text: foreign correspondent

text: BBC News

text: BBC

text: Magdalene College, Cambridge

text: Granta

text: Cleveleys

text: Lancashire

text: anarchist

text: Dunwich

text: Dulwich College Preparatory School

text: St Paul's School

text: Magdalene College, Cambridge

text: Granta

text: University Challenge

text: reporter

text: Harold Wilson

text: Nine O'Clock News

text: current affairs

text: Buganda

text: Mutesa II

text: Magdalene College, Cambridge

text: travelled back from Paris to Tehran

text: Ayatollah Khomeini

text: Iranian Revolution

text: Beijing

text: Tiananmen Square massacre

text: Ceauşescu regime

text: Bucharest

text: 1991 Gulf War

text: Baghdad

text: Belgrade

text: Kosovo War

text: Yugoslav

text: NATO

text: burqa

text: US-led invasion of Afghanistan

text: Robert Mugabe

text: Zimbabwe

text: Pim Fortuyn

text: BBC News Online

text: non-embedded

text: 2003 Iraq war

text: friendly fire

text: hallucinogenic drugs

text: Have I Got News For You

text: Ranulph Fiennes

text: Robin Knox-Johnston

text: Khyber Pass

text: Tora Bora

text: Cape Horn

text: Frobisher Bay

text: 2011 Libyan civil war

text: CBE

text: Gulf War

text: honours list

text: International Emmy

text: BBC Ten O'Clock News

text: Cannes Film Festival

text: Baftas

text: Chancellor

text: Roehampton University

text: University of East Anglia

text: Ischia International Journalism Award

text: Marylebone

text: Ireland

text: British

text: Irish citizenship

text: Irish Independent

text: tax avoidance

text: kedgeree

text: Chelsea Old Church

text: When suffering gets personal

categories: Academics of the University of Roehampton,English Anglicans,BAFTA winners (people),Contestants on University Challenge,People from Dunwich,Emmy Award winners,1944 births,British non-fiction writers,People educated at St Paul's School, London,British male writers,People from Thornton-Cleveleys,British war correspondents,BBC newsreaders and journalists,Commanders of the Order of the British Empire,Naturalised citizens of Ireland,Living people,Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge

paragraph: John Simpson (journalist)

paragraph: John Cody Fidler-Simpson (born 9 August 1944) is an English foreign correspondent and world affairs editor of BBC News. He has spent all his working life at the BBC, and has reported from more than 120 countries, including thirty war zones, and interviewed many world leaders. He was educated at Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he read English and was editor of "Granta" magazine.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Simpson was born in Cleveleys, Lancashire. He says in his autobiography that his father was an anarchist. He spent ten years growing up in Dunwich in Suffolk. He was educated at Dulwich College Preparatory School and St Paul's School, followed by Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he read English and was editor of "Granta" magazine. In 1965 he was a member of the Magdalene "University Challenge" team. A year later Simpson started as a trainee sub-editor at BBC radio news.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Simpson became a BBC reporter in 1970. On his very first day, the then-prime minister Harold Wilson, angered by what he saw as the sudden and impudent appearance of the novice's microphone, punched him in the stomach.

paragraph: Simpson was the BBC's political editor in 1980–81. He presented the "Nine O'Clock News" in 1981–82 and became diplomatic editor in 1982. He had also served as a correspondent in South Africa, Brussels and Dublin. He became BBC world affairs editor in 1988 and presented an occasional current affairs programme, "Simpson's World".

paragraph: Simpson's reporting career includes the following episodes:

paragraph: BULLET::::- In November 1969 he interviewed the exiled King of Buganda, Mutesa II, hours before death in his London flat from alcohol poisoning. The official cause was suicide but some suspected assassination. Simpson told the police the following day that the king, a fellow-graduate of Magdalene College, Cambridge, had been sober and in good spirits, but this line of enquiry was not pursued.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He travelled back from Paris to Tehran with the exiled Ayatollah Khomeini on 1 February 1979, a return that heralded the Iranian Revolution, as millions lined the streets of the capital.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1989 he avoided bullets at the Beijing Tiananmen Square massacre.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simpson reported the fall of Ceauşescu regime in Bucharest later that year.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He spent the early part of the 1991 Gulf War in Baghdad, before being expelled by the authorities.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simpson reported from Belgrade during the Kosovo War of 1999, where he was one of a handful of journalists to remain in the Yugoslav capital after the authorities, at the start of the conflict, expelled those from NATO countries.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Two years later, he was one of the first reporters to enter Afghanistan in 2001, famously disguising himself by wearing a burqa, and subsequently Kabul in the US-led invasion of Afghanistan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simpson was hunted by Robert Mugabe's forces in Zimbabwe.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2002 he had an interview with the Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn just four days before his assassination. Fortuyn was not happy with Simpson and his questions and so sent him away just five minutes after the start of the interview.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He was the first BBC journalist to answer questions in a war zone from internet users via BBC News Online.

paragraph: BULLET::::- While reporting on a non-embedded basis from Northern Iraq in the 2003 Iraq war, Simpson was injured in a friendly fire incident when a U.S. warplane bombed the convoy of American and Kurdish forces he was with. The attack was caught on film: a member of Simpson's crew was killed and he himself was left deaf in one ear.

paragraph: Simpson has freely admitted to using hallucinogenic drugs offered to him by locals in various jungles of the world. This prompted jibes from other panellists when Simpson appeared on BBC Television's topical quiz show "Have I Got News For You". On his first appearance, Simpson revealed that one hallucination involved a six-foot goldfish putting its flipper round his shoulders while wearing dark glasses and a straw hat.

paragraph: In 2008 and 2009, Simpson took part in a BBC programme called "Top Dogs: Adventures in War, Sea and Ice". It saw Simpson unite with fellow Britons Sir Ranulph Fiennes, the adventurer, and Sir Robin Knox-Johnston, the round-the-world yachtsman. The team went on three trips, each experiencing each other's adventure field. The first episode, aired on 27 March 2009, saw Simpson, Fiennes and Knox-Johnston go on a news-gathering trip to Afghanistan. The team reported from the Khyber Pass and the Tora Bora mountain complex. The three also undertook a voyage around Cape Horn and an expedition hauling sledges across the deep-frozen Frobisher Bay in the far north of Canada.

paragraph: During the 2011 Libyan civil war, Simpson travelled with the rebels during their westward offensive, reporting on the war from the front lines and coming under fire on several occasions.

paragraph: In 2016, Simpson presented a "Panorama" special, 'John Simpson: 50 Years on the Frontline', revisiting the people and places that have impacted on him most, as he reveals his thoughts on the challenges for the future.

paragraph: In 2018 Simpson described how a previous head of BBC News had recently tried to force him out of the BBC. "I wasn’t the only one: he did the same to several eminent broadcasters, on the grounds that the news department was clogged at the top by the aged. I was unsighted by being assured regularly how wonderful my contribution to the BBC was. “I’d be distraught if you left,” he said."

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: Simpson has received various awards, including a CBE in the Gulf War honours list in 1991, an International Emmy for his report for the BBC Ten O'Clock News on the fall of Kabul, the Golden Nymph at the Cannes Film Festival, a Peabody award in the US, and three Baftas. He was appointed an honorary fellow of his old college at Cambridge, Magdalene, in 2000, and became the first Chancellor of Roehampton University in 2005.

paragraph: Various universities have awarded him honorary doctorates: De Montfort, Suffolk College at the University of East Anglia, Nottingham, Dundee, Southampton, Sussex, St Andrews, Exeter and Leeds. He has received the Ischia International Journalism Award and the Bayeux-Calvados Award for war correspondents. In June 2011 he was made a Freeman of the City of London. Simpson was honoured by the City of Westminster at a Marylebone tree planting ceremony in May 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Simpson has two daughters, Julia and Eleanor, by his first marriage to American Diane Petteys. He married Dee (Adele) Kruger, a South African television producer, in 1996. They had a son, named Rafe, in January 2006. Simpson, whose grandmother was born in Ireland, holds British and Irish citizenship; he moved back to London in 2005 after living in Ireland for several years. In an interview with the "Irish Independent", Simpson admitted to using a legal tax avoidance scheme to purchase his London home in 2004, but stated that he would abandon the scheme and pay all applicable domestic taxes on its sale.

paragraph: In September 2016 he suffered near-fatal food poisoning attributed to a kedgeree bought in an Oxford restaurant, coming closer to death than from any of his reporting experiences.

paragraph: He is an Anglican and worships at Chelsea Old Church.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moscow Requiem" (1981);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Fine and Private Place" (1983).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moscow, Midnight" (2018).

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Non-fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Disappeared: Voices from a Secret War", with Jana Bennett, (1985);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Behind Iranian Lines" (1988);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Despatches from the Barricades" (1990);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Strange Places, Questionable People" (1998);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Mad World, My Masters" (2000);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "News From No Man's Land" (2002);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wars Against Saddam: Taking the Hard Road to Baghdad" (2004);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Days from a Different World: A Memoir of Childhood" (2005);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Not Quite World's End: A Traveller's Tales" (2007);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Twenty Tales From The War Zone" (2007);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unreliable Sources" (2010);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We Chose to Speak of War and Strife" (2016).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simpson answers questions from fellow-journalists at London's Frontline Club, October 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- When suffering gets personal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simpson reports on the 100th anniversary of his great grandfather making the first powered flight in Britain

description: English journalist, born 1944

wikidata_label: John Simpson

wikipedia_title: John Simpson (journalist)


text:
The Cure
The Psychedelic Furs
Thompson Twins
Berlin
Oxford Town Hall
Arthur Brown
Thompson Twins
Cure
Boris Williams
Berlin
Psychedelic Furs
Sequential Circuits
Prophet 5
Boris Williams
Kiss Me Kiss Me Kiss Me
Just Like Heaven
Hot Hot Hot!!!
Porl Thompson
Kiss Me, Kiss Me, Kiss Me
Disintegration
B-Side
Entreat
Lol Tolhurst
Perry Bamonte
Wild Mood Swings
Bloodflowers
The Cure
Robert Smith
Perry Bamonte
Sydney Opera House
encore
The Cure
The Cure
Minimoog Voyager
The Truth in Me
Erin Lang
Warner Brothers
The Truth in Me
Erin Lang
Lenka
The Truth in Me
Dntel
Fourtet
Console
Erin Lang
Erin Lang
David Hockney
Bigger Trees Near Warter
Centre for Young Musicians
Toronto
Adam Donen
Thomas Bernhard
Moog
Minimoog Voyager
The Truth in Me
Württemberg Chamber Orchestra Heilbronn
Julia Kent
Thompson Twins
Joe Leeway
Nothing in Common
Tom Hanks
Jackie Gleason

categories: 1955 births,The Cure members,English new wave musicians,English electronic musicians,English keyboardists,Living people,English pianists

paragraph: Roger O'Donnell

paragraph: Roger O'Donnell (born 29 October 1955) is an English keyboardist best known for his work with The Cure. O'Donnell has also performed in The Psychedelic Furs, Thompson Twins and Berlin, as well as having an active solo career.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: O'Donnell was born in East London into a musical family, next to the piano in his parents' London home. O'Donnell attended art school but left to pursue a career as a professional musician, with his first paying gig coming in 1976, at Oxford Town Hall backing legendary British pop icon Arthur Brown.

paragraph: O'Donnell joined the Thompson Twins as a live keyboardist in July 1983, playing alongside future Cure bandmate and drummer Boris Williams. Both completed the Side Kicks Tour in 1983 and also played with the band on the Into the Gap/Out of the Gap tours in 1984. In the early 1980s, while with the Thompson Twins, Berlin, and the Psychedelic Furs, O'Donnell was a big fan of synthesisers produced by Sequential Circuits, which produced such classics as the Prophet 5, Prophet T8, and Prophet VS. While on tour with the Psychedelic Furs, O'Donnell set the record for having the most Sequential models onstage at one time.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:The Cure.

paragraph: O'Donnell first joined The Cure in 1987, after being longtime friends with drummer Boris Williams. He played with The Cure during their "Kiss Me Kiss Me Kiss Me" tour, though he did not contribute to the album. (He does however appear in the music videos for "Just Like Heaven" and "Hot Hot Hot!!!" and appeared in tour promo art.) With O'Donnell on keyboards, Porl Thompson was able to focus on guitar full-time, instead of assisting Tolhurst on keyboards for many of the songs. Some of O'Donnell's performances from this tour can be heard on the deluxe edition of "Kiss Me, Kiss Me, Kiss Me".

paragraph: For the next album "Disintegration", O'Donnell became a fully integrated member of the band, and his songwriting contributions can be heard on the songs "Out of Mind" and "Fear of Ghosts," which are the B-Sides to the hit singles "Lullaby" and "Lovesong", respectively. He is also featured on the live album from this period, "Entreat". Following The Cure's Prayer Tour in 1989, O'Donnell left the band in 1990.

paragraph: During the period of the Cure's greatest success, O'Donnell was the band's only member to play piano and keyboards as his primary instrument. Previous keyboardist Lol Tolhurst also played drums for a time and subsequent keyboardist Perry Bamonte later switched to guitar. O'Donnell rejoined The Cure in late 1994 and appeared on the albums "Wild Mood Swings", "Bloodflowers", and "The Cure". He also appears on the live DVD "". During this period it is notable that O'Donnell introduced the band to digital recording.

paragraph: When O'Donnell started working on his solo album "The Truth in Me" in early 2005, he stated that he had no plans to leave The Cure. However, later in that year Robert Smith decided to reconfigure The Cure as a trio, without O'Donnell or Perry Bamonte. O'Donnell would later confirm that the rumour of him being fired by E-mail was false, and if The Cure hadn't been reduced to a trio he would have left regardless to concentrate on solo material.

paragraph: In May 2011, O'Donnell and Laurence Tolhurst reunited with The Cure to perform the band's first three albums – "Three Imaginary Boys", "Seventeen Seconds", and "Faith" – in their entirety at the Sydney Opera House in Australia. The set also included a number of B-sides and singles played during the encore. On 11 September O'Donnell announced on his Facebook page that he had rejoined The Cure.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Solo work.

paragraph: O'Donnell's current solo career commenced when he was asked to submit a song for a documentary being made about Bob Moog, "Moog". This was in early 2004 whilst he was still a member of The Cure. Later that year whilst helping to promote the film with its producer Ryan Page at the Sheffield Documentary Festival, conversation led to the suggestion that O'Donnell should write an entire album of music composed and recorded in the same way as the song "Another Year Away". The song was composed entirely and performed solely on a Minimoog Voyager.

paragraph: Later that year and into early 2005 when work with The Cure had ended O'Donnell completed the project which was to become "The Truth in Me" the album released in 2006.

paragraph: In the Summer of 2005 O'Donnell and his longtime partner and collaborator Erin Lang formed their own label with the idea of supporting and encouraging otherwise unsignable artists, mainly in the electronic genre, and releasing their own music. The first release was in September 2005, a sampler "Nothing Concrete" featuring songs from 10 unsigned artists. The label is called 99 Times Out of 10 or 99X/10.

paragraph: In discussions to find a distributor in the US Roger was offered a record deal with independent label group Worlds Fair on their new Warner Brothers distributed label Great Society.

paragraph: O'Donnell released two albums with Great Society, "The Truth in Me" in 2006 and "Songs Form The Silver Box" in 2009. Both featuring Erin Lang on vocals with a special guest appearance from Australian singer Lenka on the latter. An EP of remixes was also released from "The Truth in Me" featuring versions by Dntel, Fourtet and Console all very highly regarded artists in the electronic field.

paragraph: Roger's association with World's Fair and Great Society came to an end in 2009 when the label folded. All of his and Erin Lang's future releases will be handled by 99X/10.

paragraph: Future projects nearing completion as of Spring 2010 are a collection of songs for piano, cello and voice entitled Two/Three – Before. The trio features O'Donnell on piano, Erin Lang, vocals and longtime friend Paul van Dongen on cello. A preview concert performance in Toronto in February 2010 with the Corktown Chamber Orchestra led to another project which O'Donnell has composed for the orchestra, Quieter Trees.

paragraph: Quieter Trees is a group of six songs inspired by a painting by British artist David Hockney "Bigger Trees Near Warter". It was performed in London Morley College by the Centre for Young Musicians on 2 July 2011 and it will be performed in November in Toronto this time with O'Donnell playing piano.

paragraph: After having been introduced to Adam Donen in late 2011 the two decided to collaborate on a work for a small ensemble of violin, viola, two celli, French horn, woodwinds and two female voices. Entitled Requiem, it celebrated the life of Richard Dawkins. Performed once only at St Leonards Church in Shoreditch East London. The pair went on to work on a suite for Chamber orchestra entitled Bernhard inspired by the literary works of Thomas Bernhard. It was performed by the Wurttemberg Chamber Orchestra in Germany and again in London at the Cadogan Halls in Chelsea.

paragraph: In June 2015, O'Donnell released a solo album 'Love and Other Tragedies' featuring Julia Kent of Anthony and the Johnsons on cello.

paragraph: dedicated to Veronika Part ABT dancer.

paragraph: O’Donnell also guest starred in the Australian Comedy Show “These New South Wales” based on the Australian Punk Band.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Solo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grey Clouds, Red Sky", previously unreleased instrumental solo album recorded in 1994. A remastered, limited edition saw release in early 2005; each copy was autographed by O'Donnell)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Another Year Away", song to the film score for the documentary "Moog" (2004), created exclusively with the Minimoog Voyager).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nothing Concrete – 99X/10 Label Sampler" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Truth in Me" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Half Truths", iTunes's only download of six remixes from "The Truth in Me" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Songs from the Silver Box" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Charlie Crow – Trains on Bridges" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Piano Formations" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quieter Trees" (July 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Requiem", composed by Adam Donen and Roger O'Donnell, performed by the Contrarian Ensemble (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Story of Shéhérazade or/ou Le Triomphe de l'Amour sur la Haine", composed for"The Post Romantic Empire Album" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Soundtrack for the short film "Not Ever", directed by Ben Mourra and starring Emilia Fox (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bernhard Suite", composed by Adam Donen and Roger O'Donnell, performed by the Württemberg Chamber Orchestra Heilbronn (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love and Other Tragedies", composed by Roger O'Donnell and performed with Julia Kent (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Orpheus and Eurydice", scene from the ballet "Orpheus and Eurydice", composed by Roger O'Donnell and choreographed by Nikita Dmitrievsky with dancers Maria Semenyachenko and Artemy Belyakov (2015)

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Credits.

paragraph: O'Donnell is credited as the keyboardist on the following recordings:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polystar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parade

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tuuli

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frausdots

paragraph: BULLET::::- Goddamn Electric Bill "Swallowed by the Machines"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amycanbe "Heal "V3 Dino" Mix" (remix)

paragraph: Section::::Music video.

paragraph: BULLET::::- O'Donnell appeared in only one official Thompson Twins music video, but it was made quite some time after he had left the group in the summer of 1986. Thompson Twins became a duo (following the departure of Joe Leeway) and had recorded a song for the film "Nothing in Common" starring Tom Hanks and featuring the last ever performance by Jackie Gleason. The video for the song of the same name as the movie was shot on location in Chicago, with Hanks making a cameo appearance playing drums. O'Donnell appeared playing the keyboards.

wikidata_label: Roger O'Donnell

wikipedia_title: Roger O'Donnell


text:
Chinese
traditional
simplified
pinyin
ca
"or"
Chinese
Chán
Zen
master
monk
wanderer
Fuke Zen
Japanese
Buddhism
komusō
Edo
Rinzai
Ikkyū
East Asian
Tang Dynasty
dharma heir
Panshan Baoji
Linji Yixuan
Tokugawa shogunate
Monumenta Nipponica
R.H. Blyth
Osho
shakuhachi
Christopher Yohmei Blasdel
historicity
Chinese Chán
crazy wisdom
iconoclast
Zhengzhou
Henan
Yellow River
Baizhang Huaihai
Huangbo
Huineng
non-verbal communication
Bodhidharma
dharma
gatha
enlightenment
suizen
meditation
bodhi
gatha
Buddhism in China
Buddhism in Japan
Fuke Zen
Komusō
Suizen
Shakuhachi
Hocchiku
Honkyoku
Ikkyū
List of Rinzai Buddhists
Panshan Baoji

categories: 9th-century deaths,Zen Buddhist monks and priests,Zen Patriarchs,Rinzai Buddhists,Tang dynasty Buddhist monks,770 births

paragraph: Puhua

paragraph: Zhenzhou Puhua (Chinese: traditional: 鎮州普化, simplified: 普化, pinyin: "Zhenzhou Pǔhuà"; Japanese: "Jinshu Fuke", honorifically "Fuke Zenji" (lit. "Zen master Fuke")—allegedly ca. 770-840 "or" 860), also called P'u-k'o, and best known by his Japanese name, Fuke, was a potentially mythical Chinese Chán (Zen) master, monk-priest, wanderer and eccentric, whose existence and many affairs were advanced by the now defunct Fuke Zen or "Hotto-ha" sect, or sub-sect, of Japanese Rinzai Zen Buddhism in the 17th or 18th century with the publication of the later-disconfirmed document, the "Kyotaku Denki" (虚鐸伝記), probably first published around 1640. For the komusō (虚無僧) monks of the Fuke sect, he was considered the traditional antecedent—at least in spiritual or philosophical terms—of their order, which was formally established in Edo Japan. It is more likely that the ideological roots of the sect derived from the Rinzai poet and iconoclast Ikkyū and the monk Shinchi Kakushin (心地覺心) who traveled to and from China and Japan in the 13th century. Still according to some accounts the sect is simply a more direct derivative of the Rinzai school and its teachings.

paragraph: The few records of Puhua's life and affairs are those accounted, if only briefly, in several East Asian religious or historical references. One of the only credible sources on his life is to be found in the Tang Dynasty "Record of Linji", wherein he is portrayed as an obscure student and eventual dharma heir of Panshan Baoji, as well as a friend, colleague, student and/or contemporary of Linji Yixuan, who founded the Linji (臨済宗 "Rinzai") sect in China. This implies that he may have been a real individual, although the legends surrounding him in the "Kyotaku Denki" which connect him to the Fuke sect have been proven as fabrications created to further the komusōs' benefits under the Tokugawa shogunate.

paragraph: The legends surrounding Puhua were more recently mentioned in the "Monumenta Nipponica", R.H. Blyth's "A History of Haiku" (published in 1963) as well as some of the writings of Osho, along with later publications concerning the Fuke-shū, the shakuhachi and related topics. In 1988 a shakuhachi learning and playing manual co-authored by the shakuhachi performer Christopher Yohmei Blasdel and the scholar Kamisango Yūkō was published; the work is entitled "The Shakuhachi: A Manual for Learning" (), and thoroughly details the historicity of Fuke/Puhua and the precursors to Fuke Zen in China.

paragraph: Section::::Life and legends.

paragraph: Section::::Life and legends.:Sources for the life of Puhua.

paragraph: There are two main sources for the life of Puhua: the aforementioned "Linji lu" or "Record of Linji" from China and the "Kyotaku Denki Kokuji Kai" from Japan. The latter has been debunked as mostly false, however the "Linji lu", conversely, is known to contain a variety of historically-accurate documents regarding Chinese Chán and is perhaps one of the most important works on Zen Buddhism. Thus, if Puhua actually existed his life would best be known by way of the "Record of Linji".

paragraph: While there is much disparity between the two texts, they do agree on at least one issue: In both the "Record" and "Kyotaku Denki" the notion of Puhua being an eccentric imbued with a sort of crazy wisdom, and perhaps even an iconoclast, is supported. Yet the texts again diverge on the issue of Fuke's influence on the Fuke sect of Japan: While the "Kyotaku Denki" directly attributes the founding of the school to him, the Fuke sect did not exist in China and as such he is never mentioned to be the leader of a separate religious tradition in the "Linji lu". Although this is the case, the "Record" does provide certain subtleties regarding Puhua as being a person of his own, self-directed character who often did things ubiquitously and ignored social norms and doctrinal establishments.

paragraph: The following account of Puhua's life is an amalgamation of the accounts featured in both the "Record" and "Kyotaku Denki", although it includes some outside references as well.

paragraph: Puhua is said to have been born in Tang Dynasty China in the year 770. It is not known where he was born, however his name, Zhenzhou, possibly references Zhengzhou, a city in the modern Henan province of north-central China. The "Kyotaku Denki" states that he lived in "Chen Province". Coincidentally, there is a village known as Chen by the Yellow River in Henan. Furthermore, one of Puhua's supposed students, Chang Po (Japanese: "Chōhaku"; also stylized "Cho Haku", "Chohaku" or "Chō Haku" and sometimes referred to as, simply, "Haku") is said to have lived in Henan (also transliterated as "Ho Nan").

paragraph: One account states that Puhua lived in and traveled through an area known as "Toh" in China.

paragraph: In the "Record of Linji" Puhua is noted as being a student and dharma heir of Panshan Baoji (who by some accounts is either the same person as, or different from, another Chán patriarch by the name of Baizhang Huaihai) alongside two other dharma heirs: Huangbo and Linji. Puhua's own group of students reportedly included several individuals whose historicity is also dubious: "Ennin", "Chang Po" (Chōhaku) and "Zhang Bai" (whose name is also stylized as "Zhang Bo"). (At least one, if not all of these individuals is implied to have been Puhua's heir and purportedly passed on his legacy to many more disciples and eventually the komusō.)

paragraph: Puhua is said to have been not only a contemporary of Linji/Rinzai, but also one of his students. Thus Puhua is sometimes included in the fold of the "Linji zōng" (Japanese: "Rinzai-shū") in certain chronicles, as well as Huineng's "Sudden Enlightenment" school because it is, in some respects, an antecedent for the Rinzai school to begin with, and especially influenced Linji's epoynmous sect in the Tang Dynasty, where and when Puhua and Linji lived. (Not surprisingly, the Japanese Fuke sect of the Edo period considered itself a delineation of the Rinzai sect.)

paragraph: Fuke was reputedly a multi-talented monk and priest, known for being inventive, intelligent and at the same time quite strict. He is characterized by all accounts to have been a spontaneous individual who demonstrated a unique style of non-verbal communication that is an important aspect of Zen Buddhist philosophy and historically the staple teaching method of the Zen Patriarchs and even Bodhidharma (an Indian monk and the ostensible founder of Zen Buddhism) himself. The "Kyotaku Denki" reinforces this characteristic, stating that Puhua "was pleased with his uninhibited Zen spirit."

paragraph: This kind of capriciousness can be gleaned from a legend regarding Puhua wherein he is attending the deathbed of his master Panshan:

paragraph: When Panshan Baoji was near death, he said to the monks, "Is there anyone among you who can draw my likeness?"

paragraph: Many of the monks made drawings for Panshan, but none were to his liking.

paragraph: The monk Puhua stepped forward and said, "I can draw it."

paragraph: Panshan said, "Why don't you show it to me?"

paragraph: Puhua then turned a somersault and went out.

paragraph: Panshan said, "Someday, that fellow will teach others in a crazy manner!"

paragraph: Having said these words, Panshan passed away.

paragraph: Many stories about Puhua that appear in the "Record of Linji" add to his reputation of having a rough and uncompromising manner of expressing the dharma. For example:

paragraph: 44.a. One day the master (Linji Yixuan) and Puhua went to a vegetarian banquet given them by a believer. During it, the master asked Puhua: "'A hair swallows the vast ocean, a mustard seed contains Mt. Sumeru' – does this happen by means of supernatural powers, or is the whole body (substance, essence) like this?" Puhua kicked over the table. The master said: "Rough fellow." Puhua retorted: "What place is this here to speak of rough and refined?"

paragraph: b. The next day, they went again to a vegetarian banquet. During it, the master asked: "Today's fare, how does it compare with yesterday's?" Puhua (as before) kicked over the table. The master said: "Understand it you do – but still, you are a rough fellow." Puhua replied: "Blind fellow, does one preach of any roughness or finesse in the Buddha-Dharma?" The master stuck out his tongue.

paragraph: There is some controversy as to the degree and nature of Fuke's musical talents, but his later "followers" (the monks of the Fuke sect in Japan) would often reflect on a certain story that appears in the "Kyotaku Denki" for inspiration.

paragraph: The story tells of Puhua going through his hometown, ringing a bell and reciting a gatha to summon others to enlightenment. The same, for many Fuke practitioners, applied to the shakuhachi through "suizen" (Japanese: 吹禅)—"blowing meditation" traditionally practiced by the komusō involving the use of the shakuhachi as a spiritual/religious instrument for meditation and as a way to attain bodhi—and its mastery was seen as a path to enlightenment:

paragraph: Ringing a "taku" , he would go to town and say to passersby: ""Myōtōrai myōtōda, antōrai antōda, Shihō hachimenrai (ya), senpūda, Kokūra[i] (ya), rengada." [This roughly translates to,] "If attacked in the light, I will strike back in the light. If attacked in the dark, I will strike in the dark. If attacked from all quarters, I will strike as a whirlwind does. If attacked from the empty sky, I will thrash with a flail."

paragraph: One day, a man named Chō Haku of Ho Nan province heard these words and revered the priest Fuke for his great virtue. He appealed to the priest for permission to follow him, but the priest did not accept him.

paragraph: Haku had previously had a taste for playing pipes. Having listened to the sound of the Priest's bell, he at once made a [bamboo] flute and imitated the sound. [Thereafter] he played the sound untiringly on the flute and never played other pieces

paragraph: Since he made the sound of the bell on his flute, he named the flute "kyotaku"...

paragraph: Fuke's gatha is sometimes called "Shidanoge".

paragraph: Another version of the story portrays Chō Haku attempting to become the student of Zhang Bai instead of Puhua directly, as in this version Zhang Bai is depicted as a student who garnered favor from Puhua and so had become admired by Chō Haku.

paragraph: It was believed by the historical komusō that the tradition that led to "suizen" was handed down by Chō Haku through his family and eventually reached its way to Japan by way of the monk Kakushin, to the komusō and later the founder of Myoanji—at one time the head temple of the Fuke-shū in Kyoto and still a place of profound importance for many shakuhachi, Fuke Zen and Rinzai Zen enthusiasts the world over—Kyochiku Zenji (also known as Kichiku).

paragraph: Section::::Life and legends.:Historical accounts.:Death.

paragraph: Fuke's death is related as follows:

paragraph: "One day at the street market Fuke was begging all and sundry to give him a robe. Everybody offered him one, but he did not want any of them. The master [Linji] made the superior buy a coffin, and when Fuke returned, said to him: "There, I had this robe made for you." Fuke shouldered the coffin, and went back to the street market, calling loudly: "Rinzai had this robe made for me! I am off to the East Gate to enter transformation" (to die)." The people of the market crowded after him, eager to look. Fuke said: "No, not today. Tomorrow, I shall go to the South Gate to enter transformation." And so for three days. Nobody believed it any longer. On the fourth day, and now without any spectators, Fuke went alone outside the city walls, and laid himself into the coffin. He asked a traveler who chanced by to nail down the lid.

paragraph: The news spread at once, and the people of the market rushed there. On opening the coffin, they found that the body had vanished, but from high up in the sky they heard the ring of his hand bell."

paragraph: Section::::Life and legends.:Legacy.

paragraph: Hisamatsu Fuyo, a 19th-century Zen Buddhist hermit and shakuhachi "dai-shihan" (grandmaster) was once interviewed regarding Fuke:

paragraph: Q. "What kind of person was Fuke Zenji?"

paragraph: A. "I do not know. Better ask someone with more knowledge of Zen."

paragraph: Q. "Wasn't Fuke the ancestor of shakuhachi? If one follows this path but doesn't know its origins, is that not a sign of immaturity?"

paragraph: A. "As for myself, because I understand the source of shakuhachi, I say I do not know Fuke. Fuke was an enlightened man, but I do not think he sought his enlightenment by playing shakuhachi. He cannot be compared to an ignorant blind person like me who plays shakuhachi because he enjoys it and has gradually come to know that shakuhachi is a Zen instrument. Even if Fuke had played shakuhachi, it would only have been a passing fancy. His practice of shakuhachi would not compare to my training for many years. If Fuke were to come alive again in this generation he would surely become my disciple and ask me to show him the way. If you look at records from the time of Fuke, and if you know all about his life, but you do not know his enlightenment, then you do not know Fuke. On the other hand, a person who knows nothing of his life, but knows his enlightenment, he knows Fuke. I do not know him yet."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buddhism in China

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buddhism in Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fuke Zen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Komusō

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suizen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shakuhachi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hocchiku

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honkyoku

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ikkyū

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Rinzai Buddhists

paragraph: BULLET::::- Panshan Baoji

description: known as Puhua in Chinese, the legendary precursor to the eponymous Fuke Zen school of Buddhism in Japan

wikidata_label: Puhua

wikipedia_title: Puhua


text: Latin

text: Syriac Christian

text: Adiabene

text: Asōristān

text: Sasanian Empire

text: ascetic

text: celibate

text: son of the covenant

text: monasticism

text: bishop

text: Mar Mattai monastery

text: Mosul

text: Iraqi Kurdistan

text: Ephrem the Syrian

text: Roman Empire

text: Shapur II

text: Roman Syria

text: pagan

text: baptism

text: colophon

text: Jacob of Nisibis

text: Gennadius of Massilia

text: Armenian

text: Emperor Jovian

text: First Council of Nicaea

text: persecution of Christians

text: Constantine the Great

text: Bar Bahlul

text: Bar Hebraeus

text: Abdisho

text: Ctesiphon

text: Seleucia

text: William Wright

text: homily

text: Francis Crawford Burkitt

text: Arian controversy

text: Syriac alphabet

text: apocalyptic

text: Judaism

text: circumcision

text: Passover

text: Shabbat

text: Isaiah

text: Adam

text: Bible

text: gospel

text: Diatessaron

text: biblical interpretation

text: Babylon

text: rabbi

text: synod

text: clergy

text: Ctesiphon

text: Seleucia on the Tigris

text: Daniel 7

text: Babylon

text: Media and Persia

text: Alexander's

text: Macedonian empire

text: Antiochus

text: Daniel 8

text: Second Advent

text: literal resurrection

text: Syriac language

text: Armenian

text: Georgian

text: Ge'ez

text: Arabic

text: Ephrem the Syrian

text: members of the covenant

text: circumcision

text: Passover

text: Sabbath

text: W. Wright

text: Armenian

text: Gustav Bickell

text: E. W. Budge

text: G. Bert

text: C. J. F. Sasse

text: J. Forget

text: F. C. Burkitt

text: J. Labourt

text: Theodor Zahn

text: R. H. Connolly

text: M. Lattke

text: Lexicon and index to Demonstrations.

text: Demonstrations 2 and 7 translated

categories: Mesopotamian saints,4th-century Christian theologians,Christians in the Sasanian Empire,345 deaths,Syriac writers,Church Fathers,4th-century Iranian people,4th-century Christian saints,270 births

paragraph: Aphrahat

paragraph: Aphrahat (c. 280–c. 345; "Ap̄rahaṭ", , , and Latin "Aphraates") was a Syriac Christian author of the third century from Adiabene in the Asōristān (Assyria) province of the Sasanian Empire who composed a series of twenty-three expositions or homilies on points of Christian doctrine and practice. All his known works, the "Demonstrations", come from later on in his life. He was an ascetic and celibate, and was almost definitely a son of the covenant (an early Syriac form of communal monasticism). He may have been a bishop, and later Syriac tradition places him at the head of Mar Mattai monastery near Mosul in what is now Iraqi Kurdistan. He was a near contemporary to the slightly younger Ephrem the Syrian, but the latter lived within the sphere of the Roman Empire. Called the "Persian Sage" (, "Ḥakkimā Pārsāyā"), Aphrahat witnesses to the concerns of the early church beyond the eastern boundaries of the Roman Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Life, history and identity.

paragraph: Aphrahat was born in Asōristān during the rule of emperor Shapur II on the border with Roman Syria around 280.

paragraph: The name Aphrahat is the Syriac version of the Persian name "Frahāt", which is the modern Persian "Farhād" (). The author, who was known as "the Persian sage", may have come from a pagan family and been himself a convert from paganism, though this appears to be later speculation. However, he tells us that he took the Christian name Jacob at his baptism, and is so entitled in the colophon to a manuscript of 512 which contains twelve of his homilies. Hence he was already confused with Jacob of Nisibis, by the time of Gennadius of Massilia (before 496), and the ancient Armenian version of nineteen of The Demonstrations has been published under this latter name. Thorough study of the "Demonstrations" makes identification with Jacob of Nisibis impossible. Aphrahat, being a Persian subject, cannot have lived at Nisibis, which became Persian only by Emperor Jovian's treaty of 363.

paragraph: Furthermore, Jacob of Nisibis, who attended the First Council of Nicaea, died in 338, and from the internal evidence of Aphrahat's works he must have witnessed the beginning of the persecution of Christians in the early 340s by Shapur II. The persecutions arose out of political tensions between Rome and Persia, particularly the declaration of Constantine the Great that Rome should be a Christian empire. Shapur perhaps grew anxious that the largely Syriac and Armenian Christians within his Empire might secretly support Rome. There are elements in Aphrahat's writing that show great pastoral concern for his harried flock, caught in the midst of all this turmoil.

paragraph: It is understood that his name was Aphrahat from comparatively late writers, such as Bar Bahlul (10th century), Elias of Nisibis (11th), Bar Hebraeus and Abdisho. He appears to have been quite prominent in the Christian Church of the Persian Empire during the first half of the fourth century. George, bishop of the Arabs, writing in 714 to a friend who had sent him a series of questions about the "Persian sage", confesses ignorance of his name, home and rank, but gathers from his works that he was a monk, and of high esteem in the clergy. The fact that in 344 he was selected to draw up a circular letter from a council of bishops and other clergy to the churches of Ctesiphon and Seleucia and elsewhere (later to become Demonstration 14) is held by William Wright and others to prove that he was a bishop. According to a marginal note in a 14th-century manuscript (B.M. Orient. 1017), he was "bishop of Mar Mattai," a famous monastery near Mosul, but it is unlikely that this institution existed so early.

paragraph: Section::::About "The Demonstrations".

paragraph: Aphrahat's works are collectively called the "Demonstrations", from the identical first word in each of their titles (, taḥwîṯâ). They are sometimes also known as "the homilies". There are twenty-three "Demonstrations" in all. Each work deals with a different item of faith or practice, and is a pastoral homily or exposition. According to Francis Crawford Burkitt, they are intended to form "a full and ordered exposition of the Christian faith." The standpoint is that of the Syriac-speaking church, before it was touched by the Arian controversy. Beginning with faith as the foundation, the writer proceeds to build up the structure of doctrine and duty.

paragraph: The "Demonstrations" are works of prose, but frequently, Aphrahat employs a poetic rhythm and imagery to his writing. Each of the first twenty-two "Demonstrations" begins with each successive letter of the Syriac alphabet (of which there are twenty-two). The "Demonstrations" were not composed all at one time, but in three distinct periods. The first ten, composed in 337, concern themselves with Christian life and church order, and predate the persecutions. "Demonstrations" 11–22 were composed at the height of the persecution, in 344. Some of this group deal with matters as before, others focus on apocalyptic themes. However, four "Demonstrations" are concerned with Judaism. It appears that there was a movement within the Persian church by some either to become Jews or return to Judaism, or to incorporate Jewish elements into Christianity. Aphrahat makes his stand by explaining the meaning of the symbols of circumcision, Passover and Shabbat. The twenty-third "Demonstration" falls outside of the alphabetic system of the early works, and appears to be slightly later, perhaps near the end of Aphrahat's life. The twenty-third piece takes the symbolism of the grape, drawn from Isaiah chapter 65 and elsewhere, as its cue. It deals with the fulfilment of Messianic promise from Adam to Christ. Aphrahat never strays too far from the Bible in the "Demonstrations": he is not given to philosophizing. All of his gospel quotations seem to be drawn from the "Diatessaron", the gospel harmony that served the church at his time. Aphrahat's mode of biblical interpretation is strikingly similar to that of the Babylonian rabbinic academies of his day. His position within the church is indicated in "Demonstration" 14, in which Aphrahat appears to be writing a letter on behalf of his synod to the clergy of the Persian capital, Ctesiphon-Seleucia on the Tigris.

paragraph: In "Demonstrations 5", Aphrahat, dealt with eschatology. Concerning the beasts of Daniel 7, he identified the first beast as Babylon; the second, Media and Persia; the third, Alexander's Macedonian empire. The four heads of the leopard were the four successors of Alexander. The fourth beast appeared to include both the Macedonian successors of Alexander and the Roman emperors. Its horns he applied to the Seleucid kings down to Antiochus, whom he identified as the Little Horn. He reduced the "time, times, and half a time" to "one and one-half times", in order to fit the ten and a half years of Antiochus' persecution of the Jews. Aphrahat also mentioned the Persian ram and the Grecian he-goat of Daniel 8.

paragraph: In "Demonstrations 8", Aphrahat stated that the Kingdom of Christ would not be established until the Second Advent at which time there would occur a literal resurrection of the righteous dead.

paragraph: Section::::Translations.

paragraph: The "Demonstrations" were originally composed in the Syriac language, but were quickly translated into other languages. The Armenian version, published by Antonelli in 1756 and containing only 19 homilies, circulated mistakenly under the name "Jacob of Nisibis". Important versions in Georgian and Ge'ez exist. A few of the "Demonstrations" were translated into Arabic, but wrongly attributed to Ephrem the Syrian.

paragraph: Section::::Order and subjects of The Demonstrations.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "Demonstration on faith" — "Demonstrations" 1–10 were probably written 336–7

paragraph: BULLET::::2. "Demonstration on charity"

paragraph: BULLET::::3. "Demonstration on fasting"

paragraph: BULLET::::4. "Demonstration on prayer"

paragraph: BULLET::::5. "Demonstration on wars"

paragraph: BULLET::::6. "Demonstration on members of the covenant"

paragraph: BULLET::::7. "Demonstration on penitents"

paragraph: BULLET::::8. "Demonstration on resurrection"

paragraph: BULLET::::9. "Demonstration on humility"

paragraph: BULLET::::10. "Demonstration on pastors"

paragraph: BULLET::::11. "Demonstration on circumcision" — "Demonstrations" 11–22 were probably written 344

paragraph: BULLET::::12. "Demonstration on the Passover"

paragraph: BULLET::::13. "Demonstration on the Sabbath"

paragraph: BULLET::::14. "Demonstration on preaching"

paragraph: BULLET::::15. "Demonstration on various foods"

paragraph: BULLET::::16. "Demonstration on the call of the Gentiles"

paragraph: BULLET::::17. "Demonstration on Jesus the Messiah"

paragraph: BULLET::::18. "Demonstration on virginity"

paragraph: BULLET::::19. "Demonstration on the dispersion of Israel"

paragraph: BULLET::::20. "Demonstration on almsgiving"

paragraph: BULLET::::21. "Demonstration on persecution"

paragraph: BULLET::::22. "Demonstration on death and the last days"

paragraph: BULLET::::23. "Demonstration concerning the grape" — "Demonstration" 23 was probably written in the winter of 344–5

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:References noted in.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Editions by W. Wright (London, 1869), and J. Parisot (with Latin translation, Paris, 1894); the ancient Armenian version of 19 homilies edited, translated into Latin, and annotated by Antonelli (Rome, 1756).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Translations of particular homilies by Gustav Bickell and E. W. Budge; the whole have been translated by G. Bert (Leipzig, 1888).

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. J. F. Sasse, "Proleg. in Aphr. Sapientis Persae sermones homileticos" (Leipzig, 1879)

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Forget, "De Vita et Scriptis Aphraatis" (Louvain, 1882)

paragraph: BULLET::::- F. C. Burkitt, "Early Eastern Christianity" (London, 1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Labourt, "Le Christianisme dans l'empire perse" (Paris, 1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theodor Zahn, "Forschungen" I.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aphraates and the Diatessaron," vol. ii. pp. 180–186 of Burkitt's "Evangelion Da-Mepharreshe" (Cambridge, 1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Articles on "Aphraates and Monasticism," by R. H. Connolly and Burkitt in "Journal of Theological Studies" (1905) pp. 522–539, (1906) pp. 10–15

paragraph: Section::::References.:Other sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. Lattke, "„Taufe“ und „untertauchen“ in Aphrahats ܬܚܘܝܬܐ ("taḥwyāṯā")", in "Ablution, Initiation, and Baptism: Late Antiquity, Early Judaism, and Early Christianity = Waschungen, Initiation und Taufe: Spätantike, Frühes Judentum und Frühes Christentum", ed. David Hellholm, Tor Vegge, Øyvind Norderval, Christer Hellholm (BZNW 176/I–III; Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 2011) 1115–38.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Urdang, Laurence. "Holidays and Anniversaries of the World". Detroit:Gale Research Company, 1985.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Demonstrations in Syriac with Latin translation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lexicon and index to Demonstrations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- English Translations of Demonstrations 1, 5, 6, 8, 10, 17, 21 and 22

paragraph: BULLET::::- Demonstrations 2 and 7 translated (scroll down)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Audience of Pope Benedict XVI on 21 November 2007

alias: Aphraates Aphraat Farhad

description: Syriac-Christian author

wikidata_label: Aphrahat

wikipedia_title: Aphrahat


text:
Italian
rally driver
Italian Rally Champion
co-driver
Anna Andreussi
Italian Rally Championship
Profile at ewrc-results.com

categories: Italian rally drivers,European Rally Championship drivers,World Rally Championship drivers,1965 births,Living people

paragraph: Paolo Andreucci

paragraph: Paolo Andreucci (born 21 April 1965) is an Italian rally driver. He won Rally Sanremo in IRC twice and 11 times Italian Rally Champion.

paragraph: His co-driver Anna Andreussi is also his wife in real life.

paragraph: Section::::Other results.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Italian Rally Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- 11 wins (2001, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at ewrc-results.com

description: Italian rally driver

wikidata_label: Paolo Andreucci

wikipedia_title: Paolo Andreucci


text: Joseon Dynasty

text: Korea

text: King Yeongjo

text: King Sunjo

text: Joseon Dynasty

text: Crown Prince Sado

text: King Yeongjo

text: Lady Hyegyeong

text: The Memoirs of Lady Hyegyeong

text: Crown Prince Uiso

text: King Yeongjo

text: King Sunjo

text: Crown Prince Sado

text: Noron

text: Crown Prince Hyojang

text: Princess Consort Hyosun

text: Crown Prince Hyojang

text: Hong In-han

text: Chung Hu-kyom

text: Princess Hwa wan

text: Hong Guk-yeong

text: Noron

text: reign

text: Suwon

text: grave

text: Hwaseong Fortress

text: UNESCO World Heritage Site

text: King Yeongjo's

text: Crown Prince Sado

text: King Yeongjo's

text: Crown Prince Sado

text: Crown Prince Sado

text: Noron

text: Noron

text: Naekeunwe

text: Taejong of Joseon

text: Joseon Dynasty

text: Yeongjo's

text: Kyujanggak

text: Kyujanggak

text: Joseon

text: Silhak

text: Jeong Yak-yong

text: Pak Ji-won

text: Pak Je-ga

text: Yu Deuk-gong

text: Joseon

text: Soron

text: Namin

text: Sunjo of Joseon

text: Kim Cho-sun

text: Sunjo

text: Queen Hyoui

text: Geolleung

text: Hwaseong

text: King Jangjo of Joseon

text: King Yeongjo of Joseon

text: Queen Hyoui of the Cheongpung Kim clan

text: Crown Prince Yi Gong

text: Kim Yong-gun

text: MBC

text: Lee Seo-jin

text: Park Ji-bin

text: Lee San, Wind of the Palace

text: Ahn Nae-sang

text: Conspiracy in the Court

text: Kim Sang-joong

text: Park Gun-tae

text: Bae Soo-bin

text: SBS

text: Painter of the Wind

text: Portrait of a Beauty

text: Jo Sung-ha

text: Sungkyunkwan Scandal

text: Hong Jong-hyun

text: Warrior Baek Dong-soo

text: Hyun Bin

text: Goo Seung-hyun

text: The Fatal Encounter

text: Lee Je-hoon

text: Secret Door

text: Crimson Moon

text: So Ji-sub

text: The Throne

text: Official website of Hwaseong Fortress

text: “Introduction.” A Unique Banchado: The Documentary Painting, with Commentary, of King Jeongjo's Royal Procesion to Hwaseong in 1795, by Han Young-woo and Chung Eunsun, Renaissance Books, Folkestone, 2017, pp. 1–6. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1s17p7t.7.

paragraph: Jeongjo of Joseon

paragraph: Jeongjo of Joseon (28 October 1752 – 18 August 1800) was the 22nd ruler of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea (r. 1776–1800). He made various attempts to reform and improve the nation of Korea. He was preceded by his grandfather King Yeongjo (r. 1724–1776) and succeeded by his son King Sunjo (r. 1800–1834).

paragraph: Some say Jeongjo is one of the most successful and visionary rulers of the Joseon Dynasty ushering it into a Golden Age.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Born as Yi San (李祘), he was the son of Crown Prince Sado (who was put to death by his own father, King Yeongjo) and Lady Hyegyeong (who wrote an autobiography, "The Memoirs of Lady Hyegyeong" detailing her life as the ill-fated Crown Princess of Korea). His only elder brother Crown Prince Uiso died in childhood, he was secure of throne successions. His mother Lady Hyegyeong's collection of memoirs serves as a significant source of historical information on the political happenings during the reigns of King Yeongjo (her father-in-law), King Jeongjo (her son), and King Sunjo (her grandson).

paragraph: In 1762, his father, Crown Prince Sado, was publicly executed by King Yeongjo, Sado's father and Yi San's grandfather, after long time conflicts and Sado's years of mental illness. Crown Prince Sado opposed the ruling party Noron party. Eight years later Yi San asked to visit Sado's living quarter but his Grandfather King Yeongjo refused. So he refused to attend Crown Prince Sado's funeral. In February 21, 1764, Yi San became the adoptive son of Crown Prince Hyojang and Princess Consort Hyosun by the order of King Yeongjo. Crown Prince Hyojang was the elder half-brother of his father, Crown Prince Sado. Crown Prince Hyojang though, had died during his childhood. King Yeongjo made Yi San a part of Hyojang's family because he was concerned that Yi San, who was Sado's son and successor. would be opposed. Noron would pose a problem, and say that Yi San was the Son of a prisoner or Son of a psycho and thus would become ineligible to succeed the throne, and rendered King Yeongjo worried for an extended period.

paragraph: After 1762 to 1777, some members of Noron attempted to deport Jeongjo for his relation to Crown Prince Sado's title, thus succeeding the thrones, there was access to Prince Eunjeon and Prince Euneon, Prince Eunshin. They were his half-brothers. His grand uncle Hong In-han and Chung Hu-kyom, adopted son of Princess Hwa wan was one of them. When he was the Crown Prince, King Jeongjo met Hong Guk-yeong (홍국영, 洪國榮), a controversial politician who first strongly supported Jeongjo's accession and toiled to improve the king's power, but ended up being expelled because of his desire for power. Another helper was Kim Jong-su(김종수, 金鍾秀), he was one member of Noron but he was principled.

paragraph: In 1775, one year before King Yeongjo's death, King Yeongjo was appointed regent for him, also Yeongjo gave o military power for him.

paragraph: Jeongjo spent much of his reign trying to clear his father's name. He also moved the court to the city of Suwon to be closer to his father's grave. He built Hwaseong Fortress to guard the tomb. It is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Accession.

paragraph: The era before his rule was in disorder as his father was killed by royal decree of his own father, King Jeongjo's grandfather. King Yeongjo's ultimate decision to execute Crown Prince Sado was greatly influenced by other politicians who were against the Crown Prince. After King Yeongjo's death and on the day that Jeongjo became the King of Joseon, he sat on his throne in the throne room and looked at everyone and said, "I am the son of the late Crown Prince Sado..." This was a bold statement that sent shivers down the spines of all the politicians who were complicit in his father's death.

paragraph: During his accession, he also issued a royal decree that his mother, Lady Hyegyeong, be a Dowager Queen since his father, her husband, was supposed to be the King before him. Thus, she became the Queen Dowager, the widow of Crown Prince Sado. From then on, King Jeongjo experienced many turbulent periods, but overcame them with the aid of Hong Guk-yeong, Kim Chong-su.

paragraph: In 1776, Hong Sang-beom, Hong Kye-neung and other some member of Noron was attempted of a military coup d'etat and kill him, but there plans was exposed early. Some assassins were secretly in royal palace but Jeongjo repulsed assassins and personally arrested a suspect. Jeongjo executed Hong Sang-beom, Hong Kye-neung, other some member of Norons, but put to death Prince Eunjeon, Hong In-han, and Chung Hu-kyom.

paragraph: In 1785 he erected Changyongyeong (장용영, 壯勇營), this is the King's royal bodyguards. Before In 1782, Jeongjo selected by competitive examination some officers, who were then organized into the unit of Changyongyeong. Before this time was the Naekeunwe, royal bodyguards of Joseon dynasties created by Taejong of Joseon in 1407. But Jeongjo mistrusted the Naekeumwi, so he personally created Changyonegyeong.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Renaissance.

paragraph: King Jeongjo led the new renaissance of the Joseon Dynasty, but was initially stopped by continuing the policy of Yeongjo's Tangpyeong rule. He tried to control the politics of the whole nation to advance and further national progress.

paragraph: He made various reforms throughout his reign, notably establishing Kyujanggak (규장각), a royal library. The primary purpose of Kyujanggak was to improve the cultural and political stance of Joseon and to recruit gifted officers to help run the nation. Jeongjo also spearheaded bold new social initiatives, including opening government positions to those who were previously barred because of their social status.

paragraph: He had some knowledge of humanities and philosophy, Neo-Confucianism. One of the King's gentlemen, Kim Jong-su, imprinted onto the king and in tandem became a great father and a great teacher for him. He studied for a long time and read various books. Jeongjo had the support of the many Silhak scholars who supported Jeongjo's regal power, including Scholars Jeong Yak-yong, Pak Ji-won, Pak Je-ga and Yu Deuk-gong. His reign also saw the further growth and development of Joseon's popular culture.

paragraph: Jeongjo was resolutely selected for member of Soron and Namin party, reason selection background was checks and balances, strengthening of royal authority.

paragraph: He was opposed to new fashions in the composition style of Korean writing and personally taught composition to some intellectuals and bureaucrats called Munchebanjong(문체반정 文體反正).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: In his last years, he prepared for the marriage for his second son Sunjo of Joseons, three times decision and choice to Lady Kim of Ahndong clan, one daughter of Kim Cho-sun but he did not live to see his son's marriage.

paragraph: King Jeongjo was known as an innovative person despite his high political status in Joseon. In 1800, he died suddenly under mysterious circumstances at the age of 47, without seeing his lifelong wishes that were later realized by his son, Sunjo. There are many books regarding the mysterious death of Jeongjo, and speculation as to the cause of his death continues even today.

paragraph: He is buried with his wife, Queen Hyoui, at the royal tomb of Geolleung (건릉, 健陵) in the city of Hwaseong.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: King Jangjo of Joseon (13 February 1735 – 12 July 1762) (조선 장조)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandfather : King Yeongjo of Joseon (31 October 1694 – 22 April 1776) (조선 영조)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandmother : Royal Noble Consort Yeong of the Jeonui Lee clan (15 August 1696 – 23 August 1764) (영빈 이씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Queen Heongyeong of the Pungsan Hong clan (6 August 1735 – 13 January 1816) (헌경왕후 홍씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandfather : Hong Bong-Han (1713 – 1778) (홍봉한)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandmother : Lady Lee of the Hansan Lee clan (1713 – 1755) (한산 이씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consorts and their Respective Issue(s):

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Queen Hyoui of the Cheongpung Kim clan (5 January 1754 – 10 April 1821) (효의왕후 김씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Royal Noble Consort Ui of the Changnyeong Seong clan (6 August 1753 – 4 November 1786) (의빈 성씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Yi Sun, Crown Prince Munhyo (13 October 1782 – 6 June 1786) (이순 문효세자)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Unnamed Princess (1784)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Unborn child (1786)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Royal Noble Consort Su of the Bannam Park clan (8 May 1770 – 26 December 1822) (수빈 박씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Crown Prince Yi Gong (29 July 1790 – 13 December 1834) (이공 왕세자)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Princess Sukseon (1 March 1793 – 7 June 1836) (숙선옹주)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Royal Noble Consort Won of the Pungsan Hong clan (27 May 1766 – 7 May 1779) (원빈 홍씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Royal Noble Consort Hwa of the Namwon Yun clan (1765 – 1824) (화빈 윤씨)

paragraph: Section::::Full posthumous name.

paragraph: first

paragraph: BULLET::::- King Jeongjo Gyeongcheon Myeongdo Hongdeok Hyeonmo Munseong Muryeol Seongin Janghyo the Great of Korea

paragraph: BULLET::::- 정종경천명도홍덕현모문성무렬성인장효대왕

paragraph: BULLET::::- 正宗敬天明道洪德顯謨文成武烈聖仁莊孝大王

paragraph: later

paragraph: BULLET::::- 정조경천명도홍덕현모문성무렬성인장효대왕

paragraph: BULLET::::- 正祖敬天明道洪德顯謨文成武烈聖仁莊孝大王

paragraph: Section::::Portrayal in works of media.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Kim Yong-gun in the 1989 MBC TV series "500 Years of Joseon Dynasty: Pa Mun".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Jung Jae-gon in the 2001 MBC TV series "Hong Guk-yeong".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Lee Seo-jin and Park Ji-bin in the 2007 MBC TV series "Lee San, Wind of the Palace".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Ahn Nae-sang in the 2007 KBS2 TV series "Conspiracy in the Court".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Kim Sang-joong and Park Gun-tae in the 2007 Channel CGV TV series "Eight Days, Assassination Attempts against King Jeongjo".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Bae Soo-bin in the 2008 SBS TV series "Painter of the Wind".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Han Myeong-goo in the 2008 film "Portrait of a Beauty".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Jo Sung-ha in the 2010 KBS2 TV series "Sungkyunkwan Scandal".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Hong Jong-hyun in the 2011 SBS TV series "Warrior Baek Dong-soo".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Hyun Bin and Goo Seung-hyun in the 2014 film "The Fatal Encounter".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Lee Je-hoon, Kim Woo-suk, and Kim Dan-yool in the 2014 SBS TV series "Secret Door".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Go Woo-rim in the 2015 KBS2 Drama Special "Crimson Moon"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by So Ji-sub and Lee Hyo-je in the 2015 film "The Throne".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website of Hwaseong Fortress

alias:
Chŏngjo
Joseon Jeongjo
Hongjae Yi
Song Yi
正宗
Mangi
King of Korea Chŏngjo
정조
正祖
ho Hongje
Yi Hongjae
Chongjo roi de Corée
Yi Chongjo
Jungjo
king of Korea Chongjo
Hong-jae Yi
Chongjo Taewang
定祖
Yi Song
cha Hyŏngun
Chongjo roi de Coree
god of korea
Li Suan

wikidata_label: Jeongjo of Joseon

wikipedia_title: Jeongjo of Joseon


text:
Moldavia
Radu III the Handsome
Vlad the Impaler
Stephen III of Moldavia
Bogdan III the One-Eyed
Voivode of Moldavia
House of Sanguszko
Putna Monastery
Romania

categories: 16th-century Romanian people,15th-century Romanian women,16th-century Romanian women,Stephen III of Moldavia,Year of birth unknown,15th-century Romanian people,1457 births,Royal consorts of Moldavia,1511 deaths

paragraph: Maria Voichița

paragraph: Doamna Maria Voichița (1457 – 26 February 1511) was a Princess consort of Moldavia (1480–1511), daughter of Radu III the Handsome and a niece of Vlad the Impaler. She was regarded to have an influence upon the policy of her spouse, Prince Stephen III of Moldavia, whom she married in 1478.

paragraph: She had two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bogdan III the One-Eyed, Voivode of Moldavia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Cneajna, who married into the House of Sanguszko.

paragraph: She is buried in the Putna Monastery, Romania.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Marcu (coord.), Dicționarul personalităţilor feminine din România, Editura Meronia, Bucureşti, 2009.

description: Moldavian princess

wikidata_label: Doamna Maria Voichiţa

wikipedia_title: Maria Voichița


text:
American
landscape artist
London, UK
United States
New York
South Carolina
Georgia
sketches

categories: Painters from Georgia (U.S. state),Artists from London,American landscape painters,English emigrants to the United States,American male painters,1820 births,19th-century American painters,1900 deaths

paragraph: Thomas Addison Richards

paragraph: Thomas Addison Richards (December 3, 1820 – 1900), was an American landscape artist.

paragraph: Richards was born in London, UK, and migrated with his family to the United States in 1831. The family first settled in New York, then South Carolina. By 1837 they were in Georgia, where Richards began his career preparing sketches of Georgia scenery. His first book, "Georgia Illustrated", appeared in 1841. He was associated with the short-lived periodical "The Orion". His subsequent works including "American Scenery" in 1854, "The Romance of American Landscape" and "Guide to Central Park" and a number of other works of landscape and travel. Richards sometimes collaborated with his brother William Carey Richards, also an artist and sometimes lecturer who linked fine art and science.

description: American landscape artist

wikidata_label: Thomas Addison Richards

wikipedia_title: Thomas Addison Richards


text:
Sag Harbor, New York
Plaza Hotel
Montreal
CKAC
Miami Beach
Victor Records
Cole Porter
Joel Whitburn
Harry Macdonough
Brunswick Records
Hugo Frey
Fred Guy
Harry Raderman
Archeophone

categories: 20th-century violinists,People from Sag Harbor, New York,Victor Records artists,American violinists,Brunswick Records artists,1965 deaths,Musicians from New York (state),1883 births,American male violinists

paragraph: Joseph C. Smith

paragraph: Joseph C. Smith (August 13, 1883 – March 22, 1965) was a violinist, composer, dance band leader and recording artist most popular in the second and third decades of the 20th century.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Joseph Cyrus Smith was born in Sag Harbor, New York in 1883. He was of Russian ancestry on his father's side, and Austrian on his mother's. He was a working musician by the time he was 16, and by 1903 was known for working in dance bands. In 1914 he landed the important post as resident dance band at New York's Plaza Hotel, where he stayed for nine years. He moved to Montreal and began a sequence of broadcasts on station CKAC. In the late 1920s he traveled widely as leader, including Canada, Europe, and both coasts of the United States. From the 1920s through the 1940s he worked as an arranger for the Robbins Music Corporation. He settled down in the New York City area in the 1930s, and retired in 1945, moving to Florida. He died of a myocardial infarction at a Miami Beach hospital on March 22, 1965. At the time of his death he was married to Margaret Lynch.

paragraph: Section::::Style.

paragraph: Smith was instrumental in the transition from the heavy sound of military marching bands so popular before World War 1 to the lighter sounding dance music of the 1920s. Most of his recorded output are instrumentals, although Victor Records would sometimes assign an in-house vocalist to some sides. He was the first to record a Cole Porter song. Although not a jazz unit as thought of in the modern sense, Smith did often use jazz colorings in his arrangements. It was Smith's lack of use of instrumental soloists that led to his sound becoming outdated and the corresponding decline in his popularity as a recording artist.

paragraph: Section::::Recordings.

paragraph: Smith was active as a recording artist from 1916 until 1925. He first recording session was for Victor, and his first recordings met with mediocre success, but in late 1917 several of his records became big sellers. Joel Whitburn estimates that 21 of his records were among the top-15 in popularity at some point. His recording of "Smiles", featuring Harry Macdonough on vocals, is estimated to have been the #1 record for a week in August 1918. Many of his records featured medleys taken from current Broadway shows. By 1922 his records were not selling as well, and he made his last recordings for Victor in March of that year. He then recorded briefly for Brunswick Records in 1923. He last recorded in Montreal in 1925.

paragraph: Section::::Notable alumni.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugo Frey

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fred Guy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harry Raderman

paragraph: Section::::Compositions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lovely Summertime"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Songs of the Night: Dance Recordings, 1916–1925" (Archeophone, 2015)

description: conductor, bandleader, recording artist

wikidata_label: Joseph C. Smith

wikipedia_title: Joseph C. Smith


text: his namesake relatives

text: English peerage

text: baron

text: Henry III of England

text: Second Barons' War

text: de facto

text: The first

text: the second

text: progenitors

text: parliamentary democracy

text: that city

text: Battle of Evesham

text: Alix de Montmorency

text: Earldom of Leicester

text: estate

text: King John

text: Ranulf, the Earl of Chester

text: Albigensian Crusade

text: Siege of Toulouse

text: Amaury

text: King Henry III

text: French

text: Cathars

text: Siege of Toulouse

text: mangonel

text: Amaury

text: Castelnaudary

text: Albigensian Crusade

text: Barons' Crusade

text: Joan, Countess of Flanders

text: County of Flanders

text: Blanche of Castile

text: Thomas II of Savoy

text: Eleanor of England

text: John

text: Isabella of Angoulême

text: Henry III

text: William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke

text: chastity

text: Archbishop of Canterbury

text: Edmund Rich

text: Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall

text: Sutton Valence

text: Kent

text: Earldom of Leicester

text: Edward I

text: Leicester

text: Jewish

text: Toulouse

text: Robert Grosseteste

text: Archdeacon of Leicester

text: usury

text: Margaret, Countess of Winchester

text: Thomas II of Savoy

text: excommunicant

text: Tower of London

text: crusade

text: Holy Land

text: Barons' Crusade

text: Richard of Cornwall

text: Amaury

text: Syria

text: Louis IX

text: Poitou

text: Charles the Simple

text: Poitevin

text: Savoy

text: Louis IX of France

text: Egypt

text: lieutenant in the Duchy of Aquitaine

text: Blanche of Castile

text: Robert Grosseteste

text: Peter of Savoy

text: Pope

text: Sicily

text: Oxford (1258)

text: Earl of Gloucester

text: Council of Fifteen

text: Provisions of Oxford

text: Worcester

text: London

text: Henry

text: Robert Earl Ferrers

text: Winchester

text: Canterbury

text: Gilbert de Clare

text: Lincoln

text: Cambridge

text: Northampton

text: Ely

text: Edward

text: Louis IX of France

text: Mise of Amiens

text: Battle of Lewes

text: Richard of Cornwall

text: Montfort's Parliament

text: county

text: borough

text: parliament

text: Welsh Marcher Lord

text: Henry

text: Simon the Younger

text: Guy

text: Llywelyn ap Gruffudd

text: Kenilworth

text: Severn

text: Simon the Younger

text: Evesham

text: Evesham

text: Roger Mortimer

text: Peter de Montfort

text: Hugh Despenser

text: Wigmore Castle

text: Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer

text: Maud

text: Evesham Abbey

text: Cleeve Prior

text: Margaret of England

text: Matthew Paris

text: Bishop of Lincoln

text: Robert Grosseteste

text: Napoleon Bonaparte

text: representative government

text: persecution of Jews

text: Leicester City Council

text: Evesham Abbey

text: Dissolution of the Monasteries

text: Montfort-l'Amaury

text: Speaker of the House of Commons

text: Harry Hylton-Foster

text: Archbishop of Canterbury

text: Michael Ramsey

text: De Montfort University

text: Leicester

text: De Montfort Hall

text: Haymarket Memorial Clock Tower

text: Leicester

text: relief

text: Chamber

text: United States House of Representatives

text: Chartres Cathedral

text: Hinckley

text: Leicestershire

text: Hinckley A.F.C.

text: Evesham

text: Eleanor of England

text: Henry de Montfort

text: Simon de Montfort the Younger

text: Amaury de Montfort

text: Guy de Montfort, Count of Nola

text: Elizabeth Woodville

text: Edward IV of England

text: Anastasia de Montfort, Countess of Nola

text: Eleanor de Montfort

text: Llywelyn ap Gruffudd

text: Prince of Wales

text: Abergwyngregyn

text: Gwenllian of Wales

text: Simon III de Montfort

text: Simon de Montfort (died 1188)

text: The Song of Lewes

text: Labarge, Margaret Wade

text: Jewish Historical Society of England

categories: House of Montfort,Lord High Stewards,Earls of Leicester (1107),Christians of the Barons' Crusade,People from Leicester,1208 births,1265 deaths,English rebels,Military personnel killed in action,English people of French descent,13th-century English nobility,People of the Barons' Wars,Burials at Evesham Abbey

paragraph: Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester ( – 4 August 1265), sometimes referred to as Simon V de Montfort to distinguish him from his namesake relatives, was a nobleman of French origin and a member of the English peerage, who led the baronial opposition to the rule of King Henry III of England, culminating in the Second Barons' War. Following his initial victories over royal forces, he became "de facto" ruler of the country, and played a major role in the constitutional development of England.

paragraph: During his rule, Montfort called two famous parliaments. The first stripped the King of unlimited authority, while the second included ordinary citizens from the towns. For this reason, Montfort is regarded today as one of the progenitors of modern parliamentary democracy. As Earl of Leicester he expelled Jews from that city; as he became ruler of England he also cancelled debts owed to Jews through violent seizures of records. Events in London and Worcester, for instance, led to massacres. After a rule of just over a year, Montfort was killed by forces loyal to the King in the Battle of Evesham.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Montfort was a younger son of Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester, a French nobleman and crusader, and Alix de Montmorency. His paternal grandmother was Amicia de Beaumont, the senior co-heiress to the Earldom of Leicester and a large estate owned by her brother Robert de Beaumont, 4th Earl of Leicester, in England.

paragraph: With the irrevocable loss of Normandy, King John refused to allow the elder Simon to succeed to the earldom of Leicester and instead placed the estates and title into the hands of Montfort senior's cousin Ranulf, the Earl of Chester. The elder Simon had also acquired vast domains during the Albigensian Crusade, but was killed during the Siege of Toulouse in 1218 and his eldest son Amaury was not able to retain them. When Amaury was rebuffed in his attempt to get the earldom back, he agreed to allow his younger brother Simon to claim it in return for all family possessions in France.

paragraph: Simon arrived in England in 1229, with some education but no knowledge of English, and received a sympathetic hearing from King Henry III, who was well-disposed towards foreigners speaking French, then the language of the English court. Henry was in no position to confront the powerful Earl of Chester, so Simon approached the older, childless man himself and convinced him to cede him the earldom. It would take another nine years before Henry formally invested him with the title Earl of Leicester.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life.

paragraph: As a younger son, Simon de Montfort attracted little public attention during his youth, and the date of his birth remains unknown. He is first mentioned when his mother made a grant to him in 1217. As a boy, Montfort accompanied his parents during his father's campaigns against the Cathars. He was with his mother at the Siege of Toulouse in 1218, where his father died after being struck on the head by a stone pitched by a mangonel. In addition to Amaury, Simon had another older brother, Guy, who was killed at the siege of Castelnaudary in 1220. As a young man, Montfort probably took part in the Albigensian Crusades of the early 1220s. He and Amaury both took part in the Barons' Crusade.

paragraph: In 1229 the two surviving brothers (Amaury and Simon) came to an arrangement with King Henry whereby Simon gave up his rights in France and Amaury gave up his rights in England. Thus freed from any allegiance to the King of France, Montfort successfully petitioned for the English inheritance, which he received the next year, although he did not take full possession for several years, and did not win formal recognition as Earl of Leicester until February 1239.

paragraph: Montfort became a favourite of King Henry III and even issued a charter as "Earl of Leicester" in 1236, despite having not yet been granted the title.

paragraph: In that same year Simon tried to persuade Joan, Countess of Flanders to marry him. The idea of an alliance between the rich County of Flanders and a close associate of Henry III of England did not sit well with the French crown. The French Queen Dowager Blanche of Castile convinced Joan to marry Thomas II of Savoy instead.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Royal marriage.

paragraph: In January 1238, Montfort married Eleanor of England, daughter of King John and Isabella of Angoulême and sister of King Henry III. While this marriage took place with the King's approval, the act itself was performed secretly and without consulting the great barons, as a marriage of such importance warranted. Eleanor had previously been married to William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, and she swore a vow of perpetual chastity upon his death, when she was sixteen, which she broke by marrying Montfort. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Edmund Rich, condemned the marriage for this reason. The English nobles protested the marriage of the King's sister to a foreigner of modest rank. Most notably, the King's and Eleanor's brother Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall, rose up in revolt when he learned of the marriage. King Henry eventually bought off Richard with 6,000 marks and peace was restored.

paragraph: The marriage brought the manor of Sutton Valence in Kent into Montfort's possession. Relations between King Henry and Montfort were cordial at first. Henry lent him his support when Montfort embarked for Rome in March 1238 to seek papal approval for his marriage. When Simon and Eleanor's first son was born in November 1238 (despite rumours, more than nine months after the wedding), he was baptised Henry in honour of his royal uncle. In February 1239, Montfort was finally invested with the Earldom of Leicester. He also acted as the king's counsellor and was one of the nine godfathers of Henry's eldest son, Prince Edward, who would inherit the throne and become Edward I ("Longshanks").

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Expulsion of Jews from Leicester.

paragraph: As Earl of Leicester, Montfort expelled the small Jewish community from the city in 1231, banishing them "in my time or in the time of any of my heirs to the end of the world". He justified his action as being "for the good of my soul, and for the souls of my ancestors and successors". His parents had shown a similar hostility to Jews in France, where his father was known for his devout Christianity, and his mother had given the Jews of Toulouse a choice of conversion, expulsion or death. Robert Grosseteste, then Archdeacon of Leicester, may have encouraged the expulsion, although he believed that the Jews' lives should be spared. Expelling the Jews enhanced Montfort's popularity in his new domains because it removed the practice of usury (widely associated with Jews).

paragraph: Leicester's Jews were allowed to move to the eastern suburbs, which were controlled by Montfort's great-aunt Margaret, Countess of Winchester, who had taken advice from Grosseteste.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Crusade and turning against the King.

paragraph: Shortly after Prince Edward's birth, however, there was a falling out between the brothers-in-law. Simon owed a great sum of money to Thomas II of Savoy, uncle of Queen Eleanor, and named King Henry as security for his repayment. The King evidently had not approved this, and was enraged when he discovered that Montfort had used his name. On 9 August 1239, Henry is reported to have confronted Montfort, called him an excommunicant and threatened to imprison him in the Tower of London. "You seduced my sister", King Henry said, "and when I discovered this, I gave her to you, against my will, to avoid scandal." Simon and Eleanor fled to France to escape Henry's wrath.

paragraph: Having announced his intention to go on crusade two years before, Simon raised funds and travelled to the Holy Land during the Barons' Crusade, but does not seem to have faced combat there. He was part of the crusading host which, under Richard of Cornwall, negotiated the release of Christian prisoners including Simon's older brother Amaury. In autumn 1241, he left Syria and joined King Henry's campaign against King Louis IX in Poitou in July of 1242. The campaign was a failure, and an exasperated Montfort declared that Henry should be locked up like King Charles the Simple. Like his father, Simon was a soldier as well as a capable administrator. His dispute with King Henry came about due to the latter's determination to ignore the swelling discontent within the country, caused by a combination of factors, including famine and a sense among the English Barons that King Henry was too quick to dispense favour to his Poitevin relatives and Savoyard in-laws.

paragraph: In 1248, Montfort again took the cross with the idea of following Louis IX of France to Egypt. But, at the repeated requests of King Henry, he gave up this project in order to act as the king's lieutenant in the Duchy of Aquitaine (Gascony). Bitter complaints were excited by the rigour with which Montfort suppressed the excesses of the Seigneurs and of contending factions in the great communes. Henry yielded to the outcry and instituted a formal inquiry into Simon's administration. Simon was formally acquitted on the charges of oppression, but his accounts were disputed by Henry and Simon retired to France in 1252. The nobles of France offered him the Regency of the kingdom, vacated by the death of Queen Blanche of Castile. The earl preferred to make his peace with Henry III, which he did in 1253, in obedience to the exhortations of the dying Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln. He helped the King deal with disaffection in Gascony, but their reconciliation was a hollow one. In the Parliament of 1254, Simon led the opposition in resisting a royal demand for a subsidy. In 1256–57, when the discontent of all classes was coming to a head, Montfort nominally adhered to the royal cause. He undertook, with Peter of Savoy, the Queen's uncle, the difficult task of extricating the King from the pledges which he had given to the Pope with reference to the Crown of Sicily; and Henry's writs of this date mention Montfort in friendly terms. But at the "Mad Parliament" of Oxford (1258) Montfort appeared with the Earl of Gloucester, at the head of the opposition. He was part of the Council of Fifteen who were to constitute the supreme board of control over the administration. The King's success in dividing the barons and in fostering a reaction, however, rendered such projects hopeless. In 1261, Henry revoked his assent to the Provisions of Oxford and Montfort, in despair, left the country.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:War against the King.

paragraph: Simon de Montfort returned to England in 1263, at the invitation of the barons who were now convinced of the King's hostility to all reform and raised a rebellion with the avowed object of restoring the form of government which the Provisions had ordained. Cancellation of debts (owed to Jews) was part of his call to arms.

paragraph: These "cancellations" involved massacres of Jews by his followers to obtain their financial records, for instance in Worcester and London. The Worcester attack and killings were led by de Montfort's son Henry and Robert Earl Ferrers. At London, one of his key followers John fitz John, led the attack and is said to have killed leading Jewish figures Isaac fil Aaron and Cok fil Abraham with his bare hands. He allegedly shared the loot with Montfort. 500 Jews died.

paragraph: His son Simon led a further attack on Jews in Winchester. Jews in Canterbury, were murdered or driven out in by a force led by Gilbert de Clare There was further violence in Lincoln, Cambridge, Wilton and Northampton.

paragraph: Each attack was aimed at seizure of the records of debts, stored in locked chests within each community called 'archae'. Archae were legally mandated by the king for Jews to be allowed to conduct any business. They were destroyed or gathered for instance at Ely by the rebels.

paragraph: Henry quickly gave in and allowed Montfort to take control of the council. His son Edward, however, began using patronage and bribes to win over many of the barons. Their disruption of parliament in October led to a renewal of hostilities, which saw the royalists able to trap Simon in London. With few other options available, Montfort agreed to allow Louis IX of France to arbitrate their dispute. Simon was prevented from presenting his case to Louis directly on account of a broken leg, but little suspected that the King of France, known for his innate sense of justice, would completely annul the Provisions in his Mise of Amiens in January 1264. Civil war broke out almost immediately, with the royalists again able to confine the reformist army in London. In early May 1264, Simon marched out to give battle to the King and scored a spectacular triumph at the Battle of Lewes on 14 May 1264, capturing the King, Prince Edward, and Richard of Cornwall, Henry's brother and the titular King of Germany.

paragraph: Montfort announced after the Battle of Lewes that all debts owed to the Jews were cancelled, as he had promised.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Rule and parliamentary reform.

paragraph: Montfort used his victory to set up a government based on the provisions first established at Oxford in 1258. Henry retained the title and authority of King, but all decisions and approval now rested with his council, led by Montfort and subject to consultation with parliament. His Great Parliament of 1265 (Montfort's Parliament) was a packed assembly to be sure, but it can hardly be supposed that the representation which he granted to the towns was intended to be a temporary expedient.

paragraph: Montfort sent his summons, in the King's name, to each county and to a select list of boroughs, asking each to send two representatives. This body was not the first elected parliament in England. In 1254, Henry was in Gascony and in need of money. He gave instructions for his regent, Queen Eleanor, to summon a parliament consisting of knights elected by their shires to ask for this 'aid'. Montfort, who was in that parliament, took the innovation further by including ordinary citizens from the boroughs, also elected, and it was from this period that parliamentary representation derives. The list of boroughs which had the right to elect a member grew slowly over the centuries as monarchs granted charters to more English towns. (The last charter was given to Newark in 1674.)

paragraph: The right to vote in Parliamentary elections for county constituencies was uniform throughout the country, related to land ownership. In the Boroughs, the electoral franchise varied and individual boroughs had varying arrangements.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Fall from power and death.

paragraph: The reaction against Montfort's government was baronial rather than popular. The Welsh Marcher Lords were friends and allies of Prince Edward, and when he escaped in May 1265, they rallied around his opposition. The final nail was the defection of Gilbert de Clare, the Earl of Gloucester, the most powerful baron and Simon's ally at Lewes. Clare had grown resentful of Simon's fame and growing power. When he and his brother Thomas fell out with Simon's sons Henry, Simon the Younger, and Guy, they deserted the reforming cause and joined Edward.

paragraph: Though boosted by Welsh infantry sent by Montfort's ally Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Simon's forces were severely depleted. Prince Edward attacked his cousin, his godfather's son Simon's forces at Kenilworth, capturing more of Montfort's allies. Montfort himself had crossed the Severn with his army, intending to rendezvous with his son Simon the Younger. When he saw an army approaching at Evesham, Montfort initially thought it was his son's forces. It was, however, Edward's army flying the Montfort banners they had captured at Kenilworth. At that point, Simon realised he had been out-manoeuvred by Edward.

paragraph: An ominous black cloud hung over the field of Evesham on 4 August 1265 as Montfort led his army in a desperate uphill charge against superior forces, described by one chronicler as the "murder of Evesham, for battle it was none". On hearing that his son Henry had been killed, Montfort replied, "Then it is time to die." During the battle, a twelve-man squad of Edward's men had stalked the battlefield independent of Edward's main army, their sole aim being to find the earl and cut him down. Montfort was hemmed in; Roger Mortimer killed Montfort by stabbing him in the neck with a lance. Montfort's last words were said to have been "Thank God". Also slain with Montfort were other leaders of his movement, including Peter de Montfort and Hugh Despenser.

paragraph: Montfort's body was mutilated in a frenzy by the royalists. News reached the mayor and sheriffs of London that "the head of the earl of Leicester ... was severed from his body, and his testicles cut off and hung on either side of his nose"; and in such guise the head was sent to Wigmore Castle by Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer, as a gift to his wife, Maud. His hands and feet were also cut off and sent to diverse places to enemies of his as a great mark of dishonour to the deceased. Such remains as could be found were buried before the altar of Evesham Abbey church by the canons. The grave was visited as holy ground by many commoners until King Henry caught wind of it. He declared that Montfort deserved no spot on holy ground, and had his remains reburied in another "secret" location, probably in the crypt. The remains of some of Montfort's soldiers who had fled the battlefield were found in the nearby village of Cleeve Prior.

paragraph: Montfort's niece, Margaret of England, later killed one of the soldiers responsible for his death, purposely or inadvertently.

paragraph: Matthew Paris reports that the Bishop of Lincoln, Robert Grosseteste, once said to Montfort's eldest son, Henry, "My beloved child, both you and your father will meet your deaths on one day, and by one kind of death, but it will be in the name of justice and truth."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In the years that followed his death, Simon de Montfort's grave was frequently visited by pilgrims. Napoleon Bonaparte described Simon de Montfort as "one of the greatest Englishmen". Today, Montfort is mostly remembered as one of the fathers of representative government.

paragraph: Montfort bears responsibility for persecution of Jews. In addition to his expulsion of Jews from Leicester, his faction in the Second Baron's War initiated pogroms killing perhaps the majority of Jews in Worcester and around 500 in London. The violence and killings unleashed by the war targeting Jews carried on after his death. Leicester City Council made a formal statement in 2001 that "rebuked De Montfort for his blatant anti-Semitism".

paragraph: Evesham Abbey and the site of Montfort's grave were destroyed with the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th century. In 1965, a memorial of stone from Montfort-l'Amaury was laid on the site of the former altar by Speaker of the House of Commons Sir Harry Hylton-Foster and Archbishop of Canterbury, Michael Ramsey.

paragraph: Various local honours were dedicated to his memory, and he has become eponymous several times over. De Montfort University in Leicester is named after him, as is the nearby De Montfort Hall, a concert venue. A statue of Montfort is one of four to adorn the Haymarket Memorial Clock Tower in Leicester. A relief of Montfort adorns the wall of the Chamber of the United States House of Representatives.

paragraph: Montfort's banner, known as the "Arms of Honour of Hinckley", blazoned "Party per pale indented argent and gules", and displayed in stained glass in Chartres Cathedral, is used in the coat of arms of the town of Hinckley, part of his earldom in Leicestershire, and by many of its local organisations. Combined with his personal coat of arms, the banner forms part of the club crest for the town's football club Hinckley A.F.C.

paragraph: A school and a bridge on the north east stretch of the A46 are named after him in Evesham.

paragraph: Section::::Descendants.

paragraph: Simon de Montfort and Eleanor of England had seven children, many of whom were notable in their own right:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Henry de Montfort (November 1238 – 1265)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Simon de Montfort the Younger (April 1240 – 1271)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Amaury de Montfort (1242/1243–1300)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Guy de Montfort, Count of Nola (1244–1288). Elizabeth Woodville, Queen Consort of Edward IV of England, was one of Guy's descendants through his daughter, Anastasia de Montfort, Countess of Nola.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Joanna de Montfort (born and died in Bordeaux between 1248 and 1251).

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Richard de Montfort (d.1266). Date of death is not certain.

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Eleanor de Montfort (1252–1282). She married Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales, honouring an agreement that had been made between Earl Simon and Llywelyn. Eleanor, Lady of Wales, died on 19 June 1282 at the royal Welsh home at Abergwyngregyn, on the north coast of Gwynedd, giving birth to a daughter, Gwenllian of Wales. After Llywelyn's death on 11 December 1282, Gwenllian was captured by King Edward I and spent the rest of her life in a convent.

paragraph: Section::::Note.

paragraph: Montfort's father (Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester) is also sometimes known as Simon V. The discrepancy in numbering arises from confusion between Simon III de Montfort (died 1181) and his son Simon de Montfort (died 1188). The latter was historically unknown, and Simon III was believed to be the father (not the grandfather) of the 5th Earl, who is therefore known as Simon IV in some sources and Simon V in others.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Song of Lewes

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Texts on Simon de Montfort and the Baron's War.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Labarge, Margaret Wade. "Simon de Montfort" (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Levy, S. "Notes on Leicester Jewry." Transactions (Jewish Historical Society of England) 5 (1902): 34–42. https://www.jstor.org/stable/29777626

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maddicott, John Robert. "Simon de Montfort." 1996, Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:English medieval Jewish history.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Englishness and Medieval Anglo-Jewry", Colin Richmond p. 42–59, in

paragraph: BULLET::::- ; especially "Leicester", pp=196-199 and "Montfort, Simon de (1208–65) and the English Jewry", pp=273-275

paragraph: Section::::External links.