text: Aragon

text: Valencia

text: Majorca

text: Sardinia

text: Corsica

text: Sicily

text: Athens

text: Neopatria

text: count of Barcelona

text: Roussillon

text: Cerdanya

text: Castile

text: Medina del Campo

text: John I of Castile

text: Eleanor of Aragon

text: Henry III of Castile

text: Catherine of Lancaster

text: John II of Castile

text: Kingdom of Granada

text: Antequera

text: Martin I of Aragon

text: Aragon

text: Compromise of Caspe

text: James II of Urgell

text: Counts of Urgell

text: County of Urgell

text: Prince of Girona

text: Crown of Aragon

text: Antipope Benedict XIII

text: Western Schism

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Poblet

text: Alfonso

text: Pere Oller

text: Lorenzo Valla

text: Eleanor of Alburquerque

text: Alfonso V of Aragon

text: Aragon

text: Sicily

text: Naples

text: Maria of Aragon

text: Castile

text: John II of Castile

text: John II of Aragon

text: Henry of Aragon

text: Eleanor of Aragon

text: Portugal

text: Edward I of Portugal

text: Peter of Aragon

categories: Regents of Castile,Aragonese monarchs,Roman Catholic monarchs,15th-century monarchs in Europe,Counts of Barcelona,15th-century Kings of Sardinia,1416 deaths,1380 births,Castilian infantes,15th-century Aragonese monarchs,People from Medina del Campo,Monarchs of Majorca,Kings of Sicily,Valencian monarchs,House of Trastámara

paragraph: Ferdinand I of Aragon

paragraph: Ferdinand I (Spanish: "Fernando I"; 27 November 1380 – 2 April 1416 in Igualada, Catalonia) called of Antequera and also the Just (or the Honest) was king of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca, Sardinia and (nominal) Corsica and king of Sicily, duke (nominal) of Athens and Neopatria, and count of Barcelona, Roussillon and Cerdanya (1412–1416). He was also regent of Castile (1406–1416).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Medina del Campo, he was the younger son of King John I of Castile and Eleanor of Aragon.

paragraph: In 1406, upon the death of his elder brother, King Henry III of Castile, Ferdinand declined the Castilian crown and instead, with Henry's widow Catherine of Lancaster, became coregent during the minority of his nephew John II of Castile. In this capacity he distinguished himself by his prudent administration of domestic affairs.

paragraph: In a war with the Muslim Kingdom of Granada, he conquered the town of Antequera (1410), whence his surname.

paragraph: After Ferdinand's maternal uncle, King Martin I of Aragon (Martin II of Sicily), died without surviving legitimate issue, Ferdinand was chosen King of Aragon in 1412 to succeed him in the Compromise of Caspe. The other candidate, Count James II of Urgell (see Counts of Urgell), revolted and Ferdinand dissolved the County of Urgell in 1413.

paragraph: Ferdinand created the title of Prince of Girona for the heir of the Crown of Aragon on 19 February 1416.

paragraph: The most notable accomplishment of his brief reign was his agreement in 1416 to depose the Antipope Benedict XIII, thereby helping to end the Western Schism, which had divided the Roman Catholic Church for nearly 40 years.

paragraph: He is buried in the Aragonese royal pantheon of the monastery of Poblet, in a magnificent tomb ordered by his son Alfonso to Pere Oller in 1417.

paragraph: The Italian humanist Lorenzo Valla wrote an official biography of Ferdinand, "Historiarum Ferdinandi regis Aragonum libri sex".

paragraph: Section::::Family and children.

paragraph: In 1393 Ferdinand married Eleanor of Alburquerque (1374–1435). They had seven children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfonso V of Aragon (1396–1458), king of Aragon, Sicily and Naples

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria of Aragon, (1403–1445), queen of Castile, first wife of John II of Castile

paragraph: BULLET::::- John II of Aragon (1398–1479)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry of Aragon (c. 1400-1445), duke of Villena, count of Alburquerque and Empuries, lord of Sogorb, etc. and grand master of the military Order of Santiago

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eleanor of Aragon, (1402–1445), queen of Portugal, who married Edward I of Portugal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter of Aragon (1406–1438), count of Alburquerque and duke of Noto

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sancho of Aragon (1410–1416), grand master of the Orders of Calatrava and Alcántara

paragraph: Section::::Appearance and character.

paragraph: "He was tall, a little more than average, and thin and ruddy, and his cheeks had a few freckles... very patient to all who wanted to talk to him, even if their speeches were ordinary or not well-reasoned..."

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. N Hillgarth, "The Spanish Kingdoms".

paragraph: BULLET::::- T. N. Bisson, "The Medieval Crown of Aragon".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferdinand I of Catalonia-Aragon in the Catalan Hyperencyclopaedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- H. J. Chaytor, "A History of Aragon and Catalonia", ch. 14, "The 'Compromise' of Caspe".

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Monarquía Hispánica: Fernando I "el de Antequera" (1412-1416) (in Spanish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article of Francesca Español Bertran on his tomb in Poblet (in Spanish)

alias:
Fernando I
Ferdinand I

description: Aragonese king

wikidata_label: Ferdinand I of Aragon

wikipedia_title: Ferdinand I of Aragon


text:
East Fork, Kentucky
Coral Gables, Florida
professional baseball
pitcher
Major League Baseball
Brooklyn Tip-Tops
Federal League

categories: 1959 deaths,Baseball players from Kentucky,Knoxville Reds players,Brooklyn Tip-Tops players,Sportspeople from Coral Gables, Florida,Major League Baseball pitchers,Knoxville Appalachians players,1888 births,New Orleans Pelicans (baseball) players,Atlanta Crackers players

paragraph: Fin Wilson

paragraph: Finis Elbert Wilson (December 9, 1888 in East Fork, Kentucky – March 9, 1959 in Coral Gables, Florida) was a professional baseball pitcher. He played part of 1914 and all of 1915 in Major League Baseball for the Brooklyn Tip-Tops of the Federal League.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Fin Wilson

wikipedia_title: Fin Wilson


text: MacArthur Foundation

text: Larry Aldrich

text: Venice Biennale

text: Whitney Museum

text: Chuck Close

text: Pace Gallery

text: Music & Art High School

text: SUNY Purchase

text: Neuberger Museum

text: American Museum of Natural History

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: American Craft Museum

text: Artists Space

text: TriBeCa

text: The Contemporary Museum

text: Maryland Historical Society

text: Winston-Salem, North Carolina

text: Maurice Berger

text: University of Maryland

text: UMBC

text: Santa Monica Museum of Art

text: Blaffer Gallery

text: University of Houston

text: Skidmore College

text: Addison Gallery of American Art

text: Andover, Massachusetts

text: Chicago Cultural Center

text: Studio Museum in Harlem

text: Venice Biennale

text: Othello

text: Indianapolis

text: Indiana

text: Soldiers and Sailors Monument

text: Muscarelle Museum of Art

text: Ridinghouse

text: Venice Biennale

text: blackamoors

text: Maryland Historical Society

text: Napoleon

text: Andrew Jackson

text: Henry Clay

text: Frederick Douglass

text: Benjamin Banneker

text: Harriet Tubman

text: Studio Museum

text: Chicago Cultural Center

text: Skidmore College

text: The Pace Gallery

text: PBS

categories: 1954 births,People from the Bronx,Institutional Critique artists,American printmakers,Living people,Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School alumni,MacArthur Fellows,African-American contemporary artists,State University of New York at Purchase alumni,Artists from the Bronx,Trustees of museums

paragraph: Fred Wilson (artist)

paragraph: Fred Wilson (born 1954) in the Bronx, New York - is an American artist and describes himself as of "African, Native American, European and Amerindian" descent. He received a BFA from Purchase College, State University of New York. Wilson challenges colonial assumptions on history, culture, and race – encouraging viewers to consider the social and historical narratives that represent the western canon. Wilson received a MacArthur Foundation "genius grant" in 1999 and the Larry Aldrich Foundation Award in 2003. Wilson represented the United States at the Biennial Cairo in 1992 and the Venice Biennale in 2003. In May 2008, it was announced that Wilson would become a Whitney Museum trustee replacing Chuck Close.

paragraph: Wilson is represented by The Pace Gallery in New York.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: An alumnus of Music & Art High School in New York, Wilson received a BFA from SUNY Purchase in 1976, where he was the only black student in his program. While studying Wilson worked as a guard at the Neuberger Museum. He says that he no longer has a strong desire to make things with his hands. "I get everything that satisfies my soul," he says, "from bringing together objects that are in the world, manipulating them, working with spatial arrangements, and having things presented in the way I want to see them."

paragraph: An installation artist and political activist, Wilson's subject is social justice and his medium is museology. In the 1970s, he worked as a free-lance museum educator for the American Museum of Natural History, the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the American Craft Museum. Beginning in the late 1980s, Wilson used his insider skills to create "Rooms with a View", a series of "mock museums" that address how museums consciously or unwittingly reinforce racist beliefs and behaviors. This strategy, which Wilson refers to as "a "trompe l'oeil" of museum space," has increasingly become the focus of his life's work.

paragraph: From 1988 to 1992, Wilson served on the board of directors at Artists Space in TriBeCa, New York. He currently serves on the board of trustees of the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York.

paragraph: In 1987, as part of his outdoor "Platform" series, Wilson created "No Noa Noa, Portrait of a History of Tahiti", designed to illustrate "how Western societies turn Third World peoples into exotic sideshow creatures to entertain and titillate but who are not to be taken seriously."

paragraph: In his 1992 seminal work co-organized with The Contemporary Museum, "Mining the Museum", Wilson reshuffled the Maryland Historical Society's collection to highlight the history of Native and African Americans in Maryland. In 1994, Wilson continued in this vein with "Insight: In Site: In Sight: Incite" in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, where, according to art historian Richard J. Powell, his "re-positioning of historical objects and manipulation of exhibition labels, lighting, and other display techniques helped reveal aspects of the site's tragic African-American past that (because of the conspiratorial forces of time, ignorance, and racism) had largely become invisible."

paragraph: In 2001, Wilson was the subject of a retrospective, "Fred Wilson: Objects and Installations, 1979–2000", organized by Maurice Berger for the Center for Art and Visual Culture, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore County. The show traveled to numerous venues, including the Santa Monica Museum of Art, Berkeley Museum of Art, Blaffer Gallery (University of Houston), Tang Teaching Museum and Art Gallery (Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY), The Addison Gallery of American Art in Andover, Massachusetts, Chicago Cultural Center, Studio Museum in Harlem. For the 2003 Venice Biennale, Wilson created a multi-media installation that borrowed its title from a line in "Othello". His elaborate Venice work "Speak of Me as I Am" focused on representations of Africans in Venetian culture.

paragraph: In 2007 Fred Wilson was invited to be a part of the Indianapolis, Indiana, Cultural trail. Wilson proposed to redo the sole African American depicted in the Soldiers and Sailors Monument in downtown Indianapolis. The African American represents a recently freed slave reaching up to lady liberty. Wilson planned on using a scan of the African American to make an entirely new work, which would give the African American a more proud and strong posture, holding a flag composed of all of the African countries' flags. The proposed work was entitled, "E Pluribus Unum", and was met with much controversy, eventually leading to the project's rejection.

paragraph: In 2009, Wilson was awarded the Cheek Medal by William & Mary's Muscarelle Museum of Art. The Cheek Medal is a national arts award given by The College of William & Mary to those who have contributed significantly to the field of museum, performing or visual arts.

paragraph: 2011 saw the publication of "Fred Wilson: A Critical Reader" by Ridinghouse, edited by Doro Globus. An anthology of critical texts about and interviews with the artist, this publication focuses on the artist's pivotal exhibitions and projects, and includes a wide range of significant texts that mark the critical reception of Wilson's work over the last two decades.

paragraph: Section::::Major themes.

paragraph: Wilson's unique artist approach is to examine, question, and deconstruct the traditional display of art and artifacts in museums. With the use of new wall labels, sounds, lighting, and non-traditional pairings of objects, he leads viewers to recognize that changes in context create changes in meaning. Wilson's juxtaposition of evocative objects forces the viewer to question the biases and limitations of cultural institutions and how they have shaped the interpretation of historical truth, artistic value, and the language of display. According to Wilson, "Museums ignore and often deny the other meanings [of objects]. In my experience it is because if an alternate meaning is not the subject of the exhibition or the focus of the museum, it is considered unimportant by the museum." Wilson uses these objects to analyze the representation of race in museums and to examine the power and privileges of cultural institutions.

paragraph: For example, for his installation at the 2003 Venice Biennale he employed a tourist to pretend to be an African street vendor selling fake designer bags — in fact his own designs. He also incorporated "blackamoors", sculptures of black people in the role of servants, into the show. Such figures were often used as stands for lights. Wilson placed his wooden blackamoors carrying acetylene torches and fire extinguishers. He noted that such figures are so common in Venice that few people notice them, stating, "they are in hotels everywhere in Venice...which is great, because all of a sudden you see them everywhere. I wanted it to be visible, this whole world which sort of just blew up for me."

paragraph: Section::::"Mining the Museum" exhibition.

paragraph: "Mining the Museum" was an exhibition created by Fred Wilson held from April 4, 1992, to February 28, 1993 at the Maryland Historical Society.

paragraph: Background

paragraph: The title of the exhibition refers to how Wilson extracted and unearthed objects from the Maryland Historical Society collections to create this exhibition.The purpose of the exhibition was to address the biases museums have, often omitting or under-representing oppressed peoples and focusing on "prominent white men". Wilson took the existing museum's collection and reshuffled them to highlight the history of African-American and Native American Marylanders. This reassembly created a new viewpoint of colonization, slavery and abolition through the use of satire and irony.

paragraph: Artifacts

paragraph: Wilson juxtaposed historically important artifacts with each other to address the injustices in history and the injustices of not being properly exhibited. The entrance of the exhibition displayed three busts of important individuals: Napoleon, Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay displayed on pedestals. To the left of these busts were empty black pedestals with the names of three important, overlooked African American Marylanders: Frederick Douglass, Benjamin Banneker, and Harriet Tubman. Arranged in the center of these pedestals is a silver-plated copper globe with the word “Truth” inscribed on it in a case.

paragraph: Wilson extracted paintings from the eighteenth century and nineteenth century featuring African Americans from the MHS collection. Within this collection Wilson renamed the paintings in order to shift the focus towards African Americans in them. One of the oil paintings titled “Country Life” was renamed “Frederick Serving Fruit” in order to emphasize and underline the young African American that was serving “well-dressed whites at a picnic”. Other paintings featuring slave children were paired with audiotape recordings that played on a loop in which visitors were able to hear these children in the paintings ask various poignant questions. Wilson used these paintings to force visitors to recognize how the depiction of African Americans and their invisibility in portrayals of American life is “paradoxical”.

paragraph: The installation titled "metalwork" arranged ornate silverware with slave shackles to address that the prosperity of one could not have been achieved without the other.

paragraph: Similarly, "Cabinet Making" addresses more subjugation by having antique chairs gathered around and facing an authentic whipping post, incorrectly reported by several publications to have been used on slaves. In fact, the post had been used to punish wife-beaters in the Baltimore City jail.Maryland Historical Society Library Department. "Return of the Whipping Post: Mining the Museum". Maryland Historical Society. Underbelly, n.d. Web. October 13, 2013. However, these false assumptions helped bolster Wilson's idea that the exhibit was "charged by what you bring to it." Pieces such as "Cabinet Making" encouraged visitors to interpret the works however they saw it, to think critically and acquire a new perspective. Other works included cigar-store Indians turned away from visitors, a KKK mask in a baby carriage, a hunting rifle with runaway slave posters and a black chandelier hung in the museum's neoclassical pavilion made for the exhibition.

paragraph: Impact

paragraph: The exhibition was successful in that it made visitors more historically conscious of the racism that is an integral part of American history. ""Mining the Museum" worked because it was suggestive rather than didactic, provocative rather than moralizing" More than 55,000 people viewed Wilson's exhibit and helped him create other similar exhibitions around the United States. Critics would coin this new type of work as "museumist art".

paragraph: Section::::Speak of Me As I Am.

paragraph: At the 2003 Venice Biennale Fred Wilson represented the United States. A series of works was a reworking of Shakespeare’s "Othello" that consisted of various objects such as mirrors and chandeliers that were used to comment on the text. These works have been extended on in the exhibition, Fred Wilson: Sculptures, Paintings, and Installations, 2004–2014. These objects are made of black Murano glass, which indicates how Wilson has transferred the context of "Othello" into a world were race is not ignored and is instead is a crucial central focus.

paragraph: Section::::Afro Kismet.

paragraph: Afro Kismet, a mixed-media installation at the US Pavilion during the 50th Venice Biennial, focused on issues and representations of race in Venice, specifically the history of black people in Venice. The installation consisted of prints, paintings, and other artifacts from the Pera Museum collections and underlined the “discarded” or “hidden” history of African people in the Ottoman Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Selected exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: American Representative, United States Pavilion, 50th Venice Biennale, Italy

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 "Fred Wilson, Objects and Installations 1979-2000", Center for Art, Design, and Visual Culture, UMBC, Baltimore, MD, Studio Museum in Harlem, New York, NY; Chicago Cultural Center, Chicago, IL; Tang Teaching Museum, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995: "Collectibles", Metro Pictures Gallery, New York, NY

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994: "Insight: In Site: In Sight: Incite - Memory, Artist and the Community: Fred Wilson", South Eastern Center for Contemporary Art, Winston-Salem, NC

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993: "The Spiral of Art History", Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, IN

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992–3: "Mining the Museum: An Installation by Fred Wilson", The Contemporary & Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore, MD

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: "Panta Rhei: A Gallery of Ancient Classical Art," Metro Pictures, New York, NY

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991: "Primitivism: High & Low", Metro Pictures, New York, NY

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Pace Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography, interviews, essays, artwork images and video clips from PBS series "" - Season 3 (2005).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fred Wilson at the Minneapolis Institute or Art, Minneapolis, MN

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Fred Wilson

wikipedia_title: Fred Wilson (artist)


text:
Nara period
sangi
Fujiwara no Fusasaki
Fujiwara Hokke
court rank
envoy to Tang China
Tang
Abe no Nakamaro
An Lushan Rebellion
Emperor Shōmu
Empress Kōken
sangi
Fujiwara no Nagate
kugyō
Ōtomo no Komaro
Kibi no Makibi
Chang'an
Emperor Xuanzong
Tibetan Empire
Silla
Abe no Nakamaro
Jianzhen
Yangzhou
Vietnam
Balhae
An Lushan Rebellion
Hitachi Province

categories: Fujiwara clan,778 deaths,People of Nara-period Japan,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Fujiwara no Kiyokawa

paragraph: , also known by the Chinese-style name Heqing (河清), was a Japanese noble of the Nara period. He was the fourth son of the "sangi" Fujiwara no Fusasaki, the founder of the Fujiwara Hokke. He reached the court rank of and the position of "sangi", and was posthumously awarded the rank of .

paragraph: As an envoy to Tang China, he served the Tang court along with Abe no Nakamaro, but due to storms and the An Lushan Rebellion he was unable to return to his home, and died in China.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: In 740, Kiyokawa was promoted from to . He rose steadily in the court of Emperor Shōmu and was promoted to in 746. With the ascension of Empress Kōken in 749, he was appointed as "sangi", beating his older brother Fujiwara no Nagate to the ranks of the "kugyō".

paragraph: In 750, Kiyokawa was appointed envoy to Tang China, with Ōtomo no Komaro and Kibi no Makibi as vice-envoys. Before his departure, the Emperor gave him a as a sign of his command, and he was granted the rank of . Upon arriving in Tang China, the envoy entered Chang'an and had an audience with Emperor Xuanzong, who praised them as proper gentlemen.

paragraph: At the New Year's greeting ceremony in 753 where the various domains offered well-wishes to the Tang Emperor, the Japanese delegation was seated in the second position on the west side, after the Tibetan Empire. Meanwhile, Silla was seated in the first position on the east side. Komaro protested, and the Japanese envoy changed seats with Silla in order to save face.

paragraph: Almost a year later, Kiyokawa's group set out to return to Japan, accompanied by Abe no Nakamaro, who had lived in China for 35 years and was a high official there as well. The monk Jianzhen wished to accompany them, but as the Tang government had forbidden his departure from China, Kiyokawa refused him. However, the vice-envoy Komaro snuck him on board. Their ships departed from Yangzhou, but the boat carrying Kiyokawa and Nakamaro met a strong headwind and washed ashore farther south, in what is now northern Vietnam. The natives attacked the ship, killing many of its crew, and Kiyokawa and Nakamaro barely escaped with their lives. The second ship, carrying Jianzhen, reached Japan without incident. In 755, Kiyokawa and Nakamaro returned to Chang'an. Kiyokawa took up the Tang-style name of Heqing (河清), and became the .

paragraph: In 759, a delegation led by entered China through Balhae to take Kiyokawa home. However, because China was in a state of turmoil due to the An Lushan Rebellion, the Tang court forbade his return due to the danger of the roads. In 763, although Kiyokawa was still in China, the Japanese court appointed him governor of Hitachi Province, and in 764 he was promoted to .

paragraph: Still unable to return to Japan, Kiyokawa spent another decade in China before another Japanese envoy arrived in 777, and in 778 he died, still in China. The Tang court granted him the posthumous rank of . Having at some point married a Chinese woman, he had one daughter, named , who accompanied the envoy back to Japan.

description: Japanese noble

wikidata_label: Fujiwara no Kiyokawa

wikipedia_title: Fujiwara no Kiyokawa


text:
mathematician
geometry
Pardubice
Písek
Vienna
Litomyšl
Euler line
Union of Czech mathematicians
Moravia
Bohemia

wikipedia_title: Union of Czech mathematicians and physicists

categories: 1845 births,20th-century mathematicians,19th-century mathematicians,1931 deaths,19th-century Czech people

paragraph: Václav Jeřábek

paragraph: Václav Jeřábek (1845–1931) was a Czech mathematician, specialized in constructive geometry.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Jeřábek studied at the lower school of Pardubice and at the higher school of Písek, then he was to Vienna and studied at Imperial and Royal Polytechnic Institute where he graduated. Although he participated in several leading intellectual circles of Vienna, he remained a Czech with a clear view of patriotism. He began his teaching at the "Realschule" of Litomyšl (1870), being transferred two years after to the "Realschule" of Telč. In 1881, he was appointed professor of the "Czech Realschule" in Brno, and became its director in 1901. He retired in 1907, and suffering of a cataract, he died almost completely blind in 1931.

paragraph: Jeřábek was one of the men who kept the Czech geometry at the scientific level. He published scientific articles in Czech, German and French, and longer lectures. He is well remembered by the Jerabek hyperbola, the locus of the isogonal conjugate of a point that traverses the Euler line of a triangle.

paragraph: He was honorary member of the Union of Czech mathematicians and member of the scientific societies of Moravia and Bohemia.

description: Czech mathematician (1845–1931)

wikidata_label: Vaclav Jerabek

wikipedia_title: Václav Jeřábek


text: Vladimir Stasov

paragraph: Dmitry Stasov

paragraph: Dmitry Vasilievich Stasov (1828–1918) was a Russian lawyer who was a leading figure in the juridical reforms of the 1860s. He was the brother of the critic Vladimir Stasov.

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Muzykal'nye vospominaniya"

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Legkii, D.M. (2011) "Dmitrii Vasil'evich Stasov: Sudebnaia reforma 1864 g. i formirovanie prisiazhnoi advokatury v rossiiskoi imperii". St. Petersburg: Dmitrii Bulanin.

description: Russian lawyer (1828-1918)

wikidata_label: Dmitri Stassov

wikipedia_title: Dmitry Stasov


text:
rugby league
Batley Bulldogs
Betfred Championship
loose forward
Farnborough, Hampshire
London Broncos
London Skolars
Hemel Stags
Toronto Wolfpack
Toronto Wolfpack profile
London Broncos profile
Scoresway profile

categories: Hemel Stags players,Rugby league locks,English rugby league players,1995 births,Rugby league props,London Broncos players,Living people,London Skolars players

paragraph: Toby Everett

paragraph: Toby Joe Everett (born 22 December 1995) is an English rugby league footballer who plays for the Batley Bulldogs in the Betfred Championship. He plays as a or loose forward.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Everett was born in Farnborough, Hampshire, England.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He played for the London Broncos.

paragraph: Everett has previously spent time on loan at the London Skolars and Hemel Stags. His deal with the Toronto Wolfpack was blighted due to rehabilitation for an injury.

paragraph: In September 2018 Everett signed for the Batley Bulldogs.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toronto Wolfpack profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- London Broncos profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scoresway profile

wikidata_label: Toby Everett

wikipedia_title: Toby Everett


text:
American football
tight end
New York Jets
National Football League
college football
Virginia Tech
Minnesota Vikings
2017 NFL Draft
Virginia Beach, Virginia
Salem High School
quarterback
Ohio State
New York Jets
Terrelle Pryor
40-yard dash
Ocean Lakes High School
Oscar Smith High School
The Virginian Pilot
basketball
field goals
free throws
rebounds
steals
track and field
100 meters
200 meters
4 × 100 metres relay
4 × 400 metres relay
300 meters
400 meters
Virginia
Rivals.com
PrepStar
The Roanoke Times
247Sports
Virginia Tech
Alabama
Notre Dame
Virginia Tech
Logan Thomas
40-yard dash
vertical jump
William & Mary
Ohio State
Western Michigan
Duke
Wake Forest
Frank Beamer
Virginia
Michael Brewer
USA Today
ACC
ACC
Duke
North Carolina
Independence Bowl
Tulsa
Scot Loeffler
Justin Fuente
ACC
Arkansas
Belk Bowl
2017 NFL Draft
ESPN
Mel Kiper Jr.
O. J. Howard
Minnesota Vikings
2017 NFL Draft
Chuck Clark
Baltimore Ravens
Logan Thomas
2014 NFL Draft
Carolina Panthers
New York Jets
Pittsburgh Steelers
New York Jets
Virginia Tech Hokies bio

categories: Players of American football from Virginia,Minnesota Vikings players,Sportspeople from Virginia Beach, Virginia,1995 births,American football tight ends,New York Jets players,Carolina Panthers players,Virginia Tech Hokies football players,Living people

paragraph: Bucky Hodges

paragraph: Temuchin "Bucky" Hodges (born August 8, 1995) is an American football tight end for the New York Jets of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Virginia Tech, and was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the sixth round of the 2017 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Born in Virginia Beach, Virginia to Temuchin Hodges and Kimberly Thompson, Hodges attended Salem High School, where he played quarterback for coach Robert Jackson. Growing up, he admired former Ohio State quarterback and current New York Jets wide receiver Terrelle Pryor, and as a quarterback, Hodges modeled his game after him. During his freshman season, Hodges, who was listed at 6'5", focused on his speed and lowered his 40-yard dash time from 5.3 to 4.6 seconds. As a 15-year old sophomore in 2010, Hodges guided the Sun Devils to an 8-4 record, scoring eight times on 102 carries that netted 438 yards, along with connecting on 59.8% of his passes for 1,602 yards and thirteen more scores. In a playoff game victory over rival Ocean Lakes High School, completing 21 of 27 passes for 211 yards with two touchdowns as eight different receivers caught at least two balls. In a narrow loss the next week to Oscar Smith High School, Hodges completed 18 of 23 with one touchdown. During that 2010 playoff run, Hodges weighed in at only 185 pounds, so he spent the offseason adding mass to his frame, and by the start of his junior year, he had gained twenty pounds. In his junior season, Hodges completed 64 percent of his passes for 2,142 yards and 26 touchdowns with six interceptions and rushed for 434 yards and nine more touchdowns as the Sun Devils finished with a 9-1 record in the region. As a senior, he completed 126 of 206 passes for 2,214 yards, with 18 touchdowns and six interceptions while also adding 505 more yards and 11 touchdowns through the ground, earning first-team All-Tidewater selection by "The Virginian Pilot" as well as first-team All-Beach District selection as an “"athlete" and second-team selection at quarterback. After finishing his high school career, Hodges participated in the Offense-Defense All-America Bowl.

paragraph: In addition to football, Hodges also played basketball and ran track at Salem. In basketball, Hodges averaged ten points and seven rebounds per game during his first season on the varsity. During the 2011 hoops season, he played in 21 games after the gridiron schedule concluded, blocking ten shots as he averaged 10.1 points per game, making 77-of-171 field goals and 36-of-67 free throws. He pulled down 168 rebounds (8.0 avg), handed out 45 assists and had fifteen steals. When the basketball season concluded, he tried his hand in track and field. As a member of the 2011 indoor team, he recorded a 42.25-second mark in the 300 meters at SNU's High School Winter Frolic, where he also posted a high jump mark of 5'4" (1.64m). During the 2011 outdoor season, he finished second in the triple jump (38'2") at the Tallwood Meet and tossed the discus (74'4") at The Fork Outdoor Invitational. At that event, he was also a member of the school's 4x100 relay team that captured the title with a time of 49.13 seconds. In 2012, Hodges finished third in the 100 meters with a time of 11.28 seconds at the Beach District, adding a second place mark of 23.32 seconds in the 200 meters while finishing second in the 400 meters at 52.86 seconds. His 4 × 100 metres relay team was also runner-up at that event with a time of 43.79 seconds. CNU's 28th Annual High School Captains Classic was where he helped the 4 × 400 metres relay team finish at 3:41.15. He also posted personal-best times of 38.61 in the 300 meters and 51.63 seconds in the 400 meters during the 2012 season.

paragraph: A unanimous four-star recruit, Hodges was listed as the 171st-best overall player in the country, the tenth-best pro-style quarter-back in the prep ranks and the tenth-best athlete in the state of Virginia by "Rivals.com". He was ranked 179th in the nation by PrepStar and the fourth-best prospect in the state by "The Roanoke Times". Super Prep also regarded him as the state’s fifth-best player while 247Sports considered him to be Virginia’s seventh-best athlete and the fourth-best dual-threat quarterback in the country. On April 21, 2012, Hodges committed to Virginia Tech to play college football. He had scholarship offers from Virginia, Illinois, Ohio State and West Virginia, among others, and also raised some interest from Alabama and Notre Dame.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Originally recruited as a pro-style quarterback, Hodges arrived at Virginia Tech as the presumed heir to Logan Thomas at quarterback, but converted from quarterback to tight end during the spring of 2013 and earned the "Coaches Award for the offense" for his exceptional spring session. In 2013, Hodges redshirted while working with the scout team as both a quarterback and tight end. He bench-pressed 315 pounds and posted a 365-pound front squat in fall scout team max testing. He improved those numbers in spring testing, posting a 325-pound bench press, a 400-pound front squat, a 315-pound power clean and a 300-pound push jerk. In 2015, Hodges started all 13 games, recording 40 receptions for 530 yards with six receiving touchdowns and one rushing touchdown. As a redshirt junior in 2016, Hodges played in all 14 games and had 691 receiving yards and 7 touchdowns. Hodges finished his Virginia Tech career as the fifth-leading receiver in Hokies history, with 133 receptions. He had 1,747 yards and 20 receiving touchdowns, the latter figure ranking third in Tech history.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Freshman season (2014).

paragraph: During winter workouts, Hodges impressed his teammates by running a 4.46-second 40-yard dash and posting a 38'5" vertical jump, numbers that were fifth and third on the team, respectively.

paragraph: After redshirting his first year in 2013, Hodges played in all 13 games in 2014, making 10 starts and logging 678 plays, 612 on offense and 66 on special teams. He recorded 45 receptions (the most ever for a freshman tight end at Tech) for 526 yards and scored seven total touchdowns (six receiving, one on special teams) on the season. In his collegiate debut against William & Mary, he caught six passes for 38 yards and a touchdown. The following week, he scored a touchdown in his first career start, finishing the Ohio State win with two catches for 21 yards. In week 5 against Western Michigan, he went for 88 yards and a touchdown on four catches. In the Hokies' win over Duke on November 15, he scored the eventual game-winning touchdown on a 15-yard reception to start the fourth quarter, finishing the game with six catches for 57 yards. He had four receptions for 39 yards at Wake Forest the next week, becoming the single-season leader for catches by a tight end under coach Frank Beamer as his four grabs surpassed the previous mark of 38. In week 12, he scored the game-winning touchdown against Virginia on a 9-yard pass from quarterback Michael Brewer and also recovered a blocked punt in the end zone in the second quarter, taking it to the end zone. His efforts earned him freshman All-American recognition by USA Today and third-team All-ACC selection by ACSMA.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Sophomore season (2015).

paragraph: Hodges was a second-team All-ACC selection by the coaches and third-team All-ACC selection by the ACSMA as a sophomore. He started all 13 games, recording 40 catches for 530 yards and six touchdowns and rushing five times for 27 yards and a touchdown. On October 24, he had five catches for 101 yards and a career-high three touchdowns against Duke. In week 11, he had six catches for 44 yards and a touchdown against North Carolina. He had an all-around performance in the Independence Bowl against Tulsa, carrying the ball five times 27 yards and a touchdown and hauling in four catches for 38 yards as the Hokies defeated the Golden Hurricane 55-52.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Junior season (2016).

paragraph: A tight end for the previous two seasons under offensive coordinator Scot Loeffler in Frank Beamer's final years as the Hokies' headcoach, Hodges played wideout in Justin Fuente's spread offense in his junior season. The move to the outside worked out well and Hodges enjoyed his most productive season as he set career-highs with 48 catches for 691 yards and scored seven touchdowns for the third straight season. He earned third-team All-ACC honors from the league's coaches.

paragraph: After the season, on December 30, a day after the Hokies' 35-24 come-from-behind win against Arkansas in the Belk Bowl, Hodges' father, Temuchin, confirmed his intentions to enter the 2017 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: On December 2016, ESPN draft analyst Mel Kiper Jr. had Hodges along with Alabama's O. J. Howard as his top tight ends on the draft board. He gave both a first-round grade, ranking Hodges as the No. 32 prospect overall.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Minnesota Vikings.

paragraph: Hodges was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings, in the sixth round, 201st overall, in the 2017 NFL Draft. He was the second Hokie off the board, joining safety Chuck Clark, who went earlier in the sixth round to the Baltimore Ravens. Hodges ended up being the 13th tight end off the board. He was the first offensive player selected from Virginia Tech since quarterback Logan Thomas (now a tight end) went to the Cardinals in the 2014 NFL Draft. On September 3, 2017, Hodges was waived/injured by the Vikings and placed on injured reserve. He was released on September 12, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Carolina Panthers.

paragraph: On September 15, 2017, Hodges was signed to the Carolina Panthers' practice squad. He was released on October 31, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New York Jets.

paragraph: On April 3, 2018, Hodges signed with the New York Jets. He was released on July 29, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.

paragraph: On August 2, 2018, Hodges signed with the Pittsburgh Steelers.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New York Jets (second stint).

paragraph: On July 24, 2019, Hodges signed with the New York Jets.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Virginia Tech Hokies bio

description: American-football player (1995-)

wikidata_label: Bucky Hodges

wikipedia_title: Bucky Hodges


text:
American football
offensive tackle
San Francisco 49ers
National Football League
college football
Notre Dame
William Penn Charter School
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
football
University of Notre Dame
San Francisco 49ers
2018 NFL Draft
Quenton Nelson
$
signing bonus
Trent Brown
Kyle Shanahan
Joe Staley
Matt Ryan
Atlanta Falcons
San Francisco 49ers bio
Notre Dame Fighting Irish bio

categories: American football offensive tackles,Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players,1994 births,Sportspeople from Philadelphia,Players of American football from Pennsylvania,Living people,All-American college football players

paragraph: Mike McGlinchey (offensive lineman)

paragraph: Mike McGlinchey (born January 12, 1994) is an American football offensive tackle for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Notre Dame.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: McGlinchey attended William Penn Charter School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Along with football, he also played basketball in high school. He committed to the University of Notre Dame to play college football.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: After redshirting his first year at Notre Dame in 2013, McGlinchey played in all 13 games with one start in 2014. In 2015, he became a starter and started all 13 games at right tackle. Prior to 2016, he moved from right to left tackle. McGlinchey said he would be returning to Notre Dame for his fifth year of eligibility. He was named a team captain. He ended his collegiate career appearing in 51 games with 39 starts.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: The San Francisco 49ers selected McGlinchey in the first round (ninth overall) of the 2018 NFL Draft. McGlinchey was the first offensive tackle drafted in 2018 and was the second offensive linemen selected, behind Notre Dame teammate Quenton Nelson (sixth overall).

paragraph: On July 23, 2018, the San Francisco 49ers signed McGlinchey to a fully guaranteed four-year, $18.34 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $11.41 million.

paragraph: McGlinchey entered training camp slated as the starting right tackle, replacing Trent Brown who departed via trade. Head coach Kyle Shanahan named him the starting right tackle to begin the regular season, opposite starting left tackle Joe Staley. As a rookie, he started in all 16 games for the 49ers.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: McGlinchey's cousin, Matt Ryan, plays in the NFL for the Atlanta Falcons.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Francisco 49ers bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notre Dame Fighting Irish bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Mike McGlinchey

wikipedia_title: Mike McGlinchey (offensive lineman)


text:
Santa Cruz de la Sierra
Bolivia
football
goalkeeper
The Strongest

categories: 1978 births,Club Blooming players,Bolivian footballers,2011 Copa América players,The Strongest players,Bolivia international footballers,C.D. Jorge Wilstermann players,Club San José players,Living people,Association football goalkeepers,Sportspeople from Santa Cruz de la Sierra

paragraph: Daniel Vaca

paragraph: Daniel Vaca (born 3 November 1978 in Santa Cruz de la Sierra) is a Bolivian football goalkeeper who currently plays for The Strongest.

description: Footballer

wikidata_label: Daniel Vaca

wikipedia_title: Daniel Vaca


text:
Manchu
Kangxi Emperor
Qing Dynasty
Empress Xiaochengren
Hešeri
Sonin
four regents
Yinreng
Oboi
regent
Mingju
Treaty of Nerchinsk
Galdan
The Deer and the Cauldron
wuxia
Louis Cha
Wei Xiaobao
Spence, Jonathan
Jonathan Cape

categories: 1703 deaths,Qing dynasty politicians from Liaoning,1636 births,Manchu politicians,Politicians from Shenyang,Qing dynasty diplomats

paragraph: Songgotu

paragraph: Songgotu (Manchu: ; ; 1636 – 1703) was a minister during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor in the Qing Dynasty. He was an uncle of the emperor's primary spouse, Empress Xiaochengren of the Hešeri clan, who died during childbirth. He was also the son of Sonin, one of the four regents appointed to assist the young Kangxi Emperor during his minority. As Empress Xiaochengren's paternal uncle, he was also therefore, the great-uncle of Yinreng, who was crown prince throughout most of the Kangxi Emperor's reign. Songgotu inherited the noble title First-class Duke from his father, Sonin.

paragraph: Songgotu helped the young Kangxi Emperor depose Oboi, a regent during the reign of the young emperor. Gradually, Songgotu gained more power and became one of the most prominent officials under Kangxi. He was involved in a long power struggle with Mingju, another leading official at Kangxi's court. He also acted as a diplomat and signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk with Russia.

paragraph: During Kangxi's expedition against Dzungar khan Galdan, Songgotu advocated for a withdrawal, but was reprimanded by the emperor for suggesting such a strategy. Songgotu was later implicated in the heir-apparent crisis, and was imprisoned and executed. Kangxi rescinded recognition for all of Songgotu's achievements during the latter's life, with the sole exception of the Treaty with Russia.

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Deer and the Cauldron" (), a "wuxia" novel by Louis Cha. In the story, Songgotu was an aristocrat who befriended the protagonist Wei Xiaobao.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spence, Jonathan. "Emperor of China: Self-Portrait of K'ang-hsi". Jonathan Cape (1974) .

description: Qing Dynasty statesman

wikidata_label: Songgotu

wikipedia_title: Songgotu


text: Manchu

text: Plain Yellow Banner

text: Kangxi Emperor

text: Gabula

text: Sonin

text: Four Regents of the Kangxi Emperor

text: Songgotu

text: lunar

text: Shunzhi Emperor

text: Gregorian calendar

text: Kangxi Emperor

text: Yunreng

text: Lady Niohuru

text: Shunzhi Emperor

text: Kangxi Emperor

text: Yongzheng Emperor

text: Yunreng

text: Prince Limi of the First Rank

text: Kangxi Dynasty

text: Huang Taizi Mishi

text: Chae Rim

text: Secret History of Kangxi

text: Maggie Shiu

text: Palace

text: Legend of Dragon Pearl

categories: Manchu people,17th-century Chinese women,1654 births,Qing dynasty empresses,1674 deaths,Deaths in childbirth

image: 512px-《孝诚仁皇后朝服像》局部.jpg

paragraph: Empress Xiaochengren

paragraph: Empress Xiaochengren (3 February 1654 – 6 June 1674), of the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner Hešeri clan, was a consort of the Kangxi Emperor.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Family background.

paragraph: Empress Xiaochengren's personal name was not recorded in history.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Gabula (d. 1681), served as a first rank military official (), and held the title of a first class duke ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paternal grandfather: Sonin (1601–1667), served as one of the Four Regents of the Kangxi Emperor

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paternal uncle: Songgotu (1636–1703)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Two younger sisters

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second younger sister: Consort Ping (d. 1696)

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Shunzhi era.

paragraph: The future Empress Xiaochengren was born on the 17th day of the 12th lunar month in the tenth year of the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor, which translates to 3 February 1654 in the Gregorian calendar.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Kangxi era.

paragraph: In October or November 1665, Lady Hešeri married the Kangxi Emperor and became his Empress. On 4 January 1670, she gave birth to a son, Chenghu, who would die prematurely on 3 March 1672.

paragraph: Lady Hešeri died on 6 June 1674 shortly after giving birth to the emperor's second son, Yunreng. After her death, the Kangxi Emperor left the position of Empress vacant for about three years before instating one of his consorts, Lady Niohuru, as Empress, on 18 September 1677.

paragraph: Section::::Titles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- During the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor (r. 1643–1661):

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Hešeri (from 3 February 1654)

paragraph: BULLET::::- During the reign of the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722):

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress (; from October/November 1665)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Empress Renxiao" (; from 1674)

paragraph: BULLET::::- During the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor (r. 1722–1735):

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Empress Xiaochengren" (; from July 1723)

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- As Empress:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chenghu (; 4 January 1670 – 3 March 1672), the Kangxi Emperor's second son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yunreng (; 6 June 1674 – 27 January 1725), the Kangxi Emperor's seventh (second) son, posthumously honoured as Prince Limi of the First Rank

paragraph: Section::::In fiction and popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Li Chentao in "Kangxi Dynasty" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Zhou Jia in "Huang Taizi Mishi" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Chae Rim in "Secret History of Kangxi" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Maggie Shiu in "Palace" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Zhang Weina in "Legend of Dragon Pearl" (2017)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ranks of imperial consorts in China#Qing

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty

description: Qing Dynasty empress

wikidata_label: Empress Xiaochengren

wikipedia_title: Empress Xiaochengren


text: Flemish

text: Jesuit

text: missionary

text: China

text: Qing dynasty

text: Pittem

text: Tielt

text: County of Flanders

text: Belgium

text: Kangxi Emperor

text: Beijing Ancient Observatory

text: Kangxi Emperor

text: geometry

text: philosophy

text: music

text: Latin

text: German

text: Dutch

text: Spanish

text: Hebrew

text: Italian

text: automobile

text: Pittem

text: Kortrijk

text: humanities

text: Bruges

text: Kortrijk

text: Lelie College

text: Leuven

text: philosophy

text: mathematics

text: Society of Jesus

text: theology

text: Seville

text: ordained

text: astronomy

text: theology

text: Rome

text: Protestantism

text: China

text: Lisbon

text: Martino Martini

text: Portuguese Viceroy of the Indies

text: Macau

text: Shanxi

text: Johann Adam Schall von Bell

text: astronomy

text: Shunzhi Emperor

text: Kangxi Emperor

text: regent

text: Yang Guangxian

text: earthquake

text: Canton

text: Kangxi Emperor

text: Oboi

text: gnomon

text: Rudolphine Tables

text: geometry

text: philosophy

text: Euclid

text: Manchu

text: star chart

text: Kangxi Emperor

text: Altazimuth

text: armillary sphere

text: Sextant

text: Beijing

text: Belgian

text: Antoine Thomas

text: Matteo Ricci

text: Johann Adam Schall von Bell

text: posthumous name

text: latin

text: motor

text: steam engine

text: aeolipile

text: steam turbine

text: water wheel

text: Brumm

text: Deutsches Museum

text: postage stamp

text: Belgium

text: pictorial cancellation

text: postmark

text: Macau

text: Christianity in China

text: History of steam road vehicles

text: Jesuit China missions

text: List of Belgians

text: Religion in China

text: Roman Catholicism in China

text: Society of Automotive Engineers

text: The Verbiest Map

text: Typus eclipsis lunæ

categories: Flemish priests,1688 deaths,Automotive pioneers,Roman Catholic missionaries in China,Flemish Jesuits,1623 births,Belgian automobile designers,Manchurologists,Flemish scientists,Flemish mathematicians,Jesuit missionaries in China,Flemish Roman Catholic priests,Catholic clergy scientists,Jesuit scientists,Belgian Roman Catholic missionaries,Flemish astronomers

paragraph: Ferdinand Verbiest

paragraph: Father Ferdinand Verbiest (9 October 1623 – 28 January 1688) was a Flemish Jesuit missionary in China during the Qing dynasty. He was born in Pittem near Tielt in the County of Flanders (now part of Belgium). He is known as Nan Huairen () in Chinese. He was an accomplished mathematician and astronomer and proved to the court of the Kangxi Emperor that European astronomy was more accurate than Chinese astronomy. He then corrected the Chinese calendar and was later asked to rebuild and re-equip the Beijing Ancient Observatory, being given the role of Head of the Mathematical Board and Director of the Observatory.

paragraph: He became close friends with the Kangxi Emperor, who frequently requested his teaching, in geometry, philosophy and music.

paragraph: Verbiest worked as a diplomat and cartographer, and also as a translator, because he spoke Latin, German, Dutch, Spanish, Hebrew, and Italian. He wrote more than thirty books.

paragraph: During the 1670s, Verbiest designed what some claim to be the first ever self-propelled vehicle – many claim this as the world's first automobile, in spite of its small size and the lack of evidence that it was actually built.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Ferdinand Verbiest was the eldest child of Verbiest, bailiff and tax collector of Pittem near Kortrijk, Belgium. Verbiest studied humanities with the Jesuits, in Bruges and Kortrijk, and next went to the Lelie College in Leuven, for a year, to study philosophy and mathematics. He joined the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) on 2 September 1641. Verbiest continued studying theology in Seville, where he was ordained as a priest in 1655. He completed his studies in astronomy and theology in Rome. His intention had been to become a missionary in the Spanish missions to Central America, but this was not to be. His call was to the Far East, where the Roman Catholic Church was 'on mission' to compensate for the loss of (Catholic) believers to the emerging Protestantism in Europe.

paragraph: In 1658, Verbiest left for China from Lisbon, accompanied by Father Martino Martini, thirty-five other missionaries, the Portuguese Viceroy of the Indies and some other passengers. Their boat reached Macau in 1659, by which time all but ten of the passengers, including the Viceroy and most of the missionaries, had died. Verbiest took up his first posting in Shanxi, leading the mission until 1660 when he was called to assist – and later, replace – Father Johann Adam Schall von Bell, the Jesuit Director of Beijing Observatory and Head of the Mathematical Board, in his work in astronomy. Unfortunately for them, the political situation shifted dramatically in 1661, on the death of the young Shunzhi Emperor, aged 23. His son and successor, Xuanye (the Kangxi Emperor), was only 7, so the government was placed in the hands of four regents. Unlike Shunzhi, the regents were not in favour of the Jesuits, who suffered increased persecution as a result.

paragraph: Section::::Astronomy contests.

paragraph: In 1664, the Chinese astronomer Yang Guangxian (1597–1669), who had published a pamphlet against the Jesuits, challenged Schall von Bell to a public astronomy competition. Yang won and took Schall von Bell's place as Head of Mathematics. Having lost the competition, Schall von Bell and the other Jesuits were chained and thrown into a filthy prison, accused of teaching a false religion. They were bound to wooden pegs in such a way that they could neither stand nor sit and remained there for almost two months until a sentence of strangulation was imposed. A high court found the sentence too light and ordered them to be cut up into bits while still alive. Fortunately for them, on 16 April 1665, a violent earthquake destroyed the part of the prison chosen for the execution. An extraordinary meteor was seen in the sky, and a fire destroyed the part of the imperial palace where the condemnation was pronounced. This was seen as an omen and all the prisoners were released. However, they still had to stand trial, and all the Jesuits but Verbiest, Schall von Bell and two others were exiled to Canton. Schall von Bell died within a year, due to the conditions of his confinement.

paragraph: In 1669, the Kangxi Emperor managed to take power by having the remaining (corrupt) regent, Oboi, arrested. In the same year, the emperor was informed that serious errors had been found in the calendar for 1670, which had been drawn up by Yang Guangxian. Kangxi commanded a public test to compare the merits of European and Chinese astronomy. The test was to predict three things: the length of the shadow thrown by a gnomon of a given height at noon of a certain day; the absolute and relative positions of the Sun and the planets on a given date; and the exact time of an anticipated lunar eclipse. It was decided that Yang and Verbiest should each use their mathematical skills to determine the answers and that "The Heavens would be the judge". The contest was held at the Bureau of Astronomy in the presence of senior-ranking government ministers and officials from the observatory. Unlike Yang, Verbiest had access to the latest updates on the "Rudolphine Tables", and was assisted by telescopes for observation. He succeeded in all three tests, and was immediately installed as Head of the Mathematical Board and Director of the Observatory. Out of consideration for him, the exiled Jesuits were authorized to return to their missions. Meanwhile, Yang was sentenced to the same death he had planned for his Jesuit rival, but the sentence was reduced to exile and he died en route to his native home.

paragraph: Section::::Initial projects.

paragraph: The 1670 calendar included an extra month unnecessarily, added to hide other errors and to bring the lunar months in line with the solar year. Verbiest suggested the errors should be corrected, including removing the extra month. This was an audacious move, as the calendar had been approved by the emperor himself. Fearing the emperor's response, the observatory officials begged him to withdraw this request, but he responded: "It is not within my power to make the heavens agree with your calendar. The extra month must be taken out." Much to their surprise, the emperor after studying the research, agreed, and it was done.

paragraph: After this, Verbiest and the emperor formed a real friendship, with the Jesuit teaching him geometry, philosophy and music. He was frequently invited to the palace and to accompany the Emperor on his expeditions throughout the empire. He translated the first six books of Euclid into Manchu and took every opportunity to introduce Christianity. In response, the Emperor elevated him to the highest grade of the mandarinate and granted permission for him to preach Christianity anywhere in the empire.

paragraph: Verbiest undertook many projects, including the construction of an aqueduct, the casting of 132 cannons for the imperial army – far superior to any previous Chinese weapons – and the design of a new gun carriage. He created star charts for the Kangxi Emperor in order to tell the time at night. Other inventions included a steam engine to propel ships.

paragraph: Section::::Initial projects.:Instruments for Beijing Observatory.

paragraph: Having resolved the issues surrounding the calendar, Verbiest went on to compose a table of all solar and lunar eclipses for the next 2000 years. Delighted with this, the emperor awarded him complete charge of the imperial astronomy observatory, which he rebuilt in 1673. The existing equipment was obsolete, so Verbiest consigned it to a museum and set about designing six new instruments:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Altazimuth, used to measure the position of celestial bodies relative to the celestial horizon and the zenith – the altitude azimuth.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Celestial globe, six feet in diameter, used to map and identify celestial objects.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ecliptic armilla, armillary sphere, six feet in diameter, used to measure the ecliptic longitude difference and latitudes of celestial bodies. (This was the traditional European device while the Chinese developed the equatorial armilla.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Equatorial armilla, armillary sphere, six feet in diameter, used primarily for measuring true solar time as well as right ascension difference and declination of celestial bodies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quadrant Altazimuth, six feet in radius, for measuring altitudes or zenith distances of celestial bodies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sextant, eight feet in radius, used to measure the angle of elevation of a celestial object above the horizon. It is used to calculate the angle between two objects, although it is limited to 60 degrees of arc. In navigation, it is used to take a measure of the angle of the Sun at noon to determine latitude.

paragraph: These were all very large, made of brass and highly decorated, with bronze dragons forming the supports. Despite their weight, they were very easy to manipulate, demonstrating Verbiest's aptitude for mechanical design.

paragraph: Section::::Final days and death.

paragraph: Verbiest died in Beijing shortly after receiving a wound from falling off a bolting horse. He was succeeded as the chief mathematician and astronomer of the Chinese empire by another Belgian Jesuit, Antoine Thomas (1644–1709). His remains were buried near those of two other famous Jesuits – Matteo Ricci and Johann Adam Schall von Bell – on 11 March 1688. Visiting their tomb is not easy, since it is on the campus of a College of Political Science, but it is well-maintained.

paragraph: Verbiest was the only Westerner in Chinese history to ever receive the honour of a posthumous name by the Emperor.

paragraph: Section::::Verbiest's 'car'.

paragraph: Beside his work in astronomy, Verbiest also experimented with steam. Around 1672 he designed – as a toy for the Chinese Emperor – a steam-propelled trolley which was, quite possibly, the first working steam-powered vehicle ('auto-mobile'). Verbiest describes it in his manuscript "Astronomia Europea" that was finished in 1681. A friar brought it to Europe and it was then printed in 1687 in Germany. In this work, Verbiest first mentioned the (latin) term "motor" in its present meaning. With one filling of coal, he wrote that the vehicle was able to move more than one hour. As it was only long, and therefore effectively a scale model, not designed to carry human passengers, nor a driver or goods, it is not strictly accurate to call it a 'car'. Despite this, it was the first vehicle that was able to move by 'self-made' engine power.

paragraph: Since the steam engine was still not known at that time, Verbiest used the principle of an aeolipile. Steam was generated in a ball-shaped boiler, emerging through a pipe at the top, from where it was directed at a simple, open "steam turbine" (rather like a water wheel) that drove the rear wheels.

paragraph: It is not verified by other known sources if Verbiest's model was ever built at the time and it does not exist any authentic drawing of it, although he had access to China's finest metal-working craftsmen who were constructing precision astronomical instruments for him.

paragraph: Section::::Verbiest's 'car'.:The Brumm model.

paragraph: The Italian model manufacturer Brumm produced a non-working 1:43 scale model of the "Veicolo a turbina de Verbiest (1681)" [sic], in their "Old Fire" range of 2002. This model was long, which, when scaled-up, would have suggested that Verbiest's original would have been nearly in length.

paragraph: However, comparison with drawings in Hardenberg's study show that this model is not the same as Verbiest's. It is actually modelled on a small steam turbine car built in the late 18th century (presumably 1775) by a German mechanic that was inspired by Verbiests vehicle but different, for example, only with three wheels. Unfortunately, the original was probably destroyed during a bombing raid on the Technische Hochschule Karlsruhe during World War II. However, a photo of the original car can be seen at the Deutsches Museum. Hardenberg notes that this steam turbine car operated on the same principle as Verbiest's carriage (the impulse turbine), but employed a more modern arrangement of the drive train.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Chinese

paragraph: BULLET::::- "仪象志" (Yixiang zhi), 1673 (on astronomical instruments and apparatus)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "康熙永年历法" (Kangxi yongnian lifa), 1678 (on the calendar of the Kangxi Emperor)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "方言教要序论" (Jiaoyao xulun) (explanation of the basics of the faith)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Latin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Astronomia Europea, 1687

paragraph: Section::::Memorials.

paragraph: Verbiest is commemorated on several postage stamps. One, featuring his face, was issued in Belgium, 24 October 1988, to mark the tri-centenary of his death, with a matching pictorial cancellation postmark. Several more stamps were issued in Macau, in 1989 and 1999, featuring a sketch by Verbiest of the Observatory in Peking, where he worked.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christianity in China

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of steam road vehicles

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jesuit China missions

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Belgians

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics

paragraph: BULLET::::- Religion in China

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholicism in China

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brucker, Joseph. "The Catholic Encyclopedia", 1912, Robert Appleton Company.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spence, Jonathan D. (1988). "Emperor of China: Self-Portrait of K'ang-hsi". New York: Vintage Books, a Division of Random House.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Oldest Precursor of the Automobile - Ferdinand Verbiest's Steam Turbine-Powered Vehicle Model" – Horst O. Hardenberg – Society of Automotive Engineers (Feb 1995, 32 pages)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ickx, V., "Ainsi naquit l'automobile", Lausanne, 1961.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blondeau, R. A., "Mandariin en astronoom aan het hof van de Chinese Keizer", Bruges, 1970.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Witek, J. W. (ed), "F. Verbiest, Jesuit Missionary, Scientist, Engineer and Diplomat", Nettetal, 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Golvers, N. (ed), "The Christian Mission in China in the Verbiest era", Louvain, 1999.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferdinand Verbiest, a Jesuit scientist in China (Fairfield University)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Verbiest Map – "map of the world printed on silk around 1674 (now part of the collections of the National Library of Australia)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brumm promotional photograph of the 1:43 steam vehicle model – "(From Internet Archive)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Typus eclipsis lunæ - "Description of the lunar eclipse of 25 March 1671" (Ghent University Library)

paragraph: BULLET::::- – Babelfish literal auto-translation of caption: "First vehicle moved from one turbine. In the model the gears work truly!"

alias:
Nan Huairen
fo di nan te si fu mi si tuo
dun bo
xun qing
qin min

description: Belgian Jesuit missionary

wikidata_label: Ferdinand Verbiest

wikipedia_title: Ferdinand Verbiest


text: African-American

text: Watts Towers Art Center

text: Los Angeles

text: Joshua Tree

text: California

text: Chouinard Art Institute

text: assemblage

text: Watts Riots

text: Snow Hill, Alabama

text: Seabee

text: Ohio Western Reserve National Cemetery

text: Rittman, Ohio

text: Chouinard Art Institute

text: CalArts

text: Watts Riots

text: Watts Towers Art Center

text: Watts Towers

text: Watts, Los Angeles

text: California Arts Council

text: Mojave Desert

text: Joshua Tree, California

text: installation art

text: Readymades of Marcel Duchamp

text: LACMA: "Noah Purifoy: Junk Dada"

categories: 20th-century American sculptors,Artists from Los Angeles,African-American artists,American contemporary artists,People from Wilcox County, Alabama,Sculptors from California,2004 deaths,1917 births,American male sculptors,People from Joshua Tree, California,American installation artists

paragraph: Noah Purifoy

paragraph: Noah S. Purifoy (August 17, 1917 – March 5, 2004) was an African-American visual artist and sculptor, co-founder of the Watts Towers Art Center, and creator of the Noah Purifoy Outdoor Desert Art Museum. He lived and worked most of his life in Los Angeles and Joshua Tree, California.

paragraph: Purifoy was the first African American to enroll in Chouinard Art Institute as a full-time student and earned his BFA in 1956, just before his fortieth birthday. He is best known for his assemblage sculpture, including a body of work made from charred debris and wreckage collected after the Watts Riots of August 1965.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Purifoy was born in 1917 in Snow Hill, Alabama as one of thirteen siblings. Noah lived and worked most of his life in Los Angeles and Joshua Tree, California, where he died in 2004. During World War II, he served with the United States Navy as a Seabee, and as a veteran he was buried at the Ohio Western Reserve National Cemetery in Rittman, Ohio.

paragraph: Purifoy received an undergraduate degree from Alabama State Teachers College (now Alabama State University) in 1943 and a graduate degree in social services administration from Atlanta University (now Clark Atlanta University) in 1948. Following graduation Noah took a position as a social worker in Cleveland and in 1950 he moved to Los Angeles taking a job at the County Hospital. In 1953, Purifoy enrolled to attend the Chouinard Art Institute (now CalArts). Purifoy was the first African American to enroll there as a full-time student and earned his BFA in 1956, just before his fortieth birthday.

paragraph: Section::::"66 Signs of Neon".

paragraph: In the months after the Watts Riots rebellion of August 1965, Purifoy and artist Judson Powell organized the exhibition "66 Signs of Neon", composed of roughly 50 works of art made from salvaged materials as a way to "interpret the August event." The exhibition premiered at Markham Junior High School (April 3–9, 1966) with work by six artists and later traveled to nine state universities in California, eventually traveling to other venues throughout the United States. For 20 years following the rebellion, Purifoy dedicated himself to the found object, and to using art as a tool for social change.

paragraph: He was cofounder of the Watts Towers Art Center, adjacent to Simon Rodia's landmark Watts Towers in Watts, Los Angeles, California.

paragraph: Purifoy was on the California Arts Council from the late 1970s through late 1980s, initiating programs such as Artists in Social Institutions, bringing art into the state prison system. He then moved to the southern Mojave Desert to create artworks.

paragraph: Section::::Noah Purifoy Outdoor Desert Art Museum.

paragraph: In 1989, Purifoy moved to a friend's trailer in the Mojave Desert, and over the last fifteen years of his life built what is now the Noah Purifoy Outdoor Sculpture Museum. Located on 10 acres of open land near the town of Joshua Tree, California, the museum contains over one hundred works of art, including large scale assemblages, environmental sculptures, and installation art created by the artist between 1989–2004. The museum is open to the public and is maintained and preserved by the Noah Purifoy Foundation, established in 1998.

paragraph: Section::::Work and exhibitions.

paragraph: Two retrospectives of Purifoy's work have been organized. In 1997, the California African American Museum in Exposition Park mounted the first. In 2015, LACMA mounted a retrospective, relocating many of his works from the outdoor museum: "Noah Purifoy: Junk Dada".

paragraph: Purifoy's work has been included in seminal group exhibitions including "Pacific Standard Time: Crosscurrents in L.A. Painting and Sculpture", 1950-1970 (October 2011 - February 2012), Getty Center, Los Angeles, traveled to Martin-Gropius-Bau, Berlin, Germany (March – June 2012); "Now Dig This! Art and Black Los Angeles 1960-1980" (October 2011 - January 2012), Hammer Museum, Los Angeles, California, traveled to MOMA PS1, New York, New York (October 2012 – March 2013); "Soul of a Nation: Art in the Age of Black Power", Tate Modern, London (July - October 2017); and "Outliers and American Vanguard Art" (January - May 2018), National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Readymades of Marcel Duchamp

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Noah Purifoy Foundation website

paragraph: BULLET::::- LACMA: "Noah Purifoy: Junk Dada" — "exhibit: June 7, 2015 – February 28, 2016".

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Noah Purifoy

wikipedia_title: Noah Purifoy


text:
Italian
genre
orientalist
Genoa
Tammar
School of Rivara
Niccolo Barabino
Carcare
List of Orientalist artists
Orientalism

categories: Orientalist painters,Italian male painters,20th-century Italian painters,19th-century Italian painters,1918 deaths,Fresco painters,Genoese painters,1859 births

paragraph: Alfredo Luxoro

paragraph: Alfredo Luxoro (1859 – 1918) was an Italian painter, mainly of landscapes, genre, and orientalist themes.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Genoa, he was the son of Tammar, a professor of landscape painting at the Academy of Fine Arts (Accademia Ligustica) of Genoa. He was influenced by the painters of the School of Rivara. He displayed one of his first works, "Al mare", at the Florentine Mostra of 1877, the next year at the Genoese Promotrice, "Fra gli scogli di Quinto". In 1889 at Turin, he exhibited "Le sue marine" and "A prua e A poppa". In 1881 at Milan, he exhibited "Nettuno", a seascape; and a half-figure of a man titled "Cipollaro". In 1883 in Rome, he exhibited "Alla marina"; and in 1884 at Turin, a painting titled "Grigio". He also painted "Spes", a genre work of melancholy depicting a woman sitting by the seashore. At the same exhibition he displayed another canvas titled "Ship Light".

paragraph: He also painted portraits including that of the painter Niccolo Barabino. He painted frescoes in the parish church of Carcare, and for the Chamber of Commerce and the Prefecture of Genoa. In 1899, upon the death of his father, he assumed direction of the teaching of landscape painting at the Accademia Ligustica.

paragraph: In 1905, after long delays, the Chiossone Museum of Oriental Art was opened in Genoa by Alfredo, and Pica presented it to public on the magazine "Emporium".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Orientalist artists

paragraph: BULLET::::- Orientalism

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franco Dioli, "Repertorio illustrato dei pittori, degli scultori e dei ceramisti liguri tra '800 e '900" a cura di IDAL800900 Istituto Documentazione Arte Ligure dell'Ottocento e Novecento, De Ferrari Editore, Genova, 2014 (ad vocem)

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.pittoriliguri.info per notizie e quotazioni a cura di IDAL800900 Istituto Documentazione Arte Ligure dell'Ottocento e Novecento

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Alfredo Luxoro

wikipedia_title: Alfredo Luxoro


text:
soprano
Opéra-Comique
Cabourg
baritone
Nantes
La bohème
Albert Carré
Rosa Ponselle
Carmen
Marguerite Carré

categories: People from Calvados (department),1947 deaths,20th-century women singers,20th-century French singers,Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery,1880 births,French operatic sopranos

paragraph: Marguerite Carré

paragraph: Marguerite Carré ("née" Giraud, also known as Marguerite Giraud-Carré) (16 August 1880 – 26 November 1947) was a French soprano who created numerous roles at the Opéra-Comique in the course of her career.

paragraph: She was born in Cabourg, the daughter of French baritone and theatre director Auguste Louis Giraud. She made her stage debut in Nantes in 1899 as Mimì in "La bohème", the same role in which she made her debut at the Opéra-Comique. She married Albert Carré, the director of the Opéra-Comique, in 1902. The couple divorced in 1924, but remarried in 1929. When Rosa Ponselle decided to add the role of Carmen to her repertoire, she studied with the Carré's for two months in 1935.

paragraph: She died at the age of 67 in Paris.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marguerite Carré. Association l'Art Lyrique Français

description: French operatic soprano

wikidata_label: Marguerite Carré

wikipedia_title: Marguerite Carré


text:
American
sculptor
illustrator
American Civil War
New York City
National Academy of Design
Art Students League of New York
Harper's Monthly
Edwin Austin Abbey
Oscar Wilde
Daniel Chester French
Cyrus Edwin Dallin
Paul Revere
Boston, Massachusetts
Monmouth Battle Monument
Menlo Park, New Jersey
Thomas Alva Edison
Molly Pitcher
Saint Raymond's Cemetery
Freehold, New Jersey
Gettysburg Battlefield
Soldiers and Sailors Monument
Troy, New York
Caspar Buberl
Philipse Manor Hall State Historic Site
Washington Irving Chambers
Lorado Taft
John Buford
Gettysburg Battlefield
Horatio G. Wright
Arlington National Cemetery
Edward M. Hughes
United States Naval Academy
Federal Hall National Memorial
Fitz-John Porter
Portsmouth, New Hampshire
Wilmington, Delaware
James H. Wilson
United States Military Academy
New Haven, Connecticut
Southington, Connecticut
Barbara Fritchie
Frederick, Maryland
Caesar Rodney
Rodney Square
Delaware Art Museum
Oliver Otis Howard
Howard University
James Edward Kelly from SIRIS
C-SPAN Book TV program about Kelly

categories: 20th-century American sculptors,American people of Irish descent,American illustrators,1933 deaths,Artists from New York City,1855 births,19th-century American sculptors,American male sculptors,Sculptors from New York (state)

paragraph: James E. Kelly (artist)

paragraph: James Edward Kelly (July 30, 1855 – May 25, 1933) was an American sculptor and illustrator who specialized in depicting people and events of American wars, particularly the American Civil War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in New York City, he was six years old when the Civil War started. Perhaps because of that he early developed a lifelong interest in American history, particularly in the Civil War and in the generals who fought it. His intense studies into history allowed Kelly to bring to his work a degree of detail that makes his drawings and statues noteworthy.

paragraph: He studied at the National Academy of Design, and was one of the founders of the Art Students League of New York. He worked as a wood engraver, as an illustrator for Harper's Monthly and other magazines, and for a time shared a studio with artist Edwin Austin Abbey.

paragraph: In 1882 Kelly was commissioned by Oscar Wilde and his touring manager to make a sketch and bas-relief of Wilde for use in promoting Wilde's lecture tour of North America.

paragraph: Kelly, Daniel Chester French, and Cyrus Edwin Dallin were the finalists in an 1883 national design competition to model an equestrian statue of Paul Revere for Boston, Massachusetts. Dallin won the competition and the commission.

paragraph: Kelly's first major commission was for the 1884 Monmouth Battle Monument – five bronze relief panels depicting scenes from the battle. He had a difficult time finding models who did not have mustaches or beards – then being worn by most men of that era – so he prevailed upon a friend from nearby Menlo Park, New Jersey, to pose for him. Because of that, a portrait of the 30-year-old Thomas Alva Edison can be found on the monument as Molly Pitcher's wounded husband.

paragraph: Kelly was also known for his extremely detailed and accurate engravings on historical subjects, often commissioned by magazines. He was a careful researcher, interviewing the soldiers present at the Civil War battles he depicted, and exacting about getting the details right in his works. Late in life, he hoped to publish a book of his interviews with generals and other Civil War soldiers, but there was little interest.

paragraph: He married Helen McKay (1871-1929), but no children survived them. He died in New York City, and was buried in an unmarked grave in Saint Raymond's Cemetery.

paragraph: Historian William B. Styple edited Kelly's sometimes-provocative military interviews into a 2005 book, "Generals in Bronze." Styple also raised funds to buy a headstone for Kelly's grave. On October 1, 2006, a black granite monument with Kelly's image carved into it and the words, "A Sculptor of American History" was placed over the artist's previously unmarked grave.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Statuette of "Sheridan's Ride", 1879.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Statuette of "Paul Revere's Ride", 1883.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Five relief panels, Monmouth Battle Monument, Freehold, New Jersey, 1884:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ramsey Defending His Guns"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Washington Rallying the Troops"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Molly Pitcher"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wayne's Charge"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Council of War at Hopewell, June 24, 1778"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 6th New York Cavalry Monument, Gettysburg Battlefield, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, 1889.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Relief panel of "General Fitzhugh's Charge"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Soldiers and Sailors Monument, Troy, New York, 1890.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Call to Arms", a 17-foot (5.2 m) bronze figure of a goddess grasping a sword and a trumpet, stands atop the granite column.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caspar Buberl modeled the four relief panels: "Cavalry", "Artillery", "Infantry", "The Monitor and the Merrimac"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Civil War Soldiers & Sailors Monument, Philipse Manor Hall State Historic Site, Yonkers, New York, 1891.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kelly designed three of the four bronze figures: "Cavalryman", "Infantryman", "Artilleryman".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Washington Irving Chambers designed the "Sailor" figure, and Lorado Taft carved the granite soldier atop the monument.

paragraph: BULLET::::- General John Buford Memorial, Gettysburg Battlefield, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, 1895.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medallion of "Battle of Long Island", before 1896.

paragraph: BULLET::::- General Horatio G. Wright Monument. Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia, c. 1899.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commander Edward M. Hughes Memorial Tablet, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, after 1903.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Relief panel of "General George Washington in Prayer at Valley Forge", Federal Hall National Memorial, New York City, 1904.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Equestrian statue of General Fitz-John Porter, Haven Park, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 1904.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dedication plaque and 3 relief panels: "Capture of Mexico City", "Charging Malvern Hill," "Balloon Reconnoitering".

paragraph: BULLET::::- William McKinley Memorial, Park Drive & West Street, Wilmington, Delaware, 1906.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bust of Major General James H. Wilson, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York, 1909.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Memorial to the Defenders of New Haven, Defenders' Park, New Haven, Connecticut, 1911.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rochambeau Monument, Marion Avenue, Southington, Connecticut, 1912.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barbara Fritchie Monument, Mount Olivet Cemetery, Frederick, Maryland, 1914.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Equestrian statue of Caesar Rodney, Rodney Square, Wilmington, Delaware, 1922.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A statuette of Caesar Rodney and paintings by Kelly are at the Delaware Art Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bust of General Oliver Otis Howard, Howard University, Washington, D.C.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hawthorne, Frederick W. "Gettysburg: Stories of Men and Monuments". Gettysburg, PA: Association of Licensed Battlefield Guides, 1988. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leach, Anna "A Sculptor of American History," "Munsey's Magazine", vol. 14, no. 4 (January 1896), pp. 446–52.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Opitz, Glenn B., ed. "Mantle Fielding's Dictionary of American Painters, Sculptors & Engravers". Poughkeepsie, NY: Apollo Books, 1986. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Styple, William B. "Generals in Bronze: Interviewing the Commanders of the Civil War". Kearny, NJ: Belle Grove Publishing, 2005. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Whittemore, Francis Davis. "George Washington in Sculpture". Boston: Marshall Jones Co., 1933. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Edward Kelly from SIRIS

paragraph: BULLET::::- C-SPAN Book TV program about Kelly A 2005 interview with historian William Styple at the New York Historical Society, 57 minutes

alias:
James Kelly
James Edward Kelly

description: American artist

wikidata_label: James E. Kelly

wikipedia_title: James E. Kelly (artist)


text:
Member of Parliament
Sir Edward Bayly, 1st Baronet
Trinity College, Dublin
Plas Newydd
Anglesey
Lord Lieutenant of Anglesey
Brigadier General
Thomas Paget (died 1741)
Menorca
Henry
Nicholas Bayly
Sir Edward Perrott
Earl of Granard
Lewis Bayly
Henry
Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey
Battle of Waterloo

categories: British MPs 1768–1774,British MPs 1734–1741,British MPs 1754–1761,Alumni of Trinity College Dublin,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Welsh constituencies,Lord-Lieutenants of Anglesey,British MPs 1747–1754,Baronets in the Baronetage of Ireland,1782 deaths,1709 births

paragraph: Sir Nicholas Bayly, 2nd Baronet

paragraph: Sir Nicholas Bayly, 2nd Baronet (1709 – 9 December 1782), was a British landowner and Member of Parliament.

paragraph: Section::::Background and education.

paragraph: Bayly was the eldest son of Sir Edward Bayly, 1st Baronet, and Dorothy, daughter of the Hon. Oliver Lambart. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He succeeded his father as second Baronet in 1741, inheriting Plas Newydd near Llanfairpwllgwyngyll, Anglesey.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Bayly was returned to Parliament for Anglesey in 1734, a seat he held until 1741, and again between 1747 and 1761 and 1770 and 1774. In 1761 he was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Anglesey, which he remained until shortly before his death in 1782.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Bayly married firstly Caroline Paget, daughter of Brigadier General Thomas Paget (died 1741), Governor of Menorca, and Mary Whitcombe, in 1737. They had six sons and five daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Edward, died unmarried 30 June 1753

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Henry, who succeeded to the baronetcy

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Nicholas Bayly, who died 7 June 1812, leaving a widow and ten children

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Thomas, died as an infant

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Brownlow, died as an infant

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Paget Bayly, who was born in 1753 and died 15 November 1804, having married on 25 August 1791 a Miss Colepepper and had issue: an only son, who died 1 November 1801; Louisa Augusta, who married in April 1810 Sir Edward Perrott; and Rose Maria, who married in December 1812 G. A. Coleman

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Mary, who died 20 October 1790, having married Stephen Metcalfe, of Sereby, Lincolnshire

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Dorothy, who died 24 September 1764, having married the Hon. George Forbes (afterwards 5th Earl of Granard)

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Caroline, died 1786, unmarried

paragraph: BULLET::::10. Gertrude, died 1761, unmarried

paragraph: BULLET::::11. Louisa, born 4 December 1750, and married 6 April 1789 Captain Thomas Poplett, RN.

paragraph: After his first wife's death on 7 February 1766, Bayly married secondly Anne (née Hunter). They had a son Lewis Bayly in 1775, Lewis later added the surname Wallis and became a General in the Army. Bayly died in December 1782 and was succeeded in the baronetcy by his eldest son from his first marriage, Henry, who had already succeeded as 10th Baron Paget through his mother in 1769 and was later created Earl of Uxbridge. He was the father of Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey, hero of the Battle of Waterloo. Lady Bayly died in May 1818.

wikidata_label: Sir Nicholas Bayly, 2nd Baronet

wikipedia_title: Sir Nicholas Bayly, 2nd Baronet


text:
British
United States
In the Court of the Dragon
Works by John Volts
Open Library

categories: 1825 births,English male writers,English writers,1904 deaths

paragraph: John Volts

paragraph: John Volts (1825–1904?) was a British critic, philosopher and writer. He lived for part of his life in the United States.

paragraph: He was the author of "In the Court of the Dragon" (1897) as well as a number of other works.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by John Volts at Open Library

description: British writer

wikidata_label: John Volts

wikipedia_title: John Volts


text: RDI

text: yacht

text: Canterbury Boys High School

text: Sydney Conservatorium of Music

text: Pitcairn Islands

text: Ngaio Marsh

text: Noël Coward

text: New Bond Street

text: Victoria & Albert Museum

text: The Times

text: Cunard

text: Queen Elizabeth 2

text: John Brown Shipyard

text: Camper & Nicholsons

text: Helmut Horten

text: Larry Ellison

text: Malcolm Forbes

text: Alan Bond

text: Bennett S. LeBow

text: Adnan Khashoggi

text: Robert Maxwell

text: Vidal Sassoon

text: HMY "Britannia"

text: Charles E. Nicholson

text: Brain tumour

text: Bannenberg Invests

text: Bannenberg & Rowell Design

categories: Australian industrial designers,Deaths from brain tumor,2002 deaths,1929 births,British yacht designers

paragraph: Jon Bannenberg

paragraph: Jon Bannenberg, RDI (1929–2002) was an English-Australian yacht designer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Sydney, Australia, and educated at Canterbury Boys High School and later at the Sydney Conservatorium of Music. In the early 1950s, he moved to London, by way of New Zealand and the Pitcairn Islands, during which time he worked briefly for Ngaio Marsh's theatre company. From initially earning a living by playing the piano in bars and clubs (he was briefly Noël Coward's rehearsal pianist), he developed an interest in design, establishing the fledgling Marble & Lemon decorative arts business in Cheval Place, Knightsbridge. This led to a partnership with the long-established New Bond Street dealer—Partridge Fine Arts—which began in 1957 and lasted well into the next decade. Bannenberg created the setting for the 3rd International Art Treasures exhibitions at the Victoria & Albert Museum in 1962—the design of which was described by "The Times" on 2 March 1962 as "well adapted to facilitate appreciation by the planning of its series of compartments".

paragraph: His profile continued to rise and, in 1965, he was selected by Cunard as one of the interior designers for their new liner—known initially as Q4, but later to be the "Queen Elizabeth 2"—under construction at the John Brown Shipyard in Glasgow. Bannenberg was allocated to design the Double Room, the Card Room, and some of the First Class suites. His first yacht commission was the sailing yacht "Tiawana", built by the Camper & Nicholsons in Southampton and delivered in 1968. Shortly thereafter, he was commissioned to design a large motor yacht, "Carinthia V", by German retail magnate Helmut Horten. She was shortly followed by the almost identical "Carinthia VI", described as an icon of 20th century yacht design. In a career, which was to extend a further thirty years, Bannenberg designed almost two hundred yacht projects, as well as working on residential projects, aircraft interiors, car interiors, furniture design and hotels.

paragraph: His clients included Larry Ellison, Malcolm Forbes, Alan Bond, Bennett S. LeBow, Adnan Khashoggi, and Robert Maxwell.

paragraph: Bannenberg would design both the exterior and interior of all his yacht projects. Once referred to as a 'stylist' by "Yachting Magazine", he was quick to write to the editor in trenchant terms: "Either one is a designer or not. The word 'stylist' to me conjures up some kind of flimsy tweaking of a structure, whereas quite the opposite is true, at least in our own case. Could you do me a great personal favour, either when compiling a new directory or when mentioning my name (should you ever do so after receiving this letter) and refer to me as what I am: a designer—perhaps a nitpicking, irritating one, but nevertheless not a stylist. That is a title I gratefully concede to Vidal Sassoon." He likened himself to the conductor of an orchestra: someone who could not play all the instruments, but knew exactly the sound they should all be producing.

paragraph: Bannenberg worked with shipyards in the Netherlands, Italy, France, Germany and England. He rekindled the connection with the country of his birth with a collaboration with the Oceanfast yard in Perth, Australia. On two separate occasions he produced designs for a successor to HMY "Britannia".

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.

paragraph: He was appointed a Royal Designer for Industry (RDI) in 1978, the first yacht designer to be so honoured since Charles E. Nicholson in 1934.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Bannenberg died of an inoperable Brain tumour at his home in London on 26 May 2002.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Bannenberg & Rowell Design continues to design yachts, under the direction of Jon's son Dickie Bannenberg and Creative Director Simon Rowell.

paragraph: Jon's son Cam Bannenberg is a sustainable investor, primarily in the food and travel sectors, through investment company Bannenberg Invests.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Footnotes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sources

paragraph: "Jon Bannenberg: A Life of Design" (Julian Calder Publishing, 2015. Author: Dickie Bannenberg)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Memorial article at powerandmotoryacht.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bannenberg & Rowell Design

description: Australian yacht designer

wikidata_label: Jon Bannenberg

wikipedia_title: Jon Bannenberg


text:
PC
Welsh
English
British House of Commons
Baron Mansel
Sir Edward Mansel, 4th Baronet
Margam Abbey
Glamorgan
Glamorganshire
Henry Montagu, 1st Earl of Manchester
Jesus College, Oxford
Master of Arts
Cardiff
Tory
Glamorgan
High Sheriff of Glamorgan
Vice-Admiral of South Wales
Comptroller of the Household
Queen Anne
baronetcy
peerage
Baron Mansel
House of Lords
Teller of the Exchequer
Christopher Mansel, 3rd Baron Mansel
Bussy Mansel, 4th Baron Mansel
thepeerage.com
Welsh Biography Online

categories: Members of the Privy Council of England,British MPs 1710–1713,English MPs 1701,English MPs 1689–1690,Peers of Great Britain created by Queen Anne,Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford,English MPs 1695–1698,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Welsh constituencies,English MPs 1698–1700,Barons in the Peerage of Great Britain,Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for constituencies in Wales,English MPs 1701–1702,1668 births,Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain,British MPs 1707–1708,British MPs 1708–1710,1723 deaths,English MPs 1690–1695,Baronets in the Baronetage of England,Tory MPs (pre-1834),English MPs 1702–1705,High Sheriffs of Glamorgan

paragraph: Thomas Mansel, 1st Baron Mansel

paragraph: Thomas Mansel, 1st Baron Mansel of Margam PC (c. 1668 – 10 December 1723), of Margam Abbey, Glamorgan, also known as Thomas Mansell, was a Welsh Tory politician who sat in the English and British House of Commons from 1689 until 1712, when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Mansel and sat in the House of Lords..

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Mansel was the son of Sir Edward Mansel, 4th Baronet, of Margam Abbey, Glamorgan, Wales, sometime Member of Parliament for Glamorganshire, and his wife Martha Carne. Mansel's great-grandfather was Henry Montagu, 1st Earl of Manchester. He was educated at Jesus College, Oxford, and graduated with a B.A. in 1686 and by 1699 he was awarded his Master of Arts. On 18 May 1686 he married Martha Millington, daughter of Francis Millington, merchant, of London and Newick Place, Sussex.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: In 1689 Mansel ran for, and won the Welsh Parliamentary seat of Cardiff, as a Tory MP. Although Mansel held the seat until 1698, it wasn't until he won the seat of Glamorgan in 1699 that he began to gain higher political offices. In 1701 he held the office of High Sheriff of Glamorgan. In 1704 he was given the post of Vice-Admiral of South Wales and the same year he was appointed Comptroller of the Household to Queen Anne, a position he held until 1708. Whilst Comptroller of the Household, Mansel was invested as a Privy Council. On the death of his father on the 17 November 1706, he succeeded to the baronetcy. From 1710 to 1711 he was a Commissioner of the Treasury. On 1 January 1712, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Mansel of Margam, and vacated his seat in the House of Commons to sit in the House of Lords. From 1712 to 1714, he was Teller of the Exchequer.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Mansel died on 10 December 1723 and was buried at Margam. He and his wife had six children, including Robert Mansel (1695–1723), MP (who predeceased his father by a few months), Christopher Mansel, 3rd Baron Mansel and Bussy Mansel, 4th Baron Mansel.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- thepeerage.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Welsh Biography Online

description: Welsh peer and politician

wikidata_label: Thomas Mansel, 1st Baron Mansel

wikipedia_title: Thomas Mansel, 1st Baron Mansel