text:
mononymously
New York City
LA
Paul van Dyk
Ministry of Sound
The Politics of Dancing
Billboard
Josh Gabriel
Dave Dresden
As the Rush Comes
Billboard
Hot Dance Airplay
World Electronic Music Festival
Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena
Red Rocks Amphitheatre
United Kingdom
Beyoncé
Maroon 5
Dave Dresden
Sharam
Tiësto
Black Hole Recordings
Tiësto
Elements of Life
D:Fuse
Deepsky
Solarstone
High Glow
Tiësto
Elements of Life World Tour
Mark Norman
Colours
Disconnect
High Glow
Into the Dawn (The Hits Disconnected)
Lovesong
As the Rush Comes
Tiësto
D:Fuse
Deepsky
Solarstone
Tiësto
Airscape
Every Other Way
BT
Richard Durand
Allure
Ronski Speed
Robbie Rivera
Cosmic Gate
Ferry Corsten
Andy Duguid
Christian Burns
Paul Oakenfold
tyDi
Roger Shah
ATB
Tom Fall
Bobina
Delerium
Cosmic Gate
Tenishia
Jochen Miller
JS16
Markus Schulz
Roger Shah
Elk Road
tyDi
As the Rush Comes
Hot Dance Airplay
Hot Dance Airplay
BT
Tiesto
WMC
WMC

wikipedia_title: The Politics of Dancing (Paul van Dyk album)

categories: American dance musicians,Trance singers,Women in electronic music,Living people,21st-century women singers,21st-century American singers,American trance musicians,Musicians from New York City

paragraph: Jes (musician)

paragraph: Jes Brieden (born May 10, 1974), known mononymously as Jes (stylized as JES), is an American singer, songwriter, producer, composer, and DJ from New York. She is a co-founder of the US dance band Motorcycle, who released the world-famous song "As the Rush Comes" in 2003.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Jes Brieden, born and raised in New York City, studied art and singing in an art school. She first began experimenting with music production at her friends' studios. By age 16 she made her first vocal recordings as a reference vocalist, and was also working as a backup singer for several major recording labels. After Jes answered an ad in the newspaper called "The Village Voice" when she was still a teenager, she recorded her first song. At the time, she sang in various bands.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2002: Guardians of the Earth.

paragraph: In 2001, while she was working at a recording studio in LA, Jes met Mike Olson, and the two formed Guardians of the Earth. Songs they produced include "Star Children" and "One Moon Circling". "Star Children" was included on Paul van Dyk's 2001 Ministry of Sound compilation "The Politics of Dancing". Inspired by this new voice of herself, she began working with more DJs and producers and went on to form Motorcycle with Gabriel & Dresden and performed the vocals on the instant club hit and "Billboard" No. 1 song "As the Rush Comes" (2004).

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2003-2005: Motorcycle.

paragraph: Jes Brieden's most well known works were created with Josh Gabriel and Dave Dresden, known as Gabriel & Dresden. They formed the group Motorcycle, and its 2003 hit "As the Rush Comes" was a number one single on "Billboard's" Hot Dance Airplay chart in 2004, where it also became the first year-end number one Dance Airplay track of the same year. "As the Rush Comes" gave Jes international exposure, which then allowed her to perform in larger venues and festivals such as the Bacardi Festival (Lebanon), Fresh (Malta), World Electronic Music Festival (Toronto), Escape In The Park (United Kingdom), Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena, and Red Rocks Amphitheatre (Denver). Jes had performed on the United Kingdom's "Top of The Pops" TV show alongside Beyoncé and Maroon 5.

paragraph: Motorcycle released a new song called "Deep Breath Love". A mash-up by Dave Dresden with "Sedna" by 16 Bit Lolita's was included on Sharam's prestigious "Global Underground 029: Dubai".

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2006-present: Solo career.

paragraph: Since meeting Tiësto, Jes signed with his record label, Black Hole Recordings, and released her first solo album "Disconnect". She also was featured on Tiësto’s artist album "Elements of Life" with the song "Everything" and continued to perform as the opening artist for the Tiësto Worldwide Tour of "Elements of Life". Jes has also collaborated with DJs like D:Fuse, Deepsky, and Solarstone, producing tracks like "Living the Dream", "Ghost", and "Like a Waterfall". The last appears on the internationally acclaimed DJ Tiësto's "In Search of Sunrise 4"; her song "People Will Go" appears on "In Search of Sunrise 5", "Imagination" and "High Glow" (the latter credited as TaxiGirl) on "In Search of Sunrise 6", and an acoustic version of "Imagination" on Gabriel & Dresden's album "Bloom".

paragraph: Jes wrote and released a remix album, "Into the Dawn (The Hits Disconnected)", with Black Hole Recordings in January 2008, followed by an album called "High Glow", supported by performances on Tiësto's Elements of Life World Tour. The album "High Glow" was released in Germany on March 12, 2010 and internationally on March 16, 2010. Her songs "One Moon Circling" and "Talk Like a Stranger" were covered by Mark Norman on his album "Colours".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Studio albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Disconnect" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "High Glow" (2010)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Compilation albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Into the Dawn (The Hits Disconnected)" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unleash the Beat" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unleash the Beat 2" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unleash the Beat Platinum Mix" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unleash the Beat Blonde Mix" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unleash the Beat 3" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unleash the Beat Emerald Mix" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unleash the Beat Ultraviolet Mix" (2016)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Extended plays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Let It Snow - The Holiday EP" (November 2016)

paragraph: Singles

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Need You" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don't Say" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Around You" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "People Will Go" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ghost" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heaven" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Imagination" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Be It All" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lost in the Sound" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lovesong" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Closer" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Awaken" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "It's Too Late" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "High Glow" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sky Stand Still" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Two Souls" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dreamweaver" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Photograph" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Ohm" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Get Me Through the Night" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I'll Be Home for Christmas" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Let Him Go" (2019)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No One Else" (2019)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Co-productions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Star Children" (2001, as Guardians of the Earth)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "One Moon Circling" (2001, as Guardians of the Earth)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "As the Rush Comes" (2004, as Motorcycle)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Around You" (2004, as Motorcycle)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Imagination" (2004, as Motorcycle)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deep, Breath, Love" (2004, as Motorcycle)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blue Heart" (2006, as Motorcycle)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "High Glow" (2007, as Taxigirl with Tiësto)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Collaborations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Everything With You" (2004, with D:Fuse)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Into Me" (2004, with D:fuse)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Talk Like a Stranger" (2004, with Deepsky)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Living the Dream" (2005, with D:fuse)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ghost" (2006, with Deepsky)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Like a Waterfall" (2006, with Solarstone)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Everything" (2007, with Tiësto)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ask" (2008, with JJ Flores & Steve Smooth)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Love" (2009, with Airscape)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Every Other Way" (2009, with BT)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Light in Things" (2010, with BT)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "N.Y.C." (2010, with Richard Durand)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Show Me the Way" (2011, with Allure)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Can't Stop" (2011, with Ronski Speed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Turn It Around" (2011, with Robbie Rivera)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flying Blind" (2012, with Cosmic Gate)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Your Eyes" (2012, with Ferry Corsten)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Before You Go" (2012, with Andy Duguid)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "As We Collide" (2012, with Christian Burns and Paul Oakenfold)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Letting Go" (2013, with BT and Fractal)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tonight" (2013, with BT and tyDi)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Higher Than the Sun" (2013, with Roger Shah and Brian Laruso)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Together" (2013, with ATB)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hard to Cure" (2013, with ATB)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Right Back to You" (2013, with ATB)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Runaway" (2014, with Cold Blue and Dennis Sheperd)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Glitter and Gold" (2014, with Sunlounger)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "YAI (Here We Go Again)" (2015, with Cosmic Gate)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hold On" (2015, with Shant & Clint Maximus)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Come Back" (2015, with Tom Fall)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dreaming" (2015, with BT)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Happy" (2015, with Austin Leeds and Redhead Roman)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "iBelieve" (2016, with Bobina)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anything Can Happen" (2016, with Fatum)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stay" (2016, with Delerium)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Once in a Lifetime" (2016, with Delerium)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fall Into You" (2016, with Cosmic Gate)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Here & Now" (2017, with Tenishia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carry Me Away" (2017, with Game Chasers)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Head On" (2017, with Jochen Miller)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Materia" (2017, with Cosmic Gate)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "If Not Now" (2017, with Cosmic Gate)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The One" (2018, with Joonas Hahmo and JS16)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Calling for Love" (2018, with Markus Schulz)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Star-crossed" (2018, with Roger Shah)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heartbeat Tonight" (2018, with Elevven)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ghost" (2018, with Elk Road)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Say the Word" (2018, with tyDi)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fading" (2019, with tyDi)

paragraph: Section::::Chart positions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 — "As the Rush Comes" # 1 - Hot Dance Airplay (Billboard)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 — "Imagination" # 1 - Hot Dance Airplay (Billboard)

paragraph: Section::::Awards and nominations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nominated" [58th Grammy Awards] Best Remixed Recording; "Hold On" - JES, Shant & Clint Maximus, Fatum Remix

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nominated" Grammy Awards Best Electronic/Dance Album with BT, "These Hopeful Machines"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nominated" Grammy Awards Best Electronic/Dance Album with Tiesto, "Elements of Life"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Won" WMC Best Progressive / Trance - "As the Rush Comes" - Motorcycle

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nominated" WMC Best Underground Dance - "As the Rush Comes" - Motorcycle

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Montreal Mirror

paragraph: BULLET::::- about.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- tranzfusion.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eye Weekly

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- TranceSound interview, November 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- Billboard list of Brieden's chart positions

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Jes Brieden

wikipedia_title: Jes (musician)


text: British

text: peer

text: 3rd Earl of Bradford

text: Harrow School

text: Shropshire Yeomanry

text: Captain

text: Member of Parliament

text: North Shropshire

text: Deputy Lieutenant

text: Warwickshire

text: Shropshire

text: Justice of Peace

text: Staffordshire

text: Warwickshire

text: Shropshire

text: London

text: Weston Park

text: Lady Ida Frances Annabella Lumley

text: Richard Lumley, 9th Earl of Scarbrough

text: Maltby

text: Yorkshire

text: Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester

text: Orlando Bridgeman, 5th Earl of Bradford

text: Osbert Molyneux, 6th Earl of Sefton

text: Ronald Collet Norman

text: Commander

text: Distinguished Service Order

text: Edwin Rowland Moon

text: Lieutenant-Colonel

text: Lady of the Bedchamber

text: Queen Mary

wikipedia_title: Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)

wikipedia_title: North Shropshire (UK Parliament constituency)

wikipedia_title: John Montagu Douglas Scott, 7th Duke of Buccleuch

categories: 1845 births,Shropshire Yeomanry officers,UK MPs 1880–1885,British Life Guards officers,Earls of Bradford (1815),People educated at Harrow School,UK MPs 1865–1868,UK MPs 1874–1880,UK MPs 1868–1874,1915 deaths,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,Deputy Lieutenants of Warwickshire,Deputy Lieutenants of Shropshire

paragraph: George Bridgeman, 4th Earl of Bradford

paragraph: George Cecil Orlando Bridgeman, 4th Earl of Bradford (3 February 1845 – 2 January 1915) was a British soldier and peer.

paragraph: The elder son of the 3rd Earl of Bradford and the Hon. Selina Louisa Forester, Bridgeman was educated at Harrow School, and served in the 1st Life Guards and the Shropshire Yeomanry, reaching the rank of Captain. He succeeded his father in his titles on 9 March 1898.

paragraph: Bridgeman was Member of Parliament (MP) for North Shropshire from 1867 to 1885. He was Deputy Lieutenant of Warwickshire and Shropshire, as well as Justice of Peace for Staffordshire, Warwickshire and Shropshire.

paragraph: He died in London, and was buried in Weston Park, Staffordshire, on 6 January 1915.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: On 7 September 1869, the then-Viscount Newport, married Lady Ida Frances Annabella Lumley (28 November 1848 – 22 August 1936), daughter of Richard Lumley, 9th Earl of Scarbrough (7 May 1813 – 5 December 1884), and Frederica Mary Adeliza Drummond (16 December 1826 – 2 April 1907) in Maltby, Yorkshire. They had seven children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Beatrice Adine Bridgeman (2 December 1870 – 27 June 1952), married on 28 June 1894 to Colonel Rt. Hon. Ernest George Pretyman (13 November 1859 – 26 November 1931) and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Margaret Alice Bridgeman (20 January 1872 – 7 August 1954), married John Montagu-Douglas-Scott, 7th Duke of Buccleuch, on 30 January 1893 and had issue, one such being Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Orlando Bridgeman, 5th Earl of Bradford (6 October 1873 – 21 March 1957).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Helena Mary Bridgeman (16 July 1875 – 27 August 1947), married Osbert Molyneux, 6th Earl of Sefton, on 8 January 1898 and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Florence Sibell Bridgeman (24 March 1877 – 16 June 1936), married Ronald Collet Norman, son of Frederick Henry Norman, on 10 February 1904 and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commander The Hon. Richard Orlando Beaconsfield Bridgeman (28 February 1879 – 9 January 1917), who was awarded the Distinguished Service Order and died in East Africa after the plane in which he was flying as observer, with Sqdn. Cdr. Edwin Rowland Moon as pilot, was forced to land with engine trouble. He was buried in Dar Es Salaam CWGC Cemetery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lieutenant-Colonel The Hon. Henry George Orlando Bridgeman (15 August 1882 – 19 May 1972), married on 30 December 1930 to Joan Constable-Maxwell (22 March 1901 – 1991) and had issue.

paragraph: The Countess of Bradford was a Lady of the Bedchamber to the Princess of Wales (later Queen Mary) from 1901.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: George Bridgeman, 4th Earl of Bradford

wikipedia_title: George Bridgeman, 4th Earl of Bradford


text:
Italian
Vasari
Lombardy
Mannerist
Bologna
Ercole Procaccini the Elder
Giulio Cesare
Carlo Antonio
Basilica della Ghiara
Reggio Emilia
Milan
Lainate
Cathedral of Milan
Giuseppe Meda
Ambrogio Figino
Cathedral of Piacenza
Ludovico Carracci
San Barnaba
Sacro Monte d'Orta
Santa Maria del Carmine
San Prospero
Reggio
Giovanni Battista Discepoli
Lorenzo Franchi

categories: Mannerist painters,Italian male painters,17th-century Italian painters,Milanese painters,16th-century Italian painters,1629 deaths,1551 births,Bolognese painters

paragraph: Camillo Procaccini

paragraph: Camillo Procaccini (1551 – 21 August 1629) was an Italian painter. He has been posthumously referred to as the "Vasari of Lombardy", for his prolific Mannerist fresco decoration.

paragraph: Born in Bologna, he was the son of the painter Ercole Procaccini the Elder, and older brother to Giulio Cesare and Carlo Antonio, both painters.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: In 1587 he distinguished in the fresco decoration of the Basilica della Ghiara in Reggio Emilia. In the late 1580s he moved to Milan, where count Camillo Visconti Borromeo commissioned him the decoration of his villa in Lainate. The organ shutters for the Cathedral of Milan were painted after 1590 by Camillo, Giuseppe Meda (died 1599), and Ambrogio Figino. He painted the frescoes of the nave and the apse of the Cathedral of Piacenza in collaboration with Ludovico Carracci (1605–1609), and the vault and choir in San Barnaba of Milan. He painted a "Nativity" in the Sacro Monte d'Orta. He is known for a "Martyrdom of St. Agnes" painted in fresco in the sacristy of the Milan cathedral; a "Madonna and Child" painted for the church of Santa Maria del Carmine; an "'Adoration of the Shepherds" found in the Brera; and the ceiling of the church of Padri Zoccolanti, representing the "Assumption of the Virgin". He frescoed a large "Last Judgment" in the apse of the church of San Prospero at Reggio; He painted a "St. Roch administering the Sacrament to the Plague-stricken".

paragraph: Among his pupils was the painter Giovanni Battista Discepoli. Another pupil was Lorenzo Franchi (c. 1563 - c. 1630).

alias:
Camillo Proccacino
Camillo Procacini
Camillo Precacchino
Camillo Procacino
Camillo Procaccino
Camillo Precanio
Camillo Prochasino
Camielo Precanio
Camil. Procaccini
Portachin
Camillo proccacino
Camille Procacini
Camilla Procacina
C. Procacini
camillo proccacini
Camillo Procarcino
Camillo Procazzini
C. Procaecini
Ca. Procaccini
camillo procaccino
Camillo Proccinio
C. Proccacini
Camillo procasino
C. Procatsini
Procaccini
camillo prochasino
Camelle Procaccini
C. Procaccini
Camilla Proccacini
Camille Procaccino
Cam. Procaccini
Camille Procaccini
Camillo Procaccino Milanese

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Camillo Procaccini

wikipedia_title: Camillo Procaccini


text: Meroitic

text: Kingdom of Kush

text: 40 BC

text: 10 BC

text: kandake

text: the Romans

text: Roman Egypt

text: Gaius Petronius

text: Maharraqa

text: Strabo

text: Roman Empire

text: Akinidad

text: Aelius Gallus

text: Syene

text: Philae

text: Elephantine

text: Neil MacGregor

text: Augustus

text: Roman emperor

text: Meroë

text: British Museum

text: Gaius Petronius

text: Qasr Ibrim

text: Kush

text: Kandake

text: List of monarchs of Kush

text: László Török

text: Stela found in Naqa

categories: History of Sudan,1st-century BC women rulers,Nubian women in warfare,1st century BC in Roman Egypt,Queens of Kush,Queens regnant

paragraph: Amanirenas

paragraph: Amanirenas (also spelled Amanirena) was a queen of the Meroitic Kingdom of Kush.

paragraph: Her full name and title was "Amnirense qore li kdwe li" ("Ameniras, Qore and Kandake").

paragraph: Said among locals to have meant (" Amani is her name ") and the term kandake, pronounced kandaka means queen or strong female ruler.

paragraph: She reigned from about 40 BC to 10 BC. She is one of the most famous kandakes, because of her role leading Kushite armies against the Romans in a war that lasted five years, from 27 BC to 22 BC. After an initial victory when the Kushites attacked Roman Egypt, they were driven out of Egypt by Gaius Petronius and the Romans established a new frontier at Hiere Sycaminos (Maharraqa). Amanirenas was described as brave, and blind in one eye.

paragraph: Meroitic inscriptions give Amanirenas the title of qore as well as kandake suggesting that she was a ruling queen. She is usually considered to be the queen referred to as "Candace" in Strabo's account of the Meroitic war against the Roman Empire. Her name is associated with those of Teriteqas and Akinidad, but the precise relationship between these three is not clear in the historical record.

paragraph: Section::::Roman Conflict.

paragraph: Section::::Roman Conflict.:The First Battles.

paragraph: When Aelius Gallus, the Prefect, or chief magistrate, of Egypt, was absent on a campaign in Arabia in 24 BC, the Kushites launched an attack on Egypt. Amanirenas and Akinidad defeated Roman forces at Syene and Philae, and drove the Jews from Elephantine Island.

paragraph: Neil MacGregor refers to Strabo's account of a "fierce one-eyed queen Candace" capturing a series of Roman forts in southern 25 BC Egypt. Her army returned with a bronze depiction of Augustus' head, taken from a statue of the Roman emperor. She then "buried the severed head of the glorious Augustus beneath the steps of a temple dedicated to victory." The head, found in Meroë in 1912, now resides in the British Museum.

paragraph: Section::::Roman Conflict.:Petronius' Nubian Campaign.

paragraph: The Kushites were driven out of Syene later in the year by Gaius Petronius, who now held the office of Roman Prefect in Egypt. According to a detailed report made by Strabo (17: 53-54), the Roman troops advanced far into Kush, and finally reached Napata. Although they withdrew again to the north they left behind a garrison in Qasr Ibrim (Primis), which now became the border of the Roman Empire. The Kushites made a renewed attempt to seize Primis, but Petronius forestalled this attempt.

paragraph: Following this event, negotiations began. The Meroites sent mediators to Augustus, who was then in Samos, and in the year 21/20 BC a peace treaty was concluded. It was strikingly favorable to the Meroites in that the southern part of the Thirty-Mile Strip, including Primis, was evacuated by the Romans, and the Meroites were exempted from having to pay tribute to the Emperor. On the other hand, the Romans continued to occupy the Dodekashoinos ("Twelve-Mile Lands") as a military border zone, so the frontier now lay near Hiere Sycaminos (Maharraqa).

paragraph: This arrangement continued until the end of the third century AD, with relations between Meroe and Roman Egypt remaining generally peaceful during this time (F. Hintze 1978:100). However, the kingdom of Kush had begun to fade as a power by the first or second century AD.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kush

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kandake

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of monarchs of Kush

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- László Török, in: "Fontes Historiae Nubiorum" Vol. II, p. 723-725 (Bergen, 1996).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- in power 500-B.C. 1" at Guide2womenleaders.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stela found in Naqa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chicago Oriental Institute Archive: picture of her destroyed pyramid

paragraph: BULLET::::- A short animation about Amanirenas.

alias:
Amanirena
Amnirense qore li kdwe li
Candace
Ameniras, Qore and Kandake

description: queen of the Meroitic Kingdom of Kush

wikidata_label: Amanirenas

wikipedia_title: Amanirenas


text:
French-Canadian
Métis
coureur des bois
U.S. state
Wyoming
Laramie River
Wyoming
Colorado
Laramie, Wyoming
Québec
British Canada
Métis
North West Company
Idaho
North West Company
John Jacob Astor
American Fur Company
Hudson's Bay Company
North Platte River
United States Unorganized Territory
Wyoming
Saint Louis, Missouri
Arapaho
Laramie River
Laramie
Fort Laramie
Laramie Peak
Laramie County
James A. Michener
Centennial
French Métis
Montreal
Colorado
Spanish Upper Louisiana Territory
Mexico
NBC
mini-series
same name
Robert Conrad
Canadian canoe routes
North American fur trade
Rendezvous (fur trade)

categories: 1821 deaths,1784 births,French-Canadian American history,Canadian fur traders,Mountain men,People of pre-statehood Wyoming

paragraph: Jacques La Ramee

paragraph: Jacques La Ramée (June 8, 1784 – 1821), was a French-Canadian Métis coureur des bois, frontiersman, trapper, fur trader, hunter, explorer, and mountain man who lived in what is now the U.S. state of Wyoming, having settled there in 1815. His name appears in several spellings, including La Ramee, Laramée, LaRamée, La Ramie, La Rami, La Remy, and Laramie. La Ramée is credited as an early explorer of what is now called the Laramie River of Wyoming and Colorado. The city of Laramie, Wyoming, with an Americanized spelling, was later named for him.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Jacques La Ramée was born on June 8, 1784, in Québec, British Canada, to Joseph Fissiau "dit" Laramée and Jeanne Mondou. He has been described as Métis, or French-First Nation.

paragraph: Volume VI of the North West Company registry cites two Laramée brothers, Jacques and Joseph. A variant of the name La Ramée was first documented in the western United States in 1798, referring to a canoe man who worked until 1804. This may have been Francois Laramée, who is also listed in the registry of the NW company. This La Ramée had several sons, who ventured west into Wyoming and Idaho. According to Joachim Fromhold, one of the sons was Jacques La Rami, for whom the Laramie River is named.

paragraph: Section::::Fur trader and explorer.

paragraph: According to historian C. G. Coutant, Jacques La Ramée worked as a voyageur and fur trader for the North West Company and John Jacob Astor's American Fur Company. Employees of the North West Company and its rival, the Hudson's Bay Company, were in competition, and disputes at times turned violent. In 1821 the two feuding companies merged.

paragraph: La Ramée was known for his character and peaceful reputation. He organized a group of independent trappers, who set out, in 1815, for the headwaters of the North Platte River, in the United States Unorganized Territory of present-day Wyoming. Coutant writes that La Ramée and his band of trappers befriended many Native American tribes who would trade pelts to them for European goods. This enterprise established the free trapper rendezvous in Wyoming, where trappers represented themselves without middle-men or an umbrella company. According to journalist Jim McKee (citing Robert Stuart from 1812), free trappers would rendezvous each May on the Oregon Trail pathway along the shore of the North Platte River. La Ramée was a leader and considered the trappers' spokesperson. He assigned trapping areas among the free traders.

paragraph: Section::::LaRamée's rendezvous.

paragraph: In 1815, La Ramée organized a free-trapper rendezvous at the junction of the North Platte and what is now named the Laramie rivers. Later fur trading companies held annual rendezvous here. For five years these events attracted more trappers and traders, and a trade market was established, in addition to routes to and from supply depots. In May, following the rendezvous, traders would arrange for transport of the pelts to Saint Louis, Missouri on bullboats via the Missouri river. Supplies were returned by keelboat or bullboat. La Ramée distributed supplies to the free trappers, and assigned their geographic trapping area for the coming season.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: La Ramée was known to have set off in 1820 to trap along what is now known as the Laramie River and its tributaries. He was never seen alive again. When he did not show up for the rendezvous, organizers initiated a search for him. Speculation on his disappearance and death vary. It was said that he slipped on ice and fell into the Laramie River; or that his body was found in a small cabin; or that he was found "stuffed under a beaver dam"; or that he was killed by rival trappers or traders, and thrown into the Laramie River. An alleged eyewitness account, from Pierre Lesperance, said that La Ramée's camp was attacked by Arapaho warriors, which the people vigorously denied.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Several geographic sites in Wyoming were named for La Ramée (anglicized to Laramie), including the Laramie River, the city of Laramie, Fort Laramie, Laramie Peak, and Laramie County.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: James A. Michener's 1974 historical novel, "Centennial" featured "Pasquinel", a French Métis coureur des bois from Montreal. He was portrayed as an early frontier mountain man and trapper in 1795 Colorado, then part of the Spanish Upper Louisiana Territory of Mexico. NBC television produced a mini-series adaptation of the same name, airing it in 1978-1979. Pasquinel was portrayed by American TV actor, Robert Conrad. Pasquinel is believed to be loosely based on La Ramee.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canadian canoe routes

paragraph: BULLET::::- North American fur trade

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rendezvous (fur trade)

alias:
Jack Laramie
Jacques Laramie

description: explorer, moutain man, coureur des bois, fur trader

wikidata_label: Jacques La Ramee

wikipedia_title: Jacques La Ramee


text: American

text: writer of science fiction

text: fantasy

text: history

text: naval history

text: American Civil War

text: L. Sprague de Camp

text: Tonawanda, New York

text: Hobart College

text: Buffalo Courier-Express

text: Staten Island

text: Inga Stephens

text: pulp magazines

text: Sorbonne

text: "Time"

text: marmosets

text: New York Times Book Review

text: wargaming

text: Second World War

text: "Fletcher Pratt Naval War Game"

text: Jack Coggins

text: Trap Door Spiders

text: Black Widowers

text: mystery

text: Isaac Asimov

text: The Civil War Round Table of New York

text: Harold Shea

text: The Complete Compleat Enchanter

text: The Well of the Unicorn

text: The Blue Star

text: Bernard DeVoto

text: Inga Stephens Pratt

text: Land of Unreason

text: L. Sprague de Camp

text: The Carnelian Cube

text: L. Sprague de Camp

text: The Well of the Unicorn

text: The Blue Star

text: Double Jeopardy

text: The Undying Fire

text: Invaders from Rigel

text: Alien Planet

text: L. Sprague de Camp

text: The Complete Compleat Enchanter

text: L. Sprague de Camp

text: The Compleat Enchanter

text: L. Sprague de Camp

text: The Incomplete Enchanter

text: L. Sprague de Camp

text: The Castle of Iron

text: L. Sprague de Camp

text: Wall of Serpents

text: The Enchanter Completed

text: L. Sprague de Camp

text: Double in Space

text: Double Jeopardy

text: Tales from Gavagan's Bar

text: L. Sprague de Camp

text: World of Wonder

text: The Petrified Planet

text: Witches Three

text: link

text: Rus Anderson

text: Jack Coggins

text: Jack Coggins

text: Jack Coggins

text: Jack Coggins

text: Jack Coggins

text: Laurence Manning

text: The Battles that Changed History

text: FantasticFiction

text: Fletcher Pratt Naval & Military Historian

text: Endless Bookshelf.Net

categories: Writers from Buffalo, New York,American science fiction writers,1897 births,1956 deaths,20th-century American male writers,Novelists from New York (state),20th-century American novelists,American male novelists,American fantasy writers,20th-century American non-fiction writers,American military writers,Board game designers

paragraph: Fletcher Pratt

paragraph: Murray Fletcher Pratt (25 April 1897 – 10 June 1956) was an American writer of science fiction, fantasy and history. He is best known for his works on naval history and on the American Civil War and for fiction written with L. Sprague de Camp.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: According to de Camp, Pratt was born near Tonawanda, New York, and attended Hobart College for one year. During the 1920s he worked for the "Buffalo Courier-Express" and for a Staten Island newspaper. In 1926, he married Inga Stephens, an artist. In the late 1920s he began selling stories to pulp magazines. Again, according to de Camp's memoir, when a fire gutted his apartment in the 1930s he used the insurance money to study at the Sorbonne for a year. After that he began writing histories.

paragraph: Pratt was a military analyst for "Time" magazine (whose obituary described him as "bearded, gnome-like" and listed "raising marmosets" among his hobbies), as well as a regular reviewer of historical nonfiction and fantasy and science fiction for the "New York Times Book Review".

paragraph: Pratt was the inventor of a set of rules for naval wargaming, which he created before the Second World War. This was known as the "Fletcher Pratt Naval War Game" and it involved dozens of tiny wooden ships, built on a scale of one inch to 50 feet. These were spread over the floor of Pratt's apartment and their maneuvers were calculated via a complex mathematical formula. Noted author and artist Jack Coggins was a frequent participant in Pratt's Navy Game, and de Camp met him through his wargaming group.

paragraph: Pratt established the literary dining club known as the Trap Door Spiders in 1944. The name is a reference to the exclusive habits of the trapdoor spider, which when it enters its burrow pulls the hatch shut behind it. The club was later fictionalized as the Black Widowers in a series of mystery stories by Isaac Asimov. Pratt himself was fictionalized in one story, "To the Barest", as the Widowers’ founder, Ralph Ottur.

paragraph: He was also a charter member of The Civil War Round Table of New York, organized in 1951, and served as its president from 1953-1954. In 1956, after his death, the Round Table's board of directors established the Fletcher Pratt Award in his honor, which is presented every May to the author or editor of the best non-fiction book on the Civil War published during the preceding calendar year.

paragraph: Aside from his historical writings, Pratt is best known for his fantasy collaborations with de Camp, the most famous of which is the humorous Harold Shea series, was eventually published in full as "The Complete Compleat Enchanter" (1989, ). His solo fantasy novels "The Well of the Unicorn" and "The Blue Star" are also highly regarded.

paragraph: Pratt wrote in a markedly identifiable prose style, reminiscent of the style of Bernard DeVoto. One of his books is dedicated "To Benny DeVoto, who taught me to write."

paragraph: Several of Pratt's books were illustrated by Inga Stephens Pratt, his wife.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Land of Unreason" (1941) with L. Sprague de Camp

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Carnelian Cube" (1948) with L. Sprague de Camp

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Well of the Unicorn" (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Blue Star" (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Double Jeopardy" (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Undying Fire" (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Invaders from Rigel" (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alien Planet" (1962)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Novels.:Novellas (short novels).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Asylum Satellite" (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wanderer's Return" (1951)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Series.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Series.:Harold Shea.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (2007) with L. Sprague de Camp

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Complete Compleat Enchanter" (1989) with L. Sprague de Camp

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Compleat Enchanter" (1975) with L. Sprague de Camp

paragraph: BULLET::::- * "The Incomplete Enchanter" (1940) with L. Sprague de Camp

paragraph: BULLET::::- * "The Castle of Iron" (1941) with L. Sprague de Camp

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wall of Serpents" [vt "The Enchanter Completed" (1980 UK)] (1960) with L. Sprague de Camp

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Double in Space" (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Double Jeopardy" (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tales from Gavagan's Bar" (1953, expanded 1978) with L. Sprague de Camp

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Anthologies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "World of Wonder" (1951)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Anthologies.:Twayne Triplets (edited).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Petrified Planet" (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Witches Three" (1952)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Nonfiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fletcher Pratt's Naval War Game" (1940). A book on the Fletcher Pratt Naval Wargame was printed in 2011. See link

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Man and His Meals" (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "World of Wonder : an Introduction to Imaginative Literature" (1951)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Nonfiction.:Science.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "All About Famous Inventors and Their Inventions" (1955) illustrated by Rus Anderson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "All About Rockets and Jets" (1955) illustrated by Jack Coggins

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rockets, Jets, Guided Missiles and Spaceships" (1951) with Jack Coggins

paragraph: BULLET::::- "By Space Ship to the Moon" (1952) with Jack Coggins

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rockets, Satellites and Space Travel" (1958) with Jack Coggins

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Nonfiction.:History and Biography.:Naval History.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Compact History of the United States Navy" (1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Empire and the Sea" (1946) with Inga Stephens

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fighting Ships of the U.S. Navy" (1941) illustrated by Jack Coggins

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fleet Against Japan" (1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Navy has Wings; the United States Naval Aviation" (1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Navy, a History; the Story of a Service in Action" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Navy's War" (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Night Work: the Story of Task force 39" (1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Preble's Boys; Commodore Preble and the Birth of American Sea Power" (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sea Power and Today's War" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ships, Men - and Bases" (1941) with Frank Knox

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Short History of the Army and Navy" (1944)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Nonfiction.:History and Biography.:The Napoleonic Wars.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Empire and the Glory; Napoleon Bonaparte: 1800-1806" (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Road to Empire; the Life and Times of Bonaparte, the General" (1939)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Nonfiction.:History and Biography.:War of 1812.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Heroic Years; Fourteen Years of the Republic, 1801-1815" (1934)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Nonfiction.:History and Biography.:The Civil War.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Civil War" (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Civil War in Pictures" (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Civil War on Western Waters" (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Military Genius of Abraham Lincoln : an Essay" (1951) by Colin R. Ballard; introduction by Pratt

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Monitor and the Merrimac" (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ordeal by Fire; an Informal History of the Civil War" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stanton, Lincoln's Secretary of War" (1953)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Nonfiction.:History and Biography.:World War II.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "America and Total War" (1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The U.S. Army : a Guide to its Men and Equipment" (1942) with David Pattee

paragraph: BULLET::::- "What the Citizen Should Know about Modern War" (1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Marines' War, an Account of the Struggle for the Pacific from Both American and Japanese Sources" (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "War for the World; a Chronicle of Our Fighting Forces in World War II" (1950)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Nonfiction.:History and Biography.:Other.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Cunning Mulatto and Other Cases of Ellis Parker, American Detective" (1935) with Ellis Parker

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hail, Caesar!" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lost Battalion" (1938) with Thomas M. Johnson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Muscle-power Artillery" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The City of the Living Dead" (1939) with Laurence Manning.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Secret and Urgent; the Story of Codes and Ciphers" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Life to the Destroyers" (1944) with L. A. Abercrombie

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eleven Generals; Studies in American Command" (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Third King" (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Battles that Changed History" (1956)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- FantasticFiction — Bibliography and book covers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fletcher Pratt Naval & Military Historian at Endless Bookshelf.Net

alias:
Irvin Lester
George U. Fletcher

description: American military historian and fantasy writer

wikidata_label: Fletcher Pratt

wikipedia_title: Fletcher Pratt


text:
actress
Philadelphia
Pennsylvania
USA
The Squaw Man
The Divine Sacrifice
Lumsden Hare
Los Angeles
California
The Squaw Man
The Man of Destiny

categories: 19th-century American actresses,1876 births,American stage actresses,American silent film actresses,1960 deaths

paragraph: Selene Johnson

paragraph: Selene Johnson (February 20, 1876 – December 11, 1960) was an American stage and silent film actress born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (USA) as Selene Knapp Johnson. She is known for her role in the play "The Squaw Man" and other roles in silent cinema as: "The Divine Sacrifice" (1918).

paragraph: She was married to Lumsden Hare and she died in Los Angeles, California, USA.

paragraph: Section::::Plays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Golden Age" as Margaret Barnes (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Title" as Mrs. Culver (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Peter's Mother" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ourselves" (1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Return from Jerusalem" (1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dollar Mark" (1909)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Disengaged" (1909)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Irene Wycherley" (1908)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Squaw Man" (1905-1906)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Abigail" (1905)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Man of Destiny" / "How He Lied to Her Husband" as Herself (1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Audrey" (1902-1903)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frou-Frou" (1902)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monte Cristo" as Mercedes (1900-1901)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Rich Man's Son" (1899)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Peter Stuyvesant" (1899)

description: American actress

wikidata_label: Selene Johnson

wikipedia_title: Selene Johnson


text:
track and field
high jump
2017 World Championships
neutral athlete
Summer Youth Olympics
Yuji Hiramatsu

categories: Russian male high jumpers,Authorised Neutral Athletes at the World Championships in Athletics,Youth Olympic gold medalists for Russia,Sportspeople from Bashkortostan,1997 births,Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics,Olympic athletes of Russia,World Championships in Athletics medalists,Living people,European Athletics Championships medalists

paragraph: Danil Lysenko

paragraph: Danil Sergeyevich Lysenko (; born 19 May 1997), is a Russian track and field athlete who specialises in the high jump. He won the silver medal at the 2017 World Championships competing as a neutral athlete.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Lysenko won his first international medal at the second Summer Youth Olympics, winning a gold medal in the boys' high jump with a clearance of 2.20 m, ahead of Yuji Hiramatsu.

paragraph: In August 2018, Lysenko was stripped of his Authorized Neutral Athlete status and provisionally suspended, due to his failure to provide whereabouts information as required under IAAF Anti-Doping Rules and Regulations.

description: Russian athlete

wikidata_label: Danil Lysenko

wikipedia_title: Danil Lysenko


text: Nobel Prize in Literature

text: Lutheran

text: Putlitz

text: Prignitz

text: Brandenburg

text: Sellin

text: Neumark

text: Frankfurt an der Oder

text: theology

text: University of Marburg

text: Kaiser Wilhelm Academy

text: pathology

text: Else Lasker-Schüler

text: expressionist

text: nihilism

text: existentialist

text: World War I

text: Brussels

text: execution

text: Edith Cavell

text: brothel

text: dermatologist

text: venereal disease

text: Else Lasker-Schüler

text: Mein Herz-niemandem

text: Helma Sanders-Brahms

text: Weimar Republic

text: Marxism

text: Americanism

text: Nazis

text: National Socialism

text: Futurism

text: Prussian Academy

text: Gelöbnis treuester Gefolgschaft

text: Adolf Hitler

text: Hans Friederich Blunck

text: Night of the Long Knives

text: Wehrmacht

text: SS

text: Das Schwarze Korps

text: degenerate

text: Wolfgang Willrich

text: Säuberung des Kunsttempels

text: Heinrich Himmler

text: Reichsschrifttumskammer

text: garrison

text: Allies

text: Georg Büchner Prize

text: West Berlin

text: Waldfriedhof Dahlem

text: Limes

text: Ptolemy's Disciple

text: Simona Draghici

text: Simona Draghici

text: Plutarch Press

text: The Voice Behind the Screen

text: Gerhard Schuster

text: Volkmar Sander

text: Reinhard Paul Becker

text: Simona Draghici

text: Plutarch Press

text: Farrar, Straus and Giroux

text: Henry Grosshans

text: Wyndham Hall Press

text: Wolff

text: Susan Ray

text: Mark William Roche

text: University of North Carolina

text: Primal Vision

text: E. B. Ashton

text: Bodley Head

text: Boyars

text: Marion Boyars

text: Twentieth-Century Culture

text: Alan Bullock

text: R. B. Woodings

text: C. Helm

text: Barnes & Noble

text: The Appeal of Fascism

text: Alastair Hamilton

text: Stephen Spender

text: Blond

text: Philip Rees

text: Simon & Schuster

text: Reason and Energy

text: Michael Hamburger

text: Routledge & Paul

text: Grove Press

text: Weidenfeld & Nicolson

text: Encyclopedia of the Third Reich

text: Louis Leo Snyder

text: McGraw-Hill

text: Blandford

text: Paragon House

text: Marlowe

text: Translation of Astern/Asters

text: Gottfried Benn Society

text: "Latently existing words"

categories: Georg Büchner Prize winners,People from Putlitz,German Expressionist writers,Expressionist poets,Deaths from cancer in Germany,Modernist writers,Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,20th-century German poets,German military personnel of World War II,1956 deaths,German male poets,Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class,People from the Province of Brandenburg,German essayists,1886 births,University of Marburg alumni,20th-century essayists,Writers from Brandenburg,German military personnel of World War I,German-language poets,German male essayists

paragraph: Gottfried Benn

paragraph: Gottfried Benn (2 May 1886 – 7 July 1956) was a German poet, essayist, and physician. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature five times.

paragraph: Section::::Biography and work.

paragraph: Section::::Biography and work.:Family and beginnings.

paragraph: Gottfried Benn was born in a Lutheran country parsonage, a few hours from Berlin, the son and grandson of pastors in Mansfeld, now part of Putlitz in the district of Prignitz, Brandenburg. He was educated in Sellin in the Neumark and Frankfurt an der Oder. To please his father, he studied theology at the University of Marburg and military medicine at the Kaiser Wilhelm Academy in Berlin. After being laid off as a military doctor in 1912, Benn turned to pathology, where he dissected over 200 bodies between October 1912 and November 1913 in Berlin. Many of his literary works reflect on his time as a pathologist.

paragraph: In the summer of 1912, Benn started a romantic relationship with the Jewish poet Else Lasker-Schüler.

paragraph: Gottfried Benn began his literary career as a poet when he published a booklet titled "Morgue and other Poems" in 1912, containing expressionist poems dealing with physical decay of flesh, with blood, cancer, and death — for example No III — „Cycle:

paragraph: Poems like this "were received by critics and public with shock, dismay, even revulsion." In 1913 a second volume of poems came out, titled "Sons. New Poems".

paragraph: Benn's poetry projects an introverted nihilism, that is, an existentialist outlook that views artistic expression as the only purposeful action. In his early poems Benn used his medical experience, often using medical terminology, to portray humanity morbidly as just another species of disease-ridden animal.

paragraph: Section::::Biography and work.:World War I and Weimar Republic.

paragraph: After the outbreak of World War I he enlisted in 1914, and spent a brief period on the Belgian front, then served as a military doctor in Brussels. Benn attended the trial and execution of Nurse Edith Cavell. He also worked as a physician in an army brothel. After the war, he returned to Berlin and practiced as a dermatologist and venereal disease specialist.

paragraph: During the 1920s, he had a close relationship with Jewish poet Else Lasker-Schüler who addressed love poems to him. This bond to her is the subject of the film "Mein Herz-niemandem" (1997) by Helma Sanders-Brahms.

paragraph: Section::::Biography and work.:During the Third Reich.

paragraph: Hostile to the Weimar Republic, and rejecting Marxism and Americanism, Benn, like many Germans, was upset with ongoing economic and political instability, and sympathized for a short period with the Nazis as a revolutionary force. He hoped that National Socialism would exalt his aesthetics and that expressionism would become the official art of Germany, as Futurism had in Italy. Benn was elected to the poetry section of the Prussian Academy in 1932 and appointed head of that section in February 1933. In May, he defended the new regime in a radio broadcast, saying "the German workers are better off than ever before." He later signed the "Gelöbnis treuester Gefolgschaft", that is, the "vow of most faithful allegiance" to Adolf Hitler.

paragraph: The cultural policy of the new State didn't turn out the way he hoped, and in June Hans Friederich Blunck replaced Benn as head of the Academy's poetry section. Appalled by the Night of the Long Knives, Benn turned away from the Nazis. He lived quietly, refraining from public criticism of the Nazi party, but wrote that the bad conditions of the system "gave me the latter punch" and stated in a letter that the developments presented a "dreadful tragedy!" He decided to perform "the aristocratic form of emigration" and joined the Wehrmacht in 1935, where he found many officers sympathetic to his disapproval of the régime. In May 1936 the SS magazine "Das Schwarze Korps" attacked his expressionist and experimental poetry as degenerate, Jewish, and homosexual. In the summer of 1937, Wolfgang Willrich, a member of the SS, lampooned Benn in his book "Säuberung des Kunsttempels"; Heinrich Himmler, however, stepped in to reprimand Willrich and defended Benn on the grounds of his good record since 1933 (his earlier artistic output being irrelevant). In 1938 the Reichsschrifttumskammer (the National Socialist authors' association) banned Benn from further writing.

paragraph: Section::::Biography and work.:After the war.

paragraph: During World War II, Benn was posted to garrisons in eastern Germany where he wrote poems and essays. After the war, his work was banned by the Allies because of his initial support for Hitler. In 1951 he was awarded the Georg Büchner Prize. He died of cancer in West Berlin in 1956, and was buried in Waldfriedhof Dahlem, Berlin.

paragraph: Section::::Reception.

paragraph: Benn had a great influence on German poetry immediately before World War I (as an expressionist), as well as after World War II (as the 'Static' poet).

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Morgue und andere Gedichte" [Morgue and other Poems] (Berlin, 1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fleisch" (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Gesammelten Schriften" [The collected works] (Berlin, 1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Schutt" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Betäubung" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spaltung" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nach dem Nihilismus" (Berlin, 1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Neue Staat und die Intellektuellen" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kunst und Macht" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ausgewählte Gedichte" [Selected Poems] (May, 1936) Note: 1st edition contained two poems that were removed for the 2nd edition in November 1936: 'Mann und Frau gehen durch die Krebsbaracke' and 'D-Zug'. The vast majority of the 1st editions were collected and destroyed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Statische Gedichte" [Static poems] (Zürich, 1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ptolemäer" (Limes, 1949); "Ptolemy's Disciple" (edited, translated and with a preface by Simona Draghici), Plutarch Press, 2005, (pbk).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Doppelleben" (1950); autobiography translated as "Double Life" (edited, translated, and with a preface by Simona Draghici, Plutarch Press, 2002, ).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stimme hinter dem Vorhang"; translated as "The Voice Behind the Screen" (translated with an introduction by Simona Draghici (Plutarch Press, 1996, ).

paragraph: Section::::Books.:Collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sämtliche Werke" ("Stuttgarter Ausgabe"), ed. by Gerhard Schuster and Holger Hof, 7 volumes in 8 parts, (Stuttgart 1986–2003, ).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prose, Essays, Poems" by Gottfried Benn, edited by Volkmar Sander; introduction by Reinhard Paul Becker (Continuum International Publishing Group, 1987, & (pbk.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Selected Poems" (Clarendon German series) by Gottfried Benn (Oxford U.P., 1970, )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gottfried Benn in Transition" by Gottfried Benn, edited by Simona Draghici (Plutarch Press, 2003, )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poems, 1937–1947" (Plutarch Press, 1991, )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Impromptus" (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013, )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gottfried Benn – Friedrich Wilhelm Oelze: Briefwechsel 1932–1956", edited by Harald Steinhagen, Stephan Kraft and Holger Hof, 4 volumes, (Klett-Cotta/Wallstein, )

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "German Dreams and German Dreamers: Gottfried Benn's German Universe" by Henry Grosshans (Wyndham Hall Press, 1987, (pbk.).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gottfried Benn: The Unreconstructed Expressionist" by J. M. Ritchie (London: Wolff, 1972, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beyond Nihilism: Gottfried Benn's Postmodernist Poetics" by Susan Ray (Oxford; New York: P. Lang, 2003, & (pbk.).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gottfried Benn's Static Poetry: Aesthetic and Intellectual-Historical Interpretations" by Mark William Roche (University of North Carolina Press, 1991, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Primal Vision: Selected Poetry and Prose of Gottfried Benn" edited by E. B. Ashton (NY: Bodley Head, 1961; Boyars, 1971; Marion Boyars, 1984,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Twentieth-Century Culture: A Biographical Companion" edited by Alan Bullock and R. B. Woodings (Harpercollins, 1984,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gottfried Benn and his Critics: Major Interpretations 1912–1992 by Augustinus P. Dierick. [Columbia SC: Camden House Inc.], 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "German Literature Under National Socialism" by J. M. Ritchie (London: C. Helm; Barnes & Noble, 1983, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Appeal of Fascism: A Study of Intellectuals and Fascism, 1919–1945" by Alastair Hamilton, foreword by Stephen Spender (London: Blond, 1971, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890" by Philip Rees (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990, ).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reason and Energy: Studies in German Literature" by Michael Hamburger (London: Routledge & Paul, 1957; New York: Grove Press, 1957; London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1970, revised ed., .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Encyclopedia of the Third Reich" by Louis Leo Snyder (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976, ; London: Blandford, 1989, ; New York: Paragon House, 1989, 1st pbk. ed., ; New York: Marlowe, 1998,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Snow from Broken Eyes: Cocaine in the Lives and Works of Three Expressionist Poets", Richard Millington, (Peter Lang AG, 2012)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Translation of Astern/Asters

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gottfried Benn Society, German language site

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Latently existing words"

description: German novelist, poet

wikidata_label: Gottfried Benn

wikipedia_title: Gottfried Benn


text: executed

text: Isle of Man

text: patricide

text: pitchfork

text: jury

text: not guilty by reason of insanity

text: turpitude

text: deemster

text: William Drinkwater

text: hanging

text: gaoler

text: Home Secretary

text: Queen Victoria

text: William Calcraft

text: Castle Rushen

text: Castletown

text: Tynwald

text: commuted

text: life imprisonment

text: Home Secretary

text: the Crown

text: Prerogative of Mercy

text: Capital punishment in the Isle of Man

text: "The Patricide of John Kewish"

text: "Memories of Southside Parishes"

categories: People executed by the Isle of Man,People convicted of murder by the Isle of Man,1872 deaths,People executed for murder,Patricides,Executed Manx people,19th-century executions,Manx people convicted of murder

paragraph: John Kewish

paragraph: John Kewish Jr. (died 1 August 1872) (pronounced Kyowsh) was the last person executed in the Isle of Man. He was convicted and executed for the crime of patricide.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Prior to his arrest John Kewish Jr. lived on a farm with his elderly parents. He was the oldest of seven siblings and was unmarried. Kewish's father, John Kewish Sr., was found dead in his home on 28 March 1872. Kewish Jr., who had a history of crime including sheep stealing, was arrested and charged with patricide. He was described as mentally disabled.

paragraph: Section::::Depositions.

paragraph: According to depositions, the body was found on the evening of 28 March by the victim's wife, Mary Kewish, and a neighbour. The following day the family moved the body, washed it, and prepared it for burial. It was not until 30 March that someone decided to contact the police. On 31 March a police doctor examined the body and noted six wounds (four on the back and two on the chest) which he felt were caused by three thrusts from a small pitchfork. Thomas Kewish, John Jr.'s brother, also admitted there was an ongoing argument between John and his father. The police felt this was strong enough evidence to arrest John Jr.

paragraph: Section::::Trials.

paragraph: Kewish was tried twice before a jury. At his first trial his only defence was that he had not committed the crime. After 14 hours of deliberation the jury was unable to reach a verdict. A new trial was ordered when the jury foreman became ill and deliberations could not continue. There is evidence that a majority of this first jury believed Kewish to be either innocent of the crime, or so simple-minded that he was not responsible for the act. (According to one of the jurors, seven of the twelve believed he was not guilty.) At Kewish's second trial his advocates added the further plea of not guilty by reason of insanity, submitting that either he had not committed the crime or if he had, his mental disability freed him of responsibility. Insanity was later supported by an examining physician's statement that Kewish's mind was unable to comprehend the moral turpitude of such a criminal act. After an hour's deliberation the jury convicted him of patricide. The presiding deemster, William Drinkwater, sentenced Kewish to the mandatory punishment of death by hanging.

paragraph: Section::::Post-trial.

paragraph: Although convicted, Kewish hoped to receive leniency from the British Government. The Lieutenant-Governor received several sworn statements intended to encourage leniency, including from the jurors of the first trial, his examining physician, and others. Kewish's post-trial statements were inconsistent. At one point Kewish's gaoler stated that Kewish admitted he had accidentally shot his father and hid the weapon in the thatch of an outhouse (where a bird gun was later found). At other times Kewish repeated his claims of innocence and requested a free pardon. The pitchfork had not been clearly identified; however, the Home Secretary advised the Queen that he could not recommend mercy. He felt the crime was premeditated, and committed from greed, and added that neither the deemster nor the jury had recommended mercy at the trial.

paragraph: Manx law at the time required the British Crown to order the execution by positive act. Queen Victoria was displeased with this, and she indicated this in a letter to the Home Secretary. He apologised and promised to bring Manx law into compliance with that of England, which did not require such an order. Although expressing personal doubts about the case, she took his advice and indicated that the execution was to proceed.

paragraph: Section::::Execution.

paragraph: Locally there was reluctance to become involved in the execution. Craftsmen initially refused to build the gallows, and an executioner, William Calcraft, had to be brought over from England to carry out the sentence. Kewish was hanged in Castle Rushen at Castletown on 1 August 1872 and he is buried there. It was the only non-public execution to take place under Manx law.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: After the execution, Queen Victoria was petitioned to put an end to the death penalty. She declined, and it was not until 1993 that Tynwald abolished capital punishment in the Isle of Man. Five people were sentenced to death (for murder) on the island between 1973 and 1992, but all death sentences after Kewish's were commuted to life imprisonment by the Home Secretary of the United Kingdom using the Crown's Prerogative of Mercy.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Capital punishment in the Isle of Man

paragraph: Section::::General references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steve Fielding (1994). "The Hangman's Record: Volume One 1868–1899" (Beckenham, UK: Chancery House Press, ) p. 23

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter W. Edge, "The Law and Practice of Capital Punishment in the Isle of Man", 1996, accessed 2008-08-13.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stephen Kelly, "The Patricide of John Kewish", 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ramsey Courier, "Memories of Southside Parishes", 1930.

description: Manx murderer

wikidata_label: John Kewish

wikipedia_title: John Kewish


text: American

text: botanist

text: horticulturist

text: cultivated

text: fruit

text: tree

text: cherries

text: grape

text: plum

text: peach

text: Independence

text: Iowa

text: Wilbur Olin Hedrick

text: Michigan State Agricultural College

text: Bachelor of Science

text: Master of Science

text: botany

text: horticulture

text: Oregon Agricultural College

text: Utah Agricultural College

text: Geneva

text: New York

text: Doctor of Science (Sc.D.)

text: Hobart College

text: New York State Historical Association

text: American Pomological Society

text: pomology

text: monograph

categories: Botanists active in North America,Hobart and William Smith Colleges alumni,1870 births,1951 deaths,Oregon State University faculty,American botanists,Pomologists,Utah State University faculty,Michigan State University alumni,Botanists with author abbreviations,Michigan State University faculty,American horticulturists

paragraph: Ulysses Prentiss Hedrick

paragraph: Ulysses Prentiss Hedrick (1870–1951) was an American botanist

paragraph: and horticulturist.

paragraph: His main interest was cultivated fruit trees and he published a number of volumes dealing with such fruits as cherries, grapes, plums, and peaches.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Hedrick was born in 1870 in Independence, Iowa. He grew up in Northern Michigan near Harbor Springs, an experience recalled in his memoir "The Land of the Crooked Tree", and was the brother of Wilbur Olin Hedrick. He attended Michigan State Agricultural College (now Michigan State University), receiving a Bachelor of Science degree in 1893 and a Master of Science degree in 1895. He worked as Assistant Horticulturist at MSAC from 1893 to 1895, while studying for his M.S.

paragraph: From 1895 to 1905, Hedrick taught botany and horticulture at Oregon Agricultural College (1895–1897), Utah Agricultural College (1897–1899), and Michigan State Agricultural College (1899–1905). He became a horticulturist at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva, New York in 1905. While in Geneva, Hedrick was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science (Sc.D.) degree at Hobart College in 1913. He continued to work at the Station, which he directed from 1928 onwards, until 1937, when he retired.

paragraph: Hedrick was made a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1911, and of the New York State Historical Association and a member of the American Society for Horticultural Science (president 1913) and American Pomological Society.

paragraph: During his lifetime, he authored or co-authored more than a dozen publications, which are "still frequently consulted", on the subjects of pomology and horticulture. His monographs on fruits, including publications such as "The Pears of New York" (1922), "have become classic references on the fruit cultivars of the period".

paragraph: Hedrick died in 1951.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grapes of New York" (1908)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Plums of New York" (1911)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cherries of New York" (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Peaches of New York" (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Manual of American Grape Growing" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sturtevant's Notes on Edible Plants" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cyclopedia of Hardy Fruits" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Pears of New York" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Systematic Pomology" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Small Fruit of New York" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Vegetables of New York" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "History of Agriculture in the State of New York" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fruits for the Home Garden" (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Land of the Crooked Tree" (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grapes and Wines from Home Vineyards" (1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A History of Horticulture in America" (1950)

description: American botanist

wikidata_label: Ulysses Prentiss Hedrick

wikipedia_title: Ulysses Prentiss Hedrick


text:
Quebec City
Quebec
freestyle skiing at the 2006 Olympics
Kristi Richards
Jennifer Heil
Le Relais
Québec
Mont-Tremblant
Source
Audrey Robichaud on Facebook

categories: Freestyle skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics,French Quebecers,1988 births,Canadian female freestyle skiers,Sportspeople from Quebec City,Freestyle skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics,Living people,Freestyle skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Audrey Robichaud

paragraph: Audrey Robichaud (born May 5, 1988 in Quebec City, Quebec) is a Canadian athlete.

paragraph: She placed eighth in the women's moguls freestyle skiing at the 2006 Olympics with a score of 23.10. She finished behind fellow Canadians Kristi Richards (7th, 23.30) and Jennifer Heil (1st, 26.50) at this February 11, 2006, event.

paragraph: In the World Cup Moguls event on December 18, 2005, she finished 14th.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Audrey began skiing at 4 years old and has been skiing moguls since she was 7 years old at Le Relais, Québec. After a few years of competing at regional and provincial competitions, she was promoted to the Québec team. At the age of 13 years, she was becoming more and more serious about the sport. At 16, after a couple good results on the noram circuit, she made the national team. In that same year, she did her first world cup in Mont-Tremblant Québec and competed at 7 world cups, even winning the "rookie of the year" trophy.

paragraph: Section::::Canadian Ski Team.

paragraph: In 2006 at the age of 17 Audrey was accepted by the National Team and qualified for the Olympics in Torino, where she placed 8th. Audrey did not qualify for the 2010 Olympics in Vancouver, but plans on competing in the 2014 Olympic Games in Sochi, RU.

paragraph: Section::::Results.

paragraph: 2004 – 2010

paragraph: Source

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Audrey Robichaud on Facebook

description: Canadian freestyle skier

wikidata_label: Audrey Robichaud

wikipedia_title: Audrey Robichaud


text: Joseon dynasty

text: Korea

text: King Sejong the Great

text: King Taejo

text: his father

text: Jeong Mong-ju

text: Goryeo

text: Jeong Do-jeon

text: King Jeongjong

text: hopae

text: Dopyeong Assembly

text: State Council of Joseon

text: Sinmun Office

text: aristocrat

text: Jurchens

text: Japanese pirates

text: Ōei Invasion

text: Tsushima Island

text: Sejong the Great of Joseon

text: Sejong

text: Jeong Mong-ju

text: Jeong Do-jeon

text: King Taejo of Joseon

text: King Hwanjo of Joseon

text: Queen Uihye of the Yeongheung Choi clan

text: Queen Shinui of the Anbyeon Han clan

text: Queen Wongyeong of the Yeoheung Min clan

text: Yi Je, Grand Prince Yangnyeong

text: Yi Bo, Grand Prince Hyoryeong

text: Yi Do, Grand Prince Chungnyeong

text: Jangyeon No clan

text: Tears of the Dragon

text: KBS

text: purge

text: playboy

text: King Sejong the Great

text: SBS

text: Deep Rooted Tree

text: The Great Seer

text: Jeong Do-jeon

text: Six Flying Dragons

text: Jang Yeong-sil

text: Yoo Dong-geun

text: KBS

text: Tears of the Dragon

text: Kim Yeong-cheol

text: King Sejong the Great

text: Jang Yeong-sil

text: Baek Yoon-sik

text: SBS

text: Deep Rooted Tree

text: Choi Tae-joon

text: SBS

text: The Great Seer

text: Park Yeong-gyu

text: I Am the King

text: Ahn Jae-mo

text: Jeong Do-jeon

text: Ahn Nae-sang

text: JTBC

text: Maids

text: Jang Hyuk

text: Empire of Lust

text: JTBC

text: My Country

text: Yoo Ah-in

text: Nam Da-reum

text: SBS

text: Six Flying Dragons

text: List of Korea-related topics

text: Rulers of Korea

text: Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido

paragraph: Taejong of Joseon

paragraph: Taejong of Joseon (13 June 1367 – 30 May 1422) was the third king of the Joseon dynasty in Korea and the father of King Sejong the Great.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Founding of Joseon.

paragraph: He was born as Yi Bang-won in 1367 as the fifth son of King Taejo, and was qualified as an official of Goryeo Dynasty in 1382. During his early days, he helped his father to extend his support with the citizens and many influential figures of the government. Taejong helped his father and founded a new dynasty by assassinating powerful officials such as Jeong Mong-ju, who remained loyal to the Goryeo dynasty. He was called Prince Jeong Ahn during the reign of King Taejo.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Strife of princes.

paragraph: In 1392 he helped his father overthrow Goryeo in order to establish a new dynasty, Joseon. He expected to be appointed as the successor to the throne for he contributed most to the founding of Joseon, but his father, Taejo, and prime minister Jeong Do-jeon favored Taejo's eighth son and Yi Bangwon's half-brother (second son of Queen Sindeok), Yi Bangseok, as the crown prince. This conflict arose chiefly because Jeong Dojeon, who shaped and laid down ideological, institutional and legal foundations of the new dynasty more than anyone else, saw Joseon as a kingdom led by ministers appointed by the king while Yi Bangwon wanted to establish the absolute monarchy ruled directly by the king. Both sides were well aware of each other's great animosity and were getting ready to strike first. After the sudden death of Queen Sindeok, and while King Taejo was still in mourning for his second wife, Yi Bang-won struck first by raiding the palace and killed Jeong Do-jeon and his supporters, as well as Queen Sindeok's two sons including the crown prince in 1398. This incident became known as the First Strife of Princes.

paragraph: Aghast at the fact that his sons were willing to kill each other for the crown, and psychologically exhausted from the death of his second wife, King Taejo abdicated and immediately crowned his second son Yi Bang-gwa, or King Jeongjong, as the new ruler. One of King Jeongjong's first acts as monarch was to revert the capital to Gaeseong, where he is believed to have been considerably more comfortable. Yet Yi Bangwon retained real power and was soon in conflict with his disgruntled older brother Yi Bang-gan, who also yearned for power. In 1400, General Bak Po, who was disappointed by Yi Bangwon for not rewarding him enough for his action in the First Strife of Princes, allied with Bangwon's older brother Yi Bang-gan (Prince Hwi Ahn) and rebelled against him in what came to be known as the Second Strife of Princes. Yi Bangwon successfully defeated his brother's forces, then executed Bak Po and sent Yi Bang-gan into exile. King Jeongjong, who was afraid of his powerful brother, named Yi Bangwon as crown prince and abdicated in the same year. Yi Bangwon assumed the throne of Joseon at long last as King Taejong, the third king of Joseon.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Consolidation of royal power.

paragraph: In the beginning of Taejong's reign, the Grand King Former, Taejo, refused to relinquish the royal seal that signified the legitimacy of any king's rule. Taejong began to initiate policies he believed would prove his qualification to rule. One of his first acts as king was to abolish the privilege enjoyed by the upper echelons of government and the aristocracy to maintain private armies. His revoking of such rights to field independent forces effectively severed their ability to muster large-scale revolts, and drastically increased the number of men employed in the national military. Taejong's next act as king was to revise the existing legislation concerning the taxation of land ownership and the recording of state of subjects. With the discovery of previously hidden land, national income increased twofold.

paragraph: He also initiated the system of "hopae", an early form of identification recording the bearer's name and residence, used to control the movement of people. He also set a big drum in front of his court, so that the common people, when they had some problems, could come to the palace and consult the king.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Absolute monarchy.

paragraph: In addition, he created a strong central government and an absolute monarchy. In 1399, Taejong had played an influential role in scrapping the Dopyeong Assembly, a council of the old government administration that held a monopoly in court power during the waning years of the Goryeo dynasty, in favor of the State Council of Joseon (의정부), a new branch of central administration that revolved around the king and his edicts. After passing the subject documentation and taxation legislation, King Taejong issued a new decree in which all decisions passed by the State Council could only come into effect with the approval of the king. This ended the custom of court ministers and advisors making decisions through debate and negotiations amongst themselves, and thus brought the royal power to new heights. Shortly thereafter, Taejong installed an office, known as the Sinmun Office, to hear cases in which aggrieved subjects felt that they had been exploited or treated unjustly by government officials or aristocrats.

paragraph: However, Taejong kept Jeong Do-jeon's reforms intact for the most part. He promoted Confucianism, which was more like political philosophy rather than a religion, thus demoting Buddhism, which was far from daily living and decayed from the power given by Goryeo kings back then. He closed many temples that were established by Goryeo kings, and seized their large possessions and added them to the national treasury. Meanwhile, he honored Jeong Mong-ju with the posthumous title of Chief State Councillor (equivalent to Prime Minister), even though it was he who assassinated Jeong — leading to an irony of history, in which Jeong Do-jeon was vilified throughout the Joseon dynasty while Jeong Mong-ju was honored despite his opposition to its birth.

paragraph: In foreign policy, he was a straight hardliner — he attacked the Jurchens on the northern border and Japanese pirates on the southern coast. Taejong is also known for being responsible for the Ōei Invasion of Tsushima Island in 1419. He also promoted publications, commerce and education. He also founded and encouraged Uigeumbu, the royal guard and secret police at the same time. In 1418, he abdicated and gave the throne to Sejong the Great of Joseon, but continued to rule with an iron fist, deciding important matters and executing Sejong's father-in-law Shim On and Shim's brother.

paragraph: Taejong executed or exiled many of his supporters who helped him ascend to the throne in order to strengthen the royal authority. To limit influence of in-laws, he also killed all four brothers of his Queen Won-gyeong and his son Sejong's in-laws. Taejong remains a controversial figure who killed many of his rivals (including Jeong Mong-ju and Jeong Do-jeon) and relatives to gain power and yet ruled effectively to improve the populace's lives, strengthen national defense, and lay down a solid foundation for his successor Sejong's rule. Taejong was known for his passion for hunting, considered unseemly in a ruler.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.:Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: King Taejo of Joseon (27 October 1335 – 18 June 1408) (조선 태조)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandfather: King Hwanjo of Joseon (1315 – 1 January 1361) (조선 환조)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandmother: Queen Uihye of the Yeongheung Choi clan (의혜왕후 최씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Queen Shinui of the Anbyeon Han clan (September 1337 – 21 October 1391) (신의왕후 한씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandfather: Han Gyeong (한경)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandmother: Lady Shin of the Saknyeong Shin clan (삭녕 신씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consorts and their Respective Issue(s):

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Queen Wongyeong of the Yeoheung Min clan (11 July 1365 – 10 July 1420) (원경왕후 민씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Princess Jeongsun (1385 – 25 August 1460) (정순공주)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Princess Gyeongjeong (1387 – 6 June 1455) (경정공주)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Princess Gyeongan (1393 – 30 May 1415) (경안공주)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Yi Je, Grand Prince Yangnyeong (1394 – 7 September 1462) (이제 양녕대군)

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Yi Bo, Grand Prince Hyoryeong (6 January 1396 – 12 June 1486) (이보 효령대군)

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Yi Do, Grand Prince Chungnyeong (15 May 1397 – 8 April 1450) (이도 충녕대군)

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Princess Jeongseon (1404 – 25 February 1424) (정선공주)

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Yi Jong, Grand Prince Seongnyeong (3 August 1405 – 11 April 1418) (이종 성녕대군)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Royal Noble Consort Hyo of the Cheongpung Kim clan (? – 1454) (효빈 김씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Yi Bi, Prince Gyeongnyeong (13 December 1395 – 1458) (이비 경녕군)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Royal Noble Consort Shin of the Yeongwol Shin clan (? – 1435) (신빈 신씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Yi In, Prince Hamnyeong (1402 – 1467) (이인 함녕군)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Yi Jeong, Prince Onnyeong (1407 – 1453) (이정 온녕군)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Princess Jeongshin (? – 26 September 1457) (정신옹주)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Princess Jeongjeong (1410 – 1455) (정정옹주)

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Princess Sukjeong (? – 1456) (숙정옹주)

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Princess Soshin (? – 1437)(소신옹주)

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Princess Suknyeong (숙녕옹주)

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Princess Sukgyeong (1420 – 1494) (숙경옹주)

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Princess Sukgeun (? – 1450) (숙근옹주)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Royal Noble Consort Seon of the Sunheung Ahn clan (? – 1468) (선빈 안씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Yi Jeong, Prince Hyeryeong (1407 – 1440) (이정 혜령군)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Yi Chi, Prince Iknyeong (1422 – 1464) (이치 익녕군)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Princess Sosuk (? – 1456) (소숙옹주)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Princess Gyeongshin (경신옹주)

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Royal Noble Consort of the Andong Kim clan (? - 1479) (명빈 김씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Princess Sukan (? – 1464) (숙안옹주)

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Royal Noble Consort Ui of the Andong Kwon clan (의빈 권씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Princess Jeonghye (정혜옹주)

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Royal Noble Consort So of the Jangyeon No clan (? – 1479) (소빈 노씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Princess Sukhye (? – 1464) (숙혜옹주)

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Royal Noble Consort Jeong of the Go clan (? – 1426) (정빈 고씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Yi Nong, Prince Geunnyeong (1411 – 1462) (이농 근녕군)

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Choi clan (숙의 최씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Yi Ta, Prince Huiryeong (? – 1465) (이타 희령군)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. An unnamed daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::10. Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Lee clan (숙의 이씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Yi Gan, Prince Huryeong (1419 – 6 October 1450) (이간 후령군)

paragraph: BULLET::::11. Lady Deoksuk of the Lee clan (덕숙옹주 이씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Princess Suksun (숙순옹주)

paragraph: BULLET::::12. Lady Sukgong of the Cheongdo Kim clan (숙공궁주 김씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::13. Lady Uijeong of the Hanyang Jo clan (? – 1454) (의정궁주 조씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::14. Lady Hyesun of the Hampyeong Lee clan (? – 1438) (혜순궁주 이씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::15. Lady Shinsun of the Seongsan Lee clan (1390 – ?) (신순궁주 이씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::16. Princess Hyeseon of the Hong clan (혜선옹주 홍씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::17. Princess Sunhye of the Andong Jang clan (? – 26 July 1423) (순혜옹주 장씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::18. Princess Seogyeong (서경옹주)

paragraph: Section::::His full posthumous name.

paragraph: BULLET::::- King Taejong Gongjeong Seongdeok Sin-gong Geoncheon Chegeuk Daejeong Gye-u Munmu Yecheol Seongnyeol Gwanghyo the Great

paragraph: BULLET::::- 태종공정성덕신공건천체극대정계우문무예철성렬광효대왕

paragraph: BULLET::::- 太宗恭定聖德神功建天體極大正啓佑文武叡哲成烈光孝大王

paragraph: Section::::Modern depictions.

paragraph: "Tears of the Dragon", a popular KBS television historical drama that aired from 1996–8, portrayed Taejong's life. It depicts him as being committed to the stability of the kingdom, a commitment that translated into affection and devotion towards his father and heir (originally Taejong's firstborn son), although these feelings were not reciprocated due to anger about the 1398 assassinations. The anger culminated in the retired Taejo's efforts to remove Taejong by backing the Jo Sawi's rebellion and personally shooting an arrow at him during a reconciliation meeting. According to the series, Taejong grew to become perpetually suspicious of others around him (especially his in-laws), resulting in purges, a typical example being his execution of the queen's influence-peddling-but-loyal oldest brothers and naїvely-innocent youngest brothers. In disgusted response, his Crown Prince rejected the throne to become a playboy and his second-born son joined the Buddhist priesthood, deferring the position to the third-born son.

paragraph: King Taejong is also depicted in the 2008 KBS historical drama "King Sejong the Great" about his third son and successor King Sejong, the 2011 SBS drama "Deep Rooted Tree", the 2012-13 SBS drama "The Great Seer", the 2014 KBS drama "Jeong Do-jeon", the 2015 SBS drama "Six Flying Dragons", and the 2016 KBS historical science drama "Jang Yeong-sil".

paragraph: Section::::Modern depictions.:Actors who have played King Taejong.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Yoo Dong-geun in the 1996-1998 KBS TV series "Tears of the Dragon".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Kim Yeong-cheol in the 2008 KBS2 TV series "King Sejong the Great" and in the 2016 KBS TV series "Jang Yeong-sil".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Baek Yoon-sik in the 2011 SBS TV series "Deep Rooted Tree".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Choi Tae-joon in the 2012 SBS TV series "The Great Seer".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Park Yeong-gyu in the 2012 film "I Am the King".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Ahn Jae-mo in the 2014 KBS TV series "Jeong Do-jeon".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Ahn Nae-sang in the 2015 JTBC TV series "Maids".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Jang Hyuk in the 2015 film "Empire of Lust" and the 2019 JTBC TV series "My Country".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Yoo Ah-in and Nam Da-reum in the 2015-2016 SBS TV series "Six Flying Dragons".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Korea-related topics

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rulers of Korea

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido

description: 3rd King of Joseon Dynasty in Korea

wikidata_label: Taejong of Joseon

wikipedia_title: Taejong of Joseon