text: Kai Province

text: daimyō

text: feudal Japan

text: Sengoku period

text: coming of age

text: Ashikaga Yoshiharu

text: Ashikaga

text: shōgun

text: warrior

text: Lord

text: shogunate

text: Minamoto

text: Imperial Court

text: ritsuryō

text: pabbajja

text: dharma name

text: Buddhist

text: kanji

text: aristocrats

text: Chinese

text: Japanese

text: Kai

text: Uesugi Kenshin

text: Echigo

text: Kawanakajima

text: Takeda Nobutora

text: Takeda clan

text: daimyō

text: province

text: Kai

text: Battle of Un no Kuchi

text: Nobushige

text: Suruga Province

text: Imagawa clan

text: Imagawa Yoshimoto

text: Shinano Province

text: Kai Province

text: Battle of Sezawa

text: Siege of Uehara

text: Siege of Kuwabara

text: Siege of Fukuyo

text: Battle of Ankokuji

text: Nagakubo castle

text: Kojinyama

text: Takatō

text: Ryūgasaki

text: Uchiyama

text: Battle of Odaihara

text: Shika

text: checked at Uedahara

text: Murakami Yoshikiyo

text: Sieges of Toishi

text: Province of Echigo

text: Ogasawara Nagatoki

text: Battle of Shiojiritoge

text: Fukashi

text: Battles of Kawanakajima

text: Uesugi Kenshin

text: tessen

text: Yamamoto Kansuke

text: Takeda Nobushige

text: seppuku

text: Takeda Yoshinobu

text: Takeda Katsuyori

text: Katsurao

text: Fukushima

text: Kannomine

text: Matsuo

text: Hōjō Ujiyasu

text: Matsuyama Castle

text: Musashi Province

text: Kuragano

text: Minowa Castle

text: Hachigata Castle

text: Siege of Odawara (1569)

text: Hōjō Ujiteru

text: Hōjō Ujikuni

text: Battle of Mimasetoge

text: Oda Nobunaga

text: Suruga

text: Ujizane

text: Uesugi Kenshin

text: Shinano

text: Kōzuke

text: Fuji River

text: Tokugawa Ieyasu

text: Imagawa Ujizane

text: Hōjō Ujimasa

text: Sagami

text: Suruga

text: Tōtōmi

text: Mikawa

text: Mino

text: Oda Nobunaga

text: Japan

text: Tokugawa Ieyasu

text: Battle of Mikatagahara

text: temple

text: Kōshū, Yamanashi

text: Kagemusha

text: Akira Kurosawa

text: Takeda Katsuyori

text: Battle of Nagashino

text: matchlock

text: Takeda Katsuyori

text: battle of Tenmokuzan

text: Tokugawa Ieyasu

text: Toyotomi Hideyoshi

text: Tokugawa shogunate

text: Sun Tzu

text: The Art of War

text: Edo period

text: ukiyo-e

text: bunraku

text: Takeda family

text: Kōsaka Masanobu

text: shudō

text: Tokyo University

text: Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen

text: Akiyama Nobutomo

text: Amari Torayasu

text: Anayama Nobukimi

text: Baba Nobuharu

text: Hara Masatane

text: Hara Toratane

text: Ichijō Nobutatsu

text: Itagaki Nobukata

text: Kōsaka Masanobu

text: Naitō Masatoyo

text: Obata Masamori

text: Obata Toramori

text: Obu Toramasa

text: Ohama Kagetaka

text: Oyamada Nobushige

text: Saegusa Moritomo

text: Sanada Nobutsuna

text: Sanada Yukitaka

text: Tada Mitsuyori

text: Tsuchiya Masatsugu

text: Takeda Nobukado

text: Takeda Nobushige

text: Yamagata Masakage

text: Yamamoto Kansuke

text: Sanada Masayuki

text: Yokota Takatoshi

text: Kiso Yoshimasa

text: Kōfu

text: Yamanashi Prefecture

text: daimyō

text: Takeda Shrine

text: Kofu Castle

text: Takeda Nobutora

text: Takeda Nobushige

text: Takeda Nobukado

text: Takeda Nobuzane

text: Ichijō Nobutatsu

text: Imagawa Yoshimoto

text: Anayama Nobutomo

text: Takeda Katsuyori

text: Takeda Yoshinobu

text: Lady Sanjō

text: Takeda Nobuchika

text: Takeda Nobukiyo

text: Nishina Morinobu

text: Katsurayama Nobusada

text: Heaven and Earth

text: Akira Kurosawa

text: Kagemusha

text: Tokusatsu

text: Sekai Ninja Sen Jiraiya

text: NHK

text: Taiga drama

text: Takeda Shingen

text: Kiichi Nakai

text: Shingen the Ruler

text: Samurai Warriors

text: Sengoku Basara

text: Pokémon Conquest

text: Pokémon

text: Rhyperior

text: Groudon

text: keikogi

text: Video game music

text: Ryu Umemoto

text: The Tatami Galaxy

text: tatami

text: Commander Babes

text: Samurai archives – Takeda Shingen

text: Suwako Museum

categories: Daimyo,Deaths from pneumonia,16th-century LGBT people,1573 deaths,Takeda clan,Shudo,16th-century Buddhists,1521 births

paragraph: Takeda Shingen

paragraph: , of Kai Province, was a pre-eminent "daimyō" in feudal Japan with exceptional military prestige in the late stage of the Sengoku period.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: Shingen was called "Tarō" (a commonly used pet name for the eldest son of a Japanese family) or Katsuchiyo (勝千代) during his childhood. When he celebrated his coming of age, he was given the formal name Harunobu (晴信), which included a character from the name of Ashikaga Yoshiharu (足利義晴), the 12th Ashikaga "shōgun". It was a common practice in feudal Japan for a higher-ranked warrior to bestow a character from his own name to his inferiors as a symbol of recognition. From the local Lord's perspective, it was an honour to receive a character from the shogunate, although the authority of the latter had greatly degenerated in the mid-16th century.

paragraph: Both the Ashikaga and the Takeda clans descended from the Minamoto (源) clan. Technically, Harunobu, as well as his forefathers, had borne the surname of Minamoto. Therefore, Harunobu would be referred to as "Minamoto-no Harunobu" (源晴信) in official records kept by the Imperial Court when he was conferred the official title of "Daizen Dayu" (大膳大夫). The Imperial Court had maintained a system of ritsuryō (律令) that was parallel to the shogunate apparatus.

paragraph: In 1551 Harunobu chose to live a pabbajja life and received a dharma name, Shingen (信玄), from his Buddhist master. The kanji of "Shingen" can also be pronounced as "Nobuharu", which is the inversion of his official name, Harunobu. In ancient times, such religious names of recognized Japanese aristocrats would be read in "on'yomi" (音読み), the Chinese-style pronunciation, instead of "kun'yomi" (訓読み), the indigenous Japanese pronunciation. Although widely known by the dharma name, Takeda Shingen's formal name remained "Harunobu" throughout the rest of his life.

paragraph: Shingen is sometimes referred to as "The Tiger of Kai" (甲斐の虎) for his martial prowess on the battlefield. His primary rival, Uesugi Kenshin (上杉謙信), was often called "The Dragon of Echigo" (越後の龍) or also "The Tiger of Echigo" (越後の虎).

paragraph: "These two seemed to have enjoyed meeting in battle." They fought several times at Kawanakajima.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Takeda Shingen was the first-born son of Takeda Nobutora (武田信虎), leader of the Takeda clan, and "daimyō" of the province of Kai. He had been an accomplished poet in his youth. He assisted his father with the older relatives and vassals of the Takeda family, and became quite a valuable addition to the clan at a fairly young age. In 1536, at the age of 15, he was instrumental in helping his father win the Battle of Un no Kuchi.

paragraph: At some point in his life after his "coming of age" ceremony, the young man decided to rebel against Nobutora. He finally succeeded in 1540, successfully taking control of the clan. Events regarding this change of leadership are not entirely clear, but it is thought that Nobutora had planned to name the second son, Nobushige, as his heir instead of Shingen. The end result was a miserable retirement that was forced upon him by Shingen and his supporters: he was sent to Suruga Province, on the southern border of Kai, to be kept in custody under the scrutiny of the Imagawa clan, led by his son-in-law Imagawa Yoshimoto (今川義元), the "daimyō" of Suruga. For their help in this bloodless coup, an alliance was formed between the Imagawa and the Takeda clans.

paragraph: Section::::Initial expansion.

paragraph: Shingen's first act was to gain a hold of the area around him. His goal was to conquer Shinano Province (信濃). A number of the major warlords in the Shinano region marched on the border of Kai Province, hoping to neutralize the power of the still-young Shingen before he had a chance to expand into their lands. However, planning to beat him down at Fuchu (where word had it Shingen was gathering his forces for a stand), they were unprepared when Takeda forces suddenly came down upon them at the Battle of Sezawa. Taking advantage of their confusion, Shingen was able to win a quick victory, which set the stage for his drive into Shinano lands that same year and his successful Siege of Uehara. The young warlord made considerable advances into the region, conquering the Suwa headquarters in the Siege of Kuwabara before moving into central Shinano with the defeat of both Tozawa Yorichika and Takato Yoritsugu in the Siege of Fukuyo and Battle of Ankokuji. In 1543, he captured Nagakubo castle, Kojinyama in 1544, and then Takatō and Ryūgasaki in 1545. In 1546 he took Uchiyama and won the Battle of Odaihara. In 1547, he took Shika. However, the warlord was checked at Uedahara by Murakami Yoshikiyo, losing two of his generals in a heated battle which Murakami won. Shingen managed to avenge this loss and the Murakami clan was eventually defeated in the Sieges of Toishi. Murakami fled the region, eventually coming to plead for help from the Province of Echigo (越後).

paragraph: In 1548, Shingen defeated Ogasawara Nagatoki in the Battle of Shiojiritoge and then took Fukashi in 1550.

paragraph: After conquering Shinano, Shingen faced another rival, Uesugi Kenshin of Echigo. The feud between them became legendary, and they faced each other on the battlefield five times in the Battles of Kawanakajima. These battles were generally confined to controlled skirmishes, neither "daimyō" willing to devote himself entirely to a single all-out attempt. The conflict between the two that had the fiercest fighting, and might have decided victory or defeat for one side or the other, was the fourth battle, during which the famous tale arose of Uesugi Kenshin's forces clearing a path through the Takeda troops and Kenshin engaging Shingen in single combat. The tale has Kenshin attacking Shingen with his sword while Shingen defends with his iron war fan or tessen. Both lords lost many men in this fight, and Shingen in particular lost two of his main generals, Yamamoto Kansuke and his younger brother Takeda Nobushige.

paragraph: After the fourth battle of Kawanakajima, the Takeda clan suffered two internal setbacks. Shingen uncovered two plots on his life, the first from his cousin Suwa Shigemasa (whom he ordered to commit seppuku), and the second, a few years later, from his own son Takeda Yoshinobu (武田義信). His son was confined to the Toko temple, where he died two years later; it is not known whether his death was natural or ordered by his father. After this incident, Shingen designated his fourth son, Takeda Katsuyori (武田勝頼), as the acting leader of the clan after himself until Katsuyori's son came of age.

paragraph: In 1553, he captured Katsurao, Wada, Takashima and Fukuda. In 1554 he took Fukushima, Kannomine, Matsuo and Yoshioka.

paragraph: In 1563, allied with Hōjō Ujiyasu, he captured Matsuyama Castle in Musashi Province. Takeda Shingen then took Kuragano in 1565 and Minowa Castle. He then moved against the Hojo by attacking Hachigata Castle then engaged in the Siege of Odawara (1569). He successfully withdrew after Hōjō Ujiteru and Hōjō Ujikuni failed to stop him in the Battle of Mimasetoge.

paragraph: The death of Yoshinobu is believed to have much to do with the change in Shingen's Imagawa policy. After Imagawa Yoshimoto's death in a battle against Oda Nobunaga (織田信長) in 1560, Shingen had started to plan an invasion of Suruga, a territory now controlled by Yoshimoto's son Ujizane. Yoshinobu, however, had strongly opposed such a plan because his wife was the daughter of late Yoshimoto. By 1567, nonetheless, after Shingen had successfully kept the forces led by Uesugi Kenshin out of the northern boundaries of Shinano, taken over a strategically important castle in western Kōzuke, and suppressed internal objection to his plans to take advantage of the weakened Imagawa clan, he was ready to carry out his planned Suruga invasion.

paragraph: During this time Shingen also ordered the damming project of the Fuji River, which was one of the major domestic activities of the time.

paragraph: Shingen and Tokugawa Ieyasu (徳川家康) "came to terms" and occupied the "former Imagawa territory." They both fought against Yoshimoto's heir, Imagawa Ujizane. After defeating the intervention forces commanded by Hōjō Ujimasa (北條氏政) of Sagami, Shingen finally secured the Suruga, formerly base of the prestigious Imagawa clan, as a Takeda asset in 1569.

paragraph: Upon securing Takeda control over Suruga, northern Shinano, and western Kōzuke, Shingen moved to challenge the Oda-Tokugawa alliance, leading a formidable force of over 30,000 into the latter's territories in Tōtōmi, Mikawa, and Mino in 1572.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: The exact circumstances surrounding Takeda Shingen's death are not known. There are many different stories, some of which are as follows.

paragraph: When Takeda Shingen was 49 years old, he was the only "daimyō" with the necessary power and tactical skill to stop Oda Nobunaga's rush to rule Japan. He engaged Tokugawa Ieyasu's forces in 1572 and captured Futamata, and in January engaged in the Battle of Mikatagahara, where he defeated, but not decisively, a small combined army of Nobunaga and Ieyasu. After defeating Tokugawa Ieyasu, Shingen stopped his advance temporarily due to outside influences, which allowed the Tokugawa to prepare for battle again. He entered Mikawa Province, but soon died in the camp. Some accounts say he succumbed to an old war wound, some say a sniper wounded him earlier, and some accounts say he died of pneumonia. He was buried at Erin temple in what is now Kōshū, Yamanashi.

paragraph: The film "Kagemusha", by director Akira Kurosawa, loosely depicts a well-known version of his death in which a single sniper shot him at night. The other aspects of his death depicted in the film were artistic liberties taken by the director.

paragraph: Section::::After death.

paragraph: Takeda Katsuyori became the "daimyō" of the Takeda clan. Katsuyori was ambitious and desired to continue the legacy of his father. He moved on to take Tokugawa forts. However an allied force of Tokugawa Ieyasu and Oda Nobunaga dealt a crushing blow to the Takeda in the Battle of Nagashino. Here Oda Nobunaga's matchlock-armed infantry destroyed the Takeda cavalry. Ieyasu seized the opportunity and defeated the weak Takeda led by Takeda Katsuyori in the battle of Tenmokuzan. Katsuyori committed suicide after the battle, and the Takeda clan never recovered.

paragraph: Upon Shingen's death, Kenshin reportedly cried at the loss of one of his strongest and most deeply respected rivals. One of the most lasting tributes to Shingen's prowess was that of Tokugawa Ieyasu himself, who is known to have borrowed heavily from the old Takeda leader's governmental and military innovations after he had taken leadership of Kai during Toyotomi Hideyoshi's rise to power. Many of these designs were put to use in the Tokugawa shogunate.

paragraph: While the Takeda were for the most part destroyed by the loss of Shingen's heir, Katsuyori, Shingen had a profound effect on the period in Japan. He influenced many lords with his law, tax, and administration systems, and many tales were told about him. Although aggressive towards military enemies he was probably not as cruel as other warlords. His war banner contained the famous phrase , taken from Sun Tzu's "The Art of War". This phrase refers to the idea of "Swift as the Wind, Silent as a Forest, Fierce as Fire and Immovable as a Mountain". The motto applied to Shingen's policies and his military strategy.

paragraph: Section::::Retainers.

paragraph: During the Edo period, 24 retainers who served under Shingen were chosen as a popular topic for ukiyo-e and bunraku. The names vary from work to work and the following list is the widely agreed version of retainers. They had not worked together, as some had died before others served, but they were noted for their exceptional contributions to Shingen and the Takeda family.

paragraph: Of his retainers, Kōsaka Masanobu stands out as being one of Shingen's better known beloveds, in the style of the Japanese shudō tradition. The two entered into the relationship when Shingen was 22 and Masanobu 16. The love pact signed by the two, in Tokyo University's Historical Archive, documents Shingen's pledge that he was not involved in, nor had any intentions of entering into, a sexual relationship with a certain other retainer, and asserts that "since I want to be intimate with you" he will in no way harm the boy, and calls upon the gods to be his guarantors. (Leupp, pp. 53–54)

paragraph: Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Akiyama Nobutomo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amari Torayasu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anayama Nobukimi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baba Nobuharu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hara Masatane

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hara Toratane

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ichijō Nobutatsu, younger brother of Shingen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Itagaki Nobukata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kōsaka Masanobu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naitō Masatoyo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obata Masamori

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obata Toramori

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obu Toramasa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ohama Kagetaka

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oyamada Nobushige

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saegusa Moritomo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sanada Nobutsuna

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sanada Yukitaka

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tada Mitsuyori

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tsuchiya Masatsugu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Takeda Nobukado

paragraph: BULLET::::- Takeda Nobushige

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yamagata Masakage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yamamoto Kansuke

paragraph: Other Generals

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sanada Masayuki

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yokota Takatoshi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kiso Yoshimasa

paragraph: Section::::Shingen-ko Festival.

paragraph: The is held annually on the first or second weekend of April in Kōfu, Yamanashi Prefecture. It celebrates the legacy of daimyō Takeda Shingen. The festival is 3 days long. Usually a famous Japanese celebrity plays the part of Takeda Shingen. There are several parades going to and from the Takeda Shrine and Kofu Castle. These parades are very theatrical involving serious re-enactors who practice the rest of the year for this one weekend in April. The parades reflect the different comings and goings of Takeda Shingen during his life.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Takeda Nobutora (1494–1574)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brothers:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Takematsu (1517–1523)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inuchiyo (1523–1529)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Takeda Nobushige (1525–1561)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Takeda Nobumoto

paragraph: BULLET::::- Takeda Nobukado (1529–1582)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matsuo Nobukore (c. 1530s – 1571)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Takeda Souchi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Takeda Nobuzane (c. 1530s – 1575)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ichijō Nobutatsu (c. 1539–1582)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sisters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joukei-in (1519–1550), married Imagawa Yoshimoto

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nanshou-in (born 1520) married Anayama Nobutomo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nene (1528–1543) married Suwa Yorishige

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Takeda Katsuyori by Suwa Goryonin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Takeda Yoshinobu by Lady Sanjō

paragraph: BULLET::::- Takeda Nobuchika (also known as Unno Nobuchika) by Lady Sanjō

paragraph: BULLET::::- Takeda Nobukiyo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nishina Morinobu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katsurayama Nobusada

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ōbai-in

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kenshō-in

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shinryu-in

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matsuhime

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kikuhime

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Takeda's battles with Kagetora were dramatized in the movie "Heaven and Earth".

paragraph: Takeda Shingen's death is fictionalized in Akira Kurosawa's film "Kagemusha".

paragraph: He is mentioned on episode 31 of the Tokusatsu 1988 series Sekai Ninja Sen Jiraiya. The focus of this episode is the alleged missing Takeda Shingen's famous sword Nobutora, and its discovery in France.

paragraph: His life is the subject of a historical novel by Jirou Nitta, which was adapted for television in the 1988 NHK Taiga drama "Takeda Shingen", starring Kiichi Nakai, distributed internationally under the title "Shingen".

paragraph: "Shingen the Ruler" (Takeda Shingen 2 in Japan) is a turn-based strategy game for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), produced by Hot B in 1989, and released in North America in 1990.

paragraph: Takeda Shingen has appeared in the highly popular Samurai Warriors and Sengoku Basara video game franchises, and in the anime . He is a character in all of the games of the Warriors Orochi series. He is a playable character in "Pokémon Conquest" (Pokémon + Nobunaga's Ambition in Japan), with his partner Pokémon being Rhyperior and Groudon.

paragraph: In "Samurai Champloo", the character Jin Has the Takeda mon on his keikogi.

paragraph: Video game music composer Ryu Umemoto (1974–2011) was a descendant of Takeda.

paragraph: Takeda Shingen was mentioned in episode 10 of "The Tatami Galaxy" when the protagonist noted that a 4.5 tatami room is perfect, and if a room were to be larger than that, it would end up being "as spacious as Takeda Shingen's lavatory, and one might even get lost".

paragraph: He is a main character in the anime "" and "". He was shown with a superhuman strength, able to use a large ax with effortless precision, ride two horses in standing position, even riding up walls vertically.

paragraph: In "", He appeared as hotheaded woman's who committed nothing to obtain power of the red armored.

paragraph: In the eroge "Commander Babes", Shingen is portrayed as a young woman with whom the player's character engages in sexual intercourse.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Legendary Takeda's 24 Generals" at Yamanashi-kankou.jp

paragraph: BULLET::::- Samurai archives – Takeda Shingen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suwako Museum – (Japanese) – helmet of Suwa Hossyou (Shingen's Legendary Helmet)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ten-Chi-Jin" General of Uesugi Clan Naoe Kanetsugu – (Japanese) – Kabuto (samurai helmet) Papercraft

description: Japanese daimyo of the Sengoku period

enwikiquote_title: Takeda Shingen

wikidata_label: Takeda Shingen

wikipedia_title: Takeda Shingen


text:
French
poet
Chartres
Bishop of Le Puy
Italy
king of Poland
Poland
Henry III
occasional poems
Petrarch
Ariosto
Sannazaro
plagiarism
sonnet
Psalms
Malherbe
Alfred Michiels

categories: 16th-century French writers,French poets,1546 births,16th-century male writers,17th-century French writers,1606 deaths,Births in Chartres

paragraph: Philippe Desportes

paragraph: Philippe Desportes or Desports (1546 – 5 October 1606) was a French poet.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Philippe Desportes was born in Chartres. While serving as secretary to the Bishop of Le Puy he visited Italy, where he learned Italian poetry. This experience became a good account. On his return to France he attached himself to the duke of Anjou, and followed him to Cracow on his election as king of Poland. Nine months in Poland satisfied the civilized Desportes, but in 1574 his patron became king of France as Henry III. He showered favours on the poet, who received, in reward for the skill with which he wrote occasional poems at the royal request, the abbey of Tiron and four other valuable benefices.

paragraph: A good example of the light and dainty verse in which Desportes excelled is furnished by the well-known "villanelle" with the refrain "Qui premier s'en repentira", which was on the lips of Henry, duke of Guise, just before his death. Desportes was above all an imitator. He imitated Petrarch, Ariosto, Sannazaro, and still more closely the minor Italian poets, and in 1604 a number of his plagiarisms were exposed in the "Rencontres des Muses de France et d'Italie". As a sonneteer he showed much grace and sweetness, and English poets borrowed freely from him.

paragraph: In his old age Desportes acknowledged his ecclesiastical preferment by a translation of the Psalms remembered chiefly for the brutal "mot" of Malherbe: "Votre potage vaut mieux que vos psaumes." He published in 1573 an edition of his works including "Diane", "Les Amours d'Hippolyte", "Elegies", "Bergeries", "Œuvres chrêtiennes", etc.

paragraph: An edition of his "Œuvres", by Alfred Michiels, appeared in 1858.

paragraph: Section::::Tributes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- His hometown, Chartres, pays homage to the poet by attributing to him the name of one of his ways, the rue Philippe-Desportes, which connects the street of Marshal Leclerc and that of Dr. Maunoury. Place des Halles, a stele is also erected in honor of the Chartrain poets Philipe Desportes and his nephew Mathurin Régnier.

description: French writer

wikidata_label: Philippe Desportes

wikipedia_title: Philippe Desportes


text: courtesy name

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Empress He

text: Emperor Ling

text: Emperor Shao

text: eunuch faction

text: Dong Zhuo

text: Luoyang

text: end of the Han dynasty

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Nanyang

text: Emperor Guangwu

text: Yellow Turban Rebellion

text: Zhang Jue

text: Army of the Western Garden

text: Jian Shuo

text: Yuan Shao

text: Yuan Shu

text: Liu Bian

text: eunuch faction

text: Dong Zhuo

text: Zhang Rang

text: Emperor Xian

text: Empress He

text: Emperor Ling

text: Emperor Shao

text: Zhang Rang

text: courtesy name

text: He Yan

text: Cao Cao

text: Weilue

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Fan, Ye

text: Book of the Later Han

text: Pei, Songzhi

categories: 2nd-century deaths,2nd-century births,Executed Han dynasty people,Han dynasty politicians from Henan,People executed by the Han dynasty by decapitation,Mayors of Luoyang,Han dynasty people related to the Three Kingdoms,189 deaths,Politicians from Nanyang, Henan,Han dynasty generals from Henan,Executed people from Henan

paragraph: He Jin

paragraph: He Jin () (died 22 September 189), courtesy name Suigao, was a military general and regent of the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He was an elder half-brother of Empress He, the empress consort of Emperor Ling, and a maternal uncle of Emperor Shao. In 189, he and his sister shared power as regents when the young Emperor Shao was put on the throne following Emperor Ling's death. During the time, the conflict between He Jin and the influential eunuch faction intensified. The eunuch faction lured He Jin into a trap in the imperial palace and assassinated him. While He Jin's subordinates slaughtered the eunuch faction in revenge, the warlord Dong Zhuo took advantage of the power vacuum to enter the imperial capital Luoyang and seize control of the Han central government. The subsequent breakdown of central command brought forth the beginning of massive civil wars which led to the end of the Han dynasty and the start of the Three Kingdoms period.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He Jin was born into a family of butchers in Nanyang, hometown of the dynastic founder Emperor Guangwu. During the reign of Emperor Ling his younger half-sister entered the palace and soon became one of the emperor's favourites. In 180, she was made empress and He Jin henceforth began a speedy escalation up the bureaucratic ladder.

paragraph: When the Yellow Turban Rebellion erupted in 184, He Jin was appointed General-in-Chief (大將軍). He manned the imperial armory, secured strategic forts around the capital and moved quickly to crush the uprising at Luoyang led by Ma Yuanyi (馬元義), a follower of the rebel leader, Zhang Jue. The campaign was deemed a success and He Jin was enfeoffed as the Marquis of Shen (慎侯). After the rebellion was quelled, He Jin continued in the role of General-in-Chief, technically with control over all the imperial armies. During this time, other members of his family, such as his younger half-brother He Miao (何苗), were also elevated to positions of importance.

paragraph: In 188, perhaps as a counterweight to the power of the He family, Emperor Ling created the Army of the Western Garden. The emperor ostentatiously paraded in front of the army and had himself named "Supreme General" (無上將軍). The emperor also had the army placed under the command of Jian Shuo, a trusted eunuch. By commanding the Army of the Western Garden, the emperor could put He Jin under his own command.

paragraph: When Emperor Ling died in the early months of 189, and the stage was set for a showdown between He Jin and the eunuch faction. Jian Shuo plotted to lure He Jin into a trap in the imperial palace and assassinate him. When He Jin entered, a minor official Pan Yin (潘隱) subtly warned He Jin about Jian Shuo's plot. Astonished, He Jin returned to his camp and evaded the assassination attempt. Afterwards, He Jin had Jian Shuo arrested and executed. He also seized command of the troops previously under Jian Shuo's command.

paragraph: With the support of the elite Yuan family, particularly Yuan Shao and Yuan Shu, the succession dispute was resolved in favour of Liu Bian, the son of Empress He, who ascended the throne in the fifth month of that year. He Jin and his sister, now the Empress Dowager, jointly took on the role of regent.

paragraph: During the summer months, He Jin and his subordinates engaged the eunuch faction in court politics. The eunuchs, now without a military power base of their own, relied on the support of Empress Dowager He and He Miao. At the urging of Yuan Shao, He Jin summoned the general Dong Zhuo to the outskirts of Luoyang, in an attempt to force the Empress Dowager to back down. In the ninth month of that year, He Jin entered the palace to request the Empress Dowager to agree to the execution of the eunuchs. Zhang Rang, the leader of the eunuch faction, found out about He Jin's plan to kill them through a spy who overheard the conversation between He Jin and the Empress Dowager. The eunuchs then lured He Jin into the imperial palace by pretending to summon him in the name of the Empress Dowager. He Jin entered the palace unsuspectingly, without his subordinates and bodyguards to escort him, and met his end at the hands of the eunuchs.

paragraph: The situation soon spun out of control. Yuan Shao and Yuan Shu, both with significant control of military forces within the capital, stormed the palace and massacred the eunuchs. The resulting power vacuum allowed Dong Zhuo to seize control of the imperial court. As soon as he held supremacy over the capital, Dong Zhuo deposed the emperor in favour of the Prince of Chenliu, who came to be known as Emperor Xian. The deposition as well as Dong Zhuo's subsequent atrocities incurred the wrath of many. In 190, warlords from the eastern provinces formed a coalition to oust Dong Zhuo, which kicked off a series of civil wars that were to last for nearly a century.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He Jin had at least three half-siblings:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress He, the empress consort of Emperor Ling and mother of Emperor Shao

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady He, full sister of Empress He, married the adopted son of the eunuch Zhang Rang

paragraph: BULLET::::- He Miao (何苗), courtesy name Shuda (叔達), born Zhu Miao (朱苗), an elder half-brother of Empress He born by the same mother thus actually not blood-related to He Jin. He served as General of Chariots and Cavalry (車騎將軍), killed by He Jin's subordinate Wu Kuang (吳匡) in 189 for sympathizing with the eunuch faction who assassinated He Jin

paragraph: According to historical sources it is widely believed that He Jin had at least one son, He Xian (何咸), who survived the downfall of the He family in 189, and that He Xian had a son, He Yan ( 196–249). As He Xian died early, his wife Lady Yin (尹夫人) remarried and became a concubine of the warlord Cao Cao, who adopted He Yan as a son. However, He Yan was buried at Lujiang when one's place of burial was customarily supposed to be his ancestral home, which contradicted the fact that He Jin was from Nanyang; so He Yan was probably a grandson of He Miao, as what Weilue suggested, while it was recorded that there had actually been several families of Zhu clan, which might be the clan that He Miao was from, at Lujiang during Eastern Han.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fan, Ye (5th century). "Book of the Later Han" ("Houhanshu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

alias:
Suigao
General Jin

description: Han Dynasty regent and general

wikidata_label: He Jin

wikipedia_title: He Jin


text: mathematician

text: calculus of variations

text: differential topology

text: Morse theory

text: Morse–Palais lemma

text: Thue–Morse sequence

text: Bôcher Memorial Prize

text: Waterville, Maine

text: bachelor's degree

text: Colby College

text: Harvard University

text: master's degree

text: Ph.D.

text: Brown

text: Cornell

text: Institute for Advanced Study

text: Princeton

text: differential topology

text: mathematical physics

text: string theory

text: Anthony Morse

text: Morse–Sard theorem

text: Gustav A. Hedlund

text: e-book

categories: Harvard University alumni,1977 deaths,Stanford University Department of Mathematics faculty,20th-century American mathematicians,Cornell University faculty,Colby College alumni,Institute for Advanced Study faculty,Princeton University faculty,Variational analysts,Differential geometers,1892 births,National Medal of Science laureates,Presidents of the American Mathematical Society,Harvard University faculty,People from Waterville, Maine,Topologists

paragraph: Marston Morse

paragraph: Harold Calvin Marston Morse (March 24, 1892 – June 22, 1977) was an American mathematician best known for his work on the "calculus of variations in the large", a subject where he introduced the technique of differential topology now known as Morse theory. The Morse–Palais lemma, one of the key results in Morse theory, is named after him, as is the Thue–Morse sequence, an infinite binary sequence with many applications. In 1933 he was awarded the Bôcher Memorial Prize for his work in mathematical analysis.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Waterville, Maine to Ella Phoebe Marston and Howard Calvin Morse in 1892. He received his bachelor's degree from Colby College (also in Waterville) in 1914. At Harvard University, he received both his master's degree in 1915 and his Ph.D. in 1917.

paragraph: He taught at Harvard, Brown, and Cornell Universities before accepting a position in 1935 at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, where he remained until his retirement in 1962.

paragraph: He spent most of his career on a single subject, now known as Morse theory, a branch of differential topology. Morse theory is a very important subject in modern mathematical physics, such as string theory.

paragraph: Marston Morse should not be confused with Anthony Morse, famous for the Morse–Sard theorem.

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.:Articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Walter Leighton:

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Gustav A. Hedlund:

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.:Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Stewart Cairns:

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.:Film.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pits, Peaks, and Passes: A Lecture on Critical Point Theory", Mathematical Association of America Lecture Films, 1966

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (e-book: ).

alias:
H. Marston Morse
Harold Calvin Marston Morse

description: American mathematician

enwikiquote_title: Marston Morse

wikidata_label: Marston Morse

wikipedia_title: Marston Morse


text: consul

text: Roman Republic

text: Second Punic War

text: spolia opima

text: Viridomarus

text: Battle of Clastidium

text: Syracuse

text: Archimedes

text: Plutarch

text: Poseidonius

text: cognomen

text: Italy

text: curule aedile

text: augur

text: First Punic War

text: Gauls

text: Insubria

text: Gallic

text: Po River

text: Clastidium

text: Feretrius

text: Mediolanum

text: Polybius

text: Second Punic War

text: praetor

text: Cannae

text: Hannibal

text: Carthage

text: Suessula

text: Campania

text: Nola

text: Dictator

text: Marcus Junius Pera

text: proconsul

text: Lucius Postumius Albinus

text: Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus

text: Casilinum

text: Hieronymus

text: Kingdom of Syracuse

text: his grandfather

text: Epicydes

text: Battle of Cannae

text: Leontini

text: siege to Syracuse

text: Archimedes

text: Appius Claudius

text: Helorus

text: Megara

text: Herbessus

text: Agrigentum

text: Apulia

text: Samnium

text: Numistro

text: Roman Army

text: Venusia

text: Cornelius Nepos

text: Valerius Maximus

text: Aulus Cornelius Cossus

text: Roman Senate

text: spolia opima

text: McCall, Jeremiah

text: Plutarch's "Life of Marcellus"

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

categories: Characters in Book VI of the Aeneid,Roman generals killed in action,Claudii,Roman Republican consuls,208 BC deaths,3rd-century BC Romans,Marcelli,Roman consuls dying in year of consulship,Roman commanders of the Second Punic War,260s BC births,Ancient Roman generals,Roman Republican praetors

paragraph: Marcus Claudius Marcellus

paragraph: Marcus Claudius Marcellus (; c. 268 – 208 BC), five times elected as consul of the Roman Republic, was an important Roman military leader during the Gallic War of 225 BC and the Second Punic War. Marcellus gained the most prestigious award a Roman general could earn, the "spolia opima", for killing the Gallic military leader and king Viridomarus in hand-to-hand combat in 222 BC at the Battle of Clastidium. Furthermore, he is noted for having conquered the fortified city of Syracuse in a protracted siege during which Archimedes, the famous mathematician, scientist and inventor, was killed. Marcus Claudius Marcellus died in battle in 208 BC, leaving behind a legacy of military conquests and a reinvigorated Roman legend of the "spolia opima".

paragraph: Section::::Early life: distinguished soldier and politician.

paragraph: Little is known of Marcus Claudius Marcellus’ early years since the majority of biographical information pertains to his military expeditions. The fullest account of Marcellus’ life was written by Plutarch, a Greek biographer in the time of the Roman Empire. Plutarch’s biography, the "Life of Marcellus," in "Parallel Lives" focuses on Marcellus’ military campaigns and political life, and largely skips over his earlier life before 225, although Plutarch supplies some general information about Marcellus’ youth. Marcellus’ exact birth date is unknown, yet scholars are certain he was born prior to 268 BC because he had to be over 42 when elected consul for 222 and he was elected to a fifth (and final) consulship for 208 BC, after he was 60. Marcellus was said by Poseidonius to have been the first in his family to take on the cognomen of Marcellus; yet there are genealogical records of his family line tracing the cognomen all the way back to 331 BC. According to Plutarch, Marcellus was a skilled fighter in his youth and was raised with the purpose of entering military service. Marcellus’ general education may have been lacking. In his youth, Marcellus quickly distinguished himself as an ambitious warrior, known for his skill in hand-to-hand combat. He is noted for having saved the life of his brother, Otacilius, when the two were surrounded by enemy soldiers in Italy.

paragraph: As a young man in the Roman army, Marcellus was praised by his superiors for his skill and valor. As a result of his fine service, in 226 BC, he was elected to the position of curule aedile in the Roman Republic. The position of curule aedile was quite prestigious for a man like Marcellus. An aedile was an overseer of public buildings and festivals and an enforcer of public order. This is generally the first position one might take in seeking a high political career. Around the same time that he became an aedile, Marcellus was also awarded the position of augur, which Plutarch describes as being an interpreter of omens. By about the age of 40, Marcellus had already become an acclaimed soldier and public official. Marcellus’ early career came to a close in 222 BC, at which time he achieved greater historical importance upon his election as consul of the Roman Republic—the highest political office and military position in ancient Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Middle life: the spolia opima.

paragraph: Following the end of the First Punic War, in which Marcellus fought as a soldier, the Gauls of northern Italy declared war on Rome in 225 BC. In the fourth and final year of the war, Marcellus was elected consul with Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus. The previous consuls had pushed the Insubrians, the primary Gallic tribe involved, all the way up to the Po River. Following such terrible defeats, the Insubrians surrendered, but Marcellus, not yet consul, persuaded the two acting consuls not to accept the terms of peace. As Marcellus and his colleague were ushered into office as the new consuls, the Insubrians mustered 30,000 of their Gallic allies, the Gaesatae, to fight the Romans. Marcellus invaded Insubrian lands up to the Po River, just as the previous consuls had done. From here, the Gauls sent 10,000 men across the Po and attacked Clastidium, a Roman stronghold, to divert the Roman attacks. This battlefield was the stage for Marcellus’ confrontation with the Gallic king, Viridomarus, which cemented his place in history.

paragraph: The confrontation, as told by Plutarch, is so heavy in detail that one might question the veracity of his narration. Plutarch recounts that, prior to the battle, Viridomarus spotted Marcellus, who wore commander's insignia on his armor, and rode out to meet him. Across the battlefield, Marcellus viewed the beautiful armor on the back of the enemy riding toward him. Marcellus concluded that this was the nicest armor, which he had previously prayed would be given by him to the gods. The two engaged in combat whereupon, Marcellus, “by a thrust of his spear which pierced his adversary's breastplate, and by the impact of his horse in full career, threw him, still living, upon the ground, where, with a second and third blow, he promptly killed him.” Marcellus extracted the armor from his fallen foe, upon which he pronounced it as the "spolia opima". The "spolia opima", meaning "best spoils", is known in Roman history as the most prestigious and honorable prize that a general can earn. Only a general who kills the leader of the opposing army in single combat may be considered to have gained the "spolia opima".

paragraph: After he had slain the formidable warrior, whom he later learned was the king, Marcellus dedicated the armor, or "spolia opima", to Jupiter Feretrius, as he had promised before the battle. Herein lies a wrinkle in Plutarch’s retelling of the event. When Marcellus first saw the finely dressed warrior, he did not recognize him as a king, but merely a man with the nicest armor. But immediately following the battle, Marcellus prayed to Jupiter Feretrius, saying that he had killed a king or ruler. This inconsistency indicates that Plutarch’s story may have been exaggerated for dramatic effect, causing discrepancies. Furthermore, Plutarch had probably written the account to glorify Marcellus as a hero of Rome, instead of as a record of history. Polyb. 2.34 does not at all mention the "spolia opima" in relation to Marcellus.

paragraph: Following the battle between Marcellus and the king of the Gauls, the outnumbered Romans broke the siege of Clastidium, won the battle and proceeded to push the Gallic army all the way back to their primary headquarters of Mediolanum. Here, the Romans defeated the Gauls, who surrendered themselves to the Romans. The terms between the Romans and Gauls were accepted and the Gallic war ended. Polybius, a historian of the 2nd century BC and client to the Scipiones, states that much of the overall success in the Gallic War belongs to Marcellus’ colleague, Scipio, but we know from other sources that because Marcellus had won the "spolia opima", Marcellus was awarded a triumph. Following the Gallic wars, Marcellus seems to drop below the historical radar until the year 216 BC, ushering in the latter part of his life.

paragraph: Marcus Claudius Marcellus re-emerged onto both the political and military scene during the Second Punic War, in which he took part in important battles. In 216 BC, the third year of the Second Punic War, Marcellus was elected as a praetor. A praetor served either as an elected magistrate or as the commander of an army, the latter of which duties Marcellus was selected to fulfil in Sicily. Unfortunately, as Marcellus and his men were preparing to ship to Sicily, his army was recalled to Rome owing to the devastating losses at Cannae, one of the worst defeats in Roman history. By the orders of the Senate, Marcellus was forced to dispatch 1,500 of his men to Rome to protect the city after the terrible defeat by Hannibal of Carthage. With his remaining army, along with remnants of the army from Cannae (who were considered to have been disgraced by the defeat and by surviving it), Marcellus camped near Suessula, a city in the region of Campania in southern Italy. At this point, part of the Carthaginian army began to make a move for the city of Nola. Marcellus repelled the attacks and managed to keep the city from the grasp of Hannibal. Although the battle at Nola was rather unimportant in regards to the Second Punic War as a whole, the victory was “important from its moral effect, as the first check, however slight, that Hannibal had yet received.”

paragraph: Then, in 215 BC, Marcellus was summoned to Rome by the Dictator Marcus Junius Pera, who wanted to consult with him about the future conduct of the war. After this meeting, Marcellus earned the title of proconsul. In the same year, when the consul Lucius Postumius Albinus was killed in battle, Marcellus was unanimously chosen by the Roman people to be his successor. Livy and Plutarch tell us a bad omen occurred, allegedly because the other consul was also a plebeian. Marcellus stepped aside and Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus took his place. Supposedly, the senate (interpreting the gods) disapproved of having two plebeian consuls. Marcellus was appointed proconsul, whereupon, he defended the city of Nola, once again, from the rear guard of Hannibal’s army. The following year, 214 BC, Marcellus was elected consul yet again, this time with Fabius Maximus. For a third time, Marcellus defended Nola from Hannibal and even captured the small but significant town of Casilinum.

paragraph: Section::::Later life: Second Punic War.:Sicily and Syracuse.

paragraph: Following his victory at Casilinum, Marcellus was sent to Sicily, upon which Hannibal had set his sights. Upon arrival, Marcellus found the island in disarray. Hieronymus, the new ruler of the Roman-ally Kingdom of Syracuse, had recently come to the throne on his grandfather's death and fallen under the influence of the Carthaginian agents Hippocrates and Epicydes. He then declared war against the Romans after the Carthaginian victory at the Battle of Cannae. However, Hieronymus was soon deposed; the new Syracusan leaders attempted a reconciliation with Rome, but could not quell their suspicions and then aligned themselves with the Carthaginians. In 214 BC, the same year that he was sent to Sicily, Marcellus attacked the city of Leontini, where the two Syracusan rulers were residing. After successfully storming the city, Marcellus had 2,000 Roman deserters (who had been hiding in the city) killed, and moved to lay siege to Syracuse itself. At this point, several cities in the province of Sicily rose in rebellion against Roman rule. The siege lasted for two long years, partly because the Roman effort was thwarted by the military machines of the famous inventor Archimedes. Meanwhile, leaving the bulk of the Roman legion in the command of Appius Claudius at Syracuse, Marcellus and a small army roamed Sicily, conquering opponents and taking such rebellious cities as Helorus, Megara, and Herbessus.

paragraph: After Marcellus returned and continued the siege, the Carthaginians attempted to relieve the city, but were driven back. Overcoming formidable resistance and the ingenious devices of Archimedes, the Romans finally took the city in the summer of 212 BC. Plutarch wrote that Marcellus, when he had previously entered the city for a diplomatic meeting with the Syracusans, had noticed a weak point in its fortifications. He made his attack at this fragile spot, using a night attack by a small group of hand-picked soldiers to storm the walls and open the gates. During the fighting, Archimedes was killed, an act Marcellus regretted. Plutarch writes that the Romans rampaged through the city, taking much of the plunder and artwork they could find. This has significance because Syracuse was a Greek city filled with Greek culture, art and architecture. Much of this Greek art was taken to Rome, where it was one of the first major impacts of Greek influence on Roman culture.

paragraph: Following his victory at Syracuse, Marcellus remained in Sicily, where he defeated more Carthaginian and rebel foes. The important city of Agrigentum was still under Carthaginian control, though there was now little the Carthaginian leadership could do to support it, as the campaigns against the Romans in Spain and Italy now took precedence. At the end of 211 BC, Marcellus resigned from command of the Sicilian province, thereby putting the praetor of the region, Marcus Cornelius, in charge. On his return to Rome, Marcellus did not receive the triumphal honours that would be expected for such a feat, as his political enemies objected that he had not fully eradicated the threats in Sicily.

paragraph: Section::::Death in battle.

paragraph: The final period of Marcus Claudius Marcellus’ life began with his fourth election to Roman consul in 210 BC. Marcellus’ election to office sparked much controversy and resentment towards Marcellus because of accusations by political opponents that his actions in Sicily were excessively brutal. Representatives of Sicilian cities presented themselves before the senate to complain about Marcellus' past actions. The complaints prevailed and Marcellus was forced to switch control of provinces with his colleague, so that Marcellus was not the consul in control of Sicily. On switching provinces, Marcellus took command of the Roman army in Apulia, leading it to many decisive victories against the Carthaginians. First, Marcellus took the city of Salapia and then continued along his way by conquering two cities in the region of Samnium. Next, when the army of Gnaeus Fulvius, another Roman general, was completely dismantled by Hannibal, Marcellus and his army stepped in to check the progress of the Carthaginian leader. Then Marcellus and Hannibal fought a battle at Numistro, where a clear victory could not be decided, although Rome claimed a victory. Following this battle, Marcellus continued to keep Hannibal in check, yet the two armies never met in a decisive battle.

paragraph: In 209 BC, Marcellus was named as a proconsul and retained control of his army. During that year, the Roman Army under Marcellus faced Hannibal's forces in a series of skirmishes and raids, without being drawn into open battle. Marcellus defended his actions and tactics in front of the senate and he was named a consul for the fifth time for the year 208 BC. After entering his fifth consulship Marcellus re-entered the field and took command of the army at Venusia. While on a reconnaissance mission with his colleague, Titus Quinctius Crispinus, and a small band of 220 horsemen, the group was ambushed and nearly completely slaughtered by a much larger Carthaginian force of Numidian horsemen. Marcellus was impaled by a spear and died on the field. In the following days, Crispinus died of his wounds.

paragraph: When Hannibal heard of Marcellus' death he travelled to see the body, allowed Marcellus a proper funeral, and even sent the ashes back to Marcellus’ son in a silver urn with a golden wreath. According to Cornelius Nepos and Valerius Maximus the ashes never made it to his son but Augustus Caesar states that the urn was delivered. The loss of both consuls was a major blow to Roman morale, as the Republic had lost its two senior military commanders in a single battle, while the formidable Carthaginian army was still at large in Italy.

paragraph: Section::::Historical significance.

paragraph: Marcus Claudius Marcellus' winning of the "spolia opima" earned him great fame in his lifetime. The "spolia opima" was one of the highest honors that could be bestowed on a Roman general. Plutarch informs us how the "spolia opima" was acquired, stating that, "only those spoils are ‘"opima’" which are taken first, in a pitched battle, where general slays general." Only two others in Roman history, Romulus, the founder of Rome, and Aulus Cornelius Cossus, were allegedly honored with this prize. Marcellus is the only one of the three whose achievement has been historically confirmed. In terms of the history of the "spolia opima", Marcellus holds great significance because he reinvigorated the meaning of the honored prize. Prior to Marcellus, the "spolia opima" was not of special importance in the minds of Romans because it had happened only twice before, if at all. Furthermore, the actual ritual of the "spolia opima" was not confirmed until Marcellus made it customary to dedicate the armor to Jupiter Feretrius. No one else accomplished the same feat to continue the tradition. In this way, Marcellus publicized the winning of the "spolia opima" and turned it into a legend.

paragraph: Marcellus was an important general during the Second Punic War and his five-time election as a consul has its place in Roman history. His decisive victories in Sicily were of history-altering proportions, while his campaigns in Italy itself gave Hannibal himself pause and reinvigorated the Roman Senate. But it is Marcellus’ triumph as a warrior and winner of a "spolia opima" that confirmed his place in ancient Roman history. Due to all of this, he is known as the "Sword of Rome".

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flower, Harriet I., "The Tradition of the Spolia Opima: M. Claudius Marcellus and Augustus", "Classical Antiquity", Apr. 2000: 37.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lendering, Jona. "Marcus Claudius Marcellus", "Livius: Articles on Ancient History", 26 Nov. 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- McCall, Jeremiah (2012).The Sword of Rome: A Biography of Marcus Claudius Marcellus. Pen&Sword 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plutarch's "Life of Marcellus", "The Parallel Lives", 30 Apr. 2008, 26 Nov. 2008 (Plutarch's "Life of Marcellus" Mirror at Massachusetts Institute of Technology)

description: Roman military leader and Second Punic War general

wikidata_label: Marcus Claudius Marcellus

wikipedia_title: Marcus Claudius Marcellus


text:
Northumbria
Rome
Anglo-Saxon
bishop of Hexham
bishopric of Lindisfarne
runic inscription
standing cross
Monkwearmouth
Richard of Hexham
Heardred
Eanberht
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
circa
Richard of Hexham
Wearmouth
river Wear
William of Malmesbury
Gesta Pontificum Anglorum
David Rollason
Whithorn
Abercorn
Carlisle
Chester-le-Street
Walcher

paragraph: Tidfrith of Hexham

paragraph: Tidfrith or Tidferth was an early 9th-century Northumbrian prelate. Said to have died on his way to Rome, he is the last known Anglo-Saxon bishop of Hexham. This bishopric, like the bishopric of Whithorn, probably ceased to exist, and was probably taken over by the authority of the bishopric of Lindisfarne. A runic inscription on a standing cross found in the cemetery of the church of Monkwearmouth is thought to bear his name.

paragraph: Section::::Dates.

paragraph: The dates of his episcopate are unclear, but Richard of Hexham says that he died 54 years before the great Scandinavian invasion in 875, a claim which if specifically true would mean his episcopate was over by either 821 or 822.

paragraph: It is uncertain when he was born or when he gained office. Surviving lists of Hexham bishops give Tidfrith's predecessors Heardred and Eanberht three years and thirteen years respectively. As Heardred's consecration as bishop can be synchronised with the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" entry for 797—assuming both sources to be accurate on the point—Tidfrith became bishop circa 813. However, the date is also sometimes given as 806.

paragraph: According to a tradition preserved in Richard of Hexham, Tidfrith died on his way to Rome. There is an engraved stone, discovered in the 19th century in the cemetery of Wearmouth, which has the name "Tidfrith" in runic characters; it may be in reference to the bishop, as Wearmouth was in the diocese. Historian James Raine suggested that his death may have occurred there, waiting to take a ship from the mouth of the river Wear.

paragraph: Section::::Disappearance of Hexham bishopric.

paragraph: It is unclear what became of the bishopric of Hexham after Tidfrith's episcopate, one suggestion being that it was absorbed by the bishopric of Lindisfarne. Another explanation is that given by William of Malmesbury in his "Gesta Pontificum Anglorum", namely that Modern historian, David Rollason, wrote that Hexham's disappearance was "unlikely to have had anything to do with Viking activity". Despite what William of Malmesbury wrote, Hexham's demise is "utterly obscure". Another Northumbrian diocese, that based at Whithorn, disappeared in the same era, meaning that the Northumbrian church went from having 5 bishoprics at its height (Lindisfarne, Hexham, Whithorn, Abercorn and York) to only two.

paragraph: Hexham was however, along with Lindisfarne and Carlisle, sacked by Scandinavians in 875. In the later 9th-century the Lindisfarne diocese was able to relocate to Chester-le-Street, a site that lay within the old diocese of Hexham. The community of St Cuthbert were able to take possession of Hexham and its churches, and Hexham remained in the possession of the community of St Cuthbert until it was granted away by Bishop Walcher to Prior Aldwin in 1075.

description: Bishop of Hexham

wikidata_label: Tidfrith of Hexham

wikipedia_title: Tidfrith of Hexham


text: Abraham O. Smoot

text: Brigham Young University

text: Charles River Associates

text: BYU Jerusalem Center

text: Logan, Utah

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: Harvard Law School

text: Utah State University

text: United States Secretary of Defense

text: Food and Care Coalition

text: Oracle v. Google

text: Apple v. Samsung

text: Clayne L. Pope

text: Larry T. Wimmer

text: S. Kent Brown

text: Kaye T. Hanson

text: Clayne L. Pope

text: James R. Kearl

text: Goodreads

categories: Latter Day Saints from Massachusetts,1947 births,Utah State University alumni,Latter Day Saints from Utah,Economists from Utah,American leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,Brigham Young University faculty,Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni,Writers from Logan, Utah,Harvard Law School alumni,Living people

paragraph: James R. Kearl

paragraph: James R. Kearl (born May 27, 1947) is the Abraham O. Smoot Professor of Economics at Brigham Young University (BYU) and a Senior Consultant for Charles River Associates (CRA). From 1986-1989, Kearl served as the dean of general education and honors at BYU. In 2007-2008, Kearl was the director of the BYU Jerusalem Center.

paragraph: Kearl was born in Logan, Utah, and earned a Ph.D. in Economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and completed a post-doctoral program in Law at Harvard Law School. He received his bachelor's degree from Utah State University in Mathematics and Economics.

paragraph: Kearl was a teaching fellow while studying at Harvard Law School. He joined the faculty of BYU in 1975. From 1983-1984 he served as a special assistant to the United States Secretary of Defense. After his time as dean of general education and honors, Kearl served as Associate Academic Vice President of BYU from 1989-1991. From 1991-1994 Kearl served as a member of the United States Census Bureau Advisory Board on Population Statistics. Since 2005, Kearl has served as chair of the Food and Care Coalition's Board.

paragraph: Kearl is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and has served as 2nd counselor in a Stake Presidency at BYU.

paragraph: As a Senior Consultant for CRA, Kearl has served as an expert witness on several prominent cases including Oracle v. Google and Apple v. Samsung.

paragraph: Kearl has done many studies in cooperation with Clayne L. Pope and Larry T. Wimmer.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Principles of Economics"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Finding God at BYU" (with S. Kent Brown and Kaye T. Hanson)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Economics and Public Policy: An Analytical Approach"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wealth Mobility: The Missing Element" with Clayne L. Pope in 1981.

paragraph: Kearl also contributed several articles to Ben E. Johnson's "Stirring Up Thinking" published in 1998.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- James R. Kearl at Goodreads

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mentions work done by Kearl in collaboration with Pope and Wimmer

description: American Mormon leader

wikidata_label: James R. Kearl

wikipedia_title: James R. Kearl


text: Ruthenian

text: Union of Brest

text: Patriarchate of Constantinople

text: Pope

text: Ruthenian Uniate Church

text: Volhynia

text: noble

text: Belarusians

text: Minsk

text: Jesuit

text: Vilnius

text: voivode of Vilnius

text: monastery

text: Ascension

text: Minsk

text: archimandrite

text: Patriarch Jeremias II of Constantinople

text: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

text: Constantinople

text: Sigismund III Vasa

text: voivode of Navahrudak

text: voivode of Kiev

text: Konstanty Ostrogski

text: Patriarch of Constantinople

text: Jeremias II

text: synod

text: confraternities

text: stauropegic

text: Rome

text: Catholic Church

text: Byzantine rite

text: canon law

text: Pope Clement VIII

text: Brest

text: Union of Brest

text: Volodymyr

text: Hypatius Pociej

text: jurisdiction

text: Yov Boretsky

text: Mikhail Rahoza

text: Encyclopedia of Ukraine

text: Michael Rohoza

categories: People from Volhynian Voivodeship,Converts to Eastern Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy,Year of birth unknown,Metropolitans of Kiev and all Rus',Former Ukrainian Orthodox Christians,Bishops of the Uniate Church of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth,1599 deaths,Ruthenian nobility of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,Leaders of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church

paragraph: Michael Rohoza

paragraph: Michael Rohoza (, , , ) (died 1599) was the Ruthenian Metropolitan of Kiev, Galychyna and All-Ruthenia from 1588 to his death in 1599. In 1595 he signed the Union of Brest which moved the Ruthenian Church from the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople to the jurisdiction of the Pope, thus forming the Ruthenian Uniate Church.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in Volhynia about 1540 from a noble Belarusians family in the region of Minsk county. He probably studied in a Jesuit college in Vilnius where he worked as clerk for the prince Bogush Koretsky, a voivode of Vilnius. He later entered in the monastery of the Ascension in Minsk of which he became archimandrite in 1579.

paragraph: In 1589 Patriarch Jeremias II of Constantinople visited the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth on his return trip to Constantinople and, in agreement with king Sigismund III Vasa, deposed the Metropolitan , probably because he was a digamy (the second marriage for priests) and he tolerated this use. King Sigismund, under the advice of such magnates like voivode of Navahrudak Teodor Skumin-Tyszkiewicz and voivode of Kiev Konstanty Ostrogski, appointed Michel Rohoza as Metropolitan of Kiev (Ruthenian Orthodox Church), who was consecrated by Patriarch of Constantinople Jeremias II in August 1589 in Vilnius.

paragraph: As appointed Metropolitan, he started the reform of the Church, mainly by means of synods as the one summoned in 1590. His targets were reforming the mores of the clergy and a reduction of the meddling of lay people (and of confraternities) in the life of the Church and on monasteries. His attempts of reform were anyway opposed particularly from the stauropegics and the impossibility to carry on the reforms was one of the reasons for looking to Rome.

paragraph: Since 1590 Metropolitan of Kiev, Rohoza subscribed with all bishops a document soliciting a union with Catholic Church, conditioning this union of faith that Byzantine rite, liturgical practices and canon law would be preserved. This will was formalized in document on 2 December 1594 and again in two petitions, one to the king and one to Pope Clement VIII, undersigned in Brest on 12 June 1595. The Union of Brest was formally proclaimed 8 October 1596 always in Brest. Even if Rohoza signed the union, he later tried to hinder its action, but without results.

paragraph: Rohoza died between June and August 1599. He was succeeded by the bishop of Volodymyr, Hypatius Pociej, a fierce supporter of the union. Not all the Ukrainians supported the union, and twenty years later, in 1620 the Patriarch of Jerusalem re-established a Kievan Metropolia under his own jurisdiction, which first Metropolitan was Yov Boretsky, so duplicating the hierarchy.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mikhail Rahoza at Encyclopedia of Ukraine

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Rohoza at Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine

description: Metropolitan of Kiev

wikidata_label: Michael Rohoza

wikipedia_title: Michael Rohoza


text: Crystal Castles

text: eponymous debut EP

text: Toronto, Ontario

text: parochial school

text: the comic book character

text: Ethan Kath

text: Kïll Cheerleadër

text: Crystal Castles

text: Alice Practice

text: eponymous debut album

text: "NME"s Cool List

text: II

text: III

text: Stillbirth

text: RAINN

text: Without Love

text: her eponymous debut EP

text: Marilyn Manson

text: Ethan Kath

text: Pitchfork

text: USD

text: Forgiveness

text: Cease and Desist

text: Zola Jesus

text: Pictureplane

text: the eponymous 1973 Japanese film

text: remix EP

text: eponymous EP

text: Mine

text: Violet Chachki

text: Glastonbury Festival

text: Plague

text: NME

text: food poisoning

text: Glastonbury 2008

categories: Canadian female singer-songwriters,Feminist musicians,Canadian electronic musicians,1988 births,Crystal Castles (band) members,21st-century women singers,Squatters,Canadian feminists,Musicians from Toronto,Political music,21st-century Canadian singers,Living people

paragraph: Alice Glass

paragraph: Alice Glass (real name Margaret Osborn, born 25 August 1989) is a Canadian singer and songwriter. She is the co-founder and former frontwoman of the electronic band Crystal Castles. In 2014, she embarked on a solo career. She released her eponymous debut EP in 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:1988–2014: Early life and Crystal Castles.

paragraph: Alice Glass was born Margaret Osborn on 25 August 1989 in Toronto, Ontario. She was raised Catholic, attending parochial school up until junior high. At age 15, she ran away from home to live in a squat community of punks under the name Vicki Vale (after the comic book character) and started an all-girl experimental punk band called Fetus Fatale. She met Ethan Kath, former bassist of Kïll Cheerleadër, in Toronto. Impressed by her performance with Fetus Fatale, he gave her CD-Rs with 60 instrumental demos, five of which she wrote vocals for. In December 2003, the pair began working together on the project that would become Crystal Castles. She picked the stage name Alice Glass based off a pin with the name Alice that she shoplifted and Hopey Glass, a character in "Love and Rockets".

paragraph: Crystal Castles' first official release was their 2006 single "Alice Practice". The song got the band their first record deal with Merok Records in London. The same year, Crystal Castles played their first live show at Clinton's Tavern in Toronto. "Alice Practice" was eventually featured on their eponymous debut album released in 2008. Glass topped "NME"s Cool List that year and responded to it by criticizing the idea of the cool list itself. The duo followed their debut album with two more critically acclaimed albums: "II" (2010) and "III" (2012), completing a trilogy. Glass co-wrote every Crystal Castles song she contributed vocals to. In October 2014, Glass announced her departure from Crystal Castles due to her own professional and personal reasons. In the announcement, she noted that working within the band compromised her efforts towards "sincerity, honesty, and empathy for others". She later had a number of public disagreements with her former bandmate.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:2015–present: "Alice Glass" and lawsuit.

paragraph: In July 2015, Glass released her debut single as a solo artist, "Stillbirth". The release was largely an effort to increase awareness of domestic and sexual abuse. Glass worked with anti-sexual assault organization RAINN to donate all proceeds from the song's revenue to aid abuse victims.

paragraph: In August 2017, Glass released "Without Love", which served as the lead single to her eponymous debut EP which was released the following week. She headed on tour with Marilyn Manson following the release of the EP.

paragraph: In October 2017, Glass posted a statement on her official website explaining her departure from Crystal Castles, accusing co-founder Ethan Kath of sexual, physical, and mental abuse. The accusations detail the abuse starting when Glass was 15 and began recording with Kath and escalated until her eventual departure from Crystal Castles. Kath responded the same day in a statement issued to "Pitchfork" through his attorney, where he called the accusations "pure fiction" and said he was consulting with his lawyers as to his legal options. The following month, Kath sued Glass for defamation, but was dismissed in February 2018. In May, Glass was awarded nearly 21,000 USD in attorney fees after Kath's lawyers sought to vacate the dismissal of his defamation lawsuit against Glass.

paragraph: In January 2018, Glass released "Forgiveness" as the second single from her EP. She also released that month a brand new single called "Cease and Desist", which she said "is a call to arms for all survivors." Both singles were accompanied by music videos.

paragraph: In April 2018, Glass embarked on her SnowBlood Tour alongside American singer Zola Jesus, with electronic musician Pictureplane being an opening act on select dates. The tour is named after Lady Snowblood, spurned star of the eponymous 1973 Japanese film. Later that month, Glass released a remix EP, consisting of remixes of songs from her eponymous EP released in 2017. The EP includes remixes from both Zola Jesus and Pictureplane.

paragraph: In June 2018, Glass released a new single, "Mine", accompanied by a music video directed by Lucas David and starring American drag queen Violet Chachki. In December, Glass was featured on Adult Swim's singles series with a new song titled "I Trusted You".

paragraph: Section::::Live performances.

paragraph: Glass is known for her dedication to performing. In March 2008, she broke two ribs from an altercation with her tour manager, when she hit a monitor at a 90-degree angle, and continued to tour, performing a 20-minute set within days of the accident despite instruction from doctors to take six weeks off to heal. In January 2011, Glass performed five months worth of shows on crutches after falling and putting a strain on an unhealed ankle injury. At the 2013 Glastonbury Festival, Crystal Castles began their set 20 minutes past the scheduled time, with Glass visibly sick and beginning "Plague" sitting with her head in her hands. According to "NME", Glass had been suffering from food poisoning, but chose to perform anyway. Crystal Castles was infamously shut down at Glastonbury 2008 after Glass climbed a speaker stand just before "Alice Practice" and was swallowed by the crowd during "Yes No".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with the Independent newspaper

description: Canadian electronic music singer

wikidata_label: Alice Glass

wikipedia_title: Alice Glass


text: GCH

text: PC

text: Conservative

text: Villiers family

text: George Villiers, 4th Earl of Jersey

text: Frances Twysden

text: Philip Twysden

text: Bishop of Raphoe

text: Harrow

text: St John's College, Cambridge

text: Gentleman of the Bedchamber

text: Prince of Wales

text: House of Lords

text: Lord Chamberlain of the Household

text: Duke of Wellington

text: Privy Council

text: Sir Robert Peel

text: Master of the Horse

text: Lord Derby

text: University of Oxford

text: Lady Sarah Sophia Fane

text: John Fane, 10th Earl of Westmorland

text: Robert Child

text: Child & Co

text: ton

text: Regency era

text: Almack's

text: Epsom Derby

text: Mameluke

text: Bay Middleton

text: thoroughbreds

text: Glencoe

text: duel

text: Sir Robert Peel, Bt

text: Hester Maria ("Queeny") Thrale

text: Frederick William Child Villiers

text: Earl of Athlone

text: Member of Parliament

text: Weymouth

text: Francis John Robert Child Villiers

text: Member of Parliament

text: Rochester

text: Nicholas Paul (Miklós Pál)

text: Esterhazy

categories: 1859 deaths,1773 births,Earls of Jersey,Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge,Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,Villiers family,Owners of Epsom Derby winners

paragraph: George Child Villiers, 5th Earl of Jersey, GCH, PC (19 August 1773 – 3 October 1859), previously George Villiers and styled Viscount Villiers until 1805, was a British courtier and Conservative politician from the Villiers family.

paragraph: He added the name of Child to his own by royal license in 1819.

paragraph: Section::::Background and education.

paragraph: Styled Viscount Villiers from birth, he was the son of George Villiers, 4th Earl of Jersey, by his wife Frances Twysden, daughter of the Right Reverend Philip Twysden, Bishop of Raphoe. He attended Harrow and obtained a Master of Arts degree from St John's College, Cambridge. He was a Gentleman of the Bedchamber to the Prince of Wales in 1795.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Lord Jersey succeeded in the earldom on the death of his father in 1805 and took his seat in the House of Lords. He served as Lord Chamberlain of the Household under the Duke of Wellington between July and November 1830 and was sworn of the Privy Council in July 1830. He was Lord Chamberlain for a second time under Sir Robert Peel from 1834 to 1835. He again held office under Peel as Master of the Horse from 1841 to 1846, and again briefly under Lord Derby in 1852. He was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Law by the University of Oxford.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Lord Jersey married Lady Sarah Sophia Fane, daughter of John Fane, 10th Earl of Westmorland, on 23 May 1804. She was the eldest grandchild and heiress of Robert Child, principal shareholder of the banking firm Child & Co. Lord Jersey added the surname Child to the Villiers surname by royal licence in 1819. Lady Jersey was one of the great hostesses of English society, a leader of the "ton" during the Regency era and the reign of George IV, and a patroness of Almack's. Lord Jersey was an ardent fox hunter and a breeder and trainer of horses, owning two Epsom Derby winners, in Mameluke (1827) and Bay Middleton (1836) as well as other notable thoroughbreds such as Glencoe. His wife's numerous love affairs did not trouble him: asked why he had never fought a duel to protect her her honour, he replied that he could hardly fight every man in London.

paragraph: Lord and Lady Jersey had seven children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Child Villiers, 6th Earl of Jersey (1808–1859), married Julia Peel, daughter of the Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel, Bt.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Honourable Augustus John Villiers (1810–1847), married Georgiana Elphinstone (d. 1892), daughter of George Keith Elphinstone, 1st Viscount Keith and Hester Maria ("Queeny") Thrale on 20 September 1831.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Honourable Frederick William Child Villiers (1815–1871), married Elizabeth Maria van Reede (18 December 1821 – 7 January 1897), daughter of the 7th Earl of Athlone on 12 July 1842. Member of Parliament for Weymouth between 1847 and 1852.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Honourable Francis John Robert Child Villiers (11 October 1819 – 8 May 1862). Member of Parliament for Rochester between 1852 and 1855.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Sarah Frederica Caroline Child Villiers (1822–1853), married Nicholas Paul (Miklós Pál), 9th Prince Esterhazy (1817–1894).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Clementina Augusta Wellington Child Villiers (1824–1858).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Adela Corisande Maria Child Villiers (1828–1860), married Lt.-Col. Charles Parke Ibbetson (1820–1898) on 17 November 1845 and had one daughter Adela Sarah Ibbetson.

paragraph: Lord Jersey died on 3 October 1859, aged 86, and was succeeded by his eldest son, George. The Countess of Jersey died in January 1867, aged 81.

description: English Earl


text: racing driver

text: Auckland

text: New Zealand

text: Firestone Indy Lights Series

text: Karting World Championship

text: Indy Lights Series

text: Brian Stewart Racing

text: Freedom 100

text: Indianapolis Motor Speedway

text: A1 Grand Prix

text: A1 Team New Zealand

text: Taupo

text: AGR

text: IndyCar Series

text: Sebring

text: Andretti Green Racing

text: Marco Andretti

text: Mitch

text: Sam Schmidt Motorsports

text: Freedom 100

text: Indianapolis Motor Speedway

text: Freedom 100

text: IndyCar Driver Page

categories: Karting World Championship drivers,Indy Lights drivers,IndyCar Series drivers,1984 births,Toyota Racing Series drivers,A1 Grand Prix Rookie drivers,New Zealand racing drivers,Sportspeople from Auckland,V8SuperTourer drivers,Living people,Indianapolis 500 drivers

paragraph: Wade Cunningham

paragraph: Wade Grant Cunningham (born 19 August 1984) is a racing driver from Auckland, New Zealand who competed in the Firestone Indy Lights Series.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:Indy Lights.

paragraph: Cunningham's professional career began when he won the Karting World Championship in 2003.

paragraph: The following year he moved to the United States and competed in the Cooper Tires Formula Ford Zetec Championship in which he finished 5th after winning four consecutive poles and seven podium finishes. He won the 2005 Indy Lights Series championship in his rookie season for Brian Stewart Racing despite only winning a single race.

paragraph: He continued with the team in 2006 and won 3 more races, including the Freedom 100 at Indianapolis Motor Speedway (becoming the first driver from New Zealand to do so) and placed third in championship points despite missing two races due to an emergency appendectomy. While missing out on the drivers title the team was still able to claim their second consecutive entrants championship because they were able to replace Wade with a reserve driver for those events. He narrowly missed the title by 11 points and would have easily clinched his second drivers championship had he started either of those events.

paragraph: He drove in the A1 Grand Prix series as practice driver for A1 Team New Zealand in the round in Taupo, New Zealand and China. He returned to the Indy Lights Series in 2007 for AGR-AFS Racing where he finished 3rd.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:IndyCar Series.

paragraph: In December 2007 Cunningham tested an IndyCar Series machine for the first time at Sebring as a reward for his results with their satellite team in the Indy Lights Series, driving the Andretti Green Racing IndyCar normally driven by Marco Andretti.

paragraph: Wade's brother Mitch made his Firestone Indy Lights Series debut (formerly the Indy Pro Series) in 2008 for Brian Stewart Racing, the same team with whom Wade had his initial success. Wade made a handful of starts in the series in 2008, both for Brian Stewart and in the Mid-Ohio double-header for the new Alliance Motorsports team.

paragraph: He signed on to return to the series full-time in 2009 driving for Sam Schmidt Motorsports. Upon joining the team, he became the first driver to win a second Freedom 100 at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.

paragraph: Cunningham won again that race in 2010 in a one-race deal for the Schmidt team, becoming the only three-time winner of the Freedom 100.

paragraph: Sam Schmidt announced 11 February that Cunningham would make his Izod IndyCar Series debut in 2011 with Sam Schmidt Motorsports in a three race deal. He qualified 8th on debut at Texas Motor Speedway for the Firestone Texas Twin 275s and posted a season and career best IndyCar finish at the Indy Kentucky 300 when he finished 7th a mere 0.702 seconds from the lead.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wade Cunningham Indy Pro Series/Firestone Indy Lights Statistics

paragraph: BULLET::::- IndyCar Driver Page

description: New Zealand racing driver

wikidata_label: Wade Cunningham

wikipedia_title: Wade Cunningham


text: 33rd Governor of Kentucky

text: Kentucky General Assembly

text: Democratic

text: William Goebel

text: Butler County

text: Republican

text: Democratic

text: Attorney General of Kentucky

text: William O. Bradley

text: Frankfort

text: J. C. W. Beckham

text: Indiana

text: Indianapolis, Indiana

text: log cabin

text: Green River

text: Morgantown, Kentucky

text: county clerk

text: presidential elector

text: Greenback

text: James Weaver

text: third district

text: county judge

text: Republican National Convention in 1888

text: Attorney General of Kentucky

text: veto

text: William O. Bradley

text: Kentucky Court of Appeals

text: Whig Party

text: William Goebel

text: John Y. Brown

text: Senator

text: William J. Deboe

text: Hopkins County

text: political machine

text: Edwin P. Morrow

text: secretary of state

text: black

text: Louisville and Nashville Railroad

text: Confederates

text: voting bloc

text: Revolutionary War

text: Thomas Sandford

text: John Sandford

text: racially segregated

text: Populist Party

text: William Jennings Bryan

text: Henry Watterson

text: Eastern Kentucky

text: state capitol building

text: London, Kentucky

text: Louisville

text: John Marshall

text: immunity from prosecution

text: circuit court

text: Jefferson County

text: court of last resort

text: Supreme Court of the United States

text: John Marshall Harlan

text: J. C. W. Beckham

text: pardons

text: accessory

text: extradite

text: Augustus E. Willson

text: Crown Hill Cemetery

text: Taylor v. Beckham

categories: Republican Party state governors of the United States,Kentucky Republicans,American Presbyterians,Recipients of American gubernatorial pardons,1853 births,Kentucky lawyers,Burials at Crown Hill Cemetery,People from Butler County, Kentucky,Kentucky Attorneys General,Indiana Republicans,1928 deaths,Governors of Kentucky,Kentucky Greenbacks

paragraph: William S. Taylor

paragraph: William Sylvester Taylor (October 10, 1853 – August 2, 1928) was the 33rd Governor of Kentucky. He was initially declared the winner of the disputed gubernatorial election of 1899, but the Kentucky General Assembly, dominated by the Democrats, reversed the election results, giving the victory to his Democratic opponent, William Goebel. Thus, Taylor served only 50 days as governor.

paragraph: A poorly educated but politically astute lawyer, Taylor began climbing the political ladder by holding local offices in his native Butler County. Though he was a Republican in an overwhelmingly Democratic state, divisions in the majority party resulted in his election as Attorney General of Kentucky on a ticket with the Commonwealth's first Republican governor, William O. Bradley. Four years later, Taylor was elected in 1899 to the governorship.

paragraph: When the General Assembly reversed the election results after a dispute, incensed Republicans armed themselves and descended on Frankfort. Taylor's Democratic opponent, William Goebel, was shot and died after being sworn in on his deathbed. Taylor exhausted his finances in a legal battle with Goebel's running mate J. C. W. Beckham over the governorship. Taylor ultimately lost the battle, and was implicated in Goebel's assassination. He fled to neighboring Indiana. Despite eventually being pardoned for any wrongdoing, he seldom returned to Kentucky. Taylor died in Indianapolis, Indiana in 1928.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: William Taylor was born October 10, 1853 in a log cabin on the Green River, about five miles from Morgantown, Kentucky. He was the first child of Sylvester and Mary G. (Moore) Taylor. He spent his early years working on the family farm, and did not attend school until age fifteen; thereafter, he attended the public schools of Butler County and studied at home. In 1874, he began teaching, specializing in mathematics, history, and politics. He taught until 1882, and later became a successful attorney, but continued to operate a farm.

paragraph: On February 10, 1878, Taylor married Sara ("Sallie") Belle Tanner. The couple had nine children, including six daughters and a son that survived infancy.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Taylor's political career began in 1878 with an unsuccessful bid to become county clerk of Butler County. In 1880, he was an assistant presidential elector for Greenback candidate James Weaver. Two years later, he was elected county clerk of Butler County. He was the first person in the history of the county to successfully challenge a Democrat for this position.

paragraph: Taylor became a member of the Republican Party in 1884. In 1886, he was chosen to represent the third district on the Republican state central committee. That same year, the party nominated a full slate of candidates for county offices, including Taylor as the nominee for county judge. In the ensuing elections, the full Republican slate was elected. Taylor was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1888. He was re-elected as county judge in 1890.

paragraph: In 1895, Taylor was elected Attorney General of Kentucky, and served until 1899. During his term, state senator William Goebel proposed an election law that created a state Board of Elections which was empowered to appoint all election officers in every county and certify all election results. The board was to be appointed by the General Assembly, and there were no requirements that its composition be bi-partisan. The law was widely seen as a power play by Goebel, designed to ensure Democratic victories in state elections, including Goebel's own anticipated run for governor. The law passed the General Assembly, but was vetoed by Republican governor William O. Bradley. The General Assembly promptly overrode the veto. As attorney general, Taylor opined that the bill was unconstitutional. The measure was adjudicated by the Kentucky Court of Appeals and found to be constitutional.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:Gubernatorial election of 1899.

paragraph: Bradley's election in 1895 had marked the first time in Kentucky's history that the Commonwealth had elected a Republican governor. Angry Democrats, who had controlled the governorship since the fall of the Whig Party, sought to regain what they had lost. Bitter divisions in the party led to a contentious convention that nominated William Goebel as the party candidate. A faction of the Democratic Party held a second nominating convention and chose former governor John Y. Brown as their nominee.

paragraph: The Republicans were initially no less divided than the Democrats. Senator William J. Deboe backed Taylor for governor. Governor Bradley backed Judge Clifton J. Pratt of Hopkins County, and the Republicans of Central Kentucky backed state auditor Sam H. Stone. Taylor organized a strong political machine and seemed in a solid position to obtain the nomination. Bradley was incensed that the party would not unite behind his candidate and boycotted the convention. Taylor unsuccessfully tried to woo him back with a promise to make his nephew, Edwin P. Morrow, secretary of state. Because Taylor represented the western part of the state, the so-called "lily white" branch of the Republican Party, black leaders also threatened not to support him; Taylor responded by hiring one of the black leaders his permanent secretary, and promised to appoint other black leaders to office if he won the election. Seeing that Taylor's nomination was likely, all the other candidates withdrew, and Taylor won the nomination unanimously.

paragraph: During the campaign, Taylor was attacked by Democratic opponents because of his party's support from black voters and its ties to big business, including the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. They also charged that Governor Bradley had run a corrupt administration. Republicans answered with charges of factionalism and use of political machinery by Democrats. In particular, they derided the Goebel Election Law, which Taylor claimed subverted the will of the people.

paragraph: Ex-Confederates were usually a safe voting bloc for the Democrats, but many of them deserted Goebel because he had, in 1895, approached and quickly killed his main local political opponent, the grandson of Revolutionary War General and US Congressman Thomas Sandford, the esteemed banker and former Confederate colonel John Sandford, in what he declared was an act of self-defense. On the other hand, blacks had historically been a safe bloc for the Republicans, but Taylor had alienated many of them by not strongly opposing the Separate Coach Bill, which would have racially segregated railroad facilities. Goebel also risked losing support to minor party candidates. Besides John Y. Brown, the dissenting Democrats' nominee, the Populist Party nominated a candidate, drawing votes from Goebel's populist base. To unite his traditional base, Goebel convinced William Jennings Bryan, a hero to most populists and Democrats, to campaign for him. As soon as Bryan finished his tour of the state, Governor Bradley reversed course and began speaking in favor of Taylor. While Bradley insisted that his motives were to defend his administration, journalist Henry Watterson believed Taylor had promised to support Bradley's senatorial bid if elected.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:Governorship and later life.

paragraph: In the general election, Taylor secured just 2,383 more votes than Goebel. The Democrat-controlled General Assembly challenged the election results. Under the Goebel Election Law, a three-man Board of Elections (dominated by Democrats) were to review the results and certify the winner in the contest. Two of the members of the board had openly campaigned for Goebel, and all three owed their appointments to him, but in a surprising decision, the board voted 2—1 to certify Taylor as the winner.

paragraph: The board claimed that the Goebel Election Law did not give them the power to hear proof of vote fraud or call witnesses, although the wording of their decision implied that they would have invalidated Taylor votes if they had been empowered to do so. Taylor was inaugurated on December 12, 1899. Days later, the Democratic-dominated General Assembly convened in Frankfort. They claimed the power to decide disputed elections, and formed a partisan commission (ten Democrats and one Republican) to examine the election results.

paragraph: Fearing Democrats in the Assembly would "steal" the election, armed men came to Frankfort from various areas of the state, primarily Eastern Kentucky, which was heavily Republican. On January 30, Goebel was shot while entering the state capitol building. Taylor declared a state of emergency and called out the militia. He called a special session of the legislature, holding it in heavily Republican London, Kentucky rather than the capital. Democrats refused to heed the call, and met in Democratic-dominated Louisville instead. They certified the election commission's report that disqualified enough Taylor votes for Goebel to be declared the winner of the election. Shortly after being sworn in as governor, Goebel died from the gunshot wound he had received days earlier.

paragraph: With Goebel dead, Democrats and Republicans met jointly and drafted a proposal to bring peace. Under terms of the proposal, Taylor and his lieutenant governor, John Marshall, would step down from their offices and be granted immunity from prosecution in the events surrounding the election and Goebel's assassination. The Goebel Election Law would be repealed, and the militia would disperse from Frankfort. Prominent leaders on both sides signed the agreement, but on February 10, 1900, Taylor announced he would not. The legislature convened on February 19, 1900 and agreed to put the election in the hands of the courts.

paragraph: On March 10, 1900, the circuit court of Jefferson County upheld the General Assembly's actions that certified Goebel as governor. The case was appealed to the Kentucky Court of Appeals, then the court of last resort in Kentucky. On April 6, 1900, the Court of Appeals ruled 6—1 that Taylor had been legally unseated. Taylor appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States, and on May 21, 1900, the Court refused to hear the case. Only Kentuckian John Marshall Harlan dissented from this refusal. With Taylor's legal options exhausted, Goebel's lieutenant governor, J. C. W. Beckham, ascended to the governorship. During his short term as governor, Taylor had done little beyond making a few appointments and issuing a few pardons.

paragraph: Taylor was indicted as an accessory in the assassination of Goebel. He fled to Indianapolis, where the governor refused to extradite him. At least one attempt to abduct him by force failed in 1901. Despite being pardoned in 1909 by Republican Governor Augustus E. Willson, Taylor seldom returned to Kentucky.

paragraph: Financially strapped by the costs of challenging the election, Taylor became an insurance executive and practiced law. Shortly after arriving in Indiana, his wife died. In 1912, he briefly returned to Kentucky to marry Nora A. Myers. The couple returned to Indianapolis and had a son together. Taylor died of heart disease on August 2, 1928, and was buried at the Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Taylor v. Beckham"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Taylor v. Beckham" court case at FindLaw

alias:
William Taylor
William Sylvester Taylor

description: American politician born 1853

wikidata_label: William S. Taylor

wikipedia_title: William S. Taylor


text:
Gyalwa Karmapa
Kagyu
Tibetan Buddhism
Tibet
Om mani padme hum
Tsawa Phu
reincarnation
Tibet
Mongolia
he was invited
Zhu Di
Yongle Emperor
Avalokitesvara
Nanjing
Vajra Crown
Sakyapa
Tsurphu

categories: 1415 deaths,1384 births,Karmapas,14th-century Tibetan people

paragraph: Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama

paragraph: Deshin Shekpa (1384–1415), also Deshin Shegpa, Dezhin Shekpa and Dezhin Shegpa, was the fifth Gyalwa Karmapa, head of the Kagyu School of Tibetan Buddhism.

paragraph: Deshin Shekpa was born in Nyang Dam in the south of Tibet. According to the legend he said after being born: "I am the Karmapa. Om mani padme hum shri." Deshin Shekpa was taken to Tsawa Phu who recognized him as the reincarnation of the Karmapa. Deshin traveled extensively through Tibet and Mongolia and taught people about non-violence.

paragraph: After having finished his education, he was invited in 1403 by the emperor, because Emperor Zhu Di, the Yongle Emperor, (1402–1424) had a vision of Avalokitesvara. He also required religious ceremonies to be held for his deceased parents.

paragraph: After a long journey beginning in 1403, he arrived in Nanjing, the then capital on April 10, 1407 on an elephant, at the imperial palace, where tens of thousands of monks greeted him. He convinced the emperor that there were different Buddhist branches for different people and that does not mean that one branch is better than the other.

paragraph: The Karmapa was very well received during his visit to the capital and a number of miraculous occurrences are reported. He also performed ceremonies for the emperor's family. The emperor presented him with 700 measures of silver objects and bestowed the title of 'Precious Religious King, Great Loving One of the West, Mighty Buddha of Peace'. He also gave him a material representation of the famous and ethereal 'Vajra Crown' which was said to be invisible to all except those of most pure spirit. It was woven in black brocade and studded with jewels.

paragraph: Aside from religious matters, Emperor Cheng Zu wished to establish an alliance with the Karmapa similar to the one the Yuan (1277-1367 CE) emperors had established with the Sakyapa. The Ming emperor apparently offered to send regular armies to unify Tibet under the Karmapa but Deshin Shekpa declined this rather un-Buddhist offer.

paragraph: Deshin left Nanjing on 17 May 1408 CE. In 1410 he returned to Tsurphu where he had his monastery rebuilt which had been severely damaged by an earthquake.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lama Kunsang, Lama Pemo, Marie Aubèle (2012). "History of the Karmapas: The Odyssey of the Tibetan Masters with the Black Crown". Snow Lion Publications, Ithaca, New York. .

description: Karmapa Lama

wikidata_label: Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama

wikipedia_title: Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama