text:
Sforza
Duchy of Milan
Alfonso II of Naples
Cremona
Francesco I Sforza
Duke of Milan
Bianca Maria Visconti
Muzio Sforza
Filippo Maria Visconti
Agnese del Maino
Milan
Constantine Lascaris
Pius II
Mantua
Ferdinand I of Naples
Isabella of Clermont
Ferdinand II of Naples
Joanna of Naples
Isabella of Aragon
Gian Galeazzo Sforza
Bona Sforza
Sigismund I

categories: 1484 deaths,Medieval Italian nobility,People from Cremona,15th-century Italian writers,15th-century Italian women writers,15th-century Italian people,1446 births,Duchesses of Calabria,15th-century writers,House of Sforza

paragraph: Ippolita Maria Sforza

paragraph: Ippolita Maria Sforza (18 April 1446 – 20 August 1484) was an Italian noble woman, a member of the Sforza family which ruled the Duchy of Milan from 1450 until 1535. She was the first wife of Alfonso, Duke of Calabria, who later reigned as King Alfonso II of Naples.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Ippolita was born in Cremona on 18 April 1446, the eldest daughter of Francesco I Sforza, Duke of Milan, and Bianca Maria Visconti. She had six brothers and one younger sister.

paragraph: Her paternal grandparents were Muzio Sforza, a renowned "condottiero", and Lucia di Torsano, and her maternal grandparents were Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan and Agnese del Maino, daughter of Ambrogio del Maino, a Milanese nobleman and ducal questore.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Ippolita was a very intelligent and cultured young woman. She was tutored by the Greek scholar and grammarian Constantine Lascaris, who taught her philosophy and Greek. With her brothers she was taught in a palace school. When she was 14 years old she made a Latin address to pope Pius II at the diet of Mantua, which became well known after it was circulated in manuscript.

paragraph: She composed many letters. These have been published in Italy in a single volume entitled, "The Letters of Ippolita Maria Sforza", and edited by Serena Castaldo. Previously, in 1893, in Bologna, F. Gabotto published a collection of Ippolita's letters which she had written in Naples from 1475 to 1482.

paragraph: Apart from epistolary activity, her notable writings include poetry and a Latin eulogy for her father Francesco.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: On 10 October 1465, in Milan, Ippolita, aged nineteen, married Alfonso, Duke of Calabria (4 November 1448 – 18 December 1495), the eldest son of King Ferdinand I of Naples and Isabella of Clermont, Duchess of Calabria. He would later reign briefly as King Alfonso II of Naples. Ippolita was never crowned Queen consort as her death occurred ten years before Alfonso attained the Neapolitan throne. The marriage of Alfonso and Ippolita was politically advantageous as it created a powerful alliance between the Kingdom of Naples and the Duchy of Milan, which was one of the most important of the 15th-century Italian city-states. Ippolita was Alfonso's first wife. Her initially harmonious marriage descended into rivalry and contempt; her husband Alfonso, perhaps threatened by her high level of education or disdainful of her pedigree, treated her with a lack of respect throughout the marriage.

paragraph: Together, Alfonso and Ippolita had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- King Ferdinand II of Naples (26 August 1469 – October 1496), married Joanna of Naples (15 April 1479 – 27 August 1518)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabella of Aragon, Duchess of Bari, Milan and Princess of Rossano (2 October 1470 – 11 February 1524), married her first cousin Gian Galeazzo Sforza, Duke of Milan, by whom she had issue, including Bona Sforza (13 February 1495 – 7 November 1558) Queen consort of King Sigismund I of Poland, who in her turn had six children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piero, Prince of Rossano (31 March 1472 – 17 February 1491), Lieutenant General of Apulia, died of an infection following leg surgery.

paragraph: Ippolita Maria Sforza died at Naples on 20 August 1484 at the age of thirty-eight. Her husband subsequently married his mistress of long standing, Truzia Gazzela, by whom he already had two illegitimate children, born during his marriage to Ippolita.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

description: Italian noble

wikidata_label: Ippolita Maria Sforza

wikipedia_title: Ippolita Maria Sforza


text: 2015 Pan American Games

text: softball

text: University of Tampa

text: Pan American Games

text: Toronto

text: Sonoma Stompers

text: Kelsie Whitmore

text: win

text: Pittsburg Diamonds

text: Stacy Piagno

categories: People from Sonoma, California,Pan American Games medalists in baseball,Living people,Sonoma Stompers players,American sportswomen,Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States,People from Nassau County, Florida,Female baseball players,1991 births,American baseball players,Baseball players at the 2015 Pan American Games

paragraph: Stacy Piagno

paragraph: Stacy Piagno (born March 7, 1991) is a member of the United States women's national baseball team which won a gold medal at the 2015 Pan American Games.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Piagno played college softball at the University of Tampa. On July 23, 2015, Piagno threw the first no-hitter in women’s baseball at the Pan American Games, in Toronto, defeating the Puerto Rico women's national baseball team. In June 2016, she was signed by the Sonoma Stompers of the Pacific Association of Professional Baseball Clubs. This made her and fellow Stompers teammate outfielder-pitcher Kelsie Whitmore the first women to play professional baseball as teammates since the 1950s.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Sonoma Stompers (2016–2017).

paragraph: On July 1 2016, Piagno made her professional debut vs. the San Rafael Pacifics.

paragraph: On July 15 2017, Piagno recorded a win against the Pittsburg Diamonds in her first start of the 2017 season. In doing so, she became the third woman since the 1950s to win a game in an American men's professional league.

paragraph: Piagno also had an 11 inning scoreless streak from July 15-August 19. She ended the season with a 1-0 record and a 4.20 ERA

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stacy Piagno on Team USA

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Stacy Piagno

wikipedia_title: Stacy Piagno


text:
Wädenswil
Swiss
Swiss Federal Council
Free Democratic Party of Switzerland
Department of Finance
Department of Finance
President of the Confederation
Wädenswil

wikipedia_title:
Wädenswil
Switzerland
Federal Council (Switzerland)
Free Democratic Party of Switzerland
Federal Department of Finance
Federal Department of Finance
President of the Swiss Confederation
Wädenswil

categories: 1837 births,Members of the Council of States (Switzerland),Free Democratic Party of Switzerland politicians,People from Wädenswil,Members of the National Council (Switzerland),Members of the Swiss Federal Council,Swiss Calvinist and Reformed Christians,1902 deaths,Foreign ministers of Switzerland

paragraph: Walter Hauser

paragraph: Walter Hauser (1 May 1837, Wädenswil – 22 October 1902) was a Swiss politician and member of the Swiss Federal Council (1888-1902).

paragraph: He was elected to the Federal Council on 13 December 1888 and died in office on 22 October 1902. He was affiliated to the Free Democratic Party of Switzerland.

paragraph: During his office time he held the following departments:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Military Department (1889 - 1890)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Department of Finance (1891 - 1899)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Political Department (1900)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Department of Finance (1901 - 1902)

paragraph: He was President of the Confederation twice in 1892 and 1900.

paragraph: "Walther-Hauser-Strasse" in Wädenswil is named after him.

description: member of the Swiss Federal Council

wikidata_label: Walter Hauser

wikipedia_title: Walter Hauser


text:
Arabic
Moroccan Jewish
linguist
Fez, Morocco
Cordoba
Menahem ben Saruq
Dunash ben Labrat
Hebrew grammar
Arabic
morphology
"strong," verbs
"weak" verbs
conjugation
stems
three letters
vowel
Kitab al-Af'al Dhawat Huruf al-Lin
Kitab al-Af'al Dhawat al-Mathalain
Bible
Kitab al-Tanqit
Punctuation
Kitab al-Natf
ibn Janah
Mustalhaq
Moses ibn Gikatilla
Abraham ibn Ezra
here
here

categories: Medieval Hebraists,11th-century Moroccan people,10th-century Jews,Moroccan Jews,Hebrew linguists,People from Fez, Morocco,Linguists from Morocco,945 births,Moroccan writers,1000 deaths,Jews of Al-Andalus,10th-century Moroccan people,Grammarians of Hebrew

paragraph: Judah ben David Hayyuj

paragraph: Judah ben David Hayyuj (Arabic: أبو زكريا يحيى بن داؤد حيوج Abu Zakariyya Yahya ibn Dawūd Hayyūj) was a Moroccan Jewish linguist. He is regarded as the father of scientific grammar of Hebrew language. He was born in Fez, Morocco, about 945. At an early age he went to Cordoba, where he seems to have remained till his death, which occurred about 1000 CE.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Hayyuj was a pupil of Menahem ben Saruq, whom he later helped to defend against the attacks of Dunash ben Labrat and his followers. Later in life Hayyuj developed his own theories about Hebrew grammar, and was himself obliged to step forward as an opponent of the grammatical theories of his teacher. His thorough knowledge of Arabic grammatical literature led him to apply to the Hebrew grammar the theories elaborated by Arabic grammarians, and thus to become the founder of the scientific study of that discipline. The preceding scholars had found the greatest difficulty in accounting, by the laws of Hebrew morphology, for the divergences existing between the regular, or so-called "strong," verbs and the "weak" verbs. A hopeless confusion appeared to reign here in Hebrew; and much ingenuity was spent in endeavoring to discover the principles that controlled the conjugation of the verbs. The weakness of Menahem's assertion that there are stems in Hebrew containing three letters, two letters, and one letter respectively was pointed out by Dunash; but, although the latter was on the road to a solution of the problem, it was left to Ḥayyuj to find the key.

paragraph: Section::::His works.

paragraph: Hayyuj announced that all Hebrew stems consist of three letters, and maintained that when one of those letters was a "vowel letter," such a letter could be regarded as "concealed" in diverse ways in the various verbal forms. To substantiate his theory he wrote the treatise upon which his reputation chiefly rests, the "Kitab al-Af'al Dhawat Huruf al-Lin" (The Book of Verbs Containing Weak Letters). The treatise is in three parts: the first is devoted to verbs whose first radical is a weak letter; the second to verbs whose second radical is weak; and the third to verbs whose third radical is weak. Within each division he furnishes what he considers a complete list of the verbs belonging to the class in question, enumerates various forms of the verb, and, when necessary, adds brief comments and explanations. Preceding each division the principles underlying the formation of the stems belonging to the division are systematically set forth in a series of introductory chapters.

paragraph: As a supplement to this treatise he wrote a second, which he called the "Kitab al-Af'al Dhawat al-Mathalain" (The Book of Verbs Containing Double Letters), and in which he points out the principles governing the verbs whose second and third radicals are alike. He furnishes a list of these verbs, together with their various forms occurring in the Bible. Besides the two treatises on verbs Hayyuj wrote "Kitab al-Tanqit" (The Book of Punctuation). This work, probably written before his two chief treatises, is an attempt to set forth the features underlying the Masoretic use of the vowels and of the word-tone. In this work he deals chiefly with nouns, and its purpose is more of a practical than of a theoretical character.

paragraph: A fourth work, the "Kitab al-Natf" (The Book of Extracts), is known to have been written by Hayyuj, but only a fragment, unpublished as of the beginning of the 20th century, and a few quotations by later authors have survived. This was a supplement to his two grammatical works on the verb, and in it he noted the verbs omitted by him in the former treatises. In doing this he anticipated in a measure ibn Janah's "Mustalhaq" which was devoted to this very purpose. He arranged and discussed the verbal stems in question, not alphabetically, but in the order in which they occur in the Bible.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: Hayyuj exerted an immense influence on succeeding generations. All later Hebrew grammarians up to the present day base their works on his; and the technical terms still employed in current Hebrew grammars are most of them simply translations of the Arabic terms employed by Hayyuj. His first three works were twice translated into Hebrew, first by Moses ibn Gikatilla and later by Abraham ibn Ezra. The following modern editions of his works have appeared:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ewald and Dukes, "Beiträge zur Geschichte der Aeltesten Auslegung und Spracherklärung des Alten Testaments," Stuttgart, 1844. (i. 123, ii. 155; vol. iii. contains Ibn Ezra's translation of Hayyuj; linked here).

paragraph: BULLET::::- John W. Nutt, "Two Treatises on Verbs Containing Treble and Double Letters by R. Jehuda Ḥayug of Fez: From a Hebrew Translation of the Original Arabic by R. Moses Gikatilla of Cordova; to Which Is Added the [Arabic text of the] Treatise on Punctuation by the Same Author, Translated by Aben Ezra: Edited from Bodleian MSS. with an English Translation." London and Berlin, 1870 (linked here).

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. Jastrow, Jr., "The Weak and Geminative Verbs in Hebrew by . . . Hayyug, the Arabic Text Now Published for the First Time." Leyden, 1897. (Comp. Bacher in "J. Q. R." xi. 504-514.)

paragraph: Section::::Editions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nasir Basal: "Kitāb al-Nutaf by Judah Ḥayyūj. A Critical Edition." Texts and Studies in the Hebrew Language and Related Subjects 11. Tel Aviv 2001.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- W. Bacher, "Die Grammatische Terminologie, des ... Hajjug," Vienna, 1882 (comp. with this N. Porges in "Monatsschrift, xxxii.285-288, 330-336);

paragraph: BULLET::::- W. Bacher, in Winter and Wünsche, "Die Jüdische Literatur," ii.161-169;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Israelsohn, in "R. E. J." xix.306;

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Derenbourg, ib. xix.310;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harkavy, ib. xxxi.288;

paragraph: BULLET::::- N. Porges, in "Monatsschrift," xxxiv.321;

paragraph: BULLET::::- L. Luzzatto, in "Il Vessillo Israelitico," xliv.385;

paragraph: BULLET::::- B. Drachman, "Die Stellung und Bedeutung des J. Hajjug in der Geschichte der Hebräischen Grammatik," Breslau, 1885;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morris Jastrow, Jr., "Abu Zakarijja Jahja b. Dawud Hajjug und Seine Zwei Grammatischen Schriften über die Verben mit Schwachen Buchstaben und die Verben mit Doppelbuchstaben," Giessen, 1885.

description: Moroccan linguist

wikidata_label: Judah ben David Hayyuj

wikipedia_title: Judah ben David Hayyuj


text:
American
professional wrestler
California
independent circuit
East Coast
Jersey All Pro Wrestling
Pro Wrestling Guerrilla
Chris Bosh
Scorpio Sky
Wrestling Society X
Jack Evans
Matt Classic
Pro Wrestling Guerrilla
Scorpio Sky
Scott Lost
Chris Bosh
PWG World Tag Team Championship
Joey Ryan
PWG World Championship
Kevin Steen
Battle of Los Angeles tournament
Davey Richards
Rocky Romero
Chris Bosh
El Generico
Super Dragon
The Briscoe Brothers
Alex Koslov
Chris Sabin
Kevin Steen
The Kings of Wrestling
The Motor City Machine Guns
Dragon Kid
concussion
Roderick Strong
Excalibur
MRSA
Pro Wrestling Guerrilla
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
SoCal Uncensored

categories: Masked wrestlers,Professional wrestlers from California,Living people,American male professional wrestlers

paragraph: Quicksilver (wrestler)

paragraph: Richard "Rick" Clements is a retired American professional wrestler better known by his ring name Quicksilver. He was based out of the California independent circuit, working for promotions such as Alternative Wrestling Show, Revolution Pro Wrestling, Southern California Championship Wrestling and Battle Ground Pro Wrestling but also worked for major East Coast indy promotions such as Jersey All Pro Wrestling and CZW. He is best known for his appearances with Pro Wrestling Guerrilla.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Beginning his career in Revolution Pro, Quicksilver was a graduate of its Rudos Dojo wrestling school along with Chris Bosh, Scorpio Sky, and many others. After debuting in the Fight For The Revolution Tournament in which the winner would receive a contract with the company, Quicksilver would advance all the way to the finals against Scorpio Sky ending in a time limit draw. Both men were given contracts.

paragraph: Quicksilver and Scorpio Sky would then form the team of the Aerial Xpress, or AXP for short. They had great success quickly running through all the top tag teams and becoming Southern California Tag Team of the Year in both 2003 and 2004. The Aerial Xpress won the AWS tag team titles 2 times. In late 2004 Quicksilver would win the finals of the Spirit of the Revolution Tournament defeating Phoenix Star in the finals. He would then go on to compete in the 2004 Revolution J tournament losing to partner Scorpio Sky in the finals. Soon after he defeated Scorpio Sky to become the Revolution Pro Junior Heavyweight Champion on the final Rev Pro show.

paragraph: In 2005 he would also hold the AWS Light Heavyweight Title at the same time and would lose and regain The Revolution Pro Junior title becoming the last man to ever hold the championship.

paragraph: In 2007, Quicksilver arrived in Wrestling Society X as El Hombre Blanco Enmascarado. His debut on WSX against Jack Evans ended in defeat. He was a mainstay on WSX-tra where he formed a tag team with old school wrestler Matt Classic.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (2004-2007).

paragraph: After arriving in Pro Wrestling Guerrilla, Quicksilver and tag team partner Scorpio Sky, known as the Aerial Xpress, were successful but when Scorpio Sky was sidelined due to injury, Quicksilver found himself teaming up with Chris Bosh, Quicksilver won the PWG Tag Team titles with Chris but lost them soon after.

paragraph: Quicksilver then teamed back up with Scorpio Sky with Dino Winwood as their manager to chase the PWG tag titles in 2004 and 2005. They received shots at then champions Arrogance (Scott Lost and Chris Bosh) but were unsuccessful. In the summer of 2005 they defeated Los Luchas (Zokre & Phoenix Star) to become #1 Contenders and once again were given a shot at the belts in a Masks vs. Titles match, If the Aerial Xpress lost they would be forced to remove their masks. This time they were victorious.

paragraph: The Aerial Xpress had finally won the PWG World Tag Team Championships, but their victory came at a price. During the match, Quicksilver was injured on a dive to the outside of the ring. Because of this, Sky had to wrestle most of the match alone. Despite the fact that the Aerial Xpress won, Chris Bosh, Scott Lost and Joey Ryan still unmasked Scorpio Sky. After this event Scorpio disappeared from PWG for several months, which forced the AXP to relinquish the tag team titles. With Sky gone Quicksilver changed his focus to singles competition; more specifically, the PWG World Championship In August 2005 he faced Kevin Steen for the championship but was unsuccessful. In September, Quicksilver competed in the first Battle of Los Angeles tournament, defeating Davey Richards and Rocky Romero before being defeated by Chris Bosh (who went on to win the tournament).

paragraph: In 2006 Quicksilver teamed with fellow masked wrestler El Generico to create the team known as "Cape Fear". In January they received a tag team title shot, facing Super Dragon and Davey Richards in the main event of "Crusin' for a Brusin'". The team came very close to winning the match, but could not capture the belts on this occasion. Cape Fear received a rematch in February, once again main eventing, this time at the "European Vacation - Germany" event. Once again, they were defeated. After receiving two title shots in the span of two months Cape Fear had to work their way back into title contention. Over the next few months they would face Arrogance (twice) and Los Luchas before getting a third shot at Super Dragon and Davey Richards at "All Star Weekend 3 - Night 2" in April, but they were defeated for a third time. Cape Fear would continue to team together facing teams such as The Briscoe Brothers, Alex Koslov and Ronin, Chris Sabin and Kevin Steen, The Kings of Wrestling (Chris Hero and Claudio Castagnoli), and The Motor City Machine Guns. In September Quicksilver once again competed in the Battle of Los Angeles, but was eliminated in the first round by Dragon Kid. In November Quicksilver would face Joey Ryan in a PWG World Championship match, but would lose. He would end the year on a high note, finally winning the tag team titles when he and El Generico defeated Super Dragon and B-Boy at "Passive Hostility" in December.

paragraph: After three title defenses, Cape Fear's title reign came to an end. Quicksilver suffered a class two concussion during a match with El Generico against Davey Richards and Roderick Strong at "Guitarmageddon II: Armoryageddon" on February 10, 2007. At "Album of the Year" on March 10, 2007 the titles would be vacated. Quicksilver has not wrestled since then, but has not announced his retirement.

paragraph: In 2010, it was confirmed by Excalibur during commentary on PWG's "DIO!" that Quicksilver is indeed retired.

paragraph: In 2015 Quicksilver revealed in a podcast interview he had retired due to contracting MRSA, a form of a staph infection in the match with Richards and Strong. He said the infection became so bad he nearly died and took it as a sign to move on.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alternative Wrestling Show

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- Revolution Pro Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- SoCal Uncensored

description: American professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Quicksilver

wikipedia_title: Quicksilver (wrestler)


text:
American football
running back
Denver Broncos
undrafted free agent
college football
Texas
Jersey Village High School
Houston, Texas
University of Texas
University of Oklahoma
University of Colorado
Cedric Benson
University of Arkansas
medical redshirt
NCAA
University of Southern California
2006 Alamo Bowl
NFL Draft
Denver Broncos
Mike Shanahan
Travis Henry
Green Bay Packers
Kansas City Chiefs
Arrowhead Stadium
2007 season
Kansas City Chiefs
2007 season
Denver Broncos bio

categories: Texas Longhorns football players,African-American players of American football,Living people,Players of American football from Texas,1983 births,American football running backs,Denver Broncos players

paragraph: Selvin Young

paragraph: Selvin Young (born October 1, 1983) is a former American football running back. He was signed by the Denver Broncos as an undrafted free agent in 2007. He played college football at Texas.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: A three-year starter at Jersey Village High School in Houston, Texas, Young was rated as a four-star recruit, as well as the fifth best running back in the recruiting class. He signed with the University of Texas over offers from University of Oklahoma and University of Colorado.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: As a freshman in 2002 at the University of Texas, Young returned punts and was the backup for Cedric Benson. The following year, he primarily served as the kick returner and the punt returner. As a junior, Young suffered a season-ending ankle injury during the second game of the season at the University of Arkansas. A medical redshirt was granted for the season by the NCAA. In 2005, Young was the starter for five games, including the national championship game against the University of Southern California, where he rushed for 45 yards and a touchdown, and set the key block on the famous "fourth-and-five" game-winning touchdown. He finished the season with 461 yards and 8 touchdowns. As a redshirt senior in 2006, Young was the starter for 11 of the 12 games, in a season which culminated with a 10-3 record and a win at the 2006 Alamo Bowl. He finished his career at the University of Texas with 3,060 all purpose yards and 29 touchdowns, which includes 1,713 rushing yards and 25 rushing touchdowns. In December 2006, Young graduated with a degree in liberal arts.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Young was invited to the 2007 NFL Draft combine, but was not selected in the draft. As an undrafted free agent, he signed a free agent contract with the Denver Broncos on May 1, 2007. After impressive performances in the team's exhibition games, head coach Mike Shanahan named Young the #2 running back, behind starter Travis Henry. In Young's first ever start, he notched 120 total yards from scrimmage against the Green Bay Packers, filling in for an injured Henry.

paragraph: Young recorded his first career 100-yard rushing game and first career rushing touchdown on November 11, 2007, in an away game against the Kansas City Chiefs. He rushed for 109 yards on 20 attempts. His touchdown run was a 20-yarder in the third quarter of the game. The Broncos won, 27-11, which was their first victory at Arrowhead Stadium since 2002. His two best games of the 2007 season were against the Kansas City Chiefs, when he rushed for over 100 yards and over 5 yards a carry in both contests. Both games were coincidentally the only 100 yard games he had in the 2007 season.

paragraph: Young finished the 2007 season playing 15 games (8 starts), with 729 rushing yards on 140 attempts (5.2 rushing average) and 1 rushing touchdown.

paragraph: On April 30, 2009, Young was waived by the Broncos.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Denver Broncos bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Selvin Young

wikipedia_title: Selvin Young


text:
Nara
Tsutsui Junkei

paragraph: Tsutsui Junshō

paragraph: Junshō's death was kept secret for three years. A blind monk from Nara named Mokuami, whose physical appearance resembled Junshō, was used as a puppet to conceal his death. Meanwhile, Junshō's son Tsutsui Junkei has grown up and took his father's position. Mokuami, who has no value any more, was sent back to Nara as an ordinary priest.

alias:
Tsutsui Junsho
Tsutsui Junshou

description: Japanese Daimyo

wikidata_label: Tsutsui Junshō

wikipedia_title: Tsutsui Junshō


text: Cyrenaica

text: Battiad dynasty

text: Battus I

text: Cyrene

text: Cretan

text: Therean

text: Herodotus

text: Battus II

text: Critola

text: List of Kings of Cyrene

text: Cyrene

text: Cyrenaica

text: Google Books

text: Cyrene

categories: 6th-century BC Greek people,583 BC deaths,7th-century BC Greek people,6th-century BC rulers,Kings of Cyrene

paragraph: Arcesilaus I of Cyrene

paragraph: Arcesilaus I of Cyrene (; flourished late 7th and early 6th centuries BC), also spelled Arkesilaos I, was the second Greek king of Cyrenaica and the second king of the Battiad dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry.

paragraph: Arcesilaus was the son of Battus I, the first king of Cyrenaica and Cyrene. Arcesilaus’ paternal grandparents were the Cretan Princess Phronima and the distinguished Therean nobleman called Polymnestus.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Very little is known on the life and reign of Arcesilaus. He succeeded to the throne after the death of his father in 600 BC. Herodotus says that the number of people in Cyrene during his reign remained equal to the original number of settlers under Battus. Arcesilaus died in 583 BC and was buried near his father.

paragraph: Section::::Offspring.

paragraph: His son, Battus II, succeeded him. Arcesilaus also had a daughter called Critola.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Kings of Cyrene

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cyrene

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cyrenaica

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herodotus, "The Histories", Book 4.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology at Google Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cyrene in A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, by William Smith (1873)

wikidata_label: Arcesilaus I of Cyrene

wikipedia_title: Arcesilaus I of Cyrene


text:
Mödling
Lower Austria
Austria
Brighton, Michigan
United States
House of Habsburg
Archduke Anton of Austria
Princess Ileana of Romania
Romania
Bran, Braşov
Michael of Romania
Switzerland
Argentina
United States
Malvern Preparatory School
MIT
General Motors
Detroit
Michigan
morganatically
Milton, Massachusetts
Boston
Detroit
Detroit
Detroit
Detroit

categories: Austrian princes,1932 births,1998 deaths,People from Mödling,House of Habsburg-Lorraine

paragraph: Archduke Stefan of Austria

paragraph: Archduke Stefan of Austria, Prince of Tuscany () (15 August 1932 in Mödling, Lower Austria, Austria – 12 November 1998 in Brighton, Michigan, United States) was a member of the House of Habsburg an Archduke and Prince of Tuscany by birth. Stefan was the eldest child and son of Archduke Anton of Austria and his wife Princess Ileana of Romania.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Stefan was baptised with the name of Stefan von Habsburg-Lothringen. He was born in Mödling, Austria and spent the first years of his childhood in Castle Sonnberg, Austria. In 1942, he moved with his parents and four sisters and brother to Romania. While there, Stefan's parents made their residence at Bran, Braşov. After his 1st cousin, Michael of Romania, was forced to abdicate and expelled by the Communist regime late in 1947, Stefan left the country with his parents. Stefan then lived first in Switzerland, then in Argentina, and then finally in the United States. He was naturalized as a United States citizen. He was a graduate from Malvern Preparatory School and MIT. He established a division for advanced research at General Motors in Detroit, Michigan. He is buried at St. Wenceslaus in Suttons Bay, Michigan.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Stefan married morganatically to Mary Jerrine Soper (born 19 June 1931 in Boston, daughter of Charles B. Soper and wife Agnes McNeil; died 14 July 2015 in Farmington Hills, MI) on 26 August 1954 at St. Elizabeth's Church in Milton, Massachusetts. Stefan and Jerrine had five children together:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christopher Habsburg-Lothringen (born 26 January 1957 in Faulkner Hospital, Boston)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ileana Habsburg-Lothringen (born 4 January 1958 in Detroit)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Habsburg-Lothringen (born 19 February 1959 in Detroit)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Constanza Habsburg-Lothringen (born 2 October 1960 in Detroit)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anton Habsburg-Lothringen (born 7 November 1964 in Detroit)

paragraph: Section::::Title and style.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 15 August 1932 – 12 November 1998: "His Imperial and Royal Highness" Archduke Stefan of Austria, Prince of Tuscany

description: Austrian noble

wikidata_label: Archduke Stefan of Austria

wikipedia_title: Archduke Stefan of Austria


text:
Indian agent
Black Hawk War
Dixon's Ferry
Fort Armstrong
St. Vrain massacre
Ceran St. Vrain
Bent Brothers
Bent's Fort
La Junta
Otero County, Colorado
St. Louis, Missouri
Kaskaskia, Illinois
sawmill
Thomas Forsyth
United States government
Indian Agent
Sauk
Fox
Rock Island, Illinois
William Clark
William Clark
Elias Kent Kane
Black Hawk War
Fort Armstrong
Dixon's Ferry
Dixon, Illinois
Galena
Henry Atkinson
Massacre
Ho-Chunk
Henry Dodge
George Wallace Jones
scalped
Kellogg's Grove
land grant
Kellogg's Grove
Warrior (steamboat)
William Clark papers
Kansas Historical Society

categories: 1799 births,American people of the Black Hawk War,American people of French descent,1832 deaths,People from St. Louis,People from Kaskaskia, Illinois

paragraph: Felix St. Vrain

paragraph: Felix St. Vrain, born Felix August Antoine St. Vrain (March 23, 1799–May 24, 1832), was an American United States Indian agent who was killed by Native Americans during the Black Hawk War. St. Vrain died along with three companions while on a mission to deliver dispatches from Dixon's Ferry to Fort Armstrong, both in Illinois. The incident has become known as the St. Vrain massacre.

paragraph: He was the brother of Ceran St. Vrain, a St. Louis fur trader who was the partner of the Bent Brothers. Together they established Bent's Fort, the only privately held fort in the west. It is located at what is now La Junta, Otero County, Colorado.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Felix St. Vrain was born in St. Louis, Missouri, a son of Jacques DeHault Delassus de St. Vrain, a French aristocrat, who had immigrated to escape the violence of the French Revolution. His mother was an ethnic French woman from St. Louis.

paragraph: St. Vrain married Marie Pauline Gregoire in 1822, and eight years later settled in Kaskaskia, Illinois, a former French colonial city in the 18th century. Operating a sawmill in Kaskaskia, St. Vrain was 31 years old when he was appointed to replace Thomas Forsyth as a US Indian agent.

paragraph: Section::::U.S. Indian agent.

paragraph: St. Vrain started working for the United States government as an Indian Agent in 1830. He was assigned to the Sauk and Fox nations around Rock Island, Illinois during William Clark's tenure as superintendent of the St. Louis Indian Agency. St. Vrain was appointed while Forsyth continued to criticize William Clark's administration. St. Vrain had almost no experience dealing with Indians but, as a member of a politically important St. Louis-French family, he had connections to U.S. Senator Elias Kent Kane. Kane was a close acquaintance of William Clark and recommended St. Vrain for the appointment.

paragraph: Section::::Black Hawk War and St. Vrain Massacre.

paragraph: When the Black Hawk War began, St. Vrain was stationed at Fort Armstrong. The story circulated upon his death by Governor John Reynolds was that St. Vrain was keenly in tune with Indian culture and was treacherously murdered by a chief who had adopted him as a brother, even naming him Little Bear. This story is almost certainly not true.

paragraph: While on a mission to deliver dispatches, from Dixon's Ferry, present-day Dixon, Illinois to Galena, under the command of General Henry Atkinson, Felix St. Vrain was killed, along with three other members of his party, on May 24, 1832. This incident was later known by Americans as the "St. Vrain Massacre". The St. Vrain party were most likely attacked by a band of pro-Sauk Ho-Chunk warriors, though sources disagree over the attackers' tribe.

paragraph: St. Vrain and the other victims were buried by a detachment of soldiers under Colonel Henry Dodge. One account of the massacre, from Gen. George Wallace Jones (St. Vrain's brother-in-law and the man who identified his body), claimed the attackers scalped all of the dead men, and cut off the hands, head and feet of St. Vrain. They removed his heart, which they ate as part of their post-battle ritual to take on power of the enemy. The four men were buried in Kellogg's Grove. In 1834 (either January 6 or March 24) the U.S. Congress passed a bill to provided financial aid to St. Vrain's family. They made a 640-acre land grant to his wife in the state of Missouri.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kellogg's Grove

paragraph: BULLET::::- Warrior (steamboat)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "William Clark papers" (Keyword search, St. Vrain) "Kansas Historical Society" accessed January 22, 2011.

description: United States Indian agent

wikidata_label: Felix St. Vrain

wikipedia_title: Felix St. Vrain


text:
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categories: Louisiana Creole people,American comic strip cartoonists,American comics creators,American surrealist artists,1944 deaths,American comics artists,African-American comics creators,Hearst Communications people,Artists from New Orleans,1880 births,Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame inductees

paragraph: George Herriman

paragraph: George Joseph Herriman (August 22, 1880 – April 25, 1944) was an American cartoonist best known for the comic strip "Krazy Kat" (1913–1944). More influential than popular, "Krazy Kat" had an appreciative audience among those in the arts. Gilbert Seldes' article "The Krazy Kat Who Walks by Himself" was the earliest example of a critic from the high arts giving serious attention to a comic strip. "The Comics Journal" placed the strip first on its list of the greatest comics of the 20th century. Herriman's work has been a primary influence on cartoonists such as Will Eisner, Charles M. Schulz, Robert Crumb, Art Spiegelman, Bill Watterson, and Chris Ware.

paragraph: Herriman was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, to mixed-race Creole parents, and grew up in Los Angeles. After he graduated from high school in 1897, he worked in the newspaper industry as an illustrator and engraver. He moved on to cartooning and comic strips—a medium then in its infancy—and drew a variety of strips until he introduced his most famous character, Krazy Kat, in his strip "The Dingbat Family" in 1910. A "Krazy Kat" daily strip began in 1913, and from 1916 the strip also appeared on Sundays. It was noted for its poetic, dialect-heavy dialogue; its fantastic, shifting backgrounds; and its bold, experimental page layouts.

paragraph: In the strip's main motif and dynamic, Ignatz Mouse pelted Krazy with bricks, which the naïve, androgynous Kat interpreted as symbols of love. As the strip progressed, a love triangle developed between Krazy, Ignatz, and Offisa Pupp. Pupp made it his mission to prevent Ignatz from throwing bricks at Krazy, or to jail him for having done so, but his efforts were perpetually impeded because Krazy wished to be struck by Ignatz's bricks.

paragraph: Herriman lived most of his life in Los Angeles, but made frequent trips to the Navajo deserts in the southwestern U.S. He was drawn to the landscapes of Monument Valley and the Enchanted Mesa, and made Coconino County the location of his "Krazy Kat" strips. His artwork made much use of Navajo and Mexican themes and motifs against shifting desert backgrounds. He was a prolific cartoonist who produced a large number of strips and illustrated Don Marquis's books of poetry about "Archy and Mehitabel", an alley cat and a cockroach. Newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst was a proponent of Herriman and gave him a lifetime contract with King Features Syndicate, which guaranteed Herriman a comfortable living and an outlet for his work despite its lack of popularity.

paragraph: Section::::Personal history.

paragraph: Section::::Personal history.:1880–1900: Early life.

paragraph: George Joseph Herriman was born at 348 Villere Street in New Orleans on August 22, 1880. He came from a line of French-speaking Louisiana Creole mulattoes who were considered free people of color, and were reportedly active in the early abolitionist movement. His , owned a tailor shop on Royal Street in New Orleans. His maternal grandmother was born in Havana, Cuba. His parents were (1850–1923), born in New Orleans, and Clara Morel Herriman (1857–1911), born in Iberville. The family attended the St. Augustine Catholic Church in New Orleans' Tremé neighborhood.

paragraph: When he was ten, Herriman and his family moved to Los Angeles, where he grew up south of downtown near Main Street and Washington Boulevard. His father worked there as a tailor. Herriman attended the Catholic boys' school St. Vincent's College (now Loyola High School). Soon after graduating in 1897, he sold a sketch of the Hotel Petrolia in Santa Paula to the "Los Angeles Herald". This landed him a $2-per-week job there as an assistant in the engraving department, where he occasionally did drawings for advertisements and political cartoons.

paragraph: Section::::Personal history.:1900–1905: Early career in New York.

paragraph: When he was 20, Herriman sneaked aboard a freight train bound for New York City, hoping his chances as an artist would be better there. He was unsuccessful at first, and survived by working as a barker and billboard painter at Coney Island, until one of the leading humor magazines of the day, "Judge", accepted some of his cartoons. Between June 15 and October 26, 1901, eleven of his cartoons appeared in that magazine's pages, in the heavily crosshatched style of the day. He often used sequential images in his cartoons, as in the emerging comic strip medium. On September 29 that year, his first real comic strips were published, one in the Pulitzer chain of newspapers on a non-contractual, one-shot basis and another on a continuing basis in the Philadelphia North American Syndicate's first comic strip supplement. His first color comic strips appeared in the T. C. McClure Syndicate beginning October 20.

paragraph: His success with these syndicated strips convinced Herriman to give up on magazine submissions. For the Pulitzer papers on February 16, 1902, he began his first strip that had a continuing character, "Musical Mose". The strip featured an African-American musician who impersonated other ethnicities, only to suffer the consequences when discovered by his audience. "Professor Otto and his Auto", about a terrifyingly dangerous driver, followed in March, and "Acrobatic Archie", a "kid strip" with a child protagonist, first appeared in April. With his future as a cartoonist seemingly assured, Herriman traveled back to Los Angeles to marry his childhood sweetheart and returned with her to New York.

paragraph: In the November 1902 issue of the literary magazine "The Bookman" Herriman wrote of his profession self-deprecatingly, while poet La Touche Hancock, in an article in that issue titled "The American Comic and Caricature Art", wrote, "Art and poetry is the characteristic of George Herriman. Were his drawings not so well known one would think he had mistaken his vocation." Herriman's work was increasing in popularity, and he occasionally had front-page, full-color strips for the Pulitzer supplements, such as "Two Jolly Jackies" about two unemployed sailors, which began in January 1903. He began drawing the cowboy strip "Lariat Pete" in September for the McClure syndicate after "Two Jolly Jackies" was ended.

paragraph: In June, Herriman was employed by the "New York World". There, he illustrated Roy McCardell's commentaries on local events, beginning June 28 and running to the year's end. Herriman still produced syndicate work, such as "Major Ozone's Fresh Air Crusade" for the World Color Printing Company beginning January 2, 1904. Another of Herriman's obsessive characters, the Major traveled the world in an unsuccessful search for the purest air and spouted poetic dialogue. "Major Ozone" was so popular that it soon was given the supplement's front page. The same month, Herriman moved from the "World" to the "New York Daily News", where he was given a larger quantity and variety of work, including cartoon reporting on sports and politics. In February and March, he had a short-lived continuing character comic strip about domestic life called "Home Sweet Home". That spring, he began illustrating a series of articles written by Walter Murphy called "Bubblespikers".

paragraph: Rudolph Block hired Herriman for the Hearst papers with "a salary commensurate with his talents", starting April 22 at the "New York American", which ran no daily comic strips at the time. Herriman drew sports cartoons in an office alongside Frederick Burr Opper, James Swinnerton, and Tad Dorgan, who was popularly known as "Tad" and was considered a star at another Hearst paper, the "New York Evening Journal". Tad and Herriman were often assigned to cover the same sporting events and became close friends. In 1924, Tad called Herriman "one of the best sporting artists in the world" and regretted that Herriman no longer did that kind of work. Herriman continued with Hearst until June 1905, when he left the paper, possibly because of the new sports editor's unsympathetic attitude to cartoonists. He returned to Los Angeles in the latter half of 1905.

paragraph: Section::::Personal history.:1905–1910: Return to California.

paragraph: In California, Herriman continued to mail in work to the World Color Printing Company. He revived "Major Ozone" and produced "Grandma's Girl—Likewise Bud Smith", which he combined from two earlier strips, and a two-tiered children's strip, "Rosy Posy—Mama's Girl". He began to work with the "Los Angeles Times" on January 8, 1906, before returning to Hearst that summer. Accompanying a front-page illustration in Hearst's "Los Angeles Examiner", Herriman was announced as "the "Examiner"s cartoonist" on August 21. His artwork began to appear on nearly every page, resulting in greatly increased sales for the newspaper. In October, he stopped working for World Color.

paragraph: Following the success of Bud Fisher's daily strip "A. Mutt", which debuted in late 1907, Herriman began a similarly sports-themed daily strip starting December 10th called "Mr. Proones the Plunger". The strip was not as successful as Fisher's, and it ceased to appear after December 26. His next comic strip, "Baron Mooch", starring the titular freeloader, debuted in the "Examiner" on October 12, 1909. Herriman began two more strips in November 1909 with the World Color Printing Company—"Alexander the Cat" and "Daniel and Pansy", which both appeared in color. "Daniel and Pansy" was Herriman's first strip to feature an all-animal cast. This was followed in the "Examiner" on December 20 by the short-lived "Mary's Home from College", a precursor to the "girl strips" such as Cliff Sterrett's "Polly and Her Pals" and John Held Jr.'s "Merely Margie", and on December 23 by "Gooseberry Sprig", about an aristocratic, cigar-smoking duck who had previously and popularly appeared in Herriman's sports cartoons. The bird-populated fantasy was a precursor to "Krazy Kat", and many of its characters reappeared in the later strip.

paragraph: Section::::Personal history.:1910–1922: New York again, and "Krazy Kat".

paragraph: In 1910, the sports editor of the "New York Evening Journal" called Herriman back to New York to cover for Tad Dorgan who was in San Francisco covering the "Fight of the Century" between Jack Johnson and Jim Jeffries. Six days after arriving in New York, Herriman began "The Dingbat Family", starring E. Pluribus Dingbat and his family. Herriman used typed lettering on the strip on July 26, 1910, but quickly went back to hand-lettering. On August 10, 1910, Herriman retitled the strip "The Family Upstairs". The original title return after the strip of November 15, 1911, when the Dingbats' building was demolished to make room for a department store and they and their upstairs nemeses parted paths.

paragraph: Critics do not regard the strip highly, but it provided the vehicle for a fruitful situation: in the July 26 episode, a mouse threw a brick at the family cat—called "Kat"—which hit the cat on the head. The antics of this mouse and "Kat" continued to appear in the bottom portion of "The Dingbat Family". Herriman said he did this "to fill up the waste space". About a month after its first appearance, the "Kat" crept up on the sleeping mouse and kissed it loudly. The mouse awoke saying, "I dreamed an angel kissed me", while the "Kat" crept away and said, "Sweet thing".

paragraph: The gender of "Kat" was unclear from the start. Herriman experimented with a decision about the character's gender, but it remained ambiguous and he would refer to "Kat" as "he" or "she" as he saw fit. Herriman incorporated unusual details into the mini-strip's backgrounds—cacti, pagodas, fanciful vegetation, or anything else that struck his fancy; this became a signature of the later "Krazy Kat" strip. The cast grew and soon included the mainstay character Bull Pupp and characters from the "Gooseberry Sprigg" strip. The strip's characters, relations and situations grew organically during its lifetime, encouraged by Herriman's colleagues.

paragraph: The cat-and-mouse substrip was gaining in popularity; instead of filling up space in the bottom of "The Dingbat Family"s panels, it began to occupy a tier of panels of its own. In July 1912, while Herriman had the Dingbats on vacation, Krazy Kat and Ignatz Mouse took over the strip, which was retitled "Krazy Kat and I. Mouse" for the duration. On October 28, 1913, "Krazy Kat" debuted as an independent strip on the daily comics page.

paragraph: During the first few years of publication, "Krazy Kat"s humor changed from slapstick to a more vaudevillian kind. The shifting backgrounds became increasingly bizarre, presaging things to come. The strip expanded to a full-page black-and-white Sunday strip on April 23, 1916. Herriman made full use of his imagination and used the whole page in the strip's layout. The strips were unlike anything else on the comics page; spontaneous, formally daring, yet impeccably composed.

paragraph: Herriman visited Monument Valley in Arizona and similar places in New Mexico and southern Utah, and incorporated the distinct forms of the desert landscape into his strips. The Enchanted Mesa of New Mexico first appeared in "Krazy Kat" in the summer of 1916. Herriman may have visited after reading an article by Theodore Roosevelt in 1913, but he may have gone earlier—the desert Coconino County, Arizona, that became the backdrop to "Krazy Kat" was first mentioned in a 1911 "The Dingbat Family" strip, though the real Coconino County was located further southwest than Herriman's fanciful version.

paragraph: "The Dingbat Family" finished in 1916 and was replaced by "Baron Bean"s debut the next day. The strip's title character, The Baron, was an impoverished English nobleman, a tramp inspired by Charles Dickens and Charlie Chaplin. He and his valet Grimes would plot ways to get by. Herriman later introduced the main characters' wives, and after a run as a domestic strip, with occasional appearances of characters from Krazy Kat's world, it ended in January 1919. It was replaced the next day by "Now Listen Mabel", which was about a young man courting a young woman; he would be caught in a compromising situation, which he would try to explain away with "Now listen Mabel ..." The strip lasted until that December.

paragraph: "Krazy Kat" gained an appreciative audience in the world of the arts. The character debuted in film in 1916. The first animated films starring a cat were produced by Hearst's International Film Service, though without Herriman's direct involvement. In 1922, Adolph Bolm choreographed a jazz-pantomime "Krazy Kat" ballet written by John Alden Carpenter. It was first performed in New York in 1922 by Ballet Intime, and Herriman illustrated the libretto and designed the costumes and scenario. While it was not a great success, the critics Deems Taylor, Stark Young and Henrietta Straus wrote favorably about it. The strip itself was the subject of an article by literary critic Gilbert Seldes called "Golla, Golla the Comic Strip's Art", which appeared in the May 1922 issue of "Vanity Fair". Seldes expanded this article as part of his book on the popular arts, "The Seven Lively Arts" (1924), in which Seldes argued against conservative tendencies that excluded artists in the popular arts, such as Herriman and Chaplin, from being considered alongside traditional artists. "Krazy Kat" was the subject of a chapter entitled "The Krazy Kat That Walks by Himself", which is the most famous piece of writing about the strip and the earliest example of a critic from the world of high art giving legitimacy to the comic strip medium. "Vanity Fair" inducted Herriman into its Hall of Fame in the April 1923 issue.

paragraph: Section::::Personal history.:1922–1944: California again, later career and death.

paragraph: Hearst, an admirer of "Krazy Kat", had given Herriman a lifetime contract with his company King Features Syndicate, which gave Herriman the security to live anywhere he wanted. In 1922, he moved back to Hollywood, into a two-story Spanish-style home at 1617 North Sierra Bonita, from where he made frequent visits to the Arizona desert. Herriman developed ties with members of the film industry; he knew Hal Roach Studio members Tom McNamara and "Beanie" Walker from their newspaper days. Walker, Herriman's best friend, was the head writer on the "Our Gang" shorts. In the early 1920s, Herriman occasionally drew his strips at the Roach Studio. He met celebrities, including Will Rogers and Frank Capra, and presented them with hand-colored drawings. He loved Charlie Chaplin's films, and reviewed "The Gold Rush" in the magazine "Motion Picture Classics" in October 1925.

paragraph: Autumn 1922 saw the first daily installment of "Stumble Inn", the first non-"Krazy Kat" strip Herriman had drawn since 1919. A verbose strip whose Sundays were often overrun with prose, its lead characters were Uriah and Ida Stumble, who rented rooms to an assortment of strange characters. The daily strip was short-lived, but the Sundays edition lasted three years.

paragraph: From August 1925 until September 1929, King Features required that Herriman design the "Krazy Kat" Sundays so that they could be run either as a full Sunday page or as two four-panel dailies. Herriman lamented intrusion on his page designs, and the artwork of the period took on a rushed look. He was made to focus on the strip's characterization, and during this period, the Krazy—Ignatz—Offisa Pupp love triangle for which the strip is remembered became fully developed. Pupp pined for Krazy, Krazy loved Ignatz, and Ignatz hated Krazy and pelted the annoying "Kat" with a brick, and Pupp imprisoned Ignatz.

paragraph: Throughout the late 1920s, Herriman made frequent trips to Kayenta, Arizona, in Navajo country about from Monument Valley. He also made winter trips to Mexico. The desert, Navajo artwork, and Mexican pottery and architecture became more prominent in Herriman's strips, and he sometimes used Spanish vocabulary in the dialogue. Herriman did little work on these excursions, and it is likely that he drew his strips in hurried bursts when in Hollywood.

paragraph: "Stumble Inn" finished in late 1925, and it was replaced with the domestic strip "Us Husbands" (with "Mistakes Will Happen" as a "topper" strip), which ran until the end of that year. In 1928, Herriman took over the strip "Embarrassing Moments", which had begun in 1922 and had been drawn by several cartoonists. The strip eventually became "Bernie Burns", in which embarrassing moments would happen to the title character. The strip appeared in few papers, and after it ended in 1932, Herriman worked only on "Krazy Kat", although he provided illustrations for Don Marquis' popular "Archy and Mehitabel", a series of books of poetry about a cat and a cockroach.

paragraph: In 1930, Herriman sold his first Hollywood home to a friend and moved his family to 2217 Maravilla Drive, a Spanish-style mansion atop a hill. It was adorned with paintings of Southwest and Native themes, and had a Mexican-style garden paved with flagstones and decorated with painted pots and tropical plants. Herriman later bought the lot across the street and turned it into a public park.

paragraph: The 1930s were a period of tragedy for Herriman. On September 29, 1931, his wife Mabel died after an automobile accident, and in 1939, his youngest daughter Bobbie died unexpectedly at 30. After his wife's death, Herriman never remarried and lived in Los Angeles with his cats and dogs. He developed a close relationship with cartoonist James Swinnerton's first wife Louise, with whom he frequently exchanged letters. Herriman underwent a kidney operation in spring 1938, and during his ten-week convalescence King Features reran old "Krazy Kat" strips.

paragraph: "Krazy Kat"s popularity fell considerably over the years, and by the 1930s it was running in only thirty-five newspapers, while its contemporaries such as "Bringing Up Father" were reportedly running in up to a thousand. Herriman realized his $750-per-week salary from Hearst's King Features Syndicate was far more than the revenue the strip could be generating, but Hearst refused Herriman's offer to take a pay cut. Hearst let it be known that Herriman was to continue the strip as long as he liked. From 1935, "Krazy Kat" appeared in color, of which Herriman made bold use. He reduced the amount of hatchwork and used larger, more open panels.

paragraph: Herriman died in his sleep in his home near Hollywood on April 25, 1944, after a long illness. An incompletely inked penciling of a week's worth of daily strips was found on his drawing board. On his death certificate, the cause of death was listed as "non-alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver", and despite his mixed-race heritage, he was listed as "caucasian". The "New York Journal-American" ran a front-page obituary. His funeral at Little Church of Flowers at Forest Lawn Memorial Park was attended by few. Cartoonist Harry Hershfield spoke at the funeral, saying, "If ever there was a saint on earth, it was George Herriman". According to his request, his body was cremated and his remains were scattered over Monument Valley.

paragraph: On June 25, 1944, two months after Herriman's death, the last of his completed "Krazy Kat" strips, a full-page Sunday, was printed. At the time, Hearst usually engaged new cartoonists when the artists of popular strips quit or died, but he made an exception for Herriman, as he felt that no one could take his place.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Herriman was described as self-deprecatingly modest, and he disliked being photographed. The "New York Journal-American"s obituary described him as a devoted husband and father, of slight build, mild-mannered and an anonymous contributor to charities. He was generous to his friends, and sold his first Hollywood house, which he had bought for $50,000, to a friend for $40,000. Though a private person, he was said to be an entertaining host to his friends. He would sometimes stay silent during social occasions and would often leave the room to wash dishes, which he said he enjoyed as it gave him the opportunity to think. His favorite game was poker, which he particularly enjoyed playing with his fellow cartoonists.

paragraph: Herriman had a great love of animals, and had a large number of dogs and cats; he had five dogs and thirteen cats in 1934. He usually kept to a vegetarian diet, except when it made him feel too weak, and he refused to ride horses. He so admired Henry Ford's pacifist stance that he would only buy Ford automobiles. He purchased a new model annually.

paragraph: Herriman married his childhood sweetheart Mabel Lillian Bridge in Los Angeles on July 7, 1902. They had two daughters: Mabel (b. 1903), nicknamed "Toodles", later "Toots") and Barbara (b. 1909), nicknamed "Bobbie", who had epilepsy.

paragraph: Section::::Race and identity.

paragraph: Herriman was born to mixed-race parents, and his birth certificate lists Herriman as "colored". In the post- "Plessy v. Ferguson" U.S., in which "separate but equal" racial segregation was enshrined, people of mixed race had to choose to identify themselves as either black or white. Herriman seems to have identified himself as white. According to comics academic Jeet Heer, his early work is "replete with black caricatures", such as "Musical Mose", in which the lead character, an African-American musician, wishes his "color would fade". Racial ambivalence crept into "Krazy Kat", such as on two occasions where Krazy's black fur was dyed white. Ignatz falls in love with the whitened Krazy, only to return to hatred and brick-throwing when the truth is revealed. Similarly, in an oft-repeated joke, Ignatz would accidentally become covered with coal dust and would be spurned by the normally love-struck Krazy. In one such episode, a brick thrown by the blackened Ignatz hits Krazy, who declares, "A lil Eetiopium Mice, black like a month from midnights. Fuwi!" Once Ignatz reverts to his white self, Krazy loves him again.

paragraph: Herriman's ethnic heritage was unknown to his colleagues. Fellow cartoonist Tad Dorgan nicknamed him "the Greek", a label which stuck and was taken up by his biographers and the press, who called him the son of a Greek baker. At other times, he was identified as French, Irish, and Turkish. He told a friend that he was Creole, and speculated that he may have "Negro blood" in him, as he had "kinky hair". The friend said that Herriman wore a hat to hide his hair, which may have been an attempt to pass as white. Herriman said that he dreamed of being reborn a Navajo. On his death certificate, he was listed as "Caucasian", and his daughter Mabel had his father's birthplace listed as Paris and his mother's as Alsace-Lorraine.

paragraph: Sociologist Arthur Asa Berger made Herriman's mixed-race heritage known in 1971. While researching for Herriman's entry for the "Dictionary of American Biography", Berger discovered the cartoonist's race was listed as "colored" on his birth certificate obtained from the New Orleans Board of Health. The 1880 census for New Orleans listed his parents as "mulatto". On reading this, African-American poet Ishmael Reed dedicated his 1972 novel "Mumbo Jumbo" to "George Herriman, Afro-American, who created Krazy Kat". Herriman came to be identified as Black or Creole in comics literature, including his first book-length biography, "Krazy Kat: The Comic Art of George Herriman" (1986), while the "Greek" label stuck with some biographers, and was used by Bill Blackbeard in his introductions to the "Krazy and Ignatz" volumes in the early 2000s. Later research at the New Orleans Public Library by cartoonist Brian Nelson showed that Herriman's maternal grandmother was born in Havana, Cuba, that all his relatives were listed as "mulatto" on the 1890 census, and that Herriman may also have had Spanish or Native American ancestry.

paragraph: Section::::Reception and legacy.

paragraph: "Krazy Kat" was popular with intellectuals, artists and critics, and in the 1920s Herriman's modernist touches received praise. In 1921, composer John Alden Carpenter, who had long been an admirer of Herriman's work, approached him to collaborate on a "Krazy Kat" ballet. President Woodrow Wilson refused to miss any installment of "Krazy Kat", and would take it into cabinet meetings.

paragraph: Writer E. B. White praised Herriman's illustrations for "Archy and Mehitabel". Cartoonist Edward Sorel wrote that "Krazy Kat"s lack of popularity later in its run was largely due to Hearst's editorial policies, in that the "lowbrow" readership at whom he aimed his papers was unlikely to appreciate Herriman's style of work, though Hearst personally championed the strip. Following Herriman's death, the strip was discontinued, unlike most popular strips which were continued by other cartoonists after their creators' deaths. His stature was such that decades after his death, his work was displayed in art galleries.

paragraph: Critics found Herriman's work difficult to classify and contextualize; Seldes, , and writers Adam Gopnik and Robert Warshow were among critics who tempered their enthusiasm for the strip with qualifications about its perceived naïveté and its "lowbrow" origins on the comic strip page.

paragraph: The strip has had a lasting influence on a large number of cartoonists. "Mutts" creator Patrick McDonnell calls "Krazy Kat" one of his foremost influences, and is co-author of "Krazy Kat: The Comic Art of George Herriman" (1986). Will Eisner discovered Herriman's comics when he was selling newspapers in the 1930s and called "Krazy Kat" "the big strong influence" on his own work. Art Spiegelman called Herriman one of his "conscious influences". Herriman's widespread influence on American , particularly his shape-shifting, psychedelic backgrounds, lack of respect for convention and his irreverence, is evident in the work of Robert Crumb, Denis Kitchen, and Bobby London. Journalist Paul Krassner called Crumb "the illegitimate offspring of "Krazy Kat"". Cartoonist Chris Ware was so taken with Herriman's work he made a pilgrimage to Monument Valley to see the desert landscapes that inspired much of Herriman's art.

paragraph: "Krazy Kat" was a primary influence on other cartoonists such as Charles M. Schulz of "Peanuts", Bill Watterson of "Calvin and Hobbes", and the Italian Massimo Mattioli. Walt Kelly paid homage to Herriman in some of his "Pogo" strips. Dr. Seuss expressed fondness for "Krazy Kat", and children's literature scholar Philip Nel has detected Herriman's influence in Seuss's works, especially in his zig-zagging, Coconino County-like backgrounds. Multimedia artist Öyvind Fahlström appropriated "Krazy Kat" in a series of works from 1963 to 1965. Jay Cantor published a postmodern novel in 1987 called "Krazy Kat: A Novel in Five Panels", in which the retired Krazy and Ignatz contemplate a comeback in a post-atomic world.

paragraph: Since 1997, the Small Press Expo has held the annual Ignatz Awards in honor of Herriman's mouse from "Krazy Kat". It recognizes talent in independent comics publishing. "Krazy Kat" was ranked first on "The Comics Journal"s list of the greatest comics of the twentieth century. The Society of Illustrators inducted Herriman into its Hall of Fame in 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Style.

paragraph: Within the seeming strictures of the strip—the recurring characters, the Krazy–Ignatz–Offisa Pupp love triangle—Herriman improvised freely with the story, the shifting backgrounds, and the sex of the "Krazy Kat"s title character. Among the multicultural influences Herriman mixed in his work were those of the Navajo and Mexican. He made creative use of language with a poetical sense, employing multilingual puns in a fanciful mix of dialects from different ethnic backgrounds. Herriman used metafictional techniques associated with postmodernism; his characters were self-aware, he frequently drew attention to himself and his drawings as drawings in his strips, and he emphasized the subjectivity of language and experience.

paragraph: Herriman drew with what cartoonist Edward Sorel called a "liberated, spontaneous-looking style  ...  a cartoon counterpart of expressionism". It was organic, and his pen strokes had a dynamic, thick-and-thin range which Sorel describes as instantly recognizable and difficult to imitate. The "Krazy Kat" Sunday pages showed Herriman experimenting most freely—each had a unique panel layout and logo, and the jumbled panels could be circles, irregular shapes, or borderless. In his last few years, Herriman's arthritis led to an ever-scratchier style of art; he used a knife to scratch out whites from inked surfaces, giving the artwork the look of a woodcut.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Collections.

paragraph: "Krazy Kat" has been collected in a variety of formats over the years, though Herriman's other strips have been less frequently reprinted. "George Herriman's Krazy Kat" (1946) was the first "Krazy Kat" collection; it featured an introduction by poet . Comics historian Bill Blackbeard began compiling a complete collection of "Krazy Kat" Sundays beginning in 1988, but the publisher Eclipse Comics went bankrupt in 1992, before the series was complete. Blackbeard's thirteen-volume "Krazy and Ignatz" series was published by Fantagraphics Books beginning in 2002, and was designed by Chris Ware. In 2010, Sunday Press Books released "Krazy Kat: A Celebration of Sundays", which reprinted a selection of "Krazy Kat" Sundays and some of Herriman's pre-"Krazy Kat" work in a format, which approximated the original printed size of the strips. In 2012, IDW began issuing a three-volume "Baron Bean" reprinting, and Fantagraphics will release "George Herriman's Stumble Inn". Fantagraphics has also announced plans to collect the complete "Krazy Kat" dailies at an unspecified time.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ignatzmouse.net, "The only website dedicated to 'Ignatz Mouse'"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Comic Strip Library collection of public domain "Krazy Kat" strips

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Baron Mooch" collection at Barnacle Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Herriman's Krazy Kountry" at "Coconino World" has selections from "Mary's Home from College"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Video tour of George Herriman's New Orleans

alias:
George Joseph Herriman
Geo. Herriman

description: American cartoonist

wikidata_label: George Herriman

wikipedia_title: George Herriman


text:
Latinized name
inquisitor
Malleus Maleficarum
witchcraft
witch trials in the early modern period
Sélestat
Alsace
Dominican Order
Tyrol
Salzburg
Bohemia
Moravia
pulpit
Archbishop of Salzburg
papal bull
Summis desiderantes
Pope Innocent VIII
witch
sorcerers
Helena Scheuberin
Malleus Maleficarum
Summis desiderantes
Faculty of Cologne
demonology
John Nider
Jean Tinctor
Nicholas Eymerich
Thomas Aquinas
Nuremberg
Master General of the Order
Joaquin de Torres
O.P.
Venice
Patriarch of Venice
papal nuncio
Bohemia
Moravia
Pope Alexander VI
Dominican
Quétif
Échard
Order
Kroměříž
Moravia
Malleus Maleficarum

categories: 1430s births,Inquisitors,15th-century Roman Catholic priests,1505 deaths,Witch hunters,German Dominicans,German Roman Catholic priests,15th-century German writers,16th-century Roman Catholic priests,People from Sélestat,Demonologists

paragraph: Heinrich Kramer

paragraph: Heinrich Kramer ( 1430 – 1505), also known under the Latinized name Henricus Institor, was a German churchman and inquisitor. With his widely distributed book "Malleus Maleficarum" (1487), which describes witchcraft and endorses detailed processes for the extermination of witches, he was instrumental in establishing the period of witch trials in the early modern period.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Schlettstadt, now Sélestat, Alsace, he joined the Dominican Order at an early age and while still a young man was appointed Prior of the Dominican house of his native town.

paragraph: At some date before 1474 he was appointed Inquisitor for the Tyrol, Salzburg, Bohemia and Moravia. His eloquence in the pulpit and tireless activity received recognition at Rome and he was the right-hand man of the Archbishop of Salzburg.

paragraph: The papal bull "Summis desiderantes" which Pope Innocent VIII published in 1484 acknowledges the existence of witches and explicitly empowers the inquisition to prosecute witches and sorcerers. The bull aimed to reaffirm the jurisdiction of Kramer, who was denied authority as an Inquisitor in Germany.

paragraph: One year later, he went to Innsbruck as the head of an inquisitorial commission with the stated intention of "bringing witches to justice" . Despite being granted episcopal jurisdiction to conduct trials by Georg Golser, bishop of Brixen, the latter would eventually acquire a distaste for the alleged Kramer's scandals.

paragraph: This most likely referred to the whole interrogation of Helena Scheuberin in Innsbruck and 13 other citizens accused of witchcraft. Helena herself, married to a prosperous burgher named Sebastian, was described as an "aggressive, independent woman who was not afraid to speak her mind" . Right after Kramer had arrived in the city, she had passed him in the street, spatted and cursed him publicly: "Fie on you, you bad monk, may the falling evil take you". Later, it was discovered she wasn't attending Kramer's sermons and encouraged others to do likewise, things of which were all brought against her as charges for the crime of witchcraft. Helena even disrupted one of his sermons "by loudly proclaiming that she believed Institoris to be an evil man in league with the devil".

paragraph: During her trial, as Kramer focused heavily on the sexuality of Scheuberin, he was accused by the bishop of having "presumed much that had not been proved". Kramer remained in Innsbruck to continue the investigation, collect evidence, and interrogate suspected witches. Golser and Kramer exchanged letters encouraging Kramer to quit the investigation, ending with a final letter in 1486 in which Golser ordered Kramer to leave his diocese, the trials in Innsbruck finally being suspended. Kramer finally relented and returned to Cologne.

paragraph: In response to the Bishop's criticism, Kramer began to write a treatise on witchcraft that later became the Malleus Maleficarum (literally "The Hammer of Witches"). The bull Summis desiderantes which gave him the authority of prosecuting and investigating cases of sorcery was included in the forefront of the book, first published in 1487.

paragraph: Kramer failed in his attempt to obtain endorsement for this work from the top theologians of the Inquisition at the Faculty of Cologne, and they condemned the book as recommending unethical and illegal procedures, as well as being inconsistent to what they perceived as the orthodox Catholic doctrines of demonology.. However, his book was not only consistent with earlier 15th century witch-craft manuals of John Nider and Jean Tinctor, his references, but also quoting the authority of other Dominicans such as the Catalan inquisitor Nicholas Eymerich and saint-doctor Thomas Aquinas.

paragraph: In the overall evaluation, his works were praised and his prestige was growing. He was asked by Nuremberg council to provide expert consultation on the procedure of witch trial in 1491.. In 1495 he was summoned by the Master General of the Order, Joaquin de Torres, O.P. to Venice and gave very popular public lectures and disputations. They were worthy of presence and patronage of Patriarch of Venice. He also wrote treatises "Several Discourses and Various Sermons upon the Most Holy Sacrament of the Eucharist" (Nuremberg, 1496); "A Tract Confuting the Errors of Master Antonio degli Roselli" (Venice, 1499); followed by "The Shield of Defence of the Holy Roman Church Against the Picards and Waldenses" which were quoted by many authors. He was appointed as papal nuncio and his assignment as inquisitor was changed to Bohemia and Moravia by Pope Alexander VI in 1500.

paragraph: Summers observes that 17th century "Dominican chroniclers, such as Quétif and Échard, number Kramer and Sprenger among the glories and heroes of their Order".

paragraph: He passed his last days intensely writing and preaching until his death in Kroměříž in Moravia, in 1505.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Malleus Maleficarum"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Several Discourses and Various Sermons upon the Most Holy Sacrament of the Eucharist", Nuremberg, 1496

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Tract Confuting the Errors of Master Antonio degli Roselli", Venice, 1499

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Shield of Defence of the Holy Roman Church Against the Picards and Waldenses", c. 1500

alias:
Henricus Institor
Heinrich Institoris

description: German churchman and inquisitor

wikidata_label: Heinrich Kramer

wikipedia_title: Heinrich Kramer


text: Judaism

text: Hebrew

text: acronym

text: Talmud

text: Jewish mystic

text: philosopher

text: rabbi

text: Mikulov

text: Moravia

text: Prague

text: Bohemia

text: Torah

text: Jewish philosophy

text: Jewish mysticism

text: Rashi

text: legend

text: Old Jewish Cemetery, Prague

text: Josefov

text: surname

text: Poznań

text: Poland

text: Worms

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: Rhenish town

text: Jakob ben Chajim

text: autodidact

text: Kolín

text: Moravia

text: Mikulov

text: Talmud

text: marriage partner

text: Rosh Hashanah

text: Yom Kippur

text: Emperor Rudolf II

text: Kabbalah

text: Hebrew

text: Chief Rabbi

text: patrilineally

text: geonim

text: Davidic dynasty

text: Old Jewish Cemetery, Prague

text: lion

text: Yiddish

text: kinnui

text: Judah

text: tribe of Judah

text: Book of Genesis

text: Jacob

text: Rashi

text: Torah

text: Bohemia

text: Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller

text: David Gans

text: Mishnah

text: astronomy

text: Tycho Brahe

text: Nachman Bulman

text: Hasidism

text: Torah

text: Lithuania

text: Latvia

text: Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler

text: Abraham Isaac Kook

text: Isaac Hutner

text: ethos

text: Hebrew

text: Hidden

text: language

text: Revealed

text: kollel

text: yeshiva

text: Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin

text: Kollel Gur Aryeh

text: Samson Raphael Hirsch

text: Germany

text: rationalistic

text: Weltanschauung

text: Kabbalah

text: Zohar

text: Sefer Yetzirah

text: Chassidei Ashkenaz

text: Lurianic Kabbalah

text: Azariah dei Rossi

text: Schneur Zalman of Liadi

text: Chabad

text: Menachem Mendel Schneerson

text: Lubavitch

text: Yehudi Menuhin

text: Rebbe

text: Nachman of Breslov

text: golem

text: Jews

text: Ghetto

text: antisemitic

text: blood libel

text: mystical powers

text: esoteric

text: God

text: Adam

text: Rashi

text: Pentateuch

text: Passover

text: Mishnah

text: Avoth

text: Aggadah

text: Azariah dei Rossi

text: Tisha B'Av

text: Shavuot

text: Purim

text: Hanukkah

text: Aggada

text: Seder

text: Pesach

text: responsa

text: Jewish Sabbath

text: Sukkot

text: Rosh Hashana

text: Yom Kippur

text: I Chronicles

text: commemorative coin

text: Kerem Maharal

text: André Neher

text: Statue of Judah Loew ben Bezalel

text: Andre Neher

text: Yehuda Loew — The Maharal

text: Family tree

text: Shiurim on Derech Chaim at Torah.org

text: Tiferet Yisrael

categories: Early Acharonim,Rabbis of Prague,Philosophers of Judaism,Czech Orthodox rabbis,People from Poznań,16th-century rabbis,17th-century rabbis,Jews and Judaism in Prague,Czech people of Polish-Jewish descent,Rabbis of Nikolsburg,Czech folklore,1609 deaths,Golem,Kabbalists,Jewish folklore,16th-century births

paragraph: Judah Loew ben Bezalel

paragraph: Judah Loew ben Bezalel, alt. Löw, Loewe, Löwe, or Levai (between 1512 and 1526? – 17 September 1609), widely known to scholars of Judaism as the Maharal of Prague, or simply The Maharal, the Hebrew acronym of ""Moreinu Ha-Rav Loew"" ("Our Teacher, Rabbi Loew"), was an important Talmudic scholar, Jewish mystic, and philosopher who, for most of his life, served as a leading rabbi in the cities of Mikulov in Moravia and Prague in Bohemia. Due to his unprecedented impact on Jewish study, he is considered one of the most important rabbis of all times.

paragraph: Within the world of Torah and Talmudic scholarship, Loew is known for his works on Jewish philosophy and Jewish mysticism and his work "Gur Aryeh al HaTorah", a supercommentary on Rashi's Torah commentary. He is also the subject of a 19th-century legend that he created , an animate mythological being fashioned from clay.

paragraph: Rabbi Loew is buried at the Old Jewish Cemetery, Prague in Josefov, where his grave and intact tombstone can still be visited. His descendants' surnames include Braude, Leib, Loewy, Loeb, Lowy, Lowi, Low-Beer, Loew, Oppenheimer, Pfaelzer, Lowenstein, Gurary and Keim.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The Maharal was probably born in Poznań, Poland,—though Perels lists the birth town mistakenly as Worms in the Holy Roman Empire—to Rabbi Bezalel (Loew), whose family originated from the Rhenish town of Worms. His birth year is uncertain, with different sources listing 1512, 1520 and 1526. His uncle Jakob ben Chajim was "Reichsrabbiner" ("Rabbi of the Empire") of the Holy Roman Empire, his brother Chaim of Friedberg a famous rabbinical scholar. There is no documented evidence of his having received formal religious education, leading scholars to conclude that he was an extremely gifted autodidact.

paragraph: His family consisted of his wife, Pearl, six daughters, and a son, Bezalel, who became a Rabbi in Kolín, but died early in 1600.

paragraph: He was independently wealthy, probably as a result of his father's successful business enterprises. He accepted a rabbinical position in 1553 as "Landesrabbiner" of Moravia at Mikulov (Nikolsburg), directing community affairs but also determining which tractate of the Talmud was to be studied in the communities in that province. He also revised the community statutes on the election and taxation process. Although he retired from Moravia in 1588 at age 68, the communities still considered him an authority long after that.

paragraph: One of his activities in Moravia was the rallying against slanderous slurs on legitimacy ("Nadler") that were spread in the community against certain families and could ruin the finding of a marriage partner for the children of those families. This phenomenon even affected his own family. He used one of the two yearly grand sermons (between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur 1583) to denounce the phenomenon.

paragraph: He moved back to Prague in 1588, where he again accepted a rabbinical position, replacing the retired Isaac Hayoth. He immediately reiterated his views on "Nadler". On 23 February 1592, he had an audience with Emperor Rudolf II, which he attended together with his brother Sinai and his son-in-law Isaac Cohen; Prince Bertier was present with the emperor. The conversation seems to have been related to Kabbalah (Jewish mysticism, Hebrew: קַבָּלָה) a subject which held much fascination for the emperor.

paragraph: In 1592, the Maharal moved to Poznań, where he had been elected as Chief Rabbi of Poland. In Poznań he composed "Netivoth Olam" and part of "Derech Chaim" (see below).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Davidic Line

paragraph: According to Jewish tradition, the Maharal's family descended patrilineally from the Babylonian Exilarchs (during the era of the geonim) and therefore also from the Davidic dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Towards the end of his life he moved back to Prague, where he died in 1609. He was buried in the Old Jewish Cemetery, Prague.

paragraph: Section::::His name.

paragraph: His name "Löw" or "Loew", derived from the German "Löwe", "lion" (cf. the Yiddish "Leib" of the same origin), is a kinnui or substitute name for the Hebrew Judah or "Yehuda", as this name—originally of the tribe of Judah—is traditionally associated with a lion. In the Book of Genesis, the patriarch Jacob refers to his son Judah as a "Gur Aryeh", a "Young Lion" (Genesis 49:9) when blessing him. In Jewish naming tradition the Hebrew name and the substitute name are often combined as a pair, as in this case. The "Maharal's" classic work on the Rashi commentary of the Torah is called the "Gur Aryeh al HaTorah" in Hebrew, meaning "Young Lion [commenting] upon the Torah".

paragraph: The Maharal's tomb in Prague is decorated with a heraldic shield with a lion with two intertwined tails ("queue fourchee"), alluding both to his first name and to Bohemia, the arms of which has a two-tailed lion.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.:Disciples.

paragraph: It is unknown how many Talmudic rabbinical scholars the Maharal taught in Moravia, but the main disciples from the Prague period include Rabbis Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller and David Gans. The former promoted his teacher's program of regular Mishnah study by the masses, and composed his "Tosefoth Yom Tov" (a Mishnah commentary incorporated into almost all published editions of the Mishnah over the past few hundred years) with this goal in mind. David Ganz died young, but produced the work "Tzemach David", a work of Jewish and general history, as well as writing on astronomy; both the MaHaRal and Ganz were in contact with Tycho Brahe, the famous astronomer.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.:Jewish philosophy.

paragraph: In the words of a modern writer, the Maharal "prevented the Balkanization of Jewish thought" (Rabbi Yitzchak Adlerstein 2000, citing Rabbi Nachman Bulman).

paragraph: His works inspired the Polish branch of Hasidism, as well as a more recent wave of Torah scholars originating from Lithuania and Latvia, most markedly Rabbi Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler (1892–1953) as well as Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook (1864–1935). A more recent authority who had roots in both traditions was Rabbi Isaac Hutner (1906–1980). Rabbi Hutner succinctly defined the ethos of the Maharal's teachings as being "Nistar BeLashon Nigleh", meaning (in Hebrew): "The Hidden in the language of the Revealed". That is, the Maharal couched kabbalistic ideas in non-kabbalistic language. As a mark of his devotion to the ways of the Maharal, Rabbi Hutner bestowed the name of the Maharal's key work the "Gur Aryeh" upon a branch of the yeshiva he headed when he established its kollel (a yeshiva for post-graduate Talmud scholars) which then became a division of the Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin in New York during the 1950s, known as Kollel Gur Aryeh. Both of these institutions, and the graduates they produce, continue to emphasize the intellectual teachings of the Maharal. Rabbi Hutner in turn also maintained that Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch (1808–1888) (19th-century Germany) must also have been influenced by the Maharal's ideas basing his seemingly rationalistic Weltanschauung on the more abstract and abstruse teachings of the hard-to-understand Jewish Kabbalah.

paragraph: Rabbi Judah Loew was not a champion of the open study of Kabbalah as such, and none of his works are in any way "openly" devoted to it. Instead, what they attempt to do is to make the ideas of the Kabbalah (which he held to be the most deeply true of all the Torah) accessible to the average educated reader, by presenting them in a rigorously philosophical form, couched in terms that are accessible to the public. According to R. Loew, only the greatest of Torah scholars are able to perceive the full intent of the Kabbalistic works in their complex entirety. Therefore, although kabbalistic doctrine permeates his writings, it is always presented in a rational and philosophic form. His main kabbalistic influences appear to have been the Zohar, Sefer Yetzirah, and traditions of the Chassidei Ashkenaz, as Lurianic Kabbalah had not by that time reached Europe.

paragraph: Faced with the Aristotelian interpretation of Talmudic Aggadot by Azariah dei Rossi, he was indignant at what he termed the trivialization of the Sages' deep wisdom. In his work "Be'er ha-Golah" he vigorously disputes all of dei Rossi's theses, sternly upholding the subtly allegorical nature of Aggadah and demonstrating its independence from (and superiority to) the superficial observations of natural science. At the same time he was entirely in favor of scientific research, so long as the researcher did not use his observations as permission to contradict the final authority of divine revelation. His constant thesis is that the Talmudic, Midrashic, and Aggadic teachings refer always to matters far beyond the competence of natural science.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.:Descendants.

paragraph: Among his many descendants were Schneur Zalman of Liadi, founder of Chabad Hasidism. Through this paternal line, Loew is the ancestor of many prominent later Jewish individuals, including Menachem Mendel Schneerson, seventh Rebbe of Lubavitch, and Yehudi Menuhin, the famous violinist. Maharal is also the ancestor of Rebbe Nachman of Breslov.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.:Legend of the golem.

paragraph: The Maharal is the subject of the legend about the creation of a golem, a creature made out of clay to defend the Jews of the Prague Ghetto from antisemitic attacks, particularly the blood libel. He is said to have used mystical powers based on the esoteric knowledge of how God created Adam. The general view of historians and critics is that the legend is a German literary invention of the early 19th century. The earliest known source for the story thus far is the 1834 book "Der Jüdische Gil Blas" by Friedrich Korn. It has been repeated and adapted many times since.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gur Aryeh" ("Young Lion", Prague 1578), a supercommentary on Rashi's Pentateuch commentary

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gevuroth Hashem" ("God's Might[y Acts]", Cracow 1582), for the holiday of Passover

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Derech Chaim" ("Way of Life", Cracow 1589), a commentary on the Mishnah tractate Avoth

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Derashot" ("Sermons", Prague 1589 and 1593), collected edition by Haim Pardes, Tel Aviv 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Netivoth Olam" ("Pathways of the World", Prague 1595-1596), a work of ethics

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Be'er ha-Golah" ("The Well of Exile", Prague 1598), an explanatory work on the Talmudic and Midrashic Aggadah, mainly responding to interpretations by the Italian scholar Azariah dei Rossi ("Azariah min ha-Adumim")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Netzach Yisrael" ("The Eternity of Israel", Prague 1599; "Netzach" "eternity", has the same root as the word for victory), on Tisha B'Av (an annual day of mourning about the destruction of the Temples and the Jewish exile) and the final deliverance

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tif'ereth Yisrael" ("The Glory of Israel", Venice 1599), philosophical exposition on the Torah, intended for the holiday of Shavuot

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Or Chadash" ("A New Light", Prague 1600), on Purim

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ner Mitzvah" ("The Candle of the Commandment", Prague 1600), on Hanukkah

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chiddushei Aggadot" ("Novellae on the Aggada", the narrative portions of the Talmud), discovered in the 20th century

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Divrei Negidim" ("Words of Rectors"), a commentary on the Seder of Pesach, published by a descendant

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chiddushim al Ha-Shas", a commentary on Talmud, recently published for the first time from a manuscript by Machon Yerushalayim on Bava Metzia; Shabbos, and Eruvin; others may be forthcoming.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Various other works, such as his responsa and works on the Jewish Sabbath and the holidays of Sukkot, Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur, have not been preserved.

paragraph: His works on the holidays bear titles that were inspired by the Biblical verse in I Chronicles 29:11: "Yours, O Lord, are the greatness, and the might, and the glory, and the victory, and the majesty, for all that is in the heavens and on the earth [is Yours]; Yours is the kingdom and [You are He] Who is exalted over everything as the Leader." The book of "greatness" ("gedula") on the Sabbath was not preserved, but the book of "power" ("gevurah") is "Gevurath Hashem", the book of glory ("tif'arah") is "Tif'ereth Yisrael", and the book of "eternity" or "victory" ("netzach") is "Netzach Yisrael".

paragraph: Section::::Commemoration.

paragraph: In April 1997, Czech Republic and Israel jointly issued a set of stamps, one of which featured the tombstone of Loew. In May 2009, the Czech Post issued a stamp commemorating the 400th anniversary of Loew's death. In June 2009 the Czech Mint issued a commemorative coin marking the same milestone.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kerem Maharal, a moshav in northern Israel named in his honour

paragraph: BULLET::::- André Neher

paragraph: BULLET::::- Statue of Judah Loew ben Bezalel, Prague

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Byron L. Sherwin, "Mystical Theology and Social Dissent: The Life and Works of Judah Loew of Prague" (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rivka Schatz, "Maharal's Conception of Law- Antithesis to Natural Law" "Jewish Law Annual" Vol. VI.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rivka Schatz, "Existence and Eschatology in the Teachings of the Maharal" Immanuel 14 (Spring 1982) 66-97; Immanuel 15 (Winter 1982-3) 62-72.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moshe Zuriel "Numbers: Their meaning and Symbolism According to Maharal" [Hebrew] HaMaayan 18:3 (1978) 14-23; 18:4 (1978) 30-41, reprinted in Sefer Ozrot Gedolei Yisroel (Jerusalem:2000) volume 1, pp. 204–228.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martin Buber, "The Beginning of the National Idea" "On Zion: The History of an Idea". (New York, Schocken Books, 1973).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otto Dov Kulka, "The Historical Background of the National and Educational Teachings of the Maharal of Prague" [Hebrew] "Zion" 50 (1985) 277-320.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benjamin Gross, "Netzah Yisrael" (Tel Aviv: Devir, 1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mordechai Breuer, "The Maharal of Prague's Disputation with Christians: A Reappraisal of Be'er Ha-Golah" in "Tarbiz" (1986) 253-260

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adlerstein Y. "Be'er Hagolah: The Classic Defense of Rabbinic Judaism Through the Profundity of the Aggadah". New York, NY: Mesorah Publications, 2000. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aharon Kleinberger, "The Educational Theory of the Maharal of Prague" [Hebrew] (Magnes: 1962).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andre Neher, "Jewish Thought and the Scientific Revolution: David Gans (1541–1613) and his times" (Oxford-New York: Littman Library, 1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neher, "Faust et le Maharal de Prague: le Mythe et le Reel" (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1987);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neher, "Le Puits de l'Exil: la Theologie Dialectique du Maharal de Prague" (Paris: A. Michel, 1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neher, "Mishnato shel ha-Maharal mi-Prague", Reʾuven Mass, c2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gross, Benjamin, "Yehi Or" (Reʾuven Mass, 1995).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gross, Benjamin, "Netsah Yiśraʾel" Tel Aviv : Devir, 1974.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eliyahu Yaakov Deutsch, "Shabbos Insights Of The Maharal" Jerusalem: Targum, 2009.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- YIVO Encyclopedia - Yehudah Leib ben Betsalel

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yehuda Loew — The Maharal jewishvirtuallibrary.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Family tree

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shiurim on Derech Chaim at Torah.org

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Resources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tiferet Yisrael, Hebrew Full-text

description: Czech rabbi

enwikiquote_title: Judah Loew ben Bezalel

wikidata_label: Judah Loew ben Bezalel

wikipedia_title: Judah Loew ben Bezalel


text:
Paris
France
German
high jump
2017 World Championships
2018 European Championships

categories: World Championships in Athletics athletes for Germany,Olympic athletes of Germany,French people of German descent,Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics,German female high jumpers,German people of French descent,1990 births,Sportspeople from Paris,Living people

paragraph: Marie-Laurence Jungfleisch

paragraph: Marie-Laurence Jungfleisch (born 7 October 1990 in Paris, France) is a German athlete specialising in the high jump. She finished fourth at the 2017 World Championships and won the bronze medal at the 2018 European Championships.

paragraph: She has personal bests of 2.00 metres outdoor (2016) and 1.97 metres indoors (2014).

description: German high jumper

wikidata_label: Marie-Laurence Jungfleisch

wikipedia_title: Marie-Laurence Jungfleisch