text:
Eastern Roman Emperor
domesticus
Ardabur
Aspar
Pulcheria
Flavius Zeno
patrician
Theodosius II
Eastern Roman Empire
Huns
Attila
Council of Chalcedon
Jesus
solidi
Leo I
Thrace
Illyria
John Malalas
Philippopolis
Roman–Sasanian War of 421–422
tribune
Lycia
Tatianus
praefectus urbi
Iulius
domesticus
Aspar
magister militum
Alanic
Stilicho
Africa
Vandals
Genseric
Theodosius II
Huns
Attila
Carthage
Justinian
Danube
Margus
Viminacium
Singidunum
Sirmium
succession crisis
Ardabur
Pulcheria
Theodosian dynasty
Flavius Zeno
patrician
Western Roman Emperor
Valentinian III
Marcia Euphemia
Anthemius
Western Roman
Emperor
eunuch
spatharios
Chrysaphius
Huns
Pannonia
Flavius Aetius
Comes et Magister Utriusque Militiae
Armorica
Gepids
Metz
Orleans
Battle of the Catalaunian Plains
Aquileia
breadbasket
hemorrhaging
suffocation
Ardaric
Theodemir
Valamir
Videmir
Ellac
Battle of Nedao
foederati
laeti
Saracens
Syria
Blemmyes
Second Council of Ephesus
ecumenical council
Christology
miaphysis
hypostatic union
Council of Chalcedon
Nicaea
First Council of Nicaea
Chalcedon
bishops
Pope Leo I
physis
hypostasis
Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria
Ibas of Edessa
Theodoret
edicts
Eutychianists
Nestorians
Palestine
Alexandria
Proterius of Alexandria
Sassanid Empire
Church of St. Mary of Blachernae
Hodegon Monastery
Paul
David
remission
praetorship
follis
consuls
Roman Republic
vir illustris
Constantine I
freedwoman
humilis
novels
pagan rites
Ardabur
magister militum per Orientem
Euphemius
magister officiorum
Palladius
Anatolius of Constantinople
Vardan II Mamikonian
Hmayeak Mamikonian
Atom Gnuni
Vardan Amatuni
Meruzhan Artsruni
Anatolius
Florentius
Lazica
Gubazes I
Damnazes
Sporacius
Hydatius
Tisza
sacked Rome
Petronius Maximus
engagement
Licinia Eudoxia
Placidia
Eudocia
Priscus
Edward Arthur Thompson
Theodorus Lector
Evagrius Scholasticus
Avitus
Hydatius
Thomas Hodgkin
J. B. Bury
William Bayless
Ernst Stein
Norman Baynes
C. E. Stevens
gangrene
Church of the Holy Apostles
solidi
Leo I
praesental
Eastern Roman Senate
Arian
Theodosius I
Theophanes the Confessor
Tatianus
column
Forum of Arcadius
Arcadius
Chrysotriklinos
Great Palace of Constantinople
Patria of Constantinople
Suda
Justin II
Joannes Zonaras
Heptaconch Hall
Justinian
Chronicon Paschale
Evagrius Scholasticus
Hydatius
John Malalas
John of Nikiû
Jordanes
Romana
George Kedrenos
Marcellinus Comes
Michael the Syrian
Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos
Priscus
Pseudo-Dionysius
John Rufus
Theophanes the Confessor
Theodorus Lector
Zacharias Rhetor
Joannes Zonaras
Zosimus

categories: Illyrian people,5th-century Byzantine emperors,392 births,457 deaths,Burials at the Church of the Holy Apostles,Saints from Constantinople,Flavii,5th-century Roman emperors,Imperial Roman consuls,5th-century Christian saints,Theodosian dynasty

paragraph: Marcian

paragraph: Marcian (; ; ; 392 – 26 January 457) was the Eastern Roman Emperor from 450 to 457. Very little of his life before becoming emperor is known, other than that he was a "domesticus" (personal assistant) who served under Ardabur and his son Aspar for fifteen years. After the death of Emperor Theodosius II on 28 July 450, Marcian was made a candidate to the throne by Aspar, who held much influence due to his military power. After a month of negotiations Pulcheria, the sister of Theodosius, agreed to marry Marcian, and Flavius Zeno, a military leader of similar influence to Aspar, agreed to help Marcian to become emperor in exchange for the rank of patrician. Marcian was elected and inaugurated on 25 August 450.

paragraph: Marcian reversed many of the actions of his predecessor, Emperor Theodosius II, in religious matters and the Eastern Roman Empire's relationship with the Huns under Attila. Marcian almost immediately revoked all treaties with Attila, ending all subsidy payments to him. In 452, while Attila was raiding Italy, then a part of the Western Roman Empire, Marcian launched expeditions across the Danube into the Hungarian plain, defeating the Huns in their own heartland. This action, accompanied by the famine and plague that broke out in northern Italy, allowed Marcian to bribe Attila into retreating from the Italian peninsula.

paragraph: After the death of Attila in 453, Marcian took advantage of the resulting fragmentation of the Hunnic confederation, settling numerous tribes within Eastern Roman lands as "foederati" (subject tribes which gave military service in exchange for various benefits). Marcian also convened the Council of Chalcedon, which reversed the outcome of the previous Second Council of Ephesus, and declared that Jesus had two natures, divine and human. Marcian died on 26 January 457, leaving the Eastern Roman Empire with a treasury surplus of seven million solidi. After his death, Aspar had Leo I elected as Eastern Roman Emperor.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Marcian was born in 392, in either Thrace or Illyria. He is described by the ancient historian John Malalas as being tall and having some sort of foot impediment. Little of Marcian's early life is known. Marcian's father had served in the military and at a young age, Marcian enlisted at Philippopolis in Thrace. By the time of the Roman–Sasanian War of 421–422, Marcian had reached the rank of tribune but did not see action in the war itself due to becoming ill in Lycia, where he was cared for by Tatianus, who later became "praefectus urbi" (urban prefect), and his brother Iulius. Marcian eventually rose to become the "domesticus" (personal assistant) of Aspar, the "magister militum" (commander in chief) of the Eastern Roman Empire; who, despite being Alanic, held much influence in the Eastern Roman Empire, comparable to that of Stilicho in the Western Roman Empire. In the early 430s, Marcian served under Aspar in Roman Africa, where he was captured by the Vandals. Some sources give a likely false account of Marcian, while in captivity, meeting the Vandal King Genseric who predicted he would later become emperor. After his capture, he is not mentioned again until the death of Eastern Emperor Theodosius II.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Reign of Theodosius II.

paragraph: The Eastern Roman Empire had been plagued by external threats during the reign of Theodosius II. In 429 the Vandals, led by Genseric, began to conquer Roman Africa. Theodosius immediately organised a response, sending Aspar and three other commanders to attempt to repel them in the summer of 431. To the north, the Huns, who had customarily attacked the Eastern Empire whenever its armies were preoccupied and receded whenever those forces returned, send ambassadors to Theodosius in 431, demanding tribute. Theodosius agreed to their demand to pay of gold every year. In 434, the Eastern Roman armies were still campaigning against the Vandals in Africa, having faced initial defeats and the withdrawal of a large number of Western Roman soldiers. In the face of Eastern Roman weakness, the Huns doubled their demand, asking for of gold per year, which Theodosius agreed to; the threat the Huns posed to the weakly protected Eastern Empire was enough that Theodosius recalled a large number of his forces from Africa. With large amounts of the Eastern Roman armies home, and Attila, who had just taken power in the Hunnic Confederation, busy campaigning to the north, Theodosius refused to pay the tribute and continued to refuse to pay tribute until 439. On 19 October 439, the Vandals defeated the weakened Eastern Roman armies and captured Carthage. Both the Western and Eastern Roman Empires began preparing a massive counter-offensive, stripping the Balkan provinces of protection. In the spring of 440, 1,100 ships set sail from Constantinople for Africa, twice the size of the fleet that would be sent by Emperor Justinian a century later.

paragraph: Sending away such a large number of the Eastern Roman forces was a huge gamble on Theodosius' part, betting that the fortified cities along the Danube could delay the Huns for long enough that the invasion force could gain a secure foothold in Africa, allowing troops to be withdrawn back to the northern frontier. This gamble worked until 442 when the bishop of Margus led a raiding party into the Huns territory and desecrated the royal tombs of the Huns. In response to this desecration, Attila demanded that the bishop be handed over; in order to ensure his own safety, the bishop struck a deal with Attila, surrendering the city of Margus to Attila in exchange for his own life. With control of Margus, Attila had a foothold across the Danube, which he aggressively exploited, capturing and destroying the cities of Viminacium, Singidunum, and Sirmium. Theodosius recalled Aspar to Constantinople and launched a counterattack. After his force was decisively defeated, Theodosius undertook to pay tribute to the Huns every year, which he did each year until his death in 450.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Rise to throne.

paragraph: After Eastern Emperor Theodosius II died unexpectedly in a riding accident on 28 July 450, the empire faced its first succession crisis in 60 years, as Theodosius did not have any sons, nor had he designated any successor. Some later sources state that Theodosius willed the Eastern Empire to Marcian on his deathbed, but this is thought to merely be propaganda created by Marcian's supporters after his election.

paragraph: Marcian had loyally served Aspar's father Ardabur for fifteen years and had served Aspar for some time, and so Aspar conspired to have Marcian elected, and was able to negotiate with other powerful figures to have Marcian made the emperor, despite Marcian's relative obscurity. There was a one-month delay between the death of Theodosius and the election of Marcian, possibly due to negotiations between Aspar and Pulcheria, the sister of Theodosius II, who agreed to marry Marcian. Despite being married to Marcian, Pulchera kept the vow of virginity she had made in 413, at age 14, during her three years of marriage to Marcian. The marriage of Pulcheria and Marcian helped to legitimize Marcian's rule, as her family, the Theodosian dynasty, had direct ties to the throne. It is possible negotiations were also needed between Flavius Zeno, who was similarly in a position of military power, and Aspar. Flavius Zeno was given the prestigious rank of patrician upon the ascension of Marcian in 450, which has led many historians to suggest a deal was made whereby Zeno would be rewarded for supporting Marcian, rather than attempting to have himself made the emperor.

paragraph: Marcian was elected on 25 August 450, with Pulcheria herself crowning him emperor, a unique event symbolizing that the imperial power was shared, likely to further boost Marcian's legitimacy. Marcian was elected without the consultation of the Western Roman Emperor, Valentinian III, which has been viewed as a marker of further separation between the Eastern and Western Roman Empires. Valentinian III would not recognize Marcian as Eastern Roman Emperor until March 452. Marcian had his daughter Marcia Euphemia, who came from a previous marriage, marry Anthemius, future Western Roman Emperor, in 453.

paragraph: The election of Marcian in 450 resulted in large changes to eastern imperial policy: The eunuch and "spatharios" (guard of the imperial chambers) Chrysaphius, who had exercised much influence over the young Theodosius, was killed by either murder or execution; and Marcian took a much tougher stance against the Huns and a more direct role in ecclesiastical affairs. For these reasons, some historians consider him the strongest, or at least most independent, Eastern Roman emperor, although the fact that both Pulcheria and Flavius Zeno were opposed to Chrysaphius' influence, may have influenced Marcian's actions.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Conflict with the Huns.

paragraph: Almost immediately after becoming emperor, Marcian reversed the policies of Theodosius, revoking all treaties with Attila, and proclaiming the end of subsidies, saying he may grant gifts if Attila was loyal, but if he attempted to raid the Eastern Roman Empire, he would be repelled. At this time Attila was preparing to invade the Western Roman Empire, under the guise of helping Valentinian III against the Visigoths. Attila reacted angrily, demanding tribute, but did not alter his invasion plans. He led his horde west from Pannonia in spring 451, into the Western Roman Empire. Flavius Aetius, the "Comes et Magister Utriusque Militiae" (supreme commander) of the Western Roman Empire, organised a defense and called upon the Visigoths, Franks, Burgundians, Alans, Saxons, Celtic Armoricans, and other tribal groups to aid him, numbering about 60,000. Attila's forces were made of Gepids, Alans, Sciri, Heruli, Rugians, some Franks, Burgundians, and Ostrogoths.

paragraph: Attila sacked Metz, and attempted a siege of Orleans, before meeting Aetius' forces at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, in Northeast Gaul. This battle involved around 100,000 men total, and resulted in massive losses on both sides. After the battle, Attila retreated to the Hungarian plain, and Aetius dismissed his coalition of barbarians, sending them back to their own territories. In spring 452, Attila again launched a raid, this time into the almost entirely undefended Italy, likely motivated by his desire for revenge, along with a need to raid to stabilize his tribal-state, which was dependent upon raiding for loot and resources. Attila captured the city of Aquileia after a long and difficult siege, and then ransacked the city. Attila then raided across Northern Italy, taking Milan and other important cities. There was much fear that Attila would attack Rome itself, whose walls were weaker than some of the cities Attila had already captured. During this period, Aetius was unable to launch an attack on Attila, other than cutting his lines of communication and harassing his rear forces.

paragraph: Despite the plunder he now had from capturing Aquileia, Milan, and other cities, Attila was quickly placed in a precarious situation, due to the actions of both Eastern and Western Rome. In Italy, he was seriously lacking in funds, due to not receiving subsidies from either Eastern or Western Rome for two years, and his forces were depleted from the constant warfare. Additionally, his homeland was threatened by the Eastern Empire which, despite punitive raids ordered by Attila, took the offensive against the Hungarian plain in mid 452, attacking across the Danube and inflicting a defeat upon the Huns. The area attacked by the Eastern Romans was home to Ostrogoths and Gepids, two groups bitterly opposed to Hunnic rule, and was the breadbasket of the Hunnic Empire. The loss of food supply from Attila's own land was coupled with the famine that Italy was suffering at the time, along with a plague that followed it, which placed yet more strain upon Attila, allowing the Western Roman Empire to bribe him into retreating to his homeland. After returning to the Hungarian plain, he threatened to invade the Eastern Empire in the next spring, and enslave the entirety of it. Marcian and Aspar ignored his threats, as they reasoned, based upon the previous treaties which Attila had broken, that Attila could not be permanently deterred by gold, of which the Eastern Empire had given approximately six tons to appease Attila. They reasoned that this gold would be better spent building up armies, than appeasing threats, and that the rich Asiatic and Oriental provinces, which were protected behind Constantinople, were secure enough to allow the Eastern Empire to retake any European provinces it might lose. This campaign never came to fruition, as Attila died unexpectedly in 453, either from hemorrhaging or alcoholic suffocation, after celebrating a marriage to one of his many wives. After the death of Attila, his tribal confederation rapidly fell apart, starting first with the rebellions of the Ostrogoths, but within a year escalating to full-blown fragmentation.

paragraph: This fragmentation allowed the Eastern Empire to resume its policy of playing off barbarians against each other, to stop any one tribe from becoming too powerful. Quickly, many tribes began to request settlement within the eastern empire in exchange for military service, as had been done before Attila. It is almost certain that the Gepid king Ardaric came to an agreement with Marcian. Ardaric had formed a coalition of the Rugians, Sciri, Heruli, and his own Gepids, which he led against the remaining Hunnic confederation. Ardaric, alongside the Ostrogoth leaders Theodemir, Valamir, and Videmir, decisively defeated Attila's oldest son, Ellac, at the Battle of Nedao in 455, in which Ellac was slain. After this battle, the Hunnic confederation fell apart entirely. Marcian forcibly settled multiple peoples in the recovered European provinces: the Rugians in eastern Thrace, Sciri in Lower Moesia and Scythia, Gepids in Dacia, and others, as "foederati". This marked the official abandonment of a rigid Danube barrier, which had been manned by Roman "laeti", henceforth replaced by barbarian foederati. Marcian also accepted the Ostrogoths, who had established themselves in Pannonia, the heartland of the former Hunnic confederation, as nominal subjects, to prevent their re-emergence as a powerful group. This network of subject peoples, who were generally reliable and manageable, was beneficial to the Eastern Empire, as the various tribal people generally kept each other's power in check without East Roman intervention, and could be induced to serve the East Empire against its enemies by way of gifts, subsidies, and treaties. After the death of Attila Marcian enjoyed a relatively peaceful reign, although Marcian won some small campaigns against the Saracens in Syria and against the Blemmyes in Egypt.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Religious policy.

paragraph: Shortly before Marcian became emperor, the Second Council of Ephesus was held in 449. The council, despite the intention that it be an ecumenical council, was marred by what both the Eastern and Western Roman Churches saw as heretical beliefs, causing both to refuse to recognize the decisions of the council. The decision considered most objectionable by the Eastern and Western Roman Churches was on the matter of Christology, as the council stated that Jesus had one divine united nature, called "miaphysis", which went against both churches belief in the hypostatic union.

paragraph: To repudiate the Second Council of Ephesus, Marcian convened the Council of Chalcedon, the fourth council of the early church, in 451. Pulcheria may have influenced this decision, or even made the convention of a council a requirement during her negotiations with Aspar to marry Marcian. The council was to take place near Constantinople so that Marcian and Pulcheria could watch the proceedings closely. Initially, it was to be held at the city of Nicaea, which held enormous religious importance to the early church, as it was the site of their first council, the First Council of Nicaea in 325. However, Marcian successfully requested to transfer the spot to Chalcedon, because it was closer to Constantinople, and would thus allow him to respond quickly to any events along the Danube, which was being raided by the Huns under Attila. The council met in October 451, and was attended by about 370 bishops, most of them Eastern Roman, although four representatives were sent by Pope Leo I. This council reversed the decision of the Second Council of Ephesus that Jesus had one divine united nature, and instead agreed that Jesus had "a divine nature ("physis") and a human nature, united in one person ("hypostasis"), with neither division nor confusion".

paragraph: The council also agreed to condemn Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria, who had overseen the Second Council of Ephesus and revoke the condemnations of Ibas of Edessa and Theodoret, which had taken place during the Council. The council also repeated the importance of the See of Constantinople, placing it firmly in second place behind the see of Rome, and giving it the right to appoint bishops in the Eastern Roman Empire, over the objection of Pope Leo I. The council was finished in November 451, after which Marcian issued numerous edicts confirming the outcomes of the council. One such edict ordered the repression of Eutychianists, barring them from holding state offices, forbidding them from criticizing the Council of Chalcedon, and ordering their literature, alongside that of the Nestorians, to be burned. Marcian suppressed multiple violent religious revolts through military force, sending the military to suppress monks in Palestine and placing troops in Alexandria to ensure the installation of Proterius of Alexandria, who was to replace the deposed Pope Dioscorus I. As a result of the council and the following edicts, a large number of Christians who disagreed with the council, including many Nestorians, migrated to the Sassanid Empire.

paragraph: Marcian also funded Pulcheria's extensive building projects until her death in July 453, all of which focused on the construction of religious buildings, including the Church of St. Mary of Blachernae, and the Hodegon Monastery. Due to his piety, Marcian was compared to both Paul and David, both by the legates at the Council of Chalcedon, and later religious figures.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Economic and legal policy.

paragraph: At the beginning of Marcian's reign, the Eastern Roman treasury was almost bankrupt, due to the huge tributes paid to Attila by Theodosius. Marcian reversed this near bankruptcy not by levying new taxes, but rather by cutting expenditures. Upon his accession, he declared a remission of all debts owed to the state. Marcian attempted to improve the efficiency of the state in multiple ways, such as mandating that the praetorship must be given to senators residing in Constantinople, attempted to curb the practice of selling administrative offices, and decreed that consuls should be responsible the maintenance of Constantinople's aqueducts. He repealed the "follis", a tax on senators' property which amounted to seven pounds of gold per annum. Marcian removed the financial responsibilities of the consuls and praetors, who had since the time of the Roman Republic been responsible for funding the public sports games or giving wealth to the citizens of Constantinople, respectively; additionally, he made it such that only the "vir illustris" could hold either office. He also partially repealed a marriage law enacted by Constantine I, which decreed that a man of senatorial status could not marry a slave, freedwoman, actress, or woman of no social status ("humilis"), which had been created in an attempt to preserve the purity of the senatorial class. Marcian adjusted this law by declaring that the law should not exclude a woman of good character, regardless of her social status or wealth. By the time of his death, Marcian's shrewd cutting of expenditures and avoidance of large-scale wars left the Eastern Roman treasury with a surplus of of gold.

paragraph: Marcian laid out many legal reforms in his five novels, or codes of law, many of which were targeted at reducing the corruption and abuses of office that existed during the reign of Theodosius. Marcian decreed in 451 that anyone who performed pagan rites would lose their property and be condemned to death and that no pagan temples, which had previously been closed, could be reopened. In order to ensure his law was implemented, he set a penalty of of gold for any judge, governor, or official who did not enforce the law.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Politics.

paragraph: When Marcian became emperor, he was influenced by Flavius Zeno, Pulcheria, and Aspar. Flavius Zeno died soon after Marcian ascended the throne, possibly as early as the end of 451, and Pulcheria died in July 453, leaving Aspar as the only major influence in the court of the Eastern Roman Empire. This influence was enhanced by the promotion of his son Ardabur to magister militum per Orientem (master of soldiers in the east). Marcian's principal advisors were Pulcheria, Euphemius the "magister officiorum" (master of offices), Palladius the praetor, and Anatolius of Constantinople.

paragraph: It is unknown if Aspar and Ardabur directly dictated policy, but if so they were extremely careful to avoid upsetting the ruling elites of Constantinople; despite Aspar's large influence, the Eastern Roman elites retained much of their anti-German sentiment. Marcian patronized the Blues, who were one of the originally four circus teams. The two teams which remained had become more like political parties than sports teams by his time, wielding large influence in the empire, the other being the Greens, with both vying for power. After the Greens responded angrily to his patronage, Marcus censured them, forbidding any of them to hold any public office for three years. Marcian's patronage of the Blues may have had dynastic motivations, as Chrysaphius had been favorable to the Greens.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Foreign relations.

paragraph: Vardan II Mamikonian, who was leading a revolt against the Sassanian Empire, sent an embassy to Theodosius in 450, composed of his brother Hmayeak Mamikonian, Atom Gnuni, Vardan Amatuni, and Meruzhan Artsruni, in order to ask for assistance, which was received favorably by Theodosius. These plans were cut short upon the death of Theodosius and accession of Marcian. Marcian was counseled by Anatolius and Florentius not to make war with the Sassanians, and thus did not agree to help them. Later on, in 456, Marcian risked the anger of the Sassanids to strike against the king of Lazica, which was nominally a vassal state of the Eastern Roman Empire, Gubazes I, who was attempting to form an alliance with the Sassanians to break free of Eastern Roman control. Marcian launched a military campaign against him in 456, forcing him to acknowledge Eastern Roman rule. Marcian also demanded that Gubazes either abdicate or depose his son and co-ruler, Damnazes, as having two joint rulers was against Roman client state traditions. Gubazes chose to abdicate. In 455 Marcian banned the export of weapons, and tools used to manufacture them, to barbarian tribes.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Relationship with the Western Roman Empire.

paragraph: Marcian came to the throne during a time when the Eastern Roman Empire and Western Roman Empire were increasingly divided from each other, with both effectively acting as independent states. When Marcian was elected in 450, it was done without the consultation of the Western Emperor, Valentinian III, who would not recognize him until March 452. Valentinian also did not recognize the Eastern Roman consul for 451, Marcian, or 452, Sporacius. Marcian also radically changed Eastern Roman policies, especially in relation to the Huns, without consulting the Western Roman Empire, which infuriated Valentinian. Hydatius suggests that Marcian made Eastern Roman troops available to Valentinian to repel the Huns, confusingly led by a man named Aetius, which may simply be a muddling of Aetius' campaign against Attila and Marcian's campaign against the Huns on the Danube.

paragraph: When Marcian settled the Ostrogoths in Pannonia and the Gepids in Tisza, he was accused of encroaching upon the border of Western Roman land. Marcian avoided involving himself with the affairs of the Western Roman Empire when possible. When the Vandals attacked the Western Roman Empire and sacked Rome in 455, after Petronius Maximus assassinated Valentinian III and broke an engagement treaty with the Vandals, Marcian did not respond violently, possibly due to the influence of Aspar, merely sending an envoy demanding that the Vandals return the Eastern Roman Empress Licinia Eudoxia, and her daughters, Placidia and Eudocia. A likely false account is given that Marcian, while captured by the Vandals in his youth, was shaded by an eagle while the other prisoners suffered the hot sun, according to this account the Vandal King Genseric recognized that Marcian would later be emperor, and made him pledge not to attack the Vandals should he become emperor, in exchange for being released. This account originates from Priscus, who served as an advisor to Euphemius, the "magister officiorum". Due to Euphemius' influence over foreign policy, some historians, such as Edward Arthur Thompson, have suggested that this account was a part of official imperial propaganda, which was generated to excuse Marcian's lack of retribution towards the Vandals, and quell any discontent. There is some circumstantial and direct evidence that Marcian was planning on invading the Vandals should his demand for the hostages to be released be ignored: Marcian made peace with Lazica and settled the Ostrogoths and other tribes along the Danubian frontier, both of which would allow him to direct his attention elsewhere. Theodorus Lector, a Roman historian, states directly that Marcian was preparing to invade Africa shortly before his death. Evagrius Scholasticus, a Roman historian writing a century after the fact, states his belief that Marcian was successful in his demands, and that Genseric released both Licinia Eudoxia, Placidia and Eudocia.

paragraph: Marcian did not recognize any Western Emperor after Valentinian, denying Maximus when he sent an embassy requesting it, and similarly refusing to recognize Avitus, who succeeded Maximus. The exact treatment of Avitus by Marcian is debated, the Roman historian Hydatius states that in 455 Avitus sent "[ambassadors] to Marcian for the sake of unanimity of power," and that "Marcian and Avitus make use of Roman power in concord". The exact usage of concord ("concordia" in the original Latin) has led to debate among scholars, with some, such as Thomas Hodgkin, J. B. Bury, and William Bayless, considering it grounds for belief that Marcian may have recognized Avitus, with most scholars taking more conservative stances on it; Ernst Stein suggested that it is merely a reflection of West Roman propaganda, Norman Baynes suggests it merely suggests that Marcian was cordial to Avitus, neither hostile nor friendly, and C. E. Stevens interprets the phrase as meaning only that the meeting of the diplomats was amicable, rather than reflecting a relationship between the two.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Marcian's reign ended on 26 January 457, when he died, possibly of gangrene; according to some legends while at a long religious procession. He was buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles, in Constantinople, next to his wife Pulcheria. He left the Eastern Empire with a budget surplus of seven million solidi, an impressive achievement considering the economic ruin inflicted upon Eastern Rome by the Huns, both through warfare and the massive subsidies they received under Theodosius. Although Marcian had a son-in-law, Anthemius, he did not have any connection to the Theodosians, and thus would not be considered legitimate, so Aspar was once again left to play the role of emperor-maker. Aspar selected Leo I, a fifty-year-old officer commanding a unit in the praesental army. A later source claims that the Eastern Roman Senate offered to elect Aspar himself, but he declined, with the cryptic comment "I fear that a tradition in ruling might be initiated through me". This comment has often been interpreted to be a reference to the fact that he was an Arian, or else to his Alanic heritage.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Marcian was received favorably by Eastern Roman and Byzantine sources, often compared to Emperors Constantine I and Theodosius I. Marcian's reign was seen by many later Byzantine writers, such as Theophanes the Confessor, as a golden age: Marcian secured the Eastern Empire both politically and financially, set an orthodox religious line that future emperors would follow, and stabilized the capital city politically. Some later scholars attribute his success not just to his skill, but also to a large degree of luck: not only had he been fortunate enough to have Pulcheria to legitimize his rule, for much of his rule the two greatest external threats to Rome, Persia and the Huns, were absorbed with their own internal problems; additionally, no natural disasters or plagues occurred during his reign. He was remembered fondly by the people of Constantinople, who would shout "Reign like Marcian!" at the installation of future emperors.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Buildings.

paragraph: The "praefectus urbi" Tatianus built a column dedicated to Marcian, sometime between 450 and 452, which stands in Istanbul, though the statue of Marcian which originally topped it has been lost. Marcian also had a statue in the Forum of Arcadius, which contained the statues of several of the successors of Eastern Emperor Arcadius. Marcian may have been the sponsor of the Chrysotriklinos of the Great Palace of Constantinople; the "Patria of Constantinople" states that Marcian constructed it, whereas the "Suda" states that Eastern Emperor Justin II built it and most historians agree. The Byzantine historian Joannes Zonaras states that Justin II actually rebuilt an older construction, which some historians identify as the Heptaconch Hall of Eastern Emperor Justinian.

paragraph: Section::::Ancient sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chronicon Paschale"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evagrius Scholasticus, "Ecclesiastical History"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hydatius, "Chronicle"

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Malalas, "Chronographia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- John of Nikiû, "Chronicle"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jordanes, "Romana"

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Kedrenos, "Synopsis historion"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marcellinus Comes, "Annales"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael the Syrian, "Chronicle"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos, "Historia Ecclesiastica"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Priscus, "History of Byzantium"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pseudo-Dionysius, "Corpus Areopagiticum"

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Rufus, "Plerophoriae"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theophanes the Confessor, "Chronographia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theodorus Lector, "Historia Ecclesiastica"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zacharias Rhetor, "Church History"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joannes Zonaras, "Extracts of History"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zosimus, "Historia Nova"

description: Eastern Roman (Byzantine) emperor

wikidata_label: Marcian

wikipedia_title: Marcian


text:
screenwriter
Swissvale, Pennsylvania
Horace Mann School
Vitagraph Studios
James Oliver Curwood
William Duncan
Nell Shipman
Andy Hardy
Mickey Rooney
The Hardys Ride High
Life Begins for Andy Hardy
The Courtship of Andy Hardy
Andy Hardy's Double Life
Andy Hardy's Blonde Trouble
Seventeen
Janie
Janie Gets Married
Black Beauty
The Time, the Place and the Girl
Stage Struck
San Diego, California
An Amateur Orphan
How Could You, Caroline?
The Great Adventure
Daddy-Long-Legs
Alarm Clock Andy
Her Husband's Friend
Children of Dust
The Female
Forbidden Paradise
For Another Woman
Proud Flesh
Don't
The Denial
Lovey Mary
The Enemy
The Patsy
The Shannons of Broadway
The Divine Lady
Lucky Devils
Headline Shooter
Andy Hardy's Blonde Trouble
Mickey
Agnes Christine Johnson

categories: People from Swissvale, Pennsylvania,Women film pioneers,1896 births,American women screenwriters,1978 deaths

paragraph: Agnes Christine Johnston

paragraph: Agnes Christine Johnston (January 11, 1896July 19, 1978) was an American screenwriter. She wrote for 84 films between 1915 and 1948.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Johnston was born in Swissvale, Pennsylvania; she later attended the Horace Mann School. She had intended to go to college, but was sufficiently proficient in writing scenarios for films following graduating from high school that she ended up taking just a single course in writing plays at Harvard in 1918. When Vitagraph Studios gave her an assignment to write a scenario for a James Oliver Curwood novel "God's Country and the Woman", she completed the scenario for the William Duncan and Nell Shipman 1916 film within 24 hours.

paragraph: A number of Andy Hardy films starring Mickey Rooney were written by Johnston, among them "The Hardys Ride High", "Life Begins for Andy Hardy", "The Courtship of Andy Hardy", "Andy Hardy's Double Life" and "Andy Hardy's Blonde Trouble". Her other films included the coming-of-age comedy "Seventeen", the romantic comedy "Janie" and its sequel, "Janie Gets Married", plus the 1946 adaptation of the classic "Black Beauty".

paragraph: She also wrote the screenplays for the 1946 musical comedy "The Time, the Place and the Girl" and the 1948 film "Stage Struck".

paragraph: Johnston died in San Diego, California, in 1978.

paragraph: Section::::Partial filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Amateur Orphan" (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "How Could You, Caroline?" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Great Adventure" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Daddy-Long-Legs" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alarm Clock Andy" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Her Husband's Friend" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Children of Dust" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Female" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Forbidden Paradise" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "For Another Woman" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Proud Flesh" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don't" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Denial" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lovey Mary" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Enemy" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Patsy" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Shannons of Broadway" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Divine Lady" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lucky Devils" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Headline Shooter" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Andy Hardy's Blonde Trouble" (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mickey" (1948)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agnes Christine Johnson at Women Film Pioneers Project

description: screenwriter

wikidata_label: Agnes Christine Johnston

wikipedia_title: Agnes Christine Johnston


text:
performance poet
Rumi
Persian
Jewish
The Huffington Post
Robert Downey Jr.
Game 6
Michael Hoffman (director)
United Nations
Smithsonian Institution
Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego
Cathedral of St. John the Divine
Joyce Theater
Kripalu Center
Omega Institute for Holistic Studies
Yale University
Columbia University
New York University
La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club
Lower East Side
Manhattan
Deepak Chopra
GRAMMY Award
Danny Blume

categories: 20th-century translators,American writers of Iranian descent,American translators,Persian–English translators,Rumi scholars,American people of Iranian-Jewish descent,American people of Iranian descent,Iranian Jews,Living people

paragraph: Shahram Shiva

paragraph: Shahram Shiva () is a performance poet, recording artist, and translator of the works of Rumi, a 13th-century Persian poet and philosopher.

paragraph: Shahram Shiva was born in Iran to a family of Jewish heritage and migrated to the US in his mid teens. He began translating Rumi's poetry in 1988. Since 2009 Shahram Shiva has expanded his repertoire to include new original lyrics and songs.

paragraph: He has written numerous pieces for "The Huffington Post".

paragraph: Shahram Shiva taught Robert Downey Jr. the whirling movement in the movie "Game 6" directed by Michael Hoffman (director).

paragraph: Section::::Performances.

paragraph: Since 1992, Shahram Shiva has been presenting concerts at numerous venues, including the United Nations, the Smithsonian Institution, Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego, Cathedral of St. John the Divine, Joyce Theater, Kripalu Center, Omega Institute for Holistic Studies, New York Open Center, Yale University, Columbia University, and New York University, among many others.

paragraph: From April 25 to May 5, 1998, Shiva performed in his own opera, "Until the Next Whirl", at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club in the Lower East Side of Manhattan.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Prophet Is You: Art of Limitless Living & Future of Spirituality". Not published yet.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rumi's Untold Story: From 30-Year Research". Rumi Network.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Transformative Whirling: Shahram Shiva's Unique & Proven 4-Step Method to Whirling". Rumi Network.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rumi, Thief of Sleep: Quatrains from the Persian". Foreword by Deepak Chopra. Hohm Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hush, Don't Say Anything to God: Passionate Poems of Rumi". Jain Publishing.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rending the Veil: Literal and Poetic Translations of Rumi". Hohm Press. (Recipient of a Benjamin Franklin Award)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Garden Beyond Paradise: The Mystical Poetry of Rumi". Bantam Books.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love Evolve", a collection of 10 songs. A mix of Rumi poetry set to music, and original songs with lyrics by Shahram Shiva. Produced by the GRAMMY Award-winner Danny Blume and Shahram Shiva.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rumi: Lovedrunk (Remastered)," 2012 Release. A remastered release with enhanced sound and new cover design. A collection of 10 songs with lyrics based on Rumi poems, as translated and interpreted by Shahram Shiva. Produced by Olivier Glissant and Shahram Shiva.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rumi: Lovedrunk," a collection of 10 songs with lyrics based on Rumi poems, as translated and interpreted by Shahram Shiva. Produced by Olivier Glissant and Shahram Shiva.

description: American writer

wikidata_label: Shahram Shiva

wikipedia_title: Shahram Shiva


text:
The Girl from Mexico
The Spellbinder
Conspiracy
Sued for Libel
Mexican Spitfire
Millionaire Playboy
Millionaires in Prison
I'm Still Alive
Mexican Spitfire Out West
The Saint in Palm Springs
Men of the Timberland
Raiders of the Desert
Citadel of Crime
South of Santa Fe
Romance on the Range
Ridin' Down the Canyon

categories: 1995 deaths,1918 births,20th-century American actresses

paragraph: Linda Hayes (actress)

paragraph: Linda Hayes (October 11, 1918 – December 19, 1995) was an American actress. She appeared in the films "The Girl from Mexico", "The Spellbinder", "Conspiracy", "Sued for Libel", "Mexican Spitfire", "Millionaire Playboy", "Millionaires in Prison", "I'm Still Alive", "Mexican Spitfire Out West", "The Saint in Palm Springs", "Men of the Timberland", "Raiders of the Desert", "Citadel of Crime", "South of Santa Fe", "Romance on the Range" and "Ridin' Down the Canyon".

description: American actress

wikidata_label: Linda Hayes

wikipedia_title: Linda Hayes (actress)


text: Messenger

text: public sculpture

text: Plymouth

text: "Messenger"

text: Lost-wax casting

text: Profile on The Sculpture Park

categories: 21st-century sculptors,English male sculptors,English sculptors,English contemporary artists,Alumni of Falmouth University,Alumni of Newcastle University,Living people,21st-century British sculptors,1974 births

paragraph: Joseph Hillier

paragraph: Joseph Hillier (born 24 April 1974 in Cornwall) is a British sculptor. His best known works include the "Messenger", a public sculpture in Plymouth, Devon.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Hillier was born in Cornwall in 1974. He studied at Falmouth College of Art and Newcastle University. Tulane University awarded Hillier a scholarship in 2001 leading to completion of a Master of Fine Arts in New Orleans.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Joseph Hillier had his first solo exhibition in 2005. His best known work is "Messenger", which was commissioned in 2017 and erected in Plymouth, Devon in March 2019.

paragraph: Hillier is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Sculptors

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Lost-wax casting

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on The Sculpture Park

paragraph: BULLET::::- Why the artist behind the UK's biggest bronze sculpture chose a woman as the subject

wikidata_label: Joseph Hillier

wikipedia_title: Joseph Hillier


text:
Prairie Thunder
Alcatraz Island
Sergeant Murphy
Jezebel
Accidents Will Happen
The Adventures of Robin Hood
Gold Diggers in Paris
The Sisters
Torchy Blane in Chinatown
The Rookie Cop
The Old Maid
Waterloo Bridge
Flight Angels
Hired Wife
Escape
Lucky Devils
Blossoms in the Dust
Gambling Daughters
Johnny Eager
Night Monster
Shadow of a Doubt
How's About It
Hi'ya, Chum
Hangmen Also Die!
False Faces
Arizona Trail
Ladies Courageous
Johnny Doesn't Live Here Any More
The Scarlet Clue
I'll Tell the World
Jungle Raiders
Sensation Hunters
The Scarlet Horseman
Nocturne
Time Out of Mind
They Won't Believe Me
Alzheimer's disease
Beatrice, Nebraska

categories: Actresses from Nebraska,2001 deaths,20th-century American actresses,1919 births

paragraph: Janet Shaw (actress)

paragraph: Janet Shaw (January 23, 1919 – October 15, 2001) was an American actress. She appeared in the films "Prairie Thunder", "Alcatraz Island", "Sergeant Murphy", "Jezebel", "Accidents Will Happen", "The Adventures of Robin Hood", "Gold Diggers in Paris", "The Sisters", "Torchy Blane in Chinatown", "The Rookie Cop", "The Old Maid", "Waterloo Bridge", "Flight Angels", "Hired Wife", "Escape", "Lucky Devils", "Blossoms in the Dust", "Gambling Daughters", "Johnny Eager", "Night Monster", "Shadow of a Doubt", "How's About It", "Hi'ya, Chum", "Hangmen Also Die!", "False Faces", "Arizona Trail", "Ladies Courageous", "Johnny Doesn't Live Here Any More", "The Scarlet Clue", "I'll Tell the World", "Jungle Raiders", "Sensation Hunters", "The Scarlet Horseman", "Nocturne", "Time Out of Mind" and "They Won't Believe Me", among others.

paragraph: She died of Alzheimer's disease on October 15, 2001, in Beatrice, Nebraska at age 82.

description: American actress

wikidata_label: Janet Shaw

wikipedia_title: Janet Shaw (actress)


text: ancient Roman

text: Varro Atacinus

text: Rieti

text: equestrian

text: Reatine plain

text: Pompey

text: praetor

text: tribune of the people

text: quaestor

text: curule aedile

text: Caesar

text: Capua

text: Campania

text: civil war

text: Ilerda campaign

text: Julius Caesar

text: Battle of Pharsalus

text: Mark Antony

text: proscribed

text: Augustus

text: Lucius Aelius Stilo

text: Athens

text: Academic

text: Antiochus of Ascalon

text: Varronian chronology

text: encyclopedists

text: Pliny the Elder

text: liberal arts

text: grammar

text: rhetoric

text: logic

text: arithmetic

text: geometry

text: astronomy

text: architecture

text: Varronian chronology

text: Roman history

text: Roman Republic

text: arch of Augustus

text: Fasti Capitolini

text: Ritschl

text: Attic Nights

text: Quintilian

text: Cicero

text: Pliny the Elder

text: Virgil

text: Columella

text: Aulus Gellius

text: Macrobius

text: Augustine

text: Vitruvius

text: microbiology

text: epidemiology

text: Augustine

text: De civitate dei

text: Lucius Accius

text: Pompey

text: De civitate dei

text: Plautus

text: Augustine

text: De civitate dei

text: de Re Rustica

text: LacusCurtius

text: Livius.org: Varronian chronology

categories: Terentii,Ancient Roman soldiers,Ancient Roman scholars of religion,27 BC deaths,1st-century BC writers,People from Rieti,Geoponici,Roman-era students in Athens,Ancient linguists,1st-century BC Romans,Ancient Roman antiquarians,Encyclopedists,Latin-language writers,Ancient Roman writers,Recipients of ancient Roman pardons,Golden Age Latin writers,116 BC births

paragraph: Marcus Terentius Varro

paragraph: Marcus Terentius Varro (; 116–27 BC) was an ancient Roman scholar and writer. He is sometimes called Varro Reatinus to distinguish him from his younger contemporary Varro Atacinus.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Varro was born in or near Reate (now Rieti) to a family thought to be of equestrian rank, and always remained close to his roots in the area, owning a large farm in the Reatine plain, reported as near Lago di Ripa Sottile, until his old age. He supported Pompey, reaching the office of praetor, after having been tribune of the people, "quaestor" and "curule aedile". He was one of the commission of twenty that carried out the great agrarian scheme of Caesar for the resettlement of Capua and Campania (59 BC).

paragraph: During the civil war he commanded one of Pompey's armies in the Ilerda campaign. He escaped the penalties of being on the losing side in the civil war through two pardons granted by Julius Caesar, before and after the Battle of Pharsalus. Caesar later appointed him to oversee the public library of Rome in 47 BC, but following Caesar's death Mark Antony proscribed him, resulting in the loss of much of his property, including his library. As the Republic gave way to Empire, Varro gained the favour of Augustus, under whose protection he found the security and quiet to devote himself to study and writing.

paragraph: Varro studied under the Roman philologist Lucius Aelius Stilo, and later at Athens under the Academic philosopher Antiochus of Ascalon. Varro proved to be a highly productive writer and turned out more than 74 Latin works on a variety of topics. Among his many works, two stand out for historians; "Nine Books of Disciplines" and his compilation of the "Varronian chronology". His "Nine Books of Disciplines" became a model for later encyclopedists, especially Pliny the Elder. The most noteworthy portion of the "Nine Books of Disciplines" is its use of the liberal arts as organizing principles. Varro decided to focus on identifying nine of these arts: grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, musical theory, medicine, and architecture. Using Varro's list, subsequent writers defined the seven classical "liberal arts of the medieval schools".

paragraph: Section::::Calendars.

paragraph: The compilation of the "Varronian chronology" was an attempt to determine an exact year-by-year timeline of Roman history up to his time. It is based on the traditional sequence of the consuls of the Roman Republic — supplemented, where necessary, by inserting "dictatorial" and "anarchic" years. It has been demonstrated to be somewhat erroneous but has become the widely accepted standard chronology, in large part because it was inscribed on the arch of Augustus in Rome; though that arch no longer stands, a large portion of the chronology has survived under the name of "Fasti Capitolini."

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Varro's literary output was prolific; Ritschl estimated it at 74 works in some 620 books, of which only one work survives complete, although we possess many fragments of the others, mostly in Gellius' "Attic Nights". Called "the most learned of the Romans" by Quintilian, Varro was recognized as an important source by many other ancient authors, among them Cicero, Pliny the Elder, Virgil in the "Georgics", Columella, Aulus Gellius, Macrobius, Augustine, and Vitruvius, who credits him (VII.Intr.14) with a book on architecture.

paragraph: His only complete work extant, "Rerum rusticarum libri tres" ("Three Books on Agriculture"), has been described as "the well digested system of an experienced and successful farmer who has seen and practised all that he records."

paragraph: One noteworthy aspect of the work is his anticipation of microbiology and epidemiology. Varro warned his contemporaries to avoid swamps and marshland, since in such areas

paragraph: there are bred certain minute creatures which cannot be seen by the eyes, but which float in the air and enter the body through the mouth and nose and cause serious diseases.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Extant works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De lingua latina libri XXV" (or "On the Latin Language in 25 Books", of which six books (V–X) survive, partly mutilated)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rerum rusticarum libri III" (or "Agricultural Topics in Three Books")

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Known lost works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saturarum Menippearum libri CL" or "Menippean Satires in 150 books"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Antiquitates rerum humanarum et divinarum libri XLI" ("Antiquities of Human and Divine Things")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Logistoricon libri LXXVI"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hebdomades vel de imaginibus"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Disciplinarum libri IX" (An encyclopedia on the liberal arts, of which the first book dealt with grammar)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De rebus urbanis libri III" (or "On Urban Topics in Three Books")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De gente populi Romani libri IIII" (cf. Augustine, 'De civitate dei' xxi. 8.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De sua vita libri III" (or "On His Own Life in Three Books")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De familiis troianis" (or "On the Families of Troy")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Antiquitate Litterarum libri II" (addressed to the tragic poet Lucius Accius; it is therefore one of his earliest writings)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Origine Linguae Latinae libri III" (addressed to Pompey; cf. Augustine, 'De civitate dei' xxii. 28.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Περί Χαρακτήρων" (in at least three books, on the formation of words)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quaestiones Plautinae libri V" (containing interpretations of rare words found in the comedies of Plautus)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Similitudine Verborum libri III" (on regularity in forms and words)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Utilitate Sermonis libri IIII" (on the principle of anomaly or irregularity)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " libri V (?)" (addressed to Marcellus, on orthography and the metres of poetry)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De philosophia" (cf. Augustine, 'De civitate dei' xix. 1.)

paragraph: Most of the extant fragments of these works (mostly the grammatical works) can be found in the Goetz–Schoell edition of "De Lingua Latina", pp. 199–242; in the collection of Wilmanns, pp. 170–223; and in that of Funaioli, pp. 179–371.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardauns, B. Marcus Terentius Varro: Einführung in sein Werk. Heidelberger Studienhefte zur Altertumswissenschaft. Heidelberg, Germany: C. Winter, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- d’Alessandro, P. Varrone e la tradizione metrica antica. Spudasmata, volume 143. Hildesheim; Zürich; New York: Georg Olms Verlag, 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dahlmann, H. M. Terentius Varro. Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Supplement 6, Abretten bis Thunudromon. Edited by Wilhelm Kroll, 1172–1277. Stuttgart: Metzler, 1935.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferriss-Hill, J. “Varro’s Intuition of Cognate Relationships.” Illinois Classical Studies, volume 39, 2014, pp. 81–108.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Freudenburg, K. "The Afterlife of Varro in Horace's "Sermones": Generic Issues in Roman Satire." Generic Interfaces in Latin Literature: Encounters, Interactions and Transformations, edited by Stavros Frangoulidis, De Gruyter, 2013, pp. 297–336.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kronenberg, L. Allegories of Farming from Greece and Rome: Philosophical Satire in Xenophon, Varro and Virgil. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nelsestuen, G. Varro the Agronomist: Political Philosophy, Satire, and Agriculture in the Late Republic. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2015.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richardson, J. S. “The Triumph of Metellus Scipio and the Dramatic Date of Varro, RR 3.” The Classical Quarterly, volume 33, no. 2, 1983, pp. 456–463.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taylor, D. J.. Declinatio : A Study of the Linguistic Theory of Marcus Terentius Varro. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1974.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Van Nuffelen, P. “Varro’s Divine Antiquities: Roman Religion as an Image of Truth.” "Classical Philology", volume 105, no. 2, 2010, pp. 162–188.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- de Re Rustica (Latin and English at LacusCurtius)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Links to translation of "De Linga Latina" by R.G.Kent

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livius.org: Varronian chronology

paragraph: BULLET::::- thelatinlibrary.com: Latin works of Varro

description: ancient Latin scholar

enwikiquote_title: Marcus Terentius Varro

wikidata_label: Marcus Terentius Varro

wikipedia_title: Marcus Terentius Varro


text:
savate
karate
mixed martial artist
Kyokushin
Teila Tuli
Ultimate Fighting Championship
MMA
eye gouges
Yuki Nakai
karate
kickboxing
savate
UFC 1
Ultimate Fighting Championship
savate
sumo wrestler
Teila Tuli
tsukidashi
roundhouse kick
uppercut
Roman salute
neo-nazi
Jewish ethnic background
Kevin Rosier
leg kick
jab
knee
elbow strike
stomp
liver
Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Royce Gracie
palm strike
headbutt
rear naked choke
cornerman
UFC 2
Remco Pardoel
Vale Tudo Japan
shoot wrestling
Yuki Nakai
eye-gouge
heel hook
professional wrestling
shoot style
UWF Newborn
Akira Maeda
Masaaki Satake
Mitsuya Nagai
RINGS
New Japan Pro Wrestling
Battle 7
Antonio Inoki
Naoya Ogawa
Naoya Ogawa
Shinya Hashimoto
Kazunari Murakami
Tiger Mask
shoot
Pro Wrestling Zero1
Shinya Hashimoto
Masato Tanaka
Samoa Joe
Steve Corino
Yasukuni Shrine
Ryoji Sai
Munenori Sawa
Akebono
The Hague
K-1
Mourad Bouzidi
Daniel Ghiță
Ashigaru Ryu

categories: Dutch male kickboxers,Dutch savateurs,Dutch male karateka,1959 births,Dutch male professional wrestlers,Dutch sambo practitioners,Dutch male mixed martial artists,Sportspeople from The Hague,Mixed martial artists utilizing Kyokushin kaikan,Living people

paragraph: Gerard Gordeau

paragraph: Gerard Gordeau (born March 30, 1959) is a Dutch former savateur, karateka, and mixed martial artist. He is the 1991 World Champion Savate and holder of the Dutch Champion Kyokushin Karate title for 8 consecutive years, but foremost known internationally for his fight against Teila Tuli in the first televised Ultimate Fighting Championship bout on 12 November 1993. Gerard has a very poor reputation in the MMA community, stemming from his frequent use of illegal tactics in the ring, namely eye gouges; having permanently blinded Yuki Nakai in his right eye with these in tournament.

paragraph: Section::::Mixed martial arts career.

paragraph: Gordeau trained in karate for most of his life, but also learned kickboxing and savate. He was a Dutch Karate Champion from 1978 to 1985, a European Savate Champion from 1988 to 1991 and a World Savate Champion in 1992, with an overall competitive record of 27-4 before his MMA debut.

paragraph: Section::::Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting Championship.

paragraph: In 1993, Gordeau took part in UFC 1, the first event of Ultimate Fighting Championship, being billed as a representative of the art of savate. In his first match, also the first televised match in the history of UFC, he was pitted against 400 pound sumo wrestler Teila Tuli in a fight which lasted only 26 seconds. When Tuli charged towards him with a tsukidashi attack, Gordeau eluded his opponent and allowed the sumo to crash against the cage wall. The Dutchman then took stance and threw a right roundhouse kick to Tuli's face, following with a right uppercut that cut Tuli's eye, before the referee intervened to stop the match.

paragraph: Victorious, Gordeau advanced to the next round, although the bout left him injured, as the kick had knocked out three of Tuli's teeth and two of them had been stuck in Gordeau's foot. The announcers claimed that the third tooth landed underneath their table, although reports claim it landed on the crowd. Doctors attended him but, not wanting Gordeau to have an open wound, and having determined that it would get infected if they tried to extract the teeth out, they simply taped his foot. Gordeau's punch had broke his hand as well, and he came to the next fight with a noticeably swollen fist.

paragraph: In an unrelated matter, Gordeau's debut caused a minor controversy because he appeared to do a Roman salute before the match, gaining him accusations of being a neo-nazi, but it was explained that he was actually doing the traditional savate salute. Gordeau has, in fact, a Jewish ethnic background by his father having been a Jewish man from France.

paragraph: His next fight was against kickboxing champion Kevin Rosier, who outweighed Gordeau again by almost 100 pounds and was in slightly better health. Still, Gordeau dominated the fight easily, driving Rosier against the fence with multiple leg kicks and jabs while keeping distance. After half a minute of harassment, Gordeau pushed Rosier down to the mat with knee and elbow strikes to the head, forcing him to cover down shielding his face, and then finished him two stomps to the liver.

paragraph: Finally, the Dutchman faced Brazilian jiu-jitsu stylist Royce Gracie in the championship bout. During the fight, Gordeau blocked a trip and clamped to the cage to avoid being taken down, but he was eventually grounded. While Gordeau was in Gracie's guard, he allegedly bit Gracie's ear in an intentional foul, but Gracie, after landing some palm strikes and headbutts, still managed to submit Gordeau with a rear naked choke to win the fight and the tournament. According to Gordeau, Royce was warned about his injuries and took advantage of them during the match. The Brazilian also held the choke for a long time after Gerard's tap out in retaliation for the foul play.

paragraph: In 1994, Gordeau was a cornerman for UFC 2 participants Remco Pardoel and Freek Hamaker.

paragraph: Section::::Mixed martial arts career.:Vale Tudo Japan.

paragraph: Two years after his UFC, Gordeau applied to the Vale Tudo Japan tournament, held in Japan. He was pitted against the much lighter shoot wrestling exponent Yuki Nakai, and again Gordeau resorted to illegal tactics when he repeatedly eye-gouged while he was trying to take him down. At the end, Nakai submitted Gordeau with a heel hook, but lost the sight in his right eye from the gouge.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.

paragraph: Gordeau had his debut in professional wrestling on August 13, 1988 in shoot style promotion UWF Newborn, losing a special match against Akira Maeda. He also competed in two bouts against Masaaki Satake and Mitsuya Nagai at "free fight" events held under RINGS.

paragraph: In 1995, he took part in New Japan Pro Wrestling's four-man Final Countdown BVD Tournament on January 4 at the Tokyo Dome during Battle 7. He lost his only match to eventual winner Antonio Inoki. Gordeau remained with Inoki as a trainer and wrestler for the Universal Fighting-Arts Organization, cornering Naoya Ogawa in several occasions.

paragraph: He took part in the infamous 1.4 Incident, which occurred on January fourth, 1999 at the Tokyo Dome, where UFO member Naoya Ogawa faced Shinya Hashimoto in a pro wrestling match. Gordeau was in Ogawa's corner along with Kazunari Murakami and Tiger Mask, and when Naoya turned the bout into a shoot by brutally striking Hashimoto, who had no idea what was going on, Gerard and his colleagues had to protect Ogawa from the NJPW crew in the subsequent brawl.

paragraph: Through 2001 and 2002, Gordeau participated in various Pro Wrestling Zero1 events, wrestling in singles matches against names like Shinya Hashimoto, Masato Tanaka, Samoa Joe and Steve Corino. He returned to the promotion in 2010 at Zero1's Yasukuni Shrine Festival, where he teamed up with his former student Ryoji Sai to defeat Munenori Sawa and Akebono.

paragraph: Section::::Kamakura dojo.

paragraph: Gordeau, along with his brothers Al and Nico, owns the Dojo Kamakura in The Hague. He also trains the current Dutch K-1 fighter Mourad Bouzidi, along with Anil Dubar, and sometimes the Romanian champion Daniel Ghiță. Famous students are Cem Senol of the Dojo Osaka Netherlands, and Bob Peppels of the Ashigaru Honbu Dojo Netherlands and founder of the Ashigaru Ryu style.

paragraph: Section::::Accomplishments and titles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eight time Dutch Champion Kyokushin Karate

paragraph: BULLET::::- Competed at the World Championships Kyokushin Karate (1979, 1983, 1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Savate World Heavyweight Champion (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Three time Savate European Heavyweight Champion

paragraph: BULLET::::- UFC 1 Tournament Runner Up (1993)

description: Dutch karateka, mixed martial artist and professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Gerard Gordeau

wikipedia_title: Gerard Gordeau


text:
Akkadian
short
chronology of the ancient near east
First Dynasty of Isin
Sumerian King List
Iddin-Dagān
Lipit-Ištar
Ekur
Isin
Sumer
Amorites
History of Sumer
Sumerian people

paragraph: Ishme-Dagan

paragraph: Ishme-Dagan (Akkadian: "Išme-Dagān"; "fl." "c." 1889 BC — "c." 1871 BC by the short chronology of the ancient near east) was the 4th king of the First Dynasty of Isin, according to the ""Sumerian King List"" ("SKL"). Also according to the "SKL": he was both the son and successor of Iddin-Dagān. Lipit-Ištar then succeeded Išme-Dagān. Išme-Dagān was one of the kings to restore the Ekur.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sumer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amorites

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Sumer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sumerian people

wikidata_label: Ishme-Dagan

wikipedia_title: Ishme-Dagan


text:
Count Basie
Tommy Dorsey
Harry James
Dizzy Gillespie
Cannonball Adderley
Dinah Washington
Oscar Peterson
Buddy Rich
St. Louis, Missouri
Earl Hines
Clark Terry
Copenhagen
Almost Big Band
Kenny Drew
Ed Thigpen
Jesper Thilo
Mainstream Records
Kenny Clarke & Ernie Wilkins
Savoy
Kenny Clarke
Flutes & Reeds
Top Brass
The Drum Suite
RCA Victor
Manny Albam
Fresh Sound
Storyville
SteepleChase
Polygram
P-Vine
Gazell
Count Basie
The Count!
Basie Jazz
Dance Session
Dance Session Album#2
Basie
Louis Bellson
Let's Call It Swing
Drummer's Holiday
Maynard Ferguson
Maynard '63
Dizzy Gillespie
Jazz Recital
World Statesman
Dizzy in Greece
Al Grey
Struttin' and Shoutin'
Joe Newman
All I Wanna Do Is Swing
Soft Swingin' Jazz
Ernestine Anderson
My Kinda Swing
Count Basie Swings, Joe Williams Sings
Joe Williams
April in Paris
Metronome All-Stars 1956
Ella Fitzgerald
One O'Clock Jump
Me and You
Ray Brown
Ray Brown with the All-Star Big Band
Kenny Clarke
Telefunken Blues
Jimmy Cleveland
Cleveland Style
A Map of Jimmy Cleveland
Al Cohn
The Natural Seven
That Old Feeling
Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis
Trane Whistle
Maynard Ferguson
Maynard '62
Dizzy Gillespie
Birks' Works
Freddie Green
Mr. Rhythm
Milt Jackson
Big Bags
Harry James
Wild About Harry!
Capitol
The New James
Harry's Choice!
MGM
Quincy Jones
The Great Wide World of Quincy Jones
Sam Jones
Down Home
Mark Murphy
Rah
Charles McPherson
Siku Ya Bibi (Day of the Lady)
Today's Man
Joe Newman
The Count's Men
Salute to Satch
I Feel Like a Newman
The Midgets
The Happy Cats
Joe Newman with Woodwinds
Herb Pomeroy
The Band and I
Irene Kral
Rex Stewart
Cootie Williams
The Big Challenge
Sarah Vaughan
Count Basie Orchestra
Count Basie/Sarah Vaughan
Dinah Washington
In the Land of Hi-Fi
Charles Williams
Stickball

categories: American jazz bandleaders,20th-century saxophonists,Big band bandleaders,1999 deaths,American male conductors (music),American conductors (music),Savoy Records artists,American music arrangers,Mainstream Records artists,20th-century American musicians,Swing bandleaders,1919 births,American jazz tenor saxophonists,American expatriates in Denmark,American male saxophonists,20th-century male musicians

paragraph: Ernie Wilkins

paragraph: Ernest Brooks Wilkins Jr. (July 20, 1919 – June 5, 1999) was an American jazz saxophonist, conductor and arranger who spent several years with Count Basie. He also wrote for Tommy Dorsey, Harry James, and Dizzy Gillespie. He was musical director for albums by Cannonball Adderley, Dinah Washington, Oscar Peterson, and Buddy Rich.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Wilkins was born in St. Louis, Missouri. In his early career he played in a military band, before joining Earl Hines's last big band. He worked with Count Basie from 1951 to 1955, eventually leaving to work free-lance as a jazz arranger and songwriter. His success declined in the 1960s, but revived after work with Clark Terry, leading to a tour of Europe.

paragraph: Section::::Final years in Denmark.

paragraph: Eventually Wilkins settled in Copenhagen, Denmark, where he would live for the rest of his life. There he formed the Almost Big Band so he could write for a band of his own formation. The idea was partly inspired by his wife Jenny. Copenhagen had a thriving jazz scene with several promising jazz musicians as well as a well-established community of expatriate American jazz musicians which had formed in the 1950s and now included representatives like Kenny Drew and Ed Thigpen who joined the band along with Danish saxophonist Jesper Thilo. The band released four albums, but after 1991 he became too ill to do much with it.

paragraph: Wilkins was responsible for orchestral arrangements on 1972's self-titled album by Alice Clark, on Mainstream Records.

paragraph: Ernie Wilkins died in Copenhagen on June 5, 1999 of a stroke.

paragraph: He has a street named after him in southern Copenhagen, "Ernie Wilkins Vej" (Ernie Wilkins Street).

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kenny Clarke & Ernie Wilkins" (Savoy, 1955) with Kenny Clarke

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flutes & Reeds" (Savoy, 1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Top Brass" (Savoy, 1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trumpet Album" (Savoy, 1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Drum Suite" (RCA Victor, 1956) with Manny Albam

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Day In, Day Out" (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Big New Band of the '60s" (Fresh Sound, 1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Here Comes the Swingin' Mr. Wilkins" (Everest, 1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ernie Wilkins & the Almost Big Band" (Storyville, 1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Almost Big Band Live" (Matrix Music Marketing, 1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live! At the Slukefter Jazz Club" (Matrix Music Marketing, 1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Montreux" (SteepleChase, 1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the Roll" (SteepleChase, 1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kaleidoduke" (Polygram, 1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hard Mother Blues" (P-Vine, 2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kinda Dukish" (Gazell, 2012)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As sideman/arranger.

paragraph: With Count Basie

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Count!" (Clef, 1952 [1955])

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Basie Jazz" (Clef, 1952 [1954])

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dance Session" (Clef, 1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dance Session Album#2" (Clef, 1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Basie" (Clef, 1954)

paragraph: With Louis Bellson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Let's Call It Swing" (Verve, 1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Drummer's Holiday" (Verve, 1958)

paragraph: With Maynard Ferguson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maynard '63" (Roulette, 1962)

paragraph: With Dizzy Gillespie

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jazz Recital" (Norgran, 1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "World Statesman" (Norgran, 1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dizzy in Greece" (Verve, 1957)

paragraph: With Al Grey

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Struttin' and Shoutin'" (Columbia, 1976 [1983])

paragraph: With Joe Newman

paragraph: BULLET::::- "All I Wanna Do Is Swing" (RCA Victor, 1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Soft Swingin' Jazz" (Coral, 1958)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As composer/arranger.

paragraph: With Ernestine Anderson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Kinda Swing" (Mercury, 1960)

paragraph: With Count Basie

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Count Basie Swings, Joe Williams Sings" (Clef, 1955) with Joe Williams

paragraph: BULLET::::- "April in Paris" (Verve, 1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Metronome All-Stars 1956" (Clef, 1956) with Ella Fitzgerald and Joe Williams

paragraph: BULLET::::- "One O'Clock Jump" (Verve, 1957) with Joe Williams and Ella Fitzgerald

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Me and You" (Pablo, 1983)

paragraph: With Ray Brown

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ray Brown with the All-Star Big Band" (Verve, 1962)

paragraph: With Kenny Clarke

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Telefunken Blues" (Savoy, 1955)

paragraph: With Jimmy Cleveland

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cleveland Style" (EmArcy, 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Map of Jimmy Cleveland" (Mercury, 1959)

paragraph: With Al Cohn

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Natural Seven" (RCA Victor LPM 1116, 1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "That Old Feeling" (RCA Victor LPM 1207, 1955)

paragraph: With Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trane Whistle" (Prestige, 1960)

paragraph: With Maynard Ferguson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maynard '62" (Roulette, 1962)

paragraph: With Dizzy Gillespie

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Birks' Works" (Verve, 1957)

paragraph: With Freddie Green

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mr. Rhythm" (RCA Victor, 1955)

paragraph: With Milt Jackson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Big Bags" (Riverside, 1962)

paragraph: With Harry James

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wild About Harry!" (Capitol T/ST-874, 1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The New James" (Capitol T/ST-1037, 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Harry's Choice!" (Capitol T/ST-1093, 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Harry James and His New Swingin' Band" (MGM E/SE-3778, 1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Harry James...Today!" (MGM E/SE-3848, 1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Spectacular Sound Of Harry James" (MGM E/SE-3897, 1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Solid Gold Trumpet Of Harry James" (MGM E/SE-4058, 1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Harry James Twenty-fifth Anniversary Album" (MGM E/SE-4214, 1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The King James Version" (Sheffield Lab LAB 3, 1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Comin' From A Good Place" (Sheffield Lab LAB 6, 1977)

paragraph: With Quincy Jones

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Great Wide World of Quincy Jones" (Mercury, 1959)

paragraph: With Sam Jones

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Down Home" (Riverside, 1962)

paragraph: With Mark Murphy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rah"

paragraph: With Charles McPherson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Siku Ya Bibi (Day of the Lady)" (Mainstream, 1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Today's Man" (Mainstream, 1973)

paragraph: With Joe Newman

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Count's Men" (Jazztone, 1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Salute to Satch" (RCA Victor, 1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Feel Like a Newman" (Storyville, 1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Midgets" (Vik, 1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Happy Cats" (Coral, 1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Joe Newman with Woodwinds" (Roulette, 1958)

paragraph: With Herb Pomeroy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Band and I" (United Artists, 1958) with Irene Kral

paragraph: With Rex Stewart and Cootie Williams

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Big Challenge" (Jazztone, 1957)

paragraph: With Sarah Vaughan and the Count Basie Orchestra

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Count Basie/Sarah Vaughan" (Roulette, 1960)

paragraph: With Dinah Washington

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In the Land of Hi-Fi" (EmArcy, 1956)

paragraph: With Charles Williams

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stickball" (Mainstream, 1972)

description: American jazz saxophonist, bandleader and music arranger

wikidata_label: Ernie Wilkins

wikipedia_title: Ernie Wilkins


text:
British
Henry Digby, 1st Earl Digby
House of Lords
Lord Lieutenant of Dorset
Dorset Militia
Edward Digby

categories: 1773 births,Lord-Lieutenants of Dorset,1856 deaths,Earls in the Peerage of Great Britain,British Militia officers

paragraph: Edward Digby, 2nd Earl Digby

paragraph: Edward Digby, 2nd Earl Digby (6 January 1773 – 12 May 1856), known as Viscount Coleshill from 1790 to 1793, was a British peer.

paragraph: Digby was the eldest son of Henry Digby, 1st Earl Digby, and Mary Knowler. He succeeded his father in the earldom in 1793 and was able to take his seat in the House of Lords on his twenty-first birthday the following year. Lord Digby is most notable for serving as Lord Lieutenant of Dorset for nearly fifty years, from 1808 to 1856. On 20 May 1824, he appointed himself Colonel of the Dorset Militia. He resigned the colonelcy at the beginning of 1846. He never married and on his death in May 1856, aged 83, the viscountcy and earldom became extinct. However, he was succeeded in the two baronies of Digby by his first cousin once removed Edward Digby, who became the 9th and 3rd Baron.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). "Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage" (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

description: British Earl

wikidata_label: Edward Digby, 2nd Earl Digby

wikipedia_title: Edward Digby, 2nd Earl Digby


text:
music video director
film director
Queens
Liberia
Staten Island
Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School
USC School of Cinematic Arts
Black Suit Youth
Black Suit Youth
brand management
Universal Music Group
Leo Burnett Agency
Toronto
Sony
FIFA World Cup
short
Progress for America

categories: People from Queens, New York,Living people,American music video directors,1987 births

paragraph: Devin Gibson

paragraph: Devin Gibson (born 21 April 1987) is an American music video director, film director, author, brand adviser, philanthropist, and president of Clarity Image Works.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Devin Gibson was born in Queens, New York. He is of Liberian descent. His parents relocated to Staten Island in 1990. He attended Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of the Performing Arts, studying music, and went on to earn a master's degree in film arts at the USC School of Cinematic Arts in Los Angeles.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Devin made his directorial debut in 2008 when he produced, directed, and edited a music video for Black Suit Youth called "Dropout". Following the release of the video, Devin directed a second one for Black Suit Youth titled "Rebel".

paragraph: Gibson also works in artist brand management for Universal Music Group with the Leo Burnett Agency of Toronto and Artist & Brand Service, which has been used by Sony and for the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

paragraph: In 2011 Gibson directed the AIDS awareness short "It Affects Us All", which was screened in urban clinics in New York.

paragraph: In January 2014, Gibson was named president of Clarity Image Works.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: In 2013, Gibson was to release a book geared towards helping independent artists create and manage individual brand campaigns. Publication was canceled after complaints from record labels in contract with Gibson that some of the material breached confidentiality.

paragraph: On April 1, 2014, Gibson published a seven-page guidebook on music video preparation for independent recording artists and musicians entitled "5 Reasons Why A Music Video Won't Help Your Music Career". The guidebook cites personal experiences and gives advice.

paragraph: Section::::Philanthropy.

paragraph: In 2014, Progress for America presented Gibson with the United Philanthropic Achievement Award for "[his] commitment to humanitarian pursuits through foreign affairs, as well as ethical observations of social infrastructure within the United States".

description: American music video director

wikidata_label: Devin Gibson

wikipedia_title: Devin Gibson


text:
Tehran
Santa Monica
California
varzesh-e bastani
Mohammad Mossadegh
1953 Iranian coup d'état
varzesh-e bastani
1953 Iranian coup d'état
Mohammad Mossadegh
British
American
Islamic Revolution
United States
Santa Monica
Homa Sarshar

categories: People from Tehran,Iranian emigrants to the United States,2006 deaths,Exiles of the Iranian Revolution in the United States,Iranian politicians,1921 births

paragraph: Shaban Jafari

paragraph: Shaban Jafari () (born 1921 in Tehran – died 2006 in Santa Monica, California) often known as Shaban Bimokh (, "Shaban the Brainless") was an Iranian political figure and practitioner of varzesh-e bastani. A controversial figure in politics, he was instrumental in overthrowing Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh's government in 1953 Iranian coup d'état.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Shaban Jafari, often known as Shaban Bimokh, was an infamous street thug in Tehran. He was also a practitioner of Iranian Traditional sport (varzesh-e bastani) and was a frequent at Zoorkhaneh. During the 1953 Iranian coup d'état, he was often regarded as a leader of street fights for the Shah and against the popular Mohammad Mossadegh. His opponents claimed that he received money from the British and American intelligence agencies. He himself maintained that he was in prison during the coup and could not have participated in it. After the Islamic Revolution, he moved to United States because he was amongst those wanted by the new revolutionary government for his attachments to the Shah's regime. His later life was relatively calm and he died in Santa Monica in 2006. A book of his memoirs was published in the United States by the Iranian-American journalist Homa Sarshar which became very popular inside Iran.

description: Iranian politician

wikidata_label: Shaban Jafari

wikipedia_title: Shaban Jafari


text: baseball

text: catcher

text: college baseball

text: Canadian national baseball team

text: Pan American Games

text: Baseball World Cup

text: World Baseball Classic

text: Lord Dorchester Secondary School

text: New York Mets

text: 2002 Major League Baseball (MLB) Draft

text: college baseball

text: Illinois Fighting Illini baseball

text: Big Ten Conference

text: Division I

text: Detroit Tigers

text: 2005 MLB draft

text: Chicago Cubs

text: Neifi Pérez

text: Texas Rangers

text: spring training

text: Baltimore Orioles

text: Norfolk

text: San Diego Padres

text: Tucson Padres

text: Nick Hundley

text: designated for assignment

text: London, Ontario

text: Canadian national baseball team

text: 2002 World Junior Baseball Championship

text: 2003 Baseball World Cup

text: 2006 World Baseball Classic

text: 2009 Baseball World Cup

text: 2011 Pan American Games

text: 2013 World Baseball Classic

text: 2015 Pan American Games

text: Minor League Baseball

categories: Major League Baseball players from Canada,Baseball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Norfolk Tides players,Baseball players at the 2015 Pan American Games,Canadian expatriate baseball players in the United States,West Michigan Whitecaps players,Pan American Games gold medalists for Canada,Lakeland Tigers players,Illinois Fighting Illini baseball players,Tucson Padres players,Tennessee Smokies players,Oneonta Tigers players,1984 births,Sportspeople from London, Ontario,Living people,Iowa Cubs players,2006 World Baseball Classic players,2013 World Baseball Classic players,Daytona Cubs players,Baseball players at the 2011 Pan American Games,San Diego Padres players

paragraph: Chris Robinson (baseball)

paragraph: Christopher J. Robinson (born May 12, 1984) is a Canadian former professional baseball catcher. Prior to beginning his professional career, he played college baseball at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign from 2003–2005. He has also competed for the Canadian national baseball team in international competition such as the 2011 Pan American Games, the 2009 Baseball World Cup and the 2013 World Baseball Classic.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Robinson attended Lord Dorchester Secondary School, where he was named Ontario Player of the Year in 2001. The New York Mets drafted Robinson out of high school in the 30th round (897th overall) of the 2002 Major League Baseball (MLB) Draft, but he did not sign, opting to enroll in college. Robinson enrolled at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, where he played college baseball for the Illinois Fighting Illini baseball team in the Big Ten Conference in the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I. At Illinois, Robinson was named the Big Ten Conference All-Star catcher in 2004 and 2005.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Detroit Tigers.

paragraph: Out of Illinois, the Detroit Tigers drafted Robinson in the third round (90th overall) of the 2005 MLB draft. He was named the Tigers' best defensive catcher.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Chicago Cubs.

paragraph: In 2006, the Tigers traded Robinson to the Chicago Cubs for Neifi Pérez.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Texas Rangers.

paragraph: He signed as a minor league free agent with the Texas Rangers before the 2012 season, receiving an invitation to spring training. He was released on March 30.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Baltimore Orioles.

paragraph: On April 3, Robinson signed a minor league deal with the Baltimore Orioles and was assigned to the Triple-A Norfolk.

paragraph: Robinson started the 2013 season with Norfolk.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:San Diego Padres.

paragraph: He was traded to the San Diego Padres on June 20, and assigned to the Triple-A Tucson Padres. On August 15, 2013, Robinson had his contract selected by the Padres to replace Nick Hundley who had been placed on the paternity list. Robinson was optioned back to Tucson on August 17 without appearing in a game when Hundley returned. He was recalled on September 1 when rosters expanded. On September 25, Robinson hit a pinch-hit three-run home run in the eight inning to record both his first major league hit and home run. He was designated for assignment on September 30.

paragraph: Robinson was presented with a special recognition award by the Major League Baseball Players Association at the Baseball Canada National Teams Award Banquet in January, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Retired.

paragraph: He retired from professional baseball in the 2014 off-season and became a full-time coach at Centerfield Sports in London, Ontario.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: Robinson has also competed for the Canadian national baseball team. Robinson played in the 2002 World Junior Baseball Championship, the 2003 Baseball World Cup, the 2006 World Baseball Classic, the 2009 Baseball World Cup, the 2011 Pan American Games, the 2013 World Baseball Classic and the 2015 Pan American Games.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minor League Baseball

description: Canadian baseball player

wikidata_label: Chris Robinson

wikipedia_title: Chris Robinson (baseball)


text: jazz

text: Utrecht

text: Kenny Barron

text: Roy Hargrove

text: Diana Krall

text: Dianne Reeves

text: Terri Lyne Carrington

text: Ambrose Akinmusire

text: Dayna Stephens

text: Kendrick Scott

text: Ben Williams

text: Terell Stafford

text: Dick Oatts

text: Avishai Cohen

text: Sachal Vasandani

text: Gretchen Parlato

text: Clayton Brothers Quintet

text: Charles Lloyd

text: Monterey Jazz Festival

text: Ravi Coltrane

text: Nicolas Payton

text: Raul Midón

text: Best Instrumental Composition

text: Best Improvised Jazz Solo

text: Cole Porter

text: Terence Blanchard

text: Roy Hargrove

text: Best Jazz Instrumental Album

text: Thad

text: Hank

text: Elvin Jones

text: John Clayton

text: Gerald Clayton official website

text: Flickr photos of Gerald Clayton

categories: Dutch emigrants to the United States,American jazz pianists,Living people,1984 births,African-American jazz musicians,American male pianists,Los Angeles County High School for the Arts alumni,People from Utrecht (city),Male jazz musicians,21st-century male musicians,21st-century American pianists,Thornton School of Music alumni

paragraph: Gerald Clayton

paragraph: Gerald William Clayton is a jazz pianist and composer born in Utrecht, Netherlands and raised in Los Angeles.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Clayton attended the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts, USC's Thornton School of Music, where he studied piano with Billy Childs, and the Manhattan School of Music, where he studied with Kenny Barron.

paragraph: He has performed and recorded with Roy Hargrove, Diana Krall, Dianne Reeves, Terri Lyne Carrington, Ambrose Akinmusire, Dayna Stephens, Kendrick Scott, Ben Williams, Terell Stafford & Dick Oatts, Michael Rodriguez, Avishai Cohen, Sachal Vasandani, Gretchen Parlato, and the Clayton Brothers Quintet. Clayton also has enjoyed an extended association since early 2013, touring and recording with saxophone legend, Charles Lloyd. 2016 marks his second year as Musical Director of the Monterey Jazz Festival On Tour, a project that features his trio with Ravi Coltrane, Nicolas Payton, and Raul Midón.

paragraph: In 2012 and 2013 Clayton received Grammy nomations for "The Paris Sessions" (Concord) and "Life Forum" (Concord). In 2010, he was nominated for Best Instrumental Composition for "Battle Circle", which is featured on the Clayton Brothers album, "New Song and Dance". In 2009, he was nominated for Best Improvised Jazz Solo for his solo on Cole Porter's "All of You" from his debut album, "Two-Shade". His nomination competed with established jazz musicians Terence Blanchard and Roy Hargrove, with whom Clayton toured for several years.

paragraph: The Clayton Brothers' "Brother to Brother" received a nomination in the Best Jazz Instrumental Album category. Gerald Clayton plays piano on the album, which holds loosely to a theme of songs that were made famous by Thad, Hank and Elvin Jones. Clayton's piano playing was described by Ben Ratliff of "The New York Times" as "[filling] up the available space" with Clayton "busying himself with prettiness and authority." Ratliff continued, "If you've listened to much hard bop or mainstream jazz of the early '60s, you might find some easygoing clichés in his playing – or maybe even an awful lot of them – but they are smoothly rendered. More important, the friendly rhetoric of this music allows them."

paragraph: Clayton is the son of jazz bassist John Clayton.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerald Clayton official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flickr photos of Gerald Clayton

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gerald Clayton Trio: Live At The Village Vanguard", NPR

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerald Clayton Interview with Linus Wyrsch, breakthruradio.com, November 2010

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Gerald Clayton

wikipedia_title: Gerald Clayton


text: Duchy of Prussia

text: Electress of Brandenburg

text: Albert Frederick of Prussia

text: Marie Eleonore

text: Königsberg Castle

text: Berlin

text: Jülich-Cleves-Berg

text: House of Hohenzollern

text: Berlin Cathedral

text: Maria Eleonore

text: pp. 107-130

text: Portrait of Eleanor of Prussia.

categories: Electresses of Brandenburg,17th-century German people,1583 births,House of Hohenzollern,16th-century German people

paragraph: Eleanor of Prussia

paragraph: Eleanor of Prussia (21 August 1583 - 9 April 1607) was a princess of the Duchy of Prussia by birth and Electress of Brandenburg by marriage.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Eleanor was the fourth daughter of Albert Frederick of Prussia (1553–1618), from his marriage to Marie Eleonore (1550–1608), daughter of Duke William "the Rich" of Jülich-Cleves-Berg. The princess grew up with her sisters in Königsberg Castle.

paragraph: She married Joachim Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg (1546–1608), in Berlin on 2 November 1603 as his second wife. They married for political reasons: on the one hand, Joachim Frederick hoped to strengthen his influence on Prussia, where he acted as regent for Eleanor's insane father; on the other hand, he hoped to gain control of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, Eleanor's maternal inheritance.

paragraph: Eleanor died at the age of 23 shortly after giving birth to her only child. She was buried on 26 April 1607 in the family crypt of the House of Hohenzollern in the Berlin Cathedral.

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: From her marriage Eleanor had one daughter, Maria Eleonore, who married Count Palatine Louis Philip, Count Palatine of Simmern-Kaiserslautern in 1631.

paragraph: Section::::References and sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friederike Bornhak: "Eleonora von Preussen: Kurfürstin von Brandenburg, zweite Gemahlin des kurfürsten Joachim Friedrich von Brandenburg, geboren 1583, gestorben 1607", S. Geibel, 1889

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brozat, Dieter: "Der Berliner Dom", Berlin, 1985,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ernst Daniel Martin Kirchner: "Die Kurfürstinnen und Königinnen auf dem Throne der Hohenzollern", part 2: "Die letzten acht Kurfürstinnen", Berlin, 1867, pp. 107-130 (with a portrait of Eleanor of Prussia).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrait of Eleanor of Prussia.

description: daughter of Duke Albert Frederick of Prussia; by marriage Electress of Brandenburg

wikidata_label: Eleanor of Prussia

wikipedia_title: Eleanor of Prussia


text: Werle

text: Lorenz of Werle

text: Lorenz

text: Balthasar

text: Christopher

text: Albert IV, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen

text: Barnim VIII

text: Ulrich II

text: Barnim VII

text: Barth

text: Zingst

text: Damgarten

text: House of Mecklenburg

text: Biographical data of Wilhelm

categories: House of Mecklenburg,1436 deaths,15th-century German people,Lords of Werle

paragraph: William of Werle

paragraph: William of Werle (before 1393 or 1394 – 8 September 1436), was co-regent of Werle from 1418 to 1425, then the sole ruler from 1425 until his death. After 1426, he called himself "Prince of the Wends". He was a son of Lorenz of Werle-Güstrow and his wife Matilda of Werle-Goldberg.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: After the death of his father Lorenz in 1393 or 1394, William's older brother Balthasar ruled Werle-Güstrow alone until William became co-regent in 1418. When Balthasar died on 5 April 1421, William became the sole ruler of Werle-Güstrow. When Christopher of Werle-Waren died in 1425, he became ruler of all of Werle. After 1426, he styled himself "Prince of the Wends, Lord of Güstrow, Waren and Werle".

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: William first married in 1422 to Anna of Anhalt (daughter of Albert IV, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen), who died in 1426. He then married Sophie of Pomerania, the sister of Duke Barnim VIII of Pomerania. With her he had one child, Catherine of Werle, who married Duke Ulrich II of Mecklenburg-Stargard. With the consent of his cousins, Catherine's uncle Barnim VII mortgaged the territories of Barth, Zingst and Damgarten for 20,000 guilders for Catherine's dowry.

paragraph: With the death of William, the Werle line died out in the male line, and the principality of Werle was returned to the House of Mecklenburg. The rulers of Mecklenburg kept using the title of "Prince of the Wends" until the German monarchy was abolished in 1918.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biographical data of Wilhelm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogical table of the House of Mecklenburg

description: Lord of Werle-Güstrow, later Lord of all of Werle; first Prince of the Wends

wikidata_label: William of Werle

wikipedia_title: William of Werle