text: French

text: aviator

text: inventor

text: engineer

text: aircraft control systems

text: monoplane

text: Daily Mail

text: a successful aircraft manufacturing company

text: Cambrai

text: boarder

text: Lycée

text: Amiens

text: École Centrale

text: Collège Sainte-Barbe

text: Paris

text: Tarbes

text: Pyrenees

text: Baguès

text: acetylene

text: Renault

text: Panhard-Levassor

text: Clément Ader

text: Avion III

text: 1900 Exposition Universelle

text: ornithopter

text: Gabriel Voisin

text: Ernest Archdeacon

text: Blériot II

text: Blériot III

text: Antoinette

text: Léon Levavasseur

text: Alberto Santos Dumont

text: Recherches Aéronautiques Louis Blériot

text: canard configuration

text: Blériot V

text: Blériot VI

text: tandem wing

text: Blériot VII

text: elevators

text: Patrick Alexander

text: Baden Baden-Powell

text: Blériot VIII

text: Toury

text: Arteny

text: Henri Farman

text: Bouy

text: Rheims

text: Blériot IX

text: Blériot X

text: Blériot XI

text: REP

text: Alessandro Anzani

text: Lucien Chauvière

text: Blériot XII

text: crankshaft

text: E.N.V.

text: Juvisy

text: Etampes

text: Orléans

text: asbestos

text: third-degree burns

text: Institut de France

text: Daily Mail

text: thousand-pound prize

text: English Channel

text: Le Matin

text: Jean-Pierre Blanchard

text: John Jeffries

text: Type XI

text: Hubert Latham

text: Antoinette IV

text: Charles de Lambert

text: aristocrat

text: Wilbur Wright

text: Voisin biplane

text: Wissant

text: Lord Northcliffe

text: Calais

text: Sangatte

text: Dover

text: Marconi Company

text: Cap Blanc Nez

text: landing of an aircraft on the sea

text: Harpon

text: Alfred Leblanc

text: destroyer "Escopette"

text: Type XI

text: altitude

text: compass

text: Le Matin

text: Tricolour

text: Dover Castle

text: granite setts

text: Alexander Duckham

text: Dover Castle

text: Musée des Arts et Métiers

text: Grande Semaine d'Aviation

text: Glenn Curtiss

text: Gordon Bennett Trophy

text: Brescia

text: Budapest

text: Bucharest

text: Hungary

text: Romania

text: Istanbul

text: World War I

text: Voisin

text: Farman

text: landing wires

text: Wright Brothers

text: Blériot Aéronautique

text: Suresnes

text: SNCASO

text: Société pour les Appareils Deperdussin

text: Société Pour L'Aviation et ses Dérivés

text: World War I

text: SPAD S.XIII

text: World War I

text: flying school

text: Brooklands

text: Surrey

text: Hendon

text: Aerodrome

text: Addlestone

text: Air Navigation and Engineering Company

text: Blériot-Whippet

text: Charles Lindbergh

text: monoplane

text: pioneer era

text: Newark Airport

text: New Jersey

text: Paris due

text: heart attack

text: Les Invalides

text: Cimetière des Gonards

text: Versailles

text: Fédération Aéronautique Internationale

text: Louis Blériot medal

text: International Air & Space Hall of Fame

text: Blériot Beach

text: Duke of York's Royal Military School

text: Virgin Trains

text: British Rail Class 221

text: Rivendell Bicycle Works

text: propeller

text: moonlet

text: rings of Saturn

text: Bleriot

text: KLM

text: Boeing

text: Aviodrome

text: Lelystad Airport

text: Cavalcade

text: Blériot Aéronautique

text: Early flying machines

text: List of firsts in aviation

text: US Centennial of Flight Commission: Louis Blériot

text: A Daring Flight

text: NOVA

text: Louis Blériot Memorial Behind Dover Castle UK

text: View footage of Blériot's flight in 1909

text: Bleriot

text: Charles Lindbergh

text: Myron T. Herrick

categories: French aerospace engineers,Aviation pioneers,1936 deaths,1872 births,Aviation history of France,Members of the Early Birds of Aviation,French aviators,Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur,People from Cambrai,École Centrale Paris alumni

paragraph: Louis Blériot

paragraph: Louis Charles Joseph Blériot (1 July 1872 – 1 August 1936) was a French aviator, inventor, and engineer. He developed the first practical headlamp for cars and established a profitable business manufacturing them, using much of the money he made to finance his attempts to build a successful aircraft. Blériot was the first to use a combination of hand/arm-operated joystick and foot-operated rudder control, that is in use to the present day, for the basic format of aerodynamic aircraft control systems. Blériot was also the first to make a working, powered, piloted monoplane. In 1909 he became world-famous for making the first airplane flight across the English Channel, winning the prize of £1,000 offered by the "Daily Mail" newspaper. He was the founder of a successful aircraft manufacturing company.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Born at No.17h rue de l'Arbre à Poires (now rue Sadi-Carnot) in Cambrai, Louis was the first of five children born to Clémence and Charles Blériot. In 1882, aged 10, Blériot was sent as a boarder to the Institut Notre Dame in Cambrai, where he frequently won class prizes, including one for engineering drawing. When he was 15, he moved on to the Lycée at Amiens, where he lived with an aunt. After passing the exams for his baccalaureate in science and German, he determined to try to enter the prestigious École Centrale in Paris. Entrance was by a demanding exam for which special tuition was necessary: consequently Blériot spent a year at the Collège Sainte-Barbe in Paris. He passed the exam, placing 74th among the 243 successful candidates, and doing especially well in the tests of engineering drawing ability. After three years of demanding study at the École Centrale, Blériot graduated 113th of 203 in his graduating class. He then embarked on a term of compulsory military service, and spent a year as a sub-lieutenant in the 24th Artillery Regiment, stationed in Tarbes in the Pyrenees.

paragraph: He got a job with Baguès, an electrical engineering company in Paris. He left the company after developing the world's first practical headlamp for automobiles, using a compact integral acetylene generator. In 1897, Blériot opened a showroom for headlamps at 41 rue de Richlieu in Paris. The business was successful, and soon he was supplying his lamps to both Renault and Panhard-Levassor, two of the foremost automobile manufacturers of the day.

paragraph: In October 1900 Blériot was lunching in his usual restaurant near his showroom when his eye was caught by a young woman lunching with her parents. That evening, he told his mother "I saw a young woman today. I will marry her, or I will marry no one." A bribe to a waiter secured details of her identity; she was Alice Védères, the daughter of a retired army officer. Blériot set about courting her with the same determination that he would later bring to his aviation experiments, and on 21 February 1901 the couple were married.

paragraph: Section::::Early aviation experiments.

paragraph: Blériot had become interested in aviation while at the Ecole Centrale, but his serious experimentation was probably sparked by seeing Clément Ader's Avion III at the 1900 Exposition Universelle. By then his headlamp business was doing well enough for Blériot to be able to devote both time and money to experimentation. His first experiments were with a series of ornithopters, which were unsuccessful. In April 1905, Blériot met Gabriel Voisin, then employed by Ernest Archdeacon to assist with his experimental gliders.

paragraph: Blériot was a spectator at Voisin's first trials of the floatplane glider he had built on 8 June 1905. Cine photography was among Blériot's hobbies, and the film footage of this flight was shot by him. The success of these trials prompted him to commission a similar machine from Voisin, the Blériot II glider. On 18 July an attempt to fly this aircraft was made, ending in a crash in which Voisin nearly drowned, but this did not deter Blériot. Indeed, he suggested that Voisin should stop working for Archdeacon and enter into partnership with him. Voisin accepted the proposal, and the two men established the "Ateliers d' Aviation Edouard Surcouf, Blériot et Voisin". Active between 1905 and 1906, the company built two unsuccessful powered aircraft, the Blériot III and the Blériot IV, largely a rebuild of its predecessor. Both these aircraft were powered with the lightweight Antoinette engines being developed by Léon Levavasseur. Blériot became a shareholder in the company, and in May 1906, joined the board of directors.

paragraph: The Blériot IV was damaged in a taxiing accident at Bagatelle on 12 November 1906. The disappointment of the failure of his aircraft was compounded by the success of Alberto Santos Dumont later that day, when he managed to fly his 14-bis a distance of , winning the Aéro Club de France prize for the first flight of over 100 metres. This also took place at Bagatelle, and was witnessed by Blériot. The partnership with Voisin was dissolved and Blériot established his own business, Recherches Aéronautiques Louis Blériot, where he started creating his own aircraft, experimenting with various configurations and eventually creating the world's first successful powered monoplane.

paragraph: The first of these, the canard configuration Blériot V, was first tried on 21 March 1907, when Blériot limited his experiments to ground runs, which resulted in damage to the undercarriage. Two further ground trials, also damaging the aircraft, were undertaken, followed by another attempt on 5 April. The flight was only of around 6 m (20 ft), after which he cut his engine and landed, slightly damaging the undercarriage. More trials followed, the last on 19 April when, travelling at a speed of around 50 kph (30 mph), the aircraft left the ground, Blériot over-responded when the nose began to rise, and the machine hit the ground nose–first, and somersaulted. The aircraft was largely destroyed, but Blériot was, by great good fortune, unhurt. The engine of the aircraft was immediately behind his seat, and he was very lucky not to have been crushed by it.

paragraph: This was followed by the Blériot VI, a tandem wing design, first tested on 7 July, when the aircraft failed to lift off. Blériot then enlarged the wings slightly, and on 11 July a short successful flight of around 25–30 metres (84–100 ft) was made, reaching an altitude of around 2 m (7 ft). This was Blériot's first truly successful flight. Further successful flights took place that month, and by 25 July he had managed a flight of 150 m (490 ft). On 6 August he managed to reach an altitude of 12 m (39 ft), but one of the blades of the propeller worked loose, resulting in a heavy landing which damaged the aircraft. He then fitted a 50 hp (37  kW) V-16 Antoinette engine. Tests on 17 September showed a startling improvement in performance: the aircraft quickly reached an altitude of 25 m (82 ft), when the engine suddenly cut out and the aircraft went into a spiralling nosedive. In desperation Blériot climbed out of his seat and threw himself towards the tail. The aircraft partially pulled out of the dive, and came to earth in a more or less horizontal attitude. His only injuries were some minor cuts on the face, caused by fragments of glass from his broken goggles. After this crash Blériot abandoned the aircraft, concentrating on his next machine.

paragraph: This, the Blériot VII, was a monoplane with tail surfaces arranged in what has become, apart from its use of differential elevators movement for lateral control, the modern conventional layout. This aircraft, which first flew on 16 November 1907, has been recognised as the first successful monoplane. On 6 December Blériot managed two flights of over 500 metres, including a successful U-turn. This was the most impressive achievement to date of any of the French pioneer aviators, causing Patrick Alexander to write to Major Baden Baden-Powell, president of the Royal Aeronautical Society, "I got back from Paris last night. I think Blériot with his new machine is leading the way". Two more successful flights were made on 18 December, but the undercarriage collapsed after the second flight; the aircraft overturned and was wrecked.

paragraph: Blériot's next aircraft, the Blériot VIII was shown to the Press in February 1908. Although it was the first to use of a successful combination of hand/arm-operated joystick and foot-operated rudder control, this was a failure in its first form. After modifications it proved successful, and on 31 October 1908 he succeeded in making a cross-country flight, making a round trip from Toury to Arteny and back, a total distance of . This was not the first cross-country flight by a narrow margin, since Henri Farman had flown from Bouy to Rheims, the preceding day. Four days later, the aircraft was destroyed in a taxiing accident.

paragraph: Three different aircraft were displayed at the first Paris Aero Salon, held at the end of December: the Blériot IX monoplane, the Blériot X, a three-seat pusher biplane and the Blériot XI, which would go on to be his most successful model. The first two of the designs, which used Antoinette engines, never flew, possibly because at this time, Blériot severed his connection with the Antoinette company, because the company had begun to design and construct aircraft as well as engines, presenting Blériot with a conflict of interests. The Type XI was initially powered by a REP engine and was first flown with this engine on 18 January 1909, but although the aircraft flew well, after a very short time in the air, the engine began to overheat, leading Blériot to get in contact with Alessandro Anzani, who had developed a successful motorcycle engine and had subsequently entered the aero-engine market. Importantly, Anzani was associated with Lucien Chauvière, who had designed a sophisticated laminated walnut propeller. The combination of a reliable engine and an efficient propeller would contribute greatly to the success of the Type XI.

paragraph: This was shortly followed by the Blériot XII, a high-wing two-seater monoplane first flown on 21 May, and for a while Blériot concentrated on flying this machine, flying it with a passenger on 2 July, and on 12 July making the world's first flight with two passengers, one of whom was Santos Dumont. A few days later the crankshaft of the E.N.V. engine broke, and Blériot resumed trials of the Type XI. On 25 June he made a flight lasting 15 minutes and 30 seconds, his longest to date, and the following day increased this personal record to over 36 minutes. At the end of July he took part in an aviation meet at Douai, where he made a flight lasting over 47 minutes in the Type XII on 3 July: the following day he flew the Type XI for 50 minutes at another meet at Juvisy, and on 13 July, he made a cross-country flight of from Etampes to Orléans. Blériot's determination is shown by the fact that during the flight at Douai made on 2 July part of the asbestos insulation worked loose from the exhaust pipe after 15 minutes in the air. After half an hour, one of his shoes had been burnt through and he was in considerable pain, but nevertheless continued his flight until engine failure ended the flight. Blériot suffered third-degree burns, and his injuries took over two months to heal.

paragraph: On 16 June 1909, Blériot and Voisin were jointly awarded the Prix Osiris, awarded by the Institut de France every three years to the Frenchman who had made the greatest contribution to science. Three days later, on 19 July, he informed the "Daily Mail" of his intention to make an attempt to win the thousand-pound prize offered by the paper for a successful crossing of the English Channel in a heavier-than-air aircraft.

paragraph: Section::::1909 Channel crossing.

paragraph: The "Daily Mail" prize was first announced in October 1908, with a prize of £500 being offered for a flight made before the end of the year. When 1908 passed with no serious attempt being made, the prize money was doubled to £1,000 and the offer extended to the end of 1909. Like some of the other prizes offered by the paper, it was widely seen as nothing more than a way to gain cheap publicity: the Paris newspaper "Le Matin" commenting that there was no chance of the prize being won.

paragraph: The English Channel had been crossed by an unmanned hydrogen balloon in 1784 and a manned crossing by Jean-Pierre Blanchard and John Jeffries followed in 1785.

paragraph: Blériot, who intended to fly across the Channel in his Type XI monoplane, had three rivals for the prize, the most serious being Hubert Latham, a French national of English extraction flying an Antoinette IV monoplane. He was favoured by both the United Kingdom and France to win. The others were Charles de Lambert, a Russian aristocrat with French ancestry, and one of Wilbur Wright's pupils, and Arthur Seymour, an Englishman who reputedly owned a Voisin biplane. De Lambert got as far as establishing a base at Wissant, near Calais, but Seymour did nothing beyond submitting his entry to the "Daily Mail". Lord Northcliffe, who had befriended Wilbur Wright during his sensational 1908 public demonstrations in France, had offered the prize hoping that Wilbur would win. Wilbur wanted to make an attempt and cabled brother Orville in the USA. Orville, then recuperating from serious injuries sustained in a crash, replied telling him not to make the Channel attempt until he could come to France and assist. Also Wilbur had already amassed a fortune in prize money for altitude and duration flights and had secured sales contracts for the Wright Flyer with the French, Italians, British and Germans; his tour in Europe was essentially complete by the summer of 1909. Both brothers saw the Channel reward of only a thousand pounds as insignificant considering the dangers of the flight.

paragraph: Latham arrived in Calais in early July, and set up his base at Sangatte in the semi-derelict buildings which had been constructed for an early attempt to dig a tunnel under the Channel. The event was the subject of great public interest; it was reported that there were 10,000 visitors at Calais and a similar crowd at Dover. The Marconi Company set up a special radio link for the occasion, with one station on Cap Blanc Nez at Sangatte and the other on the roof of the Lord Warden Hotel in Dover. The crowds were in for a wait: the weather was windy, and Latham did not make an attempt until 19 July, but from his destination his aircraft developed engine trouble and was forced to make the world's first landing of an aircraft on the sea. Latham was rescued by the French destroyer "Harpon" and taken back to France, where he was met by the news that Blériot had entered the competition. Blériot, accompanied by two mechanics and his friend Alfred Leblanc, arrived in Calais on Wednesday 21 July and set up their base at a farm near the beach at Les Baraques, between Calais and Sangatte. The following day a replacement aircraft for Latham was delivered from the Antoinette factory. The wind was too strong for an attempted crossing on Friday and Saturday, but on Saturday evening it began to drop, raising hopes in both camps.

paragraph: Leblanc went to bed at around midnight but was too keyed up to sleep well; at two o'clock, he was up, and judging that the weather was ideal woke Blériot who, unusually, was pessimistic and had to be persuaded to eat breakfast. His spirits revived, however, and by half past three, his wife Alice had been put on board the destroyer "Escopette", which was to escort the flight.

paragraph: At 4:15 am on the 25 July 1909, watched by an excited crowd, Blériot made a short trial flight in his Type XI, and then, on a signal that the sun had risen (the competition rules required a flight between sunrise and sunset), he took off at 4:41 for the attempted crossing. Flying at approximately and an altitude of about 250 ft (76 m), he set off across the Channel. Not having a compass, Blériot took his course from the "Escopette", which was heading for Dover, but he soon overtook the ship. The visibility deteriorated, and he later said, "for more than 10 minutes I was alone, isolated, lost in the midst of the immense sea, and I did not see anything on the horizon or a single ship".

paragraph: The grey line of the English coast, however, came into sight on his left; the wind had increased, and had blown him to the east of his intended course. Altering course, he followed the line of the coast about a mile offshore until he spotted Charles Fontaine, the correspondent from "Le Matin" waving a large Tricolour as a signal. Unlike Latham, Blériot had not visited Dover to find a suitable spot to land, and the choice had been made by Fontaine, who had selected a patch of gently sloping land called Northfall Meadow, close to Dover Castle, where there was a low point in the cliffs. Once over land, he circled twice to lose height, and cut his engine at an altitude of about , making a heavy "pancake" landing due to the gusty wind conditions; the undercarriage was damaged and one blade of the propeller was shattered, but Blériot was unhurt. The flight had taken 36 minutes and 30 seconds.

paragraph: News of his departure had been sent by radio to Dover, but it was generally expected that he would attempt to land on the beach to the west of the town. The "Daily Mail" correspondent, realising that Blériot had landed near the castle, set off at speed in a motor car and took Blériot to the harbour, where he was reunited with his wife. The couple, surrounded by a cheering crowd and photographers, were then taken to the Lord Warden Hotel at the foot of the Admiralty Pier; Blériot had become a celebrity.

paragraph: The "Blériot Memorial", the outline of the aircraft laid out in granite setts in the turf (funded by oil manufacturer Alexander Duckham), marks his landing spot above the cliffs near Dover Castle. .

paragraph: The aircraft which was used in the crossing is now preserved in the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Blériot's success brought about an immediate transformation of the status of "Recherches Aéronautiques Louis Blériot." By the time of the Channel flight, he had spent at least 780,000 francs on his aviation experiments. (To put this figure into context, one of Blériot's skilled mechanics was paid 250 francs a month.) Now this investment began to pay off: orders for copies of the Type XI quickly came, and by the end of the year, orders for over 100 aircraft had been received, each selling for 10,000 francs.

paragraph: At the end of August, Blériot was one of the flyers at the Grande Semaine d'Aviation held at Reims, where he was narrowly beaten by Glenn Curtiss in the first Gordon Bennett Trophy. Blériot did, however, succeed in winning the prize for the fastest lap of the circuit, establishing a new world speed record for aircraft.

paragraph: Blériot followed his flights at Reims with appearances at other aviation meetings in Brescia, Budapest, Bucharest in 1909 (making the first airplane flights in both Hungary and Romania). Up to this time he had had great good luck in walking away from accidents that had destroyed the aircraft, but his luck deserted him in December 1910 at an aviation meeting in Istanbul. Flying in gusty conditions to placate an impatient and restive crowd, he crashed on top of a house, breaking several ribs and suffering internal injuries: he was hospitalized for three weeks.

paragraph: Between 1909 and the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Blériot produced about 900 aircraft, most of them variations of the Type XI model. Blériot monoplanes and Voisin-type biplanes, with the latter's Farman derivatives dominated the pre-war aviation market. There were concerns about the safety of monoplanes in general, both in France and the UK. The French government grounded all monoplanes in the French Army from February 1912 after accidents to four Blériots, but lifted it after trials in May supported Blériot's analysis of the problem and led to a strengthening of the landing wires. The brief but influential ban on the use of monoplanes by the Military Wing (though not the Naval Wing) in the UK was triggered by accidents to other manufacturer's aircraft; Blériots were not involved.

paragraph: Along with five other European aircraft builders, from 1910, Blériot was involved in a five-year legal struggle with the Wright Brothers over the latter's wing warping patents. The Wrights' claim was dismissed in the French and the German courts.

paragraph: From 1913 or earlier, Blériot's aviation activities were handled by Blériot Aéronautique, based at Suresnes, which continued to design and produce aircraft up to the nationalisation of most of the French aircraft industry in 1937, when it was absorbed into SNCASO.

paragraph: In 1913, a consortium led by Blériot bought the Société pour les Appareils Deperdussin aircraft manufacturer and he became the president of the company in 1914. He renamed it the Société Pour L'Aviation et ses Dérivés (SPAD); this company produced World War I fighter aircraft such as the SPAD S.XIII.

paragraph: Before World War I, Blériot had opened British flying schools at Brooklands, in Surrey and at Hendon Aerodrome. Realising that a British company would have more chance to sell his models to the British government, in 1915, he set up the Blériot Manufacturing Aircraft Company Ltd. The hoped for orders did not follow, as the Blériot design was seen as outdated. Following an unresolved conflict over control of the company, it was wound up on 24 July 1916. Even before the closure of this company Blériot was planning a new venture in the UK. Initially named Blériot and SPAD Ltd and based in Addlestone, it became the Air Navigation and Engineering Company (ANEC) in May 1918. ANEC survived in a difficult aviation climate until late 1926, producing Blériot-Whippet cars as well as several light aircraft.

paragraph: In 1927, Blériot, long retired from flying, was present to welcome Charles Lindbergh when he landed at Le Bourget field completing his transatlantic flight. The two men, separated in age by 30 years, had each made history by crossing significant bodies of water, and shared a famous photo opportunity in Paris. Fittingly, the success of Lindbergh's crossing in the monoplane "Spirit of St. Louis" was also a success for Bleriot as he had been one of the few early pilots to have fostered and championed the monoplane design in the pioneer era.

paragraph: In 1934, Blériot visited Newark Airport in New Jersey and predicted commercial overseas flights by 1938.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Blériot remained active in the aviation business until his death on 1 August 1936 in Paris due to a heart attack. After a funeral with full military honours at Les Invalides he was buried in the Cimetière des Gonards in Versailles.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In his honor, the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale established the "Louis Blériot medal" in 1936. The medal may be awarded up to three times a year to record setters in speed, altitude and distance categories in light aircraft, and is still being awarded.

paragraph: In 1967, Blériot was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame.

paragraph: On 25 July 2009, the centenary of the original Channel crossing, Frenchman Edmond Salis took off from Blériot Beach in an exact replica of Blériot's monoplane. He landed successfully in Kent at the Duke of York's Royal Military School.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2002, the English train company Virgin Trains introduced a new 'Voyager' type of train British Rail Class 221. One of these trains (number 221 101) was named Louis Blériot.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2006, Rivendell Bicycle Works introduced a bicycle model named the "Blériot 650B" as a tribute to Blériot. It features his portrait on the seat tube.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A propeller moonlet in the rings of Saturn was nicknamed Bleriot by imaging scientists.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A KLM Boeing 747-206 PH-BUK was named Louis Blériot. It is on display at the Aviodrome at Lelystad Airport, and has been fitted with an aircraft beacon due to being displayed outdoors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The 1909 Channel crossing is briefly seen in the 1933 film "Cavalcade".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blériot Aéronautique

paragraph: BULLET::::- Early flying machines

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of firsts in aviation

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elliot, B.A. "Blériot: Herald of an Age". Stroud UK: Tempus, 2000. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gibbs-Smith, C.H. "A History of Flying". London: Batsford, 1953.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grey, C.G. "Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1938". London: David & Charles, 1972. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jane, F. T. "Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1913". Newton Abbot, UK: David & Charles, 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mackersey, Ian. "The Wright Brothers: The Remarkable Story of the Aviation Pioneers who Changed the World". London: Little, Brown, 2003. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sanger, R. "Blériot in Britain". Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd., 2008. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taylor, M. J. "Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation". New York: Portland House, 1989. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walsh, Barbara. "Forgotten Aviator, Hubert Latham: A High-flying Gentleman." Stroud, UK: The History Press, 2007. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- US Centennial of Flight Commission: Louis Blériot

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis Charles-Joseph Blériot flight and plane information (photos and videos)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Daring Flight - Homepage to the NOVA TV episode

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis Blériot Memorial Behind Dover Castle UK

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis Blériot and wife at House of Commons, after Channel crossing (by John Benjamin Stone)/a

paragraph: BULLET::::- View footage of Blériot's flight in 1909

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seadromes! Says Blériot," "Popular Mechanics", October 1935, one of the last interviews given by Blériot before his death.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bleriot (center), in 1927, with Charles Lindbergh and Myron T. Herrick

alias:
Louis Charles Joseph Blériot
Louis Bleriot
Louis Charles Joseph Bleriot

description: French aviator, inventor and engineer

wikidata_label: Louis Blériot

wikipedia_title: Louis Blériot


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text: Stanley Sadie

text: John Tyrrell

categories: 20th-century classical composers,1898 births,American people of Irish descent,1979 deaths,20th-century American composers,People from Chandler, Oklahoma,Guggenheim Fellows,American people of Welsh descent,American male classical composers,American classical composers,Pupils of Nadia Boulanger,Musicians from Oklahoma,American people of Scottish descent

paragraph: Roy Harris

paragraph: Roy Ellsworth Harris (February 12, 1898 – October 1, 1979) was an American composer. He wrote music on American subjects, and is best known for his Symphony No. 3.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Harris was born in Chandler, Oklahoma on February 12, 1898. His ancestry consisted of Scottish, Irish and Welsh. In 1903, his father was able to combine the proceeds of the auction of his Oklahoma homestead with his winnings from a lucky gambling streak to purchase some land near Covina in the San Gabriel Valley of southern California and move the family there. Roy Harris grew up as a farmer in this rural, isolated environment. He studied piano with his mother, and later clarinet. Though he studied at the University of California, Berkeley, he was still virtually self-taught when he began writing music of his own. In the early 1920s, he had lessons from Arthur Bliss (then in Santa Barbara) and the senior American composer and researcher of American Indian music, Arthur Farwell. Harris sold his farmland and supported himself as a truck-driver and delivery man for a dairy farm. Gradually, he made contacts in the East with other young composers, and, partly through Aaron Copland's recommendation, he was able to spend 1926–29 in Paris, as one of the many young Americans who received their final musical grooming in the masterclasses of Nadia Boulanger. Harris had no time for Boulanger's neoclassical, Stravinsky-derived aesthetic, but under her tutelage he began his lifelong study of Renaissance music, and wrote his first significant work: the Concerto for Piano, Clarinet and String Quartet.

paragraph: After suffering a serious back injury, Harris was obliged to return for treatment to the United States, where he formed associations with Howard Hanson at the Eastman School of Music in Rochester and, more importantly, with Serge Koussevitsky at the Boston Symphony Orchestra. These associations secured performance outlets for the large-scale works he was writing. In 1934, a week after its first performance under Koussevitsky, his "Symphony '1933"' became the first American symphony to be commercially recorded. It was his Symphony No. 3, however, first performed by Koussevitsky in 1939, which proved to be the composer's biggest breakthrough and made him practically a household name.

paragraph: During the 1930s Harris taught at Mills College, Westminster Choir College (1934–1938) and the Juilliard School of Music. He spent most of the rest of his professional career restlessly moving through teaching posts and residences at American colleges and universities. His final posts were in California, first at UCLA and then at California State University, Los Angeles. Among his pupils were William Schuman, H. Owen Reed, John Donald Robb, Robert Turner, Lorne Betts, George Lynn, John Verrall, Florence Price, and Peter Schickele (best known as the creator of P.D.Q. Bach). He received many of America's most prestigious cultural awards, and at the end of his life was proclaimed Honorary Composer Laureate of the State of California.

paragraph: In 1936 Harris married the young pianist Johana Harris ("née" Duffy) who went on to a highly successful career, making numerous recordings and appearing as a soloist with almost every major American symphony orchestra. She also had a long career teaching on the piano faculty at the Juilliard School. Her name prior to their marriage was Beula Duffey, but Harris convinced her to change it to Johana after J.S. Bach. "The Canadian Encyclopedia" states, "Johana and Roy Harris were a "tour de force" in American music. Their collaboration has been compared to that of Robert and Clara Schumann. The Harrises organized concerts, adjudicated at festivals, and in 1959 founded the International String Congress. They promoted American folksong by including folksongs in their concerts and broadcasts." The couple had 5 children: Patricia, Shaun, Daniel, Maureen and Lane. Their two sons performed with The West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band, a Los Angeles-based psychedelic rock band of the late 1960s, and Roy Harris provided string arrangements on Shaun's self-titled solo album in 1973.

paragraph: Section::::Character, reputation, and style characteristics.

paragraph: Harris was a champion of many causes. He founded the International String Congress to combat what was perceived as a shortage of string players in the U.S., and co-founded the American Composers Alliance. In 1958 the U.S. State Department sent him, along with some fellow composers including Peter Mennin and Roger Sessions, to the Soviet Union as a "cultural ambassador"; he was impressed by the support for composers that the Soviet state provided, not aware at the time of how carefully his visit was managed. He was a tireless organizer of conferences and contemporary music festivals and a frequent radio broadcaster. His last symphony, a commission for the American Bicentennial in 1976, was mauled by the critics at its first performance. This may have been due to its themes of slavery and the Civil War, which were in contrast to the celebratory mood of the country.

paragraph: Although the rugged American patriotism of his works of the 1930s and 1940s is reflected in his research into and use of folk music (and to a lesser extent of jazz rhythms), Harris was paradoxically obsessed with the great European pre-classical forms, especially the fugue (which we hear in the Third Symphony) and passacaglia (as featured in the Seventh). His customary mode of musical discourse, with long singing lines and resonant modal harmonies, is ultimately based on his admiration for and development of Renaissance polyphony. He also used antiphonal effects, which he exploited brilliantly with a large orchestra. Like many American composers of his time, he was deeply impressed by the symphonic achievement of Sibelius. In Harris's best works the music grows organically from the opening bars, as if a tiny seed gives birth to an entire tree. This is certainly the case with the Third Symphony, which joined the American repertoire during the same era as works by Aaron Copland and Virgil Thomson. The first edition of Kent Kennan's "The Technique of Orchestration" (1952) quotes three passages from this symphony to illustrate good orchestral writing for cello, timpani, and vibraphone, respectively. The book quotes no other Harris symphonies. Few other American symphonies have acquired such a position in the standard performance repertory as has this one, due in large part to the championing of the piece by Leonard Bernstein, who recorded it.

paragraph: Though Harris's symphonies are his greatest contribution to American music, he composed over 170 works, including many works for amateurs. His output includes works for band, orchestra, voice, chorus and chamber ensembles.

paragraph: Section::::The Symphonies.

paragraph: Harris composed at least 18 symphonies, though not all of them are numbered and not all are for orchestra. A full list is as follows:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symphony – Our Heritage (1925 rev. 1926, abandoned), sometimes referred to as Symphony No. 1 [for orchestra] – only an Andante survives

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symphony – American Portrait (1928–29) [for orchestra]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symphony 1933 (1933), sometimes referred to as Symphony No. 1 [for orchestra]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symphony No. 2 (1934) [for orchestra]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symphony for Voices (1935) after Walt Whitman [for unaccompanied SATB chorus]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symphony No. 3 (1937–38, rev. 1939) [for orchestra]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Folksong Symphony (Symphony No. 4) (1939 rev. 1942) [for chorus and orchestra]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symphony No. 5 (1940–42 rev. 1945) [for orchestra]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symphony No. 6 'Gettysburg Address' after Lincoln (1943–44) [for orchestra]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symphony for Band 'West Point' (1952) [for US military band]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symphony No. 7 (1951–52, rev. 1955) [for orchestra]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symphony No. 8 'San Francisco' (1961–62) [for orchestra with concertante piano]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symphony No. 9 (1962) for Philadelphia [for orchestra]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symphony No. 10 'Abraham Lincoln' (1965) [for speaker, chorus, brass, 2 pianos and percussion]; revised version for speaker, chorus, piano and orchestra (1967; long thought missing, some string and woodwind parts found mis-filed in the library of the Youngstown Symphony, which premiered the orchestral version. Those parts donated to the Library of Congress.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symphony No. 11 (1967) for New York PO 125th [for orchestra]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symphony No. 12 'Père Marquette' (1967–69) [for tenor solo, speaker and orchestra]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bicentennial Symphony 1776 (1969–74), numbered by Harris as Symphony No. 14 out of superstition over the number 13 but posthumously re-numbered as No. 13 by Dan Stehman with the permission of the composer's widow [for six-part chorus and orchestra with solo voices and speakers]

paragraph: In addition there is a missing (and perhaps not completed) Symphony for High School Orchestra (1937) and the following unfinished or fragmentary works:

paragraph: BULLET::::- American Symphony (1938) [for jazz band]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Choral Symphony (1936) [for chorus and orchestra]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walt Whitman Symphony (1955–58) [baritone solo, chorus and orchestra]

paragraph: In 2006 Naxos Records launched a project to record the 13 numbered symphonies, mainly with conductor Marin Alsop. As of June 2018, they had released recordings of the Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Ninth Symphonies. The recordings of the seventh and ninth symphonies are by the National Symphony Orchestra of Ukraine under Theodore Kuchar. Symphony 1933 was recorded in 1987 by the Louisville Orchestra under the baton of Jorge Mester for their First Edition Recordings series. The same orchestra has also recorded and released his 5th Symphony 22 years prior. The Albany Symphony Orchestra, under the direction of David Alan Miller, released their recording of Harris's Symphony No. 2 (paired with Morton Gould's 3rd Symphony) in 2002. Harris's 8th and 9th Symphonies can be found on Albany Symphony Orchestra's 1999 recording titled, "The Great American Ninth".

paragraph: Section::::Piano works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sonata Op. 1 (1928) Prelude, Andante, Scherzo, Coda

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Little Suite for Piano" (1938) Bells, Sad News, Children at Play, Slumber

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suite for Piano (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "American Ballads" (1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toccata (1949), based on the withdrawn Toccata from 1939

paragraph: Section::::Other notable works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andante for orchestra (1925 rev. 1926) [only completed movement of Symphony 'Our Heritage']

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Epilogue to Profiles in Courage – JFK" (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fantasy for piano and orchestra (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concerto for String Quartet, Piano, and Clarinet (1926, rev. 1927-8)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piano Quintet (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- String Quartet No. 3 (Four Preludes and Fugues) (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Violin Concerto (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "When Johnny Comes Marching Home – An American Overture" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "American Portraits" for orchestra (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "American Creed" for orchestra (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "What So Proudly We Hail" – ballet (1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kentucky Spring" for orchestra (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cumberland Concerto" for orchestra (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Abraham Lincoln Walks at Midnight" – chamber cantata (1953) Based on a poem of the same title by Vachel Lindsay.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Give Me the Splendid Silent Sun" – cantata for baritone and orchestra (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Canticle to the Sun" – cantata for soprano and chamber orchestra (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Western Landscape" – ballet (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Evening Piece" for orchestra (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Folk Fantasy for Festivals" for piano and choir (1956)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ankeny, Jason. n.d. "Shaun Harris". AllMusic Review. www.allmusic.com Retrieved 17 June 2018.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anon. n.d. "Harris: Symphonies No. 3 and 4". Naxos 8.559227. Naxos Records website. Retrieved 17 June 2018.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canarina, John. 1995. "The American Symphony". In "A Guide to the Symphony", new edition, edited by Robert Layton, Chapter 18. New York: Oxford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deming, Mark. n.d. "The West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band". www.allmusic.com Retrieved 17 June 2018.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gillard, Cheryl. 2013. "Johana Harris". "Historica Canada". Thecanadianencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 18 May 2018.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hinson, Maurice. 2000. "Guide to the Pianist's Repertoire". Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kennan, Kent Wheeler. 1952. "The Technique of Orchestration". New York: Prentice-Hall. Second edition 1970, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall. Third edition, with Donald Grantham, 1983, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lamkin, Katherine. 2016. "Roy Harris". In "Music in the 20th Century", 3 vols., edited by Dave DiMartino, 277. London and New York: Routledge. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oliver, Michael. 1987. "R. Harris Symphony 3; Schuman Symphony 3". "Gramophone" (November).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Slonimsky, Nicolas. 1947. "Roy Harris". "The Musical Quarterly" 33, no. 1 (January): 17–37.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stehman, Dan. 1984. "Roy Harris: An American Musical Pioneer." Boston: Twayne Publishers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stehman, Dan. 1991. "Roy Harris: A Bio-Bibliography". Bio-Bibliographies in Music 40. New York: Greenwood Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stehman, Dan. 2001. "Harris, Roy [LeRoy] (Ellsworth)". "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians", second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Harris, Roy

description: American composer

enwikiquote_title: Roy Harris

wikidata_label: Roy Harris

wikipedia_title: Roy Harris


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categories: 20th-century American actresses,Female hip hop musicians,Neo soul singers,Fugees members,20th-century American singers,American soap opera actresses,American female rappers,American television actresses,People from South Orange, New Jersey,American film actresses,American tax resisters,21st-century American singers,21st-century American actresses,21st-century American women singers,African-American actresses,Lauryn Hill,20th-century American women singers,African-American female singers,1975 births,Grammy Award winners for rap music,American people convicted of tax crimes,African-American female rappers,Living people,American hip hop singers,Women in hip hop music,Rappers from New Jersey,American soul singers

paragraph: Lauryn Hill

paragraph: Lauryn Noelle Hill (born May 26, 1975) is an American singer, songwriter and rapper, known for being a member of Fugees, and for her solo album "The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill", which won many awards and broke several sales records. Raised mostly in South Orange, New Jersey, Hill began singing with her music-oriented family during her childhood. In high school, Hill was approached by Pras Michel for a band he started, which his friend, Wyclef Jean, soon joined. They renamed themselves the Fugees and released the albums "Blunted on Reality" (1994), and the Grammy Award–winning "The Score" (1996), which sold six million copies in the U.S. Hill rose to prominence with her African-American and Caribbean music influences, her rapping and singing, and her rendition of the hit "Killing Me Softly". Her tumultuous romantic relationship with Jean led to the split of the band in 1997, after which she began to focus on solo projects.

paragraph: "The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill" (1998) remains Hill's only solo studio album. It received critical acclaim showcasing a representation of life and relationships and locating a contemporary voice within the neo soul genre. The album debuted at number one on the U.S. " Billboard" 200 and has sold approximately eight million copies there. This included the singles "Doo Wop (That Thing)" (also a number one), "Ex-Factor" (became her biggest solo hit in the UK), and "Everything Is Everything". At the 41st Grammy Awards, the record earned her five awards, including Album of the Year and Best New Artist. During this time, she won several other awards and became a common sight on the cover of magazines.

paragraph: Soon afterward, Hill dropped out of the public eye, dissatisfied with the music industry and suffering from the pressures of fame. Her last full-length recording, the new-material live album "MTV Unplugged No. 2.0" (2002), sharply divided critics and sold poorly compared to her first album and work with the Fugees. Hill's subsequent activity, which includes the release of a few songs and occasional festival appearances, has been sporadic. Her behavior has sometimes caused audience dissatisfaction; a reunion with her former group did not last long. Her music and public statements have become critical of pop culture and societal institutions. Hill has six children, five of them with Rohan Marley. In 2012 she pleaded guilty to tax evasion and served a three-month prison sentence the following year.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:1975–1993: Early life and career beginnings.

paragraph: Lauryn Noelle Hill was born on May 26, 1975 in East Orange, New Jersey. Her mother, Valerie Hill was an English teacher and her father Mal Hill a computer and management consultant. She has one older brother named Malaney who was born in 1972. Her Baptist family moved to New York and Newark for short periods before settling in South Orange, New Jersey.

paragraph: Hill has said of her musically oriented family: "there were so many records, so much music constantly being played. My mother played the piano, my father sang, and we were always surrounded by music." Her father sang in local nightclubs and at weddings. While growing up, Hill frequently listened to Curtis Mayfield, Stevie Wonder, Aretha Franklin, and Gladys Knight; years later she recalled playing Marvin Gaye's "What's Going On" repeatedly until she fell asleep to it.

paragraph: In middle school, Lauryn Hill performed "The Star-Spangled Banner" before a basketball game. Due to its popularity, subsequent games featured a recording of her rendition. In 1988, Hill appeared as an Amateur Night contestant on "It's Showtime at the Apollo". She sang her version of the Smokey Robinson track "Who's Lovin' You", garnering an initially harsh reaction from the crowd. She persevered through the performance, however, she later cried off-stage.

paragraph: Hill attended Columbia High School, where she was a member of the track team, cheerleading squad and was a classmate of actor Zach Braff. She also took violin lessons, went to dance class, and founded the school's gospel choir. Academically, she took advanced placement classes and received primarily 'A' grades. School officials recognized her as a leader among the student body. Later recalling her education, Hill commented, "I had a love for—I don't know if it was necessarily for academics, more than it just was for achieving, period. If it was academics, if it was sports, if it was music, if it was dance, whatever it was, I was always driven to do a lot in whatever field or whatever area I was focusing on at the moment."

paragraph: While a freshman in high school, through mutual friends, Prakazrel "Pras" Michel approached Hill about a music group he was creating. Hill and Pras began under the name Translator Crew. They came up with this name because they wanted to rhyme in different languages. Another female vocalist was soon replaced by Michel's cousin, multi-instrumentalist Wyclef Jean. The group began performing in local showcases and high school talent shows. Hill was initially only a singer, but then learned to rap too; instead of modeling herself on female rappers like Salt-N-Pepa and MC Lyte, she preferred male rappers like Ice Cube and developed her flow from listening to them. Hill later said, "I remember doing my homework in the bathroom stalls of hip-hop clubs."

paragraph: While growing up, Hill took acting lessons in Manhattan. She began her acting career in 1991 appearing with Jean in "Club XII", MC Lyte's Off-Broadway hip-hop rendering of Shakespeare's "Twelfth Night". While the play was not a success, an agent noticed her. Later that year, Hill began appearing on the soap opera "As the World Turns" in a recurring role as troubled teenager Kira Johnson. She subsequently co-starred alongside Whoopi Goldberg in the 1993 release "", playing Rita Louise Watson, an inner-city Catholic school teenager with a surly, rebellious attitude. In it, she performed the songs "His Eye Is on the Sparrow" (a duet with Tanya Blount) and "Joyful, Joyful". Director Bill Duke credited Hill with improvising a rap in a scene: "None of that was scripted. That was all Lauryn. She was amazing." Critic Roger Ebert called her "the girl with the big joyful voice", although he thought her talent was wasted, while "Rolling Stone" said she "performed marvelously against type ... in the otherwise perfunctory [film]." Hill also appeared in Steven Soderbergh's 1993 motion picture "King of the Hill", in a minor but pivotal role as a 1930s gum-popping elevator operator. Soderbergh biographer Jason Wood described her as supplying one of the warmest scenes in the film. Hill graduated from Columbia High School in 1993.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:1994–1996: The Fugees.

paragraph: Pras, Hill and Jean renamed their group the Fugees, a derivative of the word "refugee", which was a derogatory term for Haitian Americans. Hill began a romantic relationship with Jean. The Fugees, who signed a contract with Columbia/Ruffhouse Records in 1993, became known for their genre blending, particularly of reggae, rock and soul, which was first experimented on their debut album, "Blunted on Reality", released in 1994. It reached number 62 on the "Billboard" Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart but overall sold poorly and was met by poor critical reviews due to their management's attempt insistence they adopt gangsta rap attitudes. Although the album made little impact, Hill's rapping on "Some Seek Stardom" was seen as a highlight. Within the group, she was frequently referred to by the nickname "L. Boogie". Hill's image and artistry, as well as her full, rich, raspy alto voice, placed her at the forefront of the band, with some fans urging her to begin a solo career.

paragraph: The Fugees' second album, "The Score" (1996), peaked at number one on the U.S. "Billboard" 200 and stayed in the top ten of that chart for over half a year. It sold about six million copies in the United States and more than 17 million copies worldwide. In the 1996 Pazz & Jop Critics Poll, "The Score" came second in the list of best albums and three of its tracks placed within the top twenty best singles. It won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album, and was later included on "Rolling Stone" list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. Almost all of the writing and producing for it was done by Jean. "The Score" garnered praise for being a strong alternative to the gangsta idiom, and Hill stated, "We're trying to do something positive with the music because it seems like only the negative is rising to the top these days. It only takes a drop of purity to clean a cesspool."

paragraph: Singles from "The Score" included "Fu-Gee-La" and "Ready or Not", which highlighted Hill's singing and rapping abilities, and "No Woman, No Cry". Her rendition of "Killing Me Softly" became her breakout hit. Buttressed by what "Rolling Stone" publications later called Hill's "evocative" vocal line and her "amazing pipes", the track became pervasive on pop, R&B, hip hop, and adult contemporary radio formats. It won the Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. On the album, Hill combined African-American music and Caribbean music influences with socially conscious lyrics. "Newsweek" mentioned Hill's "irresistibly cute looks" and proclaimed her "the most powerful new voice in rap."

paragraph: At 21 years old, the now-famous Hill was still living at home with her parents. She had been enrolled at Columbia University during this period, and considered majoring in history as she became a sophomore, but left after about a year of total studies once sales of "The Score" went into the millions. In 1996, Hill responded to a false rumor on "The Howard Stern Show" that she had made a racist comment on MTV, saying "How can I possibly be a racist? My music is universal. And I believe in God. If I believe in God, then I have to love all of God's creations. There can be no segregation."

paragraph: In 1996, Hill founded the Refugee Project, a non-profit outreach organization that sought to transform the attitudes and behavior of at-risk urban youth. Part of this was Camp Hill, which offered stays in the Catskill Mountains for such youngsters; another was production of an annual Halloween haunted house in East Orange. Hill also raised money for Haitian refugees, supported clean water well-building projects in Kenya and Uganda, and staged a rap concert in Harlem to promote voter registration. A 1997 benefit event for the Refugee Project introduced a Board of Trustees for the organization that included Sean Combs, Mariah Carey, Busta Rhymes, Spike Lee, and others as members.

paragraph: In 1997, the Fugees split to work on solo projects, which Jean later blamed on his tumultuous relationship with Hill and the fact he married his wife Claudinette while still involved with Hill. Meanwhile, in the summer of 1996 Hill had met Rohan Marley, a son of Bob Marley and a former University of Miami football player. Hill subsequently began a relationship with him, while still also involved with Jean. Hill became pregnant in late 1996, and on August 3, 1997, Marley and Hill's first child, Zion David, was born. The couple lived in Hill's childhood house in South Orange after she bought her parents a new house down the street.

paragraph: Hill had a cameo appearance in the 1997 film "Hav Plenty". In 1998, Hill took up another small, but important role in the film "Restaurant"; "Entertainment Weekly" praised her portrayal of the protagonist's pregnant former girlfriend as bringing vigor to the film.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:1997–1999: "The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill".

paragraph: Hill recorded her solo record "The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill" from late 1997 through June 1998 at Tuff Gong Studios in Jamaica. The title was inspired by the book "The Mis-Education of the Negro" (1933) by Carter G. Woodson and "The Education of Sonny Carson", a film and autobiographical novel. The album featured contributions from D'Angelo, Carlos Santana, Mary J. Blige and the then-unknown John Legend. Wyclef Jean initially did not support Hill recording a solo album, but eventually offered his production help; Hill turned him down. Several songs on the album concerned her frustration with the Fugees; "I Used to Love Him" dealt with the breakdown of the relationship between Hill and Wyclef Jean. Other songs such as "To Zion" spoke about her decision to have her first baby, even though many at the time encouraged her to have an abortion so to not interfere with her blossoming career. Indeed, Hill's pregnancy revived her from a period of writer's block.

paragraph: In terms of production, Hill collaborated with a group of musicians known as New Ark, consisting of Vada Nobles, Rasheem Pugh, Tejumold Newton, and Johari Newton. Hill later said that she wanted to "write songs that lyrically move me and have the integrity of reggae and the knock of hip-hop and the instrumentation of classic soul" and that the production on the album was intended to make the music sound raw and not computer-aided. Hill spoke of pressure from her label to emulate Prince, wherein all tracks would be credited as written and produced by the artist with little outside help. She also wanted to be appreciated as an auteur as much as Jean had within the Fugees. (She also saw a feminist cause: "But step out and try and control things and there are doubts. This is a very sexist industry. They'll never throw the 'genius' title to a sister.") While recording the album, when Hill was asked about providing contracts or documentation to the musicians, she replied, "We all love each other. This ain't about documents. This is blessed."

paragraph: Released on August 25, 1998, the album received rave reviews from contemporary music critics, and was the most acclaimed album of 1998. Critics lauded the album's blending of the R&B, doo-wop, pop, hip-hop, and reggae genres and its honest representation of a woman's life and relationships. David Browne, writing in "Entertainment Weekly", called it "an album of often-astonishing power, strength, and feeling", and praised Hill for "easily flowing from singing to rapping, evoking the past while forging a future of her own". Robert Christgau quipped, "PC record of the year—songs soft, singing ordinary, rapping skilled, rhymes up and down, skits de trop, production subtle and terrific". In 2017 NPR rated the album as the 2nd best album of all time created by a woman.

paragraph: It sold over 423,000 copies in its first week (boosted by advance radio play of two non-label-sanctioned singles, "Lost Ones" and "Can't Take My Eyes Off You") and topped the "Billboard" 200 for four weeks and the "Billboard" R&B Albums chart for six weeks. It went on to sell about 8 million copies in the U.S. and 12 million copies worldwide. During 1998 and 1999, Hill earned $25 million from record sales and touring. Hill, along with Blige, Missy Elliott, Meshell Ndegeocello, Erykah Badu, and others, found a voice with the neo soul genre.

paragraph: The first single released from the album was "Lost Ones", which reached number 27 in Spring 1998. The second was "Doo Wop (That Thing)", which debuted at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. It exemplified Hill's appeal, combining feelings of self-empowerment with self-defense. Other charted singles from the album were "Ex-Factor", which has been interpolated by Drake and Cardi B, "Everything Is Everything" and "To Zion". In the 1998 Pazz & Jop Critics Poll, "Miseducation" came second in the list of best albums and "Doo Wop (That Thing)" second in best singles.

paragraph: In November 1998, Marley and Hill's second child, Selah Louise, was born. Of being a young mother of two, Hill said, "It's not an easy situation at all. You have to really pray and be honest with yourself."

paragraph: In the run-up to the 1999 Grammy Awards, Hill became the first woman to be nominated in ten categories in a single year. In addition to "Miseducation" works, the nominations included her rendition of "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" for the 1997 film "Conspiracy Theory", which had appeared on "Billboard" charts, and Hill's writing and producing of "A Rose Is Still a Rose", which became a late-in-career hit for Aretha Franklin. She appeared on several magazine covers, including "Time", "Esquire", "Rolling Stone", "Teen People", and "". During the ceremony, Hill broke another record by becoming the first woman to win five times in one night, taking home the awards for Album of the Year, Best R&B Album, Best R&B Song, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance, and Best New Artist. During an acceptance speech, she said, "This is crazy. This is hip-hop!" Hill had brought forth a new, mainstream acceptance of the genre.

paragraph: In February 1999, Hill received four awards at the 30th Annual NAACP Image Awards. In May 1999, she became the youngest woman ever named to "Ebony" magazine's 100+ Most Influential Black Americans list; in November of that year, the same publication named her as one of "10 For Tomorrow" in the "Ebony 2000: Special Millennium Issue". In May 1999, she made "People" magazine's 50 Most Beautiful People list. The publication, which has called her "model-gorgeous", praised the Hill for her idiosyncratic sense of personal style. In June 1999, she received an Essence Award, but her acceptance speech, where she said there was no contradiction in religious love and servitude and "[being] who you are, as fly and as hot and as whatever," drew reaction from those in the public who thought she was not a good role model as a young, unwed mother of two. This was a repetition of criticism she had received after the birth of her first child, and she had said that she and Marley would soon be married. In early 2000, Hill was one of many artists and producers to share the Grammy Award for Album of the Year for Santana's 1999 multi-million-selling "Supernatural", for which she had written, produced, and rapped on the track "Do You Like the Way" (a rumination on the direction the world was headed, it also featured the singing of CeeLo Green and the signature guitar runs of Carlos Santana). She was also nominated for Best R&B Song for "All That I Can Say", which she had written and produced for Mary J. Blige. Also, her concocted duet with Bob Marley on "Turn Your Lights Down Low" for the 1999 remix tribute album "Chant Down Babylon" additionally appeared in the 1999 film "The Best Man" and later received a Grammy nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals.

paragraph: In November 1998, New Ark filed a fifty-page lawsuit against Hill, her management, and record label, claiming that Hill "used their songs and production skills, but failed to properly credit them for the work" on "Miseducation". The musicians claimed to be the primary songwriters on two tracks, and major contributors on several others, though Gordon Williams, a prominent recorder, engineer, and mixer on "Miseducation", described the album as a "powerfully personal effort by Hill" and said "It was definitely her vision." Hill responded that New Ark had been appropriately credited and now were seeking to take advantage of her success. New Ark requested partial writing credits on most of the tracks on the album as well as monetary reimbursement. After many delays, depositions took place during the latter part of 2000. In part, the case illustrated the difficult boundaries between songwriting and all other aspects that went into contemporary arranging, sampling, and recording. The suit would eventually be settled out of court in February 2001, with Hill paying New Ark a reported $5 million. A friend of Hill's later said of the suit, "That was the beginning of a chain effect that would turn everything a little crazy."

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:2000–2003: Self-imposed exile and "MTV Unplugged No. 2.0".

paragraph: Hill began writing a screenplay about the life of Bob Marley, in which she planned to act as his wife Rita. She also began producing a romantic comedy about soul food with a working title of "Sauce", and accepted a starring role in the film adaptation of Toni Morrison's novel "Beloved"; she later dropped out of both projects due to pregnancy. She also reportedly turned down roles in "Charlie's Angels" (the part that went to Lucy Liu), "The Bourne Identity", "The Mexican", "The Matrix Reloaded", and "The Matrix Revolutions".

paragraph: During 2000, Hill dropped out of the public eye. The pressures of fame began to overwhelm her. She disliked not being able to go out of her house to do simple errands without having to worry about her physical appearance. She fired her management team and began attending Bible study classes five days a week; she also stopped doing interviews, watching television and listening to music. She started associating with a "spiritual advisor" named Brother Anthony. Some familiar with Hill believe Anthony more resembled a cult leader than a spiritual advisor, and thought his guidance probably inspired much of Hill's more controversial public behavior.

paragraph: She later described this period of her life to "Essence" saying "People need to understand that the Lauryn Hill they were exposed to in the beginning was all that was allowed in that arena at that time … I had to step away when I realized that for the sake of the machine, I was being way too compromised. I felt uncomfortable about having to smile in someone's face when I really didn't like them or even know them well enough to like them." She also spoke about her emotional crisis, saying, "For two or three years I was away from all social interaction. It was a very introspective time because I had to confront my fears and master every demonic thought about inferiority, about insecurity or the fear of being black, young and gifted in this western culture." She went on to say that she had to fight to retain her identity, and was forced "to deal with folks who weren't happy about that."

paragraph: In July 2001, while pregnant with her third child, Hill unveiled her new material to a small crowd, for a taping of an "MTV Unplugged" special. An album of the concert, titled "MTV Unplugged No. 2.0", was released in May 2002 and featured only her singing and playing an acoustic guitar. Unlike the near-unanimous praise of "Miseducation", "2.0" sharply divided critics. AllMusic gave the album 4 out of 5 stars, saying that the recording "is the unfinished, unflinching presentation of ideas and of a person. It may not be a proper follow-up to her first album, but it is fascinating." "Rolling Stone" called the album "a public breakdown" and Robert Hilburn of the "Los Angeles Times" said the album's title opened Hill up for jokes that she had become unhinged. "NME" wrote that ""Unplugged 2.0" is a sparse and often gruelling listen, but there is enough genius shading these rough sketches to suggest that all might not yet be lost." With the mixed reviews and no significant radio airplay, "2.0" debuted at number three on the "Billboard" 200. The album has been certified Platinum in the US by the RIAA.

paragraph: Her song "Mystery of Iniquity" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Female Rap Solo Performance and used as an interpolation by hip-hop producer/songwriter Kanye West for his single "All Falls Down", which was co-written with Lauryn Hill, as sung by Syleena Johnson.

paragraph: Around 2001, Marley and Hill's third child, Joshua Omaru, was born. He was followed a year later by their fourth, John Nesta. While Hill sometimes had spoken of Marley as her husband, they never married, and along the way she was informed that Marley had been previously married at a young age. Furthermore, according to a 2003 "Rolling Stone" report, he had never secured a divorce; but Marley later disputed this and made public to a blog a 1996 divorce document from Haiti. The two had been living in a high-end Miami hotel, but around 2003 she moved out into her own place in that city. Hill later said that she and Marley "have had long periods of separation over the years". Hill slowly worked on a new album and it was reported that by 2003, Columbia Records had spent more than $2.5 million funding it, including installing a recording studio in the singer's Miami apartment and flying different musicians around the country.

paragraph: By 2002, Hill had shut down her non-profit Refugee Project. She said, "I had a nonprofit organization and I had to shut all that down. You know, smiling with big checks, obligatory things, not having things come from a place of passion. That's slavery. Everything we do should be a result of our gratitude for what God has done for us. It should be passionate."

paragraph: In December 2003, Hill, during a performance in Vatican City, spoke of the "corruption, exploitation, and abuses" in reference to the molestation of boys by Catholic priests in the United States and the cover-up of offenses by Catholic Church officials. High-ranking church officials were in attendance, but Pope John Paul II was not present. The Catholic League called Hill "pathologically miserable" and claimed her career was "in decline". The following day, several reporters suggested that Hill's comments at the Vatican may have been influenced by her spiritual advisor, Brother Anthony.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:2004–2009: Sporadic touring and recording.

paragraph: In 2004, Hill contributed a new song, "The Passion", to "". A remix version with John Legend of his "So High" ended up receiving a Grammy Award nomination for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. Around this time, Hill began selling a pay-per-view music video of the song "Social Drugs" through her website. Those who purchase the $15 video would only be able to view it three times before it expired. In addition to the video, Hill began selling autographed posters and Polaroids through her website, with some items listed at upwards of $500.

paragraph: For the first time since 1997, the Fugees performed in September 2004 at "Dave Chappelle's Block Party" in the Bedford–Stuyvesant neighborhood of Brooklyn. The concert featured Hill's nearly a cappella rendition of "Killing Me Softly". The event was recorded by director Michel Gondry and was released on March 3, 2006, to universal acclaim. The Fugees also appeared at BET Awards 2005 during June 2005, where they opened the show with a 12-minute set. One track, "Take It Easy", was leaked online and thereafter was released as an Internet single in late September. It peaked at number forty on the "Billboard" R&B Chart. In 2005, she told "USA Today", "If I make music now, it will only be to provide information to my own children. If other people benefit from it, then so be it." When asked how she now felt about the songs on "2.0", she stated "a lot of the songs were transitional. The music was about how I was feeling at the time, even though I was documenting my distress as well as my bursts of joy."

paragraph: The Fugees embarked on a European tour in late 2005. Old tensions between Hill and the other members of the group soon resurfaced, and the reunion ended before an album could be recorded; Jean and Michel both blamed Hill for the split. Hill reportedly demanded to be addressed by everyone, including her bandmates, as "Ms. Hill"; she also considered changing her moniker to "Empress". Hill's tardiness was also cited as a contributing factor.

paragraph: Hill began touring on her own, although to mixed reviews; often arriving late to concerts (sometimes by over two hours), performing unpopular reconfigurations of her songs and sporting an exaggerated appearance. On some occasions, fans have booed her and left early. In June 2007, Sony Records said Hill had been recording through the past decade, had accumulated considerable unreleased material and had re-entered the studio with the goal of making a new album. Later that same year, an album titled "Ms. Hill", which featured cuts from "Miseducation", various soundtracks contributions and other "unreleased" songs, was released. It features guest appearances from D'Angelo, Rah Digga and John Forté. Also in June 2007, Hill released a new song, "Lose Myself", on the soundtrack to the film "Surf's Up".

paragraph: In early 2008, Marley and Hill's fifth child, Sarah, was born. The couple were not living together, although Marley considered them "spiritually together" even while listing himself as single on social media. Hill later said that she and Marley "have [had] a long and complex history about which many inaccuracies have been reported since the beginning" and that they both valued their privacy. By August 2008, Hill was living with her mother and children in her hometown of South Orange, New Jersey.

paragraph: Reports in mid-2008 claimed that Columbia Records then believed Hill to be on hiatus. Marley disputed these claims, telling an interviewer that Hill has enough material for several albums: "She writes music in the bathroom, on toilet paper, on the wall. She writes it in the mirror if the mirror smokes up. She writes constantly. This woman does not sleep". One of the few public appearances Hill made in 2008 was at a Martha Stewart book-signing in New Jersey, perplexing some in the press. In April 2009, it was reported that Hill would engage in a 10-day tour of European summer festivals during mid-July of that year. She performed two shows for the tour and passed out on stage during the start of her second performance and left the stage. She refused to give refunds to angry consumers for the show. On June 10, Hill's management informed the promoters of the Stockholm Jazz Festival, which she was scheduled to headline, that she would not be performing due to unspecified "health reasons." Shortly afterward, the rest of the tour was canceled as well.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:2010–present: Further activities and imprisonment.

paragraph: In January 2010, Hill returned to the live stage and performed in stops across New Zealand and Australia on the Raggamuffin Music Festival. Many of the songs that Hill had performed and recorded over the past six years were included on an April 2010 unofficial compilation album titled "Khulami Phase". The album also features a range of other material found on the "Ms. Hill" compilation. Hill appeared at the Harmony Festival in Santa Rosa, California, in June 2010, her first live American performance in several years. An unreleased song called "Repercussions" was leaked via the Internet in late July 2010, debuting at number 94 on "Billboard"'s Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (and peaked at number 83 the following week), making it her first Billboard chart appearance as a lead artist since 1999.

paragraph: Hill joined the Rock the Bells hip-hop festival series in the U.S. during August 2010, and as part of that year's theme of rendering classic albums, she performed "The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill" in its entirety for the first time. She increased the tempo and urgency from the original recording, but at times had difficulty in communicating with her band. Hill continued touring, including a set at the 6th Annual Jazz in the Gardens, in Miami Gardens, Florida in December. In Spring 2011, Hill performed at the Coachella Valley Music Festival, New Orleans Jazz Fest, and at the Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas. In July 2011, Hill gave birth to her sixth child, Micah, her first not with Rohan Marley; the father remains publicly unknown.

paragraph: In February 2012, Hill performed a new song titled "Fearless Vampire Killer", during a sold-out performance at the Warner Theater in Washington, D.C. In late 2012, Hill toured with rapper Nas; her portion of the tour, titled Black Rage, is named after her song, released October 30. Hill has described the song as being "about the derivative effects of racial inequity and abuse" and "a juxtaposition to the statement 'life is good,' which she believes can only be so when these long standing issues are addressed and resolved."

paragraph: In June 2012, Hill was charged with three counts of tax fraud or failing to file taxes (Title 26 USC § 7202 Willful failure to collect or pay over tax) not tax evasion on $1.8 million of income earned between 2005 and 2007. During this time she had toured as a musical artist, earned royalties from both her records and from films she had appeared in, and had owned and been in charge of multiple corporations. In a long post to her Tumblr, Hill said that she had gone "underground" and had rejected pop culture's "climate of hostility, false entitlement, manipulation, racial prejudice, sexism and ageism." She added that, "When I was working consistently without being affected by the interferences mentioned above, I filed and paid my taxes. This only stopped when it was necessary to withdraw from society, in order to guarantee the safety and well-being of myself and my family." On June 29, 2012, Hill appeared in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey in Newark and pleaded guilty to the charges; her attorney said she would make restitution for the back taxes she owed. By April 22, 2013, Hill had paid back only $50,000 of the $554,000 she owed immediately; U.S. Magistrate Judge Madeline Cox Arleo criticized Hill, saying "This is not someone who stands before the court penniless. This is a criminal matter. Actions speak louder than words, and there has been no effort here to pay these taxes." Hill also faced possible eviction from her rented home in South Orange as well as a civil lawsuit from the town for running a business out of a home without a zoning permit.

paragraph: On May 4, 2013, Hill released her first official single in over a decade, "Neurotic Society (Compulsory Mix)". She later published a message on her Tumblr describing how she was "required to release [it] immediately, by virtue of the impending legal deadline." The release received some criticism for lyrics that appeared to tie societal decay to certain LGBT social movements. Hill responded that the song was not targeted at any particular group but was instead focused on anyone hiding behind neurotic behavior. Following a deal with Sony Music, which involves Hill creating a new record label within the company, Hill was said to be scheduled to release her first album in fifteen years during 2013.

paragraph: On May 6, 2013, Hill was sentenced by Judge Arleo to serve three months in prison for failing to file taxes/tax fraud and three months' house arrest afterwards as part of a year of supervised probation. She had faced a possible sentence of as long as 36 months, and the sentence given took into account her lack of a prior criminal record and her six minor-aged children. By this point Hill had fully paid back $970,000 in back taxes and penalties she owed, which also took into account an additional $500,000 that Hill had in unreported income for 2008 and 2009. In the courtroom, Hill said that she had lived "very modestly" considering how much money she had made for others, and that "I am a child of former slaves who had a system imposed on them. I had an economic system imposed on me." Hill reported to the minimum-security Federal Correctional Institution, Danbury on July 8, 2013, to begin serving her sentence.

paragraph: Hill was released from prison on October 4, 2013, a few days early for good behavior, and began her home confinement and probationary periods. She put out a single called "Consumerism" that she had finished, via verbal and e-mailed instructions, while incarcerated. Judge Arleo allowed her to postpone part of her confinement in order to tour in late 2013 under strict conditions.

paragraph: During 2014, Hill was heard as the narrator of "Concerning Violence", an award-winning Swedish documentary on the African liberation struggles of the 1960s and 1970s. She also continued to draw media attention for her erratic behavior, appearing late twice in the same day for sets at Voodoo Fest in November 2014.

paragraph: In May 2015, Hill canceled her scheduled concert outside Tel Aviv in Israel following a social media campaign from activists promoting the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions campaign. She said she had wanted to also perform a show in Ramallah in the West Bank but logistical problems had proved too great. Hill stated: "It is very important to me that my presence or message not be misconstrued, or a source of alienation to either my Israeli or my Palestinian fans."

paragraph: Hill contributed her voice to the soundtrack for "What Happened, Miss Simone?", a 2015 documentary about the life of Nina Simone, an American singer, pianist, and civil rights activist. Hill was originally supposed to record only two songs for the record, but ended up recording six. She also served as a producer on the compilation alongside Robert Glasper. Hill said of her connection to Simone: "Because I fed on this music ... I believed I always had a right to have a voice. Her example is clearly a form of sustenance to a generation needing to find theirs. What a gift." NPR critically praised Hill's performance on the soundtrack, stating: "This album mainly showcases Lauryn Hill's breadth and dexterity. Not formally marketed as Hill's comeback album, her six tracks here make this her most comprehensive set of studio recordings since "The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill" in 1998."

paragraph: In April 2016, Hill hosted and headlined what was billed as the inaugural "Diaspora Calling!" festival at the Kings Theatre in Brooklyn. The festival's purpose was to showcase the efforts of musicians and artists from around the African diaspora like Brooklyn Haitian Rara band Brother High Full tempo. The following month, Hill was approximately 2 hours and 20 minutes late for her show at the Chastain Park Amphitheatre in Atlanta, though members of Hill's team claimed it was only an hour after their scheduled start time. Moments after the less-than-40-minute show ended due to the venue's strict 11:00 p.m. closing time, Hill said her driver had gotten lost and she could not help that. Less than 48 hours later, after a large backlash from her fans on Twitter, she took to her Facebook page and stated she was late for the concert because of certain needs, including her need to "align her energy with the time."

paragraph: Lauryn Hill's work continues to inspire rappers and can still be heard sampled in Hip Hop today. In 2018, Hill was sampled on Cardi B's "Be Careful", Drake's "Nice for what", and A$AP Rocky's "Purity". Kanye West has mentioned Lauryn Hill in a couple of his songs. In Kanye West's song "Champion", released in 2007, he says "Lauryn Hill said her heart was in Zion, I wish her heart still was in rhymin". Zion is Hill's son first born, who she sings about in "To Zion" Kanye also talks about Hill in his song released in 2016, "No More parties in LA". He states "I was uninspired since Lauryn Hill retired" This is referring to Hill not releasing any new music since 2013.

paragraph: Other samples of Lauryn Hill's work come from artists such as J Cole, A Boogie Wit Da Hoodie, and Kanye West. J Cole samples Hill's "Nothing Even Matters" and "To Zion" in his song "Cole Summer". A Boogie samples a few Hill songs including "Ex-Factor" in his song of the same name as well as in a remix of Drake's "Nice for What". Kanye famously samples Hill in "All Falls Down" where he samples "Mystery of Iniquity".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill" (1998)

paragraph: Section::::Tours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Smokin' Grooves Tour" (with Fugees) (1996-1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Miseducation Tour" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Smokin' Grooves Tour" (with The Roots and Outkast) (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reunion Tour" (with Fugees) (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moving Target: Extended Intimate Playdate Series Tour" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Life Is Good / Black Rage Tour" (with Nas) (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Homecoming Tour" (2013-2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Small Axe Tour" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "MLH Caravan: A Diaspora Calling! Tour" (2016-2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Powernomics Tour" (with Nas) (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill 20th Anniversary World Tour" (2018-2019)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of awards and nominations received by Lauryn Hill

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lauryn Hill at MTV

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pitchfork: Lauryn Hill

paragraph: BULLET::::- NPR Lauryn Hill

description: American singer, rapper, songwriter, record producer, actress

enwikiquote_title: Lauryn Hill

wikidata_label: Lauryn Hill

wikipedia_title: Lauryn Hill