text: Vienna School of Applied Arts

text: Kunstgewerbeschule

text: Vienna

text: Austria

text: Franz Cizek

text: Cubism

text: Futurism

text: Constructivism

text: Stuyvesant High School

text: Dalton School

text: Borgo Valsugana

text: Trentino

text: Italy

text: Walter Klien

text: Graz

text: New York City

text: Phillips Collection Art Museum

categories: Artists from New York (state),20th-century American painters,People from Borgo Valsugana,American women painters,1957 deaths,1900 births,Modern painters,Landscape artists

paragraph: Erika Giovanna Klien

paragraph: Erika Giovanna Klien (12 April 1900 – 19 July 1957) was an artist and art educator.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Erika Giovanna Klien began her studies at the Vienna School of Applied Arts, also known as "Kunstgewerbeschule Wien" in Vienna, Austria in 1919 and graduated in 1925. She was a student of Dr. Franz Cizek and became one of his teaching assistants at his Juvenile Art Class. In Cizek's course, Theory of Ornamental Form, Klien was introduced to a new style known as Viennese Kinetism. Kinetism emphasized movement and modern vitality, in a way similar to French Cubism, Italian Futurism and Russian Constructivism. She developed the technique and theories of Kinetism throughout her artistic life and became its leading exponent.

paragraph: Cizek included her in several international exhibitions, including the Paris Decorative Arts Exhibition of 1925 and the International Exhibition of Modern Art in New York City in 1927. After graduation, Klien found it difficult, as did many women, to earn a living as an independent artist. She worked as a commercial graphic artist and taught at the Elizabeth Duncan School, at Klessheim near Salzburg, from 1926 to 1928. She exhibited her work at the Fourth International Congress of Art Education in Prague in 1928.

paragraph: In 1929 Klien sailed for the United States, bringing with her hopes for an artistic career and the reform theories of children's art education she had acquired in Vienna. She worked at New York’s Stuyvesant High School, Spence School, Dalton School and the Walt Whitman School, among others. To earn a living for herself and her son, she taught simultaneously at three institutions from 1930 to 1940.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Klien was born April 12, 1900 in Borgo Valsugana, Trentino, Italy. In 1928, unmarried, she had a son, whom she kept secret from her family. In 1929 she moved to the United States. Klien's son Walter Klien (27 November 1928 in Graz, Austria - 10 February 1991) became a pianist. In 1938 Klien became a U. S. citizen. She died on 19 July 1957 from a heart attack in New York City.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1930: The New School for Social Research, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975: Galerie Pabst, Vienna

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986: Retrospective at Gallery Pabst, Munich

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987: Museum des XX. Jahrhunderts (Museum of the 20th Century), Vienna (250 works)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989: Rachel Adler Gallery, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: Bolzano

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: Société Anonyme at the Hammer, reviewed in "The Aesthetic"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Permanently: Phillips Collection Art Museum in Washington, DC.

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Erika Giovanna Klien

wikipedia_title: Erika Giovanna Klien


text: Right Reverend

text: Catholic priest

text: Mission San Juan Capistrano

text: California

text: Louisville, Kentucky

text: Maryland

text: University of Notre Dame

text: Indiana

text: Diocese of Louisville

text: Saint Bernard's Seminary

text: Rochester, New York

text: ordained

text: William George McCloskey

text: tuberculosis

text: American Southwest

text: parish

text: Texas

text: Arizona

text: pastor

text: Prescott, Arizona

text: Mission San Juan Capistrano

text: parochial

text: Bishop of Monterey-Los Angeles

text: John Joseph Cantwell

text: pastor

text: Supernumerary Privy Chamberlain

text: Holy See

text: Monsignor

text: Orange, California

text: Calvary Cemetery

text: East Los Angeles

text: Zephyrin Engelhardt

text: Maynard Geiger

text: Junípero Serra

categories: 1874 births,Priests of the Spanish missions in California,Roman Catholic missionaries in the United States,Saint Bernard's Seminary alumni,Burials at Calvary Cemetery (Los Angeles),American Roman Catholic priests,1933 deaths,Burials at Spanish missions in California,20th-century Roman Catholic priests,University of Notre Dame alumni,Religious leaders from Louisville, Kentucky,History of Orange County, California,American Roman Catholic missionaries

paragraph: St. John O'Sullivan

paragraph: The Right Reverend St. John O'Sullivan (pronounced "sin-jin") (1874 –1933) was a Catholic priest who personally undertook the restoration of the old Mission San Juan Capistrano in California.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: O'Sullivan was born in Louisville, Kentucky on March 19, 1874. From his given name and place of birth, it can be presumed that he was partially descended from the English Catholic settlers of Maryland who later helped to settle Western Kentucky. He then attended the University of Notre Dame in Indiana. While there he determined to become a priest, and was accepted by his home Diocese of Louisville. He enrolled in Saint Bernard's Seminary in Rochester, New York, to do his theological studies, graduating in 1904, when he was ordained by the Bishop of Louisville, William George McCloskey.

paragraph: Section::::Mission San Juan Capistrano.

paragraph: Within months of his ordination, O'Sullivan was diagnosed as suffering from tuberculosis, and advised that his prognosis was poor. He decided to seek a drier climate in order to cope better with the disease and, with his bishop's permission, moved to the American Southwest. He helped in various parishes in Texas and Arizona. In this way, he came to know the Rev. Alfred Quetu, the Catholic pastor of Prescott, Arizona. The pastor suggested that O'Sullivan might find the abandoned Mission San Juan Capistrano in California might provide him a place for him to exercise his ministry in a manner compatible with his health. O'Sullivan traveled to the Mission, where he fell in love with the site.

paragraph: O'Sullivan was put in charge of the ruined Mission on July 5, 1910, making him the first priest to be resident at the mission since 1886. He set up a tent in the ruins of the mission, where he lived and began to minister to the local community. With a vision of how the Mission had looked in its heyday, he led restoration efforts at the Mission while he recovered. Working with his own hands, he began the restoration of the church, carving new beams and plastering and repairing the old walls. As the Mission began to regain its former glory, the priest found that his health was improving.

paragraph: Section::::Honours and legacy.

paragraph: In 1918 the Mission was given parochial status by the Bishop of Monterey-Los Angeles, John Joseph Cantwell, with O'Sullivan named as its first pastor in modern times. He was later named a Supernumerary Privy Chamberlain by the Holy See, entitled to be addressed as "Monsignor". O'Sullivan wrote "Little Chapters About San Juan Capistrano" in 1912, and in 1930 co-authored "Capistrano Nights: Tales of a California Mission Town" with Charles Francis Saunders and Charles Percy Austin.

paragraph: O'Sullivan died in Orange, California, in 1933 and was buried in Calvary Cemetery in the East Los Angeles neighborhood of the city. On November 7, 1934, his remains were re-interred in the cemetery of the old Mission, adjacent to the Serra Chapel which he had helped to rebuild, where they rest today. The O'Neill Museum was created at the Mission and serves headquarters of the San Juan Capistrano Historical Society and the repository of all its archives.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zephyrin Engelhardt

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maynard Geiger

paragraph: BULLET::::- Junípero Serra

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Little Chapters about San Juan Capistrano" by Father St. John O'Sullivan, 1912

description: American Roman Catholic priest

wikidata_label: St. John O'Sullivan

wikipedia_title: St. John O'Sullivan


text:
John Bathurst Deane
gentlewoman
P. G. Wodehouse
Bertie Wooster
Aunt Agatha
John of Gaunt
Joan Beaufort
Tottenham
Sealy Fourdrinier
Henry
paper machine
Hong Kong
Ditteridge
Box
Richard Usborne
Lord Sherborne
Fairford
Gloucestershire
John Bathurst Deane
Deane, Mary (d. 1940)
Cheney Court, Ditteridge, c. 1900

categories: 1940 deaths,1843 births,English women novelists,19th-century English novelists

paragraph: Mary Bathurst Deane

paragraph: Mary Bathurst Deane (1843 – 13 April 1940) was an English novelist.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The daughter of John Bathurst Deane, Deane was a Victorian gentlewoman of many accomplishments. She published fourteen books, mostly novels, was a good amateur artist, and never married. She was also an aunt of the writer P. G. Wodehouse and in his work was the original of Bertie Wooster's fictional Aunt Agatha, the most alarming of Bertie's many aunts.

paragraph: As a descendant of John of Gaunt through his daughter Joan Beaufort, Deane had distant royal blood. She was one of the thirteen children

paragraph: of her father's marriage to Louisa Elizabeth Fourdrinier, of Tottenham. Her grandfather, Sealy Fourdrinier (1773–1847) and his older brother Henry (1766–1854) had invented the paper machine, but had gone bankrupt in developing it.

paragraph: Her brother Walter Meredith Deane (1840–1906) was a civil servant in Hong Kong. Her sister Eleanor (1861–1941) married Henry Ernest Wodehouse on 3 February 1877, and another sister, Emmeline (died 1944), became an artist. After their father died in 1887, their mother and her four remaining unmarried daughters moved to Cheney Court, Ditteridge, near Box, which became P. G. Wodehouse's home while his parents were living in Hong Kong. His grandmother died in 1892, and he was largely brought up by his aunts.

paragraph: In a letter dated 14 January 1955, Wodehouse wrote "Aunt Agatha is definitely my Aunt Mary, who was the scourge of my childhood." According to Richard Usborne, a leading Wodehouse scholar, "His Aunt Mary (Deane) harried and harassed him a good deal, and blossomed later into Bertie's Aunt Agatha. Aunt Mary honestly considered that her harrying and harassing of the young Pelham was for his good; and she may have been right." However, Deane took great delight in society, not least in her friendship with her contemporary Lord Sherborne, who is mentioned often in her diary.

paragraph: When Deane died in April 1940, she was living at a house called The Retreat, in Fairford, Gloucestershire. She left an estate valued at £473, and probate was granted to her niece Ella Marjory Waldron.

paragraph: Some of Deane's diaries and personal papers have survived, leading to the publication of a biography of her in 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quatrefoil, a Novel" (1883)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three Little Maids, or, Chronicles of Acacia Garden" (1888)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seen in an Old Mirror, a Novel" (1891)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kinsfolk" (3 volumes) (1891)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St Briavels" (two volumes)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mr Zinzan of Bath"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Treasure and Heart" (1903)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Rose Spinner"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Little Neighbour" (1905)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Other Pawn" (1907)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eve's Apple, a Novel"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Book of Dene, Deane, Adeane. A genealogical history" (London, E. Stock, 1899), compiled from notes collected by John Bathurst Deane.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Book of Verse" (1921)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patricia Whalley, "The Shadow of Mary Deane" (Stop Press, 2016)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deane, Mary (d. 1940) at oup.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cheney Court, Ditteridge, c. 1900, photograph at bathintime.co.uk

description: English novelist

wikidata_label: Mary Bathurst Deane

wikipedia_title: Mary Bathurst Deane


text: Yellow Emperor

text: State of Qi

text: Records of the Grand Historian

text: clairvoyance

text: deity

text: nobility

text: diagnostician

text: X-ray

text: pulse

text: acupuncture

text: Bian Que Neijing

text: Han Dynasty

text: physicians

text: State of Cai

text: Liezi

text: anesthesia

text: heart transplantation

text: Lu

text: Zhao

text: qi

text: Chengdu

text: Hua Tuo

text: List of Chinese physicians

text: Pien Ch'iao (Bian Que)

categories: People from Cangzhou,Qi (state),Ancient Chinese physicians,Year of birth unknown,Physicians from Hebei,310 BC deaths

paragraph: Bian Que

paragraph: Bian Que () (also pronounced Pien Chueh, Wade–Giles: Pien Ch'iao; died 310 BC) was, according to legend, the earliest known Chinese physician. His real name is said to be Qin Yueren (秦越人), but his medical skills were so amazing that the people gave him the same name as the legendary doctor Bian Que, from the time of the Yellow Emperor. He was a native of the State of Qi.

paragraph: Section::::Life and legend.

paragraph: According to the legend recorded in the "Records of the Grand Historian" (史记·扁鹊仓公列传), he was gifted with clairvoyance from a deity when he was working as an attendant at a hostel that catered to the nobility. It was there he encountered an old man who had stayed there for many years. Thankful for Bian Que's attentive service and politeness, the old man gave him a packet of medicine which he told Bian Que to boil in water. After taking this medicine, Bian Que gained the ability to see through the human body and thereby became an excellent diagnostician with X-ray-like ability. He also excelled in pulse taking and acupuncture therapy. He is ascribed the authorship of "Bian Que Neijing" (Internal Classic of Bian Que). Han Dynasty physicians claimed to have studied his works, which have since been lost. Tales state that he was a doctor of many disciplines, conforming to the local needs wherever he went. For example, in one city he was a children's doctor, and in another a female physician.

paragraph: One famous legend tells of how once when Bian Que was in the State of Cai, he saw the lord of the state at the time and told him that he had a disease, which Bian Que claimed was only in his skin. The lord brushed this aside as at that time he felt no symptoms, and told his attendants that Bian Que was just trying to profit from the fears of others. Bian Que is said to have visited the lord many times thereafter, telling him each time how this sickness was becoming progressively worse, each time spreading into more of his body, from his skin to his blood and to his organs. The last time Bian Que went to see the lord, he looked in from afar, and rushed out of the palace. When an attendant of the lord asked him why he had done this, he replied that the disease was in the marrow and was incurable. The lord was said to have died soon after.

paragraph: Another legend stated that once, while visiting the state of Guo, he saw people mourning on the streets. Upon inquiring what their grievances were, he got the reply that the heir apparent of the lord had died, and the lord was in mourning. Sensing something afoot, he is said to have gone to the palace to inquire about the circumstances of the death. After hearing of how the prince "died", he concluded that the prince had not really died, but was rather in a coma-like state. He set a single acupuncture needle in the Baihui point on the head, helping the prince to regain consciousness. Herbal medicine was boiled to help the prince sit up, and after Bian Que prescribed the prince with more herbal medicine, the prince healed fully within twenty days.

paragraph: Bian Que advocated the four-step diagnoses of "Looking (at their tongues and their outside appearances), Listening (to their voice and breathing patterns), Inquiring (about their symptoms), and Taking (their pulse)."

paragraph: The Daoist "Liezi" has a legend (tr. Giles 1912:81-83) that Bian Que used anesthesia to perform a double heart transplantation, with the "xin" 心 "heart; mind" as the seat of consciousness. Gong Hu 公扈 from Lu and Qi Ying 齊嬰 from Zhao had opposite imbalances of "qi" 氣 "breath; life-force" and "zhi" 志 "will; intention". Gong had a "qi" "mental power" deficiency while Qi had a "zhi" "willpower" deficiency.

paragraph: Bian Que suggests exchanging the hearts of the two to attain balance. Upon hearing his opinion, the patients agree to the procedure. Bian Que then gives the men an intoxicating wine that makes them "feign death" for three days. While they are under the anesthetic effects of this concoction, Bian Que "cut open their breasts, removed their hearts, exchanged and replaced them, and applied a numinous medicine, and when they awoke they were as good as new." Salguero (2009:203)

paragraph: Some texts in bamboo slips unearthed in Chengdu may be composed by him.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hua Tuo, another famous doctor of ancient China

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Chinese physicians

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 《史记·扁鹊仓公列传》

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giles, Lionel. 1912. "Taoist Teachings from the Book of Lieh-Tzŭ". Wisdom of the East.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salguero, C. Pierce. 2009. "The Buddhist medicine king in literary context: reconsidering an early medieval example of Indian influence on Chinese medicine and surgery", "History of Religions" 48.3:183-210.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Woodford, P: Transplant Timeline. National Review of Medicine 2004 October 30; Volume 1 No. 20.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pien Ch'iao (Bian Que) at site of Institute for Traditional Medicine.

description: Ancient Chinese physician

wikidata_label: Bian Que

wikipedia_title: Bian Que


text:
basketball
player
Boston Celtics
basketball in college
University of Houston
Basketball Hall-of-Famer
Elvin Hayes
Game of the Century
Astrodome
Boston Celtics
1968 NBA draft
Houston Mavericks
American Basketball Association
champion
1974 NBA Finals
Los Angeles Lakers
ABA
Spirits of St. Louis
Bill Russell
1956
1969
Larry Bird
1979
1992
1969 NBA Finals
1974 NBA Finals
NBA Coach of the Year Award
1990–91 season
Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame
US national team
1994 FIBA World Championship
NBA coach bio

categories: African-American basketball coaches,Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball),Houston Mavericks draft picks,African-American basketball players,American men's basketball coaches,Basketball players at the 1967 NCAA Men's Division I Final Four,McKinley Senior High School alumni,Los Angeles Clippers head coaches,Basketball coaches from Louisiana,1946 births,Guards (basketball),Houston Rockets head coaches,Boston Celtics draft picks,Spirits of St. Louis players,Los Angeles Lakers players,Living people,American men's basketball players,New York Knicks head coaches,Detroit Pistons head coaches,Houston Cougars men's basketball players,Basketball players from Louisiana,Basketball players at the 1968 NCAA Men's Division I Final Four,Boston Celtics players

paragraph: Don Chaney

paragraph: Donald Ray Chaney (born March 22, 1946) is an American former professional basketball player and coach, most notable for his long stints as a player on the Boston Celtics.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Chaney played basketball in college for the University of Houston, where he was a teammate of future Basketball Hall-of-Famer Elvin Hayes. Chaney played all 40 minutes of the famed "Game of the Century" at the Astrodome. That year Chaney became the first-round pick (12th overall) of the Boston Celtics in the 1968 NBA draft; he was also drafted by the Houston Mavericks of the American Basketball Association.

paragraph: Chaney became a champion with the Boston Celtics during his rookie year. He would also help the Celtics toward winning the 1974 NBA Finals. He had two stints with the Boston Celtics (1968–1975, and 1977–1980), for which he is most noted. Chaney has the distinction of being the only player to have played with both Bill Russell and Larry Bird: Russell in Chaney's rookie year, and Bird in Chaney's final year as a player. He also had a short two season stint with the Los Angeles Lakers from 1976–1978, and played in the ABA for one year with the Spirits of St. Louis from 1975–1976. Chaney was mostly known for his defensive skills, providing adequate numbers in minutes off the bench.

paragraph: Chaney is the only Boston Celtic who played with both Bill Russell (1956–1969) and Larry Bird (1979–1992), as was already stated previously.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: After ending his playing career, Chaney spent 22 seasons in coaching of which he spent 12 seasons in the NBA.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969 NBA Finals and 1974 NBA Finals champion

paragraph: BULLET::::- NBA All-Defensive second team (1972, 1973, 1974, 1975 and 1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NBA Coach of the Year Award with the Houston Rockets for the 1990–91 season, after leading the Houston Rockets to a 50-32 record.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold medal-winning US national team at the 1994 FIBA World Championship in Toronto, assistant coach

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Chaney during his coaching days was known for partaking in new "daredevil"-esque stunts just to see what they were like, including skydiving and racecar driving.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NBA coach bio

description: American basketball player and coach

wikidata_label: Don Chaney

wikipedia_title: Don Chaney


text:
Roman usurper
Probus
Gaul
Moor
Syria
Rhine
Alexandria
Palestine

categories: 280 deaths,Roman governors of Syria,Year of birth unknown,3rd-century Roman usurpers,Julii,Crisis of the Third Century

paragraph: Julius Saturninus

paragraph: Sextus (possibly Gaius) Julius Saturninus (died 280) was a Roman usurper against Emperor Probus.

paragraph: Julius Saturninus was a Gaul by birth (others have him as a Moor) and was a friend of Emperor Probus. He was appointed governor of Syria by Probus ("c." 279).

paragraph: After Probus had left Syria for the Rhine in 280, unruly soldiers and the people of Alexandria forced a reluctant Saturninus to accept imperial office. He fled from Alexandria to escape the pressure but changed his mind in Palestine. He proclaimed himself emperor in 280. Before Probus could respond to the threat, Saturninus was dead, killed by his own troops.

description: Roman usurper

wikidata_label: Julius Saturninus

wikipedia_title: Julius Saturninus


text: Roman usurper

text: Historia Augusta

text: Emperor

text: Probus

text: Franks

text: Albingaunum

text: Albenga

text: Liguria

text: latifundia

text: legion

text: tribune

text: Lugdunum

text: Emperor

text: Probus

text: Bonosus

text: Gauls

text: Alamanni

text: Sassanids

text: Syria

text: Franks

text: Gibbon

text: Sarmatia

categories: 3rd-century births,Executed ancient Roman people,People from Albenga,Romans from unknown gentes,3rd-century Roman usurpers,3rd-century executions,281 deaths,People executed by the Roman Empire,Crisis of the Third Century,Executed Italian people

paragraph: Proculus

paragraph: Proculus (died c. 281) was a Roman usurper, one of the "minor pretenders" according to "Historia Augusta", who would have taken the purple against Emperor Probus in 280. This is now disputed.

paragraph: Probably Proculus had family connection with the Franks, to whom he turned in vain when his bid for imperial power was failing. He was a native of Albingaunum (modern Albenga in Liguria). Though he was accounted a noble, his ancestors had been brigands and were the source of his vast wealth. Proculus was able to arm 2000 slaves of his own latifundia after seizing imperial office in the West. He was married to a woman named Vituriga, who was given the nickname "Samso" for her capabilities (considered "unwomanly" by the fourth century author of "Historia Augusta"), and at the time of his usurpation, he had one son, Herennianus, aged four.

paragraph: Proculus was an ambitious soldier, who had commanded more than one legion as tribune; when in 280 he was asked by the people of Lugdunum (Lyon) who had started a rebellion against Emperor Probus to take the purple, he accepted, proclaiming himself joint emperor with Bonosus. "He was, nevertheless, of some benefit to the Gauls, for he crushed the Alamanni — who then were still called Germans — and not without illustrious glory, though he never fought save in brigand-fashion" ("Historia Augusta")

paragraph: On his return from fighting the Sassanids in Syria, Probus forced Proculus to retreat north. After failing to find support among the Franks, he was betrayed by them and handed over to Probus. Probus had Proculus killed (ca. 281), but spared his family " with his accustomed moderation, and spared the fortunes as well as the lives of their innocent families," (Gibbon, I.12) who remained at Albingaunum, declaring, according to "Historia Augusta", that they wished neither to be princes nor brigands.

paragraph: There exists a letter by Proculus that was cited by Gibbon and that is perhaps fictitious but nevertheless interesting. It begins with an apparent boast about his sexual prowess: "From Proculus to his kinsman Maecianus, greeting. I have taken one hundred maidens from Sarmatia. Of these I mated with ten in a single night..." Gibbon comments of Proculus and his co-usurper Bosunus, a heavy drinker, that the "distinguished merit of those two officers was their respective prowess, of the one in the combats of Bacchus, of the other in those of Venus".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Emperors: Probus and rival claimants: drawing on "Historia Augusta" (bibliography)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historia Augusta": Lives of Firmus, Saturninus, Proculus and Bonosus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythography": "Proculus" gives numerous others with this cognomen.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Gibbon, "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" vol. I. chapter 12

description: Roman usurper

wikidata_label: Proculus

wikipedia_title: Proculus


text:
Roman usurper
Hispania
Spain
British
Gallic
rhetorician
Rhenish fleet
Germans
Roman emperor
Colonia Agrippina
Cologne
Proculus
Marcus Aurelius Probus

categories: 280 deaths,Male suicides,Ancient Romans who committed suicide,Suicides by hanging in Germany,Ancient Roman admirals,Year of birth unknown,Romans from unknown gentes,3rd-century Roman usurpers,Romans from Hispania,Ancient Roman generals,Crisis of the Third Century,Ancient Roman military personnel who committed suicide

paragraph: Bonosus (usurper)

paragraph: Bonosus (died AD 280) was a late 3rd-century Roman usurper. He was born in Hispania (Roman Spain) to a British father and Gallic mother. His father—a rhetorician and "teacher of letters"—died when Bonosus was still young but the boy's mother gave him a decent education. He had a distinguished military career with an excellent service record. He rose successively through the ranks and tribuneships but, while he was stationed in charge of the Rhenish fleet , the Germans managed to set it on fire. Fearful of the consequences, he proclaimed himself Roman emperor at Colonia Agrippina (Cologne) jointly with Proculus. After a protracted struggle, he was defeated by Marcus Aurelius Probus and hanged himself rather than face capture.

paragraph: Bonosus left behind a wife and two sons who were treated with honor by Probus.

description: Roman usurper

wikidata_label: Bonosus

wikipedia_title: Bonosus (usurper)


text:
The Lorax
Chris Renaud
Minions
Pierre Coffin
Jumanji
Toy Story 2
Despicable Me
Pixar
Illumination Entertainment
Tucson, Arizona
Maltese
California Institute of the Arts
LucasArts
graphic adventure game
Industrial Light & Magic
The Mask
Jumanji
Mars Attacks!
Weta Digital
New Zealand
The Frighteners
Pixar
A Bug's Life
Toy Story 2
Monsters, Inc.
Illumination Entertainment
Paris
Despicable Me
directorial debut
The Lorax
Chris Renaud
Danny DeVito
Zac Efron
Ed Helms
Taylor Swift
Universal Pictures
Minions
Pierre Coffin
Sandra Bullock
Jon Hamm
Michael Keaton
Paris

categories: Pixar people,American animated film directors,American people of Maltese descent,California Institute of the Arts alumni,Film directors from Arizona,Illumination Entertainment people,Animators from Arizona,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Kyle Balda

paragraph: Kyle Balda is an American animator and film director, best known for co-directing the animated films "The Lorax" (2012), with Chris Renaud, and "Minions" (2015), with Pierre Coffin. He has also worked as animator on several films including "Jumanji", "Toy Story 2", and "Despicable Me". He has worked for Pixar for years and is now with Illumination Entertainment.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Balda was born in Tucson, Arizona, to a Maltese mother. He studied at the California Institute of the Arts in the early 1990s and dropped out after two years for a job he was offered.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: During his time at CalArts, Balda was hired by LucasArts as an intern to create the animated opening credit sequence for the graphic adventure game .

paragraph: He started his career as an animator by working at Industrial Light & Magic, in the films including 1994's "The Mask" as graphics animator, 1995's "Jumanji" as animation supervisor, and in 1996's "Mars Attacks!" as character animator. He also worked at Weta Digital once in New Zealand, on the 1996 film "The Frighteners", he animated the Grim Reaper for the film. Later Balda started working at Pixar, and his works included 1998's "A Bug's Life" as an additional animator, 1999's "Toy Story 2" as the directing animator, and 2001's "Monsters, Inc." as animator. In 2010, he joined the Illumination Entertainment in Paris, and worked in the 2010s "Despicable Me" as the head of layout. Balda has also directed several short films and lectured at different animation schools.

paragraph: In 2012, Balda co-directed the Illumination's animated film for his directorial debut "The Lorax" along with Chris Renaud, starring Danny DeVito, Zac Efron, Ed Helms, and Taylor Swift. The film was released domestically on March 2, 2012 by Universal Pictures and grossed over $348 million with a budget of $70 million.

paragraph: In 2015, Balda directed another Illumination animated film, "Minions", along with Pierre Coffin. The film's voice cast included Coffin, Sandra Bullock, Jon Hamm, and Michael Keaton. The film was released domestically on July 10, 2015, by Universal and has grossed over $1.1 billion.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Balda is currently living in Paris.

description: American animator and film director

wikidata_label: Kyle Balda

wikipedia_title: Kyle Balda


text:
Nashville, Tennessee
Civil War
Knoxville, Tennessee
1872 Republican National Convention
Amsterdam
New Orleans
fireplace poker
ambrotype
Carl Giers
cartes de visite
Union
Knoxville, Tennessee
Gay Street
Peter Kern
masquerade ball
privilege tax
North Knoxville
Tennessee Supreme Court
Knox County
Photographers Association of America's
Benjamin Harrison
1892 presidential election
Joseph Knaffl
ambrotype
cartes de visite
cabinet card
Simon Wing
stereotypes
Lloyd Branson
George N. Barnard
Cumberland River
Tennessee State Capitol
James K. Polk
Elm Street Methodist Church
32nd Indiana Infantry Regiment
University of Tennessee
Montvale Springs
Great Smoky Mountains
Ocoee River Valley
James Garfield
Lakota
Crow Dog
Spotted Tail
Red Cloud
Caney Fork Valley
American Institute of Architects
parabolic reflector
candlepower
George Eastman House
American Museum of Natural History
Tennessee State Library and Archives
Knox County, Tennessee

categories: People from Knoxville, Tennessee,1908 deaths,American consuls,People from Nashville, Tennessee,Prussian emigrants to the United States,1832 births,Artists from Tennessee,19th-century American inventors

paragraph: T. M. Schleier

paragraph: Theodore M. Schleier (April 20, 1832 – December 13, 1908) was a Prussian-born American photographer, inventor, and diplomat, active primarily in the southeastern United States in the latter half of the 19th century. While operating from a studio in Nashville, Tennessee, he helped document life in the city during the Civil War. He later moved to Knoxville, Tennessee, where he captured some of the city's earliest photographs. His inventions include an early artificial lighting system for photography studios.

paragraph: Schleier was a delegate to the 1872 Republican National Convention, and served as U.S. Consul to Amsterdam from 1890 to 1893.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: After immigrating to the United States from his native Prussia, Schleier initially settled in New York, where he presumably learned the burgeoning photography trade. By the late 1850s, he had moved to New Orleans, where he operated a studio on Chartres Street. In 1857, Schleier filed a complaint against rival New Orleans photographer James Andrews (1829–1863), stating that Andrews had busted open the door to his studio, ejected him from the studio with a fireplace poker, and destroyed his photographic equipment "with a view of preventing him from pursuing his regular business." In spite of this attack, Schleier had opened a new ambrotype studio on Camp Street by the Summer of 1857.

paragraph: In 1859, Schleier moved to Nashville to work in the Southern Photographic Temple of Fine Arts, a studio and gallery on Deaderick Street operated by fellow Prussian immigrant Carl Giers (1828–1877). An ad for the studio described Schleier as "one of the best Photographers and practical Chemists in the country." By 1863, Schleier was running his own studio at the corner of Cherry and Union streets, in addition to the Giers location. This studio specialized in cartes de visite, and advertised to the soldiers of the Union forces occupying the city. In April 1862, Schleier married Catherine Knaffl, a daughter of prominent Austrian-born physician Rudolph Knaffl, who was serving as a surgeon in the Union Army.

paragraph: Schleier opened a branch gallery in Knoxville, Tennessee, in early 1864. In 1867, he relocated to the city and established a large studio and gallery on Gay Street. This gallery opened to great fanfare in June 1867, with music provided by the Knoxville Brass Band, and ice cream and drinks served by prominent German-American baker Peter Kern. A popular figure in the city, Schleier swept the photography prizes at the city's Eastern Division Fair in October 1871, and won an award for "best comic mask" at a German-American masquerade ball in February 1872.

paragraph: In 1870, Schleier was indicted for ignoring a new state law requiring photographers to obtain a license and pay an annual privilege tax. Schleier's attorney, German immigrant and future North Knoxville mayor Louis Gratz, argued the law was unconstitutional because it discriminated against photographers living in larger cities by charging them a higher tax. While the circuit court agreed and threw out the charges, the Tennessee Supreme Court overturned this decision and reinstated the indictment. The court reasoned that photographers living in larger cities were free to move to smaller to cities to avoid the higher tax, and therefore the law was not discriminatory.

paragraph: Schleier received several patents for various inventions in the 1870s. He and his father-in-law, Rudolph Knaffl, patented a fan for rocking chairs in 1870. Schleier received a patent for a new type of camera stand in 1872, and for a new type of mustard pot the following year. In late 1872, Schleier was awarded a patent for a brick cleaning machine, which he had exhibited at Knoxville's Eastern Division Fair that October. He toured the Eastern United States giving demonstrations of this machine in November and December 1872, and spent the early part of 1873 in Boston trying to arrange for the machine's manufacture and distribution.

paragraph: In 1871, Schleier ran unsuccessfully for a seat on Knoxville's Board of Aldermen, campaigning primarily as an advocate for the establishment of free schools. Though nominally non-partisan, Schleier was endorsed by the "Knoxville Chronicle", the city's primary Republican mouthpiece. Schleier was a member of the Tennessee delegation at the 1872 Republican National Convention in Philadelphia, and the Knox County delegation at the 1872 Tennessee Republican Party convention in Nashville. During this same period, he helped establish Knoxville's Board of Trade. Schleier was elected to Knoxville's Board of Aldermen in 1877, though he served just one term.

paragraph: Schleier moved back to Nashville in 1880, and would operate from a studio on North Cherry Street for the remainder of the decade. At the Photographers Association of America's second annual convention in 1881, Schleier was elected one of the convention's vice presidents, and chaired the Committee on Dry Plates. The September 27, 1890, issue of "Anthony's Photographic Bulletin" described Schleier as "one of the veteran photographers of the United States."

paragraph: In September 1890, Schleier was appointed United States Consul to Amsterdam by President Benjamin Harrison. Among his various reports, Schleier noted relatively low numbers of vagrants in the Netherlands due to social programs established by the government, church and private charities. He advised against building factories in the country due to high taxes and a lack of natural resources. Following Harrison's defeat in the 1892 presidential election, Schleier was recalled by the new Democratic administration.

paragraph: Schleier died in New York City on December 13, 1908. His daughter Matilda worked as a professional photographer in the late 19th century. Schleier's brothers-in-law, Joseph Knaffl and Charles Knaffl, learned the photography trade while working in his studio, and established their own gallery in Knoxville in the mid-1880s.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: At various times during his career, Schleier specialized in ambrotypes, cartes de visite, and cabinet cards. By 1863, he was using a "multiplying camera" designed by Simon Wing that utilized movable lenses to produce a popular type of photograph known as a "gem." His branch studio in Knoxville, which opened in 1864, offered "photographs, cartes de visite and stereotypes." His main Knoxville studio, which opened in 1867, specialized in ambrotypes, pearl miniatures, and photographs. Schleier partnered with rising Knoxville painter Lloyd Branson to create several "photo-crayon portraits" which were exhibited at 1875 Eastern Division Fair. In 1880, Schleier's Nashville gallery offered "artotypes" (a type of photograph created using ink) and "chromotypes" (colored photographs).

paragraph: The occupation of Nashville by the Union Army in March 1862 brought about the "photographic documentation of the town on an unprecedented scale." Schleier and federal photographer George N. Barnard were the two most active photographers in the city during this period. Places and buildings photographed by Schleier during the war include the railroad bridge over the Cumberland River, Morgan Park, the Tennessee State Capitol, the tomb of James K. Polk, the Planters Hotel, and the original Elm Street Methodist Church (flanked at the time by federal barracks). He also created carte de visite photographs for soldiers stationed in the city, including members of the all-German 32nd Indiana Infantry Regiment.

paragraph: Schleier's early photographs of Knoxville include an 1865 panoramic of the city from the Civil War-era Fort Stanley (which stood atop a hill in South Knoxville), and at least two photographs of East Tennessee University (the forerunner of the University of Tennessee). During the 1870s, he produced stereo cards depicting various places in East Tennessee, including the Montvale Springs resort at the edge of the Great Smoky Mountains, and the remote Ocoee River Valley in southeastern Tennessee.

paragraph: During the 1880s, Schleier's studio sold numerous cabinet cards, a type of photograph that had largely replaced the carte de visite as the most popular form of portraiture. Prominent individuals for whom Schleier created cabinet cards included President James Garfield, and Lakota chiefs Crow Dog, Spotted Tail and Red Cloud. He photographed the upper Caney Fork Valley in 1883, and provided portraits for the American Institute of Architects convention in Nashville in 1885.

paragraph: In 1883, Schleier installed an early artificial lighting system in his Nashville studio with the help of T. P. Keck of the city's Brush Electric Light Company. This system consisted of two arc lights placed in the middle of a white parabolic reflector that measured in diameter. The lights and reflector were suspended from the ceiling and operated with pulleys. The system could generate 2,000 candlepower of light for a single photograph.

paragraph: Schleier's photographs are included in the collections of the George Eastman House, the American Museum of Natural History, the Tennessee State Library and Archives, the Calvin M. McClung Historical Collection (Knox County, Tennessee), and the University of Tennessee.

description: American photographer and diplomat

wikidata_label: T. M. Schleier

wikipedia_title: T. M. Schleier


text: Medal of Honor

text: Barack Obama

text: White House

text: Defense Authorization Act

text: Fort Jay

text: Governors Island

text: 16th Infantry Regiment

text: 1st Infantry Division

text: Battle of Hürtgen Forest

text: Long Island National Cemetery

categories: American army personnel killed in World War II,People from the Bronx,1944 deaths,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,1921 births,United States Army soldiers,Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)

paragraph: Alfred B. Nietzel

paragraph: Alfred B. Nietzel (April 27, 1921 – November 18, 1944) is a recipient of the Medal of Honor. He was awarded the Medal of Honor by President Barack Obama in a March 18, 2014 ceremony in the White House. The award comes through the Defense Authorization Act which in 2002, called for a review of Jewish American and Hispanic American veterans from World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War to ensure that no prejudice was shown to those deserving the Medal of Honor.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Census records tend to indicate that Nietzel was born in Fordham, Bronx, New York on April 27, 1921, the first of three sons and second oldest child of Alfred C. Nietzel and Ruth Lawrence. The family may have fallen apart due to Nietzel's father's commitment to state mental institutions in Rockland and Orange County where he died in 1971. In the 1930 census, Alfred and his brothers are in a foster home in Harrison, New York. By 1940, Alfred had left high school after two years and had been working as a machinist in Nassau County, Long Island. On October 5, 1940, he enlisted in the United States Army in Jamaica, Queens, New York.

paragraph: It is not clearly known if Nietzel immediately joined the Army's 16th Infantry Regiment then posted in New York City at Fort Jay on Governors Island, or if he served in other units prior to November 1944.

paragraph: By late November 1944, Nietzel was a sergeant in Company H, 16th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division, as U.S. First Army's move across France, Belgium and Germany had been in heavy, grueling, combat for nearly seven straight weeks since September.

paragraph: Alfred died in combat during the Battle of Hürtgen Forest, along the Belgium-German border on November 18, 1944. The Hürtgen Forest was hard-fought and the longest battle ever waged by the U.S. Army. The battle's heavy losses and questionable objectives were soon overshadowed by the desperate circumstances of the Battle of the Bulge a month later, leaving the Hürtgen Forest offensive largely forgotten.

paragraph: In an intense day of fighting for a hill and the town of Heistern, Germany, several 16th Infantry soldiers were awarded the Silver Star and Distinguished Service Cross.

paragraph: Nietzel's original 1945 Distinguished Service Cross citation noted that he selflessly covered for the retreating members of his squad which he had sent to the rear for reinforcements. He did so by laying down suppressive fire with his .30 caliber machine-gun on an enemy advance threatening to overrun his position. He continued until all his ammunition was expended then picked up his rifle and continued firing until killed by an enemy grenade. His actions delayed the advance of the opposing force long enough for reinforcements to arrive, stop and turn back the enemy.

paragraph: The 2014 Medal of Honor citation further observed: "That afternoon, Sergeant Nietzel fought tenaciously to repel a vicious enemy attack against his unit. Sergeant Nietzel employed accurate, intense fire from his machine gun and successfully slowed the hostile advance. However, the overwhelming enemy force continued to press forward. Realizing he desperately needed reinforcements, Sergeant Nietzel ordered the three remaining members of his squad to return to the company command post and secure aid. He immediately turned his attention to covering their movement with his fire. After expending all his machine gun ammunition, Sergeant Nietzel began firing his rifle into the attacking ranks until he was killed by the explosion of an enemy grenade."

paragraph: After his death, he was temporarily interred at the Henri-Chapelle American Cemetery and Memorial in Belgium and repatriated to the United States in 1949.

paragraph: On April 19, 1949, a week before what would have been his 28th birthday, Nietzel was laid to rest at the Long Island National Cemetery in Farmingdale, New York. On the same day and in the adjoining gravesite, his younger brother William Nietzel, a private in the Army Air Corps was also buried. William died of non-combat causes on April 6, 1944, at Horsham Airfield in Norwich, England.

paragraph: Section::::Honors and awards.

paragraph: In addition to Nietzel's original 1945 Distinguished Service Cross and his 2014 Medal of Honor, other awards and recognition for his war service included: Bronze Star Medal, Purple Heart, American Defense Service Medal, European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with one Bronze Service Star, World War II Victory Medal, Presidential Unit Citation and the Combat Infantryman Badge.

description: Medal of Honor recipient

wikidata_label: Alfred B. Nietzel

wikipedia_title: Alfred B. Nietzel


text:
Buenos Aires
Rosario, Santa Fe
La Scala
Teatro Colón
Vaslav Nijinsky
Margarita Wallmann
Maria Ruvanova
Carnegie Hall
Santa Fe
Teatro Maipo

wikipedia_title:
Buenos Aires
Rosario, Santa Fe
La Scala
Teatro Colón
Vaslav Nijinsky
Margarete Wallmann
María Ruanova
Carnegie Hall
Santa Fe, Argentina
Teatro Maipo

categories: 1991 deaths,Argentine female dancers,1914 births,Argentine choreographers

paragraph: Lida Martinoli

paragraph: Lida Martinoli (1914–1991) was an Argentine dancer, choreographer, and theatre performer in Buenos Aires. Born in Rosario, Santa Fe in 1914, she was the daughter of the artists Fanny Montiano and Carlos Martinoli. She studied ballet at La Scala in Milan before returning to Buenos Aires in 1932. She joined the corps de ballet of the Teatro Colón, where she danced until 1956. At the Teatro Colón, she served as prima ballerina during the 1940s, dancing the choreographies of Vaslav Nijinsky and Margarita Wallmann and starring in her version of The Nutcracker with Michael Borovski and Maria Ruvanova. In 1953, as prima ballerina for Teatro Colón, she performed at Carnegie Hall in her North American debut. When she retired from dancing, Martinoli began to choreograph, and is known for her kitschy and outlandish dances - the chorography for "La Leprosa" required the actor to stick ham to themselves that fell off during the dance, imitating the symptoms of leprosy. She died in Santa Fe in 1991. Screenwriters Kado Kostzer and Afredo Rodriguez Arias wrote the play "Familie d'Artistes" about Lida and the Martinoli family in 1989, which was staged at the Teatro Maipo in Buenos Aires in 1991.

description: Argentine dancer

wikidata_label: Lida Martinoli

wikipedia_title: Lida Martinoli


text:
textile merchant
Bauakademie
Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
classical architecture
Gothic Revival architecture style
Vincenz Statz
Cologne
Cologne Cathedral
on-the-job training
Utrecht
Guild of St. Bernulphus
Lower Rhine region
Westphalia
Friedrich Wilhelm Mengelberg
guild
Andreas Ignatius Schaepman
Diocese of Utrecht
Gothic Revival architecture
ornaments
Rhineland
niches
balustrade
pinnacle
gable
flying buttress
Bawinkel
sandstone
Düsseldorf

wikipedia_title:
Textile industry
Bauakademie
Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
Classical architecture
Gothic Revival architecture
Vincenz Statz
Cologne
Cologne Cathedral
On-the-job training
Utrecht
Guild of St. Bernulphus
Lower Rhine region
Westphalia
Friedrich Wilhelm Mengelberg
Guild
Andreas Ignatius Schaepman
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht
Gothic Revival architecture
Ornament (art)
Rhineland
Niche (architecture)
Baluster
Pinnacle
Gable
Flying buttress
Bawinkel
Sandstone
Düsseldorf

categories: Dutch architects,1920 deaths,Dutch Roman Catholics,1840 births,Dutch ecclesiastical architects

paragraph: Wilhelm Victor Alfred Tepe

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Tepe was born in Amsterdam. He is the son of German parents. His father, Friederich Anton Tepe, was a textile merchant.

paragraph: His mother's name was Maria Anna Sternenberg. They had moved to Amsterdam from Germany prior to his birth. Tepe married Maria Josepha Savels Alexandrina on 24 May 1870. They had two sons.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Tepe studied architecture at the Bauakademie (architectural college) in Berlin from 1861 to 1864. He studied also the work of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc (French architect expert) when he could as he had free time, because he was dissatisfied with the classical architecture oriented training of Bauakademie. He learned from Viollet-le-Duc the Gothic Revival architecture style, especially that pertaining to "restorations" of medieval buildings and churches.

paragraph: Tepe worked for Vincenz Statz (well known Gothic Revival architect of Germany) in Cologne in the restoration and completion of the Cologne Cathedral from 1865 to 1867, which gave him on-the-job training. Tepe returned to Amsterdam in 1867, where he used this training experience on various churches in the Netherlands. He first started working for an architect named Ouderterp in the Netherlands. Tepe then moved to Utrecht in 1872.

paragraph: Tepe built or worked on about 70 churches in the period from 1871 to 1905 as a key member of the Guild of St. Bernulphus. In these churches very little natural stone was used and brick was the material of choice. He took late-Gothic 15th- and 16th-century styles of the Lower Rhine region ("Nederrijns") and Westphalia as "School of Utrecht" examples to work from for the exterior of the churches he was working on. The interior of these churches in construction was provided by other members of the Guild of St. Bernulphus. Friedrich Wilhelm Mengelberg was the most influential of the interior designers from the guild and Tepe worked closely with him.

paragraph: From 1872 under Archbishop Andreas Ignatius Schaepman, until his death in 1882, Tepe had a virtual monopoly on the building of churches in the Diocese of Utrecht.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Nature of work.

paragraph: Throughout his entire career his work shows little evolution in his architectural-style. There are four periods in his career where some deviation in style is shown. Tepe tries to develop his style and experiments with several types of churches between 1871 and 1876. His churches are rarely decorated in this time period in his first phase. Tepe increases his decorations from 1876 to 1890 in a second phase of his architectural-style. In a third phase, of a time period of 1890 to 1900, he builds several hall-churches which represented a centralizing tendency. Tepe reverts to some of his original church designs after 1900 in a fourth phase of his architectural-style. Also after 1900 he sometimes built churches in Germany, especially when the competition in the Netherlands became too strong.

paragraph: Tepe was the leader of a clearly identifiable direction within the Dutch Gothic Revival architecture. His churches were characterized by a simple but often slender build and where possible with a high west tower. He nearly always had a three-aisled design, even in small churches. The exteriors of his churches were usually missing ornaments, except in the Rhineland, where niches, balustrades and pinnacles of decorated gables were applied in a number of churches. Tepe even applied flying buttresses on some rare occasions. His direction of the Dutch Gothic Revival architecture was eventually taken over by, among other, J.W. Boerbooms and continued by, among other, Wolter te Riele. Tepe also designed various monasteries, schools, orphanages, and some houses in his career; examples are St. Jerome orphans and old people's homes in Utrecht built from 1875–1877. All these other buildings were all related to the Catholic church in some way.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and death.

paragraph: After the death of his first wife (13 July 1897) he married Wilhelmine Margaret Power on 15 December 1904. His second marriage produced no children.

paragraph: Tepe moved to Germany in 1905 and designed churches there until his death in 1920. There he designed and built a slightly different style, which regularly made use of stone. For example, the church he built in Bawinkel was largely of sandstone.

paragraph: He died in Düsseldorf, just one day short of being 80 years old.

paragraph: Section::::Important works.

paragraph: The following well known churches Tepe designed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1874–1875 Jutphaas: St. Nicholas Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1874–1876 Arnhem: St. Martin's Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1875–1877 Utrecht: St. Jerome, orphanage and nursing home

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1876–1877 Utrecht: St. Willibrord Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1878–1879 Schalkwijk: St. Michael's Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1881–1883 Amsterdam: St. Francis Xaverius Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1885–1887 IJsselstein: St. Nicholas Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1891–1892 Raalte: H. Kruisverheffingskerk

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- BWN, Biographical Dictionary of the Netherlands, second volume, The Hague, 1985, publisher: ’s-Gravenhage : Nijhoff, (Dutch)

description: Dutch architect

wikidata_label: Wilhelm Victor Alfred Tepe

wikipedia_title: Wilhelm Victor Alfred Tepe


text:
Italian
jeweller
Gabrielle "Coco" Chanel
Cole Porter
Verdura
Sicilian
Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa
The Leopard
Thames & Hudson
Palermo, Italy
duke
Linda
Cole Porter
Gabrielle “Coco” Chanel
Chanel
Nicolas de Gunzburg
Natalia Pavlovna Paley
Diana Vreeland
Paul Flato
712 Fifth Avenue
Vincent Astor
Raphael
Salvador Dalí
Nicholas Haslam
David Nightingale Hicks
Colefax and Fowler

categories: 1898 births,Italian socialites,Italian jewellers,LGBT artists from Italy,Italian nobility,Italian jewellery designers

paragraph: Fulco di Verdura

paragraph: Fulco di Verdura (20 March 1898 – 15 August 1978), or Fulco Santostefano della Cerda, Duke of Verdura and Marquis of Murata la Cerda, was an influential Italian jeweller. His career began with an introduction to designer Gabrielle "Coco" Chanel by composer Cole Porter. He opened his own jewelry salon, which he called Verdura, in 1939.

paragraph: He was the last to bear the now-defunct Sicilian title of Duke of Verdura, and his cousin was a prominent Sicilian prince, Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa, author of the famous novel "The Leopard". A biography of Fulco di Verdura was published by Thames & Hudson, authored by Patricia Corbett.

paragraph: Section::::Beginnings.

paragraph: Born in 1898 in Palermo, Italy, Fulco di Verdura grew up in aristocratic surroundings largely unchanged since the 1700s. During his early years, he developed a vivid imagination, wild sense of humor, and a love for animals that would later influence his jewelry designs.

paragraph: Fulco gained the title of duke when, in August 1923, his father died. Free to go where he pleased but limited financially, he would have to find a profession that fit his stature and provided income to match his lifestyle.

paragraph: Section::::The Chanel years.

paragraph: A meeting in 1919 put Fulco on the path to discover what would be his life’s work. That year, he met Linda and Cole Porter – two of his biggest supporters and early backers – in Palermo. Six years later, during a party hosted by the Porters in Venice, Linda introduced Fulco to Gabrielle “Coco” Chanel, who would go on to hire Fulco as a textile designer in 1927. Quickly identifying his talents, Chanel asked him to update the settings of jewelry she had been given by ex-lovers, including Bendor, Duke of Westminster, and the Russian Grand Duke Dmitri. Impressed with his work, Chanel began what would be an eight-year collaboration by making him head designer of Chanel jewelry.

paragraph: Not long after Fulco started working for Chanel, he created her now iconic Maltese Cross Cuffs, setting a gold cross adorned with bright cabochons in white enamel. A year later, Chanel boutiques sold a piece of costume jewelry modeled after the cuffs Fulco created. The cuffs are considered the hallmark of the Verdura brand and they have been copied many times over the years.

paragraph: Section::::The Flato years.

paragraph: Fulco left Chanel in 1934 to venture to the United States with Baron Nicolas de Gunzburg and Princess Natalia Pavlovna Paley. He traveled first to Hollywood and then to New York where Diana Vreeland, a Chanel client, introduced Fulco to the jeweler Paul Flato. Fulco joined Flato’s design team full-time when Flato opened a boutique in Hollywood. “Verdura for Flato” became a signature admired by both socialites on the East Coast and silver screen royalty out west.

paragraph: Section::::Verdura LLC.

paragraph: Fulco broke out on his own in 1939, opening a small salon called Verdura in New York at 712 Fifth Avenue with the financial backing of Cole Porter and Vincent Astor. His primary inspiration came from his childhood in Sicily. His love of art began when he learned about the Renaissance in an illustrated book on Raphael. In the designs he made for Verdura, he continuously incorporated themes of nature, creating brooches that looked like leaves made of colored zircons, a pomegranate made of ruby seeds, a gold corncob made with black pearl kernels, and an artichoke made of emerald petals.

paragraph: In 1941, Fulco collaborated with Salvador Dalí on a collection of jewelry designs. Also that year, he designed “Night and Day” cufflinks for Cole Porter that were inspired by the lyrics of the hit song and have since become signature Verdura pieces. Porter, in return, immortalized Fulco’s name in the song “Farming” from the 1941 show "Let’s Face It!": “Liz Whitney has, on her bin of manure, a Clip designed by the Duke of Verdura.”

paragraph: A perfectionist, Fulco would spend his days drafting precise design sketches, specifying materials, size, and color. Joseph Alfano, Fulco’s business partner, is responsible for preserving a good portion of Fulco’s sketches that now comprise the Verdura archive and otherwise would have been destroyed, rescuing overlooked pages in sketchbooks, scraps left on the floor, and sheets discarded in wastepaper baskets.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: According to the British interior decorater Nicholas Haslam Fulco was a lover of Simon Fleet or Harry Carnes, his real name. Simon had worked as an actor and designer. Fulco later met Tom Parr, an interior decorator who was a friend and business partner of David Nightingale Hicks and later head of Colefax and Fowler. They stayed together until Fulco's death.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement.

paragraph: In 1973, Fulco sold his stake in his business to Alfano and retired to London where he continued to sketch and paint until his death in 1978.

alias: Fulco Santostefano della Cerda, Duca di Verdura

alias: Fulco, Duca di Verdura Santostefano della Cerda

alias: duc di Verdura et marquis Murata la Cerda Fulco Santostefano della Cerda

description: Italian noble

wikidata_label: Fulco di Verdura

wikipedia_title: Fulco di Verdura


text:
The Shondes
indie
punk
Brooklyn, NY
Jewish
occupation of Palestine
Peter Ames Carlin
Depth of Field Magazine
the Shondes
Yiddish
Patti Smith
New York City
Brooklyn
Sleater-Kinney
the Shondes
Corin Tucker
Minneapolis City Pages
Ray Cummings
riot grrrl
Lucky Tiger
cassettes
Riot Grrrl
New York City
Philadelphia
Pass the Buck Records
Nicole Witte Solomon
DIY Cassette
Jennie Jeddry
Elijah Oberman
The Shondes

categories: Musicians from Brooklyn,Jewish American musicians,American female singers,Jewish anti-Zionism in the United States,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Louisa Rachel Solomon

paragraph: Louisa Rachel Solomon is the lead singer of The Shondes, an indie punk band from Brooklyn, NY. Solomon is known for being a Jewish musician who is outspoken about opposing the occupation of Palestine. She is best known for her emotional live performance, and has been called "a front-woman to fear and fall in love with."

paragraph: Section::::Critical response.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Ames Carlin said The Garden features "better-stand-back vocals from Louisa Solomon, who has one of the biggest voices in pop music."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Depth of Field Magazine said "Lead singer Louisa Solomon’s voice is nothing short of breathtaking, caressing the notes while sending them forth with a power and force that forms immediate bonds with an audience; her tone and intonation giving the impression that she’s speaking directly to each and every individual listener."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lead singer Louisa Solomon steps out of the role of the one who has been wronged, and back into that of the unrepentant sinner, which suits her better. She’s her old self again, on the loose and in top form in her performance as a punk rock femme fatale. Not the ersatz Suicide Girls kind of femme fatale either, she’s the real kind that most people couldn’t possibly hope to handle. She creates the feeling that the stage is the safest place for her — and for all concerned. At any given moment she might be giving off a little Dolly Parton or Joan Jett vibe, but underneath it, and at all times, her own voice and personality are both growing so dominant and distinct that they seem to have their own gravitational pull." —MTV Iggy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "lead vocalist and bass player Louisa Solomon anchors and drives the band with a fury and finesse few frontwomen have these days."—Three Imaginary Girls

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Singer and bass player Louisa Solomon is the terrifying and alluring siren in this mess of nautical metaphors and similes I'm making, especially when belting lines like 'I never knew you could be so cowardly/ Now I'm always stuck in fucking Miami.' She mixes the cold fire of Rainer Maria's Caithlin de Marrais with the hearty women's music warmth of Tracy Chapman or Indigo Girls." —Stomp and Stammer

paragraph: BULLET::::- ...no one in the band treated their instrument gently this past Saturday night on one of the last stops of a tour that started in August. All four members of the Shondes treated their Yiddish and classical–influenced post-punk like a heavy object to be lifted and carried. This was especially true of bassist and lead vocalist Louisa Rachel Solomon, who charged at the mic as if to push the song forward with her body.—Venus Zine

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louisa Rachel Solomon’s voice is a char-broiled mix of Patti Smith and new wave, with a frosty injection of Amy Lee for good measure.—Amplifier Magazine

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louisa Rachel Solomon's vocals are strong, nimble and graceful on the band's self-released debut, which sees both complex song structures intertwined with direct, inquisitive lyrics. --CMJ

paragraph: BULLET::::- On the band's debut album, The Red Sea, they sing political songs about New York City and their home borough of Brooklyn, as well as about high expectations for love and life. Fans of Sleater-Kinney will swoon over the Shondes, especially with vocalist Louisa Rachel Solomon's Corin Tucker–like croons about socially conscious living.—After Ellen

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Don’t Look Down,” the first track, opens with a rock swagger worthy of Television and a gritty guitar. Louisa Rachel Solomon’s vocals are a bit to digest at first, but as the first key change hits and the power chords enter, her vocals push the songs to their conclusion and establish Solomon as the album’s focal point. As the songs progress, Solomon throws herself into the lyrics like waves against a wall, her voice quivering at the end of each word, choking the last shreds of meaning from every syllable she utters. And right as she sounds like she’s about to break, the band reinvents the song, drops the riff and ups the violin, a move that renews Solomon’s vigor and re-engages the hooks.—Performer Magazine

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minneapolis City Pages writer Ray Cummings' controversial comment "You probably wouldn't want frontwoman Louisa Soloman [sic] to go down on you in a theater," was met with immediate criticism

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: As a teenager in the mid-late '90s, Solomon played in a riot grrrl punk band called Lucky Tiger, who released several cassettes and one 7" record and performed at Riot Grrrl conventions in New York City and Philadelphia in 1996. She also co-founded Pass the Buck Records with her sister Nicole Witte Solomon in 1995, a DIY Cassette label. In 1999, she formed The Syndicate with Jennie Jeddry, Emily Kramer and Elijah Oberman (also of The Shondes) and released two albums, The Official Story and Haunted Ground.

description: American singer

wikidata_label: Louisa Rachel Solomon

wikipedia_title: Louisa Rachel Solomon


text:
French
prelate
Roman Catholic Church
oldest bishop
Catholic Church
France
ordained
priesthood
Roman Catholic Diocese of Arras
Amiens
episcopal consecration
Nguyen Van Thien
Catholic-Hierarchy
Diocese Site

categories: Bishops of Amiens,2015 deaths,20th-century Roman Catholic bishops,1910 births,21st-century Roman Catholic bishops,French Roman Catholic priests,French centenarians,Participants in the Second Vatican Council

paragraph: Géry Leuliet

paragraph: Géry-Jacques-Charles Leuliet (12 January 1910 – 1 January 2015) was a French prelate of the Roman Catholic Church and at the time of his death, was the oldest bishop of the Catholic Church, at 104 years of age.

paragraph: Leuliet was born in France and was ordained to the priesthood on July 8, 1933, in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Arras. He was appointed Bishop of Amiens on February 14, 1963 and received his episcopal consecration on May 9, 1963. Leuliet retired as the bishop's dean in France on January 15, 1985 and turned 100 on January 12, 2010. Upon the death of Nguyen Van Thien on May 13, 2012, he became the oldest living Roman Catholic bishop. He died 11 days before his 105th birthday on 1 January 2015.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic-Hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diocese Site (French)

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Géry Leuliet

wikipedia_title: Géry Leuliet


text: Tor Brewer

text: Richard I

text: King John

text: Henry III

text: feudal barony

text: Horsley

text: Forester of Bere

text: Exeter

text: William Brewer, Bishop of Exeter

text: Sheriff of Devon

text: Richard I

text: justiciar

text: Third Crusade

text: Worms

text: Baron of the Exchequer

text: Henry III

text: John

text: Henry Marshal

text: Bishop of Exeter

text: Geoffrey FitzPeter, 1st Earl of Essex

text: Sheriff of Berkshire

text: Sheriff of Cornwall

text: Sheriff of Devon

text: Sheriff of Hampshire

text: Sheriff of Oxfordshire

text: Sheriff of Somerset and Dorset

text: Sheriff of Sussex

text: Sheriff of Wiltshire

text: monasteries

text: Torre Abbey

text: Tor Brewer

text: Mottisfont Abbey

text: Dunkeswell Abbey

text: Latinised

text: William de Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon

text: Reginald de Braose

text: Topcliffe

text: feudal baron of Dunster

text: Dunster Castle

text: feudal baron of Bampton

text: Geoffrey de Saye

text: moiety

text: Duchy of Lancaster

text: feudal barony

text: scutage

text: knight's fee

text: Risdon

text: feudal barony

text: Pole

text: knight's fee

text: manor

text: honour

text: Dukedom of Lancaster

text: Buckland Brewer

text: Tor Brewer

text: Tor Mohun

text: Holsworthy

text: Ugborough

text: Bradworthy

text: Wolborough

text: accessed 11 Sept 2008

text: Dugdale, W.

text: accessed 26 November 2017

text: Pole, Sir William

text: Risdon, Tristram

categories: High Sheriffs of Nottinghamshire,12th-century English people,High Sheriffs of Oxfordshire,High Sheriffs of Devon,High Sheriffs of Sussex,High Sheriffs of Somerset,13th-century English people,High Sheriffs of Cornwall,High Sheriffs of Hampshire,High Sheriffs of Berkshire,1226 deaths,High Sheriffs of Derbyshire,High Sheriffs of Dorset,English judges,High Sheriffs of Wiltshire

paragraph: William Brewer (justice)

paragraph: William Brewer ("alias" Briwere, Brigwer, etc.) (died 1226) of Tor Brewer in Devon, was a prominent administrator and judge in England during the reigns of kings Richard I, his brother King John, and John's son Henry III. He was a major landholder and the founder of several religious institutions. In 1204, he acquired the feudal barony of Horsley in Derbyshire.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Brewer's ancestry is unclear, but he was probably the son of Henry Brewer and the grandson of William Brewer, Royal Forester of Bere, Hampshire, who founded the nunnery of Polsloe in Exeter. William Brewer, Bishop of Exeter, was one of his nephews.

paragraph: He began his career as Forester of Bere, a hereditary title, and by 1179 had been appointed Sheriff of Devon. Under King Richard I (1189–1199) he was one of the justiciars appointed to administer the kingdom while the king was on the Third Crusade. He was present at Worms, Germany, in 1193 to aid in the negotiations for the ransom of King Richard. In about 1193 he began his career as a Baron of the Exchequer, an office that he exercised until the reign of King Henry III (1216–1273).

paragraph: Under King John (1199–1216) Brewer was one of the most active figures in government, in terms of the number of royal charters he witnessed, together with Henry Marshal, Bishop of Exeter and Geoffrey FitzPeter, 1st Earl of Essex. During this period he was appointed Sheriff of Berkshire, Sheriff of Cornwall, Sheriff of Devon, Sheriff of Hampshire, Sheriff of Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire, Sheriff of Oxfordshire, Sheriff of Somerset and Dorset and Sheriff of Sussex and Sheriff of Wiltshire. He was often unpopular with the inhabitants of his counties, and the men of Cornwall, Somerset, and Dorset paid money to the king for his removal.

paragraph: He founded and endowed three monasteries: Torre Abbey, which was sited within his manor of Tor Brewer in Devon, in 1196; Mottisfont Abbey in Hampshire in 1201; and Dunkeswell Abbey in Devon in 1201.

paragraph: In 1224, he retired from the world to live as a Cistercian monk at Dunkeswell Abbey, where he died in 1226 and was buried with his wife before the high altar.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Marriage and children.

paragraph: Brewer married Beatrice de Vaux (died before 1220), (Latinised to "de Vallibus", "from the valleys" who had been the mistress of Reginald de Dunstanville, 1st Earl of Cornwall (died 1175) and mother of Henry FitzCount (died 1221). Their children included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard (died 1213/5), who predeceased his father.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William (died 1232), eldest surviving son and heir. He married Joan de Redvers, a daughter of William de Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon, but died childless, when his five sisters became his co-heiresses.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Graecia, married Reginald de Braose (died 1227/8).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel, married Baldwin Wake (died 1213), feudal baron of Bourne, Cambridgeshire.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joan, married William de Percy, 6th Baron Percy (1197–1245), feudal baron of Topcliffe, Yorkshire. The wardship and marriage of William de Percy, who attained his majority of 21 in 1218, son of Henry de Percy (died 1198), had been acquired by her father.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alice, his fourth daughter, married twice. Her first marriage was to Reginald de Mohun (1185–1213) feudal baron of Dunster, of Dunster Castle in Somerset, and her second to William Paynel (died 1228), feudal baron of Bampton, Devon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret (or Margery), married three times: firstly to William de la Ferté (died 1216), secondly to (died 1225), and thirdly to Geoffrey de Saye (died 1230) feudal baron of West Greenwich, Kent. Her moiety of the inheritance from her brother was subsequently annexed to the Duchy of Lancaster.

paragraph: Section::::Landholdings.

paragraph: Brewer was adept at acquiring lands, and obtained a substantial feudal barony from relatively humble beginnings. By 1219 he was assessed for scutage on over sixty knight's fees scattered over several shires.

paragraph: According to Risdon, the lands of William Brewer in Devon formed a feudal barony, but this does not appear on the list of baronies given by Pole (died 1635), nor is it recognised by Sanders (1960). Risdon stated that Brewer held close to thirty knight's fees (usually synonymous with manors) in Devon, and that his barony ("honour") was "incorporated to the crown" together with the Dukedom of Lancaster, by King Henry IV. His Devonshire landholdings included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buckland Brewer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tor Brewer, later called Tor Mohun, the inheritance of his daughter Alice, wife of Reginald de Mohun (1185–1213), and their descendants.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holsworthy, which descended to his daughter Margaret, wife of William de la Ferté (died 1216), and their descendants.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ugborough the inheritance of his daughter Alice, wife of Reginald de Mohun (1185–1213), and their descendants.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bradworthy He gave part of this manor to his foundation of Torre Abbey. The remainder was the inheritance of his daughter Alice.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolborough, which he gave to his foundation of Torre Abbey.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: William Brewer was portrayed as one of King John's enforcers in the television series "Robin of Sherwood" (Episode: The Time Of The Wolf, written by Richard Carpenter, 1985), played by John Harding. He also appeared as a minor character in Richard Kluger's 1992 novel "The Sheriff of Nottingham", and he is mentioned in Wilson Harp's 2013 novel "The Ghost of Sherwood" as the High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and the Royal Forests, but the acting sheriff in his name in the story is a fictional brother named Robert Brewer.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church, S. D., "Brewer , William (d. 1226)", "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" (Oxford University Press, 2004) accessed 11 Sept 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- , published in Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 6, 1885–1900.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dugdale, W., "The Baronage of England" (London, 1875–6), pp. 700–2

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jenkins, J.C., "Torre Abbey: Locality, Community, and Society in Medieval Devon" (DPhil Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010), pp. 37–43 accessed 26 November 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pole, Sir William (died 1635), "Collections Towards a Description of the County of Devon", Sir John-William de la Pole (ed.), London, 1791.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Risdon, Tristram (died 1640), "Survey of Devon". With considerable additions. London, 1811.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sanders, I.J. "English Baronies: A Study of their Origin and Descent 1086–1327", Oxford, 1960.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seymour, D., "Torre Abbey", (Exeter, 1977), pp. 47–52

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turner, R. V., "Men Raised From The Dust" (Philadelphia, 1988), pp. 71–90

paragraph: BULLET::::- Watkin, H. R., "A Great Devonian: William Briwer", "Devonshire Association Report and Transactions" 50 (1918), pp. 69–169

description: English judge

wikidata_label: William Brewer

wikipedia_title: William Brewer (justice)


text:
Scottish
golf
Open Championship
1889
Willie Park Jr.
Open Championship
1879
Jamie Anderson
Old Course at St Andrews
1889 Open Championship
Musselburgh Links
Willie Park, Jnr.
1891 Open Championship
Hugh
Willie Fernie
St Andrews
England–Scotland Professional Match

paragraph: Andrew Kirkaldy (golfer)

paragraph: Andrew Kirkaldy (18 March 1860 – 16 April 1934) was a Scottish professional golfer who played during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was a frequent competitor in the Open Championship, finishing in the top-10 on 14 occasions. His best finish came in 1889 when he was second. He tied for first place in the event but lost a playoff to Willie Park Jr.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Kirkaldy was born 18 March 1860 in Scotland. He was married to Annie McLeod.

paragraph: Section::::Golf career.

paragraph: In his first Open Championship in 1879, Kirkaldy finished second to Jamie Anderson at the Old Course at St Andrews. In the 1889 Open Championship at Musselburgh Links, he lost a playoff to Willie Park, Jnr. In the 1891 Open Championship his brother Hugh beat him by two shots and he finished second alongside Willie Fernie. In all, he placed in the top-10 14 times and the top-3 six times at the Open.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He died on 16 April 1934 and is buried in the Eastern Cemetery in St Andrews, south of the cathedral, near the main south-west entrance. His wife Annie McLeod Kirkaldy lies with him.

paragraph: Section::::Results in major championships.

paragraph: "Note: Kirkaldy played only in The Open Championship."

paragraph: DNP = Did not playbr

paragraph: WD = Withdrewbr

paragraph: CUT = missed the half-way cutbr

paragraph: "T" indicates a tie for a placebr

paragraph: Yellow background for top-10

paragraph: Section::::Team appearances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- England–Scotland Professional Match (representing Scotland): 1904 (tie), 1905 (tie), 1907, 1909, 1910

description: professional golfer

wikidata_label: Andrew Kirkaldy

wikipedia_title: Andrew Kirkaldy (golfer)


text: Place de la Bastille

text: Paris

text: July Column

text: Revolution of 1830

text: Place Vendôme

text: Corinthian order

text: Ambroise Tardieu

text: Elephant of the Bastille

text: howdah

text: Jean-Charles Krafft

text: Gothic Revival

text: Salisbury Cathedral

text: "Recueil..." 1812

text: "The Gothic Cathedral and Medievalism"

text: Watercolor of the elephant project

text: David d'Angers

paragraph: Jean-Antoine Alavoine

paragraph: Jean-Antoine Alavoine (4 January 1778 – 15 November 1834) was a French architect best known for his column in the Place de la Bastille, Paris (1831–1840), the July Column to memorialize those fallen in the Revolution of 1830. The column, consciously larger-scaled than the column in the Place Vendôme, has a capital freely based on the Corinthian order, with exaggerated corner volutes flanking putti holding swags, a complicated and somewhat incoherent design that found no imitators.

paragraph: However, in 1813 working with another architect, Bridan, Alavoine had designed to Napoleon's orders, under the direction of Ambroise Tardieu, a colossal elephant fountain, the Elephant of the Bastille. This monument was intended for the same Place, to be constructed with a cast-bronze skin over a framework. The statue, in a circular pool, complete with a bronze "mahout" on its shoulders, would contain a staircase by means of which visitors could admire the view from its howdah. The monument was actually erected, but in staff, a moderately weather-resistant plaster, which lasted until 1846 before it was torn down, to great local relief.

paragraph: Alavoine's hothouse for the botanical garden of M. Boursault, at Yerres, near Brunoy, was illustrated in Jean-Charles Krafft, "Recueil d'architecture civile : contenant les plans, coupes et élévations des châteaux, maisons de campagne, et habitations rurales, jardins anglais, temples, chaumières, kiosques, ponts, etc., situés, aux environs de Paris..." (Paris 1812) Plate XLVII, as well as a bridge for M. Hypolitte, in the park at Cassan (Plate XLII).

paragraph: In the early stages of the Gothic Revival in France, he produced a design for the spire of Rouen Cathedral in 1823, based upon the spire of Salisbury Cathedral (Glaser).

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chirol, Pierre, 1920. "Jean-Antoine Alavoine" (Rouen: Lainé) The only monograph.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Krafft, J.-C. "Recueil..." 1812

paragraph: BULLET::::- Glaser, Stephanie "The Gothic Cathedral and Medievalism"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Elephant of Revolutionary Oblivion" Alavoine's 1813 watercolor design for the elephant monument, Place de la Bastille.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Watercolor of the elephant project: Louvre, inv. no. 23521

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bronze portrait medallion of J.-A. Alavoine, by David d'Angers, 1833. Inscribed "Alavoine architecte".

alias:
Jean Antoine Alavoine
Le Chevalier Jean-Antoine Alavoine
Alavoine Le Chevalier

description: French architect

wikidata_label: Jean-Antoine Alavoine

wikipedia_title: Jean-Antoine Alavoine


text: Yiddish

text: rabbi

text: talmudic

text: gaon

text: Rogachov

text: Belarus

text: Hasidic

text: Chabad

text: cheder

text: Slutsk

text: Chaim Soloveitchik

text: Yosef Dov Soloveitchik (Beis Halevi)

text: Yehoshua Leib Diskin

text: Shklov

text: Dvinsk

text: non-Hasidic

text: Meir Simcha of Dvinsk

text: semikha

text: Menachem Mendel Schneerson

text: Boston

text: Zvi Olshwang

text: Chicago

text: Shimon Shkop

text: Maimonides

text: Acharonim

text: Rishonim

text: Vienna

text: Lubavitcher

text: Sholom Dovber Schneersohn

text: Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn

text: Torah values

text: Chassidus

text: Kabbalah

text: halakhic

text: Biblical Joseph

text: Pharaoh

text: Latvia

text: Bronx

text: World War II

text: Yisrael Alter Safern-Fuchs

text: Land of Israel

text: Holocaust

text: Menachem Mendel Kasher

text: Mordechai Pinchas Teitz

text: Torah study

text: Shlomo Yosef Zevin

text: responsa

text: Torah

text: Talmud

text: The Guide for the Perplexed

text: Mishneh Torah

text: Mordechai Kalina

text: Tzafnat Pane'ach Institute

categories: 1936 deaths,Authors of works on the Talmud,Hasidic rabbis in Europe,19th-century rabbis,Belarusian Orthodox rabbis,Latvian Orthodox rabbis,1858 births,20th-century rabbis

paragraph: Rogatchover Gaon

paragraph: Joseph Rosen (Yiddish: יוסף ראָזין, "Yosef Rosin"; 1858–5 March 1936) known as the Rogatchover Gaon (Exalted One of Rogachev) and Tzofnath Paneach (Decipherer of Secrets—the title of his main work), was a rabbi and one of the most prominent talmudic scholars of the early 20th-century. Rosen was known as a "gaon" (exalted one) because of his photographic memory and ability to connect sources from the Talmud to seemingly unrelated situations. Rosen has been described as the foremost Talmudic genius of his time.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Rosen was born in Rogachov, now Belarus, into a Hasidic family of Chabad Hasidim, and was educated in the local "cheder" (elementary school). His unusual capabilities were noticed at the age of 13, when he was sent to study in Slutsk along with Chaim Soloveitchik (5 years his senior), under Yosef Dov Soloveitchik (Beis Halevi). He subsequently studied under Yehoshua Leib Diskin (Maharil Diskin) in Shklov. In 1889, he assumed the rabbinate of the Hasidic community in Dvinsk for almost 50 years, where his non-Hasidic counterpart was Meir Simcha of Dvinsk. They served in parallel until the late 1920s, and enjoyed excellent relations.

paragraph: Among those who received "semikha" (Rabbinic ordination) from him were Menachem Mendel Schneerson (seventh Lubavitcher Rebbe), Mordecai Savitsky (1911-1991) of Boston, Zvi Olshwang (1873–1959?) of Chicago (brother-in-law of Shimon Shkop) and Avraham Eliyahu Plotkin (1888-1948; author of "Birurei Halachot"—a copy of the actual "semikha" is included in that work).

paragraph: The Rogachover is remembered for his breadth of Torah knowledge and caustic wit. He did not suffer inadequacy lightly. He was similarly reputed to rarely quote any rabbinic authority post-Maimonides, and avoided recent rabbinic works of the "Acharonim" in favour of the "Rishonim" (those preceding the late 15th century). His responses to queries of Jewish law are generally enigmatic and cryptic.

paragraph: Rosen died in Vienna in 1936 following unsuccessful surgery.

paragraph: Throughout his life, despite not being an official Lubavitcher Hasid, he maintained very close connections to Lubavitcher Hasidim and their Rebbes Sholom Dovber Schneersohn (Rashab) and Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn (Rayatz). After Rashab's death, he supported the decision to appoint the young Rayatz as the new Rebbe. The Rogatchover is a famous figure in Chabad-Lubavitch folklore. His name often comes up in stories told in yeshivas and during "farbrengens" (Hasidic gatherings). Stories range from self-sacrifice and dedication to Torah values despite the pressures of the Russian government, to special sensitivity to the Chassidus and Kabbalah (spiritual dimensions of the Torah) to his genius in the revealed Torah. Menachem Mendel Schneerson once quoted the Rogachover, who said that the whole of Judaism to him could be condensed into ten basic ideas, and were he to be smarter, it would be only one idea.

paragraph: Section::::Scholarship.

paragraph: The Rogatchover was a noted Talmudic scholar and published a number of his works on the Talmud and Maimonides. His main work, a commentary on Maimonides, was published during his lifetime, as were five volumes of "halakhic" (Jewish law) responsa. The remainder of his surviving writings appeared in the United States and Israel many years after his death; all are titled "Tzofnath Paneach" (Decipherer of Secrets—a title given to the Biblical Joseph by Pharaoh. His manuscripts were smuggled out of Latvia in the form of micro photographs sent via mail to the Safern family in the Bronx at the outbreak of World War II by his successor, Yisrael Alter Safern-Fuchs (1911–1942), who remained in Latvia to complete this task, and his daughter Rachel Citron, who had come to Dvinsk from the Land of Israel to help preserve her father's manuscripts. Both later died in the Holocaust. A portion of these manuscripts was edited and published by Menachem Mendel Kasher. Seven manuscripts were published by Machon Tzofnas Paneah, headed by Mordechai Pinchas Teitz. Machon Hamaor in Jerusalem is now publishing the remaining manuscripts.

paragraph: The Rogatchover's approach to Torah study is discussed in Shlomo Yosef Zevin's "Ishim v'Shitot" (Personalities and Approaches).

paragraph: The Rogatchover's works include responsa and novellae on Torah and Talmud. They are regarded as difficult and inaccessible, as he employs the philosophical terminology of Maimonides' "The Guide for the Perplexed" even in non-philosophical analyses. Kasher, therefore, included "Mefa'aneach Tzefunoth" (Decipherer of Secrets), an explanatory commentary to facilitate understanding of the Rogatchover's influential work.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: The Rogatchover authored a number of works on Jewish law, some of which were published in his lifetime.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tzafnath Paane'ach" – his "magnum opus", a two volume commentary on Maimonides's Mishneh Torah

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tzafnath Paane'ach al HaTorah " – a five volume commentary on the bible

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tzafnath Paane'ach al HaShas" – a four volume commentary on the Talmud, covering tractates "Bava Kamma", "Bava Metzia", "Makkos", "Sanhedrin", "Horayos"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tzafnath Paane'ach Responsa" – his responsa on Jewish law

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shaalos Utshuvos Tzafnath Paane'ach Hachadashos" – additional volumes responsa on Jewish law

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chibur al Moreh Nevuchim" – a commentary on "The Guide for the Perplexed", published at the end of his commentary on the bible

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Michtvei Torah" – correspondence between the Gaon and Rabbi Mordechai Kalina

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tzafnat Pane'ach Institute - organization striving to research and republish Rosen's works

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Rogatchover Gaon" by Dovber Schwartz

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schwartz, Dovber. "The Rogatchover Gaon: A Study in Abstraction". "Hakirah: The Flatbush Journal of Jewish Law and Thought".

alias:
Rogachovi
Rozin, Yosef ben Efrayim Fishel
Rogats'ovi
Razin, Yosef

description: rabbi

wikidata_label: Rogatchover Gaon

wikipedia_title: Rogatchover Gaon