text:
c.
Henry II of England
Archdeacon of Taunton
John of England
Portsmouth
First Barons' War
First Lord of the Admiralty
held
Shipbourne
Wrotham
vassal
Archbishops of Canterbury
Hundred Rolls
steward
Exmoor
North Petherton
prebend
St Decumans
cathedral chapter
Bath Cathedral
Savaric fitzGeldewin
Bishop of Bath
canon
Geoffrey fitzPeter
manor
Sutton-at-Hone
preceptory
Knights Hospitaller
Lydford
forester
Hubert Walter
Justiciar
stannaries
Lord Warden of the Stannaries
Lydford Castle
Sheriff of Devon
Sheriff of Cornwall
royal justice
carucage
Pipe roll
Diocese of Bath
Jocelin of Wells
diocese
Reginald de Cornhill
tax of a fifteenth on merchants
die
Chichester
Simon of Wells
Bishop of Chichester
Diocese of Worcester
Diocese of Winchester
Glastonbury Abbey
Whitby Abbey
royal household
wardrobe
Romney
Rye
Shoreham
Southampton
Winchelsea
Exeter
pounds
Taunton Castle
Peter de Taraton
Cinque Ports
Poitou
John
Portsmouth
Annals of Dunstable
impressing
Battle of Damme
Zwyn
William Longespee
Damme
Domus Dei
Peter des Roches
Bishop of Winchester
Sheppey
East Malling
royal forest
Dartford
escheat
Innocent III
interdict
Roger of Wendover
Henry III
W. L. Warren
Robert Bartlett
First Lord of the Admiralty

categories: 13th-century Roman Catholic priests,Archdeacons of Taunton,12th-century English people,English Roman Catholic priests,1210s deaths,High Sheriffs of Devon,13th-century English people,High Sheriffs of Cornwall,Year of birth unknown,13th-century English Navy personnel,English judges

paragraph: William of Wrotham

paragraph: William of Wrotham or William de Wrotham (died c. 1217) was a medieval English royal administrator and clergyman. Although a late 13th-century source says that William held a royal office under King Henry II of England (reigned 1154–1189), the first contemporary reference to William is in 1197, when he became responsible for, among other things, the royal tin mines. He also held ecclesiastical office, eventually becoming Archdeacon of Taunton, and served King John of England as an administrator of ecclesiastical lands and a collector of taxes.

paragraph: William's main administrative work was naval. He was in charge of the royal fleet in the south of England in 1205, and was one of those responsible for the development of Portsmouth as a naval dockyard. He continued to be involved in naval matters until 1214 or later, but by 1215 he had joined the First Barons' War against John. After John's death in 1216, William returned to the royalist cause. He probably died in late 1217. Known to a contemporary chronicler as one of John's "evil advisers", William is said by modern historians to have had a "special responsibility for ports, customs, and the navy", and was "keeper of ports", a forerunner of the office of First Lord of the Admiralty.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Little is known of William's background or family, except that his father Godwin held land in Shipbourne, near Wrotham in Kent, perhaps as a vassal of the Archbishops of Canterbury. William's brother Richard was named as William's deputy in 1207.

paragraph: According to late 13th-century documents, the Hundred Rolls, King Henry II gave William the office of steward of Exmoor, and lands at North Petherton, Somerset. William was the prebend of St Decumans in the cathedral chapter of Bath Cathedral by 9 May 1204. He claimed to have held the office since 1194 during a later dispute with Savaric fitzGeldewin, the Bishop of Bath and another canon of the cathedral, Roger Porretanus, who claimed the prebend. By 23 December 1205, William had secured a papal judgement against Roger.

paragraph: William may have owed his advancement in royal service to Geoffrey fitzPeter, a royal judge. In 1197 he granted William a manor at Sutton-at-Hone, Kent, which later was supposed to become a hospital, but instead eventually became a preceptory for the Knights Hospitaller. From 1197 William was responsible for the collection of revenues from Geoffrey's lands at Lydford, Devon, and held the office of chief forester of Somerset; it is unclear to whom he owed that position.

paragraph: Section::::Royal service.

paragraph: In 1197, Hubert Walter, who was Archbishop of Canterbury and Justiciar, appointed William to the administration of the royal stannaries, or tin mines, and in 1198 William was placed in charge of tin production, an office later known as the Lord Warden of the Stannaries. Under his control the mines became much more lucrative for the king, and accounted for a total of £1100 in William's first year of administration. As part of his administrative work he became the first warden of Lydford Castle after it was constructed in the 1190s. In 1199 he was involved in a dispute over the stannaries with another official, Hugh Bardulf, temporarily losing control of them – along with his office as sheriff – in 1200. The reason for the loss of these offices is uncertain. After restoration to office, he remained as Lord Warden of the Stannaries until 1215.

paragraph: In 1198 and 1199, William was Sheriff of Devon and Sheriff of Cornwall, along with another royal servant, and served as a royal justice. In 1200 he was recorded as a receiver of the carucage, a tax on land, in the Pipe roll; whether this meant that he was a local or a national collector of the tax is unclear. By 12 September 1204, William was Archdeacon of Taunton in the Diocese of Bath, and he witnessed the election of Jocelin of Wells as the new bishop of the diocese. He was jointly placed in charge of the mints of London and Canterbury in 1205, along with Reginald de Cornhill, with whom he also shared the collection of the tax of a fifteenth on merchants, a post the two had held since 1202. In May 1205 William, along with de Cornhill, was given custody of one of three dies for the mint at Chichester; in July the king gave William's custody to Simon of Wells, the Bishop of Chichester. William was one of the officials in charge of the collection of a tax of a thirteenth in 1207.

paragraph: William was also placed in charge of vacant ecclesiastical offices, collecting their revenues for the king. He performed this office for the Diocese of Worcester around 1200, the Diocese of Winchester in 1204, for Glastonbury Abbey in 1205, and for Whitby Abbey in 1206 and 1209. From his actions it can be assumed that Wrotham was a member of the royal household, probably working in the wardrobe.

paragraph: Section::::Naval administration.

paragraph: William's main administrative work concerned the navy. In 1204 he, de Cornhill, and William of Furnell were placed in charge of granting wool export licences. William of Wrotham was also one of the officials charged with supervising the ships dispatched to the coasts in 1204, after the loss of Normandy exposed England to invasion by the French. In 1205 he was again one of the keepers of the royal fleet along the south coast. William was in charge of the 17 ships based in Romney, Rye, Shoreham, Southampton, Winchelsea, and Exeter, while the rest of the fleet came under Cornhill's control. In the same year, he was also in charge of naval spending for the attempted invasion of France, which in June alone totalled over 470 pounds. William surrendered custody of Taunton Castle to Peter de Taraton in July and was in charge of purchasing the royal wine in August. No further naval duties are recorded until November, when along with Cornhill he was responsible for assessing the ports.

paragraph: In 1206 William was in charge of the naval forces in the Cinque Ports and commanded the fleet that invaded Poitou. Whether he accompanied the fleet or stayed in England after it sailed is unclear; according to two historians – F. W. Brooks and R. W. Powell – it is more likely he stayed. From 1206 until 1215 he was effectively commander of King John's navy, and helped to develop Portsmouth as a royal dockyard. In 1208 William was put in charge of ensuring that no ships sailed without royal permission. That year he also oversaw the naval preparations made by the Cinque Ports. The purpose of these preparations is unknown; the "Annals of Dunstable" ascribe to John a desire to oppress the Cinque Ports. During May 1208 a royal order was issued that William's deputies in all the seaports should seize any ships in the ports that were from foreign countries, excluding Denmark, Norway and other countries that did not oppose John's diplomatic efforts. A gap in the governmental records does not allow a detailed view of William's activities for the next years, until 1212, when William is shown performing many of the same duties as earlier. He was in charge of repair of some ships and the construction of a large new ship, named the "Deulabenit", owned by the king. William was also responsible for impressing privately owned merchant ships into royal service. These ships were used in the naval action of the Battle of Damme at Zwyn in 1213, when a fleet under William Longespee, the Earl of Salisbury, destroyed a substantial French naval force and sacked the town of Damme.

paragraph: In late 1213 William was directing the efforts of the seaports of south-western England and the Cinque Ports in naval affairs. He was also responsible for the setting up of a supply depot for the navy in June 1213, for which he received supplies from the diocese of Chichester. In 1214 William had custody of some royal prisoners. The same year, the king ordered him to return a merchant ship if he had indeed seized it from its owner, Joscelin de Hampton. Also in 1214, William co-founded the hospital of Domus Dei in Portsmouth with Peter des Roches, the Bishop of Winchester. The foundation was confirmed by the king in October 1214.

paragraph: John rewarded William for his service with churches in Sheppey and East Malling, which were granted in 1207, and the right to oversee the royal forests in Cornwall and Devon. Other grants included lands in Dartford and Sutton-at-Hone that had escheated to the crown, lands in Westminster and a prebend in the royal ecclesiastical foundation at Hastings.

paragraph: Section::::Later years and legacy.

paragraph: During John's reign, Pope Innocent III placed an interdict on England, forbidding public celebration of sacred rites in English churches. William supported John, and remained in England. The medieval chronicler Roger of Wendover named William as one of John's "evil advisers", or "most wicked counsellors". Modern historians argue that Roger's account of John's reign, while containing some truth, was written to defame men who were prominent in the early years of King Henry III, John's son who had succeeded his father in October 1216. According to Nicholas Vincent, while Roger's account of the exactions and crimes of the members of his list of evil advisers certainly had a strong basis of truth, it was also greatly exaggerated. W. L. Warren agrees and points out that many of the details of Roger's accounts that can be checked with other records are wrong, making the other parts of his stories suspect.

paragraph: In 1215 William joined the baronial rebellion against John, and lost his naval offices, the royal forester's office for Somerset, and custody of Lydford Castle. In May 1216 the king offered William a safe conduct, which noted that William had fled overseas. The letters were witnessed by Peter des Roches. In mid-1217, he rejoined the royalist cause, returning to the side of Henry III. This action regained him some of his lost lands.

paragraph: William last appeared in documents on 25 July 1217 and was dead by 16 February 1218, probably before 2 December 1217, when someone else is mentioned as archdeacon. On 16 February 1218, John Marshall became the guardian of Richard, William's nephew and heir, who was the son of William's brother Richard.

paragraph: William has been described as having a "special responsibility for ports, customs, and the navy" by the historian Robert Bartlett. He is usually given the title of "keeper of ports" or "keeper of galleys", which Ralph Turner equates with being First Lord of the Admiralty in later history. Sometimes this would be given as ""custos portum maris"" in Latin, or "keeper of the seaports". At other times he was titled "keeper of the king's ships". Bartlett also called William "one of the king's most important administrators". Charles Young said that William's service to King John was a "distinguished administrative career", and J. E. A. Joliffe called William one of the "greatest of the king's clerks".

wikidata_label: William of Wrotham

wikipedia_title: William of Wrotham


text: Prince Rui

text: Manchu

text: Qing dynasty

text: Aisin Gioro

text: Nurhaci

text: Ming dynasty

text: Hong Taiji

text: Hooge

text: Shunzhi Emperor

text: Prince-Regent

text: Beijing

text: conquered the rest of China

text: Ming loyalists

text: Han Chinese

text: queue

text: Qianlong Emperor

text: Manchu

text: Aisin Gioro

text: Nurhaci

text: Khan

text: Qing dynasty

text: Lady Abahai

text: Ajige

text: Dodo

text: Hong Taiji

text: Beijing

text: Ming dynasty

text: Chahar Mongols

text: Hooge

text: Shunzhi Emperor

text: Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang

text: Jirgalang

text: Hooge

text: Ming Empire

text: Beijing

text: Li Zicheng

text: Chongzhen Emperor

text: a hill

text: Forbidden City

text: Hong Chengchou

text: Fan Wencheng

text: Mandate of Heaven

text: Wu Sangui

text: Shanhai Pass

text: Great Wall

text: Battle of Shanhai Pass

text: Prince-Regent

text: Forbidden City

text: queue

text: Altar of Heaven

text: Confucius

text: "wujing boshi"

text: Duke Yansheng

text: Duke of Zhou

text: Zhou dynasty

text: Jirgalang

text: queue hairstyle

text: Manchu language

text: Board of Revenue

text: Bannermen

text: imperial civil service examinations

text: Southern Ming

text: Hebei

text: Shandong

text: Li Zicheng

text: Xi'an

text: Shaanxi

text: Jiangnan

text: Yangtze River

text: a Ming imperial prince

text: Xuzhou

text: Huai River

text: Yangzhou

text: Shi Kefa

text: Dodo

text: Suzhou

text: Hangzhou

text: Qiantang River

text: queue

text: Confucian

text: virility

text: Jiading

text: Songjiang

text: Li Chengdong

text: Jiangyin

text: Liu Liangzuo

text: Fujian

text: Longwu Emperor

text: Hongwu Emperor

text: Zhejiang

text: Zhu Yihai

text: Bolo

text: Zheng Chenggong

text: Taiwan

text: Guangzhou

text: era name

text: Shaowu

text: Yongli

text: Shaowu

text: Shaowu Emperor

text: Nanning

text: Guangxi

text: Hubei

text: Hunan

text: Shang Kexi

text: Johan Nieuhof

text: Hooge

text: Zhang Xianzhong

text: Xichong

text: Ganzhou

text: Gansu

text: Lanzhou

text: Meng Qiaofang

text: Chengde

text: Hebei

text: temple name

text: Jirgalang

text: Shunzhi Emperor

text: Hooge

text: Qianlong Emperor

text: Qianlong Emperor

text: queue

text: Nurgaci

text: Empress Xiaoliewu

text: Ula Nara

text: Khorchin Borjigit

text: Tunggiya

text: Zha'ermang Borjigit

text: Khorchin Borjigit

text: Khorchin Borjigit

text: Khorchin Borjigit

text: Princess Uisun

text: Yi clan of Jeonju

text: Yi clan of Jeonju

text: Prince Rui (睿)

text: Qing conquest of the Ming

categories: Nurhaci's sons,1650 deaths,Qing dynasty regents,1612 births,Manchu politicians

paragraph: Dorgon

paragraph: Dorgon, (, literally "badger"); 17 November 1612 – 31 December 1650), formally known as Prince Rui, was a Manchu prince and regent of the early Qing dynasty. Born in the Aisin Gioro clan as the 14th son of Nurhaci (the founder of the Qing dynasty), Dorgon started his career in military campaigns against the Ming dynasty, Mongols and Koreans during the reign of his eighth brother, Hong Taiji, who succeeded their father. After Hong Taiji's death in 1643, he was involved in a power struggle against Hong Taiji's eldest son, Hooge, over the succession to the throne. Both of them eventually came to a compromise by backing out and letting Hong Taiji's ninth son, Fulin, become the emperor; Fulin was installed on the throne as the Shunzhi Emperor. Dorgon served as Prince-Regent from 1643 to 1650, throughout the Shunzhi Emperor's early reign. In 1645, he was given the honorary title "Emperor's Uncle and Prince-Regent"; the title was changed to "Emperor's Father and Prince-Regent" in 1649. Under Dorgon's regency, Qing forces occupied Beijing, the capital of the fallen Ming dynasty, and gradually conquered the rest of China in a series of battles against Ming loyalists and other opposing forces around China. Dorgon also introduced the policy of forcing all Han Chinese men to shave the front of the heads and wear their hair in queues just like the Manchus. He died in 1650 during a hunting trip and was posthumously honoured as an emperor even though he was never an emperor during his lifetime. A year after Dorgon's death, however, the Shunzhi Emperor accused Dorgon of several crimes, stripped him of his titles, and ordered his remains to be exhumed and flogged in public. Dorgon was posthumously rehabilitated and restored of his honorary titles by the Qianlong Emperor in 1778.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Dorgon was born in the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan as the 14th son of Nurhaci, the Khan of the Later Jin dynasty (the precursor to the Qing dynasty). His mother was Nurhaci's primary consort, Lady Abahai. Ajige and Dodo were his full brothers, and Hong Taiji was one of his half-brothers. Dorgon was one of the most influential among Nurhaci's sons, and his role was instrumental to the Qing occupation of Beijing, the capital of the fallen Ming dynasty, in 1644. During Hong Taiji's reign, Dorgon participated in many military campaigns, including the conquests of Mongolia and Korea. He fought against the Chahar Mongols in 1628 and 1635.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.

paragraph: After Hong Taiji died in 1643, Dorgon became involved in a power struggle with Hong Taiji's eldest son, Hooge, over the succession to the throne. The conflict was resolved with a compromise – both backed out, and Hong Taiji's ninth son, Fulin, ascended the throne as the Shunzhi Emperor. Since the Shunzhi Emperor was only six years old at that time, Dorgon was appointed regent and became the "de facto" ruler. In 1645, Dorgon was conferred the title "Emperor's Uncle and Prince-Regent" (皇叔父攝政王). Later, in 1649, the title was changed to "Emperor's Father and Prince-Regent" (皇父攝政王). It was rumoured that Dorgon had a romantic affair with the Shunzhi Emperor's mother, Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang, and even secretly married her, but there are also refutations. Whether they secretly married, had a secret affair or kept their distance remains a controversy in Chinese history.

paragraph: Section::::Dorgon's regency (1643–1650).:A quasi emperor.

paragraph: On 17 February 1644, Jirgalang, who was a capable military leader but appeared uninterested in managing state affairs, willingly yielded control of all official matters to Dorgon. After an alleged plot by Hooge to undermine the regency was exposed on 6 May of that year, Hooge was stripped of his princely title and his co-conspirators were executed. Dorgon soon replaced Hooge's supporters (mostly from the Yellow Banners) with his own, thus gaining closer control of two more banners. By early June 1644, he was in firm control of the Qing government and its military.

paragraph: In early 1644, just as Dorgon and his advisors were pondering how to attack the Ming Empire, peasant rebellions were dangerously approaching Beijing. On 24 April of that year, rebel forces led by Li Zicheng breached the walls of the Ming capital. The last Ming emperor, the Chongzhen Emperor, hanged himself at a hill behind the Forbidden City. Hearing the news, Dorgon's Han Chinese advisors Hong Chengchou and Fan Wencheng (范文程; 1597–1666) urged the prince to seize this opportunity to present themselves as avengers of the fallen Ming Empire and claim the Mandate of Heaven for the Qing Empire. The last obstacle between Dorgon and Beijing was Wu Sangui, a former Ming general guarding the Shanhai Pass at the eastern end of the Great Wall.

paragraph: Wu Sangui was caught between the Manchus and Li Zicheng's forces. He requested Dorgon's help in ousting the rebels and restoring the Ming Empire. When Dorgon asked Wu Sangui to work for the Qing Empire instead, Wu had little choice but to accept. Aided by Wu Sangui's elite soldiers, who fought the rebel army for hours before Dorgon finally chose to intervene with his cavalry, the Qing army won a decisive victory against Li Zicheng at the Battle of Shanhai Pass on 27 May. Li Zicheng and his defeated troops looted Beijing for several days until they left the capital on 4 June with all the wealth they could carry.

paragraph: Section::::Dorgon's regency (1643–1650).:Settling in the capital.

paragraph: After six weeks of mistreatment at the hands of rebel troops, the residents of Beijing sent a party of elders and officials to greet their liberators on 5 June. They were startled when, instead of meeting Wu Sangui and the Ming heir apparent, they saw Dorgon, a horse-riding Manchu with the front half of his head shaved, present himself as the Prince-Regent. In the midst of this upheaval, Dorgon installed himself as Prince-Regent in Wuying Palace (武英殿), the only building that remained more or less intact after Li Zicheng had set fire to the Forbidden City on 3 June. Banner troops were ordered not to loot; their discipline made the transition to Qing rule "remarkably smooth." Yet, at the same time, as he claimed to have come to avenge the Ming Empire, Dorgon ordered that all claimants to the Ming throne (including descendants of the last Ming emperor) should be executed along with their supporters.

paragraph: On June 7, just two days after entering the city, Dorgon issued special proclamations to officials around the capital, assuring them that if the local population surrendered, the officials would be allowed to stay at their posts. Besides, all the men had to shave the front half of their heads and wear the rest of their hair in queues. He had to repeal this command three weeks later after several peasant rebellions erupted around Beijing, threatening Qing control over the capital region.

paragraph: Dorgon greeted the Shunzhi Emperor at the gates of Beijing on 19 October 1644. On 30 October the six-year-old monarch performed sacrifices to Heaven and Earth at the Altar of Heaven. The southern cadet branch of Confucius's descendants who held the title "wujing boshi" and the northern branch 65th generation descendant of Confucius to hold the title Duke Yansheng had their titles confirmed by the Shunzhi Emperor on 31 October. A formal ritual of enthronement for the Shunzhi Emperor was held on 8 November, during which the young emperor compared Dorgon's achievements to those of the Duke of Zhou, a revered regent of the Zhou dynasty. During the ceremony, Dorgon's official title was raised from "Prince Regent" to "Uncle and Prince Regent" (叔父攝政王), in which the Manchu term for "Uncle" ("ecike") represented a rank higher than that of imperial prince. Three days later Dorgon's co-regent, Jirgalang, was demoted from "Prince Regent" to "Assistant Uncle Prince Regent" (輔政叔王). In June 1645, Dorgon eventually decreed that all official documents should refer to him as "Imperial Uncle Prince Regent" (皇叔父攝政王), leaving him one step short of claiming the throne for himself.

paragraph: Dorgon gave a Manchu woman as a wife to the Han Chinese official Feng Quan, who had defected from the Ming to the Qing. The Manchu queue hairstyle was willingly adopted by Feng Quan before it was enforced on the Han population and Feng learned the Manchu language.

paragraph: To promote ethnic harmony, a 1648 decree from the Shunzhi Emperor allowed Han Chinese civilian men to marry Manchu women from the Banners with the permission of the Board of Revenue if they were registered daughters of officials or commoners or the permission of their banner company captain if they were unregistered commoners, it was only later in the Qing dynasty that these policies allowing intermarriage were done away with. The decree was formulated by Dorgon.

paragraph: One of Dorgon's first orders in the new Qing capital was to vacate the entire northern part of Beijing and give it to Bannermen, including Han Chinese Bannermen. The Yellow Banners were given the place of honor north of the palace, followed by the White Banners to the east, the Red Banners to the west, and the Blue Banners to the south. This distribution complied with the order established in the Manchu homeland before the conquest and under which "each of the banners was given a fixed geographical location according to the points of the compass." Despite tax remissions and large-scale building programmes designed to facilitate the transition, in 1648 many Chinese civilians still lived among the newly arrived Banner population and there was still animosity between the two groups. Agricultural land outside the capital was also delineated ("quan" 圈) and given to Qing troops. Former landowners now became tenants who had to pay rent to their absentee Bannermen landlords. This transition in land use caused "several decades of disruption and hardship."

paragraph: In 1646, Dorgon also ordered that the imperial civil service examinations for selecting government officials be reinstated. From then on, examinations were held every three years as under the Ming Empire. In the very first imperial examination held under Qing rule in 1646, candidates, most of whom were northern Chinese, were asked how the Manchus and Han Chinese could work together for a common purpose. The 1649 examination asked "how Manchus and Han Chinese could be unified so that their hearts were the same and they worked together without division." Under the Shunzhi Emperor's reign, the average number of graduates of the metropolitan examination per session was the highest of the Qing dynasty ("to win more Chinese support"), continuing until 1660 when lower quotas were established.

paragraph: Section::::Dorgon's regency (1643–1650).:Conquest of China.

paragraph: Under the reign of Dorgon – whom historians have variously called "the mastermind of the Qing conquest" and "the principal architect of the great Manchu enterprise" – the Qing subdued almost all of China and pushed loyalist "Southern Ming" resistance into the far southwestern reaches of China. After repressing anti-Qing revolts in Hebei and Shandong in the summer and fall of 1644, Dorgon sent armies to root out Li Zicheng from the important city of Xi'an (Shaanxi province), where Li had reestablished his headquarters after fleeing Beijing in early June 1644. Under the pressure of Qing armies, Li was forced to leave Xi'an in February 1645. He was killed – either by his own hand or by a peasant group that had organised for self-defence during this time of rampant banditry – in September 1645 after fleeing though several provinces.

paragraph: From newly captured Xi'an, in early April 1645, the Qing forces mounted a campaign against the rich commercial and agricultural region of Jiangnan south of the lower Yangtze River, where in June 1644 a Ming imperial prince had established a regime loyal to the Ming. Factional bickering and numerous defections prevented the Southern Ming from mounting an efficient resistance. Several Qing armies swept south, taking the key city of Xuzhou north of the Huai River in early May 1645 and soon converging on Yangzhou, the main city on the Southern Ming's northern line of defence. Bravely defended by Shi Kefa, who refused to surrender, Yangzhou fell to Qing artillery on 20 May after a one-week siege. Dorgon's brother, Dodo, then ordered the slaughter of Yangzhou's entire population. As intended, this massacre terrorised other Jiangnan cities into surrendering to the Qing Empire. Indeed, Nanjing surrendered without a fight on 16 June after its last defenders made Dodo promise he would not harm the population. The Qing forces soon captured the Ming emperor (who died in Beijing the following year) and seized Jiangnan's main cities, including Suzhou and Hangzhou; by early July 1645, the frontier between the Qing Empire and the Southern Ming regime had been pushed south to the Qiantang River.

paragraph: On 21 July 1645, after Jiangnan had been superficially pacified, Dorgon issued a most inopportune edict ordering all Han Chinese men to shave the front half of their heads and wear the rest of their hair in queues identical to those of the Manchus. The punishment for non-compliance was death. This policy of symbolic submission helped the Manchus distinguish friend from foe. For Han officials and literati, however, the new hairstyle was shameful and demeaning (because it breached a common Confucian directive to preserve one's body intact), whereas for common folk cutting their hair was the same as losing their virility. Because it united Chinese of all social backgrounds into resistance against Qing rule, the hair cutting command greatly hindered the Qing conquest. The defiant population of Jiading and Songjiang was massacred by former Ming general Li Chengdong (李成東; d. 1649), respectively on August 24 and September 22. Jiangyin also held out against about 10,000 Qing troops for 83 days. When the city walls were finally breached on 9 October 1645, the Qing army led by the previous Ming defector Liu Liangzuo (劉良佐; d. 1667) massacred the entire population, killing between 74,000 and 100,000 people. These massacres ended armed resistance against the Qing Empire in the Lower Yangtze. A few committed loyalists became hermits, hoping that for lack of military success, their withdrawal from the world would at least symbolise their continued defiance against foreign rule.

paragraph: After the fall of Nanjing, two more members of the Ming imperial household created new Southern Ming regimes: one centred in coastal Fujian around the "Longwu Emperor" Zhu Yujian – a ninth-generation descendant of the Hongwu Emperor, the Ming dynasty's founder – and one in Zhejiang around "Regent" Zhu Yihai, Prince of Lu. But the two loyalist groups failed to cooperate, making their chances of success even lower than they already were. In July 1646, a new southern campaign led by Bolo sent Prince Lu's Zhejiang court into disarray and proceeded to attack the Longwu regime in Fujian. Zhu Yujian was caught and summarily executed in Tingzhou (western Fujian) on 6 October. His adoptive son Zheng Chenggong fled to the island of Taiwan with his fleet. Finally in November, the remaining centers of Ming resistance in Jiangxi province fell to the Qing.

paragraph: In late 1646, two more Southern Ming monarchs emerged in the southern province of Guangzhou, reigning under the era names of Shaowu and Yongli. Short of official robes, the Shaowu court had to purchase from local theatre troupes. The two Ming regimes fought each other until 20 January 1647, when a small Qing force led by Li Chengdong captured Guangzhou, killed the Shaowu Emperor, and sent the Yongli court fleeing to Nanning in Guangxi. In May 1648, however, Li mutinied against the Qing Empire, and the concurrent rebellion of another former Ming general in Jiangxi helped the Yongli Emperor to retake most of south China. This resurgence of loyalist hopes was short-lived. New Qing armies managed to reconquer the central provinces of Huguang (present-day Hubei and Hunan), Jiangxi, and Guangdong in 1649 and 1650. The Yongli Emperor had to flee again. Finally on 24 November 1650, Qing forces led by Shang Kexi captured Guangzhou and massacred the city's population, killing as many as 70,000 people. Although Dutch traveler Johan Nieuhof who witnessed the event happened claimed only 8000 people were slaughtered

paragraph: Meanwhile, in October 1646, Qing armies led by Hooge reached Sichuan, where their mission was to destroy the regime of bandit chief Zhang Xianzhong. Zhang was killed in a battle against Qing forces near Xichong in central Sichuan on 1 February 1647. Also late in 1646 but further north, forces assembled by a Muslim leader known in Chinese sources as Milayin (米喇印) revolted against Qing rule in Ganzhou (Gansu). He was soon joined by another Muslim named Ding Guodong (丁國棟). Proclaiming that they wanted to restore the Ming, they occupied a number of towns in Gansu, including the provincial capital Lanzhou. These rebels' willingness to collaborate with non-Muslim Chinese suggests that they were not only driven by religion. Both Milayin and Ding Guodong were captured and killed by Meng Qiaofang (孟喬芳; 1595–1654) in 1648, and by 1650 the Muslim rebels had been crushed in campaigns that inflicted heavy casualties.·

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Dorgon died on December 31, 1650 during a hunting trip in Kharahotun (present-day Chengde, Hebei), after sustaining injuries despite the presence of imperial doctors. He was posthumously granted the title "Emperor Yi" (義皇帝) and the temple name "Chengzong" (成宗), even though he was never emperor during his lifetime. The Shunzhi Emperor even bowed thrice in front of Dorgon's coffin during the funeral.

paragraph: However, the suspicion that Dorgon was actually murdered by his political enemies while being away from the heavy protection afforded him inside the Forbidden City never went away. Dorgon had 25 years of experience of horse-riding and managed to survive, on horseback, numerous battles with the Koreans, Mongols, Chinese rebels, as well as regular Chinese armies. The official Qing history claim that he injured his leg while riding on his horse and that the injuries were so severe that he could not survive the trip back to the Forbidden City, despite the presence of imperial doctors, was dubious at best. In the dry winter of northern China, the ground was not wet. Or else, it would have easily caused horses to trip. Another cause for suspicion is that Dorgon's corpse was exhumed, flogged, and incinerated in the purge ordered by Emperor Shunzhi, a likely method camouflaged as the ultimate punishment for his alleged plot to take over the throne, in order to remove all evidence that Dorgon was murdered.

paragraph: His death also took place when Emperor Shunzhi was about 13, an appropriate age for removing the regency over his head. That is to say, if Dorgon had died any earlier, Shunzhi would still need a regent to supervise the empire on his behalf.

paragraph: Section::::Posthumous demotion and restoration.

paragraph: In 1651, Dorgon's political enemies, led by his former co-regent Jirgalang, submitted to the Shunzhi Emperor a long memorial listing a series of crimes committed by Dorgon, which included: possession of yellow robes, which were strictly for use only by the emperor; plotting to seize the throne from the Shunzhi Emperor by calling himself "Emperor's Father"; killing Hooge and taking Hooge's wife for himself. It is difficult to prove verbal accusations made at the time when all records were ordered to be purged by Emperor Qianlong in 1778 when he also ordered the rehabilitation of Dorgon. The last charge that Dorgon took Hooge's wife was mostly contrived, as the Manchu tradition dating from the 12th century had allowed a male relative to marry the deceased person's wife almost as a charitable act to save her and her children from being starved to death in the minus 20, merciless winters of the northeastern tip of China, known nowadays as Manchuria.

paragraph: Jirgalang was an ally of Hooge in the 1643 bitter fight against Dorgon, who allied with his biological brothers for succession to

paragraph: the throne. Jirgalang had been expelled by Dorgon from the joint regency in 1646. This time, Jirgalang succeeded in convincing Emperor Shunzhi that even Dorgon's descendants could become a threat to the throne. As a result, Shunzhi posthumously stripped Dorgon of his titles and even had Dorgon's corpse exhumed and flogged in public. In the February 1651 imperial edict trying to justify the ultimate punishment to a dead person as well as a key member of the imperial clan, Shunzhi ordered that not only Dorgon's name be removed from the scrolls of the imperial ancestral temple. His biological mother, Empress Xiaolewu, got the same treatment. It was a political act to remove the legitimacy for succession to the throne by any future heir descended from Empress Xiaolewu.

paragraph: Execution of all of Dorgon's heirs was also ordered but intentionally not recorded in official Qing history. Dorgon had two biological brothers: Ajige, the eighth son of Nurgaci and Dodo, the 15th. With Dodo dying of smallpox a few months prior to the death of Dorgon in December 1650 and the death of Ajige after he was arrested by Jirgalang's forces and put in jail, the 1651 purge was meant to permanently eliminate the potential that a future prince descending from Empress Xiaolewu would repeat the two Dorgon competitions for succession to the throne happening in 1626, upon the death of Nurgaci, and 1643, upon the death of Hongtaiji.

paragraph: However, Dorgon was posthumously rehabilitated during Qianlong Emperor's reign. In 1778, the Qianlong Emperor granted Dorgon a posthumous name "zhong" (忠; "loyal"), so Dorgon's full posthumous title became "Prince Ruizhong of the First Rank" (和碩睿忠親王). The word "loyal" was intentionally picked. It starkly testified that the charges made by Jirgalang in 1651 were all trumped up. Qianlong, either intentionally or inadvertently, contradicted the records of the imperial ancestral temple left behind by Shunzhi when he ordered that the words "Dorgon's heirs having been exterminated" (后嗣废绝) be included into official Qing history to indicate why Dorbo, a fifth generation descendant of Dodo, was designated to inherit the iron-cap princely title of Dorgon. The expression "Dorgon's heirs having been exterminated" (后嗣废绝) does not carry the same meaning as "Dorgon never had a son." Regardless, after a lapse of 128 years, Qianlong could no longer find the heirs of Dorgon. Qianlong also ordered that the rehabilitation of Dorgon be accompanied by a destruction of all the records related to the elimination of the heirs of Dorgon. This was an inglorious chapter not only of Qing history but also the history of the imperial clan of Aisin Gioro.

paragraph: Section::::Direct descendants of Dorgon.

paragraph: In the March 1651 purge of Dorgon, Shunzhi also ordered that the ancestral temple records be written to indicate that no woman had ever conceived a son for Dorgon (not that all of his sons had died due to infant mortality or some other reasons), to conceal this political conspiracy against Dorgon and his two biological brothers, who had conquered more than half of China for the young Qing empire since 1644. The extermination of Dorgon's heirs did not include his daughter, whose birth year of 1650, the same year when Dorgon died, was allowed to be left on records. Dorgon had married at least 10 wives and concubines over a period of 25 years or more. Records in the imperial ancestral temple indicate that none of his 10 wives and concubines was able to conceive a son for Dorgon over a period of 25 years, whereas only a daughter was born at the end of this 25-year period, in the same year when he died. These records do not suggest that Dorgon was infertile.

paragraph: In the midst of the 1651 purge, a son of Dorgon managed to escape from execution. He fled Beijing with the active assistance of a key member of the White Banner under the command of Dorgon when he was alive. This heir of Dorgon ran all the way to modern-day Zhongshan, Guangdong province, the southern tip of China fronting the South China Sea, where there was no more way to maximize the distance between his hiding place and the Forbidden City. He changed his family name from Aisin Gioro to Yuan 袁(or Yuen in the Cantonese dialect). As a Chinese character, Yuan 袁 (Yuen) substantially resembles the word "Gon 袞" as in "Dorgon 多尔袞" in the written form. After successfully escaping execution, the camouflage to re-emerge as a Han Chinese person was considered perfect, as Yuan 袁 (Yuen) was also the family name of Yuan Chonghuan 袁崇煥 the Han Chinese general who fatally wounded Nurgaci in the 1626 Battle of Ningyuan, making it highly unlikely that pursuing forces from the Forbidden City would suspect that he and/or his descendants were members of the Dorgon clan. He named the large piece of land where he finally settled Haizhou 海洲，a combination of Haixi 海西，the tribal native place of Empress Xiaoliewu, his grandmother; and Jianzhou 建洲，the tribal native place of Nurgaci, his grandfather. The village where his descendants have sprang up since 1651 was named "Revelation of the Dragon 顯龍"，indicating his hope that one day someone in his line would be able to reclaim the throne, which never happened through the remaining years of the Qing dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy of Dorgon.

paragraph: After Dorgon led Manchu and Han Chinese troops loyal to him into Beijing on June 6, 1644, he immediately ordered restoration of order, as well as penalties for extortion and corruption activities conducted by any member of the imperial clan and other officials. Later, he declared that all Ming officials would be re-employed and the restoration of the civil service system to look for talents nationwide.

paragraph: Dorgon is usually considered a good, devoted politician but he is also blamed for "Six Bad Policies (六大弊政)". These were policies designed to bolster the rule of the Qing conquerors, but which caused considerable disturbance and bloodshed in China, and included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Forced head-shaving (剃发) and adopting Manchu clothing (易服): Chinese men were compelled to shave the front half of their heads and tie their hair in queues after the Manchu fashion, on pain of death. Massacres occurred in southern Chinese cities whose inhabitants resisted the imposition of the law.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Land enclosure (圈地) and requisitioning of homes (占房): to provide economic bases for the Bannermen, they were allowed to enclose 'wasteland without owners' for their use; this law was however abused to take farmlands and estates which were already inhabited, with military force.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Forced slavery (投充) and anti-escapee (逃人) laws: in the wake of the enclosure of vast agricultural estates, the manpower was provided by allowing Bannermen to seize commoners and enslave them. This in turn necessitated decrees to tackle the problem of escapees, including summary executions of people harbouring escaped slaves and hanging for repeated escapees.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parents:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nurgaci, Taizu (; 8 April 1559 – 30 September 1626)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Xiaoliewu, of the Ula Nara clan (; 1590 – 1 October 1626), personal name Abahai ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consorts and Issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Primary consort, of the Khorchin Borjigit clan (), personal name Batema ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Primary consort, of the Tunggiya clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Primary consort, of the Zha'ermang Borjigit clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Jingxiaoyi, of the Khorchin Borjigit clan (; d. January 1650)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Uisun, of the Yi clan of Jeonju (; 1635–1662), personal name Aesuk ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secondary consort, of the Yi clan of Jeonju ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- First daughter (b. 1638), personal name Donggo ()

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Rui (睿)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty#Male members

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ranks of imperial consorts in China#Qing

paragraph: BULLET::::- Qing conquest of the Ming

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- . In two volumes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

description: Prince and regent of the Qing Dynasty

wikidata_label: Dorgon

wikipedia_title: Dorgon


text: O.S.B.

text: Benedictine monk

text: Cardinal

text: evacuation of Toulon

text: Somers Town, London

text: Downside School

text: Belmont Priory

text: Downside Abbey

text: Apostolicae curae

text: Vulgate

text: Venerable English College

text: Cardinal-deacon

text: San Giorgio in Velabro

text: Santa Maria in Portico

text: Vatican Secret Archives

text: Vatican Library

text: Geoffrey Elton

text: Hilaire Belloc

text: Edmund Bishop

text: G. G. Coulton

text: David Knowles

text: Eamon Duffy

text: "The Eve of the Reformation,"

text: "Parish Life in Mediæval England,"

text: "The Greater Abbeys of England,"

text: Chatto & Windus

text: Warwick Goble

text: "The Black Death of 1348 and 1349,"

text: "Monastic Life in the Middle Ages,"

text: "His Holiness Pope Pius XI,"

text: "The Religious Life of King Henry VI,"

text: "Roger Bacon and the Latin Vulgate."

text: "The Unfolding of the Little Flower,"

text: "Gasquet, Francis Neil (1846–1929)."

text: Benson, Robert Hugh

text: "Cardinal Gasquet,"

text: "Dom Gasquet as a Historian,"

text: "Francis Aidan Cardinal Gasquet,"

text: Leslie, Shane

text: Knowles, David

text: Jacob, E. F

text: Lewis Bernstein Namier

text: W. K. Hancock

text: Schaff-Herzog entry

text: Catholic Hierarchy entry

categories: People educated at Downside School,English Benedictines,English abbots,Italian archivists,English historians,Roman Catholic titular archbishops,1929 deaths,English archivists,English cardinals,1846 births

paragraph: Francis Aidan Gasquet

paragraph: Francis Aidan Gasquet, O.S.B. (born Francis Neil Gasquet, 5 October 1846 – 5 April 1929) was an English Benedictine monk and historical scholar. He was created Cardinal in 1914.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Gasquet was the third of six children of Raymond Gasquet, a physician whose French naval officer father had emigrated to England during the British evacuation of Toulon in 1793. His mother was a Yorkshirewoman. He was born at 26 Euston Place, Somers Town, London.

paragraph: Educated at Downside School, he entered the Benedictines in 1865 at Belmont Priory. He moved to Downside Abbey where he was professed and, on 19 December 1871, ordained a priest. From 1878 to 1885 he was prior of Downside Abbey, resigning because of ill health.

paragraph: Upon his recovery he became a member of the Pontifical Commission to study the validity of the Anglican ordinations (1896) leading to "Apostolicae curae", to which his historical contribution was major. In 1900, he became abbot president of the English Benedictines. He was President of the Pontifical Commission for Revision of the Vulgate, 1907. He also authored the major history of the Venerable English College at Rome.

paragraph: He was created Cardinal-deacon in 1914 with the titular church of San Giorgio in Velabro. He was conferred the titular church of Santa Maria in Portico in 1915.

paragraph: In 1917, he was appointed Archivist of the Vatican Secret Archives. In 1924, he was appointed Librarian of the Vatican Library.

paragraph: He died in Rome.

paragraph: Section::::As a historian.

paragraph: Gasquet's historical work has been attacked by later writers. Geoffrey Elton wrote of "the falsehoods purveyed by Cardinal Gasquet and Hilaire Belloc". His collaboration with Edmund Bishop has been described as "an alliance between scholarship exquisite and deplorable". A polemical campaign by G. G. Coulton against Gasquet was largely successful in discrediting his works in academic eyes. One of his books contained an appendix "A Rough List of Misstatements and Blunders in Cardinal Gasquet's Writings.

paragraph: David Knowles wrote a reasoned piece of apologetics on Gasquet's history in 1956, "Cardinal Gasquet as an Historian". In it he speaks of Gasquet's "many errors and failings", and notes that he "was not an intellectually humble man and he showed little insight into his own limitations of knowledge and training". Coulton, though, he felt was in error, through over-simplifying the case.

paragraph: Eamon Duffy said in an interview:

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Old English Bible and Other Essays," John C. Nimmo, 1897.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Henry VIII and the English Monasteries," John Hodges, 1888.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Edward VI and the Book of Common Prayer," John Hodges, 1890 (with Edmund Bishop).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Eve of the Reformation," G. Bell & Sons, 1923 [1st Pub. 1900].

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Parish Life in Mediæval England," Methuen & Co., 1922 [1st Pub. 1905].

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Greater Abbeys of England," Chatto & Windus, 1908. (illustrated by Warwick Goble)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Last Abbot of Glastonbury and Other Essays," George Bell & Sons, 1908.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Black Death of 1348 and 1349," George Bell & Sons, 1908.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A History of the Venerable English College, Rome," Longmans, Green & Co., 1920.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monastic Life in the Middle Ages," G. Bell & Sons, 1922.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "His Holiness Pope Pius XI," Daniel O'Connor, 1922.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Religious Life of King Henry VI," G. Bell & Sons, 1923.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Roger Bacon and the Latin Vulgate." In: A.G. Little (ed.), "Roger Bacon Essays." Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1914.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Miscellany.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William M. Cunningham, "The Unfolding of the Little Flower," with a Preface by Cardinal Gasquet. London: Kingscote Press, 1916.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father Stanislaus, "Life of the Viscountess De Bonnault D'Houet," with an Introduction by Cardinal Gasquet. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1916.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bellenger, Dominic Aidan (2004). "Gasquet, Francis Neil (1846–1929)." In: "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography." Oxford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benson, Robert Hugh (1914). "Cardinal Gasquet," "The Dublin Review," Vol. CLV, pp. 125–130.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Escourt, R. (1921). "The Work of Cardinal Gasquet in the Field of Pre-Reformation History," "The American Catholic Quarterly Review," Vol. XLVI, No. 183, pp. 353–371.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grange, A. M. (1894). "Dom Gasquet as a Historian," "The American Catholic Quarterly Review," Vol. XIX, No. 75, pp. 449–464.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guilday, Peter (1922). "Francis Aidan Cardinal Gasquet," "The Catholic World", Vol. CXV, pp. 210–216.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leslie, Shane (1953). "Cardinal Gasquet, A Memoir." London: Burns, Oates.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knowles, David (1957). "Cardinal Gasquet as an Historian." London: University of London, Athlone Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacob, E. F., Lewis Bernstein Namier, Theodore Frank Thomas Plucknett, Hugh Hale Bellot, W. K. Hancock, David Knowles, and John Goronwy Edwards (1952). "The Creighton Lectures, 1951–57." London: University of London, Athlone Press.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schaff-Herzog entry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Hierarchy entry

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Francis Aidan Gasquet

wikipedia_title: Francis Aidan Gasquet


text:
American football
tight end
undrafted free agent
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
college football
Vanderbilt
Jacksonville Jaguars
Washington Redskins
Calvary Christian High School
New Palestine High School
New Palestine, Indiana
football
basketball
track
football
running back
wide receiver
Vanderbilt
Notre Dame
Washington Redskins
Todd Yoder
ESPN.com

categories: 1978 births,Washington Redskins players,Vanderbilt Commodores football players,Tampa Bay Buccaneers players,Players of American football from Indiana,Super Bowl champions,American football tight ends,Jacksonville Jaguars players,People from New Palestine, Indiana,Living people

paragraph: Todd Yoder

paragraph: Todd Matthew Yoder (born March 18, 1978) is a former American football tight end. Yoder was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2000. He played college football at Vanderbilt. He has also been a member of the Jacksonville Jaguars and Washington Redskins. He now resides in Clearwater, Florida, coaching High School football at Calvary Christian High School.

paragraph: Section::::High school career.

paragraph: Yoder attended New Palestine High School in New Palestine, Indiana, where he lettered in football, basketball, and track. In football, he was an All-State running back as a senior, after he rushed for 1,219 yards and made 14 receptions for 12 touchdowns. He played wide receiver as a junior and sophomore.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Yoder was a four-year letterman at Vanderbilt and posted 80 career receptions for 1,267 yards and eight touchdowns, during those four years. He caught 25 passes for 361 yards and two touchdowns as a senior. He was named to the SEC’s Goodworks Team as a junior. He finished second on the team with 21 receptions during sophomore season. Todd was named to the freshman All-SEC after leading the Commodores in receiving with 21 catches for 471 yards and three touchdowns, and his first collegiate catch was a 50-yard touchdown reception versus Notre Dame. He graduated with a degree in chemistry.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: In his career, he has 48 catches 460 yards and eight touchdowns. Years previous to joining the Washington Redskins, Yoder had only caught two touchdown passes. Yoder is currently the Head Football Coach at Calvary Christian High School in Clearwater, Florida.

paragraph: Section::::Radio career.

paragraph: While a member of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Yoder co-hosted "The Todd Yoder Show" with radio host Randy Harris. The program was broadcast weekly, usually from a different venue throughout Tampa Bay, in front of a live audience.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Todd Yoder at ESPN.com

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Todd Yoder

wikipedia_title: Todd Yoder


text: Glarus

text: Swiss

text: statesman

text: Zürich

text: Bonn

text: Berlin

text: civil

text: criminal law

categories: Swiss jurists,University of Zurich alumni,Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland judges,Members of the Council of States (Switzerland),Swiss male writers,People from Glarus,Humboldt University of Berlin alumni,19th-century historians,University of Bonn alumni,1875 deaths,1819 births,Swiss Calvinist and Reformed Christians,19th-century Swiss judges,Swiss historians,19th-century male writers,19th-century Swiss writers

paragraph: Johann Jakob Blumer

paragraph: Johann Jakob Blumer (29 August 1819 Glarus – 12 November 1875) was a Swiss statesman.

paragraph: Blumer studied in Zürich, Bonn, and Berlin. In 1843 he was elected to the Landrat, and in 1861 became president of the Court of Appeals. Between 1861 and 1874 he completed his revision of the civil and criminal law of Switzerland, and subsequently he was chosen as President of the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland.

description: Swiss politician and judge

wikidata_label: Johann Jakob Blumer

wikipedia_title: Johann Jakob Blumer


text:
NHRA Mello Yello Drag Racing Series
Funny Car
Torrance, California
Tony Pedregon
Torrance, CA
Top Fuel
John Force
U.S. Nationals
Indianapolis
Englishtown
ESPN
Chicago
Houston
Brownsburg, Indiana

categories: Sportspeople from Torrance, California,Dragster drivers,1963 births,American sportspeople of Mexican descent,Hispanic and Latino American sportspeople,Living people

paragraph: Cruz Pedregon

paragraph: Cruz Pedregon (born September 19, 1963) is a 2-time NHRA Mello Yello Drag Racing Series Funny Car Champion from Torrance, California. He is the brother of Tony Pedregon, also a two-time Funny Car Champion. He currently races for his own team, Cruz Pedregon Racing, Inc.

paragraph: Section::::Early days.

paragraph: Cruz was born in Torrance, CA, the son of drag racer Frank Pedregon, Sr.

paragraph: Pedregon began his career in 1980 behind wheel of a 1953 Kenworth truck. He raced go-karts in 1986 and was track champion at Ventura California Raceway. In 1987 he joined NHRA Competition, racing an Alcohol Dragster. After 3 years in Alcohol Dragsters he moved to Alcohol Funny Cars. In 1991 Pedregon moved to Top Fuel Competition, racing a partial schedule. In 1992, Pedregon won the Funny Car Championship. He would be the only driver besides John Force to win it in the 1990s. He was also one of the first Funny Car drivers to record a five-second e.t. In 1994, he was the only Funny Car driver to defeat John Force in a final round the entire season, and qualified in the top half at 15 of the 18 national events. In 1995 Pedregon won the U.S. Nationals at Indianapolis for the third time in four years, also winning in 1992 and 1994. In 1996 Pedregon competed in a limited schedule, winning one race and finishing 3rd in the final points standings. In 1997 Pedregon became the only Motorsports Driver to win the "Premio De Oro", an award for outstanding Hispanic Athletes. In 1998 Pedregon qualified first for a career best 12 races. In 1999 Pedregon formed his own team and raced a partial schedule in Funny Car. Pedregon won his first race as an owner/driver at Englishtown in 2000.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement and comeback.

paragraph: In 2001 Pedregon served as a color analyst for ESPN's NHRA coverage. After his year off Pedregon returned to racing, qualifying for 18 races as an owner driver. In 2003 Pedregon finished the highest in the funny car standings since 1998. In 2004 he earned first No. 1 qualifying position since 1998 at Columbus. In 2005 Pedregon earned a pair of No. 1 qualifiers at Englishtown and Chicago He set the low E.T. at two events (Englishtown and Chicago), and won a $25,000 bonus for having closest margin of victory in the Motel 6 Who Got the Light award. In 2006 Pedregon won his first race in 6 years. He qualified for 21 of 23 events and advanced to 3 final rounds. Pedregon won 16 rounds to 18 losses in 2007. He also went to 3 finals and qualified 1st in Houston.

paragraph: In 2008 Pedregon earned his second career NHRA Full Throttle Series Championship Title (the other being in 1992), when his brother Tony Pedregon defeated the only other driver left in contention at the year’s final race. He had an incredible charge in the playoffs, winning three of four final-round appearances, including the final three events of the season. He also won the $100,000 NHRA Showdown in Indianapolis.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Pedregon resides in Brownsburg, Indiana. He is fluent in Spanish and frequently works with Hispanic media. He is of Mexican American descent.

description: American racing driver

wikidata_label: Cruz Pedregon

wikipedia_title: Cruz Pedregon


text:
Slovene
poet
translator
editor
journalist
Tlake
Rogatec
Slovenia
forestry
Vienna
German Army
Invasion of Normandy
prisoner of war
Yugoslav Liberation Army
Yugoslavia
Comparative literature
Slavic languages
University of Ljubljana
Litija
Latin
Catullus
Ljubljana
Levstik Award

categories: Yugoslav Partisans members,Slovenian translators,20th-century translators,German military personnel of World War II,1922 births,20th-century poets,Slovenian children's writers,University of Vienna alumni,2004 deaths,Slovenian poets,Levstik Award laureates,Slovenian journalists,University of Ljubljana alumni

paragraph: Jože Šmit

paragraph: Jože Šmit (1 February 1922 – 7 February 2004) was a Slovene poet, translator, editor and journalist.

paragraph: Šmit was born in the village of Tlake near Rogatec in eastern Slovenia in 1922. The house in which he was born and spent his childhood is preserved on a new location at the Rogatec Open-Air Museum where it was moved to in 1981 as a typical example of an early 19th-century Sub-Pannonian house. He studied forestry at Vienna between 1942 and 1943 and was drafted into the German Army. During the Invasion of Normandy he was captured and sent to England as a prisoner of war and then to Italy where he joined the Overseas Brigade of the Yugoslav Liberation Army and returned to Yugoslavia. After the war he worked as a journalist and studied Comparative literature and Slavic languages and literature at the University of Ljubljana, but was sent to work in Litija and abandoned his studies. He worked as an editor and proof-reader and is also known for his translations, particularly for his translation from the Latin of the poet Catullus. He also wrote prose and poetry for young children. He died in Ljubljana in 2004.

paragraph: In 1970 he won the Levstik Award for his poetry collection "Kako bomo umirali" (How We Shall Die).

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poetry collections

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Srce v bedi" (The Heart in Poverty), 1950

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dvojni cvet" (The Double Flower), 1953

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trepetlika" (The Trembling Poplar), 1962

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lirika časa" (Lyrics of Time), 1965

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lirična postila" (A Lyrical Fasting Book), 1965

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kolosej iz cedelike" (The Strainer Colosseum), 1967

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kako bomo umirali" (How We Shall Die), 1970

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zlo stoletja" (The Evil of the Century), 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hoja za Katulom" (Walking after Catullus), 1972

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grenki med" (Bitter Honey), 1990

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prose for Young Readers

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Marjetka" (Little Margaret), 1951

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kaj nam je popisal Jakec" (What Little Jack Told Us), 1953

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pol za šalo pol za res" (Half For Fun and Half Seriously), 1956

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kdo živi v tej kišici" (Who Lives in This Little House), 1959

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ježek se ženi" (The Hedgehog's Wedding), 1974

description: Poet, translator, editor and journalist

wikidata_label: Jože Šmit

wikipedia_title: Jože Šmit


text:
Slovene
collections of short stories
Celje
Maribor
Second World War
forced labour
Ljubljana
Prešeren Foundation Award
Levstik Award

categories: Slovenian writers,Slovenian children's writers,2007 deaths,Levstik Award laureates,1927 births

paragraph: Smiljan Rozman

paragraph: Smiljan Rozman (28 January 1927 – 15 March 2007) was a Slovene writer, author of numerus novels and collections of short stories who also wrote for young readers and scripts for children's programmes and drama series on television.

paragraph: Rozman was born in Celje in 1927. Soon after his birth the family moved to Maribor where he grew up. During the Second World War sent on forced labour to Germany and France. After the war he worked as a factory worker, musician, painter, actor and teacher and eventually a full-time writer. He died in Ljubljana in 2007.

paragraph: In 1965 he won the Prešeren Foundation Award for his novel "Druščina" (The Company). In 1968 he won the Levstik Award for his book "Reporter Tejč poroča" (Tejč the Reporter Reports).

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adult Prose

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nekdo" (Someoen), novel, 1958

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Obala" (The Coast), novel, 1959

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mesto" (The Town), short stories, 1961

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Na tekočem traku" (On the Conveyor Belt), comic stories, 1962

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rozalija" (Rozalia), novel, 1963

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vrtačnik", novel, 1963

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Druščina" (The Company), novel, 1965

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ruševine" (The Ruin), novel, 1965

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brusač" (The Grinder), novel, 1965

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poletje" (The Summer), novel, 1966

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pokopališče" (The Graveyard), novel, 1968

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leta in dnevi" (Years and Days), short stories, 1972

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leteči krožnik" (The Flying Saucer), novel, 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- For Children and Young Adults

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Teden ima sedem dni" (The Week Has Seven Days), 1962

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Čudežni pisalni strojček" (The Magic Typewriter), 1966

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reporter Tejč poroča" (Tejč the Reporter Reports), 1968

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Janko in njegov svet" (Janko and His World), 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lov za ukradenimi milijoni" (Hunting the Stolen Millions), 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tri zgodbe" (Three Stories), 1970

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zlata trobenta" (The Golden Trumpet), 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sin Martin" (The Son Martin), 1974

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Martin fantalin" (The Boy Martin), 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Majhne besede, velike reči" (Small Words, Large Things), 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oblaček Pohajaček" (Wanderer the Cloud), 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poklici" (Occupations), 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fantje muzikantje" (The Musical Lads), 1979

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ta glavna Urša" (Ursulla the Leader), 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mezinček in Mezinčica" (Tom Thumb and Thumbelina), 1983

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Klip, klap in deček Mak" (Clip, Clap and the Boy Mak), 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Koza Filomena" (Philomena the Goat), 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pes Pip" (Pip the Dog), 1999

description: writer

wikidata_label: Smiljan Rozman

wikipedia_title: Smiljan Rozman


text: Istanbul

text: Turkey

text: Turkish

text: art historian

text: archaeologist

text: Byzantine

text: Ottoman art

text: Istanbul

text: Byzantine

text: Kadıköy

text: Amasra

text: Kadıköy

text: Galatasaray Lisesi

text: Beyoğlu

text: World War II

text: Germany

text: Vienna

text: Berlin

text: Denmark

text: Sweden

text: Istanbul University

text: minaret

text: Constantinople

text: Hacettepe University

text: Mimar Sinan University

text: Sorbonne

text: Paris

text: Geneva

text: Bologna

text: Binbirkilise

text: Silifke

text: Cilicia

text: Karakabaklı

text: Thrace

text: Genoese

text: German Archaeological Institute

text: Légion d'honneur

text: Turkish Academy of Sciences

text: President of Turkey

text: Abdullah Gül

text: Professor Emeritus

text: Other works of Semavi Eyice

categories: Istanbul University faculty,1922 births,Turkish archaeologists,Turkish art historians,Turkish Byzantinists,People from Istanbul,Istanbul University alumni,2018 deaths

paragraph: Semavi Eyice

paragraph: Semavi Eyice (December 9, 1922 in Istanbul, Turkey – May 28, 2018 in Istanbul, Turkey) was a Turkish art historian and archaeologist, who specialised in the study of Byzantine and Ottoman art in Istanbul. Professor Eyice is widely regarded as the pioneer of Byzantine studies in Turkey.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born on 9 December 1922 at Kadıköy, Istanbul, to parents originating from Amasra, he grew up in Istanbul, where he attended the primary and secondary French schools in Kadıköy district, and graduated in 1943 from the Galatasaray Lisesi in Beyoğlu.

paragraph: During World War II, he went to Germany to learn the language. During the war years he attended in two different periods lectures in archeology, history and art history respectively at the Universities of Vienna and Berlin (at that time heavily bombed).

paragraph: In 1945, he was forced to leave Berlin, and was evacuated to Denmark and Sweden. In the same year, he returned to Turkey to undertake the study of art history at Istanbul University, where he graduated in 1948 under Ernst Diez with a thesis on the minarets of Istanbul.

paragraph: He then worked as a research assistant in the Department of Art History, and earned his doctorate in 1952 with the work "Side'nin Bizans Dönemine Ait Yapıları" (). In 1955, he was appointed associate professor after publishing his work "Istanbul’da Son Devir Bizans Mimarisi" (). In the same year, Semavi Eyice published "Istanbul, Petit guide à travers les monuments byzantins et turcs" (), a book which is still among the most cited works in the field of Constantinople's art history.

paragraph: Section::::Academic career.

paragraph: After founding the Byzantine Art Department at İstanbul University in 1963, he was appointed the next year first full professor of the newly established chair. In the course of his academic career he has lectured at numerous institutions, including Ankara Hacettepe University and Istanbul Mimar Sinan University, and abroad at the "Ėcole des Hautes Ėtudes", the Sorbonne in Paris, and the Universities of Geneva and Bologna. In addition to his teaching activity, he has engaged in archaeological field research in various places including the region of Binbirkilise in south-central Anatolia, various Byzantine settlements around Silifke in Cilicia (among them Karakabaklı), and Thrace.

paragraph: Since 1946 he has published 15 books and more than 500 papers and contributions to encyclopedic works, and until his death he has been fully active in research and teaching. His library, containing more than 30,000 rare editions and books dealing not only with Byzantine history and art, but also with Islamic, Turkish and Ottoman history, art and literature, is now hosted by the Istanbul Research Institute. In addition to his main scientific field in Byzantine art and archaeology, and Turkish art in the Ottoman era, he has done research on foreign painters and travellers who visited Turkey, and has also studied the traces left by the Genoese in Turkey.

paragraph: Professor Eyice was a member of several research organizations, including the German Archaeological Institute. In 1955, he received the Légion d'honneur Medal from the Académie de France, and in the same year he was awarded the Prize of the Turkish Academy of Sciences. In 2011, President of Turkey Abdullah Gül awarded Prof. Eyice with the Presidential Culture and Arts Grand Prix.

paragraph: Semavi Eyice was appointed Professor Emeritus in 1990. He has been married to Kamran Yalgın since 1954.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Istanbul, Petit guide à travers les monuments byzantins et turcs" Istanbul: Istanbul Matbaası, 1955

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Son devir Bizans mimarisi: Istanbul'da Palaiologos'lar devri anıtları" Istanbul, 1963

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Recherches archéologiques à Karadağ (Binbirkilise) et dans la région de Karaman" Istanbul, 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- "İstanbul yazıları." Istanbul: Türkiye Turing ve Otomobil Kurumu, 1992, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Some Byzantine towns in Cilicia Tracheia" In "150 years of German Archaeological Institute", Mainz 1981, pp. 204–209.

paragraph: A complete bibliography of his publications can be found at

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other works of Semavi Eyice

paragraph: BULLET::::- Publications at the Common Library Network

description: Art historian and archaeologist

wikidata_label: Semavi Eyice

wikipedia_title: Semavi Eyice


text: mountaineer

text: Mt Everest

text: Lhotse

text: Carstensz Pyramid

text: Aconcagua

text: Vinson Massif

text: Kilimanjaro

text: Elbrus

text: virtual reality

text: Emmy

text: Mt Everest

text: April 2015 Nepal earthquake

text: fatalities

text: Mt Everest

text: Lhotse

text: Mt Everest

text: Outside Magazine

text: Manaslu

text: Mt. Everest

text: People Magazine

text: The Today Show

text: April 2015 Nepal earthquake

text: ESPN

text: Mount Everest

text: The Himalayan Times

text: Garrett Madison's website

categories: 1978 births,American mountain climbers,Western Washington University alumni,American summiters of Mount Everest,Living people

paragraph: Garrett Madison

paragraph: Garrett Madison (born November 3, 1978) is an American mountaineer and guide. Madison began guiding professionally in 1999 on Mount Rainier, and his company, Madison Mountaineering, specializes in climbs on Mount Everest and other high altitude peaks, operates on the highest peaks on all seven continents, and also provides training programs and summit climbs in Washington State. On May 19–20, 2011, he reached the summit of Mt Everest on his fourth successful attempt as expedition leader and guide for Alpine Ascents International, and reached the summit of Lhotse (the fourth highest mountain in the world) 21 hours later as guide to climber Tom Halliday. Also on the expedition was guide Michael Horst who made both summits as well in under a 24-hour period, a few days earlier. This was the first time that both Everest and Lhotse were summited together in less than 24 hours, and Madison repeated the "double header" feat again in 2013, the only person to do so twice. In 2014, Madison led the first successfully guided ascent of K2, reaching the summit with two climbers and three Sherpas on July 27, 2014. On 22 July 2018, Madison successfully led a team of 24 to the summit of K2 and became the first American to summit K2 more than once. Madison also regularly guides many "7 Summits" expeditions such as Carstensz Pyramid, Aconcagua, Vinson Massif, Kilimanjaro and Elbrus during the year.

paragraph: In addition, Madison is regularly involved with film productions on Everest, participating in 4 different features over the last 3 years. Most recently, Madison's company, Madison Mountaineering, brought a virtual reality camera to the summit of Mt. Everest. As an executive producer, Garrett Madison was awarded the 2017 Sports Emmy in Outstanding Digital Innovation for the resulting SI.com/Life VR production, Capturing Everest.

paragraph: Madison was leading a team of climbers up Mt Everest when the April 2015 Nepal earthquake triggered an avalanche, resulting in the deadliest day in Everest's history. The team's doctor, Eve Girawong, was one of the American fatalities.

paragraph: Madison holds multiple high altitude mountaineering world records such as being the only person to climb Mt Everest and nearby Lhotse in a day, 3 times. He is the only American to climb K2 twice, and personally has led more climbers to the summits of Mt Everest and K2 than anyone.

paragraph: Section::::Media.

paragraph: Outside Magazine's story of the deadly September 2012 avalanche on Manaslu is supported with photos and notes of Madison's mountain rescue and recovery efforts.

paragraph: An interview and story of Madison's 2012 Mt. Everest summit was published in the October 2012 issue of Outside Magazine.

paragraph: The MTN Meister Podcast featured an interview with Madison in 2014 detailing, among other things, his ascent of K2 that was the mountain's first ever guided climb.

paragraph: Outside Magazine featured Madison on the cover of their 2015 Adventure Issue.

paragraph: People Magazine and The Today Show both highlighted Madison's experience during the April 2015 Nepal earthquake while covering the tragedy.

paragraph: In July 2015, ESPN featured Madison in a video about Mount Everest.

paragraph: The Himalayan Times covered Madison’s successful first ascent of Nupla Khang in November 2018.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Garrett Madison's website

description: American mountain climber

wikidata_label: Garrett Madison

wikipedia_title: Garrett Madison


text: British

text: zoologist

text: Philip Lutley Sclater

text: Sir Walter Elliot

text: Master of Arts

text: Natural Science

text: Keble College

text: Oxford

text: Calcutta

text: Eton College

text: St. George's Cathedral

text: London

text: Cape Town

text: South Africa

text: curator

text: South African Museum

text: Arthur Stark

text: George Shelley

text: Frederick John Jackson

text: Colorado Springs

text: Colorado

text: William Jackson Palmer

text: Colorado College

text: Natural History Museum

text: Great War

text: Gloucestershire Regiment

text: Staff Officer

text: Ian Hamilton

text: SS River Clyde

text: Gallipoli Campaign

text: DSO

text: mentioned in despatches

text: Second Boer War

text: Egyptian Army

text: Ta' Braxia Cemetery

text: Malta

text: 9th Queen's Royal Lancers

text: Frant

text: Ibis

text: Zoological Record

text: British Ornithologists' Union

text: Royal Geographical Society

text: St. George's Hospital

text: V-1 flying bomb

text: Chelsea

text: species

text: amphibian

text: reptile

categories: Employees of the Natural History Museum, London,British ornithologists,1944 deaths,Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society,1863 births

paragraph: William Lutley Sclater

paragraph: William Lutley Sclater (23 September 1863 – 4 July 1944) was a British zoologist and museum director. He was the son of Philip Lutley Sclater and was named after his paternal grandfather, also William Lutley Sclater.

paragraph: William's mother, Jane Anne Eliza, was the daughter of Sir David Hunter-Blair and a sister-in-law of Sir Walter Elliot the Indian naturalist. Sclater received his Master of Arts degree in Natural Science from Keble College at Oxford in 1885. He worked for two years as a Demonstrator at Cambridge under Professor Adam Sedgwick and went on a collecting trip to British Guiana in 1886. He published about birds in the Ibis in 1887. In the same year, he received an appointment as a deputy superintendent of the Indian Museum in Calcutta from 1887 until 1891, when he joined the science faculty of Eton College.

paragraph: It was at Eton that he met his future wife, Charlotte Mellen Stephenson, an American divorcée whose two sons attended the school. The couple were married at St. George's Cathedral in London on 1 February 1896 at St. George, shortly after which they moved to Cape Town, South Africa. Here, Sclater took up the position of curator at the South African Museum, whose collections he reorganized and moved into a new facility. During his time in South Africa, he continued his scientific writings, including completion of the work "Flora and Fauna of South Africa". He also completed the four-volume series "The Birds of South Africa", begun by Dr Arthur Stark; the five-volume "Birds of Africa", begun by Captain George Shelley; and "The Birds of Kenya Colony and the Uganda Protectorate", begun by Sir Frederick John Jackson.

paragraph: In 1906, following a dispute with the Museum's board of trustees, Sclater resigned as curator. He travelled with his wife through Mombasa, Lake Victoria, Khartoum, and Cairo before returning to England. He then moved to Colorado Springs, Colorado, which had been founded by Charlotte's brother-in-law, General William Jackson Palmer. Palmer offered Sclater a small estate outside the city and a professorship at Colorado College. Here, he helped in reorganizing the museum. When the general died in 1909, the couple returned to England.

paragraph: From 1909 Sclater became curator of the Bird Room at the Natural History Museum. While working there he compiled the "Systema Avium Aethiopicarum" (1924 - 1930), a scholarly work that assisted further research. He worked there until his death in 1944.

paragraph: In 1912, Sclater published "A History of the Birds of Colorado" in two volumes. During the Great War, he volunteered for the Soldiers' and Sailors' Families Association. Both his stepsons were killed in action during the war:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Captain Eric Seymour Stephenson died on 6 May 1915, aged 36, while serving with the 1st Battalion Gloucestershire Regiment (attached as Landing Staff Officer to Sir Ian Hamilton's Staff). He was wounded on 26 April while directing landing operations from the "SS River Clyde" during the Gallipoli Campaign and died of wounds on board the hospital ship "Sicilia". He was awarded a DSO and was mentioned in despatches. He served in the Second Boer War and was attached for many years to the Egyptian Army. He is buried in the Ta' Braxia Cemetery on Malta.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second Lieutenant Cyril Seymour Stephenson died on 6 December 1916, aged 37, while serving with the 9th Queen's Royal Lancers. He is buried in the northeast corner of the old ground of St Alban's churchyard in Frant.

paragraph: Sclater was editor of "Ibis" from 1913 to 1930, editor of the Zoological Record from 1921 to 1937, president of the British Ornithologists' Union from 1928 to 1933, and secretary of the Royal Geographical Society from 1931 to 1943. In 1919 and 1920, he and his wife travelled around the globe. In 1930, he was awarded the Godman-Salvin Gold Medal.

paragraph: In 1942, Charlotte died of injuries sustained during the bombing of London. Two years later, William Sclater died at St. George's Hospital, two days after a V-1 flying bomb fell over his home at 10 Sloane Court in Chelsea on Sunday, 2 July 1944.

paragraph: Known mainly for his work with birds, Sclater also described several new species of amphibians and reptiles Four new snakes were described by him in a single paper in 1891. "Enuliophis sclateri" Boulenger 1894 is a snake species named after his father Philip Sclater.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chrono-Biographical Sketch: William Lutley Sclater

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iziko South African museum: William Lutley Sclater

description: British zoologist and museum director

wikidata_label: William Lutley Sclater

wikipedia_title: William Lutley Sclater


text:
tennis
1908 Australasian Championships
Australian Open
Alfred Dunlop
Princeton University
Intercollegiate
US Open
Harold Hackett
Harold Throckmorton
William Clothier
Beals Wright
Australia
Albert Ground
Melbourne
Norman Brookes
Anthony Wilding
Beals Wright
International Tennis Hall of Fame

categories: People from Sea Bright, New Jersey,Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's singles,19th-century male tennis players,Australasian Championships (tennis) champions,Sportspeople from Monmouth County, New Jersey,Princeton Tigers men's tennis players,1969 deaths,19th-century American people,American male tennis players,Tennis people from New Jersey,International Tennis Hall of Fame inductees,1880 births,Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles

paragraph: Fred Alexander

paragraph: Frederick Beasley Alexander (August 14, 1880 – March 3, 1969) was an American tennis player in the early 20th century. He won the singles title at the 1908 Australasian Championships and six double titles at Grand Slam events.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: The right-handed Alexander in 1908 became the first foreigner to win the singles title at the Australasian/Australian Championships, the amateur precursor to the Australian Open. He then teamed with the man he defeated in the final, Alfred Dunlop, to win the doubles.

paragraph: Alexander attended Princeton University and won the Intercollegiate doubles championship in 1900 and the singles in 1901. Between 1904 and 1918, he was a U.S. top ten player at year's end six times. He was a finalist in doubles at the U.S. Championships, precursor to the US Open, seven straight times beginning in 1905. He and partner Harold Hackett won the U.S. doubles each year from 1907 to 1910. At age 37, Alexander won again in 1917, partnering with Harold Throckmorton. In the singles, Alexander reached the all comers final in 1908, beating William Clothier before losing to Beals Wright.

paragraph: He competed in the USA Davis Cup team in 1908 which lost the final against Australia at the Albert Ground, Melbourne. Alexander lost both his singles matches against Norman Brookes and Anthony Wilding as well as the doubles match against these two together with his partner Beals Wright.

paragraph: In 1915 he authored "How to Play Lawn Tennis", part of the "Spalding's athletic library" series.

paragraph: Alexander was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1961.

paragraph: Section::::U.S. Indoor Championships.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Men's Doubles champion: 1906, 1907, 1908, 1911, 1912, 1917

description: US tennis player

wikidata_label: Fred Alexander

wikipedia_title: Fred Alexander


text:
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
battle of Shizugatake
Seven Spears of Shizugatake
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Sekigahara
koku
Aizu
Siege of Shimoda

paragraph: Katō Yoshiaki

paragraph: A retainer of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, he fought in the battle of Shizugatake in 1583, and soon became known as one of the "shichi-hon-yari" (七本槍), or Seven Spears of Shizugatake, Hideyoshi's seven most trusted and experienced generals.

paragraph: After Hideyoshi's death, Katō fought alongside Tokugawa Ieyasu. Following the important victory at Sekigahara, Tokugawa doubled Katō's fief from 100,000 "koku" to 200,000. For a time, he was lord of Aizu.

paragraph: He was involved in the bitter naval battles fought off the coast of southern Korea during the 1st and 2nd Korean Campaign, many of which went in favor of the Korean navy.

paragraph: Section::::See Also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siege of Shimoda

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Kim Kang-il in the 2014 film "".

alias:
Kato Yoshiaki
Katou Yoshiaki

description: daimyo

wikidata_label: Katō Yoshiaki

wikipedia_title: Katō Yoshiaki


text:
American football
linebacker
National Football League
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
2005 NFL Draft
Tennessee Titans
New Orleans Saints
Houston Texans
college football
Nebraska
Lincoln Southeast High School
Lincoln, Nebraska
letterman
Omaha World-Herald
All-American
Lincoln Journal Star
college football
University of Nebraska
Big 12
tackles
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
2005 NFL Draft
Shelton Quarles
Ryan Nece
interceptions
Tennessee Titans
injured reserve
Seattle Seahawks
New Orleans Saints
Houston Texans
Brian Cushing
Tom Ruud
Buffalo Bills
Cincinnati Bengals
Bo
Warner University
Seattle Seahawks bio

categories: Nebraska Cornhuskers football players,Houston Texans players,Sportspeople from Lincoln, Nebraska,Seattle Seahawks players,Living people,Tampa Bay Buccaneers players,Tennessee Titans players,American football linebackers,1983 births,Players of American football from Nebraska,New Orleans Saints players

paragraph: Barrett Ruud

paragraph: Barrett James Ruud (born May 20, 1983) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the second round of the 2005 NFL Draft and also played for the Tennessee Titans, New Orleans Saints and Houston Texans. He played college football at Nebraska, where he currently serves as the inside linebackers coach.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Ruud attended high school at Lincoln Southeast High School in Lincoln, Nebraska. He was a four-year letterman and helped his team compile a 48-2 record and Class A state titles in 1998, 1999, and 2001. He was a two-time All-American by the Omaha World-Herald and earned All-American honors as a linebacker from Prep Star and Student Sport. He also was a two-time super-state pick and was named offensive player of the year, defensive player of the year and prep athlete of the year by the Lincoln Journal Star.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Ruud played college football at the University of Nebraska. He earned numerous honors while there including 2004 Third-Team All American, 2004 First-Team All-Big 12, 2003 Second-Team All-Big 12, and 2002 All-Big 12 honorable mention among others. He finished his career starting 37 of 50 games finishing with a school record 432 career tackles.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

paragraph: Ruud was drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the second round of the 2005 NFL Draft. As a rookie, he played in all 16 games recording 17 tackles. In 2006, he started 5 of 16 games after injuries to Shelton Quarles and Ryan Nece and finished with 57 tackles.

paragraph: In 2007 Ruud became a full-time starter after the team cut longtime starter Quarles. He finished the season starting all 15 games he played in, recording 114 tackles and two interceptions. He remained the Buccaneers starter through 2008 and ended the season totaling 137 tackles, three sacks and two interceptions.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tennessee Titans.

paragraph: On July 30, 2011, Ruud signed with the Tennessee Titans. On December 13, 2011, Ruud was placed on injured reserve, ending his season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Seattle Seahawks.

paragraph: In April 2012, Ruud signed with the Seattle Seahawks.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New Orleans Saints.

paragraph: On August 20, 2012, Ruud was traded to the New Orleans Saints in exchange for a conditional draft pick. On October 8, 2012, Ruud was cut by the Saints after the team went through a 1-4 start.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Houston Texans.

paragraph: On October 10, 2012 Ruud was signed by the Houston Texans, to provide depth at linebacker after the injury to defensive star Brian Cushing.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:NFL statistics.

paragraph: Key

paragraph: BULLET::::- GP: games played

paragraph: BULLET::::- COMB: combined tackles

paragraph: BULLET::::- TOTAL: total tackles

paragraph: BULLET::::- AST: assisted tackles

paragraph: BULLET::::- SACK: sacks

paragraph: BULLET::::- FF: forced fumbles

paragraph: BULLET::::- FR: fumble recoveries

paragraph: BULLET::::- FR YDS: fumble return yards

paragraph: BULLET::::- INT: interceptions

paragraph: BULLET::::- IR YDS: interception return yards

paragraph: BULLET::::- AVG IR: average interception return

paragraph: BULLET::::- LNG: longest interception return

paragraph: BULLET::::- TD: interceptions returned for touchdown

paragraph: BULLET::::- PD: passes defensed

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Ruud's father, Tom Ruud, played for the Cornhuskers in the early 1970s and later in the National Football League for the Buffalo Bills and Cincinnati Bengals. His younger brother Bo also attended Nebraska.

paragraph: His mother Jaime Ruud died of a massive heart attack on June 30, 2006 while vacationing with family in northern Minnesota.

paragraph: Barrett hosts an annual summer football camp at Warner University for children ages 7–18.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seattle Seahawks bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Barrett Ruud

wikipedia_title: Barrett Ruud


text: pharaoh

text: 12th Dynasty

text: Ancient Egypt

text: Neferu III

text: Senusret I

text: nomarch

text: Amenemhat

text: Beni Hasan

text: Nubia

text: Keminub

text: 13th Dynasty

text: Khenmet

text: Senusret II

text: Amenemhatankh

text: Nofret II

text: Khenemetneferhedjet I

text: coregency

text: Leiden

text: Annals of Amenemhat II

text: Memphis

text: 19th Dynasty

text: Kush

text: Sinai

text: Wadi Gasus

text: amethyst

text: Wadi el-Hudi

text: Heliopolis

text: Herakleopolis

text: Delta

text: Hermopolis

text: Great Sphinx of Tanis

text: Montu

text: Tod

text: Aegean

text: Middle Kingdom

text: Senusret

text: vizier

text: Ameny

text: Siese

text: treasurer

text: high steward

text: iry-pat

text: Ameny

text: Konosso

text: Lisht

text: Dahshur

text: Sneferu

text: Red Pyramid

text: 4th Dynasty

text: White Pyramid

text: mortuary temple

text: Jacques de Morgan

text: Amenhotep

categories: 19th-century BC Pharaohs,20th-century BC Pharaohs,20th-century BC births,19th-century BC deaths

paragraph: Amenemhat II

paragraph: Nubkaure Amenemhat II was the third pharaoh of the 12th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. Although he ruled for at least 35 years, his reign is rather obscure, as well as his family relationships.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Archaeological findings have provided the name of Amenemhat's mother, the "king's mother" Neferu III, but not the name of his father. Nevertheless, it is commonly assumed that he was a son of his predecessor Senusret I. An early attestation of Amenemhat may have come from the tomb of the namesake nomarch Amenemhat, buried at Beni Hasan This nomarch, who lived under Senusret I, escorted the "King's son Ameny" in an expedition to Nubia, and it is believed that this prince Ameny was no other than Amenemhat II in his youth.

paragraph: The identity of Amenemhat's queen consort is unknown. Many royal women were buried within his pyramid complex, but their relationships with the king are unclear: a queen Keminub must be dated to the later 13th Dynasty, and three "king's daughters" named Ita, Itaweret, and Khenmet may have been Amenemhat's daughters, although a definitive proof is still lacking. His successor Senusret II was likely his son, although this is never explicitly stated anywhere. Other children were prince Amenemhatankh and the princesses Nofret II and Khenemetneferhedjet, likely the same person of Khenemetneferhedjet I; both those ladies later became wives of their purported brother Senusret II.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Accession.

paragraph: Amenemhat II was once believed to have shared a period of coregency with his predecessor Senusret I, an hypothesis based on the double-dated stela of an official named Wepwawetō (Leiden, V4) that bears the regnal year 44 of Senusret I and the regnal year 2 of Amenemhat II. The existence of such coregency is now considered unlikely and the meaning of the double-date on the stela is interpreted as a time range when Wepwawetō was in charge, from Senusret I's year 44 to Amenemhat II's year 2.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Account of reign.

paragraph: The most important record for Amenemhat's early reign is on fragments of the so-called "Annals of Amenemhat II" unearthed at Memphis (later reused during the 19th Dynasty). It provides records of donations to temples and, sometimes, of political events. Among the latter, there is a mention of a military expedition into Asia, the destruction of two cities – Iuai and Iasy – whose location is still unknown, and the coming of tribute-bearers from Asia and Kush.

paragraph: Under Amenemhat II several mining expeditions are known: at least 3 in the Sinai, one in the Wadi Gasus (year 28) and one in search for amethysts in the Wadi el-Hudi. He is known to have ordered building works at Heliopolis, Herakleopolis, Memphis, in the Eastern Delta, and rebuilt a ruined temple at Hermopolis. There are some mentions of the building of a "First temple" but it is still unclear what it should have been. A well-known finding associated with Amenemhat II is the Great Sphinx of Tanis (Louvre A23), later usurped by many other pharaohs. He is also named on the boxes of a treasure of silver objects found under the temple of Montu at Tod: notably, many of these objects are not of Egyptian workmanship but rather Aegean, evidencing contacts between Egypt and foreign civilizations in the Middle Kingdom. Many private stelae bears Amenemhat's cartouches – and sometimes even his regnal years – but are of little help in providing useful information about the events of his reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Court officials.

paragraph: Some members of Amenemhat's court are known. Senusret was the vizier at the beginning of his reign, and one of his successors was Ameny, later likely followed by Siese who had a remarkable career and also was a treasurer and a high steward before his vizierate. Beside Siese, other known treasurers were Rehuerdjersen and Merykau. The "overseer of the gateway", Khentykhetywer, was buried near the king's pyramid. Other known officials were the "overseers of the chamber", Snofru and Senitef, and the royal scribe and "iry-pat" Samont. As "great overseer of troops", a certain Ameny dates most likely under the king.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Succession.

paragraph: Amenemhat II and his successor Senusret II shared a brief coregency, the only unquestionable one of the whole Middle Kingdom. Unlike most of the double-dated monuments, the stela of Hapu from Konosso explicitly states that these two kings ruled together for a while and that the regnal year 3 of Senusret II equates the regnal year 35 of Amenemhat II. Amenemhat's year 35 on the stela of Hapu is also the highest date known for him.

paragraph: Section::::Tomb.

paragraph: Unlike his two predecessors who built their pyramids at Lisht, Amenemhat II chose Dahshur for this purpose, a location which was no more used as royal cemetery since the time of Sneferu and his Red Pyramid (4th Dynasty). At the present time, Amenemhat's pyramid – originally called "Amenu-sekhem", but best known today as the White Pyramid – is poorly preserved and excavated. The mortuary temple adjacent the pyramid was called "Djefa-Amenemhat". Many people were buried within the pyramid complex, whose tombs were rediscovered by Jacques de Morgan in 1894/5: the three aforementioned princesses Ita, Itaweret, and Khenmet were found untouched, still containing their beautiful jewels, and also the tombs of the lady Sathathormeryt, the treasurer Amenhotep, and the queen Keminub; unlike the others, the latter two were looted in antiquity and are dated to the subsequent 13th Dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- One likely statue of Amenemhat (II) in 3D model on Sketchfab

description: pharaoh of Egypt

wikidata_label: Amenemhat II

wikipedia_title: Amenemhat II