text: Honorius III

text: Gregory IX

text: Livonia

text: Prussian

text: see

text: Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina

text: Pope Innocent IV

text: Piedmont

text: bishop of Modena

text: Papal legate

text: Livonian Crusade

text: Prince Bishop

text: Livonian Brothers of the Sword

text: Estonia

text: Chronicle of Henry of Livonia

text: Tarwanpe

text: Christian

text: Knights of the Teutonic Order

text: Conrad of Masovia

text: Cistercian

text: Dominican

text: Pope Gregory IX

text: Teutonic Order state

text: Pope Innocent IV

text: Bishopric of Prussia

text: Bishopric of Culm

text: Culm

text: Bishopric of Pomesania

text: Pomesania

text: Bishopric of Ermland

text: Warmia

text: Bishopric of Samland

text: Sambia

text: Kaliningrad

text: Riga

text: Visby

text: Hanseatic League

text: Celestine IV

text: Frederick II

text: Papal States

text: Anagni

text: Innocent IV

text: Peter de Colmieu

text: Archbishop of Rouen

text: excommunication

text: Sutri

text: Civitavecchia

text: Teutonic Order state

text: Baldwin of Alna

text: Christian of Oliva

text: Oddone di Monferrato

text: Map of Alt Preussenland Old Prussia

text: William Urban

categories: People from Piedmont,Diplomats of the Holy See,Christians of the Prussian Crusade,1251 deaths,1180s births,Italian cardinals,13th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Bishops of Modena,13th-century Italian people,Cardinal-bishops of Sabina,Christians of the Livonian Crusade

paragraph: William of Modena

paragraph: William of Modena ( – 31 March 1251), also known as "William of Sabina", "Guglielmo de Chartreaux", "Guglielmo de Savoy", "Guillelmus", was an Italian clergyman and papal diplomat. He was frequently appointed a legate, or papal ambassador by the popes Honorius III and Gregory IX, especially in Livonia in the 1220s and in the Prussian questions of the 1240s. Eventually he resigned his see to devote himself to these diplomatic issues. On 28 May 1244 he was created Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina by Pope Innocent IV. For a short time (1219–1222) he served also as Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church.

paragraph: Section::::In Livonia.

paragraph: Born in Piedmont and named bishop of Modena in May 1222, William was sent as Papal legate to resolve differences that resulted from the outcome of the Livonian Crusade in Livonia in 1225. The Prince Bishop Albert and the semi-monastic military Order, the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, the Teutonic crusaders and the Russians, all had claims, which were made more difficult by language barriers. William soon earned the confidence of all sides, arranging diplomatic compromises on boundaries, overlapping ecclesiastical and territorial jurisdictions, taxes, coinage, and other subjects, but he could not resolve the basic quarrel: who was to be master in Livonia. William sought to remove Estonia from contention by placing it directly under papal control, appointing his own vice-legate as governor, and by bringing in German knights as vassals. But the vice-legate subsequently turned the land over to the Brothers of the Sword. The "Chronicle of Henry of Livonia" one of the greatest medieval narratives, was written probably as a report for him, giving him the history of the Church in Livonia up to his time. It relates how in 1226, in another stronghold, called Tarwanpe, William of Modena successfully mediated peace between Germans, Danes and Estonians.

paragraph: Section::::The bishoprics of Prussia question.

paragraph: Even while William was negotiating in Livonia, the conflicts were brewing that would occupy him two decades later. In the Crusades to conquer and Christianize Prussia at swordpoint, William of Modena found himself required to mediate between the rival claims and conflicting programs of Christian, the evangelizing first Bishop of Prussia, who, if he had been more successful, would have been sainted, as an "Apostle to the Prussians," and the Knights of the Teutonic Order, to whom Christian and Duke Conrad of Masovia had pledged territorial properties. Before 1227, only Christian's own Cistercian order had assisted him in fortified eastern missions; but with the arrival of the Teutonic Knights, the Dominicans, who were favored by the order and by Pope Gregory IX, took a strong foothold in Prussia, while Christian and his Cistercians were thrown into the background. William of Modena, who had been appointed papal legate for Prussia, disregarded the rights of Christian, who had the misfortune to be captured by the pagan Prussians and held for ransom (1233–39), and proceeded in his absence to appoint another Bishop of Prussia. In 1236, Gregory IX, apparently giving up on Christian, empowered William of Modena to divide Prussia into three dioceses. The bishops for these new sees were, in accordance with the wish of the Teutonic Order, to be selected from the Dominican Order, while no provision whatsoever was made for the imprisoned Bishop Christian.

paragraph: Finally, in the winter of 1239–40, Christian obtained his liberty. He was obliged to give hostages whom he afterwards ransomed for a sum stated as no less than eight hundred marks, which was granted to him by Gregory. Immediately upon his liberation, Christian complained to the pope that the Teutonic Order refused baptism to those who desired it and oppressed the newly converted. More concrete charges concerned episcopal rights that they claimed and properties they refused to restore. The confrontation had not been settled when Gregory died (22 August 1241). Christian and the Teutonic Order then agreed that two thirds of the conquered territory in Prussia should belong to the Order, to form a Teutonic Order state, and one-third to the bishop; that, moreover, the bishop should have the right to exercise ecclesiastical functions in the territory belonging to the Order.

paragraph: William of Modena did not give up his plans of dividing Prussia into dioceses instead of empowering a vast territorial knightly order. He finally obtained from Pope Innocent IV permission to make a division, and on 29 July 1243, the Bishopric of Prussia was divided into four dioceses:

paragraph: In 1243 the territorial possessions of the Teutonic Knights were divided into the Dioceses of Culm, Pomesanien, Ermland, and Samland.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bishopric of Culm Culm,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bishopric of Pomesania Pomesania,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bishopric of Ermland Warmia (Ermland), and

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bishopric of Samland Sambia (Samland, now Kaliningrad),

paragraph: under the archbishopric of Riga with Visby as mother city to Riga. Both cities joined the Hanseatic League. Christian received for his decades of apostolic labor the privilege to select for himself any one of the four new episcopal sees, a choice he refused.

paragraph: Section::::An embassy to Frederick II.

paragraph: In the meantime William had been at Rome. When Celestine IV died after a short reign of sixteen days, the excommunicated Hohenstaufen emperor, Frederick II, was in possession of the Papal States of the Church around Rome and attempted to intimidate the cardinals into electing a pope to his own liking. The cardinals fled to Anagni and cast their votes for Sinibaldo de' Fieschi, who ascended to the papal throne as Innocent IV on 25 June 1243, after an interregnum of more than a year and a half. Innocent IV had previously been a friend of Frederick II. Immediately after the election the emperor sent messengers with congratulations and overtures of peace, which Innocent refused to receive. Two months later he sent emissaries including Peter de Colmieu, Archbishop of Rouen, William of Modena, who had resigned his episcopal office, and Abbot William of St. Facundus as legates to the emperor at Melfi with instructions to ask him to release the prelates whom he had captured while on their way to a council that Gregory IX had intended to hold at Rome and challenge the emperor to make satisfaction for the injuries which he had inflicted upon the Church, which had caused Gregory IX to put him under the ban of excommunication. Should the emperor deny that he had done any wrong to the Church, or even assert the injustice of the Church, the legates were to propose that the decision should be left to a council of kings, prelates, and temporal princes. Frederick entered into an agreement with Innocent on 31 March 1244. He promised to yield to the demands of the Curia in all essential points, to restore the States of the Church, to release the prelates, and to grant amnesty to the allies of the pope. His insincerity became apparent when he secretly incited various tumults in Rome and refused to release the imprisoned prelates.

paragraph: Feeling himself hindered in his freedom of action on account of the emperor's military preponderance, and fearing for his personal safety, Innocent decided to flee Sutri in disguise for Civitavecchia and board a fleet provided by the sympathetic Genoese. During the night of 27–28 June he made his escape to Genoa. In October he went to Burgundy, and in December to Lyons, where he remained in exile the following six years. He died in Lyons.

paragraph: Section::::Resting place.

paragraph: William of Modena buried in the church of the Dominicans in Lyon.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Teutonic Order state

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baldwin of Alna

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christian of Oliva

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oddone di Monferrato

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Map of Alt Preussenland Old Prussia

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Historical Overview of the Crusade to Livonia", by William Urban

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Catholic Encyclopedia": Christian; Innocent IV;

description: Italian cardinal

wikidata_label: William of Modena

wikipedia_title: William of Modena


text:
botanist
physician
Lutheran
Zweibrücken
count palatine
Hornbach
Dioscorides
herbal
David Kandel
Riesling
oak apple
entomologist
Tragus
Tragia
University and State Library Düsseldorf

wikipedia_title:
Botany
Physician
Lutheranism
Zweibrücken
Count palatine
Hornbach, Germany
Pedanius Dioscorides
Herbal
David Kandel
Riesling
Oak apple
Entomology
Tragus (plant)
Tragia
University and State Library Düsseldorf

categories: 16th-century German writers,German entomologists,German Lutheran clergy,1554 deaths,1498 births,Pre-Linnaean botanists,Botanists with author abbreviations,German botanists,16th-century German physicians

paragraph: Hieronymus Bock

paragraph: Hieronymus Bock (Latinised Tragus) (1498 – February 21, 1554) was a German botanist, physician, and Lutheran minister who began the transition from medieval botany to the modern scientific worldview by arranging plants by their relation or resemblance.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The details of his life are unclear. In 1519 he inscribed at the university of Heidelberg?. He married Eva Victor in 1523, and was schoolteacher in Zweibrücken for nine years. He became the prince's physician and caretaker of the kitchen garden of the count palatine and in 1533 received a life-time position as a Lutheran minister in nearby Hornbach where he stayed up to his death in 1554.

paragraph: The first edition of his "Kreutterbuch" (literally "plant book") appeared in 1539 unillustrated; his stated objectives were to describe German plants, including their names, characteristics, and medical uses. Instead of following Dioscorides as was traditional, he developed his own system to classify 700 plants. Bock apparently traveled widely through the German region observing the plants for himself, since he includes ecological and distributional observations.

paragraph: His 1546 "Kreutterbuch" or "herbal" was illustrated by the artist David Kandel.

paragraph: In the wine world, Bock is noted for having the first documented use of the modern word "Riesling" in 1552 when it was mentioned in his Latin herbal. Bock's description of oak apples is noted in the entomologists data base.

paragraph: The grass genus "Tragus" and spurge genus "Tragia" are both named after him ( Charles Plumier / France )

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New Kreuterbuch von Underscheidt, Würckung und Namen der Kreuter, so in teutschen Landen wachsen" . Straßburg, 1546 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christoph, Hans Gerhard " Hieronymus Bock Leben und Werk " Nihil parvum – nihil contemnendum Hrsg. Hornbach Historie

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christoph, Hans Gerhard " Von alten Kräutern und neuen Gärten " published Die Pfalz page 12-13

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christoph, Hans Gerhard " Zum Nutzen der Kranken " exhibition Augsburg, May 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hoffmann, D., Laitko, H.and Müller-Wille, S. (Hrsg.); Jahn, Ilse 2003: Lexikon der bedeutenden Naturwissenschaftler. In drei Bänden. - Heidelberg, Berlin – Spektrum Akademischer Verlag 1 (A-E) : 1-497, zahlr. Fig.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hieronymus Bock info from the Hauck Botanical online exhibit

paragraph: BULLET::::- Digital copy of Bock's "Kreutterbuch" on dLib.si

paragraph: BULLET::::- Digital images from Bock's "Kreutterbuch" at the Smithsonian

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kräuterbuch" 1551. Digitalisat

description: German botanist

wikidata_label: Hieronymus Bock

wikipedia_title: Hieronymus Bock


text:
India
monarchical reigns on record
Kannada
Sanskrit
Jinasena
Virasena
Kannada language
Kavirajamarga
extant
Kannada
Sanskrit
Bidar district
Gulbarga district
Karnataka
Indra
Ashoka
Kannada people
Kavirajamarga
Narmada
Govinda III
northern India
Gujarat
Surat
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Western Ganga
Shivamara II
Vengi
Ratta kingdom
Kalachuri
Nasik
South Canara
Pallava
Pandyas
Kerala
Pandya
Chola
Kalinga
Magadha
Gujarat
Pallava
Mahalakshmi
Kolhapur
Bali
Shibi
Nagananda
Malwa
Vengi
Jinasena
Digambara
Jainism
Jainism
Buddhism
Hinduism
Ashoka
Jain
Pattadakal
UNESCO
World Heritage Site
Konnur
Manyakheta
Virasena
Jinasena
Kannada
Sanskrit
Kavirajamarga
Kannada language
Adi Shankara
Durvinita

wikipedia_title:
India
List of longest-reigning monarchs
Kannada
Sanskrit
Jinasena
Virasena
Kannada
Kavirajamarga
Extant literature
Kannada
Sanskrit
Bidar district
Gulbarga district
Karnataka
Indra
Ashoka
Kannada people
Kavirajamarga
Narmada River
Govinda III
North India
Gujarat
Surat
Vadodara
Western Ganga dynasty
Shivamara II
Vengi
Ratta dynasty
Kalachuris of Tripuri
Nashik
South Canara
Pallava dynasty
Pandya dynasty
Kerala
Pandya dynasty
Chola dynasty
Kalinga (historical region)
Magadha
Gujarat
Pallava dynasty
Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur
Kolhapur
Mahabali
Shibi (king)
Nagananda
Malwa
Vengi
Jinasena
Digambara
Jainism
Jainism
Buddhism
Hinduism
Ashoka
Jainism
Pattadakal
UNESCO
World Heritage Site
Konnur
Malkheda
Virasena
Jinasena
Kannada
Sanskrit
Kavirajamarga
Kannada
Adi Shankara
Durvinita

categories: 9th-century rulers in Asia,9th-century Indian poets,Rashtrakuta dynasty,Indian male poets,878 deaths,History of Karnataka,Kannada poets,9th-century Indian Jain monarchs,800 births

paragraph: Amoghavarsha

paragraph: Amoghavarsha I (also known as Amoghavarsha Nrupathunga I ) (800–878 CE) was a Rashtrakuta emperor, the greatest ruler of the Rashtrakuta dynasty, and one of the great emperors of India. His reign of 64 years is one of the longest precisely dated monarchical reigns on record. Many Kannada and Sanskrit scholars prospered during his rule, including the great Indian mathematician Mahaviracharya who wrote "Ganita-sara-samgraha", Jinasena, Virasena, Shakatayan and Sri Vijaya (a Kannada language theorist). Amoghavarsha I was an accomplished poet and scholar. He wrote (or co-authored) the "Kavirajamarga", the earliest extant literary work in Kannada, and "Prashnottara Ratnamalika", a religious work in Sanskrit. During his rule he held such titles as "Nrupathunga", "Atishadhavala", "Veeranarayana", "Rattamarthanda" and "Srivallabha". He moved the Rashtrakuta regal capital from Mayurkhandi in the Bidar district to Manyakheta in the Gulbarga district in the modern Karnataka state. He is said to have built the regal city to "match that of Lord Indra". The capital city was planned to include elaborately designed buildings for the royalty using the finest of workmanship. The Arab traveler Sulaiman described Amoghavarsha as one of the four great kings of the world. Sulaiman also wrote that Amoghavarsha respected Muslims and that he allowed the construction of mosques in his cities. For his religious temperament, his interest in the fine arts and literature and his peace-loving nature, historian Panchamukhi has compared him to the legendary emperor Ashoka and given him the honorific "Ashoka of the South". Amoghavarsha seems to have entertained the highest admiration for the language, literature and culture of the Kannada people as testified to in the text Kavirajamarga.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Amoghavarsha I (whose birth name was Sharva) was born in 800 CE in Sribhavan on the banks of the river Narmada during the return journey of his father, Emperor Govinda III, from his successful campaigns in northern India. This information is available from the Manne inscription of 803 and the Sanjan plates of 871, both important sources of information about Amoghavarsha I. The Sirur plates further clarify that Amoghavarsha I ascended to the throne in 815 at the age of 14 after the death of his father. All his inscriptions thereafter refer to him as Amoghavarsha I. His guardian during his early years as emperor was his cousin, Karka Suvarnavarsha of the Gujarat branch of the empire.

paragraph: A revolt led by some of his relatives together with feudatories of the empire temporarily unseated Amoghavarsha I, who, with the help of his guardian and cousin (Karka) also called Patamalla, re-established himself as the emperor by 821. This information comes from the Surat records and the Baroda plates of 835. The first to revolt was the Western Ganga feudatory led by King Shivamara II. In the series of battles that followed, Shivamara II was killed in 816. But Amoghavarsha I's commander and confidant, Bankesha, was defeated in Rajaramadu by the next Ganga king, Rachamalla. Due to the resilience of the Western Gangas, Amoghavarsha I was forced to follow a conciliatory policy. He gave in marriage his daughter, Chandrabbalabbe, to the Western Ganga King Butuga, and another daughter, Revakanimmadi, to prince Ereganga. More revolts occurred between 818 and 820, but by 821 Amoghavarsha I had overcome all resistance and established a stable kingdom to rule.

paragraph: Section::::Wars in the south.

paragraph: Vijayaditya II of the Eastern Chalukya family overthrew Bhima Salki, the ruling Rashtrakuta feudatory at Vengi, took possession of the throne and continued his hostilities against the Rashtrakutas. He captured Sthambha (modern Kammamettu), a Rashtrakuta stronghold. From the Cambay and Sangli plates it is known that Amoghavarsha I overwhelmingly defeated the Vengi Chalukyas and drove them out of their strongholds in the battle of Vingavalli. The Bagumra records mention a "Sea of Chalukyas" invading the Ratta kingdom which Amoghavarsha I successfully defended. After these victories he assumed the title "Veeranarayana".

paragraph: Tranquility was restored temporarily by a marriage between Vijayaditya II's son, Vishnuvardhana V, and the Ratta princess Shilamahadevi, a sister of Karka of the Gujarat Rashtrakuta branch. However, Vishnuvardhana V attacked the northern Kalachuri feudatory of the Rashtrakutas in Tripuri, central India, and captured Elichpur near Nasik. Amoghavarsha I killed Vishnuvardhana V in 846 but continued a friendly relationship with the next Eastern Chalukya ruler Gunaga Vijayaditya III, and suppressed the recalcitrant Alupas of South Canara under prince Vimaladitya in 870. Likewise, Amoghavarsha I maintained friendly interactions with the Pallava who were busy keeping the Pandyas at bay. The Pallavas had marital ties with the Rashtrakutas as well. Nandivarman was married to a Ratta princess, Sankha, and their son was also called "Nripathunga". This has prompted historians to suggest that the Pallava king must have married Nrupatunga Amoghavarsha I's daughter.

paragraph: The Sanjan inscriptions of 871 claim Amoghavarsha I made a great effort to overthrow the kingdom of the Dravidas and that the mobilization of his armies struck terror in the hearts of the kings of Kerala, Pandya, Chola, Kalinga, Magadha, Gujarat and Pallava. The record also states that Amoghavarsha I imprisoned for life the Gangavamshi ruler and also those in his own court who had carried out plots against him.

paragraph: Amoghavarsha's reign lasted till 877 AD after which he voluntarily retired from his throne.

paragraph: Section::::Religion, culture and literature.

paragraph: Amoghavarsha I preferred to remain friendly with all his neighbours and feudatories and avoided taking an aggressive posture against them. It is still debated whether he abdicated his throne at times to fulfill religious pursuits. He deeply cared for his subjects and once when a calamity threatened to harm them (according to the Sanjan plates), he offered his finger as a sacrifice to the goddess Mahalakshmi of Kolhapur. For this benevolent act the Sanjan inscription likens him to "puranic" heroes such as Bali, Shibi and Jimutavahana (hero of the play Nagananda). It is written that the rulers of Vanga, Anga, Magadha, Malwa and Vengi worshipped him.

paragraph: Amoghavarsha I was a disciple of Acharya Jinasena. Proof for this comes from the writing, "Mahapurana" (also known as "Uttara Purana") by Gunabhadra in which the author states "blissful for the world is the existence of Jinasenacharya, by bowing to whom Amoghavarsha Nrupathunga considered himself to be purified". The same writing proves that Amoghavarsha I was a follower of the Digambara branch of Jainism.

paragraph: Amoghavarsha I patronised Jainism, Buddhism, and Hinduism. However, according to the scholar Reu, writings such as "Mahapurana" by Gunabhadra, "Prashnottara Ratnamalika" and Mahaviracharya's "Ganita-sara-sangraha" are evidence that Amoghavarsha Nrupathunga I had taken to Jainism. According to Arab traveller Suleiman, Amoghavarsha I's empire was one among the four great contemporary empires of the world and because of his peaceful and loving nature, he has been compared to Emperor Ashoka. The Jain Narayana temple of Pattadakal, (a UNESCO World Heritage Site) a basadi at Konnur and the Neminatha Basadi at Manyakheta were built during his rule. His queen was Asagavve. Famous among scholars during his time were Mahaviracharya, Virasena, Jinasena, Gunabhadra, Shakatayan, and Sri Vijaya.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: Amoghavarsha was a scholar in Kannada and Sanskrit literature. His own writing Kavirajamarga is a landmark literary work in the Kannada language and became a guide book for future poets and scholars for centuries to come. The Sanskrit writing "Prashnottara Ratnamalika" is said to have been written by Amoghavarsha I in his old age when he had distanced himself from the affairs of the state. However others argue that it may have been written by Adi Shankara or by Vimalacharya.

paragraph: There is a mention of several Kannada authors in his works who preceded him. Those who wrote in prose were Vimala, Udaya, Nagarjuna, Jayabandhu and Durvinita, whereas those who wrote in poetry were Srivijaya, Kavisvara, Pandita, Chandra and Lokapala.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Karnataka, Mr. Arthikaje

description: Rashtrakuta emperor

wikidata_label: Amoghavarsha

wikipedia_title: Amoghavarsha


text:
World Class Wreckin' Cru
Eazy-E
Ruthless Records
Dr. Dre
Michel'le
Suge Knight
We're All in the Same Gang
Ice-T
MC Hammer
Young MC
JJ Fad
NWA
Dr. Dre
MC Ren
Eazy E
Hung Jury
Death Row Records
2Pac
All Eyez on Me
Tha Dogg Pound
Dogg Food
Dysfunktional
Straight Outta Compton
N.W.A
Ice Cube
Death Certificate
Lifetime
Rhyon Nicole Brown
Ruthless Records
domestic violence
Love Jones
Dr. Dre
The Breakfast Club
CEO
Suge Knight
suicide
"Straight Outta Compton"
The New York Times
VH1.com

wikipedia_title:
World Class Wreckin' Cru
Eazy-E
Ruthless Records
Dr. Dre
Michel'le (album)
Suge Knight
We're All in the Same Gang
Ice-T
MC Hammer
Young MC
J. J. Fad
N.W.A
Dr. Dre
MC Ren
Eazy-E
Hung Jury (album)
Death Row Records
Tupac Shakur
All Eyez on Me
Tha Dogg Pound
Dogg Food
Dysfunktional Family (soundtrack)
Straight Outta Compton (film)
N.W.A
Ice Cube
Death Certificate (album)
Lifetime (TV network)
Rhyon Nicole Brown
Ruthless Records
Domestic violence
Love Jones (film)
Dr. Dre
The Breakfast Club (radio show)
Chief executive officer
Suge Knight
Suicide
Straight Outta Compton (film)
The New York Times
VH1

categories: New jack swing musicians,African-American singer-songwriters,Death Row Records artists,20th-century American singers,1970 births,21st-century American women singers,21st-century American singers,American contemporary R&B singers,African-American female singers,African-American female singer-songwriters,People from Los Angeles,Living people,Ruthless Records artists,American rhythm and blues singer-songwriters,Atco Records artists,American hip hop singers,Women in hip hop music,American soul singers,Songwriters from California,American female singer-songwriters

paragraph: Michel'le

paragraph: Michel'le Denise Toussant (; born December 5, 1970), known mononymously as Michel'le, is an American R&B singer and songwriter. She is best known for her songs from the late 1980s to early 1990s. Her most notable songs were two "Billboard" R&B chart toppers "No More Lies" (a top 10 hit on the Hot 100) and "Something in My Heart". Her signature high-pitched speaking voice is a stunning contrast to her strong and soulful singing vocals. Between 2013 and 2015, Michel'le was one of six members on the TV One reality show "".

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Michel'le was originally a featured female vocalist on World Class Wreckin' Cru's 1987 single "Turn Off the Lights". She was called at the last minute to record vocals for Mona Lisa, who could not make it to the studio. Michel'le was signed to Eazy-E's Ruthless Records. In 1989, she released her self-titled debut album, produced entirely by then-boyfriend Dr. Dre. The album contained "No More Lies" and the hit singles "Nicety" and "Something in My Heart". "Michel'le" was certified Gold on April 25, 1990 with 1.3 million copies sold overall to date. During the Suge Knight shakedown incident, Jerry Heller was forced to sign over Dr. Dre, The D.O.C. and Michel'le. She scored a nomination for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group at the 33rd Grammy Awards for her part in the single cut "We're All in the Same Gang" (credited as the West Coast All-Stars) which also included Ice-T, MC Hammer, Young MC, JJ Fad as well as NWA members Dr. Dre, MC Ren and Eazy E.

paragraph: In 1998, she released her second album, "Hung Jury", on Death Row Records but it garnered little attention and no hit singles. As of 2013, worldwide sales for the album stood at 171,000 copies. Michel'le also provided vocals on 2Pac's song "Run tha Streets" on his album "All Eyez on Me", and Tha Dogg Pound's song "Let's Play House" on their debut "Dogg Food". Following Dr. Dre's departure from Death Row Records, Michel'le and Dr. Dre parted ways.

paragraph: Michel'le contributed to the soundtrack "Dysfunktional" in 2003. She has since confirmed through several media outlets that she's been working on new material and looking for a label for her third album. A trailer video for Michel'le's single "Freedom To Love" can be seen on YouTube. She has new singles, titled "It Still Hurts" and "Nothing".

paragraph: In 2013, Michel'le was part of the cast of TV One's "R&B Divas LA".

paragraph: Her character was left out of the 2015 film "Straight Outta Compton", even though she played a role in N.W.A. She was included in a notorious N.W.A diss track on Ice Cube's 1991 double platinum effort, "Death Certificate", in a reference to a video the group made with the female singer. This omission gave her the opportunity to tell her story. On October 15, 2016, Lifetime aired a biopic about Michel'le's life called "". She was portrayed by Rhyon Nicole Brown. It tells the story of her abusive relationship with Dr. Dre and Suge Knight, her experiences with Ruthless Records, and the journey she went through to find herself. Her intentions with the biopic is to help encourage other victims of domestic violence.

paragraph: Michel'le was cast as herself in the stage play "Love Jones: The Musical".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Michel'le was engaged to Dr. Dre; they have a son, Marcel (born 1991). When Michel'le began dating Dr. Dre he had just had a baby and had another one on the way. Marcel was her first and his fifth child. After their son was born their relationship became more strained due to Dr. Dre's drinking, infidelity and abuse. She has gone on record stating that Dr. Dre was physically abusive throughout their relationship, with injuries including a broken nose (which she had to have surgically corrected), a cracked rib and five black eyes. Michel'le recalled on "The Breakfast Club" that, after the first time he hit her, they cried together in bed, and he said, "I'm really sorry," but the abuse continued despite his apology. After one argument Dr. Dre shot at Michel'le, missing her by inches. She left the bullet in the door for him to see and stated that "he never tried to shoot me anymore. Thank God. But the beatings were — it was a lot… His last wife, I just couldn't do it anymore. It's too much." Things got so bad that she began to self medicate with prescription pills and alcohol. Michel'le left Dr. Dre after she discovered he was engaged to another woman.

paragraph: At Michel'le's lowest point with Dr. Dre, Death Row Records CEO/co-founder Suge Knight stepped in to help get her clean by sending her to rehab. In 1999, Michel'le married Suge while he was in prison. She filed for divorce six years later. Michel'le claims to have discovered that her marriage to Suge was invalid through the divorce process because he was still married to his ex-wife Sharitha. Michel'le stated Suge hit her once, dislocating her jaw. They have a daughter, Bailei, who was born in 2002. In 2009, Michel'le went to court over unpaid spousal and child support from Suge.

paragraph: In 2015, Michel'le revealed that she attempted suicide two years prior. She had reached a breaking point because Suge was controlling her life. Michel'le claimed that he was the reason why she didn't sing for seven years. She said, "Looking back I didn't even know I was depressed, I was just so used to feeling that way and thought that was what life was. I tried telling my family and friends but they just blow you off and say: 'Yeah right' they don’t know what it is, so they just don't want to be around that."

paragraph: In 2015, after Dre was criticized for omitting his past of abusing women in the film "Straight Outta Compton", he issued a statement to "The New York Times" apologizing to the women he has hurt. Michel'le did not think the apology was genuine and said she believed he released the statement to protect his brand. "He apologized to the public. I don't think that was an apology to me, because if it was, he would've either called me without the public and said 'Michel'le, I am so sorry for what I did to you 20-something years ago,' that's an apology," she said.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michel'le at VH1.com

description: American singer-songwriter

wikidata_label: Michel'le

wikipedia_title: Michel'le


text:
Döben
Electorate of Saxony
Leipzig
Felix Mendelssohn
Ferdinand David
Franz Liszt
Clara Schumann
Nicolò Paganini

wikipedia_title:
Grimma
Electorate of Saxony
Leipzig
Felix Mendelssohn
Ferdinand David (musician)
Franz Liszt
Clara Schumann
Niccolò Paganini

categories: 1800 births,19th-century German musicians,German classical trombonists,1846 deaths,German classical violists,People from Grimma,Male trombonists,People from the Electorate of Saxony,19th-century classical musicians

paragraph: Karl Traugott Queisser

paragraph: Karl Traugott Queisser (11 January 1800, Döben, Electorate of Saxony – 12 June 1846, Leipzig) played trombone and viola in Germany as a member of the Gewandhaus Orchestra under Felix Mendelssohn.

paragraph: He was Principal Viola of the Gewandhaus Orchestra from 1820 until 1843 where he also appeared as soloist on 27 occasions (playing trombone?). He was also the violist in the Gewandhaus String Quartet.

paragraph: When Mendelssohn became conductor of the orchestra in 1835 he was so impressed that he promised to write Queisser a concerto. Owing to his busy schedule and new lover, he persuaded his orchestra's leader Ferdinand David (and 1st violinist in the Gewandhaus String Quartet) to write him a piece. This Concertino remains the most popular 19th century solo piece for trombone and is dedicated to Queisser.

paragraph: Queisser was known throughout Germany and performed at many music festivals where other virtuosi included Franz Liszt, Clara Schumann and Nicolò Paganini.

paragraph: It has been suggested that Queisser was responsible for annoying Mendelssohn by putting a 'turn' in the opening trombone phrase of the 'Lobgesang' 2nd Symphony.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Krause, Sebastian: "Der Posaunengott"/"God of the Trombone," Brass Bulletin 117 (2002), pp. 68–80

description: German musician

wikidata_label: Karl Traugott Queisser

wikipedia_title: Karl Traugott Queisser


text:
Slovenia
Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Ljubljana
Ljubljana Academy of Music
Paris
Nadia Boulanger
Groupe de Recherches Musicales
electroacoustic music
Pierre Schaeffer
Prešeren Award
Nada Matičič
List of Slovenian composers

categories: People from Ljubljana,Prešeren Award laureates,Slovenian pianists,Slovenian composers,Living people,1926 births,University of Ljubljana alumni

paragraph: Janez Matičič

paragraph: Janez Matičič (born 3 June 1926) is a Slovenian composer and pianist. He also taught music for a number of years. Since 2007 he has been a regular member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

paragraph: Matičič was born in Ljubljana. He graduated in composition from the Ljubljana Academy of Music in 1950 and conducting in 1951. From 1959 to 1961 he studied in Paris with Nadia Boulanger. From 1959 to 1975 he collaborated with the Groupe de Recherches Musicales that experimented with electroacoustic music under the direction of Pierre Schaeffer.

paragraph: Among Matičič's works are two concertos for piano and orchestra, a concerto for cello and orchestra, and a number of pieces created in a modernist and experimental mode. In 2007 he received the Prešeren Award for his lifetime achievement in music.

paragraph: His sister Nada Matičič is a writer.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Slovenian composers

description: Slovenian composer and pianist

wikidata_label: Janez Matičič

wikipedia_title: Janez Matičič


text:
Épinoy
Grandee
Spain
Eugène, 11th Prince of Ligne
Château de
Belœil
World War II
British
Royal Air Force
Medicine Hat
Canada
Knight
Order of the Golden Fleece
Austria
Princess Alix of Luxembourg
Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma
Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
Luxemburg
Michel, 14th Prince of Ligne
Princess Eleonora of Orléans-Braganza
Renesse
Princess Christine de Ligne
Prince Antonio of Orléans-Braganza
Count Philippe
de Nicolay
Marie-Hélène de Rothschild
Lannoy
Group Captain Peter Townsend
Princely House of Ligne
Grand-Ducal House of Luxembourg

categories: People from Brussels,2005 deaths,Royal Air Force personnel of World War II,Belgian nobility,Grandees of Spain,Spanish nobility,Spanish princes,1925 births,Princes of Ligne

paragraph: Antoine, 13th Prince of Ligne

paragraph: Antoine Maria Joachim Lamoral, Prince of Ligne, Prince of Épinoy, Prince of Amblise, Grandee of Spain (8 March 1925 – 21 August 2005) was the son of Eugène, 11th Prince of Ligne and Philippine de Noailles. He died on 21 August 2005 in Château de Belœil, Belgium.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: During World War II, Prince Antoine served in the British Royal Air Force, winning his wings at No 34 Flying Training School, in Medicine Hat, Canada, before returning to the UK for operational duty.

paragraph: He was the 1,294th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Austria.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He married Princess Alix of Luxembourg, daughter of Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma and Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, on 17 August 1950 in Luxemburg. They had seven children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michel, 14th Prince of Ligne (b. 26 May 1951), he married Princess Eleonora of Orléans-Braganza

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Wauthier de Ligne (b. 10 July 1952), he married Countess Regine van Renesse

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Anne-Marie de Ligne (b. 3 April 1954), she married Olivier Mortgat

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Christine de Ligne (b. 11 August 1955), she married Prince Antonio of Orléans-Braganza.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Sophie de Ligne (b. 23 April 1957), she married Count Philippe de Nicolay, son of Baroness Marie-Hélène de Rothschild.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Antoine de Ligne (b. 28 December 1959). he married Countess Minthia de Lannoy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Yolande de Ligne (b. 16 June 1964), she married Hugo Townsend, son of Group Captain Peter Townsend

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princely House of Ligne

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand-Ducal House of Luxembourg

description: Belgian prince

wikidata_label: Antoine

wikipedia_title: Antoine, 13th Prince of Ligne


text: Armenian

text: Herodian Prince

text: Armenia

text: Alexander

text: Glaphyra

text: Alexander

text: Tigranes VI

text: Roman Emperor

text: Nero

text: Judean Prince

text: Jewish

text: Nabataean

text: Edom

text: Herod the Great

text: Mariamne

text: Cappadocian Princess

text: Greek

text: Armenian

text: Persian descent

text: Archelaus of Cappadocia

text: an unnamed Princess from Armenia

text: Artaxiad Dynasty

text: Hellenic lineage

text: Roman Emperor

text: Augustus

text: Jerusalem

text: Antipater

text: Jericho

text: Jerusalem

text: Jewish religion

text: Rome

text: Artavasdes IV

text: Tiberius

text: Artaxata

text: Erato

text: Hellenic

text: Armenian descent

text: Vonones I of Parthia

text: Tiberius

text: Rome

text: Artaxias III

text: Tacitus

text: Tiberius

text: Tacitus

text: Coinage of Tigranes V

text: Coinage of Tigranes V

categories: Roman client kings of Armenia,Roman Cappadocia,1st-century monarchs in the Middle East,1st-century BC Romans,1st-century Romans

paragraph: Tigranes V of Armenia

paragraph: Tigranes V, also known as Tigran V (, Armenian: Տիգրան, 16 BC–36) was a Herodian Prince who served as a Roman Client King of Armenia from the years 6 to 12.

paragraph: Section::::Family and life in the Herodian court.

paragraph: Tigranes was the first-born son of Alexander and Glaphyra. His younger brother was called Alexander and he also had a younger unnamed sister. His nephew Tigranes VI served as a Roman Client King of Armenia during the reign of the Roman Emperor Nero (reigned 54-68). His father Alexander was a Judean Prince of Jewish, Nabataean and Edomite descent and was a son of King of Judea Herod the Great and his wife Mariamne. His mother Glaphyra was a Cappadocian Princess, who was of Greek, Armenian and Persian descent. She was the daughter of the King Archelaus of Cappadocia and her mother was an unnamed Princess from Armenia, possibly a relation of the Artaxiad Dynasty.

paragraph: Tigranes was named in honor of his mother's Armenian and Hellenic lineage. The name "Tigranes" was the most common royal name in the Artaxiad Dynasty and was among the most ancient names of the Armenian Kings. Roman Emperor Augustus mentions Tigranes’ Armenian ancestry in his political testament:

paragraph: Tigranes was born and raised in Herod's court in Jerusalem. After the death of Tigranes' father in 7 BC Herod acted in an extreme and brutal manner by returning his mother to Cappadocia, forcing her to leave her children under the sole custody of Herod in Jerusalem. Tigranes and his brother remained under Herod's guardianship so he could be able to control their fates. Another son of Herod's, Antipater, was concerned for Tigranes and his brother as he expected them to attain higher station than their own late fathers, because of the assistance Antipater considered likely from their maternal grandfather Archelaus.

paragraph: Herod died in 4 BC in Jericho. After the death of Herod, Tigranes and his brother decided to leave Jerusalem and to live with their mother and her family in the Cappadocian Royal Court. After Tigranes and his brother arrived in Cappadocia, they disowned their Jewish descent, deserted their Jewish religion and embraced their Greek descent, including the religion. However, the family connections with the Herodian Dynasty wasn't wholly broken. After Tigranes and his brother disowned their Jewish descent, they were considered to be gentiles by fellow Jews. Archelaus had sent Tigranes to live and be educated in Rome.

paragraph: Section::::King of Armenia.

paragraph: In the year 6, Artavasdes IV who served as King of Armenia was murdered by his subjects, as he was an unpopular ruler with the Armenians. After the death of Artavasdes IV, Augustus revised his foreign policy and appointed Tigranes as King of Armenia. Tigranes was accompanied by Archelaus and Tiberius to Armenia, where he was installed as King at Artaxata. Artaxata became Tigranes' capital. In the year 6, Tigranes ruled Armenia as a sole ruler. Sometime into his reign, the Armenian nobles were unsatisfied with his reign. They rebelled later that year and restored Erato back to the throne. From the years 6-12, Tigranes co-ruled with Erato. His co-rule with Erato is based on numismatic evidence.

paragraph: Little is known about his reign of Armenia although some coinage has survived from his reign. The surviving coinage is a reflection from his Hellenic and Armenian descent and is evidence that he relinquished his Jewish connections. His royal title is in Greek "ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΤΙΓΡΑΝΟΥ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ" which means "of great King Tigranes". In 12, Erato and Tigranes were overthrown for unknown reasons. Augustus kept Armenia as a client kingdom and appointed Vonones I of Parthia as King of Armenia.

paragraph: Section::::Life after being King of Armenia.

paragraph: After his kingship, Tigranes may have remained in Armenia in contention to reclaim his throne in the first years of the reign of the Roman Emperor Tiberius. Around about the year 18 Vonones I died. His maternal grandfather attempted to re-establish Tigranes as King of Armenia. Tigranes may have called upon Archelaus to assist him in regaining his throne and Archelaus may have been charged for treason in Rome for helping a relative who for unknown reasons wasn't now in favor with the Romans. The Armenian kingship was given to Artaxias III. If Tigranes was successful in regaining his throne and succeeding Archelaus, he would have presided directly or indirectly over a virtual empire.

paragraph: After the year 18, little is known about the life of Tigranes. His wife was the unnamed daughter of Pheroras, by whom he had no children. Pheroras was his paternal great-uncle and a brother to Herod. Tacitus records that Tigranes as a victim of the reign of terror that marked the latter years of Tiberius. The charges brought against him by Tiberius in year 36 are not stated but it is clear that he did not survive them.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tacitus, "Annals Book VI"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Millar, Fergus, Schürer, Emil, Vermes & Geza, The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C. - A.D. 135), Continuum International Publishing Group, 1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- H. Temporini & W. Haase, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im spiegel der neueren Forschung, Walter de Gruyter, 1977

paragraph: BULLET::::- H. Temporini & W. Haase, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung, Walter de Gruyter, 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. Syme & A.R. Birley, Anatolica: studies in Strabo, Oxford University Press, 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- A.E. Redgate, The Armenians, Wiley-Blackwell, 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- R.G. Hovannisian, The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Volume 1: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- D. Dueck, H. Lindsay & S. Pothecary, Strabo's cultural geography: the making of a kolossourgia, Cambridge University Press, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. Kasher & E. Witztum, King Herod: a persecuted persecutor: a case study in psychohistory and psychobiography, Walter de Gruyter, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marriage and Divorce in the Herodian Family: A Case Study of Diversity in Late Second Temple Judaism by Ingrid Johanne Moen Department of Religion in the Graduate School of Duke University

paragraph: BULLET::::- acsearch.info ancient coin search engine: Kings of Armenia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eisenman's "New Testament Code", Chapter 4

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coinage of Tigranes V

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coinage of Tigranes V

description: Armenian sovereign

wikidata_label: Tigranes V of Armenia

wikipedia_title: Tigranes V of Armenia


text:
German
physician
pathologist
Rudolf Virchow
Berlin
Prussia
University of Bonn
University of Strasbourg
University of Würzburg
habilitation
University of Göttingen
University of Marburg
University of Freiburg
myocardium
rheumatic fever
Aschoff bodies
Sunao Tawara
atrioventricular node
racial differences
National Socialist (Nazi)
Franz Buechner
Jürgen Aschoff
chronobiology
Protestant
Jerusalem's Church
New Church
Berlin-Kreuzberg
Hallesches Tor
Rokitansky–Aschoff sinuses
Pathology
List of pathologists

categories: Scientists from Berlin,University of Würzburg alumni,University of Marburg faculty,1942 deaths,German scientists,University of Strasbourg alumni,German pathologists,People from the Province of Brandenburg,1866 births,University of Bonn alumni,University of Göttingen faculty

paragraph: Ludwig Aschoff

paragraph: Karl Albert Ludwig Aschoff (January 10, 1866 – June 24, 1942) was a German physician and pathologist. He is considered to be one of the most influential pathologists of the early 20th century and is regarded as the most important German pathologist after Rudolf Virchow.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life and education.

paragraph: Aschoff was born in Berlin, Prussia. He studied medicine at the University of Bonn, University of Strasbourg, and the University of Würzburg.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Career.

paragraph: After his habilitation in 1894, Ludwig Aschoff was appointed professor for pathology at the University of Göttingen in 1901. Aschoff transferred to the University of Marburg in 1903 to head the department for pathological anatomy. In 1906, he accepted a position as ordinarius at the University of Freiburg, where he remained until his death.

paragraph: Aschoff was interested in the pathology and pathophysiology of the heart. He discovered nodules in the myocardium present during rheumatic fever, the so-called Aschoff bodies. Aschoff's reputation attracted students from all over the world, among them Sunao Tawara. Together they discovered and described the atrioventricular node "(AV node, Aschoff-Tawara node"). Numerous travels abroad, to England, Canada, Japan, and the U.S. led to many research connections, whereas the trips to Japan proved to be especially productive. Aschoff's popularity in Japanese medicine had its roots in his work with Tawara and a journey through Japan in 1924. In the early 20th century, 23 of 26 Japanese pathological institutes were headed by students of Aschoff.

paragraph: Among his pathological studies was also the issue of racial differences. "Pathology of constitution" invented by him became a special branch of research of National Socialist (Nazi) doctors under the name of "military pathology". Franz Buechner is reported to be Aschoff's most prominent pupil. One of Aschoff's sons, Jürgen Aschoff, went on to become one of the founders of the field of chronobiology.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Personal life.

paragraph: His grave is preserved in the Protestant "Friedhof I der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde" (Cemetery No. I of the congregations of Jerusalem's Church and New Church) in Berlin-Kreuzberg, south of Hallesches Tor.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rokitansky–Aschoff sinuses

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pathology

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of pathologists

description: German physician/pathologist

wikidata_label: Ludwig Aschoff

wikipedia_title: Ludwig Aschoff


text:
French Revolutionary Wars
Napoleonic Wars
Girona
War of the Pyrenees
Boulou
the Black Mountain
Cartagena
Captain General
Mallorca
Peninsular War
Captain General of Catalonia
blockade of Barcelona
Guillaume Philibert Duhesme
Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr
Cardadeu
Molins de Rey
Theodor Reding
Ciudad Rodrigo
Peninsular War
David G. Chandler

categories: Captains General of Catalonia,Spanish soldiers,Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars,1809 deaths,Year of birth unknown,People from Girona,Spanish generals,Spanish commanders of the Napoleonic Wars

paragraph: Juan Miguel de Vives y Feliu

paragraph: Juan Miguel de Vives y Feliu or Joan Miquel Vives i Feliu (died 24 April 1809) was a Spanish general who commanded a division during the French Revolutionary Wars and briefly led an army in the Napoleonic Wars. He was described as a native of Girona. In 1794 he led a division against the French in the War of the Pyrenees. He fought at Boulou and the Black Mountain in the eastern Pyrenees. In 1796 he was posted to Cartagena and in 1799 he became Captain General of Mallorca.

paragraph: Soon after the outbreak of the Peninsular War the Junta named him Captain General of Catalonia. In the summer and fall of 1808, de Vives was in charge of the blockade of Barcelona and its French Imperial garrison led by Guillaume Philibert Duhesme. He failed to take vigorous action against Barcelona and was defeated by a second column of French troops under Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr at Cardadeu and Molins de Rey in December. Replaced in army command by Theodor Reding, he was appointed to another post when he died at Ciudad Rodrigo.

paragraph: Section::::Commentary.

paragraph: When writing about his Peninsular War service, historian David G. Chandler called Vives "an aged, overcautious, Anglophobic booby".

description: Spanish general

wikidata_label: Juan Miguel de Vives y Feliu

wikipedia_title: Juan Miguel de Vives y Feliu


text:
Naples
court painter
Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin
Elgin Marbles
Netherlands Institute for Art History
Lord Elgin
Acropolis
Elgin Marbles
antiquity
Grand Tour
Naples
Mount Vesuvius
Lord Byron
Nicolo Giraud
Claude Lorrain
King of Naples
William Hamilton
Scottish National Gallery
Giovanni Battista Lusieri
Artnet

categories: 1755 births,1821 deaths,Artists from Rome,Italian landscape painters,Italian male painters,17th-century Italian painters,18th-century Italian painters

paragraph: Giovanni Battista Lusieri

paragraph: Giovanni Battista Lusieri (1755–1821) was an Italian landscape painter from Naples. He was court painter to Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies before working for Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin and becoming involved in the removal and shipping of the Elgin Marbles to England.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: According to the Netherlands Institute for Art History (RKD), Lusieri travelled in Naples, Greece, and Turkey. He was employed by Lord Elgin, to make drawings of the Acropolis. He is known today for removing and shipping the Elgin Marbles to London.

paragraph: Lusieri believed that he might have been more famous as an artist had he not spent so much time working for Lord Elgin and his antiquity collection. He had originally been known for the accurate landscapes and studies of buildings in Italy and Sicily that he often sold to young gentlemen on their Grand Tour, especially after he moved to Naples in 1782 and concentrated on views of Mount Vesuvius. These paintings sold well because the volcano was then quite active. Lord Byron regarded him as an important Italian artist, although he may have been biased as he was also the good friend of Lusieri's brother-in-law, Nicolo Giraud. Lusieri painted his landscapes in accurate detail, and resisted the fashion for imaginative constructions imitating Claude Lorrain, arguing that paintings should be taken from real life. From 1799 he spent his time working for Lord Elgin in Greece, and less time painting.

paragraph: Section::::Elgin Marbles.

paragraph: Lusieri was employed by Lord and Lady Elgin even though he was not able to speak English. The contract was drawn up between them in French, and Lusieri was to be paid £200 per year. Lusieri had been the Court Painter to the King of Naples and Elgin's secretary, William Hamilton, had written to the King to ask permission to employ his painter. Lusieri was originally employed to create sketches for Elgin of Greek antiquities. Lusieri was empowered to also employ moulders who were to create casts of Greek sculptures. Elgin however found that marble sculptures were missing and that they had allegedly been destroyed. It was Lusieri who persuaded the reluctant Elgin to remove the sculptures in order to protect them from local Turkish opportunists, who were breaking off bits to sell to tourists. In 1801 Elgin had Lusieri supervise the removal of the sculptures at a cost of £70,000.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Lusieri's body of work was seriously reduced when many of his paintings were lost in a shipwreck in 1828.

paragraph: A considerable number of his extant paintings are in the possession of the Elgin family. These paintings and others were in Lusieri's very first exhibition, at the Scottish National Gallery in 2012.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giovanni Battista Lusieri on Artnet

alias:
Giovani Batista Lusieri
Giambattista Lusier
Giovanni Battista Lusiere
Giovambattista Lusieri
Giovan Battista Lusieri
Gio. Battista Lusieri
Gian Battista Lusieri
Titta Lusiere
Giambattista Lusieri
Lusieri

description: painter from Italy

wikidata_label: Giovanni Battista Lusieri

wikipedia_title: Giovanni Battista Lusieri


text:
Jesuit
priest
geographer
mathematician
military chaplain
"Couronne"
HMS "Sovereign of the Seas"
René Descartes
encyclopedia
Louis XIII
Euclidean geometry
Bertrand Gille

categories: French mathematicians,French Navy chaplains,1595 births,1652 deaths,French hydrologists,17th-century geographers,Jesuit scientists,17th-century French Jesuits,French military chaplains

paragraph: Georges Fournier (Jesuit)

paragraph: Georges Fournier (31 August 1595 – 13 April 1652) was a French Jesuit priest, geographer and mathematician.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Fournier served as a naval military chaplain on a ship of the line, and acquired a strong knowledge of technical and naval matters.

paragraph: In 1642, he published the treaty "Hydrographie", where he attempted to provide a scientific foundation to the design of ships. At the time, results like "Couronne" or HMS "Sovereign of the Seas" were obtained by empirical trials and errors.

paragraph: He also authored a "Treaty of fortifications or military architecture, drawn from the most estimated places of our times, for fortifications", whose original edition was published in Paris in 1649 by Jean Hénault at the Salle Dauphine of l'ange gardien. Another edition was published in 1668 in Mayence by Louis Bourgeat.

paragraph: Georges Fournier taught René Descartes.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: In 1642 Fournier published his "Commentaires géographiques". The following year he published in Paris the work which will give him the essential part of his celebrity: the "Hydrographie contenant la théorie et la pratique de toutes les parties de la navigation". Resolutely scientific, it is the first French maritime encyclopedia. Dedicated to Louis XIII, it was reprinted many times (1667, 1679, 1973). Geographer, astronomer, hydrographer, mathematician, Fournier took an interest in everything: winds and tides, ports, fishing, maritime trade, shipbuilding, the conduct of officers and the art of command. The "Hydrographie" was therefore a first-rate source for the history of the navy during the first half of the seventeenth century, which explains the "magnificent re-edition" of this work in 1973 (Etienne Taillemite).

paragraph: Georges Fournier also published in 1643 a "Traité de la sphere" and in 1644 a "Traité de géométrie". His "Traité des fortifications ou Architecture militaire" (published in Paris in 1649 ) was translated into Dutch, Spanish and German. His works on Euclidean geometry (Paris, 1644 and 1654) were translated into English, and gave rise to three successive editions. In 1656, posthumously appeared his "Asiae nova descriptio" ("New Description of Asia"). The book was made in collaboration with several jesuit missionaries.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georges Fournier, "Hydrographie, contenant la théorie et la practique de toutes les parties de la navigation...", Paris, chez Soly, 1643. BNF 304555507

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bertrand Gille (dir.), "Histoire des techniques", Gallimard, coll. « La Pléiade », 1978.

description: French mathematician and geographer

wikidata_label: Georges Fournier

wikipedia_title: Georges Fournier (Jesuit)


text:
House of Saud
Riyadh
Ibn Saud
school of the palace
Riyadh Province
Prince Mansour
Prince Saad
Prince Fahd
Ibn Saud
Sudairi Seven
Hassa bint Ahmad Al Sudairi
Ibn Saud
Sudairi Seven
King Fahd
Turki bin Nasser
Jizan Province
King Abdullah
Saud bin Abdulaziz
London

categories: Saudi Arabian people of Moroccan descent,Burials at Al Oud cemetery,Governors of Riyadh Province,1984 deaths,1911 births

paragraph: Nasser bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

paragraph: Nasser bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (1911 – 15 September 1984) was one of the former Riyadh governors and a member of House of Saud.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Prince Nasser was born in Riyadh in 1911. There are other reports, giving his birth date as 1913 and as 1921. He was the sixth son of Ibn Saud. His mother was Bazza I, a Moroccan woman. Prince Nasser had no full-brothers or full-sisters. He received education in Riyadh at the school of the palace, learning Quran, horsemanship and war techniques.

paragraph: Section::::Riyadh governorship.

paragraph: In 1938, Ibn Saud appointed him as the governor of Riyadh Province. However, he had to resign from his post due to an event, leading to death of one of his brothers and others. When Prince Nasser was the governor, he organized a party after which his brother Prince Mansour, then-defense minister, and several foreigners died of alcohol poisoning. Upon hearing of this event, Ibn Saud threw him in jail. Subsequently, Nasser bin Abdulaziz lost his post and never returned to public life.

paragraph: Section::::Exclusion from succession.

paragraph: Prince Nasser was excluded from the succession to throne because of the incident occurred during his term as the Governor of Riyadh Province. Both Nasser and Prince Saad were older than Prince Fahd when the latter was appointed crown prince in 1975. However, the supersession did not cause turmoil because both of them were regarded as weak contenders due to being relatively less experienced. Furthermore, he lost his chance due to "dissolute" mores. He was regarded as unsuitable for succession by the larger family. His lack of accomplishment and low birth (his mother was a woman of colour from Morocco) were also factors leading to his exclusion.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: One of his wives, Muhdi, was the younger sister of his step-mother, Hassa, who was the favorite wife of King Ibn Saud and the mother of seven influential sons, known as the Sudairi Seven. Muhdi bint Ahmed bin Mohammed Al Sudairi was the younger sister of Hassa bint Ahmad Al Sudairi, favorite wife of Naseer's father king Ibn Saud and the mother of "Sudairi Seven," including King Fahd. Naseer and Muhdi had five sons: Prince Khalid, Prince Abdullah, Prince Fahd, Prince Turki and Prince Ahmed.

paragraph: One of Naseer's sons, Turki bin Nasser, is a former military officer and the former head of the Presidency of Meteorology and Environment (PME). Another son, Mohammed bin Nasser, is the governor of Jizan Province. Another son Mansour bin Nasser was one of King Abdullah's advisors. Yet another son, Abdulaziz bin Nasser, is a businessman and the father of Saud bin Abdulaziz who murdered his servant in London in 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Prince Nasser could not walk and used a wheelchair in his last years. He died on 15 September 1984 and was buried in Riyadh.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: His family founded Prince Nasser bin Abdulaziz Center for Autism, an affiliated body of the Saudi Autism Center; the center was opened in April 2012.

description: Saudi Arabian politician (1911-1984)

wikidata_label: Nasser bin Abdulaziz

wikipedia_title: Nasser bin Abdulaziz Al Saud


text:
ancient Egypt
Saqqara
Pharaoh
Menkauhor Kaiu
Meresankh IV
Auguste Mariette
Metropolitan Museum of Art

paragraph: Raemka

paragraph: Raemka (Raemkai, Remkuy) was an ancient Egyptian prince of the 5th dynasty. He was buried in tomb 80 in Saqqara and was possibly a son of Pharaoh Menkauhor Kaiu and Queen Meresankh IV.

paragraph: Raemkaʻs tomb was originally excavated by Auguste Mariette. The tomb is listed as D3 in "Mastabas".

paragraph: One of the chambers from the tomb was acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The chamber is decorated with hunting scenes, agricultural scenes and depictions of a statue being transported.

wikidata_label: Raemka

wikipedia_title: Raemka


text:
queen
Egypt
5th dynasty
Menkauhor Kaiu
Djedkare Isesi
Raemka
Kaemtjenent
Horus
Seth
Thoth
Two Ladies
Saqqara
Mariette
serdab

categories: 25th-century BC women,24th-century BC women

paragraph: Meresankh IV

paragraph: Meresankh IV was a queen of Egypt in the 5th dynasty. Her name means "she loves life". While some sources consider that her husband is unknown, other sources suggest her husband was Pharaoh Menkauhor Kaiu. It is also possible that Meresankh was the wife of Djedkare Isesi.

paragraph: Meresankh IV may have had sons: Raemka and Kaemtjenent. The family relationship between Meresankh and Raemka and Kaemtjenent is based on the general dating of their monuments, mastabas in Saqqara. It is possible that Kaemtjenent may have been a son of Djedkare Isesi rather than Menkauhor Kaiu.

paragraph: The titles of Meresankh IV were: "Great one of the hetes-sceptre", "King’s Wife", "Great of Praises", "She who sees Horus and Seth", "Priestess of Thoth", "Priestess of Tjazepef", "Directress of the butchers in the acacia house", "Attendant of Horus", "Companion of Horus", "Consort of the beloved of the Two Ladies", "Companion of Horus".

paragraph: She was buried in tomb 82 in Saqqara - tomb D5 in Mariette's "Mastaba". The tomb only had one chamber and there were no inscriptions on the walls. The text recording Meresankh comes from a stela found in the tomb along with a serdab.

description: Egyptian queen consort

wikidata_label: Meresankh IV

wikipedia_title: Meresankh IV


text: Chinese

text: god

text: state

text: Lu

text: Dunhuang

text: Spring and Autumn period

text: Zhou dynasty

text: Zi Xia

text: saw

text: square

text: planer

text: drill

text: shovel

text: umbrella

text: saw

text: Shiben

text: Chinese folk religion

text: Dong

text: Five Kings of the Water Immortals

text: Taoist

text: water gods

text: Chinese idioms

text: Shi Lu

text: Confucius

text: Lo Pan Temple

text: Mozi (Chinese text and Mei translation)

text: Chinese Text Project

categories: Deified Chinese people,Lu (state),444 BC deaths,5th-century BC Chinese people,Chinese gods,500s BC births,Chinese structural engineers,Carpenters,Chinese inventors,Engineers from Shandong

paragraph: Lu Ban

paragraph: Lu Ban (–444BC) was a Chinese structural engineer, inventor, and carpenter during the Zhou Dynasty. He is revered as the Chinese god (patron) of builders and contractors.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Lu Ban was born in the state of Lu; a few sources claim he was born far to the west, in Dunhuang, to family of carpenters or artisans during the Spring and Autumn period of the Zhou dynasty. His original name was He was also referred to as or Pan. He was supposed to have been an indifferent pupil until his love of learning was kindled by the scholar Zi Xia. He later learned woodworking from Bao Laodong. The great demand for his work supposedly compelled him to invent or improve a number of carpenter's tools—the saw, the square, the planer, the drill, the shovel, and an ink marking tool—to complete his many projects more quickly. His wife was also credited with inventing the umbrella in order to permit him to work in inclement weather.

paragraph: Section::::Inventions.

paragraph: According to tradition, he was responsible for several inventions:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cloud ladder—a mobile, counterweighted siege ladder.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grappling hooks and ram—implements for naval warfare.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wooden bird—a non-powered, flying, wooden bird which could stay in the air for three days. It has been suggested to be a prototype of a kite.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The saw. Legend has it that when Lu Ban was grabbing hold of tree trunks in order to climb a steep slope while gathering firewood, his hand was cut by a leaf with spiny texture. He then realized that he could turn the leaf's texture into a more efficient tool for tree-cutting, namely the saw.

paragraph: Other inventions were also attributed to him, such as a lifting implement to assist with burial, a wooden horse carriage and coachman, a pedal-powered cycle, and other woodworking mentioned in various texts, which thereafter led Lu Ban to be acknowledged as a master craftsman:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Book of Lineages" ("Shiben"), written c. the 3rd century BC.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tales of the Marvellous" (), by Ren Fang, written c. the 5th century AD.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Records of Origin on Things and Affairs" (), by Gao Cheng, written c. the 11th century.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Origin on Things" (), by Luo Qi, written c. the 15th century.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Treatise of Lu Ban" (), attributed to Lu Ban, written in the 13th, 14th, or 15th century.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Lu Ban is revered as the god of carpentry and masonry in Chinese folk religion. His personality is assumed by the master carpenter involved in the construction of houses among the Dong. He is sometimes counted among the Five Kings of the Water Immortals, Taoist water gods invoked by sailors for protection while carrying out journeys.

paragraph: He is referenced in a number of Chinese idioms. The Chinese equivalent of "teaching one's grandmother to suck eggs" is to "brandish one's axe at Lu Ban's door". His cultural companion is the stone worker Wang Er, who lived around the same time.

paragraph: The modern artist Shi Lu has claimed that Lu Ban was an alias of his contemporary Confucius, but this seems dubious.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lo Pan Temple in Hong Kong

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Restoration of Lu-Ban's Wooden Horse Carriage (PDF)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mozi (Chinese text and Mei translation) - Chinese Text Project

description: Chinese engineer and philosopher

wikidata_label: Lu Ban

wikipedia_title: Lu Ban


text: Kongsberg

text: Rune Grammofon

text: YouTube

categories: 21st-century Norwegian guitarists,Living people,Norwegian jazz guitarists,Norwegian jazz musicians,Norwegian jazz composers,Male jazz composers,1983 births,Musicians from Kongsberg,21st-century male musicians

paragraph: Tom Hasslan

paragraph: Tom Hasslan (born 1983) is a Norwegian jazz guitarist. He was born in Kongsberg.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Krokofant

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "Krokofant" (Rune Grammofon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "Krokofant - II" (Rune Grammofon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: "Krokofant - III" (Rune Grammofon)

paragraph: Section::::External link.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tom Hasslan group på Energimølla Kongsberg 29 September 2017 at YouTube

wikidata_label: Tom Hasslan

wikipedia_title: Tom Hasslan


text: German

text: political activist (KPD)

text: resistance activist

text: National Socialists

text: took power

text: Gestapo

text: Erich Weinert

text: Esslingen am Neckar

text: Stuttgart

text: war

text: anti-war Spartacus League

text: War ended

text: ensuing months of revolution

text: events in Moscow two years earlier

text: Communist Party of Germany

text: Berlin

text: party

text: leaders

text: conservative paramilitaries

text: Young Communists

text: Moscow

text: Young Communist International (YCI)

text: Moscow-backed

text: Lausanne

text: L'Humanité

text: Communist International (Comintern)

text: the IRA

text: Communist Party

text: Moscow

text: the IRA

text: United States of America

text: Party

text: Central Committee

text: Communists

text: National Socialists

text: parliamentary

text: July

text: National Socialists

text: take power

text: Hitler government

text: transforming

text: one-party

text: dictatorship

text: the aftermath

text: Reichstag fire

text: Berlin

text: Gestapo

text: National Socialists

text: Lausanne

text: francophone

text: Switzerland

text: France

text: Paris

text: June 1940

text: occupied north of France

text: his Paris secondary school

text: Résistance

text: Salle Wagram

text: Mont-Valérien

text: Résistance

text: Santé Prison

text: Gestapo

text: Berlin

text: Ravensbrück concentration camp

text: German capital

text: Soviet army

text: L'Humanité

text: war

text: Nazi nightmare

text: Soviet occupation zone

text: Soviet occupation zone

text: West Germany

text: reunification

text: East German security services

text: twelve Nazi years

text: Gestapo

text: Second World War

text: Central Cemetery

text: Berlin-Wannsee

text: Stolperstein

text: Esslingen

categories: Communist Party of Germany members,1898 births,1934 deaths,Communists in the German Resistance

paragraph: Eugen Schönhaar

paragraph: Eugen Schönhaar (29 October 1898 - 1 February 1934) was a German political activist (KPD) who became a resistance activist after the National Socialists took power. He died when he was one of four men shot by Gestapo officials, reportedly while escaping during an overnight transport following arrest. He and his three murdered comrades were rescued from anonymity thanks to a poem by Erich Weinert entitled "John Schehr und Genossen".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Eugen Schönhaar was born at Esslingen am Neckar, an prosperous industrial town to the east of Stuttgart. His father was a skilled industrial worker. Schönhaar completed an apprenticeship which prepared him to follow in his father's footsteps. In 1912, the year of his fourteenth birthday, he joined the . During the war which broke out in July 1914 he joined the anti-war Spartacus League. In 1916 he was arrested and sentenced to three months imprisonment because he had spoken out against the continuing war. In Autumn/Fall 1917, around the time of his nineteenth birthday, he was conscripted for military service.

paragraph: War ended late in 1918 and as the defeated armies made their way home, at the start of 1919 Schönhaar returned home. During the ensuing months of revolution the anti-war Spartacus League disappeared, but many of its members, inspired by events in Moscow two years earlier, now founded the Communist Party of Germany, formally launched at a three day conference held at Berlin between 30 December 1918 and 1 January 1919. The party leaders were assassinated by conservative paramilitaries (with government backing) a couple of weeks later, but the Communist Party endured and Eugen Schönhaar, who had found work in an Esslingen engineering plant, joined it. He also became chairman of the local .

paragraph: In December 1920 Schönhaar took part in the fifth national congress of the Young Communists and was elected to join the party's national head office team. Till May 1921 he served as an editor of the party journal, "Die junge Garde". In July 1921 and again in December 1922 he travelled to Moscow as a German delegate to the Young Communist International (YCI) second and third congresses and was elected to membership of the Executive Committee of the international organisation. For some time he worked in the YCI's Berlin office. Then after the Moscow congress in December 1922 he remained in the Soviet Union for approximately one and a half years, supporting himself by applying the factory skills that he had acquired in Esslingen. From the latter part of 1923 he was employed with the Executive Committee of International Red Aid (""Междунаро́дная организа́ция по́мощи борца́м револю́ции"" / МОПР / IRA) an international Moscow-backed workers' political welfare organisation. He returned to Berlin in May 1924.

paragraph: It was also in 1924 that he married Odette, the daughter of a longstanding militant communist originally from Lausanne. She had been working as a typist-secretary for L'Humanité, the Paris based communist daily newspaper in 1922 when she had relocated to Berlin to join the large Communist International (Comintern) operation in the city. Her politics were aligned with her husbands, and during their ten year marriage she appears to have shared the itinerant lifestyle to which his political activism led.

paragraph: In Berlin he headed up the Central Europe office (""Mitteleuropäischen Büros" / MEB") of the IRA. He was also actively involved with the "AM-Apparat", a consciously misleadingly named intelligence service that operated under the direction of the Communist Party. It was through this connection that he learned that he faced the risk of arrest: in 1927 he therefore went back to Moscow where he resumed his work for the Executive Committee of the IRA. In July 1928 this organisation sent him to the United States of America where he "continued with his illegal activity" In 1929 he returned to Germany where politics were becoming increasingly polarised.

paragraph: He was now employed in the secretariat of the Party Central Committee: his responsibilities included the printing of illegal reading matter. By 1932 German politics had become not merely polarised but deadlocked. The Communists and National Socialists between them won a majority of parliamentary seats in the July election, but would not enter into a governing coalition together, and the more moderate political parties were for the most part determined not to collaborate with the extremists. In January 1933 the National Socialists were able to take power. The new Hitler government lost no time in transforming the country into a one-party dictatorship. Political activity (except in support of the government) became illegal. In the aftermath of the Reichstag fire it quickly became clear that the Communists filled the top positions on the governments' targets list. Many fled abroad during March while many others were arrested. Eugen Schönhaar continued to be politically active in Berlin, though by February 1933 he was identifying himself under the pseudonym, "Ewald Rackwitz". He worked (illegally) for a party leadership team (""Inlandsleitung"") under .

paragraph: On 11 November 1933 Eugen Schönhaar was arrested, along with fellow party activists and . During the night of 1/2 February 1934 these three, together with (who had been arrested back in March 1933) were shot dead at the on the edge of Berlin by Gestapo personnel, allegedly "while attempting to escape"). In reality the murder was an act of quick retribution following the shooting the previous day of the government spy .

paragraph: Section::::The orphan and the widow.

paragraph: Eugen Schönhaar's son, , was also opposed to the National Socialists. After his father's arrest he escaped to Lausanne in francophone Switzerland where he stayed with his maternal grand parents. They were joined by his mother shortly after his father's murder. Threatened by the authorities with being sent back to Germany, they moved on, like many of Germany's political exiles, to France where he was able to attend school, in the south of the country, despite the fact that he and his mother were illegal immigrants. By 1941 mother and son were in Paris, which since June 1940 had been in the occupied north of France. In 1941 Carlo was excluded from his Paris secondary school on account of his "political activities". He had been involved in a strike and / ir in distributing political leaflets. At aroun d this time - if not earlier - he joined the Résistance. His career as a resistance fighter came to an end on 8 March 1942 when he was arrested immediately after leaving a suitcase filled with explosives outside the Salle Wagram which had been hosting an anti-Soviet propaganda exhibition (""Le Bolchevisme contre l’Europe""). A court martial show trial was conducted by the German occupation authorities in Paris between 7 and 14 April at which 25 of the 27 accused were condemned to death. The proceedings were apparently conducted according to German law, which precluded the death sentence for those under 18. Carlo Carlo Schönhaar was still only 17. Nevertheless, he was one of those condemned to death and was killed by firing squad, with the other 24 Résistance combattant comrades, on 17 April 1942 at Mont-Valérien.

paragraph: Eugen Schönhaar's wife, born Odette Pisler, was originally Swiss. By marrying a German she had, under Swiss law, lost her Swiss citizenship which made it dangerous to remain in Switzerland. After moving with her son to France from her parents' home in Lausanne she too joined the Résistance: she was arrested on 9 March 1942 just one day after her son. She then spent 17 days in the Santé Prison on the south side of Paris followed by a further six months held in Gestapo detention in Berlin, from where she was deported to the Ravensbrück concentration camp in the damp flat countryside north of the German capital. Odette Schönhaar was among the camp survivors liberated by the Soviet army in April 1945. She may have returned to Paris after 1945 and worked again for the communist daily newspaper L'Humanité.

paragraph: Section::::The killer.

paragraph: Much later it was determined that the killer had been a police officer called . After the war and the Nazi nightmare were over, on 11 August 1947, with Berlin divided into military zones of occupation, a clandestine operation was undertaken from the Soviet occupation zone which involved the kidnapping from what was becoming known as "West Berlin" of Sattler, who was smuggled across to the east and secretly sentenced to life imprisonment. He was officially (but incorrectly) declared dead in 1949. Although Eugen Schönhaar and his three fellow victims became heroic figures in the Soviet occupation zone (relaunched in 1949 as the German Democratic Republic / "East Germany"), the kidnapping and sentencing of their killer never made it to the national schools curriculum. Sattler served his sentence and on 15 October 1972 died in prison, aged 74, under circumstances that were never entirely clear. His youngest daughter, who had been born in 1942 and with her family had escaped to West Germany after a final cuddle from her father in 1945, grew up convinced that her father was a good man. After reunification she was keen to press for his rehabilitation. She was able to undertake extensive research in the scrupulously maintained files that the East German security services had carefully compiled and maintained during the intervening decades, and forced to accept not just that her father was the man who had murdered "John Schehr" and his comrades, but that this had been just the first in a succession of escalating atrocities for which her father had been responsible during the twelve Nazi years during what was, in its own terms, a highly successful career as a senior Gestapo officer.

paragraph: Section::::Celebration.

paragraph: After the Second World War Eugen Schönhaar's earthly remains were disinterred and reburied in the ) in East Berlin's Central Cemetery.

paragraph: Three memorial stones commemorating the killing of Schönhaar and his three fellow victims have stood on the spot where they were killed at the in Berlin-Wannsee since 1954.

paragraph: A trawler was named "Eugen Schönhaar" during the early 1970s

paragraph: At least one street in Berlin has been named in his honour and in 2016 a Stolperstein was laid in the town of his birth, Esslingen, commemorating Eugen Schönhaar, alongside another commemorating who later also became a victim of the National Socialists.

wikidata_label: Eugen Schönhaar

wikipedia_title: Eugen Schönhaar


text:
American football
fullback
Pittsburgh Steelers
undrafted free agent
college football
New Hampshire
Super Bowl ring
Super Bowl XL
Seattle Seahawks
St. Louis Rams
Arizona Cardinals
Manheim, Pennsylvania
University of New Hampshire
2000 NFL Draft
Jon Witman
Rookie of the Year
Plaxico Burress
Marvel Smith
Super Bowl XL
Ben Roethlisberger
Carey Davis
St. Louis Rams
Jerome Bettis
Arizona Cardinals
Ken Whisenhunt
Arizona Cardinals bio
Pittsburgh Steelers bio
St. Louis Rams bio

categories: American football fullbacks,New Hampshire Wildcats football players,St. Louis Rams players,Sportspeople from Lancaster, Pennsylvania,Pittsburgh Steelers players,Super Bowl champions,1977 births,Players of American football from Pennsylvania,Arizona Cardinals players,Living people

paragraph: Dan Kreider

paragraph: Dan Kreider (born March 11, 1977) is a former American football fullback. He was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2000. He played college football at New Hampshire.

paragraph: Kreider earned a Super Bowl ring with the Steelers in Super Bowl XL, defeating the Seattle Seahawks. He has also played for the St. Louis Rams and Arizona Cardinals.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Kreider earned state Section II Best Player honors as a senior at Manheim, Pennsylvania's Manheim Central High School. He attended the University of New Hampshire and was an A student and letterman in football. In football, he was a three-year starter at fullback, and as a senior, he posted 92 rushing attempts for 518 yards (5.6 yards per rushing attempt avg.), and 25 receptions for 275 yards (11.00 yards per reception avg.) and a touchdown. He majored in business administration.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.

paragraph: Kreider entered the league when the Steelers signed him as an undrafted free agent following the 2000 NFL Draft. After playing on the team's practice squad, he was signed to the active roster on October 17, 2000, to replace Jon Witman, who had been injured. He remained on the active roster for the remainder of the season and was named the Steelers' Rookie of the Year, playing better than draftees Plaxico Burress and Marvel Smith. Starting at fullback in Super Bowl XL vs Seattle, Kreider threw a key block for quarterback Ben Roethlisberger on a one-yard touchdown run in the second quarter to give the Steelers a 7-3 lead.

paragraph: It was announced on September 7, 2007 that there may be some games during the 2007 season that Kreider may not even dress. It was also announced at the same time that he would not be the starting fullback, but rather Carey Davis would assume that role for at least the first game. After tearing his ACL in week 12 against the Miami Dolphins, he was placed on season-ending injured reserve on November 29.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:St. Louis Rams.

paragraph: On July 22, 2008 Kreider was signed by the St. Louis Rams but later released on November 23, 2008 . Kreider was the Rams' starting fullback and played in all 11 games that he was on the team for. He had one carry for 0 yards. Kreider wore 36 for the Rams which was the same number worn by Jerome Bettis when he played for the Rams. Bettis played his first three seasons with the Rams before being traded to the Steelers. Kreider had previously worn 35.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Cardinals.

paragraph: Kreider signed a one-year contract with the Arizona Cardinals on April 2, 2009. The move reunited him with Cardinals Head Coach Ken Whisenhunt, who had previously been the offensive coordinator for the Steelers during Kreider's time in Pittsburgh.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arizona Cardinals bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pittsburgh Steelers bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Louis Rams bio

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Dan Kreider

wikipedia_title: Dan Kreider