text: Ecuadorian

text: Roman Catholic

text: prelate

text: cardinal

text: Jesuits

text: Archbishop of Quito

text: Congregation for the Causes of Saints

text: Servant of God

text: baptized

text: Jesuits

text: novitiate

text: Quito

text: Cotocollao

text: bachelor's degree

text: Belgium

text: Burgos

text: Spain

text: Rome

text: Pontifical Gregorian

text: Latin

text: Greek

text: Riobamba

text: Saint Augustine

text: ordained

text: priesthood

text: Sant'Ignazio Church

text: Second Vatican Council

text: Pope Paul VI

text: Titular Archbishop of Ceramus

text: pro hac vice

text: archbishop

text: titular see

text: Coadjutor Archbishop

text: episcopal consecration

text: Carlo Confalonieri

text: metropolitan see

text: Quito

text: first conclave

text: Pope John Paul I

text: October

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Congregation for Catholic Education

text: Puebla

text: Mexico

text: College of Cardinals

text: canon law

text: Dominican Republic

text: archdiocesan cathedral

text: Congregation for the Causes of Saints

text: nihil obstat

text: Hagiography Circle

text: Catholic Hierarchy

text: The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

categories: Jesuit cardinals,Philosophy teachers,Ecuadorian Jesuits,1903 births,20th-century venerated Christians,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Ecuadorian cardinals,Ecuadorian Roman Catholics,1994 deaths,Ecuadorian educators,Pontifical Gregorian University alumni,Cardinals created by Pope Paul VI,Pontifical Gregorian University faculty,Roman Catholic religious educators,Participants in the Second Vatican Council,Bishops appointed by Pope Paul VI,20th-century Ecuadorian educators

paragraph: Pablo Muñoz Vega

paragraph: Pablo Muñoz Vega (23 May 1903 – 3 June 1994) was an Ecuadorian Roman Catholic prelate and cardinal and professed member from the Jesuits who served as the Archbishop of Quito from 1967 until his resignation in 1985.

paragraph: His cause of canonization commenced on 9 April 2016 after the Congregation for the Causes of Saints granted their formal approval of the cause on 10 December 2015; this gives him the title Servant of God.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Pablo Muñoz Vega was born in Mira on 23 May 1903 as the fourth child to Antonio Salustiano Muñoz Carrera and Josefa Vega. He was baptized on 24 May as "Segundo Pablo Mordoqueo".

paragraph: He joined the Jesuits on 27 September 1918 (beginning his novitiate on 26 November 1918) and studied at the Jesuit houses for studies in Quito (such as the San Ignacio school in Cotocollao in 1915) and in 1922 obtained a bachelor's degree in humanities. He later studied from 1929 to 1930 in Belgium and then was transferred to Burgos in Spain at the Colegio Maximo de Oña; he also studied in Rome at the Pontifical Gregorian since September 1932. He studied humanities as well as Latin and Greek and obtained a degree from College Maximo San Ignacio in Quito in 1927 and then a doctorate from Facultad Teologia at the school of Oña in 1931. He acquired his doctorate in 1937 and was titled "Magister Aggregatus". Vega made his initial profession on 27 February 1920. Vega later taught at Cotocollao and later at the Jesuit school of San Felipe Neri in Riobamba from 1926 until 1928 and he began developing an interest and focus in the works of Saint Augustine who would become the basis for some of his spiritual writings.

paragraph: Vega was ordained to the priesthood in 1933 in the Sant'Ignazio Church in Rome and commenced further studies there from 1933 until 1937. Once he completed his studies he served as a staff member in the philosophical department at the Gregorian from 1937 until 1949 at which point he was appointed as the Jesuit provincial for Ecuador later in 1958; he held that post until 1964. Vega also served as an expert at the Second Vatican Council in 1962 at the Council's first session and would later then participate as a bishop in the second and third sessions of the Council. He also served as the rector of the Pontifical Pio-Latin American College in Rome from 1955 until 1958 and served as the Rector Magnificus of the Pontifical Gregorian from 1958 until 1963.

paragraph: Pope Paul VI appointed him as the Titular Archbishop of Ceramus (with the rank pro hac vice of archbishop since it was a titular see and not a titular archbishopric) and as the Coadjutor Archbishop "sedis datus" for the Quito archdiocese in 1964. He received his episcopal consecration on 19 March 1964 in Rome from Cardinal Carlo Confalonieri. He succeeded to the metropolitan see of Quito on 23 June 1967 after serving as its coadjutor which meant that he had the right of succession in that role.

paragraph: He attended the final two sessions of the Second Vatican Council as a bishop from 1964 until 1965. He attended the 1967 gathering of bishops in Rome from 29 September to 29 October and also became the President of the Ecuadorian Episcopal Conference; he had two terms from 1969 to 1973 and then 1975 to 1984. He attended several other episcopal gatherings in Rome spanning the next decade.

paragraph: Vega was made the Cardinal-Priest of San Roberto Bellarmino on 28 April 1969 and received his title on 30 April from Paul VI. He participated in the first conclave in 1978 that elected Pope John Paul I and the following conclave that October that saw the election of Pope John Paul II. In his role as a cardinal he was a member of both the Congregation for Catholic Education and the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life.

paragraph: In 1979 he attended the Third General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate in Puebla in Mexico and attended a gathering of the College of Cardinals from 5–9 November 1979. He lost the right to vote in conclaves after he turned 80 in 1983. He resigned from the pastoral governance of the archdiocese in 1985 as was a requirement of canon law. Vega also attended his last conference of the Latin American Episcopate in the Dominican Republic from 12–28 October 1992.

paragraph: He died in his old see on 3 June 1994 and is buried in the archdiocesan cathedral.

paragraph: Section::::Beatification process.

paragraph: On 21 February 2013 a formal request for the beatification process was lodged to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints in Rome. The C.C.S. granted their formal approval to the cause on 10 December 2015 with the declaration of "nihil obstat" (nothing against) to the cause. The diocesan process commenced on 9 April 2016 in Quito.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hagiography Circle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Pablo Muñoz Vega

wikipedia_title: Pablo Muñoz Vega


text: Estonia

text: United States Army

text: colonel

text: Korean War

text: Vietnam War

text: Lennart Meri

text: restoration of Estonia's independence

text: Estonia

text: deported

text: United States

text: Korean War

text: United States Army

text: lieutenant

text: Special Forces

text: Vietnam

text: George Washington University

text: Army Staff College

text: National Defense College

text: Joint Chiefs of Staff

text: United States Pacific Command

text: colonel

text: Estonian President

text: Lennart Meri

text: U.S. State Department

text: to revoke his U.S. citizenship

text: First Chechen War

text: President of Estonia

text: had happened in 1939

text: conflict in Ukraine

text: Riho Terras

text: Order of the Cross of the Eagle

categories: United States Army colonels,Recipients of the Military Order of the Cross of the Eagle, Class II,People from Tallinn,1931 births,Estonian World War II refugees,Child refugees,2017 deaths,American army personnel of the Korean War,American army personnel of the Vietnam War,Estonian Army generals,Estonian emigrants to the United States

paragraph: Aleksander Einseln

paragraph: Aleksander Einseln (25 October 1931 – 16 March 2017) was an Estonian general, the Commander of the Estonian Defence Forces from 1993 to 1995 and previously a United States Army colonel. Born in Estonia, his mother and he – barely in his teens – fled from the Red Army that was returning to occupy Estonia. From 1950-1985, he served in the US Army, taking part in the Korean War, and as a Special Forces A-team commander in the Vietnam War. In 1993, at the request of President Lennart Meri, he returned to Estonia to serve as the first Commander of the Estonian Defence Forces following the restoration of Estonia's independence.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Aleksander Einseln was born in Estonia on 25 October 1931. Einseln's father was deported by the Soviet occupants. His mother and he sought refuge in the West in 1944, becoming displaced persons in postwar Germany. In 1949 they emigrated to United States.

paragraph: Just before the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, Einseln enlisted in the United States Army, and served as a paratrooper. In 1955, he was commissioned as a lieutenant, and in 1964 completed the US Army Special Forces officer qualification course. He served with Special Forces in Vietnam during 1965–1966. In 1968, he graduated from George Washington University, and the next year from the Army Staff College. Einseln served another tour in Vietnam in 1971–1972. During 1975–1976 he served in staff training positions at Army headquarters. After graduating from the National Defense College senior course, Einseln served from 1977 to 1982 as head of the European and North Atlantic Treaty Organization office in the Planning and Policy Division of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. After that, he held post of Deputy Inspector General in the United States Pacific Command until his retirement in 1985. During his career in the US Army, Einseln commanded infantry, paratroop, Special Forces and training units, earning 28 medals and retiring as a colonel.

paragraph: In 1993, at the request of Estonian President Lennart Meri, Einseln returned to Estonia to take command of its military forces, over the objections of the U.S. State Department. The U.S. threatened to terminate Einseln's military pension and even to revoke his U.S. citizenship. However, after getting support from several U.S. senators, Einseln received official permission from the U.S. authorities to take on his new post.

paragraph: In January 1995, after the start of the First Chechen War, Einseln issued an order stating that in the event of foreign troops crossing the border, Estonian Defence Forces were to immediately initiate active resistance, and not cease fighting until ordered to do so by the President of Estonia. This was intended as a mechanism to prevent surrender without resistance as had happened in 1939. In 2014, after the beginning of the conflict in Ukraine, active Commander-in-Chief General Riho Terras noted that Einseln's decree is still in force.

paragraph: Earlier, on 4 December 1995, General Einseln handed in his resignation as Commander of the Armed Forces due to a disagreement with the Minister of Defense.

paragraph: In February 1996, he was awarded the Estonian Order of the Cross of the Eagle.

paragraph: Einseln died on 16 March 2017, aged 85.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,20105981,00.html

description: United States Army officer

wikidata_label: Aleksander Einseln

wikipedia_title: Aleksander Einseln


text: William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel

text: Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury

text: Knight of the Bath

text: Edward IV

text: Order of the Garter

text: Richard III

text: Arthur, Prince of Wales

text: Elizabeth of York

text: New Forest

text: Singleton

text: Arundel

text: Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers

text: Elizabeth Woodville

text: Edward IV

text: William FitzAlan, 18th Earl of Arundel

text: John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln

text: George Neville, 5th Baron Bergavenny

text: Henry Daubeney, 1st Earl of Bridgewater

text: Henry Pole, 1st Baron Montagu

categories: Barons Maltravers,Earls of Arundel,Knights of the Garter,1450 births,1524 deaths,15th-century English people

paragraph: Thomas FitzAlan, 17th Earl of Arundel

paragraph: Thomas FitzAlan otherwise Arundel, 17th Earl of Arundel, 7th Baron Maltravers (145025 October 1524) was the son of William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel, and Joan Neville, eldest daughter of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, and Alice Montagu, "suo jure" Countess of Salisbury.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He was created a Knight of the Bath on 27 June 1461 at the coronation of Edward IV, and was elected to the Order of the Garter on 26 February 1474. As Lord Mautravers, he was one of the peers present at the coronation of Richard III on 6 July 1483, and in 1471 sat in Parliament as Lord Mautravers. In September 1486 he was godfather to Henry VII's elder son, Arthur, Prince of Wales, and on 25 November 1487 bore the Rod and Dove at the coronation of Elizabeth of York. He succeeded his father as Earl of Arundel in 1488. He was twice elected Lieutenant of the Order of the Garter, on 19 July 1489, and again in 1517. In 1489 he was appointed Warden of the New Forest.

paragraph: He died 25 October 1524 at Downly Park in Singleton, Sussex, aged 74, and was buried with his wife at the collegiate church at Arundel. His will, dated 12 October 1524, was proved 29 November of that year.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: He married, shortly before 17 February 1466, Margaret Woodville (died before 4 August 1492), seventh daughter of Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers, and a younger sister of Elizabeth Woodville, wife of Edward IV.

paragraph: Thomas and Margaret had two sons and two daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- William FitzAlan, 18th Earl of Arundel.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward FitzAlan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret FitzAlan, who married John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joan FitzAlan (died 14 November 1508), who married, as his first wife, George Neville, 5th Baron Bergavenny. According to Hawkyard, the marriage was childless; however according to Richardson, there were two daughters of the marriage, Elizabeth Neville, who married Henry Daubeney, 1st Earl of Bridgewater, and Jane Neville, who married Henry Pole, 1st Baron Montagu.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Will of Thomas Arundel, Earl of Arundel, proved 29 November 1524, PROB 11/21/478, National Archives Retrieved 27 September 2013

alias: Thomas FitzAlan, Earl Ketujuh Belas Arundel

description: English noble

wikidata_label: Thomas FitzAlan, 17th Earl of Arundel

wikipedia_title: Thomas Fitzalan, 10th Earl of Arundel

wikipedia_title: Thomas FitzAlan, 17th Earl of Arundel


text:
Vire
botanist
illustrator
Napoleonic Era
Haiti
Pierre Antoine Poiteau
botany
naturalist
watercolors
Augustin Saint-Hilaire
"Flora Brasiliae Meridionalis"
Jules Paul Benjamin Delessert
"Icones selectae plantarum"
Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau
Alexander von Humboldt
Aimé Bonpland
"Plantes Equinoxales"
Jean Louis Marie Poiret
François-Pierre Chaumeton
"Flore médicale"
Académie des sciences
Turpinia
Rarebooks

categories: French illustrators,French botanists,1775 births,Botanical illustrators,1840 deaths

paragraph: Pierre Jean François Turpin

paragraph: Pierre Jean François Turpin (11 March 1775, Vire – 1 May 1840) was a French botanist and illustrator. He is considered one of the greatest floral and botanical illustrators during the Napoleonic Era and afterwards. As an artist, Turpin was largely self-taught.

paragraph: In 1794 he was stationed in Haiti as a member of the French Army. Here he met botanist Pierre Antoine Poiteau (1766-1854), through whom, Turpin learned botany, and in the meantime, created numerous botanical field drawings that were to become a basis of further study when the two men returned to France. In regard to their work in Haiti, they were able to describe approximately 800 species of plants. Turpin would have a working relationship with Poiteau throughout his career.

paragraph: Through his collaboration with Poiteau and other naturalists, Turpin created some of the finest watercolors and illustrations of plants that are known to exist. The following are some of the works making use of Turpin's illustrations:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Augustin Saint-Hilaire's "Flora Brasiliae Meridionalis" in three volumes (1825–1832)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jules Paul Benjamin Delessert's (1773-1847) "Icones selectae plantarum".

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Pierre Poiteau, he produced an updated version of Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau's (1700-1782) "Traité des arbres fruitiers" (treatise on fruit trees).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) and Aimé Bonpland's (1773-1858) "Plantes Equinoxales" (1808).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean Louis Marie Poiret's (1755-1834) "Leçons de flore: Cours complet de botanique" (1819-1820).

paragraph: BULLET::::- François-Pierre Chaumeton's (1775-1819) "Flore médicale" (1828-1832).

paragraph: In 1833 he was elected as a member to the Académie des sciences. The plant genus "Turpinia" is named in his honour.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rarebooks (biography of Pierre Turpin)

alias:
Pierre-Jean-François Turpin
Pierre Jean Francois Turpin
Turpin

description: French artist and botanist

wikidata_label: Pierre Jean François Turpin

wikipedia_title: Pierre Jean François Turpin


text: Continental Navy

text: privateer

text: American Revolutionary War

text: Battle of Valcour Island

text: naval battle

text: American Revolutionary War

text: United States Navy

text: Connecticut

text: Bridgeport

text: Ephraim

text: Joseph Hawley

text: "Oliver Cromwell"

text: Governor of Connecticut

text: seamen

text: United States

text: Benedict Arnold

text: Battle of Valcour Island

text: naval battle

text: American Revolutionary War

text: United States Navy

text: USS "Royal Savage"

text: USS "Congress"

text: cut the colonies in half

text: USS "Schuyler"

text: privateer

text: Long Island Sound

text: Black Rock Harbor

text: USS "Guilford"

text: New Haven

text: Stratford, Connecticut

text: Gold Selleck Silliman

text: Fairfield, Connecticut

text: American

text: War for Independence

text: Bridgeport, Connecticut

text: Nero Hawley

text: William Richard Cutter

categories: People of Connecticut in the American Revolution,Privateers,1741 births,American naval personnel of the American Revolution,1807 deaths,Continental Navy officers,Military personnel from Bridgeport, Connecticut

paragraph: David Hawley

paragraph: David Hawley (1741–1807) was a captain in the Continental Navy and a privateer during the American Revolutionary War. He commanded in the 1776 Battle of Valcour Island, which is generally regarded as one of the first naval battles of the American Revolutionary War, and one of the first fought by the United States Navy.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Hawley was born into a Connecticut seafaring family in 1741. His parents were James and Eunice Hawley who lived in the Stratfield section of Stratford, Connecticut now Bridgeport. Hawley's grandfather was Gideon, his great grandfather was Ephraim and his great great grandfather was Joseph Hawley, a shipbuilder and the first of the name in America.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Commission.

paragraph: Hawley was appointed a lieutenant on July 11, 1776 to serve on the state man of war "Oliver Cromwell". At a meeting with the Governor of Connecticut and Council of Safety on August 16, 1776, it was voted to draw an order in favor of Captain David Hawley for 180 pounds to enable Hawley to raise a crew of seamen for the naval service of the United States on the Lakes to the northward, to which he was appointed Captain.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Battle of Valcour Island.

paragraph: He served under Benedict Arnold at the Battle of Valcour Island on Lake Champlain on October 11, 1776. The battle is generally regarded as one of the first naval battles of the American Revolutionary War, and one of the first fought by the United States Navy. Hawley commanded the two-masted schooner USS "Royal Savage" with a crew of 50 men. His cousin Ephraim Hawley (1746–1777) served as his lieutenant and his young nephew Samuel Hawley was also a seaman. The ship ran aground during the battle and was burned by the crew to prevent it from falling into British hands. The Royal Savage had been Arnold's flagship until he went aboard the USS "Congress". All of Arnold's personal belongings were destroyed when the Royal Savage was burned. This naval battle delayed for one year the British attempts to cut the colonies in half.

paragraph: He was taken prisoner several times, and after being taken with the State sloop USS "Schuyler" in 1777, he was again exchanged, and continued his service as a privateer in Long Island Sound, bringing several prizes into Black Rock Harbor. He commanded the USS "Guilford", until she fell prey to the British in New Haven harbor in July 1779, when he escaped capture and fitted out a flotilla of armed boats by warrant authority, before being commissioned.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Revolutionary War service.:Daring raid.

paragraph: In November 1779 he commanded a voluntary force of 20 men from Stratford, Connecticut and the vicinity, crossed the Sound in a daring raid and brought back from Long Island, Thomas Jones, Esq, of Suffolk County, one of the Judges of the Ministerial Supreme Court of the Crown, and delivered him up as a hostage to exchange for General Gold Selleck Silliman who had been taken prisoner earlier that year. The daring raid and subsequent prisoner exchange were made into the film Mary Silliman's War produced by Heritage Films, under the auspices of The Institute for Early American History in Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia. It is based on the biography by Richard and Joy Day Buel, "The Way of Duty" (Norton, 1984).

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Revolutionary War service.:Protecting the Connecticut shore.

paragraph: The next spring, on April 20, 1780 he went from Fairfield, Connecticut with three armed boats under his command to Blue Point, Long Island and captured eleven British and Tory vessels, all of which he either destroyed or ransomed, except four which he brought back to Fairfield and libeled. One of the latter was richly laden with West India goods. On April 6, 1780, in company with Capt. Ebenezer Jones, he took a Tory sloop commanded by Jared Bell. On October 15, 1780, he partook in the capture of the sloop "Dorset". Under his last commission he was especially active in the Sound and performed important naval service in the prevention of illicit trade, seizing and libeling many boats and cargoes in the Fairfield Court. During his several exploits, first and last Captain Hawley is credited with the capture of over 20 sail of enemy craft during the American War for Independence.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: It is believed by some that Captain Hawley built the first brick house within the city limits of Bridgeport, Connecticut from bricks that may have been supplied by Nero Hawley. The home was located at the corner of Water and Gilbert Streets and was used, after Hawley's death as a saddle factory by Seth B. Jones and was the arena of great theological discussions among the workmen, especially; Joshua Lord, William Wright, Edwin B. Gregory and Alexander S. Gordon.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Claghorn, Charles E. "Naval Officers of the American Revolution: A Concise Biographical Dictionary". Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 1988. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Connecticut Historical Society, "Collections of the Connecticut Historical Society", Vol VIII, Hartford, 1901

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Richard Cutter, "New England Families, Genealogical and Memorial", Lewis Historical Publishing, NY, 1914

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reverend Samuel Orcutt, "History Of The Old Towns Of Stratford, Connecticut", Fairfield County Historical Society, 1886

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis F. Middlebrook, "History of Maritime Connecticut During the American Revolution 1775 – 1783", The Essex Institute, Salem, Mass, 1925

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jim Mathews, "The Connecticut Society Of The Sons Of The American Revolution", East Haddam, CT

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Trumbull, "Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut 1636–1776", Connecticut General Assembly, Lockwood & Brainard, 1890

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Society of the Hawley Family, Inc. official website

description: Continental Navy officer and privateer in the American Revolutionary War

wikidata_label: David Hawley

wikipedia_title: David Hawley


text:
Ebersdorf
Reuss-Ebersdorf
Heinrich XXIX, Count of Reuss-Ebersdorf
Sophie Theodora of Castell-Remlingen
Leopold I of Belgium
Queen Victoria
Thurnau
Karoline Ernestine of Erbach-Schönberg
Augusta
Duke Franz of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Prince Heinrich XLIII of Reuss-Köstritz
Heinrich LI
Karl of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Hartenburg

categories: 1779 deaths,1724 births,House of Reuss,People from Saalburg-Ebersdorf

paragraph: Heinrich XXIV, Count Reuss of Ebersdorf

paragraph: Heinrich XXIV, Count Reuss of Ebersdorf (22 January 1724 in Ebersdorf – 13 May 1779 in Ebersdorf), was ruler of the German county Reuss-Ebersdorf from 1747 till his death.

paragraph: He was the eldest son of the thirteen children of Heinrich XXIX, Count of Reuss-Ebersdorf and Sophie Theodora of Castell-Remlingen. He was the grandfather of King Leopold I of Belgium and the great-grandfather of Queen Victoria (through his daughter Augusta).

paragraph: Heinrich XXIV succeeded his father as Count of Reuss-Ebersdorf in 1747.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In Thurnau on 28 June 1754 Heinrich XXIV married Karoline Ernestine of Erbach-Schönberg. They had seven children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Heinrich XLVI (b. Ebersdorf, 14 May 1755 — d. Ebersodrf, 18 April 1757).

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Augusta (b. Ebersdorf, 9 January 1757 — d. Coburg, 16 November 1831), Princess of Reuss-Ebersdorf (German: "Fürstin Reuß zu Ebersdorf") on 9 April 1806; married on 13 June 1777 to Duke Franz of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Luise (b. Ebersdorf, 2 June 1759 — d. Lobenstein, 5 December 1840), crowned Princess of Reuss-Ebersdorf (German: "Fürstin Reuß zu Ebersdorf") on 9 April 1806; married on 1 June 1781 to Prince Heinrich XLIII of Reuss-Köstritz.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Heinrich LI (b. Ebersdorf, 16 May 1761 — d. Ebersdorf, 10 July 1822), crowned Prince of Reuss-Ebersdorf (German: "Fürst Reuß zu Ebersdorf") on 9 April 1806.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Ernestine Ferdinande (b. Ebersdorf, 28 April 1762 — d. Ebersdorf, 19 May 1763).

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Heinrich LIII (b. Ebersdorf, 24 May 1765 — d. Ebersdorf, 28 June 1770).

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Henriette (b. Ebersdorf, 9 May 1767 — d. Coburg, 3 September 1801), married on 4 July 1787 to Prince Karl of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Hartenburg.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Gehrlein: "Das Haus Reuss: Älterer und Jüngerer Linie", booklet, August 2006

description: Count of Reuss-Ebersdorf

wikidata_label: Heinrich XXIV, Count Reuss of Ebersdorf

wikipedia_title: Heinrich XXIV, Count Reuss of Ebersdorf


text:
lynched
Salisbury, Maryland
Sherrilyn Ifill
Peninsula Regional Medical Center
Baltimore Afro-American
Baltimore Post
The Baltimore Sun
Albert Ritchie
Salisbury, Maryland
Garfield King
Eastern Shore of Maryland
Maryland

categories: 1931 deaths,Lynching deaths in Maryland,Murdered African-American people,People from Salisbury, Maryland

paragraph: Matthew Williams (laborer)

paragraph: Matthew Williams (February 8, 1908 – December 4, 1931) was a black man lynched by a white mob in Salisbury, Maryland.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Matthew Williams was born on February 8, 1908, the second and youngest child of Annie Handy and Harry Williams. Following the death of his mother from pneumonia when he was just 4 years old, he and his sister Olivia were sent to live with their maternal grandmother, Ms Mary Handy, in Salisbury, Maryland.

paragraph: Section::::Life in Salisbury, Maryland.

paragraph: Shortly after starting school in Maryland at the age of 8, Matthew's father died. By age 14, his grandfather also passed away, forcing Matthew to leave school and seek employment to help the family earn a living. Upon the death of his grandmother, Matthew went to live on Isabella Avenue in the black district of Salisbury with his maternal Aunt, Addie Black, and her husband Thomas Black Sr.; along with his cousins Viola, Thomas Jr. Preston, Edna, and Mary. His Aunt Addie called him "Buddie".

paragraph: At some point in his teenage years, Matthew Williams went to work for a local white employer - one Mr. Daniel J. Elliot - who owned a lumberyard and box factory in town. Matthew worked as a laborer in the factory, but also did odd jobs for the Elliot family. According to know accounts, the Elliot family were "quite fond of Williams, and he of them".

paragraph: In her book, "On The Courthouse Lawn", professor and civil rights lawyer Sherrilyn Ifill wrote of Matthew Williams:

paragraph: "Williams was a serious young man, especially about his money He'd reportedly saved $56 by the time of his death, a considerable sum for a black laborer in 1931. After his murder, no trace of the money was ever found. Williams did not drink or hang out with girls. He attended several churches, most often the John Wesley Methodist Church. His only frivolous indulgence seemed to be his hair, which he had touched up regularly at the Apex Hair salon on Isabelle street."

paragraph: Section::::December 4, 1931.

paragraph: The last time his family saw Matthew alive was in the afternoon of December 4, 1931. After playing with his cousins, Matthew announced to his aunt that he was going to work. By that evening, Daniel J. Elliot was dead and Matthew Williams was in the hospital.

paragraph: The official story goes that Matthew Williams went to his employers office, and the two began arguing over wages. At some point in the argument, Matthew Williams shot Daniel Elliot, then turned the gun on himself, unsuccessfully. Daniel Elliot's son, James Elliot, was reported to have found the two, and using the gun fired two more shots at Matthew Williams, wounding him in the chest and leg.

paragraph: The 1970's biography of Dorchester County waterman Joseph L. Sutton recounts a different story:"I heard a white man from down there was telling it... He said, "He didn't shoot that man"...didn't nobody shoot him but his son and put it on this colored fellow. And the colored fellow has been workin' for this man, the man had some kind of lumberyard, I think. "Well," he say, "he'd been workin' for him ever since a boy... We know he didn't shoot him. And they always gave him everything he wanted." And [the son] was spoiled! And he was the one that killed his father.""And after they had lynched this fellow, well, they say the majority of them down there spoke of it, they said the same thing, said, "Wasn't nobody but his son." He killed his father and then shot this colored fellow so he wouldn't be there to be against him. Then he said this colored fellow had killed his father and he took the gun away from him and shoot him."

paragraph: Williams was taken to Peninsula General Hospital (now Peninsula Regional Medical Center), where he was placed in the "Negro Ward" in a straitjacket, and his head bandaged so that he could not see.

paragraph: Section::::Lynching.

paragraph: What happened next was described by one Mr. Howard A. Nelson, a light-skinned man of color visiting from Philadelphia. His account from the Baltimore Afro-American:

paragraph: "I Arrived at Salisbury Thursday afternoon on a business trip. Early Friday I went to Princess Anne and returned late in the afternoon. I was standing talking to an acquaintance on Main Street about the killing of that man Elliot, when I noticed a group of men milling about the front of the town paper, the Salisbury Times. When I had finished my conversation, I went over to read the bulletin.""I read the bulletin that was posted on the front of the building. It read: "Nigger is Dead. The nigger who murdered Mr. Elliot, a prominent citizen, has been reported as being dead."""While I was reading this, a white man who was standing by mistook me for one of them and said, "Ain't that a damn shame that nigger died so soon. There was going to be some fun here tonight." Just about that time another bulletin was posted. It read: "The statement made by officials that the Negro was dead is false. A message just received says that he is improving."""The men stood there for about five minutes. They stood talking in groups; more persons read that bulletin, and the crowd grew ever so thick. Almost like an explosion, some one yelled, "Let's go to the hospital and get this nigger and lynch him."""Almost as though it was a military command, the crowd started toward the hospital. I followed along to see what was going to happen.""The white man who was walking along side of me said: "It's going to be good to see that nigger swing."""When we arrived at the hospital, there was some man who asked the mob not to bother Williams. he crowd started to curse and swear and then a man said to be Dr. Dix [sic] came outside and asked the men to be quiet as there were many dangerously ill persons in the hospital. By that time a group of men - just how many I don't know - had gotten in the hospital and seized Williams. The colored ward is on the first floor towards the rear of the building." "Instead of carrying his body through the door, the men threw him out of the first floor window to a large group of men. Williams had on the regulation hospital gown and his head was swathed in bandages which covered his eyes and his feet were bare.""Seemingly in a semi-conscious condition, the fellow was dragged to the court house lawn..."The following is from the edition of December 5 of the Baltimore Post:"The Negro was dragged from, a hospital cot about 8p.m. and hanged to a limb of a tree in the courthouse square by a mob of more than 2000 persons.""Later the body was dragged a quarter of a mile through the business section to a Negro subdivision, saturated with 40 gallons of gasoline and burned."The size of the mob was further corroborated in a report by The Baltimore Sun"More than 2,000 persons, most of them members of the mob which had witnessed the hanging, but many new recruits, grouped around the pyre. They did not disperse until the last flame had flickered out."Sometime the following year, the Baltimore Afro-American received an account from an unidentified eyewitness to the murder of Matthew Williams:""First they dragged him to the courthouse square and hanged him, then they cut him down, tied the rope to the back of an auto, and dragged him to the Negro section of the town. Then they got about 40 or 50 gallons of gasoline, but before they threw this gas over him, they cut off his fingers and toes, threw them on the porches and in the yards of the colored people's homes", "shouting these remarks, that they (the colored people) could make 'nigger' sandwiches out of them. Then they threw the gas over him, set a match to him, and while the human torch burned, they passed booze around, drinking and shouting...""

paragraph: Section::::A second victim.

paragraph: In the days following Matthew Williams murder, a second victim of mob violence was found in Salisbury. This from the edition of December 12, 1931 of the Baltimore Afro-American:"With the lust for blood still running high in this mob-ridden community, the dead body of an unidentified man was found badly mutilated and slashed early morning. There are many mysterious elements surrounding the man's death. The identity and finding of the man's body at College Avenue and Railroad Streets has caused beliefs and rumors that the man was attacked and fatally injured by a group of blood-thirsty whites who were out to get any unprotected colored person seen on the streets Saturday night.""It was learned that a telephone call was sent to police officials early Sunday morning stating that the body of a man could be found at the location which is near the dividing lines of the white and colored residential sections. The sender of thje call refused to disclose his identity. Examination of the body by Afro-American reporters showed that the man's skull was fractured on the right side and the entire left side of his face was also crushed. On the right side there was a long, deep gash along the templar region, similar to a wound inflicted by a heavy sharp instrument. Rigor mortis had set in, with the man's arms lifted as though to ward off a blow. No bullet wounds could be found on the body nor the head, which was covered with blood. The wound on the head was two inches deep and about six inches long.""Near the body was a half of a ham which was wrapped in brown paper, and a piece of bacon. It is believed that the man went to a store Saturday night after officials of the city had advised all colored citizens to stay off the bstreet. It is believed that while he was marketing, he was set upon by a group of whites who badly wounded him and carried him to the spot where he was found. No witnesses to the crime could be found."

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: Despite the size of the mob and the preponderance of eye-witnesses, no one was ever identified or prosecuted for the lynching of Matthew Williams. After a year long probe by MD. State Attorney General William Preston Lane at the behest of Governor Albert Ritchie, it was concluded (as reported in the Baltimore Post on March 19, 1932) that:"The report late yesterday by the Wicomico County grand jury that it had found "absolutely no evidence that can remotely connect anyone with the instigation or perpetration of the murder" of Matthew Williams, Negro, on Dec. 4th constitutes the final chapter in the story, Mr. Lane said."""I have decided to make no comment on the jury's report," the Attorney General said. "The jury examined 128 witnesses. After considering their testimony, it reports that it can find 'absolutely' no evidence to connect, even 'remotely', anyone with the crime. The grand jury, under the laws of our state, is supreme within its territory. I believe no comment from me is necessary.""

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Matthew Williams one of three lynchings that took place in Salisbury, Maryland. The others were an unknown victim in the days following William's murder, and Garfield King in May 1898).

paragraph: He was one of seven known lynchings on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, and one of 29 recorded in the state of Maryland.

description: lynching victim

wikidata_label: Matthew Williams

wikipedia_title: Matthew Williams (laborer)


text: Italian

text: Romantic

text: Vatican Museum

text: Ancona

text: Pavia

text: Gaspare Landi

text: Vincenzo Camuccini

text: Canova

text: Jacques-Louis David

text: Eteocles

text: Polynices

text: Ancona Cathedral

text: Alessandro Torlonia

text: Villa Torlonia

text: Academy of St Luke

text: Decameron

text: Albertina Royal Academy

text: Royal Palace of Turin

text: Agliè

text: Santa Maria sopra Minerva

text: Francis II

text: Academy of Fine Arts in Naples

text: Cristiano di Magonza

text: Palace of the Elders

text: neoclassical

text: Romantic

text: Dogma of the Immaculate Conception

text: Pius IX

text: Raphael Rooms

text: Campo Verano

text: Stamira

text: Bertinoro

text: Aldruda de Frangipani

text: Porto Maurizio

text: spandrels

text: Vincenzo Podesti

text: Aurelio Tiratelli

text: Giacomo Conti

text: Ferdinando Cicconi

text: Pinacoteca Podesti

text: Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna

text: Pinacoteca civica Francesco Podesti

text: City Hall

text: Pinacoteca Tosio Martinengo

text: Royal Palace of Turin

text: Reggia di Caserta

text: Basilica di San Paolo fuori le mura

text: Museo civico Luigi Bailo

text: Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna

text: Villa Torlonia (Rome)

text: Palazzo Torlonia

text: Piazza Venezia

text: Palazzo Braschi

text: Pinacoteca Podesti

text: Vatican Museums

text: Palazzo Busca-Serbelloni

text: Francesco Podesti Civic Art Gallery

text: History of Modern Italian Art

categories: People from Ancona,1800 births,Italian male painters,19th-century Italian painters,1895 deaths

paragraph: Francesco Podesti

paragraph: Francesco Podesti (March 21, 1800 – February 10, 1895) was an Italian painter, active in a Romantic style. He was prolific in his large canvases on historical subjects. He is best known for his fresco work, including those in the Hall of the Immacolata in the Vatican Museum.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Podesti was born in Ancona to a family of modest means; his father Joseph, was a tailor. He began studies of in Pavia. At twelve, his mother, Teresa, died; his father died three years later, leaving Podesti destitute. His precocious talent gained him a stipend to study at the Accademia di San Luca in Rome; this was partly subsidized by the Marquis Bourbon of Monte Santa Maria and by the city of Ancona. In Rome, he became a pupil of Gaspare Landi and Vincenzo Camuccini. The sculptor Canova served as a mentor and also helped him financially. In Rome, he also met Jacques-Louis David.

paragraph: Thankful for their stipend over the years, in 1824, he donated to the city of Ancona, two paintings of "Eteocles" and "Polynices". It also gained him commissions for two altarpieces in town: an "Annunciation" for the church of the Vergine Annunziata, and a "Martyrdom of St. Lawrence" (1825–1827) in Ancona Cathedral (destroyed during World War II and replaced by a copy). The Prince Torlonia purchased from him a large canvas of "Tasso che legge la sua Gerusalemme alla Corte di Ferrara". Podesti was to make variants of this painting also for the Prince Galitzin and count Paolo Tosi of Brescia.

paragraph: In 1826, then traveled through Italy. In Milan, by commission he painted a "Raphael paints the Madonna of San Luca" in his studio, with la Fornarina as a model, and monsignor Bembo and Bussolante in the studio. Also for the casa Busca, he frescoed casa the "Myth of Psyche".

paragraph: He returned to Rome in 1835–1836 to paint frescoes for Prince Alessandro Torlonia commissioned a series of frescoes for Villa Torlonia. In the first-floor gallery, he painted "I fasti denti Dei"; in the second floor, "The myth of Diana". When the palace was demolished during the restructuring of Piazza Venezia, some frescoes were salvaged. In 1835 he was elected to the Academy of St Luke.

paragraph: He painted a series of scenes of the Decameron, both original and copies, for patrons including the King of Naples, the Marchese Ala Ponzoni, and the sig. Giacomelli of Treviso. For the same marchese Ponzoni he painted "Rape of Persephone" and the "Rape of Europa": subjects also duplicated for marchese Antonio Busca. For a Milanese banker "The Bath of Venus" and "The Judgement of Paris" for an English patron. More copies were made by his pupils. For the Cathedral of Chiari he painted: "Santi Faustino e Giovita"; for the Academy of Mexico: "The Angel of Justice", for King Carlo Alberto he completed the "Judgement of Salomon". For this painting, he was awarded the Cross of Civil Merit of Savoy. Podesti refused the offer of a professorship at the Albertina Royal Academy at Turin.

paragraph: Section::::Mature career.

paragraph: He dedicated himself to the execution of a series of portraits of nobles and cardinals Lombard and Roman. He then moved into a large studio where he worked until 1869.

paragraph: Commissioned by the House of Savoy, he painted "Judgment of Solomon" for the Royal Palace of Turin and "Henry II blesses the marriage of Emanuale Filiberto of Savoy" for the residence in Agliè. Carlo Alberto of Savoy nominated Podesti to direct the Academy of Fine Arts in Turin, but he refused, fearing that the appointment could somehow limit his freedom as an artist. While in Turin, Podesti married Clotilde Cagiati. They had six children; three, however, died in infancy. One, Amalia, had a small tomb made in Santa Maria sopra Minerva.

paragraph: In the 1840s he painted other paintings of historical subject, including "Ludovico il Moro talks to Leonardo" for the King of Naples Francis II, which gained him also a membership to Academy of Fine Arts in Naples. In 1849, while the brief Roman Republic was established, Podesti joined the battalion of the university defending the city of Rome from sieges by French forces.

paragraph: In 1851 the municipality of Ancona asked Podesti for a painting to be placed in the Council Chamber. The artist chose an episode during the 1174 siege of Ancona by the Austrian Cristiano di Magonza: the large canvas masterpiece depicting the "Oath of Anconetani" won prizes at the Universal Exhibition in London of 1851 as well as the Universal Exhibition in Paris in 1855. In 1856, it was hung in the Palace of the Elders in Ancona, where it is still located. The work merges neoclassical and Romantic styles.

paragraph: In 1855, the year of the proclamation of the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception by Pope Pius IX, Podesti was commissioned to paint the Hall of the Immaculate Conception in the Vatican, depicting events leading to the announcement. He accepted the commission as a great responsibility, because the dining fresco is contiguous to Raphael Rooms. During the eleven years it took to paint the room, he had a few clashes with the curia, who wanted to delete the depiction of one disgraced priest. Podesti however, was adamant, referring to the obligation of fidelity to historical reality.

paragraph: He narrated later the event:

paragraph: His wife died in 1865, and Podesti realized the only major work of sculpture for her burial plot in the Campo Verano.

paragraph: In 1877 he painted for the Earl Ragnini, a historical subject "Stamira", portraying the heroine from Ancona that burned the enemy siege machines during the conflict mentioned in the "Oath of Anconetani". The painting was ultimately donated to the city of Bertinoro; to recall the intervention of Aldruda de Frangipani, a native of that town. The canvas is placed today in the office of Mayor of Bertinoro.

paragraph: In 1870 he made one of his last masterpieces: the "Martyrdom of St. Sebastian" for Porto Maurizio. He had a serene old age among friends and family (three children and many grandchildren), being tirelessly active. He was 80 years old when he ascended the scaffolding to fresco the four evangelists on the spandrels of the dome of the church of the Blessed Sacrament in Ancona. In 1883 he was still exhibiting at expositions. He died in Rome.

paragraph: Francesco’s brother, Vincenzo Podesti (1812–1897), was also a painter. At the Academy, Aurelio Tiratelli was his pupil. His main pupils were the painters from Messina Giacomo Conti and Ferdinando Cicconi.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Francesco Podesti died in Rome in 1896. One hundred years after his death, a retrospective exhibition was held in his native Ancona, gathering about a hundred works from all over Italy. The exhibition was an opportunity for new studies on Podesti, his works and the nineteenth-century Italian painting. The Civic Art Gallery in Ancona is named after the painter. It was founded with this interest and donations.

paragraph: Section::::Oil paintings on canvas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eteocles and Polynices", 1824 (Pinacoteca Podesti, Ancona)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Portrait of the Marquis Busca", 1825 (Florence, private collection)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Portrait of Joseph Girometti", 1831? (Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Portrait of Mariano Plomer" (Pinacoteca civica Francesco Podesti, Ancona)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Torquato Tasso recites Gerusalemme Liberata" (Pinacoteca Podesti, Ancona)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Portrait of Cardinal Angelo Mai" (Bergamo, City Hall)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Torquato Tasso in Ferrara" (Pinacoteca Tosio Martinengo, Brescia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Judgment of Solomon" (Royal Palace of Turin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leonardo presents his thoughts on the Last Supper to Ludovico il Moro" (Reggia di Caserta)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Oath of the Anconitani, 1850 ca. (Town hall, Ancona)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Martyrdom of St. Stefano", 1851, ( Basilica di San Paolo fuori le mura, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The storytellers of the Decameron" ( Museo civico Luigi Bailo, Treviso)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Portrait of the poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning with her young son Robert" ( Galleria d'Arte Moderna di Palazzo Pitti, Florence)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The meeting of Venus and Galatea" (Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Martyrdom of St. Sebastian", 1870 (Basilica of San Maurizio (Porto Maurizio), Imperia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Stamira burns the enemy ships", 1877 (Civic residence, Bertinoro)

paragraph: Section::::Oil paintings on canvas.:Frescoes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stories of Bacchus", Villa Torlonia (Rome). (1835).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palazzo Torlonia. When redesigning Piazza Venezia the building was demolished; some frescoes were saved by tearing, others were auctioned off and others are still preserved, only as cartoons. Before destruction, works in the palace were photographed. The Museum of Rome at Palazzo Braschi preserves surviving frescoes, pictures and some boxes, other boxes are the Pinacoteca Podesti.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hall of the Immaculate within the Vatican Museums. (1855–1864)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palazzo Busca-Serbelloni, in Milan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stories" Psyche"

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Dance of the Hours". (Destroyed by bombing during Second World War, boxed shards are stored at Francesco Podesti Civic Art Gallery, Ancona

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Birth of Venus". (Destroyed by bombing during Second World War)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " The Four Evangelists" (1880, Church of the Blessed Sacrament, Ancona)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Modern Italian Art, (1900) by Ashton Rollins Willard page 322-330

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Francesco Podesti

wikipedia_title: Francesco Podesti


text: European continent

text: Montrose

text: Grammar School, Montrose

text: University of St Andrews

text: Poitiers

text: Huguenots

text: Geneva

text: Principal

text: University of Glasgow

text: Moderator of the General Assembly

text: Church of Scotland

text: St Mary's

text: simoniacal

text: James VI.

text: Blackness

text: Linlithgow

text: rector

text: University of St Andrews

text: John Overal

text: Bishop of Winchester

text: Henri de la Tour

text: University of Sedan

text: Baldovie

text: Montrose, Angus

text: Richard

text: Latin

text: grammar school

text: Greek

text: Pierre de Marsilliers

text: John Erskine of Dun

text: University of St Andrews

text: Aristotle

text: University of Paris

text: Adrianus Turnebus

text: Petrus Ramus

text: Poitiers

text: civil law

text: St Marceon

text: Geneva

text: Theodore Beza

text: Cornelius Bertram

text: Syriac

text: Joseph Scaliger

text: massacre of St Bartholomew

text: Protestant

text: Principal

text: University of Glasgow

text: Govan

text: University of Aberdeen

text: St Mary's College, St Andrews

text: Hebrew

text: Rabbinical

text: Greek literature

text: doctrine

text: second Book of Discipline

text: Robert Montgomery

text: Archbishop of Glasgow

text: castle of Edinburgh

text: Blackness Castle

text: Berwick

text: Oxford

text: Cambridge

text: Rector

text: Patrick Adamson

text: Archbishop of St. Andrews

text: James

text: Hampton Court

text: Rochelle

text: duke of Bouillon

text: Academy of Sedan

text: Morison, William

text: "Andrew Melville."

text: Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier

text: "Famous Scots Series"

text: Rait, Robert S.

text: "Andrew Melville and the Revolt Against Aristotle in Scotland,"

categories: University of Paris alumni,Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland,1545 births,1622 deaths,16th-century Scottish theologians,People from Angus,Academics of the University of Aberdeen,Principals of the University of Glasgow,Scottish educators,Alumni of the University of St Andrews,University of Geneva faculty,Scottish classical scholars,Prisoners in the Tower of London,Scottish Calvinist and Reformed theologians,17th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians,Rectors of the University of St Andrews,Scottish orientalists,Principals of the University of St Andrews,Scottish linguists,Academics of the University of St Andrews,16th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians

paragraph: Andrew Melville

paragraph: Andrew Melville (1 August 1545 – 1622) was a Scottish scholar, theologian, poet and religious reformer. His fame encouraged scholars from the European continent to study at Glasgow and St. Andrews.

paragraph: He was born at Baldovie, on 1 August 1545, the youngest son of Richard Melville of Baldovie, and Geills, daughter of Thomas Abercrombie of Montrose. He was educated at the Grammar School, Montrose, and University of St Andrews. He later went to France in 1564, and studied law at Poitiers. He became regent in the College of Marceon, and took part in the defence of Poitiers against the Huguenots. He then proceeded to Geneva, where he was appointed Professor of Humanity. He returned to Scotland in 1574 and was appointed Principal of the University of Glasgow in autumn of that year. He did much to establish the

paragraph: University on a proper footing and founded four Chairs in Languages, Science and Philosophy. He was admitted as minister of Govan in conjunction 13 July 1577. Melville was elected Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland on 24 April 1578. He opposed the Episcopal tendency in the Church, and did much to establish the Presbyterian form of government. He further did much to remodel the Scottish Universities, especially St Andrews; St Mary's thereafter being devoted to Divinity, Melville being appointed Principal thereof in November 1580. He was again elected Moderator of the General Assembly 24 April and 27 June 1582, and 20 June 1587. In the Assembly of October 1581, he took an active part in the libel against Robert Montgomery, Bishop of Glasgow, for simoniacal practices.

paragraph: Melville was appointed on a commission to wait upon James VI. in 1582, with a remonstrance and petition which, notwithstanding the entreaties of his friends, he presented. On 15 February 1584 he was summoned before the Privy Council for alleged treason in a sermon preached at St Andrews the June previous, and ordered to be imprisoned at Blackness, but his friends assisted him to escape to England. On Arran's fall he returned to Scotland and was restored by Parliament at Linlithgow on December 1585. In 1590 he became rector of the University of St Andrews, which office he held until 1597, and at the coronation of the Queen, 17 May 1590, he recited a Latin poem. He was again appointed Moderator of the General Assembly, 7 May 1594, but on a visitation of the University by the King in June 1597, he was deprived of his rectorship. He attended the General Assembly at Dundee, March 1598,

paragraph: but was ordered to withdraw by the King.

paragraph: In 1599 he was appointed Dean of the Faculty of Theology. He caused the Synod of Fife in 1599 to censure certain propositions in the Basilieon Doron by the King. At the Assembly at Montrose in March 1600 he unsuccessfully claimed his right to sit, but was successful in that at Burntisland May 1601. He took part in that held at Aberdeen in 1605 and offered, with others, a protest to Parliament at Perth in 1606 in favour of the right of free Assembly. For this he was summoned with others to London, where he was cited before the English Privy Council for writing a bitter Latin epigram against the accessories of Anglican worship and placed under the custody of John Overal, D.D., Dean of St Paul's, and afterwards of Bilson, Bishop of Winchester. Again brought before the Privy Council, he broke into a violent tirade against that Court and was committed to solitary confinement in the Tower. Henri de la Tour, Duke de Bouillon, having obtained his release, appointed him to the Chair of Biblical Theology in the University of Sedan, and Melville embarked for France 19 April 1611. He died unmarried after a series of illnesses at Sedan in 1622.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and early education.

paragraph: He was born at Baldovie near Montrose, Angus, the youngest son of Richard Melville (brother to Melville of Dysart).

paragraph: Andrew was the youngest of nine sons of Richard Melville of Baldovy, near Montrose, where he was born 1 August 1545. He is described as the ninth son, yet speaks in a letter of 1612 as having outlived his ‘fourteen brethren.’ His father lost his life in the battle of Pinkie, when Andrew was only two years old, and his mother dying soon after, he was brought up under the care of his eldest brother Richard (1522–1575), afterwards minister of Maryton, who, at a proper age, sent him to the grammar school of Montrose.

paragraph: At an early age Melville began to show a taste for learning, and his brother did everything in his power to give him the best education. He learned the rudiments of Latin at the grammar school of Montrose, after leaving which he learned Greek for two years under Pierre de Marsilliers, a Frenchman whom John Erskine of Dun had persuaded to settle at Montrose; such was Melville's proficiency that on going to the University of St Andrews he astonished the professors by using the Greek text of Aristotle, which no one else there understood. On completing his course, Melville left St Andrews with the reputation of "the best poet, philosopher, and Grecian of any young master in the land."

paragraph: Section::::Travels and study in Europe.

paragraph: In 1564, at nineteen years of age, he set out for France to complete his education at the University of Paris. Having graduated at St. Andrews, he repaired to France in the autumn of 1564, reaching Paris from Dieppe after a roundabout and stormy voyage. He now attained great fluency in Greek, made acquirements in oriental languages, studied mathematics and law, and came under the direct influence of Peter Ramus, whose new methods of teaching he subsequently transplanted to Scotland.

paragraph: He also attended the last course of lectures delivered by Adrianus Turnebus, professor of Greek, as well as those of Petrus Ramus, whose philosophical method and plan of teaching Melville later introduced into the universities of Scotland. From Paris he went to Poitiers (1566) to study civil law, and though only twenty-one was apparently at once made a regent in the college of St Marceon. After three years, however, political troubles compelled him to leave France, and he went to Geneva, where he was welcomed by Theodore Beza, at whose instigation he was appointed to the chair of humanity in the academy of Geneva.

paragraph: Section::::Scottish Academic.

paragraph: In addition to teaching, Melville continued to study Oriental literature, and in particular acquired from Cornelius Bertram, one of his brother professors, a knowledge of Syriac. At Geneva as early as 1570 he met Joseph Scaliger and Francis Hottoman, who in 1572, after the massacre on St. Bartholomew's day, took up their abode in that city. While he lived at Geneva the massacre of St Bartholomew in 1572 drove immense numbers of Protestant refugees to that city, including several of the most distinguished French men of letters of the time. Among these were several men learned in civil law, and political science, and associating with them increased Melville's knowledge and enlarged his ideas of civil and ecclesiastical liberty.

paragraph: In 1574 Melville returned to Scotland, and almost immediately received the appointment of Principal of the University of Glasgow, and began its renewal. Besides his duties in the university, he officiated as minister of the church of Govan, in the vicinity.

paragraph: Melville set himself to establish a good educational system. He enlarged the curriculum, and established chairs in languages, science, philosophy and divinity, which were confirmed by charter in 1577. His fame spread, and students flocked from all parts of Scotland and beyond. He assisted in the reconstruction of the University of Aberdeen in 1575, and to do for St Andrews what he had done for Glasgow, he was appointed Principal of St Mary's College, St Andrews, in 1580. His duties there comprised the teaching of theology, Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac and Rabbinical languages.

paragraph: As a member of the General Assembly, he took a prominent part in all the measures of that body against episcopacy ; and as he was unflinching in his opposition to that form of church government, he received the name of Episcopomastix, or The Scourge of Bishops. A remarkable instance of his intrepidity occurred at an interview, which took place in October 1577, between him and the Regent Morton, when the latter, irritated at the proceedings of the Assembly, exclaimed, "There will never be quietness in this country till half a dozen of you be hanged or banished!" "Hark! Sir," said Melville, " threaten your courtiers after that manner! It is the same to me whether I rot in the air, or in the ground. The earth is the Lord's. Patria est ubicunque est bene. I have been ready to give up my life where it would not have been half so well wared, at the pleasure of my God. I have lived out of your country ten years, as well as in it. Let God be glorified, it will not be in your power to hang or exile his truth." This bold language Morton did not venture to resent.

paragraph: Melville created a fashion for the study of Greek literature. The reforms, however, which his new modes of teaching involved, and even some of his new doctrines, such as the non-infallibility of Aristotle, brought him into conflict with other teachers in the university.

paragraph: Section::::Moderator of the Church's General Assembly.

paragraph: Melville was moderator of the General Assembly which met at Edinburgh 24 April 1578, in which the second Book of Discipline was approved of. The attention of the Assembly was about this time directed to the reformation and improvement of the universities, and Melville was, in December 1580, removed from Glasgow, and installed principal of St. Mary's college, St. Andrews. Here,

paragraph: besides giving lectures in divinity, he taught the Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, and Rabbinical languages, and his prelections were attended, not only by young students in unusual numbers, but also by some of the masters of the other colleges.

paragraph: He was moderator of the Assembly which met at St. Andrews on 24 April 1582, and also of an extraordinary meeting of the Assembly, convened at Edinburgh on 27 June thereafter, in consequence of the arbitrary measures of the court, in relation particularly to the case of Robert Montgomery, the excommunicated Archbishop of Glasgow. He

paragraph: opened the proceedings with a sermon, in which he boldly inveighed against the absolute authority claimed by the government in ecclesiastical matters. A spirited remonstrance being agreed to by the Assembly, Melville and others were appointed to present it to the king, then with the court at Perth. When the remonstrance was read before his majesty in council, the king's unworthy favourite, the earl of Arran, menacingly exclaimed, "Who dare subscribe these treasonable articles?" "We dare," said the undaunted Melville, and taking a pen, immediately signed his name. His example was followed by the other commissioners, and so much were Lennox and Arran over-awed by their intrepidity, that they dismissed them peaceably.

paragraph: For about three years Melville had preached, assisted by his nephew, in the parish church of St. Andrews. In February 1584 he was cited before the privy council, to answer a charge of treason, founded on some seditious expressions, which it was alleged he had made use of in a sermon on the 4th chapter of Daniel, on the occasion of a fast kept during the preceding month; particularly that he had compared the king's mother to Nebuchadnezzar, who was banished from the kingdom, and would be restored again. At his appearance, he denied using these words, entered into a full defence of those he had actually used, and presented a protest and declinature, claiming to be tried by the ecclesiastical court. When brought before the king and council, he boldly told them that

paragraph: they had exceeded their jurisdiction in judging of the doctrine, or calling to account any of the ambassadors or messengers of a king and council greater than they, and far above them. Then loosing a little Hebrew bible from his belt, and throwing it on the table before them, he said, "That you may see your weakness, oversight, and rashness, in taking upon you that which neither you ought nor can do, there are my instructions and warrant. Let me see which of you can judge of them or control me therein, that I have passed by my injunctions." Arran, finding the book in Hebrew, put it into the king's hands, saying, " Sir, he scorns your majesty and council." "No, my lord, " replied Melville, " I scorn not, but with all earnestness, zeal, and gravity, I stand for the cause of Jesus Christ and his church." Not being able to prove the charge against him, and unwilling to let him go, the council declared him guilty of declining their jurisdiction, and of behaving irreverently before them, and sentenced him to be imprisoned in the castle of Edinburgh, and to be further punished in his person and goods at the pleasure of the king. Before, however, being charged to enter himself in ward, his place of confinement was ordered to be changed to Blackness Castle, which was kept by a dependant of Arran. While at dinner the king's macer was admitted and gave him the charge to enter within 24 hours: but he avoided being sent there by secretly withdrawing from Edinburgh. After staying some time at Berwick, he proceeded to London, and in the ensuing July visited the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, at both of which he was received in a manner becoming his learning and reputation.

paragraph: Section::::From England to St Andrews.

paragraph: He returned to Scotland in November 1585 after an absence of twenty months, and in March 1586 resumed his lectures in St Andrews, where he continued for twenty years; he became Rector of the University in 1590.

paragraph: On the disgrace of the earl of Arran, Melville returned to Scotland with the banished lords, in November 1585. Having assisted in re-organizing the college of Glasgow, he resumed, in the following March, his duties at St. Andrews. The synod of Fife, which met in April, proceeded to excommunicate Patrick Adamson, Archbishop of St. Andrews, for his attempts to overturn the presbyterian form of government in the church; and, in return, that prelate issued a sentence of excommunication against Melville, and his nephew, James Melville, with others of their brethren. In consequence of this difference with the archbishop, Melville received a written mandate from the king to confine his residence to the north of the Tay, and he was not restored to his office in the university till the following August. Some time after, when Adamson had been deprived of his archbishopric, and was reduced to great poverty, finding himself deserted by the king, he addressed a letter to his former antagonist, Melville, expressing regret for his past conduct, and soliciting his assistance. Melville hastened to visit him, and

paragraph: not only procured contributions for his relief among his friends, but continued for several months to support him from his own resources.

paragraph: In June 1587, Melville was again elected moderator of the Assembly, and nominated one of the commissioners for attending to the proceedings in parliament. He was present at the coronation of the queen, 17 May 1590, and recited a Latin poem composed for the occasion, which was immediately published at the desire of the king. In the same year he was elected rector of the university of St. Andrews, an office which, for a series of years, he continued to hold by re-election. In May 1594 he was again elected moderator of the Assembly. Shortly after, he appeared on behalf of the church before the lords of the articles, and urged the forfeiture of the popish lords, and along with his nephew and two other ministers, he accompanied the king, at his express request, on his expedition against them. In the following year, when it was proposed to recall the popish nobles from exile, he went with some other ministers to the convention of estates at St. Andrews, to remonstrate against the design, but was ordered by the king to withdraw, which he did, after a most resolute reply. The commission of the Assembly having met at Cupar in Fife, they sent Melville and some other members to expostulate with the king. Being admitted to a private audience, James Melville began to address his majesty with great mildness and respect; but the king becoming impatient, charged them with sedition, on which Andrew took him by the sleeve, and calling him "God's silly vassal," said, "This is not a time to flatter, but to speak plainly, for our commission is from the living God, to whom the king is subject. We will always humbly reverence your majesty in public, but having opportunity of being with your majesty in private, we must discharge our duty, or else be enemies to Christ: And now, Sire, I must tell you that there are two kingdoms — the kingdom of Christ, which is the church, whose subject King James VI. is, and of whose kingdom he is not a head, nor a lord, but a member; and they whom Christ hath called, and commanded to watch over his church, and govern his spiritual kingdom, have sufficient power and authority from him so to do, which no Christian king nor prince should control or discharge, but assist and support, otherwise they are not faithful subjects to Christ." The king listened patiently to this bold admonition, and dismissed them with many fair promises which he never intended to fulfil. For several years following King James made repeated attempts to control the church, according to his own arbitrary notions, but he invariably encountered a strenuous opponent in Andrew Melville; and he had recourse at last to one of those stratagems which he thought the very essence of "king-craft," to secure the removal of this champion of presbyterianism from Scotland altogether.

paragraph: During the whole time he protected the liberties of the Scottish Church against all encroachments of the government. That in the main he was fighting for the constitutionally guaranteed rights of the Church is generally accepted. The chief charge against Melville is that his fervour often led him to forget the reverence due to an "anointed monarch." When the king acted in an arbitrary and illegal manner he needed the reminder that though he was king over men he was only "God's silly vassal." Melville's rudeness (if it is to be called so) was the outburst of just indignation from a man zealous for the purity of religion and regardless of consequences to himself.

paragraph: His nephew James Melville, who was present, records the famous statement he made in Falkland in private to King James VI of Scotland, later to become King James I of England . Calling him "God's sillie vassal" and taking him by the sleeve, he said,

paragraph: "Sir, we will humblie reverence your Majestie always, namlie in public, but sen we have this occasioun to be with your Majestie in privat, and the treuthe is, yie ar brought in extream danger bathe of your lyff and croun, and with yow, the country and Kirk of Christ is lyk to wrak, for nocht telling yow the treuthe, and giffen of yow fathfull counsall, we mon (must) discharge our dewtie thairin, or els be trators bathe to Christ and yow! And thairfor Sir, as divers tymes befor, sa now again, I mon tell yow, thair is twa Kings and twa Kingdomes in Scotland. Thair is Chryst Jesus the King, and his Kingdome the Kirk, whase subject King James the Saxt is, and of whose kingdome nocht a king, nor a lord, nor a heid, bot a member! And they whome Chryst hes callit and commandit to watch over his Kirk, and govern his spirituall kingdome, hes sufficient powar of him, and authoritie sa to do, bathe togidder and severalie; the quhilk na Christian King or Prince sould control and discharge, but fortifie and assist, utherwayes nocht fathfull subjects nor members of Chryst."

paragraph: Section::::King James and imprisonment.

paragraph: In 1599 he was deprived of the rectorship, but was made dean of the faculty of theology. The close of Melville's career in Scotland was at length brought about by James in characteristic fashion. In May 1606, Melville, with his nephew, and six of their brethren, were called to London by a letter from the king, on the specious pretext that his majesty wished to consult them as to the affairs of the church. Soon after their arrival they attended the famous conference held 23 September, in presence of the king at Hampton Court, at which Melville spoke at great length, and with a boldness which astonished the English

paragraph: nobility and clergy. On St. Michael's day, Melville and his brethren were commanded to attend the royal chapel, when, scandalized at the popish character of the service, on his return to his lodging he vented his indignation in a Latin epigram, for which, a copy having been conveyed to the king, he was brought before the council at Whitehall. Being by them found guilty of "scandalum magnatum," he was committed first to the custody of the dean of St. Paul's, and afterwards to the charge of the bishop of Winchester; but was ultimately sent to the Tower, where he remained a prisoner for four years.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The following is the epigram: br

paragraph: Cur stant clausi Anglis libri duo regia in ara,br

paragraph: Lumina casca duo, pollubra sicca duo?br

paragraph: Num sensum cultumque Dei tenet Anglia clausum,br

paragraph: Luniine exca suo, sorde sepulta sua?br

paragraph: Romano an ritu, dum regalem instruit aram,br

paragraph: Turpuream pingit religiosa lupam ?br

paragraph: br

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thus rendered in an old translation: br

paragraph: br

paragraph: Why stand there on the altar highbr

paragraph: Two closed books, blind lights, two basins dry?br

paragraph: Doth England hold God's mind and worship close.br

paragraph: Blind of her sight, and buried in her dross?br

paragraph: Doth she, with chapel put in Romish dress,br

paragraph: The purple whore religiously express?br

paragraph: br

paragraph: BULLET::::- And for this Melville was sent to the tower.

paragraph: At first he was treated with the utmost rigour, and denied even the use of pen, ink, and paper; but his spirit remained unsubdued, and he beguiled his solitary hours by composing Latin verses, which, with the tongue of his shoe buckle, he engraved on his prison walls. By the interference of some friends at court, his confinement was, after the lapse of nearly ten months, rendered less

paragraph: severe. About the end of 1607 the protestants of Rochelle endeavoured to obtain his services as professor of divinity in their college, but the king would not consent to his liberation.

paragraph: Section::::Freed to France.

paragraph: At length, in February 1611, at the intercession of the duke of Bouillon, he was released from confinement, on condition of his becoming professor of theology in the protestant university of Sedan, in France, where he spent the remainder of his life, and died there in 1622, at the advanced age of 77.

paragraph: On being freed, but refused permission to return to his own country, he was invited to fill a professor's chair in the Academy of Sedan, and there he spent the last eleven years of his life.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: His biographer, Dr. M'Crie, says that Andrew Melville "was the first Scotsman who added a taste for elegant literature to an extensive acquaintance with theology." Although he sustained a conspicuous part in all the important public

paragraph: transactions of his time, he neither was nor affected to be the leader of a party. In private he was an agreeable companion, remarkable for his cheerfulness and kindliness of disposition. He was never married. Beyond the statement that he was of low stature there is no description of his personal appearance extant, nor is there any known portrait of him.

paragraph: The greater part of his writings consists of Latin poems. Dr. M'Crie, whose Life of Andrew Melville was published in 1824, in 2 volumes, has given the names of all his works, printed and left in manuscript, and there is none of any great extent among them.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: For a modern list see Holloway.

paragraph: brWorks listed by Hew Scott include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carmen Mosis (Basel, 1573), reprinted in Delitice Poetarum Scotorum (Amsterdam, 1637) ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julii Ccesaris Scaligeri Posmata (Geneva, 1575) ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zre^aviaKiov, Ad Scotice Regem, habitum" in Coronatione Regince, etc. (Edinburgh, 1590) ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carmina Sacra duo, etc. (Geneva, 1590) ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Principis Scoti-Britannorum Natalia, etc. (Edinburgh, 1594 ; Hague, 1594) ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theses Theological de Libero Arbitrio (Edinburgh, 1597) ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scholastica Diatriba de Rebus Divinis (Edinburgh, 1599) ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inscriptiones Historical Regum Scotorum . . . Joh. Jonston . . . Author e . . . Prcefixus est Gathelus, sive de Gentis Origine Fragmentum, Andreas Melvini (Amsterdam, 1602) ;

paragraph: brseveral poems

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Obitum Johannis Wallasii (Leyden, 1603) ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro supplici Evangelicorum Ministrorum in Anglia . . . Apologia, sive Anti- Tami - Garni - Categoria (?1604; reprinted in Parasynagma Perthense by Calderwood, Edinburgh, 1620, and in Altare Damascenum, 1623) ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Four Letters in Lusus Poetici by David Hume (Edinburgh, 1605) ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sidera Veteris JEvi, by John Johnston [contains two poems by Melvill] (Saumur, 1611);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Comment, in Apost. Acta M. Johannis Malcolmi [verses by M. prefixed] (Middelburg, 1615) ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duellum Poeticum contendentibus G. Eglisemmio et G. Buchanano (London, 1618; prints,M.'s Cavillum in Aram Regiam, the Epigram on the Chapel Royal) ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- three Epigrams in Sir James Sempill's Sacriledge Sacredly Handled (London, 1619);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Viri clarissimi A. Melvini Musas [the appended Life of Adamson, etc., not by Melvill] (Edinburgh, 1620) ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- De Adiaphoris, Scotitov tvxovtos, Aphorismi (1622);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Epitaph on James Melvill in his Ad Serenissimum Jacobum Primum . . . Libellus Supplex (London, 1645);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrew Melvini Scotia;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Topographia in Blaeu's Atlas Major (Amsterdam, 1662) ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Five poems in Kollman's De Diebus Festis (Utrecht, 1693) ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commentarius in Divinam Pauli Epistolam ad Romanos (Wodrow Society, Edinburgh, 1850)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: For a modern bibliography see Holloway.

paragraph: brAlexander Gordon's Bibliography (the Unitarian minister wrote an article in the Dictionary of National Biography):

paragraph: BULLET::::- McCrie's Life, 1819 (the edition used in 1856, edited by his son), is a work of close and wide research, and may be safely followed for the facts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Melvill's Diary (Bannatyne Club), 1829

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hist. of the Declining Age (Wodrow Soc.), 1842;

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Scot's Apologetical Narration (Wodrow Soc.) 1846;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Calderwood's Hist. of the Kirk (Wodrow Soc.), 1842–9.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spotiswood's Hist. of the Church of Scotland (Spottiswoode Soc.), 1847–51;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grub's Eccl. Hist. of Scotland, 1861, vol. ii.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gardiner's Hist. of England, vol. i.;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walton's Lives (Zouch), 1796, p. 295.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hew Scott's Fasti Eccles. Scoticanæ adds a few particulars;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scots Worthies, 1862, pp. 233 sq.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anderson's Scottish Nation, 1872, iii. 140 sq.

paragraph: brReid's Bibliography

paragraph: brThe following is a brief bibliography for the life of Melville:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1. Life. By Dr. Thomas M'Crie. First published in 1819. The edition used in the foregoing pages is that of 1856.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2. Diary of James Melville. Wodrow Society, 1842.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3. Calderwood's History of the Kirk. Wod. Soc. 1842-9.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 4. Apologetical Narration by William Scot. Wod. Soc, 1846.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5. Spottiswood's Hist, of the Church of Scotland. Spottiswoode Soc. 1847-51.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 6. Grub's Ecclesiastical History of Scotland.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 7. Lee's Lectures on the History of the Church of Scotland. 1860.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 8. Dictionary of National Biography. Article on Melville by Rev. A. Gordon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 9. Cunningham's Hist, of the Church of Scotland.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 10. Andrew Melville. By William Morison. In Famous Scots Series, 1899.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 11. Register of St. Andrews Kirk Session. Edited by Dr. Hay Fleming. 1890.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 12. Munimenta Almae Universitatis Glasguensis. Maitland Club, 1854.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 13. Wodrow's Lives. Maitland Club, 1845.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 14. Revue Chretienne, vol. for 1907. Paris.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 15. Scott's Fasti, under parish of Govan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 16. Melville's work as Educationist : see Edgar [History of Scott. Education) ; Strong, J. [Hist, of Sec. Educ. in Scotland) ; Kerr, J. [Scottish Educ. up to 1908).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 17. Andrew Melville. By Dr. John Smith, Glasgow, Oration on Commemoration Day, 1910.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morison, William (1899). "Andrew Melville." Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier ("Famous Scots Series")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rait, Robert S. (1899). "Andrew Melville and the Revolt Against Aristotle in Scotland," "The English Historical Review", Vol. XIV, pp. 250–260.

description: Scottish scholar, theologian and religious reformer

wikidata_label: Andrew Melville

wikipedia_title: Andrew Melville


text:
Arezzo
Florence
Italian
jurist
humanist
historian
Arezzo
Tuscany
University of Florence
Florentine chancellorship
Poggio Bracciolini
Chancellor
Florentine Republic
Florentine government
Latin
First Crusade
Torquato Tasso
Jerusalem Delivered
Parma
Medici family
Cosimo
Piero
Francesco
Pietro
cardinal
Bernardo
Benedetto Accolti the Younger
House of Accolti

categories: Medieval Italian lawyers,Italian historians,1415 births,People from Arezzo,University of Florence faculty,Italian jurists,15th-century Italian writers,15th-century Italian people,Historians of the Crusades,15th-century lawyers,15th-century jurists,1464 deaths

paragraph: Benedetto Accolti the Elder

paragraph: Benedetto Accolti (1415 in Arezzo26 September 1464 in Florence) was an Italian jurist, humanist and historian.

paragraph: He was born at Arezzo in Tuscany, of a prominent family, several members of which were distinguished like himself for their attainments in law.

paragraph: He was for some time professor of law in the University of Florence, and after the dismissal in 1456 from the Florentine chancellorship of the renowned humanist Poggio Bracciolini for incompetence and an interregnum of two years, Accolti himself became Chancellor of the Florentine Republic in 1458.

paragraph: Accolti's memory was prodigious. Having, one day, heard a speech delivered by an ambassador from the king of Hungary to the Florentine government, he afterwards repeated it, word for word.

paragraph: Accolti wrote in Latin a history of the First Crusade, entitled "De Bello a Christianis contra Barbaros gesto pro Christi Sepulchro et Judaea recuperandis libri IV" (1464), or "On the War carried on by the Christians against the Barbarians, for the Recovery of Christ's Sepulchre, and of Judea", which is said to have furnished Torquato Tasso with the historical basis for his "Jerusalem Delivered". Another work of Accolti's, a "Dialogue" (1461–63), was published at Parma in 1689; in this work the author compares the achievements of the moderns to the ancients, in order to prove that the former are in no respect inferior to the latter. Both works were dedicated to members of the Medici family, the "Dialogue" to Cosimo "il vecchio", the history to his son Piero.

paragraph: Accolti's younger brother Francesco was also a distinguished jurist. His son Pietro became a cardinal, while another son Bernardo was a notable vernacular poet. Benedetto Accolti the Younger, the chancellor's grandson, also became a cardinal.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- House of Accolti, other members of the family

description: Italian historian

wikidata_label: Benedetto Accolti the Elder

wikipedia_title: Benedetto Accolti the Elder


text:
People's Republic of China
Shanghai
Renmin University
Beijing
Hong Kong
Tokyo
Paris
Chicago
50 Moganshan Road
Art of Yelan

categories: Chinese contemporary artists,1977 births,Living people,Artists from Shanxi

paragraph: Yelan (artist)

paragraph: Yelan () is a contemporary Chinese artist in the People's Republic of China who lives and works in Shanghai.

paragraph: Yelan began studying ink and oil painting from a young age. Her first major accomplishment occurred in her final years of high school when a Taiwanese Private Museum purchased a series of her Buddhist paintings. Yelan went on to study ink painting at Renmin University, graduating in 2004.

paragraph: Yelan has held exhibitions in Beijing, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Paris, Chicago, as well as a number of other cities. Yelan's gallery and studio are both located at 50 Moganshan Road.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art of Yelan Website of the artist

wikidata_label: Yelan

wikipedia_title: Yelan (artist)


text:
Unilever
Bilderberg Group

categories: 1965 deaths,Chairmen of Unilever,People from Rotterdam,Dutch businesspeople,1888 births

paragraph: Paul Rykens

paragraph: Paul Rykens, also known as Paul Rijkens, (1888-1965) was a Dutch businessman. He served as the founding chairman of Unilever. He was a founding member of the Bilderberg Group.

description: Dutch entrepreneur (1888-1965)

wikidata_label: Paul Rijkens

wikipedia_title: Paul Rykens


text:
road
track cyclist
2016 UEC European Track Championships
team pursuit event
2017 UCI Road World Championships
women's time trial

categories: Russian track cyclists,Russian female cyclists,1997 births,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people

paragraph: Kseniia Tsymbalyuk

paragraph: Kseniia Tsymbalyuk (born 8 January 1997) is a Russian female road and track cyclist, representing Russia at international competitions. She competed at the 2016 UEC European Track Championships in the team pursuit event. At the 2017 UCI Road World Championships she rode in the women's time trial event.

alias:
Kseniia Tsymbaliuk
Ksenia Tsymbaliuk
Kseniia Tsymbalyuk

description: Russian sport cyclist

wikidata_label: Kseniia Tsymbalyuk

wikipedia_title: Kseniia Tsymbalyuk


text:
track cyclist
UCI Women's Team
2015 UEC European Track Championships
team pursuit event
2016 UEC European Track Championships
team pursuit event

categories: Ukrainian track cyclists,Ukrainian female cyclists,1997 births,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people

paragraph: Oksana Kliachina

paragraph: Oksana Kliachina (born 11 September 1997) is a Ukrainian road and track cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Women's Team , and represents Ukraine at international competitions. She competed at the 2015 UEC European Track Championships in the team pursuit event and at the 2016 UEC European Track Championships in the team pursuit event.

description: cyclist

wikidata_label: Oksana Kliachina

wikipedia_title: Oksana Kliachina


text: CB

text: British Army

text: Arctic explorer

text: naturalist

text: Baronet of Feniscowles

text: Cheltenham College

text: Black Watch

text: Indian Mutiny

text: Taku Forts

text: China

text: Confederate States Army

text: American Civil War

text: Army of Tennessee

text: Joseph E. Johnston

text: Bennett Place

text: Royal Artillery

text: First Boer War

text: Second Boer War

text: Paymaster

text: Imperial Yeomanry

text: Order of the Bath

text: geology

text: flora

text: fauna

text: Sir George Nares

text: Alert

text: Allan Octavian Hume

text: Rudyard Kipling

text: David James McCord

text: Wells-next-the-Sea

text: Norfolk

text: Burwash

text: Sussex

text: The Zoologist

text: Ibis

text: British Ornithologists' Union

text: Henry J. Pearson

text: Novaya Zemlya

text: Kolguyev

text: Spitsbergen

text: Lapland

text: Kara Sea

text: Fellow of the Royal Society of London

text: Nares, G.S.

text: Alert

text: Discovery

text: Charles Eugene de Rance

text: From the Archives

categories: Foreign-born Confederates,British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857,Confederate States Army officers,Explorers of the Arctic,Egg collectors,British naturalists,Royal Artillery officers,1921 deaths,British people of the American Civil War,1838 births,British Army personnel of the Second Opium War,Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society,British military personnel of the First Boer War,Younger sons of baronets,Black Watch officers

paragraph: Henry Wemyss Feilden

paragraph: Colonel Henry Wemyss Feilden, CB (6 October 1838 – 8 June 1921) was a British Army officer, Arctic explorer and naturalist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Feilden was the second son of Sir William Henry Feilden (1812−1879), 2nd Baronet of Feniscowles. Feilden was born at Newbridge Barracks in Kildare where his father was then serving in the 17th Lancers. He was educated at Cheltenham College. After joining the Black Watch, at the age of nineteen, he fought in the suppression of the Indian Mutiny 1857-58 and at the Taku Forts in China in 1860. In 1862 he volunteered for the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War of 1861−1865. He served as assistant adjutant-general with the remnant of the Army of Tennessee under General Joseph E. Johnston and was present at the surrender at Bennett Place.

paragraph: He then returned to the British Army, where he made captain in the Royal Artillery in 1874. He served in the First Boer War in 1881 and again in Africa in 1890. After the outbreak of the Second Boer War, he was again appointed Paymaster of Imperial Yeomanry on 3 February 1900. He was decorated for his service in India, China and South Africa, and was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) for his services to Imperial Yeomanry in 1900.

paragraph: Feilden also collected information on the geology, flora and fauna of newly explored areas, and served as naturalist on Sir George Nares' Northern Polar Expedition in 1875 on board Alert. During his service in Pegu, he contributed notes on the birds of the region to Allan Octavian Hume. He was a fast friend of the famous writer and poet Rudyard Kipling. The surgeon on HMS "Alert", Dr Edward L. Moss, held a low opinion of Feilden's scientific expertise.

paragraph: In 1864, Feilden married Julia, daughter of Judge David James McCord (1797–1855) of South Carolina. In 1880 Feilden settled in Wells-next-the-Sea, Norfolk. Feilden joined the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society in 1880 and became President in 1885. He lived in Norfolk for over 20 years, moving to Burwash, Sussex in 1902. One of his discoveries in 1888 was a stuffed specimen of the Great Bustard which had been shot in Norfolk. Feilden contributed to "Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society" and submitted scientific papers to "The Zoologist" and "Ibis" (the journal of the British Ornithologists' Union, to which he was elected in 1873), amongst others.

paragraph: In 1895 and 1897, accompanying Henry J. Pearson, Feilden partook in expeditions to Novaya Zemlya, Kolguyev, Spitsbergen, Lapland and the Kara Sea.

paragraph: As well as being a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, Feilden was nominated as a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, but was rejected. The following is from his nomination certificate:

paragraph: Feilden died at his home in Burwash in 1921, aged 83, about one year after his wife Julia McCord Feilden (1837–1920). He had no children.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nares, G.S., Feilden, H.W., 1878. "Narrative of a Voyage to the Polar Sea During 1875-6 in H.M. Ships Alert ̓and Discovery" (sections on Ethnology, Mammalia and Ornithology, and Geology jointly with Charles Eugene de Rance)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- South Carolina Historical Society, Henry Wemys Feilden papers, 1851–1949 From the Archives

wikidata_label: Henry Wemyss Feilden

wikipedia_title: Henry Wemyss Feilden


text:
Matsunaga Hisahide
Tsutsui Castle
Oda Nobunaga
Mount Shigi
daimyō
Kōriyama Castle
Yamatokōriyama, Nara
Siege of Hijiyama
Battle of Yamazaki
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Tsutsui Sadatsugu
Toyotomi Hidenaga
Iga Province

paragraph: Tsutsui Junkei

paragraph: Early in his career, Matsunaga Hisahide, one of the most powerful warriors of the region, defeated Junkei and took Tsutsui Castle.

paragraph: By joining the forces of Oda Nobunaga, Junkei defeated Hisahide at Mount Shigi in 1577.

paragraph: Junkei's original castle was reclaimed after the battle, but shortly afterward he had to abandon it, following an order by Nobunaga. He was then appointed to the position of "daimyō" over Yamato, and was allowed to build a new castle, which was called Kōriyama Castle, now in Yamatokōriyama, Nara.

paragraph: He participated in the Siege of Hijiyama in 1581.

paragraph: During the Battle of Yamazaki in 1582, Junkei refused to take either side and remained neutral awaiting the results of the battle at Hora ga toge. This is the origin of the expression, "To sit on Hora ga toge", when referring to indecision. His governance over Yamato was guaranteed by the victorious Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

paragraph: After Junkei's death the Tsutsui clan was succeeded by Tsutsui Sadatsugu, a cousin and adopted son of Junkei. The Tsutsui subsequently lost governance of Yamato to Toyotomi Hidenaga, Hideyoshi's half-brother, at the death of Junkei in 1584. The Tsutsui themselves were moved to the Iga Province by orders of Hideyoshi.

description: Japanese Daimyo

wikidata_label: Tsutsui Junkei

wikipedia_title: Tsutsui Junkei


text:
Michel Pezet
stage name
rapper
Onar
Płomień 81
Noon
Viva
Kryminalni
TVN
Małolat

paragraph: Pezet

paragraph: "For the French politician, see Michel Pezet."

paragraph: Paweł Kapliński (, born April 18, 1980), better known by his stage name Pezet (), is a Polish rapper. In 1998 he debuted with Onar in Płomień 81 and they published 3 albums. He started working with Noon in 2002, publishing 2 albums. 5 years later in 2007 his first solo album hit stores.

paragraph: Pezet hosted the program "Rap Fura" on Viva. He also had an episode in a crime drama television series called Kryminalni on TVN. Paweł has a brother who is also a rapper, better known as Małolat.

description: Polish rapper

wikidata_label: Pezet

wikipedia_title: Pezet