text: Romania

text: Mușătești

text: Argeș County

text: agrarian politics

text: Ion Ionescu de la Brad

text: Dincă Schileru

text: Romanian Kingdom

text: agrarian socialism

text: communalism

text: Romanian nationalism

text: land reform

text: universal suffrage

text: cooperative movement

text: cooperative

text: Greater Romania

text: Assembly of Deputies

text: Conservative

text: Radical Parties

text: Alexandru Bogdan-Pitești

text: Poporanist

text: National Peasants' Party

text: Romanian Orthodox

text: Pitar

text: Wallachian uprising of 1821

text: Tudor Vladimirescu

text: 1848 Revolution

text: Mihai Eminescu

text: Curtea de Argeș

text: Pitești

text: weighted suffrage

text: Constitution of 1866

text: two-party system

text: ad-hoc Divans

text: United Principalities

text: Assembly of Deputies

text: Ilariu Dobridor

text: Ion Ionescu de la Brad

text: Alexandru Bogdan-Pitești

text: Constantin Mille

text: legislative election of 1879

text: Dincă Schileru (Schileriu)

text: Radical Party

text: C. A. Rosetti

text: George Panu

text: to 1911

text: Romanian Kingdom

text: cooperative

text: Domnești

text: cooperative movement

text: Gorj

text: Muntenia

text: Oltenia

text: Corbeni

text: nationalist

text: irredentist

text: Transylvania

text: Austria-Hungary

text: Ion Brătianu

text: National Liberal Party

text: Sălătrucu

text: Rothenturm

text: indirect suffrage

text: elections of that year

text: conflict of interest

text: Romanian Army

text: Albești

text: Conservatives

text: October 1888 election

text: Theodor Rosetti

text: liberal populist

text: Bucharest

text: class collaboration

text: Petre P. Carp

text: Mihai Săulescu

text: land reform

text: Lupta

text: credit union

text: hectare

text: Marxist

text: Ioan Nădejde

text: proletarian internationalism

text: Romanian Jews

text: Ralian Samitca

text: Roman County

text: Vasile Morțun

text: Nicolae Iorga

text: Constantin Bacalbașa

text: Ghenadie Petrescu

text: Bishop of Argeș

text: Vlad Țepeș

text: Adevărul

text: Timpul

text: race of 1891

text: in 1892

text: Prahova

text: Lascăr Catargiu

text: King

text: Carol I

text: lei

text: civil list

text: A. C. Cuza

text: Alexandru Vlahuță

text: Romanian dress

text: self-made man

text: Constantin Bacalbașa

text: Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea

text: breeding program

text: communalism

text: common land

text: nativist

text: Greater Romania

text: in 1895

text: Muscel County

text: Câmpulung

text: Free University of Brussels

text: Agriculture Ministry

text: Anastase Stolojan

text: Spiru Haret

text: Nicolae Fleva

text: Dimitrie Sturdza

text: Vasile Kogălniceanu

text: Ion Luca Caragiale

text: Tudor Arghezi

text: Nicolae Filipescu

text: Take Ionescu

text: universal suffrage

text: proportional representation

text: Iuniu Lecca

text: right of property

text: collective farming

text: Z. Ornea

text: interpellation

text: bootlegging

text: Ion I. C. Brătianu

text: Minister of Public Works

text: Câineni

text: Văcărești prison

text: bail

text: Epoca

text: biometrics

text: Tudor Vladimirescu

text: Târgu Jiu

text: that year's elections

text: Alexandru Bogdan-Pitești

text: Slatina

text: Ilfov County

text: Vasile Lascăr

text: Interior Minister

text: Dumitru Drăghicescu

text: conservative populism

text: peasants' revolt of 1907

text: Romanian Orthodox icons

text: Nicolae Basilescu

text: Poporanist

text: Ion Mihalache

text: Peasants' Party

text: Senate

text: elections of 1919

text: Priboieni

text: National Peasants' Party

text: Frederic Storck

text: Armand Călinescu

text: Adevărul

text: Tudor Teodorescu-Braniște

text: corporatism

text: Paul Bujor

text: communist period

text: Isac Ludo

text: Romanian Communist Party

text: Romanian Revolution of 1989

text: Ilariu Dobridor

text: Dumitru Drăghicescu

text: Brill Publishers

text: Nicolae Iorga

text: Constantin Bacalbașa

text: Editura Adevĕrul

text: Isac Ludo

text: Z. Ornea

text: Editura Fundaţiei Culturale Române

text: George Panu

text: Tipografia "Lupta"

categories: Romanian agrarianists,Romanian jurists,People from Argeș County,Romanian publishers (people),Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania),1903 deaths,Romanian nationalists,Romanian schoolteachers,Cooperative organizers,Romanian propagandists,Romanian politicians convicted of crimes,Romanian dramatists and playwrights,Romanian magazine editors,Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church,Romanian white-collar criminals,Romanian prisoners and detainees,Romanian monarchists,1856 births,Romanian philanthropists,Romanian magazine founders,Leaders of political parties in Romania,School founders,Conservative Party (Romania, 1880–1918) politicians,Literacy advocates,Prisoners and detainees of Romania,Free University of Brussels alumni

paragraph: Constantin Dobrescu-Argeș

paragraph: Constantin I. Dobrescu, better known as Dobrescu-Argeș (June 28, 1856 – December 10, 1903), was a Romanian peasant activist and politician, also active as a teacher, journalist, and jurist. Active from his native Mușătești, in Argeș County, he established a regional, and finally national, base for agrarian politics. He is considered Romania's second agrarianist, after Ion Ionescu de la Brad, and, with Dincă Schileru, a revivalist of the peasant cause in the Romanian Kingdom era. Dobrescu was notoriously unpersuaded by agrarian socialism, preferring a mixture of communalism and Romanian nationalism, with some echoes of conservatism. Thus, he stopped short of advocating land reform, focusing his battles on democratization through universal suffrage, and on obtaining state support for the cooperative movement. He himself founded some of the Kingdom's first cooperatives, also setting up model schools, the first rural theater, and the first village printing press—which put out his various periodicals.

paragraph: Although well liked by cultural and political figures of all hues, with whom he collaborated on various projects, Dobrescu's clandestine support for the concept "Greater Romania" made him a political liability. Technicalities were invoked to block him out of the Assembly of Deputies, despite his repeatedly winning in elections. Eventually, he served four contiguous terms in the 1880s and '90s, moving from alliances with the Conservative and Radical Parties to the position of an isolated independent, and, in 1895, to leader of his own "Partida Țărănească" ("Peasants' Party").

paragraph: Dobrescu's nationalism and his association with ill-reputed figures such as Alexandru Bogdan-Pitești contributed to his marginalization, as did his reputation as a "carnival peasant", one who had backstage dealings with the establishment. Such ridicule and one public beating closely preceded scandals involving his financial misdeeds, alleged or proven. Upon the end of a publicized trial lasting to 1903, Dobrescu was found guilty of fraud, and emerged from prison after three months with his health compromised, dying in his peasant home. He remained cited as a martyr and precursor of agrarian and Poporanist movements, revived during the interwar. He was also credited as a forerunner of the National Peasants' Party.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Beginnings.

paragraph: Born in Mușătești, his father Ion Dobrescu was a Romanian Orthodox priest. The family ancestors included "Pitar" Nicolae Popescu, who had fought in the Wallachian uprising of 1821, becoming secretary to its leader, Tudor Vladimirescu; Vladimirescu would serve as an inspiration to Dobrescu in his own efforts of social improvement. A grandfather, Toma, also credited as an influence on the young Dobrescu, had participated in the 1848 Revolution and had gone into hiding upon its defeat. Additionally, Dobrescu was much inspired by the political articles of Mihai Eminescu, which he also read out, and put into more accessible language, for his peasant constituents.

paragraph: After attending primary school in his native village, where he used dirt and his own fingers as writing utensils, Dobrescu continued his education at Curtea de Argeș and Pitești. He studied at the theological seminary in the former town, one of several peasant inductees. In 1874 or 1875, he became a teacher in Mușătești. During this period, he became interested in the cause of peasant representation, militating against the weighted suffrage established under the Constitution of 1866, and implicitly against the two-party system that it favored. As he put it, the peasant could have "an active part, of the uttermost importance". He challenged the political establishment by noting that peasant representation had steadily declined, from 36 deputies in the ad-hoc Divans to 33 in the "United Principalities" era, and then to none in the Assembly of Deputies.

paragraph: As noted by the agrarianist writer Ilariu Dobridor, Dobrescu was the second person in Romanian history, after Ion Ionescu de la Brad, to have championed peasantism as a political, not merely "philanthropic", effort. Also according to Dobridor, Dobrescu's first attempts to set up an agrarian movement brought him into contact with left-wing figures such as Alexandru Bogdan-Pitești and Constantin Mille—both disappointed him. He put himself up as a candidate in the legislative election of 1879, winning an Assembly seat for the Fourth College in Argeș. However, the electoral law specified that he had to be aged 25 to qualify, and so his mandate was invalidated. The elections did produce one peasant deputy, Dincă Schileru (Schileriu), who affiliated with the Radical Party of C. A. Rosetti and George Panu. He served almost continuously to 1911.

paragraph: Dobrescu's other work was focused on cultural activism, for the goal of creating and popularizing "rural dramas, rural comedies, rural poetry, [...] our own philosophy, our own arts, purpose, traditions and our own sort of civilization". In order to facilitate the peasantry's access to education and the amenities of modern life, Dobrescu also advocated for the establishment of free libraries, rural banks and general stores. In 1879, the Central Rural Athenaeum, devoted to teaching adult peasants to read and write, was founded under his guidance. This institution comprised a choral and folk dance ensemble, a public library, an ethnographic and pedagogic museum, an agronomical station, a gymnastics arena, a school for adults, several cultural circles, a popular bank and a magazine that disseminated news of these venues' achievements. In 1882, Dobrescu also created the first rural theater in the entire Romanian Kingdom. This was followed in 1884 by the country's first cooperative, set up at Domnești under the name of "Frăția" ("Brotherhood")—although Mușătești remained the hub for the cooperative movement for the next two decades.

paragraph: In order to better organize for his struggle, in 1881 Dobrescu founded at Mușătești a Peasants' Committee, a political network that brought together activists from Argeș and Gorj, later expanded into other regions of Muntenia and Oltenia. Its co-leaders were Schileru and Mucenic Dinescu, and its first congress was held at Corbeni in August 1882. According to Dobridor, this was a historic moment, bringing together peasants who had hitherto been separated by sectarian causes. Dobrescu "simply lifted up his sword to sever the ropes of coterie that had penetrated the very soul of the peasants, had carved the mark of slavery into their napes, like a yoke carving into the neck of a buffalo."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early political work.

paragraph: An ardent nationalist and "irredentist", Dobrescu also supported the clandestine activities of Romanians in Transylvania and other parts of Austria-Hungary. These brought him to the attention of Ion Brătianu, doyen of the National Liberal Party and Argeș-based squire, who wanted to preserve good relations with the Austrian establishment and civil peace in his constituency. Dobrescu was secretly investigated by a Captain Vinieru, who reported from Sălătrucu that Dobrescu was coordinating illegal activities over the frontier, and had himself traveled to the area around Rothenturm for unknown purposes.

paragraph: The Vinieru episode came shortly after the democratization reforms initiated by Brătianu, which had increased representation for the middle classes, rural ones included, and merged the lower two electoral colleges into a Third. Such enfranchisement came with its own limitations: some 98% of the electorate could only vote for Assembly with indirect suffrage, the rest being excluded from this by wealth and literacy requirements; some 41% of the deputies elected under these new laws represented rural constituencies, but most of them were not land-working peasants. By Dobrescu's own calculations, there was still a 1:20,000 ratio of representation in the new college, whereas the upper two had 1:180 and 1:421, respectively.

paragraph: Belonging to an intermediary class, Dobrescu himself returned as a peasant candidate elections of that year, winning a seat for Argeș's Third College. He was again invalidated, since, as a teacher, he had a conflict of interest. He ran again in by-elections, and, although he had suspended his work in state education, was again faced with invalidation. This time, he was reproached for not having served in the Army, but the real reason may have been his irredentist subversion. At the time, Vinieru suggested that Dobrescu was involved in the June 1887 episode that ended with a shootout between an "irredentist" group and the Romanian Army, at Albești. Also according to Vinieru, the affair was kept secret by the National Liberals, and altogether ignored by the opposition Conservatives.

paragraph: In the October 1888 election, Dobrescu took a Third College seat at Argeș, with 491 votes from 571. He ran on a Conservative ticket—backing the government of Theodor Rosetti, and defeating the National Liberal Theodor T. Brătianu. His mandate coincided with the peasant revolts of 1888, which Dobrescu anticipated in his Assembly speeches. Upon the rebellion's quashing, he expressed a moderate position, refusing to condemn Rosetti for his violent response to violence, and agreeing with him on the underlying causes of rural unrest. Registering as an independent, he was closely aligned with Schileru's Radicals in February 1889, and is tentatively described by scholar Philip Gabriel Eidelberg as a "liberal populist". In April 1889, he was listed as one of 17 Radical and dissident Liberal deputies, all of whom voted against the project to fortify Bucharest.

paragraph: Overall, Dobrescu argued for class collaboration "on social issues", an attitude for which he was cited approvingly by the Conservative doyen Petre P. Carp. Alongside Mihai Săulescu, he drafted a bill for land reform, but later backed down from supporting it, arguing that "peasants require justice more than they require land reform". As noted by the Radical paper "Lupta", it was impossible to tell whether this meant that Dobrescu was for or against land redistribution. He later elaborated that what was needed were "syndicates" of state-sponsored producers, and noted that the one existing credit union only helped peasants to marginally "eke out a living". By contrast, Rosetti relied on selling state land to modest producers, in lots of 5 hectares, marginalizing both the landless and wealthier peasants.

paragraph: This period also brought his involvement in the controversy about socialist agitation in the countryside. Dobrescu had been curious about socialism, and frequented the Marxist Ioan Nădejde. However, he soon grew to dislike both the movement and Nădejde, exposing the later as an "ass in a lion's pelt". He also claimed that Nădejde had failed the test of proletarian internationalism, since, allegedly, he opposed the naturalization of Romanian Jews—possibly referring to the specific case of Ralian Samitca. In turn, Mille, by then co-opted by the socialist journal "Drepturile Omului", ridiculed Dobrescu as a "carnival peasant". In February 1889, with fellow deputie Grigore Cozadini, Mihail Caracostea, and Ernest Sturdza, Dobrescu visited Roman County to investigate the election of Lascăr Veniamin as socialist deputy. The commission's findings eventually led the other socialist deputy, Vasile Morțun, to resign and demand that he be formally tried. Some of the peasants he met asked him to run for their constituency, following Veniamin's looming invalidation. Reportedly, this showed the abrupt decline of the socialist movement.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reelection and "Partida Țărănească".

paragraph: Dobrescu also edited several periodicals: "Țĕranul" (1881–1884), Romania's first rural cultural and political publication; and "Gazeta Poporului" and "Gazeta Țăranilor" (1892–1903), through which he attempted to spread his ideas into the villages, aiming to integrate all rural teachers into cultural societies. As noted by historian Nicolae Iorga, "Gazeta Țăranilor" had a "talented" editor, but a "mostly local" influence; the statement is qualified by Constantin Bacalbașa, who argues that this venue also "planted the very first seeds of a rural awakening". Completed in 1894–1898 with the sheet "Școala Poporului", the periodicals were put out by his own printing press in Mușătești, which he had purchased with money granted by Ghenadie Petrescu, the Bishop of Argeș. It was "the first printing press and bookbinder ever to have functioned in a rural commune." He pursued his mission in various other ventures: pioneering institutions founded by Dobrescu during this interval include, in 1893, the cooperative in Mușătești, named after Vlad Țepeș, and, in 1895, "Școala Nouă" ("The New School") of Domnești, furnished with a library and reading room.

paragraph: Before September 1890, Dobrescu had come under investigation for supposedly illegal activities also involving the artillery guards, and was shamed for this by both the left-wing daily "Adevărul" and the Conservative organ "Timpul". They suggested that he should resign his seat, and argued that his self-promotion was distasteful. Dobrescu was again elected to the Assembly, at Argeș, following the race of 1891, and reelected in 1892. During these legislatures, Dobrescu listed himself as an unaffiliated "Democrat", and became known as "Dobrescu-Argeș" to be distinguished from another Constantin Dobrescu, the Radical deputy of Prahova. His political stances were becoming ambiguous, and left-wingers came to suspect that he was secretly an ally of Lascăr Catargiu and his Conservative cabinet. Dobrescu openly supported some Conservative causes: with his theater, he performed one of his plays in front of King Carol I, who awarded him a decoration and his own portrait as a souvenir; in November 1892, he voted for adding 300,000 lei to the civil list, going to the royal family.

paragraph: A serious scandal erupted in November 1893, during debates over the establishment of an agricultural bank. Dobrescu promised nationalists A. C. Cuza and Constantin Popovici that he would endorse their amendment, excluding non-Romanians from the enterprise. He took the paper for signing, but never returned it, and found himself chased around the Assembly, threatened by Major N. Pruncu, and pummeled by Popovici. The incident was witnessed by writer (and deputy) Alexandru Vlahuță, who declared himself disgusted and demoralized by the casualness of the affair. Such displays prompted his 1889 rival Morțun to reuse the derisive moniker of "carnival peasant", an insult later popularized by "Adevărul", alongside "poisonous mushroom" and "inveterate thief".

paragraph: The incongruity was also noted by the Radical Panu, who argued that the "extremely congenial" Dobrescu showed up in Romanian dress but was "not a peasant, however much he may enjoy that designation [...] he merely dresses like one". He honored in Dobrescu the "intelligent man of the Argeș", noting how fast he picked up on new things, but also that he lacked discipline. His abilities were also noted by the staff journalist at "Foaia Populară", who described Dobrescu as the "miraculous" figure of a self-made man, and by the journalist Constantin Bacalbașa, who remembered him as "highly intelligent, cultured, and overflowing with political ambitions".

paragraph: By March 1895, Dobrescu stood in the generic opposition, and, alongside Cuza, attacked Catargiu's cabinet, and the Conservative Party in general, for not doing enough to improve rural education. The claim enlisted a lengthy retort from the Conservative Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea, who furnished evidence for the role of upper classes in rural advancement. On October 4, in Bucharest, Dobrescu held a congress that initiated a peasants' own political organization, "Partida Țărănească" ("Peasants' Party"). The platform, voted by peasant representatives from 20 counties, restated and detailed some of Dobrescu's main goals, including state investment into cooperatives and breeding programs, communalism with room for personal property and common land for gazing, and the auditing of peasant debt. It also had nativist requests, suggesting that peasants access a land reserve created from land repurchased by the state from non-nationals, and that leases on land be granted only by locals; an additional goal was the establishment of Greater Romania "spread as far as the Romanian language is spoken". The first party of its kind in Romania, "Partida" operated until 1899.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Disgrace, arrest, and death.

paragraph: Dobrescu was again reelected, a final time, in 1895, after defeating the National Liberal Daniil Sterescu 645 votes to 280. In the latter race, he shared a ticket with Alexandru Valescu. "Partida" also won a seat for Muscel County, taken by M. Moisescu, with Dincă Schileru as a dissident National Liberal. By then, Dobrescu's party shifted some of its weight toward Muscel, with "Gazeta Țăranilor" printed from Câmpulung, before relocating to Bucharest. According to Dobrescu, during the electoral campaign Catargiu had ordered a clampdown on the printing press in Mușătești, with authorities threatening his readers throughout the region. The editorial offices, however, remained in place. Dobrescu eventually obtained a doctorate in law from the Free University of Brussels after studying there from 1894 to 1897. This activity sparked another controversy in 1897, upon notice that he had been awarded a scholarship by the Agriculture Ministry, then under the National Liberal Anastase Stolojan.

paragraph: In addition to his clashes with Catargiu, Dobrescu found himself competing with the left-wing factions of the National Liberal Party, respectively led by the Spiru Haret and Nicolae Fleva. These now fought for the peasant vote, and openly attacked the landed gentry within their own party, in particular Dimitrie Sturdza. On various topical causes, Dobrescu worked with both Fleva and Haret, but also with other major figures in politics and militant culture, including Vasile Kogălniceanu, Ion Luca Caragiale, Tudor Arghezi, Nicolae Filipescu, and Take Ionescu. In the 1895 legislature, he and Moisescu intervened to propose bills for universal suffrage with proportional representation, supporting and being supported by Fleva, Morțun, Kogălniceanu, Nicu Ceaur-Aslan, George A. Scorțescu, and Iuniu Lecca. Nevertheless, Dobrescu was still adamantly opposed to Morțun's Marxism and the Romanian Social Democratic Workers' Party, possibly because the latter was also trying to win over peasant constituents—but also because Dobrescu respected the right of property and did not consider either an extensive land reform or collective farming. According to the cultural sociologist Z. Ornea, Dobrescu and his party only offered "palliatives" to landless peasants, and as such "had no real mass basis, [were] weightless in political life."

paragraph: Dobrescu also found himself ignored by the establishment: in the session of March 10, 1898, his interpellation about bootlegging ended inconclusively, as most of his colleagues got up and left the Assembly hall. He received some attention from Ion I. C. Brătianu, the new Minister of Public Works, who agreed with him on building a railway link between Curtea de Argeș and Câineni. By then, Dobrescu had been formally indicted of falsifying an insurance policy and embezzling funds. In June, he was arrested and sent to Văcărești prison, but made bail. As reported by Filipescu's "Epoca", his time in confinement was needlessly prolonged by hostile bailiffs, causing Dobrescu's mother to faint in public. However, the authorities discarded normal procedure, and left out biometrics when Dobrescu refused to comply, threatening to kill himself. He pleaded his case at the Correctional Tribunal, arguing that the counterfeiting was the work of his mistress, a Ms Ionescu. According to various accounts, he was being framed by the ruling class, although such accusations had surfaced independently in earlier years. In 1889, the peasants of Mușătești had complained that Dobrescu, hired to legalize their land claims, had absconded with their money. According to legend, Dobrescu also financed his party selling worthless bonds to peasants across the country. The scheme was only uncovered when one of his invoices showed up in a bankruptcy lawsuit. He was subsequently derided by his adversaries as "Dobrescu-Chitanță" ("Dobrescu-Invoice").

paragraph: Dobrescu's work in public subscription also collected funds for a statue of Tudor Vladimirescu, in Târgu Jiu. He bagen this project in March 1895, with articles in "Gazeta Țăranilor", increasingly revolutionary in tone; he also oversaw the printing of a Vladimirescu biography. In 1899, as he inaugurated the statue, Dobrescu spoke about his mission of bringing about "rule of the people, by the people", "democracy in both name and fact." During that year's elections, he was again in contact with the controversial candidate Alexandru Bogdan-Pitești, at Slatina. He acted as electoral agent among the peasants, promising them that Bogdan-Pitești would redistribute land from a national reserve. When his patron was defeated, the enraged peasants rioted and had to be repressed using military force.

paragraph: Meanwhile, his trial, in which he was represented by Fleva, came before the Ilfov County tribunal, being postponed there over the absence of witnesses. Finally receiving a nine-month jail term in February 1900, reduced to a three-month term in 1903, Dobrescu served his sentence at Văcărești. After being released, he was completely demoralized and soon disappeared from public life. Near the end of the same year, gravely ill and paralyzed in both legs, he was taken from Bucharest to Mușătești. He was discreetly employed by Vasile Lascăr, the Interior Minister, to review or even draft new legislation, but died in his parental home before receiving any pay.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Sociologist Dumitru Drăghicescu suggests that, "for all we know", the "peasant issue" was introduced on the Romanian political agenda by Dobrescu. The "brilliant and likeable forerunner" directly inspired Drăghicescu to publish his own magazine for the peasants, "România Rurală", which came out in 1899–1900. Alexandru Valescu, who was also Dobrescu's brother-in-law, and his friend Kogălniceanu also sought to preserve the gains, and, in September 1906, reestablished "Partida Țărănească". "Gazeta Țăranilor" also continued to appear, with Valescu as publisher. It accepted Kogălniceanu's leadership of the party, but maintained a Dobrescu-like stance on land reform, only favoring the renting of estates to cooperatives (rather than full redistribution among individual owners).

paragraph: This project blended with conservative populism through its deep association with Filipescu and the "Epoca" group, then was altogether thwarted by the peasants' revolt of 1907, which Valescu had ominously predicted. During the events, Kogălniceanu was found to be running a network which sold Romanian Orthodox icons "for pledges". Both leaders were arrested, with their "Gazeta" being singled out as a "rebels' nest". The movement went inactive for more than a decade. Although Valescu still convened a Congress of the Peasants in 1910, its demands were moderate, and its focus was on petitioning; other, more radical cells claiming the "peasants' party" pedigree were founded by Nicolae Basilescu and Alexandru Popescu-Berca. Overall, Valescu supported the reforms enacted by the National Liberal Party. As Drăghicescu notes, the latter now integrated a Poporanist current, and made the peasant issue, including advocacy for land reform, one of its core doctrines.

paragraph: Ultimately, following World War I, land reform and universal suffrage were introduced throughout the newly established Greater Romania, making it possible for teacher Ion Mihalache to form his own Peasants' Party, the first of several interwar agrarianist movements. He was joined by Valescu, who took a Senate seat at Argeș in the elections of 1919. In 1920, at Priboieni, the folklorist Constantin Rădulescu-Codin relaunched "Gazeta Țăranilor" as a National Liberal mouthpiece, critical of Mihalache's policies. The period also saw a reevaluation of Dobrescu's role in the movement. Research into his politics was hampered by the destruction of his "Țĕranul", issues of which are exceedingly rare.

paragraph: By the 1930s, the consolidated National Peasants' Party (PNȚ) was claiming Dobrescu as its patriarch. An earlier bust done by Frederic Storck from live sittings was raised at Curtea de Argeș in October 1933. PNȚ leaders Mihalache and Armand Călinescu were guest speakers at that ceremony. Also for the occasion, "Adevărul" revisited its earlier stances, dedicating Dobrescu a retrospective and quoting him on its frontispiece. As argued therein by editor Tudor Teodorescu-Braniște, "most of [Dobrescu's] goals, to this day, are just goals". The land reform, he claimed, was haphazard and purposefully unsustainable; the enfranchisement was also compromised by "savage elections", and by Mihalache's own praise of corporatism. In January 1937, a "Dobrescu-Argeș Canteen" was founded by the PNȚ for rural peasants studying in Bucharest. Speaking at its inauguration rally, which doubled as an anti-fascist protest, Paul Bujor honored Dobrescu as the "precursor and martyr of peasantism". Pitești also hosted a Dobrescu-Argeș cooperative bank, managed by the PNȚ cadre Petre Gr. Dumitrescu.

paragraph: During the communist period, Dobrescu-Argeș was subjected to official criticism. In one novel of the period, Isac Ludo revisited the embezzling scandal, suggesting that other politicians were secretly admiring the leader of the "so-called peasants' party" for his criminal resourcefulness. A cultural club and research society bearing his name was founded at Mușătești in 1973, but was largely inactive. In 1974, the Romanian Communist Party Institute of Studies officially designated Dobrescu a representative of the "numerically weak village bourgeoisie", noting that his solutions "could not lead to solving the basic social problems of the oppressed masses, urban as well as rural." His activity was again reviewed positively after the Romanian Revolution of 1989. A high school in Curtea de Argeș was named after him in 1990, as was a street in Pitești.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daniel Brett, "Normal Politics in a Normal Country? Comparing Agrarian Party Organization in Romania, Sweden and Poland before 1947", in "New Europe College Yearbook", 2011–2012, pp. 21–52.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ilariu Dobridor, "Oameni ridicați din țărănime". Bucharest: Fundația Culturală Regală Regele Mihai I, 1944.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dumitru Drăghicescu, "Partide politice și clase sociale". Bucharest: Tipografia Reforma Socială, 1922.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip Gabriel Eidelberg, "The Great Rumanian Peasant Revolt of 1907. Origins of a Modern Jacquerie". Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1974.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matei Ionescu,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bucureștii în timpul răscoalelor țărănești din 1907", in "București. Materiale de Istorie și Muzeografie", Vol. 5, 1967, pp. 133–144.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Momente din lupta iredentei române transilvane în anii 1884—1887", in "Studii. Revistă de Istorie", Nr. 3/1967, pp. 511–522.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicolae Iorga, Constantin Bacalbașa, "Istoria presei românești". Bucharest: Editura Adevĕrul, 1922.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mircea Iosa, "Încercări de modificare a legii electorale în ultimul deceniu al secolului al XIX-lea", in "Revista de Istorie", Nr. 8/1977, pp. 1419–1431.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isac Ludo, "Domnul general guvernează". Bucharest: Editura de stat pentru literatură și artă, 1953.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stelian Neagoe, "Cartea românească și străină de istorie. "Organizarea politică a țărănimii (sfîrșitul secolului XIX-lea — începutul secolului al XX-lea)", Editura științifică și enciclopedică", in "Revista de Istorie", Nr. 5/1986, pp. 509–512.

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. C. Nicolescu, "Ideologia literară poporanistă. Contribuțiunea lui G. Ibrăileanu". Bucharest: Institutul de Istorie Literară și Folclor, 1937.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Z. Ornea, "Sămănătorismul". Bucharest: Editura Fundaţiei Culturale Române, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Panu, "Portrete și tipuri parlamentare". Bucharest: Tipografia "Lupta", 1892.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ioan Scurtu, "Contribuții privind mișcarea țărănistă din România în perioada 1907—1914", in "Studii. Revistă de Istorie", Nr. 3/1968, pp. 499–521.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dan Simionescu, "Din istoria folclorului și folcloristicii. Folcloristul C. Rădulescu-Codin (1875—1926)", in "Revista de Folclor", Nr. 4/1957, pp. 91–121.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicolae Gh. Teodorescu, "Muzeul din Mușătești, județul Argeș, mărturie a contribuției satului la istoria patriei", in "Muzeul Național (Sesiunea Științifică de Comunicări, 17–18 Decembrie 1973)", Vol. II, 1975, pp. 109–113.

wikidata_label: Constantin Dobrescu-Argeș

wikipedia_title: Constantin Dobrescu-Argeș


text:
London
Selfridges
climate change
UN
World Environment Day
Washington
Dazed
Creative Review
WGSN

categories: People from Salford,British magazine editors,1985 births,English inventors,British designers,Living people

paragraph: Lauren Bowker

paragraph: Lauren Bowker (born 16 September 1985) is an English designer and scientist, particularly known for her colour-change inks. Born in Rossendale, Lancashire, Bowker now resides in London, United Kingdom.

paragraph: Bowker is a designer, inventor, director and speaker who works with museums, galleries, institutes and industries across the world, specialising in material science and design. Bowker is the founder and creative director of THEUNSEEN, a material innovation R&D house that develops intelligent materials using colour to visualise data.

paragraph: She is also the inventor of a number of colour-change inks and compounds, launched an environment-responsive colour change fashion collection into Selfridges department store in October 2015, and is one of the creators of her own version of color changing hair dye "FIRE" in January 2017. In June 2017, Bowker presented a T-Shirt range responsive to climate change at the UN Nature summit on World Environment Day in Washington.

paragraph: Bowker is Editor at large of Science for Dazed, a Creative Review creative leader and winner of the most innovative brand award at the WGSN Futures award 2016.

paragraph: Bowker’s skin-based beauty products are set to be launched in 2019. The products include, Atmo Spheres, a colour pigment for the cheeks, eyes, lips and skin that changes when it comes into contact with heat, a breeze or seasonal temperature changes; Soul Shades, a skin-accentuating blusher that responds to skin’s natural temperature fluctuations; and Helio Veil, a self-forming freckle base activated by UV rays.

description: English designer and scientist

wikidata_label: Lauren Bowker

wikipedia_title: Lauren Bowker


href: Sweden Egyptologist Stockholm Uppsala%20University

text:
Swedish
Egyptologist
Stockholm
Uppsala University

categories: Uppsala University faculty,1853 births,1904 deaths,Swedish Egyptologists

paragraph: Karl Piehl

paragraph: Karl Piehl (1853-1904) was a Swedish Egyptologist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Stockholm. He was docent in Egyptian languages at Uppsala University in 1881, became director of the Egyptian Museum in 1889, and in 1893 was appointed to a newly endowed chair of Egyptology. Three years afterwards Piehl became editor of the "Sphinx", a periodical of Egyptian archaeology.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Petites études égyptologiques" (1881)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dictionnaire du papyrus Harris No. 1" (1882)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Inscriptions hiéroglyphiques" (1884 sqq.)

wikidata_label: Karl Piehl

wikipedia_title: Karl Piehl


text: mathematician

text: Eliakim H. Moore

text: Cincinnati Observatory

text: Yale University

text: Skull and Bones

text: B.A.

text: Ph.D.

text: Hubert Anson Newton

text: William Kingdon Clifford

text: Arthur Cayley

text: University of Berlin

text: Leopold Kronecker

text: Karl Weierstrass

text: Northwestern University

text: University of Chicago

text: Oskar Bolza

text: Heinrich Maschke

text: Johns Hopkins University

text: abstract algebra

text: finite fields

text: Galois field

text: geometry

text: Hilbert's axioms

text: point

text: primitive notion

text: David Hilbert

text: G. B. Halsted

text: R.L. Moore

text: metamathematics

text: model theory

text: analysis

text: closure operator

text: algebraic geometry

text: number theory

text: integral equations

text: George Birkhoff

text: Leonard Dickson

text: Robert Lee Moore

text: Oswald Veblen

text: Mathematics Genealogy Project

text: New York Mathematical Society

text: American Mathematical Society

text: National Academy of Sciences

text: American Academy of Arts and Sciences

text: American Philosophical Society

text: ICM

text: American Mathematical Society

text: Moore–Penrose inverse

text: Moore–Smith sequence

text: Moore matrix

text: Moore determinant of a Hermitian matrix

text: Ivor Grattan-Guinness

text: Princeton University Press

text: Karen Parshall

text: David E. Rowe

text: American Mathematical Society

categories: Northwestern University faculty,1932 deaths,19th-century American mathematicians,People from Marietta, Ohio,20th-century American mathematicians,Mathematical analysts,Geometers,Yale University alumni,Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences,1862 births,Number theorists,Algebraic geometers,Presidents of the American Mathematical Society,University of Chicago faculty,Algebraists

paragraph: E. H. Moore

paragraph: Eliakim Hastings Moore (; January 26, 1862 – December 30, 1932), usually cited as E. H. Moore or E. Hastings Moore, was an American mathematician.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Moore, the son of a Methodist minister and grandson of US Congressman Eliakim H. Moore, discovered mathematics through a summer job at the Cincinnati Observatory while in high school. He learned mathematics at Yale University, where he was a member of Skull and Bones and obtained a B.A. in 1883 and the Ph.D. in 1885 with a thesis, supervised by Hubert Anson Newton, on some work of William Kingdon Clifford and Arthur Cayley. Newton encouraged Moore to study in Germany, and thus he spent an academic year at the University of Berlin, attending lectures by Leopold Kronecker and Karl Weierstrass.

paragraph: On his return to the United States, Moore taught at Yale and at Northwestern University. When the University of Chicago opened its doors in 1892, Moore was the first head of its mathematics department, a position he retained until his death in 1931. His first two colleagues were Oskar Bolza and Heinrich Maschke. The resulting department was the second research-oriented mathematics department in American history, after Johns Hopkins University.

paragraph: Section::::Accomplishments.

paragraph: Moore first worked in abstract algebra, proving in 1893 the classification of the structure of finite fields (also called Galois fields). Around 1900, he began working on the foundations of geometry. He reformulated Hilbert's axioms for geometry so that points were the only primitive notion, thus turning David Hilbert's primitive lines and planes into defined notions. In 1902, he further showed that one of Hilbert's axioms for geometry was redundant. Independently, during a course taught by G. B. Halsted, the twenty-year-old R.L. Moore (no relation) also proved this, but in a more elegant fashion than E. H. Moore used. When E. H. Moore heard of the feat, he arranged for a scholarship that would allow R.L. Moore to study for a doctorate at Chicago. E.H. Moore's work on axiom systems is considered one of the starting points for metamathematics and model theory. After 1906, he turned to the foundations of analysis. The concept of a closure operator first appeared in his 1910 "Introduction to a form of general analysis". He also wrote on algebraic geometry, number theory, and integral equations.

paragraph: At Chicago, Moore supervised 31 doctoral dissertations, including those of George Birkhoff, Leonard Dickson, Robert Lee Moore (no relation), and Oswald Veblen. Birkhoff and Veblen went on to lead departments at Harvard and Princeton, respectively. Dickson became the first great American algebraist and number theorist. Robert Moore founded American topology. According to the Mathematics Genealogy Project, as of December 2012, E. H. Moore had over 18,900 known "descendants."

paragraph: Moore convinced the New York Mathematical Society to change its name to the American Mathematical Society, whose Chicago branch he led. He presided over the AMS, 1901–02, and edited the "Transactions of the American Mathematical Society", 1899–1907. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society. He was an Invited Speaker at the ICM in 1908 in Rome and in 1912 in Cambridge, England.

paragraph: The American Mathematical Society established a prize in his honor in 2002.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moore–Penrose inverse

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moore–Smith sequence

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moore matrix over a finite field

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moore determinant of a Hermitian matrix over a quaternion algebra

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ivor Grattan-Guinness (2000) "The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870–1940". Princeton University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karen Parshall and David E. Rowe (1994) "The emergence of the American mathematical research community, 1876–1900 : J. J. Sylvester, Felix Klein, and E. H. Moore", American Mathematical Society.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Lindsay Roberts, "Moore´s early twentieth century program for reform in mathematics education", American Mathematical Monthly, vol. 108, 2001, pp. 689–696

description: American mathematician

wikidata_label: Eliakim Hastings Moore

wikipedia_title: E. H. Moore


text: Sanskrit

text: jazz

text: swami

text: Impulse!

text: John Coltrane

text: Detroit

text: Michigan

text: Ernest Farrow

text: classical music

text: Bud Powell

text: Blue Note Jazz Club

text: Lucky Thompson

text: Pierre Michelot

text: Kenny Clarke

text: Kenny "Pancho" Hagood

text: vibist

text: Terry Pollard

text: Terry Gibbs

text: John Coltrane

text: Juárez

text: Ravi

text: DJ

text: Santana

text: McCoy Tyner

text: A Love Supreme

text: A Monastic Trio

text: Universal Consciousness

text: World Galaxy

text: Impulse! Records

text: Warner Bros. Records

text: Swami Satchidananda

text: Sathya Sai Baba

text: California

text: Vedantic

text: swami

text: Ashram

text: Malibu

text: Turiya Sings

text: Divine Songs

text: Infinite Chants

text: Glorious Chants

text: Luaka Bop

text: Woolsey Fire

text: Translinear Light

text: Hill Auditorium

text: University Musical Society

text: University of Michigan

text: John Coltrane

text: San Francisco Jazz Festival

text: Roy Haynes

text: Charlie Haden

text: respiratory failure

text: West Hills

text: Farmingdale

text: Suffolk County, New York

text: Paul Weller

text: 22 Dreams

text: Sunn O)))

text: Monoliths & Dimensions

text: Flying Lotus

text: Laura Veirs'

text: Warp and Weft

text: Cauleen Smith

text: The New York Times Magazine

text: 2008 Universal fire

text: A Monastic Trio

text: Impulse!

text: Cosmic Music

text: John Coltrane

text: Huntington Ashram Monastery

text: Ptah, the El Daoud

text: Journey in Satchidananda

text: Universal Consciousness

text: World Galaxy

text: Illuminations

text: Carlos Santana

text: Eternity

text: Warner Bros

text: Transcendence

text: Divine Songs

text: GRP

text: Translinear Light

text: John Coltrane

text: Live at the Village Vanguard Again!

text: Live in Japan

text: Stellar Regions

text: Expression

text: Infinity

text: Terry Gibbs

text: Mercury

text: Limelight

text: Charlie Haden

text: Closeness

text: Horizon

text: Joe Henderson

text: The Elements

text: Milestone

text: McCoy Tyner

text: Extensions

text: Blue Note

text: List of jazz arrangers

text: Official website

text: Alice Coltrane

text: Alice Coltrane discography

text: Alice Coltrane Playlist

text: "Last Song For Alice Coltrane"

text: Alice in Wonder and Awe

text: Alice Coltrane at NPR Music

categories: American female composers,20th-century American composers,African-American jazz pianists,African-American jazz musicians,Women jazz pianists,American jazz organists,Warner Bros. Records artists,African-American Hindus,Followers of Sathya Sai Baba,Musicians from Detroit,Converts to Hinduism from Christianity,Deaths from respiratory failure,African-American jazz composers,African-American female composers,20th-century women artists,20th-century women singers,Impulse! Records artists,2007 deaths,Women organists,Disease-related deaths in California,Jazz musicians from Alabama,1937 births,Cass Technical High School alumni,American jazz harpists,Jazz musicians from Michigan,Modal jazz pianists,20th-century jazz composers,Kirtan performers,African-American composers

paragraph: Alice Coltrane

paragraph: Alice Coltrane ("née" McLeod, August 27, 1937 – January 12, 2007), also known by her adopted Sanskrit name Turiyasangitananda or Turiya Alice Coltrane, was an American jazz musician and composer, and in her later years a swamini. One of the few harpists in the history of jazz, she recorded many albums as a bandleader, beginning in the late 1960s and early 1970s for Impulse! and other major record labels. She was the second wife and the widow of jazz saxophonist and composer John Coltrane.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and career (1937–1965).

paragraph: Alice McLeod was born on August 27, 1937, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in a musical household. Her mother, Anna McLeod, was a member of the choir at her church, and her half brother, Ernest Farrow became a jazz bassist. With the motivation of her father, Alice pursued music and started to perform in various clubs around Detroit, until moving to Paris in the late 1950s. She studied classical music, and also jazz with Bud Powell in Paris, where she worked as the intermission pianist at the Blue Note Jazz Club in 1960. It was there that Alice appeared on French television in a performance with Lucky Thompson, Pierre Michelot and Kenny Clarke. She married Kenny "Pancho" Hagood in 1960 and had a daughter with him. The marriage ended soon after, on account of Hagood's developing heroin addiction, and Alice was forced to move back to Detroit with her daughter. She continued playing jazz as a professional in Detroit, with her own trio and as a duo with vibist Terry Pollard. In 1962–63 she played with Terry Gibbs' quartet, during which time she met John Coltrane. In 1965 they were married in Juárez, Mexico. John Coltrane became stepfather to Alice's daughter Michelle, and the couple had three children together: John Jr. (1964–1982, a drummer); Ravi (b. 1965, a saxophonist); and Oranyan (b. 1967, a DJ). Oranyan later played saxophone with Santana for a period of time.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Solo work (1967–1978).

paragraph: In January 1966, Alice Coltrane replaced McCoy Tyner as pianist with John Coltrane's group. She subsequently recorded with him and continued playing with the band until his death on July 17, 1967. Their growing involvement in spirituality influenced some of John's compositions and projects, such as "A Love Supreme". After her husband's death, she continued to forward the musical and spiritual vision, and started to release records as a composer and bandleader. Her first album, "A Monastic Trio", was recorded in 1967. From 1968 to 1977, she released thirteen full-length records. As the years passed, her musical direction moved further from standard jazz into the more cosmic, spiritual world. Albums like "Universal Consciousness" (1971), and "World Galaxy" (1972), show a progression from a four-piece lineup to a more orchestral approach, with lush string arrangements and cascading harps. Until 1973, she released music with Impulse! Records, the jazz label for which her husband recorded almost all of his later albums. From 1973 to 1978, she released primarily on Warner Bros. Records until she stepped away from the public eye.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Ashram years (1975–1995).

paragraph: After the death of her husband, Coltrane experienced a period of trial. She suffered from severe weight loss and sleepless nights, as well as hallucinations. This "tapas" (a Sanskrit term she used to describe her suffering), led her to seek spiritual guidance from the guru Swami Satchidananda and later from Sathya Sai Baba. By 1972, she abandoned her secular life, and moved to California, where she established the Vedantic Center in 1975. By the late 1970s she had changed her name to Turiyasangitananda. She was the spiritual director, or swamini, of Shanti Anantam Ashram (later renamed Sai Anantam Ashram in Chumash Pradesh) which the Vedantic Center established in 1983 near Malibu, California. Alice would perform formal and informal devotional Vedic ceremonies at the ashram. She performed solo chants, known as bhajans, and group chants, or kirtans. She developed original melodies from the traditional chants, and started to experiment by including synthesizers and sophisticated song structures. This culminated in her first spiritual cassette, "Turiya Sings", in 1982. The cassette was released only to the members of the ashram, through her publishing company, the Avatar Book Institute. Through the mid 1980s into the mid 1990s, she released three more cassettes, "Divine Songs" in 1987, "Infinite Chants" in 1990, and "Glorious Chants" in 1995. New York-based label Luaka Bop released a compilation of tracks from her ashram tapes as "World Spirituality Classics 1: The Ecstatic Music of Alice Coltrane Turiyasangitananda" in May 2017.

paragraph: The ashram was destroyed in the 2018 Woolsey Fire.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later years and death (1995–2007).

paragraph: The 1990s saw renewed interest in her work, which led to the release of the compilation "Astral Meditations", and in 2004 she released her comeback album "Translinear Light". Following a 25-year break from major public performances, she returned to the stage for three U.S. appearances in the fall of 2006, including a concert at Ann Arbor's Hill Auditorium presented by University Musical Society of the University of Michigan on September 23, which would have been John Coltrane's 80th birthday, and culminating on November 4 with a concert for the San Francisco Jazz Festival with her son Ravi, drummer Roy Haynes, and bassist Charlie Haden.

paragraph: Alice Coltrane died of respiratory failure at West Hills Hospital and Medical Center in suburban Los Angeles in 2007, aged 69. She is buried alongside John Coltrane in Pinelawn Memorial Park, Farmingdale, Suffolk County, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Impact.

paragraph: Paul Weller dedicated his song "Song For Alice (Dedicated to the Beautiful Legacy of Mrs. Coltrane)", from his 2008 album "22 Dreams", to Coltrane; the track entitled "Alice" on Sunn O)))'s 2009 album "Monoliths & Dimensions" was similarly inspired. Electronic musician Flying Lotus is the grand-nephew of Alice Coltrane. The song "That Alice" on Laura Veirs' album "Warp and Weft" is about Coltrane. Orange Cake Mix included a song entitled "Alice Coltrane" on their 1997 LP Silver Lining Underwater. Poet giovanni singleton's book "Ascension" includes 49 poems written daily after Alice Coltrane's death.

paragraph: Cauleen Smith's conceptual art exhibition "Give It or Leave It" featured two films, "Pilgrim" (2017) and "Sojourner" (2018), exploring Alice Coltrane's music and ashram.

paragraph: On June 25, 2019, "The New York Times Magazine" listed Alice Coltrane among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As leader.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Monastic Trio" (Impulse!, 1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cosmic Music" (Impulse!, 1966–68) with John Coltrane

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Huntington Ashram Monastery" (Impulse!, 1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ptah, the El Daoud" (Impulse!, 1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Journey in Satchidananda" (Impulse!, 1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Universal Consciousness" (Impulse!, 1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "World Galaxy" (Impulse!, 1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lord of Lords" (Impulse!, 1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reflection on Creation and Space (a Five Year View)" (Impulse!, 1973; compilation)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Illuminations" (Columbia, 1974) with Carlos Santana

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eternity" (Warner Bros, 1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Radha-Krsna Nama Sankirtana" (Warner Bros., 1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Transcendence" (Warner Bros., 1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Transfiguration" (Warner Bros., 1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Turiya Sings" (Avatar Book Institute, 1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Divine Songs" (Avatar, 1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Infinite Chants" (Avatar, 1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Glorious Chants" (Avatar, 1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Priceless Jazz Collection" (GRP, 1998; compilation)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Astral Meditations" (Impulse!, 1999; compilation)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Translinear Light" (Impulse!, 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Impulse Story" (Impulse!, 2006; compilation)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "World Spiritual Classics: Volume I: The Ecstatic Music of Alice Coltrane Turiyasangitananda" (Luaka Bop, 2017; compilation)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As sidewoman.

paragraph: With John Coltrane

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live at the Village Vanguard Again!" (Impulse!, 1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live in Japan" (Impulse!, 1966; released 1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stellar Regions" (Impulse!, 1967; released 1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Expression" (Impulse!, 1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (Impulse!, 1967; released 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Infinity" (Impulse!, 1972)

paragraph: With Terry Gibbs

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Terry Gibbs Plays Jewish Melodies in Jazztime" (Mercury, 1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hootenanny My Way" (Mercury, 1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El Nutto" (Limelight, 1964)

paragraph: With Charlie Haden

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Closeness" (Horizon, 1976)

paragraph: With Joe Henderson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Elements" (Milestone, 1973)

paragraph: With McCoy Tyner

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Extensions" (Blue Note, 1970)

paragraph: With various

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of jazz arrangers

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alice Coltrane at All About Jazz

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alice Coltrane discography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alice Coltrane Playlist: Divine Ferocity

paragraph: BULLET::::- In-depth Alice Coltrane obituary with a record-by-record overview of her career from NewYorkNightTrain.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steven Wishnia, "Last Song For Alice Coltrane", "The Indypendent", February 12, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- RBMA Radio On Demand – Sound Obsession – Volume 7 – Tribute to Alice Coltrane – Kirk Degiorgio (The Beauty Room, As One)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alice in Wonder and Awe – An interview at ascentmagazine.com on jazz, God and the spiritual path.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alice Coltrane at NPR Music

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alice Coltrane in discussion with A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami

alias:
Turiyasangitananda
Turiya Alice Coltrane

description: American jazz musician

wikidata_label: Alice Coltrane

wikipedia_title: Alice Coltrane


text: prelate

text: Archbishop of Florence

text: cardinalate

text: Borgo San Lorenzo

text: province of Florence

text: seminary

text: Florence

text: ordained

text: Elia Dalla Costa

text: curate

text: rector

text: minor seminary

text: parish priest

text: Castelfiorentino

text: Chaplain of His Holiness

text: vicar general

text: Archdiocese of Florence

text: Auxiliary Bishop

text: Titular Bishop

text: Pope John Paul II

text: episcopal consecration

text: Giovanni Benelli

text: Giovanni Bianchi

text: co-consecrators

text: motto

text: Archbishop of Florence

text: Cardinal-Priest

text: consistory

text: papal conclave

text: Pope Francis

text: Giuseppe Betori

categories: Roman Catholic archbishops of Florence,Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts,Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II,Italian cardinals,2016 deaths,1924 births,People from Borgo San Lorenzo

paragraph: Silvano Piovanelli

paragraph: Silvano Piovanelli (21 February 1924 – 9 July 2016) was an Italian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Florence from 1983 to 2001, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1985.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Silvano Piovanelli was born in Borgo San Lorenzo, in the province of Florence, on 21 February 1924. He studied at the seminary of Florence from 1935 to 1947, and was ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal Elia Dalla Costa on 13 July 1947. He then served as a curate in the industrial town of Rifredi until October 1948, when he became vice-rector of minor seminary of Florence. He resumed his pastoral ministry in 1961 as a parish priest in Castelfiorentino, and was raised to the rank of Chaplain of His Holiness on 26 October 1966. From 1979 to 1982, he was vicar general of the Archdiocese of Florence.

paragraph: On 28 May 1982, Piovanelli was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Florence and Titular Bishop of "Tubunae in Mauretania" by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 24 June from Cardinal Giovanni Benelli, with Bishops Antonio Bagnoli and Giovanni Bianchi serving as co-consecrators, at the Cathedral-Basilica of "Santa Maria del Fiore". He selected as his episcopal motto: ""In Verbo Tuo"". Following the unexpected death of Cardinal Benelli in October 1982, Piovanelli was promoted to Archbishop of Florence on 18 March 1983. John Paul II created him Cardinal-Priest of "S. Maria delle Grazie a Via Trionfale" in the consistory of 25 May 1985.

paragraph: After an 18-year-long tenure, he retired as Archbishop on 21 March 2001. He lost the right to participate in a papal conclave upon reaching the age of 80 on 21 February 2004.

paragraph: Piovanelli died in his sleep on the morning of 9 July 2016 at the age of 92, after three months hospitalised in a Florence retirement home for priests. Days before his death, he was telephoned by Pope Francis on the pontiff's visit to the city.

paragraph: His funeral Mass has been celebrated in the late afternoon of 12 July 2016 by cardinal Giuseppe Betori and then his remains have been buried in Santa Maria del Fiore cathedral.

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Silvano Piovanelli

wikipedia_title: Silvano Piovanelli


text:
Araraquara
São Paulo
coffee kings
São Paulo
Matão
Nova Europa
Santa Ernestina
Gavião Peixoto
Tabatinga
Magalhães
Niterói
Rio de Janeiro
Minas Gerais
Colégio Pedro II
Joaquim Nabuco
Rodrigues Alves
Republican Party of São Paulo
Alpargatas
Philips
Rhodia (company)
Matão
Nova Europa
Gavião Peixoto
Anhembi
Tietê River
nelore

categories: 1875 births,1931 deaths,People from Araraquara,Brazilian businesspeople

paragraph: Carlos Leôncio de Magalhães

paragraph: Carlos Leôncio (Nhonhô) de Magalhães (1875 in Araraquara – 1931 in São Paulo) was a Brazilian farmer and businessman. Nhonhô is considered to be one of the coffee kings and was one of the richest Brazilian farmers of the early 20th century. Carlos Leôncio de Magalhães started to work as a farmer during his early life and his name is connected to some of the most important farms of the Western part of the state of São Paulo, among which are Cambuí, Barreiro Rico and Itaquerê. Later on, these farms developed into towns, such as Matão, Nova Europa, Santa Ernestina, Gavião Peixoto and Tabatinga.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Section::::Family.:Ancestors.

paragraph: The Magalhães (or in English "Magellan") are a family whose origins are in Portugal. Nhonhô's grandparents, Francisco Carlos de Magalhães and Bernarda Rodrigues Monteiro, emigrated from Portugal and settled in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, where they became affluent businessmen. Their eldest son, Carlos Baptista de Magalhães, was educated in two of the most exclusive schools in Brazil at that time, the Colégio do Santuário da Serra do Caraça (in the state of Minas Gerais) and the Colégio Pedro II (in the state of Rio de Janeiro), where he studied with some of the most prominent figures of Brazilian national politics, such as Joaquim Nabuco and Rodrigues Alves. However, after Francisco Carlos de Magalhães lost a considerable part of his wealth, Carlos Baptista de Magalhães had to move to Araraquara, São Paulo, in order to start working as a commercial representative.

paragraph: Once in Araraquara, Carlos Baptista de Magalhães married D. Leôncia de Freitas Magalhães, the daughter of Justino Correia de Freitas and Anna de Arruda, from the traditional Arruda family of Araraquara. Carlos Baptista de Magalhães became a very important land owner, banker, businessman and politician and, in partnership with the family of his wife, founded the Estrada de Ferro Araraquara (Araraquara Railway) in 1895, becoming its first president. He was also a town councilor and led a monarchial uprise in the region, known as Revolução do Sertãozinho (Sertãozinho Revolution). Nonetheless, a few years after he assumed the presidency of the Partido Republicano Paulista - PRP (Republican Party of São Paulo).

paragraph: Through his mother's family, Carlos Leôncio de Magalhães is connected to the most traditional families of São Paulo, among which one can identify the Arrudas, the Laras, the Alvarengas, the Prados, the Taques, the Proenças, the Barros, the Pires, the Cubas and the Moraes de Antas. These families, which rank among the first in Brazilian soil, descend from Portuguese gentry and are connected to the Portuguese, French, Aragonese, Castillan and Navarrese royal families.

paragraph: Carlos Leôncio de Magalhães had two sisters, Maria Dulce de Magalhães (Nicota), married to Valdomiro Pinto Alves, and Maria Elisa de Magalhães (Zilota), married to Sebastião Lebeis. Waldomiro was the son of Antonio Alves Pereira de Almeida and Gertrudes Eufrozina Pinto. Sebastião Lebeis (Rio Claro, 1874 – São Paulo 1936) was the son of Guilherme Lebeis and Escolástica de Arruda Botelho.

paragraph: Section::::Family.:Lineage.

paragraph: Carlos Leôncio de Magalhães married Ernestina Reis de Magalhães (Rio de Janeiro, 1876 – São Paulo, 1968), the daughter of José Monteiro Reis and Adelaide Monteiro Palha, from Rio de Janeiro. They had eight children: Maria José (who died before she was one year old), Carlos (1903 – 1985), Oswaldo (19?? – 1974), Ernestina (1908–2000), Maria Cecilia (1911–1999), Paulo (1913 – 1996), Adelaide (1917) and José Carlos (1921–2002). Carlos Reis de Magalhães, Oswaldo Reis de Magalhães, Paulo Reis de Magalhães and José Carlos Reis de Magalhães were the managers of the Itaquerê Company, which had been founded by Nhonhô Magalhães and concentrated the majority of his estates. Beyond this occupation, Paulo Magalhães was the president of several national and multinational companies, such as Alpargatas, Philips and Rhodia (company) and José Carlos de Magalhães became a Brazilian ornithologist, whose researches were made at the Barreiro Rico Farm.

paragraph: Carlos married Marieta Lion and had two daughters. Oswaldo married Jandira Rondon and didn't have any child. Paulo married Marina Bastos and had five children. Ernestina married Roberto de Paiva Meira and had two children. Maria Cecilia married Antonio Ângelo Maria Duprat, viscount of Duprat, and had three children. Adelaide married Nestor Sacramento Rocha and had two daughters. José Carlos married Cecília Alves and had five children.

paragraph: In spite of being tightly connected to the countryside, Carlos Leôncio de Magalhães bought a house in the early 1910s, located in Higienópolis (a wealthy neighborhood in São Paulo central area) and moved in with all his family. A few years later he decided to build a new house in the same avenue, but he died in 1931, before seeing the achievement of his last project. He was 56 years old when died of cancer.

paragraph: Section::::Businesses.

paragraph: Section::::Businesses.:Farms.

paragraph: Nhonhô started his professional life as a farm manager, helping his father with the administration of the family properties. When Carlos Leôncio was around twenty years old he started developing new farms in Matão, in order to sell them afterwards to foreign investors.

paragraph: Section::::Businesses.:Farms.:Cambuí Farm.

paragraph: The best investment of Nhonhô's life was the Cambuí (or Cambuhy) farm. In 1911 he bought a huge portion of land (around 605 square kilometers, or 233.6 square miles), an area in which are located today three towns (Matão, Nova Europa and Gavião Peixoto). In this estate, Carlos Leôncio de Magalhães created the Companhia Agrícola e Pastoril d'Oeste de São Paulo - CIAPOSP, sold in 1924 to an English investment group for half a million pounds, or more than ten times what he had paid when he bought the farm. This was the highest value paid for any property in Brazil until then. This English group, called Brazilian Warrant Co, established the Cambuhy Coffee and Cotton Estates Limited.

paragraph: The estate that had been sold to the English investment group was formed by 19 farms (Cambuí, Alabama, Boa Vista, Santa Josefa, Retiro, Palmas, Guanabara, Niterói, Água Sumida, São João, Flórida, Califórnia, Arizona, Contribuição, Mato Grosso, Barreiro, Virgínia, Tamandaré and Pedregulho), which had in total 3 million coffee trees and approximately 15 thousand cows. These farms were connected by 300 kilometers of roads and 70 kilometers of railways with ten railway stations (Toryba, Teixeira Leite, Cambuhy, Uparoba, Gavião Peixoto, Nova Paulicéia, Nova Europa, Matão, Ponte Alta e Santa Josefa). The Cambuí farm had more than 3 thousand employees and produced around 3,5 million kilos of coffee per year.

paragraph: Section::::Businesses.:Farms.:Itaquerê farm.

paragraph: Nhonhô kept a small (but yet considerable) part of the Cambuí farm, where he established the Itaquerê farm. The name of this estate comes from the Itaquerê river, which crosses the farm. The property had 21.5 square miles and it was built to be a model of diversified production, even if coffee continued to be its main output. Carlos Leôncio also built a sugar mill (which was operated by the Companhia Açucareira Itaquerê, today called Usina Santa Fé) and a small hydroelectric power plant. Both plants are still in operation and the power plant still uses all the original machinery from 1928.

paragraph: The Itaquerê farm was sold by Carlos Leôncio's heirs to the Malzoni family, which changed the name of the property to Santa Fé.

paragraph: Section::::Businesses.:Farms.:Barreiro Rico Farm.

paragraph: Another farm that belonged to Nhonhô was the Barreiro Rico, which was bought in 1926 and which is located in Anhembi, alongside the Tietê River. This farm of 74.75 square miles produced wood and bred nelore. The breeding of this type of cattle started in 1935, making the Barreiro Rico one of the first breeding farms still in activity in Brazil. At the beginning Nhonhô himself was the responsible for the management of the farm (from 1926 to 1931), but after that his sons Oswaldo (from 1931 to 1958) and José Carlos (from 1958 to 2001) administrated the estate.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Casalecchi, José Ênio, Da Companhia Industrial, Agrícola e Pastoril D`Oeste de São Paulo à Cambuhy Coffee and Cotton Estates, 1976, Araraquara – SP, Brasil.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leme, Luiz Gonzaga da Silva, Genealogia Paulistana, 1903-1905, São Paulo – SP, Brasil.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martins, Amanda, Carlos Leôncio Magalhães na Sociedade Rural Brasileira, 2011.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martins, Ana Luiza, História do Café, Editora Contexto, 2008, São Paulo – SP, Brasil.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moya, Salvador de, Revista Genealógica Latina, Volume 8, 1956, São Paulo – SP, Brasil.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prado, J. F. de Almeida, Primeiros Povoadores do Brasil 1500-1530, Volume 37, Companhia Editora Nacional, 1966, São Paulo – SP, Brasil.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toledo, Roberto Pompeu de, A Capital da Solidão: Uma história de São Paulo das origens a 1900, Editora Objetiva, 2003, Rio de Janeiro – RJ, Brasil.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vasconcelos, Rodolfo Smith de, e VASCONCELOS, Jaime Smith de, Arquivo Nobiliárquico Brasileiro, 1918, Lausanne, Suíça.

description: Brazilian banker

wikidata_label: Carlos Leôncio de Magalhães

wikipedia_title: Carlos Leôncio de Magalhães


text: Petrochimi Bandar Imam

text: Iranian Basketball Super League

text: guard

text: Champaign, Illinois

text: Drake University

text: Des Moines, Iowa

text: Centennial High School

text: Oswego High School

text: Illinois Mr. Basketball

text: Jereme Richmond

text: Bruce Weber

text: John Groce

text: Associated Press

text: Chicago Tribune

text: Chicago Sun-Times

text: News-Gazette

text: Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area

text: Missouri Valley Conference

text: Illinois

text: Xavier

text: Memphis

text: Marquette

text: John Groce

text: Ohio University

text: NCAA

text: 2012-2013 season

text: State Farm Center

text: 2013-2014 season

text: Nnanna Egwu

text: Tezenis Verona

text: Serie A2 Basket

text: Basket Ravenna Piero Manetti

text: Petrochimi Bandar Imam BC

text: Iranian Basketball Super League

text: Phoenix Suns

text: 2019 NBA Summer League

text: Dee Brown

text: Deron Williams

text: Luther Head

text: Corey Bradford

text: Mikel Leshoure

text: running back

text: Fighting Illini

text: 2011 NFL Draft

text: Detroit Lions

text: Illinois Fighting Illini bio

text: FIBA Profile

text: College statistics

categories: American men's basketball players,Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball players,Aix Maurienne Savoie Basket players,American expatriate basketball people in Iran,Scaligera Basket Verona players,American expatriate basketball people in France,Basketball players from Illinois,African-American basketball players,Shooting guards,1992 births,Petrochimi Bandar Imam BC players,American expatriate basketball people in Italy,Drake Bulldogs men's basketball players,Living people

paragraph: Rayvonte Rice

paragraph: Rayvonte "Ray" Rice (born July 14, 1992) is an American basketball player for Petrochimi Bandar Imam of the Iranian Basketball Super League. He is a guard from Champaign, Illinois who completed his college career at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He previously played at Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa from 2010-2012 and transferred after his sophomore season.

paragraph: Section::::High school.

paragraph: During his junior season at Centennial High School in Champaign, Rice led the Chargers to the 2009 3A IHSA Boys Basketball Championship with a 61-59 defeat over Oswego High School. During his senior season, Rice averaged 23.9 points, 6.4 rebounds, 2.9 steals and 1.8 assists and led his team back to the IHSA state tournament for a fourth-place finish. After his senior season in 2010, Rice came in second with 201 votes for Illinois Mr. Basketball behind Jereme Richmond. Ironically, Richmond committed to play at the University of Illinois while Rice was never offered a scholarship by then coach, Bruce Weber. Richmond only stayed at Illinois for one season, and Coach John Groce offered Rice a scholarship to transfer from Drake after his sophomore season.

paragraph: Rice was named a member of the 2010 Illinois All-American Team as selected by the Associated Press, Chicago Tribune, Chicago Sun-Times, News-Gazette, and the Illinois Basketball Coaches Association. He was also named the 2010 News-Gazette All-State Player of the Year, the first from Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area since 1984.

paragraph: Rice left Centennial High School as the all-time leading scorer in both school history and in Champaign-Urbana high school prep history with 1,810 career points.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Freshman.

paragraph: During his first year at Drake, Rice made an immediate impact, playing in 31 games and averaging 13.8 ppg and shooting an average of just over 40% from the field. For his contributions to his team, Rice was voted to the 2011 Missouri Valley Conference All-Freshman Team & the All-Newcomers Team.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Sophomore.

paragraph: Rice improved his second year at Drake averaging 16.8 ppg and shooting about 44% from the field. Rice was named to the 2012 Second-Team Missouri Valley Conference following the season.

paragraph: After announcing his decision to transfer from Drake, Rice narrowed down his options between Illinois, Xavier, Memphis, and Marquette. Rice said of his decision to sign with Illinois, that John Groce had previously recruited him while Groce was still coach at Ohio University which contributed to his commitment.

paragraph: Due to NCAA transfer rules, Rice was forced to sit out during the 2012-2013 season. The transfer regulations relegated Rice to attend only practices as a participant and home games at the State Farm Center as an observer. Rice has gained much notoriety for his transfer year as he made drastic changes to his workouts & diet, which resulted in him losing 45 pounds and cutting his overall body fat to 5%.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Junior.

paragraph: During the 2013-2014 season has been twice named Big Ten Player of the Week. As of January 3, 2014 Rice is leading the conference in scoring, averaging 19 ppg.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Senior.

paragraph: In the early season games, Rice won the Las Vegas Tournament MVP. During the 2014 year Rice improved his shooting 44% from three point line, improving from 29% the previous season. Ray had a major impact on the Braggin Rights game where he hit a step back game winning jumper as time expired. He showed his athleticism when he threw down a massive alley-oop dunk vs Purdue. Despite missing some games in the middle of the season due to injury, and having a lower average of minutes per game, he improved his field goal percentage by 4%, his three-point percentage by 14%, as previously noted, raised his free throw to 80%, and averaged more rebounds, steals, assists, and points in his senior campaign compared to his junior year. He ranked 5th in the big ten in scoring (unofficially since he missed games due to injury, and the Big Ten website accounts for players playing most of the games), and 9th in rebounding (also unofficially for the same reason). He won Co-Most Outstanding Player for the Illini tied with teammate Nnanna Egwu.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Rice signed his first professional contract with Tezenis Verona of the Italian Serie A2 Basket on July 29, 2015. Rice spent the 2017-18 season with Basket Ravenna Piero Manetti in Italy. He averaged 18.7 points and 6.3 rebounds per game in 30 games. On September 25, 2018, he signed with Petrochimi Bandar Imam BC of the Iranian Basketball Super League. In July 2019, Rice played with the Phoenix Suns during the 2019 NBA Summer League.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Rice has been quoted as saying he idolized former Fighting Illini basketball stars Dee Brown, Deron Williams, Luther Head, and Corey Bradford while growing up in Champaign.

paragraph: While in high school, Rice was a dual-sport athlete who backed up his cousin Mikel Leshoure as running back for the Centennial Chargers. Leshoure went on to play football for the Fighting Illini and then was drafted in the 2nd round of the 2011 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Illinois Fighting Illini bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- FIBA Profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- College statistics

description: American basketball player

wikidata_label: Rayvonte Rice

wikipedia_title: Rayvonte Rice


text:
equestrian
show jumping

categories: Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics,Equestrians at the 1952 Summer Olympics,Olympic medalists in equestrian,1909 births,Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in equestrian,American male equestrians,Olympic equestrians of the United States,1988 deaths

paragraph: Arthur McCashin

paragraph: Arthur John McCashin (5 May 1909 – 24 September 1988) was an American equestrian. He won a bronze medal in team show jumping at the 1952 Olympics and placed 12th individually. After retiring from competitions he became a riding course designer, and for many years planned the circuit at the New York's National Horse Show. During World War II he served as a pilot in a supply service for the armed forces.

wikidata_label: Arthur McCashin

wikipedia_title: Arthur McCashin


text:
aggrotech
Seattle
Portland, Oregon
Classical Piano
Cello
Guitar
German
powernoise
Noisex
Converter
P.A.L
Alfa Matrix
studio
hard drive
The Information Apocalypse Compilation
Annilvs
Alfa Matrix
Synthphony REMIXed!
Synthphony Records
Alfa Matrix
Alfa Matrix
Aesthetic Perfection
Alfa Matrix
Alfa Matrix
Songs in the Key of Death
Sonic Mainline
Industrial Attack Vol.1
Rape This Industrial World Vol.1
Alfa Matrix - unter null's label.
Unter Null - Facebook
Stray - Unter Null sideproject
Unter Null - Vampire Freaks
Unter Null and Stray - Soundcloud

categories: Electro-industrial music groups,Electronic music groups from Washington (state)

paragraph: Unter Null

paragraph: Erica Dunham, better known by her stage name Unter Null, founded the solo aggrotech music project in 1998 at the age of 17, while living in Seattle, United States. , she is based in Portland, Oregon. Dunham is trained in Classical Piano, Cello and Guitar.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Unter Null (German for 'below zero') initially began as a powernoise project influenced by a number of similar prominent artists, including Noisex, Converter and P.A.L. Her first, self-titled, album was released in 2001. In 2002, she was signed to Leech and NTT/Annihilvs Records to release her second, web-exclusive album "Neocide". In 2005, she signed to label Alfa Matrix. She has since released a number of EPs and albums, remixed several artists, and appeared on compilation albums.

paragraph: Section::::Music.

paragraph: In early 2008, Dunham launched her side project "Stray" with the release of the self-titled a 2-CD album in cooperation with a number other bands including Mothboy, Detritus and Testube. In addition to regular live performances, Unter Null embarked on a short U.S. and European tour in 2005, then a longer European tour in 2006.

paragraph: In the spring of 2012, Erica relocated to Hamburg, Germany, where at the time of writing, Erica is currently on production of the next Unter Null album.

paragraph: Section::::Music.:House fire.

paragraph: On December 25, 2008, Dunham's studio, containing her musical, recording and electronic equipment as well as other belongings, was destroyed in a fire. It was feared at first that her newest album, "Moving On", had been lost in the fire, although tracks were able to be recovered from a damaged hard drive.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Compilation albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Information Apocalypse Compilation (2002, Annilvs), 1000 limited edition copies – "Tender Mercies"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Re:connected [1.0] (2004, Alfa Matrix)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Synthphony REMIXed! Vol. 3 (2005, Synthphony Records) – "Your Nightmare (Da Deep Cut Mix)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2005, Alfa Matrix)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sounds From The Matrix 02 (2005), - "Sick Fuck"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2006, Alfa Matrix) – "Sick Fuck (Aesthetic Perfection Mix)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Re:connected [2.0] (2006, Alfa Matrix)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sounds From The Matrix 03 (2006), - "Martyr"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2007, Alfa Matrix) – "Journey to Descent"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sounds From The Matrix 04 (2007), - "This Is Your End"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Songs in the Key of Death (2008, Sonic Mainline) – "DEATHKEY"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Industrial Attack Vol.1 (2008), – "Zombie Boy"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rape This Industrial World Vol.1 (2008), – "Sick Fuck (Album Mix)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Synthetic Reign Volume One (2008), - "Feed The Lie"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sounds From The Matrix 07 (2008), - "Moving On (Essence Of Mind Mix)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Endzeit Bunkertracks: Act IV (2009), - "Broken Heart Cliché"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Extreme Sündenfall 9 (2009), - "The Fall (Wynardtage Remix)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kinetik Festival Volume Two (2009), - "Prophecy (Blank Mix)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sounds From The Matrix 08 (2009), - "Your Fall"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sounds From The Matrix 09 (2009), - "Visceral Venom"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sounds From The Matrix 10 (2009), - "I Can't Be The One (EX.ES Mix)"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfa Matrix - unter null's label.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unter Null - Facebook

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stray - Unter Null sideproject

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unter Null - Vampire Freaks

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unter Null and Stray - Soundcloud

wikidata_label: Unter Null

wikipedia_title: Unter Null


text:
Bielitz
Austrian Silesia
Brno
Polish
naturalist
Galicia
Lviv
Stanisław Konstanty Pietruski
Lviv University
evolution
Spring of Nations
Gregor Mendel
genetics
Chrysanthemum zawadskii
chrysanthemum

categories: People from Bielsko-Biała,Polish physicists,1868 deaths,People from Austrian Silesia,1798 births,Polish naturalists,Polish botanists

paragraph: Aleksander Zawadzki (naturalist)

paragraph: Aleksander Zawadzki, born Józef Antoni Zawadzki, (6 May 1798 in Bielitz, Austrian Silesia – 5 June 1868 in Brno) was a Polish naturalist, author of flora and fauna lists of the Galicia region and the neighbourhood of Lviv (). He was also the first scientist who studied and catalogued the beetles and butterflies of Eastern Galicia.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Zawadski was the teacher of zoologist Stanisław Konstanty Pietruski and between 1835–37 he was a lecturer of botany and then professor of physics (1849–53) at Lviv University.

paragraph: In the years 1854–68 he studied evolution, and in Brno, where he arrived as a result of the turmoil caused by the Spring of Nations ("Wiosna Ludów"), became a mentor of Gregor Mendel, directing his talent toward the development of the theory of evolution and helping to lay the foundations of genetics.

paragraph: He was a member of several scientific societies, and the editor of Lviv's magazines "Rozmaitości" and "Mnemozyna".

paragraph: "Chrysanthemum zawadskii", a species of chrysanthemum described by Franz Herbich, is named after him.

description: naturalist

wikidata_label: Aleksander Zawadzki

wikipedia_title: Aleksander Zawadzki (naturalist)