text:
virgin
martyr
Christian
Saint Devota
Catholic Church
feast day
Roman liturgical calendar
Victor Vitensis
Carthage
Tunis
North Africa
Victor Vitensis
Geiseric
Carthage
Arianism
Benedictine
Thierry Ruinart
Cap Corse
Carthaginian
slave
Gaiseric
civis
Syria
Gaul
Cap Corse
sacrum promontorium
tribunician
Corsica
Vico, Corse-du-Sud
Roman Catholic Diocese of Ajaccio
eminent domain
patibulum
Moors
Roman
Decius
Diocletian
Vandals
Arian
Gorgona Island
relics
Desiderius
Lombards
Ansa
relics
Benedictine
Brescia
Pope Paul I
pilgrimage
Middle Ages
Basilica of Santa Giulia
Bergamo
Cap Corse
Carthage
Gorgona, Italy
Vandals
Gabriel von Max

categories: 5th-century executions,People executed by crucifixion,Year of birth unknown,5th-century Roman women,Late Ancient Christian female saints,5th-century Christian saints,People from Corsica,439 deaths,Julii,Gallo-Roman saints,5th-century Gallo-Roman people,5th-century Christian martyrs,5th-century Romans

paragraph: Julia of Corsica

paragraph: Saint Julia of Corsica (; ; ; ), also known as Saint Julia of Carthage, and more rarely Saint Julia of Nonza, was a virgin martyr who is venerated as a Christian saint. The date of her death is most probably on or after AD 439. She and Saint Devota are the patron saints of Corsica in the Catholic Church. Saint Julia was declared a patroness of Corsica by the Church on August 5, 1809; Saint Devota, on March 14, 1820. Both were martyred in pre-Christian Corsica under Roman rule. Julia's feast day is May 22 in the Roman liturgical calendar.

paragraph: Saint Julia is included in most summary lives of the saints. The details of those lives vary, but a few basic accounts emerge, portraying biographical data and events that are not reconcilable. Various theories accounting for the differences have been proposed. The quintessential icon of Saint Julia derives from the testimony of Victor Vitensis, contemporaneous Bishop of Africa. It is supported by physical evidence: the relics, a small collection of human bone fragments, are where historical events subsequent to the story say they ought to be, at the former Church of Santa Giulia in Brescia, Italy, now part of the city museum.

paragraph: Saint Julia has been a popular representational theme. No physical description of her has survived. She has more recently been put forward as a "black saint" merely because her native city, according to Vitensis, was Carthage (now Tunis), but that view is unsupported. North Africa under the Romans was multi-racial and still is to a large degree. Most representations, created by Europeans, depict a European.

paragraph: Section::::Account by Victor Vitensis.

paragraph: Section::::Account by Victor Vitensis.:The editions.

paragraph: The main written evidence of the events for which Julia became venerated as a saint is the account of Victor Vitensis, a bishop of Africa. He wrote one or more works that were or came to be called "Historia persecutionis Africanae Provinciae, temporibus Geiserici et Hunirici regum Vandalorum", "History of the Persecution of the Province of Africa in the Time of Geiseric and Huniric, Kings of the Vandals." In 429 Geiseric and 80,000 tribesmen, all his people, crossed suddenly from Spain to Africa and in 439 took Carthage by surprise. Attempting to convert Christians to Arianism he committed such acts as the bishops of the church were able neither to forget nor to condone. In the next generation Victor Vitensis set about in a thorough, investigative manner to record them. As his account is contemporaneous and has been found accurate where it is possible to check he is considered a source of good historicity.

paragraph: Many editions of his work came out but the one considered most authoritative and complete was compiled and edited by the Benedictine monastic, Thierry Ruinart. During his time he had access to manuscripts that do not exist now due to natural attrition by fire, theft or misplacement. Thus his editions of Vitensis containing a section of Part II, the appendix (the historical commentary containing additional material not included in previous editions): "Passio Sanctae Juliae virginis & martyris", "the Suffering of Saint Julia, Virgin and Martyr", which he labels "Ex cod. ms. Archimonasterii sancti Remigii Remensis", "From the codex manuscript of the chief monastery of Saint ron Remigius at Rheims", are taken by the mainstream to contain more of the work of Vitensis; certainly, in that story the narrator wears the persona of Vitensis. Unfortunately the story is only to be found in Ruinart; however, various traditions exist elsewhere: the day in the calendar of saints, the location of the martyrdom on Cap Corse, the history of the relics.

paragraph: Section::::Account by Victor Vitensis.:The story.

paragraph: Vitensis states that the story was acquired as the result of an inquiry "in those days" of the "elders" about the life of Julia and what she had done to become a martyr. Evidently at the time of the inquiry she was already popularly known as a martyr. The informants asserted that they had heard of her "from their parents"...

paragraph: Julia was a Carthaginian girl who, after being captured from her city, came into the service of a man named Eusebius. Vitensis does not say how she came into service, but the statement is usually interpreted that she was sold as a slave after Gaiseric captured Carthage in 439. It is known that he disposed of many recalcitrant Christians in this way, especially women. As a young and strong female, Julia would have brought a good price for the Vandals (who later turned to piracy, including slave-dealing.)

paragraph: Vitensis says that she served "a fleshly master" but she followed and . Even though he was a pagan he admired so great a virtue in service. When her own duties were done and she was granted the servant's time off, she spent her spare time either in reading or insisting on praying. She grew pale and thin from fasting despite the threats and blandishments of her master, but her mind, intent on Heaven, fed daily on God's words.

paragraph: Eusebius, a citizen ("civis") of Syria in Palestine, rowing hard for Gaul with an expensive cargo, anchored at Cap Corse for the night. From a distance he saw that sacrifices were about to be conducted by the pagans and immediately descended with all his people to attend. On that day they were slaying a bull "to their devils." The use of "mercimonia" for cargo identifies it as goods for sale, from which it is often inferred that Eusebius was a merchant. The bishop quips that he disagrees, that Eusebius left his precious cargo (Julia) in Corsica. The choice of a bull, Poseidon's animal, suggests that they had intruded on the yearly rites of the sacrum promontorium.

paragraph: While they were celebrating by becoming intoxicated and Saint Julia was sighing deeply for their error it was announced to Felix by his satellites that there was a girl in the ship who derided the worship of the gods. This "son of the serpent" asked Eusebius, "Why did not all who are with you come down to worship our gods? I heard that there is a girl who derides the names of our gods." Eusebius replied "I was not successful in moving the girl from the superstition of the Christians nor was I able to bring her to our religion by threatening. If she were not necessary because of her most faithful service I would already have had her tortured."

paragraph: Then "Felix Saxo" gave him some options: "Either compel her to give offerings to our gods, or give her to me in exchange for whichever four of my handmaidens please you, or for the price that was set for her." Eusebius replied: "If you wanted to give me all your property it would not come to the value of her service."

paragraph: Who Felix Saxo was either to offer such options or to allow Eusebius to refuse them is explained in another of Ruinart's footnotes. He offers variants and additional information from other manuscripts: he was a "major", or "magistrate" among the sacrificers, a "princeps" or "chief man" "quod forte praecipuus esset loci illius", "who happened to be in charge of the place", perhaps Cap Corse. Ferrarius in his "Catalog of the Saints of Italy" calls him "Felix Tribunus", which is in fact a full explanation. He had the tribunician power, which would have made him a high-level magistrate, perhaps even provincial governor.

paragraph: The "Saxo" part of the name appears out of context, as it is also the Latin for "Saxon." Ruinart suggests "Sago" for Sagona (or Sagone as it is still sometimes listed on the map), a vanished ancient town of western Corsica, the former port of Vico, Corse-du-Sud, in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ajaccio. Apparently the Romans had given the tribunate to a native Corsican.

paragraph: As to why he did not just take the girl by eminent domain, Vitensis gives the answer by calling Eusebius "civis". The penalty for disrespecting the rights of Roman citizens was severe, and the girl was the property of Eusebius. He could do as he liked with her. However, disrespecting the state gods was a crime punishable by death, which the magistrate could only overlook at his own risk.

paragraph: Having gotten counsel the "most poisonous serpent" prepared the banquet, where Eusebius became intoxicated and fell into a deep sleep. Straightway "a raging mob of gentiles" boarded the ship and placed Julia on the shore. Felix said: "Sacrifice to the gods, girl. I will give your master as much as he likes and dissolve the bond of your state." The tribunician power included manumission. However, Julia replied:"Libertas mea Christi servitium est, cui ego quotidie pura mente deservio. Ceterum istum vestrum errorem non solum non veneror, verum etiam detestor.""My liberty is the service of Christ, whom I serve every day with a pure mind. As for that error of yours, I not only do not venerate it, I detest it."

paragraph: The tribune ordered that she be struck blows to the face. That done, she said that as Christ was struck for her, why should she not be struck for him? Then "the most cruel serpent" ordered that she be "tortured by the hair", later described as "mollitia", "diminishment" of her hair. Then she was flogged, to which she replied in the same way, that if Christ was flogged and crowned with thorns for her, why should she not endure this diminishment of the hair, which she calls the "vexillum fidei", the "flag of faith?" The "serpent", fearful of being indicted for cruelty, hurried the process along by ordering "the handmaiden of Christ" to be placed on the patibulum of a cross. Eusebius was awakened. As he let go the bonds of sleep, the saint, with mind released from the flesh, victress over suffering, took happy flight with the angels to the stars of heaven. Another manuscript cited by Ruinart has a "columba", a "dove", flying from her mouth.

paragraph: Section::::Other views.

paragraph: She may have lived in the 6th or 7th centuries, or been killed by Moors rather than Roman authorities.

paragraph: Some scholars believe that Julia was indeed of Carthaginian origin, but that she died in Africa during the persecutions of Decius (ca. 250 AD) or Diocletian, and that her association with Corsica derives from the fact that her relics were brought to this island during the invasion of Africa by the Vandals under Gaiseric, who was of Arian faith.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: Monks from Gorgona Island rescued her relics. According to legend, attached to Julia's cross was a note, written in an angelic hand, that carried her name and story. The monks transported the relics to a sepulchre on their island after cleaning it and covering it with pleasant aromas.

paragraph: In 762, Desiderius, king of the Lombards, at the request of his queen Ansa, translated her relics to the Benedictine abbey at Brescia. At Brescia, around 763, Pope Paul I consecrated a church in Julia's name. It became a popular site for pilgrimage in the Middle Ages.

paragraph: The Basilica of Santa Giulia near Bergamo is dedicated to her.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cap Corse

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carthage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gorgona, Italy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vandals

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gabriel von Max's painting The Christian Martyr (1867) portrays St. Julia, and is part of the Frye Art Museum collection.

description: Carthaginian Christian martyred on Corsica

wikidata_label: Julia of Corsica

wikipedia_title: Julia of Corsica


text:
Christian music
worship leader
Michael Gungor
Bigger Than My Imagination
Adrienne Bailon
Biography by Israel's Label
CBN Interview with Israel Houghton

categories: American male singers,American gospel singers,Promise Keepers,21st-century American singers,Grammy Award winners,People from Oceanside, California,20th-century American singers,20th-century male singers,1971 births,Hillsong musicians,Living people,Performers of contemporary worship music

paragraph: Israel Houghton

paragraph: Israel Houghton (; born May 19, 1971) is an American Christian music singer, songwriter, producer and worship leader. Houghton is usually credited as "Israel & New Breed".

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.

paragraph: Houghton produced an album by Michael Gungor, "Bigger Than My Imagination", which was described as "one of the year's best worship albums" in a 2003 "Christianity Today" review.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:Discography.:Other recordings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: "Champions for Christ" – Hi5 (worship leader)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: "Where Are the Fathers?" from "He-Motions" (EMI Gospel)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: "Send Me to the Nations" from "A Wing & A Prayer" (EMI Gospel)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: "We Speak to Nations" (Lakewood Live; Integrity)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: "Cover the Earth" (Lakewood Live; Integrity)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "The Gift: A Christmas Presentation" (Lakewood Live)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: "Free to Worship" (Lakewood Live)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: "Moving Forward" (Free Chapel Live)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: "Hope For Today Worship" (Lakewood Live)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "Free Chapel Live: Power of the Cross" (Integrity)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "New Breed Live: Generation Love"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "Echo: Forward Conference" (Free Chapel Live)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "Covenant Worship: Kingdom"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: "DeMaskUs"

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Houghton was married to Meleasa Houghton from 1994 until they separated in 2015, with the divorce being finalized on February 22, 2016. Together they have two daughters and two sons.

paragraph: On November 11, 2016, Houghton married singer and TV personality Adrienne Bailon in Paris, after several months of dating.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and nominations.

paragraph: Among the awards that Houghton has won includes six Grammy Awards; three for Best Pop/Contemporary Gospel Album and one for Best Traditional Gospel Album for "Alive In South Africa".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography by Israel's Label

paragraph: BULLET::::- CBN Interview with Israel Houghton

description: Worship leader

wikidata_label: Israel Houghton

wikipedia_title: Israel Houghton


text:
Italian
Pavia
Certosa of Pavia
Renaissance

categories: 1430s births,15th-century Italian sculptors,People from Pavia,1482 deaths

paragraph: Cristoforo Mantegazza

paragraph: Cristoforo Mantegazza (c. 1430 – 1482) was an Italian sculptor who was active from 1464.

paragraph: He was born in Pavia. Among his other works, he collaborated with his brother Antonio on the façade of the Certosa of Pavia (relief with the "Expulsion from the Garden of Eden"), one of the masterworks of northern Italy's Renaissance. For a certain period he also directed the construction of that building.

description: Italian artist

wikidata_label: Cristoforo Mantegazza

wikipedia_title: Cristoforo Mantegazza


text:
Brescia
Cremona
Sforza family
Francesco Sforza
Bianca Maria Sforza
tarot card
Benedetto
Parma
Filippo Maria Visconti
Duke of Milan
Castello Sforzesco
Milan
Sant'Agostino
Vincenzo Foppa
Zanetto Bugatto
Pitti Palace
JP Morgan Library
Colleoni family
Accademia Carrara
Bergamo

categories: 15th-century births,People from Brescia,Italian male painters,Brescian painters,Italian Renaissance painters,15th-century deaths,15th-century Italian painters,Quattrocento painters,1420 births

paragraph: Bonifacio Bembo

paragraph: Bonifacio Bembo, also called Bonfazio Bembo, or simply just Bembo, was a north Italian Renaissance artist born in Brescia in 1420. He was the son of Giovanni Bembo, an active painter during his time. As a painter, Bonifacio mainly worked in Cremona. He was patronized by the Sforza family and was commissioned to paint portraits of Francesco Sforza and his wife Bianca Maria Sforza. He is also attributed with producing a tarot card deck for the Visconti-Sforza families. In the past century, art historians have begun to question the authenticity of his works, believing his only two secure works to be the portraits of Francesco and Bianca Maria Sforza. He is believed to have died sometime before 1482.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Bonifacio Bembo was born in Brescia, Italy in 1420 to an Italian family of painters. He was the son of Giovanni Bembo, a painter active in Cremona from 1425–1449. His brothers Benedetto and Andrea were also painters active in the areas of Cremona and Parma. Bonifacio also had a nephew named Giovanni Francesco Bembo who became a painter. In all, there are thought to be nine artists with the last name Bembo who were active in Cremona from 1425 until the early 1600s. Based on letters written by Bembo, he claimed to be a supporter of the Francesco Sforza in 1447 following the death of Filippo Maria Visconti, the Duke of Milan. Sforza eventually became Duke of Milan in 1450 and because of the support Bembo had shown him a few years prior, commissioned him to many works. On April 23, 1474, Galeazzo Sforza, the Duke of Milan, granted Bembo and his descendants Milanese citizenship. The patronage of the Sforza family continued until 1477 when Bembo seems to disappear from the historical record.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Bonifacio was active between 1447 and 1478. He painted portraits, frescoes, biblical scenes, and also designed tarot cards. He is known for the frescoes found in the ducal chapel of the Castello Sforzesco in Milan. He also painted portraits of Francesco Sforza and his wife Bianca Maria Visconti. These portraits hang in the church of Sant'Agostino in Cremona.

paragraph: His earliest attributed work is the Cavalcabò chapel in the same Sant'Agostino. Giovanni Cavalcabo paid for the decoration of the chapel in 1447 and it took approximately five years to complete. Strangely, there is no connection between Bembo and the chapel; however, following the publication of Wittgen in 1936, the chapel has been attributed to him. While painting the decorations of the chapel, Bembo showed fine style demonstrating the influence of Michelino da Besozzo and the Zavattari brothers. The frescoes in the chapel depict Evangelists and the coronation of Christ and the Virgin. Bright colors illuminate the frescoes while all of the figures are drawn using thin, curving lines.

paragraph: He painted an altarpiece commemorating the wedding day, October 25, of Bianca and Francesco Sforza for their chapel in Sant'Agostino in 1462. Yet he had still not been paid for the altarpiece by 1469. Bembo also painted the altarpiece of Cremona Cathedral in 1467.

paragraph: Upon the succession of Galeazzo Maria Sforza in 1466, Bembo's work for the Sforza family increased. In 1468 the Sforzas sent him to Pavia where he worked for three years. While there, he painted secular decorations depicting the Duke and Duchess hunting and dining. In the summer of 1472 he began to work on a votive chapel of St Mary outside Vigevano with Leonard Ponzoni at the behest of Galeazzo Sforza.

paragraph: In 1460, Bembo was commissioned by Francesco Sforza to paint a portrait of him and his wife. The portraits originally hung on pillars outside of the chapel of SS Daria and Grisante, again in the church of Sant'Agostino of Cremona. They were then transferred onto canvas and moved inside the chapel itself where they both hang today. The well-preserved and detailed head of Francesco Sforza demonstrates that Bembo was a competent portrait painter. The details of Francesco's mole on his cheek, his chin folds, and his pursed lips were all captured with shadowy lines and demonstrate the competence of Bembo as an artist.

paragraph: In 1473 he began directing the work to be done in the ducal chapel in the Castello Sforzesco. Only a few of the frescoes in the ducal chapel still survive today. It is difficult to determine the precise role Bembo played in the decoration of the chapel because he worked alongside several other artists, which would become a theme in his later life. In 1474 he worked on a chapel in the church of Santa Maria da Caravaggio alongside Giacomino Vincemala. He also worked closely with other associates on the polyptych in Pavia where he worked with Vincenzo Foppa and Zanetto Bugatto. In 1476 he painted frescoes of "The Procession of the Magi" and the "Annunciation" in the Collegio Castiglione Chapel, Pavia. His work for the Sforza court officially came to an end following the assassination of Galeazzo Sforza in 1477. He is also well known for his painting "Jesus among the Doctors" which hangs in the Pitti Palace in Florence.

paragraph: Section::::Authorship.

paragraph: Art historians believe his style improved over the years as he learned how to accurately represent space. Despite having a considerable number of works attributed to him, only the portraits of the Sforza family are surely his. There has been much debate over the authenticity of his works due to some of his earlier works being dissimilar from one another, as if they were done by different people. It is hard to assess the breadth of his work because of the predominance of the Bembo name in the region. In addition, given that Bonifacio only has two secured works, it is nearly impossible to determine his style with such a small sample size. Further investigation is needed before any conclusive claims can be made about the authenticity of his works. Many of his attributed works can be found in museums and galleries in Italy. His "Coronation of the Virgin" can be found in Cremona while his "Drawings Illustrating the Story of Lancelot" can be found in the library of Florence.

paragraph: Section::::Tarot Cards.

paragraph: One of Bonifacio's best known works is the pack of tarocchi cards he painted for Bianca Visconti Sforza in the mid fifteenth century. Tarot cards began to appear in the mid fifteenth century, making Bembo one of the first artists to paint a deck of them. Bianca Sforza chose to have Bembo paint the cards because he was her favorite painter. In all, Bembo painted seventy-two cards of the full deck of seventy-eight. The modelling of the cherubs on the remaining six cards is different from Bembo's style and they are believed to have been painted by Antonio Cicognara to replace cards that had been lost from the original set. Of these seventy-eight, four have been lost over the course of history. The four that have been lost are the Devil, the Tower, the Knight of Coins, and the Three of Swords. The deck was composed of four main suits known as the Swords, Cups, Coins, and Staves. In addition the deck had a fifth mysterious suit of twenty-one trumps and a wild card known as the Fool. Bembo hand painted each individual card with skill, managing to incorporate the Visconti motto into many cards of the four main suits. On the fifth suit he managed to add Sforza devices. The deck is thought to have been painted in 1450, the year that Count Sforza adopted the three-ring device found on the Emperor and Empress cards. Each card was painted and illuminated on heavy cardboard and measures 175 by 87 millimeters.

paragraph: Given their beauty and elegance, the cards were very rarely played with, if at all, by the Sforza family based on the relative wear and tear on the cards compared to other decks the family owned. Even today the beauty of the cards has an impact on people. Italo Calvino wrote a novel titled "The castle of crossed destinies" based on the deck of cards Bembo created. Today, the cards can be found in different places as the set has been broken up throughout the years. The Morgan Library and Museum acquired 35 of the cards in 1911 and they have remained there ever since. At the JP Morgan Library the cards are kept in transparent envelopes so they may be examined without handling them. They are also held in a fourteenth century French casket-box decorated in relief with chivalric scenes. Thirteen cards are owned by the Colleoni family who inherited them from the Sforza family. Finally, the Accademia Carrara in Bergamo owns the other 26 cards with the final four cards having been lost.

alias:
Bonifazio Bembi
Bonafacio Bembo
Bonifazio Bembo
Bembi
Bonifacio Bembi
Bonifacius

description: Italian painter and miniaturist of the early-Renaissance

wikidata_label: Bonifacio Bembo

wikipedia_title: Bonifacio Bembo


text:
jazz
cornetist
Duke Ellington
Elmer Snowden
Fletcher Henderson
Horace Henderson
McKinney's Cotton Pickers
Luis Russell
Freddie Jenkins
Jazz at the Philharmonic
Jacques Becker
Rendezvous in July
Playboy
Down Beat
The Big Challenge
Cootie Williams
Rendezvous with Rex
Henderson Homecoming
Porgy & Bess Revisited
Chatter Jazz
The Happy Jazz of Rex Stewart

categories: RCA Victor artists,Swing trumpeters,Swing cornetists,Jazz musicians from Pennsylvania,20th-century American musicians,Dixieland trumpeters,Musicians from Philadelphia,Dixieland cornetists,1907 births,Duke Ellington Orchestra members,American jazz cornetists,1967 deaths

paragraph: Rex Stewart

paragraph: Rex William Stewart (February 22, 1907 – September 7, 1967) was an American jazz cornetist best remembered for his work with the Duke Ellington orchestra.

paragraph: After stints with Elmer Snowden, Fletcher Henderson, Horace Henderson, McKinney's Cotton Pickers, and Luis Russell, Stewart joined the Ellington band in 1934, replacing Freddie Jenkins. Duke Ellington arranged many of his pieces to showcase Stewart's half-valve effects, muted sound, and forceful style.

paragraph: Stewart co-wrote "Boy Meets Horn" and "Morning Glory" while with Ellington, and frequently supervised outside recording sessions by members of the Ellington band. After eleven years Stewart left to lead his own groups - " little swing bands, that were a perfect setting for his solo playing." He also toured Europe and Australia with Jazz at the Philharmonic from 1947 to 1951. He made a cameo appearance in Jacques Becker's 1949 film "Rendezvous in July". From the early 1950s on he worked in radio and television and published highly regarded jazz criticism. The book "Jazz Masters of the Thirties" is a selection of his criticism. Stewart also wrote for "Playboy", "Down Beat" and several other publications during his life. He lived in upstate New York after purchasing a 100+ year old farmhouse. He hosted a jazz radio program in Troy, New York and owned a small restaurant for a very short time near a drag racing stadium in Vermont. While living in France, he attended the Cordon Bleu school of cooking and dedicated his life to being a fine cook.

paragraph: Stewart moved to Los Angeles, California to be near his three children – Rex Jr., Helena and Regina. His other son Paul Albert Hardy lived in New York City. While in Los Angeles he re-connected to many of the Ellington side-men who lived there and played a lot of "jam" sessions in clubs in the Los Angeles area. Rex was also one of the regular studio musicians seen on the Steve Allen TV show. He hosted and coproduced (with George Cole) two radio shows about jazz music from his era, "Dixieland Doings" and "Things Aint What They Used To Be".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Big Jazz" with Jack Teagarden (Atlantic, 1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rex Stewart Plays Duke Ellington" with Illinois Jacquet (Grand Award, 1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Big Challenge" with Cootie Williams (Jazztone, 1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rendezvous with Rex" (Felsted, 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Henderson Homecoming" (United Artists, 1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Porgy & Bess Revisited" with Cootie Williams (Warner Bros., 1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chatter Jazz" with Dickie Wells (RCA Victor 1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Happy Jazz of Rex Stewart" (Swingville, 1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rex Stewart and the Ellingtonians" (Riverside, 1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rex Stewart Meets Henri Chaix" (Polydor, 1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Rex Stewart Memorial Album" (Prestige, 1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Irrepressible Rex Stewart" with John Dengler (Jazzology, 1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rex Stewart with the Alex Welsh Band" (Jazzology, 2004)

description: American jazz cornetist

wikidata_label: Rex Stewart

wikipedia_title: Rex Stewart


text:
Old Swedish
King of Sweden
House of Sverker
House of Eric
Östergötland
Westrogothic law
Iceland
Skáldatal
House of Stenkil
Danish
Magnus the Strong
Götaland
Saxo Grammaticus
Västergötland
Harald Gille
Mälaren
Sigtuna
Battle of Fotevik
Oluf Haraldsen
Skåne
Alvastra Abbey
Vreta Abbey
Niels
Ulvhild
Norway
Inge II of Sweden
Polish
Richeza
Sophia of Minsk
Valdemar the Great of Denmark
Cistercians
Alvastra
Varnhem
Nydala
Småland
Nicholas Breakspear
Linköping
Peter's pence
archbishopric
Swedes
Geats
Archbishop of Lund
Hadrianus IV
Charles VII
Russia
Republic of Novgorod
confrontation with Sweden
knyaz
Finnish Gulf
Baltic Sea
Canute V
Sweyn III of Denmark
John
Halland
Thing
Småland
Värend
Finnveden
Blenda
Valdemar
Helena
Westrogothic law
Christmas Day
Magnus Henriksson
Eric the Saint
Skáldatal
skald
Einarr Skúlason
Halldórr skvaldri
Ulvhild
Inge the Younger
Niels of Denmark
John
Cecilia
Charles
Vreta convent
Helena of Sweden
Canute V of Denmark
Magnus I of Sweden
Richeza
Magnus I of Sweden
Burislev of Sweden
Sune

categories: People murdered in Sweden,12th-century Swedish monarchs,Rulers of Finland,Assassinated Swedish people,12th-century murdered monarchs,1156 deaths,12th-century Swedish people,Swedish monarchs

paragraph: Sverker I of Sweden

paragraph: Sverker I or Sverker the Elder (Old Swedish: "Swærkir konongær gambli"), murdered 25 December 1156, was King of Sweden from about 1132 till his death. Of non-royal descent, he founded the House of Sverker, the rulers of which alternated with the rival House of Eric over the next century.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: Sverker was a large landowner from Östergötland. According to the Westrogothic law (c. 1240), his father's name was "Cornube", but according to the Icelandic "Skáldatal", his father's name was "Kol". A later pedigree has the filiation Kettil - Kol - Kornike (Cornube) - Sverker. He rose to power after the extinction of the House of Stenkil in the 1120s. The Danish prince Magnus the Strong was acknowledged as king in Götaland for a while, although the extent of his actual power is not clear. However, Magnus's involvement in the civil strife in his homeland gave opportunities for Sverker to act. According to the partial account of Saxo Grammaticus, "the Swedes, when they heard that Magnus was busy with war in Denmark, took one of their fellow countrymen, a man of modest ancestry by the name of Sverker, as their king; not because they appreciated him in particular, but since they would not stand under the rule of a foreigner." From the order of events in Saxo's chronicle, this took place in c. 1132.

paragraph: Section::::Consolidation of power.

paragraph: It appears that Sverker was only slowly recognized by the various provinces of the kingdom. Norwegian sources speak of several separate actions taken by the elite of Västergötland in the 1130s, indicating a high degree of separatism. The jarl of Västergötland, Karl of Edsvära, settled the Norwegian-Geatish border with King Harald Gille in 1135 and is even termed "king" in a source. The same goes for the provinces around Lake Mälaren where Magnus still had adherents. Bishop Henrik of Sigtuna was expelled from Sweden and fell at the side of Magnus in the Battle of Fotevik in 1134. Sverker was acknowledged in the Mälaren provinces by 1135, when he received the Danish pretender Oluf Haraldsen, whom he supported in his quest for power in Skåne. At least by the 1140s the authority of Sverker was generally acknowledged in the loosely structured kingdom. The basis of his power was the central plain of Östergötland with the church of Kaga, Alvastra Abbey and Vreta Abbey as religious supporting sites.

paragraph: Sverker took care to anchor his legitimacy through his marriage policy. According to the hostile account of Saxo Grammaticus, "Niels [of Denmark] married Ulvhild from Norway ... Sverker sent envoys to her and asked for her love. Shortly afterwards, he clandestinely brought her from her husband and made her marry him". The outrageous behaviour of Sverker may be explained by the background of Ulvhild; she had previously been married to Inge II of Sweden, the last of the House of Stenkil, and therefore represented the influence and properties of the extinct dynasty. After the death of Ulvhild he married the widow of his old enemy Magnus the Strong, the Polish princess Richeza, presumably in an effort to bring over the last adherents of Magnus to his side. The marriage gave him control over Richeza's daughter Sophia of Minsk, who was engaged with the future king Valdemar the Great of Denmark in 1154, and married him after Sverker's death.

paragraph: Section::::Clerical policy.

paragraph: Sverker based much of his royal authority on his patronage of the Church. The Cistercians were called in on the initiative of Queen Ulvhild and founded a number of abbeys: Alvastra in Östergötland, Varnhem in Västergötland, and Nydala in Småland. The king also strove to achieve Swedish ecclesiastic autonomy. The papal delegate Nicholas Breakspear toured Scandinavia in 1152 and was received by Sverker with great honours. During a meeting in Linköping, the installation of Peter's pence (papal tax) for Sweden was probably decided. However, the plans of installing a Swedish archbishopric were stalled, according to Saxo since "the Swedes and Geats could not agree what town and person was worthy of the dignity". Therefore Nicholas Breakspear "refused the quarreling parts this honour and did not endow these still religiously ignorant barbarians the highest clerical dignity". When he later on visited Denmark, Breakspear promised the Archbishop of Lund the primacy over any future Archbishop of Sweden. This was later confirmed when Breakspear became pope under the name Hadrianus IV. An archbishopric was only installed in 1164 in the reign of Sverker's son Charles VII.

paragraph: Section::::Foreign policy.

paragraph: Swedish relations with the Russian principalities had been good for the past century or more, but in the reign of Sverker there was a turn towards enmity. According to a Russian chronicle, the newly founded Republic of Novgorod had its first confrontation with Sweden at this time, breaking a century-long peace that had been guaranteed by marriages between the ruling families. The Swedish ""knyaz"" (Russian for ruling prince) and bishop arrived in the Finnish Gulf with 60 boats in 1142, and made an abortive attack on a fleet of traders. The further circumstances of the expedition are entirely lacking; it may have aimed to subdue non-Christian peoples east of the Baltic Sea.

paragraph: A more serious confrontation took place in another direction in the 1150s. Sverker received his stepson, the Danish co-ruler Canute V when the latter was in trouble at home. This support was a threat to Canute's rival, Sweyn III of Denmark. Moreover, Sverker's son John abducted two noblewomen in Halland in Denmark "in order to satisfy his lust", although his father and the people forced him to eventually return the ladies. Nicholas Breakspear tried in vain to dissuade King Sweyn from invading Sweden, since "the land was difficult for waging warfare and the people were poor, so there was no advantage to seek there." However, Sweyn believed it was the right moment to strike, since Prince John had been slain by the peasantry at a Thing and, as a result, a conflict arose between them and Sverker. Moreover, Sverker was by now an old man with little taste for war.

paragraph: King Sweyn proceeded to lead an expedition into the forested province Småland in southern Sweden in 1153, with the professed aim to subjugate Sweden. Sverker kept passive and did not meet the invaders in open battle, but the local populations resisted furiously and ambushed the Danes where they could. The war was fought in the cold of the winter; a large part of the horses of the invaders died from exhaustion and lack of fodder. Although the inhabitants of Värend submitted, Sweyn was forced to sneak back to Denmark in early 1154. Part of the army returned via Finnveden whose peasantry invited the soldiers to a feast, then assaulted and massacred them. The incident might have inspired the 17th-century local legend of Blenda.

paragraph: The war thus abruptly came to an end, and did not stop Sverker's association with Canute V. Sweyn III had hitherto been closely allied with the other Danish pretender Valdemar, the future King Valdemar the Great, but the latter was now drawn to Canute's side. Realizing the adverse attitude of Sweyn, Canute and Valdemar visited Sverker in 1154 with an eye to a marriage alliance. According to the probably exaggerated account of Saxo, "Sverker received them so friendly, that he, hoping for a future son-in-law, offered to make them his heirs while passing over his own children, either because of the incompetence of his sons or the high birth of the distinguished wooer." Thus Canute V was betrothed to his host's daughter Helena. It also appears that Canute as well as Valdemar owned landed property in Sweden at the time. With the alliance with Sverker in their back, the two pretenders were able to attack Sweyn III successfully in the same year.

paragraph: Section::::The murder of Sverker.

paragraph: The short chronicle of the Westrogothic law says that Sverker was murdered in his own coach at the Alebäck bridge near Alvastra priory, going to the early religious service on Christmas Day, 1156. The assassin was his trusted servant, a detail that is confirmed by a papal letter. This was considered a shocking crime, even by medieval standards. According to Saxo, the pretender Magnus Henriksson, a Danish prince, "made the servant commit this murder out of clandestine desire to become king". Sverker was succeeded in parts of Sweden by a pretender from another family, Eric the Saint, under very obscure circumstances. However, Sverker's son Charles VII emerged as king in Östergötland by c. 1158.

paragraph: "Skáldatal" reports the names of two of Sverker's skalds: Einarr Skúlason and Halldórr skvaldri.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: By first wife Queen Ulvhild, widow of Inge the Younger, and who escaped from her second husband, King Niels of Denmark:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Son John (Johan or Jon jarl), slain by enraged peasants during a meeting of the Thing in the early 1150s, possibly father of Cecilia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Son Charles, Sverker's successor

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter Ingegerd (died in 1204), prioress of Vreta convent

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter Helena of Sweden (uncertain name), married to Canute V of Denmark, son of King Magnus I of Sweden

paragraph: By second wife Queen Richeza (after Ulvhild's death), previously married to Magnus I of Sweden and to Volodar of Minsk. Attested son of this marriage was:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Son Boleslaw, possibly identical with Burislev of Sweden.

paragraph: By one of these queens or an unknown woman:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Allegedly a son Sune, thought to have been born about 1154.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ahnlund, Nils. "Vreta klosters äldsta donatorer", "Historisk tidskrift" 65, 1945.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harrison, Dick. "Sveriges historia 600-1350". Stockholm: Norstedts, 2009 ().

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lagerqvist Lars O., Åberg Nils. "Kings and Rulers of Sweden". Vincent Publications, 2002 ().

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liljegren, Bengt. "Rulers of Sweden". Historiska Media, 2004 ().

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sawyer, Peter. "När Sverige blev Sverige". Alingsås: Viktoria, 1991 ().

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saxo Grammaticus. "Danmarks kronike", Vol. I-II. Kobenhavn: Aschenfeldt's, 1985 ().

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tunberg, Sven. "Sveriges historia till våra dagar. Andra delen. Äldre medeltiden". Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt & Söners Förlag, 1926.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Västgötalagen", http://project2.sol.lu.se/fornsvenska/01_Bitar/A.L5.D-Vidhem.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wallin, Curt. "Knutsgillena i det medeltida Sverige. Kring kulten av de nordiska helgonkungarna" [Historiskt arkiv, 16]. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wicksell, 1975 ().

description: King of Sweden

wikidata_label: Sverker I of Sweden

wikipedia_title: Sverker I of Sweden


text:
Whig
Sephardi Jews
Spanish
Portuguese
St Olave Hart Street
London
merchant
William Shakespeare
oratory
Member of Parliament
Lincoln
Rochester
Weymouth and Melcombe Regis
British Archaeological Society
Ralph Bernal Osborne
took on the surname
Sir Thomas Osborne, 9th Baronet

categories: UK MPs 1832–1835,UK MPs 1820–1826,Whig (British political party) MPs,1854 deaths,British male stage actors,UK MPs 1835–1837,British people of Portuguese-Jewish descent,19th-century British male actors,UK MPs 1837–1841,Jewish British politicians,Politics of Lincoln, England,1780s births,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,UK MPs 1826–1830,UK MPs 1830–1831,British people of Spanish-Jewish descent,UK MPs 1841–1847,UK MPs 1831–1832

paragraph: Ralph Bernal

paragraph: Ralph Bernal (2 October 1783 or 2 October 1784 – 26 August 1854) was a British Whig politician and art collector.

paragraph: His parents, Jacob Israel Bernal and wife Leah da Silva, were Sephardi Jews of Spanish and Portuguese origin, but he was baptised at St Olave Hart Street in London. His father was a merchant.

paragraph: During his youth he became an actor and he performed to acclaim in several works by William Shakespeare, during which time he gained a reputation for oratory. He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Lincoln 1818–20 and MP for Rochester from 1820–41 and again from 1847–52. From 1842–47 he was MP for Weymouth and Melcombe Regis.

paragraph: Bernal was president of the British Archaeological Society in 1853. He built up a substantial collection of glass, ceramics and other art objects, which were auctioned after his death, with the 4,000 lots selling for £70,000.

paragraph: He married Ann Elizabeth White in April 1806. His eldest son was Ralph Bernal Osborne (1808–1882), a politician, who took on the surname Osborne on marrying the daughter of Sir Thomas Osborne, 9th Baronet.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Ralph Bernal

wikipedia_title: Ralph Bernal


text:
Worcester
Massachusetts
American
ice hockey
defenseman
HDD Olimpija Ljubljana
Austrian Hockey League
University of Massachusetts Amherst
UMass Minutemen men's ice hockey
American Hockey League
Hartford Wolf Pack
2005–06 AHL season
free agent
Montreal Canadiens
Hamilton Bulldogs
2007–08 AHL season

categories: Hamilton Bulldogs (AHL) players,Sportspeople from Worcester, Massachusetts,Reading Royals players,Living people,EHC Wolfsburg players,ERC Ingolstadt players,Eisbären Berlin players,Ice hockey people from Massachusetts,HDD Olimpija Ljubljana players,Elmira Jackals (ECHL) players,Hartford Wolf Pack players,1983 births,Trenton Titans players,UMass Minutemen ice hockey players,American ice hockey defensemen,Providence Bruins players

paragraph: Marvin Degon

paragraph: Marvin Degon (born July 20, 1983, in Worcester, Massachusetts) is an American professional ice hockey defenseman, currently playing for HDD Olimpija Ljubljana of the Austrian Hockey League (EBEL).

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Degon attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst where he played four years of college hockey with the UMass Minutemen men's ice hockey team from 2002-06.

paragraph: Undrafted following college, Degon stepped right in the American Hockey League to play with the Hartford Wolf Pack the final games of the 2005–06 AHL season and playoffs.

paragraph: On July 5, 2007 Degon was signed as a free agent by the Montreal Canadiens who assigned him to their AHL affiliate, the Hamilton Bulldogs, for the 2007–08 AHL season.

paragraph: On August 18, 2014, Degon returned to the EBEL, signing with Slovenian club HDD Olimpija Ljubljana; he began with a one-year deal.

description: American ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Marvin Degon

wikipedia_title: Marvin Degon


text:
2475 BC
2445 BC
Ancient Egypt
Egypt
king
Neferirkare Kakai
fifth dynasty
Neferefre
Nyuserre Ini
Reputnebty
Khentkaus I
Horus
Seth
Abusir Papyri
Abusir
Neferirkare Kakai
Nyuserre Ini
Menkauhor Kaiu

categories: 25th-century BC women,Queens consort of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt

paragraph: Khentkaus II

paragraph: Khentkaus II (2475 BC – 2445 BC) was a royal woman who lived in Ancient Egypt. She was a wife of Egyptian king Neferirkare Kakai of the fifth dynasty. She was the mother of two kings, Neferefre and Nyuserre Ini.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Khentkaus II was the wife of Neferirkare Kakai. Her pyramid complex was started during the reign of her husband, when her title was still that of king's wife ("hmt nswt"). The construction of her tomb was halted, possibly when her husband died, and later was resumed during the reign of her son. After the building was resumed her title was "king's mother" ("mwt nswt"). Khentkaues II is shown on a block with her husband Neferirkare and a son named Ranefer (B).

paragraph: A limestone fragment was found in the pyramid complex mentioning a king's daughter Reputnebty, who is followed by a king's son Khentykauhor. From context, Reputnebty was a daughter of Nyuserre and hence a granddaughter of Khentkaus II. A further king's son Irenre Junior ("nedjes") is mentioned.

paragraph: Section::::Titles.

paragraph: Khentkaus II held several titles including the title "Mwt-neswt-bity-neswt-bity", which she has in common with Khentkaus I. This title is not well understood and could mean either mother of the dual kings, or dual king and mother of the dual king. Other titles held by Khentkaus II include great one of the hetes-sceptre ("wrt-hetes"), she who sees Horus and Seth ("m33t-hrw-stsh"), great of praises ("wrt-hzwt"), king's wife ("hmt-nisw"), king's wife, his beloved ("hmt-nisw meryt.f"), priestess of Bapef ("hmt-ntr-b3-pf"), priestess of Tjazepef ("hmt-ntr-t3-zp.f"), directress of the butchers in the acacia house ("khrpt-sshmtiw-shndt"), attendant of Horus ("kht-hrw"), God's daughter ("s3t-ntr"), companion of Horus ("smrt-hrw" and "tist-hrw").

paragraph: The king's mother Khentkaus II is mentioned in the "Abusir Papyri".

paragraph: Section::::Tomb.

paragraph: Khentkaus II had a pyramid complex in Abusir next to the pyramid complex of her husband Neferirkare Kakai. The pyramid initially was excavated in 1906 by Borchardt. The structure was then thought to be a double mastaba and was not excavated very thoroughly. Seventy years later the Czech Institute conducted a thorough excavation of the site. The construction of the pyramid was likely started during the reign of her husband Neferirkare Kakai and finished during the reign of her son Nyuserre Ini. The pyramid was robbed during the First Intermediate Period. During the Middle Kingdom the pyramid was reopened and the sarcophagus reused for the burial of a young child. By the end of the New Kingdom the destruction of the site occurred when stones were taken from the site to be reused elsewhere.

paragraph: The mortuary temple of Khentkaues II was decorated, but the reliefs were damaged and what remains, are a collection of fragments. The scenes included depictions of offerings, a funeral meal, agricultural scenes, the procession of funerary estates, and the family of king Nyuserre greeting the his mother.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Menkauhor Kaiu

description: politician

wikidata_label: Khentkaus II

wikipedia_title: Khentkaus II


text:
San Francisco
electroacoustic
Kansas City
Jimi Hendrix
Kansas City Art Institute
Mills College
Fred Frith
Pauline Oliveros
Taylor Dupree
12K
Bay Area
electronic music
Mills College
12k
Ghostly International
Fällt
Sub Rosa
Ache Records
Ryuichi Sakamoto
Tycho
Zach Hill
Death Grips
Hella
Kid606
Brad Laner
Handsome Boy Modeling School
Taylor Deupree
Matmos
California College of the Arts
San Francisco Art Institute
Berkeley City College
Bay Area Video Coalition
Goucher College
Ableton Live
Max for Live
Touch Designer
Oakland
Christopher Willits official website
MikeyPod Podcast interview
MikeyPod Podcast interview

categories: Musicians from Kansas City, Missouri,Ableton Live users,American electronic musicians,Artists from Missouri,Kansas City Art Institute alumni,Guitarists from Missouri,American experimental musicians,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people,American male guitarists

paragraph: Christopher Willits

paragraph: Christopher Willits (born April 8, 1978) is a San Francisco based guitarist, electronic music composer and producer, pioneering technologist, visual artist and scholar. His music is electroacoustic in nature, in that both analogue and digital sounds are meshed into one singular sound

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Kansas City, MO, Willits began playing guitar when he was about 13. He got his first guitar after a football game when, out of the blue, his father suggested they buy one for him. He'd played piano as a child, but up to this point, his main interest had been sports. "I couldn't really stand piano. It felt too boxy and classical," he remembers. "I loved that dynamic energy of sports and the improvisation... I played everything; soccer, baseball, basketball. ... That's really where my understanding of improvisation and teamwork came in."

paragraph: With his own guitar, he began playing all the time, trying to figure out the solos that he heard on his Jimi Hendrix records, and then forming bands in the psychedelic vein. Also a visual artist, he attended the Kansas City Art Institute, where he studied painting, then came to Mills College in California where he studied with Fred Frith and Pauline Oliveros. An ambient album released while still in college on Taylor Dupree's 12K label launched his solo career.

paragraph: “A universal talent, not only a virtuosic musician but an adept computer programmer—to create his shimmering walls of sound he uses his own custom software (he began inventing his own guitar effects when he was 13), and accompanies live performances with interactive visuals.”

paragraph: The Kansas City native came to the Bay Area in 2000 (After a painting scholarship at KCAI)and received a master’s degree in electronic music at Mills College where he studied with Fred Frith and Pauline Oliveros. Along the way, he advanced his skills in photography, cinematography and new media.

paragraph: Willits completed a master's degree in electronic music at Mills College.

paragraph: Willits, as a solo artist or in collaboration, has released music on the following record labels: 12k (USA), Ghostly International (USA), Fällt(Ireland), Sub Rosa (Belgium), Ache Records (Canada), Yacca (Japan) and Plop (Japan). He has toured throughout Europe, America, Mexico, Canada, Australia, China, Thailand, and Japan.

paragraph: Willits has participated in numerous projects, including collaborations with Ryuichi Sakamoto, Tycho, Zach Hill (drummer from the band Death Grips and Hella), Kid606, Brad Laner (Medicine), Nate Boyce, Latrice Barnett (singer/songwriter and bassist for Handsome Boy Modeling School), Taylor Deupree (12k record label founder), Scott Pagano (visual artist and motion graphics designer), Matmos. Willits is also the founder and director of the record label and community building organization Overlap.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Willits regularly teaches workshops on spatial audio, music production, the creative process, and leadership. He has taught at California College of the Arts (CCA), San Francisco Art Institute (SFAI), Berkeley City College (BCC), The Art Institute San Francisco, Norcal DJMPA, Sound Arts, the Bay Area Video Coalition and Goucher College.

paragraph: Willits is also a meditation teacher teaching at The Center (cite ), Habitas, Envelop SF, and his own private workshops.

paragraph: Section::::Instruments and Tools.

paragraph: Willits plays a custom Moog guitar. Along with various outboard gear and uses Ableton Live with Max for Live, and Touch Designer for video processing.

paragraph: Section::::Envelop.

paragraph: Willits is the executive director of Envelop, a nonprofit organization that amplifies the connective power of music through immersive audio venues, and open source spatial audio production software.

paragraph: Section::::Overlap.

paragraph: Christopher Willits directs the creative collective http://overlap.org  which is involved in creative community building events and runs a studio in Oakland CA.

paragraph: Section::::Folding.

paragraph: Willits' guitar lines and harmonies are folded into each other using custom-designed software (Willits uses the term "folding" to describe the non-linear, real-time indexing, cutting and re-sampling of guitar and voice).

paragraph: Willits, in an interview, further expanded on the term 'folding,' "It has a lot to do with time. I actually wrote a whole thesis about this, if you want to go to the Mills library and check it out [laughs]. It's a very simple process of recording something to memory and then indexing at different points. But instead of it being a granular process [a form of synthesis in which a sample is separated into 'grains'], I'm actually skating to different locations within this memory. So there's this continuous rupture of time that creates these rhythmic patterns, so these melodic patterns start to emerge out of this time processing technique."

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sunset" (Ghostly International) - 2019

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Horizon" (Ghostly International) - 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Art of Listening (An Original Score Soundtrack)" (self-released) - 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Opening" (Ghostly International) – 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ancient Future" (Ghostly International) - 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- "GOLD" (Overlap) – 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live on Earth – Vol. 3" (self-released) – 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tiger Flower Circle Sun" (Ghostly International) – 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live on Earth – Vol. 2" (self-released) – 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live on Earth – Vol. 1" (self-released) – 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Plants and Hearts" (Room40) – 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Surf Boundaries" (Ghostly International) – 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pollen" (Fallt) – 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Little Edo" (Nibble) – 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Folding, and the Tea" (12k) – 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- ":plateaus, centers, stoma..." (self-released CDR) – 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- "storks and wires" (self-released CDR) – 2000

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Collaborations and band projects.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Willits + Sakamoto (Christopher Willits and Ryuichi Sakamoto) – "Ancient Future" (Ghostly International) – 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boyce + Matmos + Willits - "Subconscious Attraction Strategies" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Willits + Sakamoto (Christopher Willits and Ryuichi Sakamoto) – "Ocean Fire" (Commmons/12k) – 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christopher Willits + Taylor Deupree – "Listening Garden" (Line) – 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- The North Valley Subconscious Orchestra – "The Right Kind of Nothing" (Ghostly International) – 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christopher Willits + Taylor Deupree – "Live in Japan 2004" (12k) – 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flössin – "Lead Singer" (Ache Records, Yacca) – 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christopher Willits + Taylor Deupree – "Mujo" (Plop) – 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christopher Willits + Taylor Deupree – "AS08" (Sub Rosa, Audiosphere) – 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saturn 138" (HWTBL) – 1998

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Remixes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tycho - "Montana" (Christopher Willits Remix)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Glitch Mob - "The Clouds Breathe for You" (Christopher Willits Remix)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harold Budd - "Olancha Hello" (Christopher Willits Remix)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alejandro Bento - "Heartbeat" (Christopher Willits Remix)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clarinet Factory - "Nautilus" (Christopher Willits Remix)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tmymtur - "050912/0" (Christopher Willits Remix)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Compilations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Various artists – "Idol Tryouts" (Ghostly International) – 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Various artists – "SMM vol.2 – Breathe in Seven Sections" (Ghostly International) – 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Various artists – "E*A*D*G*B*E – Seven Machines For Summer" (12k) – 2003

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christopher Willits official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- MikeyPod Podcast interview with Christopher Willits (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- MikeyPod Podcast interview with Christopher Willits (2017)

description: American electronic musician

wikidata_label: Christopher Willits

wikipedia_title: Christopher Willits


text:
Egyptian
pharaoh
13th dynasty
Second Intermediate Period
Memphis
Egyptian Museum
Turin canon
Alan Gardiner
Ptah
epithet
Ptah
15th dynasty
Hyksos
Aqenenre Apepi
Seth
Avaris
Pi-Ramesses
Ramses II
Tanis
21st dynasty
Flinders Petrie
Egyptian Museum
steatite
Sobek
Shedyt
British Museum
Kim Ryholt
Egyptian Museum
Second Intermediate Period
Alan Gardiner
Jürgen von Beckerath
filiative nomina
Khendjer
Stephen Quirke
Khendjer
Jürgen von Beckerath
Sehetepkare Intef
Seth Meribre
Papyrus Boulaq 18
Aya
Shemu
Southern South Saqqara pyramid
Sehetepkare Intef
List of pharaohs

paragraph: Imyremeshaw

paragraph: Smenkhkare Imyremeshaw was an Egyptian pharaoh of the mid 13th dynasty during the Second Intermediate Period.

paragraph: Imyremeshaw reigned from Memphis, starting in 1759 BC or 1711 BC. The length of his reign is not known for certain; he may have reigned for 5 years and certainly less than 10 years. Imyremeshaw is attested by two colossal statues now in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.

paragraph: Imyremeshaw is attested on the Turin canon, on column 7, line 21 (Alan Gardiner's entry 6.21) as "[Smenkh]kare Imyremeshaw". The main contemporary attestations of Imyremeshaw are a pair of colossi dedicated to Ptah "He who is south of his wall, Lord of Ankhtawy" ("rsy-snb=f nb ˁnḫt3wy"), a Memphite epithet indicating that the statues must originally have been set up in the temple of Ptah in Memphis. The colossi were later usurped by the 15th dynasty Hyksos ruler Aqenenre Apepi who had his name inscribed on the right shoulder of each statue with a dedication to "Seth, Lord of Avaris" and had the statues placed in his capital, Avaris. Later, the colossi were moved to Pi-Ramesses by Ramses II who also had his name inscribed on them, together with a further dedication to Seth. Finally, the statues were moved to Tanis during the 21st dynasty where the colossi remained until the 1897 excavations under the direction of Flinders Petrie. The two statues are now in the Egyptian Museum and are numbered JE37466 and JE37467.

paragraph: The only other contemporary attestation of Imyremeshaw is a white steatite bead bearing the inscription "The good god, Smenkhkare, beloved of Sobek, Lord of Shedyt". The bead is now in the British Museum, numbered BM EA74185. Although the provenance of the bead is unknown, egyptologists Darrell Baker and Kim Ryholt propose that the reference to Shedyt, a town close to Memphis, on the bead could indicate that the bead originates from this location.

paragraph: Finally, W. Davies has proposed that the torso of a statuette discovered in the ruins of a 13th dynasty pyramid at Saqqara south and dating "to [a] close successor of Khendjer" may belong to Imyremeshaw. The fragment however is uninscribed and Davies' identification of the owner of the statuette as Imyremeshaw is based solely "on grounds of provenance". The statuette is now in the Egyptian Museum, JE54493.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: The nomen of Imyremeshaw is a well attested name in use during the Second Intermediate Period and means "Overseer of troops" or "General". For this reason, it has been assumed without further evidence that Imyremeshaw was a general before becoming king. Following this hypothesis, egyptologists Alan Gardiner and William Hayes translated the entry of the Turin canon referring to Imyremeshaw as "Smenkhkare the General", i.e. understanding Imyremeshaw as a title rather than a name. Jürgen von Beckerath proposes that Imyremeshaw was of foreign origin and had a foreign name that could not be understood by the Egyptians and thus became known to them by his military title.

paragraph: Furthermore, Imyremeshaw did not use any filiative nomina—that is, he was apparently not related to his predecessor Khendjer and certainly of non-royal birth. Thus, scholars suggested that he may have come to power by orchestrating a military coup against his predecessor Khendjer.

paragraph: Baker and Ryholt contest this hypothesis. They point to the lack of evidence for a military coup as one cannot rule out an usurpation by political means. Additionally, they note that Imyremeshaw was a common personal name at the time. Similar common names based on titles include Imyrikhwe (literally "Overseer of cattle"), Imyreper ("Steward") and Imyrekhenret ("Overseer of the compound"). For these reasons, Stephen Quirke suggests that the name of Imyremeshaw may simply reflect a family tradition and Ryholt adds that it could indicate a family with a military background.

paragraph: Section::::Chronological position and reign length.

paragraph: The exact chronological position of Imyremeshaw in the 13th dynasty is not known for certain owing to uncertainties affecting earlier kings of the dynasty. According to the Turin canon, Imyremeshaw was the immediate successor of Khendjer. Baker makes him the twenty-second king of the dynasty, Ryholt sees him as the twenty-third king and Jürgen von Beckerath places him as the eighteenth pharaoh of the dynasty.

paragraph: The exact duration of the reign of Imyremeshaw is mostly lost in a lacuna of the Turin canon and cannot be recovered, except for the end: ""[and] 4 days"". Ryholt proposes that the combined reigns of Imyremeshaw and his two successors Sehetepkare Intef and Seth Meribre amount to about 10 years. Another piece of evidence concerning the reign of Imyremeshaw is found in the 13th dynasty Papyrus Boulaq 18 which reports, among other things, the composition of a royal family comprising ten king's sisters, an unspecified number of king's brothers, three daughters of the king, a son named Redienef and a queen named Aya. Even though the king's name is lost in a lacuna, Ryholt's analysis of the papyrus only leaves Imyremeshaw and Sehetepkare Intef as possibilities. This is significant because the papyrus reports a year 3 and a year 5 dates for this king. Additionally, a date "regnal year 5, 3rd month of Shemu, 18th day" is known from the unfinished pyramid complex neighboring that of Khendjer known as Southern South Saqqara pyramid, which may thus have been built by the same person, perhaps Imyremeshaw.

paragraph: The exact circumstances of the end of Imyremeshaw's reign are unknown but the fact that his successor Sehetepkare Intef did not use filiative nomina points to a non-royal birth. Consequently, Ryholt proposes that Intef may have usurped the throne.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of pharaohs

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Imyremeshaw

wikipedia_title: Imyremeshaw


text:
Count of Squillace
Lord of Castres
Philip I of Monfort, Lord of Tyre
Charles of Anjou
Kingdom of Sicily
Battle of Benevento
Hugh of Mirepoix
Angevin
Sicily
Augusta
Outremer
Eighth Crusade
Guy I de Lévis
John of Montfort
Marseilles
Bernard VII of Comminges
John V of Vendôme
Guy VI of Forez
Charles I of Sicily
Eighth Crusade
Philip of Montfort, Lord of Tyre
Coat of Arms in the Wijnbergen Roll

categories: House of Montfort,Charles I of Naples,Year of birth unknown,Christians of the Eighth Crusade,1270 deaths

paragraph: Philip of Montfort, Lord of Castres

paragraph: Philip ΙΙ of Montfort (died 24 September 1270) was a French nobleman, Count of Squillace in Italy from 1266/68, then Lord of Castres in 1270. He was the son of Philip I of Monfort, Lord of Tyre and Eleonore of Courtenay. His coat-of-arms was "Gules, a lion rampant double queued argent, a label of four points azure" (or "... rampant queue forche ...").

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He joined the expedition of Charles of Anjou to conquer the Kingdom of Sicily, and he shared command of the first battalion at the Battle of Benevento with Hugh of Mirepoix. After Benevento, he was given command of forces to protect the Papal States. He led the Angevin troops into the island of Sicily, and put down the revolt that resulted in the sacking of Augusta.

paragraph: On his father’s death in March 1270, he succeeded to his French seigneury of Castres, but his father's possessions in Outremer had been granted to his half-brother John of Montfort. He joined the Eighth Crusade and died in Tunis.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He married Jeanne de Lévis-Mirepoix († 30 June 1284), daughter of Guy I de Lévis, Lord of Mirepoix and Guibourge of Montfort and had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John of Montfort, Count of Squillace (d. bef. December 1300), married firstly Isabella Maletta, married secondly Giovanna di Fasanella, married thirdly in 1273 Marguerite of Beaumont (d. March 1307, Marseilles)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laure of Montfort (d. bef. December 1300), married Bernard VII of Comminges

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eleonore of Montfort (d. aft. May 1338), married before February 1302 John V of Vendôme

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeanne of Montfort (d. 1300), married firstly 1268 Guy VI of Forez (19 January 1278), married secondly 1278 Louis I of Savoy, Baron de Vaud (d. aft. 1302).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles I of Sicily

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eighth Crusade

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip of Montfort, Lord of Tyre

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coat of Arms in the Wijnbergen Roll

description: French noble

wikidata_label: Philip of Montfort, Lord of Castres

wikipedia_title: Philip of Montfort, Lord of Castres


text: Alexander Erskine of Gogar

text: Margaret Home

text: George Home, 4th Lord Home

text: Mariotta Haliburton

text: James VI of Scotland

text: Prince Henry

text: Gowrie Conspiracy

text: Dirletoun

text: Duke of Lennox

text: ascended the English throne

text: Lady Anne Clifford

text: Theobalds

text: Kellie Castle

text: Lord Oliphant

text: Knight of the Garter

text: Earl of Kellie

text: Privy Council

text: Pittenweem

text: Fife

text: Thomas Erskine, 2nd Earl of Kellie

text: Sir Gilbert Ogilvie

text: Commendator of Cambuskenneth

text: Sir Henry Pierpoint

text: Dorothy

text: Erskine clan

categories: Earls of Kellie,16th-century Scottish people,Knights of the Garter,1566 births,Court of James VI and I,Members of the Parliament of Scotland 1617,1639 deaths,Clan Erskine,17th-century Scottish people

paragraph: Thomas Erskine, 1st Earl of Kellie

paragraph: Thomas Erskine, 1st Earl of Kellie (1566 – 12 June 1639) was a Scottish peer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Thomas Erskine was the eldest surviving son of Sir Alexander Erskine of Gogar and Margaret Home, a daughter of George Home, 4th Lord Home and Mariotta Haliburton.

paragraph: Thomas was a school classmate and lifelong personal friend of James VI of Scotland (later James I of England). He was a server at the king's table, a "sewar", and in 1585 was made a Gentleman of His Majesty's Bedchamber. In January 1593 James VI set a tax anticipating the expenses of the birth and baptism of Prince Henry and appointed Erskine Collector General of this tax. At a tournament during the baptism festivities, Erskine was in a team with the King, dressed as Knights of Malta.

paragraph: Erskine was with the king on the occasion of the Gowrie Conspiracy in 1600, when James was supposedly kidnapped by the Ruthven brothers at their house in Perth. He was afterwards awarded a third of the confiscated land of the Ruthvens and given the title Lord Erskine of Dirletoun in 1604. He was made a Privy Councilor in 1601 and accompanied the Duke of Lennox on a diplomatic visit to France.

paragraph: Thomas travelled with James to England when James ascended the English throne in 1603. Lady Anne Clifford described a visit to the king at Theobalds in May 1603, noting that that the fashion of the court had changed, "we were all lowzy by sittinge in Sir Thomas Erskin's chamber."

paragraph: He was made Captain of the Guard (1603–1617) and Groom of the Stool in 1604 and created Viscount Fenton (or Fentoun)in 1606. He acquired Kellie Castle from the 5th Lord Oliphant in 1613 and was given the barony of Kellie. In 1615 he was made a Knight of the Garter and Earl of Kellie in March 1619.

paragraph: When King James died in March 1625 the Privy Council drafted a proclamation. Kellie reminded them that James had preferred the title "King of Great Britain", and he assured the council that using "King of England and Scotland" would not please the people of Scotland.

paragraph: He died intestate in London in 1639 and was buried at Pittenweem, Fife. Thomas's son Alexander predeceased his father in 1633. He was succeeded by his grandson, Thomas Erskine, 2nd Earl of Kellie

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: The Earl of Kellie married three times. His first marriage, on 30 November 1587 was to Ann Ogilvie, daughter of Sir Gilbert Ogilvie, of Powrie. A younger brother, James Erskine, married Marie, a daughter of Adam Erskine, Commendator of Cambuskenneth on 17 May 1594.

paragraph: He married secondly in 1604 to Elizabeth Pierpoint, daughter of Sir Henry Pierpoint.

paragraph: He married thirdly the thrice-widowed Dorothy, daughter of Ambrose Smith of Cheapside.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , Endnotes:

paragraph: BULLET::::- and volume 9, page 284.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Erskine clan

description: Scottish noble

wikidata_label: Thomas Erskine, 1st Earl of Kellie

wikipedia_title: Thomas Erskine, 1st Earl of Kellie


text: courtesy name

text: pseudonym

text: Chinese

text: Ming

text: Qing

text: Hengyang

text: Hunan

text: Chinese classic texts

text: Manchus

text: Chuanshan

text: Zizhi Tongjian

text: Confucius

text: neo-Confucian philosophy

text: Book of Changes

text: Zhang Zai

text: Zhu Xi

text: Zhu Xi

text: Zhang Zai

text: Chinese Legalism

text: Chinese philosophy

text: Confucianism

text: Anti-Qing sentiment

text: Jacques Gernet

text: "Wang Fuzi"

text: Encyclopedia of China

text: Wang Fu-chih

text: Wang Fuzhi on ctext.org

categories: Qing dynasty historians,Qing dynasty philosophers,Ming dynasty scholars,1619 births,1692 deaths,Chinese Confucianists,People from Hengyang,Philosophers from Hunan,Qing dynasty essayists,17th-century philosophers,Historians from Hunan

paragraph: Wang Fuzhi

paragraph: Wang Fuzhi (), 1619–1692) courtesy name Ernong (), pseudonym Chuanshan (), was a Chinese philosopher of the late Ming, early Qing dynasties.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born to a scholarly family in Hengyang in Hunan province in 1619, Wang Fuzhi began his education in the Chinese classic texts when very young. He passed his civil-service examination at the age of twenty-four, but his projected career was diverted by the invasion of China by the Manchus, the founders of the Qing (or Ch'ing) dynasty.

paragraph: Staying loyal to the Ming emperors, Wang first fought against the invaders, and then spent the rest of his life in hiding from them. His refuge was at the foot of the mountain Chuanshan, from which he gained his alternative name). He died in 1693, though it is not known for certain where or how.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophical work.

paragraph: Wang Fuzhi is said to have written over a hundred books, but many of them have been lost. The rest of his works have been collected in the "Chuanshan yishu quanji" (). He also wrote a commentary on "Zizhi Tongjian", titled "Comments after reading the "Tongjian"" (讀通鑒論, "Du Tongjian Lun").

paragraph: Wang was a follower of Confucius, but he believed that the neo-Confucian philosophy which dominated China at the time had distorted Confucius's teachings. He wrote his own commentaries on the Confucian classics (including five on the "Yijing" or Book of Changes), and gradually developed his own philosophical system. He wrote on many topics, including metaphysics, epistemology, moral philosophy, poetry, and politics. Apart from Confucius, he was also influenced by the prominent early Song Dynasty neo-Confucians Zhang Zai and Zhu Xi.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophical work.:Metaphysics.

paragraph: Wang’s metaphysics is a version of materialism. He argued that only qi ( or ch'i; energy or material force) exists; li (, principle, form, or idea), which was the central concept in the orthodox neo-Confucian thought of Zhu Xi, for example, doesn't exist independently, being simply the principle of qi. In this his metaphysics represents a continuation and development of that of Zhang Zai, as expressed most clearly in his "Commentary on Master Zhang's Correcting Ignorance", and has also been highly regarded as 'proto-materialist' in the Marxist period in the PRC after 1949.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophical work.:Ethics.

paragraph: Wang's metaphysical ideas led him to a naturalist moral philosophy (which brought him a lot of popularity in modern China). It was that there are no values in nature; virtues and values are assigned to objects and actions by human beings. In particular, human desires are not inherently evil; they're not only unavoidable, being an essential part of our nature, but can be beneficial — the moral nature of human beings being grounded in our feelings for others. It's only lack of moderation that leads to problems. Human desires comprise the main example of our relationship – as material beings – with the material world in which we live, and human nature develops out of our initial material nature together with the changes that we undergo as a result of our interactions with the world.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophical work.:Epistemology.

paragraph: Wang laid great stress on the need for both experience and reason: we must study the world using our senses, and reason carefully about it. Knowledge and action are intertwined, and acting is the ground of knowing. The gaining of knowledge is a slow and laborious process, there are no instances of sudden enlightenment.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophical work.:Politics & history.

paragraph: Even more than his materialism, Wang’s views on politics and history brought him popularity in modern China. Government, he argued, should benefit the people, not those in power. History is a continuous cycle of renewal, involving the gradual progress of human society. There are periods of chaos and want as well as of stability and prosperity, depending on the degree of virtue of the emperor and of the people as a whole, but the underlying direction is upwards. It's the result of the natural laws that govern human beings and society. Wang believed that the power of the feudal landlords was evil, and should be weakened by higher taxation, which would also lead to an increase in numbers of land-owning peasants.

paragraph: Wang adopted a strong anti-Manchu stance in his writings and was remarkable for his systematic attempt to express his anti-Manchuism in a broad historical and philosophical context. He also insisted that the Chinese be distinguished from the non-Chinese, as both should stay in their own territories and respect the sovereignty of one another, in order to avoid the possibility of invasion or integration.

paragraph: Along with his Confucian thought, he also recognized a "need to operate the system", associated with Chinese Legalism.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chinese philosophy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Confucianism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anti-Qing sentiment

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brian Carr & Indira Mahalingam [edd] "Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy" (1997: London, Routledge)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter J. King "One Hundred Philosophers" (2004: Hove, Apple Press)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacques Gernet "Philosophie et sagesse chez Wang Fuzhi (1619-1692)", in: Gernet "L'intelligence de la Chine. Le social et le mental" (1994: Paris, Gallimard)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tang, Kailin, "Wang Fuzi". "Encyclopedia of China" (Philosophy Edition), 1st ed.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang Fu-chih — lecture notes by JeeLee Liu (SUNY Geneseo)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang Fuzhi civilization from the origin of multi-Hua Yi Zhi Bian see the substance of

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang Fuzhi on ctext.org

alias: Ernong Xitang Yipiaodaoren Jiangzhai Chuanshan Shuangjiwaishi Chuanshanxiansheng Guanshengju Chuanshanbingsou

description: Chinese Confucianist

wikidata_label: Wang Fuzhi

wikipedia_title: Wang Fuzhi


text: rapper

text: From Where???

text: The Roots

text: Nas

text: Missy Elliott

text: Cee Lo Green

text: Diddy

text: Raheem Devaughn

text: Musiq Soulchild

text: Pharrell Williams

text: Bilal

text: Mos Def

text: Talib Kweli

text: Common

text: Q-Tip

text: Large Professor

text: Chris Brown

text: Freeway

text: Travis Barker

text: Jay-Z

text: Nicki Minaj

text: Jazze Pha

text: Will Smith

text: DJ Jazzy Jeff

text: DJ AM

text: Hip Hop Confessions

text: Q-Tip

text: Peanut Butter Wolf

text: Kwamé

text: DJ Jazzy Jeff

text: Detroit

text: Michigan

text: Fayetteville, North Carolina

text: Richmond, Virginia

text: Run DMC

text: MC Supernatural

text: Atlantic Records

text: From Where???

text: Missy Elliott

text: Timbaland

text: The Neptunes

text: Aaliyah

text: P. Diddy

text: Foxy Brown

text: Mase

text: Will Smith

text: Jermaine Dupri

text: P. Diddy

text: Rawkus

text: I Ain't Mad No More

text: Scritti Politti

text: Green Gartside

text: Timbaland

text: Magoo

text: N.E.R.D.

text: Fam-Lay

text: Clipse

text: Erik Nielson

text: From Where???

text: From Where???

text: I Ain't Mad No More

text: The Million Dollar Backpack

text: The World Needs More Skillz

text: Thoughts Become Things

text: XXL Magazine Interview

text: Home of the SupaFriendz

text: The Smoking Section Interviews Skillz

text: Skillz' Official Myspace

text: Skillz Interview (ArtofRhyme.com)

categories: Underground rappers,Swing Mob artists,Record producers from Virginia,East Coast hip hop musicians,EOne Music artists,Living people,21st-century American rappers,African-American male rappers,Atlantic Records artists,Rappers from Detroit,African-American record producers,American hip hop record producers,Musicians from Richmond, Virginia,Record producers from Michigan,Rappers from Virginia,Big Beat Records (American record label) artists,1974 births

paragraph: Skillz

paragraph: Shaqwan Donnie Lewis, (born June 2, 1974) also known as Skillz, or Mad Skillz is an American rapper known for his acclaimed 1996 album "From Where???", a reference to his origins in Virginia, not a New York City or Los Angeles rapper. He is also known for his yearly "Rap Ups," which he has done annually since 2002 (except in 2013 which was only based on sports).

paragraph: Skillz is credited for putting Virginia on the hip hop map as he was the first artist to break out nationally from the state, while having performed and collaborated with The Roots, Nas, Missy Elliott, Cee Lo Green, Diddy, Raheem Devaughn, Musiq Soulchild, Pharrell Williams, Bilal, Mos Def, Talib Kweli, Common, Q-Tip, Large Professor, Chris Brown, Freeway, Travis Barker, Jay-Z, Nicki Minaj, Jazze Pha, Will Smith, DJ Jazzy Jeff, and DJ AM, among others.

paragraph: Skillz is also the creator of the web series "Hip Hop Confessions", a series of shows that gathers hip hop purists and hip hop lovers alike where they reveal something hip hop related that they have never told anyone. The show has featured Q-Tip, Peanut Butter Wolf, Kwamé and DJ Jazzy Jeff.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Skillz was born June 2, 1974 in Detroit, Michigan, and after spending his early childhood in Fayetteville, North Carolina he then moved to Richmond, Virginia at a young age. He credits Run DMC for getting him involved in hip hop as a child. He fell in love with the culture and immediately began to practice all four elements religiously.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He first made a name for himself by finishing in second place (Losing to MC Supernatural) in a national freestyle competition, which eventually resulted in a recording contract with Atlantic Records. At this time he went by the stage name Mad Skillz rather than just Skillz. Mad Skillz' Atlantic debut album, "From Where???", and its single, "The Nod Factor", were released in 1996, but neither received much commercial or critical attention. The album's title was a reference to the regionalism in hip-hop, and at the time the state of Virginia did not have a large hip-hop scene. In the late-1990s more of a Virginia scene emerged, and he allied himself with fellow Virginia natives Missy Elliott, Timbaland, and The Neptunes. He made appearances on Timbaland's albums "Tim's Bio" in 1998, and "Indecent Proposal" in 2001; Timbaland made plans to sign Skillz to the Blackhand label he was developing; however, this label failed to materialize. He along with Danja Mowf, Lonnie B, and Kalonji The Immortal, members of Skillz' Supafriendz collective, also appeared on a remix of Aaliyah's hit single "Are You That Somebody" in 1998.

paragraph: In 2000 Skillz was known for his tell all single "Ghostwriter". Within this single, he names (but his label edited out) artists for which he has written hit singles. It has alluding lines such as 'I'm a ghostwriter, I'm the cat that you don't see/I write hits for rappers you like and charge 'em a fee'. Unedited versions of the track have not surfaced, but Skillz is known to do a live performance in which he includes the names. In one live performance he mentions P. Diddy, Foxy Brown, Mase, Will Smith and Jermaine Dupri. One artist who openly admits Skillz has written hits for him is P. Diddy.

paragraph: Skillz eventually got a deal with Rawkus, where he recorded his 2002 LP "I Ain't Mad No More", the title of which commemorated the official change of his MC moniker from "Mad Skillz" to just "Skillz." The aforementioned LP was never officially released in the U.S., however, during the Sprite Liquid Mix Tour in 2003 he sold some bootleg versions of this CD. The CD was re-packaged without several tracks as "Confessions Of A Ghostwriter" in 2005. A Supafriends LP, "Supavision", and another solo LP.

paragraph: The Scritti Politti Cd Single for 'Boom Boom Bap' features a track written as a collaboration between Skillz and Scritti frontman Green Gartside entitled 'Hands Up' and credited to Skillz'n'Green. The single was released in the UK in 2006.

paragraph: Skillz's latest album was released Dec. 30th 2014 and was entitled "Made In Virginia" produced entirely by Bink Dog. He said he has no plans to return to rapping after releasing that project. He is also the founder of the supergroup, Supafriendz V.A. Playaz, with Timbaland, Magoo, N.E.R.D., Fam-Lay and Clipse. He has recently gone back to his original moniker Mad Skillz and has returned to producing and deejaying.

paragraph: In November 2017 it was announced that Skillz would be an artist-in-residence at the University of Richmond starting in January 2018, teaching a course on hip hop with Professor Erik Nielson.

paragraph: On February 13, 2019, Mayor Levar Stoney declared it to be "Mad Skillz Day" in Richmond, VA to commemorate the 23rd anniversary of Skillz's debut album "From Where???" and to recognize his "positive influence on our city."

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996: "From Where???"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: "I Ain't Mad No More"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: "Confessions of a Ghostwriter"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: "The Million Dollar Backpack"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "The World Needs More Skillz"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Thoughts Become Things"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "Made in Virginia (with Bink!)"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Compilations/Mixtapes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: The Neptunes Collection Vol. 1

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: The James Brown Collection

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: Got Skillz? - The Timbaland Collection

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: Design of A Decade ( J. Period & Don Cannon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: Infamous Quotes Mixtape

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Website *

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::- XXL Magazine Interview

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Mad Skillz website from Okayplayer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Home of the SupaFriendz

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skillz latest video by illusivemedia.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Smoking Section Interviews Skillz

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skillz - The Million Dollar Backpack Leaks

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skillz' Official Myspace

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skillz Interview (ArtofRhyme.com)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skillz Interview on HHLO.net (Hip Hop Lives Online)

alias:
Shaquan Ian Lewis
Mad Skillz

description: American rapper

wikidata_label: Skillz

wikipedia_title: Skillz


text:
Bavand dynasty
Kakuyids
Ziyarid
Qabus
Mazandaran
Buyid
Majd al-Dawla
Sayyida Khatun
Ibn Fuladh
Daylamite
Qazvin
Ray
Manuchihr
Isfahan
Kakuyid
Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar
Hamadan
Sama' al-Dawla
Nahavand
Qarin II
Gorgan
Arabic
Pahlavi

categories: Buyid generals,1028 deaths,11th-century Iranian people,11th-century monarchs in Asia,Bavand dynasty

paragraph: Abu Ja'far Muhammad

paragraph: Abu Ja'far Muhammad (), was the ruler of the Bavand dynasty from an unknown date until his capture and defeat by the Kakuyids in 1027.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: In 1006, the Bavand dynasty was put to an end by the Ziyarid ruler Qabus (r. 977–981 & 997–1012). Nevertheless, several Bavandid princes continued to rule in small local parts of Mazandaran. Abu Ja'far, a son of a certain Vandarin, is mentioned as the ruler of Bavand dynasty. It is not known if Abu Ja'far was the successor of Al-Marzuban or not. Abu Ja'far, during his reign, was a vassal of the Buyid ruler Majd al-Dawla (r. 997–1029), who was himself of Bavandid descent through his mother Sayyida Khatun.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Ibn Fuladh, a Daylamite military officer, who claimed Qazvin for himself, revolted against Majd al-Dawla in 1016. Majd al-Dawla, however, refused to make him governor of Qazvin, which made Ibn Fuladh threaten him around the countryside of his capital in Ray. Majd al-Dawla then requested the aid of Abu Ja'far, who managed to defeat Ibn Fuladh and repel him from Ray. Ibn Fuladh then requested aid from the Ziyarid ruler Manuchihr (r. 1012–1031). Ibn Fuladh agreed to become Manuchihr's vassal in return for his aid. The following year, a combined army of Ibn Fuladh and Manuchihr besieged Ray, which forced Majd al-Dawla to make Ibn Fuladh the governor of Isfahan.

paragraph: In 1023, the Kakuyid ruler Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar (r. 1008-1041), who was himself of Bavandid descent, revolted against the Buyids, and seized Hamadan from the Buyid ruler Sama' al-Dawla (r. 1021-1023). He spent the following years in protecting his realm from invasions by the forces of Abu Ja'far. Five years later, Majd al-Dawla sent a combined Buyid-Bavandid army under Abu Ja'far and his two sons against Muhammad. Muhammad, however, managed win a great victory over the Buyid-Bavandid army at Nahavand, and managed to capture Abu Ja'far including his two sons. Abu Ja'far died one year later in prison, and after his death, the Bavandids disappear from sources, and are first later mentioned in 1057 under the Bavandid ruler Qarin II.

paragraph: Section::::The "Mil-e Radkan".

paragraph: During his reign, Abu Ja'far ordered the construction of the "Mil-e Radkan" near Gorgan, where he was later buried. The building of the tower was completed in 1016, between 7 September-5 October—several inscriptions are written on the entrance, both in Arabic and Pahlavi, which states;

paragraph: Another inscription, states the following;

description: ruler of the Bavand dynasty

wikidata_label: Abu Ja'far Muhammad

wikipedia_title: Abu Ja'far Muhammad


text:
Julma-Henri
Teflon Brothers
Aste

categories: Finnish hip hop musicians,Living people,Finnish rappers,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Juju (Finnish rapper)

paragraph: Julius Sarisalmi, professionally known as Juju, is a Finnish rapper. To date, he has released four solo albums, the latest of which in June 2014. Juju has also appeared as a featured guest on songs by such artists as Julma-Henri, Teflon Brothers and Aste.

description: Finnish rapper

wikidata_label: Juju

wikipedia_title: Juju (Finnish rapper)


text: Wiyot

text: Coeur d'Alene

text: Navajo

text: Swarthmore College

text: Wiyot

text: A.L. Kroeber

text: University of California-Berkeley

text: Columbia University

text: Franz Boas

text: Wiyot

text: Barnard College

text: Navajo

text: Pliny Earle Goddard

text: Coeur d'Alene

text: Tekoa

text: Coeur d'Alene

text: Bollingen Foundation

text: Museum of Northern Arizona

text: Edward Sapir

text: Harry Hoijer

text: Guggenheim fellowship

text: American Ethnological Society

text: American Folk-Lore Society

text: Linguistic Circle of New York

categories: Linguists of Salishan languages,1955 deaths,20th-century linguists,Swarthmore College alumni,Guggenheim Fellows,American women anthropologists,Columbia University alumni,Linguists of Navajo,Linguists from the United States,Barnard College faculty,Women linguists,20th-century anthropologists,1893 births

paragraph: Gladys Reichard

paragraph: Gladys Amanda Reichard (born 17 July 1893 at Bangor, Pennsylvania; died 25 July 1955 at Flagstaff, Arizona) was an American anthropologist and linguist. She is considered one of the most important women to have studied Native American languages and cultures in the first half of the twentieth century. She is best known for her studies of three different Native American languages: Wiyot, Coeur d'Alene and Navajo. Reichard was concerned with understanding language variation, and with connections between linguistic principles and underpinnings of religion, culture and context.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Reichard received her bachelor's degree from Swarthmore College in 1919 and her master's degree from the same institution in 1920. She started fieldwork on Wiyot in 1922 under the supervision of A.L. Kroeber of the University of California-Berkeley. Reichard attended Columbia University for her PhD, which she earned in 1925 for her grammar of Wiyot, written under Franz Boas. Reichard's fieldwork on Wiyot was undertaken in 1922-23 and resulted in the publication of in 1925.

paragraph: In 1923, she took up a position as Instructor in Anthropology at Barnard College. In the same year, she made began doing fieldwork on Navajo with Pliny Earle Goddard, and she returned to this work for several summers. After Goddard's death in 1928, Reichard spent her summers living in a Navajo household, learning to weave, tend sheep and participate in the daily life of a Navajo woman. Eventually she became a speaker of Navajo, an accomplishment that is connected to her major works on the language and culture.

paragraph: Her work on Coeur d'Alene was undertaken during visits to Tekoa, Washington, in 1927 and 1929. She worked with a small group of speakers, three of whom were members of the Nicodemus family - Dorthy Nicodemus, Julia Antelope Nicodemus, and Lawrence Nicodemus, who was Dorthy's grandson. Julia was Riechard's primary translator and interpreter within the group, which also included master storyteller Tom Miyal. Lawrence Nicodemus, who later came to Columbia University to work with Reichard, went on to develop a practical writing system for Coeur d'Alene, and to publish a root dictionary, a reference grammar, and several textbooks on the language.

paragraph: She returned to work with Navajo during the middle 1930s and continued until the early 1950s. She started a Navajo school in which she worked with students to develop a practical orthography for the Navajo language. During the 1940s, she undertook a broader analysis of Navajo language, belief system, and religious practice which culminated in the two volume study, "Navaho Religion," published in 1950 by the Bollingen Foundation. An extensive collection of her notes on Navajo ethnology and language is held by the Museum of Northern Arizona.

paragraph: Reichard was made full professor at Barnard in 1951 and remained there until her death in 1955. This was for many years the only Department of Anthropology at an undergraduate women's college, and a number of women anthropologists were trained by her.

paragraph: Section::::Conflicts with Sapir and colleagues.

paragraph: As documented by Julia Falk, Reichard's work on Navajo in particular was the subject of conflict with other scholars at the time, particularly Edward Sapir and Harry Hoijer, and as a result has not been as often cited as theirs. The conflicts centered around Reichard's scholarly interests, her work style, and her status as a woman working in a linguistic territory claimed by men.

paragraph: Reichard's scholarly interests centered around the interrelationships of language, culture, religion and art, and she was attentive to the role of language variation in her work. These interests put her at odds with the emerging Sapir school, which focused much more intently on issues of historical reconstruction of language groups, and on a particular approach to the structural analysis of language. Reichard was not interested in historical reconstruction, and expressed impatience with Sapir's attentiveness to the so-called 'phonemic principle'. Reichard's transcriptions were therefore virtually always narrow phonetic transcriptions, and they reflected individual differences in speaker pronunciations. Sapir, and later his student Hoijer, interpreted these irregularities as 'errors', and used them to undermine the credibility of Reichard's work. Sapir and his students were particularly committed to the analysis of sound systems of language based on Sapir's 'phonemic principle', but Reichard was skeptical of the value of that approach, and its increasing influence in the field.

paragraph: Reichard's work style was immersive, painstaking and detailed. In her work on Coeur d'Alene and Navajo in particular, she spent significant time working with speakers of the languages in their family homes - often collaborating with speakers in both language collection and linguistic analysis. Her co-author Adolph Bitanny was a Navajo speaker who worked with Reichard in the Hogan School she established during her time in Navajo country. She discusses the Hogan School approach in the fictionalized work 'Dezba, Woman of the Desert', where she also reflects on the experiences Navajo speakers had with other educational institutions.

paragraph: Section::::Honors and service.

paragraph: Reichard received a Guggenheim fellowship in 1926. Over the course of her career, she served as secretary for the American Ethnological Society, the American Folk-Lore Society, the Linguistic Circle of New York, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.

paragraph: Reichard published a variety of works relating to anthropology, linguistics, comparative religion and ethnography of art.

paragraph: 1925ː Wiyot Grammar and Texts

paragraph: 1928ː Social Life of the Navajo Indians with Some Attention to Minor Ceremonies.

paragraph: 1932ː Melanesian Design (2 volumes)

paragraph: 1934ː Spider Womanː A story of Navajo Weavers and Chanters

paragraph: 1936ː Navajo Shepherd and Weaver

paragraph: 1938ː Coeur d'Alene, in Handbook of American Indian Languages

paragraph: 1939ː Dezba, Woman of the Desert

paragraph: 1939ː Navajo Medicine Manː Sandpaintings and Legends of Miguelito

paragraph: 1939ː Stemlist of the Coeur d'Alene Language

paragraph: 1940ː Agentive and Causative Elements in Navajo (co-authored with Adolph Bitanny)

paragraph: 1944ː The Story of the Navajo Hail Chant

paragraph: 1945ː Composition and Symbolism of the Coeur d'Alene Verb Stem

paragraph: 1945ː Linguistic Diversity Among the Navaho Indians.

paragraph: 1947ː An Analysis of Coeur d'Alene Indian Myths

paragraph: 1948ː Significance of Aspiration in Navaho

paragraph: 1949ː The Character of the Navaho Verb Stem

paragraph: 1949ː Language and Syneshesia (co-authored with Roman Jakobson and Elizabeth Werth)

paragraph: 1950ː Navaho Religionː A Study of Symbolism (2 volumes)

paragraph: 1951ː Navaho Grammar

paragraph: 1958-1960ː A Comparison of Five Salish Languages (in 6 parts)

description: American anthropologist

wikidata_label: Gladys Reichard

wikipedia_title: Gladys Reichard


text:
Natovi
Tailevu
Fiji
Catholic Archbishop of Suva, Fiji
Graduate Theological Union

categories: Pontifical Urbaniana University alumni,21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops,1961 births,Fijian people of Chinese descent,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Fijian Roman Catholic archbishops,Living people

paragraph: Peter Loy Chong

paragraph: Peter Loy Chong (born 30 January 1961 at Natovi, Tailevu, Fiji) is the third Catholic Archbishop of Suva, Fiji (having been consecrated bishop on 8 June 2013). He worked on his doctorate at the Graduate Theological Union in Berkeley, California.

description: Catholic archbishop

wikidata_label: Peter Loy Chong

wikipedia_title: Peter Loy Chong