text:
Clovelly
Woolfardisworthy
Lincoln's Inn
Clerk of the Journals
House of Commons
manor of Clovelly
Cary family
Clovelly Court
Domesday Book
Alwington
Broadhempston
Robert, Count of Mortain
William the Conqueror
overlord
roll of arms
College of Arms
Joseph Highmore
Samuel Richardson
James MacArdell
National Portrait Gallery
James Hammett
baronet
Sir James Hamlyn, 1st Baronet
Carmarthen
Sheriff of Devon

categories: 1759 deaths,Members of Lincoln's Inn,1677 births

paragraph: Zachary Hamlyn

paragraph: Zachary Hamlyn (1677–1759), of Clovelly and Woolfardisworthy, three miles south-east of Clovelly, Devon, was a lawyer of Lincoln's Inn and thought to be the first Clerk of the Journals of the House of Commons. He made a large fortune and in 1738 purchased the manor of Clovelly from the last of the Cary family, longtime lords of the manor, and made Clovelly Court his residence.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: Zachary Hamlyn was the son of William Hamlyn (junior) of Mershwell ("alias" Marshfield), in the parish of Woolfardisworthy, Devon, by his wife Gertrude Cary (d.1697), daughter of Thomas Cary, MA, whose relationship, if any, to the Carys of Clovelly is not recorded. A ledger stone on the floor of the chancel in Woolfardisworthy Church is inscribed: "Here lyeth Gertrude, the wife of William Hamlyn of Marshwell, in this parish, who was buried 8 December 1697".

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry.

paragraph: Surviving sources do not enable Zachary Hamlyn's origins to be connected to the ancient Devonshire gentry family of Hamlyn of Widecombe and Buckfastleigh, resident at Widecombe in 1522 and still at Buckfastleigh in the late 19th century. However, the arms of the Hamlyn family of Widecombe and Buckfastleigh ("Gules, a lion rampant ermine crowned or"), appear on the monument to Zachary Hamlyn in Clovelly Church. The Hamlyn family is believed to have descended from "Hamelin", the Domesday Book tenant in 1086 of two manors (Alwington and Broadhempston) under the Norman magnate Robert, Count of Mortain (d.1090), half-brother of King William the Conqueror. He may have been the same Hamelin who also held two manors in Cornwall from the same overlord. Sir John Hamlyn, of Larkbeare, in the parish of St Leonard, Exeter, father of Sir Osbert, was at the Battle of Bouroughbridge in 1322, and his arms are recorded on the roll of arms of the Knights present: "Gules, a lion rampant ermine, crowned or".

paragraph: According to Worthy (1892), the branch of the family "which long flourished in much repute in Woolfardisworthy" seems to have descended from John Hamlyn, fourth son of Richard Hamlyn, of Widecombe, and brother to Robert and Thomas, paternal and maternal ancestors of the Hamlyn family resident at Buckfastleigh in 1892. The first Hamlyn of Woolfardisworthy was William Hamlyn of Mershwell, whose arms, as previously blazoned, were on two shields in painted glass in one of the windows at Mershwell, with the date 1540. William Hamlyn was born in 1540, and was buried at Woolfardisworthy in 1597. By his wife, Agnes Yeo, of Stratton, he had a son, William, whose son William, of Mershwell, was baptised at Woolfardisworthy, on the 21st day of October 1579. His son, William Hamlyn, married Gertrude Cary, and was buried in 1708. He had issue by her fourteen children, and at his death his son Zachary Hamlyn succeeded to Mershwell. Zachary recorded his pedigree at the College of Arms but did not carry it further back than the William Hamlyn who was buried at Woolfardisworthy in 1597.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Zachary Hamlyn died on 22 June 1759, aged 82. As requested in his will, he was buried in the chancel of the parish church of Wolfardisworthy, but his mural monument is in Clovelly Church. A fine painting of him by Joseph Highmore (1692–1780) was destroyed in the fire at Clovelly Court in 1789, but an engraving of it (but possibly of his friend the author Samuel Richardson) by James MacArdell (c.1729–1765) exists in the National Portrait Gallery. A relief sculpted portrait bust exists on his mural monument in Clovelly Church. "(See full text on Wikisource of )".

paragraph: Section::::Succession.

paragraph: Zachary Hamlyn died unmarried and without progeny. He designated as his heir to Clovelly and to his other estates, his great-nephew James Hammett (1735–1811), who following the terms of the bequest, in 1760 by Act of Parliament (33 Geo. II c. 15), adopted the arms and surname Hamlyn in lieu of his patronymic. In 1795 he was created a baronet, and thus became known as Sir James Hamlyn, 1st Baronet. He also inherited the estate of Edwinsford in Carmarthenshire from his wife and served as Member of Parliament for Carmarthen 1793–1802, and as Sheriff of Devon 1767-8.

paragraph: Zachary Hamlyn's sister Thomazine Hamlyn had married Richard Hammett of Kennerland in the parish of Clovelly, and had an eldest son Richard Hammett, husband of Elizabeth Risdon and father of James Hammett, his eldest son.

paragraph: Section::::Mural monument.

paragraph: A mural monument to Zachary Hamlyn survives on the north wall of the north aisle of All Saints Church, Clovelly, inscribed as follows:

paragraph: Above is a medallion bust, and an escutcheon showing the arms of Hamlyn: "Gules, a lion rampant ermine crowned or".

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lauder, Rosemary, Devon Families, Tiverton, 2002, pp. 131–136, Rous of Clovelly

description: British lawyer

wikidata_label: Zachary Hamlyn

wikipedia_title: Zachary Hamlyn


text:
American football
running back
Indianapolis Colts
National Football League
Buffalo Bills
2016 NFL Draft
college football
Arkansas
Allen, Texas
Allen High School
Rivals.com
running back
Atlanta Falcons
Michael Turner
college football
Arkansas
Missouri
Kentucky
Alex Collins
Darren McFadden
Felix Jones
2006
2007 season
YouTube
Buffalo Bills
2016 NFL Draft
Denver Broncos
Indianapolis Colts
Arkansas Razorbacks bio
NFL Scouting Combine profile

categories: People from Allen, Texas,Sportspeople from the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex,Living people,Buffalo Bills players,1994 births,Players of American football from Texas,Denver Broncos players,Arkansas Razorbacks football players,American football running backs,New Orleans Saints players

paragraph: Jonathan Williams (running back, born 1994)

paragraph: Jonathan Williams (born February 2, 1994) is an American football running back for the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the fifth round of the 2016 NFL Draft. He played college football at Arkansas.

paragraph: Section::::High school.

paragraph: A native of Allen, Texas, he attended Allen High School, where he collected more than 3,500 rushing yards in his career and scored 39 total touchdowns.

paragraph: Considered a four-star recruit by "Rivals.com", he was rated as the 17th best running back prospect of his class, and drew comparisons to former Atlanta Falcons running back Michael Turner. On November 16, 2011, he committed to play college football at Arkansas, after he had previously been committed to Missouri.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: As a true freshman in 2012, he played in 11 games, and made two starts. He recorded 45 rushes for 231 yards and eight receptions for 208 yards and two touchdowns. He scored his first career touchdown on a 74-yard pass, his first reception of his career, on the first offensive play of the game against Kentucky. As a sophomore in 2013, he played in all 12 games, making 11 starts. He recorded 150 carries for 900 yards, scoring four touchdowns while adding seven receptions for 72 yards and two touchdowns. Teaming with true freshman Alex Collins, they produced Arkansas’ second pair of teammates to each rush for at least 900 yards in the same season. Darren McFadden and Felix Jones were the only previous tandem to do so, achieving the accomplishment in the 2006 and 2007 seasons. In 2014, despite splitting carries with Collins, he rushed for 1,190 yards on 211 carries (5.6 avg) and 12 touchdowns.

paragraph: On December 24, 2014, Williams announced on YouTube in a message to Razorback fans, that he would be returning for his senior season at Arkansas. During summer camp leading into the 2015 season, Williams suffered a foot injury that would force him to miss the entire upcoming regular season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Buffalo Bills.

paragraph: The Buffalo Bills selected Williams in the fifth round (156th overall) of the 2016 NFL Draft. On May 13, 2016, he signed a four-year contract with the Bills.

paragraph: On September 3, 2017, Williams was released by the Bills.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Denver Broncos.

paragraph: On September 5, 2017, Williams was signed to the Denver Broncos' practice squad.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New Orleans Saints.

paragraph: On November 14, 2017, Williams was signed to a two-year deal by the New Orleans Saints off the Broncos' practice squad.

paragraph: On September 1, 2018, Williams was waived by the Saints and was signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on September 8, 2018. He was waived on September 28, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Indianapolis Colts.

paragraph: On October 2, 2018, Williams was signed to the Indianapolis Colts' practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on November 20, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arkansas Razorbacks bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- NFL Scouting Combine profile

description: American football player  - running back, born 1994

wikidata_label: Jonathan Williams


text:
caliph
Umayyad caliphate
Muhammad
Husayn ibn Ali
Second Fitna
AH
Hejaz
Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
Battle of Karbala
Battle of al-Harrah
siege was laid to Mecca
Syria
Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan
Uthman
Maysun
Bahdal ibn Unayf
Banu Kalb
Bedouin
Byzantine Empire
Constantinople
hajj
Mecca
first Islamic civil war
peace treaty
Hasan ibn Ali
Ali
shura
Marwan ibn al-Hakam
Husayn ibn Ali
Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
Abd Allah ibn Umar
Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr
Julius Wellhausen
Bernard Lewis
Muhammad
Walid ibn Utba ibn Abu Sufyan
Amr ibn Said
Abd Allah ibn Abbas
Alid
Muslim ibn Aqil
Basra
Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad
Shi'ite
Muslim ibn Uqba
battle started
Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni
siege to Mecca
Kaaba
Sea of Marmara
Hims
Qinnasrin
Uqba ibn Nafi
Ifriqiya
Berbers
Byzantines
Tangier
Volubilis
Huwwarin
Muawiya II
Sufyanid caliphate
Khalid
Sufyani
Abu Sufyan
Michael Jan de Goeje
G. R. Hawting

categories: 7th-century Umayyad caliphs,People of the Second Fitna,647 births,683 deaths

paragraph: Yazid I

paragraph: Yazīd ibn Mu‘āwiya (; 64612 November 683), commonly known as Yazid I, was the second caliph of the Umayyad caliphate. He ruled for three years from 680 until his death in 683. His appointment was the first hereditary succession in Islamic history and his caliphate was marked by the death of Muhammad's grandson Husayn ibn Ali and the start of the crisis known as the Second Fitna.

paragraph: His nomination in 676 (56 AH) by Muawiya was opposed by several prominent Muslims from Hejaz. Following his accession, after Muawiya's death in 680, Husayn and Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr refused to recognize him and fled to sanctuary in Mecca. When Husayn was on his way to Kufa to lead a revolt against Yazid, he was killed with his small band of supporters by Yazid's forces in the Battle of Karbala. The killing of Husayn led to resentment in Hejaz, where Ibn al-Zubayr centered his opposition to the rule of Yazid, and was supported by many people in Mecca and Medina. After failed attempts to regain the confidence of Ibn al-Zubayr and the people of Hejaz through diplomacy, Yazid sent an army to end the rebellion. The army defeated the Medinese in the Battle of al-Harrah in August 683 and the city was given over to three days of pillage. Later, siege was laid to Mecca, which lasted for several weeks. The siege ended with the death of Yazid in November 683 and the empire fell to civil war.

paragraph: Yazid is considered an illegitimate ruler and a tyrant by many Muslims due to his hereditary succession, the death of Husayn and the attack on the city of Medina by his forces. Modern historians present a milder view of him, and consider him a capable ruler, albeit less successful than his father.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Yazid was born in Syria in 646 to Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, then governor of Syria under Caliph Uthman (), and Maysun, the daughter of Bahdal ibn Unayf, a chieftain of the powerful Banu Kalb tribe. Yazid grew up with his maternal Kalbite tribesmen. Though during his youth he spent his springs in the desert with his Bedouin kin, for the remainder of the year he was in the company of the Greek and native Syrian courtiers of his father, who became caliph in 661. Yazid led several campaigns against the Byzantine Empire and in 670 participated in an attack on Constantinople. He also led the hajj (the annual Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca) on several occasions.

paragraph: Section::::Nomination as caliph.

paragraph: By the end of the first Islamic civil war (August 661), Muawiya became sole ruler of the Caliphate as a result of a peace treaty with Hasan ibn Ali, who had controlled most of the Caliphate following the murder of his father Ali a few months earlier. The terms of the treaty stipulated that Muawiya would not nominate a successor. However, in 676, Muawiya nominated Yazid as his heir. Muawiya and the "shura" (consultation) declared for Yazid in Damascus, where the former had summoned influential people from all provinces to the capital and convinced them one way or another. Muawiya ordered Marwan ibn al-Hakam, then the governor of Medina, to inform the people of Medina of Muawiya's decision. Marwan faced resistance to this announcement, especially from Husayn ibn Ali, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, Abd Allah ibn Umar and Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr. Muawiya went to Medina and pressed the four dissenters to accede, but they fled to Mecca. Muawiya followed and threatened some of them with death, but they still refused to support him. Nonetheless, he was successful in convincing the people of Mecca that the four had pledged their allegiance, and received allegiance for Yazid. On his way back to Damascus, he secured allegiance from the people of Medina as well. Yazid's opponents were silent thereafter. German orientalist Julius Wellhausen doubts the story, while Bernard Lewis writes that the homage was arranged with a mix of diplomacy and bribes and, to a lesser extent, by force.

paragraph: Before dying, Muawiya left Yazid a will, instructing him on matters of governing the empire. He advised him to beware of Husayn and Ibn al-Zubayr, and predicted that the people of Iraq would entice Husayn into rebellion and then abandon him. Yazid was further advised to treat Husayn with caution and not to spill his blood, since he was the grandson of Muhammad. Ibn al-Zubayr, on the other hand, was to be treated harshly, unless he came to terms. Muawiya also advised him to treat the people of the Hejaz well.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Oaths of allegiance.

paragraph: Upon his accession, Yazid requested and received oaths of allegiance from the governors of the Caliphate's provinces. He wrote to his cousin, the governor of Medina, Walid ibn Utba ibn Abu Sufyan, informing him of the death of Muawiya and instructing him to secure allegiance from Husayn ibn Ali, Ibn al-Zubayr and Ibn Umar. The instructions contained in the letter were:

paragraph: Walid sought the advice of Marwan on the matter. Marwan suggested that Ibn al-Zubayr and Husayn should be forced to pay allegiance as they were dangerous, while Ibn Umar should be left alone as he posed no threat. Husayn answered Walid's summon, while Ibn al-Zubayr did not. When Husayn met Walid and Marwan in a semi-private meeting, he was informed of Muawiya's death and Yazid's accession to the caliphate. When asked for his pledge of allegiance to Yazid, Husayn responded that giving his allegiance in private would be insufficient, such a thing should be given in public. Walid agreed, but Marwan interrupted demanding that Husayn be detained until he pledged allegiance. At this, Marwan was scolded by Husayn who then exited unharmed. Husayn had his armed retinue waiting nearby in case the authorities attempted to apprehend him. Immediately following Husayn's exit, Marwan admonished Walid, who in turn rebutted Marwan, justifying his refusal to harm Husayn by stating "On the Day of Resurrection a man who is [responsible] for the blood of Al-Husayn [will weigh] little in the scale of God". Ibn al-Zubayr left for Mecca that night. In the morning Walid sent eighty horsemen after him, but he escaped. Husayn too left for Mecca shortly after, without having sworn allegiance to Yazid. Dissatisfied with this failure, Yazid replaced Walid with Amr ibn Said. Unlike Husayn and Ibn al-Zubayr, Ibn Umar, Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr and Abd Allah ibn Abbas, who had also previously denounced Muawiya's nomination of Yazid, now paid allegiance to him.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Battle of Karbala.

paragraph: In Mecca Husayn received letters from pro-Alid Kufans, inviting him to lead them in revolt against Yazid. Husayn subsequently sent his cousin Muslim ibn Aqil to assess the situation in the city. He also sent letters to Basra, but his messenger was handed over to the governor Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad and killed. Ibn Aqil informed Husayn of the large-scale support he found in Kufa, signaling that the latter should enter the city. Yazid ordered Ibn Ziyad to move to Kufa and execute or imprison Ibn Aqil. Ibn Ziyad brutally suppressed the rebellion and killed Ibn Aqil.

paragraph: Encouraged by Ibn Aqil's letter, Husayn left for Kufa, ignoring warnings from Ibn Umar, Ibn al-Zubayr and Ibn Abbas that the Kufans could not be trusted. On the way to the city, he received the news of Ibn Aqil's death and that the Kufans had changed sides. Nonetheless, Husayn and his companions continued towards Kufa and Ibn Ziyad sent some 4,000 men to counter them. His troops forced them to camp in the desert of Karbala. In the ensuing hostilities on 10 October 680, Husayn and 72 of his male companions were killed, while Husayn's family were taken prisoner. This event caused widespread outcry among the Muslims and the image of Yazid suffered greatly. It also helped crystallize opposition to Yazid into an anti-Umayyad movement based on Alid aspirations, and contributed to the development of Shi'ite identity.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Revolt of Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr.

paragraph: Ibn al-Zubayr started secretly taking oaths of allegiance in Mecca. Upon hearing of this, Yazid sent a silver chain to Ibn al-Zubayr with the intention of pacifying him, but it was refused. Yazid then sent a force led by Ibn al-Zubayr's own brother Amr, who was at odds with Ibn al-Zubayr, to arrest him. This force was defeated and Amr was killed. After Husayn's death at Karbala, Ibn al-Zubayr's influence reached Medina and Kufa. To counter the growing influence of Ibn al-Zubayr in Medina, Yazid invited notables of the city to Damascus and tried to win them over with gifts and presents. The notables were unpersuaded, and on their return to Medina narrated tales of his lavish lifestyle and practices considered by many to be impious, including drinking wine, hunting with hounds, and his love for music. The Medinese renounced their allegiance to Yazid upon hearing these details and expelled the governor and all Umayyads residing in the city. Yazid sent an army of 12,000 men under the command of Muslim ibn Uqba to reconquer Hejaz. By the end of August 683 Ibn Uqba approached Medina and gave the Medinese three days to reconsider, but was refused. When the ultimatum ended, a battle started in which the Medinese were defeated. After plundering the city for three days and forcing the rebels to renew their allegiance, the Syrian army headed for Mecca to subdue Ibn al-Zubayr. According to one account, the city was not plundered, only the leaders of the rebellion were executed. Ibn Uqba died on the way to Mecca and command passed to Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni, who laid siege to Mecca in September 683. The siege lasted for several weeks, during which the Kaaba caught fire. Yazid's sudden death in November 683 ended the campaign and threw the caliphate into disarray and civil war. Ibn al-Zubayr declared himself caliph and Iraq and Egypt came under his rule.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Foreign campaigns.

paragraph: On the foreign front, Yazid discontinued Muawiya's policy of raids against the Byzantine Empire and focused on stabilizing his borders. Islands in the Sea of Marmara were abandoned. Syrian district of Hims was split and the new district of Qinnasrin was formed. He reappointed Uqba ibn Nafi as governor of Ifriqiya, whom Muawiya had deposed. In 681, Uqba launched a large-scale expedition into western Africa. Defeating the Berbers and the Byzantines, Uqba reached as far as the Atlantic coast and captured Tangier and Volubilis. Despite his successes, he was unable to establish a permanent hold on these territories. On his return eastward, he was ambushed and killed by a Berber-Byzantine force, resulting in the loss of the conquered territories.

paragraph: Section::::Death and succession.

paragraph: Yazid died on 12 November 683 at Huwwarin, aged between 35 and 39. His son Muawiya II, whom he had nominated, became caliph. His control was limited to just some parts of Syria however, and he died after a few months from an unknown illness. Some early sources state that Muawiya II abdicated before his death. In any case, Marwan ibn Hakam became caliph afterwards and the Sufyanid caliphate came to an end. According to Wellhausen, the story of abdication by Muawiya II is likely a Marwanid fabrication, since they had sidelined Sufyanids despite there being a pact that Yazid's second son Khalid will succeed Marwan. Supporters of Sufyanids were unhappy about the development and thus arose the idea of Sufyani, a descendant of Abu Sufyan who would restore the Sufyanid power in Syria.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Yazid is considered an evil figure by many Muslims, especially by Shi'ites. He was the first person in the history of the caliphate to be nominated as heir based on a blood relationship, and this became a tradition afterwards. He is considered a tyrant who was responsible for three major crimes during his caliphate: the death of Husayn ibn Ali and his followers at the Battle of Karbala, considered a massacre; the aftermath of the Battle of al-Harrah, in which the troops of Yazid's general, Muslim ibn Uqba, pillaged the town of Medina; and the burning of the Kaaba during the siege of Mecca, which was blamed on Yazid's commander Husayn ibn Numayr. Moreover, because of his habits of drinking, dancing and hunting, and keeping pet animals such as dogs and monkeys, he is considered to have been impious and unworthy of leading the Muslim community.

paragraph: Despite his reputation in religious circles, academic historians generally portray a more favourable view of Yazid. According to Wellhausen, Yazid was a mild ruler, who resorted to violence only when necessary, and was not a tyrant that religious tradition portrays him to be. Michael Jan de Goeje describes him as "a peace-loving, generous prince". According to G. R. Hawting, he tried to continue the diplomatic policies of his father. But, unlike Muawiya, he was not successful in winning over the opposition with gifts and bribes. In the view of Bernard Lewis, Yazid was a capable ruler but was overly criticized by later Arab historians.

description: Umayyad caliph

wikidata_label: Yazid I

wikipedia_title: Yazid I


text: First Saudi State

text: Emirate of Nejd

text: House of Saud

text: Saud

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Mecca

text: Medina

text: Ibrahim Pasha

text: Muhammad Ali

text: Najd

text: Diriyah

text: Al Saud

text: Constantinople

text: the Ottoman authorities

text: Constantinople

text: Mahmud II

text: Ibrahim Pasha

text: Mohammad Ali

text: Diriyah

text: beheaded

text: Wahhabi

text: lute

categories: House of Saud,19th-century executions by the Ottoman Empire,People of the Wahhabi War,Executed monarchs,Year of birth missing,1818 deaths,People executed by the Ottoman Empire by decapitation,Executed Saudi Arabian people

paragraph: Abdullah bin Saud

paragraph: Abdullah bin Saud () (died 1818) ruled the First Saudi State from 1814 to 1818. He was the last ruler of the First Saudi State and was executed by the Ottomans. Although the Ottomans maintained several garrisons in Najd thereafter, they were unable to prevent the rise of the Emirate of Nejd (the 2nd Saudi state) from another branch of the House of Saud under Turki bin Abdallah bin Muhammad bin Saud.

paragraph: Section::::Fall of the First Saudi State.

paragraph: He succeeded his father – Saud. Saud had initiated a war with the Ottoman Empire with the capture of Mecca and Medina. Because of his father's conquest, Abdullah immediately had to face an invasion of his domains by an Ottoman-Egyptian army under the command of Ibrahim Pasha, the son of Muhammad Ali. The Ottoman forces began their campaign by quickly recapturing Mecca and Medina. Heavily outnumbered and under-equipped, the Saudi forces retreated to their stronghold of Najd.

paragraph: Rather than engage the invaders in open battle, Abdullah decided to attempt to weather the invasion by fortifying his forces in the Najd towns. As a result, Ibrahim took the villages of Najd one by one, sacking any town that resisted. Ibrahim finally reached the Saudi capital at Diriyah. After a siege that lasted several months, Abdullah finally surrendered in the winter of 1818, marking the end of the Saudi state. Ibrahim systematically razed Diriyah to the ground and sent many members of the Al Saud clan into captivity in Egypt and Constantinople, the Ottoman Empire. Abdullah himself was promptly executed in Constantinople at the order of the Ottoman Sultan.

paragraph: Section::::Reasons for his execution.

paragraph: In 1801, the tomb of Hazrat Husayn was destroyed by the army of Abdullah bin Saud, causing anger among the Shiite Muslims. Additionally, there were stories spread upon some people that many people in Islam's holiest cities of Makkah and Madina were killed by his army in the same year. As a result, the Ottoman authorities found themselves in a situation that they had to punish the Saudis for their crimes. The guardian of Islam's religious places was the Turkish-Ottoman Caliph in Constantinople, Mahmud II. Mahmud II ordered that an Egyptian force be sent to the Arabian Peninsula to defeat Abdullah bin Saud and his allies. In 1818, an Egyptian army led by Ibrahim Pasha (Mohammad Ali's son) completely destroyed Abdullah's forces and took their capital, Diriyah in Najd. Abdullah bin Saud was captured along with two of his Wahhabi supporters. They were then sent to prison in Constantinople. Abdullah and his two followers were publicly beheaded for their crimes against holy cities and mosques. Prior to his execution, bin Saud, a Wahhabi who forbade to listen music, was forced to listen to the lute.

alias:
Abdullah ibn Saud
Abdullah I ibn Saud II
Imam Abdullah bin Saud

description: fourth ruler of the Saudi State

wikidata_label: Abdullah bin Saud Al Kabeer

wikipedia_title: Abdullah bin Saud


text:
Theuderic II
Burgundy
Austrasia
Brunhilda
Warnachar
mayor of the palace
Clotaire II
Neustria
Rado
Aisne
Patrician
Lake Neuchâtel

categories: Medieval child rulers,Rulers who died as children,Merovingian kings,601 births,Frankish kings of Burgundy,613 deaths,7th-century murdered monarchs

paragraph: Sigebert II

paragraph: Sigebert II (601–613) or Sigisbert II, was the illegitimate son of Theuderic II, from whom he inherited the kingdoms of Burgundy and Austrasia in 613. However, he fell under the influence of his great-grandmother, Brunhilda. Warnachar, mayor of the palace of Austrasia had Sigebert brought before a national assembly, where he was proclaimed king by the nobles over both his father's kingdoms. However, when the kingdom was invaded by Clotaire II of Neustria, Warnachar and Rado, mayor of the palace of Burgundy, betrayed Sigebert and Brunhilda and joined with Clotaire, recognising Clotaire as rightful regent and guardian of Sigebert and ordering the army not to oppose the Neustrians. Brunhilda and Sigebert met Clotaire's army on the Aisne, but the Patrician Aletheus, Duke Rocco, and Duke Sigvald deserted her host and Brunhilda and Sigebert were forced to flee, before being taken by Clotaire's men at Lake Neuchâtel. Brunhilda, little Sigebert and Sigebert's younger brother Corbo were executed by Clotaire's orders, and Austrasia and Neustria were reunited under Clotaire's rule, who now ruled the entire kingdom of the Franks.

description: King of Burgundy

wikidata_label: Sigebert II

wikipedia_title: Sigebert II


text:
occult
tarot divination
tarot
astrology
classical element
four humors
Paris
maître rôtisseur
piquet
tarot divination
Court de Gébelin
arcane wisdom
Egyptian
Egyptian
Book of Thoth
Major
Minor Arcana
four elements
astrology
Arthur Edward Waite
Eliphas Levi

categories: 18th-century occultists,French occultists,Cartomancy,1791 deaths,1738 births,Tarot readers

paragraph: Etteilla

paragraph: "Etteilla", the pseudonym of Jean-Baptiste Alliette (28 August 1738 – 12 December 1791), was the French occultist who was the first to popularise tarot divination to a wide audience (1785), and therefore the first professional tarot occultist known to history who made his living by card divination. Etteilla published his ideas of the correspondences between the tarot, astrology, and the four classical elements and four humors, and was the first to issue a revised tarot deck specifically designed for occult purposes (1791).

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Aside from the birth certificate recording his birth in Paris in 1738, very little is known about Jean-Baptiste Alliette's youth. His father was a maître rôtisseur, a caterer, and his mother was a seed merchant. He married Jeanne Vattier in 1763, a marriage that lasted half a decade, during which he worked as a seed merchant, before publishing his first book, "Etteilla, ou manière de se récréer avec un jeu de cartes" ("Etteilla, or a Way to Entertain Yourself With a Deck of Cards") in 1770. "Etteilla" is simply the reverse of his surname.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: "Etteilla, ou manière de se récréer avec un jeu de cartes" was a discourse on the usage of regular playing cards (the piquet deck, a shortened deck of 32 cards used in gaming, with the addition of an "Etteilla" card). Features included the "spread", or disposition on the table, and strictly assigned meanings to each card both in regular and in reversed positions, characteristics that are still central to tarot divination today. In his preface, "Etteilla" explained that he had learned his system from an Italian; it remains unclear to what extent his assigned symbology was his own contribution. The book was reprinted the following year. He was working as a printseller, but from this time, approximately, he earned his livelihood by working as a consultant, teacher and author.

paragraph: In 1781 the French Swiss Protestant clergyman and occultist Antoine Court who named himself Court de Gébelin published in his massive work "Le Monde primitif" his idea that the Tarot was actually an ancient Egyptian book of arcane wisdom. There is no evidence to support the notion that tarot has an Egyptian lineage, but in the stir that followed, Etteilla responded with another book, "Manière de se récréer avec le jeu de cartes nommées Tarots" ("How to Entertain Yourself With the Deck of Cards Called Tarot") in 1785. It was the first book of methods of divination by Tarot. In it Etteilla claimed that he had been introduced into the art of cartomancy in 1751, long before the appearance of Court de Gebelin's work.

paragraph: In 1788 he formed 'Société des Interprètes du Livre de Thot', a group of French-speaking correspondents through which he continued to disseminate his teachings.

paragraph: By 1790, he was interpreting the hermetic wisdom of the Egyptian "Book of Thoth": "Cour théorique et pratique du Livre du Thot", that included his reworkings of what would later be called the "Major" and "Minor Arcana", as well as the introduction of the four elements and astrology. Towards the end of his life Etteilla produced a special deck for divination that syncretized his ideas with older forms of French cartomancy, the first deck of cards specifically designed for occult purposes.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur Edward Waite

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eliphas Levi

description: French occultist

wikidata_label: Etteilla

wikipedia_title: Etteilla


text:
nobleman
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Baroque
sarmatian
Węgrzynowice
Tomaszów Mazowiecki County
Jesuit
Hetman
Stefan Czarniecki
Sweden
Danish
Moscow
diplomatic mission
Lubomirski rebels
Turks
Lesser Poland
John II Casimir
Michael Korybut
John III Sobieski
Swedish Empire
Swedish invasion of Poland
Transylvania
Muscovy
Russo-Polish War (1654–67)
Lubomirski's Rebellion
Denmark
Smolensk
Jutland
Gdańsk
Vienna
Danes
Kraków
Lesser Poland
infamia
serfdom
peasant
social class
Sarmatism
Niedzieliska, Lesser Poland Voivodeship
lyric poetry
panegyric
Battle of Vienna
Battle of Basya
John II Casimir
Stefan Czarniecki
Epos
Sarmatian Poland
Adam Mickiewicz
Juliusz Słowacki
Henryk Sienkiewicz
Teodor Jeske-Choiński
Zygmunt Krasiński
Józef Ignacy Kraszewski
Witold Gombrowicz
Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł
Wacław Potocki
Pasek's Otter
Jan Chryzostom Pasek

categories: Polish male writers,People from Tomaszów Mazowiecki County,Polish nobility,1636 births,Polish-language writers,1701 deaths

paragraph: Jan Chryzostom Pasek

paragraph: Jan Chryzostom Pasek (c. 1636–1701) was a Polish nobleman and writer during the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He is best remembered for his memoirs ("Pamiętniki"), which are a valuable historical source about Baroque sarmatian culture and events in the Commonwealth.

paragraph: Born in Węgrzynowice (now in Tomaszów Mazowiecki County) in 1636, into a petty noble family, Pasek attended a Jesuit school. He later enlisted in the army at age 19 and for 11 years he was a soldier in the Polish military, where he fought in the campaigns under Hetman Stefan Czarniecki against Sweden. In the Danish campaign, he took part in peace negotiations with Moscow (where he was a member of the diplomatic mission). He also fought against Lubomirski rebels and the Turks. In 1667 he married and retired to his estate in Lesser Poland. Lawsuits that arose from his various excesses and conflicts with neighbours eventually resulted in him being exiled, however, the sentence was never enforced.

paragraph: Section::::Literary output.

paragraph: Towards the end of his life Pasek wrote an autobiographical diary, "Pamietniki", a copy of which was found in 18th century and printed in 1821, making him posthumously famous. In his memoirs, he depicts in vivid language the everyday life of a Polish noble ("Szlachcic"), both during wartime and peace, with valuable batallistic scenes. He mentions the tales of the 17th-century Swedish and Muscovite wars, the catastrophic last years of the reign of King John II Casimir (1648–68), the incompetent rule of King Michael Korybut (1669–73), and concludes his narrative with the splendid reign of King John III Sobieski (1674–96). Since a number of opening pages of the first part is missing, it is now impossible to establish when Pasek begins his story. Furthermore, as he wrote the diary many years after these conflicts, he frequently mistook some historic events and incorporated incorrect dates.

paragraph: The diary is divided into two parts. First covers the years 1655–1666, describing wars with the Swedish Empire (Swedish invasion of Poland), Transylvania, Muscovy (Russo-Polish War (1654–67)) and Lubomirski's Rebellion. Also, Pasek describes the Polish army raid over Denmark (1658–1659). Altogether, Pasek fought in large parts of Europe, from Smolensk to Jutland, and from Gdańsk to Vienna. Pasek colourfully writes about the military life, showing soldiers primary motivations, like curiosity, desire of fame and loot, and disregard for deep religious messages; for example, he describes Polish soldiers stealing prayer books from faithful Danes during a service at a Lutheran church in Denmark.

paragraph: The second part of the book covers the years 1667–1688, when Pasek settled down in his village near Kraków in Lesser Poland. He describes his peacetime activities, conveniently missing some compromising facts, such as court orders, sentencing him to infamia. Also, he did not object serfdom and peasant social class oppression. Representing late Sarmatism culture, he views the "szlachta" social class as the only real representative of Poland. Pasek died on 1 August 1701 in the village of Niedzieliska, Lesser Poland Voivodeship.

paragraph: Pasek utilised different genres, such as:

paragraph: BULLET::::- lyric poetry (in a farewell to his beloved horse Deresz)

paragraph: BULLET::::- panegyrics (describing the victory in the Battle of Vienna and the Battle of Basya)

paragraph: BULLET::::- letters of King John II Casimir and Hetman Stefan Czarniecki

paragraph: BULLET::::- speeches and dialogues

paragraph: BULLET::::- popular songs of the era

paragraph: BULLET::::- offensive jokes and mockery of Lithuanian peoples

paragraph: Furthermore, he used everyday language and swear words. His diary has sometimes been called the “Epos of Sarmatian Poland”, and inspired a number of 19th and 20th century Polish writers, such as Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki, Henryk Sienkiewicz, Teodor Jeske-Choiński, Zygmunt Krasiński, Józef Ignacy Kraszewski and Witold Gombrowicz.

paragraph: In 1896 the part of Pasek's memoirs that describes the Polish army campaign in Denmark was translated to Danish by Stanisław Rosznecki and published as the book ("The Poles in Denmark 1659").

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wacław Potocki

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Denkwürdigkeiten des Johann Chrysostomus Passek, Graf Eduard Raczynski, deutsch von Dr. Gustav A. Stenzel,Verlag Josef Max, Breslau 1858

paragraph: BULLET::::- Slavische Geschichtsschreiber Band VI - Die goldene Freiheit der Polen, Verlag Styria Graz Wien Köln 1967.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pasek's Otter at the Wilanów Palace Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jan Chryzostom Pasek biography on Culture.pl

description: Polish noble

wikidata_label: Jan Chryzostom Pasek

wikipedia_title: Jan Chryzostom Pasek


text:
Queen of England
Edward the Confessor
Vita Ædwardi Regis
Godwin
Gytha
Ulf
Cnut the Great
Sweyn
Harold
Tostig
Gyrth
Leofwine
Wulfnoth
Godwin children
Wilton Abbey
Gunhild of Wessex
Giso
Bishop of Wells
Abingdon Abbey
Saint-Riquier
Battle of Stamford Bridge
Battle of Hastings
Frank Barlow
goldsmith
Domesday Book
Stigand
Archbishop of Canterbury
Harold
Tostig
Earl of Northumbria
Northumbria
Harold Godwinson
Battle of Stamford Bridge
Battle of Hastings
Tostig
Gyrth
Leofwine
Wulfnoth
William the Conqueror
Norman conquest
Carola Hicks
Bayeux Tapestry
St Kenelm
Goscelin
Matthew Paris
Westminster Abbey
House of Wessex family tree
Barlow, Frank
Stafford, Pauline

categories: 1020s births,11th-century English women,1075 deaths,11th-century English people,Anglo-Saxon women,House of Wessex,House of Godwin,Burials at Westminster Abbey,Viking Age women,Anglo-Saxon royal consorts

paragraph: Edith of Wessex

paragraph: Edith of Wessex ( 1025 – 18 December 1075) was a Queen of England. Her husband was Edward the Confessor, whom she married on 23 January 1045. Unlike most English queens in the 10th and 11th centuries, she was crowned. The principal source on her life is a work she herself commissioned, the "Vita Ædwardi Regis" or the "Life of King Edward who rests at Westminster", which is inevitably biased.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Edith was the daughter of Godwin, the most powerful earl in England. Her mother Gytha was sister of Ulf, a Danish earl who was Cnut the Great's brother-in-law. Edith was originally named Gytha, but renamed Ealdgyth (or Edith) when she married King Edward the Confessor. Her brothers were Sweyn (c. 1020 – 1052), Harold (later Harold II) (c. 1022 – 1066), Tostig (c. 1026 – 1066), Gyrth (c. 1030 – 1066), Leofwine (c. 1035 – 1066), and Wulfnoth (c. 1040 – 1094). Edith was the firstborn of Godwin's three daughters, which included her sisters Gunhild (or Gunhilda) (c. 1035 – 1080) and Ælfgifu (c. 1035 – ?). The exact birthdates of the Godwin children are unknown, but Sweyn was the firstborn and Harold was the second son. Harold was aged about 25 in 1045, which makes his birth date around 1020.

paragraph: Edith was brought up at Wilton Abbey. She was an educated woman who spoke several languages, skills she probably acquired at Wilton. She remained attached to it, and in later years rebuilt its church. Her niece, Gunhild of Wessex, would also be educated at Wilton.

paragraph: The "Vita Edwardi" emphasised her piety. She helped Giso, the Bishop of Wells, secure the endowments of his see, and gave lands to Abingdon Abbey, but the monks of Evesham alleged that she had the relics of many monasteries brought to Gloucester so that she could select the best for herself. When Gervin, abbot of Saint-Riquier, who was visiting the English court, rejected her kiss of greeting, she took offence. Edward reproved her, and she accepted the rebuff, even going on to urge English churchmen not to kiss women, although they did not object to the custom.

paragraph: Edith lost four of her brothers in a very short span. Tostig died on 25 September 1066 during the Battle of Stamford Bridge. Three others – Harold, Gyrth, and Leofwine – all died on 14 October 1066, during the Battle of Hastings.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and life as queen.

paragraph: Stafford states (p. 124) that Edith was between 12 and 25 when she married, and probably nearer 25. The marriage produced no children. Later ecclesiastical writers claimed that this was either because Edward took a vow of celibacy, or because he refused to consummate the marriage because of his antipathy to Edith's family, the Godwins. However, this is dismissed by modern historians. In the view of Edward's biographer, Frank Barlow, "the theory that Edward's childlessness was due to deliberate abstention from sexual relations lacks authority, plausibility and diagnostic value."

paragraph: In 1051 Godwin and his sons fell out with Edward and fled the country. Edith was sent to a nunnery, possibly because she was childless and Edward hoped to divorce her. When the Godwins effected their return through force in 1052, Edith was reinstated as queen. In later years, she became one of Edward's inner group of advisers. In the "Vita Edwardi", according to Barlow, "although she is always placed modestly behind the throne, the author does not minimize her power or completely conceal her will. Whenever we catch sight of her elsewhere, we see a determined woman, interfering, hard, probably bad-tempered."

paragraph: As the king's wife, she was responsible for his regal presentation. She commissioned works for his personal ornament, and had at least one goldsmith among her tenants. When he died, the Domesday Book shows that she was the richest woman in England, and the fourth wealthiest individual, after the king, Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, and her brother Harold. She held land valued at between £1,570 and £2,000 per annum.

paragraph: She was close to her brother Tostig, and in 1055 she and Harold secured his appointment as Earl of Northumbria. His rule was unpopular, and in 1064 Edith was accused at court of engineering the murder of the Northumbrian noble Gospatrick in Tostig's interest. In 1065 Tostig was probably hunting with King Edward when the northerners rebelled and elected Morcar, Harold's brother-in-law, as earl. Tostig charged Harold with conspiring with the rebels, a charge which Harold purged himself of with a public oath. Edward demanded that the rebels be suppressed, but to his and Edith's fury Harold and the English thegns refused to enforce the order. Morcar was confirmed as earl and Tostig forced into exile.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and death.

paragraph: Upon Edward's death, on 4 January 1066, he was succeeded by Edith's brother, Harold Godwinson. At the Battle of Stamford Bridge (25 September 1066) and the Battle of Hastings (14 October 1066), Edith lost four of her remaining brothers (Tostig, Harold, Gyrth and Leofwine). Her brother Wulfnoth, who had been given to Edward the Confessor as a hostage in 1051 and soon afterwards became a prisoner of William the Conqueror, remained in captivity in Normandy. Edith was therefore the only senior member of the Godwin family to survive the Norman conquest on English soil, the sons of Harold having fled to Ireland.

paragraph: Carola Hicks, an art historian, has recently put her forward as a candidate for the author of the Bayeux Tapestry.

paragraph: After Edward's death Edith read the lives of English saints, and gave information about St Kenelm to his hagiographer, Goscelin. She died at Winchester on 18 December 1075. Matthew Paris records a tradition that her death brought an end to an illness from which she had been suffering at some length. She was buried together with her husband in Westminster Abbey and her funeral was arranged by William. The northern author of the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", Manuscript D, reports:

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- House of Wessex family tree

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barlow, Frank (1997) "Edward the Confessor", Yale University Press: London

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stafford, Pauline (1997). "Queen Emma and Queen Edith: Queenship and Women's Power in Eleventh-Century England", Blackwell

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stafford, Pauline (2009). 'Edith, Edward's Wife and Queen', pp. 129–138 in Richard Mortimer ed., "Edward the Confessor: The Man and the Legend", The Boydell Press

description: Queen Consort of England

wikidata_label: Edith of Wessex

wikipedia_title: Edith of Wessex


text:
cricketer
England cricket team
Test matches
the Ashes
amateur cricketer
Minor Counties
Berkshire
first-class cricket
Cambridge University
Kent
fielder
Reading, Berkshire
Uppingham School
Wisden's
Cricketers of the Year
Pembroke College, Cambridge
centuries
Oxford University
County Cricket
Arthur Carr
fashionable society
Reading, Berkshire
first eleven
Oakham School
Uppingham School
batting averages
Cricketers of the Year
Wisden Cricketers' Almanack
Lord's Cricket Ground
Pembroke College, Cambridge
Cambridge
Essex
University Match
Oxford
Gentlemen v Players
Minor Counties cricket
Berkshire
amateur
Scarborough Festival
Archie MacLaren
The Cricketer
not out
Arthur Carr
Frank Mann
off side
Sydney Pardon
R. E. Foster
fives
rugby union
goalkeeper
hockey
Marylebone Cricket Club
Archie MacLaren
Western Australia
South Australia
Victoria
New South Wales
Frank Iredale
Kent County Cricket Club
club level
The Oval
the Ashes
Yorkshire
sixes
deliveries
Wilfred Rhodes
Arthur Gilligan
Queensland
half century
Monty Noble
Percy Fender
The Oval
pitch affected by rain
Jack Hobbs
Herbert Sutcliffe
George V
Stanley Baldwin
Ted McDonald
Frank Woolley
Douglas Jardine
Bill Woodfull
gully
follow-on
declare an innings closed
Patsy Hendren
six
run out
George Geary
Harold Larwood
Bert Ironmonger
number eleven
Bill Ferguson
Jack White
Sussex
Pelham Warner
stone
Donald Bradman
Gubby Allen
Martin Donnelly
Bob Wyatt
bails
Lord Tennyson
number ten in the order
Neville Cardus
R. C. Robertson-Glasgow
Quidnuncs
Arthur Gilligan
Bert Oldfield
wicket-keeper
E. W. Swanton
deep
gully or silly point
Tom Lowry
Somerset
society

categories: 1900 births,L. H. Tennyson's XI cricket team,Sportspeople from Reading, Berkshire,Cambridge University cricketers,1961 deaths,England Test cricket captains,Kent cricket captains,Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers,Berkshire cricketers,English cricketers of 1919 to 1945,People educated at Uppingham School,Free Foresters cricketers,Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge,Kent cricketers,Minor Counties cricketers,England Test cricketers,North v South cricketers,English cricketers,Gentlemen cricketers,Wisden Cricketers of the Year

paragraph: Percy Chapman

paragraph: Arthur Percy Frank Chapman (3 September 1900 – 16 September 1961), usually known as Percy Chapman, was an English cricketer who captained the England cricket team between 1926 and 1931. A left-handed batsman, he played 26 Test matches for England, captaining the side in 17 of those games. Chapman was appointed captain for the final, decisive Test of the 1926 series against Australia; under his captaincy, England defeated Australia to win the Ashes for the first time since 1912. An amateur cricketer, Chapman played Minor Counties cricket for Berkshire and first-class cricket for Cambridge University and Kent. Never a reliable batsman, Chapman nevertheless had a respectable batting record. He could score runs very quickly and was popular with spectators. As a fielder, contemporaries rated him extremely highly. Although opinions were divided on his tactical ability as a captain, most critics accepted he was an inspirational leader.

paragraph: Born in Reading, Berkshire and educated at Uppingham School, Chapman established a reputation as a talented school cricketer and was named one of "Wisden's" schoolboy Cricketers of the Year in 1919. He went to Pembroke College, Cambridge and represented the University cricket team with great success; his fame reached a peak when he scored centuries against Oxford University and in the Gentlemen v Players match within the space of a week. Chapman made his Test debut in 1924, although he had yet to play County Cricket. Having qualified for Kent, he was the surprise choice to take over from Arthur Carr as England captain in 1926. He achieved victory in his first nine matches in charge but lost two and drew six of his remaining games. Perceived tactical deficiencies and possibly growing concerns over his heavy drinking meant that Chapman was dropped from the team for the fifth Test against Australia in 1930. He captained England on one final tour in 1930–31, after which he never played another Test. After he assumed the Kent captaincy in 1931, his career and physique declined until he resigned the position in 1936; he retired altogether in 1939, by which time he was drinking heavily.

paragraph: Chapman's fame as a cricketer made him a popular public figure; he and his wife, whom he married in 1925, were well known figures in fashionable society and their appearances were followed closely in the press. Outside of cricket, he worked for a brewery. In his later years, Chapman increasingly suffered from the effects of alcoholism and was often seen drunk in public. He and his wife divorced in 1942; he spent his final years, mainly alone, suffering from depression, arthritis and a continued dependence on alcohol. Following a fall at his home and a subsequent operation, Chapman died in 1961, aged 61.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Chapman was born on 3 September 1900 in Reading, Berkshire, the son of Frank Chapman, a schoolteacher, and his wife Bertha Finch. Chapman's father encouraged him to play cricket and coached him personally. Chapman was first educated at his father's preparatory school, Fritham House, and by the age of eight was in the school's first eleven. In September 1910, he joined Oakham School and scored his first century, dominating the cricket and football teams. From 1914 to 1918, he attended Uppingham School. Although his academic performance was undistinguished, he soon established a cricketing reputation. By 1916, he was in the Uppingham first team; he achieved second place in the school's batting averages, bringing him to the attention of the wider public. Chapman improved his record in 1917, scoring 668 runs at an average of 111.33; he hit two fifties, two centuries and a double century in his last five innings.

paragraph: In 1918, Chapman scored 472 runs at 52.44 and took 15 wickets; the following year, he captained the team, scored 637 runs at an average of 70.77 and took 40 wickets. As a consequence of his achievements, he was chosen as one of the Cricketers of the Year for 1919 in "Wisden Cricketers' Almanack". In both 1918 and 1919 he was selected for prestigious school representative matches at Lord's Cricket Ground; although his weak defensive play drew comment, he was regarded as one of the most promising cricketers of his generation when he left Uppingham in 1919.

paragraph: Section::::University cricket.

paragraph: In 1919, Chapman entered Pembroke College, Cambridge. He failed in two trial games, organised prior to the 1920 cricket season to inform the selection of the Cambridge team, and despite his reputation, was omitted from the University's opening first-class match against Essex. But on the day of the match, a player withdrew from the Cambridge team and Chapman replaced him. Making his first-class debut on 15 May 1920, he scored 118 in a rapid innings and kept his place in the team for the remainder of the season. After a century and two fifties, he was selected for the University Match against Oxford. Chapman scored 27 in this final game of the university season to aggregate 613 runs at an average of 40.86, second in the Cambridge batting averages. Unusually for someone in their first year of University cricket, he was subsequently selected for the prestigious Gentlemen v Players match at Lord's. Although not particularly successful with the bat, critics singled him out for his effective fielding. During August, he played second-class Minor Counties cricket for Berkshire as an amateur and headed the team's batting averages; he later appeared in three end-of-season first-class games at the Scarborough Festival where he scored 101 in a Gentlemen and Players game against a bowling attack containing three internationals. In all first-class matches in 1920, Chapman scored 873 runs at 39.68.

paragraph: In 1921, Chapman averaged over 50 for the University and scored three centuries, although his growing reputation meant some critics felt he had underachieved. He once again played in the University match against Oxford, and for the Gentlemen against the Players, and impressed commentators. Some critics suggested he, along with other promising University players, should play for England; the Test side were in the middle of a series against Australia which was lost 3–0, in the course of which an unusually large number of players were selected. Chapman once more appeared for Berkshire in August, scoring 468 runs and taking 19 wickets. At the end of the season, he was selected by Archie MacLaren in a match at Eastbourne, playing for an all-amateur non-representative England team against the undefeated Australian touring team. In a match which became famous in later years, MacLaren's team became the first to defeat the tourists, although Chapman was not successful personally. Chapman finished the season with 954 runs at 39.75.

paragraph: That winter, "The Cricketer" magazine named Chapman as a young cricketer of the year. However, at the beginning of the 1922 season, his form was so poor that critics suggested leaving him out of the University Match. He had scored 300 runs from 14 innings, but retained his place partially on the strength of his fielding. After Cambridge batted very slowly on the first day, Chapman attacked the bowling on the second morning to score 102 not out. Cambridge won easily, concluding Chapman's cricket at the university, but his innings impressed critics to the extent that he was again selected for the Gentlemen v Players match at Lord's. There, he scored 160 and shared century partnerships with Arthur Carr and Frank Mann. Chapman earned praise for his aggression and his stroke-play on the off side. "The Times" described it as "one of the great innings in the history of the game". Shortly after this, Sydney Pardon wrote in "The Times": "In the cricket field the most interesting figure at the moment is, beyond all comparison, Mr. A. P. F. Chapman. A fortnight ago we were all lamenting his ill-success this season and wondering whether he would ever do justice to his great gifts and fulfil the hopes entertained of him in 1920. Most effectually he has put his critics to shame ... he is in such a position that if an England eleven had to meet Australia next week he would be picked at once with acclamation." Prior to this, only R. E. Foster had scored centuries in both the University Match and the Gentlemen v Players match in the same year. Chapman ended his season by scoring 805 runs and taking 19 wickets for Berkshire, and playing in festival games. He aggregated 607 runs at 33.72 in first-class matches for the season.

paragraph: Chapman was popular at Cambridge and enjoyed his time there. He took part in a variety of social engagements and became involved in other sports. These included fives, tennis, rugby union, golf and football. He captained Pembroke College at rugby and was close to playing for the full university side. Chapman continued to play rugby for Berkshire Wanderers until he was nearly 30 years old. Also for Pembroke, he played as goalkeeper in the football team and might have played for the university at hockey had he taken the sport seriously. In later years, he also displayed proficiency at tennis, in which critics thought he could have reached a high standard if motivated to do so, and golf.

paragraph: Section::::Cricket career in the mid-1920s.:MCC tour to Australia and New Zealand.

paragraph: During the English winter of 1922–23, the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) selected a team to tour Australia and New Zealand. This side, captained by Archie MacLaren and composed mainly of amateurs, was not particularly strong and contained several players chosen for their social standing rather than cricketing ability. The team played four first-class games in Australia against state teams; the first was drawn and the others were lost. After scores of 75 and 58 against Western Australia, Chapman played consecutive innings of 53, 73 and 69 against South Australia and Victoria, followed by 100 in the most eagerly awaited match of the tour against a strong New South Wales side. The press and public praised his attacking batting and his fielding, although Frank Iredale, a former Test cricketer, noticed some flaws in his technique. When the team moved on to New Zealand, after an uncertain start Chapman scored 533 runs at an average of 48.45, including two centuries. The tourists returned to Australia for the last leg of the tour; Chapman scored 91 against New South Wales and 134 in 142 minutes against South Australia. In all the Australian games, he totalled 782 runs at 65.16; in all the matches on tour he had 1,315 runs at an average of 57.15.

paragraph: Section::::Cricket career in the mid-1920s.:Qualifying for Kent.

paragraph: When Chapman returned to England, he began to work for a brewery based in Kent, H & G Symonds; his residence in that county allowed him to qualify for Kent County Cricket Club. There were few opportunities for Chapman to appear in first-class cricket until he qualified. His cricket was mainly restricted to club level in 1923, with some further games for Berkshire. In addition, he played 12 first-class games for a variety of teams; he was selected for the Gentlemen v Players matches at Lord's and The Oval, scoring 83 in the latter game, and played in two trial matches for players on the verge of England selection, although no Tests were played that year. In total, he scored 615 first-class runs at 29.28.

paragraph: The focus of attention during the 1924 season was selection of a team to contest the Ashes during a Test-playing tour of Australia the following winter. Critics regarded Chapman as a certainty for the team. Continuing to play as an amateur, he made his first appearance for Kent in a non-Championship match, as he was still qualifying, and was very successful in early season club matches. That summer, England played South Africa in a Test series and Chapman was selected for a trial game before the first Test. He scored 64 not out and 43 for "The Rest", and following the withdrawal of a batsman owing to injury before the first Test, Chapman made his Test debut against South Africa on 14 June. He became one of the few cricketers to represent England while playing for a minor county rather than a team playing in the County Championship. Chapman batted once and scored eight runs; he drew praise from "Wisden" for an "amazing" catch on the last day as South Africa were heavily beaten. He retained his place for the second Test but did not bat: only four English batsmen were needed in the game which the home side won by an innings. Although selected for the third game, Chapman did not play owing to a motorbike accident. He was not seriously hurt but missed the remainder of the Test series and the Gentlemen v Players game at Lord's. Upon recovering, he returned to play for Berkshire without much success and played several festival games at the end of the season. By this stage, he had already been selected to tour Australia. In the final match of the season, he was selected for "The Rest" to play the County Champions, Yorkshire. He scored 74 in 50 minutes and hit three sixes, two of them from consecutive deliveries from Wilfred Rhodes. This was his highest score of the season, in which he made 561 first-class runs at 31.16.

paragraph: Section::::Cricket career in the mid-1920s.:Second tour to Australia.

paragraph: The MCC team to Australia was led by Arthur Gilligan. In the opening matches, Chapman was cheered by the crowds who remembered his achievements on the last tour, but failed to make any significant scores. His first big innings came against Victoria; he made 72 runs out of 111 scored while he was batting and played a large part in a win for the MCC. Against Queensland in the following match, he scored 80 in 70 minutes and then hit 93 against a representative Australian XI. He was selected for the first four Tests of the five-match series. Batting aggressively, he made several substantial scores but only once passed fifty— in the third Test, he scored 58, his first Test half century. During the same Test, Gilligan strained a muscle while bowling and had to leave the field; Chapman took over as captain. England lost the first three matches, giving Australia an insurmountable lead in the series, but won the fourth. Chapman was left out of the side for the final Test. In the series, he scored 185 runs at an average of 30.83, and critics were divided as to his ability and effectiveness. The former Australian captain Monty Noble believed Chapman could be a good batsman if he curbed his aggression but "The Cricketer" considered his technique to be faulty. "Wisden" did not judge Chapman a complete failure and noted that he "made useful scores at times". In all first-class games, Chapman scored 625 runs at 34.72. Although Chapman had a mixed time on the cricket field, the tour was a success for him socially.

paragraph: Now qualified to play county cricket for Kent, Chapman played only four times in the County Championship in 1925, preferring to establish himself in his new career in the brewery trade. Not sufficiently wealthy to play cricket full-time as an amateur, Chapman's business commitments frequently restricted his appearances on the cricket field. During his limited first-class appearances in 1925, he scored 207 runs at 25.87 and "Wisden" said that he "did nothing out of the common".

paragraph: Section::::England captain.

paragraph: Section::::England captain.:Ashes series of 1926.

paragraph: By the beginning of the 1926 season, Chapman was no longer the star of English cricket. Although still respected for his earlier achievements, he had a modest record in Test and first-class cricket. During the season, the Australians toured England for another Ashes series. Chapman did not play any early season games and his first match for Kent was against the touring side. He scored 51, his first first-class fifty since January 1925. A week later, he scored 159 in the County Championship, bringing him back into contention for an England place, then scored 89 in a Test trial match played against the Australians. Chapman's appearances for Kent were sporadic for the rest of the season, but he scored 629 runs in his nine County Championship games at an average of 57.18 to lead the Kent averages. He also scored a century for the Gentlemen against the Players at Lord's.

paragraph: Early in the season, Arthur Carr was named as England captain for the start of the series; Carr was a popular choice and the only other serious contender at the time was Percy Fender. Chapman played in two of the three trial matches and was chosen for the first Test but did not bat in a match ruined by rain. The second Test was drawn but Chapman scored fifty. Australia dominated most of the third Test but England saved the game; Chapman scored 15 and 42 not out in the match. However, Carr's tactical approach during the match was heavily criticised and he dropped a crucial catch on the first morning. Chapman was omitted from the side for the fourth Test, but fielded as substitute when Carr became ill during the game.

paragraph: As the first four matches of the series were drawn, the final Test, played at The Oval, was decisive. Aware that England had beaten Australia only once in 19 matches, the selectors made several changes to the team; Chapman, at the time fourth in the national batting averages, replaced Carr as captain. This decision was controversial; the press favoured Carr, particularly as Chapman was young, unproven as captain and not fully established in the team. When the match began on 14 August, Chapman won the toss and decided that England should bat first. When it was his turn to bat, he was given a good reception by the crowd. During his innings, "Wisden" noted, Chapman "hit out in vigorous fashion", but once he was dismissed for 49, the remaining batsmen were out quickly, leaving England with a disappointing total of 280. Australia replied with 302. On a pitch affected by rain, England then scored 436, mainly because of a large partnership between opening batsmen Jack Hobbs and Herbert Sutcliffe. Australia needed to score 415 to win, which was unlikely given the condition of the pitch. The team were bowled out for 125, and at least one of Chapman's tactical decisions resulted in Australia losing a wicket. "Wisden" reported that "not a catch was missed nor was a run given away, the whole England side rising gallantly to the occasion. Naturally a scene of tremendous enthusiasm occurred at the end, the crowd swarming in thousands in front of the pavilion, and loudly cheering the players, both English and Australian." The correspondent also commented "Chapman ... despite lack of experience in leading a first-class team in the field, turned out a very happy nomination for the post of captain, the young amateur, for the most part, managing his bowling with excellent judgement, and in two or three things he did, showing distinct imagination." Throughout the match, Chapman chose to follow his own tactics rather than rely on the veteran players in the team for advice. In the series, he scored 175 runs at 58.33.

paragraph: Section::::England captain.:Aftermath and success.

paragraph: Following the match, Chapman was lauded as a cricketing hero, and among those who sent congratulatory messages were George V and Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin. In all first-class matches in the season, he scored 1,381 runs at an average of 51.14, the first time he had passed four figures in a season. In his history of the England cricket captaincy, Alan Gibson notes that the controversy over Chapman's appointment was soon forgotten following his success. He writes: "English cricket had a new hero who looked the part ... Every selector was a champion!"

paragraph: In its summary of the 1927 season, "Wisden" named him as Kent's best batsman and noted an improvement in his defensive technique. Against Lancashire, who retained the County Championship, he scored 260 in three hours' batting, the highest score of his career. The Lancashire bowling attack included former Australian Test bowler Ted McDonald, regarded as the fastest bowler in the world at the time and feared by most county batsmen. Many critics praised Chapman's innings as one of the best ever played. He was selected to lead the Gentlemen against the Players at Lord's for the first time, and led representative sides in two of the three Test trials held that season; the press judged his captaincy to be good. He totalled 1,387 runs in first-class games at an average of 66.04, the highest aggregate and average of his career. The Kent captaincy became available at the end of the season, but Chapman was not appointed; according to Chapman's biographer, David Lemmon, he was probably approached but was unable to dedicate the necessary time to the position.

paragraph: Chapman was unavailable for the Test series in South Africa in the winter of 1927–28, but was a certainty to lead the MCC team to Australia in 1928–29. The selectors wished him to play more regularly, so he played more often in 1928 than any other season. He began in good form, but was never as effective as in 1927. Although his captaincy continued to be highly regarded, there were concerns in the press over his increasing weight, although these were offset by his impressive fielding in that season's Tests. He captained England to a 3–0 series win over West Indies, who were playing their first Test matches, and scored one fifty. In total, he scored 967 first-class runs at 37.19.

paragraph: As expected, Chapman was named as captain for the Australian tour. The MCC touring team was regarded as a strong one by commentators; the only controversy was the omission of Frank Woolley which was not fully explained. Rumours in later years said that Chapman was responsible for leaving Woolley out as he was jealous of his county teammate, but Lemmon regards this as unlikely.

paragraph: Section::::England captain.:Tour of Australia 1928–29.

paragraph: According to Douglas Jardine's biographer, Christopher Douglas, "[Chapman] hardly put a foot wrong during the tour and, even though he gave Australia their biggest hiding to date, he was and probably remains ... one of the most popular English captains to tour Australia." From the opening games, England followed a strategy of accumulating large totals. For the first Test, to strengthen the team's batting, Chapman and the tour selection committee chose only three specialist bowlers; as the Tests were "timeless"—played to a finish with no time limit—he believed batting to be the key to victory. England batted first and scored 521; Chapman scored 50, but critics believed he should have batted more cautiously. When Australia began their innings, he held a catch from Bill Woodfull in the gully which several observers rated as among the best they had seen. Sydney Southerton, writing of the English fielding, said: "The high note was struck by Chapman himself at Brisbane when, with a catch that will be historic, he dismissed Woodfull ... It is my opinion that catch had a pronounced effect on the course of events in the three subsequent Tests  ... [Chapman's fielding] exercised a most restraining influence on the Australian batsmen." Australia were bowled out for 122; Chapman did not ask Australia to follow-on but batted again, to the crowd's displeasure, and his batsmen relentlessly built up the England lead. When Chapman became the first captain to declare an innings closed in a timeless Test match, Australia needed 742 to win. On a rain-affected pitch, Australia were bowled out for 66; England's win by 675 runs remains in 2016 the largest margin of victory by runs in Tests.

paragraph: Chapman's team won the second Test comfortably after scoring 636 in their first innings, the highest team total in Tests at that time. In the third Test, England began the fourth innings requiring 332 to win on a rain-damaged pitch, a task critics believed impossible. A large opening partnership from Hobbs and Sutcliffe gave England a chance, and Hobbs sent a message to the England dressing room suggesting a tactical change in the batting order. But the team could not find Chapman, who according to Percy Fender, in attendance as a journalist, spent most of his time socialising with guests in the Ladies' Stand. Consequently, the team followed Hobbs' plan without the approval of the captain. England's batsmen took the total to within 14 of victory when the fourth wicket fell. Chapman came in and batted in an unusual way; after attempting some big shots, he played ultra-defensively, possibly in an attempt to allow Patsy Hendren to reach fifty runs before England won. Hendren was out soon after, then Chapman tried to hit a six and was caught. The batsmen continued to play recklessly and a further wicket fell to a run out. Douglas describes the end of the match: "Meanwhile, [England batsman George Geary] was quite unruffled by the sudden upsets. He wound up for the next delivery and thumped it through mid-on for 4, bellowing, 'Dammit, we've done 'em!' It was an appropriate way for a side under Chapman to win the Ashes." England's victory in the third Test ensured the Ashes were retained, and the team also won the fourth Test to take a 4–0 lead in the series.

paragraph: Up to this time, Chapman had enjoyed a harmonious relationship with the Australian crowds. However, in the match against Victoria which followed the fourth Test, the crowd barracked the MCC team when Chapman brought on Harold Larwood, a fast bowler, to bowl against Bert Ironmonger, the number eleven, a tactic regarded as unsporting. As the team returned to the pavilion, Chapman was insulted by members of the crowd in the midst of a minor scuffle. Possibly influenced by these events, he withdrew from the final Test; illness and his poor form may also have been factors. According to Lemmon, it was suggested in later years that Chapman did not play owing to his heavy drinking. In his absence, Australia won the fifth Test. After the fifth day of play and having played both his innings, Jardine left to catch a boat to India, for reasons which are unclear, and Chapman acted as his substitute in the field. Douglas notes that it looked like England "were trying to pull a fast one by picking their strongest batting side (which meant dropping Chapman) without weakening the fielding (since Chapman was Jardine's substitute)." The Australians agreed to the substitution on the condition that Chapman did not field near the batsmen.

paragraph: In the Tests, Chapman scored 165 runs at 23.57, and in all first-class matches he reached 533 runs and averaged 33.31. Southerton summarised his performance: "Chapman himself began well in batting but in the later matches was too prone to lash out at the off ball and, as the tour progressed, the Australian bowlers discovered his weakness." On his captaincy, Southerton wrote: "Chapman captained the side uncommonly well, improving out of all knowledge as the tour progressed." Socially, Chapman enjoyed the tour; he attended many functions and events; Bill Ferguson, the team scorer, only saw him annoyed once on the tour: when his accustomed drink was not waiting for him at a lunch interval.

paragraph: Section::::England captain.:Ashes series of 1930.

paragraph: Following the end of the 1928–29 tour, Chapman did not return to England until July, midway through the cricket season; Jack White and Arthur Carr captained England in his absence. Chapman resumed playing for Kent shortly after his return home but appeared in only seven matches, with a top-score of 28. His season was curtailed when he fell awkwardly while fielding in a match against Sussex at the beginning of August. He also missed the two MCC tours that winter to New Zealand and West Indies, neither of which involved a full-strength team.

paragraph: In 1930, Australia toured England once more. Before the Test series, Chapman was not a unanimous choice among press correspondents; several critics believed he should not be in the team on account of his rapidly increasing weight—former England captain Pelham Warner suggested he needed to lose at least two stone—and concern over his poor batting form. However, Chapman began the season well, impressing commentators with his batting, fielding and captaincy, and was named as England captain for the first Test match. In the first innings, he scored 52 in 65 minutes, and England won the match by 93 runs on the fourth day. The "Wisden" correspondent wrote: "Chapman, with his resources limited, managed his bowling well and himself fielded in dazzling fashion." This was Chapman's sixth successive victory over Australia and he had won all nine of the Tests in which he was captain. However, it was to be his last Test victory.

paragraph: England lost the second Test by seven wickets, and Gibson describes the match as the "turning point in Chapman's fortunes". "Wisden" observed: "Briefly, the Englishmen lost a match, which, with a little discretion on the last day, they could probably have saved." England scored 425 in their first innings, but Donald Bradman hit 254 runs and Australia reached 729 for six declared. When Chapman came in to bat in the second innings, England still trailed by 163 runs and had lost four wickets—a fifth fell soon after. He attacked the bowling immediately, and shared a large partnership with Gubby Allen. When the latter was out, Chapman began to score even faster. He took England into the lead, hitting out at almost every delivery to reach his only Test century after 140 minutes' batting. "Wisden" commented: "It was about this time that, with a little care and thoughtfulness, England might have saved the game ... So far from devoting their energies to defence they continued hitting away, adding another 113 runs in an hour and a quarter afterwards but losing their last five wickets." Chapman was finally dismissed for 121, after batting for 155 minutes and striking 12 fours and 4 sixes. England were all out for 375, leaving Australia needing to score 72 runs to win. Although Chapman held a difficult catch from Bradman which was praised by commentators, Australia won comfortably. Chapman's century made him the first batsman to score centuries at Lord's in the University match, in the Gentlemen v Players game and for England in a Test match; only Martin Donnelly later performed a similar feat, though his Test century was scored for New Zealand. As the Gentlemen v Players match ceased in 1962, the feat will never be repeated.

paragraph: In the immediate aftermath of the game, Chapman was praised for his batting; the team and selectors, rather than Chapman, were blamed for the defeat. However, his captaincy and tactics were later criticised, by Pelham Warner among others. In particular, his placement of fielders and his refusal to play defensively were questioned. Gibson notes that historians regard this match as a turning point in Test matches; afterwards, captains became more concerned to avoid defeat rather than follow Chapman's policy of playing entertaining, attacking cricket whatever the result. Chapman's unwillingness to play for a draw was in later years held up as "the last sporting gesture by an England captain".

paragraph: In the third Test, Bradman made the highest individual score in a Test match by scoring 334 out of Australia's 566. Assisted by rain that shortened the available playing time, England drew the match. Chapman scored 45 in his only innings. The fourth Test match was also badly affected by rain which brought about another draw. Chapman now faced further criticism of his captaincy. His field placings were again queried; Warner noted that Chapman's tactics were poor and that he was slow to react to the opposition. According to cricket writer Leo McKinstry, the selectors lost faith in Chapman on account of his inconsistent, risky batting and his increased tactical shortcomings. However, McKinstry also writes that the selectors and other influential members of the cricketing establishment were privately concerned by Chapman's heavy drinking which they felt was affecting his leadership. There were also rumours that he was drunk during some sessions of the fourth Test. Following an extended meeting of the selectors, Chapman was left out of the side and replaced as captain by Bob Wyatt. The press were united in attacking the decision, praising Chapman's batting and captaincy while denigrating Wyatt's lack of experience. Gibson observes: "In 1930, despite the occasional criticisms, Chapman's position did not seem in any danger. He was still the popular, boyish, debonair hero. He had been having his most successful series with the bat, and as a close fieldsman England still did not contain his equal. He could not seriously be blamed because the English bowlers could not get Bradman out (though this was perhaps more apparent in retrospect than at the time). Wyatt, though nothing was known against him ... was a figure markedly lacking in glamour."

paragraph: In the final Test, Bradman scored another century and England lost the match and series, although Wyatt played a substantial innings, and "Wisden" conceded Chapman could have made little difference except as a fielder. The two men remained friends during and after the controversy. In comparing circumstances of Chapman's appointment with those of his replacement by Wyatt, Gibson writes: "In 1926, England won: in 1930, England lost. That is why the echoes took so long to die down and why the selectors remained villains." He concludes that, even though Wyatt did relatively well, "It does seem, after all these years, an odd decision to have taken." In the series, Chapman scored 259 runs at 43.16. In all first-class cricket, he passed four figures for the final time, reaching 1,027 runs at an average of 29.34.

paragraph: Section::::England captain.:South Africa tour 1930–31.

paragraph: Already chosen as tour captain before the final 1930 Ashes Test, Chapman led an MCC team to a 1–0 series defeat in South Africa the following winter. Several first-choice players were not selected and the team suffered from injuries and illness. Chapman was popular with the crowds but made a poor start to the tour with the bat until he scored more substantially in the lead-up to the Test series. England lost the opening match of the series by 28 runs and the other four were drawn. Needing to win the final match to level the series, England were frustrated when the start of the match was delayed. Chapman won the toss and chose to bowl on a damp pitch which would have favoured his bowlers. However, the umpires discovered the bails were the wrong size and would not start the game until new ones could be made; in the 20 minutes which were lost, the pitch dried out and England lost much of the advantage of bowling first. Chapman made an official protest before leading his team onto the field. In the series, he scored 75 runs at 10.71, and 471 runs at 27.70 in all first-class games. "Wisden" observed that "without finding his full powers as a punishing hitter, Chapman occasionally batted well". Socially, the tour was more successful. Chapman was accompanied by his wife, and his parents joined the tour for a time. He took part in many social events and visited several whiskey firms which were associated with his employers in England.

paragraph: Chapman played no further Test cricket; in 26 Tests, he scored 925 runs at an average of 28.90 and held 32 catches. He captained England in 17 matches, winning nine and losing two with the others drawn. Under him the team achieved seven consecutive victories, equalling the English record, which was not surpassed until 2004. His nine victories came in his first nine games as captain.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.:Kent captain.

paragraph: Although Chapman lost the England captaincy after the South African tour, he became official captain of Kent in 1931, having previously captained the side occasionally. "Wisden" commented that Chapman "exercised an invigorating influence" on the side. Before Chapman assumed the Kent captaincy, the county team was sharply divided along social lines and the amateur leadership was aloof from and often dismissive of the professional players. Members of the team felt that he improved the atmosphere within the side and made the game enjoyable. Critics and players thought that he was past his best by the time he became captain, and already affected by alcoholism, but Chapman was successful as leader. His fielding remained influential. However, his batting form was poor: in 1931, he scored 662 runs at an average of 18.38. Sections of the press thought he should remain England captain, but he was replaced as Test captain by Jardine, who was not a popular choice; the selectors chose Jardine to exercise more discipline on the team than Chapman had done. At the end of the season, Chapman toured Jamaica in a team captained by Lord Tennyson and scored 203 runs in first-class matches at 33.83.

paragraph: Chapman began the 1932 season in good form and appeared fitter than he had for many seasons. There were further calls in the press for him to captain England. Jardine's captaincy in 1931 left critics unimpressed and C. Stewart Caine, the editor of "Wisden", wrote that "the impression appears to be widely entertained that Chapman, were he in [batting] form, would again be given charge of the [England] team." Christopher Douglas believes that the difference between Jardine and Chapman in captaincy style made it harder for the press to accept Jardine. He writes: "Chapman's was just the kind of daredevil approach that is remembered with affection and, even though it was barely a year since he had lost the leadership, his reign was being regarded through rose-coloured specs." However, it is unlikely that the selectors ever considered returning to him. During the season, Chapman scored 951 runs, averaged 29.71, and led Kent to third place in the County Championship for the second year in succession.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.:Decline.

paragraph: In 1933, he scored 834 runs but his average fell to 21.94 and he never again averaged over 23 in any season in which he played regularly. Owing to his increasing weight and lack of physical fitness, he found batting much harder. As his physique declined, he was unable to produce the same batting feats he had managed previously. In the field, although still catching effectively, his inability to chase the ball meant he fielded closer to the batsmen; he also took fewer catches. In both 1934 and 1935, he averaged around 22 with the bat and scored under 800 runs. In 1935, he scored his final first-class century, against Somerset, having not reached the landmark since 1931. Teammates and observers noticed that in the final years of his career, Chapman frequently left the field during matches, and they suspected he was drinking in the pavilion.

paragraph: Chapman played infrequently in 1936, and the captaincy was shared between him and two others. He was reluctant to bat, to the extent of dropping down the batting order to avoid doing so, and his friends believed that his nerve had gone. At the end of the season, he announced that business commitments forced him to give up the captaincy. Over the following three seasons, Chapman played for Kent in three more matches: against the New Zealand touring side in 1937 and in two Championship games in 1938. He also captained a non-representative England XI in a festival game against the New Zealanders in 1937, batting at number ten in the order and scoring 61. His remaining first-class matches were low-profile games against Oxford and Cambridge Universities; he played 13 games in his final three seasons. In his last first-class game, in 1939, he captained MCC against Oxford, scoring 12 and 0. In all first-class cricket, Chapman scored 16,309 runs in 394 matches at an average of 31.97, and held 356 catches. By the time his career ended, his weight had increased even further, and Lemmon believes that he had become an embarrassment to other cricketers. Subsequently, Chapman faded away without much comment.

paragraph: Section::::Technique and critical judgements.

paragraph: Writer Neville Cardus described Chapman as "the schoolboy's dream of the perfect captain of an England cricket eleven. He was tall, slim, always youthful, and pink and chubby of face. His left-handed batting mingled brilliance and grace ... His cricket was romantic in its vaunting energy but classic in shape." While batting, Chapman always tried to attack the bowling; although this meant he made mistakes which resulted in his dismissal, it meant that he could change the course of a game in a short time. Cricket writer R. C. Robertson-Glasgow described him as: "Tall, strong, and lithe, he was a left-handed hitter with orthodox defence, much of which was rendered unnecessary by a vast reach, and an ability to drive good-length balls over the head of mid-off, bowler, and mid-on. His cover-driving, too, was immensely strong." Gibson notes that Chapman's career batting figures were good, but that critics believed that, with his talent, he should have scored more runs. Gibson writes: "When Chapman was going well, he looked quite as good as Woolley [his Kent and England team-mate] at the other end, and in the mid-1920s there was no other English left-hander, possibly no other England batsman at all except Hobbs, of whom that could be said." His increased weight in the 1930s robbed him of confidence and slowed him down to the point where his batting declined. When batting, Chapman usually wore the Quidnuncs cap.

paragraph: Commentators claimed that Chapman was not a subtle captain and lacked tactical astuteness. Even so, his record is better than most others who led England during Chapman's career. Pelham Warner believed that Chapman started well, but that in the later stages of 1930, his tactical sense markedly deteriorated. On the other hand, several of Chapman's contemporaries believed him to be one of the best captains. Arthur Gilligan, one of Chapman's predecessors, considered him to be a model for the role, and Bert Oldfield, who played against Chapman as Australia's wicket-keeper, thought that Chapman possessed an "aptitude" for leadership. Chapman's teams were usually harmonious and his sympathetic handling of his players often brought out the best in them. Writing in 1943, Robertson-Glasgow said: "He knew his men as perhaps no other captain of modern times has known them." Cricket writer E. W. Swanton believes that Chapman's cavalier reputation was misleading in assessing his effectiveness, and that "underlying the boyish facade was both a shrewd cricket brain and the good sense to ask advice from those of greater experience."

paragraph: Robertson-Glasgow described Chapman as among the greatest fielders of all time, and "The Times" observed that "at his best he had been one of the finest fielders ever to play for England". In his earlier years, he fielded in the deep but when he played for Kent and England, he was positioned closer to the batsmen—usually at gully or silly point. "The Cricketer" commented that his "capacious hands made him a brilliant close-to-the-wicket fielder, and some of his catches were miraculous". In his youth, Chapman bowled quite regularly, but his negative experience bowling for Berkshire lessened his enthusiasm, and he did not take it seriously.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Marriage and fame.

paragraph: During May 1921, Chapman met Gertrude ("Beet" or "Beety") Lowry, the sister of Tom Lowry, a cricketer from New Zealand who played for Cambridge and Somerset and went on to captain his country. The couple met again when Chapman toured New Zealand in 1922–23, and became engaged. At the end of the 1924–25 Australia tour, they married and returned to England together. The wedding was widely reported and until the end of the decade the couple were heavily involved in social events. They were popular guests at functions, and became notable figures in the fashionable society of the upper classes. In 1923, Chapman joined a Kent brewery, H & G Symonds. His wife believed that his choice of a career working in the alcohol trade made his life difficult and contributed to his heavy drinking. The social duties associated with his job also contributed to his increased weight and failing fitness in the later part of his cricket career. Further problems arose through his fame; as he wanted to keep people happy, he drank frequently and attended many social functions. Cricket writer Ivo Tennant believes that Chapman's "taste for conviviality was his undoing". He always appeared happy, but Gibson observes "that is the way some men disguise their unhappiness", and Lemmon suggests that Chapman was seeking acceptance and felt lonely at heart. According to Lemmon, by the end of the Second World War, Chapman was largely living in the past, and that "mentally he was still in the happy days of University cricket."

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Later struggle.

paragraph: E. W. Swanton observes that "from the war onwards [Chapman's] life went into a sad eclipse." In 1942, Chapman was divorced from his wife; according to Lemmon, "Beet had stood much, but there is a point for all relationships beyond which one must not go". She returned to live in New Zealand in 1946. After 1946, Chapman shared a house with the steward of West Hill Golf Club, Bernard Benson, and his health continued to deteriorate. He was frequently observed to be drunk in public, although his appearance and manners remained impeccable; the cricket establishment ignored him, regarding him as an embarrassment, particularly on the occasions he watched matches at Lord's. By the end of his life, he was unable to attend any cricket matches. In addition to his alcoholism, Chapman became increasingly isolated, suffering from loneliness and depression. By the 1950s, he had developed arthritis, probably as a result of his sporting activities. On one occasion in 1955, Chapman was invited to a dinner organised by Kent; he was later discovered in the car park on the bumper of a car in a distressed state and had to be assisted back inside.

paragraph: In September 1961, Chapman fractured his knee when he fell at his home. He was taken to hospital for an operation but died on 16 September 1961. The newspapers reported that he had been ill for a long time; his former wife later commented that "he must have died a very sad man". Tributes focused on his successes as a cricketer and appealing personality. Summing up Chapman's life, Gibson writes: "But just as a good end can redeem a sad life, so a good life can redeem a sad end, and he had known his hours, his years of glory." Swanton concluded his obituary of Chapman in 1961: "The elderly and the middle-aged will recall him rather in his handsome sunlit youth, the epitome of all that was gay and fine in the game of cricket."

description: English cricketer

wikidata_label: Percy Chapman

wikipedia_title: Percy Chapman


text: Chief of the General Staff

text: Kazakh Ground Forces

text: North Kazakhstan Region

text: Kazakh SSR

text: Alma-Ata Higher All-Arms Command School

text: Ministry of Defense of Kazakhstan

text: Kazakh Ground Forces

text: Chief of the General Staff

text: Order of Glory

categories: Kazakhstani generals,Living people,1965 births

paragraph: Murat Bektanov

paragraph: Murat Karibayevich Bektanov () is a Kazakh military leader and the current Chief of the General Staff. He previously served as the Commander in Chief of the Kazakh Ground Forces.

paragraph: Section::::Career Timeline.

paragraph: He was born on September 18, 1965 in the village of Sokolovka of the North Kazakhstan Region of the Kazakh SSR.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988 - Graduated from the Kiev Higher All-Arms Command School

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989-1990 - Commanded a motorized rifle platoon

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990-1993 - Served as head of an intelligence unit of an airborne assault battalion

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993-1997 - commander of a platoon, company of cadets of the Alma-Ata Higher All-Arms Command School

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997-1998 - An officer in a combat training department of the Ministry of Defense of Kazakhstan

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998-2000 - Studied at the Military Academy of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000-2001 - Senior Officer of the Operational Planning Department of the General Staff of the Armed Forces

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001-2005 - Head of the Operational Directorate and Training Department of the Republican Guard

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005-2007 - Studied at the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007-2010 - Deputy Head of the Operational Planning Department of the Heads Committee of the Ministry of Defense

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010-2013 - Head of the Operational Planning Department of the Chiefs of Staff Committee of the Ministry of Defense

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013-2016 - Commander of the Regional Command "East"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016-2019 - Commander-in-Chief of the Kazakh Ground Forces

paragraph: BULLET::::- Since April 2019 - Chief of the General Staff

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of Glory 2nd degree (2014)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan

wikidata_label: Murat Bektanov

wikipedia_title: Murat Bektanov


text:
Oyster Bay, New York
Trident
2019 FIA Formula 2 Championship

categories: USF2000 drivers,21st-century American racing drivers,Toyota Racing Series drivers,FIA Formula 3 European Championship drivers,Living people,GP3 Series drivers

paragraph: Ryan Tveter

paragraph: Ryan Tveter (born May 20, 1994) is an American racing driver from Oyster Bay, New York, who most recently raced for Trident in the 2019 FIA Formula 2 Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Tveter made his debut in the GP3 Series after being named as one of Trident’s full-season drivers for the 2017 season.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Career summary.

paragraph: Season still in progress.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Complete FIA Formula 2 Championship results.

paragraph: Season still in progress.

description: American racing driver

wikidata_label: Ryan Tveter

wikipedia_title: Ryan Tveter