text:
Rick Derringer
Pat Benatar
John Waite
Rick Springfield
Kenny Loggins
Steve Forbert
The Del-Lords
Scott Kempner
Beth Hart
Grammy Award
Cleveland
Ohio
The Yardbirds
The Kinks
The Who
Count Basie
Jay McShann
Big Joe Turner
Rick Derringer
Mike Chapman
Pat Benatar
Chrysalis Records
In the Heat of the Night
Crimes of Passion
Hell Is for Children
American Pop
Precious Time
Get Nervous
Live from Earth
Working Class Dog
Rick Springfield
I’ve Done Everything for You
Jessie's Girl
John Waite
Ignition
Change
Vision Quest
Tropico
Seven the Hard Way
Wide Awake in Dreamland
True Love
Gravity's Rainbow
Chrysalis Records
Innamorata
Harvey Keitel
Go
Smile
Sean Astin
Beau Bridges
Linda Hamilton
Ann Arbor
Michigan
Pat Benatar
Oakland School for the Arts
Neil Giraldo
IMDb
Official Website

categories: 1955 births,American rock guitarists,American record producers,American rock songwriters,Guitarists from Ohio

paragraph: Neil Giraldo

paragraph: Neil Thomas Giraldo (born December 29, 1955) is an American musician, record producer, arranger, and songwriter. He has performed, written and produced for many artists including: Rick Derringer, Pat Benatar, John Waite, Rick Springfield, Kenny Loggins, Steve Forbert, The Del-Lords, Scott Kempner, and Beth Hart. Giraldo's diverse work has sold over 45 million records and his contributions have produced five Grammy Awards and an additional four Grammy nominations.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Giraldo was born on December 29, 1955 in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, to Sicilian parents, Anthony and Angela Giraldo. At the age of six, Giraldo received his first guitar as a gift from his parents. Giraldo notes his first live performances as playing Italian songs after church for family and friends, alongside his sister Priscilla, who played the accordion. He would later start playing in local bands at the age of 14, venturing into nightclubs with his uncle, who would sing while Giraldo played the guitar. He learned to play the piano at age 12, and afterwards the drums. Throughout his childhood, Giraldo credits being influenced by revolutionary bands of the 1960s and 1970s such as The Yardbirds, The Kinks, and The Who. Blue's artists such as bandleader Count Basie, jazz pianist Jay McShann, and blues shouter Big Joe Turner provided inspiration and deepened Giraldo's respect and admiration for the genre.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Giraldo began his professional music career in 1978 as a member of the Rick Derringer band after competing alongside 200 fellow guitarists for the position. Giraldo provided his guitar, as well as piano skills for Derringer's 1979 recording of Guitars and Women. In the spring of 1979, Mike Chapman introduced Giraldo to a singer named Pat Benatar who had recently signed a recording contract with Chrysalis Records. Chapman felt Giraldo's affinity for arranging and musical direction would facilitate the creation of a sound both identifiable and powerful. Over the years Giraldo has produced some of Benatar's biggest hits including "Love Is a Battlefield" and "We Belong". Giraldo has performed on every Benatar album and produced all but two.

paragraph: Benatar's debut album "In the Heat of the Night" was released in August 1979 and reached No. 12 in the US in early 1980. The album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in December 1980. The album featured the Giraldo penned hit "We Live for Love".

paragraph: The release of "Crimes of Passion", in August 1980, featured the single "Hit Me with Your Best Shot," which reached No. 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over a million copies in the United States, achieving a gold certification by the RIAA. Also on the album was the controversial song "Hell Is for Children," co-written by Giraldo, which was inspired by a New York Times article about child abuse in America The album peaked for five consecutive weeks at No. 2 in the US and was featured in the 1981 adult animated musical drama film "American Pop".

paragraph: "Precious Time" marked the first of many Benatar albums produced by Giraldo, and was released in July 1981, reaching No. 1 on the Billboard US Top 200 LP chart, followed in late 1982 by "Get Nervous", which reached No. 4 in the US and earned RIAA and CRIA platinum certifications. "Live from Earth", recorded during the band's Get Nervous world tour, reached No. 13 and received RIAA and CRIA platinum certification.

paragraph: On August 1, 1981, the MTV network launched and debuted the music video "You Better Run," distinguishing Giraldo as the first guitarist to appear on MTV.

paragraph: The 1981 album "Working Class Dog" by Rick Springfield featured Giraldo as the guitarist, bassist, and producer for "I’ve Done Everything for You" and the number one hit "Jessie's Girl”

paragraph: Giraldo was also the producer for the John Waite album "Ignition", released on May 21, 1982. The album featured the single "Change", which also appeared on the soundtrack for the 1985 film, "Vision Quest".

paragraph: "Tropico" was released in August 1984, featuring a new sound, less hard rock. It, too, earned RIAA and CRIA platinum certification. A year later, "Seven the Hard Way", was released, earning an RIAA gold certification. Giraldo and Benatar's success continued with Wide Awake in Dreamland in the summer of 1988, again earning RIAA gold certification.

paragraph: In late April 1991, "True Love" was released, followed by "Gravity's Rainbow" in 1993, which was the last album recorded with Chrysalis Records.

paragraph: "Innamorata" was released in June 1997 and was recorded under the CMC International record label. The album featured the single "Strawberry Wine".

paragraph: Giraldo began film scoring in 2001 with his debut work for the film Nailed, starring Harvey Keitel.

paragraph: The Benatar album "Go" was released in August 2003 under the Bel Chiasso label. The album included the 9/11 charity single, "Christmas in America".

paragraph: In 2004 Giraldo was the film composer for the film "Smile", which featured Sean Astin, Beau Bridges, and Linda Hamilton.

paragraph: Section::::Other Ventures.

paragraph: In 2017, Giraldo founded and is the chairman of Steel Bending Spirits LLC. Based in Ann Arbor, Michigan, the spirits company released its inaugural offering, Three Chord Bourbon in July 2018. In July 2019, Three Chord expanded, bringing on Twelve Bar Reserve and Amplify Rye.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Neil Giraldo married singer Pat Benatar in 1982. They have two daughters, Haley Giraldo and Hana Giraldo.

paragraph: Section::::Charitable work.

paragraph: Giraldo is and has been a long time advocate for the support of children and their well-being. Since 1996 Giraldo and Benatar have been performing at fundraising events and lending assistance to the non-profit organization, The Children's Lifesaving Foundation. The Children's Lifesaving Organization supports the lives of homeless and high-risk youth in Los Angeles by providing social, academic and domestic support.

paragraph: In 2016 Giraldo and Benatar were awarded the foundation's Angel of the Year Award for their continued service.

paragraph: On April 12, 2016 Giraldo and Benatar were honored with the Artistic Award of Courage, celebrating both artists for their advocacy toward the ending of child abuse. The award was presented in conjunction with the Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Board of Advisors, via The Stewart and Lydia Resnick Neuropsychiatric Hospital at UCLA.

paragraph: In 2016 Giraldo became involved with the Oakland School for the Arts, a public charter school located in Oakland California. In April 2016, the school unveiled the Neil Giraldo Recording Studio as a welcome gift to the music department

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neil Giraldo on IMDb

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Website

description: American musician and songwriter

wikidata_label: Neil Giraldo

wikipedia_title: Neil Giraldo


text:
rugby league
Newcastle Rugby League
NRL
Newcastle Knights
New Zealand Warriors
prop
Hamilton, New Zealand
New Zealand Army
Bartercard Cup
Central Falcons
Waikato
New Zealand A
Penrith Panthers
NSWRL Premier League
Newcastle Knights
first grade
Kurri Kurri
New Zealand Warriors
Evarn Tuimavave
Manly Sea Eagles
2010 NRL season

categories: 1980 births,Waikato rugby league team players,Manawatu rugby league team players,New Zealand rugby league players,Newcastle Knights players,New Zealand Warriors players,New Zealand Māori rugby league players,New Zealand people of Scottish descent,Kurri Kurri Bulldogs players,New Zealand Army personnel,Rugby league props,Bay Roskill Vikings players,Auckland rugby league team players

paragraph: Jesse Royal

paragraph: Jesse Te Ahukaramu Royal (born 22 March 1980) is a professional rugby league footballer from New Zealand who plays for the Kurri Kurri Bulldogs in the Newcastle Rugby League. He previously played in the NRL for the Newcastle Knights and New Zealand Warriors. Royal's position of choice was as a prop.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Royal was born in Hamilton, New Zealand. He was a chef in the New Zealand Army and has played in the Bartercard Cup for the Central Falcons and represented Waikato. He captained the 2003 New Zealand A tour of England.

paragraph: Section::::Australia.

paragraph: Royal was signed by the Penrith Panthers and moved to Australia to play for their NSWRL Premier League side in 2004. In 2005 he joined the Newcastle Knights on a two-year deal, however he was not able to break out of Premier League. His form was good enough however to earn a new two-year deal and he made his first grade debut in 2007. He went on to play 29 games for the Knights.

paragraph: Section::::Warriors.

paragraph: Royal initially decided to work in the coalmines and play for the Kurri Kurri club from the 2009 season in order to spend more time with his family. However he later signed a two-year deal with the New Zealand Warriors in 2009, as injury cover for Evarn Tuimavave. He made his Warriors debut in Round Two 2009 against the Manly Sea Eagles, scoring a try with his first touch of the ball.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: Royal decided to retire after the 2010 NRL season and return to Newcastle to work in the mines and play for local club Kurri Kurri Bulldogs.

description: New Zealand rugby league player

wikidata_label: Jesse Royal

wikipedia_title: Jesse Royal


text: Polish

text: Wólka Krowicka

text: Lubaczów

text: Gdynia Literary Prize

text: Paszport Polityki Award

text: Ha!art

text: Czesław Miłosz

text: Nike Award

text: Lublin

text: The page of Eugeniusz Tkaczyszyn-Dycki

text: Polish bibliography

categories: 1962 births,Polish poets,Living people,Nike Award winners

paragraph: Eugeniusz Tkaczyszyn-Dycki

paragraph: Eugeniusz Tkaczyszyn-Dycki (born 1962) is a Polish poet.

paragraph: Born in Wólka Krowicka near Lubaczów, he is an author of nine volumes of poems and some texts for the magazine "Kresy". He is a past winner of the Kazimiera Iłłakowiczówna Award, the Barbara Sadowska Award, Polish-German Days of Literature Award, Gdynia Literary Prize and the Paszport Polityki Award. Critics from "Ha!art" magazine published a book about him, "Jesień już Panie a ja nie mam domu". Czesław Miłosz was among his readers. In 2009, he won Poland's top literary prize Nike Award for his book "Piosenka o zależnościach i uzależnieniach" ("A Song of Dependencies and Addictions").

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Poetry.

paragraph: Each year links to its corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990: "Nenia i inne wiersze", Lublin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: "Peregrynarz", Warsaw

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994: "Młodzieniec o wzorowych obyczajach" Warsaw

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997: "Liber mortuorum", Lublin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999: "Kamień pełen pokarmu. Księga wierszy z lat 1987-1999", Kraków

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000: "Przewodnik dla bezdomnych niezależnie od miejsca zamieszkania", Legnica

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: "Daleko stąd zostawiłem swoje dawne i niedawne ciało", Kraków

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: "Przyczynek do nauki o nieistnieniu", Legnica

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: "Dzieje rodzin polskich", Warsaw

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "Poezja jako miejsce na ziemi. (1988–2003)", Warsaw

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: "Piosenka o zależnościach i uzależnieniach", (Awarded Nike 2009), Wrocław

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "Rzeczywiste i nierzeczywiste staje się jednym ciałem.111 wierszy",

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Prose.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zaplecze" Legnica 2002

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The page of Eugeniusz Tkaczyszyn-Dycki

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polish bibliography

paragraph: BULLET::::-

description: Polish poet

wikidata_label: Eugeniusz Tkaczyszyn-Dycki

wikipedia_title: Eugeniusz Tkaczyszyn-Dycki


text: Sri Lanka

text: Pali

text: Mahavamsa

text: Yakkhas

text: Sinhalese people

text: Mahavamsa

text: Vanga

text: Bengal region

text: Kalinga

text: Odisha

text: Magadha

text: Lata

text: Gujarat

text: Sinhabahu

text: Sinhapura

text: Sinhapura, Odisha

text: Singur, West Bengal

text: Sihor

text: Singupuram

text: Srikakulam

text: Andhra Pradesh

text: Tambapanni

text: Gautama Buddha

text: Sopara

text: S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar

text: Sumatra

text: Indra

text: Upulvan

text: Wilhelm Geiger

text: Vishnu

text: blue lotus

text: Senarath Paranavithana

text: Varuna

text: paritta

text: thread

text: Yaksha

text: Kuveni

text: spinning thread

text: chasm

text: Tambapanni

text: red soil

text: Upatissa

text: Upatissagama

text: Madurai

text: Pandyas

text: Adam's Peak

text: Malaya region

text: Vedda people

text: Pulindas

text: Upatissagama

text: Madra

text: Panduvasdeva

text: K. M. de Silva

text: Indo-Aryan

text: Dravidian

text: Tamils

text: Tamil secessionism

text: Tamil nationalists

text: Satchi Ponnambalam

text: genetic studies on Sinhalese

text: Sri Lankan Tamils

text: Bengali

text: Tomb of Vijaya

text: Sri Lankan place name etymology

text: List of Sinhalese monarchs

text: History of Sri Lanka

text: The coming of Vijaya

text: The Consecrating of Vijaya

categories: 6th-century BC Sinhalese monarchs,500s BC deaths,Year of birth unknown,Monarch of Tambapanni,Sinhalese kings

paragraph: Prince Vijaya

paragraph: Prince Vijaya () was the traditional first Sinhalese king of Sri Lanka, mentioned in the Pali chronicles, including "Mahavamsa". According to these chronicles, he is the first recorded King of Sri Lanka. His reign is traditionally dated to 543–505 BCE. According to the legends, he and several hundred of his followers came to Lanka after being expelled from an Indian kingdom. In Lanka, they displaced the island's original inhabitants (Yakkhas), established a kingdom and became ancestors of the modern Sinhalese people.

paragraph: Section::::Sources and variations of the legend.

paragraph: Broadly, there are four distinct versions of the legend that explains the origin of Sinhalese people. In all the versions, a prince comes to the island of Lanka, and establishes a community that gives rise to the Sinhalese race. The "Mahavamsa" and "Dipavamsa" name the prince as Vijaya, while the other two legends have different names for the prince.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mahavamsa" version

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dipavamsa" version

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xuanzang's account

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Valahassa Jataka" version

paragraph: The "Mahavamsa" version, the most detailed of the above-mentioned versions, is described below.

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry.

paragraph: The king of Vanga (historical Bengal region) married a princess (named Mayavati in some versions) of the neighbouring Kalinga (present-day Odisha). The couple had a daughter named Suppadevi, who was prophesied to copulate with the king of beasts. As an adult, Princess Suppadevi left Vanga to seek an independent life. She joined a caravan headed for Magadha, but it was attacked by Sinha ("lion") in a forest of the Lala (or Lada) region. The "Mahavamsa" mentions the "Sinha" as an animal, but some modern interpreters state that Sinha was the name of a beastly outlaw man living in the jungle. Lala is variously identified as an area in the Vanga-Kalinga region, or as Lata (a part of the present-day Gujarat).

paragraph: Suppadevi fled during the attack, but encountered Sinha again. Sinha was attracted to her, and she also caressed him, thinking of the prophecy. Sinha kept Suppadevi locked in a cave, and had two children with her: a son named Sinhabahu (or Sihabahu; "lion-armed") and a daughter named Sinhasivali (or Sihasivali). When the children grew up, Sinhabahu asked his mother why she and Sinha looked so different. After his mother told him about her royal ancestry, he decided to go to Vanga. One day, when Sinha had gone out, Sinhabahu escaped from the cave along with Suppadevi and Sinhasivali. The three reached a village, where they met a general of the Vanga Kingdom. The general happened to be a cousin of Suppadevi, and later married her. Meanwhile, Sinha started ravaging villages in an attempt to find his missing family. The King of Vanga announced a reward for anyone who could kill Sinha. Sinhabahu killed his own father to claim the reward. By the time Sinhabahu returned to the capital, the King of Vanga had died. Sinhabahu was made the new king, but he later handed over the kingship to his mother's husband, the general. He went back to his birthplace in Lala, and founded a city called Sinhapura (or Sihapura). He married his sister Sinhasivali, and the couple had 32 sons in form of 16 pairs of twins. Vijaya ("victor") was their eldest son, followed by his twin Sumitta.

paragraph: The location of Sinhapura is uncertain. It is variously identified with Sinhapura, Odisha or Singur, West Bengal. Those who identify the Lala kingdom with present-day Gujarat place it in present-day Sihor. Yet another theory identifies it with the Singupuram village near Srikakulam in Andhra Pradesh.

paragraph: Section::::Arrival in Sri Lanka.

paragraph: Vijaya was made the prince-regent by his father, but he and his band of followers became notorious for their violent deeds. After their repeated complaints failed to stop Vijaya's acts, the prominent citizens demanded that Vijaya be put to death. King Sinhabahu then decided to expel Vijaya and his 700 followers from the kingdom. The men's heads were half-shaved and they were put on a ship that was sent forth on the sea. The wives and children of these 700 men were also sent on separate ships. Vijaya had his followers landed at a place called Supparaka; the women landed at a place called Mahiladipaka, and the children landed at a place called Naggadipa. Vijaya's ship later reached Lanka, in the area known as Tambapanni, on the same day Gautama Buddha died in northern India. Those who believe that Vijaya set out from the west coast of India (i.e. Sinhapura was located in Gujarat) identify the present-day Sopara as the location of Supparaka. Those who believe that Sinhapura was located in Vanga-Kalinga region identify it with places located off the eastern coast of India. For example, S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar speculates that Supparaka might have been same as Sumatra.

paragraph: According to "Mahavamsa", after reaching heaven, the Gautama Buddha requested the lord of gods (identified as Indra) to protect Vijaya in Lanka, so that Buddhism could flourish there. Indra handed over the guardianship of Lanka to the lotus-colored god (Upulvan), who came to Lanka in the guise of an ascetic to protect Vijaya. Wilhelm Geiger identifies the lotus-colored god with Vishnu; "uppala" being the blue lotus. Senarath Paranavithana identifies him with Varuna.

paragraph: Vijaya tied a protective ("paritta") thread on the hands of all his followers. Later, a Yakkhini (a female Yaksha) appeared before Vijaya's followers in form of a dog. One of the followers thought that the presence of a dog indicated the existence of a habitation, and went chasing her. After following her for some time, he saw a Yakkhini named Kuveni (or Kuvanna), who was spinning thread. Kuveni tried to devour him, but Vijaya's magical thread protected him. Unable to kill him, Kuveni hurled the follower into a chasm. She did the same thing to all the 700 followers. Meanwhile, Vijaya came to Kuveni's place, looking for his men. Vijaya overpowered her, and forced her to free his men. Kuveni asked Vijaya to spare her life, and in return, swore loyalty to him. She brought, for Vijaya and his followers, food and goods from the ships of the traders whom she had devoured earlier. Vijaya took Kuveni as his consort.

paragraph: Section::::Establishment of the Tambapanni kingdom.

paragraph: As Vijaya and Kuveni were sleeping, he woke up to sounds of music and singing. Kuveni informed him that the island was home to Yakkhas, who would kill her for giving shelter to Vijaya's men. She explained that the noise was because of wedding festivities in the Yakkha city of Sirisavatthu. With Kuveni's help, Vijaya defeated the Yakkhas. Vijaya and Kuveni had two children: Jivahatta and Disala. Vijaya established a kingdom, which was named Tambapanni ("copper-red hands"), because the men's hands were reddened by the red soil of the area. The members of the community established by Vijaya were called Sinhala after Sinhabahu.

paragraph: Vijaya's ministers and other followers established several new villages. For example, Upatissa established Upatissagama on the bank of Gambhira river, north of Anuradhagama. His followers decided to formally consecrate him as a king, but for this he needed a queen of "Aryan" (noble) descent. Vijaya's ministers, therefore, sent emissaries with precious gifts to the city of Madhura, which was ruled by a Pandu king. (Madhura is identified with Madurai, a city in South India; Pandu is identified with the Pandyas). The king agreed to send his daughter as Vijaya's bride. He also requested other families to offer their daughters as brides for Vijaya's followers. Several families volunteered, and were adequately compensated by king with gifts. The Pandu king sent to Lanka his own daughter, other women (including a hundred maidens of noble descent), craftsmen, a thousand families of 18 guilds, elephants, horses, waggons, and other gifts. This group landed in Lanka, at a port known as Mahatittha.

paragraph: Vijaya then requested Kuveni, his Yakkhini queen, to leave the community, saying that his citizens feared supernatural beings like her. He offered her money, and asked her to leave their two children behind. But Kuveni took the children along with her to the Yakkha city of Lankapura. She asked her children to stay back, as she entered the city, where other Yakkhas recognized her as a traitor. She was suspected of being a spy, and killed by a Yakkha. On advice of her maternal uncle, the children fled to Sumanakuta (identified with Adam's Peak). In the Malaya region of Lanka, they became husband-wife and gave rise to the Pulinda race (identified with the Vedda people; not to be confused with the Pulindas of India).

paragraph: Meanwhile, Vijaya was consecrated as the king. The Pandu king's daughter became his queen, and other women were married to his followers according to their rank. He bestowed gifts on his ministers and his father-in-law. He gave up his evil ways, and ruled Lanka in peace and righteousness.

paragraph: Section::::Last days.

paragraph: Vijaya had no other children after Kuveni's departure. When he grew old, he became concerned that he would die heirless. So, he decided to bring his twin brother Sumitta from India, to govern his kingdom. He sent a letter to Sumitta, but by the time he could get a reply, he died. His ministers from Upatissagama then governed the kingdom for a year, while awaiting a reply. Meanwhile, in Sinhapura, Sumitta had become the king, and had three sons. His queen was a daughter of the king of Madda (possibly Madra). When Vijaya's messengers arrived, he was himself very old. So, he requested one of his sons to depart for Lanka. His youngest son, Panduvasdeva, volunteered to go. Panduvasdeva and 32 sons of Sumitta's ministers reached Lanka, where Panduvasdeva became the new ruler.

paragraph: Section::::Significance.

paragraph: Within Sri Lanka, the legend of Vijaya is a common political rhetoric used to explain the origin of the Sinhalese, and is often treated as a factual account of historical events. Sinhalese scholars such as K. M. de Silva have used the legend to propose an Indo-Aryan origin for the Sinhalese, thus distinguishing them from the Dravidian Tamils. At the same time, some Sinhalese authors have also used the myth to oppose Tamil secessionism, arguing that the Sinhalese and the Tamils are one race, because their ancestors included the maidens sent by the Pandyan king of Madurai. Some Tamil nationalists, on the other hand, have claimed that their ancestors were the Yakkhas massacred by Vijaya. Tamil authors like Satchi Ponnambalam have dismissed the legend as fiction aimed at justifying Sinhalese territorial claims in Lanka.

paragraph: The various genetic studies on Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Tamils have offered differing conclusions. R.L. Kirk (1976), for example, concluded that the Sinhalese are genetically closest to the Bengali population of Bengal. N. Saha (1988), however, disagreed with Kirk's findings and concluded that the Sinhalese display a close genetic affinity with the Tamils.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tomb of Vijaya

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sri Lankan place name etymology

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Sinhalese monarchs

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Sri Lanka

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Codrington's Short History of Ceylon: The Beginnings

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mahavamsa chapters: "The coming of Vijaya" and "The Consecrating of Vijaya".

description: King of Tambapanni

wikidata_label: Vijaya

wikipedia_title: Prince Vijaya


text: America

text: actor

text: Ervin Burrell

text: HBO

text: The Wire

text: "Hannibal Lecter" franchise

text: Newport News, Virginia

text: née

text: Illinois Wesleyan University

text: Bloomington, Illinois

text: Theta Chi

text: Graduate Acting Program

text: King Lear

text: James Earl Jones

text: Fences

text: Permanent Vacation

text: Manhunter

text: The Money Pit

text: construction worker

text: Stephen King

text: Maximum Overdrive

text: Eddie Murphy

text: James Earl Jones

text: Coming to America

text: Spike Lee

text: Do the Right Thing

text: The Silence of the Lambs

text: Hannibal

text: Red Dragon

text: Fox

text: True Colors

text: Stephanie Faracy

text: Nancy Walker

text: Cleavon Little

text: Freejack

text: Mick Jagger

text: Emilio Estevez

text: Prey

text: Gods and Generals

text: The Cookout

text: White Chicks

text: Ervin Burrell

text: HBO

text: The Wire

text: Tyler Perry

text: Meet The Browns

text: John Krasinski

text: Brief Interviews With Hideous Men

text: Richard Evans

text: One Life to Live

text: Blue Bloods

text: Tom Selleck

text: Adam

text: Lie to Me

text: Banshee

text: Netflix

text: Luke Cage

text: Amazon Studios

categories: 1949 births,African-American male actors,Male actors from Virginia,American male television actors,American male film actors,American male stage actors,20th-century American male actors,21st-century American male actors,People from Newport News, Virginia,Illinois Wesleyan University alumni,Living people

paragraph: Frankie Faison

paragraph: Frankie Russel Faison (born June 10, 1949), often credited as Frankie R. Faison, is an American actor known for his role as Deputy Commissioner Ervin Burrell in the HBO series "The Wire" and as Barney Matthews in the "Hannibal Lecter" franchise.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Faison was born in Newport News, Virginia, the son of Carmena (née Gantt) and Edgar Faison. He studied drama at Illinois Wesleyan University in Bloomington, Illinois, where he joined Theta Chi Fraternity. He also attended NYU's Graduate Acting Program, graduating in 1974.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Faison started his acting career in 1974 in the New York Shakespeare Festival production of "King Lear", with James Earl Jones in the title role. Faison would later appear opposite Jones in the Broadway premiere of "Fences", for which he received a nomination for a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play. Faison's next role came in TV, in the short-lived series "Hot Hero Sandwich" in 1979. Faison did not make it to the big screen until 1980, when he appeared in "Permanent Vacation" as "Man in Lobby". A string of small roles followed until 1986, when he played the part of Lt. Fisk in "Manhunter". Also that year, he appeared in the comedy "The Money Pit", as an unruly construction worker, and in the Stephen King film "Maximum Overdrive". In 1988, he appeared alongside Eddie Murphy and James Earl Jones in "Coming to America" in the role of a landlord and won a minor role in the 1989 Spike Lee film "Do the Right Thing". Faison also appeared in 1996's "The Rich Man's Wife" as Detective Ron Lewis. He also appeared in the 1999 remake of "The Thomas Crown Affair" as Detective Paretti. Faison is notable for being the most frequent actor to appear in adaptations of Thomas Harris' "Hannibal" books: along with "Manhunter", he also appeared as Lector's jailer Barney in "The Silence of the Lambs", the sequel "Hannibal" and the prequel "Red Dragon".

paragraph: During the 1990–1991 season, he starred in the Fox situation comedy "True Colors" with Stephanie Faracy and Nancy Walker about an interracial couple. He was replaced by Cleavon Little for the second season of the program. In 1991, Faison again appeared alongside Hopkins in the film "Freejack", which also starred Mick Jagger and "Maximum Overdrive" co-star Emilio Estevez. In 1998, he was a regular on the science-fiction TV show "Prey". In the 2003 film "Gods and Generals", Faison played the role of Jim Lewis, a freed-slave, who shares his religious faith and optimism with CSA General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson as the General's personal cook. In 2004, he starred as JoJo Anderson in "The Cookout" and appeared in "White Chicks". Faison had a starring role as the Baltimore City Police Commissioner Ervin Burrell on the HBO drama "The Wire".

paragraph: Faison appeared in Tyler Perry's "Meet The Browns", a movie about a single mom who takes her family to Georgia for the funeral of her father—a man she never met. There, her clan is introduced to the crass, fun-loving Brown family. Faison played the role of Brown and Vera's brother, L.B. Brown. In 2009, he was also among the ensemble cast of John Krasinski's adaptation of "Brief Interviews With Hideous Men" playing the son of a toilet attendant who caustically recounts his father's experiences in one of the titular monologues.

paragraph: Faison played Richard Evans on "One Life to Live" from 2009 through 2012.

paragraph: He has recently appeared in episodes of "Blue Bloods", which also stars Tom Selleck, as an assistant police commissioner. His main film role in this period was as Harlan in the film "Adam". He also appeared in a third season episode of "Lie to Me".

paragraph: Faison played the role of Sugar Bates, a prizefighter turned tavernkeeper, on the Cinemax program "Banshee". He appeared as Henry "Pop" Hunter in the Netflix series "Luke Cage", and played a supporting role in the 2016 Amazon Studios original special "".

description: American actor

wikidata_label: Frankie Faison

wikipedia_title: Frankie Faison


text:
American Anti-Slavery Society
Caroline Putnam
Canandaigua, New York
Lyons, NY,
Myron Holley
Liberty Party
Oberlin College
Caroline Putnam
American Anti-Slavery Society
Lottsburg, VA
Holley Graded School

categories: 1893 deaths,People from Canandaigua, New York,Oberlin College,American abolitionists,1818 births,Abolitionism in the United States

paragraph: Sallie Holley

paragraph: Sarah (Sallie) Holley (February 17, 1818 - January 12, 1893) served as an educator to African Americans during the mid-1800s, becoming an avid member of the American Anti-Slavery Society. Specifically, Holley worked closely with Caroline Putnam to establish the Holley School, which still stands today.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Canandaigua, New York, Holley was interested in education and reading from a young age. In 1831, she attended boarding school in Lyons, NY, where she there attended her first anti-slavery lecture. Yet while this was Holley's first official lecture, it was far from her first exposure to the subject. Growing up, Holley was heavily influenced by the antislavery beliefs of her father, Myron Holley, who was also a strong advocate of religious liberalism. Primarily, he served as the original founder of the Liberty Party, which was the first political party to make anti-slavery a political issue.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Holley's inspiration for her later abolitionist work further strengthened when she continued her education at Oberlin College in 1847, where she encountered a biracial school community in an attempt to pursue a classical curriculum. At Oberlin, Holley also met Caroline Putnam, who quickly became Holley's lifelong companion and later work partner. After graduating in 1851, Holley became an avid member of the American Anti-Slavery Society. This proved to be a rare feat at the time, for not only did women rarely advocate for their freedom or that of others, but they even more rarely did so publicly, like Holley. Consequently, upon graduation, Holley traveled on a lecture circuit discussing the importance of abolition with Putnam by her side. Yet after this lecture circuit, Putnam decided to focus on teaching, specifically those now freedmen of Lottsburg, VA.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Even while teaching, Holley continued to motivate and influence others through her speeches and thoughts. Specifically, after an 1851 speech Holley gave at a church service about anti-slavery and the abolitionist movement, one person wrote,

paragraph: Miss Holley gave us an earnest, powerful, and deeply interesting address. Everybody gave the best possible attention, and as she related several thrilling and affecting facts, the big tears coursed down many a cheek. It was a time of stirring sympathy and awakening interest in the cause of the oppressed and crushed slave. At the close she offered a very touching and simple prayer, all with the desire to put an end to what she coined as the "atrocious hatred of color."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: After having followed Putnam to Lottsburg, VA, Holley purchased the land in 1869 for what soon became a more permanent location of the Holley Graded School. Modeled after Oberlin, the Holley School served as a private institution with both an integrated faculty and student body, where younger students attended classes during the day and older students attended classes at night. Putnam received ownership of the grounds of the Holley School when Holley died in 1893, who then passed the land to a black board of trustees upon her death in order to continue to promote black education. The Lottsburg school district then shortly oversaw the operations of the school. Because of a growing student body, renovations were made to the school in 1922 and finished in 1933, building the Holley School schoolhouse that now stands as a community center today.

wikidata_label: Sallie Holley

wikipedia_title: Sallie Holley


text:
Ottawa
special teams coach
Hamilton Tiger-Cats
Canadian Football League
Ottawa Rough Riders
Winnipeg Blue Bombers
head coach
Dave Ritchie
2004 season
2005 season
Saskatchewan Roughriders
Grey Cup
1997
Toronto Argonauts
2009 season
Hamilton Tiger-Cats

categories: Sportspeople from Ottawa,Saskatchewan Roughriders coaches,Edmonton Eskimos coaches,Gridiron football people from Ontario,Ottawa Gee-Gees football coaches,Living people,Winnipeg Blue Bombers coaches

paragraph: Jim Daley

paragraph: Jim Daley (born in Ottawa, Ontario) is the special teams coach for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League.

paragraph: Daley started his CFL coaching career as the special teams coordinator for the Ottawa Rough Riders in 1992. Prior to coaching in the CFL he was the Head Coach of the Ottawa University Gee Gees from 1985-1990 and the Ottawa Jr Sooners from 1982-1984. In 1993 he moved from ST co-ordinator to DL coach. He quit during the season over management's insistence to play former NFL start Dexter Manley at DE over Lybrant Robinson. In 1994 he was hired by Saskatchewan to coach the LBs and was promoted to Defensive Coordinator in 1995. In 1996, he was named the team's head coach. He served as the team's head coach from 1996 to 1998, leading them to the Grey Cup in 1997 losing to the Toronto Argonauts 47–23.

paragraph: He was the 25th head coach of the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. He became acting head coach after Dave Ritchie was let go part way through the 2004 season, and was named the head coach for the 2005 season. After the 2005 season he was let go, as the team finished in last place in the Western Conference. He was previously an assistant coach with the Bombers and before that the coach of the Saskatchewan Roughriders. With the Riders, he finished with a losing record in each of his three seasons as coach, but was able to lead the team on a run to the Grey Cup final in 1997, before losing to the Toronto Argonauts. Daley won the Grey Cup as an assistant with Calgary.

paragraph: In 2007, Daley was hired by the CFL as a league official to work as senior director of officiating development. In 2009, Daley was hired by the Edmonton Eskimos as the team's Defensive Coordinator and Defensive Line Coach. Shortly following the 2009 season on December 9, 2009, Daley later resigned from his position.

paragraph: On February 18, 2010, it was announced that Daley had re-joined the Saskatchewan Roughriders, this time as their special teams coordinator. It was announced on January 14, 2011 that his contract would not be renewed by the Roughriders.

paragraph: On February 3, 2011, it was announced that Daley had joined the Hamilton Tiger-Cats' coaching staff as their special teams coordinator.

description: Canadian football player and coach

wikidata_label: Jim Daley

wikipedia_title: Jim Daley


text: professional baseball

text: outfielder

text: Major League Baseball

text: Chicago White Stockings

text: St. Louis Browns

text: Cincinnati Red Stockings

text: Cincinnati Reds

text: stolen base

text: athletic director

text: Purdue University

text: Purdue Boilermakers

text: scouted

text: American football

text: Lafayette, Indiana

categories: St. Louis Browns (AA) players,St. Joseph Saints players,Minor league baseball managers,Rockford Hustlers players,19th-century baseball players,1858 births,Purdue Boilermakers baseball coaches,Cincinnati Red Stockings (AA) players,Purdue Boilermakers athletic directors,Rockford Red Sox players,1921 deaths,Sportspeople from East Dunbartonshire,Chicago White Stockings players,Major League Baseball right fielders,Cincinnati Reds scouts,Rockford Forest City players,Rockford Reds players,Kansas City Blues (baseball) players,Rockford White Stockings players,Major League Baseball players from Scotland

paragraph: Hugh Nicol

paragraph: Hugh N. Nicol (January 1, 1858 – June 27, 1921) was a Scottish-American professional baseball player. An outfielder, Nicol played in Major League Baseball for the Chicago White Stockings, St. Louis Browns, Cincinnati Red Stockings, and Cincinnati Reds. Nicol's debut game took place on May 3, 1881. His final game took place on August 2, 1890.

paragraph: Nicol had 138 stolen bases in 1887, however prior to 1898 a stolen base was credited to a baserunner who reached an extra base on a hit from another player. He had 103 stolen bases in 1888. Despite the fact that he had two 100 stolen-base seasons, only 383 of his total career stolen bases are known. He also managed the Browns in 1897.

paragraph: Nicol became the head baseball coach and athletic director at Purdue University for the Purdue Boilermakers. He also scouted for the Reds during the summers, beginning in 1911. Nicol resigned from Purdue in 1914, after accusations that the American football team played like "rowdies." He died in Lafayette, Indiana on June 27, 1921.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball stolen base records

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Hugh Nicol

wikipedia_title: Hugh Nicol


text:
Carmarthen
Wales
Gorky's Zygotic Mynci
John Lawrence
Cate Le Bon
Euros Childs
Laugharne Weekend
The Gentle Good
Welsh Music Prize
S4C
Cara Fi
2015 BAFTA Cymru award
BBC National Orchestra of Wales

categories: People from Carmarthen,Welsh musicians,Welsh folk musicians,Welsh-speaking musicians,People from Pembrokeshire,1975 births,British folk musicians,Living people

paragraph: Richard James (musician)

paragraph: Richard James (born 27 March 1975) is a guitarist, bassist and singer-songwriter originally from Carmarthen, Wales. He was a founding member of the band Gorky's Zygotic Mynci, who split up in 2006. He performs and records as a solo artist, and as part of the bands Pen Pastwn and Locus.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: James was with Gorky's Zygotic Mynci throughout the band's lifespan, from 1991 to 2006, and appears on all their albums, initially mostly as a bassist. After John Lawrence left the band, James took Lawrence's place as guitarist. James wrote, and handles lead vocals on, some later Gorky's songs.

paragraph: His first solo album, "The Seven Sleepers Den", appeared in 2006. It featured backing vocals from Cate Le Bon (under her birth name of Cate Timothy).

paragraph: His second album was released on 21 June 2010 from Gwymon Records. Called "We Went Riding", it features the talents of Le Bon and Euros Childs.

paragraph: In April 2012, James released his third album, "Pictures in the Morning", also on Gwymon Records. Stylistically, it's a return to the sound of "The Seven Sleepers Den".

paragraph: James has curated the musical sides of both the annual Laugharne Weekend festival and In Chapters, a Cardiff-based event. His band Pen Pastwn evolved from the In Chapters house band. He has also long-collaborated with folk musician The Gentle Good.

paragraph: James's fourth solo album, "All the New Highways", was released in February 2015. It was originally a digital-only release on Bandcamp. In September the album was nominated for the 2014–2015 Welsh Music Prize. The album was released in physical form (vinyl and CD) in March 2016 on The state51 Conspiracy label.

paragraph: James has also composed music for the screen, including for the S4C drama series "Cara Fi" (2014) and for "Tir", the 2013 film and the 2015 series which followed it. He was nominated for a 2015 BAFTA Cymru award for Original Music for his work on "Cara Fi".

paragraph: Since 2016 James has participated in a collaborative project with his partner, musician and artist Angharad van Rjiswijk, called Locus, which among other work involved improvisational sound collages being performed live.. In 2017 James was commissioned by the BBC to write a new orchestral piece for the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, with van Rjiswijk supplying visuals for the debut performance in November 2017.

paragraph: James and van Rjiswijk currently live in west Wales.

paragraph: Section::::Solo discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Seven Sleepers Den" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We Went Riding" (21 June 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pictures in the Morning" (23 April 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "All the New Highways" (16 February 2015)

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Richard James

wikipedia_title: Richard James (musician)


text:
geologist
hydrogeology
Germany
Freiburg
Berlin
Paris
London
University of Florence
Italy
Mandate Palestine
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
UNESCO
Kibbutz Ginegar
Israel Prize
life sciences
Yakir Yerushalayim
Har Homa
Jerusalem
Rehovot
List of Israel Prize recipients

categories: University of Paris alumni,Israeli Jews,University of Freiburg alumni,Alumni of the University of London,German Jews,University of Florence faculty,1900 births,Humboldt University of Berlin alumni,Israel Prize in life sciences recipients who were geologists,1997 deaths,Israeli geologists,Hebrew University of Jerusalem faculty,Jews in Mandatory Palestine,Israel Prize in life sciences recipients,German emigrants to Israel

paragraph: Leo Picard

paragraph: Leo Picard (, 3 June 1900 – 4 April 1997), was an Israeli geologist and an expert in the field of hydrogeology.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Yehuda Leo Picard was born in Germany in 1900, and studied at universities in Freiburg and Berlin, in Germany, and in Paris and London, and taught at the University of Florence, Italy.

paragraph: Picard visited Mandate Palestine in 1922 and emigrated there in 1924, where he established the Department of Geology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 1943, he published his book "Structure and Evolution of Palestine", which become a primary book for the study of geology in Israel.

paragraph: Leo Picard was an expert hydrogeologist and an outstanding general geologist. He wrote about paleontology and stratigraphy, structural geology and tectonics, mineralogy and ore deposits. Well-known is his contribution to the debate on the tectonics of the Dead Sea Rift. Picard was doubtful whether left-lateral offset of some 100 km took place along the Rift, and suggested instead that the rift was developed and constrained by extension.

paragraph: In 1955, he was appointed president of the UNESCO committee of experts for arid areas. Following such appointment, he became an international consultant, and his investigations have assisted the development of many countries in Africa and Latin America.

paragraph: He died in 1997 in Kibbutz Ginegar in northern Israel.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and recognition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- From 1951 to 1953, Picard served as the first president of the Israel Geological Society.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1958, he was awarded the Israel Prize, in life sciences.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1981, he received the award of Yakir Yerushalayim (Worthy Citizen of Jerusalem) from the city of Jerusalem.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A street has been named after him in the Har Homa neighbourhood of Jerusalem.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Leo Picard Groundwater Research Center at the Rehovot campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Works in English, French and German.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1923, Die fraenkische Alb von Weissenburg i. B. und Umgebung

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1928, Ein Eocaenprofil des Gilboas in Palaestina

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1928, Zur Geologie der Kischon-Ebene

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1929, Zur Geologie der Besan-Ebene

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1930, Upper Cretaceous (chiefly Campanian and Maestrichtian) Gasteropoda and Pelecypoda from Palestine

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1931, Geological researches in the Judean desert : with geological map and illustrations

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1932, Zur geologie des mittleren Jordantales :(zwischen Wadi El-Oeschsche und Tiberiassee)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1933, Zur postmiocänen Entwicklungsgeschichte der Kontinentalbecken Nord-Palästinas

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1936, Conditions of underground water in the Western Emek (plain of Esdraelon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1936, On the geology of the Gaza-Beersheba district

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1937, On the structure of the Arabian Peninsula

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1937, On the geology of the central coastal plain : with a geological sketch map and 7 figures in the text

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1938, The geology of New Jerusalem

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1939, Outline on the tectonics of the earth :with special emphasis upon Africa

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1940, Groundwater in Palestine

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1943, Structure and evolution of Palestine, with comparative notes on neighbouring countries

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1952, Geomorphogenic regions of the Negev, 1:250,000

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1952, Geomorphogeny of Israel

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1954, The structural pattern of Palestine, Israel and Jordan

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962, Rapport d’une mission d’etude geologique au Dahomey

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963, The quaternary in the Northern Jordan Valley

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964, Geological map, Israel

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965, The geological evolution of the quaternary in the central-northern Jordan Graben, Israel

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966, Vom Bodensee nach Erez Israel : Pionierarbeit fur Geologie und Grundwasser seit 1924

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966, Stratigraphic position of the Ubeidiya formation

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966, Geological report on the lower Pleistonecene deposits of the Ubeidiya excavations

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968, On the structure of the Rhinegraben with comparative notes on Levantgraben feature

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973, General aspects of Israel’s oil search

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974, The Triassic

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987, The Jurassic stratigraphy in Israel and the adjacent countries

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Israel Prize recipients

description: Israeli geologist

wikidata_label: Leo Picard

wikipedia_title: Leo Picard


text:
hellenised
ancient Egypt
pharaoh
29th Dynasty
deltaic
Mendes
Amyrtaeus
Memphis
Memphis
Sais
Horus name
Psamtik I
Golden Horus name
Amasis II
26th Dynasty
Manetho
Lower Egypt
Thmuis
Buto
Saqqara
Apis
Upper Egypt
Akoris
Akhmim
Sohag
naos
Karnak
basalt
sphinx
Louvre
Europe
Villa Borghese
Rome
Diodorus Siculus
Sparta
Agesilaus
Persians
Cyprus
Rhodes
triremes
Conon
Athens
Demotic Chronicle
Hakor
Psammuthes
University of Toronto
University of Washington
shabti
limestone
sarcophagus
votive offering
temple
Hatmehyt
Muthis
Livius.org: Nepherites I

categories: 5th-century BC births,4th-century BC Pharaohs,Pharaohs of the Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt

paragraph: Nepherites I

paragraph: Nefaarud I or Nayfaurud I, better known with his hellenised name Nepherites I, was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh, the founder of the 29th Dynasty in 399 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Accession.

paragraph: It is believed that Nepherites was a general from the deltaic city of Mendes who, in the autumn of 399 BC, rose against pharaoh Amyrtaeus, defeated him in open battle, and then executed him at Memphis. Nepherites then crowned himself pharaoh at Memphis and possibly also at Sais, before shifting the capital from Sais to his hometown Mendes. The fact that Nepherites I chose the same Horus name of Psamtik I and the Golden Horus name of Amasis II – both relevant rulers of the earlier 26th Dynasty - is thought to demonstrate that he wanted to associate his rule with an earlier 'golden age' of Egyptian history.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Activities.

paragraph: According to Manetho, Nepherites I ruled for six years, although his highest archaeologically attested date is his regnal year 4.

paragraph: Evidence of Nepherites' building work has been found in a number of locations across the country. In Lower Egypt, he is attested at Thmuis, Tell Roba, Buto (where a statue of him has been found), Memphis, Saqqara (where an Apis burial took place in his regnal year 2) and his capital and hometown Mendes. In Middle and Upper Egypt, he ordered a chapel at Akoris while at Akhmim, near Sohag, there is evidence of the worship of a statue of him which was placed inside a "naos". He also added some buildings at Karnak such as a storeroom and a shrine meant to house a sacred bark. A basalt sphinx with his name is now located in the Louvre, but it was known to have been brought to Europe as early as the 16th century, having adorned a fountain at the Villa Borghese, Rome.

paragraph: In foreign affairs, he resumed the policy of Egyptian intervention in the Middle East. As reported by Diodorus Siculus, in 396 BC he supported the Spartan king Agesilaus in his war against the Persians; the Spartans had conquered Cyprus and Rhodes and were attempting to extend their influence further east. Nepherites supplied the Spartans with 500,000 measures of grain and material for 100 triremes. However, the cargo reached Rhodes just after the Persians managed to retake the island, so it was entirely seized by the philo-Persian admiral Conon of Athens.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Death and succession.

paragraph: Nepherites I died during the winter of 394/393 BC after six years of reign. The "Demotic Chronicle" simply states that "his son" was allowed to succeed him, without providing any name. Nowadays it is generally believed that Nepherites' son was Hakor, who ruled after him for only a year before being overthrown by an apparently unrelated claimant, Psammuthes; Hakor, however, was able to retake the throne the following year.

paragraph: Section::::Possible tomb.

paragraph: A tomb believed to be that of Nepherites was discovered by a joint team from the University of Toronto and the University of Washington in 1992-93. Possible ownership of the tomb was identified by the presence of a shabti bearing the name of Nepherites I; however, definitive proof has not been found. Although still containing funerary objects and a large limestone sarcophagus, the tomb was believed to have been destroyed by the Persians in 343 BC. Ceramic vessels containing fish specimens and fish-covered stelae have been found on the site of Nepherites's funerary complex. The presence of the fish, often interpreted as votive offerings, could be an indication that the site was previously occupied by a temple of the fish-goddess Hatmehyt.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muthis – A conjectural pharaoh, once believed to be Nepherites I's son.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livius.org: Nepherites I

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Nepherites I

wikipedia_title: Nepherites I


text:
pharaoh
Twenty-third dynasty
Ancient Egypt
Osorkon III
Takelot III
Kenneth Kitchen
Third Intermediate Period of Egypt
Medinet Habu
faience
Hermopolis
Upper Egypt
Herakleopolis Magna
Thebes
Egyptologists
25th dynastic
Nubia
Amenirdis I
Shepenupet II
Karnak
Shepenupet I
Piye
Georges Legrain
Von Beckerath
Peftjaubast
Herakleopolis Magna
Nimlot
Ini
Kitchen, K.A.
Third Intermediate Period
Kushite

categories: 739 BC deaths,8th-century BC Pharaohs,Pharaohs of the Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Rudamun

paragraph: Rudamun was the final pharaoh of the Twenty-third dynasty of Ancient Egypt. His titulary simply reads as Usermaatre Setepenamun, Rudamun Meryamun, and excludes the Si-Ese or Netjer-Heqawaset epithets employed by his father and brother.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the younger son of Osorkon III, and the brother of Takelot III. He is a poorly attested pharaoh of this dynasty according to Kenneth Kitchen's seminal book on The Third Intermediate Period of Egypt. Kitchen credits him with a brief reign of about two to three years due to the few contemporary documents known for him. These include a small amount of decorative work done on the Temple of Osiris Heqadjet, several stone blocks from Medinet Habu, and a vase. In recent years, two fragments of a faience statuette bearing Rudamun's name from Hermopolis have been discovered. This recent discovery suggests that Radamun managed to preserve the unity of his father's large kingdom in Upper Egypt ranging from at least Herakleopolis Magna to Thebes during his brief reign.

paragraph: Some Egyptologists such as David Aston have argued that Rudamun was the anonymous Year 19 king attested at Wadi Gasus. However, new evidence on the Wadi Gasus graffito published by Claus Jurman in 2006 has now redated the graffito to the 25th dynastic Nubian period entirely (rather than to the Libyan era) and demonstrates that they pertain to Amenirdis I and Shepenupet II based on paleographic and other evidence at Karnak rather than the Libyan Shepenupet I and the Nubian Amenirdis I. Jurman notes that no monumental evidence from the Temple of Osiris Heqadjet or Karnak depict Shepenupet I associated with Piye's daughter, Amenirdis I. Another alternative that the Year 19 Wadi Gasus ruler was a certain Shoshenq VII, a new unknown ruler, was proposed by G. Broekman in a paper based on Nile Level Text No. 3 which is dated to Year 5 of a Theban king who ruled after Osorkon III. However, there are serious doubts among scholars as to whether Nile Level Text No. 3 contained the nomen Shoshenq rather than Takelot. Georges Legrain, who had the first opportunity to survey the Karnak Quay Texts, did not, in his 1898 publication of the Quay Texts, read any royal nomen in this inscription since the stone had already been badly eroded. The stone would have been in even worse condition when Von Beckerath inspected the document in 1953 and assumed the surviving traces on the Text No. 3 referred to a king Shoshenq, rather than a Takelot.

paragraph: Soon after Rudamun's death, his kingdom quickly fragmented into several minor city states under the control of various local kings such as Peftjaubast of Herakleopolis Magna, Nimlot at Hermopolis, and Ini at Thebes. Peftjaubast married Irbastudjanefu, Rudamun's daughter, and was, therefore, Rudamun's son-in-law. Nothing is known about Rudamun's final burial place. The surviving contemporary information from his reign suggests that it was quite brief.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kitchen, K.A.; The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC) 2nd edition( 1986), Warminster: Aris & Phillips Limited, p. 360.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Payraudeau, Frédéric; 'Le règne de Takélot III et les débuts de la domination Koushite,' ("The reign of Takelot III and the beginning of Kushite control") GM 198(2004), pp. 79–90.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perdu, Olivier; "Le Roi Roudamon en personne!" (King Rudamun in Person), RdE 53(2002), pp. 151–178

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olaf Kaper and Robert Demarée, "A Donation Stela in the Name of Takeloth III from Amheida, Dakhleh Oasis," JEOL (Jaarbericht Ex Oriente Lux) 39 [2005], pp. 19–37

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Rudamun

wikipedia_title: Rudamun


text:
Osorkon III
coregency
Nile Quay Text
Thebes
stela
Gurob
Pi-Sekhemkheperre
Quay Text
Quay Text
graffito
Columbia University
Dakhla Oasis
Piye
Shabaka
Piye
Taharqa
Amenirdis I
Shepenupet II
papyri
Thebes
Takelot I
Takelot II
Vizier
Piye
Ramesseum
Nile Quay Text
Ini
Rudamun
1

categories: 8th-century BC clergy,Theban High Priests of Amun,8th-century BC Pharaohs,Pharaohs of the Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt

paragraph: Takelot III

paragraph: Usimare Setepenamun Takelot III Si-Ese (reigned 774–759 BC) was Osorkon III's eldest son and successor. Takelot III ruled the first five years of his reign in a coregency with his father, according to the evidence from Nile Quay Text No.14 (which equates Year 28 of Osorkon III to Year 5 of Takelot III), and succeeded his father as king the following year. He served previously as the High Priest of Amun at Thebes. He was previously thought to have ruled Egypt for only 7 years until his 13th Year was found on a stela from Ahmeida in the Dakhla Oasis in 2005.

paragraph: Section::::Reign Length.

paragraph: Takelot is attested by several documents: a donation stela from Gurob which calls him "The First Prophet of Amun-Re, General and Commander Takelot," a stone block from Herakleopolis which calls him 'the Chief of Pi-Sekhemkheperre' and king's son by Tentsai, Quay Text No.13, as noted above, and Quay Text No.4 which records his Year 6.

paragraph: A graffito on the roof of the Temple of Khonsu which records his Year 7, was long believed to be his Highest Year date. However, in February 2005, a hieratic stela from Year 13 of his reign was discovered by a Columbia University archaeological expedition in the ruins of a Temple at the Dakhla Oasis. Their subsequent analysis of this dated document conclusively established this king's identity as Takelot III. This document—which measures "between 42-48 cm wide; between 47-51 cm high; [and] between 10-16 cm thick"—has now been published in JEOL 39 (2006) by Dr. Olaf Kaper and Robert Demarée. Part of the abstract for their article is given below:

paragraph: The governor mentioned here is "Nes-Djehuti" or "Esdhuti" who appears as the Chief of the Shamin Libyans in both the aforementioned Year 13 stela of Takelot III and also in the Smaller Dakhla Stela. The smaller Dakla stela dates to Year 24 of the Nubian king Piye. This could mean that Takelot III and Piye were near contemporaries during their respective reigns. It suggested that an important graffito at Wadi Gasus—which apparently links the God's Wife Amenirdis I (hence Shabaka here) to Year 19 of a God's Wife Shepenupet—is a synchronism between a Nubian ruler and an Upper Egyptian Libyan king thereby equating Year 12 of Shabaka to Takelot III (rather than the short-lived Rudamun). This graffito would have been carved prior to Piye's Nubian conquest of Egypt in his 20th Year—by which time both Takelot III and Rudamun had already died. However, new evidence on the Wadi Gasus graffito published by Claus Jurman in 2006 has now redated the carving to the 25th dynastic Nubian period entirely—to Year 12 of Shabaka and Year 19 of Taharqa rather than to the 23rd dynastic Libyan era—and demonstrates that they instead pertain to Amenirdis I and Shepenupet II respectively based on palaegraphic and other evidence collated by Jurman at Karnak rather than the Nubian Amenirdis I and the Libyan Shepenupet I, daughter of Osorkon III. The God's Wife Shepenupet II was Piye's daughter and Taharqa's sister. Jurman notes that no evidence from the innermost sanctuary of the chapel of Osiris Heqadjet at Karnak shows Shepenupet I associated with Piye's daughter, Amenirdis I. The Wadi Gasus graffiti were written in 2 separate handstyles and the year date formulas for '12' and '19' were also written differently which suggests that they are unlikely to have been composed at the same time. This means that the Year 19 date cannot be assigned to Takelot III and likely belongs to the Nubian king Taharqa instead.

paragraph: Section::::Papyrus Berlin 3048.

paragraph: Frederic Payraudeau once noted that Takelot III likely ruled Egypt for a minimum of 14 Years and was presumably the unknown Year 19 Egyptian monarch recorded at Wadi Gasus. He based his interpretation on the evidence of Papyrus Berlin 3048, the only surviving administrative document on papyri for the entire Libyan period. This document, which is explicitly dated to Year 14 of a Takelot Si-Ese Meryamun (i.e., either Takelot II or III), records a marriage contract which was witnessed by Vizier Hor, and 2 Royal Treasurers: Bakenamun and Djedmontuiufankh, respectively. The papyrus has traditionally been assigned to Takelot II since this ruler's highest date is his Year 25, whereas Takelot III's highest unequivocal date was only thought to be his Year 7. The author observed 3 pieces of evidence which, taken together, could have supported the attribution of this papyrus to Takelot III instead.

paragraph: Firstly, Payraudeau stressed that P. Berlin 3048 specifically mentions two Royal treasurers. The fact that 2 treasurers served Pharaoh at the same time is inconsistent with the known facts for the period from the reign of Osorkon II until the early years of Osorkon III at Thebes, when only a single person from one influential family served in this office. They were the descendants of Djedkhonsuiufankh A, who was the Fourth Prophet of Amun under Takelot I: Nakhtefmut A, Harsiese C and Djedkhonsuiufankh C. Djedkhonsuiufankh A's son, Nakhtefmut A, first assumed the office of Royal Treasurer under Osorkon II; then Nakhtefmut A's son, Harsiese C, in turn succeeded him (likely under Takelot II). Finally, Harsiese C's son, Djedkhonsuiufankh C, occupied this office from the end of Takelot II's reign until the early years of Osorkon III's reign under whom he is attested. Since three direct descendants of one powerful family held the office of Royal Treasurer in the period around Takelot II's reign, it is unlikely that Djedmontuiufankh could have intervened in office as early as Year 14 of Takelot II since he was not even connected to this family. Hence, the only other viable candidate for Djedmontuiufankh's master is Takelot III for whom no Royal Treasurer is known with certainty. Secondly, the Vizier Hor who is mentioned in Papyrus Berlin 3048 was thought to be the same person who is named as the father of Vizier Nebneterou in several Nubian and Saite era genealogical documents. This also makes it far more plausible that P. Berlin 3048 belongs to Takelot III since Hor would have served as Vizier only a few years prior to the start of the Nubian Dynasty in Egypt under Piye and would explain his son's later attestations in Nubian and Saite documents. In contrast, Takelot II died long before Piye conquered Egypt in his 20th Year.

paragraph: Finally, the author noted that the Royal Treasurer Djedmontuiufankh, son of Aafenmut II, lists his family genealogy on the opposite side of this papyrus. (Payraudeau: 84-85) This specific list of his family tree is given: Harsiese--Bakenkhonsu--Harsiese--Aafenmut I--Merkhonsu--Harsiese-- (name lost) --Harsiese--Aafenmut II--Djedmontuiufankh--Harsiese. An Aafenmut, a scribe of the Chief Treasurer, was buried under Osorkon I (bracelets on his Mummy bore this king's prenomen). Frederic notes that an identification of this person with one of the listed predecessors of Djedmontuiufankh is certain here since this person functioned as a 'scribe of the Treasury'--a state office with which Djedmontuiufankh's family was intimately linked. However, this Aafenmut was probably Aafenmut I rather than Aafenmut II, Djedmontuiufankh's father, since this person's son could not have lived beyond three family generations (under Takelot I, Osorkon II and the High Priest Nimlot C) from the reign of Osorkon I into Year 14 of Takelot II, as the author notes. Payraudeau also highlights the existence of the funerary stela of a certain Harsiese, son of Merkhonsu, which was found at the Ramesseum and has been stylistically dated to the 9th Century BC in the period around Takelot I or Osorkon II's reign to support his hypothesis that both Aafenmut I and Merkhonsu were direct ancestors of Djedmontuiufankh.

paragraph: As an aside, the author believed that Nile Quay Text No.45—which, according to Gerardus Broekman in JEA 88(2002), records either Year 17, 18 or 25 of an anonymous Theban king who ruled after Shoshenq III—may perhaps be ascribed to Takelot III based on the evidence of Papyrus Berlin 3048. Since Year 13 of Takelot III is now attested, it was possible that the Year 14 date in this document also belongs to his reign, rather than that of Takelot II. However, Payraudeau has since changed his views here and instead assigns this papyrus to Takelot II based on the mention of a certain Harsiese—designated the fourth prophet of Amun—in this document, who is known to have served in office during king Takelot II's reign. This means that Takelot III's highest date is his 13th year. The fact that the chief of the Shamin-Libyans, a Nes-Djehuti, is attested in the same office in both Year 13 of Takelot III and Year 24 of Piye also shows that the interval between these two kings' dates was close in time; also, it is unlikely that Takelot III ruled Egypt for 19 years since his brother Rudamun succeeded him at Thebes and Rudamun, in turn, was succeeded in this city by king Ini who ruled here for at least 5 years before Thebes fell permanently under Kushite control during Piye's reign.

paragraph: Section::::Successor.

paragraph: Takelot III was the husband of Irtiubast who is named "as a King's Daughter on the coffin of their son, Osorkon G." Another Irtiubast ("B") appears to be a daughter of the king. He was ultimately succeeded in power by his younger brother Rudamun, who was another son of Osorkon III rather than by any of his 3 known sons: the Prince/High Priest Osorkon F, a Prince Ihtesamun who is known from the stela of his grandson Ankhfenmut in Croydon Central Library and, finally, the Second Prophet of Amun, Djedptahefankh D who is attested in statue Tübingen 1734 and in stela CG 41006 of his great-granddaughter Nakhtbasteru. This development suggests that Takelot III must have reached an advanced age to have outlived all of his sons since it was unusual for a brother of a king to assume the throne if the king still had a son who was living. Traditional Egyptian custom required that the son of a king directly succeed his father.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- D.A. Aston & J.H. Taylor, "The Family of Takelot III and the "Theban" Twenty-Third Dynasty," in M.A. Leahy, 'Libya and Egypt c.1300–750 BC.' London: School of Oriental and African Studies, Centre of Near and Middle Eastern Studies, and The Society for Libyan Studies (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerard Broekman, "The Nile Level Records of the Twenty-Second and Twenty-Third Dynasties in Karnak: A Reconsideration of their Chronological Order," JEA 88(2002), pp. 165–178.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- J.P. Elias, "A Northern Member of the 'Theban' Twenty-Third Dynasty", Discussions in Egyptology 31 (1995), 57-67.

paragraph: BULLET::::- K.A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (c.1100—650 BC), 3rd ed., Warminster: 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frédéric Payraudeau, "Le règne de Takélot III et les débuts de la domination Koushite," GM 198(2004) pp. 79–90.1.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olaf Kaper and Robert Demarée, "A Donation Stela in the Name of Takeloth III from Amheida, Dakhleh Oasis," Jaarbericht Ex Oriente Lux(JEOL) 39 [2006], pp. 19–37

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Takelot III

wikipedia_title: Takelot III


text:
canon
ars dictaminis
medieval
rhetoric
phatic
pragmatic
Cividale del Friuli
diocese
Aquilegia
Bologna
patriarchate
promulgation
Philip of Carinthia
Raimondo della Torre
generale colloquium
Rome
Toulouse
Orléans
Paris
dictatores
dictaminal style
studium
Greek
Arabic
Tartar
Cicero
De inventione
Rhetorica ad Herennium
Buoncompagno
Rhetorica novissima
orator
rhetor
dictatores
dictamen
exordium
colours of rhetoric
John of Bondi
epistolary style
Italy
ars notaria
scribes

paragraph: Lawrence of Aquilegia

paragraph: Lawrence of Aquilegia (Lorenzo di Aquileia) was a thirteenth-century Italian canon and teacher. He is best known for his treatises on the ars dictaminis—the medieval art of letter writing. Lawrence’s major works found inspiration in Ciceronian rhetoric but introduced a new phatic element to writing and include the "Summa dictaminis edita iuxta doctrinam Tullii" and the "Practica sive usus dictaminis edita ad utilitatem rudium". The "Practica" is his most popular work and characterizes his pragmatic, phatic approach to letter writing through the use of tables.

paragraph: Section::::Biographical information.

paragraph: In Cividale del Friuli in the northern Italian diocese of Aquilegia, Lawrence was born sometime before 1250. After studying the arts at Bologna (the hub of dictatorial study), he returned home and became canon of Aquilegia. As canon, Lawrence worked closely with the patriarchate, starting in 1269, where he assisted at the promulgation of the will of the recently deceased Patriarch of Aquilegia. Lawrence worked with the patriarchate until 1304, making notable appearances in the train of patriarch-elect Philip of Carinthia in 1270 and at patriarch Raimondo della Torre’s generale colloquium in 1274 (Jensen 1973).

paragraph: Aside from his civic duties, Lawrence was a respected traveling teacher. He began his teaching career in the early 1280s, where medieval scholars propose he traveled first to Bologna, then sojourned in Rome, Toulouse, and Orléans (Jensen 1973). In the late 1290s, Lawrence gained popularity as a teacher in the faculty of arts at Paris. It was here that he wrote his first treatise, "Summa dictaminis", and delivered it to the assembled university. The composition was well received, marking his position as a distinguished dictatores (or orator) and writer on the art of letter writing (Jensen 1973). His popularity rose with his continued writing, and copies of his eight manuscripts on the theory and application of the dictaminal style were widely circulated.

paragraph: Along with writing manuscripts, Lawrence combined his civic and teaching career, composing letters on behalf of the university at Paris. His most significant letter was addressed to the pope, requesting a studium of Greek, Arabic, and Tartar be established (Jensen 1973).

paragraph: After a distinguished academic and civic career, scholars assume Lawrence died of old age sometime after 1304.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"Summa dictaminis edita iuxta doctrinam Tullii".

paragraph: Lawrence’s first work, written at Paris and dated between 1298 and 1302, the treatise borrows from Cicero’s De inventione and the Rhetorica ad Herennium as well as from fellow dictatores Buoncompagno’s Rhetorica novissima (Jensen 1973).

paragraph: In the first of the treatise’s eight main parts, Lawrence defines the basic concepts related to dictaminal writing: orator, rhetor, dictatores, and dictamen. He concludes by defining the letter and its parts. Parts two through six concern a detailed description of each of the five parts of a letter: salutation, exordium, narrative, petition, and conclusion. Of the five parts, the description of the salutation is the longest, which is not surprising given the medieval preoccupation with social levels (Jensen 1973). In parts seven and eight, Lawrence concludes his work with the colours of rhetoric and strategies for embellishment, respectively.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"Summa dictaminis breviter et artificiose composita secundum stilum Romane curie et consuetudinem modernorum" (undated).

paragraph: Also written at Paris, this second work is simpler and shorter than his first. Lawrence intended the work for “novices eager to learn dictamen” (Jensen 1973), and its simplicity contributed to its popularity.

paragraph: Like its predecessor, this work defines dictamen and the five parts of the letter—known as the “Approved Format” of the time (Murphy 1974). Again, the bulk of the work concerns the salutation, with thirty-seven chapters devoted to salutations for different social levels (i.e. writing to the Pope, writing to a king, writing to a farmer, writing to a scholar). Lawrence covers the other parts of the letter only briefly. He ends his work with a discussion of stylistic vices.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Practica sive usus dictaminis edita ad utilitatem rudium (undated).

paragraph: Lawrence’s most popular work arranges forms of address to people of various social levels in tabular form. Seven tables (one for each class of persons) offer examples of salutations, narratives, petitions, and conclusions (see images 1 and 2 below). The "Practica’s" formulaic, pragmatic approach to letter writing not only contributed to its popularity but also represents the “mechanistic dead end” (Perelman 1991) of the ars dictaminis. By following the tables, anyone “capable of copying individual letters of the alphabet” (Murphy 1974) could compose a letter to an addressee of a particular social class. The Practica “struck a responsive chord” (Murphy 1974), as no formal artistic training or rhetorical command of language was necessary to write a letter following Lawrence’s tables.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Tractatus super diversis modis componendi epistolam; Ars narrandi, petendi, et concludendi; Speculum dictaminis super diversis litterarum formis; Theorica dictaminis (all undated).

paragraph: These four works represent shortened or excerpted versions of Lawrence’s previous treatises. Some scholars ascribe these works to John of Bondi, believed to be Lawrence’s pupil, but it was regular practice for dictatores to compose different versions of the same manuscript (Murphy 1974).

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Letters.

paragraph: To model the epistolary style to students and to complement his treatises, Lawrence wrote many letters. The letters exist in two fourteenth-century collections in manuscript form.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: While Lawrence is known for taking the ars dictaminis to its “mechanistic dead end” (Perelman 1991) and marking its decline, his pragmatic approach marks the corresponding rise of a new movement in Italy: the ars notaria. With the ars notaria, a new class of writers appeared, working as professional secretaries and scribes. These early notaries concerned themselves with documents’ forms and legal documents.

paragraph: With his formulaic approach to the ars dictaminis, Lawrence introduced a pragmatic form in his "Practica" that “t[ook] the chartistic view to its ultimate point” (Murphy 1974). Furthermore, the "Practica" marks a shift from content- to form-based writing and emphasizes a “phatic rhetoric of personal and official relations” (Perelman 1991). Unlike the classical rhetorical style concerned with persuasion, Lawrence’s works concern writing for social purposes, as is clear from his extensive treatment of the salutation in his treatises on letter writing (Jensen 1973). Medieval rhetoric scholar, James J. Murphy, stresses the phatic approach characterized by Lawrence’s writing, noting “It is the addressee’s level which determines the nature of the letter, not the subject matter or the level of the writer, or the intentions of the writer” (1974).

paragraph: Lawrence’s applied approach to letter writing also stands as an early ancestor to modern texts on business communication (Perelman 1991). Just as teachers today direct their students to examples of memos and reports in textbooks, Lawrence directed his students to his model letters and tables in the "Practica" and related texts (Perelman 1991).

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Camargo, Martin. "Ars Dictaminis Ars Dictandi." Belgium: Brepols, 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ---. "The Waning of the Medieval Ars Dictaminis." "Rhetorica" XIX.2 (Spring 2001): 135-140.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Capdevila, S. "'La Practica dictaminis' de Llorens de Aquileia, en un codex de Tarragona". "Analecta sacra Tarraconensia" 6 (1930): 207-29. An edition of the "Practica".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Murphy, James J. "Three Medieval Rhetorical Arts." Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Murphy, James J. "Rhetoric in the Middle Ages: A History of Rhetorical Theory from Saint Augustine to the Renaissance". Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perelman, Les. "The Medieval Art of Letter Writing: Rhetoric as Institutional Expression." "Textual Dynamics of the Professions: Historical and Contemporary Studies of Writing in Professional Communities". Eds. Charles Bazerman and James Paradis. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991.

wikidata_label: Lawrence of Aquilegia

wikipedia_title: Lawrence of Aquilegia


text:
Egyptian
Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt
Second Intermediate Period
Thirteenth Dynasty
Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
Nubkheperre Intef
Nubkheperre Intef
Sobekemsaf I
Abbott Papyrus
Leopold-Amherst Papyrus
Ramesses IX
Nubkheperre Intef
Coptos
Seqenenre
Senakhtenre
Sobekemsaf I
Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
Nubkheperre Intef
Abbott
Leopold-Amherst
Ramesses IX
Lower Egypt
impalement

categories: 16th-century BC Pharaohs,Pharaohs of the Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt

paragraph: Sobekemsaf II

paragraph: Sobekemsaf II (or more properly Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf) was an Egyptian king of the Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt who reigned during the Second Intermediate Period, when Egypt was ruled by multiple kings (he was once thought to belong to the late Thirteenth Dynasty). His throne name, Sekhemre Shedtawy, means "Powerful is Re; Rescuer of the Two Lands." It is now believed by Egyptologists that Sobekemsaf II was the father of both Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef and Nubkheperre Intef based on an inscription carved on a doorjamb discovered in the ruins of a 17th Dynasty temple at Gebel Antef in the early 1990s which was built under Nubkheperre Intef. The doorjamb mentions a king Sobekem[saf] as the father of Nubkheperre Intef/Antef VII--("Antef begotten of Sobekem...") He was in all likelihood the Prince Sobekemsaf who is attested as the son and designated successor of king Sobekemsaf I on Cairo Statue CG 386.

paragraph: According to the Abbott Papyrus and the Leopold-Amherst Papyrus, which is dated to Year 16 of Ramesses IX, Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf was buried along with his chief Queen Nubkhaes in his royal tomb.

paragraph: Section::::Placement in the 17th Dynasty.

paragraph: The German Egyptologist Daniel Polz, who rediscovered Nubkheperre Intef's tomb at Dra Abu el Naga', strongly maintains that Nubkheperre Intef ruled very late in the 17th Dynasty, which means that Sekhemre Wadjkhau Sobekemsaf (I) cannot have intervened between the Intef line of kings and the Ahmoside family of kings: Senakhtenre, Seqenenre and Kamose. Polz's hypothesis that Nubkheperre Intef ruled late in the 17th Dynasty is supported "by the evidence of the box of Minemhat, who was governor of Coptos" in Year 3 of Nubkheperre Intef "which was part of the funerary equipment of an Aqher who lived under Seqenenre [Tao]." This discovery strongly suggests that the reigns of Nubkheperre Intef and Seqenenre Tao were separated by only a few years in time rather than 15 to 20 years at a time when few pharaohs enjoyed long reigns in the 17th Dynasty. The late Middle Kingdom German Egyptologist Detlef Franke (1952–2007) also supported this view in an article which was published in 2008—a year after his death—where he wrote:

paragraph: Ryholt believed that Sekhemre Wadjkhaw Sobekemsaf intervened between the line of Intef kings and the accession of Senakhtenre—the first 17th Dynasty kings from the Ahmoside family line. Polz argues that Sekemre Wadjkhaw Sobekemsaf was instead the father of Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf (II) and the grandfather of the Intef kings since a statue of Sekhemre Wadjkhaw Sobekemsaf shows that his eldest son was also named Sobekemsaf as Anthony Spalinger notes. This means that Sekhemre Wadjkhaw Sobekemsaf ruled on the throne before the Intef kings took power early in the 17th Dynasty—and that he would be Sobekemsaf I instead and the father of Sobekemsaf II. Since Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf (II) himself is known to be the father of Nubkheperre Intef, this means that both he and Sobekemsaf I ruled Egypt before Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef and Nubkheperre Intef assumed the throne. Sobekemsaf II would, therefore, be the son of Sobekemsaf I and the father of his two immediate successors: Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef and Nubkheperre Intef.

paragraph: Section::::The Robbery of Sobekemsaf's Tomb.

paragraph: The Abbott and Leopold-Amherst Papyruses, which are dated to Year 16 of Ramesses IX, state that this king's royal pyramid tomb was violated and destroyed by tomb robbers. The confessions and tomb robbery trials of the men responsible for the looting of Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf's tomb are detailed in the latter papyrus which is dated to Year 16, III Peret day 22 of Ramesses IX. This document relates that a certain Amenpnufer, son of Anhernakhte, a stonemason from the Temple of Amun Re "fell into the habit of robbing the tombs [of noblemen in West Thebes] in company with the stonemason Hapiwer" and mentions that they robbed Sobekemsaf's tomb along with six other accomplices in Year 13 of Ramesses IX. Amenpnufer confesses that they

paragraph: In his trial, Amenpnufer testifies that he and his companions dug a tunnel into the king's pyramid with their copper tools:

paragraph: Amenpnufer states that the treasures taken from the two royal mummies amounted to "160 deben of gold" or 32 lbs (14.5 kg). The document ends with the conviction of the thieves—with a probable death sentence—and notes that a copy of the official trial transcripts was dispatched to Ramesses IX in Lower Egypt. Amenpnufer himself would have been sentenced to death by impalement, a punishment which "was reserved for [only] the most heinous crimes" in Ancient Egypt.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kim Ryholt: The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c.1800–1550 B.C, Museum Tuscalanum Press, 1997. , 393 File 17/2

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leonard Cottrell, The Lost Pharaohs, Pan Books London and Sydney, 8th printing:1977

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Sobekemsaf II

wikipedia_title: Sobekemsaf II


text:
politician
Democratic Party
Long Beach, California
Nevada Assembly
Clark County Commissioner
Las Vegas
Nevada
Oran K. Gragson
Harry Reid
Lieutenant Governor of Nevada
Lonnie Hammargren
Woodlawn Cemetery

categories: Mayors of Las Vegas,People from Long Beach, California,2006 deaths,Nevada Democrats,Members of the Nevada Assembly,People from the Las Vegas Valley,1930 births,20th-century American politicians

paragraph: William H. Briare

paragraph: William Hubert Briare (July 13, 1930 – December 8, 2006) was an American politician. He was the mayor of Las Vegas from 1975 to 1987. Briare was a member of the Democratic Party.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Briare was born in Long Beach, California.

paragraph: In the 1960s, Briare served in the Nevada Assembly and as a Clark County Commissioner. In 1971, he lost his first campaign for mayor of Las Vegas, Nevada to Oran K. Gragson, but Briare was elected in his next attempt in 1975, defeating Harry Reid.

paragraph: Briare was so positive about the city that people would ask him if he was the president of the Chamber of Commerce. His obituary in the "Las Vegas Review Journal" noted that Briare's "public tenure came during a key time when control of casinos shifted from organized crime figures to corporations."

paragraph: In 1994, Briare ran for Lieutenant Governor of Nevada, but lost to Lonnie Hammargren.

paragraph: Briare died in Las Vegas at the age of 76, and was interred at Woodlawn Cemetery.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: William H. Briare

wikipedia_title: William H. Briare