text:
Freiherr
Habsburg
Field Marshal
Austrian Empire
Magyar
Transylvania
Alvinc
Graf
Franz Gyulai
Fähnrich
Hauptmann
Seven Years' War
Grenadier
Torgau
Teplitz
Major
Franz Moritz von Lacy
Oberst
War of the Bavarian Succession
Habelschwerdt
Prussia
Prince Hessen-Philippstal
Major General
Militär-Maria Theresien-Orden
Ernst Gideon Freiherr von Laudon
Ottoman War of 1787
Belgrade
Archduke Francis
Feldmarschalleutnant
Austrian Netherlands
United States of Belgium
French Revolutionary Wars
Division
battle of Neerwinden
British
Duke of York and Albany
Landrecy
Battle of Fleurus
Mariolles
Feldzeugmeister
William VI of Orange
Charleroi
Upper Rhine
Vienna
Hofkriegsrat
Napoleon Bonaparte
Italian Peninsula
Tyrol
Siege of Mantua
Bassano
Caldiero
Battle of the Bridge of Arcole
Vicenza
Battle of Rivoli
Hungary
Field Marshal
Buda
Peter Quasdanovich
Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser
Paul Davidovich
Siege of Mantua (1796-1797)
Joseph Alvinczy biodata

categories: Austrian generals,18th-century Hungarian people,1735 births,18th-century Austrian people,Hungarian nobility,19th-century Hungarian people,Barons of Austria,19th-century Austrian people,Field marshals of Austria,Austrian Empire military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars,Austrian Empire commanders of the Napoleonic Wars,Hungarian generals,1810 deaths,People from Alba County

paragraph: József Alvinczi

paragraph: Freiherr Joseph Alvinczi von Borberek a.k.a. Baron József Alvinczi de Borberek (; 1 February 1735 – 25 September 1810) was a soldier in the Habsburg Army and a Field Marshal of the Austrian Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: An ethnic Magyar, he was born in Transylvania in a place called Alvinc (German: "Alwintz"), and spent his boyhood in the household of "Graf" Franz Gyulai before joining his regiment as a "Fähnrich" aged 14. By 1753 he had risen to "Hauptmann".

paragraph: During the Seven Years' War, Alvinczy distinguished himself leading a Grenadier company in the battles of Torgau and Teplitz, where his courageous leadership won him a promotion to second Major. At the end of the war he worked extensively on the implementation of Franz Moritz von Lacy's new regulations throughout the army.

paragraph: Section::::War of Succession, Turkish War, and the Netherlands campaign.

paragraph: Promoted to "Oberst" commanding the 19th Infantry Regiment 19 in 1774, he led his men during the War of the Bavarian Succession, where he took the "Böhmertor", city of Habelschwerdt and captured the Prussian Commander Prince Hessen-Philippstal, a feat which won Alvinczy promotion to Major General and award of the "Militär-Maria Theresien-Orden" (MTO).

paragraph: Alvinczy fought under Ernst Gideon Freiherr von Laudon in the Ottoman War of 1787, but did not accomplish his mission of capturing Belgrade. After a short period instructing the future Emperor, Archduke Francis, he returned to command his regiment. After being promoted to

paragraph: "Feldmarschalleutnant", he was transferred to the Austrian Netherlands in 1790 to suppress the United States of Belgium, until a fall from his horse forced him to retire.

paragraph: Section::::Neerwinden, Fleurus, Charleroi.

paragraph: Upon the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in 1792, Alvinczy commanded a Division, steadying his demoralised men at a key stage of the victorious battle of Neerwinden in 1793, leading his men forward to capture the village; for this exploit he was awarded the Commanders Cross of the MTO. He took command of an Auxiliary army which supported the British under the Duke of York and Albany, fighting at Landrecy and in the Battle of Fleurus, before being wounded at Mariolles.

paragraph: On his recovery and promotion to "Feldzeugmeister", Alvinczy advised the William VI of Orange in the successful relief of Charleroi in June 1793, losing two horses under him in the process, and earning the reward of the Grand cross of the MTO. Briefly commander of the Army of the Upper Rhine, he was recalled to Vienna to serve on the Hofkriegsrat

paragraph: in 1795.

paragraph: Section::::Italian campaign and later assignments.

paragraph: In late 1796 he took over command of the army that was fighting Napoleon Bonaparte in the north of the Italian Peninsula. After organising the Tyrolean militia to face the threat of the , he was tasked with the third relief of the Siege of Mantua. Alvinczy's army was largely composed of new recruits with few experienced officers.

paragraph: He defeated Bonaparte at Bassano on 6 November and Caldiero on 12 November. Ultimately, Bonaparte won a hard-fought victory over Alvinczi at the Battle of the Bridge of Arcole on 15–17 November 1796. After at first withdrawing toward Vicenza, the Austrian gamely reoccupied the field of battle on 22 November.

paragraph: Despite deteriorating health, he regrouped and tried again. He suffered a severe defeat in the Battle of Rivoli on 14–15 January 1797. Mantua surrendered soon afterward. He was then given the position of military governor of Hungary, and promoted to Field Marshal in 1808. He died two years later in Buda.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Quasdanovich

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Davidovich

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siege of Mantua (1796-1797)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, Digby. "The Napoleonic Wars Data Book." London: Greenhill, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wurzbach, Constantin von. "Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich, 1856-91", vol I, p. 22

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Alvinczy biodata

description: Soldier in the Habsburg Army and a Field Marshal of the Austrian Empire

wikidata_label: József Alvinczi

wikipedia_title: József Alvinczi


text:
British forces
British West Indies
abolition of slavery
rebellion in Demerara in 1823
rebellion in Jamaica in 1831–32
West Africa
Igbo
African slave merchants
slavery had been legal
Saint Philip
Emancipation Statue
Parliament
National Heroes of Barbados
Beckles, Hilary
Beckles, Hilary
National Archives (UK)

wikipedia_title:
British Army
British West Indies
Abolitionism in the United Kingdom
Demerara rebellion of 1823
Baptist War
West Africa
Igbo people
Slavery in Africa
Barbados Slave Code
Saint Philip, Barbados
Bussa Emancipation Statue
Parliament of Barbados
Barbadian National Heroes
Hilary Beckles
Hilary Beckles
The National Archives (United Kingdom)

categories: 1816 in Barbados,Conflicts in 1816,Wars involving Barbados,Slave rebellions in North America,Afro-Caribbean history,Abolitionism in Barbados,19th-century rebellions

paragraph: Bussa's rebellion

paragraph: Bussa's rebellion (14–16 April 1816) was the largest slave revolt in Barbadian history. The rebellion takes its name from the African-born slave, Bussa, who led the rebellion which was defeated by British forces. Bussa's Rebellion was the first of three large-scale slave rebellions in the British West Indies that shook public faith in slavery in the years leading up to the abolition of slavery in the British Empire and emancipation of former slaves. It was followed by the large-scale rebellion in Demerara in 1823 and by an even larger rebellion in Jamaica in 1831–32. Collectively these are often referred to as the "late slave rebellions".

paragraph: Section::::Bussa.

paragraph: Bussa () was born a free man in West Africa of possible Igbo descent and was captured by African slave merchants, sold to the British, and transported to Barbados (where slavery had been legal since 1661) in the late 18th century as a slave. Not much is known about him and there are no records of him prior to this date. Since slave owners almost never bothered to keep detailed records about the lives of their slaves (who were considered property), virtually no biographical information about Bussa is available. Records show a slave named "Bussa" worked as a ranger on "Bayley's Plantation" in the parish of Saint Philip around the time of the rebellion. This privileged position would have given Bussa more freedom of movement than the average slave and would have made it easier for him to plan and coordinate the rebellion.

paragraph: Section::::Revolt.

paragraph: The revolts arose at a time when the British Parliament was working on schemes to ameliorate the conditions of slaves in the Caribbean. Preparation for this rebellion began soon after the House of Assembly discussed and rejected the Imperial Registry Bill in November 1815, which would have registered colonial slaves. Historians believe that slaves interpreted some of the parliamentary proposals as preparatory to emancipation, and took action when freedom did not take place.

paragraph: Among Bussa's collaborators were Washington, Franklin, John and Nanny Grigg, a senior domestic slave, and Jackey on Simmons' Plantation, as well as other slaves, drivers and artisans. Jackey was a Creole driver who was an important figure. The planning was undertaken at a number of sugar estates, including Bailey's plantation, where it began. By February 1816, Bussa was an African driver, one of the few in his position. He and his collaborators decided to start the revolt on 14 April, Easter Sunday.

paragraph: Bussa, King Wiltshire, Dick Bailey, and Johnny led the slaves into battle at Bailey's Plantation on Tuesday, 16 April. He commanded some 400 freedom fighters, both men and women, most of whom were believed to be Creole, born in the islands. He was killed in battle. His forces continued the fight until they were defeated by superior firepower of the colonial militia. The rebellion failed but its influence was significant to the future of Barbados.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bussa remains a popular figure in Barbados

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1985, 169 years after his rebellion, the Emancipation Statue, created by Karl Broodhagen, was unveiled in Haggatt Hall, in the parish of St Michael

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998, the Parliament named Bussa as one of the ten National Heroes of Barbados

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beckles, Hilary. "A History of Barbados: From Amerindian Settlement to Caribbean Single Market". Cambridge University Press, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beckles, Hilary. "Black Rebellion in Barbados". Bridgetown, Barbados: Antilles Publications, 1984. [detailed account of the rebellion]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Craton, Michael. "Testing the Chains: Resistance to Slavery in the British West Indies," Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1982. [detailed account of the rebellion]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. "Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion". Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2006.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bussa profile, Itzcaribbean

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bussa's Rebellion: How and Why did the Enslaved Africans of Barbados rebel in 1816, National Archives (UK)

wikipedia_title: Bussa's rebellion


text:
Buckingham Palace
Europe
Asia
Ostrow
Russia
Austria
New York City
juggling
magic
Honolulu, Hawaii
The X-Files
The Amazing Maleeni
The Cape
Keith David
List of magicians

wikipedia_title:
Buckingham Palace
Europe
Asia
Ostrów, Przemyśl County
Russia
Austria
New York City
Juggling
Magic (illusion)
Honolulu
The X-Files
The Amazing Maleeni
The Cape (2011 TV series)
Keith David
List of magicians

categories: Polish emigrants to the United States,1942 deaths,American Jews,1873 births,American magicians

paragraph: Max Malini

paragraph: Max Malini (born Max Katz Breit; 1873 – October 3, 1942) was an American illusionist who at his peak performed for several US Presidents and at Buckingham Palace, receiving gifts from monarchs across Europe and Asia. Many magicians hold him in high esteem for his skill and bold accomplishments.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Max Malini was born in the small town of Ostrow on the borders of Russia and Austria. At a young age, he emigrated to the US with his family, settling in New York City. He studied juggling at age twelve, but under the tutelage of Professor Seiden he began his studies of magic when he was fifteen. As he grew older, he began performing in bars. As his reputation grew, he would sell tickets to see a private show in his hotel room. He specialized in close-up magic, performing with coins and card magic.

paragraph: Malini's performance style was marked by great audacity. For instance, he would often walk up to celebrities and, unannounced, bite a button from their cuffs and magically restore it. He would also borrow a gentleman's hat for a coin effect, where he would cover the coin and attempt to make it flip over. This he would fail to do, but would finish by lifting the hat to reveal a block of ice under the hat, barely large enough to fit.

paragraph: One of Malini's signature routines was the blindfold card stab, which operated as follows. On a table a pack of cards were mixed and swirled around by a lady from the audience. The audience would blindfold Max with handkerchiefs. Malini then requested the name of a playing card, and when someone called out a playing card, he would stab a knife into the cards, then raised it up in the air, thereupon it was seen that he had impaled the correct card.

paragraph: He died in Honolulu, Hawaii, on October 3, 1942. He had been in poor health for some time and his last performances were done sitting in a chair.

paragraph: Section::::Other references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Malini was referenced in the Season 7 episode of "The X-Files" titled "The Amazing Maleeni".

paragraph: BULLET::::- The TV show "The Cape" had a regular character by this name, played by Keith David.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of magicians

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Max Malini

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Magic Hands of Max Malini

paragraph: BULLET::::- Malini on the Internet Magic Hall of Fame

description: American magician

wikidata_label: Max Malini

wikipedia_title: Max Malini


text:
Latin Emperor of Constantinople
Constantinople
Marie of Brienne
Venetian
Empire of Nicaea
Treaty of Viterbo
Beatrice of Sicily
Beatrice of Provence
Foggia
kings of Naples and Sicily
Viterbo
Charles, Count of Valois

wikipedia_title:
Latin Empire
Constantinople
Marie of Brienne
Republic of Venice
Empire of Nicaea
Treaty of Viterbo
Beatrice of Sicily, Latin Empress
Beatrice of Provence
Foggia
Kingdom of Naples
Viterbo
Charles, Count of Valois

categories: 1283 deaths,Capetian House of Courtenay,1243 births,Latin Emperors of Constantinople,Christians of the Crusades,13th-century Latin Emperors of Constantinople

paragraph: Philip I, Latin Emperor

paragraph: Philip, also Philip of Courtenay (1243 – 15 December 1283), held the title of Latin Emperor of Constantinople from 1273–1283, although Constantinople had been reinstated since 1261 AD to the Byzantine Empire; he lived in exile and only held authority over Crusader States in Greece. He was born in Constantinople, the son of Baldwin II of Constantinople and Marie of Brienne.

paragraph: In his youth, his father was forced to mortgage him to Venetian merchants to raise money for the support of his empire, which was lost to the Empire of Nicaea in 1261.

paragraph: By the Treaty of Viterbo in 1267, his father agreed to marry him to Beatrice of Sicily, daughter of Charles I of Sicily and Beatrice of Provence.

paragraph: The marriage was performed in October 1273 at Foggia; shortly thereafter, Baldwin died, and Philip inherited his claims on Constantinople. Although Philip was recognized as emperor by the Latin possessions in Greece, much of the actual authority devolved on the Angevin kings of Naples and Sicily. Philip died in Viterbo in 1283.

paragraph: Philip and Beatrice had a daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine (25 November 1274 – 11 October 1307, Paris), married Charles, Count of Valois in 1301.

description: Emperor of Constantinople

wikidata_label: Philip of Courtenay

wikipedia_title: Philip I, Latin Emperor


text: New York state legislator

text: civil rights

text: activist

text: Vietnam

text: conspiracy theorist

text: assassination

text: John F. Kennedy

text: Warren Commission

text: Rush to Judgment

text: The Bronx, New York

text: Brooklyn, New York

text: United States Army

text: World War II

text: Long Island University

text: LL.B

text: Brooklyn Law School

text: National Lawyers Guild

text: Pete Seeger

text: East Harlem

text: Reform Democrat

text: Eleanor Roosevelt

text: John F. Kennedy

text: New York Legislature

text: New York State Assembly

text: Yorkville

text: 1961 and 1962

text: capital punishment

text: Peace and Freedom Party

text: Dick Gregory

text: National Guardian

text: J. D. Tippit

text: John F. Kennedy

text: Texas School Book Depository

text: Mauser

text: Mannlicher–Carcano

text: FBI

text: Bertrand Russell

text: Michael Foot

text: MP

text: Tony Benn

text: Victor Gollancz

text: John Arden

text: J. B. Priestley

text: Oxford history professor

text: Hugh Trevor-Roper

text: Warren Commission

text: Dreyfus affair

text: Lee Harvey Oswald

text: American Bar Association

text: Warren Commission

text: Chief Justice

text: Earl Warren

text: Warren Commission

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Rush to Judgment

text: Rush to Judgment

text: Texas School Book Depository

text: grassy knoll in Dealey Plaza

text: J.D. Tippit

text: KGB

text: Vasili Mitrokhin

text: The Sword and the Shield

text: Genrikh Borovik

text: Executive Action

text: Burt Lancaster

text: Robert Ryan

text: Donald Freed

text: Dalton Trumbo

text: San Francisco Chronicle

text: Liberty Lobby

text: The Spotlight

text: E. Howard Hunt

text: John F. Kennedy

text: Plausible Denial

text: The Spotlight

text: Willis Carto

text: Institute for Historical Review

text: defamation

text: Random House

text: Gerald Posner

text: Robert J. Groden

text: war crime

text: antiwar organizations

text: Citizens Commission of Inquiry

text: Vietnam Veterans Against the War

text: National Veterans Inquiry

text: Winter Soldier Investigation

text: Valley Forge

text: Jane Fonda

text: war crimes

text: Vietnam War

text: Tod Ensign

text: James Reston Jr.

text: Saturday Review

text: My Lai

text: the Pentagon

text: National Veterans Inquiry

text: Neil Sheehan

text: New York Times Book Review

text: Defense Department

text: Andrew E. Hunt

text: Dick Gregory

text: Zorro

text: Central Intelligence Agency

text: Martin Luther King, Jr.

text: James Earl Ray

text: House Select Committee on Assassinations

text: Peoples Temple

text: Jim Jones

text: Donald Freed

text: Eldridge Cleaver

text: Jonestown

text: Martin Luther King

text: events

text: Leo Ryan

text: Soviet Union

text: fascism

text: Timothy Stoen

text: James Joseph Richardson

text: Furman v. Georgia

text: Janet Reno

text: Charlottesville, Virginia

text: United States Constitution

text: Bill Of Rights

text: First Amendment

text: civil rights

text: Law Library of Congress

text: Bernard Hibbitts

text: University of Pittsburgh School of Law

text: Pocket

text: Skyhorse Publishing

text: Holt, Rinehart and Winston

text: Hawthorne Books

text: Bugliosi, Vincent

wikipedia_title: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War

wikipedia_title: United States House Select Committee on Assassinations

wikipedia_title: First Amendment to the United States Constitution

categories: John F. Kennedy conspiracy theorists,1968 United States vice-presidential candidates,1927 births,Researchers of the assassination of John F. Kennedy,Writers from Charlottesville, Virginia,Members of the New York State Assembly,New York (state) lawyers,Writers from the Bronx,2016 deaths,Virginia lawyers,People from Brooklyn,New York (state) Democrats,Peoples Temple,Brooklyn College alumni,Long Island University alumni,Military personnel from New York City

paragraph: Mark Lane (author)

paragraph: Mark Lane (February 24, 1927 – May 10, 2016) was an American attorney, New York state legislator, civil rights activist, and Vietnam war-crimes investigator. He is best known as a leading researcher, author, and conspiracy theorist on the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy. From his 1966 number-one bestselling critique of the Warren Commission, "Rush to Judgment", to "Last Word: My Indictment of the CIA in the Murder of JFK", published in 2011, Lane wrote at least four major works on the JFK assassination and no fewer than ten books overall.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Mark Lane was born in The Bronx, New York, the son of Harry Arnold and Elizabeth Levin (Levin was changed to Lane in the 1920s), and raised in Brooklyn, New York. He served in the United States Army after World War II. After attending Long Island University, he received an LL.B from Brooklyn Law School in 1951. As a law student, Lane was the administrative assistant to the National Lawyers Guild and orchestrated a fund-raising event at Town Hall in New York City that featured American folk singer Pete Seeger.

paragraph: Following his admission to the New York bar in 1951, Lane established a practice with Seymour Ostrow in East Harlem. Although Lane acquired a reputation as "a defender of the poor and oppressed," Ostrow later asserted that Lane was "motivated more by his ambition and quest for publicity than any dedication to a cause or concern for the interest of his clients." The partnership dissolved in the late 1950s.

paragraph: In 1959, Lane helped found the Reform Democrat movement within the New York Democratic Party. He was elected with the support of Eleanor Roosevelt and presidential candidate John F. Kennedy (JFK) to the New York Legislature in 1960. During his own campaign, he also managed the New York City area's campaign for JFK's 1960 presidential bid. He was a member of the New York State Assembly (New York County's 10th District, encompassing East Harlem and Yorkville, where Lane resided) in 1961 and 1962. In the legislature, Lane spent considerable time working to abolish capital punishment. Lane promised to serve for only one term, and then manage the campaign for his replacement—which he did.

paragraph: In June 1961, during the civil rights movement, Lane was the only sitting legislator to be arrested for opposing segregation as a "Freedom Rider". In 1962, he ran for Congress in the Democratic primary and lost. In the 1968 presidential election, Lane appeared on the ballot as a third party vice-presidential candidate, running on the Freedom and Peace Party ticket (an offshoot of the Peace and Freedom Party) with Dick Gregory.

paragraph: Section::::Kennedy assassination.

paragraph: Four weeks after the assassination of Kennedy on November 22, 1963, Lane published an article in the "National Guardian" dealing in-depth with 15 questions regarding statements by public officials about the murders of J. D. Tippit and John F. Kennedy from the perspective of a defense attorney. The statements were about the witnesses who claimed to have seen Oswald on the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository; the paraffin test which, to Lane, indicated that Oswald had not fired a rifle recently; the conflicting claims about the rifle which at first was, as the police announced, a German Mauser and afterwards a World War II Mannlicher–Carcano; the Parkland Hospital doctors announcing an entrance wound in the throat, and the role of the FBI and the press, who convicted Oswald before his guilt was proven. In June 1964, according to historian Peter Knight, Bertrand Russell, "prompted by the emerging work of the lawyer Mark Lane in the US ... rallied support from other noteworthy and left-leaning compatriots to form a Who Killed Kennedy Committee, members of which included Michael Foot MP, the wife of Tony Benn MP, the publisher Victor Gollancz, the writers John Arden and J. B. Priestley, and the Oxford history professor Hugh Trevor-Roper." Russell published a highly critical article weeks before the Warren Commission Report was published, setting forth "16 Questions on the Assassination" and equating the Oswald case with the Dreyfus affair of late nineteenth-century France in which the state wrongly convicted an innocent man. Russell also criticized the American press for failing to heed any voices critical of the official version."

paragraph: In 1975, Lane became the Director of the Citizens Commission of Inquiry (CCI), which challenged the veracity of official accounts of the assassination

paragraph: Section::::Kennedy assassination.:Warren Commission.

paragraph: Lane applied to the Warren Commission to represent the interests of Lee Harvey Oswald, but the Commission rejected his request. Three months later Walter E. Craig, president of the American Bar Association, was appointed by the Commission to represent the interests of Oswald. Craig himself stated that he was not counsel for Oswald; and official records do not indicate that Craig or his associates named, cross-examined, or interviewed witnesses of their own. Lane continued to search for clues for Oswald's innocence. He was called to testify before the Commission but was not permitted to cross-examine witnesses. According to R. Andrew Kiel in "J. Edgar Hoover: The Father of the Cold War", "After the Warren Commission's final report was completed in September 1964, Lane interviewed numerous witnesses ignored by the Commission."

paragraph: For Lane, Commission chairman Chief Justice Earl Warren had only contempt. According to biographer Ed Cray, Warren "deemed Lane a publicity seeker who 'played fast and loose' with the subject." Warren maintained prior to his death that the Commission had investigated all leads and left no witness unheard.

paragraph: Section::::Kennedy assassination.:Lane's testimony.

paragraph: Lane provided testimony to the Warren Commission in Washington, D.C. on March 4, 1964. Lane testified that he had contacted witness Helen Markham sometime within the five days preceding his appearance before the Commission and that she had described Tippit's killer to him as "short, a little on the heavy side, and his hair was somewhat bushy". He added, "I think it is fair to state that an accurate description of Oswald would be average height, quite slender with thin and receding hair."

paragraph: In addressing the assertion that Markham's description of Tippit's killer was not consistent with the appearance of Oswald, the Warren Commission stated that they had reviewed the telephone transcript in which she was alleged to have made it. The Commission wrote: "A review of the complete transcript has satisfied the Commission that Mrs. Markham strongly reaffirmed her positive identification of Oswald and denied having described the killer as short, stocky and having bushy hair." As a result of this, Lane was called to re-appear before the Warren Commission in July 1964. Chief Justice Earl Warren told him that the commission had "every reason to doubt the truthfulness" of some of Mr. Lane's testimony due to the appearance of him misrepresenting what Markham told him.

paragraph: Section::::Kennedy assassination.:"Rush to Judgment".

paragraph: Lane published an indictment of the Warren Commission, entitled "Rush to Judgment", using these interviews as well as evidence from the 26 volumes of the Commission's report. Despite the fact that the majority of Mark Lane's material for his book came from the Warren Report itself, as well as from interviews with those who were at the scene, sixteen publishers canceled contracts before "Rush to Judgment" was published. The book became a number one best seller and spent 29 weeks on the "New York Times" best-seller list. The book criticizes in detail the work and conclusions of the Warren Commission and remains one of the most remarkable books about the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. It was adapted into a documentary film in 1966.

paragraph: Lane questions, among other things, the Warren Commission conclusion that three shots were fired from the Texas School Book Depository and focuses on the witnesses who had recounted seeing or hearing shots coming from the grassy knoll in Dealey Plaza. Lane questions whether Oswald was guilty of the murder of policeman J.D. Tippit shortly after the Kennedy murder. Lane also states that none of the Warren Commission firearm experts were able to duplicate Oswald's shooting feat.

paragraph: According to former KGB officer Vasili Mitrokhin in his 1999 book "The Sword and the Shield", the KGB helped finance Lane's research on "Rush to Judgement" without the author's knowledge. The KGB allegedly used journalist Genrikh Borovik as a contact and provided Lane with $2000 for research and travel in 1964. Mark Lane called the allegation "an outright lie" and wrote, "Neither the KGB nor any person or organization associated with it ever made any contribution to my work."

paragraph: Section::::Kennedy assassination.:Other books Lane wrote on the topic.

paragraph: Lane later wrote "A Citizen's Dissent", documenting his response to the Warren Commission's governmental findings on the Kennedy assassination. He also wrote the first screenplay of the 1973 film "Executive Action" (starring Burt Lancaster and Robert Ryan), with Donald Freed, and was credited with supplying much of the research material for the film. Lane asserted in his 1991 book "Plausible Denial" that he only worked on the first draft of the screenplay which was ultimately credited to Dalton Trumbo. He noted that he collaborated with Donald Freed on it and after seeing subsequent drafts, they complained both privately to the producer and publicly at press conferences, pointing out errors in the work.

paragraph: In 1991, Lane described "Plausible Denial" as his "last word" on the subject and told Patricia Holt of the "San Francisco Chronicle": "I'll never write another sentence about the (JFK) assassination". In November 2011, Lane published a third major book on the JFK assassination titled "Last Word: My Indictment of the CIA in the Murder of JFK".

paragraph: Section::::Kennedy assassination.:Liberty Lobby appeal trial.

paragraph: Lane represented the political advocacy group Liberty Lobby as an attorney when the group was sued over an

paragraph: article in "The Spotlight" newspaper implicating E. Howard Hunt in the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Hunt sued for defamation and won a substantial settlement. Lane successfully got this judgment reversed on appeal. This case became the basis for Lane's book "Plausible Denial". In the book, Lane claimed that he convinced the jury

paragraph: that Hunt was involved in the JFK assassination, but mainstream news accounts asserted that some jurors decided

paragraph: the case on the issue of whether "The Spotlight" had acted with ""actual malice"". Lane represented Willis Carto after Carto lost control of the Institute for Historical Review in 1993.

paragraph: Section::::Kennedy assassination.:Random House suit.

paragraph: In 1995, Lane lost a defamation suit against book publisher Random House who used the caption "Guilty of Misleading the American Public" under a photo of Lane in an advertisement for Gerald Posner's "Case Closed". He sought $10 million in damages for disparagement of his integrity and the unauthorized use of his photograph. Lane was rebuked by Judge Royce C. Lamberth of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia who said: "A conspiracy theory warrior outfitted with Lane's acerbic tongue and pen should not expect immunity from an occasional, constrained chastisement." A similar suit filed by Robert J. Groden against Random House was dismissed the previous year by a federal judge in New York.

paragraph: Section::::Vietnam War crimes investigations.

paragraph: In 1970, Lane involved himself in several war crime inquiries being conducted primarily by antiwar organizations such as the National Committee for a Citizens Commission of Inquiry on U.S. War Crimes in Vietnam Citizens Commission of Inquiry and the Vietnam Veterans Against the War. Lane used his contacts and raised funds to support these events, including what would become the National Committee for a Citizens Commission of Inquiry on U.S. War Crimes in Vietnam National Veterans Inquiry and the VVAWs Winter Soldier Investigation. National Committee for a Citizens Commission of Inquiry on U.S. War Crimes in Vietnam and VVAW had originally combined their efforts toward the production of one large war crime investigation, and Lane was initially invited to join the organizing steering committee. Lane suggested the Winter Soldier name, based on Thomas Paine's description of the "summer soldiers" at Valley Forge shrinking from service to their country in a time of crisis. Lane would often travel with fellow activist Jane Fonda to antiwar speaking engagements and fundraising rallies. Lane was also writing a book, "Conversations with Americans", a collection of interviews with US servicemen about war crimes in the Vietnam War.

paragraph: Lane's close association with the National Committee for a Citizens Commission of Inquiry on U.S. War Crimes in Vietnam and VVAW would be short-lived. Tod Ensign recalled

paragraph: It was a mistake to think that celebrities like Jane Fonda and Mark Lane who were used to operating as free agents would submit to the discipline of a steering committee. We should have placed them, instead, on an advisory panel where their visibility and political and money contacts would have been used without having to tangle with them on broader strategic and tactical questions.

paragraph: National Committee for a Citizens Commission of Inquiry on U.S. War Crimes in Vietnam staffers criticized Lane as being arrogant and sensationalistic, and said the book he was writing had "shoddy reporting in it". National Committee for a Citizens Commission of Inquiry on U.S. War Crimes in Vietnam leaders refused to work with Lane further and gave the VVAW leaders a "Lane or us" ultimatum. VVAW did not wish to lose the monetary support of Lane and Fonda, so the National Committee for a Citizens Commission of Inquiry on U.S. War Crimes in Vietnam split from the project. The following month, after caustic reviews of Lane's book by authors and a Vietnam expert, VVAW also distanced itself from Lane.

paragraph: James Reston Jr., in the "Saturday Review", calls Lane's book disreputable, in that all of the reports contained in it are admittedly unverified, and lean toward the salacious. "Lane makes no pretense of distinguishing between fact and a soldier's talent for embellishment", Reston observed. Commenting on the book's redeeming social value, Reston added that "it would be to show that a pattern of atrocities exists in Vietnam, proving that while My Lai was larger, it was not unique. This needs to be demonstrated, since the Pentagon continues to insist that My Lai was an isolated case. But the effort will have to be left to more responsible parties, like the National Veterans Inquiry." A review of Lane's book by Neil Sheehan in the "New York Times Book Review" claimed that four of the 32 servicemen interviewed by Lane for the book had misrepresented their military service, according to the Defense Department. Lane responded to Sheehan's inquiries by stating that the Defense Department is the least reliable of all sources for verification of atrocity accounts and that verification of simple facts about the interviewees was "not relevant." Sheehan called Lane's book irresponsible, concluding that, "Some of the horror tales in this book are undoubtedly true", and the "men who now run the military establishment cannot conduct a credible investigation... But until the country does summon up the courage to convene a responsible inquiry, we probably deserve the Mark Lanes." Because of Sheehan's review, Simon and Schuster reneged on the contract for the book. When Lane disproved Sheehan's charges, they were forced to settle with him.

paragraph: The controversial book reviews caused concern in the VVAW leadership, as Andrew E. Hunt notes,

paragraph: Sheehan's exposé had placed VVAW leaders in a difficult position. Lane's involvement with the planning of the Winter Soldier Investigation had been extensive. His legal and financial assistance had proven invaluable. Few VVAWers doubted his sincerity or devotion to the effort. Yet they feared associating with Lane could tarnish months of difficult work. "Then the question became, 'How do we protect our integrity?'" recalled Joe Urgo, "'How do we separate ourselves from this guy?'" Organizers hoped Lane would maintain a low profile. Their wishes were fulfilled.

paragraph: VVAW veterans involved with the WSI event then realized they needed to take control, and insisted that there be no more interference from the likes of Lane. A new, all-veteran steering committee was formed without Lane. Ultimately, the WSI was an event produced by veterans only, without the need of civilians such as Lane and Fonda.

paragraph: Section::::Martin Luther King assassination.

paragraph: Lane wrote "Murder In Memphis" with Dick Gregory (previously titled "Code Name Zorro", after the Central Intelligence Agency's name for King) about the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., in which he alleged a conspiracy and government coverup. Lane represented James Earl Ray, King's alleged assassin, before the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) inquiry in 1978. The HSCA said of Lane in its report, "Many of the allegations of conspiracy that the committee investigated were first raised by Mark Lane ...

paragraph: Section::::Peoples Temple.

paragraph: Section::::Peoples Temple.:Engagement and work for the Peoples Temple.

paragraph: In 1978, Lane began to represent the Peoples Temple. Temple leader Jim Jones hired Lane and Donald Freed to help make the case of what it alleged to be a "grand conspiracy" by intelligence agencies against the Peoples Temple. Jones told Lane he wanted to "pull an Eldridge Cleaver", referring to the fugitive Black Panther who was able to return to the United States after repairing his reputation.

paragraph: In September 1978, Lane visited Jonestown, spoke to Jonestown residents, provided support for the theory that intelligence agencies conspired against Jonestown and drew parallels between Martin Luther King and Jim Jones. Lane then held press conferences stating that "none of the charges" against the Temple "are accurate or true" and that there was a "massive conspiracy" against the Temple by "intelligence organizations," naming the CIA, FBI, FCC and the U.S. Post Office. Though Lane represented himself as disinterested, the Temple paid Lane $6,000 per month to help generate such theories. Regarding the effect of the work of Lane and Freed upon Temple members, Temple member Annie Moore wrote that "Mom and Dad have probably shown you the latest about the conspiracy information that Mark Lane, the famous attorney in the ML King case and Don Freed the other famous author in the Kennedy case have come up with regarding activities planned against us—Peoples Temple." Another Temple member, Carolyn Layton, wrote that Don Freed told them that "anything this drug out could be nothing less than conspiracy".

paragraph: Section::::Peoples Temple.:Jonestown tragedy.

paragraph: Lane was present in Jonestown during the evening of November 18, 1978, and witnessed or heard part of the events claiming at least 408 lives (out of a total recount of 915 carried out five days later); these events involved, up to some extent, murder-suicide by cyanide poisoning and were compounded by the murder of Congressman Leo Ryan and four others at a nearby airstrip. For months before that tragedy, Jones frequently created fear among members by stating that the CIA and other intelligence agencies were conspiring with "capitalist pigs" to destroy Jonestown and harm its members. This included mentions of CIA involvement in the address Jones gave the day before the arrival of Congressman Ryan.

paragraph: During the visit of Congressman Ryan, Lane helped represent the Temple along with its other attorney, Charles R. Garry, who was furious with Lane for holding numerous press conferences and alleging the existence of conspiracies against the Peoples Temple. Garry was also displeased with Lane for making a veiled threat that the Temple might move to the Soviet Union in a letter to Congressman Ryan.

paragraph: Late in the afternoon of November 18, two men wielding rifles approached Lane and Garry, who had earlier been sent to a small wooden house by Jones. It is not clear whether the gunmen were sent to kill Lane and Garry, but one of the gunmen recognized Charles Garry as an attorney in a trial that the gunman had attended. After a relatively friendly exchange, the men informed Garry and Lane that they were going to "commit revolutionary suicide" to "expose this racist and fascist society". The gunmen then gave Garry and Lane directions to exit Jonestown. Garry and Lane then sneaked into the jungle, where they hid and called a temporary truce while the tragedy unfolded.

paragraph: On a tape made while members committed suicide by ingesting cyanide-poisoned punch, the reason given by Jones to commit suicide was consistent with Jones's previously stated conspiracy theories of intelligence organizations allegedly conspiring against the Temple, that men would "parachute in here on us", "shoot some of our innocent babies" and "they'll torture our children, they'll torture some of our people here, they'll torture our seniors". Parroting Jones's prior statements that hostile forces would convert captured children to fascism, one temple member states, "[T]he ones that they take captured, they're gonna just let them grow up and be dummies". Annie Moore and Carolyn Layton were among the 900 who died.

paragraph: Section::::Peoples Temple.:After the tragedy.

paragraph: Lane later wrote a book about the tragedy, "The Strongest Poison". Lane reported hearing automatic weapon fire, and presumes that U.S. forces killed Jonestown survivors. While Lane blames Jones and Peoples Temple leadership for the deaths at Jonestown, he also claims that U.S. officials exacerbated the possibility of violence by employing "agents provocateurs". For example, Lane claimed that Temple attorney (and later defector) Timothy Stoen, who, Lane alleged, had repeatedly prompted the Temple to take radical action before defecting, "had evidently led three lives", one of those being a government informant or agent.

paragraph: Section::::Later career and death.

paragraph: Lane is the author of the 1970 book "Arcadia" in which he details the effort to prove that James Joseph Richardson, a black migrant worker in Florida, had been falsely accused of killing his seven children. He was convicted of the murders through corrupt means used by the authorities involved. Richardson had been on death row for almost five years for the crimes, escaping execution by virtue of the Furman v. Georgia Supreme Court decision. Nineteen years after the book was published he received a hearing in which the charges were dropped thanks to the interventions of Lane and Miami's then- prosecutor, Janet Reno. Richardson was released from prison after 21 years, and Richardson's babysitter, though suffering from dementia, later confessed to the murders.

paragraph: Lane resided in Charlottesville, Virginia. He continued to practice law and lectured on many subjects, especially the importance of the United States Constitution (mainly the Bill Of Rights and the First Amendment) and civil rights.

paragraph: At the annual Law Library of Congress and American Bar Association Law Day symposium 2001, on the question, "Who are the paradigms for the lawyer as reformer in American culture?", Mark Lane was one of the twelve legal figures featured by panel moderator, Bernard Hibbitts, professor at the University of Pittsburgh School of Law.

paragraph: On May 10, 2016, Lane died of a heart attack at his home in Charlottesville at the age of 89.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arcadia." Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chicago Eyewitness." Astor-Honor, 1968.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Citizen Lane: Defending our Rights in the Courts, the Capitol, and the Streets", Laurence Hill Books, 2012, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Citizen's Dissent: Mark Lane Replies to the Defenders of the Warren Report." Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Code Name Zorro." Pocket, 1978, (with Dick Gregory), Reissued as: "Murder in Memphis: The FBI and the Assassination of Martin Luther King." Thunder's Mouth Press, 1993, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Conversations with Americans: Testimony from 32 Vietnam Veterans." Simon & Schuster, 1970, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Last Word: My Indictment of the CIA in the Murder of JFK". Skyhorse Publishing, 2011, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Plausible Denial: Was the CIA Involved in the Assassination of JFK?" Thunder's Mouth Press, 1991, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rush to Judgment." Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966; 2nd edition issued Thunder's Mouth Press, 1992, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Strongest Poison", Hawthorne Books, 1980, .

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bugliosi, Vincent. "Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy". 2007, Norton, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kiel, R. Andrew. "J. Edgar Hoover. The Father of the Cold War. How His Obsession with Communism Led to the Warren Commission Coverup and Escalation of the Vietnam War", 2000, University Press of America, Lanham MD, .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Lane Law Firm

description: American lawyer, politician and writer

wikidata_label: Mark Lane

wikipedia_title: Mark Lane (author)


text:
Middle Welsh
Cassivellaunus
Arianrhod
Lludd Llaw Eraint
Llefelys
Afallach
Mary, mother of Jesus
Welsh Triads
Dôn
Wales
Penarddun
Middle Welsh
Gaulish
Brittonic
Belenus
John T. Koch
Proto-Celtic
Bolgios
Gallic
Macedonia
Brittonic
Belgae
Historia Brittonum
Catuvellauni
Cunobeline
Adminius
Suetonius
Orosius
pseudohistory
Cymbeline
Cassivellaunus
Henry of Huntingdon
Julius Caesar
Lludd Llaw Eraint
Geoffrey of Monmouth
Historia Regum Britanniae
Digueillus
Lud
Cassivellaunus
Nennius
Brut y Brenhinedd
Branwen ferch Llŷr
The Dream of Macsen Wledig
Lludd and Llefelys
Welsh Triads
Brut y Brenhinedd
Beli Mawr and the Belgae

categories: Welsh mythology,Characters in works by Geoffrey of Monmouth

paragraph: Beli Mawr

paragraph: Beli Mawr ("Beli the Great") was an ancestor figure in Middle Welsh literature and genealogies. He is the father of Cassivellaunus, Arianrhod, Lludd Llaw Eraint, Llefelys, and Afallach. In certain medieval genealogies he is listed as the husband of Anna, cousin of Mary, mother of Jesus. According to the Welsh Triads, Beli and Dôn were the parents of Arianrhod, but the mother of Beli's other children—and the father of Dôn's other children—is not mentioned in the medieval Welsh literature. Several royal lines in medieval Wales traced their ancestry to Beli. The "Mabinogi" names Penarddun as a daughter of Beli Mawr, but the genealogy is confused; it is possible she was meant to be his sister rather than daughter.

paragraph: Section::::Beli and Belenus.

paragraph: The origin of the name Beli is still a matter of debate among scholars. The most popular hypothesis sees the name "Beli" as a Middle Welsh reflex of the Gaulish and Brittonic divine name "Belenus" (also attested as a personal name), but a more recent alternative is that proposed by the Celticist John T. Koch, who suggests that "Beli" derives from a Proto-Celtic name "Belgius" or "Bolgios" borne by one of the chieftains who led the Gallic invasion of Macedonia in 280–279 BCE. He therefore proposes that this great leader "Belgius" came to be regarded as the namesake and ancestor of the powerful Brittonic and Gallic tribal group, the Belgae, whence would have come the doctrine that Beli was the ancestor of tribal dynasties.

paragraph: Section::::Beli son of Manogan.

paragraph: Another Beli from medieval Welsh literature, who first appears in the 9th century "Historia Brittonum" and is often confused or conflated with Beli Mawr in both medieval and modern sources, is Beli son of Manogan (also spelled Mynogan). This Beli is actually derived from the historical pre-Roman Brittonic king of the Catuvellauni, Cunobeline and his son Adminius (or Amminius). Via a series of textual corruptions that span several different popular books from Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages, the names of Cunobelinus and his son Adminius were combined and then jumbled, giving way to a new Beli, with the patronymic "son of Manogan":

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Adminio, Cunobellini Brittannorum regis filio (Suetonius, "Caligula", Ch. 44)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Minocynobellinum Britannorum regis filium (Orosius, "Historia Adversus Paganos", vii 5.5)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Bellinus, filius Minocanni ("Historia Brittonum", ch. 19)

paragraph: Rachel Bromwich writes that such a figure has origins in traditional names/characters: "Beli Mawr is a character rooted far too firmly in Welsh tradition for his existence to be accounted for merely as an adaptation of Nennius's Bellinus. Further, Loth showed that Manogan itself can be explained as a Celtic name, since Monocan appears in the Cartulaire de Redon (RC LI, p. 10; Chr. Br., p. 152). Two further instances of this name in Celtic sources may also be included: Jes. Gen. XVIII Manogan m. Pascen m. Cadell; and the Ogham inscription MINNACCANNI (Macalister, Corpus Inscriptionum Insularum Celticarum I, no. 135)."

paragraph: Thus, although Beli became a separate personage in medieval pseudohistory from Cunobelinus (Welsh "Cynfelyn", Shakespeare's Cymbeline), he was generally presented as a king reigning in the period immediately before the Roman invasion; his "son" Caswallawn is the historical Cassivellaunus.

paragraph: Section::::Henry of Huntingdon's Belinus.

paragraph: The 12th-century English historian Henry of Huntingdon, in his "Historia Anglorum" first published in 1129, follows the "Historia Brittonum" in his discussion of Julius Caesar's invasion of Britain, mentioning a "Belinus", brother of" Cassibella(u)nus", who are both styled sons of "Minocannus", but in later revisions of the text (and under the influence of Geoffrey of Monmouth), "Liud" (or "Luid") (see Lludd Llaw Eraint).

paragraph: Section::::Geoffrey of Monmouth's Heli.

paragraph: Beli also appears in Geoffrey of Monmouth's history "Historia Regum Britanniae" (1130s) as the British king Heli, son of Digueillus and father of Lud, Cassivellaunus and Nennius. He is said to have held the throne for 40 years, after which he was succeeded by his son Lud (Llud). In the Middle Welsh translations of Geoffrey's work known collectively as "Brut y Brenhinedd", Heli's name was restored to Beli and his father renamed to Manogan.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Branwen ferch Llŷr"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Breuddwyd Macsen Wledig" ("The Dream of Macsen Wledig")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cyfranc Lludd a Llefelys" ("Lludd and Llefelys)

paragraph: BULLET::::- the Welsh Triads

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brut y Brenhinedd"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geoffrey of Monmouth, "Historia Regum Britanniæ", tr. Lewis Thorpe, "Geoffrey of Monmouth. The History of the Kings of Britain". Harmondsworth, 1968.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Secondary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Koch, John T. "The Celtic Lands." In "Medieval Arthurian Literature: A Guide to Recent Research", ed. N. Lacy. New York, 1996. 239-322.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beli Mawr and the Belgae

description: legendary figure

wikidata_label: Beli Mawr

wikipedia_title: Beli Mawr


text: World War II

text: Neuteich

text: Free City of Danzig

text: Poland

text: German

text: League of German Girls

text: Danzig

text: SS

text: concentration camp

text: Stutthof

text: called up for service

text: Aufseherin

text: SK-III

text: gas chamber

text: Polish

text: Stutthof Trial

text: sentenced to death

text: Bolesław Bierut

text: Gerda Steinhoff

text: Jenny-Wanda Barkmann

text: hanged

text: short drop method

text: Biskupia Górka

text: kapo

text: brain dead

categories: Executed German women,1946 deaths,Executed Nazi concentration camp personnel,People executed by Poland by hanging,Executed people from Pomeranian Voivodeship,Female guards in Nazi concentration camps,Stutthof concentration camp personnel,Executed German people,Women sentenced to death,Nazis executed in Poland,People from Nowy Staw,Filmed executions,People from the Free City of Danzig,Naturalized citizens of Germany,1923 births

paragraph: Elisabeth Becker

paragraph: Elisabeth Becker (20 July 1923 – 4 July 1946) was a concentration camp guard in World War II.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Becker was born in Neuteich, Free City of Danzig (today Nowy Staw, Poland) to a German family. In 1936, aged 13, she joined the League of German Girls. In 1938 she became a cook in Danzig. In 1939 the Germans arrived in the city, and Becker reportedly adapted successfully. In 1940 she began working for the firm Dokendorf in Neuteich, where she was employed until 1941, when she became an agriculture assistant in Danzig.

paragraph: Section::::Camps.

paragraph: In 1944, the SS needed more guards at the nearby concentration camp at Stutthof, and Becker was called up for service. She arrived at Stutthof on 5 September 1944 to begin training as an SS Aufseherin. She later worked in the Stutthof women's camp at SK-III. There, she personally selected women and children for the gas chamber.

paragraph: Section::::Post war.

paragraph: Becker fled the camp on 15 January 1945 and went back home to Neuteich. On 13 April, Polish police arrested her and placed her in prison to await trial. The Stutthof Trial began in Danzig on 31 May 1946 with five former SS women and several kapos as defendants. Becker, along with the other ten defendants, was sentenced to death. She sent several letters to Polish president Bolesław Bierut requesting a pardon, claiming her actions had not been as severe as Gerda Steinhoff's or Jenny-Wanda Barkmann's. No pardon was issued, and she was publicly hanged (by the short drop method) on 4 July 1946 at Biskupia Górka along with the ten other SS supervisors and kapos. From the pictures of her hanging, it appears her neck broke and she would have been brain dead, unlike some of the other condemned guards.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Female guards in Nazi concentration camps

description: German concentration camp guard

wikidata_label: Elisabeth Becker

wikipedia_title: Elisabeth Becker


text:
Swedish
physician
1912 Summer Olympics
Erna Signe
1912 Olympics
Jönköping
Sweden
profile

categories: Olympic sailors of Sweden,Swedish male sailors (sport),1955 deaths,Olympic silver medalists for Sweden,1891 births,Olympic medalists in sailing,Sailors at the 1912 Summer Olympics – 12 Metre

paragraph: Kurt Bergström

paragraph: Kurt J. Bergström (23 July 1891 – 20 November 1955) was a Swedish physician who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: He was a crew member of the Swedish boat "Erna Signe", which won the silver medal in the 12 metre class at the 1912 Olympics. His brother Dick Bergström was also a crew member.

paragraph: Kurt was an MD and worked as a physician in Jönköping, Sweden.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He was married to Inga Märta Eleonora Bergström, born Andersson. Inga and Kurt had three daughters: Marianne 1933, Marguerite 1936 and Inga-Brita 1937. All his daughters eventually got married and had children but Kurt died before these events and therefore he never met his grandchildren.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On the morning of 20 November 1955, Kurt felt ill and went to see his face in the mirror in his own bed room. There he a diagnosed himself with a cerebral haemorrhage as half his face was paralyzed. He died peacefully in hospital later that day.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- profile

description: Sailor and physician

wikidata_label: Kurt Bergström

wikipedia_title: Kurt Bergström


text: placekicker

text: University of Texas at Austin

text: college football

text: Texas Longhorns

text: field goal

text: Rose Bowl

text: University of Michigan

text: The Daily Texan

text: George W. Bush

text: Mack Brown

text: Mesquite Independent School District

text: Texas Senate

text: 2005 NFL Draft

text: 2005 championship season

text: Vince Young

text: Big 12

text: Bio at Mack Brown Texas Football

categories: Texas Longhorns football players,Living people,People from Mesquite, Texas

paragraph: Dusty Mangum

paragraph: Dustin Ross Mangum (born May 5, 1983) is a former placekicker for the University of Texas at Austin's college football team (The Texas Longhorns) from 2001 to 2004. Mangum, who began his college football career as a walk-on, is best known for capping UT's 2004–2005 season with a 37-yard game-winning field goal as time expired in the 2005 Rose Bowl versus No. 13 University of Michigan. The tipped kick that went in, allowed Texas to finish its season as one of the top 5 teams in the nation.

paragraph: After the game, according to The Daily Texan, President George W. Bush called UT football coach Mack Brown to congratulate him on the win, and to make sure he knew that he watched the entire game, right down to Mangum's last kick.

paragraph: According to news reports, just before Mangum's kick, Brown told the senior "You're the luckiest human being in the world because your last kick at Texas will win the Rose Bowl." The kick made him an instant state celebrity — he appeared on radio and television programs, was honored by the Mesquite Independent School District, where he is from, and has appeared at autograph signings at Texas bookstores.

paragraph: Mangum was also on hand at a celebration in the state capitol, along with UT officials, when the Texas Senate passed a resolution honoring the Texas football team for its Rose Bowl win.

paragraph: Mangum achieved numerous other honors during his time at Texas, though he was not selected in the 2005 NFL Draft. Although Mangum was no longer with the Longhorns for their 2005 championship season, his last-second kick foreshadowed the Longhorns second trip to Pasadena, where a sprint by Vince Young into the end-zone in the final minute of play gave Texas back-to-back Rose Bowl wins.

paragraph: Section::::Accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ranks third on UT's all-time scoring list with 358 points (first among kickers)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ended his senior season as the nation's fourth-leading active career scorer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Set a UT record with 121 consecutive made PATs (previous: 57, Kris Stockton, 1998–99) and also holds the second place record with 67 straight

paragraph: BULLET::::- Recorded two of the top 10 scoring seasons on UT record

paragraph: BULLET::::- Twice named the Big 12 Special Teams Player of the Week

paragraph: BULLET::::- Two-time honorable mention All-Big 12 Conference pick

paragraph: BULLET::::- Earned UT's Frank Denius Special Teams Player of the Week eight times

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hit a 37-yard game-winning FG as time expired to win the Rose Bowl versus No. 13 Michigan – only the fourth time in UT history that a game has been decided as time expired

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scored a Longhorns freshman-record 102 points (54-of-55 PATs/16-of-23 FGs) in 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Set eight UT freshman records and was an honorable mention All-Big 12 selection

paragraph: Section::::Media quotes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- With one kick off his right foot, Dusty Mangum had settled once and for all the debate over whether Texas deserved to be in the Rose Bowl. (International Herald Tribune—Sports)

paragraph: Section::::Outside of football.

paragraph: Mangum enjoys singing and providing support for student government rallies.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kicked into Legend: Rose-winning boot elevated Mangum from a footnote", "Austin American-Statesman", Jan. 9, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mangum's game-winning field goal caps instant classic", "The Daily Texan", Jan. 18, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Texas coach receives unexpected phone call from President", "The Daily Texan", Jan. 6, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Senate pays homage to Horns; Sen. Barrientos, a Texas alum, cites 'Rose Bowl win for the ages,'" "Austin American-Statesman", April 28, 2005

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bio at Mack Brown Texas Football

paragraph: BULLET::::- Houston Chronicle audio interview of Mangum

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Dusty Mangum

wikipedia_title: Dusty Mangum


text:
lead guitarist
The Marshall Tucker Band
steel guitarist
Can't You See
Spartanburg, South Carolina
Tommy Caldwell
George McCorkle
Jerry Eubanks
Doug Gray
United States Marine Corps
recruit training
Parris Island
Vietnam
Charlie Daniels
GMV Nashville
Moore, South Carolina
debut album
bass guitar
Tommy Caldwell

categories: 20th-century American guitarists,Cocaine-related deaths in South Carolina,Drug-related deaths in South Carolina,American rock guitarists,1947 births,American Southern Rock musicians,Guitarists from South Carolina,1993 deaths,American Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War,Pedal steel guitarists,Lead guitarists,Burials in South Carolina,Musicians from Spartanburg, South Carolina

paragraph: Toy Caldwell

paragraph: Toy Talmadge Caldwell Jr. (November 13, 1947 – February 25, 1993) was the lead guitarist, main songwriter and a founding member of the 1970s Southern Rock group The Marshall Tucker Band. He was a member of the band from its formation up until 1983. In addition to his lead guitarist role, he was also the band's steel guitarist and he occasionally performed lead vocals including on one of the band's best-known hits, "Can't You See."

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Caldwell was born November 13, 1947, in Spartanburg, South Carolina, to Mr. and Mrs. Toy Talmadge Caldwell Sr. He began playing guitar before his teen years with his younger brother Tommy Caldwell. He developed a unique style of playing, playing the electric guitar using his thumb rather than a pick. Toy played basketball and football in high school with friends George McCorkle, Jerry Eubanks, and Doug Gray. While very involved in sports, the boys eventually became interested in music including jazz and blues. By the age of sixteen, Caldwell was passionate about music, sports, and his other obsession, motorcycles. He also enjoyed hunting and fishing.

paragraph: Caldwell decided to enlist in the United States Marine Corps. In 1966, he reported for recruit training at Parris Island, South Carolina. After being wounded in Vietnam in September 1968, he was evacuated for two weeks, then returned for duty. Caldwell was discharged in 1969 and once again began playing music with his high school buddies. The Spartanburg chapter of the Marine Corps League is named the Hutchings-Caldwells Detachment in honor of Toy, his brother Tommy and another Marine, Pvt Nolan Ryan Hutchings who was killed during the Iraq Invasion in 2003.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Later career.

paragraph: He later formed the Toy Caldwell Band and released an eponymous CD in 1992; the record was later renamed "Son of the South" by Southern country rocker and Caldwell's personal friend, Charlie Daniels. The album was digitally re-released in 2009 through Hopesong Digital / GMV Nashville.

paragraph: Caldwell died on February 25, 1993, at his home in Moore, South Carolina. The cause of death was reported as cardio-respiratory failure due to viral cardio myocarditis, by Spartanburg County Coroner Jim Burnett.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Caldwell married his wife Abbie on September 12, 1969. The song "AB's Song" from The Marshall Tucker Band's debut album was written for her. He was also the father of two girls, Cassady and Toy Geneal Caldwell.

paragraph: He was the older brother of co-founder and bass guitarist Tommy Caldwell, who was killed at age 30 in an automobile accident on April 28, 1980, and to Tim Caldwell, who on March 28, 1980, one month prior to Tommy's death, was killed at age 25 in a collision with a Spartanburg County garbage truck on S.C. Highway 215.

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Toy Caldwell

wikipedia_title: Toy Caldwell


text: earl

text: northern England

text: Old Norse

text: Scandinavia

text: Earl Ulf

text: Cnut

text: Northumbria

text: Yorkshire

text: Ealdred

text: Earl of Bamburgh

text: Eadulf

text: Harthacnut

text: Edward

text: shire

text: Northampton

text: Huntingdon

text: Cumberland

text: Mac Bethad mac Findlaích

text: Osbjorn

text: William Shakespeare

text: Macbeth

text: Waltheof

text: St Olave's church

text: York

text: Heslington Hill

text: Encomium Emmae

text: Vita Ædwardi Regis

text: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

text: Anglo-Norman

text: John of Worcester

text: William of Malmesbury

text: Henry of Huntingdon

text: Orderic Vitalis

text: Symeon of Durham

text: hagiography

text: John of Fordun

text: Andrew of Wyntoun

text: Cnut

text: Harold Harefoot

text: Harthacnut

text: Edward the Confessor

text: Norman conquest

text: Scandinavia

text: shire

text: Robin Fleming

text: Godwine

text: Earl of Wessex

text: Leofwine

text: Earl of Mercia

text: Humber

text: Mersey

text: Firth of Forth

text: Kingdom of Strathclyde

text: Kingdom of Alba

text: Eadred

text: River Tees

text: Bamburgh

text: York

text: Lancashire

text: Cumberland

text: thegn

text: holds

text: high-reeve

text: Thurbrand

text: Holderness

text: Waltheof

text: polar bear

text: Thorgil Sprakling

text: Earl Ulf

text: Estrith

text: Orkney

text: dragon

text: Northumbria

text: Oðinn

text: raven banner

text: thegn

text: Earl of Northumbria

text: Ælfric Puttoc

text: Archbishop of York

text: Erik of Hlathir

text: William Kapelle

text: Richard Fletcher

text: Ealdred son of Uhtred

text: Harthacnut

text: Harold Harefoot

text: Alfred Ætheling

text: Edward the Confessor

text: Æthelred the Unready

text: Abbey of Bury St Edmunds

text: Fécamp Abbey

text: Abingdon Abbey

text: Ælfwine

text: Bishop of Winchester

text: Ealdred II of Bamburgh

text: Uhtred the Bold

text: Eadulf

text: Libellus de Exordio

text: Gospatric

text: Worcester

text: ætheling

text: Easter Day

text: Leofric of Mercia

text: Queen Emma

text: Stigand

text: Bishop of Elmham

text: William of Poitiers

text: William, Duke of Normandy

text: Bishop of Winchester

text: Robert

text: Archbishop of Canterbury

text: pallium

text: Ralph the Timid

text: his sons

text: shire of Northampton

text: shire of Huntingdon

text: writ

text: Bjorn

text: Earl Ulf

text: Middle Angles

text: Cumberland

text: Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria

text: Allerdale

text: Durham

text: Teesside

text: Bishop of Durham

text: Æthelric

text: Libellus de Exordio

text: Lincoln

text: Wulfwig

text: Bishop of Dorchester

text: Macbeth, King of Scotland

text: Osbjorn

text: Donnchad mac Crínáin

text: Crínán of Dunkeld

text: Alex Woolf

text: Firth of Forth

text: Dunsinane

text: Andrew of Wyntoun

text: recension

text: Annals of Tigernach

text: Annals of Ulster

text: Máel Coluim mac Donnchada

text: A. A. M. Duncan

text: Richard Oram

text: Dauvit Broun

text: Owain Foel

text: Máel Coluim II

text: Strathclyde

text: archbishopric of York

text: Cynesige

text: Bishops of Glasgow

text: dysentery

text: saga

text: Galmanho

text: Historia Regum

text: paternal

text: Frank Stenton

text: Domesday Book

text: Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester

text: Morcar of Mercia

text: Durham

text: Northumberland

text: Cumberland

text: Westmorland

text: Harrying of the North

text: Siward's Howe

text: East Midlands

text: saint

text: Crowland Abbey

text: David I, King of the Scots

text: Stamford, Lincolnshire

text: Peterborough Abbey

categories: 1055 deaths,Earls of Northumbria,Burials in York

paragraph: Siward, Earl of Northumbria

paragraph: Siward ( or more recently ) or Sigurd (, ) was an important earl of 11th-century northern England. The Old Norse nickname "Digri" and its Latin translation "Grossus" ("the stout") are given to him by near-contemporary texts. Siward was probably of Scandinavian origin, perhaps a relative of Earl Ulf, and emerged as a powerful regional strongman in England during the reign of Cnut ("Canute the Great", 1016–1035). Cnut was a Scandinavian ruler who conquered England in the 1010s, and Siward was one of the many Scandinavians who came to England in the aftermath of that conquest. Siward subsequently rose to become sub-ruler of most of northern England. From 1033 at the latest Siward was in control of southern Northumbria, that is, present-day Yorkshire, governing as earl on Cnut's behalf.

paragraph: He entrenched his position in northern England by marrying Ælfflæd, the daughter of Ealdred, Earl of Bamburgh. After killing Ealdred's successor Eadulf in 1041, Siward gained control of all Northumbria. He exerted his power in support of Cnut's successors, kings Harthacnut and Edward, assisting them with vital military aid and counsel. He probably gained control of the middle shires of Northampton and Huntingdon by the 1050s, and there is some evidence that he spread Northumbrian control into Cumberland. In the early 1050s Earl Siward turned against the Scottish king Mac Bethad mac Findlaích ("Macbeth"). Despite the death of his son Osbjorn, Siward defeated Mac Bethad in battle in 1054. More than half a millennium later the adventure in Scotland earned him a place in William Shakespeare's "Macbeth". Siward died in 1055, leaving one son, Waltheof, who would eventually succeed to Northumbria. St Olave's church in York and nearby Heslington Hill are associated with Siward.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Source material on Siward's life and career is scarce, and only a small and potentially unrepresentative amount of information exists. No contemporary or near-contemporary biography has survived, and narratives from around the time of his life such as the "Encomium Emmae" and the "Vita Ædwardi Regis" scarcely mention him; historians are therefore dependent on a few entries in the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" and comparable Irish sources. Later Anglo-Norman histories may or may not be reliable depending on their source material, but useful ones include the "Chronicle" of John of Worcester (compiled between 1124 and 1140), William of Malmesbury (writing between c. 1125 and 1142), Henry of Huntingdon (writing between c. 1133 and 1154), and Orderic Vitalis (writing between c. 1114 and 1141). Other sources include the material attributed to Symeon of Durham (compiled and written as extant between the late 11th century and the first half of the 12th century). Legendary material, such as that in hagiography or later medieval sources such as John of Fordun or Andrew of Wyntoun, is not generally regarded as useful beyond its limited potential for cleanly preserving earlier source material.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Siward's career in northern England spanned the reigns of four different monarchs. It began during the reign of Cnut, and lasted through those of Harold Harefoot and Harthacnut into the early years of Edward the Confessor. Most important was the reign of Cnut, in which so many new political figures rose to power that some historians think it comparable to the Norman conquest five decades later. These "new men" were military figures, usually with weak hereditary links to the West Saxon royal house that Cnut had deposed. As Cnut ruled several Scandinavian kingdoms in addition to England, power at the highest level was delegated to such strongmen. In England, it fell to a handful of newly promoted "ealdormen" or "earls", who ruled a shire or group of shires on behalf of the king. Siward was, in the words of historian Robin Fleming, "the third man in Cnut's new triumvirate of earls", the other two being Godwine, Earl of Wessex and Leofwine, Earl of Mercia.

paragraph: Northern England in the 11th-century was a region quite distinct from the rest of the country. The former kingdom of Northumbria stretched from the Humber and Mersey estuaries, northward to the Firth of Forth, where, passing the western Kingdom of Strathclyde, it met the Kingdom of Alba (Scotland). Northumbria had been united with the West Saxon English kingdom only in the 950s, by King Eadred, and subsequent control was exerted through the agency of at least two ealdormen, one to the north and one to the south of the River Tees. The former is associated with the stronghold of Bamburgh, while the latter is associated with the great Roman city of York. It was a politically fragmented region. The western part, from Lancashire to Cumberland, was heavily settled by Norse-Gaels, while in the rest of Northumbria English and Anglo-Scandinavian regional magnates—thegns, holds and high-reeves—exercised a considerable degree of independence from the ealdormen. One such example was the magnate Thurbrand, a hold in Yorkshire, probably based in Holderness, whose family were frequently at odds with the ruling earls at Bamburgh.

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry.

paragraph: Historians generally claim Siward to be of Scandinavian origin, a conclusion supported by the "Vita Ædwardi Regis", which states that Siward was "[called] "Digri" in the Danish tongue" ("Danica lingua Digara"). Legendary material incorporated in the "Vita et passio Waldevi comitis" (or simply "Vita Waldevi"), the hagiographic biography of Siward's son Waltheof, states that Siward was the son of a Scandinavian earl named Bjorn and provides a genealogy claiming that he was the descendant of a polar bear, a commonplace piece of Germanic folklore.

paragraph: Historian Timothy Bolton has recently argued that the similarities between these genealogies is evidence of a shared family tradition between the descendants of Siward and Thorgil Sprakling. Bolton hypothesized that Siward's alleged father Bjorn was probably a historical figure, a brother of Thorgil Sprakling. Siward would then have been first cousin to Earl Ulf, the earl of Denmark who married Cnut's sister Estrith and founded the dynasty of Danish monarchs that eventually succeeded Cnut's. Bolton argued that the Sprakling family had only recently risen to prominence in Scandinavia, and so Siward's career in England was another indication of that family's success in Scandinavian politics.

paragraph: The "Vita Waldevi" provides further legendary detail of Siward's journey from Scandinavia to England. According to the "Vita", Siward passed through Orkney, killing a dragon there before moving on to Northumbria. There he encountered another dragon, before meeting an Oðinn-like old man on a hill, who handed him a raven banner and instructed him to proceed to London to receive the patronage of the king of England.

paragraph: Section::::Career under Cnut, Harold and Harthacnut.

paragraph: The exact date and context of Siward's arrival in England are unknown, though the "Vita Waldevi" offers a legendary account. Charters dating to 1019, 1024, 1032, 1033 and 1035 mention a "Si[ge]ward Minister", "the thegn Siward", but it is impossible to securely identify any of these names with the man who became Earl of Northumbria. The earliest certain contemporary record of Siward occurs in a charter of King Cnut to Ælfric Puttoc, Archbishop of York, in 1033. This charter attestation can be identified as Siward the earl because he is styled "dux" ("earl").

paragraph: Although it is clear that Siward was earl by 1033, he may have attained the position somewhat earlier. His predecessor Erik of Hlathir last appeared in the historical sources in 1023, leaving a ten-year gap during which Siward could have taken the position. Although William of Malmesbury asserted that Erik was driven back to Scandinavia, Scandinavian tradition firmly maintained he died in England. Historian William Kapelle believed that Erik ceased to be earl in or soon after 1023, and that Carl son of Thurbrand was appointed hold or high-reeve ("heahgerefa") for the king in Yorkshire. Carl retained this position, it was argued, even after Siward was installed as earl a few years later, but from then on he acted as a deputy to the earl rather than to the king. Richard Fletcher remained agnostic on the point, although he did argue that Erik must have been dead by 1028. Timothy Bolton, although rejecting Kapelle's argument concerning Carl son of Thurbrand, believed Erik died c. 1023 and that the earldom may have remained vacant for a period. Bolton argued that Cnut left the earldom of Northumbria empty and appears to have paid it little attention until the last years of his reign, and another northerner Ealdred son of Uhtred rose to power in the political vacuum.

paragraph: When Cnut died in 1035, there were a number of rival claimants for his throne. These included his son Harthacnut, and the nobleman Harold Harefoot, as well as Alfred Ætheling and Edward (later, King Edward the Confessor), the exiled sons of Æthelred the Unready. Isolated in Scandinavia, Harthacnut was unable to prevent Harold Harefoot seizing the crown for himself. Ruling England from 1035, Harold died in 1040 just as Harthacnut was preparing an invasion. Arriving soon after Harold's death, Harthacnut reigned in England only two years before his own death in 1042, a death that led to the peaceful succession of Edward. Frank Barlow speculated on Siward's political stance, guessing that during these upheavals Siward assumed "a position of benevolent or prudent neutrality".

paragraph: Siward is found in 1038, as "Sywardus Comes" ("Earl Siward"), witnessing a charter of King Harthacnut to the Abbey of Bury St Edmunds. He witnessed a confirmation granted by Harthacnut to Fécamp Abbey, between 1040 and 1042, of an earlier grant made by Cnut. In 1042, he witnessed grants by Harthacnut to Abingdon Abbey and to Ælfwine, Bishop of Winchester.

paragraph: Siward was, at some stage, married to Ælfflæd, daughter of Ealdred II of Bamburgh, and granddaughter of Uhtred the Bold. The "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" asserts that, in 1041 Eadulf, Earl of Bamburgh, was "betrayed" by King Harthacnut. The "betrayal" seems to have been carried out by Siward; since when the "Libellus de Exordio" and other sources write about the same event, they say that Siward attacked and killed Eadulf. It was thus that Siward became earl of all Northumbria, perhaps the first person to do so since Uhtred the Bold. It is possible that Siward used Ælfflæd's lineage to claim the earldom of Bamburgh for himself, although it is unclear whether the marriage took place before or after Siward killed Eadulf. Kapelle has pointed out that no ruler of Bamburgh after Uhtred is attested at the English royal court, which he argued "must mean they were in revolt" against the monarchy, and that Siward's attack may therefore have been encouraged by a monarch wishing to crush a rebellious or disloyal vassal. Siward however probably had his own interests too. Killing Eadulf eliminated his main rival in the north, and the marriage associated him with the family of Uhtred the Bold, and with Uhtred's surviving son Gospatric.

paragraph: There may nonetheless be a connection between the murder of Eadulf and events further south. For the same year the "Chronicle" of John of Worcester related that, because of an attack on two of Harthacnut's tax-collectors there, Siward took part in a reprisal on the city and monastery of Worcester. Harthacnut reigned only another year, dying on 8 June 1042. He was succeeded by the exiled English ætheling Edward. As an ætheling, a royal prince with a present or likely future claim on the throne, Edward appears to have been invited back by Harthacnut in 1041, fortuitously smoothing over the coming change in ruler. Edward was crowned king on Easter Day, 3 April 1043.

paragraph: Section::::English affairs under Edward the Confessor.

paragraph: Relations between Siward and King Edward appear to have been good. Neither Siward nor any associates of Siward were punished by Edward in later years. In fact, Siward appears to have been one of Edward's most powerful supporters. On 16 November 1043, Siward, along with Earls Godwine of Wessex and Leofric of Mercia, marched with King Edward against his mother, Queen Emma, helping the king to deprive the queen of her huge treasury. Edward then accused Emma of treason and deposed Stigand, Bishop of Elmham, from his position "because he was closest to his mother's counsel".

paragraph: The Norman propagandist and historian, William of Poitiers, claimed that Siward was among those who had sworn an oath to uphold Edward the Confessor's alleged declaration that William, Duke of Normandy (later King William I), was to be his heir. Others said to have made that oath were Earls Godwine of Wessex and Leofric of Mercia, along with Stigand, who had been pardoned in 1044, and raised to Bishop of Winchester in 1047. If this did happen, it was probably during or a little before spring 1051, when Robert, Archbishop of Canterbury, was journeying to Rome for his pallium.

paragraph: In 1051 Siward, along with Earls Leofric and Ralph the Timid, mobilised forces in defence of the king against a rebellion by Earl Godwine and his sons. The "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" relates that although Siward had to call up reinforcements, King Edward was successful and Earl Godwine was temporarily exiled. Earl Godwine remained a threat in exile, and the continued "belligerent support" of Siward and Leofric was thus vital to King Edward's safety. It was apparently, however, the reluctance of these two earls to fight Earl Godwine that contributed to Godwine's re-establishment in England in 1052.

paragraph: There is evidence to suggest that Siward extended his power southward, bringing the shire of Northampton into his control in the 1040s and the shire of Huntingdon in the 1050s. The evidence comes from royal writs addressed to Siward as earl in these shires. Siward's predecessors as earl in these areas were other Scandinavians, Thuri and Bjorn son of Earl Ulf; the former was styled "earl of the Midlanders" ("comes mediterraneorum"), showing that this earldom represented the earlier polity of the Middle Angles of Mercia. It was this area, rather than Northumbria, to which Siward's descendants were most attached.

paragraph: Likewise, it has been argued that Siward brought Cumberland, thought by some historians to have been lost to Strathclyde, back under Northumbrian lordship. The evidence comes from a document known to historians as "Gospatric's Writ". This is a written instruction, issued either by the future Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria, or Gospatric, son of Earl Uhtred, that was addressed to all Gospatric's kindred and to the notables dwelling in the "all the lands that were Cumbrian" ("on eallun þam landann þeo Cōmbres"); it ordered that one Thorfinn mac Thore be free in all things ("þ Thorfynn mac Thore beo swa freo in eallan ðynges") in Allerdale, and that no man is to break the peace which was given by Gospatric and Earl Siward. Historians such as Charles Phythian-Adams believed that such phraseology indicated that Siward conquered the region from its previous rulers, although others, like William Kapelle, believed that the region had come, were it ever lost, back into English power before Siward's time.

paragraph: A little can be said about Siward's relations with the Northumbrian church, in particular with regard to his relations with Durham. As a result of Siward's marriage to Ælfflæd, Siward gained possession of a group of estates in Teesside claimed by the bishops of Durham. Acquisition of these estates might have brought opposition from the Bishop of Durham, but Æthelric the incumbent had been expelled by the clergy of Durham in either 1045 or 1046 and, according to the "Libellus de Exordio", only returned by bribing Siward. According to the "Libellus", the clergy were "terrified and overwhelmed by the fearful power of the earl" and "were compelled willy nilly to be reconciled to the bishop, and to admit him into his episcopal see". Despite this, Siward escaped censure in the writings of later Durham monks, something which suggests relations between Siward and Durham were probably good in general.

paragraph: Siward can be found witnessing numerous charters during Edward's reign, though not as many as the Godwinsons; Siward usually comes third in lists of earls, behind Godwine and Leofric but ahead of Godwine's sons and the other earls. He witnessed at least seven, possibly nine, extant charters in 1044, six or seven in 1045, two in 1046, one in 1048 and one in 1049. A "Dux" ("earl") named Sihroþ and Sihroð witnessed two charters in 1050, and this may be Siward. There is another attestation in 1050, and his name appears in two dubious witness lists attached to charters dating to 1052 and 1054. Possibly Siward's last historical appearance in English legal documents is in the agreement made—probably at Lincoln—between Wulfwig, Bishop of Dorchester, and Earl Leofric, dating to between 1053 and 1055.

paragraph: Section::::Expedition against the Scots.

paragraph: Siward is perhaps most famous for his expedition in 1054 against Macbeth, King of Scotland, an expedition that cost Siward his eldest son, Osbjorn. The origin of Siward's conflict with the Scots is unclear. According to the "Libellus de Exordio", in 1039 or 1040, the Scottish king Donnchad mac Crínáin attacked northern Northumbria and besieged Durham. Within a year, Mac Bethad had deposed and killed Donnchad. The failed siege occurred a year before Siward attacked and killed Earl Eadulf of Bamburgh, and though no connection between the two events is clear it is likely that they were linked.

paragraph: The "Annals of Lindisfarne and Durham", written in the early 12th century, relate under the year 1046 that "Earl Siward with a great army came to Scotland, and expelled king Mac Bethad, and appointed another; but after his departure Mac Bethad recovered his kingdom". Historian William Kapelle thought that this was a genuine event of the 1040s, related to the "Annals of Tigernach" entry for 1045 that reported a "battle between the Scots" which led to the death of Crínán of Dunkeld, Donnchad's father; Kapelle thought that Siward had tried to place Crínán's son and Donnchad's brother Maldred on the Scottish throne. Another historian, Alex Woolf, argued that the "Annals of Lindisfarne and Durham" entry was probably referring to the invasion of Siward in 1054, but misplaced under 1046.

paragraph: During the invasion of 1054, a battle was fought somewhere in Scotland north of the Firth of Forth, a battle known variously as the "Battle of the Seven Sleepers" or the "Battle of Dunsinane". The tradition that the battle actually took place at Dunsinane has its origins in later medieval legend. The earliest mention of Dunsinane as the location of the battle is in the early 15th century by Andrew of Wyntoun.

paragraph: The earliest contemporary English account of the battle is found in the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", recension D:

paragraph: The battle is mentioned in the Irish annals too, briefly in the "Annals of Tigernach" and more extensively in the "Annals of Ulster":

paragraph: Dolfin is unidentified, but may have been a relation of Mac Bethad's enemy Crínán of Dunkeld, on the basis that some of Crínán's descendants may have borne this name.

paragraph: The purpose of Siward's invasion is unclear, but it may be related to the identity of the "Máel Coluim" (Malcolm) mentioned in the sources. The early 12th-century chronicle attributed to John of Worcester, probably using an earlier source, wrote that Siward defeated Mac Bethad and made "Máel Coluim, son of the king of the Cumbrians" a king ("Malcolmum, regis Cumbrorum filium, ut rex jusserat, regem constituit"). The identity of Máel Coluim and the reasons for Siward's help are controversial. The traditional historical interpretation was that "Máel Coluim" is Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, known sometimes today as Malcolm III or Malcolm Canmore, and that Siward was attempting to oust Mac Bethad in his favour.

paragraph: The traditional historical interpretation that "Máel Coluim" is Máel Coluim mac Donnchada derives from the "Chronicle" attributed to the 14th-century chronicler of Scotland, John of Fordun, as well as from earlier sources such as William of Malmesbury. The latter reported that Mac Bethad was killed in the battle by Siward, but it is known that Mac Bethad outlived Siward by two years. A. A. M. Duncan argued in 2002 that, using the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" entry as their source, later writers innocently misidentified Máel Coluim "son of the king of the Cumbrians" with the later Scottish king of the same name. Duncan's argument has been supported by several subsequent historians specialising in the era, such as Richard Oram, Dauvit Broun and Alex Woolf. It has also been suggested that Máel Coluim may have been a son of the Strathclyde British king Owain Foel, perhaps by a daughter of Máel Coluim II, King of Scotland.

paragraph: Duncan in fact believes that the Battle of the Seven Sleepers did not lead directly to a change of leadership in the Kingdom of Scotland. It has been suggested that the chief consequence of Siward's expedition was not the overthrow of Mac Bethad, but the transfer of British territory—perhaps previously lying under Scottish suzerainty—to Northumbrian overlordship. Alex Woolf has posited that, in such a context, Máel Coluim might have been a discontented Cumbrian prince who had been forced to "put himself under English protection". Evidence for Northumbrian control of Strathclyde in this period includes 11th-century Northumbrian masonry found at the site of Glasgow Cathedral as well as early 12th-century claims from the archbishopric of York that Archbishop Cynesige (1051–1060) had consecrated two Bishops of Glasgow.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: The 12th-century historian, Henry of Huntingdon, in his "Historia Anglorum", relates that when Siward was attacked by dysentery, fearing to die "like a cow" and wishing rather to die like a soldier, he clothed himself in armour and took to hand an axe and shield. Ennobled in such a manner, Siward died. This anecdote is of doubtful historicity, and is thought to be derived from the saga devoted to Earl Siward, now lost. The "Vita Ædwardi Regis" states that Siward died at York and was buried in "the monastery of St Olaf" at Galmanho, a claim confirmed by the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", John of Worcester, and the "Historia Regum".

paragraph: Material incorporated in two surviving sources is thought by some to attest to the existence of a lost saga or some other kind of literary tradition concerning Siward's life. The first source is the "Vita et Passio Waldevi", a hagiographic history of Siward's cult-inspiring son Waltheof. This text contains an account of Waltheof's paternal origin, and in the process recounts certain adventures of his father Siward . The second major witness of the tradition is Henry of Huntingdon's "Historia Anglorum", which contains extracts of saga-like material relating to Siward's invasion of Scotland (1054) and his death (1055). The Anglo-Saxonist Frank Stenton declared that Siward was "not a statesman, but a Danish warrior of the primitive type". Writers in the half-century after his death remembered Siward as a strong ruler who brought peace and suppressed brigandage.

paragraph: Siward died more than a decade before the death of Edward the Confessor, but despite this the "Domesday Book" recorded 4 manors, 3 in Yorkshire and 1 in Derbyshire, owned directly by Earl Siward in 1066, all of them subsequently held by Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester. This land was stated to have been worth £212, while his son Waltheof was said to have held £136 worth of land across 9 counties. Domesday records give an incomplete picture of Siward's holdings. In total it recorded property worth £348 for Siward and his son, which on its own would compare poorly with the £2493 in value recorded to have been held by the family of the earls of Mercia. Of the latter, however, Morcar of Mercia, Earl of Northumbria on the day of King Edward's death, possessed land worth £968, while Tostig, exiled earl at the time, had land worth £491; both may have come into possession of some of Siward's land in the course of becoming Earls of Northumbria. Moreover, the counties that would become Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmorland were largely omitted from the survey, while, besides being only very poorly documented, the lands in Yorkshire had been severely devastated and devalued during the Harrying of the North.

paragraph: Siward is said to have built a church dedicated to St Olaf at Galmanho, York. The record of his burial in this church is the only notice of a non-royal lay burial inside a church in pre-Norman England. Siward's Howe, "i.e.", Heslington Hill near York, was most likely named after Earl Siward, although probably because Siward held popular courts there rather than because it was his burial place.

paragraph: One of Siward's sons is known to have survived him, Waltheof, whose mother was Ælfflæd. Waltheof later rose to be an earl in the East Midlands before becoming Earl of Northumbria. When Waltheof rebelled against William the Conqueror, however, the act led to his execution and to his subsequent veneration as a saint at Crowland Abbey. Waltheof's daughter married David I, King of the Scots, and through this connection Siward became one of the many ancestors of the later Scottish and British monarchs.

paragraph: Besides Ælfflæd, Siward is known to have been married to a woman named Godgifu, who died before Siward. The marriage is known from a grant she made of territory around Stamford, Lincolnshire, to Peterborough Abbey. Although no surviving children are attested, and no source states the name of Osbjorn's mother, this marriage has nonetheless raised the possibility that Waltheof and Osbjorn were born to different mothers, and William Kapelle suggested that Siward may have originally intended Osbjorn to inherit his southern territories while Waltheof inherited those territories in the north associated with the family of his mother Ælfflæd.

alias: Sigurd Sigeweard Digri Grossus Digiera

description: Earl in 11th-century northern England

wikidata_label: Siward, Earl of Northumbria

wikipedia_title: Siward, Earl of Northumbria