text:
Egyptian
pharaoh
13th dynasty
Second Intermediate Period
Kim Ryholt
Hyksos
Memphite
14th Dynasty
Jacques Kinnaer
Jürgen von Beckerath
Turin canon
Sobekhotep VII
Mentuhotep II
Édouard Naville
British Museum
Book of the Dead
New Kingdom
Seankhenre Mentuhotepi
Merankhre Mentuhotep VI
Mentuhotep
Djehuti
16th Dynasty

paragraph: Sewadjare Mentuhotep

paragraph: Sewadjare Mentuhotep (also known as Mentuhotep V or Mentuhotep VI depending on the scholar) is a poorly attested Egyptian pharaoh of the late 13th dynasty who reigned for a short time c. 1655 BC during the Second Intermediate Period. The egyptologists Kim Ryholt and Darrell Baker respectively believe that he was the fiftieth and forty-ninth king of the dynasty, thereby making him Mentuhotep V. Thus, Sewadjare Mentuhotep most likely reigned shortly before the arrival of Hyksos over the Memphite region and concurrently with the last rulers of the 14th Dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: Ryholt, Baker and Jacques Kinnaer refer to Sewadjare Mentuhotep as Mentuhotep V because they believe that he lived at the very end of the 13th Dynasty. On the other hand, in his studies of the Second Intermediate Period, Jürgen von Beckerath leaves Sewadjare Mentuhotep's position within the 13th Dynasty completely undetermined, but names him Mentuhotep VI nonetheless.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.

paragraph: Sewadjare Mentuhotep is a poorly attested pharaoh. Unfortunately, the Turin canon is severely damaged after the record of Sobekhotep VII and the identity and chronological order of the last 19 kings of the 13th Dynasty are impossible to ascertain from the document. According to Nobert Dautzenberg and Ryholt, Mentuhotep's prenomen "Sewadjare" is nonetheless partially preserved on column 8, line 20 of the papyrus, which reads "[...]dj[are]".

paragraph: The only contemporary attestation safely attributable to Sewadjare Mentuhotep V is a single fragment of a relief showing his cartouches. The relief was found in the ruins of the mortuary temple of Mentuhotep II during the excavation of Édouard Naville at the beginning of the 20th century.

paragraph: Section::::Coffin of Herunefer.

paragraph: Another possible attestation of Sewedjare Mentuhotep V is given by a fragment of a wooden coffin, now in the British Museum under the catalog number BM EA 29997. The coffin bears the following text:

paragraph: The prenomen of the king Mentuhotep is missing and the identification of this Mentuhotep remains problematic. Kim Ryholt notes however that the coffin is also inscribed with an early version of passages of the Book of the Dead, which is one of only two pre-New Kingdom inscriptions of this text. Thus, Ryholt argues that this Mentuhotep must have reigned during the late second intermediate period. Thus three kings could possibly be the one mentioned on the coffin: Seankhenre Mentuhotepi, Merankhre Mentuhotep VI and Sewadjare Mentuhotep. Although it sounds similar to Mentuhotep, Ryholt has shown that Mentuhotepi is a different name than Mentuhotep and would therefore not have been reported as Mentuhotep. To decide between the two remaining kings, Ryholt notes that the other instance of the Book of the Dead is found on the coffin of queen Mentuhotep, wife of Djehuti, the second pharaoh of the 16th Dynasty who reigned c. 1645 BC. In this case, the text is almost identical to that found on Herunefer's coffin, which argues for a close proximity in time between the two. While Sewadjare Mentuhotep reigned c. 10 years before Djehuti, Merankhre Mentuhotep is believed to have reigned 60 years after him. Hence, Ryholt concludes that Sewadjare Mentuhotep is the Mentuhotep of the coffin, Sitmut his queen and Herunefer his son.

paragraph: This identification is far from certain however, and Aidan Dodson and Dyan Hilton have instead dated the coffin to the end of the 16th dynasty, thereby giving Herunefer as the son of Merankhre Mentuhotep VI.

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Mentuhotep VI

wikipedia_title: Sewadjare Mentuhotep


text:
metal
Katatonia
Jonas Renkse
death metal
Bloodbath
black metal
Diabolical Masquerade
Ravendusk in My Heart
The Phantom Lodge
Nightwork
Death's Design
Jhva Elohim Meth... The Revival
Dance of December Souls
For Funerals to Come
Brave Murder Day
Sounds of Decay
Discouraged Ones
Saw You Drown
Tonight's Decision
Teargas
Last Fair Deal Gone Down
Tonight's Music
The Black Sessions
Viva Emptiness
The Great Cold Distance
Live Consternation
Night Is the New Day
The Longest Year
Dead End Kings
The Fall of Hearts
Breeding Death
Resurrection Through Carnage
Nightmares Made Flesh
Unblessing the Purity
The Fathomless Mastery
The Wacken Carnage
Bloodbath over Bloodstock
Grand Morbid Funeral

categories: Black metal musicians,1975 births,Bloodbath members,Swedish heavy metal guitarists,Katatonia members,Death metal musicians,Living people

paragraph: Anders Nyström

paragraph: Anders Nyström (born 22 April 1975), also known as Blakkheim (or formerly Blackheim) is a Swedish guitarist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Nyström founded the Swedish metal band Katatonia with singer Jonas Renkse in 1991. Nyström is involved in the songwriting, backing vocals, keyboards, programming, arrangements, art direction and production of Katatonia along with Renkse.

paragraph: He used to be a member of the metal band Bewitched from 1995–1997 and is still with Jonas Renkse on the death metal project Bloodbath. He has released four albums as the solo black metal act Diabolical Masquerade (1993–2004).

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Diabolical Masquerade.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ravendusk in My Heart" CD 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Phantom Lodge" CD 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nightwork" CD 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Death's Design" CD 2001

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Katatonia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jhva Elohim Meth... The Revival" (1992) (EP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dance of December Souls" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "For Funerals to Come" (1995) (EP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brave Murder Day" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sounds of Decay" (1997) (EP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Discouraged Ones" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saw You Drown" (1998) (EP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tonight's Decision" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Teargas" (2001) (EP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Last Fair Deal Gone Down" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tonight's Music" (2001) (EP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Black Sessions" (Best of double disc set with a live DVD) (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Viva Emptiness" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Great Cold Distance" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live Consternation" (including live DVD) (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Night Is the New Day" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Longest Year" (2010) (EP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Buildings" (2012) (EP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dead End Kings" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fall of Hearts" (2016)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Bloodbath.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Breeding Death" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Resurrection Through Carnage" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nightmares Made Flesh" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unblessing the Purity" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fathomless Mastery" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wacken Carnage" (2008, CD/DVD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bloodbath over Bloodstock" (2011, DVD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grand Morbid Funeral" (2014)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Bewitched.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Diabolical Desecration" CD 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Encyclopedia of Evil" MCD 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pentagram Prayer" CD 1997

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Guest Appearances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cancer" - Guitar on the track 'Ballcutter' from the album Shadow Gripped (2019)

alias: Blackheim Blakkheim

description: Swedish musician

wikidata_label: Anders Nyström

wikipedia_title: Anders Nyström


text:
general
Greek
Prime Minister
Greek
Thunder
Thunderbolt
Proussós
Crete
commissioned
Macedonian Struggle
guerrilla
captain
Balkan Wars
Movement of National Defence
Eleftherios Venizelos
lieutenant colonel
King Constantine I
Constantinople
1922 Revolution
major general
royalist revolt
Parliament
1923 elections
Democratic Union
National Republican Party
National Radical Party
war minister
Theodoros Pangalos
coup
November
August 1928
Kavala
Populist
March 1935 Venizelist revolt
"in absentia"
Panagis Tsaldaris
Alexandros Zaimis
Regent
Republic
plebiscite
George II
Benito Mussolini
Victor Emmanuel III
January 1936
Ioannis Rallis
heart attack
Athens
German invasion of Greece

categories: Prime Ministers of Greece,Ministers of Military Affairs of Greece,Greek military personnel of World War I,1936 deaths,1878 births,Leaders who took power by coup,Greek military personnel of the Balkan Wars,Regents of Greece,Greek military personnel of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922),Deputy Prime Ministers of Greece,Greek military personnel of the Macedonian Struggle,People from Karpenisi,19th-century Greek people,Hellenic Army generals

paragraph: Georgios Kondylis

paragraph: Georgios Kondylis (, August 14, 1878 – February 1, 1936) was a general of the Greek army and Prime Minister of Greece. He was nicknamed "Keravnos", Greek for "Thunder" or "Thunderbolt".

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Kondylis was born in Proussós. He enlisted in the army as a volunteer in 1896, and fought with the Greek expeditionary corps in Crete. He was later commissioned and participated in the Macedonian Struggle (1904–1908) leading his own guerrilla band, and was promoted to captain during the Balkan Wars (1912–1913). He supported the Movement of National Defence of Eleftherios Venizelos during the First World War, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel. A firm Venizelist, he opposed the restoration of King Constantine I in 1920, fleeing to Constantinople together with other Venizelist officers and organizing there the "Democratic Defence" (Δημοκρατική Άμυνα). He returned after the 1922 Revolution as a major general, suppressed the royalist revolt of 1923, retired from the army, and became involved in politics.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: He was elected to Parliament at the 1923 elections for the constituency of Rodope, initially for the Democratic Union, and later founded the National Republican Party (Εθνικό Δημοκρατικό Κόμμα), renamed in 1928 National Radical Party (Εθνικό Ριζοσπαστικό Κόμμα). He was war minister from March to June 1924. On August 24, 1926, he overthrew the dictatorship of Theodoros Pangalos in a bloodless coup and formed a government, proclaiming elections for November. Notably, his party did not participate in these. In the elections of August 1928, voters elected nine of his party's candidates as MPs, and he was elected in Kavala.

paragraph: During this time, Kondylis began moving rightward. In 1932 he became war minister again in return for his support of the Populist government, a post he retained after the Populists were reelected in 1933. From this post he was instrumental in crushing the March 1935 Venizelist revolt. In the period immediately following the revolt, Kondylis became the real power in the country. He sacked numerous pro-republican soldiers and civil servants, and condemned Venizelos to death "in absentia".

paragraph: By now, Kondylis was one of the strongest proponents of restoring the monarchy. However, he opposed Prime Minister Panagis Tsaldaris' call for a referendum. On October 10, 1935, Kondylis and several other officers called on Tsaldaris and forced him to resign. Kondylis forced President Alexandros Zaimis to name him the new premier. Later that day, Kondylis forced Zaimis to resign, declared himself Regent, abolished the Republic and staged a plebiscite on November 3 for the return of the monarchy.

paragraph: The official tally showed that 98 percent of the voters supported the return of George II—an implausibly high total that could have only been obtained through massive fraud. Indeed, the vote took place under less-than-secret conditions. Voters were given the choice of dropping a blue piece of paper in the ballot box if they supported the monarchy, and a red one if they supported the republic. Those who supported the republic risked being beaten up. Under those circumstances, it took a brave Greek to vote "no." By this time, Kondylis had turned so far to the right that he now openly sympathized with fascism. He hoped to echo Benito Mussolini's example in Italy, in which Victor Emmanuel III had been reduced to a puppet.

paragraph: George returned to Greece on 25 November, and retained Kondylis as prime minister. Kondylis soon quarreled with the king, who was not content to be a mere puppet, and resigned five days later. In the January 1936 elections, he cooperated with Ioannis Rallis and managed to have fifteen MPs elected. Soon after, however, he died of a heart attack on February 1, 1936, in Athens. His nephew, George Kondylis Jr., became a general in the Greek army and later fought against the Axis during the German invasion of Greece.

description: Greek politician and general

wikidata_label: Georgios Kondylis

wikipedia_title: Georgios Kondylis


text: novel

text: poem

text: Asteroid

text: 879 Ricarda

text: Nobel Prize in Literature

text: Braunschweig

text: Ferdinand Tönnies

text: Zurich

text: University of Zurich

text: Marie Baum

text: Hedwig Bleuler-Waser

text: Marianne Plehn

text: Bremen

text: Romanticism

text: German Romanticism

text: August Wilhelm Schlegel

text: Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel

text: Friedrich von Hardenberg

text: Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder

text: Ludwig Tieck

text: utopian

text: reason

text: fantasy

text: folklore

text: myth

text: Zacharias Werner

text: Clemens Brentano

text: Achim von Arnim

text: Bettine von Arnim

text: Justinus Kerner

text: Caroline Schelling

text: Dorothea von Schlegel

text: Karoline von Günderrode

text: Rahel Levin

text: Bettina von Arnim

text: Dorothea von Rodde-Schlözer

text: Toni Wolff

text: Gottfried Keller

text: Franz Ferdinand

text: Sarajevo

text: Thirty Years' War

text: World War I

text: Munich

text: Albrecht von Wallenstein

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: Switzerland

text: German Empire

text: Lutheran

text: Goethean

text: scepticism

text: Martin Luther

text: Weimarer Republik

text: anarchist

text: Michael Bakunin

text: Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein

text: Medieval commune

text: Franz Böhm

text: Goethe Prize

text: Preußische Akademie der Künste

text: German revolutions of 1848–49

text: Nazis

text: Dritte Reich

text: Max von Schillings

text: Gottfried Benn

text: freedom of expression

text: Heinrich Mann

text: NSDAP

text: Charles the Great

text: Jews in Germany

text: Germanic culture

text: roots

text: Jena

text: Jena University

text: sedition

text: World War II

text: Freiburg

text: Frankfurt

text: Soviet zone of occupation

text: West Germany

text: German resistance to Nazism

text: University of Pennsylvania

text: Ernst Wiechert

text: Werner Bergengruen

text: Reinhold Schneider

text: Albrecht Haushofer

text: Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen

text: Thomas Mann

text: Alfred Andersch

text: Gerhart Hauptmann

text: Rudolf Alexander Schröder

text: Hans Carossa

text: Gertrud von Le Fort

text: Stefan Andres

text: Horst Lange

text: Hans Leip

text: Martin Raschke

text: Eugen Gottlob Winkler

categories: German women poets,1947 deaths,1864 births,Burials at Frankfurt Main Cemetery,20th-century German novelists,University of Zurich alumni,People from the Duchy of Brunswick,19th-century novelists,German historians,20th-century German women writers,German women novelists,People from Braunschweig,19th-century German writers,19th-century German women writers

paragraph: Ricarda Huch

paragraph: Ricarda Huch (; 18 July 1864 – 17 November 1947) was a pioneering German intellectual. Trained as an historian, and the author of many works of European history, she also wrote novels, poems, and a play. Asteroid 879 Ricarda is named in her honour. She was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature seven times.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Huch was born in Braunschweig to Marie Louise and Georg Heinrich Huch in 1864. The Huchs were a well off merchant family. Her brother Rudolf and cousins Friedrich and Felix were writers. While living with her family in Braunschweig she corresponded with Ferdinand Tönnies.

paragraph: Because German universities did not allow women to graduate, Huch left Braunschweig in 1887 and moved to Zurich to take the entrance examinations for the University of Zurich. She matriculated into a PhD program in history and received her doctorate in 1892 for a dissertation on "The neutrality of the Confederation during the Spanish War of Succession" ("Die Neutralität der Eidgenossenschaft während des spanischen Erbfolgekrieges"). While at the University of Zurich she established lasting friendships with Marie Baum, Hedwig Bleuler-Waser and Marianne Plehn, who like her had come to Zurich to study.

paragraph: After receiving her doctorate she found employment at the Zurich public library. In 1896 she taught at a girl's school in Bremen.

paragraph: Section::::Early publications and historic studies.

paragraph: In the 1890s Huch published her first poems and stories. In 1892 her first novel was published "Erinnerungen von Ludolf Ursleu dem Jüngeren". In 1897 Huch moved to Vienna to research Romanticism. In Vienna she met the Italian dentist Ermanno Ceconi, whom she married in 1898. In 1899 she gave birth to their daughter Marietta.

paragraph: In 1899 the first volume of her two volume study on German Romanticism was published, "Blütezeit der Romantik". The book launched Huch as contributor to the contemporary cultural discourse in Germany and established her reputation as a historian. "Ausbreitung und Verfall der Romantik" was published in 1902. Huch argued that German Romanticism went through a period of blossoming and a later period of decay. She argued that August Wilhelm Schlegel, Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel, Friedrich von Hardenberg, Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder and Ludwig Tieck were exponents of early German Romanticism. In this blossoming period utopian thinking and a striving for balance between reason and fantasy, mind and body, culminated in the idea that human perfectibility was a task for everyone. Huch identifies late German Romanticism with a leaning towards simplistic folklore, myth and self-destructive tendencies. She counts Zacharias Werner, Clemens Brentano, Achim von Arnim, Bettine von Arnim and Justinus Kerner among the late and decadent Romantics. Huch lamented the aspirituality and technocentrism of her own day and expressed the hope that after the rejection of Romanticism in the first half of the 19th century the intellectual achievements of Romanticism would be regenerated. Huch emphasised the role of women in early German Romanticism, pointing to the writings of Caroline Schelling, Dorothea von Schlegel, Karoline von Günderrode, Rahel Levin, Bettina von Arnim and Dorothea von Rodde-Schlözer.

paragraph: Huch’s historical research was challenged by her contemporaries. While her meticulous research was admired and her breath of vision was honoured, she was criticised for poetic imagination. In her days historians would interpret the meaning of historic documents. While Huch focused on conjuring up images by describing contents, symbolism, colour and moods to invoke the world view of a historic period. Her contemporary Toni Wolff identified Huch as medial historian who had the ability to “evoke historical situations and persons”. This caused bewilderment among her contemporaries, who were used to thinking of history as big events, military campaigns and great men. Instead Huch presented the historic facts and drew character studies of the individuals, with their failures and triumphs. In her historic studies she also charted the lives of ordinary people, such as monks, society ladies and children.

paragraph: Huch and her husband moved to Trieste and then to Munich. In the early 1900 the couple divorced, though Huch remained close to Ceconi. In 1903 Huch's novel "Vita somnium breve" was published, which was retitled and republished in 1913 as "Michael Unger". In 1906 her treatise on Gottfried Keller "Die Geschichte von Garibaldi" was published. A volume with poetry followed in 1907. In the same year Huch married her cousin Richard Huch, who had divorced from her sister in 1907. In 1908 she published a treatise on the Italian unification "Aus dem Zeitalter des Risorgimento".

paragraph: Section::::Publications during World War I.

paragraph: In 1914 Huch celebrated her fiftieth birthday, three weeks after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, her final volume of her trilogy on the Thirty Years' War had just been completed. This trilogy solidified her reputation as one of Germany's foremost historians. During the first years of the World War I Huch lived in Munich. 1915 Huch’s character study of Albrecht von Wallenstein was published, "Wallenstein - Eine Charakterstudie". In it she chronicled Wallenstein’s attempt to renew and unify Germany out of the Holy Roman Empire, which she termed a “degenerate and decadent” Reich. After World War I Huch’s interpretation of regenerating Germany through war and violent revolution resonated among nationalists in the defeated Germany.

paragraph: In 1916 she moved to Switzerland, but returned to Munich in 1918 just before the German Empire collapsed. During the war she had also published "Natur und Geist" in 1914 and "Luthers Glaube" in 1916. Just after the war she published "Der Sinn der heiligen Schrift" in 1919. In her early autobiographical writings Huch had expressed a Lutheran faith combined with a Goethean view of history and the community. In "Luthers Glaube" she established counter arguments to modern scepticism, emphasising that Martin Luther was a great man of faith rather than the founder of a new church. While Huch emphasised the importance of the home country, and family values, she regarded change as inevitable and valued individuality above all else. Her books on religious and philosophical history conveyed a joined-up view of human beings, human life and history.

paragraph: Section::::Publications during the Weimar Republic.

paragraph: In the early years of the Weimarer Republik Huch published "Entpersönlichung" in 1921. In 1924 she published a study on the anarchist Michael Bakunin entitled "Michael Bakunin und die Anarchie". Her study of the Prussian reformer Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein entitled "Stein" was published 1925. In 1927 she published in three volumes geographical essays of German cities "Im alten Reich. Lebensbilder deutscher Städte". In these essays she describes the structure of old cities, their buildings and important historic events. Huch stressed the particularity of urban organisms and the communal spirit cities generated. Huch also examined the Medieval commune and charted the development of self-governing communities based on personal involvement and solidarity. Huch had first examined the idea of self-reliant communities, which she contrasted to what she perceived as artificial modern societies, in her biography of Bakunin.

paragraph: In 1927 Huch, her daughter and her son-in-law Franz Böhm moved to Berlin. In 1931 Huch was awarded the Goethe Prize. She was the first woman that was invited to join the Preußische Akademie der Künste (Prussian Academy of Arts). In 1930 her treatise on the German revolutions of 1848–49 was published under the title "Alte und neue Götter (1848). Die Revolution des 19. Jahrhunderts in Deutschland".

paragraph: Section::::Publications during the Third Reich.

paragraph: When the Nazis seized power in 1933 and proclaimed the German Dritte Reich she resigned in protest from the Prussian Academy of Arts. Huch and other members of the academy had in March 1933 received a letter from the president of the Prussian Academy of Arts, Max von Schillings, asking them to sign a declaration drafted by Gottfried Benn, declaring their loyalty to the new government. A public and infamous exchange of letters between Huch and Schillings followed. Huch refused to sign. Schillings responded, expressing the hope that the academy could count on her support and her continuous membership. Huch responded, saying that she will not forego her right to freedom of expression and asked Schillings whether her refusal to sign the declaration will inevitably lead to her exclusion from the academy. Schillings replied that the academy is merely asking its members to not publicly oppose the new government. Schillings also pointed out that if she resigned, she would be in the company of Heinrich Mann who had resigned from the academy to mount an unsuccessful attempt of mobilising a social democratic alliance against the NSDAP during the March 1933 elections. Schillings argued that this could not be her wish, since she had in her writings clearly expressed nationalist and conservative views. Huch responded, saying that it is natural for a German to feel German, but that she condemned the Nazis' strong-arm tactics, brutal centralization and intimidation of those with other opinions. Huch called the Nazis' tactics un-German, defended her right to freedom of expression and noted that she was not in agreement with the Nazi doctrine.

paragraph: Huch remained in Berlin and researched early German history, starting with Charles the Great. In 1934 she published the first volume of her trilogy on medieval Germany social history, focusing on various medieval political, social and religious institutions. "Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation" was followed by "Das Zeitalter der Glaubensspaltung" in 1937. Huch idealized medieval German culture, and passed comment on leadership, justice and Jews in Germany. Her views were an open challenge to the Nazi doctrine on Germanic culture and its roots. Her son-in-law Böhm was forced out of the public service by the Nazis. In 1936 Huch together with her daughter, Böhm and their son, moved to Jena. Böhm was able to secure a teaching contract with Jena University, but in 1937 he and Huch were accused of sedition because the two had defended the intellectual capacities of Jews at a dinner party. While neither of the two were convicted, Böhm could not maintain his teaching position. During World War II Böhm moved to Freiburg and later to Frankfurt, while Huch and her daughter remained in Jena.

paragraph: Section::::Publications and work in the post-war period.

paragraph: When Jena was to become part of the Soviet zone of occupation Huch fled to West Germany and settled in Frankfurt. She began work on a book celebrating members of the German resistance to Nazism. In March 1946, 13 years after her resignation from the Prussian Academy of Arts she published a public appeal in Germany's daily newspapers asking for help in compiling biographical information on those who had sacrificed their lives to resist the Nazi terror. She reasoned that this ultimate sacrifice had helped all Germans to retain a grain of human dignity during a period of near boundless brutality. Huch argued that those who had resisted allowed all humans to rise from the swamp of everyday routine, light the spark for the fight against the bad and maintain the belief in the noble godliness of humanity.

paragraph: Huch was the honorary president of the 1947 German Writers' Congress in Frankfurt. She died at the age of 83 in November 1947, her book on the German resistance remained unfinished.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Professor Frank Trommler, University of Pennsylvania, in his study of the German literature elite during the Third Reich argues that Huch, along with Ernst Wiechert, Werner Bergengruen, Reinhold Schneider, Albrecht Haushofer and Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen, took a courageous stand on issues such as the suppression of freedom, the fight against tyranny, the longing for privacy and the simple life. Their reputation was grounded in their ability to articulate their opinions and in doing so authors like Huch shaped the political and cultural transformation in Germany after the demise of the Third Reich. These authors were closely observed by Nazi authorities because they were widely read by the German middle-class.

paragraph: Huch was in her 70s when the Nazi seized power, and unlike authors such as Thomas Mann who first fled into ‘‘inner emigration‘‘ and then went into exile, she took a stand against the Nazi doctrine from the outset. Huch continued to live in Germany, made no attempt to conceal her convictions and published in Germany through Swiss publishers. In 1934 Mann wrote of his intellectual struggle against the powers that be "Getting through it and maintaining one’s own personal dignity and liberty is everything." When Alfred Andersch assessed German literary output during the Nazi reign in 1947 he categorised Huch alongside Gerhart Hauptmann, Rudolf Alexander Schröder, Hans Carossa and Gertrud von Le Fort as older and established poets who had stayed in Germany and upheld a tradition of "bourgeois classicism". Andersch counted the poets Stefan Andres, Horst Lange, Hans Leip, Martin Raschke and Eugen Gottlob Winkler among the younger generation who stayed in Germany and contributed to the resistance against Nazi authorities with their literary work. After the second world war Thomas Mann honoured Huch as "the first lady of German letters".

paragraph: Section::::Publications by Huch.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gedichte" Dresden 1891

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Evoe" Berlin 1892

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Erinnerungen von Ludolf Ursleu dem Jüngeren" Berlin 1893

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gedichte" Leipzig 1894

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Mondreigen von Schlaraffis" Leipzig 1896

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Teufeleien, Lügenmärchen" Leipzig 1897

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Haduvig im Kreuzgang" Leipzig 1897

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fra Celeste und andere Erzählungen" Hermann Haessel Verlag, Leipzig 1899

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blütezeit der Romantik" Leipzig 1899

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ausbreitung und Verfall der Romantik" Leipzig 1902

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dornröschen. Ein Märchenspiel" Leipzig 1902

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aus der Triumphgasse. Lebensskizzen" Leipzig 1902

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vita somnium breve" Insel Verlag, Leipzig 1903

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Von den Königen und der Krone" Stuttgart 1904

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gottfried Keller" Schuster & Loeffler, Berlin und Leipzig 1904

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seifenblasen. Drei scherzhafte Erzählungen" Stuttgart 1905

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Geschichten von Garibaldi" (Volume 1: ‘’Die Verteidigung Roms’’; Volume 2: ‘’Der Kampf um Rom’’) Stuttgart/Leipzig 1906–1907

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Neue Gedichte" Leipzig 1908

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Menschen und Schicksale aus dem Risorgimento" Leipzig 1908

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das Leben des Grafen Federigo Confalonieri" Leipzig 1910

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Hahn von Quakenbrück und andere Novellen" Berlin 1910

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der letzte Sommer" Stuttgart 1910

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der große Krieg in Deutschland" Leipzig 1912–1914 (later as: "Der Dreißigjährige Krieg" Leipzig 1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Natur und Geist als die Wurzeln des Lebens und der Kunst" München 1914 (new edition: "Vom Wesen des Menschen. Natur und Geist" Prien 1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wallenstein. Eine Charakterstudie" Leipzig 1915

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Luthers Glaube. Briefe an einen Freund" Leipzig 1916

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Fall Deruga" Berlin 1917

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Sinn der Heiligen Schrift" Leipzig 1919

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alte und neue Gedichte" Leipzig 1920

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Entpersönlichung" Leipzig 1921

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Michael Bakunin und die Anarchie" Leipzig 1923

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stein" Wien / Leipzig 1925

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Teufeleien und andere Erzählungen" Haessel, Leipzig 1924

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Graf Mark und die Prinzessin von Nassau-Usingen’’ Leipzig 1925

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der wiederkehrende Christus. Eine groteske Erzählung" Leipzig 1926

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Im alten Reich. Lebensbilder deutscher Städte" (3 Volumes: "Der Norden/Die Mitte des Reiches/Der Süden") 1927

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Neue Städtebilder Im alten Reich’’ Leipzig 1929

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gesammelte Gedichte" 1929

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lebensbilder mecklenburgischer Städte" 1930/1931

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Hugenottin" Bern 1932

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alte und neue Götter (1848) Die Revolution des 19. Jahrhunderts in Deutschland" Berlin und Zürich 1930 (later as: "1848 Die Revolution des 19. Jahrhunderts in Deutschland" 1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deutsche Geschichte" 1934–49

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation" Berlin 1934

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das Zeitalter der Glaubensspaltung" Zürich 1937

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Untergang des Römischen Reiches Deutscher Nation" Zürich 1949

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frühling in der Schweiz" Zürich 1938

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Weiße Nächte" Zürich 1943

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Herbstfeuer" Insel, Leipzig 1944

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mein Tagebuch" Weimar 1946

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Urphänomene" Zürich 1946

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der falsche Großvater" Insel, Wiesbaden 1947

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der lautlose Aufstand. Bericht über die Widerstandsbewegung des deutschen Volkes 1933 - 1945" Edited by Günther Weisenborn, Rowohlt Verlag, Hamburg 1953

description: German writer

wikidata_label: Ricarda Huch

wikipedia_title: Ricarda Huch


text:
American football
guard
Kansas City Chiefs
National Football League
college football
Florida State
Cleveland Browns
2015 NFL Draft
defensive tackle
sack
Atlantic Coast Conference
All-America
Associated Press
center
Phi Delta Theta
Cleveland Browns
2015 NFL draft
Alex Mack
Kansas City Chiefs
Kansas City Chiefs bio
Cleveland Browns bio
Florida State Seminoles bio

categories: Florida State Seminoles football players,Cleveland Browns players,Living people,American football centers,American football defensive tackles,Players of American football from Georgia (U.S. state),1992 births,People from Moultrie, Georgia,American football offensive tackles

paragraph: Cameron Erving

paragraph: Cameron Erving (born August 23, 1992) is an American football guard for the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Florida State and was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the first round of the 2015 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Erving played in three games as a defensive tackle as a true freshman in 2010. He recorded one tackle before an injury caused him to have a medical redshirt. He played in all 13 games as a redshirt freshman in 2011, finishing the season with 20 tackles and a sack. Erving was moved to offensive tackle as a sophomore in 2012. He started all 14 games at left tackle.

paragraph: As a junior in 2013, Erving was a first-team All-Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) selection. He was also named a second-team All-American by the Associated Press. Erving started his senior season in 2014 as the starting left tackle, but was moved to center after an injury to Austin Barron.

paragraph: Erving is a member of the Florida State chapter of Phi Delta Theta fraternity.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cleveland Browns.

paragraph: On April 30, 2015, Erving was selected with the 19th overall pick by the Cleveland Browns in the 2015 NFL draft.

paragraph: Erving signed a four-year contract worth roughly $10 million, with a signing bonus of about $5 million.

paragraph: After long-time starting center, Alex Mack, left the Browns via free agency, the coach staff switched Erving from guard to center as his replacement.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Kansas City Chiefs.

paragraph: On August 30, 2017, Erving was traded to the Kansas City Chiefs for their 2018 fifth-round pick. He played in 13 games, starting four at guard.

paragraph: On May 2, 2018, the Chiefs declined the fifth-year option on Erving's contract, making him a free agent in 2019. On September 4, 2018, Erving signed a two-year contract extension with the Chiefs. In the 2018 season, Erving became the Chiefs starting left guard.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kansas City Chiefs bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cleveland Browns bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Florida State Seminoles bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Cameron Erving

wikipedia_title: Cameron Erving


text:
Norrköping, Sweden
Iver Lawson
John Lawson
Cologne, Germany

categories: Cyclists killed while racing,People from Norrköping,1913 deaths,1882 births,American male cyclists

paragraph: Gus Lawson

paragraph: Gustaf Rudolf "Gus" Lawson (April 3, 1882 – September 13, 1913) was a record holding professional cyclist who died in a race.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Gus Lawson was born as Gustaf Rudolph Larsson on April 3, 1882 in Norrköping, Sweden to Lars Gustaf Larsson (1847–c.1940) and Emma Sofia Sundberg (1845–1888). He had two siblings, Iver Lawson and John Lawson, both professional cyclists.

paragraph: In 1900 he set the indoor 1 hour record by cycling 34 and 5/8 miles.

paragraph: He died on September 13, 1913 while riding in a 100-kilometer race in Cologne, Germany when a tire burst on the pace motorcycle he was riding. He fractured his skull and both arms.

description: American cyclist

wikidata_label: Gus Lawson

wikipedia_title: Gus Lawson


text:
Protestant
Anglican Communion
Japan
Channing Moore Williams
Nippon Sei Ko Kai
Nuneaton
Warwickshire
England
Philadelphia
Holmesburg
Alonzo Potter
Virginia Theological Seminary
Alexandria, Virginia
William J. Boone
First Opium War
William Meade
China
Rio de Janeiro
Sydney, Australia
Shanghai
Mandarin
Wen-li
Trinity Church
Yangtze River
Canton
Taiping Rebellion
Nanjing
Suzhou
Changshu
Treaty of Tientsin
Nagasaki
Townsend Harris
Nagasaki
foreign settlement
Protestant
Shofukuji Temple
Nagasaki bugyo
James Curtis Hepburn
Kanagawa
Temperance movement
South Orange
Cape May
Henry C. Potter
Ocean City, New Jersey

categories: Anglican missionaries in Japan,Virginia Theological Seminary alumni,British expatriates in China,1829 births,Anglican missionaries in China,English Anglican missionaries,1912 deaths,British expatriates in Japan

paragraph: John Liggins

paragraph: Rev. John Liggins (11 May 1829 – 8 January 1912) was an English-born Episcopalian missionary to China and Japan. The first Protestant missionary and ordained representative of Anglican Communion to reach Japan, together with his seminary classmate Channing Moore Williams, he helped found the Nippon Sei Ko Kai.

paragraph: Section::::Background and early life.

paragraph: Liggins was born in 1829 in Nuneaton, Warwickshire, England. In 1841, following the death of his father, Liggins emigrated to the United States of America, initially residing in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was among 14 people confirmed at Emmanuel Episcopal Church in Philadelphia's then-developing Holmesburg neighborhood by Alonzo Potter on April 4, 1848.

paragraph: Section::::Missionary in China.

paragraph: In June 1855, Liggins graduated from the Virginia Theological Seminary (VTS) at Alexandria, Virginia, which had sent several missionaries to China to assist VTS graduate bishop William J. Boone after that country opened to foreigners following the First Opium War. Virginia bishop William Meade on July 1, 1855 ordained Liggins as a deacon, together with Williams and other classmates, and soon the Board of Foreign Missions in New York interviewed and accepted both Liggins and Williams as missionaries. In November of the same year they sailed for China around South America, the ship stopping in Rio de Janeiro to repair damage, and Sydney, Australia to reprovision.

paragraph: Liggins arrived in Shanghai on June 28, 1856, and attended morning prayer in Chinese the next day (a Sunday) at the Church of Our Saviour, which Boone had established (together with a boarding school). Then they visited the city's other Episcopal Church, Christ Church in the city's Chinese section. They needed to learn the local dialect, as well as Mandarin (the main dialect) and the literary language Wen-li—although dictionaries were poor, textbooks unavailable, and most Chinese teachers focused on Confucian classics and memorizing thousands of characters. Boothe, Cleveland Keith (who had arrived in 1851) and local teachers helped the young missionaries, who studied nine hours daily. Soon, Liggins substituted for the British chaplain, John Hobson, who ministered to foreign sailors and the British settlement at Trinity Church. More seasoned VTS graduates (class of 1845) Robert Nelson and Edward Syle allowed the young missionaries to accompany them as they were able. Before Boone returned to the United States for health and furlough, he ordained both to the priesthood on January 11, 1857.

paragraph: Soon, Liggins and the others began to preach, including on boat journeys outside Shanghai, especially after Keith and his wife returned to Hawaii for health reasons later in the year. Liggins and Williams realized that of the roughly 20 missionaries sent during the previous decade, half had left before their own arrival, due to fevers (Shanghai being in the delta of the Yangtze River and surrounded by rice fields), and rough conditions. The countryside was ambiguous about foreigners, and smarting from the defeat in the First Opium War. Many were curious about Western ways, but slavery, gambling, alcoholism, and opium addiction had also become problems that some Western merchants fostered (especially near Canton). The Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) had begun and in 1853 captured Nanjing only 200 miles from Shanghai. Its leader proclaimed himself as the younger brother of Jesus Christ and fought the ruling Manchus (whom he portrayed as devils), and also preached about the equality of women, communal ownership and revitalized ethics.

paragraph: On October 2, 1857, Liggins and Williams started on a missionary journey of about 12 days toward Suzhou, about 100 miles from Nanjing. Sometimes they preached jointly near temples and their pamphlets and books were well received; at other times the young missionaries (alone or jointly) faced hostile audiences which drove them back into their boat. Liggins suffered health problems as November began, so Williams proceeded alone on the next journey.

paragraph: Nonetheless, they both traveled (together with their Chinese teacher Mr. Wong whom Nelson had converted) toward Changshu (Dzang Zok), a city of about 100,000 people, about 70 miles northwest of Shanghai in February 1858. They preached, including on Chinese New Year's Day, and confirmed Nelson's suggestion that it might be a good place to establish a mission, and accordingly wrote Boone for permission in May. However, a week after they received accommodation at a temple in February, a police officer advised the priest who gave them shelter not to harbor foreign devils. Before they returned in June, Britain's gunboat diplomacy had led to the Treaty of Tientsin. While Changshu's mayor was interested in their preaching (and became their new landlord), and many others also wanted the missionaries to stay, other Mandarin officials opposed them.

paragraph: On April 5, 1859, Liggins was in Changshu during a festival known for disorder (which they had avoided the previous year), thinking locals had accepted them. A mob broke into their house, beat him and stole many items. Williams arrived five days later and took his incapacitated friend back to Shanghai for medical treatment. A medical missionary who had recently returned from Nagasaki, Japan (recently opening to Westerners after less-martial American gunboat diplomacy, a visit from Syle and appointment of active Episcopalian Townsend Harris as first American consul in 1856) recommended that Liggins go there to recover and teach English.

paragraph: Section::::Missionary in Japan.

paragraph: Liggins arrived in the port of Nagasaki on May 2, 1859, two months before the official opening of the foreign settlement. By month-end he received a letter from the Foreign Missions Committee in New York officially sending him and Williams to Japan, as he later noted in the "Spirit of Mission." Liggins thus became the first recorded Protestant missionary to arrive in Japan after the country ended over two centuries of self-imposed isolation. Williams arrived in Nagasaki on June 29. Liggins (and later Williams) was initially housed at Kotokuin within Shofukuji Temple since the official foreign settlement was not yet ready.

paragraph: Liggins immediately began teaching English to Japanese interpreters. However, the new Nagasaki bugyo, in line with centuries of official government policy, forbad him to teach Christianity. His religious duties (and later Williams') were thus mainly limited to ministering to American and British residents of the foreign settlement and visiting sailors. Religious texts could not be openly distributed, but the sale of academic publications afforded Liggins and Williams some engagement with eager Japanese purchasers on matters relating to Christian teaching. While in Nagasaki, Liggins prepared a book entitled "One Thousand Familiar Phrases in English and Japanese," one of the first books of its kind published in Japan.

paragraph: However, a cholera epidemic struck fast-growing Nagasaki by September. In October 1859 Presbyterian missionaries Dr. and Mrs. James Curtis Hepburn also arrived in Nagasaki from Shanghai, but chose to continue by boat, eventually settling in Kanagawa. Liggins' health problems returned, so on February 24, 1860 he set sail from Nagasaki for the United States. Liggins never again set foot in Japan, although he only resigned his missionary post in 1869 due to continued ill health.

paragraph: Section::::Later years and death.

paragraph: Returning to America, Liggins wrote, spoke and campaigned for the Temperance movement. He and Mary Liggins (either 1 or 2 years his senior) were recorded in New York City in the 1870 census and South Orange, Essex County, New Jersey in the 1880 census. At some point he became a naturalized American citizen. Liggins retired to Cape May, New Jersey where he spent the remaining years of his life, and was recorded in the 1900 and 1910 census as a bachelor living in a boarding house. He was a regular contributor to the letters page of the "New York Times", such as his letter defending New York bishop Henry C. Potter (son of bishop Alonzo Potter who had confirmed him), who though abstaining from alcohol, recognized that the saloon had become a poor man's clubhouse because temperance societies did not provide attractive places where intoxicating drinks were not sold. Among Liggins' published works were: "England's Opium Policy", "A Missionary Picture Galler", and "The Great Value and Success of Foreign Missions".

paragraph: Liggins died on January 8, 1912 in Ocean City, New Jersey (a stronghold of the temperance movement). His will was admitted to probate in Cape May County, New Jersey on August 17, 1911

description: missionary

wikidata_label: John Liggins

wikipedia_title: John Liggins


href: Tolkmicko K%C3%B6nigsberg Reszel Antoniego%20Kornowskiego Rococo Warmia

text:
Tolkmicko
Königsberg
Reszel
Antoniego Kornowskiego
Rococo
Warmia

categories: 1700 births,Polish painters,1775 deaths,Polish sculptors,People from Tyrol (state)

paragraph: Krzysztof Perwanger

paragraph: Krzysztof Perwanger (1700–1785) was a Polish sculptor and mayor.

paragraph: Perwanger came to Tolkmicko about 1735. There he became a brewer, and in 1746 he was a senior member of the local beer guild. In 1758 he became the mayor of Tolkmicko. He lived in Tolkmicko until 1761. After briefly living in Königsberg, at the end of his life he settled permanently in Reszel. Perwanger was married twice. Since 1741 he was married to Feldkeller Elizabeth. After her death in 1759, he married Dorothy Meschele. He had a son John Christopher with his first wife.

paragraph: Perwanger's sculptural techniques were influenced by the workshop of Antoniego Kornowskiego in Tolkmicko. He pioneered Rococo in Warmia. His works have been executed in plaster, marble, sandstone, wood and ivory. Perwanger's workshop produced figural sculptures and woodcarving works in the pulpit, confessionals and decorations for local churches.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tadeusz Oracki, "Biographical Dictionary of Prussia and Earth Malbork from the mid-fifteenth to the late eighteenth century L-Z", the Centre for Scientific Research. Wojciech Kętrzyński in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, 1988.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrew Rzempołuch, "Guide to the monuments of art of former East Prussia," Publishing Agency "Remix", Olsztyn, 1992, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Flogging, Dictionary of Warmia, Publisher litter, Olsztyn, 2002,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrew Rzempołuch, about four sculptures of Christopher Pervangera in Warmia, "Bulletin of the History of Art" XLIX: 1988, No. 1-2, pp. 113–120, 8 fig.

description: Polish sculptor and mayor

wikidata_label: Krzysztof Perwanger

wikipedia_title: Krzysztof Perwanger


text: Union Army

text: Civil War

text: Solicitor of the United States Treasury

text: Shawneetown, Illinois

text: McKendree College

text: University of Michigan Law School

text: American Civil War

text: 120th Illinois Volunteer Infantry

text: adjutant

text: XIII Corps

text: Champion Hill

text: Black River

text: Siege of Vicksburg

text: Red River Campaign

text: major

text: Grand Army of the Republic

text: Republican

text: United States Attorney

text: Southern District of Illinois

text: Ulysses S. Grant

text: Major General

text: James H. Wilson

text: Whiskey Ring

text: Springfield, Illinois

text: railroad

text: Spanish–American War

text: Colonel

text: Oak Ridge Cemetery

text: Louisville, Kentucky

text: Yale University

text: Arthur

text: West Point

text: Medal of Honor

text: Philippine Insurrection

categories: United States Department of the Treasury officials,University of Michigan Law School alumni,McKendree University alumni,People of Illinois in the American Civil War,Union Army officers,People from Shawneetown, Illinois,Illinois lawyers,1841 births,People from Springfield, Illinois,1924 deaths,Burials at Oak Ridge Cemetery

paragraph: Bluford Wilson

paragraph: Bluford Wilson (November 30, 1841 – July 15, 1924) was a Union Army officer in the Civil War and a government official who served as Solicitor of the United States Treasury.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Bluford Wilson was born near Shawneetown, Illinois on November 30, 1841. He studied at McKendree College and the University of Michigan Law School before enlisting for the American Civil War.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Wilson joined the 120th Illinois Volunteer Infantry. He soon received an officer's commission and appointment as regimental adjutant. He later served on several other staffs, including that of the XIII Corps, taking part in numerous battles and campaigns, including Champion Hill, Black River and the Siege of Vicksburg, and the Red River Campaign. He was discharged with the rank of major at the end of the war.

paragraph: For the rest of his life Wilson was active in the Grand Army of the Republic and the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Legal career.

paragraph: Wilson resumed studying law at the University of Michigan Law School, graduated in 1866, and was admitted to the bar in 1867.

paragraph: A Republican, Wilson was appointed United States Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois in 1869.

paragraph: In 1874 Wilson received appointment as Solicitor of the Treasury, which he held until 1876.

paragraph: Wilson's rise through the ranks of federal appointed office were based in part on his family's relationship with President Ulysses S. Grant. Bluford Wilson's brother Major General James H. Wilson served on Grant's staff and as one of Grant's subordinate commanders during the Civil War.

paragraph: As Solicitor Wilson played a key role in exposing the Whiskey Ring. He conducted an investigation into the frauds, reported his findings to his superiors, and attempted through his brother James to warn President Grant. When Grant moved to protect members of his administration and prevent prosecutions, Wilson resigned.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: After leaving government service Wilson settled in Springfield, Illinois, where he practiced law and became involved in the construction and management of several railroads.

paragraph: During the Spanish–American War Wilson offered his services; the governor authorized him to raise a regiment and he was commissioned a Colonel in the Illinois militia, but the war ended before his regiment could see active service.

paragraph: Section::::Death and burial.

paragraph: Wilson died in Springfield on July 15, 1924. He was buried at Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1865 Wilson married Alice Warren Mather of Louisville, Kentucky, and they were the parents of five children. Harry died in infancy. Jessie was the wife of Phillip Barton Warren. Lucy was the wife of Ralph Vance Dickerman. Bluford died during his senior year at Yale University. Arthur graduated from West Point in 1904, attained the rank of Colonel during a career that spanned the years 1904 to 1942, and received the Medal of Honor during the Philippine Insurrection.

description: American lawyer

wikidata_label: Bluford Wilson

wikipedia_title: Bluford Wilson


text: Bernard II of Werle

text: John III, Count of Holstein-Plön

text: Nicholas IV of Werle-Goldberg

text: Nicholas V

text: Christopher

text: Biographical information about John

categories: 14th-century births,Lords of Werle,14th-century German people,House of Mecklenburg,14th-century deaths,Year of birth uncertain,Year of death uncertain

paragraph: John VI of Werle

paragraph: John VI, Lord of Werle-Waren-Goldberg (born: after 1341; died: after 16 October 1385) was Lord of Werle-Goldberg from 1382 to 1385.

paragraph: He was the son of Bernard II of Werle and Elizabeth, daughter of John III, Count of Holstein-Plön.

paragraph: He reigned only along with his father and after his father's death in 1382 alone, over the Lordships of Werle-Goldberg and Werle-Waren. He was married with Agnes, daughter of Nicholas IV of Werle-Goldberg. It is not known when he died. In a document dated 16 October 1395, he is mentioned as being alive. He is known to have died before 1395.

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicholas V, Lord of Werle-Waren-Goldberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christopher, Lord of Werle-Waren-Goldberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agnes, a nun at Malchow, (died after 21 October 1449)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mirislava, (died after 28 November 1436)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogical table of the House of Mecklenburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biographical information about John at emecklenburg.de

description: Werle-Waren-Goldberg from 1382 until his death

wikidata_label: John VI of Werle

wikipedia_title: John VI of Werle


text:
Asir Region
House of Saud
Riyadh
King Khalid
Sita bint Fahd Al Damir
Jeddah
Asir Province
Asir Province
King Khalid Foundation
Allegiance Council
Crown Prince Nayef
Mohammed bin Fahd
Mishaal bin Abdullah
King Khalid University
Abha

categories: Governors of provinces in Saudi Arabia,1954 births,Living people

paragraph: Faisal bin Khalid bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

paragraph: Faisal bin Khalid (Arabic: فيصل بن خالد بن عبد العزيز آل سعود) (born 1954) is the governor of Asir Region and a member of House of Saud.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Prince Faisal was born in Riyadh in 1954. He is the youngest son of King Khalid. His mother is Sita bint Fahd Al Damir, who died at the age of 90 in Riyadh on 25 December 2012. Faisal bin Khalid studied elementary and middle schools in Jeddah, and studied high school at the Institute of the capital Riyadh model. He completed his undergraduate studies at the American University in San Mateo.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Prince Faisal was former deputy governor of Asir Province. He was appointed to this post in August 2003. His tenure lasted for four years. He was appointed governor of Asir Province on 16 May 2007.

paragraph: He is chairman of the King Khalid Foundation. He is a member of the Allegiance Council. Faisal bin Khalid was also one of the advisors at the Crown Prince Court. In other words, he was one of the advisors of late Crown Prince Nayef. The other two advisors of the Crown Prince were Mohammed bin Fahd and Mishaal bin Abdullah.

paragraph: Section::::Activities as a governor.

paragraph: Faisal bin Khalid was reported to successfully deal with protests by university students in King Khalid University in Abha in March 2012. On the other hand, although he cared for the students' demands, he also declared that such activities were results of those planning to harm the security of the Kingdom and that such plans would not be tolerated.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life and interests.

paragraph: Faisal bin Khalid is a supporter of equestrian stable and he owns Prince Faisal bin Khalid stable (Red Stable), one of the conventional stables in Saudi Arabia.

description: governor of Asir Province

wikidata_label: Faisal bin Khalid bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

wikipedia_title: Faisal bin Khalid bin Abdulaziz Al Saud


text:
pasquil
antiquary
Edinburgh
engraver
squibs
whigs
manuscript
antiquarian
George Crawfurd
Archibald Pitcairne
Barnton
Muckhart
Perthshire
Robert Sibbald
Alexander Nisbet
James Maidment
Advocates' Library

categories: 1747 deaths,Writers from Edinburgh,Scottish engravers,Scottish antiquarians,18th-century Scottish people,Scottish centenarians,18th-century Scottish writers,Place of birth missing,1643 births,17th-century engravers,17th-century Scottish people,Scottish political writers,18th-century engravers

paragraph: Robert Mylne (writer)

paragraph: Robert Mylne (circa November 1643–21 November 1747) was a Scottish writer of pasquils, and antiquary. He is generally described as a writer of Edinburgh, but also as an engraver.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He gained notoriety by his bitter and often scurrilous political squibs against the whigs, but he also devoted much time and labour to copying manuscripts of antiquarian and historical interest. George Crawfurd, in the preface to his "History of the Shire of Renfrew", acknowledges his indebtedness to the "vast collections of public records" belonging to Mylne, "a person well known to be indefatigable in the study of Scots antiquities". Among Mylne's other friends was Archibald Pitcairne.

paragraph: He was probably born in November 1643, and may have been related to Sir Robert Mylne of Barnton. Mylne married on 29 August 1678, in the Tolbooth Church, Edinburgh, Barbara, second daughter of John Govean, minister at Muckhart, Perthshire; she died on 11 December 1725, having had twelve children, all of whom, except one daughter, Margaret, predeceased their father. The eldest son, also named Robert, became an engraver, and engraved plates for Sir Robert Sibbald's "Miscellanea Quaedam Eruditae Antiquitatis", and Alexander Nisbet's "System of Heraldry".

paragraph: Many of Mylne's pasquils were separately issued in his lifetime, but others were circulated only in manuscript. From a collection brought together by Mylne's son Robert, James Maidment published, with an introduction and a few similar compositions by other writers, "A Book of Scottish Pasquils", 3 pts., Edinburgh, 1827; another edition appeared in 1868. In the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh, there is a pamphlet, apparently by Mylne, entitled "The Oath of Abjuration Considered", 1712, 4to, and a complete manuscript catalogue of Mylne's printed broadsides.

paragraph: Mylne died in Edinburgh on 21 November 1747, aged 103, according to some accounts, and 105, according to others, and was buried on the anniversary of his birthday.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Introduction to A Book of Scottish Pasquils, 1827; Cat. of Advocates' Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crawfurd's Hist. of the Shire of Renfrew, p. vi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scots Magazine 1747, p. 610

paragraph: BULLET::::- British Magazine December 1747

description: Scottish writer, antiquarian and engraver

wikidata_label: Robert Mylne

wikipedia_title: Robert Mylne (writer)


text: samurai

text: Echizen Province

text: Hagi

text: Nagato Province

text: daimyō

text: rōnin

text: haiku

text: Gonshō-ji

text: kun reading

text: Ōmi Province

text: Shiga Prefecture

text: The Soga Successors

text: kabuki

text: Sakata Tōjūrō

text: The Battles of Coxinga

text: Amagasaki

text: Hyōgo

text: Osaka

text: Mayako Kubo

text: New National Theatre Tokyo

text: "jōruri"

text: "sewamono"

text: Meiji

text: Taishō eras

text: The Love Suicides at Amijima

text: The Courier for Hell

text: The Uprooted Pine

text: Naruto

text: ninja puppeteer

text: Digimon

text: Masahiro Shinoda

text: Kagekiyo Victorious

text: The Love Suicides at Sonezaki

text: The Night Song of Yosaku from Tamba

text: The Courier for Hell

text: The Battles of Coxinga

text: The Uprooted Pine

text: The Love Suicides at Amijima

text: The Woman-Killer and the Hell of Oil

text: The Courtesan on Buddha Plain

text: Japanese literature

text: List of Japanese authors

text: Gagaku

text: "Four Major Plays of Chikamatsu"

text: "Audio book read in Japanese"

categories: 1653 births,1725 deaths,Bunraku,Japanese dramatists and playwrights,17th-century Japanese dramatists and playwrights,17th-century Japanese writers,Kabuki playwrights,Japanese writers,Japanese writers of the Edo period,18th-century Japanese writers

paragraph: Chikamatsu Monzaemon

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Chikamatsu was born Sugimori Nobumori to a samurai family. There is disagreement about his birthplace. The most popular theory suggests he was born in Echizen Province, but there are other plausible locations, including Hagi, Nagato Province. His father, Sugimori Nobuyoshi, served the "daimyō" Matsudaira in Echizen as a medical doctor. Chikamatsu's younger brother became a medical doctor, and Chikamatsu himself wrote a book on health care.

paragraph: In those days, doctors who served the "daimyōs" held samurai status. But Chikamatsu's father lost his office and became a "rōnin", a masterless samurai. At some point in his teens, between 1664 and 1670, Chikamatsu moved to Kyoto with his father where he served for a few years as an obscure page for a noble family, but other than that, little is known about this period of Chikamatsu's life. He published his first known literary work in this period, a haiku that appeared in 1671. After serving as a page, he next appears in records of the Gonshō-ji (近松寺) temple (long suggested as the origin of his pen name "Chikamatsu", which is kun reading of 近松) in Ōmi Province, in present-day Shiga Prefecture.

paragraph: With the production in 1683 of his puppet play in Kyoto about the Soga brothers ("The Soga Successors" or "The Soga Heir"; "Yotsugi Soga"), Chikamatsu became known as a playwright. "The Soga Successors" is believed to have been Chikamatsu's first play although sometimes 15 earlier anonymous plays are contended to have been by Chikamatsu as well. Chikamatsu also wrote plays for the kabuki theatre between 1684 and 1695, most of which were intended to be performed by a famous actor of the day, Sakata Tōjūrō (1647–1709). After 1695, and until 1705, Chikamatsu wrote almost exclusively Kabuki plays, and then he abruptly almost completely abandoned that genre. The exact reason is unknown, although speculation is rife: perhaps the puppets were more biddable and controllable than the ambitious kabuki actors, or perhaps Chikamatsu did not feel kabuki worth writing for since Tōjūrō was about to retire, or perhaps the growing popularity of the puppet theater was economically irresistible.

paragraph: In 1705, Chikamatsu became a "Staff Playwright" as announced by early editions of "The Mirror of Craftsmen of the Emperor Yōmei". In 1705 or 1706, Chikamatsu left Kyoto for Osaka, where the puppet theater was even more popular. Chikamatsu's popularity peaked with his domestic plays of love-suicides, and with the blockbuster success of "The Battles of Coxinga" in 1715, but thereafter the tastes of patrons turned to more sensational gore fests and otherwise more crude antics; Chikamatsu's plays would fall into disuse, so even the actual music would be lost for many plays. He died January 6, 1725, in either Amagasaki in Hyōgo, or Osaka.

paragraph: Chikamatsu was the first known Japanese playwright who did not act in the pieces he wrote. Currently, 130 plays have been verified to have been authored by Chikamatsu, with another 15 plays (mostly early Kabuki works) suspected to also have been penned by him.

paragraph: Japanese composer Mayako Kubo wrote an opera based on Chikamatsu's play "Osan: Secret of Love". It premiered at the New National Theatre Tokyo in 2005.

paragraph: Section::::Quotations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Art is something that lies in the slender margin between the real and the unreal." — Chikamatsu Monzaemon, "Naniwa Miyage"

paragraph: Section::::Reception.

paragraph: Chikamatsu’s "bunraku" ("jōruri") pieces, of which 24 are "sewamono" (domestic plays), came to be regarded as high literature in the Meiji and Taishō eras. Many have argued that his genius was “his masterful depiction of the passions, obsessions, and irrationality of the human heart.” While Chikamatsu’s "jidaimono" (history plays) were considered more important in his own time, the domestic tragedies are now “the main focus of critical attention and the more frequently performed”, praised as deeply drawn in their portrayals of commoners. "The Love Suicides at Sonezaki" (1703), one of the earliest domestic plays in puppet theater, was a hit that revived the fortunes of the Takemoto Theater in Osaka. While it is not considered as strong as his later play "The Love Suicides at Amijima" (1721), Donald Keene praised the death passage as “one of the loveliest passages in Japanese literature”. Also, it was written in "Early Modern Japanese Literature: An Anthology, 1600-1900" that "The Drum of the Waves of Horikawa" (1707) is “of considerable interest for its exploration of female sexuality and its implicit critique of the life of lower-level samurai”. Rei Sasaguchi listed the same play as one of Chikamatsu’s most striking "bunraku" works along with "The Couriers of Love to the Other World".

paragraph: "The Love Suicides at Amijima" is generally regarded as the greatest of his domestic plays, though "The Courier for Hell" (1711), "The Uprooted Pine" (1718), and "The Woman-Killer and the Hell of Oil" (1721) have also been praised as works “of exceptional power”. The last of the three initially was not well-received, and acquired a high reputation only in the late 19th century. Robert Nichols wrote that "The Almanac of Love" (1715) is highly regarded. Kenneth P. Kirkwood argued that the work is somewhat thin in texture but “nevertheless reveals the playwright’s skill in making a dramatic plot out of the slightest materials.”

paragraph: The histories are mostly considered weaker, with Nichols writing that character in them tends to be subordinated to plot. "The Battles of Coxinga" (1715), however, ran for seventeen months and became the classical model for later history plays. It remains in the repertoires of both the "bunraku" and "kabuki" traditions, and Donald Keene referred to it as the only "jidaimono" “with real literary value”. "Keisei hotoke no hara" (1699) and "Keisei mibu dainembutsu" (1702) are among the most renowned kabuki plays, though Keene argued that even they are “inferior in every respect” to the "jōruri" works written around the same period. Nichols listed "The Courtesan’s Frankincense", "The Tethered Steed", and "Fair Ladies at a Game of Poem-Cards" as the best histories. “Devil’s Island”, the second scene of the second act of "Heike and the Island of Women" (1719), became part of the kabuki repertory in the 19th century and today is usually performed in jōruri and kabuki as a single play.

paragraph: Section::::References in popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the fictional world of Naruto, the first ninja puppeteer is named Chikamatsu Monzaemon, a reference to Chikamatsu's puppet plays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the "Digimon" multimedia franchise, a puppet Digimon by the name of Monzaemon—an obvious homage to Chikamatsu—was one of the first characters in the original line of virtual pets.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Masahiro Shinoda's celebrated 1969 film, "Shinjū: Ten no Amijima" (billed in English as "Double Suicide") employs cinematic techniques based on Bunraku conventions and takes as its basis a Chikamatsu play.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.:Jōruri.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kagekiyo Victorious" ("Shusse kagekiyo" 出世景清) (1685)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Love Suicides at Sonezaki" ("Sonezaki shinjū" 曾根崎心中) (1703)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Night Song of Yosaku from Tamba" ("Tamba Yosaku machiyo no komurobushi" 丹波与作待夜のこむろぶし)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Courier for Hell" ("Meido no hikyaku" 冥途の飛脚) (1711)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Almanac of Love" ("Koi hakke hashiragoyomi") (1715)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Battles of Coxinga" ("Kokusen'ya kassen" 国姓爺合戦) (1715)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Uprooted Pine" ("Nebiki no Kadomatsu" 寿の門松) (1718)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Love Suicides at Amijima" ("Shinjū Ten no Amijima" 心中天網島) (1721)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Woman-Killer and the Hell of Oil" ("Onnagoroshi abura no jigoku" 女殺油地獄) (1721)

paragraph: Section::::Major works.:Kabuki.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Courtesan on Buddha Plain" ("Keisei hotoke no hara" けいせい仏の原) (1699)

paragraph: Section::::Major works.:Critical work.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Naniwa Miyage" (1738; written by a friend and preserving a number of statements by Chikamatsu on the art of the puppet theater)

paragraph: Section::::Major works.:Translations into English.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Major Plays of Chikamatsu", translated and introduced by Donald Keene. NY: Columbia University Press. 1961/1990. Consists of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Twins at the Sumida River (Futago sumidagawa, 1720)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lovers Pond in Settsu Province (Tsu no kuni meoto-ike, 1721)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battles at Kawa-nakajima (Shinsh kawa-nakajima kassen, 1721)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Love Suicides on the Eve of the Kishin Festival (Shinju yoigoshin, 1722)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tethered Steed and the Eight Provinces of Kanto (Kanhasshu tsunagi-uma, 1724)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chikamatsu: Five Late Plays", translated by C. Andrew Gerstle. 2001.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Japanese literature

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Japanese authors

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gagaku

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Circles of Fantasy: Convention in the Plays of Chikamatsu" by C. Andrew Gerstle. 1986 (a critical study of Chikamatsu's plays).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chapter 4--Renaissance--CHIKAMATSU MONZAEMON (1653-1725)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Four Major Plays of Chikamatsu"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Audio book read in Japanese"

description: Japanese playwright

wikidata_label: Chikamatsu Monzaemon

wikipedia_title: Chikamatsu Monzaemon


text: Chicago White Sox

text: Cleveland Indians

text: Boston Braves

text: player to be named later

text: Braggo Roth

text: Ed Klepfer

text: Shoeless Joe Jackson

text: Spanish flu

text: Oak Grove Cemetery

text: Jerseyville, Illinois

text: Major League Baseball

text: World War I

text: Alex Burr

text: Harry Chapman

text: Harry Glenn

text: Eddie Grant

text: Newt Halliday

text: Ralph Sharman

text: Bun Troy

categories: Columbus Senators players,Chicago White Sox players,Cleveland Indians players,Boston Braves players,Salt Lake City Bees players,Deaths from Spanish flu,Baseball players from Illinois,Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players,1918 deaths,People from Jersey County, Illinois,Eau Claire Commissioners players,1890 births

paragraph: Larry Chappell

paragraph: La Verne Ashford "Larry" Chappell (February 19, 1890 – November 8, 1918) was a professional baseball player who played from 1913 to 1917 for the Chicago White Sox, Cleveland Indians and Boston Braves.

paragraph: His big league career began on July 18, 1913. He hit .231 in 60 games in his rookie season, with no home runs, 15 RBI and seven stolen bases. In 39 at-bats for the White Sox in 1914, he hit .231 again. In 1915, he was hitless in one at-bat.

paragraph: On February 14, 1916, Chappell was sent to the Indians as the player to be named later to complete a trade that originally occurred August 21, 1915. In all, the Indians received Chappell, Braggo Roth, Ed Klepfer and $31,500. The White Sox received Shoeless Joe Jackson. Chappell was the most expensive of the players sent to the Indians – he was an $18,000 bonus player.

paragraph: He played in only three games for the Indians, collecting no hits in two at-bats. In May 1916, the Braves purchased him, and in 53 at-bats with them he hit .226. Overall, Chappell hit .218 with nine RBI and two stolen bases in 1916.

paragraph: Chappell played his final season in 1917, appearing in four games for the Braves, collecting no hits in two at-bats. He played his final game on April 25.

paragraph: Overall, Chappell hit .226 with no home runs, 26 RBI and nine stolen bases in 109 career games. He walked 25 times and struck out 42 times.

paragraph: He died at the age of 28 in an army camp in France from the Spanish flu of 1918. He is buried in Oak Grove Cemetery in Jerseyville, Illinois.

paragraph: Chappell was one of eight Major League Baseball players known either to have been killed or died from illness while serving in the armed forces during World War I. The others were Alex Burr‚ Harry Chapman, Harry Glenn‚ Eddie Grant‚ Newt Halliday, Ralph Sharman and Bun Troy.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of baseball players who died during their careers

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Larry Chappell

wikipedia_title: Larry Chappell


text: Bath

text: British

text: mail coach

text: British post office

text: the constituency of Bath

text: Old Orchard Street Theatre

text: royal letters patent

text: Bristol

text: Theatre Royal, Bristol

text: Post Office

text: Chancellor of the Exchequer

text: William Pitt

text: Norwich

text: Nottingham

text: Manchester

text: Leeds

text: Dover

text: Portsmouth

text: Poole

text: Exeter

text: Gloucester

text: Worcester

text: Holyhead

text: Carlisle

text: Edinburgh

text: Postmaster General

text: development of railways in the 1830s

text: freedom of numerous towns and cities

text: Mayor

text: Charles

text: Brighton

text: Abbey Church

text: The Bath Postal Museum

text: The History of the Postal Services

text: Bath Past: Theatre

categories: Postal system of the United Kingdom,UK MPs 1802–1806,UK MPs 1801–1802,Postal pioneers,1818 deaths,1742 births,English theatre managers and producers,UK MPs 1806–1807,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,Mayors of Bath, Somerset,UK MPs 1807–1812

paragraph: John Palmer (postal innovator)

paragraph: John Palmer of Bath (1742 – 16 August 1818) was a theatre owner and instigator of the British system of mail coaches that was the beginning of the great British post office reforms with the introduction of an efficient mail coach delivery service in Great Britain during the late 18th century. He was Mayor of Bath on two occasions and Comptroller General of the Post Office, and later served as Member of Parliament for the constituency of Bath between 1801 and 1807.

paragraph: Section::::Theatre.

paragraph: Palmer was the eldest son of a prosperous Bath brewer and theatre owner who inherited his father's Old Orchard Street Theatre, and obtained a royal letters patent for it in 1768 which gave him an effective monopoly on playhouses in the city and the right to use the title "Theatre Royal", the first theatre outside London to acquire it. Palmer's second theatre in Bristol was granted the same status in 1778, becoming the Theatre Royal, Bristol. Palmer worked as his father's London agent, frequently travelling between London and Bath, and after his father decided to retire in 1776 the patent was transferred to him. He continued to manage the theatre until 1785. The two theatres shared one acting company, so Palmer had to move his actors, stagehands and props quickly between Bristol and Bath, he set up a coach service which provided safe, quick and efficient transport for his actors and materials. Later, when Palmer became involved in the Post Office, he believed that the coach service he had previously run between theatres could be utilised for a countrywide mail delivery service.

paragraph: Section::::Mail coaches.

paragraph: The postal delivery service in Britain had existed in the same form for about 150 years—from its introduction in 1635, mounted carriers had ridden between "posts" where the postmaster would remove the letters for the local area before handing the remaining letters and any additions to the next rider. The riders were frequent targets for robbers, and the system was inefficient.

paragraph: Because Palmer made much use of stagecoach services between cities in the course of his business, and noted that it seemed far more efficient than the system of mail delivery then in operation, so that he could travel from Bath to London in a single day while the mail took three days. It occurred to him that this coach service could be developed into a national mail delivery service, so in 1782 he suggested to the Post Office in London that they take up the idea. He met resistance from officials who believed that the existing system could not be improved, but eventually the Chancellor of the Exchequer, William Pitt, allowed him to carry out an experimental run between Bristol and London. Under the old system the journey had taken up to 38 hours. The coach, funded by Palmer, left Bristol at 4 pm on 2 August 1784 and arrived in London just 16 hours later.

paragraph: Impressed by the trial run, Pitt authorised the creation of new routes. Within the month the service had been extended from London to Norwich, Nottingham, Liverpool and Manchester, and by the end of 1785 services to the following major towns and cities of England and Wales had also been linked: Leeds, Dover, Portsmouth, Poole, Exeter, Gloucester, Worcester, Holyhead and Carlisle. A service to Edinburgh was added the next year, and Palmer was rewarded by being made Surveyor and Comptroller General of the Post Office. By 1797 there were forty-two routes.

paragraph: Section::::Post Office employment.

paragraph: Part of Palmer's argument for the changes had been that such an improvement in the service would justify an increase in postal charges, and he had been promised two-and-a-half percent of any increase in the revenue as well as control of the new service. He was appointed Comptroller General of the Post Office on 11 October 1786, but there was some delay in paying him his share of the very substantial increase in revenue (which had risen from £51,000 in 1784 to £73,000 in 1787). He was eventually granted a payment of arrears after a commission of inquiry investigated in 1789, but not the full sum that he claimed.

paragraph: Initially the coach, horses and driver were all supplied by contractors. There was strong competition for the contracts because they provided a fixed regular income in addition to which the companies could charge fares for the passengers. By the beginning of the 19th century the Post Office had their own fleet of coaches with black and scarlet livery. The early coaches were poorly built, but in 1787 the Post Office adopted John Besant's improved and patented design, after which Besant, with his partner John Vidler, enjoyed a monopoly on the supply of coaches, and a virtual monopoly on their upkeep and servicing.

paragraph: As Comptroller General, Palmer was subordinate to the Postmaster General, and although he attempted to reform the operation of the Post Office, he found himself continually at odds with his superior, not least because of his habit of exceeding his legitimate powers without reference to the postmaster.

paragraph: The development of railways in the 1830s spelt the end for the mail coach service. The first rail delivery between Liverpool and Manchester took place on 11 November 1830. By the early 1840s many London-based mail coaches were starting to be withdrawn from service; the final service from London (to Norwich) was shut down in 1846. Regional mail coaches continued into the 1850s, but these too were eventually replaced by rail services.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: After a series of controversies, he was effectively dismissed in 1792, but the following year Pitt granted him a government pension of £3,000 a year. However, Palmer continued to press his claim for the much greater sum to which he believed he was entitled, and eventually in 1813 (long after Pitt's death) a parliamentary bill was passed to grant him the sum of £50,000.

paragraph: The institution of mail coaches permanently revolutionised the British postal service, and Palmer was widely honoured for it, being presented with the freedom of numerous towns and cities. In Bath he was particularly cherished, becoming Mayor in 1796 and again in 1809, and sitting as Member of Parliament (MP) for the city from 1801 to 1808. Such was his influence with the Common Council of Bath (which in those days had the exclusive right to vote for the city's MPs) that he was able to stand down from Parliament in 1808 in the knowledge that his son Charles would be elected in his place.

paragraph: He died at Brighton in 1818, and was buried in the Abbey Church at Bath.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Bath Postal Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- The History of the Postal Services

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mail coaches- British Postal Museum and Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bath Past: Theatre

description: English theatre owner and creator of a system of mail coaches

wikidata_label: John Palmer

wikipedia_title: John Palmer (postal innovator)