes and chaplaincies throughout the diocese for nearly twenty years. He was elevated to the title of Monsignor on February 28, 1997 by Pope John Paul II.

paragraph: Section::::Auxiliary Bishop of Providence, Rhode Island.

paragraph: McManus was consecrated as Auxiliary Bishop of the Diocese of Providence on February 22, 1999.

paragraph: On May 14, 2004, Bishop McManus succeeded Bishop Daniel P. Reilly upon the latter's retirement. He was installed in Worcester on May 14, 2004.

paragraph: Bishop McManus criticized the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester for renting out "sacred space" to the Massachusetts Alliance on Teen Pregnancy for workshops. He expressed the view that the classes taught things which violated the teachings of the Catholic Church. On October 10, 2007, he issued a statement making known his criticisms of the conference.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop of Worcester, Massachusetts.:Disputed property sale.

paragraph: In June 2012, on instructions from McManus, diocesan officials declined to sell a property owned by the diocese, an historic mansion in Northbridge, to a married gay couple. The property had been used as a Church-affiliated nonprofit retreat center. In September the couple filed suit against the bishop and other parties to the negotiations, citing an email in which church officials pulled out of the sale "because of the potentiality of gay marriages there." A lawyer for the diocese said that the Massachusetts anti-discrimination statute provides an exemption for religious institutions. He said: "If a religious entity did not have to permit property to be used for gay weddings, which we all agree, why must religious property be sold to an organization if it is going to be used for a gay wedding?" Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley filed a brief supporting the plaintiffs that said "we believe that this family was unfairly discriminated against by the diocese when it refused to sell them property based on their sexual orientation... And no reasonable person would think that a wedding that took place on a property no longer owned by a church was endorsed by that church." Oral arguments in the case are scheduled in Worcester Superior Court on April 22, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop of Worcester, Massachusetts.:Arrest.

paragraph: On May 4, 2013 Bishop McManus was arrested for drunken driving, leaving the scene of an accident, and refusing a chemical test in Narragansett, Rhode Island. After the alleged accident, the other person involved in the collision followed him and phoned the police. McManus was reportedly arrested about 20 minutes after the accident. He later stated: "I made a terrible error in judgment by driving after having consumed alcohol with dinner. There is no excuse for the mistake I made, only a commitment to make amends and accept the consequences of my action. More importantly, I ask forgiveness from the good people whom I serve, as well as my family and friends, in the Diocese of Worcester and the Diocese of Providence."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Diocese of Worcester Official Site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bio on Diocesan website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official site of the Holy See

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Robert Joseph McManus

wikipedia_title: Robert Joseph McManus


text:
Baroness
Trans Am
Chaco, Argentina
St. Andrew's Scots School
Bard College
physics
University of Maryland
post-rock
Trans Am
metal
Baroness
Purple
Shock Me
Grammy Award
acid house
Detroit techno
vocoder
Weird War
The Fucking Champs
The 8G Band
Late Night with Seth Meyers

categories: 20th-century American drummers,21st-century American drummers,American male drummers,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Sebastian Thomson

paragraph: Sebastian Thomson is a Grammy-nominated musician based in Brooklyn, NY. He is currently the drummer for Baroness, Trans Am, and solo act Publicist.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Thomson was born in Chaco, Argentina and spent his formative years in Argentina, Brazil, Holland, France and the United States. He got his start drumming while attending St. Andrew's Scots School in Argentina. Thomson attended Bard College and was pursuing a PhD in physics at the University of Maryland when he decided to focus on music full time.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Thomson's drumming career began in Washington, DC with the post-rock band Trans Am, formed with childhood friends Philip Manley and Nathan Means while the three were attending college. Trans Am continues to produce music although the members reside in separate cities.

paragraph: More recently, Thomson is known for his work as the drummer of metal band Baroness. He joined Baroness in 2013 following a bus accident that resulted in the band's original drummer choosing to retire. The first Baroness album featuring Thomson on drums was Purple, released in 2015. The album's song Shock Me earned Thomson and his bandmates a Grammy Award nomination in 2016. Thomson's second studio album with Baroness is Gold & Grey, released June 14, 2019.

paragraph: Additionally, Thomson maintains an active solo act, Publicist, in which he mixes live drumming with recorded tracks inspired by rock, acid house, electronic music and Detroit techno. When performing as Publicist, Thomson plays his drum kit in the middle of the dance floor, incorporating a synthesizer and vocoder.

paragraph: Other past solo and collaborative works include The Frequency, Weird War, and The Fucking Champs.

paragraph: Thomson's national television debut took place May 20-23, 2019, when he served as the guest drummer for The 8G Band on "Late Night with Seth Meyers".

paragraph: Thomson is also left handed.

description: drummer for Baroness, Trans Am, Publicist

wikidata_label: Sebastian Thomson

wikipedia_title: Sebastian Thomson


text:
Rwandan genocide
Campaign Against Genocide Medal
Paul Kagame
traditional healers
Ruhango District
Kigali
Rwandan Revolution
Tutsi
Hutu
Paul Kagame
Rwandan genocide
Burundi
Campaign Against Genocide Medal

categories: 1920s births,People of the Rwandan genocide,Healers,People from Ruhango District,2018 deaths

paragraph: Zura Karuhimbi

paragraph: Zura Karuhimbi (c. 1925 – 17 December 2018) was a Rwandan woman who saved more than 100 people from being killed by Hutu militias during the 1994 Rwandan genocide. A traditional healer, she hid the refugees in her house and deterred attackers by masquerading as a witch. Her role was recognised in 2006 by the award of the Campaign Against Genocide Medal by Rwandan President Paul Kagame.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Karuhimbi's birth date is not known – some sources state circa 1909 but she is thought to have been born around 1925 which was the date stated on her state identity card. Her family were traditional healers in the village of Musamo in Ruhango District, around an hour's drive from the nation's capital of Kigali. Karuhimbi also became a healer and gained a reputation for having magical powers. During the Rwandan Revolution she witnessed violence between the ruling minority Tutsis and the more numerous Hutu tribe. She later claimed that in 1959 she had saved the life of a two-year-old Tutsi boy by tying beads from her necklace into his hair so that he could pass as a girl and escape execution by the Hutus. Karuhimbi claimed that the boy grew up to become Rwandan president Paul Kagame.

paragraph: Section::::1994 genocide.

paragraph: At the time of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, a resurgence of tribal violence that killed more than 800,000 people, Karuhimbi was an elderly widow. She helped Tutsis as well as Burundians and three Europeans to hide from roving Hutu militias. Karuhimbi hid the refugees inside her two-room house, and possibly in a hole in her fields. In all she saved more than 100 people, including babies that she rescued from the arms of their dead mothers.

paragraph: To deter the Hutu militias Karuhimbi cultivated a reputation for being possessed by evil spirits. To maintain her appearances as a "witch" she painted herself and her house with natural herbs that, when touched, acted as an irritant. Karuhimbi claimed her house was inhabited by ghosts and threatened that those who tried to enter would unleash evil spirits and the wrath of God upon themselves. She emphasised her warnings by jangling her bracelet-laden arms and threatening that if any refugees were killed inside her house then the murderers would be "digging their own graves". The militia attempted to bribe Karuhimbi to allow them access to her home but she refused. All those that sheltered with Karuhimbi survived the genocide.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: After the genocide, Karuhimbi stated that she was a Christian and that her witchcraft activities were only a means of deterring attack. In 2006 she was awarded Rwanda's Campaign Against Genocide Medal by President Paul Kagame. Karuhimbi subsequently wore the medal at all times, placing it beneath her pillow whilst she slept. In her later years she continued to live in the same house she had used to shelter refugees despite it crumbling with age. Poverty-stricken, she was cared for by a niece. Karuhimbi died at her home on 17 December 2018.

description: Rwandan woman who saved over 100 people from being killed by Hutu militias

wikidata_label: Zura Karuhimbi

wikipedia_title: Zura Karuhimbi


text:
Judge royal
familiaris
Kőszegis
Charles I of Hungary
oligarchs
castle warrior
Köcsk
Vas County
Ladislaus IV
Kőszegi family
"gens" (clan) Héder
Pál Engel
Káld
his clan
Paul Magyar
royal treasurer
Kingdom of Hungary
Paul Nagymartoni
Szabari family
Sár
familiaris
de facto
Transdanubia
Wenceslaus of Bohemia
Otto of Bavaria
Andrew
Slavonia
Andrew Kőszegi
Solomon the Red
Gerse
Stefan Uroš II Milutin
Vladislav
Syrmia
Száva
Macsó
Gencsi family
Pannonhalma
Sopron
Győr
Nicholas Felsőlendvai
Szalafő
Kőszeg
Kapronca
Nicholas II Kőszegi
Lawrence Csornai
Pölöske
Kabold
Rohonc
Kanizsa
new family name
Zalaszántó
Szigliget
Léka
Alexander Ozorai
Cuman
Frederick the Fair
Louis of Wittelsbach
Battle of Mühldorf
Nagyécs
Pázmánd
Matthew Csák
Starhrad
Trencsén County
Zólyom kinship
Považský hrad
honor
Lampert Hermán
Visegrád
Temesvár
Požega
Transylvania
Felvinc
Esztergom Chapter
Kézd Seat
Paul Ugali
Pápoc
Veszprém
by ordeal
combat
Babonići
Mikcs Ákos
Sárvár
Németújvár
John Kőszegi
ispán
last will and testament
Ladislaus Jánki
Master of the treasury
Demetrius Nekcsei
morning gift

categories: 14th-century Hungarian people,1328 deaths,Judges royal,Héder (genus),13th-century Hungarian people

paragraph: Alexander Köcski

paragraph: Alexander (II) Köcski (; died January or February 1328) was an influential Hungarian nobleman and soldier, who served as Judge royal from 1324 until his death.

paragraph: Initially, as a "familiaris" and possibly distant relative of the powerful Kőszegis, he did not involve in the conflicts of civil war which characterized the Hungarian kingdom in the first two decades of the 14th century. Ultimately, he took an oath of allegiance to Charles I of Hungary in 1316, therefore his lands were plundered and many of his relatives were massacred. Following that Köcski was a dedicated military general of the king in his war against the oligarchs. He belonged to Charles's "new aristocracy", who supported the king's efforts to restore royal power after half a century of feudal anarchy.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: According to his 19th-century biographer Antal Pór, Alexander Köcski was born into a family of castle warrior origin, which resided in Köcsk, Vas County. For their military service, King Ladislaus IV granted nobility to the family in 1273. Based on Alexander's seal, the Köcski family was presumably related to the local powerful Kőszegi family, and was also a scion of the "gens" (clan) Héder, at least from maternal side. Historian Pál Engel, however, considered that Alexander Köcski individually adopted his seal following his decisive victory over his ardent enemies, the Kőszegis, as a prominent general in Charles' unification war against the oligarchic domains.

paragraph: His parents were "comes" Alexander I Köcski and a certain Venis (or Venus) from an unidentified family. His father had a brother Thomas I, whose branch lived until the early 15th century. His grandmother was Dominika from the neighboring Káld. Alexander II had a sister, who married Ladislaus Nádasd, a member of his clan's Gerse branch. Their only daughter was Margaret, who married Paul Magyar, the first royal treasurer in the Kingdom of Hungary. Alexander married twice; the name of his first wife is unknown. His second spouse was Clara Nagymartoni, the sister of Paul Nagymartoni, his immediate successor in the position of Judge royal. Their only known child was George, who married a noblewoman from the Szabari family, and died without heirs sometimes between 1357 and 1361.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Alexander Köcski was first mentioned by contemporary records in 1309. He bought a land in the village of Sár from his maternal relative Marcellus Káldi in 1312, where he already possessed lands. During that time, he was considered a "familiaris" of the Kőszegi family, who "de facto" ruled significant parts of Transdanubia, including Vas County, independently from the royal power. Therefore he did not participate any military campaign during the era of Interregnum, when a civil war between various claimants to the throne—Charles of Anjou, Wenceslaus of Bohemia, and Otto of Bavaria—followed Andrew's death and lasted for seven years from 1301 to 1308.

paragraph: When Charles launched a campaign against the Kőszegis in Transdanubia and Slavonia in the first half of 1316, Köcski and his kinship took an oath of allegiance to the king. Andrew Kőszegi, the head of the family responded it with a cruel revenge: he sent his "familiaris" Solomon the Red with a marauding army to Gerse, where Köcski's brother-in-law Ladislaus Nádasd and his three servants were killed in the local church, which was burnt down too. Ladislaus's brother Denis barricaded himself in the manor along with his wife, Ladislaus' widow (i.e. Köcski's unnamed sister) and six other relatives, including their children. The building was set on fire by the Kőszegi troops, where all but one of Köcski's relatives burned to death. Only his niece, the child Margaret managed to survive the massacre and fled the village with her nanny. In the same time, Köcski's lands and mills were also plundered and destroyed. Köcski left Vas County and joined Charles' royal army as a penniless nobleman, who thereafter could hope the recovery of lost family landholdings only from a successful restoration of the strong royal power.

paragraph: When Stefan Uroš II Milutin captured the Hungarian-proxy ruler Vladislav and invaded the Syrmia, Charles I launched a counter-campaign across the river Száva and seized the fortress of Macsó (present-day Mačva, Serbia) in the winter of 1317. Köcski and his servants, the Gencsi family participated in the campaign, where Köcski was seriously injured by falling rocks during the siege. Former historiography put this campaign to the year of 1319, but Pál Engel corrected the date, distinguishing two campaigns in a direction to Syrmia. By 1318, Köcski was made castellan of Pannonhalma (or Szentmárton), following its castle was recovered from the Kőszegis in the previous year. He held the position until 1323. On 3 May 1318, when Köcski was first referred to as castellan, he was granted the lands of Sebes, Takács and Egered in Sopron and Győr counties by Charles I, as a compensation for his earlier heavy losses. 1319 was a turbulent year for Köcski; following the rebellion of Andrew Kőszegi, Alexander Köcski and Nicholas Felsőlendvai led a royal campaign against the Kőszegi dominion in the first half of 1319. Fulfilling his vengeance, Köcski seized the Kőszegis' six fortresses within months; he overcame Andrew Kőszegi's army at Szalafő, also defeating the Austrian auxiliary troops, thereafter besieged and captured the forts of Kőszeg and Kapronca (present-day Koprivnica, Croatia). During the siege of Kőszeg, Köcski was wounded by an arrow. After the fall of Andrew Kőszegi, his relative, the pro-Charles Nicholas II Kőszegi ("The Rooster") was granted the ispánates of Zala and Vas. However, by early 1321, he became disgraced too at the royal court. Alexander Köcski and Lawrence Csornai again led a royal campaign in Transdanubia. At first, they captured Pölöske. Following its fall, the army seized Kabold, Rohonc (present-day Kobersdorf and Rechnitz in Austria, respectively) and Kanizsa (from which Csornai took his new family name). It is plausible that the two generals also occupied the castles of Tátika (located near Zalaszántó) and Szigliget in the same time. Nicholas Kőszegi could retain only Léka (present-day Lockenhaus in Austria).

paragraph: Köcski and other castellans, for instance Alexander Ozorai, led a Hungarian auxiliary contingent, which consisted of 2200 Hungarian cavalry and 4000 mounted Cuman archers, to support Frederick the Fair and the Austrian army in the war for the throne of Germany against his Bavarian rival Louis of Wittelsbach. In the Battle of Mühldorf, which took place on 28 September 1322, the Austrians suffered a heavy defeat, while Frederick was captured. During the battle, the Hungarian troops were neglected and sent to a secluded hill. Köcski lost only a few dozen people, while more than 1000 nobles from Austria were captured or killed. For his loyal military services in the previous campaigns, Köcski was granted Nagyécs and Pázmánd in Győr County in 1323, which act was confirmed by the cathedral chapter of Győr on 31 October, still in that year. The death of Matthew Csák in March 1321 resulted the collapse of his oligarchic domain within months. One of his unlawfully acquired castles, Várna (or Óvár, present-day Starhrad, Slovakia) in Trencsén County was returned to its original owners, the Zólyom kinship. However, Charles I took the castle back to royal property in early 1323. Following that Köcski was made castellan of the fortress, mentioned in that capacity in April 1323. Sometimes after 1321, Charles also donated the castle of Beszterce (today Považský hrad in Slovakia) to Köcski, who was first referred to its castellan in early 1324, few months before his appointment as Judge royal. Thereafter the castle was considered an income accessory ("honor") to that dignity until 1382.

paragraph: Section::::Judge royal.

paragraph: Following a few months period of vacancy, Köcski elevated into the position of Judge royal in the week between 26 September and 3 October 1324, replacing Lampert Hermán, who died in office in July 1324. Köcski's first known charter in that capacity was issued on 12 October. 141 documents were preserved from his tenure of three and a quarter years, which reflects the increasing professionalism of the judiciary system. In comparison, his predecessor Lampert Hermán issued 161 charters during his decade-long term. Köcski and his court resided in Visegrád, after Charles I moved his capital from Temesvár (present-day Timișoara in Romania) to the centre of his kingdom in 1323, when he defeated the last powerful oligarchs. Unlike his predecessors, he did not use the title of ""magister"" in his official documents. Instead, he was styled as ""comes" Alexander, judge of the king's court". His jurisdiction covered the entire kingdom, including its southern counties, Syrmia and Požega counties. However, his judicial competence over Transylvania had been abolished in 1324; he acted there in various lawsuit with "special royal license". For instance, he chaired an "ad litem" court, which made a judgment on a case of ownership of Felvinc (today Unirea, Romania) in favour of the Esztergom Chapter against the Székelys of Kézd Seat.

paragraph: His deputy, the vice-judge royal was a certain Peter, son of Moch during Köcski's full term. One of his notaries was Paul Ugali, who later has elevated into higher positions and dignities in the upcoming decades. A certain Michael acted as Köcski's "pristaldus" (royal commissioner or "bailiff") in 1326, while Nicholas Gősfi served as a collector of the judicial fines in 1325. Köcski also participated in the works of other judicial courts. Several documents confirm that Köcski and his court established a harmonious, flexible and professional relationship with the royal chancellery. He remained a faithful confidant of Charles. He was granted the village of Pápoc and its associated lands, Csatabér and Elk by Charles in 1325. He donated the land of Egered to his second wife, Clara Nagymartoni in 1326. In the same year, he also donated Sár to his some relatives, and later the neighboring Mihályfölde to his "familiares", the Sári family. In December 1326, he expanded his possessions of Pázmánd and Nagyécs with cultivated queenly lands. According to a summary from 1327, Köcski was a landowner in Vas, Sopron, Veszprém and Győr counties.

paragraph: Continuing the method of his predecessors in the early 14th century, the usage of material evidences during the litigation processes became widespread under Köcski's term, pushing back those traditional practices of justice, like trials by ordeal and combat. By Köcski's last years as Judge royal, majority of his charters, which closed a court case, consisted method of evidence by using previously issued charters and documents. This also resulted the increased number of out-of-court settlements in these years. In many situations, Köcski ordered these out-of-court settlements for the plaintiff and defendant, who could continue the litigation after the payment of court surcharge.

paragraph: When the Babonići and the weakened Kőszegis rose up in open rebellion in 1327, Ban Mikcs Ákos and Alexander Köcski defeated them. During the military campaign, Köcski seized Sárvár, Németújvár (present-day Güssing, Austria) and two other forts in Kőszeg from the rebellious John Kőszegi. For his merits, Köcski was appointed "ispán" of Vas County and castellan of Sárvár in the summer of 1327. He was responsible for integrating the rest of the Kőszegi domain to the royal power. Charles provided him broad power in the redistribution of lands to the loyal local nobility and he had the mandatory of royal grace to the Kőszegis' former "familiares". Köcski fell ill by mid-December 1327. He compiled his last will and testament on his deathbed in the presence of Archbishop Ladislaus Jánki, Master of the treasury Demetrius Nekcsei and Ban Mikcs Ákos. He pledged some of his lands to his orphan niece, Margaret Nádasd. His property was inherited by his only son George and cousin Nicholas. Köcski was still alive on 28 January 1328, but died by 9 February. Ten days later, Charles issued a document on the wedding and morning gift of Köcski's widow Clara Nagymartoni. The majority of his lands were ultimately possessed by Paul Magyar after series of land contracts and purchases in 1332.

wikidata_label: Sándor Köcski

wikipedia_title: Alexander Köcski


text:
O.P.
Greek
Dominican
friar
Moldavia
Skopje
Esztergom
Bishop of Csanád
Greek
Italian
Greek
Chios
Ottoman empire
Catholic
Paris
vicar
Constantinople
confessor
envoy
Esztergom
Vienna
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
titular bishop
Skopje
Moldavia
Jassy
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
Bishop of Csanád
Nagyszombat
Archbishop of Esztergom

categories: 17th-century Roman Catholic priests,1610 births,Greek Dominicans,17th-century Greek people,Roman Catholic writers,1672 deaths,Greek writers

paragraph: Giacinto Macripodari

paragraph: Giacinto Macripodari (, "Yakinthos Makrypodaris", , , c. 1610 – 1672), O.P. was a 17th-century Greek scholar and Dominican friar. He was a Dominican missionary in Moldavia and was bishop of Skopje (1645 - 1649), custodian canon of Esztergom and Bishop of Csanád. His sermons had great success both in Greek and Italian.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Giacinto Macripodari was a Greek born on the Aegean island of Chios, which was part of the Ottoman empire at the time, in 1610. His family were Catholic and during his youth he traveled overseas to further his education. From 1632 to 1636 he studied in a theological school in Paris. After he completed his studies Macripodari traveled back to his native Chios where he became vicar and taught at the Dominican monastery.

paragraph: Several years later the learned Macripodari moved to the Christian quarter of the Ottoman empire's capital, Constantinople, where he soon became vicar of the Dominican monastery. His sermons had great attainment both in the Greek and Italian languages. In 1645 Macripodari became the confessor of the German envoy to Constantinople Alexander von Greiffenklau, this association and support ultimately helped further his career.

paragraph: Macripodari was consequently appointed custodian canon of Esztergom in 1645. He traveled to Vienna where Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor nominated him as the titular bishop of Skopje, a post he held from July 29, 1645 to 1649. Subsequently, Macripodari sought to obtain a regular episcopal seat. He migrated to Moldavia in 1646, where he stayed in Jassy, its capital city. In 1658 he was appointed by Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor as Bishop of Csanád. He continued to serve until the 2 May 1668. Makripodari then moved to Nagyszombat where he was the assistant bishop of the Archbishop of Esztergom. Makripodari died in 1672.

description: Roman Catholic priest and scholar

wikidata_label: Giacinto Macripodari

wikipedia_title: Giacinto Macripodari


text:
American
baseball
shortstop
Negro Leagues
St. Louis Giants
Detroit Stars

categories: 1885 births,Birmingham Black Barons players,Chicago American Giants players,Lincoln Giants players,Indianapolis ABCs players,Detroit Stars players,1948 deaths

paragraph: Joe Hewitt (baseball)

paragraph: Joseph William "Joe Bill" Hewitt (August 7, 1885 - April 2, 1948) was an American baseball shortstop in the Negro Leagues. He played from 1910 to 1932 with several teams. It appears that most of his seasons were played with the St. Louis Giants and the Detroit Stars.

description: Negro League Baseball player

wikidata_label: Joe Hewitt

wikipedia_title: Joe Hewitt (baseball)


text: Wye Oak

text: Wye Oak

text: Baltimore, Maryland

text: Berklee College of Music

text: Boston, Massachusetts

text: Jenn Wasner

text: Wye Oak

text: Coachella

text: Lollapalooza

text: Late Night with Jimmy Fallon

text: Civilian

text: The A.V. Club

text: The Walking Dead

text: Safety Not Guaranteed

text: EL VY

text: Lambchop

text: Sylvan Esso

text: T. Rex

categories: Musicians from Baltimore,American indie pop musicians,People from Marfa, Texas,Berklee College of Music alumni,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Andy Stack (musician)

paragraph: Andy Stack is one of the founding members of the indie-rock duo Wye Oak, as well as a remix artist and a composer and producer for film and television music. He is noted for his technique of performing drums, keyboard, and electronics simultaneously as part of Wye Oak.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Stack was born and raised outside of Baltimore, Maryland. He studied music at Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts, and University of Maryland, Baltimore County.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.

paragraph: Stack and Jenn Wasner formed Wye Oak in 2006. To date, the band has released six studio albums and several EPs, and has toured extensively in North America, Europe, Asia and Australia, including performances at Coachella, Lollapalooza, and a TV performance on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon. Wye Oak's album Civilian was named the best album of 2011 by The A.V. Club, and was featured on television in the popular series "The Walking Dead" and in the film, "Safety Not Guaranteed".

paragraph: In 2015-2016, Stack performed as the touring drummer for EL VY, and has been is a touring member of Lambchop since 2017.

paragraph: Stack has remixed tracks for Sylvan Esso, T. Rex, and others, and has appeared on recordings by Lambchop, Madeline Kenney, Helado Negro, and Shearwater.

paragraph: In addition to performing, Stack composes music for film, television and commercials.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Stack currently lives in Durham, NC.

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Andy Stack

wikipedia_title: Andy Stack (musician)


text:
bobsledder
Won Yun-jong
Park City
2014 Winter Olympics
Won Yun-jong
two-man
Jun Jung-lin
Suk Young-jin
four-man
IBSF World Championships
2015
World Cup
Kang Kwang-bae
2014–15 World Cup
2015–2016 World Cup
Whistler
Konigssee
Hyundai Motor Company
2018 Winter Olympics
two-man
Pyeongchang
Kim Dong-hyun
Jun Jung-lin
four-man
Nico Walther

categories: Olympic bobsledders of South Korea,Bobsledders at the 2018 Winter Olympics,South Korean male bobsledders,Olympic silver medalists for South Korea,Bobsledders at the 2014 Winter Olympics,1991 births,People from Seosan,Living people,Olympic medalists in bobsleigh

paragraph: Seo Young-woo

paragraph: Seo Young-woo (, born 27 October 1991) is a South Korean bobsledder who competes as the brakeman for the two-man bobsled piloted by Won Yun-jong as well as a push crewman for the four-man bobsled also piloted by Won Yun-jong.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Seo previously competed in track & field as a high school athlete. As a freshman at Sungkyul University, he was selected for the South Korean national bobsleigh team in early 2010 and made his first international appearance at the North American Cup in Park City in November 2010.

paragraph: Seo competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics for South Korea. He teamed with pilot Won Yun-jong in the South Korea-1 sled in the two-man event, finishing 18th, and with Won, Jun Jung-lin and Suk Young-jin in the four-man, finishing 20th.

paragraph: His best showing at the IBSF World Championships is fifth, in the two-man event in 2015.

paragraph: Seo made his World Cup debut in December 2010, as a brakeman for mediocre driver Kang Kwang-bae. After a couple of rocky seasons with different pilots, Seo temporarily quit bobsleigh to focus on studying in college. Seo teamed up with promising pilot Won Yun-jong in 2013 when Seo returned to the national team, and his team outperformed expectations. Following a respectable 11th-place finish in 2014–15 World Cup season series, Seo & Won became the overall champion in the 2015–2016 World Cup season, clinching five medals including two gold medals at Whistler and Konigssee.

paragraph: Their performances gradually deteriorated in the 2016–17 season when the duo began to use the domestic sled that was manufactured by the Hyundai Motor Company, South Korea's largest automaker. Seo and Won never stood on a podium in any race during the World Cup series and dipped to an IBSF ranking of 46th. Prior to the 2018 Winter Olympics, the duo eventually decided to use Larvia's BTC sled again that they became the World Cup overall champion with.

paragraph: Seo along with pilot Won placed sixth out of 30 teams in the two-man event at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang on February 19, recording an overall time of 3:17.40 in four runs. Although they failed to win a medal, it was the best Olympic result by an Asian bobsleigh team. The following week, on February 25, the South Korean four-man team of Seo, Won, Kim Dong-hyun and Jun Jung-lin won a surprising silver medal in the four-man event, tying with a German team led by Nico Walther. With the silver medal, South Korea became the first Asian nation to claim an Olympic medal in a bobsleigh event.

description: South Korean bobsledder

wikidata_label: Seo Young-woo

wikipedia_title: Seo Young-woo


text: United States Postal Service

text: Federated States of Micronesia

text: Marshall Islands

text: Sweden

text: United Nations

text: NASA

text: Apollo 11

text: Manhattan

text: New York City

text: Pratt Institute

text: United States Army

text: Korean War

text: The Saturday Evening Post

text: science fiction

text: NASA Art Program

text: Gemini 4

text: Ed White

text: spacewalk

text: hand canceled

text: National Air and Space Museum

text: National Gallery of Art

text: Douglas MacArthur

text: Robert Frost

text: Frederic Remington

text: Gilcrease Museum

text: Tulsa, Oklahoma

text: Booth Western Art Museum

text: Cartersville, Georgia

text: melanoma

text: Ipilimumab

text: Bristol-Myers Squibb

text: immune system

text: chemotherapy

text: Stamford, Connecticut

categories: Deaths from cancer in Connecticut,People from Manhattan,2010 deaths,Artists of the American West,1928 births,Artists from Connecticut,Deaths from melanoma,Artists from New York City,Artists from Stamford, Connecticut,Pratt Institute alumni

paragraph: Paul Calle

paragraph: Paul Calle (pronounced KAL-ee; March 3, 1928 – December 30, 2010) was an American artist who was best known for the designs he created for postage stamps, including 40 that were released by the United States Postal Service, and others for stamps issued by the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, Sweden and the United Nations. The sole artist hired by NASA to cover the Apollo 11 astronauts up close, Calle designed the 10-cent stamp that commemorated the first manned moon landing; it depicted an astronaut stepping onto the moon from the lunar module, with the Earth visible over the moon's horizon.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Education and early career.

paragraph: Calle was born on March 3, 1928, in the Manhattan borough of New York City and earned his undergraduate degree from Pratt Institute. He served in the United States Army during the Korean War, doing illustration work. Returning to the United States, Calle's early career included designing magazine covers for "The Saturday Evening Post" as well as for a series of science fiction publications.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Work at NASA.

paragraph: In 1962, Calle was among the first group selected to participate in the NASA Art Program. Calle contributed a pair of complementary five-cent stamps issued in 1967 as part of the Accomplishments in Space Commemorative Issue, with the right stamp showing the Gemini 4 space capsule with the Earth's horizon as a backdrop, while the left stamp showed astronaut Ed White making the first American spacewalk. His best-known stamp was designed to mark the first manned moon landing and was issued in September 1969, showing an astronaut stepping out onto the surface of the moon. The Apollo 11 crew carried with them a die proof of Calle's moon-landing stamp, which was hand canceled by the astronauts while on the mission. Calle had been given exclusive access to be with the astronauts on July 16, 1969, while they made their final preparations for the Apollo 11 mission. The sketches he made based on his experiences that day have been displayed at the National Air and Space Museum and at the National Gallery of Art. Together with his son Chris, Calle returned to the subject of space exploration with a pair of stamps issued in 1994 in honor of the 25th anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission and the first manned moon landing.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Works.

paragraph: Calle produced dozens of postage stamp designs, featuring such individuals as Douglas MacArthur and Robert Frost. He also produced Western-themed artworks that have been shown at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum, as well as a 1981 stamp honoring Frederic Remington. His depictions of the American West have been included in the collections of the Gilcrease Museum in Tulsa, Oklahoma and at the Booth Western Art Museum in Cartersville, Georgia.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Health, later life, and death.

paragraph: After doctors discovered that his melanoma had metastasized, he was placed on intravenous Ipilimumab, an experimental treatment being tested by Bristol-Myers Squibb that is meant to improve the response by the immune system to fight cancer. An initial course of treatment with the test drug combined with chemotherapy left no trace of the cancer in his body. A resident of Stamford, Connecticut, Calle died there at the age of 82 on December 30, 2010, of melanoma. He was survived by a daughter, two sons and six grandchildren. His wife Olga died in 2003; they had been married for more than 50 years.

description: Postage stamp artist

wikidata_label: Paul Calle

wikipedia_title: Paul Calle


text: naturalist

text: hydra

text: zoology

text: biology

text: Geneva

text: Republic of Geneva

text: Charles Bonnet

text: René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur

text: Lazzaro Spallanzani

text: Willem Bentinck van Rhoon

text: Sorgvliet

text: The Hague

text: Cornelis Pronk

text: Leeuwenhoek

text: cnidocyte

text: Royal Society

text: académie des sciences

text: Copley medal

text: stem cell

text: Sheridan Libraries

text: Johns Hopkins University

text: Online biography

text: Florence

categories: 1710 births,Scientists from the Republic of Geneva,Recipients of the Copley Medal,18th century in Geneva,Fellows of the Royal Society,18th-century people,18th-century zoologists,People from Geneva,1784 deaths,Place of birth missing

paragraph: Abraham Trembley

paragraph: Abraham Trembley (3 September 1710 – 12 May 1784 Geneva) was a Genevan naturalist. He is best known for being the first to study freshwater polyps or "hydra" and for being among the first to develop experimental zoology. His mastery of experimental method has led some historians of science to credit him as the "father of biology".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Trembley came from an officer's family from Geneva, Republic of Geneva.

paragraph: He was uncle to Charles Bonnet, with whom he corresponded regularly, as well as to René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur (1683–1757) and Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729–1799). Trembley acted as tutor to the two children of Count Willem Bentinck van Rhoon (1704–1774), a prominent Dutch politician at the time. The boys were 3 and 6 when Trembley, during lessons in which he went fishing in the ponds outside the house, accidentally discovered the regenerative powers of the Hydra. Those lessons took place at the Count's summer residence of Sorgvliet nearby The Hague. Sketches and drawings of his experiments with the children, made by Cornelis Pronk, are kept in the archives of the town of The Hague, the Netherlands.

paragraph: Section::::Work on "hydra".

paragraph: While Trembley thought he had discovered a new species, Leeuwenhoek had in fact first published on "hydra" in a 1702–1703 volume of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, describing them as a type of "animalculum". In his work Leeuwenhoek clearly described the process of budding, as well as their tentacles' contractility and the presence of cnidocyte batteries on tentacles.

paragraph: Trembley's findings were published in a groundbreaking book in 1744, "Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire d'un genre de polypes d'eau douce", Gebr. Verbeek, Leiden, translated into German in 1791 as "Abhandlungen zur Geschichte einer Polypenart des süssen Wassers". The book includes some of the (engraved) drawings of Pronk. His discoveries lead to his membership of the prestigious Royal Society in London and a correspondent member of the académie des sciences in France. He became also recipient of the Copley medal.

paragraph: Some attribute Trembley as being the first to study stem cells, although he obviously did not refer to them as such. Trembley did however make note of their incredible regenerative capacity.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hydra and the Birth of Experimental Biology, 1744: Abraham Trembley's Memoires Concerning the Polyps " Lenhoff, Sylvia G. and Howard M. Lenhoff, The Boxwood Press, Pacific Grove, CA1986 ( )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Science and Its Times: Understanding the Social Significance of Scientific Discovery", entries on Abraham Trembley, as reproduced on http://www.bookrags.com/Abraham_Trembley.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Animal, Vegetable and Mineral: Natural History books by ten authors, on-line exhibit, Sheridan Libraries, Johns Hopkins University

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online biography, Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence

description: Genevan naturalist

wikidata_label: Abraham Trembley

wikipedia_title: Abraham Trembley


text:
lithographer
Richterswil
Switzerland
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Philadelphia
Cincinnati, Ohio
St. Louis, Missouri
Davenport, Iowa
Valley of the Mississippi Illustrated
The Library Company of Philadelphia
John Cushman Abbott Exhibit Supplement

categories: Swiss painters,Swiss emigrants to the United States,American landscape painters,American printmakers,American male painters,American lithographers,1846 deaths,People from Richterswil,19th-century American painters,1804 births

paragraph: John Caspar Wild

paragraph: John Caspar Wild (or J.C. Wild) (1804 – August 12, 1846) was an American painter and lithographer.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: John Caspar Wild was born in Richterswil, Canton Zürich, Switzerland. He moved to Paris, France. In 1832 he moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Wild's final home was Davenport, Iowa, a small town in the upper Mississippi river valley. He moved there from St. Louis in the summer of 1844. Wild fell gravely ill with Tuberculosesin the summer of 1846 and he was taken in by Davenport, Iowa millinery businessman George L. Webb.On his death bed, Wild reflected upon his childhood and he yearned to die in his Swiss homeland; it was a wish that was to not be fulfilledWild died on August 12, 1846.Wild was laid to rest nearly on the banks of the River which he had painted for years. Wild’s grave site was unmarked for decades.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: He created early city views and landscapes of Philadelphia, Cincinnati, Ohio, St. Louis, Missouri, and Davenport, Iowa. He specialized in hand-colored lithographs. These views, particularly the "Valley of the Mississippi Illustrated" were some of the first depictions of the American West.

paragraph: Section::::Notable collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "University of Pennsylvania", 1842, The Library Company of Philadelphia

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pennsylvania Hospital", circa 1840, The Library Company of Philadelphia

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reps, John William, and J. C. Wild. 2006. John Caspar Wild: painter and printmaker of nineteenth-century urban America. St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society Press. Designed by Steve Hartman of Creativille, Inc.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wild, J. C., and Lewis Foulk Thomas. 1948. The valley of the Mississippi: illustrated in a series of views, accompanied with historical descriptions. St. Louis, Mo: Joseph Garnier. (this is a reprint; original edition published 1841-2)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Cushman Abbott Exhibit Supplement -- includes a discussion of Wild and his book "The Valley of the Mississippi Illustrated in a Series of Views", a slide show of illustrations from the book, and a downloadable pdf of the book.

description: American artist

wikidata_label: John Caspar Wild

wikipedia_title: John Caspar Wild


text: American

text: cyclist

text: Katie Compton

text: 2004 ΧΙΙ Paralympic Games

text: Athens

text: Greece

text: individual pursuit

text: time trial

text: sprint

text: time trial

text: road race

text: individual pursuit

text: 2008 Summer Paralympics

text: Beijing

text: Karissa's Website

text: USPC profile of Whitsell

text: Athlete Profile on Team USA Website

categories: Living people,1981 births,Paralympic gold medalists for the United States,Medalists at the 2004 Summer Paralympics,Medalists at the 2008 Summer Paralympics,American female cyclists,Paralympic silver medalists for the United States,Paralympic bronze medalists for the United States,Cyclists at the 2004 Summer Paralympics,Place of birth missing (living people),Paralympic cyclists of the United States,Cyclists at the 2008 Summer Paralympics,Blind people from the United States

paragraph: Karissa Whitsell

paragraph: Karissa Whitsell (born 15 June 1981) is an accomplished American blind cyclist. Whitsell, with her tandem partner Katie Compton, won four medals at the 2004 ΧΙΙ Paralympic Games in Athens, Greece. They won a gold medal in the road race/time trial event, another gold in the 3 km individual pursuit, a silver in the 1 km time trial, and a bronze in the sprint.

paragraph: Whitsell won a gold medal in the time trial, a silver medal in the road race, and a bronze medal in the individual pursuit event in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karissa's Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- USPC profile of Whitsell

paragraph: BULLET::::- Story of Karissa being named US Blind Athlete of the year in 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Athlete Profile on Team USA Website

description: American racing cyclist

wikidata_label: Karissa Whitsell

wikipedia_title: Karissa Whitsell


text: rugby league

text: Australian international

text: New South Wales

text: State of Origin

text: St George Illawarra Dragons

text: National Rugby League

text: 2010 NRL Premiership

text: Wollongong, New South Wales

text: New South Wales

text: State of Origin series

text: 2006 Rugby League Tri-Nations

text: Wayne Bennett

text: City vs Country

text: Sydney Roosters

text: 2010 NRL Grand Final

text: 2011 World Club Challenge

text: Wigan Warriors

text: Dragons

text: Corrimal Cougars

text: Junior Kangaroos

text: Ben Hornby

text: St. George Illawarra Dragons

categories: 1980 births,Australia national rugby league team players,Rugby league halfbacks,St. George Illawarra Dragons players,Country New South Wales Origin rugby league team players,New South Wales Rugby League State of Origin players,Rugby league fullbacks,Australian rugby league players,People from Wollongong

paragraph: Ben Hornby

paragraph: Ben Hornby (born 18 February 1980) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer of the 2000s and 2010s. An Australian international and New South Wales State of Origin representative back, he captained the St George Illawarra Dragons of the National Rugby League from 2009 until his retirement in 2012. Hornby played his entire career with the Dragons, leading them to the 2010 NRL Premiership and becoming their most capped player since the formation of the joint venture club in 1999.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Hornby was born in Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. He went to Corrimal Public School and Corrimal High School.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Hornby began his rugby league career in 2000.

paragraph: Hornby represented New South Wales in the State of Origin series of 2004, 2006 and 2008.

paragraph: Hornby played one match for Australia, their loss to Great Britain during the 2006 Rugby League Tri-Nations.

paragraph: Previously a co-captain in 2007, in 2009 coach Wayne Bennett appointed Hornby captain of the team from the start of the 2009 season. Hornby was selected for Country in the City vs Country match on 8 May 2009. However, he did not play in the match after withdrawing with injury.

paragraph: On 3 October 2010, Hornby captained the Dragons to their first Premiership in 31 years, when they defeated the Sydney Roosters 32-8 in the 2010 NRL Grand Final. He went on to captain the Dragons to victory in the following February's 2011 World Club Challenge against the Wigan Warriors in England.

paragraph: Hornby announced on 21 August 2012 that he would retire from the Dragons after playing 13 seasons for the club.

paragraph: Section::::Career highlights.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Junior Club:" Corrimal Cougars

paragraph: BULLET::::- "First Grade Debut:" Round 23, St George Illawarra v Penrith at Penrith, 8 July 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Representative Record:" Under 19 Australia 1999, Under 19s NSW 1999, Origin NSW 2004, City vs Country 2005 and 2006, NSW 2006, Junior Kangaroos 2006, Australia 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Captaincy:" Round 1, St George Illawarra v Melbourne Storm at Melbourne, 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Premiership:" Grand Final, St George Illawarra v Sydney Roosters at ANZ Stadium, 3 October 2010

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- State of Origin Official website Rugby League Player Stats

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ben Hornby player profile at St. George Illawarra Dragons

description: Australian rugby league footballer

wikidata_label: Ben Hornby

wikipedia_title: Ben Hornby


text:
constable
Champagne
Dampierre
Bourbon
Montluçon
Mouchy
Guy I, Lord of Dampierre
Third Crusade
Siege of Acre
Philip II of France
Guy II
Tournoël Castle
Battle of Bouvines
Mathilde of Bourbon
Archambault VII
House of Dampierre
Archambaud VIII
William II
Margaret II
Latin Emperor
Baldwin I of Constantinople
Guigues IV, Count of Forez
Vierzon

categories: 12th-century French people,12th-century births,House of Dampierre,Year of birth unknown,13th-century French people,Medieval French nobility,1216 deaths,Christians of the Third Crusade

paragraph: Guy II of Dampierre

paragraph: Guy II of Dampierre (died 18 January 1216) was constable of Champagne, and Lord of Dampierre, Bourbon and Montluçon. He was the only son of William I of Dampierre, Lord of Dampierre, and Ermengarde of Mouchy. William I of Dampierre was the son of Guy I, Lord of Dampierre and Viscount of Troyes, and Helvide de Baudémont.

paragraph: Guy II participated in the Third Crusade as a member of an advance party who initiated the Siege of Acre in the fall of 1189.

paragraph: In 1212, Guy was sent at the head of a royal army sent by King Philip II of France to confiscate the lands of Count Guy II of Auvergne. He took Nonette, Tournoël Castle, Riom in December 1213, and removed Guy Auvergne from power. His participation in the Battle of Bouvines in 1214, was decisive in the French victory.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and offspring.

paragraph: In 1186, he married Mathilde of Bourbon, a daughter of Archambaud of Bourbon and Alix of Burgundy. She was a granddaughter of Archambault VII, Lord of Bourbon. Her father died before her grandfather, leaving him without a male heir. Consequently, she inherited Bourbon and thus the House of Dampierre acquired the Lordship of Bourbon.

paragraph: Guy and Mathilde had seven children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archambaud VIII (1189–1242), Lord of Bourbon

paragraph: BULLET::::- William II (1196–1231), married Margaret II, Countess of Flanders and Hainaut (d. 1280), a daughter of Latin Emperor Baldwin I of Constantinople

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philippa Mahaut (d. 1223), married in 1205 to Guigues IV, Count of Forez (d. 1241)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guy III of Dampierre (d. 22 March 1275)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie, married:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. around 1201 to Hervé of Vierzon

paragraph: BULLET::::2. in 1220 to Henry I of Sully

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret

description: French nobleman

wikidata_label: Guy II of Dampierre

wikipedia_title: Guy II of Dampierre


text: courtesy name

text: Cao Wei

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Commandery

text: Linqing

text: Shandong

text: Cui Lin

text: Xinzhou District, Wuhan

text: Hubei

text: Yong Province

text: Jiang Wei

text: Shu Han

text: Gansu

text: Lintao County

text: Chen Tai

text: Deng Ai

text: Luoyang

text: Cao Mao

text: Wang Chen

text: Wang Ye

text: a coup

text: Sima Zhao

text: Sima Yan (Emperor Wu)

text: Jin dynasty

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Fang, Xuanling

text: Book of Jin

text: Pei, Songzhi

categories: Cao Wei politicians,260 deaths,Political office-holders in Shaanxi,Year of birth unknown,People executed by Cao Wei,Executed Cao Wei people,Political office-holders in Hubei,People from North China

paragraph: Wang Jing (Three Kingdoms)

paragraph: Wang Jing (died 260), courtesy name Yanwei, was an official of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Wang Jing was born in a peasant family in Qinghe Commandery (清河郡), which is around present-day Linqing, Shandong. He was nominated by the official Cui Lin, who was also from Qinghe Commandery, to serve in the Wei government. His mother once said that it was not a good sign if he got promoted very fast in his career. However, Wang Jing still rose through the ranks in the civil service quickly. He held office as the Administrator (太守) of Jiangxia Commandery (江夏郡; around present-day Xinzhou District, Wuhan, Hubei) and later as the Inspector (刺史) of Yong Province.

paragraph: In 255, when Jiang Wei, a general from Wei's rival state Shu Han, led the Shu forces to Wei's Longxi Commandery (隴西郡; roughly present-day southern and southeastern Gansu), Wang Jing led a Wei army from Didao (狄道; present-day Lintao County, Gansu) to engage the enemy but was defeated. Wang Jing ended up being besieged by Shu forces in Didao. The siege was lifted when the Wei generals Chen Tai and Deng Ai showed up with reinforcements and drove the enemy back. Wang Jing was recalled back from Yong Province to the Wei imperial court in Luoyang and reassigned to be the Colonel-Director of Retainers (司隸校尉) and a Master of Writing (尚書).

paragraph: In 260, the Wei emperor Cao Mao summoned Wang Jing, Wang Chen and Wang Ye to meet him in private and discuss plans to launch a coup to seize back power from the regent Sima Zhao. Cao Mao did not heed Wang Jing's suggestion and proceeded with the coup, but ended up being assassinated by Sima Zhao's men. After Cao Mao's death, Sima Zhao had Wang Jing and his mother arrested and executed.

paragraph: In 266, after Sima Yan (Emperor Wu) ended the state of Wei and established the Jin dynasty, he issued an imperial decree to express sympathy for Wang Jing and his family. He appointed Wang Jing's grandson as a Gentleman Attendant (郎中).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fang, Xuanling (ed.) (648). "Book of Jin" ("Jin Shu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

description: Chinese politician

wikidata_label: Wang Jing

wikipedia_title: Wang Jing (Three Kingdoms)


text:
Norwegian
Trondheim
Voss
Bugge Wesseltoft
Håvard Wiik
Audun Kleive
Anders Jormin
Diederik Wissels
Arild Andersen
Pat Metheny
Per Jørgensen
Geir Lysne
Misha Alperin
Bjørn Alterhaug
Jan Gunnar Hoff
Jarle Vespestad
Jon Christensen
Jon Balke
Nils Petter Molvær
Vigleik Storaas
Bo Stief
Billy Cobham
Knut Kristiansen
Per Jørgensen
Vossajazz
Trondheim Musikkonservatorium
Masqualero
Spellemannprisen
Jon Eberson
Jazzpunkensemblet
Pat Metheny
Moldejazz
Arild Andersen
Olympic Games
Lillehammer
Mathias Eick
Manu Katché
Tord Gustavsen Ensemble
Ketil Bjørnstad
Mats Eilertsen
Kirsti Huke
Spellemannprisen
Masqualero
Vossajazz
Curling Legs
Bugge Wesseltoft
Jon Christensen
Kjetil Bjerkestrand
Jarle Vespestad
Vossa Jazz
Lars Danielsson
Anders Engen
Hubro
Kirsti Huke
Extended Circle
ECM
ACT
Masqualero
Nils Petter Molvær
Arild Andersen
Jon Christensen
Odin
Jon Balke
Frode Alnæs
Rita Marcotulli
Michel Benita
Anders Kjellberg
Kirkelig Kulturverksted
Kjetil Bjerkestrand
EmArcy
Paolo Vinaccia
Arild Andersen
Il Coro Di Neoneli
Restored, Returned
Tord Gustavsen
Remembrance
Ketil Bjørnstad
Skala
Mathias Eick
The Well
ACT
Manu Katché
Yelena Eckemoff

categories: 1960 births,20th-century saxophonists,21st-century Norwegian saxophonists,Geir Lysne Listening Ensemble members,1300 Oslo members,Trondheim Jazz Orchestra members,Masqualero members,20th-century Norwegian saxophonists,Jazzpunkensemblet members,Norwegian jazz composers,Norwegian jazz saxophonists,Norwegian University of Science and Technology alumni,Musicians from Trondheim,Living people,Ab und Zu members

paragraph: Tore Brunborg

paragraph: Tore Brunborg (born 20 May 1960) is a Norwegian jazz musician and composer who plays saxophone. He was born in Trondheim, but grew up in Voss where a jazz environment was flowering. Known from numerous appearances with international greats including Bugge Wesseltoft, Håvard Wiik, Audun Kleive, Anders Jormin, Diederik Wissels, Arild Andersen, Pat Metheny, Per Jørgensen, Geir Lysne, Misha Alperin, Bjørn Alterhaug, Jan Gunnar Hoff, Jarle Vespestad, Jon Christensen, Jon Balke, Nils Petter Molvær, Vigleik Storaas, Bo Stief, and Billy Cobham.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After playing with Knut Kristiansen and Per Jørgensen, Brunborg debuted at Vossajazz (1980, 1982). After this he studied music at "Toneheim folkehøgskole" and on the Jazz program at Trondheim Musikkonservatorium (1980–82), and has evolved to be one of the most sought jazz saxophonists in Norway.

paragraph: He was on the lineup for the acclaimed band Masqualero and was three times awarded Spellemannprisen with this band. Brunborg also was within Jon Eberson's Jazzpunkensemblet (two record releases). He performed with Pat Metheny at the Moldejazz (2001), and has appeared in a wide range of linups with different jazz orchestras since. At the Norwegian Jazz scene he has been most recognized for the cooperation with Arild Andersen and his music for "Kristin Lavransdatter", performed to the Olympic Games at Lillehammer. He is a member of the Jazz quartet "Moment" together with Jørn Øien, Jens Fossum and Andreas Bye.

paragraph: During the past few years he has worked with Mathias Eick, Manu Katché, the Tord Gustavsen Ensemble and Ketil Bjørnstad. He also plays a key role on two of Mats Eilertsen's records ("Radio Yonder" and "Sky Dive"), and with the band "Scent of Soil" fronted by vocalist Kirsti Huke and Brunborg. On their first album, they make use of material from a critically acclaimed commissioned work they wrote together for the "Vossajazz" Festival in 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spellemannprisen 1983 in the class jazz for the album "Masqualero", with the band Masqualero

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spellemannprisen 1986 in the class jazz for the album "Bande a Part", with the band Masqualero

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spellemannprisen 1991 in the class jazz for the album "Re-enter", with the band Masqualero

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vossajazzprisen 2013

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993: "Tid" (Curling Legs), with Bugge Wesseltoft and Jon Christensen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997: "Prima Luna" (Kirkelig Kulturverksted), with Kjetil Bjerkestrand

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998: "Orbit" (Curling Legs), with Jarle Vespestad

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: "Gravity" (Vossa Jazz), with Bugge Wesseltoft, Lars Danielsson and Anders Engen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "Lucid Grey" (Dravle)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "Scent of Soil" (Hubro), with Kirsti Huke

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Extended Circle" (ECM)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "Slow Snow" (ACT)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Collaborations.

paragraph: Within Masqualero, including Nils Petter Molvær, Arild Andersen, Jon Christensen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983: "Masqualero" (Odin), Jon Balke

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983: "Bande À Part" (ECM), with Jon Balke

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988: "Aero" (ECM), with Frode Alnæs

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991: "Re-enter" (ECM)

paragraph: With others

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: "Night Caller" [Label Bleu), with Rita Marcotulli, Michel Benita, Nils Petter Molvaer, Jon Christensen, Anders Kjellberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995: "Gull, Røkelse Og Myrra" (Kirkelig Kulturverksted), with Kjetil Bjerkestrand

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997: "'Mbara Boom" (EmArcy), with Paolo Vinaccia, Arild Andersen, feat. Il Coro Di Neoneli

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "Restored, Returned" (ECM) within Tord Gustavsen ensemble

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "Remembrance" (ECM), with Ketil Bjørnstad

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "Skala" (ECM), with Mathias Eick

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "The Well" (ECM) within Tord Gustavsen Quartet

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "Live in Concert" (ACT), with Manu Katché

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "Everblue" (L&H), with Yelena Eckemoff feat. Arild Andersen, Jon Christensen

description: Norwegian jazz saxophonist

wikidata_label: Tore Brunborg

wikipedia_title: Tore Brunborg


text:
Italian
Roman Catholic
bishop
cardinal
Siena
University of Siena
doctor of both laws
professor
Rome
consistorial advocate
Girolamo Recanati Capodiferro
ambassador
Republic of Venice
Ottoman Empire
Pope Paul III
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Council of Trent
Nice
Italian War of 1536–1538
Geneva
nuncio
Ferdinand, King of the Romans
auditor
Roman Rota
protonotary apostolic
Bishop of Lucera
legate
Bologna
Marche
Ascoli Piceno
commissary
Adriatic
Pope Julius III
cardinal priest
consistory
red hat
titular church
San Silvestro in Capite
Prefect
Apostolic Signatura
legate "a latere"
Grosseto
Papal States
papal conclave of April 1555
Pope Marcellus II
papal conclave of May 1555
Pope Paul IV
Santi Giovanni e Paolo
Santa Maria della Pace

categories: 15th-century births,1557 deaths,Italian cardinals,Year of birth unknown,People from Siena

paragraph: Fabio Mignanelli

paragraph: Fabio Mignanelli (died 10 August 1557) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Fabio Mignanelli was born in Siena ca. 1486, the son of Pietro Paolo Mignanelli and Onorata Saraceni. He attended the University of Siena, becoming a doctor of both laws. He then became a professor of law at the University of Siena.

paragraph: In 1533, he moved to Rome, becoming a consistorial advocate. He was married to Antonina Capodiferro, the sister of Cardinal Girolamo Recanati Capodiferro and had a son. After Antonia died, Mignanelli entered the church. In 1537, he was sent as ambassador to the Republic of Venice to encourage Venice to break its alliance with the Ottoman Empire and to go to war against the Ottomans. In October 1537, Pope Paul III sent him as ambassador to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to present him with the brief postponing the Council of Trent for a second time. In spring 1538, he traveled to Nice with the pope to negotiate the end of the Italian War of 1536–1538; shortly thereafter, they traveled to Geneva to meet the emperor. On September 3, 1538, he was appointed nuncio to Ferdinand, King of the Romans, holding this position until 1539. In 1540, he became an auditor of the Roman Rota. He was also a protonotary apostolic and the pope's domestic prelate.

paragraph: On November 15, 1540, he was elected Bishop of Lucera. He was appointed governor and vice-legate in Bologna on April 14, 1541. From July 22, 1543 to August 2, 1544, he was nuncio to the Republic of Venice. He was present at the opening of the Council of Trent on December 13, 1545. In 1546, he was vice-legate in Marche. On September 20, 1546, the pope sent him as nuncio to the emperor. In 1548, he was vice-legate in Ascoli Piceno. On June 10, 1551, he was appointed commissary of the Adriatic ports.

paragraph: Pope Julius III made him a cardinal priest in the consistory of November 20, 1551. He received the red hat and the titular church of San Silvestro in Capite on December 4, 1551. Shortly thereafter, he became Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura. On August 13, 1552, the pope made him legate "a latere" to pacify Siena. On May 17, 1553, he resigned the government of his diocese, becoming administrator of Grosseto; he resigned in favor of his nephew, Giacomo Mignanelli on October 2, 1553. Pope Julius III then made him Prefect of the Papal States.

paragraph: He was a participant in both the papal conclave of April 1555 that elected Pope Marcellus II and the papal conclave of May 1555 that elected Pope Paul IV.

paragraph: He opted for the titular church of Santi Giovanni e Paolo on June 12, 1556.

paragraph: He died in Rome on August 10, 1557. He was buried in Santa Maria della Pace.

description: Italian priest

wikidata_label: Fabio Mignanelli

wikipedia_title: Fabio Mignanelli