text: history of Japan

text: empress regnant

text: Suiko

text: Kōgyoku/Saimei

text: Jitō

text: Genmei

text: Genshō

text: Kōken/Shōtoku

text: Go-Sakuramachi

text: Chrysanthemum Throne

text: imina

text: Emperor Go-Mizunoo

text: Tokugawa Masako

text: Tokugawa

text: shōgun

text: Tokugawa Hidetada

text: Oeyo

text: Tokugawa Ieyasu

text: Oai

text: Inner Apartments

text: Heian Palace

text: Go-Kōmyō

text: Empress Genmei

text: Empress Genshō

text: Tokugawa shogunate

text: Tokugawa Iemitsu

text: Kan'ei

text: Empress Shōtoku

text: Tokugawa Hidetada

text: Sagami Province

text: Tokugawa Iemitsu

text: Miyako

text: King Injo

text: Korea

text: Arima

text: Shimabara

text: Macau

text: Nagasaki

text: Emperor Go-Kōmyō

text: kami

text: Tsuki no wa no misasagi

text: Sennyū-ji

text: Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto

text: Emperor Go-Mizunoo

text: Go-Kōmyō

text: Go-Sai

text: Reigen

text: Higashiyama

text: Nakamikado

text: Sakuramachi

text: Momozono

text: Go-Sakuramachi

text: Go-Momozono

text: Emperor of Japan

text: Meiji

text: Daijō-kan

text: Sesshō

text: Ichijō Akiyoshi

text: Nijō Yasumichi

text: Sadaijin

text: Udaijin

text: Naidaijin

text: Dainagon

text: era name

text: nengō

text: Kan'ei

text: Ponsonby-Fane, Richard

text: "The Imperial House of Japan"

text: "The Imperial House of Japan"

text: Titsingh, Isaac

text: Nihon Ōdai Ichiran

text: "Annales des empereurs du Japon"

text: Varley, H. Paul

categories: 1630s in Japan,17th-century Japanese monarchs,People of Edo-period Japan,1640s in Japan,1620s in Japan,Japanese empresses regnant,17th-century women rulers,Japanese monarchs,1624 births,1696 deaths

paragraph: Empress Meishō

paragraph: In the history of Japan, Meishō was the seventh of eight women to become empress regnant. The six who reigned before her were Suiko, Kōgyoku/Saimei, Jitō, Genmei, Genshō, and Kōken/Shōtoku. Her sole female successor was Go-Sakuramachi.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: Before Meishō's accession to the Chrysanthemum Throne, her personal name (her "imina") was ; and her pre-accession title was . She was the second daughter of Emperor Go-Mizunoo. Her mother was Tokugawa Masako, daughter of the second Tokugawa "shōgun", Tokugawa Hidetada and his wife Oeyo. Hidetada was the son of Tokugawa Ieyasu and his consort, Oai.

paragraph: Meishō lived within the Inner Apartments of the Heian Palace, as opposed to the section reserved for the women of the Imperial Court. She had no children of her own, and was succeeded by her younger paternal half-brother, Go-Kōmyō. Her name was derived by combining the names of two previous empresses, Empress Genmei (707–715) and her daughter Empress Genshō (715–724).

paragraph: Section::::Events of Meishō's life.

paragraph: Okiko"-naishinnō" became empress following the abdication of her father. The succession ("senso") was considered to have been received by the new monarch; and shortly thereafter, Empress Meishō is said to have acceded ("sokui"). The events during her lifetime shed some light on her reign. The years of Meishō's reign correspond with the development and growth of the Tokugawa shogunate under the leadership of Tokugawa Iemitsu.

paragraph: BULLET::::- January 9, 1624: The birth of an Imperial princess who will become known by the posthumous name of Empress Meishō.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1627 ("Kan'ei 6"): The : Emperor Go-Mizunoo was accused of having bestowed honorific purple garments to more than ten priests despite the "shogun"s edict which banned them for two years (probably in order to break the bond between the Emperor and religious circles). The shogunate intervened and invalidated the bestowal of the garments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- December 22, 1629 ("Kan'ei 6, 8th day of the 11th month"): The emperor renounced the throne in favor of his daughter. The reign of the new empress was understood to have begun. She was aged 5; and she would grow to become the first woman to occupy the throne since Empress Shōtoku, the 48th sovereign who died in 770.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1632 ("Kan'ei 9, 24th day of the 1st month"): Former "shōgun" Tokugawa Hidetada died.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1633 ("Kan'ei 10, 20th day of the 1st month"): Earthquake in Odawara in Sagami Province.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1634 ("Kanei 11"): Shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu visited Miyako; and it is believed that Meishō's father actually ruled in her name until she abdicated in favor of her younger half-brother.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1635 ("Kanei 12"): An ambassador from King Injo of Korea is received in Miyako.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1637 ("Kanei 14"): A major rebellion occurs in the Arima and Shimabara with many Christians involved; shogunal forces are sent to quell the disturbance.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1638 ("Kanei 15"): The Arima and Shimabara revolt is crushed; and 37,000 of the rebels are killed. The Christian religion is banned in Japan under pain of death.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1640 ("Kanei 17"): A Spanish ship from Macau brought a delegation of 61 people to Nagasaki. They arrived on July 6, 1640; and on August 9, all of them were decapitated and their heads were stuck on poles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1641 ("Kanei 18"): Meishō's half brother, Prince Tsuguhito, was named Crown Prince.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1643 ("Kanei 20"3): An ambassador from the King of Korea arrived in Japan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- November 14, 1643 ("Kanei 20', 29th day of the 9th month"): In the , the empress abdicated; and the succession ("senso") was received by her brother.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1643 ("Kanei 20, 23rd day of the 4th month"): Emperor Go-Kōmyō is said to have acceded to the throne ("sokui").

paragraph: Empress Meishō reigned for fifteen years. Although there were seven other reigning empresses, their successors were most often selected from amongst the males of the paternal Imperial bloodline, which is why some conservative scholars argue that the women's reigns were temporary and that male-only succession tradition must be maintained in the 21st century. Empress Gemmei, who was followed on the throne by her daughter, Empress Gensho, remains the sole exception to this conventional argument.

paragraph: BULLET::::- December 4, 1696: The former empress died at age 72.

paragraph: The "kami" of this empress is venerated in the imperial mausoleum at "Tsuki no wa no misasagi", which is located at Sennyū-ji in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto. Also enshrined is her father, Emperor Go-Mizunoo and her immediate Imperial successors – Go-Kōmyō, Go-Sai, Reigen, Higashiyama, Nakamikado, Sakuramachi, Momozono, Go-Sakuramachi and Go-Momozono.

paragraph: Section::::Events of Meishō's life.:Kugyō.

paragraph: is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.

paragraph: In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Meishō's reign, this apex of the "Daijō-kan included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sesshō", Ichijō Akiyoshi, 1629–1635

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sesshō", Nijō Yasumichi, 1635–1647

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sadaijin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Udaijin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Naidaijin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dainagon"

paragraph: Section::::Era of Meishō's reign.

paragraph: The years of Meishō's reign are encompassed within one era name or "nengō".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kan'ei" (1624–1644)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meyer, Eva-Maria (1999). "Japans Kaiserhof in der Edo-Zeit: unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Jahre 1846 bis 1867", Münster: LIT Verlag; /Japans Kaiserhof in der Edo-Zeit: unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Jahre 1846 bis 1867"; OCLC 42041594

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). "The Imperial House of Japan", Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society; OCLC 194887"The Imperial House of Japan"; OCLC 194887

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titsingh, Isaac (1834). "Nihon Ōdai Ichiran" "Annales des empereurs du Japon" pp. 411–412, Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Varley, H. Paul (1980). "Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns", New York: Columbia University Press. /

alias:
Meisho
Empress Meisho
Empress Meishō
明正天皇
Meishō-tennō
Meishou

description: empress of Japan

wikidata_label: Meishō

wikipedia_title: Empress Meishō


text: emperor

text: Emperor of the Northern Court

text: Emperor Go-Kameyama

text: abdication

text: Emperor Go-Kameyama

text: Southern court

text: son

text: Meiji

text: Japanese Imperial Family

text: Nanboku-chō

text: Emperor Kōkō

text: Chrysanthemum Throne

text: Emperor Go-En'yū

text: Emperor Shōkō

text: Emperor Shōkō

text: Ikkyū Sōjun

text: Emperor Kōkō

text: Emperor Yōzei

text: Chrysanthemum Throne

text: Northern Emperor

text: Ashikaga Yoshimitsu

text: Cloistered Emperor

text: Ashikaga Shogunate

text: Emperor Go-Kameyama

text: Chrysanthemum throne

text: Emperor Shōkō

text: Northern Court

text: Fushimi-ku, Kyoto

text: Emperor of Japan

text: Meiji

text: Daijō-kan

text: Sadaijin

text: Udaijin

text: Nadaijin

text: Dainagon

text: era name

text: nengō

text: Eitoku

text: Shitoku

text: Kakei

text: Kōō

text: Kōwa

text: Genchū

text: Meitoku

text: Meitoku

text: Ōei

text: Chōkei

text: Go-Kameyama

text: Emperor of Japan

text: List of Emperors of Japan

text: Imperial cult

text: Brown, Delmer M.

text: "Gukanshō: The Future and the Past."

text: OCLC 251325323

text: Ponsonby-Fane, Richard

text: "The Imperial House of Japan."

text: OCLC 194887

text: Titsingh, Isaac

text: Hayashi Gahō

text: Nipon o daï itsi ran

text: Annales des empereurs du Japon"

categories: 1390s in Japan,People of Nanboku-chō-period Japan,People of Muromachi-period Japan,14th-century Japanese monarchs,1433 deaths,Japanese emperors,1377 births,1400s in Japan,1410s in Japan

paragraph: Emperor Go-Komatsu

paragraph: Emperor Go-Komatsu (後小松天皇 "Go-Komatsu-tennō") (August 1, 1377 – December 1, 1433) was the 100th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession, and the sixth and final Emperor of the Northern Court.

paragraph: He is officially considered to have been the Northern pretender from May 24, 1382 to October 21, 1392, when upon Emperor Go-Kameyama's abdication, Go-Komatsu is understood to have been a legitimate emperor (the 100th sovereign) from that date. In 1392, following the post"-Nanboku-chō" unification of the two formerly contending courts, the Southern Emperor Emperor Go-Kameyama reached an agreement with Go-Komatsu to alternate control of the throne between the Northern and Southern courts on a ten-year plan which effectively signaled the end of the southern court's claims to sovereignty. However, Go-Komatsu reneged, not only ruling for 20 years until his own abdication on October 5, 1412, but was succeeded by his own son, rather than by one from the former Southern Court. According to pre-Meiji scholars, Go-Komatsu's reign as a legitimate emperor spanned the years from 1392 through 1412. The present Japanese Imperial Family is descended from the Northern Court emperors.

paragraph: This Nanboku-chō "sovereign" was named after the 9th-century Emperor Kōkō, and "go-" (後), translates literally as "later." Jien's "Gukanshō" explains that Kōkō was called "the Emperor of Komatsu". The 14th-century pretender and emperor may be called the "later Emperor Kōkō" or the "later Emperor Komatsu". The Japanese word "go" has also been translated to mean the "second one;" and in some older sources, this would-be emperor may be identified as "Komatsu, the second", or as "Komatsu II."

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (his "imina") was .

paragraph: Go-Komatsu was the first son of Emperor Go-En'yū. His mother was Tsūyōmonin no Itsuko (通陽門院厳子), daughter of the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal Sanjō Kimitada (三条公忠).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consort: Hinonishi Motoko (日野西資子, 1384-1440) later Kohan’mon-in(光範門院), Hinonishi Sukekuni’s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- First son: Imperial Prince Mihito (実仁親王) later Emperor Shōkō

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second son: Prince Ogawa (1404–1425; 小川宮), Emperor Shōkō's crown prince

paragraph: BULLET::::- First daughter: Princess Riei (理永女王; 1406–1447)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady-in-waiting: Kanrouji Tsuneko (甘露寺経子), Kanrouji Kanenaga’s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naishi: Hinonishi Sukekuni’s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naishi: Shirakawa Suketada’s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naishi: Kohyōe-no-Tsubone (小兵衛局)

paragraph: BULLET::::- daughter: (b.1412)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naishi: Unknown (daughter of a retainer from the Southern Court)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ikkyū Sōjun

paragraph: He was named after Emperor Kōkō, who had the alternate name Komatsu, because they both returned the throne to their families, in the case of Emperor Go-Komatsu, by defeating his Southern Court rivals, and in the case of Emperor Kōkō, by succeeding his elder brother's grandson, Emperor Yōzei.

paragraph: Section::::Events of Go-Komatsu's life.

paragraph: In his own lifetime, Go-Komatsu and those around him believed that he occupied the Chrysanthemum Throne from May 24, 1382 through 1412.

paragraph: He was raised in the turbulent "Nanboku-chō" period of rival northern and southern courts in the mansion of Hino Sukenori (日野西資教). He succeeded as Northern Emperor upon the abdication of his father, the Northern Pretender Emperor Go-En'yū. With the help of Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, his father ruled as Cloistered Emperor.

paragraph: In 1392, a envoy from the Ashikaga Shogunate managed to persuade Emperor Go-Kameyama to convey the Imperial Regalia to Go-Komatsu, which meant that he ceded the Chrysanthemum throne to his former rival. Go-Komatsu received the succession ("senso"); and he is understood to have formally acceded to the legitimate Imperial power and position ("sokui"). In the peace at that time, it was agreed that the northern and southern courts would alternate. However, in 1412, when Emperor Go-Komatsu abdicated, the agreement was thrown away, and, instead, he was succeeded by his son, Emperor Shōkō, and all subsequent Emperors were descended from the Northern Court. Until 1911, the Northern Court Emperors were considered the legitimate ones, and the Southern Court to be illegitimate. However, now the Southern Court is considered to have been legitimate, primarily because they retained the three sacred treasures, and thus, Emperor Go-Komatsu is not considered to have been legitimate for the first 10 years of his reign.

paragraph: He is enshrined with other emperors at the imperial tomb called "Fukakusa no kita no misasagi" (深草北陵) in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto.

paragraph: Section::::Events of Go-Komatsu's life.:Kugyō.

paragraph: "Kugyō" (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.

paragraph: In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Go-Komatsu's reign, this apex of the "Daijō-kan included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sadaijin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Udaijin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nadaijin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dainagon"

paragraph: Section::::Eras of Go-Komatsu's reign.

paragraph: The years of Go-Komatsu's "Nanboku-chō" and post"-Nanboku-chō" reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or "nengō".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eras as reckoned by legitimate Court (as determined by Meiji rescript)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eitoku" (1381–1384)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shitoku" (1384–1387)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kakei" (1387–1389)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kōō" (1389–1393]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eras as reckoned by pretender Court (as determined by Meiji rescript)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kōwa" (1381–1384)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Genchū" (1384–1390)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meitoku" (1390–1393)‡

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eras merged as "Meitoku" 3 replaced "Genchū" 9 as Go-Kameyama abdicated.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meitoku" (1393–1394)‡

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ōei" (1394–1428)

paragraph: Section::::Southern Court rivals.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chōkei

paragraph: BULLET::::- Go-Kameyama

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Emperors of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imperial cult

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). "Gukanshō: The Future and the Past." Berkeley: University of California Press. ; OCLC 251325323

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). "The Imperial House of Japan." Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652], "Nipon o daï itsi ran (Annales des empereurs du Japon"). Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.

alias:
Emperor Go-Komatsu
後小松天皇
Go-Komatsu-tennō

description: emperor of Japan

wikidata_label: Go-Komatsu

wikipedia_title: Emperor Go-Komatsu


text: Chrysanthemum Throne

text: Emperor Go-Horikawa

text: Kujō Norizane

text: Jōei

text: Sennyū-ji

text: Retired Emperor Go-Horikawa

text: Kujō Michiie

text: Emperor of Japan

text: Meiji

text: Daijō-kan

text: Sesshō

text: Kujō Norizane

text: Kujō Michiie

text: Konoe Kanetsune

text: Sadaijin

text: Udaijin

text: Nadaijin

text: Dainagon

text: era name

text: nengō

text: Jōei

text: Tenpuku

text: Bunryaku

text: Katei

text: Ryakunin

text: En'ō

text: Ninji

text: Emperor of Japan

text: List of Emperors of Japan

text: Imperial cult

text: Ponsonby-Fane

text: "The Imperial House of Japan."

text: OCLC 194887

text: Titsingh

text: Hayashi Gahō

text: Nipon o daï itsi ran

text: Annales des empereurs du Japon."

text: Varley

text: Kitabatake Chikafusa

text: Jinnō Shōtōki

text: Columbia University Press

categories: 1242 deaths,Japanese emperors,1240s in Japan,1230s in Japan,People of Kamakura-period Japan,1231 births

paragraph: Emperor Shijō

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (his "imina") was , also known as Tosihito"-shinnō".

paragraph: He was the first son of Emperor Go-Horikawa.

paragraph: Consort: Kujō Genshi (九条 彦子; 1227–1262) later Nishinomon’in (宣仁門院), Kujō Norizane’s daughter

paragraph: He had no children, due to his youth at the time of his death.

paragraph: Section::::Events of Shijō's life.

paragraph: He reigned from October 26, 1232 to February 10, 1242.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1232 ("Jōei 1, 11th month"): In the 11th year of Emperor Go-Horikawa's reign (後堀河天皇十一年), he abdicated; and the succession ("senso") was received by his oldest son. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Shijō is said to have acceded to the throne ("sokui").

paragraph: Emperor Shijō died from an accident in 1242. His Imperial tomb ("misasagi") is at Sennyū-ji in the .

paragraph: As the Emperor was very young, and the Retired Emperor Go-Horikawa died just two years later, most of the actual leadership was held by his maternal relatives Kujō Michiie and Saionji Kintsune.

paragraph: Section::::Events of Shijō's life.:Kugyō.

paragraph: is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.

paragraph: In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Shijō's reign, this apex of the "Daijō-kan included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sesshō", Kujō Norizane, 1231–1232

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sesshō", Kujō Norizane, 1232–1235

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sesshō", Kujō Michiie, 1235–1237

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sesshō", Konoe Kanetsune, 1237–1242

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sadaijin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Udaijin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nadaijin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dainagon"

paragraph: Section::::Eras of Shijō's reign.

paragraph: The years of Shijō's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or "nengō".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jōei" (1232–1234)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tenpuku" (1233–1234)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bunryaku" (1234–1235)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Katei" (1235–1238)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ryakunin" (1238–1239)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "En'ō" (1239–1240)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ninji" (1240–1243)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Emperors of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imperial cult

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). "The Imperial House of Japan." Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652], "Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon." Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Varley, H. Paul , ed. (1980). [ Kitabatake Chikafusa, 1359], "Jinnō Shōtōki" ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki." New York: Columbia University Press.

alias:
Emperor Shijo
Emperor Shijou

description: Emperor of Japan

wikidata_label: Emperor Shijō

wikipedia_title: Emperor Shijō


text: Chrysanthemum Throne

text: Emperor Juntoku

text: Ritsushi

text: Kujō Yoshitsune

text: Jōkyū Incident

text: Emperor Go-Toba

text: Kamakura Bakufu

text: Jōkyū

text: first cousin once removed

text: Emperor Go-Horikawa

text: Emperor Junnin

text: Emperor

text: Emperor of Japan

text: Meiji

text: Daijō-kan

text: Sesshō

text: Sadaijin

text: Udaijin

text: Nadaijin

text: Dainagon

text: era name

text: nengō

text: Jōkyū

text: Emperor of Japan

text: List of Emperors of Japan

text: Imperial cult

text: Jien

text: Gukanshō

text: University of California Press

text: Ponsonby-Fane

text: "The Imperial House of Japan."

text: OCLC 194887

text: Titsingh

text: Hayashi Gahō

text: Nipon o daï itsi ran

text: Annales des empereurs du Japon."

text: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland

text: Varley

text: Kitabatake Chikafusa

text: Jinnō Shōtōki

text: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki

text: Columbia University Press

categories: 1218 births,People of Kamakura-period Japan,Japanese emperors,1220s in Japan,1234 deaths

paragraph: Emperor Chūkyō

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (his "imina") was .

paragraph: He was the first son of Emperor Juntoku. His mother was Ritsushi (?) (立子), daughter of Kujō Yoshitsune (九条良経).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consort: Ukyonodaibu-no-Tsubone (右京大夫局), Priest’s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Daughter: Imperial Princess Yoshiko (義子内親王) later Wademon’in (和徳門院, 1234 - 1289)

paragraph: Section::::Events of Chūkyō's life.

paragraph: Chūkyō was enthroned at the age of two following the deposition of his father, the Emperor Juntoku in preparation for the Jōkyū Incident, an unsuccessful attempt by Juntoku's father, the Retired Emperor Go-Toba, to overthrow the Kamakura Bakufu.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1221 ("Jōkyū 3, 20th day of the 4th month"): In the 11th year of Juntoku"-tennō" 's reign (順徳天皇十一年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession (‘‘senso’’) was received by his eldest son who was only two years old. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Chūkyō is said to have acceded to the throne (‘‘sokui’’).

paragraph: That same year, after the Jōkyū Incident, he was dethroned and replaced by his first cousin once removed Emperor Go-Horikawa, the nephew of Emperor Go-Toba.

paragraph: Because of his dethronement just 2 months after the Jōkyū Incident, his enthronement was not recognized. He was known as the Kujō Dethroned Emperor (Kujō Haitei, 九条廃帝), the Half-Emperor (半帝), and the Later Dethroned Emperor (Go-Haitei, 後廃帝, a reference to Emperor Junnin who was often called Haitei, 廃帝).

paragraph: In 1870, he was recognized as an Emperor and given the posthumous name of Emperor Chūkyō.

paragraph: Section::::Events of Chūkyō's life.:"Kugyō".

paragraph: "Kugyō" (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.

paragraph: In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Chūkyo's reign, this apex of the "Daijō-kan" included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sesshō", Kujō Michiie, 1193–1252.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sadaijin", Kujō Michiie.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Udaijin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nadaijin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dainagon'

paragraph: Section::::Eras of Chūkyō's reign.

paragraph: The year of Chūkyō's reign is more specifically encompassed within a single era name or "nengō".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jōkyū" (1219–1222)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Emperors of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imperial cult

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). [ Jien, c. 1220], "Gukanshō (The Future and the Past, a translation and study of the Gukanshō, an interpretative history of Japan written in 1219)." Berkeley: University of California Press.

alias:
Emperor Chukyo
Emperor Chuukyou

description: Emperor of Japan

wikidata_label: Emperor Chūkyō

wikipedia_title: Emperor Chūkyō


text:
Chile
Battle of Iquique
Valparaíso
Santiago
Chillán
Valparaiso
Chilean Navy
Valdivia
"Esmeralda"
War of the Pacific
"Covadonga"
Iquique
"Huascar"
"Independencia"
Miguel Grau Seminario
French ship Foudre (L9011)
Arturo Prat

categories: Chilean Navy personnel of the War of the Pacific,1879 deaths,19th-century Chilean Navy personnel,1853 births,People killed in action,Military personnel killed in the War of the Pacific,People from Valparaíso,People from Chillán,Chilean sailors

paragraph: Juan de Dios Aldea

paragraph: Juan de Dios Aldea (1853–1879) was a Chilean sailor. His remains rest in the crypt of the Monument to the Heroes of the Battle of Iquique, in Valparaíso.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born to a modest family. He was the son of professor Jose Manuel Aldea and Ursula Fonseca. His childhood was spent in Santiago with his paternal grandparents, Juan de Dios Aldea and Maria Antonieta Contreras. At the age of 8 he enrolled in the Franciscan School of Chillán, directed by his father. Here he distinguished himself with his excellent handwriting and his evident interest for military exercises.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After living for four years with his aunt, on August 1, 1872, he enrolled as a volunteer soldier in the Financial Commission sent by the Navy's Artillery Battalion; an organization located in Valparaiso which was dependent on the General Command of the Chilean Navy. In this battalion, he also served as a chief.

paragraph: He stayed in the First Company of that battalion for two years. In April 1874 he was sent on commission to Valdivia and on May 11 was promoted to 2nd Corporal.

paragraph: On January 1, 1876 he was promoted to 1st Corporal, and a year later to 2nd Sergeant.

paragraph: In June 1877 he embarked on the corvette "Esmeralda". In February 1878 he was transferred to the pontoon "Thalaba", and, after staying a month, he returned to the First Company of the Battalion. In October he was back in the "Thalaba" and in December returned to the Company of the Battalion, having transferred to the post of Guard of the Municipality of Valparaíso.

paragraph: Due to his impeccable service record, upon the declaration of the War of the Pacific, he was assigned to the corvette "Esmeralda".

paragraph: On May 21, 1879, the "Esmeralda", along with the "Covadonga", blockaded the Peruvian port of Iquique. After the lookout of the "Covadonga" spotted the Peruvian ships "Huascar" and "Independencia", Aldea joined the gunners and took over their combat post. After an hour of combat, the Peruvian Commander Miguel Grau Seminario ordered the "Huascar" to ram the Esmeralda.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- French ship Foudre (L9011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arturo Prat

description: Chilean sailor

wikidata_label: Juan de Dios Aldea

wikipedia_title: Juan de Dios Aldea


text:
Gävle
Lidingö
Swedish
stonemason
Chalmers University of Technology
Gothenburg
Stockholm
Vin & Sprit
Nordic Classicism
Värmland
Karlstad
Diplomatstaden
Stockholm Exhibition
Functionalism
World War II
brick
Military Archives of Sweden
Gärdet
Stockholm
Fagersta airspace surveillance tower
Björneborg
Brick Expressionism
National Romanticism
Swedish architecture
Classical architecture
Japanese
Chinese Architecture
Industrial architecture
water tower

categories: 1884 births,20th-century Swedish architects,1959 deaths,Chalmers University of Technology alumni

paragraph: Cyrillus Johansson

paragraph: Cyrillus Johansson (9 July 1884, Gävle - 20 May 1959, Lidingö) was a Swedish architect.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Laurentius Cyrillus Johansson was born in Gävle, Sweden.

paragraph: He was the son of Magnus Johansson and Johanna Charlotta Bohlin

paragraph: His father worked as a stonemason. He studied architecture at Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg and graduated in 1908. After his studies he moved to Stockholm to pursue his career as an architect.

paragraph: Although productive as an architect already during the 1910s, he became renowned through his design for the main storage building for the liquor company Vin & Sprit, built 1920-24. This building effectively established Cyrillus Johansson as one of the most influential architects in Sweden during the 1920s, and he became one of the most prolific representatives of the so-called Nordic Classicism-movement. Other notable works from this period include the Museum of Värmland in Karlstad, a large office complex in central Stockholm () and two large villas in Diplomatstaden in Stockholm.

paragraph: Following the Stockholm Exhibition in 1930 and the advent of Functionalism, Cyrillus Johansson's aesthetic language fell out of favour with the broad architectural community in Sweden. Johansson himself considered the new ideas "a personal affront" and continued to pursue his personal architectural ideals. In the 1940s, as the functionalistic doctrines were softened somewhat and an economic crisis caused by the ongoing World War II prompted a revival for building in cheaper brick, arguably Johanssons favourite material, he experienced something of a comeback and was among other things commissioned with designing buildings for the Military Archives of Sweden and other military offices in Gärdet, Stockholm. He also designed the Fagersta airspace surveillance tower. During the 1950s, he was mainly engaged in church building (e.g., the church in Björneborg) and restoration.

paragraph: Section::::Style.

paragraph: Cyrillus Johansson preferred to work with brick, inspired to some extent by German Brick Expressionism, and to some extent by National Romanticism. As mentioned above, he also became a practitioner of what has been labelled Nordic Classicism in the 1920s, although he relied on historical references to earlier Swedish architecture to a perhaps greater extent than to continental Classical architecture. Strong influences from Japanese and Chinese Architecture together with various personal forms of expressions however often add a distinct character to his buildings.

paragraph: In addition to highly prestigious commissions such as grand villas and office complexes, Johansson also worked with Industrial architecture and the like, providing designs also for bridges, water towers and factories, among other things.

description: Swedish architect

wikidata_label: Cyrillus Johansson

wikipedia_title: Cyrillus Johansson


text:
Swedish
Sweden's Foreign Minister
Karl Staaff

categories: People from Gothenburg,Ambassadors of Sweden to Switzerland,Swedish Ministers for Foreign Affairs,Ambassadors of Sweden to Belgium,1940 deaths,Ambassadors of Sweden to France,Ambassadors of Sweden to the Netherlands,Governors of Gothenburg and Bohus County,1867 births,Ambassadors of Sweden to the United States

paragraph: Albert Ehrensvärd

paragraph: Johan Jacob Albert Ehrensvärd (9 May 1867 - 6 March 1940) was a Swedish diplomat. He was Sweden's envoy to Washington D.C between 1910 and 1911. He became Sweden's Foreign Minister in Liberal leader and Prime Minister Karl Staaff's Second Cabinet. As Foreign Minister of Sweden he instituted reforms in the Swedish Foreign Service and worked to ease tensed relations with Czarist Russia.

description: Swedish diplomat

wikidata_label: Albert Ehrensvärd

wikipedia_title: Albert Ehrensvärd


text:
Stockholm
Krageholm Castle
Scania
Swedish
entrepreneur
Carl Piper
Scania
Carl Piper
Bengt Gabrielsson Oxenstierna
Carl Piper
Magdalena Stenbock
Bengt Gabrielsson Oxenstierna
Margareta Gyllenstierna
Arvid Horn
Great Northern War
Rawicz
Altranstädt
Catherine Opalińska
Rydzyna Castle
John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough
Battle of Poltava
Swedish invasion of Russia
Battle of Fehrbellin
Arvid Horn
Beata Sparre
Märta Berendes
Anna Catharina von Bärfelt
Carl Gyllenstierna
Battle of Poltava
Magdalena Rudenschöld
Sturefors Castle
Krageholm Castle
Björnstorp Castle
Östra Torup
Alum
Christinehof Castle
Sofia Drake
Natur & Kultur

categories: People of the Swedish Empire,Swedish industrialists,Swedish landowners,18th-century Swedish businesspeople,1752 deaths,1673 births,Swedish countesses,Swedish people of the Great Northern War

paragraph: Christina Piper

paragraph: Christina Piper, née "Törne" (1673 in Stockholm – 1752 in Krageholm Castle, Scania), was a Swedish countess, landowner and entrepreneur, married to the statesman and military count Carl Piper. During the tenure of her spouse in office, she played a considerable political role. Christina Piper became known in history as a landowner and builder. She is known as one of the most successful female entrepreneurs in contemporary Scandinavia, and as one of the greatest builders in the history of Scania.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Christina Piper was born to the very wealthy merchant and city official Olof Hansson Törne and Margareta Andersen. Her father was ennobled by the name "Törnflycht" in 1698, but as she married eight years before this, she never wore that name herself. On 13 February 1690, she married the royal official Carl Piper, who was 26 years her senior and the stepbrother of her father. The marriage was arranged for economic reasons: her husband was in need of funds, and as a relative with a good career (he had been ennobled during his career in royal service) he was seen as a good asset to keep in the family.

paragraph: The couple had eight children.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Political activity.

paragraph: In 1697, her spouse was appointed "statsråd" and the following year baron and count, and it became clear he had replaced Bengt Gabrielsson Oxenstierna as the perhaps most favored of the advisers of the monarch, a position he kept until 1709. As was normal for the wife of a politician at the time, this gave Christina Piper an influential role, as she was seen as a potential channel to her spouse, and she began to host a receptions and participate in court life, where she was besieged by diplomats and supplicants attempting to reach her spouse (and by him the King) through her.

paragraph: During the 1700s, Christina Piper and Carl Piper played a similar role as Magdalena Stenbock and Bengt Gabrielsson Oxenstierna in the 1680s and 1690s, and as Margareta Gyllenstierna and Arvid Horn in the 1720s and 1730s: that of a married couple acting as political colleagues.

paragraph: Carl and Christina Piper gained a notorious reputation by their contemporaries for being corrupted by bribes. It is noted that Carl Piper were often offered gifts in exchange for making recommendations for posts to the monarch on behalf of diplomats and supplicants, which was not unusual in that period, but that he normally refused to accept gifts. However, he did accept and even encouraged petitioners to give gifts to his wife: she would then make the recommendations on behalf of the petitioners to him, often successfully. This was, not an unusual method for contemporary officials - their predecessors as a political power couple, Bengt Oxenstierna and Magdalena Stenbock, had in fact done the same - and one reason to why they were given such a notorious reputation because of it may have been the fact that they, being members of a very recently ennobled noble family, were resented by the older nobility as upstarts.

paragraph: In 1700, Carl Piper left Sweden in the entourage of Charles XII to participate in the Great Northern War, leaving Christina in charge of the family affairs. She visited him in the Swedish military headquarters on two occasions: the first one in Rawicz in 1705, and the second time in Altranstädt in 1707. On her first visit, she was received by the Polish queen Catherine Opalińska and introduced at the Polish court at Rydzyna Castle. Carl Piper was contemplating to visit Sweden for his health, as he was ill at the time, but she persuaded him to stay. During her second visit, in 1707, Carl Piper was approached by John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, who allegedly offered him a pension in exchange for advising Charles XII to attack Russia. After the Battle of Poltava, which became disastrous for Sweden, Carl Piper was blamed for having ultimately caused the defeat by persuading Charles XII to the Swedish invasion of Russia having been bribed by Marlborough. Carl Piper denied having accepted the bribe, but he did admit that he had accepted a gift of two valuable earrings from the Duke to his wife Christina Piper, who also admitted having accepted them, but denied having done so as a bribe. One her way home, she was escorted by the Prince of Württemberg and a large entourage, and visited Berlin, where she was given a grand welcome by the King of Prussia and the royal Prussian court. During her visit, a statue celebrating the Prussian victory over the Swedes at the Battle of Fehrbellin was removed after she had expressed a dislike for it, and she was given a brilliant bracelet as a gift by the King.

paragraph: Back in Sweden, she participated in court life, where she was a member of the group consisting of herself, Arvid Horn, the queen dowager's priest Molin, Beata Sparre, and Märta Berendes who evicted the favorite Anna Catharina von Bärfelt from court by forming an alliance with Carl Gyllenstierna.

paragraph: At the Battle of Poltava 1709, Carl Piper were taken as a prisoner to Russia, where he remained until his death seven years later. When the disastrous news of the Swedish defeat reached the capital of Stockholm, panic erupted and the bank was emptied: Carl Piper was blamed for having persuaded the King to attack Russia, and according to the reports of the Danish and French envoys, Christina Piper was attacked by a mob and forced to flee the capital.

paragraph: She managed negotiations with the government to trade her spouse for Russians prisoners in Sweden, which however did not succeed. According to contemporary unconfirmed rumors, she did in fact not wish for him to return, as she liked the independence she had in his absence. Carl Piper died in his captivity in Russia in 1716: he was brought home in 1718, and finally buried in 1719.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later life.

paragraph: After the capture of her spouse, Christina Piper lost all influence over state affairs: she was not popular in the capital, and her connections were of no use after the fall of Carl Piper. For the rest of her life, she devoted herself to her position as a respected matriarch of her family, and her affairs as a major landowner, and traveled between her estates, having her base at Krageholm Castle in Scania. She used her position as a landowner to affect the local policies, and became an important figure in national economy: she was one of the greatest financiers of the Great Northern war. After the death of her daughter Charlotta (d. 1727), she became the foster mother of her grandchildren by her: Eva Charlotta, Nils Adam and Christina Sofia (the youngest of whom being the mother of Magdalena Rudenschöld).

paragraph: In 1712, she moved from the capital to her estates in Scania because of the costs. She acquired a great deal of additional estates to the ones she already had, and became known as the most important builder in the history of Scania. She owned and managed the estates Sturefors Castle, Krageholm Castle, Björnstorp Castle and Östra Torup. In 1725, she acquired and estate in Andrarum, which she made the biggest producer of Alum in Scania, with 900 employees. She created schools, retirement homes, a prison, a court and hospitals for her employees; she also had a coin factory made, which produced coins with the stamp of her initials, "C.P.", which were only possible to use in the shops at her estate. Upon this estate, she had the Christinehof Castle built (1740). Christina Piper also had six so called "fideikomiss" founded, estates which could not be sold but could only be inherited.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sofia Drake

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gabriel Anrep, Svenska adelns Ättar-taflor

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karolinska kvinnoöden av Alf Åberg. Natur & Kultur.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.hogesta.se/?page=page49c8eb0444fab

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norrhem, Svante (2007). Kvinnor vid maktens sida : 1632-1772. Lund: Nordic Academic Press. Libris 10428618.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norrhem, Svante, Christina och Carl Piper: en biografi, Historiska media, Lund, 2010

description: Swedish countess and entrepreneur

wikidata_label: Christina Piper

wikipedia_title: Christina Piper


text:
Swedish
Örebro Castle
Stockholm Public Library
Kalmar
Tegelbacken
Stockholms ström
Finn Malmgren
Uppsala
Olaus och Laurentius Petri
Olaus Petri Church
Örebro
Mosebacke
Skara
Borås
Reimersholme
Linköping
Gävle
Gothenburg
Malmö
Skene
Enköping
Saltsjöbaden
Uppsala
Saltsjöbaden
Malmö Opera and Music Theatre
Maritime Museum (Stockholm)
Djurgårdsbrunnsviken

categories: 20th-century sculptors,Swedish male sculptors,1952 deaths,1894 births

paragraph: Nils Sjögren

paragraph: Nils A G Sjögren (1894 - 1952) was a Swedish sculptor.

paragraph: Section::::Works, a selection.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Relief in the Engelbrekt room in Örebro Castle (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Statues at Stockholm Public Library (1928), bronze ("Adam", "Eva" and "Krigarfigur)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vasabrunnen" (1928), bronze, Larmtorget in Kalmar, the first of a series of wells in Swedish towns

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vågen och vindarna" (1931), Tegelbacken, at Stockholms ström in Stockholm

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Finn Malmgren" (1931), bronze, Börjeplan in Uppsala

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Olaus och Laurentius Petri" (1929-34), vid Olaus Petri Church, Örebro

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Systrarna" (1935-45), marble, Mosebacke in Stockholm

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Krönikebrunnen" (1934-39), bronze in Skara

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sjuhäradsbrunnen" or "Torgbrunnen" (1934-41), brons, Stora torget i Borås

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Melodin", at Brudlyckan in Norrköping, erected in 1948, Snigelparken in Årsta in Stockholm, erected 1953

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Efter badet" or "Sommar" (erected 1944), Reimersholme in Stockholm, by the name "Sommar" outside the county museum in Linköping and in Stadsträdgården in Gävle, in bronze (erected 1947), at Guldhedstorget in Gothenburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fontänen Tragos - Tragediens födelse (erected 1943), bronze, in Malmö

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cecilia", bronze, Kungsparken in Skene

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De fyra elementens brunn" (1941-58), bronze, Torget in Enköping

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rochdalemonumentet" (1944), granite, Vår gård in Saltsjöbaden

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Venus i snäckan" (1950), Domarringen School in Uppsala

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mot framtiden" (1950), granit, Vår gård i Saltsjöbaden

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Teaterbrunnen", or "Tragos" (1945-53), limestone and bronze, in front of the Malmö Opera and Music Theatre in Malmö

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sjömannen" (rest 1953), bronze, at Maritime Museum (Stockholm) at Djurgårdsbrunnsviken in Stockholm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plaster fresco, at Bastugatan 21 in Stockholm

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Venus i snäckan (?)", (1937), fountain, bronze, at the courtyard at Birger Jarlsgatan 16 in Stockholm

alias:
Nils Sjogren
Nils Axel Gustav Sjögren

description: sculptor

wikidata_label: Nils Sjögren

wikipedia_title: Nils Sjögren


text: Swedish

categories: 1947 deaths,1864 births,Chalmers University of Technology alumni,Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences,Swedish businesspeople

paragraph: Hugo Hammar

paragraph: Hugo Hammar (1864 - 1947) was a Swedish businessman.

description: businessperson

wikidata_label: Hugo Hammar

wikipedia_title: Hugo Hammar


text: NPB stats

categories: Japanese baseball players,Nippon Professional Baseball outfielders,Keio University alumni,1989 births,Hanshin Tigers players,Asian Games medalists in baseball,Asian Games bronze medalists for Japan,Baseball players at the 2010 Asian Games,Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games,Living people,Sportspeople from Aichi Prefecture

paragraph:
Hayata Ito
Section::::External links.
BULLET::::- NPB stats

description: baseball player

wikidata_label: Hayata Ito

wikipedia_title: Hayata Ito


text:
Xia dynasty
China
tyrant
Tang of Shang
Shang Dynasty
Renchen
Zhenxun
pyramid
Quanyi
Fa of Xia
cruelty
sex
Henan
Minshan
Palace
Liu Xiang’s
Lienü zhuan
Mo Xi
virtue
music
wine
orgy
Han shi waizhuan
cuisine
Vegetables
fish
East Sea
ginger
sea salt
beheaded
alcoholic
horse
chancellor
rivers and mountains
suzerainty
Kingdom of Shang
Tang of Shang
mandate of heaven
Yi Yin
Kunwu
Wei
Gu
phenomenon
stars
meteor shower
earthquake
landslide
Qin Dynasty
volcanic winter
Minoan eruption
Thera
1628 BC
Tang of Shang
Kunwu
Yellow River
Battle of Mingtiao
Cheng
deposed
Nanchao
Shang Dynasty
Mount Tai earthquake

paragraph: Jie of Xia

paragraph: King Jie (; traditionally 17281675 BCE) was the 17th and last ruler of the Xia dynasty of China. He is traditionally regarded as a tyrant and oppressor who brought about the collapse of a dynasty.

paragraph: Around 1600 BCE, Jie was defeated by Tang of Shang, bringing an end to the Xia Dynasty that lasted about 500 years, and a rise to the new Shang Dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Jie is generally known as Xia Jie (夏桀) or Jie of Xia. His given name was Lü Gui (履癸). Jie ascended to the throne in the year of "Renchen" (壬辰). Initially, his capital was in Zhenxun. He lived there for three years and constructed his tilt palace. About the same time, he destroyed the pyramid of Rong (容台), and quelled a rebellion by the Quanyi people (aka "Fei Barbarians") after they entered Qi, near Fen.

paragraph: His parents were Fa of Xia and his wife.

paragraph: Section::::King of Xia.

paragraph: Section::::King of Xia.:Ruling.

paragraph: Jie is known to have lived a lavish lifestyle with slaves and treated his people with extreme cruelty. His style of ruling was reckless and filled with sex, luxury and entertainment. He generally disliked people who criticized him, and many were indeed afraid of him.

paragraph: In the sixth year of Jie's regime, he entertained envoys from vassals and neighbours. He received an envoy from the Qizhong barbarian people. In the 11th year, he summoned all his vassals to his court. The Youmin kingdom did not come, so Jie attacked and conquered it.

paragraph: In his 13th year of ruling, he moved his capital from Zhenxun to Henan. About that time, he began using the Nian (輦), or sedan chair, on which he was carried by servants.

paragraph: The next year, he led an army to Minshan. There, he found two of the King of Minshan's daughters, Wan and Yan. They were unmarried and very beautiful, so he took them as his wives, renaming them Zhao ("苕") and Hua. He abandoned his original wife Mo Xi ("妹喜") and built a pyramid on top of the Tilt Palace for them to live in.

paragraph: Section::::King of Xia.:Alcohol lake.

paragraph: According to Liu Xiang’s book "Lienü zhuan" written much later, around 18 BCE, Jie was corrupted by his infatuation with his concubine Mo Xi (妺喜 or "末喜"), who was beautiful, but completely lacking in virtue. Among other things, she liked to drink, enjoyed music, and also had a penchant for jugglers and sing-song girls. Apparently, she had Jie order a lake of wine made. They both sailed about in the alcohol lake in an orgy of drunken naked men and women bathing and drinking. She then commanded 3,000 men to drink the lake dry, only to laugh when they all drowned. This event was also recorded in the Han Ying’s book "Han shi waizhuan".

paragraph: Section::::King of Xia.:Jie’s cuisine.

paragraph: A great deal of effort was spent on Jie’s cuisine and his requirements. Vegetables had to come from the northwest, fish had to be from the East Sea, seasonings and sauces had to come from ginger that grew in the south, sea salt had to come from the north. Several hundred people were employed just to supply Jie with his meals. Anyone that got his meal wrong was beheaded.

paragraph: Jie was also a known alcoholic, but he did not drink regular wine. He drank a type of pure alcohol wine (清醇). The people working for him who could not supply this drink were killed. Many people died because of this. And while he was drinking wine it was required that he ride on someone’s back like a horse.

paragraph: In one incident Jie was riding the back of a top chancellor like a horse. After a while the chancellor was tired to the point that he could no longer crawl or move. He asked King Jie to spare him. Jie immediately dragged him out to be executed. Another chancellor, Guan Longfeng (關龍逢), told the king that he was losing the trust of his people along with the Xia dynasty’s rivers and mountains (江山). After yelling at Guan, he too was dragged out to be killed.

paragraph: Section::::Xia Dynasty collapse.

paragraph: Section::::Xia Dynasty collapse.:The rise of Shang.

paragraph: The Xia Dynasty held suzerainty over a number of kingdoms, one of which was the Kingdom of Shang. During Jie's reign, Shang grew in power, initially at the expense of Xia's other vassals. A person by the name of Tang of Shang was able to win many supporters from as many as 40 smaller kingdoms. Tang of Shang recognized that Jie mistreated the people and used this as a way to convince other supporters. In one speech Tang of Shang said that creating chaos is not something he wanted, but given the terror of Jie, he has to follow the mandate of heaven and use this opportunity to overthrow Xia. He also pointed out that even Jie’s own military generals would not obey his orders.

paragraph: In the 15th year of Jie’s reign, Tang of Shang began moving Lü (履) to the capital Bo. About two years later Shang sent his minister Yi Yin as an envoy to Jie. Yi remained in the Xia capital for about three years, before returning to Shang.

paragraph: The Shang’s power continued to grow. In the 26th year of Jie’s reign, Shang conquered Wen. Two years later, Shang was attacked by Kunwu (昆吾), and several years of war between Shang and Kunwu followed. Despite this setback, Shang continued to expand on a number of fronts, gathering vassal troops in Jingbo (景亳). The Shang army and allied forces conquered Mixu (密須) (today's 密縣), Wei, and attacked Gu (顧), which was also conquered the following year. Around the same time Zhong Gu, chief historian of Jie, fled from the Xia to the Shang.

paragraph: Section::::Xia Dynasty collapse.:Natural disasters.

paragraph: As Jie’s reign went on, the histories record unusual and increasingly dire natural phenomenon. These began in the 10th year of Jie’s reign, when five stars were seen in the sky in alignment and a meteor shower occurred, followed by an earthquake. It is documented that Jie also saw the "money face" (脸钱) during this time but refused to share it among his people, leading to the downfall of the Xia dynasty.

paragraph: In the 29th year of Jie’s reign he tried to dig a water-tunnel through the Qu mountain, but the next year the mountain collapsed with a landslide. There was also a disaster at Linsui (聆隧) in the winter.

paragraph: Records from the later Qin Dynasty say that during the last year of Jie’s reign, ice formed during the summer mornings and frost occurred through July. Heavy rainfall toppled buildings, hot and cold weather arrived in disorder, and crops failed. Some scientists correlate this event with a volcanic winter, possibly due to the Minoan eruption of Thera circa 1628 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Xia Dynasty collapse.:Battle of Mingtiao.

paragraph: In the 31st year of Jie's reign, Tang of Shang dispatched troops from Er (陑) to simultaneously attack Xia and Kunwu. Kunwu was quickly defeated. By this time, the Xia were getting weaker near the Yellow River while the Shang were becoming stronger.

paragraph: The Shang army then fought Jie's forces in the Battle of Mingtiao, in a heavy thunder storm, and defeated the Xia army.

paragraph: Jie himself escaped and fled to Sanzong. The Shang forces, under their general Wuzi (戊子), pursued Jie to Cheng, captured him at Jiaomen and deposed him, bringing the Xia dynasty to an end. Eventually, Jie was released in Nanchao. Jie eventually died of illness. Tang of Shang succeeded as king by Tang, who inaugurated the Shang Dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: King Jie had a wife named Mo Xi (妹喜), but he later abandoned her for the King of Minshan's daughters Wan and Yan whom Jie renamed Zhao and Hua. King Jie had no known children with his wives.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mount Tai earthquake

alias:
Xia Jie Gui
Lü Gui

description: 17th and last Xia Dynasty king

wikidata_label: Jie of Xia

wikipedia_title: Jie of Xia


text:
Chelsea, Massachusetts
Lowell Mason
elocutionist
Boston

categories: Women violinists,Women music educators,1860s births,Music educators,People from Chelsea, Massachusetts,Orchestra leaders,American composers,American violinists,Women romantic fiction writers,American romantic fiction writers,Year of death missing

paragraph: Marion Osgood

paragraph: Marion G. Osgood (ca. 1865–after 1924) was an American violinist, composer, and orchestra conductor. Her company, the Marion Osgood's Ladies Orchestra, was the first ladies' orchestra organized for professional work in the United States, and she was one of the leading solo violinists in the country.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Marion G. Osgood was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts. Her father was associated as a teacher with Lowell Mason, and her mother, Mary A. Osgood, was an author and music composer. George L. Osgood, a Boston musician, was her cousin, and her brother was Professor Fletcher Osgood, elocutionist. She began her musical life as a child, coming from a musical and scholarly family.

paragraph: Osgood worked as a violin teacher in Boston and was one of the leading solo violinists in the US. She composed and published a number of vocal and instrumental pieces, was a scholarly writer regarding art, and met with local success as a writer of short stories in romantic fiction. Osgood organized and conducted the ladies' orchestra which bore her name. This company was established by her in 1884, was composed wholly of women artists, numbered 30 pieces, and was thoroughly organized with brass and wood winds, strings, and tympana. This company was the first ladies' orchestra for professional work in the US; it existed for about ten years. Among her many published works are a "Fantaisie Caprice", an album of descriptive pieces for violin and piano, and the song "Loving and Loved".

wikidata_label: Marion Osgood

wikipedia_title: Marion Osgood


text: captain

text: Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve

text: Second World War

text: Coastal Forces of the Royal Navy

text: Ottawa

text: Royal Navy

text: motor torpedo boat

text: flotilla

text: Adriatic Sea

text: Naval Reserve Division

text: Ottawa

text: Britannia Yacht Club

text: brigantine

text: sail training

text: Ottawa

text: Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve

text: flotilla

text: motor torpedo boat

text: Mediterranean Sea

text: Adriatic Sea

text: Distinguished Service Cross

text: Dover

text: Alexandria

text: 61st MGB flotilla

text: Vis Island

text: Yugoslavia

text: Axis

text: Josip Broz Tito

text: Mention in Despatches

text: commando

text: goulash

text: Greece

text: barge

text: HMCS "Naden"

text: Ottawa Police Service

text: Ottawa General Hospital

text: tugboat

text: brigantine

text: launching

text: flagship

text: sail training

text: Ottawa Civic Hospital

text: Britannia Yacht Club

text: Carleton University

text: St. Lawrence College, Ontario

text: Canadian Forces Naval Reserve

text: Britannia Boating Club

text: Britannia Yacht Club

text: ship's wheel

text: Canadian War Museum

text: Adriatic Campaign of World War II

text: Awards to the Royal Canadian Navy

categories: Royal Canadian Navy officers,Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom),Canadian military personnel of World War II,1994 deaths,People from Ottawa

paragraph: Thomas G. Fuller

paragraph: Thomas George Fuller (1909–1994) was a Canadian captain of the Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve who earned renown in the Second World War for his actions as a member of the Coastal Forces of the Royal Navy in European waters. Born in Ottawa, Fuller joined the Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve in 1939 and was seconded to the British Royal Navy. During his service with the Royal Navy he commanded motor torpedo boat flotillas in European waters, serving with distinction in the Adriatic Sea where he earned a Distinguished Service Cross and two bars along with the nickname "Pirate of the Adriatic." Following the war, Fuller commanded two Canadian Naval Reserve Divisions before retiring in 1952. Following his military service, Fuller ran Thomas Fuller Construction which was instrumental in the construction of several landmark buildings in Ottawa. He was also a member of Ottawa's Britannia Yacht Club and converted and built two brigantines that would later be used for sail training. Fuller died in Ottawa at the age of 85.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and naval service.

paragraph: Born in Ottawa, he was a 32-year-old contractor when he joined the Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve in 1939. He was seconded to the British Royal Navy where he commanded flotillas of motor torpedo boats in the Mediterranean Sea and the Adriatic Sea.

paragraph: He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC) for an action off Dover on 12 May 1942 before being transferred to Alexandria and in 1943. While there he won a bar to his DSC for actions in the Aegean Sea.

paragraph: In 1944 he took command of the 61st MGB flotilla, eight torpedo gunboats, based on Vis Island, Yugoslavia. It was here, while conducting raids on Axis shipping to provide supplies to Josip Broz Tito's partisans, that he earned a second bar to his DSC and a Mention in Despatches, as well as the nickname "The Pirate of the Adriatic." He was known as the Pirate of the Adriatic because he carried commandos and captured dozens of ships intact carrying useful cargo such as tons of goulash and Danish butter. For example, he sank or captured 25 ships in ten days. He had 105 firefights at sea as well as 30 actions in which he did not fire a shot. Nevertheless, he decommissioned 13 boats during his war service; the ships were no longer serviceable and were stripped for parts.

paragraph: After being imprisoned in Greece, he escaped in the German admiral's barge.

paragraph: After the war he commanded HMCS "Naden" and before retiring in 1952.

paragraph: Section::::Post war career.

paragraph: Fuller ran Thomas Fuller Construction, which built the Ottawa Police Service headquarters, Ottawa General Hospital, Ottawa Congress Center, the Varette Building (1982) on Albert Street, and Standard Life's twin towers on Laurier Avenue. He was still working in the family business when he died at 85 years of age.

paragraph: Thomas Fuller converted a former tugboat into a brigantine, . In the 1980s, he designed and built a brigantine, , which was named in honour of his wife. After launching "Fair Jeanne" in 1982, he and his wife cruised around the world six and a half times. Today, the ships are flagships of the Bytown Brigantine sail training program.

paragraph: He died at 85 years of age at the Ottawa Civic Hospital on May 9, 1994.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Thomas and his second wife Jeanne had four sons plus a daughter who died in infancy. Their estate was the Moorings across the street from the Britannia Yacht Club. He turned over Thomas Fuller and Son Heavy Equipment to their son Simon, when he was 23 years old. Their son Bill serves as vice president of the Fuller family construction company and Antony is President of the Fuller real estate arm, Metcalfe Realty Company Limited. His daughter from his first marriage to Penelope Sherwood, Victoria Fuller, is a former British actress now living in Ottawa and his eldest son Tom, a retired teacher, lives in New Zealand.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Thomas G. Fuller's sons, William, Mark, Antony and Simon are active in the Fuller Group of Companies, whose projects include: Rideau Place Retirement Home; Shoppers Drug Mart; The Glebe Centre; City Centre Self Storage Facility; Carleton University Master Plan Phase 1; St. Lawrence College, Ontario, Student Residence; Alfred Lefaivre Water Treatment Plant; Renfrew Water Treatment Plant; The Library of Parliament heritage restoration; Civic Hospital Heart Research and an office building on 90 Murray St.

paragraph: The Thomas G Fuller Trophy is awarded annually to the Canadian Forces Naval Reserve achieving the topmost state of combat readiness. Captain Thomas G Fuller served as Commodore to the Britannia Boating Club, Ottawa, Ontario 1948–49. The Fuller Trophy, his uniform and his sword are in a display cabinet in the Commodore's Boardroom at the Britannia Yacht Club. In 1969, a brass plaque on the harbour at Britannia Yacht Club commemorated "All the walls in this harbour were built by the physical efforts of the club members started 1 nov 1951 length 1 mile completed 19 October 1968. This stone laid by Captain Thomas G. Fuller."

paragraph: The Commodore's boardroom table features a ship's wheel from "G.B. Patee II" (1904), a steam tug acquired as a family brigantine in 1952 by Captain Thomas Fuller. The Britannia Yacht Club has used the tug, rigged as a pirate ship known as "Black Jack" since 1983 to train new recruits to sail through the Bytown Brigantine Inc.

paragraph: The Canadian War Museum erected a memorial passageway plaque in his honour: "The name of this passageway honours the late Captain Thomas G. Fuller, D.S.C.**, M.I.D., R.C.N.V.R., whose operational exploits on loan to the Royal navy during the Second World War, serving in and commanding flotillas of Motor Torpedo Boats and Gun Boats, earned him great distinction as "The Pirate of the Adriatic". His "Nelson-like" tactics of thwarting, sinking, boarding and capturing enemy shipping revolutionized coastal forces small boat warfare, insufficiently recognized as R.C.N.V.R. operations that deserve a better place in Canadian military history. Acknowledged by Marshal Tito as an "Hon. Commandant National Army of Liberation" for his strategic support of the Partisans in liberation of Yugoslavia, Thomas George Fuller is fondly

paragraph: remembered as a genuine Canadian hero, a wonderful husband and father, "master builder" and philanthropist.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adriatic Campaign of World War II

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Awards to the Royal Canadian Navy

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Thomas G. Fuller Construction Limited

description: Canadian Navy officer

wikidata_label: Thomas G. Fuller

wikipedia_title: Thomas G. Fuller


text:
infielder
Major League Baseball
Chicago White Sox

categories: 1901 births,Chicago White Sox players,Sportspeople from Waltham, Massachusetts,Baseball players from Massachusetts,Major League Baseball infielders,1988 deaths

paragraph: John Happenny

paragraph: John Clifford Happenny (May 18, 1901 – December 29, 1988) was an infielder in Major League Baseball. He played for the Chicago White Sox.

description: Major League Baseball infielder

wikidata_label: John Happenny

wikipedia_title: John Happenny


text:
professional wrestler
Chikara
Philadelphia
Pennsylvania
UltraMantis Black
UltraMantis Black
Chris Hero
Claudio Castagnoli
The Colony
Drew Gulak
Player Dos
Jigsaw
Tim Donst
Praying Mantis Bomb
Mike Quackenbush
Chris Hero
Equinox
Player Uno
Brodie Lee
Colin Delaney
Create-a-Wrestler
Tony Kozina
Ryan Drago
Mike Quackenbush
Jigsaw
Player Dos
Vin Gerard
Young Lions Cup
KC "Cloudy" Day
Dasher Hatfield
Loser leaves CHIKARA match
Ring of Honor
the American Wolves
Ring of Honor Wrestling on HDNet
Beyond Wrestling
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI 500

categories: Masked wrestlers,Living people,American male professional wrestlers

paragraph: Leslie Butterscotch

paragraph: Andrew Dinsmore is an American retired professional wrestler best known as: Leslie Butterscotch, and for his time in the wrestling promotion Chikara. During his time in Chikara, he performed as Hydra and was part of The Order of the Neo-Solar Temple and The Sea Donsters.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Chikara.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Chikara.:Debut (2005–2006).

paragraph: Hydra made his debut for Chikara, as a "rudo" on 13 November 2005 at an event at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was featured in a match teaming with UltraMantis Black, Icarus and Dr. Cheung in a winning effort against Angel de Fuego, Lance Steel, Lance Steel and Mister ZERO. He would become UltraMantis Black's protégé however Black shortly became inactive. On 19 November 2005, Hydra received his first loss in CHIKARA when his team consisting of him, The Punisher and Dr. Cheung lost to Lance Steel, Dragon Dragon and The Equinox. On 25 February, with Equinox, Hydra lost in the first round of a tag team tournament to Chris Hero and Claudio Castagnoli.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Chikara.:The Order of the Neo-Solar Temple (2006–2008).

paragraph: Hydra would then form a stable with UltraMantis Black, who would later include Crossbones in October 2006, on 25 June 2006 when Black attacked his old, and now "technicos", partner Hallowicked during the Young Lions Cup. Hallowicked had begun teaming with Delirious to form the team Incoherence. On 22 July, Hydra and UltraMantis defeated Fire Ant and Soldier Ant. However, on August 22, they were defeated by Ryan Cruz and Darin Corbin.

paragraph: Hydra then teamed with Los Ice Creams to defeat The Colony and The Equinox on 22 September 2006. Crossbones would then make his first appearance with The Order of the Neo-Solar Temple when the three of them defeated The Colony and The Equinox on 28 October. The stable would continue their winning streak when they defeated The Equinox, Retail Dragon and Trik Davies on 12 November. Five days later, Incoherence finally received their revenge when they defeated the Neo-Solar Temple. Also that night, the Temple lost again, this time teaming with Blind Rage, to Incoherence who teamed with Cheech and Cloudy.

paragraph: The stable were unfortunate at the beginning of 2007 as they lost to Los Ice Creams on 16 of February. On 22 April, however, the faction managed to defeat Andy Sumner, Drew Gulak and Tim Donst. On May 16, Hydra had his first singles match in months when he lost to Worker Ant. The next day, Black and Hydra defeated The Olsen Brothers. On 22 June, Hydra participated in the fifth Young Lions Cup however he lost to Moscow in the first round. During the third night of the Young Lions Cup, the Temple defeated Moscow, Player Dos and Super Xtremo. On 22 September 2007, the Temple were once again defeated by Incoherence. On 26 October, the temple defeated Dragon Dragon USApe and Moscow.

paragraph: On 27 October, Hydra and Jigsaw defeated UltraMantis Black and Shane Storm. At CHIKARA's event The Sordid Perils of everyday Existence, Black seemingly turned on Hydra causing him to lose to Shane Storm whom Black would later align himself with. However heading in 2008, the Temple appeared functional. The Temple were defeated by The Colony on 9 December 2007.

paragraph: On 27 January 2008, Hydra scored one of his biggest victories in CHIKARA when he defeated Moravain Greyhound and Pablo the Zombie Plantain in a triple-threat match. The Temple then participated in the King of Trios tournament until they were eliminated in the quarter-final. On April 19, 2008, UltraMantis defeated Tim Donst, whom he had dropped on his head in Donst's debut the previous year, with the Praying Mantis Bomb. After the match, the Neo-Solar Temple kidnapped the concussed Donst and managed to convince him to become the fourth member of the faction. However, this would all be revealed to be a plan created by Mike Quackenbush as he had sent Donst to infiltrate the Neo-Solar Temple in order to find out who had leaked the secret of the Chikara Special to Chris Hero. Quackenbush had been feuding with Hero and in the course of the feud, Quackenbush invented a move Hero could not break. After defeating him in a singles match, Quackenbush taught the move to every "tecnico" on the Chikara roster. However, on November 17, 2007, Hero had been able to break the hold and use it himself to win his feud against Equinox. On June 18, 2008, Donst left the Neo-Solar Temple and with information gathered undercover, he was able to reveal to Quackenbush that Shane Storm, Quackenbush's long time tag team partner, had been the one who had leaked the move and the counter to it to UltraMantis Black, who in turn taught the move to Hero. After being given an ultimatum by UltraMantis, Hydra left the Order with Donst and together they would form the tag team known as the Sea Donsters, resulting in the Neo-Solar Temple being dwindled down to a tag team.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Chikara.:The Sea Donsters (2008–2009).

paragraph: On 20 April 2008, Hydra lost to Chuck Taylor. For one night only, The Temple and Sea Donsters briefly merged to defeat The Colony and Pantera on 17 May. Now a technico, The Sea Donsters made their tag team debut defeating Player Uno and Stupified the next day. On 23 May, the Donsters were victorious against Grudyin and Tucor. The next day they defeated Los Ice Creams. The Sea Donsters teamed with UltraMantis Black to defeat Gran Akuma, Icarus and Chuck Taylor during the first night of the sixth addition of CHIKARA's Young Lion's Cup. Tim Donst then finally faced Black and was successful in his endeavours. On 9 August 2008 at CHIKARA's All that Glitters event, The Sea Donsters teamed in the main event (marking Hydra's first CHIKARA main event) in a losing effort when they challenged Incoherence for their Campenatos de Parejas (Tag team Championships) when the Temple interfered.

paragraph: The Sea Donsters then began feuding with The Order of the Neo-Solar Temple, starting with a losing effort when they teamed with Mike Quackenbush in a six-man tag team match that saw the Temple team with Dr. Cube. On 6 September 2008, Hydra was defeated by Brodie Lee via a Big Boot. The next day, Hydra teamed with Helios and Incoherence to defeat The Neo-Solar Temple, TJ Cannon and Bruce Maxwell. The Sea Donsters seemingly appeared inactive until the pairing lost to two of the three members of The UnStable (Colin Delaney and STIGMA) on 19 October. Individually Donst and Hydra participated in the Torneo Cybernetico, however both of them were eliminated in the first round by UltraMantis Black and STIGMA respectively. The next day (November 16, 2008), The Sea Donsters defeated Icarus and Gran Akuma. Finally, on December 12, 2008, The Sea Donsters faced The Order of the Neo-Solar Temple in a tag team match, which they won. The following night, Hydra defeated his former teacher Black whilst Donst was injured in a tag team match, thus starting a feud with STIGMA.

paragraph: Following Donst's feud with STIGMA, the Donsters returned to action on 21 February 2009 teaming with Create-a-Wrestler in a losing effort to The Un-Stable. During the final night of CHIKARA's 2009 King of Trios, the Donsters participated in a tag team gauntlet that saw them pick up a victory over Tony Kozina and Ryan Drago however they were eliminated by The Order of the Neo-Solar Temple. Mike Quackenbush and Jigsaw won the match in the end. The pairing were then against each other when Player Dos, STIGMA, Tim Donst & Brodie Lee defeated Player Uno, Vin Gerard, Hydra and Buck Hawke on 25 April 2008. On Night 3 of the Young Lions Cup, the Sea Donsters teamed with KC "Cloudy" Day and wrestled Player Uno, Yellow Dog and Dasher Hatfield, which Hydra's team lost. After the match Tim Donst attacked Hydra, Donst said that he was tired of losing and that he was the backbone of the team, which ended the Sea Donsters. On November 21, 2009, Hydra wrestled Tim Donst in a Loser leaves CHIKARA match on Throwing Life's Instructions Away, which Hydra lost forcing him to leave the company.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Independent circuit (2008–2012).

paragraph: In 2008, Dinsmore performed under the name of Kenny Butterscotch for BBOW (Bad Brothers of Wrestling) at Colgate University in Hamilton, NY, losing to Kerman the German.

paragraph: In 2009, Dinsmore would reprise the role of the erstwhile Kenny Butterscotch, changing his name to Leslie and doing job matches for Ring of Honor. In a televised appearance, he teamed with Orange Cassidy in the first iteration of the Flavors of the Week, losing to the American Wolves for Ring of Honor Wrestling on HDNet.

paragraph: 2010 saw Butterscotch make appearances for Ring of Honor school offshoot, Pro Wrestling Respect, and in 2011, he would appear as a manager for Steve "The Turtle" Weiner for Beyond Wrestling.

paragraph: In the summer of 2012, Butterscotch formed a tag team with Avery Boysenberry called the Flames of Love and appeared at a number of shows for the Wrestling is Fun! promotion. On the Wrestling Is YouTube channel, the Flames of Love starred in their own web series, "Flavors of the Weak." Employing a meta-narrative theretofore unexplored in professional wrestling, Butterscotch and Boysenberry played themselves as characters, their on-screen personas when the camera was running, and their wrestling personas, "The Rising Flame" and "Dapper Donnie," respectively. The premise of the show was that Butterscotch and Boysenberry were childhood friends determined to make it in pro wrestling after an in-their-minds-successful career in their backyard promotion, CCW (Cream (of the) Crop Wrestling). The web series explores their attempts to break into the wrestling business, from hiring a manager (the snake oil salesman with a heart, "Gorgeous" Giordaan Gordon) to washing cars and hiring themselves out to birthday parties in order to raise money.

paragraph: At the end of 2012, the Flames of Love tag team dissolved.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWI ranked No. 495 at the top 500 single wrestlers in PWI 500 in 2008

description: American professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Leslie Butterscotch

wikipedia_title: Leslie Butterscotch


text:
Polish
Renaissance
poet
Calvinist
Socinian
Liśnik Duży
Poland
Wiśnicz
Stanisław Tęczyński
Reformation
Turkey
Sweden
Denmark
Calvinism
nontrinitarian
Polish Brethren
blasphemy
Transubstantiation
Corpus Christi procession
Lublin
verse forms
biblical
Piotr Wilczek
Stanisław Tworek
Stanisław Kot

categories: 16th-century Polish poets,Polish Calvinist and Reformed Christians,Polish Unitarians,Polish male poets,1529 births,1614 deaths

paragraph: Erazm Otwinowski

paragraph: Erazm Otwinowski (1529–1614) was a Polish Renaissance poet, Calvinist and Socinian activist.

paragraph: Born at Liśnik Duży, Poland to a noble family. He was sent as a boy to the Wiśnicz Castle where he received his early education. There he came in contact with Protestants. Later he served for a Polish magnate Stanisław Tęczyński (important propagator of Reformation in Poland) as secretary and diplomat. Tęczyński sent him with many diplomatic missions abroad (e.g. to Turkey, Sweden, and Denmark).

paragraph: In 1555 Otwinowski adopted Calvinism, but after 1570 until his death became an ardent supporter of the nontrinitarian Polish Brethren Church. In 1564 he became famous because of his public “blasphemy” against the Catholic doctrine of Transubstantiation during the Corpus Christi procession in Lublin.

paragraph: After Tęczyński’s death in 1561, Otwinowski returned to Poland for good, where he remained active as a humanist, theologian, and Renaissance poet. He wrote numerous Polish-language verse forms (many were lost afterwards) based on biblical, social, and erotic motives. He died in poverty in his estate in Liśnik Duży.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Piotr Wilczek, "Erazm Otwinowski. Pisarz ariański", Gnome Books, Katowice, 1994

paragraph: Stanisław Tworek, "Z dziejów powiatu kraśnickiego: Materiały z sesji naukowej. Z zagadnień reformacji w powiecie kraśnickim". - UMCS Lublin.

paragraph: Stanisław Kot, "Erazm Otwinowski, poeta – dworzanin i pisarz różnowierczy" [in:] "„Reformacja w Polsce”", band 6.

description: Polish writer

wikidata_label: Erazm Otwinowski

wikipedia_title: Erazm Otwinowski


text: Tangier

text: Fez

text: Jewish heroine

text: decapitated

text: apostasy from Islam

text: tzadeket

text: Françoise Atlan

text: Alfred Dehodencq

text: Morocco

text: Talmud

text: Muslim

text: Maliki

text: madhhab

text: governor

text: pasha

text: sultan

text: blows of the bastinado

text: Qadi

text: hakham

text: Moors

text: pilgrimage

text: headstone

text: Hebrew

text: French

text: rentrer

categories: Jewish Moroccan history,People from Tangier,People executed by Morocco by decapitation,Antisemitism in Morocco,Jewish martyrs,Moroccan Jews,Apostasy in Islam,Islamic criminal jurisprudence,1834 deaths,Executed Moroccan people,Islam-related controversies,1817 births

paragraph: Sol Hachuel

paragraph: Sol Hachuel (Hebrew: סו לי ק א ח ג ו א ל ), Tangier 1817–1834, Fez) was a Jewish heroine who was publicly decapitated when she was 17 years old. She was executed for alleged apostasy from Islam—apparently without ever having converted to Islam. She is considered a tzadeket (saint) by some Jews and is also revered by some Muslims. Jews call her "Sol HaTzaddikah" ("the righteous Sol"), while Arabs call her "Lalla Suleika" ("holy lady Suleika").

paragraph: Hachuel's sacrifice served as an inspiration to painters and writers. One of the most detailed accounts, based on interviews with eyewitnesses, was written by Eugenio Maria Romero. His book "El Martirio de la Jóven Hachuel, ó, La Heroina Hebrea" ("The Martyrdom of the Young Hachuel, or, The Hebrew Heroine") was first published in 1837 and republished in 1838. Hachuel's story was also the subject of a song by Françoise Atlan on the CD "Romances Sefardies".

paragraph: In 1860 the French artist Alfred Dehodencq, inspired by the life and death of Hachuel, painted "Execution of a Moroccan Jewess".

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Hachuel was born in 1817 in Morocco, to Chaim and Simcha Hachuel, and had one older brother. Her father was a merchant and Talmudist. He conducted a study group in his home, which helped Sol form and maintain her own belief in Judaism. Sol's mother was a housewife.

paragraph: Section::::Allegations of conversion to Islam.

paragraph: According to the account of Israel Joseph Benjamin, a Jewish explorer who visited Morocco in the middle of the 19th century, "never had the sun of Africa shone on more perfect beauty" than Hachuel. Benjamin wrote that her Muslim neighbors said that "It is a sin that such a pearl should be in the possession of the Jews, and it would be a crime to leave them such a jewel."

paragraph: According to Eugenio Maria Romero's account, Tahra de Mesoodi, a devout Muslim girl and Hachuel's friend and neighbor, falsely claimed she converted Hachuel to Islam; obtaining a convert is considered a particularly pious deed according to the Maliki "madhhab".

paragraph: Section::::Arrest and execution.

paragraph: Based on a single and probably false claim of her conversion to Islam, Hachuel was brought to the court and told to kneel before the governor. If she promised to convert, she was promised protection from her parents, silk and gold, and marriage to a handsome young man. If she did not convert, the pasha threatened her as follows:

paragraph: The girl responded:

paragraph: True to his promise, the pasha imprisoned Sol in a windowless and lightless cell with chains around her neck, hands, and feet. Her parents appealed to the Spanish vice-consul, Don José Rico, for help. He did what he could to free the girl, but his efforts were unsuccessful.

paragraph: The pasha sent Hachuel to Fez, where the sultan would decide her fate. The fee for her transfer (and eventual execution) was to be paid by her father, who was threatened with 500 blows of the bastinado if he did not comply. Eventually Don José Rico paid the required sum because Sol's father could not afford it.

paragraph: In Fez, the Sultan appointed the Qadi to decide Sol's punishment. The Qadi summoned the Jewish sages of Fez and told them that unless Sol converted, she would be beheaded and the community punished. Although the "hakhamim" urged her to convert to save herself and their community, she refused. She was convicted and sentenced to death, and the Qadi ruled that her father would bear the cost of her burial. The sultan's son, astonished by Sol's beauty, also tried to convince her to convert to Islam. She refused.

paragraph: Sol was beheaded in a public square in Fez. Romero described the emotions of the citizens of Fez on the day of the execution: "The Moors, whose religious fanaticism is indescribable, prepared, with their accustomed joy, to witness the horrid scene. The Jews of the city...were moved with the deepest sorrow; but they could do nothing to avert it[.]"

paragraph: Apparently the sultan instructed the executioner to wound Sol first, hoping that the sight of her own blood would frighten her into accepting conversion. But Sol remained steadfast.

paragraph: The Jewish community of Fez was awestruck by Hachuel's heroism. They had to pay for the retrieval of her corpse, her head and the bloodstained earth for a Jewish burial at the Jewish cemetery. She was declared a martyr.

paragraph: The Jews called Hachuel "Sol ha-Tzaddikah" (The righteous Sol), and the Arabs called her Lalla Suleika (the holy lady Suleika). Her grave became a place of pilgrimage for both Jews and Muslims alike.

paragraph: While it might seem strange that Moroccan Muslims consider the girl to be their saint, Léon Godard explains the custom in his "Description et histoire du Maroc":

paragraph: Her headstone has inscriptions in both Hebrew and French. The French text reads, "Here rests Mademoiselle Solica Hachuel born in Tangier in 1817 refusing to enter into [or 're-enter'; the French text reads "rentrer"] the Islamic religion. The Arabs murdered her in 1834 in Fez, while she was torn away from her family. The entire world mourns this saintly child."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hassine, Juliette: "The Martyrdom of Sol Hachuel: Ridda in Morocco in 1834" "in"

paragraph: BULLET::::- L'autre juive – Lalla soulika, La tsadika by Saïd Sayagh

paragraph: BULLET::::- Soulika Morocco's Jewish Joan of Arc by Alma Rachel Heckman

description: Jewish martyr

wikidata_label: Sol Hachuel

wikipedia_title: Sol Hachuel


text:
German
1936 Summer Olympics
Berlin
Germany
Friedrichsheyde
East Prussia
Frankfurt am Main

categories: Olympic athletes of Germany,1999 deaths,People from East Prussia,People from Giżycko County,1910 births,Olympic silver medalists for Germany,German male hammer throwers,Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics,Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field),European Athletics Championships medalists,Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Erwin Blask

paragraph: Erwin Blask (March 20, 1910 – February 6, 1999) was a German athlete who competed mainly in the hammer throw event. He won the silver medal for Germany at the 1936 Summer Olympics held in Berlin, Germany. He was born in Friedrichsheyde, East Prussia (today Gajrowskie, Poland) and died in Frankfurt am Main.

description: athletics competitor

wikidata_label: Erwin Blask

wikipedia_title: Erwin Blask


text:
CB
CMG
DSO
Canadian
Vancouver
British Columbia
Non-Partisan Association
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
Second Boer War
World War I
World War II
Cobourg
Ontario
British Israelism
Japan
Vancouver, British Columbia
Boer War
The Royal Canadian Regiment
Vancouver World
World War I
First Canadian Division
Canadian Expeditionary Force
Western Front
Second Battle of Ypres
Brigadier-General Arthur Currie
Brigadier-General Richard Turner
St. Julien
General Arthur Currie
teetotaller
David Watson
Arthur Currie
yellow journalism
Shaughnessy
Janet Smith
Bolshevik
Special Constable
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
World War II
militia
World War II
Ian Mackenzie
William Lyon Mackenzie King
Permanent Force
2nd Canadian Infantry Division
Field Marshal
Sir Alan Brooke
Chief of the Imperial General Staff
General
Andrew McNaughton
Australia
China
Turkey
University of British Columbia
Royal Military College of Canada
Kingston, Ontario
Victor Odlum
The Canadian Encyclopedia

categories: Canadian generals,Canadian Expeditionary Force officers,Ambassadors of Canada to Taiwan,People from Cobourg,Canadian Companions of the Order of the Bath,Canadian military personnel of World War II,People from Vancouver,Canadian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order,British Columbia Liberal Party MLAs,Canadian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George,High Commissioners of Canada to Australia,1971 deaths,1880 births

paragraph: Victor Odlum

paragraph: Victor Wentworth Odlum, CB, CMG, DSO (21 October 1880 – 4 April 1971) was a Canadian journalist, soldier, and diplomat. He was a prominent member of the business and political elite of Vancouver, British Columbia from the 1920s until his death in 1971. He was a newspaper publisher, a Liberal MLA from 1924–1928, co-founder of the Non-Partisan Association in 1937, temperance advocate, one of the first directors on the board of governors that oversaw the new Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, and a Canadian ambassador. He fought in the Second Boer War, World War I and World War II.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Odlum was born in Cobourg, Ontario, the son of Edward Odlum (1850–1935), a notable historian and supporter of British Israelism. (A small street in Vancouver is named after the senior Odlum). When Victor was 6, his family moved to Japan for four years before moving to Vancouver, British Columbia in 1889.

paragraph: At age 19, Odlum fought in the Boer War with The Royal Canadian Regiment; upon his return, he became a newspaperman, serving as a reporter and then editor-in-chief of the "Daily World". By the time he was 25, he was editor of the "Vancouver World".

paragraph: Section::::First World War.

paragraph: With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Odlum received a commission as major of the 7th Battalion of the First Canadian Division of the Canadian Expeditionary Force, second-in-command under Lieutenant-Colonel William Hart-McHarg.

paragraph: Section::::First World War.:Second Battle of Ypres.

paragraph: Odlum's battalion moved into the front lines in April 1915, and only days later was subjected to the first gas attacks on the Western Front that heralded the Second Battle of Ypres. Odlum showed great personal bravery during the battle. On a reconnaissance with Hart-McHarg, the two suddenly came under heavy small arms fire from a concealed group of Germans. They took cover in a shell-hole, Hart-McHarg seriously wounded. Realizing Hart-McHarg needed immediate medical attention, Odlum left the safety of the shell hole and zig-zagged up a hill under heavy fire in order to locate a medical officer. Despite Odlum's bravery, Hart-McHarg's wound proved fatal, and Odlum was subsequently promoted to command of the 7th Battalion, reporting to Brigadier-General Arthur Currie, commander of the 2nd Brigade. Odlum's battalion was almost immediately transferred to the 3rd Brigade under Brigadier-General Richard Turner and moved to the vicinity of St. Julien. The next day, the entire 3rd Brigade came under intense attack. After repulsing several attacks, Odlum's battalion desperately needed reinforcements and ammunition, but calls and messages to Turner's headquarters went unheeded. An ammunition party composed of Odlum's brother Joseph and several others attempted to resupply the front-line trenches; Odlum, from his command post, watched with shock as a shell landed in the midst of the party, killing his brother and several others. Odlum eventually was forced to withdraw his brigade before it was completely overwhelmed, but organized the withdrawal so well that his men suffered minimal losses.

paragraph: Section::::First World War.:Remainder of the war.

paragraph: Odlum's abilities under fire were noted by General Arthur Currie, and Odlum was promoted regularly, eventually attaining the rank of Brigadier General by the end of the war. He often was in the front lines with his men, personally led several attacks with pistol drawn, and was wounded three times during the war. Because he was a strict teetotaller, he insisted on non-alcoholic substitutes for his troops' traditional daily rum ration, earning him the derisive nicknames "Pea Soup Odlum" and "Old Lime Juice".

paragraph: In 1917, Odlum and fellow officer David Watson helped their commanding officer Arthur Currie avoid charges of embezzlement by loaning Currie enough money to repay a large sum he had borrowed from regimental funds before the war.

paragraph: Section::::Prominent citizen of Vancouver.

paragraph: After the war Odlum returned to Vancouver, where he became a prominent financier, founding the investment firm Odlum Brown in 1923 with Colonel Albert "Buster" Brown. Odlum and fellow soldiers of his old 7th Battalion erected a memorial tablet in Christ Church, Vancouver, to perpetuate the memory of their original commanding officer, William Hart-McHarg, killed during the Second Battle of Ypres. Odlum also served as a member of the Provincial Legislature from 1924–1928. At the same time, he returned to the world of journalism, becoming the owner of the "Vancouver Daily Star".

paragraph: As with his rivals in the business at the time, Odlum used the paper to aggressively promote his views and advance his pet political causes, such as the temperance movement, as well as descending to sensationalist yellow journalism to boost circulation. In 1924, his paper stirred up anti-Chinese fervour by suggesting a Chinese houseboy employed by a posh Shaughnessy neighbourhood couple had murdered a Scottish nursemaid, Janet Smith, employed in the same household. Although the evidence instead suggested that the nursemaid had been accidentally killed by one of her employers during a domestic dispute, Odlum's paper suggested the Chinese houseboy, Wong Foon Sing, who had discovered the body, was the guilty party. Wong was subsequently kidnapped by vigilantes and tortured to elicit a confession; upon being freed, he was charged by police, but eventually released due to a total lack of evidence against him.

paragraph: Odlum was virulently anti-Bolshevik and anti-union, and shut down the "Star" rather than give in to his employees, who had unionized and refused to accept a pay cut. During the 1930s, he helped coordinate and train Special Constables hired to break a strike on Vancouver's waterfront.

paragraph: After the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation was formed in 1936, Odlum served on its board of governors until the outbreak of World War II.

paragraph: Section::::Soldier turned diplomat.

paragraph: Although Odlum had left the Canadian Army in 1919 and had also resigned his commission in the militia in 1924, with the outbreak of World War II in 1939, he lobbied the government for a position in the expanding Canadian Army. Eventually, through the efforts of his friend Ian Mackenzie, who was in the federal cabinet of William Lyon Mackenzie King, Odlum was promoted over several Permanent Force officers to the rank of Major General and command of the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division. However, instead of preparing his forces for modern warfare, Odlum devoted much time to "extraneous matters" such as regimental brass bands and arm patches. Field Marshal Sir Alan Brooke, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff (the professional head of the British Army), thought him a "political general", and was prompted to write to General Andrew McNaughton that Odlum was "too old...too set...to adapt his ideas" for the war.

paragraph: In order to remove him from command, Odlum was appointed the High Commissioner to Australia from 1941 to 1942, and from 1942 to 1946, he was the Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to China. In 1947, he was appointed Canada's first Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Turkey, where he served until 1952.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Odlum was a zealous reader, and in 1963, he donated his collection of 10,000 books to the library at the University of British Columbia.

paragraph: His son, Major Victor E.C. Odlum studied at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario in 1923, student # 1713, and served in the Royal Canadian Engineers during the Second World War.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victor Odlum at The Canadian Encyclopedia

description: Canadian politician

wikidata_label: Victor Odlum

wikipedia_title: Victor Odlum


text:
Kwakwaka'wakw
totem poles
cedar
Alert Bay
British Columbia
Henry Hunt
Mungo Martin
George Hunt
Tlingit
Kwakwaka'wakw art
World's Columbian Exposition
Thunderbird Park
Victoria, B.C.
Richard Hunt
Stanley C. Hunt
Kraft Foods, Inc.
Kwanusila
Thunderbird
James L. Kraft
Lake Michigan
Order of British Columbia
Chief Tony Hunt (Nakapnkim)

categories: 2017 deaths,Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw woodcarvers,1942 births,Members of the Order of British Columbia

paragraph: Tony Hunt Sr.

paragraph: Tony Hunt Sr. (1942 – 2017, Kwakwaka'wakw) was a Canadian First Nations artist noted for his KwaGulth style paintings and totem poles, which he carved from single cedar logs.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Tony Hunt was born in 1942 at the Kwakwaka'wakw community of Alert Bay, British Columbia, and was the oldest of six sons of Henry Hunt and Helen Hunt. The youth received early training from his maternal grandfather Mungo Martin. Through his maternal line, Hunt was a hereditary chief of the Kwakwaka'wakw.

paragraph: His father was a professional woodcarver. Hunt and his brothers are also descendants of the renowned ethnologist George Hunt (Tlingit), who collected hundreds of Kwakwaka'wakw artworks for an exhibition at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After his grandfather Martin's death in 1962, Hunt became assistant carver to his father Henry Hunt at Thunderbird Park in Victoria, B.C. His younger brothers, Richard Hunt and Stanley C. Hunt, also became professional carvers. In 1970 Hunt opened the Arts of the Raven Gallery in Victoria.

paragraph: In 1984 Kraft Foods, Inc. commissioned Tony Hunt to carve a replacement totem pole, "Kwanusila" (Thunderbird), for a Kwakwaka'wakw pole donated by James L. Kraft, industrialist, to the city of Chicago in 1929. It was installed at the waterfront of Lake Michigan. After decades in the public park, the pole had suffered weather deterioration and vandalism. With new appreciation for its historic and cultural value, the original pole was sent to the museum in British Columbia for preservation and study. "Kwanusila" is installed at the lakeside park.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Chief Tony Hunt died in Campbell River on December 15, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: Hunt was awarded the Order of British Columbia in 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hunt, Ross (2007) "The Hunt Family's Trip to West Germany to Attend the Bundesgarten Show." "Anthropology News," vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 20–21.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Macnair, Peter L., Alan L. Hoover, and Kevin Neary (1984) "The Legacy: Tradition and Innovation in Northwest Coast Indian Art." Vancouver, B.C.: Douglas & McIntyre.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chief Tony Hunt (Nakapnkim)

alias:
Tony, Sr. Hunt
Sr. Tony Hunt

description: Canadian artist

wikidata_label: Tony Hunt

wikipedia_title: Tony Hunt Sr.