text: San Francisco Board of Supervisors

text: murdered

text: San Francisco Mayor

text: George Moscone

text: Harvey Milk

text: City Hall

text: Twinkie defense

text: manslaughter

text: suicide

text: Long Beach, California

text: Visitacion Valley

text: Riordan High School

text: Woodrow Wilson High School

text: valedictorian

text: United States Army

text: 101st Airborne Division

text: Vietnam War

text: A. J. Dimond High School

text: Anchorage, Alaska

text: police officer

text: SF Weekly

text: San Francisco Fire Department

text: San Francisco Chronicle

text: Democrat

text: San Francisco Board of Supervisors

text: at-large

text: The New York Times

text: homosexual community of San Francisco

text: pot

text: Harvey Milk

text: baptism

text: Dianne Feinstein

text: juvenile offenders

text: Sisters of the Good Shepherd

text: gay rights

text: Briggs Initiative

text: discrimination against gays

text: Pier 39

text: George Moscone

text: San Francisco City Hall

text: Willie Brown

text: Carol Ruth Silver

text: Smith & Wesson Model 36

text: metal detector

text: diminished capacity

text: depression

text: premeditating

text: first-degree murder

text: Forensic psychiatrist

text: Martin Blinder

text: manslaughter

text: first-degree murder

text: gay community

text: White Night riots

text: diminished capacity

text: Thomas Szasz

text: Soledad State Prison

text: Mayor Dianne Feinstein

text: Joel Wachs

text: carbon monoxide poisoning

text: Golden Gate National Cemetery

text: San Bruno, California

text: Carol Ruth Silver

text: California State Assembly

text: Willie Brown

text: Academy Award

text: The Times of Harvey Milk

text: Josh Brolin

text: Milk

text: Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor

text: Mike Weiss

text: Edgar Award

text: Execution of Justice

text: Emily Mann

text: Showtime

text: Tim Daly

text: Dead Kennedys'

text: I Fought the Law

text: RoboCop

categories: Prisoners and detainees of California,1985 deaths,San Francisco Police Department officers,American male criminals,Harvey Milk,People from Long Beach, California,San Francisco Board of Supervisors members,1946 births,American prisoners and detainees,Burials at Golden Gate National Cemetery,Male suicides,American people of Irish descent,Suicides by carbon monoxide poisoning,Military personnel from California,California Democrats,American army personnel of the Vietnam War,American assassins,American politicians who committed suicide,20th-century American criminals,American firefighters,Suicides in California,Criminals who committed suicide,American people convicted of manslaughter

paragraph: Dan White

paragraph: Daniel James White (September 2, 1946 – October 21, 1985) was a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors who murdered San Francisco Mayor George Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk, on Monday, November 27, 1978, at City Hall. In a controversial verdict that led to the coining of the legal slang "Twinkie defense", White was convicted of manslaughter rather than murder in the deaths of Milk and Moscone. White served five years of a seven-year prison sentence. Less than two years after his release he returned to San Francisco and committed suicide.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: White was born in Long Beach, California, the second of nine children. He was raised by Irish-American, working-class parents in the Visitacion Valley neighborhood of San Francisco. He attended Riordan High School until he was expelled for violence in his junior year. He went on to attend Woodrow Wilson High School, where he was valedictorian of his class.

paragraph: White enlisted in the United States Army in June 1965. He was a sergeant in the 101st Airborne Division in the Vietnam War from 1969 to 1970 and was honorably discharged in 1971.

paragraph: White worked as a security guard at A. J. Dimond High School in Anchorage, Alaska, in 1972. He returned to San Francisco to work as a police officer. According to a "SF Weekly" newspaper account, he allegedly quit the force after reporting another officer for beating a handcuffed suspect.

paragraph: White then joined the San Francisco Fire Department. While on duty, according to the "SF Weekly" story, White's rescue of a woman and her baby from a seventh-floor apartment in the Geneva Towers was covered by the "San Francisco Chronicle". The city's newspapers referred to him as "an all-American boy".

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Election as supervisor.

paragraph: In 1977, White was elected as a Democrat to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors from District 8, which included several neighborhoods near the southeastern limits of San Francisco. At that time, supervisors were elected by district and not "at-large", as they had been before and then were again in the 1980s and 1990s. He had strong support from the police and firefighter unions. His district was described by "The New York Times" as "a largely white, middle-class section that is hostile to the growing homosexual community of San Francisco." "The New York Times" stated that as a supervisor, White saw himself as the board's "defender of the home, the family and religious life against homosexuals, pot smokers and cynics".

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Tenure as supervisor.

paragraph: Despite their personal differences, White and Supervisor Harvey Milk had several areas of political agreement and initially worked well together. Harvey Milk was one of three people from the city hall invited to the baptism of White's newborn child shortly after the election. White also persuaded Dianne Feinstein, then president of the board of supervisors, to appoint Milk chairman of the Streets and Transportation Committee.

paragraph: The Catholic Church in April 1978 proposed a facility for juvenile offenders who had committed murder, arson, rape, and other crimes, to be operated by the Sisters of the Good Shepherd, in White's district. White was strongly opposed, while Milk supported the facility, and their difference of opinion led to a conflict between the two. White held a mixed record on gay rights, opposing the anti-gay Briggs Initiative, yet voting against an ordinance prohibiting discrimination against gays in housing and employment.

paragraph: After a disagreement over a proposed drug rehabilitation center in the Mission District, White frequently clashed with Milk, as well as other members of the board. On November 10, 1978, White resigned his seat as supervisor. The reasons he cited were his dissatisfaction with what he saw as the corrupt inner workings of San Francisco city politics, as well as the difficulty in making a living without a police officer's or firefighter's salary, jobs he could not retain legally while serving as a supervisor. White had opened a baked-potato stand at Pier 39, which failed to become profitable. He reversed his resignation on November 14, 1978, after his supporters lobbied him to seek reappointment from George Moscone.

paragraph: Moscone initially agreed to White's request, but later refused the appointment at the urging of Milk and others. On November 27, 1978, White visited San Francisco City Hall with the later-declared intention of killing not only Moscone and Milk, but also two other San Francisco politicians, California Assembly Speaker and later S.F. mayor Willie Brown, and Supervisor Carol Ruth Silver, whom he also blamed for lobbying Moscone not to reappoint him. He arrived that day by climbing through a first-floor window on the side of City Hall carrying a Smith & Wesson Model 36 .38 caliber revolver and 10 rounds of ammunition. By entering the building through the window, White managed to avoid the recently-installed metal detectors. After entering Moscone's office, White pleaded to be reinstated as supervisor, but Moscone refused. White then killed Moscone by shooting him in the shoulder and chest, and twice in the head. He then walked to the other side of City Hall to Milk's office, reloaded the gun, and fatally shot Milk five times, the final two shots fired with the gun's barrel touching Milk's skull, according to the medical examiner. White then fled City Hall, turning himself in at the San Francisco's Northern Police Station where he had been a police officer. While being interviewed by investigators, White recorded a tearful confession, stating, "I just shot him."

paragraph: Section::::Assassinations of George Moscone and Harvey Milk.:Trial and "Twinkie defense".

paragraph: At the trial, White's defense team argued that his mental state at the time of the killings was one of diminished capacity due to depression. They argued, therefore, he was not capable of premeditating the killings, and thus was not legally guilty of first-degree murder. Forensic psychiatrist Martin Blinder testified that White was suffering from depression and pointed to several behavioral symptoms of that depression, including the fact that White had gone from being highly health-conscious to consuming sugary foods and drinks. When the prosecution played a recording of White's confession, several jurors wept as they listened to what was described as "a man pushed beyond his endurance". Many people familiar with City Hall claimed that it was common to enter through the window to save time. A police officer friend of White claimed to reporters that several officials carried weapons at this time and speculated that White carried the extra ammunition as a habit that police officers had. The jury found White guilty of voluntary manslaughter rather than first-degree murder. Outrage within San Francisco's gay community over the resulting seven-year sentence sparked the city's White Night riots; general disdain for the outcome of the court case led to the elimination of California's "diminished capacity" law. Psychiatrist Thomas Szasz, a critic of forensic psychiatry, gave a speech to a large audience in San Francisco in June 1979 calling the White verdict a "travesty of justice" which he blamed on the diminished capacity defense.

paragraph: Section::::Assassinations of George Moscone and Harvey Milk.:Imprisonment and suicide.

paragraph: White served five years of his seven-year sentence at Soledad State Prison and was paroled on January 7, 1984. Fearing White might be murdered in retaliation for his crimes, California State Corrections Officials secretly transported him to Los Angeles, where he served a year's parole. At the expiration of that year, White sought to return to San Francisco; Mayor Dianne Feinstein issued a public announcement of his plans, and a statement formally asking White not to return. (Joel Wachs, a Los Angeles City Council member, also argued to keep White out of Los Angeles.) White did move back to San Francisco and attempted to rebuild his life with his wife and children, but his marriage soon ended.

paragraph: On October 21, 1985, less than two years after his release from prison, White committed suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning in his garage. White's body was discovered by his brother, Thomas, shortly before 2:00 pm the same day.

paragraph: White was buried at Golden Gate National Cemetery in San Bruno, California, with a traditional government-furnished headstone issued for war veterans. He was survived by his two sons, an infant daughter, and his widow.

paragraph: Section::::Alleged confession.

paragraph: In 1998, Frank Falzon, the homicide inspector with the San Francisco police to whom White had turned himself in after the killings, said that he met with White in 1984, and that at this meeting White had confessed that he had intended to kill not only Moscone and Milk, but another supervisor, Carol Ruth Silver, as well as then-member of the California State Assembly and future San Francisco Mayor, Willie Brown. Falzon quoted White as having said, "I was on a mission. I wanted four of them. Carol Ruth Silver, she was the biggest snake ... and Willie Brown, he was masterminding the whole thing." Falzon indicated that he believed White, stating, "I felt like I had been hit by a sledge-hammer ... I found out it was a premeditated murder."

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: The story of the assassinations is told in the Academy Award-winning documentary film "The Times of Harvey Milk" (1984), which came out a year before White committed suicide.

paragraph: White was portrayed by Josh Brolin in the 2008 film "Milk". The film depicted White from his first meeting with Harvey Milk up to and including the assassination of Milk. Brolin's nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor was one of eight nominations the film received overall.

paragraph: White's life, the assassinations, and his trial are covered in the 1984 book "Double Play: The San Francisco City Hall Killings" by Mike Weiss, which won the Edgar Award as Best True Crime Book of the Year. An expanded second edition, "Double Play: The Hidden Passions Behind the Double Assassination of George Moscone and Harvey Milk," was issued in 2010 and updated White's story to include his life after prison and his suicide. The second edition also includes a DVD with a half-hour video interview of White.

paragraph: "Execution of Justice," a play by Emily Mann, chronicles the events leading to the assassinations. In 1999, the play was adapted to film for cable network Showtime, with Tim Daly portraying White.

paragraph: Dan White is the subject of the punk band Dead Kennedys' cover version of "I Fought the Law", with the lyrics changed to satirize White's legal case.

paragraph: The assassinations were the basis for a scene in the 1987 science fiction movie "RoboCop" in which a deranged former municipal official holds the Mayor of Detroit and several aides hostage and demands his job back. The situation is defused by the negotiator stalling the hostage taker until RoboCop can get upstairs and overpower him.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Weiss, Mike (2010). "Double Play: The Hidden Passions Behind the Double Assassination of George Moscone and Harvey Milk," Vince Emery Productions.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "48 Drawings from the trial by David Newman"

alias:
Daniel James "Dan" White
Daniel James White

description: American politician, killer of Moscone and Milk

wikidata_label: Dan White

wikipedia_title: Dan White


text: Russian

text: Soviet

text: physicist

text: Stalin Prize

text: Lenin Prize

text: Hero of Socialist Labor

text: solid state physics

text: electromagnetism

text: radioactivity

text: superconductivity

text: nuclear physics

text: Jew

text: Romny

text: Russian Empire

text: Sumy Oblast

text: Ukraine

text: Wilhelm Roentgen

text: Munich

text: Ph.D.

text: Munich University

text: Saint Petersburg

text: Polytechnical Institute

text: Millikan

text: Lutheranism

text: Ernest Rutherford

text: Peter Kapitza

text: Cavendish Laboratory

text: Soviet atomic bomb project

text: Igor Kurchatov

text: Joseph Stalin

text: rootless cosmopolitan

text: Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute

text: Aleksandr Aleksandrov

text: Pyotr Kapitsa

text: Isaak Kikoin

text: Igor Kurchatov

text: Yakov Frenkel

text: Nikolay Semyonov

text: Léon Theremin

text: Boris Davydov

text: Lev Artsimovich

text: Ioffe

text: Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute

text: Academic Ioffe

text: piezoelectric effect

categories: Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–25),People from Romny,Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences,1960 deaths,Soviet physicists,Imperial Russian physicists,Russian Lutherans,1880 births,Jewish Ukrainian scientists,Ukrainian Jews,Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology alumni,Imperial Russian inventors,Jewish scientists,Soviet inventors,Heroes of Socialist Labour,20th-century physicists,Lenin Prize winners,Converts to Lutheranism from Judaism,Stalin Prize winners,People from Poltava Governorate

paragraph: Abram Ioffe

paragraph: Abram Fedorovich Ioffe (; – 14 October 1960) was a prominent Russian/Soviet physicist. He received the Stalin Prize (1942), the Lenin Prize (1960) (posthumously), and the Hero of Socialist Labor (1955). Ioffe was an expert in various areas of solid state physics and electromagnetism. He established research laboratories for radioactivity, superconductivity, and nuclear physics, many of which became independent institutes.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ioffe was born into a middle-class Jewish family in the small town of Romny, Russian Empire (now in Sumy Oblast, Ukraine). After graduating from Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology in 1902, he spent two years as an assistant to Wilhelm Roentgen in his Munich laboratory. Ioffe completed his Ph.D. at Munich University in 1905.

paragraph: After 1906, Ioffe worked in the Saint Petersburg (from 1924 Leningrad) Polytechnical Institute where he eventually became a professor. In 1911 he (independently of Millikan) determined the electron charge. In this experiment, the microparticles of zinc metals were irradiated with ultraviolet light to eject out the electrons. The charged microparticles were then balanced in electric field against gravity so that their charges can be determined(published in 1913). In 1911 Ioffe converted from Judaism to Lutheranism and married a non-Jewish woman. In 1913 he attained the title of Magister of Philosophy, in 1915 – Doctor of Physics. In 1918 he became head of Physics and Technology division in State Institute of Roentgenology and Radiology. This division became the Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute (LPTI) in 1917.

paragraph: In the early 1930s, there was a critical need in the Air Defense Forces of the Red Army for means of detecting invading aircraft. A number of research institutes were involved with "radiolokatory" (radio-location) techniques. The Russian Academy of Sciences called a conference in January 1934 to assess this technology. Ioffe organized this conference, then published a journal report, disclosing to researchers throughout the world the science and technology that would ultimately be called radar.

paragraph: Ioffe asked Ernest Rutherford to accept Peter Kapitza to Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge.

paragraph: When the Soviet atomic bomb project began in 1942, Ioffe was asked to lead the technical effort, but refused the job on the grounds that he was too old. He saw great promise in the young Igor Kurchatov, and placed him in charge of the first nuclear laboratory. During Joseph Stalin's campaign against the so-called "rootless cosmopolitans" (Jews), in 1950 Ioffe was made redundant from his position of the Director of LPTI and from the Board of Directors. In 1952–1954 he headed the Laboratory of Semiconductors of Academy of Sciences of the USSR, which in 1954 was reorganized as the Institute of Semiconductors. Following Ioffe's death, in 1960 the LPTI was renamed the Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute and is one of Russia's leading research centers.

paragraph: Ioffe's students include Aleksandr Aleksandrov, Pyotr Kapitsa, Isaak Kikoin, Igor Kurchatov, Yakov Frenkel, Nikolay Semyonov, Léon Theremin, Boris Davydov, and Lev Artsimovich.

paragraph: Section::::Commemoration.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The lunar crater Ioffe is named after him.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute carries his name.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Russian oceanographic and Polar research vessel "Academic Ioffe" is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Patents.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Translating device"

paragraph: BULLET::::- U.S. Patent on the piezoelectric effect

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annotated bibliography for Abram Ioffe from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

paragraph: BULLET::::- Short biography by the Russian Ioffe institute

alias:
Abram Joffé
Abram Joffe

description: Soviet physicist

wikidata_label: Abram Ioffe

wikipedia_title: Abram Ioffe


text:
QPR
James Cowan
Aston Villa
Plymouth Argyle
First World War
Brentford

categories: Queens Park Rangers F.C. players,English footballers,Association football forwards,Aston Villa F.C. players,People from Blackwell, Derbyshire,1940 deaths,1888 births,Brentford F.C. players

paragraph: James Birch (footballer)

paragraph: James Robert Birch (1888–1940) was an English footballer who played mainly with QPR.

paragraph: Birch was signed by QPR manager James Cowan from his former club Aston Villa. Birch had scored 49 goals for Villa's reserves in two seasons but was only a fringe player at the Midlands club, and this form prompted Rangers to sign him in 1912. Birch was small in stature – only 5 feet 7 inches – but he was a stocky and bustling inside-forward. He made his debut in the September against Plymouth Argyle and scored both goals in a 2–1 win. Had the First World War not intervened it is very possible that he would have played in excess of 500 games for QPR and ended up as the club's all-time leading scorer. Although never really prolific he was an extremely consistent goalscorer who could usually be relied on to score 15+ a season. There is another James Robert Birch currently residing in Vermont.

paragraph: He went on to play 334 league games (363 in all competitions) for Rangers, scoring 125 league goals (144 in all). He stands third in the all-time list of leading scorers at QPR. In 1926 he was transferred to Brentford.

description: English footballer

wikidata_label: James Birch

wikipedia_title: James Birch (footballer)


text:
Canadian
Longueuil
Quebec
Canadian Bank of Commerce
William Lyon Mackenzie King
Royal Commission
Augustin Frigon
Charles Bowman
Ottawa Citizen
Royal Commission on Radio Broadcasting
Parliament
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
stock market crashed
R. B. Bennett
Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission
Hector Charlesworth
Saturday Night magazine
John Aird
Sir John Aird
The Canadian Encyclopedia

categories: Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce presidents,Canadian Knights Bachelor,1855 births,1938 deaths,Anglophone Quebec people

paragraph: John Aird (banker)

paragraph: Sir John Aird (November 15, 1855 – November 30, 1938) was a Canadian banker. Born in Longueuil, Quebec, he joined the Canadian Bank of Commerce in 1878, becoming president of that organization in 1924 and holding the position until 1929.

paragraph: Section::::Aird Commission.

paragraph: A number of problems had arisen during 1920s, causing debates on how broadcasting should be managed. These problems included the feeling that religious radio stations had ""...emerged as a new weapon with which one religious group could bludgeon another..."", and that U.S. stations unfairly dominated the airwaves despite an agreements to reserve some frequencies exclusively for Canadian stations. These led the government of William Lyon Mackenzie King to establish a Royal Commission on the subject of broadcasting. Aird was appointed head of the three-man commission which also included Augustin Frigon, an electrical engineer, and Charles Bowman, editor of the "Ottawa Citizen".

paragraph: In 1929 the Aird Commission delivered its nine-page "Report of the Royal Commission on Radio Broadcasting" to Parliament. Included in the report was the recommendation that broadcasting in Canada should benefit the people of the country. To this end, the report recommendeded a publicly owned system funded in part by a $3 annual licence fee, in essence the blueprint for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Unfortunately, the stock market crashed a scant six weeks after the report was issued, making government support for public broadcasting problematic. Eventually, however, under the government of R. B. Bennett, the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission was formed in 1932 under the chairmanship of Hector Charlesworth, a journalist and music critic from "Saturday Night magazine".

paragraph: Aird died in Toronto in 1938.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Aird at the Manitoba Historical Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir John Aird at The Canadian Encyclopedia

wikidata_label: John Aird

wikipedia_title: John Aird (banker)


text: Ruthenian

text: Talmudist

text: kabbalist

text: Leopold Zunz

text: Ungarisch-Brod

text: Moravia

text: Jacob Aboab

text: Unger

text: Pieve di Sacco

text: Italy

text: Graziadio Nepi

text: Mordecai Ghirondi

text: Kraków

text: Steinschneider

text: Zaslav

text: Volhynia

text: that town was attacked

text: Cossacks

text: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

text: Prague

text: Venice

text: Kabbalah

text: Chaim HaKohen

text: Moses Zacuto

text: Samuel Aboab

text: Iași

text: Moldavia

text: Jacob Aboab

text: Italy

text: Khmelnytsky Uprising

text: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

text: Polish Crown

text: yeshivot

text: Yiddish

text: German

text: French

text: Benjamin II

text: Meyer Kayserling

text: Kostomarov

text: Salomon Mandelkern

text: Russian

text: Bohdan Khmelnytsky

text: Shaul Stampfer

text: Paul Robert Magocsi

text: Petro Mirchuk

text: Feast of Tabernacles

text: Jacob Koppel ben Wolf

text: Benjacob

text: Moritz Steinschneider

text: Julius Fürst

categories: 17th-century Bohemian people,Czech Orthodox rabbis,Jewish refugees,17th-century rabbis,Jewish historians,17th-century historians,1663 deaths,Kabbalists,17th-century Ukrainian people,Jews from the Principality of Moldavia,Talmudists,Ukrainian Orthodox rabbis

paragraph: Nathan ben Moses Hannover

paragraph: Nathan (Nata) ben Moses Hannover () was a Ruthenian Jewish historian, Talmudist, and kabbalist; he died, according to Leopold Zunz ("Kalender," 5623, p. 18), at Ungarisch-Brod, Moravia, on 14 July 1663. Jacob Aboab, however, in a letter to Unger (Wolf, "Bibl. Hebr." iii., No. 1728), gives Pieve di Sacco, Italy, as the place of Hannover's death, without indicating the date. The place of his birth is equally uncertain. According to Graziadio Nepi-Mordecai Ghirondi, ("Toledot Gedole Yisrael," p. 270) he was born at Kraków, but Steinschneider claims that "Nathan Hannover" and "Nathan of Kraków" were two different individuals.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Hannover lived at Zaslav, Volhynia, and when that town was attacked by the Cossacks he fled into Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, then to Prague and eventually Venice, where he studied Kabbalah under Rabbis Chaim HaKohen, Moses Zacuto as well as RabbiSamuel Aboab. Later he became rabbi of Iași, Moldavia, and afterward, according to Jacob Aboab, he returned to Italy.

paragraph: Section::::"Yeven Mezulah".

paragraph: Hannover is chiefly known for his work entitled "Yeven Mezulah" (Venice, 1653), which describes the course of the Khmelnytsky Uprising in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from a Jewish perspective. Hannover in this work gives a brief description of the Polish Crown of the time and of the relations between the Poles, Jews and Cossacks, and the causes which led to the uprising. He also gives a very vivid picture of Jewish life in Poland and the yeshivot.

paragraph: This work, owing to its literary value, was translated into Yiddish (1687), into German (1720), and into French by Daniel Levy (published by Benjamin II, Tlemçen, 1855). This last translation was revised by the historian J. Lelewel, and served as a basis for Meyer Kayserling's German translation (also published by Benjamin II, Hanover, 1863). Kostomarov, utilizing Salomon Mandelkern's Russian translation, gives many extracts from it in his "Bogdan Chmielnicki" (iii. 283-306).

paragraph: "Yeven Mezulah" came under criticism in the late 20th century, due to its severe overstatement of casualties during the Bohdan Khmelnytsky rebellion in 1648 and 1649, and it is no longer considered a reliable historical source in spite of its literary qualities. "Yeven Mezulah" was criticized in particular by Shaul Stampfer, Edward Fram, Paul Robert Magocsi's "Ukraine: A History", and Petro Mirchuk.

paragraph: Section::::Other works.

paragraph: Hannover's other works are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ṭa'ame Sukkah," a homiletic explanation of the Feast of Tabernacles (Amsterdam, 1652)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Safah Berurah," a dictionary of the Hebrew, German, Italian, and Latin languages, and arranged in Hebrew alphabetical order (Prague, 1660) – in a second edition, by Jacob Koppel ben Wolf (Amsterdam, 1701), French was included

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sha'are Ẓiyyon," a collection of mystical prayers, religious customs, and ascetic reflections; it was taken chiefly from cabalistic works, and was very popular among the Eastern Jews. It appeared first in Prague in 1662, and enjoyed such popularity that it was several times reedited (see Benjacob, "Oẓar ha-Sefarim," p. 604).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reference is also made by Hannover in his books to the following three unpublished works:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Neṭa' Sha'ashu'im," homilies on the Pentateuch

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Neṭa' Ne'eman," a cabalistic work

paragraph: BULLET::::- A commentary on the "Otiyyot de R. Aḳiba."

paragraph: Section::::Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hannover, "Sha'are Ẓiyyon", Preface;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moritz Steinschneider, "Cat. Bodl." cols. 2044-2047;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julius Fürst, "Bibl. Jud." i. 361.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Video of Lecture on Nathan ben Moses Hannover by Dr. Henry Abramson/a

description: Moldavian rabbi

wikidata_label: Nathan ben Moses Hannover

wikipedia_title: Nathan ben Moses Hannover


text: Brussels

text: Grand Place

text: Brussels guilds

text: Austrian Netherlands

text: War of the Spanish Succession

text: Barrier Treaty

text: Ghent

text: Mechelen

text: Marquess de Prié

text: Prince Eugene of Savoy

text: Alexian monks

text: Kapellekerk

text: Anneessens premetro station

text: BMGN

text: Guilds of Brussels

categories: People from Brussels,People of the Spanish Netherlands,People of the Austrian Netherlands,1660 births,1719 deaths,Executed Belgian people

paragraph: Frans Anneessens

paragraph: Frans Anneessens (in Dutch) or in French François Anneessens (Brussels, 25 February 1660 – Brussels, 19 September 1719) was dean of a Brussels guild. He was beheaded on the Grand Place in Brussels, because of his resistance to innovations in city government detrimental to the power of the Brussels guilds and for his suspected involvement with uprisings within the Austrian Netherlands.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: The end of the War of the Spanish Succession saw the Spanish Netherlands awarded to Austria. In 1716 the Austrians raised new taxes on the Flemish and Brabantine cities to fund the Dutch occupational forces installed by the Barrier Treaty and questioned their old medieval privileges. In 1717 these issues caused riots in Ghent, Antwerp, Mechelen and Brussels. The Italian Marquess de Prié, deputy for the absent governor-general, Prince Eugene of Savoy, suppressed the riots with brute force.

paragraph: In the same year, the newly elected deans of the guilds of Brussels were to swear to uphold the law, including a supplementary rider to the liberties of the city imposed in 1700. They refused to swear to uphold this last, with Anneessens apparently the ring-leader in the refusal.

paragraph: To restore order de Prié ordered the arrest of those he saw to be the ringleaders in both the rioting and the refusal. Frans Anneessens was seen as the most important of these and was lured to a business conference with an Austrian colonel to discuss victuals for his regiment. There Anneessens was arrested. Anneessens and four other leaders were kept in confinement for six months. During this period they were denied contact with their families and denied Catholic services. On 12 September 1719 Anneessens was condemned to death, the four other guild leaders to perpetual banishment.

paragraph: Section::::Execution.

paragraph: The day set for Anneessens' execution was 19 September 1719. As the government feared trouble they had forced the priests to remove the ropes of the church bells and all major streets and squares were occupied by Austrian soldiery. At 8 o'clock Frans Anneessens was brought from prison, and placed on a cart while bound by his hands and feet. After the reading of the sentence, Anneessens refused to sign it, claiming to be innocent in the eyes of God. He was then brought to the scaffold on the Grand Place where his wig was removed. When Anneesens tried to address the crowd, his words were drowned by drum roffles. The executioner then beheaded him with a sword.

paragraph: After the execution Anneessens body was removed by the Alexian monks and he was buried in the Kapellekerk.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Anneessens is commemorated in Brussels with a statue, a street and a square named after him. Anneessens premetro station takes its name from the square.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. Huisman, "Prié, Hercule-Joseph Turinetti, marquis de", "Biographie Nationale", vol. 18 (1905), 231–243.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A.H. Wertheim-Gijse Weenink, "Een kwarteeuw burgerverzet in de beide Nederlanden (1698-1719) Voorspel van de 'democratische revoluties', "BMGN" 99/3 (1984), 408-434. (In Dutch)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guilds of Brussels

description: leader of a Brussels guild decapitated for involvement in uprisings

wikidata_label: Frans Anneessens

wikipedia_title: Frans Anneessens


text: courtesy name

text: temple name

text: imperial China

text: Southern Tang

text: Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period

text: Min

text: Chu

text: Later Zhou

text: prefectures

text: Yangtze River

text: emperor

text: Song Dynasty

text: Xu Zhigao

text: Wu

text: Nanjing

text: Jiangsu

text: Xu Wen

text: Song Fujin

text: Xu Jingqian

text: Xu Jingsui

text: Xu Jingda

text: daughters

text: Yangzhou

text: Jiangsu

text: Jinling

text: chancellor

text: Song Qiqiu

text: Wang Lingmou

text: Three Excellencies

text: Zhenjiang

text: Jiangsu

text: Xuancheng

text: Anhui

text: Yang Pu

text: crown prince

text: Southern Tang

text: Xu

text: Li

text: Chen Jue

text: Feng Yanji

text: Sun Sheng

text: empress dowager

text: Zhou Zong

text: Li Hongji

text: Zhang Yuxian

text: Southern Han

text: Bian Hao

text: Min

text: Wang Xi

text: Wang Yanzheng

text: Yin

text: Duke of Zhou

text: Emperor Taizong of Tang

text: Li Jiancheng

text: Li Yuanji

text: Zhu Wenjin

text: Nanping

text: Fujian

text: Shangrao

text: Jiangxi

text: Fuzhou

text: Fujian

text: Lian Chongyu

text: Yang Sigong

text: Li Renda

text: Shumishi

text: Liu Congxiao

text: Khitan

text: Liao dynasty

text: Later Jin

text: Emperor Taizong

text: Tang dynasty

text: Huai River

text: Han Xizai

text: Wuyue

text: Quanzhou

text: Fujian

text: Daliang

text: Li Jinquan

text: Liu Zhiyuan

text: Later Han

text: Liu Chengyou

text: Li Shouzhen

text: Yuncheng

text: Shanxi

text: Linyi

text: Shandong

text: Guo Wei

text: Qian Hongchu

text: Chu

text: Ma Xiguang

text: Ma Xi'e

text: Ma Xifan

text: Changde

text: Hunan

text: Changsha

text: Hunan

text: Sun Sheng

text: Yichun

text: Jiangxi

text: Wang Kui

text: Zhou Xingfeng

text: Ma Guanghui

text: Liu Yan

text: Later Zhou

text: Ma Xichong

text: Hengyang

text: Hunan

text: Han

text: Nanchang

text: Jiangxi

text: Murong Yanchao

text: imperial examination

text: Tang dynasty

text: Guilin

text: Guangxi

text: Nanling Mountains

text: Later Shu

text: Meng Chang

text: Northern Han

text: Liu Jun

text: Lu'an

text: Anhui

text: Li Gu

text: Zhumadian

text: Henan

text: Guo Rong

text: Li Chongjin

text: Taizhou

text: Jiangsu

text: Chuzhou

text: Anhui

text: Shuzhou

text: Anhui

text: Huai'an

text: Jiangsu

text: Xinyang

text: Henan

text: Lianyungang

text: Jiangsu

text: Changzhou

text: Jiangsu

text: Wu Cheng

text: Anqing

text: Anhui

text: Ma'anshan

text: Anhui

text: Huanggang

text: Hubei

text: Emperor Muzong of Liao

text: Hefei

text: Anhui

text: Nanchang

text: Jiangxi

text: Fuzhou

text: Jiangxi

text: era name

text: naming taboo

text: Yan Xu

text: Mount Jiuhua

text: Guo Chongxun

text: Li Congjia

text: Zhao Kuangyin

text: Song

text: Xu Zizhi Tongjian

text: Old History of the Five Dynasties

text: New History of the Five Dynasties

text: History of Song

text: Zizhi Tongjian

text: Xu Zizhi Tongjian

categories: Southern Tang emperors,Southern Tang calligraphers,Yang Wu chancellors,Southern Tang musicians,Yang Wu regents,Poets from Jiangsu,Southern Tang regents,Southern Tang generals,Generals from Jiangsu,916 births,Southern Tang poets,Yang Wu generals,Politicians from Jiangsu,961 deaths

paragraph: Li Jing (Southern Tang)

paragraph: Li Jing (李璟, later changed to 李景) (916 – August 12, 961), originally Xu Jingtong (徐景通), briefly Xu Jing (徐璟) in 937–939, courtesy name Boyu (伯玉), also known by his temple name Yuanzong (元宗), was the second ruler (sometimes called Zhongzhu (中主, "Middle Ruler")) of imperial China's Southern Tang state during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. He reigned his state from 943 until his death.

paragraph: During Li Jing's earlier reign, he expanded Southern Tang's borders by extinguishing smaller neighboring states: Min in 945 and Chu in 951. However, the warfare also exhausted the wealth of the country, leaving it ill-prepared to resist the Later Zhou invasion in 956. Forced to cede all prefectures north of the Yangtze River, he also had to relinquish his title as an emperor and accept Later Zhou's overlordship in 958, and later Song Dynasty's overlordship after 960 when Song succeeded Later Zhou.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Li Jing, then named Xu Jingtong, was born in 916. His father Xu Zhigao was then Wu's prefect of Sheng Prefecture (昇州, in modern Nanjing, Jiangsu), under his adoptive father (Xu Jingtong's grandfather) Xu Wen, who was then Wu's regent. He was Xu Zhigao's oldest son. His mother was Xu Zhigao's second wife Song Fujin, who would later give birth to three more sons, Xu Jingqian, Xu Jingsui, and Xu Jingda.

paragraph: Section::::During Wu.

paragraph: In 923, by which time Xu Zhigao was the junior regent under Xu Wen, there was an incident where the general Zhong Taizhang (鍾泰章), who had assisted in Xu Wen's coming to power, was under investigation for corruption. Xu Zhigao advocated punishing Zhong, but Xu Wen, pointing out Zhong's contributions, declined, and instead ordered Xu Zhigao to take one of Zhong's daughters as wife for Xu Jingtong, although it is not clear whether the marriage took place that year or later. In 925, Xu Jingtong, then age nine, was given the office of "Jiabu Langzhong" (駕部郎中), a supervisory official at the ministry of defense (兵部, "Bingbu"). He later was given the title of an imperial guard general. In 930, by which point Xu Zhigao had succeeded Xu Wen as regent, Xu Zhigao planned to leave the Wu capital Jiangdu (江都, in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu) and take up his headquarters at Jinling (i.e., the former Sheng Prefecture), he started the preparations of leaving Xu Jingtong at Jiangdu as junior regent by having him given the titles of minister of defense (兵部尚書, "Bingbu Shangshu") and acting chancellor (參政事, "Can Zhengshi"). In 931, when Xu Zhigao's chief advisor Song Qiqiu suddenly claimed to want to retire, it was Xu Jingtong that Xu Zhigao sent to Song's retirement mansion to urge Song to return to the government. Later in the year, Xu Zhigao left Jiangdu and took up headquarters at Jinling, leaving Xu Jingtong at Jiangdu to oversee the government, assisted by Song and Wang Lingmou. Xu Jingtong received the titles of "Situ" (司徒, one of the Three Excellencies), chancellor (同中書門下平章事, "Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi"), and acting director of military matters (知中外左右諸軍事, "Zhi Zhongwai Zuoyou Zhujunshi").

paragraph: In late 934, Xu Zhigao summoned Xu Jingtong from Jiangdu to Jinling, to serve as his deputy at Jinling, with the titles of deputy military governor of Zhenhai (鎮海, headquartered in modern Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) and Ningguo (寧國, headquartered in modern Xuancheng, Anhui) Circuits, deputy commander of the armies of all circuits (諸道副都統, "Zhudao Fu Dutong"), and acting overseer of military matters (判中外諸軍事, "Pan Zhongwai Zhujunshi"). His younger brother Xu Jingqian was made junior regent at Jiangdu in his place.

paragraph: In late 935, as part of the prelude of taking over the Wu throne, Xu Zhigao had Wu's emperor Yang Pu bestow on him the titles of Prince of Qi and Generalissimo (大元帥, "Da Yuanshuai"). In early 936, as he began to create a Generalissimo headquarters with six ministries, he made Xu Jingtong the deputy generalissimo and "Taiwei" (太尉, one of the Three Excellencies). In 937, he created Xu Jingtong the crown prince of the Principality of Qi, but Xu Jingtong declined.

paragraph: Section::::During Li Bian's reign as emperor.

paragraph: In winter 937, Xu Zhigao had Yang Pu yield the throne to him, ending Wu, and starting a new state later known as Southern Tang (although it was likely known as Qi at this point). Sometimes around the transition, Xu Jingtong was apparently given the titles of commander of all circuits (諸道都統, "Zhudao Dutong") and acting generalissimo, and shortly after the transition, he was given the titles of deputy generalissimo, overseer of the imperial guards, "Taiwei", "Shangshu Ling" (尚書令), and Prince of Wu. Shortly after, his name was changed from Jingtong to Jing. In 938, his princely title was changed to Prince of Qi.

paragraph: In 939, Xu Zhigao changed his surname from the adoptive Xu to the birth Li and took a new personal name of Bian (and likely changed the name of the state to Tang at that point). Xu Jing, and the rest of the imperial family (other than the lines from Xu Wen's biological sons) changed their names to Li at that time as well. Li Bian decreed that all the matters of state be submitted to Li Jing for decision, except that he himself would still oversee military matters. Later in the year, Li Bian wanted to create him to be the crown prince, but he declined, and so Li Bian gave him a number of additional titles—Generalissimo, acting commander of the imperial guards, acting "Taiwei", director of the executive bureau of government (錄尚書事, "Lu Shangshu Shi"), and grand prefect of Sheng and Yang Prefectures (i.e., Jinling and Jiangdu). In fall 940, Li Bian created him crown prince, while having him continue to retain the titles of Generalissimo and "Lu Shangshu Shi", but he again declined, and so Li Bian allowed him to but ordered that the entire realm honor him as if he were crown prince. In late 940, there was an occasion when the fortuneteller Sun Zhiyong (孫智永) claimed, due to planet alignments, that Li Bian should visit Jiangdu. Li Bian agreed, and left Li Jing in charge of the state as regent at Jinling, while he headed for Jiangdu. He considered taking up residence there for some time, but because supplying Jiangdu at that time was difficult due to freezing conditions, he soon thereafter returned to Jinling.

paragraph: In 942, when Song Qiqiu complained that he was not given sufficient authority, Li Bian put Song in charge of overseeing the executive bureau (尚書省, "Shangshu Sheng"), while having Li Jing's younger brother Li Jingsui oversee the two other bureaus of government—the legislative (中書省, "Zhongshu Sheng") and examination (門下省, "Menxia Sheng"), with Li Jing in charge of reviewing Song's and Li Jingsui's decisions. (However, this arrangement did not last long, as, later in the year, Song's associate Xia Changtu (夏昌圖) was accused of corruption, but Song refused to execute him. Li Bian, in anger, directly ordered Xia's execution, and after this incident, Song requested retirement and was allowed to retire.)

paragraph: In any case, though, over the years, Song had often praised the abilities of Li Jing's younger brother Li Jingda, whom Li Bian himself considered resolute and magnanimous and therefore considered making his heir. While it did not actually occur, as Li Jing was older, Li Jing was resentful to Song for making the suggestion. Once, however, when Li Bian visited Li Jing's palace, he happened to see Li Jing playing instruments—which Li Bian considered frivolous, and therefore rebuked Li Jing for several straight days. Li Bian's favorite concubine Consort Zhong, who had given birth to Li Bian's youngest son Li Jingti (李景逷), took this opportunity to try to persuade Li Bian to divert succession from Li Jing to Li Jingti—which, however, angered Li Bian, who stated, "When a son has faults, the father rebukes him. This is normal. How can a woman interfere with important matters of state?" He sent her away and gave her in marriage to someone else. Meanwhile, Li Jing's staff members Chen Jue and Feng Yanji were in alliance with Song and finding ways to expel people who were not cooperating with them. Both Chang Mengxi (常夢錫) and Xiao Yan (蕭儼) submitted petitions to Li Bian accusing Chen of abuse of power, and it was said that while Li Bian understood some of the accusations to be true, he did not get a chance to act on them, before he fell deathly ill in spring 943 from poisoning due to pills given him by alchemists. On March 30, he summoned Li Jing to his deathbed, and, after entrusting the state to him, died. Li Jing did not immediately announce his death, but instead issued an edict in his name naming Li Jing regent and announcing a general pardon. Meanwhile, the official Sun Sheng, trying to stop the influence by Chen and the others on the incoming emperor, considered trying to announce that Li Bian's will named Empress Song regent for Li Jing, but when the official Li Yiye (李貽業) pointed out that Li Bian often spoke against women's influence on governments and stated that he would publicly tear up the will if it were announced, Sun relented. Shortly after, Li Jing announced Li Bian's death, and then took the throne.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Early reign.

paragraph: Upon taking the throne, Li Jing honored his mother Empress Song as empress dowager, and created his wife Princess Zhong empress. As he considered Song Qiqiu and Zhou Zong to be the most respected senior officials of the land, he made them his leading chancellors (as "Zhongshu Ling" (中書令) and "Shizhong" (侍中), respectively), but decided the main decisions himself. He gave greater princely titles to his brothers Li Jingsui (from Prince of Shou to Prince of Yan) and Li Jingda (from Prince of Xuancheng to Prince of E). It was said after he took the throne, he entrusted much responsibility to Chen Jue, and a group of his associates thus emerged from this association—Chen, Feng Yanji, Feng Yanji's brother Feng Yanlu (馮延魯), Wei Cen (魏岑), and Cha Wenhui (查文徽)—who became influential at his court, influencing him to benefit themselves, such that they became known as the "Five Ghosts." However, soon thereafter, when Chen left governmental service for some time to observe a mourning period for his mother, the alliance fractured, as Wei took the opportunity to defame Chen. With Chen gone, and with Li Jing unhappy with Song Qiqiu's repeated attempt to defame Zhou, Li Jing sent Song outside Jinling to serve as the military governor of Zhenhai, and then, when Song submitted a retirement request in anger, approved it.

paragraph: Later in the year, believing that it was Li Bian's wish that he pass the throne to his brothers eventually, Li Jing made Li Jingsui Generalissimo and Prince of Qi, and had him move into the eastern palace—i.e., the palace of the Crown Prince—and created Li Jingda the Prince of Yan. He publicly declared that he intended to pass the throne to the two of them, in order, despite their attempts to decline their greater titles. Li Jingsui thereafter took, as his courtesy name, "Tuishen" (退身, "withdrawing body"), to show that he had no intent to occupy the position. Li Jing also created his oldest son Li Hongji the Prince of Nanchang, and youngest brother Li Jingti the Prince of Baoning. It was said that because Empress Dowager Song resented Consort Zhong for attempt to try to displace Li Jing with Li Jingti, she considered killing Li Jingti, but Li Jingti survived with Li Jing's protection.

paragraph: In winter 943, with the agrarian rebel leader Zhang Yuxian—who had earlier plagued Southern Tang's southern neighbor Southern Han—now inside his realm, Li Jing sent the officer Yan En (嚴恩) to attack Zhang, with the official Bian Hao serving as Yan's army monitor. Bian, using one Bai Changyu (白昌裕) as his chief strategist, attacked Zhang and defeated him. Zhang was then arrested and surrendered by his own subordinate Li Tai (李台), and was taken to Jinling and executed there.

paragraph: In spring 944, Feng Yanji, Wei, and Cha were trying to monopolize access to the emperor, and they took advance of Li Jing's desire to pass the throne to Li Jingsui and Li Jingda to persuade him to issue an edict that stated, "Li Jingsui the Prince of Qi should oversee all matters. Among the officials, only the deputy chiefs of staff Wei Cen and Cha Wenhui may come to us to present matters; otherwise, they can only see us by our summons." This greatly shocked the state, and Xiao Yan's petition to reverse this decision was ignored. However, the imperial guard commander Jia Chong (賈崇) went to the palace door and knelt, requesting an audience, and when Li Jing saw him, pointed out that this was ill-advised and would cut off the rest of the government from him, causing Li Jing to withdraw this policy.

paragraph: Later in the year, with Southern Tang's southeastern neighbor Min embroiled in a civil war between its emperor Wang Xi and Wang Xi's brother Wang Yanzheng, who had declared himself emperor of a new state of Yin, Li Jing sent them letters, rebuking them for a fraternal civil war and urging them to make peace. Neither listened: Wang Xi wrote back and invoked the precedents of the Duke of Zhou executing his rebellious brothers Lord Guan and Lord Cai, and Emperor Taizong of Tang killing his brothers Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji, while Wang Yanzheng wrote back and rebuked Li Jing (and his father Li Bian) for usurping the Wu throne. In anger, Li Jing cut off diplomatic relations with Yin. In summer 944, after Wang Xi was assassinated by his general Zhu Wenjin, who then claimed the Min throne, Zhu sent emissaries to Southern Tang, hoping to establish relations. Li Jing arrested Zhu's emissaries and considered attacking him, but as there were hot weather and plagues at the time, Southern Tang did not actually attack.

paragraph: In late 944, Cha made a proposal to attack Yin's capital Jian Prefecture (建州, in modern Nanping, Fujian), and, despite much opposition, Li sent him to oversee the borders with Yin to see if such a plan were feasible. When Cha reached Xin Prefecture (信州, in modern Shangrao, Jiangxi), near the Yin border, he submitted a report indicating his belief that an attack would be successful. Li thereafter sent Bian to command an army to rendezvous with Cha. However, their initial attacks were unsuccessful. The Yin general Wu Chengyi (吳成義), who was then attacking the Min capital Changle (長樂, in modern Fuzhou, Fujian), decided to use this opportunity to falsely claim to the people of Changle that Southern Tang was "aiding" Yin in the military efforts against Zhu, causing much alarm in Changle. The Min official Lin Renhan (林仁翰) used this opportunity to rise against Zhu, first killing Zhu's confederate Lian Chongyu, and then Zhu, and then opened the city to welcome Wu in. Shortly after, Wang Yanzheng claimed the Min throne, but kept his capital at Jian rather than moving it back to Changle. Soon thereafter, the Southern Tang general Zu Quan'en (祖全恩), whom Li sent to reinforce Cha, crushed the Min army commanded by Wang Yanzheng's chancellor Yang Sigong, and then put Jian under siege. In fall 945, Jian fell, and Wang Yanzheng surrendered to Southern Tang, ending Min's existence as a state. However, the pillages of the Southern Tang army of Jian disappointed the Min people, who had welcomed Southern Tang forces as liberators from the oppressive Min regime, but Li chose not to pursue charges against the officers responsible due to the great accomplishment of destroying Min.

paragraph: Initially, the Min territory, after Jian's fall, pledged allegiance to Southern Tang. This included Fu Prefecture (福州, i.e., Changle), which had been under the control of Li Renda, who seized control of the prefecture when Jian was under Southern Tang attack, and whom Li Jing had, in response, given him a new hame of Hongyi and adopted him into the Southern Tang imperial clan. After Jian's fall, however, Fu remained out of effective control by Southern Tang. Chen Jue, who was then Li Jing's chief of staff ("Shumishi"), volunteered to go to meet Li Hongyi, promising that he would be able to persuade Li Hongyi to give up his semi-independence and go to Jinling to pay homage to Li Jing. When Chen reached Fu, however, Li Hongyi took a defiant stance and treated Chen with disrespect. Chen did not dare to speak of having him come to Jinling, but, when he reached Jian Prefecture (劍州, in modern Nanping) on the way back to Jinling, Chen felt humiliated, and issued an order in Li Jing's name, without authorization, claiming for himself the acting authority to oversee Fu, conscripting the militia soldiers in the region to head toward Fu, and ordering Li Hongyi to report to Jinling. When Li Hongyi resisted, battles began. Li Jing was incensed by Chen's issuing of orders without authority, but by that point, Southern Tang officials became supportive of Chen's endeavor, and so Li Jing sent reinforcements. Southern Tang forces put Fu under siege, but even though the general Wang Chongwen (王崇文) was in command of the entire operations, Chen, Feng Yanlu, and Wei Cen were all interfering with his authority, while the generals Wang Jianfeng (王建封) and Liu Congxiao were also resistant, causing the siege to lose focus and unable to succeed, so the siege wore on.

paragraph: In spring 947, Li Jing formally created Li Jingsui his crown prince. He also created Li Jingda the Prince of Qi, and Li Hongji the Prince of Yan, with Li Jingda also serving as Generalissimo and Li Hongji his deputy. As the Khitan Liao dynasty had recently destroyed Southern Tang's northern neighbor Later Jin and taken over central China, Li Jing sent emissaries to congratulate Liao's Emperor Taizong, and also, as Li Bian claimed ancestry from Tang dynasty emperors, requested permission to send soldiers to repair the tombs of the Tang emperors. The Liao emperor refused, but still sent emissaries to Southern Tang in return. At this time, a number of Later Jin officials who did not want to submit to Liao fled to Southern Tang, and the agrarian rebels north of the Huai River (which formed the border between Southern Tang and Later Jin) were also pledging allegiance to Southern Tang. The official Han Xizai suggested that Southern Tang take an aggressive military stance to contest the central Chinese territories, but as the army was occupied with sieging Fu, such a campaign could not be carried out at the time, causing Li Jing much regret.

paragraph: By late spring 947, forces from Wuyue, which Li Hongyi (who now carried the name of Li Da) had sought aid from, had arrived at Fu. The Southern Tang forces allowed the Wuyue forces to land, hoping to defeat them and then take the city. However, Wuyue forces, once they landed, attacked and defeated the Southern Tang forces, lifting the siege on Fu. Subsequently, Liu returned to his stronghold Quan Prefecture (泉州, in modern Quanzhou, Fujian) and forced the Southern Tang forces there to leave—thus, while he remained formally a Southern Tang subject, the modern southern Fujian region, which he controlled, was in effect semi-independent from that point on. (Thus, the only part of the former Min territory that Southern Tang had effective control of was the northwestern portion, centered around Jian Prefecture.) Li Jing, angry over the defeat, considered executing Chen and Feng Yanlu, but eventually, at the intercession of Song Qiqiu and Feng Yanji, only exiled them. When Li Jing subsequently heard that Liao abandoned the former Later Jin capital Daliang, he considered a campaign north, with the general Li Jinquan in command. However, he soon heard that the Later Jin general Liu Zhiyuan had entered Daliang and claimed imperial title (as founder of a new state of Later Han, and therefore, not daring to confront Liu, cancelled those plans.

paragraph: After Liu Zhiyuan's death in early 948 and succession by his son Liu Chengyou, the Later Han general Li Shouzhen rebelled at Hezhong (河中, in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi), and sought aid from Southern Tang. Li Jing sent Li Jinquan to attack north. Li Jinquan's army entered Later Han territory and reached Yi Prefecture (沂州, in modern Linyi, Shandong), but with Hezhong being far away, across Later Han territory and with the Southern Tang soldiers having low morale, Li Jinquan soon thereafter withdrew back to Southern Tang territory. Li Jing subsequently wrote Liu Chengyou, apologizing for the incursion, asking for him to pardon Li Shouzhen, and requesting resumption of trade relations between Southern Tang and Later Han. Liu did not respond. Soon, Li Shouzhen was defeated by the Later Han general Guo Wei and committed suicide.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Middle reign.

paragraph: In 950, Cha Wenhui, then the acting military governor of Yong'an Circuit (永安, headquartered at Jian Prefecture), received false reports that Wuyue had abandoned Fu Prefecture, and decided to head for Fu to take control of it. When he approached, though, he fell into an ambush set by Wuyue's acting military governor of Weiwu Circuit (威武, headquartered at Fu), and was defeated and captured. Wuyue's king Qian Hongchu subsequently returned Cha, and, in return, Southern Tang returned a number of Wuyue officers that it had previously captured to Wuyue. (Southern Tang would not subsequently make another attempt at capturing the former Min capital.)

paragraph: Meanwhile, Southern Tang's southwestern neighbor Chu had fallen into a civil war, as its then prince Ma Xiguang's older brother Ma Xi'e, upset that he was bypassed by their older brother Ma Xifan when Ma Xifan was choosing an heir, rebelled against Ma Xiguang in 949 and effectively made Wuping Circuit (武平, headquartered in modern Changde, Hunan), independent of the main Chu state. In spring 950, Ma Xi'e, after unable to get the Later Han emperor Liu Chengyou, to which Chu was a vassal of, to recognize him as an independent vassal, instead pledged fealty to Li Jing. Later in the year, he captured Chu's capital Tan Prefecture (潭州, in modern Changsha, Hunan), executed Ma Xiguang, and claimed the princely title for himself. He continued to be Southern Tang's vassal, and sent his secretary Liu Guangfu (劉光輔) to pay tribute to Li. Li, in return, sent the officials Sun Sheng and Yao Feng (姚鳳) to Tan to formally bestow the Prince of Chu title on Ma Xi'e. However, Liu secretly informed Li that the Chu realm was not secure, and so Li stationed Bian Hao at Yuan Prefecture (袁州, in modern Yichun, Jiangxi), in anticipation of a strike against Chu. Shortly after this, the Wuping officers Wang Kui and Zhou Xingfeng, upset that Ma Xi'e had driven the soldiers under them into hard labor and not properly rewarded them, escaped from Tan back to Wuping's capital Lang Prefecture (朗州) and seized it, deposing Ma Xi'e's son Ma Guangzan (馬光贊) as acting military governor, and replacing him, first with Ma Xi'e's nephew Ma Guanghui, but in fact having a group of officers exercise joint leadership. When Ma Xi'e reported this to Li, Li sent emissaries to Wuping with gifts, hoping that these officers would acknowledge him as overlord, but Wang and the others received the gifts and sent the emissaries back to Li without answering him. Wang and the other officers subsequently supported the general Liu Yan to be Wuping's military governor, and Liu sent an emissary requesting that Southern Tang commission him as military governor. When Li did not respond, he submitted to Later Han's successor state Later Zhou, founded and ruled by Guo Wei.

paragraph: After taking Tan over, Ma Xi'e governed the Chu state with violence and incompetence, spending his days and nights feasting. In fall 950, a coup happened at Tan, overthrowing him. Ma Xi'e's younger brother Ma Xichong, who had been one of the conspirators against him, became the ruler of the regime. Ma Xichong exiled Ma Xi'e to Hengshan (衡山, in modern Hengyang, Hunan), hoping that the non-Han chieftain Peng Shigao (彭師暠), who had supported Ma Xiguang previously and therefore Ma Xi'e punished, and who was in control of the Hengshan region, would kill Ma Xi'e for him, but Peng instead supported Ma Xi'e to be the leader in resisting Ma Xichong. Upon hearing of the coup, Liu Yan took his troops and headed toward Tan, and Ma Xichong was apprehensive. At Liu's demand, Ma Xichong executed a number of officers close to Ma Xi'e, but that did not stop Liu's advance. With threats from Liu and Peng, Ma Xichong's fellow conspirators considered assassinating him. In fear, Ma Xichong sent his general Fan Shoumu (范守牧) to the Southern Tang court, requesting to submit his state to Southern Tang. Li sent Bian to Tan to accept the surrender, ending Chu as a state under the Ma family's rule. With the Chu realm suffering from famine due to the wars, Bian distributed the food that the Ma family had stored up, initially greatly pleasing the Chu people. Thereafter, when Ma Xi'e requested to be restored to be position of military governor of Wu'an Circuit (武安, headquartered at Tan), the people of Tan, hating Ma Xi'e for his previous misrule, requested that Bian remain as their military governor, and Li agreed. Li subsequently continued to allow Ma Xi'e to carry the title of Prince of Chu, but moved him to Zhennan Circuit (鎮南, headquartered in modern Nanchang, Jiangxi). He gave lesser offices to Ma Xichong and the other former Chu officials, moving them away from the former Chu lands. In light of Chu's fall, the Southern Tang officials, in a celebrating mode, became arrogant, believing that Southern Tang would soon be destroying other states, while some secretly harbored reservations about how the campaigns were draining the state.

paragraph: In early 952, the Later Zhou general Murong Yanchao (Liu Zhiyuan's half-brother) rebelled against Later Zhou, and sought aid from Southern Tang. However, the Southern Tang relief army that Li Jing sent was repelled, and Murong subsequently was defeated. Guo returned the Southern Tang general Yan Jingquan (燕敬權), and in return, Li returned Southern Tang's captives from the central Chinese regimes.

paragraph: Meanwhile, it was said that Li Jing favored literary talent, and that at the time, Southern Tang had the most literary talents of the states of China. However, it did not hold imperial examinations. In 952, Li reinstitute the imperial examinations and put the official Jiang Wenwei (江文蔚) in charge of them. When Li asked how the examinations compared to those of Tang dynasty, which Southern Tang claimed to be the successor to, Jiang responded, "In the past dynasty, half of those who passed imperial examinations were properly passed based on their public performance, and half passed based on private favors. I, your subject, only base them on public performance." Li was pleased, but when the official Zhang Wei (張緯), who was a Tang examination, heard this, he became resentful of Jiang and began to speak against the imperial examinations. Further, the other high-level officials were also not imperial examinees, and therefore did not like the idea of them. Soon, the imperial examinations were abolished again.

paragraph: Southern Tang's entrance of the Chu capital Tan Prefecture did not mean that Southern Tang possessed all of Chu lands—as while its forces controlled Wu'an, Wuping remained in Liu Yan's hands, and Chu's third main circuit, Jingjiang (靜江, headquartered in modern Guilin, Guangxi), fell into Southern Han's hands. Li contemplated campaigns to capture Wu'an and Jingjiang, but by summer 952 was contemplating giving up the campaign to capture Jingjiang and simply to issue a commission to Liu without taking actual control. When he consulted Sun Sheng and Feng Yanji, whom he had earlier made chancellors, Sun agreed, but Feng dissuaded him, suggesting that that would mean that the seizure of Chu was an empty one. However, an attack on Jingjiang's capital Gui Prefecture (桂州) was repelled by Southern Han at heavy losses to Southern Tang. Meanwhile, Bian, while known for kindness, was not governing Wu'an properly, as he was indecisive and allowed many of his subordinate to interfere with his decisions. In winter 952, Liu sent Wang Kui to launch a surprise attack on Tan. Bian, after trying to defend Tan briefly, abandoned it and fled back to Southern Tang proper. The other Southern Tang prefects assigned to former Chu prefectures, hearing of Tan's fall, also abandoned their prefectures, allowing Liu's army to recover nearly all of Chu's territory north of the Nanling Mountains (i.e., except Jingjiang). Southern Tang, in effect, gained nothing from the Chu adventure. Sun and Feng resigned their chancellorships, and Li stated that he would never launch another army. Still, in 955, when Later Shu's emperor Meng Chang sent emissaries to him and to Northern Han's emperor Liu Jun, with proposal to have a three-state alliance against Later Zhou, he agreed, although no real joint attack occurred.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Late reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Late reign.:War with Later Zhou.

paragraph: Earlier in Southern Tang's history, it had been standard procedure for the Southern Tang army to carefully guard the southern bank of the Huai River when the water level were low. However, at some point in or before 955, Wu Tingshao (吳庭紹), the army monitor, thought it was unlikely that there would be war with Later Zhou, and proposed that this procedure be cancelled, to save costs. Wu's proposal was approved, despite vehement opposition by Liu Renzhan (劉仁瞻) the military governor of Qinghuai Circuit (清淮, headquartered in modern Lu'an, Anhui). Thus, when, in late 955, Later Zhou launched a major attack against Southern Tang, commanded by its chancellor Li Gu, assisted by the general Wang Yanchao (王彥超), Southern Tang was caught unprepared. Li Jing sent the general Liu Yanzhen (劉彥貞) to try to aid Liu Renzhan, whose capital Shou Prefecture (壽州) was the apparent initial target of the Later Zhou attack, and summoned Song Qiqiu, who was then the military governor of Zhennan, back to Jinling, to help him make military decisions.

paragraph: Li Gu did, in fact, put Shou under siege, but could not capture it. When Liu Yanzhen's army arrived in Shou's vicinity, he decided to withdraw rather than confront Liu Yanzhen immediately. Liu Yanzhen's subordinate Xian Shilang (咸師朗) advocated chasing after Li Gu and attacking his army, and Liu Yanzhen decided to do so, despite Liu Renzhan's advice against it. When Liu Yanzhen reached Zhengyang (正陽, in modern Zhumadian, Henan), Li Gu counterattacked, defeating and killing him in battle while capturing Xian and many other of his officers. Over 10,000 Southern Tang soldiers were killed. Subsequently, the Later Zhou emperor Guo Rong (Guo Wei's adoptive son) arrived at Shou and again put it under siege, while replacing Li Gu as commander of the army with his cousin Li Chongjin. Li Jing subsequently wrote a letter to Guo, stating, "The Emperor of Tang respectfully addresses the Emperor of the Great Zhou. We request that you quiet your army and restore peace. We are willing to serve you as if you were an older brother, and willing to contribute goods toward your army costs." Guo did not respond. Worried about what might come next at his state's detriment, Li then sent his officials Zhong Mo (鍾謨) and Li Deming (李德明), both of whom known for their speaking skills, to submit tributes of imperial clothing, tea, traditional medicine, gold, silver, silk, cattle, and wine, at the Zhou army's then camp outside Shou. When Zhong and Li Deming arrived there, however, Guo rebuked them and refused their overture of peace, demanding that Li Jing himself come to beg forgiveness instead. Li Jing's emissary to Liao to ask Liao to attack Later Zhou from the north was intercepted by Later Zhou and never reached Liao. Meanwhile, concerned about the possibility that the Wu imperial Yang clan, whose members were then housed at Tai Prefecture (泰州, in modern Taizhou, Jiangsu), would be taken and used by the Later Zhou army, Li Jing sent the official Yin Yanfan (尹延範) to Tai to move them south of the Yangtze to Zhenhai's capital Run Prefecture (潤州). However, Yin, believing that the road is difficult and concerned that the Yangs would rebel, slaughtered them. Li Jing, shocked at this result, executed Yin.

paragraph: In spring 956, after continuous Later Zhou victories, including capturing Jiangdu in a surprise attack, Li Jing made another peace overture, sending Sun Sheng and Wang Chongzhi (王崇質) to again pay tributes of gold, silver, and silk to Guo, and this time submitting a submissive petition (i.e., as a subject, rather than on equal terms):

paragraph: Subsequently, through Li Deming and Sun, Li Jing further offered to give up his imperial title; give annual tributes of gold and silk; and cede six prefectures—Shou, Hao (濠州, in modern Chuzhou, Anhui), Si (泗州, in modern Shuzhou, Anhui), Chu (楚州, in modern Huai'an, Jiangsu), Guang (光州, in modern Xinyang, Henan), and Hai (海州, in modern Lianyungang, Jiangsu)—to Later Zhou. However, Guo, with his confidence bolstered by the Later Zhou victories, believed that he would be able to conquer all of Southern Tang's territories north of the Yangtze, refused. Li Deming and Sun convinced Guo to allow Li Deming and Wang to return to the Southern Tang court to relay the Later Zhou emperor's demands, and Guo himself issued letters addressed at Li Jing and the high-level Southern Tang officials, offering peace, but only at Later Zhou's stated terms. Li Jing again submitted a petition thanking Guo. When Li Deming arrived at Jinling, pointed out the Later Zhou military strength, and argued for ceding all of the territory north of the Yangtze for peace, however, Li Jing was displeased at his report, and Song argued that ceding land had no benefit to the state. Further, Chen Jue, who was then Li Jing's chief of staff, and Chen's deputy Li Zhenggu both had hated both Li Deming and Sun, and therefore enticed Wang into making different assessments than Li Deming about the Later Zhou strength. They then stated to Li Jing, "Li Deming has sold out the empire for his own benefit." In anger, Li Jing executed Li Deming—thus ending hopes of peace at that point.

paragraph: While facing the Later Zhou invasion, Southern Tang was also facing the threat of Wuyue's invasion from the southeast. Li Jing, concerned that Wuyue would attack Run from Chang Prefecture (常州, in modern Changzhou, Jiangsu), decided to recall Li Hongji, who was then the commandant at Run, to Jinling, as he saw Li Hongji as too young to oversee the defense. Li Hongji, however, listened to his subordinate Zhao Duo (趙鐸) and decided that if he left Run, it would throw the city and the surrounding region into panic, and declined the recall and instead prepared to defend. He also gave full support to the general Chai Kehong (柴克宏) in Chai's efforts of resisting Wuyue forces. Chai subsequently crushed Wuyue forces under Wu Cheng, ending Wuyue's campaign against Southern Tang.

paragraph: With the faltering of the peace efforts, Li Jing commissioned Li Jingda to head an army to counterattack and to try to lift the siege on Shou, but made Chen the army monitor, in actual control of the army. He also commissioned the official Zhu Yuan (朱元), whom he considered to be militarily talented, to lead an army in trying to recover the prefectures that Later Zhou had captured. Zhu was able to quickly recapture Shu (舒州, in modern Anqing, Anhui) and He (和州, in modern Ma'anshan, Anhui) Prefectures, while Li Ping (李平) recaptured Qi Prefecture (蘄州, in modern Huanggang, Hubei). With these losses and with Li Jingda's army approaching Shou, Guo decided to withdraw from Jiangdu, concentrating his forces on capturing Shou. Li Jingda's army set up camp near Shou, but did not dare to engage the Later Zhou siege army.

paragraph: In winter 956, Li Jing, hearing of discord between the Later Zhou generals Zhang Yongde (張永德, Guo Rong's brother-in-law) and Li Chongjin, Li Jing wrote a secret letter to Li Chongjin, apparently trying to entice him to turn against Guo, in which he made many disparaging remarks about Guo. Li Chongjin, however, presented the letter to Guo, who had at that point returned to the Later Zhou capital Daliang. Upon seeing the letter, Guo, incensed, summoned Sun (whom he had taken back to Daliang with him, along with Zhong), and confronted him about how, unlike what he had previously stated about Li Jing (that Li Jing wanted to become a vassal), Li Jing was trying to entice Li Chongjin to rebel. He also ordered Sun to tell him Southern Tang state secrets. Sun refused and asked for death. Guo thereafter executed Sun and exiled Zhong, but soon thereafter regretted executing the faithful Sun, and therefore recalled Zhong back to his court. Meanwhile, Li Jing sent another emissary, Chen Chuyao (陳處堯), over the seas to go to the Liao court to request aid from Emperor Muzong of Liao. Liao did not launch an army to aid Southern Tang, and detained Chen at the Liao court.

paragraph: Because of Zhu's battlefield achievements, he became arrogant and often resisted orders issued by Li Jingda (but actually by Chen). In spring 957, Chen submitted a petition to Li Jing, arguing that Zhu could not be trusted, and Li Jing sent the general Yang Shouzhong (楊守忠) to replace Zhu. Zhu, in anger and fear, initially considered committing suicide, but instead decided to surrender to Later Zhou, with more than 10,000 soldiers. The Later Zhou forces sieging Shou took this opportunity to attack and crush Li Jingda's army. Yang, Xu Wenzhen (許文稹), and Bian Hao were captured. Li Jingda and Chen fled back to Jinling. With Liu Renzhan deathly ill, the Shou garrison surrendered. When Liu died shortly after, Li Jing, in remembrance of his faithfulness in defending the city for so long, bestowed posthumous honors on him. After capturing Shou, Guo Rong, now again personally commanding the Later Zhou army, approached Jiangdu. Southern Tang forces burned the city and abandoned it, as Later Zhou forces continue to capture city after city north of the Yangtze. As of spring 958, Guo's army had arrived at the Yangtze and was inflicting losses on the Southern Tang fleet, posturing to cross the Yangtze. At this point, Southern Tang only retained four prefectures north of the Yangtze—Lu (廬州, in modern Hefei, Anhui), Shu, Qi, and Huang (黃州, in modern Huanggang).

paragraph: At this time, Li Jingsui, who had continuously offered to yield the crown prince title, again did so and argued that Li Hongji, due to his contributions during the campaign against Wuyue, should become crown prince. Li Jingda also offered to yield the title of generalissimo of all circuits. Li Jing agreed, creating Li Jingsui the Prince of Jin and making him the commandant at Hong Prefecture (洪州, in modern Nanchang, Jiangxi) as well as the generalissimo of Jiangnan West Circuit (i.e., Zhennan), and making Li Jingda the commandant at Fu Prefecture (撫州, in modern Fuzhou, Jiangxi). He created Li Hongji crown prince.

paragraph: With the Later Zhou forces at the Yangtze, Li Jing finally decided to capitulate, but felt ashamed of personally becoming a vassal to Guo, and therefore sent Chen as an emissary to Guo, offering to pass the throne to Li Hongji and have Li Hongji submit as a vassal. Chen, upon arriving at Guo's camp, saw the impressiveness of the Later Zhou army, and therefore spoke humbly to Guo, requesting that he be allowed to send his subordinate Liu Chengyu (劉承遇) back to Jinling to obtain a petition from Li Jing, offering to cede Lu, Shu, Qi, and Huang to Later Zhou, so that the Yangtze would form the new border. Guo agreed, and authored a letter in which he addressed Li Jing, "The respectful greeting of the Emperor to the Lord of Jiangnan." When Liu arrived at Jinling to report, Li Jing agreed, and, in a petition in which he referred to himself as "The Lord of Tang," offered submit the four prefectures and annual tributes. Guo agreed to the terms, and ordered cessation of hostilities. He also had Chen inform Li Jing that it was unnecessary to pass the throne to Li Hongji. Pursuant to his submission to Later Zhou, Li Jing stopped using his own era names and adopted Later Zhou's, to show submission. He stopped referring to himself as "emperor" but only as "lord," and stopped using imperial ceremonies. He also changed his own name from the character 璟 to 景, to observe naming taboo, as Guo Wei's great-great-grandfather was named Guo Jing with the character of 璟.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Late reign.:After losses to Later Zhou.

paragraph: In summer 958, Li Hongji, fearful that Li Jing would restore Li Jingsui to crown prince status, poisoned Li Jingsui to death. Subsequently, Li Jing again proposed to Guo that he pass the throne to Li Hongji, and Guo again declined to approve. Guo did return Feng Yanlu (who had previously been captured), Zhong Mo, Xu Wenzhen, Bian Hao, and Zhou Tinggou (周廷構) to Southern Tang. Li Jing, viewing Xu and Bian to be defeated generals, never commissioned them again with army commands.

paragraph: At this point, Li Jing was depressed over the military disasters. Li Zhenggu suggested that he go into seclusion and entrust the state to Song Qiqiu to govern. Zhong, who was friendly with Li Deming and who wanted to avenge Li Deming, used this opportunity to accuse Song, Li Zhenggu, and Chen Jue of collaborating to have Song usurp the throne. Further, at this time, Chen had also forged an order from Guo that the Southern Tang chancellor Yan Xu be put to death. These events convinced Li Jing that the Song faction was up to no good. In winter 958, Li Jing thus acted, exiling Chen, executing Li Zhenggu, and ordering Song back into retirement, albeit with his titles still intact. After Song reached his retirement place at Mount Jiuhua in spring 959, Li Jing had his mansion securely guarded, only allowing food to be passed through a hole in the wall. Song lamented and believed that this was divine retribution for his suggestion to have Yang Pu's family put under secure guard, and thereafter hanged himself. Subsequently, at Guo's encouragement, Li Jing began to rebuild some of his defenses. (Li Jing had previously feared that that would be viewed by Guo as provocation, but Guo, who was ill at that point, pointed out that what might lie in the future was uncertain, and that Li Jing had to watch out for his own state's own good. Guo would, in fact, die in summer 959, and be succeeded by his six-year-old son Guo Chongxun.) Meanwhile, with Jinling just across the Yangtze from Later Zhou territory, Li Jing began to consider moving the capital to Hong Prefecture, and put the deputy chief of staff Tang Hao (唐鎬), who was the only high-level official in favor of the idea, in charge of building up Hong to serve as the capital.

paragraph: By this point, the Southern Tang economy had been greatly damaged by the wars with Later Zhou and the subsequent crippling annual tributes agreed to, particularly given that the supply of coins remaining from Tang times was dwindling and the inflation of prices of goods that the state was confronted with. At Zhong's suggestion, Li Jing ordered that large coins be minted and be deemed the worth of 50 Tang coins.

paragraph: In fall 959, Li Hongji died. Zhong, who had long been honored by both Li Jing and Guo Rong and therefore had been highly influential at the Southern Tang court, but whose arrogance was beginning to cause Li Jing to be displeased, spoke against having Li Jing's next oldest son Li Congjia the Prince of Zheng succeed Li Hongji as crown prince, instead recommending a younger son, Li Congshan (李從善) the Duke of Ji, arguing that Li Congjia was timid and overly devout in Buddhism, while Li Congshan was resolute. This greatly displeased Li Jing, who viewed him as overreaching. Soon, he exiled, and then executed Zhong and his ally Zhang Luan (張巒), and cancelled the large coins that Zhong had advocated. He created Li Congjia the Prince of Wu and had him move into the Eastern Palace.

paragraph: In 960, the major Later Zhou general Zhao Kuangyin carried out a coup, overthrowing Guo Chongxun and claiming the throne himself as the emperor of a new state of Song (as its Emperor Taizu). When he subsequently sent an edict to Li Jing, Li Jing accepted it (thus accepting Song overlordship), and in fact then sent an emissary to congratulate the Song emperor's ascension. When, in fall 960, Li Chongjin rose against the Song emperor at Yang Prefecture (揚州, i.e., Jiangdu), where he was serving as the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南), he sought an alliance with Southern Tang, but Li Jing rejected his overtures. The Song emperor shortly after defeated him, and he committed suicide. When the Song emperor subsequently reviewed the Song fleet on the Yangtze, Li Jing became very fearful, but was calmed some what when two minor Southern Tang officials, Du Zhuo (杜著) and Xue Liang (薛良) tried to defect to Song, but the Song emperor, despising their treachery, executed Du and exiled Xue. Still, he became more resolute on moving the capital.

paragraph: In spring 961, Li Jing ordered that the capital be moved to Hong, now upgraded to Nanchang Municipality. He created Li Congjia crown prince, to remain at Jinling and oversee the affairs of state during the capital move. When he reached Nanchang, however, he discovered that the city was too small to house his government, such that there was only office space for about 10-20% of his officials, and that it was not easily expandable. The officials longed for Jinling, and Li Jing himself often looked north (toward Jinling) in sadness, such that his imperial scholar Qin Chengyu (秦承裕), in order to alleviate his sadness, often blocked his view with a screen. He considered executing those who advocated the move, such that Tang Hao died in anxiety.

paragraph: Li Jing himself died in summer 961. He left directions that he be buried in the mountains west of Nanchang. However, instead, his casket was returned to Jinling, where Li Congjia took the throne (and thereafter kept the capital at). Subsequently, at Li Congjia's request, Li Jing was allowed to be against posthumously referred to as "emperor" and have his tomb considered an imperial tomb. The "Xu Zizhi Tongjian" commented about Li Jing:

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Old History of the Five Dynasties", .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New History of the Five Dynasties", .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "History of Song", .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms", .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zizhi Tongjian", vols. , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Xu Zizhi Tongjian", vols. , .

alias:
Li Jing
Li Jingtong
Li Yao
Yuanzong
Zhongzhu
Boyu

description: ruler of the Southern Tang Kingdom in ancient China

wikidata_label: Emperor Yuanzong of Southern Tang

wikipedia_title: Li Jing (Southern Tang)


text:
Antananarivo
Madagascar
French
100 metres hurdles
Madagascar
100 metres hurdles
La Chaux-de-Fonds

categories: Malagasy female hurdlers,Athletes (track and field) at the 1991 All-Africa Games,Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field),World Championships in Athletics athletes for Madagascar,1972 births,Olympic athletes of Madagascar,French female hurdlers,Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics,Olympic athletes of France,Living people,African Games bronze medalists for Madagascar,Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics,People from Antananarivo,World Championships in Athletics athletes for France,African Games medalists in athletics (track and field),Malagasy emigrants to France,Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics,Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Nicole Ramalalanirina

paragraph: Nicole Ramalalanirina (born 5 March 1972 in Antananarivo, Madagascar) is a French athlete who specializes in the 100 metres hurdles. She changed nationality from her native Madagascar in 1998.

paragraph: Her personal best time in the 100 metres hurdles is 12.76 seconds, achieved in November 2000 in La Chaux-de-Fonds.

paragraph: Nicole competed in the Olympic Games four times, twice for Madagascar(1992, 1996) and twice for France(2000, 2004).

paragraph: Her best Olympic result was a 6th place in the 100m high hurdles at Sydney in 2000 with a time of 12.91.

paragraph: Nicole finished her career by winning the French Indoor National 60m Hurdles championship in both 2004 and 2006.

description: Franco-Malagasy athlete

wikidata_label: Nicole Ramalalanirina

wikipedia_title: Nicole Ramalalanirina


text: British

text: Grand Prix motorcycle

text: road racer

text: auto racing

text: Forest Hill, London

text: George Rowley

text: AJS V4

text: 1936 Isle of Man Senior TT

text: 1938 Isle of Man TT

text: Isle of Man TT

text: Snaefell Mountain Course

text: Norton

text: Senior TT

text: Stanley Woods

text: Leslie Graham

text: Nello Pagani

text: Isle of Man

text: Junior TT

text: Manx Grand Prix

text: Featherbed frame

text: auto racing

text: Formula 3

text: Emeryson

text: Harold Daniell profile at iomtt.com

text: 500cc Formula Three Drivers

categories: English racing drivers,British motorcycle racers,500cc World Championship riders,1909 births,Isle of Man TT riders,English motorcycle racers,1967 deaths

paragraph: Harold Daniell

paragraph: Harold Daniell (29 October 1909 – 19 January 1967) was a British professional Grand Prix motorcycle road racer and auto racing driver. He competed in the 1940s and 1950s. On retiring from racing he owned a Norton motorcycle dealership in Forest Hill, London.

paragraph: Harold Daniell and George Rowley rode the supercharged AJS V4s in the 1936 Isle of Man Senior TT, but despite its high top speed, it lacked acceleration. Both riders retired due to mechanical problems.

paragraph: In the 1938 Isle of Man TT' Daniell completed the first under 25-minute (24min.52.6sec), 91.00 plus mph, lap of the Isle of Man TT Snaefell Mountain Course on his Norton in the Senior TT, a record which would stand for 12 years. He won, beating Stanley Woods by only 14.4 seconds.

paragraph: Daniell competed in the 1949 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season riding on a 500cc Norton and finished sixth overall with 17 points in the World Championship while Leslie Graham and Nello Pagani finished first and second respectively. In the same year he also won the Isle of Man Senior TT and was placed fifth in the Junior TT. His victory in the Senior TT makes him the first race winner of the MotoGP (then 500 cc) class.

paragraph: Daniell's Isle of Man TT racing career spanned the years from 1930 until 1950 and included three victories and several placings in the Tourist Trophy races but he also competed in the Manx Grand Prix. Daniell declared that the new Norton was like "riding on a featherbed" compared with riding the "garden gate" - and it has been called the Featherbed frame ever since. After his motorcycle racing career, Daniell began auto racing, entering Formula 3 events at the wheel of an Emeryson car.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harold Daniell profile at iomtt.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- 500cc Formula Three Drivers

description: British racing driver

wikidata_label: Harold Daniell

wikipedia_title: Harold Daniell


text:
American
athlete
discus throw
Eugene, Oregon
Beaverton High School
Bill Bowerman
Oregon Sports Hall of Fame
1976 Summer Olympics
Montreal
Quebec
gold medal
Wolfgang Schmidt
East Germany
1980 Summer Olympics boycott
Congressional Gold Medal
silver medal
1984 Summer Olympics
Los Angeles
San Jose, California
world record
throws
Al Oerter
Viktor Rashchupkin

categories: Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics,Congressional Gold Medal recipients,Track and field athletes from California,Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics,Athletes (track and field) at the 1979 Pan American Games,Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics,Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics,Olympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field,American male discus throwers,Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field),Former world record holders in athletics (track and field),Olympic track and field athletes of the United States,Concordia University (Oregon),Living people,1950 births,Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics,Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States,Oregon Ducks men's track and field athletes,Olympic silver medalists for the United States in track and field,Track and field athletes from Oregon

paragraph: Mac Wilkins

paragraph: Mac Maurice Wilkins (born November 15, 1950) is an American athlete, who competed mainly in the discus throw. He was born in Eugene, Oregon and graduated in 1969 from Beaverton High School in Beaverton, Oregon.

paragraph: Section::::College.

paragraph: Famous distance running coach Bill Bowerman recruited Wilkins to the University of Oregon, where he threw the javelin 257' 8" (78.43m) as a 19-year-old freshman. As a senior, he was NCAA champion in the discus and won the first of eight U.S. national championships in the discus. He was inducted into the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame in 1994.

paragraph: Section::::Olympics.

paragraph: Wilkins competed for the United States in the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in the discus throw, where he won the gold medal with a distance of 221' 5" to defeat Wolfgang Schmidt of East Germany by four feet. Wilkins qualified for the 1980 U.S. Olympic team but did not compete due to the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott. He did however receive one of 461 Congressional Gold Medals created especially for the spurned athletes.

paragraph: Wilkins won a silver medal in the discus throw at the 1984 Summer Olympics held in Los Angeles. He placed 5th in the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul, Korea.

paragraph: Section::::World records.

paragraph: Wilkins broke the world record four times in his career. During his discus throw series on May 1, 1976 in San Jose, California, he set the world record three times with consecutive throws of 69.80 m, 70.24 m, and 70.86 m. In 1976 and 1980, Wilkins was ranked #1 in the world in the discus throw. In 1977, he was the indoor national champion in the shot put, with a throw of 69' 1.5" (21.06 m).

paragraph: Section::::Coaching.

paragraph: From 2006 thru 2013, Wilkins was the throws coach at Concordia University, an NAIA school in Portland, Oregon.

paragraph: His throwers won 26 individual national championships and earned 94 All-American honors. When Al Oerter died on 1 October 2007, Wilkins became the earliest surviving Olympic champion in the men's discus. He is not the oldest; Viktor Rashchupkin—the 1980 champion—is almost a month older. In August 2013, Wilkins left Concordia University to coach for USATF in Chula Vista, California.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilkins at the 1976 US. Olympic Trials @ 30:55

description: athletics competitor

wikidata_label: Mac Wilkins

wikipedia_title: Mac Wilkins


text:
Schweizer-Reneke
Transvaal
Cape Town
South Africa
Transvaal
South African War
Boer
Weimar Academy
Max Pechstein
Zanzibar
Congo region
Swaziland
Pondoland
Namaqualand
Madeira
Dakar
Senegal
Germany
Zanzibar
Congo region
Rondebosch
Irma Stern Museum

categories: South African Jews,South African people of German-Jewish descent,Jewish artists,White South African people,1966 deaths,1894 births,South African artists

paragraph: Irma Stern

paragraph: Irma Stern (1894, Schweizer-Reneke, Transvaal – 23 August 1966, Cape Town, South Africa) was a major South African artist who achieved national and international recognition in her lifetime.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: She was born in Pensy, a small town in the Transvaal, of German-Jewish parents. Her father was interned in a concentration camp by the British during the South African War because of his pro-Boer leanings.[1] Irma and her younger brother, Rudi, were thus taken to Cape Town by their mother. After the war, the family returned to Germany and would constantly travel. This travel would influence Irma's work.

paragraph: In 1913 Stern studied art in Germany at the Weimar Academy, in 1914 at the Levin-Funcke Studio and notably from 1917 with Max Pechstein, a founder of the Novembergruppe. Stern was associated with the German Expressionist painters of this period. She held her first exhibition in Berlin in 1919. In 1920 Stern returned to Cape Town with her family where she was first derided and dismissed as an artist before becoming an established artist by the 1940s.

paragraph: In 1926 she married Dr Johannes Prinz, her former tutor, who subsequently became professor of German at the University of Cape Town. They were divorced in 1934.

paragraph: Irma Stern travelled extensively in Europe and explored Southern Africa, Zanzibar and the Congo region. These trips provided a wide range of subject matter for her paintings and gave her opportunities to acquire and assemble a collection of artifacts. Stern's dream was to travel extensively in her lifetime: in 1930 to Madeira, in 1937 and 1938 to Dakar, Senegal, 1939 Zanzibar, 1942 Congo, 1945 Zanzibar, 1946 Central Africa, 1952 Madeira, 1955 Congo, 1960 Spain and 1963 France. Stern travelled extensively in South Africa, for example in 1926 to Swaziland and Pondoland, in 1933 to Namaqualand, in 1936 generally, and in 1941 to the Eastern Cape. In 1931 she visited Madeira and Dakar, Senegal, in 1937 and 1938. Irma Stern refused to either travel or exhibit in Germany during the period 1933 - 1945. Instead, she undertook several journeys into Africa; going to Zanzibar twice in 1939 and 1945 and then planned three trips to the Congo region in 1942, 1946 and 1955. These expeditions resulted in a wealth of artistic creativity and energy as well as the publication of two illustrated journals; "Congo" published in 1943 and "Zanzibar" in 1948.

paragraph: Almost one hundred solo exhibitions were held during her lifetime both in South Africa and Europe: including Germany, France, Italy and England. Although accepted in Europe, her work was unappreciated at first in South Africa where critics derided her early exhibitions in the 1920s with reviews titled "Art of Miss Irma Stern - Ugliness as a cult".

paragraph: The Irma Stern Museum was established in 1971 and is the house the artist lived in for almost four decades. She moved into "The Firs" in Rondebosch in 1927 and lived there until her death. Several of the rooms are furnished as she arranged them while upstairs there is a commercial gallery used by contemporary South African artists.

paragraph: On 8 May 2000, one of her works sold at Sotheby’s South Africa in Johannesburg for an all-time record of R1.7 million. This record was soon broken, however, and in March 2007 Stern's work was sold for R6.6 million. Stern's Gladioli was sold for an all-time high of R13.3 million in October 2010, but was then followed by the sale of Bahora Girl for R26.7 million later that month - both were also records for sales of South African art at the time. A new South African record was set in March 2011, when a Stern painting sold for R34 million at Bonham's, London.

paragraph: On 11 November 2012, Stern’s painting, Fishing Boats, was stolen along with four other paintings from a museum in Pretoria. A tip-off led South African police to a cemetery in Port Elizabeth where four of the five paintings were recovered from under a bench.

paragraph: Section::::Gallery.

paragraph: groen piesangs

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "At home with Irma Stern: A guidebook to the UCT Irma Stern Museum", by Helene Smuts

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Irma Stern: The Early Years (1894–1933)", by Karel Schoeman

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paradise, the Journal and Letters (1917–1933) of Irma Stern Edited with a Commentary", by Neville Dubow

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Irma Stern: A Feast for the Eye", by Marion Arnold

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hidden Treasures: Irma Stern – Her Books, Painted Book Covers and Bookplates", by Irene Below

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Remembering Irma": Irma Stern: A Memoir with Letters".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irma Stern Museum

description: South African artist

wikidata_label: Irma Stern

wikipedia_title: Irma Stern