text: Genevan

text: naturalist

text: phyllotaxis

text: persecution

text: Genthod

text: Horace-Bénédict de Saussure

text: law

text: Noël-Antoine Pluche

text: RAF de Réaumur's

text: parthenogenesis

text: aphid

text: Abraham Trembley

text: hydra

text: caterpillar

text: butterflies

text: spiracle

text: Royal Society

text: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

text: germ

text: Botany

text: Francis Darwin

text: philosophy

text: London

text: Charles Bonnet Syndrome

text: nerve

text: metaphysical

text: Leibniz

text: homonculi

text: pre-evolutionary thinkers

text: James Burnett, Lord Monboddo

text: duc de Caraman

text: Works by Charles Bonnet

text: Biodiversity Heritage Library

text: "A Compendium of Natural Philosophy"

text: Theory of Catastrophism

categories: 18th-century botanists,Scientists from the Republic of Geneva,1793 deaths,18th century in Geneva,Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,People from Geneva,Proto-evolutionary biologists,1720 births,entomologists,18th-century naturalists

paragraph: Charles Bonnet

paragraph: Charles Bonnet (; 13 March 1720 – 20 May 1793) was a Genevan naturalist and philosophical writer. He is responsible for coining the term "phyllotaxis" to describe the arrangement of leaves on a plant.

paragraph: Bonnet was from a French family driven into the Geneva region by the religious persecution in the 16th century.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Bonnet's seems never to have left the Geneva region, and does not appear to have taken any part in public affairs except for the period between 1752 and 1768, during which he was a member of the council of the republic. The last twenty five years of his life he spent quietly in the country, at Genthod, near Geneva, where he died after a long and painful illness on 20 May 1793. His wife was a lady of the family of De la Rive. They had no children, but Madame Bonnet's nephew, the celebrated Horace-Bénédict de Saussure, was brought up as their son.

paragraph: He made law his profession, but his favourite pursuit was the study of natural science. The account of the ant-lion in Noël-Antoine Pluche's "Spectacle de la nature", which he read in his sixteenth year, turned his attention to insect life. He procured RAF de Réaumur's work on insects, and with the help of live specimens succeeded in adding many observations to those of Réaumur and Pluche. In 1740, Bonnet communicated to the Academy of Sciences a paper containing a series of experiments establishing what is now termed parthenogenesis in aphids or tree-lice, which obtained for him the honour of being admitted a corresponding member of the academy. During that year he had been in correspondence with his uncle Abraham Trembley who had recently discovered the hydra. This little creature became the hit of all the salons across Europe once philosophers and natural scientists saw its amazing regenerative capabilities. In 1741, Bonnet began to study reproduction by fusion and the regeneration of lost parts in the freshwater hydra and other animals; and in the following year he discovered that the respiration of caterpillars and butterflies is performed by pores, to which the name of stigmata (or spiracles) has since been given. In 1743, he was admitted a fellow of the Royal Society; and in the same year he became a doctor of laws—his last act in connection with a profession which had ever been distasteful to him. In 1753, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and on 15 December 1769 a foreign member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters.

paragraph: His first published work appeared in 1745, entitled "Traité d'insectologie", in which were collected his various discoveries regarding insects, along with a preface on the development of germs and the scale of organized beings. Botany, particularly the leaves of plants, next attracted his attention; and after several years of diligent study, rendered irksome by the increasing weakness of his eyesight, he published in 1754 one of the most original and interesting of his works, "Recherches sur l'usage des feuilles dans les plantes". In this book, he observes that gas bubbles form on plant leaves that have been submerged in water, indicating gas exchange; and among other things he advances many considerations tending to show (as was later done by Francis Darwin) that plants are endowed with powers of sensation and discernment. But Bonnet's eyesight, which threatened to fail altogether, caused him to turn to philosophy. In 1754 his "Essai de psychologie" was published anonymously in London. This was followed by the "Essai analytique sur les facultés de l'âme" (Copenhagen, 1760), in which he develops his views regarding the physiological conditions of mental activity. He returned to physical science, but to the speculative side of it, in his "Considerations sur les corps organisées" (Amsterdam, 1762), designed to refute the theory of epigenesis, and to explain and defend the doctrine of pre-existent germs. In his "Contemplation de la nature" (Amsterdam, 1764–1765; translated into Italian, German, English and Dutch), one of his most popular and delightful works, he sets forth, in eloquent language, the theory that all the beings in nature form a gradual scale rising from lowest to highest, without any break in its continuity. His last important work was the "Palingénésie philosophique" (Geneva, 1769–1770); in it he treats of the past and future of living beings, and supports the idea of the survival of all animals, and the perfecting of their faculties in a future state.

paragraph: In 1760 he described a condition now called Charles Bonnet Syndrome, in which vivid, complex visual hallucinations (fictive visual percepts) occur in psychologically normal people. (He documented it in his 87-year-old grandfather, who was nearly blind from cataracts in both eyes but perceived men, women, birds, carriages, buildings, tapestries and scaffolding patterns.) Most people affected are elderly with visual impairments, however the phenomenon does not occur only in the elderly or in those with visual impairments; it can also be caused by damage elsewhere in their optic pathway or brain.

paragraph: Bonnet's philosophical system may be outlined as follows. Man is a compound of two distinct substances, mind and body, the one immaterial and the other material. All knowledge originates in sensations; sensations follow (whether as physical effects or merely as sequents Bonnet will not say) vibrations in the nerves appropriate to each; and lastly, the nerves are made to vibrate by external physical stimulus. A nerve once set in motion by a particular object tends to reproduce that motion; so that when it a second time receives an impression from the same object it vibrates with less resistance. The sensation accompanying this increased flexibility in the nerve is, according to Bonnet, the condition of memory. When reflection—that is, the active element in mind—is applied to the acquisition and combination of sensations, those abstract ideas are formed which, though generally distinguished from, are thus merely sensations in combination only. That which puts the mind into activity is pleasure or pain; happiness is the end of human existence.

paragraph: Bonnet's metaphysical theory is based on two principles borrowed from Leibniz: first, that there are not successive acts of creation, but that the universe is completed by the single original act of the divine will, and thereafter moves on by its own inherent force; and secondly, that there is no break in the continuity of existence. The divine Being originally created a multitude of germs in a graduated scale, each with an inherent power of self-development. At every successive step in the progress of the universe, these germs, as progressively modified, advance nearer to perfection; if some advanced and others did not there would be a gap in the continuity of the chain. Thus not man only but all other forms of existence are immortal. Nor is man's mind alone immortal; his body also will pass into the higher stage, not, indeed, the body he now possesses, but a finer one of which the germ at present exists within him. It is impossible, however, to reach absolute perfection, because the distance is infinite.

paragraph: In this final proposition, Bonnet violates his own principle of continuity, by postulating an interval between the highest created being and the Divine. It is also difficult to understand whether the constant advance to perfection is performed by each individual, or only by each race of beings as a whole. There seems, in fact, to be an oscillation between two distinct but analogous doctrines—that of the constantly increasing advancement of the individual in future stages of existence, and that of the constantly increasing advancement of the race as a whole according to the successive evolutions of the globe. In Philosophical Palingesis, or Ideas on the Past and Future States of Living Beings (1770), Bonnet argued that females carry within them all future generations in a miniature form. He believed these miniature beings, sometimes called homonculi, would be able to survive even great cataclysms such as the biblical Flood; he predicted, moreover, that these catastrophes brought about evolutionary change, and that after the next disaster, men would become angels, mammals would gain intelligence, and so on.

paragraph: Bonnet had an influence on other philosophers and pre-evolutionary thinkers; James Burnett, Lord Monboddo is known to have studied his publications on insects and to have been influenced as he developed concepts on progression of species (evolution).

paragraph: Bonnet's complete works appeared at Neuchâtel in 1779–1783, partly revised by himself. An English translation of certain portions of the "Palingénésie philosophique" was published in 1787, under the title "Philosophical and Critical Inquiries concerning Christianity". See also A Lemoine, "Charles Bonnet" (Paris, 1850); the duc de Caraman, "Charles Bonnet, philosophe et naturaliste" (Paris, 1859); Max Offner, "Die Psychologie C. B." (Leipzig, 1893); Joh. Speck, in "Arch. f. Gesch. d. Philos x." (1897), xi. (1897), pp. 58 foIl., Xi. (1898) pp. 1–211; J Trembley, "Vie privée et littéraire de C. B." (Bern, 1794).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Charles Bonnet at the Biodiversity Heritage Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Philosophical and critical inquiries concerning Christianity, by Charles Bonnet, 1779" tr. by J.L. Boissier (1803)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Compendium of Natural Philosophy" 1836 English translation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Bonnet Syndrome Informational Pamphlet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theory of Catastrophism

description: Genevan botanist

wikidata_label: Charles Bonnet

wikipedia_title: Charles Bonnet


text:
cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church
Archbishop of Turin
Centallo
Fossano
Seminary
Fossano
Catholic University of Milan
Turin
vicar general
vicar capitular
diocese
University of Turin
Pope Paul VI
Archbishop
Turin
Second Vatican Council
Cardinal-Priest
Santissimo Nome di Gesù
conclave
Pope John Paul I
Pope John Paul II

categories: Archbishops of Turin,1903 births,Italian cardinals,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Participants in the Second Vatican Council,1986 deaths

paragraph: Michele Pellegrino

paragraph: Michele Pellegrino (25 April 1903 – 10 October 1986) was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Turin from 1965 until 1977.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Pellegrino was born in Centallo near Fossano. He was educated at the Seminary of Fossano, Catholic University of Milan, and the Theological Faculty in Turin. He was ordained on 19 September 1925 in Fossano. After his ordination he served as spiritual director of the Seminary of Fossano from 1929 until 1933. He was Canon of the cathedral chapter of Fossano, vicar general and vicar capitular of the diocese between 1933 and 1943. He taught early Christian literature as a faculty member of the University of Turin until 1965.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopate.

paragraph: Pope Paul VI appointed him Archbishop of Turin on 18 September 1965. As a bishop he was present at the last session of the Second Vatican Council in 1965.

paragraph: Section::::Cardinalate.

paragraph: He was created and proclaimed Cardinal-Priest of "Santissimo Nome di Gesù" by Pope Paul on 26 June 1967. He resigned the government of the archdiocese in 1977. After participating in the conclaves that elected Pope John Paul I and Pope John Paul II, he lost the right to participate in any future conclaves when he turned 80 years of age in 1983. He died three years later and is buried in his family plot in the parish church of Roata Chiusani.

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Michele Pellegrino

wikipedia_title: Michele Pellegrino


text: condottiero

text: Sible Hedingham

text: Essex

text: Finchingfield

text: Florentine

text: Filippo Vilani

text: Hundred Years' War

text: Edward III

text: longbow

text: Battle of Crécy

text: Battle of Poitiers

text: White Company

text: Black Prince

text: Milan

text: Treaty of Brétigny

text: Great Company

text: Champagne

text: Burgundy

text: Avignon

text: Pont-Saint-Esprit

text: Battle of Poitiers

text: Pope Innocent VI

text: excommunication

text: Marquis of Montferrat

text: Amadeus VI

text: Savoy

text: Savigliano

text: Marquis of Montferrat

text: Visconti

text: Great Schism

text: Pisa

text: Battle of Cascina

text: Malatesta

text: Rubiera

text: Bernabó Visconti

text: Tuscany

text: Gregory XI

text: Via Emilia

text: Arezzo

text: Lucca

text: Joanna I of Naples

text: War of Eight Saints

text: Città di Castello

text: Faenza

text: Cesena

text: Bernabó Visconti

text: Padua

text: Verona

text: Battle of Castagnaro

text: Biordo Michelotti

text: Alice Coggeshall

text: Bernabó Visconti

text: Jean Froissart

text: Joseph Jay Deiss

text: Geoffrey Trease

text: Duomo

text: Richard II

text: Albizzi

text: Medici

text: Sible Hedingham

text: Barbara Tuchman

text: A Distant Mirror

text: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

text: Arthur Conan Doyle

text: The White Company

text: Marion Polk Angellotti

text: Adventure

text: Gordon Dickson

text: Childe Cycle

text: Christian Cameron

text: Bruce Holsinger

text: Paul Verhoeven

text: Flesh & Blood

text: Jack Thompson

text: Niall Ferguson

text: Channel Four

text: Castel of Montecchio Vesponi

categories: Condottieri,Medieval English knights,1394 deaths,Year of birth uncertain,14th-century English people

paragraph: John Hawkwood

paragraph: Sir John Hawkwood (c. 1323–1394) was an English soldier and "condottiero". As his name was claimed to be hard to pronounce by non-English contemporaries, there are many variations of it in the historical record. As a result, he often referred to himself as "Haukevvod", and others called him "Giovanni Acuto" meaning "John the Astute" or "John Sharp" referring to his "cleverness or cunning". His legacy has made him a man shrouded in myth in both England and Italy.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Hawkwood is understood to have been born in Sible Hedingham, which is an old Roman outpost in Essex. He was the second son of Gilbert Hawkwood. Modern accounts like to present Hawkwood's upbringing as a poor peasant, but the facts tell a different story. Some sources claim that his father was a tanner, but the historical record has uncovered that Gilbert Hawkwood was a landowner of "considerable wealth". His father had property in both Sible Hedingham and Finchingfield. Other sources state that his father was a tailor, but this was likely a mistranslation from his Italianized name, Acuto (or sharp, as in needles). Lack of information has created many myths about his childhood. For example, the Florentine chronicler Filippo Vilani claimed that the reason his last name was "Hawkwood" was because when his mother was in labour she demanded that she give birth in a forest, so he was literally the "hawk of the wood". However, he did not reside at home for long, and there are records that show he moved to London to be apprenticed to a tailor.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Hawkwood began his career in the Hundred Years' War in France under Edward III as a longbowman. It has been argued that he participated in both the Battle of Crécy in 1346 and the Battle of Poitiers in 1356. After Poitiers, he joined the White Company, an infamous band of mercenaries, with whom he crossed into Italy in 1361; he became its captain in 1363. Although Hawkwood was knighted, there is no clear evidence by whom or where. Some sources claim he was knighted by the Black Prince after the Battle of Poitiers, but there is no historical record of this. In Italy, all major "condottieri" were classified as knights, which means the distinction in itself is ambiguous. After arriving in Italy, he fought for numerous factions such as the Pope, Milan and Florence for the rest of his life, ending his career in Florence.

paragraph: During Hawkwood's career, he was most often paid in gold florins, the most widely used currency of the time. In the 30 years that he served as a captain, Hawkwood's earnings ranged between 6,000 and 80,000 florins annually (in comparison, a skilled Florentine craftsman at the same time earned 30 florins a year).

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Mercenary in France.

paragraph: After the Treaty of Brétigny on 8 May 1360, many free companies began to form. The largest, the Great Company (later popularly known as the White Company or the English Company), was formed in eastern France. Hawkwood joined this and eventually rose to be its commander. During his time, the band moved to Champagne, Burgundy, and eventually Avignon. The company seized Pont-Saint-Esprit near Avignon for three months on the night of 28/29 December 1360. This blocked the collection point for taxes to pay for the ransom of King John, who was taken in the Battle of Poitiers. Initially, Pope Innocent VI wrote to the group seeking peace, in a letter which identified Hawkwood as its leader. The group was unresponsive to the Pope's plea and continued to harass the fort, which resulted in its excommunication. In March 1361, the company and the Pope made peace through a deal to contract them to fight for him "across the Pyrenees in Spain and across the Alps in Italy", with the promise of guaranteed military service, thus splitting the group. Hawkwood joined the group travelling to Italy.

paragraph: However, before the company arrived in Italy under papal orders, it joined the Marquis of Montferrat and his war against Amadeus VI, ruling Count of Savoy. It successfully attacked Savigliano and Rivarolo, and remained in Savoyan territory for a year. Amadeus made his last stand in 1362 in Lanzo and lost to the company. This victory decided Marquis of Montferrat to sign a contract with the company on 22 November, stating they would now fight the Visconti under him.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Serving Italian factions.

paragraph: Hawkwood and his company arrived in Italy during the power vacuum following the Great Schism of the papacy, and many different political figures were vying for power. The Pisan–Florentine War was the beginning of Hawkwood's military career there, as he assumed command of the Pisan army in the winter of 1364–65, at the age of almost forty. The Battle of Cascina determined the war. Before the war, John Hawkwood and the Pisan army had met at Malatesta. Hawkwood's tactics in this battle is what distinguished him as a military commander, even though he lost it. He took account of the terrain and conditions of the battlefield and positioned his army accordingly. However, the turning point came when the opposing commander ordered an enveloping move that cut Hawkwood off from the rest of his army. Hawkwood ordered his army to retreat. Modern perception of the battle is romanticized, as it is claimed as a heroic stand against great odds. Yet the defeat is likely to have been due to young, undisciplined soldiers fighting on Hawkwood's side.

paragraph: The second telling battle in Hawkwood's career was Rubiera on 2 June 1372, fought between papal forces and Bernabó Visconti. Both sides had concluded a formal truce, but in reality they were gathering more troops. Hawkwood and Visconti commanded a force of a thousand lancers with no infantry. The papal forces were larger: 1,200 lancers as well as infantry. Hawkwood outflanked and outmanœuvred his enemy and took most of the high-ranking officers captive. The victory shows Hawkwood's ability as a commander, although it had no significant political results and ended in a truce between the Visconti and the Pope.

paragraph: One of Hawkwood's more important roles was in the Great Raid on Tuscany, which shows the connections of the "condottiere" and the political prosperity of the Italian states. The raid led directly to war between Florence and Gregory XI and boosted Hawkwood's career in fame and wealth. Frustrated by not being paid by the Pope, Hawkwood marched along the Via Emilia towards Tuscany and Florence. Two Tuscan ambassadors met him to conclude a truce, for which they paid him 130,000 florins. He continued to march through various territories, such as Pisa, Siena, and Arezzo, where he continually pressed for money. Many believed these raids were under orders from the Pope, and so they led to a defensive league between Florence and Milan. Siena, Pisa, Lucca, Arezzo, and Queen Joanna I of Naples soon followed and joined the defensive league against the company and the Pope. No matter who was responsible for the raid, Hawkwood's raid proved the "casus belli", which eventually led to the War of Eight Saints.

paragraph: In the War of Eight Saints in 1375, Hawkwood and his company began fighting for Pope Gregory XI against Florence. In December, he went to Città di Castello on orders to put down a rebellion, but ended up capturing the city, which was not what the frustrated Pope had intended, but Hawkwood did so in an attempt to extract payment from the Pope. As a result, Gregory "had little choice but to formally invest him with it, in return for uncompensated services." After capturing Città di Castello, Hawkwood rode to Faenza on 12 February 1376, on orders from the papal governor for protection because he feared revolt. While at Faenza, Hawkwood attempted to lay siege to the neighbouring town of Granarola, but was forced to retreat to Faenza. The papal governor opened the gates to Hawkwood, who once he had entered demanded that the inhabitants surrender their arms. Being unpaid by the Pope, they sacked the town instead. On hearing this, the opposing side, Florence, bribed Hawkwood not to fight and offered him a pension, as well as forgiveness for all betrayals and wrongdoings that he had committed against Florence. Yet Hawkwood remained with the Pope. Later he took part in the Massacre at Cesena, to which he was called to help enforce a decree promising forgiveness to citizens who laid down their arms. Thus Hawkwood and his men joined in the attack on the unarmed civilians. This was a turning point in Hawkwood's career, after which he left papal service and began working with Milan, Florence, and their allies.

paragraph: Hawkwood would eventually sign a contract with Florence after a quarrel with his father-in-law, Bernabó Visconti. After winning a battle against John Horvatí, Hawkwood and Lutz Landau crossed paths with Horvatí and stole some prey from his hunt. Bernabó was unsettled with this, and consequently stripped Hawkwood of Milanese land received in his wife's dowry. Thereafter Florence hired Hawkwood, the Landau brothers and their company for eight months, but the contract lasted much longer.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Last years with Florence.

paragraph: By 1385, Hawkwood was over sixty years old, with land holdings in both Italy and England. Most of his duties under Florence were defensive, and he had not fought in a major battle for over a decade. However, in the winter of 1385–86, war broke out between Padua and Verona. The most important engagement in the war was the Battle of Castagnaro, which has been described as Hawkwood's "finest victory and one of the greatest feats of military prowess of the era". During the battle, Hawkwood saw that the Veronese's left flank was exposed and ordered his men to advance, in this way securing victory for him and his Paduan allies. The Paduan Chronicle claimed that 4,620 fighting men were captured.

paragraph: Hawkwood's role in the 1390–92 war against Milan was his last major military campaign. No new glory was won, except for an exceptional and wise retreat while in Milanese territory. His last military deed was to help to repulse an opposing mercenary company under Biordo Michelotti, Broglia da Chieri, and "other unemployed soldiers", which he and his men successfully drove back.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Hawkwood had two wives. Little is known of the first, except that she was probably English, and she gave birth to at least one child, a daughter named Antiochia, who married into a prominent English Essex family, the Coggeshales. Through her daughter Alice Coggeshall, Hawkswood is an ancestor of the Earls of Inchiquin.

paragraph: His second marriage is well documented. He was married in 1377 to Donnina Visconti, an illegitimate daughter of the great Milanese ruler, Bernabó Visconti. It was political match; she is described as a "forceful character, in the mold of her father and the Visconti women in general". They had four children: Janet, Catherine, Anna, and John.

paragraph: It is also clear that Hawkwood had many mistresses and illegitimate children, like many men in his profession. Two of his documented illegitimate sons were John and Thomas Hawkwood. Hawkwood used favours from the Pope to obtain John an ecclesiastical appointment in London, while Thomas was taken hostage in 1376 in Bologna and returned to England, where he started a career as a mercenary captain.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Education.

paragraph: Some claim that Hawkwood could neither read nor write, based on one event in which he had his contract with Florence read aloud to him in 1385. Yet this practice was not uncommon for captains of his status, and it should be suggested that he could read or write. In one correspondence with the Count of Armagnac, the Flemish chronicler, Jean Froissart, claimed that reading matter was either "read or had read to him." Based on this, it is reasonable to claim some education for Hawkwood.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Appearance.

paragraph: Although descriptions of other "condottieri" exist, a consistent description of John Hawkwood is never clearly stated. In a modern account by Joseph Jay Deiss, Hawkwood is said to have been a "heavy set sort, a young ox in the shoulders, powerful of arm and hand... His brown eyes were large, calculating and set wide apart under heavy brows. His nose was long, irregular and came to a point... His straight chestnut hair clung carelessly." The only clear source for Hawkwood's appearance is a fresco by Paolo Uccello. The portrait is not a first-hand image, but a copy of an earlier portrayal. A physical description is hard to derive from it, as it shows Hawkwood sitting on a horse in partial armour. Recent scholarship has suggested "Hawkwood's very pose is suspect... the composition was probably a piece of Florentine propaganda, intended to convey the image of the obedient captain conducting an inspection of troops." Given this information by various authors, there is no true observation of his physical appearance, and evidence from pictures must be treated with caution.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Personality.

paragraph: During his life, the main traits used to describe Hawkwood were craft and brutality. Evidence of his craft was seen in his tactics, which included feigned retreats, ambushes, and the use of false information. For example, before fleeing Milanese territory in 1391, Hawkwood accepted his opponent's challenge to meet on the battlefield next morning. However, Hawkwood "picked up camp and quietly escaped through back routes, placing his battle standards and banners high on the trees so that the enemy would assume he was still there. He then detached a contingent of his men and placed them in the woods to entrap the enemy as it pursued [him]." His troops would rape women, murder peasants, and dismember their enemies. This has brought Hawkwood's religious faith into question. He was known to sack monasteries and holy places. He even harassed the Pope in Avignon, but there is also evidence that he was not completely godless, as he requested a portable altar for Mass while on campaign. Geoffrey Trease gives "fidelity" as his main characteristic, because of his persistent commitment to fulfilling orders from his employers. However, this is untrue, as he often flouted contracts and disobeyed employers. In one case, he abandoned the Milanese army twice.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Hawkwood died on 17 March 1394 before he was able to retire to England. His funeral on 20 March was followed by an elaborate burial ceremony in the Duomo. It is recorded that the town fathers "furnished three banners with the arms of Florence and a helmet with a golden lion holding a lily in its claw as the crest," and his personal brigade sent "fourteen caparisoned warhorses, bearing the Englishmen's personal banner, sword, shield, and helmet. As his reputation spread through Europe in his lifetime, even Richard II of England requested that Hawkwood's body be transferred back to his "native land".

paragraph: Section::::Memory and monuments.

paragraph: Originally, under the Albizzi government, it had been intended to build a marble tomb for Hawkwood, but the money was lacking. In 1436, the Medici hired Paolo Uccello to paint the Duomo. Uccello painted a portrait of Hawkwood that survives today in the third bay of the northern wall. He is seen on a grey-green horse with a commander's baton, dressed in partial armour. Uccello used a technique called "terra verde" to attempt to emulate a bronze statue in painting.

paragraph: Hawkwood is also honoured at St Peter's Church, Sible Hedingham in England. The structure has canopied arches where there is a symbolic picture of a hawk on an arch, under which is a low altar, where a picture of Hawkwood standing in prayer between two wives used to be, although it has disappeared over time. It had Hawkwood saying "Son of God, remember me," while the first wife said "Mother of mine, remember me," and the second wife "Mother of Christ, remember me."

paragraph: Section::::Notes and references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- References

paragraph: Section::::Other sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barbara Tuchman – "A Distant Mirror" (Chapter 10)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kenneth Fowler – "Sir John Hawkwood", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christopher Starr "Medieval Mercenary: Sir John Hawkwood of Essex" Essex Record Office (2007)

paragraph: Section::::Fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Arthur Conan Doyle – "The White Company" (originally published in serial form in 1891) is loosely based on John Hawkwood and his exploits.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marion Polk Angellotti wrote a novel, "Sir John Hawkwood: A Tale of the White Company in Italy" in 1911, which was followed by eight short stories about Hawkwood which appeared in "Adventure" magazine between 1911 and 1915. The novel and all eight short stories have recently been collected for the first time.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hubert Cole wrote a series of three novels featuring the adventures of John Hawkwood: "Hawkwood" (1967), "Hawkwood In Paris" (1969) and "Hawkwood And The Towers Of Pisa" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gordon Dickson wrote a series of several novels called the "Childe Cycle" making reference to and featuring John Hawkwood as a character. The novels of the main "Childe Cycle" making reference to Hawkwood include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aidan Harte – The Wave Trilogy, has a John Acuto leading the Hawks Company and is largely based upon Hawkwood and the White Company.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hawkwood features in the novel "The Red Velvet Turnshoe" by Cassandra Clark, published by John Murray in 2009 – part of her 'Abbess of Meaux' series.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jack Ludlow (pen name of David Donachie) wrote "Hawkwood", published in 2016 by Allison & Busby, is a novel incorporating known facts about Hawkwood's life.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christian Cameron's Chivalry series features John Hawkwood as a major supporting character.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tommy Ohtsuka's manga "Hawkwood" has partly based its protagonist on John Hawkwood, taking his name, profession and grasp of military acumen.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hawkwood is a character in Bruce Holsinger's mystery novel "A Burnable Book" (2014) set in London in 1385.

paragraph: Section::::Film.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The 1985 Paul Verhoeven fiction film "Flesh & Blood" features an English mercenary captain called "Hawkwood" (Jack Thompson), but is set in 1501, more than a century after the real John Hawkwood's death.

paragraph: Section::::Film.:Documentary film.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" – John Hawkwood features in the second of a four-part series by Niall Ferguson, aired on Channel Four

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Castel of Montecchio Vesponi

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Hawkwood: An English Captain in Italy, The History Notes website

description: English condottiero

wikidata_label: John Hawkwood

wikipedia_title: John Hawkwood


text:
Taitung County
Republic of China
Taiwan
professional baseball
United States
Cleveland Indians
Akron Aeros
Kinston Indians
Chinese Taipei baseball team
2009 World Baseball Classic
TheBaseballCube.com profile

categories: Arizona League Indians players,Kinston Indians players,Baseball players at the 2006 Asian Games,Asian Games gold medalists for Chinese Taipei,Living people,Akron Aeros players,1984 births,Asian Games medalists in baseball,People from Taitung County,Brother Elephants players,2009 World Baseball Classic players

paragraph: Tseng Sung-wei

paragraph: Sung-Wei Tseng ()(born December 28, 1984 in Taitung County, Republic of China (Taiwan), is a Taiwanese professional baseball player.

paragraph: A pitcher, he plays minor league baseball in the United States for the Cleveland Indians organization. In 2008, he played for the Akron Aeros and Kinston Indians.

paragraph: Tseng also plays for the Chinese Taipei baseball team in the 2009 World Baseball Classic.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- TheBaseballCube.com profile

description: Taiwanese baseball player

wikidata_label: Sung-Wei Tseng

wikipedia_title: Tseng Sung-wei


text: Livy

text: Scipio Africanus

text: Second Punic War

text: Renaissance

text: Valerius Antias

text: New Carthage

text: Celtiberian

text: exemplary literature

text: Plutarch’s Lives

text: Carolus Clusius

text: Jean Desmarets

text: Charles Beckingham

text: Nicolo Minato

text: Francesco Cavalli

text: Carlo Ambrogio Lonati

text: Francesco Bianchi

text: Gioacchino Albertini

text: Johann Sigismund Kusser

text: Giovanni Battista Boccabadati

text: Apostolo Zeno

text: Antonio Caldara

text: Alessandro Scarlatti

text: Tomaso Albinoni

text: George Friederic Handel

text: Carlo Arrigoni

text: Leonardo Leo

text: Johann Christian Bach

text: Alexander the Great

text: Darius

text: Veronese's painting in London

text: Timoclea

text: Bernard de Montfaucon

text: Apollonio di Giovanni di Tommaso

text: Pietro da Cortona

text: Palazzo Pitti

text: Anthony van Dyck

text: George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham

text: Francesco II d'Este, Duke of Modena

text: Margherita Maria Farnese

text: Low Countries

text: Frans Francken the Younger

text: Sebastiano Ricci

text: Simon de Vos

text: Gerbrand van den Eeckhout

text: Joseph-Marie Vien

text: Peter Paul Rubens

text: Lacock Abbey

text: fresco

text: Gian Battista Zelotti

text: The Continence of Scipio

text: Giovanni Bellini

text: National Gallery of Art

text: Domenico Beccafumi

text: Lucca

text: Lambert Lombard

text: Rennes

text: Nicolò dell'Abbate

text: Louvre

text: Giulio Licinio

text: National Gallery, London

text: Karel van Mander

text: Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam

text: Anthony Van Dyck

text: Christ Church, Oxford

text: Jan Steen

text: Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens

text: Nicolas Poussin

text: The Continence of Scipio

text: Gerbrand van den Eeckhout

text: Rijksmuseum

text: Toledo Museum of Art

text: Giulio Romano

text: Sebastiano Ricci

text: Galleria Nazionale di Parma

text: Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini

text: The Cleveland Museum of Art

text: François Lemoyne

text: Museum of Fine Arts of Nancy

text: Michele Rocca

text: Giambattista Pittoni

text: Pietro Francesco Guala

text: Musée départemental de l'Oise

text: Beauvais

text: Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo

text: Städel

text: Pompeo Batoni

text: Hermitage Museum

text: David Allan

text: National Gallery of Scotland

text: Jean-Germain Drouais

text: Rennes

text: Joshua Reynolds

text: Hermitage Museum

text: Paul Chenavard

text: Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon

text: pp. 507–71

categories: 1771 paintings,Operas,3rd-century BC people,1555 paintings,Latin histories

paragraph: The Continence of Scipio

paragraph: The Continence of Scipio, or The Clemency of Scipio, is an episode recounted by Livy of the Roman general Scipio Africanus during his campaign in Spain during the Second Punic War. He refused a generous ransom for a young female prisoner, returning her to her fiance Allucius, who in return became a supporter of Rome. In recognition of his magnanimous treatment of a prisoner, he was taken as one of the prime examples of mercy during warfare in classical times. Interest in the story revived in the Renaissance and the episode figured widely thereafter in both the literary and figurative arts.

paragraph: Section::::The classical story.

paragraph: The story related by Livy in his history of Rome was followed by all later writers, although it is recorded that the earlier historian Valerius Antias took a dissenting view. According to Livy's account of the siege of the Carthaginian colony of New Carthage, the Celtiberian prince Allucius was betrothed to a beautiful virgin who was taken prisoner by Scipio Africanus in 209 BC. Despite having a reputation for womanizing, instead of the usual brutal treatment given to attractive female "barbarian" prisoners, Scipio summoned her parents and fiance, who arrived with a ransom of treasure. Scipio refused this and returned her to them, asking only that they be friends to Rome. When they offered the ransom as a present, he accepted it, only to return it immediately as a wedding gift from himself. Allucius then brought over his tribe to support the Roman armies in gratitude.

paragraph: Section::::Early modern treatments.

paragraph: Section::::Early modern treatments.:Literature and opera.

paragraph: This episode was a popular motif for exemplary literature from that time on, growing to a peak of popularity during the 17th and 18th centuries. Prior to this period, it was given pride of place in the story of Scipio inserted into translations of Plutarch’s Lives that was written originally by the Dutchman Carolus Clusius in 1567. Among dramatic treatments of the story, one of the foremost was the "Scipion" of Jean Desmarets (1638), which was then adapted into Dutch by Jan Lemmers as "Schipio in Karthago" (1649) and also performed later as "Schipio en Olinde". In England a verse drama on the episode, "Scipio Africanus", was chiefly distinguished by being the work of a schoolboy, Charles Beckingham. It was acted and later printed in 1718.

paragraph: Operatic treatments were numerous, with several composers setting the same libretto. So, for example, Nicolo Minato's "Scipione Africano" was set, or served as the basis for adaptations, by Francesco Cavalli (1662); Carlo Ambrogio Lonati (1692); Francesco Bianchi (1787); and Gioacchino Albertini (1789). In addition, there was Johann Sigismund Kusser's German version, "Der großmütige Scipio Africanus" (1694). Giovanni Battista Boccabadati's prose drama "Scipione" (1693) served as the basis for Apostolo Zeno's "Scipione nelle Spagne". This was performed in 1710, with music possibly by Antonio Caldara, and was also set by Alessandro Scarlatti (1714), Tomaso Albinoni (1724), George Friederic Handel (1726), Carlo Arrigoni (1739), and Leonardo Leo (1740). Johann Christian Bach's "La Clemenza di Scipione" (1778) was also based upon it.

paragraph: Section::::Early modern treatments.:Visual arts.

paragraph: There were numerous artistic depictions of the mercy and sexual restraint of Scipio although, as with the operas, they go now by a variety of titles. "The Continence of Scipio" is most common in English, although "The Clemency of Scipio" is also found. In other languages the terms magnanimity ("großmütigheit") and generosity are alternatives. There is also sometimes a difficulty in identifying which scene is intended. The most common alternative example of military clemency descending from classical times was Alexander the Great's generous treatment of the family of the defeated Persian King Darius, best known from Veronese's painting in London. The scene of a victorious general seated at the centre of the composition with kneeling figures before him might portray either story without other clues to its interpretation.

paragraph: Typically, Scipio sits on a throne on a raised dias, stretching out an arm in the direction of the Spanish party, with their treasure laid out in front of them. The "continence" shown by Scipio is both sexual and financial. The story of Timoclea and Alexander the Great is rather different, but produces similar compositions of a woman brought before a magnanimous classical commander, which sometimes accompanied the "Continence" in a series, and is also capable of being confused with it. Bernard de Montfaucon paired the two stories as his "Examples of the clemency and continence of conquerors" in a book of 1724.

paragraph: Tapestry series based on the exploits of Scipio, which would often portray this scene, was one contextual identifier; so was connection with the histories of Livy or the expanded Plutarch for which the numerous surviving prints were intended, or on which they were dependent. Another context was the work's association with marriage, since the wedding between Allucius and his bride followed immediately on her restoration to him. Apollonio di Giovanni di Tommaso's episodic depiction appeared as a painted panel on a 15th-century marriage chest.

paragraph: Pietro da Cortona’s mural in the Palazzo Pitti was intended for the marriage of Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany in 1637. In the case of the 1621 painting of the scene by Anthony van Dyck, which features prominently George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, together with his future bride, the artist's patron was also the sponsor of the marriage. Several other paintings from this time may have similar histories. The connection also extends to literary works, since it is known that Boccabadati's 1693 drama "Scipione" was written for performance during the celebration of the marriage between Francesco II d'Este, Duke of Modena and Margherita Maria Farnese.

paragraph: Many paintings of Scipio's act of clemency were produced in Europe - over a hundred by Low Countries artists alone. Some artists made a speciality of the subject, returning to it more than once. Frans Francken the Younger painted eight versions, Sebastiano Ricci six versions, Simon de Vos and Gerbrand van den Eeckhout four each. Joseph-Marie Vien painted two versions, as did Peter Paul Rubens. In the case of the latter, both paintings were subsequently destroyed. Beside the historical record, a sketch of the 1620 version remains, as does a copy now in Lacock Abbey. There are also 16th century frescos by Gian Battista Zelotti at the Villa Emo, Fanzolo; the Villa Caldogno-Nordera, Caldogna; and elsewhere in Italy.

paragraph: Section::::Paintings.

paragraph: Below are listed some paintings of the subject in museum collections:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Continence of Scipio", Giovanni Bellini (after 1506), National Gallery of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Continence of Scipio Africanus", Domenico Beccafumi (c.1525), Palazzo Manzi, Lucca

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Continence of Scipio", Lambert Lombard (1547), Musée des Beaux-Arts, Rennes

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Continence of Scipio", Nicolò dell'Abbate (1555), Louvre

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Continence of Scipio", Giulio Licinio (after 1566), National Gallery, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Continence of Scipio", Karel van Mander (painting on copper, possibly used on a cabinet door, 1600}, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Continence of Scipio", Anthony Van Dyck (1621), Christ Church, Oxford

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Continence of Scipio", Jan Steen (1629), Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Continence of Scipio", Nicolas Poussin (1645), Louvre

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Continence of Scipio", Gerbrand van den Eeckhout (ca. 1653), Rijksmuseum, (ca. 1669), Toledo Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Clemency of Scipio", Giulio Romano (1688), Louvre

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Continence of Scipio", Sebastiano Ricci (c.1700-04), Galleria Nazionale di Parma

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Continence of Scipio", Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini (c.1708-13), The Cleveland Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Continence of Scipio", François Lemoyne (1726), Museum of Fine Arts of Nancy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Clemency of Scipio", Michele Rocca (1720), Louvre

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Continence of Scipio", Giambattista Pittoni (1733), Louvre

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Continence of Scipio", Pietro Francesco Guala (1750), Musée départemental de l'Oise, Beauvais

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Clemency of Scipio", Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo (1751), Städel

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Continence of Scipio", Pompeo Batoni (1771 or 1772), Hermitage Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Continence of Scipio", David Allan, 1774, National Gallery of Scotland

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Continence of Scipio", Jean-Germain Drouais (1784), Musée des Beaux-Arts, Rennes

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Continence of Scipio", Joshua Reynolds (1789), Hermitage Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Continence of Scipio", Paul Chenavard (1848), Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kunzle, David (ed.), “The Magnanimous Soldier: The Continence of Scipio Africanus” in "From Criminal to Courtier: The Soldier in Netherlandish Art 1550–1672", 2002, BRILL, , 9789004123694, pp. 507–71.

wikipedia_title: The Continence of Scipio


text: Christian

text: Pepperdine University

text: Mound Valley, Kansas

text: English

text: The Church of Christ

text: tent meeting

text: Parsons, Kansas

text: Western Auto Supply Company

text: Kansas City, Missouri

text: California

text: Great Depression

text: Pepperdine University

text: Christian

text: liberal arts

text: Los Angeles

text: South Central Los Angeles

text: Christ

text: Pepperdine Finding Aid to his Papers

categories: Founders of schools in the United States,Pepperdine University,1886 births,People from Labette County, Kansas,1962 deaths,People from Los Angeles,University and college founders,Philanthropists from California,Businesspeople from Los Angeles,American members of the Churches of Christ

paragraph: George Pepperdine

paragraph: George Pepperdine (June 20, 18861962) was an entrepreneur and Christian philanthropist who was the founder of Pepperdine University in California.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: George Pepperdine was born on June 20, 1886, on a farm in Mound Valley, Kansas, to a family of English heritage. His parents became members of The Church of Christ after experiencing a powerful conversion during a tent meeting outside of Parsons, Kansas. Pepperdine graduated from Parsons Business College in Parsons, Kansas.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career.

paragraph: In 1909, at the age of twenty-three, he started Western Auto Supply Company in Kansas City, Missouri with an initial investment of five dollars. With the rise in popularity of the automobile, Pepperdine's business thrived, providing high-quality automotive products and services through many retail stores. He moved to California in 1916.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Philanthropy.

paragraph: In February 1937, during the Great Depression, he founded the Pepperdine University as a Christian liberal arts college in the city of Los Angeles. On September 21, 1937, 167 new students from 22 different states and two other countries entered classes on a newly built campus on in South Central Los Angeles, referred to later as the Vermont Avenue campus. By April 6, 1938, George Pepperdine College was fully accredited by the Northwest Association.

paragraph: He had a desire to discover "how humanity can be helped most with the means entrusted to [his] care. [He] consider[ed] it wrong to build up a great fortune and use it selfishly." Pepperdine voiced his twofold objective for the college that bore his name, "First, we want to provide first-class, fully accredited academic training in the liberal arts ... Secondly, we are especially dedicated to a greater goal—that of building in the student a Christ-like life, a love for the church, and a passion for the souls of mankind."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Personal life.

paragraph: He married Lena Rose Baker in 1907 in Kansas. She died in 1930, and he remarried in 1934 to Helen Louise Davis.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: He died in California in 1962.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Faith is my fortune: a life story of George Pepperdine (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Faith was his fortune: the life story of George Pepperdine (1976)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pepperdine University.edu: Official biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pepperdine Finding Aid to his Papers

description: American businessman and philanthropist

wikidata_label: George Pepperdine

wikipedia_title: George Pepperdine


text:
Munich
German
Ethiopia
artist
producer
songwriter
Xzibit
Strong Arm Steady
Trey Songz
Lionezz
ego trip's Miss Rap Supreme
MTV Cribs
NBA Live 07
EA Sports
Official MonstaBlokaz Website
Official MonstaBlokaz Community

categories: German people of Ethiopian descent,1976 births,Living people,German rappers

paragraph: Raptile

paragraph: Addis Mussa (born September 14, 1976, in Munich), better known by his stage names Addis and Raptile, is a German-Ethiopian artist, producer and songwriter. He has performed with such American acts as Xzibit, Strong Arm Steady and Trey Songz.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Addis was signed to Sony BMG in Europe and sold over 250,000 units overseas (worldwide sales approx. 500,000 units). His catalogue of songs from Europe is available in the US on iTunes GLOBAL TAKEOVER 1-4.

paragraph: His album, “Classic Material“, went to #8 on the German media control charts. His international career continued with the release of his 3rd single, “MY EVERYTHING”, featuring Jamaican reggae superstar Wayne Wonder, whose hit single, “No Letting Go”, was top 10 worldwide in 2003.

paragraph: He moved to Florida in January 2007 and is currently working on his US debut album (tba). His artist Lionezz participated in ego trip's Miss Rap Supreme, which aired on VH1 in 2008. Addis appeared on the reality TV program MTV Cribs. His song, "Neva Eva", was featured in the video game NBA Live 07 (EA Sports).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official MonstaBlokaz Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official MonstaBlokaz Community

description: German rapper

wikidata_label: Raptile

wikipedia_title: Raptile


text:
Buenos Aires
Argentine
football
Primera División
Argentina national team
Boca Juniors
Platense
Estudiantes de La Plata
River Plate
Metropolitano
Nacional championship
1979
Metropolitano championship
1982
Argentinos Juniors
Huracán
Talleres de Remedios de Escalada
Luciano
kidney transplantation
Olympiacos
kidney failure
BDFA profile
Profile

categories: Talleres de Remedios de Escalada footballers,Estudiantes de La Plata footballers,Huracán footballers,1950 births,Boca Juniors footballers,Argentinos Juniors footballers,Association football wingers,River Plate footballers,Argentine Primera División players,Argentine footballers,Argentina international footballers,Living people,Sportspeople from Buenos Aires

paragraph: Rubén Horacio Galletti

paragraph: Rubén Horacio Galletti (born 10 September 1950 in Buenos Aires) is a former Argentine football who two Primera División championships and played for the Argentina national team.

paragraph: Galletti began his playing career with Boca Juniors in a game against Platense on 18 April 1971. After playing only ten games for Boca, he joined Estudiantes de La Plata where he made a total of 203 appearances and scored 88 goals in his two spells with the club.

paragraph: Between 1978 and 1979 he played for Boca's fiercest rivals River Plate where he won both the Metropolitano and the Nacional championship in 1979.

paragraph: Galletti returned to Estudiantes in 1980 where he was part of the Metropolitano championship winning team in 1982.

paragraph: Galletti played out his career with Argentinos Juniors, Huracán and Talleres de Remedios de Escalada.

paragraph: Galletti's son Luciano also played for Estudiantes before continuing his career in Italy.

paragraph: Father and son made headlines in the Argentina press in October 2012, when they became donor and recipient in a kidney transplantation after Luciano had to retire from activity while playing for Olympiacos in 2010, following an acute kidney failure.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- BDFA profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at "Historia de Boca"

description: Argentine footballer

wikidata_label: Rubén Horacio Galletti

wikipedia_title: Rubén Horacio Galletti


text: British

text: Conservative party

text: godson

text: Queen Elizabeth II

text: the family title

text: suicide

text: Eton

text: New College

text: Oxford

text: Strachey Baronets

text: Edward Strachey, 1st Baron Strachie

text: House of Lords

text: MEP

text: Primrose League

text: European Parliament

text: Devon

text: 1989 European Parliament election

text: 1994 European Parliament election

text: Devon and East Plymouth

text: Giles Chichester

text: Europe

text: The Times

text: Ian Paisley

text: subsidiary titles

text: Towneley family

text: Lord of Bowland

text: Bowland Forest

text: Cambridge University

text: Lord of Bowland

text: Tamar Bagration-Imeretinsky

text: The 1st Baron O'Hagan

text: Sutton Court

text: Somerset

categories: People educated at Eton College,Strachey family,Conservative Party (UK) MEPs,MEPs for the United Kingdom 1984–1989,British people of Irish descent,1945 births,MEPs for the United Kingdom 1973–1979,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,Members of the European Parliament for English constituencies,Living people,Alumni of New College, Oxford,MEPs for the United Kingdom 1979–1984

paragraph: Charles Strachey, 4th Baron O'Hagan

paragraph: Charles Towneley Strachey, 4th Baron O'Hagan (born 6 September 1945), is a British Conservative party politician.

paragraph: Section::::Early years and background.

paragraph: O'Hagan was born a godson of Princess Elizabeth, later Queen Elizabeth II. The grandson of Maurice Towneley-O'Hagan, 3rd Baron O'Hagan, he inherited the family title at the age of 16 on his grandfather's death in 1961, his father the Hon. Major Thomas Anthony Edward Towneley Strachey having committed suicide in 1955. He was educated at Eton and New College, Oxford, and served as a Page to Queen Elizabeth II between 1959 and 1961. A relative of the Strachey Baronets, he is the great-great-grandson of Edward Strachey, 1st Baron Strachie.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Lord O'Hagan first took his seat in the House of Lords on 5 December 1967, and gave his maiden speech whilst he was still a student.

paragraph: He was appointed an Independent MEP in December 1972, taking his seat on the day Britain began its EEC membership, 1 January 1973. Between 1973 and 1979, British MEPs were not elected, but were appointed from the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Since the Labour party was opposed to EU membership, it refused to nominate members to the Parliament. Accordingly, O'Hagan was one of a group of Independents and Liberals appointed instead of the Labour nominations.

paragraph: During this first period as an MEP, O'Hagan tried to introduce the first Bill to allow the European Parliament to be directly elected instead of appointed. On 1 May 1974, he introduced the Bill in the House of Lords, but it was voted down.

paragraph: The 5 June 1975 referendum on British EEC membership settled the question of Britain's position in Europe, and from that point onwards, the Labour party demanded its share of MEP nominations. O'Hagan thus lost his seat on 3 July 1975 after a joint decision by the Conservative and Labour parties to cease appointing Independents and Liberals to the European Parliament. He then joined the Conservative party and became a whip and a frontbench spokesman for the Conservatives in the House of Lords between 1977 and 1979. He was also involved in the Primrose League before its dissolution, serving as its Chancellor from April 1979 to April 1981.

paragraph: In the first direct elections to the European Parliament in 1979, he was returned as MEP for Devon as a Conservative, with 61.8% of the vote and a majority of 86,022. He was then re-elected in 1984, when his vote share dropped to 54.7% and his majority fell to 56,620. At the 1989 European Parliament election he was again re-elected, and although his vote share dropped further to 46.4%, a split in the opposition vote meant that his majority actually increased to 57,298. He remained an MEP until his resignation in March 1994. He had been due to contest the 1994 European Parliament election, fighting the newly-drawn constituency of Devon and East Plymouth, but he resigned three months before the election, citing the collapse of his second marriage, commenting "You can't fight an election with your mind on other things." In other sections of the press, his resignation was attributed to ill health. Giles Chichester was selected as Conservative candidate in his place, narrowly holding the seat by just 700 votes.

paragraph: O'Hagan was generally regarded as pro-European, and was described by Jonathan Prynn of "The Times" as "colourful." Towards the end of his term of office, he suffered from ill health, and his overall attendance record slipped to the second-lowest of any British MEP, behind Ian Paisley.

paragraph: In 1999, in line with most other hereditary peers, he lost his right to sit in the House of Lords, although he had been on a leave of absence since the previous year, in the wake of declining health. He did not stand for election to become one of the 92 hereditary peers who retained their seats.

paragraph: Section::::Post-political career.

paragraph: He made headlines in 2008, offering to sell some of his subsidiary titles to pay for medical bills. In 2009, it was reported that Lord O'Hagan had stepped forward on behalf of the Towneley family to claim the title of 15th Lord of Bowland. Previously, this ancient Lancastrian lordship had been thought lost or in the possession of the Crown having disappeared from the historical record in late nineteenth century. The Towneleys had owned the Bowland Forest Estate from 1835 and it transpired that the title had been retained by an extinct family trust. The title was auctioned and later came into the possession of William Bowland, a Cambridge University don who thereby assumed the title 16th Lord of Bowland.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Lord O'Hagan has been married three times – firstly to the Georgian Princess Tamar Bagration-Imeretinsky (1967–84), secondly to Mary Roose-Francis (1985–95), and thirdly to Elizabeth Smith (1995–present). He has two daughters – one from each of his first two marriages (Nino, b.1968; and Antonia, b.1986) – and his heir apparent is his younger brother the Hon. Richard Towneley Strachey.

paragraph: In 1975, he sold the papers of several of his Irish ancestors, including those of The 1st Baron O'Hagan, to the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland (PRONI).

paragraph: In 1973, he inherited the 14th-century Sutton Court in Somerset, ancestral home of the Stracheys since 1858; the house was left to him after the death of Edward Strachey, 2nd Baron Strachie, who had no heir. In 1987 O'Hagan sold it for conversion into flats. Those paintings of Sutton Court which were not sold in 1987 were sold by O'Hagan in 1994 and 2007.

alias:
Charles Towneley Strachey
The Lord O'hagan

description: Member of House of Lords and Member of European Parliament

wikidata_label: Charles Strachey, 4th Baron O'Hagan

wikipedia_title: Charles Strachey, 4th Baron O'Hagan


text:
emperor
Trebizond
Michael of Trebizond
Acropolitissa
Constantine Acropolites
Constantinople
megas doux
John the Eunuch
Niketas Scholares
Gregory Meitzomates
Genoese
Anna Anachoutlou
Panagia Chrysokephalos Church
George Finlay
St. Sabas
Adrianople
Sinope
Michael Panaretos
Caffa
Galata
John III Grand Komnenos

categories: Grand Komnenos dynasty,1321 births,1362 deaths,14th-century emperors of Trebizond

paragraph: John III of Trebizond

paragraph: John III Megas Komnenos or Grand Comnenus (, "Iōánnēs G′ Mégas Komnēnós"; – 1362) was emperor of Trebizond from September 4, 1342, to May 3, 1344. He was a son of Emperor Michael of Trebizond (who had reigned for a day in 1341) and Acropolitissa, a daughter of Constantine Acropolites.

paragraph: John lived most of his life in Constantinople where his father had lived since . When Michael became Emperor of Trebizond for a day in 1341 and was quickly deposed and imprisoned by "megas doux" John the Eunuch, John was still in Constantinople. However, in 1342 the leaders of the "Scholarioi", Niketas Scholares and Gregory Meitzomates, visited him there and persuaded the young man to come with them to Trebizond and take the throne. With the approval of the Byzantine government, the group set out for Trebizond in September 1342 after enlisting the support of three Genoese galleys, bringing their little fleet to a total of five ships. After a short but fierce fight John and his supporters captured the city on September 4, aided by a popular uprising in their favor. After the coronation of John III as emperor, the deposed Empress Anna Anachoutlou was strangled, and her noble supporters executed or exiled shortly following John's coronation in Panagia Chrysokephalos Church.

paragraph: Both William Miller and George Finlay describe John III as a weak and dissolute ruler, who cared only for entertainment, self-indulgence, and luxury; he showed no interest over his own father who remained the prisoner of "megas doux" John the Eunuch. Upon the death of the "megas doux", Niketas marched to Limnia where he freed Michael then returned with him to Trebizond to depose John. On May 3, 1344 John was banished to the monastery of St. Sabas (where he was kept under a Byzantine guard) and his father was restored to the throne.

paragraph: The deposed emperor was eventually transferred by his father to Constantinople and from there in 1345 to Adrianople. He escaped from there in c. 1357 and made his way to Sinope to regain his throne, only to die in that city in 1362. Michael Panaretos tells us John had a son, but not his name; all that Panaretos records about him is that he escaped from captivity in 1363 and fled first to Caffa, then to Galata.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John III Grand Komnenos, "Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World: Asia Minor"

alias:
John III Megas Komnenos
John III Magnus Comnenus

description: Emperor of Trebizond

wikidata_label: John III of Trebizond

wikipedia_title: John III of Trebizond


text: Roman Emperor

text: Licinius

text: Constantine I

text: Battle of Adrianople

text: Augustus

text: Valens

text: Battle of Adrianople

text: magister officiorum

text: Crispus

text: Adrianople

text: Visigothic

text: Lampsacus

text: Hellespont

text: Dardanelles

text: Thrace

text: Mysia

text: Bithynia

text: Asia Minor

text: Hellespont

text: Byzantium

text: Chalcedon

text: Bosphoros

text: Battle of Chrysopolis

text: Flavia Julia Constantia

text: Thessalonica

text: Cappadocia

categories: 4th-century executions,Executed Roman emperors,4th-century murdered monarchs,4th-century Roman emperors,325 deaths,Year of birth unknown,Magistri officiorum,People executed by the Roman Empire,Marcii

paragraph: Martinian (emperor)

paragraph: Martinian (in full Latin form: Sextus Marcius Martinianus), who died in 325, was Roman Emperor from July to September 18, 324. He had been appointed co-emperor by Licinius.

paragraph: Section::::Elevation.

paragraph: In 324, as the second civil war between Licinius and Constantine I was at its height, the situation for Licinius was not promising. Following his defeat at the Battle of Adrianople, he decided to replace Constantine (in name only) as western "Augustus". As his replacement he named Martinian co-emperor, as he had previously appointed Valens during his earlier war with Constantine. Prior to his elevation, which took place some time after the Battle of Adrianople (July 3, 324), Martinian was serving as "magister officiorum" at Licinius' court. Licinius lacked the aid of a loyal deputy that Constantine possessed in the person of his eldest son Crispus; Licinius appointed Martinian, though not a relative, to make up this deficiency.

paragraph: Section::::Military activities.

paragraph: In the wake of his defeat at Adrianople Licinius sent Martinian, with an army including Visigothic auxiliaries, to Lampsacus (on the Asiatic shore of the Hellespont or Dardanelles) to prevent Constantine from using his fleet to effect a crossing from Thrace into Mysia and Bithynia in Asia Minor. A naval battle in the Hellespont resulted in the destruction of Licinius' navy by Constantine's son Crispus. Following this defeat Licinius withdrew his forces from Byzantium, which was being besieged by Constantine, to Chalcedon on the Asiatic shore of the Bosphoros. Constantine then crossed the Bosphoros to Asia Minor, using a flotilla of light transports he had built independently from his main fleet on the Hellespont, in order to evade the forces of Martinian. Licinius recalled Martinian from Lampsacus to reinforce his main army. It is not clear whether Martinian's forces reached Licinius before September 18 when Licinius was defeated for the last time at the Battle of Chrysopolis.

paragraph: Section::::Fate.

paragraph: Due to the intervention of Flavia Julia Constantia, Constantine's sister and also Licinius' wife, both Licinius and Martinian were initially spared, Licinius being imprisoned in Thessalonica, Martinian in Cappadocia; however, Constantine seems to have soon regretted his leniency as both former emperors were subsequently executed. Martinian was probably executed in the spring of 325, in Cappadocia.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- DiMaio, Michael, "Licinius (308 – 324 A.D.)", "DIR" (1997).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grant, Michael (1985), The Roman Emperors: A biographical Guide to the Rulers of Imperial Rome 31 BC-AD 476, London.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grant, Michael (1993), The Emperor Constantine, London.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jones, A.H.M., Martindale, J.R. "The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Vol. I: AD260-395", Cambridge University Press, 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lenski, Noel E. (2011) "The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine", Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Odahl, C.M., (2004) "Constantine and the Christian Empire," Routledge 2004.

description: Roman Emperor

wikidata_label: Sextus Martinianus

wikipedia_title: Martinian (emperor)


text: Roman Emperor

text: Dacia

text: Constantine I

text: battle of Cibalae

text: Adrianople

text: Augustus

text: Martinian

text: Caesar

text: Augustan

text: Campus Ardiensis

text: Petrus Patricius

text: Jones, Arnold, H. M.

text: Montserrat, Dominic

categories: Valerii,Executed Roman emperors,4th-century murdered monarchs,4th-century Roman emperors,Year of birth unknown,317 deaths,Aurelii

paragraph: Valerius Valens

paragraph: Aurelius Valerius Valens (died March 1, 317) was Roman Emperor from late 316 to March 1, 317. Valens had previously been "dux limitis" (duke of the frontier) in Dacia.

paragraph: In the first civil war between Licinius and Constantine I, the latter won an overwhelming victory at the battle of Cibalae on October 8, 316 (some historians date it in 314). Licinius fled to Adrianople where, with the help of Valens, he gathered a second army. There, early in December 316, he elevated Valens to the rank of Augustus, presumably in order to secure his loyalty. Much later, Licinius would use the same trick (with just as little success) in the second civil war with Constantine, by appointing Martinian co-emperor.

paragraph: Despite the literary sources referring to Valens as a junior emperor (Caesar), the numismatic evidence indicates his Augustan rank.

paragraph: After Licinius's indecisive defeat at Campus Ardiensis in later 316 / early 317, Constantine was still in the dominant position; from which he was able to force Licinius to recognize him as the senior emperor, depose Valens and appoint their sons as Caesars. According to Petrus Patricius, he explicitly expressed his anger at the elevation of Valens by saying the following to the envoy of Mestrianus:

paragraph: The emperor made clear the extent of his rage by his facial expression and by the contortion of his body. Almost unable to speak, he said, "We have not come to this present state of affairs, nor have we fought and triumphed from the ocean till where we have now arrived, just so that we should refuse to have our own brother-in-law as joint ruler because of his abominable behaviour, and so that we should deny his close kinship, but accept that vile slave [Valens] with him into imperial college".

paragraph: The peace treaty was finalized at Serdica on 1 March, 317. Whether it was part of the agreement is unknown, but Licinius also had Valens executed.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anonymus Valesianus. "Origo Constantini Imperatoris" at The Latin Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jones, Arnold, H. M. "Constantine and the Conversion of Europe", The English University Press, 1949

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lieu, Samuel N. C., Montserrat, Dominic. "From Constantine to Julian: A Source History", Routledge, 1996. (includes an English translation of "Origo Constantini")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Odahl, Charles M. "Constantine and the Christian Empire", Routledge, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Potter, David S. "The Roman Empire at Bay AD 180–395", Routledge, 2004.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- DiMaio, Michael, "Valens (316 A.D.)", "DIR" (1996).

description: Roman emperor

wikidata_label: Valerius Valens

wikipedia_title: Valerius Valens


text: Bud Shank

text: bossa nova

text: Grammy Award

text: Santos

text: state of São Paulo

text: Stephane Grappelli

text: Django Reinhardt

text: the Andrews Sisters

text: Stan Kenton

text: Jack Costanzo

text: Pete Rugolo

text: Bud Shank

text: Harry Babasin

text: World Pacific

text: Capitol Records

text: Robert E. Myers

text: Duets with Spanish Guitar

text: Salli Terri

text: Martin Ruderman

text: Linda Ronstadt

text: Luisa Espinel

text: Heitor Villa-Lobos

text: Radamés Gnattali

text: Modern Jazz Quartet

text: Atlantic Records

text: The High Chaparral

text: The Gift

text: The Twilight Zone

text: "A Star is Born"

text: Peter Gunn

text: "Good-bye, My Lady"

text: "Funny Girl"

text: The Godfather

text: Charles and Ray Eames

text: Clint Eastwood

text: Unforgiven

text: The Cat in the Hat

text: The Girl From Ipanema

text: The L.A. Four

text: Ray Brown

text: Chuck Flores

text: Shelly Manne

text: Jeff Hamilton

text: Concord Jazz

text: Baden Powell

text: Stan Getz

text: Herbie Mann

text: Larry Coryell

text: Sharon Isbin

text: JazzTimes

text: John Storm Roberts

text: Igor Stravinsky

text: Ordem do Rio Branco

text: "Fanfare"

text: The Lamp Is Low

text: sampled

text: DJ

text: producer

text: Nujabes

text: anime

text: Samurai Champloo

text: Capitol

text: Coral

text: Laurindo Almeida Quartet Featuring Bud Shank

text: Pacific

text: World Pacific

text: Chico Hamilton

text: Duets with Spanish Guitar

text: Salli Terri

text: Bud Shank

text: Fontana

text: The Intimate Bach, Duets with the Spanish Guitar Vol.2

text: Collaboration

text: Modern Jazz Quartet

text: Atlantic

text: Sammy Davis, Jr. Sings and Laurindo Almeida Plays

text: Sammy Davis, Jr.

text: Reprise

text: Tower

text: Virtuoso Guitar

text: Charlie Byrd

text: Concord Jazz

text: Charlie Byrd

text: Sharon Isbin

text: Larry Coryell

text: Charlie Byrd

text: Carlos Barbosa-Lima

text: the L.A. 4

text: Concord Jazz

text: East Wind

text: Stan Getz

text: Polygram Int'l

text: Stan Kenton

text: Stan Kenton's Milestones

text: Stan Kenton Classics

text: Encores

text: A Presentation of Progressive Jazz

text: Innovations in Modern Music

text: Stan Kenton Presents

text: Popular Favorites by Stan Kenton

text: The Kenton Era

text: Lush Interlude

text: Artistry in Voices and Brass

text: The Innovations Orchestra

text: Herbie Mann

text: The Magic Flute of Herbie Mann

text: Verve

text: Oliver Nelson

text: Skull Session

text: Flying Dutchman

text: Shorty Rogers

text: Bossa Nova

text: Pete Rugolo

text: New Sounds by Pete Rugolo

text: Behind Brigitte Bardot

text: The Original Music of Thriller

text: Lalo Schifrin

text: Gone with the Wave

text: Colpix

text: Bud Shank

text: Holiday in Brazil

text: Latin Contrasts

text: Gerald Wilson

text: The Golden Sword

text: Pacific Jazz

categories: 1995 deaths,Deaths from leukemia,20th-century classical musicians,Brazilian expatriates in the United States,Brazilian male guitarists,Brazilian jazz musicians,Brazilian jazz guitarists,Grammy Award winners,1917 births,Concord Records artists,Earle Spencer Orchestra members,Deaths from cancer in California,20th-century guitarists,Male jazz musicians,20th-century male musicians,Brazilian classical guitarists

paragraph: Laurindo Almeida

paragraph: Laurindo Almeida (September 2, 1917 – July 26, 1995) was a Brazilian guitarist and composer in classical, jazz, and Latin music. He and Bud Shank were pioneers in the creation of bossa nova. Almeida was the first guitarist to receive Grammy Awards for both classical and jazz performances. His discography encompasses more than a hundred recordings over five decades.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Laurindo Jose de Araujo Almeida Nobrega Neto was born in the village of Prainha, Brazil near Santos in the state of São Paulo.

paragraph: Born into a musical family, Almeida was a self-taught guitarist. During his teenage years, Almeida moved to São Paulo, where he worked as a radio artist, staff arranger and nightclub performer. At the age of 19, he worked his way to Europe playing guitar in a cruise ship orchestra. In Paris, he attended a performance at the Hot Club by Stephane Grappelli and famed guitarist Django Reinhardt, who became a lifelong artistic inspiration.

paragraph: Returning to Brazil, Almeida continued composing and performing. He became known for playing both classical Spanish and popular guitar. He moved to the United States in 1947; a trip financed when one of his compositions, a song known as "Johnny Peddler" became a hit recorded by the Andrews Sisters. In Los Angeles, Almeida immediately went to work in film studio orchestras.

paragraph: Section::::Early career in the United States.

paragraph: Almeida was first introduced to the jazz public as a featured guitarist with the Stan Kenton band in the late 1940s during the height of its success. According to author Michael Sparke, Almeida and his fellow Kenton bandmember drummer Jack Costanzo "endowed the music of Progressive Jazz with a persuasive Latin flavor, and the music is enriched by their presence." Famed Kenton arranger Pete Rugolo composed "Lament" specifically for Almeida's cool, quiet sound, and Almeida's own composition "Amazonia" was also featured by the Kenton orchestra. Almeida stayed with Kenton until 1952.

paragraph: Almeida's recording career enjoyed auspicious early success with the 1953 recordings now called Brazilliance No. 1 and No. 2 with fellow Kenton alumnus Bud Shank, bassist Harry Babasin, and drummer Roy Harte on the World Pacific label (originally entitled "The Laurindo Almeida Quartet featuring Bud Shank"). Widely regarded as "landmark" recordings, Almeida and Shank's combination of Brazilian and jazz rhythms (which Almeida labeled "samba-jazz"-) presaged the fusion of Latin and jazz, which is quite different in bossa nova, although jazz critic Leonard Feather credited Almeida and Shank as the creators of bossa nova sound.

paragraph: Other observers note that the beat, harmonic stamp, and economy of expression were different than the bossa nova, giving Almeida and Shank's recording "...a different mood and sound...certainly valuable in its own right."

paragraph: Almeida's classical solo recording career on Capitol Records began in 1954 with "The Guitar Music of Spain". Almeida made a series of highly successful classical recordings produced by Robert E. Myers. Among Almeida's notable classical recordings is an album widely considered to be the first classical crossover album, the 1958 Grammy winner "Duets with Spanish Guitar" with mezzo-soprano Salli Terri and flutist Martin Ruderman. In this recording, Almeida arranges standard classical and folk repertoire through the prism of several Latin musical forms, including the modenha, charo, maracatu and boi bumba. The result, according to "Hi-Fi and Music Review" was "...a prize winner in my collection. Laurindo Almeida's guitar playing captures the keen poignancy and rhythmic élan of Brazilian music with superb assurance and taste...". The recording was nominated for two Grammy Awards and won for Best Classical Engineering for Sherwood Hall III at the first Grammy Awards ceremony. In her recent memoir "Simple Dreams", singer Linda Ronstadt discusses "Duets With the Spanish Guitar" and notes that her aunt, the renowned Spanish singer Luisa Espinel was a friend of vocalist Salli Terri: "Knowing I wanted to sing, Aunt Luisa had sent me a recording, "Duets with the Spanish Guitar", which featured guitarist Laurindo Almeida dueting alternately with flautist Martin Ruderman and soprano Salli Terri. It became one of my most cherished recordings."

paragraph: Of Almeida's five career Grammys, four were awarded in classical categories. His classical recording discography also includes the debut recordings of two major guitar works, Heitor Villa-Lobos' Guitar Concerto and Radamés Gnattali's Concerto de Copacabana.

paragraph: In 1964, Almeida again expanded his recording repertoire by joining forces with the Modern Jazz Quartet on "Collaboration" (Atlantic Records), which combined classical with jazz, called "chamber jazz." Almeida also toured with the MJQ, both in the 1960s and again in the 1990s.

paragraph: Section::::Film and television.

paragraph: In addition to his recording achievements, Almeida continued his work with the film studios throughout his career, playing guitar, lute, mandolin and other instruments for more than 800 motion picture and television soundtracks (such as "The High Chaparral" and "The Gift," an episode of "The Twilight Zone"). Almeida made cameo appearances in the 1954 movie "A Star is Born" and on a 1959 episode of "Peter Gunn" titled "Skin Deep". His performing credits included major motions pictures such as "Good-bye, My Lady" (1956), "Funny Girl" (1968), and "The Godfather" (1972). He composed the complete film scores for ten motion pictures and portions for hundreds of others, including Charles and Ray Eames's 1957 film "Day of the Dead". He also underscored and performed for Clint Eastwood's "Unforgiven" (1992). His final film work was in "The Cat in the Hat" (2003) in which his whistling cover of "The Girl From Ipanema" is briefly heard. Some articles report Almeida won at least one Oscar award for film composition; however, while he was involved in films that were nominated, he did not receive an Oscar for his film work.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: In the 1970s, Almeida reunited with Bud Shank, forming The L.A. Four with Ray Brown and Chuck Flores (later Shelly Manne and then Jeff Hamilton). From 1974 to 1982, the L.A. Four toured internationally and recorded a series of albums for Concord Jazz, including "The L.A. Four Scores!", an acclaimed live recording from the 1974 Concord Jazz Festival. In 1980, Almeida joined forces with Charlie Byrd on a series of highly regarded recordings, including "Latin Odyssey", "Brazilian Soul" and "Tango". He also recorded with Baden Powell, Stan Getz and Herbie Mann, among others. His guitar trio, "Guitarjam", with Larry Coryell and Sharon Isbin played Carnegie Hall in 1988. In the 1990s, Almeida toured again with the Modern Jazz Quartet. In 1992, Concord Records issued "Outra Vez", an October, 1991 live recording with bassist Bob Magnusson and drummer Jim Plank; "JazzTimes" wrote that "Outra Vez" was "...a testament to his enduring genius as a concert guitarist, composer and arranger".

paragraph: In discussing "Outra Vez", John Storm Roberts noted "...there was nothing retro about its tour de force, a phenomenal duet of Almeida performing Beethoven's 'Moonlight Sonata' while bassist Bob Magnusson played Thelonious Monk's 'Round Midnight.'"

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: Laurindo Almeida was nominated for sixteen Grammys and received the award five times:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960 "The Spanish Guitars of Laurindo Almeida" Best Classical Performance Instrumental Soloist or Duo

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960 "Conversations with the Guitar" Best Classical Performance Vocal or Instrumental Chamber Music

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961 "Discantus" Best Contemporary Classical Composition (tied with Igor Stravinsky)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961 "Reverie for Spanish Guitars" Best Classical Performance Instrumental Soloist without Orchestra

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964 "Guitar from Ipanema" Best Instrumental Jazz Performance-Large Group

paragraph: In 1992, he was honored with the Latin American & Caribbean Cultural Society Award for "his illustrious career as a performer and composer and his dedicated promotion of the music of the Americas." Shortly before his death, the Brazilian government honored Almeida, awarding him the "Comendador da Ordem do Rio Branco." In 2010, "Fanfare" inducted his 1958 "Duets with Spanish Guitar" into its Classical Recording Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Almeida was teaching, recording and performing until the week before his death of leukemia on July 26, 1995, at age 77 in Los Angeles, California.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Laurindo Almeida's archives are housed at the US Library of Congress. He composed more than 1000 separate pieces, including 200 popular songs. In 1952 Almeida formed his own publishing company, Brazilliance, which has been influential in the dissemination of Latin American music. As described by authors Chris McGowan and Ricardo Pessanha, Laurindo Almeida was "...an artist known for his harmonic mastery, subtle dynamics, rich embellishments and adept improvisatory skills in a variety of idioms".

paragraph: In 2004 Almeida's guitar work from his version of "The Lamp Is Low" was sampled by the late Japanese DJ and producer Nujabes for the song "Aruarian Dance" which features on the soundtrack to the anime series "Samurai Champloo".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As leader.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Concert Creations for Guitar" (10", Capitol H-193, 1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Latin Melodies" (10", Coral, 1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Laurindo Almeida Quartet Featuring Bud Shank" (Pacific, 1953; rerel. as "Brazilliance" on World Pacific, 1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guitar Music of Spain" (Capitol P-8295, 1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guitar Music of Latin America" (Capitol P-8321, 1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "From the Romantic Era" (Capitol P-8341 1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vistas di Espana" (Capitol P-8367, 1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Impressoes do Brasil" (Capitol P-8381, 1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The New World of the Guitar" (Capitol P-8392, 1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Delightfully Modern" with the Chico Hamilton Quintet (Jazztone J 1264, 1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Duets with Spanish Guitar" with Martin Ruderman and Salli Terri (Capitol P-8406, 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Contemporary Creations for the Spanish Guitar" (Capitol P-8447, 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Holiday in Brasil" with Bud Shank (World Pacific, 1959; rerel. in 1962 as "Brazilliance Vol. 2", and in Europe as "Jazz Goes Brazil" on Fontana)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Latin Contrasts" with Bud Shank as labeled leader (World Pacific, 1959; rerel. in 1963 as "Brazilliance Vol. 3")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Happy Cha-Cha-Cha!" with The Danzaneros (Capitol T-1263, 1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "For My True Love" (Capitol P-8461, 1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Danzas" (Capitol P-8467, 1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Music for a Spanish Guitar" (Capitol P-8497, 1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Conversations with the Guitar" (Capitol P-8532, 1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Spanish Guitars of Laurindo Almeida" (Capitol P-8521, 1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Guitar Worlds of Laurindo Almeida" (Capitol P-8546, 1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reverie for Spanish Guitars" (Capitol P-8571, 1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Intimate Bach, Duets with the Spanish Guitar Vol.2" (Capitol P-8582, 1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Viva Bossa Nova!" (Capitol T-1759, 1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ole! Bossa Nova!" with The Bossa Nova Allstars (Capitol T-1872, 1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Masters of the Guitar", disc 7 (Murray Hill S-4194, 1960s 7 LP compilation boxset with John Williams, Narciso Yepes a.o.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Collaboration" with the Modern Jazz Quartet (Atlantic, 1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Broadway Solo Guitar" (Capitol T-2063, 1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guitar from Ipanema" (Capitol T-2197, 1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sueños (Dreams)" (Capitol T-2345, 1965?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Laurindo Almeida's San Fernando Guitars: New Broadway-Hollywood Hits" (Capitol T-2419, 1965?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sammy Davis, Jr. Sings and Laurindo Almeida Plays" with Sammy Davis, Jr. (Reprise, 1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Man and a Woman" (Capitol T-2701, 1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Acapulco '22" (Tower DT5060, 1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Look of Love" (Capitol T-2866, 1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Classical Current" (Warner Bros./Seven Arts WS1803, 1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bach Ground Blues & Greens" with Ray Brown (Century City 80102, 1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Latin Guitar" (Dobre DR1000, 1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Play and Sing the Duke" with Herb Jeffries (Dobre DR1053, 1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Virtuoso Guitar" (Crystal Clear CCS8001, 1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brazilian Soul" duo with Charlie Byrd (Concord Jazz Picante, 1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Latin Odyssey" with Charlie Byrd (Concord Jazz, 1983; rel. with above on CD as "Brazil & Beyond", 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "3 Guitars 3" with Sharon Isbin and Larry Coryell (ProArte, 1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Music of the Brazilian Masters" with Charlie Byrd and Carlos Barbosa-Lima (Concord Picante CCD-4389, 1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Outra Vez" (Concord Jazz, 1992)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With the L.A. 4.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The L.A. Four Scores!" (Concord Jazz, 1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The L.A. 4" (Concord Jazz, 1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Going Home" (East Wind, 1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pavane pour une infante défunte" (East Wind, 1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Watch What Happens" (Concord Jazz, 1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Just Friends" (Concord Jazz, 1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live at Montreux" (Concord Jazz, 1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zaca" (Concord Jazz, 1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Montage" (Concord Jazz, 1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Executive Suite" (Concord Jazz, 1983)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As sideman.

paragraph: With Stan Getz

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stan Getz with Guest Artist Laurindo Almeida" (Polygram Int'l B0000046V9)

paragraph: With Stan Kenton

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stan Kenton's Milestones" (Capitol, 1943–47 [1950])

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stan Kenton Classics" (Capitol, 1944–47 [1952])

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Encores" (Capitol, 1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Presentation of Progressive Jazz" (Capitol, 1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Innovations in Modern Music" (Capitol, 1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stan Kenton Presents" (Capitol, 1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Popular Favorites by Stan Kenton" (Capitol, 1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Kenton Era" (Capitol, 1940–54, [1955])

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lush Interlude" (Capitol, 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Artistry in Voices and Brass" (Capitol, 1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Innovations Orchestra" (Capitol, 1950–51 [1997])

paragraph: With Herbie Mann

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Magic Flute of Herbie Mann" (Verve, 1957)

paragraph: With Oliver Nelson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Skull Session" (Flying Dutchman, 1975)

paragraph: With Shorty Rogers

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bossa Nova" (Reprise, 1962)

paragraph: With Pete Rugolo

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New Sounds by Pete Rugolo" (Harmony, 1954–55, [1957])

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Behind Brigitte Bardot" (Warner Bros., 1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Original Music of Thriller" (Time, 1961)

paragraph: With Lalo Schifrin

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gone with the Wave" (Colpix, 1964)

paragraph: With Bud Shank

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Holiday in Brazil" (World Pacific, 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Latin Contrasts" (World Pacific, 1958)

paragraph: With Gerald Wilson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Golden Sword" (Pacific Jazz, 1966)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Concert film.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tanya Maria: The Beat of Brazil with Special Guest Laurindo Almeida"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Laurindo Almeida – A Tribute to a Master"

description: Brazilian virtuoso guitarist and composer

wikidata_label: Laurindo Almeida

wikipedia_title: Laurindo Almeida


text:
Habsburg Croatian
Roman Catholic
bishop
Pićan
Istria
Glamoč
Bosnia
Ottoman invasion
Graz
Wien
Trnava

categories: People from Istria,Habsburg Croats,1632 births,Roman Catholic bishops in Croatia,1697 deaths,17th-century Croatian people,Croatian Roman Catholic bishops

paragraph: Sebastijan Glavinić

paragraph: Sebastijan Glavinić (1632–5 July 1697) was a Habsburg Croatian Roman Catholic bishop. Glavinić was born at Pićan, Istria, before 18 January 1632, a son of Nikola Glavinić. The Glavinić family fled from Glamoč (in Bosnia) to Istria due to the Ottoman invasion. He was baptized on 18 January 1632. Glavinić studied theology and philosophy in Graz, Wien and Trnava. He was ordained priest on 26 March 1660.

description: 17th-century Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Boštjan Glavinić de Glamoć

wikipedia_title: Sebastijan Glavinić