text: Southern Cheyenne

text: Black Kettle

text: John Chivington

text: First Colorado Cavalry

text: Third Colorado Cavalry

text: Sand Creek

text: Colorado Territory

text: Sand Creek Massacre

text: tipi

text: Native American

text: prisoner of war

text: Meade County, Kansas

text: Kansas

text: stagecoach

text: Smoky Hill River

text: Fort Wallace

text: scalped

text: tomahawk

text: Frank Baldwin

text: Fort Leavenworth

text: Kiowa

text: Comanche

text: Caddo

text: Fort Sill

text: Indian Territory

text: St. Augustine, Florida

text: coquina

text: Castillo de San Marcos

text: Captain Richard Pratt

text: Clinton, Oklahoma

categories: Cheyenne people,1840s births,1881 deaths

paragraph: Mochi (Cheyenne)

paragraph: Mochi ("Buffalo Calf"; c. 1841 – 1881) was a Southern Cheyenne woman of the "Tse Tse Stus" band and the wife of Chief Medicine Water. Mochi, then a 24-year-old, was a member of Black Kettle's camp and was present on the morning of November 29, 1864, when John Chivington and over 650 troops of the First Colorado Cavalry, Third Colorado Cavalry and a company of the 1st Regiment New Mexico Volunteer Cavalry attacked Black Kettle's winter camp at Sand Creek on the plains of eastern Colorado Territory (referred to as the Sand Creek Massacre).

paragraph: During the unprovoked attack, Mochi witnessed her mother being shot in the forehead and killed by a U.S. soldier who had entered their tipi. According to her account, he then attempted to rape her, prompting her to shoot and kill him with her grandfather's rifle. She then fled the camp with the other survivors trying to evade Chivington's men. After the massacre, she became a warrior and engaged in raiding and warfare for the next 11 years.

paragraph: Mochi fought alongside her husband in numerous battles and raids and was the only Native American woman to be incarcerated by the United States Army as a prisoner of war.

paragraph: Section::::Lone Tree massacre.

paragraph: On August 24, 1874, in present day Meade County, Kansas, Mochi, Medicine Water and the other members of their band were involved in the massacre of a surveying party led by Capt. Oliver Francis Short, who had fought in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Short, his 14-year-old son Truman, and four other members of the party were killed, with three of them being scalped.

paragraph: Section::::German family massacre.

paragraph: On the morning of September 11, 1874, in Kansas, Chief Medicine Water and his band, including Mochi, attacked John German and his family as they were breaking camp. The family had camped along the stagecoach route which followed the Smoky Hill River while en route to Fort Wallace.

paragraph: German, his wife Liddia (Cox), son Stephen Wise, and daughters Rebecca Jane, and Joanna Cleveland were killed and scalped, with Mochi killing Liddia with a tomahawk blow to the skull. After plundering the camp and setting fire to the wagon, the band took German's four youngest daughters captive. They were Catherine Elizabeth, age seventeen; Sophia Louisa, twelve; Julia Arminda, seven; and Nancy Addie, five.

paragraph: Julia and Addie were traded to Grey Beard's band and were liberated after an attack on his camp on November 8, 1874, by a column led by Lieut. Frank Baldwin. Catherine and Sophia were released in March when Chief Stone Calf and most of the Southern Cheyenne surrendered at Fort Leavenworth, in Kansas.

paragraph: Section::::Fort Marion.

paragraph: Mochi and her husband Medicine Water were among 35 Cheyenne singled out for incarceration in the east. They were among a larger contingent of Plains tribe members to be sent east; in addition to the Cheyenne there were 27 Kiowa, 11 Comanche, and 1 Caddo. Two of the Cheyenne died en route, including Grey Beard, who was thwarted in a suicide attempt only to be shot and killed trying to escape.

paragraph: After being incarcerated at Fort Sill in Indian Territory, they were taken in eight prison wagons to Fort Leavenworth and then loaded in a special train for the journey to St. Augustine, Florida. In St. Augustine, Mochi and the others were incarcerated in an old coquina stone fort built by the Spanish in the 17th century. The fort, originally named the Castillo de San Marcos, was renamed Fort Marion by the Americans.

paragraph: Mochi and the others would remain in captivity at the fort under the supervision of Captain Richard Pratt until 1878. Upon her release she returned to Oklahoma and died in 1881, in what is present day Clinton, Oklahoma.

description: Cheyenne warrior and prisoner of war

wikidata_label: Mochi

wikipedia_title: Mochi (Cheyenne)


text: Italian American

text: professional baseball

text: minor leagues

text: Flint Vehicles

text: Hazleton Mountaineers

text: New York–Penn League

text: Buffalo Bisons

text: International League

text: Jamestown Falcons

text: PONY League

text: batted

text: hits

text: doubles

text: triples

text: home run

text: managed

text: player-manager

text: semi-professional

text: Allegheny County

text: Dormont, Pennsylvania

text: McKeesport, Pennsylvania

text: Johnstown, Pennsylvania

text: Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania

text: Pitcairn, Pennsylvania

text: sandlot

text: Babe Ruth

text: Pittsburgh Pirates

text: runs batted in

text: Most Valuable Player

text: Mike Hessman

text: runs batted in

text: International League Hall of Fame

text: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

text: Pittsburgh Pirates

text: Washington Senators

text: Flint Vehicles

text: batted

text: hits

text: double

text: home run

text: appendicitis

text: Dormont, Pennsylvania

text: Allegheny County

text: semi-professional

text: triple

text: Major League Baseball

text: Frank Mills

text: Ed Barney

text: McKeesport, Pennsylvania

text: The Pittsburgh Press

text: runs

text: Johnstown, Pennsylvania

text: SOS

text: outfielder

text: extra base hits

text: Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania

text: singles

text: Canton, Pennsylvania

text: South Hills

text: Pitcairn, Pennsylvania

text: Homewood

text: sandlot

text: Babe Ruth

text: minor league

text: Middle Atlantic League

text: Johnstown Johnnies'

text: Pittsburgh Pirates

text: Hazleton Mountaineers

text: Allegheny County

text: semi-professional

text: Pennsylvania Railroad

text: Great Depression

text: batted

text: hits

text: doubles

text: home runs

text: games played

text: at-bats

text: New York–Penn League

text: slugging percentage

text: Buffalo Bisons

text: International League

text: triples

text: Dormont, Pennsylvania

text: Fort Lauderdale, Florida

text: spring training

text: The Gazette

text: manager

text: Ray Schalk

text: Major League Baseball

text: Chicago White Sox

text: Pittsburgh

text: all-star

text: Dizzy Dean

text: Paul Dean

text: Pittsburgh Crawfords

text: Negro league baseball

text: runs

text: Toronto Maple Leafs

text: ankle

text: lineup

text: Johnny Dickshot

text: Woody Abernathy

text: George McQuinn

text: Les Powers

text: The Beaver County Times

text: runs batted in

text: Most Valuable Player

text: Newark Bears

text: PONY League

text: Jamestown Falcons

text: player-manager

text: The New York Times

text: coach

text: runs

text: scout

text: Buffalo, New York

text: Society for American Baseball Research

text: Buffalo Bisons

text: batted

text: hits

text: doubles

text: triples

text: home runs

text: slugging percentage

text: total bases

text: outfield

text: International League

text: runs batted in

text: Most Valuable Player

text: Major League Baseball

text: Buffalo, New York

text: cheesesteak

text: International League Hall of Fame

text: games played

text: Allegheny County

text: semi-professional

text: sandlot

text: Babe Ruth

text: Ted Williams

text: professional baseball

text: Ollie Tucker

text: Western Pennsylvania

text: New York–Penn League

text: slugging percentage

text: Governors' Cup

text: Buffalo Bisons #6

text: Hays

text: Pittsburgh

text: Pennsylvania

text: Italian American

text: Braddock, Pennsylvania

text: hunted

text: fished

text: steel mill

text: Republic Steel

text: Colt Single Action Army

categories: Baseball outfielders,Lockport White Sox players,American people in rail transportation,Hazleton Mountaineers players,Sportspeople from Pittsburgh,Jamestown Falcons players,1899 births,Flint Vehicles players,Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players,Minor league baseball managers,Baseball players from Pennsylvania,Security guards,1976 deaths,American people of Italian descent,Semi-professional baseball players

paragraph: Ollie Carnegie

paragraph: Oliver Angelo "Ollie" Carnegie (June 29, 1899 [or 1898] – October 4, 1976) was an Italian American professional baseball player whose playing career spanned 15 seasons. Over that time, Carnegie played in the minor leagues with the Class-B Flint Vehicles (1922) of the Michigan–Ontario League; the Class-B Hazleton Mountaineers (1931) of the New York–Penn League; the Double-A Buffalo Bisons (1931–1941, 1945) of the International League; and the Class-D Lockport White Sox (1942) and the Class-D Jamestown Falcons (1944) of the PONY League. In 1,539 career games played, Carnegie batted .309 with 1665 hits, 302 doubles, 48 triples and 297 home runs. Carnegie batted and threw right-handed. Carnegie also managed the Class-D Jamestown Falcons in 1944. Officially a player-manager since he also played 96 games that season, Carnegie led the Falcons to a 70–54 record which was good enough for second overall in the PONY League.

paragraph: In 1921, Carnegie started playing professional baseball. He later left the professional circuit to play in a semi-professional baseball league based in Allegheny County, where he was from. Over those years, Carnegie played for teams representing Dormont, Pennsylvania, McKeesport, Pennsylvania, Johnstown, Pennsylvania, Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, Pitcairn, Pennsylvania and others. "The Pittsburgh Press", who covered the league, nicknamed Carnegie the "Bambino" and described him as the "sandlot Babe Ruth". Carnegie returned to professional baseball in 1931 after accepting a contract with the Hazleton Mountaineers, a minor league team owned by the Pittsburgh Pirates.

paragraph: The Buffalo Bisons purchased Carnegie from the Hazleton Mountaineers in 1931. This would be the beginning of a tenure that would last 12 nonconsecutive seasons. Carnegie is the Bisons career record holder in hits, home runs, runs batted in and games played. He also holds the Bisons' single-season record in home runs with 42. Carnegie led the International League in home runs in 1938 and 1939. Carnegie has won multiple accolades during his career and after. In 1938, he won the Most Valuable Player in the International League. Carnegie was the career International League leader in home runs with 258, until Mike Hessman hit his 259th on June 30, 2014. He is the career leader in runs batted in (1,044) for the International League. He was also an inaugural member of the International League Hall of Fame and the Buffalo Baseball Hall of Fame. Carnegie is also a Greater Buffalo Sports Hall of Fame member, inducted in 1992. Amongst many fans and professionals, Carnegie is widely renowned as one of the best Buffalo baseball players ever.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: On June 29, 1899 (or 1898), Oliver Angelo "Ollie" Carnegie was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to Benjamin and Rose Carnegie, who were both from Italy. Carnegie was offered professional contracts by the Pittsburgh Pirates and Washington Senators in 1920 and 1921, respectively, but declined both times. He officially started his professional baseball career in 1922 at the age of 23 with the Class-B Flint Vehicles of the Michigan–Ontario League. In seven games that season, Carnegie batted .219 with seven hits, one double and one home run. A case of appendicitis forced Carnegie to quit baseball for the next several years.

paragraph: Carnegie returned to baseball in 1927, when he joined the Dormont, Pennsylvania baseball team. The team was a member of the Allegheny County semi-professional baseball league. On June 5, 1927, he was batting .456 with eight doubles and one triple. Fellow teammates of the Dormont team included former Major League Baseball (MLB) players Frank Mills and Ed Barney. Later that June, Carnegie joined the McKeesport, Pennsylvania baseball team who were members of the same semi-pro league. "The Pittsburgh Press" noted that Carnegie started slow with the McKeesport team; however, he started playing better going into July. Through July 19, 1927, Carnegie led the league with nine doubles and 14 runs. He joined the Johnstown, Pennsylvania baseball team after they issued an SOS for an emergency outfielder in late-July. Carnegie finished the season second in the league in extra base hits with 24.

paragraph: In 1928, Carnegie continued his tenure in the semi-professional Allegheny County league after he signed with the Beaver Falls Elks. The Elks represented Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania. On June 22, 1928, "The Pittsburgh Press" noted that Carnegie was a "home run idol" to fans. On July 5, 1928, Carnegie hit two home runs and two singles in a game against the Canton, Pennsylvania baseball team. In September 1928, Carnegie joined the South Hills baseball team. In March 1929, it was announced that Carnegie would join the Pitcairn, Pennsylvania baseball team. In June 1929, as a member of the Homewood baseball team, Carnegie hit the longest home run ever at Dormont High Field according to "The Pittsburgh Press". In 1930, he continued playing with the Pitcairn Tossers of the Allegheny County league. During his time in Allegheny County's sandlot league, Carnegie received the nickname "Bambino" and they described him as the "sandlot 'Babe Ruth'". Also during his tenure, Carnegie was described as the "most dangerous and longest clouter in the City semi-pro baseball loop" by "The Pittsburgh Press".

paragraph: Carnegie was reportedly highly sought after by many MLB and minor league teams during his time in the Allegheny County league. It was said that he refused to leave the Pittsburgh area. "The Pittsburgh Press" said that Carnegie did play in the Middle Atlantic League after the Johnstown Johnnies' requested an emergency outfielder after their regular player went out with an illness. They also reported that Carnegie had a chance to stay in the Middle Atlantic League, but returned home instead.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Hazleton Mountaineers.

paragraph: On March 30, 1931, it was announced that the Pittsburgh Pirates owned Class-B Hazleton Mountaineers offered Carnegie a contract. Carnegie, who turned down professional baseball contracts before, had to think about the deal before announcing his decision. Initially, Carnegie declined to join professional baseball and planned to return to the Allegheny County semi-professional league. Later in the season, he decided to join Hazleton. A reason later given for why Carnegie accepted the Hazleton contract was because he lost his job with Pennsylvania Railroad in the midst of the Great Depression. With the Mountaineers in 1931, he batted .354 with 80 hits, 15 doubles and 18 home runs in 58 games played. Despite having only 226 at-bats, Carnegie's 18 home runs were the second most on the team behind Pat Wright, who had 19 home runs in twice as many at-bats. Carnegie led the New York–Penn League in slugging percentage that season with a .659 percentage total.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Buffalo Bisons.

paragraph: On September 8, 1931, Carnegie was sold to the Double-A Buffalo Bisons of the International League for an undisclosed amount of money, some of which Carnegie received. Carnegie played 15 games with Buffalo that season and batted .345 with 19 hits five doubles and two triples. During the 1931 off-season, one day after finishing his season with the Bisons, he re-joined the Allegheny County semi-professional league with the Dormont, Pennsylvania baseball team. Before the 1932 season, Carnegie re-signed with the Bisons and received an increase in pay. After signing his contract, he reported to Fort Lauderdale, Florida for spring training. While the team was in spring training, "The Gazette" described Carnegie as the "greatest find to appear in the camp of the Buffalo Bisons in the last decade". During the season, Bisons' manager Ray Schalk said that Carnegie would soon get a promotion to Major League Baseball and it was reported that the Chicago White Sox were interested in Carnegie. Also that season, Bisons' president, Frank J. Offermann, said of Carnegie that "a finer character has never donned a ball uniform". In 1932, Carnegie batted .333 with 169 hits, 31 doubles, three triples and 36 home runs in 137 games played. Carnegie was third in the International League that season in home runs and slugging percentage (.618).

paragraph: In February 1933, Carnegie re-signed with the Buffalo Bisons, but he was initially "dissatisfied" with his contract. On the season, Carnegie batted .317 with 164 hits, 33 doubles, six triples and 29 home runs in 147 games played. Carnegie was third in the International League that season in home runs and fourth in slugging percentage (.573). During the 1934 season, Carnegie did not report to Buffalo until May and played with the Dormont, Pennsylvania semi-professional team in the mean time. With the Bisons that season, Carnegie batted .335 with 154 hits, 26 doubles, five triples and 31 home runs. He was third in the International League in home runs that season. After the season, Carnegie was a member of a Pittsburgh-area all-star team that included Dizzy Dean and Paul Dean who played the Pittsburgh Crawfords, a Negro league baseball team.

paragraph: On May 29, 1935, Carnegie drove in five runs against the Toronto Maple Leafs. On the season, Carnegie batted .293 with 171 hits, 39 doubles, five triples and 37 home runs in 154 games. Amongst International League hitters in 1935, Carnegie was second in home runs and was fifth in doubles. Carnegie was sidelined for much of the 1936 season due to an ankle injury. He was replaced in the Bisons lineup by Johnny Dickshot. Despite the injury, Carnegie did manage to play 74 games and batted .244 with 47 hits, six doubles, one triple and four home runs. In 1937, Carnegie batted .308 with 151 hits, 23 doubles, six triples and 21 home runs in 134 games played. Carnegie was tied for fifth in the league in home runs with Woody Abernathy, George McQuinn and Les Powers.

paragraph: Before the 1938 regular season, while with the Bisons in spring training, Carnegie was straggling to meet expectations. However, during the season, "The Beaver County Times" noted that Carnegie was once again one of the premier players in the International League. On the season, Carnegie batted .330 with 182 hits, 35 doubles, three triples and 45 home runs in 142 games. Amongst all International League batters that season, Carnegie was first in home runs, runs batted in (136) and total bases (358); second in slugging percentage (.649); third in hits; and sixth in doubles. His 45 home runs were, at the time, the fourth highest home run total in the International League's history. It was asserted by "The Pittsburgh Press" that if Carnegie had started playing professional baseball in the mid-1920s when he was younger, he would have been "sensational". Carnegie won the 1938 International League Most Valuable Player Award after the season.

paragraph: On April 4, 1939, it was announced that Carnegie would re-sign with the Bisons, making it his ninth season with the team. During the 1939 season, in a game against the Newark Bears on August 5, Carnegie was formally presented with the 1938 International League Most Valuable Player Award. Carnegie batted .294 with 146 hits, 25 doubles, three triples and 29 home runs in 143 games played during the 1939 season. He led the International League in home runs that season. On March 13, 1940, Carnegie signed his tenth contract with the Bisons. On the season, Carnegie batted .281 with 93 hits, 16 doubles, three triples and 15 home runs in 97 games played. In 1942, Carnegie continued playing with Buffalo and batted .257 with 38 hits, five doubles, one triple and seven home runs in 71 games played. On January 22, 1942, Carnegie was given an unconditional release from the Bisons, a move in which Buffalo general manager John Stiglmeier said "was the hardest thing I ever had to do".

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Later career.

paragraph: On March 23, 1942, Carnegie signed with the Class-D Lockport White Sox of the PONY League. The 43-year-old Carnegie batted .310 with 119 hits, 20 doubles, five triples and 16 home runs in 105 games played that season. He was sixth in the league in home runs that season. After an absence from professional baseball in 1943, Carnegie returned in 1944 with the Class-D Jamestown Falcons as a player-manager. It was Carnegie's managerial debut. In 96 game that season, Carnegie batted .305 with 97 hits, 17 doubles, four triples and four home runs. As a team, the Falcons went 70–54, good enough for second place. The league were PONY League champions that season. In 1945, Carnegie returned to the Double-A Buffalo Bisons. "The New York Times" reported that Carnegie was brought in to coach. In 39 games that year, Carnegie batted .301 with 20 runs, 28 hits, five doubles, one triple, four home runs and 21 runs batted in. That season would prove to be Carnegie's final season as a player, however, he did stay around the game in Buffalo as a scout for the Bisons.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Carnegie, who resided in Buffalo, New York after his playing career, was hospitalized at Millard Fillmore Hospital in September 1967 for unknown reasons. On October 4, 1976, Carnegie died in Buffalo, New York at the age of 77.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Carnegie has been noted by many, including the "Artvoice" and the Society for American Baseball Research, as one of the best players to ever play for the Buffalo Bisons. Over Carnegie's professional career, he batted .309 with 1,665 hits, 302 doubles, 48 triples, 297 home runs, a .548 slugging percentage and 2954 total bases. Carnegie only played outfield in his career. Carnegie is the International League all-time leader in home runs with 258 and runs batted in with 1,044. He received the International League's Most Valuable Player Award in 1938 and is the only winner since to have never had an appearance in Major League Baseball. Pettibones Grille, a Buffalo, New York restaurant, serves a cheesesteak sandwich called "The Ollie Carnegie", which is located on their "Hall of Fame Bistro" menu.

paragraph: Carnegie has been enshrined in the International League Hall of Fame, the Greater Buffalo Sports Hall of Fame and the Buffalo Baseball Hall of Fame. He was an inaugural member of the International League Hall of Fame and the Buffalo Baseball Hall of Fame in 1942 and 1985 respectively. The number six Carnegie wore while he was a member of the Buffalo Bisons was retired by the team. Carnegie is the Buffalo Bisons all-time leader in home runs (285), runs batted in (1,044), games played (1,273) and hits (1,362). He is also tied for first all-time on the Bisons in doubles (249). Carnegie led the Bisons in home runs and runs batted in seven times.

paragraph: During his tenure in the Allegheny County semi-professional baseball league, local papers described Carnegie as the "sandlot Babe Ruth" and nicknamed him the "Bambino". In "Close Shave: The Life and Times of Baseball's Sal Maglie", author James Szalontai compared Carnegie to Ted Williams. Carnegie never played in Major League Baseball. Carnegie did; however, spark some major league team's interest, but was eventually written off as too old since he did not start playing professional baseball regularly until he was 32 years old. The duo of Carnegie and Bisons teammate Ollie Tucker were known as "The Italian Connection" and "The Home Run Twins". "The Pittsburgh Press" described Carnegie as "one of Western Pennsylvania's greatest batters".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Accomplishments and awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- International League and Buffalo Bisons all-time leader in home runs (258)

paragraph: BULLET::::- International League and Buffalo Bisons all-time leader in runs batted in (1,044)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buffalo Bisons all-time leader in doubles (249)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buffalo Bisons all-time leader in games played (1,273)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buffalo Bisons all-time leader in hits (1,362)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buffalo Bisons single-season leader in home runs (45)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1931 New York–Penn League leader in slugging percentage (.659)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member of the 1933 Governors' Cup champion Buffalo Bisons

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member of the 1936 International League Pennant winning Buffalo Bisons

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1938 International League leader in home runs (45)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1939 International League leader in runs batted in (136)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1938 International League Most Valuable Player

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1939 International League leader in home runs (29)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1942 International League Hall of Fame inductee

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 Buffalo Baseball Hall of Fame inductee

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 Buffalo Sports Hall of Fame inductee

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buffalo Bisons #6 retired

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Carnegie resided in Hays, a district in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Carnegie was from Italian American ancestry. Carnegie married Anna Polasko of Braddock, Pennsylvania and with her, he fathered two children; Ollie Carnegie, Jr. and Elaine Carnegie. During the off-seasons, Carnegie hunted and fished. Also during the off-season, Carnegie worked in a steel mill and received the nickname the "Iron Man". During the 1941 off-season, the "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette" interviewed Carnegie about hit winter job at Republic Steel patrolling the plant equipped with a Colt Single Action Army. Carnegie told the newspaper, "this is the kind of a job a player should have in the off-season—lots of walking".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of International League Hall of Fame inductees

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: General references

paragraph: Inline citations

description: professional baseball player

wikidata_label: Ollie Carnegie

wikipedia_title: Ollie Carnegie


text: German Jewish

text: Halifax County, Virginia

text: Baltimore

text: Philadelphia

text: Samuel Simeon Fels

text: Fels-Naptha

text: home remedy

text: contact dermatitis

text: poison ivy

text: poison oak

text: Dial Corporation

text: Henry George

text: land value tax

text: Arden, Delaware

text: Will Price

text: Frank Stephens

text: single-tax colony in Fairhope, Alabama

text: Mayland

text: Essex

text: Charles Holden

text: Jewish Territorialist Organization

text: Jewish homeland

text: Georgist

text: Joseph and Mary Fels Papers

text: Historical Society of Pennsylvania

categories: American business executives,1853 births,American philanthropists,People from Halifax County, Virginia,American people of German-Jewish descent,Georgists,1914 deaths

paragraph: Joseph Fels

paragraph: Joseph Fels (1853–1914) was an American soap manufacturer, millionaire, and philanthropist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born of German Jewish immigrants in Halifax County, Virginia, Fels moved with his family to Baltimore in 1866; by 1876 he'd assumed control of a soap manufacturing company based in Philadelphia, and brought two of his brothers in as partners shortly after. One of them, Samuel Simeon Fels, became president of the firm.

paragraph: In 1894 he developed the Fels-Naptha soap brand, historically used as a home remedy in the treatment of contact dermatitis caused by exposure to poison ivy, poison oak, and other oil-transmitted organic skin-irritants. The soap is still marketed by the Dial Corporation as of 2011.

paragraph: While his own fortune rapidly accumulated, as early as 1890 Fels had become an adherent of Henry George and his proposed land value tax. Fels funded the founding of the Georgist colony of Arden, Delaware, in 1900, managed by architect Will Price and sculptor Frank Stephens. This was one of several experimental labor colonies he funded. In 1894 he made financial contributions to the founding of the single-tax colony in Fairhope, Alabama, and many similar experiments in England such as the one founded at Nispell’s Farm at Mayland in Essex in 1906. Feys employed Charles Holden to design the farm cottages at that site.

paragraph: From 1906 through 1912 Fels also contributed to the Jewish Territorialist Organization, in hopes that a Jewish homeland would be founded along Georgist principle. His wife, Mary (née Rothschild), continued to support this cause after Fels' death on February 22, 1914; his brother Samuel also remained an active philanthropist. Fels also gave money to the Russian Social Democratic (Communist) party. [Source: Simon Sebag Montefiore, "Young Stalin."] His only child, Irving S. Fels, died in infancy.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Joseph and Mary Fels Papers, including correspondence and other printed materials, are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

description: American businessman

wikidata_label: Joseph Fels

wikipedia_title: Joseph Fels


text:
Madhavrao Peshwa I
Pune
Shrivardhan
Harihareshwar
Chintamani, Theur
Ranjit Desai
Mrinal Dev-Kulkarni
Doordarshan
Rama Madhav
Parna Pethe
Maratha Empire
Madhavrao Ballal Peshwa
Bhat family

categories: Women of the Maratha Empire,Peshwa dynasty,1760 births,People who committed sati,18th-century Indian royalty,1772 deaths

paragraph: Ramabai Peshwa

paragraph: Ramabai was wife of Madhavrao Peshwa I. Her father's name was Shivaji Ballal Joshi from Solapur.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ramabai was married to Madhavrao I on 9 December 1753 in Pune. She accompanied Madhavrao I during Karnataka expedition in 1766–67. She was religious lady and would go on pilgrimages, like that of Shrivardhan and Harihareshwar.

paragraph: She had gone to Harihareshwar in 1772 when Madhavrao's health was very serious. She always kept fasts for Madhavrao. the couple had no children.

paragraph: She was a very spiritual and religious woman. She never intervened in social or political matters. On 18 November 1772, Madhavrao died in the temple premises of Chintamani, Theur. Thousands of citizens visited the site and paid their last respects to their beloved departed leader.

paragraph: Since Ramabai was mentally prepared for his death beforehand,she performed Sati on his funeral pyre on the same date. Madhavrao was cremated on the banks of the Bhima river which was about half a mile from the temple. A small memorial carved out of stone rests today at this place as a reminder of this great leader and his loving wife.

paragraph: Section::::In Media.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ramabai Peshwa's character was essayed in a novel called "Swami" written by Ranjit Desai

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the late 1980s, actress Mrinal Dev-Kulkarni played the role of Ramabai in a television series called "Swami" on the TV channel Doordarshan

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the 2014 movie Rama Madhav, actress Parna Pethe played the role of Ramabai

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maratha Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Madhavrao Ballal Peshwa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bhat family

description: Wife of maratha emperor

wikidata_label: Ramabai

wikipedia_title: Ramabai Peshwa


text:
University of Edinburgh
Sunderland
Whitburn
William Van Mildert
Isle of Man
Crosby, Isle of Man
Bishop of Chester
Wesleyan
Jabez Bunting
Everyman Theatre
William Bridges
James Banyard
Peculiar People
John Sirgood
Society of Dependents
Preston
Manchester
Burselm
Mormon
Latter Day Saints
Royal Navy
Perranuthnoe
Marazion
Cornwall
Pendeen
Robert Stephen Hawker
Great Western Railway
Paddington
Tractarian

categories: Scottish Christian religious leaders,1800 births,1873 deaths,People from Jedburgh

paragraph: Robert Aitken (preacher)

paragraph: Robert Aitken (1800–1873) was a Scottish popular preacher who formed "The Christian Society", with his following primarily drawn from Methodist and Anglican believers, promoting a mix of evangelism and tractarianism.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Scotland to Calvinist parents, he attended the University of Edinburgh but according to his son the Rev. William Hay Aitken (1836 - 1911), he left without graduating. While still very young, Aitken became a school-master in Sunderland, and, whilst living in the village of Whitburn near that town, was ordained as deacon in 1823 by Bishop William Van Mildert.

paragraph: He was for some time resident in the Isle of Man, living near Douglas at 'Kirby Cottage' in Braddan. He married his first wife Anna Elizabeth Eyres (1804 - 1836), around this time and they had six children together. She was the daughter of Lt. Colonel William Eyres (1782 - 1847), a wealthy manufacturer of soap, and Elizabeth Simpson (1781 -1863). Anna was tubercular and Aitken's mother-in-law came to the Island to join them and their growing family. In 1829 they bought substantial land at Crosby, Isle of Man called Ballyemin, later renamed Eyreton in honour Anna Elizabeth Aitken. Aitken's style of preaching caused him to clash with the Bishop of Chester and he lost his curacy. Following sixteen days of fasting and prayer Aitken underwent a "spectacular conversion" and circa 1833-4 left the Church of England.

paragraph: He associated himself with the Wesleyan Methodists as a "freebooting revivalist" and "guided by the hand of God", now began the first of several building projects. He designed Crosby Wesleyan Methodist Chapel (the land for which was given by his mother-in-law for 5 shillings). Aitken and his mother-in-law may have paid for, or helped pay for the building work. Opened in 1833 the Chapel is still standing in 2017. In 1833 Aitken designed and built 'Eyreton Castle' where he opened a school, run on exclusively religious grounds; in 1834 the first prospectus had the motto "Holiness unto the Lord". It later became a boarding school and then a farm. The castle ruin can still be seen today.

paragraph: Aitken was never received into the Wesleyan Connexion and ministry; in 1834-5 his requests for formal recognition by Conference were denied but he was permitted to occupy Methodist pulpits, by the Wesleyan Methodist Association, a splinter group . He remained in sympathy with them until the Warren controversy arose in 1835; the conservative Jabez Bunting seems to have always viewed Aitken as a divisive figure who was inimical to his own ambitions. Aitken was clearly a preacher of tremendous eloquence and power.

paragraph: Section::::The Christian Society.

paragraph: Having been rebuffed by Conference, Aitken formed "The Christian Society" in Liverpool in December 1835; "separating himself from all sects and religious bodies" he became an evangelical revivalist taking some of the Methodist Association leaders and members with him. The Society was based on a merger of Anglican and Methodist polities, and mixed evangelism with tractarianism, preaching ""the glorious gospel of Holiness and the New Birth"". In 1836 he built Hope Hall in Liverpool as his headquarters; it was here he had his largest following, numbering 1,500 by 1837. His followers were called "Aitkenites" who responded wildly to his Pentecostal evangelism, and his themes of ancient prophesies and the imminence of Christ's return. Described as "jumpers and ranters" there were reports of "frenzied revivalist activities" in the vaults of Hope Hall. (Hope Hall was ceded to the Church of England in May 1841 and later became the Everyman Theatre.

paragraph: Following the death of his wife Anna, in late 1836 Aitken left the Christian Society and Hope Hall in the hands of the Rev. John Bowes; between 1837 - 1839 he continued his mission in the open air at Lambeth and in Spitalfields at White's Row Chapel. In Lambeth he preached outside a hotel, which so angered the proprietor that he arranged for some men to harass Aitken. A few days later the proprietor and his wife died suddenly; emboldened, Aitken believed that "God was his upolder".

paragraph: At White's Row Aitken (a strict teetotaler) had an enormous impact upon two Methodist local preachers, William Bridges and James Banyard the men who founded the Peculiar People. It was through Bridges that Aitken's message reached John Sirgood founder of the Society of Dependents. The restoration of a church in latter days was one of Aitken's most prominent themes and chapels were also established at Preston, Manchester, and Burselm.

paragraph: It was at Preston in 1838 that Aitken first began losing members to the newly arrived Mormon missionaries. He asked the Lord to "smite" their leaders but his combative stance seems to have worked against him; the poaching of his Christian Society membership proved to be a great source of Latter Day Saints converts.

paragraph: On 11 July 1839, he married again to Wilhelmina Day Macdowell Grant (1806 - 1886) and together they had two children including the Rev. William Hay Aitken mentioned previously. Wilhelmina was the daughter of Royal Navy Capt. David Macdowell-Grant (1770 - 1842) and Eleanor Frances Murray (1753 - 1775). Shortly after his marriage Aitken applied to the Bishop of Chester for re-instatement in active ministry, he was given a three-year probationary period "to prove his worthiness and serious intent". He finally, on 20 December 1840, took leave of his congregation at Zion Chapel, Waterloo Road, Liverpool, and returned to the Church of England.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: In 1841 he was briefly at St James in Leeds and officiated from 1842 to 1844 as curate of the small parish of Perranuthnoe, near Marazion, in Cornwall, and then became the first incumbent of the new parish of Pendeen in the same county. In this remote district, on the Atlantic coast, he designed and built and under his own personal supervision, a cruciform church on the model of the ancient cathedral of Iona, the labour being supplied by tin miners and people of the neighbourhood, chiefly in their own leisure hours. He was "anchored" here and never held any other preferment. Aitken was visited at Pendeen by the young William Booth (founder of the Salvation Army) and William Haslam. Haslam later recognised his debt to Aitken in the book 'From Death Unto Life'. He was still a distinctive figure and was compared in style and looks to Robert Stephen Hawker aka "Hawker of Morwenstow".

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Aitken was returning to Pendeen from a short holiday when he died suddenly on the Great Western Railway platform at Paddington on 11 July 1873. He is buried in the family vault at Pendeen.

paragraph: Section::::Robert Aitken from the Dictionary of National Biography 1885 - 1900.

paragraph: "Aitken's services were often sought by the incumbents of other churches in large towns, and he was well known throughout England as a fervent preacher. A fine presence and a commanding voice, combined with untiring zeal and sympathy for others, concealed rashness of judgment. His religious creed was taken partly from the teachings of the Methodist church, and partly from the views of the Tractarians: he wished the one class to undergo the process of ‘conversion,’ the other to be imbued with sacramental beliefs. Whether his opinions were in accord with the principles of the established church or not, was fiercely disputed both before and after his death. His sermons and pamphlets, as well as the replies which they provoked, are described at length in the first and third volumes of "Bibliotheca Cornubiensis"".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Attribution

description: Scottish preacher

wikidata_label: Robert Aitken

wikipedia_title: Robert Aitken (preacher)


text:
Roman
senator
Odoacer
Rufius Achilius Maecius Placidus
Anicius Acilius Aginantius Faustus
quaestor
Colosseum
consular diptych
praefectus urbi
Claudius Iulius Ecclesius Dynamius
Odoacer
Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire

categories: Patricii,Imperial Roman consuls,5th-century Romans

paragraph: Rufius Achilius Sividius

paragraph: Rufius Achilius Sividius ("floruit" 483–488) was a Roman senator under Odoacer's rule. His brothers included Rufius Achilius Maecius Placidus, and Anicius Acilius Aginantius Faustus.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He is defined as "quaestor" (perhaps "quaestor sacri palatii") in the inscription on his seat at the Colosseum. His consular diptych, which records his further career, has been preserved. After his term as quaestor, Sividius was appointed "praefectus urbi" of Rome and then "patricius". In 488 he was consul "posterior" with Claudius Iulius Ecclesius Dynamius, both appointed by the court of Odoacer, and "praefectus urbi" for the second time.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rufius Achilius Sividius", "Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire", Volume 2, Cambridge University Press, 1992, , pp. 1017-1018.

description: Aristocrat and consul of Imperial Rome

wikidata_label: Rufius Achilius Sividius

wikipedia_title: Rufius Achilius Sividius


text:
Hindu mythology
Ikshvaku dynasty
rakshasa
Vashishtha
Rama
avatar
Vishnu
Hindu epic
Ramayana
niyoga
Mahabharata
Ramayana
Purana
Raghu
Sagara
Bhagiratha
Vishnu Purana
Vashishtha
Vayu Purana
Agni Purana
Brahma Purana
Harivamsa
Ayodhya
Kosala
Bhagavata Purana
Shakti
kshatriya
brahmin
Vishwamitra
Shiva Purana
Ashwamedha
ashram
Shraddha
Linga Purana
Brihaddevata
sati
Brahmahatya
Janaka
Gautama
Shiva
Gokarna
Gurudakshina
Ahalya
purohita
niyoga
Pandu
Kunti
Dasharatha
Rama
Kurma Purana
Linga Purana
Matsya Purana

paragraph: Kalmashapada

paragraph: In Hindu mythology, Kalmashapada (Kalmasapada, कल्माषपाद), also known as Saudasa (), Mitrasaha (मित्रसह), Amitrasaha and Kalmashanghri (Kalmasanghri), was a king of the Ikshvaku dynasty (the Solar dynasty), who was cursed to be a "rakshasa" (demon) by the sage Vashishtha. He is described as an ancestor of Rama, the avatar of the god Vishnu and the hero of the Hindu epic "Ramayana". Many texts narrate how Kalmashapada was cursed to die if he had intercourse with his queen, so he obtained a son from Vashishtha by "niyoga", an ancient tradition whereby a husband can nominate another man to impregnate his wife. Kalmashapada's story is narrated in various works including the classic epic poems "Mahabharata" and "Ramayana", and the "Purana"s.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: The "Mahabharata" and the "Purana"s agree that Kalmashapada was the son of the king Sudasa (Sudhasana); however, the "Ramayana" names his father as Raghu, a king whom the other texts identify as a descendant of Kalmashapada. All texts agree that his ancestors include Sagara and Bhagiratha, though the generations between Bhagiratha and Kalmashapada may vary among the texts.

paragraph: Some texts state that Kalmashapada's birth name was Mitrasaha, but he was known by his patronymic Saudasa. A commentator on the "Vishnu Purana" says that Mitra-saha (literally, "one who forbears a friend") is an epithet the king acquires from the curse of the sage Vashishtha. The king restrains ("saha") himself from retaliation against his friend ("mitra") Vashishtha's curse, though he possesses the power to do so. The "Vayu Purana", the "Agni Purana", the "Brahma Purana", and the "Harivamsa" call him "Amitrasaha", "one who forbears ("saha") a foe ("amitra")"; here, Vashishtha is taken to be an enemy.

paragraph: Kalmashapada was the king of Ayodhya (Kosala) and was married to Queen Madayanti. The "Bhagavata Purana" notes that she was also known as Damayanti.

paragraph: Section::::The curse.

paragraph: Section::::The curse.:Shakti's curse.

paragraph: The "Mahabharata" narrates: Once, Kalmashapada was roaming the forest for hunting. He encounters the sage Vashishtha's eldest son Shakti on a narrow path. As a kshatriya (member of the ruler class), Kalmashapada does not make way for Shakti, a brahmin (priestly class). Nevertheless, Shakti refuses to budge. Finally, an enraged Kalmashapada hits Shakti with his whip. In turn, the sage curses the king to wander the forest for 16 years. The sage Vishwamitra, the arch-enemy of Vashishtha who desires to have Kalmashapada as his disciple, sends a "rakshasa" to possess the king's body. Vishwamitra plots to destroy his enemy's family with the help of the king. Under the influence of the "rakshasa", the king serves human flesh to a Brahmin, who sets vasishta's curse into effect. The king turns into a cannibalistic "rakshasa".

paragraph: Section::::The curse.:Vashishtha's curse.

paragraph: The "Uttara Kanda" of the "Ramayana" and the "Shiva Purana" narrate about Vashishtha cursing Kalmashapada with slight variation. The "Uttara Ramayana" tells that once, while hunting in the forest, Kalmashapada mistakenly kills a "rakshasa" disguised as a tiger cub. His fellow "rakshasa" – who was also disguised as a cub – assumes his true form and warns the king that he will take his revenge against the wrongful death at the proper time. The "Shiva Purana" and the "Bhagavata Purana" identify the other "rakshasa" as the brother of the slain one, and does not mention the tiger cub disguise. The "Vishnu Purana" also notes that the demons appeared in the form of tigers.

paragraph: The king returns to his capital and invites his guru Vashishtha to the Ashwamedha sacrifice. The sage accepts. The vengeful "rakshasa" assumes the form of the sage and informs the king that he secretly desires to eat meat (a taboo for sages), and that the king should come to his ashram and offer him meat. Deceived by the "rakshasa's" disguise, Kalmashapada with his queen goes to Vashishtha's ashram and presents him with meat. The sage feels insulted seeing the taboo offering, and curses the king to be a "rakshasa".

paragraph: In the "Shiva Purana", the "Bhagavata Purana", and the "Vishnu Purana", the "rakshasa" disguises himself as a Brahmin cook and gains entry to the king's kitchen. When Vashishtha arrives in Ayodhya on the king's invitation for a Shraddha ceremony, or simply dinner, the demon cooks human flesh and offers that to the sage on behalf of the king. The enraged sage curses him to be transformed into a human-eating "rakshasa" and wander the forests. The pious king is outraged by the unjust curse and quarrels with the sage. Vashishtha reduces the curse to 12 years when he hears of the "rakshasa's" deception. But the king is not satisfied. He takes water in his hand to cast a curse on Vashishtha, but the queen dissuades him. However, the curse-ridden water cannot be wasted. If thrown on the ground, it will destroy the crop. If thrown in the air, it will spoil the rains. Throwing in any direction would harm some living beings. Ultimately, the king throws the water on his own feet. Since the king's feet become black and white in colour, he gains the epithets Kalmashapada and Kalmasanghri (literally, "pied feet").

paragraph: Section::::Life as a "rakshasa".

paragraph: The "Mahabharata" narrates that Kalmashapada cultivates an intense hatred for Vashishtha and his sons. He eats Shakti and his 99 brothers to seek his vengeance. The grief-stricken Vashishtha leaves his ashram and starts roaming the forest. He even tries to kill himself, but fails every time. Texts such as the "Mahabharata", the "Linga Purana", and the "Kanchipuranam" blame Vishwamitra for provoking Kalmashapada to slay Vashishtha's sons. An older scripture, "Brihaddevata", also mentions that multiple Saudasas (sons of Sudasa) slay the hundred sons of Vashishtha.

paragraph: Various texts relate that in the forest, Kalmashapada encounters a young Brahmin couple engaged in coitus. Kalmashapada disturbs the act before climax and captures the Brahmin youth. His wife pleads that her husband has not impregnated her yet, and that it is improper to kill a Brahmin. However, Kalmashapada devours the youth. The chaste Brahmin widow wails and curses Kalmashapada that he will die if he touches any woman with amorous intent. The wife cremates her husband and commits sati by jumping into his funeral pyre.

paragraph: The "Shiva Purana" adds an continuation: The sin of killing a Brahmin transforms into a monster called Brahmahatya, who starts following Kalmashapada. The latter tries to escape the monster, and finally reaches King Janaka's court. There, the sage Gautama teaches Kalmashapada divine knowledge and directs him to the Shiva temple of Gokarna to free him of his sins. At Gokarna, Kalmashapada performs intense austerities and is liberated from Brahmahatya.

paragraph: The "Mahabharata" also records an encounter between the sage Uttanka and Kalmashapada. After serving his guru Gautama for a hundred years, Uttanka is allowed to go, but must provide Gautama with Gurudakshina, a traditional repayment for his teacher's services. Gautama's wife Ahalya suggests that he bring her the divine earrings of Madayanti, Kalmashapada's wife, as repayment. Uttanka meets the cannibalistic Kalmashapada, who approaches Uttanka to eat him, but Uttanka stops him and explains that he is duty-bound to get Madayanti's earrings as gurudakshina and that he, Uttanka, will return to Kalmashapada after fulfilling his obligation. Kalmashapada agrees and directs him to his wife, who refuses to part with her earrings until Uttanka brings some token from Kalmashapada as proof of his consent. Upon returning from Kalmashapada with a token, Madayanti gives him the earrings.

paragraph: Section::::Liberation from the curse and children.

paragraph: The "Mahabharata" narrates that Vashishtha meets Kalmashapada at the end of the 12-year period and frees the king of the curse. The king returns to his original form and accepts the sage as his guru and "purohita" (priest). Both of them return to Ayodhya. However, Kalmashapada is still heirless and cannot unite with his wife in coitus due to the Brahmin widow's curse. The king requests Vashishtha to inseminate Madayanti, following the practice of "niyoga". The queen becomes pregnant by the sage but does not deliver for 12 years. Finally, the frustrated queen breaks her womb with a stone and her son is born. Since the son is born with the aid of a stone ("Ashman"), he is named Ashmaka ("the child born of a stone"). The "Mahabharata" adds that this act of "giving" his wife to a Brahmin helps Kalmashapada attain heaven.

paragraph: A central character of the epic, King Pandu, who is cursed to die upon having sex with his wife, convinces his wife Kunti to have "niyoga" with the gods and mother children for him, citing the example of Kalmashapada. The scholar Meyer suggests that the tale of Pandu may be inspired by the much older narrative of Kalmashapada.

paragraph: Other texts agree that Vashishtha ends Kalmashapada's curse; however, there is some variation. In the "Bhagavata Purana", Vashishtha himself strikes the queen's belly with a stone after seven years to free the child. The "Vishnu Purana" credits the queen for opening her own womb, but the period is seven years.

paragraph: All texts agree that Kalmashapada is an ancestor of Dasharatha and his divine son Rama, the hero of the "Ramayana". The names of Kalmashapada's children and the number of generations between Kalmashapada and Dasharatha varies. The "Vishnu Purana", the "Vayu Purana", the "Bhagavata Purana", the "Kurma Purana", and the "Linga Purana" contain a few variations of the names. According to them, Ashmaka was the son of Kalmashapada, and nine generations lie between Kalmashapada and Dasharatha. The "Matsya Purana", the "Agni Purana", the "Brahma Purana", and the "Harivamsa" call Kalmashapada's son Sarvakarma (who is said to be the grandfather of Kalmashapada in the "Vishnu Purana", et al.), but agree as to the number of generations with the "Vishnu Purana", et al. The "Ramayana" identifies the son as Shankhana and states that ten generations lie between Kalmashapada and Dasharatha.

wikidata_label: Kalmashapada

wikipedia_title: Kalmashapada


text:
eleventh emperor
Achaemenid Empire
Pharaoh
31st dynasty
Egypt
Artaxerxes II
Arses of Persia
Philip II
Macedon
Nectanebo II
Petrus Comestor
Ahasuerus
book of Esther
Esther 1:1
10:1
satrap
Artaxerxes II
Nectanebo II
Pharaoh
Egypt
Philip II of Macedon
Perinthus
Persepolis
Herodotus
Iran
Babylon
Canon of Kings
Nusaybin
satrap
Phoenicia
Athens
Anatolia
Cadusii
Darius III
Artabazus II
Hellespontine Phrygia
Chares
Athenian
Mysia
Orontes I
Thebans
Pammenes
Philip II of Macedon
Thebes
Nectanebo II
Pharaoh
Cyprus
Idrieus
Caria
trireme
Phocion
Evagoras
Sidon
Belesys
Mazaeus
satrap of Cilicia
Phoenicia
Tennes
Nectanebo II
Mentor of Rhodes
Phoenicia
Sidon
cavalry
Athens
Sparta
Ionians
Tennes
Hyrcania
Caspian Sea
Mentor
Mentor of Rhodes
Bagoas
Nectanebo II
Nile
Memphis
Greek
Babylon
Caspian Sea
Phoenicia
Persia
Egypt
satrap of Egypt
Persian Empire
Alexander the Great
Mentor of Rhodes
Bagoas
Ionia
Lycia
Aegean
Mediterranean Sea
Athens
Isocrates
Philip II of Macedon
Macedon
Demosthenes
Thracian prince
Cersobleptes
Perinthus
Diodorus of Sicily
Achaemenid Empire
Zoroaster
Artaxerxes II
Ahura Mazda
Persepolis
Babylon
Damascus
Sardis
Susa
Ecbatana
Book of Judith
Phoenicia
Holofernes
Cappadocian satrap
Babylon
Diodorus Siculus
Nebuchadnezzar II
father's
Artaxerxes II
Statira
Sisygambis
Ariaspes
Artaxerxes IV Arses
Parysatis II
Alexander the Great
Sisygambis
Ostanes
Uxian
Darius III
Oxyathres
Achaemenid Empire
Persian Empire
History of Achaemenid Egypt
History of Achaemenid Egypt
List of kings of Persia
List of Pharaohs
Second Persian conquest of Egypt
Arrian
The Anabasis of Alexander
Diodorus Siculus
Bibliotheca historica
Justin
Achaemenid Empire:Temporary Relief
Persianempire.info

categories: 4th century BC in Egypt,Pharaohs of the Achaemenid dynasty of Egypt,Deaths by poisoning,4th-century BC Pharaohs,Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt,4th-century BC Babylonian kings,4th-century BC Kings of the Achaemenid Empire,Monarchs of Persia,4th-century BC Iranian people,4th-century BC murdered monarchs,Murdered Persian monarchs,338 BC deaths,420s BC births,Kings of the Achaemenid Empire

paragraph: Artaxerxes III

paragraph: Artaxerxes III Ochus of Persia (; "Artaxšaçā") ( 338 BC) was the eleventh emperor of the Achaemenid Empire, as well as the first Pharaoh of the 31st dynasty of Egypt. He was the son and successor of Artaxerxes II and was succeeded by his son, Arses of Persia (also known as Artaxerxes IV). His reign coincided with the reign of Philip II in Macedon and Nectanebo II in Egypt.

paragraph: In his "Historia Scholastica" Petrus Comestor identified Artaxerxes III as the successor of Ahasuerus in the book of Esther (Esther 1:1/10:1).

paragraph: Before ascending the throne Artaxerxes was a satrap and commander of his father's army. Artaxerxes came to power after one of his brothers was executed, another committed suicide, the last murdered and his father, Artaxerxes II died. Soon after becoming king, Artaxerxes murdered all of the royal family to secure his place as king. He started two major campaigns against Egypt. The first campaign failed, and was followed up by rebellions throughout the western part of his empire. In 343 BC, Artaxerxes defeated Nectanebo II, the Pharaoh of Egypt, driving him from Egypt, stopping a revolt in Phoenicia on the way.

paragraph: In Artaxerxes' later years, Philip II of Macedon's power was increasing in Greece, where he tried to convince the Greeks to revolt against the Achaemenid Empire. His activities were opposed by Artaxerxes, and with his support, the city of Perinthus resisted a Macedonian siege.

paragraph: There is evidence for a renewed building policy at Persepolis in his later life, where Artaxerxes erected a new palace and built his own tomb, and began long-term projects such as the Unfinished Gate.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: Artaxerxes III (, "Artaxšaçrā", "he whose empire is well-fitted" or "perfected", or Arta:"honoured" + Xerxes: "a king" ("the honoured king"), according to Herodotus "the great warrior") was the throne name adopted by Ochus when he succeeded his father in 358 BC. He is generally referred to as Ochus, but in modern Iran he is known as Ardeshir III (). In Babylonian inscriptions he is called "Umasu, who is called Artakshatsu". The same form of the name (probably pronounced Uvasu) occurs in the Syrian version of the Canon of Kings by Elias of Nusaybin.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and accession.

paragraph: Before ascending the throne Artaxerxes had been a satrap and commander of his father's army. In 359 BC, just before ascending the throne, he attacked Egypt as a reaction to Egypt's failed attacks on coastal regions of Phoenicia. In 358 BC his father, Artaxerxes II, died, it was said to be because of a broken heart caused by his children's behaviour, and, since his other sons, Darius, Ariaspes and Tiribazus had already been eliminated by plots, Artaxerxes III succeeded him as king. His first order was the execution of over 80 of his nearest relations to secure his place as king.

paragraph: In 355 BC, Artaxerxes forced Athens to conclude a peace which required the city's forces to leave Anatolia and to acknowledge the independence of its rebellious allies. Artaxerxes started a campaign against the rebellious Cadusii, but he managed to appease both of the Cadusian kings. One individual who successfully emerged from this campaign was Darius Codomannus, who later occupied the Persian throne as Darius III.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and accession.:Revolt of Artabazos and Orontes against the Achaemenid King (354-353 BC).

paragraph: Artaxerxes then ordered the disbanding of all the satrapal armies of Asia Minor, as he felt that they could no longer guarantee peace in the west and was concerned that these armies equipped the western satraps with the means to revolt. The order was however ignored by Artabazus II, satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, who asked for the help of Athens in a rebellion against the king. Athens sent assistance. Artabazos was at first supported by Chares, an Athenian general, and his mercenaries, whom he rewarded very generously. The gold coinage of Artabazos is thought to have been issued specifically to reward the troops of Chares. The Satrap of Mysia, Orontes I also supported Artabazus. Later, Artabazos was also supported by the Thebans, who sent him 5,000 men under Pammenes. With the assistance of these and other allies, Artabazos defeated the King in two great battles in 354 BC.

paragraph: However, in 353 BC, they were defeated by Artaxerxes’ army and were disbanded. Orontes was pardoned by the king, while Artabazus fled with his family to the safety of the court of Philip II of Macedon, where he remained from 352 to 342.

paragraph: Section::::First Egyptian Campaign (351 BC).

paragraph: In around 351 BC, Artaxerxes embarked on a campaign to recover Egypt, which had revolted under his father, Artaxerxes II. At the same time a rebellion had broken out in Asia Minor, which, being supported by Thebes, threatened to become serious. Levying a vast army, Artaxerxes marched into Egypt, and engaged Nectanebo II. After a year of fighting the Egyptian Pharaoh, Nectanebo inflicted a crushing defeat on the Persians with the support of mercenaries led by the Greek generals: the Athenian Diophantus and the Spartan Lamius. Artaxerxes was compelled to retreat and postpone his plans to reconquer Egypt.

paragraph: Soon after this Egyptian defeat, Phoenicia, Anatolia and Cyprus declared their independence from Persian rule. In 343 BC, Artaxerxes committed responsibility for the suppression of the Cyprian rebels to Idrieus, prince of Caria, who employed 8000 Greek mercenaries and forty triremes, commanded by Phocion the Athenian, and Evagoras, son of the elder Evagoras, the Cypriot monarch. Idrieus succeeded in reducing Cyprus.

paragraph: Section::::Rebellion of Cyprus and Sidon.:Sidon campaign of Belesys and Mazaeus.

paragraph: Artaxerxes initiated a counter-offensive against Sidon by commanding the satrap of Syria Belesys and Mazaeus, the satrap of Cilicia, to invade the city and to keep the Phoenicians in check. Both satraps suffered crushing defeats at the hands of Tennes, the Sidonese king, who was aided by 40,000 Greek mercenaries sent to him by Nectanebo II and commanded by Mentor of Rhodes. As a result, the Persian forces were driven out of Phoenicia.

paragraph: Section::::Rebellion of Cyprus and Sidon.:Sidon campaign of Artaxerxes.

paragraph: After this, Artaxerxes personally led an army of 330,000 men against Sidon. Artaxerxes' army comprised 300,000 foot soldiers, 30,000 cavalry, 300 triremes, and 500 transports or provision ships. After gathering this army, he sought assistance from the Greeks. Though refused aid by Athens and Sparta, he succeeded in obtaining a thousand Theban heavy-armed hoplites under Lacrates, three thousand Argives under Nicostratus, and six thousand Æolians, Ionians, and Dorians from the Greek cities of Anatolia. This Greek support was numerically small, amounting to no more than 10,000 men, but it formed, together with the Greek mercenaries from Egypt who went over to him afterwards, the force on which he placed his chief reliance, and to which the ultimate success of his expedition was mainly due.

paragraph: The approach of Artaxerxes sufficiently weakened the resolution of Tennes that he endeavoured to purchase his own pardon by delivering up 100 principal citizens of Sidon into the hands of the Persian king, and then admitting Artaxerxes within the defences of the town. Artaxerxes had the 100 citizens transfixed with javelins, and when 500 more came out as supplicants to seek his mercy, Artaxerxes consigned them to the same fate. Sidon was then burnt to the ground, either by Artaxerxes or by the Sidonian citizens. Forty thousand people died in the conflagration. Artaxerxes sold the ruins at a high price to speculators, who calculated on reimbursing themselves by the treasures which they hoped to dig out from among the ashes. Tennes was later put to death by Artaxerxes. Artaxerxes later sent Jews who supported the revolt to Hyrcania, on the south coast of the Caspian Sea.

paragraph: Section::::Second Egyptian Campaign (343 BC).

paragraph: The reduction of Sidon was followed closely by the invasion of Egypt. In 343 BC, Artaxerxes, in addition to his 330,000 Persians, had now a force of 14,000 Greeks furnished by the Greek cities of Asia Minor: 4,000 under Mentor, consisting of the troops which he had brought to the aid of Tennes from Egypt; 3,000 sent by Argos; and 1000 from Thebes. He divided these troops into three bodies, and placed at the head of each a Persian and a Greek. The Greek commanders were Lacrates of Thebes, Mentor of Rhodes and Nicostratus of Argos while the Persians were led by Rhossaces, Aristazanes, and Bagoas, the chief of the eunuchs. Nectanebo II resisted with an army of 100,000 of whom 20,000 were Greek mercenaries. Nectanebo II occupied the Nile and its various branches with his large navy. The character of the country, intersected by numerous canals, and full of strongly fortified towns, was in his favour and Nectanebo II might have been expected to offer a prolonged, if not even a successful, resistance. But he lacked good generals, and over-confident in his own powers of command, he was able to be out-manoeuvred by the Greek mercenary generals and his forces eventually defeated by the combined Persian armies.

paragraph: After his defeat, Nectanebo hastily fled to Memphis, leaving the fortified towns to be defended by their garrisons. These garrisons consisted of partly Greek and partly Egyptian troops; between whom jealousies and suspicions were easily sown by the Persian leaders. As a result, the Persians were able to rapidly reduce numerous towns across Lower Egypt and were advancing upon Memphis when Nectanebo decided to quit the country and flee southwards to Ethiopia. The Persian army completely routed the Egyptians and occupied the Lower Delta of the Nile. Following Nectanebo fleeing to Ethiopia, all of Egypt submitted to Artaxerxes. The Jews in Egypt were sent either to Babylon or to the south coast of the Caspian Sea, the same location that the Jews of Phoenicia had earlier been sent.

paragraph: After this victory over the Egyptians, Artaxerxes had the city walls destroyed, started a reign of terror, and set about looting all the temples. Persia gained a significant amount of wealth from this looting. Artaxerxes also raised high taxes and attempted to weaken Egypt enough that it could never revolt against Persia. For the 10 years that Persia controlled Egypt, believers in the native religion were persecuted and sacred books were stolen. Before he returned to Persia, he appointed Pherendares as satrap of Egypt. With the wealth gained from his reconquering Egypt, Artaxerxes was able to amply reward his mercenaries. He then returned to his capital having successfully completed his invasion of Egypt.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: After his success in Egypt, Artaxerxes returned to Persia and spent the next few years effectively quelling insurrections in various parts of the Empire so that a few years after his conquest of Egypt, the Persian Empire was firmly under his control. Egypt remained a part of the Persian Empire until Alexander the Great's conquest of Egypt.

paragraph: After the conquest of Egypt, there were no more revolts or rebellions against Artaxerxes. Mentor of Rhodes and Bagoas, the two generals who had most distinguished themselves in the Egyptian campaign, were advanced to posts of the highest importance. Mentor, who was governor of the entire Asiatic seaboard, was successful in reducing to subjection many of the chiefs who during the recent troubles had rebelled against Persian rule. In the course of a few years Mentor and his forces were able to bring the whole Asian Mediterranean coast into complete submission and dependence.

paragraph: Bagoas went back to the Persian capital with Artaxerxes, where he took a leading role in the internal administration of the Empire and maintained tranquility throughout the rest of the Empire. During the last six years of the reign of Artaxerxes III, the Persian Empire was governed by a vigorous and successful government.

paragraph: The Persian forces in Ionia and Lycia regained control of the Aegean and the Mediterranean Sea and took over much of Athens’ former island empire. In response, Isocrates of Athens started giving speeches calling for a ‘crusade against the barbarians’ but there was not enough strength left in any of the Greek city-states to answer his call.

paragraph: Although there weren't any rebellions in the Persian Empire itself, the growing power and territory of Philip II of Macedon in Macedon (against which Demosthenes was in vain warning the Athenians) attracted the attention of Artaxerxes. In response, he ordered that Persian influence was to be used to check and constrain the rising power and influence of the Macedonian kingdom. In 340 BC, a Persian force was dispatched to assist the Thracian prince, Cersobleptes, to maintain his independence. Sufficient effective aid was given to the city of Perinthus that the numerous and well-appointed army with which Philip had commenced his siege of the city was compelled to give up the attempt. By the last year of Artaxerxes' rule, Philip II already had plans in place for an invasion of the Persian Empire, which would crown his career, but the Greeks would not unite with him.

paragraph: In 338 BC Artaxerxes III was according to a Greek source, Diodorus of Sicily, poisoned by Bagoas with the assistance of a physician. A cuneiform tablet in the British Museum (BM 71537) however suggests Artaxerxes III died from natural causes.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Historically, kings of the Achaemenid Empire were followers of Zoroaster or heavily influenced by Zoroastrian ideology. The reign of Artaxerxes II saw a revival of the cult of Anahita and Mithra, when in his building inscriptions he invoked Ahura Mazda, Anahita and Mithra and even set up statues of his gods. Mithra and Anahita had until then been neglected by true Zoroastrians--they defied Zoroaster’s command that God was to be represented only by the flames of a sacred fire. Artaxerxes III is thought to have rejected Anahita and worshipped only Ahuramazda and Mithra. An ambiguity in the cuneiform script of an inscription of Artaxerxes III at Persepolis suggests that he regarded the father and the son as one person, suggesting that the attributes of Ahuramazda were being transferred to Mithra. Strangely, Artaxerxes had ordered that statues of the goddess Anâhita be erected at Babylon, Damascus and Sardis, as well as at Susa, Ecbatana and Persepolis.

paragraph: Artaxerxes' name appears on silver coins (modeled on Athenian ones) issued while he was in Egypt. The reverse bears an inscription in an Egyptian script, saying "Artaxerxes Pharaoh. Life, Prosperity, Wealth".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:In literature.

paragraph: It is thought by some that the "Book of Judith" could have been originally based on Artaxerxes' campaign in Phoenicia, as Holofernes was the name of the brother of the Cappadocian satrap Ariarathes, the vassal of Artaxerxes. Bagoas, the general that finds Holofernes dead, was one of the generals of Artaxerxes during his campaign against Phoenicia and Egypt.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Construction.

paragraph: There is evidence for a renewed building policy at Persepolis, but some of the buildings were unfinished at the time of his death. Two of his buildings at Persepolis were the Hall of Thirty-Two Columns, the purpose of which is unknown, and the palace of Artaxerxes III. The unfinished Army Road and Unfinished Gate, which connected the Gate of All Nations and the One-hundred Column Hall, gave archaeologists an insight into the construction of Persepolis. In 341 BC, after Artaxerxes returned to Babylon from Egypt, he apparently proceeded to build a great Apadana whose description is present in the works of Diodorus Siculus.

paragraph: The Nebuchadnezzar II palace in Babylon was expanded during the reign of Artaxerxes III. Artaxerxes' tomb was cut into the mountain behind the Persepolis platform, next to his father's tomb.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Artaxerxes III was the son of Artaxerxes II and Statira. Artaxerxes II had more than 115 sons by many wives, most of them however were illegitimate. Some of Ochus' more significant siblings were Rodogune, Apama, Sisygambis, Ocha, Darius and Ariaspes, most of whom were murdered soon after his ascension.

paragraph: His children were:

paragraph: By Atossa.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artaxerxes IV Arses

paragraph: By an unknown wife:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bisthanes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parysatis II, future wife of Alexander the Great.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sisygambis maybe was his daughter, or of Ostanes or of an Uxian leader. Her son was Darius III.

paragraph: He also married:

paragraph: BULLET::::- An unknown daughter of his sister Ocha.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A daughter of Oxyathres, brother of Darius III

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Achaemenid Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Persian Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Achaemenid Egypt

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Achaemenid Egypt

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of kings of Persia

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Pharaohs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second Persian conquest of Egypt

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Ancient works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arrian, The Anabasis of Alexander.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diodorus Siculus, "Bibliotheca historica".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Justin, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Achaemenid Empire:Temporary Relief

paragraph: BULLET::::- Persianempire.info

description: Archaemenid king

wikidata_label: Artaxerxes III

wikipedia_title: Artaxerxes III


text: American

text: Cardinal

text: Catholic Church

text: Archbishop of Cincinnati

text: Archbishop of Chicago

text: pancreatic cancer

text: cardinalate

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Columbia, South Carolina

text: Italian

text: immigrant

text: seamstress

text: physician

text: University of South Carolina

text: Saint Mary Seminary

text: Baltimore, Maryland

text: Bachelor of Arts

text: Philosophy

text: The Catholic University of America

text: Diocese of Charleston

text: John J. Russell

text: South Carolina

text: Diocese of Charleston

text: chancellor

text: vicar general

text: See

text: Pope John XXIII

text: Papal Chamberlain

text: Paul VI

text: Monsignor

text: Auxiliary Bishop

text: Archdiocese of Atlanta

text: Archbishop

text: Paul Hallinan

text: rector

text: Cathedral of Christ the King

text: Atlanta, Georgia

text: ecumenism

text: National Conference of Catholic Bishops

text: Campaign for Human Development.

text: Pope Paul VI

text: Archbishop of Cincinnati

text: Metropolitan See

text: The Catholic Telegraph

text: Sacred Congregation of Bishops

text: Synod of Bishops

text: National Conference of Catholic Bishops

text: Jews

text: Protestant

text: Poland

text: Hungary

text: John Cody

text: Chicago

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Archdiocese of Chicago

text: Apostolic Delegate

text: Pio Laghi

text: Consistory

text: Cardinal-Priest

text: Jesus the Divine Worker

text: titular church

text: William H. Sadlier, Inc.

text: Laetare Medal

text: The Lincoln Academy of Illinois

text: Order of Lincoln

text: sexual misconduct

text: served as a model

text: pancreatic cancer

text: Rome

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Assisi

text: Eugene Kennedy

text: Presidential Medal of Freedom

text: Leo J. O'Donovan

text: United States Supreme Court

text: assisted suicide

text: pancreatic cancer

text: homily

text: Mt. Carmel Cemetery

text: Hillside, Illinois

text: Funeral Mass

text: Roger Mahony

text: Consistent Ethic of Life

text: seamless garment

text: John 19:23

text: seamless robe of Jesus

text: pro-life

text: NCCB

text: United States

text: Time Magazine

text: Catholic Common Ground Initiative

text: Theology on Tap

text: Mass

text: AIDS

text: Alexian Brothers

text: Catholic Church Extension Society

text: Newsweek

text: Second Vatican Council

text: ecumenical

text: Presbyterians

text: Episcopalians

text: Lutherans

text: Episcopal Diocese of Chicago

text: World Parliament of Religions

text: Holy Land

text: Israel

text: Palestinian

text: Lebanon

text: Israel

text: Northern Ireland

text: Catholic Church

text: United States

text: Second Vatican Council

text: Orland Hills, Illinois

text: Loyola University of Chicago

text: Columbia, South Carolina

text: University of South Carolina

text: Joseph Cardinal Bernardin Lecture

text: Bernardin Way

text: Providence Hospital

text: Sisters of Charity

text: Catholic Theological Union

text: Catholic Common Ground Initiative

text: Catholic Campaign for Human Development

text: Catholic Church in the United States

text: Italians in Chicago

categories: Roman Catholic activists,Deaths from cancer in Illinois,American Roman Catholic bishops,1928 births,Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston,Roman Catholic bishops of Atlanta,American people of Italian descent,People from Chicago,American Roman Catholic archbishops,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,1996 deaths,Archbishops of Cincinnati,Archbishops of Chicago,Religious leaders from South Carolina,Catholics from South Carolina,University of South Carolina alumni,Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II,Burials at the Bishop's Mausoleum, Mount Carmel Cemetery (Hillside),Catholic University of America alumni,Deaths from pancreatic cancer,American cardinals,People from Columbia, South Carolina,Laetare Medal recipients,Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients

paragraph: Joseph Bernardin

paragraph: Joseph Louis Bernardin (April 2, 1928 – November 14, 1996) was an American Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Cincinnati from 1972 until 1982, and as Archbishop of Chicago from 1982 until his death in 1996 from pancreatic cancer. Bernardin was elevated to the cardinalate in 1983 by Pope John Paul II.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Joseph Bernardin was born on April 2, 1928, in Columbia, South Carolina, to Joseph and Maria Simion Bernardin, an Italian immigrant couple. He was baptized and confirmed at St. Peter's Catholic Church in Columbia. His father died of cancer when Bernardin was six. He took responsibility for his younger sister, Elaine, while his widowed mother worked as a seamstress.

paragraph: Bernardin's original academic ambition was to become a physician, inspiring him to enroll in the pre-medical program at the University of South Carolina. He then transferred to Saint Mary Seminary in Baltimore, Maryland. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Philosophy in 1948, and subsequently enrolled in The Catholic University of America to complete his theological studies.

paragraph: On April 26, 1952, Bernardin was ordained a priest of the Diocese of Charleston by John J. Russell at St. Joseph Church. This diocese covers the entire state of South Carolina. During his 14-year tenure at the Diocese of Charleston, Father Bernardin served under four bishops in capacities including chancellor, vicar general, diocesan counselor, and, when the See was vacant, diocesan administrator. In 1959, Pope John XXIII named Bernardin a Papal Chamberlain with the title Very Reverend Monsignor.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Auxiliary Bishop of Atlanta.

paragraph: On March 9, 1966 Pope Paul VI appointed Monsignor Bernardin titular Bishop of Liguria and Auxiliary Bishop of the Archdiocese of Atlanta. His episcopal consecration took place on April 26, 1966 at the hands of his mentor, the Archbishop of Atlanta, Paul Hallinan. Bernardin, only 38 years old, thus became the youngest bishop in America. From 1966 to 1968, Bishop Bernardin served as rector of the Cathedral of Christ the King in Atlanta, Georgia.

paragraph: According to Monsignor Kenneth Velo, a former executive aide to Bernandin and head of the Catholic Church Extension Society, it was in the predominantly Baptist American South that Bernardin learned ecumenism.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:General Secretary of National Conference.

paragraph: In 1968, he resigned as auxiliary bishop of Atlanta to become the first General Secretary of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops, a post he held until 1972. In 1969 Bishop Bernadin was instrumental in founding one of the conference's most influential and successful programs, the anti-poverty Campaign for Human Development.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Archbishop of Cincinnati.

paragraph: Pope Paul VI appointed Bernardin Archbishop of Cincinnati on November 21, 1972, and he was installed there December 19, 1972. Bernardin served the Metropolitan See of Cincinnati for nearly ten years. While there he appointed the first woman editor of the archdiocesan newspaper, "The Catholic Telegraph".

paragraph: While Archbishop of Cincinnati, Bernardin was named to the Sacred Congregation of Bishops, elected to the permanent council of the Synod of Bishops, and was elected president of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops. He worked to improve relations between Catholics and Jews, strove for better understanding between the Catholic Church and Protestant denominations, and made pastoral visits to both Poland and Hungary.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Archbishop of Chicago.

paragraph: Following the death of Cardinal John Cody of Chicago, Pope John Paul II chose Archbishop Bernardin, already prominent among his fellow American bishops, to lead the Archdiocese of Chicago. He was appointed the twelfth Bishop and seventh Archbishop of Chicago on July 10, 1982. On August 25, 1982, he was formally installed in that role by the Apostolic Delegate, Pio Laghi. Bernardin found an archdiocese in disarray, its priests disheartened by years of arbitrary administration and charges of financial misconduct. "With his patient charm and willingness to listen, Bernardin won back the confidence of the clergy and the laity..."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Elevation to Cardinal.

paragraph: In the Consistory of February 2, 1983, he was elevated to the Sacred College of Cardinals by Pope John Paul II as Cardinal-Priest of "Gesù Divino Lavoratore" (Jesus the Divine Worker) as his titular church.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Honorary degrees and awards.

paragraph: In 1989, Bernardin was awarded the F. Sadlier Dinger Award by educational publisher William H. Sadlier, Inc. The award is presented annually in recognition of an outstanding contribution to the ministry of religious education in America.

paragraph: An award sponsored by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops called the 'Joseph Cardinal Bernardin Award For Social Justice and Anti-Poverty' is awarded to Catholic youths who are considered to have provided outstanding advocacy in this area.

paragraph: In May 1983, Bernardin received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the College of the Holy Cross and served as the commencement speaker. In 1995, Bernardin was honored by the University of Notre Dame when he received their highest honor, the Laetare Medal, given in recognition of outstanding service to the Roman Catholic Church and society. The award is given to an American Catholic "whose genius has ennobled the arts and sciences, illustrated the ideals of the church, and enriched the heritage of humanity."

paragraph: Joseph Bernardin was inducted as a Laureate of The Lincoln Academy of Illinois and awarded the Order of Lincoln (the State's highest honor) by the Governor of Illinois in 1997 in the area of Religion.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Clerical abuse scandal.

paragraph: Bernardin implemented a policy concerning priests accused of sexual misconduct with minors. He removed more than a score of priests and established a new review board, made up primarily of lay people. Bernardin's reforms concerning this issue soon served as a model for other dioceses across the nation.

paragraph: Bernardin himself said in a press conference that he had been accused of sexual misconduct. Former seminarian Stephen Cook claimed to have been abused by Bernardin and another priest in the 1970s. However, Cook subsequently dropped Bernardin from his lawsuit, being no longer certain that his memories, which had emerged while he was under hypnosis, were accurate. The two later reconciled. Cook later said that he had relied on people who told him things that were not true, "asserting that he is absolutely convinced of Bernardin's innocence".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Final illness.

paragraph: In June 1995, following a string of international visits and pilgrimages, Bernardin underwent surgery for pancreatic cancer. On August 30, 1996, Bernardin told his flock that the cancer had returned, was in his liver, and was inoperable. He turned over the day-to-day administration of the Archdiocese to his vicar general and auxiliary bishop, Most Rev. Raymond Goedert. Bernardin then began to focus much of his ministry on the sick, and became the "unofficial chaplain" to Chicago cancer patients.

paragraph: On September 23, Bernardin traveled to Rome to visit with Pope John Paul II and visit Assisi. It was on that trip that Bernardin made his funerary arrangements. Upon his return to Chicago, he arranged for the care for his mother, whom he visited daily at her nursing home, and the distribution of his personal possessions. Bernardin arranged for his personal papers and administrative files to be transported from the Residence and Pastoral Center to the Archdiocese of Chicago's Archives and Records Center.

paragraph: Two weeks before his death, he completed his best-selling book about the end of life and about his own approaching death in particular, called "The Gift Of Peace", with the help of his friend and biographer Eugene Kennedy.

paragraph: In his final weeks, he was also awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Bill Clinton. He gave a major "Seamless Garment of Life" address at Georgetown University, where he received an award from and conversed with Father Leo J. O'Donovan, S.J., then Georgetown's president.

paragraph: He said goodbye to 800 of the diocesan and religious clergy of the Archdiocese at Holy Name Cathedral weeks before his death. On October 7, Bernardin met with the Presbyterate, and by the end of October, he withdrew from his active ministry due to his deteriorating strength. In his last days, Bernardin wrote to the United States Supreme Court against assisted suicide.

paragraph: On November 14, 1996, Bernardin died from pancreatic cancer at the age of 68.

paragraph: The funeral homily was given by his friend Reverend Monsignor Kenneth Velo. In the weeks before his death, Bernardin emphasized to the faithful and the public that he was at peace because of his life's profound reliance on God's sustaining grace in his ministry and his struggles with cancer, seeing death as "a continuation and a friend to prepare properly for by conducting ourselves well and letting go to abandon one's self to God in the end". He was interred in the Bishops' Mausoleum at Mt. Carmel Cemetery, Hillside, Illinois, following a Funeral Mass celebrated by his good friend, Cardinal Roger Mahony, and a wake for priests at which his good friend Father Scott Donahue spoke.

paragraph: Section::::Views.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Seamless garment of life.

paragraph: In 1983 Bernardin developed the "Consistent Ethic of Life" (or CLE) ideology, which expressed his response to living in an age in which he believed modern technologies threatened the sanctity of human life. Bernardin's CLE philosophy is sometimes called the "seamless garment", a reference from John 19:23 to the seamless robe of Jesus. The seamless garment philosophy holds that issues such as abortion, capital punishment, militarism, euthanasia, social injustice, and economic injustice all demand a consistent application of moral principles that value the sacredness of human life (as defined by the Catholic Church). In response to critiques from some pro-life activists, Bernardin said that the ethic did not describe all threats to life as equal but that all were related: "A systemic vision of life seeks to expand the moral imagination of a society, not partition it into airtight categories. ... A consistent ethic of life seeks to present a coherent linkage among a diverse set of issues. It can and should be used to test party platforms, public policies, and political candidates."

paragraph: While in Chicago, Bernardin also served as head of the NCCB Ad Hoc Committee on War and Peace, which drafted the pastoral letter, "The Challenge of Peace: God's Promise and Our Response." This book-length document challenged the morality of nuclear deterrence and sparked a decade-long debate both in the United States and abroad. Perhaps the most well known of these discussions on nuclear morality played out in the November 29, 1982, issue of "Time Magazine", entitled "God and the Bomb", which featured Bernardin on its cover.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Other social issues.

paragraph: Bernardin became a mediator between the diverging parties in the changing Post-Conciliar Church. In 1996, Bernardin inaugurated the Catholic Common Ground Initiative and was among the authors of its founding document ""Called to Be Catholic: Church in a Time of Peril,"" released August 12, 1996.

paragraph: Bernardin is also noted for his interest in the concern of young adults, which was in part evidenced by his involvement in the nascent Theology on Tap lecture movement in the early 1980s. In 1985, he told attendees of a special Theology on Tap Mass, "If I had children of my own, they would be your age. You are very special to me and to this Archdiocese."

paragraph: Additionally, Bernardin was the first to offer a Mass for divorced and separated Catholics at Holy Name Cathedral.

paragraph: The Windy City Gay Chorus performed at Bernardin's funeral, reportedly at his request.

paragraph: In 1985, Bernadin established an AIDS task force to determine how the Archdiocese might best care for those stricken by the AIDS crisis. In 1989, he dedicated Bonaventure House with the help of the Alexian Brothers, a residential facility for people suffering with AIDS. Bernardin was also lauded for his anti-pornography work, his leadership of the U.S. bishops, and the presidency of the Catholic Church Extension Society. In his final years, he relied heavily on the assistance of his adviser Monsignor Kenneth Velo, director of Catholic Extension.

paragraph: One of his final works was writing a book about his own dying, an excerpt of which served as a "Newsweek" magazine cover story, and which admirers saw as a lesson in dying.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Interfaith relations.

paragraph: Ardently adhering to his interpretation of a teaching of the Second Vatican Council, Bernardin, first in Cincinnati, then in Chicago, was committed to ecumenical and interfaith dialogues. While Archbishop of Cincinnati, Bernardin maintained dialogues with local congregations of Jews, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, and Lutherans. In Chicago, this dedication led to the formation of the Council of Religious Leaders of Metropolitan Chicago in 1985. Bernardin served as the council's first president. Subsequently, under his leadership, the Archdiocese of Chicago established official covenants with both the Episcopal Diocese of Chicago and the Evangelical Lutheran Metropolitan Synod.

paragraph: Bernardin also participated in the World Parliament of Religions in Chicago in 1993. During his interfaith pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1995, he met with Israeli, Palestinian, ecumenical, and interfaith leaders, and urged peace and mutual respect between Israelis and Palestinians. Bernardin consistently spoke out against the increasing violence in Lebanon, Israel, Northern Ireland, and elsewhere.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Legacy.

paragraph: Joseph Bernardin was influential in impacting a large segment of the Catholic Church in the United States following the Second Vatican Council.

paragraph: Two Catholic schools in the Archdiocese of Chicago were named after him: the Cardinal Joseph Bernardin School in Orland Hills, Illinois, and the Cardinal Bernardin Early Childhood Center.

paragraph: Loyola University of Chicago's Cancer Treatment Center is named the "Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center."

paragraph: In his hometown of Columbia, South Carolina, the University of South Carolina has established the annual "Joseph Cardinal Bernardin Lecture," which is usually held during October. The city of Columbia also named a street for him, Bernardin Way, adjacent to the downtown campus of Providence Hospital which is operated by the Sisters of Charity. Catholic Theological Union (CTU) in Chicago is home to the Bernardin Center for Theology and Ministry. This Center serves as the base for Catholics on Call, the Catholic Common Ground Initiative (CCGI), and the Peacebuilders Initiative.

paragraph: The U.S. bishops' Catholic Campaign for Human Development (CCHD) established for youth achievers the Cardinal Joseph Bernardin New Leadership Award.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Italians in Chicago

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Millies, Steven P. "Joseph Bernardin: Seeking Common Ground", Liturgical Press, 2016. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernardin, Joseph. "The Gift of Peace: Personal Reflection", Doubleday, 1998. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wall, A.E.P. "The Spirit of Cardinal Bernardin", Thomas More Press, 1983. . Thomas More Press, 1997. .

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Joseph Bernardin

wikipedia_title: Joseph Bernardin


text: professional baseball

text: outfielder

text: Seattle Mariners

text: Brigham Young University

text: college baseball

text: BYU Cougars

text: Lone Peak High School

text: Highland, Utah

text: Kansas City Royals

text: 2010 MLB Draft

text: signing bonus

text: Brigham Young University

text: college baseball

text: college football

text: BYU Cougars

text: mission

text: Little Rock, Arkansas

text: hip flexor

text: redshirt

text: 2012 season

text: 2013 season

text: batting average

text: home run

text: runs batted in

text: stolen base

text: on-base percentage

text: slugging percentage

text: West Coast Conference

text: All-America

text: Louisville Slugger

text: Chicago Cubs

text: 2013 MLB draft

text: Arizona Cubs

text: Rookie-level

text: Arizona League

text: Boise Hawks

text: Class A-Short Season

text: Northwest League

text: Kane County Cougars

text: Class A

text: Midwest League

text: Daytona Cubs

text: Class A-Advanced

text: Florida State League

text: Arizona Fall League

text: Myrtle Beach Pelicans

text: Carolina League

text: Tennessee Smokies

text: Class AA

text: Southern League

text: Iowa Cubs

text: Class AAA

text: Pacific Coast League

text: Seattle Mariners

text: Oakland Athletics

text: Ricky Nolasco

text: Iowa Cubs

text: Kahuku, Hawaii

text: Utah

text: Mufi Hannemann

text: mayor of Honolulu

text: Eagle Scout

text: Micah Hannemann

categories: Arizona League Cubs players,Latter Day Saints from Utah,Boise Hawks players,American Mormon missionaries in the United States,Major League Baseball outfielders,1991 births,Kane County Cougars players,Eagle Scouts,Baseball players from Utah,Myrtle Beach Pelicans players,People from Highland, Utah,Tennessee Smokies players,Mesa Solar Sox players,Seattle Mariners players,Living people,Iowa Cubs players,BYU Cougars baseball players,Daytona Cubs players,People from Honolulu County, Hawaii

paragraph: Jacob Hannemann

paragraph: Jacob Howard Hannemann (born April 29, 1991) is an American professional baseball outfielder who is a free agent. He previously played for the Seattle Mariners. Prior to his professional career, he attended Brigham Young University (BYU) and played college baseball for the BYU Cougars.

paragraph: Section::::Amateur career.

paragraph: Hannemann attended Lone Peak High School in Highland, Utah, graduating in 2010. The Kansas City Royals selected Hannemann in the 48th round of the 2010 MLB Draft. Though the Royals offered Hannemann a $250,000 signing bonus, Hannemann opted not to sign.

paragraph: While a student at Lone Peak, Hanneman was offered a scholarship to attend Brigham Young University (BYU) to play college baseball and college football for the BYU Cougars. He agreed to attend BYU, but postponed his enrollment by two years so that he could complete a two-year mission for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Little Rock, Arkansas. Hanneman enrolled in BYU in 2012, but injured his hip flexor, knees, and wrist, and had to take a redshirt for the 2012 season. Playing for the school's baseball team in the 2013 season, Hannemann had a .344 batting average with five home runs, 29 runs batted in, 14 stolen bases in 15 attempts, a .415 on-base percentage, and a .553 slugging percentage. He was named the West Coast Conference Freshman of the Year and a Freshman All-American by Louisville Slugger.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Chicago Cubs.

paragraph: The Chicago Cubs selected Hannemann in the third round of the 2013 MLB draft, and offered him a $1 million signing bonus. Hannemann signed with the Cubs, and made his professional debut, but he appeared in only 17 games for the Arizona Cubs of the Rookie-level Arizona League and the Boise Hawks of the Class A-Short Season Northwest League before injuries and fatigue ended his season. In 2014, he began the season with the Kane County Cougars of the Class A Midwest League and was promoted to the Daytona Cubs of the Class A-Advanced Florida State League. After the season, the Cubs assigned Hannemann to the Arizona Fall League, where he batted .279 in 17 games.

paragraph: Hannemann began the 2015 season with the Myrtle Beach Pelicans of the Class-A Advanced Carolina League, and was promoted to the Tennessee Smokies of the Class AA Southern League in April. Hannemann ended 2015 with a .244 batting average, along with 26 stolen bases. Hannemann returned to the Smokies in 2016, where he batted .247 with 10 home runs and 30 RBI's. The Cubs added him to their 40-man roster after the season. He began the 2017 season with Tennessee, and was promoted to the Iowa Cubs of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Seattle Mariners.

paragraph: On September 4, 2017, the Seattle Mariners claimed Hannemann off waivers. The Mariners promoted him to the major leagues the next day. He made his first major league start on September 25 in center field against the Oakland Athletics, going 0-4. He hit his first major league home run on September 30, 2017, off of Ricky Nolasco.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Second stint with Cubs.

paragraph: He was waived by the Mariners following the season and then re-claimed by Chicago on October 26, 2017. He spent all of the 2018 season with AAA Iowa. He was assigned to AAA Iowa Cubs to start the 2019 season. Hannemann was released by the Cubs organization on July 5, 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Hannemann was born in Kahuku, Hawaii. His family moved to Utah when Jacob was eight years old. He is a cousin of Mufi Hannemann, the former mayor of Honolulu.

paragraph: Hannemann is an Eagle Scout. During his mission in Little Rock, he worked with people addicted to alcohol and cigarettes. Hannemann's younger brother, Micah Hannemann, also played football for BYU and is currently a free agent.

paragraph: Jacob is partially named after his father, Howard Hannemann.

alias:
Jacob Howard Hannemann
Jacob H. Hannemann

description: American professional baseball player

wikidata_label: Jacob Hannemann

wikipedia_title: Jacob Hannemann