text:
gymnast
1976
1980 Summer Olympics

wikipedia_title:
Gymnastics
1976 Summer Olympics
1980 Summer Olympics

categories: Olympic silver medalists for East Germany,Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics,German male artistic gymnasts,Gymnasts at the 1980 Summer Olympics,Olympic bronze medalists for East Germany,Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships,1956 births,Sportspeople from Berlin,People from East Berlin,Gymnasts at the 1976 Summer Olympics,Olympic medalists in gymnastics,Olympic gymnasts of East Germany,World champion gymnasts,Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics,Living people

paragraph: Michael Nikolay

paragraph: Michael Nikolay (born 13 December 1956) is a retired German gymnast. He competed at the 1976 and 1980 Summer Olympics in all artistic gymnastics events and won a bronze and a silver medal with the East German team, respectively. Individually he won two bronze medals in the pommel horse at both Games; he also finished fourth on the horizontal bar and on the parallel bars in 1980.

paragraph: At the world championships, he won a gold medal in the pommel horse in 1981 and a bronze in the team competition in 1978. He also won a European silver in the pommel horse in 1977.

description: East German gymnast

wikidata_label: Michael Nikolay

wikipedia_title: Michael Nikolay


text:
German
gymnast
1984 Summer Olympics
Friendship Games
1988 Summer Olympics
Lutz

wikipedia_title:
Germany
Artistic gymnastics
1984 Summer Olympics
Friendship Games
1988 Summer Olympics
Lutz Hoffmann

categories: Olympic silver medalists for East Germany,German male artistic gymnasts,Sportspeople from Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,1961 births,Gymnasts at the 1988 Summer Olympics,Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships,Olympic medalists in gymnastics,People from Neustrelitz,Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics,Olympic gymnasts of East Germany,People from Bezirk Neubrandenburg,Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in silver,Living people

paragraph: Ulf Hoffmann

paragraph: Ulf Hoffmann (born 8 September 1961) is a retired German gymnast. He missed the 1984 Summer Olympics due to their boycott by East Germany and took part in the Friendship Games instead, winning a silver medal in the team competition. He won another silver medal with the East German team at the 1988 Summer Olympics. His best individual result at those Games was 13th place on parallel bars. He won three bronze medal at the world championships in 1985 and 1987 (team) and European championships in 1985 (parallel bars).

paragraph: His elder brother Lutz was an Olympic gymnast.

description: East German gymnast

wikidata_label: Ulf Hoffmann

wikipedia_title: Ulf Hoffmann


text: Irish

text: trade union

text: Shankill

text: Belfast

text: Flax Dressers' Trade Union

text: Belfast Trades Council

text: Belfast Corporation

text: Independent Labour Party

text: Belfast North

text: Robert Thompson

text: Irish Unionist Party

text: Winston Churchill

text: Labour Exchange

text: World War I

text: Ministry of Munitions

text: Government of Northern Ireland

text: Douglas Gageby

text: Irish Times

categories: Year of birth missing,Irish trade unionists,Labour Party (UK) parliamentary candidates,Irish civil servants,Members of Belfast City Council,1934 deaths,Labour Party (UK) councillors

paragraph: Robert Gageby

paragraph: Robert Gageby (died 27 December 1934) was an Irish trade union leader and politician.

paragraph: Gageby grew up in the Shankill area of Belfast, and worked in a mill from the age of eleven. He became the secretary of the Flax Dressers' Trade Union, and was also elected to the Belfast Trades Council. In 1898, he was one of six trade unionists elected to the Belfast Corporation, with the backing of the Independent Labour Party. On the council, he represented the Shankill ward, and chaired the Baths and Lodging House Committee.

paragraph: At the January 1910 United Kingdom general election, Gageby stood for the Labour Party in Belfast North, and took 38.6% of the vote, losing to Robert Thompson of the Irish Unionist Party. Soon after the election, Gageby was invited to London, where he discussed with Winston Churchill the possibility of opening a Labour Exchange in Belfast. This occurred, and Gageby became its manager, withdrawing from political activity.

paragraph: During World War I, Gageby was the Investigation Officer of the Labour Department of the Ministry of Munitions. He remained in this department until the Government of Northern Ireland was established, after which time he worked for its Ministry of Labour.

paragraph: Gageby's grandson, Douglas Gageby, became the editor of the "Irish Times".

wikidata_label: Robert Gageby

wikipedia_title: Robert Gageby


text:
1972
1976 Summer Olympics
1971 Pan American Games
Olympic Games

categories: Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States,Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States,Pan American Games medalists in gymnastics,People from Manchester, Tennessee,1956 births,Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States,American female artistic gymnasts,Gymnasts at the 1976 Summer Olympics,Gymnasts at the 1972 Summer Olympics,Living people,Olympic gymnasts of the United States

paragraph: Kimberly Chace

paragraph: Kimberly Ann Chace (later "Boyle", then "May", born May 4, 1956) is an American retired artistic gymnast, who competed at the 1972 and 1976 Summer Olympics and placed 14th all around in 1972; her teams finished fourth in 1972 and sixth in 1976. She also won five medals at the 1971 Pan American Games, including two gold medals. In 1996 chace was inducted into the USA Gymnastics Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Chace was trained by her father. In July 1973 she married Chuck Boyle. They had a child born in 1974, and briefly ran their own gymnastics club, before divorcing by 1976. She then made her comeback to sports and finished at 14th place in the Olympic Games which was the highest in the US women's team.

description: American gymnast

wikidata_label: Kim Chace

wikipedia_title: Kimberly Chace


text: Grand Prix

text: motorcycle

text: road racer

text: Wollongong

text: New South Wales

text: Australia

text: Oran Park Raceway

text: FIM Endurance World Championship

categories: Australian motorcycle racers,Sportspeople from New South Wales,Superbike World Championship riders,500cc World Championship riders,Living people

paragraph: Peter Goddard (motorcyclist)

paragraph: Peter Goddard (born 28 June 1964) was a Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. He resides in Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. Riding motorcycles since the age of 5, Goddard started his racing career on dirt tracks before making his debut on road circuits at Oran Park Raceway in 1984. He has won many prestigious events and is an icon in today's motorcycling world for what he has done.

paragraph: Section::::Dirt Track Racing Career.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st Australian 125 Dirt-Track Championship, Launceston

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd Australian 250 Dirt-Track Championship, Launceston

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st Australian 250 Dirt-Track Championship, Maryborough

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st Australian 250 Track Championship, Port Pirie

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st Australian 500 Dirt-Track Championship, Port Pirie

paragraph: Section::::Road Racing Career.

paragraph: Road Race debut: 1984, Oran Park, New South Wales, Australia

paragraph: World Superbike Debut: 1989, Oran Park, Australia

paragraph: World Superbike Wins: 2 (Oran Park, Australia 1989; Phillip Island, Australia 1990)

paragraph: 500cc GP Debut: 1990 Australian Grand Prix, Phillip Island

paragraph: 500cc GP Starts: 17 (1990–97)

paragraph: Best 500cc GP Result: 5th, British Grand Prix, Donington Park, 1992

paragraph: 2002 Race Team Benelli Sport (World Superbike Championship)

paragraph: 2001 Race Team Benelli Sport (World Superbike Championship)

paragraph: 2000 Race Team Kawasaki (British & World Superbike Championships)

paragraph: 1999 Race Team: Aprilia Racing Team (World Superbike Championship)

paragraph: 1998 Race Team: WSBK Suzuki (World Superbike Championship)

paragraph: 1997 Race Team: Suzuki Endurance Racing Team (World Endurance C'ship)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st FIM Endurance World Championship

paragraph: 1994-96 Race Team: Team Ansett Air Freight Suzuki (Superbikes - Australia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st Australian Superbike Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st Shell Superbike Series

paragraph: 1993 Race Team: Lucky Strike Suzuki (All-Japan 500cc Championship)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st All-Japan 500cc Championship

paragraph: 1992 Race Team: Valvoline ROC-Yamaha (500cc world championship)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st 500cc World Championship

paragraph: 1991 Race Team: Team Hayashi Yamaha (All-Japan 500cc Championship)

paragraph: 1989-90 Race Team: Marlboro Yamaha Dealer Team (Superbikes - Australia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd Australian Superbike Championship

paragraph: 1988 Race Team: Moriwaki (All-Japan Formula One Championship)

paragraph: CAREER HIGHLIGHTS:

paragraph: 1991 1st, All-Japan 500cc Championship, 1993 1st, MotoGP World Championship.

paragraph: 1996 1st, Australian Superbike Championship,

paragraph: 1996 1st, Shell Superbike Series (Australia),

paragraph: 1997 1st, World Endurance Championship, 1997 1st, MotoGP World Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Notable references.

paragraph: He is the second cousin of mining engineer Shane Lutze.

paragraph: Mark Murray radiographed his great toe in Deniliquin. Peter was en route to Japan at the time.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Goddard career statistics at MotoGP.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Goddard career World Superbike statistics at worldsbk.com

description: Australian motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Peter Goddard

wikipedia_title: Peter Goddard (motorcyclist)


text:
Jelenia Góra
Polish
bobsled
Winter Olympics
four-man event
Vancouver
2010
FIBT World Championships
Calgary
2005
St. Moritz
2007
Jelenia Góra
Andrzej Kupczyk
1998 bobsleigh four-man results
2002 bobsleigh four-man results
2006 bobsleigh four-man results
Bobsleighsport.com profile
Wirtualna Polska profile

categories: Bobsledders at the 2002 Winter Olympics,People from Jelenia Góra,Olympic bobsledders of Poland,Sportspeople from Lower Silesian Voivodeship,Bobsledders at the 1998 Winter Olympics,1977 births,Bobsledders at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Bobsledders at the 2014 Winter Olympics,Polish male bobsledders,Living people,Bobsledders at the 2006 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Dawid Kupczyk

paragraph: Dawid Andrzej Kupczyk (born 10 May 1977 in Jelenia Góra) is a Polish bobsledder who has competed since 1997. Competing in five Winter Olympics, he earned his best finish of 14th in the four-man event at Vancouver in 2010.

paragraph: Kupczyk also competed in the FIBT World Championships, earning his best finish of 20th in the four-man event both at Calgary in 2005 and at St. Moritz in 2007.

paragraph: He was born in Jelenia Góra as a son of runner Andrzej Kupczyk.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 bobsleigh four-man results

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 bobsleigh four-man results

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 bobsleigh four-man results

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bobsleighsport.com profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wirtualna Polska profile

description: Polish bobsledder

wikidata_label: Dawid Kupczyk

wikipedia_title: Dawid Kupczyk


text: chess prodigy

text: chess

text: grandmaster

text: World Chess Championship

text: 1948 World Chess Championship tournament

text: Candidates Tournament

text: US Chess Championship

text: Bobby Fischer

text: accountant

text: Ozorków

text: Łódź

text: Jewish

text: child prodigy

text: simultaneous exhibition

text: Manhattan

text: Julius Rosenwald

text: Sears, Roebuck and Company

text: benefactor

text: University of Chicago

text: New York City

text: Orthodox Jew

text: Jewish Sabbath

text: US Open Chess Championship

text: Tulsa

text: Reuben Fine

text: Chicago

text: US Chess Championship

text: Robert Byrne

text: Great Yarmouth

text: Margate

text: José Raúl Capablanca

text: Exchange Variation

text: Queen's Gambit Declined

text: Nottingham 1936 chess tournament

text: Kemeri

text: AVRO tournament

text: Boston

text: World Championship

text: World Championship match tournament

text: The Hague

text: Paul Keres

text: Mikhail Botvinnik

text: Vasily Smyslov

text: Alexander Alekhine

text: International Grandmaster

text: FIDE

text: Candidates Tournament in Budapest

text: US State Department

text: Cold War

text: NATO

text: Max Euwe

text: Candidates in Zurich 1953 tournament

text: David Bronstein

text: Soviet

text: KGB

text: Alexei Suetin

text: Tigran Petrosian

text: collusion

text: Viktor Korchnoi

text: Chess Olympiad

text: Stockholm 1937

text: Dubrovnik 1950

text: Helsinki 1952

text: Munich 1958

text: Tel Aviv 1964

text: Lugano 1968

text: Siegen 1970

text: Nice 1974

text: Polish

text: Argentine

text: Miguel Najdorf

text: Mexico City

text: San Salvador

text: Buenos Aires

text: I. A. Horowitz

text: Isaac Kashdan

text: Svetozar Gligorić

text: William Lombardy

text: Arthur Bisguier

text: Donald Byrne

text: Pal Benko

text: Amsterdam

text: Lajos Portisch

text: Mikhail Botvinnik

text: Bobby Fischer

text: Buenos Aires

text: Jacqueline Piatigorsky

text: Sousse

text: Interzonal

text: Mikhail Botvinnik

text: Viktor Korchnoi

text: Amsterdam

text: Emanuel Lasker

text: Anatoly Karpov

text: Garry Kasparov

text: José Raúl Capablanca

text: Alexander Alekhine

text: Max Euwe

text: Vasily Smyslov

text: Syracuse

text: Hastings

text: Leningrad

text: Pan American Championship

text: Maurice Wertheim

text: Havana

text: Lessing Rosenwald

text: Dallas

text: Haifa

text: Tel Aviv

text: Buenos Aires

text: Netanya

text: Reykjavík

text: Vasily Smyslov

text: opening

text: blunders

text: time pressure

text: Larry Evans

text: My 60 Memorable Games

text: Queen's Gambit Declined

text: Arnold Denker

text: Reuben Fine

text: Boris Spassky

text: American Chess Bulletin

text: Chess Life

text: Chess Review

text: The New York Times

text: Tal

text: Petrosian

text: Chessgames.com

text: OlimpBase

text: Part 1

text: Part 2

text: Reshevsky in California

text: New York Times obituary

categories: 1992 deaths,American chess players,Chess Olympiad competitors,University of Chicago alumni,Jewish chess players,American chess writers,American Orthodox Jews,Sportspeople from Łódź Voivodeship,Chess grandmasters,20th-century American male writers,People from Ozorków,1911 births,Polish Orthodox Jews,Polish chess players,20th-century American non-fiction writers,American people of Polish-Jewish descent

paragraph: Samuel Reshevsky

paragraph: Samuel Herman Reshevsky (born Szmul Rzeszewski; November 26, 1911 – April 4, 1992) was a Polish chess prodigy and later a leading American chess grandmaster. He was never a full-time chess professional. He was a strong contender for the World Chess Championship from the mid-1930s to the mid-1960s: he tied for third place in the 1948 World Chess Championship tournament, and tied for second in the 1953 Candidates Tournament. He was an eight-time winner of the US Chess Championship, tying him with Bobby Fischer for the all-time record. An outstanding match player throughout his career, Reshevsky excelled at positional play, and could be a brilliant tactician when required. He took a long time over his opening moves, and often found himself in time pressure, but this sometimes unsettled his opponent more than it did Reshevsky.

paragraph: He was an accountant by profession, and a well-regarded chess writer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life, early chess exhibition and competition.

paragraph: Reshevsky was born at Ozorków near Łódź, Poland, to a Jewish family. He learned to play chess at age four and was soon acclaimed as a child prodigy. At age eight, he was beating many accomplished players with ease and giving simultaneous exhibitions.

paragraph: In November 1920, his parents moved to the United States to make a living by publicly exhibiting their child's talent. Reshevsky played thousands of games in exhibitions all over the US. He played in the 1922 New York Masters tournament; at that stage, he was likely the youngest-ever player to have competed in a strong tournament.

paragraph: For a period in his youth, Reshevsky did not attend school, for which his parents appeared in District Court in Manhattan facing a charge of improper guardianship. However, Julius Rosenwald, wealthy co-owner of Sears, Roebuck and Company in Chicago, soon afterwards became Reshevsky's benefactor, and he guaranteed Reshevsky's future on the condition that he would complete his education.

paragraph: Reshevsky never became a truly professional chess player. He gave up most competitive chess for seven years, from 1924 to 1931, to complete his secondary education while successfully competing in occasional events during this period.

paragraph: Reshevsky graduated from the University of Chicago in 1934 with a degree in accounting and supported himself and his family by working as an accountant. He moved to New York City and lived there or in its suburbs for the remainder of his life. His 1941 marriage to Norma Mindick produced three children. A devout Orthodox Jew, Reshevsky would not play on the Jewish Sabbath; his games were scheduled accordingly.

paragraph: Section::::Chess career.

paragraph: Section::::Chess career.:American results.

paragraph: Reshevsky won the US Open Chess Championship in 1931 at Tulsa; this event was known as the Western Open at the time. He shared the 1934 US Open title with Reuben Fine at Chicago.

paragraph: Reshevsky won the US Chess Championship in 1936, 1938, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1946, and 1969. He also tied for first in 1972, but lost the playoff in 1973 to Robert Byrne. He competed in a record 21 US Championships, and achieved a plus score every time except for 1966–67, when he scored just 4½/11. He also holds US Championship records for most finishes in the top three places (15), most games played (269), and most games won (127).

paragraph: Section::::Chess career.:International results.

paragraph: Reshevsky's international career began in 1935 with a trip to England, where he won at Great Yarmouth with 10/11. He then won first place at the Margate tournament where he beat, among others, former world champion José Raúl Capablanca; the game followed the Exchange Variation of the Queen's Gambit Declined. The game score follows:

paragraph: A year later Reshevsky shared third place at the Nottingham 1936 chess tournament. In 1937 he shared first at Kemeri, Latvia, and in 1938 shared fourth in the famous AVRO tournament in the Netherlands, which featured arguably the eight strongest players in the world. Reshevsky won his third US Open title at Boston 1944.

paragraph: Reshevsky was a serious contender for the World Championship from roughly 1935 to the mid-1960s. He was one of the five chess grandmasters to compete in the World Championship match tournament in The Hague/Moscow 1948 and finished in joint third place with Paul Keres, behind Mikhail Botvinnik and Vasily Smyslov. This tournament was organized because World Champion Alexander Alekhine had died in 1946 while holding the title, which was an unprecedented situation.

paragraph: In 1950, Reshevsky was awarded the title of International Grandmaster by FIDE, the World Chess Federation, on its inaugural list. Although eligible, he did not play in the Candidates Tournament in Budapest. It has generally been believed that he was barred from attending by the US State Department due to the Cold War. The only other eligible active player from a NATO country, Max Euwe of the Netherlands, also did not play. In 1991, however, Reshevsky said the decision not to go was his.

paragraph: The following Candidates in Zurich 1953 tournament was probably Reshevsky's best chance to qualify for a World Championship match, but he finished in joint second place with David Bronstein and Keres, two points behind Smyslov. Bronstein, in his last book, "Secret Notes", published in 2007 just after his death the previous year, confirmed long-standing rumours by writing that the nine Soviet grandmasters (out of a field of 15 players) at Zurich were under orders from both their chess leadership and the KGB to not let Reshevsky win the tournament under any circumstances, with Smyslov being the preferred victor. When Reshevsky maintained his strong contention late into the two-month event, Bronstein claims that the Soviets prearranged several results in games amongst themselves to successfully prevent Reshevsky's overall victory, while also ensuring that Reshevsky faced the maximum test in his own games against the Soviet players. Bronstein had earlier (1995) written that he was ordered by the Soviet delegation leader to win as Black against Reshevsky in the second cycle at Zurich, and managed to do so after a very hard struggle. Several other writers, including GM Alexei Suetin (who was the second of Tigran Petrosian at Zurich 1953), also confirmed the Soviet collusion in Zurich.

paragraph: Reshevsky qualified for one more Candidates' in 1967, but lost the subsequent quarterfinal match to Viktor Korchnoi the following year.

paragraph: Section::::Chess career.:Olympiad results.

paragraph: Reshevsky competed eight times for the US at the Chess Olympiads, six times on , over a 37-year span, helping the US team to win the gold in 1937 and bronze in 1974, and winning an individual bronze medal for his performance on board one in 1950. His complete results were (+39−12=49) in 100 games, for 63.5 percent. He played at Stockholm 1937, Dubrovnik 1950, Helsinki 1952, Munich 1958, Tel Aviv 1964, Lugano 1968, Siegen 1970, and Nice 1974. He played on board one for his first six appearances.

paragraph: Section::::Outstanding match player.

paragraph: In 1952, New York hosted the first eight games of an informal match for "The Championship of the Free World" between Reshevsky and Polish-Argentine grandmaster Miguel Najdorf. An additional five games were played in Mexico City and five more in San Salvador. Reshevsky won the match, 11–7. The following year a rematch took place in Buenos Aires. Reshevsky again won, 9½–8½.

paragraph: In his long career, Reshevsky proved a formidable match player. In 1941, he defeated I. A. Horowitz in a US Championship playoff match by (+3−0=13). In 1942, he defeated Isaac Kashdan by (+6−2=3). In 1952, he defeated Svetozar Gligorić by (+2−1=7). In 1956, he defeated William Lombardy by (+1−0=5). In 1957, he defeated Arthur Bisguier by (+4−2=4). In 1957, he defeated Donald Byrne by (+7−3=0). In 1960, he defeated Pal Benko by (+3−2=5).

paragraph: Reshevsky lost his first match in 1964 but it was a four-game play-off match following the Amsterdam 1964 Interzonal, where he had tied for 8th–9th with the Hungarian Champion Lajos Portisch. The final spot for advancement to the Candidates Match was at stake and there was little time between the end of the Interzonal and the start of the match. Reshevsky's earlier matches had always had a lead time of several months, which allowed him to prepare his openings, but he proved to be at a distinct disadvantage in this area against Portisch, who was a full-time chess professional and always excellent in his opening preparation. Reshevsky was quickly outplayed on the White side of the Queen's Gambit Accepted in the first game and eventually fell on time in a lost position. In the second game, he played sharply with Black but Portisch was able to exchange the queens and a pair of rooks, thus draining much of the tension in the position. A draw by threefold repetition of position soon ensued. In his last game with White, Reshevsky had to go for broke. An Open Sicilian arose but Portisch seized the initiative on the queenside; having gained a clear advantage, he was able to translate it into a crushing kingside attack, thus winning the match and the final Candidates spot. Amsterdam 1964 was the first meeting between these two chess greats and Portisch was to prove a difficult opponent for Reshevsky, whose lifetime score against him was (+0−4=9).

paragraph: Reshevsky played on top board for the US in the 1955 team match against the USSR, held in Moscow, and defeated World Champion Mikhail Botvinnik over four games, winning one and drawing three.

paragraph: Section::::Rivalry with Bobby Fischer.

paragraph: Once Bobby Fischer made his debut at age 14 in the US Championship with the 1957–58 event, he dominated completely, winning on each of his eight attempts, leaving Reshevsky, the seven-time former champion, back in the chasing pack. There was little love lost between the two players, separated by a generation in age. Ahead of the Buenos Aires 1960 tournament, Reshevsky reportedly said, "I would settle for 19th place – if Fischer placed 20th." Reshevsky in fact won the Buenos Aires 1960 tournament, with Fischer well back; this was the only time Reshevsky finished ahead of Fischer in an international tournament.

paragraph: In 1961 Reshevsky began a 16-game match with the then-current US Champion Fischer; it was jointly staged in New York and Los Angeles. Despite Fischer's recent meteoric rise, consensus opinion favored Reshevsky. After eleven games and a tie score (two wins apiece with seven draws), the match ended due to a scheduling dispute between Fischer and match organizer Jacqueline Piatigorsky, with Reshevsky receiving the winner's share of the prize fund.

paragraph: In the 1967 Sousse Interzonal, Fischer turned up 53 minutes late (only seven minutes short of an automatic time forfeiture) for his game with Reshevsky, and made his opening move without a word of apology. Reshevsky, who had been convinced that Fischer had withdrawn from the tournament, lost the game badly and complained furiously to the organizers. Despite losing that game, Reshevsky advanced to the next stage. Reshevsky also refused to play for the US team in the Chess Olympiads of 1960, 1962 and 1966 because Fischer, as US champion, was chosen ahead of him for the top board. He did, however, finally consent to play on a lower board in 1970, the only time the two men appeared in the same team.

paragraph: Although Reshevsky and Fischer had one of the fiercest rivalries in chess history, Fischer greatly respected the older champion, stating in the late 1960s that he thought Reshevsky was the strongest player in the world in the mid-1950s. This was around the time when Reshevsky defeated World Champion Mikhail Botvinnik in their four-game mini-match, which was the top board of the US vs. USSR team match held in Moscow.

paragraph: It was only in 1968, in his 57th year, that he finally lost a match where he had time for extensive preparation. This was against Viktor Korchnoi in Amsterdam in the first round of the Candidates. The match was scheduled for ten games but the younger grandmaster proved too much for Reshevsky, who did not win a game and lost by the final score of 5½–2½.

paragraph: During his long chess career, Reshevsky played eleven of the first twelve world champions, from Emanuel Lasker to Anatoly Karpov, the only player to do so (he met Garry Kasparov but never played him). He defeated seven world champions: Lasker, José Raúl Capablanca, Alexander Alekhine, Max Euwe, Mikhail Botvinnik, Vasily Smyslov, and Bobby Fischer.

paragraph: Section::::Important tournament titles.

paragraph: Aside from US Championships, Reshevsky's important tournament titles included:

paragraph: Syracuse 1934,

paragraph: Hastings 1937–38,

paragraph: Leningrad/Moscow 1939,

paragraph: Hollywood 1945 (Pan American Championship),

paragraph: New York 1951 (Maurice Wertheim Memorial),

paragraph: Havana 1952,

paragraph: New York 1956 (Lessing Rosenwald Trophy),

paragraph: Dallas 1957,

paragraph: Haifa/Tel Aviv 1958,

paragraph: Buenos Aires 1960,

paragraph: Netanya 1969,

paragraph: Reykjavík Open 1984, at age 72.

paragraph: Reshevsky competed seriously at least semi-regularly, virtually until his death in New York City in 1992. He defeated old rival Vasily Smyslov in a tournament game in 1991.

paragraph: Section::::Style.

paragraph: Reshevsky was a tough and forceful player who was superb at positional play, but could also play brilliant tactical chess when warranted. He often used huge amounts of time in the opening, a dangerous tactic which sometimes forced him to play the rest of the game in a very short amount of time. That sometimes unsettled Reshevsky's opponents, but at other times resulted in blunders on his part. Reshevsky's inadequate study of the opening and his related tendency to fall into time pressure may have been the reasons that, despite his great talent, he never became world champion; he himself acknowledged this in his book on chess upsets. This Reshevsky shortcoming was similarly noted by GM Larry Evans in commentary contained in Fischer's book "My 60 Memorable Games".

paragraph: Reshevsky specialized in closed openings with the white pieces, usually opening with 1.d4, and was a virtuoso with the Exchange Variation of the Queen's Gambit Declined. He rarely opened with 1.e4 against strong opposition. With the black pieces, he employed a broad and varied repertoire during his long career.

paragraph: Contemporary American GM Arnold Denker complimented Reshevsky's extraordinary tenacity and fighting spirit, and noted that Reshevsky developed a vital advantage in his great head-to-head battles with his main American rival, GM Reuben Fine, particularly in US Championships from the mid-1930s through the early 1940s. Trouble in games against Reshevsky was the main reason Fine was never able to win the US Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: Reshevsky's books include "Reshevsky on Chess" (1948), "How Chess Games Are Won" (1962), "Great Chess Upsets" (1976), and "The Art of Positional Play" (1978), as well as an account of the 1972 World Championship match between his great rival Bobby Fischer and Boris Spassky. He also wrote articles on chess for American Chess Bulletin, Chess Life and Chess Review magazines, and for "The New York Times".

paragraph: Section::::Quotes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "By playing slowly during the early phases of a game I am able to grasp the basic requirements of each position. Then, despite being in time pressure, I have no difficulty in finding the best continuation. Incidentally, it is an odd fact that more often than not it is my opponent who gets the jitters when I am compelled to make these hurried moves."

paragraph: BULLET::::- His self-description, "My style is somewhere between that of Tal and Petrosian", is sometimes circulated as an ironic comment (given that these two players are considered to represent opposite extremes of style) but makes more sense in its full context; from his book "Great Chess Upsets" : I am essentially a positional player, although I can conduct an assault with precision and vigor, when the opportunity arises. My style lies between that of Tal and Petrosian. It is neither over-aggressive nor too passive. My strength consists of a fighting spirit, a great desire to win, and a stubborn defense whenever in trouble. I rarely become discouraged in an inferior situation, and I fear no one.

paragraph: Section::::Notable games.

paragraph: Chessgames.com 10 game list.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reshevsky vs. Capablanca, 1935

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lasker vs. Reshevsky, 1936

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reshevsky vs. G Treysman, 1938 1–0

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reshevsky vs. F Vasconcellos, 1944 1–0

paragraph: BULLET::::- Botvinnik vs. Reshevsky, 1948 0–1

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reshevsky vs. Najdorf, 1952 1–0

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reshevsky vs. Petrosian, 1953

paragraph: BULLET::::- Szabo vs. Reshevsky, 1953 ½–½

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reshevsky vs. Geller, 1953 ½–½

paragraph: BULLET::::- Larry Evans vs. Reshevsky, 1963 ½–½

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reshevsky vs. Fischer, 1961. 11-game match.

paragraph: Section::::Books by Reshevsky.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Learn Chess Fast!",

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Art of Positional Play in Chess",

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Great Chess Upsets",

paragraph: BULLET::::- "First Piatigorsky Cup International Grandmaster Chess Tournament",

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reshevsky on Chess: The U.S. Champion Tells How He Wins"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "How Chess Games Are Won"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reshevsky's Best Games of Chess"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reshevsky on the Fischer-Spassky Games"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- OlimpBase

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 Interview: Part 1 • Part 2

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reshevsky in California

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York Times obituary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Samuel Reshevsky as a boy with Charlie Chaplin, 1921

paragraph: BULLET::::- young Samuel Reshevsky with promoter and game board maker William Drueke, 1919

paragraph: BULLET::::- main article Drueke family lineage and involvement with Samuel Reshevsky

description: American chess player

wikidata_label: Samuel Reshevsky

wikipedia_title: Samuel Reshevsky


text:
Slavic
Danish
Principality of Rugia
Minnesinger
Jenaer Liederhandschrift
Vitslav II
Kruto
Wagria
Albert II, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst
Rügen war of succession
Jenaer Liederhandschrift
Friedrich Heinrich von der Hagen
Verfasserlexikon
Sprüche

categories: Minnesingers,Polabian Slavs,1325 deaths,People from Vorpommern-Rügen,1260s births,Danish nobility

paragraph: Vitslav III, Prince of Rügen

paragraph: Vitslav III (1265/8–1325), variously called Vislav, Vizlav, Wislaw, Wizlaw and Witslaw in English sources, was the last Slavic ruler of the Danish Principality of Rugia.

paragraph: He is often identified with the author of the Minnesinger Vitslav of the Jenaer Liederhandschrift.

paragraph: He was the son and successor of Vitslav II, and as such one of the "Wizlawids" descended from Kruto of Wagria.

paragraph: Born in either 1263 or 1268, he is attested in a document of 1283.

paragraph: At his father's death in 1302, Vitslav shared the throne of Rügen with his brother Sambor.

paragraph: There was rivalry between the two brothers, but Sambor died in 1304, and Wizlaw ruled alone until his death in 1325.

paragraph: Vitslav had two daughters, Euphemia and Agnes (wife of Albert II, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst), and a son, Jaromar. But Jaromar died in May 1325, shortly before his father, and Vitslav was facing the prospect of leaving no male heir.

paragraph: Rügen would have fallen to Vitslav's nephew, Wartislaw IV, but Wartislav died in 1326, causing the Rügen war of succession.

paragraph: The Minnesinger Vitslav is likely identical with Vitslav III.

paragraph: There are 14 songs and 13 poems by this author which are preserved as an addition to the Jenaer Liederhandschrift (foll. 72vb - 80vb)

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friedrich Heinrich von der Hagen: "Minnesinger, Deutsche Liederdichter des 12., 13. und 14. Jahrhunderts I - IV." Leipzig 1838, Nachdruck Aalen 1963 (Wizlaws Texte: S. 78–85, Band I, Wizlaws Melodien: S. 808–817, Band IV)

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. G. Fabricius: "Urkunden zur Geschichte des Fürstentums Rügen unter den eingeborenen Fürsten.", Stettin 1851

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ludwig Ettmüller: "Des Fürsten von Rügen Wizlaws des Vierten Sprüche und Lieder in niederdeutscher Sprache." (Bibliothek der gesamten deutschen National-Literatur, 33. Band), Quedlinburg und Leipzig 1852, Neuausgabe durch Edition Rodopi, Amsterdam 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theodor Pyl: "Lieder und Sprüche des Fürsten Wizlaw von Rügen." Greifswald 1872

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franz Kuntze: "Wizlaw III – Der letzte Fürst von Rügen." Halle a. S. 1893

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georg Holz, Franz Saran, Eduard Bernoulli (eds.): "Die Jenaer Liederhandschrift." Teil I. Getreuer Abdruck des Textes, hg. von Georg Holz, Teil II. Übertragung, Rhythmik und Melodik, bearb. von Eduard Bernoulli und Franz Saran, Leipzig 1901, Nachdruck Hildesheim 1966

paragraph: BULLET::::- Erich Gülzow: "Des Fürsten Wizlaw von Rügen Minnelieder und Sprüche." Greifswald 1922

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ursula Scheil: "Genealogie der Fürsten von Rügen (1164 - 1325)." Greifswald 1945

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wesley Thomas, Barbara Garvey Seagrave: "The Songs Of The Minnesinger, Prince Wizlaw Of Rügen." Chapel Hill, The University of North Carolina 1967

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sabine Werg: "Die Sprüche und Lieder Wizlavs von Rügen. Untersuchungen und kritische Ausgabe der Gedichte." Hamburg 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- Birgit Spitschuh: "Wizlaw von Rügen: eine Monographie." Greifswald 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burghart Wachinger: "Wizlav". In: "Verfasserlexikon" 10/1999, S. 1292-1298

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reinhard Bleck: "Untersuchungen zur sogenannten Spruchdichtung und zur Sprache des Fürsten Wizlaw III. von Rügen." In: "Göppinger Arbeiten zur Germanistik". 681/2000, Kümmerle Verlag

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lothar Jahn: "Nach der sehnenden Klage muss ich singen - Schlaglichter auf die Musik des Minnesängers Wizlaw:" In: "Karfunkel Musica". 1/2005, Wald-Michelbach, S. 44–49

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sprüche

description: Danish noble

wikidata_label: Vitslav III, Prince of Rügen

wikipedia_title: Vitslav III, Prince of Rügen


text:
Oakland, California
Oakland, California
AAU Mr. America
Mr. Universe
John Grimek
Oakland Technical High School
Santa Barbara,California
Oakland, California

categories: 1992 deaths,American bodybuilders,Professional bodybuilders,Sportspeople from Oakland, California,1926 births,People associated with physical culture

paragraph: Jack Delinger

paragraph: Jack Delinger (born June 22, 1926 - December 28, 1992 in Oakland, California) was an American professional bodybuilder from Oakland, California. He won the 1949 AAU Mr. America and the 1956 Mr. Universe.

paragraph: Section::::About.

paragraph: At only 16 Delinger began training at the local YMCA. He looked toward John Grimek for his inspiration throughout his training. At Oakland Technical High School, Delinger was a member of his high school's gymnastics team. Soon after, he joined Ed Yarick's gym. Yarick was a man whom Delinger looked up to and was a role model to aspiring bodybuilders. In 1946, Delinger won his first contest, Mr. Northern California. There was no doubt that Delinger had incredible upper body strength but it was noted that his legs were somewhat underdeveloped. However this did not last long. After a lot of hard work, Delinger corrected this problem. In 1949, he went on to win the AAU Mr. America. In 1956, at 30 years of age, Delinger won the NABBA Pro Mr. Universe. Delinger and his wife Loretta went on to open their own gym in Santa Barbara,California and later at Broadway at College Avenue in Oakland, California.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Delinger was married to his wife Loretta Soper. Fifteen months after their marriage, the two had their only child named John. Unfortunately their son died on November 23, 1992 at only 42 years of age from a cerebral brain hemorrhage.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Delinger died on December 28, 1992 from a heart attack.

description: American bodybuilder

wikidata_label: Jack Delinger

wikipedia_title: Jack Delinger


text:
Lancaster, Ohio
American football
center
National Football League
New York Giants
undrafted free agent
Super Bowl XLVI
college football
Ohio State University
Ohio State Buckeyes bio
New York Giants bio

categories: 1987 births,Players of American football from Ohio,Super Bowl champions,American football centers,People from Lancaster, Ohio,Ohio State Buckeyes football players,New York Giants players,Living people

paragraph: Jim Cordle

paragraph: Jim Cordle (born August 22, 1987 in Lancaster, Ohio) is a former American football center that played in the National Football League. He was signed by the New York Giants as an undrafted free agent in 2011. He was part of the Giants team that won Super Bowl XLVI over the New England Patriots. He played college football for the Ohio State University. Cordle is currently an offensive line coach and run game coordinator at Urbana University.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ohio State Buckeyes bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York Giants bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Jim Cordle

wikipedia_title: Jim Cordle


text:
bishop of Milan
Saint
Catholic
Eastern Orthodox
Greek
Roman Emperor
Constantius II
Arians
Council of Nicaea
Semi-Arian
Pope Liberius
Synod in Milan
Basilica Nova
Eusebius of Vercelli
Athanasius of Alexandria
lese-majesty
Papal legate
Lucifer of Cagliari
Caesarea of Cappadocia
Auxentius
feast
Ambrose
translate
Milan
Porta Venezia
Cathedral of Milan
parish
Lombardia
Premana
Albavilla

categories: Saints from Roman Italy,Bishops of Milan,360s deaths,4th-century bishops,4th-century Christian saints,Burials at Milan Cathedral

paragraph: Dionysius (bishop of Milan)

paragraph: Dionysius () was bishop of Milan from 349 to 355. He is honoured as a Saint in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches and his feast day is on May 25.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Almost nothing is known about the life of Dionysius before his election as bishop of Milan, which took place in 349. Dionysius was probably of Greek origin. He was a friend of the Roman Emperor Constantius II before being elected bishop of Milan.

paragraph: The historical period in which Dionysius lived was marked by clashes between Arians and the supporters of the faith of the Council of Nicaea. Even Emperor Constantius II favored Semi-Arian doctrines. In 355 Pope Liberius requested the Emperor to convene a Synod in Milan, which was held in the newly erected Basilica Nova (or Basilica Maior or St. Tecla). The council however did not accomplish the hopes of the Pope due the overwhelming number of Arians bishops present and the enforced absence of the champion of the Nicaean faith, Eusebius of Vercelli. Initially Dionysius seemed ready to follow the Arians in condemning the Nicaean Athanasius of Alexandria, who was accused not of heresy but of lese-majesty against the Emperor. With the arrival of Eusebius the situation changed. Eusebius requested an immediate subscription of the Nicaean faith by the bishops. Eusebius, the Papal legate Lucifer of Cagliari and Dionysius signed, but the Arian bishop Valens of Mursia violently shredded the act of faith.

paragraph: Constantius, unaccustomed to independence on the part of the bishops, moved the synod to his palace, and grievously maltreated Eusebius, Lucifer and Dionysius, which were all three exiled (also Pope Liberius was shortly later exiled). Dionysius was exiled in Caesarea of Cappadocia and was substituted as bishop of Milan by the Arian Auxentius appointed by the Emperor.

paragraph: Dionysius died in exile between 360 and 362. A late tradition, historically unfounded, associates Dionysius with the Milan's family of the Mariani.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: Dionysius' feast is celebrated on May 25. According to a late tradition, probably not historical, Ambrose sent in 375 or 376 a delegation to recover the corpse of Dionysius and to translate it to Milan. Even if it is historically difficult to determine when exactly the relics of Dionysius were translated to Milan, a primary source states that the relics were already in Milan in 744. A shrine dedicated to Dionysius was erected in Milan near Porta Venezia but it was destroyed in 1549, rebuild nearby and definitely knocked down in 1783 to leave space for the new gardens. The corpse of Dionysius was translated in the Cathedral of Milan in 1532.

paragraph: Nowadays three parishes in Lombardia are entitled to Saint Dionysius: San Dionigi in Pratocentenaro in Milano, San Dionigi in Premana and San Dionigi in Carcano of Albavilla.

description: Archbishop of Milan (4th c.)

wikidata_label: Dionysius

wikipedia_title: Dionysius (bishop of Milan)


text:
Meinhardiner
Count Palatine
Carinthia
Kirchberg
Meinhard VI
Henry VI
Magdalena of Bavaria
Frederick "the Wise"
Genealogy of John Meinhard VII

categories: 14th-century births,Counts of Gorizia,1430 deaths

paragraph: John Meinhard VII, Count of Gorizia

paragraph: John Meinhard VII, Count of Gorizia (1378 or 1380 – 22 May 1430) was a member of the Meinhardiner dynasty. He was a Count Palatine of Carinthia and a Count of Kirchberg.

paragraph: John Meinhard was a son of Count Meinhard VI and his second wife, Utehild, who was a daughter of Ulirch IV of Mätsch. When his father died in 1385, his elder brother Henry VI inherited Gorizia and John Meinhard VII was promised the County of Kirchberg, from the inheritance of his mother, and the position of Count Palatine in Carinthia.

paragraph: Johann Meinhard VII married twice. He first married in 1404, to Magdalena of Bavaria, the daughter of the Duke Frederick "the Wise" of Bavaria. In 1422, he married his second wife; she was Agnes, a daughter of Count Bernard of Pettau-Wurmberg. No children from these two marriages are known. He was succeeded as Count of Kirchberg by his brother Henry VI.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogy of John Meinhard VII

description: Count of Kirchberg and Count Palatine of Carinthia

wikidata_label: John Meinhard VII, Count of Gorizia

wikipedia_title: John Meinhard VII, Count of Gorizia


text:
Dallas, Texas
Nashville, Tennessee
EP
Mickey Newbury
Guy Clark
Razor & Tie
Shovels & Rope
Caitlin Rose
Chris Stapleton
Kacey Musgraves
Eric Church
All These Dreams

categories: Songwriters from Tennessee,American alternative country singers,Country musicians from Tennessee,1986 births,American country singer-songwriters,Musicians from Nashville, Tennessee,21st-century American singers,Country musicians from Texas,Songwriters from Texas,Musicians from Dallas,Jesuit College Preparatory School of Dallas alumni,Living people

paragraph: Andrew Combs (musician)

paragraph: Andrew Combs is an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist from Dallas, Texas, who currently resides in Nashville, Tennessee.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Andrew Combs released his debut EP, "Tennessee Time", in May 2010, which has been compared to Mickey Newbury and Guy Clark. In April 2012, Combs released a vinyl 7-inch called "Big Bad Love".

paragraph: In July 2012, Combs signed to the Nashville-based music publishing arm of New York City record label, Razor & Tie.

paragraph: In October 2012, Combs released "Worried Man", which "American Songwriter" gave a 4-star review, writing: "As singer/songwriter first albums go, it’ll be tough to beat this as one of the years finest, from a newcomer who is hopefully just tapping into his talent."

paragraph: In 2013, Combs supported Shovels & Rope and Caitlin Rose on national tours and performed at the Newport Folk Festival

paragraph: In 2015, Combs released "All These Dreams", his second studio album.

paragraph: In 2016, he performed on the main stage at the in the UK alongside Chris Stapleton, Kacey Musgraves and Eric Church.

paragraph: Combs' next album "Ideal Man" is scheduled to be released on September 20, 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Worried Man" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "All These Dreams" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Canyons of my Mind" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "5 Covers and a Song EP" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ideal Man" (2019)

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Andrew Combs

wikipedia_title: Andrew Combs (musician)


href: Nayanars Periya%20Puranam Sundarar Shiva Shri%20Rudram%20Chamakam Vedic Rudra Brahmin Nannilam%20taluk Thiruvarur%20District Mayiladuthurai Nedungadu Karaikal Tamil%20language Purattasi Ashvini

text:
Nayanar
Periya Puranam
Thiruthondar Thogai
Shiva
Shri Rudram Chamakam
Vedic
Rudra
Brahmin
Nannilam taluk
Thiruvarur District
Mayiladuthurai
Nedungadu
Karaikal
Tamil
Purattasi
Ashvini

paragraph: Rudra Pasupathi Nayanar

paragraph: Rudra Pasupathi Nayanar is the 16th Nayanar saint. Traditional hagiographies like "Periya Puranam" (13th century CE) and "Thiruthondar Thogai" (10th century CE) detail his legendary life and services to the Hindu god Shiva. Pasupathi Nayanar was a learned Brahmin devotee who practised chanting of the Shri Rudram Chamakam, a Vedic hymn dedicated to Rudra (a form of Shiva). Therefore, he is known by the name Rudra Pasupathi Nayanar.

paragraph: Section::::Hagiography.

paragraph: Rudra Pasupathi Nayanar was born in a pious Brahmin family in the small village of Thiruthalayur, now located in Nannilam taluk, Thiruvarur District (17 km south of Mayiladuthurai and on the Nedungadu-Karaikal route via Kollumaangudi). At Thiruthalayur, there is an ancient Shiva temple called Sri Parvati Samedha Sri Baleswarar temple.

paragraph: Rudra Pasupathi Nayanar was an ardent Shiva devotee. He used go to the water tank in the early morning and evening and chant Shri Rudram Chamakam hymn with folded hands raised above his head. The hymn hails Shiva as the Supreme Being and is believed to accord the reciter Shiva's grace. The vibration of the intense prayer of the Nayanar is described to reach the abode of Shiva, who pleased with the Nayanar's devotion grants him salvation.

paragraph: Tamil month Purattasi – Ashvini star is widely celebrated as Guru Puja Day of Rudra Pasupathi Nayanar.

wikidata_label: Rudra Pasupathi Nayanar

wikipedia_title: Rudra Pasupathi Nayanar


text:
football
midfielder
Brescia
Serie B
Fiorentina
Coppa Italia
Milan
Fulvio Bernardini
Enzo Bearzot
Bulgaria
Fiorentina
Campionato Nazionale Primavera
Empoli
Pisa
Mitropa Cup
Bologna
Catanzaro
Brescia
Ancona
1993–94 Coppa Italia
Napoli
UEFA Cup
Boavista
SPAL
Reggina
Piacenza
Ternana
Catania
Siena
Panachaiki
Delio Rossi
Adem Ljajić
Novara
Lecce
2012–13 Serie A
Coppa Italia
1974–75
Campionato Nazionale Primavera
Torneo di Viareggio
Mitropa Cup

categories: ACF Fiorentina managers,A.C. Pisa 1909 managers,Serie A managers,ACF Fiorentina players,1953 births,Empoli F.C. managers,Italian football managers,U.S. Catanzaro 1929 managers,A.C. Ancona managers,People from the Province of Brescia,Italian footballers,S.S. Robur Siena managers,Calcio Catania managers,Brescia Calcio managers,Urbs Reggina 1914 managers,Bologna F.C. 1909 managers,Association football midfielders,Living people,Serie B players,Ternana Calcio managers,Brescia Calcio players,Piacenza Calcio 1919 managers,S.S.C. Napoli managers,Serie A players,Italy international footballers

paragraph: Vincenzo Guerini

paragraph: Vincenzo Guerini (; born 30 October 1953) is an Italian football manager and former player who played as a midfielder.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Club.

paragraph: Guerini's playing career started at Brescia, playing as a regular in the Serie B division. In 1973, he was signed by Serie A club Fiorentina, where he emerged as a young but promising attacking midfielder and won the 1975 Coppa Italia thanks to a goal of his in the final against Milan. His career was however cut short in 1976 after suffering a severe car accident that almost left him impaired.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:International.

paragraph: Despite his short playing career, Guerini also had the chance to play as a full international in 1974, when he was lined up by the coaching duo Fulvio Bernardini-Enzo Bearzot for a game against Bulgaria.

paragraph: Section::::Managerial career.

paragraph: Section::::Managerial career.:Early years.

paragraph: Despite being only aged 22, Guerini immediately entered into a non-playing career and became youth coach at his last club Fiorentina, also winning a Campionato Nazionale Primavera title in 1983. On that same year, Serie B club Empoli offered him their head coaching position, the first in Guerini's career. In 1985, he was then hired by another Tuscan club, Pisa, thus having the chance to make his coaching debut in the Serie A league; despite winning a Mitropa Cup on that same year, Guerini however failed to save the team from relegation. His following experience, at Serie B's Bologna, then ended with a dismissal before the end of the season. He then served as head coach of Catanzaro, narrowly missing a top flight promotion, and successively Brescia.

paragraph: Section::::Managerial career.:Ancona and later career.

paragraph: In 1989 Guerini was appointed head coach of another Serie B club, Ancona. In what proved to be his most successful stint as a manager, Guerini led Ancona to a historical first promotion ever in the Serie A league (a stint that lasted only one season), then ending as 1993–94 Coppa Italia runners-up in his final season at the club. He was then hired by Napoli, but dismissed after only eight games (including a UEFA Cup elimination at the hands of Boavista).

paragraph: After that, Guerini had two short-lived coaching experiences in the minor leagues that turned out not to be particularly successful (SPAL, Reggina) until 1997, when he was hired by Piacenza and saved the then-Serie A club from relegation in what is his most successful placement in the top flight to date. Guerini then had a handful of unsuccessful experiences, all them as a replacement coach or with him not completing the season (Ternana, Catania, Siena, Greek side Panachaiki, Catania again, and a second stint at Catanzaro).

paragraph: In 2011, he was hired by former club Fiorentina as "club manager". On 2 May 2012, he was then appointed caretaker coach after the club decided to remove Delio Rossi from his managerial duties following a physical confrontation with the Serbian player Adem Ljajić during the home league game against the Novara. In his first game in charge, he led Fiorentina to a 1–0 win at Lecce that mathematically guaranteed the club a place in the 2012–13 Serie A.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:As player.

paragraph: Fiorentina

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coppa Italia: 1974–75

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:As coach.

paragraph: Fiorentina

paragraph: BULLET::::- Campionato Nazionale Primavera: 1983

paragraph: BULLET::::- Torneo di Viareggio: 1982

paragraph: Pisa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mitropa Cup: 1986

description: Italian footballer and manager

wikidata_label: Vincenzo Guerini

wikipedia_title: Vincenzo Guerini


text:
Count of Gorizia
County of Gorizia
Henry VI of Gorizia
Nicholas II Garai
Palatine of Hungary
Hermann II of Celje
Counts of Celje
Ulrich II of Celje
Republic of Venice
Habsburg
Frederick V of Austria
Elizabeth of Celje
Count Ulrich II
Matthias Corvinus
Hunyadi
Celje
Katarina Branković
Ortenburg
Duchy of Carinthia
Millstatt
Spittal an der Drau
palatine county
Drava
Feldsberg Castle
Lienz
Bruck Castle
Leonhard
Entry for John II at Genma

categories: 1430s births,Counts of Gorizia,1462 deaths,Year of birth uncertain

paragraph: John II, Count of Gorizia

paragraph: John II of Gorizia (, or "Ivan Goriški", – 22 May 1462) was the penultimate

paragraph: Count of Gorizia. He ruled the County of Gorizia from 1454 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: John II was the eldest son of Count Henry VI of Gorizia (1376–1454) from his second marriage with Catherine, a daughter of Nicholas II Garai ("Garai Miklós"), Palatine of Hungary. Under the long rule of his father, the County of Gorizia had suffered a steep decline. Henry had first married Elizabeth (d. 1426), a daughter of Count Hermann II of Celje, and after her early death remained a loyal ally of the Counts of Celje. He and Count Ulrich II of Celje signed an inheritance treaty in 1437, which brought him in conflict with his mighty neighbors, the Republic of Venice and the Habsburg duke Frederick V of Austria (later Emperor Frederick III), and even with his second wife. Henry also agreed to betroth his son John to Elizabeth of Celje, the daughter of Count Ulrich II, a project that ulimatively was not realized. Elisabeth was betrothed to Matthias Corvinus, future king of Hungary, in a futile attempt to reconcile the houses of Celje and Hunyadi. Elisabeth died in her teens, and John remained unmarried.

paragraph: Young John was held hostage in Celje from 1444, together with his younger brother Leonhard. As future correspondence with Katarina Branković, last countess of Celje, shows, the relation between the young Görz princes and the Celje court were cordial. Their captivity can be seen as an attempt to keep the Counts of Gorizia within the Celje power orbit. Such alliance was strongly favored by the boys's father, but opposed by their mother, Catherine Garai, who favored the Habsburgs.

paragraph: After his release upon his father's death in 1454, John took up government in Gorizia. When Count Ulrich II of Celje was assassinated by the Hunyadi clan in November of 1456, he claimed the extinct Ortenburg estates in the Duchy of Carinthia (around Millstatt and Spittal an der Drau, which were bordering the Gorizia palatine county in the upper Drava valley.

paragraph: However, this claim was unsuccessful. Nevertheless he went on to occupy and plunder the Ortenburg lands, until he was finally defeated by the Habsburg forces of Emperor Frederick III in 1460. A peace treaty was signed at Feldsberg Castle, whereupon Count John was forced to renounce the Ortenburg estates and to cede twelve Gorizia fortresses as a reparation, including his Lienz residence at Bruck Castle. His brother was able to reclaim the latter after pledging alliegance to the Habsburgs.

paragraph: John II died in 1462 at his Lienz residence and was deeply mourned by his subjects, due to him having been very popular. He was succeeded by his younger brother Leonhard. With Leonhard, the House of Gorizia went extinct.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Entry for John II at Genma

description: Count of Gorizia

wikidata_label: John II, Count of Gorizia

wikipedia_title: John II, Count of Gorizia


text:
Modena
Altagracia de Orituco
Venezuela
Italian football
Modena
Serie A
Legnano
Catanzaro
1931–32 Prima Divisione
Genoa
1936–37 Coppa Italia
Atalanta
Cremonese
1938–39 edition
Serie C
Lazio
Parma
Parma
Serie B
1934–35
Coppa Italia
1936–37
Enciclopedia del Calcio

categories: Serie B players,U.S. Cremonese players,Serie A players,Italian footballers,1987 deaths,1910 births,Italian football managers,S.S.D. Unione Sanremo players,Modena F.C. players,Parma Calcio 1913 managers,Parma Calcio 1913 players,U.S. Catanzaro 1929 players,S.S. Lazio players,Genoa C.F.C. players

paragraph: Giuseppe Carlo Ferrari

paragraph: Giuseppe Carlo Ferrari (born 30 October 1910 in Modena; died 29 January 1987 in Altagracia de Orituco, Venezuela) was an Italian footballer and coach.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Starting his career at hometown club Modena, Ferrari made his Serie A debut on 7 December 1930 in a 4–1 victory over Legnano. In 1931, he moved to Catanzaro, achieving ninth place in Girone F of the 1931–32 Prima Divisione, before securing a move to giants Genoa, where he won the 1936–37 Coppa Italia without a missing a match. He spent the following season at Atalanta, where he did not make an appearance, leading to a move to Cremonese, who finished the 1938–39 edition of Serie C's Girone B in second place. Having been signed by Lazio but never taking to the field of play due to a severe knee injury, Ferrari returned to Modena in 1939, but relegation followed. In 1940, Ferrari was signed by Parma, where he would spend three seasons as a player in the most prolific goalscoring form of his career.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: Still at Parma, Ferrari went on to become a member of the coaching staff, being appointed head coach of the team for the 1945-46 season. In the 1950s, some years after the end of his playing career, Ferrari emigrated to Venezuela, where he continued his involvement with football as a coach. He resided in Venezuela until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Genoa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Serie B: 1934–35

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coppa Italia: 1936–37

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Enciclopedia del Calcio

description: Italian footballer and manager

wikidata_label: Giuseppe Carlo Ferrari

wikipedia_title: Giuseppe Carlo Ferrari


text: German-Brazilian

text: Cardinal

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Archbishop of Porto Alegre

text: Brazil

text: cardinalate

text: Bom Princípio

text: Rio Grande do Sul

text: seminary

text: Porto Alegre

text: Pontifical Gregorian University

text: Rome

text: ordained

text: priesthood

text: private secretary

text: João Batista Becker

text: pastoral

text: Auxiliary Bishop

text: Titular Bishop

text: Pope Pius XII

text: episcopal consecration

text: Archbishop of Porto Alegre

text: Carlo Chiarlo

text: José Baréa

text: José de Almeida Baptista

text: co-consecrators

text: divorce

text: anarchists

text: Communism

text: Second Vatican Council

text: conservative

text: left-wing

text: João Goulart

text: President of Brazil

text: Jânio Quadros

text: constitutional rules

text: Pope Paul VI

text: Cardinal Priest

text: Nostra Signora de La Salette

text: consistory

text: cardinal electors

text: conclaves

text: August

text: October 1978

text: Popes John Paul I

text: John Paul II

text: Aparecida

text: altar

text: Cathedral of Our Lady, Mother of God

text: Odilo Scherer

text: Archbishop of São Paulo

text: liberation theology

text: birth control pills

text: Fraternity of the Holy House of Mercy

text: Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

categories: Brazilian Roman Catholic archbishops,Brazilian cardinals,Brazilian anti-communists,1903 births,Brazilian Roman Catholics,1996 deaths,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Participants in the Second Vatican Council,Brazilian people of German descent

paragraph: Alfredo Scherer

paragraph: Alfredo Vicente Scherer (February 5, 1903–March 9, 1996) was a German-Brazilian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Porto Alegre, Brazil from 1946 to 1996, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1969.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Alfredo Vicente Scherer was born in Bom Princípio, Rio Grande do Sul, as the second child of Peter and Anna (née Opermann) Scherer. He studied at the seminary in Porto Alegre and the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, where he was ordained to the priesthood on April 3, 1926. He then served as private secretary to Archbishop João Batista Becker until 1933, when he began pastoral work in Porto Alegre.

paragraph: On June 13, 1946, Scherer was appointed the first Auxiliary Bishop of Porto Alegre and Titular Bishop of "Hemeria" by Pope Pius XII. However, Archbishop Becker died two days later, on June 15, before Scherer received his episcopal consecration. Scherer was named as his successor as Archbishop of Porto Alegre on the following December 30. He was consecrated on February 23, 1947, by Archbishop Carlo Chiarlo, with Bishops José Baréa and José de Almeida Baptista serving as co-consecrators. In reference to divorce, the Archbishop once called for "prayers to God to take away from Brazil the calamity which threatens Christian families". Scherer also gave weekly radio broadcasts against "anarchists and followers of Communism" within the Church.

paragraph: From 1962 to 1965, he attended the Second Vatican Council, and was recognized as one of the leading conservative prelates during the 1960s and 1970s. However, Scherer did support the succession of the left-wing João Goulart as President of Brazil following the resignation of Jânio Quadros, in accord with the constitutional rules.

paragraph: Pope Paul VI created him Cardinal Priest of "Nostra Signora de La Salette" in the consistory of April 28, 1969. Scherer was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the conclaves of August and October 1978, which selected Popes John Paul I and John Paul II respectively. In January 1980, he was stabbed and robbed by unknown assailants, who left him in a ditch outside Porto Alegre when he could not meet their demands for more money. After thirty-four years of service, the Cardinal resigned as Archbishop on August 29, 1981.

paragraph: Scherer died in Aparecida, at age 93. He is buried near the altar of the Cathedral of Our Lady, Mother of God in Porto Alegre. In 2003, a commemorative site was arranged at his place of birth in Bom Princípio.

paragraph: Section::::Trivia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Scherer was a distant relative of Cardinal Odilo Scherer, Archbishop of São Paulo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He was strongly opposed to liberation theology, and denounced providing birth control pills to "uninformed, impoverished and unattended women" as "a criminal act".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Provedor of the Fraternity of the Holy House of Mercy until his death, he was also a member of the Rio Grande do Sul Institute of History and Geography.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Alfredo Scherer

wikipedia_title: Alfredo Scherer


text: Wehrmacht

text: World War II

text: Afrika Korps

text: Stretzin

text: West Prussia

text: Military Reserve

text: Danzig

text: Leutnant

text: Chemnitz

text: Barbarossa

text: Typhoon

text: Afrika Korps

text: Battle of Alam Halfa

text: Tunisia

text: Eastern Front

text: XXIV Panzer Corps

text: Fourth Panzer Army

text: XXIV

text: 1st Panzer Army

text: XXXXVIII Panzer Corps

text: Len Deighton

text: Iron Cross

text: Clasp to the Iron Cross

text: Generalmajor

text: General der Panzertruppe

text: Bundesverdienstkreuz

categories: Reichswehr personnel,People from West Prussia,Crosses of Military Merit,Generals of Panzer Troops,People from Człuchów County,Prussian Army personnel,Recipients of the Silver Medal of Military Valor,1892 births,Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords,Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class,German military personnel of World War I,Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,1983 deaths

paragraph: Walther Nehring

paragraph: Walther Nehring (15 August 1892 – 20 April 1983) was a German general in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded the Afrika Korps.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Nehring was born on 15 August 1892 in Stretzin, West Prussia. Nehring was the descendant of a Dutch family who had fled the Netherlands to escape religious persecution in the seventeenth century. His father, Emil Nehring, was an estate owner and officer of the Military Reserve. While Nehring was still a child the family moved to Danzig.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Nehring joined the military service on 16 September 1911 in the Infanterie-Regiment 152. He became a commissioned "Leutnant" on 18 December 1913.

paragraph: On 26 October 1940 he received command of the 18th Panzer Division at Chemnitz, which he commanded during the operations Barbarossa and Typhoon. The division led by Nehring, is accused by numerous current accounts, of war crimes.

paragraph: Nehring took command of the Afrika Korps in May 1942 and took part in the last major Axis offensive (Operation Brandung) of the Western Desert campaign and the subsequent Battle of Alam Halfa (31 August - 7 September 1942), during which he was wounded in an air raid. Between November and December 1942, he commanded the German contingent in Tunisia.

paragraph: After North Africa, Nehring was posted to the Eastern Front where he commanded first the XXIV Panzer Corps, and then from July to August 1944 the Fourth Panzer Army. Nehring then returned to the XXIV in August 1944 and led the Corps until March 1945 when he was made commander of the 1st Panzer Army. During 1944 he was also the commanding officer of the XXXXVIII Panzer Corps.

paragraph: Following the end of the war, Nehring wrote a comprehensive history of the German panzer forces from 1916 to 1945, "Die Geschichte der deutschen Panzerwaffe 1916 bis 1945". He also wrote the foreword to Len Deighton's "."

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iron Cross (1914) 2nd Class (27 January 1915) & 1st Class (25 November 1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (11 September 1939) & 1st Class (29 September 1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross on 24 July 1941 as "Generalmajor" and commander of the 18. Panzer-Division

paragraph: BULLET::::- 383rd Oak Leaves on 8 February 1944 as "General der Panzertruppe" and commanding general of the XXIV. Panzerkorps

paragraph: BULLET::::- 124th Swords on 22 January 1945 as "General der Panzertruppe" and commanding general of the XXIV. Panzerkorps

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bundesverdienstkreuz 1st Class (27 July 1973)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Citations

paragraph: Bibliography"

description: German general

wikidata_label: Walther Nehring

wikipedia_title: Walther Nehring


text:
Grand d'Espagne
Eugène II, 11th prince de Ligne
Antoine
Holy Roman Empire
Princes of Ligne

categories: 1918 births,1985 deaths,Princes of Ligne

paragraph: Baudouin, 12th Prince of Ligne

paragraph: Baudouin, 12th Prince of Ligne (1918–1985) ("Baudouin Marie Lamoral de Ligne, Prince de Ligne et du Saint-Empire, Prince d'Amblise et d'Epinoy, Grand d'Espagne")

paragraph: Following the death of his father, he became the head of one of the most prestigious Belgian noble families. Prince Baudouin was the elder son of Eugène II, 11th prince de Ligne, and Philippine de Noailles. He had a younger brother, Antoine, and two sisters (Isabelle and Yolande). Following his death in 1985 without descent, his brother Antoine succeeded him as 13th Prince of Ligne and of the Holy Roman Empire.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princes of Ligne

description: Prince of Ligne

wikidata_label: Baudouin, 12th Prince of Ligne

wikipedia_title: Baudouin, 12th Prince of Ligne


text: Icelandic Sagas

text: Eric Bloodaxe

text: king of Norway

text: 'King' of Orkney

text: Jórvík

text: Fagrskinna

text: Egils saga

text: Njáls saga

text: Heimskringla

text: Harald Fairhair

text: Orkney

text: Jorvik

text: Denmark

text: Iceland

text: Landnámabók

text: Gwyn Jones

text: Hålogaland

text: Norway

text: Finnmark

text: Jones

text: Historia Norwegiæ

text: Gorm the Old

text: Denmark

text: Yngling

text: Danish monarchy

text: Jutland

text: Ozur Toti

text: hersir

text: Northern Dvina

text: Bjarmaland

text: Theodoricus monachus

text: Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum

text: Harald Bluetooth

text: Finnish

text: magic

text: Bjarmaland

text: Finnish

text: Finns

text: Gamle

text: Guthorm

text: Harald

text: Ragnfrod

text: Ragnhild

text: Erling

text: Gudrod

text: Sigurd Sleva

text: völva

text: witch

text: Harald Fairhair

text: Halfdan Haraldsson the Black

text: death-drink

text: Bjørn Farmann

text: Olaf

text: Sigrød

text: Tønsberg

text: Haakon the Good

text: Orkney

text: jarl

text: Arnkel

text: Erlend Turf-Einarsson

text: Jorvik

text: Bishop Wulfstan

text: England

text: Battle of Stainmore

text: Northumberland

text: Thorfinn Skullsplitter

text: Arnfinn

text: Northumbria

text: Edward I

text: Pope Boniface VIII

text: Scottish

text: Harald Bluetooth

text: Egill Skallagrímsson

text: Thorolf

text: Rögnvald Eriksson

text: níð-pole

text: "níð"-pole

text: drápa

text: Höfuðlausn

text: Harald Bluetooth

text: Roskilde

text: skald

text: Eiríksmál

text: Battle of Fitjar

text: Harald Greyhide

text: petty king

text: Tryggve Olafsson

text: Astrid Eriksdotter

text: Olaf Tryggvason

text: Sweden

text: Baltic

text: disastrous consequences

text: Hrut Herjolfsson

text: Hrútur Herjólfsson

text: Augmund

text: priapism

text: Mord Fiddle

text: Olaf the Peacock

text: Haakon Sigurdsson

text: jarl of Hlaðir

text: fief

text: Jómsvíkinga saga

text: sacrificed

text: Haraldskær Woman

text: Jutland

text: King Frederick VI

text: sarcophagus

text: carved

text: Tollund Man

text: radiocarbon dating

text: shape-shifted

text: Robert Leighton

text: Olaf the Glorious

text: Olaf Tryggvason

text: Mother of Kings

text: Poul Anderson

text: Rognvald Eysteinsson

text: Cecelia Holland

text: The Soul Thief

text: The Demon of Scattery

text: Poul Anderson

text: Mildred Downey Broxon

text: Michael Whelan

text: Alicia Austin

text: Irish

text: nun

text: Robert Low

text: Crowbone

text: Ragnheiður Ragnarsdóttir

text: Vikings

text: "Bodies of the Bogs: Haraldskaer Woman"

text: Archaeology

text: Archaeological Institute of America

text: Caveats on Gunnhild's parentage

text: Egil's Saga online

text: Genealogy of Gunnhild

text: Heimskringla online

categories: 910 births,Norwegian royal consorts,980 deaths,Fairhair dynasty,10th-century Icelandic women,10th-century Icelandic people,10th-century Norwegian women,Viking Age women,Orkneyinga saga characters,10th-century women,10th-century Norwegian people

paragraph: Gunnhild, Mother of Kings

paragraph: Gunnhildr konungamóðir ("mother of kings") or Gunnhildr Gormsdóttir, whose name is often Anglicised as Gunnhild (c. 910  –  c. 980) is a quasi-historical figure who appears in the Icelandic Sagas, according to which she was the wife of Eric Bloodaxe (king of Norway 930–34, 'King' of Orkney c. 937–54, and king of Jórvík 948–49 and 952–54). She appears prominently in sagas such as "Fagrskinna", "Egils saga", "Njáls saga", and "Heimskringla".

paragraph: The sagas relate that Gunnhild lived during a time of great change and upheaval in Norway. Her father-in-law Harald Fairhair had recently united much of Norway under his rule. Shortly after his death, Gunnhild and her husband were overthrown and exiled. She spent much of the rest of her life in exile in Orkney, Jorvik and Denmark. A number of her many children with Erik became co-rulers of Norway in the late tenth century.

paragraph: Section::::Historicity.

paragraph: Many of the details of her life are disputed, including her parentage. Although she is treated in the sagas as a historical person, even her historicity is a matter of some debate. What details of her life are known come largely from Icelandic sources, which generally asserted that the Icelandic settlers had fled from Harald's tyranny. While the historicity of sources as the "Landnámabók" is disputed, the perception that Harald had exiled or driven out many of their ancestors led to an attitude among Icelanders generally hostile to Erik and Gunnhild. Scholars such as Gwyn Jones therefore regard some of the episodes reported in them as suspect.

paragraph: In the sagas, Gunnhild is most often depicted in a negative light, and depicted as a figure known for her "power and cruelty, admired for her beauty and generosity, and feared for her magic, cunning, sexual insatiability, and her goading", according to Jenny Jochens.

paragraph: Her parentage was altered from Danish royalty to a farmer in Hålogaland in northern Norway, this made her native to a land neighboring Finnmark, and her tutelage in the magic arts by Finnish wizards became more plausible. This contrivance, Jones has argued, was the Icelandic saga-maker's attempt to mitigate the "defeats and expulsions of his own heroic ancestors" by ascribing magical abilities to the queen.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: According to the 12th century "Historia Norwegiæ", Gunnhild was the daughter of Gorm the Old, king of Denmark, and Erik and Gunnhild met at a feast given by Gorm. Modern scholars have largely accepted this version as accurate. In their view, her marriage with Erik was a dynastic union between two houses, that of the Norwegian Ynglings and that of the early Danish monarchy, in the process of unifying and consolidating their respective countries. Erik himself was the product of such a union between Harald and Ragnhild, a Danish princess from Jutland. Gunnhild being the daughter of Gorm the old would explain why she would seek shelter in Denmark after the death of her husband.

paragraph: "Heimskringla" and "Egil's Saga", on the other hand, assert that Gunnhild was the daughter of Ozur Toti, a hersir from Halogaland. Accounts of her early life vary between sources. "Egil's Saga" relates that "Eirik fought a great battle on the Northern Dvina in Bjarmaland, and was victorious as the poems about him record. On the same expedition he obtained Gunnhild, the daughter of Ozur Toti, and brought her home with him."

paragraph: Gwyn Jones regarded many of the traditions that grew up around Gunnhild in the Icelandic sources as fictional. However, both Theodoricus monachus and the "Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum" report that when Gunnhild was at the court of Harald Bluetooth after Erik's death, the Danish king offered marriage to her; if valid, these accounts call into question the identification of Gunnhild as Harald's sister, but their most recent editors follow Jones in viewing their accounts of Gunnhild's origins as unreliable.

paragraph: "Heimskringla" relates that Gunnhild lived for a time in a hut with two Finnish wizards and learned magic from them. The two wizards demanded sexual favors from her, so she induced Erik, who was returning from an expedition to Bjarmaland, to kill them. Erik then took her to her father's house and announced his intent to marry Gunnhild. The older "Fagrskinna", however, says simply that Erik met Gunnhild during an expedition to the Finnish north, where she was being "fostered and educated ... with Mǫttull, king of the Finns". Gunnhild's Finnish sojourn is described by historian Marlene Ciklamini as a "fable" designed to set the stage for placing the blame for Erik's future misrule on his wife.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage with Erik.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage with Erik.:Erik's kinslaying and exile.

paragraph: Gunnhild and Erik are said to have had the following children: Gamle, the oldest; then Guthorm, Harald, Ragnfrod, Ragnhild, Erling, Gudrod, and Sigurd Sleva. "Egil's Saga" mentions a son named Rögnvald, but it is not known whether he can be identified with one of those mentioned in "Heimskringla", or even whether he was Gunnhild's son or Erik's by another woman.

paragraph: Gunnhild was widely reputed to be a "völva", or witch. Prior to the death of Harald Fairhair, Erik's popular half-brother Halfdan Haraldsson the Black died mysteriously, and Gunnhild was suspected of having "bribed a witch to give him a death-drink." Shortly thereafter, Harald died and Erik consolidated his power over the whole country. He began to quarrel with his other brothers, egged on by Gunnhild, and had four of them killed, beginning with Bjørn Farmann and later Olaf and Sigrød in battle at Tønsberg.

paragraph: As a result of Erik's tyrannical rule (which was likely greatly exaggerated in the sagas) he was expelled from Norway when the nobles of the country declared for his half-brother, Haakon the Good.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage with Erik.:Orkney and Jorvik.

paragraph: According to the Icelandic sagas, Erik set sail with his family and his retainers to Orkney, where they settled for a number of years. During that time Erik was acknowledged as "King of Orkney" by its "de facto" rulers, the jarls Arnkel and Erlend Turf-Einarsson. Gunnhild went with Erik to Jorvik when, at the invitation of Bishop Wulfstan, the erstwhile Norwegian king settled as client king over northern England. At Jorvik, both Erik and Gunnhild may have been baptized.

paragraph: Following Erik's loss of Jorvik and subsequent death at the Battle of Stainmore (954), the survivors of the battle brought word of the defeat to Gunnhild and her sons in Northumberland. Taking with them all that they could, they set sail for Orkney, where they exacted tribute from the new jarl, Thorfinn Skullsplitter.

paragraph: Ultimately, however, Gunnhild decided to move on; marrying her daughter Ragnhild to Jarl Thorfinn's son Arnfinn, she took her other children and set sail for Denmark.

paragraph: It is worth noting that some modern historians call into question the identification of the Erik who ruled over Jorvik with Erik Bloodaxe. None of the English sources for Erik's reign in Northumbria identify him as Norwegian or as the son of Harald Fairhair. A thirteenth-century letter from Edward I to Pope Boniface VIII identifies Erik as Scottish in origin. Lappenberg, Plummer and Todd, writing in the late nineteenth century, identified Erik as a son of Harald Bluetooth, a claim Downham discounts as untenable. Downham, however, regards Erik the king of Jorvik as a distinct individual from Erik Bloodaxe, and thus views Gunnhild's sojourn in Orkney and Jorvik as the construct of later saga-writers who conflated different characters between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage with Erik.:Conflict with Egill Skallagrímsson.

paragraph: Gunnhild was the nemesis of Egill Skallagrímsson, and his saga and poetry present her in a particularly negative light. Egil was introduced to Erik by his older brother Thorolf, who was a friend of the prince, and the brothers were originally on good terms with Erik and Gunnhild. However, during a sojourn in Norway around 930, Egil got into an inheritance dispute with certain members of Erik's court, during which he killed Bárðr of Atley, one of the king's retainers.

paragraph: Gunnhild ordered her two brothers to kill Egil and Thorolf. Egil killed the pair when they confronted him, greatly increasing the Queen's thirst for revenge.

paragraph: Erik then declared Egil an outlaw in Norway. Berg-Önundr gathered a company of men to capture Egil, but was killed in his attempt to do so. During his escape from Norway, Egil killed Rögnvald Eriksson, Erik's son. He then cursed Erik and Gunnhild by setting a horse's head on a pole in a shamanic ritual (the pillar was a "níðstöng" or "níð-pole"; níð translates, roughly, to 'scorn' or 'curse'.) and saying:

paragraph: "Here I set up a "níð"-pole, and declare this "níð" against King Erik and Queen Gunnhildr", — he turned the horse-head to face the mainland — "I declare this "níð" at the land-spirits there, and the land itself, so that all will fare astray, not to hold nor find their places, not until they wreak King Erik and Gunnhild from the land." He set up the pole of níð in the cliff-face and left it standing; he faced the horse's eyes on the land, and he rist runes upon the pole, and said all the formal words of the curse.

paragraph: The last encounter between Egil and Gunnhild occurred around 948 in Jorvik. Egil was shipwrecked on a nearby shore and came before Erik, who sentenced him to death. But Egil composed a "drápa" called "Höfuðlausn" in Erik's praise over a single night. When he recited it in the morning, Erik gave him his freedom and forgave the killing of Rögnvald, against Gunnhild's wishes.

paragraph: Section::::Life after Erik.

paragraph: Section::::Life after Erik.:In Denmark.

paragraph: After the death of her husband, Gunnhild took refuge with her sons at the court of Harald Bluetooth at Roskilde. Tradition ascribes to Gunnhild the commissioning of the skaldic poem Eiríksmál in honor of her fallen husband.

paragraph: In Denmark, Gunnhild's son Harald was fostered by the king himself, and her other sons were given properties and titles. As King Harald was involved in a war against Haakon's Norway, he may have sought to use Gunnhild's sons as his proxies against the Norwegian king. One of her sons, Gamle, died fighting King Haakon around 960.

paragraph: Section::::Life after Erik.:Return to Norway.

paragraph: Gunnhild returned to Norway in triumph when her remaining sons killed King Haakon at the Battle of Fitjar in 961. Ironically, the battle was a victory for Haakon's forces but his death left a power vacuum which Gunnhild's son Harald, with Danish aid, was able to exploit. With her sons now ensconced as the lords of Norway, Gunnhild was from this time known as "konungamóðir", or "Mother of Kings."

paragraph: During the reign of Harald Greyhide, Gunnhild dominated the court; according to "Heimskringla" she "mixed herself much in the affairs of the country." Gunnhild's sons killed or deposed many of the jarls and petty kings that had hitherto ruled the Norwegian provinces, seizing their lands. Famine, possibly caused or exacerbated by these campaigns, plagued the reign of Harald.

paragraph: Among the kings slain (around 963) was Tryggve Olafsson whose widow Astrid Eriksdotter fled with her son Olaf Tryggvason to Sweden and then set out for the eastern Baltic. According to "Heimskringla" Astrid's flight and its disastrous consequences were in response to Gunnhild having sent soldiers to kidnap or kill her infant son.

paragraph: Gunnhild was the patron and lover of Hrut Herjolfsson (or Hrútur Herjólfsson), an Icelandic chieftain who visited Norway during the reign of Gunnhild's son Harald. This dalliance was all the more scandalous given the difference in their ages; the fact that Gunnhild was a generation older than Hrut was considered noteworthy. Gunnhild engaged in public displays of affection with Hrut that were normally reserved for married couples, such as putting her arms around his neck in an embrace. Moreover, Gunnhild had Hrut sleep with her alone in "the upper chamber." "Laxdaela Saga" in particular describes the extent to which she became enamored of Hrut:

paragraph: Gunnhild, the Queen, loved him so much that she held there was not his equal within the guard, either in talking or in anything else. Even when men were compared, and noblemen therein were pointed to, all men easily saw that Gunnhild thought that at the bottom there must be sheer thoughtlessness, or else envy, if any man was said to be Hrut's equal.

paragraph: She helped Hrut take possession of an inheritance by arranging the death of a man named Soti at the hands of her servant, Augmund and her son Gudrod. When Hrut returned home, Gunnhild gave him many presents, but she cursed Hrut with priapism to ruin his marriage to Unn, daughter of Mord Fiddle; the two ultimately divorced.

paragraph: Gunnhild also showed great favor to Olaf the Peacock, Hrut's nephew, who visited the Norwegian court after Hrut's return to Norway. She advised him on the best places and items to trade and even sponsored his trade expeditions.

paragraph: Section::::Life after Erik.:Exile and death.

paragraph: Haakon Sigurdsson, jarl of Hlaðir, arranged the death of Harald Greyhide around 971 with the connivance of Harald Bluetooth, who had invited his foster-son to Denmark to be invested with new Danish fiefs. Civil war broke out between Jarl Haakon and the surviving sons of Erik and Gunnhild, but Haakon proved victorious and Gunnhild had to flee Norway once again, with her remaining sons Gudrod and Ragnfred. They went to Orkney, again imposing themselves as overlords over Jarl Thorfinn. However, it appears that Gunnhild was less interested in ruling the country than in having a place to live quietly, and her sons used the islands as a base for abortive raids on Haakon's interests; the government of Orkney was therefore firmly in the hands of Thorfinn.

paragraph: According to the "Jómsvíkinga saga", Gunnhild returned to Denmark around 977 but was killed at the orders of King Harald by being drowned in a bog. The "Ágrip" and Theodoricus Monachus's "Historia de Antiquitate Regum Norwagiensium" contain versions of this account.

paragraph: In 1835, the body of a murdered or ritually sacrificed woman, the so-called Haraldskær Woman, was unearthed in a bog in Jutland. Because of the account of Gunnhild's murder contained in the "Jomsviking Saga" and other sources, the body was mistakenly identified as that of Gunnhild. Based upon the belief of her royal personage, King Frederick VI commanded an elaborate sarcophagus be carved to hold her body. This royal treatment of Haraldskær Woman’s remains explains the excellent state of conservation of the corpse; conversely, Tollund Man, a later discovery, was not properly conserved and most of the body has been lost, leaving only the head as original material in his display. Later radiocarbon dating demonstrated that the Haraldskær Woman was not Gunnhild, but rather a woman who lived in the 6th century BCE.

paragraph: Section::::Reputation for Sorcery in the Sagas.

paragraph: Gunnhild is often connected with sorcery, as seen throughout the Icelandic sagas. This magical ability may be recognized in part due to Gunnhild's affiliation with the Finns, having supposedly lived in a hut with two Finnish wizards in Finnmark and learned magic from them, according to Snorri in Heimskringla. Also as seen in Heimskringla, Eirík first made the acquaintance of Gunnhild when he was younger and off on a raid in northern Norway. His men had stumbled upon the Finns' hut where she was staying, and described her as "a woman so beautiful that they had never seen the like of her." As stated in Heimskringla, Gunnhild convinced them to hide in the Finns' hut, and then spread the contents of a linen sack both inside and outside of the hut. It is thought that this action was an indication of magic, which upon the Finns' return, caused them to fall asleep without being easily awoken. Gunnhild completed her magic by covering their heads with seal skins, and then directing Eirík's men to kill them, after which they returned to Eirík. Gunnhild's Finnish sojourn is described by historian Marlene Ciklamini as a "fable" designed to set the stage for placing the blame for Eirik's misrule on his wife.

paragraph: Other sources acting as examples of Gunnhild's sorcery include the story of King Hákon's death in Snorri's Heimskringla, as well as instances concerning Egil in Egil's Saga,and suspicion surrounding the death of Halfdan Haraldsson . Heimskringla describes Hákon's ascent to the Norwegian throne after hearing of the cruelties caused by Eirík's rule. Hákon found great support among the Norwegian people, and therefore forced Eirík and Gunnhild to flee to England. Naturally many battles for the throne ensued, which ultimately led to Gunnhild getting blamed for Hákon's death, when an arrow flew towards him in battle piercing into the muscle of his upper arm. According to Heimskringla, it is stated that "through the sorcery of Gunnhildr a kitchen boy wheeled round, crying: 'Make room for the king's slayer!' and let fly the arrow into the group coming toward him and wounding the king." Marlene Ciklamini reasons that the unusualness of the mortal wound directs the origin to possible sorcery involved, presumably by Gunnhild.

paragraph: The character of Egil in Egil's Saga is also cursed by being on Gunnhild's bad side after his many transgressions towards the Norwegian court. First attracting her attention and dislike at a feast when he became overly drunk and foolishly killed one of her supporters and after which escaped, Gunnhild placed a curse on Egil, "from ever finding peace in Iceland until she had seen him." This curse of Gunnhild's is presumably the cause for Egil's later desire to travel to England, which was where Gunnhild and Eirík were at the time after being exiled. Egil ended up requesting to receive forgiveness from Eirík and Gunnhild, and was allowed a single night to compose a tributary poem to Eirík, or else face death. Gunnhild's second moment of sorcery in the saga appears later that night, when Egil was apparently distracted from his writing by a bird twittering at the window. This bird is reputed to be Gunnhild, who had shape-shifted into that form, as seen by Egil's companion Arinbjorn, who had "sat down near the attic window where the bird had been sitting, and saw a shape-shifter in the form of a bird leaving the other side of the house."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and reputation.

paragraph: Carolyne Larrington takes an interesting look into the comparative amount of power Gunnhild held, as well as her overall role as queen within the Norwegian court. Queenship as a concept emerged relatively late in Norway, and as Larrington points out, the most powerful women in Norwegian history were usually king's mothers rather than kings' wives. Gunnhild acts as one of the most important partial exceptions to this rule, as she was influential during both Eirík's and her sons' rules. Gunnhild became increasingly politically active in her own right after her husband, Eirík, died in battle, after which she later returned to Norway where she put her sons in power, and her son Harald on the throne. Gunnhild also arranged her daughter's marriage to the strategically important Earl of Orkney, displaying her awareness for political advantage. Gunnhild remained resilient to maintain power for the rest of her life, acting as Queen Regent to her son Harald, and continuing to be a major deciding factor and source for political advice.

paragraph: Section::::Appearances in literature.

paragraph: Gunnhild was a villain in Robert Leighton's 1934 novel "Olaf the Glorious", a fictionalized biography of Olaf Tryggvason. She is the central character of the novel "Mother of Kings" by Poul Anderson, (which makes her a granddaughter of Rognvald Eysteinsson, accepts the version of her living with the Finnish warlocks and emphasizes her being a witch) and also appears in Cecelia Holland's "The Soul Thief". In "The Demon of Scattery" by Poul Anderson and Mildred Downey Broxon, and illustrated by Michael Whelan and Alicia Austin, the main characters, the Viking Halldor and the Irish ex-nun Brigit, become Gunnhild's paternal grandparents. She is a central character in Robert Low's "Crowbone".

paragraph: She is played by Icelandic actress Ragnheiður Ragnarsdóttir in the television series "Vikings".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Citations

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bodies of the Bogs: Haraldskaer Woman", "Archaeology", Archaeological Institute of America, 10 December 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caveats on Gunnhild's parentage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Egil's Saga online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogy of Gunnhild

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heimskringla online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leighton's "Olaf the Glorious" on Project Gutenberg.

description: Wife of Eric Bloodaxe

wikidata_label: Gunnhild, Mother of Kings

wikipedia_title: Gunnhild, Mother of Kings


text:
condottiero
Alberico da Barbiano
Barbiano di Cotignola
Romagna
Lugo di Romagna
John Hawkwood
Compagnia di San Giorgio
Este
Marche
Azzo X d'Este
Conselice
Azzo X d'Este
Battle of Portomaggiore
Astorre I Manfredi
Visconti
Duke of Milan
Cathedral of San Pietro
Ercole Ricotti

categories: Condottieri,People executed by decapitation,14th-century executions,Executed Italian people,1399 deaths

paragraph: Giovanni da Barbiano

paragraph: Giovanni da Barbiano (died 27 September 1399) was an Italian condottiero, the leader of a force of mercenary soldiers. He was a brother or nephew of the condottiero Alberico da Barbiano.

paragraph: Born in Barbiano di Cotignola, a commune of what is now eastern Emilia-Romagna, Giovanni was born into a family of nobles of long standing in Romagna. They were hereditary lords of Barbiano, Cunio and Lugo di Romagna and claimed as kin the lords of Ravenna, Forlì and Carrara. He was trained from a young age in the military arts, placing himself initially under the command of the English mercenary John Hawkwood and later the Compagnia di San Giorgio led by Alberico.

paragraph: In his early career he had an uneasy working relationship with Bologna, whilst at the same time attempting to establish his own lordship in Barbiana and Lugo. In 1385 he managed to wrest control of Barbiano, expelling Giacomo Boccadiferro. Later he returned Zagonara to Este and then joined with other condottieri such as Azzo da Castello, Ceccolo Broglia, Brandolino Brandolini, the Count of Carrara and Boldrino da Panicale in ravaging the Italian Marche, seizing men and livestock.

paragraph: In 1394 he aligned himself with Azzo X d'Este who was trying to usurp the Lordship of Ferrara. Giovanni was approached by the Regency Council of Ferrari and asked to betray his ally, who at the time was actually not in the area. He made a commitment to Simone of Saint George of Ferrara, to bring him the dead body of Azzo in exchange for a fee of 30,000 gold ducats plus the castles of Lugo and Conselice. Driven by greed, he killed instead a servant of the condottiero Ato di Rodiglia who bore a close resemblance to Azzo and delivered that body to the Ferrarese representatives, who handed over the agreed fee and carried the body to back to Ferrara. When Azzo heard of the failed plan he attacked the Ferrarese in force. In 1395 Barbiano led the troops of Azzo X d'Este at the Battle of Portomaggiore but Barbiano's 8000 strong army was defeated by that of Ferrara under Astorre I Manfredi and forced to run.

paragraph: In 1396 Barbiano fought in the pay of the Visconti family, taking part in the ongoing fighting between the Duke of Milan and the Florentines.

paragraph: After further harassment of the countryside Barbiano was captured in 1399 in Spilamberto, near Vignola, by the lords of Ferrara and Bologna. On 27 September 1399 he was beheaded in Bologna, together with his son, his nephew, Count Lippazzo, and another relative, Count Bunterato. He is buried in Bologna in the Cathedral of San Pietro with his son, Conselice, and other relatives.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- This article was translated from the equivalent article in Italian Wikipedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luigi Bignami, "Condottieri viscontei e sforzeschi", Milano, 1935.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ercole Ricotti, "Le compagnie di ventura in Italia", Torino, 1893.

description: Italian condottiero

wikidata_label: Giovanni da Barbiano

wikipedia_title: Giovanni da Barbiano