text:
Field Marshal
Serbo-Turkish War
Serbo-Bulgarian War
First Balkan War
Second Balkan War
World War I
Serbian Army
Minister of War
Balkan Wars
Second Army
World War I
Battle of Cer
Field Marshal
Čačak
Kumodraž
Belgrade
"née"
Bosnia
Lika
Leskovac
Pirot
Great Serb Migrations
primary school
gymnasium
Captain Miša's Mansion
Belgrade artillery school
cadet
Russian
French
Herzegovina Uprising
Principality of Serbia
Ottoman Empire
corporal
junior sergeant
war
Albanians
Kosovo
sergeant
Kragujevac
Bela Palanka
Niš
Knjaževac
Deligrad
Sokobanja
Morava
Đura Horvatović
Vinik
Deligrad
second lieutenant
Serbian Army
Pirot
Jovan Belimarković
Nišor
Niš
echelon formation
Suva Planina
Vranje
Kragujevac
Užice
adjutant
Battle of Slivnitsa
Vrapče
Aldomirovtsi
King Milan
captain
aspirant
General Staff
executive
Valjevo
Milutin Milanović
Živojin Mišić
Požega
Zaječar
Alexander I
Order of the Cross of Takovo
May Overthrow
Peter I
Order of the Star of Karađorđe
Đura Horvatić
state property
Minister of Defense
Radomir Putnik
Nikola Pašić
Mauser
France
annexation of Bosnia
Austria-Hungary
Montenegro
minister without portfolio
Aleksandar Karađorđević
Dragutin Dimitrijević Apis
Milovan Milovanović Pilac
Great Powers
Balkan
Balkan League
Živojin Mišić
Milovan Milovanović
Marko Trifković
First Balkan War
Second Army
Kyustendil
Dupnitsa
First Army
Georgi Todorov
Carevo selo
Gornja Džumaja
Rujen
Kumanovo
Dobrosav Milenković
Kriva Palanka
Krivorečka gorge
Stracin
Kumanovo
Kočani
Štip
Kratovo
Battle of Kumanovo
Ovče polje
Kondić
Crni vrh
Komita
Bregalnica
Prilep
Serez
Demir Hisar
Mustafa Pasha
Adrianople
Nikola Ivanov
Bulgarian Second army
Christmas Eve
bread
meat
health
morale
Shukri Pasha
Marash
Chernomen
battle of Maritsa
memorial
trains
World War I
Battle of Cer
Field Marshal
Battle of the Drina
Battle of Kolubara
Macedonia
commander in chief
GCMG
Čačak
The 100 most prominent Serbs
no. 10, October 1998

categories: Royal Yugoslav Army personnel,Field marshals,Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George,People from the Principality of Serbia,Grand Crosses of the Order of St. Sava,Recipients of the Order of the Redeemer,Government ministers of Serbia,Companions of the Distinguished Service Order,Serbian military personnel of the Balkan Wars,Serbian military personnel of World War I,1929 deaths,Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus,Royal Serbian Army soldiers,Recipients of the Order of Karađorđe's Star,Officiers of the Légion d'honneur,1856 births,Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Takovo,Recipients of the Order of St. George,People from Belgrade,Recipients of the Medal for Bravery (Serbia),Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath,Commanders of the Order of the White Eagle (Serbia),People of the Serbo-Bulgarian War

paragraph: Stepa Stepanović

paragraph: Field Marshal Stepan "Stepa" Stepanović (, ;  – 29 April 1929) was a Serbian military commander who fought in the Serbo-Turkish War, the Serbo-Bulgarian War, the First Balkan War, the Second Balkan War and World War I. Having joined the Serbian military in 1874, he fought against the forces of the Ottoman Empire in 1876. Over the following years, he climbed up the ranks of the Serbian Army and fought against Bulgarian forces in 1885. He eventually became the Serbian Minister of War in April 1908 and was responsible for instituting changes in the Serbian Army.

paragraph: Stepanović commanded Serbian forces during the two Balkan Wars and led the Serbian Second Army during World War I. After Battle of Cer he was promoted to second Field Marshal. He died in Čačak on 29 April 1929.

paragraph: Section::::Early childhood and education.

paragraph: Stepan "Stepa" Stepanović was born on 28 February 1856 in the village of Kumodraž, near Belgrade. He was the fourth child and third son of Ivan and Radojka Stepanović ("née" Nikolić). Stepanović was named after his grandfather Stepan, from whom his family's surname originated. There are two theories of his family origins. The first states that Stepanovic’s ancestors, who were known as Živanović, came from the regions of Bosnia and Lika. The second theory is that his ancestors came from the vicinity of Leskovac and Pirot during the Great Serb Migrations.

paragraph: Due to housework, Stepanović's mother had little time for him and often left him in the care of her mother-in-law. Prior to attending primary school, he looked after cattle and was once hurt badly by a bull. Stepanović finished triennial primary school in Kumodraž and attended gymnasium in Captain Miša's Mansion. To finish his schooling, he often served wealthier Belgrade families. He finished his first year of school with good grades and continued receiving good grades throughout the rest of his education. In September 1874, Stepanović enlisted in the XI class of the Belgrade artillery school instead of attending his sixth year of gymnasium. He did not have to write an entrance exam because he had completed five years of gymnasium. His class had twenty-nine cadets.

paragraph: At the time, the Belgrade artillery school possessed a technical character and paid much attention to knowledge of mathematics, a subject in which Stepanović always performed poorly. Stepanović was also not very good in foreign languages, although he read Russian and French literature. After Herzegovina Uprising broke out, the Principality of Serbia began preparing for war with the Ottoman Empire and the Belgrade artillery school initiated a program of practical martial training. In September 1875, Stepanović and his classmates all received the rank of corporal. After passing an exam, Stepanović became junior sergeant in May 1876. In June 1876, war erupted between Serbia and Ottoman Turkish forces in the Balkans, most of whom were Albanians from Kosovo. Stepanović and the entire XI class quickly received the ranks of sergeant and were sent to the frontline.

paragraph: Section::::Serbo-Turkish Wars.

paragraph: Stepanović arrived in Kragujevac on 14 May 1876. Here, he was assigned to orderly officer duty in the headquarters of the Šumadija Division, commanded by Colonel Ljubomir Uzun-Mirković, whose orders were carried by Stepanović. The Šumadija division was the main part of the Moravian Army, but after a change of battle plans, it was divided in several squadrons. Stepanović was assigned to Uzun-Mirković’s squadron, which had orders to help the Knjaževac Army take Babina Glava and Bela Palanka in order to stop the arrival of Ottoman reinforcements to Niš. Eventually, Babina Glava was taken and Stepanović was noted by Uzun-Mirković for "being very agile and for good riding." Soon after, the Ottomans launched a counter-offensive against Uzun-Mirković’s squadron, which retreated to Pandrilo. The Ottomans attacked Pandrilo on 19 July, beginning a battle in which Stepanović actively participated. Stepanović's participation alongside regular Serbian soldiers raised moral and helped turn the tide of the battle. This experience affected Stepanović greatly and he often resorted to fighting alongside other Serbian soldiers to raise their moral.

paragraph: After the fall of Knjaževac, Stepanović and his squadron moved from Deligrad to Sokobanja in order to prevent the Ottomans from reaching the Morava Valley. In Sokobanja, Serb forces regrouped and formed the IV Army Corps, under the command of Colonel Đura Horvatović. Stepanović subsequently joined this unit.

paragraph: The IV Army Corps marched across Kurilovo and reached Vinik where it attacked Ottoman positions. It then moved on to Deligrad, where it arrived on 7 September. The IV Army Corps clashed with the Turks on 11 September near Krevet, in a battle which ended indecisively.

paragraph: An armistice between Serb and Ottoman Turkish forces was declared 1 November 1876. On 1 December, Stepanović was awarded the Gold Medal for Bravery and was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant. On 13 February 1877, he was appointed commander of the 3rd Company of the 3rd Battalion of the Serbian Army. Later, Stepanović participated in the capture of Pirot. Under the overall command of General Jovan Belimarković, Stepanović and his 300-strong force attacked the left flank of Nišor, one of two locations that the Ottomans had fortified in the town. Between 26 and 27 September, Stepanović’s unit passed unnoticed around Nišor and took Mali vrh. On the morning of 27 September, when the main Serbian attack began, his squad opened fire on Nišor, confusing the Ottomans stationed there. Afterwards, Pirot was captured. One soldier from Stepanović’s unit said: "I find that, if I’m not wrong, our action struck the main blow to the Turkish position on Nišor and had resolved the fate of Pirot." Stepanović was later awarded the Order of St. Svetislav III Class with Swords and Ribbon, his favourite of all awards he had received throughout his career because he considered himself "[the] first to have entered the Turkish trench."

paragraph: On 3 December, the Šumadija Corps began its march from Pirot to Niš in two echelon formations. During this march, Stepanović commanded a half-battalion of infantry and some cavalry that moved across the difficult terrain of Suva Planina. Nevertheless, all of his men survived the trek and appeared ready for battle. Stepanović later stated that the march across the mountain was his toughest assignment in the war.

paragraph: On 23 January 1878, the Serbian high command ordered the Šumadija division to capture the town of Vranje. The Šumadija division then drove the Ottomans from Poljanica and defeated Grdelička klisura. On 25 January, Stepanović became commander of a volunteer squad which armed local Serbs in Poljanica. At the battle for Vranje several days later, Stepanović attacked the Ottomans from the north of the town at Devotin.

paragraph: Section::::Peacetime.

paragraph: Once the war ended, Stepanović took additional classes at the Belgrade Military Academy to finish his schooling, completing them all by 1880. In September of that year, he requested a transfer to Kragujevac. There, he gained command of the 2nd Company of 3rd Battalion of the Serbian Army. In October, he became commander of the 1st Company in the same battalion.

paragraph: In Kragujevac, Stepanović met his future wife Jelena, the daughter of the city's chief, Velislav Milanović. The two married on 25 July 1881. Their first child, Milica, was born on 21 April 1882. The following year Jelena gave birth to the couple's second daughter, Danica. Both of Stepanović's daughters went on to marry officers, Milica marrying second lieutenant Krsta Dragomirović and Danica marrying 1st Class captain Jovica Jovičić, who later became a division general in the Serbian Army.

paragraph: In his first official evaluation in the last quarter of 1880, a special military commission wrote described Stepanović as:

paragraph: On 1 September 1882, Stepanović was promoted to the rank of infantry lieutenant and he became a commander in Užice, where he remained until 13 February 1883, when he returned to Kragujevac. Upon his arrival in Kragujevac, he was appointed as military adjutant in the Šumadija Infantry Regiment. That same year, Serbia listed made military exercises mandatory in gymnasium programs. Stepanović subsequently became a teacher of military exercises in the First Kragujevac Gymnasium. He remained in this position until 1886.

paragraph: Section::::Serbo-Bulgarian War (1885).

paragraph: During the Battle of Slivnitsa, Stepanović commanded the 1st Company of the 2nd Battalion of the Šumadija division. His unit attacked the village of Vrapče and forced Bulgarian forces to retreat. In a report that Stepanović sent to the commander of the 12th Regiment a lack of coordination between divisions, regiments and battalions of the Serbian Army is perceptible.

paragraph: Several days later, Stepanović became commander of the 1st Battalion in the 12th Regiment and together with troops from another unit attacked the weakened Bulgarian center on Slivnitsa. The Bulgarians began retreating, allowing Serb forces to take over region around the village of Aldomirovtsi. In his report, Stepanović wrote about his soldiers: "The behavior of the soldiers in this battles was excellent because they showed great curability despite moving over the open field during crossfire. The behavior of the officers was satisfactory in regard of courage and good command of the troops."

paragraph: With Serbian forces being pushed out of Bulgaria, King Milan ordered a general retreat of the Serbian Army towards Pirot on 19 November. Three days later, Bulgarian forces marched towards the town and launched an attack on Neškov vis. Stepanović’s 12th Regiment was forced to retreat. Stepanović later reported: "...I moved along to the hospital towards where bulks of our troops retreated. No effort of the elders could bring them back. More soldiers followed them and then that ridiculous mob pushed away officers who tried to stop them."

paragraph: Section::::Rise.

paragraph: With the end of the Serbo-Bulgarian war, Stepanović returned to Kragujevac, where he stayed until November 1886. In Kragujevac, he commanded a company of the 10th regiment. At the end of 1886, he was promoted to the rank of II class infantry captain. He was an aspirant in the Serbian General Staff from 22 November 1886 to 22 October 1888. At the meeting which was held at the end of 1888, the General Staff’s commission stated ″that II class captain Mr. Stepanović showed enough qualification and proof for headquarters’ service", concluding that "he should be approved to start an exam this winter for the rank of I class captain.″

paragraph: In March 1889, Stepanović reported for this exam, and the commission gave him permission on 2 April to start. From 2–6 April, Stepanović completed the theoretic part of his exam in twelve subjects. He was released of doing practical part of exam, because he received very good grade on headquarters’ journeys and missions. Shortly before the exam, he became the executive of Drina divisional area. After his exams he moved to Valjevo. On 17 April 1889, he became I Class captain.

paragraph: From 29 March to 15 April 1892, Stepanović wrote and successfully passed an exam for the rank major in the same time as Milutin Milanović and Živojin Mišić. Stepanović became commander of the 5th Battalion in Požega on 13 September 1892. He was promoted to the rank of major on 8 May of the following year. On 14 August, he was moved to Valjevo to once again serve as the executive of the Drina divisional area. He stayed in Valjevo until 20 October 1895, when he was moved to Belgrade. Stepanović stayed in Belgrade for five months, where he was commander of the 7th Battalion. He also became a part-time professor of military history at the Belgrade Military Academy. On 30 March 1897, he became acting commander of the 6th Infantry Regiment in Belgrade. On 11 May, he was promoted to the rank of colonel and two days later he became commander of the 6th Infantry Regiment. Stepanović became Chief of the General Staff in the Ministry of Defense on 27 October 1898. He served in this position until 15 March 1899, when he became an executive of the general military department of the Ministry of Defense. Although he didn't like to work indoors, he made an excellent impression on members of the ministry and was remembered as being very strict and punctual. He was transferred again to Valjevo on 17 October 1900, where he became commander of an infantry brigade in the Drina Division. Because of a misunderstanding on 11 November, he was transferred to Zaječar and assigned as commander of an infantry brigade in the Timok Division. He liked this position and said: ″Troop for an officer is the same as water to a fish, and especially a headquarters officer. There he can show what he knows and he can show results. The office kills the spirit, drains the strength and changes man into mechanism.″

paragraph: On 18 August 1901, Stepanović was promoted to headquarters colonel, and on 11 November he became deputy executive of the active military command of the Serbian Army. He was served in this position until 15 December 1902, when he became an executive of the General Staff. Later, King Alexander I decorated him with Order of the Cross of Takovo II class. Stepanović continued in his role as a professor of military history, lecturing Napoleonic warfare from the period 1796–1805. He was also the editor of military magazine known as "Warrior" ().

paragraph: The May Overthrow which occurred on 28/29 May 1904 did not affect Stepanović’s career. After the overthrow, he became section head of the common department in the Ministry of Defense, and then became commander of the Šumadija Division. Because of these promotions, many historians have come to believe that Stepanović was on the side of the conspirators that overthrew the Obrenović dynasty despite his stated neutrality on the matter. After coming to power, Peter I decorated Stepanović with the Order of the Star of Karađorđe III degree on 29 June 1904. Emulating General Đura Horvatić, Stepanović then instituted Prussian-style military drills in his division and punished every irregularity, inaccuracy, legal offence and confiscation of state property.

paragraph: In the spring of 1906 in Kragujevac, where Stepanović was garrisoned as commander of the Šumadija Division, a so-called corporal counter conspiracy occurred. Some historians believe that the conspiracy was triggered by Stepanović’s strict regime. The conspiracy involved about thirty officers of the Kragujevac garrison who had planned to take several important public buildings in the town and then to arrest Stepanović. When the plot was uncovered on 30 April, Stepanović had 31 officers arrested. When expressed a desire to have more arrested, he was stopped by Minister of Defense Radomir Putnik.

paragraph: Stepanović was deeply shook by the conspiracy and later declared:

paragraph: Section::::Ministry and preparations for the Balkan Wars.

paragraph: Stepa Stepanović was elevated to the rank of general on 29 June 1907, but stayed as commander of the Šumadija divisional area. Nikola Pašić formed a new government on 12 April 1908 and Stepanović became the Minister of Defense. During his mandate, he tried to modernize the military and to remodel old Mauser rifles. He also had new artillery be bought from France and supplied to the Serbian Army. When the army attempted to order machine guns, Stepanović took a different, more conservative approach, as Colonel Vlajić, who worked in Stepanović’s cabinet, wrote:

paragraph: In October 1908, after the annexation of Bosnia by Austria-Hungary, massive protests erupted in Serbia and Montenegro. Large numbers of citizens demanded that war be declared against the Austria-Hungarians. Stepanović responded by warning that the country and the army were not ready for war, and that both needed to undertake great amounts of diplomatic, financial and military training. His statements provoked a great amount of criticism from many sides, even in the Serbian press. Consequently, he was dismissed as Minister of Defense and became a minister without portfolio at the beginning of 1909. Later that year, he actively assisted Putnik in preparing the Serbian Army for a future war. At the beginning of 1910, Stepanović became commander of the Morava divisional area and undertook the task of preparing the division for armed combat.

paragraph: At the beginning of March 1911, Stepanović became Minister of Defense again. Soon after, Prince Aleksandar Karađorđević became suspicious of Stepanović, whom he believed to be a sympathizer of commander Dragutin Dimitrijević Apis, the leader of the May Overthrow who was said to have wanted a foreign monarch on the Serbian throne. Consequently, the prince rushed to Stepanović and requested that Apis and General Staff major Milovan Milovanović Pilac be transferred from Belgrade. Stepanović responded by saying that he would mention it to the King Peter and allow him to decide whether the two men should be transferred. The prince then unsuccessfully offered his resignation to King Peter.

paragraph: When Stepanović became Minister of Defense for the second time, the government of Serbia realized that the Great Powers intended to divide the Balkan and that the Christian population of the Ottoman Empire was on the verge of rebellion. During his term, Serbia signed several defense agreements with other Balkan countries and created the Balkan League. Stepanović, alongside General Radomir Putnik and Colonel Živojin Mišić, developed plans for mobilization, concentration and strategic development of the Serbian Army for a war against Turkey. In the fall of 1912, the government of Milovan Milovanović resigned after his death and when Marko Trifković formed a new government, Putnik became the new Minister of Defense.

paragraph: Section::::First Balkan War.

paragraph: Section::::First Balkan War.:First operations.

paragraph: With the start of the First Balkan War, Stepa Stepanović became commander of the 60,000-strong Second Army, which possessed 84 cannons. Concentrated in the Kyustendil–Dupnitsa area, it contained the 1st Timok Infantry Division and the Bulgarian Seventh Rila infantry Division. Its mission was to attack the Turkish rear before the First Army. Informing the Serbian troops that the Seventh Rila Division became part of the Army, Stepanović said: ″I look with confidence at our future work and strongly believe in success, because for centuries separated and now fraternized and embraced, closest brothers, Serbs and Bulgarians represent an irresistible force that will crush all hurdles and liberate downtrodden brothers.″

paragraph: On 17 October 1912, Putnik informed Stepanović of Serbia's declaration of war against the Ottoman Empire. He ordered his army to move closer to the Ottoman border, but not to cross it until further notice. However, the Bulgarian high command ordered the commander of the Rila Division, Georgi Todorov, to cross the Ottoman border and attack Carevo selo and Gornja Džumaja, which he managed to capture. Stepanović congratulated them with the words: ″Hurray heroes of the Seventh division.″

paragraph: On 18 October, Timok Division started to attack Ottoman positions in direction Rujen-Crni vrh, and next day they captured Crni vrh on the orders of Stepanović. On 21 October, the Serbian high command ordered the Timok Division to advanced towards Kumanovo. Uninformed that the battalion, commanded by Mayor Dobrosav Milenković, had already captured Kriva Palanka without a fight, Stepanović ordered all the necessary maneuvers for capturing the town. This wasted a lot of time, but majority of the division managed to pass through Krivorečka gorge without any resistance. In the early noon, Cavalry Regiment started a fight 5–6 km away from Stracin and managed to capture it at nightfall. Yet again, Stepanović hasn’t been informed about this event, and next day he ordered his troops to capture Stracin, which wasted a lot of time. After this event, communication was established between the First and the Second armies and the road to Kumanovo was open.

paragraph: Section::::First Balkan War.:Battle of Kumanovo.

paragraph: Having not received any order about amassing of the enemy at Kumanovo, general Stepanović ordered Timok Division to take a march towards Kumonovo on 23 October at 6 a.m. At the same time he ordered he commanded the Seventh Division to take over Kočani on 23 October and then to spare some of its forces and send it toward Štip. On 23 October, in the morning, Timok Division attacked Kratovo and thus began the Battle of Kumanovo.

paragraph: However, general Todorov obeyed the orders from his High Command, so he only sent one battalion of ten batteries to take over Kočani, which was defended by an entire division. Stepanović, while the Timok Division was on the march, received the note that from Ovče polje and Kočani, strong Ottoman force was marching toward Kratovo. Based on this, he hurried commander of Timok Division to take over Kratovo and to establish defenses toward south side. However, after they arrived in the Kratovo area, colonel Kondić decided that division is tired and should spend the night. Using this, Ottomans took over Crni vrh, which was guarded only by Bulgarian Komita department and one company of Serbs.

paragraph: Stepanović did not like the work of both divisions and reported this to Supreme Command. He received answer that 7th Division should unconditionally take over Kočani and Timok Division Crni Vrh. Meanwhile, Stepanović found out that during 23 October, there was battle at Kumanovo. He was surprised by this and was worried about the position of Timok Division, but still looked for a way to help the First army. He ordered Timok Division to take over Crni vrh on 24 October, but this was done tomorrow on 25 October.

paragraph: The next day, High Command informed Stepanović that at the request of the Bulgarian government it was decided that Timok Division should be putt at their disposal, provided that ″he still manage both divisions.″ He immediately gave 14th Serbian Regiment to the 7th Rila Division and ordered general Todorov to steer his forces towards the mouth of the Bregalnica river in order to stop Ottoman retreat towards Prilep, and then he asked for permission to move from Kriva Palanka to Štip in order to command more easily operation.

paragraph: However, after he arrived in Kratovo he received a dispatch from general Todorov in which he informed that he received the orders from his own High Command to move his forces towards Serez and Demir Hisar, which he already ordered. After reading this, Stepanović moved back to Kriva Palanka to prepare certain forces to aid Bulgarians.

paragraph: Section::::First Balkan War.:Siege of Adrianople.

paragraph: General Stepa Stepanović arrived with his headquarters in place called Mustafa Pasha (railway station outside of Adrianople) on 6 November 1912. Immediately he contacted General Nikola Ivanov, Supreme Commander of the Bulgarian Second army and siege troops. His HQ was placed in Mustafa Pasha, where Ivanov’s was also stationed.

paragraph: The armistice was signed on 3.December 1912. However, Stepanović didn’t want his army to lose concentration. He demanded maximum discipline and readiness, even on Christmas Eve. During armistice, Stepanović managed to improve the supply of his army. Bulgaran Supreme Command accepted to supply Serbian Second army, but Stepanović wasn’t satisfied with quality. so he demanded that the quality of bread, meat and other articles improve. Because he didn’t come to agreement with Bulgarian command, he asked Serbian Supreme Command to send supply in order to ″preserve the health and morale of soldiers.″ After the two months of preparation, on 24 March 1913 begun 3-day battle for capturing Adrianople. His Timok Division captured whole northern sector of the battlefield in only 45 minutes without artillery backup and pulle the bulk of Adrianople fortress artillery fire.

paragraph: At the end of the day, it was decided that tomorrow at night, attack should be launched in order to capture antipersonnel obstacles. When attack commenced, on the front of Timok Division, Ottomans tried to recapture their positions, but they were unsuccessful. General Stepanović looked attack live from high ground behind Danube Division. Nikola Aranđelović, who was in charge of army telegraph, described the atmosphere:

paragraph: At 5.30 am, Stepanović ordered Serbian troops to move in decisive attack on the front line, in order to help Bulgarian push on eastern sector, which fell around 8 am. At 8.30 am, two Ottoman officers came to Serbian 20th regiment to negotiate the surrender on the account of Shukri Pasha. Having not receiving any response, Pasha sent his adjutant to 20th regiment with message that Shukri Pasha wants to negotiate with General Stepanović. Stepanović replied that he was not authorized by the commander to conduct negotiations and that he should address General Ivanov. In the meantime Timok Division captured antipersonnel line and Danube Division captured point Papas-tepe. General Stepanović moved behind front lines of Danube regiments, and at 11 am was on Bekčitepe, near Marash, which was captured by 4th Serbian Regiment. At 11.30 am, Bulgarian officers came to Shukri Pasha’s headquarters, and he surrendered to General Ivanov at 12.15 pm, but he returned to his headquarters an hour later on his personal wish. He was eventually captured by Serbian troops an hour later.

paragraph: After Adrianople fell, Stepanović formed combined detachment on 27 March and marched solemnly into the conquered city. Few days later, he ordered that on Chernomen, exactly on the place where according to history battle of Maritsa took place, a memorial should be held to the fallen heroes. According to the participants, it was striking and touching moment. Soon after, Stepanović started preparations to transport his army back to Serbia. Bulgarian government didn’t give him enough trains to transport his troops back, so he threatened that he will take his army back to Serbia on foot. After this, Bulgarians relented and he transferred whole army from 1 April to 9 May.

paragraph: Section::::First World War.

paragraph: At the beginning of World War I he acted as the representative of the absent chief of staff Radomir Putnik. He was responsible for mobilization and some war preparations. After Putnik's return he took command of the Second Army.

paragraph: In World War I, he led the Serbian army in a great victory in the Battle of Cer, where his Second Army completely defeated the Austrian Fifth Army, arriving to the scene after a forced march. This was the first allied victory of the war, and he was promoted to Field Marshal. His army achieved successes in the Battle of the Drina and Battle of Kolubara, in addition to the defence of Serbia in 1915.

paragraph: In 1918 he was again in command of the Second Army which was a part of the large Allied offensive in Macedonia, they achieved a breakthrough on 15 September. The Second Army advanced to the Bulgarian border and from there, after Bulgarian capitulation on 29 September 1918 turned West towards Bosnia and the Adriatic Sea.

paragraph: He was an active officer until the end of 1919, when he retired from service as the commander in chief of the Serbian army. During his career he was also serving as the minister of the army on two occasions.

paragraph: He was decorated with the "Takovski krst sa ukrštenim mačevima" medal for bravery during the 1876-1878 wars against the Turks. He was also awarded the Knight Grand Cross (GCMG) of The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George. He died in the town of Čačak on 29 April 1929.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: He is included in The 100 most prominent Serbs.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Srpsko Nasleđe, no. 10, October 1998

description: Serbian field marshal

wikidata_label: Stepa Stepanović

wikipedia_title: Stepa Stepanović


text:
Alfred, Lord Tennyson
Horncastle, Lincolnshire
Sir John Franklin
Sir Willingham Franklin
Charles
Hallam
All Saints' Church, Freshwater

categories: 1813 births,1896 deaths,People from Horncastle, Lincolnshire

paragraph: Emily Tennyson, Lady Tennyson

paragraph: Emily Sarah Tennyson, Lady Tennyson ( Sellwood; 9 July 1813 – 10 August 1896) was the wife of the poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson, and a creative talent in her own right.

paragraph: She was born in Horncastle, Lincolnshire. Her father was a solicitor who acted for the Tennyson family many times over the years. Her mother Sarah, who died aged 28 when Emily was three, was a member of the Franklin family, sister of Sir John Franklin, an explorer, and Sir Willingham Franklin. Emily first met Alfred Tennyson during childhood, but they did not become close until much later (when Tennyson's brother, Charles, married Emily's younger sister, Louisa), and did not marry until 1850. For much of the intervening time, they did not see one another at all.

paragraph: They had two sons, Hallam and Lionel. During Tennyson's lifetime, Emily was his strong supporter and employed her own talents in setting some of his lyrics to music. After his death in 1892, Lady Tennyson devoted herself to helping her son write the authorised biographies.

paragraph: She is buried in All Saints' Church, Freshwater, Isle of Wight.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tennyson [née Sellwood], Emily Sarah, Lady Tennyson" in "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" (2004) 54:147-149.

description: British noble

wikidata_label: Emily Tennyson, Lady Tennyson

wikipedia_title: Emily Tennyson, Lady Tennyson


text: Akkadian

text: Ashur

text: Neo-Assyrian Empire

text: Sennacherib

text: West Semitic

text: Naqi'a

text: Oracle

text: Babylon

text: crown prince

text: Mitanni

text: Euphrates

text: Turkey

text: Assyrian siege of Jerusalem

text: Nineveh

text: civil war

text: Ararat

text: Babylon

text: Esagila

text: Ekur

text: Nippur

text: Tower of Babel

text: Esharra

text: Ashur

text: Aramean

text: Mesopotamia

text: Dakkuri

text: Gambulu

text: Cimmerians

text: Black Sea

text: Sargon II

text: Persia

text: Media

text: Cilicia

text: Commagene

text: Asia Minor

text: Scythia

text: Urartu

text: Phrygia

text: Abdi-Milkutti

text: Phoenician

text: Sidon

text: Tyre

text: Baal I

text: Judah

text: Edom

text: Moab

text: Gaza

text: Ashkelon

text: Ekron

text: Byblos

text: Arvad

text: Samsi-muruna

text: Ammon

text: Ashdod

text: Cyprus

text: Sissu

text: Kundu

text: Taurus Mountains

text: Mannaeans

text: Scythians

text: Ishpaka

text: Gutians

text: Zagros

text: vassal

text: Lake Urmia

text: Zamua

text: Persia

text: Partatua of Sakasene

text: Medes

text: Kashtariti

text: Bikni

text: Teheran

text: Bit-Parnakki

text: Bit-kari

text: Harhar

text: Mugallu

text: Syro-Hittite

text: Melid

text: Tabal

text: Humban-Haltash II

text: Elam

text: Sippar

text: Babylonia

text: Urtaki

text: Egypt

text: Bazu

text: Qatar

text: Dilmun

text: modern Bahrain

text: Urartu

text: Rusas II

text: Sargon II

text: Cimmerians

text: Sin-iddina-apla

text: Shamash-shum-ukin

text: Ashurbanipal

text: Medes

text: Persians

text: Scythians

text: Parthia

text: Taharqa

text: Egypt

text: Nubian

text: Kushite Empire

text: Tyre

text: Ashkelon

text: Israel

text: Rapihu (Rafah, near Gaza)

text: Sinai

text: Memphis

text: Nubia

text: Libya

text: Kush

text: Sudan

text: victory stele

text: Ushankhuru

text: Nineveh

text: Sha-Nabu-shu

text: Nile Valley

text: Harran

text: Ashurbanipal

text: Shamash-shum-ukin

text: Kings of Assyria

text: A summary of Assyrian kings

text: The murderer of Sennacherib

text: Simo Parpola

text: Esarhaddon Chronicle

categories: 7th-century BC Assyrian kings,Babylonian kings,Assyrian kings,7th-century BC rulers in Asia,669 BC deaths,Kings of the Universe,Year of birth unknown,7th-century BC Babylonian kings

paragraph: Esarhaddon

paragraph: Esarhaddon (Akkadian: "Aššur-aḫa-iddina" "Ashur has given a brother"; ; ; ) was a king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire who reigned 681 – 669 BC. He was the youngest son of Sennacherib and the West Semitic queen Naqi'a (Zakitu), Sennacherib's second wife.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.

paragraph: When, despite being the youngest son, Esarhaddon was named successor by his father, his elder brothers tried to discredit him. Oracles had named him as the person to free the exiles and rebuild Babylon, the destruction of which by Sennacherib was felt to have been sacrilegious. Esarhaddon remained crown prince, but was forced into exile at an unknown place beyond Hanilgalbat (Mitanni), that is, beyond the Euphrates, most likely somewhere in what is now southeastern Turkey. Esarhaddon described his exile in the following words:Malicious gossip, slander and falsehood they [i.e. Esarhaddon's brothers] wove around me in a godless way, lies and insincerity. They plotted evil behind my back. Against the will of the gods they alienated my father's well-disposed heart from me, though in secret his heart was affected with compassion, and he still intended me to exercise kingship.

paragraph: Sennacherib was murdered in 681 BC. The biblical account is that Esarhaddon's brothers killed their father after the failed Assyrian siege of Jerusalem (701 BC); ). Esarhaddon returned to the capital of Nineveh in forced marches and defeated his rival brothers in six weeks of civil war. He was formally declared king in the spring of 681 BC. His brothers fled to the land of Ararat and their followers and families were put to death. In the same year Esarhaddon began the rebuilding of Babylon, including the well-known "Esagila" and the Ekur at Nippur (structures sometimes identified with the Tower of Babel). The statues of the Babylonian gods were restored and returned to the city. He also ordered the reconstruction of the Assyrian sanctuary of Esharra in Ashur as well. Foreigners were forbidden to enter the temple. Both buildings were dedicated almost on the same date, the second year of his reign.

paragraph: Section::::Military campaigns.

paragraph: The first military campaigns of Esarhaddon were directed against nomadic Aramean migrant tribes of southern Mesopotamia, the "Dakkuri" and "Gambulu", who had been harassing the peasants. In 679 BC, the Cimmerians from the shores of the Black Sea, who had already killed his grandfather Sargon II during his successful ejection of their invasion of Assyrian ruled Persia and Media, reappeared in Assyrian subject territories of Cilicia and Commagene in Asia Minor, where, with Scythian and Urartuan help, they were to destroy the kingdom of Phrygia in 676 BC.

paragraph: Abdi-Milkutti the king of the Phoenician state of Sidon, who had risen up against the Assyrian king, was defeated in 677 BC and beheaded. The city of Sidon was destroyed and rebuilt as "Kar-Ashur-aha-iddina", the "Harbor of Esarhaddon". The population was deported to Assyria and other regions of the empire. A share of the plunder went to the loyal king of the rival Phoenician state of Tyre, Baal I, himself an Assyrian puppet. The partly conserved text of a treaty with Tyre mentions the kings of Judah, Edom, Moab, Gaza, Ashkelon, Ekron, Byblos, Arvad, Samsi-muruna, Ammon, Ashdod, ten kings from the coast of the sea, and ten kings from the middle of the sea (identified with Greek Cyprus), as loyal Assyrian subjects and allies.

paragraph: In 676 BC, Esarhaddon took the towns of Sissu and Kundu in the Taurus Mountains. The Mannaeans, the Scythians under their king Ishpakaia, and the "Gutians" of the Zagros proved to be a nuisance as well, as is attested by numerous oracle-texts, and the Assyrian king was forced to undertake military campaigns to bring them to heel. The Mannaeans, vassals of the Assyrians, were no longer restricted to the area around Lake Urmia, but had spread into Zamua, where they interrupted the horse trade between Assyria and its subject land of Persia, and refused to pay further tribute. After the fall of Phrygia, a daughter of Esarhaddon was wedded to the Scythian prince Partatua of Sakasene in order to improve relations with the nomads and secure their loyalty. The Medes under Khshathrita (Kashtariti) had been the target of a successful campaign as well, the date of which is unclear (possibly before 676 BC). Later, Assyrian forces reached the border of the "salt-desert" near the mountain Bikni, that is, near Teheran. A number of fortresses secured the Zagros: Bit-Parnakki, Bit-kari and Harhar (Kar-Sharrukin).

paragraph: A certain Mugallu had taken possession of parts of the Syro-Hittite state of Melid, and associated himself with the king of Tabal. The city of Melid was besieged in 675 BC, but without success. That same year, Humban-Haltash II of Elam began a campaign against Sippar in Assyrian ruled Babylonia, but was defeated by Esarhaddon, and died soon afterwards. His brother and successor Urtaki was forced to sue for peace with Assyria.

paragraph: A preliminary campaign against Egypt begun by Esarhaddon the next year seems to have come to a halt, after Assyrian forces had driven out Egyptian forces attempting to ferment rebellion against Assyrian rule in Israel, Judah and Edom.. Meanwhile, Esarhaddon was waging war in conquering the land of Bazu (probably modern Qatar), situated opposite of the island of "Dilmun" (modern Bahrain), "where snakes and scorpions cover the ground like ants" - a dry land of salt deserts. In 673 BC, Esarhaddon waged a war of subjugation against Urartu under king Rusas II, which had strengthened again after the ravages of Sargon II of Assyria, and the Cimmerians.

paragraph: In 672 BC, crown prince Sin-iddina-apla died. He had been the oldest son and designated as king of Assyria, while the second son Shamash-shum-ukin was to become the ruler of Babylon. Now, the younger Ashurbanipal became crown prince, but he was very unpopular with the court and the priesthood. Contracts were made with leading Assyrians, members of the royal family and foreign vassal rulers, to assure their loyalty to the crown prince, an example of these are the "vassal treaties" forced upon the Medes, Persians, Scythians and Parthians.

paragraph: In 671 BC, Esarhaddon went to war against Pharaoh Taharqa of Egypt. Taharqa himself was from a Nubian dynasty, who had conquered Egypt into the Kushite Empire some half a century earlier. Part of his army stayed behind to deal with rebellions in Phoenician Tyre, and perhaps Ashkelon in Israel. The remainder went south to Rapihu (Rafah, near Gaza), then crossed the Sinai and entered Egypt proper. Esarhaddon conquered this vast land with remarkable ease and speed; in the summer, he took Memphis, and Taharqa fled back to his homeland in Nubia, effectively bringing an end to the short lived Kushite Empire. Esarhaddon now called himself "king of Egypt, "Patros" (Libya), and Kush" (Sudan), and returned with rich booty from the cities of the delta; he erected a victory stele at this time, showing the son of Taharqa in bondage, Prince Ushankhuru. Almost as soon as the king left, southern Egypt rebelled against Assyrian rule, and Esarhaddon was forced to send further forces to quell the rebellion.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Esarhaddon had to contend with court intrigues at Nineveh that led to the execution of several disloyal Assyrian nobles, and sent his general, Sha-Nabu-shu, to restore order in the Nile Valley and drive out the Nubians who were once more attempting to encroach into it's southern regions. In 669 BC, he went to Egypt in person, but suddenly died during the autumn of the same year, in the northern Assyrian city of Harran. There are many scholars who found insights into the king's life prior to his death in his own writings. For instance, there is the case of Esarhaddon's apology, which formed the introductory part to the Prism Nin. In this text, scholars identified instances that indicate an infirmity or a feeble constitution during his old age. There are others who specifically cited a debilitating illness in his old age that left him incapable of governing so that he abdicated some time in 668 BC in favor of his son Ashurbanipal. He died a year later.

paragraph: Esarhaddon was succeeded by his sons Ashurbanipal as king of Assyria, and Shamash-shum-ukin as king of Babylonia subject to his brother Ashurbanipal.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kings of Assyria

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amitai Baruchi-Unna, "Crossing the Boundaries: Literary Allusions to the Epic of Gilgamesh in the Account of Esarhaddon's Egyptian Campaign," in Mordechai Cogan and Dan'el Kahn (eds), "Treasures on Camels' Humps: Historical and Literary Studies from the Ancient Near East Presented to Israel Eph`al" (Jerusalem, Magnes Press, 2008),

paragraph: BULLET::::- Erle Leichty, "Esarhaddon's Eastern Campaign," in Mordechai Cogan and Dan'el Kahn (eds), "Treasures on Camels' Humps: Historical and Literary Studies from the Ancient Near East Presented to Israel Eph'al" (Jerusalem, Magnes Press, 2008),

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Damrosch, "The buried book: The Loss and Rediscovery of the Great Epic of Gilgamesh" (Henry Holt and Co., 2007),

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A summary of Assyrian kings

paragraph: BULLET::::- The murderer of Sennacherib - by Simo Parpola

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vassal treaties and Esharhaddon's "Letter to the God"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Esharhaddon’s Syrio-Palestinian Campaign

paragraph: BULLET::::- Esarhaddon Chronicle

description: King of Assyria

wikidata_label: Esarhaddon

wikipedia_title: Esarhaddon


text: Peru

text: intelligence

text: Servicio de Inteligencia Nacional

text: President

text: Alberto Fujimori

text: embezzlement

text: graft

text: gunrunning

text: drug trafficking

text: CIA

text: Óscar Ramírez Durand

text: Arequipa

text: Arequipa Region

text: communists

text: Vladimir Lenin

text: Soviet Union

text: cadet

text: US Army's

text: School of the Americas

text: Panama

text: Chorrillos

text: Lima, Peru

text: leftist

text: junta

text: Juan Velasco

text: Peruvian army

text: Prime Minister

text: United States

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Central Intelligence Agency

text: forged military documents

text: dishonorably discharged

text: death penalty

text: declassified

text: US State Department

text: left-wing

text: right-wing

text: Cold War

text: Chile

text: Augusto Pinochet

text: Cuba

text: War of the Pacific

text: National University of San Marcos

text: bar association

text: illegal drug trade

text: cocaine

text: Juan Velasco Alvarado

text: Ecuador

text: Ecuadorian Army

text: 1990 general elections

text: death squad

text: Grupo Colina

text: Barrios Altos massacre

text: La Cantuta massacre

text: Shining Path

text: coup d'état

text: wiretaps

text: agent

text: Frecuencia Latina

text: Israel

text: United Nations Secretary-General

text: Javier Pérez de Cuéllar

text: FARC

text: guerrillas

text: Nicolás Hermoza Ríos

text: Colombia

text: Peruvian Air Force

text: Douglas DC-8

text: Boeing 737

text: Canary Islands

text: Bordeaux

text: Miami

text: aide-de-camp

text: Huallaga

text: Pablo Escobar

text: Medellín Cartel

text: Nicolás de Bari Hermoza

text: Tomás Medina Caracas

text: FARC

text: insurgent

text: guerrillas

text: Colombia

text: Kalashnikov assault rifles

text: Jordan

text: Alberto Kouri

text: political asylum

text: Venezuela

text: Caracas

text: abuse of power

text: Callao

text: drug trafficking

text: murder

text: Carlos Ferrero

text: Virginia

text: immigration

text: fraud

text: Grupo Colina

text: disappearances

text: Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Peru)

text: Alexandria, Virginia

text: habeas corpus

text: FARC

text: extra-judicial

text: Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement

text: Japanese embassy hostage crisis

text: commando

text: MRTA

text: Washington Post

text: "Bribes, Lies, and Videotape in Peru"

text: Business Week

text: "CIA Gave $10 Million to Peru's Ex-Spymaster"

text: Profile of Vladimiro Montesinos

text: "How to Subvert Democracy: Montesinos in Peru"

text: "Montesinos, Fujimori, Toledo and Peru's future"

text: "Montesinos: The end of the road"

text: "The Meaning of Montesinos"

text: "The Spy who would rule Peru"

text: "Videomania"

text: Caretas

categories: Peruvian criminals,Peruvian Army officers,Peruvian people of Greek descent,Peruvian drug traffickers,Living people,Fujimorista politicians,Peruvian prisoners and detainees,1946 births,American spies,Guatemalan politicians convicted of crimes,People from Arequipa,Prisoners and detainees of Peru

paragraph: Vladimiro Montesinos

paragraph: Vladimiro Lenin Ilich Montesinos Torres (born May 20, 1946) is a former long-standing head of Peru's intelligence service, Servicio de Inteligencia Nacional (SIN), under President Alberto Fujimori. In the year 2000 the infamous "Vladi-videos" came to light through the television: they were secret videos recorded by Montesinos that showed him bribing elected congressmen into leaving the opposition and joining the Fujimorist side of the Congress. The ensuing scandal caused Montesinos to flee the country and prompted the resignation of Fujimori.

paragraph: Subsequent investigations revealed Montesinos to be at the centre of a vast web of illegal activities, including embezzlement, graft, gunrunning, and drug trafficking. He has been tried, convicted and sentenced for numerous charges. Montesinos had strong connections with the CIA (the United States Central Intelligence Agency) and was said to have received $10 million from the agency for his government's anti-terrorist activities. Montesinos is a cousin of the incarcerated terrorist leader Óscar Ramírez Durand, a.k.a. "Feliciano".

paragraph: Section::::Early years and education.

paragraph: Vladimiro Montesinos was born in the city of Arequipa, the capital of the Arequipa Region in southern Peru. His parents, who were communists, named him after Vladimir Lenin, the first leader of the Soviet Union.

paragraph: In 1965, Montesinos graduated as a military cadet at the US Army's School of the Americas in Panama. A year later, he graduated from the Military School of Chorrillos, in Lima, Peru.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In the early 1970s, during the leftist military "junta" of General Juan Velasco, Montesinos became a captain in the Peruvian army. By 1973, he had been appointed to the role of aide to General Edgardo Mercado Jarrín, who served as both Prime Minister and Chief of the Armed Forces.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:1976 spying scandal.

paragraph: In 1976, Major Jose Fernandez Salvatteci of the Military Intelligence Service ( (SIE)) charged Montesinos with the crimes of spying and treason, accusing him of delivering military documents to the embassy of the United States in Lima. The documents included a list of weapons which Peru had purchased from the Soviet Union. General Mercado ordered the charges dropped.

paragraph: That same year, Montesinos went on a two-week trip to Washington, D.C., paid for by the United States government. Upon his return to Lima, he was arrested for having failed to obtain formal government permission to make the trip. The subsequent investigation revealed that top-secret documents had been found in his possession, and that he had photographed them and given copies to the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Montesinos had travelled to the U.S. without authorization from army command, and had forged military documents to allow him to complete the trip without being detained. He visited several foreign institutions as an official representative of the Peruvian army, also without authorization. Montesinos was dishonorably discharged from the military and sentenced to a year in military prison. This was a far less severe sentence than the customary death penalty that was the punishment for traitors during the military regime.

paragraph: Years later, declassified US State Department documents revealed the reason for the CIA's interest in Montesinos. In the 1970s, Peru was governed by the only left-wing regime in South America, a continent dominated by right-wing governments. Locked in the Cold War with the Soviet Union and fearing its influence in the region, as well as that of the Communist government of Cuba, the US was seeking information about activities in Peru. Montesinos conjured up and told a story about potential attacks against Peru's southern long-time rival, Chile, then ruled by dictator Augusto Pinochet, an ally of the U.S. The operation, to be backed by the Cuban military, had the objective of recovering the territory Peru had lost after the War of the Pacific.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:After military life.

paragraph: In February 1978, Montesinos was freed after two years in jail. He was given work by his cousin Sergio Cardenal Montesinos, a lawyer who persuaded him to pursue a degree in law. In April of the same year, Montesinos applied to the National University of San Marcos in Lima. He received his law diploma only three months later, through fraudulent means. Book No. 24 of the University of San Marcos Office of Records, where Montesinos' graduation would be noted, has disappeared from the Office. Montesinos' undergraduate thesis and other materials related to his academic record have never been produced.

paragraph: On August 15, 1978, Montesinos used his degree to register as a lawyer with the Superior Court of Lima. Ten days later, on August 25, 1978, he became a member of the Lima bar association. He became notorious for representing a number of Colombian and Peruvian members of the illegal drug trade, as well as police officers accused of being involved in drug trafficking. Between 1978 and 1979, he represented Colombian drug lords Evaristo "Papá Doc" Porras Ardila and Jaime Tamayo. In addition, he acted as guarantor on Tamayo's lease of several offices and warehouses used to manufacture cocaine.

paragraph: Between 1980 and 1983, Montesinos revealed sensitive information related to military wiretapping and assassinations to the newspaper "Kausachum", run by Augusto Zimmerman, ex-spokesperson of deposed president Juan Velasco Alvarado. General Carlos Briceño, the Commander of the Peruvian Army, re-opened the investigation into Montesinos' alleged treason.

paragraph: Montesinos fled to Ecuador, where in 1984 he revealed information to the Ecuadorian Army about Peru's military weapons purchases. The investigation was closed that year in order to "protect institutional image", and Montesinos was allowed to return to Peru.

paragraph: Section::::The Fujimori years.

paragraph: Montesinos came to public notice again in 1990 when he defended Alberto Fujimori against accusations of fraudulent real estate dealings, during the presidential campaign, in which Fujimori was an obscure candidate. The paperwork in the case disappeared and the charges were dropped. After Fujimori won the 1990 general elections, on July 28 of Montesinos became his chief advisor and the effective head of the National Intelligence Service (its acronym in Spanish is SIN).

paragraph: Section::::The Fujimori years.:Political repression.

paragraph: Montesinos is widely accused of threatening or harassing Fujimori's political opponents. Evidence proves that he supervised a death squad known as the Grupo Colina, part of the National Intelligence Service, which was thought to have been responsible for the Barrios Altos massacre and the La Cantuta massacre, actions intended to repress the Shining Path ("Sendero Luminoso"), the major communist insurgency movement that had been operating since the 1980s.

paragraph: Four officers who were tortured during interrogation after plotting a "coup d'état" against Fujimori in November 1992 later stated that Montesinos took an active part in torturing them. On March 16, 1998, former Peruvian Army Intelligence Agent Luisa Zanatta accused Montesinos of ordering illegal wiretaps of leading politicians and journalists. Zanatta also said that army intelligence agents had killed fellow agent Mariella Barreto Riofano because she gave a magazine information about human rights violations, as well as the location of bodies from the La Cantuta massacre. Zanatta said that in early 1997, Barreto had told her that she was part of the Grupo Colina death squad responsible for the La Cantuta massacre. Barreto's dismembered body was found by a roadside on March 29, 1997 and showed evidence of torture before death and mutilation.

paragraph: Section::::The Fujimori years.:Control of the media.

paragraph: During the Fujimori years, Montesinos gained extensive control over the Peruvian media by bribing television channel executives. Bribes ranged from approximately US$500,000 per month to Channels 2 and 5 to $1.5 million per month to Channel 4. In total, Montesinos paid more than US$3 million per month in bribes to Peruvian television channels.

paragraph: Montesinos funneled additional funds to the television channels through government advertising. From 1997 to 1999, the Peruvian government increased their advertising budget by 52%, becoming Peru's largest advertiser. Ultimately, Montesinos held editorial control over TV Channels 2, 4, 5, 9, and 13.

paragraph: To maintain this control he structured bribe payments in monthly installments, limiting the risk of defection by the TV channel owners. He also ensured continued cooperation through blackmail, utilizing video evidence of sexual indiscretions by bribe recipients. To keep track of the numerous bribes and gain further evidence of the owners' complicity, which could also be used as blackmail, Montesinos filmed monetary exchanges and forced channel executives to sign contracts stipulating the extent of influence he expected in return for the stated monetary bribe.

paragraph: The Fujimori government also controlled the content of Channel 7, Televisión Nacional Peruana, which was explicitly state owned. Channel N, remained the only independent television channel, funded entirely by monthly service fees. Montesinos did not bribe Channel N because of their low viewership, numbering in the tens of thousands, which was a result of the unaffordability of the monthly fees for most Peruvians. Channel N first aired the Kouri videotape, which exposed the extent of Montesinos's corruption.

paragraph: In April 1997, Baruch Ivcher's "Frecuencia Latina", Channel 2, broadcast allegations by Peruvian Army Intelligence agent Leonor La Rosa that she was tortured by intelligence agents. (Her testimony was later brought into question.)

paragraph: On July 14, 1997, the government legally stripped Ivcher, a native Israeli, of his Peruvian nationality for supposed offenses against the government. In September, control of Channel 2 was given to minority shareholders more sympathetic to the government. In response, former United Nations Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar said, "Peru is no longer a democracy. We are now a country headed by an authoritarian regime."

paragraph: Section::::The Fujimori years.:2000 Elections.

paragraph: The 2000 presidential elections, which followed years of political violence, was controversial. A journalist claimed to have a videotape of Montesinos bribing election officials to fix the vote. He claimed to have been kidnapped by secret police agents, who sawed his arm to the bone to get him to give up the tape. In view of such tactics, the Clinton administration threatened briefly not to recognize Fujimori's victory. It backed off from this threat, and pressured Fujimori's government to take action to root out abuses, including ousting Montesinos.

paragraph: Continuing political unrest in Peru would have represented a serious problem as US operations against the FARC in Colombia got under way. Peru was needed as a base of operations and a defensive backstop against guerrillas based in Colombia's south, not far from the Peruvian border.

paragraph: Section::::The Fujimori years.:Drug traffic.

paragraph: Allegations circulated that Montesinos and General Nicolás Hermoza Ríos, the chairman of Peru's joint chiefs of staff, were taking protection money from drug traffickers. Documents that were later declassified by the US government showed that by 1996 the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) was aware of the allegations. Despite evidence that Montesinos was in business with Colombian narco-traffickers, the CIA paid Montesinos's intelligence organization $1 million a year for 10 years to fight drug trafficking.

paragraph: One of the most notorious scandals during this period was the 11 May 1996 seizure of 169–176 kg of cocaine (the quantity depends on the source) aboard a Peruvian Air Force Douglas DC-8 (frequently confused in the media as the presidential Boeing 737 as it had operated on this role until the acquisition of the Boeing) that was about to depart on a mission to Russia (with stopovers at the Canary Islands and Bordeaux), carrying military aviation equipment for maintenance. The scandal remains a mystery to this day because the drug's origin and destiny were never determined and the investigations were compromised by Fujimori's corrupt government and possibly Montesinos himself. A 2011 investigation revealed that some four drug shipments were made abroad, with Miami listed as a destination, in air force planes during 1993-1994. Only the material authors (several low-ranking officers) were processed, acquitted and publicly defended by Fujimori in late 1997 (amongst them Fujimori's aide-de-camp who was part of the plane's crew).

paragraph: Peruvian drug kingpin Demetrio Chávez Peñaherrera, known as "El Vaticano", testified that Montesinos was a protector of drug trafficking. During a trial audience on August 16, 1996, Chávez Peñaherrera stated that he had bribed members of the Peruvian Armed Forces and Montesinos himself, as the effective chief of the Peruvian Intelligence Service (SIN), to be able to operate freely in Campanilla, a jungle area of the Huallaga region (where he operated an illegal airstrip). Recordings of radio communications presented during the trial showed that members of the army had let Chávez's organization operate freely in the Huallaga region in exchange for bribes. During a latter appearance in the court, Chávez appeared tortured and drugged, evidenced by his incoherent speaking. After sentencing, while in prison, Chávez talked to the press and revealed that Montesinos said to him at one point that he "did some work" with Pablo Escobar, leader of the Medellín Cartel.

paragraph: Montesinos was paid US$50,000 a month during 1991 and 1992. As proof, the government presented recordings during Chávez's trial of radio communications between his drug traffickers and members of the Armed Forces attesting to bribery of Montesinos. In addition, Chávez said that retired general Nicolás de Bari Hermoza, the former chief of the Armed Forces Joint Command, and Fujimori had both complete knowledge of the illicit acts of Montesinos.

paragraph: Section::::Downfall.

paragraph: Frequently, Montesinos secretly videotaped himself bribing individuals in his office, incriminating politicians, officials and military officers. His downfall appears to have been precipitated by the discovery of a major illegal arms shipment. Arranged by guerrilla leader Tomás Medina Caracas, the arms were airlifted from Jordan via Peru, to the FARC insurgent guerrillas in southern Colombia.

paragraph: Montesinos claimed the credit for uncovering the arms smuggling, which involved upwards of 10,000 Kalashnikov assault rifles. Jordan rejected the Peruvian version of events, insisting the shipments were legitimate government-to-government deals. Evidence emerged which pointed to Montesinos having orchestrated the gun-running operation rather than dismantling it. A senior Peruvian general was found to have participated in the deal, and another principal participant was a government contractor. He had signed at least eleven deals with the Fujimori regime, most of them to provide supplies to the Peruvian military.

paragraph: According to one report, a group of military officers angered by Montesinos's apparent role in the arms deal broke into his offices and stole the video that was subsequently broadcast. Because of the arms deal, Montesinos lost the support of the US, which attached high strategic importance to crushing the FARC.

paragraph: Section::::Downfall.:The "Vladi-videos".

paragraph: On 14 September 2000, Peruvian television broadcast a video of Montesinos bribing an opposition congressman, Alberto Kouri, to support "Perú 2000", Fujimori's party. The video caused Fujimori's remaining support to collapse. He accepted the resignation of Montesinos and thanked him for his services. He then announced the dissolution of the National Intelligence Service (SIN) and new elections, in which he would not run. Shortly thereafter, Montesinos sought political asylum in Panama.

paragraph: In following months, some of the most infamous "Vladi-videos" were released. One showed the owners of Channel 2 being offered US$500,000 a month to ban appearances of the political opposition on their channel. Another showed Channel 4 owners getting $1.5 million a month for similar cooperation. Others show Montesinos counting out $350,000 in cash to Channel 5's proprietor, and the owner of Channel 9 receiving $50,000 to cancel an investigative series called "SIN censura" (Uncensored). In June 2001, through the assistance of the U.S. Government, Montesinos was turned over to the Venezuelan government in Caracas and extradited back to Peru. Then his trial began.

paragraph: Section::::Trial.

paragraph: Montesinos was convicted of embezzlement, illegal assumption of his post as intelligence chief, abuse of power, influence peddling and bribery. Those charges carried sentences of between five and fifteen years each, but Peruvian prison sentences are served concurrently, so prosecutors continued to pursue him on additional charges. He was acquitted of two specific charges of corruption and conspiracy related to the mayor of Callao, whom he was alleged to have helped evade drug-trafficking charges.

paragraph: Montesinos is currently imprisoned at the maximum security naval base prison in Callao (which was built under his orders during the 1990s) and is serving 15 years in prison, but he will have to face at least 8 more trials in the next years. In total he was accused of sixty-three crimes that range from drug trafficking to murder.

paragraph: In August 2004, U.S. officials returned to Peru $20 million in funds embezzled by Montesinos; it had been deposited in U.S. banks by two men working for him. Prime Minister Carlos Ferrero and other prosecutors believed that the total amount embezzled by Montesinos during his tenure at the National Intelligence Service surpassed one billion dollars, most of which was deposited in foreign banks.

paragraph: In October 2004 Wilmer Yarleque Ordinola, 44, was apprehended in Virginia in the US and convicted of immigration fraud. He had been working as a construction laborer without papers. The Peruvian government sought his extradition as an alleged member of Montesino's "Grupo Colina" and responsible for 26-35 of the 7,260 deaths or "disappearances" which the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Peru) attributed to the group. In October 2004 Yarleque was being held by the U.S. Marshals in Alexandria, Virginia. The suspect was initially granted a writ of "habeas corpus", as he argued that he could not be extradited for political offenses committed for the government, but the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit reversed that decision in 2005, opening the way for his extradition.

paragraph: Montesinos was sentenced in September 2006 to a 20-year prison term for his direct involvement in an illegal arms deal to provide 10,000 assault weapons to Colombian rebels. Tribunal judges made their ruling based on evidence that placed Montesinos at the center of an intricate web of negotiations designed to transport assault rifles from Jordan to the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia FARC.

paragraph: In 2007 Montesinos was on trial for allegedly ordering the extra-judicial killings of the hostage-takers from the left-wing Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) during the 1997 Japanese embassy hostage crisis. The former chief of the armed forces, , and retired Colonel Roberto Huaman were also charged with ordering the extrajudicial execution of the 14 rebels. This action followed the government's commando raid in April to free the more than 70 diplomats who had been held hostage for more than four months in the Japanese embassy. The Peruvian special forces' recapture resulted in the deaths of one hostage, two commandos and all of the MRTA rebels. The former Japanese political attaché Hidetaka Ogura, one of the hostages freed from the Embassy, stated that he saw at least three of the MRTA rebels captured alive. If convicted, Montesinos and the two former military officers face up to 20 years in prison. Montesinos, Hermoza and Huaman were acquitted of those charges in 2012, as the court found that a chain of command linking the accused to the killings had not been proven.

paragraph: In August 2012 Montesinos and the former chief of the Peruvian Air Force, Waldo Richter, were acquitted of drug trafficking for the 1996 Air Force plane case. He had been involved by a number of drug traffickers.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Army Played 'A Key Role' In Departure Of Fujimori, Intelligence Service Scandals Rankled Peruvian Military" ("Washington Post" September 18, 2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bribes, Lies, and Videotape in Peru" ("Business Week" February 2, 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "CIA Gave $10 Million to Peru's Ex-Spymaster" (July 3, 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Declassified United States NSA documents about Montesinos

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile of Vladimiro Montesinos (desaparecidos.org)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "How to Subvert Democracy: Montesinos in Peru" (by John McMillan and Pablo Zoido, March 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Montesinos, Fujimori, Toledo and Peru's future"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Peru, the disintegration of the Fujimori regime" (World Socialist website)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Betrayal of Peru's Democracy: Montesinos as Fujimori's Svengali" ("Covert Action Quarterly", Summer 1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "'The Doctor' Divided U.S. Officials, CIA Defended Peruvian Against Human-Rights Accusations" ("Washington Post", September 22, 2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Montesinos: The end of the road" (BBC News, 24 June 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Meaning of Montesinos"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Spy who would rule Peru"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Videomania" (the "Economist", February 8, 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Borron y Manchas Nuevas: Documentos de inteligencia norteamericanos sobre Montesinos" ("Caretas") (in Spanish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Montesinos's Web", PBS FRONTLINE/World October 2005. View streaming video of recordings secretly made by former Peruvian intelligence chief Vladimir Montesinos of the CIA station chief, a Peruvian Supreme Court judge and a high-ranking executive of a major U.S. mining company, the documentary itself, as well as Web exclusive features, interview transcripts, FOIA documents and a "gallery of players" involved in the protracted legal dispute over Yanacocha, one of the richest gold mines in the world.

description: Former Head of Peruvian Intelligence Service

wikidata_label: Vladimiro Montesinos

wikipedia_title: Vladimiro Montesinos


text:
deaf
portrait miniature
South Leith
deaf and mute
Thomas Braidwood
Royal Academy Schools
miniaturist
portrait miniature
pastel
Royal Academy of Arts
Free Society of Artists
Caleb Whitefoord
Joshua Reynolds
George Dance the younger
Richard Cosway
Crisis of 1772
Neal, James, Fordyce and Down
Archibald Robertson
Bath
Sarah Siddons
Sampson Towgood Roch
Richard Crosse
Madras
Calcutta
probate
will
proved in court
St George's, Hanover Square
Fitzroy Square
Connaught Square

categories: 19th-century Scottish painters,Portrait miniaturists,1830 deaths,Deaf people from Scotland,Deaf artists,Scottish male painters,1750 births,People from Edinburgh,Scottish portrait painters,18th-century Scottish painters

paragraph: Charles Shirreff (painter)

paragraph: Charles Shirreff (–1829) was a deaf Scottish painter, specializing in portrait miniatures.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Charles Shirreff was born in either 1749 or 1750. His last name has, at times, been spelled as Sherrif, Sherriff, or Shirref. His father, Alexander Shirreff, was a wealthy wine merchant of South Leith in Edinburgh.

paragraph: At the age of three or four, Shirreff became deaf and mute. In 1760, his father approached Thomas Braidwood, owner of a school of mathematics in Edinburgh, seeking an education for the boy, then ten years old, in the hope that he could be taught to write. Charles became Braidwood's first deaf student; soon afterward, Braidwood founded Braidwood's Academy for the Deaf and Dumb, the first school of its kind in Britain.

paragraph: At the age of 18, in August 1769, Shirreff left Braidwood's Academy to study art in London at the Royal Academy Schools. He graduated in 1772 with a silver medal, and took up a career as a miniaturist.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: In addition to painting portrait miniatures, Shirreff also produced pastels in his early years. Shirreff successfully exhibited oil paintings, pastels, and pencil drawings at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1771, and at the Free Society of Artists from 1770 until 1773.

paragraph: Shirreff worked in London after graduating from the Royal Academy, building up a clientele that was mainly theatrical. He befriended Caleb Whitefoord, a well-connected Scottish merchant, diplomat, and political satirist who moved in London's wealthiest elite circles, where Shirreff developed advantageous associations with portraitists Sir Joshua Reynolds, George Dance the younger, and Richard Cosway.

paragraph: After Shirreff's father had been financially ruined in the Crisis of 1772 by the failure of banking house Neal, James, Fordyce and Down, Shirreff supported the family with his work. He applied to go to India in 1778, stating in his application to the East India Company that he had no speech but was able to make himself understood by signs. He requested that he be accompanied by his father and his sister Mary to act as interpreters. However, his original plan to visit India was abandoned and he remained in England for two more decades.

paragraph: Shirreff reportedly taught miniature painting in London to students that included, in 1786–1788, Scottish miniaturist Archibald Robertson.

paragraph: Shirreff lived and worked in Bath either from 1791 to 1795, or from to 1800. His sitters included actress Sarah Siddons, who wrote of him as more successful in her portrait than any miniature painter she had sat to. During that period, he had clients for portraits in common with two other deaf miniaturists in Bath, Sampson Towgood Roch and Richard Crosse.

paragraph: In 1795, he renewed his application to go to India, and left England in the "Lord Hawkesbury", which reached Madras in January 1797. He painted in Madras for some years before moving to Calcutta, where he worked on his "Illustrations of Signs". In 1807, he announced it was nearly completed and would be available to subscribers as soon as possible. This work has never been traced and is presumed lost in passage from India.

paragraph: He returned from India in 1808 or 1809, and again took up residence in London, where he continued to work.

paragraph: Shirreff's date of death, often given as or 1831, has been contested. More recent biographies give an earlier year of death, based on 1829 probate records showing that Shirreff must have died prior to 5 November 1829, when his will was proved in court.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: On 11 January 1810, Shirreff married Mary Ann Brown, the sister of a fellow artist, at St George's, Hanover Square. The couple lived in London, in Fitzroy Square and later in Connaught Square, until his death.

alias:
Charles Sherriff
Charles Sheriff
Charles Shireff

description: Scottish painter

wikidata_label: Charles Shirreff

wikipedia_title: Charles Shirreff (painter)


text: Colonel

text: diplomat

text: civil servant

text: Royal Sussex Militia Artillery

text: Royal Artillery

text: Royal Garrison Artillery

text: Lieutenant

text: Captain

text: Major

text: Lieutenant-Colonel

text: Honorary Colonel

text: Chicago

text: 1899 New Year Honours

text: Brompton Cemetery

text: Sir James Hayes Sadler

categories: Companions of the Order of the Bath,Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George,1827 births,Royal Artillery officers,Burials at Brompton Cemetery,British Militia officers,1910 deaths

paragraph: James Hayes Sadler

paragraph: Colonel Sir James Hayes Sadler (21 May 1827–9 January 1910) was a British diplomat and civil servant.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Sadler was born to the Reverend James-Hayes Sadler (5 January 1785–26 August 1845) and Anne Sadler (née Rich, died 27 September 1847) in Keynsham Bury, Gloucester, England. He was educated at Eton and Oxford.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1854 Sadler was commissioned into the Royal Sussex Militia Artillery, a newly formed part-time home defence unit of the Royal Artillery (RA). (It was retitled the 3rd Brigade, Cinque Ports Division, RA, in 1882 and Sussex Artillery (Eastern Division) RA in 1889, before becoming the Sussex Royal Garrison Artillery (Militia) in 1902.). He was promoted Lieutenant the following year and Captain in 1858. He was promoted to Honorary Major in 1874, and full Major and Honorary Lieutenant-Colonel in 1879. He resigned his commission in 1882, and was appointed Honorary Colonel of the unit.

paragraph: Following his retirement from the militia, Sadler became a diplomat. Following a term as Consul in Panama, he became Consul, based at Chicago, for most of the Midwestern American States in 1887. After serving as Consul-General in Valparaiso, Chile from 1895 he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in the 1899 New Year Honours. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society in 1896 as "Hayes-Sadler."

paragraph: Sadler died in 1910, and is buried in Brompton Cemetery, London. On 17 December 1850, he had married Sophia Jane Taylor (24 September 1823–12 February 1902), who died on 12 February 1902, and is buried next to him. Confusingly, their son, also named Sir James Hayes Sadler (1851–1922) was a colonial administrator who also a military man, who also served his country abroad and was also awarded the KCMG.

description: British diplomat and civil servant

wikidata_label: James Hayes Sadler

wikipedia_title: James Hayes Sadler


text:
Liberal
House of Commons
Ferne House
Sherborne
Deputy Lieutenant
J.P.
Wiltshire
High Sheriff of Wiltshire
1865 general election
Member of Parliament
South Wiltshire
1868
1874 general election
1885 redistribution of seats
baronet
Donhead St Andrew
County of Wiltshire
1885 general election
Wilton
Irish Home Rule
Liberal Unionist Party
1886 general election
1892 general election
Conservative Party
Viscount Folkestone
Wiltshire County Council

categories: People educated at Sherborne School,1897 deaths,Members of Wiltshire County Council,UK MPs 1885–1886,UK MPs 1865–1868,Liberal Unionist Party MPs for English constituencies,Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom,Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,1823 births,UK MPs 1868–1874,UK MPs 1886–1892,High Sheriffs of Wiltshire

paragraph: Sir Thomas Grove, 1st Baronet

paragraph: Sir Thomas Frazer Grove, 1st Baronet (27 November 1823 – 14 January 1897) was an English Liberal politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1868 and 1892.

paragraph: Grove was the son of John Grove of Ferne House, near Salisbury and his wife Jean Frazer, daughter of Sir William Frazer, 3rd Baronet. Educated at Sherborne, he was captain in the 6th Dragoons and a Deputy Lieutenant and J.P. for Wiltshire. He was High Sheriff of Wiltshire in 1863 and a Hon. Lieutenant-Colonel of the Wiltshire Yeomanry Cavalry.

paragraph: Grove was elected at the 1865 general election as Member of Parliament (MP) for South Wiltshire, and was re-elected in 1868. After his defeat at the 1874 general election he did not stand again until after the 1885 redistribution of seats. He was made a baronet on 18 March 1874, of Ferne House, in the parish of Donhead St Andrew, in the County of Wiltshire,

paragraph: At the 1885 general election Grove was elected MP for Wilton. When the Liberal Party split in 1886 over Irish Home Rule, he joined the breakaway Liberal Unionist Party which opposed Home Rule. He was re-elected unopposed at the 1886 general election, but at the 1892 general election he lost his seat to the Conservative Party candidate, Viscount Folkestone.

paragraph: Grove was elected unopposed to Wiltshire County Council in 1889.

paragraph: Grove died at the age of 73. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son Walter.

paragraph: Grove married Grace Catherine O'Grady, daughter of the Hon. Waller O'Grady, Q.C, in 1847. After her death in 1879, he married Frances Hinton Barnewall, daughter of Henry Northcote and widow of the Hon. Frederick Barnewall.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Sir Thomas Grove, 1st Baronet

wikipedia_title: Sir Thomas Grove, 1st Baronet


text:
basketball
Mount St. Mary's University
Baltimore Bullets
1969 NBA draft
1969
1977
NBA
Philadelphia 76ers
Milwaukee Bucks
1973
73 of 82 regular-season games
Atlanta Hawks
Chicago Bulls
1992
1994
ESPN
NBA 2Night
fist bump

categories: African-American basketball coaches,African-American basketball players,Philadelphia 76ers head coaches,American men's basketball coaches,Sportspeople from Philadelphia,Atlanta Hawks assistant coaches,Mount St. Mary's Mountaineers men's basketball players,Milwaukee Bucks players,National Basketball Association broadcasters,Basketball coaches from Pennsylvania,Basketball players from Pennsylvania,Baltimore Bullets (1963–73) players,Chicago Bulls assistant coaches,Philadelphia 76ers assistant coaches,Living people,American men's basketball players,Baltimore Bullets (1963–73) draft picks,American women's basketball coaches,1945 births,Philadelphia 76ers players

paragraph: Fred Carter

paragraph: Fredrick James Carter (born February 14, 1945) is an American former professional basketball player and coach.

paragraph: A 6' 3" guard from Mount St. Mary's University, Carter was selected by the Baltimore Bullets in the third round of the 1969 NBA draft. He played eight seasons (1969–1977) in the NBA as a member of the Bullets, Philadelphia 76ers, and Milwaukee Bucks, scoring 9,271 career points. Carter was the leading scorer on the 1973 Sixers team that lost an NBA record 73 of 82 regular-season games. He later became the assistant coach for the Atlanta Hawks, Chicago Bulls, Washington Bullets, and Philadelphia 76ers before becoming the head coach of the Sixers for almost two seasons, from late-1992 to mid-1994.

paragraph: Following his tenure with the Sixers, Carter began a successful career as a basketball analyst for ESPN. During his time as co-host of "the NBA 2Night" he was known for his claim of being "the best player on the worst team in NBA history." He is currently an analyst on NBA TV.

paragraph: On December 1, 2007, Carter had his jersey, number "33", retired at halftime of the Mount St. Mary's v. Loyola men's basketball game at Coach Jim Phelan Court in Knott Arena in Emmitsburg, Maryland. A crowd of over 2,000, mixed with Mount and Loyola students, Mount and Loyola alumni, and Emmitsburg residents cheered the "Mad Dog" for his importance to not only the men's basketball program, but the integration of the school back in the 1960s, (as Carter became the first African-American student on the campus when he began attending school there. Not true! our class 1961-65 had John Williams Williams Jr) We were graduated in June of 1965. Carter started in September of 1965.

paragraph: He is also known for popularizing the "fist bump."

alias:
Fredrick James Carter
Frederick James Carter
Mad Dog
Doggy

description: American basketball player and coach

wikidata_label: Fred Carter

wikipedia_title: Fred Carter


text: AC

text: Roman Catholic Archbishop of Sydney

text: Cardinal-Priest

text: Santa Maria in Vallicella

text: Lithgow, New South Wales

text: Mass

text: Marist Brothers College, Parramatta

text: Edward Cassidy

text: University of Sydney

text: Auxiliary Bishop

text: Canberra

text: Cardinal-Priest

text: Santa Maria in Vallicella

text: Australian Catholic University

text: St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney

text: pipe organ

text: seminary

text: St Patrick's

text: Patrick Moran

text: Warrane College, UNSW

text: George Pell

text: Edward Cassidy

text: Randwick

categories: Australian cardinals,Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II,2014 deaths,Australian people of Irish descent,Companions of the Order of Australia,People from the Central Tablelands,Roman Catholic Archbishops of Sydney,1923 births

paragraph: Edward Clancy (cardinal)

paragraph: Edward Bede Clancy AC (13 December 1923 – 3 August 2014) was an Australian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal. He was the seventh Roman Catholic Archbishop of Sydney from 1983 to 2001. He was made Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Vallicella in 1988.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and ordination.

paragraph: Clancy was born in Lithgow, New South Wales, on 13 December 1923. He said that he wanted to be a priest from an early age and pretended to celebrate his first Mass while still a child, to the amusement of his brother and sisters. After completing his studies at Marist Brothers College, Parramatta, he was ordained to the priesthood in 1949, on the same day as the future Australian cardinal Edward Cassidy.

paragraph: Section::::Priest and bishop.

paragraph: In 1953 Clancy earned a Licentiate in Sacred Theology from the Pontifical University of St Thomas Aquinas ("Angelicum"). Clancy continued his education, eventually earning his doctorate in theology in 1965. He then started as a teacher and later accepting the position of chaplain at the University of Sydney. He also served as the official spokesperson for the archdiocese at this time and became very well known on that basis.

paragraph: On 19 January 1974, Clancy was consecrated titular Bishop of Árd Carna and Auxiliary Bishop of Sydney.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop and cardinal.

paragraph: On 24 November 1978, he was appointed Archbishop of Canberra (and Goulburn). In the little over four years that he was Archbishop of Canberra and Goulburn, Clancy was respected by the people of Canberra Goulburn as a very friendly and approachable archbishop who was also very supportive of his people and his priests. He had a great rapport with young people in the archdiocese.

paragraph: On 12 February 1983 he was appointed Archbishop of Sydney and on 28 June 1988 he was elevated to Cardinal-Priest of "Santa Maria in Vallicella". He also continued his education career throughout this time, becoming the Chancellor of the Australian Catholic University in 1992.

paragraph: Major work on St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney took place under his episcopacy. In 1999 a substantial new pipe organ was built by Orgues Létourneau Ltée of Montreal, Québec. In the year 2000 the spires of the cathedral were finally completed.

paragraph: During his term as archbishop the neo-Gothic diocesan seminary of St Patrick's at Manly (founded by Cardinal Patrick Moran in 1889) was closed and the heritage listed building leased to an international hospitality school. A new seminary, the Seminary of the Good Shepherd, was opened in the inner-western Sydney suburb of Homebush.

paragraph: Cardinal Clancy was a Fellow of Warrane College, UNSW.

paragraph: Section::::Abuse scandal.

paragraph: His tenure was not without controversy because of allegations surrounding the abuse scandal within his diocese.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement and death.

paragraph: Clancy retired as Archbishop of Sydney in 2001 and was succeeded by Archbishop George Pell. In the period from 21 October 2003 (when Pell was made cardinal) until Clancy's own 80th birthday on 13 December 2003, there were three Australian cardinal electors (had a papal conclave become necessary); Clancy, Pell and Edward Cassidy.

paragraph: Clancy's health began to decline after his retirement and he died on 3 August 2014, aged 90, at the Little Sisters of the Poor nursing home in the Sydney suburb of Randwick.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Edward Bede Clancy", Biography Resource Center Online, Gale Group, 2001.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Clancy on Catholic hierarchy.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Clancy on "What the Cardinals believe"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Clancy bio on the Sydney Archdiocesan website

description: Australian bishop

wikidata_label: Edward Bede Clancy

wikipedia_title: Edward Clancy (cardinal)


text:
Chief of the General Staff
Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro

categories: Chief of staff of the Military of Serbia and Montenegro,Living people,1951 births

paragraph: Dragan Paskaš

paragraph: Dragan Paskaš (; born 1951) is the former Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro from 23 December 2004 to 6 October 2005.

description: Serbian general

wikidata_label: Dragan Paskaš

wikipedia_title: Dragan Paskaš


text:
cardinal
Roman Catholic Church
Patriarch of Venice
cardinalate
Izano
seminary
Crema
Lodi
lyceum
Pontifical Gregorian University
Pontifical Biblical Institute
Rome
doctorate
dogmatic theology
licentiate
Sacred Scripture
ordained
priesthood
Luigi Traglia
Lateran Basilica
Rector
Catholic Action
Auxiliary Bishop
Bologna
Titular Bishop
episcopal consecration
Pentecost
Bishop Placido Cambiaghi
CRSP
co-consecrators
San Petronio
Azione Cattolica
Pope John Paul I
papacy
Patriarch of Venice
Pope John Paul II
Pope John Paul II
Cardinal-Priest of San Marco
cardinal electors
2005 papal conclave
Pope Benedict XVI
Lent
spiritual exercises
Roman Curia
conclave of 2005
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
Catholic-Pages
Catholic-Hierarchy

categories: Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II,2014 deaths,Italian cardinals,People from the Province of Cremona,Patriarchs of Venice,Pontifical Gregorian University alumni,1925 births,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops

paragraph: Marco Cé

paragraph: Marco Cé (; 8 July 1925 – 12 May 2014) was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as the Patriarch of Venice from 1978 to 2002 and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1979.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Marco Cé was born in Izano in 1925 to a family of farmers. He studied at the seminary in Crema and later at the Lodi lyceum and at both the Pontifical Gregorian University and the Pontifical Biblical Institute in Rome. From the Gregorian he obtained a doctorate in dogmatic theology and a licentiate in Sacred Scripture.

paragraph: Cé was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop Luigi Traglia on 27 March 1948 in the Lateran Basilica in Rome. He then returned to Crema where he served as a Professor of Scripture and as the Vice-Rector of the seminary from 1948 to 1957. He was later named rector in 1950 while continuing to teach there. He devoted his time to preach spiritual retreats to the youth of the Catholic Action and also focused on giving regular spiritual exercises to the clergy under his ward.

paragraph: On 22 April 1970, Cé was appointed as the Auxiliary Bishop of Bologna and the Titular Bishop of Vulturia. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 17 May (Pentecost) from Bishop Carlo Manziana, with Archbishop Franco Costa and Bishop Placido Cambiaghi, CRSP, serving as the co-consecrators. He took as his episcopal motto "Christus ipse pax" which translates as "Christ Himself is peace". He was received in Bologna on 29 June in the cathedral of San Petronio. On 21 May 1976, he was made a chaplain to Azione Cattolica.

paragraph: After the ascension of Pope John Paul I to the papacy in 1978 and his death thirty-three days later, Cé was named his successor as Patriarch of Venice by Pope John Paul II on 7 December 1978. He took canonical possession of the see on 1 January 1979 and made his official entrance into his new archdiocese on the following 7 January.

paragraph: Pope John Paul II elevated him into the cardinalate on 30 June 1979 as the Cardinal-Priest of San Marco. Cé resigned as the head of his patriarchate on 5 January 2002. He was also one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that saw the election of Pope Benedict XVI. In 2006, he was invited by Pope Benedict XVI to preach the Lenten spiritual exercises to him and the Roman Curia.

paragraph: At the conclave of 2005 Cardinal Cé was the oldest of the voting cardinals.

paragraph: Cardinal Cé fractured his femur in April 2014 and died at the Hospital of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo in Venice on 12 May 2014 at the age of 88.

paragraph: Section::::Potential beatification.

paragraph: In 2015 the Patriarch of Venice Francesco Moraglia invited the Venetian people to gather documentation to start the process that would commence the cause of beatification for the late cardinal.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic-Pages

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic-Hierarchy

alias:
Marco Ce
Marco Cardinal Cé

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Marco Cé

wikipedia_title: Marco Cé


text:
Cardinal Priest
Catholic Church
Tokyo
Hachiōji
Tokyo
Japan
Sophia University
philosophy
theology
Kanda
Pontifical Urban University
Rome
Canon law
titular Bishop
Tokyo
Coadjutor Archbishop
Archbishop of Tokyo
Convention
Second Vatican Council
China
Japan
Bishops' conference
Japanese Catholic
Pope John Paul II
Cardinal-Priest
Santa Emerenziana a Tor Fiorenza
cardinal electors
2005 papal conclave
Pope Benedict XVI
cerebral hemorrhage
Jesuit
AV Edo-Rhenania zu Tokio
fraternity
Cartellverband
Biography at catholic-pages.com

categories: Japanese Roman Catholic archbishops,Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II,1928 births,People from Hachiōji, Tokyo,2009 deaths,Japanese cardinals

paragraph: Peter Shirayanagi

paragraph: Peter Seiichi Shirayanagi (白柳 誠一 "Shirayanagi Seiichi", June 17, 1928 - December 30, 2009) was a Japanese Cardinal Priest of the Catholic Church and archbishop of Tokyo.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Hachiōji, Tokyo, Japan, Shirayanagi studied at Sophia University, earning a degree in philosophy in 1951 and a specialization in theology in 1954. Ordained a priest on 21 December 1954 at Kanda Catholic Cathedral, he went to study at the Pontifical Urban University in Rome, earning a doctorate in Canon law in 1960.

paragraph: Consecrated titular Bishop of Atenia and Auxiliary of Tokyo in 1966, he was named titular Archbishop of Castro and Coadjutor Archbishop of the Tokyo Archdiocese in 1969, and succeeded to the post of Archbishop of Tokyo in 1970. As archbishop, he continued the Tokyo Archdiocesan Convention, implementing the decrees of the Second Vatican Council, and in 1989 led a group to visit the Catholic Church in China. From 1983 to 1992, he presided over the Japanese Catholic Bishops' conference, which opened the Japanese Catholic Center in Tokyo in 1990.

paragraph: In 1994, he was proclaimed cardinal by Pope John Paul II with the title of Cardinal-Priest of "Santa Emerenziana a Tor Fiorenza". On 12 June 2000, he retired as archbishop of Tokyo. He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that selected Pope Benedict XVI.

paragraph: Cardinal Shirayanagi was hospitalized at the beginning of August, 2009 for cardiac arrhythmia, then suffered a light cerebral hemorrhage. On December 23 he moved to Loyola House, a Jesuit home for aged priests in Tokyo, where he died on December 30.

paragraph: Shirayanagi was an honorary member of AV Edo-Rhenania zu Tokio, a Catholic student fraternity that is affiliated with Cartellverband.

paragraph: This is the list of his major life events:

paragraph: BULLET::::- On 17 June 1928, he was born in Hachioji (Tokyo). Baptized the following day by Fr.Meirand (MEP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- On 21 December 1954, he was ordained a priest of Tokyo, Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- On June 1960, he graduated from Pontifical Urbaniana University (Doctor in Canon Law)

paragraph: BULLET::::- On 15 March 1966, he was appointed an auxiliary bishop of Tokyo, Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- On 8 May 1966, he was consecrated titular Bishop of Atenia

paragraph: BULLET::::- On 21 February 1970, he succeeded as Archbishop of Tokyo

paragraph: BULLET::::- On 26 November 1994, he was elevated to a Cardinal

paragraph: BULLET::::- On 17 February 2000, he resigned as the Archbishop of Tokyo

paragraph: BULLET::::- On 18 April 2005, he participated in the Conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI

paragraph: BULLET::::- On 24 November 2008, he presided the Mass of Beatification of Fr.Kibe and 187 martyrs (Nagasaki)

paragraph: BULLET::::- On 30 December 2009, he died at Loyola House (Tokyo)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at catholic-pages.com

alias:
Peter Shirayanagi
Seiichi Shirayanagi
Shirayanagi Seiichi

description: Cardinal priest from Japan

wikidata_label: Peter Seiichi Shirayanagi

wikipedia_title: Peter Shirayanagi