text:
Morocco
Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman
Tlemcen
Ifriqiya
Algeria
Tunisia
Tlemcen
Kairouan
Amir al-Mu'minin
Béjaïa
Nasrid
Sousse
Tunis
Black Death
Tlemcen
Tunis
Portuguese
Spaniards
Wattasids
Ibn Juzayy
Ibn Battuta
rihla
madrasa
Meknes
Fes
Bou Inania Madrasa
that of Meknes

wikipedia_title:
Morocco
Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman
Kingdom of Tlemcen
Ifriqiya
Algeria
Tunisia
Tlemcen
Kairouan
Amir al-Mu'minin
Béjaïa
Nasrid dynasty
Sousse
Tunis
Black Death
Kingdom of Tlemcen
Tunis
Portugal
Spain
Wattasid dynasty
Ibn Juzayy
Ibn Battuta
Rihla
Madrasa
Bou Inania Madrasa (Meknes)
Bou Inania Madrasa
Bou Inania Madrasa
Bou Inania Madrasa (Meknes)

categories: Berber rulers,Sultans of Morocco,14th-century Berber people,14th-century monarchs in Africa,People from Fez, Morocco,1329 births,14th-century Moroccan people,Assassinated Moroccan monarchs,Deaths by strangulation,1358 deaths,Marinid dynasty

paragraph: Abu Inan Faris

paragraph: Abu Inan Faris (1329 – 10 January 1358) () was a Marinid ruler of Morocco. He succeeded his father Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman in 1348. He extended his rule over Tlemcen and Ifriqiya, which covered the north of what is now Algeria and Tunisia, but was forced to retreat due to a revolt of Arab tribes there. He died strangled by his vizier in 1358.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Abu Inan's father Abu'l Hasan had taken the town of Tlemcen in 1337.

paragraph: In 1347 Abu'l Hasan annexed Ifriqiya, briefly reuniting the Maghrib territories as they had been under the Almohads.

paragraph: However, Abu'l Hasan went too far in attempting to impose more authority over the Arab tribes, who revolted and in April 1348 defeated his army near Kairouan.

paragraph: Abu Inan Faris, who had been serving as governor of Tlemcen, returned to Fez and declared that he was sultan.

paragraph: Tlemcen and the central Maghreb revolted.

paragraph: Abu Inan took the title of "Amir al-Mu'minin" ("commander of the believers").

paragraph: Abu'l Hasan had to return from Ifriqiya by sea. After failing to retake Tlemcen and being defeated by his son, Abu'l Hasan died in May 1351.

paragraph: In 1352 Abu Inan Faris recaptured Tlemcen. He also reconquered the central Maghreb. He took Béjaïa in 1353.

paragraph: The Nasrid rulers of Granada were concerned that if Abu Inan was able to gain full control of the Maghreb, he would then invade Granada. To weaken him, they sponsored a rebellion by his brother Abul Fadl, who had briefly been governor of Tunis from December 1349. Sultan Abul-Hajjaj of Grenada hired ships from Castile and used them to take Abul-Fadl and his supporters to Sousse, where he launched a short-lived rebellion.

paragraph: Abu Inan continued his eastward expansion, and took Tunis in 1357, becoming master of Ifrikiya.

paragraph: Due to the intrigues of his "vizier", Faris bin Maymum, he was forced to retreat from Tunisia in 1357. Abu Inan fell ill in November 1357.

paragraph: His "vizier" Hasan bin Umar al-Fududi had a dispute with his heir apparent Abu Zayyan Muhammad, so nominated his young son Abu Bakr Sa'id as his successor instead. When Abu Inan began to recover from his illness, the vizier feared he would be punished for nominating Abu Bakr. On 10 January 1358 he had Abu Inan strangled.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Under Abu Inan's rule the Black Death and the rebellions of Tlemcen and Tunis marked the beginning of the decline of the Marinids. They proved unable to drive back the Portuguese and the Spaniards, who settled on the North African coast during the reign of the Wattasids, which succeeded to the Marinids.

paragraph: Abu Inan commissioned one of his secretaries, Ibn Juzayy, to record an account of Ibn Battuta's 29 years of travelling. The result, Ibn Battuta's "rihla", was completed in December 1355.

paragraph: Abu Inan built madrasas in Meknes and Fes in 1350, and built another madrasa in Fes in 1357.

paragraph: The Bou Inania Madrasa of Fes and that of Meknes were named after him.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Citations

paragraph: Sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- . First published in 1986, .

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- C.A. Julien, "Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord, des origines à 1830", Payot (1961, reedit. orig. 1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- C.E. Bosworth, "The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual", Edinburgh University Press (2004), pp. 41–42

description: Moroccan Sultan

wikidata_label: Abu Inan Faris

wikipedia_title: Abu Inan Faris


text: Molfetta

text: dialect

text: pseudonym

text: Italian rapper

text: Molfetta

text: Apulia

text: Molfetta

text: b boy

text: pop

text: Allmusic

text: Castrocaro Music Festival

text: Allmusic

text: Verità supposte

text: Verità supposte

text: Habemus Capa

text: In "Habemus Capa

text: Le dimensioni del mio caos

text: concept album

text: hippie

text: Allmusic

text: Puglia

text: Gargano

text: Taranto

text: loan shark

text: draw poker

text: Il sogno eretico

text: Tony Hadley

text: Spandau Ballet

text: Galileo Galilei

text: Joan of Arc

text: Giordano Bruno

text: Girolamo Savonarola

text: Chris Lord-Alge

text: tinnitus

text: Apulian dialect

text: Piotta

text: 99 Posse

text: hip hop

text: Allmusic

text: heavy metal

text: Frank Zappa

text: metaphors

text: Verità supposte

text: Habemus Capa

text: Le dimensioni del mio caos

text: Il sogno eretico

text: Museica

wikipedia_title:
Molfetta
Bari dialect
Pseudonym
Italian hip hop
Molfetta
Apulia
Molfetta
Breakdancing
Pop music
AllMusic
Castrocaro Music Festival
?! (album)
AllMusic
Verità supposte
Individualism
Verità supposte
Habemus Capa
Habemus Capa
Le dimensioni del mio caos
Concept album
Hippie
AllMusic
Apulia
Gargano
Taranto
Loan shark
Draw poker
Il sogno eretico
Tony Hadley
Spandau Ballet
Galileo Galilei
Joan of Arc
Giordano Bruno
Girolamo Savonarola
Chris Lord-Alge
Tinnitus
Apulia
Piotta (singer)
99 Posse
Hip hop music
AllMusic
Heavy metal music
Frank Zappa
Metaphor
Verità supposte
Habemus Capa
Le dimensioni del mio caos
Il sogno eretico
Museica

categories: Living people,People from Molfetta,1973 births

paragraph: Caparezza

paragraph: Caparezza ( ; meaning "Curly Head" in the Molfetta dialect) is the pseudonym of Michele Salvemini (born 9 October 1973), an Italian rapper. Born in Molfetta, in the southern region of Apulia, Caparezza debuted in 1997 at the Sanremo Festival under the name Mikimix.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Caparezza was born in Molfetta on October 9, 1973. Caparezza's mother was a teacher and his father was a worker and former musician, so Michele started playing music as a child. He studied accounting, although he dreamed of writing comics. After completing High School, Michele began to work in advertising, and won a scholarship for the Academy of Media and Journalism in Milan. However, he soon decided to leave the advertising world to fully devote himself to music.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early career.

paragraph: Salvemini began his career as Mikimix, a b boy pop singer, releasing the album "La mia buona stella". This early release was not well received; Allmusic gave the album 2.5 stars out of 5. He also anchored the broadcast "Segnali di Fumo" (Smoke Signals) together with on the "Video Music" Italian channel. After performing in Milan's pubs, Mikimix made his debut at the Castrocaro Music Festival and subsequently participated in two Sanremo Festivals in the "New Generation" section, in 1995 and in 1997.

paragraph: Salvemini returned to Molfetta with no intention to further pursue a musical career but soon began to compose music in his garage. He also stopped cutting his hair and beard and changed his pseudonym from Mikimix to Caparezza ("Curly Head" in the Apulian dialect). In 2000 he published his first album under his new stage name, "?!". In the album, he rejects the music he produced as Mikimix in favor of his new musical style. Reviewing the album for Allmusic, Jason Birchmeier wrote "The Italian rapper drops his rhymes with just as much fluency and dexterity as his American peers throughout the album. [...] Caparezza's mastery of the Italian dialect [makes] this album so stunning."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:From Mikimix to Caparezza.:"Verità supposte" ("Supposed Truths") and "Habemus Capa".

paragraph: Salvemini's fourth album and second album under the name Caparezza, "Verità supposte" (note that in Italian ""supposte"" can mean both ""supposed"" and ""suppositories""), was published on 13 June 2003 and led him to success in 2003–2004. In his second album, Caparezza talks about various problems distressing the Italian social reality through the ending of the old millennium as well as the beginning of the new one, also the condition of Southern Italy, with the characteristic cutting irony that made him be known.The single from this album ""Fuori dal tunnel"" (""Out of the Tunnel"") enjoyed great success in Italy as a "summer hit"; however, the singer always opposed the song's use in clubs and on television because it was meant to denounce the de-individualization of entertainment. However, the contract with his record label barred him from preventing its use in the commercials or TV broadcasts criticized in the song. Another song on "Verità supposte" is ""Vengo dalla Luna"" (""I Come From the Moon""), which tells the story of an alien (Caparezza) who comes to Earth and is astonished by humanity's intolerance of different races and cultures. The song opposes prejudice toward immigrants.

paragraph: His fifth album, "Habemus Capa" (a pun on the ""habemus papam"" statement with which the Catholic church announces a new pope), is a criticism of society's contradictions. Salvemini reconnects to ""Jodellavitanonhocapitouncazzo"" (a pun with ""jodel"" of the phrase ""Io della vita non ho capito un cazzo"", ""I don't understand shit about life""), the last song of "Verità supposte" in which the artist imagines his own death after becoming insane. Thus Salvemini imagines what happens after his death and in his descent to Hell - which is actually our world, describing a dreadful aspect of modern society in every song. It was released on 24 March 2006.In "Habemus Capa" songs include ""La mia parte intollerante"" (""My Intolerant Side"") which again discusses marginalization by Caparezza identifying himself in a marginalized 16-year-old boy expressing all his desires for a more open and less vicious behaviour from teenagers.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:From Mikimix to Caparezza.:"Le dimensioni del mio caos" ("The Size of My Chaos").

paragraph: In 2008 he released his sixth album, "Le dimensioni del mio caos", a concept album involving a time-warped hippie and social commentary regarding modern society. In a mixed review, Allmusic writer Mariano Prunes called it "ambitious but definitely overreaching", saying that "its length and unyielding energy can get grating as it goes along".

paragraph: The song ""Vieni a ballare in Puglia"" (""Come Dance in Apulia"") discusses economic and environmental issues in Puglia; the "", the forest fires in Gargano and the air pollution in Taranto. This song, like ""Fuori dal tunnel"", was generally misunderstood by the mainstream public who generally failed to understand its satirical nature and often interpreted it as a song praising the rapper's homeland. ""Eroe (storia di Luigi delle Bicocche)"" (""Hero (the Story of Luigi delle Bicocche)"" - "bicocche" is a term now rarely used in Italian meaning "little house/fort", but is also used in some parts of Italy as a dialectal contraction of "albicocche", "apricots") tells the story of a blue-collar worker who manages to support a family while resisting the temptations of loan sharks and draw poker, hailing him as a true hero.

paragraph: After the release of "Habemus Capa" and before releasing "Le dimensioni del mio caos", Caparezza also published a book in 2008, "Saghe mentali", a humorous description of his discography, including the soon to be released "Le dimensioni del mio caos", using a different literary style for each album.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:From Mikimix to Caparezza.:"Il sogno eretico" ("The Heretic Dream").

paragraph: On 28 January 2011, he published the first single from the seventh album "Il sogno eretico", entitled ""Goodbye Malinconia"", featuring Tony Hadley of Spandau Ballet.

paragraph: "Il sogno eretico", published on 1 March 2011 is a concept album that urges its listeners to reject tenets and dogma and to use critical thinking. The songs allude to historic figures who were labeled heretics, including Galileo Galilei, Joan of Arc, Giordano Bruno and Girolamo Savonarola. Salvemini links the lives of these figures to topical interests for the purpose of interpreting widely known facts from a different angle. In the song ""La fine di Gaia"" (""The End of Gaia"") Caparezza addresses "end of the world" prophecies (denying their validity) and various conspiracy theories, while in other songs he discusses religion, politics, misbehavior and attitudes towards wealth and power.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:From Mikimix to Caparezza.:"Museica".

paragraph: On 22 April 2014, his sixth album is published intitled "Museica", whose name is a portmanteau of the three key words of this album: ""musica"" (""music""), ""museo"" (""museum"") and ""sei"" (""six"".) In this album, recorded in Molfetta and then mixed in Los Angeles by Chris Lord-Alge, Caparezza uses as a medium several famous pieces of art as well as artistic movements to explain various concepts revolving around art and connected to it, but also modern themes and problematics - thus using art as a way to escape from the violence of the world as art creates a parallel, ideal reality. The artist describes this album as "his own museum" and the composition of the album describes a tour in this ideal museum of his.

paragraph: The album has also been his first album to reach position nº 1 in the Italian FIMI album chart.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:From Mikimix to Caparezza.:"Prisoner 709".

paragraph: Announced the 13 June of the same year, on 15 September 2017 Caparezza's seventh album, "Prisoner 709", is published. This concept album is greatly different from the previous ones as Salvemini imagines himself as a prisoner of his own mind: this album has been inspired from a crisis and a consequent deep depression born after Salvemini begun suffering tinnitus in 2015, condition around which the album revolves.

paragraph: In this album, as already said, Salvemini talks about being caged inside his own mind and uses this as a way to express himself, his drive, his personal issues and his beliefs - also by comparing himself Michele and himself Caparezza (this is also highlighted by the fact that the ""7"" and the ""9"" in the album title are referring to the letters' number respectively of the names "Michele" and "Caparezza"). Every song of this album also has a subheading that tells step by step the various phases of imprisonment and jailbreak.

paragraph: The album has been introduced by the videoclips of two songs: the nominal track ""Prisoner 709"" and the single ""Ti fa stare bene"" (""Makes You Feel Good""), published respectively on 7 and 15 September 2017. The publication of this two songs also reflect the duality of the album, with ""Prisoner 709"" having hard tones and an anguishing atmosphere while ""Ti fa stare bene"" is a more cheerful, light-hearted song. This duality is shown even further in the album special edition (called the ""Escape Edition""), including two LPs, one black and one white, in which the songs are divided whether they were, respectively, sharp or energetic. On 12 January 2018, ""Una chiave"" (""A Key"") is released as the second single of the album; the videoclip of the song is published on YouTube on 26 January. On 21 May is released the videoclip for the third single ""Larsen"".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Band members and collaborations.

paragraph: Michele sings together with Diego Perrone, who replaced Stefano Ciannamea (the creator, and now administrator of Caparezza's official web site). Diego Perrone is also the lead singer in the band Medusa. Caparezza was also a member of Sunny Cola Connection, a group who sings in the Apulian dialect. He has also worked with many other musicians, like the Italian rappers Puni, Piotta, 99 Posse (""Tarantelle pé campà"") and Mondo Marcio and with pop musician Roy Paci & Aretuska, and with Medusa.

paragraph: Caparezza's band includes Rino Corrieri (drums), Gaetano Camporeale (keyboards), Giovanni Astorino (bass) and Alfredo Ferrero (guitar).

paragraph: Section::::Style and influences.

paragraph: The music of Caparezza is predominately described as hip hop, but has a diverse and unique sound. Allmusic writer Mariano Prunes describes Caparezza as "[defying] classification with his fascinating cross-contamination of styles" He describes the music of "Le Dimensioni del Mio Caos" as rap and heavy metal. Caparezza's lyrics focus on subjects such as personal honesty and the hypocrisy of the music industry.

paragraph: Caparezza is highly influenced by Frank Zappa, whom Caparezza considers his "mentor". Caparezza criticizes society and politics with sharp irony in contexts which are often fantastic and unreal. Caparezza's lyrics include unusual metaphors, and references to movies, comics, commercials, TV broadcasting, classic writers, other musicians. Many of these metaphors are subtle and thus difficult to identify or fully understand.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tengo duro" (1997; as Mikimix)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La mia buona stella" (1997; as Mikimix)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "?!" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Verità supposte" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Habemus Capa" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le dimensioni del mio caos" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il sogno eretico" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Museica" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prisoner 709" (2017)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with Caparezza

description: Italian rapper

wikidata_label: Caparezza

wikipedia_title: Caparezza


text: Coffs Harbour, New South Wales

text: open wheel

text: touring car racing

text: Australian Drivers' Championship

text: Bathurst 1000

text: Wheels

text: Bathurst

text: Morris Minor

text: Australian Grand Prix

text: Alec Mildren

text: Tasman Series

text: Alfa Romeo TI Super

text: Frank Gardner

text: 1967 Surfers Paradise Four Hour

text: Doug Chivas

text: Evan Green

text: Bathurst

text: Morris Mini de Luxe

text: BMC

text: 1965 Armstrong 500

text: 1964 Repco Brabham BT11A

text: Indianapolis 500

text: John Goss

text: 1973 Bathurst 1000

text: Ford XA Falcon

text: year

text: Torana

text: Pukekohe

text: Formula 5000

text: Lola

text: Formula 5000

text: Chevrolet Camaro Z28

text: Group C

text: Kerry Packer

text: Nine Network

text: Unser Chevrolet

text: New Mexico

text: 1979 Bathurst 1000

text: Sports Sedan

text: John McCormack

text: Marlboro Holden Dealer Team

text: Commodore

text: Peter Brock

text: 1980 Hardie-Ferodo 1000

text: Channel 7

text: Chris Economaki

text: Isuzu Gemini

text: CAMS

text: Evan Green

text: 1981 Hang Ten 400

text: Holden Commodore

text: Ford Falcon

text: Dick Johnson

text: Bob Morris

text: Channel 7

text: Allan Moffat

text: Colin Bond

text: Australian Endurance Championship

text: James Hardie 1000

text: Falcon

text: Commodore

text: John Harvey

text: 1983 ATCC

text: 1983 James Hardie 1000

text: team

text: Mitsubishi Starion

text: Group A

text: Winton

text: 1985 James Hardie 1000

text: ground effects

text: De Tomaso Pantera

text: Formula One

text: Kaditcha

text: 1985 Australian GT Championship

text: 1986 ATCC

text: JPS Team BMW

text: BMW 635 CSi

text: Sandown 500

text: James Hardie 1000

text: Maserati Biturbo

text: World Touring Car Championship

text: Armin Hahne

text: Bruno Giacomelli

text: Bathurst

text: Holden VL Commodore SS Group A SV

text: Tooheys 1000

text: BMW M3

text: Peter Brock

text: 1989 Tooheys 1000

text: 1990 Tooheys 1000

text: Russell Ingall

text: Rohan Onslow

text: Mark Gibbs

text: heart attack

text: Australian Sports Medal

text: Kevin Bartlett,

text: Kevin Bartlett,

text: Kevin Bartlett,

categories: Bathurst 1000 winners,Australian Touring Car Championship drivers,1940 births,People from Coffs Harbour,Australian Formula 2 drivers,Racing drivers from New South Wales,Tasman Series drivers,World Touring Car Championship drivers,Living people

paragraph: Kevin Bartlett (racing driver)

paragraph: Kevin Bartlett (born 25 May 1940 in Coffs Harbour, New South Wales), often known by his nickname "KB", is an Australian former open wheel and touring car racing driver who won the Australian Drivers' Championship in 1968 and 1969, as well as the prestigious Bathurst 1000 in 1974. Bartlett was named in "Wheels" magazine's annual yearbook in 2004 as one of Australia's 50 greatest race drivers. He placed #15 on the list.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.

paragraph: Bartlett first arrived on the Australian racing scene in 1958 when he competed in the Touring Car Scratch Race at Bathurst, driving a 950cc Morris Minor.

paragraph: Over the next few years, Bartlett progressed through the levels of Australian motorsport before his big break came when he was hired to drive for 1960 Australian Grand Prix winner Alec Mildren in the Tasman Series of open wheel racing. Bartlett proved competitive in this series and would become a fixture of Alec Mildren Racing for the next decade racing a long line of open-wheel racing cars and Alfa Romeo touring cars. Bartlett won the 1965 International 6 Hour Touring Car Race for the Mildren team, driving an Alfa Romeo TI Super with Frank Gardner and he also won the 1967 Surfers Paradise Four Hour, driving a similar car with Doug Chivas.

paragraph: Bartlett got his first works drive via motoring journalist and part time rally driver Evan Green at Bathurst driving a Morris Mini de Luxe for the BMC team in the 1965 Armstrong 500.

paragraph: At the 1967 Bathurst Easter meeting, Bartlett became the first driver to ever lap the 6.172 km mountain circuit at an average speed of over 100 mph driving a 1964 Repco Brabham BT11A Climax.

paragraph: In 1970, Bartlett traveled to the United States to compete in the USAC Championship (aka Indy Car) series, attempting and failing to qualify for the Indianapolis 500. Bartlett competed in three other Indy Car races, but failed to finish.

paragraph: Bartlett was signed on to co-drive with John Goss in the 1973 Bathurst 1000, in a brand-new Ford XA Falcon GT Hardtop. They qualified on pole position for the race and led for over three-and-a-half hours, but crashed out of the race on lap 110. They returned the following year and won the event with Bartlett holding off the Bob Forbes Torana and bringing the Goss Falcon home in the rain. Bartlett's Bathurst-winning drive in 1974 was achieved while he still carried hip and pelvis injuries from a major crash at the Pukekohe round of the Tasman Series nine months earlier.

paragraph: Bartlett was a fixture of Formula 5000 throughout the 70s with a series of Lolas and briefly the unique Brabham BT43 Formula 5000. As the decade closed and Formula 5000 declined, Bartlett returned to touring cars, developing the American Chevrolet Camaro Z28 for Australian Group C with the partnership of Kerry Packer's television network the Nine Network. The car (which Bartlett had purchased new from Unser Chevrolet in New Mexico) debuted, without Bartlett, at the 1979 Bathurst 1000. Bartlett was to co-drive with Bob Forbes in the James Hardie 1000, but a bad F5000 crash in the Brabham BT43 at the Sandown Gold Star Round on September 9, 1979 saw KB watch the race from a wheelchair nursing a broken arm and leg with F5000 and Sports Sedan racer John McCormack taking his place in the car.

paragraph: KB was back in 1980 and was the only driver to seriously challenge the Marlboro Holden Dealer Team Commodore of Peter Brock in the 1980 Australian Touring Car Championship. Bartlett would go on to take pole position for the 1980 Hardie-Ferodo 1000 at Bathurst in the Camaro but his race was soured by the car being forced to run drum brakes on the rear with his first stop to change the rear drums coming after only 14 laps (guest Channel 7 pit reporter Chris Economaki reported that the drums were so hot when they came off the car that they literally blistered the paint on the inside pit wall). Later in the race Bartlett tangled with a baby car class Isuzu Gemini on top of The Mountain simply because he had run out of brakes and couldn't stop in time. The Gemini rolled and after coming into the pits Bartlett told a national television audience that he was sorry for the incident but that the blame lay squarely with CAMS regulations not allowing the Camaro's to run 4-wheel disc brakes. In the interview he told Channel 7's Evan Green ""And of course with our stupid bloody CAMS rules not allowing us to have disc brakes in the back this thing just doesn't stop, its bloody dangerous out there without discs. And I just hit him, and just rolled him. You know sure he made a mistake, but in a normal situation I should have been able to slow up enough. This car doesn't stop, it slows up. That's the difference"".

paragraph: Bartlett only contested two rounds of the 1981 Australian Touring Car Championship in the Camaro, which by now was allowed to run 4 wheel disc brakes making it a much safer and much more formidable challenger. He then chose not to race in the 1981 Hang Ten 400 at Sandown, but still went to Bathurst as one of the favourites. He claimed his second pole in a row on The Mountain in frightfully wet conditions, recording a time that was 15.46 seconds slower than he had been 12 months earlier. After a good start where he was dicing with Brock's Holden Commodore and the Ford Falcon's of Dick Johnson and Bob Morris (who would eventually finish 1st and 2nd respectively), a number of small problems, including a crash with the Commodore of Ron Wanless saw the Camaro finally finish 13th, 11 laps down on Johnson. The crash with Wanless prompted a fired up KB to tell Channel 7 that ""A complete and utter amateur nincumpoop got in the way"" and that he was ""Going to punch him in the mouth when the race was over"", though he later told that he thankfully didn't go through with it after finding out that Wanless was also a semi-professional boxer.

paragraph: The Camaro was coming towards the end of its development in 1982. He finished equal third on points with Allan Moffat in the 1982 Australian Touring Car Championship, winning his final ATCC race at Sydney's Oran Park in Round 4. He then enlisted the services of Colin Bond to be his co-driver in the Australian Endurance Championship. Bond drove the Camaro in the 250 km Perrier Gold Cup at Oran Park where the car was competitive but suffered tyre problems. They then went to the James Hardie 1000 at Bathurst as a strong contender for their third straight pole position, but suffered a set back in qualifying when a tyre blew on top of The Mountain, sending bond into the guardrail. Despite this Bartlett qualified the car in 4th place. KB then had an early race duel for third place with the Falcon of Dick Johnson and the second Dealer Team Commodore of John Harvey which went on for a number of laps. Bartlett's race ended on lap 27 when the Camaro blew its left rear tyre at Reid Park, sending him into the fence and causing the car to roll onto its roof and slide across the track with a close following Johnson only just missing him.

paragraph: Kevin Bartlett's final race in the Camaro came in the Oran Park round of the 1983 ATCC, though by this time he was not competitive and he only recorded a 9th-place finish. He then went on to be Dick Johnson's co-driver in the 1983 James Hardie 1000, though the race weekend was a disaster for the team after Johnson's Hardie's Heroes crash at Forrest's Elbow destroyed the Greens-Tuf Falcon. A car swapping deal was then done and the team had another Falcon ready to run for the race, but the hastily built Ford was well off the pace and was eventually retired on lap 61.

paragraph: Bartlett's autobiography entitled "Big Rev Kev" was published in 1983.

paragraph: In 1984, Bartlett headed Mitsubishi's first factory backed attack on the Bathurst 1000 with the Mitsubishi Starion turbo running in the new Group A class that would become uniform in 1985. Unfortunately Bathurst would prove problematic for the team with the cars being forced to run components that weren't compatible with the engine's electronics and the car was uncompetitive. Bartlett then led Mitsubishi's first assault on the Australian Touring Car Championship in 1985, finishing in a fine 3rd place in the opening round at Winton, but ultimately dropping to 9th in the series as the established teams got their Group A cars up to speed. He and motoring journalist Peter McKay then went on to finish 9th outright and second in class in the 1985 James Hardie 1000 at Bathurst.

paragraph: During 1985, Bartlett also drove a ground effects De Tomaso Pantera designed and built by ex-Formula One mechanic and Kaditcha racing cars owner Barry Lock to finish 4th in the 1985 Australian GT Championship. Bartlett only drove in the opening round of the 1986 ATCC at Amaroo Park in a privately entered Starion (though he would not complete enough laps to be classified as a finisher), and would join the Frank Gardner run JPS Team BMW as a co-driver in the teams second BMW 635 CSi for the Sandown 500 and the James Hardie 1000 where he would co-drive with New Zealander Trevor Crowe. Unfortunately the BMW was a non finisher in both races.

paragraph: In 1987, Bartlett drove a Maserati Biturbo for World Touring Car Championship team Pro Team Italia on their visit to Australia and New Zealand. While the Maserati was, on paper, a strong contender, in reality the car was under developed and well off the pace and although driving with 1985 Bathurst winner Armin Hahne and ex-Formula One driver Bruno Giacomelli (who failed to qualify at Bathurst), the car only lasted 29 laps of the race.

paragraph: 1988 saw Bartlett team with longtime rival John Harvey in a Bob Forbes owned Holden VL Commodore SS Group A SV in the Tooheys 1000 at Bathurst. After the new car had some teething problems in practice, they would start 22nd on the grid. The car initially raced faster than it qualified and Harvey (who started) was soon into the top 10 and battling with the BMW M3 of Peter Brock, but was forced to pit after 20 laps with a clutch problem. Ultimately they would finish in 14th place, 21 laps down on the winners.

paragraph: After missing the 1989 Tooheys 1000, Bartlett's final drive in racing was the 1990 Tooheys 1000, sharing a Holden Commodore with Russell Ingall and open wheel star Rohan Onslow, again in a car owned by the man he beat to win the 1974 Bathurst 1000, Bob Forbes.

paragraph: According to Bartlett, the 1990 Tooheys 1000 nearly killed him. The night before the race the team had bled the cars water system and unfortunately left the heater tap on which was not discovered until after the race. The result was that both Bartlett and Ingall suffered from dehydration with Bartlett collapsing in the pits and being placed on a drip after his driving stint (making matters worse was during his stint Bartlett knocked his water bottle over and had nothing to drink). Onslow, who was cross entered in the car and was the co-driver of the teams lead Commodore with Mark Gibbs, was forced to finish the race in the #13 car as neither Bartlett nor Ingall could do so. A couple of months after the race, Bartlett suffered a heart attack which required a quadruple bypass, effectively ending his 32 year racing career. His specialists put his heart attack down to the trauma he suffered during the race.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement.

paragraph: In his retirement Bartlett works part-time to maintain the famous Bowden collection of historic racing cars, which includes Bartlett's Chevrolet Camaro.

paragraph: On 24 October 2000, Bartlett was awarded the Australian Sports Medal for his motor racing achievements.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kevin Bartlett, "MyF5000.com"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kevin Bartlett, "Driver Database"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kevin Bartlett, "Racing Reference (US results)"

description: Australian motor racing driver

wikidata_label: Kevin Bartlett

wikipedia_title: Kevin Bartlett (racing driver)


text:
proconsul
Asia
Valens
his war against Persia
Roman history
Eutropius
Epitome rerum Romanarum
Augustus
Florus
Ab Urbe condita
Enmannsche Kaisergeschichte
Ammianus Marcellinus
Eunapius
Suda
Zosimus
Sextus Rufus

categories: 4th-century Latin writers,Latin historians,Ancient Roman proconsuls,4th-century historians,Roman governors of Asia

paragraph: Festus (historian)

paragraph: Festus (), whose name also appears in the manuscripts of his work as Rufus Festus, Ruffus Festus, Sextus Festus, Sextus Rufus, and Sextus, was a Late Roman historian and proconsul of Asia whose epitome "Breviarium rerum gestarum populi Romani" ("Summary of the history of Rome") was commissioned by the emperor Valens in preparation for his war against Persia. It was completed about AD 370. The "Breviarium" covers the entire history of the Roman state from the foundation of the City until AD 364. The book consists of 30 chapters treating events in Roman history in terse overview, mainly focused on military and political conflicts. It is estimated as a work of very low quality.

paragraph: Festus of Tridentum, magister memoriae (secretary) to Valens and notoriously severe proconsul of the province of Asia, where he was sent to punish those implicated in the conspiracy of Theodorus. The work itself (Breviarium rerum gestarum populi Romani) is divided into two parts, one geographical, the other historical. J. W. Eadie has shown that Festus used the following sources:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The "Breviarium historiae Romanae" of Eutropius, newly compiled by order of the same emperor

paragraph: BULLET::::- The "Epitome rerum Romanarum" (until the reign of Augustus) by Florus

paragraph: BULLET::::- The epitome of Livy, a lost work based on "Ab Urbe condita"

paragraph: BULLET::::- A history of the Roman emperors, perhaps the one that is called the Enmannsche Kaisergeschichte

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ammianus Marcellinus, "Res Gestae" 29.2.22.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eunapius, "Vitae sophistarum" 7.6.6-13.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Suda" s.v. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zosimus, "Historia Nova" 4.15.2-3.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sextus Rufus" in Smith's "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology"

description: Roman historian

wikidata_label: Festus

wikipedia_title: Festus (historian)


text: Oberartelshofen

text: Middle Franconia

text: German

text: Social Democratic Party of Germany

text: Arthur Crispien

text: Otto Wels

text: NSDAP

text: Sopade

text: Volkshochschule

text: Fürth

text: Fürth

text: Franconia

text: Bavaria

text: Landtag

text: "Burgfrieden" politics

text: World War I

text: World War I

text: 105th Division

text: German revolution

text: German National Assembly

text: Weimar Constitution

text: Reichstag

text: Arthur Crispien

text: Otto Wels

text: Machtergreifung

text: Saarbrücken

text: League of Nations

text: Prague

text: Paris

text: Sopade

text: Fürth

categories: 1945 deaths,Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians,Members of the Weimar National Assembly,Members of the Bavarian Chamber of Deputies,1881 births,People from the Kingdom of Bavaria,People from Nürnberger Land,German military personnel of World War I,Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic

paragraph: Hans Vogel

paragraph: Hans Vogel (16 February 1881, Oberartelshofen, Middle Franconia – 6 October 1945) was a German politician and chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) along with Arthur Crispien and Otto Wels from 1931 to 1933. After the NSDAP came to power in 1933, he became one of the leaders of the social democratic exile organization Sopade.

paragraph: After attending the "Volkshochschule" in Fürth, Vogel, the son of a merchant and shoemaker, completed an apprenticeship as a wood sculptor assistant in 1897. He joined the trade union for wood sculptors as early as 1897 and worked in various parts of Germany. He was board member of a Social Democratic electoral association in Fürth from 1907 to 1911. From 1908, Vogel worked as secretary of the party in the region of Franconia. From 1912 to 1918 he was a member of the Bavarian "Landtag". He supported the "Burgfrieden" politics of his party, i.e. support for the German war effort and giving up the anti-militarist stance at the beginning of World War I, because he viewed this as his patriotic duty. He served in World War I as a radio operator in the 105th Division.

paragraph: After the war and the German revolution, Vogel was a member of the German National Assembly, which wrote the Weimar Constitution. He would remain a member of the "Reichstag" until June 1933. After becoming a member of the caucus of the SPD in 1920, he was elected secretary of the party in 1927. In 1931, he became chairman along with Arthur Crispien and Otto Wels.

paragraph: After the "Machtergreifung" in January 1933, Vogel first went to Saarbrücken, because it was administrated by the League of Nations at that time, and then on 2 June he moved on to Prague. In 1938 he moved to Paris and there he helped build up the Sopade, of which he was the sole chairman after Wels's death in 1939.

paragraph: His death in October 1945 meant that he was not able to help with re-building the SPD. Hans-Vogel-Straße, a street in Fürth, is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Union of German Socialist Organisations in Great Britain

description: German politician

wikidata_label: Hans Vogel

wikipedia_title: Hans Vogel


text:
American football
center
National Football League
Arizona Cardinals
2004 NFL Draft
college football
Kansas State University
New Orleans Saints
St. Louis Rams
Arizona Cardinals
Grapevine High School
Grapevine, Texas
letterwinner
football
wrestling
starter
college football
Kansas State University
ESPN
Sports Illustrated
Big 12
Rimington Trophy
Jake Grove
Virginia Tech
Arizona Cardinals
2004 NFL Draft
St. Louis Rams
St. Louis Rams
New Orleans Saints
unrestricted free agent
Chase Daniel
practice squad
hotel and restaurant management
Arizona Cardinals bio
Kansas State Wildcats bio
New Orleans Saints bio
St. Louis Rams bio

categories: St. Louis Rams players,Living people,1982 births,Sportspeople from Dallas,Super Bowl champions,American football centers,Players of American football from Texas,Arizona Cardinals players,New Orleans Saints players,American football offensive guards,Kansas State Wildcats football players

paragraph: Nick Leckey

paragraph: Nicholas Nathan Leckey (born March 12, 1982) is a former American football center who played in the National Football League. He was drafted by the Arizona Cardinals in the sixth round of the 2004 NFL Draft. He played college football at Kansas State University.

paragraph: Leckey played for the New Orleans Saints, St. Louis Rams and the Arizona Cardinals.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Leckey attended Grapevine High School in Grapevine, Texas and was a letterwinner in football and wrestling. In football, he was a three-year starter. In wrestling, he won the State Championship as a senior. Leckey graduated from Grapevine High School in 2000.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Leckey played college football at Kansas State University where during his career, he did not allow a sack. He majored in hotel/restaurant management. He began his career at guard before switching to center. He started 41 consecutive games. He earned first-team All-America honors from ESPN and "Sports Illustrated" as a senior. Also earned consensus All-Big 12 first-team choice and named Kansas State's Offensive Lineman of the Year.

paragraph: He was a finalist for the Rimington Trophy, which eventually went to Jake Grove of Virginia Tech.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Cardinals.

paragraph: Leckey was selected by the Arizona Cardinals in the sixth round (167th overall) in the 2004 NFL Draft. He made his NFL debut at the St. Louis Rams on September 12. During his time at the Cardinals, he played in 44 games making 20 starts.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:St.Louis Rams.

paragraph: Leckey was signed by the St. Louis Rams as a free agent on June 6, 2007. He played in three games for the team in 2007 and started all 10 games in which he appeared in 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New Orleans Saints.

paragraph: Leckey signed a one-year contract with the New Orleans Saints as an unrestricted free agent on March 17, 2009. He was waived on September 26 to make room for Chase Daniel who was signed off the practice squad. He was re-signed by the Saints on September 29. He played in eight regular season games and all three postseason games in 2009, mostly on special teams with some work at center. He was re-signed on March 7, 2010. He was released on September 4, 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Leckey is married to Erin Kathleen Leckey. After retiring from football, he returned to Kansas State and received his degree in hotel and restaurant management in December 2012.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arizona Cardinals bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kansas State Wildcats bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Orleans Saints bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Louis Rams bio

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Nick Leckey

wikipedia_title: Nick Leckey


text:
Holy Trinity
Ned Sherrin
Alan Bennett
Ely Theological College
Clewer
News of the World

paragraph: Brian Brindley

paragraph: Rev. Brian Dominic Frederick Titus Brindley (3 August 1931; 1 August 2001) was an Anglo-Catholic canon who later joined the Roman Catholic church. He served as of vicar of Holy Trinity in Reading until a scandal about homosexuality forced his eventual resignation. He later converted to Roman Catholicism over the ordination of women, and died in 2001.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Harrow, London in 1931, Brindley was educated at Stowe School, after which he completed his National Service in Germany. He then entered Exeter College, Oxford, where he read Modern History, and was a contemporary of Ned Sherrin and Alan Bennett. During his time in Oxford, he wrote a 17th-century style masque, Porci ante Margeritam ("Swine before a Pearl"), which was performed for Princess Margaret.

paragraph: After briefly studying for the bar, he decided to enter the priesthood, entering Ely Theological College. He was thereafter ordained in 1963, and spent his first four years as Curate of Saint Andrews, Clewer.

paragraph: In 1967 Brindley was appointed Vicar of Holy Trinity in Reading, which he transformed into an ornate center of Anglo-Catholic worship. He was likewise known for his eccentric and flamboyant personal style, as one obituary described: "He wore his grey curly hair in a style resembling a periwig and dressed in lavish Roman monsignoral attire, including buckled shoes with four-inch heels, which he had painted red."

paragraph: In the summer of 1989, the News of the World made public a secretly recorded conversation in which Brindley fantasized about young men. The publication would eventually lead to his resignation, after two evangelical clergymen circulated photocopies of the tabloid's front page to all 500 members of the General Synod.

paragraph: Brindley retired to Brighton, and in 1992, upon the General Synod's decision to ordain female priests, converted to Roman Catholicism. He remarked of it: "I felt as if I had I had been a commercial traveler who had been selling vacuum cleaners for 30 years, only to discover suddenly that they didn't work".

paragraph: The Canon died from heart failure at a celebration of his 70th birthday, enjoying a seven-course dinner at the Athenaeum in the presence of close friends.

description: b. 1931

wikidata_label: Brian Brindley

wikipedia_title: Brian Brindley


text: Pittsburgh

text: George Hetzel

text: Pittsburgh School of Design

text: American Federation of Arts

text: exhibited

text: Palace of Fine Arts

text: World's Columbian Exposition

text: Louisiana Purchase Exposition

text: Panama Pacific Exhibition

text: Carnegie International

text: Carnegie Mellon University

text: images of Hailman's art

categories: 20th-century American painters,American women painters,1871 births,19th-century American women artists,20th-century American women artists,19th-century American painters,1958 deaths

paragraph: Johanna Woodwell Hailman

paragraph: Johanna Woodwell Hailman (1871 - 1958) was an American painter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Hailman née Woodwell was born in 1867 in Pittsburgh. She was the daughter of the Pennsylvania painter Joseph R. Woodwell. She was taught by her father and influenced by George Hetzel. She briefly attended the Pittsburgh School of Design.

paragraph: Hailman was a member of the American Federation of Arts and the National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors.

paragraph: Hailman exhibited her work at the Palace of Fine Arts at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, as well as the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis and the 1915 Panama Pacific Exhibition in San Francisco. She also exhibited her art at the Carnegie International Annual Exhibition almost every year, for sixty years

paragraph: Hailman died in 1958 in Pittsburgh. Her work is in the collection of the Carnegie Mellon University.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- images of Hailman's art on askART

alias:
Johanna Woodwell Hailman
Hailman
Johana K. W. Hailman
Johana K.W. Hailman
Johanna K. Woodwell Hailman
Johanna Knowles Woodwell Hailman
johanna woodell hailman
Miss Johanna Knowles Woodwell
Johanna W. Hailman

wikidata_label: Johanna Hailman

wikipedia_title: Johanna Woodwell Hailman


text: landowner

text: Cornwall

text: Liberal Unionist Party

text: The Reverend

text: Molesworth Baronets

text: Sir William Molesworth, 8th Baronet

text: Colonial Secretary

text: Lord Palmerston

text: baronetcy

text: Anglican

text: Roman Catholicism

text: Beaumont

text: Stonyhurst

text: Brigadier-General

text: Daniel Marsh Frost

text: St Louis

text: Missouri

text: inquest jury

text: wasp

text: Trewarthenick

text: acres

text: Huntingdonshire

text: Jamaica

text: Pencarrow

text: North Cornwall

text: 1892 general election

text: Launceston

text: Cornwall

text: Conservative

text: Liberal

text: MP

text: Sir Charles Thomas Dyke Acland

text: Bodmin

text: Leonard Courtney

text: Bodmin

text: South Africa

text: Liskeard

text: temperance

text: Edinburgh West

text: Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman

text: 1906 Birthday Honours

text: 1906 general election

text: West Somerset Yeomanry

text: cavalry

text: Sheriff

text: High Sheriff

text: Justice of the Peace

text: deputy lieutenant

text: Italianate

text: Torquay

text: Cornelly

text: vicar

text: Collingham

text: West Riding of Yorkshire

text: St Aubyn Baronetcy

text: Clowance

text: County of Cornwall

text: Catherine St Aubyn

categories: Politics of Cornwall,1853 births,West Somerset Yeomanry officers,People educated at Stonyhurst College,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Cornwall,Politicians from Cornwall,Liberal Unionist Party MPs for English constituencies,UK MPs 1900–1906,Baronets in the Baronetage of England,1912 deaths,English landowners,English Roman Catholics

paragraph: Sir Lewis Molesworth, 11th Baronet

paragraph: Sir Lewis William Molesworth Bt. (31 October 1853 – 29 May 1912) was an English landowner from Cornwall and Liberal Unionist Party politician.

paragraph: Section::::Family and education.

paragraph: Lewis Molesworth was the eldest son of The Reverend Sir Paul William Molesworth, 10th of the Molesworth Baronets. He was the grandson of Sir William Molesworth, 8th Baronet, who served as Colonial Secretary under Lord Palmerston. Lewis succeeded to the baronetcy on the death of his father in 1889. Sir Paul Molesworth had been an Anglican rector but converted to Roman Catholicism in 1854 and he passed on his religion to his son Lewis. Lewis was duly educated at Beaumont and Stonyhurst Colleges.

paragraph: In 1875, he married Jane Graham, the daughter of Brigadier-General Daniel Marsh Frost of St Louis, Missouri. The couple did not have any children. Lady Molesworth died in September 1913 of heart failure, which an inquest jury found had been brought on by the sting of a wasp. She died at Trewarthenick, where she and her husband had shared a home.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.

paragraph: Molesworth descended from an old established landowning family. One source records he owned 20,000 acres. It is likely he inherited substantially from the earlier Molesworth baronets, who as recently as the time of Lewis' birth, had income from estates in Huntingdonshire and Jamaica as well as interests in mining and banking. In 1909 he inherited the Pencarrow Estate in North Cornwall which had been in the Molesworth family since the late 16th century. Consequently, Sir Lewis Molesworth had sufficient private income and was in the privileged position of being able to give his time and commitment to his public career.

paragraph: He fought his first Parliamentary seat at the 1892 general election in the Liberal Unionist interest at Launceston in his home county of Cornwall. Traditionally a Conservative seat, Launceston went Liberal after 1885. The sitting MP, Sir Charles Thomas Dyke Acland, was returned unopposed in 1886 but by 1892, Acland had stood down and a new Liberal candidate was installed. Molesworth picked up the Unionist baton for this election but lost by 984 votes.

paragraph: Molesworth did not make a commitment to fighting Launceston again, although it was hoped by the Liberal Unionists that he might be their candidate in 1895. In the event however Molesworth did not contest any seat at the 1895 general election. His next election was as Liberal Unionist candidate for another local seat, Bodmin, in 1900 and this time he was successful. The political views of the former MP, Leonard Courtney, had been gradually diverging from those of his Liberal Unionist supporters in Bodmin and his opposition to the policy of the government on South Africa proved decisive. At a meeting at Liskeard on 16 June 1900, the Bodmin Liberal Unionists voted not to re-adopt Courtney at the coming election and to ask Molesworth to place his views before their association with a view to becoming their candidate. He duly addressed a meeting of the Liberal Unionist Association at Liskeard on 30 June when he was adopted by 31 votes to 5; the dissenting voices apparently feeling his views on temperance issues were sufficiently advanced. At the election, Molesworth (supported by the Liberal Unionists' Conservative allies) retained the seat for the Liberal Unionists with a majority of 1,032 votes.

paragraph: Courtney gradually reverted to formal membership of the Liberal party and, in January 1906, unsuccessfully contested Edinburgh West as a supporter of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman at the general election. Perhaps as a reward he was elevated to the peerage in the 1906 Birthday Honours list.

paragraph: Molesworth only served a single Parliamentary term however. At the beginning of 1905, he wrote to the Liberal Unionist Association advising them that, because of his general state of health, he could not undertake another election campaign and tendered his resignation. He served out the rest of his Parliamentary term until the 1906 general election by which time he was 52 years old, but did not stand for Parliament again.

paragraph: Section::::Other interests and public appointments.

paragraph: Molesworth was elected a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society in 1894 It is also known that at some point, probably in the 1880s, Molesworth served as an officer in the West Somerset Yeomanry cavalry.

paragraph: In 1898 he was appointed to serve as a Sheriff for the County of Cornwall and was High Sheriff in 1899.

paragraph: Molesworth also served as a Justice of the Peace for the county of Cornwall, and was appointed a deputy lieutenant of the county on 19 March 1900.

paragraph: Section::::Death and succession.

paragraph: Molesworth died suddenly, aged 58, on 29 May 1912 at Vane Tower, an Italianate villa in Torquay, where he had arrived on a visit. He was buried on 1 June 1912 in the churchyard of the church at Cornelly where he had been christened. As he and his wife had no children, the baronetcy passed to Lewis’ cousin, St. Aubyn Hender Molesworth-St Aubyn, formerly the vicar of Collingham in the West Riding of Yorkshire and the great-great-grandson of Sir John St Aubyn, 4th Baronet of the St Aubyn Baronetcy of Clowance, in the County of Cornwall. The father of the twelfth Baronet, the Reverend Hender Molesworth, had assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of St Aubyn, through his mother (the twelfth baronet's grandmother) Catherine St Aubyn. This resulted in the baronetcy being renamed the Molesworth-St Aubyn Baronetcy, providing a linkage back to the extinct (since 1839) St Aubyn Baronetcy.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Sir Lewis Molesworth, 11th Baronet

wikipedia_title: Sir Lewis Molesworth, 11th Baronet


text:
German
French
French Revolution
Convention
gymnasium
Leinigen-Dachsburg
French Revolution
Bas-Rhin
National Assembly
Bas-Rhin
Legislative Assembly
Convention
Bas-Rhin
Montagnard
trial
King Louis XVI
Convention
Committee of General Security
Representative on a Mission
Marne
Haute-Marne
levée en masse
military conscription
Holy Ampulla
Reims
Bas-Rhin
Neu-Saarwerden
Robert Lindet
Committee of Public Safety
Georges Danton
Bas-Rhin
Haut-Rhin
Robespierre
Revolt of 1 Prairial Year III
Biography of Rühl, Philippe

categories: Deputies to the French National Convention,Presidents of the National Convention,University of Strasbourg alumni,1737 births,Suicides by sharp instrument in France,French politicians who committed suicide,1795 deaths,People from Strasbourg

paragraph: Philippe Rühl

paragraph: Philippe Jacques Rühl (3 May 1737 – 29/30 May 1795) was a German-French statesman during the French Revolution, best remembered as the "doyen d'âge" (oldest deputy) of the opening session of the Convention of 1792–1795.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Strasbourg, a son of a Lutheran minister. He studied theology at the University of Strasbourg. He later served as director of gymnasium at Durckheim, Germany, then as a tutor at the princely court of Leinigen-Dachsburg (Linange-Hartenbourg). As court counselor, he participated in settling succession dispute with the Italian branch of the family.

paragraph: Section::::French Revolution.

paragraph: With the advent of French Revolution, he returned to his native Alsace, where he became an administrator of the Département of Bas-Rhin under the new regime created by the National Assembly

paragraph: He was elected (31 August 1791) as a representative of Bas-Rhin to the Legislative Assembly (1791–1792). He sat with the extreme left wing of the deputies and served as a deputy member of the Extraordinary Commission of Twelve (18 June 1792 – 21 September 1792).

paragraph: Elected (4 September 1792) to the Convention (1792–1795) as a deputy for Bas-Rhin, he presided at the first session of the Convention as the oldest deputy present (20 September 1792). He continued to ally himself with the more radical section of deputies, joining the Montagnard faction. However, he was absent from the Convention during the trial of King Louis XVI. He would go on to serve a full term as President of the Convention from 6 March 1794 until 21 March 1794.

paragraph: Rühl served as a member of the Committee of General Security (14 September 1793 – 31 August 1794). He was dispatched as Representative on a Mission to departments of Marne and Haute-Marne (16 September 1793 – 3 November 1793) to assist in arranging the levée en masse (military conscription). While on this mission he showed his revolutionary zeal by breaking the so-called Holy Ampulla (8 October 1793) – the Holy Ampulla had been a vessel containing the sacred oil for anointment of the French kings at Reims. He served in a second mission to Bas-Rhin (23 Nov 1793 – 8 Jan 1794) for organizing the district of Neu-Saarwerden.

paragraph: Along with Robert Lindet of the Committee of Public Safety, he refused to sign the death warrant of Georges Danton in the spring of 1794.

paragraph: Section::::Thermidor.

paragraph: Rühl was designated for yet another mission, this time to Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin, 24 July 1794, but did not depart until 1 August 1794, and so he was in Paris to witness the fall of Robespierre. He returned 25 August 1794.

paragraph: He participated in the Revolt of 1 Prairial Year III (20 May 1795), addressing the insurgents with the words "Du pain et la Constitution de 1793!" ("Bread and Constitution of 1793!"). This action threatened the new conservative order, and he was threatened with indictment, but in the end was sentenced only to house arrest "in view of his advanced age" (he was 58). He was called before the military commission (28 May 1795) and committed suicide by stabbing himself with a dagger, a precursor of the "Martyrs of Prairial" (Romme, Goujon, Duquesnoy, Soubrany, Duroy, and Bourbotte).

paragraph: Section::::External sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Rühl, Philippe

wikidata_label: Philippe Rühl

wikipedia_title: Philippe Rühl


text:
Zurich
autodidact
Harlingen
Friesland
Holland America Line
wet’ painter
charcoal
Erasmus Huis, Djakarta
www.maritiemdigitaal.nl

categories: 1955 births,2000 deaths,20th-century Dutch painters

paragraph: Peter J Sterkenburg

paragraph: Peter Sterkenburg (Harlingen, 15 December 1955 - Zurich (Netherlands), 2000) was a Dutch autodidact painter of maritime scenes.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Sterkenburg was born in the port of Harlingen (Friesland, the Netherlands) in 1955. While still young, he encountered the sea and later remembered how he, as a toddler, had noted the coming and going of the ships in the harbour. His father was a sailor in the Dutch merchant navy. During secondary school he showed a talent for drawing, and after his tour of duty in the Dutch army he decided to turn his passion into his livelihood.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: During his career Sterkenburg developed a unique, easily recognizable, romantic painting style. The sea and ships became a thread throughout his life. His seascapes are found in collections all over the world. He participated in exhibitions in the Netherlands, San Francisco, Hong Kong, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Jakarta and Sydney. Many of his pieces were special commissions.

paragraph: His last assignment was a painting commissioned by VFD, a Dutch architectural company responsible for the decoration of the cruise ships of the Holland America Line. This seven meter-long painting, shows 17th century sailing vessels of the Dutch East India Company, the VOC, before Amsterdam. Sterkenburg was unable to complete this painting as he died on the day before Easter in 2000 at age 44. One year later a foundation was established to promote his work.

paragraph: Section::::Technique.

paragraph: Sterkenburg employed a so-called ‘wet’ painter technique whereby he did not wait for the paint to fully dry. He would first sketch the outlines of a painting in charcoal. He sometimes applied as many as twenty-five thin layers, giving the painting a realistic effect. As a finishing touch, he accentuated the light with a fine brush to suggest more depth. Despite the realism of his paintings, Sterkenburg was not considered to be a genuine ‘fijnschilder’, a painter of ‘delicate subjects’. He had a preference for linen of a rather coarse texture. He was capable of painting the rigging of his ships meticulously on this comparatively rough surface. The ‘rigging’ brush he used for this purpose, made of sable hair, allowed him to apply only a small quantity of paint each time – resulting in short strokes joined together – but this technique cannot be detected in the final result, in which the lines seem to be continuous. This gives the spectator the impression that everything is worked out in detail.

paragraph: The faces of the members of a ship's crew are mere spots, a few strokes with a dry brush conjure up the fine-meshed net of a fishing vessel and his fluffy clouds are done with a few coarse strokes. Paintings with historical ships and backgrounds required research. In order to paint as true to life as possible, Sterkenburg frequently consulted his extensive collection of books on historical and maritime matters. He possessed a photographic memory, enabling him to depict a certain ship twice and from completely different angles. In order to depict modern ships correctly he used a camera on-site but only used the details, never directly copying photos. One of his principles was that he could not paint the correct light, sky- and water colour before he had actually visited the places which formed the background in his paintings. This resulted in study trips to ports around the world.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978 Hardegaryp

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 Breukelen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 San Francisco

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 A.J. Koster Galery, Schoorl

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988 A.J. Koster Galery, Schoorl

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 Repulse Bay Hotel, Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 Regent Hotel, Kuala Lumpur

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 Hollandse Club, Singapore

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 Erasmus Huis, Djakarta

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 Hilton Hotel, Sydney

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 Hannemahuis, Harlingen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 Westfries Museum, Hoorn

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 Visserijmuseum Zoutkamp, Zoutkamp

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 Fries Scheepvaartmuseum, Sneek

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.maritiemdigitaal.nl Retrieved 2019-03-31

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://www.keunstwurk.nl/kunstobjecten/peter-sterkenburg/

description: Peter J Sterkenburg

wikidata_label: Peter Sterkenburg

wikipedia_title: Peter J Sterkenburg


text:
Malmö
Sweden
Swedish
Universal Music
Sverigetopplistan
Billboard
Official website

categories: 21st-century Swedish singers,1984 births,Living people,Swedish female singers

paragraph: May Qwinten

paragraph: May Qwinten (born in Malmö, Sweden on 10 May 1983) is a Swedish pop / rock singer. She also has roots in both Finland and Denmark. She is signed to Universal Music Sweden.

paragraph: She started singing and dancing at the age of 3. By the age of 16, she started recording at the local Malmöstudio and toured Sweden and Poland.

paragraph: May Qwinten's debut single "Hate S3X" (read as Hate Sex) was released digitally in October 2009, although it was an online hit and played in many night club venues all over Europe and reached as far as Japan and the United States and had good radio airplay. In April 2010, it was released as an EP and reached #18 on Sverigetopplistan, the official Swedish Singles Chart. "Hate S3X" also topped the "Billboard" "iLike Profiles: Most Added" chart on the week June 5, 2010. The follow-up single "One Shot" did not chart. The debut album "May Day" was also released in 2010.

paragraph: But she is back in the charts in 2012 with her third single "Say Hey (It's A May Thing)".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "May Day"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

description: Swedish singer

wikidata_label: May Qwinten

wikipedia_title: May Qwinten


text: Leonhard Euler

text: Gabriel Cramer

text: Pieter van Musschenbroek

text: Jérôme Lalande

text: Christoph Jezler

text: Ulrich Hegner

text: Heinrich Bosshard von Rümikon

text: Isaac Newton

text: Daniel Bernoulli

text: Pierre Louis Maupertuis

text: Winterthur

categories: Swiss mathematicians,18th-century Swiss people,1796 deaths,18th-century women scientists,Women mathematicians,18th-century Swiss mathematicians,1730 births

paragraph: Anna Barbara Reinhart

paragraph: Anna Barbara Reinhart (12 July 1730 – 5 January 1796), was a Swiss mathematician. She was considered an internationally respected mathematician of her era.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Anna Barbara Reinhart was the daughter of councilman Salomon Reinhart (1693 - 1761) and Anna Steiner.

paragraph: Her childhood was overshadowed by a horseback riding accident, which confined her to her bed for longer periods of time. Her physician, however, noticed her aptitude to mathematics and began to teach her. Henceforth, she studied mathematics by the books of Leonhard Euler, Gabriel Cramer, Pieter van Musschenbroek and Jérôme Lalande.

paragraph: Reinhart corresponded with several mathematicians of the period, such as Christoph Jezler, and also received them as guests. She was active as a teacher of mathematics and was the instructor of Ulrich Hegner and Heinrich Bosshard von Rümikon among others. It is said that she edited the works of several of her contemporaries and wrote a manuscript commenting on the "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" by Isaac Newton, which however has been lost.

paragraph: Several contemporaries commended Reinhart in their work, such as Daniel Bernoulli who praised her for expanding and improving the pursuit curve as discussed by Pierre Louis Maupertuis.

paragraph: Reinhart died at the age of 66 caused by gout and as a consequence of the accident in her childhood from which never fully recovered.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In 2003, a street was named after her in her hometown Winterthur.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rudolf Wolf: ETH-Bibliothek Zürich / Biographien zur Kulturgeschichte... [358.] In: Biographien zur Kulturgeschichte der Schweiz. Abgerufen am 4. Juni 2017 (deutsch).

description: Swiss mathematician

wikidata_label: Anna Barbara Reinhart

wikipedia_title: Anna Barbara Reinhart


text:
banker
chess grandmaster
MP Bank
Bank Lviv
Icelandic Chess Champion
Nordic Chess Champion
Reykjavík
international master
grandmaster
Hastings Premier
Icelandic Chess Championship
Nordic Chess Championship
July 1985 Interzonal
1990 Interzonal
FIDE World Chess Championship 1998
Lembit Oll
Chess Olympiad
European Team Chess Championship
World Team Chess Championship
securities
dot-com crash
investment bank
MP Bank
commercial license
financial crisis of 2007–08
The Ukrainian Week
Lviv
Independence Party
Ukrainian
Heimir Hallgrímsson
Iceland national football team
Ukraine–Iceland game
Kyiv

categories: 1960 births,Chess Olympiad competitors,Icelandic chess players,Icelandic expatriates in Ukraine,Chess grandmasters,Icelandic bankers,Living people

paragraph: Margeir Pétursson

paragraph: Margeir Pétursson (born 15 February 1960) is an Icelandic banker and chess grandmaster. He founded MP Bank in 1999, and has owned Bank Lviv since 2006. He was Icelandic Chess Champion in 1986 and 1987, and Nordic Chess Champion in 1987.

paragraph: Section::::Chess career.

paragraph: Born in Reykjavík on 15 February 1960, Margeir earned his international master title in 1978 and grandmaster title in 1986. He won the Hastings Premier in January 1986 with a score of 9½/13. He won the Icelandic Chess Championship in 1986 and 1987, and won the Nordic Chess Championship in 1987. He competed in the July 1985 Interzonal, scoring 7/17; the 1990 Interzonal, scoring 6/13; and participated in the FIDE World Chess Championship 1998, where he was eliminated in the first round by Lembit Oll.

paragraph: From 1976 to 1996, he played in eleven consecutive Chess Olympiads. His overall Olympiad score is 73/122 (+44–20=58). He also competed in two European Team Chess Championships (1992 and 2015), with an overall score of 7½/15 (+3–3=9); and one World Team Chess Championship (1993), scoring 4/7 (+2–1=4). In 2016, he participated in the 50+ group of the World Senior Team Chess Championship, scoring 6/8 (+4–0=4).

paragraph: Margeir is the No. 7 ranked Icelandic player as of April 2019, with a rating of 2492.

paragraph: Section::::Business career.

paragraph: After eight years as a professional chess player, Margeir founded a securities company in 1999. This company lost money due to the dot-com crash but survived and in 2003 he converted it into an investment bank, naming it MP Bank after it obtained its commercial license. MP Bank was the only Icelandic commercial bank that did not crash during the financial crisis of 2007–08. It was sold to a group of Icelandic and foreign investors in 2011; as of 2015, Margeir is one of Iceland's wealthiest citizens.

paragraph: In 2006, Margeir bought Bank Lviv, which is ranked 44th among the 88 Ukrainian banks in terms of assets as of October 2017. In February 2018, he acquired a 99.8% stake in the Lviv-based financial company Integral Investments.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In a 2016 interview with "The Ukrainian Week", Margeir said he moved to Lviv in 2004 and has been living in the city permanently since 2011. He also stated that he is a supporter of the Icelandic Independence Party. A fluent speaker of Ukrainian, he acted as a translator for Heimir Hallgrímsson, manager of the Iceland national football team, during the Ukraine–Iceland game held on 5 September 2016 in Kyiv.

description: Icelandic chess grandmaster

wikidata_label: Margeir Pétursson

wikipedia_title: Margeir Pétursson


text:
Stillwater, Oklahoma
defensive lineman
NFL
Atlanta Falcons
Rick Bryan
New Orleans

categories: Atlanta Falcons players,Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players,1963 births,American football defensive ends,People from Stillwater, Oklahoma,Living people

paragraph: Mike Gann

paragraph: Michael Gann (born October 19, 1963 in Stillwater, Oklahoma) was a defensive lineman who played nine seasons in the NFL for the Atlanta Falcons. Scored a touchdown as a rookie on a lateral from teammate Rick Bryan in win over New Orleans.

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Mike Gann

wikipedia_title: Mike Gann


text:
Allied
First World War
CWGC
exhumation
Royal Irish Rifles
Menin Gate
Condon evidence

categories: British military personnel killed in World War I,1896 births,British Army personnel of World War I,Royal Irish Regiment (1684–1922) soldiers,1915 deaths,People from Waterford (city)

paragraph: John Condon (British Army soldier)

paragraph: John Condon (5 October 1900 – 24 May 1915) was an Irish soldier born in Waterford, long believed to have been the youngest Allied soldier killed during the First World War, at the age of 14 years, as shown on his gravestone.

paragraph: It is now believed from a birth certificate, census, war diaries and other records that John Condon was 14 years old at the recorded date of his death. The headstone in and the CWGC record continue to assert the challenged data.

paragraph: It is asserted and documented that

paragraph: BULLET::::- The body in the unmarked grave was misidentified as Condon based on an ambiguous boot stamping "6322 4/R.I.R." found at exhumation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The stamp was interpreted by the Imperial War Graves Commission as being Regimental Number 6322 of the 4th Battalion Royal Irish Regiment.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Condon was not in the 4th but the 3rd battalion

paragraph: BULLET::::- The same stamping could denote 6322 Rifleman Patrick Fitzsimmons, 2nd Bn. Royal Irish Rifles, KIA 16 June 1915, who had been in the 4th battalion Royal Irish Rifles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- While the 2nd R.I. Rifles fought at the location of the exhumation, the 3rd R.I. Regiment did not.

paragraph: BULLET::::- No body was ever identified as 6322 Rifleman Patrick Fitzsimmons. He is listed on the Menin Gate memorial.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Condon evidence

description: British Army soldier

wikidata_label: John Condon

wikipedia_title: John Condon (British Army soldier)


text:
French
abbey
Mozac Abbey
Puy-de-Dôme
Laguenne
Tulle
Corrèze
Saint's day
Saint Namadie
Marsat
Saint Calminius Reliquary
BNF

paragraph: Saint Calminius

paragraph: Saint Calminius, also known as Saint Calmin, founded three French abbeys in the 6th or 7th centuries AD: Mozac Abbey, in Puy-de-Dôme; Laguenne Abbey (near Tulle, Corrèze) and the abbey of Monastier-Saint-Chaffre. His Saint's day is August 19.

paragraph: His widow, Saint Namadie (Latin: "Namadia"), became a nun at Marsat. Their remains were conserved in the abbey church at Mozac in the 12th-century Saint Calminius Reliquary.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography and sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Charte du roi Pépin, pour la donation et la restauration du monastère de Mozac, datée de la vingt-quatrième année du règne de Pépin, roi des Francs", BNF, collection Moreau, vol. 284, Fol. 160.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Léon Levillain, « La translation des reliques de saint Austremoine à Mozac et le diplôme de Pépin II d'Aquitaine (863) », dans "Le Moyen Âge", 2nd series, volume VIII, July - August 1904, p. 281-337.

paragraph: BULLET::::- R.P.F. Thomas d'Aquin de Saint-Joseph Carme Déchaussé, "Histoire de la vie de saint Calmine (sic) duc d'Aquitaine, fondateur des monastères de Saint-Théophrède en Velay et de Mosac en Auvergne, patron de l'église de Laguenne proche de Tulle", 1646.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Guérin, "Les petits Bollandistes : vies des saints", tome X, Paris, Bloud et Barral, 1876, p. 20 et suivantes.

description: French saint

wikidata_label: Saint Calminius

wikipedia_title: Saint Calminius


text:
Chinese mythological
Eight Immortals
Taoist
courtesy name
Cao Bin
Song dynasty
Empress Cao
Emperor Renzong
Emperor Yingzong
Zhongli Quan
Lü Dongbin
castanets
Jackie Chan Adventures
Tchang Zu, The Thunder Demon

categories: Health gods,Chinese gods,Eight Immortals

paragraph: Cao Guojiu

paragraph: Cao Guojiu, literally Imperial Brother-in-law Cao, is a Chinese mythological figure and one of the Eight Immortals in the Taoist pantheon. His real name was Cao Yi while his courtesy name was Jingxiu, and he was better known to his contemporaries as Cao Jingxiu.

paragraph: Cao Guojiu is believed to be a descendant of Cao Bin, a general of the early Song dynasty, and a younger brother of Empress Cao, the wife of Emperor Renzong of the Song dynasty. As none of Emperor Renzong's sons survived their father, the emperor designated a younger male relative, who later became Emperor Yingzong, as his successor. As such, Cao could not have been a maternal uncle of Emperor Yingzong, so his "Imperial Uncle" status seemed ambiguous. However, as the Chinese character "jiu" (), which means "maternal uncle", can also mean "wife's brother", it is believed that the latter meaning should apply to Cao. In other words, Cao was the "Imperial Brother-in-Law" of Emperor Renzong rather than an "Imperial (Maternal) Uncle" of any Song dynasty emperor.

paragraph: Cao's younger brother, Cao Jingzhi (), abused his relationship with the imperial family by bullying others and engaging in corrupt practices. Cao tried to persuade his brother to change his ways but he did not listen. In the meantime, he also used his family fortune to help the poor and tried to make up for his brother's misdeeds. One day, Cao Jingzhi was accused by other officials in the imperial court of corruption and abuse of power. Cao felt so ashamed and disappointed by his brother's misconduct that he gave up his official career and went to the countryside to lead a reclusive life. During this time, he met the immortals Zhongli Quan and Lü Dongbin, who taught him Taoist magical arts. After many years of practice and cultivation, Cao himself also became an immortal.

paragraph: Cao is often depicted dressed in official robes and holding a jade tablet or castanets. He is also regarded as the patron deity of acting and theatre.

paragraph: Section::::Modern references.

paragraph: In the television show "Jackie Chan Adventures", Cao was shown to be the Immortal who sealed away Tchang Zu, The Thunder Demon. He was depicted as missing his lower right leg.

wikidata_label: Royal Uncle Cao

wikipedia_title: Cao Guojiu


text: Tang Dynasty

text: immortal

text: Chinese cultural sphere

text: Taoists

text: Eight Immortals

text: Zhongli Quan

text: Iron-Crutch Li

text: neidan

text: sword

text: Taoist sexual arts

text: poet

text: Quan Tangshi

text: given name

text: courtesy name

text: Yang

text: Daoist

text: Quanzhen School

text: Jingzhao Prefecture

text: Tang Dynasty

text: fragrance

text: Chinese calendar

text: civil service exam

text: Zhongli Quan

text: Song Dynasty

text: Chang'an

text: Handan

text: millet

text: prime minister

text: Zhongli Quan

text: Tao

text: Ma Zhiyuan

text: Yuan Dynasty

text: Song Dynasty

text: Li Fang

text: Extensive Records of the Taiping Era

text: Northern Song Dynasty

text: History of the Song Dynasty

text: Chen Tuan

text: Taijitu

text: Chinese proverb

text: Richard Wilhelm

text: The Secret of the Golden Flower

text: Daoist

text: internal martial arts

text: Wudangshan

text: Zhongli Quan

text: heaven

text: incarnation

text: reincarnation

text: Sage

text: King

text: Guanyin

text: Avalokiteśvara

text: White Peony

text: Luoyang

text: Iron-Crutch Li

text: He Xiangu

text: spirit writing

text: Jackie Chan Adventures

text: Shendu, The Fire Demon

text: Jackie Chan

text: The Forbidden Kingdom

text: Weapons and armor in Chinese mythology

text: The Ten Trials of Patriarch Lu Dongbin

categories: Tang dynasty poets,Deified Chinese people,796 births,Health gods,Tang dynasty Taoists,Poets from Shanxi,9th-century Chinese poets,People from Yuncheng,Year of death missing

paragraph: Lü Dongbin

paragraph: Lü Dongbin (796 CE-1016 CE) was a Tang Dynasty Chinese scholar and poet who has been elevated to the status of an immortal in the Chinese cultural sphere, worshipped especially by the Taoists. Lü is one of the most widely known of the group of deities known as the Eight Immortals and considered by some to be the de facto leader. (The formal leader is more likely said to be Zhongli Quan or sometimes Iron-Crutch Li.) He is also a historical figure who was mentioned in the official history book "History of Song". Lü is widely considered to be one of the earliest masters of the tradition of neidan, or internal alchemy. He is depicted in art as being dressed as a scholar and he often bears a sword on his back that dispels evil spirits.

paragraph: Section::::Character.

paragraph: Lü Dongbin is usually portrayed as a scholarly, clever man with a genuine desire to help people obtain wisdom/enlightenment and to learn the Tao. However, he is often portrayed as having some character "flaws", not an uncommon theme for the colorful Taoist immortals, all of whom in general have various eccentricities:

paragraph: BULLET::::- He is said to be a ladies man, even after (or only after) becoming an immortal – and for this reason he is generally not invoked by people with romantic problems. This may also relate to some of the Taoist sexual arts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He is portrayed as having bouts of drunkenness, which was not uncommon among the often fun-loving Eight Immortals. This also parallels several Taoist artists renowned for their love of drinking.

paragraph: BULLET::::- One story relates that early on after becoming immortal, he had a strong temper as a "young" immortal, even deforming a riverbank in a bout of anger.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lü was also a prolific poet. His works were collected in the "Quan Tangshi" (Complete Tang poetry).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: His name is Lü Yán, with Yán ( or or ) being the given name. Dòngbīn is his courtesy name. He is called Master Pure-Yang ( Chunyang Zi), and is also called Lü the Progenitor ( lü zŭ) by some Daoist, especially those of the Quanzhen School. He was born in Jingzhao Prefecture ( Jīngzhào Fŭ) around 796 CE during the Tang Dynasty

paragraph: When he was born, a fragrance allegedly filled the room. His birthday is said to be on the fourteenth day of the fourth month of the Chinese calendar. He had been very intelligent since childhood and had many academic achievements. However, according to one story, still unmarried by the age of 20, Lü twice took the top-level civil service exam to become a government official, but did not succeed.

paragraph: In the first year of Tang Baoli (825 CE), he was a scholar for a period of time. He served as a county magistrate twice. Soon he was ruined by officialdom, abandoned his official position and retired to the mountains. Once you traveled to Chang'an Wine Cellar, you will be divorced by Zhengyang's real person. After the "Ten Tests", Zhongli Quan（ Zhong Liquan） "gives the way of the Golden Dan, because of the law," and finally becomes a fairy，He died in the Yellow Crane Tower in the 1016 CE in the Northern Song Dynasty（ huánɡhèlóu）.

paragraph: Section::::Yellow Millet Dream.

paragraph: The legend has it that one night when Lü Yan was in Chang'an or Handan, he dozed off as his yellow millet was cooking in a hotel. He dreamed that he took the imperial exam and excelled, and thus was awarded a prestigious office and soon promoted to the position of vice minister ( shìláng). He then married the daughter of a prosperous household and had a son and a daughter. He was promoted again and again, and finally became the prime minister. However, his success and luck attracted jealousy of others, so he was accused of crimes that caused him to lose his office. His wife then betrayed him, his children were killed by bandits, and he lost all his wealth. As he was dying on the street in the dream, he woke up.

paragraph: Although in the dream, eighteen years had passed, the whole dream actually happened in the time it took his millet to cook. The characters from his dream were actually played by Zhongli Quan in order to make him realize that one should not put too much importance on transient glory and success. As a result, Lü went with Zhongli to discover and cultivate the Tao. This dream is known as "Dream of the Yellow Millet" ( Huáng Liáng Mèng) and is described in a writing compiled by Ma Zhiyuan of the Yuan Dynasty.

paragraph: In volume 82 of Song Dynasty scholar Li Fang's "Extensive Records of the Taiping Era", an earlier version of the story, Lü Dongbin was replaced by Student Lu ( Lú Shēng), and Zhongli Quan by Elder Lü ( Lǚ Wēng).

paragraph: The exact age of Lü Yan when this incident occurred varies in the tellings, from 20 years of age to 40.

paragraph: Section::::Ten trials of Lü Dongbin.

paragraph: A story has it that when in Chang An, Lü was tested by Zhongli Quan ten times before Quan took him in as a disciple and Lü subsequently became immortal. These ten trials are described below.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. One day Lü came back from work and found out that his loved one was dying; without sadness or remorse, he started to prepare the dress and coffin necessary for burial, but later his loved one revived and lived on. Lü was still without sadness or joyous feeling.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Lü was selling goods at a market and there came a buyer to bargain with him. After agreeing on the price, Lü handed him the stuff but the buyer refused to pay in full and then walked away. Lü would not argue and let him walk away.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. On the first day of the lunar calendar, Lü met with a beggar. After giving him some money, the beggar kept asking for more and threw vulgar words at him. Lü left the scene with a smile.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Lü was once a shepherd. During his tenure a hungry tiger was eyeing the goats under his care. Lü protected the goats by sending them down to the hillside and stood in front of the Tiger. The hungry tiger was awed to see this and left without hurting Lü.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Lü was studying at a small hut on a mountain when a beautiful woman came by and asked if she could stay there for the night since she was lost. That night, this beautiful lady was flirting and tried to get Lü to have sex with her, but Lü was untouched by such temptation.

paragraph: BULLET::::6. One day Lü came back to his house and saw that he had been burglarized and lost all his belongings. Without becoming angry he started to work on his farm. As he dug into the ground he found countless pieces of gold. He uncovered the earth without taking a single piece of the gold.

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Lü bought some bronze utensils at a market. Upon returning home he realized that all of the utensils were made of gold and he immediately returned them to the seller.

paragraph: BULLET::::8. A crazy Taoist was selling medicine on the street, telling people that his magic potion would have one of two outcomes: either 1) the drinker would die on the spot, or 2) the drinker would become immortal. No one would dare to try, except Lü, who bought and tried the potion. Nothing happened to him.

paragraph: BULLET::::9. A river was elevated due to heavy rain. Lü and other passengers were on a boat crossing the river. Before reaching the middle of the journey, the weather deteriorated, and most of the passengers except Lü became worried. Lü took it in his stride and never worried about life and death!

paragraph: BULLET::::10. Lü was alone at home and suddenly weird things happened. Ghost and monsters were killing each other and wanted to do the same to Lü. Showing no sense of fear, Lü kept on doing his chores without paying attention to them. Another group of devils with blood all over them tried to take Lü’s life away by saying to Lü that he owed his previous life to them since in past life Lü took his life. Without any fear Lü said ‘go ahead and take my life since I took yours in past life, this is fair and square !’ All of a sudden the sky turned blue and those ghost and devils disappeared. Zhongli Quan (Who happened to be his Teacher and Mentor in Taoist stories) was looking and laughing at him while all these events were happening.

paragraph: These 10 tests proved that Lü was a pure and dignified person and Master Zhongli was very satisfied and happy to take Lü to Nan San Her Ling to pass his secret to life and subsequently formed a "Zhong-Lü Golden Dan" school of Taoism. But Lü was not too fond of the secret and instead changed his formula for inner peace and benefits more human beings; many until today practiced such path to immortals. This is his major effort and contribution. He is said to have helped many to walk the right path and improve the health and living conditions of many people.

paragraph: Section::::Stories and legends.

paragraph: Since the Northern Song Dynasty, there have been many stories and legends that are connected to Lü Dongbin. The stories were usually about Lü helping others to learn the Tao. According to the official History of the Song Dynasty (), Lü was seen several times visiting the house of Chen Tuan (), who was believed to be the first person to present to the public the Taijitu.

paragraph: The kindness of Lü Dongbin is demonstrated in the Chinese proverb "dog bites Lü Dongbin" ( gŏu yăo Lǚ Dòngbīn), which means an inability to recognize goodness and repay kindness with vice. Some say that the original proverb should actually be "," stemming from a story about the friendship between Gou Miao () and Lü Dongbin, who both did for the other great favors, each of which seemed like a disservice initially, signifying the importance of having faith in one's friends.

paragraph: According to Richard Wilhelm, Lü was the founder of the School of the Golden Elixir of Life (Jin Dan Jiao), and originator of the material presented in the book "Tai Yi Jin Hua Zong Zhi" (), or The Secret of the Golden Flower. Also, according to Daoist legend, he is the founder of the internal martial arts style called "Eight Immortals Sword" (), considered to be one of the martial treasures of Wudangshan.

paragraph: According to one story, Lü's teacher Zhongli Quan became an immortal and was about to fly to heaven, while saying to Lü that if he kept practicing the Tao he would also be able to fly to heaven himself very soon. Lü Dongbin replied to his teacher that he'll fly to heaven only after he enlightens all the sentient beings on earth (another story says all his relatives). According to the book "The Eight Immortals Achieving the Tao ()," in his previous incarnation, Lü Dongbin was a Taoist master and the teacher of Zhongli Quan.

paragraph: According to the Taoist book "History of the Immortals" (), Lü is the reincarnation of the ancient Sage-King "Huang-Tan-Shi" ().

paragraph: According to Venerable Hsuan Hua, Lü is one of the transformations of Guanyin (Avalokiteśvara) Bodhisattva.

paragraph: Section::::Lü Dongbin and White Peony (Bai Mudan).

paragraph: One of most popular of Lü Dongbin's legends is his encounter with a prostitute named White Peony (Bai Mudan)

paragraph: The most popular version comes from the Journey to the East novel. It is said that the immortal Lü Dongbin was greatly attracted to White Peony, one of the most beautiful courtesans in Luoyang. Lü Dongbin slept with her many times but never ejaculated, because he didn’t want to lose his Yang essence.

paragraph: Unfortunately Lu’s immortal colleague Iron-Crutch Li and He Xiangu taught Mudan how to make him ejaculate by tickling his groin. Finally White Peony successfully made Lü Dongbin ejaculate and absorbed his Yang essence. Later she cultivated herself and became immortal too.

paragraph: Another version comes from Ba Xian Dedao novel. This version is more subtle and there is no sexual intercourse here.

paragraph: One day the immortal Lü Dongbin transforms himself into a handsome scholar and tries to advise the famous prostitute White Peony. In their first encounter White Peony seduces him passionately, but he refuses to sleep with her. In their second encounter, Lü agrees to sleep with her. But as they walk to the bed, Lü suddenly cries that his stomach is painful, and faints. White Peony is very sorry about his condition and calls a doctor using her money (despite her pimp’s grumbling, who incites her to throw the sick Lü to the road). Lü (who is only pretending to be sick) is very pleased knowing Peony's merciful heart. In their third encounter, Lü Dongbin finally succeeds to persuade White Peony to leave her wayward life. She finally becomes immortal too.

paragraph: In the opera version, White Peony is changed from a seductive prostitute to the daughter of a drugstore owner. One day Lü Dongbin comes to their store and makes trouble by asking for impossible medicines. Knowing her father's difficulty, Peony meets Lü and answers all of his question. From quarrelling they finally become lovers.

paragraph: Section::::Modern worship.

paragraph: In 19th- and 20th-century Guangdong, belief in the powers of Lüzu was strong. In the century after the 1840s, temples were founded which organized spirit writing seances, festivals for the birthdays of the gods, death rituals, and running schools, clinics, and disaster relief.

paragraph: Section::::Media depictions.

paragraph: In the television show "Jackie Chan Adventures", Dongbin was shown to be the immortal who sealed away Shendu, The Fire Demon.

paragraph: Jackie Chan portrayed Lü Dongbin in the film "The Forbidden Kingdom".

paragraph: In Desolate Era, Lü Dongbin is portrayed as one of the True Yang Immortals.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Weapons and armor in Chinese mythology

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Ten Trials of Patriarch Lu Dongbin/nowiki as translated by Johan Hausen under guidance of the Abbot of Five Immortals Temple]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bai Zi Bei: The Hundred Character Tablet, a short classic on meditation and immortality attributed to Lü Dongbin

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Prostitute Who Became a Deity. Translated by Nathaniel Hu A legend about Lu Dongbin's attempts to convert a lewd prostitute named Bai Mudan (White Peony) from her wayward live

alias:
Lv Yan
Chunyang yanzheng jinghua fuyou dijun
Chunyangzushi
Chunyangzi
Dongbin
Huixian
Lv zu
Lv di

description: Tang dynasty person CBDB=92511

wikidata_label: Lü Dongbin

wikipedia_title: Lü Dongbin


text: Czech

text: chemist

text: ion exchange

text: Teplice

text: chemistry

text: PhD

text: electrodeionization

text: assistant professor

text: ion exchange

text: Velvet Revolution

text: associate professor

text: nitrates

text: full professor

text: mandatory retirement

text: Prague

text: MSc

text: PhD

text: Japan

text: Germany

text: United States

text: UK

text: Turkey

paragraph: Zdeněk Matějka

paragraph: Zdeněk Matějka (April 30, 1937 – October 2, 2006) was a Czech chemist known for his contributions to development of ion exchange.

paragraph: Zdeněk Matějka was born in 1937 in Teplice. In 1955 he moved to Prague, to study chemistry at Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague. He received his master's degree in 1960. While working in Water Research Institute of ČKD Dukla corp., he started external doctor course at Department of Heat Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague. His supervisor was Prof. František Karas, founder of the department. In 1967 he received his PhD degree for his research on electrodeionization of water. Later, in 1972, he moved from industry to university.

paragraph: For many years he worked as assistant professor on fundamentals of ion exchange.

paragraph: In 1990, after the Velvet Revolution, he was promoted to associate professor. His research group worked mainly on selective removal of heavy metals via chelating ion exchangers and removal of nitrates from water. In 1997, he became head of Department of Power Engineering. For his teaching and scientific achievements, he was promoted to full professor in 2000. He retired soon after in 2002 at age of 65 (mandatory retirement) but he was still leading his research group working on part-time. Zdeněk Matějka died in Prague after a long illness on October 2, 2006.

paragraph: During his work at Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague he supervised about 60 MSc and 20 PhD students. He established numerous scientific contacts worldwide namely in Japan, Germany, United States, UK and Turkey.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prof. Zdeněk Matějka - History of Ion Exchange at ICT Prague (article)

description: Czech chemical engineer and university educator

wikidata_label: Zdeněk Matějka

wikipedia_title: Zdeněk Matějka