text: Pittsburgh

text: California College of the Arts (CCA)

text: Benicia, California

text: Peabody High School

text: Carnegie Mellon University

text: SoHo

text: Park Place Gallery

text: Mark di Suvero

text: Oakland Museum of California

text: Oakland, California

text: Albuquerque Museum

text: Albuquerque, New Mexico

text: Laumeier Sculpture Park

text: Sunset Hills, Missouri

text: Stanford University

text: Sheldon Museum of Art

text: University of Nebraska–Lincoln

text: California College of the Arts

text: San Francisco Art Institute

text: Minneapolis College of Art and Design

text: San Francisco State University

text: Linda Fleming’s Website

text: Artist's page at CCA

categories: Artists from Pittsburgh,Sculptors from Pennsylvania,American contemporary artists,Minneapolis College of Art and Design faculty,San Francisco State University faculty,1945 births,California College of the Arts faculty,American women sculptors,Maryland Institute College of Art faculty,Carnegie Mellon University College of Fine Arts alumni,San Francisco Art Institute faculty,Living people

paragraph: Linda Fleming

paragraph: Linda Fleming (born in 1945, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American sculpture and university professor. She is currently teaches at California College of the Arts (CCA). She lives and works in Benicia, California, as well as maintaining studios and homes in the Smoke Creek Desert in Nevada, and in Libre, Colorado.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: She attended Peabody High School and received a full scholarship to Carnegie Mellon University.

paragraph: In 1967, Fleming moved to New York. She connected with the early SoHo art scene in lower Manhattan. Her work was included in the last exhibition of Park Place Gallery, a co-operative founded by artists Dean Fleming, Mark di Suvero, Frosty Myers, Tony Magar, and Tamara Melchert, among others.

paragraph: After Park Place Gallery closed, Fleming left NYC for Colorado with Dean Fleming. There they co-founded Libre, an artists' community. As a founding member of Libre, Fleming contributed to the structure of the community and the by-laws by which it is still governed. She has continued to spend a portion of her time living and working at Libre since 1968.

paragraph: Fleming is primarily a sculptor although drawing is an important component of her work. She works in steel, wood, rubber, felt and paper. Her sculpture can be identified by intricate patterns resembling lace, tendrils of smoke, or webs. Her work has been exhibited across the United States, and is included in the collections of the Oakland Museum of California in Oakland, California, the Albuquerque Museum in Albuquerque, New Mexico, the Laumeier Sculpture Park in Sunset Hills, Missouri, the Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts at Stanford University. and the Sheldon Museum of Art at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln.

paragraph: Section::::Places.

paragraph: Fleming works in both urban and remote spaces. Her practice, while not site-specific, draws from the desert and mountain environments surrounding her studios. The cyclical migration between these spaces is a catalyst for the development of her work. She divides her time between Colorado, Nevada, and California.

paragraph: Section::::Teaching.

paragraph: Fleming is a Professor of Fine Arts and the current Chair of the Sculpture Department at California College of the Arts, Oakland, CA. She was awarded CCA's Distinguished Faculty award in 1993. Additionally she has held teaching positions at the San Francisco Art Institute, the Minneapolis College of Art and Design, San Francisco State University, and the Maryland Institute College of Art (MICA).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Linda Fleming’s Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artist's page at CCA

description: American artist and university professor

wikidata_label: Linda Fleming

wikipedia_title: Linda Fleming


text: Canonical Gospels

text: James

text: John

text: disciples

text: Jesus

text: Salome

text: Mark

text: crucifixion

text: Mary Magdalene

text: Mary

text: James the Less

text: Joses

text: Catholic Encyclopedia

text: Bethsaida

text: John of the high-priestly family

text: Acts

text: John

text: Spiros Zodhiates

text: Mary Salome and Zebedee

text: John the Apostle

text: James, son of Zebedee

paragraph: Zebedee

paragraph: Zebedee (; , "Zebedaios", ; , "Zvad'yah", ), according to all four Canonical Gospels, was the father of James and John, two disciples of Jesus. The gospels also suggest that he was the husband of Salome: whereas Mark names the women present at the crucifixion as "Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James the Less and of Joses, and Salome", the parallel passage in has "Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James and Joses, and the mother of Zebedee's children." The "Catholic Encyclopedia" concludes that the Salome of Mark 15:40 is probably identical with the mother of the sons of Zebedee in Matthew.

paragraph: Zebedee was presumably a fisherman, "probably of some means." Although named several times in the gospels, the only times he actually appears are in - and , where he is left in the boat after Jesus called James and John. Mark's note that Zebedee was left with the "hired men" implies the family had some wealth. Zebedee lived at or near Bethsaida.

paragraph: Section::::Possible priestly connections.

paragraph: As John was a very popular name in Biblical times, and there are several Johns mentioned in the New Testament, it is uncertain whether Zebedee was the father of the John of the high-priestly family mentioned in

paragraph: BULLET::::- Acts ("Annas the high priest was there, and so were Caiaphas, John, Alexander and others of the high priest’s family..."),

paragraph: nor the other disciple mentioned in

paragraph: BULLET::::- John ("Simon Peter and another disciple were following Jesus. Because this disciple was known to the high priest...").

paragraph: Section::::Meaning of the name.

paragraph: The name given in the Gospels, , is probably a transliteration of the Hebrew name Zebadiah according to Spiros Zodhiates (The Complete Wordstudy Dictionary), or the truncated version Zabdi, says BDB Theological Dictionary, and so means Yahweh "(or The Lord)" Has Bestowed. Other popular interpretations of the name are: "abundant" (Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary) or "my gift" (Smith's Bible Dictionary).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Salome and Zebedee

paragraph: BULLET::::- John the Apostle

paragraph: BULLET::::- James, son of Zebedee

wikidata_label: Zebedee

wikipedia_title: Zebedee


text:
Canadian
Montreal, Quebec
Pierre-Dominique Debartzch
Louis Gugy
Bachelor of Civil Law
McGill University
Université Laval
Queen's Counsel
House of Commons of Canada
1896
Conservative
Jacques Cartier
1900
1904
1908
1911
Tin Pot Navy
Minister of Public Works
Frederick Arthur Monk
Legislative Assembly of Quebec

categories: Canadian legal scholars,McGill University alumni,Canadian people of Polish descent,People from Montreal,1856 births,Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs,Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec,Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada,Université Laval faculty,Canadian Queen's Counsel,1914 deaths

paragraph: Frederick Debartzch Monk

paragraph: Frederick Debartzch Monk, (April 6, 1856 – May 15, 1914) was a Canadian lawyer and politician.

paragraph: Born in Montreal, Quebec, the son of The Hon. Mr Justice Samuel Cornwallis Monk (1814–1888) and Rosalie Caroline Debartzch (1819–1889), daughter of The Hon. Pierre-Dominique Debartzch. His grandmother, Anne (Gugy) Monk was a daughter of Col. The Hon. Louis Gugy. He received a Bachelor of Civil Law degree in 1877 from McGill University and was called to the Quebec Bar in 1878. From 1888 to 1914, he taught in the faculty of law at the Université Laval. In 1893, he was made a Queen's Counsel.

paragraph: He was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in 1896 as a Conservative Member of Parliament for the riding of Jacques Cartier. He was re-elected in 1900, 1904, 1908, and 1911. He resigned from Cabinet on October 28, 1912 after disagreeing with Sir Robert Borden over the refusal of a referendum on Canadian purchase of three dreadnought class ships for Laurier's "Tin Pot Navy." From 1911 to 1912, he was the Minister of Public Works. Monk continued as a backbench MP, though his relations with the Conservative Party were increasingly strained, until March 2, 1914 when he resigned from the House of Commons due to ill health. He died two months later.

paragraph: His son, Frederick Arthur Monk, was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1935 to 1936.

description: Canadian politician

wikidata_label: Frederick Debartzch Monk

wikipedia_title: Frederick Debartzch Monk


text:
British
Member of Parliament
Stamford
Lambeth
Alfred Lord Tennyson
St John's College, Cambridge
Tealby
Lincolnshire
Somersby
King Edward III
Norman
MP
Lambeth
Privy Counsellor
Augustus, Duke of Sussex
Sidney Smith
Knights Templar
order of chivalry
Fellow of the Royal Society
Poet Laureate
baronet
Edwin Tennyson d’Eyncourt
Royal Navy
Admiral
Eustace Tennyson d'Eyncourt
Director of Naval Construction

categories: UK MPs 1832–1835,UK MPs 1820–1826,1784 births,UK MPs 1835–1837,1861 deaths,UK MPs 1847–1852,UK MPs 1818–1820,Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge,Fellows of the Royal Society,UK MPs 1837–1841,Tennyson family,Politics of the London Borough of Lambeth,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,UK MPs 1826–1830,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,UK MPs 1830–1831,UK MPs 1841–1847,UK MPs 1831–1832

paragraph: Charles Tennyson d'Eyncourt

paragraph: Charles Tennyson d'Eyncourt (20 July 1784 – 21 July 1861), born Charles Tennyson, was a British politician, landowner and Member of Parliament (MP) for Stamford from 1831 to 1832 and for Lambeth from 1832 to 1852. He is also known for his social pretensions and his graceless behaviour towards his nephew, the poet Alfred Lord Tennyson. He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge.

paragraph: He was the younger son of George Tennyson, who bought the family seat of Beacons, in the village of Tealby, Lincolnshire, along with 2,000 acres (8 km²) of land, and came in time to own a large part of the village. George, as is well known, disinherited his elder son George Clayton Tennyson, the poet’s father, at the age of 12, putting him into a career in the Church, for which he felt no calling; and bestowed all his fortune on Charles.

paragraph: As a result, there was bad blood between the penurious Tennysons of Somersby, where George Clayton Tennyson had the living until he succumbed to drink and depression, and the opulent Tennysons of Beacons, who fancied themselves not only the wealthy but the socially superior side of the family. Old George’s wife Elizabeth Clayton was supposed to have descended from the Lords of Lovel and d’Eyncourt, and also from King Edward III.

paragraph: A ruined castle was part of the property, and Charles wished to establish a noble lineage for himself with a title and a castle. When his father died he changed his family’s name to Tennyson d'Eyncourt. Beacons was renamed Bayons, to make it sound like a Norman castle, and it was extensively enlarged and rebuilt in the style of a Gothic castellated manor-house.

paragraph: In public life Charles Tennyson d'Eyncourt was for many years MP for Lambeth, and was made a Privy Counsellor in 1832. Also in the 1830s, along with Augustus, Duke of Sussex and Admiral Sir Sidney Smith, he was one of the prime movers in a plan to have the Order of Knights Templar revived as a British order of chivalry. In this he failed, and he also failed during 1839–1841 in an attempt to revive the d'Eyncourt peerage for himself and his heirs. In February 1829 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society

paragraph: He published, in 1850 a book of poems, "Eustace", in memory of his youngest and favourite son who had died abroad; it had the misfortune to appear at the same time as Tennyson's "In Memoriam", and suffered greatly by the comparison. Charles thoroughly disapproved of the poetry of his nephew Alfred ("Horrid rubbish indeed . . . a discredit to British taste"), and the latter’s appointment as Poet Laureate in the same year and subsequent offer of a baronetcy caused him outrage and chagrin. He did not live long enough to have to endure a 'Somersby Tennyson' being elevated to the peerage.

paragraph: The Tennyson d'Eyncourt family eventually gained its baronetcy at the beginning of the 20th century and still continues. Two of its later members had notable maritime roles. Charles's second son Edwin Tennyson d’Eyncourt (1813–1903) entered the Royal Navy and became an Admiral. Undoubtedly the most significant member of the family was the naval architect Sir Eustace Tennyson d'Eyncourt (1868–1951), the First Baronet, who was the Royal Navy's Director of Naval Construction in the first decades of the 20th century.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Charles Tennyson d'Eyncourt

wikipedia_title: Charles Tennyson d'Eyncourt


text:
mathematician
astronomer
astrologer
physician
Euclid's "Elements"
Magister
Novara
Lombardy
Pope Urban IV
Pope Adrian V
Pope Nicholas IV
Pope Boniface VIII
Roger Bacon
benefice
Viterbo
crater Campanus
Moon
Latin
Robert of Chester
Jordanus de Nemore
Anaritius
printed
Erhard Ratdolt
Venice
planet
longitude
equatorium
retrograde motion
Almagest
Toledan Tables
Arzachel
house system
horoscope
prime vertical

categories: Italian astrologers,13th-century astrologers,13th-century astronomers,13th-century Italian writers,1296 deaths,13th-century Italian mathematicians,13th-century Latin writers,13th-century translators,Italian astronomers,Italian mathematicians,People from Novara,1220s births

paragraph: Campanus of Novara

paragraph: Campanus of Novara ( 1220 – 1296) was an Italian mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, and physician who is best known for his work on Euclid's "Elements". In his writings he refers to himself as Campanus Nouariensis; contemporary documents refer to him as Magister Campanus; and the full style of his name is Magister Campanus Nouariensis. He is also referred to as Campano da Novara, Giovanni Campano or similar. Later authors (from the 16th century on) sometimes applied the forename Johannes Campanus or Iohannes Campanus.

paragraph: His date of birth is uncertain but may have been as early as the first decade of the 13th century and the place of birth was probably Novara in Lombardy. He served as chaplain to Pope Urban IV, Pope Adrian V, Pope Nicholas IV, and Pope Boniface VIII. His contemporary Roger Bacon cited Campanus as one of the two "good" (but not "perfect") mathematicians indicating that Bacon considered Campanus as excellent or one of the greatest mathematicians of their time. A number of benefices were conferred upon him and he was relatively wealthy at the time of his death. He died at Viterbo in 1296. The crater Campanus on the Moon is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: Campanus wrote a Latin edition of Euclid's "Elementa" in fifteen books. This work by Campanus was very influential and was the most frequently used compilation of Euclid until the 16th century. It was based on a compilation by Robert of Chester and also includes material from: "Arithmetica" by Jordanus de Nemore, commentary on Euclid by Anaritius, and additions by Campanus himself. It was the first printed edition of Euclid, published by Erhard Ratdolt in Venice in 1482 as "Preclarissimus liber elementorum Euclidis perspicacissimi".

paragraph: In the field of astronomy, he wrote a "Theorica Planetarum" in which he geometrically described the motions of the planets as well as their longitude. He also included instructions on building a planetary equatorium as well as its geometrical description. Campanus also attempted to determine the time of each planet's retrograde motion. The data on planets are drawn from the "Almagest" and the "Toledan Tables" of the Arab astronomer Arzachel. Campanus gave precise instructions on using the tables, and made detailed calculations of the distances to the planets and their sizes. This work has been called "the first detailed account of the Ptolemaic astronomical system... to be written in the Latin-speaking West."

paragraph: A house system for horoscopes that divides the prime vertical into equal 30° arcs, or houses, is often attributed to him but the method is known to have been described by others before his time.

paragraph: Section::::Published works.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Elementa", 1255–1259

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Theorica planetarum", 1261–1264

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Computus maior", 1268

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tractatus de sphera", after 1268

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De quadratura circuli"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De quadrante"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tres circulos in astrolapsu descriptos..."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tractatus de astrologia indicaria"

alias:
Campano da Novara
Johannes Campanus

description: Italian mathematician and astronomer

wikidata_label: Campanus of Novara

wikipedia_title: Campanus of Novara


text:
ski
Bosnia and Herzegovina
United States
Hannes Schneider
St. Anton am Arlberg
White Mountains
Mount Rainier
Mount Baker
Mount Hood
Sun Valley
Nelson Rockefeller
Sun Valley
Hollywood
Jerome Hill
documentary
1938
Radio City Music Hall
Darryl F. Zanuck
Sun Valley Serenade
Sonja Henie
Call Northside 777
5 Fingers
Love is a Many-Splendored Thing
Search for Paradise
Tora! Tora! Tora!
"Vesuvius Express"
Jet Carrier
Austria
National Ski Hall of Fame
Sea Hunt
Flipper
Daktari
Safari West
Sonoma County
California
The Seattle Times
Seattle Post-Intelligencer
Idaho Mtn Express
Skiing History.org
partial filmography
Turner Classic Movies

categories: 1908 births,2006 deaths,Bosnia and Herzegovina emigrants to the United States,Bosnia and Herzegovina male alpine skiers,People from Tešanj,Bosnia and Herzegovina film producers,American film producers,Edgar Award winners

paragraph: Otto Lang (film producer)

paragraph: Otto Lang (21 January 1908 – 30 January 2006) was a skier and pioneer ski instructor from Bosnia and Herzegovina, who lived and worked in the United States. After teaching skiing at a variety of smaller resorts in Austria, he joined the Hannes Schneider Ski School in St. Anton am Arlberg, one of the most prestigious ski schools of the era. Like many instructors who taught Schneider's Arlberg Method, Lang was eventually offered a chance to teach in the U.S., at Pecketts' on Sugar Hill in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. He later moved out west and found ski schools on Mount Rainier, Mount Baker and Mount Hood.

paragraph: After a visit to Sun Valley Resort at the request of his former student Nelson Rockefeller, Lang was offered a position at their ski school. In the 1930s, Sun Valley was one of the world's most glamorous resort, the first ever to offer ski lifts Eventually he became the director of the ski school at Sun Valley and became "the" ski instructor for Hollywood stars. Later he became a movie director and producer, primarily due to his contacts at Sun Valley, including an ongoing friendship with studio executive Darryl. F. Zanuck . He demonstrated ski techniques in Jerome Hill's documentary "Ski Flight" (1938) which premiered at Radio City Music Hall. His 1936 book "Downhill Skiing" was recognized in its day as the most comprehensive manual for skiing instruction for the fledgling sport. Ski Filmmaker Warren Miller and newsman Lowell Thomas both credited Lang's book as their inspiration for their interest in skiing.

paragraph: Lang was hired by Darryl F. Zanuck to assist with the ski sequences of the 1941 movie "Sun Valley Serenade" starring Sonja Henie, which ultimately led to his cinematic work. Some of his notable feature films include "Call Northside 777" (1948 - producer), "5 Fingers" (1952 - producer), "Love is a Many-Splendored Thing" (1955 - director for scenes filmed in Hong Kong), "Search for Paradise" (working title "The Search for Shangri-La") (1956 - director) and "Tora! Tora! Tora!" (1970 - associate producer of the Japanese segments). He produced the short films "Vesuvius Express" (1953), "The First Piano Quartette" (1954) and "Jet Carrier" (1954) nominated for Academy Awards.

paragraph: Otto Lang is also an author. His memoir, "A Bird of Passage – The Story of My Life -- From the Alps of Austria to Hollywood, U.S.A.," was published in 1994, and the same year he was presented Ski Film Maker Legend of the Year award at the Crested Butte International Ski Film Festival. "Around the World in 90 Years – Images From My Life’s Journey," published in 2000, is a collection of photographs taken by Mr. Lang during his lifelong travels. The pages include his anecdotal descriptions of the photographs and his life. In 1978 he was inducted into the US National Ski Hall of Fame, and in 2004 he was presented a Lifetime Achievement Award from the North American Snowsports Journalists Association.

paragraph: Otto Lang's son Peter, inspired by his father's work with animals on the television shows Sea Hunt, Flipper, and Daktari,is the founder and owner of the renowned Safari West Wildlife Preserve in Sonoma County, California.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lang, Otto (1936) "Downhill Skiing" New York: H. Holt and company OCLC 2105449

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lang, Otto (1940) "Ski Tips" Portland, OR: Hirsch-Weiss, White Stag

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lang, Otto (1941) "How To Ski: A Book For Both the Beginner and the Experienced Skier" New York: The Sun Dial Press OCLC 1862697

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lang, Otto (1994) "A Bird of Passage: the story of my life" Helena, Mont.: SkyHouse Publishers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lang, Otto (2000) "Around the World in 90 Years – Images From My Life’s Journey" Seattle, Wash.: Elton-Wolf Pub.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Seattle Times - Otto Lang obituary - 01-Feb-2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seattle Post-Intelligencer - Otto Lang obituary - 02-Feb-2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Idaho Mtn Express - Otto Lang obituary - 03-Feb-2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skiing History.org Otto Lang at Skiing History.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- partial filmography at Turner Classic Movies

description: film producer

wikidata_label: Otto Lang

wikipedia_title: Otto Lang (film producer)


text: Oława

text: Wołów

text: George II the Pious

text: Brzeg

text: Oława

text: Wołów

text: Barbara

text: Brzeg

text: Anna

text: Christoph, Duke of Württemberg

text: Frederick IV of Liegnitz

text: Genealogical database by Herbert Stoyan

categories: 1592 deaths,1552 births,Dukes of Silesia

paragraph: John George of Ohlau

paragraph: John George of Ohlau (Polish: Jan Jerzy oławski) (17 June 1552 – Ohlau (Oława), 6 July 1592), was a Duke of Ohlau and Wohlau Wołów (since 1586 with his brother as a co-ruler until 1592).

paragraph: He was the second son of George II the Pious, Duke of Brieg-Ohlau-Wohlau (Brzeg-Oława-Wołów), by his wife Barbara, daughter of Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: In 1586, after the death of his father, John George and his older brother Joachim Frederick inherited (as a co-rulers) only Ohlau and Wohlau, because Brieg was given by his late father to their mother Barbara until her own death. Both brothers settled their residence in Ohlau.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: In Brzeg on 16 September 1582, John George married with Anna (b. Stuttgart, 12 June 1561 – d. Haynau (Chojnów), 7 July 1616), daughter of Christoph, Duke of Württemberg. They had two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. George Christoph (b. 13 May 1583 – d. 10 May 1584).

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Barbara (b. 18 February 1586 – d. 16 April 1586).

paragraph: On his death without surviving male issue, John George was succeeded by his brother Joachim Frederick, who became in sole ruler, but only in Wohlau, because Ohlau was give by John George's widow. Anna lost her land when she married again in 1594 with Duke Frederick IV of Liegnitz, and reverted to Joachim Frederick, who two months later also obtain Brieg when his mother Barbara died.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogical database by Herbert Stoyan

alias:
Jan Jiři Volovský
Jan Jerzy Oławski

description: Duke of Oława and Wołów

wikidata_label: John George of Ohlau

wikipedia_title: John George of Ohlau


text: Boulogne-Billancourt

text: French

text: nobleman

text: diplomat

text: duc d'Ayen

text: duc de Noailles

text: Boulogne-Billancourt

text: Cours Hattemer

text: Paris

text: Licentiate

text: Paris Law Faculty

text: University of Paris

text: Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris

text: École nationale d'administration

text: Minister of Foreign Affairs

text: Arthur Tells

text: Marceau Long

text: FR 3

text: Claude Contamine

text: Andre Rossi

text: Minister for the Foreign trade

text: Jean-François Deniau

text: 1981 general election

text: United States

text: Perrodo group

text: Lazard

text: Épinay-Champlâtreux

text: Épinay-Champlâtreux

text: Duke of Ayen

text: Duke of Noailles

text: National Order of Merit

text: Who's Who in France

categories: 1943 births,Counts of Ayen,French diplomats,House of Noailles,Dukes of Noailles

paragraph: Hélie de Noailles

paragraph: Hélie Marie Auguste Jacques Bertrand Philippe de Noailles, 10th Duke of Noailles (born 16 July 1943, in Boulogne-Billancourt), simply known as Hélie de Noailles, is a French nobleman, diplomat and trade representative. He was styled with the courtesy title "duc d'Ayen" (Duke of Ayen) from 1953 till 2009, and currently with the French title "duc de Noailles" (Duke of Noailles).

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Hélie de Noailles was born in Boulogne-Billancourt as the only son and child of François de Noailles, 9th Duke of Noailles, and Charlotte de Caumont La Force.

paragraph: After studying at the private catholic school Cours Hattemer, 52, Rue de Londres in Paris, he subsequently obtained a Licentiate in Law from the Paris Law Faculty of the University of Paris, and a diploma from the Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris in 1967, before going on to the "École nationale d'administration" where he graduated in 1969.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He began his career in the diplomacy and he served with the economic cooperation group of the Minister of Foreign Affairs (1969–1972).

paragraph: After a short passage to the cabinet of the Prime Minister in the capacity as operations manager in 1972, de Noailles entered the Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision Française (ORTF) as a principal private secretary of the general president-directors Arthur Tells then Marceau Long, then of the president of FR 3, Claude Contamine. He then joined, in the capacity as technical adviser, the cabinets of Andre Rossi, Minister for the Foreign trade (1976–1978), then of Jean-François Deniau, Minister for the Foreign trade (1978–1981), then Minister for Administrative reforms (1981).

paragraph: The 1981 general election returned him to the Quay d'Orsay, where de Noailles became the second adviser of the French Embassy to the United States (1982–1986). On his return to France, he became director of the development of the Perrodo group (1986–1988), then general president-director of Kelt Énergie France (1988–1992), and finally director at the Maison Lazard and Co (1990–1996). (related to Lazard).

paragraph: De Noailles chaired the French Sons of the American Revolution, "Société française des Fils de la Révolution Américaine", and since 2001, he has been mayor of the commune of Épinay-Champlâtreux, succeeding his father, who was mayor from 1932 to 2001.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: On 11 March 1972, de Noailles married Cécile Nadèje Marie Paule Gonin (born 25 November 1945, Boulogne-Billancourt) at Épinay-Champlâtreux. Together they have three children, two daughters and one son:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Julie Marie-Christine Françoise (b. Boulogne-Billancourt 11 July 1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Marie-Alicia Eugénie Charlotte Blandine (b. Boulogne-Billancourt 8 May 1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Emmanuel Paul Louis Marie, Duke of Ayen (b. Washington 14 February 1983).

paragraph: As heir apparent of the Dukedom of Noailles he was styled with the title Duke of Ayen between 1953 till 2009. At the death of his father in 2009, he became the 10th Duke of Noailles.

paragraph: Hélie de Noailles is a Knight (Chevalier) of the National Order of Merit (Ordre national du Mérite) of France.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who's Who in France", edition 2002–2003, Levallois-Perret, Editions Jacques Lafitte

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hélie de Noailles, 10th Duke of Noailles

description: French noble and diplomat

wikidata_label: Hélie de Noailles

wikipedia_title: Hélie de Noailles


text: Brigadier

text: Australian Army

text: First

text: Second World War

text: Leith

text: Royal Military College, Duntroon

text: Canberra

text: Australian Imperial Force

text: 3rd Machine Gun Battalion

text: Military Cross

text: Citizens Military Forces

text: 1st Machine Gun Regiment

text: Second Australian Imperial Force

text: 2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion

text: 26th Brigade

text: Second Battle of El Alamein

text: Landing at Lae

text: Huon Peninsula campaign

text: Australian landing at Tarakan

text: division

text: United States Army

text: Netherlands East Indies

text: Governor General of Australia

text: Queen Elizabeth II

text: Shell

text: Conciliation and Arbitration Commission

categories: 1992 deaths,Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France),People from Leith,1896 births,Australian military personnel of World War I,Australian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order,Australian military personnel of World War II,Australian recipients of the Military Cross,Australian brigadiers,Australian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire,Royal Military College, Duntroon graduates

paragraph: David Whitehead (soldier)

paragraph: Brigadier David Adie Whitehead, (30 September 1896 – 23 October 1992) was an Australian Army officer who fought in both First and Second World Wars.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and First World War.

paragraph: Born on 30 September 1896 in Leith, Scotland, David Whitehead enlisted in the Australian Army as a cadet lieutenant in the Permanent Force on 1 September 1913. He received officer training at Royal Military College, Duntroon in Canberra and was commissioned as an officer on 4 April 1916. During his time at Duntroon, Whitehead earned the nickname of "Torpy", in reference to the Whitehead torpedo, and the sobriquet stuck with him for the remainder of his life. Upon graduation Whitehead was seconded to the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) in France where he commanded the 23rd Machine Gun Company from April 1917 until he was made adjutant of the 3rd Machine Gun Battalion in July 1918. He was awarded the Military Cross in September 1918 for leading a battery of eight machine guns under heavy fire during an attack in late August.

paragraph: Section::::Interbellum and Second World War.

paragraph: Whitehead left the full-time army after returning to Australia in 1919, but continued to serve in the part-time Citizens Military Forces (CMF). He held a number of regimental positions, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel and command of the 1st Machine Gun Regiment in October 1937.

paragraph: Following the outbreak of the Second World War, David Whitehead enlisted in the Second Australian Imperial Force in March 1940 and was appointed the commander of the 2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion in May that year. He was given command of the 2/32nd Battalion in February 1942 and was promoted to brigadier in September and assumed command of the 26th Brigade. Whitehead led the brigade through the Second Battle of El Alamein during October and November in which it took part in heavy fighting.

paragraph: After El Alamein Whitehead and his brigade returned to Australia in early 1943 to participate in operations against the Japanese. The 26th Brigade took part in the Landing at Lae in September 1943 and the Huon Peninsula campaign from October 1943 to January 1944. Following these campaigns the brigade returned to Australia, and did not see action again until 1945. In May 1945 Whitehead commanded the Australian landing at Tarakan. During this operation the 26th Brigade was expanded to almost the size of a division, and United States Army and Netherlands East Indies units served under Whitehead's command. Whitehead relinquished command of the 26th Brigade on 10 December 1945 and returned to Australia two days later.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Following the war, Whitehead returned to citizen soldiering and was commander of the CMF 2nd Armoured Brigade from November 1947. He also served as the aide de camp to the Governor General of Australia between January 1949 and May 1952 and commanded the CMF contingent which attended the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II between March and June 1953. Whitehead retired from the army in 1954. After leaving the military Whitehead worked as a manager at Shell between 1945 and 1956. From 1956 until his retirement in 1961 he was an arbitrator with the Conciliation and Arbitration Commission. David Whitehead died in 1992.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Footnotes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Whitehead papers, February 1916 – March 1919/ David Adie Whitehead held at State Library of New South Wales, accessed 24 November 2013.

description: Australian Army officer

wikidata_label: David Whitehead

wikipedia_title: David Whitehead (soldier)


text: Roman

text: Hostilia

text: Cisalpine Gaul

text: Verona

text: Ausonius

text: Pliny the Elder

text: Po

text: Catullus

text: Cicero

text: Titus Pomponius Atticus

text: Eusebius

text: Augustus

text: Pliny the Elder

text: prep school

text: Aulus Gellius

text: Catullus

text: dedication to Nepos

text: Ausonius

text: Aulus Gellius

text: Valerius Maximus

text: Charisius

text: Aulus Gellius

text: Cicero

text: Cato

text: De viris illustribus

text: Lactantius

text: Pliny the Younger

text: Titus Pomponius Atticus

text: Theodosius I

text: Cicero

text: Dionysius Lambinus

text: Works of Nepos

text: Cornelius Nepos at tertullian.org

categories: Cornelii,1st-century BC writers,1st-century BC Romans,2nd-century BC Romans,20s BC deaths,Latin-language writers,110s BC births,Golden Age Latin writers,Roman-era biographers

paragraph: Cornelius Nepos

paragraph: Cornelius Nepos (; c. 110 BC – c. 25 BC) was a Roman biographer. He was born at Hostilia, a village in Cisalpine Gaul not far from Verona.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Nepos's Cisalpine birth is attested by Ausonius, and Pliny the Elder calls him "Padi accola" ("a dweller on the River Po", "Naturalis historia" III.127). He was a friend of Catullus, who dedicates his poems to him (I.3), Cicero and Titus Pomponius Atticus. Eusebius places him in the fourth year of the reign of Augustus, which is supposed to be when he began to attract critical acclaim by his writing. Pliny the Elder notes he died in the reign of Augustus ("Natural History" IX.39, X.23).

paragraph: His simple style of writing has made him, in the UK at least, a standard choice for passages of unseen translation in Latin exams, from prep school, even up to degree level.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Nearly all of Nepos's writings are lost, but several allusions to them survive in works by other authors. Aulus Gellius's "Attic Nights" are of special importance in this respect.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chronica", an epitome of universal history; Catullus seems to allude to the "Chronica" in his dedication to Nepos. Ausonius also mentions it in his sixteenth Epistle to Probus, as does Aulus Gellius in the "Noctes Atticae" (XVII.21). "Probably a chronological summary which included the history of outside nations as well as of Rome," it is thought to have been written in three books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Exempla", a collection of anecdotes after the style of Valerius Maximus; "Exemplorum libri", of which Charisius cites the second book, and Aulus Gellius the fifth (VI.18, 19). The book likely contained "models for imitation, drawn from the early Romans, whose simplicity contrasted with the luxury" of Nepos' era."

paragraph: BULLET::::- letters to Cicero; "De Vita Ciceronis". Aulus Gellius corrects an error in this work (XV.28). The book is thought to have been written after the death of the consul, statesman and orator Cicero. According to Roberts, "his friendship for Cicero and Atticus and his access to their correspondence would have made the work an especially valuable one for us."

paragraph: BULLET::::- lives of Cato the elder; A complete biography of Cato the Censor, from which Aulus Gellius draws an anecdote of Cato (IX.8).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De viris illustribus", parallel lives of distinguished Romans and foreigners, in sixteen books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Epistulae ad Ciceronem", an extract of which survives in Lactantius ("Divinarum Institutionum Libri Septem" III.15). It is unclear whether they were ever formally published.

paragraph: Pliny the Younger mentions verse written by Nepos, and in his own "Life of Dion", Nepos himself refers to a work of his own authorship, "De Historicis". If a separate work, this would be from a hypothesized "De Historicis Latinis", only one book in the larger "De Viris Illustribus" (see below), although exclusively comprising biographies of Romans. Pliny also mentions a longer "Life of Cato" at the end of the extant "Life of Cato", written at the request of Titus Pomponius Atticus, the "complete biography" now lost.

paragraph: His only surviving work is the "Excellentium Imperatorum Vitae". This book is in fact only one volume of Nepos' larger "De Viris Illustribus," originally containing "descriptions of foreign and Roman kings, generals, lawyers, orators, poets, historians, and philosophers," in addition to this sole surviving (and thought to be complete) book of commanders and generals ("imperatores"). It appeared in the reign of Theodosius I, as the work of the grammarian Aemilius Probus, who presented it to the emperor with a dedication in Latin verse. He claims it to have been the work of his mother or father (the manuscripts vary) and his grandfather. Despite the obvious questions (such as why the preface addressed to someone named Atticus when the work was supposedly dedicated to Theodosius), no one seemed to have doubted Probus's authorship. Eventually Peter Cornerus discovered in a manuscript of Cicero's letters the biographies of Cato and Atticus. He added them to the other existing biographies, despite the fact that the writer speaks of himself as a contemporary and friend of Atticus, and that the manuscript bore the heading "E libro posteriore Cornelii Nepotis" ('from the last book of Cornelius Nepos'). At last Dionysius Lambinus's edition of 1569 bore a commentary demonstrating on stylistic grounds that the work must have been of Nepos alone, and not Aemilius Probus. This view has been tempered by more recent scholarship, which agrees with Lambinus that they are the work of Nepos, but that Probus probably abridged the biographies when he added the verse dedication. The "Life of Atticus", however, is considered to be the exclusive composition of Nepos.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bradley, J. R. The Sources of Cornelius Nepos : Selected Lives. New York: Garland Pub., 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Conte, Gian Biagio. "Latin Literature: a History" (trans: Solodow, Joseph B.). Baltimore. 1994. esp. pp. 221–3.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geiger, M. J. Cornelius Nepos and Ancient Political Biography. Stuttgart: Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden, 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hägg, T. The Art of Biography in Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lindsay, H. “The Biography of Atticus : Cornelius Nepos on the Philosophical and Ethical Background of Pomponius Atticus.” Latomus, vol. 57, no. 2, 1998, pp. 324–336.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord, L. E. “The Biographical Interests of Nepos.” The Classical Journal, vol. 22, no. 7, 1927, pp. 498–503.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Malcovati, Enrica. "Quae exstant" (G.B. Paravia, 1944). Includes a summary of all references to Nepos' lost works ("Deperditorum librorum reliquiae", pp. 177–206).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marshall, P. K. The Manuscript Tradition of Cornelius Nepos. London: Institute of Classical Studies, 1977.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Millar, F. “Cornelius Nepos, 'Atticus' and the Roman Revolution.” Greece & Rome, vol. 35, no. 1, 1988, pp. 40–55.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peck, Harry Thurston: "Nepos" (Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, 1898)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pryzwansky, M. M. “Cornelius Nepos: Key Issues and Critical Approaches.” The Classical Journal, vol. 105, no. 2, 2010, pp. 97–108.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roberts, Arthur W. "Selected Lives from Cornelius Nepos." Boston: Ginn & Company, 1895.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stem, S. R. The Political Biographies of Cornelius Nepos. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titchener, Frances. “Cornelius Nepos and the Biographical Tradition.” Greece & Rome, vol. 50, no. 1, 2003, pp. 85–99.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Watson, Rev. John Selby. "Justin, Cornelius Nepos, and Eutropius: Literally Translated, with Notes and a General Index." Henry G. Bohn, London 1853.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Cornelius Nepos at Perseus Digital Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dickinson College Commentaries: "Life of Hannibal"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works of Nepos, in Latin, at the Latin Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cornelius Nepos at tertullian.org (Rev. John Selby Watson's translation of the "Lives", with preface and translation of the fragments by Roger Pearse)

description: Roman writer

wikidata_label: Cornelius Nepos

wikipedia_title: Cornelius Nepos


text: Italian

text: metallurgist

text: metalworking

text: De la pirotechnia

text: Siena

text: Pandolfo Petrucci

text: Petrucci family

text: Borghese Petrucci

text: Sicily

text: Pope Clement VII

text: saltpeter

text: foundry

text: mining

text: refining

text: metals

text: alloys

text: brass

text: compound

text: explosives

text: De re metallica

text: Georgius Agricola

text: Fraternità di Santa Barbara

text: iron

text: mine

text: Siena

text: mint

text: arsenal

text: casting

text: cannon

text: Venice

text: Florence

text: Renaissance

text: Venice

text: minerals

text: semi-minerals

text: assaying

text: smelting

text: gold

text: silver

text: alloys

text: casting

text: bell

text: cannons

text: alchemy

text: moulds

text: Georgius Agricola

text: De re metallica

text: Kazimierz Siemienowicz

categories: 1530s deaths,Metallurgists,Italian scientists,1480 births

paragraph: Vannoccio Biringuccio

paragraph: Vannoccio Biringuccio, sometimes spelt Vannocio Biringuccio (c. 1480 – c. 1539), was an Italian metallurgist. He is best known for his manual on metalworking, "De la pirotechnia", published posthumously in 1540.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Biringuccio was born in Siena as the son of Paolo Biringuccio, presumably an architect, and Lucrezia di Bartolommeo Biringuccio. He was baptised on October 20, 1480.

paragraph: He was a follower of Pandolfo Petrucci, the head of the powerful Petrucci family. Pandolfo employed him as a metallurgist. When Pandolfo died, Biringuccio remained tied to the Petrucci family, being employed by Pandolfo's son Borghese Petrucci. However, the uprising of 1515 forced Borghese to flee from Siena, taking Biringuccio with him. Biringuccio traveled about Italy, and visited Sicily in 1517.

paragraph: In 1523 Pope Clement VII caused the reinstatement of the Petrucci family, and along with them Biringuccio was able to return from exile. In 1524 he was granted a monopoly on the production of saltpeter across all of Siena. However, this was short lived—in 1526, the people of Siena revolted and threw the Petrucci family out again. The family made an attempt (aided by Biringuccio) to regain Siena by force, but it failed.

paragraph: In 1530, Siena entered a more peaceful phase, and Biringuccio returned. He was a Senator of the city in January and February 1531, and took part in various projects.

paragraph: In 1536, he was offered a job in Rome by the Church, and in 1538 he became head of the papal foundry, and director of munitions.

paragraph: His exact place and date of death is unknown; all that is known is that a document dated 1539 mentions his death.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Biringuccio is considered by some as the father of the foundry industry, as his "De la pirotechnia" is the first printed account of proper foundry practice. It also gives details of mining practice, the extraction and refining of numerous metals, alloys such as brass, and compounds used in foundries and explosives. It preceded the printing of "De re metallica" by Georgius Agricola by 14 years.

paragraph: Biringuccio was a member of the secretive guild "Fraternità di Santa Barbara". Before the his book's publication, information on metallurgy and military arts were closely held secrets; his book is credited with starting the tradition of scientific and technical literature.

paragraph: In his career, he was in charge of an iron mine near Siena, and also in charge of its mint and arsenal. He was in charge of casting cannons for Venice and later Florence.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:De la pirotechnia.

paragraph: The work is one of earliest technical manuscripts to survive from the Renaissance, and is thus a valuable source of information on technical practice at the time of writing. The work was printed in 1540 in Venice, and has been reprinted numerous times.br

paragraph: It is divided into ten books dealing with minerals, semi-minerals, assaying, smelting, the separation of gold from silver, alloys, the art of casting metals (especially bells and cannons), and alchemy. He describes in detail the way moulds are made for casting so as to avoid defects, including the way patterns are made for the final product shape.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georgius Agricola

paragraph: BULLET::::- De re metallica

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kazimierz Siemienowicz

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vannoccio Biringuccio's "the pirotechnia". Translated and edited by Cyril Stanley Smith and Martha Teach Gnudi. Google books

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries High resolution images of works by and/or portraits of Vannoccio Biringuccio in .jpg and .tiff format.

alias:
Vannuccio Biringucci
Vannoccio Biringucci
Vannuccio di Paolo Biringucci
Vannuccio Biringoccio
Vannoccio Bernigucio

description: Italian metallurgist

wikidata_label: Vannoccio Biringuccio

wikipedia_title: Vannoccio Biringuccio


text:
the Electric Flag
Jimi Hendrix
Band of Gypsys
Buddy Miles Express
Carlos Santana
California Raisins
Omaha, Nebraska
Duke Ellington
Count Basie
Charlie Parker
Dexter Gordon
Buddy Rich
rhythm and blues
soul
Ruby & the Romantics
Delfonics
Wilson Pickett
Montreal
Stephen Stills
Mike Bloomfield
Nick Gravenites
The Electric Flag
blues
soul
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A Long Time Comin'
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Joe Perry
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Record Plant
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Band of Gypsys
Alan Douglas
Ed Chalpin
Capitol Records
PPX
Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam
Eddie Kramer
playing
The Independent
Threadgill
Electric Ladyland
Rainy Day, Dream Away
Still Raining, Still Dreaming
Jimi Hendrix
Band of Gypsys
The Cry of Love
Ezy Ryder
Rainbow Bridge
War Heroes
Loose Ends
Blue Suede Shoes
Crash Landing
Nine to the Universe
People, Hell and Angels
Hear My Train A Comin
Bleeding Heart
Buddy Miles, 60, Hendrix Drummer, Dies
The New York Times
Buddy Miles: Flamboyant Hendrix drummer
The Independent
REST IN PEACE BUDDY MILES
Official website
Official Unreleased Album Website
Michael Bloomfield Chronology
Buddy Miles Photos

categories: African-American rock musicians,20th-century American singers,African-American drummers,Musicians from Omaha, Nebraska,American funk drummers,2008 deaths,1947 births,American session musicians,People from Omaha, Nebraska,Mercury Records artists,American male guitarists,American guitarists,The Electric Flag members,20th-century American guitarists,American blues drummers,Buddy Miles Express members,20th-century American drummers,American male drummers,Band of Gypsys members,American blues singers,American blues guitarists

paragraph: Buddy Miles

paragraph: George Allen "Buddy" Miles Jr. (September 5, 1947February 26, 2008), was an American rock drummer, vocalist, composer, and producer. He was a founding member of the Electric Flag (1967), a member of Jimi Hendrix's Band of Gypsys (1969–1970), founder and leader of the Buddy Miles Express and later, the Buddy Miles Band. Miles also played and recorded with Carlos Santana and others. Additionally, he sang lead vocals on the critically and commercially acclaimed "California Raisins" claymation TV commercials and recorded two California Raisins R&B albums.

paragraph: Section::::Biography and career.

paragraph: Section::::Biography and career.:Early life.

paragraph: Miles was born in Omaha, Nebraska on September 5, 1947. Buddy's father played upright bass for the likes of Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Charlie Parker, and Dexter Gordon. By age twelve, Miles had begun touring with his father's band, the Bebops.

paragraph: Given the nickname "Buddy" by his aunt after the drummer Buddy Rich, he was often seen as a teenager hanging out and recording at Universal Promotions Corporation recording studios, which later became Rainbow Recording Studios.

paragraph: Section::::Biography and career.:1960s: Early career.

paragraph: Miles played with a variety of rhythm and blues and soul acts as a teenager, including Ruby & the Romantics, the Delfonics, and Wilson Pickett. In 1964, at the age of 16, Miles met Jimi Hendrix at a show in Montreal, where both were performing as sidemen for other artists.

paragraph: In 1967, Miles joined Hendrix in a jam session at the Malibu home of Stephen Stills. They also went on to play together again in 1968 in both Los Angeles and New York. In the same year, Miles moved to Chicago where he teamed with guitarist Mike Bloomfield and vocalist Nick Gravenites to form The Electric Flag, a blues/soul/rock band. In addition to playing drums, Miles sometimes sang lead vocals for the band, which made its live debut at the Monterey Pop Festival in mid-1967.

paragraph: In early 1968, the band released "A Long Time Comin'", its first album for Columbia. The Electric Flag's second album, "An American Music Band", followed late the same year. Shortly after that release, though, the group disbanded. In the same year, Hendrix used several guest artists, including Miles, during the recording of the album, "Electric Ladyland". Miles played drums on one long jam that was eventually split into two album cuts, "Rainy Day, Dream Away" and "Still Raining, Still Dreaming", with a different song, "1983 a Merman I Should Turn To Be", edited in between.

paragraph: At age 21, after the breakup of The Electric Flag, Miles put together a new band with Jim McCarty, who later became the guitarist for Cactus. This new group performed and recorded as the Buddy Miles Express. In 1969, Hendrix wrote a short poem as a liner note for "Expressway To Your Skull", the first studio album recorded by the Buddy Miles Express. Hendrix went on to produce four of the tracks on the group's follow-up album, "Electric Church". The title of the latter LP was taken from Hendrix's poem on the first.

paragraph: In 1969 he appeared on British jazz guitarist John McLaughlin's album "Devotion."

paragraph: Section::::Biography and career.:1970s: More bands and collaborations.

paragraph: In 1970, after the Buddy Miles Express split up, Miles began a collaboration with Hendrix and bassist Billy Cox. Together, they formed "Band of Gypsys", producing one self-titled live album before disbanding.

paragraph: Later in 1970, while recording the album "We Got To Live Together", Buddy Miles learned of the death of Hendrix, which he mentions on the inner cover of the album. Released in 1971, "We Got To Live Together" was produced by Miles and Robin McBride. It comprises five songs, including the instrumental "Easy Greasy". The other cuts on the album were "Runaway Child (Little Miss Nothin)", "Walking Down the Highway", "We Got To Live Together" and "Take It Off Him and Put It on Me". All the songs were written by Miles with Charlie Karp except for the latter. With its high energy drumming, funky overtones and big horns, this album was described as quintessential Buddy Miles.

paragraph: Also in 1971, though The Electric Flag had been inactive for nearly three years, Columbia released a greatest hits album. Three years later, in 1974, Miles and The Electric Flag re-formed briefly and released another album, "The Band Kept Playing", on the Atlantic label.

paragraph: Miles went on to produce other records as the Buddy Miles Band. One song he had written and recorded with the Band of Gypsys, "Them Changes", was again recorded by Miles with his own band and released by Mercury Records soon after Hendrix's death. Miles' former Band of Gypsys sideman, Billy Cox, performed bass guitar on this track. The band also included bassist David Hull (who would go on to work with Joe Perry of Aerosmith), as well as guitarist Charlie Karp, of the bands Farrenheit and The James Montgomery Blues Band. When the Buddy Miles Band released its live album, it again included "Them Changes", which had become Miles' signature song. The song was released a fourth time on a live record Miles recorded with Carlos Santana.

paragraph: In 1973, Miles recorded an album with The Gun's Adrian Gurvitz called "Chapter VII". The album cover included photos of Miles and his family along with some shots of Carlos Santana, Jimi Hendrix, and Sly Stone.

paragraph: Miles was signed by the 70s–80s era record label, Casablanca Records, best known for its rock act, KISS. Miles' work for the label included the album released under his own name, "Bicentennial Gathering of the Tribes". The album's liner notes a quote from President John F. Kennedy concerning American Indians. In the mid 70s Miles recorded "Roadrunner" co-produced by long time friend Jim Paris. In 1980 Paris and Miles re-united, and together they produced "Sneak Attack" with Buddy's new band "The Regiment," released by Atlantic Records in 1981.

paragraph: Section::::Biography and career.:1980s: The Club Fed Sessions.

paragraph: Miles served a prison term for grand theft in the late 1970s and later another term for auto theft in the early ’80s.

paragraph: In late 1984 and early 1985 while living in a halfway house in Oakland, California, Miles commuted almost every single day to Marin County to collaborate with a handful of musicians and songwriters at the Ice House Studios in San Rafael. The list of collaborators included David Jenkins of Pablo Cruise, Pat Craig and Dave Carlson with Tazmanian Devils, Robbie Long, Bill Craig, Tony Marty, Tony Saunders and Drew Youngs. First recorded as a demo, the result was an album's worth of material. The project was soon moved to the Record Plant in Sausalito, where Jim Gaines of Huey Lewis and the News fame came in to take over production chores.

paragraph: The group produced over 15 songs ranging from funky, soulful grooves to R&B ballads. One cut, "When The Train Leaves the Station", featured solos by both Carlos Santana and Neal Schon from Journey. "Anna", the title song of the proposed album, helped Miles land his next recording job with the California Raisins. However, during the album's production, the Record Plant was seized by the United States Government when its owner was indicted on drug trafficking charges. The musicians and employees working there began calling the studio "Club Fed"; hence the name "The Club Fed Sessions". The album was never released, and the masters remain in the can, in the hands of Miles' former manager. Years later, Pat Craig digitized some of the mixes and has been known to offer the album from time to time on eBay as a collector's item under the title "Buddy and Me". The songs included on the track list were "Anna", "Forever in a Moment", "Tonight", "Next to You" and "This Could Be An Everlasting Love".

paragraph: In 1986, Miles performed vocals for the "California Raisins" claymation ad campaign, most notably singing "I Heard It Through the Grapevine", and also performed lead vocals on two California Raisins albums featuring 1960s R&B covers. In 1986 and 1987, he rejoined Carlos Santana as a vocalist on Santana's album "Freedom". In 1987–1988, Miles moved to Southern California and formed the lineup of Marlo Henderson on guitar, Derek Sherinian on keyboards, and Michael BeHolden on bass. The band toured the California coast, then eventually did a tour of the Chitlin' Circuit in the deep south before disbanding in early 1989.

paragraph: Section::::Biography and career.:1990s: Tours and remembering Hendrix.

paragraph: While residing in Chicago in 1990, Miles, along with guitarists Kevon Smith and Joe Thomas, formed MST. They recorded "Hell and Back" in 1994 and toured the U.S. and Europe until 1997. They were also featured in the DVD, "Tribute to Jimi Hendrix – CAS" (1997), directed by Patrick Savey.

paragraph: From 1994 to 2007, Buddy Miles formulated his new version of the Buddy Miles Express in the New York City area, with Charlie Torres on bass guitar and vocals, Rod Kohn on guitar and vocals, the then-longest-standing Buddy Miles Express member and band leader Mark "Muggie Doo" Leach on Hammond B3, background vocals, and keyboards, and Kenn Moutenot on drums and vocals and handling management. They toured nearly nonstop in the United States and overseas, with nearly one thousand concerts and festivals to their credit.

paragraph: In 1996, he sat in with rock band Phish at Madison Square Garden. He also did several dates with Frank Damelio's NJ-based blues band Rock'n Daddy. Through the late 1990s, Miles' band played pro bono at several annual tribute concerts for their local friend and fan, Linda Gillespie, who had been killed in a car accident in the spring of 1994 in Winthrop Harbor.

paragraph: In 1997, Miles relocated to Fort Worth, Texas. Soon, he began collaborating with a young guitarist from Dallas named Lance Lopez. The former Band Of Gypsys legend would go on to mentor Lopez, co-producing Lopez's debut album, "First Things First", with Grammy-winning producer Jay Newland/Norah Jones. The Lopez album was released independently in 1999. Also playing with the Shadowcasters with members John Vela on guitars, Ray Salazar on Bass, Sparky Montoya on Keys and Johnny Mendoza on drums.

paragraph: Miles was also seen in the Hendrix-family-owned official video release, "The Making of Electric Ladyland" on Rhino Records. The video featured interviews with the majority of players who were involved in recording the legendary Hendrix album. The video includes footage of Miles playing his drum tracks in the studio against the original multi-track recordings of Hendrix. In 1999, Miles performed on the late Bruce Cameron's album, "Midnight Daydream", which included other Hendrix alumni Billy Cox, Mitch Mitchell, Jack Bruce, and others.

paragraph: Section::::Biography and career.:2000s: Final albums and unreleased songs.

paragraph: In 2000, Miles and Leach collaborated with Stevie Ray Vaugan's "Double Trouble" rhythm section, creating the Buddy Miles "Blues Berries" album which featured Rocky Athas of Black Oak Arkansas. This lineup also contributed a spirited version of Jimi Hendrix's "Wind Cries Mary" on the "Blue Haze, Songs of Jimi Hendrix" album in 2001. In addition, Miles also composed and recorded many songs with this new version of the Buddy Miles Express that are yet to be released. It was Miles' most enduring live band. In fact, this touring lineup continued for six years with the same members.

paragraph: The band continued on with Miles and Leach and a host of other players until Buddy's passing. The Miles/Leach duo, along with sax man Patrick Gage and bassist Dave Blackerby, also released the Buddy Miles Express' final album, "Road to Sturgis", a benefit CD for the Children's Craniofacial Foundation. Miles and Leach continued writing new but unreleased music until just days before Miles' passing.

paragraph: In 2004, Miles reunited yet again with Billy Cox of the Band of Gypsys to re-record songs from the original 1970 live album with guitarists Eric Gales, Kenny Olsen, Sheldon Reynolds, Andy Aledort and Gary Serkin. The album, titled "The Band of Gypsys Return" was released in 2006. Until his death, Miles continued to be active musically and performed many shows with proceeds going to help support victims of natural disasters and other charitable causes.

paragraph: Miles is credited on sessions with George Clinton/Parliament/Funkadelic.

paragraph: In 2005, Miles began collaborating with Florida-based guitar virtuoso Tony Smotherman, and the two toured the Southeast with a blues-rock band performing various pieces from Miles' collaborations with Jimi Hendrix. Miles and Smotherman last performed at the Austin Convention Center at the 2007 Summer NAMM Show with Vernon Reid of Living Colour.

paragraph: Section::::Friendship and collaboration with Jimi Hendrix.:Usage of past tracks.

paragraph: After the Jimi Hendrix Experience split, Hendrix formed Gypsy Sun and Rainbows. The group disbanded in late September 1969 with nothing that was deemed releasable from their sessions. Nevertheless, they had recorded complete versions of "Message to Love" and "Machine Gun", songs which would be featured on the Band of Gypsys LP, as well as two other songs "Stepping Stone" and "Izabella" for the latter's singles. However, the track "Burning Desire" was not completed by either band.

paragraph: Section::::Friendship and collaboration with Jimi Hendrix.:Collaborations.

paragraph: Between late September and mid-October 1969, Miles stated that: "Jimi was not happy. He felt powerless. He couldn't do what he wanted to do". In response, in mid-October 1969, Hendrix founded a short-lived band called Band of Gypsys, which Miles would join. Alan Douglas and Stephan Bright were initially brought in to produce their recording sessions, but Cox immediately clashed with the pair, deeming them unworthy. Cox eventually stormed out of the sessions after a furious row with Bright and went home to Nashville for two weeks, before being coaxed back. At the end of Douglas and Bright's one-and-a-half months together, they had only produced one usable backing track, "Room Full of Mirrors". Consequently, Douglas and Bright resigned, stating pressures from the record label, Hendrix's manager Michael Jeffery, and Hendrix's own "lack of interest".

paragraph: The same day Douglas resigned, Hendrix signed the contract with Bill Graham for the two dates at the Fillmore East. First, Hendrix had been talking about a Band of Gypsys "jam" LP since late 1968, after the settlement with Ed Chalpin. He also introduced the band as both 'Gypsy Sun and Rainbows' and 'Band of Gypsys' during their Woodstock concert. At that time, the two Woodstock LPs were only credited as 'Jimi Hendrix'. The recording of the Fillmore East concert was initially a single LP, but additional cuts from the concerts have been released on a double CD, "Live at the Fillmore East". During the two-and-a-half months before the two nights' worth of recordings for the LP, the band rehearsed and recorded in New York City. Hendrix was required to give his next LP to Chalpin to be released by the Capitol Records label, but he had become entangled in litigation concerning the contract with Chalpin's PPX record company that he had signed, his agreement with Jeffery & Chandler prior to the contract, and becoming internationally recognized. This fact led to Miles and Billy Cox being hired as full-time employees for the duration of the three-month collaboration called the 'Band of Gypsys'. In the end, the band produced the LP for Chalpin and Capitol, as well as a single for Reprise.

paragraph: Section::::Friendship and collaboration with Jimi Hendrix.:Backing-up.

paragraph: During a one-off charity event for the Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam committee a month later, Hendrix had a minor meltdown on stage. Speculations include a possibly drug-related meltdown on stage, as well as an act of sabotage on the part of a very frustrated manager, Michael Jeffery. Jeffery was not a fan of the Band of Gypsys, which was claimed as fact by Miles. Miles had this to say about the incident years later, stating: "Jeffery slipped [Jimi] two half-tabs of acid on stage as he went on... [Jimi] just freaked out. I told Jeffery he was an out-and-out complete idiot... One of the biggest reasons why Jimi is dead is because of that guy." Miles and Jeffery already had a strained relationship eventually, as Jeffery was always uncomfortable with Hendrix's and Miles' close friendship. After this one-off charity event at Madison Square Garden in January 1970, Jeffery told Miles that he was fired and the Band of Gypsys was no more. Although, Cox, and presumably Miles as well, had already been paid off as full-time salaried employees with a $1,000 bonus for their services the week before.

paragraph: Section::::Friendship and collaboration with Jimi Hendrix.:"Band of Gypsys" album.

paragraph: In addition to recording the live LP, studio recordings were made during the rehearsals leading up to the two concert dates and continued sporadically over a further three weeks. Cox's and Miles's recording for the single's A side was completed on the 7th, and the only other completed backing track was "Power of Soul" on the 21st. At this point, most of Hendrix's and Eddie Kramer's time was taken up with Hendrix' overdubs and mixing of the studio tracks, as well as the beginning of the very long mixing and editing for the finished LP. Some of these songs were even marked down by Hendrix as contenders for his next LP. The songs include "Room Full of Mirrors", "Ezy Ryder", "Power of Soul", and the Band of Gypsys' singles "Stepping Stone" and "Izabella", released a week after the LP, but back on Reprise records. The original version of "Stepping Stone" was later given new guitar overdubs as Miles's drums were replaced by Mitchell, and it was re-mixed by Hendrix with the intention of releasing it on his next LP. These songs have been released on several posthumous Hendrix albums. The album "Band of Gypsys" – released in March 1970 (US) and June 1970 (UK) – made the Top 10 on both sides of the Atlantic and stayed on the US charts for over a year. In addition, Hendrix's final extensive tour and his tragic early death on September 18, 1970, caused the album to sell more copies and for a longer period of time. There are now videos of Miles and Randy Hansen covering several of Jimi's songs on a major website.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: At the age of 60, Buddy Miles died on February 26, 2008, at his home in Austin, Texas, with his family by his side. According to his website, he died of congestive heart disease.

paragraph: There was a history of congestive heart failure in his family. His sister and mother both died of the same illness.

paragraph: It was known that his heart had certainly been struggling, working at only 15%, and his health had been consistently deteriorating over the previous few months. According to his friends, "...he had turned off his defibrillator and was ready for heaven." Miles was cremated, and there was no funeral.

paragraph: The day before Buddy died, he heard Steve Winwood and Eric Clapton playing "Them Changes" at Madison Square Garden through his cell phone. "Them Changes" is now part of Clapton's set on tour as a tribute to Buddy. The UK-based newspaper "The Independent" ran an almost full-page obituary entitled "Buddy Miles: Flamboyant Hendrix drummer" in its Friday, February 29, 2008, edition.

paragraph: Asked how he would like to be remembered by the American music magazine "Seconds" in 1995, Miles simply said: "The baddest of the bad. People say I'm the baddest drummer. If that's true, thank you world." A memorial concert took place on March 30, 2008, at Threadgill's on Riverside Drive, South Austin that included performances by Bernie Worrell, The Family Stone Project, Doug Pinnick, Cyril Neville, The Sixth Chamber and surviving members of the Buddy Miles Express.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Buddy Miles Express.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Expressway to Your Skull" – Mercury (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Electric Church" – Mercury (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Booger Bear" – Columbia (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hell and Back" – United For Opportunity – Douglas Records (1994)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Jimi Hendrix albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Electric Ladyland" – drums on "Rainy Day, Dream Away" and "Still Raining, Still Dreaming" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jimi Hendrix" – "Band of Gypsys" – Capitol (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Cry of Love" – drums on "Ezy Ryder" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rainbow Bridge"- drums and vocals on "Earth Blues" and "Room Full of Mirrors" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "War Heroes" – drums on "Izabella" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Loose Ends" – drums and vocals on "Blue Suede Shoes", "Burning Desire", and "Born a Hootchie Cootchie Man" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crash Landing" – drums and vocals on "Message to Love" and "Power of Soul" (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nine to the Universe" – drums on Message from Nine to the Universe and Young/Hendrix (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "People, Hell and Angels" – drums and vocals on "Earth Blues", "Somewhere", "Hear My Train A Comin", "Bleeding Heart", "Let Me Move You", and "Hey Gypsy Boy" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" Sony Legacy (2016)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pareles, Jon (February 29, 2008). "Buddy Miles, 60, Hendrix Drummer, Dies". "The New York Times". Retrieved on February 29, 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perrone, Pierre (February 29, 2008). "Buddy Miles: Flamboyant Hendrix drummer". "The Independent newspaper.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cheech and Chong Dot Com (February 27, 2008) "REST IN PEACE BUDDY MILES". '

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Unreleased Album Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Bloomfield Chronology (with information on Buddy Miles' time with the Electric Flag)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buddy Miles Photos

description: American rock and funk drummer

wikidata_label: Buddy Miles

wikipedia_title: Buddy Miles


text: King John

text: Magna Carta

text: feudal baron

text: Little Dunmow

text: Essex

text: Baynard's Castle

text: London

text: banneret

text: City of London

text: Henry I

text: Henry II

text: Normandy

text: Philip II of France

text: Prince Louis

text: battle of Lincoln

text: Fifth Crusade

text: Robin Hood

text: Walter Fitz Robert

text: Woodham Walter

text: Richard de Lucy

text: Diss

text: de Lucy family

text: feudal baron

text: Norman conquest

text: Richard fitz Gilbert

text: Robert Fitz Richard

text: steward

text: Henry I

text: soke

text: William Baynard

text: Brionne

text: Norman Conquest

text: ward

text: Henry the Young King

text: Lagny-sur-Marne

text: Robert de Valognes

text: knight's fee

text: livery of seisin

text: Godfrey de Luci

text: bishop of Winchester

text: Francisque Xavier Michel

text: surety

text: curia regis

text: St Albans Abbey

text: Northaw

text: Hertford Castle

text: letters patent

text: Normandy

text: Rouen

text: Le Vaudreuil

text: Eure

text: Saer de Quincy

text: Earl of Winchester

text: King Philip II Augustus of France

text: Compiègne

text: marks

text: William Marshal

text: William d'Aubigny

text: Thouars

text: Eustace de Vesci

text: Llewelyn ab Iorwerth

text: Roger of Wendover

text: Pope Innocent III

text: Nottingham

text: Benington

text: Matthew Paris

text: Stephen Langton

text: St Paul's Cathedral

text: Bury St Edmunds

text: fealty

text: Knights Templar in England

text: Inns of Court

text: Runnymede

text: fortnight

text: feast of Saints Peter and Paul

text: Hounslow Heath

text: Staines

text: First Barons' War

text: Northamptonshire

text: Cornish

text: castle of Rochester

text: Reginald de Cornhill

text: Louis

text: Essex

text: Suffolk

text: Henry III

text: Mountsorrel

text: Leicestershire

text: Second Battle of Lincoln

text: Hubert de Burgh

text: Treaty of Lambeth

text: Great Seal of England

text: Fifth Crusade

text: Saer of Winchester

text: William d'Aubigny of Arundel

text: Genoa

text: Brindisi

text: Acre

text: siege of Damietta

text: Pelagius

text: assize of arms

text: Hertfordshire

text: Maid Marian

text: Henry Chettle

text: Anthony Munday

text: Michael Drayton

text: Robert Davenport

text: flitch of bacon custom

text: Great Dunmow

text: Marriott Edgar

categories: Magna Carta barons,People temporarily excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church,12th-century births,Christians of the Fifth Crusade,1235 deaths,People from Uttlesford (district),People of the Barons' Wars

paragraph: Robert Fitzwalter

paragraph: Robert Fitzwalter (died 9 December 1235) was the leader of the baronial opposition against King John, and one of the twenty-five sureties of Magna Carta. He was feudal baron of Little Dunmow, Essex and constable of Baynard's Castle, in London, to which was annexed the hereditary office of castellain and chief banneret of the City of London. Part of the official aristocracy created by Henry I and Henry II, he served John in the wars in Normandy, in which he was taken prisoner by King Philip II of France and forced to pay a heavy ransom.

paragraph: Fitzwalter was implicated in the baronial conspiracy of 1212. According to his own statement the king had attempted to seduce his eldest daughter, but Robert's account of his grievances varied from time to time. The truth seems to be that he was irritated by the suspicion with which John regarded the new baronage. Fitzwalter escaped a trial by fleeing to France. He was outlawed, but returned under a special amnesty after John's reconciliation with the pope.

paragraph: Fitzwalter continued, however, to take the lead in the baronial agitation against the king, and upon the outbreak of hostilities in 1215 was elected "Marshal of the Army of God and Holy Church". It was due to his influence in London that his party obtained the support of the city and used it as their base of operations. The clause of the Magna Carta prohibiting sentences of exile, except as the result of a lawful trial, refers more particularly to his case. He was one of the twenty-five barons appointed to enforce the promises of Magna Carta, and his aggressive attitude was one of the causes which contributed to the revival of civil war later in 1215.

paragraph: Fitzwalter's incompetent leadership made it necessary for the rebels to invoke the help of France. He was one of the envoys who invited Prince Louis to England, and was the first of the barons to do homage when Louis entered London. Slighted by the French as a traitor to his natural lord, he served Louis with fidelity until he was captured at the battle of Lincoln in May 1217. Released on the conclusion of peace, he joined the Fifth Crusade, but returned at an early date to make his peace with the regency. The remainder of his life was uneventful, and he died peacefully in 1235. He was the father of three children: Matilda, Robert, and Christina (who married William FitzGeoffrey de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex). He is remembered as a champion of English liberty, and has also become associated with various legends, including that of Robin Hood.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Robert Fitzwalter was the son of Walter Fitz Robert of Woodham Walter and his wife Maud (or Mathilde), the daughter of Richard de Lucy of Diss (a member of the de Lucy family). Robert was a feudal baron of the fourth generation after the Norman conquest, great-grandson of Richard fitz Gilbert (d. c. 1090). His paternal grandfather was Richard fitz Gilbert's son Robert Fitz Richard, steward of Henry I, to whom the king had granted the lordship of Dunmow and of the honour or soke of Baynard's Castle in the southwest angle of the City of London, to which the hereditary office of castellain and chief banneret of the City of London was annexed, both of which had become forfeited to the crown by William Baynard. While steward Robert may have been descended from the powerful Norman counts of Brionne, among the higher ranks of the nobility of the Norman Conquest, the house of Fitzwalter belongs properly to the administrative families, who in the latter part of the twelfth century had stepped into the place of the old feudal houses. The house of Fitzwalter's possession of the soke of Baynard's Castle, which grew into an ordinary ward, brought it into intimate relations with the Londoners. Robert Fitzwalter was himself engaged in trade, and owned wine ships which received special privileges from King John.

paragraph: Nothing of Fitzwalter's birth and early life is recorded. A possible early record of him is a mention of a knight named "Robert Fitzwalter" at a tournament in Henry the Young King's retinue in 1180 at Lagny-sur-Marne. Fitzwalter was married to Gunnor or Gunnora, daughter and heiress of Robert de Valognes, some time before his father died in 1198. His eldest son, named Robert Fitzwalter, junior, was taken prisoner along with him at Lincoln, but died before him. At his death, his heir, Walter, was under age, so that the son who fought with him at Lincoln must have been dead. This Sir Walter Fitzwalter (also known as Fitz Robert) of Dunmow Castle (c. 1222–1258), married to Ida Longespée, must have been either a younger son or a grandson. After the death of Gunnor (she was alive in 1207) it is said that Fitzwalter married a second wife, Rohese, who survived him. He had also a daughter, Christina, who married William FitzGeoffrey de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: When Baron Walter died in 1198, Fitzwalter succeeded to his estates, being already more than of full age and married to his first wife, Gunnor. His marriage to Gunnor had brought him 30½ knight's fees, and he inherited more than 66 from his father. He also acquired two knight's fees through Gunnor's uncle Geoffry of Valognes, and about 1204 obtained livery of seisin of the lands of his own uncle, Godfrey de Luci, bishop of Winchester. Francisque Xavier Michel said that Fitzwalter came to be "one of the greatest men in England, and one of the most powerful". His lands were mainly situated in the north, so that his interests now became close to those of a faction called the "Aquilonares", whom he would later lead in the struggle against King John.

paragraph: In the years following 1200, Fitzwalter is recorded as a participant in several lawsuits. In 1200 Fitzwalter was surety for half the fine incurred by his brother, Simon Fitzwalter, for marrying without royal licence. In 1201 he made an agreement in the curia regis with St Albans Abbey with respect to the wood of Northaw. Another suit sprang from his claim to the custody of the Hertford Castle as of ancient right. He withdrew this suit for a time, and in August 1202 King John made Fitzwalter warden of Hertford Castle by royal letters patent, releasing him from his family's debts to Jewish moneylenders as well.

paragraph: Early in 1203 Fitzwalter was in attendance on the king in Normandy, in February and March at Rouen. Fitzwalter was made joint-governor of the castle of Le Vaudreuil (near the mouth of the Eure) with Saer de Quincy, later Earl of Winchester. After Easter King Philip II Augustus of France took the field, and despite being well fortified and supplied, the governors of Vaudreuil surrendered at the first summons. Philip shut them up in close confinement at Compiègne, where they remained until redeemed by a heavy ransom of five thousand marks. On 5 July John issued letters patent from Rouen to certify that they had surrendered the castle by his precept, witnessed by William Marshal, but in late November Fitzwalter's cousin William d'Aubigny was still engaged in selling some of Fitzwalter's lands to raise the ransom. The surrender of Vaudreuil has been ascribed to the cowardice of Fitzwalter and de Quincy, which contemporary sources mocked greatly. However, the actual reason for their actions, and those of the two kings, was mysterious at the time, and remains unknown. In October 1206 Fitzwalter witnessed the truce made between John and Philip Augustus at Thouars.

paragraph: Section::::1212 Conspiracy.

paragraph: The misgovernment of John provoked Fitzwalter's profound resentment, and in 1212 he entered into intrigues with Eustace de Vesci and the Welsh prince Llewelyn ab Iorwerth against the king. According to his own statement the king had attempted to seduce his eldest daughter Matilda, but his account of his grievances varied from time to time. Several other barons later made similar accusations, and these stories were well recorded by monastic chroniclers, so later the story of Matilda developed into a complex legend. Financial factors, "unjust exaction which reduced [the barons of England] to extreme poverty", as the monk Roger of Wendover put it, were more likely the primary reason for the dissatisfaction of barons such as Fitzwalter.

paragraph: In 1212, John's quarrel with Pope Innocent III and Philip Augustus reached a breaking point, and Innocent absolved the barons of England from their allegiance to John. John was preparing to march at Nottingham against his rebellious son-in-law Llewelyn ab Iorwerth. His suspicions that his barons were plotting to capture him were aroused by private intelligence, and he turned back to London with his foreign mercenaries, disbanding his regular forces. He demanded that each baron send a relative to him as a hostage. Most of the barons did so, but Fitzwalter and de Vesci decided to flee, to France and Scotland respectively. They were condemned to perpetual exile. But John was so much alarmed that he shut himself up from his subjects, and abandoned his projected Welsh campaign. John now seized upon Fitzwalter's estates, and on 14 January 1213 destroyed Baynard's Castle. He also demolished Robert's castle of Benington and his woods in Essex. Fitzwalter remained in exile until John's submission to the pope. Fitzwalter's sister, Alice Peche, was required to provide hostages to prove her loyalty. One hostage was her and Gilbert Peche's daughter, Alice.

paragraph: On 13 May 1213 John promised peace and security to him as part of the conditions of his reconciliation with Rome, and on 27 May issued letters patent informing him that he might safely come to England. On 19 July his estates were restored. John also granted a hundred marks to his steward as compensation, and directed a general inquest into his losses like those made in the case of the clerks who had suffered by the interdict.

paragraph: Section::::Magna Carta revolt.

paragraph: Fitzwalter, however, remained a vigorous opponent of John's later measures. Matthew Paris said that John specially hated him, Archbishop Stephen Langton, and Saer de Quincy. In August 1213, he was at St Paul's Cathedral in London when Archbishop Langton read a charter signed by Henry I and announced that services could be conducted ahead of the lifting of the interdict on England. On 4 November 1214 Fitzwalter met in secrecy with the Archbishop and the other barons at Bury St Edmunds. The assembled barons resolved to withdraw their fealty from King John and swore at the altar of the abbey church that they would wage war on John if he did not accept their demands of a charter by Christmas. The barons and the King both began to arm themselves, and John secured the support of the Pope and took up the cross as a crusader. By January, John still refused to accede to the barons' demands and when Fitzwalter and several other barons visited him in armour at the headquarters of the Knights Templar in England in London (the modern Inns of Court) he asked for a truce until Easter.

paragraph: In 1215 Fitzwalter was the first mentioned in the list of barons who assembled on Easter week (19–26 April) at Stamford. He accompanied the revolted lords on the march to Brackley in Northamptonshire on 27 April. But John now formally refused to accept the long list of demands which they forwarded to him at Oxford. Thereupon the barons elected Fitzwalter their general, with the title of "Marshal of the Army of God and Holy Church". They solemnly renounced their homage to John and proceeded to besiege Northampton. They failed there and at Bedford, where Fitzwalter's standard-bearer was slain. But the adhesion of London secured their success. It was due to Fitzwalter's influence in London that his party obtained the support of the city and used it as their base of operations. On 17 May Fitzwalter entered the city at the head of the "army of God", though the partisans of John still held out in the Tower. Fitzwalter and the Earl of Essex specially busied themselves with repairing the walls of London, using for the purpose the stones taken from the demolished houses of the Jews.

paragraph: In June, John met the barons at Runnymede, where the two sides agreed to the Great Charter, and the barons renewed their vows of fealty. In its final draft the Magna Carta contained a clause prohibiting sentences of exile, except as the result of a lawful trial, which refers more particularly to Fitzwalter's case. Fitzwalter was one of the twenty-five executors appointed to see that its provisions were really carried out. For a short time nominal peace prevailed, and Fitzwalter now got back the custody of Hertford Castle. But the barons remained under arms, and Fitzwalter was still acting as "Marshal of the Army of God and Holy Church". He now made a convention with John, by which London remained in the barons' hands till 15 August. But Fitzwalter was so fearful of treachery that within a fortnight of the Runnymede meeting he thought it wise to postpone a tournament fixed to be held at Stamford on the Monday after the feast of Saints Peter and Paul (29 June) for another week, and chose as the place of its meeting Hounslow Heath, that the barons might be near enough to protect London.

paragraph: Section::::First Barons' War.

paragraph: On 26 August, John and the barons tried to arrange at a meeting at Staines. When this failed, the First Barons' War broke out. The twenty-five executors assigned to themselves various counties to secure them for their side. Fitzwalter, who with Eustace de Vesci was still the leading spirit of the movement, became responsible for Northamptonshire. On 17 September John granted Fitzwalter's Cornish estates to his young son Prince Henry. But the pope's annulling the charter had paralysed the clerical supporters of the popular side, and the thoroughgoing policy of the twenty-five under Fitzwalter's guidance had alienated of the more moderate men.

paragraph: Fearing Archbhishop Langton might be forced to surrender his castle of Rochester, Fitzwalter, with the assent of the warden of the castle, Reginald de Cornhill, secretly occupied it with a large force. John's troops soon approached, and strove, by burning Rochester bridge and occupying the left bank of the way, to cut off Fitzwalter from his London confederates. But Fitzwalter succeeded keeping his position, though before long he was forced on 11 October to retreat to London, allow the royalists to occupy the town besiege the castle. John now tried to deceive him by forged letters. Fitzwalter, conscious of the weakness of his position, sought to negotiate.

paragraph: On 9 November, Fitzwalter received with the Earl of Hertford and the citizens of London safe conduct for a conference, but nothing came of it. In vain the beleaguered garrison of Rochester bitterly reproached him for deserting them. On 10 November they were forced to surrender. On 16 December the barons, including Fitzwalter, were excommunicated by name. French help was now their only refuge.

paragraph: Fitzwalter went over to France with the Earl of Winchester and offered the throne to Louis, the son of King Philip, putting into his hands twenty-four hostages and assuring him of the support of their party. Fitzwalter was back in England early in 1216. Louis landed in May, and as John made great progress in the east, Fitzwalter busied himself in compelling Essex and Suffolk, his own counties, to accept the foreign king. The tide of fortune now turned, but after John's death on 19 October Fitzwalter's difficulties increased. Gradually the English went over to the side of the new king Henry III. Those who remained in arms were not respected by the French, because of their betrayal of John.

paragraph: On 6 December Louis captured Hertford Castle from the followers of the new king Henry. Fitzwalter naturally asked for the custody of a stronghold that had already been so long under his care. The French urged that a traitor to his own lord was not to be trusted, and Louis told him he must wait until the end of the war. Fitzwalter was too deeply pledged to Louis to join the deserters. He was sent from London on 30 April 1217 at the head of a strong French force to raise the siege of Mountsorrel in Leicestershire, now closely pressed by the Earl of Chester. On his way he rested at St Albans, where his hungry troops ate up all the supplies of the abbey, according to abbey chronicler Matthew Paris. He raised the siege of Mountsorrel and advanced to Lincoln. He was met by the regent, William Marshall, whose forces were now joined by the Earl of Chester with the army that had besieged Mountsorrel. Fitzwalter was anxious for an immediate battle.

paragraph: On 20 May Fitzwalter fought in the Second Battle of Lincoln, in which the baronial forces were thoroughly defeated. Fitzwalter himself was taken prisoner along with his son and most of the leaders of his party. The Londoners still held out until Hubert de Burgh's great naval victory on 24 August. On 11 September the Treaty of Lambeth ended the struggle. But the reissue of the charter as the result of the treaty showed that Fitzwalter's cause had triumphed in spite of his personal failure. On 8 October 1217 Fitzwalter's release from prison was ordered, and on 24 January 1218 the king granted him his scutage. In July he received the custody of his nephew, Walter Fitzsimon Fitzwalter, whose father had died.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Later in the year 1218 Fitzwalter witnessed the undertaking that the Great Seal of England was to be affixed to no letters patent or charters until the king came of age. But the Fifth Crusade must have offered a convenient opportunity to him and others. In 1219 he sailed for the Holy Land along with Earl Saer of Winchester and Earl William d'Aubigny of Arundel. He departed from Genoa in August, shortly after the main force of the crusade left Brindisi, and arrived in Acre some time in September. Before he arrived the crusading host had been diverted to the siege of Damietta. There he seems to have arrived along with Saer de Quincy and other English crusaders, at the same time as the cardinal legate Pelagius in the autumn of 1219. Saer de Quincy died on 3 November. This date makes impossible the statement of Walter of Coventry that they only arrived after Damietta had been captured. The town fell into the crusaders' hands on 6 November. Fitzwalter, therefore, though he is not mentioned, must have taken part in the latter part of the siege.

paragraph: The crusaders remained in Egypt until August 1221. But Fitzwalter had gone home sick, probably at some earlier period. He spent the rest of his life peaceably in England, thoroughly reconciled to the government of Henry III. He must have by this time become well advanced in years. On 11 February 1225 Fitzwalter was one of the witnesses of Henry III's third confirmation of the great charter. In June 1230 he was one of those assigned to hold the assize of arms in Essex and Hertfordshire. According to Matthew Paris, he died on 9 December 1235, and was buried before the high altar at Priory Church in Little Dunmow. Administration of his goods and chattels was granted to his executors on 16 December 1235. He was described by Paris as a "noble baron, illustrious by his birth, and renowned for his martial deeds".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: A large legendary and romantic history gradually gathered round the memory of Fitzwalter, as the first champion of English liberty. A picturesque tale, first found in the manuscript chronicle of Dunmow, tells how Fitzwalter had a very beautiful daughter named Matilda, who indignantly rejected the immoral advances of King John. At last, as the maiden proved obdurate, John caused her to be poisoned, so that the bitterest sense of personal wrong drove Fitzwalter to take up the part of a constitutional leader. So generally was the story believed that an alabaster figure on a grey altar-tomb in Priory Church, Little Dunmow is still sometimes pointed out as the effigy of the unfortunate Matilda.

paragraph: Several poems and plays have been based upon this picturesque romance. In them, Matilda is curiously mixed up with Maid Marian, the mistress of Robin Hood. Such are the 1601 plays by Henry Chettle and Anthony Munday called "The Downfall of Robert, Earl of Huntingdon, afterwards called Robin Hood, with his Love to Chaste Matilda, the Lord Fitzwater's daughter, afterwards his faire Maid Marian", and "The Death of Robin Hood with the lamentable Tragedy of Chaste Matilda, his faire Maid Marian, poisoned at Dunmowe by King John". Michael Drayton also published in 1594 a poetical account, called "Matilda, the faire and chaste Daughter of the Lord Robert Fitzwalter", as well as two letters in verse, purporting to be written between her and King John. Before 1639 Robert Davenport wrote another play, "The Tragedy of King John and Matilda". It was also believed in the seventeenth century that Robert Fitzwalter, "or one of his successors", was the founder of the flitch of bacon custom in Little and Great Dunmow. Fitzwalter and King John are the two central characters in the comic monologue "Magna Charter" by Marriott Edgar.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Footnotes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Citations

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: English feudal baron and one of the sureties of the Magna Carta

wikidata_label: Robert Fitzwalter

wikipedia_title: Robert Fitzwalter