text: count of Edessa

text: crusader

text: king of Jerusalem

text: Norman

text: County of Verdun

text: Godfrey of Bouillon

text: First Crusade

text: Tancred

text: Cilicia

text: Tarsus

text: Euphrates

text: Armenians

text: Thoros of Edessa

text: Edessa

text: Seljuqs

text: crusader state

text: Arda

text: siege of Antioch

text: Kerbogha

text: Mosul

text: Daimbert

text: Latin patriarch

text: Bohemond I of Antioch

text: Bethlehem

text: Arsuf

text: Caesarea

text: Acre

text: Beirut

text: Sidon

text: Genoese

text: Venetian

text: Ascalon

text: Tyre

text: third battle of Ramla

text: Egyptians

text: Kingdom of Jerusalem

text: Bertrand, Count of Toulouse

text: Tripoli

text: Latin East

text: Baldwin II of Edessa

text: Principality of Antioch

text: Mawdud

text: Oultrejordain

text: Jordan

text: Eustace II, Count of Boulogne

text: Ida of Lorraine

text: liberal arts

text: prebends

text: Cambrai

text: Rheims

text: Liège

text: Gregorian Reform

text: benefice

text: Godfrey of Bouillon

text: duke of Lower Lotharingia

text: Eustace III of Boulogne

text: Albert III, Count of Namur

text: Theoderic, Bishop of Verdun

text: Stenay

text: Conches-en-Ouche

text: Pope Urban II

text: First Crusade

text: Council of Clermont

text: County of Verdun

text: Richer, Bishop of Verdun

text: allodial land

text: Peter the Hermit

text: People's Crusade

text: Tulln an der Donau

text: Coloman, King of Hungary

text: Byzantine Empire

text: Belgrade

text: Byzantine Emperor

text: Alexios I Komnenos

text: John

text: Pecheneg

text: Seljuq Turks

text: Chalcedon

text: Nicomedia

text: Asia Minor

text: Kilij Arslan I

text: Seljuq Sultan of Rum

text: Battle of Dorylaeum

text: Norman

text: Tancred

text: Heraclea

text: Cilicia

text: Bagrat

text: Tarsus

text: citadel

text: Guynemer of Boulogne

text: Berdan River

text: Mamistra

text: Roger of Salerno

text: Marash

text: Euphrates

text: Ravendel

text: Turbessel

text: Thoros of Edessa

text: Armenian bishop of Edessa

text: Kogh Vasil

text: Kaisun

text: Samosata

text: Orthodox Church

text: Monophysite

text: Matthew of Edessa

text: doux

text: crusader state

text: siege to Antioch

text: Artuqid

text: Saruj

text: usufruct

text: Antioch

text: Kerbogha

text: Mosul

text: new crusader state

text: Bohemond of Hauteville

text: mutilated

text: Abu'l-Garib

text: Buluniyas

text: Daimbert of Pisa

text: Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem

text: Duqaq

text: Baalbek

text: Albert of Aix

text: Warner of Grez

text: Tower of David

text: Geldemar Carpenel

text: Arnulf of Chocques

text: Danishmend Gazi

text: Melitene

text: Gabriel

text: Fulcher of Chartres

text: Baldwin of Le Bourcq

text: Nahr al-Kalb River

text: Fakhr al-Mulk

text: qadi

text: Tripoli

text: Mount Zion

text: Holy Sepulchre

text: Ascalon

text: Egyptians

text: Jordan

text: anoint

text: Church of the Nativity

text: Bethlehem

text: Haifa

text: Galilee

text: Hugh of Fauquembergues

text: Maurice of Porto

text: bezant

text: Arsuf

text: Caesarea

text: Acre

text: Tyre

text: Genoese

text: vizier

text: Al-Afdal Shahanshah

text: Ramla

text: Roger Borsa

text: Duke of Apulia

text: Stephen, Count of Blois

text: Hugh of Lusignan

text: second battle fought at Ramla

text: Godric of Finchale

text: Evremar

text: atabeg

text: Toghtekin

text: Irtash

text: Sunnite

text: Shiite

text: True Cross

text: Ramla

text: Hebron

text: Oultrejordain

text: Bertrand, Count of Toulouse

text: Raymond of Saint Gilles

text: William Jordan

text: Mount Pilgrim

text: Temple of the Lord

text: conquest of Tripoli

text: Mawdud

text: Sigurd I of Norway

text: siege to Sidon

text: Doge of Venice

text: Ordelafo Faliero

text: hurried to Shaizar

text: Battle of Al-Sannabra

text: Pons

text: Roger

text: Assassin

text: Muhammad I Tapar

text: Montreal

text: Akaba

text: Red Sea

text: Graye

text: Scandelion Castle

text: Ladder of Tyre

text: Farama

text: Nile Delta

text: Al-Arish

text: Palm Sunday

text: Ali ibn al-Athir

text: Ifriqiya

text: Thomas Asbridge

text: Christopher Tyerman

text: Amin Maalouf

text: Pagan

text: Adelaide del Vasto

text: Raoul II of Tosny

text: Malcolm Barber

text: Steven Runciman

text: Arda

text: convent of St Anne

text: annulled

text: Roger I of Sicily

text: Roger II of Sicily

text: bigamous

text: Hans Eberhard Mayer

text: Malcolm Barber

categories: Christians of the Norwegian Crusade,Christians of the First Crusade,1060s births,1118 deaths,Counts of Edessa,Kings of Jerusalem

paragraph: Baldwin I of Jerusalem

paragraph: Baldwin I, also known as Baldwin of Boulogne (1060s – 2April 1118), was the first count of Edessa from 1098 to 1100, and the second crusader ruler and first king of Jerusalem from 1100 to his death. Being a younger son, he was destined for a church career, but he abandoned it and married a Norman noblewoman, Godehilde of Tosny. He received the County of Verdun in 1096, but he soon joined the crusader army of his brother Godfrey of Bouillon and became one of the most successful commanders of the First Crusade.

paragraph: Baldwin and the Norman Tancred launched a separate expedition against Cilicia in the autumn of 1097. Tancred tried to capture Tarsus, but Baldwin forced him to leave it, which gave rise to an enduring conflict between them. Baldwin seized important fortresses in the lands to the west of the Euphrates with the assistance of local Armenians. Thoros of Edessa invited him to come to Edessa to fight against the Seljuqs. Taking advantage of a riot against Thoros, Baldwin seized the town and established the first crusader state on 10March 1098. To strengthen his rule, the widowed Baldwin married an Armenian ruler's daughter (who is now known as Arda). He supplied the main crusader army with food during the siege of Antioch. He defended Edessa against Kerbogha, the governor of Mosul, for three weeks, preventing him from reaching Antioch before the crusaders captured it.

paragraph: Godfrey of Bouillon, whom the crusaders had elected their first ruler in Jerusalem, died in 1100. Daimbert, the Latin patriarch, and Tancred offered Jerusalem to Tancred's uncle, Bohemond I of Antioch. Godfrey's retainers took possession of the town and urged Baldwin to claim Godfrey's inheritance. Since a Muslim ruler captured Bohemond, Baldwin marched to Jerusalem meeting little resistance. The Patriarch crowned him king in Bethlehem on 25December. He captured Arsuf and Caesarea in 1101, Acre in 1104, Beirut in 1110, and Sidon in 1111, with the assistance of Genoese and Venetian fleets and of several smaller crusader groups, but all his attempts to capture Ascalon and Tyre failed. After his victory at the third battle of Ramla in 1105, the Egyptians launched no further major campaigns against the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

paragraph: Baldwin helped Bertrand, Count of Toulouse, to capture Tripoli in 1109. Being the only crowned monarch in the Latin East, Baldwin claimed suzerainty over other crusader rulers. Baldwin II of Edessa and Bertrand swore fealty to him. Tancred, who ruled the Principality of Antioch, also obeyed his summons. He supported Baldwin II and Tancred against Kerbogha's successor, Mawdud, who launched a series of campaigns against Edessa and Antioch in the early 1110s. He erected fortresses in Oultrejordainthe territory to the east of the river Jordanto control the caravan routes between Syria and Egypt. He died during a campaign against Egypt.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born some time after 1060, Baldwin was the third son of Eustace II, Count of Boulogne, and Ida of Lorraine. Being his parents' youngest son, he was intended for a career in the Church. He studied the liberal arts and held prebends in the cathedrals of Cambrai, Rheims and Liège. He abandoned his church career and became a knight for some unknown reason. Historian John France says that Baldwin most probably realised that the Gregorian Reform had diminished his chance to seize rich benefices. Susan B. Edgington, on the other hand, proposes that Baldwin preferred a secular career because his childless brother, Godfrey of Bouillon, duke of Lower Lotharingia, had taken ill suddenly, giving Baldwin a chance to inherit his duchy.

paragraph: Baldwin married a Norman noblewoman, Godehilde of Tosny. Her family owned land and property in both Normandy and England. Baldwin and his wife most probably settled in the court of his eldest brother, Eustace III of Boulogne. Eustace and Baldwin jointly fought for their brother, Godfrey, against Albert III, Count of Namur, and Theoderic, Bishop of Verdun, at Stenay in 1086. Godfrey mentioned Baldwin in most of his charters of grant, indicating that Baldwin was regarded as his designated heir. Baldwin regularly visited the fortress of his wife's family at Conches-en-Ouche.

paragraph: Section::::First Crusade.

paragraph: Pope Urban II proclaimed the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont on 27November 1095. Godfrey of Bouillon decided to join the military campaign and sold or mortgaged his inherited domains to raise funds. One of his domains, the County of Verdun, was seized by Richer, Bishop of Verdun, who soon granted it to Baldwin. The dissolution of Godfrey's allodial lands deprived all future dukes of the basis of their authority in Lower Lotharingia, which facilitated Baldwin's decision to take the Cross. Eustace III of Boulogne also joined the crusade. According to a letter from Pope Urban, only the army that Peter the Hermit had mustered for the People's Crusade outnumbered the three brothers' force.

paragraph: Baldwin departed for the crusade with Godfrey's army on 15August 1096. His wife accompanied him, suggesting that he had decided not to return to his homeland. The crusaders stopped at Tulln an der Donau before reaching the frontier of Hungary in September. Godfrey left Baldwin in charge of his troops during his conference with Coloman, King of Hungary, regarding the conditions of the crusaders' march across the country. He agreed to hand over Baldwin, along with Baldwin's wife and retainers, as hostages to ensure their troops' good conduct. Baldwin and Godehilde were released soon after the crusaders left Hungary, and entered the Byzantine Empire near Belgrade in late November.

paragraph: The crusaders reached Constantinople on 23December 1096. The Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos demanded an oath of allegiance from their leaders and imposed a blockade on their camp to enforce it. Baldwin made raids against the suburbs, compelling Alexios to lift the blockade. The Emperor also agreed to hand over his son and heir, John, as a hostage, who was entrusted to Baldwin's care.

paragraph: Since the crusaders continued to resist the emperor's demand, the Byzantines reduced the fodder and food supplied to them. Baldwin again attacked the suburbs and killed or captured dozens of Pecheneg guards. The crusaders realised that they could hardly defeat the imperial army and decided to yield to the emperor's demand. Their commanders (including Godfrey and Baldwin) swore fealty to Alexios and pledged that they would cede all conquered lands that the Seljuq Turks had seized from the Byzantines to the Emperor's representatives. The crusaders were transferred to a camp established on the road between Chalcedon and Nicomedia in Asia Minor, but Godfrey and Baldwin soon returned to Constantinople to be present when the commanders of a new crusader army did homage to Alexios. A knight sat on the emperor's throne during the ceremony, but Baldwin "took him by the hand and made him rise" and gave a severe reprimand to him.

paragraph: After the crusaders defeated Kilij Arslan I, the Seljuq Sultan of Rum, in the Battle of Dorylaeum on 1July 1097, Baldwin and the Norman Tancred broke away from the main body of the army. They marched as far as Heraclea where they again joined their fellows around 15 August. The long march across Asia Minor in the heat of summer exhausted the crusaders and most of the knights' horses died. To secure a supply of food and forage, Baldwin and Tancred were sent to the fertile plains of Cilicia. They could count on the local Armenians' support, especially as Baldwin had already been befriended by an Armenian nobleman, Bagrat.

paragraph: Baldwin and Tancred led two separate contingents. Tancred was the first to leave Heraclea, accompanied by 100–200 troops; Baldwin and his 300 knights departed around 15September. Tancred persuaded the Seljuq garrison of Tarsus to raise his flag on the citadel on 21September, even before his troops were granted access to the town. Baldwin took advantage of the strength of his troops and compelled Tancred to leave Tarsus on the following day. The Turks replaced Tancred's banner with Baldwin's flag and allowed Baldwin to take possession of two towers. Shortly thereafter, about 300 Norman knights arrived, but Baldwin denied entry to them, which enabled the Turks to attack and murder the Normans during the night. Baldwin's own men blamed him for their fate and massacred the remnants of the Seljuq garrison. Fearful of vengeance, Baldwin took shelter in a tower, but finally convinced his soldiers of his innocence. A pirate captain, Guynemer of Boulogne, sailed up the Berdan River to Tarsus and swore fealty to Baldwin. He hired Guynemer's men to garrison Tarsus and continued his campaign.

paragraph: Tancred had meanwhile seized the prosperous town of Mamistra. Baldwin reached the town on around 30September. Tancred's cousin, Roger of Salerno, wanted to take revenge for the Normans who had perished at Tarsus, which caused a skirmish between the soldiers of Baldwin and Tancred. This was the first occasion when crusaders fought against each other. After one or two men were killed and many more were injured or captured on both sides, Baldwin and Tancred made peace and Baldwin left Mamistra. He joined the main army at Marash, but Bagrat persuaded him to launch a campaign towards the River Euphrates across a region densely populated by Armenians. About 80–100 knights accompanied him when he again left the main army on 17October.

paragraph: Section::::Count of Edessa.

paragraph: Section::::Count of Edessa.:Establishment.

paragraph: The Armenians regarded Baldwin as a liberator and two Armenian chiefs, Fer and Nicusus, joined him soon after he started his campaign. The local population massacred the Seljuq garrisons and officials, or forced them to flee. The Seljuqs' fear of the crusaders contributed to Baldwin's success. He seized two important fortresses, Ravendel and Turbessel, without a fight before the end of 1097. He made Bagrat the governor of Ravendel and appointed Fer to administer Turbessel.

paragraph: The Armenian Thoros of Edessa sent envoysthe Armenian bishop of Edessa and twelve leading citizensto Baldwin in early 1098, seeking his assistance against the nearby Seljuq rulers. Being the first town to convert to Christianity, Edessa had played an important role in Christian history. Before departing for Edessa, Baldwin ordered the arrest of Bagrat, whom Fer had accused of secret correspondence with the Seljuqs. Bagrat was tortured, but he managed to escape and fled to his brother, Kogh Vasil, the lord of Raban and Kaisun. Baldwin left for Edessa in early February, but Balduk, the emir of Samosata, prevented him from crossing the Euphrates. His second attempt was successful and he reached Edessa in mid-February. Baldwin did not want to serve Thoros as a mercenary. The Armenian townspeople persuaded Thoros to adopt him, because they had feared that otherwise he would leave the town. Strengthened by troops from Edessa, Baldwin raided Balduk's territory and placed a garrison in a small fortress near Samosata.

paragraph: Unlike the majority of the Armenians, Thoros adhered to the Orthodox Church, which made him unpopular among his Monophysite subjects. Shortly after Baldwin's return from campaign, the local nobles started plotting against Thoros, possibly with Baldwin's consent (as is stated by contemporary chronicler Matthew of Edessa). A riot broke out in the town, forcing Thoros to take refuge in the citadel. Baldwin pledged to save his adoptive father, but he did nothing when the rioters broke into the citadel on 9March. Thoros and his wife were captured and murdered. On the following day, the townspeople acknowledged Baldwin as their ruler (or "doux"). He assumed the title of count and established the first crusader state.

paragraph: The Seljuqs had captured Edessa from the Byzantines in 1087, but Alexios I Komnenos did not demand that Baldwin hand over the town. MacEvitt argues that the local population did not regard Baldwin's ascension as "a change in regime, but the replacement of one strongman with vague Byzantine ties with another of the same ilk". The acquisition of Ravendel, Turbessel and Edessa strengthened the position of the main crusader army during the siege to Antioch, which was taking place at the same time. The fertile lands along the Euphrates secured a supply of food for the crusaders. The three fortresses also hindered the movement of the Seljuq troops towards Syria and Palestine.

paragraph: Section::::Count of Edessa.:Consolidation.

paragraph: Baldwin had to use his diplomatic skills to secure his rule in Edessa, because his retinue was small. He married the daughter of the Armenian lord of a nearby town and also encouraged his retainers to marry local women. Thoros' rich treasury enabled him to employ mercenaries and to seize Samosata from Balduk. Baldwin offered a salary to Balduk who settled in Edessa. Their treaty was the first friendly arrangement between a crusader leader and a Muslim ruler. An Artuqid emir, Balak ibn Bahram, hired Baldwin to suppress a revolt in Saruj. The Muslim burghers of the town approached Balduk to come to their rescue. Balduk hurried to Saruj, but the townspeople soon realised that his retinue was too small to resist a siege and yielded to Baldwin. He ordered the execution of Balduk who had refused to hand over his wife and children as hostages.

paragraph: Baldwin granted the usufruct of Turbessel and Ravendel to his brother, Godfrey, to secure his and his retainers' accommodation during the siege of Antioch. Kerbogha, the governor of Mosul, gathered a large army to relieve the town. During his march towards Antioch, Kerbogha did not wish to risk allowing the crusaders' to hold Edessa. He besieged Edessa for three weeks in May, but he could not capture it. His delay enabled the crusaders to capture Antioch on 3June 1098. Antioch became the capital of a new crusader state, with Tancred's uncle, Bohemond of Hauteville, as its first prince.

paragraph: Baldwin levied high taxes, which made him unpopular among his native subjects. He also ignored the local noble's advice and granted property to his retainers and other crusaders who moved to Edessa. A dozen Armenian chiefs plotted against Baldwin in December. They approached the nearby Seljuq emirs for assistance, but Baldwin learnt of the conspiracy and ordered the arrest of the conspirators. The two ringleaders were mutilated in accordance with Byzantine laws, but the others were allowed to redeem themselves for large fees. Nevertheless, Baldwin continued to appoint Armenian noblemen to important offices. He made the Armenian Abu'l-Garib the commander of Bijerik, an important fort controlling the road between Edessa and Turbessel.

paragraph: The main crusader army captured Jerusalem on 15July 1099. A week later, Godfrey of Bouillon was elected ruler of the city, but he was never crowned king. Baldwin decided to complete his pilgrimage and left Edessa for Jerusalem in November. At Buluniyas, he joined the pilgrims who had departed from Antioch with Bohemond I and the papal legate, Daimbert of Pisa. Attacks by Muslim troops, fatigue and diseases caused heavy casualties during the journey, but most of the pilgrims reached Jerusalem on 21December. Four days later, Daimbert was elected and installed as the new Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem. The new patriarch confirmed Godfrey and Bohemond in the possession of their lands, but no similar ceremony was recorded in connection with Baldwin. Baldwin and Bohemond left Jerusalem on 1January 1100. Duqaq, the Seljuq ruler of Damascus, sent forces to attack them, but they were routed near Baalbek. Baldwin arrived back in Edessa in February.

paragraph: Godfrey died unexpectedly on 18July 1100. He had extracted oaths from Daimbert and other leading crusaders that they "would not confer the throne on anyone except his brothers or one of his blood", according to Albert of Aix, a contemporary historian of the First Crusade. Warner of Grez, Godfrey's most influential retainer took possession the Tower of David in Jerusalem to secure control of the town. Although Walter soon died, Geldemar Carpenel and Arnulf of Chocques sent a delegation to Baldwin, urging him to come to Jerusalem.

paragraph: To prevent Baldwin from seizing Godfrey's realm, Daimbert and Tancred sought assistance from Bohemond I of Antioch. Daimbert sent a letter to him, stating that Baldwin's rule would "bring about the downfall of the church and the destruction of Christianity itself", according to later chronicler William of Tyre. Bohemond, however, was captured by Danishmend Gazi in the hills near Melitene around 15August. Baldwin hurried to Melitene and pursued Danishmend for three days, but he was unable to rescue Bohemond. After his return, the Armenian lord of Melitene, Gabriel, swore fealty to him. Baldwin appointed 50 knights to defend the town.

paragraph: Section::::King of Jerusalem.

paragraph: Section::::King of Jerusalem.:Coronation.

paragraph: News of Godfrey's death reached Edessa shortly after Baldwin's return from Melitene. His chaplain, Fulcher of Chartres, noticed that Baldwin "grieved somewhat over the death of his brother, but rejoiced more over his inheritance". To finance his journey, Baldwin seized gold and silver from his subjects. He appointed his relative, Baldwin of Le Bourcq, his successor in the county and Le Bourcq swore fealty to him.

paragraph: About 200 knights and 300–700 foot-soldiers accompanied Baldwin when he left Edessa on 2October 1100. He spent four days in Antioch, but did not accept the local inhabitants' offer to administer the principality during Bohemond's captivity. Duqaq of Damascus wanted to ambush him on the narrow road near the mouth of the Nahr al-Kalb River. Fakhr al-Mulk, the qadi of Tripoli, secretly warned Baldwin, enabling him to make arrangements to defeat the attack and he routed the Damascene troops. Tancred wanted to stop him at Jaffa, but the townspeople refused to resist Baldwin.

paragraph: Baldwin reached Jerusalem around 9November. Daimbert withdrew to a monastery on Mount Zion, but the townspeople stopped Baldwin outside the walls and ceremoniously accompanied him to the Holy Sepulchre. Albert of Aix's sporadic references suggest that Baldwin adopted the title of prince. Baldwin first raided the environs of Ascalon, which was still held by the Egyptians, then launched a punishing expedition against the bandits who had their headquarters in the caves near Jerusalem. He made an incursion across the river Jordan before returning to Jerusalem on 21 December.

paragraph: Baldwin was reconciled with Daimbert who agreed to anoint and crown him king. The ceremony took place in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem on Christmas Day. Thereafter Baldwin was most frequently styled either king, or king and defensor. For instance, a charter of grant in 1104 referred to him as "Baldwin, king of Judea and Jerusalem, and defensor of the Holiest Sepulchre of our Lord, Jesus Christ". In most of his charters, he also emphasised that he was Godfrey's lawful heir.

paragraph: Section::::King of Jerusalem.:First successes.

paragraph: Geldemar Carpenel laid claim to Haifa, stating that Tancred had arbitrarily seized it. Baldwin summoned Tancred to Jerusalem, but Tancred did not recognise him as the lawful monarch. They met at a river near Jaffa, but could not reach a compromise. The conflict was only resolved when Tancred was invited to Antioch to administer the principality on Bohemond's behalf. Before leaving for Antioch in March, Tancred renounced his domains in Palestine, but also stipulated that the same domains should be granted in fief to him if he were to leave Antioch within fifteen months. Baldwin gave Haifa to Geldemar and the Galilee to Hugh of Fauquembergues.

paragraph: A new papal legate, Maurice of Porto, came to Jerusalem in early March 1101. Baldwin accused Daimbert of treachery and convinced Maurice to suspend him on 15April. Daimbert had to bribe Baldwin with 300 bezants to persuade the legate to restore him to his office. The towns along the coast which were still under Egyptian ruleArsuf, Caesarea, Acre and Tyresent gifts to Baldwin to secure his benevolence.

paragraph: Always in need of funds, Baldwin concluded an alliance with the commanders of a Genoese fleet, offering commercial privileges and booty to them in the towns that he would capture with their support. They first attacked Arsuf, which surrendered without resistance on 29 April, securing a safe passage for the townspeople to Ascalon. The Egyptian garrison at Caesarea resisted, but the town fell on 17May. Baldwin's soldiers pillaged it, massacring almost all adult men and many women. He granted a street in each town to the Genoese.

paragraph: Section::::King of Jerusalem.:Battles at Ramla.

paragraph: While Baldwin and the Genoese were besieging Caesarea, the Egyptian vizier, Al-Afdal Shahanshah, started mustering troops at Ascalon. Baldwin moved his headquarters to nearby Jaffa and fortified Ramla to hinder any attempt at a surprise attack against Jerusalem. He demanded more funds from Daimbert to cover the costs of this defense, but the patriarch refused. During a passionate debate in the presence of the papal legate, Daimbert stated that Baldwin should not "presume to make tributary and servant the holy Church". The legate persuaded Daimbert to promise that he would "maintain thirty soldiers by a money agreement", but the patriarch failed to raise the promised troops.

paragraph: The lightly armed and undisciplined Egyptian army approached Ramla in early September. The much smaller, but experienced and well equipped crusader forces were the first to attack, at dawn on 7September. Three of the five crusader corps were almost annihilated during the first phase of the battle, but Baldwin persuaded the remnants of his army to launch a fresh attack, surprising the Egyptians. After a short resistance, they fled in panic, pursued by the crusaders as far as Ascalon.

paragraph: Roger Borsa, Duke of Apulia, sent money to Daimbert, partially for the recruitment of soldiers, but Daimbert retained the whole sum. After learning of this embezzlement, Baldwin convinced the papal legate to dismiss Daimbert in late 1101. Daimbert fled to Tanced in Antioch. The vacancy enabled Baldwin to freely use the patriarchs' rich treasury.

paragraph: Stephen, Count of Blois, Hugh of Lusignan and other survivors of the catastrophic crusade of the previous year came to celebrate Easter in Jerusalem in 1102. Shortly thereafter, an Egyptian army about 20,000 strong invaded the kingdom. Ignoring all advice, Baldwin rode out against them with about 500 horsemen, including dozens of new crusaders, from Jerusalem on 17May. In this second battle fought at Ramla, the Egyptians were victorious, and they forced Baldwin and his men to take refuge in Ramla. Baldwin escaped from the fortress before the Egyptians laid siege to it, but his troops were murdered or captured. He first fled to Arsuf, then an English pirate, Godric of Finchale, took him to Jaffa, although the Egyptian army had blockaded it from the land. He went to Jerusalem to gather new troops and returned to Jaffa with more than 100 horsemen. However, only the arrival of a fleet filled with hundreds of English, French and German pilgrims forced the Egyptians to lift the siege on 27May. Baldwin urged Alexios I Komnenos not to obstruct their journey in a letter.

paragraph: During the siege of Jaffa, Baldwin had sent envoys to Antioch and Edessa, seeking assistance from Tancred and Baldwin II. They arrived only after the Egyptians' withdrawal. Tancred tried to persuade the new papal legate, Robert of St Eusebio, to restore Daimbert, but Baldwin convinced Robert to discuss the issue with the local bishops and abbots. After the prelates unanimously stated that Daimbert had almost provoked a civil war and had abused his ecclesiastic authority, the legate allowed them to elect a pious priest, Evremar, as patriarch.

paragraph: Baldwin laid siege to Acre in April 1103, but an Egyptian fleet relieved the town. He launched a raid against the bandits who had settled on Mount Carmel, but he was wounded in the kidneys and did not recover until the end of the year. A new Genoese fleet arrived at Haifa in April 1104 and Baldwin made an alliance with their commanders and again besieged Acre. The town surrendered on 26May after Baldwin promised a free passage to those who wanted to move to Ascalon, but the Genoese plundered the wealthy emigrants and killed many of them. Baldwin wanted to punish the Genoese, but the patriarch mediated a reconciliation and Baldwin granted one-third of the town to them. Acre had always been the most important port of trade between Syria and Europe, and the harbour dues generated significant revenues for Baldwin.

paragraph: Duqaq's death on 14June gave rise to internal conflict in Damascus. The atabeg (or regent) Toghtekin emerged as the ruler, but he had to face strong opposition. Baldwin promised support to Duqaq's minor brother, Irtash, against Toghtekin. His intervention brought about a rapprochement between the Sunnite Toghtekin and the Shiite Al-Afdal. After Egyptian horsemen and foot soldiers invaded the kingdom from the south, and Syrian mounted archers from the west in August 1105, Baldwin assembled the largest crusader army since the beginning of his reign. At his request, Patriarch Evremar displayed the True Cross before the army to strengthen the crusaders' self-confidence. In the ensuing battle, the Egyptian and Syrian armies suffered a decisive defeat at Ramla on 27August.

paragraph: Section::::King of Jerusalem.:Expansion.

paragraph: The Egyptians did not launch any major military campaigns against the Kingdom of Jerusalem, but their raids across the southern frontiers continued. They massacred hundreds of pilgrims near Jaffa and defeated the governor of the town while Baldwin was fighting against Damascene troops in Galilee in October 1106. In the following year, the Egyptians attacked Hebron, but Baldwin forced them to lift the siege. The Egyptian raids did not prevent Baldwin from pursuing an expansionist policy. He compelled the governor of Sidon to pay a large tribute for a two-year truce in early 1106. Early the following year, he made a raid into Oultrejordain and destroyed a fortress that Damascene troops had recently erected to control the caravan routes. Baldwin laid siege to Sidon with the assistance of a band of Italian adventurers in August 1108, but the arrival of an Egyptian fleet and Turkish horsemen from Damascus forced him to abandon it. In late 1108, he concluded a ten-year truce with Toghtekin in exchange for one-third of state revenues from the northern regions of Oultrejordain.

paragraph: Bertrand, Count of Toulouse came to Syria to claim the lands that his father, Raymond of Saint Gilles, had conquered around Tripoli. Bertrand's cousin, William Jordan, who had ruled these lands since Raymond's death, refused to cede them to him. Bertrand sought Baldwin's assistance, while William Jordan secured Tancred's support. Tancred had already outraged Baldwin II of Edessa through refusing to abandon Turbessel. Baldwin convoked an assembly to put an end to the crusader leaders' conflicts. Since neither Tancred nor Jordan were his vassals, he summoned them in the name of "the whole church of Jerusalem" to the castle of Mount Pilgrim near Tripoli. At the assembly in June 1109, Tancred agreed to abandon Turbessel in return for his restoration to his old domains in the Kingdom of Jerusalem (Galilee, Haifa and the Temple of the Lord). Tancred did not take possession of his old domain, which remained under Baldwin's control. Raymond's inheritance was distributed between Bertrand and Jordan, with Bertrand swearing fealty to Baldwin, and Jordan to Tancred.

paragraph: The crusader leaders united their forces to complete the conquest of Tripoli that Raymond had commenced. On 26June, the Egyptian governor, Sharaf ad-Daulah, offered to surrender the town if a safe passage for those who wanted to leave the town was guaranteed. Baldwin accepted the offer, but he could not prevent the Genoese from killing all those burghers whom they could capture. Two thirds of the town was granted to Bertrand of Toulouse who again took an oath of fealty to Baldwin. Baldwin captured Beirut on 13May 1110, with the assistance of Bertrand and a Genoese fleet. He was again unable to prevent a general massacre of the townspeople.

paragraph: Mawdud, the atabeg of Mosul, and his allies invaded the County of Edessa during the siege of Beirut. After the fall of Beirut, Baldwin and Bertrand hurried to Edessa to fight against the invaders. Baldwin II of Edessa accused Tancred of having incited the Muslim rulers to take actions against him. Regarding himself as the leader of all crusaders, Baldwin ordered Tancred to join the campaign and make peace with Baldwin II, otherwise he would declare Tancred the enemy of Christianity. Since most crusaders supported the king, Tancred had no choice but to obey. The incident strengthened Baldwin's suzerainty over Edessa. After the new reconciliation, the crusaders pursued Mawdud, but rumours about Muslim attacks against Antioch and Jerusalem forced them to stop the campaign. Before leaving the county, Baldwin suggested that the Christian (mainly Armenian) peasants should be transferred to the lands west of the Euphrates, because the Seljuq rulers had frequently raided the eastern regions. While the peasants were gathering at a ferry on the river, Mawdud made a sudden raid and massacred most of them.

paragraph: Sigurd I of Norwaythe first king to visit the Kingdom of Jerusalemhad meanwhile landed at Acre. Baldwin made an alliance with him and they laid siege to Sidon in October 1110. An Egyptian fleet routed the Norwegians, but the Doge of Venice, Ordelafo Faliero, and his fleet soon joined the crusaders and the town capitulated on 5December. Baldwin spared the life of the townspeople and many of them moved to Tyre and Damascus. The following year Baldwin marched to Ascalon: to prevent a siege the Egyptian governor of the town, Shams al-Khalīfa, promised to pay 70,000 dinars as a tribute and allowed crusader troops into the citadel. However, the townspeople rose up against al-Khalīfa in July and his Berber guards joined the rioters, murdering him and the crusader troops.

paragraph: Mawdud launched a new expedition against the northern crusader states in August. At Tancred's request, Baldwin mustered his troops and hurried to Shaizar. Bertrand of Tripoli, Baldwin II of Edessa and the Armenian rulers also came to fight against Mawdud, who was compelled to return to Mosul in the autumn. Shortly thereafter, Baldwin attacked a caravan carrying the most precious possessions of the highest-ranking officials of Tyre to Damascus and seized the rich cargo. In late November, he laid siege to Tyre, although he had no fleet. He was still besieging the town when a Byzantine embassy arrived. The Byzantines tried to persuade him to join a coalition against Tancred, while he wanted to secure their assistance against Tyre. They could not reach a compromise, but Izz al-Mulk, the Egyptian governor of Tyre, persuaded Toghtekin to come to the rescue of the besieged town. Toghtekin compelled Baldwin to lift the siege and withdraw to Acre in April 1112.

paragraph: Baldwin made an incursion against Damascene territory in the summer of 1113. Mawdud and an Artuqid emir, Ayaz, came to assist Toghtekin against the crusaders. They routed Baldwin in the Battle of Al-Sannabra on 13 June, forcing him to seek assistance from the new rulers of Tripoli and Antioch, Pons and Roger. Toghtekin, Mawdud and Ayaz invaded Galilee, but they did not risk attacking Tiberias after the arrival of the troops from Tripoli and Antioch. Toghtekin and Mawdud returned to Damascus where an Assassin murdered Mawdud in late September. The Seljuq sultan, Muhammad I Tapar, sent a large army to northern Syria in spring 1115. In an attempt to maintain the equilibrium in the region, Toghtekin soon sought reconciliation with the crusaders. He made an alliance with the crusader rulers, and their coalition forced the Seljuq troops to withdraw without a fight.

paragraph: With the pressure on the northern regions diminished, Baldwin was able to again deal with the Egyptians. The Egyptians had already approached Jerusalem in 1113, and made a fresh attempt to capture Jaffa in 1115. Baldwin led an expedition across the Jordan and ordered the construction of the castle of Montreal in the autumn 1115. The following year, he returned to the region and marched as far as Akaba on the Red Sea. After the local inhabitants fled from the town, Baldwin erected castles in the town and on a nearby island and left a garrison in both fortresses. The three strongholdsMontreal, Eilat and Grayesecured the control of the caravan routes between Syria and Egypt. They also enabled Baldwin to continuously survey the movements of the Egyptian troops. From the Red Sea coast, Baldwin hastened to Tyre and began the construction of a new fortress, known as Scandelion Castle, at the Ladder of Tyre, which completed the blockade of the town from the mainland.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Baldwin fell seriously ill in late 1116. Thinking that he was dying, he ordered that all his debts should be paid off and started to distribute his money and goods, but he recovered at the start of the following year. To strengthen the defence of the southern frontier, he launched an expedition against Egypt in March 1118. He seized Farama on the Nile Delta without a fight, because the townspeople had fled in panic before he reached the town. The late 12th-century Muslim historian Ibn Zafír wrote that Baldwin had destroyed the mosques in the town. Baldwin's retainers urged him to attack Cairo, but the old wound that he had received in 1103 suddenly opened.

paragraph: The dying Baldwin was carried back as far as Al-Arish on the frontier. On his deathbed, he named Eustace III of Boulogne as his successor, but also authorised the barons to offer the throne to Baldwin II of Edessa or "someone else who would rule the Christian people and defend the churches" if his brother did not accept the crown. Baldwin died on 2April 1118. In accordance with his last wishes, his cook, Addo, removed Baldwin's intestines and his body was preserved in salt, because Baldwin wanted to secure his burial in the Holy Sepulchre. He was buried in the Calvary Chapel next to Godfrey of Bouillon five days later, on Palm Sunday.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Fulcher of Chartres described Baldwin as his subjects' "shield, strength and support; their right arm; the terror of his enemies." The Muslim historian, Ali ibn al-Athir, who completed his chronicle a century after Baldwin's death, thought that "al-Bardawil" had started the First Crusade. Presenting a fictional correspondence between Baldwin and Roger I of Sicily, al-Athir claimed that Baldwin had initially wanted to conquer Ifriqiya, but Roger, who wanted to secure the territory for himself, talked him into attacking Jerusalem.

paragraph: Among modern historians, Thomas Asbridge states that Baldwin was one of the commanders of the First Crusade "whose skill, ambition and devotion drove the enterprise, and by turns threatened to rip it apart". Christopher Tyerman emphasises that Baldwin was a talented military commander and a clever politician, who "established a stable kingdom with defined and defensible borders". Amin Maalouf also concludes that Baldwin was the "principal architect of the occupation" of the Holy Land by the crusaders. Maalouf attributes Baldwin's success primarily to the "incorrigible fragmentation of the Arab world", which made the crusaders a "genuine regional power".

paragraph: Baldwin's earliest extant charters were issued in the early 1100s, but the establishment of a chancellery lasted for years. Initially, clerics from Lotharingia compiled the royal documents. The first chancellor, Pagan, was appointed only in 1115. Pagan had came to the Holy Land in the entourage of Baldwin's third wife, Adelaide del Vasto.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Baldwin's first wife, Godehilde, was the daughter of Raoul II of Tosny and Isabella of Montfort-l'Amaury. She died during the First Crusade, around 15October 1097 at Marash. Malcolm Barber argues that her death "may have been the decisive event that persuaded" Baldwin "to seek out a lordship in the East". Historians Steven Runciman and Christopher MacEvitt write that Baldwin and Godehilde had children who did not long survive her. Historian Alan V. Murray emphasises that no primary source evidences that Baldwin fathered children. According to Murray, Runciman was wrong when he translated William of Tyre's words about Baldwin's ""familia"" as a reference to his family, because William of Tyre was referring to Baldwin's household.

paragraph: The name and family of his second wife is uncertain. Modern historians call her Arda and associate her father with Tathoul of Marash. Baldwin married her in the summer of 1098. Her father promised a dowry of 60,000 bezants and also pledged that she would inherit his lands, but he actually paid off only 7,000 bezants to Baldwin. The marriage was childless. Baldwin banished her to the convent of St Anne in Jerusalem before 1109, but she was soon allowed to move to Constantinople. Although they were separated, the marriage was never annulled.

paragraph: Baldwin's third wife, Adelaide, was the wealthy widow of Roger I of Sicily. Her first husband died in 1102 and she acted as regent for their minor sons until the end of 1111. She was more than forty, when Baldwin asked her to marry in 1112. According to William of Tyre, he wanted to marry her because he had learnt of her wealth. Baldwin even agreed to make her son, Roger II of Sicily, his heir in Jerusalem. She landed at Palestine in August 1113, accompanied by hundreds of soldiers and bringing her rich dowry. The marriage of Baldwin and Adelaide was bigamous, because his second wife was still alive. After recovering from a serious illness in late 1116, Baldwin accepted the clergymen's advice and dismissed Adelaide. She sailed for Sicily on 25 April 1117. Her humiliation outraged Roger II so much that he denied all support to the Kingdom of Jerusalem during his lifetime.

paragraph: Summarising Baldwin's marriages, historian Jonathan Phillips concludes that Baldwin "regarded women as useful sources of financial and political advancement but little else". Hans Eberhard Mayer, Christopher Tyerman and Malcolm Barber agree that Baldwin was most probably homosexual. Tyerman writes that a converted Muslim was one of Baldwin's lovers, but he betrayed Baldwin during the siege of Sidon. He proposed that the defenders of the town kill the King, but a Christian burgher warned Baldwin.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Albert of Aachen: "Historia Ierosolimitana"History of the Journey to Jerusalem" (Edited and translated by Susan B. Edgington) (2007). Oxford University Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anna Comnena: The Alexiad" (Translated by E. R. A. Sewter) (1969). Penguin Books. .

description: King of Jerusalem

wikidata_label: Baldwin I of Jerusalem

wikipedia_title: Baldwin I of Jerusalem


text:
United States Navy
Medal of Honor
American Civil War
Confederate
New Orleans, Louisiana
attacks on Forts Jackson and St. Philip

categories: 1842 births,United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients,Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery,Union Navy sailors,1914 deaths

paragraph: William McKnight

paragraph: William McKnight (May 3, 1842 – November 4, 1914) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of America's highest military decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the American Civil War.

paragraph: During the Civil War, William McKnight served in the U.S. Navy as a Coxswain. On April 24, 1862, as a gun captain on board , he participated in combat against Confederate ships as the Federal fleet fought its way past the fortifications protecting the approaches to New Orleans, Louisiana. For his conduct during this event, Coxswain McKnight was awarded the Medal of Honor.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Rank and Organization:

paragraph: Citation:

paragraph: Captain of a gun on board the U.S.S. "Varuna" during the attacks on Forts Jackson and St. Philip and in action against the rebel ship , 24 April 1862. During this action at extremely close range, while his ship was under furious fire and was twice rammed by the rebel ship "Morgan", McKnight remained steadfast at his gun throughout the thickest of the fight and was instrumental in inflicting damage on the enemy until the "Varuna", so badly damaged that she was forced to beach, was finally sunk.

wikidata_label: William McKnight

wikipedia_title: William McKnight


text:
Shaykh
Arabic
Qalyubia
Egypt
Al-Azhar University
Qur'anic reciter
Egyptian Revolution of 1919
Palestine
Kamil Yusuf Al-Bahtimi
Mohamed Siddiq El-Minshawi
Sayyid Darwish
Zakariyya Ahmad
Quran reciting

categories: 1992 deaths,Egyptian Quran reciters,1888 births

paragraph: Mohamed Salamah

paragraph: Shaykh Muhammad Salamah (Arabic: محمد سلامة), born in 1888 in Musturud, Qalyubia, Egypt, and died in 1982, was a student at Al-Azhar University who memorized the Qur'an and became a Qur'anic reciter at a young age. He fought in the Egyptian Revolution of 1919 against the British. He settled in Palestine after World War I, before returning to Egypt in the 1930s.

paragraph: Shaykh Salamah was the only prominent reciter to refuse to record for radio, believing it to be forbidden, until he eventually relented in 1948. In 1937 he participated in a conference of Qur'an reciters which led to the establishment of a Reciters' Association.

paragraph: He was the mentor of celebrated reciters Kamil Yusuf Al-Bahtimi and Mohamed Siddiq El-Minshawi, both of whom lived and studied in Salamah's home at one point. He also taught other prominent reciters including Sayyid Darwish, Zakariyya Ahmad, and Shaykh Ali Mahmud.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Quran reciting

description: Quran reciter

wikidata_label: Mohamed Salamah

wikipedia_title: Mohamed Salamah


text:
Birmingham
Quaker
John Cadbury
Cadbury's
Successive later members of the family
chocolate
Exeter
serge
draper
Gloucester
Birmingham
Birmingham General Hospital
abolitionist
World's Anti-Slavery Convention
Freemasons' Hall, London
National Portrait Gallery
Ipswich

categories: British abolitionists,1860 deaths,English Quakers,People from Exeter,1768 births,English businesspeople

paragraph: Richard Tapper Cadbury

paragraph: Richard Tapper Cadbury (1768 – 13 March 1860) came to Birmingham in 1794 and started a linen draper's business in partnership with a fellow Quaker. His children included John Cadbury who was given help to start a tea and coffee business that would develop into Cadbury's. Successive later members of the family chiefly from their wealth and innovations in chocolate became important in manufacturing and charity sectors.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Cadbury came from Exeter and he was born around 1768. His father was a maker of serge and he was apprenticed to a draper in Gloucester, after which he worked for others in the town.

paragraph: He entered into partnership with Joseph Rutte in Birmingham from 1794. In 1824, Cadbury senior financed John Cadbury to start a tea and coffee business next door; Benjamin ran the main business from 1829. Richard was given a wage and was able to take on good works.

paragraph: Cadbury continued to develop the business, but also took a role in civil affairs. He served on Birmingham General Hospital's Board and that of the Eye Hospital as well as getting involved in the affairs of the Town Council.

paragraph: Cadbury was an abolitionist and in 1840 attended the World's Anti-Slavery Convention at Freemasons' Hall, London. Delegates came from several different countries and a commemorative painting, now displayed in the National Portrait Gallery, records all the notable people who were present. Tapper Cadbury is right at the back of the crowd and his portrait is one of the smallest.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Cadbury died in 1860, the same year that John Cadbury broke his financial links with his brother and shortly after left the business to be run in turn by his sons.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He married Elizabeth Head from Ipswich in 1796. Two years later the partnership with Rutte was dissolved.

paragraph: They had ten children: John, James, Ann, Maria, Lucretia, Sarah, Emma Joel, Elizabeth Head, Richard, Benjamin Head, and Joel. In addition, Elizabeth ran the business in his absence. They had a sizable house in the city centre.

description: British businessman

wikidata_label: Richard Tapper Cadbury

wikipedia_title: Richard Tapper Cadbury


text: Swedish

text: Solna

text: Stockholm

text: Formula Renault 2.0 Sweden

text: Michelin Formula Renault Winter Cup

text: Koiranen GP

text: Formula Renault 2.0 Sweden

text: Formula Renault 2.0 NEC

text: Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0

text: Koiranen GP

text: Formula Renault 2.0 NEC

text: Koiranen GP

text: Performance Racing

text: 2012 German Formula Three season

text: Zandvoort

text: 2013 German Formula Three season

text: Performance Racing

text: Oschersleben

text: Spa

text: British Formula 3

text: Performance Racing

text: Silverstone

text: Fortec Motorsport

categories: Formula Renault drivers,Swedish racing drivers,British Formula Three Championship drivers,German Formula Three Championship drivers,People from Stockholm,1994 births,FIA Formula 3 European Championship drivers,Living people,GP3 Series drivers

paragraph: John Bryant-Meisner

paragraph: John Bryant-Meisner (born 21 September 1994) is a Swedish racing driver. He currently resides in Solna.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Karting.

paragraph: Born in Stockholm, he began his karting career at age nine. He competed in karting competitions between 2004–2009.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula Renault 2.0 Sweden & Michelin Formula Renault Winter Cup.

paragraph: He started his single-seater career in 2010 by competing in the Formula Renault 2.0 Sweden for Team BS Motorsport and Michelin Formula Renault Winter Cup driving for the Koiranen GP team. He gained one podium in the Formula Renault 2.0 Sweden series.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula Renault 2.0 Eurocup & NEC series.

paragraph: In 2010 and 2011 he also participated in the Formula Renault 2.0 NEC series and in 2011 in Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0, both with Koiranen GP. He gained one podium in the Formula Renault 2.0 NEC series.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Protyre Formula Renault UK Finals Series.

paragraph: He competed in the 2011 Protyre Formula Renault UK Finals Series again with Koiranen GP.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:German Formula Three Championship.

paragraph: 2012 saw Bryant-Meisner make his debut in Formula 3, as he signed a deal to race with Swedish outfit Performance Racing in the 2012 German Formula Three season. He scored his maiden podium in the opening round at Zandvoort by finishing third. In May, he crashed his car by hitting a concrete wall during testing. He fractured his vertebrae in his spine and was out for seven months, missing the rest of the season.

paragraph: He returned in the 2013 German Formula Three season still racing for Performance Racing. In the first round, he made successful comeback and convincingly gained his first ever Formula 3 win at Oschersleben. He also won the second race of the second round at Spa.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:British Formula 3 Championship.

paragraph: In 2013, he raced in the British Formula 3 also for Performance Racing as a guest driver. He won two races in the opening round at Silverstone.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:FIA European Formula 3 Championship.

paragraph: In 2013, he participated in the 2013 FIA European Formula 3 Championship season last two races, racing for Fortec Motorsport. He managed to score two points by the end of the season.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Career summary.

paragraph: As Bryant-Meisner was a guest driver, he was ineligible for points.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Complete FIA European Formula 3 Championship results.

paragraph: Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Complete GP3 Series results.

description: Swedish racing driver

wikidata_label: John Bryant-Meisner

wikipedia_title: John Bryant-Meisner


text:
Saint
Italian
Roman Catholic
priest
Gospel
Pope John Paul II
Venerable
priesthood
ordained
Bishop of Verona
Pope Pius XII
Christmas
Servant of God
World War II
nun
Latin
C.S. Lewis
God
Servant of God
Rome
Positio
Congregation for the Causes of Saints
Pope John Paul II
Venerable
heroic virtue
Hagiography Circle
Saints SQPN
Catholic Online
Life of St. Giovanni Calabria
Santi e Beati
Opera don Calabria Napoli

categories: 19th-century Roman Catholics,Italian beatified people,19th-century Christian saints,20th-century Italian people,19th-century venerated Christians,20th-century Christian saints,19th-century Italian people,Canonizations by Pope John Paul II,People from Verona,Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II,20th-century Roman Catholic priests,1954 deaths,20th-century venerated Christians,1873 births,Beatifications by Pope John Paul II,Italian Roman Catholic priests,Founders of Catholic religious communities

image: 512px-Джованни_Калабрия.jpg

paragraph: Giovanni Calabria

paragraph: Saint Giovanni Calabria (8 October 1873 – 4 December 1954) was an Italian Roman Catholic priest and the founder of both the Poor Servants of Divine Providence and the Poor Sisters Servants of Divine Providence. Calabria dedicated his life to the plight of the poor and the ill and established his two orders to take better care of poor people in various Italian cities and later abroad while underpinning the need to promote the message of the Gospel to the poor.

paragraph: Pope John Paul II beatified him in 1988 and then canonized him a decade later in 1999. His liturgical feast - fixed to 4 December - is celebrated on an annual basis.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Giovanni Calabria was born on 8 October 1873 as the last of seven males to Luigi Calabria and Angela Foschi. His mother received education from the Venerable Nicola Mazza.

paragraph: Year four of his education was interrupted due to the death of his father in 1882 and it was around this time that the rector of San Lorenzo Pietro Scapini saw Calabria's potential and became his private tutor in order to prepare him for the examination that would determine if he could commence his studies for the priesthood. The death of his father saw him drop out of school to become an apprentice. He entered but was forced to drop out due to service with the armed forces where he converted fellow soldiers and was known for his faith and show of devotions.

paragraph: On one cold night in November 1897 he returned home from the hospital where he was visiting the ill to find a child on his doorstep who told him that he was fleeing those who would beat him. Calabria took him in and shared his room with him. In 1898 he founded the "Charitable Institution for the assistance to poor sick people". Calabria was ordained as a priest on 11 August 1901 and was then appointed as a confessor and also the curate of Saint Stephen's church. He became the rector of San Benedetto del Monte also in 1907.

paragraph: On 26 November 1907 he founded the "Poor Servants of Divine Providence" in Case Rotte and it relocated in 1908 to Via San Zeno. It received diocesan approval on 11 February 1932 from the Bishop of Verona Girolamo Cardinale and then the decree of praise on 25 April 1949 before receiving full pontifical approval on 15 December 1956 from Pope Pius XII. On 17 April 1910 he then established the Poor Sisters Servants of Divine Providence and it was Bartolomeo Bacilieri who suggested to him that he look into starting a female branch of his other order. The first members of that order made their vows into Calabria's hands on 13 December 1911 and appointed Maria Galbraith (1874-1917) as the first superior of the order. It received diocesan approval on 25 March 1952 before receiving papal approval decades later on Christmas in 1981.

paragraph: He had a great friend and admirer in the Servant of God Giulio Facibeni (1884-1958) and on 8 September 1943 - during World War II - helped hide the Jewish doctor Mafalda Pavia (1902-1985) near Verona among his female congregation; the doctor assumed the name of Sister Beatrice and spent eighteen months there while not being an actual nun in accordance with her own faith. He also corresponded in Latin with the noted author C.S. Lewis.

paragraph: Calabria died on 4 December 1954 and on 3 December offered himself to God to die in the place of the ill Pius XII. The pope rallied and learned of Calabria's death and sent an official telegram of condolence.

paragraph: Sainthood

paragraph: The beatification process commenced in both an informative and apostolic process in order to collect documentation and a range of witness interrogatories. Theologians collected his writings to assess if such writings were in line with the faith and approved them on 1 June 1968. The official start to the cause came on 6 March 1981 and Calabria was titled as a Servant of God. The two processes were later validated on 31 March 1984 in Rome and the Positio was sent a short time after in 1985 to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints.

paragraph: Theologians approved the Positio on 8 October 1985 and the cardinal and bishop members of the C.C.S. did so as well on 10 December. Pope John Paul II named Calabria as Venerable on 16 January 1986 after confirming that the priest had indeed lived a life of heroic virtue. The miracle needed for him to be beatified was investigated and was validated on 31 March 1984 before receiving the approval of a medical board on 2 July 1986. Theologians approved it on 19 December 1986 while the C.C.S. did so as well on 17 February 1987 before receiving the approval of John Paul II on 16 March 1987 who beatified Calabria on 17 April 1988.

paragraph: The second miracle that was needed for full sainthood was investigated and validated on 10 February 1995 in Rome and went on to receive the approval of the medical board on 4 July 1996 and then that of the theologians on 10 January 1997. The C.C.S. also approved it on 8 April 1997 while John Paul II issued the final approval needed for it on 7 July 1997 and then canonized Calabria on 18 April 1999.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hagiography Circle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saints SQPN

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Life of St. Giovanni Calabria

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santi e Beati

paragraph: BULLET::::- Opera don Calabria Napoli

description: Italian saint

wikidata_label: Giovanni Calabria

wikipedia_title: Giovanni Calabria


text:
Templar
Cyprus
Templar Grand Master
Robert de Sablé
Guy of Lusignan

paragraph: Armand Bouchart

paragraph: Armand Bouchart was a Templar who commanded a small garrison during the Templar rule of Cyprus in 1192.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Little is known about Bouchart other than the period during Cyprus' reign under the Templar Grand Master, Robert de Sablé, who, at that period, was not able to leave a huge garrison on Cyprus, as the army was needed to do battle elsewhere. All that remained on Cyprus were 14 to 20 Templars. Still this small garrison under the command of Armand Bouchart was scarcely enough to properly occupy the island. The men sent to look after the island were warriors and not administrators. Soon after arriving on Cyprus, Templar arrogance was clearly shown. They started disrespecting the island's barons and citizens and began taking what they wanted.

paragraph: This ill treatment soon came to its peak and the populace revolted. Bouchart and his knights sought shelter in the Templar castle in order to regroup. They bolted out of the castle in full armor and assaulted the Cypriots. The massacre was over in minutes and the revolt was halted for the time being. Bouchart told de Sablé that his small number of men was insufficient to hold the island and that another revolt must surely be around the corner. It was decided that the island of Cyprus would have to go and therefore, it was sold to Guy of Lusignan.

paragraph: Section::::Representations in popular culture.

paragraph: Armand Bouchart is featured in the video game as the main antagonist and Grand Master of the Templar Order. He seeks the "Apple of Eden", which allows its user to control the minds of people and make them carry out the bidding of whoever is using it.

wikidata_label: Armand Bouchart

wikipedia_title: Armand Bouchart


text: professional baseball

text: pitcher

text: Washington Nationals

text: Major League Baseball

text: Cincinnati Reds

text: Baltimore Orioles

text: Nippon Professional Baseball

text: Tokyo Yakult Swallows

text: Cincinnati Reds

text: 2005 MLB June Amateur Draft

text: Billings Mustangs

text: Dayton

text: Chattanooga

text: Louisville Bats

text: 40-man roster

text: Rule 5 Draft

text: Great American Ballpark

text: St. Louis Cardinals

text: Louisville

text: Matt Holliday

text: Houston Astros

text: 2010 NLDS

text: Philadelphia Phillies

text: Devin Mesoraco

text: Pensacola

text: Johnny Cueto

text: Tokyo Yakult Swallows

text: Nippon Professional Baseball

text: Chaz Roe

text: Los Angeles Dodgers

text: Long Island Ducks

text: Washington Nationals

text: four-seam fastball

text: slider

text: cutter

text: sinker

text: changeup

categories: Oklahoma City Dodgers players,Chattanooga Lookouts players,American expatriate baseball players in Japan,Tokyo Yakult Swallows players,1985 births,Tulsa Drillers players,Dayton Dragons players,Cincinnati Reds players,Sarasota Reds players,Carolina Mudcats players,Pensacola Blue Wahoos players,Baseball players from Texas,McLennan Highlanders baseball players,Louisville Bats players,American people of Czech descent,Major League Baseball pitchers,Living people,Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers,People from Hallettsville, Texas,Baltimore Orioles players,Billings Mustangs players

paragraph: Logan Ondrusek

paragraph: Logan Jared Ondrusek (born February 13, 1985) is an American professional baseball pitcher in the Washington Nationals organization. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cincinnati Reds and Baltimore Orioles, and in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Tokyo Yakult Swallows.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: The Cincinnati Reds selected Ondrusek in the 13th round of the 2005 MLB June Amateur Draft. Ondrusek began his minor league career with the rookie league Billings Mustangs. In his first year with the Mustangs, he went 1–6 with a 6.02 ERA. In 2006, he played for Billings, Single-A Dayton and Double-A Chattanooga. In his second year, he went 4–6 with a 3.59 ERA. In 2008, he was promoted to the Reds' Triple-A affiliate, the Louisville Bats, where he went 4–1 with a 1.50 ERA.

paragraph: He was added to the Reds' 40-man roster after the 2009 season to protect him from the Rule 5 Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cincinnati Reds' organization.:2010.

paragraph: In 2010, Ondrusek made the Cincinnati Reds' Opening Day roster with a strong showing in spring training, throwing 10 scoreless innings. He made his first professional appearance on Opening Day at Great American Ballpark, pitching a scoreless 8th inning against the St. Louis Cardinals. However, with an 11.12 ERA through nine appearances, he was sent down to Triple-A Louisville on April 22. Due to injuries and struggles in the Reds' bullpen, Ondrusek was recalled to the majors on June 1.e Despite a rough initial appearance upon his return to the big leagues (giving up a home run to Matt Holliday in his first game back), Ondrusek settled down, with a 1.27 ERA from his June 1 recall through August 10. This included a streak of 22 scoreless innings in 20 appearances.

paragraph: He earned the first win of his MLB career on July 23 against the Houston Astros after pitching a scoreless 7th inning. He picked up four more wins over the rest of the season, finishing the 2010 regular season 5–0 with a 3.68 ERA and 39 strikeouts over 58.2 innings.

paragraph: Ondrusek pitched in both Game 1 and Game 2 of the 2010 NLDS against the Philadelphia Phillies. In the first game, he pitched 1.2 innings, allowing no hits or runs despite committing a throwing error. In Game 2, Ondrusek was brought in with two outs and the bases loaded in the 6th inning, and allowed a run on a hit batsman. However, he got the next batter to ground out, escaping the jam with minimal damage. Ondrusek finished the 2010 postseason with a 0.00 ERA with no walks in two innings pitched in two games.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cincinnati Reds' organization.:2011.

paragraph: Ondrusek played all of 2011 with Cincinnati, where in 66 appearances, he went 5-5 with a 3.23 ERA and 14 holds, striking out 41 in 61.1 innings. He was used mostly in the 7th and 8th innings, usually to pitch one inning per game.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cincinnati Reds' organization.:2012.

paragraph: Ondrusek played most of 2012 with Cincinnati, but was optioned to Louisville on August 21 when the Reds were in need of a catcher after Devin Mesoraco was suspended. He was brought back up when the rosters expanded in September. In 63 appearances in 2012, Ondrusek went 5-2 with a 3.46 ERA and 13 holds, striking out 39 in 54.2 innings. He was used mostly in the 8th inning, with 32 of his appearances coming in the 8th.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cincinnati Reds' organization.:2013.

paragraph: On January 17, 2013, Ondrusek signed a two-year, $2.35 million contract to avoid arbitration. As a Super Two player, Ondrusek will have four years of arbitration versus the normal three.

paragraph: Ondrusek began 2013 with Double-A Pensacola after a spring training in which he gave up nine runs in 10.2 innings with a WHIP of 2.062. He made three appearances with the Blue Wahoos before being recalled to Cincinnati. He was optioned to Louisville on June 8 after an outing in which he gave up four runs. He had a 5.64 ERA and a 1.299 WHIP in 21 appearances at the time. Ondrusek returned on June 29 after Johnny Cueto went on the disabled list. Ondrusek finished the year in the Reds' bullpen. In 52 appearances with Cincinnati, he was 3-1 with a 4.09 ERA, striking out 53 in 55 innings.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cincinnati Reds' organization.:2014.

paragraph: Ondrusek was placed on the disabled list on July 23, 2014, with right shoulder soreness. At the time, he had a 3-2 record and a 4.31 ERA in 29 appearances out of the Reds bullpen. He was activated from the DL on August 18.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tokyo Yakult Swallows.:2015.

paragraph: On December 29, 2014, Ondrusek signed a one-year deal with the Tokyo Yakult Swallows of the Nippon Professional Baseball. In his first season, Ondrusek posted an ERA of 2.05 in 72 games. He re-signed for the 2016 season and was named their closer. Ondrusek was suspended by the Swallows for an incident with the team's coaches in a June 26 game and was later released by the club. In his two seasons with the Swallows, he pitched in 102 games, posting an 8-3 record with 11 saves and a 2.17 ERA.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Baltimore Orioles.

paragraph: Ondrusek signed a major league deal on July 29, 2016, with the Baltimore Orioles after the club designated relief pitcher Chaz Roe for assignment. On November 4, the Orioles declined Ondrusek's 2017 option, making him a free agent.

paragraph: On December 13, 2016, Ondrusek signed a major-league contract with the Orioles before being released on March 17, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Los Angeles Dodgers.

paragraph: On March 27, 2018, Ondrusek signed a minor-league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers. He was released on July 17, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Long Island Ducks.

paragraph: On July 25, 2018, Ondrusek signed with the Long Island Ducks of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. He became a free agent following the 2018 season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Washington Nationals.

paragraph: On February 6, 2019, Ondrusek signed a minor league deal with the Washington Nationals.

paragraph: Section::::Pitching style.

paragraph: Ondrusek mostly uses three pitches: a four-seam fastball averaging about 92–93 mph, a slider around 80 mph, and a cutter in the low 90s. He also has a sinker and a changeup, which is used primarily against lefties. He throws with a straight-over-the-top motion.

description: baseball player from the United States

wikidata_label: Logan Ondrusek

wikipedia_title: Logan Ondrusek


text: JP

text: DL

text: TD

text: Mander Brothers

text: Tong, Shropshire

text: Henry Nicholas Paint

text: Parliament of Canada

text: Hillbrow School

text: Rugby

text: Eton College

text: Trinity College, Cambridge

text: Elcho Shield

text: World War I

text: Yeomanry Mounted Division

text: Sinai and Palestine Campaign

text: Third Battle of Gaza

text: Beersheba

text: Megiddo

text: Damascus

text: General Allenby

text: Mayor of Wolverhampton

text: freedom of the borough

text: National Savings

text: Rotary International

text: Blackfoot

text: Montana

text: Neame

text: Kent

text: Charles Marcus Mander

text: Mander family

text: Mander Baronets

text: Mander Brothers

text: Brief history of the Mander family

text: Mander family genealogy

text: Mander Brothers

categories: People educated at Eton College,1884 births,Mayors of places in the West Midlands (county),Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,Mayors of Wolverhampton,1952 deaths,People from Wolverhampton,British Army personnel of World War I,Staffordshire Yeomanry officers,Councillors in Wolverhampton,Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom,Deputy Lieutenants of Staffordshire,High Sheriffs of Staffordshire,People from Birmingham, West Midlands

paragraph: Charles Arthur Mander

paragraph: Sir Charles Arthur Mander, 2nd Baronet JP, DL, TD (25 June 1884 – 25 January 1951) was a public servant, philanthropist, and manufacturer, as managing director of Mander Brothers, the family paint, varnish and inks business established in 1773.

paragraph: Charles Arthur Mander, of Kilsall Hall, Tong, Shropshire, was the elder son of Charles Tertius by Mary Le Mesurier, daughter of Henry Nicholas Paint, a Member of the Dominion Parliament of Canada. He was educated at Hillbrow School in Rugby, Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he read Natural Sciences. He shot in the English rifle team, and was in the winning eight for the Elcho Shield while still at Cambridge.

paragraph: He served as a major in the Staffordshire Yeomanry (Queen's Own Royal Regiment) in World War I, attached to the Yeomanry Mounted Division in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. He was wounded in the Third Battle of Gaza at Beersheba in 1917, and following the decisive battle of Megiddo entered Damascus in triumph with General Allenby. Extracts from his lively journals describing one of the last great cavalry campaigns were published in "Varnished Leaves" (2004).

paragraph: He was twice Mayor of Wolverhampton and chairman of the Borough finance committee for a generation, and was awarded the honorary freedom of the borough. He was an active industrialist, when Mander Brothers was progressive in labour relations, and was the first company in Britain to introduce the 40-hour week.

paragraph: He served on over 65 committees and organisations at one time, was in demand as a public speaker on both sides of the Atlantic, and chaired some of the first radio discussion programmes. Among many positions, he was Vice-Chairman of the National Savings Committee and President of Rotary International for Britain and Ireland. In the USA, he was made Chief Red Crow, an honorary title of the Blackfoot tribe in Montana, where he gave the dedication address of the Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, the first national park to be dedicated to world peace, in June 1932.

paragraph: He married Monica, daughter of George Harding Neame, of Kent and London, by whom he had three children.

paragraph: He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his only son, Charles Marcus Mander (1921–2006).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mander family

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mander Baronets

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mander Brothers

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Geoffrey Le Mesurier Mander (ed), "The History of Mander Brothers" (Wolverhampton, n.d. [1955])

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. Nicholas Mander, "Varnished Leaves: a biography of the Mander Family of Wolverhampton, 1750-1950" (Owlpen Press, 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burke's "Peerage and Baronetage"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brief history of the Mander family

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mander family genealogy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mander Brothers

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Charles Arthur Mander

wikipedia_title: Charles Arthur Mander


text:
Lord of Verona
Bartolomeo
Cansignorio della Scala
Guido III da Polenta
Gian Galeazzo Visconti
Duke of Milan
Ravenna

paragraph: Antonio I della Scala

paragraph: Antonio della Scala (1362 – 3 September 1388) was Lord of Verona from 1375 until 1387, initially together with his brother Bartolomeo.

paragraph: Antonio was the illegitimate son of Cansignorio della Scala. At the latter's death, he was associated in the lordship with his brother Bartolomeo. In 1378 he married Samaritana da Polenta, daughter of Guido III da Polenta, lord of Ravenna. He reigned alone after 1381, until 1387, when he was deposed by Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan.

paragraph: Antonio lived in exile in Ravenna until his death.

description: Italian noble

wikidata_label: Antonio I della Scala

wikipedia_title: Antonio I della Scala


text:
lord of Verona
Scaliger
Alberto I della Scala
Corrado d'Antiochia
Alboino

categories: Scaliger family,Lords of Verona,1304 deaths,13th-century births

paragraph: Bartolomeo I della Scala

paragraph: Bartolomeo I della Scala (died March 7 or March 8, 1304) was lord of Verona from 1301, a member of the Scaliger family.

paragraph: The son of Alberto I della Scala, Bartolomeo succeeded him after his death in 1301. He had married in 1291 Costanza di Antiochia, daughter of Corrado d'Antiochia.

paragraph: Bartolomeo died in 1304. His brother Alboino succeeded him.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. Castagnetti, G. M. Varanini, Il Veneto nel medioevo: Le signorie trecentesche, Verona, Banca Popolare di Verona, 1995.

description: lord of Verona (d. 1304)

wikidata_label: Bartolomeo I della Scala

wikipedia_title: Bartolomeo I della Scala


text:
Cardinal
Verdi
Simon Boccanegra
bishop of Fréjus
bishop of Agde
archbishop of Ravenna

categories: Deans of the College of Cardinals,Bishops of Senez,15th-century Roman Catholic bishops,1450s births,16th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Cardinal-bishops of Albano,Cardinal-bishops of Porto,Bishops of Toulon,Italian cardinals,1524 deaths,Bishops of Fréjus,Cardinal-bishops of Ostia,Bishops of Agde,Cardinal-bishops of Sabina

paragraph: Niccolò Fieschi

paragraph: Niccolò Fieschi (c. 1456 – 1524) was an Italian Cardinal, of a prominent family of Genoa which features in Verdi's Simon Boccanegra.

paragraph: He was bishop of Fréjus from 1485, and bishop of Agde from 1488. He was archbishop of Ravenna from 1516.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: Nuccolo Fieschi can't be the Fieschi Verdi mantions in his Opera "Simon Boccanegra" since the Opera takes place in the middle of the 14th century and Niccolo lived in the 15th century.

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Niccolò Fieschi

wikipedia_title: Niccolò Fieschi


text:
American politician
Maryland House of Delegates
Baltimore
Maryland
Baltimore City College
Amherst College
juris doctor
Columbia University
University of Baltimore
University of Maryland
death penalty
Roe v. Wade

categories: Politicians from Baltimore,Maryland Democrats,Amherst College alumni,Jewish American politicians,1950 births,Baltimore City College alumni,Columbia Law School alumni,Living people,Members of the Maryland House of Delegates

paragraph: Samuel I. Rosenberg

paragraph: Samuel I. "Sandy" Rosenberg (born May 18, 1950) is an American politician who represents the 41st legislative district in the Maryland House of Delegates. Delegate Rosenberg is the House Chair of the Joint Committee on Administrative, Executive, and Legislative Review and has been in the General Assembly since 1983.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Rosenberg attended the Baltimore City College high school and then went on to Amherst College where he earned his B.A. degree in political science in 1972. He immediately followed that up with a juris doctor from the Columbia University Law School in 1975. For the last sixteen years, Delegate Rosenberg has taught at the two law schools in Baltimore. He currently teaches Legal Writing and Moot Court at the University of Baltimore and Legislation at the University of Maryland. He has also taught seminars on Law and the Homeless and Legislative Process: Abortion.

paragraph: Section::::In the legislature.

paragraph: Delegate Rosenberg was a lead sponsor of legislation to de-regulate electric utilities in Maryland in 1999, and the lead sponsor of legislation to repeal Maryland's death penalty. in the 2007 session of the Maryland General Assembly. HB-225: death penalty repeal. Although the bill failed to get out of committee, Rosenberg has vowed to introduce it again. Of the 37 bills he introduced in 2007, 9 passed and became law. Rosenberg has changed his position on legalizing slot machines. He voted against slots in 2005, but for slots in 2007.

paragraph: Rosenberg posts a daily legislative diary at his website, delsandy.com, when the legislature is in session.

paragraph: In his 25 years as a delegate his most significant legislative accomplishments are writing the holding of Roe v. Wade into Maryland law; creating two programs that encourage students to enter public service, by repaying a portion of the educational debt of people who have lower-paying public interest jobs and by providing an up-front scholarship to students planning careers in public service; lead paint abatement legislation; Maryland's welfare reform law; the Voters Rights Protection Act of 2005, which expands access to the ballot and deters activities intended to suppress turnout; extending Maryland's civil rights law to prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation; and establishing public health priorities for the use of the State's share of the settlement of the tobacco litigation.

paragraph: During the 2013 legislative session, Rosenberg co-sponsored HB 860 (Baltimore City Public Schools Construction and Revitalization Act of 2013). Signed by the Governor on May 16, 2013, the new law approved 1.1 billion dollars to construct new schools in Baltimore City.

paragraph: Section::::Election results.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 Primary Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 41

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 42

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 42

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 42

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/mdmanual/06hse/html/msa12301.html

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Samuel I. Rosenberg

wikipedia_title: Samuel I. Rosenberg


text: Earl of Atholl

text: Constable of Scotland

text: Northumberland

text: John Strathbogie, Earl of Atholl

text: Ralph de Monthermer

text: Robert the Bruce

text: Neil Campbell

text: Norfolk

text: Chilham

text: Kent

text: Northumberland

text: Gascony

text: John III Comyn, Lord of Badenoch

text: Sir William de Valance

text: Henry III of England

text: Edward Balliol

text: Jesmond

text: Ponteland

text: St. Andrew's

text: Newcastle-upon-Tyne

text: Sir James Balfour Paul

text: Lord Lyon King of Arms

text: The Scots Peerage

categories: 1326 deaths,Year of birth unknown,Clan MacDuff,Scottish knights,Mormaers of Atholl

paragraph: David II Strathbogie, Earl of Atholl

paragraph: Sir David II Strathbogie (died 28 December 1326) was Earl of Atholl, Constable of Scotland, and Chief Warden of Northumberland.

paragraph: The eldest son and heir of John Strathbogie, Earl of Atholl by his wife Marjory (or Margaret) daughter of Donald, 10th Earl of Mar, Sir David was a prisoner in England in 1300. He succeeded his father in 1306 and was restored to his earldom and Scottish estates in 1307 by the surrender of them by Ralph de Monthermer, to whom was paid a large sum of money.

paragraph: That year he rebelled against Robert the Bruce who banished him, forfeiting his office, title, and lands, the latter being given to Sir Neil Campbell. Strathbogie received three manors in Norfolk as a compensation for his Scottish possessions. In 1321, he was granted the feudal barony of Chilham, Kent, which had belonged to his father and grandmother. In 1322 he was summoned to the English parliament as Lord Strathbogie. In that year he was appointed "custos" of Northumberland, responsible for defence against Scottish raids.

paragraph: In 1325 he was commander of the English troops in Gascony.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: Strathbogie married Joan, elder daughter of Sir John III Comyn, Lord of Badenoch, Joint Guardian of Scotland, by his spouse Joan (1292–1326), daughter of Sir William de Valance, Knt., Lord of Pembroke, Valence, Montignac, Bellac, etc., uterine brother of King Henry III of England.

paragraph: His claim to the earldom of Atholl was maintained by his eldest son and heir, David III Strathbogie, titular Earl of Atholl, a leading supporter of Edward Balliol.

paragraph: His second son, Sir Aymer de Strathbogie, Knt., of Felton, Jesmond, Ponteland, and Tarcet (in Thormeburre), was Knight of the Shire for Northumberland (as Adomar de Atholl) in 1381. Sir Aymer married Mary, said to be a daughter of Walter Steward. They are buried in the chancel of the Holy Trinity of St. Andrew's, Newcastle-upon-Tyne (brass now destroyed) and left issue.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Banks, T.C., "Baronies in Fee", London, 1844, p. 110-111.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir James Balfour Paul, Lord Lyon King of Arms, "The Scots Peerage", Edinburgh, 1904, vol.1, 428-430.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richardson, Douglas, "Plantagenet Ancestry", Baltimore, Md., 2004, pps: 50 and 596.

description: Scottish Earl

wikidata_label: David II Strathbogie, Earl of Atholl

wikipedia_title: David II Strathbogie, Earl of Atholl


text: French Canadian

text: American Revolutionary War

text: Moses Hazen

text: 2nd Canadian Regiment

text: Continental Army

text: Nemours

text: Île-de-France

text: Montcalm

text: Berry

text: Clément Gosselin

text: Quebec

text: Montreal

categories: Continental Army officers from Canada,1733 births,1804 deaths,People of pre-Confederation Canada,French Canadians in the American Revolution,People from Nemours

paragraph: Philippe Liébert

paragraph: Philippe Liébert (August 9, 1733 – September 23, 1804) was a French Canadian soldier who fought on the U.S. side of the American Revolutionary War, serving in Moses Hazen's 2nd Canadian Regiment of the Continental Army.

paragraph: Philippe Liébert was born in Nemours, France, in the old-regime province of Île-de-France. He was a soldier of Montcalm in the Berry regiment.

paragraph: He served with Clément Gosselin in Quebec for 23 years, from 1754 until 1777.

paragraph: Before and after the war, he was a talented sculptor in Quebec, known in particular for the decoration of the Church of La Visitation-de-la-Bienheureuse-Vierge-Marie, the oldest extant church in Montreal. A road is named after him in the eastern part of Montreal.

description: soldier and sculptor

wikidata_label: Philippe Liébert

wikipedia_title: Philippe Liébert


text:
parachutist
balloon
aviator
Ipswich
Suffolk
Spencer Brothers
Auguste Eugene Gaudron
Ilkeston
Derbyshire
Blériot
Claude Grahame-White
Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Coventry
Dolly Shepherd
Dolly Shepherd
Rossa Matilda Richter
Entry at Who's Who of Ballooning
Coventry news paper item

categories: English balloonists,Parachuting deaths,English stunt performers,1910 deaths,Accidental deaths in England,People from Ipswich

paragraph: Edith Maud Cook

paragraph: Edith Maud Cook (1 September 1878 – 14 July 1910), was an early British parachutist, balloonist, and aviator, recognized as Britain's first female pilot. She was also known as Viola Spencer-Kavanagh, Viola Spencer, Viola Kavanagh, and perhaps as Viola Fleet and Elsa Spencer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Cook was born on 1 September 1878, in Ipswich, Suffolk, the daughter of James Wells Cook, a confectioner, and Mary Ann Baker. Her birthplace is marked by a plaque erected by the Ipswich Society in 2007.

paragraph: Edith was variously known as Miss Spencer-Kavanagh, Viola Spencer-Kavanagh, Viola Spencer, and Viola Kavanagh. She is also reputed to have been known as Viola Fleet and Elsa Spencer, although another lady parachutist was using the latter name in 1919. It would seem that she used the names Viola Spencer and Viola Kavanagh when undertaking parachuting engagements, and the name Spencer-Kavanagh as an aviator. She worked for the Spencer Brothers and Auguste Eugene Gaudron.

paragraph: In August 1908, she had a narrow escape when trying to make a parachute jump at Ilkeston, Derbyshire. On attaining the desired altitude she found that she could not detach the parachute from the balloon. Clinging on she continued to gain height and drifted during the night before she finally came down some twenty-five miles from her starting point. This event was widely reported in newspapers at the time.

paragraph: She was reputed to have made over 300 parachute jumps in a career spanning over 10 years. She was reported in the newspapers to carry a small revolver with her as she could never be sure where she might land.

paragraph: Edith was a pupil at the Blériot flying school and at Claude Grahame-White's school at Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques in 1909 or early 1910, where she learnt to fly; and, according to the journals of the day, became the first British woman to pilot a plane.

paragraph: She died from injuries sustained following a jump from a balloon at Coventry on 9 July 1910. Her parachute collapsed after a gust of wind blew her on to a factory roof. It was reported that another gust of wind caught the parachute and she fell from the factory roof sustaining serious injuries. She died on the 14th, and an inquest was held on the 16th; her death certificate states the cause of her death as "Internal injuries, broken pelvis and arm, caused by a fall from a parachute. Accidental." Apparently Dolly Shepherd had been due to make the jump at Coventry but Cook took her place.

paragraph: In 2008 Suffolk Aviation Heritage Group launched a campaign to erect a statue to Edith Cook in her home town of Ipswich in Suffolk, but no statue had been approved.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dolly Shepherd

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rossa Matilda Richter

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Entry at Who's Who of Ballooning

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coventry news paper item

description: British balloonist

wikidata_label: Edith Maud Cook

wikipedia_title: Edith Maud Cook


text: landscape painter

text: Jacob Koninck

text: Abraham Furnerius

text: Arnold Houbraken

text: Rembrandt

text: Hercules Segers

text: Joost van den Vondel

text: the Hague

text: National Gallery, London

text: Adriaen van de Velde

text: Uffizi

text: Salomon de Koninck

text: David Koninck

text: Jan Fyt

text: Philip de Koninck

text: biography facts and 2 images

categories: 1688 deaths,1619 births,Dutch male painters,Dutch Golden Age painters,Artists from Amsterdam

paragraph: Philip de Koninck

paragraph: Philip de Koninck, or Philips Koninck (5 November 1619 – 4 October 1688 was a Dutch landscape painter and younger brother of Jacob Koninck.

paragraph: De Koninck was the son of the jeweler Aert Coninx. He was married twice; in 1641 with Cornelia, a sister of Abraham Furnerius, living in Rotterdam, and in 1657 with Margaretha van Rhijn from Amsterdam. Philip studied painting under his brother Jacob in Rotterdam. After his second marriage he moved to Amsterdam. According to the Dutch writer on art Arnold Houbraken, Koninck completed his training in Rembrandt’s studio in Amsterdam.

paragraph: In the late 1640s, De Koninck, began to paint panoramas, his canvases divided in half, horizontally, between equal measures of earth and sky. Koninck was evidently much affected by Rembrandt etchings like 'The Goldweigher's Field', which looked across a broad sweep of country layered with bands of shade and light. Also the style of Hercules Segers is to be detected in his work.

paragraph: Impressionable and single-minded, Philips Koninck began to paint like this for the next decade, almost all his panoramas pieced together as if narrow ribbons of darkness and brightness had been laid across the canvas. He was a great success, enough of one, at any rate, to buy and operate a barge line that ran between Amsterdam and Rotterdam via Leiden, so that his business could travel through his own landscapes.

paragraph: He painted chiefly broad, sunny landscapes, full of space, light and atmosphere; they are seen from a high perspective, allowing a prominent view of the sky. Portraits by him, somewhat in the manner of Rembrandt, also exist (e.g. see Joost van den Vondel); there are examples of these in the galleries at Copenhagen and Oslo. Of his landscapes, the principal are "View at the mouth of a river" at the Hague, with a slightly larger replica in the National Gallery, London; "Woodland border and countryside" (with figures by Adriaen van de Velde) at Amsterdam; and landscapes in Brussels, Florence (the Uffizi), Berlin and Cologne. Koninck, a prosperous businessman, living on Reguliersgracht, appears to have painted only a few pictures during the last decade of his life.

paragraph: Several of his works have been falsely attributed to Rembrandt and many more to his nephew Salomon de Koninck (1609–1656), a disciple of Rembrandt, whose paintings and etchings consist mainly of portraits and biblical scenes. He was also the uncle of the painters Jacob II and Daniel Koninck.

paragraph: All of these painters are to be distinguished from David Koninck (1636?-1687), also known as Rammelaar. David Koninck was born in Antwerp and studied there under Jan Fyt. He later settled in Rome, where he is stated to have died in 1687; this, however, is doubtful. His pictures are chiefly landscapes with animals and still life.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip de Koninck at PubHist

paragraph: BULLET::::- 17 pictures of Philip de Koninck and short biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- biography facts and 2 images

alias:
Philips Koninck
Philips de Koening
Philips de Krowning
Philips de Conigne
Philips Aertsz. Koninck
Philips de Conink
Philip de Coninck
Philips Aertsz. Koning
Philip Coningh
Philip Coninck
Philips de Kening
Philips Aertsz. de Koninck
Philips Aertsz. de Koning
Philips Aertsz. Coninckx
Philips de Koninck
Philips de Koninch
Philips Koning
Philips de Koningk
Philips de Koningh
Philips de Köening
Philips Coninx
Philips DeKoningh
Philips de Colin
Philippus Coningh
Philips Aertsz. de Coninckx
Philips de Konning
Philip Konink
Philips de Konyngh
Philips Coninck
Philips de Konink
Philips Aertsz. Coninck
Philips Aertsz. de Coninck
Philips de Coninck
Philips Coninckx
Philips de Coninckx
Philips de Koning
Philips Aertsz. Konink
Philips Aertsz. de Konink
Philips Konink
Philips De Koninck
Koninck
P. de Koning
P.H. de Koningh
Phil. Koning
De Koening
D. Koningh
P. de Kningh
D. Koningk
Philip Coning
Philipp de Coningk
Philippus Koning
Ph. De Koninck
De Conigne
P. de Koninck
De Konning
P. Konigs
Ph. Coninck
Ph. De Conink
De Krowning
De Koninch
De Coningue
Philip de Konigh
P. de Kiönig
philipp de koninck
P. H. de Koningh
De Konyngh
Philipp Koninck
P.H. Coning
Koningk
P.F. Coninck
Ph. Koning
Coninck
De Conink
P. de Koningh
Ph. de Koning
Ph. Coning
De. Koningh
Philipp Köningh
Philip de Conning
philips koninck
De Konigne
Philip De Koning
P. Koning
D. Koninck
P. Koninck
Köening
ph. konink
De Koningk
De Koning
De Koningh
De Kening
Ph. Koningh
De Konink
philips de koning
P.H. Koning
Philipps de Koninck
Philippe de Koninck
philipp de koningh
P. de Coninck
Philips Kooning
Phil. Coninck
DeKoningh
Philippe de Konink
Philip Koning
Philip Koninck

description: painter from the Northern Netherlands

wikidata_label: Philip de Koninck

wikipedia_title: Philip de Koninck