text:
Sicily
Aragonese
Blasco I
Alagón
Alagona family
Catania
Frederick II of Sicily
Castle of Aci
Admiral
Roger of Lauria
Palermo
Angevins
Beltrando del Balzo
Peter II
Grand Justiciar
Giovanni of Randazzo
regent
King Louis
Matteo Palizzi
Tripi
Saponara
Messina
Artale I

categories: Regents,Regents of Sicily,Medieval Sicily,Medieval Italian nobility,Year of birth unknown,1355 deaths,14th-century Italian people

paragraph: Blasco II d'Alagona

paragraph: Blasco II d'Alagona (died 23 October 1355), called the Younger, was a very influential nobleman in fourteenth century Sicily. He was probably born in Sicily, of an Aragonese family. He succeeded his uncle Blasco I. The family originated in Alagón.

paragraph: Blasco was very close to the ruling house, also of Aragonese origin, and received many favours from them. The Alagona family was the most powerful in Catania at first and then eastern and eventually, under Blasco II, all of Sicily. In 1320, Frederick II of Sicily ceded the Castle of Aci, expropriated from Margherita, descendant of the Admiral Roger of Lauria, to Blasco. In 1326, Blasco defended the city of Palermo from the Angevins. While there, Beltrando del Balzo pillaged Aci.

paragraph: During the reign of Peter II, Blasco was the Grand Justiciar of the realm. Giovanni of Randazzo, brother of Peter, appointed him regent for his nephew, the young King Louis. As regent, Blasco was opposed by Matteo Palizzi, lord of Tripi and Saponara and vicar of the realm. He was killed in a revolt of Messina in 1355. He was succeeded by his son Artale I.

description: Italian noble

wikidata_label: Blasco II de Alagona

wikipedia_title: Blasco II d'Alagona


text: basketball

text: Louisville Cardinal

text: All-America

text: Atherton High School

text: Louisville, Kentucky

text: Louisville Cardinals

text: 1957 All-American

text: rebounder

text: NCAA

text: Louisville Cardinals

text: 1957 NBA draft

text: Detroit Pistons

text: Mel Hutchins

text: New York Knicks

text: Dick Atha

text: Nathaniel Clifton

text: Harry Gallatin

text: Bob McNeill

text: Chicago Packers

text: Dave Budd

text: National Basketball Association

text: Pittsburgh Rens

text: American Basketball League

text: Louisville, Kentucky

text: Vince Tyra

text: Tom Jurich

text: ESPN article reporting Tyra's death

categories: Sportspeople from Louisville, Kentucky,All-American college men's basketball players,American men's basketball players,Power forwards (basketball),Atherton High School alumni,1935 births,2006 deaths,Detroit Pistons draft picks,Pittsburgh Rens players,Centers (basketball),Basketball players from Kentucky,New York Knicks players,Chicago Packers players,Louisville Cardinals men's basketball players

paragraph: Charlie Tyra

paragraph: Charles E. Tyra (August 16, 1935 – December 29, 2006) was an American basketball player who is best known as the first Louisville Cardinal All-American.

paragraph: Section::::Basketball career.

paragraph: Tyna attended Atherton High School in Louisville, Kentucky and played collegiately for the Louisville Cardinals from 1954–1957.

paragraph: Tyra was a 1957 All-American. He is still the school's leading all-time rebounder and ranks 11th on the NCAA career rebounds list with 1,617. He was the first and one of four to have their basketball jersey number retired by Louisville Cardinals.

paragraph: Tyra was the No. 2 overall pick of the 1957 NBA draft by the Detroit Pistons. Prior to the April 17, 1957 draft day, on April 3, 1957, the #2 pick (Tyra) was traded by the Pistons with Mel Hutchins to the New York Knicks for Dick Atha, Nathaniel Clifton and Harry Gallatin.

paragraph: On May 16, 1961, Tyra was traded by the New York Knicks with Bob McNeill to the Chicago Packers for Dave Budd.

paragraph: Overall, Tyra played five seasons in the National Basketball Association for the New York Knicks (–) and Chicago Packers (). He played one season with the Pittsburgh Rens (1962–1963) of the American Basketball League. Tyra averaged 8.9 points and 7.4 rebounds in 348 NBA games.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Tyra died, aged 71, at the Franciscan Health Care Center in Louisville, Kentucky on December 29, 2006; he had been diagnosed with congestive heart failure more than two years earlier.

paragraph: Tyra's son, Vince Tyra, is athletic director at the University of Louisville. He served as the interim athletic director after the departure of Tom Jurich and was appointed permanently to the position on March 26, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of NCAA Division I men's basketball players with 30 or more rebounds in a game

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of NCAA Division I men's basketball career rebounding leaders

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ESPN article reporting Tyra's death

description: American basketball player

wikidata_label: Charlie Tyra

wikipedia_title: Charlie Tyra


text:
Uzès
Hebraist
François Vatable
Collège Royal
Philippe du Plessis-Mornay
Pierre Martinius
La Rochelle
Jean Cinqarbres
Théodore de Bèze
Jean du Tillet
Hebrew Gospel of Matthew
Constantine Harmenopoulos
Hexabiblos
David Kimchi
Abraham Ibn Ezra
Santes Pagnini
Targum Jonathan

categories: 16th-century deaths from plague (disease),Year of birth uncertain,French Hebraists,Translators from Hebrew,Grammarians of Aramaic,1570 deaths,Date of birth unknown,1510s births

paragraph: Jean Mercier (Hebraist)

paragraph: Jean Mercier, Latin Joannes Mercerus (Uzès ca. 15101570) was a French Hebraist.

paragraph: He was a pupil of the less known François Vatable, and succeeded Vatable as professor of Hebrew at the Collège Royal. His students included Philippe du Plessis-Mornay, and Pierre Martinius who became professor at La Rochelle. Mercier was Lecteur du Roi from 1546 onwards.

paragraph: He fled to Venice because of his sympathies with Protestantism, but returned to France and died of the plague.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aramaic grammar "Tabulae in grammaticen linguae Chaldaeae" (Paris, 1560)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De notis Hebraeorum liber" (1582), revised by Jean Cinqarbres

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commentary on Genesis (Geneva, posthumous 1598), published by Théodore de Bèze

paragraph: Translations

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bishop Jean du Tillet's Italian manuscript of the Hebrew Gospel of Matthew (Paris, 1555)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Translation of "Constantine Harmenopoulos" "Hexabiblos" or "Procheiron ("Lyons", "1556, reprinted in 1580, 1587)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Talmudic selections: "Libellus de abbreviaturis Hebraeorum, tam Talmudicorum quam Masoritarum et aliorum rabbinorum" (Paris, 1561)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hebrew Jonah with commentary of David Kimchi "Jonas cum commentariis R. David Kimhi" (1567)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Translation of Abraham Ibn Ezra's "Commentary on the Ten Commandments" (Lyons, ca. 1567)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes to Santes Pagnini's "Oẓar Leshon ha-Kodesh" (Lyons, 1575)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Translation of Targum Jonathan on the Prophets

description: French Hebraist

wikidata_label: Jean Mercier

wikipedia_title: Jean Mercier (Hebraist)


text: British Prix de Rome

text: Royal Garrison Artillery

text: war artist

text: Royal College of Art

text: Royal Academician

text: Royal Society of British Sculptors

text: Royal Academy

text: Chelsea

text: Richard Arthur Ledward

text: Staffordshire

text: Burslem

text: St Mark's College, Chelsea

text: Germany

text: Royal College of Art

text: Édouard Lantéri

text: Royal Academy Schools

text: British Prix de Rome

text: Royal Academy

text: Great War

text: Royal Garrison Artillery

text: mentioned in despatches

text: Ministry of Information

text: war artist

text: Imperial War Museum

text: war memorial

text: Eric Gill

text: Edwin Lutyens

text: Royal Academician

text: Royal Society of British Sculptors

text: Order of the British Empire

text: representational art

text: Gill

text: Jagger

text: establishment

text: calvary

text: Bourton-on-the-Water

text: bronze

text: Chelsea Embankment

text: war memorial

text: Guards Division

text: St. James's Park

text: Memorial to the Missing

text: Ploegsteert

text: Imperial War Graves Commission

text: Stockport War Memorial Art Gallery

text: Abergavenny

text: Blackpool

text: Harrogate

text: Stonyhurst College

text: marble

text: H. Chalton Bradshaw

text: Household Division

text: Horse Guards Parade

text: Westminster

text: neoclassical

text: Britannia

text: Stockport

text: King George V

text: Kampala

text: Uganda

text: Nairobi

text: Kenya

text: another

text: King George VI

text: marble

text: Bishop de Labilliere

text: Rachel Gurney

text: Admiral Sir Martin Dunbar-Nasmith VC

text: Westminster Abbey

text: St Nicholas

text: St Christopher

text: Hospital for Sick Children

text: Great Ormond Street

text: Sloane Square

text: Great Seal of the Realm

text: crown

text: coronation

text: Elizabeth II

text: second Duke of Westminster

text: St Mary's Church, Eccleston

text: frieze

text: Barclays Bank

text: Old Broad Street

text: Chelsea Arts Club

text: Who's Who

text: sailing

text: Queen's Gate

categories: Alumni of the Royal College of Art,Royal Garrison Artillery officers,1888 births,British architectural sculptors,Prix de Rome (Britain) winners,World War II artists,British Army personnel of World War I,English male sculptors,English sculptors,People from Chelsea, London,British war artists,Royal Academicians,World War I artists,1960 deaths

paragraph: Gilbert Ledward

paragraph: Gilbert Ledward (London 23 January 1888 – 21 June 1960 London), was an English sculptor.

paragraph: He won the British Prix de Rome for sculpture in 1913, and in World War I served in the Royal Garrison Artillery and later as a war artist. He was professor of sculpture at the Royal College of Art and in 1937 was elected a Royal Academician. He became president of the Royal Society of British Sculptors and a trustee of the Royal Academy.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Chelsea in west London, Ledward was the third of the four children of Richard Arthur Ledward (1857–1890), a sculptor, by his marriage to Mary Jane Wood. His grandfather, Richard Perry Ledward, had been a Staffordshire master potter with the firm of Pinder, Bourne & Co. of Burslem. His father died when Ledward was only two. He was educated at St Mark's College, Chelsea until 1901, when his mother took the family to live in Germany. In 1905 Ledward began to train as a sculptor at the Royal College of Art under Édouard Lantéri, and in November 1910 he proceeded to the Royal Academy Schools.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1913 Ledward won both the British Prix de Rome scholarship for sculpture and the Royal Academy's travelling award and gold medal. During the summer of 1914, he travelled throughout Italy, producing sketchbooks now held by the Royal Academy of Arts, but his travels were ended by the outbreak of the Great War at the end of August. He was commissioned into the Royal Garrison Artillery and was later mentioned in despatches. In 1917 he was fighting in Italy, and in April 1918 he was recalled to England, to be seconded to the Ministry of Information as a war artist. He produced reliefs for the Imperial War Museum, generally of soldiers in action.

paragraph: After the war, he was greatly in demand as a sculptor of war memorials. From 1927 to 1929 he was professor of sculpture at the Royal College of Art.

paragraph: In 1934 he established a company called 'Sculptured Memorials and Headstones', which promoted better design of memorials in English churchyards. The firm's supporters included Eric Gill and Edwin Lutyens.

paragraph: In 1937 Ledward was elected a Royal Academician, having been an associate of the Royal Academy since 1932. He was seen as loyal to the values of the Academy, a defender of its academic traditions, but also ready to support good modern work. From 1954 to 1956 he was president of the Royal Society of British Sculptors and in 1956 was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire. In 1956 he became a trustee of the Royal Academy.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Drilled in late nineteenth-century conventions, Ledbury remained loyal to representational art. He was strong in composition, less conventional than Gill and less radical than Jagger, and was seen as representing the sculptural establishment.

paragraph: In 1913 he gained his first major commission, a stone calvary for the church of Bourton-on-the-Water. An early figure in bronze, called "Awakening", can be seen in a garden on the Chelsea Embankment.

paragraph: Ledward's commissions for war memorials after the Great War of 1914 to 1918 included the Guards Division memorial in St. James's Park, London, two lions for the Memorial to the Missing at Ploegsteert, commissioned by the Imperial War Graves Commission, and war memorials at Stockport War Memorial Art Gallery, Abergavenny, Blackpool, Harrogate, and Stonyhurst College (1920), the last of which took the form of a marble altar relief "(pictured)". Between 1922 and 1925, in partnership with H. Chalton Bradshaw, he created the bronze sculptures for the Household Division's memorial on Horse Guards Parade, Westminster. To the same period belongs his neoclassical marble figure of Britannia for the Hall of Memory at Stockport.

paragraph: From the late 1920s, he worked less on models to be cast into bronze and more in direct carving of stone, although he made bronze statues of King George V for Kampala, Uganda, in 1939, and for Nairobi, Kenya, in 1940, and another of King George VI for Hong Kong in 1947. His portrait busts in marble include those of Bishop de Labilliere (1944), the actress Rachel Gurney (1945), and Admiral Sir Martin Dunbar-Nasmith VC (1947). His war memorials after the Second World War include one in Westminster Abbey to the Submarine Service, Commandos, and Airborne Forces (1948).

paragraph: Ledward designed the bronze figures of St Nicholas and St Christopher at the Hospital for Sick Children in Great Ormond Street (1952), the fountain in Sloane Square (1953), the new Great Seal of the Realm of 1953 and the 1953 crown for the coronation of Elizabeth II, of which more than five million were minted. In 1957, he created a memorial to the second Duke of Westminster in St Mary's Church, Eccleston, Cheshire. His last work was a stone frieze with the title "Vision and Imagination" for Barclays Bank in Old Broad Street, City of London. Wnen the building was demolished in 1995, the frieze was saved from destruction by the Public Monuments and Sculpture Association.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and death.

paragraph: In 1911, Ledward married Margery Beatrix Cheesman, and they later had two daughters and a son.

paragraph: He was a member of the Chelsea Arts Club and in "Who's Who" gave his recreation as sailing. He died at number 31, Queen's Gate, London, on 21 June 1960. He is buried along with his wife in the churchyard of St Mary's, Perivale, Middlesex.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peyton Skipwith, "Gilbert Ledward: 1888-1960: drawings for sculpture: a centenary tribute: 25 January – 19 February 1988" (Fine Art Society, 1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine Moriarty, "The Sculpture of Gilbert Ledward" (Henry Moore Foundation in association with Lund Humphries, 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patricia Ledward "Grandmother's Footsteps" a half fact/half fiction tale about the author's grandmother and including many references to her parents: Gilbert (fictional name Bernard) and Margery (fictional name Dorothy). The author herself is named as Vicky. (Macmillan 1966)

description: sculptor

wikidata_label: Gilbert Ledward

wikipedia_title: Gilbert Ledward


text:
boxer
sports figure
bare-knuckle
gloved
William Muldoon
Hurley Law
Anthony Marenghi
Hall of Fame
Tom O'Rourke
Kentucky
Irish immigrants
strawberry
Paterson
Harrison
tuberculosis
George Dixon
Joe Walcott
Jack McAuliffe
Johnny Banks
Kid Lavigne
Jim Corbett
Newark Bay
jurisdiction
William Muldoon
Tom O'Rourke
George "Little Chocolate" Dixon
Young Griffo
Jack McAuliffe
lightweight
New York
Joe Walcott
brass band
Bob Fitzsimmons
George Dixon
Jack McAuliffe
New York Times
Young Griffo
Jack McAuliffe
Coney Island
trolly car
McCarter, Williamson & McCarter
Consolidated Traction Company
New Jersey Supreme Court
Jim Corbett's
Bob Fitzsimmons
Carson City, NV
Enoch J. Rector
The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight
Dion Boucicault
sparring
Jim Corbett
New York City
New York Times
burlesque
Madison Square Garden
Hurley Boxing Law
McGuigan Harrison Athletic Club
Arch Ward
Chicago Tribune
Newark Evening News
Newark Star-Eagle
Mickey Walker
Battling Levinsky
Tony Galento
Gleason's Gym
Brooklyn, NY
West Hudson's
Theodore Roosevelt
Federal League
Rupert Mills
tobacco
soccer
Boston
Chicago
West Hudson A.A.
NJ Supreme Court
plaintiff
train car
defendant
evidence
testified
jury
Hal Chase
Theodore Roosevelt
Patrolmen's Benevolent Association
U.S. Navy
United Nations
United States Navy
USS Pennsylvania
firefighter
World War II
descendants
United States
Anthony Marenghi
Madison Square Garden
Hoboken
Jack Johnson
New York City
requiem
Tom O'Rourke
Hurley Boxing Law
McGuigan Harrison Athletic Club
Gus Troxler
List of bare-knuckle boxers

wikipedia_title:
Boxing
Celebrity
Bare-knuckle boxing
Boxing glove
William Muldoon
Hurley Boxing Law
Anthony Marenghi
International Boxing Hall of Fame
Tom O'Rourke (boxing manager)
Kentucky
Irish diaspora
Strawberry
Paterson, New Jersey
Harrison, New Jersey
Tuberculosis
George Dixon (boxer)
Barbados Joe Walcott
Jack McAuliffe (boxer)
Johnny Banks
Kid Lavigne
James J. Corbett
Newark Bay
Jurisdiction
William Muldoon
Tom O'Rourke (boxing manager)
George Dixon (boxer)
Young Griffo
Jack McAuliffe (boxer)
Lightweight
New York (state)
Barbados Joe Walcott
Brass band
Bob Fitzsimmons
George Dixon (boxer)
Jack McAuliffe (boxer)
The New York Times
Young Griffo
Jack McAuliffe (boxer)
Coney Island
Tram
Thomas N. McCarter
Pittsburgh Railways
Supreme Court of New Jersey
James J. Corbett
Bob Fitzsimmons
Carson City, Nevada
Enoch J. Rector
The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight
Dion Boucicault
Sparring
James J. Corbett
New York City
The New York Times
Burlesque
Madison Square Garden
Hurley Boxing Law
McGuigan Harrison Athletic Club
Arch Ward
Chicago Tribune
Newark Evening News
The Star-Ledger
Mickey Walker (boxer)
Battling Levinsky
Tony Galento
Gleason's Gym
Brooklyn
West Hudson, New Jersey
Theodore Roosevelt
Federal League
Rupert Mills
Chewing tobacco
Association football
Boston
Chicago
West Hudson A.A.
Supreme Court of New Jersey
Plaintiff
Railroad car
Defendant
Evidence
Testimony
Jury
Hal Chase
Theodore Roosevelt
Patrolmen's Benevolent Association
United States Navy
United Nations
United States Navy
USS Pennsylvania (BB-38)
Firefighter
World War II
Lineal descendant
United States
Anthony Marenghi
Madison Square Garden
Hoboken, New Jersey
Jack Johnson (boxer)
New York City
Requiem
Tom O'Rourke (boxing manager)
Hurley Boxing Law
McGuigan Harrison Athletic Club
Gus Troxler
List of bare-knuckle boxers

categories: Sportspeople from Hudson County, New Jersey,People from Harrison, New Jersey,American people of Irish descent,American boxing promoters,American male boxers,Boxers from New Jersey,Burials in New Jersey,1868 births,1938 deaths

paragraph: Patrick McGuigan

paragraph: Patrick McGuigan (March 17, 1868 – September 13, 1938), commonly known as "Paddy" McGuigan, was an American boxer, promoter, entertainer, business man, and sports figure in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. A member of the New Jersey Boxing Hall of Fame, he is considered one of the best fighters of the era and was a beloved figure among sports fans in the region, considered by many to be "The Pride of New Jersey." He became the New Jersey Lightweight Champion in 1890 and the Interstate New York & New Jersey Lightweight Champion in 1892. Fighting in both the bare-knuckle and gloved eras, he met virtually all of the world's top boxers in his class. At the peak of his career he traveled the country with William Muldoon's athletic carnival, "meeting all comers" in each city they visited. Once he retired from boxing professionally, he became a promoter and opened a fight club and a saloon in Harrison, NJ. He has been credited as one of the men responsible for boxing's rise to affluence in New Jersey after it was legalized in 1918 under the Hurley Law, being the first individual in the state to secure a license to legally host boxing matches. Paddy "must be chronicled as one of the greatest ringmen who ever lived," according to sportswriter Anthony Marenghi, and has been described by Hall of Fame manager Tom O'Rourke as the greatest fighter he had ever seen.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Paddy was born in Kentucky in 1868 to Michael McGuigan and Bridget McClachey, both Irish immigrants. Around the age of six, Paddy moved to Newark, NJ with his parents and two older brothers, John and James. Paddy became separated from his parents around the age of ten or twelve, though the reason is unknown, and later began working in local strawberry fields. He and his brothers lived together until their deaths in 1905 and 1913 and they moved often, living in Paterson, Newark, and Harrison, the latter being where Paddy settled and began to raise his family. Paddy's father Michael lived on his own until his death and his mother Bridget died of tuberculosis.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Paddy is regarded as one of the toughest fighters of his time, having fought many top boxers, including George Dixon, Joe Walcott, Jack McAuliffe, Johnny Banks, and Kid Lavigne. He fought out of Newark, Hoboken, and Harrison, NJ. In the period in which he fought, often referred to as the Jim Corbett era, records were scarcely kept and official decisions were often not made due to the illegality of prizefighting in most places. Consequently, some of McGuigan's bouts were held in meadows, barns, or barges in the Newark Bay in order to stall law enforcement and confound local officials with questions of jurisdiction. For a period of time at the height of his career, McGuigan was part of a boxing stable managed by William Muldoon and Tom O'Rourke and traveled the United States with Muldoon's athletic carnival, "meeting all comers" wherever they stopped.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:George Dixon fight.

paragraph: Shortly after McGuigan quit the troupe around 1888, George "Little Chocolate" Dixon, who was managed by O'Rourke, won the world bantamweight title and became the first black world champion at any class. As was common, O'Rourke then began an exhibition tour around the country for Dixon to "take on all comers." O'Rourke scheduled his tour to stop at Waldmann's Theatre in Newark which was perhaps, as the Newark Star-Ledger described, an oversight since O'Rourke knew of McGuigan's ability fully well and should have known he resided in the area. McGuigan found his way onto the stage and what ensued was one of fiercest bouts Dixon had ever fought and a match that would become shrouded in controversy. McGuigan was seen leading through the first three rounds and had Dixon knocked to the floor in the fourth when O'Rourke suddenly dropped the curtain to save Dixon from further humiliation, a knockout, or both. An angered McGuigan demanded that Dixon resume fighting, but he refused. Later, in 1891, Dixon won the featherweight title and McGuigan challenged him to a title match, but Dixon declined and refused to acknowledge McGuigan as a rival for the championship.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Jack McAuliffe exhibition.

paragraph: At one point during the height of his career, McGuigan had been chasing Young Griffo around the country in the hopes of meeting him in the ring, however Griffo refused to fight him. Griffo shortly after went on to fight a 25-round draw with George Dixon, before McGuigan fought Dixon at Waldmann's Theatre in Newark. Jack McAuliffe, the reigning undefeated lightweight champion of the world at the time, had heard stories about how Griffo had been avoiding a match with McGuigan, as well as how hard McGuigan pressed Dixon, and sought out to prove that he wasn't afraid to fight Paddy himself, agreeing to meet him in two consecutive nights in Newark while on a tour. McGuigan described the event himself during an interview by sports journalist G.A. Falzer of the Newark Sunday Call, "I punched the great McAuliffe all around the ring. The fight went six rounds, maybe it was four. Anyway, when we were to clash the second time on the following night, the champion shooed me away and elected to go on with a sparring partner named Jimmy Nelson."

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Interstate lightweight championship.

paragraph: McGuigan won the interstate lightweight championship by defeating New York champion Jack Aikens in a scheduled ten round bout on November 21, 1892 at the Vendome Club in Newark, NJ. McGuigan was the reigning lightweight champion of New Jersey and was said to have "met all comers in Hoboken and Newark repeatedly", while Aikens was reported to have knocked out almost every man he faced within two rounds. In front of a crowd of 3,000 spectators, McGuigan was awarded a point victory in the eighth round. McGuigan weighed 124 lbs while Aiken weighed 135 lbs.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Joe Walcott fight.

paragraph: Considered perhaps his most memorable fight, McGuigan battled Joe Walcott, widely considered one of the greatest welterweights and pound-for-pound boxers of all time, on June 5, 1893 at Caledonian Park Hall in Newark, NJ. The bout was one of a number of exhibitions held that night and the event was the first ever to feature a brass band, an innovation at the time, to entertain spectators between bouts. Notable fighters in attendance included Bob Fitzsimmons, George Dixon, and Jack McAuliffe. McGuigan and Walcott's fight lasted the full ten rounds and was reported at the time as one of the most grueling and savage fights in history. There was a considerable amount of anticipation beforehand, as both McGuigan, long considered "the pride of New Jersey," and Walcott, called "Boston's colored favorite," were known to fight from start to finish and were in top physical condition. Before the fight, McGuigan claimed that Walcott weighed 136 lbs while he only weighed 126, and the New York Times reported that Walcott looked more as if he weighed close to 146 lbs, however Walcott's official weigh-in was said to be at 132 lbs. The Times reported that the beginning of the match was "warmly contested," but McGuigan was "outclassed" and struggled in the last three rounds. He reportedly appeared groggy towards the end of the bout, which surprised his supporters, however that was later understood when a doctor stated that one or two of McGuigan's ribs had been broken in the seventh round. The Times wrote, "How he stood for three hot rounds before his dusky opponent, who is known as a heavy hitter, is a mystery." The referee awarded the fight to Walcott, however both men declared victory. Subsequently, multiple sources indicated varying results including that no decision was ever made, a Walcott victory, and a draw with a shade in Walcott's favor. McGuigan earned a great deal of praise for going toe-to-toe with an all-time great champion, all while suffering through broken ribs and fighting to the end nonetheless.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Train crash.

paragraph: On August 25, 1894, McGuigan was returning home from the Young Griffo-Jack McAuliffe fight on Coney Island when suddenly his trolly car became separated from its wire and stopped on the tracks. The car behind them crashed into the rear of the car where McGuigan was sitting and injured him severely, keeping him bedridden for weeks. He subsequently hired the firm of McCarter, Williamson & McCarter and sued the Consolidated Traction Company for $20,000. His case was heard by the New Jersey Supreme Court in November of that year. The result of the case has yet to be discovered.

paragraph: Section::::Acting career.

paragraph: McGuigan briefly turned from boxing to the stage in 1896, taking Jim Corbett's place in W.A. Brady's traveling play "After Dark" when Corbett took a hiatus to begin training for the famed Bob Fitzsimmons championship fight in Carson City, NV which took place on March 17, 1897. That bout was filmed by Enoch J. Rector, who released The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight documentary on May 22, 1897, the world's first feature film. Purchased by Brady from original writer and owner Dion Boucicault, the play featured a transitional scene in which McGuigan plays the role of a boxer sparring with another fellow pugilist, played by John Banks, in a four-round bout. The overall play received mixed reviews from a variety of papers, however the sparring scene was viewed with a tremendous amount of enthusiasm, especially when featuring Jim Corbett, who was world heavyweight champion at the time. After a rendition in New York City in which McGuigan performed, a reviewer from the New York Times wrote, "The very earnest contest of muscle and science, with the gloves, between Mr. Paddy McGuigan, a lean and lithe young Irish-American, and Mr. Johnny Banks, whose remote forebears were doubtless stalwart warriors in Guinea, was quite the best thing in the show..."

paragraph: McGuigan and Banks were also known for their amusing fake exhibitions and burlesque boxing matches during this same time period, which may have been related to their "After Dark" performances. They performed together many times, three of those occasions taking place at Madison Square Garden in 1896.

paragraph: Section::::Promoter.

paragraph: McGuigan began promoting fights after the conclusion of his boxing career, which may have reached well into his 50's. For the many years that boxing was outlawed in New Jersey, McGuigan conducted fights in a hall underneath his house in Harrison and the ropes of his first ring were supported by four kegs. After the Hurley Boxing Law was passed in 1918 that legalized boxing as long as certain conditions were met, McGuigan posted a required $10,000 bond, $160,000 in 2011 adjusting for inflation, in order to obtain a license to conduct fights, being among the first to do so. By this time, McGuigan had already incorporated the McGuigan Harrison Athletic Club, with an adjoining saloon, at 56 Harrison Avenue. His club then soon began to prosper, hosting fights between regional and national boxers, as well as dances and other events. The club, also garnering the names Old Paddy McGuigan's "Bucket of Blood" and "Tub of Gore," was widely popular for at least 18 years and was the only fight club in Hudson County at one time. Seating capacity at the club was limited and the ring itself was very small, leading one journalist to comment, "Once a man crawled between those ropes, he had to fight; there was no room to run away."

paragraph: McGuigan was a unique promoter because he was also a fighter. In his club's heyday, he served as matchmaker, referee, and announcer, often giving some colorful speeches during events. Arch Ward of The Chicago Tribune wrote on March 16, 1938, "Paddy McGuigan, old time boxer, who goes back to the bare-knuckle days, conducts a fight in Harrison, NJ... His speeches from the ring, delivered with a cud of tobacco in his cheek, are so funny they attract more customers than his bouts... He is 70 years old." When a fighter would feign injury or attempt to gain an advantage via a technicality, McGuigan would offer to fight them himself or otherwise heave them out of the ring personally. He was in such remarkable physical shape even in this older age that he could actually knock around many younger boxers of the time. Once, after a top bantamweight fighter mocked him as being an old man, McGuigan reportedly began throwing punches at him until the younger fighter called it quits. He did not believe in written contracts with fighters and would often gather them around a pot stove in the front of the club and pair them off. At the club, which had earned a reputation as the "home of the good fights," if a fighter won with a knockout within the first two rounds, McGuigan would throw another opponent at him.

paragraph: McGuigan was arrested and released on $500 bail after a young boxer named Angelo Venizona died from a blow to the head at his club the night before. William Kennedy, Venizona's opponent, was arrested for manslaughter and two others were arrested for aiding and abetting. McGuigan was notified by the Harrison Chief of Police that fights would no longer be allowed at his club. However, bouts continued to take place anyway, so this ban was presumably overturned, circumvented, or otherwise resolved.

paragraph: Boxing bouts at the club were regularly followed by the Newark Evening News and the Newark Star-Eagle. Some notable boxers who fought at the club included Mickey Walker, Battling Levinsky, Tony Galento, Red Chapman, Seamus O'Brien, Frankie Mason, Abie Bain, Little Jackie Sharkey, Battling Bill Hurley, David Kurtz, Allentown Joe Gans, and Harold Farese, among many others.

paragraph: Bobby Gleason, founder of the famed Gleason's Gym in Brooklyn, NY, made his professional debut at McGuigan's club on December 22, 1918.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: McGuigan was a beloved and respected man both professionally and personally. He was called West Hudson's most colorful character, had a witty and lively sense of humor, and was close friends with virtually every known boxing figure at the time, as well as many prominent politicians, including President Theodore Roosevelt, who was known for his acquaintance among prize-fighters. He was also a member of many professional soccer and baseball circles and often trained with Federal League players, including his friend Rupert Mills.

paragraph: He is noted for having neither drank nor smoked, although he often chewed tobacco. He was an avid soccer fan and would drive to Boston and once Chicago to attend games. Paddy was also a successful gambler and would place bets on almost any sporting event. He often traveled with the West Hudson A.A. professional soccer team and would then return home with a "bundle of greenbacks."

paragraph: In 1909, McGuigan served as a key witness in the NJ Supreme Court case of Michael Farese v. North Jersey Street Railway Company. The plaintiff Michael Farese was struck by a train car one night as he crossed over its tracks in Harrison, NJ. Farese claimed that he looked for oncoming cars before he crossed, but was struck anyway due to the operator's negligence in possibly not having his headlights on. The trial court ruled in the defendant's favor, stating that based on the evidence presented, if the plaintiff had looked before he crossed, he should have been able to see the oncoming car in time to move to safety. McGuigan, who was on the other side of the street at the time of the accident, testified that he was able to see both Farese and the car before the accident occurred, adding doubts to Farese's claim that he looked but could not see the oncoming car before crossing the tracks, considering McGuigan, as well as other testifying witnesses, was able to see both from a distance away. The NJ Supreme Court ruled that a decision was one for a jury to make, and affirmed the ruling of the lower court in favor of the defendant.

paragraph: On April 25, 1915, Paddy was involved in an altercation with baseball player Hal Chase following a Buffalo Buffeds loss in Newark, NJ. Chase was walking down South 2nd Street in Harrison when he and a fan named Billy Quinn began exchanging blows after Quinn heckled him over the team's loss. Paddy joined the fight and landed a few painful blows to Chase before local police arrived to break it up.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.

paragraph: McGuigan was a friend of President Theodore Roosevelt and was close with many local and regional politicians. As a sports promoter, he regularly hosted boxing events for the Patrolmen's Benevolent Association in Hudson County, NJ. He became even more intertwined with politics after two of his sons became members of the Harrison Police Department and a third son joined the U.S. Navy.

paragraph: McGuigan was an enthusiastic supporter of the League of Nations, the precursor to the United Nations.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: McGuigan and his wife Eleanor had four children, William, Johnnie, Harry, and Eleanor. All three of his sons boxed professionally for a period of time. While William later became a Harrison detective and Johnnie became a clerk in the Harrison Police Court, Harry joined the United States Navy and earned an impressive record as a service boxer, winning several fleet championships and later becoming the boxing coach on the USS Pennsylvania. Johnnie was a very clever fighter, but curtailed his career because his mother did not want him to become a boxer.

paragraph: Johnnie's son and Paddy's grandson, John, also become a Harrison police officer and later switched to the fire department, serving many years as a Harrison firefighter and then fire inspector. He became politically active before serving in World War II and went on to serve on the Harrison Board of Education and the Harrison Town Council. After he died, his wife Peg continued in his place and was re-elected to the Council many times over the years.

paragraph: Paddy's many descendants are still living in and around New Jersey, as well many other parts of the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: McGuigan's death brought heartbreak to myriad friends, family members, and sports fans and was viewed as the loss of one of the last remaining "old-time fighters." Anthony Marenghi wrote that McGuigan had the same positive influence on the sport of boxing as "Gentleman Jim" Corbett, as McGuigan never drank or smoked and exerted that influence on his three sons, who didn't drink or smoke either.

paragraph: On July 29, 1937, just over a year before his death, McGuigan was honored during a boxing event at Madison Square Garden along with old-time rival Alex Gallagher, with whom he fought a 25-round draw in Hoboken almost 40 years prior.

paragraph: When the legendary Jack Johnson learned from friends that Paddy had been laid to bed due to illness, "Lil Artha" departed New York City where he was staying and was at Paddy's bedside within an hour.

paragraph: Paddy died on Tuesday, September 13, 1938 at his home in Harrison. His family had listed his age as 78, however Paddy, who was unsure of his exact date of birth, always disputed that and claimed he was "at least seven years younger." Additional records place his age at 70 years old at the time of his death. In addition to his close family and friends, many local township officials, members of the Harrison Police Department and Fire Department, and friends from the sports and boxing world attended McGuigan's funeral. A requiem was held at the Holy Cross Church in Harrison, NJ earlier that day. Paddy is buried at Holy Sepulcher Cemetery in Newark, NJ.

paragraph: McGuigan Place in Harrison, located off Wilhelm Street four blocks south of Harrison Ave, is named in honor of Paddy's grandson P. John McGuigan, who died on August 25, 1978 while serving on the Harrison Town Council.

paragraph: Shortly before Tom O'Rourke died, he was at a gym in New York and was asked to name the greatest fighter he had ever seen, to which he replied: "Paddy McGuigan, beyond a doubt!"

paragraph: McGuigan is a member of The New Jersey Boxing Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Hurley Boxing Lawbr

paragraph: McGuigan Harrison Athletic Clubbr

paragraph: Gus Troxlerbr

paragraph: List of bare-knuckle boxers

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paddy McGuigan's Profile on Cyberboxing Zone

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paddy McGuigan's Inclusion in NJ Boxing Hall of Fame

description: Famous boxer

wikidata_label: Patrick McGuigan

wikipedia_title: Patrick McGuigan


text:
FRSE
advocate
Royal Society of Edinburgh
Edinburgh
Kirkcudbrightshire
University of Glasgow
University of Edinburgh
Faculty of Advocates
sheriff-depute of Kirkcudbright
Excise
Solicitor General for Scotland
Lord Advocate
Member of Parliament
Dumfries Burghs
Rector of the University of Glasgow
bench
Lord Justice Clerk
Lord President of the Court of Session
Dean Cemetery
Stair
John Murdoch of Rosebank
Lord Provost of Glasgow
Sir William Miller, Lord Glenlee
Patrick Miller of Dalswinton

wikipedia_title: Fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh

wikipedia_title: Dumfries Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)

categories: Rectors of the University of Glasgow,Founder Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,British MPs 1761–1768,18th-century British judges,Politics of Dumfries and Galloway,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Scottish constituencies,Scottish landowners,Solicitors General for Scotland,Senators of the College of Justice,Lord Advocates,18th-century Scottish businesspeople,Alumni of the University of Glasgow,Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain,Members of the Faculty of Advocates,1789 deaths,Scottish sheriffs,1717 births,Alumni of the University of Edinburgh,Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,Lords President of the Court of Session,Lords Justice Clerk,People from Edinburgh

paragraph: Thomas Miller, Lord Glenlee

paragraph: Sir Thomas Miller, 1st Baronet FRSE (3 November 1717–27 September 1789), known as Lord Barskimming (1766–88) and Lord Glenlee (from 1788) during his judicial service, was a Scottish advocate, judge, politician and landowner. He was a founder member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1783, and served as the Society's first Vice-President, 1783 to 1786.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born in Edinburgh on 3 November 1717 the second son of Janet Hamilton and her husband, William Miller of Glenlee WS, Kirkcudbrightshire, and of Barskimming in Ayrshire.

paragraph: He studied law at the University of Glasgow (1730) and the University of Edinburgh (1738).

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1742, appointed sheriff-depute of Kirkcudbright in 1748 and elected joint town-clerk of the city of Glasgow. In 1755 he resigned the office of sheriff-depute to become solicitor of the Excise in Scotland. He was appointed Solicitor General for Scotland in 1759, and promoted to Lord Advocate in 1760. From 1762 until 1764 he also held the title of Rector of the Universtiy of Glasgow.

paragraph: He was Member of Parliament for Dumfries Burghs from 1761 to 1766, and Rector of the University of Glasgow from 1763. He was raised to the bench and appointed Lord Justice Clerk in 1766, taking the judicial title Lord Barskimming. In 1788, he became Lord President of the Court of Session and was created Lord Glenlee, Baronet of Glenlee, in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright.

paragraph: His Edinburgh address in 1775 was Browns Square. Around 1780 he bought the Dean estate, of Nisbet family fame, and lived at Dean House (later replaced by Dean Cemetery).

paragraph: He died at Barskimming, Ayrshire, on 27 September 1789 and was interred in the family vault at Stair, Ayrshire.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1752 he married Margaret Murdoch daughter of John Murdoch of Rosebank, Lord Provost of Glasgow, and together they had one son Sir William Miller, Lord Glenlee (1755-1846). He married again in 1768 to Anne Lockhart.

paragraph: He was brother to Patrick Miller of Dalswinton.

alias:
Sir Thomas Miller, 1st Baronet
Lord Barskimming
Thomas, Miller, Lord Glenlee
Thomas Miller, Lord Glenlee

wikidata_label: Thomas Miller

wikipedia_title: Thomas Miller, Lord Glenlee


text:
Silesian Piasts
High Duke of Poland
Duke of Silesia
Wrocław
Duchy of Legnica
Nogai Khan
Henry II the Pious
Anna
Přemyslid
Ottokar I of Bohemia
Henry the Bearded
Hedwig of Silesia
Mieszko
Henry III the White
Konrad II
Władysław
Elisabeth
Piast
Przemysł I of Greater Poland
Battle of Legnica
Mongol invaders
Batu Khan
regency
Hungary
Greater Polish
Seniorate Province
Konrad I of Masovia
Bolesław V the Chaste
Przemysł I
Bolesław the Pious
Kalisz
Władysław Odonic
Santok
Międzyrzecz
Lubusz
Henry III the White
Legnica
Wrocław
Konrad II
gold
Kaczawa
Wierzbiak
Ascanian
Henry I of Anhalt
Wilbrand of Magdeburg
Duchy of Głogów
excommunicated
Bolesławiec
Bóbr
Duchy of Jawor
Henry V
Habsburg
Rudolph I of Germany
Ottokar II of Bohemia
Henry IV of Wrocław
Henry III of Głogów
Stolec
Środa Śląska
Henry I, Count of Anhalt
Stuttgart Stiftskirche
Ulrich I of Württemberg
Henry V the Fat
Konrad II of Masovia
Bolko I the Strict
Krzeszów
Krzeszów Abbey
Bernhard
Legnica
Legnica
Sambor II, Duke of Pomerania
Dyhrn

wikipedia_title:
Silesian Piasts
List of Polish monarchs
Duke of Silesia
Wrocław
Duchy of Legnica
Nogai Khan
Henry II the Pious
Anne of Bohemia, Duchess of Silesia
Přemyslid dynasty
Ottokar I of Bohemia
Henry the Bearded
Hedwig of Silesia
Mieszko, Duke of Lubusz
Henry III the White
Konrad I, Duke of Głogów
Ladislaus of Salzburg
Elisabeth of Wrocław
Piast dynasty
Przemysł I of Greater Poland
Battle of Legnica
Mongol invasion of Europe
Batu Khan
Regent
Kingdom of Hungary
Duchy of Greater Poland
Seniorate Province
Konrad I of Masovia
Bolesław V the Chaste
Przemysł I of Greater Poland
Bolesław the Pious
Kalisz
Władysław Odonic
Santok
Międzyrzecz
Lubusz Land
Henry III the White
Legnica
Wrocław
Konrad I, Duke of Głogów
Gold
Kaczawa
Wierzbiak
House of Ascania
Henry I, Count of Anhalt
Wilbrand von Käfernburg
Duchy of Głogów
Excommunication
Bolesławiec
Bóbr
Duchy of Jawor
Henry V, Duke of Legnica
House of Habsburg
Rudolf I of Germany
Ottokar II of Bohemia
Henryk IV Probus
Henry III, Duke of Głogów
Stolec, Lower Silesian Voivodeship
Środa Śląska
Henry I, Count of Anhalt
Stiftskirche, Stuttgart
Ulrich I, Count of Württemberg
Henry V, Duke of Legnica
Konrad II of Masovia
Bolko I the Strict
Krzeszów, Lower Silesian Voivodeship
Krzeszów Abbey
Bernard the Lightsome
Legnica
Legnica
Sambor II, Duke of Pomerania
House of Dyhrn

categories: People temporarily excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church,Dukes of Greater Poland,1278 deaths,Medieval nobility of the Holy Roman Empire,13th-century Polish people,Dukes of Silesia,13th-century Polish monarchs,1220s births

paragraph: Bolesław II Rogatka

paragraph: Bolesław II Rogatka or Bolesław II the Horned (), known also as Bolesław II the Bald, () (c. 1220/5 – 26/31 December 1278), a member of the Silesian Piasts, was High Duke of Poland briefly in 1241 and Duke of Silesia at Wrocław from 1241 until 1248, when the duchy was divided between him and his brothers. After the partition, he ruled the Silesian Duchy of Legnica until his death. The second Mongol raid against Poland, led by Nogai Khan, occurred during his reign.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Bolesław was the eldest son of the Polish high duke Henry II the Pious by his wife Anna, a daughter of the Přemyslid king Ottokar I of Bohemia. His paternal grandparents were Henry the Bearded and (later Saint) Hedwig of Silesia. Among his younger siblings were Mieszko (died 1242), Henry III the White (d. 1266), Konrad II (d. 1274), Władysław, and Elisabeth, who married her Piast cousin Duke Przemysł I of Greater Poland.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Beginning of his reign and fight over the Greater Polish inheritance.

paragraph: Bolesław succeeded as Duke of Silesia after his father, Henry II the Pious, was killed in the Battle of Legnica on 9 April 1241, fighting against the Mongol invaders led by Batu Khan. At the time, he and his immediate younger brother Mieszko were the only heirs who had reached majority. Their mother Anna helped them during the transition; some sources even call this period a regency. The Mongol forces conquered most of Silesia, but then withdrew to Hungary.

paragraph: After Henry's death, the Silesian Piasts were not able to maintain their supremacy in the Polish lands. Bolesław's inheritance, including the Southern Greater Polish estates and the Lesser Polish Seniorate Province was threatened by neighboring Piast dukes. By July 1241, his cousin Konrad I of Masovia tried to take over the Polish throne at Kraków. The local nobles, led by the Kraków governor Clement of Ruszczy, strongly resisted but eventually had to yield to Konrad's superior forces. Disappointed by Bolesław's lack of action, they turned their support to Bolesław V the Chaste, who ascended the Kraków throne in 1243.

paragraph: There was a similar situation in Greater Poland: after hearing the news of the defeat of Henry II in Legnica, Duke Przemysł I and his brother Bolesław the Pious retook the estates of Kalisz which once had been ruled by their father, the late Duke Władysław Odonic. The local nobility supported them as the true heirs to those lands. Bolesław decided to avoid a fight and renounced all his Greater Poland lands. He tried to retain some districts, such as Santok and Międzyrzecz, but in 1247 the Dukes of Greater Poland ultimately forced Bolesław to resign all his rights to lands in Greater Poland.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:First division of Lower Silesia.

paragraph: When in 1242, Bolesław next oldest brother Mieszko died suddenly without leaving an heir, his Lubusz estates reverted to Bolesław and his younger brothers became co-rulers of the Lower Silesian lands. When his brother Henry III the White came of age in 1247, however, he and his younger brothers revolted against Bolesław and even were able to imprison him shortly thereafter.

paragraph: To regain freedom, Bolesław signed an agreement with Henry III, dividing the Lower Silesian lands of Legnica and Wrocław. To avoid further fragmentation, the two pledged to offer hospitality to their minor brothers, Bolesław to Konrad II, and Henry to Władysław. Bolesław, as the eldest, got first choice of the districts, and he chose the Legnica estates, possibly because of the gold discovery in the Kaczawa and Wierzbiak Rivers.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Bolesław II, Duke of Legnica.

paragraph: Bolesław soon regretted his choice and tried to recover Wrocław. Henry III refused to surrender his new duchy, and war was inevitable. Both began preparing for battle, but didn't have adequate funds. Bolesław sought allies among the Ascanian relatives of his wife Hedwig, daughter of Count Henry I of Anhalt. Archbishop Wilbrand of Magdeburg contributed funds after Bolesław sold half of Lubusz Land to him.

paragraph: The German aid only gave Bolesław a temporary advantage in the war against his brother. In 1249 his younger brother and co-ruler Konrad II unexpectedly returned to the country (after concluding his studies in Paris). Bolesław proposed him as Bishop of Passau, however, Konrad refused and began to press his own claims in Silesia. Bolesław opposed him, and the young prince took refuge at the court of the Dukes of Greater Poland, Bolesław's long-time enemy. Shortly after, Konrad reinforced his bonds with Duke Przemysł I after a double marriage: the Duke of Greater Poland married Konrad's sister Elizabeth, and Konrad married Duke Przemysł's sister, Salome.

paragraph: The final clash occurred two years later, when the Bolesław was defeated by the combined forces of Przemysł I and Henry III the White, who supported Konrad. In 1251 Bolesław finally agreed to the divide his own lands and ceded the Duchy of Głogów to Konrad. Bolesław only retained the small district of Legnica proper.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Conflict with Bishop Thomas of Wrocław.

paragraph: It took Bolesław another two years and the help of his brother Henry III to recover full authority over his principality. Bolesław made some agreements with the other Piast dukes, especially with the princes of Greater Poland and with Thomas I, Bishop of Wrocław. However, Bolesław never forgave the bishop for his tendency to support the younger princes.

paragraph: Bolesław's conflict with the Bishop of Wrocław reached a more critical point in 1257, when the Bolesław incarcerated the Bishop at Wleń Castle. Bolesław was immediately excommunicated. His brothers quickly intervened and negotiated a settlement. In 1261, Bolesław's paid a large tribute and paid public penance at the gates of in Wrocław Cathedral. He had been excommunicated twice before, in 1248 and 1249, and a call had been issued to the neighboring nobility to a crusade against him. He was later forgiven by the Bishop, and both of the previous excommunications were rescinded.

paragraph: Bolesław also remained in hostile relations with his brother Duke Konrad of Głogów. In 1257 Konrad kidnapped Bolesław from his castle in Legnica. The duke regained his freedom a few months later. In 1271 Bolesław took the town of Bolesławiec, near Bóbr.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Abduction of Henry IV and Battle of Stolec.

paragraph: In the 1270s, Bolesław gave more and more power to his adolescent sons. In 1273 he granted the Duchy of Jawor to his oldest son Henry V and it seemed that Bolesław had resigned from adventurous politics. Nevertheless, in 1277, he signed an alliance with the Habsburg king Rudolph I of Germany, straining the alliance of the other Piast dukes with rivalling King Ottokar II of Bohemia. At Rudolph's insistence, Bolesław kidnapped Ottokar's ally, Duke Henry IV of Wrocław, Bolesław's nephew, and demanded one-third of Wrocław after the death of his uncle Władysław, Bolesław's youngest brother, in 1270. Henry IV was imprisoned in Legnica Castle.

paragraph: A coalition was formed between Ottokar II, Duke Henry III of Głogów, and Duke Przemysł II of Greater Poland, but it soon failed: while Bolesław's forces were greatly outnumbered at the bloody battle of Stolec, his son Henry V turned the tide and the allied dukes were defeated. A settlement was reached; Henry IV was freed and Bolesław was given one-third of the Duchy of Środa Śląska.

paragraph: Bolesław II died between 26 and 31 December 1278 and was buried at the Dominican monastery of his Legnica residence. His three sons, Henry V the Fat, Bolko I and Bernhard, inherited his lands.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and Children.

paragraph: In 1242, Bolesław married firstly Hedwig (d. 21 December 1259), daughter of Henry I, Count of Anhalt. They had seven children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Agnes (born c. 1243/50 – died 13 March 1265, buried Stuttgart Stiftskirche), married c. 1260/64 to Count Ulrich I of Württemberg.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Henry V the Fat (born c. 1248 – died 22 February 1296).

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Hedwig (Jadwiga) (born c. 1250/55 – died aft. 1280), married c. 1265/70 to Duke Konrad II of Masovia.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Bolko I the Strict (born c. 1252/56 – died Krzeszów, 9 November 1301, buried Krzeszów Abbey).

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Bernhard (born c. 1253/57 – died 25 April 1286, buried Dominican Monastery, Legnica).

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Konrad (d. young).

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Katharina (d. 25 April 1286, buried Dominican Monastery, Legnica).

paragraph: In 1261, Bolesław married secondly Euphemia (also called Alenta or Iolanta or Adelheid) (born c. 1245 - died c. 15 February 1309), daughter of Sambor II, Duke of Pomerania.

paragraph: Around 1270, he began living with his mistress Sophia of Dyhrn. She bore him a son, Jarosław, who died in infancy. Gravely ill and deeply offended by her husband's affair, Euphemia fled to her homeland in Pomerania in 1275. Their marriage was considered annulled. In 1277 Bolesław finally married his mistress, but the union lasted only a few months until the Duke's death in 1278. Euphemia returned to Silesia after Bolesław's death.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cawley, Charles; Foundation for Medieval Genealogy, Medieval Lands Project; Silesia v3.0; Dukes of Breslau (Wrocław) and Lower Silesia 1163-1278 (Piast) (Chap 4); Boleslaw of Lower Silesia; retrieved August 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bolesław II Rogatka (Łysy, Okrutny, Srogi, Cudaczny)

alias:
Bolesław II the Rogatka
Bolesław II the Horned
Bolesław II the Bald

description: Duke of Silesia

wikidata_label: Bolesław II Rogatka

wikipedia_title: Bolesław II Rogatka


text:
Brigadier-General
KBE
CB
CMG
Lord Francis Seymour
baronet
Blundell's School
Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Dublin Fusiliers
Army Ordnance Department
major
lieutenant-colonel
15th Duke of Somerset
issue
8th Duke
George Wall
Colombo
Ceylon
Evelyn Seymour, 17th Duke of Somerset
The Times
Ducal House of Somerset

categories: Companions of the Order of the Bath,Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst,Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire,Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George,1931 deaths,People educated at Blundell's School,1860 births,British landowners,Dukes of Somerset,Royal Dublin Fusiliers officers,Seymour family

paragraph: Edward Seymour, 16th Duke of Somerset

paragraph: Brigadier-General Edward Hamilton Seymour, 16th Duke of Somerset, KBE, CB, CMG (12 May 1860 – 5 May 1931) was the son of Reverend Francis Payne Seymour and Jane Margaret Dallas. His father was the great-grandson of Lord Francis Seymour. He was also a baronet.

paragraph: Seymour was educated at Blundell's School and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and joined the Dublin Fusiliers in 1880. He transferred to the Army Ordnance Department in 1896, and was promoted to major (ordnance officer, 3rd class) on 7 April 1898. In 1900 he served at the Royal Army Clothing Depot, with the temporary rank of lieutenant-colonel (ordnance officer, 2nd class) from 4 January 1900. He eventually became Inspector of Army Ordnance Services, and retired from the army in 1918. Seymour established his claim to the dukedom in 1925, the 15th Duke of Somerset having died without issue in 1923. He was the great-great-grandson of the Very Reverend Lord Francis Seymour, fourth and youngest son of the 8th Duke.

paragraph: On 28 July 1881, Seymour married Rowena Wall, a daughter of George Wall, of Colombo, Ceylon. Together, they had one son: Evelyn Seymour, 17th Duke of Somerset, born on 1 May 1882. Rowena died on 13 November 1950.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary of the Duke of Somerset, "The Times" dated 22 October 1923 (p. 14; Issue 43478; col D)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ducal House of Somerset

description: Duke of Somerset

wikidata_label: Edward Seymour, 16th Duke of Somerset

wikipedia_title: Edward Seymour, 16th Duke of Somerset


text: British Army

text: officer

text: landowner

text: peer

text: Lord Lieutenant of Wiltshire

text: baronet

text: Edward Seymour, 16th Duke of Somerset

text: Colombo

text: Ceylon

text: Blundell's School

text: Tiverton

text: Royal Military College

text: Sandhurst

text: second lieutenant

text: Royal Dublin Fusiliers

text: South African War

text: Queen's South Africa Medal

text: Aden Protectorate

text: adjutant

text: London Regiment

text: DSO

text: Adjutant General's department

text: War Office

text: OBE

text: Second World War

text: army

text: Devonshire Regiment

text: colonel

text: General Staff

text: The Magic Circle

text: Ernest Noakes

text: Lord Ampthill

text: Sceptre with the Cross

text: coronation of King George VI

text: active service

text: Maiden Bradley

text: Wiltshire

text: Somerset

text: Lord Lieutenant of Wiltshire

text: Sir Ernest Wills

text: knight

text: Venerable Order of Saint John

text: Army and Navy Club

text: Naval & Military Club

text: Marylebone Cricket Club

text: London

text: Maiden Bradley

text: Wiltshire

text: Whittington Hall

text: Derbyshire

text: England

text: William Steeves

text: Crowborough

text: Sussex

text: London

text: The Times

text: Ducal House of Somerset

categories: British Army personnel of the Second Boer War,Devonshire Regiment officers,Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst,People educated at Blundell's School,Lord-Lieutenants of Wiltshire,British Army personnel of World War I,Companions of the Distinguished Service Order,1954 deaths,Officers of the Order of the British Empire,Dukes of Somerset,Royal Dublin Fusiliers officers,1882 births,Seymour family,Somerset County Cricket Club presidents,British Army personnel of World War II

paragraph: Evelyn Seymour, 17th Duke of Somerset

paragraph: Evelyn Francis Edward Seymour, 17th Duke of Somerset (1 May 1882 – 26 April 1954) was a British Army officer, landowner, peer, and for eight years Lord Lieutenant of Wiltshire. He was also a baronet.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: The son of Edward Seymour, 16th Duke of Somerset, by his marriage to Rowena Wall, Seymour was born in Colombo, Ceylon. He was educated at Blundell's School, Tiverton, and later at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He was gazetted a second lieutenant on the Unattached List in January 1901, before being attached to the Royal Dublin Fusiliers.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Seymour served throughout the South African War and received the Queen's South Africa Medal with five clasps. He took part in the operations in the Aden Protectorate in 1903.

paragraph: In April 1913, Seymour, then of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers, was appointed adjutant of the 25th (County of London) Cyclist Battalion of the London Regiment, in which posting he continued until 1916, before returning to the Royal Dublin Fusiliers to take command of its 10th Battalion. In December 1917, he was promoted Acting Lieutenant Colonel. In 1918, he was awarded the DSO and in 1919 he served in the Adjutant General's department of the War Office. He was appointed OBE in 1919 and retired from the service in 1920. He succeeded to his father's dukedom in 1931.

paragraph: During the Second World War, Somerset returned to the army. With effect from 1 November 1939, he was appointed a Lieutenant Colonel of the Devonshire Regiment, in which he commanded a battalion, and he later held an appointment as a full colonel on the General Staff.

paragraph: Section::::Civilian life.

paragraph: Somerset was a member of The Magic Circle for many years, having first joined it in 1907, after becoming a pupil of the magician Ernest Noakes. He became the organization's President in 1935, after the death of Lord Ampthill.

paragraph: On 12 May 1937, he bore the Sceptre with the Cross at the coronation of King George VI.

paragraph: On his retirement from active service with the Army, Somerset returned to Maiden Bradley to take charge of his estates in Wiltshire and Somerset.

paragraph: On 4 May 1942 he was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Wiltshire, succeeding Sir Ernest Wills.

paragraph: On 19 March 1949, "having exceeded the age limit", he relinquished his commission as an honorary Colonel of the Devon Regiment on retired pay.

paragraph: In 1950, he was appointed a knight of the Venerable Order of Saint John.

paragraph: He was a member of the Army and Navy Club, the Naval & Military Club, and the Marylebone Cricket Club.

paragraph: Section::::Succession.

paragraph: In London on 3 January 1906, he married Edith Mary Parker (d. Maiden Bradley, Wiltshire, 19 April 1962), daughter of William Parker, of Whittington Hall, Derbyshire, England, and Lucinda Steeves, daughter of William Steeves. Evelyn and Edith had four children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon. Francis William Seymour (28 December 1906 – 14 May 1907)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon. Algernon Francis Edward Seymour (22 July 1908 – 14 February 1911)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Percy Hamilton Seymour, 18th Duke of Somerset (27 September 1910 – 15 November 1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Susan Mary Seymour (Crowborough, Sussex, 26 April 1913 – 23 May 2004), unmarried and without issue.

paragraph: Somerset died in London on 26 April 1954.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary of the Duke of Somerset, Lord Lieutenant of Wiltshire, in "The Times", 27 April 1954 (pg. 10; Issue 52916; col E)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ducal House of Somerset

description: British soldier, landowner, and peer

wikidata_label: Evelyn Seymour, 17th Duke of Somerset

wikipedia_title: Evelyn Seymour, 17th Duke of Somerset


text: Maiden Bradley

text: baronet

text: Susan Margaret Richards Mackinnon

text: Corriechatachan

text: Britannia Royal Naval College

text: 60th Rifles

text: Wolseley Expedition

text: Dr Barnardo's Homes

text: Colonel Edward Seymour

text: Bradley House

text: Maiden Bradley

text: Wiltshire

text: Morier family ancestry

text: Algernon Seymour, 15th Duke of Somerset

categories: Burials in Wiltshire,People of the Red River Rebellion,King's Royal Rifle Corps officers,British landowners,Dukes of Somerset,1923 deaths,Seymour family,1846 births

paragraph: Algernon St Maur, 15th Duke of Somerset

paragraph: Algernon St. Maur, 15th Duke of Somerset, etc. (22 July 1846 – 22 October 1923, in Maiden Bradley) was the son of Algernon St. Maur, 14th Duke of Somerset and Horatia Morler. He was also a baronet.

paragraph: On September 5, 1877, he married Susan Margaret Richards Mackinnon, the ninth daughter of Charles Mackinnon of Corriechatachan, but the marriage was childless.

paragraph: He was educated at Britannia Royal Naval College, but later joined the 60th Rifles and took part in the Wolseley Expedition of 1870. He was a tall and athletic man, of powerful build. After leaving the Regular Army, he spent several years ranching in Western America. On accession to the Dukedom in 1894, he voted often in the House of Lords, although he seldom spoke there. He became president of Dr Barnardo's Homes, a charity which both he and the Duchess had supported for many years.

paragraph: When Somerset died in 1923, he left no son, and his brothers Lord Ernest and Lord Edward had both recently died childless, so his titles and estates were inherited by the nearest heir, his distant cousin Colonel Edward Seymour.

paragraph: The Duke was buried on Brimble Hill Clump near his main residence at Bradley House, Maiden Bradley, Wiltshire. His widow was also buried there when she died in 1936. Their graves are in a little wood on a hilltop surrounded by agricultural land, with a metal fence around them, and marked by standing rough stones with small text plaques.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morier family ancestry

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Algernon Seymour, 15th Duke of Somerset

description: Duke of Somerset

wikidata_label: Algernon Seymour, 15th Duke of Somerset

wikipedia_title: Algernon St Maur, 15th Duke of Somerset


text: American colonial

text: Battle of Lexington

text: Lexington, Massachusetts

text: Thomas Parker

text: Reading, Massachusetts

text: Theodore Parker

text: French and Indian War

text: Siege of Louisbourg

text: conquest of Quebec

text: tuberculosis

text: Thomas Gage

text: Francis Smith

text: Concord

text: Common

text: minutemen

text: Massachusetts Militia

text: light infantry

text: John Pitcairn

text: advance guard

text: Lexington Green

text: Boston

text: Siege of Boston

text: Battle of Bunker Hill

text: Theodore Parker

text: Unitarian

text: transcendentalist

text: abolitionist

text: Massachusetts

text: Massachusetts State House

text: Henry Hudson Kitson

text: Theodore Parker

text: United States Army Reserve

text: The Lexington Historical Society

text: Minuteman National Historic Park

categories: 1775 deaths,People of colonial Massachusetts,18th-century deaths from tuberculosis,1729 births,Massachusetts militiamen in the American Revolution,People from Lexington, Massachusetts,People of Massachusetts in the French and Indian War

paragraph: John Parker (captain)

paragraph: John Parker (July 13, 1729 – September 17, 1775) was an American colonial farmer, mechanic, soldier, and colonial militia officer who commanded the Lexington, Patriot, colonial militia at the Battle of Lexington on April 19, 1775.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: John Parker was born in Lexington, Massachusetts to Josiah Parker and Anna Stone. He was a descendant of Deacon Thomas Parker, founder of Reading, Massachusetts. John Parker was also the grandfather of reformer and abolitionist Theodore Parker. John Parker's experience as a soldier in the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War), at the Siege of Louisbourg, and the conquest of Quebec most likely, led to his election, as militia captain, by the men of the town. He was dying from consumption (tuberculosis), on the morning of April 19, 1775, and had not quite five months left to live.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Lexington.

paragraph: On April 19, 1775 the British commander in Boston Thomas Gage dispatched an expedition of approximately 700 army regulars under Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith to search the town of Concord for hidden rebel supplies and weapons caches. Lexington lay directly on the road that Smith's men took to reach Concord.

paragraph: When reports of the approaching British force reached Lexington overnight, men from the town and the surrounding area began to rally on the Common. Parker's Lexington company were not minutemen, as sometimes stated, but from the main body of Massachusetts Militia. Parker was initially uncertain as to exactly what was happening. Conflicting stories arrived and as the British regulars had spent much of the winter engaged in harmless route marches through the Massachusetts countryside their exact intention was far from certain.

paragraph: When Smith became aware that the countryside had been alarmed and that resistance might be encountered, he sent a detachment of light infantry under Major John Pitcairn ahead of the main column. Pitcairn's advance guard reached Lexington first and drew up on the Common opposite Parker's men. Parker ordered his men to disperse to avoid a confrontation, but they either failed to hear him or ignored his instructions. Shortly afterwards firing broke out despite the fact that both sides had orders not to shoot. In the following fight eight militia were killed and ten wounded while one British soldier was wounded. The lopsided casualty list led to initial reports of a massacre, stories of which spread rapidly around the colony further inflaming the situation. There remains considerable doubt as to exactly what occurred during the fight at Lexington, and a variety of different accounts emerged as to what had taken place and who had fired first. By the time Smith arrived with his main body of troops ten minutes later, he had trouble restoring order amongst his troops, who had chased fleeing militiamen into the fields around the town. Smith then decided, in spite of the fighting, to continue the march to Concord.

paragraph: One of Parker's company, many years later, recalled Parker's order at Lexington Green to have been, ""Stand your ground. Don't fire unless fired upon, but if they mean to have a war, let it begin here."" Paul Revere recalled it as having been ""Let the soldiers pass by. Do not molest them without they begin first"". During the skirmish Parker witnessed his cousin Jonas Parker killed by a British bayonet. Later that day he rallied his men to attack the regulars returning to Boston in an ambush known as "Parker's Revenge".

paragraph: Section::::Siege of Boston and death.

paragraph: Parker and his men participated in the subsequent Siege of Boston. He was unable to serve in the Battle of Bunker Hill in June, and died of tuberculosis on September 17, 1775, aged 46.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Parker and his wife, Lydia (Moore) Parker had seven children: Lydia, Anna, John, Isaac, Ruth, Rebecca and Robert. The Parker homestead formerly stood on Spring Street in Lexington. A tablet marks the spot as the birthplace of a grandson, Theodore Parker, a Unitarian minister, transcendentalist and abolitionist who also donated two of Captain Parker's muskets to the state of Massachusetts; one the light fowling-piece which he carried at Quebec and Lexington and one that he captured. They hang today in the Senate Chamber of the Massachusetts State House.

paragraph: The statue known as "The Lexington Minuteman" (1900) was originally meant to represent the common Minuteman, but has now commonly become accepted as symbolizing Parker. It is by Henry Hudson Kitson and it stands at the town green of Lexington, Massachusetts. It was not based on Parker's appearance, as no known likenesses of him survive today and the figure is of a younger, healthy man which Parker at that point was not. One description of Parker was "a stout, large framed man, of medium height, somewhat like his illustrious grandson, Theodore Parker, in personal appearance, but had a much longer face."

paragraph: The United States Army Reserve (USAR), which consists primarily of part-time duty personnel, adopted John Parker as a symbol of their motto, "Twice the Citizen". Though no image of Parker exists, the 'only official logo of the United States Army Reserve" is referred to as "The John Parker".

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coburn, Frank Warren, "The Battle of April 19, 1775 in Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville and Charlestown, Massachusetts," Lexington Historical Society, Lexington, MA, 1922.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fischer, David Hackett, "Paul Revere's Ride," Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galvin, Gen. John R., US Army, "The Minutemen - The First Fight: Myths & Realities of the American Revolution," Pergamon-Brassey's International Defense Publishers, Inc., Washington, D.C., 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lexington Historical Society, "Proceedings of Lexington Historical Society and Papers Relating to the History of the Town Read by Some of the Members," Lexington Historical Society, Lexington, MA, 1890.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parker, Theodore, "Genealogy and Biographical Notes of John Parker of Lexington and his Descendants," Press of C. Hamilton, Worcester, MA, 1893. Reprinted 2010. Online versions at openlibrary.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tourtellot, Arthur Bernon, "William Diamond's Drum: The Beginning of the War of the American Revolution," Doubleday & Co., Inc., Garden City, NY, 1959.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle at Lexington Green eyewitness account

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Lexington Historical Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minuteman National Historic Park

description: American colonial farmer, mechanic and soldier

wikidata_label: John Parker

wikipedia_title: John Parker (captain)


text:
Ottonian dynasty
Duke of Saxony
Brunonids
Norse
Battle of Luneburg Heath
Ebsdorf Martyrs
Liudolf
Billung
Eastphalia
Leine
Brunshausen
dux
Res gestae saxonicae
Widukind of Corvey
Herzog
East Francia
Liutgard
Carolingian
Louis the Younger
Louis the German
Annales Fuldenses
Charles the Bald
Viking invasions
Danish
Great Heathen Army
Alfred the Great
Candlemas
Minden
Hildesheim
Thietmar of Merseburg
Otto the Illustrious
Henry the Fowler
King of East Francia
saint
Catholic Church
translated
Dannenberg
Ebstorf Abbey
Uelzen
pilgrimage
Brunswick
Brun I
royal election of 1002
Saxon
Ebstorf Map
The Annals of Fulda

categories: 9th-century Saxon people,Saxon warriors,Dukes of Saxony,German Roman Catholic saints,Brunonids,9th-century Christian saints,880 deaths,9th-century rulers in Europe,Date of birth unknown

paragraph: Bruno, Duke of Saxony

paragraph: Bruno, also called Brun or Braun ( 2 February 880), a member of the Ottonian dynasty, was Duke of Saxony from 866 until his death. He is rated as an ancestor of the Brunonids, a cadet branch of the Ottonians, though an affiliation is uncertain. Bruno was killed fighting against Norse warriors in the Battle of Luneburg Heath and is venerated as one of the Ebsdorf Martyrs.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was the eldest son of the Saxon count Liudolf (died 866) and his wife, Oda of Billung. His father held large estates in Eastphalia along the Leine river, where in 852 he founded the Brunshausen monastery. Bruno succeeded his father and is mentioned as a count in 877.

paragraph: While Liudolf is described as "dux orientalis Saxonum", i.e. leader in East Saxony (Eastphalia), it is possible that Bruno, according to the "Res gestae saxonicae" by the medieval chronicler Widukind of Corvey, already was "dux totius Saxonum", duke ("Herzog") of all Saxony. The rise of his family in East Francia is documented by the fact that Bruno's sister Liutgard in 874 married the Carolingian prince Louis the Younger, second son of King Louis the German, whereafter he is called "ducem et fratrem reinæ", "duke and the queen's brother" in the "Annales Fuldenses". Nothing is known of Bruno's marriage and children.

paragraph: He supported his brother-in-law Louis the Younger in the fights with his uncle, Emperor Charles the Bald. As Saxon commander-in-chief during the Viking invasions, he died, along with several other noblemen, in a battle against "Norsemen" warriors (probably a Danish contingent of the Great Heathen Army, defeated by King Alfred the Great) on Candlemas Day, 2 February 880. The mid-winter battle was a crushing defeat; Duke Bruno, the bishops of Minden and Hildesheim, as well as twelve Saxon counts and several other noblemen were killed. According to the chronicler Bishop Thietmar of Merseburg, Bruno died in a flooded river, which probably took place during the battle or a retreat. He was succeeded by his younger brother Otto the Illustrious, whose son Henry the Fowler became King of East Francia in 919.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: Bruno is venerated as a saint and martyr in the Catholic Church, being honored with a feast day on 2 February under the name St. Bruno of Saxony. About 1160 his relics were translated by the Dannenberg counts to Ebstorf Abbey near Uelzen, which from the 14th century was defined as the place of the 880 battle and became a major pilgrimage site.

paragraph: According to tradition, Bruno is also the founder of Brunswick as well as the ancestor of the local count Brun I (a candidate in the royal election of 1002) and his Brunonid descendants. Consistent naming suggests a kinship, however, some mentions appear to refer to an earlier Saxon margrave called Brun the Younger, possibly Bruno's grandfather.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ebstorf Map

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reuter, Timothy (trans.) "The Annals of Fulda". (Manchester Medieval series, Ninth-Century Histories, Volume II.) Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992.

description: Catholic saint

wikidata_label: Bruno, Duke of Saxony

wikipedia_title: Bruno, Duke of Saxony


text:
Naval aviator
United States Naval Reserve
World War II
Ottawa, Ontario
Gustavus Adolphus College
St. Peter, Minnesota
U.S. Naval Reserve
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Pensacola, Florida
USNR
U.S. Pacific Fleet
USS Lexington (CV-2)
Navy Cross
USS Sellstrom (DE-255)
Brown Shipbuilding
Houston, Texas
USCG

categories: Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States),Gustavus Adolphus College alumni,United States Navy officers,American naval personnel killed in World War II,1942 deaths,People from Ottawa,American people of Swedish descent,United States Naval Aviators,1916 births

paragraph: Edward Robert Sellstrom

paragraph: Edward Robert Sellstrom (19 July 1916 - 21 June 1942) was a Naval aviator who died while in service with the United States Naval Reserve during World War II.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Edward Robert Sellstrom was born in Ottawa, Ontario. He graduated from Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, Minnesota in 1939.

paragraph: Section::::Navy career.

paragraph: He enlisted in the U.S. Naval Reserve as Seaman second class at Minneapolis, Minnesota, on 14 January 1941 and was appointed Aviation Cadet at Pensacola, Florida, on 20 March 1941. On 15 September 1941, he was commissioned Ensign, USNR. After duty in the Advanced Carrier Training Group, U.S. Pacific Fleet, he was assigned to Fighter Squadron 3, on board carrier USS Lexington (CV-2).

paragraph: Section::::Awarded the Navy Cross.

paragraph: On 20 February 1942, Ensign Sellstrom intercepted an enemy bomber, determinedly pursued it through clouds and rain, and assisted in shooting it down despite heavy machine gun and cannon fire. Later that day, he intercepted and shot down another aircraft during an attack directed at his carrier by nine enemy bombers. As a result of his "skillful marksmanship and courage," he was awarded the Navy Cross. Ensign Sellstrom was killed in an airplane crash on 21 June 1942.

paragraph: Section::::Namesake.

paragraph: USS Sellstrom (DE-255) was named in his honor. The ship was laid down on 16 March 1943 by the Brown Shipbuilding Company, Houston, Texas; launched on 12 May 1943; sponsored by Miss Genevieve Dahl, fiancé of Ensign Sellstrom; and commissioned on 12 October 1943, Lt. Comdr. William L. Maloney, USCG, in command.

description: United States Navy officer

wikidata_label: Edward Robert Sellstrom

wikipedia_title: Edward Robert Sellstrom


text:
Tralles
Ammonius Hermiae
Aristotle
"Metaphysics"
Nicomachus
Introduction to Arithmetic
Ammonius

categories: 6th-century mathematicians,6th-century Byzantine scientists,Commentators on Aristotle,Ancient Greek mathematicians,People from Tralles,Byzantine philosophers,6th-century philosophers,Year of birth uncertain,6th-century Byzantine people,6th-century deaths

paragraph: Asclepius of Tralles

paragraph: Asclepius of Tralles (; died c. 560–570) was a student of Ammonius Hermiae. Two works of his survive:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commentary on Aristotle's "Metaphysics", books I-VII ("In Aristotelis metaphysicorum libros Α - Ζ (1 - 7) commentaria", ed. Michael Hayduck, Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca, VI.2, Berin: Reiner, 1888).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commentary on Nicomachus' "Introduction to Arithmetic" (Leonardo Tarán, "Asclepius of Tralles, Commentary to Nicomachus' Introduction to Arithmetic", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (n.s.), 59: 4. Philadelphia, 1969.

paragraph: Both works seem to be notes on the lectures conducted by Ammonius.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martindale, John Robert, "The Prosopography of the later Roman Empire", Cambridge University Press, 1994, vol. 3, pp. 135-136.

description: Byzantine philosopher

wikidata_label: Asclepius of Tralles

wikipedia_title: Asclepius of Tralles


text:
German
physicist
chemist
Duke University
Neisse (Nysa)
Prussian Silesia
University of Tübingen
University of Göttingen
Peter Debye
University of Tübingen
James Franck
Rockefeller Foundation
University of California, Berkeley
R. T. Birge
Birge-Sponer method
Nature
Physical Review
Hitler
Oslo
University of Oslo
Duke University
Edward Teller
spectroscopy
James Franck
Ilten
Lower Saxony

categories: German chemists,University of California, Berkeley faculty,1895 births,20th-century American chemists,American women chemists,German physicists,University of Oslo faculty,American women physicists,German women physicists,German women chemists,20th-century American physicists,Duke University faculty,20th-century women scientists,People from the Province of Silesia,Guggenheim Fellows,20th-century German scientists,1968 deaths,University of Göttingen alumni,20th-century chemists,Emigrants from Nazi Germany

paragraph: Hertha Sponer

paragraph: Hertha Sponer (1 September 1895 – 27 February 1968) was a German physicist and chemist who contributed to modern quantum mechanics and molecular physics and was the first woman on the physics faculty of Duke University.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Sponer was born in Neisse (Nysa), Prussian Silesia, and obtained her high school degree in Neisse. She spent a year at the University of Tübingen, after which she enrolled at the University of Göttingen where she received her Ph.D. in 1920 under the supervision of Peter Debye. During her time at the University of Tübingen, she was an assistant of James Franck. In 1921 she, along with a few others, was among the first women to obtain a Ph.D. in Physics in Germany along with the right to teach science at a German university. In October 1925 she received a Rockefeller Foundation fellowship to stay at University of California, Berkeley, where she remained for a year. During her time at Berkeley, she collaborated with R. T. Birge, developing what is now called the Birge-Sponer method for determining dissociation energies.

paragraph: By 1932 Sponer had published around 20 scientific papers in journals such as "Nature" and "Physical Review", and had become an associate professor of physics. In 1933 James Franck resigned and left Göttingen and a year later she was dismissed from her position when Hitler came to power, due to the Nazis' stigma against women in academia. In 1934 Sponer moved to Oslo to teach at the University of Oslo as a visiting professor, and in 1936 she started her appointment at Duke University where she remained as a professor until 1966 when she became Professor Emeritus, a position she held until her death in 1968.

paragraph: During her academic career, Sponer conducted research in quantum mechanics, physics, and chemistry. She authored and published numerous studies, many of which were in collaboration with famous physicists including Edward Teller. She made many contributions to science including the application of quantum mechanics to molecular physics and work on the spectra of near ultra-violet absorption. She set up a spectroscopy lab in the physics department of Duke University, which was later moved to its own new building.

paragraph: Sponer married James Franck in 1946. She died in Ilten, Lower Saxony.

description: German physicist and chemist

wikidata_label: Hertha Sponer

wikipedia_title: Hertha Sponer


text: Russia

text: Russian fairy

text: folk tale

text: Brothers Grimm

text: Boguchar

text: Voronezh Governorate

text: Russian Empire

text: Voronezh Oblast

text: common people

text: Titular councillor

text: probable cause

text: uyezd

text: Bobrov, Voronezh

text: Russian Bible Society

text: Voronezh

text: gymnasium

text: University of Moscow

text: Konstantin Kavelin

text: Timofey Granovsky

text: Sergey Solovyov

text: Stepan Shevyryov

text: Osip Bodyansky

text: Fyodor Buslaev

text: Peter the Great

text: Pskov Judicial Charter

text: Sovremennik

text: Otechestvennye Zapiski

text: Minister of National Enlightenment

text: Sergey Uvarov

text: Otechestvennye Zapiski

text: Alexander Herzen

text: Narodnik

text: Nikolay Chernyshevsky

text: Moscow City Duma

text: Moscow

text: tuberculosis

text: Pyatnitskoye cemetery

text: Vasilisa the Beautiful

text: Russian Geographical Society

text: Vladimir Dal

text: Russian Fairy Tales

text: Brothers Grimm

text: Jesus

text: Christian

text: paganism

text: Most Holy Synod

text: Switzerland

text: alt link

text: alt link

text: vol. 1

text: vol. 2

text: vol. 3

text: Church Slavonic

text: Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov

text: Sadko

text: The Snow Maiden

text: Igor Stravinsky

text: The Firebird

text: Petrushka

text: L'Histoire du soldat

categories: Collectors of fairy tales,Folklore writers,19th-century Russian journalists,Russian folklorists,1826 births,Fairy tale scholars,Burials at Pyatnitskoye Cemetery,19th-century historians,Russian literary critics,19th-century Russian male writers,Russian ethnographers,19th-century deaths from tuberculosis,Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 3rd class,Researchers of Slavic religion,1871 deaths,19th-century philologists,Russian philologists,Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 2nd class

paragraph: Alexander Afanasyev

paragraph: Alexander Nikolayevich Afanasyev (Afanasief, Afanasiev or Afanas'ev, ) ( — ) was a Russian Slavist and ethnographer who published nearly 600 Russian fairy and folk tales, one of the largest collections of folklore in the world. The first edition of his collection was published in eight volumes from 1855–67, earning him the reputation as being the Russian counterpart to the Brothers Grimm.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Alexander Afanasyev was born in the town of Boguchar in the Voronezh Governorate of the Russian Empire (modern-day Voronezh Oblast of Russia) into a family of modest means. His mother Varvara Mikhailovna Afanasyeva came from common people. Alexander was her seventh child; she became very ill after giving birth and died by the end of the year. The children were raised by their father Nikolai Ivanovich Afanasyev, a Titular councillor who served as a prosecutor's assistant on probable causes and whom Alexander described as a man of high intellectual and moral qualities, "deservedly known as the smartest person in the whole uyezd".

paragraph: In three years the family moved to Bobrov, Voronezh where Alexander spent his childhood. He became addicted to reading early in his life, having access to the well-stocked library left by his grandfather (a member of the Russian Bible Society), as well as to various magazines.

paragraph: In 1837 he was sent to the Voronezh male gymnasium, and in 1844 he entered the Law Faculty of the University of Moscow which he finished in 1848. There he attended the lectures of Konstantin Kavelin, Timofey Granovsky, Sergey Solovyov, Stepan Shevyryov, Osip Bodyansky and Fyodor Buslaev. He published a series of articles on government economy during the times of Peter the Great, on the Pskov Judicial Charter and other topics in the "Sovremennik" and "Otechestvennye Zapiski" magazines. Despite being one of the most promising students, he failed to become a professor. The conservative Minister of National Enlightenment, Count Sergey Uvarov, who oversaw the final exams, attacked Afanasyev's essay which discussed the role of autocracy in the development of Russian criminal law during the 16th and 17th centuries.

paragraph: In 1849 Konstantin Kavelin helped him to get a place at the Moscow's Main Archive Directorate under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire, and here Afanasyev worked for the next 13 years. During that time he met many people of science and culture, collected a lot of ancient books and manuscripts that formed a huge library. His articles, reviews, ethnographical and historical works regularly appeared in the leading Russian magazines, newspapers, almanacs and scientific periodicals. His essays on Russian satire of the 18th century and on the works of prominent writers and publishers resulted in an 1859 monograph «Русские сатирические журналы 1769—1774 г.» ("Russian Satirical Magazines of 1769—1774"), published in 'Otechestvennye Zapiski' (Nos.3, 4 of 1855; No.6 of 1859).

paragraph: In 1855 he headed the state commission responsible for publication of legislative, historical and literary works. From 1858 to 1861 he also worked as the main editor of the short-lived magazine "Bibliographical Notes" ("") which actually served as a cover for collecting materials, censored and revolutionary literature for the socialist in exile Alexander Herzen. In 1862 the authorities arrested the Narodnik Nikolay Chernyshevsky, while other people associated with Herzen,i ncluding Afanasiev, came under suspicion. His flat was searched, and while nothing was revealed, he still lost his place at the Moscow Archives.

paragraph: After his dismissal he couldn't find a stable job for several years and had to sell his library to feed his family. After that he worked as a secretary at the Moscow City Duma and at the Moscow Congress of Justices of the Peace while continuing his ethnographical research. He wrote a large theoretical work (three tomes of 700 pages each) - "The Poetic Outlook of Slavs about Nature" ("") - which came out between 1865 and 1869. In 1870 his "Русские детские сказки" (Russian Children's Fairy Tales) were published.

paragraph: Afanasyev spent his last years living in penury. He died in Moscow aged 45, suffering from tuberculosis. He was buried at the Pyatnitskoye cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Afanasyev became interested in old Russian and Slav traditions and stories in the 1850s ("folklore" as an area of study did not exist at the time). His early scholarly articles, including - «Ведун и ведьма» ("Wizard and Witch", published in «Комета», 1851); «Языческие предания об острове Буяне» ("Pagan legends of Buyan Island", published in «Временнике общ. ист. и древ. росс.» of 1858 No.9) - drew upon the so-called Mythological school that treated legends and tales as a mine of information for the study of more ancient pagan mythology (see his definitive work on the subject « » ("The Poetic Outlook on Nature by the Slavs", 1865—1869). In such an interpretation, he regarded the fairy tale "Vasilisa the Beautiful" as depicting the conflict between the sunlight (Vasilisa), the storm (her stepmother), and dark clouds (her stepsisters). A great archivist, his works provide copious information, evidence, documents, and passages of the old chronicles relating to Old Russian culture, history and tradition, as well as other Indo-European languages, folklore and legends, in particular German traditions (he knew to perfection German as well as all Slav languages and ancient ones).

paragraph: In the early 1850s, being already known for his articles, Afanasyev began to think about a collection of folk tales. He was then asked by the Russian Geographical Society (ethnography section) of Saint Petersburg to publish the folktales archives that the Society had been in possession of for about ten years. These archives are at the start of his "Collection". Afanasyev chose 74 tales out of these. He added to them the enormous collection of Vladimir Dal (about 1000 texts), from which he kept 148 numbers, finding the other ones too distorted, his own collection (of about 10 folktales from the Voronejh region), and a few other collections. He added already published tales (such as "Maria Marievna", "The Firebird", "The Grey Wolf", etc.), a few tales coming from epic songs, stories about the dead, a few medieval satirical texts (such as "The Shemiaka Sentence"), and anecdotes.

paragraph: He owes his prominent place in the history of Slavonic philology chiefly to these "Russian Fairy Tales" ("«Народные русские сказки»"), published between 1855 and 1863, and inspired by the famous collection of the Brothers Grimm. From the scientific point of view, his collection goes further. He had at his disposal a lot of contributors, he tried to give the source and place where the tale was told, he never tried to give any definitive version of a folktale: so, if he gathered 7 versions of one folk type, he edited them all (this is the case for The FireBird for instance). His collection was ahead of his time.

paragraph: In 1860 a scandal was provoked following the publication of the «Русские народные легенды» ("National Russian Legends", 1860), a collection of folk tales from all over the country based on the lives of Jesus and Christian saints. The result was a unique blend of Christianity with paganism and social undertones. Some of them were labeled as unorthodox by the Most Holy Synod and the book was officially banned. He also prepared "Заветные сказки" ("Treasured Tales"), an assortment of redacted tales from «Русские народные легенды» plus other potential controversial stories - published as "Russian Forbidden Tales" in Switzerland anonymously because of their obscene and anticlerical subject matter.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , alt link

paragraph: BULLET::::- , alt link

paragraph: BULLET::::- , 3 vols, (first edition 1859)

paragraph: BULLET::::- alt links vol. 1, vol. 2, vol. 3

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , 70+ fairy tales

paragraph: BULLET::::- , 43 fairy tales

paragraph: Section::::Significance.

paragraph: Prior to Afanasyev's works in the 1850s, only a few attempts had ever been made to record or study the folk beliefs of peasant Russia. Though written Church Slavonic had existed since the 10th century, it was used almost solely by the church and only for parochial written works. It was not until the 18th and 19th centuries that a sizable body of secular literature developed in vernacular Russian. Thus, Afanasyev's collections made a highly valuable contribution to the dissemination and legitimization of Russian culture and folk belief. The influence of these folk tales can be seen in the works of many writers and composers, notably Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov ("Sadko, The Snow Maiden") and Igor Stravinsky ("The Firebird", "Petrushka", and "L'Histoire du soldat").

description: Russian folklorist (1826-1871)

wikidata_label: Alexander Afanasyev

wikipedia_title: Alexander Afanasyev