text: England

text: street art

text: epigrams

text: dark humour

text: graffiti

text: stenciling

text: Bristol underground scene

text: Massive Attack

text: Exit Through the Gift Shop

text: Sundance Film Festival

text: Academy Award for Best Documentary

text: 2014 Webby Awards

text: Simon Hattenstone

text: The Guardian

text: Jimmy Nail

text: Mike Skinner

text: Easton, Bristol

text: Yate

text: Bristol

text: Bristol Cathedral School

text: Goldie

text: Robert Del Naja

text: Massive Attack

text: Jamie Hewlett

text: Gorillaz

text: Bristol

text: Bristol underground scene

text: Nick Walker

text: Inkie

text: Steve Lazarides

text: stencil

text: goalkeeper

text: The Mild Mild West

text: teddy bear

text: Molotov cocktail

text: riot police

text: rat

text: ape

text: Gorilla in a Pink Mask

text: Eastville

text: Silver Lake

text: Turf War

text: Nigel Wrench

text: RSPCA

text: subverted

text: Monet

text: Water Lily Pond

text: shopping trolley

text: Edward Hopper

text: Nighthawks

text: Union Flag

text: Shepard Fairey

text: Alexandria, Sydney

text: Diana, Princess of Wales

text: Notting Hill Carnival

text: eBay

text: NME

text: Reading Festival

text: Bonhams

text: Israeli West Bank wall

text: Barely Legal

text: elephant in a room

text: animal rights

text: Andy Warhol

text: Leonardo da Vinci

text: Christina Aguilera

text: Queen Victoria

text: Kate Moss

text: Sotheby's

text: Andy Warhol

text: Marilyn Monroe

text: Mona Lisa

text: Max Foster

text: Bombing Middle England

text: Balloon Girl

text: Bomb Hugger

text: Ballerina with Action Man Parts

text: Glory

text: Untitled (2004)

text: Bristol

text: Fragile Silence

text: Glastonbury Festival

text: Transport for London

text: image

text: Quentin Tarantino

text: Pulp Fiction

text: Samuel L. Jackson

text: John Travolta

text: Barking

text: Space Girl and Bird

text: Bonhams

text: Greatest living Briton

text: The Drinker

text: manifesto

text: Lieutenant Colonel

text: DSO

text: Imperial War Museum

text: Bergen-Belsen

text: concentration camp

text: George Davis

text: Emo Philips

text: Children of Men

text: Thames Water

text: Holland Park roundabout

text: London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham

text: Hurricane Katrina

text: levee failure disaster

text: New Orleans

text: Ensley

text: Birmingham, Alabama

text: Hurricane Gustav

text: Ku Klux Klan

text: The Village Pet Store and Charcoal Grill

text: animatronic

text: Chicken McNuggets

text: Westminster City Council

text: One Nation Under CCTV

text: perspex

text: Leake Street

text: London Waterloo station

text: Steve Lazarides

text: Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery

text: Blur

text: Crazy Beat

text: 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference

text: King Robbo

text: Exit Through the Gift Shop

text: Sundance Film Festival

text: Park City, Utah

text: Salt Lake City

text: The Whitehouse

text: Liverpool

text: Forgive Us Our Trespassing

text: London Bridge

text: Art Below

text: London Underground

text: Transport for London

text: San Francisco Chinatown

text: Inside Job

text: Weston-super-Mare

text: Channel 4

text: couch gag

text: The Simpsons

text: MoneyBart

text: Al Jean

text: petrol bomb

text: Cardinal Sin

text: Walker Art Gallery

text: child abuse

text: Parachuting Rat

text: Melbourne

text: 2012 Olympic Games

text: "Slave Labour" mural

text: Union Flag

text: Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II

text: Poundland

text: New York [City]

text: The Village Voice

text: Fifth Avenue

text: Central Park

text: New York City Mayor

text: Michael Bloomberg

text: NYPD

text: installations

text: Ronald McDonald

text: Queens

text: McDonald's

text: Dumbo

text: New York Times

text: op-ed

text: One World Trade Center

text: Gaza Strip

text: The New York Times

text: Dismaland

text: Weston-super-Mare

text: Damien Hirst

text: Jenny Holzer

text: Calais

text: Jungle

text: The Son of a Migrant from Syria

text: Steve Jobs

text: Bethlehem

text: Zehra Doğan

text: Balloon Girl

text: Sotheby's

text: Evening Standard

text: Mikhail Bakunin

text: Love is in the Bin

text: Port Talbot

text: Instagram

text: Plaid Cymru

text: councillor

text: Aberavon

text: Michael Sheen

text: Academy Award for Best Documentary

text: 2014 Webby Awards

text: UK culture

text: William Shakespeare

text: Elizabeth II

text: David Beckham

text: The Beatles

text: Charlie Chaplin

text: J. K. Rowling

text: Elton John

text: Adele

text: London Zoo

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: American Museum of Natural History

text: Manhattan

text: Brooklyn Museum

text: Brooklyn

text: cave painting

text: British Museum

text: Israeli West Bank barrier

text: Nickelodeon

text: Soho

text: Westminster Council

text: Well Hung Lover

text: Bristol

text: Bristol City Council

text: Paris Hilton

text: Paris

text: Danger Mouse

text: eBay

text: Guantanamo Bay detainment camp

text: orange jumpsuit

text: Big Thunder Mountain Railroad

text: Disneyland

text: Anaheim, California

text: Blur's

text: Think Tank

text: London 2012

text: javelin

text: surface to air missile

text: Cheltenham

text: Government Communications Headquarters

text: Global surveillance disclosures

text: Brexit

text: mural

text: Help Refugees

text: pop-up shop

text: Melbourne

text: Melbourne City Council

text: rat descending in a parachute

text: defaced

text: Red Hook

text: Blek le Rat

text: rat

text: ape

text: stencils

text: Love is in the Bin

text: Girl with Balloon

text: Sotheby's

text: guerilla warfare

text: struggle

text: anti-war

text: anti-consumerism

text: anti-fascism

text: anti-imperialism

text: anti-authoritarianism

text: anarchism

text: nihilism

text: existentialism

text: human condition

text: greed

text: hypocrisy

text: boredom

text: despair

text: absurdity

text: alienation

text: 2017 United Kingdom general election

text: Avon and Somerset Constabulary

text: corrupt practice

text: Keep Britain Tidy

text: The Guardian

text: Charlie Brooker

text: Blek le Rat

text: middle class

text: hipster

text: TrustoCorp

text: Random House

text: Above

text: List of urban artists

text: Street installation

text: "Banksy Locations and Tours: A Collection of Graffiti Locations and Photographs in London"

text: Pest Control

text: Banksy Instagram

text: Banksy YouTube Channel

text: Banksy Street Art Photographs

text: Banksy Images

text: Flickr

text: Banksy Gallery

text: BBC News

text: Banksy v Bristol Museum

text: BBC

text: Stencil Revolution About Banksy

text: "Police thwart attempt to steal Bethlehem Banksy mural", Ma'an News Agency, April 21, 2015

text: Will-Ellsworth-Jones, "The Story Behind Banksy", "The Smithsonian Magazine", February 2013

categories: English male painters,Living people,Political artists,English film directors,Unidentified people,Banksy,Pseudonymous artists,English contemporary artists,Artists from Bristol,Culture jamming,English activists,20th-century English painters,Anti-consumerists,21st-century English painters,Guerilla artists,Street artists,Year of birth missing (living people),English satirists

paragraph: Banksy

paragraph: Banksy is an anonymous England-based street artist, vandal, political activist, and film director, active since the 1990s. His satirical street art and subversive epigrams combine dark humour with graffiti executed in a distinctive stenciling technique. His works of political and social commentary have been featured on streets, walls, and bridges of cities throughout the world. Banksy's work grew out of the Bristol underground scene, which involved collaborations between artists and musicians. Banksy says that he was inspired by 3D, a graffiti artist who later became a founding member of the English musical group Massive Attack.

paragraph: Banksy displays his art on publicly visible surfaces such as walls and self-built physical prop pieces. Banksy no longer sells photographs or reproductions of his street graffiti, but his public "installations" are regularly resold, often even by removing the wall they were painted on. A small number of Banksy's works are officially, non-publicly, sold through Pest Control. Banksy's documentary film "Exit Through the Gift Shop" (2010) made its debut at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival. In January 2011, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary for the film. In 2014, he was awarded Person of the Year at the 2014 Webby Awards.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life and disputed identity.

paragraph: Banksy's name and identity remain unconfirmed and the subject of speculation. In a 2003 interview with Simon Hattenstone of "The Guardian", Banksy is described as "white, 28, scruffy casual – jeans, T-shirt, a silver tooth, silver chain and silver earring. He looks like a cross between Jimmy Nail and Mike Skinner of the Streets". He began as an artist at the age of 14, was expelled from school, and served time in prison for petty crime. According to Hattenstone, "anonymity is vital to him because graffiti is illegal". For 10 years in the late 1990s, Banksy lived in Easton, Bristol, then moved to London around 2000.

paragraph: Banksy is believed to be Robin Gunningham, born on 28 July 1973 in Yate, from Bristol. Several of Gunningham's associates and former schoolmates at Bristol Cathedral School have corroborated this rumour, and in 2016, a study found that the incidence of Banksy's works correlated with the known movements of Gunningham. Lawyers representing Banksy commented on this study, but did not suggest that the paper's conclusions were flawed.

paragraph: In 1994, Banksy checked into a New York hotel using the name "Robin", and in June 2017, DJ Goldie referred to Banksy as "Rob".

paragraph: There has been alternate speculation that Banksy is:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Del Naja (a.k.a. 3D), frontman of the trip hop band Massive Attack. Del Naja had been a graffiti artist during the 1980s prior to forming the band and had previously been identified as a personal friend of Banksy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jamie Hewlett, English comic book artist and designer best known for the comic "Tank Girl" and the virtual band Gorillaz. Joanna Brooks, Banksy's publicist, denied this claim.

paragraph: In October 2014, an internet hoax circulated that Banksy had been arrested and his identity revealed.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early career (1990–2001).

paragraph: Banksy started as a freehand graffiti artist in 1990–1994 as one of Bristol's DryBreadZ Crew (DBZ), with two other artists known as Kato and Tes. He was inspired by local artists and his work was part of the larger Bristol underground scene with Nick Walker, Inkie and 3D. During this time he met Bristol photographer Steve Lazarides, who began selling Banksy's work, later becoming his agent. By 2000 he had turned to the art of stencilling after realising how much less time it took to complete a work. He claims he changed to stencilling while hiding from the police under a rubbish lorry, when he noticed the stencilled serial number and by employing this technique, he soon became more widely noticed for his art around Bristol and London. He was the goalkeeper for the Easton Cowboys and Cowgirls football team in the 1990s, and toured with the club to Mexico in 2001. Banksy's first known large wall mural was "The Mild Mild West" painted in 1997 to cover advertising of a former solicitors' office on Stokes Croft in Bristol. It depicts a teddy bear lobbing a Molotov cocktail at three riot police.

paragraph: Banksy's stencils feature striking and humorous images occasionally combined with slogans. The message is usually anti-war, anti-capitalist or anti-establishment. Subjects often include rats, apes, policemen, soldiers, children, and the elderly.

paragraph: In July 2011 one of Banksy's early works, "Gorilla in a Pink Mask", which had been a prominent landmark on the exterior wall of a former social club in Eastville for over ten years, was unwittingly painted over after the premises became a Muslim cultural centre.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Exhibitions (2002–2003).

paragraph: On 19 June 2002, Banksy's first Los Angeles exhibition debuted at 33 Gallery, a tiny Silver Lake venue owned by Frank Sosa. The exhibition, entitled "Existencilism", was curated by 33 Gallery, Malathion LA's Chris Vargas, Funk Lazy Promotions' Grace Jehan, and B+.

paragraph: In 2003, at an exhibition called "Turf War", held in a London warehouse, Banksy painted on animals. At the time he gave one of his very few interviews, to the BBC's Nigel Wrench. Although the RSPCA declared the conditions suitable, an animal rights activist chained herself to the railings in protest. An example of his subverted paintings is Monet's "Water Lily Pond", adapted to include urban detritus such as litter and a shopping trolley floating in its reflective waters; another is Edward Hopper's "Nighthawks", redrawn to show that the characters are looking at a British football hooligan, dressed only in his Union Flag underpants, who has just thrown an object through the glass window of the cafe. These oil paintings were shown at a twelve-day exhibition in Westbourne Grove, London in 2005.

paragraph: Banksy, along with Shepard Fairey, Dmote and others, created work at a warehouse exhibition in Alexandria, Sydney, for Semi-Permanent in 2003. Approximately 1,500 people attended.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:£10 notes to "Barely Legal" (2004–2006).

paragraph: In August 2004, Banksy produced a quantity of spoof British £10 notes replacing the picture of the Queen's head with Diana, Princess of Wales's head and changing the text "Bank of England" to "Banksy of England". Someone threw a large wad of these into a crowd at Notting Hill Carnival that year, which some recipients then tried to spend in local shops. These notes were also given with invitations to a Santa's Ghetto exhibition by Pictures on Walls. The individual notes have since been selling on eBay for about £200 each. A wad of the notes were also thrown over a fence and into the crowd near the "NME" signing tent at the Reading Festival. A limited run of 50 signed posters containing ten uncut notes were also produced and sold by Pictures on Walls for £100 each to commemorate the death of Princess Diana. One of these sold in October 2007 at Bonhams auction house in London for £24,000.

paragraph: In August 2005, Banksy, on a trip to the Palestinian territories, created nine images on the Israeli West Bank wall.

paragraph: Banksy held an exhibition called "Barely Legal", billed as a "three-day vandalised warehouse extravaganza" in Los Angeles, on the weekend of 16 September 2006. The exhibition featured a live "elephant in a room", painted in a pink and gold floral wallpaper pattern, which, according to leaflets handed out at the exhibition, was intended to draw attention to the issue of world poverty. Although the Animal Services Department had issued a permit for the elephant, after complaints from animal rights activists, the elephant appeared unpainted on the final day. Its owners rejected claims of mistreatment and said that the elephant had done "many, many movies. She's used to makeup." Banksy also made artwork displaying Queen Victoria as a lesbian and satirical pieces that incorporated art made by Andy Warhol and Leonardo da Vinci.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Banksy effect (2006–2007).

paragraph: After Christina Aguilera bought an original of Queen Victoria as a lesbian and two prints for £25,000, on 19 October 2006, a set of Kate Moss paintings sold in Sotheby's London for £50,400, setting an auction record for Banksy's work. The six silk-screen prints, featuring the model painted in the style of Andy Warhol's Marilyn Monroe pictures, sold for five times their estimated value. Their stencil of a green "Mona Lisa" with real paint dripping from her eyes sold for £57,600 at the same auction.

paragraph: In December, journalist Max Foster coined the phrase, "the Banksy effect", to illustrate how interest in other street artists was growing on the back of Banksy's success.

paragraph: On 21 February 2007, Sotheby's auction house in London auctioned three works, reaching the highest ever price for a Banksy work at auction: over £102,000 for "Bombing Middle England". Two of his other graffiti works, "Balloon Girl" and "Bomb Hugger", sold for £37,200 and £31,200 respectively, which were well above their estimated prices. The following day's auction saw a further three Banksy works reach soaring prices: "Ballerina with Action Man Parts" reached £96,000; "Glory" sold for £72,000; "Untitled (2004)" sold for £33,600; all significantly above estimated values. To coincide with the second day of auctions, Banksy updated his website with a new image of an auction house scene showing people bidding on a picture that said, "I Can't Believe You Morons Actually Buy This Shit."

paragraph: In February 2007, the owners of a house with a Banksy mural on the side in Bristol decided to sell the house through Red Propeller art gallery after offers fell through because the prospective buyers wanted to remove the mural. It is listed as a mural that comes with a house attached. In 2008, Nathan Wellard and Maev Neal, a couple from Norfolk, UK, made headlines in Britain when they decided to sell their mobile home that contains a 30-foot mural, entitled "Fragile Silence", done by Banksy a decade prior to his rise to fame. According to Nathan Wellard, Banksy had asked the couple if he could use the side of their home as a "large canvas", to which they agreed. In return for the "canvas", the Bristol stencil artist gave them two free tickets to the Glastonbury Festival. The mobile home purchased by the couple 11 years ago for £1,000, is now being sold for £500,000.

paragraph: In April 2007, Transport for London painted over Banksy's image of a scene from Quentin Tarantino's film "Pulp Fiction" (1994), featuring Samuel L. Jackson and John Travolta clutching bananas instead of guns. Although the image was very popular, Transport for London claimed that the graffiti created "a general atmosphere of neglect and social decay which in turn encourages crime" and their staff are "professional cleaners not professional art critics". Banksy painted the same site again and, initially, the actors were portrayed as holding real guns instead of bananas, but they were adorned with banana costumes. Some time later, Banksy made a tribute artwork over this second "Pulp Fiction" work. The tribute was for 19-year-old British graffiti artist Ozone who, along with fellow artist Wants, was hit by an underground train in Barking, east London on 12 January 2007. Banksy depicted an angel wearing a bullet-proof vest holding a skull. They also wrote a note on their website saying:

paragraph: On 27 April 2007, a new record high for the sale of Banksy's work was set with the auction of the work "Space Girl and Bird" fetching £288,000 (US$576,000) around 20 times the estimate at Bonhams of London.

paragraph: On 21 May 2007 Banksy gained the award for Art's Greatest living Briton. Banksy, as expected, did not turn up to collect his award and continued with his anonymous status.

paragraph: On 4 June 2007, it was reported that Banksy's "The Drinker" had been stolen. In October 2007, most of his works offered for sale at Bonhams auction house in London sold for more than twice their reserve price.

paragraph: Banksy has published a "manifesto" on his website. The text of the manifesto is credited as the diary entry of British Lieutenant Colonel Mervin Willett Gonin, DSO, which is exhibited in the Imperial War Museum. It describes how a shipment of lipstick to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp immediately after its liberation at the end of World War II helped the internees regain their humanity. However, as of 18 January 2008, Banksy's Manifesto has been replaced with Graffiti Heroes No. 03, which describes Peter Chappell's graffiti quest of the 1970s that worked to free George Davis from imprisonment. By 12 August 2009 he was relying on Emo Philips' "When I was a kid I used to pray every night for a new bicycle. Then I realised God doesn't work that way, so I stole one and prayed for forgiveness."

paragraph: A small number of Banksy's works can be seen in the movie "Children of Men", including a stenciled image of two policemen kissing and another stencil of a child looking down a shop.

paragraph: Banksy, who "is not represented by any of the commercial galleries that sell his work second hand (including Lazarides Ltd, Andipa Gallery, Bank Robber, Dreweatts etc.)", claims that the exhibition at Vanina Holasek Gallery in New York City (his first major exhibition in that city) is unauthorised. The exhibition featured 62 of their paintings and prints.

paragraph: In March, a stencilled graffiti work appeared on Thames Water tower in the middle of the Holland Park roundabout, and it was widely attributed to Banksy. It was of a child painting the tag "Take this—Society!" in bright orange. London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham spokesman, Councillor Greg Smith branded the art as vandalism, and ordered its immediate removal, which was carried out by H&F council workmen within three days.

paragraph: In late August 2008, marking the third anniversary of Hurricane Katrina and the associated levee failure disaster, Banksy produced a series of works in New Orleans, Louisiana, mostly on buildings derelict since the disaster.

paragraph: A stencil painting attributed to Banksy appeared at a vacant petrol station in the Ensley neighbourhood of Birmingham, Alabama on 29 August as Hurricane Gustav approached the New Orleans area. The painting, depicting a hooded member of the Ku Klux Klan hanging from a noose, was quickly covered with black spray paint and later removed altogether.

paragraph: His first official exhibition in New York City, "The Village Pet Store and Charcoal Grill", opened 5 October 2008. The animatronic pets in the store window include a mother hen watching over her baby Chicken McNuggets as they peck at a barbecue sauce packet, and a rabbit putting makeup on in a mirror.

paragraph: The Westminster City Council stated in October 2008 that the work "One Nation Under CCTV", painted in April 2008 would be painted over as it was graffiti. The council said it would remove any graffiti, regardless of the reputation of its creator, and specifically stated that Banksy "has no more right to paint graffiti than a child". Robert Davis, the chairman of the council planning committee told "The Times" newspaper: "If we condone this then we might as well say that any kid with a spray can is producing art." The work was painted over in April 2009.

paragraph: In December 2008, "The Little Diver", a Banksy image of a diver in a duffle coat in Melbourne, Australia, was destroyed. The image had been protected by a sheet of clear perspex; however, silver paint was poured behind the protective sheet and later tagged with the words "Banksy woz ere". The image was almost completely obliterated.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2008.:The Cans Festival (2008).

paragraph: In London, over the weekend 3–5 May 2008, Banksy hosted an exhibition called "The Cans Festival". It was situated on Leake Street, a road tunnel formerly used by Eurostar underneath London Waterloo station. Graffiti artists with stencils were invited to join in and paint their own artwork, as long as it did not cover anyone else's. Banksy invited artists from around the world to exhibit their works.

paragraph: In May 2009, Banksy parted company with agent Steve Lazarides and announced that Pest Control, the handling service who act on his behalf, would be the only point of sale for new works.

paragraph: On 13 June 2009, the Banksy vs Bristol Museum show opened at Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery, featuring more than 100 works of art, including animatronics and installations; it is his largest exhibition yet, featuring 78 new works. Reaction to the show was positive, with over 8,500 visitors to the show on the first weekend. Over the course of the twelve weeks, the exhibition was visited over 300,000 times.

paragraph: In September 2009, a Banksy work parodying the Royal Family was partially destroyed by Hackney Council after they served an enforcement notice for graffiti removal to the former address of the property owner. The mural had been commissioned for the 2003 Blur single "Crazy Beat" and the property owner, who had allowed it to be painted, was reported to have been in tears when she saw it was being painted over.

paragraph: In December 2009, Banksy marked the end of the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference by painting four murals on global warming. One included the phrase, "I don't believe in global warming;" the words were submerged in water.

paragraph: A feud and graffiti war between Banksy and King Robbo broke out when Banksy allegedly painted over one of Robbo's tags. The feud has led to many of Banksy's works being altered by graffiti writers.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:"Exit Through the Gift Shop" (2010).

paragraph: The world premiere of the film "Exit Through the Gift Shop" occurred at the Sundance Film Festival in Park City, Utah, on 24 January. He created 10 street artworks around Park City and Salt Lake City to tie in with the screening. In February, The Whitehouse public house in Liverpool, England, was sold for £114,000 at auction. The side of the building has an image of a giant rat by Banksy.

paragraph: In March 2010, the work "Forgive Us Our Trespassing" was displayed at the London Bridge in conjunction with Art Below an arts company that put on art shows on the London Underground. The work was censored by the Transport for London (TfL), forbidding display of the work with its halo, because of the prevalence of graffiti in the underground. It was displayed without the halo over the boy's head, but after a few days the halo was repainted by a graffitist, so the TfL disposed of the poster. This decline went through the press and several articles were published remarking on the progress of the poster.

paragraph: In April, to coincide with the premiere of "Exit Through the Gift Shop" in San Francisco, five of his works appeared in various parts of the city. Banksy reportedly paid a San Francisco Chinatown building owner $50 for the use of their wall for one of his stencils.

paragraph: In May 2010, seven new Banksy works of art appeared in Toronto, Canada, though most have been subsequently painted over or removed.

paragraph: In May, to coincide with the premiere of "Exit Through the Gift Shop" in Royal Oak, Banksy visited the Detroit area and left his mark in several places in Detroit and Warren. Shortly after, his work depicting a little boy holding a can of red paint next to the words "I remember when all this was trees" was excavated by the 555 Nonprofit Gallery and Studios. They claim that they do not intend to sell the work but plan to preserve it and display it at their Detroit gallery. There was also an attempted removal of one of the Warren works known as "Diamond Girl".

paragraph: In late January 2011, "Exit Through the Gift Shop" was nominated for a 2010 Oscar for Best Documentary Feature. Banksy released a statement about the nomination, stating, "This is a big surprise... I don't agree with the concept of award ceremonies, but I'm prepared to make an exception for the ones I'm nominated for. The last time there was a naked man covered in gold paint in my house, it was me." Leading up to the Oscars, Banksy blanketed Los Angeles with street art. Many people speculated if Banksy would show up at the Oscars in disguise and make a surprise appearance if he won the Oscar. "Exit Through the Gift Shop" did not win the award, which went to "Inside Job". In early March 2011, Banksy responded to the Oscars with an artwork in Weston-super-Mare, UK, of a little girl holding the Oscar and pouting. Many people think that it is in reference to 15-month-old Lara, who dropped and damaged her father's ("The King's Speech" co-producer Simon Egan) Oscar statue. "Exit Through the Gift Shop" was broadcast on British public television station Channel 4 on 13 August 2011.

paragraph: Banksy was also credited with the opening couch gag for the 2010 "The Simpsons" episode "MoneyBart", depicting people working in deplorable conditions and using endangered or mythical animals to make both the episodes cel-by-cel and the merchandise connected with the program. His name appears several times throughout the episode's opening sequence, spray-painted on assorted walls and signs. Fox sanitised parts of the opening "for taste" and to make it less grim. In January 2011, Banksy published the original storyboard on its website. According to Banksy, the storyboard "led to delays, disputes over broadcast standards and a threatened walk out by the animation department." Executive director Al Jean jokingly said, "This is what you get when you outsource."

paragraph: In May 2011 Banksy released a lithographic print which showed a smoking petrol bomb contained in a 'Tesco Value' bottle. This followed a long running campaign by locals against the opening of a Tesco Express supermarket in Banksy's home city of Bristol. Violent clashes had taken place between police and demonstrators in the Stokes Croft area. Banksy produced the poster ostensibly to raise money for local groups in the Stokes Croft area and to raise money for the legal defence of those arrested during the riots. The posters were sold exclusively at the Bristol Anarchists Bookfair in Stokes Croft for £5 each.

paragraph: In December, he unveiled "Cardinal Sin" at the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool. The bust, which replaces a priest's face with a "pixelated" effect, was a statement on the child abuse scandal in the Catholic Church.

paragraph: In May his "Parachuting Rat", painted in Melbourne in the late 1990s, was accidentally destroyed by plumbers installing new pipes.

paragraph: In July, prior to the 2012 Olympic Games Banksy posted photographs of paintings with an Olympic theme on his website but did not disclose their location.

paragraph: On 18 February, BBC News reported that a recent Banksy mural, known as the "Slave Labour" mural portraying a young child sewing Union Flag bunting (created around the time of the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II) had been removed from the side of a Poundland store in Wood Green, north London, and soon appeared for sale in Fine Art Auctions Miami's catalogue (a US auction site based in Florida). News of this has reportedly caused "lots of anger" in the local community and is considered by some to be a theft. Fine Art Auctions Miami has rejected claims of theft, saying it had signed a contract with a "well-known collector" and that "everything was above board"; despite this, the local Councillor for Wood Green is campaigning for the work's return.

paragraph: On the scheduled day of the auction, Fine Art Auctions Miami announced that it had withdrawn the work of art from the sale.

paragraph: On 11 May, BBC News reports that the same Banksy mural is up for auction again in Covent Garden by the Sincura Group. The auction is scheduled to take place in June. It is expected to fetch up to £450,000. On 24 September, after over a year since his previous piece, a new mural went up on their website along with the subtitle "Better Out Than In".

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2013.:"Better Out Than In" (2013).

paragraph: On 1 October 2013, Banksy began a one-month "show on the streets of New York [City]", for which he opened a separate website and granted an interview to "The Village Voice" via his publicist.

paragraph: A pop-up boutique of about 25 spray-art canvases appeared on Fifth Avenue near Central Park on 12 October. Tourists were able to buy Banksy art for just $60 each. In a note posted to his website, the artist wrote: "Please note this was a one-off. The stall will not be there again." The BBC estimated that the street-stall art pieces could be worth as much as $31,000. The booth was manned by an unknown elderly man who went about four hours before making a sale, yawning and eating lunch as people strolled by without a second glance at the work. Banksy chronicled the surprise sale in a video posted to their website noting, "Yesterday I set up a stall in the park selling 100% authentic original signed Banksy canvases. For $60 each." Two of the canvasses sold at a July 2014 auction for $214,000.

paragraph: It was reported that then-New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg called Banksy a vandal whose work is not the definition of art, and that the NYPD's vandal squad was on the hunt for Banksy over his various graffiti art and installations. One creation was a fiberglass sculpture of Ronald McDonald and a real person, barefoot and in ragged clothes, shining the oversized shoes of Ronald McDonald. The sculpture was unveiled in Queens but moved outside a different McDonald's around the city every day. Other works included a YouTube video showing what appears to be footage of jihadist militants shooting down an animated Dumbo; travelling installations that toured the city including a slaughterhouse delivery truck full of stuffed animals and a waterfall; and a modified painting donated to a charity shop which was later sold in an online auction for $615,000. Banksy also posted a mock-up of a "New York Times" op-ed attacking the design of the One World Trade Center after the "Times" rejected his submission. The residency in New York concluded on 31 October 2013; many of the pieces, though, were either vandalised, removed or stolen.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2015.:"Banksy in Gaza" clip.

paragraph: In February 2015 Banksy published a 2-minute video titled "Make this the year YOU discover a new destination" about his trip to Gaza Strip. During the visit he painted a few artworks including a kitten on the remains of a house destroyed by an Israeli air strike. ("I wanted to highlight the destruction in Gaza by posting photos on my website—but on the internet people only look at pictures of kittens") and a swing hanging off a watchtower. In a statement to "The New York Times" his publicist said,

paragraph: Banksy opened Dismaland, a large scale group show modelled on Disneyland on 21 August 2015. It lampooned the many disappointing temporary themed attractions in the UK at the time. Dismaland permanently closed on 27 September 2015. The "theme park" was located in Weston-super-Mare, United Kingdom. According to the Dismaland website, artists represented on the show include Damien Hirst and Jenny Holzer.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2015.:"The Son of a Migrant from Syria".

paragraph: In December 2015, Banksy created several murals in the vicinity of Calais, France, including the so-called "Jungle" where migrants live as they attempt to enter the United Kingdom. One of the pieces, "The Son of a Migrant from Syria," depicts Steve Jobs as a migrant.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2017.:Walled Off Hotel.

paragraph: In 2017, marking the 100th anniversary of the British control of Palestine, Banksy financed the creation of the Walled Off Hotel in Bethlehem. This hotel is open to the public, and contains rooms designed by Banksy, Sami Musa and Dominique Petrin, and each of the bedrooms face the wall. It also houses a contemporary art gallery.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2018.:Return to New York.

paragraph: 2018 saw Banksy return to New York five years after his "Better Out Than In" residency. A trademark rat running around the circumference of a clock-face, dubbed "Rat race", was torn down by developers within a week of it appearing on a former bank building at 101 West 14th Street, but other works, including a mural of imprisoned kurdish artist Zehra Doğan on the famed Bowery Wall and a series of others across Brooklyn, remain on display.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2018.:"Balloon Girl" Shredding.

paragraph: In October 2018, one of Banksy's works, "Balloon Girl", was sold in an auction at Sotheby's in London for £1.04m. However, shortly after the gavel dropped and it was sold, an alarm sounded inside of the picture frame and the canvas passed through a shredder hidden within the frame, partially shredding the picture. Banksy then posted an image of the shredding on Instagram captioned "Going, going, gone...". After the sale, the auction house acknowledged that the self-destruction of the work was a prank by the artist. The prank received wide news coverage around the world, with one newspaper stating that it was "quite possibly the biggest prank in art history." Joey Syer, co-founder of an online platform facilitating art dealer sales, told the "Evening Standard": "The auction result will only propel this further and given the media attention this stunt has received, the lucky buyer would see a great return on the £1.02M they paid last night, this is now part of art history in its shredded state and we'd estimate Banksy has added at a minimum 50% to its value, possibly as high as being worth £2m+." A man seen filming the shredding of the picture during its auction has been suggested to be Banksy. Banksy has since released a video on how the shredder was installed into the frame and the shredding of the picture, explaining that he had surreptitiously fitted the painting with the shredder a few years previously, in case it ever went up for auction. To explain his rationale for destroying his own artwork, Banksy quoted Picasso: "The urge to destroy is also a creative urge". (Although Banksy cited Picasso, this quote is usually attributed to Mikhail Bakunin.) It is not known how the shredder was activated. Banksy has released another video indicating that the painting was intended to be shredded completely. The video shows a sample painting completely shredded by the frame and says: "In rehearsals it worked every time...".

paragraph: The woman who won the bidding at the auction decided to go through with the purchase. The partially shredded work has been given a new title, "Love is in the Bin", and it was authenticated by Banksy's authentication body Pest Control. Sotheby released a statement that said "Banksy didn't destroy an artwork in the auction, he created one," and called it "the first artwork in history to have been created live during an auction."

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2018.:"Season's Greetings".

paragraph: A two-sided graffiti piece, one side depicting a child tasting the falling snow, the other revealing that the snow is in fact smoke and embers from a fire, appeared on two walls of a steelworker's garage in Port Talbot in December. Banksy then revealed that the painting was in fact his via an Instagram video soundtracked by the festive children's song 'Little Snowflake'. Many fans of the artist went to see the painting and Plaid Cymru councillor for Aberavon, Nigel Thomas Hunt, stated that the town was "buzzing" with speculation that the work was Banksy's. The owner of the garage, Ian Lewis, said that he had lost sleep over fears that the image would be vandalised. A plastic screen, partially funded by Michael Sheen, was installed to protect the mural, but was attacked by a "drunk halfwit". Extra security guards were subsequently drafted to protect the graffiti piece. In May 2019, the mural was moved to a gallery in the town's Ty'r Orsaf building.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural icon.

paragraph: There exists a cult-like following for the artist. The ambiguity of his identity has drawn this group of followers. A concept, the "Banksy effect" has developed as a result of Banksy's artistic innovation. This term is in reference to the artist's ability to turn outsider art into the cultural mainstream. It was coined to reference the way in which Banksy's work has led to an increased interest in street art. Street art has been incorporated into being a part of culture and daily life. His work in turn, has questioned the authenticity of art and its creators, furthering the cultural debate that has existed for centuries.

paragraph: In January 2011, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary for the film Exit via the Gift Shop. In 2014, he was awarded Person of the Year at the 2014 Webby Awards. , Banksy was regarded as a British cultural icon, with young adults from abroad naming the artist among a group of people that they most associated with UK culture, which included William Shakespeare, Queen Elizabeth II, David Beckham, The Beatles, Charlie Chaplin, J. K. Rowling, Elton John, and Adele.

paragraph: Section::::Other notable artworks.

paragraph: Banksy has claimed responsibility for a number of high-profile artworks, including the following:

paragraph: BULLET::::- At London Zoo, he climbed into the penguin enclosure and painted "We're bored of fish" in letters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- At London Zoo, he left the message "I want out. This place is too cold. Keeper smells. Boring, boring, boring." in the elephant enclosure.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In March 2005, he placed subverted artworks in the Museum of Modern Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art, and American Museum of Natural History in Manhattan as well as the Brooklyn Museum in Brooklyn.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In May 2005 Banksy's version of a primitive cave painting depicting a human figure hunting wildlife while pushing a shopping trolley was hung in gallery 49 of the British Museum, London.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In August 2005, Banksy painted nine images on the Israeli West Bank barrier, including an image of a ladder going up and over the wall and an image of children digging a hole through the wall.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In October 2005, Banksy designed six station IDs for Nickelodeon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In April 2006, Banksy created a sculpture based on a crumpled red phone box with a pickaxe in its side, apparently bleeding, and placed it in a side street in Soho, London. It was later removed by Westminster Council."

paragraph: BULLET::::- In June 2006, Banksy created "Well Hung Lover", an image of a naked man hanging out of a bedroom window on a wall visible from Park Street in central Bristol. The image sparked "a heated debate", with the Bristol City Council leaving it up to the public to decide whether it should stay or go. After an internet discussion in which 97% of the 500 people surveyed supported the stencil, the city council decided it would be left on the building. The mural was later defaced with blue paint.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In August/September 2006, Banksy placed up to 500 copies of Paris Hilton's debut CD, "Paris", in 48 different UK record stores with his own cover art and remixes by Danger Mouse. Music tracks were given titles such as "Why Am I Famous?", "What Have I Done?" and "What Am I For?". Several copies of the CD were purchased by the public before stores were able to remove them, some going on to be sold for as much as £750 on online auction websites such as eBay. The cover art depicted Hilton digitally altered to appear topless. Other pictures feature her with her chihuahua Tinkerbell's head replacing her own, and one of her stepping out of a luxury car, edited to include a group of homeless people, which included the caption "90% of success is just showing up."

paragraph: BULLET::::- In September 2006, Banksy dressed an inflatable doll in the manner of a Guantanamo Bay detainment camp prisoner (orange jumpsuit, black hood, and handcuffs) and then placed the figure within the Big Thunder Mountain Railroad ride at the Disneyland theme park in Anaheim, California.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He makes stickers (the Neighbourhood Watch subvert) and was responsible for the cover art of Blur's 2003 album "Think Tank".

paragraph: BULLET::::- In September 2007, Banksy covered a wall in Portobello Road with a French artist painting graffiti of Banksy's name.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In July 2012, in the run up to the London 2012 Olympic games he created several pieces based upon this event. One included an image of an athlete throwing a missile instead of a javelin, evidently taking a poke at the surface to air missile sites positioned in the Stratford area to defend the games.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In April 2014, he created a piece in Cheltenham, near the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) headquarters, which depicts three men wearing sunglasses and using listening devices to "snoop" on a telephone box, evidently criticising the recent Global surveillance disclosures of 2013. This was only confirmed by Banksy as his work later in June 2014. This piece 'disappeared' on 20 August 2016 during renovations to the building it was on, and may have been destroyed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In June 2016, a 14 ft painting of a child with a stick chasing a burning tyre was found in the Bridge Farm Primary School in Bristol with a letter from Banksy thanking the school for naming one of its houses after him. BBC News reported that a spokesman for Banksy confirmed that the artwork was genuine. In the letter, Banksy wrote that if the members of the school did not like the painting, they should add their own elements.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In May 2017, Banksy claimed the authorship of a giant Brexit mural, painted on a house in Dover (Kent)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Banksy's "Dream Boat", originally made for the Dismaland exhibition, was donated to Help Refugees to help raise funds for the charity. The artwork was displayed in Help Refugees' London Choose Love pop-up shop in the run-up to Christmas 2018, and members of the public could pay £2.00 to enter a competition to guess the weight of the piece. The person with the closest guess would win "Dream Boat". The 'guess-the-weight' competition was seen as 'deliberately school fair' in style.

paragraph: Section::::Other notable artworks.:Damaged artwork.

paragraph: Many artworks by Banksy have been vandalised, painted over or destroyed.

paragraph: In 2008, in Melbourne, paint was poured over a stencil of an old-fashioned diver wearing a trench coat. In April 2010, the Melbourne City Council reported that they had inadvertently ordered private contractors to paint over a rat descending in a parachute adorning the wall of an old council building behind the Forum Theatre.

paragraph: Many works that make up the "Better Out Than In" series in New York City have been defaced, some just hours after the piece was unveiled. At least one defacement was identified as done by a competing artist, OMAR NYC, who spray-painted over Banksy's red mylar balloon piece in Red Hook. OMAR NYC also defaced some of Banksy's work in May 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Technique.

paragraph: Because of the secretive nature of Banksy's work and identity, it is uncertain what techniques he uses to generate the images in the stencils, though it is assumed he uses computers for some images due to the photographic quality of much of his work. He mentions in his book "Wall and Piece" that as he was starting to do graffiti, he was always either caught or could never finish the art in one sitting. He claims he changed to stencilling while hiding from the police under a rubbish lorry, when he noticed the stencilled serial number. He then devised a series of intricate stencils to minimise time and overlapping of the colour.

paragraph: There exists a debate about the influence behind his work. Some critics claim Banksy was influenced by musician and graffiti artist 3D. Another source credits the artist's work to resemble that of French graffiti artist called Blek le Rat. It is said that Banksy was inspired by their use of stencils, later taking this visual style and transforming it through modern political and social pieces.

paragraph: In the broader art world, stencils are traditionally hand drawn or printed onto sheets of acetate or card, before being cut out by hand. This technique allows artists to paint quickly to protect their anonymity. There is dispute in the street art world over the legitimacy of stencils, with many artists criticising their use as "cheating".

paragraph: In 2018, Banksy created a piece live, as it was being auctioned. The piece, titled, Love is in the Bin, was originally the painting, Girl with Balloon, before it was shredded at Sotheby's. While the bidding was going on, a shredder was activated from within the frame, and the piece was partially shredded, thus creating a new piece.

paragraph: Section::::Political and social themes.

paragraph: Banksy once characterised graffiti as a form of underclass "revenge", or guerilla warfare that allows an individual to snatch away power, territory and glory from a bigger and better equipped enemy. Banksy sees a social class component to this struggle, remarking "If you don't own a train company then you go and paint on one instead." Banksy's work has also shown a desire to mock centralised power, hoping that their work will show the public that although power does exist and works against you, that power is not terribly efficient and it can and should be deceived.

paragraph: Banksy's works have dealt with various political and social themes, including anti-war, anti-consumerism, anti-fascism, anti-imperialism, anti-authoritarianism, anarchism, nihilism, and existentialism. Additionally, the components of the human condition that his works commonly critique are greed, poverty, hypocrisy, boredom, despair, absurdity, and alienation. Although Banksy's works usually rely on visual imagery and iconography to put forth their message, Banksy has made several politically related comments in their various books. In summarising his list of "people who should be shot", he listed "Fascist thugs, religious fundamentalists, (and) people who write lists telling you who should be shot." While facetiously describing his political nature, Banksy declared that "Sometimes I feel so sick at the state of the world, I can't even finish my second apple pie."

paragraph: During the 2017 United Kingdom general election, Banksy offered voters a free print if they cast a ballot against the Conservative candidates standing in the Bristol North West, Bristol West, North Somerset, Thornbury, Kingswood and Filton constituencies. According to a note posted on Banksy's website, an emailed photo of a completed ballot paper showing it marked for a candidate other than the Conservative candidate would result in the voter being mailed a limited edition piece of Banksy art. On 5 June 2017 the Avon and Somerset Constabulary announced it had opened an investigation into Banksy for the suspected corrupt practice of bribery, and the following day Banksy withdrew the offer stating "I have been warned by the Electoral Commission that the free print offer will invalidate the election result. So I regret to announce that this ill-conceived and legally dubious promotion has now been cancelled."

paragraph: Section::::Criticism.

paragraph: Peter Gibson, a spokesman for Keep Britain Tidy, asserts that Banksy's work is simple vandalism, and Diane Shakespeare, an official for the same organisation, was quoted as saying: "We are concerned that Banksy's street art glorifies what is essentially vandalism." In his column for "The Guardian", satirist Charlie Brooker wrote of Banksy, "...his work looks dazzlingly clever to idiots."

paragraph: Banksy has also been long criticised for copying the work of Blek le Rat, who created the life-sized stencil technique in early 1980s Paris and used it to express a similar combination of political commentary and humorous imagery. Blek has praised Banksy for his contribution to urban art, but said in an interview for the documentary "Graffiti Wars" that some of Banksy's more derivative work makes him "angry", saying that "It's difficult to find a technique and style in art so when you have a style and you see someone else is taking it and reproducing it, you don't like that."

paragraph: Some have criticised the "obviousness" of Banksy's work and accused it of being "anarchy-lite" geared towards a middle class "hipster" audience. Much of this criticism came forward during his series of works in New York in 2013. Many New York street artists, such as TrustoCorp, criticised Banksy, and much of his work was defaced.

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: Banksy has published several books that contain photographs of his work accompanied by his own writings:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Banksy, "Banging Your Head Against a Brick Wall" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Banksy, "Existencilism" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Banksy, "Cut It Out" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Banksy, "Pictures of Walls" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Banksy, "Wall and Piece" (2007)

paragraph: "Banging Your Head Against a Brick Wall", "Existencilism", and "Cut It Out" were a three-part self-published series of small booklets.

paragraph: "Pictures of Walls" is a compilation book of pictures of the work of other, graffiti artists, curated and self-published by Banksy. None of them are still in print, or were ever printed in any significant number.

paragraph: Banksy's "Wall and Piece" compiled large parts of the images and writings in their original three book series, with heavy editing and some new material. It was intended for mass print, and published by Random House.

paragraph: The writings in their original three books had numerous grammatical errors, and his writings in them often took a dark, and angry, and a self-described paranoid tone. While the content in them was almost entirely kept in "Wall and Piece", the stories were edited and generally took a less provocative tone, and the grammatical errors were resolved (presumably to make it suitable for mass market distribution).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Above, American stencil artist with social and political themes

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of urban artists

paragraph: BULLET::::- Street installation

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steve Wright, "Banksy's Bristol: Home Sweet Home", Tangent Books (2007),

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martin Bull, "Banksy Locations and Tours: A Collection of Graffiti Locations and Photographs in London" (2006 – with new editions in 2007, 2008 and 2010), .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ulrich Blanché, "Something to s(pr)ay: Der Street Artivist Banksy. Eine kunstwissenschaftliche Untersuchung" (2010),

paragraph: BULLET::::- Will Elsworth-Jones, "Banksy, the Man behind the Wall" (2012), .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Gough, "Banksy, the Bristol Legacy" (2012), .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gary Shove and Patrick Potter, "You Are an Acceptable Level of Threat And If You Were Not You Would Know About It" (2012, new edition in 2015)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: Official websites:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pest Control – Official Banksy authentication service and only current official dealer of original Banky's

paragraph: BULLET::::- Banksy Instagram – Official Banksy Instagram page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Banksy YouTube Channel  – Official Banksy YouTube channel

paragraph: Slideshows and galleries:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Banksy Street Art Photographs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Banksy Images – from "Flickr"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Banksy Gallery – by "BBC News"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Banksy v Bristol Museum – slideshow by "BBC"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stencil Revolution About Banksy

paragraph: News items

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Police thwart attempt to steal Bethlehem Banksy mural", Ma'an News Agency, April 21, 2015

paragraph: BULLET::::- Will-Ellsworth-Jones, "The Story Behind Banksy", "The Smithsonian Magazine", February 2013

description: pseudonymous England-based graffiti artist, political activist, and painter

enwikiquote_title: Banksy

wikidata_label: Banksy

wikipedia_title: Banksy


text:
Israelite
Kingdom of Israel
Ahijah
Tribe of Issachar
Asa, king of Judah
William F. Albright
E. R. Thiele
Nadab
Gibbethon
Jeroboam
captain
Jewish Encyclopedia
tribe of Issachar
Aram
Judah
Ramah
Jerusalem
Asa of Judah
Ben-hadad
Syria
Dan
Naphtali
Sea of Galilee
Geba
Mizpah
Jehu
Hanani
assassination
Elah

categories: Kings of ancient Israel,10th-century BC biblical rulers,House of Baasha,9th-century BC biblical rulers,9th-century BCE Hebrew people,9th-century BC Kings of Israel,10th-century BC Kings of Israel,10th-century BCE Hebrew people

paragraph: Baasha of Israel

paragraph: Baasha (, "Baʿashaʾ" ) was the third king of the northern Israelite Kingdom of Israel. He was the son of Ahijah of the Tribe of Issachar. Baasha's story is told in .

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Baasha became king of Israel in the third year of Asa, king of Judah. () William F. Albright has dated his reign to 900 - 877 BCE, while E. R. Thiele offers the dates 909 - 886 BCE. Baasha came to power by murdering the previous king, Nadab, at Gibbethon, followed by the entire House of Jeroboam (Nadab's father and predecessor). Baasha had previously been a captain in Nadab's own army. Like many military leaders, he appears to have risen from obscurity. The Jewish Encyclopedia suggests that because he came from the tribe of Issachar, "he may have represented a local faction".

paragraph: Over the course of his 24-year reign, Baasha was at war with Asa, king of Judah. He allied Israel with Aram and endeavored to strangle Judah's trade by fortifying Ramah, a city five miles north of Jerusalem. King Asa of Judah then bribed King Ben-hadad of Syria to switch sides and attack Israel, prompting the loss of extensive territory in Dan and Naphtali northwest of the Sea of Galilee. Baasha was forced to withdraw from Ramah. Asa of Judah utilized the materials of the abandoned fort for the fortification of his own frontier towns, Geba and Mizpah.

paragraph: Though Baasha remained in power for life, he was not without his opponents. The prophet Jehu, the son of Hanani, foretold the destruction of his dynasty, which came to pass with the assassination of Baasha's son Elah.

wikidata_label: Baasha

wikipedia_title: Baasha of Israel


text:
sachem
Wampanoag
Pokanoket
Bristol, Rhode Island
New England
Narragansetts
Colony of Rhode Island
William Bradford
Edward Winslow
Stephen Hopkins
John Carver
Myles Standish
Pequot War
Plymouth Colony
Squanto
Plymouth
Massachusett
Wessagusset
Pilgrims
Duxbury
National Register of Historic Places
Wamsutta
Metacomet
sachem
Pokanoket
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Roger Williams
King Philip's War
Connecticut Colony
King Philip's War
Roger Williams
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Plymouth Colony
Providence Plantations
Colony of Rhode Island
Cyrus E. Dallin
Plymouth Rock
Utah State Capitol
Brigham Young University
Springville Museum of Art
Springville, Utah
Kansas City, Missouri
Massachusetts
Massasoit Community College
Massasoit State Park
List of early settlers of Rhode Island
MFcom-Native
Nathaniel Philbrick

categories: Plymouth, Massachusetts,Native Americans connected with Plymouth Colony,Wampanoag people,Native American people from Massachusetts,Native American leaders,1661 deaths,Tribal chiefs,1580s births

paragraph: Massasoit

paragraph: Massasoit Sachem or Ousamequin (c. 15811661) was the sachem or leader of the Wampanoag tribe. The term "Massasoit" means "Great Sachem".

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Massasoit Ousamequin lived in Montaup, a Pokanoket village in Bristol, Rhode Island. He held the allegiance of a number of lesser Pokanoket sachems.

paragraph: Outbreaks of smallpox had devastated the Pokanokets, and Massasoit sought an alliance with the colonies of New England against the neighboring Narragansetts, who controlled an area west of Narragansett Bay in the Colony of Rhode Island. He forged critical political and personal ties with colonial leaders William Bradford, Edward Winslow, Stephen Hopkins, John Carver, and Myles Standish, ties which grew out of a negotiated peace treaty on March 22, 1621. The alliance ensured that the Wampanoags remained neutral during the Pequot War in 1636. According to Colonial sources, Massasoit prevented the failure of Plymouth Colony and the almost certain starvation that the Pilgrims faced during the earliest years of the colony's establishment.

paragraph: Section::::Lasting alliance.

paragraph: There was some tension between Massasoit and the colonists when they refused to give up Squanto, whom Massasoit believed to have betrayed him. This, however, was resolved in March 1623 when Massasoit was gravely ill and Edward Winslow nursed him back to health. After his recovery, Winslow reports that Massasoit said, "the English are my friends and love me... whilst I live I will never forget this kindness they have showed me." In return for their kindness, Massasoit warned the Plymouth colonists of a plot against them. He had learned that a group of influential Massachusett warriors intended to destroy both the Wessagusset and Plymouth colonies, and he warned the Pilgrims in time.

paragraph: The alliance came under minor tension in later years, as the colonists needed to expand into new lands in order to support their growing colony. Massasoit sold a tract of land 14 miles square to Myles Standish and others of Duxbury in 1649 to alleviate tension and maintain the peace between his people and the colonists. The sale took place atop Sachem Rock, an outcropping on the Sawtucket River in East Bridgewater, Massachusetts. The site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: Massasoit had five children: son Wamsutta, who was born between 1621 and 1625; son Pometecomet, Metacomet, or Metacom; son Sonkanuchoo; and daughters Amie and Sarah. Soon after the death of Massasoit, Wamsutta and Pometecomet went to Plymouth and asked the Pilgrims to give them English names. The court named them Alexander and Philip. Wamsutta (Alexander), the eldest, became sachem of the Pokanokets on the death of his father. He died within a year, and his brother Metacom (Philip) succeeded him in 1662.

paragraph: Section::::Consequences.

paragraph: The Wampanoags and the Colonists of Massachusetts Bay Colony maintained peace for nearly 40 years, until Massasoit's death. Roger Williams was banished from the Massachusetts colony and was taken in by Massasoit for several weeks. Massasoit was humane and honest, never violated his word, and constantly endeavored to imbue his people with a love of peace. He kept the Pilgrims advised of any warlike designs toward them by other tribes.

paragraph: It is unclear when Massasoit died. Some accounts claim that it was as early as 1660; others contend that he died as late as 1662. He was anywhere from 80 to 90 at the time. His son Wamsutta (Alexander) became his successor after his death, but Wamsutta also died in 1662 and Metacom (Philip) succeeded him. Amie married Tispaquin and was the only one of Massasoit's five children to survive King Philip's War in 1676.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The half century of peace that Massasoit so assiduously maintained collapsed soon after his death. Wamsutta (also known as Alexander) broke away from his father's diplomacy and began to form an alliance with Connecticut Colony. He died suddenly within a year of his succession in 1662, and Massasoit's second son Metacom (also known as Philip) became sachem of the Pokanokets and chief sachem of the Greater Wampanoag Confederacy. He believed that Alexander had been murdered at the hands of the Colonists, and this was one of the factors that eventually led to King Philip's War, one of the bloodiest wars in Colonial American history.

paragraph: Roger Williams fled the Massachusetts Bay Colony to avoid arrest and deportation for religious reasons and stayed the winter of 1635–36 with Massasoit, who gave him land along the Seekonk River the following spring. Governor Winslow of Plymouth Colony advised Williams to move his settlement to the other side of the river because his current location was within the bounds of Plymouth Colony. Williams did so and founded Providence Plantations, which later became part of the Colony of Rhode Island.

paragraph: Statues of Massasoit by sculptor Cyrus E. Dallin stand near Plymouth Rock, outside the Utah State Capitol building, on the campus of Brigham Young University, at the Springville Museum of Art in Springville, Utah, and in Kansas City, Missouri at the corner of Main Street and Emanuel Cleaver II Blvd. In Massachusetts, both Massasoit Community College and Massasoit State Park are named for him.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of early settlers of Rhode Island

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Native People" (page), "Massasoit (Ousamequin) Sachem" (section), "MayflowerFamilies.com", webpage: MFcom-Native.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nathaniel Philbrick, "Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War," New York 2006.

alias:
Massasoit Sachem
Ousamequin
massasoit

description: Leader of the Wampanoag

wikidata_label: Massasoit

wikipedia_title: Massasoit


text: physicist

text: radiophysics

text: Bradford College

text: Nobel Prize in Physics

text: ionosphere

text: Bradford

text: West Riding of Yorkshire

text: Hanson Grammar School

text: St John’s College, Cambridge

text: First World War

text: West Riding Regiment

text: Royal Engineers

text: First World War

text: Cavendish Laboratory

text: Freemasonry

text: King's College London

text: University of Cambridge

text: Nobel Prize in Physics

text: ionosphere

text: radar

text: University of Edinburgh

text: Reith Lectures

text: Morningside Cemetery

text: interference

text: Oliver Heaviside

text: BBC

text: Bournemouth

text: Oxford

text: Cambridge

text: Lorentz

text: Maxwell

text: Kennelly-Heaviside layer

text: Aurora Borealis

text: Second World War

text: Radar

text: Robert Watson-Watt

text: Radio and Space Research Station

text: Appleton Laboratory

text: Royal Society

text: American Academy of Arts and Sciences

text: Nobel Prize in Physics

text: Faraday Medal

text: Hughes Medal

text: Royal Medal

text: Chree Medal

text: Rutherford Appleton Laboratory

text: Appleton Medal and Prize

text: Appleton Tower

text: University of Edinburgh

text: Appleton Science Building

text: Bradford College

text: Appleton Academy

text: Wyke

text: Appleton

text: Moon

text: Appleton Lecture

text: William Hutchison

text: Old College, University of Edinburgh

text: IET Appleton lectures

text: "Sir Edward Victor Appleton"

text: Nobelprize.org Biography

text: Science and the Nation

text: Reith Lectures

categories: Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath,Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge,Fellows of the Royal Society,People from Bradford,1892 births,English Nobel laureates,Royal Medal winners,Foreign Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy,IEEE Medal of Honor recipients,Principals of the University of Edinburgh,Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,1965 deaths,English physicists,Presidents of the British Science Association,Fellows of King's College London,Alumni of the University of Edinburgh,Atmospheric physicists,Recipients of the King Haakon VII Freedom Cross,Academics of King's College London,Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,People associated with the nuclear weapons programme of the United Kingdom,Scientists of the National Physical Laboratory,20th-century physicists,Nobel laureates in Physics,Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire,Academics of the University of London,Academics of the University of Cambridge,Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin

paragraph: Edward Victor Appleton

paragraph: Sir Edward Victor Appleton (6 September 1892 – 21 April 1965) was an English physicist, Nobel Prize winner (1947) and pioneer in radiophysics. He studied, and was also employed as a lab technician, at Bradford College from 1909 to 1911.

paragraph: He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1947 for his seminal work proving the existence of the ionosphere during experiments carried out in 1924.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Appleton was born in Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire, the son of Peter Appleton, a warehouseman, and Mary Wilcock, and was educated at Hanson Grammar School.

paragraph: In 1911, aged 18, he was awarded a scholarship to attend St John’s College, Cambridge, where he graduated with First Class Honours in Natural Science with Physics in 1913.

paragraph: During the First World War he joined the West Riding Regiment, and later transferred to the Royal Engineers. After returning from active service in the First World War, Appleton became assistant demonstrator in experimental physics at the Cavendish Laboratory in 1920. In 1922 he was initiated into Freemasonry. He was professor of physics at King's College London (1924–36) and professor of natural philosophy at the University of Cambridge (1936–39). From 1939 to 1949 he was secretary of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Knighted in 1941, he received the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to the knowledge of the ionosphere, which led to the development of radar.

paragraph: From 1949 until his death in 1965, Appleton was Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh. In 1956, the BBC invited him to deliver the annual Reith Lectures. Across a series of six radio broadcasts, titled "Science and the Nation", he explored the many facets of scientific activity in Britain at the time.

paragraph: Sir Edward is buried in Edinburgh's Morningside Cemetery with his wife Helen Lennie (d. 1983). The grave lies towards the extreme western side near the new housing to the north-west.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Appleton had observed that the strength of the radio signal from a transmitter on a frequency such as the medium wave band and over a path of a hundred miles or so was constant during the day but that it varied during the night. This led him to believe that it was possible that two radio signals were being received. One was travelling along the ground, and another was reflected by a layer in the upper atmosphere. The fading or variation in strength of the overall radio signal received resulted from the interference pattern of the two signals.

paragraph: The existence of a reflecting atmospheric layer was not in itself a completely new idea. Balfour Stewart had suggested the idea in the late 19th century to explain rhythmic changes in the earth’s magnetic field. More recently, in 1902, Oliver Heaviside and A. E. Kennelly had suggested such a hypothesis may explain the success Marconi had in transmitting his signals across the Atlantic. Calculations had shown that natural bending of the radio waves was not sufficient to stop them from simply “shooting off” into empty space before they reached the receiver.

paragraph: Appleton thought the best place to look for evidence of the ionosphere was in the variations he believed it was causing around sunset in radio signal receptions. It was sensible to suggest these variations were due to the interference of two waves but an extra step to show that the second wave causing the interference (the first being the ground wave) was coming down from the ionosphere. The experiment he designed had two methods to show ionospheric influence and both allowed the height of the lower boundary of reflection (thus the lower boundary of the reflecting layer) to be determined. The first method was called frequency modulation and the second was to calculate the angle of arrival of the reflected signal at the receiving aerial.

paragraph: The frequency modulation method exploits the fact that there is a path difference between the ground wave and the reflected wave, meaning they travel different distances from sender to receiver.

paragraph: Let the distance AC travelled by the ground wave be h and the distance ABC travelled by the reflected wave h’. The path difference is:

paragraph: The wavelength of the transmitted signal is λ. The number of wavelengths difference between the paths h and h’ is:

paragraph: If N is an integer number, then constructive interference will occur, this means a maximum signal will be achieved at the receiving end. If N is an odd integer number of half wavelengths, then destructive interference will occur and a minimum signal will be received. Let us assume we are receiving a maximum signal for a given wavelength λ. If we start to change λ, this is the process called frequency modulation, N will no longer be a whole number and destructive interference will start to occur, meaning the signal will start to fade. Now we keep changing λ until a maximum signal is once again received. The means that for our new value λ’, our new value N’ is also an integer number. If we have lengthened λ then we know that N’ is one less than N. Thus:

paragraph: Rearranging for D gives:

paragraph: As we know λ and λ’, we can calculate D. Using the approximation that ABC is an isosceles triangle, we can use our value of D to calculate the height of the reflecting layer. This method is a slightly simplified version of the method used by Appleton and his colleagues to work out a first value for the height of the ionosphere in 1924. In their experiment, they used the BBC broadcasting station in Bournemouth to vary the wavelengths of its emissions after the evening programmes had finished. They installed a receiving station in Oxford to monitor the interference effects. The receiving station had to be in Oxford as there was no suitable emitter at the right distance of about 62 miles (100 km) from Cambridge in those days.

paragraph: This frequency modulation method revealed that the point from which waves were being reflected was approximately 56 miles (90 km). However, it did not establish that the waves were reflected from above, indeed they may have been coming from hills somewhere between Oxford and Bournemouth. The second method, which involved finding the angle of incidence of the reflected waves at the receiver, showed for sure that they were coming from above. Triangulations from this angle gave results for the height of reflection compatible with the frequency modulation method. We will not go into this method in detail because it involves fairly complex calculations using Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory.

paragraph: Far from being conclusive, the success of the Oxford-Bournemouth experiment revealed a vast new field of study to be explored. It showed that there was indeed a reflecting layer high above the earth but it also posed many new questions. What was the constitution of this layer, how did it reflect the waves, was it the same all over the earth, why did its effects change so dramatically between day and night, did it change throughout the year? Appleton would spend the rest of his life answering these questions. He developed a magneto-ionic theory based on the previous work of Lorentz and Maxwell to model the workings of this part of the atmosphere. Using this theory and further experiments, he showed that the so-called Kennelly-Heaviside layer was heavily ionised and thus conducting. This led to the term ionosphere. He showed free electrons to be the ionising agents. He discovered that the layer could be penetrated by waves above a certain frequency and that this critical frequency could be used to calculate the electron density in the layer. However these penetrating waves would also be reflected back, but from a much higher layer. This showed the ionosphere had a much more complex structure than first anticipated. The lower level was labelled E – Layer, reflected longer wavelengths and was found to be at approximately 78 miles (125 km). The high level, which had much higher electron density, was labelled F – Layer and could reflect much shorter wavelengths that penetrated the lower layer. It is situated 186 – 248 miles (300 – 400 km) above the earth’s surface. It is this which is often referred to as the Appleton Layer as is responsible for enabling most long range short wave telecommunication.

paragraph: The magneto-ionic theory also allowed Appleton to explain the origin of the mysterious fadings heard on the radio around sunset. During the day, the light from the sun causes the molecules in the air to become ionised even at fairly low altitudes. At these low altitudes, the density of the air is great and thus the electron density of ionised air is very large. Due to this heavy ionisation, there is strong absorption of electromagnetic waves caused by ‘electron friction’. Thus in transmissions over any distance, there will be no reflections as any waves apart from the one at ground level will be absorbed rather than reflected. However, when the sun sets, the molecules slowly start to recombine with their electrons and the free electron density levels drop. This means absorption rates diminish and waves can be reflected with sufficient strengths to be noticed, leading to the interference phenomena we have mentioned. For these interference patterns to occur though, there must not simply be the presence of a reflected wave but a change in the reflected wave. Otherwise the interference is constant and fadings would not be heard. The received signal would simply be louder or softer than during the day. This suggests the height at which reflection happens must slowly change as the sun sets. Appleton found in fact that it increased as the sun set and then decreased as the sun rose until the reflected wave was too weak to record. This variation is compatible with the theory that ionisation is due to the sun’s influence. At sunset, the intensity of the sun’s radiation will be much less at the surface of the earth than it is high up in the atmosphere. This means ionic recombination will progress slowly from lower altitudes to higher ones and therefore the height at which waves are reflected slowly increases as the sun sets.

paragraph: The basic idea behind Appleton’s work is so simple that it is hard to understand at first how he devoted almost all of his scientific career to its study. However, in the last couple of paragraphs some of the complexities of the subject have been introduced. Like many other fields, it is one that grows in intricacy the more it is studied. By the end of his life, ionospheric observatories had been set up all over the world to provide a global map of the reflecting layers. Links were found to the 11 year sunspot cycle and the Aurora Borealis, the magnetic storms that occur in high latitudes. This became particularly relevant during the Second World War when the storms would lead to radio blackouts. Thanks to Appleton’s research, the periods when these would occur could be predicted and communication could be switched to wavelengths that would be least affected. Radar, another crucial wartime innovation, was one that came about thanks to Appleton’s work. On a very general level, his research consisted in determining the distance of reflecting objects from radio signal transmitters. This is exactly the idea of radar and the flashing dots that appear on the screen (a cathode ray tube) scanned by the circulating ‘searcher’ bar. This system was developed partly by Appleton as a new method, called the pulse method, to make ionospheric measurements. It was later adapted by Robert Watson-Watt to detect aeroplanes. Nowadays, ionospheric data is important when communications with satellites are considered. The correct frequencies for these signals must be selected so that they actually reach the satellites without being reflected or deviated before.

paragraph: In 1974 the Radio and Space Research Station was renamed the Appleton Laboratory in honour of the man who had done so much to establish the UK as a leading force in ionospheric research, and had been involved with the station first as a researcher and then as secretary of its parent body, the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.

paragraph: Section::::Honours and awards.

paragraph: Appleton was awarded the following:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fellow of the Royal Society (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nobel Prize in Physics (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Faraday Medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hughes Medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal Medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chree Medal

paragraph: In addition the following are named in his honour:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appleton Medal and Prize

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appleton Suite at Bradford Register Offices

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appleton Tower at the University of Edinburgh

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appleton Science Building at Bradford College

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appleton Academy, a school in the Wyke area of the City of Bradford

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appleton crater on the Moon is named in his honour.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appleton Layer, which is the higher atmospheric ionised layer above the E-layer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annual Appleton Lecture at the Institution of Engineering and Technology

paragraph: Section::::Artistic recognition.

paragraph: Appleton's portrait, by William Hutchison hangs in Old College, University of Edinburgh.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics", founded by Appleton

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- IET Appleton lectures

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sir Edward Victor Appleton". "nobelprize.org". Accessed 21 October 2007. (Citation: Nobel Prize in Physics: 1947, "for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer." [Hyperlinked account. Provides link to BBC "Historic Figures" biography.]

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sir Edward Victor Appleton: Nobel Prize in Physics 1947" – Biography from "Nobel Lectures, Physics 1942–1962" (Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company, 1964). [Hyperlinked in previous entry.]

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sir Edward Victor Appleton (1892–1965): Appleton was an English physicist and Nobel prize winner who discovered the ionosphere." "Historic Figures", "bbc.co.uk". Accessed 21 October 2007. (Photograph of Appleton c. 1935 ©). [Provides link to Nobel Foundation account, listed above.]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nobelprize.org Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Science and the Nation" The BBC Reith Lectures, 1956, by Edward Appleton

description: English physicist

wikidata_label: Edward Victor Appleton

wikipedia_title: Edward Victor Appleton


text:
Sir John Grey
KG
Constance Holland
Wrest
Bedfordshire
John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster
King Edward III of England
King Henry IV of England
Philippa of Lancaster
Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn
Lady Katherine Percy
John of Gaunt
Katherine Swynford
King Edward III of England
Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence
Aquitaine
Wars of the Roses
Battle of Northampton
Lancastrian
Yorkist
Edward IV
Ampthill
Ralph Lord Cromwell
Henry Holland Duke of Exeter
treasurer of England
Walter Blount
Richard III
Earl of Kent
George Grey, 2nd Earl of Kent
Elizabeth Woodville
George Grey, 2nd Earl of Kent
Anne Woodville
William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke

categories: Earls of Kent (1465),1490 deaths,1416 births,15th-century English MPs,Lord High Treasurers of England,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Edmund Grey, 1st Earl of Kent

paragraph: Edmund Grey, 1st Earl of Kent (26 October 141622 May 1490), English administrator, nobleman and magnate, was the son of Sir John Grey, KG and Constance Holland. His main residence was at Wrest near Silsoe, Bedfordshire.

paragraph: Section::::Lineage.

paragraph: Through Constance Holland, he was great-grandson of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, the third son of King Edward III of England, by his first wife, and thus grand-nephew of King Henry IV of England and Philippa of Lancaster.

paragraph: Grey succeeded his grandfather Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn in 1440.

paragraph: He married Lady Katherine Percy, who was also a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt by his third wife, Katherine Swynford, and also a descendant of King Edward III of England through his second son, Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence.

paragraph: Section::::Knighthood.

paragraph: Edmund Grey was knighted following service in Aquitaine in October 1440. He attended the royal council between 1456 and 1458. Active militarily in the Wars of the Roses, he especially played a decisive role in the Battle of Northampton by switching his allegiance from the Lancastrian to the Yorkist cause. For this action he was rewarded by Edward IV with a grant of the manor of Ampthill, ownership of which had come into dispute between Grey, Ralph Lord Cromwell and Henry Holland Duke of Exeter.

paragraph: Section::::Treasurer of England.

paragraph: Edmund Grey's appointment as treasurer of England was enacted at Westminster on 24 June 1463 but Walter Blount succeeded him in November 1464. Edmund also held other high offices under Edward IV and Richard III.

paragraph: Section::::Earldom.

paragraph: He was created Earl of Kent on 30 May 1465, shortly after the marriage of his eldest son, Anthony, to the king's sister-in-law, Joan Woodville (she is sometimes known as Eleanor Woodville) He was then appointed chief justice of the county of Meryonnyth, North Wales and constable of Harlech. After the death of their first son, the second, George, became his heir and eventually George Grey, 2nd Earl of Kent.

paragraph: Section::::Posterity.

paragraph: His children by Katherine Percy included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anthony Grey (died in his father's lifetime), married Eleanor Woodville sister of Elizabeth Woodville. There were no children

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Grey, 2nd Earl of Kent, married Anne Woodville then Katherine Herbert, daughter of William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Grey, married Sir Robert Greystoke

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne Grey, married John Grey, 8th Baron Grey of Wilton

description: English politician

wikidata_label: Edmund Grey, 1st Earl of Kent

wikipedia_title: Edmund Grey, 1st Earl of Kent


text: Anglo-Saxon

text: Mercia

text: Mercia

text: Beorhtwulf

text: Æthelswith

text: Æthelwulf

text: West Saxons

text: Chippenham

text: Æthelwulf

text: West Saxons

text: Irish Sea

text: Great Heathen Army

text: East Anglia

text: Northumbria

text: Nottingham

text: Ethelred of Wessex

text: Alfred

text: Lindsey

text: Repton

text: Tamworth

text: Ceolwulf

text: Rome

text: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

text: English nation

text: Santo Spirito in Sassia

text: Rome

text: Banbury Castle

text: Yorkshire

text: Viking

text: Kings of Mercia family tree

text: Janet Bately

paragraph: Burgred of Mercia

paragraph: Burgred (also Burhred or Burghred) was an Anglo-Saxon king of Mercia from 852 to 874.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Burgred became king of Mercia in 852, and may have been related to his predecessor Beorhtwulf. After Easter in 853, Burgred married Æthelswith, daughter of Æthelwulf, king of the West Saxons. The marriage was celebrated at the royal villa of Chippenham in Wessex.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: In 853 Burgred sent messengers to Æthelwulf, king of the West Saxons, to help him subjugate the Welsh, who lived between Mercia and the western sea (Irish Sea), as they were rebelling against his rule. Immediately King Æthelwulf moved his army and advanced with Burgred against the Welsh. They invaded and placed them under subjection to Burgred.

paragraph: Twelve years after Burgred's success against the Welsh, in 865, the Great Heathen Army arrived. Following its successful campaigns against East Anglia and Northumbria it advanced through Mercia, arriving in Nottingham in 867. Burgred then appealed to his brothers-in-law King Ethelred of Wessex and Alfred for assistance against them. The armies of Wessex and Mercia did no serious fighting as Burgred paid them off. In 874 the march of the Vikings from Lindsey to Repton drove Burgred from his kingdom after they sacked Tamworth.

paragraph: After Burgred left, the Vikings appointed a Mercian Ceolwulf to replace him, demanding oaths of loyalty to them. Burgred retired to Rome and died there. He was buried, according to the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", "in the church of Sancta Maria, in the school of the English nation" (now Santo Spirito in Sassia) in Rome.

paragraph: Single coins from the reign of Burgred continue to be found but Burgred coins within hoards are less common. In 1998 a hoard with Burgred coins was found by the Birmingham University Field Archaeology Unit near Banbury Castle. In December, 2003, silver Burgred coins were found at a site in Yorkshire, which may be the first actual Viking ship burial in England proper.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kings of Mercia family tree

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: MS A v. 3", Janet Bately (ed.), Brewer, Rochester (NY) 1986, .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ; probably also

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burgred coins from Severn Stoke coin hoard

description: 9th-century king of Mercia

wikidata_label: Burgred of Mercia

wikipedia_title: Burgred of Mercia


text:
saint
Saint Osyth
Essex
Colchester
Chich
Quarrendon, Buckinghamshire
Mercia
Frithwald
pagan
King Penda of Mercia
Chertsey Abbey
St Edith of Aylesbury
Edburga of Bicester
abbess
dynastic marriage
Sighere
King of Essex
Chich
martyrdom
Bede
Matthew Paris
Quarrendon
Saint Denis
cephalophoric martyrs
Celtic
Henry I
a priory
canons of Saint Augustine
William de Corbeil
Archbishop of Canterbury
Henry II
Dissolution of the monasteries
mitre
Pope Boniface IX
St. Mary the Virgin, Aylesbury
pilgrimage
Catholic Encyclopedia
John Aubrey
feast day
carrying her own head
St. Osyth, Essex: Official Site:
"Picturesque England"

categories: Mercian saints,Christian female saints of the Middle Ages,People from Aylesbury,7th-century women,Anglo-Saxon nuns,7th-century Christian martyrs,Year of birth unknown,East Saxon saints,Cephalophores,Executed people from Buckinghamshire,Christian royal saints,700 deaths,Anglo-Saxon royal consorts

paragraph: Osgyth

paragraph: Osgyth (or Osyth) (died c.700 AD) was an English saint. She is primarily commemorated in the village of Saint Osyth, Essex, near Colchester. Alternative spellings of her name include Sythe, Othith and Ositha. Born of a noble family, she founded a priory near Chich which was later named after her.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Quarrendon, Buckinghamshire (at that time part of Mercia), she was the daughter of Frithwald, a sub-king of Mercia in Surrey. Her mother was Wilburga, the daughter of the pagan King Penda of Mercia. Her parents, with St. Erconwald, founded Chertsey Abbey in AD 675

paragraph: Raised in the care of her maternal aunts, St Edith of Aylesbury and Edburga of Bicester, her ambition was to become an abbess, but she was too important as a political pawn to be set aside. She was forced by her father into a dynastic marriage with Sighere, King of Essex. While her husband ran off to hunt down a beautiful white stag, Osgyth persuaded two local bishops to accept her vows as a nun. Upon his return some days later, he reluctantly agreed to her decision and granted her some land at Chich near Colchester where she established a convent, and ruled as first abbess. She was beheaded by some raiding pirates, perhaps because she may have resisted being carried off.

paragraph: Section::::Legends.

paragraph: One day, St. Edith sent Osgyth, to deliver a book to St. Modwenna of Northumbria at her nunnery. To get there, reach Osgyth had to cross a stream by a bridge. The stream swollen, the wind high, she fell into the water and drowned. Her absence was not noted for two days Edith thought she was safe with Modwenna who was not expecting her visit. On the third day, Edith, wondering that her pupil had not returned, went to Modwenna. The abbesses were greatly concerned when they discovered Osgyth was apparently lost. They searched for her and found the child lying near the banks of the stream. The abbesses prayed for her restoration, and commanded her to arise from the water and come to them. This she did. A similar tale is found in Irish hagiography.

paragraph: Her later death was accounted a martyrdom by some, but Bede makes no mention of Saint Osgyth. The 13th-century chronicler Matthew Paris repeats some of the legend that had accrued around her name. The site of her martyrdom became transferred to the holy spring at Quarrendon. The holy spring at Quarrendon, mentioned in the time of Osgyth's aunts, now became associated with her legend, in which Osgyth stood up after her execution, picking up her head like Saint Denis in Paris, and other cephalophoric martyrs and walking with it in her hands, to the door of a local convent, before collapsing there. Some modern authors link the legends of cephalophores miraculously walking with their heads in their hands to the Celtic cult of heads.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: On the site of a former nunnery at Chich, Richard de Belmeis of London, in the reign of Henry I founded a priory for canons of Saint Augustine, and dedicated it to Saint Osgyth; his remains were buried in the chancel of the church in 1127: he bequeathed the church and tithes to the canons, who elected as their first abbot or prior William de Corbeil, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury (died in 1136).

paragraph: His benefactions, and charters and privileges granted by Henry II, made the Canons wealthy: at the Dissolution of the monasteries in 1536, its revenues were valued at £758 5s. 8d. yearly. In 1397 the abbot of St Osgyth was granted the right to wear a mitre and give the solemn benediction, and, more singularly, the right to ordain priests, conferred by Pope Boniface IX. The gatehouse ("illustrated"), the so-called 'Abbot's Tower' and some ranges of buildings remain.

paragraph: Osgyth's burial site at St. Mary the Virgin, Aylesbury became a site of great, though unauthorized pilgrimage; following a papal decree in 1500, the bones were removed from the church and buried in secret. The "Catholic Encyclopedia" (1913) gives Saint Osgyth no mention. Undeterred, according to the curious 17th-century antiquary John Aubrey (author of the "Brief Lives"), "in those days, when they went to bed they did rake up the fire, and make a X on the ashes, and pray to God and Saint Sythe (Saint Osgyth) to deliver them from fire, and from water, and from all misadventure." A house in Aylesbury is still called St Osyth's in her honour.

paragraph: Her feast day is 7 October. She is normally depicted carrying her own head.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geoffrey of Burton's life of Modwenna includes material on Osgyth.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bailey, "Osyth, Frithuwold and Aylesbury" in "Records of Buckinghamshire" 31 (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hohler, "St Osyth and Aylesbury", "Records of Buckinghamshire" 18.1 (1966).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Osyth, Essex: Official Site: "About St. Osyth" has some historical detail

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Picturesque England": St. Osyth's priory, with details of her legend (text)

description: English saint

wikidata_label: Osgyth

wikipedia_title: Osgyth