text:
cricket
Canterbury
New Zealand national team
Papanui
St Bede's College
Christchurch
St Joseph's College, Ipswich
Canterbury
first-class cricket
2010–11 Plunket Shield
Wellington
county cricket
Worcestershire
Derbyshire
2017 NatWest t20 Blast
Kent
Gloucestershire
Durham
Kent cap
Kings XI Punjab
2017 Indian Premier League
INR
Chennai Super Kings
inaugural edition
Euro T20 Slam
fifth ODI
India
Twenty20 International
against Pakistan
United Arab Emirates
2015 Cricket World Cup
Adam Milne
semi-final
South Africa
Eden Park
the final
David Warner
Michael Clarke
Jimmy Neesham
against England
New Zealand Cricket
New Zealand's squad
2019 Cricket World Cup
England
India

categories: New Zealand Test cricketers,New Zealand cricketers,Kings XI Punjab cricketers,Living people,People educated at St Joseph's College, Ipswich,Chennai Super Kings cricketers,Cricketers at the 2015 Cricket World Cup,New Zealand One Day International cricketers,Canterbury cricketers,1991 births,Worcestershire cricketers,New Zealand Twenty20 International cricketers,Cricketers at the 2019 Cricket World Cup

paragraph: Matt Henry (cricketer)

paragraph: Matthew James Henry (born 14 December 1991) is a New Zealand professional cricketer who plays for Canterbury, and for the New Zealand national team. He is a right-arm fast-medium bowler.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: He was educated at St Joseph's School in Papanui and St Bede's College in Christchurch before completing his sixth form studies at St Joseph's College, Ipswich in England on a one-year scholarship.

paragraph: Section::::Domestic and T20 career.

paragraph: Henry has played for Canterbury in New Zealand domestic cricket since 2011, making his first-class cricket debut in the 2010–11 Plunket Shield against Wellington in March 2011. He has played county cricket in England for Worcestershire for a period in 2016 and for Derbyshire in the 2017 NatWest t20 Blast and played for Kent as their overseas player in the first half of the 2018 season before agreeing to return to play at the end of the season for the club. After taking seven wickets on his Kent debut against Gloucestershire, Henry took his best innings and match bowling figures against Durham in late April 2018. He took five wickets in Durham's first innings and seven in their second to record his first ten-wicket haul with match figures of 12/73. Henry was awarded his Kent cap during his first stint with the club.

paragraph: In February 2017, he was bought by the Kings XI Punjab team for the 2017 Indian Premier League (IPL) for INR 5 million. He had previously signed for Chennai Super Kings in the IPL between 2014 and 2015 but did not play a match for the team.

paragraph: In July 2019, he was selected to play for the Edinburgh Rocks in the inaugural edition of the Euro T20 Slam cricket tournament.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: Henry made his international debut on 31 January 2014 in the fifth ODI against India. He made his Twenty20 International debut for New Zealand against Pakistan in the United Arab Emirates on 4 December 2014.

paragraph: Despite not being picked in the final squad of 15 for the 2015 Cricket World Cup, he was selected as a replacement for Adam Milne in the semi-final match against South Africa at Eden Park. He was wicketless in the match but against Australia in the final at Melbourne, Henry showed serious pace and took the two early wickets of David Warner and Michael Clarke.

paragraph: He batted with Jimmy Neesham to set the record for what is, as of March 2018, the highest 9th wicket partnership for New Zealand in ODIs, adding 84 runs as a pair against India in 2016.

paragraph: Henry's Test debut for New Zealand came during the tour against England in May 2015.

paragraph: In May 2018, he was one of twenty players to be awarded a new contract for the 2018–19 season by New Zealand Cricket. In April 2019, he was named in New Zealand's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup. On 3 July 2019, in the match against England, Henry played in his 50th ODI. In the first semi-final, New Zealand beat India by 18 runs, with Henry taking three wickets for 37, and being named the man of the match.

description: New Zealand Cricketer

wikidata_label: Matt Henry

wikipedia_title: Matt Henry (cricketer)


text:
St. Joseph, Michigan
kite surfer
Liquid Force
Official site

categories: 1986 births,Living people,American kitesurfers

paragraph: Claire Lutz

paragraph: Claire Lutz (born November 22, 1986 in St. Joseph, Michigan is an American female kite surfer and lives in Orlando. Kiteboarder turned cable park rat, Claire Lutz is driven, talented and basically a rock star. Claire has been a huge influence and presence in women’s slider riding in kiteboarding and has recently made waves in cable riding. She’s been featured in many publications and websites from Alliance Wake to Stance Planet. She is currently starring in a YouTube series, Wake Town.

paragraph: She is sponsored by : Liquid Force, Jetpilot, Sensi Bikinis and custom projects sunglasses.

paragraph: Section::::Titles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st place Triple-S 2012 Women’s Winching

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3rd place Triple-S 2012 Women’s Sliders

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd place Triple-S 2013 Women’s Sliders

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd place Triple-S 2014 Women’s Sliders

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finalist of "Who is the “Most Influential Girl Kitesurfer” for 2012" contest

paragraph: BULLET::::- Invited woman rider Triple-S 2015

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official site

description: American kitesurfer

wikidata_label: Claire Lutz

wikipedia_title: Claire Lutz


text:
eugenicists
Tsinghua University
Boxer Indemnity Scholarship
Dartmouth College
Columbia University
Crescent Moon Society
Sino-Japanese War
World War II
civil war
KMT
Communists
Fei Xiaotong
China Democratic League
Anti-Rightist Movement
Cultural Revolution
Pan Guangdan
WorldCat

categories: Soochow University faculty,1899 births,Boxer Indemnity Scholarship recipients,Tsinghua University alumni,Republic of China writers,Chinese non-fiction writers,Chinese sociologists,Columbia University alumni,Dartmouth College alumni,Minzu University of China faculty,1967 deaths,National Southwestern Associated University faculty,Jinan University faculty,Educators from Shanghai,Tsinghua University faculty,Chinese eugenicists,People's Republic of China writers,Scientists from Shanghai,Victims of the Cultural Revolution

paragraph: Pan Guangdan

paragraph: Pan Guangdan (; 1898–1967) known in English as Quentin Pan, was a Chinese sociologist, eugenicist, and writer. He was one of the most distinguished sociologists and eugenicists of China. Educated at Tsinghua University on a Boxer Indemnity Scholarship, Dartmouth College and Columbia University, he was also a renowned expert on education. His wide research scope included eugenics, education policy, matrimony policy, familial problems, prostitute policy, and intellectual distributions. Pan's wide-ranging intellect led to his active participation in the Crescent Moon Society.

paragraph: For Pan, eugenics was both a political and scientific matter, and he is credited with the popularization of eugenic thought in the 1920s and '30s in China. Some of his most influential works include "The Eugenic Question in China" (中国之优生问题）and "Chinese Family Problems" （中国之家庭问题）(1928). In these works, Pan promoted the family structure over individualism, which he believed, along with traditional marriage, to be most effective in racial improvement through biological inheritance. Urban living, he said, only promoted decadent individualism and contributed nothing to the racial fitness of the nation. Although he supported the use of state power for the implementation of eugenic policies, primarily through his founding of The Chinese Eugenics Institute, conflicts such as the Sino-Japanese War, World War II, and the civil war between the KMT and the Communists prevented governmental adoption of his ideas.

paragraph: Pan's most famous student/was Fei Xiaotong, the "father of Chinese anthropology."

paragraph: Pan joined the China Democratic Groups League (later China Democratic League) in 1941, and was a standing committee member of the central committee of the League.

paragraph: During the Anti-Rightist Movement, he was determined to be a "rightist."

paragraph: Pan was persecuted in Cultural Revolution, and died in 1967, at 69. He was rehabilitated in 1979.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pan Guangdan WorldCat Authority Page.

description: Chinese sociologist

wikidata_label: Pan Guangdan

wikipedia_title: Pan Guangdan


text:
Ouanaminthe
Saint-Domingue
French literature
Corps législatif
Académie française
Corps législatif
Académie française
Adolphe Dureau de la Malle
Seneca the Younger
Tacitus
Jean Louis Burnouf
Sallust
Livy

categories: 18th-century French writers,French translators,18th-century male writers,19th-century translators,19th-century French writers,1742 births,French male non-fiction writers,1807 deaths,Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery,Members of the Académie française,French classical scholars,Haitian people of French descent,People of Saint-Domingue,19th-century French male writers

paragraph: Jean-Baptiste Dureau de la Malle

paragraph: Jean-Baptiste Dureau de la Malle (27 November 1742, Ouanaminthe, Saint-Domingue – 19 September 1807) was a writer of French literature and translator. He was made a member of the "Corps législatif" in 1802 and was admitted into the Académie française in 1804.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Jean-Bapiste was the son of Laurent Dureau de la Malle and Elisabeth Sauvage. He went to study in Paris and, freed from earning a living by his large fortune, devoted himself entirely to letters and made it his mission to meet the most distinguished French writers of the day. He was made a member of the "Corps législatif" in 1802 and of the Académie française in 1804. He married Elisabeth-Renée Maignon, who had also been born in Saint-Domingue, and their son was Adolphe Dureau de la Malle.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: His first work, a translation of the "De Beneficiis" of Seneca the Younger, came in 1776. He followed it in 1793 with a translation of Tacitus – this made his reputation, was reprinted in 1808, 1816 and later, and was said by the to be the best translation of the works right up until the publication of that by Jean Louis Burnouf.

paragraph: Dureau de la Malle's translation of Sallust appeared in 1808. His translation of Livy was incomplete on his death and was completed by his son and by François Noël and published posthumously in 15 volumes from 1810 to 1815.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This page is a translation of its French equivalent."

description: French translator

wikidata_label: Jean-Baptiste Dureau de la Malle

wikipedia_title: Jean-Baptiste Dureau de la Malle


text: Brescia

text: Italian

text: motorcycle

text: road racer

text: Superbike World Championship

text: Profile on WorldSBK.com

categories: MotoGP World Championship riders,1972 births,Italian motorcycle racers,Superbike World Championship riders,250cc World Championship riders,Sportspeople from Brescia,Living people

paragraph: Franco Battaini

paragraph: Franco Battaini (born 22 July 1972 in Brescia) is an Italian motorcycle road racer. His best years were in 2002 and 2003 when he finished sixth in the 250cc world championship. In 2005 Battaini competed in MotoGP aboard the Blata WCM. He had a very unsuccessful season taking a best finish of 11th in Japan – where many riders retired from the race. In 2006 Battaini competed in the Superbike World Championship.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on WorldSBK.com

description: Italian motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Franco Battaini

wikipedia_title: Franco Battaini


text:
Italian
costume designer
Senso
Bellissima
The Leopard
Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow
Death in Venice
The Night Porter
La Traviata
David di Donatello for Best Costumes
BAFTA Award for Best Costume Design
Academy Award for Best Costume Design
Academy Honorary Award

categories: Academy Honorary Award recipients,David di Donatello Career Award winners,People from Sesto Fiorentino,1927 births,Living people,Italian costume designers

paragraph: Piero Tosi

paragraph: Piero Tosi (born April 10, 1927) is an Italian costume designer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: His film credits include "Senso", "Bellissima", "The Leopard", "Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow", "Death in Venice", "The Night Porter", and "La Traviata".

paragraph: He is particularly known for his exhaustively researched and meticulously, intricately detailed historical costumes.

paragraph: He won the David di Donatello for Best Costumes twice, as well as the 50th Anniversary David in 2006. He also won the BAFTA Award for Best Costume Design twice, and has been nominated for the Academy Award for Best Costume Design five times.

paragraph: For his personal achievements in costume design over 75 years, he was awarded an Academy Honorary Award on November 16, 2013.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- An Italian documentary directed by Francesco Costabile

description: Italian costume designer

wikidata_label: Piero Tosi

wikipedia_title: Piero Tosi


text:
English
printer
North America
Barwell
Leicestershire
Quaker
London
William Penn
Philadelphia
Andrew
William Rittenhouse
almanac
Pennsylvania
William Penn
John Blackwell
charter
New York
Pearl Street
Stone Street
Hanover Square
New Jersey
Benjamin Franklin
Boston
New-York Gazette
New York
John Peter Zenger
libel
Trinity Churchyard Cemetery
Wall Street
Manhattan
Andrew
Cornelia Smith Bradford
William
American Revolution
Earl Shilton
Leicestershire
William Bradford Academy
Alexander Purdie (publisher)
William Hunter (publisher)
Robert Aitken (publisher)
James Parker (publisher)
Joseph Royle (publisher)
William Parks (publisher)
Isaac Collins (printer)
John Holt (publisher)
Benjamin Franklin
Elizabeth Timothy
Louis Timothee
Jane Aitken
"William Bradford, colonial printer"
Tombstone of William Bradford

categories: Kingdom of England emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies,English printers,Burials at Trinity Church Cemetery,People of colonial New York,1752 deaths,People from Barwell,1663 births,American printers

paragraph: William Bradford (printer, born 1663)

paragraph: William Bradford (May 20, 1660 – May 23, 1752) was an early English printer in North America. He is best known as "the pioneer printer of the Middle colonies" and the head of a family that included publishers for 140 years. He was also known for controversies regarding freedom of the press.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: William Bradford was born to William (d. 1667) and Ann Bradford in the village of Barwell in Leicestershire, England where his father was a printer. His family were likely members of the Society of Friends. As was customary, he was apprenticed outside the family to Andrew Sowle, the foremost Quaker printer in London. By 1684, he had mastered the trade and married the master's daughter, Elizabeth. Sowle arranged for Bradford to join William Penn in his new colony in North America.

paragraph: In 1685, the Bradfords emigrated to Philadelphia, and Elizabeth gave birth to their first child, Andrew, in 1686. Bradford set up Pennsylvania's first printing press and, in 1690, helped construct William Rittenhouse's paper mill, the first in the English colonies.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Professional life.:Political activity.

paragraph: In his early days as a printer, Bradford published an almanac, "Kalendarium Pennsilvaniense" by Samuel Atkins. In the almanac, Bradford apologized for errors caused by his troublesome travel but hoped that readers would appreciate the hard work he underwent in order to bring print to the Middle Colonies. The publication received immediate attention, especially from Pennsylvania Governor William Penn who took offense at a reference to him. Atkins was quickly reprimanded for the incident and Bradford was told not to print anything unless it was approved by the Pennsylvania Council. Later in 1687, Bradford was informed not to print anything about Quakers unless they approved it beforehand. In 1689, the new Pennsylvania governor John Blackwell was outraged and officially reprimanded Bradford when he printed William Penn's original charter for the colony. Bradford argued that he printed what he received and was not liable. Bradford then quit his business and briefly went to England, to return in 1690.

paragraph: In 1692, Bradford was arrested, tried, and jailed for printing without an imprint. His press and type were seized but later returned to him in 1693.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Professional life.:New York.

paragraph: In 1693, Bradford applied for and was appointed to the position of public printer for New York. He lived on Pearl Street in Manhattan, then moved to Stone Street in 1698. His offices were located in Hanover Square. In 1702, he was appointed public printer of New Jersey (a post held concurrently with his New York position), and became clerk of the New Jersey assembly in 1710

paragraph: Bradford printed the first book in New York City, "New-England's Spirit of Persecution Transmitted to Pennsylvania" in 1693 by George Keith, a Quaker political writer.

paragraph: In 1723 when Benjamin Franklin was in New York immediately after leaving Boston, he approached Bradford for employment, and Bradford referred him to his son in Philadelphia.

paragraph: Between 1725 and 1744, Bradford printed the "New-York Gazette", New York's first newspaper. In 1731, he married a woman named Smith. In 1734, his former apprentice, John Peter Zenger, was brought to court for libel, but Bradford remained neutral during the case.

paragraph: Bradford retired at the age of 81 in 1744. He died on May 23, 1752, and was interred in the Trinity Churchyard Cemetery on Wall Street in Manhattan.

paragraph: Section::::Bradford printing legacy.

paragraph: Bradford's son, Andrew, and Andrew's wife, Cornelia Smith Bradford, were colonial printers. Bradford's grandson, William would become a famous printer during the American Revolution. The Bradford Family Papers (1620–1906) are held at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

paragraph: Earl Shilton Community College (a college with a sixth form) in Leicestershire was renamed in honor of its neighboring village's famous son and is now William Bradford Academy.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Other colonial printers:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Purdie (publisher)

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Hunter (publisher)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Aitken (publisher)

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Parker (publisher)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Royle (publisher)

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Parks (publisher)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isaac Collins (printer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Holt (publisher)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benjamin Franklin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Timothy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis Timothee

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jane Aitken

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steven J. Shaw. Colonial Newspaper Advertising: A Step toward Freedom of the Press. The Business History Review, Vol. 33, No. 3 (Autumn, 1959), pp. 409–420

paragraph: BULLET::::- H.Amory & D. D.Hall, eds., "The colonial book in the Atlantic world" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A.J. Wall, "William Bradford, colonial printer", "Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society", 73(2): 361–84. 1963.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. J.DeArmond, "Andrew Bradford: colonial journalist" (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. B.Bronner & D.Fraser, "William Penn's published writings, 1660–1726: an interpretive bibliography" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. W.Miller, "Benjamin Franklin's Philadelphia printing, 1728–1766: a descriptive bibliography" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. S.Mortimer, ‘The first century of Quaker printers’, "Journal of the Friends' Historical Society", 40 (1948), 37–49; 41 (1949), 78–84

paragraph: BULLET::::- D. F.McKenzie, ed., "Stationers' Company apprentices", [2]: 1641–1700 (1974)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tombstone of William Bradford at New-York Historical Society

description: Early English-born printer in North America

wikidata_label: William Bradford

wikipedia_title: William Bradford (printer, born 1663)


text: Black Wave

text: Man Is Not a Bird

text: Milena Dravić

text: Eva Ras

text: Innocence Unprotected

text: 18th Berlin International Film Festival

text: 20th Berlin International Film Festival

text: 17th Moscow International Film Festival

text: Milena Dravić

text: Jagoda Kaloper

text: Ivica Vidović

text: Sweet Movie

text: Canada

text: Sweet Movie

text: art house

text: Montenegro

text: The Coca-Cola Kid

text: Frank Moorhouse

text: Eric Roberts

text: Greta Scacchi

text: Opinions

text: Bosnia

text: Opinions

text: Open Media

text: Channel 4

text: The Times

text: Jacques Tourneur

text: Cat People

text: Man is Not a Bird

text: Innocence Unprotected

text: Sweet Movie

text: Montenegro (film)

text: Coca-Cola Kid

text: Manifesto

text: Jatgan mala

text: Pečat

text: Antonijevo razbijeno ogledalo

text: Spomenicima ne treba verovati

text: Osmjeh '61

text: Eci peci pec

text: Nova domaća životinja

text: Senses of Cinema

text: Dušan Makavejev biography

text: Interview

text: Hungarian

text: English-language interview

text: Critical Review

text: Man Is Not a Bird (TCM Movie Morlocks)

text: Literature on Dusan Makavejev

categories: 1932 births,Guggenheim Fellows,Yugoslav film directors,Serbian film directors,People from Belgrade,2019 deaths,English-language film directors

paragraph: Dušan Makavejev

paragraph: Dušan Makavejev (, ) (13 October 1932 – 25 January 2019) was a Serbian film director and screenwriter, famous for his groundbreaking films of Yugoslav cinema in the late 1960s and early 1970s—many of which belong to the Black Wave. Makavejev's most internationally successful film was the 1971 political satire "", which he both directed and wrote.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Makavejev's first three feature films, "Man Is Not a Bird" (1965, starring actress and icon of the "black wave" period in film, Milena Dravić), "Love Affair, or the Case of the Missing Switchboard Operator" (1967, starring actress and icon of the "black wave" period in film, Eva Ras) and "Innocence Unprotected" (1968), all won him international acclaim. The latter won the Silver Bear Extraordinary Prize of the Jury at the 18th Berlin International Film Festival. In 1970 he was a member of the jury at the 20th Berlin International Film Festival. In 1991 he was a member of the jury at the 17th Moscow International Film Festival.

paragraph: His 1971 movie "" (starring Milena Dravić, Jagoda Kaloper, and Ivica Vidović) was banned in Yugoslavia due to its sexual and political content. The political scandal surrounding Makavejev's film was symptomatic of an increasingly oppressive political climate in Yugoslavia that effectively ended the director's domestic career and resulted in his leaving Yugoslavia to live and work abroad in Europe and North America. Makavejev's next film, "Sweet Movie" (1974), was the first feature work that the director produced entirely outside of Yugoslavia (the film was made in Canada). "Sweet Movie's" explicit depiction of sex together with its bold treatment of the more taboo dimensions of sexuality reduced the size of the film's audience (i.e. it was largely confined to the art house context) and also resulted in the film's being censored in several countries.

paragraph: After a seven-year hiatus in feature film production, Makavejev released the comparatively more conventional black comedy entitled "Montenegro" (1981). The director's next feature film, "The Coca-Cola Kid" (1985), which was based on short stories by Frank Moorhouse and featured performances by Eric Roberts and Greta Scacchi, is arguably his most accessible picture.

paragraph: Makavejev appears as one of the narrators in the 2007 Serbian documentary film "Zabranjeni bez zabrane" ("Banned without being banned"), which gives profound insight into the history and the nature of Yugoslav film censorship through its investigation of the country's distinctive political-cultural mechanisms for unofficially banning politically controversial films. The film contains original interviews with key filmmakers from the communist era.

paragraph: Section::::"Opinions" and Bosnia.

paragraph: In 1993 Makavejev wrote and appeared in a half hour televised "Opinions" lecture in Britain, produced by Open Media for Channel 4 and subsequently published in "The Times". Makavejev speaks of himself as a citizen of the world but "of the leftovers of Yugoslavia too". He cites Jacques Tourneur’s Hollywood horror classic "Cat People" as one of the rare films in the history of the cinema that mention Serbs, "a people from an obscure region who were haunted by evil; when hurt they turn into ferocious cats, like panthers, and killed those whom they thought to be the source of hurt of rejection". He comments on the division of Bosnia on ethnic lines:

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: Makavejev directed the following feature films:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Man is Not a Bird" (1965); Writer: Makavejev; Assistant Director: Kokan Rakonjac; Director of Photography: Aleksandar Petković; Editor: Ljubiša Nešić

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love Affair, or the Case of the Missing Switchboard Operator" (1967); Writer: Makavejev; Assistant Directors: Branko Vučićević and Želimir Žilnik; Director of Photography: Aleksandar Petković; Editor: Katarina Stojanović

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Innocence Unprotected" (1968); Writer: Makavejev; Assistant Director: Branko Vučeićević; Director of Photography: Branko Perak; Editor: Ivanka Vukasović

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1971); Writer: Makavejev; Assistant Director: Bojana Marijan; Directors of Photography: Aleksandar Petković and Predrag Popović; Editor: Ivanka Vukasović

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sweet Movie" (1974); Writer: Makavejev; Assistant Directors: Arnie Gilbert, Fernand Moszkowicz, Claire Denis, and Bojana Marijan; Director of Photography: Pierre Lhomme; Camera: Yann Le Masson; Editor: Yann Dedet

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Montenegro (film), (or "Pigs and Pear" (1981): Writer: Makavejev; Assistant Directors: Bojana Marijan and Arnie Gelbart; Director of Photography: Tomislav Pinter; Editor: Sylvia Ingermarsson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Coca-Cola Kid" (1985): Writer: Frank Moorhouse (based on his short stories); Assistant Director: Bojana Marijan and Phil Rich; Director of Photography: Dean Semler; Editor: John Scott

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Manifesto" (1988): Writer: Makavejev; Assistant Director: Dejan Karaklajić; Director of Photography: Tomislav Pinter; Editor: Tony Lawson.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gorilla Bathes at Noon" (1992): Writer: Makavejev; Directors of Photography: Aleksandar Petković and Miodrag Miloošević; Editors: Vuksan Lukovac and Vladimir Milenković

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hole in the Soul" (1993): Writer: Makavejev; Assistant Director: Mladen Mitrović; Director of Photography: Rade Vladić; Camera: Les Blank, Peter Lang, and Alexander Calzatti

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Danish Girls Show Everything" (1996) "Dream" segment

paragraph: Makevejev made a number of short films, key among them:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jatgan mala" (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pečat" (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Antonijevo razbijeno ogledalo" (1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spomenicima ne treba verovati" (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Osmjeh '61" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eci peci pec" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Parada" (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nova domaća životinja" (1964)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article on "Man Is Not a Bird" in "Senses of Cinema": .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gleaming Faces, Dark Realities: Dušan Makavejev’s Man Is Not a Bird and the Representation of the Working Class after Socialist Realism by Constantin Parvulescu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Betrayed Promises: Politics and Sexual Revolution in the Films of Márta Mészáros, Miloš Forman, and Dušan Makavejev by Constantin Parvulescu

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dušan Makavejev biography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview - a Hungarian interview.

paragraph: BULLET::::- English-language interview (2000).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Goran Markovic Горан Марковиќ "Dušan Makavejev or a Free Man".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Critical Review.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A photograph of Dusan Makavejev: .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Man Is Not a Bird (TCM Movie Morlocks).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Literature on Dusan Makavejev.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Senses of Cinema interview of Dusan Makavejev.

description: Serbian film director

wikidata_label: Dušan Makavejev

wikipedia_title: Dušan Makavejev


text:
silent film
Our Gang
shorts
St. Cloud, Minnesota
silent film
John Barrymore
Rin Tin Tin
Hollywood High School
WAMPAS Baby Stars
talking pictures
Robert F. McGowan
Los Angeles, California
department store
Hal Roach
Jackie Cooper
Teacher's Pet
School's Out
Love Business
Little Daddy
Laurel and Hardy
Pardon Us
Shiver My Timbers
Readin' and Writin'
MGM
Hollywood
Parkinson's disease
San Fernando Mission
Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels
Edna Krabappel
television series
The Simpsons
Wallace Wolodarsky
Jay Kogen
crabapple

categories: Film serial actresses,1984 deaths,20th-century American actresses,1903 births,Deaths from Parkinson's disease,Western (genre) film actresses,American film actresses,American people of German descent,People from St. Cloud, Minnesota,WAMPAS Baby Stars,Hal Roach Studios actors,Actresses from Minnesota,Burials at the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels,American silent film actresses

paragraph: June Marlowe

paragraph: June Marlowe (born Gisela Valaria Goetten, November 6, 1903 – March 10, 1984) was an American film actress who began her career during the silent film era. She was best known for her performance of "Miss Crabtree" in the "Our Gang" shorts.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Marlowe was born to German parents in St. Cloud, Minnesota. She was a prolific actress in silent films during the 1920s, appearing in films opposite John Barrymore and Rin Tin Tin. She began her acting career shortly after her 1923 graduation from Hollywood High School, and was signed to a contract by Warner Brothers in 1924.

paragraph: In 1925, she became one of the WAMPAS Baby Stars. Her career did well until the introduction of talking pictures. Marlowe did not make an easy transition, and by 1930 she was starting to drift away from acting.

paragraph: By chance, she happened to meet director Robert F. McGowan one day in a Los Angeles, California, department store. McGowan was searching for an actress to portray the schoolteacher in the "Our Gang" series of children's comedies. After producer Hal Roach suggested that brunette Marlowe don a blonde wig to match the hair of the lead kid in the series, Jackie Cooper, she was given the part of Miss Crabtree.

paragraph: In 1928, she was an actress under contract with Universal Studios.

paragraph: Marlowe and Cooper were paired together in three "Our Gang" films, "Teacher's Pet", "School's Out" and "Love Business". She also had a small role in 1931's "Little Daddy". In addition to her work in "Our Gang", Marlowe appeared in fellow Roach stars Laurel and Hardy's first feature film, "Pardon Us".

paragraph: Marlowe's Miss Crabtree character was used in only two more shorts, 1931's "Shiver My Timbers" and 1932's "Readin' and Writin'". After Cooper left "Our Gang" in 1931 she appeared in MGM features.

paragraph: Section::::Later years and death.

paragraph: In an October 1931 notice, Washington's "Evening Star" newspaper announced that the Superior Court in Los Angeles "returned a verdict of $100 damages to Henry M. Oviatt against June Marlowe, film actress, and her brother, Armour Marlowe, as the outgrowth of a motor car collision," adding that their automobile had "collided with one containing Oviatt and Mrs. Nellie McLaren, who sued for $5,000 each, alleging injuries", and that "Mrs. McLaren was denied damages."

paragraph: On July 2, 1933, Marlowe married Hollywood businessman Rodney Sprigg and retired from motion pictures to become a housewife. The couple remained married until Sprigg's death in 1982. In her later years, she suffered from Parkinson's disease, dying from complications on March 10, 1984.

paragraph: Marlowe was originally buried at the San Fernando Mission Cemetery. She was later re-interred in the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: The name of Edna Krabappel, a cartoon character from the animated television series "The Simpsons", was chosen by early "Simpsons" writers Wallace Wolodarsky and Jay Kogen in 1990 as a play on the fruit "crabapple" and as a reference to Miss Crabtree from the "Our Gang" shorts.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (original burial site)

description: American actress

wikidata_label: June Marlowe

wikipedia_title: June Marlowe


text: geologist

text: Missoula Floods

text: Saranac

text: Michigan

text: biology

text: Albion College

text: Washington

text: German heritage

text: AB

text: Albion College

text: high school

text: teacher

text: Seattle

text: glacial

text: Puget Sound

text: University of Chicago

text: Ph.D.

text: University of Washington

text: Channeled Scablands

text: Columbia River Plateau

text: erosion

text: topographic

text: desert

text: Spokane Floods

text: channeled scablands

text: Eastern Washington

text: catastrophic

text: uniformitarianism

text: Ice Age

text: Geological Society of Washington, D.C

text: J.T. Pardee

text: glacial lake

text: US Geological Survey

text: Lake Missoula

text: Spokane Floods

text: limestone

text: caves

text: Missouri

text: Illinois

text: Penrose Medal

text: Geological Society of America

text: Albion College

text: Homewood, Illinois

text: plaque

text: Visitor Center at Dry Falls State Park

text: Coulee City, Washington

text: Homewood, Illinois

text: Sears Catalog Home

text: Albion College

text: University of Chicago

text: Ice Age Floods

text: The Bretz Register

text: PBS

text: NOVA

text: "Mystery of the Megaflood"

text: Ice Age Floods Institute

text: The J Harlen Bretz Papers

text: J Harlen Bretz Memoirs

text: Homewood, IL

text: New York Times Obituary

categories: University of Chicago alumni,Catastrophism,Penrose Medal winners,Albion College alumni,American people of German descent,1981 deaths,American geologists,1882 births,University of Chicago faculty

paragraph: J Harlen Bretz

paragraph: J Harlen Bretz (September 2, 1882 – February 3, 1981) was an American geologist, best known for his research that led to the acceptance of the Missoula Floods and for his work on caves. He was born to Oliver Joseph Bretz and Rhoda Maria Howlett, farmers in Saranac, Michigan, the oldest of five children. He earned a degree in biology from Albion College in 1905, where he also met his wife Fanny Chalis. Thereafter, he became interested in the geology of Eastern Washington state.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Bretz was of German heritage. Bretz graduated with his AB from Albion College in 1905. He then started his career as a high school History and Physiography (study of the physical features of the Earth's surface) teacher in Seattle. During this time he began studying the glacial geology of the Puget Sound area. He continued his studies at the University of Chicago where he earned his Ph.D. in geology in 1913. He became an assistant professor of geology, first at the University of Washington and then the University of Chicago.

paragraph: He made important discoveries regarding the origin of the Channeled Scablands.

paragraph: Section::::The Spokane floods: an outrageous hypothesis.

paragraph: In the summer of 1922, and for the next seven years, Bretz conducted field research of the Columbia River Plateau. Between the Summer of 1922 through 1931 he wrote 15 papers.

paragraph: Since 1910 he had been interested in unusual erosion features in the area after seeing a newly published topographic map of the Potholes Cataract. Bretz coined the term Channeled Scablands in 1923 to describe the area near the Grand Coulee, where massive erosion had cut through basalt deposits. The area was a desert, but Bretz's theories required cataclysmic water flows to form the landscape, for which Bretz coined the term Spokane Floods in a 1925 publication.

paragraph: Bretz published a paper in 1923, arguing that the channeled scablands in Eastern Washington were caused by massive flooding in the distant past. This was seen as arguing for a catastrophic explanation of the geology, against the prevailing view of uniformitarianism, and Bretz's views were initially discredited. However, as the nature of the Ice Age was better understood, Bretz's original research was vindicated, and by the 1950s his conclusions were also vindicated.

paragraph: Bretz encountered resistance to his theories from the geology establishment of the day. The geology establishment was resistant to such a sweeping theory for the origin of a broad landscape for a variety of reasons, including lack of familiarity with the remote areas of the interior Pacific Northwest where the research was based, and the lack of status and reputation of Bretz in the eyes of the largely Ivy League-based geology elites. Furthermore, his theory implied the potential possibilities of a Biblical flood, which the scientific community strongly rejected. The Geological Society of Washington, D.C invited the young Bretz to present his previously published research at a 12 January 1927 meeting where several other geologists presented competing theories. Bretz saw this as an ambush, and referred to the group as six "challenging elders". Their intention was to defeat him in a public debate, and thereby end the challenge his theories posed to their conservative interpretation of uniformitarianism.

paragraph: Another geologist at the meeting, J.T. Pardee, had worked with Bretz and had evidence of an ancient glacial lake that lent credence to Bretz's theories. Pardee, however, lacked the academic freedom of Bretz (he worked for the US Geological Survey) and did not enter the fray.

paragraph: Bretz defended his theories, kicking off an acrimonious 40 year debate over the origin of the Scablands. As he wrote in 1928, "Ideas without precedent are generally looked upon with disfavor and men are shocked if their conceptions of an orderly world are challenged."

paragraph: Both Pardee and Bretz continued their research over the next 30 years, collecting and analyzing evidence that eventually identified Lake Missoula as the source of the Spokane Floods and creator of the Channeled Scablands. Research on open channel hydraulics and NASA satellite images in the 1970s further vindicated Bretz's and Pardee's theories.

paragraph: Section::::Caves and karst.

paragraph: Bretz wrote an extremely influential paper on the morphology and origin of limestone caves (1942) together with detailed studies of the caves of Missouri (1956) and Illinois (with Stanley Harris, 1961).

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honours.

paragraph: The National Speleological Society made Bretz an honorary member in 1954.

paragraph: Bretz received the Penrose Medal; the Geological Society of America's highest award, in 1979, at the age of 96. After this award, he told his son: "All my enemies are dead, so I have no one to gloat over."

paragraph: Each year at Albion College, the J Harlen Bretz Award is given to the most outstanding senior in the geology department.

paragraph: Bretz Drive in Homewood, Illinois was named in his honor.

paragraph: A plaque was dedicated to Bretz in 1994 outside the Visitor Center at Dry Falls State Park in Coulee City, Washington that reads "Dedicated to J Harlen Bretz who patiently taught us that catastrophic floods may sometimes play a role in nature's unfolding drama"

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Bretz and his wife Fanny had two children, Rudolf Challis Bretz and Rhoda Bretz Riley. The Bretz family settled in Homewood, Illinois where they bought property and constructed a Sears Catalog Home on it in 1921. Bretz nicknamed the property "Boulderstrewn" because of all the rocks and minerals he collected and was given that were placed around the property. He donated a portion of this collection to Albion College in the 1970s . Boulderstrewn was renowned for being an active place where Bretz hosted many parties with students and faculty from the University of Chicago. His post-retirement body of work includes "Geology of the Chicago Region" (1955), "The Caves of Missouri" "(1956)," "Washington's Channeled Scabland" (1959), "Caves of Illinois" (1961), and "Geomorphic History of the Ozarks" (1965) -- in addition to his 1949 "Incomplete Genealogy of the Family of John Bretz Of Fairfield Co., Ohio, with a Partial History of One Line of Descent in this Family."

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J Harlen Bretz, (1947), An Incomplete Genealogy of the Family of John Bretz of Fairfield Co., Ohio, with a Partial History with One Line of Descent in this Family

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ice Age Floods Study of Alternatives and Environmental Assessment, National Park Service

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Bretz Register An Incomplete Genealogy of the Family of John Bretz of Fairfield Co., OH, with a Partial History with One Line of Descent in this Family

paragraph: BULLET::::- PBS's "NOVA": "Mystery of the Megaflood" was an episode about the Scablands and Dr. Bretz

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ice Age Floods Institute is a nonprofit organization committed to public recognition and education about the Ice Age Floods.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The J Harlen Bretz Papers at University of Chicago Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victor R. Baker The Spokane Flood debates: historical background and philosophical perspective.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J Harlen Bretz Memoirs written in his early 90s in four volumes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albion trips to Boulderstrewn, Homewood, IL details of Albion College student visits to Bretz's house Boulderstrewn in Homewood, IL.

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York Times Obituary Obituary for "Jerry" Harlen Bretz in the NY Times

description: geologist

wikidata_label: J Harlen Bretz

wikipedia_title: J Harlen Bretz


text: aeronautics engineer

text: FIAT G.50

text: World War II

text: Caltanissetta

text: Sicily

text: Politecnico di Torino

text: Aachen

text: Germany

text: Theodore von Karman

text: Piaggio

text: FIAT

text: Giovanni Agnelli

text: Aeritalia G.91

text: Ludwig-Prandtl-Ring

text: Turin

categories: 1903 births,People from Turin,1987 deaths,People from Caltanissetta,Italian aerospace engineers

paragraph: Giuseppe Gabrielli

paragraph: Giuseppe Gabrielli (26 February 1903 – 29 November 1987) was an Italian aeronautics engineer. He is famous as the designer of numerous Italian military aircraft, including the FIAT G.50 and G.55 World War II fighters.

paragraph: He was born in Caltanissetta, Sicily, and studied at the Politecnico di Torino and in Aachen, Germany under Theodore von Karman. Gabrielli began his work as designer at Piaggio, but was soon called to FIAT by Giovanni Agnelli to lead his aeronautics section.

paragraph: Gabrielli designed 142 aircraft, all bearing his initial, including the G.50, the G.55 (one of the best fighters in World War II), the G.80 (one of the first jets designed in Italy), the Aeritalia G.91, which won a contest for a NATO standard fighter in the 1950s, and the G.222, a military transport airplane, whose design was later evolved into the C-27J Spartan (with the addition of new engines and new avionics to the airframe).

paragraph: Gabrielli was awarded the Ludwig-Prandtl-Ring from the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt (German Society for Aeronautics and Astronautics) for "outstanding contribution in the field of aerospace engineering" in 1967.

paragraph: He died in Turin in 1987.

description: Italian aeronautical engineer

wikidata_label: Giuseppe Gabrielli

wikipedia_title: Giuseppe Gabrielli


text:
Herod of Chalcis
Chalcis
Iturea
Herod the Great
Aristobulus IV
Salome
Philip the Tetrarch
Claudius
Herod Agrippa II
Philip the Tetrarch
Lysanias
Nero
Armenia Minor
Roman–Parthian War of 58–63
Lucius Caesennius Paetus
Antiochus
Commagene
Qinnasrin
Herodian dynasty
Herodian kingdom
List of Hasmonean and Herodian rulers
"Herodias: At Home in that Fox's Den"

categories: 1st-century Herodian rulers,Herodian dynasty,Roman client rulers,1st-century monarchs in the Middle East

paragraph: Aristobulus of Chalcis

paragraph: Aristobulus of Chalcis () was a son of Herod of Chalcis and his first wife Mariamne. Herod of Chalcis, ruler of Chalcis in Iturea, was a grandson of Herod the Great through his father, Aristobulus IV. Mariamne was a granddaughter of Herod the Great through her mother, Olympias; hence Aristobulus was a great-grandson of Herod the Great on both sides of his family.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Aristobulus was married to Salome after the death of her first husband, Philip the Tetrarch. With her Aristobulus had three sons: Herod, Agrippa, and Aristobulus Three coins with portraits of him and Salome have been found.

paragraph: Aristobulus did not directly succeed his father as ruler of the Chalcis. Rather, upon his father's death in 48 AD, the emperor Claudius gave the realm to Aristobulus' first cousin, Herod Agrippa II. When in 52 AD Agrippa was given the territories previously governed by Philip the Tetrarch (also known as Herod Philip II) and Lysanias, Aristobulus was subsequently given Chalcis. He reigned Chalcis until his death in 92 AD, when the territory became part of the Roman province Syria.

paragraph: He has been identified with the Aristobulus appointed by Nero as King of Armenia Minor in 55 AD, who participated with his forces in the Roman–Parthian War of 58–63, receiving a small portion of Greater Armenia in exchange. This Aristobulus was displaced from Armenia Minor in 72 AD, but is thought to be the "Aristobulus of Chalcidice" who supported Lucius Caesennius Paetus, proconsul of Syria, in the war against Antiochus of Commagene in 73 AD, and was in consequence compensated with a new kingdom, "probably Chalcis ad Belum" (modern Qinnasrin, in northern Syria. Assuming all these Aristobuli were indeed the same person, he would seem to have been ruler, at various times, of the Iturean Chalcis, Armenia Minor, and Chalcis ad Belum.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herodian dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herodian kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Hasmonean and Herodian rulers

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gillman, Florence Morgan. "Herodias: At Home in that Fox's Den", Liturgical Press, 2003

wikidata_label: Aristobulus of Chalcis

wikipedia_title: Aristobulus of Chalcis


text: Roman

text: poet

text: AD

text: Satires

text: earliest date of composition

text: dactylic hexameter

text: Lucilius

text: Horace

text: Persius

text: ancient Rome

text: scriptoria

text: freedman

text: Quintilian

text: Aquinum

text: Trajan

text: Domitian

text: Hadrian

text: Nerva

text: Gilbert Highet

text: Martial

text: patrimony

text: Ceres

text: Green

text: books

text: dactylic hexameter

text: Hipponax

text: Petronius

text: Suetonius

text: imperial dynasties

text: Roman Republic

text: empire

text: Cicero

text: Catullus

text: Martial

text: Persius

text: Statius

text: Petronius

text: Judaism

text: Samuel Johnson

text: London

text: The Vanity of Human Wishes

text: Alexander Theroux

text: Histeridae

text: panem et circenses

text: mens sana in corpore sano

text: rara avis

text: black swan

text: quis custodiet ipsos custodes

text: Latin

text: "anima sana in corpore sano"

text: Junia (gens)

text: Panem et circenses

text: "Satires" (Juvenal)

text: Satire VI

text: "Juvenal Revisited"

text: "Juvenal. The Sixteen Satires"

text: Juvenal (1992) "The Satires"

text: Niall Rudd

text: Rudd, Niall

text: English translations of all 16 satires

text: Juvenal's first 3 "Satires" in English

text: Lessons From Juvenal

text: Juvenal and Persius

categories: 2nd-century deaths,Roman-era satirists,Junii,2nd-century Romans,Ancient Romans in Britain,1st-century births,Silver Age Latin writers,1st-century Romans,2nd-century writers,Latin-language writers,Ancient Roman writers,1st-century writers

paragraph: Juvenal

paragraph: Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis (), known in English as Juvenal (), was a Roman poet active in the late first and early second century AD. He is the author of the collection of satirical poems known as the "Satires". The details of the author's life are unclear, although references within his text to known persons of the late first and early second centuries AD fix his earliest date of composition. One recent scholar argues that his first book was published in 100 or 101. Because of a reference to a recent political figure, his fifth and final surviving book must date from after 127.

paragraph: Juvenal wrote at least 16 poems in the verse form dactylic hexameter. These poems cover a range of Roman topics. This follows Lucilius—the originator of the Roman satire genre, and it fits within a poetic tradition that also includes Horace and Persius. The "Satires" are a vital source for the study of ancient Rome from a number of perspectives, although their comic mode of expression makes it problematic to accept the content as strictly factual. At first glance the "Satires" could be read as a critique of pagan Rome. That critique may have ensured their survival in the Christian monastic scriptoria although the majority of ancient texts did not survive.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Details of the author's life cannot be reconstructed definitely. The "Vita Iuvenalis" (Life of Juvenal), a biography of the author that became associated with his manuscripts no later than the tenth century, is little more than an extrapolation from the "Satires".

paragraph: Traditional biographies, including the "Vita Iuvenalis", give us the writer's full name and also tell us that he was either the son, or adopted son, of a rich freedman. He is supposed to have been a pupil of Quintilian, and to have practised rhetoric until he was middle-aged, both as amusement and for legal purposes. The "Satires" do make frequent and accurate references to the operation of the Roman legal system. His career as a satirist is supposed to have begun at a fairly late stage in his life.

paragraph: Biographies agree in giving his birthplace as Aquinum and also, in allotting to his life a period of exile, which supposedly was due to his insulting an actor who had high levels of court influence. The emperor who is said to have banished him is given variously, as either Trajan or Domitian. A preponderance of the biographies place his exile in Egypt, with the exception of one, that opts for Scotland.

paragraph: Only one of these traditional biographies supplies a date of birth for Juvenal: it gives 55 AD, which most probably is speculation, but accords reasonably well with the rest of the evidence. Other traditions have him surviving for some time past the year of Hadrian's death (138 AD). Some sources place his death in exile, others have him being recalled to Rome (the latter of which is considered more plausible by contemporary scholars). If he was exiled by Domitian, then it is possible that he was one of the political exiles recalled during the brief reign of Nerva.

paragraph: It is impossible to tell how much of the content of these traditional biographies is fiction and how much is fact. Large parts clearly are mere deduction from Juvenal's writings, but some elements appear more substantial. Juvenal never mentions a period of exile in his life, yet it appears in every extant traditional biography. Many scholars think the idea to be a later invention; the "Satires" do display some knowledge of Egypt and Britain, and it is thought that this gave rise to the tradition that Juvenal was exiled. Others, however - particularly Gilbert Highet - regard the exile as factual, and these scholars also supply a concrete date for the exile: 93 AD until 96, when Nerva became emperor. They argue that a reference to Juvenal in one of Martial's poems, which is dated to 92, is impossible if, at this stage Juvenal was already in exile, or, had served his time in exile, since in that case, Martial would not have wished to antagonise Domitian by mentioning such a "persona non grata" as Juvenal. If Juvenal was exiled, he would have lost his patrimony, and this may explain the consistent descriptions of the life of the client he bemoans in the "Satires".

paragraph: The only other biographical evidence available, is a dedicatory inscription, said to have been found at Aquinum in the nineteenth century, with the following text:

paragraph: Scholars usually are of the opinion that this inscription does not relate to the poet: a military career would not fit well with the pronounced anti-militarism of the "Satires" and, moreover, the Dalmatian legions do not seem to have existed prior to 166 AD. Therefore, it seems likely that this reference is to a Juvenal who was a later relative of the poet, however, as they both came from Aquinum and were associated with the goddess Ceres (the only deity the "Satires" shows much respect for). If the theory that connects these two Juvenals is correct, then the inscription does show that Juvenal's family was reasonably wealthy, and that, if the poet really was the son of a foreign freedman, then his descendants assimilated into the Roman class structure more quickly than typical. Green thinks it more likely that the tradition of the freedman father is false and, that Juvenal's ancestors had been minor nobility of Roman Italy of relatively ancient descent.

paragraph: Section::::The "Satires" and their genre.

paragraph: Juvenal is credited with sixteen known poems divided among five books; all are in the Roman genre of satire, which, at its most basic in the time of the author, comprised a wide-ranging discussion of society and social mores in dactylic hexameter. In "Satire I", concerning the scope and content of his work, Juvenal says:

paragraph: Juvenal claims as his purview, the entire gamut of human experience since the dawn of history. Quintilian – in the context of a discussion of literary genres appropriate for an oratorical education - claimed that, unlike so many literary and artistic forms adopted from Greek models, “satire at least is all ours” ("satura quidem tota nostra est"). At least in the view of Quintillian, earlier Greek satiric verse (e.g. that of Hipponax) or even Latin satiric prose (e.g. that of Petronius) did not constitute "satura", per se. Roman "Satura" was a formal literary genre rather than being simply clever, humorous critique in no particular format.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Book I: Satires 1–5

paragraph: BULLET::::- Book II: Satire 6

paragraph: BULLET::::- Book III: Satires 7–9

paragraph: BULLET::::- Book IV: Satires 10–12

paragraph: BULLET::::- Book V: Satires 13–16 (although Satire 16 is incomplete)

paragraph: The individual "Satires" (excluding Satire 16) range in length from 130 (Satire 12) to c. 695 (Satire 6) lines. The poems are not entitled individually, but translators often have added titles for the convenience of readers.

paragraph: Section::::Modern criticism and historical context of the "Satires".

paragraph: While Juvenal's mode of satire has been noted from antiquity for its wrathful scorn toward all representatives of social deviance, some politically progressive scholars such as, W. S. Anderson and later S. M. Braund, have attempted to defend his work as that of a rhetorical "persona" (mask), taken up by the author to critique the very attitudes he appears to be exhibiting in his works.

paragraph: In any case it would be an error to read the "Satires" as a literal account of normal Roman life and thought in the late first and early second centuries AD, just as it would be an error to give credence to every slander recorded in Suetonius against the members of prior imperial dynasties. Themes similar to those of the "Satires" are present in authors spanning the period of the late Roman Republic and early empire ranging from Cicero and Catullus to Martial and Tacitus; similarly, the stylistics of Juvenal’s text fall within the range of post-Augustan literature, as represented by Persius, Statius, and Petronius.

paragraph: Juvenal's "Satires", giving several accounts of the Jewish life in first-century Rome, have been regarded by scholars, such as J. Juster and, more recently, Peter Nahon, as a valuable source about early Judaism.

paragraph: Section::::Literary and cultural influence.

paragraph: The "Satires" have inspired many authors, including Samuel Johnson, who modeled his “London” on "Satire III" and “The Vanity of Human Wishes” on "Satire X". Alexander Theroux, whose novels are rife with vicious satire, identified Juvenal as his most important influence. Juvenal also provided a source for the name for a forensically important beetle, Histeridae. Juvenal is the source of many well-known maxims, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- that the common people—rather than caring about their freedom—are only interested in “bread and circuses” ("panem et circenses" 10.81; i.e. food and entertainment),

paragraph: BULLET::::- that—rather than for wealth, power, eloquence, or children—one should pray for a “sound mind in a sound body” ("mens sana in corpore sano" 10.356),

paragraph: BULLET::::- that a perfect wife is a “rare bird” ("rara avis in terris nigroque simillima cycno" 6.165; a rare bird in the earth and most similar to a black swan)

paragraph: BULLET::::- and the troubling question of who can be trusted with power—“who will watch the watchers?” or "who will guard the guardians themselves?" ("quis custodiet ipsos custodes" 6.347-48).

paragraph: ASICS, the footwear and sports equipment manufacturing company, is named after the acronym of the Latin phrase ""anima sana in corpore sano"" (a sound mind in a sound body) from by Juvenal (10.356).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Junia (gens)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Panem et circenses"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Satires" (Juvenal)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Satire VI

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anderson, William S. (1982) "Essays on Roman Satire", Princeton: Princeton University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Braund, Susanna M. (1988) "Beyond Anger: A Study of Juvenal’s Third Book of Satires", Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Braund, Susanna (1996) "Juvenal Satires Book I", Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Braund, Susanna (1996) "The Roman Satirists and their Masks", London: Bristol Classical Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Courtney, E. (1980) "A Commentary of the Satires of Juvenal", London: Athlone Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edwards, Catherine (1993) "The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gleason, Maud W. (1995) "Making Men: Sophists and Self-Presentation in Ancient Rome", Princeton: Princeton University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gowers, Emily (1993) "The Loaded Table: Representations of Food in Roman Literature", Oxford: Oxford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Green, Peter (1989). "Juvenal Revisited". "Grand Street", Vol. 9, No. 1 (Autumn, 1989), pp. 175-196.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Green, Peter (trans.) (1998): "Juvenal. The Sixteen Satires". London: Penguin Books. (3rd revised edn; first edn published 1967).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Highet, Gilbert (1961) "Juvenal the Satirist", New York: Oxford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juvenal (1992) "The Satires", Trans. Niall Rudd, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juvenal (1992) "Persi et Juvenalis Saturae", ed. W. V. Clausen. London: Oxford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kelk, Christopher (2010), "The Satires of Juvenal: A Verse Translation", Edwin Mellen Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Macleane, Arthur J. (1867). "Decii Junii Juvenalis et A. Persii Flacci Satirae. With a commentary".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Oxford Classical Dictionary" 3rd ed., 1996, New York: Oxford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richlin, Amy (1992) "The Garden of Priapus", New York : Oxford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rudd, Niall (1982) "Themes in Roman Satire", Los Angeles: University of California Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rudd, Niall (tr.) (1991): Juvenal "Juvenal: The Satires, with an Introduction and Notes by William Barr". Oxford.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Syme, Ronald (1939) "The Roman Revolution", Oxford: Oxford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uden, James (2015) "The Invisible Satirist: Juvenal and Second-Century Rome". Oxford: Oxford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stramaglia, Antonio; Grazzini, Stefano; Dimatteo, Giuseppe (2015): "Giovenale tra storia, poesia e ideologia", Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Latin text of The "Satires" of Juvenal at The Latin Library/a

paragraph: BULLET::::- English translations of all 16 satires at the Tertullian Project. Together with a survey of the manuscript transmission.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Juvenal at Perseus Digital Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juvenal's first 3 "Satires" in English

paragraph: BULLET::::- SORGLL: Juvenal, Satire I.1–30, read by Mark Miner

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lessons From Juvenal

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Juvenal and Persius", G. G. Ramsay (ed.), Loeb, London: William Heinemann, New York: G. P. Putnam's sons, 1928.

alias:
Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis
Juvenalis, Decimus Junius

description: ancient Roman poet

enwikiquote_title: Juvenal

wikidata_label: Juvenal

wikipedia_title: Juvenal


text:
football
safety
National Football League
college football
Miami Hurricanes
All-American
New England Patriots
Gainesville, Florida
University of Miami
Coral Gables, Florida
Hurricanes
1982 NFL Draft
Pro Bowl
Super Bowl
Chicago Bears
1986
Pittsburgh
Bubby Brister

categories: American Conference Pro Bowl players,1959 births,Players of American football from Florida,Miami Hurricanes football players,American football safeties,American football cornerbacks,New England Patriots players,Living people,All-American college football players

paragraph: Fred Marion

paragraph: Fred Donald Marion (born January 2, 1959), is an American former professional football player who was a safety in the National Football League (NFL) for ten seasons during the 1980s and 1990s. Marion played college football for the Miami Hurricanes, and was recognized as an All-American. Marion played professionally for the NFL's New England Patriots.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Marion was born in Gainesville, Florida.

paragraph: He attended the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida, where he played for the Hurricanes from 1978 to 1981. As a senior in 1981, he was a consensus first-team All-American.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: The New England Patriots selected Marion in the fifth round (112th pick overall) of the 1982 NFL Draft, and he played for Patriots from to . He was a Pro Bowl selection in 1985 when he intercepted seven passes for 189 return yards, helping the Patriots to their first Super Bowl appearance versus the Chicago Bears.

paragraph: His only career touchdown came in 1986 against Pittsburgh. He intercepted Bubby Brister and ran back a 37-yard score.

description: All-American college football player, professional football player, defensive back, cornerback, safety

wikidata_label: Fred Marion

wikipedia_title: Fred Marion


text: Bengali

text: Kolkata

text: University of Calcutta

text: Sananda

text: Aparna Sen

text: Subodh Sarkar

text: khanA

text: Book Excerptise

text: Book Excerptise

text: excerpts

categories: Educators from West Bengal,People from Nadia district,21st-century Bengali poets,20th-century Indian social scientists,2011 deaths,20th-century Indian educational theorists,Writers from Kolkata,Indian feminists,Indian feminist writers,21st-century Indian women writers,Women scientists from West Bengal,1960 births,Indian sociologists,Scientists from West Bengal,University of Calcutta faculty,Poets from West Bengal,Indian women poets,20th-century Indian poets,20th-century Indian women writers,20th-century Bengali poets,21st-century Indian poets,Women educators from West Bengal,Bengali writers,Women writers from Uttar Pradesh,Indian women educational theorists,Bengali female poets,21st-century Indian social scientists

paragraph: Mallika Sengupta

paragraph: Mallika Sengupta (, 1960–2011) was a Bengali poet, feminist, and reader of Sociology from Kolkata, known for her "unapologetically political poetry".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Sengupta was the head of the Department of Sociology in Maharani Kasiswari College, an undergraduate college affiliated with the University of Calcutta in Kolkata, Sengupta was much better known for her literary activity. The author of more than 20 books including 14 volumes of poetry and two novels, she was widely translated and was a frequent invitee at international literary festivals.

paragraph: For twelve years in the 90s she was the poetry editor of Sananda, the largest circulated Bengali fortnightly (edited by Aparna Sen). Along with her husband, the noted poet Subodh Sarkar, she was the founder-editor of "Bhashanagar", a culture magazine in Bengali.

paragraph: English translations of her work have appeared in various Indian and American anthologies. In addition to teaching, editing and writing, she was actively involved with the cause of gender justice and other social issues.

paragraph: A victim of breast cancer, she was under treatment since October 2005 and died on 28 May 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Activism and literary themes.

paragraph: Sengupta was also active in a number of protest and gender activism groups.

paragraph: Her fiery, combative tone is noticeable in many poems, e.g. "While teaching my son history":

paragraph: often dealing with women's marginalised role in history:

paragraph: Particularly evocative is her feminist rendition of the legend of khanA, a

paragraph: medieval female poet whose tongue was allegedly cut off by her jealous

paragraph: husband:

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Junior Fellowship for Literature from the Dept. of Culture, Govt. of India (1997–99)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sukanto Puroskar from the Govt. of W.B.(1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bangla Academy award from the Govt. of W.B.(2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Has been invited to poetry readings, conferences and seminars in Sweden (1987), Australia (1994), USA (2002 & 2006), Czech Republic (2009) and Bangladesh (1998 & 2002) as part of Indian writer's delegation.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Poetry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Challish Chander Ayu, Virus publication, 1983

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ami Sindhur Meye, Prativas publication, Kolkata, 1988

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haghare O Debdasi, Prativas publication, Kolkata, 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ardhek Prithivi, Ananda Publishers, Kolkata, 1993,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meyeder Aa Aaa Ka Kha, Prativas publication, Kolkata, 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kathamanabi, Ananda Publishers, Kolkata, 1999,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deoyalir Rat, Patralekha, Kolkata, 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amra Lasya Amra Ladai, Sristi Prakashani, Kolkata, 2001 Book Excerptise (2 translations)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Purushke Lekha Chithi, Ananda Publishers, Kolkata, 2003, Book Excerptise (1 poem online)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chheleke History Parate Giye, Ananda Publishers, Kolkata, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shrestha Kabita, Kolkata, Dey's Publication, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aamake Sariye Dao Valobasa, Ananda Publishers, Kolkata, 2006,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Purusher Janyo Eksho Kabita, Deep Prakashan, Kolkata, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- O Janemon Jibananada, Banolata Sen Likhchhi, Kolkata, Ananda Pub. 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brishtimichhil Barudmichhil, Kolkata, Ananda Pub. 2010

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Poetry in English translation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carriers of Fire, Bhashanagar, Kolkata, 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kathamanabi,her voice and Other Poems, Bhashanagar, kolkata, 2005

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seetayan, Ananda Publishers, Kolkata, 1995,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sleelatahanir Pare, Ananda Publishers, Kolkata, 1996,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kabir Bouthan, Ananda Publishers,Kolkata, 2011,

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Books on sociology of gender.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strilinga Nirmana, Ananda Publishers, Kolkata, 1994,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Purush Noi Purushtantra, Vikash Grantha Bhavan, Kolkata, 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibahabichchhinnar Akhyan, Banglar Samaj O Sahitye, Kolkata, Papyrus, 2007

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Translation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Akaler Madhye Saras, translation from Kedarnath Singh's Hindi poems, Sahitya Akademi, Kolkata, 1998

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Bengali poetry anthology.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dui Banglar Meyeder Shreshtha kabita, Upasana, Kolkata, 2003

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mallika Sengupta and the Poetry of Feminist Conviction. (4 bilingual poems)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The unsevered tongue: modern poetry by Bengali women, tr. amitabha mukerjee. Nandimukh samsad, kolkata, 2005. (4 poems with translations, excerpts)

description: Bengali poet, feminist, activist and reader of Sociology

wikidata_label: Mallika Sengupta

wikipedia_title: Mallika Sengupta


text:
Bosporan Kingdom
Persian
Greek Macedonian ancestry
Mithridates VI of Pontus
Queen Laodice
Kingdom of Pontus
Pharnaces I of Pontus
Third Mithridatic War
Kingdom of Bithynia
Roman Province
Bithynia and Pontus
Pompey
Scythia
Danube
Thrace
Macedonia
Greece
Phanagoria
Panticapaeum
Aristarchus
Colchians
Phanagoria
Caesar's Civil War
Julius Caesar
Roman senate
Pompey
Greece
Egypt
Alexandria
Anatolia
Cassius Dio
Colchis
Deiotarus
Galatia
Lesser Armenia
Cappadocia
Bithynia and Pontus
Kingdom of Pontus
Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus
Roman legion
Roman province of Asia
Ariobarzanes III
Cappadocia
Nicopolis
Pontus
Amisus
Bithynia
Asia
Asander
Plutarch
Amisus
Sinope
Comana
cohorts
Ptolemy XIII
Ariobarzanes II of Cappadocia
Galatia
Third Mithridatic War
Asander
Panticapaeum
Mithridates I of the Bosporus
Apollo
Sarmatian
Darius
Dynamis
Arsaces
Mark Antony
Antonio Vivaldi
Farnace
Josef Mysliveček
Farnace
Mitridate
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Bosporan Kingdom
Roman Crimea

categories: Ancient Persian people,1st-century BC rulers in Asia,Rulers of Pontus,Rulers of the Bosporan Kingdom,47 BC deaths,Iranian people of Greek descent,1st-century BC Iranian people

paragraph: Pharnaces II of Pontus

paragraph: Pharnaces II of Pontus, also known as Pharnaces II (; about 97–47 BC) was the king of the Bosporan Kingdom until his death. He was a monarch of Persian and Greek Macedonian ancestry. He was the youngest child born to King Mithridates VI of Pontus from his first wife, his sister Queen Laodice. He was born and raised in the Kingdom of Pontus and was the namesake of his late double great grandfather Pharnaces I of Pontus. Although ancient historians referred to him as Pharnaces of Pontus, he did not actually rule the Kingdom of Pontus. After his father was defeated by the Romans in the Third Mithridatic War (73–63 BC) and died in 63 BC, the Romans annexed Pontus, merged it with the former Kingdom of Bithynia and formed the Roman Province of Bithynia and Pontus.

paragraph: Section::::Rebellion against his father.

paragraph: Pharnaces II was raised as his father's successor and treated with distinction. However, we know little of his youth from ancient writers and find him first mentioned after Mithridates VI was defeated by the Roman general Pompey during the Third Mithridatic War. Cassius Dio and Florus wrote that Mithridates planned to attack Italy by crossing Scythia and the River Danube, according to the former, or through Thrace, Macedonia and Greece, according to the latter. Appian also wrote about a planned invasion of Italy, but did not mention any routes. The scale of the expedition put many of his soldiers off. Castor of Phanagoria and his city rebelled. Many of the castles he had occupied on the eastern shores of the Black sea also rebelled. This was followed by a rebellion by Pharnaces.

paragraph: Appian wrote that Pharnaces conspired against his father. The conspirators were captured and tortured. However, Mithridates was persuaded to spare Pharnaces. The latter feared his father's anger and knew that Mithridates’ soldiers were not keen on the expedition. He went to Roman deserters who were encamped near Mithridates to highlight the dangers of the expedition and to encourage them to desert his father. He sent other people to do the same in other camps. In the morning there was an uprising. Mithridates fled and Pharnaces was proclaimed king by the troops. Mithridates sent messengers to ask his son for permission to withdraw safely. When they did not return, he tried to poison himself. However, it did not have an effect on him because he was used to taking small portions of poison as a protection against poisoners. Thus, he got an officer to kill him. Pharnaces sent his body to Pompey together with emissary who offered submission and hostages. Pharnaces asked to be allowed to rule his father's kingdom or the Cimmerian Bosporus. Pompey named him a friend and ally of the Romans. He gave him the Cimmerian Bosporus except for Phanagoria, which was to be independent as a reward for having been the first to rebel against Mithridates.

paragraph: Cassius Dio also gave an account of the rebellion of Pharnaces. He wrote that as Mithridates' position became weaker, some of his associates became disaffected and some of the soldiers mutinied. Mithridates suppressed this before it caused troubles and punished some people,including some of his sons, just of the basis of suspicions. Pharnaces was afraid of his father and plotted against him. He also hoped to receive his kingdom from the Romans if he defected. Mithridates sent some guards to arrest him, but he won them over. He then marched against his father who was in Panticapaeum. Mithridates sent some soldiers ahead to confront him, but these were also won over. Panticapaeum surrendered to Pharnaces and he had his father put to death. Mithridates took some poison, but this did not kill him as he was used to take large doses of poison as an antidote. He was weakened and did not manage to take his life. He died fighting some men who had reached him. Pharnaces had his body embalmed and sent it to Pompey as proof that he had killed him. He also offered him his surrender. Pompey granted Pharnaces the kingdom of Bosporus and ‘enrolled him as a friend and ally’ of Rome.

paragraph: In contrast with Appian and Cassius Dio, Festus wrote that "Pompey imposed a king, Aristarchus, on the [Cimmerian] Bosphorians and Colchians."

paragraph: Appian wrote that Pharnaces besieged Phanagoria and the towns neighboring the Bosporus. Short of food, the Phanagoreans had to come out and fight. They were defeated. Pharnaces did not harm them. He made friends with them, took hostages, and left. According to Appian, this was not long before he made his attacks in Anatolia.

paragraph: Section::::Invasions in Anatolia and defeat of Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus.

paragraph: In 49 BC, a civil war (Caesar's Civil War) broke out between Gaius Julius Caesar and the Roman senate whose forces were led by Pompey. Caesar defeated Pompey in Greece in 47 BC, went to Egypt and was besieged in Alexandria of Egypt. Pharnaces took advantage of this to invade part of Anatolia.

paragraph: Cassius Dio wrote that Pharnaces seized Colchis easily. He took advantage of the absence of Deiotarus, the king of Galatia and Lesser Armenia, to seize Lesser Armenia, part of Cappadocia, and some cities in the Roman province of Bithynia and Pontus which had formerly been part of the Kingdom of Pontus and had been assigned to the Bithynia district of that province. Caesar, who still had trouble in Egypt, sent Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus to take charge of the Roman legions in Roman province of Asia. Domitius added the forces of Deiotarus and Ariobarzanes III, the king of Cappadocia, to his forces. He advanced towards Pharnaces, who had seized Nicopolis, a city in Lesser Armenia. Pharnaces sent envoys to negotiate an armistice. Domitius rejected this, attacked, was defeated and withdrew back to Asia. Pharnaces then conquered the rest of Pontus. He seized city of Amisus in Pontus, plundered it and killed all its men of military age. He next advanced towards Bithynia and the Roman province of Asia, but stopped because he learnt that Asander, whom he had left in charge back home in the Cimmerian Bosporus had revolted.

paragraph: Plutarch wrote that Pharnaces defeated Domitius, who withdrew from Pontus. He then occupied Bithynia and Cappadocia. After that he set his eyes on Lesser Armenia. He incited the princes and tetrarchs of that territory to revolt. In his book on the Civil Wars, Appian only mentioned that Pharnaces seized the city of Amisus in Pontus, sold its inhabitants into slavery and made the boys eunuchs. However, in his book on the Mithridatic Wars, he wrote that Pharnaces seized Sinope in Pontus and wanted to also take Amisus (further east in Pontus) and that it was for this reason that he made war on Domitius. However, the rebellion of Asander drew him away from Roman Asia. Florus only mentioned Cappadocia and wrote that Pharnaces relied on Roman internal feuds rather that his valour to invade it.

paragraph: Cicero wrote that Deiotarus also supported Domitius financially and sent him money to Ephesus. He sent him money a third time by auctioning some of his property to raise it.

paragraph: The Alexandrine War gives more details about the interactions between Domitius and Pharnaces. King Deiotarus went to see to Calvinus to beg him not to allow Lesser Armenia or Cappadocia, to be overrun by Pharnaces, otherwise he could not pay the money he had promised to Caesar. Domitius considered this money to be indispensable for the military expenses and felt that it would be shameful if the kingdoms of the Roman allies and friends were to be seized by Pharnaces. Thus, he sent envoys to Pharnaces to ask him to withdraw from Armenia and Cappadocia, believing that this would have greater impact than advancing on him with an army. He had sent two legions to Caesar for his war in Alexandria. He had at his disposal only one Roman legion, the 36th, and two legions provided by Deiotarus which were equipped and trained the Roman way. He had 1000 cavalry and received the same number of cavalry from Ariobarzanes II. A lieutenant was sent to Cilicia to gather auxiliary troops. A legion was also raised hastily and in an improvised manner in Pontus. These forces assembled at Comana on Pontus.

paragraph: Pharnaces sent a reply in which he said that he had withdrawn from Cappadocia but had recovered Lesser Armenia which was his inheritance from his father and that, regarding this, he would wait for Caesar's reply and comply with what he decided. Domitius thought that he had withdrawn from Cappadocia out of necessity rather than his free will because he heard about the two legions sent to Caesar and thought that if they advanced towards Armenia, he could defend it better if he stayed in Lesser Armenia. Domitius insisted that Pharnaces should withdraw from Lesser Armenia, too, and marched towards Armenia through a wooded ridge which formed the border between Cappadocia and Armenia and extended into Lesser Armenia. This was higher ground in which he could not be attacked. He could also get supplies from Cappadocia from here. Pharnaces sent several embassies for peace talks, which were rejected. Domitius encamped near Nicopolis in Lesser Armenia. There was a narrow defile nearby. Pharnaces set up an ambush with selected infantrymen and all his cavalry. He got the local farmers to graze their cattle at various points in the gorge so that Domitius would not suspect an ambush and to encourage his troops to scatter to plunder the cattle. He also kept sending envoys for further deceit. However, this resulted in Domitius staying in his camp. Pharnaces was worried that his ambush might be discovered and recalled his troops to camp.

paragraph: Domitius set off for Nicopolis and encamped by the town. Pharnaces lined up for battle, but Domitius did not take this up and completed the fortification of his camp. Pharnaces intercepted dispatches from Caesar to Domitius and learnt that the latter was still in difficulty in Alexandria and was asking Domitius to send him reinforcements and to advance closer to Alexandria via Syria. Pharnaces thought that Domitius was about to withdraw. He dug two trenches on the path which would be easier to do battle. He placed his infantry between the trenches and the cavalry, which far outnumbered the Roman cavalry, on the flanks, outside the trenches. Domitius thought that it would not be safe to withdraw. He lined up for battle near his camp, posting the legions of Deioratus in the centre, the 36th on the right and the one from Pontus in a narrow line supported by the remaining cohorts.

paragraph: In the battle the 36th attacked the enemy cavalry successfully and advanced close to the city walls, crossed the trench and attacked the enemy rear. The Pontic legion tried to go cross the trench to attack the enemy's exposed flank. However, while crossing, it was pinned down and overwhelmed. The legions of Deiotarus hardly offered any resistance. Pharnaces, having won in the centre and the right turned on the 36th and surrounded it. This legion formed a circle and, while fighting, it withdrew to a hill, losing only 250 men. Domitius retreated to Asia via Cappadocia. Pharnaces occupied Pontus, took many towns by storm, plundered the property of Roman and Pontic citizens and meted out harsh punishments on the youth. He boasted that he had recovered the kingdom of his father and thought that Caesar would be defeated in Alexandria.

paragraph: Section::::Defeat by Gaius Julius Caesar.

paragraph: Cassius Dio wrote that after escaping the siege of Alexandria and defeating Ptolemy XIII of Egypt, Caesar rushed to Armenia. Pharnaces, who was heading north to deal with the rebellion of Asander, turned back to meet Caesar. He was worried about the speed with which he was advancing. He sent envoys to Caesar to see if he could make terms with him, reminding him that he had cooperated with Pompey. He hoped for a truce and that Caesar would proceed to deal with urgent matters in Italy and Africa, after which he could resume his war. Caesar suspected this and treated two embassies well, so that Pharnaces would hope for peace and he could attack him by surprise. However, he reproached Pharnaces when a third embassy arrived. On the same day he engaged in battle. There was confusion caused by the cavalry and scythe-bearing chariots of the enemy, but then Caesar won.

paragraph: According to Plutarch, Caesar learned about the defeat of Domitius by Pharnaces and that Pharnaces was taking advantage of this to occupy Bithynia and Cappadocia and hoped to gain Lesser Armenia by instigating revolts by the local princes and tetrarchs when he left Egypt and was crossing Asia. Caesar advanced against him with three legions. He defeated Pharnaces in the Battle of Zela, annihilated his army and drove him out of Pontus. Suetonius wrote that Caesar proceeded via Syria and defeated Pharnaces “in a single battle within five days after his arrival and four hours after getting sight of him.” Frontinus wrote that Caesar drew up his battle line on a hill. This made victory easy as his men could throw darts at the enemy and put them to flight quickly. Appian wrote that when Caesar was within 200 stades (c. 3 km, 1.9 miles), Pharnaces sent envoys to negotiate peace. They brought a golden crown and offered him Pharnaces’ daughter in marriage. Caesar walked in front of his army and talked to the envoys until he reached the camp of Pharnaces. He then said, "Why should I not take instant vengeance on this parricide?" He jumped on his horse and started the battle, killing many of the enemy, even though he had only 100 cavalry.

paragraph: Plutarch and Appian wrote that Caesar wrote the word ‘veni, vidi vici’. These are usually translated as ‘I came, I saw, I conquered’. However, this is not what Caesar actually said. These words mean ‘I came, I saw, I won’. Plutarch said that Caesar wrote these words to announce “the swiftness and fierceness of this battle to one of his friends at Rome, Amantius” Florus remarked that Caesar crushed Pharnaces “like a thunderbolt which in one and the same moment has come, has struck and has departed. Caesar's boast was no vain one when he said that the enemy was defeated before he was seen.” Appian wrote that Caesar “exclaimed, "O fortunate Pompey, who was considered and named the Great for warring against such men as these in the time of Mithridates, the father of this man." Suetonius wrote that after this victory Caesar often remarked “on Pompey's good luck in gaining his principal fame as a general by victories over such feeble foemen.”

paragraph: The Alexandrine War gave more details about these events. Caesar sailed to Syria. There he received news of political trouble in Rome. His presence in Rome was urgent. Caesar wanted to quickly sort out affairs in Syria, Cilicia and Asia and deal with Pharnaces first. He visited the more important states in Syria to settle local disputes. He then sailed to Cilicia and summoned all the states of the province and settled local affairs. In Cappadocia he prevented disputes between Ariobarzanes II of Cappadocia and his brother Ariarathes by giving the latter part of Lesser Armenia as a vassal of the former. In Galatia, close to the border with Pontus, he ordered Deiotarus to provide a Galatian legion. This was a modest and inexperienced force. Besides this legion Caesar had the veteran 6th legion he had brought from Alexandria, which had lost many men in previous combats and was reduced to 1,000 men, and two legions which had fought with Domitius.

paragraph: Caesar received envoys from Pharnaces who asked him not to start hostilities and said that Pharnaces would obey his instructions. Caesar replied that he would be fair if Pharnaces kept his promise and ordered him to withdraw from Pontus and make restitutions to Rome's allies and Roman citizens. He would accept his gifts (Pharnaces had sent him a golden crown) only after he had done what he was asked. Pharnaces promised to comply and, hoping that Caesar would trust him as he had to return to Rome in a hurry, he asked for a later date for his withdrawal and proposed agreements as a delaying tactic. Caesar understood this and decided to act swiftly and catch him by surprise.

paragraph: Pharnaces was encamped near Zela, in Pontus, which was in a plain. Around the town there many hills and valleys. A very high hill, three miles from the town, was linked to it by paths on higher ground. Pharnaces had repaired the rampant of the camp his father had built when he posted his forces there during the Third Mithridatic War. Caesar encamped five miles away. He ordered his men to collect material for a rampant. The following night he left his camp with all his troops and occupied a spot nearer the enemy camp which was the place where Pharnaces’ father defeated a Roman army. This caught the enemy by surprise. Caesar got slaves to bring the material for the rampant, which the soldiers begun to build.

paragraph: Pharnaces lined up all his forces in front of Caesar's camp, on the opposite side of the valley. In order not to delay the construction work, Caesar drew up only his first line in front of it. Pharnaces begun to march down the steep ravine which was unsuitable for military action. He then placed his force in battle array and climbed the steep hillside. His foolhardiness was unexpected and caught Caesar unprepared. He recalled his men from their work and formed a battle line. They panicked because they were not in regular formation. Pharnaces' scythed chariots threw the men into confusion. However, the chariots were quickly overwhelmed by a mass of missiles. Then the enemy infantry engaged, and heavy fighting started. The 6th legion on the right wing pushed the enemy back down the slope. So did, but more slowly, the left wing and the centre. The uneven ground made this easier. Many of the enemy were trampled over by falling comrades and many were killed. The Romans seized the enemy camp and the entire force was killed or captured. Pharnaces escaped. This victory filled Caesar 'with incredible delight' because he brought a very serious war to and end quickly, won an easy victory and resolved a very difficult situation.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: After his defeat, Pharnaces fled to Sinope with 1,000 cavalry. Caesar, who was too busy to follow him, sent Domitius after him. Pharnaces surrendered Sinope. Domitius agreed to let him leave with his cavalrymen, but killed his horses. Pharnaces sailed to the Cimmerian Bosporus, intending to recover it from Asander. He collected a force of Scythians and Sarmatians, and captured Theodosia and Panticapaeum. In response, Asander attacked and defeated Pharnaces. He was defeated because he was short of horses and his men were not used to fighting on foot. Pharnaces was killed in this battle. Strabo wrote that Asander then took possession of the Bosporus. In response, Julius Caesar gave a tetrarchy in Galatia and the title of king to Mithridates of Pergamon. This Mithridates became Mithridates I of the Bosporus. Caesar also allowed him to wage war against Asander and conquer the Cimmerian Bosporus because he had shown cruelty to his friend Pharnaces.

paragraph: Pharnaces II was fifty years old at his death and had been the king of the Cimmerian Bosporus fifteen years.

paragraph: Section::::Coinage.

paragraph: Gold and silver coins have survived from his reign dating from 55 BC to 50 BC. An example displays a portrait of Pharnaces II on the obverse. On the reverse, it displays Apollo semi-draped, seated on a lion-footed throne, holding a laurel branch over a tripod. Apollo's left elbow is resting on a cithara at his side. On top and between Apollo is inscribed his royal title in Greek: "ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΦΑΡΝΑΚΟΥ", which means "of King of Kings Pharnaces the Great".

paragraph: Section::::Marriage, issue and succession.

paragraph: In the early 1st century BC Mithridates VI made an alliance with the Sarmatian tribes, and, probably through this alliance, Pharnaces (possibly sometime after 77 BC) married an unnamed Sarmatian noblewoman. She may have been a princess, a relative of a ruling Sarmatian monarch or an influential aristocrat of some stature. His Sarmatian wife bore Pharnaces a son, Darius, a daughter, Dynamis, and a son, Arsaces. The names that Pharnaces II gave his children are a representation of his Persian and Greek heritage and ancestry. His sons were made Pontic kings for a time after his death, by Roman triumvir Mark Antony. His daughter and her family succeeded him as ruling monarchs of the Bosporan Kingdom. Pharnaces II through his daughter would have further descendants ruling the Bosporan Kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Pharnaces II in opera.

paragraph: The 18th-century librettist Antonio Maria Lucchini crafted a libretto based on incidents from the life of Pharnaces II that was originally set by Antonio Vivaldi in 1727 under the title Farnace. Based on the number of revivals of it that were staged, it must be counted as one of Vivaldi's most successful operas. A few later composers also set Lucchini's libretto, among them Josef Mysliveček, with Farnace of 1767. Pharnaces II also appears in Mitridate by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bosporan Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Crimea

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Primary sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appian, The Civil Wars, Penguin Classics, new edition, 1996;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appian, The Foreign Wars, The Mithridatic Wars, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cassius Dio, Roman History, vol. 4, Books 41-45 (Loeb Classical Library), Loeb, 1989;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julius Caesar, The Civil War: Together with the Alexandrian War, the African War, and the Spanish War, Penguin Classics, new impression edition, 1976;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mayor, A., The Poison King: the life and legend of Mithradates, Rome's deadliest enemy, Princeton University Press, 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secondary sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gabelko. O.L., The Dynastic History of the Hellenistic Monarchies of Asia Minor According to Chronography of George Synkellos in Højte, J.M, (ed.), Mithridates VI and the Pontic Kingdom, Black Sea Studies, Vol. 9, Aarhus University Press;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, W (ed.) Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities: Pharnaces II, 1870

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livius.org, Articles on Ancient History: Sarmatians

wikidata_label: Pharnaces II of Pontus

wikipedia_title: Pharnaces II of Pontus


text:
Kent
Wihtred
Eadberht I
Alric
Eardwulf
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Eadberht II
Mercia
List of monarchs of Kent
Chronology of Kentish Kings

paragraph: Æthelbert II of Kent

paragraph: Æthelbert II (; 725–762) was king of Kent. Upon the death of his father Wihtred, the kingdom was ruled by his three sons, Æthelbert II, Eadberht I and Alric. Æthelbert seems to have outlived both of his brothers and later reigned jointly with his nephew Eardwulf. He died in 762, according to the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" (recorded under 760 due to chronological dislocation). He seems to have left a son, Eadberht II.

paragraph: He issued a charter before his accession, dated 11 July 724, that was witnessed by his father. As king he issued further charters, confirmed a charter of his brother Eadberht I, and witnessed a charter of his nephew Eardwulf.

paragraph: During the latter half of Æthelberht II's rule, Kent was under the overlordship of Mercia, but Æthelberht II maintained his position as king.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of monarchs of Kent

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chronology of Kentish Kings

alias:
Aethelbert II of Kent
Ethelbert II of Kent
Æðelberht II of Kent
AEthelbert II of Kent
AEdelberht II of Kent
Ethelbert II

description: King of Kent

wikidata_label: Æthelbert II

wikipedia_title: Æthelbert II of Kent


text:
Principality of Antioch
crusader state
Count of Tripoli
Bohemund IV of Antioch
Plaisance of Gibelet
Knights Hospitaller
Kingdom of Armenia
Knights Templar
Louis IX of France
queen dowager
Alice of Champagne
Luciana di Segni
Pope Innocent III
Plaisance of Antioch
Henry I of Cyprus
Bohemond VI of Antioch
Dowager Princess
Tripoli
Louis IX of France
Innocent IV
Opizzo Fieschi
Innocent IV
Latin Patriarch of Antioch

categories: House of Poitiers,1199 births,Roman Catholic monarchs,Counts of Tripoli,Princes of Antioch,1252 deaths,13th-century Princes of Antioch

paragraph: Bohemond V of Antioch

paragraph: Bohemond V of Antioch (1199 − January 17, 1252) was ruler of the Principality of Antioch, a crusader state, from 1233 to his death. He was simultaneously Count of Tripoli.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Bohemond V was the son of Bohemund IV of Antioch and Plaisance of Gibelet. Like his father before him, Bohemond had a notorious dislike for the Knights Hospitaller and the neighbouring Kingdom of Armenia, preferring an alliance with the Knights Templar. Peace with Armenia was assured only shortly before his death, with the mediation of Louis IX of France.

paragraph: In 1225, Bohemond was married to Cypriote queen dowager Alice of Champagne. Their childless marriage ended in annulment after July 5, 1227. His second marriage was in 1235 to Luciana di Segni, a great-niece of Pope Innocent III. He had two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plaisance of Antioch, a daughter who became the third wife of King Henry I of Cyprus in 1251

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bohemond VI of Antioch

paragraph: Bohemond V died in January 1252. Since his son and successor was only 15 at the time, he succeeded under the regency of the Dowager Princess, Luciana. However, Luciana never left Tripoli, and instead handed over the government of the principality to her Roman relatives. This made her unpopular, so the young Bohemond VI gained the approval of King Louis IX of France, who was on Crusade at the time, to get permission from Pope Innocent IV to come of age a few months early.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Opizzo Fieschi, nephew of Innocent IV and Latin Patriarch of Antioch during Bohemond's reign

description: Prince of Antioch

wikidata_label: Bohemond V of Antioch

wikipedia_title: Bohemond V of Antioch