text: accompanist

text: Noël Coward

text: Twenty Questions

text: Bihar

text: Aldenham School

text: Soho

text: music hall

text: The Times

text: Radio Luxembourg

text: Noël Coward

text: Beatrice Lillie

text: Eric Maschwitz

text: The Manchester Guardian

text: panel show

text: Richard Dimbleby

text: After the Ball

text: Bristol

text: 1955 Las Vegas performances

text: Peter Matz

text: Anglia Television

text: Kenneth Horne

text: Wittersham

categories: People educated at Aldenham School,1908 births,Accompanists,1996 deaths,People of British India,Musicians from Bihar,20th-century pianists,English pianists

paragraph: Norman Hackforth

paragraph: Norman Hackforth (20 December 1908 – 14 December 1996) was a British musician and radio broadcaster, who worked as accompanist to Noël Coward and gained fame as the "mystery voice" on the BBC's "Twenty Questions" radio programme.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Early years.

paragraph: Born in Bihar in British India in 1908, son of a railway engineer, Hackforth was sent to England at the age of six, and was raised by four aunts. After his schooling, at Aldenham School, he intended to begin medical studies, but failed the preliminary examinations. He found himself drawn to music. He was never a fluent sight-reader of a musical score and as a performer he had to overcome what he called "this awful barrier".

paragraph: Hackforth's first job was as nightclub pianist in Soho, and in the late 1920s and throughout the 1930s that was his principal occupation, working at a range of clubs. He had a sideline in songwriting, while working for the Dix Music Company. His compositions 'Today's A Sunny Day For Me' and 'Cute Little Flat' enjoyed modest success. He also accompanied music hall and other singers of popular songs, both on stage and in the recording studio – the latter, principally for the Piccadilly label. In the words of his obituarist in "The Times", he appeared "with the Whispering Lunatics at the London Pavilion, and accompanying Fanny Ward (the suggestively clad 'Flapper Granny') as she titillated the patrons of the Willesden Empire". He also provided the voice for advertisements on Radio Luxembourg and performed on early television broadcasts in the UK. During the late 1920s and early 1930s he was occasionally seen acting on both television and cinema screens.

paragraph: At the start of the Second World War, Hackforth volunteered for military service, but was turned down on medical grounds. He joined Entertainments National Service Association (ENSA), which provided entertainment for the troops. With ENSA he toured France, in the early days of the war, and then North Africa. In 1941 he worked briefly as an assistant and arranger for an ENSA colleague, Noël Coward, and on meeting him again in Egypt in 1943 was recruited to work as Coward's accompanist and assistant on a charitable fund-raising tour of South Africa. The two continued to India, where Coward performed for military audiences. They made a number of recordings together while in Calcutta, mostly of Coward's songs, but also "Music Hath Charms" by Hackforth.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Postwar and later years.

paragraph: After the war, Hackforth continued as an accompanist, for Coward and other performers including Beatrice Lillie. In 1946 he wrote the music for a revue, "Between Ourselves", with lyrics and sketches by Eric Maschwitz. "The Manchester Guardian" thought the comedy shrill and Hackforth's music "agreeable but not in the least memorable. In sum a passable but rather insipid evening." "The Times" expressed a similar lack of enthusiasm. The show ran for three months, and closed on 15 March 1947.

paragraph: In 1947, Hackforth was recruited for a new radio panel show, "Twenty Questions", a BBC adaptation of a successful American format. A panel of contestants would attempt to deduce the identity of an object by asking a series of questions; Hackforth, as the "mystery voice", would announce the answer to listeners before they began. The show was a great success, turning Hackforth into an immediately recognisable figure. For many years he continued as the mystery voice, until Richard Dimbleby left the panel in 1965, when Hackforth changed roles and became a panellist.

paragraph: Hackforth worked again with Coward on the unsuccessful "After the Ball" (1954). Coward was not a trained musician, and Hackforth flew to his home in to Jamaica to help him finish the score in late 1953. Coward appointed Hackforth musical director of the show, but inadvertently sabotaged him by casting in the leading role a singer well past her prime. Before opening in London, the show had a twelve-week provincial tour during which Hackforth reluctantly cut the most vocally challenging music from the score. When Coward saw the production in Bristol he was distressed by the singing, but also found that "The orchestra was appalling, the orchestrations beneath contempt, and poor Norman conducted like a stick of wet asparagus." Hackforth was relieved of his duties as musical director, but Coward still wished to work with him. He was intended to accompany Coward on his 1955 Las Vegas performances, but was unable to get an American work permit, and was replaced by Peter Matz.

paragraph: Hackforth later became the musical director of Anglia Television, before retiring in the 1970s and publishing an autobiography, "And the Next Object ...", in 1975. The following year he published "Solo for Horne", a biography of his old "Twenty Questions" colleague, Kenneth Horne.

paragraph: Hackforth died aged 87 at his home in Wittersham, Kent, on 14 December 1996. His wife, Pamela, whom he married in 1949, had died the previous year.

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Norman Hackforth

wikipedia_title: Norman Hackforth


text:
Swedish
King of Sweden
Magnus III of Sweden
Hedwig of Holstein
king of Sweden
King Valdemar
Torgils Knutsson
Constable of the Realm
Söderköping
Martha of Denmark
Eric V of Denmark
Torgils Knutsson
Karelia
Third Swedish Crusade
Church of Sweden
Erik Magnusson
Valdemar Magnusson
Bohuslän
Halland
Norway
Denmark
Håtuna games
Håtuna
Uppland
Nyköping Castle
Uppland
Närke
Södermanland
Östergötland
Gotland
Viborg
Ingeborg of Norway
Haakon V of Norway
Ingeborg Eriksdottir of Norway
Eric II of Norway
Bohuslän
Norway
Halland
Göta älv
Nyköping Banquet
Eric's Chronicle
Nyköping Castle
Eric VI of Denmark
Magnus VII of Norway
Queen Helvig
Duchess Ingeborg
Falconer
The Sceptre of Deception
concept album
Swedish history
Lindqvist, Herman
Harrison, Dick

categories: Medieval child rulers,13th-century Swedish monarchs,1321 deaths,14th-century Swedish monarchs,Rulers of Finland,1280 births,13th-century Swedish people,14th-century Swedish people,Swedish monarchs,Swedish monarchs of German descent,Burials at St. Bendt's Church

paragraph: Birger, King of Sweden

paragraph: Birger (Swedish: "Birger Magnusson"; 1280 – 31 May 1321) was King of Sweden from 1290 to 1318.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Birger was the son of King Magnus III of Sweden and Hedwig of Holstein. He was hailed king of Sweden when he was four years old. This was done by his father in order to secure the succession. In 1275, King Magnus had led a rebellion against his elder brother, King Valdemar, and ousted him from the throne. Before his death, King Magnus ordered his kinsman, Torgils Knutsson, the Constable of the Realm, to be the guardian of his son Birger. In 1293, Birger was crowned at Söderköping after marrying Martha of Denmark, the daughter of King Eric V of Denmark.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Birger was only ten years old when his father died, at which time Torgils Knutsson was the most influential statesman in Sweden. In 1293, Torgils Knutsson led the Swedes to a victory which won a part of western Karelia. This expedition has traditionally been dubbed as the Third Swedish Crusade. When Torgils Knutsson returned from leading the crusade in Finland, a feud had developed between the brothers. Torgils Knutsson supported King Birger.

paragraph: Birger came of age when there was a conflict within the Church of Sweden over interpretation of the Privileges of 1280, which had been the cost of the support of the Church for his father's usurpation. The king's brothers Erik Magnusson, Duke of Södermanland and Valdemar Magnusson, Duke of Finland took advantage of this conflict. Duke Eric tried to establish an independent kingdom around Bohuslän, which he had received as part of his marriage to the Norwegian princess Ingeborg, and Halland at the boundary between Sweden, Norway and Denmark. A civil war broke out, but by 1306 emotions had cooled to the point where the dukes acknowledged the son of Birger, Magnus Birgersson, as the successor to the throne. Torkel Knutsson, who was Duke Valdemar's father-in-law, was executed in 1306 as a token of reconciliation between King Birger and his brothers. The same year, in an event known as the Håtuna games ("Håtunaleken"), Birger was taken captive by his brothers on the Håtuna royal estate in Uppland and taken as prisoner to Nyköping Castle ("Nyköpingshus").

paragraph: In 1308, Eric and Valdemar were forced by the Danish king to release King Birger, but they did so under humiliating conditions. When King Birger was free, he sought aid in Denmark, and the strife began anew. Birger remained king in name, but had to give up the Royal Domain, exchanging it for eastern Uppland, Närke, his brother Erik's former Duchy Södermanland, Östergötland, Gotland and the Castle of Viborg.

paragraph: In 1312, Duke Eric married Ingeborg of Norway, daughter of King Haakon V of Norway in a double wedding in Oslo. At the same time, Eric's brother Duke Valdemar married Ingeborg Eriksdottir of Norway, the daughter of King Eric II of Norway.

paragraph: Duke Erik also held Bohuslän from Norway as well as northern Halland and was creating a separate kingdom centered on Göta älv. In 1317 however, Birger captured his brothers during the Nyköping Banquet ("Nyköpings gästabud"), which led to their death. According to Eric's Chronicle ("Erikskrönikan"), the dukes were starved to death in a cellar of Nyköping Castle.

paragraph: Birger was ousted by his brothers' supporters in 1318 and went into exile to his brother-in-law King Eric VI of Denmark, taking the Royal Archives with him. His son, Prince Magnus Birgersson, was executed at Stockholm. In 1319, the three-year-old son of Duke Erik, King Magnus VII of Norway, was hailed King Magnus IV of Sweden under the Regency of his grandmother Queen Helvig and his mother Duchess Ingeborg.

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Magnus Birgersson (1300–1320)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eric Birgersson

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agnes Birgersdotter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katarina Birgersdotter

paragraph: Section::::Modern depiction.

paragraph: In 2003, the band Falconer released "The Sceptre of Deception", a concept album based on this period of Swedish history. The album covers events during the reign of King Birger of Sweden and lengthy strife with his brothers, and the Danish and Norwegian crowns.

paragraph: Section::::Other sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barck, Sven Eric; Persson, Åke"Kungligt skvaller genom tusen år : En annorlunda bok om svensk historia" (Sundbyberg: Semic, 2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lindqvist, Herman "Historien om Sverige. Från islossning till kungarike" (Norstedts: 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harrison, Dick "Jarlens sekel: en berättelse om 1200-talets Sverige" (Ordfront. 2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bergman, Mats "Nyköpingshus. En rundvandring i historia och nutid" (Almqvist & Wiksell. 1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mannervik, Cyrus "Sagor och sägner – Från Nordens forntid och medeltid" (AV Carlsons. 1958)

description: King of Sweden

wikidata_label: Birger, King of Sweden

wikipedia_title: Birger, King of Sweden


text:
boxer
Iquique, Chile
Argentina
Cuba
Spain
United States
Tony Galento
Joe Louis
World Heavyweight Championship
Madison Square Garden
cancer
Planeta
Roberto Castillo Sandoval

categories: 1912 births,People from Iquique,Heavyweight boxers,1986 deaths

paragraph: Arturo Godoy

paragraph: Arturo Godoy was a Chilean boxer, also nicknamed "Arturito".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Iquique, Chile, on October 10, 1912.

paragraph: He was South American Heavyweight Champion and had an extensive and successful career in Argentina, Cuba, Spain, and the United States roughly between 1931 and 1954.

paragraph: In New York he beat Tony Galento.

paragraph: He is best known for his two epic fights with Joe Louis for the World Heavyweight Championship in 1940. The first was held at the Madison Square Garden on February 10, 1940 and went the full length of 15 rounds. The 2 ringside judges split their votes and the tie was broken by the referee, who gave it to Louis, to the protest of a substantial part of the audience, who had been won over by the fact that Godoy showed no fear of Louis and by the additional fact that Louis was not able to knock out his opponent after a string of K.O.s and T.K.O.s. South Americans and Chileans in particular thought that Godoy had indeed won the fight and from then on the figure of Godoy acquired mythical proportions. A second fight was scheduled for June 20, 1940. Joe Louis prepared to counteract Godoy's strategy and ring tactics, focusing on bringing him up from his unusual low stance with a combination of hooks to the body and uppercuts. Godoy fought bravely but the referee had to stop the fight in the 8th round. Godoy continued fighting until 1954 and returned to Chile, where he was regarded as a hero.

paragraph: He died of cancer in Chile in 1966.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: His life was used as the base for the novel "Muriendo por la dulce patria mía" (Planeta, 1998) by Roberto Castillo Sandoval.

description: Chilean boxer

wikidata_label: Arturo Godoy

wikipedia_title: Arturo Godoy


text: Indianapolis 500

text: Baja 1000

text: 1967 race

text: turbine car

text: Al Unser, Sr.

text: IndyCar

text: sprint cars

text: midget cars

text: off-road vehicles

text: stock cars

text: USAC

text: Sprint car racing

text: Jim Hurtubise

text: Boss 302 Mustang

text: P. J. Jones

text: IndyCar

text: NASCAR

text: Page Jones

text: 4-Crown Nationals

text: 1960 Indianapolis 500

text: Jim Rathmann

text: Texarkana, Arkansas

text: Torrance, California

text: Rolling Hills

text: Jalopy

text: Carrell Speedway

text: Gardena, California

text: stock car racing

text: NASCAR Pacific Coast Late Model Series

text: Midwest

text: Sprint car

text: promoter

text: J. C. Agajanian

text: Indianapolis

text: 1961 Indianapolis 500

text: Rookie of the Year

text: Bobby Marshman

text: Indianapolis 500

text: Indianapolis 500

text: Jim Clark

text: Bill Stroppe

text: Mercury Marauder

text: Pikes Peak International Hill Climb

text: USAC

text: Turkey Night Grand Prix

text: midget car

text: Mercury

text: Turkey Night Grand Prix

text: Indianapolis 500

text: Andy Granatelli

text: STP-Paxton Turbocar

text: Mercury Cougar

text: off-road racing

text: Star Dust 7/11

text: Nevada

text: desert

text: Ford Bronco

text: Gone in 60 Seconds

text: Lotus 56

text: NORRA

text: Baja 1000

text: Off-road Motorsports Hall of Fame

text: Olympia Beer

text: Baja 500

text: Mint 400

text: SCORE International

text: IndyCar

text: NASCAR

text: Riverside

text: sprint car

text: Fast Masters

text: Vel’s Parnelli Jones Racing

text: Indianapolis 500

text: Al Unser

text: Johnny Lightning

text: Parnelli

text: Formula One

text: Walker Evans

text: Bob Varsha

text: Rick Mears

text: Mario Andretti

text: Bobby Unser

text: Al Unser, Jr.

text: PJ Jones

text: Chip Ganassi

text: Off-road Motorsports Hall of Fame

text: International Motorsports Hall of Fame

text: National Sprint Car Hall of Fame

text: Motorsports Hall of Fame of America

text: West Coast Stock Car Hall of Fame

text: Firestone

text: Saleen, Incorporated

text: VPJ Racing Collection Website

text: Biography

text: The Greatest 33

categories: Sportspeople from Torrance, California,National Sprint Car Hall of Fame inductees,Racing drivers from Arkansas,Indianapolis 500 winners,1933 births,NASCAR drivers,Off-road racing drivers,Indianapolis 500 Rookies of the Year,Formula One team owners,International Motorsports Hall of Fame inductees,Indianapolis 500 polesitters,Trans-Am Series drivers,People from Texarkana, Arkansas,Living people,Indianapolis 500 drivers

paragraph: Parnelli Jones

paragraph: Rufus Parnell "Parnelli" Jones (born August 12, 1933) is an American former professional racing driver and racing team owner. He is notable for his accomplishments while competing in the Indianapolis 500 and the Baja 1000 desert race. In 1962, he became the first driver to qualify over 150 mph. He won the race in 1963, then famously broke down while leading the 1967 race with three laps to go in a turbine car. During his career as an owner, he won the Indy 500 in 1970–1971 with driver Al Unser, Sr.

paragraph: Jones won races in many types of vehicles: sports cars, IndyCars, sprint cars, midget cars, off-road vehicles, and stock cars. He is also remembered for bringing the stock block engine to USAC Sprint car racing as one of the "Chevy Twins" with Jim Hurtubise. He is associated with the famous Boss 302 Mustang with his wins using the engine in the 1970s. Jones' son P. J. Jones was also a diverse driver, with IndyCar and NASCAR starts and a championship in IMSA prototype sports cars. His other son Page Jones was an up-and-coming driver before suffering career ending (and life-threatening) injuries in a sprint car at the 4-Crown Nationals, and has been in rehabilitation, working with his father-in-law. Following the death of 1960 Indianapolis 500 winner Jim Rathmann, Jones is now the oldest living "500" winner.

paragraph: Section::::Driving career.

paragraph: Born in Texarkana, Arkansas, Jones' family moved to Torrance, California, where he grew up (and lives in nearby Rolling Hills). He was nicknamed Parnelli by his boyhood friend Billy Calder, who hoped that the Jones family would not discover their son was racing cars as a 17-year-old minor. Jones participated in his first race in a Jalopy race at Carrell Speedway in Gardena, California. He developed his racing skills by racing in many different classes in the 1950s, including 15 stock car racing wins in the NASCAR Pacific Coast Late Model Series.

paragraph: His first major championship was the Midwest region Sprint car title in 1960. The title caught the attention of promoter J. C. Agajanian, who became his sponsor. He began racing at Indianapolis in 1961.

paragraph: Jones was named the 1961 Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year, an honor that he shared with Bobby Marshman. Jones led early in the race and ran among the leaders until being hit in the face with a stone, bloodying his face, blurring his vision and slowing him to a 12th-place finish.

paragraph: In 1962, he was the first driver to qualify over 150 mph at the Indianapolis 500, winning the pole position at a speed of . Jones dominated the first two-thirds of the race until a brake line failure slowed him, and he settled for a seventh-place finish.

paragraph: In the 1963 Indianapolis 500, he started on the pole. This was the year the controversial Lotus-Ford rear-engined cars made their first appearance, and had ruffled the Indianapolis establishment. Before the race, the chief steward, Harlan Fengler, told the teams that he would black-flag any cars that leaked oil on the track, warning, ""Don't believe me, just try me.""

paragraph: With Scotsman Jim Clark in a Lotus-Ford closing on Jones in the waning laps, Jones' car developed a horizontal crack in the external oil reservoir. At that moment, driver Eddie Sachs crashed on the oil-slickened racing surface and brought out a yellow caution flag, slowing the field. Agajanian, Jones' car owner, argued with chief steward Harlan Fengler not to issue a black flag, insisting the oil level had dropped below the level of the crack, and that the leak had stopped. As Agajanian pleaded with Fengler, Lotus head man Colin Chapman rushed up to join the conversation and demanded that Fengler follow the rules about disqualifying cars with oil leaks. With the end of the race just minutes away, Fengler took no action, and Jones went on to win. The Lotus-Ford team, while unhappy with the obvious favoritism displayed by race officials toward Jones and Agajanian, also acknowledged Jones' clear superiority in the event. In addition, Ford officials recognized that a victory through disqualification of Clark's biggest competitor would not be well received by the public, so they declined to protest.

paragraph: Also that year, legendary vehicle fabricator Bill Stroppe built a Mercury Marauder USAC Stock car for Jones. Jones won the 1963 Pikes Peak International Hill Climb in the car, and broke the stock car speed record.

paragraph: In 1964, he won seven races (and tied for a win) on his way to the USAC Stock car crown. He won the Turkey Night Grand Prix midget car event. Mercury decided to pull out of stock car racing after the season.

paragraph: He won five of the nine midget car events that he entered in 1966, including the Turkey Night Grand Prix. He finished fourteenth in the final points despite competing in only nine of 65 events.

paragraph: In 1967, he drove in the Indianapolis 500 for owner Andy Granatelli in the revolutionary STP-Paxton Turbocar. Jones dominated the race but dropped out with three laps to go when a small, inexpensive transmission bearing broke. After 1968, turbine-powered cars were legislated out of competitiveness.

paragraph: Also in 1967, as part of his stock car contract with the Lincoln-Mercury division of the Ford Motor Company, Jones drove a Mercury Cougar for Bud Moore in the second-year Trans Am series. In April, Jones dueled with teammate, friend and rival Dan Gurney in a brutal , 4-hour event at Green Valley, Texas in 113-degree heat, losing by inches to Gurney.

paragraph: Stroppe suggested that Jones try his hand at off-road racing in front of a large crowd at a Christmas party in 1967. Jones at first said no, since he had enough of dirt. Stroppe suggested that maybe off-road racing was too hard for Jones, and the challenge started Jones' off-road career. Jones and Stroppe teamed up for the Star Dust 7/11 race across the Nevada desert in early 1968. Jones had never driven or pre-run the Ford Bronco. Jones hit a dry wash at full speed, which broke the wheels and blew out the front tires. Jones would later have a guest appearance in the original film "Gone in 60 Seconds" featuring him and his Bronco which was stolen in the plot. Jones had become hooked on off-road racing.

paragraph: In 1968, Jones headed a super-roster of seven drivers signed by Andy Granatelli to drive STP Lotus 56 turbine cars in an unprecedented single-team assault on the Indianapolis 500. The deaths of Jim Clark and Mike Spence, plus a serious injury to Jackie Stewart, whittled the entry to four. Jones, testing his reworked 1967 car in practice, was dissatisfied with the car's performance compared to the newer "wedge"-shaped Lotus 56 turbines, and had concluded the car was unsafe. He stepped out of the car, which was subsequently assigned to Joe Leonard, who promptly wrecked the car in practice. Jones retired from driving IndyCars, but later admitted, "If I hadn't already won Indy, they could never have kept me out of that car."

paragraph: Jones entered the 1968 NORRA Mexican 1000 (now Baja 1000). Jones led until the marker. The Off-road Motorsports Hall of Fame describes Jones' racing style: "Jones and Stroppe had to find a way to keep their vehicles in one piece. During races Jones would push the vehicles at maximum speeds until they gave way, with Stroppe telling him at top volume the entire time to take it easier on the vehicle."

paragraph: Jones had a special car fabricated that looked like a Bronco, but had racing parts that could withstand rigorous jarring that off-road vehicles endure. Jones named the vehicle "Big Oly" after his sponsor Olympia Beer. Jones used the vehicle to lead the Mexican 1000 from start to finish in a new record time of 14 hours and 59 minutes.

paragraph: Jones had major wins in the 1973 season. He won his second Mexican 1000 in 16 hours and 42 minutes. He also won the 1973 Baja 500 and Mint 400 off-road events. Jones had a major accident at SCORE International's 1974 Baja 500, and stepped away from full-time off-road racing to become a race car owner.

paragraph: Jones raced SCCA Trans Am sedans owned by Bud Moore: Mercury Cougar (1967) and Ford Mustang (1969—1971). Parnelli's dominance of the extremely competitive 1970 season brought Ford the manufacturer's championship.

paragraph: Section::::Driving career.:Driving career summary.

paragraph: Jones retired with six IndyCar wins and twelve pole positions, four wins in 34 NASCAR starts, including the 1967 Motor Trend 500 at Riverside, 25 midget car feature wins in occasional races between 1960 and 1967, and 25 career sprint car wins. His fifteen wins is eighth on the all-time in NASCAR Pacific Coast Late Model history.

paragraph: In 1993, Jones took part in the Fast Masters. He advanced to the final championship round and placed 6th overall.

paragraph: Section::::Car owner.

paragraph: Jones started Vel’s Parnelli Jones Racing, which won the Indianapolis 500 again as an owner in 1970 and 1971 with driver Al Unser driving the Johnny Lightning special. The team also won the 1970, 1971, and 1972 USAC National Championships.

paragraph: Jones owned the Parnelli Formula One race team from late 1974 to early 1976, although it achieved little success.

paragraph: Jones returned to off-road racing as owner of Walker Evans' 1976 SCORE truck, and Evans won the championship. They teamed up for the 1977 CORE Class 2 championship.

paragraph: Jones owned vehicles that took class wins at the Baja 500 and Baja 1000. His USAC Dirt Car won two championships and the Triple Crown three times.

paragraph: Section::::Documentary.

paragraph: Jones starred in the one-hour documentary "Behind the Indianapolis 500 with Parnelli Jones". Narrated by Bob Varsha, the film takes viewers behind the scenes of the Indianapolis 500, through the eyes and experiences of Parnelli Jones. In addition to Parnelli, Rick Mears, Mario Andretti, Bobby Unser, Al Unser, Jr., PJ Jones, Chip Ganassi, and others are interviewed throughout. The film was selected for the 2016 Sun Valley Film Festival, which Parnelli and Bob Varsha attended.

paragraph: Section::::Career awards.

paragraph: Jones is inducted in over 20 Halls of Fame including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- the Off-road Motorsports Hall of Fame (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- the International Motorsports Hall of Fame (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- the National Midget Auto Racing Hall of Fame (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- the West Coast Stock Car Hall of Fame (2002)

paragraph: Section::::Businessman.

paragraph: Jones owned and operated several successful businesses. He owned Parnelli Jones Inc., which operated 47 retail Parnelli Jones Tire Centers in four states. Parnelli Jones Enterprises was a chain of Firestone Racing Tires in 14 Western United States. Parnelli Jones Wholesale was a reseller which sold and distributed shock absorbers, passenger car tires, and other automotive products to retail tire dealers.

paragraph: In addition, Parnelli Jones has several wheel manufacturers companies since the beginning of the 70s, z.b. Rebel Wheel co, US Mags and American Racing Equipment.

paragraph: Section::::2007 Ford Mustang Limited Edition.

paragraph: Saleen, Incorporated, in Irvine, California, produced a limited edition (500 unit) 2007 Saleen S302 PJ commemorating Parnelli's 1970 SCCA Ford Mustang Boss 302 racer. This limited-production mustang comes with a stroked out version of the stock Mustang GT 281 c.i. engine. With the new displacement reaching 302 c.i. the new engine power rating is and 390 lb/ft of torque. Other special performance enhancements to this car include a special Watts-Link suspension unique to the 1970 Boss Mustang used by Parnelli Jones.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- VPJ Racing Collection Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Greatest 33

description: American racecar driver and team owner

wikidata_label: Parnelli Jones

wikipedia_title: Parnelli Jones


text: Indianapolis 500

text: Indy cars

text: Motorsports Hall of Fame of America

text: Spokane, Washington

text: USAC

text: football

text: basketball

text: Lewis and Clark High School

text: college basketball

text: Eastern Washington State College

text: Cheney

text: Jerry

text: Indianapolis

text: Roger Penske

text: Team Penske

text: Al Unser, Sr.

text: Al Jr.

text: George Bignotti

text: Alex Tagliani

text: James Davison

text: Gordon Johncock

text: Rick Mears

text: Al Unser

text: his son

text: Rich Vogler

text: Eldon Rasmussen

text: catch fence

text: intensive care unit

text: Methodist Hospital

text: radial tire

text: NASCAR

text: Sprint Cup Series

text: 1983 Daytona 500

text: 1992 Indy 500

text: Wide World of Sports

text: golf course

text: Paradise Valley, Arizona

text: Eastern Washington State College

text: NASCAR Stats from Racing-Reference.info

text: The Greatest 33

categories: Motorsport announcers,Indianapolis 500 winners,1948 births,NASCAR drivers,Racing drivers from Washington (state),Eastern Washington University alumni,Atlantic Championship drivers,International Race of Champions drivers,Indianapolis 500 polesitters,Champ Car drivers,American people of Italian descent,Living people,Indianapolis 500 drivers

paragraph: Tom Sneva

paragraph: Thomas E. "Tom" Sneva (born June 1, 1948) is a retired American race car driver, the winner of the Indianapolis 500 in 1983. He primarily raced in Indy cars, and was named to the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2005.

paragraph: A former math teacher from Spokane, Washington, Sneva's win at Indianapolis followed several runner-up finishes and notable crashes. Nicknamed "The Gas Man," he was an outstanding qualifier, winning the pole position three times (1977, 1978, 1984). He was also the fastest qualifier on a fourth occasion in 1981, but because of qualifying rules did not start the race from the pole position.

paragraph: Sneva won two consecutive USAC National Championships for Indy cars in 1977 and 1978.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Born in Spokane, Sneva played football and basketball at Lewis and Clark High School and a year of college basketball at Eastern Washington State College in nearby Cheney. After graduation from Eastern, he worked as a math teacher before racing full-time. Sneva was the eldest of five brothers, all racers; the next oldest was Jerry, who also competed at Indy.

paragraph: At Indianapolis in 1977, Sneva drove his famed Norton Spirit McLaren M24/Cosworth racer for car owner Roger Penske, and became the first driver to qualify for the Indianapolis 500 at a speed at or more. His one-lap track record on May 14 was .

paragraph: Sneva won 2 races in 1977 and became the first driver in Team Penske history to win a championship. In 1978, Sneva did not win a race but with 5 second place finishes and 16 top fives, Sneva still won the championship. Despite this, Sneva was released by Penske after the 1978 season.

paragraph: In 1984, Sneva became the first to qualify for the Indianapolis 500 over in his Texaco Star March 84C/Cosworth driving for the new Mayer Motor Racing team. His one and four lap track records on May 12 were and .

paragraph: Sneva's career at the Indianapolis 500 was known for fast qualifying, second-place finishes, near misses and several crashes. Three times (1977, 1978, 1980) Sneva ended up the bridesmaid by finishing second. Finally, Sneva broke through in dramatic fashion in 1983 after a thrilling late race duel with Penske driver Al Unser, Sr. and the lapped car of Unser's rookie son, Al Jr. It was Sneva's 1983 win in his Texaco Star March 83C/Cosworth for Bignotti-Cotter Racing that led to his nickname of "The Gas Man." That win was also famous for it being the last of George Bignotti's record seven Indianapolis 500 wins as a chief mechanic. For Sneva, the victory was sweet revenge, as he had been fired by Roger Penske in 1978 despite having won back-to-back USAC championships.

paragraph: Sneva's second-place finish in 1980 is notable as it is one of only two occasions of such a finish by a driver starting last. It is also one of only three times the driver who started last (33rd) led laps during the race, a record matched by Alex Tagliani in 2016 and James Davison in 2017. Several other times Sneva was in contention for the win, but did not make it to the end of the race. In 1981, Sneva charged hard from his 20th starting position to lead early in the race, but his untested Blue Poly March 81-C/Cosworth was fragile and his clutch failed early on.

paragraph: One year later, Sneva was in a duel with eventual winner Gordon Johncock and eventual runner-up Rick Mears when his engine in his Texaco Star March 82-C/Cosworth began losing power and eventually failed near the end of the race. In 1983, Sneva captured his first Indianapolis 500 win, engaging in a duel with Al Unser and his son in the final 20 laps. Al Unser Jr. was widely criticized after the race for trying to mess Sneva up to help his dad win, as well as having passed several cars under caution, and jumping the final restart, for which he received a two-lap penalty.

paragraph: As defending champion in 1984, Sneva dueled with Mears only 32 laps from the finish, but his CV joint failed, enabling Mears to win. The 1985 race was a testament to Sneva's ability as he drove an ill-handling Skoal Bandit Eagle/Cosworth to second place before exiting in a crash with the lapped car of Rich Vogler. It was this series of near misses combined with second-place finishes and hard-charging qualifying and racing style that made Sneva a fan favorite at Indianapolis.

paragraph: He suffered one of the most famous crashes at Indianapolis during the 1975 race, his second. After touching wheels with Eldon Rasmussen, 26-year-old Sneva flipped up into the catch fence and tore his car in half, but suffered mostly minor burns on 15% of his body in the fiery crash. He walked to the ambulance but was placed in the intensive care unit at Methodist Hospital, mainly for lung issues due to the fire retardant. Describing the crash years later Sneva quipped, "In a situation like that it's important to talk to yourself: 'Faint, you coward, faint!'"

paragraph: In 1986, he was warming up his car during the pace lap, but lost control and crashed before the race started. In 1987, Sneva crashed three cars, two in practice, and one during the race. He crashed during the Indianapolis 500 in 1975, 1979, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, and 1992, a record for crashes during the race.

paragraph: After Sneva's Indy victory in 1983, he never finished the race again. He dropped out of the race in 1984-1990, failed to qualify in 1991, and dropped out of the 1992 race as well. Some observers have attributed his decline in success to the switch to radial tires (the series transitioned to radials over a period from 1985–1987). His driving style was more apropos to bias ply tires.

paragraph: Sneva showed his versatility by competing in eight NASCAR Winston Cup (now Sprint Cup Series) events in his career, spanning from 1977 to 1987. He earned one top-ten, a 7th in the 1983 Daytona 500.

paragraph: Sneva's final start was the 1992 Indy 500. He arrived at Indy without a ride for 1993, and was unsuccessful in landing a car for the race. He retired with 13 career Indy car wins and 14 pole positions.

paragraph: After Sneva retired from driving, he was a color commentator for ABC television network's "Wide World of Sports" program and called several Indy 500s. He is also heavily involved in the golf course business where he resides in Paradise Valley, Arizona.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Sneva's father, Edsol ("Ed") was a local racer in the Spokane region.

paragraph: Sneva is the oldest of five brothers and one sister: Jerry, Jan, Blaine, Ed ("Babe")and Robin. He said the brothers were always racing something growing up. Babe (1951–1976) succumbed to severe head injuries more than eighteen months after a race crash in

paragraph: Sneva was an ace in mathematics, and graduated from Eastern Washington State College in nearby Cheney with an education degree. He became a math teacher in a school district outside of Spokane city limits, and drove the school bus.

paragraph: Section::::Award.

paragraph: He was inducted in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2005.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NASCAR Stats from Racing-Reference.info

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Greatest 33

description: American racecar driver

wikidata_label: Tom Sneva

wikipedia_title: Tom Sneva


text:
bassist
thrash metal
Testament
Trauma
Metallica
Cliff Burton
Flotsam and Jetsam
Jason Newsted
Souls of Black
Testament
Nuclear Rabbit
Nuclear Rabbit
Scorched Earth Policy
Trauma
Hand of Fire
Jungle Rot

categories: 20th-century American guitarists,1966 births,American male bass guitarists,American heavy metal bass guitarists,Testament (band) members,Living people,American male guitarists

paragraph: Greg Christian

paragraph: Gregory "Greg" Christian (born April 29, 1966) is the former bassist for the American thrash metal band Testament. He left the band in 1996, but rejoined in 2004 and left again in 2014. In addition to Testament, Christian has also played in HavocHate and Fallen Trinity, and is currently the bassist for Trauma.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:Testament.

paragraph: Christian is an original member of Testament, beginning with the band when they were still known as Legacy. Prior the release of their debut album "The Legacy", Christian auditioned for Metallica as the replacement for Cliff Burton, but lost to former Flotsam and Jetsam bassist Jason Newsted. He recorded many of the band's albums including "The Legacy", "The New Order", "Practice What You Preach", "Souls of Black", "The Ritual", "Low", "The Formation of Damnation", and "Dark Roots of Earth". He also played on the live albums, "Live at Eindhoven", "Return to the Apocalyptic City", "Live at the Filmore", "Live in London" and "Dark Roots of Thrash". In 1996, Christian left Testament, but rejoined in 2004. He is known for his finger playing style and jazz-like bass parts which can be heard on songs like "Souls of Black" and "Disciples of the Watch." Christian also performed backing vocals in Testament. He left Testament for a second time in early 2014 and was replaced by Steve DiGiorgio as bassist. Christian left due to lack of band financial transparency and inequitable payments by controlling members of Testament, Chuck Billy and Eric Peterson.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:Trinity Fallen.

paragraph: Former Testament bassist Greg Christian has created a new band called Trinity Fallen.

paragraph: update.

paragraph: Trinity Fallen final line up-

paragraph: Bass-Greg Christian Testament

paragraph: Drums-Timothy Bailey Nuclear Rabbit

paragraph: Guitar-Jason Branyan Nuclear Rabbit

paragraph: Vocals-Judd Henry Mason Scorched Earth Policy

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:HavocHate.

paragraph: Christian joined HavocHate in 2005, and recorded one album, "Cycle of Pain".

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:Trauma.

paragraph: On June 27, 2017, it was announced that Christian had joined Trauma.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:Hand Of Fire.

paragraph: On March 10, 2019, it was announced Christian joined Hand of Fire as their bassist, as well as Jason Borton of Jungle Rot on drums.

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Greg Christian

wikipedia_title: Greg Christian


text:
North Carolina
U.S. Congress
Sarecta
Duplin County
John S. Leary

categories: Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives,1831 births,Members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina,19th-century American politicians,North Carolina Democrats,Lost Cause of the Confederacy,American schoolteachers,1914 deaths

paragraph: Benjamin F. Grady

paragraph: Benjamin Franklin Grady (October 10, 1831 – March 6, 1914) was a teacher from North Carolina. He represented the state's 3rd district in the U.S. Congress from 1891 to 1895.

paragraph: US Congressman and author. Born near Sarecta, Duplin County, N.C., October 10, 1831. He married Olivia Penelope Hamilton on May 30, 1861 in Huntsville, Texas. He was teaching mathematics and natural sciences at Austin College in Texas when the Civil War began. He left to join the Confederate Army, serving in Company K, 25th Regiment of the Texas Cavalry. He married Mary Charlotte Bizzell on November 10, 1870 in Clinton, North Carolina. In 1890 he defeated African-American Republican John S. Leary in a race for a seat in the US House of Representatives. He was re-elected for a second term, both times serving North Carolina 3rd District. He was Superintendent of Schools, Duplin Co., N.C. In 1899, he published the book "The Case of the South Against the North," which uses historical evidence to justify the South's war against the North on the basis of constitutional principles. He died in Clinton, Sampson County, N.C., March 6, 1914.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Benjamin F. Grady

wikipedia_title: Benjamin F. Grady


text:
Cyprus
Richard the Lionheart, King of England
Third Crusade
John II Komnenos
Isaac Komnenos
Manuel I Komnenos
sebastokrator
Komnenos
Niketas Choniates
Isaac Komnenos
Manuel I Komnenos
Isauria
Tarsus
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
Theodora Komnene
Andronikos I Komnenos
Constantine Makrodoukas
Knights Templar
Andronikos I Komnenos
Constantine Makrodoukas
Stephen Hagiochristophorites
Mangana (Constantinople)
Constantinople
Isaac II Angelos
John Kontostephanos
Alexios Komnenos (died 1188)
Margaritus of Brindisi
William II of Sicily
Job
Andronikos I Komnenos
Saladin
King Richard the Lionheart
Third Crusade
Berengaria of Navarre
Joan of England
Tyre.
horse archery
Cape Apostolos Andreas
Karpass Peninsula
Knights Hospitaller
Margat
Tripoli
Leopold V, Duke of Austria
Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor
Theodora Komnene
Sultanate of Rum
Alexios III Angelos
England
Joan of England,
Berengaria of Navarre
Provence
Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse
Baldwin I of Constantinople
Flanders
Marseille
Fourth Crusade
Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
Roman Emperors webpage

categories: Byzantine usurpers,1150s births,1190s deaths,Eastern Orthodox monarchs,12th-century Byzantine people,Byzantine governors of Cyprus,Komnenos dynasty

paragraph: Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus

paragraph: Isaac Komnenos or Comnenus (; c. 1155 – 1195/1196), ruled Cyprus from 1184 to 1191, before Richard the Lionheart, King of England conquered the island during the Third Crusade.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: At the death of Byzantine emperor John II Komnenos in 1143, the throne passed not to his third and oldest living son, Isaac Komnenos, but his youngest son, Manuel I Komnenos, who successfully claimed the throne. Isaac nevertheless served amiably as "sebastokrator", and his first wife Theodora Kamaterina (d. 1144) bore him a daughter, Irene Komnene, and other children. Irene Komnene married an unnamed Doukas Kamateros and gave birth to Isaac Komnenos, a minor member of the Komnenos family, .

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Byzantine historian Niketas Choniates provides most of the following account of his life. Isaac was the son of an unnamed member of the noble Byzantine family, Doukas Kamateros and Eirene Komnene, daughter of Isaac Komnenos.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Governor and prison.

paragraph: Isaac Komnenos married an Armenian princess on Cyprus.

paragraph: Emperor Manuel I Komnenos made Isaac governor of Isauria and the town of Tarsus (now in Mersin), where he started a war against the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, soldiers of which captured him. As Emperor Manuel died in 1180, seemingly nobody greatly cared about the fate of Isaac, whose long imprisonment seemingly failed to improve his general disposition. On account of his Armenian royal wife, he perhaps endured not too harsh terms of captivity.

paragraph: Finally his aunt Theodora Komnene, queen consort of Jerusalem, during an affair with the new Byzantine emperor Andronikos I Komnenos (1183–1185), convinced the Emperor to contribute to his ransom. Constantine Makrodoukas, a loyal supporter of the emperor and uncle of Isaac, and Andronikos Doukas, a relative, childhood friend, sodomite, and debaucher, both contributed to his ransom. These two relatives personally stood surety for the fealty of Isaac Komnenos to the Byzantine emperor. The Knights Templar, whom Niketas Choniates labels "the Phreri," strangely enough contributed as well.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:From prison to Cyprus.

paragraph: The Armenians in 1185 released Isaac, clearly tired of the imperial service. He used the rest of the money to hire a troop of mercenaries and sailed to Cyprus. He presented falsified imperial letters that ordered the local administration to obey him in everything and established himself as ruler of the island.

paragraph: Because Isaac Komnenos failed to return to imperial service, Byzantine emperor Andronikos I Komnenos ordered Constantine Makrodoukas and Andronikos Doukas arrested for treason, although Constantine had heretofore loyally supported the emperor. The courtier Stephen Hagiochristophorites conducted a water-oracle that gave the letter I (iota) as the initial of the succeeding emperor, so Byzantine emperor Andronikos I feared an attempt of Isaac to usurp the throne. When court officials led the prisoners from prison to face the charges, Hagiochristophorites started to stone them and forced others to join him. Stones impaled both prisoners at the front of the palace of Mangana (Constantinople) on 30 May 1185.

paragraph: Another oracle gave the date of the start of the rule of the next Byzantine emperor, a time much too near then for Isaac to make the crossing from Cyprus, which greatly relieved Byzantine emperor Andronikos I.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Isaac took many other Romans into his service. He created an independent patriarch of Cyprus, who crowned him as emperor in 1185.

paragraph: After a popular uprising at Constantinople led to the death of the Byzantine emperor on 12 September 1185, Isaac II Angelos succeeded to the Byzantine throne. He raised a fleet of 70 ships to take back Cyprus. The fleet was under the command of John Kontostephanos and Alexios Komnenos (died 1188), a nephew once removed of the emperor. Andronikos I Komnenos ordered Alexios blinded; neither he nor quite old John seemingly fit the role particularly well.

paragraph: The fleet landed in Cyprus, but after the troops left the ships, Margaritus of Brindisi, a pirate in the service of King William II of Sicily the Good captured the ships. Isaac or more likely Margaritus won a victory over the Byzantine troops and captured the captains, whom he took to Sicily, while the rest of the sailors on Cyprus tried their best to survive and to fend off the enemy. "Only much later did they return home, if they had not perished altogether."

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Rule of Cyprus.

paragraph: From the time of his coronation, Isaac quickly started to plunder Cyprus, raping women, defiling virgins, imposing overly cruel punishments for crimes, and stealing the possessions of the citizens. "Cypriots of high esteem, comparable to Job in riches now were seen begging in the streets, naked and hungry, if they were not put to the sword by this irascible tyrant." Furthermore, he despicably ordered the foot of Basil Pentakenos, his old teacher, hacked and amputated.

paragraph: Niketas Choniates, clearly not very partial to Isaac, describes him as an irascible and violent man, "boiling with anger like a kettle on the fire." Byzantine emperor Andronikos I Komnenos nevertheless bore responsibility for greater cruelties. A seeming league with William II of Sicily, a powerful thorn in the side of the Byzantine Empire, helped Isaac to hold the island for the duration of his reign, and he was also closely connected to Saladin, sultan of Egypt and Syria.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Third Crusade.

paragraph: King Richard the Lionheart and others embarked on the Third Crusade in 1189. Early in 1191, Berengaria of Navarre and Joan of England, the fiancée and sister of King Richard, travelled together and were shipwrecked on Cyprus; Isaac Komnenos then took them captive. In retaliation, King Richard conquered the island while on his way to Tyre. Isaac is recorded firing two arrows at Richard from horseback, which is notable because Byzantine horse archery is an obscure subject.

paragraph: The English took Isaac prisoner near Cape Apostolos Andreas on the Karpass Peninsula, the northernmost tip of the island. According to tradition, as Richard had promised not to put him into irons, he kept Isaac prisoner in chains of silver. The English transferred Isaac to the Knights Hospitaller, who kept him imprisoned in Margat near Tripoli.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Imprisonment, ransom, and death.

paragraph: Returning to Europe after the Third Crusade, King Richard was captured by Leopold V, Duke of Austria and Styria, and imprisoned by Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor. The subsequent ransom agreement freed Isaac and his daughter into the care of Duke Leopold, the son of Theodora Komnene, queen consort of Jerusalem and aunt of Isaac.

paragraph: Isaac then traveled to the Sultanate of Rum, where he attempted to gain support against the new Byzantine emperor Alexios III Angelos, crowned in 1195. However his ambitions came to nothing, as he died of poisoning in 1195 or 1196.

paragraph: Section::::His daughter.

paragraph: Sources do not name the daughter of Isaac but usually call her the "Damsel of Cyprus". Upon the deposition of her father Isaac, she joined the court of King Richard the Lionheart, and after the Third Crusade, she traveled back to England with the other ladies of his court, including Joan of England, sister of King Richard, and Berengaria of Navarre, now queen consort of England. In 1194, as part of ransom agreement of King Richard, the English released the Cypriot princess into the care of Leopold of Austria, a distant relative.

paragraph: Later she lived in Provence, where in 1199 she again encountered Joan, now married to Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse. After Joan's death in early September 1199, Raymond married her, but the marriage was annulled probably in late 1202. In 1203 she married Thierry, an illegitimate son of Baldwin I of Constantinople, then Count of Flanders. The couple sailed from Marseille in 1204 with a convoy of warriors who intended to join the Fourth Crusade, but on reaching Cyprus, they attempted to claim the island as inheritors of Isaac. The attempt failed, and they fled to Armenia.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boyle, David, "The Troubador's Song: The Capture and Ransom of Richard I", Walker Publishing Company, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brudndage, J.A., ‘Richard the Lion-Heart and Byzantium’, "Studies in Medieval Culture" 6-7 (1970), 63-70 and reprinted in J.A. Brundage, "The Crusades, Holy War and Canon Law", Variorum, 1991, No. IV

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coureas, Nicolas, 'To what extent was the crusaders’ capture of Cyprus impelled by strategic considerations', "Epetêris" 19 (1992), 197-202

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edbury, P.W., "The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades, 1191-1374", Cambridge University Press, 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harris, Jonathan, "Byzantium and the Crusades", Bloomsbury, 2nd ed., 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harris, Jonathan, 'Collusion with the infidel as a pretext for military action against Byzantium', in "Clash of Cultures: the Languages of Love and Hate", ed. S. Lambert and H. Nicholson, Brepols, 2012, pp. 99–117

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium", Oxford University Press, 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rudt de Collenberg, W.H., 'L'empereur Isaac de Chypre et sa fille (1155–1207)', "Byzantion" 38 (1968), 123–77

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Emperors webpage brief biography

description: ruler of Cyprus from 1184 to 1191

wikidata_label: Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus

wikipedia_title: Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus


text:
Ancient Greek lyric poet
Rhegium
Magna Graecia
Samos
Polycrates
Hellenistic
Alexandria
canonical
nine lyric poets
pederastic
Stesichorus
Athenaeus
Hesiod
Pandora
Byzantine
Suda
Anacreon
Herodotus
Eusebius
Himerius
Pythagorean
Plutarch
Antipater of Sidon
Friedrich Schiller
The Cranes of Ibycus
Diogenianus
Catana
Himera
Sicyon
Sparta
Argos
Palatine Anthology
victory odes
Simonides
Epic
Doric
Aeolisms
Menelaus
Helen of Troy
Eurypides
Andromache
"Scholars at Dinner"
Apollonius Rhodius
Argonautica
Achilles
Medea
scholiast
Simonides of Ceos
Ganymede
Tithonus
Eos
Sappho
Hephaestus
Papyrus fragment of a poem by Ibycus

categories: 6th-century BC poets,6th-century BC Greek people,LGBT people from Greece,LGBT history in Greece,Ancient LGBT history,Nine lyric poets,Year of birth unknown,Doric Greek poets,Poets of Magna Graecia,Year of death unknown,Ancient Rhegians

paragraph: Ibycus

paragraph: Ibycus (; ; fl. 2nd half of 6th century BC) was an Ancient Greek lyric poet, a citizen of Rhegium in Magna Graecia, probably active at Samos during the reign of the tyrant Polycrates and numbered by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria in the canonical list of nine lyric poets. He was mainly remembered in antiquity for pederastic verses, but he also composed lyrical narratives on mythological themes in the manner of Stesichorus. His work survives today only as quotations by ancient scholars or recorded on fragments of papyrus recovered from archaeological sites in Egypt, yet his extant verses include what are considered some of the finest examples of Greek poetry. The following lines, dedicated to a lover, Euryalus, were recorded by Athenaeus as a famous example of amorous praise:

paragraph: The rich language of these lines, in particular the accumulation of epithets, typical of Ibycus, is shown in the following translation:

paragraph: This mythological account of his lover recalls Hesiod's account of Pandora, who was decked out by the same goddesses (the Graces, the Seasons and Persuasion) so as to be a bane to mankind—an allusion consistent with Ibycus's view of love as unavoidable turmoil.

paragraph: As is the case with many other major poets of ancient Greece, Ibycus became famous not just for his poetry but also for events in his life, largely the stuff of legend: the testimonia are difficult to interpret and very few biographical facts are actually known.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The Byzantine encyclopaedia Suda represents a good example of a problematic biography, here translated by David Campbell:

paragraph: Suda's chronology has been dismissed as "muddled" since it makes Ibycus about a generation older than Anacreon, another poet known to have flourished at the court of Polycrates, and it is inconsistent with what we know of the Samian tyrant from Herodotus. Eusebius recorded the poet's first experience of fame ("agnoscitur") somewhere between 542 and 537 BC and this better fits the period of Polycrates' reign. Suda's account seems to be corroborated by a papyrus fragment ("P.Oxy."1790), usually ascribed to Ibycus, glorifying a youthful Polycrates, but this was unlikely to have been the Polycrates of Samos and might instead have been his son, mentioned in a different context by Himerius as Polycrates, governor of Rhodes. Suda's list of fathers of Ibycus also presents problems: there were no historians in the early 6th century and "Cerdas" looks like an invention of the comic stage (it has low associations). There was a Pythagorean lawgiver of Rhegium known as Phytius, but the early 6th century is too early for this candidate also. Ibycus gives no indication of being a Pythagorean himself, except in one poem he identifies the Morning Star with the Evening Star, an identity first popularized by Pythagoras. Suda's extraordinary account of the poet's death is found in other sources, such as Plutarch and Antipater of Sidon and later it inspired Friedrich Schiller to write a ballad called "The Cranes of Ibycus" yet the legend might be derived merely from a play upon the poet's name and the Greek word for the bird or "ibyx"—it might even have been told of somebody else originally. Another proverb associated with Ibycus was recorded by Diogenianus: "more antiquated than Ibycus" or "more silly than Ibycus". The proverb was apparently based on an anecdote about Ibycus stupidly or nobly turning down an opportunity to become tyrant of Rhegium in order to pursue a poetic career instead (one modern scholar however infers from his poetry that Ibycus was in fact wise enough to avoid the lure of supreme power, citing as an example Plato's quotation from one of his lyrics: "I am afraid it may be in exchange for some sin before the gods that I get honour from men") There is no other information about Ibycus' activities in the West, apart from an account by Himerius, that he fell from his chariot while travelling between Catana and Himera and injured his hand badly enough to give up playing the lyre "for some considerable time."

paragraph: Some modern scholars have found in the surviving poetry evidence that Ibycus might have spent time at Sicyon before journeying to Samos—mythological references indicate local knowledge of Sicyon and could even point to the town's alliance with Sparta against Argos and Athens. His depiction of the women of Sparta as "thigh-showing" (quoted by Plutarch as proof of lax morals among the women there) is vivid enough to suggest that he might have composed some verses in Sparta also. It is possible that he left Samos at the same time as Anacreon, on the death of Polycrates, and there is an anonymous poem in the Palatine Anthology celebrating Rhegium as his final resting place, describing a tomb located under an elm, covered in ivy and white reeds.

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.

paragraph: Ibycus' role in the development of Greek lyric poetry was as a mediator between eastern and western styles:

paragraph: Although scholars like Bowra have concluded that his style must have changed with his setting, such a neat distinction is actually hard to prove from the existing verses, which are an intricate blend of

paragraph: the public, "choral" style of Stesichorus, and the private, "soloist" style of the Lesbian poets. It is not certain that he ever in fact composed monody (lyrics for solo performance), but the emotional and erotic quality of his verse, and the fact that his colleague in Samos was Anacreon, who did compose monody, suggest that Ibycus did too. On the other hand, some modern scholars believe that 'choral' lyrics were actually performed by soloists and therefore maybe all Ibycus' work was monody. He modelled his work on the "choral" lyrics of Stesichorus at least in so far as he wrote narratives on mythical themes (often with original variations from the traditional stories) and structured his verses in triads (units of three stanzas each, called "strophe", "antistrophe" and "epode"), so closely in fact that even the ancients sometimes had difficulty distinguishing between the two poets Whereas however ancient scholars collected the work of Stesichorus into twenty-six books, each probably a self-contained narrative that gave its title to the whole book, they compiled only seven books for Ibycus, which were numbered rather than titled and whose selection criteria are unknown. Recent papyrus finds suggest also that Ibycus might have been the first to compose 'choral' victory odes (an innovation usually credited to Simonides).

paragraph: Until the 1920s, all that survived of Ibycus' work were two large-ish fragments (one seven, the other thirteen lines long) and about fifty other lines scraped together from a variety of ancient commentaries. Since then, papyrus finds have greatly added to the store of Ibycean verses - notably, and controversially, forty-eight continuous lines addressed to Polycrates, whose identification with Polycrates of Rhodes (son of Polycrates, the Samian tyrant) requires a careful selection of historical sources. Authorship of the poem is attributed to Ibycus on textual and historical grounds but its quality as verse is open to debate: "insipid", "inept and slovenly" or, more gently, "not an unqualified success" and optimally "the work of a poet realizing a new vision, with a great command of epic material which he could manipulate for encomiastic effect." In the poem, Ibycos parades the names and characteristics of heroes familiar from Homer's Trojan epic, as types of people the poem is not about, until he reaches the final stanza, where he reveals that his real subject is Polycrates, whom he says he will immortalize in verse. An elaborate and not very amusing joke, this "puzzling" poem has been considered historically significant by some scholars as a signal from Ibycus that he is now turning his back on epic themes to concentrate on love poetry instead: a new vision or "recusatio".

paragraph: He composed like Stesichorus in a literary language, largely Epic with some Doric flavouring, and with a few Aeolisms that he borrowed from the love poetry of Sappho and Alcaeus. It is possible however that the Doric dialect was added by editors in Hellenistic and Roman times, when the poet's home town, Rhegium, had become more Doric than it had been in the poet's own time. In addition to this "superficial element of Doric dialect", the style of Ibycus features mainly dactylic rhythms (reflecting the Epic traditions he shared with Stesichorus), a love theme and accumulated epithets. His use of imagery can seem chaotic but it is justified as an artistic effect. His style has been described by one modern scholar as "graceful and passionate." The ancients sometimes considered his work with distaste as a lecherous and corrupting influence but they also responded sympathetically to the pathos he sought to evoke—his account of Menelaus's failure to kill Helen of Troy, under the spell of her beauty, was valued by ancient critics above Eurypides's account of the same story in his play Andromache.

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.:Fragment 286.

paragraph: The following poem was quoted by the ancient scholar Athenaeus in his wide-ranging discourses "Scholars at Dinner" and it demonstrates some of the characteristics of Ibycean verse:

paragraph: The poem establishes a contrast between the tranquility of nature and the ever restless impulses to which the poet's desires subject him, while the images and epithets accumulate almost chaotically, communicating a sense of his inner turmoil. In the original Greek, initial tranquility is communicated by repeated vowel sounds in the first six lines. His love of nature and his ability to describe it in lively images are reminiscent of Sappho's work.

paragraph: Section::::Reception.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In book four of Apollonius Rhodius's "Argonautica", the goddess Hera reveals that Achilles is destined to marry Medea in the Elysian Fields ("Argonautica" 4.811–15). A scholiast on the passage comments that this account was first put forward by Ibycus, and that it was also taken up by Simonides of Ceos. In another scholium, it is said that the Argonautica's account of Ganymede's abduction by an amorous Zeus ("Argonautica" 3.114–17) was also modelled on a version by Ibycus (in Homer's earlier account, Zeus abducted the youth to be his wine-pourer: "Iliad" 20.234), and that Ibycus, moreover, described the abduction of Tithonus by Dawn (Eos). Apollonius Rhodius represented Eros as a child of Aphrodite ("Argonautica" 3.25–6) and there is a relevant scholium on that passage too, according to which Sappho made Eros the son of Earth and Heaven, Simonides made him the son of Aphrodite and Ares, and Ibycus made him the son of ...? The section is lost, but it has been suggested that he made Eros the son of Aphrodite and Hephaestus

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papyrus fragment of a poem by Ibycus

description: Ancient Greek poet

wikidata_label: Ibycus

wikipedia_title: Ibycus


text: fl.

text: Ancient Greek

text: Sparta

text: Alexandria

text: nine lyric poets

text: Antipater of Thessalonica

text: continents

text: Europe

text: Asia

text: Sardis

text: Lydia

text: Suda

text: Laconia

text: strident partridges

text: Asia Minor

text: Greece

text: Thessalian

text: choruses

text: Aristotle

text: slave

text: emancipated

text: lice

text: Alcmaeon of Croton

text: Pausanias

text: Helen of Troy

text: choral poetry

text: Medieval

text: pyramid

text: Saqqâra

text: Egypt

text: Louvre

text: Paris

text: Egypt

text: papyri

text: Oxyrhynchus

text: (partheneia)

text: Doric

text: sound beautiful

text: dialect

text: Alexandrian

text: Apollonius Dyscolus

text: Aeolic

text: digamma

text: prosodic

text: morphological

text: phraseological

text: Homeric

text: epic poetry

text: philologist

text: Denys Page

text: monograph

text: strophic

text: metres

text: stanza

text: dactylic

text: tetrameter

text: dactylic hexameter

text: Homer

text: Hesiod

text: epic poetry

text: Saqqara

text: Auguste Mariette

text: Sparta

text: Claude Calame

text: coryphaeus

text: papyrus

text: homoerotic love

text: poet

text: Sappho

text: pederasty

text: initiation rites

text: plough

text: Hesiod

text: Sirius

text: Sparta

text: Theocritus

text: Pindar

text: Gymnopaedia

text: rituals

text: festivals

text: Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 8

text: critical

text: Kleine Schriften

text: Easterling, P.E.

text: Bernard M.W. Knox

categories: Nine lyric poets,Year of birth unknown,Ancient Greek erotic poets,Doric Greek poets,7th-century BC Greek people,Ancient Greek poets,Ancient Spartan poets,7th-century BC poets

paragraph: Alcman

paragraph: Alcman (; "Alkmán"; fl.  7th century BC) was an Ancient Greek choral lyric poet from Sparta. He is the earliest representative of the Alexandrian canon of the nine lyric poets.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Alcman's dates are uncertain, but he was probably active in the late seventh century BC. The name of his mother is not known; his father may have been called either Damas or Titarus. Alcman's nationality was disputed even in antiquity. Unfortunately, the records of the ancient authors were often deduced from biographic readings of their poetry, and the details are often untrustworthy. Antipater of Thessalonica wrote that poets have "many mothers" and that the continents of Europe and Asia both claimed Alcman as their son. Frequently assumed to have been born in Sardis, capital of ancient Lydia, the Suda claims that Alcman was actually a Laconian from Messoa.

paragraph: The compositeness of his dialect may have helped to maintain the uncertainty of his origins, but the many references to Lydian and Asian culture in Alcman's poetry must have played a considerable role in the tradition of Alcman's Lydian origin. Thus Alcman claims he learned his skills from the "strident partridges" ("caccabides"), a bird native to Asia Minor and not naturally found in Greece. The ancient scholars seem to refer to one particular song, in which the chorus says: "He was no rustic man, nor clumsy (not even in the view of unskilled men?) nor Thessalian by race nor an Erysichaean shepherd: he was from lofty Sardis." Yet, given that there was a discussion, it cannot have been certain who was the third person of this fragment.

paragraph: Some modern scholars defend his Lydian origin on the basis of the language of some fragments or the content. However, Sardis of the 7th century BC was a cosmopolitan city. The implicit and explicit references to Lydian culture may be a means of describing the girls of the choruses as fashionable.

paragraph: One tradition, going back to Aristotle, holds that Alcman came to Sparta as a slave to the family of Agesidas (= Hagesidamus?), by whom he was eventually emancipated because of his great skill. Aristotle reported that it was believed Alcman died from a pustulant infestation of lice ("phthiriasis"), but he may have been mistaken for the philosopher Alcmaeon of Croton. According to Pausanias, he is buried in Sparta next to the tomb of Helen of Troy.

paragraph: Section::::Text.

paragraph: Section::::Text.:Transmission.

paragraph: There were six books of Alcman's choral poetry in antiquity (c. 50-60 hymns), but they were lost at the threshold of the Medieval Age, and Alcman was known only through fragmentary quotations in other Greek authors until the discovery of a papyrus in 1855(?) in a tomb near the second pyramid at Saqqâra in Egypt. The fragment, which is now kept at the Louvre in Paris, contains approximately 100 verses of a so-called "partheneion", i.e. a song performed by a chorus of young unmarried women. In the 1960s, many more fragments were published in the collection of the Egyptian papyri found in a dig at an ancient garbage dump at Oxyrhynchus. Most of these fragments contain poems (partheneia), but there are also other kinds of hymns among them.

paragraph: Section::::Text.:Dialect.

paragraph: Pausanias says that even though Alcman used the Doric dialect, which does not usually sound beautiful, it did not at all spoil the beauty of his songs.

paragraph: Alcman's songs were composed in the Doric dialect of Sparta (the so-called Laconian dialect). This is seen especially in the orthographic peculiarities of the fragments like α = η, ω = ου, η = ει, σ = θ and the use of the Doric accentuation, though it is uncertain whether these features were actually present in Alcman's original compositions or were added either by Laconian performers in the subsequent generations (see Hinge's opinion below) or even by Alexandrian scholars who gave the text a Doric feel using features of the contemporary, and not the ancient, Doric dialect.

paragraph: Apollonius Dyscolus describes Alcman as "constantly using the Aeolic dialect". However, the validity of this judgment is limited by the fact that it is said about the use of the digamma in the third-person pronoun "his/her"; it is perfectly Doric as well. Yet, many existing fragments display prosodic, morphological and phraseological features common to the Homeric language of Greek epic poetry, and even markedly Aeolic and un-Doric features (σδ = ζ, -οισα = -ουσα) which are not present in Homer itself but will pass on to all the subsequent lyric poets. This mixing of features adds complexity to any analysis of his works.

paragraph: The British philologist Denys Page comes to the following conclusion about Alcman's dialect in his influential monograph (1951):

paragraph: Section::::Text.:Metrical form.

paragraph: To judge from his larger fragments, Alcman's poetry was normally strophic: Different metres are combined into long stanzas (9-14 lines), which are repeated several times.

paragraph: One popular metre is the dactylic tetrameter (in contrast to the dactylic hexameter of Homer and Hesiod).

paragraph: Section::::Content.

paragraph: Section::::Content.:The First Partheneion.

paragraph: The type of songs Alcman composed most frequently appear to be hymns, "partheneia" (maiden-songs Greek "maiden"), and "prooimia" (preludes to recitations of epic poetry). Much of what little exists consists of scraps and fragments, difficult to categorize.

paragraph: The most important fragment is the First Partheneion or Louvre-Partheneion, found in 1855 in Saqqara in Egypt by the French scholar Auguste Mariette. This Partheneion consists of 101 lines, of which more than 30 are severely damaged. It is very hard to say anything about this fragment, and scholars have debated ever since the discovery and publication about its content and the occasion on which this partheneion could have been performed.

paragraph: The choral lyrics of Alcman were meant to be performed within the social, political, and religious context of Sparta. Most of the existing fragments are lines from "partheneia". These hymns are sung by choruses of unmarried women, but it is unclear how the "partheneia" were performed. The Swiss scholar Claude Calame (1977) treats them as a type of drama by choruses of girls. He connects them with initiation rites.

paragraph: The girls express a deep affection for their chorus leader (coryphaeus):

paragraph: Earlier research tended to overlook the erotic aspect of the love of the partheneions; thus, instead of the verb translated as "guards", , at the end of the first quotation, the papyrus has in fact the more explicit , "wears me out (with love)". Calame states that this homoerotic love, which is similar to the one found in the lyrics of the contemporaneous poet Sappho, matches the pederasty of the males and was an integrated part of the initiation rites. At a much later period, but probably relying on older sources, Plutarch confirms that the Spartan women were engaged in such same sex relationships. It remains open if the relationship also had a physical side and, if so, of what nature.

paragraph: While not denying the erotic elements of the poem, contemporary classicist Kyriakos Tsantsanoglou has argued that the latter half of the first partheneion portrays Hagesichora critically and emphasizes her absence, rather than praising her and emphasizing her approval. Tsantsanoglou's interpretation has not been met with mainstream acceptance in classical studies.

paragraph: Other scholars, among them Hutchinson and Stehle, see the First Partheneion as a song composed for a harvest ritual and not as a tribal initiation. Stehle argues that the maidens of the Partheneion carry a plough (, or, in the most translations, a robe, ) for the goddess of Dawn (Orthria). This goddess of Dawn is honoured because of the qualities she has, especially in harvest time when the Greeks harvest during dawn (Hesiod, Works and Days, ll. 575-580: "Dawn gives out a third share of the work [that is, harvesting]"). The heat (embodied by the Sirius-star) is a threat for the dawn, so the chorus tries to defeat him. In the meanwhile the chorus-members present themselves as women ready for marriage. Stehle doesn't agree with Calame about the initiation-rituals, but cannot ignore the 'erotic' language that the poem expresses.

paragraph: Some scholars think that the chorus was divided in two halves, who would each have their own leader; at the beginning and close of their performance, the two halves performed as a single group, but during most of the performance, each half would compete with the other, claiming that their leader or favorite was the best of all the girls in Sparta. There is, however, little evidence that the chorus was in fact divided. The role of the other woman of Alcman's first partheneion, Aenesimbrota, is contested; some consider her indeed a competing chorus-leader, others think that she was some sort of witch, who would supply the girls in love with magic love-elixirs like the "pharmakeutria" of Theocritus's Second Idyll, and others again argue that she was the trainer of the chorus like Andaesistrota of Pindar's Second Partheneion

paragraph: Section::::Content.:Other songs.

paragraph: Alcman could have composed songs for Spartan boys as well. However, the only statement in support of this idea comes from Sosibius, a Spartan historian from the 2nd century BC. He says that songs of Alcman were performed during the Gymnopaedia festival (according to Athenaeus):

paragraph: Section::::Content.:Praise for the gods, women, and the natural world.

paragraph: Regardless of the topic, Alcman's poetry has a clear, light, pleasant tone which ancient commentators have remarked upon. Details from rituals and festivals are described with care, even though the context of some of those details can no longer be understood.

paragraph: Alcman's language is rich with visual description. He describes the yellow color of a woman's hair and the golden chain she wears about her neck; the purple petals of a Kalchas blossom and the purple depths of the sea; the "bright shining" color of the windflower and the multi-colored feathers of a bird as it chews green buds from the vines.

paragraph: A lot of attention is focused on nature: ravines, mountains, flowering forests at night, the quiet sound of water lapping over seaweed. Animals and other creatures fill his lines: birds, horses, bees, lions, reptiles, even crawling insects.

paragraph: Because Alcman discusses Spartan customs and characteristics, his work is of interest to historians as well. For example, the assertion that there was little possession of material goods in Sparta – a part of the 'Spartan Mirage' – is disproved by Alcman's observation of various women wearing gold chains. Details like this allow for a more intricate understanding of life in Sparta.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 8

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Texts and translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Greek Lyric II: Anacreon, Anacreontea, Choral Lyric from Olympis to Alcman" (Loeb Classical Library) translated by David A. Campbell (June 1989) Harvard University Press (Original Greek with facing page English translations, an excellent starting point for students with a serious interest in ancient lyric poetry. Nearly one third of the text is devoted to Alcman's work.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sappho and the Greek Lyric Poets" translated by Willis Barnstone, Schoken Books Inc., New York (paperback 1988) (A collection of modern English translations suitable for a general audience, includes the entirety of Alcman's "parthenion" and 16 additional poetic fragments by him along with a brief history of the poet.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alcman. Introduction, texte critique, témoignages, traduction et commentaire". Edidit Claudius Calame. Romae in Aedibus Athenaei 1983. (Original Greek with French translations and commentaries; it has the most comprehensive critical apparatus.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poetarum melicorum Graecorum fragmenta". Vol. 1. "Alcman, Stesichorus, Ibycus". Edidit Malcolm Davies. Oxonii: e typographeo Clarendoniano 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Greek lyric poetry: a commentary on selected larger pieces". G.O. Hutchinson. Oxford University Press 2001.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Secondary literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Calame, Claude: "Les chœurs des jeunes filles en Grèce archaïque", vol. 1–2 ("Filologia e critica" 20–21). Roma: Edizioni dell'Ateneo 1977. Engl. transl. (only vol. 1): "Choruses of Young Women in Ancient Greece". Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield 1997, rev. ed. 2001. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hinge, George: "Die Sprache Alkmans: Textgeschichte und Sprachgeschichte" (Serta Graeca 24). Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag 2006. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Page, Denys L.: "Alcman. The Partheneion". Oxford: The Clarendon Press 1951.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pavese, Carlo Odo: "Il grande partenio di Alcmane" (Lexis, Supplemento 1). Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert 1992. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Priestley, J.M.: "The ϕαρoς of Alcman's Partheneion 1", Mnemosyne 60.2 (2007) 175-195.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Puelma, Mario: "Die Selbstbeschreibung des Chores in Alkmans grossem Partheneion-Fragment", Museum Helveticum 34 (1977) 1-55.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Risch, Ernst: 'Die Sprache Alkmans'. "Museum Helveticum" 11 (1954) 20-37 (= "Kleine Schriften" 1981, 314-331).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stehle, Eva: "Performance and gender in Ancient Greece", Princeton 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- . An alternatively reconstructed Greek text, translation, and commentary by a modern Greek scholar.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zaikov, Andrey: "Alcman and the Image of Scythian Steed". In: "Pontus and the Outside World: Studies in Black Sea History, Historiography, and Archaeology" (= "Colloquia Pontica." 9). Brill, Leiden and Boston 2004, 69–84. .

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Easterling, P.E. (Series Editor), Bernard M.W. Knox (Editor), "Cambridge History of Classical Literature", v.I, Greek Literature, 1985. , cf. Chapter 6, "Archaic Choral Lyric", pp. 168–185 on Alcman.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- SORGLL: Alkman 58; read by Stephen Daitz

description: ancient Greek poet

wikidata_label: Alcman

wikipedia_title: Alcman