text:
Harlem Courthouse
Vienna
Ludwig von Herterich
Antoine Bourdelle
National Academy of Design
William Glackens
Salmagundi Club
Federal Art Project
David Karfunkel paintings at Artfact

categories: Federal Art Project artists,20th-century American painters,1959 deaths,American male painters,American muralists,People from Vienna,Artists from New York City,1880 births

paragraph: David Karfunkle

paragraph: David Karfunkle (1880–1959) was an American artist. He is known for his mural, "Exploitation of Labor and Hoarding of Wealth", painted in 1936 at the Harlem Courthouse.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Vienna.

paragraph: He studied with Ludwig von Herterich, and Antoine Bourdelle.

paragraph: He studied at the National Academy of Design, with William Glackens.

paragraph: In 1911, he showed at the Salmagundi Club.

paragraph: In 1916, he had a group exhibition at the Strauss Gallery.

paragraph: He was a member of the Federal Art Project.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Karfunkel paintings at Artfact

description: Artist, painter

wikidata_label: David Karfunkle

wikipedia_title: David Karfunkle


text:
WPA
murals
fresco
mural
Bellevue Hospital Center
Savoy Ballroom
abstract expressionist
Willem de Kooning
Diego Rivera
Rockefeller Center
Brooklyn Society of Artists
Federal Art Project
Boris Margo
New York University
"Materials of Relaxation"

categories: 21st-century American painters,20th-century American painters,American male painters,2003 deaths,American muralists,Artists from New York City,1911 births

paragraph: David Margolis (artist)

paragraph: David Margolis (died October 8, 2003) was an American artist known for his WPA murals in New York City.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Margolis is best known for his fresco mural in the entrance rotunda of Bellevue Hospital Center. He worked with two other painters, earning $26.50 per week.

paragraph: "I was painting in a place of distress. All around me, it was like it is today. So many people, so much drama. Life, death. Crying, screaming and also laughing. And in the middle I was painting murals that told the story of human progress. Nature. Agriculture. Industry. And the central panels by the doorway representing Construction, Destruction and Reconstruction. Remember, it was the Depression."

paragraph: Margolis enjoyed evenings at the Savoy Ballroom with abstract expressionist Willem de Kooning, and helped Diego Rivera install his murals at Rockefeller Center.

paragraph: He was a member of the Brooklyn Society of Artists and the Federal Art Project. In 1995, Margolis received a Design Award from the Public Design Commission of New York City for his murals painted for the WPA.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: His brother was Boris Margo. He married Ruth Margolis. In 2000, he protested the demolition of the Poe house by New York University.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Materials of Relaxation", mural at Bellevue Hospital Center

description: Artist, painter, muralist

wikidata_label: David Margolis

wikipedia_title: David Margolis (artist)


text: painter

text: illustrator

text: printmaker

text: silkscreen

text: woodcut

text: lithography

text: Guggenheim Fellowship

text: George Luks

text: Social Realist

text: Public Works of Art Project

text: Federal Art Project

text: Great Depression

text: Minneapolis, Minnesota

text: Walker Art Center

text: Minneapolis Institute of Arts

text: Architectural Drawing

text: University of Minnesota

text: Minneapolis College of Art and Design

text: Art Students League of New York

text: George Luks

text: Ashcan school

text: Elihu Root

text: Fratellini family

text: Guggenheim Fellowship

text: Great Depression

text: José Clemente Orozco

text: Dartmouth College

text: Omaha, Nebraska

text: Public Works of Art Project

text: Weyhe Gallery

text: Works Progress Administration

text: Federal Art Project

text: silkscreen

text: Harry Gottlieb

text: The New Masses

text: New York City Subway

text: George C. Miller

text: Roberta Fansler

text: The New Republic

text: Fortune (magazine)

text: artists’ colonies

text: Yaddo

text: Saratoga Springs

text: Peterborough, New Hampshire

text: University of Texas

text: picture books

text: Houghton Mifflin

text: Scribner's

text: Houghton Mifflin

text: Caldecott Medal

text: Houghton Mifflin

text: Scribner's

text: Harry Gottlieb

text: Berenice Abbott

text: Elizabeth McCausland

text: Sarasota, Florida

text: A.C.A. Gallery

text: Internet Archive

text: "Miner Joe" (1938 lithograph)

categories: Federal Art Project artists,1896 births,Public Works of Art Project artists,Guggenheim Fellows,Art Students League of New York alumni,Date of death missing,20th-century American printmakers,American women printmakers,Artists from Minneapolis,1991 deaths,University of Minnesota alumni

paragraph: Elizabeth Olds

paragraph: Elizabeth Olds (December 10, 1896 – 1991) was an American artist known for her work in developing silkscreen as a fine arts medium. She was a painter and illustrator, but is primarily known as a printmaker, using silkscreen, woodcut, lithography processes. In 1926, she became the first female honored with the Guggenheim Fellowship. She studied under George Luks, was a Social Realist, and worked for the Public Works of Art Project and Federal Art Project during the Great Depression. In her later career, Olds wrote and illustrated six children's books.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Olds was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota to a middle-class family. Olds's mother was an art historian, and her mother exposed Olds and her sister, Eleanor, to art through visits to the Walker Art Center and Minneapolis Institute of Arts. Olds's art was first documented in her high school yearbook, featuring a cartoon sketch of a goose at tea. She studied Home Economics and Architectural Drawing at the University of Minnesota from 1916-1918, and received a scholarship to study at the Minneapolis College of Art and Design from 1918-1921. In 1921, Olds received another scholarship to study at the Art Students League of New York where she studied under George Luks.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early works.

paragraph: The early style of Olds reflects Luks's influence on her art. The pair experimented with the style and themes of the Ashcan school, visiting the Lower East Side of New York to observe the exotic urban immigrant. During the summers from 1923-1925, Olds was invited to the circles of The Roots and their friends and the Percy Saunders of Clinton, New York. In 1925, with the help of Elihu Root and some bankers, Olds was funded to travel to France. While in France, she observed and sketched the famous circus family, the Fratellini family, and their show, “Cirque d’Hiver.” Olds later joined the troupe as a trick bareback rider. In 1926, Olds became the first woman awarded with the Guggenheim Fellowship, and was granted further travel in Europe.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Great Depression.

paragraph: Olds was fairly sheltered from the Great Depression when she returned to the U.S. in 1929. In 1932, Olds viewed José Clemente Orozco’s nearly finished murals at Dartmouth College, and was inspired by his expressive use of form and political themes. The same year, she moved to Omaha, Nebraska to paint portraits of the family of Samuel Rees, a local industrialist. Olds completed the project, but she became frustrated with the monotony of painting portraits. At the same time Olds was studying the basics of lithography at Rees's printing business.

paragraph: From 1933-1934, Olds was invited to join the Public Works of Art Project (PWAP) in Omaha. Under the PWAP, Olds created a series of lithographs featuring the bread lines, shelters, and clinics of the Great Depression. Olds’s break from portraiture was fruitful as she developed her style and content, which like Orozco’s murals, used broad, expressive lines and portrayed political themes. Later, Olds studied at a meat packing plant, which inspired her ‘'Stockyard Series’’. "Sheep Skinners," one of the ten black-and-white lithographs, was exhibited in 1935 in the Weyhe Gallery in New York as one of the “Fifty Best Prints of the Year.”

paragraph: From 1935 until the early 1940s, Olds was a nonrelief employee for the Works Progress Administration-Federal Art Project (WPA-FAP) in the Graphic Arts Division in New York, where she helped younger artists in the silkscreen unit. She also joined the American Artists’ Congress, Artists Union, and other groups with similar interests. Olds became friends with Harry Gottlieb, another nonrelief artist who also focused on industrialism. Together, they observed the mining and steel industries of New York, and their research lead to Olds's creation of her award-winning print, "Miner Joe." Olds used both silkscreen and lithography for the prints for ‘‘Miner Joe,’’ but it was her lithograph that won first place for the Philadelphia Print Club competition in 1938.

paragraph: Olds and Gottlieb experimented with silkscreen printing as a fine arts medium. They accomplished this with a few other artists in the silkscreen unit of the Graphic Arts Division of the WPA-FAP in New York. From 1939 until 1941, Olds and Gottlieb opened and ran the independent Silk Screen School for students interested in learning the newest printmaking technologies.

paragraph: Olds submitted and reproduced 10 prints in "The New Masses" in 1936 and 1937, a leftist magazine at the time. In the United American Artists under the Public Use of Art Committee, Olds and other artists worked to produce murals along New York City Subway walls, but the murals were never installed. Olds’s art reflected her leftist political views, but also her social and political awareness at the time. As a WPA-FAP employee, Olds’s prints were intended to go to the government for their purposes, but she selectively sent her leftist prints to George C. Miller, an independent lithographer.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Later works.

paragraph: After the war, Olds redirected her skills and began experimenting with watercolor, collage, and woodblock prints. Her silk screen, "Three Alarm Fire" (1945), prompted Roberta Fansler to suggest that Olds should illustrate children's books. From 1945-1963, Olds wrote and illustrated six children's books. In three of her books, Olds wrote about firefighters, trains, and oil, educating her readers about industrialism.

paragraph: In the early 1950s, Olds was hired as an illustrator-reporter for "The New Republic" and " Fortune (magazine)". In the summers of the 1950s and 1960s, Olds was awarded artist-in-residence positions at the artists’ colonies of Yaddo near Saratoga Springs in New York and McDowell in Peterborough, New Hampshire.

paragraph: Her papers are held at the University of Texas.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Later works.:Children's books.

paragraph: Olds wrote and illustrated six children's picture books. The books published under Houghton Mifflin were created using lithography, and the books published under Scribner's were created using woodblocks. "Feather Mountain", published by Houghton Mifflin in 1951, was a runner-up for the annual American Library Association Caldecott Medal, which recognizes "the most distinguished American picture book for children."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Big Fire" (Houghton Mifflin, 1945),

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Riding the Rails" (HM, 1948),

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Feather Mountain" (HM, 1951),

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deep Treasure: the story of oil" (HM, 1958),

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Plop plop Ploppie" (Scribner's, 1962),

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Little Una" (Scribner's, 1963),

paragraph: Section::::Personal life and retirement.

paragraph: Olds never married. She had close friendships with Harry Gottlieb, Berenice Abbott, and Elizabeth McCausland. In 1972, Olds retired to Sarasota, Florida where she worked until her death in 1991.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1934: "The Dying Gangster," lithograph, wins silver at the Kansas City Art Institute.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1935: "Sheep Skinners" exhibits in the “Fifty Best Prints of the Year” at the Weyhe Gallery in New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1936: "Bootleg Coal, Pennsylvania" is reproduced in the book version of the Artists’ Congress exhibition “America Today: One Hundred Prints.”

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1937: One-person exhibit of her steel mill drawings at the A.C.A. Gallery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1938: "Miner Joe," lithograph, wins first place in the Philadelphia Print Club competition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1939: "The Middle Class," lithograph, wins first place in the Philadelphia Art Alliance competition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1941, 1950, 1955, & 1960 solo shows with the A.C.A. Gallery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969: Solo exhibition at the Staten Island Museum.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Comrades In Art / Revolutionary Art In America 1926 - 1938 / A Narrated Online Exhibition created by Francis Booth — top page only at Internet Archive, with exhibition Catalog (PDF.zip, 90 MB)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Olds: Rights and Restrictions Information at the Library of Congress

paragraph: BULLET::::- (some under 'Olds, Elizabeth, 1897–')

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harrison, Helen A. "7 American Women, the Depression Decade: Rosalind Bengelsdorf, Lucienne Bloch, Minna Citron, Marlon Greenwood, Doris Lee, Elizabeth Olds, Concetta Scaravaglione." Poughkeepsie: Vassar College Art Gallery, 1976.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Miner Joe" (1938 lithograph) at Illinois State Museum Collections Online – with short biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- "WPA/FAP Graphics." Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1976.

description: American printmaker

wikidata_label: Elizabeth Olds

wikipedia_title: Elizabeth Olds


text: Kingdom of Hungary

text: Benedictine

text: Abbey of Pannonhalma

text: bishop of Pécs

text: Benedict

text: Andrew Zorard

text: Nyitra

text: Slovakia

text: Pope Pius IX

text: Pannonhalma

text: Emeric

text: vow of chastity

text: Stephen I

text: king of Hungary

text: Gerard

text: bishop of Csanád

text: Cenad

text: Romania

text: Annales Posonienses

text: cathedral

text: Pécs

text: Peter I

text: pagan uprising

text: Andrew I

text: Székesfehérvár

text: Tihany Abbey

text: archbishop of Esztergom

text: Palatine

text: Béla I

text: Géza

text: Ladislav

text: Solomon

text: Holy See

text: mass-book

text: Martyrologies

text: Maurus av Pécs

categories: Hungarian Benedictines,Bishops of Pécs,Benedictine bishops,11th-century Christian saints,Medieval Hungarian saints,11th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Hungarian Roman Catholic saints,Benedictine abbots

paragraph: Saint Maurus of Pécs

paragraph: Saint Maurus of Pécs or Mór () was the first known prelate who was born in the Kingdom of Hungary. He was abbot of the Benedictine Abbey of Pannonhalma between around 1029 and 1036, and bishop of Pécs from year 1036 until his death around year 1075. He wrote the "Legend" of Saints Benedict and Andrew Zorard, two hermits who lived in the region of Nyitra (Nitra, Slovakia). Maurus's own cult was confirmed by Pope Pius IX in 1848.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Maurus was born around 1000. János Karácsonyi and other historians have suggested that he was born in the region of Nyitra, but he himself does not refer to it as his place of birth in his work on the two hermits from the same region. The "Legend of Saint Emmeric" relates that Maurus was still a child when his parents sent him to the Benedictine abbey at Pannonhalma. The "Legend" also reveals that Maurus was on friendly terms with Emeric, the saintly crown prince of Hungary. For instance, Maurus was the only monk whom Emeric greeted with seven kisses on the occasion of one of his visits in the monastery, demonstrating his conviction that Maurus had respected his vow of chastity.

paragraph: Emeric's father, Stephen I, the first king of Hungary appointed Maurus abbot of the monastery in 1029 at the latest. According to the "Greater Legend of Saint Gerard", Maurus sent four monks from Pannonhalma to assist Gerard, the first bishop of Csanád (now Cenad, Romania) in organizing the new diocese. The "Annales Posonienses" narrates that Maurus was appointed the second bishop of Pécs in 1036.

paragraph: Maurus was the prelate who finished the construction of the earliest cathedral in Pécs in the reign of Stephen I's successor, Peter I. He was one of the three bishops who survived the pagan uprising that put an end to King Peter's rule, thus the three bishops together celebrated the coronation of the new king, Andrew I in Székesfehérvár in 1046. Maurus's prestige in the new king's court is demonstrated by the deed of founding of the Benedictine Tihany Abbey from 1055 on which his signature is only preceded by that of the archbishop of Esztergom. The contemporary Palatine of the kingdom, Radó also bequeathed a part of his possessions to Maurus and the bishopric of Pécs in his last will in 1056. The Palatine's will was confirmed by both King Andrew I and his brother and successor, Béla I.

paragraph: Following Béla I's death, Maurus succeeded in mediating a peace between the late king's sons, Géza and Ladislav and King Andrew I's son, Solomon who celebrated their agreement in Pécs on Easter in 1064. Here Géza and Ladislav accepted Salamon's right to the throne. Although the cathedral and the bishop's palace was burnt on the next day, around that time Prince Géza asked the elderly Maurus to write a biography of Benedict and Andrew-Zorard, two hermits from the region of Nitra. In addition to a narration of abbot Philip of Zobor, Maurus could base his work on his conversations with Benedict in his youth in the abbey of Pannonhalma.

paragraph: His cult began shortly after his death. Based on the continuous tradition of Maurus's local veneration, his cult was confirmed by the Holy See on July 22, 1848. Pope Pius IX emphasized that "there are mass-books from 1499 which sing Blessed Maurus's praises, and his name was also recorded in Martyrologies". He was initially celebrated in the Diocese of Pécs on the fourth Sunday of each October, but October 25 became his feast day in 1913.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maurus av Pécs

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Legend of St. Svorad and St. Benedict

description: slovak poet and writer

wikidata_label: Saint Maurus of Nitra

wikipedia_title: Saint Maurus of Pécs


text:
courtesy name
Chinese poet
Xiaoshan, Zhejiang
Tang Dynasty
Eight Immortals of the Wine Cup
"He Zhizhang"
Encyclopedia of China

categories: Three Hundred Tang Poems poets,Writers from Hangzhou,Tang dynasty politicians from Zhejiang,Politicians from Hangzhou,8th-century Chinese poets,Poets from Zhejiang,7th-century Chinese poets,659 births,744 deaths

image: 512px-四明人鑑·唐祕書監禮部尚書賀公知章.png

paragraph: He Zhizhang

paragraph: He Zhizhang (, ca. 659–744), courtesy name Jizhen (季真), was a Chinese poet born in present-day Xiaoshan, Zhejiang during the Tang Dynasty, and is one of the Eight Immortals of the Wine Cup. His well-known works include "On Returning Home" (回鄉偶書).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jiang, Xinmei, "He Zhizhang". "Encyclopedia of China" (Chinese Literature Edition), 1st ed.

alias:
Jizhen
Weimo
Simingkuangke
He jian

description: Chinese writer

enwikiquote_title: He Zhizhang

wikidata_label: He Zhizhang

wikipedia_title: He Zhizhang


text: American football

text: Edmonton Eskimos

text: Canadian Football League

text: Chicago Bears

text: National Football League

text: college football

text: Oklahoma A & M

text: 1947 NFL Draft

text: Philadelphia Eagles

text: wide receiver

text: defensive back

text: Winnipeg Blue Bombers

text: Houston Oilers

text: American Football League

text: Edmonton Eskimos

text: Minnesota Vikings

text: Chicago Bears

text: Dallas Cowboys

text: Bud Grant

categories: Oklahoma State Cowboys football coaches,Oklahoma State Cowboys basketball players,Winnipeg Blue Bombers players,Canadian football wide receivers,Philadelphia Eagles players,Dallas Cowboys coaches,American football wide receivers,Edmonton Eskimos coaches,Oklahoma State Cowboys football players,People from Tishomingo, Oklahoma,Players of American football from Oklahoma,Minnesota Vikings coaches,2016 deaths,American football defensive backs,Houston Oilers coaches,Chicago Bears head coaches,American players of Canadian football,1926 births

paragraph: Neill Armstrong

paragraph: Neill Ford Armstrong (March 9, 1926 – August 10, 2016) was an American football player and coach whose career spanned more than four decades at both the college and professional levels. Notably, Armstrong served as the head coach of the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League (CFL) and the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL). Member of the 1945 National Championship Oklahoma A&M Team.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Armstrong played college football at Oklahoma A & M from 1943 to 1946, and was chosen in the first round (eighth overall) of the 1947 NFL Draft by the Philadelphia Eagles. Playing both at wide receiver and defensive back, he helped the team capture the NFL championship in both 1948 and 1949. Armstrong concluded his playing career in the early 1950s playing for the CFL's Winnipeg Blue Bombers.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: In 1962, Armstrong's professional coaching career began when he was hired as an assistant coach with the Houston Oilers of the start-up American Football League (AFL). After serving two years in that capacity, he shifted back to Canada as head coach of the Edmonton Eskimos. In his six years, the team reached the postseason three times.

paragraph: Armstrong was hired as an assistant with the Minnesota Vikings in 1970, and became an integral part of developing the team's dominating defense. After helping the team reach the postseason in all but one of the next eight years, he was hired as head coach of the Chicago Bears on February 16, 1978. In four years at the helm of the Bears, he was only able to compile a record of 30-35, with one playoff appearance in 1979. He was fired on January 3, 1982, but hired less than two months later as an assistant with the Dallas Cowboys. He spent the next eight seasons with the team before announcing his retirement on February 22, 1990. He and Bud Grant hold the distinction of being the only two people to have both played and been a head coach in both the NFL and CFL. He died in Trophy Club, Texas in 2016.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of NCAA major college football yearly receiving leaders

description: American football player and coach

wikidata_label: Neill Armstrong

wikipedia_title: Neill Armstrong


text: physicist

text: mathematician

text: Nobel Prize in Physics

text: electron

text: magnetic

text: solid

text: Middletown, Connecticut

text: Edward Burr Van Vleck

text: John Monroe Van Vleck

text: Madison, Wisconsin

text: A.B.

text: degree

text: University of Wisconsin–Madison

text: Harvard

text: Ph.D

text: degree

text: Edwin C. Kemble

text: University of Minnesota

text: professor

text: University of Wisconsin–Madison

text: Honorary

text: Honoris Causa

text: Wesleyan University

text: quantum mechanical

text: magnetism

text: crystal field theory

text: ligand field theory

text: chemical bonding

text: metal complexes

text: Magnetism

text: World War II

text: radar

text: MIT

text: Radiation Lab

text: Radiation Lab

text: Harvard

text: wavelength

text: water molecule

text: atmosphere

text: absorption

text: wavelength

text: absorption

text: oxygen

text: molecules

text: radar system

text: radioastronomy

text: Manhattan Project

text: J. Robert Oppenheimer

text: nuclear weapon

text: University of California, Berkeley

text: atomic bomb

text: Los Alamos Nuclear Weapons Laboratory

text: Los Alamos

text: Leslie Groves

text: W. K. Lewis

text: MIT

text: E. B. Wilson

text: Harvard

text: Richard C. Tolman

text: NDRC

text: Little Boy

text: Hiroshima

text: Fat Man

text: Nagasaki

text: George Eastman

text: Visiting Professor

text: University of Oxford

text: professorship

text: Balliol College

text: National Medal of Science

text: Lorentz Medal

text: electron

text: magnetic

text: solids

text: Nobel Prize in Physics

text: Philip W. Anderson

text: Nevill Mott

text: paramagnetism

text: Van Vleck formula

text: Cambridge, Massachusetts

text: Irving Langmuir Award

text: National Medal of Science

text: Elliott Cresson Medal

text: Lorentz Medal

text: Nobel Prize in Physics

text: Ukiyo-e

text: Edward Burr Van Vleck

text: donated

text: Chazen Museum of Art

text: Madison, Wisconsin

text: John Hasbrouck van Vleck

text: Chazen Museum of Art

categories: 1899 births,American people of Dutch descent,University of Minnesota faculty,People from Middletown, Connecticut,Scientists from Madison, Wisconsin,University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty,Foreign Members of the Royal Society,20th-century American physicists,20th-century American writers,National Medal of Science laureates,American Nobel laureates,University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni,Hollis Chair of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy,International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science members,Harvard University alumni,Lorentz Medal winners,1980 deaths,Guggenheim Fellows,American mathematicians,Wesleyan University people,Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences,Harvard University faculty,Nobel laureates in Physics,Fellows of Balliol College, Oxford

paragraph: John Hasbrouck Van Vleck

paragraph: John Hasbrouck Van Vleck (March 13, 1899 – October 27, 1980) was an American physicist and mathematician. He was co-awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1977, for his contributions to the understanding of the behavior of electrons in magnetic solids.

paragraph: Section::::Education and early life.

paragraph: Born in Middletown, Connecticut, the son of mathematician Edward Burr Van Vleck and grandson of astronomer John Monroe Van Vleck, he grew up in Madison, Wisconsin, and received an A.B. degree from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1920. Then he went to Harvard for graduate studies and earned a Ph.D degree in 1922 under the supervision of Edwin C. Kemble.

paragraph: Section::::Career and research.

paragraph: He joined the University of Minnesota as an assistant professor in 1923, then moved to the University of Wisconsin–Madison before settling at Harvard. He also earned "Honorary D. Sc.", or "D. Honoris Causa", degree from Wesleyan University in 1936.

paragraph: J. H. Van Vleck established the fundamentals of the quantum mechanical theory of magnetism, crystal field theory and ligand field theory (chemical bonding in metal complexes). He is regarded as the "Father of Modern Magnetism".

paragraph: During World War II, J. H. Van Vleck worked on radar at the MIT Radiation Lab. He was half time at the Radiation Lab and half time on the staff at Harvard. He showed that at about 1.25-centimeter wavelength water molecules in the atmosphere would lead to troublesome absorption and that at 0.5-centimeter wavelength there would be a similar absorption by oxygen molecules.

paragraph: This was to have important consequences not just for military (and civil) radar systems but later for the new science of radioastronomy.

paragraph: J. H. Van Vleck participated in the Manhattan Project. In June 1942, J. Robert Oppenheimer held a summer study for confirming the concept and feasibility of a nuclear weapon at the University of California, Berkeley. Eight theoretical scientists, including J. H. Van Vleck, attended it. From July to September, the theoretical study group examined and developed the principles of atomic bomb design.

paragraph: J. H. Van Vleck's theoretical work led to the establishment of the Los Alamos Nuclear Weapons Laboratory. He also served on the Los Alamos Review committee in 1943. The committee, established by General Leslie Groves, also consisted of W. K. Lewis of MIT, Chairman; E. L. Rose, of Jones & Lamson; E. B. Wilson of Harvard; and Richard C. Tolman, Vice Chairman of NDRC. The committee's important contribution (originating with Rose) was a reduction in the size of the firing gun for the Little Boy atomic bomb, a concept that eliminated additional design weight and sped up production of the bomb for its eventual release over Hiroshima. However, it was not employed for the Fat Man bomb at Nagasaki, which relied on implosion of a plutonium shell to reach critical mass.

paragraph: In 1961/62 he was George Eastman Visiting Professor at University of Oxford and held a professorship at Balliol College.

paragraph: In 1950 he became foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1966 and the Lorentz Medal in 1974.

paragraph: For his contributions to the understanding of the behavior of electrons in magnetic solids, Van Vleck was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics 1977, along with Philip W. Anderson and Sir Nevill Mott. Van Vleck transformations, Van Vleck paramagnetism and Van Vleck formula are named after him.

paragraph: Van Vleck died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, aged 81.

paragraph: Section::::Career and research.:Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Absorption of Radiation by Multiply Periodic Orbits, and its Relation to the Correspondence Principle and the Rayleigh–Jeans Law. Part I. Some Extensions of the Correspondence Principle", Physical Review, vol. 24, Issue 4, pp. 330–346 (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Absorption of Radiation by Multiply Periodic Orbits, and its Relation to the Correspondence Principle and the Rayleigh–Jeans Law. Part II. Calculation of Absorption by Multiply Periodic Orbits", Physical Review, vol. 24, Issue 4, pp. 347–365 (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quantum Principles and Line Spectra", (Bulletin of the National Research Council; v. 10, pt 4, no. 54, 1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Theory of Electric and Magnetic Susceptibilities" (Oxford at Clarendon, 1932).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quantum Mechanics, The Key to Understanding Magnetism", Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1977

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Correspondence Principle in the Statistical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA, vol. 14, pp. 178–188 (1928)

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: He was awarded the Irving Langmuir Award in 1965, the National Medal of Science in 1966 and elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1967. He was awarded the Elliott Cresson Medal in 1971, the Lorentz Medal in 1974 and the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1977.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: J. H. Van Vleck and his wife Abigail were also important art collectors, particularly in the medium of Japanese woodblock prints (principally "Ukiyo-e"), known as "Van Vleck Collection". It was inherited from his father Edward Burr Van Vleck. They donated it to the Chazen Museum of Art in Madison, Wisconsin in 1980s.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Theory of Electric and Magnetic Susceptibilities

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Hasbrouck van Vleck

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duncan, Anthony and Janssen, Michel. "On the verge of "Undeutung" in Minnesota: Van Vleck and the correspondence principle. Part one," "Archive for History of Exact Sciences" 2007, 61:6, pages 553–624.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chazen Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oral history interview transcript with John Hasbrouck Van Vleck 14 October 1963, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oral history interview transcript with John Hasbrouck Van Vleck 28 February 1966, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oral history interview transcript with John Hasbrouck Van Vleck 28 January 1977, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives

alias:
John van Vleck
John Hasbrouck van Vleck
J.H. van Vleck

description: American physicist

enwikiquote_title: John Hasbrouck Van Vleck

wikidata_label: John Hasbrouck Van Vleck

wikipedia_title: John Hasbrouck Van Vleck


text:
Blackpool
Manchester
Martin Crane
Frasier
NBC
Broadway
Chicago theatre
Bispham
Blackpool
Irish Catholic
Manchester
heavily bombed
Second World War
St Joseph's College, Blackpool
Withington
Stretford Children's Theatre
war bride
Illinois
Quincy University
Illinois
United States Army
Macomb, Illinois
Western Illinois University
Forest Park, Illinois
Oak Park, Illinois
medical journal
John Malkovich
Steppenwolf Theatre
Clarence Derwent Award
Gary Sinise
Bomb Magazine
Orphans
Broadway
Tony Award
John Guare
The House of Blue Leaves
Barry Levinson
Tin Men
Suspect
Moonstruck
Eight Men Out
Say Anything...
In the Line of Fire
Reality Bites
The American President
Coen brothers
Barton Fink
The Hudsucker Proxy
GLAAD
Frasier
Emmy
Golden Globe
Martin Crane
Frasier Crane
Niles Crane
Warren Littlefield
Cheers
Becker
Ted Danson
W. B. Yeats
National Radio Theater
Chicago
voices
Antz
The Iron Giant
Kronk's New Groove
Jeff Bennett
The Emperor's New School
Sideshow Bob
The Simpsons
Funeral for a Fiend
Frasier
Kelsey Grammer
David Hyde Pierce
Prelude to a Kiss
drag queen
ER
Steve Carell
Chicago theatre
Dan in Real Life
Northlight Theatre
USA
Burn Notice
second
third
blacklist
Michael Westen
In Treatment
$#@! My Dad Says
homophobic
Lyle Kessler
Orphans
Skokie, Illinois
suburban Chicago
Rondi Reed
Hot in Cleveland
Betty White
Frasier
Jane Leeves
Wendie Malick
The American President
Steppenwolf Theatre
David Hyde Pierce
Jane Leeves
colon cancer
Oak Park, Illinois
Chicago
complications
throat cancer
Anna Shapiro
Steppenwolf Theatre
NBC biography: John Mahoney
Centerstage.net: John Mahoney
Q&A: John Mahoney

categories: American male film actors,Clarence Derwent Award winners,Steppenwolf Theatre Company players,Male actors from Manchester,People from Bispham, Blackpool,Western Illinois University faculty,1940 births,Tony Award winners,English people of Irish descent,American male television actors,People from Withington,American people of Irish descent,English emigrants to the United States,Deaths from throat cancer,21st-century American male actors,Quincy University alumni,United States Army soldiers,American people of English descent,20th-century American male actors,Deaths from cancer in Illinois,2018 deaths,Male actors from Chicago

paragraph: John Mahoney

paragraph: Charles John Mahoney (June 20, 1940 – February 4, 2018) was an English-American actor of stage, film, and television.

paragraph: Born in Blackpool, UK, and brought up in Manchester, Mahoney emigrated to the United States at the age of 18 and started his acting career on the stage in 1977, moving into film in 1980. He was best known for playing the blue-collar patriarch Martin Crane in the American sitcom "Frasier", which aired on NBC from 1993 to 2004. In addition to his film and television work, Mahoney also worked as a voice actor and was particularly passionate about his stage work on Broadway and in Chicago theatre.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Mahoney was born in the Bispham area of Blackpool on June 20, 1940, the seventh of eight children. His paternal grandfather was Irish Catholic.

paragraph: The family had been evacuated to Blackpool from the Mahoneys' home city of Manchester, when it was heavily bombed during the Second World War. He started school at St Joseph's College, Blackpool. After the war, the family moved back to Manchester. Mahoney grew up in the Withington area of the city and discovered acting at the Stretford Children's Theatre. His father, Reg, was a baker who played classical piano, and his mother, Margaret (née Watson), was a housewife who loved reading. His parents marriage was not happy. They would not speak to each other for long periods of time, when they did it often led to heated arguments. The family situation, combined with the war, fuelled Mahoney's interest in acting and he vowed to leave Manchester.

paragraph: Mahoney moved to the United States aged 18 in March 1959 when his older sister Vera, a war bride living in rural Illinois, agreed to sponsor him. He studied at Quincy University, Illinois, before joining the United States Army. After graduating from Quincy, he lived in Macomb, Illinois and earned his Master's degree in English from Western Illinois University, where he then taught English in the early 1970s, before settling in Forest Park, Illinois, and later in Oak Park, Illinois. He became a US citizen in 1971 and served as editor of a medical journal through much of the 1970s.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early work.

paragraph: Dissatisfied with his career, Mahoney took acting classes at St. Nicholas Theatre, which inspired him to resign from his day job and pursue acting full-time. After a stage production in Chicago in 1977, John Malkovich encouraged him to join the Steppenwolf Theatre. He did so and went on to win the Clarence Derwent Award as Most Promising Male Newcomer. Gary Sinise said in an interview for "Bomb Magazine" that Lyle Kessler's play "Orphans" "kicked John Mahoney, Kevin Anderson and Terry Kinney off into the movie business" after their Steppenwolf performance of the play for which he won the Derwent Award and the Theatre World Award. Mahoney won Broadway's Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play for his performance in John Guare's "The House of Blue Leaves".

paragraph: Mahoney's first major film roles were in the 1987 Barry Levinson film "Tin Men" and "Suspect", Directed by Peter Yates, which was a courtroom drama/mystery starring Cher, Dennis Quaid, and a young Liam Neeson. He went on to have prominent roles in a number of acclaimed films throughout the late 1980s and 1990s, including "Moonstruck", "Eight Men Out", "Say Anything...", "In the Line of Fire", "Reality Bites", and "The American President". He appeared in two Coen brothers films, "Barton Fink" and "The Hudsucker Proxy".

paragraph: Mahoney also played a pivotal gay role in Greg Berlanti's 2000 GLAAD-Award winning film "".

paragraph: Section::::Career.:"Frasier".

paragraph: Mahoney appeared in "Frasier" from its debut in 1993 until the final episode in 2004; Mahoney received two Emmy nominations and two Golden Globe nominations for the role of Martin Crane, the father of Frasier Crane and Niles Crane. NBC executives held Mahoney in such high esteem that Warren Littlefield declared he was pre-approved when the "Frasier" creative team suggested casting him as the father. Prior to appearing on the series, Mahoney had appeared in an episode of "Cheers" – from which "Frasier" was a spin-off – as an inept jingle writer who has a brief conversation with Frasier. Mahoney also appeared as a priest in "Becker", which starred "Cheers" star Ted Danson.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Voice acting.

paragraph: Mahoney's first voice job was in W. B. Yeats's "The Words upon the Window-Pane" for the award-winning National Radio Theater of Chicago. He provided the voices for several characters in "Antz" (1998), Preston Whitmore in "" and "", General Rogard in "The Iron Giant" (1999), and Papi in "Kronk's New Groove" (but was succeeded by Jeff Bennett in "The Emperor's New School" for an unknown reason). In 2007, Mahoney provided the voice of Dr. Robert Terwilliger, Sr. (Sideshow Bob's father) in "The Simpsons" episode "Funeral for a Fiend." This reunited him with his "Frasier" co-stars Kelsey Grammer (Sideshow Bob) and David Hyde Pierce (Cecil, Sideshow Bob's brother).

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Post-"Frasier".

paragraph: Mahoney co-starred as the Old Man in the Broadway revival of "Prelude to a Kiss" at the American Airlines Theater in a limited-run engagement running from previews on February 17, 2007, through to April 29, 2007. He appeared as an elderly drag queen in the "ER" season 13 episode "Somebody to Love," and co-starred with Steve Carell (himself a veteran of Chicago theatre) as the father of Carell's character in "Dan in Real Life". In March 2008, he opened in the world premiere of "Better Late" at the Northlight Theatre. He was also the narrator for Midwest Airlines commercials. Mahoney also made two appearances on USA's "Burn Notice" in the second (2009) and third (2010) season finales. His character, referred to only as "Management," is a senior intelligence agency official who is the apparent main mover of the conspiracy which blacklisted Michael Westen.

paragraph: Mahoney joined the cast of "In Treatment" for the series' second season (2009) as a frenetic CEO who is overwhelmed by his personal and professional responsibilities and experiences chronic physical anxiety attacks. In 2010, he made a guest appearance on "$#@! My Dad Says" as homophobic retired naval officer Lt. Commander Wally Durham. Despite the numerous successes throughout his career, Mahoney has maintained that his early work in Lyle Kessler's play "Orphans" has "affected people more than any other play I've ever done. I still get mail from it, I still get people stopping me on the street, and it's 20 years later."

paragraph: Beginning in April 2011, Mahoney began rehearsing "The Outgoing Tide", a new play by Bruce Graham at Northlight Theatre in Skokie, Illinois (suburban Chicago). The play also stars fellow "Chicago" actors Rondi Reed and Thom Cox. In 2011, he had two guest appearances on "Hot in Cleveland" as Roy, a waiter and a love interest for Betty White's character Elka. This reunited him with his "Frasier" co-star Jane Leeves, as well as Wendie Malick whose character he eventually married in "Frasier" and his co-star in the movie "The American President". Mahoney was a featured ensemble cast member in "The Birthday Party", playing in Chicago's Steppenwolf Theatre from January 24 to April 28, 2013. Mahoney portrayed his last role in the play "The Rembrandt", from September to November 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Along with David Hyde Pierce, Mahoney was godfather to "Frasier" co-star Jane Leeves' son Finn. Mahoney rarely spoke publicly about his private life, but in a 2002 article he revealed he had been in several relationships, although he had never married, citing his parents' unhappy marriage as something he feared he would repeat. He suffered from colon cancer in the mid-1980s. His Catholic faith was at the center of his life and work.

paragraph: Mahoney lived in Oak Park, Illinois.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Mahoney died in a Chicago hospice on February 4, 2018, of complications from throat cancer, originally diagnosed in 2014. He was 77 years old. According to his friend Anna Shapiro: "He was fragile and he was supposed to be having a routine procedure. But having just beat Stage 3 throat cancer, I think he was just too weak… By the time he did "The Rembrandt" [a play at Steppenwolf Theatre] he was clean of cancer... But other health issues came up and he was just too fragile."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NBC biography: John Mahoney

paragraph: BULLET::::- Centerstage.net: John Mahoney

paragraph: BULLET::::- Q&A: John Mahoney at Broadway.com

description: American actor

wikidata_label: John Mahoney

wikipedia_title: John Mahoney


text:
Italian
Renaissance
Luigi Lanzi
Venice
Santarcangelo di Romagna
Lorenzo Veneziano
Giovanni da Bologna

categories: Venetian painters,Italian male painters,Year of birth unknown,14th-century Italian painters,Year of death unknown

paragraph: Jacobello di Bonomo

paragraph: Jacobello di Bonomo (active 1370–90) was an Italian painter, active in an early Renaissance style.

paragraph: Little is known about his biography, and he appears to be referred to by various authors under different names, such as Jacobello or Jacometto del Fiore by the abbot Luigi Lanzi.

paragraph: While he apparently trained in Venice, there are no identifiable works there. He is best known for a large and colorful polyptych of the "Virgin and Child with 14 Saints" (1385), located at Santarcangelo di Romagna. It is housed in the Civic Museum in the Palazzo Cenci of Santarcangelo. Some art critics suggest the influence of Lorenzo Veneziano. Other sources point to him working for or alongside Giovanni da Bologna.

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Jacobello di Bonomo

wikipedia_title: Jacobello di Bonomo


text:
c
Italian
Renaissance
Padua
Museo Civico of Padua
Basilica of Sant'Antonio da Padova
Santa Maria in Vanzo
Abbey of Praglia
Abbey of Santa Giustina

categories: Paduan painters,Italian male painters,Italian Renaissance painters,Year of birth uncertain,Year of birth unknown,16th-century Italian painters,15th-century Italian painters,Year of death unknown

paragraph: Girolamo Tessari

paragraph: Girolamo Tessari (c. 1480 – c. 1561), also called Gerolamo or Girolamo dal Santo, was an Italian painter, active in a Renaissance style in his native city of Padua.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He painted a canvas depicting the "Deposition" found at the Museo Civico of Padua. Among his many works in Padua are a number of fresco decorations, including frescoes at the Scuola and Antisacristy of the Basilica of Sant'Antonio da Padova; in the apse of the Church of Santa Maria in Vanzo (painted circa 1520); at the chapel of Santa Maria in the church of San Francesco, at the Scoletta del Carmine; at the Oratory of the Confraternita del Redentore; in the Chapter Hall of the Abbey of Praglia; and in the main cloister and church of the Abbey of Santa Giustina.

alias:
Girolamo Sordi
Girolamo Sordo
Girolamo Tessari del Santo
Padovano
Girolamo Padovano
Girolamo Sordo del Santo di Padovano
Girolamo del Santo
Girolamo Sordo del Santo di Padova
Girolamo dal Santo

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Girolamo Tessari

wikipedia_title: Girolamo Tessari


text:
South African
Pretoria
Nobel Prize
Nelson Mandela
Order of Mapungubwe
Pretoria
Union of South Africa
Limpopo
Marabastad
Vrededorp
Johannesburg
Nairobi
Roodepoort
University of Denver
University of South Africa
Orlando
University of South Africa
Drum
UNISA
Colorado
University of California, Los Angeles
Orlando East
Eislen Commission
Hendrik Verwoerd
Isaac Matlare
Zephania Mothopeng
Bantu Education
South Africa
Nigeria
University of Ibadan
Lagos
Paris
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Wole Soyinka
Gabriel Okara
Mabel Segun
Amos Tutuola
Ben Enwonwu
Demas Nwoko
Uche Okeke
Ghana
Kofi Awoonor
Efua Sutherland
Frank Kobina Parkes
Kwabena Nketia
J. B. Danquah
G. Adali-Mortty
Vincent Kofi
All-African Peoples' Conference
Kwame Nkrumah
Accra
Patrick Duncan
Jordan Ngubane
Kenneth Kaunda
Frantz Fanon
Sharpeville Massacre
France
The Congress for Cultural Freedom
Paris
Boulevard du Montparnasse
Skunder Boghossian
Lenrie Peters
Mazisi Kunene
J. P. Clark
Gerard Sekoto
Ulli Beier
Mbari Writers and Artists Club
Black Orpheus
Kampala
Brazzaville
Yaoundé
Accra
Abidjan
Freetown
Dakar
Enugu
John Enekwe
Makerere University
African Writers Conference
Bob Leshoai
Neville Rubin
Dakar
Freetown
Nairobi
Elimo Njau
Kyeyune
Msango
Ngugi wa Thiong’o
Kariara
Grace Ogot
Cervantes
Don Quixote
Sancho Panza
Laurel and Hardy
Buster Keaton
Nobel Prize
Es'kia Institute
Es'kia Institute
O. R. Tambo International Airport
University of the Witwatersrand
Rhodes University
Wits University
Harvard University
Es'kia Institute
Ubuntu
Pan South African Language Board
Chief Justice Mogoeng Mogoeng
Dr Mosibudi Mangena
Dr Mamphela Ramphele
Dr Gordon Zide
Prof Keorapetse Kgositsile

categories: 2008 deaths,People from Pretoria,South African autobiographers,University of South Africa alumni,South African academics,South African expatriates in Kenya,University of Ibadan faculty,South African writers,1919 births,South African expatriates in Nigeria,University of Denver alumni,South African expatriates in France,Northern Sotho people,South African expatriates in the United States

paragraph: Es'kia Mphahlele

paragraph: Es'kia Mphahlele (17 December 1919 – 27 October 2008) was a South African writer, educationist, artist and activist celebrated as the Father of African Humanism and one of the founding figures of modern African literature.

paragraph: He was given the name Ezekiel Mphahlele at birth but changed his name to Es'kia in 1977. His journey from a childhood in the slums of Pretoria to a literary icon was an odyssey both intellectually and politically. As a writer, he brought his own experiences in and outside South Africa to bear on his short stories, fiction, autobiography and history, developing the concept of African humanism. He skilfully evoked the black experience under apartheid in "Down Second Avenue" (1959). It recounted his struggle to get an education and the setbacks he experienced in his teaching career.

paragraph: Mphahlele wrote two autobiographies, more than 30 short stories, two verse plays and a number of poems. He is deemed as the "Dean of African Letters".

paragraph: He was the recipient of numerous international awards. In 1969, he was nominated for the Nobel Prize for Literature, and in 1984, he was awarded the Order of the Palm by the French government for his contribution to French Language and Culture. He was the recipient of the 1998 World Economic Forum Crystal Award for Outstanding Service to the Arts and Education. In 1998, former President Nelson Mandela awarded Mphahlele the Order of the Southern Cross, then the highest recognition granted by the South African Government (equivalent today to the Order of Mapungubwe).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Family life.

paragraph: Es'kia Mphahlele was born in Pretoria, in the Union of South Africa, in 1919. From the age of five, he lived with his paternal grandmother in Maupaneng village, Limpopo, where he herded cattle and goats. His mother, Eva, took him and his two siblings to go live with her in Marabastad (2nd Avenue) when he was 12 years old.

paragraph: He married Rebecca Nnana Mochedibane, whose family was a victim of forced removals in Vrededorp, in 1945 (the same year his mother died). A qualified social worker with a diploma from Jan Hofmeyer School, in Johannesburg, she and Mphahlele would have five children. When he went into exile from South Africa, he left behind his entire extended family, except for his wife and children, going for years without seeing them. While in Nigeria, he once tried taking advantage of a British passport before Nigerian independence. He applied for a visa through the consulate in Nairobi, in order to visit his younger brother Bassie (Solomon) who was ill with throat cancer, but his application was turned down.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Family life.:Rebecca Nnana Mochedibane (Mphahlele).

paragraph: Rebecca was born in Sophiatown. She first qualified as a teacher before pursuing a social work diploma. She remembered meeting "Zeke", and being very impressed by him: "The other young men were not readers and I could not relate to them. They could not relate to the outside world through literature." The couple met when Mphahlele was working at the Blind Institute, in Roodepoort. A group of teacher students had come to visit the institute where they read books to the elderly. Es'kia was impressed and requested to visit Rebecca in her hometown during the holidays. It was Rebecca's final year at the training college. The couple decided on 29 August 1945 as their wedding date. Mphahlele's mother had fallen sick, and died at the age of 45, just before the couple got married.

paragraph: " For her part, Rebecca, always busy with the kids, survived by her own ingenuity and native practical sense, by her outgoing temperament. She has always been able to bulldoze into a new community, let people know what her intentions are, openly tell them what she likes and what she doesn't, without being either rude or patronising" Es'kia Mphahlele.

paragraph: In Kenya, she worked as a social worker in the U.N. Freedom From Hunger Campaign, in charge of their educational programme.

paragraph: She read for her MA in Social Work at the University of Denver.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:As student.

paragraph: At the age of 15, Mphahlele began attending school regularly and enrolled at St Peters Secondary School, in Rosettenville (Johannesburg). He finished high school by private study. That became his learning method until his Ph.D. qualification. He obtained a First Class Pass (Junior Certificate). He received his Joint Matriculation Board Certificate from the University of South Africa in 1943. While teaching at Orlando High School, Mphahlele obtained his B.A. in 1949 from the University of South Africa, majoring in English, Psychology and African Administration. In 1949, he received his Honours degree in English from the same institution. While working at "Drum" magazine, Mphahlele made history by becoming the first person to graduate M.A. with distinction at UNISA, in 1957. His thesis was entitled "The Non-European Character in South African English Fiction".

paragraph: From 1966 to 1968, under the sponsorship of the Farfield Foundation, Mphahlele became a Teaching Fellow in the Department of English at the University of Denver, Colorado, where he earned his Ph.D. in Creative Writing. In lieu of a thesis, he wrote a novel entitled "The Wanderers". He was subsequently awarded First Prize for the best African novel (1968–69) by "African Arts" magazine at the University of California, Los Angeles.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:As educator.

paragraph: Mphahlele obtained his Teacher's Certificate at Adams College in 1940. He served at Ezenzeleni Blind Institute as a teacher and a shorthand-typist from 1941 to 1945. He and his wife moved their family to Orlando East, near the historic Orlando High School, in Soweto as he joined the school in 1945 as an English and Afrikaans teacher. There, in the company of many freshly-minted from Fort Hare young teachers, he became active in the Transvaal African Teachers Association (TATA). The 1949 Eislen Commission on Native Education, inspired by Dr. Hendrik Verwoerd, the recently elected National Party's Minister of Native Affairs, had recommended a radically new system of Education for Africans. TATA, together with other teachers’ organisations in the Cape, the Free State and Natal, took up the cudgels to oppose it. For his participation in that agitation, in December 1952 Eskia Mphahlele, Isaac Matlare and Zephania Mothopeng were dismissed from their posts. His protest against the introduction of Bantu Education resulted in his teaching career being cut short.

paragraph: He was banned from teaching anywhere in South Africa by the Apartheid Government. He left South Africa and went into exile. His first stop was Nigeria, where he taught in a high school for 15 months, then at the University of Ibadan, in their extension programme. He also worked at the C.M.S. Grammar School, in Lagos. He worked in the Department of Extra-Mural Studies at the University of Ibadan, travelling to various outlying districts to teach adults. While based in Paris, he became a visiting lecturer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He also lectured in Sweden, France, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Senegal and Nigeria. Mphahlele believed that alternative education can pave the way for a transformative and humane educational system for all.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Life in exile.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Life in exile.:Nigeria (1957–61).

paragraph: Mphahlele spent 20 years in exile. He spent four years in Nigeria with his family. He wrote: "It was a fruitful experience. The people of Nigeria were generous. The condition of being an outsider was not burdensome. I had time to write and engage in the arts." He was working with the best in Nigerian; playwright, poet and novelist Wole Soyinka; poets Gabriel Okara and Mabel Segun; novelist Amos Tutuola; sculptor Ben Enwonwu; and painters Demas Nwoko and Uche Okeke, and so on. His visits to Ghana became frequent as each trip added more literary giants to his list of networks and colleagues. The University of Ghana would invite him to conduct extramural writers’ workshops. That is where he met Kofi Awoonor (then George Awoonor Williams), playwright Efua Sutherland, poet Frank Kobina Parkes, musicologist Professor Kwabena Nketia, historian Dr J. B. Danquah, poet G. Adali-Mortty and sculptor Vincent Kofi.

paragraph: Mphahlele attended the first All-African Peoples' Conference organised by Kwame Nkrumah in Accra, Ghana, in December 1958. "Ghana was the only African country that had been freed from the European colonialism that had swept over the continent in the 19th century. Most of the countries represented at Accra were still colonies." Mphahlele recalls meeting with the late Patrick Duncan and Jordan Ngubane, who were representing the South African liberal view. It was at this conference that Mphahlele met Kenneth Kaunda, and listened to Frantz Fanon deliver a fiery speech against colonialism. Rebecca, his wife, returned to South Africa towards the end of 1959, to give birth to their last born, Chabi. They returned in February 1960. They were in Nigeria when they heard about the Sharpeville Massacre. Mphahlele said: "Yes, Nigeria and Ghana gave Afrika back to me. We had just celebrated Ghana’s independence, and were three years ways from Nigeria’s."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Life in exile.:France (1961–63).

paragraph: Mphahlele moved his family to France in August 1961, their second major move. He was appointed as the Director of the African Program of The Congress for Cultural Freedom and went to Paris. They lived on Boulevard du Montparnasse, just off St. Michel, a few blocks from the Le Select and La Coupole restaurants. Their apartment was soon to become a kind of crossroads for writers and artists: Ethiopian artist Skunder Boghossian; Wole Soyinka; Gambian poet Lenrie Peters; South African poet in exile Mazisi Kunene; Ghanaian poet and his beloved friend J. P. Clark; and Gerard Sekoto. It was during his stay in France when Mphahlele was invited by Ulli Beier and other Nigerian writers to help form the Mbari Writers and Artists Club in Ibadan. They raised money from Merrill Foundation in New York to finance Mbari Publications, a venture the club had undertaken. Work by Wole Soyinka, Lenrie Peters and others was first published by Mbari Publishers before finding its way to commercial houses. He edited and contributed to "Black Orpheus", the Ibadan-based literary journal. He toured and worked in major African cities including Kampala, Brazzaville, Yaoundé, Accra, Abidjan, Freetown and Dakar. He also attended seminars connected with work in Sweden, Denmark, Finland, West Germany, Italy, and the US.

paragraph: Mphahlele went on to set up a Mbari Centre in Enugu, Nigeria, under the directorship of John Enekwe. In 1962, at Makerere University, in Kampala, Uganda, they organised the first African Writers Conference, attended also by fellow South Africans Bob Leshoai, who was on tour, and Neville Rubin, who was editing a journal of political comment in South Africa. Two conferences, one in Dakar and another in Freetown were organised in 1963. Their aim was to throw into open debate the place of African literature in the university curriculum. They wanted to drum support up for the inclusion of African literature as a substantive area of study at university, where traditionally it was being pushed into extramural departments and institutes of African Studies. Mphahlele had only planned to stay in Paris for two years, after which he would return to teaching. Those experiences had made him yearn for the classroom again.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Life in exile.:Kenya (1963–66).

paragraph: John Hunt, the Executive Director of the Congress for Cultural Freedom suggested that Mphahlele establish a centre like the Nigerian Mbari in Nairobi. Mphahlele arrived in Nairobi in August 1963, and October had been set for Kenya's independence. By the time Rebecca and the children arrived, he had already bought a house. Prior to that, he had been housed by Elimo Njau, a Tanzanian painter. Njau suggested a name everyone liked - "Chemchemi", Kiswahili for "fountain". Within a few months, they had converted a warehouse into offices, a small auditorium for experimental theatre and intimate music performances, and an art gallery. Njau ran the art gallery on a voluntary basis. He mounted successful exhibitions of Ugandan artists Kyeyune and Msango, and of his own work. “My soul was in the job. I was in charge of writing and theatre” (Mphahlele, "Africa My Music).

paragraph: Their participants were from the townships and locations that were a colonial heritage. Mphahlele would travel to districts to outside districts to run writers’ workshops in schools that invited him, accompanied by the centre’s drama group. Their travelling was well captured in "Busara", edited by Ngugi wa Thiong’o and "Zuka", edited by Kariara. When the Alliance High School for Girls (just outside Nairobi) asked him to write a play for its annual drama festival, in the place of the routine Shakespeare Mphahlele adapted Grace Ogot’s "The Rain Came", a short story, and called it "Oganda’s Journey". "The most enchanting element in the play was the use of traditional musical idioms from a variety of ethnic groups on Kenya. A most refreshing performance, which exploited the girl’s natural and untutored acting," he said. After serving for two years, he felt he done what he had come for, as he had indicated before taking the job that he would not stay for more than two years. He turned down a lecturing post at the University College of Nairobi. They could only offer him a one-year contract, which he could not take.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Life in exile.:Colorado, US (1966–74).

paragraph: In May 1966 Mphahlele moved his family to Colorado, where he was joining the University of Denver's English Department. Mphahlele was granted a tuition waiver by the university for the course work he had to do before he could be admitted for the Ph.D. dissertation. He paid for the "Afrikan Literature" and "Freshman Composition" himself.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Life in exile.:Philadelphia (1974–77).

paragraph: The Mphahlele family arrived in Philadelphia in May 1974. Mphahlele was about to begin a lecturing career at the University of Pennsylvania in September of that year. They had bought a house in Wayne, some 24 kilometres from Philadelphia, on the Western Mainline.

paragraph: Mphahlele spent his time in Philadelphia teaching, writing and never stopped thinking about going back home to South Africa. He recalled how since their days in Denver, he and Rebecca had longed to be in Africa again, and it had to be South Africa. They felt anything else would just be an adventure. They longed for community, a cultural milieu in which their work could be relevant. They were considered to have become British nationals, and had to approach the South African government through a single person in authority, Dr. C. N. Phatudi, the then Chief Minister of Lebowa, who had agreed to make representations on their behalf. As their application was being processed, which took more than five years, his books were still being banned in South Africa.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:As novelist and short-story writer.

paragraph: It was during his primary school days when he started rooting everywhere for newsprint to read. He recalled always looking for any old scrap of paper to read. He further recalled a small one-room tin shack the then municipality called a "reading room", on the western edge of Marbastad. He remembered it being stacked with dilapidated books and journals, junked by some bored ladies in the suburbs. He dug out of the pile Cervantes’ "Don Quixote", and went through the whole lot like a termite, elated by the sense of discovery, recognition of the printed word and by the mere practice of the skill of reading. Cervantes stood out in his mind, forever. His imagination was also fired by the silent movies of the 1930s. He enjoyed a combination of Don Quixote and Sancho Panza together with Laurel and Hardy and Buster Keaton. Mphahlele would read the subtitles aloud to his friends who could not read well, amid the yells and foot stamping and bouncing on chairs to the rhythm of the action.

paragraph: The 1959 publication of his autobiographical novel "Down Second Avenue" drew worldwide interest in Mphahlele as a writer, and focused a powerful spotlight on the internal dynamics of South Africa as it steadily drifted toward greater racial oppression and greater world isolation. Now a classic of African literature, "Down Second Avenue" had successful printings in English, French, German, Russian, Dutch and Japanese, reflecting the impact and international popularity of the book. Mphahlele’s second novel, "The Wanderers", a story chronicling the experience of exiles in Africa, earned him a nomination for the Nobel Prize in literature in 1969.

paragraph: While in Paris, he published "The Living and the Dead", in 1961. Six years later, in East Africa, he published "In Corner B". The contents of both collections of short stories are included in "The Unbroken Song" (1986), which also contains some of Mphahlele’s poems.

paragraph: As part of his Master’s thesis, in 1962 he published "The African Image", which provides a historical perspective of South African literature. He called “The Year of My African Tour”. This, he juxtaposed with the way European writers often dealt with African subjects in their texts. He later revised the book and a second edition appeared in 1974. his Ph.D., he produced "The Wanderers", a novel of exile originally submitted as a dissertation for his Ph.D. in creative writing. "Down Second Avenue" was doing so well such that it was translated into French and German in 1964. In December 1978, the Minister of Justice took Mphahlele's name off the list of writers who may be quoted, and whose works may not be circulated in the country. Only "Down Second Avenue", "Voices in the Whirlwind" and "Modern African Stories", which he had co-edited, could then be read in the country. Other publications remained banned.

paragraph: The first comprehensive collection of his critical writing was published under the title "ES'KIA" in 2002, the same year that the Es'kia Institute was founded. Mphahlele's life and work is currently found in the efforts of The Es'kia Institute, a non-governmental, non-profit organisation based in Johannesburg.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Return to South Africa.

paragraph: Mphahlele set foot on South African soil on 3 July 1976, at the Jan Smuts Airport (now O. R. Tambo International Airport). He had been invited by the Black Studies Institute in Johannesburg to read a paper at its inaugural conference. He recalled: "I was emerging on to the concourse when I was startled by a tremendous shout. And they were on top of me - some one hundred Africans, screaming and jostling to embrace me, kiss me. Relatives, friends and pressmen from my two home cities - Johannesburg and Pretoria. I was bounced hither and thither and would most probably not have noticed if an arm or legs were torn off of me, or my neck was being wrung. Such an overwhelming ecstasy of that reunion. The police had to come and disperse the crowd as it had now taken over the concourse."

paragraph: Mphahlele returned to Philadelphia on 27 July 1976, after three stimulating weeks in South Africa. He and Rebecca wrote letter after letter, yearning to return home. Mphahlele believed there were armed with what was necessary to contribute towards building South Africa. He was certain that the social work and education knowledge and experience through their qualifications could be rewarding if they were part of a cultural matrix, and promoted the extension of culture, the growth of the people.

paragraph: The Mphahleles officially returned to South Africa in 1977, on Rebecca's birthday (17 August). "When I came back, things were much worse. People were resisting what had become a more and more oppressive government. We came back at a dangerous time. It was a time when we knew we would not be alone, and that we would be among our people" (Mphahlele, 2002). Mphahlele waited for six months for the then University of the North to inform him whether he would get the post of English professor which was still vacant. The answer was "no". The government service of Lebowa offered him a job as an inspector of schools for English teaching. Rebecca had found a job as a social worker. In his autobiography "Afrika My Music", he describes how the ten months of being an inspector were like. "I had the opportunity to of travelling the length and breadth of the territory visiting schools and demonstrating aspects of English teaching. I saw for myself the damage of Bantu Education had wrought in our schooling system over the last twenty-five years. Some teachers could not even express themselves fluently or correctly in front of a class, and others spelled words wrongly on the blackboard".

paragraph: In 1979, he joined the University of the Witwatersrand as a senior research fellow at the African Studies Institute. He founded the Council for Black Education and Research, an independent project for alternative education involving young adults. He founded the department of African literature at Wits University in 1983, a significant event in the evolution of literature teaching in South Africa at the time. He became the institution's first black professor. He was permitted to honour an invitation from the then Institute for Study of English in Africa at Rhodes University. It was a two-month research fellowship where his proposal of finishing his memoir "Afrika My Music", which he had begun in Philadelphia, was accepted.

paragraph: After his retirement from Wits University in 1987, Mphahlele was appointed as the Executive Chairman of the Board of Directors at Funda Centre for Community Education. He continued visiting other universities as a visiting professor teaching mostly African Literature. He spent two months at Harvard University's Graduate School of Education teaching a module on secondary-school education in South Africa. With the end of apartheid, he emerged as an eloquent proponent of the need to nurture the arts to feed a culture traumatized by colonization and oppression. The Es'kia Institute is named after him, honouring his life, teachings and philosophies. His return home and contribution towards the development of the country and continent's literary development is still being celebrated in many forms, with some towns choosing to name significant streets after him.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy - The Es'kia Institute and Es'kia Mphahlele Memorial Lecture.:Vision and mission.

paragraph: The Es’kia Institute was established in 2002. It is registered in terms of the Non-Profit Organisations Act of 1997 and governed by a board of trustees. The establishment of the institute was inspired by the life and work of Professor Es’kia Mphahlele (1919–2008). Under the leadership of an independent board of trustees and the founding chief executive officer, the institute has identified in Es’kia Mphahlele's thoughts and critical writing, three pillars for the transformation and development of post-colonial (and Apartheid) society, which guide its work.

paragraph: The Es’kia Institute nurtures, supports and develops community initiatives in arts, culture, education and literature in an effort to advance and preserve its Afrikan heritage. It is an organic to the lives of the people it serves in the area of its operations, and an innovative influence in national efforts towards building Afrikan-centred initiatives in arts, culture, education and literature. The institute will facilitate interactive learning between teacher, student and community, providing space for growth.

paragraph: The institute's foundation is based on Es'kia Mphahlele's philosophies:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Afrikan Humanism – a set of traditional values and beliefs that promote Afrikan culture and spirituality as an inclusive life philosophy for the betterment of humankind. Afrikan Humanism transcends the commercialised and simplistically defined definition of our humanism in terms of "Ubuntu" with its subtext of humility and capitulation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Humanistic Education based on integrated learning for living and community development. Mphahlele believed that integrated learning would lead to an enriching learning experience, in which the learner benefits from learning in the context of his/her own reality, rather than relying on foreign concepts and values.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A multidisciplinary centre of Afrikan learning in Arts and Culture throughout Afrika. This is the physical space in which the Es’kia Institute will implement integrated programmes of arts and cultural education, based on Mphahlele's philosophy of Afrikan Humanism.

paragraph: In this respect, the Es’kia Institute's work entails:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Building the first Es’kia Institute campus as a multidisciplinary centre of Afrikan learning;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Developing and producing the Afrikan Affirmations® programme;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Research, development and publishing of multimedia resources;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Development of the integrated arts education methodology;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Development of Afrikan dialogue opportunities

paragraph: Section::::Legacy - The Es'kia Institute and Es'kia Mphahlele Memorial Lecture.:The Footprints.:The Afrikan Affirmations radio series.

paragraph: It is part of the Es’kia Institute's popular education and advocacy programme conceived to encapsulate the positive, affirming values in the writings of Es’kia Mphahlele. As the only multilingual educational radio programme of its kind in South Africa, the Afrikan Affirmations Radio Series has opened a space for those previously excluded from mainstream public dialogue due to language, to access critical and independent thought on issues on the public agenda. The series has been made available as a multilingual, educational resource that can be used by learners and educators, in a formal or informal setting, to reflect on issues such as Afrikan History and Identity, not readily accessible in the traditional syllabus.

paragraph: The project was first launched as a print media series in The Pretoria, in December 2003, and went on to be published in other major newspapers including "The Star", "City Press" and "Daily News". The motivation to adapt the concept for radio was rooted in the belief that the broadest constituency of Afrikans is served by radio, across the urban and rural divide that is so characteristic of the South African landscape. However, the more compelling motivation for this initiative is that these Afrikan Affirmations, taken from works originally by Es’kia Mphahlele in English, are translated into all South African official languages according to the language medium of the 15 Public Broadcast Service (PBS) Radio Stations, making the series accessible to majority of people in South Africa, not only as "words of wisdom", but as an educational vehicle for the youth and a large illiterate population. The Affirmations are broadcast on a weekly basis to an audience of up to 30 million listeners each day. Beyond its accessibility for mother tongue speakers of indigenous languages, the Afrikan Affirmations Radio Series is significant in that the enriching content addresses an understanding and appreciation of history, literature, arts, culture, and social consciousness from an Afrikan perspective.

paragraph: In addition to an endorsement from the Pan South African Language Board (PANSLAB), the Afrikan Affirmations Radio Series enjoys the support of the country's foremost language experts, media practitioners, artists, writers and scholars, among its contributors; whilst also empowering new and emerging language professionals and artists.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy - The Es'kia Institute and Es'kia Mphahlele Memorial Lecture.:The Footprints.:The Afrika Pele Dialogue series.

paragraph: The Es’kia Institute saw a need for Afrikans to gather and ponder on the authentic restoration of Afrika through dialogue and birthed this platform for Afrika to be put first through allotment and interrogation of thoughts, beliefs and ideas. We call it the AFRIKA PELE® Dialogue Series. We strongly believe that, when Afrikans congregate, like our forefathers and fathers used to in the olden days, through traditional Imbizo's (traditional community meetings where all community matters were deliberated on), we will be able to formulate strategies to enable Afrika to reach her full potential, in a manner that speaks to her children. We foresee a gathering where everyone is welcome, from parents to their children, community leaders, and all stakeholders, putting Afrika's development first in their dialogues.

paragraph: The Afrika Pele Dialogue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Creates a space for dialogue led by the youth

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ignites a spirit of Afrika's Renaissance

paragraph: BULLET::::- Articulates a strategy on how to Africanise our communities

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deliberates on what we can learn and take from Prof Mphahlele's work about putting Afrika first

paragraph: The series boasts a representation of a diverse audience and participants, ranging from children, the youth, to scholars, educators, school governing teams, the private and public sector. The dialogues are hosted from halls, schoolyards and anywhere where people can gather and constructively debate on how to develop Afrika.

paragraph: Es'Kia Mphahlele Memorial Annual Lecture

paragraph: In 2009, Unisa launched the annual Es'Kia Mphahlele Memorial Lecture to honour this prolific author and world-renowned literary expert. The lecture is premised on the belief that where there is will and determination, the human spirit can triumph against all odds. The lecture is aimed at honouring esteemed academic, educationist and alumnus of Unisa who rose against all odds to achieve success in the literary world. The lecture is also aimed at recognizing Mphahlele's contribution to the literary discourse and literary heritage in South Africa. It is intended to keep his legacy alive by putting his name and works in the spotlight on a continuous and sustained basis and to stimulate ongoing public debate and interest in his literary works.

paragraph: Since 2009, some of the well known South Africans that have delivered the Memorial lecture include:

paragraph: 2018 - Chief Justice Mogoeng Mogoeng

paragraph: 2017 - Dr Mosibudi Mangena

paragraph: 2016 - Dr Mamphela Ramphele

paragraph: 2015 - Dr Gordon Zide

paragraph: 2013 - Prof Keorapetse Kgositsile

description: South African writer and publisher

wikidata_label: Es'kia Mphahlele

wikipedia_title: Es'kia Mphahlele


text: cycling

text: team pursuit

text: 1960 Summer Olympics

text: England

text: Perth

wikipedia_title: Cycling at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's team pursuit

wikipedia_title: England at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games

categories: 1937 births,Cyclists at the 1960 Summer Olympics,Sportspeople from Liverpool,Cyclists at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games,Olympic cyclists of Great Britain,British male cyclists,Living people

paragraph: Charlie McCoy (cyclist)

paragraph: Charlie (Charly) McCoy (born 14 December 1937) is a former British cycling record holder and Olympian.

paragraph: Section::::Cycling career.

paragraph: McCoy competed in the team pursuit at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: McCoy also represented England in the 4,000 metres pursuit at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Perth, Australia in 1962.

paragraph: He rode for his local Amateur team, Melling Wheelers and was coached by Eddie Soens. He broke the British 25 mile Time Trial record in 1961, finishing with a time of 55m 01s.

description: cyclist

wikidata_label: Charlie McCoy

wikipedia_title: Charlie McCoy (cyclist)


text:
FBA
Scottish
lexicographer
philologist
Oxford English Dictionary
Denholm
Hawick
Scottish Borders
tuberculosis
etymology
British Museum
Italian
French
Catalan
Spanish
Latin
Portuguese
Vaudois
Provençal
Dutch
German
Danish
Anglo-Saxon
Gothic
Celtic
Slavonic
Russian
Hebrew
Syriac
Old Testament
Peshito
Aramaic
Arabic
Coptic
Philological Society
Mill Hill School
Oxford
Oxford University Press
dictionary
English language
Johnson’s
corrugated-iron
Mill Hill School
Scriptorium
Banbury Road
north Oxford
Post Office
post box
pleurisy
James Legge
William Chester Minor
Oxford English Dictionary
The Surgeon of Crowthorne
Simon Winchester
Oxford English Dictionary
Mel Gibson
Icon Productions
Farhad Safinia
The Professor and the Madman
Sean Penn
LL.D
University of Glasgow
University of Oxford
William Chester Minor

wikipedia_title:
Fellow of the British Academy
Scotland
Lexicography
Philology
Oxford English Dictionary
Denholm
Hawick
Scottish Borders
Tuberculosis
Etymology
British Museum
Italian language
French language
Catalan language
Spanish language
Latin
Portuguese language
Franco-Provençal language
Occitan language
Dutch language
German language
Danish language
Anglo-Frisian languages
Gothic language
Celtic languages
Slavic languages
Russian language
Hebrew language
Syriac language
Old Testament
Peshitta
Aramaic language
Arabic
Coptic language
Philological Society
Mill Hill School
Oxford
Oxford University Press
Dictionary
English language
A Dictionary of the English Language
Corrugated galvanised iron
Mill Hill School
Scriptorium
Banbury Road
North Oxford
Post office
Pillar box
Pleurisy
James Legge
William Chester Minor
Oxford English Dictionary
The Surgeon of Crowthorne
Simon Winchester
Oxford English Dictionary
Mel Gibson
Icon Productions
Farhad Safinia
The Professor and the Madman (film)
Sean Penn
Legum Doctor
University of Glasgow
University of Oxford
William Chester Minor

categories: Scottish lexicographers,Scottish schoolteachers,1837 births,Scottish philologists,Knights Bachelor,1915 deaths,Chief editors of the Oxford English Dictionary,People from the Scottish Borders

paragraph: James Murray (lexicographer)

paragraph: Sir James Augustus Henry Murray, FBA (; 7 February 1837 – 26 July 1915) was a Scottish lexicographer and philologist. He was the primary editor of the "Oxford English Dictionary" ("OED") from 1879 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Life and learning.

paragraph: James Murray was born in the village of Denholm near Hawick in the Scottish Borders, the eldest son of a draper, Thomas Murray. A precocious child with a voracious appetite for learning, he left school at fourteen because his parents were not able to afford to pay the fees to continue his education. At seventeen he became a teacher at Hawick Grammar School and three years later was headmaster of the Subscription Academy there. In 1856 he was one of the founders of the Hawick Archaeological Society.

paragraph: In 1861, Murray met a music teacher, Maggie Scott, whom he married the following year. Two years later, they had a daughter Anna, who died shortly after of tuberculosis, then known as consumption. Maggie, too, fell ill with the same disease, and on the advice of doctors, the couple moved to London to escape the Scottish winters. Once there, Murray took an administrative job with the Chartered Bank of India while continuing in his spare time to pursue his many and varied academic interests. Maggie died within a year of arrival in London. A year later Murray was engaged to Ada Agnes Ruthven and the following year married her.

paragraph: By this time Murray was primarily interested in languages and etymology, the origin of words. Some idea of the depth and range of his linguistic erudition may be gained from a letter of application he wrote to Thomas Watts, Keeper of Printed Books at the British Museum, in which he claimed an ‘intimate acquaintance’ with Italian, French, Catalan, Spanish and Latin, and 'to a lesser degree' Portuguese, Vaudois, Provençal & various dialects’. In addition, he was ‘tolerably familiar’ with Dutch, German and Danish. His studies of Anglo-Saxon and Mœso-Gothic had been ‘much closer’, he knew ‘a little of the Celtic’ and was at the time ‘engaged with the Slavonic, having obtained a useful knowledge of the Russian’. He had ‘sufficient knowledge of Hebrew and Syriac to read at sight the Old Testament and Peshito’ and to a lesser degree he knew Aramaic, Arabic, Coptic and Phoenician. However, he did not get the job.

paragraph: By 1869, Murray was on the Council of the Philological Society, and by 1873 had given up his job at the bank and returned to teaching at Mill Hill School. He then published "The Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland", which served to enhance his reputation in philological circles.

paragraph: Murray had eleven children with Ada (all having 'Ruthven' in their name, by arrangement with his father-in-law, George Ruthven); the eldest, Harold James Ruthven Murray became a prominent chess historian, and one son Wilfrid George Ruthven Murray wrote an account of his father. All the eleven children survived till maturity (which was unusual at that time) and helped him in the compilation of the OED.

paragraph: Section::::Murray and the "OED".

paragraph: On 26 April 1878, Murray was invited to Oxford to meet the Delegates of the Oxford University Press, with a view to his taking on the job of editor of a new dictionary of the English language, to replace "Johnson’s" and to capture all the words then extant in the English speaking world in all their various shades of meaning. It would be a massive project, which required somebody with Murray’s knowledge and single-minded determination.

paragraph: On 1 March 1879, a formal agreement was put in place to the effect that Murray was to edit a new English Dictionary. It was expected to take ten years to complete and be some 7,000 pages long, in four volumes. In fact, when the final results were published in 1928, it ran to twelve volumes, with 414,825 words defined and 1,827,306 citations employed to illustrate their meanings.

paragraph: In preparation for the work ahead, Murray built a corrugated-iron shed in the grounds of Mill Hill School, called the Scriptorium, to house his small team of assistants as well as the flood of slips (bearing quotations illustrating the use of words to be defined in the dictionary) which started to flow in as a result of his appeal. As work continued on the early part of the dictionary, Murray gave up his job as a teacher and became a full-time lexicographer.

paragraph: In the summer of 1884, Murray and his family moved to a large house on the Banbury Road in north Oxford. Murray had a second Scriptorium built in its back garden, a larger building than the first, with more storage space for the ever-increasing number of slips being sent to Murray and his team. Anything addressed to ‘Mr Murray, Oxford’ would always find its way to him, and such was the volume of post sent by Murray and his team that the Post Office erected a special post box outside Murray’s house. In fact, Murray was also a member of the Oxford Philatelic Society.

paragraph: Murray continued his work on the dictionary, age and failing health doing nothing to diminish his enthusiasm for the work to which he had devoted much of his life. Despite his devotion to the dictionary, Murray remained a relative outsider in Oxford, never fully taking part in university academic and Senior Common Room life. He was never made a Fellow of an Oxford college, and only received an Oxford honorary doctorate the year before his death. He died of pleurisy on 26 July 1915 and requested to be buried in Oxford beside the grave of his best friend, James Legge.

paragraph: It was probably through his correspondence with the London booksellers that William Chester Minor heard of the call for volunteers from what was to become the "Oxford English Dictionary" (OED). Minor devoted most of the remainder of his life to that work. Minor became one of the project's most effective volunteers, reading through his large personal library of antiquarian books and compiling quotations that illustrated the way particular words were used. It was many years before the "OED"s editor, Dr. James Murray, learned Minor's background history, and visited him in January 1891. In 1899 Murray paid compliment to Minor's enormous contributions to the dictionary, stating, "we could easily illustrate the last four centuries from his quotations alone."

paragraph: Section::::Murray and the "OED".:William Chester Minor as early contributor to "Oxford English Dictionary".:In popular culture.

paragraph: The book "The Surgeon of Crowthorne" (published in America as "The Professor and the Madman"), by Simon Winchester, was published in 1998 and chronicles both Minor's later life and his contributions to the creation of the "Oxford English Dictionary". The movie rights for the book were bought by Mel Gibson's Icon Productions in 1998. In August 2016 it was announced that Farhad Safinia was to direct an adaptation, called "The Professor and the Madman", starring Gibson as Murray and Sean Penn as Minor. The film was released in May 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Honorary degrees.

paragraph: He was awarded honorary doctoral degrees by nine universities:

paragraph: BULLET::::- LL.D from the University of Glasgow in June 1901.

paragraph: BULLET::::- D.Litt. from the University of Oxford in 1914.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (his granddaughter).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ogilvie, Sarah (2012), "Words of the World: a global history of the Oxford English Dictionary," Cambridge University Press, . (later editor on dictionary)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Murray is also the "professor" referred to in (US: "The Professor and the Madman"), even though he was never actually granted a professorship by Oxford. Dr. William Chester Minor, a volunteer who worked on the dictionary, was the "madman".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" website entry for James Murray

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crime Library biography with photographs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Broadmoor's Word-Finder (on Minor and Murray)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at Bikwil.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at Denholm Village's website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blue plaque to Murray on his Banbury Road home

alias:
James Augustus Henry Murray
James A. H. Murray
Sir James Augustus Henry Murray

description: Scottish lexicographer and philologist

wikidata_label: James Murray

wikipedia_title: James Murray (lexicographer)


text: General

text: KB

text: British

text: 30th (Cambridgeshire) Regiment of Foot

text: 47th (Lancashire) Regiment of Foot

text: American colonies

text: War of Independence

text: Battle of Bunker Hill

text: Trois-Rivières

text: advance guard

text: Fort Ticonderoga

text: Hubbardton

text: Freeman’s Farm

text: John Burgoyne

text: major

text: Nova Scotia

text: Penobscot

text: North Carolina

text: light infantry

text: Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey

text: adjutant general

text: Duke of York

text: major-general

text: Netherlands

text: revolutionary

text: France

text: Stadtholder

text: England

text: British

text: Cape Town

text: Battle of Muizenberg

text: Viscount Keith

text: Alured Clarke

text: Cape Colony

text: governor

text: Order of the Bath

text: Madras

text: Bengal

text: lieutenant-general

text: Eastern District

text: Anglo-Russian invasion of Naples

text: Battle of Ulm

text: Governor-General

text: Canada

text: Lower Canada

text: English

text: legislative assembly

text: immigration

text: United States

text: John Henry

text: Federalist

text: James Madison

text: Henry letters

text: John Thomas Jones

wikipedia_title: Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany

categories: Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath,British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars,British Army personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars,British Army generals,British Commanders-in-Chief of India,1748 births,Governors of British North America,1812 deaths,People from Gibraltar,British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War,British Army commanders of the Napoleonic Wars,30th Regiment of Foot officers

paragraph: James Henry Craig

paragraph: General Sir James Henry Craig KB (1748 – 12 January 1812) was a British military officer and colonial administrator.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and military service.

paragraph: Craig came from a Scottish family whose father was a judge of the civil and military courts in the British fortress of Gibraltar. At the age of 15 in 1763 he was enrolled as an ensign in the 30th (Cambridgeshire) Regiment of Foot. Colonel Robert Boyd, the lieutenant governor of Gibraltar in 1770 endorsed his promotion to an aide-de-camp which allowed him to later take command of a company in the 47th (Lancashire) Regiment of Foot stationed in the American colonies.

paragraph: Section::::Service during the American War of Independence.

paragraph: After the outbreak of the War of Independence in 1775, Craig took part in the Battle of Bunker Hill, where he was badly wounded, but refused to leave his regiment, and participated in the defence of Quebec in 1776, where he met the American invaders at Trois-Rivières while commanding the advance guard that forced them back beyond the border. During 1777 he was wounded twice, once seriously, during engagements at Fort Ticonderoga, Hubbardton, and Freeman’s Farm. Major-General John Burgoyne, who expressed high regard for Craig as an officer, recommended him for the rank of a major in the 82nd Regiment of Foot (Prince of Wales's Volunteers) in recognition of his service. From 1778 to 1781 Craig served with the 82nd Regiment in Nova Scotia, at Penobscot, and later in North Carolina. Due to constant involvement in operations during the war, Craig usually led light infantry troops. His rapid promotion suggests that Craig possessed an unusual degree of initiative and resourcefulness.

paragraph: Section::::Service during the Napoleonic Wars.

paragraph: After promotion to lieutenant-colonel in 1781, Craig became Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey in 1793 and then an adjutant general to the Duke of York in the 1794 Army of Netherlands, being promoted to major-general.

paragraph: In 1794-1795, the Netherlands were overrun by the revolutionary armies of the new republic of France, and Stadtholder Prince William V of Orange became a refugee in England. A British force under General Sir James Craig set out to Cape Town to secure the colony against the French. The Battle of Muizenberg successfully wrested control from William V of Orange to Britain.

paragraph: In 1795 he served with Vice-Admiral Viscount Keith and Major-General Alured Clarke in occupying the Cape Colony from the Dutch Republic where he became governor of the new possession, and remained in that posting until 1797, for which he received the Order of the Bath. In the same year Craig sailed to Madras, and saw combat in the Bengal region of India for which he was again promoted to lieutenant-general in January 1801. Craig returned to England to serve for three years as the commander of the Eastern District.

paragraph: In 1805, despite poor health, he was appointed to lead the Anglo-Russian invasion of Naples, but after a brief occupation, the mission was aborted after the news of Austrian defeat at the Battle of Ulm.

paragraph: Section::::Service in Canada.

paragraph: Craig concurrently held the positions of Governor-General of Canada and lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada from 1807 to 1811. Craig considered measures such as creating English counties and replacing the legislative assembly with an appointed government as a means of increasing the power of English speakers in predominantly French Lower Canada. He also tried to encourage immigration from Britain and the United States in hopes of making the French a minority.

paragraph: In 1809 he employed a former U.S. Army officer named John Henry to determine if the Federalist New England states desired seceding from the United States and returning to their former states as Crown colonies. The British did not pursue re-acquiring New England and, after Henry unsuccessfully sought to be rewarded for his efforts, Henry sold the correspondence to President James Madison for $50,000 and sailed for France. (See Henry letters.)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Governors General of Canada

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Lieutenant Governors of Quebec

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir John Thomas Jones

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flayhart III, William Henry, "Counterpoint to Trafalgar: The Anglo-Russian Invasion of Naples, 1805-1806", New Perspectives on Maritime History and Nautical Archaeology series, University Press of Florida, Ft.Myers, 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christie, Robert, "The Military and Naval Operations in the Canadas, During the Late War with the United States during the administration of the Colonial Government of Lower Canada", by Sir James Henry Craig and Sir George Prevost. From the year 1807 until the year 1815, Quebec printed, New-York re-printed by Oram and Mott, 1818

wikidata_label: James Henry Craig

wikipedia_title: James Henry Craig


text:
Owain Gwynedd
Gwynedd
Madog
Llywelyn the Great
Wales
Nant Conwy
sobriquet
Powys

wikipedia_title:
Owain Gwynedd
Kingdom of Gwynedd
Madog ap Maredudd
Llywelyn the Great
Wales
Nant Conwy Rural District
Sobriquet
Kingdom of Powys

categories: 12th-century Welsh people,Medieval Welsh killed in battle,Welsh royalty,Welsh people of Irish descent,1174 deaths

paragraph: Iorwerth Drwyndwn

paragraph: Iorwerth ab Owain Gwynedd (or Iorwerth Drwyndwn meaning "the flat-nosed"), also called Edward (c. 1130–1174), was the eldest legitimate son of Owain Gwynedd (the king of Gwynedd) and his first wife Gwladys (Gladys) ferch Llywarch. He married Marared ferch Madog. His son, Llywelyn the Great, eventually united the realm and became known as "Llywelyn Fawr" and is one of Wales's most famous monarchs. Iorwerth received Nant Conwy as his inheritance from his father, Owain Gwynedd. However, he did not receive the crown succession, as was the normal tradition, because of his nose defect (his sobriquet 'Trwyndwn' means broken-nosed).

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He was killed in battle at Pennant Melangell, in Powys, during the wars deciding the succession following the death of his father.

alias:
Iorwerth ab Owain Gwynedd
Edward

description: King of Gwynedd

wikidata_label: Iorwerth Drwyndwn

wikipedia_title: Iorwerth Drwyndwn