text: Chrysanthemum Throne

text: imina

text: Emperor Momozono

text: Empress Go-Sakuramachi

text: hatamoto

text: Dairi

text: Heian Palace

text: court lady

text: Empress Go-Sakuramachi

text: Kan'in

text: Emperor Kōkaku

text: Princess Yoshiko

text: kami

text: Tsuki no wa no misasagi

text: Sennyū-ji

text: Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto

text: Emperor Go-Mizunoo

text: Meishō

text: Go-Kōmyō

text: Go-Sai

text: Reigen

text: Higashiyama

text: Nakamikado

text: Sakuramachi

text: Momozono

text: Go-Sakuramachi

text: Kōkaku

text: Ninkō

text: Kōmei

text: era name

text: nengō

text: Emperor of Japan

text: Meiji

text: Daijō-kan

text: Sadaijin

text: Udaijin

text: Naidaijin

text: Dainagon

text: Meiwa

text: An'ei

text: Emperor of Japan

text: List of Emperors of Japan

text: Imperial cult

text: Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines

text: Hall, John Whitney.

text: Harvard University Press

text: OCLC 445621

text: OCLC 42041594

text: Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon.

text: OCLC 194887

text: Screech, Timon.

text: RoutledgeCurzon

text: OCLC 65177072

text: Titsingh, Isaac.

text: Nihon Ōdai Ichiran

text: "Annales des empereurs du Japon."

text: OCLC 5850691

categories: 1779 deaths,1758 births,1770s in Japan,Japanese emperors,People of Edo-period Japan

paragraph: Emperor Go-Momozono

paragraph: Section::::Events of Go-Momozono's life.:Early life.

paragraph: Before Go-Momozono's accession to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name ("imina") was or Hanahito. Prince Hidehito was born on August 5, 1758 and was the firstborn son of Emperor Momozono. After his father died in 1762, the title of Emperor went to his aunt who became known as Empress Go-Sakuramachi. Hidehito was deemed too young to become Emperor at the time but was named Crown Prince and heir 5 years later. Empress Go-Sakuramachi abdicated in favor of her nephew on January 9, 1771 and Prince Hidehito became Emperor immediately.

paragraph: Section::::Events of Go-Momozono's life.:As Emperor.

paragraph: Little more than a year had passed into Go-Momozono's reign before Japan was hit with "The Great "Meiwa" Fire". On February 29, 1772 unofficial reports described a swath of ashes and cinders nearly five miles wide and long—destroying 178 temples and shrines, 127 daimyō residences, 878 non-official residences, 8705 houses of hatamoto, and 628 blocks of merchant dwellings, with estimates of over 6,000 casualties. All this devastation subsequently engendered the costs of reconstruction. The year 1772 as a whole was later called "year of trouble" because it was marked by an extraordinary succession of natural calamities. A contemporary pun was made linking the words ""Meiwa"" + ""ku"" (meaning ""Meiwa" 9", that is, the year 1772 according to the era calendar) and the sound-alike word ""meiwaku"" (meaning "misfortune" or "annoyance"). In addition to the fire, a tempest struck the Kantō region, causing floods and ruining crops. Another storm brought flooding and high winds to the Kantō region, destroying an estimated 4000 houses in Edo alone. The era name ("nengō") was changed at the end of the year to "Anei" (meaning "eternal tranquillity"); but this symbolic act proved to be futile. Epidemic diseases spread across the country in 1775 which resulted in 190,000 estimated deaths in Edo.

paragraph: Section::::Events of Go-Momozono's life.:Succession issue and death.

paragraph: Go-Momozono's Imperial Family lived with him in the Dairi of the Heian Palace, he never officially married and only had children with a court lady named Konoe Koreko (近衛維子). This family included at least 2 sons who died in infancy, and one 10-month-old daughter at the time of the Emperor's early death. Emperor Go-Momozono became ill in 1779, but his daughter was not eligible to become empress due to her age. When it became clear that the Emperor would not survive, his aunt former Empress Go-Sakuramachi had him adopt a son on his deathbed. The adopted son was from the Kan'in branch of the Imperial family, and would become the next Emperor. Go-Momozono died on December 16, 1779 at the age of 21 and his adopted son "Prince Morohito" became Emperor Kōkaku in the following year. Go-Momozono's only daughter Princess Yoshiko would later become Kōkaku's chief wife ("chūgū").

paragraph: Go-Momozono's "kami" is enshrined in the Imperial mausoleum, "Tsuki no wa no misasagi," at Sennyū-ji in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto. Also enshrined in this location are this Emperor's immediate Imperial predecessors since Emperor Go-Mizunoo – Meishō, Go-Kōmyō, Go-Sai, Reigen, Higashiyama, Nakamikado, Sakuramachi, Momozono and Go-Sakuramachi. The shrine complex also encompasses the misasagi of three of Go-Momozono's immediate successors – Kōkaku, Ninkō, and Kōmei.

paragraph: Section::::Eras and Kugyō.

paragraph: The years of Go-Momozono's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or "nengō": While is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted. In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Go-Momozono's reign, this apex of the "Daijō-kan included: "Sadaijin", "Udaijin", "Naidaijin", and "Dainagon".

paragraph: The following eras occurred during Go-Momozono's reign:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meiwa" (1764–1772)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An'ei" (1772–1781)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Emperors of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imperial cult

paragraph: BULLET::::- Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hall, John Whitney. (1955). "Tanuma Okitsugu, 1719–1788: Forerunner of Modern Japan." Cambridge: Harvard University Press. OCLC 445621

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meyer, Eva-Maria. (1999). "Japans Kaiserhof in der Edo-Zeit: unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Jahre 1846 bis 1867." Münster: LIT Verlag. ; OCLC 42041594

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). "The Imperial House of Japan." Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887

paragraph: BULLET::::- Screech, Timon. (2006). "Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822." London: RoutledgeCurzon. ; OCLC 65177072

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). "Nihon Ōdai Ichiran"; ou, "Annales des empereurs du Japon." Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691.

alias:
Emperor Go-Momozono
後桃園天皇
Go-Momozono-tennō

description: emperor of Japan

wikidata_label: Go-Momozono

wikipedia_title: Emperor Go-Momozono


text:
figure skater
Norwegian champion
Winter Olympics

categories: Sportspeople from Oslo,1947 births,Figure skaters at the 1964 Winter Olympics,Norwegian female single skaters,Olympic figure skaters of Norway,Living people

paragraph: Berit Unn Johansen

paragraph: Berit Unn Sandvik Johansen (born 18 July 1947) is a Norwegian figure skater. She became Norwegian champion in 1964. She competed at the Winter Olympics in 1964.

description: figure skater

wikidata_label: Berit Unn Johansen

wikipedia_title: Berit Unn Johansen


text: Krupp

text: Ruhr Valley

text: Germany

text: Jew

text: World War II

text: Poland

text: Righteous Among the Nations

text: Israel

text: Yad Vashem

text: Zemmin

text: Hither Pomerania

text: Stralsund

text: Shell Oil Company

text: Hamburg

text: Borysław

text: Borysław

text: Ukraine

text: SS

text: Belzec extermination camp

text: Hungary

text: Yad Vashem

text: Alfried Krupp

text: Krupp

text: ThyssenKrupp

text: Ruhr Valley

text: Museum Folkwang

text: Essen

text: International Olympic Committee

text: Central Council of Jews in Germany

text: Sylt

text: Ronald Lauder

text: World Jewish Congress

text: People's Republic of Poland

text: Essen

text: North Rhine-Westphalia

text: Republic of Austria

text: Republic of Korea

text: Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

text: Yad Vashem

text: University of Greifswald

text: Jagiellonian University

text: Cracow

text: Weizmann Institute of Science

text: Ruhr University Bochum

text: Leo Baeck

text: Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences

text: Kiel

text: Bochum

text: German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina

text: Harvard University

text: Moses Mendelssohn

text: Heidelberg

text: Lew Kopelew

text: University of Duisburg-Essen

text: Gerlos

text: Tyrol

text: Berthold Beitz

text: Yad Vashem

categories: 2013 deaths,German Righteous Among the Nations,1913 births,German businesspeople,People from the Province of Pomerania,International Olympic Committee members,Germany's Sports Hall of Fame inductees

paragraph: Berthold Beitz

paragraph: Berthold Beitz (26 September 1913 – 30 July 2013) was a German industrialist. He was the head of the Krupp steel conglomerate beginning in the 1950s. He was credited with helping to lead the re-industrialization of the Ruhr Valley and rebuilding Germany into an industrial power. He gained acclaim for saving some 250 Jewish workers during World War II by declaring them to be essential workers at an oil facility in Poland. In 1973, for saving Jews, he received the Righteous Among the Nations title awarded by the Israeli Yad Vashem, the highest honor given to a non-Jew.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Beitz was born in 1913 in Zemmin, Hither Pomerania. He began his career as a banker at the "Pommersche Bank" in Stralsund and started to work for Shell Oil Company in Hamburg in 1938.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.

paragraph: Beitz remained in the employ of Shell Oil when World War II began in 1939. Following Germany's invasion and occupation of Borysław in July 1941, Beitz was assigned to supervise the Carpathian Oil Company operating the Borysław oil fields in what is now Ukraine. Given the importance of the oil fields to the German war effort, Beitz was able to designate workers as essential to the war effort. The Borysław area had a large Jewish population, with many Jews holding positions as chemical engineers, laboratory assistants, mechanics, and laborers in the area's oil industry.

paragraph: After witnessing the "Invaliden-Aktion" in August 1942, an SS-led evacuation of a Jewish orphanage in Borysław, Beitz became determined to act to save local Jews. Having a position of importance, Beitz received advance word of Nazi actions against local Jews and provided warning to the Jewish community. He also had the opportunity to select suitable workers from Jews who were being held at transfer points for deportation to concentration camps. In August 1942, he "extricated 250 Jewish men and women from the transport train to the Belzec extermination camp by claiming them as 'professional workers.'" Beitz recalled, "I should have employed qualified personnel. Instead, I chose tailors, hairdressers and Talmudic scholars and gave them all cards as vital 'petroleum technicians.'"

paragraph: Together with his wife Else, Beitz also hid Jews in his home. He also issued and signed fake work permits to save other Jews from the death camps. In 1943, Beitz's efforts were nearly exposed after two Jewish girls were arrested on a train to Hungary with forged "Aryan" permits signed by Beitz. Beitz survived despite a Gestapo investigation into the incident, but he was drafted into the German army in March 1944. In total, Beitz has been credited with saving the lives of 800 Jews.

paragraph: Beitz later explained his motivation: "I saw how people were shot, how they were lined up in the night. My motives were not political; they were purely humane, moral motives." In another interview, he explained: "It wasn't anti-Fascism, nor was it resistance. We saw from dawn to dusk, as close as could be, what was happening to Boryslav's Jews. When you see a mother holding her children being shot, while you yourself have children, your reaction has to be completely different."

paragraph: For his efforts in saving Jewish workers, Beitz received Poland's highest civilian honor. In 1973, he was also honored by Yad Vashem, the Israeli Holocaust memorial, as a "Righteous Among the Nations", the organization's highest honor for non-Jews who saved Jews from the Holocaust. According to Yad Vashem, "The Jews that he rescued from deportation included many unqualified workers, often in poor physical condition, who could not, by any stretch of the imagination, be described as 'professionals' or indispensable to the oil industry."

paragraph: Section::::Post-war business career.

paragraph: After the war, Beitz became the head of Iduna, an insurance company. His innovative business methods and compensation brought him attention. In 1953, Alfried Krupp hired him to become chairman of the Krupp steel corporation. He remained with the company for 60 years and helped build it into a publicly traded conglomerate, merging the company in the 1990s to form ThyssenKrupp. Beitz has also been credited with helping to lead the re-industrialization of the Ruhr Valley where Krupp's operations were based.

paragraph: After Alfried Krupp's death in 1967, Beitz served as executor and persuaded the Krupp heirs to establish a charitable foundation known as the Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation. The foundation still owns 25% of ThyssenKrupp. Beitz remained active in the foundation and led its effort to fund the creation of the Museum Folkwang in Essen.

paragraph: From 1972 to 1988, Beitz was a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and an honorary member until his death. From 1984 to 1988, he was an IOC vice president and executive board member.

paragraph: In 2000, he received the Leo-Baeck Award, the highest honor bestowed by the Central Council of Jews in Germany.

paragraph: In July 2013, Beitz died at age 99 at his holiday home on the island of Sylt off the northern coast of Germany. He is survived by his wife Else and three daughters. Following Beitz's death, Ronald Lauder, president of the World Jewish Congress, called Beitz "one of the great Germans of the past century."

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Decorations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commander with Star of the Order of Merit of the People's Republic of Poland (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary Ring of the city of Essen (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of Merit of North Rhine-Westphalia (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cross 1st Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (1987; Grand Cross 2nd Class: 1979; Grand Officer's Cross: 1973; Commander's Cross: 1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of Cultural Merit of the Republic of Korea (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of Merit of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (2012)

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Righteous Among the Nations" at Yad Vashem (Israel) for the help to persecuted Jews in the Nazi period (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary doctorate from the Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University of Greifswald (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary senator of the Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University of Greifswald (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary doctorate from the Jagiellonian University in Cracow (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary citizen of the university and Hanseatic City of Greifswald (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary doctorate from the Weizmann Institute of Science (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josef Neuberger Medal, together with his wife Else Beitz (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary doctorate from the Ruhr University Bochum, because of his "ministry of science and education in the Ruhr area" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leo Baeck Prize of the Central Council of Jews in Germany, together with his wife Else Beitz (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leibniz Medal of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary citizen of the city of Kiel (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary citizen of the city of Bochum during the ceremony for the 40th birthday at the Ruhr University Bochum (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary senator of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (since 2008, National Academy of Sciences) (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary citizen of the city of Essen (single award since 1949) naming the new road through the former Krupp factory premises at the new ThyssenKrupp Headquarters as Berthold Beitz Boulevard (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hall of Fame of German Sport (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Chair for Human Rights at Harvard University on the science campus of the Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald is named the Berthold Beitz place after the chairman of the Alfried Krupp von Bohlen and Halbach named Foundation, which promotes university and city for years (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moses Mendelssohn Medal for the rescue of persecuted Jews (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary senator of the College of Jewish Studies in Heidelberg (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- State Prize of North Rhine-Westphalia with his wife Else Beitz (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lew Kopelew Prize (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor Leopold I Medal of the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary citizen of the University of Duisburg-Essen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary citizen of Gerlos, Tyrol

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berthold Beitz at Yad Vashem website

description: German industrialist

wikidata_label: Berthold Beitz

wikipedia_title: Berthold Beitz


text:
Wettin
Dedi III, Margrave of Lusatia
Berthold IV, Duke of Merania
Duchess of Merania
Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor
Kingdom of Sicily
Third Crusade
Otto I
Saint Hedwig
Henry I the Bearded
Gertrude
Andrew II of Hungary
Agnes
Philip II of France
Berthold
Patriarch of Aquileia
Nemanjic
Serbia
canonized
Agnes of Germany
Frederick I, Duke of Swabia
Bertha of Swabia
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Bertha of Savoy
Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor
Agnes of Poitou
William V, Duke of Aquitaine
Agnes of Burgundy

categories: Women of medieval Germany,1195 deaths,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Agnes of Rochlitz

paragraph: Agnes of Rochlitz (died 1195) came from the Wettin family and was daughter of Dedi III, Margrave of Lusatia and his wife, Matilda of Heinsburg. She is also known as Agnes of Wettin.

paragraph: Agnes married Berthold IV, Duke of Merania. From this marriage Agnes gained the titles of Duchess of Merania and Countess of Andechs.

paragraph: In 1186, Agnes' husband accompanied Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, to the Kingdom of Sicily. In 1189, he led the third division of the imperial army and was its standard-bearer on the Third Crusade.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: Agnes had eight children, among them, three queens:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otto I, who succeeded his father

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ekbert, bishop of Bamberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry, margrave of Istria

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Hedwig, wife of Henry I the Bearded, duke of Silesia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gertrude, who married Andrew II of Hungary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agnes, disputed consort of Philip II of France

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berthold, Patriarch of Aquileia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mathilde, abbess of Klitzingen

paragraph: An unnamed daughter married into the Nemanjic family of Serbia.

paragraph: Gertrude became Queen of Hungary, but was murdered because she gave Hungarian lands to her relatives. Hedwig was eventually canonized in 1267.

paragraph: Section::::Ancestors.

paragraph: Agnes was a descendant of several women with the same name. One of them was Agnes of Germany, who married Frederick I, Duke of Swabia. Their daughter was Bertha of Swabia. Agnes of Germany was a daughter of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor and his first wife Bertha of Savoy. Henry's parents were Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor and Agnes of Poitou.

paragraph: Agnes of Poitou was a daughter of William V, Duke of Aquitaine and his third wife Agnes of Burgundy.

description: Duchess consort of Merania

wikidata_label: Agnes of Rochlitz

wikipedia_title: Agnes of Rochlitz


text:
Bayezid II
Ottoman Empire
Aynışah Hatun
Manisa
Karaman
Bursa
Trabzon Castle
Trabzon

categories: 15th-century women of the Ottoman Empire,Wives of Ottoman Sultans,16th-century Ottoman royalty,Year of birth unknown,15th-century people of the Ottoman Empire,Year of death unknown

paragraph: Şirin Hatun

paragraph: Şirin Hatun () was a consort of Sultan Bayezid II of the Ottoman Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Şirin married Bayezid when he was still a prince, and the governor of Amasya. She gave birth to Bayezid's eldest son, Şehzade Abdullah in 1460, followed by a daughter, Aynışah Hatun.

paragraph: According to Turkish tradition, all princes were expected to work as provincial governors as a part of their training. In 1468, Abdullah was sent to Manisa, and in 1481 to Karaman, and Şirin accompanied him.

paragraph: After the death of Şehzade Abdullah in 1485, Şirin retired to Bursa. In retirement she occupied herself with pious works. She built a "Hatuniye Mosque" located inside Trabzon Castle and endowed a religious college in Trabzon, and then she also built a tomb for Abdullah, in which she was too buried at her death.

description: Wife of Ottoman Sultan

wikidata_label: Şirin Hatun

wikipedia_title: Şirin Hatun


text:
Bayezid II
Ottoman Empire
Şehzade Korkut
Antalya
Yivliminare Mosque
Antalya

categories: 15th-century women of the Ottoman Empire,Wives of Ottoman Sultans,16th-century Ottoman royalty,15th-century people of the Ottoman Empire,1515 deaths,Ottoman dynasty,1452 births

paragraph: Nigar Hatun

paragraph: Nigar Hatun (; died February 1503) was the consort of Sultan Bayezid II of the Ottoman Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Nigar married Bayezid when he was still a prince, and the governor of Amasya. She gave birth to two children, a son, Şehzade Korkut in 1467 or in 1469, and a daughter, Fatma Hatun.

paragraph: According to Turkish tradition, all princes were expected to work as provincial governors as a part of their training. In 1483 Korkut was sent to Manisa and then to Antalya, and Nigar accompanied him.

paragraph: Nigar died in February 1503, and was buried in her own mausoleum, which she had built in 1502, just a year before her death at Yivliminare Mosque, Antalya.

description: Wife of Ottoman Sultan

wikidata_label: Nigar Hatun

wikipedia_title: Nigar Hatun


text: Chrysanthemum Throne

text: Emperor Horikawa

text: Fujiwara no Tamako

text: Emperor Sutoku

text: Saiin

text: Kamo Shrine

text: Princess Muneko

text: Emperor Go-Shirakawa

text: Fujiwara no Yasuko

text: Fujiwara no Nariko

text: Emperor Konoe

text: Imperial Princess Yoshiko

text: Emperor Nijō

text: Ise Shrine

text: Arisugawa-no-miya

text: Emperor Shirakawa

text: Kajō

text: Emperor Horikawa

text: tennō

text: Emperor Shirakawa

text: cloistered rule

text: Ten'ei

text: Hōan

text: Emperor Sutoku

text: Daiji

text: Emperor Shirakawa

text: Emperor Sutoku

text: Emperor Konoe

text: Emperor Go-Shirakawa

text: Chōshō

text: udaijin

text: Emperor of Japan

text: Meiji

text: Daijō-kan

text: Sesshō

text: Kampaku

text: Kampaku

text: Daijō-daijin

text: Sadaijin

text: Sadaijin

text: Udaijin

text: Naidaijin

text: Dainagon

text: era name

text: nengō

text: Kajō

text: Tennin

text: Ten'ei

text: Eikyū

text: Gen'ei

text: Hōan

text: Emperor of Japan

text: List of Emperors of Japan

text: Imperial cult

text: Emperor Go-Toba

text: "Gukanshō: The Future and the Past."

text: OCLC 251325323

text: OCLC 164803926

text: Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon

text: "The Imperial House of Japan."

text: OCLC 194887

text: Titsingh, Isaac.

text: Nihon Odai Ichiran

text: "Annales des empereurs du Japon."

text: OCLC 5850691

text: Varley, H. Paul.

text: OCLC 59145842

categories: Japanese emperors,1156 deaths,12th-century Japanese monarchs,1103 births

paragraph: Emperor Toba

paragraph: Toba's reign spanned the years from 1107 through 1123.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (his "imina") was Munehito"-shinnō" (宗仁親王).

paragraph: He was the son of Emperor Horikawa. His mother was Empress Dowager Fujiwara no Ishi (藤原苡子)

paragraph: Toba had three Empresses, some consort ladies and 14 imperial sons and daughters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "chūgū" : Fujiwara no Tamako (藤原璋子) later Taikenmon’in (待賢門院), Fujiwara no Kinzane‘s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Son: Imperial Prince Akihito (顕仁親王) later Emperor Sutoku

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Daughter: Imperial Princess "Yoshiko/Kishi" (禧子内親王; 1122–1133) – Saiin at Kamo Shrine

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second Son: Imperial Prince Michihito (通仁親王; 1124–1129)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Third Son: Imperial Prince Kimihito (君仁親王; 1125–1143)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second Daughter: Imperial Princess Muneko (統子内親王) later Jōsaimon-in (上西門院), – Saiin at Kamo Shrine.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fourth Son: Imperial Prince Masahito (雅仁親王) later Emperor Go-Shirakawa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fifth Son: Imperial Prince Motohito? (本仁親王; 1129–1169) later Imperial Prince priest Kakushō (覚性法親王)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "kōgō": Fujiwara no Yasuko/"Taishi" (藤原泰子) later Kōyō-in (高陽院), Fujiwara no Tadazane’s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- "kōgō": Fujiwara no Nariko (藤原得子) later Bifukumon’in (美福門院), Fujiwara no Nagazane’s daughter.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter: Imperial Princess Toshiko/"Eishi" (叡子内親王; 1135–1148)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter: Imperial Princess Akiko (暲子内親王; 1137–1211) later Hachijo’in (八条院)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ninth Son: Imperial Prince Narihito (体仁親王), later Emperor Konoe

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter: Imperial Imperial Princess Yoshiko/"Shushi" (姝子内親王) later Takamatsu’in（高松院), "chūgū" (Empress) to Emperor Nijō)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Court Lady Ki Ieko (紀家子), Mino-no-Tsubone (美濃局), Ki no Mitsukiyo’s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sixth Son: Imperial Prince Priest Dōkei (道恵法親王; 1132–1168)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seventh Son: Imperial Prince Priest Kakukai (覚快法親王; 1134–1181)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter: Aya Gozen (阿夜御前; d.1195)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sanjō-no-Tsubone (三条局; d.1138), Fujiwara no Iemasa’s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter: Imperial Princess Kenshi (妍子内親王; d.1161) Yoshida "saigū" (Imperial Princess serving at Ise Shrine)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kasuga-no-Tsubone (春日局), Tokudaiji Saneyosi‘s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seventh Daughter: Imperial Princess Shōshi/Nobuko (頌子内親王; 1145–1208)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fujitsubo-Nyogo (藤壺女御), Tachibana Toshitsuna‘s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shin-yo? (真誉) – Buddhist nun

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tosa-no-Tsubone (土佐局), Minamoto no Mitsuyasu‘s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fujiwara no Sanehira‘s Daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter: Princess Takamatsu (高松宮) (apparently no connection with Arisugawa-no-miya, which was originally named Takamatsu-no-miya)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unknown

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imperial Prince Priest Saichū (最忠法親王)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imperial Prince Dōka? (道果親王)

paragraph: Section::::Events of Toba's life.

paragraph: When his mother died, his grandfather, former-Emperor Shirakawa, took him under his care and raised him.

paragraph: BULLET::::- August 9, 1107 ("Kajō 2, 19th day of the 7th month"): In the 21st year of Emperor Horikawa's reign (堀河天皇21年), the emperor (""tennō"") died at the age of 29; and the succession (‘‘senso’’) was received by his only son. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Toba is said to have acceded to the throne (‘‘sokui’’).

paragraph: During the initial years of Toba's reign, the actual power was held by his grandfather, the "retired" Emperor Shirakawa, in a process known as cloistered rule.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1110 ("Ten'ei 3, 6th month"): The Miidera-ji burned down. This was the second time the temple was destroyed by fire, the first time being in 1081.

paragraph: BULLET::::- February 25, 1123 ("Hōan 4, 28th day of the 1st month"): In the 17th year of Emperor Toba's reign (鳥羽天皇17年), Toba was forced to abdicate by his grandfather, retired-Emperor Shirakawa. Toba gave up the throne in favor of his son Akihito, who would become Emperor Sutoku. Toba was only 20 years old when he renounced his title; and he had already reigned for 16 years: two in the "nengō" "Tennin", three in "Ten'ei", five in the "nengō" "Eikyū", two in "Gen'ei", and four in the "nengō" "Hōan." At this time, Toba took the title "Daijō-tennō." The succession ("senso") was received by his son.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1123 ("Hōan 4, 2nd month"): Emperor Sutoku is said to have acceded to the throne ("sokui").

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1129 ("Daiji 4"): "retired" Emperor Shirakawa died; and Toba himself began to rule as cloistered emperor. Toba continued to hold power through the reigns of three emperors, Emperor Sutoku, Emperor Konoe, and Emperor Go-Shirakawa.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1134 ("Chōshō 3"): The former-Emperor Toba made a pilgrimage to the Kumano Shrines. He was accompanied by "sadaijin" Hanazono no Arahito and "udaijin" Naka-no-in Munetada. The excursion was enjoyed by all, and great quantities of sake were consumed.

paragraph: Section::::Events of Toba's life.:Kugyō.

paragraph: "Kugyō" (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.

paragraph: In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Toba's reign, this apex of the "Daijō-kan included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sesshō", Fujiwara Tadazane, 1078–1162.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kampaku", Fujiwara Tadazane.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kampaku", Fujiwara Tadamichi, 1097–1164.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Daijō-daijin", Fujiwara Tadazane.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sadaijin", Fujiwara Tadamichi.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sadaijin", Hanazono no Arahito.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Udaijin", Naka-no-in Munetada.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Naidaijin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dainagon"

paragraph: Section::::Eras of Toba's reign.

paragraph: The years of Toba's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or "nengō".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kajō" (1106–1108)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tennin" (1108–1110)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ten'ei" (1110–1113)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eikyū" (1113–1118)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gen'ei" (1118–1120)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hōan" (1120–1124)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Emperors of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imperial cult

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor Go-Toba

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). "Gukanshō: The Future and the Past." Berkeley: University of California Press. ; OCLC 251325323

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kitagawa, Hiroshi and Burce T. Tsuchida, ed. (1975). The Tale of the Heike. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. OCLC 164803926

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). "The Imperial House of Japan." Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). "Nihon Odai Ichiran"; ou, "Annales des empereurs du Japon." Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691

paragraph: BULLET::::- Varley, H. Paul. (1980). "Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns." New York: Columbia University Press. ; OCLC 59145842

alias:
鳥羽天皇
Toba-tennō
Emperor Toba

description: Emperor of Japan

wikidata_label: Toba

wikipedia_title: Emperor Toba


text:
Baltic Fleet
Peter the Great
Voronezh
Croatian
Catholic
Perast
Bay of Kotor
Montenegro
Andrija Zmajević
Antivari
Vicko Bujović
Republic of Ragusa
Dubrovnik
Istanbul
Peter Tolstoy
Tsar
Sankt Petersburg
Great Northern War
Baltic Sea
Battle of Gangut
Grengam
Perast
vice admiral
Don
Catherine I of Russia
Order of Alexander Nevsky
admiral
embezzlement
court-martial
Astrakhan
vice-admiral
Black Sea Fleet
Boka Kotorska
Krsto Zmajević
Marko Ivanovich Voinovich
Andrija Zmajević
Vicko Zmajević

categories: People from Kotor,Imperial Russian people of Montenegrin descent,Imperial Russian people of Serbian descent,Recipients of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky,1735 deaths,Imperial Russian Navy admirals,Montenegrin soldiers,1680 births

paragraph: Matija Zmajević

paragraph: Matija Zmajević (also Matej Zmajević, in Russia "Matvei Khristoforovich Zmayevich" ; January 6, 1680 – August 23, 1735) was admiral of the Baltic Fleet and the shipbuilder of the Russian Tsar Peter the Great, building a fleet in Voronezh.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born in a prominent Croatian Catholic family from Perast (Bay of Kotor, Montenegro). His uncle Andrija Zmajević, a poet, was a renowned Montenegrin Roman Catholic bishop of Antivari (Bar). The family was in conflict with another Perast family of Bujović, and after Vicko Bujović was killed in a fight on city streets, Matija was forced to leave Perast for alleged involvement when he was 28. He escaped to the Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) and then to Istanbul, where he found refuge with Russian ambassador Peter Tolstoy. In 1712, Tolstoy sent him with a recommendation to Peter I.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Impressed with Zmajević's education and maritime skills, the Tsar accepted him in military service and sent him to Sankt Petersburg, with the rank of Captain of Fregate, and he quickly rose in rank.

paragraph: Zmajević had great success in maritime battles against Sweden, against whom Russia fought the Great Northern War for supremacy on Baltic Sea. He captured seven smaller Swedish galleys in the 1714 Battle of Gangut, and his fleet fought a minor Swedish force at Grengam in 1720, in the last naval battle of the Great Northern War. As a result of Zmajević's victory, Peter the Great sent some of his young officers (boyars) to the town of Perast in Boka in order to study maritime science there. He was subsequently promoted to the rank of vice admiral and put in charge for building the river fleet of the Don. In 1725, he was given the honor of carrying the emperor's crown at the funeral of Peter the Great. Tsar's successor, Catherine I of Russia, decorated Zmajević with the Order of Alexander Nevsky, and in 1727 he was awarded the ultimate rank of admiral.

paragraph: After the death of Catherine I in 1727, Zmajević was accused of embezzlement and sentenced to death by a court-martial. He was reprieved at the last minute and relegated to the post of governor of the Astrakhan area with the rank of vice-admiral, where he spent last years of his life. He worked on establishment of the Black Sea Fleet, which would play a significant role in Russian expansion to the south after his death.

paragraph: Zmajević made numerous donations to his hometown Perast and Boka Kotorska. He was buried with military honors in the Catholic Church of Saint Ludvig in Moscow.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Krsto Zmajević

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marko Ivanovich Voinovich

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrija Zmajević

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vicko Zmajević

description: Admiral of the Imperial Russian Navy

wikidata_label: Matija Zmajević

wikipedia_title: Matija Zmajević


text:
Travel literature
India
Bhikkhu
Marxist Socialism
polymath
polyglot
Padma Bhushan
Azamgarh
Uttar Pradesh
Arya Samaj
Dayananda Saraswati
Dharmakirti
Pramana Vartika
Ladakh
Kinnaur
Kashmir
Nepal
Tibet
Sri Lanka
Iran
Soviet Union
Saran district
Bihar
Buddhist monk
Pali
Sanskrit
manuscript
Vikramshila
Nalanda
Buddhist monks
Patna Museum
Patna
polyglot
language
dialect
Hindi
Sanskrit
Pali
Bhojpuri
Magahi
Urdu
Persian
Arabic
Tamil
Kannada
Tibetan
Sinhalese
Indologist
Marxist
Buddhism
Tibetology
lexicography
grammar
folklore
Majjhima Nikaya
Prakrit
Hindi
Volga Se Ganga
Volga
Ganges
Aryan
steppe
Eurasia
Volga river
Hindukush
Himalaya
Indo-Gangetic plain
subcontinent of India
Mahatma Gandhi
quit India movement
Tamil
Bengali
Bengali
Padmabhushan
Sahitya Akademi Award
Kashi Prasad Jayaswal
University of Leningrad
Indology
Darjeeling
Volga Se Ganga
Hindi literature
Ram Sharan Sharma
Indian History Congress

categories: 20th-century Indian translators,Bhojpuri-language writers,Converts to Buddhism from Hinduism,Indian Buddhists,Prisoners and detainees of British India,Indian Indologists,1963 deaths,1893 births,20th-century Indian novelists,Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi,Writers from Uttar Pradesh,Hindi-language writers,Newar studies scholars,Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award,Scholars from Uttar Pradesh,Indian Sanskrit scholars,20th-century Indian biographers,Tibetologists,People from Azamgarh district,20th-century Indian short story writers,Indian Marxists,Indian social reformers,20th-century Indian linguists,Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh,Indian travel writers,Indian former Hindus,Indian male novelists,Indian autobiographers,Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education

paragraph: Rahul Sankrityayan

paragraph: /nowiki

paragraph: Rahul Sankrityayan (9 April 1893 – 14 April 1963), is called the "Father of Hindi Travelogue Travel literature". He is the one who played a pivotal role to give travelogue a 'literature form', was one of the most widely travelled scholars of India, spending forty-five years of his life on travels away from his home.

paragraph: He travelled to many places and wrote many travelogue approximately in the same ratio. He is also famously known for his authentic description about his travels experiences, for instance- in his travelogue "Meri Laddakh Yatra" he presents overall regional, historical and cultural specificity of that region judiciously. He became a Buddhist monk ("Bauddha Bhikkhu") and eventually took up Marxist Socialism. Sankrityayan was also an Indian nationalist, having been arrested and jailed for three years for creating anti-British writings and speeches. He is referred to as the 'Greatest Scholar' ("Mahapandit") for his scholarship. He was both a polymath as well as a polyglot. The Government of India awarded him the civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan in 1963.

paragraph: Section::::Childhood.

paragraph: He was born as Kedarnath Pandey in a Bhumihar Brahmin family on 9 April 1893 in Pandha Village and his ancestral village is Kanila Chakarpanur village, Azamgarh district, in Eastern Uttar Pradesh. He received formal schooling at a local primary school, though he later studied and mastered numerous languages independently, as well as the art of photography.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy of his Life.

paragraph: In his initial days he was a keen follower of Arya Samaj of Swami Dayananda Saraswati. Buddhism came to him and changed his life. He lost faith in God's existence but still retained faith in reincarnation. Later he moved towards Marxist Socialism and rejected the concepts of reincarnation and afterlife also. The two volumes of "Darshan-Digdarshan", the collected history of World's Philosophy give an indication of his philosophy when we find the second volume much dedicated to Dharmakirti's Pramana Vartika. This he discovered in Tibetan translation from Tibet.

paragraph: Section::::Travels.

paragraph: Sankrityayan's travels took him to different parts of India including Ladakh, Kinnaur, and Kashmir. He also travelled to several other countries including Nepal, Tibet, Sri Lanka, Iran, China, and the former Soviet Union. He spent several years in the "Parsa Gadh" village in the Saran district in Bihar. The village's entry gate is named "Rahul Gate". While travelling, he mostly used surface transport, and he went to certain countries clandestinely; he entered Tibet as a Buddhist monk. He made several trips to Tibet and brought valuable paintings and Pali and Sanskrit manuscripts back to India. Most of these were a part of the libraries of Vikramshila and Nalanda Universities. These objects had been taken to Tibet by fleeing Buddhist monks during the twelfth and subsequent centuries when the invading Muslim armies had destroyed universities in India. Some accounts state that Rahul Sankrityayan employed twenty-two mules to bring these materials from Tibet to India. Patna Museum, Patna, has a special section of these materials in his honour, where a number of these and other items have been displayed.

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: Sankrityayan was a polyglot, well versed in several languages and dialects, including Hindi, Sanskrit, Pali, Bhojpuri, Magahi, Urdu, Persian, Arabic, Tamil, Kannada, Tibetan, Sinhalese, French and Russian. He was also an Indologist, a Marxist theoretician, and a creative writer. He started writing during his twenties and his works, totalling well over 100, covered a variety of subjects, including sociology, history, philosophy, Buddhism, Tibetology, lexicography, grammar, textual editing, folklore, science, drama, and politics. Many of these were unpublished. He translated Majjhima Nikaya from Prakrit into Hindi.

paragraph: One of his most famous books in Hindi is "Volga Se Ganga" ("A journey from the Volga to the Ganges") – a work of historical fiction concerning the migration of Aryans from the steppes of the Eurasia to regions around the Volga river; then their movements across the Hindukush and the Himalayas and the sub-Himalayan regions; and their spread to the Indo-Gangetic plains of the subcontinent of India. The book begins in 6000 BC and ends in 1942, the year when Mahatma Gandhi, the Indian nationalist leader called for the quit India movement. It was published in 1942. A translation into English of this work by Victor Kiernan was published in 1947 as "From Volga to Ganga". It was translated by K.N. Muthiya-Tamilputhakalayam in Tamil as "Valgavil irundu gangai varai" and is still considered a best-seller. The Kannada translation done by B.N Sharma as "Volga Ganga" . The Telugu translation (Volga nunchi Ganga ku) inspired many readers. "Volga muthal Ganga vare", the Malayalam translation, became immensely popular among the young intellectuals of Kerala and it continues to be one of the most influential books of its times. The Bengali version is "Volga Theke Ganga" [ভল্গা থেকে গঙ্গা], which is still acclaimed by the critics.

paragraph: His most important travelogue literature is- "Tibbat me Sava varsha(1933), "Meri Europe Yatra" (1935), "Athato Ghumakkad Jigyasa", "Volga se Ganga", "Asia ke Durgam Bhukhando Mein", "Yatra Ke Panne" and "Kinnar Desh Mein".

paragraph: More than ten of his books have been translated and published in Bengali. He was awarded the Padmabhushan in 1963, and he received the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1958 for his book "Madhya Asia ka Itihaas".

paragraph: He maintained daily diaries in Sanskrit which were used fully while writing his autobiography. In spite of profound scholarship, he wrote in very simple Hindi that a common person could follow. He wrote books of varied interest. He was aware of limitations of Hindi literature and singularly made up the loss in no small measure.

paragraph: The historian Kashi Prasad Jayaswal compared Rahul Sankrityayan with Buddha. Rahul's personality was as impressive and memorable as are his achievements. He traveled widely and wrote in five languages – Hindi, Sanskrit, Bhojpuri, Pāli and Tibetan. His published works span a range of genres, which include autobiography, biography, travelogue, sociology, history, philosophy, Buddhism, Tibetology, lexicography, grammar, text editing, folklore, science, fiction, drama, essays, politics, and pamphleteering.

paragraph: Section::::Soviet Union.

paragraph: Although he had little formal education, in view of his knowledge and command over the subject, University of Leningrad appointed him Professor of Indology in 1937–38 and again in 1947–48.

paragraph: Section::::Contributions.

paragraph: Many of Rahul's personal collections including the ones he gathered from his multiple trips to Tibet were distributed across to multiple Universities and Museums.

paragraph: Patna Museum has an extensive collection of Buddhist scrolls which he assimilated through his journeys across Tibet. Many of these are considered rare gems of Indian scriptures translated into Tibetan.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life and family.

paragraph: Rahul was married when very young and never came to know anything of his child-wife, Santoshi.Probably he saw her only once in his 40s as per his autobiography: Meri Jivan Yatra.

paragraph: During his stay in Soviet Russia a second time, accepting an invitation for teaching Buddhism at Leningrad University, he came in contact with a Mongolian scholar Lola (Ellena Narvertovna Kozerovskaya). She could speak French, English, and Russian and write Sanskrit. She helped him in working on Tibetan- Sanskrit dictionary. Their attachment ended in marriage and birth of son Igor. Mother and son were not allowed to accompany Rahul to India after completion of his assignment due to restrictions imposed by Stalin regime.

paragraph: Late in life, he married Dr. Kamala, an Indian Nepali lady and had a daughter (Jaya), two sons (Jeta) and (Jayant) .

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Rahul accepted a teaching job at a Sri Lankan University, where he fell seriously ill. Diabetes, high blood pressure and a mild stroke struck him. Most tragic happening was the loss of memory. He breathed his last in Darjeeling in 1963.

paragraph: His last residence at Darjeeling was at 21 Kacheri Road: Rahul Nivas.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:In Hindi.

paragraph: Novels

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Baaeesween Sadi" – 1923

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jeeney ke Liye" – 1940

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simha Senapathi" – 1944

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jai Yaudheya" – 1944

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bhago Nahin, Duniya ko Badlo" – 1944

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Madhur Swapna" – 1949

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rajasthani Ranivas" – 1953

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vismrit Yatri" – 1954

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Divodas" – 1960

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vismriti Ke Garbh Me"

paragraph: Short Stories

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Satmi ke Bachche" – 1935

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Volga Se Ganga" – 1944

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bahurangi Madhupuri" – 1953

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kanaila ki Katha" – 1955–56

paragraph: Autobiography

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meri Jivan Yatra I" – 1944

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meri Jivan Yatra II" – 1950

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meri Jivan Yatra III, IV, V" – published posthumously

paragraph: Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sardar Prithvi Singh" – 1955

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Naye Bharat ke Naye Neta (2 volumes)" – 1942

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bachpan ki Smritiyan" – 1953

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ateet se Vartaman (Vol I)" – 1953

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stalin" – 1954

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lenin" – 1954

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Karl Marx" – 1954

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mao-Tse-Tung" – 1954

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ghumakkar Swami" – 1956

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mere Asahayog ke Sathi" – 1956

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jinka Main Kritajna" – 1956

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vir Chandrasingh Garhwali" – 1956

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simhala Ghumakkar Jaivardhan" – 1960

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kaptan Lal" – 1961

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simhal ke Vir Purush" – 1961

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mahamanav Budha" – 1956

paragraph: Some of his other books are:-

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mansik Gulami"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rhigvedic Arya"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ghumakkar Shastra"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kinnar desh mein"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Darshan Digdarshan"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dakkhini Hindi ka Vyaakaran"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Puratatv Nibandhawali"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Manava Samaj"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Madhya Asia ka Itihas"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Samyavad hi Kyon"

paragraph: Section::::Works.:In Bhojpuri.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Teen Natak" – 1942

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Panch Natak" – 1942

paragraph: Section::::Works.:In Nepali (Translation).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bauddhadharnma Darshan" – 1984

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Related to Tibetan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tibbati Bal-Siksha" – 1933

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pathavali (Vol. 1,2 & 3)" – 1933

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tibbati Vyakaran (Tibetan Grammar)" – 1933

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tibbat May Budh Dharm"-1948

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lhasa ki or"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Himalaya Parichay Bhag 1"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Himalaya Parichay Bhag 2"

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hindi literature

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ram Sharan Sharma, "Rahul Sankrityayan and Social Change", Indian History Congress, 1993.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Himalayan Buddhism, Past and Present: Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan centenary volume" by D. C. Ahir ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prabhakar Machwe: "Rahul Sankrityayan" New Delhi 1978: Sahitya Akademi. [A short biography including a list of Sankrityayan's works]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bharati Puri, Traveller on the Silk Road: Rites and Routes of Passage in Rahul Sankrityayan’s Himalayan Wanderlust, China Report (Sage: New Delhi), February 2011, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 37–58.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alaka Atreya Chudal, "A Freethinking Cultural Nationalist: A Life History of Rahul Sankrityayan", Oxford University Press, 2016. ()

description: Indian linguist

wikidata_label: Rahul Sankrityayan

wikipedia_title: Rahul Sankrityayan


text:
French
composer
classical music
Bar-sur-Aube
Champagne-Ardenne
Dijon
Beaune
Paris Conservatoire
Léo Delibes
Ernest Guiraud
Claude Debussy
César Franck
Ancient Greece
Olivier Messiaen
Henri Dutilleux
folksong
Oriental
modes
Prix de Rome
Émile Poillot
Charles Tournemire
string quartet
birdsong
Florence Katz
Timpani (record label)
orchestral song
Marco Polo (record label)
Slovene Philharmonic Orchestra
Emmanuel Villaume
Laurent Wagschal
Maurice Emmanuel
Maurice Emmanuel
Maurice Emmanuel

categories: 19th-century classical composers,20th-century classical composers,19th-century French musicologists,French classical composers,French opera composers,French Romantic composers,Male opera composers,20th-century male musicians,Academics of the Conservatoire de Paris,20th-century French composers,People from Dijon,19th-century French composers,Pupils of Léo Delibes,1938 deaths,20th-century French musicologists,French male classical composers,People from Beaune,1862 births,Conservatoire de Paris alumni

paragraph: Maurice Emmanuel

paragraph: Maurice Emmanuel (2 May 1862 – 14 December 1938) was a French composer of classical music born in Bar-sur-Aube, a small town in the Champagne-Ardenne region of northeastern France. It was there where he first heard his grandfather's printing press which according to his granddaughter, Anne Eichner-Emmanuel, first gave him the feeling of rhythm.

paragraph: Brought up in Dijon, Marie François Maurice Emmanuel became a chorister at Beaune cathedral after his family moved to the city in 1869. According to his granddaughter, Anne Eichner-Emmanuel, he was influenced by the brass bands on the streets of Beaune and by the "songs of the grape pickers which imprinted melodies in his memory so different from all the classical music he was taught in the academy of music." Subsequently, he went to Paris, and he entered the Paris Conservatoire, where his composition teacher was Léo Delibes. However, Delibes' strong disapproval of his early modal compositions (Cello Sonata, Op. 2, Sonatinas No. 1, Op. 4 and No. 2, Op. 5) caused a rift between them and subsequently caused him to study with Ernest Guiraud also at the Conservatoire. At the Conservatoire he came to know Claude Debussy who was also a pupil there. In addition, he attended the Conservatoire classes of César Franck, about whom he wrote a short book in 1930 ("César Franck: Etude Critique").

paragraph: Emmanuel pursued a notable academic career. He wrote a treatise in 1895 on the music of Ancient Greece, and was appointed professor of the history of music at the Conservatoire in 1909. His students included Olivier Messiaen and Henri Dutilleux. Emmanuel's interests included folksong, Oriental music, and exotic modes — his use of these modes in various of his works had appalled Delibes, who had vetoed his entering for the Prix de Rome. Other appointments included choirmaster at the church of Sainte-Clotilde from 1904 to 1907, assisted by Émile Poillot, during the tenure of organist Charles Tournemire.

paragraph: The compositions of Emmanuel, seldom heard today even in France, include operas after Aeschylus ("Prométhée enchaîné" and "Salamine") as well as symphonies and string quartets. Probably the creations of his most often performed now are his six "sonatines" for solo piano, which (like many of his other pieces) demonstrate his eclectic academic interests. The first of the "sonatines" draws on the music of Burgundy, while the second incorporates birdsong, the third uses a Burgundian folk tune in its finale, and the fourth is subtitled "en divers modes hindous" ("in various Hindu modes").

paragraph: Section::::Recordings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Complete Songs" - Odelettes anacréontiques op. 13; Musiques op. 17; Vocalise-étude op. 24; In memoriam op. 11. Florence Katz, Marie Christine Girod, Timpani (record label), 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Songs of Burgundy" - orchestral songs. Florence Katz, Jean-Pierre Quénaudon, Laure Rivierre (piano), Choeur de Bourgogne, cond. Roger Toulet Marco Polo (record label), 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chamber Music" - Sonata for Cello and Piano, Op. 2; Trio for Flute, Clarinet and Piano, Op. 11; Suite on Greek Folk Songs, Op. 10; Sonata for bugle and piano, Op. 29; String Quartet, Op. 8. Various Artists Timpani (record label), 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Symphonies, Suite, Overture" - Overture for a Gay Story, Op. 2; Symphony No. 1 in A, Op. 18; French Suite, Op. 26; Symphony No. 2 in A, Op. 25. Slovene Philharmonic Orchestra, cond. Emmanuel Villaume Timpani (record label), 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- "6 Sonatines (Op. 4, Op. 5, Op. 19, Op. 20, Op. 22, Op. 23) - Laurent Wagschal, piano Timpani (record label), 2010

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Malcolm MacDonald, notes for recording Continuum CCD 1048, "Maurice Emmanuel Six Sonatines", Peter Jacobs (piano).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maurice Emmanuel, compositeur français", ed. Sylvie Douche. Praha: Bärenreiter, 2007 Paris: Université de Paris-Sorbonne, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christophe Corbier, "Maurice Emmanuel", bleu nuit éditeur, Paris 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne Eichner-Emmanuel, Grand-daughter of "Maurice Emmanuel", Interview on accompanying DVD to the music CD on Timpani No. 1c1194

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maurice Emmanuel at Musicologie.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maurice Emmanuel Biography by Naxos

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maurice Emmanuel Website for the Composer

description: French composer

wikidata_label: Maurice Emmanuel

wikipedia_title: Maurice Emmanuel


text: Islamic scholar

text: Hanafi

text: Naqshbandī

text: Sufi

text: Mughal

text: Mujaddid

text: Mughal

text: Akbar

text: Naqshbandī

text: Mujaddidī

text: Khālidī

text: Saifī

text: Tāhirī

text: Qasimiya

text: Haqqānī

text: Rauza Sharif

text: Sirhind

text: Punjab, India

text: Sirhind

text: memorised the Qur'an

text: Sialkot

text: Kashmir

text: logic

text: philosophy and theology

text: tafsir

text: hadith

text: Kashmir

text: Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani

text: jurisprudence

text: Muhammad's biography

text: history

text: Suhrawardī

text: Qadirī

text: Chistī

text: Naqshbandī

text: Shaykh Muhammad al-Baqī

text: Mughal Empire

text: Sufi

text: sharia

text: shariah

text: Jehangir

text: Akbar

text: fana' fi Allah

text: Naqshbandi

text: Sufis

text: prophet

text: Muhammad

text: Muhammad

text: Medina

text: Abu Bakr

text: Salman al-Farsi

text: Madaa'in

text: Saudi Arabia

text: Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr

text: Jafar Sadiq

text: Bayazid Bastami

text: Bastaam

text: Iran

text: Abu al-Hassan al-Kharaqani

text: Abul Qasim Gurgani

text: Tous

text: Yusuf Hamadani

text: Abdul Khaliq Ghujdawani

text: Waabakni

text: Mawarannahr

text: Khwarezm

text: Amir Kulal

text: Muhammad Baha'uddin Naqshband

text: Samarkand

text: Tajikistan

text: Samarkand

text: Uzbekistan

text: Bukhara

text: Uzbekistan

text: Razi ūd-Dīn Muhammad Baqī Billah

text: Delhi

text: India

text: Mujaddid

text: Ali Hujwiri

text: Mujaddid’s Conception of Tawhid

text: Biography of Hadrat Imâm Rabbânî

categories: Hanafi fiqh scholars,Indian Islamists,Critics of atheism,People from Fatehgarh Sahib,Hashemite people,Maturidis,1564 births,Muslim saints,Punjabi people,16th-century jurists,1624 deaths,Islamic philosophers,Indian Muslims,Sunni Sufis,Naqshbandi order,Indian Sufis,Mujaddid

paragraph: Ahmad Sirhindi

paragraph: Ahmad al-Fārūqī al-Sirhindī (1564–1624) was an Islamic scholar, a Hanafi jurist, and a prominent member of the Naqshbandī Sufi order during the Mughal period. He has been described as a Mujaddid, meaning "the reviver", for his work in rejuvenating Islam and opposing the dissident opinions prevalent in the time of Mughal emperor Akbar. While early South Asian scholarship credited him for contributing to conservative trends in Indian Islam, more recent works, notably by ter Haar, Friedman, and Buehler, have pointed to Sirhindi's significant contributions to Sufi epistemology and practices.

paragraph: Most of the Naqshbandī suborders today, such as the Mujaddidī, Khālidī, Saifī, Tāhirī, Qasimiya and Haqqānī sub-orders, trace their spiritual lineage through Sirhindi.

paragraph: Sirhindi's shrine, known as Rauza Sharif, is located in Sirhind, Punjab, India.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi was born on 26 June 1564 in the village of Sirhind. He received most of his early education from his father, Shaykh 'Abd al-Ahad, his brother, Shaykh Muhammad Sadiq and from Shaykh Muhammad Tahir al-Lahuri. He also memorised the Qur'an. He then studied in Sialkot which had become an intellectual centre under the Kashmir-born scholar Maulana Kamaluddin Kashmiri. There he learned logic, philosophy and theology and read advanced texts of tafsir and hadith under another scholar from Kashmir, Sheikh Yaqub Sarfi Kashmiri (1521-1595), who was a sheikh of the tariqa Hamadaniyya Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani Sufi Order. Qazi Bahlol Badakhshani taught him jurisprudence, prophet Muhammad's biography and history.

paragraph: Sirhindi also made rapid progress in the Suhrawardī, the Qadirī, and the Chistī traditions, and was given permission to initiate and train followers at the age of 17. He eventually joined the Naqshbandī order through the Sufi missionary Shaykh Muhammad al-Baqī, and became a leading master of this order. His deputies traversed the length and breadth of the Mughal Empire in order to popularize the order and eventually won some favour with the Mughal court.

paragraph: Section::::Views.

paragraph: Ahmad Sirhindi's teaching emphasized the inter-dependence of both the Sufi path and sharia, stating that "what is outside the path shown by the prophet is forbidden." Arthur Buehler explains that Sirhindi's concept of shariah is a multivalent and inclusive term encompassing outward acts of worship, faith, and the Sufi path. Sirhindi emphasizes Sufi initiation and practices as a necessary part of shariah, and criticizes jurists who follow only the outward aspects of the sharia. In his criticism of the superficial jurists, he states: "For a worm hidden under a rock, the sky is the bottom of the rock."

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Importance of Sufism in Shari’ah.

paragraph: According to Simon Digby, "modern hagiographical literature emphasizes Sirhindi's reiterated profession of strict Islamic orthodoxy, his exaltation of the shariah and exhortations towards its observance." On the other hand, Yohanan Friedmann questions how committed Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi was to shariah by commenting: "it is noteworthy that while Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi never wearies of describing the minutest details of Sufi experience, his exhortations to comply with the shariah remain general to an extreme." Friedmann also claims "Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi was primarily a Sufi interested first and foremost in questions of mysticism.". Ahmad Sirhindi wrote a letter to mughal emperor Jehangir emphasizing that he is now correcting the wrong path taken by his father, emperor Akbar.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Oneness of appearance and oneness of being.

paragraph: Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi advanced the notion of "wahdat ash-shuhūd" (oneness of appearance). According to this doctrine, the experience of unity between God and creation is purely subjective and occurs only in the mind of the Sufi who has reached the state of "fana' fi Allah" (to forget about everything except Almighty Allah). Sirhindi considered "wahdat ash-shuhūd" to be superior to "wahdat al-wujūd" (oneness of being), which he understood to be a preliminary step on the way to the Absolute Truth.

paragraph: Despite this, Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi still used Ibn al-'Arabi's vocabulary without hesitation.

paragraph: Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi writes:

paragraph: I wonder that Shaykh Muhyī 'l-Dīn appears in vision to be one of those with whom God is pleased, while most of his ideas which differ from the doctrines of the People of truth appear to be wrong and mistaken. It seems that since they are due to error in "kashf", he has been forgiven... I consider him as one of those with whom God is well-pleased; on the other hand, I believe that all his ideas in which he opposes (the people of truth) are wrong and harmful.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Reality of the Quran and Ka'ba versus the reality of Muhammad.

paragraph: Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi had originally declared the reality of the Quran "(haqiqat-i quran") and the reality of the Ka'ba ("haqiqat-i ka'ba-yi rabbani") to be above the reality of Muhammad ("haqiqat-i Muhammadi"). This caused fury of opposition, particularly among certain Sufis and ulama of Hijaz who objected to the Ka'ba having exalted spiritual "rank" than the Prophet. Sirhindi argued in response that the reality of the Prophet is superior to any creature. The real Ka'ba is worthy of prostration since it is not created and is covered with the veil of nonexistence. It is this Ka'ba in the essence of God that Sirhindi was referring to as the reality of the Ka'ba, not the appearance of the Ka'ba ("surat-i ka'ba"), which is only a stone. By the latter part of the nineteenth century, the consensus of the Naqshbandi community had placed the prophetic realities closer to God than the divine realities. The rationale for this development may have been to neutralize unnecessary discord with the large Muslim community whose emotional attachment to Muhammad was greater than any understanding of philosophical fine points.

paragraph: Section::::Sufi lineage.

paragraph: Section::::Sufi lineage.:Naqshbandi chain.

paragraph: Naqshbandi Sufis claim that Ahmad Sirhindi is descended from a long line of "spiritual masters" all the way up to prophet Muhammad.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Muhammad, d. 11 AH, buried in Medina, Saudi Arabia (570/571–632 CE)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Abu Bakr, d. 13 AH, buried in Medina, Saudi Arabia

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Salman al-Farsi, d. 35 AH, buried in Madaa'in, Saudi Arabia

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr, d. 107 AH, buried in Medina, Saudi Arabia.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Jafar Sadiq, d. 148 AH, buried in Medina, Saudi Arabia.

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Bayazid Bastami, d. 261 AH, buried in Bastaam, Iran (804 - 874 CE).

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Abu al-Hassan al-Kharaqani, d. 425 AH, buried Kharqaan, Iran.

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Abul Qasim Gurgani, d. 450 AH, buried in Gurgan, Iran.

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Abu Ali Farmadi, d. 477 AH, buried in Tous, Khorasan, Iran.

paragraph: BULLET::::10. Abu Yaqub Yusuf Hamadani, d. 535 AH, buried in Maru, Khorosan, Iran.

paragraph: BULLET::::11. Abdul Khaliq Ghujdawani, d. 575 AH, buried in Ghajdawan, Bukhara, Uzbekistan.

paragraph: BULLET::::12. Arif Reogari, d. 616 AH, buried in Reogar, Bukhara, Uzbekistan.

paragraph: BULLET::::13. Mahmood Anjir-Faghnawi, d. 715 AH, buried in Waabakni, Mawarannahr, Uzbekistan.

paragraph: BULLET::::14. Azizan Ali Ramitani, d. 715 AH, buried in Khwarezm, Bukhara, Uzbekistan.

paragraph: BULLET::::15. Muhammad Baba Samasi, d. 755 AH, buried in Samaas, Bukhara, Uzbekistan.

paragraph: BULLET::::16. Amir Kulal, d. 772 AH, buried in Saukhaar, Bukhara, Uzbekistan.

paragraph: BULLET::::17. Muhammad Baha'uddin Naqshband, d. 791 AH, buried in Qasr-e-Aarifan, Bukhara, Uzbekistan (1318–1389 CE).

paragraph: BULLET::::18. Ala'uddin Attar Bukhari, buried in Jafaaniyan, Mawranahar, Uzbekistan.

paragraph: BULLET::::19. Yaqub Charkhi, d. 851 AH, buried in Tajikistan

paragraph: BULLET::::20. Ubaidullah Ahrar, d. 895 AH, buried in Samarkand, Uzbekistan.

paragraph: BULLET::::21. Muhammad Zahid Wakhshi, d. 936 AH, buried in Wakhsh, Malk Hasaar, Tajikistan

paragraph: BULLET::::22. Durwesh Muhammad, d. 970 AH, buried in Samarkand, Uzbekistan

paragraph: BULLET::::23. Muhammad Amkanagi, d. 1008 AH, buried in Akang, Bukhara, Uzbekistan

paragraph: BULLET::::24. Razi ūd-Dīn Muhammad Baqī Billah, d. 1012 AH, buried in Delhi, India

paragraph: BULLET::::25. Ahmad al-Farūqī al-Sirhindī

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mujaddid

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ali Hujwiri

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dr. Burhan Ahmad Faruqi, "Mujaddid’s Conception of Tawhid", 1940

paragraph: BULLET::::- Classical Islam and the Naqshbandi Sufi Tradition, Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani, Islamic Supreme Council of America (June 2004), .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shari'at and Ulama in Ahmad Sirhindi's "Collected Letters" by Arthur F. Buehler.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Hadrat Imâm Rabbânî

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Imam Rabbani Ahmad al-Faruqi as-Sirhindi (from the Naqshbandi-Haqqani Sufi Order)/a.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Translations of Imam Rabbani's Letters in various languages

description: Indian philosopher

enwikiquote_title: Ahmad Sirhindi

wikidata_label: Ahmad Sirhindi

wikipedia_title: Ahmad Sirhindi


text:
Italy
Nicolas Appert
Nizza Monferrato
Kingdom of Sardinia
tomato
tin
Paris
Exposition Universelle
Milan
Naples
Belgrade
Brussels
Vienna
Cirio.it – company website
Cirio.co.uk: About Us – company website

categories: 1836 births,Italian businesspeople,Italian inventors,People from Nizza Monferrato,1900 deaths

paragraph: Francesco Cirio

paragraph: Francesco Cirio (25 December 1836 – 9 January 1900) was an Italian businessman, and is credited with being one of the first in the world with developing the appertization technique in Italy. Appertization is the method of processing vegetables that leads to them being canned. The term comes from Nicolas Appert, who invented the first process for using heat to sterilize food.

paragraph: Cirio was born in Nizza Monferrato, then part of the Kingdom of Sardinia, to a poor and illiterate family. When he was 14 years old he came to the capital of the kingdom, Turin. In 1856, Cirio started preserving tomatoes in tin cans in order for them to be exported. He created his own company (later named Cirio), and when he was 20 years old, he started his first factory in Turin. In 1861, he added further plantations and production facilities in Southern Italy. In 1867, Cirio exhibited his products in Paris at the Exposition Universelle, where he received prestigious awards.

paragraph: The company was transformed in 1885 into Societa Anonima di Esportazione Agricola Francesco Cirio in Turin. This company very soon opened subsidiaries in Milan, Naples, Belgrade, Berlin, Brussels, London, Paris, and Vienna. Cirio also worked to help the agricultural development of Southern Italy.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cirio.it – company website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cirio.co.uk: About Us – company website

description: Italian businessman

wikidata_label: Francesco Cirio

wikipedia_title: Francesco Cirio


text:
Cluniac
Germany
Regensburg
Bavaria
Bishop Gebhard II of Regensburg
St. Emmeram's Abbey
William of Hirsau
Henry III, King of the Germans
Queen Agnes
Aquitaine
Abbey of Cluny
Bishop of Freising
Rome
Holy Land
Saint Hugh
diocese of Autun
Peterlingen
Payerne
Lausanne
Henry IV
Rüeggisberg
Breisach
monastery
Zell
Black Forest
Gebhard III
Bishop of Basle
Bollschweil Priory
Bollschweil
St. Ulrich im Schwarzwald
William of Hirsau
Hermann of Zähringen, Margrave of Baden
Zell
Patrologia Latina
MGSS

categories: German Roman Catholic saints,Cluniacs,1029 births,1093 deaths

paragraph: Ulrich of Zell

paragraph: Saint Ulrich of Zell, also known as Wulderic, sometimes of Cluny or of Regensburg (1029 – 1093), was a Cluniac reformer of Germany, abbot, founder and saint.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Ulrich was born at Regensburg in Bavaria (formerly also known as Ratisbon) in early . His parents, pious and rich, were Bernhold and Bucca, niece of Bishop Gebhard II of Regensburg. Ulrich was probably educated at the school of St. Emmeram's Abbey, along with William of Hirsau, with whom he remained friends throughout his life, but in 1043 he was called to the court of his godfather, Henry III, King of the Germans where he acted as page to Queen Agnes, who was of the ducal house of Aquitaine, patrons of the reforming Abbey of Cluny. Ordained deacon by his uncle Nidger, Bishop of Freising, he was made archdeacon of the cathedral there, but was deeply moved by the spirit of reform that was sweeping from Cluny through the 11th century church. On his return from a journey to Rome he distributed his possessions to the poor, made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and, after another short visit to Rome, returned to Regensburg, where he founded a religious community, and then entered the Abbey of Cluny in 1061, during the abbacy of Saint Hugh.

paragraph: Here he was ordained priest and appointed confessor to the convent at Mareigny in the diocese of Autun, and prior of the community of men in the same place. He also lost an eye and was obliged to return to Cluny.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: He was then named prior at Peterlingen (now Payerne) in the Diocese of Lausanne, but on account of troubles caused by Bishop Burchard von Oltingen, a partisan of Henry IV, Ulrich returned again to Cluny, where he acted as adviser to the abbot. His influence drew the Benedictine community of Rüeggisberg to become a Cluniac priory in 1072, the first reformed priory in German-speaking lands . A nobleman had donated to Cluny some property at Grüningen near Breisach, and Ulrich was sent to inspect the place and eventually to lay the foundation of a monastery. Not finding the locality suitable, he and his monks moved in 1087 to Zell ("Sell", "Sella", "Villmarszelle") in the Black Forest, where his high reputation soon brought him many disciples. He enjoyed the good opinion of Blessed Gebhard III, Bishop of Basle, who frequently visited him. In 1090 he established Bollschweil Priory, a Cluniac nunnery at "Bolesweiler" (now Bollschweil), about a mile from Zell. For the last two years of his life he was blind.

paragraph: He died at Zell, later known as St. Ulrich im Schwarzwald, probably on 10 July 1093. He was buried in the cloister, but three years later his body was brought into the church.

paragraph: His feast was celebrated for the first time on 14 July 1139, and 14 July remains his feast day.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: His work "Consuetudines cluniacenses" (""Uses of Cluny"") was composed at the request of William of Hirsau, in three books. The first two, written between 1079 and 1082, treat of liturgy and the education of novices; the third, written not later than 1087, speaks of the administration of monasteries.

paragraph: His life of Hermann of Zähringen, Margrave of Baden, later a monk of Cluny, is lost.

paragraph: Section::::Biographies.

paragraph: Two biographies of him exist: the first was written anonymously around 1109 by a monk of Zell at the request of Adalbert, a recluse near Regensburg; the other (the "Vita posterior"), also anonymous, was written between 1109 and 1130. Particulars of his life are also contained in his writings.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Buhlmann: Benediktinisches Mönchtum im mittelalterlichen Schwarzwald. Ein Lexikon. Vortrag beim Schwarzwaldverein St. Georgen e.V., St. Georgen im Schwarzwald, 10. November 2004, Teil 2: N–Z (= Vertex Alemanniae, H. 10/2), S. 102.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dieter Heck: Ulrich von Zell. Der Reform verpflichtet (Hagiographie/Ikonographie/Volkskunde; Nr. 105). Schnell + Steiner, München und Zürich 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johannes Madey: Ulrich von Zell. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Band 19, Bautz, Nordhausen 2001, , Sp. 1453–1455.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Florian Lamke: Cluniazenser am Oberrhein. Konfliktlösungen und adlige Gruppenbildung in der Zeit des Investiturstreits (= Forschungen zur oberrheinischen Landesgeschichte, Bd. 54), Freiburg / München 2009, bes. S. 136-152.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolfgang Müller: St. Ulrich. In: Die Benediktinerklöster in Baden-Württemberg. (= Germania Benedictina, Bd. 5), Ottobeuren 1976, S. 615

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. Tremp: Ulrich von Zell. In: Lexikon des Mittelalters (LexMA). Band 8, LexMA-Verlag, München 1997, , Sp. 1205–1026.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "Consuetudines Cluniacenses" in: Patrologia Latina 149, pp. 635–778.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. "Vita Udalrici prioris Cellensis", ed. R. Willmans, in: MGSS XII, 249-269 (with selected passages from the "Vita posterior")

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lexikon des Mittelalters," vol. 8, ed. E. Tremp, Stuttgart, 1997. "Ulrich von Zell"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://martyrologium.blogspot.com.br/2010/07/sw-ulryk-z-zell.html

description: German saint

wikidata_label: Ulrich of Zell

wikipedia_title: Ulrich of Zell


text:
Anglo-Irish
soldier
polo player
Légion d’Honneur
British Army
First World War
1908 Summer Olympics
Anglo-Irish
County Offaly
John Lloyd
Blackadder
polo player
John Paul McCann
Percy O'Reilly
Auston Rotheram
1908 Summer Olympics
Great Britain Olympic team
United States
second lieutenant
4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards
lieutenant
Tirah Campaign
North West Frontier
21st Lancers
Second Boer War
aide-de-camp
Edward Locke Elliot
First World War
Western Front
Beauvoir De Lisle
1st Cavalry Division
Gallipoli
29th Division
Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers
DSO
Heavy Branch Machine Gun Corps
Battle of Arras (1917)
Bullecourt
Brigadier-General
mentioned in despatches
Légion d’Honneur

categories: British Army personnel of the Second Boer War,Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers officers,Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics,English polo players,1874 births,Irish officers in the British Army,1952 deaths,Roehampton Trophy,International Polo Cup,Anglo-Irish people,4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards officers,Companions of the Distinguished Service Order,British military personnel of the Tirah Campaign,Members of the Ireland polo team at the 1908 Summer Olympics,Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur,British Army cavalry generals of World War I

paragraph: John Hardress-Lloyd

paragraph: Brigadier-General John Hardress Lloyd (14 August 1874 – 28 February 1952) was an Anglo-Irish soldier and polo player. He was awarded a DSO and made a Chevalier of the Légion d’Honneur for his service in the British Army during the First World War. As a polo player he won a silver medal with the Ireland team at the 1908 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Hardress Lloyd was born into an Anglo-Irish family with connections to County Offaly. He was the son of John Lloyd, a lawyer, and Susanna Frances Julia Colclough. He was the second of their seven children and their oldest son. On 5 August 1903 he married Adeline Wilson. They did not have any children. Hardress-Lloyd is the great uncle of John Lloyd, the TV producer behind the "Blackadder" series.

paragraph: Section::::Polo player.

paragraph: As a polo player, Hardress Lloyd, together with John Paul McCann, Percy O'Reilly and Auston Rotheram, was a member of the Ireland team that won a silver medal at the 1908 Summer Olympics. The Ireland team was part of the Great Britain Olympic team. In 1911 he also captained the England team that played in the United States

paragraph: Section::::British Army soldier.

paragraph: Hardress Lloyd was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards on 10 October 1894. He was promoted to lieutenant on 1 July 1896, and served in the Tirah Campaign on the North West Frontier in 1897-98. Joining the 21st Lancers in South Africa for the Second Boer War, he served as aide-de-camp to Lieutenant-General Sir Edward Locke Elliot between 26 March 1901 and September 1902. He resigned his commission in the 21st Lancers on 8 October 1902.

paragraph: On the outbreak of the First World War he served on the Western Front before joining Major-General Beauvoir De Lisle’s 1st Cavalry Division staff. He followed De Lisle to Gallipoli when the latter took command of the 29th Division. Hardress Lloyd was appointed second in command of the 1st Battalion Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers in May 1916, becoming its commanding officer a month later. Whilst commanding this battalion he was awarded the DSO in January 1917. In February 1917 he was appointed commander of D Battalion, one of the founding units of the Heavy Branch Machine Gun Corps.

paragraph: The battalion's first actions were at the Battle of Arras (1917) and included the disastrous Bullecourt operation in April 1917. The 3rd Tank Brigade was formed under his command on 27 April 1917 and Hardress-Lloyd remained in charge of this brigade until the war ended. He was promoted to Brigadier-General on 16 April 1918 and a Bar was added to his DSO in July. He was also mentioned in despatches six times and appointed a Chevalier of the Légion d’Honneur.

description: Soldier and polo player

wikidata_label: John Hardress Lloyd

wikipedia_title: John Hardress-Lloyd


text:
Carthaginian
Sicily
Timoleon
Syracuse
Dionysius
Hicetas
trireme
Catania
Neon
Corinth
Achradina
Plut.
Diodorus Siculus
Other Magos

categories: 340s BC deaths,Male suicides,Military personnel who committed suicide,Carthaginian generals,Carthaginians,Ancient people who committed suicide

paragraph: Mago (general)

paragraph: Mago or Magon (, ; , "Mágōn") was commander of the Carthaginian fleet and army in Sicily in 344 BC. When Timoleon had made himself master of the citadel of Syracuse after the departure of Dionysius, Hicetas, finding himself unable to cope single-handed with this new and formidable rival, called in the assistance of Mago, who appeared before Syracuse with a fleet of 150 triremes, and an army of 50,000 men. He did not, however, accomplish anything worthy of so great a force; not only were both he and Hicetas unable to make any impression on the island citadel, but while they were engaged in an expedition against Catania, Neon, the Corinthian governor of Syracuse, took advantage of their absence to make himself master of Achradina. Jealousies likewise arose between the Carthaginians and their Syracusan allies, and at length Mago, becoming apprehensive of treachery, suddenly relinquished the enterprise, and on the approach of Timoleon at the head of a very inferior force, sailed away with his whole fleet, and withdrew to Carthage. Here his cowardly conduct excited such indignation, that he put an end to his own life, to avoid a worse fate at the hands of his exasperated countrymen, who, nevertheless, proceeded to crucify his lifeless body. (Plut. "Timol." 17–22; the same events are more briefly related by Diodorus Siculus, xvi. 69, but without any mention of the name of Mago.)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other Magos in Carthaginian history

description: Carthaginian general

wikidata_label: Mago

wikipedia_title: Mago (general)


text:
New South Wales
Western Australia
Jamberoo, New South Wales
William Cullen
Chief Justice of New South Wales
Camden College
Sydney
congregational
minister
Windsor
North Sydney
North Willoughby
Watson's Bay
New South Wales Legislative Assembly
seat of St Leonards
Free Trade
seat of Willoughby
Eastern Goldfields
Katanning
Great Southern Herald
Western Australian Legislative Council
by-election
South-East Province

categories: Members of the Western Australian Legislative Council,Free Trade Party politicians,People from New South Wales,Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly,1917 deaths,1849 births

paragraph: Joseph Cullen

paragraph: Joseph Francis Cullen (1 February 1849 – 31 March 1917), Australian politician, was a Member of Parliament in New South Wales and Western Australia.

paragraph: Born in Jamberoo, New South Wales around 1849, Joseph Cullen was the son of farmer John Cullen and Rebecca Clinton. One of his brothers, William Cullen, would become Chief Justice of New South Wales. Joseph Cullen was educated at state schools before attending Camden College in Sydney. On 18 April 1878 he married Annie Butler, with whom he would have one son and two daughters.

paragraph: Cullen became congregational minister for Windsor, North Sydney, North Willoughby and Watson's Bay. He resigned in 1886, and shortly afterwards purchased and edited a North Sydney newspaper. In 1889 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of St Leonards on a Free Trade ticket. He held the seat until the election of 1894, when he won the seat of Willoughby. The following year he lost Willoughby in an election.

paragraph: In 1904, Cullen emigrated to Western Australia, spending two years on the Eastern Goldfields. Settling at Katanning, he was owner and editor of the "Great Southern Herald" from 1906. On 4 October 1909, he was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Council in a by-election for the South-East Province. He held the seat until his death at Katanning on 31 March 1917.

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: Australian politician

wikidata_label: Joseph Cullen

wikipedia_title: Joseph Cullen


text: regent

text: Lothair

text: Ottonian dynasty

text: Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine

text: Louis IV of France

text: Henry the Fowler

text: King of Germany

text: Matilda

text: Hedwig of Saxony

text: Otto I of Germany

text: Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine

text: Gerberge of Lorraine

text: Adalbert I of Vermandois

text: Henry

text: Battle of Andernach

text: Louis IV of France

text: Lothair of France

text: Matilda

text: Conrad of Burgundy

text: Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine

text: Lothair of France

text: Hugh the Great

text: Aquitaine

text: Burgundy

text: East-Frankish

text: West-Frankish

text: Hadwig

text: Bruno

text: Soissons

text: Odalric

text: Emma of Italy

text: necrology

text: Abbey of Saint-Remi

text: Reims

text: Champagne

text: Monumenta Germaniae Historica

text: Medieval Lands Project

text: Gerberga von Sachsen

categories: Carolingian dynasty,Regents,French queens consort,Ottonian dynasty,10th-century women rulers,913 births,Christian abbesses,Women of the Carolingian Empire,10th-century French people,10th-century French women,984 deaths,10th-century Saxon people,Frankish queens consort,10th-century German women,Burials at the Royal Abbey of Saint-Remi

paragraph: Gerberga of Saxony

paragraph: Gerberga of Saxony (c. 913 – 5 May 968/9 or 984?) was a French queen who ruled as regent of France during the minority of her son Lothair in 954–959. She was a member of the Ottonian dynasty. Her first husband was Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine. Her second husband was Louis IV of France. Contemporary sources describe her as a highly educated, intelligent and forceful political player.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Family.

paragraph: Gerberga was born c.913. She was the second daughter of Henry the Fowler, King of Germany, and his second wife, Matilda (after Hedwig of Saxony, 3 years her senior). Her older brother was Otto I of Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:First marriage.

paragraph: In 929, Gerberga married her first husband, Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine. They had four children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alberade of Lorraine b. about 929. Married Renaud (originally as Ragenold), a Viking chieftain who became the Count of Roucy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry, Duke of Lorraine b. about 932

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerberge of Lorraine b. about 935. Married Adalbert I of Vermandois.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wiltrude, b. about 937.

paragraph: Jocundus, a Lotharingia chronicler writing in the 1070s, recorded that Gerberga was the driving force behind Gilbert's decision to support her younger brother Henry when he rebelled against her older brother Otto I c.936. Gilbert was defeated by Otto I in 939 at the Battle of Andernach and, while trying to escape, drowned in the Rhine.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Second marriage.

paragraph: When Gilbert died, Gerberga was about 26 years old. She married secondly Louis IV of France in 939. They were parents to eight children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lothair of France (941–986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matilda b. about 943; married Conrad of Burgundy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hildegarde b. about 944

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carloman b. about 945

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis b. about 948

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine (953–993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alberade b. before 953

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry b. about 953

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Widowhood.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Widowhood.:As regent.

paragraph: Louis IV died on 10 September 954. At this time, his son and heir with Gerberga, Lothair of France, was only thirteen. Gerberga took action to ensure that Lothar could succeed his father. She reached an agreement with her brother-in-law Hugh the Great, who had been an adversary to Lothair's father. In exchange for supporting Lothair's rule Hugh was given rule over Aquitaine and much of Burgundy Gerberga did not seek the support of her brother, Emperor Otto I, because the interference of the East-Frankish emperor in West-Frankish affairs would have placed the West-Frankish kingdom in a weak position politically, and angered the West-Frankish nobles.

paragraph: After the death of Hugh the Great in 956, Gerberga and her sister Hadwig (who was Hugh's widow) were the heads of the two most powerful dynasties in West Francia. Along with their brother, Bruno, who was both archbishop of Cologne and duke of Lotharingia, Gerberga and Hadwig ruled the kingdom, until Lothair came of age.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Widowhood.:As abbess.

paragraph: In 959, after Lothair had come of age, Gerberga became abbess of the Benedictine monastery of Notre Dame in Soissons. Nevertheless, she remained politically active. In 961 she was involved in choosing the new archbishop of Reims, Odalric. In 965 she was present at the imperial court in Cologne, when her son Lothair married Emma of Italy, the step-daughter of her brother Emperor Otto I.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Death.

paragraph: There is some debate about when Gerberga died. She is last documented in May 968. Since necrology records indicate that she died on 5 May, her date of death is often given as 968 or 969, The death date of 5 May 968 is not possible since Gerberga was still alive on 17 May 968 so her death date could only be in 969 or later some maintain that Gerberga did not die until 984. She is buried in the Abbey of Saint-Remi in Reims, Champagne.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bouchard, Constance Brittain, "Those of My Blood: Constructing Noble Families in Medieval Francia" (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Women in power 750-1000" from Guide2womenleaders.com, last accessed January 13, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jocundus, "Translatio sancti Servatii Tungrensis episcopi et miracula", ed. R. Koepke, MGH SS 12 (Hannover, 1856), accessible online at: Monumenta Germaniae Historica

paragraph: BULLET::::- W. Glocker, "Die Verwandten der Ottonen und ihre Bedeutung in der Politik. Studien zur Familienpolitik und zur Genealogie des sächsischen Kaiserhauses" (1989).

paragraph: BULLET::::- D. Schwennicke, "Europäische Stammtafeln Neue Folge Band I. 1"

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. Thiele, "Erzählende genealogische Stammtafeln zur europäischen Geschichte Band I, Teilband 1"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medieval Lands Project

paragraph: BULLET::::- (in German)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerberga von Sachsen (in German)

description: oldest daughter of King Henry of Saxony, consort of Giselbert of Lorraine and Louis IV of France

wikidata_label: Gerberga of Saxony

wikipedia_title: Gerberga of Saxony


text:
Gorliz
Grand Prix
motorcycle
road racer
Spain
1989
Efrén Vázquez
Ajo Motorsport

categories: 1967 births,People from Mungialdea,250cc World Championship riders,Spanish motorcycle racers,Sportspeople from Biscay,125cc World Championship riders,80cc World Championship riders,Living people

paragraph: Herri Torrontegui

paragraph: Herri Torrontegui, born in Gorliz, is a former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer from Spain. His best year was 1989, when he won two Grand Prix races and finished in fourth place in the 80cc world championship.

paragraph: After his racing career, he served as a manager for Spanish rider, Efrén Vázquez competing for the Ajo Motorsport team.

description: Spanish motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Herri Torrontegui

wikipedia_title: Herri Torrontegui


text:
fl.
Chinese
painter
Northern Song Dynasty
Anhui Province
Kaifeng
Emperor Shenzong of Song
Mandarin Chinese
National Palace Museum
Taipei
Palace Museum
Beijing
Culture of the Song Dynasty

categories: People from Chuzhou,Song dynasty painters,Painters from Anhui,11th-century Chinese painters

paragraph: Cui Bai

paragraph: Cui Bai (, also known as Cui Bo, style name Zixi (子西)) (fl. 1050–1080) was a prominent Chinese painter of the Northern Song Dynasty (960–1279). A native of Anhui Province, Cui was best known for paintings of animals and plants. At some point during his life, he traveled to the capital of Kaifeng to seek employment as a court artist, and was accepted by Emperor Shenzong of Song, who admired his works. He became a renowned artist of Shenzong's court, but gained an awkward reputation for his often eccentric behavior.

paragraph: Cui Bai is today known for two paintings depicting magpies and sparrows respectively. "Magpies and Hare", also known as "Double Happiness", because "two magpies" in Mandarin Chinese is pronounced the same as "two happinesses", is held in the National Palace Museum, Taipei. The painting would have been meant as a gift to someone to congratulate them in some way, most likely for a wedding. "Wintery Sparrow", a large handscroll, is kept in the Palace Museum in Beijing.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barnhart, R. M. et al. (1997). Three thousand years of Chinese painting. New Haven, Yale University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ci hai bian ji wei yuan hui (辞海编辑委员会）. Ci hai （辞海）. Shanghai: Shanghai ci shu chu ban she （上海辞书出版社）, 1979.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Culture of the Song Dynasty

wikidata_label: Cui Bai

wikipedia_title: Cui Bai


text:
Canadian
track and field athlete
marathon at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Boston Marathon
Irish immigrants
teamster
Hamilton, Ontario
Spanish flu
List of winners of the Boston Marathon
list of Canadian athletes

categories: Athletes (track and field) at the 1908 Summer Olympics,Boston Marathon male winners,Canadian male marathon runners,1919 deaths,Olympic track and field athletes of Canada,Sportspeople from Hamilton, Ontario,Canadian people of Irish descent,Deaths from Spanish flu,1879 births

paragraph: Jack Caffery (runner)

paragraph: John ("Jack") Peter Caffery (May 21, 1879 – February 2, 1919) was a Canadian track and field athlete who competed in the marathon at the 1908 Summer Olympics where he finished in 11th place. Caffrey was also a two-time champion of the Boston Marathon. He won with a time of 2:39:44.4 in 1900 and with a time of 2:29:23.6 in 1901, both of which were course records for the then 25-mile course.

paragraph: Caffrey was the son of Irish immigrants. He was a teamster by trade and represented St. Patrick's Athletic Association/St. Patrick's Athletic Club. He was born in Hamilton, Ontario and died there from complications after falling ill with Spanish flu.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of winners of the Boston Marathon

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- list of Canadian athletes

description: Canadian distance runner

wikidata_label: Jack Caffery

wikipedia_title: Jack Caffery (runner)


text: Gothenburg

text: Kosta

text: Swedish

text: glass designer

text: glass art

text: drawing

text: commercial art

text: Orrefors

text: Kosta Glasbruk

text: freelance

text: designer

text: Some of Lindstrand works

text: Vicke Lindstrand

categories: 1983 deaths,Swedish designers,People from Gothenburg,1904 births

paragraph: Vicke Lindstrand

paragraph: Victor Emanuel Lindstrand, known as Vicke Lindstrand (27 November 1904 in Gothenburg – 7 May 1983 in Kosta) was a Swedish glass designer, textile and ceramic designer, and painter. He is considered a pioneer of Swedish glass art.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: As a child, Lindstrand was interested in drawing. He had studied commercial art and worked in commercial illustration before beginning his career at the glass manufacturer Orrefors in 1928. He pioneered more daring art glass designs at Orrefors and together with Edvin Öhrström and Knut Bergqvist he invented the Ariel technique. In 1950 he joined Kosta Glasbruk as an artistic director before his retirement in 1973. At Kosta, he was the dominant designer, lending his name to many now classic designs. At this point, Lindstrand began to inject more and more colour into his creations, which resulted in iconic designs such as Trees in the Fog and Autumn. He spent the last 10 years of his life as a freelance artist working with Hanne Dreutler and Arthur Zirrnsack at Studio Glashyttan in Åhus.

paragraph: He made his debut as a designer at the Stockholm World Fair in 1930, where he presented twelve glass vases with enamel decor in exotic patterns. For this he received great attention from international design publications. Lindstrand added new artistic dimensions to the already famous Orrefors glass with his unique designs and revitalization of classic forms and techniques. During his time at Orrefors he worked on engraved glass and Graal vases. With sculptor Edvin Öhrström he developed the new Ariel technique (named by his actress wife Kristina). Orrefors could not afford to keep Lindstrand during the war and between 1943 and 1950 he became creative leader at Uppsala Ekeby, where he designed many different stoneware objects ranging from pots to figural sculptures.

paragraph: Section::::Monumental glass sculptures.

paragraph: Constructed with thousands of 8mm thick glass window panes, glued together using invisible 2 part epoxy glue (Ciba-Geigy). The flat-drawn glass used (Emmaboda, Sweden) is deep green when seen from the edge of the pane (modern float glass would be much paler).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monumental Fountain, New York World Fair, 1939 (3m tall, 6 tons, not a flat pane construction)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ikaros Nadel, Stuttgart, 1964 (9m tall, 24 tons, 1000 panes)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prisma, Norrköping, 1967 (11.5m tall, 33 ton, 3500 panes)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grön eld, Umeå, 1970 (9m tall, 45 tons, 3000 panes)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Legend i Glas, Växjö, 1978 (5.5m tall, 12 tons, 1100 panes)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Some of Lindstrand works

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lindstrand works at The Cleveland Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Link to Glassfromsweden.com with detailed information about Vicke Lindstrand

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plath, Iona, "Decorative Arts of Sweden" (1965), Courier Dover Publications,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berg, Per, "Vicke Lindstrand: 100 år"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lindstrand, Vicke, "Vicke Lindstrand : [utställning]"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jones, Mark Ian, "A blind spot? The perception of the 1950s glass designs of Vicke Lindstrand." (2006), Helsinki, International Committee of Design History and Studies ICDHS Nordic Forum for Design History. http://tm.uiah.fi/connecting/proceedings/Jones.pdf

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jones, Mark Ian, "Reinventing Tradition. Vicke Lindstrand and the Kosta Dilemma" (2006) Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, Design History Society.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jones, Mark Ian, "Vicke Lindstrand On The Periphery".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thor, Lars, "Legend i Glas" (1982), Liber,

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vicke Lindstrand

description: Swedish designer

wikidata_label: Vicke Lindstrand

wikipedia_title: Vicke Lindstrand