text:
Latin
Italian
Toledo
Kingdom of Castile
Toledo School of Translators
medieval Europe
Ptolemy
Almagest
Cremona
Ptolemy
Almagest
Castile
Caliphate of Cordoba
Catholic
Moors
Alfonso VI of Castile
Arab
Hebrew
culture
Abraham ibn Ezra
language
Mozarabic culture
libraries
manuscript
Almagest
Western Europe
Henricus Aristippus
George of Trebizond
Johannes Regiomontanus
astronomy
Copernicus
Tables of Toledo
Al-Zarqali
Arzachel
Cordoba
Al-Farabi
Aristotle
Euclid
Geometry
Alfraganus
algebra
arithmetic
astrology
Ptolemy
Almagest
Archimedes
On the Measurement of the Circle
Aristotle
On the Heavens
Euclid
Elements of Geometry
al-Khwarizmi
On Algebra and Almucabala
Jabir ibn Aflah
al-Razi
Sabbioneta
Avicenna
Frederick II
Avicenna
al-Razi
Toledo School of Translators
Latin translations of the 12th century
Routledge
Addison Wesley

categories: Medieval linguists,1187 deaths,12th-century Latin writers,1114 births,Italian translators,Medieval writers,Arabic–Latin translators,Medieval Italian astronomers,Medieval Arabists,Translators from Arabic,12th-century Italian writers,Arabic–Italian translators,Medieval Italian astrologers,People from Cremona,12th-century astronomers,Medieval orientalists,12th-century astrologers,Medieval scientists,Medieval translators

paragraph: Gerard of Cremona

paragraph: Gerard of Cremona (Latin: "Gerardus Cremonensis"; c. 1114 – 1187) was an Italian translator of scientific books from Arabic into Latin. He worked in Toledo, Kingdom of Castile and obtained the Arabic books in the libraries at Toledo. Some of the books had been originally written in Greek and were unavailable in Greek or Latin in Europe at the time. Gerard of Cremona is the most important translator among the Toledo School of Translators who invigorated medieval Europe in the twelfth century by transmitting the Arabs' and ancient Greeks' knowledge in astronomy, medicine and other sciences, by making the knowledge available in Latin. One of Gerard's most famous translations is of Ptolemy's "Almagest" from Arabic texts found in Toledo.

paragraph: Confusingly there appear to have been two translators of Arabic text into Latin known as "Gerard of Cremona", one active in the 12th century who concentrated on astronomy and other scientific works, the other active in the 13th century who concentrated on medical works.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Gerard was born in Cremona in northern Italy. Dissatisfied with the philosophies of his Italian teachers, Gerard went to Toledo. There he learned Arabic, initially so that he could read Ptolemy's "Almagest", which had a traditionally high reputation among scholars, but which, before his departure to Castile, was not yet known in Latin translation. The first Latin translation was made, from the Greek around 1160 in Sicily. Although we do not have detailed information of the date when Gerard went to Castile, it was no later than 1144.

paragraph: Toledo, which had been a provincial capital in the Caliphate of Cordoba and remained a seat of learning, was safely available to a Catholic like Gerard, since it had been conquered from the Moors by Alfonso VI of Castile in 1085. Toledo remained a multicultural capital, insofar as its rulers protected the large Jewish and Muslim quarters, and kept their trophy city an important centre of Arab and Hebrew culture. One of the great scholars associated with Toledo was Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra, Gerard's contemporary. The Muslim and Jewish inhabitants of Toledo adopted the language and many customs of their conquerors, embodying Mozarabic culture. The city was full of libraries and manuscripts, and was one of the few places in medieval Europe where a Christian could be exposed to Arabic language and culture.

paragraph: In Toledo Gerard devoted the remainder of his life to making Latin translations from the Arabic scientific literature.

paragraph: Section::::Gerard's translations.

paragraph: Gerard of Cremona's Latin translation of the Arabic version of Ptolemy's "Almagest" made c. 1175 was the most widely known in Western Europe before the Renaissance. Unbeknownst to Gerard, an earlier translation of the "Almagest" had already been made in Sicily from the original Greek c. 1160 under the aegis of Henricus Aristippus, although this version was not as widely used in the Middle Ages as Gerard's version. George of Trebizond and then Johannes Regiomontanus retranslated it from the Greek original in the fifteenth century. The "Almagest" formed the basis for Western astronomy until it was eclipsed by the theories of Copernicus.

paragraph: Gerard edited for Latin readers the "Tables of Toledo", the most accurate compilation of astronomical data ever seen in Europe at the time. The "Tables" were partly the work of Al-Zarqali, known to the West as Arzachel, a mathematician and astronomer who flourished in Cordoba in the eleventh century.

paragraph: Al-Farabi, the Islamic "second teacher" after Aristotle, wrote hundreds of treatises. His book on the sciences, "Kitab lhsa al Ulum," discussed classification and fundamental principles of science in a unique and useful manner. Gerard rendered it as "De scientiis" ("On the Sciences").

paragraph: Gerard translated Euclid’s "Geometry" and Alfraganus's "Elements of Astronomy".

paragraph: Gerard also composed original treatises on algebra, arithmetic and astrology. In the astrology text, longitudes are reckoned both from Cremona and Toledo.

paragraph: In total, Gerard of Cremona

paragraph: translated 87 books from the Arabic language,

paragraph: including such originally Greek works as Ptolemy's "Almagest", Archimedes' "On the Measurement of the Circle", Aristotle's "On the Heavens", and Euclid's "Elements of Geometry"; such originally Arabic works as al-Khwarizmi's "On Algebra and Almucabala", Jabir ibn Aflah's "Elementa astronomica",

paragraph: and works by al-Razi (Rhazes). Gerard of Cremona was also creator of anatomical terms.

paragraph: Section::::A second Gerard Cremonensis.

paragraph: Some of the works credited to Gerard of Cremona are probably the work of a later Gerard Cremonensis, working in the thirteenth century, who was also known as Gerard de Sabloneta (Sabbioneta). The later Gerard focused on translating medical texts rather than astronomical texts, but the two translators have understandably been confused with one another. His translations from works of Avicenna are said to have been made by order of the emperor Frederick II.

paragraph: Other treatises attributed to the "Second Gerard" include the "Theoria" or "Theorica planetarum", and versions of Avicenna’s "Canon of Medicine"— the basis of the numerous subsequent Latin editions of that well-known work — and of the "Almansor" of al-Razi ("Rhazes" in Latin-speaking Europe). The attribution of the "Theorica" to Gerard of Sabbionetta is not well supported by manuscript evidence and should not be regarded as certain.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toledo School of Translators

paragraph: BULLET::::- Latin translations of the 12th century

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Campbell, Donald (2001). "Arabian Medicine and Its Influence on the Middle Ages". Routledge. (Reprint of the London, 1926 edition). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haskins, Charles Homer. "The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century". Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Pr., 1927. See especially chapter 9, "The Translators from Greek and Arabic".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katz, Victor J. (1998). "A History of Mathematics: An Introduction". Addison Wesley. .

description: Italian translator, astrologer, and astronomer

wikidata_label: Gerard of Cremona

wikipedia_title: Gerard of Cremona


text:
Athenian
Peloponnesian War
silver mines
Attica
Laurium
Pericles
Cleon
Sparta
strategos
Peloponnesian War
Peace of Nicias
Alcibiades
Sicily
Syracuse
Gylippus
Laurium
Pericles
Cleon
Plutarch
Delos
Rhenea
garlands
gilding
tapestry
chorus
drachma
Strategos
Plutarch
Peloponnesian War
Laches
Sparta
Brasidas
Scione
Mende
Amphipolis
Macedon
Battle of Amphipolis
Cleon
Brasidas
Pleistoanax
Peace of Nicias
Sphacteria
Greece
Delphi
Aristides
Helots
Boeotia
Corinth
Elis
Megara
Alcibiades
Argos
Peace of Nicias
Arnold W. Gomme
Raphael Sealey
Thucydides
Laches
ecclesia
Argos
Mantinea
Elis
Battle of Mantinea
Hyperbolos
ostracism
Segesta
Selinus
Persian Wars
Lamachus
herma
Hermes
plinth
phallus
Eleusinian Mysteries
Cimon
Catana
Syracuse
Eleusinian Mysteries
Thurii
Peloponnese
Hermocrates
Gylippus
Demosthenes
Eurymedon
second Battle of Syracuse
Gylippus
Plutarch
Greece
Plato
Socrates
Xenophon
Livius
Nicias

categories: Ancient Athenian generals,470s BC births,413 BC deaths,5th-century BC Athenians

paragraph: Nicias

paragraph: Nicias (; Νικίας "Nikias"; c. 470–413 BC), was an Athenian politician and general during the period of the Peloponnesian War. Nicias was a member of the Athenian aristocracy and had inherited a large fortune from his father, which was invested in the silver mines around Attica's Mt. Laurium. Following the death of Pericles in 429 BC, he became the principal rival of Cleon and the democrats in the struggle for the political leadership of the Athenian state. He was a moderate in his political views and opposed the aggressive imperialism of the democrats. His principal aim was to conclude a peace with Sparta as soon as it could be obtained on terms favourable to Athens.

paragraph: He was regularly elected to serve as strategos (general) for Athens during the Peloponnesian War. He led several expeditions which achieved little. Nevertheless, he was largely responsible for the successful negotiations which led to the Peace of Nicias in 421 BC.

paragraph: Following the Peace, he objected to the ambitious plans of Alcibiades for advancing Athens' interests. Despite this, Nicias was appointed to participate in the Athenian invasion of Sicily. The Athenian siege of Syracuse was nearly successful until the arrival of the Spartan general Gylippus, who turned the situation around so that the Athenians were themselves under siege. Nicias led his forces in a desperate attempt to escape by land. However, they were cut off and he and his Athenian army were overwhelmed and defeated. His army was almost wiped out, and though Nicias reminded Gylippus of all the times he had spared him, he was nevertheless killed.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Nicias inherited from his father, Niceratus, a considerable fortune, which was invested mainly in the silver mines of Laurium. It is said that Nicias had over 1000 slaves working in the mines. Plutarch states that Nicias was also exceedingly generous with his wealth, using his money for charitable activities in Athens and funding many religious festivals.

paragraph: Section::::Nicias' political rise.

paragraph: Nicias' rise to prominence occurred while Pericles was at the head of the Athenian government. After Pericles' death in 429 BC, Nicias became an important Athenian politician with the aristocratic (conservative) party looking to him as their leader. As such, Nicias became the rival of Cleon's popular or democratic party.

paragraph: Nicias lacked the eloquence or charm to win popularity among Athenians, according to the later historian Plutarch. Instead, Nicias gained popularity through the use of his wealth. He funded and organized choruses for Athenian dramas, sporting events, public exhibitions, and new or restored statues and temples.

paragraph: Plutarch specifically refers to an example of Nicias' generosity—his funding of the festival of Delos. Nicias funded the building of a bridge of boats between Delos and the Rhenean islands. The ships were decorated with garlands, gilding, and rich tapestry. Then a richly dressed chorus walked across the boats. Nicias then provided a 10,000 drachma fund to the Delians so they would continue this event into the future, praying on his behalf. Such instructions were engraved onto a pillar.

paragraph: Section::::Military activities.

paragraph: Nicias was Strategos in both 427 BC and 425 BC. During these years, Nicias was a very cautious general. He avoided engaging in any important military enterprise during his time as commander. According to Plutarch this was to his benefit, as Nicias was able to avoid the worst of Athens' misfortunes, both military and political.

paragraph: Plutarch states that "Nicias declined all difficult and lengthy enterprises; if he took a command, he was for doing what was safe." Plutarch also noted that on the battlefield, Nicias was recognized as a fair combatant, fighting as courageously as any other soldier.

paragraph: Section::::Peace of Nicias.

paragraph: After fighting for a decade in the Peloponnesian War, both Athens and Sparta were exhausted.

paragraph: The Athenian general, Laches, with the support of Nicias, successfully moved in the Athenian Assembly in 423 BC for an armistice with Sparta to check the progress of Sparta's most effective general, Brasidas. However, the "Truce of Laches" had little impact on Brasidas and collapsed within a year. Brasidas proceeded to take Scione and Mende in the hope of reaching Athens and freeing Spartan prisoners. Athens sent reinforcements under Nicias, who recaptured Mende.

paragraph: Cleon then effectively ended the truce between Athens and Sparta after he resolved to rescue the town of Amphipolis in Macedonia. However, through skilful generalship by Brasidas, the Spartans routed the Athenians at the Battle of Amphipolis. Both Brasidas and Cleon were killed in the battle, thereby removing the key members of the pro-war factions on both sides.

paragraph: After the two generals who opposed peace, the Athenian Cleon and the Spartan Brasidas, were slain in battle, Nicias decided to seek peace between all the warring states. Nicias, and Pleistoanax, King of Sparta, negotiated in 421 BC the Peace of Nicias between Athens and Sparta, which brought a temporary end to the Peloponnesian War.

paragraph: The essence of the Peace of Nicias was a return to the pre-war situation: most wartime gains were to be returned. Most notably, Amphipolis would be returned to Athens, and the Athenians would release the prisoners taken at Sphacteria. Temples throughout Greece would be open to worshippers from all cities, and the oracle at Delphi would regain its autonomy. Athens could continue to collect tribute from the states as it had done so since the time of Aristides, but Athens could not force them to become allies. Athens also agreed to come to Sparta's aid if the Helots revolted. All of Sparta's allies agreed to sign the peace, except for the Boeotians, Corinth, Elis, and Megara.

paragraph: Section::::Nicias and Alcibiades.

paragraph: While the Peace was being negotiated, Alcibiades became more influential in Athens. Alcibiades opposed the Peace and argued strongly for Athens to continue its war against Sparta and its allies. His first move was convincing Argos to form an alliance.

paragraph: Alcibiades first rose to prominence when he began advocating aggressive Athenian action after the signing of the Peace of Nicias. Historians Arnold W. Gomme and Raphael Sealey believe, and Thucydides reports, that Alcibiades was offended that the Spartans had negotiated that treaty through Nicias and Laches, overlooking him on account of his youth.

paragraph: Disputes over the interpretation of the treaty led the Spartans to dispatch ambassadors to Athens with full powers to arrange all unsettled matters. The Athenians initially received these ambassadors well, but Alcibiades met with them in secret before they were to speak to the ecclesia (the Athenian Assembly) and told them that the Assembly was haughty and had great ambitions. He urged them to renounce their diplomatic authority to represent Sparta, and instead allow him to assist them through his influence in Athenian politics. The representatives agreed and, impressed with Alcibiades, they distanced themselves from Nicias, despite him being sincere in wanting to reach an agreement with the Spartans. The next day, during the Assembly, Alcibiades asked them what powers Sparta had granted them to negotiate and they replied, as agreed, that they had not come with full and independent powers. This was in direct contradiction to what they had said the day before, and Alcibiades seized on this opportunity to denounce their character, cast suspicion on their aims, and destroy their credibility. This ploy increased Alcibiades' standing while embarrassing Nicias, and Alcibiades was subsequently appointed General. He took advantage of his increasing power to orchestrate the creation of an alliance between Argos, Mantinea, Elis, and other states in the Peloponnese, threatening Sparta's dominance in the region. This alliance, however, was ultimately defeated in 418 BC at the Battle of Mantinea.

paragraph: Section::::Nicias and Hyperbolos.

paragraph: During the years 416 BC and 415 BC, a complex struggle took place between Hyperbolos on one side and Nicias and Alcibiades on the other. Hyperbolos tried to bring about the ostracism of one of this pair, but Nicias and Alcibiades combined their influence to induce the people to expel Hyperbolos instead. This incident reveals that Nicias and Alcibiades each commanded a personal following, whose votes were determined by the wishes of the leaders.

paragraph: Plutarch was of the view that the Athenians were so angered by this cynical manoeuvring that the ostracism was never to be used again.

paragraph: Section::::The Sicilian Expedition.

paragraph: In 415 BC, delegates from the Sicilian city of Segesta () arrived in Athens to plead for the support of the Athenians in their war against Selinus. During the subsequent debates, Nicias vehemently opposed an Athenian intervention, explaining that the campaign would be very costly. He attacked the character and motives of Alcibiades, who was a strong supporter of the expedition. Alcibiades argued that a Sicilian campaign would bring riches to the city and expand the empire, just as the Persian Wars had.

paragraph: In spite of Alcibiades' enthusiastic advocacy for the plan, it was Nicias, not he, who turned a modest undertaking into a massive campaign and made the conquest of Sicily seem possible and safe. It was at Nicias’ suggestion that the size of the fleet was significantly increased from 60 ships to "140 galleys, 5,100 men at arms, and about 1300 archers, slingers, and light armed men". It would seem that Nicias' intention was to shock the assembly with his high estimate of the forces required, but, instead of dissuading his fellow citizens, his analysis made them all the more eager.

paragraph: Against his wishes Nicias was appointed General along with Alcibiades and Lamachus, all three of whom were given full powers to do whatever was in the best interests of Athens while in Sicily.

paragraph: One night during preparations for the expedition, the hermai, heads of the god Hermes on a plinth with a phallus, were mutilated throughout Athens. This was a religious scandal and was seen as a bad omen for the mission. Plutarch explains that Androcles, a political leader, used false witnesses who accused Alcibiades and his friends of mutilating the statues, and of profaning the Eleusinian Mysteries. Later his opponents, chief among them being Androcles and Thessalus, Cimon's son, enlisted orators to argue that Alcibiades should set sail as planned and stand trial on his return from the campaign. Alcibiades was suspicious of their intentions, and asked to be allowed to stand trial immediately, under penalty of death, in order to clear his name. This request was denied, and in 415 BC the fleet set sail, with the charges unresolved.

paragraph: Arriving to Catana, Sicily, the three commanders had differing plans for attacking Syracuse. While there, an Athenian ship arrived to inform Alcibiades that he was under arrest, not only for the destruction of the hermai, but also for supposedly profaning the Eleusinian Mysteries. Alcibiades agreed to return in his ship, but when the ship stopped in southern Italy at Thurii, he escaped and sailed to the Peloponnese, where he eventually sought refuge in Sparta. He soon began offering advice to the Spartans on how the situation in Syracuse could be made to benefit them at Athens' expense. In Athens a death sentence was passed "in absentia", his guilt seemingly proven.

paragraph: Led by Nicias the Athenian forces landed at Dascon near Syracuse but with little result. Hermocrates led the Syracusan defence. Meanwhile, Alcibiades persuaded the Spartans to send Gylippus to assist Syracuse. As a result, a Spartan fleet soon arrived to reinforce their allies in Syracuse and a stalemate ensued.

paragraph: Athens responded to appeals from Nicias by sending out in 414 BC 73 vessels and 5,000 soldiers to Sicily under the command of Athenian generals, Demosthenes and Eurymedon, to assist Nicias and his forces with the siege of Syracuse.

paragraph: The Athenian army moved to capture Syracuse while the larger fleet of Athenian ships blocked the approach to the city from the sea. After some initial success, the Athenian troops became disorganised in the chaotic night operation and were thoroughly routed by Gylippus. The Athenian commanders Lamachus and Eurymedon were killed. Nicias, although ill, was left in sole charge of the siege of Syracuse.

paragraph: Following this defeat in battle, Demosthenes suggested that the Athenians immediately give up the siege of Syracuse and return to Athens, where they were needed to defend against an Alcibiades’ inspired Spartan invasion of Attica. Nicias refused. According to Plutarch, Nicias explained that he preferred to be killed by the enemy, rather than being killed by the Athenians, who would condemn him if they were defeated.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: However, during 413 BC, the Syracusans and Spartans under Hermocrates were able to trap the Athenians in the harbour and the Athenians sustained heavy losses in the second Battle of Syracuse. Demosthenes was ambushed by the Syracusans and was forced to surrender. Nicias was soon captured as well, and both were executed despite Gylippus’ orders to the contrary. Most of the surviving Athenian soldiers were kept in the stone quarries near Syracuse (as there was no other room for them) where they died slowly of disease and starvation. Few survivors returned to Athens.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Besides Thucydides see Plutarch's "Nicias and Diod." xii. 83; also the general authorities on the history of Greece.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicias appears as a character in Plato's dialogue "Laches", in which Socrates and others discuss the nature of courage without reaching any firm conclusions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicias' silver mines are described by Xenophon, in both "On Revenues" and "The memorable thoughts of Socrates".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livius, Nicias by Jona Lendering

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://www.academia.edu/38573412/The_risk_of_open_voting._Army_assembly_and_fake_news_at_the_end_of_the_Sicilian_Expedition

description: Athenian politician and general

wikidata_label: Nicias

wikipedia_title: Nicias


text:
Auburn Doubledays
New York–Penn League
Washburn University
minor league baseball
Burlington Indians
Lake County Captains
Kinston Indians
Akron Aeros
Buffalo Bisons
Columbus Clippers
Michael Brantley
Trevor Crowe
Detroit Tigers
Washington Nationals
Manager
Auburn Doubledays
Beau Mills
Josh Tomlin

categories: Lake County Captains players,Kinston Indians players,Cleveland Indians players,Toledo Mud Hens players,Baseball players from Kansas,Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players,Harrisburg Senators players,Akron Aeros players,Minor league baseball managers,Living people,Burlington Indians players,Syracuse Chiefs players,Tigres del Licey players,Gigantes de Carolina players,Washburn Ichabods baseball players,Columbus Clippers players,1982 births

paragraph: Jerad Head

paragraph: Jerad Lee Head (born November 15, 1982) is a retired Major League Baseball player and current minor league baseball coach. During his playing career Head served as an outfielder. He is currently the manager of the Class A Auburn Doubledays of the New York–Penn League.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Head attended Hayden High School and Washburn University before being signed as a non-drafted free agent by the Cleveland Indians. Head played in minor league baseball with the Burlington Indians, Lake County Captains, Kinston Indians, Akron Aeros, Buffalo Bisons, and Columbus Clippers.

paragraph: Head was promoted to the majors on August 28, 2011 as a replacement in the outfield for Michael Brantley, who was out the rest of the season. After batting only 2 for 23 in eight games, Head was designated for assignment on September 7, 2011 to make room on the 40-man roster for Trevor Crowe. Head was placed back on the Indians' roster on September 25, 2011. Head was subsequently outrighted to Triple-A Columbus again on October 18. He declared free agency on November 2.

paragraph: The Detroit Tigers signed Head to a minor league contract on November 29, 2011. He signed a minor league deal with the Washington Nationals before the 2013 season, and spent one season with them before being released.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Post playing career.

paragraph: Head was named as the Manager of the Auburn Doubledays for the 2018 season.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Head was arrested in June 2010 for allegedly assaulting a bouncer at a Whiskey Dicks location in Akron, along with teammates Beau Mills and Josh Tomlin.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Jerad Head

wikipedia_title: Jerad Head


text:
professional baseball
pitcher
Major League Baseball
St. Louis Browns
American League

categories: Dothan Browns players,Association footballers not categorized by position,St. Louis Browns players,Tallassee Indians players,Toledo Mud Hens players,Greenville Lions (minor league) players,Montgomery Rebels players,Alabama Crimson Tide baseball players,1900 births,Thomasville Lookouts players,Indianapolis Indians players,Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players,Baseball players from Alabama,People from Prattville, Alabama,Troy Trojans (minor league) players,Major League Baseball pitchers,1977 deaths

paragraph: Ernie Wingard

paragraph: Ernest James Wingard (October 17, 1900 – January 17, 1977) nicknamed "Jim", was a professional baseball pitcher. He played four seasons in Major League Baseball for the St. Louis Browns. He started 77 games and relieved in 68 from 1924 to 1927. In his rookie season, his 3.51 ERA was 10th best in the American League.

paragraph: He also played in the minor leagues through 1941.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Ernie Wingard

wikipedia_title: Ernie Wingard


text:
music hall
Lottie Collins
Ta-ra-ra Boom-de-ay
pantomime
music hall
Al Jolson
Ziegfeld Follies
Dave Stamper
Gene Buck
Ziegfeld Follies
The Happy Day
The Maid of the Mountains
A Southern Maid
The Last Waltz
Rudyard Kipling
Facing the Music
Henry John Innes-Ker
blue plaque
Victory and Peace
Nobody's Child
Facing the Music
Profile of Collins

categories: Music hall performers,English people of Irish descent,English female singers,English silent film actresses,People from Loughton,Actresses from London,English child actresses,1887 births,20th-century English singers,1958 deaths,20th-century English actresses

paragraph: Jose Collins

paragraph: Jose Collins (sometimes styled José Collins, 23 May 1887 – 6 December 1958) was an English actress and singer celebrated for her performances in musical comedies and early motion pictures.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Charlotte Josephine Collins was born in London in 1887 to her mother, music hall performer and comedian Lottie Collins, who popularized the song "Ta-ra-ra Boom-de-ay!", and her mother's music coach, Stephen Patrick Cooney. They later married and Lottie took the name Charlotte Josephine Cooney.

paragraph: Collins got her start as a child performer, and by the age of 17 she had appeared in both pantomime and music hall as a singer and actress. She made her West End debut in a principal role in "The Antelope" (1908). On Broadway, she appeared in "Vera Violetta" (1911), "The Merry Countess" (1912), and (sharing a duet with Al Jolson) "The Whirl of Society" (1912), among others. Her revue appearances included the Ziegfeld Follies (1913), and "The Passing Show" (1914). Collins recorded the song "Just You and I and the Moon", composed by Dave Stamper with lyrics by Gene Buck, from the Ziegfeld Follies (1913). She also starred in "The Happy Day" in London and "Alone at Last" on Broadway in 1916.

paragraph: Collins played the title role of Teresa, the gypsy bandit maid, in the hit musical "The Maid of the Mountains" (1917) to great acclaim, and as a result became known by the nickname of "Maid of the Mountains". In that show, she introduced the songs "Love Will Find a Way" and "A Paradise For Two." Collins played throughout the long run of this show and in many revivals over the years.

paragraph: Collins later appeared in "Our Peg" (1919), "A Southern Maid" (1920), "Sybil" (1921), "The Last Waltz" (1922), "Catherine" (1923), "Our Nell" (1924) and "Frasquita" (1925). She spent the remainder of her career in revues, variety and non-musical roles, as well as in films. In her film career, she starred as Bessie, the vengeful model, in "The Light That Failed", (1916, based on Rudyard Kipling's poem), and she appeared in "The Imposter" (1915), "A Woman's Honor" (1916), and "The Sword of Damocles" (1920), among others. Her only musical film was "Facing the Music" (1933).

paragraph: Jose Collins was married three times: firstly, in 1911, to Leslie Chatfield; secondly in 1920 Lord Robert Edward Innes-Ker (brother of Henry John Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe); and thirdly to Dr Gerald Kirkland. Collins had no children by any of her marriages; her second marriage ended in divorce in 1935.

paragraph: She is commemorated by a blue plaque at Loughton. When erected, the plaque was on the actual house in which she lived towards the end of her life. This was demolished, and replaced by a block of flats called Collins Court.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Victory and Peace" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nobody's Child" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Facing the Music" (1933)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collins, José. "The Maid of the Mountains: Her Story. The reminiscences of José Collins". With 60 Illustrations. (1932, Hutchinson)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gammond, Peter. "Oxford Companion to Popular Music" (1993, Oxford University Press)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Larkin, Colin Ed. "Guinness Who's Who of Stage Musicals"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile of Collins

description: Music hall artist

wikidata_label: Jose Collins

wikipedia_title: Jose Collins


text: Triana, Seville

text: Andalusia

text: Santiago de Cuba

text: Cuba

text: conquistador

text: explorer

text: South America

text: Panama

text: Santa Marta

text: Triana, Seville

text: Seville

text: Christopher Columbus

text: second voyage

text: New World

text: Cádiz

text: Juan de la Cosa

text: Vasco Núñez de Balboa

text: Cabo de la Vela

text: Colombia

text: Caribbean basin

text: Magdalena River

text: Gulf of Urabá

text: La Punta de Manzanillo

text: Panama

text: Kuna

text: shipworm

text: Santo Domingo

text: Jacaragua

text: Taino

text: Francisco de Bobadilla

text: Tierra Firme

text: Hispaniola

text: Diego Columbus

text: Cabo de la Vela

text: Juan de Céspedes

text: Santa Marta

text: Caribbean

text: Colombia

text: Taganga

text: Dorsino

text: Gaira

text: Archbishop

text: Cathedral of Santa María la Menor

text: List of conquistadors in Colombia

text: Spanish conquest of the Muisca

text: Taganga

text: Juan de Céspedes

text: "Genealogías hispanas"

text: Gure Arbasoak

categories: 15th-century births,Andalusian conquistadors,Murdered explorers,Year of birth uncertain,1527 deaths,16th-century Spanish people,Burials at the Basilica Cathedral of Santa María la Menor,People from Seville,15th-century Castilians

paragraph: Rodrigo de Bastidas

paragraph: Rodrigo de Bastidas (; Triana, Seville, Andalusia, c. 1465 – Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 28 July 1527) was a Spanish conquistador and explorer who mapped the northern coast of South America, discovered Panama, and founded the city of Santa Marta.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Rodrigo de Bastidas was a well-to-do notary from the town of Triana, Seville, a suburb of Seville. He was born around 1465 and his father was named Rodrigo de la Bastidas y Ruiz. Rodrigo de Bastidas married Isabel Rodríguez de Romera Tamaris and the couple had eight children; Juan, Gonzalo, Rodrigo de Bastidas y Rodriguez de Romera, Teresa de Bastidas, Cristobal de Sanabria, Gaspar de Villadiego, Sebastian, and Isabel de Bastidas.

paragraph: Section::::Exploration.

paragraph: After sailing with Christopher Columbus during his second voyage to the New World in 1493, De Bastidas petitioned the Spanish Crown to start his own quest to be financed totally with his own money. In exchange for granting De Bastidas the right to explore various territories in the New World, the Crown required him to give them one fourth of the net profits he would acquire. The King and Queen issued a charter that is still preserved in the National Archives in Spain. He sailed to the New World from Cádiz in October? 1500 with two ships; the "San Antón" and the "Santa Maria de Gracia". He was accompanied on this voyage by Juan de la Cosa and Vasco Núñez de Balboa.

paragraph: At the South American coast he sailed westward from Cabo de la Vela, Colombia, in an attempt to explore the coastline of the Caribbean basin. He discovered the mouth of a river he named the Magdalena River and the Gulf of Urabá on the Colombian coast. He reached La Punta de Manzanillo on Panama's upper Caribbean coast before having to abandon his effort. He is acknowledged to be the first European to have claimed that part of the isthmus, and therefore is credited with the discovery of Panama which includes the San Blas region of the indigenous Kuna. However, the poor condition of his ships, caused by shipworm that ate the wooden hull, forced him to turn back and head to Santo Domingo to effect repairs. Despite repeated repairs, the ships eventually sank in port at Jacaragua, leaving most of the indigenous slaves to drown, while some gold and pearls were saved. De Bastidas was forced to return overland to Santo Domingo, trading trinkets for food and supplies with Taino natives along the way. On arrival in Santo Domingo he was placed under arrest by Governor Francisco de Bobadilla, and sent back to Spain for allegedly trading with the indigenous people without permission. He was acquitted of these charges by the Spanish Crown, and rewarded with a pension. He returned to Santo Domingo with his family, and became "rich in cattle, at one time possessing 8000 head". In 1504 he undertook another expedition to Tierra Firme, raiding 600 slaves for sale in Hispaniola.

paragraph: Section::::Exploration.:Foundation of Santa Marta.

paragraph: In 1520 the governorship of Trinidad was granted to De Bastidas, but this was opposed by Diego Columbus, and De Bastidas waived the grant. He received instead permission to exploit a region from Cabo de la Vela westward to the Magdalena River; however this expedition was delayed for several years. In 1524 he returned to the New World and accompanied by Juan de Céspedes founded the city of Santa Marta on the Caribbean coast of Colombia. He named the city Santa Marta because it was on Saint Martha's feast day (July 29th) that the city was founded.

paragraph: De Bastidas has been called Spain's "Noblest Conquistador" because he had a policy of respect, humanity and friendship towards the native people; he maintained pacifistic relations with his neighbors, the native Taganga, Dorsino and Gaira, although it is said he had slaves too. The following quote related to the founding of Santa Marta does not support this appellation:

paragraph: On a trip to the interior and the territories of Bonda and Bondigua in present-day Colombia, he traded a substantial amount of gold. De Bastidas had a policy prohibiting his troops from brutally using the indigenous people or robbing them of their goods. His troops, many of whom had gone adventuring in the hopes of obtaining gold, asked De Bastidas for a share. He refused to share it with his men, saying that he needed it to help defray the costs of the colony.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: De Bastidas' refusal to share the gold that he had acquired greatly angered some of his men, among them his lieutenant Villafuerte, who led a conspiracy of some fifty men to murder De Bastidas. One night, while Bastidas was asleep, he was attacked and stabbed five times. He was able to cry out, and his men rushed to his aid. Although seriously wounded, he did not die immediately.

paragraph: Owing to a lack of adequate medical facilities in Santa Marta, Bastidas attempted to sail to Santo Domingo, but bad weather forced him to land in Cuba, where he died from his injuries. Later, his only son, Archbishop Rodrigo de Bastidas y Rodriguez de Romera, moved his remains to Santo Domingo where he is interred along with his wife and son at The Cathedral of Santa María la Menor in the Colonial Zone of Santo Domingo, the oldest cathedral in the Americas.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of conquistadors in Colombia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spanish conquest of the Muisca

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taganga

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations, Juan de Céspedes

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Inscriptions at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition". San Francisco, 1915.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Genealogías hispanas" on Gure Arbasoak.

description: Spanish conquistador

wikidata_label: Rodrigo de Bastidas

wikipedia_title: Rodrigo de Bastidas


text: British

text: Unionist

text: Edinburgh

text: Eton

text: Magdalen College, Oxford

text: House of Commons

text: Member of Parliament

text: Lonsdale

text: 1924 general election

text: Parliamentary Private Secretary

text: Ministry of Health

text: trustee

text: Tate Gallery

text: National Gallery

text: British Museum

text: National Galleries of Scotland

text: Royal Fine Arts Commission

text: National Library of Scotland

text: Royal Society of Edinburgh

text: John F. Allen

text: David Jack

text: Edward Copson

text: Daniel Edwin Rutherford

text: Order of the Thistle

text: Rector of the University of St Andrews

text: Balcarres House

text: Colinsburgh

text: Fife

text: Lord Richard Frederick Cavendish

categories: People educated at Eton College,Rectors of the University of St Andrews,Deputy Lieutenants of Fife,UK MPs 1924–1929,Clan Lindsay,UK MPs 1935–1945,Conservative Party (UK) hereditary peers,Earls of Crawford,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,UK MPs 1929–1931,1900 births,Earls of Balcarres,1975 deaths,UK MPs 1931–1935,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire,Knights of the Thistle

paragraph: David Lindsay, 28th Earl of Crawford

paragraph: David Alexander Robert Lindsay, 28th Earl of Crawford and 11th Earl of Balcarres, (20 November 1900 – 13 December 1975), known as Lord Balniel from 1913 to 1940, was a British Unionist politician.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Lindsay was born at 49 Moray Place in western Edinburgh on 20 November 1900, the eldest son of the 27th Earl of Crawford and 10th Earl of Balcarres and his wife, Constance Lilian Perry.

paragraph: He was educated at Eton, graduated from Magdalen College, Oxford in 1922 and entered the House of Commons as Member of Parliament (MP) for Lonsdale two years later, at the 1924 general election. He held his seat until he succeeded to his father's titles in May 1940 and was also Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food in 1924 and to the Ministry of Health from 1931-40.

paragraph: In 1951, Lord Crawford was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire for his services to the Arts, having been a trustee of the Tate Gallery from 1932–37, the National Gallery from 1935–41, 1945–52 and 1953–60, the British Museum from 1940–73 and a member of the Standing Commission on Museums and Galleries from 1937–52, Chairman of the Trustees of the National Galleries of Scotland from 1952–72, the Royal Fine Arts Commission from 1943–57 and the Trustees of the National Library of Scotland in 1944.

paragraph: In 1953 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were John F. Allen, David Jack, Edward Copson, and Daniel Edwin Rutherford. He was awarded the Order of the Thistle in 1955 for his time spent as Rector of the University of St Andrews from 1952-55.

paragraph: He died at Balcarres House, near Colinsburgh in Fife on 13 December 1975. He is buried in the family chapel at Balcarres House.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: On 9 December 1925, Lord Crawford had married Mary Katherine Cavendish (the third daughter of Lord Richard Frederick Cavendish) and they had three sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Alexander, later 29th Earl of Crawford and 12th Earl of Balcarres (b. 1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Patrick Lindsay (1928–1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Thomas Richard Lindsay (b. 1937)

paragraph: Lord Crawford died in 1975, aged 75, and his titles passed to his eldest son, Robert.

alias: David Robert Alexander Lindsay, 28th Earl of Crawford and 11th Earl of Balcarres

alias: Earl of Crawford David Alexander Robert Lindsay

alias: David Alexander Robert Lindsay, 28th Earl of Crawford and Balcarres

alias: David Alexander Robert Lindsay, Earl of Crawford

description: British politician

wikidata_label: David Lindsay, 28th Earl of Crawford

wikipedia_title: David Lindsay, 28th Earl of Crawford


text:
Bhutan
Dzongkha
Wangchuck Dynasty
Druk Desi
Deb Raja
Bhutan
Penlop of Trongsa
Ashi
Lhuntse Dzong
Wangchuck dynasty
Tertön
Pema Lingpa
Tertön
Trongsa
Bhutan
Assam Duars
Trongsa Penlop
Trongsa Penlop
Druk Desi
Pema Lingpa
Penlop
Paro
Ugyen Wangchuck
King of Bhutan
Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
Dzongpon
Thimphu
Phuntsho Choden Wangchuck
Jetsun Pema Wangchuck
Zimpon
Raven Crown
Raven Crown
Kings of Bhutan
Trongsa Penlop
British India
Bhutan
Assam Duars
Bengal Duars
British
Deothang
Sidli
Buxa
Deothang
British
Deothang
Bhutan
Treaty of Sinchula
Duars
British Empire
Desi
Bhutan
Ugyen Wangchuck
Treaty of Sinchula
Bhutan
British India
India
Wangducholing Palace
Desi
Jigme Dorji Wangchuck
Desi
Semtokha Dzong
Thimphu valley
yak
Ugyen Wangchuck
Bhutan
Druk Gyalpo
Ugyen Wangchuck
Bhutanese monarchy
Penlop
Paro
Jigme Wangchuck
Jigme Dorji Wangchuck
Jigme Singye Wangchuck
Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
House of Wangchuck
Penlop of Trongsa
Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck
Penlop of Trongsa
History of Bhutan

categories: Bhutanese politicians,House of Wangchuck,1825 births,Bhutanese monarchs

paragraph: Jigme Namgyal (Bhutan)

paragraph: "Desi" Jigme Namgyal of Bhutan (Dzongkha: འཇིགས་མེད་རྣམ་རྒྱལ་; , 1825–1881) is a forefather of the Wangchuck Dynasty. He served as 48th Druk Desi (Deb Raja, the secular executive) of Bhutan (1870–1873), and held the hereditary post of 10th Penlop of Trongsa. He was called the Black Ruler.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: Son of "Dasho" Pila Gonpo Wangyal and his second wife, "Ashi" Sonam Pedzom, "Desi" Jigme Namgyal was born in 1825 at Lhuntse Dzong and died in 1881 at Semtokha Dzong. He was an outstanding military commander. The qualities of loyalty, bravery, integrity and risk-taking were crucial factors in the rise of Jigme Namgyal.

paragraph: Desi Jigme Namgyal was from Kurtoe Dungkar, from where the ancestry of Wangchuck dynasty originates. He was a descendant of Khedrup Kuenga Wangpo (b. 1505), the son of Tertön Pema Lingpa (1450-1521) and his second wife, "Yum" Bumdren, and Khedrup’s consort, Wangmo, from Khadro Chodung clan, who was a descendant of Tertön Guru Choewang (1212-1270).

paragraph: Around 1846, he joined the Trongsa administration that governed eastern Bhutan, which consisted then of the Assam Duars. He rose rapidly through the ranks to become the "Trongsa Penlop" in 1853.

paragraph: While he was a high official of Trongsa, Jigme Namgyal married "Ashi" Pema Choki, the daughter of the 8th Trongsa Penlop (Tamzhing Choji family), "Dasho" Ugyen Phuntsho, by his wife, "Aum" Rinchen Pelmo (a daughter of Sonam Drugyel, 31st Druk Desi). His marriage to Pema Choki further enhanced Jigme Namgyal’s noble lineage. The ancestry of Jigme Namgyal’s wife also went back to Pema Lingpa as she was the daughter of Tamzhing Choji.

paragraph: Jigme Namgyal and Pema Choki had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dasho" Thinley Tobgay (b. 1857), 22th Penlop of Paro.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dasho" Ugyen Wangchuck, King of Bhutan. Ancestor of King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ashi" Yeshay Choden, wife of "Dasho" Chimi Dorji, Dzongpon of Thimphu. Ancestor of the following Queens consorts of Bhutan:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phuntsho Choden Wangchuck.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pema Dechen Wangchuck (Phuntsho Choden's younger sister).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jetsun Pema Wangchuck.

paragraph: Section::::The Raven Crown.

paragraph: While Jigme Namgyal was the Zimpon (Chamberlain) of Trongsa, he met his root Lama, Jangchub Tsundru (1817-1856). Lama Jangchub Tsundru had a significant influence on him as a spiritual companion. The Lama designed the sacred Raven Crown for Jigme Namgyal. The Raven Crown has symbolized the Kings of Bhutan since then.

paragraph: Section::::The Duar Wars 1864-65.

paragraph: As the Trongsa Penlop, from 1853 to 1870, Jigme Namgyal was concerned about the festering tension between British India and Bhutan over the Assam Duars and Bengal Duars, which were the most fertile part of Bhutan in those days. For economic reason, and to secure the borders of their empire, the British attempted to extend their boundaries up to the foothills of Bhutan. The Assam Duars were annexed in 1841 although a formal treaty ceding it did not take place until 1865. In 1864, the British unilaterally declared that, in addition to the Assam Duars that were already annexed, the Bengal Duars would be annexed permanently. Following this, the British sent forces to occupy vital passes into Bhutan such as Deothang, Sidli and Buxa. Jigme Namgyal launched a counter offensive with about 5000 men and succeeded in dislodging the British Imperial Force at Deothang.

paragraph: He was successful in the January and February 1865 attacks on the British outpost in Deothang. However, later that year Bhutan was forced to sign the Treaty of Sinchula, 1865. The treaty brought stability to the relationship between the two countries. The Duars were incorporated permanently into the British Empire and an annual subsidy of Rs 50,000 to Bhutan was instituted from that year.

paragraph: Section::::Three Legacies of Desi Jigme Namgyal.

paragraph: The most important contribution of Desi Jigme Namgyal made was the ushering of peace, through a reduction of local feuds among the top leadership by gradually unifying the state over three decades, from 1850s to 1870s. The reduction of internal conflicts, especially after 1878, allowed for laying the foundation of the monarchy that in turn brought a peaceful era in Bhutan.

paragraph: In terms of external relationship, especially with British India, Desi Jigme Namgyal left an identifiable centre of power that made it possible for treaties to be revised constructively and foreign relationships to be improved over the course of time. His son, the first King of Bhutan, Ugyen Wangchuck amply fulfilled that role later on.

paragraph: After Jigme Namgyal’s reign, foreign relations could be conducted in a systematic and co-ordinated way, because the fragmentation of power among the top leadership could be avoided. The Treaty of Sinchula, 1865, which went back to Jigme Namgyal’s time, became the crucial, guiding bilateral legal instrument between Bhutan and British India and later, Independent India. It was updated and revised in 1910, 1949, and 2007.

paragraph: Jigme Namgyel made not only political but architectural impacts. He restored the Tongsa Dzong, and built Sangwa Duepa temple in it. He founded the Wangducholing Palace in Choekhor valley in 1856. Wangducholing Palace was the main residence of the Royal Family from Desi Jigme Namgyal’s time to that of the Crown Prince Jigme Dorji Wangchuck (1929-1972). It was the political epicentre of the country for over a century, from the late 1850s to the early 1950s.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In 1881, Desi Jigme Namgyal died, aged 55–56, at Semtokha Dzong in the Thimphu valley (first built in 1629) from a fall from a yak. His 21-year-old son, then the Paro Penlop, Ugyen Wangchuck (1862-1926), conducted the grandest funeral Bhutan had ever seen for his father.

paragraph: Section::::Notable descendants.

paragraph: Jigme Namgyal is the father of the first Druk Gyalpo King Ugyen Wangchuck, who founded the Bhutanese monarchy in 1907 after besting his rivals, the Penlop of Paro and allies, ending protracted civil war. Jigme Namgyal is thus the forefather of all subsequent Kings of Bhutan: Jigme Wangchuck, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, and Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck. Several monarchs of the House of Wangchuck have borne Jigme Namgyal's names.

paragraph: Crown Princes of Bhutan traditionally take the title Penlop of Trongsa (also called "Chhoetse" Penlop), reflecting the hereditary position and historical significance of the office of Jigme Namgyal.

paragraph: Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck, the current Crown Prince of Bhutan, is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Penlop of Trongsa

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Bhutan

description: forefather of the House of Wangchuck

wikidata_label: Jigme Namgyal

wikipedia_title: Jigme Namgyal (Bhutan)


text:
Louis XI of France
Chambre des comptes
Poligny
Franche-Comté
Victor Hugo
The Hunchback of Notre-Dame

categories: 1430s births,French surgeons,People from Jura (department),15th-century French people,1506 deaths,15th-century French physicians

paragraph: Jacques Coitier

paragraph: Jacques Coitier (c. 1430 – 22 October 1506) was a French doctor. He was chief physician to Louis XI of France and president of the Chambre des comptes.

paragraph: Coitier was born at Poligny, Franche-Comté. His name is spelled in several ways, most often Coictier (the spelling used by Victor Hugo in his novel "The Hunchback of Notre-Dame"), but also "Coittier", "Cotier", "Coytier" or "Coctier". An analysis of his signatures by Achille Chereau has allowed "Coitier" to become the standard spelling - this was the name cited most often in medical annals. He died in Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mémoires de Philippe de Commines" in "Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de France", Michaud et Poujalat, Paris, 1837

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nouvelle Biographie Générale", t11, Firmin Didot, 1855, pp. 86–89

paragraph: BULLET::::- Masson et Asselin, "Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales", t. 18, 1876, pp. 717–718

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bulletin de la Société française d'histoire de la médecine", n°11, 1912, pp. 315–322

paragraph: BULLET::::- Émile Aron, "Louis XI et ses guérisseurs", CLD, 1983

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victor Advielle, "Discussion historique sur le véritable lieu de naissance de Jacques Coitier, médecin du roi Louis XI", H. Damelet, 1865

paragraph: BULLET::::- Achille Chéreau, "Jacques Coitier, médecin de Louis XI, roi de France", Mareschal, 1861

description: Chief physician to Louis XI of France

wikidata_label: Jacques Coitier

wikipedia_title: Jacques Coitier


text:
rower
1948 Summer Olympics
Paris
single scull
World War II
Deuxième Division Blindée
Diamond Challenge Sculls
Henley Royal Regatta
John B. Kelly Jr.
France at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Chatou
Courbevoie

categories: Olympic rowers of France,1922 births,French male rowers,Rowers at the 1948 Summer Olympics,2001 deaths,French people of Greek descent

paragraph: Jean Séphériadès

paragraph: Jean Séphériadès (2 January 1922 – 21 August 2001) was a French rower who competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: Séphériadès was born in Paris. He rowed for SN Basse Seine in the single scull and was rowing champion of France from 1942 to 1946. In the closing stages of World War II he served in the Deuxième Division Blindée commanded by General Leclerc.

paragraph: In 1946 he became the first French winner of the Diamond Challenge Sculls at Henley Royal Regatta beating John B. Kelly Jr. in the final. He rowed in the single scull for France at the 1948 Summer Olympics reaching the semi-final.

paragraph: Séphériadès was a commercial traveller and lived at Chatou. He died at Courbevoie, Hauts-de-Seine, France at the age of 79.

description: French rower

wikidata_label: Jean Séphériadès

wikipedia_title: Jean Séphériadès


text: American

text: Boxer Rebellion

text: Medal of Honor

text: Cambria, California

text: Mare Island

text: California

text: Chinese

text: China

text: sergeant

text: San Francisco National Cemetery

text: San Francisco, California

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients

categories: People from San Luis Obispo County, California,United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients,1936 deaths,1874 births,Boxer Rebellion recipients of the Medal of Honor,United States Marines,American military personnel of the Boxer Rebellion

paragraph: Reuben Jasper Phillips

paragraph: Reuben J. Phillips (July 28, 1874 – February 8, 1936) was an American marine serving during the Boxer Rebellion who received the Medal of Honor for bravery.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Phillips was born July 28, 1874 in Cambria, California and enlisted into the Marine Corps from Mare Island, California July 16, 1898. After entering the Marine Corps he was sent to fight in the Chinese Boxer Rebellion.

paragraph: He received the Medal for his actions in China on 13 and 20–22 June 1900 and it was presented to him July 19, 1901.

paragraph: He was discharged from the Marine Corps on July 21, 1903 at the rank of sergeant. He died February 8, 1936 and is buried in San Francisco National Cemetery, San Francisco, California and his grave can be found in plot D.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Rank and organization: Corporal, U.S. Marine Corps. Born: 28 July 1874, Cambria, Calif. Accredited to: California. G.O. No.: 55, 19 July 1901.

paragraph: Citation:

paragraph: In action with the relief expedition of the Allied forces in China during the battles of 13, 20, 21 and 22 June 1900. Throughout this period and in the presence of the enemy, Phillips distinguished himself by meritorious conduct.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Boxer Rebellion

wikidata_label: Reuben Jasper Phillips

wikipedia_title: Reuben Jasper Phillips


text:
Chetnik commander in Macedonia
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
People's Radical Party
Yugoslav National Party
Bijelo Brdo
Dalj
Austria-Hungary
Mount Athos
Jovan Drimkolski
Balkan Wars
World War I
Order of the Star of Karađorđe
interwar period
Slavonia
Bijelo Brdo
Dalj
Kingdom of Serbia
Mount Athos
Belgrade
Pčinja River
Đorđe Cvetković
Andjelko Krstić
Veles
Nebregovo
Jovan Babunski
Stevan Dimitrov
Balkan Wars
Macedonia
Serbian Army
Prilep
World War I
German
Austro-Hungarian
Bulgarian
Order of the Star of Karađorđe
People's Radical Party
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
Yugoslav National Party
Yugoslav coup d'état
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Axis
invasion
World War II
Milivoje
Poreče

categories: Royal Serbian Army soldiers,Serbs of Croatia,Serbian military leaders,20th-century Serbian people,People from Erdut,World War I pilots,People of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia,Serbian Chetnik Organization,1962 deaths,1881 births,Serbian military personnel of the Balkan Wars,Serbian military personnel of World War I,Serbian politicians

paragraph: Vasilije Trbić

paragraph: Vasilije Trbić (; 1881 – 1962) was a Serbian Chetnik commander in Macedonia who became a politician in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, first representing the People's Radical Party (NRS) in the country's National Assembly and later the Yugoslav National Party (JNP). Born in the village of Bijelo Brdo, near Dalj in Austria-Hungary, Trbić was a monk in his youth. He fled Mount Athos after being accused of murdering several fellow monks and joined the nationalist band of Jovan Drimkolski in 1904–05, quickly becoming the unit's commander. Trbić fought alongside Serbian forces during the Balkan Wars and during World War I, earning the Order of the Star of Karađorđe for his efforts. Acting alongside other former Chetnik commanders, he participated in establishing organizations whose purpose was to raise monuments to Serbian military successes from 1912–18 and to promote cultural development in Macedonia in the interwar period. He died in 1962.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Vasilije Trbić was born in 1881 in the Slavonian village of Bijelo Brdo, near Dalj. He completed his early schooling here before continuing his education in the Kingdom of Serbia. A monk in his youth, Trbić was forced to flee Mount Athos in 1902 after being charged with murdering several Greek monks. He found sanctuary in Belgrade, where he met several Serbian nationalist leaders who convinced him to join their Chetnik bands. In 1903, Trbić murdered a Turk near the Pčinja River. He was caught and sentenced to death by Ottoman Turkish authorities before being pardoned for his crime.

paragraph: Section::::Involvement with the Chetniks.

paragraph: In 1904–05, Trbić joined a Chetnik band in a Macedonian village in Drimkol and replaced "vojvoda" Đorđe Cvetković-Drimkolski as the unit's commander. Soon afterwards, he had one of his men executed for lack of discipline. This incident brought him into conflict with other Chetnik leaders in the area, notably "vojvoda" Andjelko Krstić. In 1907, Trbić was promoted to the rank of "vojvoda" in the city of Veles. Bloody skirmishes near the village of Nebregovo followed, involving Trbić's Chetniks and local Bulgarian insurgents. In 1907, Trbić and fellow "vojvoda" Jovan Babunski joined forces to defeat the forces of Bulgarian warlord Stevan Dimitrov in the village of Drenovo.

paragraph: During the Balkan Wars, his Chetnik band launched several diversionary attacks against Turkish forces in Macedonia on behalf of the Serbian Army. As the war progressed, his Chetniks became one of the first Serbian units to enter the towns of Veles and Prilep in November 1912. During World War I, Trbić flew an airplane past German, Austro-Hungarian, and Bulgarian lines and carried out reconnaissance missions for the Serbian Army. He was awarded the Order of the Star of Karađorđe for his efforts.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: After the war, Trbić became involved in politics. In 1924, he was elected as a deputy representing the People's Radical Party (NRS) in the National Assembly of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Afterwards, he changed allegiances and became a member of the Yugoslav National Party (JNP). Alongside other former Chetnik commanders, he also participated in establishing organizations whose purpose was to raise monuments to Serbian military successes from 1912–18 and to promote cultural development in Macedonia. Following the Yugoslav coup d'état in March 1941, Trbić was overtly antagonistic towards the political and military leaders of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, whom he blamed for the Axis invasion of the country. As World War II progressed, Trbić's son, Milivoje, became a Chetnik commander and led Chetnik forces in the Poreče region. Trbić died in 1962.

description: Chetnik soldier

wikidata_label: Vasilije Trbić

wikipedia_title: Vasilije Trbić


text: Boston

text: Massachusetts Water Resources Authority

text: Winsor Dam

text: Goodnough Dike

text: Quabbin Reservoir

text: Massachusetts

text: Providence, Rhode Island

text: West Newton, Massachusetts

text: Brown University

text: Wellesley College

text: Wachusett Dam

text: Charles River

text: New York City

text: Kensico

text: Hillview

text: Catskill Aqueduct

text: American Academy of Arts and Sciences

text: American Society of Civil Engineers

text: Scituate Reservoir

text: Joseph H. Gainer

text: Gainer Memorial Dam

text: Swift River

text: Providence Tribute to Frank E. Winsor

text: Structural information on Winsor Dam

categories: 1870 births,Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,American civil engineers,People from Newton, Massachusetts,American hydrologists,People from Providence, Rhode Island,1939 deaths

paragraph: Frank E. Winsor

paragraph: Frank E. Winsor, civil engineer, was the chief engineer for the Boston Metropolitan District Water Supply Commission, now the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority, from 1926 until his death in 1939 and was closely involved in the design and construction of Winsor Dam and Goodnough Dike which were built by the Commission to create the Quabbin Reservoir in Massachusetts. Winsor Dam was named for him.

paragraph: Section::::Personal history and education.

paragraph: Frank Edward Winsor was born November 16, 1870, in Providence, Rhode Island and died on January 30, 1939, a resident of West Newton, Massachusetts, where he had lived for many years at 189 Mt. Vernon Street. He received a Ph.B in 1892, an A.M. in 1896 an Sc.D. in 1929, all from Brown University. He later sat on Brown's Board of Trustees. He was licensed as a Civil Engineer in 1892.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.

paragraph: On October 25, 1893, Frank E. Winsor married Catherine Holbrook Burton, who later taught at Brown. They had two daughters and a son. Their oldest child, Lucy, (April 16, 1897 – October 9, 1989), was a professor of economics at Wellesley College. She was married to Hugh B. Killough, (December 30, 1892 – December 13, 1976) who was a professor of economics at Brown. Together they wrote many books on business, economics and industry.

paragraph: Section::::Early work.

paragraph: His early work was on water and sewer projects for Boston. He was one of the engineers on the design and building of the Wachusett Dam. He also did work for the Charles River Basin Commission. From 1903-1915 he worked on projects for New York City including being in charge of the construction of the Kensico and Hillview reservoirs and 32 miles of Catskill Aqueduct. Frank E. Winsor was a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a director and vice president of the American Society of Civil Engineers.

paragraph: Section::::Work for Providence.

paragraph: From 1915-1926, Frank E. Winsor was chief engineer for the new water supply project for Providence, which involved the design and construction of the Scituate Reservoir and the earthen dam necessary to create it and the building of a water treatment plant. Like Quabbin Reservoir in Massachusetts, Scituate Reservoir is the largest body of water in its state. At the completion ceremonies for the project on September 30, 1926, Providence Mayor Joseph H. Gainer called Winsor "[T]he man to whom most of the credit for this undertaking belongs." The dam is known today as the Gainer Memorial Dam in honor of the mayor.

paragraph: Section::::Quabbin Reservoir, Winsor Dam and Goodnough Dike.

paragraph: Frank E. Winsor left his successful work on the Scituate Reservoir for Providence to go on to greater work as chief engineer for the Metropolitan District Water Supply Commission in Massachusetts. His greatest accomplishment was the design and construction of Quabbin Reservoir and the Winsor Dam and Goodnough Dike which were built to dam the waters of the Swift River to create the reservoir. The dams were finished shortly after his death in 1939, but the Quabbin Reservoir did not fill to its maximum holding capacity until 1946.

paragraph: Section::::Resources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Providence Tribute to Frank E. Winsor

paragraph: BULLET::::- Details of the history of providing water for Boston

paragraph: BULLET::::- Structural information on Winsor Dam

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who Was Who in America", Vol. 1, 1897-1942 (1962) Chicago: Marquis Who's Who, p. 1367. Biographical article on Frank Edward Winsor.

description: American civil engineer

wikidata_label: Frank E. Winsor

wikipedia_title: Frank E. Winsor


text: Japan

text: haikai

text: poet

text: Matsuo Bashō

text: Edo

text: anecdote

text: Yosa Buson

text: renku

text: hokku

text: "Springtime in Edo"

text: renku

categories: Japanese poets,1707 deaths,Japanese writers of the Edo period,1661 births

paragraph: Takarai Kikaku

paragraph: Takarai Kikaku (; 1661–1707) also known as Enomoto Kikaku, was a Japanese haikai poet and among the most accomplished disciples of Matsuo Bashō. His father was an Edo doctor, but Kikaku chose to become a professional haikai poet rather than follow in his footsteps.

paragraph: Kikaku is best known for his haiku, such as the one in this anecdote about him and his master: One day, Kikaku composed a haiku,

paragraph: which Bashō changed to,

paragraph: thus saying that poetry should add life to life, not take life away from life. His master is known to have denigrated Kikaku's 'flippant efforts'. Kikaku wrote of coarser subjects than Bashō, and in this respect his poetry was closer to earlier haikai. Kikaku set the tone for haikai from Bashō's death until the time of Yosa Buson in the late 18th century.

paragraph: Kikaku left an important historical document, describing Bashō's final days, and the immediate aftermath of his death, which has been translated into English.

paragraph: In commemoration of the 300th anniversary of Kikaku's death, Nobuyuki Yuasa led an international bilingual (Japanese and English) renku, or collaborative linked poem, which opened with the following hokku by Kikaku:

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A selection of Kikaku's haiku translated into English

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kikaku's "An Account of Our Master Basho's Last Days"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Springtime in Edo", the international renku composed in memory of the 300th anniversary of Kikaku's death

description: Japanese poet

wikidata_label: Takarai Kikaku

wikipedia_title: Takarai Kikaku


text:
FRS
British House of Commons
Irish House of Commons
James Bradley
aberration of light
Ireland
Chester, England
William Molyneux
William Domville
Trinity College, Dublin
Bachelor of Arts
Master of Arts
Gamma Draconis
aberration of light
parallax
Robert Hooke
Gamma Draconis
James Bradley
arcsecond
Member of Parliament
Bossiney
St Mawes
Exeter
Lord of the Admiralty
Dublin University
Irish House of Commons
Algernon Capell, 2nd Earl of Essex
Nathaniel St André
Samuel Madden
defamation

categories: 1728 deaths,People from Chester,1689 births,British MPs 1727–1734,Irish MPs 1727–1760,Alumni of Trinity College Dublin,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies,Fellows of the Royal Society,British astronomers,Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for the University of Dublin,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for constituencies in Cornwall,Lords of the Admiralty,British MPs 1715–1722

paragraph: Samuel Molyneux

paragraph: Samuel Molyneux FRS (16 July 1689 – 13 April 1728) was an amateur astronomer and politician who sat in the British House of Commons between 1715 and 1728 and in the Irish House of Commons from 1727 to 1728. His work with James Bradley attempting to measure stellar parallax led to the discovery of the aberration of light. The aberration was the first definite evidence that the earth moved and that Copernicus and Kepler were correct. In addition to his astronomical works, Molyneux wrote about the natural history and other features of Ireland. He died in suspicious circumstances.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Molyneux was born in Chester, England in 1689 and was the second son of William Molyneux, who was known for his work related to optics. His mother was Lucy Domville, daughter of Sir William Domville, the Irish Attorney General. Molyneux studied at Trinity College, Dublin, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in 1708 and a Master of Arts (MA) in 1710. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1712.

paragraph: Section::::Astronomical Work.

paragraph: Molyneux is best known for his work with Bradley in attempting to measure the parallax of Gamma Draconis leading to the discovery of the aberration of light. Molyneux was interested in detecting parallax that others such as Robert Hooke had attempted but failed to detect. Unlike Hooke, Molyneux had large amounts of patience and had resources to expend. Like Hooke, Molyneux decided to take advantage of Gamma Draconis always being over London. Molyneux commissioned a larger set of telescopes and employed James Bradley as an expert who had more astronomical and mathematical knowledge. Working together, Bradley and Molyneux performed over 80 observations to a precision of greater than 1 arcsecond from December 1725 until late in 1727. Measurements of this precision had never before been performed with telescopes. Bradley and Molyneux were surprised to find that rather than detect a parallax they detected an unexplained wobble of the star. Moreover, similar wobbles were found by Bradley using another high-precision telescope for some 200 other stars. Molyneux died shortly before Bradley realized that the observed changes they were seeing was in fact due to the aberration of light.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Molyneux was Member of Parliament (MP) for Bossiney from 1715 to 1722, for St Mawes from 1726 to 1727, and for Exeter from 1727 to 1728. He served as Secretary to the Prince of Wales from 1715 to 1727 and as Lord of the Admiralty from 1727 to1728. Between 1727 and 1728 he represented Dublin University in the Irish House of Commons.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Molyneux married Lady Elizabeth Capel, daughter of Algernon Capell, 2nd Earl of Essex, on 5 April 1717. In 1728, he suffered a fit while in the House of Commons. He was treated by court anatomist Nathaniel St André, but the treatment did not prove successful, and Molyneux died in Kew in April. On the night of the death, St André eloped with Molyneux's wife, Elizabeth, the two marrying in 1730. Samuel Madden, a relative of Molyneux's, claimed that St André had poisoned the MP. Although St André won an action for defamation, he found himself unable to secure regular work.

description: Irish politician

wikidata_label: Samuel Molyneux

wikipedia_title: Samuel Molyneux


text: Neofiguration

text: New York City

text: Buenos Aires

text: Gaspar Noé

text: Franco

text: Universidad de Buenos Aires

text: Ernesto Deira

text: Jorge de la Vega

text: Antonio Seguí

text: Latin American art

text: Alberto Heredia

text: Cildo Meireles

text: Argentina

text: Latin America

text: Isabel Perón

text: Antonio Berni

text: Antonio Saura

text: Francis Bacon

text: Willem de Kooning

text: Jean Dubuffet

text: Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes

text: Mexico City

text: Konex Foundation

text: Konex Award

text: The Legacy Project

text: "Cerrado por brujería (Closed for Sorcery")

categories: Argentine artists,Argentine painters,Living people,1933 births

paragraph: Luis Felipe Noé

paragraph: Luis Felipe Noé (born May 26, 1933) is an Argentine artist, writer, intellectual and teacher. He is known in his home country as "Yuyo". In 1961 he formed Otra Figuración (another figuration) with three other Argentine artists. Their eponymous exhibition and subsequent work greatly influenced the Neofiguration (Neo-figuration, New figuration) movement. After the group disbanded, Noé relocated to New York City where he painted and showed assemblages that stretched the boundaries of the canvas.

paragraph: In 1965 he published his groundbreaking theoretical work, "Antiestética". He then took a ten-year hiatus from painting and upon return to Buenos Aires opened a bar, taught, wrote and created installations with mirrors. A military coup coincided with his painting comeback, and in 1976 Noé migrated to Paris where he continued to experiment, both with canvas re-texturing and the drawing process. His later paintings move away from the figure and focus on elements of landscape.

paragraph: Noé currently lives and works in Buenos Aires. His son, Gaspar Noé is a Franco-Argentine filmmaker.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Luis Felipe Noé studied painting with Horacio Butler from 1950 to 1952 but is “essentially considered self-taught.” He also studied law at the Universidad de Buenos Aires and wrote art reviews for various newspapers prior to his first exhibit in 1959 at the Galeria Witcomb.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Otra Figuración (1960−1965).

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Otra Figuración (1960−1965).:Painting.

paragraph: In 1960 the artists of Otra Figuración began to live and work together in an apartment building that doubled as a studio in Carlos Pellegrini Street in Buenos Aires. The collective included Rómulo Macció, Ernesto Deira, Jorge de la Vega, Luis Felipe Noé and for a short while, Antonio Seguí who exhibited briefly with the group but is not generally considered a member of Otra Figuración since his style quickly diverged. The “violent, disturbing” work that emerged from the group’s first exhibition at the Galeria Peuser in 1961, also titled "Otra Figuración" “reflected a nation whose history and everyday life were so marked by violent occurrences.”

paragraph: His two seminal paintings from this period are "Introduccion a la esperanza" (Introduction to Hope) and "Cerrado por brujería" (Closed for Sorcery), both from 1963.

paragraph: "Esperanza" won the prestigious "Premio Palanza" given by the Instituto Torcuato Di Tella in 1963. The painting depicts an amorphous, riotous mass of open-mouthed figures proferring signs that read “Champion, do not leave us,” and “Vote for blind force,” while additional signs set on plywood stems sprout from the top of the canvas and display portraits of political candidates. The work embodies nine separate canvases, communicating a sense of the overwhelming anarchy and continual unrest that defines Argentina’s political process. The crowd forms one massive animal that blindly jostles and lobbies for some low level of survival, complicit in elevating the oppressors who cynically grin and bob far above them. In contrast, "Cerrado" depicts the people not as an indistinguishable mass but as individual grimacing visages trapped within a grid of boxes. The cloaked figure of a sorcerer looms above, nullified by a crucifix, surrounded by ferocious, fantasy animals. The iconography and structure of the painting suggest ideological incoherency and social chaos, belief systems or regimes continually supplanting one another and in flux while the citizens remain caged.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Otra Figuración (1960−1965).:Drawing.

paragraph: An exhibition composed exclusively of drawings by the group in 1962, titled "Esto" at Galeria Lirolay in Buenos Aires had a significant impact on autonomous, experimental drawing in Latin American art. Otra Figuración emphasized process over technique. They influenced contemporaries Alberto Heredia, Cildo Meireles, Rubens Gerchman and Antonio Dias among others. The exhibit emerged from the political climate in 1962, one Noé likened to “social dislocation” and then linked to the “structural dislocation” apparent in the drawings. With the president of Argentina deposed by the military, Buenos Aires was once again in chaos and facing civil war. Emblematic of the exhibit, Noé’s "Sin titulo (Untitled)" uses black India ink on pulp to create an artwork defaced with random slashes and blots, featuring rotund, distorted figures gathered around a black exploding center. Although the work appears to contain surreal elements, it’s a true, psychological and emotional expression of Argentina’s then current and seemingly perpetual social and political disorder.

paragraph: "Otra Figuración" was officially discontinued in 1963, although the group continued to exhibit together until 1965.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:New York (1965−1966).

paragraph: Following Otra Figuración disbanding in 1965, that same year Noé received a Guggenheim fellowship that allowed him to relocate to New York City. He pushed his ideas regarding chaos even further at this time, creating huge, unsaleable and difficult-to-store assemblages—even throwing his work into the Hudson River. He also published "Antiestética" in 1965, a text explicating his theories on chaos, “the purpose of anti-aesthetics today is to split the concept of unity.” In the introduction to the 1966 exhibition brochure at Bonino Gallery in New York City, Noé revised an earlier opinion on the fusion of figures, reflecting the contradictions in both Argentina and Latin America, writing that “the essential element of contemporary society is the tension and opposition among diverging cosmovisions, the fraternizations of opposing atmospheres.”

paragraph: The paintings in the show were prefigured by his 1962 work, "Mambo", a deconstructed painting that featured the front and back of the work, an “inverted painting...hinting at another side of painting...abandoning neo-figurative painting.” The 1966 Bonino Gallery exhibition included "Three doors": distorted, haunted faces painted as isolated fragments on old, hinged-together panel doors—some with missing or broken panels, and also the huge, ironically titled "Balance". This assemblage consisted of several large canvases, some lying on the floor, others propped precariously against each other or along walls, some with sections popped out and up from the canvas, displayed like fragile paper dolls on a stand. His attempt to order chaos had led to “pictures of broken vision.”

paragraph: After this exhibition, Noé returned to Buenos Aires and stopped painting entirely for almost ten years. The sabbatical is attributed to a combination of existential crisis and commercial failure.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Buenos Aires (1967−1976).

paragraph: Upon return to Buenos Aires, Noé opened a bar (Barbaro) that was frequented by the literati. Even though he’d temporarily abandoned painting, his creative impulse never abated. Noé taught during these years and continued to innovate spatially, using distortion mirrors to arrange installations which he exhibited at the Museo de Bellas Artes de Caracas in 1968. The mirrors helped him to visualize the characters in his 1974 experimental novel "Recontrapoder", a philosophical exploration of fragmentation, absurdity, power and aethestics.

paragraph: For Noé, life in Buenos Aires was absurd. Restoration of order meant empowering a repressive government, while protest resulted in riots and endless social upheaval. Ironically, one of the worst political crises in Argentina’s history coincided with his return to painting. He said during the 1975 exhibition, "I feel...like a mirror facing both the ghost of a dead person and the future latency of an unborn."

paragraph: Strife had escalated since the late 1960s, adding to Buenos Aires’ usual instability. Radicals, ex-Peronists, writers and intellectuals joined urban guerillas, creating even further havoc. Strikes, riots and economic collapse followed. The chaotic situation turned dire in 1974 when Isabel Perón took power and street fighting between right-wing death squads and guerillas surged. Bombings and atrocities became routine; riots were used as an excuse for military brutality and takeover. The coup in 1976 resulted in an estimated 9,000-30,000 “disappeared.” Noé went into exile, relocating to Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Paris (1976−1987).

paragraph: Noé’s art continued to evolve in Paris. Once again, he altered the frame of reference by re-texturizing huge pieces of canvas before painting, “crumpling and gathering, then stapling to the stretcher...creating a tortured surface for paint..” He also began painting expressive landscapes that reflected both internal and external turbulence, such as "The Storm" in 1982.

paragraph: He experimented further with drawing technique in Paris, creating a “progressive, narrative transformation of the original image” by using a Xerox to copy multiple redrawn versions of an original. Works such as "One Passion and Four Transformations" were considered a return to Otra Figuración’s platform, “drawing as process rather than mimesis and formal idealization.”

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Later work (1987−1997).

paragraph: Noé returned, as always, to Buenos Aires in 1987 and continued to work with oversized canvases and landscape elements. His 1997 exhibition at Centro Cultural Borges and Galeria Rubbers in Buenos Aires consisted of a total of 60 canvases, all painted in 1997. Noé introduced a new visual element in this show, "violently colored stripes...to energize his landscapes." He also repeated the crumpled canvas technique developed in the 1980s to great effect in the painting "Ominoso," a field of blue sporting streamers of crushed and painted canvas.

paragraph: Section::::Artistry.

paragraph: Stylistic hallmarks of Otra Figuración’s version of Neofiguration are strong, vivid colors and spontaneous, slashing brushwork; fusion of fragmented and distorted figures with each other and animals; political content; extreme sense of kinesis and the appearance of anarchy on canvas. Structurally, the group made use of collage, mixed media, oversized canvases, and assemblages that gave many of the works a sculptural quality. Overall, the artwork managed to merge form, content, process and philosophy.

paragraph: The philosophical platform of the group and its art are best expressed by Noé, “I believe in chaos as a value.” He doesn’t demonize chaos but acknowledges and accepts the reality of its inescapable existence. The group’s art reflects the political instability and uncertainty of life in Buenos Aires and also, in a larger sense, an awareness of the precarious situation of all human beings living in the incoherent modern world. Noé proposed that in such a world, chaos itself must become an organizing principle. Noé embraces both political and human chaos in his work, fearlessly entering the eye of the storm.

paragraph: Section::::Artistry.:Influences.

paragraph: Informalism was the predominant movement in Argentina at the time, and Noé’s influences were the painters Sarah Grilo and José Antonio Fernández-Muro. Other acknowledged Argentine influences on both Noé and his fellow-artists who later comprised Otra Figuración, were the politically oriented neo-figurist Antonio Berni and the Boa group. The Europeans collectively known as Cobra, as well as Antonio Saura, Francis Bacon, Willem de Kooning and Jean Dubuffet may also have inspired the artists of Otra Figuración and are often referred to as comparable contemporaries in certain respects (de Kooning’s brushwork for instance), although they obviously differ in others.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honours.

paragraph: Noé was honored with a retrospective in 1995/1996 at the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes in Buenos Aires and the Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City.

paragraph: In 2002 Konex Foundation from Argentina, granted him the Diamond Konex Award for Visual Arts as the most important artist in the last decade in his country. In 2003, he collaborated with Nahuel Rando on the graphic novel, "Las aventuras de Recontrapoder", re-imagining his anti-hero for a new generation.

paragraph: Section::::Selected Artworks.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Convocatoria a la barbarie (Summoning to a Barbarism")

paragraph: From the Federal series, 1961

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La anarquía del año XX", 1961

paragraph: Oil on canvas

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sin titulo (Untitled)", 1962

paragraph: Ink on paper

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mambo", 1962

paragraph: Mixed media on canvas and wood

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Introducción a la esperanza (Introduction to Hope"), 1963

paragraph: Oil on canvas: nine panels, overall approximately:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cerrado por brujería (Closed for Sorcery"), 1963

paragraph: Oil and collage on canvas, 78 ½ x 98 ¼ (199.6 x 249.7 cm)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Algún día de estos (One of These Days"), 1963

paragraph: Mixed media on canvas

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nuestro Señor de cada día (Our Lord of Everyday Use"), 1964

paragraph: Mixed media

paragraph: BULLET::::- "That is Life", 1965

paragraph: Collage with India ink and

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Balance". (fragment). Oil assemblage, 1964–65

paragraph: Luis Noé papers, Buenos Aires.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three doors". Oil on doors, 79 X 29, 79 X 30, 79 X 20, 1964

paragraph: Luis Noé papers, Buenos Aires.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "One Passion and Four Transformations", 1982

paragraph: India ink and photocopy on paper

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tempestad" (The Storm), 1982

paragraph: BULLET::::- "En la Marana", 1986

paragraph: Acrylic on Canvas

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tormenta de la Pampa (Storm of the Pampas"), 1991

paragraph: Tribute to a passage written by Sarmiento (Diptico)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ominoso", 1997

paragraph: Mixed media on canvas

paragraph: Section::::Significant Exhibitions.

paragraph: Noé had more than 40 one-man exhibitions by the mid-1980s and also participated in numerous group shows. A few of the most notable are listed below.

paragraph: Section::::Significant Exhibitions.:One-man exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959 Galeria Witcomb, Buenos Aires (his debut)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965 Museo de Arte Moderno, Buenos Aires

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 Galeria Bonino, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987 Retrospective at the Museo de Artes Plasticas Eduardo Sivori, Buenos Aires

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 Retrospective at the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, Buenos Aires

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 Retrospective at the Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 Centro Cultural Borges, Buenos Aires

paragraph: Section::::Significant Exhibitions.:Group Exhibitions: Deira, Macció, de la Vega, Noé.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961 "Otra Figuración", Galeria Peuser, Buenos Aires (Otra Figuración debut)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962 "Esto" (drawings), Galeria Lirolay & Galeria Bonino, Buenos Aires

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963 Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, Buenos Aires

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965 Galeria Bonino, Buenos Aires

paragraph: Section::::Significant Exhibitions.:International Group Exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964 "Guggenheim International Award", Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, NYC

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964 "New Art of Argentina", Walker Art Center, Minneapolis

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965 "The Emergent Decade: Latin American Painters and Paintings in the 1960s", The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, NYC

paragraph: Section::::Significant Exhibitions.:Competition Exhibition in Argentina.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963 "Premio Nacional", Instituto Torcuato Di Tella, Buenos Aires (awarded the "Premio Palanza")

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Noé, Luis Felipe. "Antiestética". Buenos Aires: Van Riel, 165 and De la Flor, 1988.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Noé, Luis Felipe. "Una Sociedad Colonial Avanzada". Buenos Aires: De la Flor, 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- Noé, Luis Felipe. "Recontrapoder". Buenos Aires: De la Flor, 1974.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Noé, Luis Felipe. "A Oriente por Occidente". Bogota: Dos Graficos, 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Noé, Luis Felipe. "El Otro, la Otra y la Otredad". Buenos Aires: IMPSAT, 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- Noé, Luis Felipe and Rando, Nahuel. "Las aventuras de Recontrapoder". Buenos Aires: De la Flor, 2003. (Graphic novel)

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ades, Dawn. "Art in Latin American: The Modern Era, 1820-1980". New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1993.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Glusberg, Jorge. "Del Pop-art a la nueva imagen". Buenos Aires: Ediciones de Arte Gaglianone, 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lewis, Colin M. "A Short History of Argentina". Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucie-Smith, Edward. "Latin American Art of the 20th Century". London: Thames & Hudson Ltd., 1993 and 2004.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Legacy Project

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luis Felipe Noé background and images of later paintings All-sa.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cerrado por brujería (Closed for Sorcery") Lanic Utexas

description: Argentine artist, writer, intellectual and teacher

wikidata_label: Luis Felipe Noé

wikipedia_title: Luis Felipe Noé


text: Czech

text: Renaissance

text: architect

text: Kolín

text: fish pond

text: Štěpánek Netolický

text: Short Biography in English

categories: 1604 deaths,1535 births,Czech architects

paragraph: Jakub Krčín

paragraph: Jakub Krčín (June 18, 1535 – 1604) was a prominent Czech Renaissance architect and engineer.

paragraph: Krčín was born in Kolín. He was a prolific designer and founder of fish ponds.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Štěpánek Netolický

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Short Biography in English

paragraph: BULLET::::- Further Biographical Information and Work

paragraph: BULLET::::- Detailed biography with the only available picture of Krčín

description: Czech fish farmer

wikidata_label: Jakub Krčín

wikipedia_title: Jakub Krčín


text:
British
guitarist
record producer
progressive metal
band
Threshold
power metal
Threshold
Nuclear Blast
Critical Energy
Inside Out Music
Shadowland
Strangers on a Train
Strangers on a Train
Threshold
Wounded Land
Pendragon
Strangers on a Train
Threshold
Psychedelicatessen
Pendragon
Pendragon
Threshold
Extinct Instinct
Pendragon
Pendragon
Threshold
Clone
DragonForce
Valley of the Damned
Threshold
Decadent
Threshold
Hypothetical
Pendragon
Threshold
Critical Mass
Threshold
Concert in Paris
Threshold
Wireless
Threshold
Subsurface
DragonForce
Sonic Firestorm
Threshold
Replica
Threshold
Critical Energy
Pendragon
DragonForce
Inhuman Rampage
Threshold
Surface to Stage
Edenbridge
The Grand Design
Threshold
Dead Reckoning
Threshold
The Ravages of Time
Edenbridge
MyEarthDream
Trigger the Bloodshed
Purgation
DragonForce
Ultra Beatdown
Pendragon
Pure
Clive Nolan
She
Trigger the Bloodshed
The Great Depression
Threshold
Paradox: The Singles Collection
Pendragon
Edenbridge
Solitaire
Yes
In the Present - Live from Lyon
Pendragon
Passion
DragonForce
The Power Within
Clive Nolan
Alchemy
Threshold
March of Progress
Edenbridge
The Bonding
Clive Nolan
Alchemy DVD Live
NightMare World
Threshold
Legends of The Shires
www.thresh.net

categories: Progressive metal guitarists,Living people,English heavy metal guitarists,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Karl Groom

paragraph: Karl Groom is a British guitarist and record producer. He is best known as a founding and the only constant member of the progressive metal band Threshold. His production and mixing credits are mainly with progressive and power metal bands.

paragraph: Section::::Musician.

paragraph: Karl Groom is the guitarist in Threshold and formed the band in 1988. He has since produced and released eleven studio albums and is currently signed to Nuclear Blast. In addition there was a live DVD entitled Critical Energy in 2004 whilst on the Inside Out Music label. He also played guitar in Mercy Train, Shadowland, and Strangers on a Train all during the mid-1990s. In 2017 he played all acoustic guitars on Galahad's 'Quiet Storms' album.

paragraph: Section::::Producer.

paragraph: Karl Groom works from his own Thin Ice Studios since 1990. The recording facility was originally located in Berkshire, but moved to Surrey in 1995. He is mostly known for metal styles of production such as Threshold and DragonForce, but has also worked on progressive acts including Yes, Pendragon, Galahad, Ulysses (Germany) and John Wetton. The Strangers On A Train albums were rereleased in 2012 on the Polish Metal Mind Label.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strangers on a Train - "" (1990) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Threshold – "Wounded Land" (1993) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pendragon – "The Window of Life" (1993) e

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strangers on a Train - "" (1993) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ulysses - "Neronia" (1993) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Threshold – "Psychedelicatessen" (1994) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pendragon – "Utrecht... The Final Frontier" (1995) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pendragon – "'The Masquerade Overture" (1996) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Threshold – "Extinct Instinct" (1997) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pendragon – "Live In Kraków 1996" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Threshold – "Clone" (1998) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- DragonForce - "Valley of the Damned" (2003) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Threshold – "Decadent" (1999) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Threshold – "Hypothetical" (2001) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pendragon – "Not of This World" (2001) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Threshold – "Critical Mass" (2002) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Threshold – "Concert in Paris" (2002) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Threshold – "Wireless" (2003) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Threshold – "Subsurface" (2004) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- DragonForce - "Sonic Firestorm" (2004) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Threshold – "Replica" (2004) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Threshold – "Critical Energy" (2004) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pendragon – "Believe" (2005) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- DragonForce - "Inhuman Rampage" (2006) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Threshold – "Surface to Stage" (2006) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edenbridge – "The Grand Design" (2006) e/m/g

paragraph: BULLET::::- Threshold – "Dead Reckoning" (2007) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Threshold – "The Ravages of Time" (2007) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edenbridge – "MyEarthDream" (2008) e/m/g

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trigger the Bloodshed - "Purgation" (2008) m

paragraph: BULLET::::- DragonForce -"Ultra Beatdown" (2008) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pendragon – "Pure" (2008) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clive Nolan – "She" (2008) e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trigger the Bloodshed - 'The Great Depression" (2009) m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Threshold – "Paradox: The Singles Collection" (2009) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pendragon – "Concerto Maximo" (2009) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edenbridge – "Solitaire" (2010) e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yes – "In the Present - Live from Lyon" (2011) e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pendragon – "Passion" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- DragonForce - "The Power Within" (2012) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clive Nolan – "Alchemy" (2012) e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Threshold – "March of Progress" (2012) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edenbridge – "The Bonding" (2013) e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clive Nolan – "Alchemy DVD Live" (2013) e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- NightMare World - "In The Fullness Of Time" (2015) p/e/m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Threshold - "Legends of The Shires" (2017) p/e/m

paragraph: p – produced, e – engineered, m – mixed, g – guest musician

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.thresh.net

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Karl Groom

wikipedia_title: Karl Groom