text: French

text: New France

text: Médard des Groseilliers

text: Groseilliers

text: Hudson's Bay Company

text: France

text: Avignon

text: St. Malo

text: Médard Chouat Des Groseilliers

text: Trois-Rivières

text: Trois-Rivières

text: Iroquois

text: Mohawk

text: Schenectady

text: Algonquin

text: Orange

text: Dutch

text: Jesuit

text: Joseph Antoine Poncet

text: Holland

text: Onondaga

text: Quebec

text: coureur-des-bois

text: Médard Chouart des Groseilliers

text: Lake Superior

text: trade

text: Feast of the Dead

text: d'Argenson

text: Boston

text: Thirteen

text: Hudson Bay

text: King Charles II

text: royal

text: Hudson's Bay Company

text: Rupert's Land

text: Prince Rupert

text: Sir John Robinson

text: Bawdy House Riots of 1668

text: Jean II d'Estrées

text: Franco-Dutch War

text: Tobago

text: Louis d'or

text: Hudson's Bay Company

text: Nelson River

text: Canada

text: Glorious Revolution

text: Lord Preston

text: Hayes River

text: Hudson's Bay Company

text: John Abraham

text: York Factory

text: Samuel Pepys

text: Bodleian Library

text: Radisson, Quebec

text: Radisson, Saskatchewan

text: Radisson, Wisconsin

text: Metro station

text: Montreal

text: Radisson

text: Radisson Hotels

text: Minneapolis

text: Sinclair Lewis

text: Minnesota

text: Canadian Coast Guard

text: Sterling North

text: Paul Muni

text: Hudson's Bay

text: CBC Television

text: Radisson

text: Coureur des bois

text: Pierre Allemand

text: Voyageurs

text: "Voyages Of Peter Esprit Radisson"

text: Project Gutenberg

text: The Voyages of Pierre-Esprit Radisson

text: Pierre Esprit Radisson papers

categories: French explorers,1710 deaths,Hudson's Bay Company people,French explorers of North America,People from Avignon,Explorers of Canada,Canadian fur traders,1636 births,People of New France

paragraph: Pierre-Esprit Radisson

paragraph: Pierre-Esprit Radisson (1636/1640–1710) was a French fur trader and explorer in New France. He is often linked to his brother-in-law Médard des Groseilliers. The decision of Radisson and Groseilliers to enter the English service led to the formation of the Hudson's Bay Company. His career was particularly notable for its repeated transitions between serving Britain and France.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Birth and immigration to New France.

paragraph: The location and date of Pierre-Esprit Radisson's birth are not specifically clear, though the most widely accepted consensus seems to place his origin in the lower Rhone region of France, likely near the town of Avignon, sometime in the mid-seventeenth century. An affidavit from 1697 and a petition from 1698 contain statements from Radisson himself indicating that he was 61 and 62 years old respectively, which would place his year of birth at 1636. However, a 1681 census of New France indicated that he was, at the time, 41 years old, placing his birth year instead at 1640. In Radisson's own writings, he claims that his family, the Hayet-Radissons, originally came from the town of St. Malo. However, records seem to suggest that his family more likely came from either Paris or Avignon. Baptismal Records from Carpentras, a city near Avignon, concerning Radisson's father ( Pierre-Esprit Radisson Sr.) provide evidence in support of the latter option. As Radisson himself describes in his writings, he immigrated from France to Canada on 24 May 1651. Information regarding Radisson's arrival in New France is scarce, but it is theorized that he arrived with, or as a result of, his half-sister (from his mother's side) Marguerite Hayet. It is also unknown whether or not he arrived alongside other members of his family, namely his two sisters Élisabeth and Françoise. Regardless, by 1651, Marguerite, who would go on to marry Radisson's eventual fur-trading partner Médard Chouat Des Groseilliers, was living in Trois-Rivières at the same time as her three half-siblings.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Capture and life with the Iroquois.

paragraph: According to Radisson's account, in the same year (though perhaps a year later in 1652) he had been hunting fowl with several other men near his home in Trois-Rivières when he was captured by the Iroquois. Initially a petty squabble had separated him from his friends and by the time he had found them, they had been killed by a Mohawk raiding party. Citing his youth as the reason he was left alive, Radisson claims that the Iroquois, after immediately capturing him, treated him relatively kindly and that he, partially by showing an interest in Mohawk language and culture, was assimilated into a local Mohawk family who had settled near modern day Schenectady in New York state. This assimilation was the custom for the Mohawk, who often replaced people lost to disease and warfare and adopted young captives from other tribes and European nations. After approximately six weeks of gradual integration, Radisson's assimilation and partial adoption of Iroquois nationality was largely solidified.

paragraph: Shortly thereafter, while out hunting with three Iroquois, Radisson reluctantly agreed to attempt escape after meeting an Algonquin man who offered to help him return to Trois-Rivières. After successfully killing Radisson's Iroquois companions, Radisson and the Algonquin man travelled for 14 days until they were within sight of Trois-Rivières, but were recaptured by patrolling Iroquois shortly before reaching the town. The Mohawks killed the Algonquin and subjected Radisson, along with approximately 20 other prisoners, to ritual torture. Much of his punishment was lessened as a result of the advocacy of his adopted Mohawk family. Radisson had his fingernails pulled out and one finger cut to the bone while being forced to watch ten Huron Indians being tortured to death. Radisson was spared death as his adopted parents gave gifts as compensation to the families of the men he had killed. While his fingernails were being pulled out, Radisson was forced to sing. Radisson's adopted parents told him that he would have to be brave for the next several days as the Iroquois despised cowards, and if he showed fear, he would be killed. At the same time, the Iroquois liked to eat the hearts of brave men out of the belief that one could acquire their courage, so Radisson was warned to be only moderately brave. The day after his fingernails were pulled out, Radisson was tied to a scaffold, and not knowing of his fate, was first burned by an old man and then had a young man force a red hot dagger though his foot. Throughout it all, Radisson displayed much stoicism, knowing his life depended upon being brave.

paragraph: After three days of being tied to the scaffold and being repeatedly burned and stabbed, the Iroquois brought out a group of Huron prisoners. Radisson watched as some of them had their heads smashed in with tomahawks while the rest were proclaimed to be Iroquois who were now to be adopted by Iroquois families. Eventually he was released, and, overwhelmed with relief, described the experience as a moment in which "all my paines and griefs ceased, not feeling the least paine. [My father] bids me be merry, makes me sing, to wich I consented with all my heart." Knowing that it was adopted parents-who by his account very much loved him-who saved him from executed, Radisson described feeling a deep sense of gratitude to his adopted parents who limited his punishment only to being tortured. The Canadian historian Martin Fournier noted that by Iroquois standards Radisson had not been tortured that badly as they only pulled out his fingernails and burned him, which suggested that he was meant to survive this ordeal. In contrast, Radisson wrote about the fate of a captured French woman: "They burned a Frenchwoman; they pulled out her breasts, and took a child out of her belly, with they broyled [broiled] and made the mother eat it, so in short she died".

paragraph: Afterwards, following the healing of his torture wounds and a subsequent 5 months war-party expedition, Radisson departed for a trading trip, alongside other Mohawk warriors, at Fort Orange.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Departure from the Iroquois and missionary work.

paragraph: Upon arriving at Fort Orange (present-day Albany, New York), then controlled by the Dutch, he was recognized as a Frenchman and offered freedom by the local governor, who was willing to pay his ransom. Radisson initially refused but, after returning to the Iroquois village, later regretted the decision and escaped "at 8 of the clock in the morning" on 29 October 1653. Returning to Fort Orange once more, he met a Jesuit priest, Joseph Antoine Poncet, who made him "a great offer." Radisson never elaborates on what that offer entailed other than the fact that it required him to return to Holland in early 1654, though it likely referred to missionary work. He returned to Trois-Rivières later that year and, over the next three years, embarked on several missionary expeditions. These interim years were largely ignored by Radisson in his own writings and little is known about his whereabouts during the period other than the information provided by a Deed of Sale signed by him in November of 1655. In 1657, Radisson accompanied a joint Franco-Huron-Iroquois expedition into the territory of the Onondaga Iroquois, attempting to more thoroughly establish a Jesuit mission in the area and promote further fur trading. The expedition ended in 1658 after rising tensions with local Iroquois caused the French to flee rather abruptly. Radisson returned to Quebec soon thereafter.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Radisson's biggest impact in Canadian history came from 1658 to 1684, when he was an active coureur-des-bois, fur trader and explorer. In August of 1659, Radisson persuaded his brother-in-law, Médard Chouart des Groseilliers, to hire him for his journey around Lake Superior. The reason for the year long trip was to collect furs, in order to participate in the ever-lucrative fur trade.

paragraph: In the winter of 1659–1660, Radission and Des Groseilliers lived just south of Lake Superior in what is now Wisconsin, associating with groups of Huron, Ottawa, Ojibwa and Sioux Indians. When Radisson arrived at an Ojibwa village on the shores of Lake Superior, where he spent much of the winter, he gave three types of presents to the men, women and children of the village. Radisson wrote that to the men he gave "...a kettle, two hatchets [tomahawks], and six knives and a blade for a sword", to the women "...2 and 20 awls, 50 needles, 2 graters [scrapers] of castors, 2 ivory combs and 2 wooden ones, with red painte [vermilion], 6 looking-glasses of tin", and to the children "...brasse rings, of small bells, and rasades [beads] of divers colors...". American historian Bruce White wrote that Radission and Des Groseilliers did not entirely understand Ojibwa society as the kettles were used more much by the women than by the men while the gift of paint and make-up for the women ignored the fact that Ojibwa men used make-up and painted their faces just as much as Ojibwa women did. Kettles played a prominent role in the Huron holiday of the Feast of the Dead, and Radisson appears to have believed that the Ojibwa men would appreciate the gift of a kettle for their own version of the Feast of the Dead. On the other hand, White noted that the two Frenchmen clearly understood some aspects of Ojibwa gender very well, as the gift of tomahawks for the men reflected that Ojibwa men were hunters and warriors while the gift of awls for the women reflected that Ojibwa women gathered rice, gardened, cooked, fished, built bark houses, and wove mats. Ojibwa women played important roles in the fur trade, and often used their sexuality as a way of establishing long-term relations, so to speak, with the French in order to ensure the continued supply of European goods and prevent the French from trading with other Indians. Radisson reported on visiting one Ojibwa village in the spring of 1660, there was a welcoming ceremony where: "The women throw themselves backward on the ground, thinking to give us tokens of friendship and wellcome [welcome]". Radisson was confused at first by what was meant by this gesture, but as the women started to engage in more overtly sexual behavior, he quickly realized what they were offering. Several tribal elders informed Radisson that they did not want him trading with their enemies, the Dakota [Sioux], and that he and Des Groseilliers were free to sleep with the unmarried women of the village just as long as they did not trade with the Dakota. As Radisson's account was written for an English audience, he left it rather vague about whether he and Des Groseilliers took up this offer or not.

paragraph: The return of Radisson and Groseilliers to Quebec on August 24, 1660 was received with joy by the merchants who were waiting on them, to return to Europe but was received with jealousy from the Governor. In 1659 Groseillier had gone to Governor d'Argenson to demand the year-long permit to explore New France, and had it granted to him and his crew. Seeing the success of the trip and the number of furs they had brought back, d'Argenson levied high taxes on them, as they had been gone for a couple of days past their year-long permit. After a number of unsuccessful attempts in the courts to regain what had been confiscated from them by the Governor, Radisson and Groseillier decided to base themselves out of Boston in the British Thirteen Colonies for their next explorations.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Trade and journeys to Hudson Bay.

paragraph: Throughout their 1659–1660 voyage, the French explorers kept hearing of the "salt sea" as an area with an abundance of good furs. The "salt sea" they determined must be Hudson Bay and so looked for financing and sea-going ships for their new explorations. What was different between their approach to the trip was they would reach it from outside of the continent, instead of through a number of internal rivers. The first voyage to Hudson Bay was unsuccessful since the winter of that year came too early, and the rations on board wouldn't be sufficient for the winter. They were forced to make their way back to Boston but were promised two ships and crew for a second attempt the following year. This second attempt however never occurred since one of the ships was destroyed in a storm, though the two were invited to King Charles II's in 1665. There they passed the winter, and in the spring leave for New World with ships crew that had been promised to them by the King. The "Eaglet", which was carrying Radisson to Hudson's Bay nearly sank in an Atlantic storm and was forced to turn back to Plymouth. In September 1668, the "Nonsuch" landed in the Rupert River region on the shores of James Bay, where Des Groseilliers used his knowledge of frontier living to build dwellings for the crew to pass the winter in. About 300 Cree Indians came up in the spring of 1669 to trade furs in exchange for European goods. Radisson sought the support of a royal patron to secure a crown monopoly on trade with in the Hudson's Bay region and found one in the form of Prince Rupert of the Rhine, the king's first cousin and a war hero on the royalist side during the English Civil War. Prince Rupert was not considered to be a good businessman and was not of the king's closest friends, but as the only member of the royal family prepared to champion the Radisson-Des Groseilliers project of fur trading on the shores of Hudson's Bay, he was their only hope of getting a royal charter from Charles II. Radisson and des Groseilliers in their dealings in London to receive financing from the City had the advantages of being the only men who knew not only how to survive in the north, but also the local languages, customs, and geography.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Foundation of the Hudson's Bay Company.

paragraph: In 1670, Radisson was back in England and on May 2 received a royal charter giving him and his partners the exclusive rights to the land surrounding Hudson Bay, ultimately founding the Hudson's Bay Company. The next few years are filled with a number of highly profitable trips between England and the Bay region. King Charles II in his charter for the Hudson's Bay Company founded a proprietary colony named Rupert's Land declaring that the lands adjacent to Hudson's Bay or rivers flowing into Hudson's Bay now belonged to the Hudson's Bay Company. In theory, much of modern Canada now belonged to the Hudson's Bay Company as Rupert's Land was a vast region, but in practice, the company only had a few forts on the sea coasts of northern Ontario and northern Quebec, to which were later added forts on the sea coast of Manitoba. It was not until the late 18th century that the Hudson's Bay Company showed any interest in moving inland and making good its claims to control Rubert's Land.

paragraph: Both Radisson and Groseilliers operated within the Hudson's Bay Company with the support of Prince Rupert and the Company's director Sir John Robinson. Radisson and Groseilliers were successful in having the Company receive much capital from the City in order to fund its operations. In 1672, Radisson married Mary Kirke, the daughter of Sir John Kirke, one of the City investors in the Hudson's Bay Company. As anti-French and anti-Catholic sentiment increased in England following discontent expressed in events such as the Bawdy House Riots of 1668, both Prince Rupert and Sir John decreased their support for the men. Although Radisson's reasons for doing so are not fully clear, he finally left London in 1675 with Grosseiliers to reenter the service of France, leaving his wife behind in England.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:In French service.

paragraph: After leaving Britain, Radisson found himself unpopular in the royal court. In 1677 he decided to join the navy and to fund Jean II d'Estrées' expedition in the Franco-Dutch War to conquer the island of Tobago, winning the man's favor. Following his involvement in the war, he borrowed 100 Louis d'or from the Marshall in a failed attempt to pay to bring his wife back from Britain, and subsequently failed to regain a position in the Hudson's Bay Company, as a further result of anti-French prejudice.

paragraph: In 1681 Radisson headed out to found a fort on the Nelson River under a French flag, albeit against the wishes of the French state. He did so as a means of capturing the market, fearing the construction of a British fort on the same river and thus further dominance of the bay by the Hudson's Bay Company. He recruited Grosseiliers the following year to build a more permanent base.

paragraph: In the winter of 1683 he and Groseilliers went to France to deal with their legal problems. (They had seized two English parties in time of peace and paid Quebec tax on furs from Hudson Bay from their Nelson Rivert fort, which may not have been part of Canada.) Here they found themselves pawns in the events that led up to the Glorious Revolution. The English ambassador, Lord Preston, asked that they be punished. Compromise plans were made to send Radisson back to the Bay to pick up the remaining furs and divide the profits fairly. Lord Preston seduced Radisson back into the English service and Groseilliers returned to Quebec.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Working for the Hudson's Bay Company.

paragraph: In 1684 he sailed for the Hayes River in the "Happy Return", where he found Groseilliers' son Jean-Baptiste conducting a brisk trade with the Indians. He talked Jean-Baptiste into the Hudson's Bay Company service and left for England in September, leaving John Abraham in charge of the fort. (Eight days later two ships belonging to Chesnaye arrived from Quebec. Although there was conflict, no blood was shed. The French wintered near the English and returned to Quebec with a moderate load of furs.)

paragraph: In 1685 he was made 'Superintendent and Chief Director of the Trade at Port Nelson,' where he seems to have accomplished little. In 1687 he made serious charges against the superintendent of York Factory. The HBC rejected the charges and Radisson was removed. Thereafter he lived in England on an HBC pension which was irregularly paid. He died in 1710. In 1729 the company voted ten pounds to his third wife, "she being ill and in great want."

paragraph: Radisson wrote his "Voyages" in 1668 or 1669 in England after a storm prevented him from joining the first expedition into Hudson Bay. The original has been lost but an English translation was found among the papers of Samuel Pepys and now resides in the Bodleian Library. Its reliability as a historical source is contentious.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural references.

paragraph: The towns Radisson, Quebec; Radisson, Saskatchewan and Radisson, Wisconsin, as well as a street and Metro station in Montreal and the Radisson provincial electoral district in Manitoba, are named after him.

paragraph: The Radisson Hotels group, starting with the Radisson Hotel in Minneapolis in 1909, is also named after him.

paragraph: Sinclair Lewis wrote several novels about Grand Republic, the seat of the fictitious Radisson County, Minnesota.

paragraph: The Canadian Coast Guard also has a vessel named .

paragraph: Sterling North dramatized his life and adventures in his young adult novel "Captured by the Mohawks".

paragraph: Radisson was portrayed by Paul Muni in the 1941 film "Hudson's Bay".

paragraph: The CBC Television series "Radisson" (1957–1958) was based on the explorer's life.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coureur des bois

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timeline of Quebec history (1663 to 1759)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pierre Allemand

paragraph: BULLET::::- Voyageurs

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter C. Newman, 'Empire of the Bay', 1998

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Voyages Of Peter Esprit Radisson", at Project Gutenberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- CBC Television Series "Radisson" (1957–58)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Voyages of Pierre-Esprit Radisson Edited by Germaine Warkentin. Slated to be published by The Champlain Society in 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pierre Esprit Radisson papers. 1651. 2 loose-leaf binders (photostat). At the University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections.

description: French explorer

wikidata_label: Pierre-Esprit Radisson

wikipedia_title: Pierre-Esprit Radisson


text: Copenhagen

text: Når katten er ude

text: Mens sagføreren sover

text: Musik i haven

text: Otte hundrede akkorder

text: Rejsefeber

text: Op med humøret

text: Frk. Vildkat

text: En ganske almindelig pige

text: Sol over Danmark

categories: 1915 births,1947 deaths,20th-century Danish actresses,Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1947,Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Denmark,Danish film actresses

paragraph: Gerda Neumann

paragraph: Gerda Neumann (14 December 1915 – 26 January 1947) was a Danish film actress. She appeared in nine films between 1936 and 1947. She was born in Copenhagen and died in the 1947 KLM Douglas DC-3 Copenhagen airplane crash in Copenhagen, Denmark.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Når katten er ude" (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mens sagføreren sover" (1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Musik i haven" (1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Otte hundrede akkorder" (1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rejsefeber" (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Op med humøret" (1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frk. Vildkat" (1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "En ganske almindelig pige" (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sol over Danmark" (1936)

description: Danish film actress

wikidata_label: Gerda Neumann

wikipedia_title: Gerda Neumann


text:
Aschaffenburg
Biesdorf
electrical engineer
Werner von Siemens
Hefner lamp
luminous intensity
SI
candela
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

wikipedia_title:
Aschaffenburg
Biesdorf
Electrical engineering
Werner von Siemens
Hefner lamp
Luminous intensity
International System of Units
Candela
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

categories: 1845 births,German engineers,1904 deaths,Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

paragraph: Friedrich von Hefner-Alteneck

paragraph: Friedrich Heinrich Philipp Franz von Hefner-Alteneck (April 27, 1845 in Aschaffenburg – January 6, 1904 in Biesdorf near Berlin) was a German electrical engineer and one of the closest aides of Werner von Siemens. He is largely remembered for the invention of the Hefner lamp, which provided the measure of luminous intensity used in Germany, Austria and Scandinavia from 1890 to 1942. The measure was called the "Hefnerkerze" (HK). The Hefnerkerze was superseded in the 1940s by the modern SI unit, the candela.

paragraph: He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1896.

description: German engineer

wikidata_label: Friedrich von Hefner-Alteneck

wikipedia_title: Friedrich von Hefner-Alteneck


text:
Upper Canada Rebellion
Patriot War
Reform politician
Stratford, Connecticut
Delaware, Upper Canada
John Rolph
St. Thomas
Thomas Talbot
Freemason
Patriot War
Rebellion
Hunters' Lodge
Sacramento
Legislative Assembly
Robert Baldwin
William Lyon Mackenzie
radical reform movement
grammar school
Family Compact
Francis Bond Head
Samuel Lount
Toronto
Robert Alway
Enoch Moore
Joshua Doan
Hamilton
Allan MacNab
Hunters' Lodge
Patriot War
Bank of Upper Canada
Family Compact
Farmers' Storehouse company
joint-stock bank system
chartered banks
limited liability
limited liability
Bank of the People
William Lyon Mackenzie
Locofocos
Sacramento County, California
California Gold Rush
California State Assembly
sunstroke
Sacramento Historic City Cemetery
Sacramento, California

wikipedia_title:
Upper Canada Rebellion
Patriot War
The Reform Movement (Upper Canada)
Stratford, Connecticut
Delaware, Ontario
John Rolph (politician)
St. Thomas, Ontario
Thomas Talbot (Upper Canada)
Freemasonry
Patriot War
Upper Canada Rebellion
Hunters' Lodges
Sacramento, California
Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada
Robert Baldwin
William Lyon Mackenzie
The Reform Movement (Upper Canada)
Grammar school
Family Compact
Francis Bond Head
Samuel Lount
Toronto
Robert Alway
Enoch Moore (loyalist turned rebel)
Joshua Gwillen Doan
Hamilton, Ontario
Allan MacNab
Hunters' Lodges
Patriot War
Bank of Upper Canada
Family Compact
Farmers' Storehouse Company
Joint-stock company
Chartered company
Limited liability
Limited liability
Bank of the People
William Lyon Mackenzie
Locofocos
Sacramento County, California
California Gold Rush
California State Assembly
Heat stroke
Sacramento Historic City Cemetery
Sacramento, California

categories: Deaths from hyperthermia,1867 deaths,1792 births,Members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada,Members of the California State Assembly,Politicians from Sacramento, California,People from Stratford, Connecticut,Place of birth missing,Upper Canada Rebellion people

paragraph: Charles Duncombe (Upper Canada Rebellion)

paragraph: Charles Duncombe (28 July 1792 – 1 October 1867) was a leader in the Upper Canada Rebellion in 1837 and subsequent Patriot War. He was an active Reform politician in the 1830s, and produced several important legislative reports on banking, lunatic asylums, and education.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was the eldest son of Thomas and Rhoda Tyrill Duncombe, born July 28, 1792 in Stratford, Connecticut. He studied medicine at the college of the One Hundred and One Members of the Medical Society of the City of New York, graduating in 1819. He then settled in Delaware, Upper Canada, and in 1824 he established the first medical school in Upper Canada with Dr John Rolph, in St. Thomas, under the patronage of Colonel Thomas Talbot.

paragraph: Section::::Freemasonry.

paragraph: Debates within Upper Canada on the nature of the relationship of the provincial Grand Lodge and the English Grand Lodge paralleled political discussions on the colony's constitution. Those Freemasons who immigrated from the United States favoured an independent Provincial Grand Lodge. Duncombe was a Freemason, serving as first master of the Mount Moriah lodge at Westminster. In 1836, in a move that presaged the Rebellion, he set up a Grand Lodge independent from the British lodges and became its first Grand Master.

paragraph: Duncombe's Grand Lodge was short-lived, but he soon helped found another during the Patriot War that followed the Rebellion: the Hunters' Lodge. The Hunters' Lodge was patterned on Freemasonry.

paragraph: His last known Masonic activity was to establish a Masonic lodge in Sacramento in 1852.

paragraph: Section::::Reform politics.

paragraph: Section::::Reform politics.:Upper Canada Legislature.

paragraph: Duncombe was elected in 1828 to the Legislative Assembly as a representative for Oxford County. He was originally a Reformer in the same vein as Robert Baldwin, but was attracted by William Lyon Mackenzie's more radical reform movement.

paragraph: In 1836, Duncombe made extensive reports to a parliamentary committee of reformers on prisons, asylums and education based on an extensive tour of American facilities. In his report on prisons, Duncombe argued crime was the result of social injustice, and not just the product of individual error. He argued that government had the responsibility to not merely punish the offender, but to rectify the social conditions that produced the offender. This, he argued, was particularly true for juvenile offenders. He viewed penitentiaries as "schools for criminals" and sought their eradication.

paragraph: "Doctor Charles Duncombe's Report upon the Subject of Education, made to the Parliament of Upper Canada, 25th February, 1836." called for a radical expansion of common school education in the province. He rejected the grammar school model pursued by the Family Compact and argued for practical education; the classics were of limited use in the real world for which education should kill students. A bill based on Duncombe's report passed the assembly on 4 April 1836, only to be rejected by the Family Compact dominated Legislative Council. Many of its provisions, however, would be introduced under after the Rebellion including elective school boards, female education, creation of normal schools, prescribed textbooks, and non-sectarian religious instruction.

paragraph: The 1836 provincial elections were marked by widespread violence by the Orange Order, and claims of voter fraud. The Lt. Governor, Sir Francis Bond Head was in charge of the elections but intervened directly in favour of the Tories in the campaign. The Reformers complained that he issued illegal land patents to new immigrants to entice them to vote for Tory candidates. When the new Tory dominated Assembly refused to hear their petition, Duncombe was charged with presenting it to the British government. He travelled to London, England in the summer of 1836 but was refused an audience by the Colonial Office. Duncombe was all the more disillusioned when his 14-year-old son was killed before his return in November. Like Samuel Lount, his fellow reform Assemblyman and rebellion organizer, he virtually withdrew from public life in 1837.

paragraph: Section::::Reform politics.:Rebellion & Hunters' Lodges.

paragraph: In December 1837, Duncombe heard reports of Mackenzie's rebellion in Toronto. Duncombe, with Robert Alway, Finlay Malcolm, Eliakim Malcolm, Enoch Moore and Joshua Doan, gathered about 200 men on 8 December and marched towards Toronto; this is sometimes known as the Western Rising. A few hundred more rebels joined them on their march, but they dispersed near Hamilton on December 13 when they learned of Mackenzie's defeat, and that a militia under Colonel Allan MacNab was on their way to stop them. Duncombe and Eliakim Malcolm fled to the United States. Duncombe was a central organizer of the Hunters' Lodge, a secret Masonic-like military organization with its Grand Lodge in Cleveland. This organization inducted more than 40,000 men into lodges spread across the Great Lakes and St Lawrence region. They launched the Patriot War in 1838-39, almost bringing the United States and the United Kingdom to war. The organization also declared a provisional Republic of Canada at a convention in Cleveland in September 1838, at which Duncombe established a Republican Bank of Canada to finance the war.

paragraph: Duncombe remained there for the rest of his life, despite being pardoned in 1843. Joshua Doan was executed in 1839.

paragraph: Section::::Reform politics.:The Story of His Escape.

paragraph: Main Article: The History of the County Brant, 1883, p. 395

paragraph: Local History of Burford Township Ontario speaks of Dr. Charles Duncombe and his escape from Canada. A writer was able to give it from the statement of the gentleman who, by his intrepidity and knowledge of the Western part of the Ontario frontier, aided an escape and which recalls those of some of Scott's Jacobite heroes a century before. Charles Tilden, Uncle of Dr. Hagel of Toronto, Ontario, was, with several of the Hagel family among the Scotland insurgents. Living near Amherstberg, he happened to be specially well acquainted with the entire western frontier, and noticed that although Sir Francis Head's agents had placed guards all along the line to prevent the escape of "rebels", now that a month had passed from the first excitement, the vigilance was much relaxed. Tilden went to see Duncombe, who, in the depth of winter (January, 1838, was a specially cold season), was kept hid in a hay-loft, and supplied with food by stealth by those who left the house as if to feed the cattle. Tilden urged him to attempt escape disguised as a woman, which Duncombe's smooth round face rendered it possible enough. The attempt was dangerous; a reward had been offered for his head, and all over the country the noble savages of the Grand River reserve were on the lookout for his scalp and the blood-money it would bring. They left the house next day in an old-fashioned farmers box sleigh. Tilden drove, Mrs. Shennick and Duncombe sat side by side, the latter disguised as an elderly farmer's wife. Mrs. Shennick's little girl, a child of nine years, was taught to address him as "Auntie". All day they drove along without molestation; at night they stopped at a country hotel, where there not being sufficient accommodation, Charles Tilden had to sleep in another a room for the hotel staff, while the three women had a room to themselves. Unable to sleep from the excitement of his position, Dr. Duncombe sat up all night. At early dawn they drove away breakfastless, and arrived after several hours' drive at the crossing place, which was at a village opposite what is now Marine City, Michigan. They drove into the yard of the tavern where were the soldiers of a party in command of a sergeant, posted there to watch the crossing place, and if possible arrest the "rebel Chief". Very calmly Tilden watered his horses, and then addressing the sergeant in command as "Captain", asked if the ice was safe. The sergeant asked whence he came. Tilden replied, truly enough, that he came from London, and he was going with his Aunt and Mother to visit some friends, whose names he mentioned, on the opposite coast of Michigan. The sergeant ordered one of his men to accompany them across the ice. Then they get half way for the rest of the river, the young soldier said that they could easily find their way for the rest of the track, and was about to leave them. Dr. Duncombe handed Charles Tilden fifty cents for the soldier, and while the latter was thanking them, felt very much inclined to send Dr. Duncombe's compliments to the sergeant who had furnished them with a guide, but refrained lest he should spoil the chance of some other unfortunate who might try the same stratagem for evading the blood-hounds of the Family Compact Government. In a few minutes he stood "a free man" on a free soil." They entered a store to buy some food, and Duncombe careless about preserving his disguise soon attracted attention. It became known that the Canadian Republican, Dr. Duncombe, a crowd gathered. He escaped capture, which in those days would have been certain death. He had a long and prosperous career in the U.S. lay before him. He was included in the general amnesty, and his Buford property was restored to him. Charles Tilden's son lived in possession of a farm of two hundred acres which Dr. Duncombe deeded to him as an acknowledgment of his father's generous friendship. Dr. Duncombe was the first known physician in Sacramento, California practicing medicine in 1851. He would later be elected to State Legislature in 1858, but was denied a seat for not being a citizen. He was elected the following year but was denied a seat. It was in 1862 he became a citizen, he took his place in the State Assembly.

paragraph: Section::::Reform politics.:Free Banking.

paragraph: Until 1835, all banks in Upper Canada required a legislative charter; this left them subject to political corruption and manipulation, as was the case with the largest of them, the Bank of Upper Canada. The Bank of Upper Canada was controlled by the Family Compact and used by them to control the province's money supply and trade. Reformers tried several legislative strategies, including attempts to incorporate credit unions such as the Farmers' Storehouse company. This came to an end in 1835 when Charles Duncombe produced a "Report on Currency" for the Legislative Assembly which demonstrated the legality of the Scottish joint-stock bank system in Upper Canada.

paragraph: The difference between the English chartered banks and the Scottish joint stock banks is that the Scottish banks were considered partnerships and hence didn't need a legislated Act in order to operate. The joint stock banks thus lacked limited liability, and every partner in the bank was responsible for the bank's debts to the full extent of their personal property. The chartered banks, in contrast, protected their shareholders with limited liability and hence from major loss; they thus encouraged speculation. The Scottish joint-stock banks followed a "hard money policy." They avoided speculative risk because if they failed, their shareholders were responsible for the full loss. Since the banks did not require a legislated charter, many more banks could be founded, and they were more competitive and freer from political influence and corruption. Following Duncombe's report, the Farmers' Bank and the Bank of the People were founded on a joint stock basis, until the Family Compact conspired to make them illegal in 1838. The Bank of the People funded William Lyon Mackenzie newspaper, "The Constitution" in 1836.

paragraph: Similar issues existed in the United States where the chartered banks were accused of creating a "monied aristocracy" responsible for the financial panic of 1837-8. The Equal Rights Party (the Locofocos) called for the introduction of the Scottish system, called by them "Free Banking". The Patriot War has been described as "Locofocoism with a Gun."

paragraph: When the Hunters' Lodges held their convention in Cleveland in September 1838, Duncombe presented "An address to the Different Lodges on the Subject of a Joint-Stock Company Bank" in which he proposed financing the Patriot War with a republican bank. The Bank was established for a short period.

paragraph: Duncombe continued to pursue the idea of joint stock banking after the end of the Patriot War, publishing a lengthy book on the subject: "Duncombe’s Free Banking: An essay on Banking, Currency, Finance, Exchanges and Political Economy" (Cleveland: Sanford & Co., 1841). In it, he argued that a democratic state depended upon Free Banking.

paragraph: Section::::Reform politics.:California State Assembly.

paragraph: After his activity in the Patriot War, Duncombe moved from Cleveland to Rochester, in 1841. He practised medicine there until he moved to Sacramento County, California in 1849 at the beginning of the California Gold Rush. Although one of the first doctors to arrive in Sacramento, he did not qualify to practise in the state until 1851. He married Lucy Millard of California in 1857. He was elected to the Sacramento city council.

paragraph: In 1859, he was elected to the California State Assembly as one of four members from Sacramento County, but was disqualified because it was argued that he gave up his American citizenship when he allowed himself to be elected to a foreign (Canadian) legislature. He became an American citizen and was elected again in 1863 as one of the county's five representatives. He died in Hicksville, California in 1867 after a severe case of sunstroke and buried in the Masonic Section of the Sacramento Historic City Cemetery in Sacramento, California.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Charles Duncombe


text:
Prague
Berlin
German language
Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
Western Germany

categories: 1998 deaths,Recipients of Medal of Merit (Czech Republic),Czech novelists,Czech women writers,20th-century German novelists,1945 births,German women novelists,20th-century German women writers,Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,Recipients of the Order of the White Lion

paragraph: Libuše Moníková

paragraph: Libuše Moníková (30 August 1945 in Prague – 12 January 1998 in Berlin) was a Czech writer, publishing in the German language. In 1968, following the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, she left to Western Germany.

description: Czech bookwriter

wikidata_label: Libuše Moníková

wikipedia_title: Libuše Moníková


text: Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany

text: Isabella of Lennox

text: James I

text: Dumbarton

text: Dumbarton Castle

text: Ireland

text: James "Beg" Stewart

text: pardon

text: Stewarts of Ardvorlich

text: Lochearnside

text: Sir Walter Scott

text: A Legend of Montrose

text: Andrew Stewart, 1st Lord Avondale

text: Lord Chancellor of Scotland

text: James III of Scotland

text: James I of Scotland

text: Doune Castle

text: Falkland Palace

text: Fionnlagh MacCailein

text: Bishop of Argyll

text: Dumbarton

text: castle

text: Clan Galbraith

text: James Galbraith of Culcreuch

text: Kintyre

text: Isle of Gigha

text: treason

text: Isabella of Lennox

text: Antrim

text: Ireland

text: Campbell

text: Lochawe

text: exile

text: claim

text: Robert III

text: Iain Mòr Tànaiste MacDhòmhnaill

text: John of Islay, Lord of the Isles

text: James "Beg" Stewart

text: Sir Walter Scott

text: A Legend of Montrose

text: Tantallon Castle

text: Inchmurrin

text: Loch Lomond

text: James II

text: Inchmurrin

text: Clan Stewart

text: Stewart of Balquhidder

text: List of heirs of Scotland

text: James the Fat at chuckspeed.com

categories: 15th-century Scottish people,House of Stuart,1429 deaths,Medieval Gaels from Scotland

paragraph: James Mor Stewart

paragraph: James Mor Stewart, called James the Fat, () (c. 1400–1429 or 1449) was the youngest son of Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany and Isabella of Lennox. When his father and brothers were executed by King James I for treason in 1425, James led a rebellion against the king, taking the town of Dumbarton and killing the keeper of Dumbarton Castle. His success was short lived and he soon fled to Ireland, where he would spend the remainder of his life in exile. A second attempt at rebellion in 1429 saw a fleet sail to Ireland to collect James "to convey him home that he might be king", but he died before the attempt could be made.

paragraph: James's eldest son James "Beg" Stewart was able to secure a royal pardon and return to Scotland, and was the ancestor of the Stewarts of Ardvorlich on Lochearnside, whose family history is recounted by Sir Walter Scott in A Legend of Montrose. James Mor's brother Walter (executed 1425) left a son, Andrew Stewart, 1st Lord Avondale, who became Lord Chancellor of Scotland in 1459, and was one of the leading servants of King James III of Scotland.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Little is known of James's life before the arrest of his father, the Duke of Albany, and his eldest son Alexander, for treason by King James I of Scotland on 21 March 1425, on the 9th day of the March parliament. The family properties of Doune Castle and Falkland Palace were captured, and Duke Murdoch and two of his sons were imprisoned and held pending trial. James soon became a rallying point for enemies of the King, raising a large rebellion against the crown. Initially at least, events moved in his favour. He received the support of his mother's supporters in the Lennox, and also from Fionnlagh MacCailein, Bishop of Argyll, a long-standing supporter of the Albany Stewarts. James marched on the town of Dumbarton, burned it, and killed the keeper of the royal castle there, Sir John Stewart of Dundonald, who was the King's uncle. However, the castle itself, commanded by John Colquhoun, successfully held out against James's men.

paragraph: Among other supporters were the Clan Galbraith, in particular the ninth chief James Galbraith of Culcreuch who joined Stewart's rebellion. As many as 600 members of the clan were forced to flee after the failure of the revolt, exiled to Kintyre and the Isle of Gigha, where they adopted the new name of MacBhreatneaich of M'Vretny ("son of the Briton") .

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Escape to Ireland.

paragraph: James the Fat's rebellion was quickly defeated. His father and brothers were found guilty of treason by a jury of knights and peers, and executed after a trial. At a stroke, almost all of James' family was wiped out. Only his mother, Isabella of Lennox survived the insurrection. Later in 1425, pursued by a royal expedition, James fled to Antrim, Ireland, accompanied by the illegitimate sons of his dead brother Walter of Lennox, to escape the King's justice. Few details of his escape survive but it seems likely that he sought assistance from the Campbells of Lochawe, to whom he was closely linked by blood and marriage.

paragraph: James the Fat would never return to his native Scotland. He remained an exile in Ireland until his death. His widowed mother and sister remained in Scotland.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Claim to the throne.

paragraph: James Stewart was in line to claim the throne as sole surviving grandson of the Duke of Albany, brother to the late King Robert III.

paragraph: Section::::Family and legacy.

paragraph: In Ireland, James became involved with an unknown woman with the surname MacDonald. Some sources suggest she was one of the daughters of Iain Mòr Tànaiste MacDhòmhnaill, 1st Earl of Antrim, the son of John of Islay, Lord of the Isles and Earl of Ross. James did not marry, but he had seven illegitimate children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- James "Beg" Stewart (born c.1424–1470) was able to secure a royal pardon and return to Scotland. He married Annabel Buchanan, daughter of Patrick, 14th Lord of Buchanan, and was granted the estate "Baldorran" from his cousin John Stewart Damby in 1457. He is the ancestor of the Stewarts of Ardvorlich on Lochearnside, whose family history is recounted by Sir Walter Scott in A Legend of Montrose.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Murdoch Stewart, born c.1427 in Antrim, Ireland.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur Stewart, born c.1429 in Antrim, Ireland.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Stewart, born c.1433 in Antrim, Ireland.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matilda Stewart, born c.1435

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Stewart, born c.1437 in Antrim, Ireland.

paragraph: James' mother Isabella of Lennox was imprisoned by King James in Tantallon Castle after the execution of her husband and children. However, in 1437 the King was himself assassinated, and soon afterwards Isabella was released from captivity, eventually recovering her lands and title. In the next few years, although forced to govern her province from her castle at Inchmurrin, Loch Lomond, she issued a large numbers of charters, was popular in the province, and was tolerated by King James II. At some point after she regained her liberty, Isabella brought her young grandchildren, the children of James the Fat, to be raised at her castle at Inchmurrin.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clan Stewart

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stewart of Balquhidder

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of heirs of Scotland

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brown, Michael, "James I." Edinburgh: Canongate Press, 1994. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Campbell, Alastair, "A History of Clan Campbell, Volume 2"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dewar, Peter Beauclerk, p.482, "Burke's Landed Gentry of Great Britain" Retrieved November 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nelker, Gladys P, "The Clan Steuart", 1970.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- James the Fat at Stewarts of Balquhidder webpage Retrieved November 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- James the Fat at chuckspeed.com Retrieved November 2010

description: Scottish rebel

wikidata_label: James Mor Stewart

wikipedia_title: James Mor Stewart


text:
professional
baseball
Major League Baseball
catcher
hitting
pitching
manager
minor league baseball
Worcester, Massachusetts
French Canadian
Jack Barry
College of the Holy Cross
Detroit Tigers
1930
Detroit Tigers
Ray Hayworth
Muddy Ruel
Mickey Cochrane
player-manager
1934
minor leagues
Toledo Mud Hens
Pacific Coast League
Hollywood Stars
San Diego Padres
1937
Boston Red Sox
Rick Ferrell
1938
runs
doubles
games played
1939
Cleveland Indians
Frankie Pytlak
1940
Rollie Hemsley
1943
Lou Boudreau
Buddy Rosar
United States Marine Corps
1945
Connie Mack
Philadelphia Athletics
1946
Joe Cronin
batting average
hits
home run
runs batted in
fielding percentage
Frankie Pytlak
range factor
passed ball
Williamsport Tigers
Eastern League
Flint Arrows
farm team
Little Rock Travelers
Southern Association
pennant
Indianapolis Indians
Triple-A
Sacramento Solons
Flint, Michigan
Baseball Library
BR Bullpen
Retrosheet
Sons of Sam Horn
Baseball in Wartime
Holy Cross Athletics Hall of Fame

categories: Cleveland Indians players,Toledo Mud Hens players,Minor league baseball managers,1994 deaths,Indianapolis Indians players,Holy Cross Crusaders baseball players,Columbus Red Birds players,Sportspeople from Worcester, Massachusetts,Detroit Tigers players,San Diego Padres (minor league) players,Indianapolis Indians managers,1907 births,Boston Red Sox players,Major League Baseball catchers,Baseball players from Massachusetts,American people of French-Canadian descent,Milwaukee Braves scouts,Philadelphia Athletics players,Sacramento Solons managers,Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players,College of the Holy Cross alumni,American military personnel of World War II,Hollywood Stars players

paragraph: Gene Desautels

paragraph: Eugene Abraham "Red" Desautels (June 13, 1907 – November 5, 1994) was an American professional baseball player. He played most of his Major League Baseball career as a backup catcher with four teams between and . Desautels was a light-hitting player, but was known for his superior defensive ability as a catcher, and for his handling pitching staffs. After his playing career, he served as a manager in minor league baseball.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Born in Worcester, Massachusetts, to French Canadian parents, Desautels was a protégé of Crusaders coach Jack Barry during his playing days at the College of the Holy Cross. After graduating with a bachelor's degree in philosophy, he went directly to the major leagues, making his debut with the Detroit Tigers on June 22, 1930 at the age of 23. He served as a reserve catcher for the Detroit Tigers, playing behind Ray Hayworth and veteran Muddy Ruel. When catcher Mickey Cochrane joined the Tigers as a player-manager in 1934, Desautels was sent to the minor leagues to play for the Toledo Mud Hens. He then spent two seasons in the Pacific Coast League with the Hollywood Stars and San Diego Padres.

paragraph: Desautels came back to the major leagues in 1937, playing for the Boston Red Sox as a back up to Rick Ferrell. When Ferrell was traded to the Washington Senators in June of that same year, Desautels became the starting catcher for the Red Sox. Desautels enjoyed his most productive season with Boston in 1938, when he posted career-highs in batting average (.291), home runs (2), runs batted in (48), runs (47), doubles (16), and games played (108). However, his offensive performance diminished in 1939 and, he would be traded to the Cleveland Indians for Frankie Pytlak after the 1940 season.

paragraph: As a member of the Indians, Desautels played as a reserve catcher behind Rollie Hemsley. At the beginning of the 1943 season, Indians' manager, Lou Boudreau, named Desautels as the Indians starting catcher, but by the middle of the year he was replaced by Buddy Rosar, who was hitting above .300. He entered the United States Marine Corps in February 1944 and was discharged in July 1945 at the age of 38, losing two years from his baseball career. He rejoined the Indians in August 1945 but, saw little playing time and was released in September of that year. He was hired by Connie Mack to play for the Philadelphia Athletics in 1946, where he once again played as a reserve catcher behind Buddy Rosar. Desautels retired as a player at the end of the season, at the age of 39.

paragraph: Joe Cronin, the former American League President, was once asked if he had ever seen a player win an argument or an umpire change his decision. Cronin said, "Gene Desautels, then a rookie, young catcher with Detroit, was a cocky young fellow and was giving umpire Cal Hubbard a hard time. On a play at second, Desautels slid in and Hubbard called him out as he peered through a cloud of dust. I think Hubbard was hoping Desautels would complain so he could throw him out of the game, too. Desautels said sweetly, 'You can't call me out.' Hubbard blustered, 'Oh no? Why not?' 'Because,' Desautels said, 'I'm sitting on the ball.'"

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.

paragraph: In a thirteen-year major league career, Desautels compiled a major league career batting average of .233, including 461 hits, three home runs and 187 runs batted in. At the time of his retirement, his .989 career fielding percentage was the second highest by a catcher in major league history behind Frankie Pytlak. He led American League catchers in 1937 with a .993 fielding percentage and a 5.69 range factor. Desautels allowed only 19 passed balls in his career, the third fewest all-time among major league catchers.

paragraph: Section::::Managing career.

paragraph: Following his playing retirement, Desautels managed the Williamsport Tigers of the Eastern League for three years from to . He then managed the Class-A Flint Arrows, a Tigers farm team. In , he managed the Double A Little Rock Travelers to their first Southern Association pennant in nine years. Desautels moved on to manage the Indianapolis Indians in , and the Triple-A Sacramento Solons from to . Later in life, he served as a special counselor for Flint, Michigan high schools. He was inducted into the Holy Cross Athletics Hall of Fame in 1981.

paragraph: Desautels died in Flint, Michigan, at the age of 87.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baseball Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- BR Bullpen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Retrosheet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sons of Sam Horn

paragraph: BULLET::::-  Baseball in Wartime

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holy Cross Athletics Hall of Fame

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Gene Desautels

wikipedia_title: Gene Desautels


text: Malabar

text: st Thomas Christians

text: Church of the East

text: Church of the East

text: Saint Thomas Christians

text: Gazarta

text: church in malabar

text: Portuguese

text: Mesopotamia

text: Portuguese

text: Pentecost

text: Francis Xavier

text: John III of Portugal

text: Mesopotamia

text: India

text: Cochin

text: St Thomas

text: Francis Xavier

text: St Thomas

text: Francis Xavier

text: Counter-Reformation

text: copper—plate grant

text: Christianity in India

text: Church of the East

text: Syrian Malabar Nasrani

paragraph: Yaqob Abuna

paragraph: Mar Yaqob Abuna was one of the legendary metropolitan of the Church of Malabar of st Thomas Christians.In 1503, Mar Elias, the Catholicos Patriarch of the Church of the East consecrated three Bishops from the Monastery of Saint Eugene: Rabban David as Mar Yaballaha, Rabban George as Mar Denha, Rabban Masud as Mar Yaqob. The Patriarch sent these three new Bishops together with Mar Thomas to the lands of the Indians, and to the islands of the seas, which are within Dabag, and to Sin and Masin- Java, China and Maha china- Great China.

paragraph: Section::::Introduction.

paragraph: Section::::Introduction.:Appointment of bishops for India, 1490–1503.

paragraph: At the end of the fifteenth century the Church of the East responded to a request by the Saint Thomas Christians for bishops to be sent out to them. In 1490, two Christians from Malabar arrived in Gazarta to petition the East Syrian patriarch to consecrate a bishop for their church. Two monks of the monastery of Mar Awgin were consecrated bishops and were sent to India. The patriarch Eliya V (1503–04) consecrated three more bishops for India in April 1503. These bishops sent a report to the patriarch from India in 1504, describing the condition of the church in malabar and reporting the recent arrival of the Portuguese. Eliya had already died by the time this letter arrived in Mesopotamia, and it was received by his successor, Shemon VI (1504–38).

paragraph: Section::::Introduction.:The arrival of the Bishops on the Malabar.

paragraph: On reaching India the bishops put in first at Cragnaoor, and introduced themselves as Christians to the twenty or so Portuguese who were living there. They were most kindly received, and helped with clothes and money.They stayed for about two and a half months. Before they left, they were invited to celebrate the holy mysteries after their own fashion: ‘They prepared for it a beautiful place fit for prayer, where there was a kind of oratory. on the Sunday Nosardel[seven days after Pentecost],after their priests had celebrated, The Bishops were admitted and celebrated the Holy Sacriiiee, and it was pleasing for the foreign missionaries.

paragraph: Section::::Introduction.:Accounts of foreign missionaries.

paragraph: Francis Xavier wrote a letter from Cochin to king John III of Portugal on 26 January 1549, in which he declared "A bishop of Armenia (Mesopotamia by the name of Yaqob Abuna has been serving God and Your Highness in these regions for forty·five years. He is a very old, virtuous,and saintly man, and, at the same time, one who has been neglected by Your Highness and by almost all of those who are in India. God is granting him his reward, since he desires to assist him by himself, without employing us as a means to console his servants. He is being helped here solely by the priests of St. Francis Y. H. should write a very affectionate letter to him, and one of its paragraphs should include an order recommending him to the governors, to the veadores da fazenda, and to the captains of Cochin so that he may receive the honour and respect which he deserves when he comes to them with a request on behalf oft the Christians of St. Thomas Your Highness should write to him and earnestly entreat him to undertake the charge of recommending you to God, since YH. has a greater need of being supported by the prayers of the bishop than the bishop has need of the temporal assistance of Y.H. He has endured much in his work with the Christians of St Thomas."

paragraph: In that same year Francis Xavier also wrote to his jesuit colleague and Provincial of Portugal, Fr.Simon Rodrigues giving him the following description: »Fifteen thousand paces from Cochin there is a fortress owned by the king with the name of Ctanganore. It has a beautiful college, built by Frey Wcente, a companion of the bishop, in which there are easily a hundred students, sons of native Christians, who are named after St. Thomas. There are sixty villages of these Thomas Christians around this fortress, and the students for the college as I have said, are obtained from them There are two churches in Cranganore,one of St Thomas, which is highly revered by the Thomas Christians.

paragraph: This attitude of St. Francis Xavier and the Franciscans before him does not reflect any of the animosity and intolerance that kept creeping in with the spread of the Tridentine spirit of the Counter-Reformation which tended to foster a uniformity of belief and practice. It is possible to follow young Portuguese historians like joéo Paulo Oliveira e Cosca's line of atgument, yet they seem to neutralize the Portuguese cultural nationalism in their colonial expansion and the treatment of the natives. However, documents brought out from the Portuguese national archives recently help to confirm a greater openness or pragmatism in the first half of the 16th century).

paragraph: Section::::Later years and death.

paragraph: It seems that about the year 1543 Mar Yaqob, feeling the weight of years, withdrew from active direction of the affairs of the Serra and settled in the Franciscan convent of St Antony in Cochin; he had a long-standing friendship with the friars of that convent. Though not an outstanding leader, Mar Yaqob was at man of great integrity highly respected by all who knew him. In a letter dated 26 January 1549, Xavier urges the king of Portugal to show him special favour.

paragraph: One touching occurrence is related in connection with the death of Mar Yaqob. On his death bed he asked his friend Pero Sequeira to redeem for him the copper—plate grant recording the privileges oft the Thomas Christians, about which he had written to the king of Portugal in 1523, but which he had later given in pledge to a man in the interior for twenty cruzados. Before his death, he had the happiness of knowing that this had been done.

paragraph: The first half century (1500–1550) of relations between the Portuguese and the Thomas Christians were, in spite of misunderstandings, on the whole marked by cordiality and good will. Mar Yaqob had maintained good relations with the Westerners throughout the long period of his episcopate, and was rewarded by the good opinions expressed by many concerning him.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- India (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christianity in India

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of the East

paragraph: BULLET::::- Syrian Malabar Nasrani

wikidata_label: Jacob Abuna

wikipedia_title: Yaqob Abuna


text:
FRS
FRSTM
F.I.Biol
LLD
protozoologist
bacteriologist
Lister Institute
trypanosome
Glasgow
University of Glasgow
Pseudospora volvocis
Volvox
Carnegie Fellowship
Ceylon
Lister Institute
Edward Alfred Minchin
Uganda Protectorate
Trypanosoma gambiense
African trypanosomiasis
tsetse fly
Doctor of Science
Tropical Medical Research Committee
Medical Research Council
World War I
Cambridge
Clostridia
gas-gangrene
Fellow of the Royal Society
Dorothy Hodgkin
Marjory Stephenson
Kathleen Lonsdale
Doctor of Law (LLD)
Royal Society of Tropical Medicine
Institute of Biology
Pathological Society
Society for Experimental Biology
Medical Research Club
Society of General Microbiology
Agricultural Research Council
glaucoma
Limavady
Altnagelvin Area Hospital
Protistology

categories: Female Fellows of the Royal Society,Scottish women scientists,Scottish biologists,People from Glasgow,Alumni of the University of Glasgow,Fellows of the Royal Society,1973 deaths,1883 births

paragraph: Muriel Robertson

paragraph: Muriel Robertson FRS FRSTM F.I.Biol LLD (8 April 1883 – 14 June 1973) was a protozoologist and bacteriologist at the Lister Institute, London from 1915 to 1961. She made key discoveries of the life cycle of trypanosomes.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Robertson was born in Glasgow, the seventh of 12 children of Elizabeth Ritter and her husband, engineer Robert Andrew Robertson. She was educated privately and then attended the University of Glasgow where she obtained a Master of Arts in 1905. She worked for two years in Glasgow after graduating. An early project was a study of "Pseudospora volvocis", a protozoan parasite of the alga "Volvox".

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1907 she was awarded a Carnegie Fellowship and moved to Ceylon to study trypanosome infections in reptiles. She then joined the staff at the Lister Institute in London under Professor Edward Alfred Minchin from 1910 to 1911. She spent time as protozoologist to what was then the Uganda Protectorate from 1911 to 1914 where she researched the lifecycle of "Trypanosoma gambiense" (which causes African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness) in blood and in its insect carrier, the tsetse fly, publishing her ground-breaking results. She is claimed to have bicycled through the forests of Uganda on this work, according to her Obituary. In 1923 she obtained her Doctor of Science from the University of Glasgow for a thesis entitled "A study of the life histories of certain trypanosomes".

paragraph: On the creation of the Tropical Medical Research Committee by the Medical Research Council in 1936, Robertson was amongst the first of those elected to the Committee.

paragraph: Robertson returned to the Lister Institute in 1914 shortly before World War I. Except for a period at the Institute of Animal Pathology in Cambridge during the Second World War, she worked at the Lister Institute until 1961. Most of her work was as a protozoologist, but she worked on bacteriology during both world wars, and in particular on anaerobic "Clostridia" infection of war wounds, the cause of gas-gangrene.

paragraph: She was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1947, in the same year as Dorothy Hodgkin, and only two years after the first women, Marjory Stephenson and Kathleen Lonsdale, were elected. The following year, she became an Honorary Doctor of Law (LLD) at the University of Glasgow. She was also a fellow of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and of the Institute of Biology, and a member of the Pathological Society, the Society for Experimental Biology and the Medical Research Club. She was a founder of the Society of General Microbiology and served on its council from 1945 to 1948.

paragraph: After officially retiring in 1948, Robertson continued to work, sponsored by the Agricultural Research Council, teaching her skills to research workers at the Lister Institute until 1961. She suffered from acute glaucoma in the 1950s and one eye was removed. She continued work in Cambridge for a short period before finally retiring to the family estate in Limavady in Northern Ireland. After a period of illness, she died at Altnagelvin Area Hospital in Derry on 14 June 1973.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Protistology

description: Scottish biologist

wikidata_label: Muriel Robertson

wikipedia_title: Muriel Robertson


text: Church of Malabar

text: Church of the East

text: East Syriac

text: Mar Awgin

text: Christianity in India

text: Church of the East

text: Syrian Malabar Nasrani

paragraph: Mar Yohannan

paragraph: Mar Yohannan (John) was one of the legendary metropolitan of the Church of Malabar of st Thomas Christians. At the end of the fifteenth century the Church of the East responded to a request by the Saint Thomas Christians for bishops to be sent out to them. In 1490, two Christians from Malabar arrived in Gazarta to petition the East Syriac patriarch to consecrate a bishop for their church. Two monks of the monastery of Mar Awgin were consecrated bishops and were sent to India.

paragraph: Section::::Introduction.

paragraph: Joseph the Indian was among one of the three delegates who travelled to meet Mar Simeon, the Patriarch of Babylon (1437–1497). One delegate died on the way but Joseph and George arrived there safely. Both of them were ordained Priests by Mar Simeon at the Holy Church of St George at Gazerta. They were then sent to a Monastery of Blessed Eugenius where they found two monks with the same name, Rabban Joseph and the Catholicose Patriarch consecrated them as Bishops – Mar Thomas and Mar John for Malabar. Cathanaars Joseph and George returned with Mar Thomas and Mar John back to Malabar.

paragraph: “When these same four came there with the help of Christ ,our Lord, they were received by the faithful with great joy, who carried before them, the book of the gospel, the cross, censors, and torches and they introduced them to the Christians with much pomp and with chanting of psalms and hymns. And they, the Bishops consecrated altars, and ordained very many priests, for the people had been without fathers for a long time”.

paragraph: Mar John stayed in Malabar and Mar Thomas returned to Babylon in AD1498 with Joseph to fetch the offerings of the Christians of India to the Cartholicos. This second journey is mentioned in the Narrations of Joseph, the Indian also. Joseph’s narrations to Venetians as reported by Paesi tell us that “The said Joseph related that he had departed from the said town of Cranganore with a Bishop, his superior. Ascending a ship, he went towards the island of Ormus. From there he proceeded to the mainland where he stayed for three months and with the said Bishop, he went as far as Armenia to meet his Pontiff. By Him, this Bishop was consecrated and the said Joseph was ordained a Priest”.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- India (East Syriac Ecclesiastical Province)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christianity in India

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of the East

paragraph: BULLET::::- Syrian Malabar Nasrani

wikidata_label: Mar Yohannan

wikipedia_title: Mar Yohannan


text:
Jaguar
Maya
king
Kaan
references
Yaxchilan
Kʼinich Tatbu Skull II
captive
vassal
woman
Stela
Naranjo
Aj Wosal Chan Kʼinich
auspice
Tikal
El Resbalón
hieroglyphic
Queen
Ix Ekʼ Naah
Lady
La Corona
Lady Bʼakabʼ

categories: 6th century in the Maya civilization,6th-century monarchs in North America,Kings of Calakmul,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Tuun Kʼabʼ Hix

paragraph: Tuun Kʼabʼ Hix (Cu Ix, Ku Ix, Kʼaltuun Hix; "Bound-Stone Jaguar") was a Maya king of the Kaan Kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Tuun Kʼab Hix reigned from the year 520 to 546. He is known only from foreign references.

paragraph: A lintel at Yaxchilan describing the military successes of Kʼinich Tatbu Skull II records a captive from Kaan in AD 537 (the captive vassal of the Kaan ruler may have been a woman).

paragraph: Stela 25 from Naranjo records the accession of Aj Wosal Chan Kʼinich in 546 under the auspices of Tuun Kʼabʼ Hix.

paragraph: The Kaan Kingdom was asserting its influence in the southern Maya lowlands and inaugurating the struggle for supremacy with its great rival Tikal.

paragraph: It was probably during the reign of Tuun Kʼabʼ Hix that a ruler of El Resbalón declared himself to be a vassal of Kaan in 529, as the one clear date on the El Resbalón hieroglyphic stairway is 529.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Wife of Tuun Kʼabʼ Hix was Queen Ix Ekʼ Naah ("Lady Star House").

paragraph: In 520 their daughter traveled to La Corona to marry a lord of that site.

paragraph: Mother-in-law of Tuun Kʼabʼ Hix was Lady Bʼakabʼ.

description: Mayan king

wikidata_label: Tuun K'ab' Hix

wikipedia_title: Tuun Kʼabʼ Hix


text:
Kristiania
cand.jur.
Kristiania Tivoli
Olaf Hansson
Sekondteatret
Christiania Theatre
Nationaltheatret
Tyrihans
humoresque
dissolve the union with Sweden
Negotiations in Karlstad
Johan Castberg
camorra
secret society
Sigurd Bødtker
Kunstforeningen
Nils Kjær
Peter Egge
Hjalmar Christensen
Arnulf Øverland

categories: Norwegian theatre directors,1866 births,Norwegian magazine editors,Writers from Oslo,Norwegian dramatists and playwrights,1925 deaths

paragraph: Axel Maurer

paragraph: Axel Maurer (12 April 1866 – 1925) was a Norwegian stagewriter, editor and theatre director.

paragraph: He was born in Kristiania. He took the law degree cand.jur. in 1889, but did not practise as a lawyer, as he instead traveled abroad to study theatre. From 1895 to 1896 he was the artistic and financial director of the Karl Johan Theatre in Kristiania. This theatre had been established in 1893 in the premises of Kristiania Tivoli, and led by Olaf Hansson before Maurer took over, but it went defunct in 1896. During this period he wrote and issued the play "Lykkens Pamphilius", which was staged at Sekondteatret in 1900 to mediocre reviews. The same reception happened to his next play, "Kundskabens Træ", staged in November 1897 at Christiania Theatre. His play "Babylons konge", staged at Nationaltheatret, received somewhat more mixed reviews. Another play, "Arilda", was accepted by Nationaltheatret, but probably never staged.

paragraph: Maurer edited the humorous magazine "Tyrihans" from 1898 to 1899. His songbook "Kristiania-viser", issued in 1906 with new lyrics to known melodies, was received well. He also embarked on recitation tours in Norway as well as in Denmark (1909), the US (1910) and Germany (1911). In 1917 he issued the novel "Den store kjærlighed", and the humoresques "Portnøklen" and "Mindebægeret" in 1918 and 1919 respectively.

paragraph: Maurer was not uncontroversial. In 1905, when Norway was about to dissolve the union with Sweden, he attacked the Negotiations in Karlstad in a leaflet which was sold on the street. The leaflet was soon forbidden by the Norwegian authorities, who did not want a critical viewpoint on the negotiations, according to the diaries of Johan Castberg. In 1915 Maurer attended the general assembly of Nationaltheatret. In the open discussion at the assembly, he denounced the presence of a "camorra" in Norwegian art and literature, which acted as a "secret society". The "camorra" had a secret influence over which plays were staged, and which artists that received grants. The purported "chairman" of this "camorra" was theatre critic Sigurd Bødtker. A debate was called in Kunstforeningen, where Maurer was asked to back his allegations up. During the debate it was pointed to a work by Axel Borge, which had supposedly been refused under murky circumstances, but Borge himself appeared to deny this and support Bødtker. Bødtker denied the claim of a camorra, and stated that the probable reason for the attack was the refusal of one of Maurer's plays. Maurer was strongly attacked by Nils Kjær, and also received unfavourable comments from Peter Egge, Hjalmar Christensen and Arnulf Øverland.

paragraph: He died in 1925, only 59 years old. A street in Oslo, "Axel Maurers vei", was named after him in 1934.

description: Norwegian writer

wikidata_label: Axel Maurer

wikipedia_title: Axel Maurer


text: metropolitan bishop

text: St Thomas Christians

text: Malabar

text: East Syriac

text: East Syriac

text: Vatican Library

text: Apostle St Thomas

text: Villarvattom

text: Cochin

text: Pakalomattom family

text: patriarch

text: Mesopotamia

text: Mongol

text: Synod of Diamper

text: Nestorius

text: The Malabar Church

text: Cranganoor

text: Yahballaha III

text: Pope John XXII

text: Quilon

text: Rabban Bar Sauma

paragraph: Yaqob of India

paragraph: Mar Yaqob of India, also known as Mar Jacob, was a metropolitan bishop of the St Thomas Christians of Malabar. The history and legends of the East Syriac prelates in India prior to the arrival of European explorers are shrouded in mystery because of the unavailability of surviving documents. The Vatican Syrian codex 22, the oldest surviving Syrian manuscript written in Malabar, specifically mentions an East Syriac bishop who was residing in Malabar at that time. According to this ancient document, (now in the Vatican Library), which was written by a Deacon named Zachariah bar Joseph addresss Mar Jacob as Metropolitan and director of the holy see of the Apostle St Thomas, the great captain and the director of the entire holy church of India.

paragraph: Section::::Introduction..

paragraph: The Christians of St. Thomas became strong enough to achieve independence. Before the coming of the Portuguese, St. Thomas installed Christian rulers of their own (Villarvattom) to be absorbed into the rajahs of Cochin. The metropolitan of Angamali was assisted in the operations of his office by an archdeacon. The archdeacon was selected by the Catholics from the influential Pakalomattom family. Upon the death of the metropolitan, the archdeacon was left with the task of managing the office alone. He petitioned the patriarch to name a successor to the deceased metropolitan.

paragraph: Painting a comprehensive picture of this time in Ancient Indian Christianity remains an insurmountable task. The source material for this dark period, which existed in the East Syriac repositories of Mesopotamia and in the old records of the Indian churches, was destroyed by the Mongol hordes on the one side and by the Portuguese on the other. In fact, the vandalism of the Mongol invasions of the Middle East was only surpassed in this sphere by the repercussions of the Synod of Diamper in 1599. That act of faith simply led to the obliteration of all Indian records, since it was decided to burn all religious manuscripts tainted with the heresy of Nestorius. Thus historic records of The Malabar Church became lost to time. Cardinal Tisserant, however, registers a few minor references bearing upon the later medieval history of that church. The first dates from the fourteenth century, when a copyist named Zaccharias bar joseph bar Zaccharias made an allusion to the Catholicos Yahballaha III (1245–1314) and to Mar Jacob, bishop of India, in 1301.

paragraph: Section::::Patriarch Yahballaha III and the Metropolitan Yaʿqob of India..

paragraph: The dating formula in the colophon to a manuscript copied in June 1301 in the church of Mar Quriaqos in Cranganoor mentions the patriarch Yahballaha III (whom it curiously describes as Yahballaha V), and the metropolitan Yaʿqob of India(described as ‘vicar and governor of the seat of the apostle Thomas’, and probably the bishop Yacqob mentioned as the scribe's tutor).. Cranganore, described in this manuscript as 'the royal city', was doubtless the metropolitan seat for India at this time. The scribe was the fourteen-year-old Deacon Zakarya, son of Joseph, son of Zakarya, who is described as ‘the pupil of the bishop Yacqob’. The colophon of the manuscript suggests the ongoing relationship between the churches of Seleucia-Ctesiphon and Malabar and also the consciousness of St Thomas Christians about their apostolic origin. (One important aspect of the identity of the St. Thomas Christians was and continues to be their consciousness of their apostolic origin).

paragraph: This holy book was written in the royal, renowned and famous city of Chingala (Cranganore) in Malabar in the time of the great captain and director of the holy catholic church of the East.. our blessed and holy Father Mar Yahd Alaha V and in the time of bishop Mar Jacob, Metropolitan and director of the holy see of the Apostle Mar Thoma, that is to say, our great captain and the director of the entire holy church of Christian India

paragraph: The language used by the scribe about the patriarch Yahballaha III, however, is intriguing. The dating formula reads as follows:When the great governor, the holder of the key of the Holy Apostolic Church of the East and the bright lamp illuminating its territories, the chief of the chief priests, the father of fathers, our blessed and holy father, was Mar Yahballaha the Fifth, the Turk, catholicos-patriarch of the East, the chief region of the world, which guides and illuminates the other regions; who stands above the Catholic Church like a lampstand to give light to all its servants and to dispel its fears.

paragraph: It is interesting to see the superiority of the East over the West upheld in this formula, as three years later, in 1304, Yahballaha acknowledged the primacy of the Roman Church. Protestant and Catholic scholars have long disputed the significance of this acknowledgement, and it seems likely that Yahballaha's acknowledgement in 1304 meant little in practice. It made sense for Yahballaha to cultivate good relations with Rome, but the recognition by the Church of the East of the primacy of the See of Saint Peter did not, in the eyes of the East Syriacs, give the Western church the right to dictate their beliefs. The colophon of MS Vat Syr 22 is an interesting indication of how the East Syriacs really saw themselves at this period. But there is one puzzling aspect of this colophon. It is not surprising to find the Ongut patriarch Yahballaha III referred to as a ‘Turk’. But it is surprising to find him referred to as ‘Yahballaha the Fifth’. The standard lists of the Easy Syrian patriarchs know only two earlier patriarchs named Yahballaha, viz. Yahballaha I (415–20) and Yahballaha II (1190–1222). None of the known anti-patriarchs were named Yahballaha.

paragraph: Section::::Contact with Western missionaries.

paragraph: About the same time, unexpected circumstances briefly provided the Indian Church with western contacts. Two of those visitors stand out as particularly important from the viewpoint of inter-Christian relations. The first was the Dominican Friar Jordan Catalanl of Sevcrar: [d.c. 1336) who, after the first stay in India, prompted Pope John XXII (1361-44] to establish the first Latin-rite diocese in the subcontinent at Quilon. It was, however, a very short-lived attempt. The second was the Franciscan and papal envoy John de Marignolli. who stayed in Quilon for sixteen months In 1348-49.

paragraph: Their reports, as well as those of other such casual visitors, help us to get a clearer picture of Eastern Christianity in India in these centuries. In the 1320s the anonymous biographer of the patriarch Yahballaha III and his friend Rabban Bar Sauma praised the achievement of the Church of the East in converting 'the Indians, Chinese and Turks'. India was listed as one of the Church of the East's 'provinces of the exterior' by the historian ʿAmr in 1348.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rabban Bar Sauma

wikidata_label: Yaqob of India

wikipedia_title: Yaqob of India


text:
Korea
Joseon Dynasty
Yi Hwang
Cho Shik
Neo-Confucia
Baikmaewon
Yi Hwang
Cho Shik
South Man
North Man
Heo Mok
Yun Hyu
Yun Seondo
South Man
Yi Hwang
Cho sik
Heo Mok
Yun Seondo
Yun Hyu
Yi Seo-woo
Yu Hyung-won
Jeong gu:Naver
Hangang Jeong Gu
Cyber Dosan Seowon
The T'oegye Studies Institute, Busan
Jeong gu
Jeong gu

categories: 17th-century Korean people,1543 births,Korean philosophers,16th-century Korean people,Korean Confucianists,1620 deaths,Joseon Dynasty writers

paragraph: Jeong Gu

paragraph: Jeong Gu (1543–1620), also spelled as Jung Goo, was Korean philosopher, politician, historian and writer, Confucian scholars of the Joseon Dynastys. learn from Yi Hwang and Cho Shik. a key figure of the Neo-Confucian literati, he established the Yeongnam School and set up the Baikmaewon(백매원, 百梅園), a private Confucian academy. his nickname was Hangang(한강, 寒岡)·Hoiyunyain(회연야인, 檜淵野人), courtesy name was Dogah(도가, 道可), Gabo(가보, 可父).

paragraph: he was korean Confucian scholars and Ideological successor of Yi Hwang and Cho Shik, moral support of South Man Party(남인, 南人) and North Man Party(북인, 北人)s. his master of Heo Mok and Yun Hyu, Yun Seondo, there's Yesong ontroversy(예송논쟁) then polemic of South Man Party's.

paragraph: Section::::work book.

paragraph: BULLET::::- HangangMunjip(한강문집 寒岡文集)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taegeukmunbyun(태극문변 太極問辨)

paragraph: BULLET::::- GAryejipramboju(가례집람보주 家禮輯覽補註)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ohseonsaengyeseolbunryu(오선생예설분류 五先生禮說分類)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gangjangrok(갱장록 羹墻錄)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shimgyungbalhwe(심경발휘 心經發揮)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shimuijejobup(심의제조법 深衣製造法)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yefisangryubunryu(예기상례분류 禮記喪禮分類)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ohbokyunhyukdo(오복연혁도 五福沿革圖)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toegyesanjeryemundab(퇴계상제례문답 退溪喪祭禮問答)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gaejeongjujaseojeolyochongmok(개정주자서절요총목 改定朱子書節要總目)

paragraph: BULLET::::- SEonghyunpung(성현풍 聖賢風)

paragraph: BULLET::::- SEonghyunpungBeom(성현풍범 聖賢風範)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Susaeuninrock(수사언인록 洙泗言仁錄)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yumjangarngjangrock(염락갱장록 濂洛羹墻錄)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gwanui(관의 冠儀)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honui(혼의 婚儀)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jangui(장의 葬儀)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gyeui(계의 稧儀)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yukdaeginyon(역대기년 歷代紀年)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gogeumchungmo(고금충모 古今忠謨)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chiranjeyo(치란제요 治亂提要)

paragraph: BULLET::::- wharyongji(와룡지 臥龍誌)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uianjipbang(의안집방 醫眼集方)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gwangsasoljip(광사속집 廣嗣續集)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Changshanji(창산지 昌山誌)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dongbokji(동복지 同福志)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kwandongji(관동지 關東志)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Younggaji(영가지 永嘉志)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pyungyangji(평양지 平壤志)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hamjuji(함주지 咸州志)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jujashibunryu(주자시분류 朱子詩分類)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ghogeumhoisu(고금회수 古今會粹)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yi Hwang

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cho sik

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heo Mok

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yun Seondo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yun Hyu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yi Seo-woo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yu Hyung-won

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeong gu:Naver

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hangang Jeong Gu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cyber Dosan Seowon, general information on Yi Hwang and his teachings

paragraph: BULLET::::- The T'oegye Studies Institute, Busan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeong gu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeong gu

alias:
Chŏng, Ku
Chŏng, Hanʼgang
정구
鄭逑
Hanʼgang

description: Korean Joseon dynasty politician and educator, poet

wikidata_label: Jeong Gu

wikipedia_title: Jeong Gu


text: Bagrationi

text: Persia

text: wali

text: Kartli

text: Georgia

text: Levan

text: Safavid Empire

text: Isfahan

text: naib

text: Gurgin Khan

text: wali

text: sipah-salar

text: Afghanistan

text: Tabriz

text: Barda

text: Vakhtang

text: Khorasan

text: Herat

text: Kerman

text: Mir Wais Hotak

text: chieftain

text: Ghilzai

text: Kandahar

text: Balochs

text: Alexander

text: Russian Empire

text: tsaritsa

text: Kitaigorod

text: Donskoy Monastery

text: Sultan Husayn

text: the khan of Erivan

text: Kings of Kartli

text: Iranian Georgians

categories: 1674 births,1711 deaths,Commanders-in-chief of the Safavid Empire,House of Mukhrani,Safavid appointed kings of Kartli,Iranian people of Georgian descent,Safavid prefects of Isfahan,17th-century people of the Safavid Empire,Kings of Kartli,Safavid governors of Kartli,Qollar-aghasi

paragraph: Kaikhosro of Kartli

paragraph: Kaikhosro (also spelled Kay Khusrau, Kai Khusraw; ) (January 1, 1674 – September 27, 1711), of the House of Bagrationi, was a titular king (a Persian-appointed wali) of Kartli, eastern Georgia, from 1709 to 1711. He reigned in absentia since he served during the whole of this period as a Persian commander-in-chief in what is now Afghanistan.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Kaikhosro was the son of Prince Levan, and accompanied his father during the service in the Safavid Empire. Since 1703, Kaikhosro himself served on high posts in the Persian administration, including being a "darougha" (prefect) of the capital city of Isfahan and a naib (deputy) to the divanbeg (chief justice). On the death of his uncle, Gurgin Khan (George XI), in 1709, he was confirmed as a wali/king of Kartli and a "sipah-salar" (commander-in-chief) of the Persian armies in what is now Afghanistan, and granted Tabriz and Barda in possession. He spent the whole of this period in field, and Kartli was administered by his brother Vakhtang.

paragraph: In November 1709, Kaikhosro led a new Persian–Georgian army, supported by contingents from Khorasan, Herat, and Kerman, against the Afghans after Gurgin Khan was exterminated by Mir Wais Hotak, a rebel chieftain of the Ghilzai. Kaikhosro's efforts to take Kandahar, however, were in vain. A fragile truce ensued, but in the summer of 1711 the hostilities were resumed. Kaikhosro forced the rebels to withdraw within the walls of Kandahar city which was placed under siege. However, the position of the besiegers soon became precarious due to attacks by the Balochs. The fighting took life of the Georgian prince Alexander. On October 26, 1711, Kaikhosro ordered a retreat from the city. The Afghans attacked the retreating army and won a crushing victory; Kaikhosro was killed when he fell off his horse and his entire army of 30,000 soldiers (of whom only some 700 escaped) was annihilated.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Kaikhosro was married to Ketevan, daughter of the certain Giorgi. Her surname is not known. In the 1720s, she followed the royal family of Kartli in their flight to the Russian Empire, where she was known as the "tsaritsa" Ekaterina Igoriyevna (). She died at Moscow on 3 May 1730 and was buried at the Greek Church of St. Nicholas in Kitaigorod.

paragraph: Kaikhosro had four children, three—David, Ana, and Khoreshan—by Ketevan and one—Shahanavaz-Khan—by a concubine.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince David (1710—1738) was married to a certain Mariam, lived in Russia and died at Moscow, being buried at the Donskoy Monastery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Ana (died 1786).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Khoreshan (died 1722) married first to Shah Sultan Husayn of Iran in 1710 and second, after the shah's death, the khan of Erivan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Shahnavaz (Shanaoz-Khan; 1742).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kings of Kartli

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iranian Georgians

paragraph: Section::::Notes and references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martin Sicker, "The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire" (Hardcover) (2000), Praeger/Greenwood, , page 44

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nancy Hatch Dupree - Mir Wais Hotak (1709–1715)

description: Georgian King

wikidata_label: Kaikhosro of Kartli

wikipedia_title: Kaikhosro of Kartli


text:
Major League Baseball
relief pitcher
Creighton Preparatory School
Omaha
Nebraska
University of Oklahoma
first base
Butler County Community College
Kansas
San Francisco Giants
Fresno Grizzlies
ERA
Tampa Bay Rays
spring training
right-handed
sinker
manager
Felipe Alou

categories: San Jose Giants players,Connecticut Defenders players,1980 births,Butler Grizzlies baseball players,Colorado Springs Sky Sox players,Oklahoma Sooners baseball players,Portland Beavers players,Norwich Navigators players,Durham Bulls players,People from Norfolk, Nebraska,Baseball players from Nebraska,Salem-Keizer Volcanoes players,Hagerstown Suns players,Fresno Grizzlies players,Major League Baseball pitchers,San Francisco Giants players,Living people

paragraph: Scott Munter

paragraph: Scott Michael Munter (born March 7, 1980) is a former Major League Baseball relief pitcher.

paragraph: He attended St. James/Seton grade school and Creighton Preparatory School in Omaha, Nebraska. He then attended the University of Oklahoma, where he played first base, after which transferring to Butler County Community College in Kansas where he starting pitching.

paragraph: Munter split the season between the San Francisco Giants and their Triple-A affiliate, the Fresno Grizzlies. With the Giants, he posted a 2–0 record with a 2.56 ERA in 45 appearances, all of them in relief.

paragraph: Munter was not offered a new contract by the Giants and became a free agent on December 12, . On January 25, , Munter was signed to a minor league contract by the Tampa Bay Rays and was invited to spring training. On June 3, 2008, Munter was re-signed by the Giants after being released from the Rays Triple-A affiliate. He became a free agent at the end of the season and signed a minor league contract with the Colorado Rockies. He then returned to the Giants organization, where he stayed through 2012.

paragraph: Munter bats and throws right-handed. He throws a heavy sinker as hard as 95 MPH, dubbed by his former manager Felipe Alou as a "bowling-ball sinker," and is very difficult to hit in the air. Munter lacks a breaking pitch, however, and, despite his velocity, does not strike out a lot of hitters. His nickname is "Mad Dog" because he is 6 ft 6 in and over 250 pounds.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Scott Munter

wikipedia_title: Scott Munter


text:
Nowy Sącz
Chicago Mustangs
North American Soccer League
MVP
All Star
California Clippers
Sparta Rotterdam
Eredivisie
NEC
Chicago Sting
MVV Maastricht
Polish national team
Vitesse Arnhem
Górnik Zabrze
Rangers International of Enugu
NASL stats
Janusz Kowalik
Voetbal International

categories: Sportspeople from Nowy Sącz,Poland international footballers,Sparta Rotterdam players,Chicago Mustangs players,Oakland Clippers players,Chicago Sting (NASL) players,Expatriate soccer players in the United States,Eredivisie players,KS Cracovia players,Polish football managers,Polish footballers,Polish expatriate sportspeople in the United States,1944 births,Górnik Zabrze managers,Polish expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands,North American Soccer League (1968–84) players,MVV Maastricht players,Eerste Divisie players,NEC Nijmegen players,Living people,Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands,K.R.C. Genk managers,Polish expatriate footballers,K. Patro Eisden Maasmechelen managers,Association football forwards,Ekstraklasa players,K. Patro Eisden Maasmechelen players

paragraph: Janusz Kowalik

paragraph: Section::::Player.

paragraph: Section::::Player.:Club career.

paragraph: Kowalik was born in Nowy Sącz. In 1968, the owners of the Chicago Mustangs of the North American Soccer League (NASL) signed Kowalik. That season, he led the league in scoring with thirty goals in twenty-eight games. This led to his selection as the league MVP and a first team All Star. At the end of the season, he moved to the California Clippers. However, the NASL lost most of its teams with all west coast teams, but the Clippers, folding. The Clippers decided to leave the NASL, join a local league and exist on playing exhibition games against foreign teams. In January 1969, the team ownership decided to cease operations.

paragraph: In 1969, Kowalik returned to Europe where he signed with Sparta Rotterdam of the Dutch Eredivisie. In 1974, he moved to NEC for one season.

paragraph: Kowalik returned to the NASL with the Chicago Sting in 1975, where he played fourteen games, scoring nine goals in 1976.

paragraph: He then returned to the Netherlands to play with MVV Maastricht.

paragraph: In 1977, he returned to the Sting where he scored only one goal in an unknown number of games.

paragraph: In the 1978–79 season he returned to MVV.

paragraph: Section::::Player.:International career.

paragraph: He was capped 6 times for the Polish national team.

paragraph: Section::::Coach.

paragraph: Kowalik later coached Vitesse Arnhem, Górnik Zabrze and Rangers International of Enugu.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NASL stats

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janusz Kowalik at Voetbal International

description: Polish footballer

wikidata_label: Janusz Kowalik

wikipedia_title: Janusz Kowalik