text:
English
Ancient Greek
Combe, Dulverton
Floyer Hayes
Sir John Pole, 1st Baronet
Shute
Wadham College, Oxford
Humphry II Sydenham
Nicholas II Wadham
Master of Arts
barrister-at-law
Lincoln's Inn
Fellow
Moderator of Philosophy
Rector
Esher
Dialogues of Plato
Heraclitus
Thomas Taylor
panegyric
Royal Literary Fund
Brief biography at uslegacies.org
Royal Literary Fund

paragraph: Floyer Sydenham

paragraph: Floyer Sydenham (17101 April 1787) was an English scholar of Ancient Greek.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: He was a younger son of Humphrey IV Sydenham (1672-1710) of Combe, Dulverton in Somerset, by his second wife and first cousin Katherine Floyer, daughter of William Floyer of Berne in Dorset, descended from the ancient family of Floyer of Floyer Hayes near Exeter. Humphrey IV Sydenham and his wife Katherine Floyer were both grandchildren of Sir William Pole (1614-1649), Knight, eldest son of Sir John Pole, 1st Baronet (d.1658) of Shute in Devon.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: On 31 May 1727 at the age of 16 Sydenham matriculated at Wadham College, Oxford. In 1613 his great-grandfather Rev. Humphry II Sydenham (1591–1650), "Silver-Tongue Sydenham", of Combe, Dulverton, had become a Fellow of the newly founded Wadham College, founded posthumously by his fellow Somerset resident Nicholas II Wadham (1531–1609) and his wife. Humphry II Sydenham was the first to graduate as Master of Arts from that foundation on 3 December 1613.

paragraph: Floyer Sydenham gained his B.A. at Wadham College in 1731 and M.A. in 1734. In 1735 he was a barrister-at-law in Lincoln's Inn. He was a Fellow and sometime Moderator of Philosophy at Wadham College, and was later Rector of Esher until 1744.

paragraph: Section::::Literary works.

paragraph: He translated some of the Dialogues of Plato into English, and wrote a dissertation on Heraclitus, which failed to win appreciation. He published "Notes on Plato", edited the Greater and Lesser Hippias; also a Dissertation on the Doctrine of Heraclitus, and "Onomasticon Theologicum". The translator Thomas Taylor wrote a widely published panegyric to Sydenham, and completed his work on the "Dialogues".

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He was so small a gainer in money by his works that he died in great poverty. He was imprisoned for a trifling debt, and died in prison on 1 April 1787. His sad fate is said to have led to the foundation of the Royal Literary Fund, due to "the sympathy aroused for poor authors by his death".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brief biography at uslegacies.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal Literary Fund

description: British classical scholar

wikidata_label: Floyer Sydenham

wikipedia_title: Floyer Sydenham


text: Lisbon

text: Évora

text: Portuguese

text: King

text: Peter II

text: Carnide

text: Maria of Braganza

text: John IV of Portugal

text: D.

text: Luís

text: Jaime de Melo

text: Cadaval

text: Évora

text: Alentejo

text: Convent of Saint John the Evangelist

categories: Illegitimate children of Portuguese monarchs,1679 births,People from Lisbon,House of Braganza,17th-century Portuguese people,Portuguese royalty,18th-century Portuguese people,1732 deaths

paragraph: Luísa, Duchess of Cadaval

paragraph: Luísa of Braganza, Duchess of Cadaval (; January 9, 1679 in Lisbon – December 23, 1732 in Évora) was a natural daughter of Portuguese King Peter II and a Portuguese lady named Maria da Cruz Mascarenhas.

paragraph: She was raised among the family of secretary of state Francisco Correia de Lacerda and after that at the Monastery of Carnide with her aunt Maria of Braganza (natural daughter of John IV of Portugal). Luísa married D. Luís and after his death married D. Jaime de Melo, respectively 2nd and 3rd dukes of Cadaval.

paragraph: She died in Évora, Alentejo, and is buried at the Convent of Saint John the Evangelist in the same city.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "D. Luísa. filha de D. Pedro II: uma princesa duas vezes duquesa" by Luís de Bivar Guerra, in "Miscelânia Histórica de Portugal", nº 2, 1982

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogical information on Luísa de Bragança

description: Portuguese duchess

wikidata_label: Luísa, Duchess of Cadaval

wikipedia_title: Luísa, Duchess of Cadaval


text: Freemasonry

text: esotericism

text: folk park

text: Belize

text: University of Cambridge

text: Herbert Ward

text: priest

text: Anglican

text: medium

text: spiritualist

text: British Honduras

text: Colet Court

text: Merchant Taylors

text: Charterhouse

text: Trinity Hall

text: University of Cambridge

text: Church of England

text: Lower Burma

text: church brass

text: London

text: Victoria and Albert Museum

text: First World War

text: tithe barn

text: New Barnet

text: Abbey Museum of Art and Archaeology

text: Caboolture

text: Queensland

text: Australia

text: ancient world

text: Hung Society

text: Encyclopædia Britannica

text: British

text: Grand Lodge

text: Far East

text: Western Front

text: Good Friday

text: astral plane

text: miracle

text: Bible

text: British Empire

text: white rule in South Africa

text: Islamic fundamentalism

text: second coming

text: New York City

text: Hell

text: Heaven

text: New Age

text: Christ

text: Orthodox Catholic Church

text: Gerald Gardner

text: Contemporary Pagan

text: Wicca

text: Gastria

text: Cyprus

text: Limassol

text: Orthodox Catholic Church

text: The Entered Apprentice Handbook

text: The Fellow Crafts Handbook

text: The Master Masons Handbook

text: The Higher Degrees Handbook

text: "The Life of J.S.M. Ward"

text: "History of the Abbey Museum"

categories: 1885 births,English Eastern Orthodox Christians,1949 deaths,British emigrants to Cyprus,Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge,Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Protestantism

paragraph: John Sebastian Marlowe Ward

paragraph: John Sebastian Marlow Ward (22 December 1885 – 1949) was an English author who published widely on the subject of Freemasonry and esotericism. He was also the leader of a Christian sect, and the founder of the Abbey Folk Park, the earliest example of a folk park in Britain.

paragraph: He was born in what is now Belize. In 1908 he graduated from the University of Cambridge with honours in history, following in the footsteps of his father, Herbert Ward. who had also studied in history before entering the priesthood in the Anglican Church, as his father had done before him.

paragraph: John Ward became a prolific and sometimes controversial writer on a wide variety of topics. He made contributions to the history of Freemasonry and other secret societies. He was also a psychic medium or spiritualist, a prominent churchman and is still seen by some as a mystic and modern-day prophet.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Born in British Honduras on 22 December 1885, Ward was the son of an Anglican clergyman, Herbert Marlow Ward. In 1888, the family returned to England, where Ward was educated at Colet Court, Merchant Taylors and Charterhouse. Proceeding to study History at Trinity Hall, a part of the University of Cambridge, he subsequently travelled around East Asia for many years, working as the headmaster of a Church of England school in Burma and then as the Principal Officer of Customs in Lower Burma. While working in the country, he spent much of his time studying Chinese secret societies, and with W.G. Stirling co-wrote a definitive book on the subject, "The Hung Society: or the Society of Heaven and Earth", published in 1925 by the Baskerville Press.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Interests in history and antiques.

paragraph: It was also in 1908 that he published his first book, a short history of church brasses. His collection of some 1500 brass rubbings is now in London's Victoria and Albert Museum.

paragraph: After the First World War he accumulated a significant private collection of antiques and when from 1927 onwards he began to form the "Confraternity of the Kingdom of Christ", together with his second wife Jessie, he would frequently return from a day in London with their car laden with numerous historical pieces for the collection. A thirteenth-century tithe barn, painstakingly taken down, transported in pieces and re-erected at Park Road, New Barnet, just outside London, was filled with priceless antiques and opened as a church in 1930. On the same property an open-air museum, consisting of replica period buildings, filled with genuine antiquities was also constructed and became a major tourist attraction. This Folk Park, as it was called, was one of the first of its kind in the world. Much of the collection was reluctantly sold but the rest still survives under the custodianship of the present members of his community at the Abbey Museum of Art and Archaeology in Caboolture, Queensland, Australia.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Involvement with Freemasonry.

paragraph: Today, Ward is most widely known for his many books about the history and inner meanings of Freemasonry. These date mainly from the 1920s but most are still in print and available in a number of different languages. In them he traces the origins of modern Freemasonry back before its official 18th century beginnings to the far distant past. He believed that the movement had links with spiritual groups and secret societies in the ancient world as well as more recent institutions such as the Chinese Hung Society. His book on the Hung Society remained the source of articles in the Encyclopædia Britannica until long after his death and he remained listed among that encyclopedia's contributors, until late in the 20th century.

paragraph: He saw Freemasonry as the successor of the ancient traditions of learning, and sought to convince his fellow masons to use that position to promote inter-religious harmony. His views remain controversial within Freemasonry. In 1987 the British Grand Lodge informed its members that "J.S.M. Ward's handbooks have no official standing and are not issued by Lodges to candidates. They were personal and very idiosyncratic interpretations of the history and meaning of the Craft rituals".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Involvement with spiritualism.

paragraph: Ward's activities as a medium and spiritualist brought him into conflict with many traditional churchmen. He had been brought up as an Anglican and officially remained a member of that church until 1934. Long before then, however, his wide-ranging spiritual interests had led him to seek for enlightenment in many other areas. According to his spiritualist book, "Gone West", published in 1917, his first real link with the "other world" came in a dream early in December 1913 that predicted the death of his uncle H.J. Lancaster who died on 5 January 1914.

paragraph: Shortly after the outbreak of the First World War Ward took a teaching job in the Far East. There he found many opportunities to continue his researches into the supernatural until poor health forced his return to England early in 1916. His poor eyesight had prevented him from joining the army, but the family had been represented on the Western Front by his younger brother, Reginald (Rex) who was eventually killed on Good Friday, 1916. This led Ward to undertake what he saw as his first helping mission in the afterlife. The account of how he first sought out the spirit of his dead brother and then assisted him to become established on the "astral plane" is the subject of his second spiritualist book "A Subaltern in Spirit-Land" also published in 1917. Although less well-known than his Masonic works, both of these books are still advertised for sale on the internet, in German as well as in English sites. According to another site, a Japanese edition is planned for 2010.

paragraph: Ward's later spiritualist writings have tended to become linked with his Christian religious work and perhaps for this reason have been less widely read. In "The Psychic Powers of Christ", Ward seeks to demonstrate that many of the "miracles" of Jesus Christ can be understood as psychic phenomena, which though greater than normal, were nevertheless of a similar nature to the recorded exploits of Eastern holy men and western mediums. This book, which clearly provides a link between Ward the spiritualist and Ward the Christian Mystic is still available, but mainly through the various Church groups that claim to be continuing his spiritual work.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Prophet and mystic.

paragraph: Among his supporters Ward is revered as a prophet and mystic or even as a saint. Most of his prophetic and mystical writings date from the 1930s and 1940s and include a series of ten apocalypses that he claimed to have received in early 1934. These are comparable in some ways to references in the Bible, but have also been interpreted as predicting the Second World War, the end of the British Empire, the end of white rule in South Africa and the rise of Islamic fundamentalism.

paragraph: His other mystical experiences included claims of visits to the saintly and angelic realms, and visions of the more distant future. He predicted a number of terrible events preceding the second coming of Jesus, including a devastating biological attack on New York City. He saw the second coming of Jesus as a quite literal "establishment of the Kingdom of God on earth". To him, Christ was coming to judge mankind, as had long been foretold, yet he also predicted that although many would fail that test, many more would pass and although some of those would pass immediately to Heaven, most would be permitted to continue their lives on earth under his benign rule. He went on to say that through mysticism he had been able to "track" the gradual descent of Christ as he passed steadily through the various celestial realms on his way to earth.

paragraph: Although neither Ward nor his successors have ever stated an exact date for the arrival of Jesus on earth, they have consistently maintained that the event is relatively close. Unlike most Christian groups they do not expect that they will be the only ones saved. They hold that all good souls, whether Christian or non-Christian, will receive the approval of Christ. Also, they say that some will be condemned to Hell and others will go to Heaven but that most will be permitted to enjoy the benefits of his reign on earth. Ward's followers also believe that Christ's coming will not mark the ending of the world, but merely the ending of this age and that after his time on earth is completed, a New Age will follow.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Founder of a religious community.

paragraph: Although descended from a line of clergy (both his father and grandfather were Anglican priests), neither Ward himself nor his younger brother, Rex, initially showed any desire for ordination. Even after Rex's death Ward turned to Spiritualism rather than to the traditional Christianity of his father, with the aim of helping his brother in the afterlife.

paragraph: When he eventually did become a priest, he was as unconventional in that role as in his other fields of interest. Although never ordained in the Anglican Church, in 1927, Ward believing himself to be called by God to help prepare the world for the return of Christ, started a religious community dedicated to that end. Initially this was formed within the Anglican Church, but when some of his views offended certain senior officials, Ward first joined and later came to lead a small Christian group that had originated in the Far East. As archbishop of the Orthodox Catholic Church in England he remained a controversial figure throughout the late 1930s and early 1940s. During this period he ordained several priests, including three from within his own community who were to continue his work after his premature death in 1949.

paragraph: In early 1945, Stanley Lough, the father of Dorothy Lough, a 16-year-old member of the abbey, accused Ward of enticing his daughter away from her family, taking the case to court. After convening for 11 days in May, Ward was found guilty, fined £500, and Dorothy was ordered to return to her parents. By this time personally bankrupt, the fine was likely paid not by Ward himself but by the trustees of the confraternity. The only way that the abbey could regain their losses was to sell the Folk Park and its contents. One of those who took an interest in purchasing the items was Gerald Gardner (1884–1964), a friend of Ward's and pioneering figure in the Contemporary Pagan religion of Wicca. However, Gardner's specific interest was in magic and witchcraft, and so he decided to only obtain one of the Abbey's buildings, a 16th-century construct which Ward had claimed was a "Witch's Cottage". Rather than a cash transaction, Ward traded the cottage with Gardner for a plot of land that the latter owned at Gastria in Cyprus.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Move to Cyprus.

paragraph: Eventually, a legal and media campaign caused him to lead his community from England. They moved to Cyprus in 1946, where they established themselves as a self-supporting religious community.

paragraph: He had already suffered a slight stroke before leaving England and eventually died from a more massive attack on 2 July 1949. He was buried in the local cemetery of Ayios Nicholas, near Limassol, in an unmarked grave that he afterwards came to share with two other members of his community.

paragraph: His teachings and episcopal succession were continued by his community under the leadership of his wife Jessie and the clergy that he had personally ordained. Today there are a number of semi-independent groups generally called the Orthodox Catholic Church that have links with Ward.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Entered Apprentice Handbook"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fellow Crafts Handbook"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Master Masons Handbook"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Higher Degrees Handbook"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brasses" (Cambridge University Press, 1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fairy Tales and Legends of Burma" (London: Blackie & Son, 1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gone West: Three Narratives of After-Death Experiences Communicated Through the Mediumship of J. S. M. Ward" (London: W. Rider & Son, 1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Subaltern In Spirit-Land. A Sequel To "Gone West"" (London: W. Rider & Son, 1919. Republished by Kessinger Publishing Company, 2004. )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Freemasonry and The Ancient Gods" (London: Simpkins, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co, 1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Textile Fibres and Yarns" (London: Ernest Benn Ltd, 1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Interpretation Of Our Masonic Symbols" (London: A. Lewis, 1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who Was Hiram Abiff?" (London: Baskerville Press, 1925; reprinted in 1986 by London: Lewis Masonic, 1986. . And by Kessinger Publishing Company, 1990. ).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Explanation of The Royal Arch Degree" (London: Baskerville Press, 1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Hung Society, or, The Society of Heaven and Earth" (with W.G. Stirling). Three volumes. London: Baskerville Press, 1925-1926.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Told Through The Ages: A Series Of Masonic Stories" (London: Baskerville Press, 1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Moral Teachings of Freemasonry, Incorporating Masonic Proverbs, Poems and Sayings" (London: Baskerville Press, 1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Psychic Powers of Christ" (London: Williams and Norgate Ltd, 1936)

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: On 18 December 1908, he married Eleanor Caroline Lanchester, his older second cousin. They had one child, a daughter, born in October 1909, whom they named Blanche. In 1926, his wife died after a long illness. He married Jessie Page (b. 10 March 1890) on 4 April 1927. Ward later had a natural son, John Reginald Cuffe, with Ursula Cuffe.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geoffrey Ginn, "Archangels & Archaeology: J. S. M. Ward's Kingdom Of The Wise" (Sussex Academic Press, 2011)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. Baker, "The Scholar the Builders Rejected", 2001. From a Masonic point of view and quotes extensively from Masonic records.

paragraph: BULLET::::- P. G. Strong, "John Ward: The Prophet of These Times", 1999. A brief summary of Ward's life from a religious point of view that quotes extensively from his apocalyptic writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unpublished diaries of P.G. Strong", the last surviving priest ordained by Ward. This records the author's personal recollections of Ward, and provides detailed, though sometimes controversial accounts of his life and works.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Life of J.S.M. Ward" This is a brief internet account of Ward's life, provided by one of the churches derived from him.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "J.S.M. Ward and the Abbey of Christ the King." Unsympathetic to Ward this includes a number of spelling and historical inaccuracies, as well as controversial allegations against him.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "History of the Abbey Museum" Recounts the story of Ward's archaeological collection.

description: English writer on the subjects of Freemasonry and esotericism

wikidata_label: John Sebastian Marlowe Ward

wikipedia_title: John Sebastian Marlowe Ward


text: Jovinus

text: Gaul

text: Roman Emperor

text: Honorius

text: Arles

text: Trier

text: Ataulf

text: Visigoth

text: Ravenna

categories: 413 deaths,Executed Roman emperors,Year of birth unknown,5th-century Roman emperors,5th-century murdered monarchs,5th-century Roman usurpers,People executed by the Roman Empire

paragraph: Sebastianus

paragraph: Sebastianus (died 413), a brother of Jovinus, was an aristocrat of southern Gaul. After Jovinus usurped the throne of the western Roman Emperor Honorius in Gaul in 411, he named Sebastianus as Augustus (co-emperor) in 412. Coins bearing Sebastianus' image were then minted at Arles and Trier.

paragraph: Due to broken relations between Jovinus and King Ataulf of the Visigoths, however, Ataulf captured Sebastianus in 413 and turned him over to Dardanus, Honorius' praetorian governor in Gaul. Dardanus then executed Sebastianus and sent his head to Honorius's court at Ravenna.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- De Imperatoribus Romanis: Hugh Elton, "Western Roman Emperors of the First Quarter of the Fifth Century"

description: Roman emperor

wikidata_label: Sebastianus

wikipedia_title: Sebastianus


text:
Fujiwara no Tsunekiyo
Abe no Yoritoki
Sendai
Miyagi Prefecture
Emishi
Iwate Prefecture
Zenkunen War
Gosannen War
Kyūshū
Minamoto no Yoriyoshi
Minamoto no Yoshiie
Minamoto no Yoriyoshi
Iwayadō Castle
Ōshū
Shirakawa
Aomori Prefecture
Chūson-ji

wikipedia_title:
Fujiwara no Tsunekiyo
Abe no Yoritoki
Sendai
Miyagi Prefecture
Emishi
Iwate Prefecture
Former Nine Years' War
Gosannen War
Kyushu
Minamoto no Yoriyoshi
Minamoto no Yoshiie
Minamoto no Yoriyoshi
Iwayadō Castle
Ōshū, Iwate
Shirakawa River
Aomori Prefecture
Chūson-ji

categories: Fujiwara clan,People from Iwate Prefecture,11th-century Japanese people,12th-century Japanese people,1128 deaths,1056 births

paragraph: Fujiwara no Kiyohira

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Kiyohira was the son of Fujiwara no Tsunekiyo and a daughter of Abe no Yoritoki whose name is not known. He was born somewhere in the Kitakami Basin in 1056. His father was of the Hidesato branch of the Fujiwara clan which was known for their fighting ability. Even so, Tsunekiyo was a mid-level bureaucrat at Fort Taga in present-day Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture when he married his Emishi wife, left his position and went to live with his wife's family in present-day Iwate Prefecture. Thus, Kiyohira was born in an Emishi household in Emishi territory to a father who was considered a traitor by the Japanese authorities.

paragraph: Much of his early life was spent in a community at war with the Japanese central authorities. The Earlier Nine Years' War (Zenkunen War, 前九年合戦) was fought on and off from 1050 to 1062 while the Latter Three Years War (Gosannen War, 後三年合戦) ran from 1083 to 1087. He lost his grandfather, Abe no Yoritoki, in battle in 1057, his uncle Sadato in 1062 and all of his mother's brothers were deported to Kyūshū in the same year. His own father was personally beheaded by Minamoto no Yoriyoshi (源 頼義) with a blunt sword. These are the events which would shape his life and influence his decisions as long as he lived.

paragraph: After he lost his father in The Earlier Nine Wars, his mother became the concubine of his enemy, Kiyohara no Takehira, who had helped Minamoto no Yoriyoshi in the last war. Kiyohira was brought up in this enemy clan as Kiyohara no Kiyohira, with his elder stepbrother Sanehira and younger half-brother Iehira. The Later Three Years War involved a struggle among the three brothers in this complex relationship.

paragraph: Kiyohira won the final victory in the war in 1087, with the aid of Minamoto no Yoshiie(源 義家), the son of another of his old enemies, Minamoto no Yoriyoshi. Kiyohira, however, lost his wife and son during the war, killed by his half-brother Iehira.

paragraph: Victorious in the Latter Three Years War, Kiyohira returned to his home at Fort Toyota (Iwayadō Castle), in present-day Esashi Ward, Ōshū City, Iwate prefecture, to plan his future. Sometime around 1090 to 1100 he built a new home on Mount Kanzan, "Barrier Mountain" in what is now Hiraizumi Town. There appear to be three main reasons for his choice of site. First was its location directly on the Frontier Way, the main highway leading south to the capital and other major cities and north to the lands he controlled. Secondly it was determined to be the center of their realm, Ōshū, as measured from the Shirakawa Barrier in the south to Sotogahama in present-day Aomori Prefecture in the north. Thirdly this location is on the South side of the Koromo River, in what had traditionally been Japanese territory. Previously Emishi forts were always built on the North side of East or West flowing rivers.

paragraph: There is evidence that Kiyohira did not use the name Fujiwara but the name Kiyohara until 1117, when he was more than 60 years old. But he did use it and passed it on to his children. Kiyohira had several wives and consorts including a Taira wife from Kyoto who was called the mother of his six children. She seems to have tired quickly of life on the remote frontier, returned to Kyoto, married a policeman and never returned. He is also known to have had two Emishi wives, a Kiyohara and an Abe. His eldest son and rightful heir was Koretsune. His second son and eventual successor was Motohira, born about 1105, likely to one of Kiyohira's Emishi wives.

paragraph: After setting up house in Hiraizumi, Kiyohira began an ambitious Buddhist temple building program on the top of Mount Kanzan, Chūson-ji. This complex of temples, pagodas, repositories and gardens was to be his legacy, the embodiment of his vision for himself, his family and his domain for all time.

description: Samurai and founder of the Hiraizumi or Northern Fujiwara dynasty

wikidata_label: Fujiwara no Kiyohira

wikipedia_title: Fujiwara no Kiyohira


text: DL

text: British

text: Liberal Unionist

text: George Howard, 9th Earl of Carlisle

text: Rugby

text: Balliol College, Oxford

text: Captain

text: Militia

text: Second Boer War

text: House of Commons

text: Birmingham South

text: until 1911

text: House of Lords

text: deputy lieutenant

text: Cumberland

text: Bridget Helen Hore-Ruthven

text: Charles James Ruthven Howard

text: 7th baronet

text: Lanercost Priory

wikipedia_title: Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)

wikipedia_title: Birmingham South (UK Parliament constituency)

wikipedia_title: Bridget Monckton, 11th Lady Ruthven of Freeland

categories: People educated at Rugby School,UK MPs 1906–1910,Border Regiment officers,UK MPs 1910–1918,Earls of Carlisle (1661),Liberal Unionist Party MPs for English constituencies,UK MPs 1900–1906,Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford,Deputy Lieutenants of Cumberland,UK MPs 1910,1912 deaths,1867 births

paragraph: Charles Howard, 10th Earl of Carlisle

paragraph: Charles James Stanley Howard, 10th Earl of Carlisle, DL (8 March 1867 – 20 January 1912), styled Viscount Morpeth from 1889 to 1911, was a British soldier, peer, and Liberal Unionist politician.

paragraph: Howard was the eldest son of George Howard, 9th Earl of Carlisle, and the Hon. Rosalind Frances, daughter of Edward Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley of Alderley. Geoffrey William Algernon Howard was his younger brother. He was educated at Rugby and Balliol College, Oxford.

paragraph: Howard joined the British Army, and achieved the rank of Captain in the 3rd Border Regiment before he retired from the regular army. He was appointed a captain in the 5th Militia Battalion of the Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own) on 7 April 1897. The battalion was embodied for active service in the Second Boer War, and he served in South Africa until September 1902, when he returned home on the SS "Avondale Castle". In 1904 he was elected to the House of Commons for Birmingham South, a seat he held until 1911, when he succeeded his father in the earldom and entered the House of Lords. He was appointed a deputy lieutenant of Cumberland in 1905.

paragraph: Lord Carlisle married Rhoda Ankaret, daughter of Colonel Paget Walter L'Estrange, in 1894. They had one son and three daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Josslyn L'Estrange Howard, 11th Earl of Carlisle (6 January 1895 – 17 February 1963) married (1) Bridget Helen Hore-Ruthven on 17 January 1918 (div); had issue: Carolyn Howard (b. 1919) and Charles James Ruthven Howard (1923-1994). Married (2) Esme Mary Shrubb Iredell on 15 August 1947; had issue: Susan Howard (b. 1948).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Constance Howard (b. 20 January 1897)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ankaret Howard (23 April 1900 – 9 April 1945) married William Jackson (later 7th baronet, of the Manor House) on 7 April 1927; had issue: William Thomas Jackson (b. 1927) and Ankaret Tarn Jackson (b. 1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Howard (24 October 1903 – 12 January 1969) married Laurence Robert Maconochie-Welwood on 7 September 1934; had issue: Mary Elizabeth Maconochie-Welwood (b. 1936).

paragraph: He died in January 1912, aged 44, and was laid to rest in a tomb at Lanercost Priory, Cumbria. He was succeeded in his titles by his only son George. Lady Carlisle survived him by 45 years and died in December 1957, aged 90.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). "Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage" (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Entry at "Who Was Who"

description: British soldier and Liberal Unionist politician

wikidata_label: Charles Howard, 10th Earl of Carlisle

wikipedia_title: Charles Howard, 10th Earl of Carlisle


text:
courtesy name
courtesan
Tang dynasty
Chang'an
Xue Tao
Chang'an
Silk Road
concubine
Wei River
Daoist
bisexual
Wen Tingyun
persona
Quan Tangshi
Justin Hill
Shaw Brothers Studio
Hong Kong
Pat Ha
Alex Man
anthology drama series
Those Famous Women in Chinese History
Kingdom Yuen
Mori Ōgai
Judge Dee
Poets and Murder
Justin Hill
Somerset Maugham Award
Encyclopedia of China

wikipedia_title:
Courtesy name
Courtesan
Tang dynasty
Chang'an
Xue Tao
Chang'an
Silk Road
Concubinage
Wei River
Taoism
Bisexuality
Wen Tingyun
Persona
Quan Tangshi
Justin Hill (writer)
Shaw Brothers Studio
Hong Kong
Pat Ha
Alex Man
Anthology series
Those Famous Women in Chinese History
Kingdom Yuen
Mori Ōgai
Judge Dee
Poets and Murder
Justin Hill (writer)
Somerset Maugham Award
Encyclopedia of China

categories: Tang dynasty poets,9th-century women writers,844 births,People executed by the Tang dynasty,Tang dynasty Taoists,Executed people from Shaanxi,Chinese women poets,869 deaths,Chinese courtesans,Executed Tang dynasty people,9th-century Chinese poets,9th-century writers,Executed Chinese women,Writers from Xi'an,9th-century executions

paragraph: Yu Xuanji

paragraph: Yu Xuanji (, c840–c868), courtesy names Youwei () and Huilan (), was a Chinese poet and courtesan of the late Tang dynasty, from Chang'an. She was one of the most famous women poets of Tang, along with Xue Tao, her fellow courtesan.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Little trustworthy information is known about the relatively short life of Yu Xuanji. She was born or grew up in Tang capital Chang'an, which was the terminus of the Silk Road and one of the most sophisticated cities of its time. Yu was married as a concubine, or lesser wife, to an official named Li Yi () at 16, separating three years later because of Li's primary wife's dislike of Yu.

paragraph: She became a courtesan and had a "painted boat" on the Wei River. Yu later took her vows and became a Daoist nun at the Xian Yi Temple. Daoist nuns were at the time known for their sexual freedom and, as was common at the time, Yu continued as a courtesan. During her time as a nun she travelled frequently and her travels influenced her writing. Yu had a reputation for being sexually adventurous and is recognised by some as China's first openly bisexual female.

paragraph: She was a fellow of Wen Tingyun, to whom she addressed a number of poems. Apart from names and dates in her poems, the tabloid-style "Little Tablet from the Three Rivers," (三水小牘), gives the only purported facts about her life. These are however salacious in detail : it reports she had an affair with Wen Tingyun, lived a scandalously promiscuous life, and was executed by decapitation at the age of 28 for allegedly strangling her maid, Luqiao, to death. This account is considered semi-legendary, and may be a reflection of the traditional distrust of women who were strong-willed and sexually independent.

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.

paragraph: Yu Xuanji is distinctive for the quality of her poems, including many written in what seems to be a remarkably frank and direct autobiographical style; that is, using her own voice rather than speaking through a persona. In her lifetime, her poems were published as a collection called "Fragments of a Northern Dreamland", which has been lost. The forty-nine surviving poems were collected in the "Quan Tangshi", mainly for their freak value in an anthology that also included poems from ghosts and foreigners.

paragraph: Section::::English translations.

paragraph: Published in 1998, her work was translated by the team of David Young and Jiann I. Lin. In the 2000s, her work was translated by Stephen Owen and Justin Hill.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: Her family name, Yu, is relatively rare. Her given name, Xuanji, means something like "Profound Theory" or "Mysterious Principle," and is a technical term in Daoism and Buddhism. "Yòuwēi" means something like "Young and Tiny;" and, Huìlán refers to a species of fragrant orchid.

paragraph: Section::::Media.

paragraph: In 1984 the Shaw Brothers Studio in Hong Kong made a film about her life entitled 唐朝豪放女 (An Anmorous Woman of Tang Dynasty), starred Pat Ha and Alex Man.

paragraph: In 1988, the Asia Television Limited in Hong Kong filmed an anthology drama series about her life, titled 歷代奇女子 (Those Famous Women in Chinese History), starred Bonnie Ngai, Pat Poon and Kingdom Yuen

paragraph: Yu Xuanji is the subject of the 1915 short story "Gyogenki" by Japanese author Mori Ōgai. She was the nun in Robert van Gulik's 1968 "Judge Dee" novel "Poets and Murder".

paragraph: Justin Hill's Somerset Maugham Award award winning novel Passing Under Heaven reimagines Yu Xuanji's life.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fu, Shousun, "Yu Xuanji". "Encyclopedia of China" (Chinese Literature Edition), 1st ed. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.

alias:
Yu Xuanji
Huilan
Yu Yuanji
Youwei

description: Chinese poet

wikidata_label: Yu Xuanji

wikipedia_title: Yu Xuanji


text: football

text: fullback

text: National Football League

text: college football

text: University of Florida

text: Detroit Lions

text: Seattle Seahawks

text: Pompano Beach, Florida

text: Blanche Ely High School

text: Parade

text: All-American

text: University of Florida

text: Charley Pell

text: Florida Gators football

text: NCAA

text: Division I

text: Southeastern Conference

text: All-American

text: Fergie Ferguson Award

text: Detroit Lions

text: 1983 NFL Draft

text: Billy Sims

text: Garry James

text: Terry Taylor

text: alma mater

text: List of Detroit Lions players

text: List of Seattle Seahawks players

wikipedia_title: National Collegiate Athletic Association

categories: Detroit Lions players,Living people,Players of American football from Florida,1961 births,People from Pompano Beach, Florida,Blanche Ely High School alumni,American football running backs,Florida Gators football players

paragraph: James Jones (running back, born 1961)

paragraph: James Roosevelt Jones (born March 21, 1961) is an American former college and professional football fullback in the National Football League (NFL) for ten seasons during the 1980s and early 1990s. Jones played college football for the University of Florida, and thereafter, he played professionally for the Detroit Lions and the Seattle Seahawks of the NFL.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Jones was born in Pompano Beach, Florida in 1961. He attended Blanche Ely High School in Pompano Beach, where he was a star high school football player for the Blanche Ely Mighty Tigers. Jones was so versatile in his ability to play multiple positions that he was nicknamed the "Franchise." "Parade" magazine named him as a high school All-American after his senior season.

paragraph: In 2007, twenty-eight years after he graduated from high school, the Florida High School Athletic Association (FHSAA) recognized Jones as one of the "100 Greatest Players of the First 100 Years" of Florida high school football.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Jones received an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played for coach Charley Pell's Florida Gators football team from 1979 to 1982. During Jones' sophomore season in 1980, he was a member of the Gators team that posted the biggest one-year turnaround in the history of NCAA Division I football—from 0–10–1 in 1979 to an 8–4 bowl team in 1980.

paragraph: He was a team captain in 1981 and 1982, a first-team All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) selection in 1981 and 1982, and a third-team/honorable mention All-American in 1982. He also received the Gators' Fergie Ferguson Award, recognizing the "senior football player who displays outstanding leadership, character and courage," in 1981. Jones finished his Gator career with 2,026 yards rushing, 593 yards receiving and forty-eight yards passing, and led the team in rushing yardage for three consecutive seasons from 1980 to 1982. He was later inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a "Gator Great" in 1998. In a 2006 article series published by "The Gainesville Sun", the "Sun" sportswriters ranked him as the No. 45 all-time greatest Gator from the first century of the Florida Gators football team.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: The Detroit Lions selected Jones in the first round (thirteenth pick overall) of the 1983 NFL Draft, and he played for the Lions from to . Jones started off for the Lions blocking for Billy Sims but became the featured back for the Lions in when Sims was injured. Jones played with Garry James from to and the tandem became known as the "James Gang." Jones' best game with the Lions was in week 1 of in a 13–10 win over the Vikings; he rushed for 174 yards on thirty-six carries and was recognized as the NFC offensive player of the week for his performance.

paragraph: Jones was traded to the Seattle Seahawks in for defensive back Terry Taylor, and he finished his NFL career with the Seahawks in . Jones finished his ten-season NFL career having played in 135 games, started ninety-one of them, rushed for 3,626 yards and twenty-six touchdowns on 1,010 carries, and caught 318 passes for 2,641 yards and ten touchdowns.

paragraph: Section::::Life after the NFL.

paragraph: Jones became the head football coach for his high school alma mater, Blanche Ely, in 2007, but he resigned in May 2008 after a single season.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Florida Gators football, 1970–79

paragraph: BULLET::::- Florida Gators football, 1980–89

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Detroit Lions players

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Florida Gators football players in the NFL

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame members

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Seattle Seahawks players

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carlson, Norm, "University of Florida Football Vault: The History of the Florida Gators", Whitman Publishing, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia (2007). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Golenbock, Peter, "Go Gators! An Oral History of Florida's Pursuit of Gridiron Glory", Legends Publishing, LLC, St. Petersburg, Florida (2002). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hairston, Jack, "Tales from the Gator Swamp: A Collection of the Greatest Gator Stories Ever Told", Sports Publishing, LLC, Champaign, Illinois (2002). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- McCarthy, Kevin M., "Fightin' Gators: A History of University of Florida Football", Arcadia Publishing, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina (2000). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nash, Noel, ed., "The Gainesville Sun Presents The Greatest Moments in Florida Gators Football", Sports Publishing, Inc., Champaign, Illinois (1998). .

description: American football player, running back

wikidata_label: James Jones

wikipedia_title: James Jones (running back, born 1961)


text:
Chardakhlu
Artsakh
Antelias
Lebanon
Armenian Apostolic Church
Artsakh
Russian Empire
Gevorgian Seminary
Yerevan
Tbilisi
Armenian Genocide
Battle of Sardarapat
Dashnak Party
Gyumri
Nor Nakhichevan
Rostov-on-Don
US$
Archbishop Gevorg Chorekchian
World War II
Armenian
Karekin I

wikipedia_title:
Çardaqlı, Tartar
Nagorno-Karabakh
Antelias
Lebanon
Armenian Apostolic Church
Artsakh (historic province)
Russian Empire
Gevorgian Seminary
Yerevan
Tbilisi
Armenian Genocide
Battle of Sardarabad
Armenian Revolutionary Federation
Gyumri
Nakhichevan-on-Don
Rostov-on-Don
United States dollar
George VI of Armenia
World War II
Armenian language
Karekin I

categories: Catholicoi of Cilicia,1952 deaths,1867 births

image: 512px-Епископ_Гарегин_Овсепян,_участник_Сардарапатской_битвы.jpg

paragraph: Karekin I (Cilicia)

paragraph: Karekin I () (17 December 1867 in Khachisar (now Chardakhlu), Artsakh – 21 June 1952 in Antelias, Lebanon) was a scholar of Armenian art and Catholicos of Cilicia of the Armenian Apostolic Church from 1943 to 1952.

paragraph: Section::::Education and career as clergyman.

paragraph: Born Garegin Hovsepian and originally from Artsakh (then part of the Elizavetpol Governorate of the Russian Empire), he studied at the Gevorgian Seminary of the Catholicosate of All Armenians in Etchmiadzin (1882-1890). During this period, he was ordained a deacon of the Armenian Church and joined the Congregation of the Holy See of Etchmiadzin. In 1892-1897, he studied theology and philosophy at the universities of Leipzig, Halle and Berlin. His doctoral dissertation was published in Leipzig in 1897.

paragraph: After his return from Germany, Karekin was ordained a celibate priest in Etchmiadzin. In 1917 he was ordained bishop, Until the outbreak of the First World War, he held a number of teaching and administrative positions within the jurisdiction of the Holy See, in Etchmiadzin, Yerevan,and Tbilisi; he was, at different times, head of the Echdmiazin library, Dean of the Gevorgian Seminary, and editor of the Catholicosate's journal, "Ararat". Following the mass influx of refugees, escaping the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire in 1915-1916, he chaired the Commission of Brotherly Assistance, which looked after the fleeing orphans.

paragraph: Karekin was ordained a bishop in 1917, In May 1918, during the Ottoman invasion of Transcaucasia, he participated in the Battle of Sardarapat; he and fellow priests visited villages close to the battle-front to encourage both the Armenian soldiers and unarmed villagers to resist the invading army. His service was appreciated through subsequent decorations he received from both the Russian Commander of the Caucasian Front and the government of the Republic of Armenia (1918-1920). It also accorded him tremendous respect in Armenian nationalist circles, including the influential Dashnak Party. This proved crucial during pivotal moments in his subsequent career.

paragraph: In 1920, during the invasion of Armenia by the Turkish Kemalist troops, Karekin again volunteered to be at the frontline. This time, however, he fell captive when the Kemalists captured Kars on 30 October. He escaped on 19 January 1921, sought refuge in the city's American orphanage, and, on 21 March, he finally reached Armenian territory, where Soviet rule had already been established.

paragraph: Karekin witnessed from close range Soviet attempts to destroy organized religion, including the Armenian Church. As early as 1923, the Soviet secret police reported its unhappiness with his religious activities. In 1924, he toured other Armenian communities in the USSR and raised 120,000 roubles for Etchmiadzin. In 1924, he was appointed to the newly established Supreme Spiritual Council of Etchmiadzin and was later re-elected to serve on that body in both 1932 and 1941. In 1925, he was elevated to the rank of archbishop. He played a key role in collecting relief for the victims of the strong earthquake that hit Armenia's second largest city, Leninakan (now, Gyumri) in 1926. From 1927 to 1933, Karekin was the primate of the Diocese of Crimea and Nor Nakhichevan (a suburb of Rostov-on-Don), which covered Armenian Church parishes and institutions over vast stretches of Russian territory, including Moscow and Leningrad. He could do very little, however, to stop the continued closing of Armenian churches in those areas.

paragraph: In 1934 Catholicos Khoren I of Etchmiadzin appointed Karekin pontifical legate to travel abroad in order to raise funds for the reconstruction of the Etchmiadzin Cathedral and other expenses of the Catholicosate, as well solve administrative problems that had arisen in some dioceses of the Armenian Church outside the USSR, particularly in France and the USA. From 1935 Karekin visited nearly a dozen European and Middle Eastern countries, during which he raised some US$35,000.

paragraph: In 1936 Karekin reached the US in what proved to be the final leg of his mission. A serious schism had arisen in the Armenian Church in North America on the issue of cooperation with the Holy See of Etchmiadzin, which the dissidents complained was fully under Communist control in Soviet Armenia. Karekin failed to find a solution to this crisis. The Armenian Church Diocese, which had stayed loyal to Etchmiadzin, eventually elected him as its next primate. His election came despite repeated calls from Etchmiadzin for his return to the Holy See. Indeed, the "locum tenens", Archbishop Gevorg Chorekchian, reported to the National Ecclesiastical Assembly (NEA) in Etchmiadzin in 1941 that the results of Karekin's mission abroad had not covered the financial needs of the Holy See.

paragraph: In 1938-1943 Karekin served as primate of the Eastern Diocese of the Armenian Church in North America. After the USSR and the USA became allies during World War II, he led efforts to collect $120,000 from Armenian-Americans to assist Armenian soldiers in the Red Army and Armenian civilians harmed by the ongoing war in Europe. Separately, he also helped raise another $85,000 for the formation of the David of Sasun Tank Unit for the Red Army.

paragraph: Karekin's religious career took an unexpected turn in 1943, when the competing pro- and anti-Soviet Armenian political factions agreed on his candidacy as the next Catholicos of the Great House of Cilicia, the second most important see of the Armenian Church. Wartime conditions made it impossible for Karekin to leave the US and reach the seat of this catholicosate in Lebanon until March 1945. In the meantime, he stayed in New York, raising $44,000 for the Catholicosate of Cilicia, plus receiving commitments to sponsor students in its seminary.

paragraph: In June 1945, Karekin briefly returned to Soviet Armenia (for the first time since 1935) to participate in the NEA, which elected Chorekchian as the next Catholicos of All Armenians. Karekin was the first Catholicos of Cilicia to participate in the election of the Catholicos of Etchmiadzin, and he personally consecrated the newly elected Gevorg VI. In 1946-1949, Karekin supported the Kremlin-backed campaign of repatriation of around 90,000 diasporan Armenians to Soviet Armenia. In 1946, Gevorg accorded him the unprecedented privilege of carrying a diamond cross on his hood, usually the sole prerogative of the Catholicos of All Armenians. Gevorg also asked Karekin to mediate a solution to an administrative dispute within the Armenian Patriarchate in Istanbul, which is traditionally outside the jurisdiction of the Catholicosate of Cilicia.

paragraph: Cold War pressures sharpened intra-Armenian political disputes in the Middle East in the last years of Karekin's reign. His relations with the anti-Soviet Dashnak party, which had supported his election, now cooled. After Karekin's health began to deteriorate from 1950, Soviet leaders in Moscow feared that a pro-Dashnak clergyman might end up being his successor. In 1951, they pushed Gevorg in Etchmiadzin to formally write to Karekin in Lebanon and suggest appointing and ordaining a successor (acceptable to the Soviets) during his own lifetime. Karekin refused this offer, seeing in it a violation of the internal freedoms traditionally enjoyed by the catholicosates of both Etchmiadzin and Cilicia. Indeed, Karekin's death in 1952 was followed by a four-year struggle over his succession, ending in a victory for the Dashnak-supported candidate.

paragraph: Section::::Career as a scholar.

paragraph: Karekin is also remembered as a prominent scholar of Armenian Art at the end of the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century.

paragraph: Initially, his scholarly interest focused on collecting and studying Armenian oral literature. He also produced some works on theology. Thereafter, he developed strong interests in the study of medieval Armenian manuscripts (especially their illuminations, colophons and paleography), as well as medieval literature, historiography, archaeology, architecture, epigraphy, and plastic arts. He authored a number of monographs and dozens of scholarly articles, mostly in Armenian, but also a few in Russian.

paragraph: During the tsarist period, he was elected a member of the Caucasian branch of the Imperial Archeological Society in Moscow, and the Imperial Archeological Society at St Petersburg. In the aftermath of the Armenian Genocide, he embarked upon establishing an Armenian ethnographic museum in Transcaucasia in 1917, collecting materials from refugees fleeing the Ottoman Empire.

paragraph: During the brief period of Armenian independence (1918-1920), he was appointed professor of Armenian Art History and Archeology at the newly established Yerevan State University. He also became a founder-member of the Committee for the Preservation of the Monuments of Armenia.

paragraph: Karekin continued his scholarly activities within state-supported academic and research institutions in the earliest years of Soviet rule, but the Communist regime's aggressive anti-religious campaign soon made it impossible for him to publish in Soviet academic journals. From the late 1920s, his studies appeared in various publications of the Armenian Diaspora. However, the Soviet Armenian Academy of Sciences posthumously published a two-volume anthology of his works, in 1983-1987.

paragraph: During his reign as Catholicos of Cilicia, Karekin also took tangible steps towards turning the Catholicosate's headquarters in Lebanon into an Armenian cultural center in the diaspora. In 1951, he published "Hishatakarank Dzeragrats" (in Armenian Յիշատակարանք Ձեռագրաց), a huge 1,255 page book about religious and historical references spanning from the 5th century to 1250 A.D. The information was gathered from ancient Armenian manuscripts that were located, among other places, at the Armenian Patriarchate in Jerusalem. He was assisted in this project by his Staff-Bearer ("gavazanakir"), seminary student Torkom Postajian, who traveled to Jerusalem with him and hand-copied and compiled the information from the original documents.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: Shortly after the death of Karekin I in 1952, Neshan Sarkissian, an Armenian cleric, was ordained a priest taking the name Karekin in remembrance of the late Catholicos. Karekin Sarkissian later became Catholicos Karekin II of Cilicia and then Catholicos Karekin I of All Armenians.

paragraph: Section::::Secondary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arzumanean, Rev. Zawen, "Azgapatum" [The Story of the Nation], Vol. 4, Books I-II (New York, 1995 and 1997).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Avakian, Arra S. (1998). "Armenia: A Journey Through History". The Electric Press, Fresno.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eghiayean, Biwzand (1975). "Zhamanakakits Patmutiwn Katoghikosutean Hayots Kilikioy 1914-1972" [Contemporary History of the Armenian Catholicossate of Cilicia]. Antelias, pp. 565–628.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oshakan, Hakob (1948). "Arewelahay banasirutiwne ew Ejmiatsin: Garegin Katoghikos Hovsepian" [Eastern Armenian Philology and Echmiadzin: Catholicos Karekin Hovsepian]. Antelias.

url: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Епископ_Гарегин_Овсепян,_участник_Сардарапатской_битвы.jpg

description: Catholicoi of Cilicia

wikidata_label: Karekin I

wikipedia_title: Karekin I (Cilicia)


text:
American football
end
New Bern, North Carolina
college football
Hampton Institute
University of Michigan
Big Ten Conference
National Football League
Detroit Lions
Green Bay Packers
African American
New York Yankees
1950 NFL season
Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame
Detroit
Craven County, North Carolina
historically black university
Hampton, Virginia
Virginia Union
Ann Arbor
African-American
Gene Derricotte
1944 Michigan Wolverines football team
Fritz Crisler
1946
1947 Michigan Wolverines football team
The Michigan Chronicle
Len Ford
Gene Derricotte
Wisconsin
Minnesota
Ohio State
Bump Elliott
Bob Chappuis
Big Ten Conference
national championship
end-around
Stanford
Joe Louis
Pitt
Len Ford
Gilmore Stadium
Los Angeles
All-American
Associated Press
New York Yankees
Ray Flaherty
All-America Football Conference
National Football League
Detroit Lions
Bo McMillin
Goebel Brewing Company
Detroit Tigers
African-American
Mel Groomes
Jesse Owens
1949 NFL season
Philadelphia Eagles
New Orleans
Frank Tripucka
Green Bay Packers
Tom Fears
New York Yankees
Bobby Layne
Red Strader
John Rauch
Washington Redskins
Michigan Chronicle
Don Hutson
Green Bay Packers
San Francisco 49ers
Philadelphia Eagles
1954 NFL season
Lee Remmel
Dick Afflis
Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
Detroit College of Law
Detroit
Ford Field
Pro Football Hall of Fame
Lem Barney

wikipedia_title: Historically black colleges and universities

wikipedia_title: College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS

wikipedia_title: Michigan State University College of Law

categories: Detroit Lions players,Michigan Wolverines football players,Green Bay Packers players,American football ends,2006 deaths,Sportspeople from New Bern, North Carolina,1924 births,Lawyers from Detroit,Sportspeople from Detroit,Detroit College of Law alumni

paragraph: Bob Mann (American football)

paragraph: Robert Mann (April 8, 1924 – October 21, 2006) was an American football end. A native of New Bern, North Carolina, Mann played college football at Hampton Institute in 1942 and 1943 and at the University of Michigan in 1944, 1946 and 1947. He broke the Big Ten Conference record for receiving yardage in 1946 and again in 1947. Mann later played professional football in the National Football League (NFL) for the Detroit Lions (1948–1949) and Green Bay Packers (1950–1954). He was the first African American player for both teams.

paragraph: Mann led the NFL in receiving yardage (1,014 yards) and yards per reception (15.4) in 1949. Mann was asked to take a pay cut after the 1949 season and became a "holdout" when the Lions opened practice in July 1950. He was traded to the New York Yankees in August 1950 and released three weeks later. Mann charged that he had been "railroaded" out of professional football for refusing to take a pay cut. He signed with the Green Bay Packers near the end of the 1950 NFL season and was the Packers' leading receiver in 1951. He remained with the Packers through the 1954 season. He was inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame in 1988.

paragraph: After his football career, Mann became a lawyer and practiced law in Detroit.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Mann was born in New Bern, the county seat of Craven County, North Carolina, in 1924. His father, Dr. William Mann, was a physician, and his mother, Clara Mann, was a supervisor of elementary schools in Craven County. Mann began his football career at West Street High School in New Bern.

paragraph: Section::::College football.

paragraph: Section::::College football.:Hampton Institute.

paragraph: In 1941, Mann enrolled at Hampton Institute (now known as Hampton University), a historically black university located in Hampton, Virginia. He joined the school's football team, and as a sophomore, he scored 45 of Hampton's 99 points while playing at the left end position. He scored three touchdowns in Hampton's final game against Virginia Union.

paragraph: Section::::College football.:University of Michigan.

paragraph: Mann transferred to Michigan in 1944. He later recalled that his transfer had more to do with academics than football. His father hoped his son would follow him into the medical profession and believed it would be easier to get into medical school if his son attended a university that had a medical school.

paragraph: Mann later recalled that, upon his arrival in the fall of 1944, Ann Arbor was "a conservative city," noting, "There were some places we (black students) couldn't go." Mann worked in a restaurant near campus to help pay his way through college. He joined the football team and was one of two African-American players (Gene Derricotte was the other) on the 1944 Michigan Wolverines football team. Mann took a year off for military service and returned to Michigan in 1946.

paragraph: Mann became a starter at the left end position for Fritz Crisler's 1946 and 1947 Michigan Wolverines football teams. In a 2005 profile of Mann's role in integrating football, "The Michigan Chronicle" wrote

paragraph: Despite the fact that Mann was a standout receiver, earning second-team All-American honors, he was routinely kept on the bench for the first few plays of every game, some say, because there were those at Michigan who did not want to bear the stigma of including a Negro player in its starting lineup. Despite his two-play hiatus at the beginning of games, Bob Mann went on to become one of the University of Michigan's greatest receivers.

paragraph: The contention that Mann was "routinely" kept out of the starting lineup for racial reasons, however, is not supported by University of Michigan records, which show that an African-American started at the left end position in 6 of 9 games during the 1946 season, with Len Ford (who was also African-American) starting 4 games and Mann starting 2 games. Further, Gene Derricotte (who was also African-American) started 5 games for the 1946 team at the left halfback position. And in 1947, Mann was the starting left end in 8 of 10 games for the Wolverines. Derricotte and Ford also started games for the 1947 Michigan team.

paragraph: In November 1946, Mann worked his way into the starting lineup and had big games against Wisconsin, Minnesota and Ohio State. In a 28–6 win over Wisconsin, he caught two touchdown passes in the first quarter—a 13-yard pass from Bump Elliott and a 27-yard pass from Bob Chappuis. He also caught touchdown passes from Chappuis against Minnesota and Ohio State. Mann also made a diving catch on a 17-yard pass from Chappuis at the Ohio State 3-yard line to set up another Michigan touchdown. During the 1946 season, Mann set a new Big Ten Conference record with 13 receptions for 284 yards.

paragraph: As a senior in 1947, Mann starred on Crisler's undefeated national championship team. During the 1947 season, Mann caught 12 passes for 302 yards and three touchdowns. He also ran for 129 yards on 15 end-around plays. Against Stanford, Mann caught a 61-yard touchdown pass from Chappuis on Michigan's second play from scrimmage. The "Chicago Daily Tribune" described the plays as follows: "Stanford today was like a boxer taking a Joe Louis knockout punch before having a chance to get his hands up. On the second play after the opening kickoff, Bob Chappuis hurled a touchdown pass to dusky Bob Mann for 61 yards."

paragraph: Against Pitt, he scored Michigan's first touchdown on a 70-yard pass from Chappuis in the second quarter; he scored again in the second half against Pitt on a 22-yard touchdown pass from Jack Weisenburger.

paragraph: After the 1947 season, Mann and fellow Michigan end, Len Ford, played in the East-West college all-star game at Gilmore Stadium in Los Angeles; both caught touchdown passes in the game. Mann was also selected by the Associated Press as a first-team end for its All-Big Nine team. He was also selected as a second-team All-American by the Associated Press.

paragraph: Section::::Professional football.

paragraph: Section::::Professional football.:Detroit Lions.:Signing with the Lions.

paragraph: In February 1948, Mann traveled to New York and met with New York Yankees coach Ray Flaherty. Mann said at the time that he would like to play for the Yankees, but was reluctant to agree to any terms as he was expecting to receive feelers from several other teams in the All-America Football Conference and National Football League. In April 1948, Mann signed with the Detroit Lions of the NFL. Mann's first NFL contract was for $7,500 and a $2,500 bonus, considered to be "solid NFL money in those days." At the time, Detroit coach Bo McMillin said, "We're tickled to get Mann. We've been after his name on a Detroit contract ever since I came here as a coach. We know he will be a valuable professional performer."

paragraph: Mann was also hired as a spokesman for the Goebel Brewing Company in Detroit's black community. The Lions' president, Edwin J. Anderson, was also president of Goebel, which sponsored Detroit Lions and Detroit Tigers radio broadcasts.

paragraph: Section::::Professional football.:Detroit Lions.:1948 season.

paragraph: As a rookie in 1948, Mann became the first African-American to play for the Lions; halfback Mel Groomes also played for the Lions in 1948. He appeared in all 12 games for the Lions, but was not included in the starting lineup in any of the Lions' games in 1948. Despite his role as a "backup," Mann finished the season with 33 catches for 560 yards, ranking him 7th in the NFL in receiving yards and 4th in yards per reception.

paragraph: In December 1948, Mann joined Jesse Owens' Olympians professional basketball team in Cleveland. He had played two years of basketball at Hampton Institute but did not play basketball at Michigan.

paragraph: Section::::Professional football.:Detroit Lions.:1949 season.

paragraph: In the pre-season prior to the 1949 NFL season, the Lions played an exhibition game against the Philadelphia Eagles in New Orleans. Coach McMillin met with the Lions' three African-American players (Mann, Groomes and Wally Triplett) before the trip. He explained that there had never been an interracial game in New Orleans. McMillan said he did not think he should break the prohibition and that the three of them would also not be permitted to stay with the team at the hotel. McMillan offered to let the three attend the game and sit on the bench, but Mann declined. Interviewed in 2005, he recalled the incident

paragraph: I said if I can't play in the game I don't want to sit on the bench. ... Bo could've ended all that. He was supposed to be Mr. Great Liberal. But he didn't do it. He just passed it by. He could've been a big guy, a big fellow, but he didn't do it. I've never forgotten that. Don't tell me how liberal Bo was; he wasn't. He had a chance to be a hero, step up to the plate, but he didn't do it.

paragraph: In Mann's second season in the NFL, the Lions had a new quarterback in Frank Tripucka. Following a team outing, Mann overheard Tripucka's wife complaining that too many receivers were dropping balls. Mann told Mrs. Tripucka to tell her husband to throw the ball to him, saying, "I don't drop passes." On December 11, 1949, Mann was credited with 8 catches for 182 yards and two touchdowns (including a 64-yard touchdown pass from Tripucka in the first quarter and a 41-yard touchdown pass in the fourth quarter) against the Green Bay Packers. The mark tied his own single-game NFL record for receiving yardage. After the game, Mann's wife, described as "an ardent football fan," pointed out to statistician Nick Kerbawy that her tally sheet showed that her husband caught nine passes. Kerbawy ran back through the play-by-play account of the game and discovered she was right.

paragraph: During the 1949 season, Mann led the NFL with 1,014 receiving yards and yards per catch (15.4). He also finished second in receptions with 66 (Tom Fears set an NFL record in 1949 with 77 receptions). At the time, Mann's totals in receiving yards and receptions both ranked as the third-highest single-season totals in NFL history.

paragraph: Despite leading the NFL in receiving yards, Mann was not selected by the United Press for either its first- or second-team All-NFL team. Instead, the UP named him to its "Honorable Mention" team.

paragraph: Section::::Professional football.:Detroit Lions.:Salary dispute in 1950.

paragraph: During the off-season in 1950, the Lions asked Mann to take a $1,500 pay cut from $7,500 to $6,000. Mann objected and held out, refusing to sign a 1950 contract with the Lions. Adding fuel to the negotiations, the African-American community in Detroit had called for a boycott of Goebel beer, after a bid by an African-American group for a distributorship in Detroit's black community had been rejected. Mann recalled that Goebels/Lions president Anderson was under the mistaken impression that Mann had met with representatives of the losing bidder concerning the boycott. Mann recalled one meeting at which Anderson "left the room to run cool water on his wrists as a way to calm his anger."

paragraph: Section::::Professional football.:Detroit Lions.:Trade to the New York Yankees.

paragraph: On July 31, 1950, Mann became a "hold out" when he failed to show up on the first day of practice for the Lions. that same day, his position as a spokesman for Goebel was terminated. Four days later, he was sent to the New York Yankees in payment for quarterback Bobby Layne. The Lions had previously traded fullback Camp Wilson for Layne, but Wilson refused to report to the Yankees. Mann later recalled that Yankees' coach Red Strader was upset about the trade. Despite a good training camp, Mann received little playing time in exhibition games. John Rauch, a rookie quarterback, told Mann that he had been ordered not to throw to him. The day after Rauch threw a 53-yard touchdown pass to Mann in a pre-season game against the Washington Redskins, Mann was released by the Yankees. He was not picked up by any other team.

paragraph: Section::::Professional football.:Detroit Lions.:Charges of blackballing.

paragraph: Through the months of September and October 1950, Mann was jobless. At the end of October 1950, Mann publicly charged that he had been "railroaded" out of professional football. He claimed that, despite leading the NFL in receiving yards in 1949, the Lions had asked him to take a 20% pay cut. After he objected, he contended that the NFL had taken a "hands off" policy toward him. Mann publicly stated, "I must have been blackballed -- it just doesn't make sense that I'm suddenly not good enough to make a single team in the league. The Lions' response to Mann's charge was a statement that they "want something more from an end than pass-catching ability."

paragraph: In the fall of 1950, the "Michigan Chronicle", an African-American newspaper in Detroit, also questioned the treatment of Mann. Bill Matney wrote in the "Chronicle"

paragraph: Has a 'freeze' been put on Bob Mann? Mann was expected to have his best year in 1950. He played a total of three minutes in four exhibition games. Officially, Mann has been told by the New York Yanks that he is 'too small to make the team.' Consider the following - the previous year he was considered one of the best receivers in the league. Rival coaches were comparing him to the great Don Hutson in pass catching ability, and shiftiness. Still, after a great year, he was asked to take a pay cut from $8,000 to $6,500. However, after his release, not one NFL team has indicated any interest in picking him up...Many fans believe Mann to be the victim of a 'league fix,' a situation which may be created by team owners which spells 'finis' to the grid career of the player in question...They [fans] are still wondering why such a superior player as Mann in 1949, would not be wanted by any team in the NFL just nine months later. Fans are wondering if outside forces or a situation in which he became innocently involved, have created a 'boycott' which has driven Mann right out of the league.

paragraph: Section::::Professional football.:Green Bay Packers.

paragraph: Mann was signed by the Green Bay Packers on November 25, 1950. On November 26, 1950, he appeared in the Packers' final home game against the San Francisco 49ers, becoming the first African-American to play for the Packers. In 1951, Mann led the Packers with 50 catches, 696 receiving yards, and eight touchdowns; he also ranked 4th in the NFL in both receptions and receiving yards in 1951. He caught three touchdown passes in an October 1951 game against the Philadelphia Eagles.,

paragraph: Mann remained with the Packers through the 1954 NFL season. Lee Remmel, who worked for the Packers in public relations and served as a team historian, described Mann as "on the small side" (5 feet 11 inches, 175 pounds), but a "nifty and productive wide receiver." "Green Bay Gazette" sports writer Art Daley recalled a story involving Mann and teammate Dick Afflis, who later became known in professional wrestling as "Dick the Bruiser." The Packers stayed at a Baltimore hotel that would not allow Mann to stay with the team on account of a policy against allowing African-American guests. When Mann left to go to another hotel, the 252-pound Afflis left with him. When a cab driver told Afflis that he would not drive Mann because of his race, Afflis grabbed the driver by the shirt and said, "You will take him wherever he wants to go." Daley also recalled how he had protested the hotel not accepting Mann and Mann calmed him down by saying with a shrug, "That's just politics."

paragraph: In November 1955, Mann filed a $25,000 breach of contract suit against the Packers. Mann charged he was released illegally after sustaining a knee injury in an exhibition game against the Eagles.

paragraph: Mann was inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame in 1988. At the time of his death, the "Milwaukee Journal Sentinel" recalled Mann as one of the players who undid "the myth of white superiority in football." The "Journal Sentinel" wrote

paragraph: It sounds incredible now, given pro football today, but at one time a myth held sway that black men couldn't play as well as white men. That myth helped to justify the National Football League's practice of recruiting only whites. A player who helped make a lie of the myth was Bob Mann, an African-American who integrated the Green Bay Packers in 1950. In 1948, he and Melvin Groomes had done the same for the Detroit Lions. ... Mann pioneered the idea that skin color does not limit talents.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: Mann later attended law school, graduating from the Detroit College of Law in 1970. He worked as a defense lawyer in Detroit and headed Robert Mann & Associates. Mann's law office was located a few blocks from the Detroit Lions' Ford Field. At the Lions' first regular season game at Ford Field on September 22, 2002, Mann was the Lions' honorary captain. Mann died in October 2006 at age 82. Pro Football Hall of Famer Lem Barney said of Mann, "Bob was a great example to everyone. He gave of himself to the city and the entire community."

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Bob Mann

wikipedia_title: Bob Mann (American football)


text:
French
imposture
Basque
Hendaye
Artigat
Pyrenees
France
Roman Catholic
canon law
Huguenots
then winning converts in France
arson
Sajas
Rieux
"Parlement" of Toulouse
perjury
Michel de Montaigne
hanged
Spain
cardinal
Pedro de Mendoza
Flanders
Spanish attack on St. Quentin
Jean de Coras
Princeton University
Natalie Zemon Davis
Alexandre Dumas, père
The Two Dianas
Janet Lewis
The Wife of Martin Guerre
Philip K. Dick
Human Is
Electric Dreams
opera
American
William Bergsma
libretto
Janet Lewis
Le Retour de Martin Guerre
Daniel Vigne
Gérard Depardieu
Nathalie Baye
BBC Radio 4
Jean de Coras
Sean Bean
Lesley Dunlop
BBC Radio 4 Extra
Sommersby
Jodie Foster
Richard Gere
United States
American Civil War
musical
The House of Martin Guerre
Martin Guerre
Claude-Michel Schönberg
Alain Boublil
London
Prince Edward Theatre
Massacre of St. Bartholomew
TV
Black Forest
World War II
The Simpsons
The Principal and the Pauper
Ken Keeler
Tichborne claimant story
East Timor
Beatriz's War
Back
"Proces de Martin Guerre par Le Sueur"
"Arrest Memorable"
Jean de Coras
"Martin Guerre"
Alexandre Dumas, père

categories: 16th-century executions by France,French farmers,People executed by France by hanging,French-Basque people,16th-century French people,People from Hendaye,Impostors,1524 births,Year of death unknown,People executed for adultery,Executed French people,People executed for fraud

paragraph: Martin Guerre

paragraph: Martin Guerre, a French peasant of the , was at the center of a famous case of imposture. Several years after Martin Guerre had left his wife, child, and village, a man claiming to be him reappeared. He lived with Guerre's wife and son for three years.

paragraph: The false Martin Guerre was eventually suspected of the impersonation. He was tried, discovered to be a man named Arnaud du Tilh, and executed. The real Martin Guerre had returned during the trial. The case continues to be studied and dramatized to this day.

paragraph: Section::::Historical account.

paragraph: Section::::Historical account.:Life before leaving his wife.

paragraph: Martin Daguerre was born around 1524 in the Basque town of Hendaye. In 1527, his family moved to the village of Artigat in the Pyrenees of southwestern France. They changed their name to Guerre. When he was about fourteen years old, Martin married Bertrande de Rols, the daughter of a well-off family. The marriage was childless for eight years until a son was born.

paragraph: Accused of stealing grain from his father, Martin abruptly disappeared in 1548.

paragraph: Roman Catholic canon law did not allow his abandoned wife to remarry. (The Protestant Huguenots who were then winning converts in France would have allowed such a remarriage.)

paragraph: Section::::Historical account.:"New Martin" appears.

paragraph: In the summer of 1556, a man arrived in Artigat who claimed to be the long-gone Martin Guerre. By his similar looks and detailed knowledge of Guerre's life, he convinced most of the villagers. Martin Guerre's uncle and four sisters, as well as his wife Bertrande, believed the man was Guerre, as he claimed, although doubts remained.

paragraph: The "new" Martin Guerre lived for three years with Bertrande and her son; they had two children together, with one daughter surviving. "Martin" claimed the inheritance of Guerre's father, who had died. He sued Guerre's paternal uncle Pierre Guerre for part of the inheritance.

paragraph: Pierre Guerre, who had married Bertrande's widowed mother during Martin Guerre's long absence, became suspicious. He and his wife tried to convince Bertrande that the new Martin was an impostor. A soldier who passed through Artigat claimed the man was a fraud: he said the true Martin had lost a leg in the war. Pierre and his sons-in-law attacked the new Martin with a club, but Bertrande intervened.

paragraph: In 1559, villagers accused the new Martin of arson and of impersonating the real Martin Guerre. With Bertrande remaining on his side, he was acquitted in 1560.

paragraph: Section::::Historical account.:Trial in Rieux.

paragraph: In the meantime, Pierre Guerre had been asking around and believed he had uncovered the identity of the impostor: Arnaud du Tilh, nicknamed "Pansette""," a man with a poor reputation from the nearby village of Tilh, in the region of Sajas. Pierre initiated a new case against the man by falsely claiming to act in Bertrande's name (only the wronged wife could bring the suit). He and his wife, Bertrande's mother, pressured Bertrande to support the charge. Eventually she agreed.

paragraph: In 1560, the case was tried in Rieux. Bertrande testified that at first she had honestly believed the man to be her husband, but that she had since realized that he was a fraud. Both Bertrande and the accused independently related an identical story about their intimate life from before 1548.

paragraph: The man claiming to be Martin then challenged her: if she would swear that he was not her husband, he would gladly agree to be executed – Bertrande remained silent. After hearing from more than 150 witnesses, with many testifying they recognized Martin Guerre (including his four sisters), many others testifying to Arnaud du Tilh's identity, and others refusing to take a side, the accused impostor was convicted and sentenced to death by beheading.

paragraph: Section::::Historical account.:Appeal in Toulouse; Martin Guerre reappears.

paragraph: The condemned man immediately appealed to the "Parlement" of Toulouse. Officials arrested Bertrande and Pierre on charges of possible false accusation and, in the case of Pierre, soliciting perjury. The new Martin eloquently argued his case, and the judges in Toulouse tended to believe his version of the story: that Bertrande was pressured to perjury by the greedy Pierre Guerre. The accused had to undergo detailed questioning about his past; his statements were double-checked, and no contradictions were found.

paragraph: Then, dramatically, a man appeared in Toulouse during the trial, with a wooden leg, claiming to be the true Martin Guerre. When asked about the married couple's past, the man had forgotten some details and was not able to answer the questions as well as the alleged impostor; however, when the two men were both presented to the Guerre family, the case was closed: Pierre, Bertrande, and Martin's four sisters all agreed that the newly arrived man was the true Martin Guerre.

paragraph: The impostor Arnaud du Tilh, who maintained his innocence, was convicted and sentenced to death for adultery and fraud; the public sentencing on 12 September 1560 was attended by Michel de Montaigne. Afterward, the condemned confessed: he had learned about Guerre's life after two men had confused him with Guerre; he had then decided to take Guerre's place, with two conspirators helping him with the details. He apologized to all involved, including Bertrande, for having deceived them. He was hanged in front of Martin Guerre's house in Artigat four days later.

paragraph: Section::::Historical account.:Martin's story.

paragraph: During his long absence from Artigat, the real Martin Guerre had moved to Spain, where he served in the militia for a cardinal, and next in the army of Pedro de Mendoza. As part of the Spanish army, he was sent to Flanders and participated in the Spanish attack on St. Quentin on 10 August 1557. There, he was wounded, and his leg had to be amputated.

paragraph: Guerre lived for years in a monastery before returning to his wife and family. The reason for his return at the time of the trial is unknown. Initially, he rejected his wife's apologies, maintaining that she should have known better than to take another man.

paragraph: Section::::Contemporary accounts and interpretations.

paragraph: Two contemporary accounts of the case were written: "Histoire Admirable" by Guillaume Le Sueur and the better-known "Arrest Memorable" by Jean de Coras, one of the trial judges in Toulouse.

paragraph: In 1983, Princeton University history professor Natalie Zemon Davis published a detailed exploration of the case in her book "The Return of Martin Guerre". She argued that Bertrande had silently or explicitly agreed to the fraud because she needed a husband in that society, and she was treated well by Arnaud. Davis noted as evidence for this theory the improbability of a woman's mistaking a stranger for her husband, Bertrande's support for Arnaud until (and even partially during) the trial, and their shared story of intimacy, likely prepared in advance.

paragraph: The historian Robert Finlay has criticized Davis's conclusions, arguing that Bertrande was duped (as most of her contemporaries believed, including the trial judges) after her husband's long absence. He thought that Davis attempted to superimpose a modern societal model of an independent woman making her own choices onto the historical account. He points to the improbability of Bertrande's charging her own accomplice with fraud, as she would run the risk of having to defend herself against charges of adultery or false accusation.

paragraph: Davis responded to Finlay's arguments in her article "On the Lame" in the same issue of "The American Historical Review" in June 1988.

paragraph: Section::::Literature and popular culture.

paragraph: The unusual story has continued to fascinate and inspire many writers:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexandre Dumas, père, included a fictional account of the events in his novel "The Two Dianas", as well as in his multi-volume "Celebrated Crimes" (1841).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janet Lewis's historical novel, "The Wife of Martin Guerre" (1941), is a fictional exploration of Bertrande and her motives for her actions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip K. Dick's 1955 short story "Human Is" tells of the dilemma for the wife of a cold abusive man who returns from a mission changed for the better. The story was dramatized in the 2017 TV series "Electric Dreams", which also features the man on trial as an alien imposter, who is saved by the testimony of his wife.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wife of Martin Guerre" (1956) is an opera by the American composer William Bergsma with a libretto by Janet Lewis.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The 1982 film "Le Retour de Martin Guerre" ("The Return of Martin Guerre"), directed by Daniel Vigne and starring Gérard Depardieu and Nathalie Baye, was based on the historic accounts. The screenplay added a fictional ending, including an account of Bertrande's motives. Historian Davis (see above) served as consultant for the film.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The True Story of Martin Guerre", a BBC Radio 4 two-part drama by Guy Meredith from the trial notes of Jean de Coras, first broadcast in June 1992 and starring Sean Bean as both Martin Guerre and the Imposter and Lesley Dunlop as Bertrande. It also uses the same fictionalized motives of Bertrande as in the Depardieu film, and was rebroadcast in February 2016 and August 2018 on BBC Radio 4 Extra..

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sommersby" (1993) was an American Hollywood adaptation of the story, starring Jodie Foster and Richard Gere. It set the events in the United States during and after the American Civil War.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The musical "The House of Martin Guerre" (1993) was based on the case and first produced in Toronto.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The musical "Martin Guerre" (1996), by Claude-Michel Schönberg and Alain Boublil, premiered in London at the Prince Edward Theatre. It set the story at the time of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, during the French government's persecution of the Huguenots. Its ending deviated from the historical account.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wiedersehen mit einem Fremden" ("The Return of a Stranger"), a 2010 German TV film, directed by Niki Stein, sets the account in a village in the Black Forest after World War II. The end differs from the historic events.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Another musical titled "Martin Guerre", written by Laura Harrington and Roger Ames, was premiered at the Hartford Stage, 1993, directed by Mark Lamos and starring Judy Kuhn. It won the Connecticut "Best Play" award that year and had a sold-out, extended run into 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Simpsons" season 9 episode "The Principal and the Pauper" is sometimes noted for its similarities to the case, with Principal Seymour Skinner discovered to be an imposter after the real Skinner returns to Springfield. However, the episode's writer, Ken Keeler, has stated that, "This episode is not—despite what people have been saying for eight years—based on or a rip-off of or a goof on the story of Martin Guerre." He went on to clarify: "The pattern of facts is clearly the Tichborne claimant story, and "not" Martin Guerre."

paragraph: BULLET::::- The first feature film produced in the country of East Timor, "Beatriz's War" (2013), reprised the plot of Martin Guerre.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martin Guerre is mentioned in the pilot episode of the British sitcom "Back" (2017).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Proces de Martin Guerre par Le Sueur", (in French) "Histoire admirable d'un faux et supposé mary, advenue en Languedoc, l'an 1560"; par Guillaume Le Sueur, 1561. Réédition annotée dans les "Variétés historiques et littéraires," Tome 8, 1858.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arrest Memorable" by Jean de Coras, translation of the main text by Jeannette K Ringold.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Martin Guerre", fictionalized account by Alexandre Dumas, père, part of the "Celebrated Crimes" series.

description: Impersonated French peasant

wikidata_label: Martin Guerre

wikipedia_title: Martin Guerre


text: Izumozaki

text: Niigata Prefecture

text: Japan

text: Kōshō-ji

text: Kokusen

text: Entsū-ji

text: Okayama Prefecture

text: satori

text: Inka

text: hermit

text: Gentō Sokuchū

text: Sōtō

text: kōan

text: Michel Mohr

text: poetry

text: calligraphy

text: death poem

text: Teishin

text: haiku

text: haiku

text: John Stevens

text: Weatherhill, Inc.

text: Misao Kodama

text: Hikosaku Yanagashima

text: Ryuichi Abe

text: English translations at Allpoetry.

text: Japanese audio of a selection.

text: English translations at Poet Seers.

text: Ryōkan as hermit.

categories: 19th-century Japanese poets,Japanese Zen Buddhists,Soto Zen Buddhists,Zen Buddhist monks and priests,Japanese calligraphers,1831 deaths,1758 births,Japanese writers of the Edo period,Articles containing Japanese poems,Japanese religious leaders,People from Niigata Prefecture,Artists from Niigata Prefecture

paragraph: Ryōkan

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Ryōkan was born in the village of Izumozaki in Echigo Province (now Niigata Prefecture) in Japan to the village headman. He renounced the world at an early age to train at nearby Sōtō Zen temple Kōshō-ji, refusing to meet with or accept charity from his family. Once the Zen master Kokusen visited the temple, and Ryōkan was deeply impressed with his demeanor. He solicited permission to become Kokusen's disciple. Kokusen accepted, and the two returned to Entsū-ji monastery in Tamashima (now Okayama Prefecture).

paragraph: It was at Entsū-ji that Ryōkan attained satori and was presented with an Inka by Kokusen. Kokusen died the following year, and Ryōkan left Entsū-ji to embark on a long pilgrimage. He lived much of the rest of his monastic life as a hermit. His decision to leave Entsū-ji may have been influenced by Gentō Sokuchū, the abbot of the temple. At the time, Gentō was aggressively reforming the Sōtō school to remove perceived 'foreign' elements, including kōan. The scholar Michel Mohr suggests Ryōkan may have been in disagreement with Gentō's efforts.

paragraph: He was originally ordained as Ryōkan Taigu. "Ryō" means "good", "kan" means "broad", and "Taigu" means "great fool"; "Ryōkan Taigu" would thus translate as "broad-hearted generous fool", referring to qualities that Ryōkan's work and life embodies.

paragraph: Section::::Life as a hermit.

paragraph: Ryōkan spent much of his time writing poetry, doing calligraphy, and communing with nature. His poetry is often very simple and inspired by nature. He loved children, and sometimes forgot to beg for food because he was playing with the children of the nearby village. Ryōkan refused to accept any position as a priest or even as a "poet." In the tradition of Zen his quotes and poems show he had a good sense of humour and didn't take himself too seriously.

paragraph: Ryōkan lived a very simple life, and stories about his kindness and generosity abound. On his deathbed, Ryōkan offered the following death poem to Teishin, his close companion:

paragraph: Although he lived a simple and pure life, Ryōkan also displayed characteristics that under normal circumstances would be out of line for a typical monk.

paragraph: Section::::Final years.

paragraph: In 1826 Ryōkan became ill and was unable to continue living as a hermit. He moved into the house of one of his patrons, Kimura Motouemon, and was cared for by a young nun called Teishin. "The [first] visit left them both exhilarated, and led to a close relationship that brightened Ryōkan's final years". The two of them exchanged a series of haiku. The poems they exchanged are both lively and tender. Ryōkan died from his illness on the 6th day of the new year 1831. "Teishin records that Ryōkan, seated in meditation posture, died 'just as if he were falling asleep'".

paragraph: Section::::Stories of Ryōkan.

paragraph: It is common practice for a monk to abstain from eating meat. Once a young monk sat to dinner with Ryōkan and watched him eat fish. When asked why, Ryōkan replied, “I eat fish when it's offered, but I also let the fleas and flies feast on me [when sleeping at night]. Neither bothers me at all.”

paragraph: It is said Ryōkan only slept with most of his body inside of a mosquito net so that he would not hurt the bugs outside.

paragraph: Ryōkan was fond of rice wine and would sometimes drink it to excess. "I send one of the children to buy some country wine/ And after I'm drunk, toss off a few lines of calligraphy."

paragraph: Ryōkan attended the midsummer Bon Festivals. Because he was a monk, he would normally be unable to attend, but sneaked in disguised as a woman.

paragraph: Ryōkan hated waste, and so any food that he was offered that he did not eat, he put into a little pot. Over time, the food rotted and became filled with maggots and other bugs. When warned against eating it, all Ryōkan said was, “No, no, it's all right. I let the maggots escape before I eat it and it tastes just fine!”

paragraph: One evening a thief visited Ryōkan's hut at the base of the mountain only to discover there was nothing to steal. Ryōkan returned and caught him. "You have come a long way to visit me," he told the prowler, "and you should not return empty-handed. Please take my clothes as a gift." The thief was bewildered. He took the clothes and slunk away. Ryōkan sat naked, watching the moon. "Poor fellow," he mused, "I wish I could have given him this beautiful moon." This story may be an interpretation of an account mentioned by Ryōkan in a haiku:

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dew-Drops on a Lotus Leaf (Ryokwan of Zen Buddhism)", foreword and translation by Gyofu Soma & Tatsukichi Irisawa. (Tokyo, 1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "One Robe, One Bowl; The Zen Poetry of Ryōkan" (), 1977, translated and introduced by John Stevens. Weatherhill, Inc.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three Zen Masters: Ikkyū, Hakuin, Ryōkan (Kodansha Biographies)" (), 1993, by John Stevens.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Zen Fool: Ryōkan" (), 2000, translated, with an introduction, by Misao Kodama and Hikosaku Yanagashima.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Great Fool: Zen Master Ryōkan: Poems, Letters, and Other Writings" (), 1996, by Ryuichi Abe (with Peter Haskel).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ryokan: Selected Tanka and Haiku", translated from the Japanese by Sanford Goldstein, Shigeo Mizoguchi and Fujisato Kitajima (Kokodo, 2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ryokan's Calligraphy", by Kiichi Kato; translated by Sanford Goldstein and Fujisato Kitajima (Kokodo, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sky Above, Great Wind: The Life and Poetry of Zen Master Ryokan" (),written by Kazuaki Tanahashi, 2012

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- English translations at Allpoetry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- English translations at Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Japanese audio of a selection.

paragraph: BULLET::::- English translations at Poet Seers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ryōkan as hermit.

alias: Ryokan Ryoukan

description: Japanese Buddhist monk

enwikiquote_title: Ryōkan

wikidata_label: Ryōkan

wikipedia_title: Ryōkan


text:
basketball
USA national basketball team
1948 Summer Olympics
London
United Kingdom
University of Kentucky
B-17 Flying Fortress
Fabulous Five (Kentucky Wildcats)

categories: Basketball players from Indiana,American men's basketball players,1998 deaths,Basketball players at the 1948 Summer Olympics,People from Yorktown, Indiana,United States men's national basketball team players,Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball,Basketball players at the 1948 NCAA Men's Division I Final Four,Basketball players at the 1949 NCAA Men's Division I Final Four,Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball players,Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics,1921 births,Indianapolis Olympians coaches,Indianapolis Olympians players

paragraph: Cliff Barker

paragraph: Clifford "Cliff" Eugene Barker (January 15, 1921 – March 17, 1998) was a basketball player from the United States, who won the gold medal with the USA national basketball team at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom and two national championships at the University of Kentucky.

paragraph: While at the University of Kentucky, Barker was an All-SEC (Second Team) and All-SEC Tournament guard during the 1947–48 and 1948-49 seasons.

paragraph: A veteran of the US Army Air Forces, Barker was a B-17 Flying Fortress gunner and spent 16 months as a prisoner-of-war.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Fabulous Five (Kentucky Wildcats)

description: basketball player

wikidata_label: Cliff Barker

wikipedia_title: Cliff Barker


text: Chauny

text: Croissy

text: Albéric Second

text: Michel Delaporte

text: comédie en vaudeville

text: Charles Desnoyer

text: Leo Tolstoy

text: Joseph-Marie Quérard

text: François Rittiez

text: Gustave Vapereau

text: read online

text: Louis Bergeron on "medias19"

categories: People from Aisne,19th-century French dramatists and playwrights,French male journalists,19th-century French journalists,1890 deaths,1811 births

paragraph: Louis Bergeron

paragraph: Louis Bergeron (1 October 1811 in Chauny – 1 August 1890 in Croissy) was a 19th-century French journalist, writer and playwright.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1833: "Campagnes d'Espagne et de Portugal sous l'Empire"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1839: "Fables démocratiques"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1839: "Un Neveu, s'il vous plaît", one-act folie-vaudeville, with Albéric Second

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1840: "L'Andalouse de Paris", one-act vaudeville, with Michel Delaporte

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1842: "Une jeunesse orageuse", wo-act comédie en vaudeville, with Charles Desnoyer

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1845: "L' article de la mort, physiologie d'un enterrement"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1846: "Le fou de Béthune", feuilleton

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1847: "L'Officier de marine", one-act vaudeville, with Bricet

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1850: "Chronique parisienne", under the pseudonym Émile Pagès

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1852: "Un mauvais père"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1868: "La Vérité sur les tontines indument appelées assurances mutuelles sur la vie"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1870: "Qu'est-ce que l'assurance sur la vie ?"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1872: "L'Avenir des familles"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1873: "Qu'est ce que l'assurance sur la vie ?"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1874: "Un Rêve de banquier philanthrope"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1875: "La Confession de Madame X..."

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1876: "Aux Riches"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1876: "Les Sept milliards de la guerre remboursés en quarante-cinq ans sans augmentation d'impôts. Projet de conversion du 5 p. 100"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1877: "Une Pierre de touche"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1886: "La Providence des artistes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1888: "Quelle est ma vie?", with Leo Tolstoy

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1891: "Œuvres de L. Bergeron sur les assurances"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1892: "Entre Femmes, causerie intime"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1894: "Assurances sur la vie. Le Talisman, souvenirs d'un assuré", posth.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph-Marie Quérard, Charles Louandre, Félix Bourquelot, "La Littérature française contemporaine: XIXe siècle", 1848, (p. 315)

paragraph: BULLET::::- François Rittiez, "Histoire du règne de Louis-Philippe Ier: 1830 à 1848", 1856, (p. 74)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gustave Vapereau, "Dictionnaire universel des contemporains", 1858, (p. 173)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Staaff, "La Littérature française depuis la formation de la langue jusqu'à nos jours", volume 3, 1885, (p. 1241)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Côté Croissy" (n°30), January 2008 (read online)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis Bergeron on "medias19"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bergeron Louis" on "Le Maitron en ligne"

description: French author

wikidata_label: Louis Bergeron

wikipedia_title: Louis Bergeron