text:
archaeologist
Catholic
Franciscan Order
Nazareth
hamlet
John Dominic Crossan
Church of Zion, Jerusalem
: SBF Studium Biblicum Franciscanum

paragraph: Bellarmino Bagatti

paragraph: Bellarmino Camillo Bagatti (November 11, 1905 - October 7, 1990) was a 20th-century Italian archaeologist and Catholic priest of the Franciscan Order.

paragraph: Among his writings are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Excavations in Nazareth, volume 1, From the Beginning till the XII Century (1971)" and "volume II, From the 12th century until Today"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The church from the circumcision: history and archaeology of the Judaeo-Christians".

paragraph: Bagatti discovered that the town now known as Nazareth was no more than a small hamlet in the 1st century. John Dominic Crossan remarks that "looking at the plans drawn up by Bagatti ... one realizes just how small the village actually was".

paragraph: His thesis of the Church of Zion, Jerusalem (1976) gained the support of Emmanuel Testa but is not generally accepted by the majority of archeologists.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- : SBF Studium Biblicum Franciscanum

description: Italian archaeologist and father (1905-1990)

wikidata_label: Bellarmino Bagatti

wikipedia_title: Bellarmino Bagatti


text:
American
baseball
New York Metropolitans
Brooklyn Gladiators
American Association

categories: Wilmington Blue Hens players,Springfield (minor league baseball) players,Brooklyn Gladiators players,Major League Baseball third basemen,Baseball players from New York (state),1862 births,Danbury Hatters players,1892 deaths,19th-century baseball players,New York Metropolitans players,London Tecumsehs (baseball) players,Kalamazoo Kazoos players,Atlantic City (minor league baseball) players,Sportspeople from Brooklyn

paragraph: Peter Connell (baseball)

paragraph: Peter J. Connell (1862 – May 5, 1892) was an American baseball player. He played in one game for the 1886 New York Metropolitans and in 11 games for the 1890 Brooklyn Gladiators, both in the American Association.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Peter Connell

wikipedia_title: Peter Connell (baseball)


text:
Portuguese Army
general officer
Porto
Peninsular War
Nicolas Soult
Braga
Sir Arthur Wellesley

categories: Murder in 1809,People from Lisbon,1809 deaths,1759 births,18th-century Portuguese people,19th-century Portuguese people,Portuguese murder victims,Portuguese generals,Portuguese military commanders of the Napoleonic Wars,People of the Peninsular War

paragraph: Bernardim Freire de Andrade

paragraph: Bernardim Freire de Andrade (Lisbon, 18 February 1759 – Braga, 17 March 1809), was a Portuguese Army general officer who was assigned to command the forces of the Porto Junta in 1808 during the Peninsular War.

paragraph: In March 1809, Freire commanded an army composed mostly of unruly militia which was opposed to Marshal Nicolas Soult's army of professional French soldiers. Freire understood that his poorly trained men stood little chance against the French but he was afraid to order a retreat because he feared for his life. When he tried to leave the army, he was arrested and put in the Braga jail. Soon afterward, a group of militiamen broke into the jail and murdered him.

paragraph: The commander of the British invasion force, Sir Arthur Wellesley complained that it was difficult to cooperate with Freire.

description: Portuguese general

wikidata_label: Bernardim Freire de Andrade

wikipedia_title: Bernardim Freire de Andrade


text: Italian

text: anatomist

text: cerebrospinal fluid

text: Scuola di S. Giorgio

text: nunnery of the Sepulchre.

text: Liber morbo gallico

text: Liber introductorius anathema

text: Epistolae medicinales

text: Andreas Vesalius's "Fabrica"

text: Free full text of first book

categories: 1569 deaths,1485 births,Italian anatomists

paragraph: Niccolò Massa

paragraph: Niccolò Massa (; 1485–1569) was an Italian anatomist who wrote an early anatomy text "Anatomiae Libri Introductorius" in 1536. In 1536 he described the cerebrospinal fluid.

paragraph: Massa graduated from the Venetian College of Physicians with a degree in surgery in 1515 and then with a degree in medicine in 1521. He lived and practice medicine in Venice his entire life and was one of the most widely respected physicians of the early sixteenth century. IN 1524 he was appointed physician to the Scuola di S. Giorgio, and the nunnery of the Sepulchre. Massa taught, examined candidates and served as Consigliere for the Venetian College of Surgeons as well.

paragraph: Massa was the author of several works beginning with a book on the French Disease which is commonly equated to modern day syphilis in 1524, "Liber morbo gallico" which went through several editions. This was followed by a book on anatomy, "Liber introductorius anathema" a book on fevers, "Liber de febre pestilentiali" a work in Italian, "La loica, divisa in sette libri" and a collection of his letters, "Epistolae medicinales" Printed collections of letters from physicians was a popular genre in the sixteenth century. The letter tended to be written diagnosis and treatment advice, but they touched on a variety of topics. Masha mentioned important topics and figures of his day, including offering his opinion of Andreas Vesalius's "Fabrica""." Masha wrote two more books, Rag"gionamento ... sopra le infermitia che vengono dall'aere pestilentiale del presente anno MDL" and "Diligens examen de venaesectione in febribus ex humorum putredine ortis," the last published just a year before he died.

paragraph: Massa was a regular dissector of bodies and performed dissections both to study anatomy and to understand the causes of diseases like Syphilis. He was respected enough to have several books dedicated to him. Like many well-known physicians of his day he is less well-known today because his name is not associated with the discovery of any modern medical fact.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Introduction to Northwestern University translation of book one of Andreas Vesalius' "De Humani Corporis Fabrica", 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Introduction by Vivian Nutton. Free full text of first book.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Plamer, "Niccolò Massa, His Family and His Fortune", "Medical History" (1981) 25, 285-410.

description: Italian anatomist

wikidata_label: Niccolò Massa

wikipedia_title: Niccolò Massa


text:
set decorator
Academy Awards
Best Art Direction
Guess Who's Coming to Dinner
King Rat
A Thousand and One Nights

categories: 1905 births,American set decorators,1969 deaths

paragraph: Frank Tuttle (set decorator)

paragraph: Frank Tuttle (November 15, 1905 – August 6, 1969) was an American set decorator. He was nominated for three Academy Awards in the category Best Art Direction.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: Tuttle was nominated for three Academy Awards for Best Art Direction:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "King Rat" (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Thousand and One Nights" (1945)

description: set decorator

wikidata_label: Frank Tuttle

wikipedia_title: Frank Tuttle (set decorator)


text: FSA

text: London

text: mechanical engineering

text: Science Museum

text: Imperial College

text: London

text: England

text: Antikythera mechanism

text: physics

text: University of Oxford

text: University of London

text: Society of Antiquaries of London

text: Antikythera mechanism

text: Allan George Bromley

text: X-ray

text: tomography

text: radiographic

text: Price

text: planetarium

text: Sun

text: Moon

text: Inferior Planets

text: Mercury

text: Venus

text: Superior Planets

text: Mars

text: Jupiter

text: Saturn

text: Hipparchus

text: Apollonius

text: Moon phase

text: Metonic cycle

text: Callippic cycle

text: Draconic Months

text: eclipse

text: National Hellenic Research Foundation

text: Athens

text: Greece

text: Antikythera mechanism: Michael Wright

text: The Eccentric Turner

text: Museum of the History of Science

categories: Academics of Imperial College London,1948 births,Alumni of the University of London,Alumni of the University of Oxford,People associated with the Science Museum, London,Historians of science,English mechanical engineers,Living people

paragraph: Michael T. Wright

paragraph: Michael T. Wright, FSA (born in 1948, London, England) was formerly curator of mechanical engineering at the Science Museum and later at Imperial College in London, England. He is known by his analysis of the original fragments of the Antikythera mechanism and by the reconstruction of this Ancient Greek brass mechanism.

paragraph: Section::::Overview.

paragraph: Michael Wright studied physics at the University of Oxford and history of technology at the University of London. He was a schoolmaster until 1971 when he joined the Science Museum in London, working there until 2004. For most of his career, Wright was the curator of mechanical engineering at the Science Museum. He then became an honorary research associate at the Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine at Imperial College London. He is also a fellow at the Society of Antiquaries of London.

paragraph: Section::::Antikythera mechanism.

paragraph: Michael Wright made a study of the original fragments of the Antikythera mechanism, an Ancient Greek brass mechanism, together with Allan George Bromley. They used a technique called linear X-ray tomography which was suggested by retired consultant radiologist, Alan Partridge. For this, Wright designed and made an apparatus for linear tomography, allowing the generation of sectional 2D radiographicimages.

paragraph: Early results of this survey were presented in 1997, which showed that Price's reconstruction was fundamentally flawed.

paragraph: Further study of the new imagery allowed Wright to advance a number of proposals. Firstly he developed the idea, suggested by Price in "Gears from the Greeks", that the mechanism could have served as a planetarium. Wright's planetarium not only modelled the motion of the Sun and Moon, but also the Inferior Planets (Mercury and Venus), and the Superior Planets (Mars, Jupiter and Saturn).

paragraph: Wright proposed that the Sun and Moon could have moved in accordance with the theories of Hipparchus and the five known planets moved according to the simple epicyclic theory suggested by the theorem of Apollonius. In order to prove that this was possible using the level of technology apparent in the mechanism, Wright produced a working model of such a planetarium.

paragraph: Wright also increased upon Price's gear count of 27 to 31 including 1 in Fragment C that was eventually identified as part of a Moon phase display. He suggested that this is a mechanism that shows the phase of the Moon by means of a rotating semi-silvered ball, realized by the differential rotation of the sidereal cycle of the Moon and the Sun's yearly cycle. This precedes previously known mechanisms of this sort by a millennium and a half.

paragraph: More accurate tooth counts were also obtained, allowing a new gearing scheme to be advanced. This more accurate information allowed Wright to confirm Price's perceptive suggestion that the upper back dial displays the Metonic cycle with 235 lunar months divisions over a five-turn scale. In addition to this Wright proposed the remarkable idea that the main back dials are in the form of spirals, with the upper back dial out as a five-turn spiral containing 47 divisions in each turn. It therefore presented a visual display of the 235 months of the Metonic cycle (19 years ≈ 235 Synodic Months). Wright also observed that fragmentary inscriptions suggested that the pointer on the subsidiary dial showed a count of four cycles of the 19-year period, equal to the 76-year Callippic cycle.

paragraph: Based on more tentative observations, Wright also came to the conclusion that the lower back dial counted Draconic Months and could perhaps have been used for eclipse prediction.

paragraph: All these findings have been incorporated into Wright's working model, demonstrating that a single mechanism with all these functions could be built, and would work.

paragraph: Despite the improved imagery provided by the linear tomography, Wright could not reconcile all the known gears into a single coherent mechanism, and this led him to advance the theory that the mechanism had been altered, with some astronomical functions removed and others added.

paragraph: Finally, as an outcome of his research, Wright also conclusively demonstrated that Price's suggestion of the existence of a differential gearing arrangement was incorrect.

paragraph: In 2006, Wright completed what he believed to be an almost exact replica of the mechanism. With that came a paper dated 2007 entitled "The Antikythera mechanism reconsidered", recapitulating most of the points made above. In a footnote to that paper dated 29 November 2006, Wright acknowledges details explained by the Antikythera Mechanism Research Program since his publication:

paragraph: Note added 29 November 2006: This paper was submitted on 2 September 2006 and accepted for publication on 26 October 2006. Since then the Antikythera Mechanism Research Project Group has published interesting findings [citation:]. Their independent survey has included study of the newly discovered fragment F, a part of the lower back dial which was not available to me. Their reading of the inscriptions on this dial reveals that the function displayed on it was the eclipse cycle of 223 synodic months, distributed around the four-turn spiral scale. (As eclipses of the Sun are rare events, the engraved sequence may, in principle, afford means for dating the Mechanism.) One revolution of the pointer thus represented (223÷4) synodic months, not one draconitic month as I have suggested. The Group offers a modification of my gear train which achieves this function and also incorporates exactly those mechanical features that I characterised as having probably been made redundant by alteration of the instrument. The satisfactory way in which the Group’s suggestions for these parts fall in with my own observations of the artefact itself, and remove residual difficulties with my reconstruction, lead me to believe that they are correct. I have no hesitation either in adopting the Group’s revisions of the function of the lower back dial and of the internal mechanism or in withdrawing statements concerning these features that conflict with them. The changes, though important, are physically quite slight, and do not affect my arguments for other significant features of my reconstruction. I stand by the conclusions of my paper.

paragraph: Michael Wright's research on the mechanism has continued in parallel with the efforts of the Antikythera Mechanism Research Project (AMRP). On 6 March 2007, he presented his model in the National Hellenic Research Foundation in Athens, Greece.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antikythera mechanism: Michael Wright

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael T. Wright website (<= this is a broken link)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Eccentric Turner" talk at the Museum of the History of Science in Oxford

description: Mechanical engineer, historian of science

wikidata_label: Michael T. Wright

wikipedia_title: Michael T. Wright


text:
Queensland Reds
L'Aquila Rugby
Swansea RFC
Connacht Rugby
FC Grenoble
Marist College Ashgrove
Bledisloe Cup
Laurie Mains
Queensland Reds
Wallabies
Queensland Reds
Celtic League
Connacht Rugby
Connacht Rugby
Celtic League
European Challenge Cup
Heineken Cup
Connacht Rugby
Ireland A
2007 Barclays Churchill Cup
Sandy Park
Twickenham Stadium
Connacht Rugby
Rugby Pro D2
FC Grenoble
FC Grenoble
FC Grenoble
Top 14
FC Grenoble
Top 14
2007 Barclays Churchill Cup
Plate Final
(Connacht Clan) Hall of Fame
FC Grenoble
FC Grenoble
Top 14
www.lnr.fr
www.fcgrugby.com
www.connachtrugby.ie
www.magnersleague.com
www.ercrugby.com
www.irishrugby.ie

categories: 1980 births,Rugby union locks,Australian rugby union players,Irish rugby union players,Connacht Rugby players

paragraph: Andrew Farley

paragraph: Andrew Bruce Farley is a professional rugby union player who has represented Queensland Reds, Otago Rugby, L'Aquila Rugby, Swansea RFC, Connacht Rugby and currently FC Grenoble where he is Team Manager.

paragraph: He was born in Brisbane, Australia on 21 August 1980, to English born father Terence and New Zealand born mother Christine. He started playing rugby at 10 years of age at Marist College Ashgrove. His rugby career commenced when he was selected in the Queensland and Australian Schoolboys. The following year, 1998 he gained selection in the inaugural Reds Rugby College (Junior Queensland Reds). This led him to be selected in Queensland under 19 and 21 which led to the Australia under 19 team who played the curtain raiser the 1999 Bledisloe Cup at Stadium Australia which had a record crowd of over 100,000.

paragraph: Section::::Early Career.

paragraph: The following season he travelled to Italy to play for L'Aquila Rugby coached by former All Black Michael Brewer. After being there for a half season he returned to Australia to once again play for Queensland under 21, and after playing a successful National Championship he was selected in the Australian under 21 World Cup team who finished runner up to the Junior All Blacks in Sydney. He then travelled to Otago where he was a member of the 2001 NPC development squad where he was coached by Laurie Mains. After the NPC with Otago he returned to Australia to join the Queensland Reds receiving 2 caps that season. Following his two caps, former Reds, Bath and Australian Wallabies coach John Connelly contacted him with a suggestion of returning to the northern hemisphere, this time to play for Swansea RFC. After the season with the Queensland Reds he first lined up against Munster in the 5th round of the Celtic League. Swansea starting XV was his home for the 2002-03 season. After the merging of Welsh clubs at the end of 2002-03 season he was presented with an opportunity to join the Irish province Connacht Connacht Rugby.

paragraph: Section::::Connacht Rugby.

paragraph: During his time at Connacht Rugby, he captained the side for 3 seasons and played over 100 Celtic League games. He also made over 50 appearances in the European Challenge Cup and Heineken Cup collectively.

paragraph: The highlight of his time with Connacht was captaining his side against the Springboks in a 2007 world cup warm up game where the Connacht team showed a lot a pride and resilience in an 18 - 3 loss to the eventual world cup winners.

paragraph: While playing in Ireland for Connacht Rugby, he gained Irish residency and was selected to play for Ireland A in the 2007 Barclays Churchill Cup which was hosted at Exeter Chiefs' Sandy Park for group matches against Canada & New Zealand Maori and the Finals at Twickenham Stadiumwhere he played against Scotland 'A'.

paragraph: Section::::FC Grenoble.

paragraph: After 6 seasons at Connacht Rugby, Andrew's career turned over a new page and saw him signing in the 09/10 season for French Rugby Pro D2 Club FC Grenoble. After only one season with FC Grenoble he was named captain and lead them to 2nd place in the 2010/11 Pro D2 Championship. In 2011 he signed a new 2-year contract with the club taking him through to the end of the 2012/13 season. In the first year of his new contract he guided FC Grenoble to Champions of France Pro D2 and taking FC Grenoble back to Top 14 for the first time since 2006. For the following 2 years FC Grenoble successfully retained their position in Top 14 under his captaincy until his retirement in 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Ireland A.

paragraph: While playing in Ireland for Connacht Rugby, he gained Irish residency and was selected to play for Ireland A in the 2007 Barclays Churchill Cup which was hosted at Exeter Chiefs' Sandy Park for group matches against Canada & New Zealand Maori and the Finals at Twickenham Stadium where Ireland beat Scotland 'A' in the Plate Final.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Other.

paragraph: In season 2015/2016 Andrew was inducted into the Conancht Rugby Supporters Club (Connacht Clan) Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::Post Playing Career.

paragraph: In June 2014, Andrew retired from professional rugby at the age of 34. He immediately took on the role of Team Manager (Manager Sportif) at FC Grenoble where he remains in position to this day. Since then FC Grenoble have remained in Top 14.

paragraph: Alongside this role Andrew Farley works as a project manager for Custom Sensors and Technologies (CST).

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.lnr.fr

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.fcgrugby.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.connachtrugby.ie

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.magnersleague.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.ercrugby.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.irishrugby.ie

description: Irish rugby union player

wikidata_label: Andrew Farley

wikipedia_title: Andrew Farley


text:
The Ting Tings
girl group
punk
Steps
Atomic Kitten
Jules De Martino
Lowton
Lowton High School
performing arts
National Lottery
girl group
punk
Technical Knock Out
Steps
Atomic Kitten
ITV
Jules De Martino
Leeds University
Mercury Records
Mandarin Chinese
band stand
亭
Salford
We Started Nothing
Sounds from Nowheresville
Daily Record
Super Critical

categories: English female pop singers,People from Lowton,Musicians from Manchester,Music in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan,British female guitarists,British female singers,British pop singers,21st-century women singers,British pop musicians,British dance musicians,1983 births,21st-century English singers,Living people,British singer-songwriters

paragraph: Katie White

paragraph: Katie Rebecca White (born 18 January 1983) is a British musician and member of the pop duo The Ting Tings. After some success with a girl group punk trio TKO, which supported Steps and Atomic Kitten, her father David K. White brought in Jules De Martino to write songs for TKO. Katie White and De Martino subsequently formed the Ting Tings in 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: White was raised on a farm in Lowton with her father David K. White, mother Lynne C. (Sharples) and sister Helena. White went to Lowton High School in Lowton, which has a large performing arts department. When White was 12 years old, her grandfather Ken White won £6.6million on the National Lottery and gave each of his three sons, David, Stephen and Richard, £1million. As well as buying ponies for White and her sister Helena, White's father used his share of the money to start a music management company.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:TKO.

paragraph: White started her music career aged 14 in 1997 in a girl group punk trio TKO – short for Technical Knock Out – with two friends from Lowton school, Joanne Leeson and Emma Lally. TKO was managed by White's father's music management company. They had some success, and supported Steps and Atomic Kitten. TKO also appeared on ITV's "". In March 2001 David White brought in songwriter Jules De Martino who wrote four songs for TKO. TKO were not able to secure a record deal but released a single on the internet.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Dear Eskiimo.

paragraph: White got back in touch with Jules De Martino when she was at Leeds University and he moved to Manchester. They formed a band called Dear Eskiimo (often misreported as "Dead Eskimo") with a DJ friend Simon Templeman. The name was intended to be as nomadic, tribal and independent as possible. There were already several bands called "Eskimo" but Jules, who wrote the lyrics, wanted his songs to tell good stories as if in a letter, hence "Dear Eskiimo" with the odd spelling of 'Eskimo" with two 'I"s to make it stand out. Their first performance was as a support between two rock bands but it went well and they were signed up by Mercury Records at the end of 2004. Creative differences and the management style of the record label caused them to split up.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:The Ting Tings.

paragraph: White and De Martino started a band in 2007 with White on vocals, guitar, piano and bass drum and De Martino on vocals, drums, bass, guitar and keyboards. They started writing songs together and doing short concerts. White was working in a boutique with a Chinese girl called "Ting Ting", which sounds like Mandarin Chinese for "band stand" (亭) or "listening" (聽) and White used it as the name for the band. The Ting Tings started by playing for private parties at the Islington Mill arts centre in Salford and their debut album, "We Started Nothing", was released on 19 May 2008. Their follow-up album, "Sounds from Nowheresville", was released on 27 February 2012 in the UK, and 15 March in the United States. In 2014, White told the "Daily Record" that comments by internet trolls had previously caused her to stop writing songs for six months. In 2015, she sustained a tendon injury to her left hand that caused the band to cancel its U.S. tour.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: The Ting Tings released their debut album, "We Started Nothing", on 19 May 2008. Their follow-up album, "Sounds from Nowheresville", was released on 27 February 2012 in the UK, and 15 March in the United States. Their third album, "Super Critical", was released on 27 October 2014.

description: British singer songwriter

wikidata_label: Katie White

wikipedia_title: Katie White


text:
northern France
Count of Brienne
Elvira
southern Italy
Prince of Taranto
King of Sicily
Erard II of Brienne
Count of Brienne
Peter II of Courtenay
Philip II of France
Hervé IV of Donzy
Richard I of England
Sibylla of Acerra
Tancred of Sicily
Elvira
Kingdom of Sicily
regents
Frederick
Henry
Constance
Melun
livre parisis
House of Brienne
golden age
Fourth Crusade
suzerain
Theobald III of Champagne
took the cross
Walter of Montbéliard
southern Italy
Holy Land
Pope Innocent III
Principality of Taranto
County of Lecce
John
Italian Peninsula
mounted
sergeants
Capua
Cannae
island of Sicily
Diepold of Vohburg
posthumous son
Walter IV
age of majority

categories: Princes of Taranto,Counts of Brienne,Year of birth unknown,1205 deaths,13th-century Italian people,House of Brienne,Pretenders to the Sicilian throne

paragraph: Walter III, Count of Brienne

paragraph: Walter III of Brienne (, ; died 14 June 1205) was a nobleman from northern France. Becoming Count of Brienne in 1191, Walter married the Sicilian princess Elvira and took an army to southern Italy to claim her inheritance. He became Prince of Taranto in her right in 1201 but died fighting before he could establish himself as King of Sicily.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Walter III was the eldest son of Erard II of Brienne and Agnès of Montfaucon. He was likely born after 1166, and succeeded his father as Count of Brienne in 1191. In the late 1190s, Walter and his brothers became involved in the conflict between Peter II of Courtenay (first cousin of King Philip II of France) and Peter's vassal Hervé IV of Donzy. Possibly provoked by Philip's support of his cousin, Walter briefly "abandoned the King of France" during the latter's conflict with King Richard I of England. Philip then became weary of the growing influence of the Brienne brothers.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and campaign.

paragraph: At the end of the 12th century, Sibylla of Acerra, widow of King Tancred of Sicily, arrived with her daughters in France. Sibylla sought a capable nobleman who would marry her eldest daughter, Elvira (known by a handful of other names, including Albinia and Maria), and press her claim to the Kingdom of Sicily. Sicily was then controlled by the regents of the orphaned infant king Frederick, whose parents, Henry and Constance, had deposed Sibylla's family. King Philip II of France, having been approached by the former Sicilian queen, convened a meeting in Melun. It was agreed there that Elvira should be married to Walter. Philip thereby emphasized his authority over Walter while at the same time encouraging him to leave France. Walter reportedly received an impressive sum of 20,000 "livre parisis" from the King, though this is doubtful. For the House of Brienne, however, Walter's marriage to Elvira signified a sudden rise and the beginning of the dynasty's golden age.

paragraph: The Fourth Crusade was launched by Walter's immediate suzerain, Count Theobald III of Champagne, in November 1199. Walter promptly took the cross and started persuading prospective crusaders, such as his cousin Walter of Montbéliard, to assist him in his upcoming campaign in southern Italy on their way to the Holy Land. Besides recruiting men, Walter energetically collected money and supplies from 1200, selling or mortgaging all of his land by April 1201. He also secured the blessing and significant aid from Pope Innocent III. Innocent was the guardian of King Frederick but determinedly opposed to his regents. He refused Walter's petition to recognize Elvira's claim to Frederick's throne; instead, he recognized the couple's right to the Principality of Taranto and the County of Lecce. In return, Tancred's family was compelled to recognize Frederick as their king. Walter knew that securing possession of Taranto and Lecce would give him a sufficient power base and agreed.

paragraph: Leaving his younger brother John in charge of Brienne, Walter arrived to the Italian Peninsula with a small army, including sixty knights and forty mounted sergeants. By the late spring of 1201, he had arrived to Frederick's realm and appeared victorious, having won battles at Capua and Cannae. Innocent urged Walter to cross to the island of Sicily. Walter was reluctant to combat Innocent's enemies on the island before consolidating his position on the peninsula.

paragraph: Section::::Death and aftermath.

paragraph: By 1204, Walter was besieged in the fortress of Terracina by Diepold of Vohburg and lost an eye to an arrow, but he broke the siege and put Diepold to fight. One night in June 1205, a contingent of enemy soldiers infiltrated Walter's camp, cut the ropes of his tent, felled it on Walter and stabbed him. Walter died of his wounds soon afterwards, on 11 June 1205.

paragraph: Elvira, pregnant at the time of Walter's death, quickly remarried. She gave birth to a posthumous son, Walter IV. Their family's claims posed problems for the rest of Frederick's reign. Walter III was succeeded in Brienne by his brother John, who held the county until Walter IV reached the age of majority.

description: Italian/French nobleman

wikidata_label: Walter III, Count of Brienne

wikipedia_title: Walter III, Count of Brienne


text: Malwa

text: India

text: Aulikara

text: Indian subcontinent

text: Mandsaur pillar inscription

text: Hunas

text: Narasimhagupta

text: Mihirakula

text: Mandsaur

text: Mandsaur

text: Mandasor

text: Yasodharman

text: Chalukya

text: Vishnuvardhana

text: Alchon Huns

text: Hunas

text: Gupta Empire

text: Kotivarsha

text: Bangarh

text: West Bengal

text: Vishnugupta

text: Sondani

text: Mandsaur District

text: Sondani inscription

text: Yasodharman

text: Mihirakula

text: Brahmaputra River

text: Indian Ocean

text: Himalayas

text: Mahendra

paragraph: Yashodharman

paragraph: Yashodharman () (r. 515 - 545) was a ruler of Malwa, in central India, during the early part of the 6th century. He belonged to the Aulikara dynasty. He conquered much of the Indian subcontinent between c. 530-540 CE according to Mandsaur pillar inscription.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Towards the end of the 5th century, India came under attack from the "Hunas". Yashodharman and possibly the Gupta emperor, Narasimhagupta, defeated a "Huna" army and their ruler Mihirakula in 528 CE and drove them out of India.

paragraph: Three inscriptions of Yasodharman have been found in Mandsaur. One of these, the Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana is of samvat 589 (532 AD).

paragraph: Section::::History.:Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana (532 CE).

paragraph: The Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana was written in 532 CE, and records the construction of a well by a person named Daksha in Dashapura (modern Mandsaur, also often spelled Mandasor), during the rule of Yashodharman. The inscription mentions the victories of local ruler Yasodharman (and possibly Chalukya ruler Vishnuvardhana) over Northern and Eastern kingdoms. These kingdoms are not further specified, but it is known that Yashodhaman occupied most of the territories of the Alchon Huns or Hunas to the north, and the most of the territories of the Gupta Empire to the east following his victories. Only one more Gupta inscription is known after that date, a land grant in the area of Kotivarsha (Bangarh in West Bengal) by the last Gupta emperor Vishnugupta. The victory against the Alchons Huns is also described in the Mandsaur pillar inscription of Yashodharman.

paragraph: Section::::History.:Mandsaur pillar inscription of Yashodharman.

paragraph: Twin monolithic pillars at Sondani in Mandsaur District were erected by Yasodharman as a record of his victory. In a part of the Sondani inscription, Yasodharman thus praises himself for having defeated king Mihirakula:

paragraph: Section::::Territory.

paragraph: In Line 5 of the Mandsaur pillar inscription, Yashodharman claims he vanquished his enemies and now controls the territory from the neighbourhood of the (river) Lauhitya (Brahmaputra River) to the "Western Ocean" (Western Indian Ocean), and from the Himalayas to mountain Mahendra.

paragraph: Yashodharman thus conquered vast territories from the Hunas and the Guptas, although his short-lived empire would ultimately disintegrate between c. 530-540 CE.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bijayagadh Stone Pillar Inscription of Vishnuvardhana

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mandasor Pillar Inscription of Yashodharman

wikidata_label: Yasodharman

wikipedia_title: Yashodharman


text:
Union Army
American Civil War
Medal of Honor
Battle of Opequon
Third Battle of Winchester
Virginia
Indiana
11th Indiana Infantry
Charles H. Seston
John T. Sterling
List of Medal of Honor recipients
Military Times Hall of Valor
Findagrave entry

categories: 1908 deaths,Irish soldiers in the United States Army,People of Indiana in the American Civil War,19th-century Irish people,Irish-born Medal of Honor recipients,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Union Army soldiers,People from County Tipperary,Irish emigrants to the United States (before 1923),1841 births,American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor

paragraph: Peter J. Ryan

paragraph: Peter J. Ryan (1841 – January 8, 1908) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Battle of Opequon more commonly called the Third Battle of Winchester, Virginia on September 19, 1864.

paragraph: Ryan joined the army from Indiana in July 1861, and was mustered out in July 1865.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: "The President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Private Peter J. Ryan, United States Army, for extraordinary heroism on 19 September 1864, while serving with Company D, 11th Indiana Infantry, in action at Winchester, Virginia. With one companion, Private Ryan captured 14 Confederates in the severest part of the battle."

paragraph: Pvt. Ryan was one of three soldiers of the 11th Indiana Infantry to receive the Medal of Honor for this action. The others were Sgt. Charles H. Seston and Pvt. John T. Sterling.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Military Times Hall of Valor

paragraph: BULLET::::- Findagrave entry

description: Recipient of the Medal of Honor

wikidata_label: Peter J. Ryan

wikipedia_title: Peter J. Ryan


text:
Union Army
American Civil War
Medal of Honor
Battle of Opequon
Third Battle of Winchester
Virginia
Indiana
11th Indiana Infantry
Peter J. Ryan
John T. Sterling
List of Medal of Honor recipients
Military Times Hall of Valor
Findagrave entry

categories: 1864 deaths,People of Indiana in the American Civil War,1840 births,Union Army soldiers,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,People from New Albany, Indiana,American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor

paragraph: Charles H. Seston

paragraph: Charles H. Seston (1840 – September 19, 1864) was a Union Army soldier killed in action during the American Civil War. He posthumously received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Battle of Opequon more commonly called the Third Battle of Winchester, Virginia on September 19, 1864.

paragraph: Seston joined the army from Indiana in August 1861.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: "The President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pride in presenting the Medal of Honor (Posthumously) to Sergeant Charles H. Seston, United States Army, for extraordinary heroism on 19 September 1864, while serving with Company I, 11th Indiana Infantry, in action at Winchester, Virginia, for gallant and meritorious service in carrying the regimental colors."

paragraph: Sgt. Seston's body was returned to Indiana for burial. In addition to Seston, two other soldiers of the 11th Indiana Infantry received the Medal of Honor for this action. The others were Pvt. Peter J. Ryan and Pvt. John T. Sterling.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Findagrave entry

description: Recipient of the Medal of Honor

wikidata_label: Charles H. Seston

wikipedia_title: Charles H. Seston


text:
Union Army
American Civil War
Medal of Honor
Battle of Opequon
Third Battle of Winchester
Virginia
Indiana
11th Indiana Infantry
Peter J. Ryan
Charles H. Seston
List of Medal of Honor recipients
Military Times Hall of Valor
Findagrave entry

categories: People from Edgar County, Illinois,1920 deaths,People of Indiana in the American Civil War,People of Illinois in the American Civil War,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Union Army soldiers,1841 births,American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor

paragraph: John T. Sterling

paragraph: John T. Sterling (1841 – February 2, 1920) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Battle of Opequon more commonly called the Third Battle of Winchester, Virginia on September 19, 1864.

paragraph: Sterling joined the army from Indiana in August 1861, and was mustered out in July 1865.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: "The President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Private John T. Sterling, United States Army, for extraordinary heroism on 19 September 1864, while serving with Company D, 11th Indiana Infantry, in action at Winchester, Virginia. With one companion Private Sterling captured 14 of the enemy in the severest part of the battle."

paragraph: In addition to Pvt. Sterling, two other soldiers of the 11th Indiana Infantry received the Medal of Honor for this action. The others were Pvt. Peter J. Ryan and Sgt. Charles H. Seston.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Findagrave entry

description: Recipient of the Medal of Honor

wikidata_label: John T. Sterling

wikipedia_title: John T. Sterling


text: Union Army

text: American Civil War

text: Medal of Honor

text: Second Battle of Winchester

text: Virginia

text: Military Times Hall of Valor

categories: People of Virginia in the American Civil War,Military personnel from Richmond, Virginia,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Union Army officers,1833 births,People of West Virginia in the American Civil War,Burials at Arlington National Cemetery,American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor,1904 deaths

paragraph: James R. Durham

paragraph: James R. Durham (February 7, 1833 – August 6, 1904) was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Second Battle of Winchester, Virginia on June 14, 1863.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: "The President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Second Lieutenant James R. Durham, United States Army, for extraordinary heroism on 14 June 1863, while serving with Company E, 12th West Virginia Infantry, in action at Winchester, Virginia. Second Lieutenant Durham led his command over the stone wall, where he was wounded."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Gettysburg

paragraph: Section::::External links.

description: Union Army officer during the American Civil War, recipient of the Medal of Honor

wikidata_label: James R. Durham

wikipedia_title: James R. Durham


text: Union Army

text: American Civil War

text: Medal of Honor

text: Second Battle of Winchester

text: Virginia

text: John T. Patterson

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Gettysburg

text: Military Times Hall of Valor

categories: People of Ohio in the American Civil War,People from Morgan County, Ohio,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Union Army soldiers,1844 births,1918 deaths,American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor

paragraph: Elbridge Robinson

paragraph: Elbridge Robinson (January 7, 1844 – January 19, 1918) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Second Battle of Winchester, Virginia on June 14, 1863.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: “The President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Private Elbridge Robinson, United States Army, for extraordinary heroism on 14 June 1863, while serving with Company C, 122d Ohio Infantry, in action at Winchester, Virginia. With one companion, Private Robinson voluntarily went in front of the Union line, under a heavy fire from the enemy, and carried back a helpless, wounded comrade, thus saving him from death or capture.”

paragraph: His companion, John T. Patterson, also of the 122nd Ohio, also received the Medal of Honor.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

description: Recipient of the Medal of Honor

wikidata_label: Elbridge Robinson

wikipedia_title: Elbridge Robinson


text: Conservative Party

text: Lord Mayor of London

text: Addlestone

text: Surrey

text: Tonbridge School

text: World War I

text: East Surrey Regiment

text: Royal Air Force

text: Hay's Wharf

text: Alderman of the City of London

text: Tower

text: Sheriff of the City of London

text: Lord Mayor of London

text: 1935 general election

text: Member of Parliament

text: Evesham

text: 1950 general election

text: South Worcestershire

text: 1955 general election

text: Coronation Honours

text: baronet

text: Crowborough

text: Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog

text: Knight of the Order of the Polar Star

categories: Royal Air Force personnel of World War I,Sheriffs of the City of London,Knights of the Order of the Polar Star,Lord Mayors of London,UK MPs 1935–1945,UK MPs 1951–1955,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,UK MPs 1945–1950,East Surrey Regiment soldiers,British Army personnel of World War I,Knights of the Order of St John,UK MPs 1950–1951,Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom,People educated at Tonbridge School,Knights Bachelor,Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order,1893 births,1978 deaths

paragraph: Rupert De la Bère

paragraph: Sir Rupert De la Bère, 1st Baronet, (16 June 1893 – 25 February 1978) was a British businessman, soldier, and Conservative Party politician. He was the 625th Lord Mayor of London.

paragraph: He was the son of Reginald De la Bère from Addlestone in Surrey,

paragraph: educated at Tonbridge School, and during World War I served overseas with the East Surrey Regiment and the Royal Air Force.

paragraph: After the war he became a director of Hay's Wharf and an Alderman of the City of London for the Tower ward.

paragraph: He was elected a Sheriff of the City of London for 1941-42 and the Lord Mayor of London for 1952-53. He was the first member of the Skinners Company to hold the office of Lord Mayor since Sir Robert Kite in 1766, and no other Skinner has been Lord Mayor since.

paragraph: He was elected at the 1935 general election as the Member of Parliament for Evesham,

paragraph: and held the seat until the constituency was abolished at the 1950 general election. He was then elected for the new South Worcestershire constituency, and held that seat until he stood down at the 1955 general election.

paragraph: He was knighted in June 1952, appointed Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in the Coronation Honours of June 1953, and a baronet (of Crowborough) in November 1953. He was appointed Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog (Denmark), Knight of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, and Knight of the Order of the Polar Star (Sweden).

paragraph: In 1919 he married Marguerite Humphery, daughter of Sir John Humphery. She died in 1969.

description: Businessman, soldier, politician

wikidata_label: Rupert de la Bère

wikipedia_title: Rupert De la Bère


text: Hayward, California

text: Hopkinton, Massachusetts

text: Georgetown, Massachusetts

text: Strait of Magellan

text: San Francisco Bay Area

text: Guillermo Castro

text: San Jose

text: Oakland

text: Mission Boulevard

text: Alameda County

text: Alameda County Board of Supervisors

text: Lone Tree Cemetery

text: Fairview

text: Arcadia Publishing

text: Tri-City Voice

text: Google Books excerpts

text: Stanford University Press

categories: 1815 births,Burials at Lone Tree Cemetery (Fairview, California),1891 deaths,History of Hayward, California,People from Hayward, California,Government of Hayward, California,City founders,County supervisors in California,Land owners from California,People from Georgetown, Massachusetts

paragraph: William Dutton Hayward

paragraph: William Dutton Hayward (August 31, 1815 – July 10, 1891) was the founder and namesake of the city of Hayward, California.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: William grew up on his father’s farm where he was born, near Hopkinton, Massachusetts. In 1836 he proceeded to Georgetown, Massachusetts, and finding employment in a shoe factory there, remained about ten years. Also in 1836, William married Louisa Bartlett (born Lois-White Bartlett). Their daughter Sarah Louise Hayward was born in 1838. Louisa died in 1840.

paragraph: Section::::California Gold Rush.

paragraph: Learning of the 1848 finding of gold in California, Hayward booked passage on the steamer "Unicorn" which set sail on April 23, 1849, steamed through the Strait of Magellan, and arrived in San Francisco on August 31, 1849. Proceeding to the gold fields, he "mined as long as his money lasted" and then returned to the San Francisco Bay Area, a disappointed gold seeker.

paragraph: For a while, William squatted on Guillermo Castro's ranch, in Palomares Canyon (). Castro tried to evict him, but William persuaded him otherwise by making him a pair of boots. His stubbornness and shoe-making ability convinced Castro to hire him.

paragraph: William set up a small store and saved up enough money to buy of Castro's land including what is now the downtown Hayward area. On this land, he established a store and a small dairy operation. This land was along the road that ran from San Jose to Oakland (now called Mission Boulevard).

paragraph: Castro emigrated to Chile with most of his family in 1864, after he lost his land in a card game. His ranch was split up and sold to various locals, William among them. He constructed a resort hotel on what is now the northeast corner of Main and A Streets, which eventually grew to a hundred rooms. The surrounding area came to be called "Haywards" after William's hotel which bore the name "Haywards Hotel" (no apostrophe before the "s").

paragraph: Section::::Haywards Hotel.

paragraph: Haywards Hotel became a destination for travelers and tourists. It grew to be four stories. Inside the grand building was a large lobby, reception rooms, dining halls, and sitting and card rooms. The hotel also served as a post office. The main force behind the success of Haywards Hotel wasn't William Hayward, but his wife Rachel, who arranged and managed parties, receptions, picnics, rides, and entertainment for guests. The hotel was destroyed by fire in 1923.

paragraph: Section::::Town of Haywards.

paragraph: William then became the road commissioner for Alameda County. He used his authority to influence the construction of roads in his own favor. In 1876, the town was chartered under the name of "Haywards". However, it was not legal to name a post office after a living person, so the official name was "Haywood". In 1876, "Haywood" was incorporated as the "Town of Haywards", with a population of 1,100.

paragraph: William served two terms on the Alameda County Board of Supervisors.

paragraph: On April 5, 1866, William married Mrs. Rachel Rhodes Bedford, a widow, in Haywards. Rachel had a daughter from her first marriage, Mary E. Bedford (b. Feb. 1852). William and Rachel had one child together, William Martin Hayward.

paragraph: William Hayward died at age 75, as a result of skin cancer, at Haywards Hotel, and was buried in Lone Tree Cemetery in Fairview, near Hayward. According to his tombstone, William died on July 10, 1891. Also buried there, according to the tombstone, were "Rachel H. Hayward" described as "Mother of Hayward" (presumably meaning the city's mother, not William's mother) who died at age 86, William Martin Hayward the "only son of William and Rachel Hayward" who died on November 20, 1893 "aged 26 years 8 months 14 days", and Sarah Louise Hayward (1838-1909), William's daughter by his first wife.

paragraph: Section::::City of Hayward.

paragraph: In 1894, the "s" in "Haywards" was dropped and on September 18, 1928, the city's name was changed to the "City of Hayward."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.calarchives4u.com/history/alameda/alameda-chapter-21.txt The Smaller Cities and Towns, Alameda County History (Chapter 21 of "Past and Present of Alameda County California"—Joseph Baker, Editor, Volume I, Illustrated. Published in Chicago by the S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20071007035417/http://www.calarchives4u.com/Biographies/alameda/alam-hayw.htm1883 biography of William Hayward from the History of Alameda County, California

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.haywardareahistory.org/ Hayward Area Historical Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.rootsweb.com/~cenfiles/ca/alameda/1870/notes.txt 1870 Federal Census, Alameda County, California - Transcriber's Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://user.govoutreach.com/hayward/faq.php?cid=10775 Hayward History

paragraph: BULLET::::- Google Books excerpts (including photos) from book "Early Hayward (Images of America)" by Robert Phelps and The Hayward Area Historical Society, published in 2004 by Arcadia Publishing

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.tricityvoice.com/articlefiledisplay.php?issue=2007-03-20&file=William%20Hayward.txt—An article "William Hayward - City Namesake" from the Tri-City Voice, dated March 20, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Google Books excerpts from book "Historic spots in California" By Mildred Brooke Hoover and Douglas E. Kyle, published in 2002 (5th Edition) by Stanford University Press. William Hayward is discussed on p. 16.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: William Dutton Hayward

wikipedia_title: William Dutton Hayward


text: Greek

text: Bon Jovi

text: Richie Sambora

text: Aldo Nova

text: Triumph

text: Edge of Excess

text: Mississauga

text: Tommy Lee

text: Methods of Mayhem

text: Avril Lavigne

text: Kelly Clarkson

text: Orianthi

text: Rob Zombie

text: Chris Daughtry

text: Alice Cooper

text: Thousand Foot Krutch

text: Ellen

text: The Tonight Show

text: Jay Leno

text: Josie and the Pussycats

text: Bon Jovi

text: Richie Sambora

text: Milan

text: Hugh McDonald

text: This House Is Not for Sale

text: album of the same name

text: ESP LTD Viper

text: Framus

text: vintage

text: Edge of Excess

text: A Very Special Christmas 5

text: Kick Your Ass in 17 Minutes

text: This House Is Not for Sale

text: Nice Place to Visit

text: Frozen Ghost

text: Shake Your Spirit

text: Naveed

text: Our Lady Peace

text: Methods of Mayhem

text: Methods of Mayhem

text: Brutal Planet

text: Alice Cooper

text: Movement in Still Life

text: BT

text: I Get Wet

text: Andrew W.K.

text: The Sinister Urge

text: Rob Zombie

text: Never a Dull Moment

text: Tommy Lee

text: Emotional Technology

text: Under My Skin

text: Avril Lavigne

text: Day of Fire

text: Day of Fire

text: Breakaway

text: Kelly Clarkson

text: The Art of Breaking

text: Thousand Foot Krutch

text: Daughtry

text: Daughtry

text: The Day Has Come

text: Cheyenne Kimball

text: Devils & Angels

text: Mêlée

text: The Flame in All of Us

text: Worlds Collide

text: Apocalyptica

text: The Stewart Copeland Anthology

text: Stewart Copeland

text: Gavin DeGraw

text: Gavin DeGraw

text: Scars & Souvenirs

text: Theory of a Deadman

text: Patience

text: Nick Lachey

text: Halestorm

text: Halestorm

text: Believe

text: Orianthi

text: Last Train Home

text: Ryan Star

text: Leave This Town

text: Scream

text: Chris Cornell

text: All I Ever Wanted

text: Just Like You

text: Allison Iraheta

text: For Your Entertainment

text: Adam Lambert

text: Sunday Love

text: Fefe Dobson

text: Official website of Phil X

text: An Interview with Phil X

categories: Living people,1966 births,Canadian heavy metal guitarists,Bon Jovi members,20th-century Canadian guitarists,Musicians from Toronto,Canadian people of Greek descent,21st-century Canadian guitarists,Canadian male guitarists

paragraph: Phil X

paragraph: Theofilos "Phil" Xenidis (jn Greek Θεόφιλος Ξενίδης, born March 10, 1966), better known as Phil X, is a Greek-Canadian musician and songwriter. Since 2011 he has played lead guitar with Bon Jovi and officially replaced former lead guitarist Richie Sambora in 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1982, Phil formed the hard rock/heavy metal band Sidinex (naming it after himself, the moniker being his last name spelled backwards) with singer Todd Farhood, bassist Kevin Gingrinch and drummer Scott Masterson. The band released only one EP in 1985, "Forever Young", before changing name to Flip City in 1987 and disbanding soon after.

paragraph: An opportunity in Xenidis' career came when he was asked in 1990 to tour with Randy Coven, whom he met through Aldo Nova; in 1991, he toured the US with Aldo Nova. From 1992 to 1993 he played with Triumph, recording "Edge of Excess" and touring with them.

paragraph: In 1994, Phil collaborated with Terry Brown, Doug Varty, Rob Kennedy and others to form a short lived band, The Bushdoctors, in Mississauga, Ontario. They recorded one album, a self-titled debut, now out of print.

paragraph: Phil X was guitarist for US power pop band Powder alongside vocalist (and his wife) Ninette Terhart (also known as Ninette Xenidis). The band released three albums between 2002 and 2008.

paragraph: Phil X is a prolific session guitarist, having played on albums by Tommy Lee, Methods of Mayhem, Avril Lavigne, Kelly Clarkson, Orianthi, Rob Zombie, Chris Daughtry, Alice Cooper, Thousand Foot Krutch and many others. He wrote the song "Tired" and also played guitar on Tommy Lee's "" album. He has appeared with Tommy Lee and Bon Jovi on Ellen and The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. Phil X was featured in the "making of" bonus features for the movie "Josie and the Pussycats". He acted as a music coach for the film and taught the young actresses to appear as if they were actually playing their instruments.

paragraph: Section::::Bon Jovi (2011-present).

paragraph: In 2011, Phil X substituted for Bon Jovi's lead guitarist Richie Sambora, who missed 13 dates after entering rehab, and later filled in for Sambora on the US and Europe leg of the 2013 tour after Sambora left the band suddenly due to personal reasons.

paragraph: In mid-2013 he filled in for Sambora during a number of dates of the Because We Can tour, including their only Italian date in Milan, the entire British leg of the tour including the Isle of Wight Festival and Hyde Park BST dates, the South African leg, the South American leg, and the Australian leg of the tour.

paragraph: In 2016, Phil became an official member in the band along with bass guitarist Hugh McDonald and also features as guitarist for the band on their single, "This House Is Not for Sale" and album of the same name.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Phil X grew up in Mississauga, Ontario.

paragraph: Xenidis was married to his first wife Ninette Xenidis from 1994 until their divorce in 2010, and is currently married to his second wife, Lindy Green, since 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Equipment.

paragraph: Xenidis has used a vast range of guitars during his session and live work. His most notable guitar is his ESP LTD Viper, which he refers to as the "sticker guitar".

paragraph: In 2012, Xenidis received a signature guitar from Yamaha, in 2015 followed the release of a signature XG model made by Framus. Phil invented the "Flip Stick", a specially modified replacement for the usual whammy bar on Floyd-Rose-equipped guitars. He is endorsed by Cleartone Treated Guitar Strings and Everly Star Picks as well.

paragraph: His demonstrations of rare and vintage guitars have had over 30 million views on the frettedamericana YouTube channel.

paragraph: Phil X also uses Friedman amplification. He has his own signature amplifier, the Friedman X.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: The following is a list of Phil X's discography as a band member, apart from his session work.

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Triumph

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Edge of Excess" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Powder

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Very Special Christmas 5" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sonic Machine" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Powder" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nothing" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Phil X & The Drills

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kick Your Ass in 17 Minutes." (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We Bring the Rock N Roll" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We Play Instruments N Sh!t" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Bon Jovi

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This House Is Not for Sale" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This House Is Not for Sale – Live from the London Palladium" (2016)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Session work.

paragraph: The following is a complete official list of the rest of Phil X's work.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nice Place to Visit" (1988) by Frozen Ghost

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shake Your Spirit" (1992) by Frozen Ghost

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Naveed" (1994) by Our Lady Peace

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Methods of Mayhem" (1999) by Methods of Mayhem

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brutal Planet" (2000) by Alice Cooper

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Movement in Still Life" (1999) by BT

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Get Wet" (2001) by Andrew W.K.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Sinister Urge" (2001) by Rob Zombie

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Never a Dull Moment" (2002) by Tommy Lee

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Emotional Technology" (2003) by BT

paragraph: BULLET::::- "House of 1000 Corpses - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Under My Skin" (2004) by Avril Lavigne

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Day of Fire" (2004) by Day of Fire

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Breakaway" (2004) by Kelly Clarkson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Art of Breaking" (2005) by Thousand Foot Krutch

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (2005) by Tommy Lee

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Daughtry" (2006) by Daughtry

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Day Has Come" (2006) by Cheyenne Kimball

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Devils & Angels" (2007) by Mêlée

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Flame in All of Us" (2007) by Thousand Foot Krutch

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Worlds Collide" (2007) by Apocalyptica

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Stewart Copeland Anthology" (2007) by Stewart Copeland

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gavin DeGraw" (2008) by Gavin DeGraw

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scars & Souvenirs" (2008) by Theory of a Deadman

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Patience" (2008) by Nick Lachey

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Halestorm" (2009) by Halestorm

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Believe" (2009) by Orianthi

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Last Train Home" (2009) by Ryan Star

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leave This Town" (2009) by Daughtry

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scream" (2009) by Chris Cornell

paragraph: BULLET::::- "All I Ever Wanted" (2009) by Kelly Clarkson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Just Like You" (2009) by Allison Iraheta

paragraph: BULLET::::- "For Your Entertainment" (2009) by Adam Lambert

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sunday Love" (2012) by Fefe Dobson

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website of Phil X

paragraph: BULLET::::- An Interview with Phil X

alias:
Philip Eric Xenidis
Theofilos "Phil" Xenidis
Theofilos Xenidis

description: Canadian rock guitarist

wikidata_label: Phil X

wikipedia_title: Phil X


text: Turkic

text: Kipchak

text: Egypt

text: Mamluk

text: Bahri dynasty

text: Seventh Crusade

text: Louis IX of France

text: Battle of Ain Jalut

text: Mongol

text: Eastern Mediterranean

text: Crusader

text: Levant

text: Makuria

text: Turkic language

text: bay

text: pars

text: blazon

text: bridge built by Baibars

text: Lod

text: Cuman

text: Dasht-i Kipchak

text: Volga

text: Ural

text: Ibn Taghrībirdī

text: Mongols

text: Second Bulgarian Empire

text: Black Sea

text: Crimea

text: Alania

text: Sultanate of Rum

text: Sīwās

text: Aleppo

text: Cairo

text: As-Salih Ayyub

text: Turkic

text: cataract

text: Ayyubid

text: Battle of La Forbie

text: Sixth Crusade

text: Seventh Crusade

text: Louis IX of France

text: Battle of Al Mansurah

text: Knights Templar

text: Qutuz

text: Battle of Ain Jalut

text: Aleppo

text: Sinjar al-Halabi

text: amir

text: Damascus

text: Hama

text: Homs

text: First Battle of Homs

text: Ayyubid

text: Al-Ashraf Musa, Emir of Homs

text: Al-Mansur Muhammad II

text: Abbasid caliphate

text: sacked Baghdad

text: caliph

text: al-Musta‘sim

text: al-Mustansir II

text: al-Mustarshid

text: al-Hakim I

text: Mamluk sultanate

text: Syria

text: Principality of Antioch

text: Acre

text: Kingdom of Jerusalem

text: Nazareth

text: Fall of Arsuf

text: Athlith

text: Haifa

text: Safad

text: Templar

text: Saladin

text: Cilician Armenia

text: Hethum I

text: Battle of Mari

text: Mamistra

text: Adana

text: Tarsus

text: Leo

text: Bohemond VI

text: besieged Antioch

text: Principality of Antioch

text: Jaffa

text: Ashkalon

text: Caesarea

text: Hijra year

text: Golden Horde

text: Mengu-Timur

text: Ilkhanate

text: Chastel Blanc

text: Hospitaller

text: mangonel

text: mosque

text: mihrab

text: Ninth Crusade

text: Prince Edward of England

text: Kingdom of Makuria

text: Nubia

text: Medieval lower Nubia

text: Banu Kanz

text: jizya

text: Seljuq Sultanate of Rûm

text: Ilkhanate

text: Battle of Elbistan

text: Kayseri

text: Pervâne

text: Damascus

text: kumis

text: Az-Zahiriyah Library

text: al-Said Barakah

text: Solamish

text: Bahri

text: dynasty

text: Qutuz

text: Middle Ages

text: Battle of Ain Jalut

text: Egypt

text: Syria

text: Kazakhstan

text: Templar knight

text: Seventh Crusade

text: Islam

text: Golden Horde

text: Egypt

text: Mongols

text: Battle of Ain Jalut

text: macro-historical

text: hand cannon

text: Libya

text: Nubia

text: Cairo

text: Damascus

text: Islamic science

text: Arab physician

text: Ibn al-Nafis

text: Islam and cats

text: waqf

text: Sirat al-Zahir Baibars

text: Arabic romance

text: Egypt

text: Syria

text: Damascus

text: Az-Zahiriyah Library

text: The Sowers of the Thunder

text: Robert E. Howard

text: Robyn Young

text: Brethren

text: Crusade

text: Gardner Fox

text: Harold Lamb

text: Haroun

text: "Arabian Nights"

text: Rabih Alameddine

text: The Children of the Grail

text: Peter Berling

text: Ablaq

text: Bahri dynasty

text: Cumania

text: Cuman people

text: Kipchak people

text: Mosque of al-Zahir Baybars

text: Sirat al-Zahir Baibars

text: Baibars in Concise Britannica online

text: Brief Article in Columbia Encyclopedia

text: Extensive Arabic Article on Baybars

text: Brief Biography

categories: Medieval Muslim generals,Cumans,Bahri sultans,Muslims of the Seventh Crusade,1277 deaths,Muslims of the Ninth Crusade,1223 births,13th-century Mamluk sultans,Medieval Palestine

image: 512px-تمثال_للسلطان_الظاهر_بيبرس_(cropped).JPG

paragraph: Baibars

paragraph: Baibars or Baybars (, "al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn Baybars al-Bunduqdārī") (1223/1228 – 1 July 1277), of Turkic Kipchak origin – nicknamed Abu al-Futuh and Abu l-Futuhat (; English: "Father of Conquest", referring to his victories) — was the fourth sultan of Egypt in the Mamluk Bahri dynasty. He was one of the commanders of the Egyptian forces that inflicted a defeat on the Seventh Crusade of King Louis IX of France. He also led the vanguard of the Egyptian army at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260, which marked the first substantial defeat of the Mongol army and is considered a turning point in history.

paragraph: The reign of Baibars marked the start of an age of Mamluk dominance in the Eastern Mediterranean and solidified the durability of their military system. He managed to pave the way for the end of the Crusader presence in the Levant and reinforced the union of Egypt and Syria as the region's pre-eminent Muslim state, able to fend off threats from both Crusaders and Mongols, and even managed to subdue the kingdom of Makuria, which was famous for being unconquerable by previous Muslim empire invasion attempts. As Sultan, Baibars also engaged in a combination of diplomacy and military action, allowing the Mamluks of Egypt to greatly expand their empire.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: In his native Turkic language, Baibars' name means "great panther" or "lord panther" (see also Wiktionary: "bay" "rich person, noble" + "pars" "leopard, panther").

paragraph: Section::::Blazon.

paragraph: Possibly based on the Turkic meaning of his name, Baibars used the panther as his heraldic blazon, and placed it on both coins and buildings. The lion/panther used on the bridge built by Baibars near al-Ludd (today's Lod) plays with a rat, which may be interpreted to represent Baibars' Crusader enemies.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Baibars was a Cuman born in the Dasht-i Kipchak, between the Edil (Volga) and Yaiyk (Ural) rivers. There is a discrepancy in Ibn Taghrībirdī's dating of his birth, since he says it took place in 625 AH (12 December 1227–29 November 1228) and also that Baibars was about 24 years old in 1247, which would put his birth closer to 1223. He belonged to the Barli tribe. According to a fellow Cuman and eyewitness, Badr al-Din Baysari, the Barli fled the armies of the Mongols, arranging to settle in the Second Bulgarian Empire. They crossed the Black Sea from either Crimea or Alania, where they had settled in the meantime, to Bulgaria about 1242. After a time, the Bulgarians turned on the Cumans and attacked them. Baysari and Baibars were among the captives and were sold into slavery in the Sultanate of Rum at the slave market in Sīwās. He was sold at Aleppo to 'Alā’ al-Dīn Īdīkīn al-Bunduqārī, an Egyptian of high rank, who brought him to Cairo. In 1247, al-Bunduqārī was arrested and the sultan of Egypt, As-Salih Ayyub, confiscated his slaves, including Baibars.

paragraph: Baibars was described as fair-skinned in contrast to the "swarthy" skin of the native Egyptians, broad-faced with small eyes, very tall (which was typical in both Arabic and European descriptions of Turkic men), and having a cataract in one of his eyes.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.

paragraph: Baibars was a commander of the Mamluks under the Ayyubids. He may have been involved in the significant victory of the Egyptian army at the Battle of La Forbie, east of Gaza in 1244 in the aftermath of the Sixth Crusade. In around 1250 he defeated the Seventh Crusade of Louis IX of France. He was also involved in the Battle of Al Mansurah, where he employed an ingenious strategy in ordering the opening of a gate to let the crusader knights enter the town; the crusaders rushed into the town that they thought was deserted to find themselves trapped inside. They were besieged from all directions by the Egyptian forces and the town population, and suffered heavy losses. Robert of Artois, who took refuge in a house, and William of Salisbury were both killed, along with most of the Knights Templar. Only five Templar Knights escaped alive.

paragraph: Baibars was still a commander under Sultan Qutuz at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260, when he decisively defeated the Mongols. After the battle, Sultan Qutuz (aka Koetoez) was assassinated while on a hunting expedition. It was said that Baibars was involved in the assassination because he expected to be rewarded with the governorship of Aleppo for his military success, but Qutuz, fearing his ambition, refused to give him the post. Baibars succeeded Qutuz as Sultan of Egypt.

paragraph: Section::::Sultan of Egypt.

paragraph: Once Baibars had ascended to the Sultanate, his authority was soon confirmed without any serious resistance, except from Sinjar al-Halabi, another Mamluk amir who was popular and powerful enough to claim Damascus. Also, the threat from the Mongols was still serious enough to be considered as a threat to Baibars' authority. However, Baibars first chose to deal with Sinjar, and marched on Damascus. At the same time the princes of Hama and Homs proved able to defeat the Mongols in the First Battle of Homs, which lifted the Mongol threat for a while. On 17 January 1261, Baibars' forces were able to rout the troops of Sinjar outside Damascus, and pursued the attack to the city, where the citizens were loyal to Sinjar and resisted Baibars, although their resistance was soon crushed.

paragraph: After suppressing the revolt of Sinjar, Baibars then managed to deal with the Ayyubids, while quietly eliminating the prince of Kerak. Ayyubids such as Al-Ashraf Musa, Emir of Homs and the Ayyubid Emir Dynasty of Hama Al-Mansur Muhammad II), who had earlier staved off the Mongol threat, were permitted to continue their rule in exchange for their recognizing Baibars' authority as Sultan.

paragraph: After the Abbasid caliphate in Iraq was overthrown by the Mongols in 1258 when they conquered and sacked Baghdad, the Muslim world lacked a caliph, a theoretically supreme leader who had sometimes used his office to endow distant Muslim rulers with legitimacy by sending them writs of investiture. Thus, when the Abbasid refugee Abu al-Qasim Ahmad, the uncle of the last Abbasid caliph al-Musta‘sim, arrived in Cairo in 1261, Baibars had him proclaimed caliph as al-Mustansir II and duly received investiture as sultan from him. Unfortunately, al-Mustansir II was killed by the Mongols during an ill-advised expedition to recapture Baghdad from the Mongols later in the same year. In 1262, another Abbasid, allegedly the great-great-great grandson of the Caliph al-Mustarshid, Abu al-‘Abbas Ahmad, who had survived from the defeated expedition, was proclaimed caliph as al-Hakim I, inaugurating the line of Abbasid caliphs of Cairo that continued as long as the Mamluk sultanate, until 1517. Like his unfortunate predecessor, al-Hakim I also received the formal oath of alliegance of Baibars and provided him with legitimation. While most of the Muslim world did not take these caliphs seriously, as they were mere instruments of the sultans, they still lent a certain legitimation as well as a decorative element to their rule.

paragraph: Section::::Sultan of Egypt.:Campaign against the Crusaders.

paragraph: As sultan, Baibars engaged in a lifelong struggle against the Crusader kingdoms in Syria, in part because the Christians had aided the Mongols. He started with the Principality of Antioch, which had become a vassal state of the Mongols and had participated in attacks against Islamic targets in Damascus and Syria. In 1263, Baibars laid siege to Acre, the capital of the remnant of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, although the siege was abandoned when he sacked Nazareth instead. He used siege engines to defeat the Crusaders in battles such as the Fall of Arsuf from March 21 to April 30. After breaking into the town he offered free passage to the defending Knights Hospitallers if they surrendered their formidable citadel. The Knights accepted Baibars' offer but were enslaved anyway. Baibars razed the castle to the ground. He next attacked Athlith and Haifa, where he captured both towns after destroying the crusaders' resistance, and razed the citadels.

paragraph: In the same year Baibars laid siege to the fortress of Safad, held by the Templar knights, which had been conquered by Saladin in 1188 but returned to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1240. Baibars promised the knights safe passage to the Christian town of Acre if they surrendered their fortress. Badly outnumbered, the knights agreed.On capturing Safed, Baibars did not raze the fortress to the ground but fortified and repaired it instead, as it was strategically situated and well constructed. He installed a new governor in Safed, with the rank of "Wali"

paragraph: Later, in 1266, Baibars invaded the Christian country of Cilician Armenia which, under King Hethum I, had submitted to the Mongol Empire. After defeating the forces of Hethum I in the Battle of Mari, Baibars managed to ravage the three great cities of Mamistra, Adana and Tarsus, so that when Hetoum arrived with Mongol troops, the country was already devastated. Hetoum had to negotiate the return of his son Leo by giving control of Armenia's border fortresses to the Mamluks. In 1269, Hetoum abdicated in favour of his son and became a monk, but he died a year later. Leo was left in the awkward situation of keeping Cilicia as a subject of the Mongol Empire, while at the same time paying tribute to the Mamluks.

paragraph: This isolated Antioch and Tripoli, led by Hethum's son-in-law, Prince Bohemond VI. After successfully conquering Cilicila, Baibars in 1267 settled his unfinished business with Acre, and continued the extermination of remaining crusader garrisons in the following years. In 1268, he besieged Antioch, capturing the city on 18 May. Baibars had promised to spare the lives of the inhabitants, but he broke his promise and had the city razed, killing or enslaving much of the population after the surrender. prompting the fall of the Principality of Antioch. The massacre of men, women, and children at Antioch "was the single greatest massacre of the entire crusading era." Priests had their throats slit inside their churches, and women were sold into slavery.

paragraph: Then he continued to Jaffa, which belonged to Guy, the son of John of Ibelin. Jaffa fell to Baibars on 7 March after twelve hours of fighting; most of Jaffa's citizens were slain, but Baibars allowed the garrison to go unharmed. After this he conquered Ashkalon and Caesarea.

paragraph: Section::::Sultan of Egypt.:Diplomacy with Golden Horde.

paragraph: In some time around October to November 1267, or about 666 Safar of Hijra year, Baibars wrote condolences and congratulations to the new Khan of the Golden Horde, Mengu-Timur, to urge him to fight Abaqa. Despite the failure to incite infighting between the Golden Horde and Ilkhanate, Baibars continued to conduct warm correspondence with the Golden Horde, particularly with Mengu Timur's general Noqai, who unlike Mengu Timur was very cooperative with Baibars. It is theorized that this intimacy was not only due to the religious connection (as Noqai was a Muslim, unlike his Khan), but also because Noqai was not really fond of Mengu-Timur. However, Baibars was pragmatic in his approach and did not want to become involved in complicated intrigue inside the Golden Horde, so instead he stayed close to both Mengu Timur and Noqai

paragraph: Section::::Sultan of Egypt.:Continued campaign against Crusaders.

paragraph: In 1271, after Baibars captured the smaller castles in the area, including Chastel Blanc, he besieged Krak des Chevaliers castle, held by the Hospitallers, on 30 March. Peasants who lived in the area had fled to the castle for safety and were kept in the outer ward. As soon as Baibars arrived he began erecting mangonels, powerful siege weapons which he would turn on the castle. According to Ibn Shaddad, two days later the first line of defences was captured by the besiegers; he was probably referring to a walled suburb outside the castle's entrance. After a lull of ten days, the besiegers conveyed a letter to the garrison, supposedly from the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller in Tripoli, which granted permission for them to surrender. The garrison capitulated and the Sultan spared their lives. The new owners of the castle undertook repairs, focused mainly on the outer ward. The Hospitaller chapel was converted to a mosque and two mihrabs were added to the interior.

paragraph: Baibars then turned his attention to Tripoli, but he interrupted his siege there to call a truce in May 1271. The fall of Antioch had led to the brief Ninth Crusade, led by Prince Edward of England, who arrived in Acre in May 1271 and attempted to ally himself with the Mongols against Baibars. So Baibars declared a truce with Tripoli, as well as with Edward, who was never able to capture any territory from Baibars anyway. According to some reports, Baibars tried to have Edward assassinated with poison, but Edward survived the attempt and returned home in 1272.

paragraph: Section::::Sultan of Egypt.:Campaign against Makuria.

paragraph: In 1272 the Mamluk Sultan invaded the Kingdom of Makuria, after its King David I had raided the Egyptian city of Aidhab, initiating several decades of intervention by the Mamlukes in Nubian affairs. Hostilities toward the dying Christian kingdom were sidelined as Baibars' invasion of Makuria continued for four years until, by 1276, Baibars had completed his conquest of Nubia, Including the Medieval lower Nubia which ruled by Banu Kanz. Under the terms of settlement, the Nubians were now subjected to paying jizya tribute, and in return they were allowed to keep their religion, being protected under Islamic law as 'People of the Book'; they were also allowed to continue being governed by a king from the native royal family, although this king was chosen personally by Baibars, namely a Makurian noble named Shakanda. In practice this was reducing Makuria to a vassal kingdom, effectively ending Makuria's status as an independent kingdom

paragraph: Section::::Sultan of Egypt.:Campaign against the Mongols.

paragraph: In 1277, Baibars invaded the Seljuq Sultanate of Rûm, then controlled by the Ilkhanate Mongols. He defeated a Mongol army at the Battle of Elbistan and captured the city of Kayseri. Baibars himself went with a few troops to deal with the Mongol right flank that was pounding his left wing. Baibars ordered a force from the army from Hama to reinforce his left. The large Mamluk numbers were able to overwhelm the Mongol force, who instead of retreating dismounted from their horses. Some Mongols were able to escape and took up positions on the hills. Once they became surrounded they once again dismounted, and fought to the death. During the celebration of victory, Baybars said that "How can I be happy. Before I had thought that I and my servants would defeat the Mongols, but my left wing was beaten by them. Only Allah helped us".

paragraph: The possibility of a new Mongol army convinced Baibars to return to Syria, since he was far away from his bases and supply line. As the Mamluk army returned to Syria the commander of the Mamluk vanguard, Izz al-Din Aybeg al-Shaykhi, deserted to the Mongols. Pervâne sent a letter to Baibars asking him to delay his departure. Baibars chastised him for not aiding him during the Battle of Elbistan. Baibars told him he was leaving for Sivas to mislead Pervâne and the Mongols as to his true destination. Baibars also sent Taybars al-Waziri with a force to raid the Armenian town of al-Rummana, whose inhabitants had hidden the Mongols earlier.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Baibars died in Damascus on 1 July 1277. His demise has been the subject of some academic speculation. Many sources agree that he died from drinking poisoned kumis that was intended for someone else. Other accounts suggest that he may have died from a wound while campaigning, or from illness. He was buried in the Az-Zahiriyah Library in Damascus.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Baibars married several women and had seven daughters and three sons. Two of his sons, al-Said Barakah and Solamish, became sultans.

paragraph: Section::::Assessment.

paragraph: As the first Sultan of the Bahri Mamluk dynasty, Baibars made the meritocratic ascent up the ranks of Mamluk society. He took final control after the assassination of Sultan Sayf al Din Qutuz, but before he became Sultan he was the commander of the Mamluk forces in the most important battle of the Middle Ages, repelling a Mongol force at the legendary Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260. Although in the Muslim world he has been considered a national hero for centuries, and in Egypt, Syria and Kazakhstan is still regarded as such, Sultan Baibars was reviled in the Christian world of the time for his seemingly unending victorious campaigns. A Templar knight who fought in the Seventh Crusade lamented:

paragraph: Baibars also played an important role in bringing the Mongols to Islam. He developed strong ties with the Mongols of the Golden Horde and took steps for the Golden Horde Mongols to travel to Egypt. The arrival of the Mongol's Golden Horde to Egypt resulted in a significant number of Mongols accepting Islam.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Military legacy.

paragraph: Baibars was a popular ruler in the Muslim World who had defeated the crusaders in three campaigns, and the Mongols in the Battle of Ain Jalut which many scholars deem of great macro-historical importance. In order to support his military campaigns, Baibars commissioned arsenals, warships and cargo vessels. He was also arguably the first to employ explosive hand cannons in war, at the Battle of Ain Jalut. His military campaign also extended into Libya and Nubia.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Culture and science.

paragraph: He was also an efficient administrator who took interest in building various infrastructure projects, such as a mounted message relay system capable of delivery from Cairo to Damascus in four days. He built bridges, irrigation and shipping canals, improved the harbours, and built mosques. He was a patron of Islamic science, such as his support for the medical research of his Arab physician, Ibn al-Nafis. As a testament of a special relationship between Islam and cats, Baibars left a cat garden in Cairo as a waqf, providing the cats of Cairo with food and shelter. Its legacy of domesticated cats in Cairo is still seen to this day.

paragraph: His memoirs were recorded in "Sirat al-Zahir Baibars" ("Life of al-Zahir Baibars"), a popular Arabic romance recording his battles and achievements. He has a heroic status in Kazakhstan, as well as in Egypt and Syria.

paragraph: "Al-Madrassa al-Zahiriyya" is the school built adjacent to his Mausoleum in Damascus. The Az-Zahiriyah Library has a wealth of manuscripts in various branches of knowledge to this day.

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baibars figures prominently in the story "The Sowers of the Thunder" by Robert E. Howard. While liberties are taken with history for the sake of the tale, and many characters and events are purely imaginary, his character is fairly close to the folkloric depiction and the general flow of history is respected.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baibars is the main character of a novel "Yemshan" by Russian-Kazakh writer Moris Simashko (Moris Davidovich Shamas)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baibars is one of the main characters of Robyn Young's books, "Brethren" (starting shortly before he becomes Sultan) and "Crusade".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baibars is the main character of Jefferson Cooper's (Gardner Fox) 1957 novel, "The Swordsman"

paragraph: BULLET::::- According to Harold Lamb, Haroun of Baghdad in the "Arabian Nights" was really Baibars of Cairo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baibars is one of the central characters in Lebanese- American author Rabih Alameddine's "The Hakawati".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baibars is one of the characters in "The Children of the Grail" books by Peter Berling.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sultan Beybars – movie shot in 1989 by Kazakh National Cinema Studio "Kazakh Film" Султан Бейбарс – художественный телефильм 1989 года

paragraph: BULLET::::- Qahira ka Qaher (A Warrior of Egypt) Real biography of Sultan, written by historian Muazam Javed Bukhari

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baibars is a central character in "The Saracen" – Novel by Robert Shea, 1989 Historic Fiction.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ablaq

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bahri dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cumania

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cuman people

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kipchak people

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mosque of al-Zahir Baybars

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sirat al-Zahir Baibars

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baibars article from Encyclopedia of the Orient

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baibars in Concise Britannica online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al-Madrassa al-Zahiriyya and Baybars Mausoleum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brief Article in Columbia Encyclopedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Extensive Arabic Article on Baybars

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brief Biography

description: Sultan of Egypt

wikidata_label: Baibars

wikipedia_title: Baibars