text: Tsar

text: Emperor Nicholas II

text: Empress Alexandra of Russia

text: Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia

text: Crown Prince Carol of Romania

text: Edward, Prince of Wales

text: George V

text: Crown Prince Alexander of Serbia

text: World War I

text: military hospital

text: murder

text: Russian Revolution of 1917

text: canonization

text: passion bearer

text: Russian Orthodox Church

text: DNA testing

text: St. Petersburg

text: Grand Duchesses Tatiana

text: Maria

text: Anastasia

text: Queen Victoria

text: patronyms

text: Margaretta Eagar

text: David and Goliath

text: Pierre Gilliard

text: politics

text: newspaper

text: typhoid fever

text: Anna Vyrubova

text: Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna

text: Queen Marie of Romania

text: Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia

text: flapper

text: hemophilia

text: Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia

text: hemophilia

text: Queen Victoria

text: Grigori Rasputin

text: starets

text: Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia

text: Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia

text: Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia

text: World War I

text: Lili Dehn

text: Michelangelo's

text: David

text: name day

text: Livadia

text: Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia

text: Grigori Rasputin

text: Felix Yussupov

text: World War I

text: Prince Carol of Romania

text: Queen Marie of Romania

text: Edward, Prince of Wales

text: George V

text: Crown Prince Alexander of Serbia

text: World War I

text: Red Cross

text: Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich of Russia

text: Pyotr Stolypin

text: Kiev Opera House

text: Dowager Empress Maria

text: Red Cross

text: Tsarskoye Selo

text: Felix Yussupov

text: arsenic

text: Baroness Sophie Buxhoeveden

text: Gleb Botkin

text: Yevgeny Botkin

text: Russian Revolution of 1917

text: Tobolsk

text: Yekaterinburg

text: Siberia

text: pleurisy

text: Edmond Rostand's

text: Napoleon Bonaparte's

text: revolver

text: prayer

text: Yakov Yurovsky

text: Leonid Sednev

text: stuffed

text: bear

text: photographer

text: Marga Boodts

text: Lake Como

text: Italy

text: Wilhelm II

text: Pope Pius XII

text: canonized

text: passion bearer

text: Russian Orthodox Church

text: holy martyrs

text: St. Peter and Paul Cathedral

text: Rappaport, Helen

wikipedia_title: Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia

wikipedia_title: Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (1899–1918)

wikipedia_title: Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia

wikipedia_title: Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia

wikipedia_title: Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia

wikipedia_title: Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia

wikipedia_title: Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia

wikipedia_title: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

wikipedia_title: Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich of Russia

wikipedia_title: Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg

categories: Christian female saints of the Late Modern era,1895 births,20th-century Russian people,20th-century Christian saints,Passion bearers,Imperial Russian nurses,Nicholas II of Russia,Russian grand duchesses,Executed Russian women,Russian women of World War I,Victims of Red Terror in Soviet Russia,19th-century Russian people,19th-century Russian women,Executed royalty,Female nurses in World War I,People executed by Russia by firing squad,Executed Russian people,House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov,Eastern Orthodox royal saints,Russian saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church,Murdered Russian royalty,20th-century Russian women,People from Pushkin, Saint Petersburg,People from Saint Petersburg Governorate,1918 deaths,Executed people from Saint Petersburg

paragraph: Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia

paragraph: Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia (Olga Nikolaevna Romanova) ( (Velikaya Knyazhna Ol'ga Nikolaevna); – 17 July 1918) was the eldest daughter of the last Tsar of the Russian Empire, Emperor Nicholas II, and of Empress Alexandra of Russia.

paragraph: During her lifetime, Olga's future marriage was the subject of great speculation within Russia. Matches were rumored with Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia, Crown Prince Carol of Romania, Edward, Prince of Wales, eldest son of Britain's George V, and with Crown Prince Alexander of Serbia. Olga herself wanted to marry a Russian and remain in her home country. During World War I, Olga nursed wounded soldiers in a military hospital until her own nerves gave out and, thereafter, oversaw administrative duties at the hospital.

paragraph: Olga's murder following the Russian Revolution of 1917 resulted in her canonization as a passion bearer by the Russian Orthodox Church. In the 1990s, her remains were identified through DNA testing and were buried in a funeral ceremony at Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg along with those of her parents and two of her sisters.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and childhood.

paragraph: Olga's siblings were Grand Duchesses Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Tsarevich Alexei of Russia. Her Russian title ("Velikaya Knyazhna" Великая Княжна) is most precisely translated as "Grand Princess", meaning that Olga, as an "imperial highness", was higher in rank than other princesses in Europe who were "royal highnesses". However, "Grand Duchess" is the usual English translation. Olga's friends and family generally called her simply Olga Nikolaevna or nicknamed her "Olishka", "Olenka" or "Olya". Among her godparents was her great-grandmother, Queen Victoria. Olga was most often paired with her sister Tatiana. The two girls shared a room, dressed alike, and were known as "The Big Pair".

paragraph: From her earliest years she was known for her compassionate heart and desire to help others, but also for her temper, blunt honesty and moodiness. As a small child, she once lost patience while posing for a portrait painter and told the man, "You are a very ugly man and I don't like you one bit!" The Tsar's children were raised as simply as possible, sleeping on hard camp cots unless they were ill, taking cold baths every morning. Servants called Olga and her siblings by their first names and patronyms rather than by their imperial titles. However, Olga's governess and tutors also noted some of the autocratic impulses of the daughter of the Tsar of All the Russias, one of the wealthiest men in the world. On a visit to a museum where state carriages were on display, Olga once ordered one of the servants to prepare the largest and most beautiful carriage for her daily drive. Her wishes were not honored, much to the relief of her governess, Margaretta Eagar. She also felt the rights of eldest children should be protected. When she was told the Biblical story of Joseph and his coat of many colors, she sympathized with the eldest brothers rather than Joseph. She also sympathized with Goliath rather than David in the Biblical story of David and Goliath. When her French tutor, Pierre Gilliard, was teaching her the formation of French verbs and the use of auxiliaries, ten-year-old Olga responded, "I see, monsieur. The auxiliaries are the servants of the verbs. It's only poor 'avoir' which has to shift for itself."

paragraph: Olga loved to read and, unlike her four siblings, enjoyed school work.

paragraph: "The eldest, Olga Nicolaevna, possessed a remarkably quick brain", recalled her Swiss tutor, Pierre Gilliard. "She had good reasoning powers as well as initiative, a very independent manner, and a gift for swift and entertaining repartee." She enjoyed reading about politics and read newspapers. Olga also reportedly enjoyed choosing from her mother's book selection. When she was caught taking a book before her mother read it, Olga would jokingly tell her mother that Alexandra must wait to read the novel until Olga had determined whether it was an appropriate book for her to read.

paragraph: Margaret Eagar also noted that Olga was bright but said she had little experience with the world because of her sheltered life. She and her sisters had little understanding of money because they had not had an opportunity to shop in stores or to see money exchange hands. Young Olga once thought that a hat maker who came to the palace had given her a new hat as a present. Olga was once frightened when she witnessed a policeman arresting someone on the street. She thought the policeman would come to arrest her because she had behaved badly for Miss Eagar. When reading a history lesson, she remarked that she was glad she lived in current times, when people were good and not as evil as they had been in the past. When she was eight, in November 1903, Olga learned about death first hand when her first cousin, Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine, died of typhoid fever while on a visit to the Romanovs at their Polish estate. "My children talked much of cousin Ella and how God had taken her spirit, and they understood that later God would take her body also to heaven", wrote Eagar. "On Christmas morning when Olga awoke, she exclaimed at once, 'Did God send for cousin Ella's body in the night?' I felt startled at such a question on Christmas morning, but answered, 'Oh, no, dear, not yet.' She was greatly disappointed, and said, 'I thought He would have sent for her to keep Christmas with Him.'"

paragraph: Section::::Adolescence and relationships with parents.

paragraph: "Her chief characteristics … were a strong will and a singularly straightforward habit of thought and action", wrote her mother's friend Anna Vyrubova, who recalled Olga's hot temper and her struggles to keep it under control. "Admirable qualities in a woman, these same characteristics are often trying in childhood, and Olga as a little girl sometimes showed herself willful and even disobedient." Olga idolized her father and wore a necklace with an icon of St. Nicholas on her chest. She, like her siblings, enjoyed games of tennis and swimming with her father during their summer holidays and often confided in him when she went with him on long walks. Though she also loved Alexandra, her relationship with her mother was somewhat strained during her adolescence and early adulthood. "Olga is always most unamiable about every proposition, though may end by doing what I wish", wrote Alexandra to Nicholas on 13 March 1916. "And when I am severe — sulks me." In another letter to Nicholas during World War I, Alexandra complained that Olga's grumpiness, bad humor and general reluctance to make an official visit to the hospital where she usually worked as a Red Cross nurse made things difficult. Olga also occasionally found her mother's attitude trying. Parlormaid Elizaveta Nikolaevna Ersberg told her niece that the Tsar paid closer attention to the children than Alexandra did and Alexandra often was ill with a migraine or quarreled with the servants. In 1913, Olga complained in a letter to her grandmother, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna about her mother's invalidism. "As usual her heart isn't well", Olga wrote. "It's all so unpleasant." Queen Marie of Romania, who met Olga and her sisters when they visited Romania on a state trip in 1914, commented in her memoirs that the girls were natural and confided in her when Alexandra wasn't present, but when she appeared "they always seemed to be watching her every expression so as to be sure to act according to her desires."

paragraph: As an adolescent, Olga received frequent reminders from her mother to be an example for the other children and to be patient with her younger sisters and with her nurses. On 11 January 1909, Alexandra admonished thirteen-year-old Olga for rudeness and bad behavior. She told the teenager that she must be polite to the servants, who looked after her well and did their best for her, and she should not make her nurse "nervous" when she was tired and not feeling well. Olga responded on 12 January 1909 that she would try to do better but it wasn't easy because her nurse became angry and cross with her for no good reason. However, Ersberg, one of the maids, told her niece that the servants sometimes had good reason to be cross with Olga because the eldest grand duchess could be spoiled, capricious, and lazy. On 24 January 1909, Alexandra scolded the active teenager, who once signed another of her letters with the nickname "Unmounted Cossack", again: "You are growing very big — don't be so wild and kick about and show your legs, it is not pretty. I never did so when your age or when I was smaller and younger even."

paragraph: Three years later, Alexandra blamed sixteen-year-old Olga, who was sitting beside her seven-year-old brother, for failing to control the misbehaving Tsarevich Alexei during a family dinner. The spoiled Alexei teased others at the table, refused to sit up in his chair, wouldn't eat his food and licked his plate. The Tsarina's expectation was unreasonable, said Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia, a distant cousin of the imperial family. "Olga cannot deal with him", he wrote in his diary on 18 March 1912. Court official A. A. Mossolov wrote that Olga was already seventeen, but still "she had the ways of a flapper", referring to her rough manners and liking for exuberant play.

paragraph: Section::::Relationship with Grigori Rasputin.

paragraph: Despite his occasional misbehavior, Olga, like all her family, doted on the long-awaited heir Tsarevich Alexei, or "Baby". The little boy suffered frequent attacks of hemophilia and nearly died several times. Like their mother, Olga and her three sisters were also potentially carriers of the hemophilia gene. Olga's younger sister Maria reportedly hemorrhaged in December 1914 during an operation to remove her tonsils, according to her paternal aunt Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia, who was interviewed later in her life. The doctor performing the operation was so unnerved that he had to be ordered to continue by Tsarina Alexandra. Olga Alexandrovna said she believed all four of her nieces bled more than was normal and believed they were carriers of the hemophilia gene like their mother, who inherited the trait from her maternal grandmother Queen Victoria. Symptomatic carriers of the gene, while not haemophiliacs themselves, can have symptoms of hemophilia including a lower than normal blood clotting factor that can lead to heavy bleeding.

paragraph: Olga's mother relied on the counsel of Grigori Rasputin, a Russian peasant and wandering "starets" or "holy man", and credited his prayers with saving the ailing Tsarevich on numerous occasions. Olga and her siblings were also taught to view Rasputin as "Our Friend" and to share confidences with him. In the autumn of 1907, Olga's aunt Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia was escorted to the nursery by the Tsar to meet Rasputin. Olga, her sisters and brother, were all wearing their long white nightgowns. "All the children seemed to like him", Olga Alexandrovna recalled. "They were completely at ease with him."

paragraph: However, one of the girls' governesses, Sofia Ivanovna Tyutcheva, was horrified in 1910 that Rasputin was permitted access to the nursery when the four girls were in their nightgowns and wanted him barred. Although Rasputin's contacts with the children were completely innocent, Nicholas asked Rasputin to avoid going to the nurseries in the future to avoid further scandal. Alexandra eventually had the governess fired. Tyutcheva took her story to other members of the family. Nicholas's sister Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia was horrified by Tyutcheva's story. She wrote on 15 March 1910 that she couldn't understand:

paragraph: Maria Ivanovna Vishnyakova, another nurse for the royal children, was at first a devotee of Rasputin, but later was disillusioned by him. She claimed that she was raped by Rasputin in the spring of 1910. The Empress refused to believe her and said that everything Rasputin did was holy. Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna was told that Vishnyakova's claim had been immediately investigated, but "they caught the young woman in bed with a Cossack of the Imperial Guard." Vishnyakova was dismissed from her post in 1913.

paragraph: It was whispered in society that Rasputin had seduced not only the Tsarina but also the four Grand Duchesses. Rasputin had released ardent, though by all accounts completely innocent in nature, letters written by the Tsarina and the four grand duchesses to him. They circulated throughout society, fueling rumors. Pornographic cartoons circulated depicting Rasputin having relations with the empress, with her four daughters and Anna Vyrubova nude in the background. Nicholas ordered Rasputin to leave St. Petersburg for a time, much to Alexandra's displeasure, and Rasputin went on a pilgrimage to Palestine. Despite the rumors, the imperial family's association with Rasputin continued until Rasputin was murdered on 17 December 1916. "Our Friend is so contented with our girlies, says they have gone through heavy 'courses' for their age and their souls have much developed", Alexandra wrote to Nicholas on 6 December 1916, a few weeks before Rasputin was killed. However, as she grew older, Olga was less inclined to see Rasputin as her friend and was more aware of how his friendship with her parents affected the stability of her country. Olga wrote in her diary the day after the murder that she suspected Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia, her first cousin once removed and the man she had at one time been expected to marry, was the murderer of "Father Grigory." Dmitri and Felix Yussupov, the husband of her first cousin Princess Irina of Russia, were among the murderers. In his memoirs, A. A. Mordvinov reported that the four grand duchesses appeared "cold and visibly terribly upset" by Rasputin's death and sat "huddled up closely together" on a sofa in one of their bedrooms on the night they received the news. Mordvinov reported that the young women were in a gloomy mood and seemed to sense the political upheaval that was about to be unleashed. Rasputin was buried with an icon signed on the reverse side by Olga, her sisters and mother. However, Olga was the only member of the family who did not attend Rasputin's funeral, according to the diary of her first cousin once removed Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia. According to the memoirs of Valentina Ivanovna Chebotareva, a woman who nursed with Olga during World War I, Olga said in February 1917, about a month after the murder, that while it might have been necessary for Rasputin to be killed, it should never have been done "so terribly." She was ashamed that the murderers were her relatives. After Olga and her sisters had been killed, the Bolsheviks found that each was wearing an amulet bearing Rasputin's image and a prayer around their necks.

paragraph: Inspired by her religious upbringing, Olga took control of a portion of her sizable fortune when she was twenty and began to respond independently to requests for charity. One day when she was out for a drive she saw a young child using crutches. She asked about the child and learned that the youngster's parents were too poor to afford treatment. Olga set aside an allowance to cover the child's medical bills. A court official, Alexander Mossolov, recalled that Olga's character was "even, good, with an almost angelic kindness" by the time she was a young woman.

paragraph: Section::::Romances and marital prospects.

paragraph: Olga was a chestnut-blonde with bright blue eyes, a broad face and a turned up nose. She was considered less pretty than her sisters Maria and Tatiana, though her appearance improved as she grew older. "As a child she was plain, at fifteen she was beautiful", wrote her mother's friend Lili Dehn. "She was slightly above the medium height, with a fresh complexion, deep blue eyes, quantities of light chestnut hair, and pretty hands and feet."

paragraph: Olga and her younger sisters were surrounded by young men assigned to guard them at the palace and on the imperial yacht "Standart" and were used to mingling with them and sharing holiday fun during their annual summer cruises. When Olga was fifteen, a group of officers aboard the imperial yacht gave her a portrait of Michelangelo's nude David, cut out from a newspaper, as a present for her name day on 11 July 1911. "Olga laughed at it long and hard", her indignant fourteen-year-old sister Tatiana wrote to her aunt Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia. "And not one of the officers wishes to confess that he has done it. Such swine, aren't they?"

paragraph: At the same time the teenage Olga was enjoying her innocent flirtations, society was buzzing about her future marriage. In November 1911 a full dress ball was held at Livadia to celebrate her sixteenth birthday and her entry into society. Her hair was put up for the first time and her first ballgown was pink. Her parents gave her a diamond ring and a diamond and pearl necklace as a birthday present and symbol that she had become a young woman. A. Bogdanova, the wife of a general and hostess of a monarchist salon, wrote in her diary the following summer, on 7 June 1912, that Olga had been betrothed the previous night to Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia, her first cousin once removed. In his book "The Rasputin File", Edvard Radzinsky speculates that the betrothal was broken off due to Dmitri's dislike for Grigori Rasputin, his association with Felix Yussupov and rumors that Dmitri was bisexual. However, no other sources mention an official betrothal to Dmitri Pavlovich. Before World War I, there was also some discussion of a marriage between Olga and Prince Carol of Romania, but Olga did not like Carol. During a visit to Romania in the spring of 1914, she struggled to make small talk with the Romanian crown prince. Carol's mother, Queen Marie of Romania, was unimpressed with Olga as well, finding her manners too brusque and her broad, high cheek-boned face "not pretty." The plans were, in any event, put on hold upon the outbreak of war in 1914. Edward, Prince of Wales, eldest son of England's George V, and Crown Prince Alexander of Serbia were also discussed as potential suitors, though none were considered seriously. Olga told Gilliard that she wanted to marry a Russian and remain in her own country. She said her parents would not force her to marry anyone she could not like.

paragraph: While society was discussing matches with princes, Olga fell in love with a succession of officers. In late 1913, Olga fell in love with Pavel Voronov, a junior officer on the imperial yacht "Standart", but such a relationship would have been impossible due to their differing ranks. Voronov was engaged a few months later to one of the ladies in waiting. "God grant him good fortune, my beloved", a saddened Olga wrote on his wedding day, "It's sad, distressing." Later, in her diaries of 1915 and 1916, Olga frequently mentioned a man named Mitya with great affection.

paragraph: According to the diary of Valentina Chebotareva, a woman who nursed with Olga during World War I, Olga's "golden Mitya" was Dmitri Chakh-Bagov, a wounded soldier she cared for when she was a Red Cross nurse. Chebotareva wrote that Olga's love for him was "pure, naive, without hope" and that she tried to avoid revealing her feelings to the other nurses. She talked to him regularly on the telephone, was depressed when he left the hospital, and jumped about exuberantly when she received a message from him. Dmitri Chakh-Bagov adored Olga and talked of killing Rasputin for her if she only gave the word, because it was the duty of an officer to protect the imperial family even against their will. However, he also reportedly showed other officers the letters Olga had written to him when he was drunk. Another young man, Volodia Volkomski, appeared to have affection for her as well. "(He) always has a smile or two for her", wrote Alexandra to Nicholas on 16 December 1916. Chebotareva also noted in her diary Olga's stated "dreams of happiness: "To get married, [to] always live in the countryside [in] winter and summer, [to] see only good people [and] no one official."

paragraph: Other suitors within the family were suggested, among them Olga's first cousin once removed Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich of Russia. Alexandra refused to entertain the idea of her innocent daughter marrying the jaded, much older Boris Vladimirovich. "An inexperienced girl would suffer terribly, to have her husband 4, or 5th hand or more", Alexandra wrote. She was also aware that Olga's heart lay elsewhere.

paragraph: Section::::Early adulthood and World War I.

paragraph: Olga experienced her first brush with violence at age fifteen, when she witnessed the assassination of the government minister Pyotr Stolypin during a performance at the Kiev Opera House. "Olga and Tatiana had followed me back to the box and saw everything that happened", Tsar Nicholas II wrote to his mother, Dowager Empress Maria, on 10 September 1911. "…It had made a great impression on Tatiana, who cried a lot, and they both slept badly." Three years later, she saw gunshot wounds close up when she trained to become a Red Cross nurse. Olga, her sister Tatiana, and her mother Tsarina Alexandra treated wounded soldiers at a hospital on the grounds of Tsarskoye Selo.

paragraph: Olga was disdainful of her cousin Princess Irina of Russia's husband Felix Yussupov, the man who eventually murdered Rasputin in December 1916. Yussupov had taken advantage of a law permitting men who were only sons to avoid military service. He was in civilian dress at a time when many of the Romanov men and the wounded soldiers Olga cared for were fighting. "Felix is a 'downright civilian', dressed all in brown, walked to and fro about the room, searching in some bookcases with magazines and virtually doing nothing; an utterly unpleasant impression he makes — a man idling in such times", Olga wrote to her father, Tsar Nicholas, on 5 March 1915 after paying a visit to the Yussupovs. She was also strongly patriotic. In July 1915, while discussing the wedding of an acquaintance with fellow nurses, Olga said she understood why the ancestry of the groom's German grandmother was being kept hidden. "Of course he has to conceal it", she burst out. "I quite understand him, she may perhaps be a real bloodthirsty German." Olga's unthinking comments hurt her mother, who had been born in Germany, reported fellow nurse Valentina Ivanovna Chebotareva.

paragraph: Nursing during the war provided Olga and her sister Tatiana with exposure to experiences they had not previously had. The girls enjoyed talking with fellow nurses at the hospital, women they would never have met if not for the war, and knew the names of their children and their family stories. On one occasion, when a lady in waiting who usually picked up the girls from the hospital was detained and sent a carriage without an attendant, the two girls decided to go shopping in a store when they had a break. They ordered the carriage driver to stop in a shopping district and went into a store where they were not recognized because of their nursing uniforms. However, they discovered that they didn't know how to buy anything because they had never used money. The next day they asked Chebotareva how to go about purchasing an item from a store. Yet other stories tell of a regular salary of nine dollars the girls received each month, and how they used it to purchase such items as perfume and notepaper. They had also been shopping with their Aunt, Olga Alexandrovna and Olga had visited shops on a trip to Germany with her sister Tatiana

paragraph: Olga cared for and pitied the soldiers she helped to treat. However, the stress of caring for wounded, dying men eventually also took its toll on the sensitive, moody Olga's nerves. Her sister Maria reported in a letter that Olga broke three panes of a window on a "caprice" with her umbrella on 5 September 1915. On another occasion, she destroyed items in a cloakroom when she was "in a rage", according to the memoirs of Valentina Chebotareva. On 19 October 1915 she was assigned office work at the hospital because she was no longer able to bear the gore of the operating theater. She was given arsenic injections in October 1915, at the time considered a treatment for depression or nervous disorders. Baroness Sophie Buxhoeveden, one of her mother's ladies in waiting, recalled that Olga had to give up nursing and instead only supervised the hospital wards because she had "overtired herself" and became "nervous and anaemic."

paragraph: According to the accounts of courtiers, Olga knew the financial and political state of the country during the war and revolution. She reportedly also knew how much the Russian people disliked her mother and father. "She was by nature a thinker", remembered Gleb Botkin, the son of the family's physician, Yevgeny Botkin, "and as it later seemed to me, understood the general situation better than any member of her family, including even her parents. At least I had the impression that she had little illusions in regard to what the future held in store for them, and in consequence was often sad and worried."

paragraph: Section::::Captivity and death.

paragraph: The family were arrested during the Russian Revolution of 1917 and were imprisoned first at their home in Tsarskoye Selo and later at private residences in Tobolsk and Yekaterinburg, Siberia. "Darling, you must know how awful it all is", Olga wrote in a letter to a friend from Tobolsk. During the early months of 1917, the children caught measles. Olga contracted pleurisy, as well.

paragraph: Olga tried to draw comfort from her faith and her proximity to her family. To her "beloved mama", with whom she had sometimes had a difficult relationship, she wrote a poem in April 1917, while the family was still imprisoned at Tsarskoye Selo: "You are filled with anguish for the sufferings of others. And no one's grief has ever passed you by. You are relentless, only towards yourself, forever cold and pitiless. But if only you could look upon your own sadness from a distance, just once with a loving soul — Oh, how you would pity yourself, how sadly you would weep." In another letter from Tobolsk, Olga wrote: "Father asks to … remember that the evil which is now in the world will become yet more powerful, and that it is not evil which conquers evil, but only love …"

paragraph: A poem copied into one of her notebooks prays for patience and the ability to forgive her enemies:

paragraph: Also found with Olga's effects, reflecting her own determination to remain faithful to the father she adored, was Edmond Rostand's "L'Aiglon," the story of Napoleon Bonaparte's son, who remained loyal to his deposed father until the end of his life.

paragraph: There was one report that her father gave Olga a small revolver, which she concealed in a boot while in captivity at Tsarskoe Selo and at Tobolsk. Colonel Eugene Kobylynsky, their sympathetic jailer, pleaded with the grand duchess to surrender her revolver before she, her sisters, and brother were transferred to Yekaterinburg. Olga reluctantly gave up her gun and was left unarmed.

paragraph: The family had been briefly separated in April 1918 when the Bolsheviks moved Nicholas, Alexandra, and Maria to Yekaterinburg. Alexei and the three other young women remained behind because Alexei had suffered another attack of hemophilia. The Empress chose Maria to accompany her because "Olga's spirits were too low" and level-headed Tatiana was needed to take care of Alexei. In May 1918 the remaining children and servants boarded the ship "Rus" that ferried them from Tobolsk to Yekaterinburg. Aboard ship, Olga was distressed when she saw one of the guards slip from a ladder and injure his foot. She ran to the man and explained that she had been a nurse during the war and wanted to look at his foot. He refused her offer of treatment. All through the afternoon, Olga fretted over the guard, whom she called "her poor fellow." At Tobolsk Olga and her sisters had sewed jewels into their clothing in hopes of hiding them from the Bolsheviks, since Alexandra had written to warn them that upon arrival in Ekaterinburg, she, Nicholas and Maria had been aggressively searched and belongings confiscated.

paragraph: Pierre Gilliard later recalled his last sight of the imperial children at Yekaterinburg:

paragraph: At the Ipatiev House, Olga and her sisters were eventually required to do their own laundry and learned how to make bread. The girls took turns keeping Alexandra company and amusing Alexei, who was still confined to bed and suffering from pain after his latest injury. Olga was reportedly deeply depressed and lost a great deal of weight during her final months. "She was thin, pale, and looked very sick", recalled one of the guards, Alexander Strekotin, in his memoirs. "She took few walks in the garden, and spent most of her time with her brother." Another guard recalled that the few times she did walk outside, she stood there "gazing sadly into the distance, making it easy to read her emotions." Later, Olga appeared angry with her younger sister Maria for being too friendly to the guards, reported Strekotin. After late June, when a new command was installed, the family was forbidden from fraternizing with the guards and the conditions of their imprisonment became even more stringent.

paragraph: On 14 July 1918, local priests at Yekaterinburg conducted a private church service for the family and reported that Olga and her family, contrary to custom, fell on their knees during the prayer for the dead. The following day, on 15 July, Olga and her sisters appeared in good spirits as they joked with one another and moved the beds in their room so visiting cleaning women could scrub the floor. They got down on their hands and knees to help the women and whispered to them when the guards weren't looking. All four young women wore long black skirts and white silk blouses, the same clothing they had worn the previous day. Their short hair was "tumbled and disorderly." They told the women how much they enjoyed physical exertion and wished there was more of it for them to do in the Ipatiev House. Olga appeared sickly. As the family was eating dinner that night, Yakov Yurovsky, the head of the detachment, came in and announced that the family's kitchen boy and Alexei's playmate, 14-year-old Leonid Sednev, must gather his things and go to a family member. The boy had actually been sent to a hotel across the street because the guards did not want to kill him along with the rest of the Romanov party. The family, unaware of the plan to kill them, was upset and unsettled by Sednev's absence. Dr. Eugene Botkin and Tatiana went that evening to Yurovsky's office, for what was to be the last time, to ask for the return of the kitchen boy who kept Alexei amused during the long hours of captivity. Yurovsky placated them by telling them the boy would return soon, but the family was unconvinced.

paragraph: Late that night, on the night of 16 July, the family was awakened and told to come down to the lower level of the house because there was unrest in the town at large and they would have to be moved for their own safety. The family emerged from their rooms carrying pillows, bags, and other items to make Alexandra and Alexei comfortable. The family paused and crossed themselves when they saw the stuffed mother bear and cubs that stood on the landing, perhaps as a sign of respect for the dead. Nicholas told the servants and family "Well, we're going to get out of this place." They asked questions of the guards but did not appear to suspect they were going to be killed. Yurovsky, who had been a professional photographer, directed the family to take different positions as a photographer might. Alexandra, who had complained about the lack of chairs for herself and Alexei, sat to her son's left. The Tsar stood behind Alexei, Dr. Botkin stood to the Tsar's right, Olga and her sisters stood behind Alexandra along with the servants. They were left for approximately half an hour while further preparations were made. The group said little during this time, but Alexandra whispered to the girls in English, violating the guard's rules that they must speak in Russian. Yurovsky came in, ordered them to stand, and read the sentence of execution. Olga and her mother attempted to make the sign of the cross and the rest of the family had time only to utter a few incoherent sounds of shock or protest before the death squad under Yurovsky's command began shooting. It was the early hours of 17 July 1918.

paragraph: The initial round of gunfire killed only the Tsar, the Empress and two male servants, and wounded Grand Duchess Maria, Dr Botkin and the Empress' maidservant, Demidova. At that point the gunmen had to leave the room because of smoke and toxic fumes from their guns and plaster dust their bullets had released from the walls. After allowing the haze to clear for several minutes, the gunmen returned. Dr Botkin was killed, and a gunman named Ermakov repeatedly tried to shoot Tsarevich Alexei, but failed because jewels sewn into the boy's clothes shielded him. Ermakov tried to stab Alexei with a bayonet but failed again, and finally Yurovsky fired two shots into the boy's head. Yurovsky and Ermakov approached Olga and Tatiana, who were crouched against the room's rear wall, clinging to each other and screaming for their mother. Ermakov stabbed both young women with his 8-inch bayonet, but had difficulty penetrating their torsos because of the jewels that had been sewn into their chemises. The sisters tried to stand, but Tatiana was killed instantly when Yurovsky shot her in the back of her head. A moment later, Olga too died when Ermakov shot her in the jaw.

paragraph: For decades (until all the bodies were found and identified, see below) conspiracy theorists suggested that one or more of the family somehow survived the slaughter. Several people claimed to be surviving members of the Romanov family following the assassinations. A woman named Marga Boodts claimed to be Grand Duchess Olga. Boodts lived in a villa on Lake Como in Italy and it was claimed that she was supported by the former kaiser, Wilhelm II and by Pope Pius XII. Prince Sigismund of Prussia, son of Alexandra's sister, Irene, said he accepted her as Olga, and Sigismund also supported Anastasia claimant Anna Anderson. His mother, Irene, did not believe either woman. Most historians discount the claims and consistently believed that Olga died with her family. Michael Goleniewski, an Alexei pretender, even claimed that the entire family had escaped.

paragraph: Section::::Romanov graves and DNA proof.

paragraph: Remains later identified through DNA testing as the Romanovs and their servants were discovered in the woods outside Yekaterinburg in 1991. Two bodies, Alexei and one of his sisters, generally thought to be either Maria or Anastasia, were missing. On 23 August 2007, a Russian archaeologist announced the discovery of two burned, partial skeletons at a bonfire site near Yekaterinburg that appeared to match the site described in Yurovsky's memoirs. The archaeologists said the bones are from a boy who was roughly between the ages of ten and thirteen years at the time of his death and of a young woman who was roughly between the ages of eighteen and twenty-three years old. Anastasia was seventeen years, one month old at the time of the assassination, while her sister Maria was nineteen years, one month old and her brother Alexei was two weeks shy of his fourteenth birthday. Olga and Tatiana were twenty-two and twenty-one years old at the time of the assassination. Along with the remains of the two bodies, archaeologists found "shards of a container of sulfuric acid, nails, metal strips from a wooden box, and bullets of various caliber." The bones were found using metal detectors and metal rods as probes.

paragraph: Preliminary testing indicated a "high degree of probability" that the remains belong to the Tsarevich Alexei and to one of his sisters, Russian forensic scientists announced on 22 January 2008. The Yekaterinburg region's chief forensic expert Nikolai Nevolin indicated the results would be compared against those obtained by foreign experts. On 30 April 2008, Russian forensic scientists announced that DNA testing confirms that the remains belong to the Tsarevich Alexei and to one of his sisters. In March 2009, Dr. Michael Coble of the US Armed Forces DNA Identification Lab published the final, peer reviewed results of the tests on the 2007 remains, comparing them with the 1991 remains, concluding the entire family died together in 1918. Russian and Austrian scientists got the same results. This finding confirms that all of the Tsar's family were accounted for.

paragraph: Section::::Sainthood.

paragraph: In 2000, Olga and her family were canonized as passion bearers by the Russian Orthodox Church. The family had previously been canonized in 1981 by the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad as holy martyrs.

paragraph: The bodies of Tsar Nicholas II, Tsarina Alexandra, and three of their daughters were finally interred at St. Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg on 17 July 1998, eighty years after they were murdered.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Azar, Helen. "The Diary of Olga Romanov: Royal Witness to the Russian Revolution. Westholme Publishing, 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bokhanov, Alexander, Knodt, Dr. Manfred, Oustimenko, Vladimir, Peregudova, Zinaida, Tyutyunnik, Lyubov; trans. Lyudmila Xenofontova. "The Romanovs: Love, Power, and Tragedy," Leppi Publications, 1993,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buxhoeveden, Baroness Sophie. "The Life and Tragedy of Alexandra Feodorovna"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christopher, Peter, Kurth, Peter, and Radzinsky, Edvard. "Tsar: The Lost World of Nicholas and Alexandra"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gilliard Pierre, Thirteen Years at the Russian Court

paragraph: BULLET::::- King, Greg, and Wilson, Penny. "The Fate of the Romanovs," John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2003,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kurth, Peter. "Anastasia: The Riddle of Anna Anderson," Back Bay Books, 1983,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Massie, Robert K. "Nicholas and Alexandra," Dell Publishing Co., 1967,

paragraph: BULLET::::- idem. "The Romanovs: The Final Chapter," Random House, 1995,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maylunas, Andrei, and Mironenko, Sergei, eds.; Galy, Darya, translator. "A Lifelong Passion: Nicholas and Alexandra: Their Own Story," Doubleday, 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rappaport, Helen. "The Last Days of the Romanovs". St. Martin's Griffin, 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Radzinsky, Edvard. "The Last Tsar," Doubleday, 1992,

paragraph: BULLET::::- idem. "The Rasputin File," Doubleday, 2000,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sullivan, Michael John. "A Fatal Passion: The Story of the Uncrowned Last Empress of Russia," Random House, 1997,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tschebotarioff, Gregory P. "Russia: My Native Land: A U.S. engineer reminisces and looks at the present," McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1964, ASIN 64-21632

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vorres, Ian. "The Last Grand Duchess," 1965, ASIN B0007E0JK0

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilton, Robert ""The Last Days of the Romanovs"" 1920

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zeepvat, Charlotte. "The Camera and the Tsars: A Romanov Family Album," Sutton Publishing 2004,

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Azar, Helen. "The Diary of Olga Romanov: Royal Witness to the Russian Revolution." Westholme Publishing, 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fleming, Candace. "The Family Romanov: Murder, Rebellion, and the Fall of Imperial Russia." Schwartz & Wade, 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rappaport, Helen. "The Romanov Sisters: The Lost Lives of the Daughters of Nicholas and Alexandra." St. Martin's Griffin, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Olishka's journal"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Olga's scrapbook"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at alexanderpalace.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- FrozenTears.org A media library of the last Imperial Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hemophilia A (Factor VIII Deficiency)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Glorification of the Royal Family

description: Eldest daughter of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia

wikidata_label: Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia

wikipedia_title: Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia


text:
motorcycle rider
Superbike World Championship
Yamaha YZF-R1
Suzuka 8 Hours
British Superbike Championship
Honda CBR1000RR
British Supersport Championship
Sam Lowes
Lincoln
England
Pembrey Circuit
Donington Park
Honda CBR600RR
Kawasaki
MV Agusta
Harley-Davidson
Seton Tuning
Stuart Easton
Jonathan Rea
Ten Kate Racing
Silverstone Circuit
Samsung
Brands Hatch
World Superbike Championship

wikipedia_title:
Motorcycle racing
Superbike World Championship
Yamaha Motor Company
Suzuka 8 Hours
British Superbike Championship
Honda CBR1000RR
British Supersport Championship
Sam Lowes
Lincoln, England
England
Pembrey Circuit
Donington Park
Honda CBR600RR
Kawasaki Heavy Industries
MV Agusta
Harley-Davidson
Seton Tuning
Stuart Easton
Jonathan Rea
Ten Kate Racing
Silverstone Circuit
Samsung
Brands Hatch
Superbike World Championship

categories: British Superbike Championship riders,British motorcycle racers,Sportspeople from Lincoln, England,Supersport World Championship riders,Superbike World Championship riders,British Supersport Championship riders,Twin sportspeople,FIM Superstock 1000 Cup riders,1990 births,English motorcycle racers,125cc World Championship riders,Twin people from England,Living people

paragraph: Alex Lowes

paragraph: Alexander Thomas "Alex" Lowes (born 14 September 1990) is an English motorcycle rider. He currently competes in the Superbike World Championship aboard a Yamaha YZF-R1 for Pata Yamaha Official WorldSBK Team. He won 2016, 2017 and 2018 Suzuka 8 Hours and was the 2013 title holder of the British Superbike Championship riding a Honda CBR1000RR for Samsung Honda. He previously raced in the British Supersport Championship and the FIM Superstock 1000 Cup. He is the identical twin brother of fellow rider Sam Lowes.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Born in Lincoln, England, Lowes began racing motorcycles at the age of 6 years old. In 1998 he switched to motorcross and raced there until 2001, racing in various championships around England. In 2002 he made the switch to road racing in the JRA Championship, racing a Cagiva finishing 2nd overall. In 2003 he raced in the Aprilia Superteen Championship despite only being 12 years old at the beginning of the season. Despite everybody else taking part in the championship being between the age of 13 to 19 years old, Lowes managed to finished 4th overall.

paragraph: In 2004, he made the switch to the GP125 MRO Championship, he also raced in two events in the German championship, and one event in the British Championship, at the end of the year he finished runner-up in the GP125 championship, including a win in the Pembrey Circuit at Wales. Next year he switched to the British 125cc championship, racing there until 2006, he also made his debut in the 125cc World Championship racing as a wildcard in Donington Park but he did not finish the race, in 2007 he switched to the British Supersport Championship riding a Honda CBR600RR, he was the youngest racer in the Championship at the time making some good results like a 10th place in Thruxton and Croft, finishing behind various experienced racers in the championship.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Superstock: 2008–2010.

paragraph: For 2008, he switched to the European Superstock 600 championship riding a Kawasaki for Kawasaki Italia he had a best finish of 2nd, finishing 16th overall, in 2009 he switched to the FIM Superstock 1000 Championship riding a MV Agusta for the factory, but he struggled during the season, finishing in the points twice, and he and the team missed the final race of the season, due to MV Agusta owners Harley-Davidson putting the marque for sale. His struggles continued for 2010, when he signed with a new Suzuki team, but the team folded before the season began, after this he received an offer from Seton Tuning Yamaha team and he finished 12th in the final standings with 41 points, despite missing 3 races, he also made his British Superbike debut riding a KTM in the then new EVO class he finished 35th in the points scoring 1 point. He also made his debut as Wildcard in the World Supersport Championship riding a Yamaha, for Silverstone but he retired due to an accident in the race.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:BSB: 2010–2013.

paragraph: In 2011, he raced for four different teams in the year, he began the year with Team WFR in the EVO class riding a Honda, after 3 rounds with a best finish of 5th, he replaced Stuart Easton in the MSS Colchester Kawasaki team he had a best finish of 7th with the team, later he replaced an injured Jonathan Rea in Ten Kate Racing for the Brno and Silverstone rounds, He had a best finish of 15th in Brno in Race 1, but he retired in the next 3 races, returning to the British Championship, he lost his ride with the MSS Colchester Kawasaki team, he finished the season with the Motorpoint Yamaha team finishing the season with 60 points with a best finish of 5th with WFR Honda and 7th with Motorpoint Yamaha.

paragraph: For 2012 he returned to race with Team WFR in the championship, he had a highly successful season finishing 4th making a double win at Silverstone Circuit and entering the championship Showdown he finished the season with 584 points.

paragraph: For 2013 he joined Samsung Honda, the works team for Honda in BSB. He was highly successful, winning the championship over three-times champion Shane Byrne at the last race at Brands Hatch in October 2013. He then announced that he would be leaving BSB in 2014 to join the World Superbike Championship, resulting in Honda closing down their BSB team for 2014.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- britishsuperbike.com rider profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- WorldSBK.com rider profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- MotoGP.com rider profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

description: British motorcycle rider

wikidata_label: Alex Lowes

wikipedia_title: Alex Lowes


text: tea

text: Manchester

text: shorthand

text: English

text: shorthand

text: pirated

text: vowels

text: psalm

text: Prince of Wales

categories: People from Manchester,Year of birth missing,English people of Scottish descent,1788 deaths,Creators of writing systems

paragraph: Aulay Macaulay

paragraph: Aulay Macaulay (died 1788) was an 18th-century English tea-dealer, based in Manchester, who invented a system of shorthand which could be used in English and many other languages. He died on 19 March 1788, in Manchester.

paragraph: In the 18th century Macaulay invented a system of shorthand, which he named "Polygraphy". His system was documented in a self-printed book titled "Polygraphy or Shorthand Made Easy to the Meanest Capacity Being an Universal Character Fitted to All Languages Which may be learnt by this Book without the help of a Master", published in 1747. In order to ward off possible pirated editions of his work, Macaulay personally signed each copy, and wrote within the book: "whoever presumes to pirate my Book, will be prosecuted with the utmost Rigour".

paragraph: His shorthand system was the first English system to include written vowels; and he was the first to intend his system for other languages. Within his book, he used his system to write a psalm in 8 different languages. His book included a dedication to George, Prince of Wales (who would later become George III, King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online copy of one of the editions of "Polygraphy"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other links

paragraph: BULLET::::- A question concerning Aulay Macaulay, posted on "Notes and Queries" of "The Guardian"

description: 18th-century English tea dealer, shorthand inventor

wikidata_label: Aulay Macaulay

wikipedia_title: Aulay Macaulay


text: swimmer

text: 2011 Summer Universiade

text: Shenzhen

text: Rio de Janeiro

text: Antwerp

text: 2008 Summer Olympics

text: Beijing

text: 100 m breaststroke

text: 2007 FINA World Championships

text: Melbourne

text: Roman Sludnov

text: Brendan Hansen

text: Hugues Duboscq

text: Mihail Alexandrov

text: 2009 Summer Universiade

text: Belgrade, Serbia

text: Lithuanian record

text: 100 m breaststroke

text: Tales Cerdeira

text: 2009 FINA World Championships

text: 100 m breaststroke

text: Igor Borysik

text: 50 m breaststroke

text: 200 m breaststroke

text: Christian Sprenger

text: Paulius Viktoravičius

text: Vytautas Janušaitis

text: Rimvydas Šalčius

text: 4 × 100 m medley relay

text: Istanbul

text: 2011 FINA World Championships

text: Shanghai

text: 100 m breaststroke

text: Dániel Gyurta

text: 50 m breaststroke

text: 200 m breaststroke

text: Michael Jamieson

text: 2011 Summer Universiade

text: Shenzhen

text: Glenn Snyders

text: 2012 Summer Olympics

text: London

text: 2011 FINA World Championships

text: Shanghai, China

text: 100 m breaststroke

text: Christian Sprenger

text: Fabio Scozzoli

text: Vytautas Janušaitis

text: Rūta Meilutytė

text: 200 m breaststroke

text: Kosuke Kitajima

text: Marco Koch

text: 100 m breaststroke

text: NBC Olympics Profile

categories: People from Anykščiai,Olympic swimmers of Lithuania,World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Lithuanian male swimmers,Universiade gold medalists for Lithuania,1989 births,Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Male breaststroke swimmers,European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Living people,Universiade medalists in swimming

paragraph: Giedrius Titenis

paragraph: Giedrius Titenis (born 21 July 1989) is a Lithuanian swimmer, who specialized in breaststroke events. He is a two-time Olympian, a multiple-time Lithuanian record holder in the men's breaststroke, and a double swimming champion in the same discipline at the 2011 Summer Universiade in Shenzhen, China. Titenis is also a member of Anykščiai Swimming Club, and is coached and trained by Žilvinas Ovsiukas.

paragraph: Section::::Swimming career.

paragraph: Titenis is considered one of Lithuania's top male swimmers, having achieved more than a hundred titles at the national championships, and having broken numerous records in men's breaststroke (50, 100, and 200 m), and medley relays (200 and 400 m). Titenis made his international debut at the 2006 FINA Youth World Swimming Championships in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where he earned a bronze medal in the men's 200 m breaststroke, with a time of 2:16.57. The following year, Titenis repeated his bronze medal triumph in the 100 m breaststroke at the 2007 European Junior Swimming Championships in Antwerp, Belgium, attaining his junior-best time of 1:02.51.

paragraph: Section::::Swimming career.:2008 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: Titenis guaranteed his spot on the Lithuanian team for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, by obtaining an A-standard entry time of 1:00.92 (100 m breaststroke) from the 2007 FINA World Championships in Melbourne, Australia. On the first night of the Games, Titenis

paragraph: challenged seven other swimmers in a top seeded heat, including former Olympic medalists Roman Sludnov of Russia (2000), and Brendan Hansen of the United States (2004). He picked up a second spot by nearly half a second (0.50) behind France's Hugues Duboscq, lowering his time to 1:00.11. At the end of the evening preliminaries, Titenis recorded a sixth fastest time to advance further into the semifinals. The following morning, Titenis fell short in his bid for the final, as he placed twelfth in the semifinal run by five hundredths of a second (0.05) behind Bulgaria's Mihail Alexandrov, with a fourth slowest time of 1:00.66.

paragraph: Section::::Swimming career.:2009 season.:2009 Summer Universiade.

paragraph: At the 2009 Summer Universiade in Belgrade, Serbia, Titenis set a new Lithuanian record time of 59.94 seconds in the men's 100 m breaststroke, but narrowly missed out of the medal by four hundredths of a second (0.04) behind Japan's Hiromasa Sakimoto. In his second event, 200 m breaststroke, Titenis achieved his third career bronze medal by eight hundredths of a second (0.08) ahead of Brazil's Tales Cerdeira in 2:11.14.

paragraph: Section::::Swimming career.:2009 season.:2009 World Championships.

paragraph: Shortly after the Summer Universiade, Titenis drastically extended his swimming program by competing in all breaststroke events at the 2009 FINA World Championships in Rome. In his first event, 100 m breaststroke, Titenis out-touched Ukraine's Igor Borysik by one tenth of a second (0.10) on the morning preliminaries, lowering his national record to 59.24. He progressed further to the final round, but managed to finish only in sixth place, outside his record time of 59.27 seconds. The following morning, Titenis set his personal best time and Lithuanian record of 27.57 in the preliminary heats of his second event, 50 m breaststroke, but failed to advance into the semi-finals. For his third and final individual event, 200 m breaststroke, Titenis rebounded from his upset in two previous races, and shared a bronze medal triumph with Australian swimmer and world-record holder Christian Sprenger, clocking at 2:07.80. Two days later, Titenis joined with his fellow swimmers Paulius Viktoravičius, Vytautas Janušaitis, and Rimvydas Šalčius for the 4 × 100 m medley relay. Swimming the breaststroke leg, Titenis recorded a time of 59.26, and the Lithuanian team went on to finish the preliminary heats in fourth place and fifteenth overall, setting a new Lithuanian record time of 3:35.40.

paragraph: At the 2009 European Short Course Swimming Championships in Istanbul, Turkey, Titenis set short-course Lithuanian records of 58.03 and 2:07.65 in the men's 100 and 200 m breaststroke, respectively, but failed to advance into the final round.

paragraph: Section::::Swimming career.:2011 season.

paragraph: At the 2011 FINA World Championships in Shanghai, Titenis competed for the second time in all breaststroke events. For his first event, 100 m breaststroke, Titenis finished in a sixth-place tie with Hungary's Dániel Gyurta, with a time of 1:00.25. The following morning, Titenis failed to improve both his performance and a national record of 27.57 seconds in the preliminary heats of the 50 m breaststroke, with a time of 28.14. For his third and final individual event, 200 m breaststroke, Titenis recorded a fastest time of 2:10.33 in the preliminary heats, but managed to finish only in sixth place on the final round by four tenths of a second (0.40) behind Great Britain's Michael Jamieson, clocking at 2:11.07.

paragraph: Few weeks after the World Championships, Titenis rebounded from his loss by winning two gold medals in the same stroke at the 2011 Summer Universiade in Shenzhen, China. He tied with New Zealand's Glenn Snyders for the 200 m breaststroke title at 2:10.85, but edged him out of the gold medal in the 100 m by thirty-two hundredths of a second (0.32), posting his time of 1:00.39.

paragraph: Section::::Swimming career.:2012 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: Four years after competing in his first Olympics, Titenis qualified for his second Lithuanian team, as a 23-year-old, at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, by clearing two FINA A-standard entry times of 1:00.25 (100 m breaststroke) and 2:10.33 (200 m breaststroke), both from the 2011 FINA World Championships in Shanghai, China.

paragraph: On the first day of the Olympics, Titenis recorded the third fastest qualifying time of 59.68 in the preliminary heats of the 100 m breaststroke by six hundredths of a second (0.06) behind Australia's Christian Sprenger. He lowered his time to 59.66 in the semifinals, but was unable to break a minute barrier, when he finished eighth in the final by nearly a second behind Italy's Fabio Scozzoli at 1:00.84. Achieving his best finish, Titenis became the second Lithuanian swimmer in history to reach an Olympic final since Vytautas Janušaitis did so in 2004, until his teammate Rūta Meilutytė surprisingly won the gold medal in the same stroke by the following evening.

paragraph: Three days later, Titenis challenged seven other swimmers on the fifth heat of the 200 m breaststroke, including two-time Olympic champion Kosuke Kitajima of Japan. He edged out Germany's Marco Koch to snare a third spot in his heat by a quarter of a second (0.25) in 2:10.36. Titenis recorded an eighth fastest time in the preliminary heats to secure his spot for the semifinals. On the evening session, Titenis failed to qualify for the final as he finished his semifinal run in eleventh place, dipping under a 2:10 barrier and lowering his qualified entry time to 2:09.95.

paragraph: Section::::Swimming career.:2016 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: Swimming two individual races and a relay in his third Olympics, Titenis failed to reach any finals, being at most a semifinalist in the 100 m breaststroke with 59.80.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NBC Olympics Profile

description: Lithuanian swimmer

wikidata_label: Giedrius Titenis

wikipedia_title: Giedrius Titenis


text:
German
East German
Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany)
Schneidemühl
Province of Posen
Poland
Technical University of Berlin
Young Communist League of Germany
Communist Party of Germany
Berlin
Soviet Union
Moscow
Red Army
Tambov
International Brigades
Spanish Civil War
French
Saint-Cyprien, Pyrénées-Orientales
Radio Moscow
German attack on the Soviet Union
Samara (Kuybyshev)
World War II
Soviet Occupation Zone
Socialist Unity Party of Germany
German Economic Commission
Volkskammer

categories: Communist Party of Germany politicians,People from the Province of Posen,Government ministers of East Germany,Recipients of the Banner of Labor,1979 deaths,Members of the Volkskammer,Recipients of the Star of People's Friendship,People from Piła,International Brigades personnel,Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit (honor clasp),1902 births,Recipients of the Order of Karl Marx,Socialist Unity Party of Germany politicians

paragraph: Erwin Kramer

paragraph: Erwin Kramer (22 August 1902 – 10 November 1979) was a German politician, East German Minister of transportation and General Director of the Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany).

paragraph: Kramer was born in Schneidemühl (Province of Posen) (today Piła, Poland), where he grew up. After a traineeship at the "Reichsbahnausbessungswerk Schneidemühl" he studied electrical engineering and railroadsciences at the Technical University of Berlin. He joined the Young Communist League of Germany in 1919, the Red Student's Aide in 1924-27 and the Communist Party of Germany in 1929. In 1930-32 Kramer worked as a workmaster for the Reichsbahn administration of Berlin.

paragraph: In 1932 Kramer emigrated to the Soviet Union and worked at the "Central Research Institute of Transportation" in Moscow. In 1937 he passed a course in "Military Tactics" at the Red Army's military school at Tambov and fought as a member of the XI. International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War.

paragraph: In 1939 he was interned in a French camp at Saint-Cyprien, Pyrénées-Orientales and returned to the Soviet Union, where he worked for the German desk of Radio Moscow. After the German attack on the Soviet Union he, together with other German communist emigrants, was sent to Samara (Kuybyshev) in October 1941.

paragraph: After World War II Kramer returned to the Soviet Occupation Zone of Germany and joined the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) in 1946. He became the head of the machinery technical branch of the German Economic Commission ("Deutsche Wirtschaftskommission"--DWK), the central economical administration of the Soviet Zone, and Deputy President of the Reichsbahn administration Berlin in 1946. In 1949 Kramer became the Deputy Director and in 1950 General Director of the Reichsbahn (until 1970), in 1953 Vice Minister of Transportation and 1954 Minister of Transportation (until 1970).

paragraph: Kramer was a member of the Central Committee of the SED (1954–1970) and member of the Volkskammer (1958–1979).

paragraph: Kramer died in 1979 in Berlin.

description: German politician

wikidata_label: Erwin Kramer

wikipedia_title: Erwin Kramer


text:
German
Bundeswehr
Inspekteur des Heeres
Schivelbein
Farther Pomerania
Poland
Abitur
Napola institution
Berlin
Wehrmacht
officer cadet
Second World War
Celle
University of Manchester
Wriedel
Uelzen
Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr
Münster
"Generalinspekteure"
Friedrich Foertsch
Heinrich Trettner
Feldartilleriebataillon 31
Lüneburg
Federal Ministry of Defense
Bonn
Panzergrenadierbrigade 1
Hildesheim
6. Panzergrenadierdivision
Neumünster
Generalmajor
Inspekteur de sHeeres

categories: German military personnel of World War II,People from the Province of Pomerania,Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,2007 deaths,1921 births,Deputy Chief of Staff of the Federal Armed Forces,People from Świdwin

paragraph: Johannes Poeppel

paragraph: Johannes "Hans" Poeppel (20 July 1921 – 29 September 2007) was a general in the German "Bundeswehr". He served as "Inspekteur des Heeres" (Inspector of the Army) 1979–81.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Poeppel was born in Schivelbein, Farther Pomerania (today Świdwin, Poland) and passed his "Abitur" at a Napola institution in Berlin in 1939.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Wehrmacht.

paragraph: That year he passed his "Abitur", Poeppel joined the "Wehrmacht" as an officer cadet and served in the "Artillerieregiment 32" throughout the Second World War. By the end of the war, he had attained the rank of "Hauptmann" (captain), and managed to avoid Russian captivity.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Post-war.

paragraph: In 1947–49, he studied at the Pedagogic Institute in Celle, including a semester at the University of Manchester. He started to work as a teacher in 1949 in Wriedel (Uelzen) and became an academic assistant at the Pedagogic University of Osnabrück in 1952.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Bundeswehr.

paragraph: After the organization of the "Bundeswehr" in 1955, Poeppel volunteered and was reinstated at his former rank of captain. Poeppel passed his general staff training at the "Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr" in 1958–61 and served on the Staff of the "I. Korps" in Münster. He became Staff Officer to the "Generalinspekteure" Friedrich Foertsch and Heinrich Trettner and commanded the "Feldartilleriebataillon 31" in Lüneburg. In 1967–69, he worked at the Federal Ministry of Defense in Bonn.

paragraph: On 1 January 1970, Poeppel became the commander of "Panzergrenadierbrigade 1" in Hildesheim until 31 March 1973 and until 31 March 1978 of the "6. Panzergrenadierdivision" in Neumünster. There he was promoted to "Generalmajor".

paragraph: On 1 April 1978 Poeppel returned to Bonn and became the Deputy Inspector of the Army and a year later Inspector ("Inspekteur de sHeeres"). Poeppel retired on 1 October 1981.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Poeppel was married in 1947 to Edelgard, "the girl next door" to him in Pomerania, and the couple had two children. Their son, Burkhardt, also became a "Bundeswehr" officer; their daughter, Susanne studied for an advanced degree at the Pädagogische Hochschule in Bonn. Poeppel was an able and ardent tennis player all his life.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hans Poeppel, Wilhelm-Karl Prinz von Preußen, Karl-Günther von Hase, "Die Soldaten der Wehrmacht," 6. Auflage, München 2000.

description: German general

wikidata_label: Johannes Poeppel

wikipedia_title: Johannes Poeppel


text:
Israeli
Kokhav Nolad 7
Pop Idol
represented Israel
Eurovision Song Contest 2014
Rishon LeZion
Disiac
Hebrew Labor
IBA
Eurovision Song Contest 2014
Copenhagen
Same Heart

categories: Israeli Jews,Kokhav Nolad contestants,People from Rishon LeZion,Articles containing video clips,Israeli female singers,Israeli rock singers,Israeli Eurovision Song Contest entrants,Jewish singers,Hebrew-language singers,Israeli people of Romanian-Jewish descent,Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2014,Living people,1982 births

paragraph: Mei Finegold

paragraph: Meital Slominsky (, born 16 December 1982), known by her stage name Mei Finegold, also credited as Mei Feingold, is an Israeli singer. Her third-place finish in "Kokhav Nolad 7", Israel's version of "Pop Idol", launched her career in 2009. Finegold represented Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Finegold was born in 1982 in Rishon LeZion, where she still lives today. Her musical career started in school ceremonies, and she continued by taking singing lessons and learning to sing classical songs. Since her childhood, Finegold used to throw lots of shows, including night clubs and bars. Since then, Finegold became the lead singer of a band called Disiac. The band participated in Hebrew Labor, a special CD containing covers of old Israeli songs.

paragraph: Section::::"Kokhav Nolad".

paragraph: Finegold's place in the show was promised since her first audition. The judges were charmed by her and not even a single piece of criticism was given to Finegold.

paragraph: During the show Finegold kept on the rock line, covering songs mainly from Israel's mid-1980s. She was awarded the performance of the week for five times, two of them in a row. Finegold's performances were as follows:

paragraph: Section::::Eurovision Song Contest 2014.

paragraph: In January it was revealed that Finegold had been internally selected by the Israeli broadcaster, IBA, to represent Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 to be held in Copenhagen, Denmark. It was announced on 5 March, that she would sing "Same Heart" for Israel. Finegold competed in the second semi-final of the competition, placing 14th and scoring 19 points, ultimately failing to qualify to the final.

description: Israeli singer

wikidata_label: Mei Finegold

wikipedia_title: Mei Finegold


text: Estonia

text: volleyball

text: Estonian national team

text: European Volleyball Championship

text: ESS Falck Pärnu

text: Austria

text: Belgium

text: France

text: MEVZA Cup

text: Hypo Tirol Innsbruck

text: ESS Pärnu

text: ESS Pärnu

text: ESS Pärnu

text: ESS Pärnu

text: ESS Pärnu

text: ESS Falck Pärnu

text: Audentes Tallinn

text: Hypo Tirol Innsbruck

text: Belgian Championship

text: Knack Randstad Roeselare

text: Belgian Championship

text: Knack Randstad Roeselare

text: Belgian Championship

text: Knack Randstad Roeselare

text: ESS Pärnu

text: ESS Pärnu

text: ESS Pärnu

text: ESS Pärnu

text: ESS Pärnu

text: ESS Falck Pärnu

text: Audentes Tallinn

text: Hypo Tirol Innsbruck

text: Knack Randstad Roeselare

text: Knack Randstad Roeselare

text: Knack Randstad Roeselare

text: Rennes Volley 35

text: Rennes Volley 35

text: Kaisa

text: Estonia

text: rower

text: European Championships

categories: Expatriate volleyball players in Belgium,Expatriate volleyball players in France,1981 births,Sportspeople from Pärnu,Estonian expatriate sportspeople in Belgium,Expatriate volleyball players in Austria,Estonian men's volleyball players,Estonian expatriate volleyball players,Estonian expatriate sportspeople in Austria,Estonian expatriate sportspeople in France,Living people

paragraph: Raimo Pajusalu

paragraph: Raimo Pajusalu (born 1 February 1981) is a former Estonian volleyball player. He was a member of the Estonian national team from 2000 to 2014 and represented his country at the 2009 and 2011 European Volleyball Championships.

paragraph: Pajusalu started his professional career in hometown club ESS Falck Pärnu. He has also played in Austria, Belgium and France.

paragraph: Section::::Sporting achievements.

paragraph: Section::::Sporting achievements.:Clubs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- MEVZA Cup

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005/2006 - with Hypo Tirol Innsbruck

paragraph: BULLET::::- National championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998/1999 Estonian Championship, with ESS Pärnu

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999/2000 Estonian Championship, with ESS Pärnu

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000/2001 Estonian Championship, with ESS Pärnu

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001/2002 Estonian Championship, with ESS Pärnu

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002/2003 Estonian Championship, with ESS Pärnu

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003/2004 Estonian Championship, with ESS Falck Pärnu

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004/2005 Estonian Championship, with Audentes Tallinn

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005/2006 Austrian Championship, with Hypo Tirol Innsbruck

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006/2007 Belgian Championship, with Knack Randstad Roeselare

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007/2008 Belgian Championship, with Knack Randstad Roeselare

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008/2009 Belgian Championship, with Knack Randstad Roeselare

paragraph: BULLET::::- National cup

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998/1999 Estonian Cup 1998, with ESS Pärnu

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999/2000 Estonian Cup 1999, with ESS Pärnu

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000/2001 Estonian Cup 2000, with ESS Pärnu

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001/2002 Estonian Cup 2001, with ESS Pärnu

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002/2003 Estonian Cup 2002, with ESS Pärnu

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003/2004 Estonian Cup 2003, with ESS Falck Pärnu

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004/2005 Estonian Cup 2004, with Audentes Tallinn

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005/2006 Austrian Cup 2006, with Hypo Tirol Innsbruck

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006/2007 Belgian Cup 2007, with Knack Randstad Roeselare

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007/2008 Belgian Cup 2008, with Knack Randstad Roeselare

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008/2009 Belgian SuperCup 2008, with Knack Randstad Roeselare

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011/2012 French Cup 2012, with Rennes Volley 35

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012/2013 French SuperCup 2012, with Rennes Volley 35

paragraph: Section::::Sporting achievements.:Individual.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 Estonian Volleyball Player of the Year

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 Estonian Volleyball Player of the Year

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 Estonian Volleyball Player of the Year

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: His younger sister Kaisa is a former Estonian rower, who won a bronze medal at the European Championships in 2012.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Player profile on the FIVB official site

description: Estonian volleyball player

wikidata_label: Raimo Pajusalu

wikipedia_title: Raimo Pajusalu


text:
Dramatens elevskola
Beata Sabina Straas
French Theatre of Gustav III
Bollhuset
Inga Åberg
Gustav III of Sweden
Drottningholm Palace
Royal Dramatic Theatre
Stenborg Theatre
Inga Åberg
Paris
Romeo and Juliet
Norrköping
Segerlind Theatre
Gothenburg
Margaretha Christina Hallongren
Carolina Kuhlman
Europas konstnärer

categories: 19th-century Swedish male actors,Drama teachers,1775 births,1852 deaths

paragraph: Gustaf Åbergsson

paragraph: "Gustaf" Fredrik Åbergsson née Åberg (1775–1852) was a Swedish stage actor, theatre director and principal of Dramatens elevskola. He belonged to the leading actors in the Swedish theatre history, called "The Hamlet of Stockholm".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Gustav Åbergsson was born to Jonas Åberg, footman at the royal court, and Fredrika Maria Svahn. His father is thought to have been the son of Beata Sabina Straas, the first professional native actress in Sweden to perform on a public stage in 1737, although this is unconfirmed.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Stage career.

paragraph: He was a student at the French Theatre of Gustav III in Bollhuset, as his sister Inga Åberg, in 1786.

paragraph: According to popular legend, King Gustav III of Sweden originally placed him as a student in the Opera after having seen him in the park of Drottningholm Palace: after discovering that they shared the same name, the king asked him to sing a song. Gustav did so and blew kisses to the audience after, and the king had kissed him on his forehead.

paragraph: He made his debut on the Royal Dramatic Theatre in 1788, but as he was not considered more than a pretty face at the royal stage, he instead performed on the Stenborg Theatre until he was finally given a contract at the royal theatre in 1798. He changed his name from Åberg to Åbergsson, because he wanted to avoid being connected to his scandal beauty-sister, Inga Åberg.

paragraph: Gustav Åbergsson was described as beautiful, with a fine figure, posture and grace and an easy manner, and was often given hero- and lover parts: "roles, which demands a beautiful body and pleasantness". He had an easy and refined way of acting and reportedly pleased the audience "By his attractive figure, his true way of acting and his refined manners." He made many study trips to Paris. In 1812, he was made prefect of the dramatic stage.

paragraph: In 1819, he and his spouse played the leading parts in Romeo and Juliet, the first time this play was performed in Stockholm (though it had been performed in Norrköping in 1776).

paragraph: In 1820–23, he was director of the Segerlind Theatre in Gothenburg. After this, he was instructor and, 1828–31, principal of Dramatens elevskola.

paragraph: He retired in 1834.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Private life.

paragraph: He was married to the ballet dancer Margaretha Christina Hallongren (d. 1810) in 1793, and had a relationship with the star actress Carolina Kuhlman for several years before they married in 1815.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nordensvan, Georg, Svensk teater och svenska skådespelare från Gustav III till våra dagar. Förra delen, 1772-1842, Bonnier, Stockholm, 1917 ['Swedish theatre and Swedish actors from Gustav III to our days. First book 1772–1842']

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Europas konstnärer "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Torsten Dahl, "Svenska män och kvinnor, nr 8"

description: Swedish theatre director, stage actor

wikidata_label: Gustaf Åbergsson

wikipedia_title: Gustaf Åbergsson


text: Welsh

text: Member of Parliament

text: Lord Commissioner of the Treasury

text: Sir John Nicholl

text: Christ Church, Oxford

text: Doctor of Civil Law

text: Doctors' Commons

text: Merthyr Mawr House

text: Christopher Rice Mansel Talbot

text: House of Commons

text: Cardiff

text: Master of the Faculties

text: Judge Advocate General

text: Walter Coffin

categories: UK MPs 1832–1835,UK MPs 1835–1837,UK MPs 1847–1852,Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain,Members of Doctors' Commons,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Cardiff constituencies,UK MPs 1837–1841,Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford,1797 births,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,1853 deaths,Tory MPs (pre-1834),UK MPs 1841–1847

paragraph: John Iltyd Nicholl

paragraph: John Nicholl (21 August 1797 – 27 January 1853) was a Welsh Member of Parliament and was, for a very short time in 1835, a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury. His father was Sir John Nicholl, who like his son was a judge and politician.

paragraph: Section::::Personal history.

paragraph: Born in 1797 to John Nicholl and Judy Birt, Nicholl was educated at Westminster and in 1816 obtained a place at Christ Church, Oxford. He took a first class in Classics before he achieved a Doctor of Civil Law degree in 1825, and was elected as an Advocate of the Doctors' Commons in 1826. In 1838, on the death of his father, he became the successor to the family estate, Merthyr Mawr House

paragraph: Nicholl was married to Jane Harriet in 1821, daughter of Thomas Mansel Talbot and brother of Christopher Rice Mansel Talbot. They had seven children, and the family estate was inherited by his eldest son, John Cole Nicholl.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: In 1832 Nicholl was elected to the House of Commons, winning the seat for Cardiff. On 14 March 1835 Nicholl was given the post as a Lords Commissioner of the Treasury, until 18 April the next year. Nicholl also held the post of Master of the Faculties, and in 1838 became Vicar-General of the Province of Canterbury, a post which was held by his father before him. Nicholl was appointed Judge Advocate General in 1841 when he was sworn of the Privy Council, and in 1846 he became a member of the Board of Trade. In 1852 he lost his Parliamentary seat to Walter Coffin.

description: Welsh politician and MP for Cardiff

wikidata_label: John Iltyd Nicholl

wikipedia_title: John Iltyd Nicholl


text:
dwarf
slate
quarries
Stobo
Sir Walter Scott
The Black Dwarf
Manor Water
Peebles
Scotland
evil eye
Paradise Lost
William Shenstone
The Black Dwarf historical site

categories: People associated with the Scottish Borders,1811 deaths,1740 births,People with dwarfism,Place of birth missing

paragraph: Black Dwarf (personage)

paragraph: David Ritchie (1740–1811), known also as David of Manor Water, Bow'd Davie, Crooked David, and most notably the Black Dwarf, was a dwarf, the son of a quarryman at the slate quarries of Stobo. He was the inspiration for Sir Walter Scott's novel, "The Black Dwarf". Scott visited him in 1797.

paragraph: He was brought up as a brushmaker in Edinburgh, but was disliked because of his appearance. He eventually settled in a stone cottage on the banks of Manor Water near the town of Peebles, Scotland. The door of the cottage was about 3 feet and 6 inches high, and the ceiling was just high enough for him to stand inside. The superstitious locals feared he could cast the evil eye on them, blamed him for any problems with their livestock, and generally avoided him.

paragraph: He never wore shoes, which would not fit on his misshapen feet. Instead, he wrapped his legs and feet in cloth. He walked with the help of a staff considerably taller than himself.

paragraph: Sources described him as being irritable and having a shrill, dissonant laugh, but he is also described as an intellectual who enjoyed reading Milton's "Paradise Lost" and ballads by William Shenstone.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Black Dwarf historical site

description: Inspiration for Walter Scott novel

wikidata_label: The Black Dwarf

wikipedia_title: Black Dwarf (personage)


text:
German
Reformation
Aue
Leipzig
missal
breviaries
Persius
Roman letters
Latin
Gothic type
German
Martin Luther
Das Neue Testament
Old Testament
Hans Lufft
Greek
font
Wittenberg
Melanchthon

categories: 15th-century births,1542 deaths,16th-century deaths,German publishers (people),16th-century births,German printers

paragraph: Melchior Lotter

paragraph: Lotter was the last name of a family of German printers, intimately connected with the Reformation.

paragraph: The founder of the family was Melchior Lotter, the elder, born at Aue, and well-known at Leipzig as early as 1491. He published missals, breviaries, a "Persius" (1512), "Horatii Epistolæ" (1522), and "Luther Tessaradecos Consolatoria pro Laborantibus" (1520). His relations with the Reformation are not perfectly clear, but he seems to have been a sympathizer. An innovation by the elder Lotter was his use of Roman letters for Latin, reserving the Gothic types for German.

paragraph: His son was also named Melchior (died c. 1542), which has resulted in some bibliographical confusion. Melchior, the younger, is best known for printing Martin Luther's Bible, "Das Neue Testament" (1522), and the impressions of 1523 and 1524 of the Old Testament, which was transferred afterward to Hans Lufft. He published many other German writings of Luther. Only a little less important was his bringing a Greek font to Wittenberg, thus giving Melanchthon the means to carry on classes in Greek. When he returned to Leipzig, about 1525, Lotter carried on his father's business.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Franck, in "Allegemeine deutsche Biographie", v. xix (Leipzig, 1884)

description: German typographer and publisher

wikidata_label: Melchior Lotter

wikipedia_title: Melchior Lotter


text:
rock
Kasabian
Blaby
Leicestershire
Leicester City
Leicester
baritone
Superevolver
Lysergic Suite
Dark Horses
Jersey Budd
Zak Starkey
Wottee Watnot
Mic Rockers
Q
Marie Antoinette
Julian Casablancas
Pete Doherty
Justin Timberlake
emo music
Simon Cowell
Susan Boyle
Oxfam
UNICEF
Teenage Cancer Trust
Quadrophenia
Umbro

categories: People from Leicester,1981 births,English people of Irish descent,English male singers,English rock singers,Kasabian members,Living people

paragraph: Tom Meighan

paragraph: Thomas Peter Meighan (, born 11 January 1981) is an English musician, best known as the lead vocalist for the rock band Kasabian.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Meighan was born in Blaby, Leicestershire. At school, Meighan passed Art and English Literature and was ungraded for many exams after failing to attend them. He is a fan of Leicester City. He was in a long term relationship with his girlfriend Kim James, whose initials he had tattooed on his wedding ring finger in 2005. They have a daughter, Mimi Malone Meighan, born in May 2012. The couple split in 2016. In 2017, Meighan announced his engagement to girlfriend Vicky.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Meighan has been the lead vocalist of Kasabian since the band's inception in Leicester in 1997. He sings lead vocals on the majority of the band's recordings, has a baritone vocal range and does not play any instruments within the group, apart from tambourine on occasion and guitar on live renditions of 'The Nightworkers'

paragraph: Meighan has also contributed lead vocals to the songs "Viva La Revolution" by Superevolver and the Lysergic Suite's "Ghosts on Crusade." He was a guest vocalist on the Dark Horses track, "Count Me In,", which he performed with that band when they opened for Kasabian on the West Ryder tour. Additionally, he sang backing vocals on the Jersey Budd single, "She Came Back." Meighan has also appeared onstage with Zak Starkey's band Penguinsrising.

paragraph: In 2013, Meighan began a project with rapper Wottee Watnot (Andrew Wattie) called Mic Rockers, described as "a hip hop/rock collaboration". The first video from the duo, "Mic Rockers," was released on 13 November 2013. In addition to the numerous musical awards he shares with the rest of Kasabian, he was named the 19th best frontman of all time by a "Q" magazine readers' poll, and 13th best frontman of all time by a 2012 Xfm listener's poll.

paragraph: In early 2011, Meighan took his first acting role as Terry Graham in the sitcom pilot "Walk Like a Panther". Reportedly, he had previously rejected offers to play in "Marie Antoinette" due to being committed to his bandmates.

paragraph: Section::::Media image.

paragraph: Early in Kasabian’s career, Meighan earned a reputation for media provocation, especially concerning other musicians. He became well known for his insults, such as calling Julian Casablancas "a posh fucking skier", Pete Doherty "a fucking tramp", and Justin Timberlake "a midget with whiskers".

paragraph: Regarding the reportedly depressing nature of emo music and its listeners, he has said: "Teenagers are better than that. I want to tell them to be positive about life. You've been brought up well by your parents, so don't sit around in your bedroom cutting your wrists. Grow up."

paragraph: He also offered more serious critiques of the effects of the internet upon the music industry and was one of a number of celebrities to criticize Simon Cowell's handling of Susan Boyle, stating "It will torture her for the rest of life. She is not ready for it and she is not made for it. She is being manipulated. It's horrible."

paragraph: As of 2009, Meighan has made an attempt to tone down his controversial image. In an interview to Daily Record he said , "When we released the first album, it didn't help in interviews that we slagged everyone off. We were only messing about, we were having fun but everyone took it a little too seriously…We did it for effect but we were portrayed as monsters instead of just a bunch of lads in a band. They got us so wrong. I don't regret anything we said but it was ridiculous."

paragraph: Meighan's outspoken attitude, on-stage antics and hard-partying reputation have tended to overshadow more positive aspects of his public image. He has given his support to numerous charities including Oxfam, UNICEF and the Teenage Cancer Trust. In support of the latter, he assumed the role of Ace Face in The Who's benefit performance of "Quadrophenia".

paragraph: His status as both a fashion icon and well-known football fan led him to be chosen to unveil Umbro's England away football jersey in 2010, the first singer ever to do so. He has also modeled for Gio-Goi and Deadly Sins.

description: British singer

wikidata_label: Tom Meighan

wikipedia_title: Tom Meighan