text: Hungarian

text: Ottoman

text: diplomat

text: publisher

text: Islamic theologian

text: sociologist

text: Muslim

text: printing press

text: Arabic

text: type

text: Cluj-Napoca

text: Romania

text: ethnic Hungarian

text: Unitarian

text: Islam

text: Hungarian language

text: Austria

text: Russia

text: Ottoman-French alliance

text: Austria

text: Russia

text: Ottoman-Swedish

text: Russia

text: Osman Aga of Temesvar

text: Transylvania

text: Austria

text: Renaissance

text: Protestant

text: colonial empire

text: Europe

text: Istanbul

text: Turkish

text: incunabula

text: Sultan

text: Ahmed III

text: Tulip Era

text: Grand Vizier

text: Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha

text: Grand Mufti

text: calligraphers

text: Katip Çelebi

text: heliocentrism

text: heliocentrism

text: British

text: James Mario Matra

text: Istanbul

text: Istanbul

text: Grand Bazaar

text: manuscript form

text: Great Divergence

text: Printing

text: Image of Ibrahim Muteferrika

categories: 18th-century Hungarian people,Scientists of the Ottoman Empire,People from Cluj-Napoca,Hungarian Muslims,1674 births,Turkish publishers (people),17th-century people of the Ottoman Empire,18th-century people of the Ottoman Empire,Printers,Hungarian historians,1745 deaths,Turkish anthropologists,17th-century Hungarian people,Political people of the Ottoman Empire,Converts to Islam from Protestantism,Hungarian former Christians,Turkish sociologists

image: 512px-Ибрахим_Мутеферрика.PNG

paragraph: Ibrahim Muteferrika

paragraph: Ibrahim Müteferrika (; 1674–1745 CE) was a Hungarian-born Ottoman diplomat, publisher, economist, historian, Islamic theologian, sociologist, and the first Muslim to run a printing press with movable Arabic type.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Ibrahim Muteferrika was born in Kolozsvár (present-day Cluj-Napoca, Romania). He was an ethnic Hungarian Unitarian who converted to Islam. His original Hungarian language name is however unknown.

paragraph: Section::::Diplomatic Service.

paragraph: At a young age, Ibrahim Muteferrika entered the Ottoman diplomatic services. He took an active part in the negotiations with Austria and Russia. Ibrahim Muteferrika was an active figure in promoting the Ottoman-French alliance (1737–1739) against Austria and Russia. Ibrahim Muteferrika was also acclaimed for his role in the Ottoman-Swedish action against Russia.

paragraph: During his services as a diplomat he is known to have befriended many influential personalities including Osman Aga of Temesvar, a fellow diplomat of Transylvanian origins and former prisoner of war imprisoned in Austria.

paragraph: It was during his years as a diplomat that he took a keen interest in collecting books that helped him understand the ongoing Renaissance, the emergence of Protestant movements in Europe, and the rise of powerful colonial empires in Europe.

paragraph: Section::::Printing Press.

paragraph: His volumes, printed in Istanbul and using custom-made fonts, are occasionally referred to as "Turkish incunabula". Muteferrika, whose last name derived from his employment as a "Müteferrika", head of the household, under Sultan Ahmed III and during the Tulip Era, was also a geographer, astronomer, and philosopher.

paragraph: Following a 1726 report on the efficiency of the new system, which he drafted and presented simultaneously to Grand Vizier Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha, the Grand Mufti, and the clergy, and a later request submitted to Sultan Ahmed III, he received permission to publish non-religious books (despite opposition from some calligraphers and religious leaders). Muteferrika's press published its first book in 1729, and, by 1743, issued 17 works in 23 volumes (each having between 500 and 1,000 copies). The first book ever published by Muteferrika is ""Vankulu Lügati"", a 2-volume Arabic-Turkish dictionary. Printing religious books was prohibited (and remained prohibited until 1803).

paragraph: Among the works published by Müteferrika were historical and generically scientific works, as well as Katip Çelebi's world atlas "Cihannüma" (loosely translated as: "The Mirror of the World" or the "World Seer"). In a digression that he added to his printing, Müteferrika discussed the heliocentrism of astronomy in detail, with references to relatively up-to-date scientific arguments for and against it. In this regard, he is considered one of the first people to properly introduce heliocentrism to the Ottoman readers.

paragraph: After 1742, however, Ibrahim Muteferrika's printing activities were discontinued and an attempt by the British diplomat James Mario Matra, motivated by the exorbitant prices for manuscript books, to reestablish a press in Istanbul was aborted in 1779. In his account, Matra refers to the strong opposition of the scribes which Müteferrika's enterprise had to face earlier:

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Muteferrika died in Istanbul.

paragraph: A statue of Muteferrika can be found in the Sahaflar Çarşısı adjacent to the Grand Bazaar in Istanbul.

paragraph: Section::::Books published by Muteferrika.

paragraph: A total of 17 titles have been published by Muteferrika at his own press during his lifetime :

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "Kitab-ı Lügat-ı Vankulu (Sihah El-Cevheri)", 2 volumes, 1729

paragraph: BULLET::::2. "Tuhfet-ül Kibar fi Esfar el-Bihar", 1729

paragraph: BULLET::::3. "Tarih-i Seyyah", 1729

paragraph: BULLET::::4. "Tarih-i Hind-i Garbi", 1730

paragraph: BULLET::::5. "Tarih-i Timur Gürgan", 1730

paragraph: BULLET::::6. "Tarih-I Mısr-i Kadim ve Mısr-i Cedid", 1730

paragraph: BULLET::::7. "Gülşen-i Hülefa", 1730

paragraph: BULLET::::8. "Grammaire Turque", 1730

paragraph: BULLET::::9. "Usul el-Hikem fi Nizam el-Ümem", 1732

paragraph: BULLET::::10. "Fiyuzat-ı Mıknatısiye", 1732

paragraph: BULLET::::11. "Cihan-nüma", 1732

paragraph: BULLET::::12. "Takvim el-Tevarih", 1733

paragraph: BULLET::::13. "Kitab-ı Tarih-i Naima", 2 volumes, 1734

paragraph: BULLET::::14. "Tarih-i Raşid", 3 volumes, 1735

paragraph: BULLET::::15. "Tarih-i Çelebizade", 1741

paragraph: BULLET::::16. "Ahval-i Gazavat der Diyar-ı Bosna", 1741

paragraph: BULLET::::17. "Kitab-ı Lisan el-Acem el Müsemma bi-Ferheng-i Şuuri", 2 volumes, 1742

paragraph: Section::::Own works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Risâle Islâmiyye (available in manuscript form) (published by [Esed Cosan] in 1993)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Great Divergence

paragraph: BULLET::::- Printing

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Early Ottoman Printing: The Müteferrika Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Image of Ibrahim Muteferrika

description: Ottoman polymath

wikidata_label: Ibrahim Muteferrika

wikipedia_title: Ibrahim Muteferrika


text:
Canadian
artist
sculptor
castle
sculpture garden
Burk's Falls, Ontario
South River, Ontario
CBC
MTV
Artists's website

categories: Visionary environments,Canadian sculptors,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Peter Camani

paragraph: Peter Camani is a Canadian artist and sculptor who has created an unusual residence, castle, and sculpture garden on an old farm near Burk's Falls, Ontario, Canada, which is most commonly known as "Screaming Heads".

paragraph: Section::::Screaming Heads.

paragraph: Camani is a retired art teacher (Almaguin Highlands Secondary School in South River, Ontario, Canada), but he is best known for his fantasy castle called "Midlothian Castle", which he has spent over 25 years constructing. Monolith-like sculptures in the shape of giant heads are scattered throughout the property. A two-headed dragon sits atop the chimney and his version of the See/Say/Hear No Evils greet visitors. There are more than a hundred “screaming head” sculptures, each one 20 feet in height. Camani says he built his otherworldly creations as a warning about environmental degradation. With his paintings already hanging in such coveted places as the Vatican and Buckingham Palace, he decided to focus his energy on realizing a vision of significantly larger proportions.

paragraph: He has collaborative agreements with organizations to have events involving this land, such as the Harvest Festival.

paragraph: Section::::Screaming Heads.:Media appearances.

paragraph: His castle has been featured several times on Canadian television, including the CBC series "On The Road Again", Arthur Black's "Weird Homes" and more. Peter Camani was also the subject of the 1996 documentary "Concrete Ambitions", a film which won two awards.

paragraph: In 2011, Peter's house was featured in the first episode of MTV's Extreme Cribs.

paragraph: Section::::Other work.

paragraph: Camani has recently been working on a film of his own devising. With Dallas Boyes as the director, Camani began filming in 2005 and has been continuing with production since. He employs several students from nearby Almaguin Highlands Secondary School to help with acting, props, backdrops, music and taping. There has been no set release date for Camani's film.

paragraph: A film entitled "Witch Way?" was filmed in Screaming Heads. The film was never released.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artists's website

description: Canadian artist

wikidata_label: Peter Camani

wikipedia_title: Peter Camani


text: New York City Police Department

text: whistleblowing

text: police corruption

text: John V. Lindsay

text: Knapp Commission

text: Serpico

text: Peter Maas

text: Al Pacino

text: Brooklyn

text: New York City

text: Italian

text: Marigliano

text: United States Army

text: South Korea

text: Brooklyn College

text: precinct

text: plainclothes

text: the Bronx

text: Manhattan

text: New York Times

text: John V. Lindsay

text: Knapp Commission

text: Whitman Knapp

text: Williamsburg, Brooklyn

text: .22 LR

text: Patrick V. Murphy

text: systemic corruption

text: Medal of Honor

text: Switzerland

text: Netherlands

text: Al Pacino

text: Montauk, New York

text: police brutality

text: civil liberties

text: Abner Louima

text: Amadou Diallo

text: whistleblower

text: Paul Revere

text: American Revolutionary War

text: Politico

text: Stuyvesant, New York

text: John Jay College of Criminal Justice

text: Facebook

text: Brooklyn Bridge

text: Colin Kaepernick

text: Netherlands

text: Jus sanguinis

text: Peter Maas

text: Serpico

text: Sidney Lumet

text: Al Pacino

text: David Birney

text: TV-movie

text: NBC

text: pilot

text: "Serpico" TV series

text: All in the Family

text: It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia

text: Charlie Day

text: Tracey Walter

text: Adrian Schoolcraft

text: Robert Leuci

categories: Police misconduct in the United States,New York City Police Department officers,St. Francis Preparatory School alumni,American shooting survivors,Naturalised citizens of Italy,American people of Italian descent,American whistleblowers,Italian activists,People from Brooklyn,1936 births,United States Army soldiers,Italian people of American descent,Living people

paragraph: Frank Serpico

paragraph: Francesco Vincent Serpico (born April 14, 1936) is a former New York City Police Department (NYPD) officer who holds both American and Italian citizenship. He is known for whistleblowing on police corruption in the late 1960s and early 1970s, an act that prompted Mayor John V. Lindsay to appoint the landmark Knapp Commission to investigate the NYPD. Much of Serpico's fame came after the release of the 1973 film "Serpico", which was based on the book by Peter Maas and which starred Al Pacino in the title role, for which Pacino received an Oscar nomination.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Serpico was born in Brooklyn, New York City, the youngest child of Vincenzo and Maria Giovanna Serpico, Italian immigrants from Marigliano. At the age of 17, he enlisted in the United States Army and was stationed for two years in South Korea as an infantryman. He then worked as a part-time private investigator and a youth counselor while attending Brooklyn College.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:NYPD.

paragraph: On September 11, 1959, Serpico joined the New York City Police Department (NYPD) as a probationary patrolman, and became a full patrolman on March 5, 1960. He was assigned to the 81st precinct, then worked for the Bureau of Criminal Identification (BCI) for two years. He was finally assigned to work plainclothes, where he uncovered widespread corruption.

paragraph: Serpico was a plainclothes police officer working in Brooklyn, the Bronx and Manhattan to expose vice racketeering. In 1967, he reported credible evidence of widespread systematic police corruption. Nothing happened until he met another police officer, David Durk, who helped him. Serpico believed his partners knew about his secret meetings with police investigators. Finally, he contributed to an April 25, 1970, "New York Times" front-page story on widespread corruption in the NYPD, which drew national attention to the problem. Mayor John V. Lindsay appointed a five-member panel to investigate accusations of police corruption. The panel became the Knapp Commission, named after its chairman, Whitman Knapp.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:NYPD.:Shooting and public interest.

paragraph: Serpico was shot during a drug arrest attempt on February 3, 1971, at 778 Driggs Avenue, in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. Four officers from the Brooklyn North police precinct received a tip that a drug deal was about to take place. Two policemen, Gary Roteman and Arthur Cesare, stayed outside, while the third, Paul Halley, stood in front of the apartment building. Serpico climbed up the fire escape, entered by the fire escape door, went downstairs, listened for the password, then followed two suspects outside.

paragraph: The police arrested the young suspects, and found one had two bags of heroin. Halley stayed with the suspects, and Roteman told Serpico, who spoke Spanish, to make a fake purchase attempt to get the drug dealers to open the door. The police went to the third-floor landing. Serpico knocked on the door, keeping his hand on his revolver. The door opened a few inches, just far enough to wedge his body in. Serpico called for help, but his fellow officers ignored him.

paragraph: Serpico was then shot in the face by the suspect with a .22 LR pistol. The bullet struck just below the eye, lodging at the top of his jaw. He fired back, fell to the floor, and began to bleed profusely. His police colleagues refused to make a "10-13" dispatch to police headquarters, indicating that an officer had been shot. An elderly man who lived in the next apartment called the emergency services, reporting that a man had been shot, and stayed with Serpico. When a police car arrived, aware that Serpico was a fellow officer, they transported him in the patrol car to Greenpoint Hospital.

paragraph: The bullet had severed an auditory nerve, leaving him deaf in one ear, and he has since suffered from chronic pain from bullet fragments lodged in his brain. He was visited the day after the shooting by Mayor John V. Lindsay and Police Commissioner Patrick V. Murphy, and the police department harassed him with hourly bed checks. He later testified before the Knapp Commission.

paragraph: The circumstances surrounding Serpico's shooting quickly came into question. Serpico, who was armed during the drug raid, had been shot only after briefly turning away from the suspect, when he realized that the two officers who had accompanied him to the scene were not following him into the apartment, raising the question whether Serpico had actually been brought to the apartment by his colleagues to be murdered. There was no formal investigation.

paragraph: On May 3, 1971, "New York Metro Magazine" published an article about Serpico, "Portrait of an Honest Cop". On May 10, 1971, he testified at the departmental trial of an NYPD lieutenant, who was accused of taking bribes from gamblers.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:NYPD.:Testimony before the Knapp Commission.

paragraph: In October, and again in December 1971, Serpico testified before the Knapp Commission:

paragraph: Serpico was the first police officer in the history of the New York City Police Department to step forward to report and subsequently testify openly about widespread, systemic corruption payoffs amounting to millions of dollars.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:NYPD.:Retirement and activism.

paragraph: Serpico retired on June 15, 1972, one month after receiving the New York City Police Department's highest honor, the Medal of Honor. There was no ceremony; according to Serpico, it was simply handed to him over the desk "like a pack of cigarettes". He went to Switzerland to recuperate and spent almost a decade living there and on a farm in the Netherlands, as well as traveling and studying.

paragraph: When it was decided to make the movie about his life called "Serpico", Al Pacino invited Serpico to stay with him at a house that Pacino had rented in Montauk, New York. When Pacino asked why he had stepped forward, Serpico replied, "Well, Al, I don't know. I guess I would have to say it would be because... if I didn't, who would I be when I listened to a piece of music?" He has credited his grandfather who had once been assaulted and robbed, and his uncle, a respected policeman in Italy, with his sense of justice.

paragraph: Serpico still speaks out about police brutality, civil liberties, and police corruption, such as the attempted cover-ups following Abner Louima's torture in 1997 and Amadou Diallo's shooting in 1999. He provides support to "individuals who seek truth and justice even in the face of great personal risk". He calls

paragraph: them "lamp lighters", a term he prefers to the more common "whistleblowers", which refers to alerting the public to danger, in the spirit of Paul Revere's midnight ride during the American Revolutionary War.

paragraph: In an October 2014 interview published by "Politico" entitled "The Police Are Still Out of Control... I Should Know", Serpico addresses contemporary issues of police violence.

paragraph: In 2015, Serpico ran for a seat on the town board of Stuyvesant, New York, where he lives, his first foray into politics. He lost the election.

paragraph: Among police officers, his actions are still controversial, but Eugene O'Donnell, professor of police studies at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, states that "he becomes more of a heroic figure with every passing year."

paragraph: On August 19, 2017, Serpico gave a speech which was broadcast live on Facebook as he stood with NYPD police officers in New York City on the bank of the East River at the foot of the Brooklyn Bridge in support of Colin Kaepernick, for his protests alleging a culture of police brutality. Serpico was quoted, "I am here to support anyone who has the courage to stand up against injustice and oppression anywhere in this country and the world."

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Effect on the NYPD.

paragraph: As a result of Serpico's efforts, the NYPD was drastically changed. Michael Armstrong, who was counsel to the Knapp Commission and went on to become chairman of the city's Commission to Combat Police Corruption, observed in 2012 "the attitude throughout the department seems fundamentally hostile to the kind of systemized graft that had been a way of life almost 40 years ago."

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: On June 15, 1972, Serpico left both the NYPD and U.S. to move to Europe. In 1973, he lived with a woman named Marianne (a native of the Netherlands), whom he wed in a "spiritual marriage"; she died from cancer in 1980. He decided to return to the United States afterwards.

paragraph: His only child, son Alexander, was born March 15, 1980 out of marriage. After going to a tribunal to contest the alimony payments to the mother, who had told him she was on the contraceptive pill, the tribunal ruled he had to pay around $900.

paragraph: On June 27, 2013, the USA Section of ANPS (National Association of Italian State Police) assigned him the "Saint Michael Archangel Prize", an official award by the Italian State Police with the Sponsorship of the Italian Ministry of Interior. Francesco Serpico is now an Italian citizen: during the same ceremony, he received his first Italian passport after extended research by the president of ANPS USA, Chief Inspector Cirelli, who established the "Jus sanguinis", allowing him to gain Italian citizenship.

paragraph: Section::::Depictions in media.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Serpico", a 1973 biography by Peter Maas, sold over 3 million copies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The 1973 biography was adapted for the 1973 film "Serpico", which was directed by Sidney Lumet and starred Al Pacino in the title role.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1976 David Birney starred as Serpico in a TV-movie called "Serpico: The Deadly Game" (also known as "The Deadly Game"), broadcast on NBC.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The NBC TV-movie served as a pilot to a short-lived "Serpico" TV series the following fall on the same network.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frank Serpico", a 2017 documentary.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the episode of "All in the Family" "The Taxi Caper", which aired on December 8, 1973, Serpico is mentioned as one of the "new breed" of New York City police officers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the episode of "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia" "Bums: Making a Mess All Over the City" which aired on November 8, 2007, Charlie Day plays a character who is modeled on the Al Pacino depiction of Frank Serpico. (The actor playing the titular "bum" of the episode, Tracey Walter, was in the original Serpico movie.)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York City Police Department corruption and misconduct

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adrian Schoolcraft, secretly recorded police conversations from 2008 to 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Leuci, known for his work exposing corruption in the police department and the criminal justice system

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: Books

paragraph: Newspapers

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Models of Courageous Citizenship: Robert Shetterly's Americans Who Tell The Truth; retrieved January 13, 2015.

description: NYPD officer, whistle blower

wikidata_label: Frank Serpico

wikipedia_title: Frank Serpico


text: artist

text: performance art

text: holography

text: interactive art

text: biotechnology

text: Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

text: international space station

text: School of the Art Institute of Chicago

text: University of Wales

text: School of the Art Institute of Chicago

text: Cinelandia

text: Porn Art Movement

text: holographic

text: Minitel

text: Slow-scan television

text: FAX

text: RFID

text: biotechnology

text: genetics

text: scientific technique

text: Bible

text: Genesis 1:26

text: Morse code

text: Alba

text: rabbit

text: Green Fluorescent Protein

text: gene

text: jellyfish

text: petunia

text: Thomas Pesquet

text: Institute Valencia

text: Victoria and Albert Museum, London

text: artist books

text: Museum of Modern Art, New York

text: Inter Communication Center

text: Ars Electronica

text: MIT Press

text: Official website

text: Al Jazeera English interview on YouTube

categories: BioArtists,New media artists,Brazilian artists,1962 births,Living people

paragraph: Eduardo Kac

paragraph: Eduardo Kac [ɛdwardoʊ kæts; ĕd·wâr′·dō kăts] (1962) is a Brazilian-American contemporary artist and professor whose artworks that span a wide range of practices, including performance art, poetry, holography, interactive art, telematic art and transgenic art. He is particularly well known for his works that integrate biotechnology, politics and aesthetics.

paragraph: Kac began his art career in the early 1980s as performance artist in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Within a few years he was involved in exploring holography as an interactive art form. At the same time, he began creating animated poetic works on the French Minitel platform.

paragraph: Before moving from Brazil to the United States in the late 1980s, Kac began creating his first telematic artworks that used electronic technologies to bridge two or more physical locations. During the 1990s he continued to produce these works, at the same time as he coined the phrase "bioart". In addition to "bioart" Kac coined numerous neologisms to describe his transdisciplinary art practice, including "holoart", "transgenic art" (the integration of human genes in an artwork) and "plantimal", referring to a plant infused with human genes.

paragraph: Kac is perhaps best known for his transgenic artworks that use biotechnology to intervene on the natural genetic structure of plants and animals. His works "Time Capsule", "GFP Bunny" and "Natural History of the Enigma" in particular are recognized as notable works for having joined biotechnology, art and bioethics together into politically charged artworks.

paragraph: In 2017 Kac collaborated with the French Space Observatory office to have a sculpture made aboard the international space station.

paragraph: A multidisciplinary artist, Kac has also employed poetry, fax, photocopying, photography, video, fractals, poetry, RFID implants, virtual reality, networks, robotics, satellites, telerobotics, Morse code and DNA extraction in his practice.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Kac was born July 3, 1962 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He studied at the School of Communications of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, receiving a BA degree in 1985, and then at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago where he received an MFA degree in 1990. In 2003 he received a doctorate from the University of Wales, Great Britain. Kac is a professor of art at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago.

paragraph: Section::::Art career.

paragraph: Section::::Art career.:1980s.

paragraph: Between 1980 and 1982, Kac belonged to a group that did performance art in the Cinelandia area of Rio de Janeiro. The performances, a response to the extreme conservative political climate of Brazil under military dictatorship, became known as " Movimento de Arte Pornô" ("Porn Art Movement").

paragraph: Beginning in 1983, Kac created holographic poetry works, the first of which was "HOLO/OLHO", named after the Portuguese word for "eye". 24 holographic poems followed this first work, including "Quando (When?)" (1987), a moebius-like work that could be read in two directions.

paragraph: Around the same time, and drawing on his interest in experimental poetry forms, Kac began making animated poetry works with the French Minitel videtext terminals that were then in use in Rio. In 1985 he contributed one such work, "Reabracadabra", to the "Arte On Line" exhibition, organized by the Livraria Nobel bookstore in São Paulo. Other videotext animated poems by Kac include "Recaos" (1986), "Tesão" (1985/86) and "D/eu/s" (1986). In 1986, with Flavio Ferraz, Kac organized the "Brasil High-Tech" exhibition at the Galeria de Arte Centro Empresarial Rio in Rio de Janeiro.

paragraph: From 1985 to as late as 1994, Kac did a number of telecommunications performances that used Slow-scan television (SSTV) and FAX technologies to create performances between separate locations.

paragraph: In the late 80s Kac began work on his "Ornitorrinco" project, a telepresence artwork made in collaboration with Ed Bennett in Chicago. The work brought together robotics, telecommunications technologies and interactivity to create a robot that was controlled remotely. The piece allowed viewers in one location to control the robot's camera and motion, creating a telepresent work and effecting the experience of viewers in the other location.

paragraph: In 1989 Kac moved from Brazil to Chicago, where he would complete his MFA at the Art Institute of Chicago the following year.

paragraph: Section::::Art career.:1990s.

paragraph: In the 1990s, Kac continued creating telematic works, with "Dialogical Drawing" (1994) and "Essay Concerning Human Understanding" (1994) both using networks to explore the viewer experience of an artwork mediated between two site in real time. In the latter case, the artwork joined a plant in New York city and a live canary in Kentucky in conversation. The inclusion of a bird as part of its system, making it an early example of what Kac called "transgenic art".

paragraph: In "Teleporting An Unknown State" (1994-96), Kac built a system that allowed a plant to survive in a gallery, illuminated not by sunlight but by the internet viewers of the work. In practice, online viewers of the work triggered a video projection onto the plant of an image representing the sky in the viewer's home location.

paragraph: Notably, Kac coined the term "bioart" with his 1997 performance work "Time Capsule". In "Time Capsule", Kac implanted himself with an RFID chip originally designed for use in pets. A participant in Chicago then triggered the RFID scanned in the Brazilian Gallery where Kac was performing, casing the scanner to display a unique code for the implant. Kac then registered himself on the pet database associated with the implant, becoming the first human to do so.

paragraph: By the late 90s Kac defined himself either a "transgenic artist" or "bio artist," and was using biotechnology and genetics to create provocative works that concomitantly explore scientific techniques and critique them.

paragraph: Kac's next transgenic artwork, created in 1998/99 and titled "Genesis," involved him taking a quote from the Bible (Genesis 1:26 - "And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth"), transferring it into Morse code, and finally, translating that Morse code (by a conversion principle specially developed by the artist for this work) into the base pairs of genetics.

paragraph: Participants were then able to shine ultraviolet lights onto the base pair of genetics thus altering it. So when Kac translated it back to English, it said something completely different. This work sparked a conversation about how meaning can change throughout translation.

paragraph: Section::::Art career.:2000s.

paragraph: In one of his best known works, "Alba", presented in 2000 in Avignon, France, Kac claimed to have commissioned a French laboratory to create a green-fluorescent rabbit; a rabbit implanted with a Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) gene from a type of jellyfish. Under a specific blue light, the rabbit fluoresces green. The work proved to be hugely controversial, which was later mitigated by the revelation that the GFP process was not new but was, rather, already in use on rabbits at the lab in question. Kac's original aim was for Alba to live with his family, but prior to the scheduled release of Alba to Kac, the lab retracted their agreement and decided that Alba should remain in the lab.

paragraph: His work "Natural History of the Enigma" (2003-8) continued in the theme of bio art by merging his DNA with that of a petunia, creating a hybrid organism that Kac called a "plantimal". The plant, also given the name "Eudinia" (from Eduardo and Petunia), mimicked the flow of blood through human veins by mixing Kac's DNA only with the plant's genetic components that made the veins in its leaves red.

paragraph: Section::::Art career.:2010s.

paragraph: In 2017 Kac collaborated with the French astronaut Thomas Pesquet to create an artwork in space called "Inner Telescope". Following Kac's instructions, Pesquet cut and folded a piece of paper into a sculptural form that could be read as the three letters forming the French word for "me", M-O-I.

paragraph: Section::::Permanent collections.

paragraph: Kac's work is included in the permanent collections of the Institute Valencia in Valencia, Spain and the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Several of Kac's artist books are included in the library of the Museum of Modern Art, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: In 1998 he received the Leonardo Award for Excellence from ISAST. In 1999, he received the Inter Communication Center (Tokyo) Biennial Award in 1999.

paragraph: In 2002 he received the Creative Capital Award in the discipline of Emerging Fields.

paragraph: In 2008 he received the Golden Nica award at Ars Electronica for his project "Natural History of the Enigma".

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Books by Eduardo Kac

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kac, Eduardo. "Luz & Letra: Ensaios De Arte, Literatura E Comunicação [Eng.: "Light & Lyrics: Essays on Art, Literature and Communication"]." Rio De Janeiro: Contra Capa, 2004."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kac, Eduardo. "Telepresence & Bio Art: Networking Humans, Rabbits, & Robots." Foreword James Elkins. Ann Arbor, Michigan: U Michigan P, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kac, Eduardo. "Signs of Life: Bio Art and Beyond", MIT Press, Cambridge, 2007,

paragraph: Catalogues and Monographs of Eduardo Kac's exhibitions

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kac, Eduardo. "Hodibis Potax: Poetry Anthology [Oeuvres poétiques]." Ivry-sur-Seine, France: Édition Action Poétique, 2007. [Published on the occasion of the solo exhibition Hodibis Potax, by Eduardo Kac, realized in the context of Biennale des Poètes en Val-de-Marne (Poetry Biennial, France), May 2007.]

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eduardo Kac: Histoire Naturelle de L'Enigma et Autres Travaux / Eduardo Kac: Natural History of the Enigma and Other Works." Poitiers, France: Al Dante Éditions, 2009. ["Ouvrage conçu & par les éditions Al Dante à l'occasion de l'exposition énonyme au centre d'art comtemporain Rurart... en partenariat avec l'espace Mendes France (centre de culture scientifique) de 8 octobre au 20 decembre 2009." / "Book edition designed by Al Dante on the occasion of the eponymous exhibition at Rurart Contemporary Art Center ... in partnership with Espace Mendes France (Center of Science and Culture,) from October 8 to December 20, 2009."] Additional publication information quoted from the title page of this catalogue.

paragraph: Books about the Art of Eduardo Kac

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rossi, Elena Giulia (ed.). "Eduardo Kac : Move 36" Filigranes Éditions, Paris, 2005, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Eighth Day: The Trangenic Art of Eduardo Kac." Eds. Sheilah Britton and Dan Collins. Tempe, Arizona: The Institute for Studies in the Arts, Arizona State University, 2003. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al Jazeera English interview on YouTube

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eduardo Kac interview on Digitalarti Mag

description: Brazilian artist

wikidata_label: Eduardo Kac

wikipedia_title: Eduardo Kac


text: courtesy name

text: Neo-Confucian

text: philosopher

text: educationist

text: calligraphist

text: Ming dynasty

text: Zhu Xi

text: Confucianism

text: dualism

text: Master Yangming

text: Yuyao

text: Zhejiang Province

text: Imperial Examination

text: Ministry of Rites

text: Liu Jin

text: "juren"

text: "jinshi"

text: Jiangxi

text: Jiangxi

text: Fujian

text: Guangdong

text: amnesty

text: Fujian

text: Prince of Ning rebellion

text: Zhu Chenhao

text: Nanchang

text: Yangtze River

text: Nanjing

text: breech loading

text: culverin

text: cannon

text: Portuguese

text: Zhu Xi

text: Marquis

text: Confucian Temple

text: School of heart

text: Lu Jiuyuan

text: Southern Song

text: Mencius

text: School of Principle

text: Neo-Confucianism

text: Motoori Norinaga

text: Shinto

text: samurai

text: Chinese belief

text: philosophy

text: mind

text: reason

text: tranquil repose

text: jingzuo

text: Zen

text: Buddhism

text: Confucius

text: Mencius

text: Zhu Xi

text: "Yaojiang School"

text: Qing

text: Wang Gen

text: Huang Zongxi

text: Li Zhuowu

text: Russo-Japanese War

text: Tōgō Heihachirō

text: Kumazawa Banzan

text: Saigō Takamori

text: Takasugi Shinsaku

text: Nakae Tōju

text: Chiang Kai-shek

text: Taiwan

text: Yangmingshan

text: Nanchang

text: National Yang-Ming University

text: Meiji period

text: Liang Qichao

text: Chiang Kai-shek

text: bushido

text: Yan Xishan

text: Shanxi

text: Guiyang

text: Confucianism

text: Neo-Confucianism

text: Lu Jiuyuan

text: Zhu Xi

text: Tu Wei-Ming

text: Huo Long Jing

categories: 1472 births,Politicians from Ningbo,Ming dynasty essayists,Neo-Confucianism,Generals from Zhejiang,People from Yuyao,Philosophers from Zhejiang,1529 deaths,Moral psychology,Ming dynasty generals,Chinese Confucianists,Idealists,Ming dynasty philosophers,Writers from Ningbo

paragraph: Wang Yangming

paragraph: Wang Shouren (26 October 1472 – 9 January 1529), courtesy name Bo'an, was a Chinese idealist Neo-Confucian philosopher, official, educationist, calligraphist and general during the Ming dynasty. After Zhu Xi, he is commonly regarded as the most important Neo-Confucian thinker, with interpretations of Confucianism that denied the rationalist dualism of the orthodox philosophy of Zhu Xi. Wang was known as Yangming Xiansheng and/or Yangming Zi in literary circles: both mean "Master Yangming".

paragraph: In China, Japan, and Western countries, he is known by his honorific name rather than his private name.

paragraph: Section::::Life and times.

paragraph: He was born Wang Shouren (王守仁) in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province, to a scholarly family with a tradition of bureaucratic service. His father, Wang Hua, was first ("Zhuangyuan", 狀元) in the Imperial Examination of 1481, and rose to become the vice-minister of the Ministry of Rites, but was later demoted and subsequently expelled from government service due to having offended Liu Jin, a eunuch.

paragraph: Wang earned the "juren" degree in 1492 and the "jinshi" degree in 1499. He later served as an executive assistant in various government departments until banishment for offending a eunuch in 1506. However, his professional career resumed when he became the Governor of Jiangxi.

paragraph: Wang became a successful general and was known for the strict discipline he imposed on his troops. In 1517 and 1518, he was dispatched in response to petitions to suppress peasant revolts in Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong. Concerned with the destruction that came with war, he petitioned the court to allow amnesty, and successfully destroyed rebel military forces.

paragraph: Section::::Life and times.:Military exploits.:Suppressing the Prince of Ning.

paragraph: In 1519 AD, while he was governor of Jiangxi province and on his way to suppress the revolts in Fujian, Wang was suddenly faced with the Prince of Ning rebellion, led by Zhu Chenhao the fourth Prince of Ning. Given that the prince's base in Nanchang allowed him to sail down the Yangtze River and capture the southern capital of Nanjing, Wang actively prepared for battle to prevent that possibility, while engaging in deception to convince the prince that armies were moving to surround him. The prince, deceived by this, hesitated and gave time for Nanjing to be reinforced. Eventually, forced to engage governmental forces, the Prince of Ning was defeated and captured.

paragraph: In this campaign, Wang also made one of the earliest references to using the "fo-lang-ji" in battle, a breech loading culverin cannon imported from the newly arrived Portuguese venturers to China. As governor of Jiangxi he also built schools, rehabilitated the rebels, and reconstructed what was lost by the enemy during the revolt. Though he was made an earl, he was ostracized for opposing Zhu Xi.

paragraph: Thirty-eight years after his death, he was given the titles Marquis and Completion of Culture. In 1584 he was offered sacrifice in the Confucian Temple, the highest honour for a scholar.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.

paragraph: Wang was the leading figure in the Neo-Confucian School of heart, founded by 陸九淵 Lu Jiuyuan of Southern Song. This school championed an interpretation of Mencius, a Classical Confucian who became the focus of later interpretation, that unified knowledge with action. Their rival school, the School of Principle ("Li") treated gaining knowledge as a kind of preparation or cultivation that, when completed, could guide action.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Innate knowing.

paragraph: Out of Cheng-Zhu's Neo-Confucianism that was mainstream at the time, Wang Yangming developed the idea of "innate knowing", arguing that every person knows from birth the difference between good and evil. Wang claimed that such knowledge is intuitive and not rational. These revolutionizing ideas of Wang Yangming would later inspire prominent Japanese thinkers like Motoori Norinaga, who argued that because of the Shinto deities, Japanese people alone had the intuitive ability to distinguish good and evil without complex rationalization. His school of thought ("Ōyōmei-gaku" in Japanese, "Ō" stands for the surname "Wang", "yōmei" stands for "Yangming", "gaku" stands for "school of learning") also greatly influenced the Japanese samurai ethic.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Integration of Knowledge and Action.

paragraph: Wang's rejection of the pure investigation of knowledge comes from the then traditional view of Chinese belief that once one gained knowledge, one had a duty to put that knowledge into action. This presupposed two possibilities:

paragraph: BULLET::::- That one can have knowledge without/prior to corresponding action.

paragraph: BULLET::::- That one can know what is the proper action, but still fail to act.

paragraph: Wang rejected both of these which allowed him to develop his philosophy of action. Wang believed that

paragraph: only through simultaneous action could one gain knowledge and denied all other ways of gaining it. To him, there was no way to use knowledge after gaining it because he believed that knowledge and action were unified as one. Any knowledge that had been gained "then put" into action was considered delusion or false.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Mind and the world.

paragraph: He held that objects do not exist entirely apart from the mind because the mind shapes them. He believed that it is not the world that shapes the mind, but the mind that gives reason to the world. Therefore, the mind alone is the source of all reason. He understood this to be an inner light, an innate moral goodness and understanding of what is good.

paragraph: In order to eliminate selfish desires that cloud the mind's understanding of goodness, one can practice his type of meditation often called "tranquil repose" or "sitting still" ( 靜坐 "jingzuo"). This is similar to the practice of Chan (Zen) meditation in Buddhism.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang Yangming is regarded one of the four greatest masters of Confucianism in history along with Confucius, Mencius and Zhu Xi ().

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang Yangming founded "Yaojiang School" (Chinese ) or "Yangming School of Mind" (Chinese" ), which became one of the dominant Confucian schools in the mid-late Ming period and Qing period China. The typical figures came from this school after Wang were Wang Ji (), Qian Dehong (), Wang Gen, Huang Zongxi, Li Zhuowu and Liu Zongzhou (). Wang Gen formed "Taizhou School" (), which went left of Wang Yangming's thought. During the late Ming period, Wang Yangming's thought became notably popular and influential in China.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Japanese Admiral of the Russo-Japanese War, Tōgō Heihachirō, was influenced by Wang, and made a stamp which read, "One's whole life followed the example of Yangming" (一生低首拜陽明). In Japan, many scholars and politicians (this group of people is known in Japanese as "Yōmeigakusha": ) came from Wang Yangming's school ("Ōyōmei-gaku") in history, including Kumazawa Banzan, Saigō Takamori, Takasugi Shinsaku and Nakae Tōju. Toju Nakae is regarded as the founder of Japanese "Ōyōmei-gaku".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chiang Kai-shek named a national attraction in Taiwan, Yangmingshan, after Wang. And a road in Nanchang is also named "Yangming Road" after Wang by Chiang-influenced local officials. Additionally, National Yang-Ming University in Taiwan is also named after the philosopher.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The teachings of Wang Yangming were credited with inspiring many Japanese reformers and revolutionaries during the nineteenth century. This led to a great increase in interest in his thought in Japan at the end of the Meiji period, when many Chinese activists such as Liang Qichao and Chiang Kai-shek were staying in Japan. Some Chinese and Korean thinkers believed that Wang Yangming's teachings strongly influenced the development of modern bushido (the "way of the warrior") in Japan, and promoted both ethics in their countries to strengthen the spirit of their respective peoples.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang's interpretation of Confucianism has been influential in China into modern times. The twentieth-century Chinese warlord 閻錫山 Yan Xishan attempted to revive Confucianism in Shanxi largely on the model of Wang's philosophy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- People in Guiyang dedicated a statue to Wang Yangming as well as a museum and theme park; a robot version of Wang Yangming is in the city

paragraph: Section::::Translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Public domain. Considered a poor translation by Chan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ching, Julia (1972). "The Philosophical Letters of Wang Yang-ming". Canberra, Australia: Australian National University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sixty-seven letters and annotations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Wing-tsit (1963). "A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy". Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Excerpts only

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Wing-tsit (1963). "Instructions For Practical Living and Other Neo-Confucian Writings by Wang Yang-Ming". Columbia University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Full translation of 傳習録 and 大學問, Wang's two major works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Excerpts, but including the first translations of some of Wang's letters.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Confucianism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neo-Confucianism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lu Jiuyuan or (Lu Xiangshan)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhu Xi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tu Wei-Ming

paragraph: BULLET::::- Huo Long Jing

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chang, Carsun (1962), "Wang Yang-ming: idealist philosopher of sixteenth-century China", New York: St. John's University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gillin, Donald G. (1967), "Warlord: Yen Hsi-shan in Shansi Province 1911-1949", Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ivanhoe, Philip J. (2002), "Ethics in the Confucian Tradition: The Thought of Mengzi and Wang Yangming," rev. 2nd edition, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Кобзев А.И. Учение Ван Янмина и классическая китайская философия. М., 1983.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nivison, David S. (1967), "The Problem of 'Knowledge' and 'Action' in Chinese Thought since Wang Yang–ming," in Arthur F. Wright, ed., "Studies in Chinese Thought," Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 112–45.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nivison, David S. (1996), "The Philosophy of Wang Yangming," in "The Ways of Confucianism," Chicago: Open Court Press, pp. 217–231

paragraph: BULLET::::- Needham, Joseph (1986). "Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Part 7". Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oleg Benesch. "Wang Yangming and Bushidō: Japanese Nativization and its Influences in Modern China." Journal of Chinese Philosophy 36 (3):439-454.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Entry on Wang Yangming

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang Yang Ming in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

alias:
Wang Shouren
Yun
Xinjian bo
Yangming xiansheng
Boan
Xianruwangzi
Binyangtang
Wang Yun
Junziting
Wencheng
Wanyiwo
Yangmingzi
Helouxuan

description: Chinese philosopher and general

wikidata_label: Wang Yangming

wikipedia_title: Wang Yangming


text: mathematician

text: Introduction to Arithmetic

text: Manual of Harmonics

text: Greek

text: Gerasa

text: Roman province of Syria

text: Jerash

text: Jordan

text: Aristotle

text: Neopythagorean

text: Pythagorean

text: Gerasa

text: Neopythagorean

text: Thrasyllus

text: Latin

text: Apuleius

text: Introduction to Arithmetic

text: Neo-Pythagorean

text: mystical

text: number

text: prime numbers

text: perfect numbers

text: arithmetic

text: music

text: geometry

text: astronomy

text: cause

text: Boethius

text: Babylonians

text: Chinese

text: multiplication table

text: British Museum

text: Manuale Harmonicum

text: music theory

text: Aristoxenus

text: Euclid

text: Pythagoras

text: smithy

text: music of the spheres

text: Aristoxenian

text: instruments

text: Photius

text: Eutocius

text: Archimedes

text: A "Life of Pythagoras"

text: Porphyry

text: Iamblichus

text: Iamblichus

text: Athenaeus

text: Monad

text: Dyad

text: Triad

text: Tetrad

text: Nicomachus's theorem

text: Superparticular number

text: Superpartient number

text: Philolaus

text: "Introduction to Arithmetic"

categories: Roman-era philosophers,Ancient Greek music theorists,People from Jerash,1st-century Greek people,2nd-century Greek people,Ancient Greek mathematicians,Neo-Pythagoreans,1st-century philosophers,120 deaths,Pythagoreans,60 births

paragraph: Nicomachus

paragraph: Nicomachus of Gerasa (; c. 60 – c. 120 AD) was an important ancient mathematician best known for his works "Introduction to Arithmetic" and "Manual of Harmonics" in Greek. He was born in Gerasa, in the Roman province of Syria (now Jerash, Jordan), and was strongly influenced by Aristotle. He was a Neopythagorean, who wrote about the mystical properties of numbers.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Little is known about the life of Nicomachus except that he was a Pythagorean who came from Gerasa. Historians consider him a Neopythagorean based on his tendency to view the numbers having mystical properties. The age in which he lived (c. 100 AD) is only known because he mentions Thrasyllus in his "Manual of Harmonics", and because his "Introduction to Arithmetic" was apparently translated into Latin in the mid 2nd century by Apuleius. His "Manual of Harmonics" was addressed to a lady of noble birth, at whose request Nicomachus wrote the book, which suggests that he was a respected scholar of some status. He mentions his intent to write a more advanced work, and how the journeys he frequently undertakes leave him short of time.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"Introduction to Arithmetic".

paragraph: "Introduction to Arithmetic" (Ἀριθμητικὴ εἰσαγωγή, "Arithmetike eisagoge"), the lesser work on arithmetic. As a Neo-Pythagorean, Nicomachus was often more interested in the mystical properties of numbers rather than their mathematical properties. According to Henrietta O. Midonick (1965), he distinguishes between the wholly conceptual immaterial number, which he regards as the 'divine number', and the numbers which measure material things, the 'scientific' number. He writes extensively on numbers, especially on the significance of prime numbers and perfect numbers and argues that arithmetic is ontologically prior to the other mathematical sciences (music, geometry, and astronomy), and is their cause. Boethius' "De institutione arithmetica" is in large part a Latin translation of this work.

paragraph: However "Introduction of Arithmetic" does contain quite elementary errors which show that Nicomachus chose not to give proofs of his results because he did not in general have such proofs. Many of the results were known by Nicomachus to be true since they appeared with proofs in Euclid, although in a geometrical formulation. Sometimes Nicomachus states a result which is simply false and then illustrates it with an example that happens to have the properties described in the result. We can deduce from this that some of the results are merely guesses based on the evidence of the numerical examples.

paragraph: Although he was preceded by the Babylonians and the Chinese, Nicomachus provided one of the earliest Greco-Roman multiplication tables, whereas the oldest extant Greek multiplication table is found on a wax tablet dated to the 1st century AD (now found in the British Museum).

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"Manual of Harmonics".

paragraph: "Manuale Harmonicum" (Ἐγχειρίδιον ἁρμονικῆς, "Encheiridion Harmonikes"). This is the first important music theory treatise since the time of Aristoxenus and Euclid. It provides the earliest surviving record of the myth of Pythagoras's epiphany outside a smithy that pitch is determined by numeric ratios. Nicomachus also gives the first in-depth account of the relationship between music and the ordering of the universe via the "music of the spheres." Nicomachus's discussion of the governance of the ear and voice in understanding music unites Aristoxenian and Pythagorean concerns, normally regarded as antitheses. In the midst of theoretical discussions, Nicomachus also describes the instruments of his time, also providing a valuable resource. In addition to the "Manual", ten extracts survive from what appear to have originally been a more substantial work on music.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Lost works.

paragraph: The works which are lost are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Art of Arithmetic" (), the larger work on arithmetic, mentioned by Photius.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A larger work on music, promised by Nicomachus himself, and apparently referred to by Eutocius in his comment on the sphere and cylinder of Archimedes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- An "Introduction to Geometry", referred to by Nicomachus, although whether it was his work is unclear.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Theology of Arithmetic" (), on the Pythagorean mystical properties of numbers in two books mentioned by Photius. There is an extant work sometimes attributed to Iamblichus under this title written two centuries later which contains a great deal of material thought to have been copied or paraphrased from Nicomachus' work.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A "Life of Pythagoras" (per Iamblichus), one of the main sources used by Porphyry and Iamblichus, for their (extant) "Lives" of Pythagoras.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A collection of Pythagorean "dogmata", referred to by Iamblichus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Egyptian festivals" (), is mentioned by Athenaeus, but whether by this Nicomachus is uncertain.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monad

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dyad

paragraph: BULLET::::- Triad

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tetrad

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicomachus's theorem

paragraph: BULLET::::- Superparticular number

paragraph: BULLET::::- Superpartient number

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philolaus

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flora R. Levin, "Nicomachus of Gerasa," "Grove Music Online", visited 3 June 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrew Barker, editor, "Greek Musical Writings" vol 2: "Harmonic and Acoustic Theory" (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 245–69.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicomachus' "Introduction to Arithmetic" translated by Martin Luther D'ooge.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicomachus' Nicomachi Geraseni Pythagorei introductionis arithmeticae libri II recesuit Ricardus Hoche, Lipsiae in aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1866.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musici scriptores graeci, Aristoteles, Euclides, Nicomachus, Bacchius, Gaudentius, Alypius et medlodiarum veterum quidquid exstat, recognovit prooemius et indice instruxit Carolus Janus, Lipsiae in aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1895, pagg. 209-282.

description: Ancient Greek mathematician

enwikiquote_title: Nicomachus

wikidata_label: Nicomachus

wikipedia_title: Nicomachus


text:
Joseon
Dongnae
Siege of Dongnae
Imjin Waeran
Konishi Yukinaga
Saheonbu
Song Bok-heung
Lee Mun-gun
Mukjae Diaries
Confucian classic
Seungbosi
Sungkyunkwan
Gim Jangsaeng
Jinsasi
Jinsa

categories: 1592 deaths,People of the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598),1551 births,Joseon Dynasty politicians

paragraph: Song Sang-hyeon

paragraph: Song Sang-hyeon (; 1551 – 23 May 1592) was a civil minister, writer, and general during the Joseon dynasty. He was the prefect of Dongnae during the Siege of Dongnae, one of the first battles of the Imjin Waeran. He led troops against Japanese general Konishi Yukinaga and was defeated. When presented with demands of surrender, Song famously declined and was captured alive and subsequently killed.

paragraph: Section::::Early Life.

paragraph: Song Sang-yeon was born to Saheonbu Song Bok-heung (宋復興) and his wife, a descendant of Lee Mun-gun (李文健), writer of the Mukjae Diaries. Known to be a gifted child, Song is said to have mastered the Confucian classics (經史) during his teens. At fifteen years old, he took Seungbosi, the preliminary Sungkyunkwan admission exam, and won first place. It was during this time that Song became friends with eminent future Joseon scholar and politician Gim Jangsaeng. In 1570, he passed the higher Sungkyunkwan admission exam, Jinsasi, and became a Jinsa.

wikidata_label: Song Sang-hyeon

wikipedia_title: Song Sang-hyeon


text:
Golden Age of Culture
Ringsted
Slagelse Municipality
Sorø Academy
University of Copenhagen
philology
Golden Horns
Poul Møller
Adam Oehlenschläger
Frederik Paludan-Müller
Henrik Pontoppidan
Vilhelm Topsøe
Ludvig Holberg
Erasmus
Goethe
Horace
Carl Nielsen
Maskarade
Danmarks Radio
Holberg Medal
Hillerød
Catalogue of works
Vilhelm Andersen

categories: Danish historians,20th-century Danish writers,19th-century Danish educators,20th-century Danish male writers,1864 births,19th-century historians,1953 deaths,19th-century Danish writers,Opera librettists,University of Copenhagen alumni,University of Copenhagen faculty,20th-century historians,Danish educators,People from Slagelse Municipality,19th-century male writers

paragraph: Vilhelm Andersen

paragraph: Vilhelm Rasmus Andreas Andersen (16 October 1864 – 3 April 1953) was a Danish author, literary historian and intellectual, who primarily focused on the study of Danish literature. He was one of the first to use the term "Golden Age of Culture" to refer to the 1800s, and his focus on bringing Danish literature to the public earned him great popularity. Andersen was instrumental in the development of the School of Radio, as a means of disseminating public education to prevent loss of cultural identity and treasures.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Vilhelm Rasmus Andreas Andersen was born on 16 October 1864 in Nordrup at Ringsted in the Slagelse Municipality of Denmark, son of Frederik Vilhelm Andersen. He graduated from Sorø Academy in 1882, having studied language and literature. He continued his studies at the University of Copenhagen taking his examinations in 1888. He won the University's Gold Medal in Nordic philology in 1891 and took his doctorate in 1896 with his thesis "Guldhornene" (The Golden Horns). He was appointed a professor of Danish literature in 1908 by Copenhagen University.

paragraph: Andersen began to write around 1893, with such pieces as ' (1893), ' (1894), "Adam Oehlenschläger, I—III" (1894–1900), " (1903, 1907), among others. In these works he attempts to penetrate the poet's intentions both through linguistic analysis and by psychological study, particularly for the works of Poul Møller and Adam Oehlenschläger. There are smaller scientific papers drawing on philology, the study of language development. Andersen later returned to Møller (1904) and Oehlenschläger, (1917) and wrote smaller works on Frederik Paludan-Müller, Henrik Pontoppidan, and Vilhelm Topsøe.

paragraph: In 1918 Anderson was appointed as a full professor in Nordic literature at the university, and held that post until 1930. His intellectual, historical masterpieces cover the various periods of Danish literature and attempt to bind the study of classical literature with the domestic growth in Danish and European intellectual life over the centuries. He was the first to use the term "Golden Age of Culture", to refer to the 1800s and his analysis of subjects in that period built up Danish literary history with such works as his three volumes on Ludvig Holberg—' (1904), ' (1922) and ' (1924)—; his two volumes on Erasmus—' (1907) and ' (1909)—; his two volumes on Goethe—' (1916) and ' (1917)—; and the volumes on Horace—' (1939), ' (1940), ' (1942), ' (1948), ' (1949), and " (1951).

paragraph: His teaching and writing had great influence on the foundations of Denmark’s national literature. In his later period, he wrote "" (Illustrated Danish Literary History) in four volumes with Carl S. Petersen and a libretto for Carl Nielsen's opera "Maskarade" based on Holberg’s comedy. Andersen traveled the country and was popular for his readings and lectures on literature which he presented on Danmarks Radio. He helped create the country's radio school.

paragraph: Anderson received many honors and awards throughout his life, including the University of Copenhagen Gold medal, the Tietgenkollegeit Medal and, in 1934, the Holberg Medal, becoming its first recipient. He was an honorary member of the Danish Writers Society and an honorary citizen of Ringsted.

paragraph: He died on 3 April 1953 in Hillerød. A collection of his articles " was published posthumously in 1986.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andersen, Vilhelm. " Gyldendal: Copenhagen (1894) (in Danish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andersen, Vilhelm Rasmus Andreas. " Nordiske forlag, E. Bojesen: Copenhagen (1896) (in Danish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andersen, Vilhelm Rasmus Andreas. " Nordiske forlag, E. Bojesen: Copenhagen (1899–1900) (in Danish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andersen, Vilhelm. " Gad: Copenhagen (1904) (in Danish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andersen, Vilhelm. " Gyldendal: Kristiania (1904) (in Danish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andersen, Vilhelm. " Nordiske forlag, E. Bojesen: Copenhagen (1907) (in Danish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andersen, Vilhelm. " Boghandel: Copenhagen (1909) (in Danish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andersen, Vilhelm Rasmus Andreas. "Paludan-Müller" Gyldendal: Copenhagen (1910) (in Danish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andersen, Vilhelm. " Gyldendalske Boghandel: Copenhagen (1916) (in Danish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andersen, Vilhelm. " Gyldendalske Boghandel: Copenhagen (1917) (in Danish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andersen, Vilhelm. " Gyldendal: Copenhagen (1917) (in Danish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andersen, Vilhelm. " Gad: Copenhagen (1922) (in Danish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andersen, Vilhelm. " Aschehoug: Copenhagen (1922) (in Danish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andersen, Vilhelm. " Aschehoug: Copenhagen (1924) (in Danish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andersen, Vilhelm. "" Gyldendal: Copenhagen (1933) (in Danish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andersen, Vilhelm Rasmus Andreas; Carl S Petersen and Richard Jakob Paulli. "I" Gyldendal: Copenhagen (1924–34) (in Danish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andersen, Vilhelm. " GyldendalGyldendal: Copenhagen (1939) (in Danish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andersen, Vilhelm. " GyldendalGyldendal: Copenhagen (1940) (in Danish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andersen, Vilhelm. " GyldendalGyldendal: Copenhagen (1942) (in Danish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andersen, Vilhelm. " GyldendalGyldendal: Copenhagen (1948) (in Danish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andersen, Vilhelm. " GyldendalGyldendal: Copenhagen (1949) (in Danish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andersen, Vilhelm. " GyldendalGyldendal: Copenhagen (1951) (in Danish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andersen, Vilhelm and Per Dahl. "" Gyldendal: Copenhagen (1985) (in Danish)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catalogue of works

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vilhelm Andersen deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de (in German)

wikidata_label: Vilhelm Andersen

wikipedia_title: Vilhelm Andersen


text:
cyclist
individual road race
1984 Summer Olympics
MIT Daedalus
Santorini

categories: Greek male cyclists,Olympic cyclists of Greece,1957 births,People from Patras,Cyclists at the 1984 Summer Olympics,Living people

paragraph: Kanellos Kanellopoulos

paragraph: Kanellos Kanellopoulos (born 25 April 1957) is a Greek former cyclist. He competed in the individual road race event at the 1984 Summer Olympics. He was also the pilot and human engine for the 1988 MIT Daedalus project, completing the 72.4 mi (115.11 km) flight from Crete to the Greek island of Santorini in 3 hours, 54 minutes. It was the longest human-powered flight in history.

description: Greek cyclist

wikidata_label: Kanellos Kanellopoulos

wikipedia_title: Kanellos Kanellopoulos


text:
Ukrainian
Italian
crime
Kiev
Russian Empire
Rome
Milan
freelance writer
Anna Bella
Edgar Wallace
S.S. Van Dine
detective
Venere privata
Milan
Lignano Sabbiadoro
Adriatic Sea
Friuli-Venezia Giulia
anti-communism
Milan
49441 Scerbanenco
San Vittore Observatory
Minor Planet Center
Naked Violence
Fernando Di Leo
Safety Catch
Yves Boisset
La morte risale a ieri sera
Duccio Tessari
Caliber 9
The Italian Connection
The Killer Must Kill Again
Luigi Cozzi
Young, Violent, Dangerous
Romolo Guerrieri
Quattro delitti
La ragazza dell'addio
Daniele D'Anza
Appuntamento a Trieste
Bruno Mattei
L'uomo che non voleva morire
Lamberto Bava
¡Dispara!
Carlos Saura
Occhio di falco
Vittorio De Sisti

categories: Italian crime fiction writers,20th-century Ukrainian writers,Imperial Russian emigrants to Italy,Ukrainian people in the Russian Empire,20th-century Italian male writers,Italian male novelists,1969 deaths,20th-century Italian novelists,Imperial Russian people of Italian descent,1911 births,Italian people of Ukrainian descent,Ukrainian people of Italian descent

paragraph: Giorgio Scerbanenco

paragraph: Giorgio Scerbanenco (; birth name in , in ; 1911–1969) was a Ukrainian-born Italian crime writer.

paragraph: Section::::Life and works.

paragraph: Giorgio Scerbanenco was born in Kiev, in what was then the Russian Empire, on 28 July 1911. At an early age, his family immigrated to Rome (Scerbanenco's father was Ukrainian, his mother was Italian), and then he moved to Milan when he was 18 years old.

paragraph: He found work as a freelance writer for many Italian magazines, chief among them Anna Bella before becoming a novelist. His first fiction books were detective novels set in the United States and clearly inspired by the works of Edgar Wallace and S.S. Van Dine signed with an English-sounding pen name. While Scerbanenco wrote in several genres, he is famous in Italy for his crime and detective novels, many of which have been dramatized in Italian film and television . These include the series of novels with main character Duca Lamberti, a physician struck off the register for having performed a euthanasia, and turned detective ("Venere privata" - A Private Venus, 1966; "Traditori di tutti" - Betrayers of All, 1966; "I ragazzi del massacro" - The Boys of the Massacre, 1968; "I milanesi ammazzano al sabato" - The Milanese kill on Saturday, 1969), as well as "Sei giorni di preavviso" (Six Days of Notice), his first novel.

paragraph: He died of a heart attack in Milan on 27 October 1969.

paragraph: As well as in Milan, the writer lived for a long period in Lignano Sabbiadoro, a town on the Adriatic Sea in Friuli-Venezia Giulia. The town holds his archive.

paragraph: Section::::Style.

paragraph: Scerbanenco was a frail, shy man, and his style was notable for the realistic way in which conveyed and evoked the helplessness and despair of weak people being cruelly victimized.

paragraph: His depiction of female characters is based on his years of experience answering the letters of women magazines' readers.

paragraph: His virulent and over-the-top anti-communism stemmed from the trauma of losing his father during the Russian revolution, the trauma of exile and the meager life in Rome which followed it.

paragraph: This odd trait helped his popularity among Italian low and middle bourgeoisie, who felt reinforced in their social prejudices, but hampered his critical success in Italy; international critics (especially in France) did overlook this facet of his style and praised him when at home he was considered nothing more than a genre writer.

paragraph: His writing, in the best known books, is Milanocentric, seldom if ever referencing other cities and regions of Italy, showing a degree of sympathy and appreciation for the Lombard city and its inhabitants which is rarely to be found in other writers. While denouncing the evils of the rampant consumeristic and greedy way of life taking hold from the 60s onward Scerbanenco always has a warm word for the peaceful, quiet, hard-working Milanese.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Asteroid 49441 Scerbanenco, discovered by astronomers at the San Vittore Observatory in 1998, was named in his memory. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 31 March 2018 ().

paragraph: Section::::Film and television adaptations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Naked Violence" ("I ragazzi del massacro"), directed by Fernando Di Leo (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Safety Catch" ("Cran d'arrêt"), directed by Yves Boisset (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La morte risale a ieri sera", directed by Duccio Tessari (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Caliber 9" ("Milano calibro 9"), directed by Fernando Di Leo (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Italian Connection" ("La mala ordina"), directed by Fernando Di Leo (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Killer Must Kill Again" ("L'assassino è costretto ad uccidere ancora"), directed by Luigi Cozzi (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Young, Violent, Dangerous" ("Liberi armati pericolosi"), directed by Romolo Guerrieri (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quattro delitti" (TV film), directed by Alberto Siron, Gian Pietro Calasso and Vittorio Melloni (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La ragazza dell'addio" (TV film), directed by Daniele D'Anza (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Appuntamento a Trieste" (TV miniseries), directed by Bruno Mattei (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'uomo che non voleva morire" (TV film), directed by Lamberto Bava (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "¡Dispara!", directed by Carlos Saura (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Occhio di falco" - serie TV serial, directed by Vittorio De Sisti (1996)

description: Italian writer

wikidata_label: Giorgio Scerbanenco

wikipedia_title: Giorgio Scerbanenco


text: Virginia

text: St. Louis

text: Missouri

text: slave

text: Emancipation Memorial

text: Lincoln Park

text: William Greenleaf Eliot

text: plantation

text: Fincastle, Virginia

text: Missouri

text: St. Louis

text: St. Charles County

text: Warren County

text: American Civil War

text: Union troops

text: Confederate

text: Emancipation Proclamation

text: President

text: Ulysses S. Grant

text: Supreme Court

text: Frederick Douglass

text: Muhammad Ali

text: University of Missouri Press

categories: 1810s births,1879 deaths,People from Fincastle, Virginia,American slaves,African-American male models,African-American models,People from St. Louis,American male models

paragraph: Archer Alexander

paragraph: Archer Alexander (c. 1810, Virginia – December 8, 1880, St. Louis, Missouri) was a former slave who served as the model for the slave in the "Emancipation Memorial" located in Lincoln Park. He was also the subject of a biography, "The Story of Archer Alexander", written by William Greenleaf Eliot.

paragraph: According to Eliot, Alexander was born in approximately 1815 on the plantation of the Ferrell family in Fincastle, Virginia. Archer's father was sold by Ferrell to pay off debts while Archer was still a child. Shortly thereafter, Delaney died and left Archer Alexander to his son, Tom Ferrell, who moved to Missouri, taking his slave with him. Alexander's mother, left behind in Virginia, died only a few months later. Alexander himself was hired out by Ferrell to local brickyards in St. Louis, until he needed even more money, when he sold Alexander to a farmer named Richard H. Pitman who lived on the border of St. Charles County and Warren County.

paragraph: Archer Alexander had married a slave named Louisa, who was owned by James Naylor, and she accompanied him. Alexander was purchased in 1844 and worked for Hickman for more than twenty years. He was sufficiently respected by Naylor that he was given the responsibility of functioning in an overseer capacity on the farm. During this time, Archer and Louisa Alexander became the parents of several children, some of whom Naylor sent away because of their behavior.

paragraph: Before the onset of the American Civil War, Alexander listened to the political discussion and determined that he would flee from his life in slavery if the opportunity arose. In 1863, Alexander covertly notified a group of Union troops that a bridge they intended to use had been sabotaged by Confederate sympathizers. He was shortly thereafter suspected of being the source of this information and had to flee the farm. He was captured by slave catchers, but he broke free and returned to St. Louis.

paragraph: He went downtown to look for work in one of the public markets. Eliot's wife was there as well, having come to hire a servant. She hired Alexander, and brought him home. Alexander proved to be reticent about his recent history, leading Eliot himself to suspect that Alexander was an escaped slave, which left him in an uncomfortable situation. He had some years earlier stated that he personally would never return a fugitive slave to his former master, and he now faced that very situation. He obtained a certificate to keep Alexander for thirty days, and quickly wrote Hickman, offering to pay Alexander from him. Hickman turned down the offer, vowing he would have the slave back.

paragraph: Two days before the expiration of his certificate, Alexander was found by some slave catchers Hickman had evidently hired. Eliot managed to find Alexander and keep him safe until the Emancipation Proclamation was issued. Alexander and his wife were reunited, if only for a short time. In 1866, Louisa decided to return to Naylor's house for some things she had left there. Alexander would later find out that Louisa had died, two days after her arrival, of an unidentified disease.

paragraph: In 1869, Eliot was working with a group to build a statue of Lincoln. Thomas Ball had an acceptable model made, but Eliot's group wanted to have a real freedman pose for it. Eliot gave Ball a photo of Alexander, and he was chosen as the model.

paragraph: In 1876, the statue was unveiled, with a number of notable people in attendance, including President Ulysses S. Grant, members of his cabinet, Supreme Court justices, other government figures, and Frederick Douglass, another former slave. However, neither Alexander nor Eliot was present.

paragraph: Eliot and his son, Christopher, were with his friend Alexander when the latter died in 1880. Archer gave Christopher a gold watch for teaching him how to read. Eliot noted that Alexander died thanking God that he had died in freedom.

paragraph: According to DNA research, Muhammad Ali's paternal grandmother was Alexander's great-granddaughter.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christensen, Lawrence O. "Dictionary of Missouri Biography". Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander, Errol D. "Rattling of the Chains", a descendant and researcher-biographer of Archer Alexander.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eliot, William Greenleaf. "The Story of Archer Alexander: From Slavery to Freedom, March 30, 1863" (Published 1885.)

description: former black slave and statue model

wikidata_label: Archer Alexander

wikipedia_title: Archer Alexander


text:
PC (I)
SL
Cork
Co. Cork
Charles I
Lawton Hall
Cheshire
Ireland
William III
Kilkenny College
John Scott
Earl of Clonmell
Trinity College, Dublin
Middle Temple
Dublin
Middle Temple
King's Counsel
Irish House of Commons
Tuam
Philipstown
Naas
Recorder of Cork
Third Serjeant
Solicitor General for Ireland
Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas
Privy Council of Ireland
Peerage of Ireland
County of Tipperary
Irish Rebellion of 1798
Sheares brothers
United Irishmen
John Philpot Curran
Arthur Wolfe, 1st Viscount Kilwarden
Irish rebellion of 1803
Dorset
Saint Kitts
slaveowners
Booterstown
Hanover Square
Royal Irish Academy

categories: Irish MPs 1783–1790,Members of the Privy Council of Ireland,Irish MPs 1776–1783,1739 births,Irish representative peers,Serjeants-at-law (Ireland),Members of the Irish House of Lords,Recorders of Cork,Chief Justices of the Irish Common Pleas,Irish MPs 1769–1776,1826 deaths,Viscounts in the Peerage of Ireland,Members of the Middle Temple,People educated at Kilkenny College,Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for King's County constituencies,Irish barristers,Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Galway constituencies,People from Cork (city)

paragraph: Hugh Carleton, 1st Viscount Carleton

paragraph: Hugh Carleton MRIA, 1st Viscount Carleton, PC (I), SL (11 September 1739 – 25 February 1826) was an Irish politician and judge.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Carleton was born in Cork city, son of Francis Carleton (1713–1791) and Rebecca (d.1791), daughter of Hugh Lawton of Castle Jane and Lake Marsh, Co. Cork. His father was a wealthy merchant from a family which settled in Cork in the time of Charles I; he was also a powerful local politician, popularly known as "the King of Cork" for his opulence and respectability. Hugh's maternal grandfather, Hugh Lawton, was a member of the Lawton family of Lawton Hall, Cheshire, who came to Ireland in 1689 with William III. Hugh Carleton was educated at Kilkenny College, where he became friends with John Scott who stood up for him and protected him against bullying. In gratitude, Hugh's father became patron to Scott, the future Earl of Clonmell, and sent both the boys off to Trinity College, Dublin and Middle Temple with equal allowances. Hugh matriculated at Dublin in 1755 and entered Middle Temple in 1758. He was called to the Irish Bar in 1764, becoming King's Counsel in 1768.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Given his father's political influence Carleton was assured of a seat in the Irish House of Commons: he was elected member for Tuam in 1772, for Philipstown in 1776 and for Naas in 1783. As a politician he was not a success: M.P.s complained his speeches were inaudible, though this fault did not prevent him becoming a highly successful barrister.

paragraph: Section::::Judicial career.

paragraph: Carleton was appointed Recorder of Cork in 1769, Third Serjeant in 1776 and Second Serjeant in 1777. He became Solicitor General for Ireland in 1779 and Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas from 1787 to 1800. In 1787 he was invested as a member of the Privy Council of Ireland. He was raised to the Peerage of Ireland as Baron Carleton, of Anner in the County of Tipperary, on 17 September 1789, and was further honoured when he was made Viscount Carleton, of Clare in the County of Tipperary, on 21 November 1797, also in the Irish peerage.

paragraph: On his death without issue in 1826, both titles became extinct.

paragraph: He was active in suppressing the Irish Rebellion of 1798, and presided over the trial and condemnation of the Sheares brothers, Henry and John. He was widely criticised for hearing the case, as their father had appointed him the boys' guardian, and he became an object of particular hatred among the United Irishmen.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Lord Carleton was highly regarded as a judge, but his notorious hypochondria made him a subject of some ridicule, since like many hypochondriacs he in fact enjoyed excellent health. His decision to retire on the ground of ill health at 60 was greeted with derision, which was fully justified since he survived for another quarter century. His former schoolfriend John Scott, Lord Clonmell, whose diary is full of savage attacks on his colleagues, describes Carleton as "a worthless wretch, though I am his maker"; but no one else seems to have shared this view. His manner in Court was notably gloomy: John Philpot Curran joked that in every case he heard, Carleton was plaintiff (plaintive). His portrait confirms that he was a man of solemn appearance.

paragraph: He was deeply shaken by the murder of his colleague Arthur Wolfe, 1st Viscount Kilwarden, during the Irish rebellion of 1803, especially as there was a rumour that Kilwarden had been murdered by mistake. Carleton was said to be the real target, in revenge for his condemnation of the Sheares brothers in 1798. The rumour was almost certainly false since eye witnesses agreed that Kilwarden was killed only after giving his name and office.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages.

paragraph: He married firstly in 1766 Elizabeth Mercer of Dublin, daughter of Richard Mercer and Elizabeth Godbey, who died in 1794. He married secondly in the following year Mary Buckley Mathew of Dorset, daughter of Abednego Mathew and his estranged wife Jennett Buckley of Saint Kitts. Both his wife's parents were wealthy slaveowners in Saint Kitts. Mary died in 1810. He had no children by either marriage. He lived at Willow Park, Booterstown and at a succession of town houses in Dublin. In his last years he lived in London and died at Hanover Square.

paragraph: He was a member of the Royal Irish Academy.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ball, F. Elrington "The Judges in Ireland 1221–1921", John Murray, London, 1926, Vol. 2.

description: Irish judge

wikidata_label: Hugh Carleton, 1st Viscount Carleton

wikipedia_title: Hugh Carleton, 1st Viscount Carleton


text: Spanish

categories: 1943 deaths,Spanish poets,Spanish male dramatists and playwrights,Spanish male poets,Spanish journalists,1856 births,Spanish dramatists and playwrights

paragraph: José Jurado de la Parra

paragraph: José Jurado de la Parra (Baeza, Spain February 8, 1856 – Málaga, Spain July 21, 1943) was a Spanish journalist, poet and playwright.

description: Spanish writer

wikidata_label: José Jurado de la Parra

wikipedia_title: José Jurado de la Parra


text:
Generalmajor
German
soldier
First World War
occupying Luxembourg
Luxembourg City
Belgian
Arlon
strike
Victor Thorn
National Union Government

categories: 1853 births,German Army generals of World War I,Major generals of Prussia,1928 deaths,Luxembourg in World War I

paragraph: Richard Karl von Tessmar

paragraph: Generalmajor Richard Karl von Tessmar (1853–1928) was a German soldier.

paragraph: He is notable primarily for his exploits during the First World War, during which he was commanded the German forces occupying Luxembourg. He led the forces that captured Luxembourg City on the 2 August 1914, before establishing his command in the city. On 26 August, 121 Belgian civilians were executed at Arlon railway station on his order. His swift and heavy-handed suppression of a miners' strike in June 1917 led to the downfall of Victor Thorn's National Union Government.

description: German general

wikidata_label: Richard Karl von Tessmar

wikipedia_title: Richard Karl von Tessmar


text: saint

text: Catholic Church

text: Córdoba, Spain

text: Diocletian

text: Prudentius

text: Martyrologium Hieronymianum

text: relic

text: Carrión de los Condes

text: Province of Palencia

text: Martyrs of Córdoba

text: Chester

categories: Saints from Hispania,4th-century Christian martyrs,4th-century Romans,Year of birth unknown,304 deaths

paragraph: Saint Zoilus

paragraph: Saint Zoilus (died 304 AD) is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church. Christian tradition states that he was a young man martyred with nineteen others at Córdoba, Spain under Diocletian.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: His name is mentioned by Prudentius and his name appears in the "Martyrologium Hieronymianum" as well as the "Roman Martyrology".

paragraph: Their relics were enshrined at the abbey named after him: the Benedictine abbey of San Zoilo de Carrión at Carrión de los Condes, in the Province of Palencia. There was also a monastery near Córdoba dedicated to him. Some of the subsequent Martyrs of Córdoba were associated with this monastery.

paragraph: His feast was also celebrated at Chester; he was anciently and incorrectly considered to have reigned by the city's inhabitants.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saints of June 27: Zoilus and Companions

description: Spanish saint

wikidata_label: Saint Zoilus

wikipedia_title: Saint Zoilus


text: Annapolis Royal

text: Nova Scotia

text: Black Loyalist

text: police officer

text: American Revolution.

text: Fort Anne

text: Garrison Cemetery

text: Canada Day

text: Daurene Lewis

text: Annapolis Royal

text: Gazette

text: Digby, Nova Scotia

text: Saint John, New Brunswick

text: National Historic Person

text: Lequille

text: Black Nova Scotians

text: Police Officers

text: Famous Canadians: Rose Fortune

categories: Canadian women police officers,1864 deaths,People from Virginia,1774 births,Black Canadian businesspeople,British emigrants to pre-Confederation Nova Scotia,Loyalists who settled Nova Scotia,Black Nova Scotians,Canadian police officers,Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)

paragraph: Rose Fortune

paragraph: Rose Fortune (March 13, 1774 – February 20, 1864) was a child born in or around Philadelphia of runaway slaves. Rose came to Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, with the Black Loyalists, where she became a successful businesswoman and the first female police officer in Canada.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Rose Fortune was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March 13, (approximately) 1774, to her parents Fortune and Aminta, The family of three was subsequently relocated to Nova Scotia after the American Revolution. Fortune, Aminta and Rose arrived in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia as part of the Black Loyalist migration when she was 10 years old. In 1825 (approximately), Rose started her own business, carting luggage between the ferry docks and nearby homes and hotels. She became a trusted figure for travellers, helping them find accommodation and ensuring they made their connections to schooners and steamships. Her strength, trust, honesty and constant presence on the waterfront led her to become entrusted with safeguarding property and maintaining order on the wharves and warehouses of Annapolis Royal, acting as the town's waterfront police officer.

paragraph: Rose Fortune died on February 20, 1864, in the small house she owned at the engineer's lot near Fort Anne. She was buried in an unmarked grave in Annapolis Royal in the Garrison Cemetery. A special marker was created for her grave and installed on Canada Day in 2017. Created by sculptor Brad Hall, it uses a stylized wheelbarrow made or iron and stone to evoke her work and the business she founded on the waterfront. The wheel barrow forms a memorial bench where visitors are invited to sit and reflect on Fortune's place in history.

paragraph: The business she founded was continued by family for several generations as a stevedore and cartage company, later led by her grandson-in-law Albert Lewis as the Lewis Transfer Company, remaining in business until 1980. Her direct descendant was Daurene Lewis, who was elected Mayor of Annapolis Royal in 1984, being the first African-Canadian woman in Canada to attain that position.

paragraph: As the result of DNA tests of three of Rose Fortune's descendants and as a result of the runaway slave advertisement of Fortune and Aminta placed in the Virginia Gazette Newspaper of April 21, 1773, we now know that Rose Fortune had ancestors that came from not only Africa but also South America and Madagascar.

paragraph: Rose died the year before Canada Confederation of 1865.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In 1999, a plaque in her honour was installed near the location of her house in the Petit Parc on the Annapolis Royal waterfront, part of the Mathieu da Coast heritage trail. "Fortune", a play inspired by the life of Rose Fortune, written by playwright George Cameron Grant, has been performed through the United States and the Maritimes. Grant was inspired by a Candlelight Graveyard tour in 2013, led by Annapolis Royal historian Alan Melanson which featured the unmarked resting place of Rose Fortune. Grant resolved to write the play and start the campaign for the grave monument. In May 2015, Rose Fortune's first name was bestowed upon the new ferry, the to operate between Digby, Nova Scotia and Saint John, New Brunswick.

paragraph: Fortune was named a National Historic Person on January 12, 2018. The plaque was installed by the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada on July 21, 2019 at the waterfront of Annapolis Royal where Rose once worked. It is mounted on a granite boulder donated by Fred Bailey, one of Fortune's descendants, which came from the family's land in Lequille, just outside of Annapolis Royal.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Black Nova Scotians

paragraph: BULLET::::- Police Officers

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Famous Canadians: Rose Fortune

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Canadian Encyclopedia": Rose Fortune

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Rose Fortune Peter Butler III police scholarship

description: Canadian businesswoman

wikidata_label: Rose Fortune

wikipedia_title: Rose Fortune


text: New York

text: Newport

text: Herkimer County, New York

text: Rhode Island

text: Whitney Point, New York

text: Binghamton, New York

text: Orlow W. Chapman

text: Lucius Robinson

text: New York Supreme Court

text: New York state election, 1895

text: Republican

text: New York Court of Appeals

text: Isaac T. Stoddard

text: "Celora E. Martin"

categories: 1909 deaths,People from Newport, New York,Lawyers from Binghamton, New York,1834 births,New York Supreme Court Justices,Politicians from Binghamton, New York,New York Court of Appeals judges

paragraph: Celora E. Martin

paragraph: Celora Eaton Martin (March 23, 1834 – September 10, 1909) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born on March 23, 1834, in Newport, Herkimer County, New York, the son of Ellis Martin and Lucetta (Brayton) Martin.

paragraph: He studied law in the office of John C. Harris in Newport, was admitted to the bar in 1856, and commenced practice in Rhode Island. The next year, he returned to New York and practiced law in Whitney Point, New York, but soon removed to Binghamton, New York and formed a partnership with Orlow W. Chapman. On September 23, 1857, Martin married Almanza R. Barney (d. 1898), of Newport, and they had three daughters.

paragraph: In 1877, he was appointed by Governor Lucius Robinson to the New York Supreme Court (6th District) to fill a vacancy. Later that year, he was elected on the Republican and Democratic tickets to a fourteen-year term, and re-elected on both tickets in 1891. From 1887 on, he sat on the General Term (4th Department).

paragraph: At the New York state election, 1895, he was elected on the Republican ticket to a fourteen-year term on the New York Court of Appeals. He remained on the bench until the end of 1904 when he reached the constitutional age limit. On September 4, 1901, he married Ada L. Mills.

paragraph: He died on September 10, 1909.

paragraph: Secretary of the Territory of Arizona Isaac T. Stoddard (1851–1914) was his son-in-law.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "STATE OFFICERS ELECTED; Sketches of Republicans Who Were Victorious in New-York" in NYT on November 6, 1895

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Celora E. Martin" at Martin House

description: American politician and judge

wikidata_label: Celora E. Martin

wikipedia_title: Celora E. Martin