text: Odawa (Ottawa)

text: Michigan

text: Harbor Springs

text: Rome, Italy

text: Roman Catholic

text: Father Baden

text: Protestantism

text: interpreter

text: blacksmith

text: Twinsburg

text: Summit County, Ohio

text: Eastern Michigan University

text: Ypsilanti, Michigan

text: Samuel Bissell

text: Harbor Springs, Michigan

text: postmaster

text: Ypsilanti, Michigan

text: Ojibwa

text: Native American

text: grammar

text: Harbor Springs, Michigan

text: National Register of Historic Places

text: Information about Andrew J. Blackbird

text: Book sources

text: Design proposal for museum's exhibits

categories: 1810s births,1908 deaths,People from Harbor Springs, Michigan,Odawa people,Native American writers,Eastern Michigan University alumni,Year of birth uncertain,Native American leaders,Historians of Native Americans,American blacksmiths,Writers from Michigan

paragraph: Andrew Blackbird

paragraph: Andrew Jackson Blackbird (c. 1814 – 17 September 1908) was an Odawa (Ottawa) tribe leader and historian. He was author of the 1887 book, "History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Blackbird was born in the L'Arbre Croche area of Michigan (now Harbor Springs) around 1815. At least one account, though, places this date as late as 1821. His father was an Ottawa chief named Mack-e-te-be-nessy ("Makade-binesi", "black hawk"). The name was mistranslated first by the French and from French to English as "Blackbird", which became the family's English name. Makade-binesi was chief of the Arbor Croche or Middle Village band. Makade-binesi was stranded on a small island by white traders he was helping, and was left to die. Although his father survived, this cruelty left a strong impression on Andrew. The death of his brother, William, in Rome, Italy on June 25, 1833, under suspicious circumstances as he was completing his studies for the Roman Catholic priesthood, left an indelible impression on Andrew and perhaps was the source of his intense antipathy for that religion from then on.

paragraph: Blackbird frequently bemoaned his limited formal education. Because his father was a chief, Blackbird was solidly educated in traditional Ottawa culture and practices.

paragraph: Blackbird was baptized a Roman Catholic by a priest called Father Baden in 1825, but later converted to Protestantism. He served as interpreter at the Protestant mission in L'Arbre Croche. Even though he was a Christian, he knew the traditional Ottawa religious beliefs well.

paragraph: Blackbird was trained as a blacksmith at mission schools in the L'Arbre Croche area. He studied for four years at Twinsburg Institute in Twinsburg in Summit County, Ohio, but left without graduating. In 1850 his elderly father's health worsened. This forced Blackbird to leave school and return home to assist the old chief. Later he attended Eastern Michigan University (then called Michigan State Normal School) in Ypsilanti, Michigan, for two years, but again did not graduate. In June 1858 Blackbird wrote his Twinsburg Institute mentor Rev. Samuel Bissell: "...I continue to attend the State Normal School at Ypsilanti, but am getting somewhat discouraged as to ever being perfect in the knowledge of English Language. I have begun rather too late of attending those things. I shall always speak__indistinctly__ungrammatically__for being so deeply rooted or stained with my own language...I have begun a grammar in the Indian tongue__intended to write it upon the same plan in which our first books in Latin and Greek are written...And this I thought would be about as good that I can do for them, since I cannot personally do good among them, so at least, they can have my writings if not prohibited by their Priests...The last I heard of my father were still living but very old and feeble...Our school is let out on the 25th of July__and vacation will last 10 or 11 weeks. I should like to have gone to visit my people but I am considerable in debt, therefore I will have to work out somewheres here during the time, in order to pay up my debts."

paragraph: Section::::Rise to recognition.

paragraph: Blackbird was loyal to the United States during various uprisings. In 1858 Blackbird married Elizabeth Margaret Fish, a white woman of English descent. As a result, he was viewed favorably by the United States.

paragraph: By the 1850s, Blackbird had become a counselor for both sides between the United States government and the Ottawa and Ojibwa peoples. Blackbird helped veterans of the United States who were Native Americans receive their pensions. He also assisted in settling land claims. During this time, Blackbird strongly advocated that citizenship be granted to the Ottawa and other Native Americans.

paragraph: When the "Treaty With The Ottawa and Chippewa" was signed on July 31, 1855, Blackbird served as an interpreter, translator and official witness ().

paragraph: In 1858, Blackbird bought a house in Harbor Springs, Michigan, and settled there permanently. At the time, Harbor Springs was still primarily populated by Ottawas. Blackbird became the town's postmaster.

paragraph: Section::::"History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan".

paragraph: In 1887, Blackbird published his "History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan". The work was published in Ypsilanti, Michigan, by the Ypsilantian Job Printing House. The book was among the first authoritative accounts of the Ottawa and Ojibwa (Chippewa) peoples ever published.

paragraph: The book covers not only historical facts, but day-to-day details of how the Ottawa and Ojibwa hunted, fished and trapped before the coming of the whites. Blackbird explains many of the traditional beliefs and cultural practices of the two tribes. Because the author was himself a Native American, the book is free of the bias commonly found in books by white authors of the period.

paragraph: Finally, the book includes a basic grammar of the Ottawa and Ojibwa languages.

paragraph: Section::::Views on White-Indian Relations.

paragraph: In a 1900 publication, Blackbird said:

paragraph: "But I have heard white people say that the Indians might just as well die, for nothing can be done with them, as they will always be wild and savage and cruel. They might as well all die or be killed, every one of them, from the face of the earth, for a dead Indian is better than a live Indian. These frightful statements are heard all over the United States and every Caucasian child and every Indian child that is able to understand, knows this dreadful feeling toward us. These statements are translated and republished in foreign countries so every foreigner coming to America comes with a prejudice and a persecuting spirit toward the aborigines of America. Therefore there is no peace nor shelter for the Indians, from injustice. They are exposed to hate, to be shot at, and to be robbed in every way and manner, of their little possessions of lands which the government has allotted to them in treaties. They are cheated by the crooked works of the law."

paragraph: Section::::Andrew J. Blackbird House.

paragraph: The Andrew J. Blackbird House in Harbor Springs, Michigan, is a museum of American Indian artifacts presented in the house in which Blackbird lived from 1858 until his death in 1908. There is a Michigan State Historical Marker at the site and the house itself is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blackbird, Andrew Jackson (1887). "History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan" Ypsilanti, MI: The Ypsilantian Job Printing House.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cappel, Constance (2007). "The Smallpox Genocide of the Odawa Tribe at L'Arbre Croche, 1763: The History of a Native American People". Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cappel, Constance (ed.) (2006). "Odawa Language and Legends: Andrew J. Blackbird and Raymond Kiogima". Philadelphia, PA: Xlibris.

paragraph: BULLET::::- MS116, Samuel Bissell (1797–1895), Western Reserve Historical Society, 10825 East Boulevard, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 (216)721-5722

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blackbird, Andrew Jackson (1900). "The Indian Problem, from the Indian's Standpoint". Publisher not clearly stated, possibly the National Indian Association, Philadelphia, PA. Available online through Google Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karamanski, Theodore J. (2012). "Blackbird's Song: Andrew J. Blackbird and the Odawa People" East Lansing, MI, Michigan State University Press

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "AndrewBlackbird.com", Andrew BlackBird, Chief Mack-a-tee-be-nessy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Andrew J. Blackbird House", Michigan State Historical Marker

paragraph: BULLET::::- Information about Andrew J. Blackbird

paragraph: BULLET::::- Book sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- Review of book written by Andrew J. Blackbird

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online Highway listing for Andrew J. Blackbird Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Design proposal for museum's exhibits

paragraph: BULLET::::- Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians -

paragraph: BULLET::::- Visit Harbor Springs - The Andrew J. Blackbird Museum. Note: This museum is operated and owned by City of Harbor Springs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Google Books online edition of "The Indian Problem, from the Indian's Standpoint", by Andrew J. Blackbird, 1900.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Google Books online versions (including facsimile download) of "History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan", by Andrew J. Blackbird, 1887.

description: American tribe leader, historian and writer

wikidata_label: Andrew Blackbird

wikipedia_title: Andrew Blackbird


text:
Academic art
Jean-Léon Gérôme
World Fair of 1889
légion d’Honneur
Moulin de la Galette

wikipedia_title:
Academic art
Jean-Léon Gérôme
Exposition Universelle (1889)
Legion of Honour
Moulin de la Galette

categories: People from Bordeaux,19th-century French painters,French male painters,1858 births,1929 deaths,Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur,20th-century French painters

paragraph: Paul François Quinsac

paragraph: Paul François Quinsac was born in Bordeaux on 2 March 1858.

paragraph: Quinsac was a painter of the French School known as Academic art, a specialist in mythological and allegorical subjects, figures and landscapes. He studied with Jean-Léon Gérôme and later he became professor at the School of Fine Arts of Bordeaux ().

paragraph: From 1880 he exhibited regularly to the Hall of the French Artists of which he became a member in 1887. He received an honourable mention during the exhibition of 1884, a medal of third class to the World Fair of 1889, as well as a travel grant. He was named Chevalier de la légion d’Honneur in 1903. He died in Bordeaux in May 1929, aged 71.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quinsac's painting "Moulin de la Galette"

description: French painter

wikidata_label: Paul François Quinsac

wikipedia_title: Paul François Quinsac


text:
House of Commons
Sir Peter Temple, 2nd Baronet
Stowe
Gray's Inn
Emmanuel College, Cambridge
baronetcy
Member of Parliament
Warwickshire
First Protectorate Parliament
Buckingham
Third Protectorate Parliament
Convention Parliament
Knight of the Bath
Cavalier Parliament
Woodcote
South Stoke, Oxfordshire
Sir Richard Temple, 4th Baronet
Viscount Cobham
Richard West
Hester
Richard Grenville
Sir Thomas Lyttelton, 4th Baronet
Sir Richard Temple, 4th Baronet
Viscount Cobham
Charles, Lord Lyttelton

categories: English MPs 1680–1681,English MPs 1654–1655,English MPs 1659,English MPs 1695–1698,English MPs 1660,English MPs 1661–1679,English MPs 1681,1697 deaths,English MPs 1689–1690,English MPs 1690–1695,1634 births,English MPs 1685–1687,People of the Stuart period,Baronets in the Baronetage of England

paragraph: Sir Richard Temple, 3rd Baronet

paragraph: Sir Richard Temple, 3rd Baronet (28 March 1634 – 8 May 1697) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1654 and 1697.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Temple was the son of Sir Peter Temple, 2nd Baronet of Stowe and his second wife Christian Leveson, daughter of Sir John Leveson. He was admitted at Gray's Inn on 6 November 1648 and at Emmanuel College, Cambridge on 23 December 1648. He inherited the baronetcy on the death of his father in September 1653.

paragraph: In 1654, Temple was elected Member of Parliament for Warwickshire in the First Protectorate Parliament and in 1659, he was elected MP for Buckingham in the Third Protectorate Parliament.

paragraph: Temple was elected MP again for Buckingham in 1660 for the Convention Parliament. He was made Knight of the Bath on 18 April 1661. He was re-elected in 1661 for the Cavalier Parliament and sat until 1679. He was a member of the Council for foreign plantations in 1671 and commissioner of customs from 1672 to 1694. He took a leading part against the Popish Plot, and for excluding James, Duke of York from the crown. In the February 1679 election there was a double return and Sir Peter Tyrell was declared elected. However Temple regained the seat in August 1679 and held it until his death in 1697. In 1676 Temple commissioned a new house at Stowe which forms the core of the present building.

paragraph: Temple died at the age of 63.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Temple married Mary Knapp, daughter of Henry Knapp

paragraph: of Woodcote, South Stoke, Oxfordshire on 25 August 1675. He had several children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- His son Sir Richard Temple, 4th Baronet, inherited the baronetcy and was raised to the peerage as Viscount Cobham.

paragraph: BULLET::::- His eldest daughter Maria married Richard West.

paragraph: BULLET::::- His 2nd daughter Hester married, 25 Nov 1710 in Wotton Underwood, Bucks., England, Richard Grenville (1678-1727) She (Hester) had succeeded to the estate of her brother Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham, at Stowe, which henceforth became the family's chief seat, and with which Wotton descended until the death of the last Duke of Buckingham and Chandos in 1889. She then became the 1st Countess of Temple.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christian, a younger daughter, married Sir Thomas Lyttelton, 4th Baronet. When her brother Sir Richard Temple, 4th Baronet was created Viscount Cobham, it was with special remainder (in default of his own heirs male) to his sister Hester and her heirs male and in default of them to the heirs male of Christian. This latter remainder took effect in 1889 when her descendant Charles, Lord Lyttelton succeeded as Viscount Cobham.

paragraph: Section::::References.

alias:
Richard Temple
Sir Richard Temple

description: Member of the English Parliament

wikidata_label: Sir Richard Temple, 3rd Baronet

wikipedia_title: Sir Richard Temple, 3rd Baronet


text:
American football
running back
Stanford Cardinal football
Oklahoma State Cowboys football
Barry Sanders
Heritage Hall High School
Oklahoma City
Oklahoma
Tulsa World
U.S. Army All-American Bowl
Stanford University
redshirted
Christian McCaffrey
Northwestern University
University of Central Florida
Oregon State
University of Arizona
UCLA
Electronic Arts
Stanford University football bio

categories: Sportspeople from Oklahoma City,Players of American football from Oklahoma,1994 births,Stanford Cardinal football players,American football running backs,Living people

paragraph: Barry J. Sanders

paragraph: Barry James Sanders (born April 10, 1994) is a former American football running back. He played college football for the Stanford Cardinal football team from 2012 to 2015 and the Oklahoma State Cowboys football team in 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Sanders was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, a son of Hall of Fame running back Barry Sanders and Aletha House. He is often erroneously referred to as "Barry Sanders Jr.", which is not his name. (The elder Sanders does not have a middle name, while his son's middle name is James.) He graduated from Heritage Hall High School in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. As a freshman in 2008, Sanders ran for 742 yards and twelve touchdowns while helping Heritage Hall to the 2008 Oklahoma 2A state title, and he was the only sophomore on the 2009 "Tulsa World" all-state team.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Stanford.

paragraph: On January 5, 2012, during the U.S. Army All-American Bowl, Sanders announced that he had committed to playing football for Stanford University, even though he was still unsure if he would be admitted. According to ESPN, he was rated the 6th-best high school running back in the country. He was indeed admitted to Stanford, and he did join the Cardinal football team but he was redshirted as a freshman, seeing no action during the 2012 college season. During his redshirt freshman season in 2013, he was used sparingly as a running back and kick returner. He played in 12 of the Cardinal's 14 games, finishing the year with 34 rushing yards, 5 rushing attempts, and 1 touchdown. He played in all 13 games his sophomore season, finishing the 2014 season with 59 carries for 315 yards and 7 receptions for 47 yards.

paragraph: Sanders returned in 2015 for his redshirt junior year and contributed as a back-up running back, kick returner and special-teams player. He played behind sophomore All-American and Heisman Trophy finalist Christian McCaffrey. Amongst his many other accomplishments that season, McCaffrey broke the elder Barry Sanders' longstanding record for most all-purpose yards in a season. The younger Barry Sanders played well in his limited backup role. During the season opener on September 5, 2015, at Northwestern University, he gained 9 yards on 2 carries. The following week, he would have a career game against the University of Central Florida. Sanders finished the game with 8 carries, 39 rushing yards, and 1 touchdown. On September 25, 2015, he continued producing for the Cardinal, rushing for a career-high 97 yards, on 7 carries, for a career-high 2 rushing touchdowns against Oregon State. During the contest he had 65 yards come on a rushing touchdown play. Sanders continued his streak the next game against the University of Arizona, ending the game with 76 yards on 4 rushing attempts, and a single touchdown. On October 15, 2015, Sanders had a career-high 10 carries for 39 yards against UCLA.

paragraph: On January 5, 2016, Sanders announced that he had been granted a release from his scholarship by Stanford and intended on exploring his options to transfer to another school. He graduated in June 2016 after four years on campus, including his redshirt season; hence he had one year of eligibility left as a fifth year senior. As a graduate transfer, he would be eligible to play immediately at his new school.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Oklahoma State.

paragraph: On February 11, 2016, Sanders announced that he was planning to enroll in a master's degree program at Oklahoma State, his father's alma mater. Since he was a graduate transfer, he was eligible to play immediately for the 2016 season. Wearing number 26 (the same number he wore at Stanford), Sanders returned the first punt of his Oklahoma State career 57 yards, down to the half-yard line, nearly scoring on his first return. For the season, he had 28 carries for 93 yards and two touchdowns. He also caught nine passes for 45 yards, and returned 18 kickoffs and seven punts. After the season, he accepted a marketing job with the video game company Electronic Arts, and he announced that he had no plans to try to play professional football.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stanford University football bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Barry J. Sanders

wikipedia_title: Barry J. Sanders


text:
Swedish
footballer
Åtvidabergs FF

categories: Åtvidabergs FF players,Superettan players,Åtvidabergs FF managers,Association football defenders,1981 births,Swedish footballers,Allsvenskan players,Living people

paragraph: Daniel Hallingström

paragraph: Daniel Christian Hallingström (born 10 February 1981) is a former Swedish footballer and manager. He spent the most of his career at Åtvidabergs FF.

description: Swedish footballer

wikidata_label: Daniel Hallingström

wikipedia_title: Daniel Hallingström


text: mathematician

text: low-dimensional topology

text: Fields Medal

text: computer science

text: Cornell University

text: foliation

text: Haefliger structure

text: Euler characteristic

text: codimension

text: three-sphere

text: Godbillon–Vey invariant

text: John N. Mather

text: cohomology

text: homeomorphism

text: discrete topology

text: compact-open topology

text: hyperbolic geometry

text: hyperbolic 3-manifold

text: Seifert–Weber space

text: Troels Jørgensen

text: figure-eight knot

text: hyperbolic

text: hyperbolic knot

text: figure-eight knot

text: Haken

text: normal surface

text: incompressible surface

text: Dehn surgeries

text: irreducible

text: Haken

text: Seifert-fibered

text: hyperbolic Dehn surgery

text: hyperbolization theorem

text: Haken manifold

text: geometrization conjecture

text: Grigori Perelman

text: orbifold

text: orbifold theorem

text: Richard S. Hamilton

text: Ricci flow

text: Washington, D.C.

text: New College of Florida

text: intuitionist

text: University of California, Berkeley

text: Morris Hirsch

text: Institute for Advanced Study

text: MIT

text: Princeton University

text: Cornell University

text: Martin Bridgeman

text: Danny Calegari

text: Richard Canary

text: David Gabai

text: William Goldman

text: Benson Farb

text: Sergio Fenley

text: Detlef Hardorp

text: Craig Hodgson

text: Richard Kenyon

text: Steven Kerckhoff

text: Silvio Levy

text: Robert Meyerhoff

text: Yair Minsky

text: Lee Mosher

text: Igor Rivin

text: Oded Schramm

text: Richard Schwartz

text: William Floyd

text: Jeffrey Weeks

text: Dylan Thurston

text: Indiana University

text: Quantum Magazine

text: The Geometry Center

text: Leroy P. Steele Prize

text: AMS

text: Rochester

text: melanoma

text: Ann. of Math

text: "On proof and progress in mathematics"

text: "Mathematical education"

text: Automatic group

text: Circle packing theorem

text: Milnor–Thurston kneading theory

text: Misiurewicz–Thurston points

text: Nielsen–Thurston classification

text: Thurston's double limit theorem

text: Thurston's geometrization conjecture

text: Earthquake theorem

text: Gabai, David

text: Kerckhoff, Steve

text: William P. Thurston, 1946–2012

text: William P. Thurston, 1946–2012

text: Thurston's page at Cornell

text: Tribute and remembrance page at Cornell

text: Etienne Ghys : La géométrie et la mode

categories: 21st-century American mathematicians,20th-century American mathematicians,University of California, Berkeley faculty,2012 deaths,New College of Florida alumni,Cornell University faculty,Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences,Princeton University faculty,University of California, Davis faculty,Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars,Differential geometers,1946 births,University of California, Berkeley alumni,Fields Medalists,Topologists

paragraph: William Thurston

paragraph: William Paul Thurston (October 30, 1946August 21, 2012) was an American mathematician. He was a pioneer in the field of low-dimensional topology. In 1982, he was awarded the Fields Medal for his contributions to the study of 3-manifolds. From 2003 until his death he was a professor of mathematics and computer science at Cornell University.

paragraph: Section::::Mathematical contributions.

paragraph: Section::::Mathematical contributions.:Foliations.

paragraph: His early work, in the early 1970s, was mainly in foliation theory, where he had a dramatic impact. His more significant results include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The proof that every Haefliger structure on a manifold can be integrated to a foliation (this implies, in particular that every manifold with zero Euler characteristic admits a foliation of codimension one).

paragraph: BULLET::::- The construction of a continuous family of smooth, codimension-one foliations on the three-sphere whose Godbillon–Vey invariant (after Claude Godbillon and Jacques Vey) takes every real value.

paragraph: BULLET::::- With John N. Mather, he gave a proof that the cohomology of the group of homeomorphisms of a manifold is the same whether the group is considered with its discrete topology or its compact-open topology.

paragraph: In fact, Thurston resolved so many outstanding problems in foliation theory in such a short period of time that it led to a kind of exodus from the field, where advisors counselled students against going into foliation theory. because Thurston was "cleaning out the subject" (see "On Proof and Progress in Mathematics", especially section 6 )

paragraph: Section::::Mathematical contributions.:The geometrization conjecture.

paragraph: His later work, starting around the mid-1970s, revealed that hyperbolic geometry played a far more important role in the general theory of 3-manifolds than was previously realised. Prior to Thurston, there were only a handful of known examples of hyperbolic 3-manifolds of finite volume, such as the Seifert–Weber space. The independent and distinct approaches of Robert Riley and Troels Jørgensen in the mid-to-late 1970s showed that such examples were less atypical than previously believed; in particular their work showed that the figure-eight knot complement was hyperbolic. This was the first example of a hyperbolic knot.

paragraph: Inspired by their work, Thurston took a different, more explicit means of exhibiting the hyperbolic structure of the figure-eight knot complement. He showed that the figure-eight knot complement could be decomposed as the union of two regular ideal hyperbolic tetrahedra whose hyperbolic structures matched up correctly and gave the hyperbolic structure on the figure-eight knot complement. By utilizing Haken's normal surface techniques, he classified the incompressible surfaces in the knot complement. Together with his analysis of deformations of hyperbolic structures, he concluded that all but 10 Dehn surgeries on the figure-eight knot resulted in irreducible, non-Haken non-Seifert-fibered 3-manifolds. These were the first such examples; previously it had been believed that except for certain Seifert fiber spaces, all irreducible 3-manifolds were Haken. These examples were actually hyperbolic and motivated his next revolutionary theorem.

paragraph: Thurston proved that in fact most Dehn fillings on a cusped hyperbolic 3-manifold resulted in hyperbolic 3-manifolds. This is his celebrated hyperbolic Dehn surgery theorem.

paragraph: To complete the picture, Thurston proved a hyperbolization theorem for Haken manifolds. A particularly important corollary is that many knots and links are in fact hyperbolic. Together with his hyperbolic Dehn surgery theorem, this showed that closed hyperbolic 3-manifolds existed in great abundance.

paragraph: The geometrization theorem has been called "Thurston's Monster Theorem," due to the length and difficulty of the proof. Complete proofs were not written up until almost 20 years later. The proof involves a number of deep and original insights which have linked many apparently disparate fields to 3-manifolds.

paragraph: Thurston was next led to formulate his geometrization conjecture. This gave a conjectural picture of 3-manifolds which indicated that all 3-manifolds admitted a certain kind of geometric decomposition involving eight geometries, now called Thurston model geometries. Hyperbolic geometry is the most prevalent geometry in this picture and also the most complicated. The conjecture was proved by Grigori Perelman in 2002–2003.

paragraph: Section::::Mathematical contributions.:Orbifold theorem.

paragraph: In his work on hyperbolic Dehn surgery, Thurston realized that orbifold structures naturally arose. Such structures had been studied prior to Thurston, but his work, particularly the next theorem, would bring them to prominence. In 1981, he announced the orbifold theorem, an extension of his geometrization theorem to the setting of 3-orbifolds. Two teams of mathematicians around 2000 finally finished their efforts to write down a complete proof, based mostly on Thurston's lectures given in the early 1980s in Princeton. His original proof relied partly on Richard S. Hamilton's work on the Ricci flow.

paragraph: Section::::Education and career.

paragraph: Thurston was born in Washington, D.C. to a homemaker and an aeronautical engineer. He received his bachelor's degree from New College (now New College of Florida) in 1967. For his undergraduate thesis he developed an intuitionist foundation for topology. Following this, he earned a doctorate in mathematics from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1972. His Ph.D. advisor was Morris Hirsch and his dissertation was on "Foliations of Three-Manifolds which are Circle Bundles".

paragraph: After completing his Ph.D., he spent a year at the Institute for Advanced Study, then another year at MIT as Assistant Professor. In 1974, he was appointed Professor of Mathematics at Princeton University. He and his first wife, née Rachel Findley, had three children: Dylan, Nathaniel, and Emily. In 1991, he returned to UC-Berkeley as Professor of Mathematics and in 1993 became Director of the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute. In 1996, his wife Julian, who had earlier been his Ph.D. student at Princeton University, made a career switch to veterinary medicine, and began her studies at the UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine. Bill and Julian moved to Davis, California, where Bill became Professor of Mathematics at UC Davis. In 2000, their first child Jade was born, and in 2003 their second child Liam was born. Bill and Julian had visited Ithaca in 1997 for a family celebration for his mother's 80th birthday. They were enchanted by the beauty of Ithaca, and in 2003 the family moved to Ithaca, New York, where Bill became Professor of Mathematics at Cornell University.

paragraph: His Ph.D. students include Martin Bridgeman, Danny Calegari, Richard Canary, Suhyoung Choi, Renaud Dreyer, Julian Thurston (aka Karen Barris), David Gabai, William Goldman, Benson Farb, Matt Grayson, Sergio Fenley, Detlef Hardorp, Craig Hodgson, Christopher Jerdonek, Richard Kenyon, Steven Kerckhoff, Silvio Levy, Robert Meyerhoff, Yair Minsky, Lee Mosher, Igor Rivin, Nicolau Saldanha, Oded Schramm, Richard Schwartz, William Floyd, Biao Wang and Jeffrey Weeks. His son Dylan Thurston is a professor of mathematics at Indiana University.

paragraph: In later years Thurston widened his attention to include mathematical education and bringing mathematics to the general public. He has served as mathematics editor for Quantum Magazine, a youth science magazine, and was one of the founders of The Geometry Center. As director of Mathematical Sciences Research Institute from 1992 to 1997, he initiated a number of programs designed to increase awareness of mathematics among the public.

paragraph: In 2005 Thurston won the first AMS Book Prize, for "Three-dimensional Geometry and Topology".

paragraph: The prize "recognizes an outstanding research book that makes a seminal contribution to the research literature".

paragraph: In 2012, Thurston was awarded the Leroy P. Steele Prize by the AMS for seminal contribution to research. The citation described his work as having "revolutionized 3-manifold theory".

paragraph: He died on August 21, 2012 in Rochester, New York, of a sinus mucosal melanoma that was diagnosed in 2011.

paragraph: Thurston and his family had been in the process of moving back to Davis, California, where he was to rejoin the mathematics faculty at UC Davis while his wife completed her veterinary medical degree. Thurston died before he could make the move to California. He had remained with his brother George in Rochester, New York, while his family went ahead of him to California to get settled, waiting for him to gain better physical strength for making the cross-country trip to California to join them. Bill's health declined rapidly, and the family returned to Rochester to be with him during his final days.

paragraph: In Thurston's last days, he sometimes used American Sign Language to communicate with his children, Liam and Jade. Bill and Julian had spent a year studying ASL when Jade was an infant, and the family had become somewhat fluent. He also communicated by writing on one of his many pads of paper. One of his last written messages was, "Treasure Island," and this reference remains mysterious to his family.

paragraph: Section::::Education and career.:Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Thurston, "The geometry and topology of three-manifolds", Princeton lecture notes (1978–1981).

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Thurston, "Three-dimensional geometry and topology. Vol. 1". Edited by Silvio Levy. Princeton Mathematical Series, 35. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1997. x+311 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Thurston, "Hyperbolic structures on 3-manifolds". I. Deformation of acylindrical manifolds. Ann. of Math. (2) 124 (1986), no. 2, 203–246.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Thurston, "Three-dimensional manifolds, Kleinian groups and hyperbolic geometry", Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.) 6 (1982), 357–381.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Thurston, "On the geometry and dynamics of diffeomorphisms of surfaces". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.) 19 (1988), no. 2, 417–431

paragraph: BULLET::::- Epstein, David B. A.; Cannon, James W.; Holt, Derek F.; Levy, Silvio V. F.; Paterson, Michael S.; Thurston, William P. "Word processing in groups". Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston, Massachusetts, 1992. xii+330 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eliashberg, Yakov M.; Thurston, William P. "Confoliations". University Lecture Series, 13. American Mathematical Society, Providence, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, 1998. x+66 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Thurston, "On proof and progress in mathematics". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.) 30 (1994) 161–177

paragraph: BULLET::::- William P. Thurston, "Mathematical education". Notices of the AMS 37:7 (September 1990) pp 844–850

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Automatic group

paragraph: BULLET::::- Circle packing theorem

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milnor–Thurston kneading theory

paragraph: BULLET::::- Misiurewicz–Thurston points

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nielsen–Thurston classification

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thurston's double limit theorem

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thurston's geometrization conjecture

paragraph: BULLET::::- Earthquake theorem

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gabai, David; Kerckhoff, Steve (Coordinating Editors). "William P. Thurston, 1946–2012" (part 1), "Notices of the American Mathematical Society", December 2015, Volume 62, Number 11, pp. 1318–1332.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gabai, David; Kerckhoff, Steve (Coordinating Editors). "William P. Thurston, 1946–2012" (part 2), "Notices of the American Mathematical Society", January 2015, Volume 63, Number 1, pp. 31–41.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thurston's page at Cornell

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tribute and remembrance page at Cornell

paragraph: BULLET::::- Etienne Ghys : La géométrie et la mode

description: mathematician

enwikiquote_title: William Thurston

wikidata_label: William Thurston

wikipedia_title: William Thurston


text: physician

text: occultist

text: demonologist

text: Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa

text: witch

text: Grave

text: Duchy of Brabant

text: Habsburg Netherlands

text: 's-Hertogenbosch

text: Leuven

text: Agrippa

text: Antwerp

text: Bonn

text: Hermann von Wied

text: medicine

text: Orléans

text: Doctor

text: Arnhem

text: witchcraft

text: fortune teller

text: subsidy

text: emperor

text: Charles V

text: Cleves

text: William the Rich

text: humanist

text: Konrad Heresbach

text: Galenus Wier

text: Tecklenburg

text: Pseudomonarchia Daemonum

text: Malleus Maleficarum

text: witch hunting

text: Christian

text: witch trials

text: hell

text: grimoire

text: Pseudomonarchia Daemonum

text: Devil

text: God

text: Trinity

text: Lemegeton

text: Latin

text: Thomas Erastus

text: Jean Bodin

text: James VI of Scotland

text: human rights

text: health worker

text: Johannes Wier Foundation

text: Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa

text: video game

text: Kurt Baschwitz

text: communication studies

text: mass psychology

text: hops

text: schepen

text: Grave

text: Zeeland

text: Maximiliaan van Egmond

text: William the Silent

text: mystic

text: Arnhem

text: Willem IV van den Bergh

text: Philip II of Spain

text: Eighty Years' War

text: Zeeland

text: Nicholas Remy

text: Daemonolatreiae libri tres

text: Kurt Baschwitz

text: Johannes Wier Foundation

text: Pseudomonarchia Daemonum

text: Intro to her "Biography Jan Wier"

categories: People from Grave, North Brabant,16th-century Dutch writers,Witchcraft,16th-century Dutch physicians,Dutch occultists,1515 births,1588 deaths,Demonologists

paragraph: Johann Weyer

paragraph: Johann Weyer or Johannes Wier ( or ""; 1515 – 24 February 1588) was a Dutch physician, occultist and demonologist, disciple and follower of Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa.

paragraph: He was among the first to publish against the persecution of witches. His most influential work is "De Praestigiis Daemonum et Incantationibus ac Venificiis" (On the Illusions of the Demons and on Spells and Poisons, 1563).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Weyer was born in Grave, a small town in the Duchy of Brabant in the Habsburg Netherlands. He attended the Latin schools in 's-Hertogenbosch and Leuven and when he was about 14 years of age, he became a live-in student of Agrippa, in Antwerp. Agrippa had to leave Antwerp in 1532 and he and Weyer settled in Bonn, under the protection of prince-bishop Hermann von Wied. (Agrippa completed a work on demons in 1533 and perished two years later while on a trip to France). From 1534, Weyer studied medicine in Paris and later in Orléans, but it appears unlikely that he obtained the title of Doctor through these studies. Eventually, he practiced as a physician in his native Grave. Weyer was appointed town physician of Arnhem in 1545. In this capacity, he was asked for advice on witchcraft in a 1548 court case involving a fortune teller. In spite of a subsidy from emperor Charles V, the town of Arnhem was no longer able to pay Weyer's salary. Weyer moved to Cleves in 1550, where he became court doctor to duke William the Rich, through mediation by humanist Konrad Heresbach. Weyer published his major works on demons, magic, and witchcraft, in which he applied a skeptical medical view to reported wonders and supposed examples of magic or witchcraft. He retired from his post in 1578 and was succeeded by his son, Galenus Wier (1547-1619). After retirement he completed a medical work on a subject unrelated to witchcraft. He died on 24 February 1588 at the age of 73 in Tecklenburg, while visiting an individual who had fallen ill. He was buried in the local churchyard, which no longer exists.

paragraph: Section::::Work and critical reception.

paragraph: Weyer's works include medical and moral works as well as his more famous critiques of magic and witchcraft:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Praestigiis Daemonum et Incantationibus ac Venificiis" (On the Illusions of the Demons and on Spells and Poisons), 1563.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pseudomonarchia Daemonum" (The False Kingdom of the Demons), an appendix to "De Praestigiis Daemonum", 1577.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Medicarum Observationum rararum liber", 1567, (a book of medical observations on rare, hitherto undescribed diseases), translated into German as:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Artzney-Buch von etlichen biß anher unbekandten unnd unbeschriebenen Kranckheiten", 1580

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De lamiis liber item de commentitiis jejuniis" 1577, (A book on witches together with a treatise on false fasting), translated into German as:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Lamiis, Das ist: Von Teuffelsgespenst Zauberern und Gifftbereytern, kurtzer doch gründtlicher Bericht"... 1586

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De ira morbo" 1577. (On the disease of anger), translated into German as:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vom Zorn, iracundiae antidotum ... : Buch. Von der gefehrlichen Kranckheit dem Zorn, und desselbigen philosophischer, und theologischer Cur oder Ertzney" 1585

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De scorbuto epitome", 1564 (On scurvy)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire Disputes et Discours des Illusions et Diables, des Magiciens Infame, Sorcieres et Empoisonneurs: des Ensorcelez et Demoniaques et de la Guerison D'Iceux: Item de la Punition que Meritent les Magiciens les Empoisonneurs et les Sorcieres", 1579. 1885 translation printed aux Bureaux du Progres Medical, Paris France. Two volume set.

paragraph: "About 40 people at Casale in Western Lombardy smeared the bolts of the town gates with an ointment to spread the plague. Those who touched the gates where infected and many died. The heirs of the dead and diseased had actually paid people at Casale to smear the gates in order to obtain their inheritances more quickly." -From The Deceptions of Demons, 1583

paragraph: Weyer criticised the Malleus Maleficarum and the witch hunting by the Christian and Civil authorities; he is said to have been the first person that used the term "mentally ill" or melancholy to designate those women accused of practicing witchcraft. In a time when witch trials and executions were just beginning to be common, he sought to derogate the law concerning witchcraft prosecution. He claimed that not only were examples of magic largely incredible but that the crime of witchcraft was literally impossible, so that anyone who confessed to the crime was likely to be suffering some mental disturbance (mainly "melancholy," which was at that time a very flexible category with many different symptoms).

paragraph: Some scholars have said that Weyer intended to mock the concept of the hellish hierarchy that previous grimoires had established by writing those two books and entitling his catalogue of demons "Pseudomonarchia Daemonum" (The False Kingdom of the Demons).

paragraph: Nevertheless, while he defended the idea that the Devil's power was not as strong as claimed by the orthodox Christian churches in "De Praestigiis Daemonum", he defended also the idea that demons "did" have power and could appear before people who called upon them, creating illusions; but he commonly referred to magicians and not to witches when speaking about people who could create illusions, saying they were heretics who were using the Devil's power to do it, and when speaking on witches, he used the term "mentally ill".

paragraph: Moreover, Weyer did not only write the catalogue of demons "Pseudomonarchia Daemonum", but also gave their description and the conjurations to invoke them in the appropriate hour and in the name of God and the Trinity, not to create illusions but to oblige them to do the conjurer's will, as well as advice on how to avoid certain perils and tricks if the demon was reluctant to do what he was commanded or a liar. In addition, he wanted to abolish the prosecution of witches, and when speaking on those who invoke demons (which he called "spirits") he carefully used the word "exorcist".

paragraph: Weyer never denied the existence of the Devil and a huge number of other demons of high and low order. His work was an inspiration for other occultists and demonologists, including an anonymous author who wrote the "Lemegeton" (The Lesser Key of Solomon). There were many editions of his books (written in Latin), especially "Pseudomonarchia Daemonum", and several adaptations in English, including Reginald Scot's Discoverie of Witchcraft (1584).

paragraph: Weyer's appeal for clemency for those accused of the crime of witchcraft was opposed later in the sixteenth century by the Swiss physician Thomas Erastus, the French legal theorist Jean Bodin and King James VI of Scotland.

paragraph: Section::::Tributes.

paragraph: The church of Tecklenburg displays a plaque in memory of Weyer and in 1884 the town erected a tower in his honor, the "Wierturm". The Dutch human rights organization for health workers is named the Johannes Wier Foundation after him. Alongside his tutor, Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, he appears as a character in the video game "".

paragraph: Kurt Baschwitz, a pioneer in communication studies and mass psychology, dedicated most of the content of his first (Dutch) monography on witchcraft and witch trials "De strijd tegen den duivel - de heksenprocessen in het licht der massapsychologie" (1948) to the merits of Weyer. Later he extended this work to his German magnum opus, "Hexen und Hexenprozesse: Geschichte eines Massenwahns und seiner Bekaempfung" which discussed methods of fighting attempts at mass delusion (1963).

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Johan was the son of Agnes Rhordam and Theodorus (Dirk) Wier, a merchant of hops, coal and slate, who was a schepen of Grave in the 1520s. Dirk and Agnes Wier came from Zeeland and were closely acquainted with Maximiliaan van Egmond and Françoise de Lannoy, the future in-laws of William the Silent. Johan had two known siblings, Arnold Wier and the mystic Mathijs Wier (c.1520–c.1560). In Arnhem, he married Judith Wintgens, with whom he had at least five children. After Judith's death he married Henriette Holst. Johan's oldest son, Diederik Wier, became a jurist and diplomat, who in 1566-7, while employed by Willem IV van den Bergh, was involved in the "petitions of grievances about the suppression of heresy" by the Dutch nobility to Philip II of Spain, the rejection of which led to the Eighty Years' War.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: Weyer signed all his correspondence with "Johannes Wier" or occasionally with "Piscinarius". His parents and children carried the name "Wier" as well, and in 1884 his memorial in Germany was still named "Wierturm" rather than "Weyerturm". Nevertheless, since the 20th century the name "Johann Weyer" has become standard in German and English-language scholarship. The use of "Weyer" may stem from Carl Binz's 1896 monograph "Doctor Johann Weyer, ein rheinischer artz, der erste bekämpfer des Hexenwahns", who in 1885 had already given a lecture "Wier oder Weyer?", in which he, apparently unaware of the Zeeland origin, claimed that "Weyer zur deutchen Nation zählte" and "Wier" merely a "Niederrheinische" dialectical pronunciation is of Weyer.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicholas Remy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Daemonolatreiae libri tres"

paragraph: Section::::Editions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De praestigiis Daemonum ... Libri V." Basel: Oporinus, 1563.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De praestigiis Daemonum ... Libri V." Basel: Oporinus, 1566.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Medicarum observationum rararum Liber I." Basel: Oporinus, 1567

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De lamiis liber." Basel: Oporinus, 1577.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De praestigiis Daemonum ... Libri 6." Basel: Ex Officina Oporiniana, 1577.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Praestigiis Daemonum, & incantationibus ac veneficiis Libri sex, postrema editione sexta aucti & recogniti." Basel: Oporinus, 1583.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Opera Omnia." Amsterdam: Peter Vanden Berge, 1660.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kurt Baschwitz, "De strijd met den duivel - de heksenprocessen in het licht der massa-psychologie", Amsterdam, 1948.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christopher Baxter, "Johann Weyer’s De Praestigiis Daemonum: Unsystematic Psychopathology," in "The Damned Art: Essays in the Literature of Witchcraft," 53-75. London, 1977.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stuart Clark. "Thinking with Demons: the Idea of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe." Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jan Jacob Cobben. "Jan Wier, devils, witches and magic", (translation by Sal A. Prins of Cobben's 1960 dissertation), Philadelphia: Dorrance 1976, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jan Jacob Cobben. "Duivelse bezetenheid, beschreven door dokter Johannes Wier, 1515-1588." Rotterdam: Erasmus Publishing, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles D. Gunnoe. "The Debate between Johann Weyer and Thomas Erastus on the Punishment of Witches." In "Cultures of Communication from Reformation to Enlightenment: Constructing Publics in the Early Modern German Lands", ed. James Van Horn Melton, 257-285. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Press, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vera Hoorens, "Een ketterse arts voor de heksen: Jan Wier (1515-1588)", Bert Bakker Press, 2011,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benjamin G. Kohl and Erik Midelfort. "On Witchcraft. An Abridged Translation of Johann Weyer's De Praestigiis Daemonum". Ashville, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- H. C. Erik Midelfort. "Johann Weyer and Transformation of the Insanity Defense." In "The German People and the Reformation", ed. R. Po-Chia Hsia, 234-61. Ithaca: Cornell, 1988.

paragraph: BULLET::::- H. C. Erik Midelfort, "A History of Madness in Sixteenth-Century Germany". Stanford University Press, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Mora, "et al.", "Witches, Devils, and Doctors in the Renaissance: Johann Weyer, "De praestigiis daemonum"". "Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies " vol. 73, Binghamton, NY, 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michaela Valente. "Johann Wier: agli albori della critica razionale dell'occulto e del demoniaco nell'Europa del Cinquecento." Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 2003.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- To Prevent a "Shipwreck of Souls": Johann Weyer and "De Praestigiis Daemonum", an essay by Elisa Slattery

paragraph: BULLET::::- the Johannes Wier Foundation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pseudomonarchia Daemonum

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Witches, devils, and doctors in the Renaissance: Johann Weyer, `De praestigiis daemonum, Review by Peter Elmer, Medical History,"' 1992 July; 36(3): p. 351

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vera Hoorens Intro to her "Biography Jan Wier", Groningen University, 2010

alias:
Johann Wier
Jan Wier
Johan Wier
Johannes Wier
Jean Wier
Ioannes Wierus
Piscinarius

description: Dutch physician

wikidata_label: Johann Weyer

wikipedia_title: Johann Weyer


text:
English
didactic
Princess Elizabeth
Edward VI
Mary I
Elizabeth I
Askham
York
Kirby Wiske
North Riding of Yorkshire
Northallerton
Baron Scrope of Bolton
Edward Grant
Westminster School
panegyric
Humphrey Wingfield
barrister
Toxophilus
archery
Toxophilus
Harrow
Elizabethan
bow
firearms
archery
St John's College, Cambridge
Greek language
Robert Pember
Aesop’s Fables
Sir John Cheke
Sir Thomas Smith
Anthony Denny
Kat Ashley
Robert Pember
Nicholas Metcalfe
William Grindal
Princess Elizabeth
Katherine Ashley
Admiral Seymour
Queen Catherine
Cheshunt
prebendary
On Monsieur's Departure
Johannes Sturm
Strassburg
Cicero
Titus Livius
Isocrates
Sophocles
Cyprian
Melanchthon
Richard Morrison
Charles V
Lady Jane Grey
Bradgate
Plato
Phaedo
Louvain
Innsbruck
Venice
Mary I
Bishop Gardiner
Queen Mary
Margaret Harleston
South Ockendon
Cardinal Pole
reversion
Walthamstow
St. Sepulchre-without-Newgate
Ascham School
Edward Lee
Archbishop of York
Oecumenius
Henry VIII
long bow
Greenwich
Boulogne
Platonic dialogue
Edward Arber
Richard Sackville
Sturm
Christopher Jonson
Winchester College
Erasmus
James Upton
John Eyton Bickersteth Mayor
William Elstob
Samuel Johnson
John Allen Giles
J. A. Giles

categories: People from Hambleton District,1510s births,English academics,16th-century male writers,English male non-fiction writers,Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge,People of the Elizabethan era,English non-fiction writers,Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge,16th-century English writers,English Renaissance humanists,1568 deaths,English male archers,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Roger Ascham

paragraph: Roger Ascham (; c. 151530 December 1568) was an English scholar and didactic writer, famous for his prose style, his promotion of the vernacular, and his theories of education. He acted as Princess Elizabeth's tutor in Greek and Latin between 1548 and 1550, and served in the administrations of Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I.

paragraph: The name Ascham could be more properly spelt Askham, being derived from Askham near York. He was born at Kirby Wiske, a village in the North Riding of Yorkshire, near Northallerton, the third son of John Ascham, steward to Baron Scrope of Bolton. His mother, Margaret, is said to have come from the Conyers family, but this is speculation. Thomas and John were Roger's two older brothers, while Anthony Ascham was the youngest son of the Ascham family. The authority for this statement, as for most here concerning Ascham's early life, is his close friend Edward Grant (1540s–1601), headmaster of the venerable and still extant Royal College of St. Peter at Westminster—better known as Westminster School—who collected and edited his letters and delivered a panegyrical oration on his life in 1576.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Ascham was educated at the house of Sir Humphrey Wingfield, a barrister, Ascham tells us, in the "Toxophilus" under a tutor named R. Bond. His preferred sport was archery, and Sir Humphrey "would at term times bring down from London both bows and shafts and go with them himself to see them shoot".

paragraph: Hence Ascham's earliest English work, the "Toxophilus", the importance which he attributed to archery in educational establishments, and probably the reason for archery in the statutes of St Albans, Harrow and other Elizabethan schools.

paragraph: Through "Toxophilus", Ascham sought to teach the art of shooting and present a literary piece with proper English vocabulary.

paragraph: He criticized other English authors for sprinkling foreign terms into their works. Prior to "Toxophilus" publication, the bow had been forgotten by the English people with firearms evolving as the prevailing weapons of choice.

paragraph: The book sparked renewed interest in the practice of archery and Ascham was able to present it as an "innocent, salutary, useful, and liberal division." Many recognize the use of the bow as a disciplined skill, requiring more practice than any other instrument of offence.

paragraph: From this private tuition Ascham was sent "about 1530", at the age, it is said, of fifteen, to St John's College, Cambridge, then the largest and most learned college in either university, where he devoted himself specially to the study of Greek, then newly revived.

paragraph: Equipped with a small knowledge of the Greek language, Ascham went on to read lectures and teach fellow St. John students the language.

paragraph: He believed that the best way to learn a language was by teaching it.

paragraph: Ascham was applauded for his encouragement of Greek learning in the University. In particular, Robert Pember, a fellow student, praised Ascham's lectures and his method of teaching a language in order to learn it. In a letter to Ascham, Pember stated that "he would gain more knowledge by explaining one of Aesop’s Fables to a boy, than by hearing one of Homer’s poems explained by another." Ascham was then appointed by the University to read Greek at open schools and received payment through honorary stipends. This was monumental for Ascham because at the time, there was no established lecturer of Greek at the University.

paragraph: Here he fell under the influence of Sir John Cheke, who was admitted a fellow in Ascham's first year, and Sir Thomas Smith. Cheke in turn was friendly with Anthony Denny, who was brother-in-law to Kat Ashley, governess to the Lady Elizabeth. His guide and friend was Robert Pember, "a man of the greatest learning and with an admirable ability in the Greek tongue".

paragraph: He became B.A. in 1533–34, and was nominated to a fellowship at St John's. Dr Nicholas Metcalfe was then master of the college, "a papist, indeed, and if any young man given to the new learning as they termed or went beyond his fellows", he "lacked neither open praise, nor private exhibition."

paragraph: He procured Ascham's election to a fellowship, "though being a new bachelor of arts, I chanced among my companions to speak against the Pope ... after serious rebuke and some punishment, open warning was given to all the fellows, none to be so hardy, as to give me his voice at election."

paragraph: The day of election Ascham regarded as his birthday", and "the whole foundation of the poor learning I have and of all the furtherance that hitherto elsewhere I have been tamed." He took his M.A. degree on 3 July 1537. He stayed for some time at Cambridge taking pupils, among whom was William Grindal, who in 1544 became tutor to Princess Elizabeth.

paragraph: Section::::Tutor to Elizabeth I.

paragraph: In January 1548, Grindal, the tutor of princess Elizabeth, died.

paragraph: Ascham, one of the ablest Greek scholars in England, as well as public orator of the university, had already been in correspondence with the princess.

paragraph: In one of Ascham's letters to Katherine Ashley, he enclosed a new pen, as well a pen which he himself mended specifically for princess Elizabeth.

paragraph: Through Cecil, and at the fourteen-year-old princess's own wish, he was selected as her tutor against another candidate, also named Grindal, who was pressed by Admiral Seymour and Queen Catherine.

paragraph: In 1548, Ascham began teaching Elizabeth, future queen of England, in Greek and Latin chiefly at Cheshunt, a job he held until 1550.

paragraph: On the subject of his experience with Elizabeth's education, Ascham later wrote: "Yea, I believe, that beside her perfect readiness in Latin, Italian, French, and Spanish, she readeth here now at Windsor more Greek every day than some prebendary of this church doth read Latin in a whole week." Ascham's influence on Elizabeth is suggested by the fact that, for the remainder of her life, she remained an occasional writer of poems, such as "On Monsieur's Departure".

paragraph: In a letter to Johannes Sturm, the Strassburg schoolmaster, Ascham praised Elizabeth's growth as a student: "She talks French and Italian as well as English: she has often talked to me readily and well in Latin and moderately so in Greek. When she writes Greek and Latin nothing is more beautiful than her handwriting . . . she read with me almost all Cicero and great part of Titus Livius: for she drew all her knowledge of Latin from those two authors. She used to give the morning to the Greek Testament and afterwards read select orations of Isocrates and the tragedies of Sophocles. To these I added St. Cyprian and Melanchthon's Commonplaces."

paragraph: Section::::Secretary to Richard Morrison.

paragraph: In 1550, Ascham had an unspecified quarrel with the court, which he ambiguously described as "a storm of recent violence and injury." As a result, Ascham returned to Cambridge. Whilst there, Cheke informed Ascham that he had been appointed secretary to Sir Richard Morrison (Moryson), appointed ambassador to Charles V. It was on his way to join Morrison that he paid visit to Lady Jane Grey at Bradgate, where he found her reading Plato's "Phaedo" while every one else was out hunting.

paragraph: This final meeting between the two has been a cause of inspiration among many painters and writers as a grandiose romantic moment.

paragraph: Ascham served in this position for several years, traveling widely on the European continent.

paragraph: The embassy went to Louvain, where he found the university very inferior to Cambridge, then to Innsbruck and Venice.

paragraph: Ascham read Greek with the ambassador Morrison four or five days a week.

paragraph: His letters during the embassy in 1553, which was recalled on Mary's accession, were later published as the "Report and Discourse on Germany."

paragraph: The work, which was possibly a history of political turmoil in Germany in the 1550s, is incomplete.

paragraph: Common theories are that the work was either lost, damaged, or left unfinished.

paragraph: Section::::Latin Secretary to Mary I.

paragraph: Ascham's next job was an appointment as Latin Secretary to Mary I.

paragraph: Throughout the first few months he held the position, Ascham was bombarded with a torrent of work, which included countless letters. Through the efforts of Bishop Gardiner on his return to England, this office he likewise discharged to Queen Mary with a pension of £20 a year, and then to Elizabeth—a testimony to his tact and caution in those changeful times.

paragraph: On 1 June 1554, he married Margaret Harleston, of South Ockendon, Essex,

paragraph: the daughter of Sir Clement Harleston.

paragraph: By her he had at least four sons and three daughters.

paragraph: Ascham was not a rich man, and when marrying Margaret, Ascham had to resign both his College Greek Readership and his University Public Oratorship.

paragraph: Margaret herself brought very little dowry, leaving Ascham to seek help from the connections he had made throughout the years. His relationship with Reginald Cardinal Pole led to Ascham securing from the queen the reversion of a lease of the manor of Salisbury Hall in Walthamstow, Essex, a manor once owned by Pole's family.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Roger Ascham became fatally ill on 23 December 1568, having just finished a poem of thanks for the blessings Queen Elizabeth I had bestowed on England through her reign. Ascham made his last confession to the parish priest of St. Sepulchre-without-Newgate, William Gravet, simply saying “I want to die and be with Christ”, according to Edward Grant. He died on 30 December 1568, most likely from malaria. Ascham was then buried on 4 January 1569 in St. Sepulchre-without-Newgate, in London.

paragraph: Ascham School is located in Sydney, Australia, and was named after Roger Ascham.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: Ascham obtained from Edward Lee, then Archbishop of York, a pension of £2 a year, in return for which he translated Oecumenius' "Commentaries on the Pauline Epistles". But the archbishop, scenting heresy in some passage relating to the marriage of the clergy, sent it back to him.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:"Toxophilus".

paragraph: Ascham's first published work, "Toxophilus" ("Lover of the Bow") in 1545, was dedicated to Henry VIII. The objects of the book were twofold, to commend the practice of shooting with the long bow, and to set the example of a higher style of composition than had yet been attempted in English. Ascham presented the book to Henry VIII at Greenwich soon after his return from the capture of Boulogne, and received a grant of a pension of £10 a year. "Toxophilus" was the first book on archery in English. The work is a Platonic dialogue between Toxophilus and Philologus. Editions were published in 1571, 1589 and 1788, and by Edward Arber in 1868 and 1902.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:"The School master".

paragraph: In 1563 Ascham began the work "The Scholemaster", published posthumously in 1570, which ensured his later reputation. Richard Sackville, he states in the book's preface, told him that "a fond schoolmaster" had, by his brutality, made him hate learning, much to his loss, and as he had now a young son, whom he wished to be learned, he offered, if Ascham would name a tutor, to pay for the education of their respective sons under Ascham's orders, and invited Ascham to write a treatise on "the right order of teaching". "The School master" was the result.

paragraph: Not a general treatise on educational method, the book concentrates on the teaching of Latin; and it was not intended for schools, but "specially prepared for the private brynging up of youth in gentlemen and noblemens houses.” It advocated "the double translation of a model book", the book recommended being Sturmius's "Select Letters of Cicero"; the method itself was not new. The book's plea for gentleness and persuasion instead of coercion in schools, was contemporary: it was being practised and preached at that time by Christopher Jonson (ca. 1536–1597) at Winchester College; and had been repeatedly urged by Erasmus and others. Along with its suggestions for educational practice, Ascham's book includes a famous warning against the dangers of Italy, which he calls "inchantme[n]tes of Circes."

paragraph: The "School master" was reprinted in 1571 and 1589. It was edited by James Upton in 1711 and in 1743, by John Eyton Bickersteth Mayor 1863, and by Edward Arber in 1870.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Correspondence.

paragraph: Ascham's letters were collected and published in 1576, and went through several editions, the last at Nuremberg in 1611. They were re-titled by William Elstob in 1703.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Other works.

paragraph: "Report and Discourse of the Affairs and State of Germany 1553" was published by John Daye (1570). Ascham's English works were edited by James Bennett, with a life by Samuel Johnson in 1771, reprinted in 1815. John Allen Giles in 1864–1865 published in 4 vols. select letters from the "Toxophilus" and "Scholemaster" and the life by Edward Grant.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Roger Ascham." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 24 Oct. 2013

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ascham, Roger. "The Whole Works of Roger Ascham", ed. J. A. Giles. John Russel Smith, 1865.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ascham, Roger. "English Works of Roger Ascham", ed. W. A. Wright, Cambridge, 1904.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hatch, M. A. "The Ascham letters". PhD dissertation. Cornell University, 1948.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ryan, L. V. "Roger Ascham". Stanford University Press, 1963.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stark, Ryan. "Protestant Theology and Apocalyptic Rhetoric in Roger Ascham's 'The Schoolmaster,'" "Journal of the History of Ideas" 69 (2008): 517–32.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicholas, Lucy R. Roger Ascham’s ‘A Defence of the Lord’s Supper’: Latin Text and English Translation (Leiden: Brill, 2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicholas, Lucy R. ‘Roger Ascham’s Defence of the Lord’s Supper’, Reformation, vol. 20 (2015), pp. 26–61

description: English scholar and didactic writer

enwikiquote_title: Roger Ascham

wikidata_label: Roger Ascham

wikipedia_title: Roger Ascham


text: orientalist

text: Seville

text: Brigadier

text: intendente

text: Zacatecas

text: New Spain

text: Pont-le-Voy

text: Blois

text: Arabic

text: École spéciale des Langues orientales

text: Silvestre de Sacy

text: Britain

text: "The Athenaeum"

text: SDUK

text: magnum opus

text: arabist

text: Royal Asiatic Society

text: Al Makkari

text: Ibn al-Khatib

text: Holland House

text: George Ticknor

text: University of Madrid

text: Huelva

text: British Museum

text: Bergenroth

text: Simancas

text: chivalry

text: Rivadeneyra

categories: 1809 births,1897 deaths,Spanish Arabists,Linguists from Spain,Spanish scholars,Spanish orientalists,People from Seville

paragraph: Pascual de Gayangos y Arce

paragraph: Pascual de Gayangos y Arce (June 21, 1809 – October 4, 1897) was a Spanish scholar and orientalist.

paragraph: Born in Seville, he was the son of Brigadier José de Gayangos, intendente of Zacatecas, in New Spain (Mexico). After completing his primary education in Madrid, at the age of thirteen he was sent to school at Pont-le-Voy near Blois. Then, he began the study of Arabic in the École spéciale des Langues orientales of Paris under Silvestre de Sacy. After a visit to Britain, where he married, he obtained a post in the Spanish treasury, and was transferred to the foreign office as translator in 1833.

paragraph: In 1837 he returned to Britain, wrote extensively in British periodicals, like "The Athenaeum", and in publications of the SDUK, like "The Penny Cyclopaedia for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge" and "The Biographical Dictionary". In these years he completed his magnum opus as an arabist: the translation, for the Royal Asiatic Society, of the first part of Al Makkari's biography of Ibn al-Khatib. The edition was entitled the "History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain" and appeared in two volumes in 1840 and 1843 . While in England, he entered in the Holland House circle, where he made the acquaintance of George Ticknor, to whom he was very helpful. In 1843 he returned to Spain as professor of Arabic at the University of Madrid, a post he held until 1871. He entered in politics in 1881, when he was made director of public instruction. He resigned on being elected senator for the district of Huelva.

paragraph: His latter years were spent in cataloguing the Spanish manuscripts in the British Museum; he had previously continued Bergenroth's catalogue of the manuscripts relating to the negotiations between England and Spain in the Simancas archives. His best-known original work is his dissertation on Spanish romances of chivalry in Rivadeneyra's "Biblioteca de autores españoles". He died in London.

description: Spanish academic

wikidata_label: Pascual de Gayangos y Arce

wikipedia_title: Pascual de Gayangos y Arce


text: Sunni

text: Nawa

text: Damascus

text: Syria

text: Arabic

text: Semitic languages

text: Islam

text: Damascus

text: Mamluk

text: Sultan

text: Rukn al-Din Baybars

text: Damascus

text: Baybars

text: Damascus

text: hadith literature

text: Forty Hadiths

text: Riyadh as-Saaliheen

text: madhabs

text: Shafi'i

text: Al-Dhahabi

text: Syrian Civil War

text: rebels

text: Al Nusra

text: Al Minhaj bi Sharh Sahih Muslim

text: Riyadh as-Saaliheen

text: hadith

text: Islamic law

text: Shafi'i

text: French

text: van den Bergh

text: Cairo

text: Shafi'i

text: fiqh

text: Tahdhib al-Asma wa'l-Lughat

text: F. Wüstenfeld

text: hadith

text: Ibn al-Salah

text: "Muqaddimah"

text: Suyuti

text: W. Marçais

text: Forty Hadiths

text: Muhammad

text: Hajj

text: Sunan Abu Dawood

text: Sahih al-Bukhari

text: at-Tirmidhi

text: Forty hadith

text: Islamic scholars

text: Imam Shafi'i

text: Biodata at MuslimScholars.info

text: A short bio on Imam Nawawi

text: An-Nawawi's Forty Hadiths

text: Imam Nawawi

categories: Bibliographers,Asharis,Sharia judges,13th-century biographers,13th-century historians,Muslim encyclopedists,13th-century Muslim scholars of Islam,1234 births,Mamluk theologians,Hadith scholars,1277 deaths,Sunni Muslim scholars,Shafi'is,Sunni fiqh scholars

paragraph: Al-Nawawi

paragraph: Abu Zakaria Yahya Ibn Sharaf al-Nawawī (; 1233–1277), popularly known as al-Nawawī or Imam Nawawī (631–676 A.H./1234–1277), was a Sunni Shafi'ite jurist and hadith scholar. He authored numerous and lengthy works ranging from hadith, to theology, biography, and jurisprudence. Al-Nawawi never married.

paragraph: Section::::Creed.

paragraph: He did not interpret the "mutashabihat", or 'unapparent in meaning' verses and hadiths in a literal anthropomorphic way. He states in his commentary of a hadith that:

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.:Background.

paragraph: He was born at Nawa near Damascus, Syria. As with Arabic and other Semitic languages, the last part of his name refers to his hometown.

paragraph: Yasin bin Yusuf Marakashi, says: "I saw Imam Nawawi at Nawa when he was a youth of ten years of age. Other boys of his age used to force him to play with them, but Imam Nawawi would always avoid the play and would remain busy with the recitation of the Noble Qur'an. When they tried to domineer and insisted on his joining their games, he bewailed and expressed his no concern over their foolish action. On observing his sagacity and profundity, a special love and affection developed in my heart for young Nawawi. I approached his teacher and urged him to take exceptional care of this lad as he was to become a great religious scholar. His teacher asked whether I was a soothsayer or an astrologer. I told him I am neither soothsayer nor an astrologer but Allah caused me to utter these words." His teacher conveyed this incident to Imam's father and he keeping in view the learning quest of his son, decided to dedicate the life of his son for the service and promotion of the cause of Islam.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.:Education.

paragraph: He had no academic or scholarly atmosphere and there were no religious academies or institutes where one could earn excellence in religious learning, so his father took him to Damascus, which was considered the center of learning and scholarship, and the students from far and wide gathered there for schooling. During that period, there were more than three hundred institutes, colleges and universities in Damascus. Imam Nawawi joined Madrasah Rawahiyah which was affiliated with the Ummvi University. The founder and patron of this Madrasah was a trader named Zakiuddin Abul-Qassim who was known as Ibn Rawahah. Madrasah was named after him. Noted and eminent teachers of the period taught in that Madrasah. Imam Nawawi says, "I studied in this institution for two years. During my stay in Madrasah Rawahiyah, I never had complete rest and lived on the limited food supplied by the institution." As a routine he used to sleep very little at night. When it became irresistible as a human being, he would lean and slumber for a while against the support of books. After a short duration he would again be hard at his scholastic pursuits.

paragraph: Section::::Life as a scholar.

paragraph: He studied in Damascus from the age of 18 and after making the pilgrimage in 1253 he settled there as a private scholar. From a young age he showed signs of great intelligence, and so his father paid for a good education. As a judge, he was much sought after for advice and adjudication of disputes.

paragraph: Section::::Life as a scholar.:Notable teachers.

paragraph: During his stay at Damascus, he studied from more than twenty teachers. These teachers were regarded as masters and authority of their subject field and disciplines they taught. Imam studied Hadith, Islamic Jurisprudence, its principles, syntax and Etymology. Abu Ibrahim Ishaq bin Ahmad AI-Maghribi, Abu Muhammad Abdur-Rahman bin Ibrahim Al-Fazari, Radiyuddin Abu Ishaq Ibrahim bin Abu Hafs Umar bin Mudar Al-Mudari, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim bin Isa Al-Muradi, Abul-Baqa Khalid bin Yusuf An-Nablusi, Abul-Abbas Ahmad bin Salim Al-Misri, Abu Abdullah Al-Jiyani, Abul-Fath Umar bin Bandar, Abu Muhammad At-Tanukhi, Sharafuddin Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad Al-Ansari, Abul-Faraj Abdur-Rahman bin Muhammad bin Ahmad Al-Maqdisi, Abul-Fada'il Sallar bin Al-Hasan Al Arbali.

paragraph: Section::::Relationship with the Mamluk Sultanate.

paragraph: Nawawi drew the ire of Mamluk Sultan Rukn al-Din Baybars, when he petitioned on behalf of residents of Damascus who sought relief from heavy tax burdens during a drought that lasted many years. This prompted Baybars threatened to expel him from Damascus. To this, he responded:"As for myself, threats do not harm me or mean anything to me. They will not keep me from advising the ruler, for I believe that this is obligatory upon me and others."

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: He died at Nawa at the relatively young age of 44, having never married.

paragraph: An-Nawawi's lasting legacy is his contribution to hadith literature through his momentous works Forty Hadiths and Riyadh as-Saaliheen. This made him respected in all madhabs, despite of him being of Shafi'i jurisprudence. According to Al-Dhahabi, Imam Nawawi's concentration and absorption in academic love gained proverbial fame. He had devoted all his time for learning and scholarship. Other than reading and writing, he spent his time contemplating on the interacted and complex issues and in finding their solutions.

paragraph: Sheikh Mohiuddin expresses his impression about Imam Nawawi as thus:

paragraph: Imaam an-Nawawi had three distinctive commendable qualities in his person. If anybody has only one out of these three, people turn to him in abundance for guidance. First, having knowledge and its dissemination. Second, to evade completely from the worldly inclinations, and the third, inviting to all that is good (Islam) enjoining virtue and forbidding vice. Imaam an-Nawawi had all three in him.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.:Destruction of tomb.

paragraph: In 2015, during the ongoing Syrian Civil War, his tomb was demolished by rebels linked to Al Nusra.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: During his life of 45 years he wrote "at least fifty books" on Islamic studies and other topics. These include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Al Minhaj bi Sharh Sahih Muslim" (), making use of others before him, and is considered one of the best commentaries on Sahih Muslim. It is available online.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Riyadh as-Saaliheen" (); collection of hadith on ethics, manners, conduct, popular in the Muslim world.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "al-Majmu' sharh al-Muhadhdhab" (), is a comprehensive manual of Islamic law according to the Shafi'i school has been edited with French translation by van den Bergh, 2 vols., Batavia (1882–1884), and published at Cairo (1888).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Minhaj al-Talibin" (), a classical manual on Islamic Law according to Shafi'i fiqh.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tahdhib al-Asma wa'l-Lughat" (), edited as the "Biographical Dictionary of Illustrious Men chiefly at the Beginning of Islam" (Arabic) by F. Wüstenfeld (Göttingen, 1842–1847).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Taqrib al-Taisir" (), an introduction to the study of hadith, it is an extension of Ibn al-Salah's "Muqaddimah", was published at Cairo, 1890, with Suyuti's commentary "Tadrib al-Rawi". It has been in part translated into French by W. Marçais in the "Journal asiatique", series ix., vols. 16–18 (1900–1901).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "al-Arbaʿīn al-Nawawiyya" () - 'Forty Hadiths,' collection of forty-two fundamental traditions, frequently published along with numerous commentaries.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ma Tamas ilayhi hajat al-Qari li Saheeh al-Bukhaari" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tahrir al-Tanbih" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kitab al-Adhkar" (); collection of supplications of prophet Muhammad.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "al-Tibyan fi adab Hamalat al-Quran" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adab al-fatwa wa al-Mufti wa al-Mustafti" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "al-Tarkhis fi al-Qiyam" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Manasik" () on Hajj rituals.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sharh Sunan Abu Dawood"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mukhtasar at-Tirmidhi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tabaqat ash-Shafi'iyah"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rawdhat al-Talibeen"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bustan al-`arifin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bustan al-ʿarifin" (The Garden of Gnostics), Translated by Aisha Bewley

paragraph: Section::::Recent English language editions.:Minhaj al-Talibin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Minhaj et talibin: A Manual of Muhammadan Law ; According To The School of Shafi", Law Publishing Co (1977) ASIN B0006D2W9I

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Minhaj et talibin: A Manual of Muhammadan Law ; According To The School of Shafi", Navrang (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Minhaj Et Talibin: A Manual of Muhammadan Law", Adam Publishers (2005)

paragraph: Section::::Recent English language editions.:The Forty Hadith.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Compendium of Knowledge and Wisdom"; Translation of Jami' Uloom wal-Hikam by Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali translated by Abdassamad Clarke, Turath Publishing (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Al-Nawawi Forty Hadiths and Commentary"; Translated by Arabic Virtual Translation Center; (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ibn-Daqiq's Commentary on the Nawawi Forty Hadiths"; Translated by Arabic Virtual Translation Center; (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Al-Nawawi's Forty Hadith", Translated by Ezzeddin Ibrahim, Islamic Texts Society; New edition (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Forty Hadith of al-Imam al-Nawawi", Abul-Qasim Publishing House (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Complete Forty Hadith", Ta-Ha Publishers (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Arba'een 40 Ahadith of Imam Nawawi with Commentary", Darul Ishaat

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Commentary on the Forty Hadith of Al-Nawawi" (3 Vols.), by Jamaal Al-Din M. Zarabozo, Al-Basheer (1999)

paragraph: Section::::Recent English language editions.:Riyad al-Salihin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gardens of the righteous: Riyadh as-Salihin of Imam Nawawi", Rowman and Littlefield (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Riyad-us-Salihin: Garden of the Righteous", Dar Al-Kotob Al-Ilmiyah

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Riyadh-us-Saliheen" (Vol. 1&2 in One Book) (Arabic-English) Dar Ahya Us-Sunnah Al Nabawiya

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Forty hadith

paragraph: BULLET::::- Islamic scholars

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imam Shafi'i

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biodata at MuslimScholars.info

paragraph: BULLET::::- A short bio on Imam Nawawi

paragraph: BULLET::::- An-Nawawi's Forty Hadiths

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imam Nawawi

description: Islamic Arab scholar

wikidata_label: Al-Nawawi

wikipedia_title: Al-Nawawi


text: novelist

text: philosopher

text: theologian

text: Prussian army

text: War of the first coalition

text: Valmy

text: French revolutionary wars

text: Wendelsheim

text: Pantheist

text: Christian von Wolff

text: Baruch Spinoza

text: university of Gießen

text: Johann Salomo Semler

text: Halle

text: University of Halle

text: battle of Valmy

text: Sansculottes

text: enlightenment

categories: German travel writers,People from Alzey-Worms,German diarists,German non-fiction writers,University of Giessen alumni,19th-century German male writers,German male non-fiction writers,1757 births,German philosophers,German male novelists,Prussian Army personnel,Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg alumni,19th-century German novelists,1822 deaths,18th-century German novelists,18th-century German writers

paragraph: Friedrich Christian Laukhard

paragraph: Friedrich Christian Laukhard (7 June 1757 – 28 April 1822) was a German novelist, philosopher, historian and theologian.

paragraph: From 1783 to 1794 he volunteered in the Prussian army as a musketeer. During the War of the first coalition his regiment (v. Thadden) campaigned in Valmy.

paragraph: Laukhard's military diary is of great interest for historical research on the Prussian army and the French revolutionary wars.

paragraph: Due to his licentious and extrovert lifestyle, ""Magister Laukhard"" soon became a notorious figure.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Youth.

paragraph: Laukhard was born in Wendelsheim where his father "Philipp Burkhard Laukhard" served as pastor. He was trained in Latin, Hebrew and Philosophy from an early age. Laukhards father, himself a Pantheist, was a great admirer of Christian von Wolff and Baruch Spinoza, always encouraging Laukhard to query canonical dogmata to become a freethinker.

paragraph: Though his intellectual breeding was highly excitatory, his parents completely disregarded any further educational surveillance. As a result, Laukhard got in bad company and became an alcoholic in early years.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Studies.

paragraph: At his father's urging, Laukhard began to study theology at the university of Gießen in 1771.

paragraph: After his graduation in 1774, Laukhard served for a while as Vikar, but he lost this position quickly on account of his overly liberal sermons.

paragraph: In 1781, supported by his father's friend Johann Salomo Semler, he resumed his studies in Halle. In 1783 he finally earned his doctorate and served for short while at the University of Halle.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Army.

paragraph: Due to his bohemian and costly lifestyle, Laukhard got plunged in debt and had to enter the Prussian army. In 1792 he took part in the battle of Valmy.

paragraph: In 1794 he was captured by the French and henceforth became a member of the Sansculottes.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: Laukhards autobiographic writings are of historical interest. In his lifetime he made a contribution to the spread of humanist ideas and thus can be seen as part of the enlightenment movement.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leben und Schicksale von ihm selbst beschrieben, 5 Bände, 1792–1802

paragraph: BULLET::::- Der Mosellaner- oder Amicisten-Orden nach seiner Entstehung, inneren Verfassung und Verbreitung auf den deutschen Universitäten dargestellt, Halle 1799

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leben und Schicksale von ihm selbst beschrieben, herausgegeben von Karl Wolfgang Becker, 1989 Koehler u. Amelang, München,

paragraph: BULLET::::- F. C. Laukhard, ein abenteuerliches Leben während der Französischen Revolution, herausgegeben von Franz Dobmann, 1969 Heidenheimer Verlagsanst.,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leben und Taten des Rheingrafen Carl Magnus, den Joseph II. auf zehn Jahre ins Gefängnis nach Königstein schickte, 1798, herausgegeben von Lothar Baus, Asclepios Verlag,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friedrich Christian Laukhard (1757–1822) : Band I: Nachrichten aus der wirklichen Welt - Studien zu Laukhards politischen Romanen. Band II: Kommenti ... und Materialien. Band III: Ausgewählte Texte, hg. von Christoph Weiss, Karl Richter, Gerhard Sauter, Gerhard Schmidt-Henkel, Röhrig Universitätsverlag GmbH,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friedrich Christian Laukhard: Ein bemerkenswerter Wendelsheimer, von Jakob Schwind und Richard Wilhelm, Rheinhessische Druckwerkst.,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friedrich Christian Laukhard Gesellschaft

description: German philosopher, and writer

wikidata_label: Friedrich Christian Laukhard

wikipedia_title: Friedrich Christian Laukhard


text:
British
peer
Tory
Apsley House
Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst
Lord George Lennox
Eton College
Christ Church, Oxford
Bachelor of Arts
Master of Arts
Doctor of Civil Law
University of Oxford
Teller of the Exchequer
India Board
House of Commons
Weobley
Cirencester
House of Lords
Oakley Park
Cirencester
William

categories: People educated at Eton College,UK MPs 1832–1835,UK MPs 1820–1826,UK MPs 1812–1818,1866 deaths,UK MPs 1818–1820,Earls Bathurst,Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford,1790 births,UK MPs 1826–1830,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,UK MPs 1830–1831,Tory MPs (pre-1834),UK MPs 1807–1812,UK MPs 1831–1832

paragraph: Henry Bathurst, 4th Earl Bathurst

paragraph: Henry George Bathurst, 4th Earl Bathurst (24 February 179025 May 1866), styled as Lord Apsley from 1794 to 1834, was a British peer and Tory politician.

paragraph: Section::::Background and education.

paragraph: Born at Apsley House, he was the eldest son of Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst, and his wife Lady Georgina, third daughter of Lord George Lennox. He was educated at Eton College and went then to Christ Church, Oxford, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in 1811 and a Master of Arts three years later. In 1820, he received a Doctor of Civil Law by the University of Oxford.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Bathurst served as a clerk to the Teller of the Exchequer and in 1812, he was appointed a Commissioner of the India Board, a post he held for the next six years. He was elected to the House of Commons as one of two representatives for Weobley in January 1812, sitting until October the same year. He then represented Cirencester until 1834, when he succeeded his father in the earldom and entered the House of Lords. He was one of the founders of the Royal Agricultural College in 1845.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Bathurst died at his country residence, Oakley Park, Cirencester, on 25 May 1866 aged 76 after a long illness. His body lay in state until it was interred on the estate in front of thousands of mourners.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He never married and was succeeded in the earldom by his younger brother William.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). "Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage" New York: St Martin's Press, 1990

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Mosley (ed.), "Burke's Peerage and Baronetage" 3 volumes, 107th edition (London 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- C Kidd and D Williamson (eds), "Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage" (London 2000)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.thepeerage.com/p2755.htm#i27542

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.leighrayment.com/peers/peersB2.htm

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Henry Bathurst, 4th Earl Bathurst

wikipedia_title: Henry Bathurst, 4th Earl Bathurst


text:
British
peer
Tory
Member of Parliament
Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst
Christ Church, Oxford
Master of Arts
House of Commons
Weobley
Lord Apsley
Bachelor of Arts
called to the Bar
Lincoln's Inn
Royal Navy
Board of Trade
Privy Council
House of Lords
Allen

categories: UK MPs 1812–1818,1791 births,Earls Bathurst,Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford,1878 deaths,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,Members of Lincoln's Inn

paragraph: William Bathurst, 5th Earl Bathurst

paragraph: William Lennox Bathurst, 5th Earl Bathurst (14 February 1791 – 24 February 1878), styled The Honourable William Bathurst from 1794 to 1866, was a British peer, Tory Member of Parliament and civil servant.

paragraph: Bathurst was the second son of Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst, and his wife Lady Georgina (née Lennox). He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated with a Master of Arts in 1812. The same year, aged twenty-one, he was elected to the House of Commons as one of two representatives for Weobley (succeeding his elder brother Lord Apsley), a seat he held until 1816. He then returned to Christ Church and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1817. In 1821 he was called to the Bar, Lincoln's Inn. Bathurst was a Deputy Teller of the Exchequer between 1816 and 1830 and a Commissioner for victualling the Royal Navy between 1825 and 1829 and served as Joint Secretary to the Board of Trade from 1830 to 1847 and as Joint Clerk of the Privy Council from 1830 to 1860. In 1866, aged seventy-five, he succeeded his elder brother in the earldom and entered the House of Lords.

paragraph: Lord Bathurst died in February 1878, aged eighty-seven. He never married and was succeeded in his titles by his nephew Allen.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). "Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage" (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's P ress, 1990,

description: British politician

wikidata_label: William Bathurst, 5th Earl Bathurst

wikipedia_title: William Bathurst, 5th Earl Bathurst


text: O.P.

text: French

text: Dominican

text: friar

text: cardinal

text: biblical

text: Vienne

text: Dauphiné

text: University of Paris

text: philosophy

text: theology

text: jurisprudence

text: priory

text: religious habit

text: Prior Provincial

text: Pope Gregory IX

text: papal legate

text: Pope Innocent IV

text: Cardinal Priest

text: titular church

text: Santa Sabina

text: First Council of Lyons

text: Feast of Corpus Christi

text: General Roman Calendar

text: Carmelite Rule of St. Albert

text: Saint

text: Albert Avogadro

text: Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem

text: Carmelite friars

text: Mount Carmel

text: Holy Roman Emperor

text: Frederick II

text: Pope Alexander IV

text: Gherardino da Borgo San Donnino

text: Abbot

text: Joachim of Fiore

text: "Spiritual"

text: William of St Amour

text: mendicant Orders

text: secular clergy

text: Major Penitentiary

text: Cardinal Bishop of Ostia

text: Orvieto

text: Pope Urban IV

text: William de la Mare

text: concordance of the Bible

text: Anthony of Padua

text: Peter Lombard

text: Book of Sentences

text: exegetical

text: Venice

text: Quétif

text: Échard

text: Heinrich Seuse Denifle

categories: Scholastic philosophers,French Dominicans,Roman Catholic biblical scholars,Dominican cardinals,1200 births,Cardinal-bishops of Ostia,Major Penitentiaries of the Apostolic Penitentiary,Dominican bishops,French cardinals,1263 deaths,People from Vienne

paragraph: Hugh of Saint-Cher

paragraph: Hugh of Saint-Cher, O.P. (c. 1200 – 19 March 1263) was a French Dominican friar who became a cardinal and noted biblical commentator.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Hugh was born at Saint-Cher, a suburb of Vienne, Dauphiné, around the beginning of the 13th century. After completing his early

paragraph: studies at a local monastery near his home, at about the age of fourteen, he went to the University of Paris to study philosophy, theology, and jurisprudence, which latter subject he later taught in the same city.

paragraph: In 1225, he entered the Dominican priory there and took the religious habit of the recently founded Order. Soon after his admission, he was appointed as Prior Provincial of the Order for France. In 1230 he became Master of Theology and was elected prior of the Paris monastery. During those years, he contributed largely to the Order's success, and won the confidence of Pope Gregory IX, who sent him as a papal legate to Constantinople in 1233.

paragraph: Section::::Cardinalate.

paragraph: Pope Innocent IV made Hugh a Cardinal Priest in 1244, with his titular church being Santa Sabina, the mother church of the Dominican Order. He then played an important part in the First Council of Lyons, which took place the following year. He contributed to the institution of the Feast of Corpus Christi on the General Roman Calendar. In 1247, upon instructions of Pope Innocent, Hugh revised the Carmelite Rule of St. Albert, which the Saint Albert Avogadro, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, had given the first Carmelite friars on Mount Carmel. The Holy See felt it necessary to mitigate some of the Rule's more demanding elements to make it more compatible with conditions in Europe. The same pope approved these changes, and this revision remains the Rule for the Carmelite Order. After the death in 1250 of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, Pope Innocent sent Hugh to Germany as his legate for the election of a successor.

paragraph: Under the authority of Pope Alexander IV, in 1255 Hugh supervised the commission that condemned the "Introductorius in Evangelium aeternum" of Gherardino da Borgo San Donnino, which promoted the teachings of Abbot Joachim of Fiore. These teachings worried the bishops as they had become widespread among the "Spiritual" wing of the Franciscan friars, to which Gherardino belonged.

paragraph: He also supervised the condemnation of William of St Amour's "De periculis novissimorum temporum". This work was an expression of the attack on the mendicant Orders, who were becoming so successful in the lives of the universities, by the secular clergy who had previously had unchallenged authority there. Hugh served as Major Penitentiary of the Catholic Church from 1256 to 1262. He was named Cardinal Bishop of Ostia in December 1261, but resigned a few months later and returned to his title of Santa Sabina.

paragraph: Hugh was in residence in Orvieto, Italy, with Pope Urban IV, who had established a long-term residence there, when he died on 19 March 1263.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Hugh of St-Cher (or, possibly, a team of scholars under his direction) was the first to compile a so-called "correctorium", a collection of variant readings of the Bible. His work, entitled "Correctio Biblie", survives in more than a dozen manuscripts.

paragraph: In the preface to the "Correctio Biblie", Hugh writes that he has collated various Latin versions, biblical commentaries and as well as the Hebrew manuscripts. For his approach to the text of the Bible, he was criciticsed by William de la Mare, author of another "correctorium".

paragraph: With the aid of many of his Order, he edited a concordance of the Bible ("Concordantiae Sacrorum Bibliorum" or "Concordantiae S. Jacobi") more thorough than the one attempted by Anthony of Padua. The assertion that we owe the present division of the chapters of the Vulgate to him is false.

paragraph: His commentary on Peter Lombard's "Book of Sentences" exercised significant influence over subsequent generations of theologians. He also wrote the "Postillae in sacram scripturam juxta quadruplicem sensum, litteralem, allegoricum, anagogicum et moralem," published frequently in the 15th and 16th centuries. His "Sermones de tempore et sanctis" are apparently only extracts. His exegetical works were published at Venice in 1754 in eight volumes.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quétif-Échard, "Scriptores ordinis praedicatorum"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heinrich Seuse Denifle, in "Archiv für Literatur und Kirchengeschichte des Mittelalters", i.49, ii.171, iv.263 and 471

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Année dominicaine", (1886) iii.509 and 883

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chartularium universitatis Parisiensis", i.158.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lewis E 46 Biblical commentary on the Old Testament--I Kings - Esther at OPenn

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Hugh of Saint-Cher

wikipedia_title: Hugh of Saint-Cher