text: American

text: MGMT

text: Interview Magazine

text: Benjamin Goldwasser

text: Kids

text: Oracular Spectacular

text: Best New Artist

text: Columbia, Missouri

text: Memphis, Tennessee

text: Lausanne Collegiate School

text: White Station High School

text: Memphis Flyer

text: The Who

text: Pinball Wizard

text: Fender Twin Reverb

text: Under the Bridge

text: Red Hot Chili Peppers

text: Nirvana

text: Ween

text: Neil Young

text: Bob Dylan

text: The Rolling Stones

text: Ben Goldwasser

text: Wesleyan University

text: Q

text: Kids

text: "NME"s Cool List

text: Siberian Breaks

text: Walt Whitman

text: The Ice Storm

text: Robert Anton Wilson

text: John Ashbery

text: Kevin Barnes

text: Of Montreal

text: Polyvinyl Records

text: The Heart is a Drum Machine

text: Spirit of Akasha

text: Werner Herzog

text: David Lynch

text: Federico Fellini

text: Dutch

text: Camille Rowe

text: Andreea Diaconu

text: Rockaway Beach, Queens

text: New York

text: Official MGMT band

categories: Musicians from Columbia, Missouri,People from Queens, New York,Musicians from Memphis, Tennessee,Wesleyan University alumni,1983 births,Lausanne Collegiate School alumni,Living people,American rock musicians

paragraph: Andrew VanWyngarden

paragraph: Andrew Wells VanWyngarden (born February 1, 1983) is an American musician. He is the lead vocalist, guitar player and songwriter for the band MGMT, praised for (according to "Interview Magazine") "an uncanny knack for producing pop music that sounds as if it were filtered through a kaleidoscope." One of his (and MGMT cofounder Benjamin Goldwasser's) songs "Kids" (from the "Oracular Spectacular" album) received a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals, while the duo was nominated in the Best New Artist category.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Andrew VanWyngarden, was born in Columbia, Missouri, and grew up in Memphis, Tennessee, where he attended Lausanne Collegiate School and White Station High School. His father, Bruce VanWyngarden, is the editor of the alternative newspaper Memphis Flyer. Andrew fondly remembers his childhood years in Memphis, especially fishing and camping with his dad. "I've always really liked nature and the ocean. My friends and I would go out with nets and make little aquariums with the creatures we'd find," he said. He was active in YMCA outdoors programs, and the family frequently went canoeing, camping, and fishing.

paragraph: One of his first experiences with music was listening to his dad play The Who song "Pinball Wizard" on his electric guitar with a Fender Twin Reverb amp. In seventh grade, he received a Les Paul guitar and immediately started playing. That same year, he won a contest at Lausanne, playing "Under the Bridge" by the Red Hot Chili Peppers. He was influenced by the music he listened to with his sister, Nirvana and Ween in particular, and often went through his parents' record collection in the attic where he found Neil Young, Bob Dylan, The Rolling Stones, etc. "From then on, all he ever wanted for Christmas was musical instruments; future seasons saw a drum set, a banjo, and a mandolin."

paragraph: While in high school, he formed a band with Dan Treharne called Glitter Penis, where it was the two of them playing around on the computer "just making songs," VanWyngarden says. They created and recorded parody songs but did not perform live. Later on, VanWyngarden was in a band called Accidental Mersh with future MGMT guitarist Hank Sullivant who would later introduce him to James Richardson, MGMT's future live guitarist. The band achieved local success and fame in and around the Memphis area, and released two albums: The self-titled "Accidental Mersh" and "Mirror Israeli". The first album reached the #2 spot on Napster's "Unsigned Bands" chart. The band went on hiatus when most of its members went to college. Andrew invited Ben Goldwasser to play the keyboard for Mersh during the summer of 2002. The band had a weekly gig at Newby's but the shows were sparsely attended and the band dissolved. In college, he wrote and performed a song called "Super Volcano" for a class.

paragraph: VanWyngarden attended and graduated in music from Wesleyan University, where he met fellow band member Ben Goldwasser in his freshman year. He said he planned to study the natural sciences of astronomy, but meeting Goldwasser changed his whole life course. He also mentioned studying entomology while in college. It was Andrew who initiated the formation of the group: "[Ben] wasn't really into it. I remember him saying he wanted to do some sort of social work, something noble for a good cause. I was like: 'C'mon, man! Where's your selfish ambition?'" Andrew (according to Q) remembered his University years as something "almost sickeningly idyllic: lots of doing mushrooms in the woods, not a hard graft in the library."

paragraph: He has said in interviews that "Kids" was one of the first songs they produced together, the song is included in the band's early EP "We (Don't) Care" (released under the name The Management).

paragraph: VanWyngarden was on "NME"s Cool List in 2008 at number 3, just below Jay-Z and Alice Glass.

paragraph: Andrew came up with the title of MGMT's 2010 album "Congratulations" while making "Oracular Spectacular." He writes a lot of the lyrics for MGMT, he has described the process, "I'd sit down for a few hours and try to do them. Usually, the ideas for the lyrics have been in my head for a while, and that's how I go over them again and again." His favorite song from the album is "Siberian Breaks." In a 2010 interview, speaking of fame and its effects on him, Andrew conceded that to some extent he's turned into a kind of character he was poking fun at in the debut album. "I didn't realize it until now, but it's kind of funny, because the first song on our first album was 'Time to Pretend', which was about the imagined rock star scenario. So, [the song] 'It's Working' is like, "Yeah, we went out there and we did a lot of drugs, and it's not that great".

paragraph: Upon the release of "Congratulations", he has cited his literary influences as being "Leaves of Grass" by Walt Whitman, The Ice Storm, The Anthology of French Poetry and authors such as Robert Anton Wilson and John Ashbery. His favorite pastime is surfing and says that in the future he would like to produce.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Side projects.

paragraph: Andrew VanWyngarden is in a project with Kevin Barnes from Of Montreal called Blikk Fang. In October 2014, it was announced that two songs would be released by Blikk Fang in Polyvinyl Records' "4 Track Singles Series" for 2015. He appeared in "The Heart is a Drum Machine", a documentary film about the nature of contemporary music.

paragraph: In 2014, he released a solo track entitled "I Just Knew" for the surfing film "Spirit of Akasha". He also released a cover of "I'm Alive", a song originally by Peter Howe.

paragraph: VanWyngarden mentions Werner Herzog, David Lynch, and Federico Fellini as his favorite directors.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: VanWyngarden said that he is of Dutch descent. He previously dated two models: Camille Rowe and Andreea Diaconu. He currently lives in Rockaway Beach, Queens, New York.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official MGMT band

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Andrew VanWyngarden

wikipedia_title: Andrew VanWyngarden


text: Bar

text: flying ace

text: Royal Air Force

text: Second World War

text: No. 602 (City of Glasgow) Squadron RAF

text: Supermarine Spitfire

text: Royal Navy

text: Phoney War

text: British Isles

text: Battle of Britain

text: No. 605 Squadron RAF

text: Hawker Hurricane

text: Messerschmitt Bf 109

text: ace in a day

text: Brian Carbury

text: killed in action

text: Paisley, Renfrewshire

text: Bearsden

text: Dunbartonshire

text: Shawlands Academy

text: Glasgow

text: stockbroker

text: general contractor

text: plasterer

text: Battle of Britain

text: First World War

text: Renfrew Airport

text: Second World War

text: pilot's licence

text: Lord Clydesdale

text: Commanding Officer

text: Auxiliary Air Force

text: pilot officer

text: No. 602 (City of Glasgow) Squadron RAF

text: Shrimp

text: flying officer

text: RAF Abbotsinch

text: Hawker Hind

text: Supermarine Spitfire

text: RAF Grangemouth

text: RAF Drem

text: Firth of Forth

text: Luftwaffe

text: "Kampfgeschwader" 30

text: Royal Navy

text: 603 Squadron

text: Hauptmann

text: Junkers Ju 88

text: Gruppenkommandeur

text: Polish Campaign

text: Hugh Dowding

text: Heinkel He 111

text: "Kampfgeschwader" 26

text: Unteroffizier

text: Leutnant

text: 605 Squadron

text: flight lieutenant

text: Tyneside

text: Norway

text: Luftflotte 5

text: Distinguished Flying Cross

text: gazetted

text: Croydon Aerodrome

text: Squadron Leader

text: Walter Churchill

text: Battle of Britain Day

text: Medal bar

text: Fighter Command

text: Cuthbert Orde

text: Ace in a day

text: Feldwebel

text: "Jagdgeschwader" 54

text: wounded in action

text: New Romney

text: Bob Foster

text: Hauptmann

text: Wolfgang Lippert

text: Adisham

text: Kent

text: Distinguished Service Order

text: posthumously

text: Mention in Despatches

text: Archibald Sinclair

text: Secretary of State for Air

text: Air Ministry

text: RAF Chapel

text: Westminster Abbey

text: Thornliebank

text: East Renfrewshire

text: Bushey

text: No. 312 Squadron RAF

categories: Scottish aviators,British World War II flying aces,British military personnel killed in World War II,Royal Air Force personnel of World War II,Companions of the Distinguished Service Order,Royal Air Force officers,1940 deaths,Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross and Bar (United Kingdom),Military personnel from Paisley, Renfrewshire,The Few

paragraph: Archie McKellar

paragraph: Archibald Ashmore McKellar, & Bar (10 April 1912 – 1 November 1940) was a flying ace of the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the Second World War.

paragraph: McKellar grew up and joined the family business in his native Scotland, but in 1936, aged 24, he joined the RAF and began pilot training. He completed his training in 1938 and was assigned to No. 602 (City of Glasgow) Squadron RAF, an Auxiliary Unit. In 1939 he converted to the Supermarine Spitfire fighter. He experienced his first combat with No. 602 Squadron, credited with two victories soon after the outbreak of war in 1939 against German bombers attacking Royal Navy ships and installations over northern Britain during the "Phoney War" period. McKellar's first victory earned him the distinction of being the first pilot to shoot down a German aircraft over the British Isles during the war.

paragraph: A year later, he gained fame in 1940 during the Battle of Britain as a part of, and later squadron leader of, No. 605 Squadron RAF, equipped with the Hawker Hurricane fighter. The Auxiliary Unit was moved to southern England and participated in the large air battles. McKellar's combat career proved to be very brief, lasting just over a year. He claimed all but two of his victories within the last two and a half months of his life; 15 August – 1 November 1940. On 7 October 1940 he shot down five Messerschmitt Bf 109s, thus becoming an ace in a day; one of only 24 Allied aces to achieve the feat. At the time of his last mission he had claimed 21 aerial victories and another two shared destroyed against enemy aircraft. Included in this total of 21 air victories are 11 Bf 109s. McKellar, along with Ronald Hamlyn and Brian Carbury, were the only British pilots to achieve the feat of "Ace in a Day" during the Battle of Britain.

paragraph: On 1 November 1940—one day after the official end of the Battle of Britain—he was killed in action. He took off and engaged a formation of German fighters, one of which he possibly shot down for his 22nd—albeit uncredited—and final victory. McKellar was then shot down himself.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Archibald Ashmore ("Archie") McKellar was born in Paisley, Renfrewshire, Scotland, on the 10 April 1912, the son of John and Margaret McKellar, of Bearsden, Dunbartonshire, and was then educated at Shawlands Academy in the Southside of Glasgow. Upon leaving school he joined a local stockbroker's firm. This did not suit McKellar, who preferred an open–air life style. Keen to leave, but unsure of what direction to take in life, he joined his father's general contractor and construction business as a plasterer. He spent five years as an apprentice plasterer. During this time he was given no special privileges despite being the boss' son.

paragraph: McKellar was also a keen fitness enthusiast and, despite his short stature, built up a great physical strength. Though he enjoyed wine and smoked the occasional pipe or cigar he kept in peak physical shape until his death. Even at the height of the Battle of Britain he was always clean shaven and immaculately dressed. McKellar's spare time was used reading about sport and First World War fighter pilots. His interest in the flying personalities of the past spurred him to take up flying. He joined at his own expense the Scottish Flying Club, which had been founded in 1927; it leased and managed Renfrew Airport from 1933 until it was requisitioned during the Second World War. McKellar quickly acquired a pilot's licence. By the time he began his military career, McKellar was a very experienced pilot, and he soon began earning relatively quick promotions.

paragraph: Section::::Joining the AAF and RAF.

paragraph: His flying skills earned him the attention of Lord Clydesdale, Commanding Officer of No. 602 Squadron AAF. Clydesdale invited McKellar to join the Auxiliary Air Force (AAF) and was soon commissioned into the RAF as a pilot officer on 8 November 1936, joining No. 602 (City of Glasgow) Squadron RAF. McKellar's comrades affectionately nicknamed him "Shrimp" owing to his short, , stature. McKellar stayed with the Squadron and on 8 May 1938 was promoted to flying officer.

paragraph: Based at RAF Abbotsinch near Paisley, the squadron operated the Hawker Hind light bomber. The members of squadron—both pilots and ground staff—were reservists and completed their service on a part-time basis, in the evenings, weekends and an annual two–week summer camp. With the approach of war, the squadron converted to a fighter role and re-equipped with the Supermarine Spitfire. It mobilised on the outbreak of war at RAF Grangemouth on 6 October 1939 and then to RAF Drem a month later, charged with defending Edinburgh and the shipping area around the Firth of Forth.

paragraph: Upon completing training McKellar was deemed to have exceptional eyesight which earned him a reputation as a good marksman in air-to-air combat. Yet, paradoxically, when shooting with his rifle he was a well below average shot—a trait he shared with some other successful pilots. MacKellar was a keen sportsman. He believed physical fitness was a critical attribute in aerial combat; fitness, he believed, would ensure that the mind and body were always at their peak of alertness, and enable a pilot to react swiftly within a fluid battle situation.

paragraph: McKellar was also considered a capable leader in combat. Aggressive and instinctive, his fighting spirit was an inspiration to his squadron but according to one biographer, he was highly strung, vociferous and blunt with members of his unit. Nevertheless, his directness and socially confident nature singled him out for command. His dedication to his job as a fighter pilot and leader led him to refuse any leave from his Squadron while the Battle of Britain lasted. Invariably McKellar led from the front of his unit. He spent a large proportion of his time with his squadron practising combat tactics. While intensely loyal to anyone he considered a friend, McKellar's attitude to others outside the squadron was either of utmost friendliness or utter dislike. He is said to have tended to see everything and everyone in black and white.

paragraph: Section::::Second World War.

paragraph: Section::::Second World War.:602 Squadron.

paragraph: On 16 October 1939, the "Luftwaffe" made its first attack on target in Great Britain. I./"Kampfgeschwader" 30 (KG 30—Bomber Wing 30) targeted Royal Navy ships in the Firth of Forth. The target was . However, she was in dry dock and the cruiser and destroyer were attacked. Though none of the bombs that struck exploded "Mohawk's" commander was killed. Spitfires from 603 Squadron joined 602 Squadron, The Queen's "City of Glasgow" Squadron, in intercepting the raid. During one attack, the cockpit canopy of "Hauptmann" Helmut Pohl's Junkers Ju 88 released itself. Pohl was an experienced test pilot and "Gruppenkommandeur" (Group Commander) of KG 30. He had helped develop the Ju 88 and had taken part in the Polish Campaign. Pohl tried to fly northwards to take an observation position, but the aircraft was hit by the fire of Spitfires piloted by George Pinkerton and McKellar. The Ju 88 crashed into the sea, Pohl being the only survivor of his crew. The victory was credited to McKellar. Thus, McKellar is officially credited with the downing the first enemy aircraft to fall in British waters during the war.

paragraph: Following the 16 October success, Commander-in-Chief of Fighter Command, Air Marshal Hugh Dowding sent word to 602 Squadron; "Well done, first blood to the auxiliaries." This area around Firth of Forth became nicknamed "suicide alley" by "Luftwaffe" pilots.

paragraph: On 28 October 1939 McKellar intercepted a Heinkel He 111H-2 of Stab./"Kampfgeschwader" 26 (KG 26—Bomber Wing 26), code 1H+JA piloted by "Unteroffizier" Lehmkuhl. Acting on the advice of his navigator "Leutnant" Niehoff, he dropped down towards cloud layers. The cover, however, quickly dispersed. Their gunners were killed, Lehmkul was hit in the back by machine gun fire and was wounded while Niehoff suffered a fractured spine during the crash-landing. Debate continues as to which squadron or pilot was the victor. Post–war sources credit the victory to McKellar. It was also the War's first German aircraft shot down onto British soil.

paragraph: Section::::Second World War.:605 Squadron.

paragraph: In early 1940, 605 Squadron moved to RAF Drem, as they converted to Hurricanes. McKellar was transferred to No. 605 and promoted to flight lieutenant, assuming the responsibilities of a flight leader on 21 June 1940. McKellar imposed strict discipline, both in standard of dress on the ground and in tactical discipline in the air. Despite his strict methods McKellar was held in high regard. His popularity arose from his desire to help mould his unit into a well-disciplined fighting team.

paragraph: On 15 August 1940 No. 605 intercepted a German raid against Tyneside mounted by He 111s based in Norway with "Luftflotte 5" (Air Fleet 5). McKellar was credited with three He 111s destroyed during the encounter. For this action he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) and was gazetted on 13 September 1940 and made reference to the "outstanding leadership and courage" displayed by Mckellar.

paragraph: On 7 September 1940, No. 605 moved on rotation to Croydon Aerodrome under the command of Squadron Leader Walter Churchill. McKellar scored a further four victories in a single mission on 9 September. McKellar attacked with the sun at his back with his Squadron, save for one Section which was left to provide top cover against Bf 109s. The attack was made head-on to break up the German bomber formation which consisted of a large mass of He 111s. He destroyed three He 111s with a single, 12–second burst. The first He 111 exploded. It damaged a second which rolled over and dived down into the ground. McKellar then moved his fire to a third. Its port wing snapped off. He then destroyed a Bf 109 in the afternoon giving him a fourth success.

paragraph: McKellar took over from Squadron Leader Churchill on the 11 September. He achieved a further three victories 15 September. The raids were made in large formation leading the fighting that day to be christened the Battle of Britain Day. McKellar led 605 into combat twice on that date claiming two Bf 109s and a Do 17. That night, at an hour past midnight, 16 September, he claimed another He 111 shot down. A Medal bar to the DFC followed which cited his "excellent fighting spirit ... particularly brilliant tactician, and his led his Squadron with skill and resource".

paragraph: On 3 October McKellar became one of the select few pilots of Fighter Command to sit for one of Cuthbert Orde's charcoal portraits. On 7 October his score rose by five victories, all Bf 109s—becoming an Ace in a day. McKellar explained three of the five victories in the combat that day in his combat report;

paragraph: Thirteen days later, on 20 October 1940, McKellar brought down another Bf 109. Its pilot, "Feldwebel" Adolf Iburg from 9. "Staffel" "Jagdgeschwader" 54 (JG 54—Fighter Wing 54), was slightly wounded in action. Iburg managed to force–land near New Romney and was captured. The victory was credited to him in a post-war account, but there is no official accreditation of the Iburg victory to McKellar by the RAF, though he was credited with another Bf 109 victory on that date.

paragraph: Section::::Second World War.:Death.

paragraph: By 1 November 1940 McKellar had claimed 21 victories. Taking a section of No. 605 that included Flight Lieutenant Bob Foster, up to meet a flight of Bf 109 "Jabos" (Bf 109s equipped with bombs). The section climbed to high altitude to meet the enemy aircraft. In the ensuing battle it is believed McKellar was shot down by II./[Jagdgeschwader 27|"Jagdgeschwader" 27]] (JG 27—Fighter Wing 27) "Hauptmann" (Captain) Wolfgang Lippert. McKellar's Hurricane MkI (V6879) crashed at the side of Woodlands Manor near Adisham, Kent at 18:20hrs.

paragraph: On 8 November 1940 his actions brought a final award—the Distinguished Service Order (DSO). His DSO was gazetted posthumously on 26 November 1940 and again cited both 'outstanding courage and determination' in leading his squadron. Further recognition came in a Mention in Despatches gazetted on 31 December 1940.

paragraph: On 16 January 1941 Sir Archibald Sinclair, Secretary of State for Air, visited Glasgow to deliver the eulogy;

paragraph: As McKellar died outside the Air Ministry "nominal" dates for the Battle of Britain (10 July—31 October 1940), he is not listed on the Battle of Britain roll of honour at The RAF Chapel, Westminster Abbey. McKellar is buried at New Eastwood Cemetery, Thornliebank, East Renfrewshire, by Glasgow. McKellar Close in Bushey is named in his honour, one of a number of streets in the area named after Battle of Britain pilots.

paragraph: Section::::List of victories.

paragraph: Historian Alfred Price credited McKellar with 17 air victories, three shared destroyed, five probably destroyed and three damaged. Historians Christopher Shores and Clive Williams credit him with 21 air victories, three probably destroyed and three damaged as does E.C.R Baker. In his last combat they credit him with a possible 22nd victory, since a Bf 109 crashed in the area of his last combat and no RAF pilot made a claim. John Foreman credits him with at least 17 victories and acknowledges the unclaimed Bf 109 that crashed on 1 November 1940 near to McKellar might have been his last victory. Chaz Bowyer, another prolific historian and writer on RAF personnel credits McKellar with at least 20 victories.

paragraph: During the period he flew Hurricane "P3308", McKellar scored 13 victories and shared one more destroyed, four probable and one damaged, between 15 August and 7 October 1940. Thus earned the distinction of being the Hurricane with the highest number of kills during the Battle of Britain. It was later handed over to a Czech unit, No. 312 Squadron RAF on 4 January 1941 and written off in an accident on 30 April 1941.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johnson, Sandy (1976). "Enemy in the Sky: My 1940 Diary". Harper Collins London.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shores, Christopher and Williams, Clive. (1966). "Aces High". Neville Spearman. No ISBN.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archie McKellar at the-battle-of-britain.co.uk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archie McKellar's Medals at the National Museum, Scotland

description: British flying ace

wikidata_label: Archie McKellar

wikipedia_title: Archie McKellar


text:
Saitō Tatsuoki
Oda Nobunaga
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Battle of Yamazaki
koku
Ōmi Province
first Korean campaign
Kurono Castle
Katō Sadayasu

paragraph: Katō Mitsuyasu

paragraph: When Saitō Tatsuoki succeeded to the clan leadership, Mitsuyasu defected to Oda Nobunaga in 1567, expanding under the latter's rulership for many years following.

paragraph: Rising to become a general while under the service of Toyotomi Hideyoshi by the 1580s, he fought in the Battle of Yamazaki. Mitsuyasu was rewarded with property valued at 240,000 "koku" within Ōmi Province, encouraging him to serve under his lord throughout the first Korean campaign in 1592 and 1593.

paragraph: Following his participation in the Korean campaign, Mitsuyasu died of a sudden illness while returning home. At the time of his death, he was beginning construction on Kurono Castle in Mino Province, but his death passed control of the castle to his son, Katō Sadayasu, who completed the construction.

alias:
Kato Mitsuyasu
Katou Mitsuyasu

description: daimyo

wikidata_label: Katō Mitsuyasu

wikipedia_title: Katō Mitsuyasu


text: tenor

text: grand opera

text: Bastia

text: Corsica

text: Agnès Borgo

text: Opéra-Comique

text: Grétry

text: Meyerbeer

text: Erlanger

text: Tosca

text: Cavalleria Rusticana

text: Paris Opéra

text: Pagliacci

text: Tosca

text: Werther

text: HMV

text: "Sigurd"

text: La Juive

text: L'Africaine

text: "Faust"

text: Mireille Berthon

text: Marcel Journet

text: Lohengrin

text: "The Ring"

text: Marston Records

text: "Faust"

text: spinto

text: Caruso

text: Franco Corelli

text: Roméo et Juliette

text: "ténor de force"

categories: People from Bastia,1951 deaths,1886 births,20th-century French singers,French operatic tenors

paragraph: César Vezzani

paragraph: César Vezzani (8 August 1888 – 11 November 1951) was a French/Corsican operatic tenor who became a leading exponent of French "grand opera" through several decades. (Some sources give his date of birth as 1886.)

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: César Vezzani was born in Bastia in Corsica; his father died shortly before his birth. Soon after 1900 his family moved to Toulon on the French mainland, but little is known about his early musical training. In 1908 he went to Paris to study singing and was taught by the Corsican soprano Agnès Borgo (1879 - 1958). He then made his operatic début at the Opéra-Comique in 1911 in the title-role of "Richard Coeur-de-Lion" by Grétry. He continued singing there in such works as "Dinorah" by Meyerbeer and Erlanger's "La sorcière", as well as Italian operas such as "Tosca" and "Cavalleria Rusticana".

paragraph: In 1913 Vezzani and Agnès Borgo were married, and they had one daughter. (They later divorced in 1919, and Vezzani had two subsequent marriages.) Vezzani and Borgo were contracted to sing in the USA (including Boston) in 1914/1915 but were prevented by the outbreak of the First World War. Vezzani was called up and was wounded in action. He resumed his singing career during the later years of the war, but most of his subsequent engagements were in provincial opera houses, especially in the south of France, though he also sang in Brussels. He returned to the Opéra-Comique in Paris in 1921/1922 and probably appeared there again during the 1920s, but he never sang at the Paris Opéra. The ringing and heroic quality of his voice made him an ideal choice for certain heavy and dramatic tenor parts, but he never abandoned some of the more lyrical roles of the French repertoire.

paragraph: During World War II Vezzani spent time in North Africa, singing frequently in Algiers. He continued as principal tenor in Toulon until 1948 when he suffered a stroke which left him paralyzed. He returned to Bastia, but now without an income he spent the last three years of his life in some poverty and assisted by the generosity of friends. He died in hospital in Marseille and was buried in Bastia, where a street is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Recordings.

paragraph: The potential of Vezzani's outstanding voice for recording was quickly recognised, and from 1912 to 1914 he made a series of recordings for French Odéon, including excerpts from "Pagliacci". "Tosca", and "Werther". Then from 1923 until the early 1930s he recorded for French HMV in arias from many of his favourite roles, including Reyer's "Sigurd", Halévy's "La Juive", and Meyerbeer's "L'Africaine". There was also a complete recording of Gounod's "Faust" in 1930 with Mireille Berthon and Marcel Journet. It is unclear whether and when Vezzani sang Wagner on stage, but he recorded a number of pieces from "Lohengrin" and "The Ring". In total he recorded over 170 sides. Most of these were originally released only in France, but there have been several selections transferred to CD, and a systematic reissue of his recordings has been launched by Marston Records.

paragraph: Section::::Reputation.

paragraph: Critics have shown universal recognition of the exceptional quality of Vezzani's voice, though they have sometimes expressed reservations about the subtlety of his approach, which was generally robust.

paragraph: His recording of "Faust" has occasioned the following comments: "Vezzani is a noble representative of that vanished breed, the French "spinto" tenor... Unforced lyricism was not Vezzani's greatest strength... [but] where ringing excitement is called for, his only equals are Caruso and, more recently, Franco Corelli." Referring to his recording of excerpts from "Roméo et Juliette", another critic has said: "He was a real "ténor de force" and still singing well at sixty. There is little nuance here, but the voice is healthy and brilliant, somehow typically Corsican." Reflecting on the fact that Vezzani's career did not take him to the world's major opera houses, another has said: "He seems to be one of those whose gifts exceeded his attainments." The generous attention that he received from recording companies allows later generations to form their own judgments.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marston CD notes (by Tom Kaufman and Vincent Giroud)

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the Tenor - Sound Clips and Narration

description: French opera singer

wikidata_label: César Vezzani

wikipedia_title: César Vezzani


text: courtesy name

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Confucius

text: Chancellor

text: State

text: Weifang

text: Shandong

text: Yuan Tan

text: Xuchang

text: Cao Cao

text: Seven Scholars of Jian'an

text: Ming

text: Qing

text: Three Character Classic

text: Song dynasty

text: Lu state

text: Shandong

text: Henan

text: Anhui

text: Jiangsu

text: Kong Zhou

text: Sima Biao

text: Li Ying

text: Confucius

text: Lao Tzu

text: Li

text: Chancellor

text: Qing Province

text: Yellow Turban rebels

text: Taishi Ci

text: Liu Bei

text: Yuan Shao

text: Yuan Tan

text: Xuchang

text: Cao Cao

text: Emperor Xian

text: Jie

text: Zhou

text: Xia dynasty

text: Shang dynasty

text: Mi Heng

text: Jing Province

text: Hubei

text: Hunan

text: Yang Xiu

text: Liu Biao

text: Yellow River

text: Xun Yu

text: Battle of Guandu

text: Yuan Tan

text: Yuan Shang

text: Ye

text: Lady Zhen

text: Cao Pi

text: King Wu of Zhou

text: Zhou

text: Daji

text: Shang dynasty

text: Duke of Zhou

text: Cao Cao

text: Sun Quan

text: Jiangdong

text: Sun Sheng

text: Book of Later Han

text: weiqi

text: Chinese idiom

text: A New Account of the Tales of the World

text: era

text: Seven Scholars of Jian'an

text: end of the Han dynasty

text: Cao Pi

text: Book of Sui

text: Cao Cao

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Fan Ye

text: Book of the Later Han

categories: Executed Han dynasty people,Political office-holders in Shandong,208 deaths,People executed by the Han dynasty by decapitation,153 births,2nd-century Chinese poets,3rd-century Chinese poets,Seven scholars of Jian'an,3rd-century executions,Han dynasty warlords,Officials under Cao Cao,Han dynasty poets

paragraph: Kong Rong

paragraph: Kong Rong () (153–208), courtesy name Wenju, was an official, scholar and minor warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He was a 20th generation descendant of Confucius. As he was once the Chancellor of Beihai State (present-day Weifang, Shandong), he was also known as Kong Beihai. He was defeated by Yuan Tan in 196 and escaped to the capital Xuchang. For being a political opponent of Cao Cao and humiliating him on multiple occasions, Kong Rong was eventually put to death on various charges.

paragraph: Famed for his quick wits and elaborate literary style, Kong Rong was ranked among the Seven Scholars of Jian'an, a group of representative literati of his time. However, most of his works had been lost. Those that survived can be found in compilations from the Ming and Qing dynasties.

paragraph: A well-known story commonly used to educate children – even in contemporary times – on the values of courtesy and fraternal love involves a four-year-old Kong Rong giving up the larger pears to his older and younger brothers. This story, commonly known as "Kong Rong giving up pears" (孔融讓梨), is also mentioned in the "Three Character Classic", a text used for elementary education since the Song dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Born in the former Lu state (present-day southern Shandong and northern parts of Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu), Kong Rong showed quick wit from a young age. His father was Kong Zhou. According to the "Epilogue of Han" (續漢書) by Sima Biao (司馬彪), when he was a teenager, Kong Rong paid a visit to an official named Li Ying, who received no one but the very eminent and his own relatives. Claiming to be a relative, Kong Rong was brought before Li Ying, who asked how they were related. Kong Rong answered that his ancestor Confucius was a student and friend of Lao Tzu (whose family name was Li). Another guest present was not impressed, however, commenting that a person who showed great ability at a young age might not grow up to be especially capable. Kong Rong immediately retorted, "I suppose you were really smart when you were young." Li Ying laughed at this and predicted the child would grow up to be a great man.

paragraph: When he grew older, Kong Rong entered the bureaucracy of the Eastern Han dynasty. He was successively promoted and in 190 was appointed Chancellor of Beihai State, situated in Qing Province, the area most heavily infested by the Yellow Turban rebels during the 180s. Upon taking up office, Kong Rong concentrated on reconstruction of the city and the establishment of schools. He promoted Confucian studies and provided proper burial for deceased refugees who had no family members to look after their funeral affairs. During this time, he was besieged by a remnant Yellow Turban army led by Guan Hai (管亥). Kong Rong sent Taishi Ci to seek help from Liu Bei, then the Prefect of Pingyuan County. Taishi Ci returned with 3,000 elite troops, whereupon the rebels dispersed. In 195, through Liu Bei's nomination, Kong Rong was further promoted to be the Inspector of Qing Province.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.:Stay in Xuchang.

paragraph: The next year, however, the warlord Yuan Shao sent his eldest son Yuan Tan to attack Qing Province. Kong Rong was defeated and his family was captured. He escaped to the capital Xuchang, where he was subsequently appointed Minister Steward (少府). During his stay in Xuchang, Kong Rong often opposed policies of the warlord Cao Cao, who controlled Emperor Xian and the Han central government. When Cao Cao imposed a ban on alcohol due to crop shortage, Kong Rong wrote to him saying, "Since the kings Jie and Zhou (the last rulers of the Xia dynasty and Shang dynasty respectively) were overthrown due to their desire for women, why don't you ban marriage as well?" Kong Rong was then stripped of his official post but soon reinstated, albeit to a titular position. However, because of his hospitality, his house was always filled with guests.

paragraph: During this time Kong Rong befriended Mi Heng of Jing Province (present-day Hubei and Hunan). Despite being very learned, Mi Heng was unconventional and unconstrained. Upon reaching Xuchang, he wrote a prose piece putting down every eminent person there. When asked whom he would consider talented, Mi Heng replied, "First there is Kong Rong, second there is Yang Xiu." Kong Rong wanted to recommend Mi Heng to Cao Cao, but Mi put up a rude and arrogant attitude in front of Cao. First, he undressed while playing a drum at a feast hosted by Cao Cao, and criticized Cao loudly outside his doors. Cao Cao eventually sent Mi Heng to Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province.

paragraph: In 198, Cao Cao was gearing up for an encounter with Yuan Shao along the shores of the Yellow River. Kong Rong held a pessimistic view, telling Cao Cao's adviser Xun Yu that Yuan Shao would be extremely difficult to defeat as he had ample food supplies, far superior troop strength and many capable and loyal subjects. However, Cao Cao took advantage of Yuan Shao's weaknesses and eventually defeated him at the Battle of Guandu in 200. Yuan Shao died two years later, leaving his eldest and youngest sons, Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang, to contest his legacy.

paragraph: In 204, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shang and conquered the city of Ye, whereupon he married Lady Zhen to his son Cao Pi. When Kong Rong heard of this, he wrote Cao Cao a letter, saying, "When King Wu of Zhou defeated Zhou, he married Daji (a beautiful consort of Zhou blamed for the downfall of the Shang dynasty) to (his brother) the Duke of Zhou." Thinking that Kong Rong was citing a classic text to praise him, Cao Cao asked about the source, but Kong merely said, "I saw what happened in our day and thought it must have been so."

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.:Death.

paragraph: In 208, Kong Rong spoke ill of Cao Cao before an emissary from Sun Quan, a warlord who ruled the territories in the Jiangdong region. Cao Cao then ordered Kong Rong to be executed on various charges including, among others, "plotting a rebellion", "slandering the imperial court" and "disrespecting court protocol". According to the "Spring and Autumn Annals of Wei" (魏氏春秋) by Sun Sheng (孫盛), Kong Rong's two eight-year-old sons (a nine-year-old son and a seven-year-old daughter according to the "Book of Later Han") were playing a game of weiqi when their father was arrested. When others urged them to escape, they answered:

paragraph: This later became a Chinese idiom (覆巢之下，安有完卵), used to describe that when a group suffers, all individuals belonging to it will be affected. An alternate but similar story could also be found in "A New Account of the Tales of the World" by Liu Yiqing (劉義慶), which is written in a more elaborate style.

paragraph: After Kong Rong was executed along with his entire family, his body was left in the streets. Not a single official who used to be close to him dared to collect the corpses for burial except Zhi Xi (脂習), who came to Kong Rong's body and cried, "Now you have left me for death, whom could I talk to who would understand me?"

paragraph: Section::::Literary achievements.

paragraph: Although he did not meet with much success in politics, Kong Rong was considered a leading literary figure of his time, famed for his prose as well as poetry. Along with six other poets of his time, their poems formed the backbone of what was to be known as the Jian'an style (建安風骨; named for the "Jian'an" era between 196 and 220). Collectively they were known as the Seven Scholars of Jian'an (建安七子). Civil strife towards the end of the Han dynasty gave the "Jian'an" poems their characteristic solemn yet heart-stirring tone, while lament over the ephemerality of life was also a central theme of works from this period. In the history of Chinese literature, the "Jian'an" poems were a transition between early folksongs and scholarly poetry.

paragraph: Kong Rong's literary skills, however, were often thought to be elaborate and empty show without sound content. Cao Pi commented in his "A Discourse on Literature" (典論) that Kong Rong's words cannot sustain discourse and surpassed reasoning, so much so that they almost seem like mere sarcasm or mockery.

paragraph: After Kong Rong's death, Cao Pi collected 25 of his poems and included them in "A Discourse on Literature". However, most of these were lost and only five survive till this day, two of which are of unverified authenticity. Nine volumes containing Kong Rong's prose under the "Book of Sui" (隋書) have also been lost. Those that survive are found in compilations from the Ming and Qing dynasties. These include several epistles that Kong Rong wrote to Cao Cao in criticism of his policies.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fan Ye (5th century). "Book of the Later Han", Chapter 70, Biography of Kong Rong.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The story of Kong Rong from the Association for Asian Research

alias:
Hung Yung
Wenju

description: Chinese writer

wikidata_label: Kong Rong

wikipedia_title: Kong Rong


text:
Grasse
Alpes-Maritimes
French revolutionary
Draguignan
département
Var
Legislative Assembly
Girondist
Draguignan
Legislative Assembly
Var
Draguignan
Brissot
Louis XVI
National Convention
Sospel
Committee of General Security
Committee of Public Safety
Jacques René Hébert
Thermidorian Reaction
Bouches-du-Rhône
Jacobins
Var
Council of Five Hundred
Draguignan
Catholicism
Napoléon Ier
FA Aulard
French Revolution

categories: 1755 births,Members of the Council of Five Hundred,Regicides of Louis XVI,Deputies to the French National Convention,Members of the Legislative Assembly (France),Girondins,People from Grasse,1825 deaths

paragraph: Maximin Isnard

paragraph: Maximin Isnard (16 November 1755 Grasse, Alpes-Maritimes – 12 March 1825 Grasse), French revolutionary, was a dealer in perfumery at Draguignan when he was elected deputy for the "département" of the Var to the Legislative Assembly, where he joined the Girondists.

paragraph: Section::::Before the French Revolution.

paragraph: Born in 1755, he was the last son of Maximin Isnard and Anne-Thérèse Fanton. He became perfumer in Draguignan before opening a factory specializing in silk and soap.

paragraph: Section::::Legislative Assembly.

paragraph: Isnard was quickly a revolutionary in accepting "new ideas" at the beginning of the Revolution, in 1789-1790.

paragraph: On 9 September 1791, he was elected member of Legislative Assembly by the department of Var, in southeastern of France (district of Draguignan.

paragraph: Isnard was linked to Brissot and sat at the left of the Assembly. He was very violent in his talks. For example, in his opinion, the French State had to deport all priests who have not accepted the Revolution.

paragraph: He supported the "brissotins" who wanted a war against foreign countries, in order to strengthen Revolution.

paragraph: Attacking the court, and the Austrian committee in the Tuileries, he demanded the disbandment of the king's bodyguard, and reproached Louis XVI for infidelity to the constitution. But on 20 June 1792, when the crowd invaded the palace, he was one of the deputies who went to place themselves beside the king to protect him.

paragraph: Section::::Member of the National Convention.

paragraph: Elected to the National Convention in September 1792, he was sent to the army of the North, near Nice, to justify the insurrection ; he announced the take of Sospel and went back to Paris in autumn.

paragraph: He voted for the death of Louis XVI in January 1793 and became a member of the Committee of General Security.

paragraph: The committee, consisting of 25 members, proved unwieldy, and on 4 April, Isnard presented, on behalf of the Girondist majority, the report recommending a smaller committee of nine, which two days later was established as the Committee of Public Safety.

paragraph: Section::::President of the National Convention (May 1793).

paragraph: He was elected President of the Convention on 16 May 1793.

paragraph: Isnard was presiding at the Convention when a deputation of the commune of Paris came to demand that Jacques René Hébert should be set at liberty, and he made the famous reply: "If by these insurrections, continually renewed, it should happen that the principle of national representation should suffer, I declare to you in the name of France that soon people will search the banks of the Seine to see if Paris has ever existed"

paragraph: Section::::Flight.

paragraph: On 2 June 1793 he offered his resignation as representative of the people, but was not comprised in the decree by which the Convention determined upon the arrest of twenty-nine Girondists. On 3 October, however, his arrest was decreed along with that of several other Girondist deputies who had left the Convention and were fomenting civil war in the departments.

paragraph: Initially proscribed during the Thermidorian Reaction, he was allowed to return to the Convention on December 4, 1794.

paragraph: Seating to the Right, he became an adversary of more extremist revolutionaries.

paragraph: In May 1795, he was sent to the "département" of Bouches-du-Rhône to uncover and prosecute fleeing Jacobins, which led him to being suspected of royalist sympathies.

paragraph: On 13 October 1795, now regarded as a royalist, he was elected deputy for the Var to the Council of Five Hundred, where he played a very insignificant role.

paragraph: In 1797 he retired to Draguignan.

paragraph: Section::::End of life.

paragraph: In 1802, he published a pamphlet titled "De l'immortalité de l'âme" ("Immortality of Soul"), in which he praised Catholicism, and in 1804 another pamphlet, "Réflexions relatives au sénatus-consulte du 28 floréal an XII", an enthusiastic apology for the Empire.

paragraph: He was a supporter of Napoléon Ier, who named him Baron in 1813.

paragraph: Upon the restoration he professed such royalist sentiments that he was not disturbed, in spite of the 1816 law proscribing members of the Convention who had voted to execute the king.

paragraph: In 1825, he died in Grasse, in a deep anonymity.

paragraph: See FA Aulard, "Les Orateurs de la Legislative et de la Convention" (Paris, 2nd ed., 1906).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- French Revolution

description: French politician

wikidata_label: Maximin Isnard

wikipedia_title: Maximin Isnard


text:
entomologist
Bois-de-Gand
Besancon
Paul Marchal
Pasteur Institute

categories: 1885 births,French entomologists,1944 deaths

paragraph: André Paillot

paragraph: André Paillot (8 August 1885 – 22 December 1944) was a French entomologist known for his pioneering work on the pathology of insects. His contributions and achievements had a significant influence on the studies of insect diseases.

paragraph: André Paillot was born on 8 August 1885 in Bois-de-Gand, France. From 1907 to 1911 he studied natural science in Besancon and quickly became interested in entomology. In 1911 he worked with a prominent French entomologist, Paul Marchal, performing field studies on grape insect pests. He received additional training at the Pasteur Institute  in Paris. He fought in World War I and was badly wounded. At the end of the war he was appointed director of the Southeastern Entomological Station near Lyon and headed the station until his death on 22 December 1944.

paragraph: He published more than 160 papers on insect pathology. He also wrote the first textbook on insect pathology, "L´infection chez les insects" (1933).

description: French entomologist

wikidata_label: André Paillot

wikipedia_title: André Paillot


text:
Hungarian
Minister of Defence
Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon

categories: Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1949–1953),Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1963–1967),1897 births,Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1958–1963),1970 deaths,National Peasant Party (Hungary) politicians,Defence ministers of Hungary,Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1967–1971),Hungarian Social Democratic Party politicians,Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1945–1947),Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1947–1949),Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I,People from the Kingdom of Hungary,Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1953–1958),Members of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party,People from Balmazújváros

paragraph: Péter Veres (politician)

paragraph: Péter Veres (6 January 1897 – 16 April 1970) was a Hungarian politician and writer, who served as Minister of Defence from 1947 to 1948.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon

description: Hungarian politician, weiter

wikidata_label: Péter Veres

wikipedia_title: Péter Veres (politician)


text:
Lyon
Catherine Ribeiro + Alpes
Cédric Villani
Official Site

categories: French people of Portuguese descent,French female singers,Living people,1941 births

paragraph: Catherine Ribeiro

paragraph: Catherine Ribeiro, born in Lyon in 1941, is a French singer. Ribeiro is an experimental folk and avant garde performer. With her band Catherine Ribeiro + Alpes she released several albums in the late 1960s and early 1970s, including Catherine Ribeiro & 2Bis 1969, №2 in 1970, Paix in 1972 and has continued to perform and release records ever since. Among her biggest fans is the French mathematician Cédric Villani.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dieu me pardonne (45 tours) (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- La nuit et le vent (45 tours) (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Le Chasseur (45 tours) (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sœur de race / Voyage 1 avec 2bis (45 tours) (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine ribeiro + 2bis (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- №2 + Alpes (aussi connu sous le nom de Catherine Ribeiro + Alpes) (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Âme debout + Alpes (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jusqu'à ce que la forme de t'aimer me manque + Alpes (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paix + Alpes (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Le Rat débile et l'homme des champs + Alpes (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Solitude (poème non épique) (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liberté ? + Alpes (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Les Partisans / La Varsovienne (avec les Chœurs de l'armée rouge) (45 tr) (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bande originale du film Dernière sortie avant Roissy (45 tours) (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Le Blues de Piaf (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Le Temps de l'autre (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacqueries (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bande originale du film La ville à prendre (45 tours) (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Passions (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Déboussole (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Soleil dans l'ombre (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Percuphonante (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tapages nocturnes (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989 déjà ! (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- L'Amour aux nues (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fenêtre ardente (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vivre libre (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Symphonie pastorale, André Gide (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chansons de légende (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Live au théâtre Toursky (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Libertés ? (Long Box 4 CD) (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine Ribeiro chante Ribeiro + Alpes (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine Ribeiro chante Ribeiro + Alpes Live Intégral (2 CD) (2007)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Site

description: French singer

wikidata_label: Catherine Ribeiro

wikipedia_title: Catherine Ribeiro


text: poet

text: University of Illinois Press

text: National Poetry Series

text: University of Virginia

text: New England Conservatory of Music

text: University of Iowa

text: Russell Sherman

text: Stephen Drury

text: Daniel Mark Epstein

text: Patricia Zander

text: Uriel Tsachor

text: Mimi Tung

text: "Author's website"

categories: American women pianists,University of Iowa alumni,21st-century women musicians,American women poets,Writers from Boston,1975 births,21st-century American poets,University of Virginia alumni,New England Conservatory alumni,Poets from Massachusetts,Living people,Musicians from Boston

paragraph: Oni Buchanan

paragraph: Oni Buchanan (born 1975) is an American poet, and pianist. Her most recent poetry collection is "Spring" (University of Illinois Press, 2008), a 2007 National Poetry Series winner. Her discography includes three solo piano CDs on the independent Velvet Ear Records label. Her concert programming is often interdisciplinary in nature. She has performed solo recitals throughout the U.S. and abroad. She graduated from the University of Virginia, from the New England Conservatory of Music, with a Master's degree in piano performance, and from the University of Iowa Writers' Workshop an M.F.A. in poetry. Her teachers included Russell Sherman, Stephen Drury, Daniel Mark Epstein, Patricia Zander, Uriel Tsachor, and Mimi Tung.

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: Full-Length Poetry Collections

paragraph: Anthology Publications

paragraph: Section::::Reviews.

paragraph: Oni Buchanan's second poetry collection, "Spring", is an exercise in language as vessel for spiritual experience and reverence for nature. As a musician and a poet, she puts more emphasis on sound than on syntax, and her poems are driven more by harmony and assonance than by grammar. Just as music hides melodies inside harmonies and accompaniments, Buchanan hides poetry within poetry, and she seeks out the physical representation of these layers throughout the collection. The culmination of this technique can be seen in "The Mandrake Vehicles," the final section of the collection (which is also presented as a flash animation on an accompanying CD), but she introduces her reader to hidden poetry as early as the collection's supernumerary prologue poem.

paragraph: I've read it upwards of ten times. I've spent hours with it, sat down with it in my apartment at various times of day and night, carried it on the subway to and from work, and tucked it away for a few long train rides. I can say that I've tried, and then tried again. But after all the self-conscious worry about missing something here, about Doty's name somehow giving it validation, I simply cannot subscribe.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Author's website"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quickie interview #2: Oni Buchanan", "pshares blog", October 19, 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oni Buchanan (o.buchanan), Piano", "Classical Connect"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Portraits, Pictures & Prints for Piano", "CDBaby"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poem & Mini Interview: Poetry Society of America > "New American Poets" > Oni Buchanan

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Oni Buchanan

wikipedia_title: Oni Buchanan


text:
cameralist
natural historian
Göttingen
historian
Johann Christoph Gatterer
natural sciences
mineralogy
Göttingen
agriculture
forestry
University of Heidelberg
diplomatics
Heidelberg
Harz Mountains
natural history
The Mineralogical Record
Heidelberg Historical Society

categories: German naturalists,1759 births,Heidelberg University faculty,People from Göttingen,1838 deaths

paragraph: Christoph Wilhelm Jacob Gatterer

paragraph: Christoph Wilhelm Jacob Gatterer (December 2, 1759 – September 11, 1838) was a German cameralist and natural historian born in Göttingen. He was the son of historian Johann Christoph Gatterer (1727–1799).

paragraph: He studied natural sciences and mineralogy in Göttingen, earning his degree in 1778. In 1787 he became a professor of agriculture, forestry and technology at the University of Heidelberg. He later became a professor of diplomatics, and in 1803 was appointed director of the "Schloßgarten" in Heidelberg.

paragraph: Gatterer was the author of "Anleitung den Harz und andere Bergwerke mit Nutzen zu bereisen" (1785–1794), a five-volume work on the Harz Mountains that placed emphasis on the region's natural history.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Mineralogical Record (biography)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heidelberg Historical Society (bibliography, in German)

description: German naturalist

wikidata_label: Christoph Wilhelm Jacob Gatterer

wikipedia_title: Christoph Wilhelm Jacob Gatterer


text: American

text: Warner Bros.

text: Fred Godfrey

text: "Frat" sheet music

categories: American male composers,American composers,1874 births

paragraph: John F. Barth

paragraph: John F. Barth (1874–1947) was an American composer of popular music.

paragraph: His most popular composition was the college march "Frat" (1910). It was used in the score of many Warner Bros. cartoons. Barth's other college-related compositions included "Rooters" (1911), "School Days" (1912), and "Sorority March" (1913). Barth produced several ragtime compositions including "Ma' Rag-Time Queen" (1902), "Foxy Sam" (1903), "Rambling Mose" (1903), and "Tobaggan Rag" (1912). Other Barth compositions were "Yellow Kid" (1897), "You're as Pretty as a Picture" (1907), "Pretty as a Picture" (1910), "Spooning in the Moonlight" (1910), "Moonlight Meditations" (1911), "Moon-Glow" (1919), "You and Your Smile" (1919), and "Fed Up and Far From Home" (1941), which was originally written by John Frederic Barth in 1910, and published in Cleveland by Sam Fox Publishing.In 1941 Keith Prowse Music dusted off the old melody and asked Fred Godfrey to write new lyrics.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frat" sheet music

paragraph: BULLET::::- MIDI sequences of compositions for piano by John F. Barth

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sheet music covers in Library of Congress collection

description: American composer

wikidata_label: John F. Barth

wikipedia_title: John F. Barth


text:
bishop of Liège
Rathier
dean
Bruno of Cologne
collegiate church
Liège Cathedral
St Martin's
Martin of Tours
Emperor Otto I
total solar eclipse

paragraph: Eraclus

paragraph: Eraclus, alternatively Eraclius or Evraclus, was the 25th bishop of Liège (959–971).

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Educated by Rathier, Eraclus served as dean of Bonn, before being elected bishop of Liège with the support of Bruno of Cologne. He was consecrated on 21 August 959. While bishop he founded two collegiate churches, St Paul's (which later became Liège Cathedral) and St Martin's. He had a particular devotion to Martin of Tours, attributing to that saint a healing he had experienced.

paragraph: Eraclus placed strong emphasis on the importance of scholarship, laying the foundations for Liège becoming an international centre of learning.

paragraph: In 968 he accompanied Emperor Otto I to Italy, and on 22 December rallied the emperor's panic-stricken army during an unexpected total solar eclipse.

paragraph: Eraclus died on 27 or 28 October 971 and was buried in the church of St Martin that he had founded.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A letter to his teacher, Rathier

paragraph: BULLET::::- An account of his healing by the intercession of St Martin of Tours

description: bishop of Liège

wikidata_label: Ebrachar

wikipedia_title: Eraclus


text:
goddess Bau
ensi
Lagash
short chronology
middle chronology
Akkad
Shu-turul
Gudea

paragraph: Ur-Baba

paragraph: Ur-Baba or Ur-Bau ( or , "servant of the goddess Bau") was "ensi" of Lagash from 2093 BC – 2080 BC (short chronology) or 2157 BC – 2144 BC (middle chronology), roughly contemporaneous with the last king of Akkad, Shu-turul. According to inscriptions of Ur-Baba, during his reign Lagash enjoyed prosperity and independence from the Akkadians. His daughter Ninalla married Gudea, who succeeded him as "ensi".

wikidata_label: Ur-baba

wikipedia_title: Ur-Baba


text:
caliph
Umayyad Caliphate
Umayyad dynasty
Islam
Muhammad
ṣaḥābī
secretary
Uthman
rebel siege
Talha ibn Ubayd Allah
Battle of the Camel
Ali
Medina
Mu'awiya I
Yazid I
Mu'awiya II
Hejaz
Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
Syria
Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad
Jabiya
Ibn Bahdal
Banu Kalb
Qays
Battle of Marj Rahit
Egypt
Palestine
Upper Mesopotamia
Abd al-Malik
Abd al-Aziz
Muhammad
Clifford E. Bosworth
al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As
Banu Umayya
Quraysh
Mecca
Arabia
Islam
conquest of Mecca
Muhammad
ṣaḥāba
Mu'awiya ibn al-Mughira
Abd al-Malik
Banu Kalb
Abd al-Aziz
Banu Kilab
Bishr
Uthman ibn Affan
caliph
Aban
Banu Makhzum
Muhammad
Byzantine
Ifriqiya
Medina
Fars
kātib
Clifford E. Bosworth
Qur'an
Hugh N. Kennedy
rāshidūn
siege of his home
mawlā
Abu Hafs al-Yamani
First Muslim Civil War
A'isha
Ali ibn Abi Talib
Battle of the Camel
Talha ibn Ubayd Allah
Mu'awiya I
Hasan ibn Ali
Umayyad rule
Bahrayn
Sa'id ibn al-As
al-Walid ibn Utba ibn Abi Sufyan
Fadak
Ziyad ibn Abih
grave of Muhammad
Husayn
Banu Hashim
Abu'l-As
Abu Sufyan
Yazid
Sa'id
Khurasan
Hejaz
Muslim ibn Uqba
Battle of al-Harra
Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
Palmyra
Mu'awiya II
Damascus
Palestine
Homs
Qinnasrin
Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad
Jabiya
Ibn Bahdal
Banu Kalb
Khalid
Banu Judham
Rawh ibn Zinba'
Amr ibn Sa'id ibn al-'As
ashrāf
Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni
Qays
al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri
Damascus
jund
Jund al-Urdunn
Ghassanid
Battle of Marj Rahit
Qays–Yaman blood feud
Quda'a
Qahtan
Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi
al-Qarqisiya
Upper Mesopotamia
oaths of allegiance
Julius Wellhausen
Egypt
Fustat
Abd al-Rahman ibn Utba al-Fihri
Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr
Muhammad
Ibn Sa'd
al-Tabari
Khalifa ibn Khayyat
al-Mas'udi
Elijah of Nisibis
al-Sinnabra
Lake Tiberias
Wilferd Madelung
Ta'if
Yahya ibn al-Hakam
Aban ibn al-Walid ibn Uqba

categories: 7th-century Umayyad caliphs,People of the Second Fitna,Male Sahabah,685 deaths,Generals of the Rashidun Caliphate,620s births

paragraph: Marwan I

paragraph: Marwān ibn al-Ḥakam ibn Abi al-ʿAs ibn Umayya (), commonly known as Marwan I (ca. 623–626 — April/May 685) was the fourth caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate. He ruled for less than a year in 684–685, founding the Marwanid ruling house, which took over power from the Sufyanid branch of the Umayyad dynasty and remained in power until 750. Marwan had known the Islamic prophet Muhammad and is thus considered a "ṣaḥābī" (companion). He served as the secretary and right-hand man of his kinsman Caliph Uthman () and participated in the defense of his house during a rebel siege. Uthman was killed by the rebels, prompting Marwan to kill Talha ibn Ubayd Allah, whom he held culpable, during the Battle of the Camel in 656. He subsequently gave allegiance to Caliph Ali () and later served as governor of Medina under his kinsman Caliph Mu'awiya I (), founder of the Umayyad Caliphate.

paragraph: Following the deaths of Mu'awiya I's successors Yazid I and Mu'awiya II in 683 and 684, respectively, Marwan organized the defense of the Umayyad realm in the Hejaz against Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, a rival claimant to the caliphate. Ibn al-Zubayr expelled Marwan and his clan from Medina, and they became refugees in Syria. As he was prepared to give allegiance to Ibn al-Zubayr, the ex-Umayyad governor of Iraq, Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, urged him to instead volunteer his candidacy for the caliphate during a summit of loyalist tribes at Jabiya. The tribal nobility, led by Ibn Bahdal of the Banu Kalb, ultimately elected Marwan and together they defeated the pro-Zubayrid Qaysi tribes at the Battle of Marj Rahit.

paragraph: In the months that followed, Marwan reasserted Umayyad rule over the pro-Zubayrid territories of Egypt, Palestine and northern Syria, while keeping the Qays in check in Upper Mesopotamia. He dispatched an expedition led by Ubayd Allah to reconquer Iraq, but died as it was on the move in the spring of 685. Prior to his death, Marwan firmly established his sons in positions of power: Abd al-Malik was designated his successor, Abd al-Aziz was made governor of Egypt and Muhammad oversaw military command in Upper Mesopotamia. Though Marwan was stigmatized as an outlaw and a father of tyrants in later anti-Umayyad tradition, historian Clifford E. Bosworth asserts that the caliph was a shrewd, capable and decisive military leader and statesman who laid the foundations of continued Umayyad rule for a further sixty-five years.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and family.

paragraph: Marwan was born in 623 or 626 CE to father al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As and mother Amina bint 'Alqama al-Kinaniyya. His father belonged to the Banu Umayya, the strongest clan of the Quraysh, a polytheistic tribe which dominated Mecca in western Arabia. The Quraysh converted to Islam en masse in circa 630 following the conquest of Mecca by the Muslims led by the Islamic prophet Muhammad, himself a member of the Quraysh. Marwan knew Muhammad and is thus counted among the latter's "ṣaḥāba" (companions).

paragraph: Marwan had at least sixteen children, among them at least twelve sons from five wives and an "umm walad" (concubine). From his wife A'isha, a daughter of his paternal first cousin Mu'awiya ibn al-Mughira, he had his eldest son Abd al-Malik, Mu'awiya and daughter Umm Amr. His wife Layla bint Zabban ibn al-Asbagh of the Banu Kalb bore him Abd al-Aziz and daughter Umm Uthman, while another wife, Qutayya bint Bishr of the Banu Kilab, bore him Bishr and Abd al-Rahman, the latter of whom died young. One of Marwan's wives, Umm Aban, was a daughter of his paternal first cousin, Uthman ibn Affan, who became caliph in 644. She was mother to six of his sons, Aban, Uthman, Ubayd Allah, Ayyub, Dawud and Abd Allah, though the last of them died a child. Marwan was also married to a woman of the Banu Makhzum, Zaynab bint Umar, who mothered his son Umar. Marwan's "umm walad" was also named Zaynab and gave birth to his son Muhammad. Marwan had ten brothers and was the paternal uncle of ten nephews.

paragraph: Section::::Secretary of Uthman.

paragraph: During the reign of Caliph Uthman (), Marwan took part in a military campaign against the Byzantines in Ifriqiya (central North Africa), where he acquired significant war spoils. These likely formed the basis of Marwan's substantial wealth, part of which he invested in properties in Medina. At an undetermined point, he served as Uthman's governor in Fars before becoming the caliph's "kātib" (secretary or scribe) and possibly the overseer of Medina's treasury. According to historian Clifford E. Bosworth, in this capacity Marwan "doubtless helped" in the revision "of what became the canonical text of the Qur'an" in Uthman's reign. Historian Hugh N. Kennedy asserts that Marwan was the caliph's "right-hand man". According to the traditional Muslim reports, many of Uthman's erstwhile backers among the Quraysh gradually withdrew their support for him as a result of Marwan's increasing influence, which they blamed for the caliph's controversial decisions. Donner questions the veracity of these reports, citing the unlikelihood that Uthman would be highly influenced by a younger relative such as Marwan and the rarity of specific charges against the latter, and describes them as a possible "attempt by later Islamic tradition to salvage Uthman's reputation as one of the so-called "rightly-guided" ("rāshidūn") caliphs by making Marwan ... the fall guy for the unhappy events at the end of Uthman's twelve-year reign".

paragraph: As discontent over Uthman's policies developed into rebellion, Marwan recommended a violent response. However, Uthman publicly recanted his behavior and desisted from military action against the rebel siege of his home in Medina in June 656. Despite orders to the contrary, Marwan actively defended Uthman's house and was badly wounded in the neck when he challenged the rebels assembled at its entrance. According to tradition, he was saved by the intervention of his wet nurse, Fatima bint Aws, and was transported to the safety of her home by his "mawlā" (freedman or client), Abu Hafs al-Yamani. Shortly after, Uthman was assassinated by the rebels, which became one of the major contributing factors to the First Muslim Civil War. In the ensuing hostilities between the largely Qurayshi partisans of A'isha on the one hand and Uthman's caliphal successor, Ali ibn Abi Talib, on the other, Marwan initially sided with the former. He fought alongside A'isha's forces at the Battle of the Camel in December 656. However, he used that occasion to kill one of A'isha's partisans, Talha ibn Ubayd Allah, whom he held responsible for Uthman's death. After the battle ended with Ali's victory, Marwan pledged him allegiance.

paragraph: Section::::Governor of Medina.

paragraph: Ali was assassinated in 661. He was ultimately succeeded by the governor of Syria and member of the Banu Umayya, Mu'awiya I, after a brief conflict with Ali's son and successor Hasan ibn Ali. This marked the beginning of Umayyad rule over the Caliphate. For a brief period, Marwan served as Mu'awiya's governor in Bahrayn before serving two stints as governor of Medina in 661–668 and 674–677. In between those two terms, Marwan's kinsmen Sa'id ibn al-As and al-Walid ibn Utba ibn Abi Sufyan, held the post. At some point, Marwan acquired from Mu'awiya a large estate in the Fadak oasis in northern Arabia, which he then bestowed on his sons Abd al-Malik and Abd al-Aziz. Marwan's first dismissal from the governorship was the result of his disapproval of the caliph's declaration that Ziyad ibn Abih, the governor of Iraq, was his half-brother, which many Umayyads disputed, and his refusal to assist the caliph's daughter Ramla in a domestic issue with her husband and Marwan's nephew, Amr ibn Uthman ibn Affan. Indignant, Marwan headed to Damascus where he confronted Mu'awiya at his court and the two exchanged insults. In 670, Marwan led Umayyad opposition to the attempted burial of Hasan ibn Ali beside the grave of Muhammad, compelling Hasan's brother, Husayn, and his clan, the Banu Hashim, to abandon their plan. Thereafter, Marwan participated in the funeral and eulogized Hasan as one "whose forbearance weighed mountains".

paragraph: According to Bosworth, Mu'awiya may have been suspicious of the ambitions of Marwan and his Abu'l-As line of the Banu Umayya, which was larger than the Abu Sufyan (Sufyanid) line, to which Mu'awiya belonged. Marwan was among the most senior members of the Banu Umayya at a time when there were few experienced members of the Abu Sufyan family. Bosworth speculates that it "may have been fears of the family of Abu'l-As that impelled Mu'awiya ... to the unusual step of naming his own son Yazid as heir to the caliphate during his own lifetime". Indeed, Marwan had earlier pressed Uthman's son Amr to claim the caliphate based on the legitimacy of his father, a member of the Abu'l-As branch, but Amr was uninterested. Marwan reluctantly accepted Mu'awiya's nomination of Yazid in 676, but quietly encouraged another son of Uthman, Sa'id, to contest the succession. However, Sa'id's ambitions were neutralized when the caliph gave him military command over Khurasan.

paragraph: Section::::Caliphate.

paragraph: Section::::Caliphate.:Accession.

paragraph: When Mu'awiya died in 680, the main cities of the Hejaz (western Arabia), Mecca and Medina, refused to give allegiance to his chosen successor, Yazid. Marwan, then leader of the Banu Umayya in the Hejaz, advised al-Walid ibn Utba, then governor of Medina, to coerce its inhabitants to recognize Yazid's sovereignty. However, Marwan and the Banu Umayya were ultimately expelled from the Hejaz. Yazid later dispatched an expeditionary force led by Muslim ibn Uqba in the autumn of 683 to assert Umayyad authority over the region and many members of the Banu Umayya, including Marwan and the Abu'l-'As family, accompanied the expedition. Despite its victory over the Medinians at the Battle of al-Harra, Yazid's army retreated to Syria in the wake of the caliph's death at the end of 683. Afterward, the leader of the Hejazi rebellion, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, and his partisans seized the Banu Umayya's properties in the region.

paragraph: By early 684, Marwan was in Syria, either at Palmyra or in the court of Yazid's young son and successor, Mu'awiya II, in Damascus. The latter died several weeks into his reign and many of the Muslim governors of Syria, including those of Palestine, Homs and Qinnasrin, subsequently gave their allegiance to Ibn al-Zubayr, who proclaimed a rival caliphate based in Mecca. As a result, Marwan "despaired over any future for the Umayyads as rulers", according to Bosworth, and was prepared to recognize Ibn al-Zubayr's legitimacy. However, he was encouraged by the expelled governor of Iraq, Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, to volunteer himself as Mu'awiya II's successor during a summit of loyalist Arab tribes being held in Jabiya.

paragraph: The organizer of the Jabiya summit was Ibn Bahdal, the chieftain of the powerful Banu Kalb tribe and cousin of Yazid. Ibn Bahdal backed Mu'awiya II's younger half-brother Khalid for the nomination, but due to his youth and inexperience, the other loyalist chieftains opted for Marwan. Among the chieftains supporting Marwan's candidacy was a leader of the Banu Judham, Rawh ibn Zinba'. A consensus was ultimately reached at Jabiya on 22 June 684 whereby Marwan would accede to the caliphate, followed by Khalid and then Amr ibn Sa'id ibn al-'As, another senior member of the Banu Umayya. In exchange for backing Marwan, this group of loyalist Syrian tribes, who shortly thereafter became known as the "Yaman" faction, were promised financial compensation. The Yamani "ashrāf" (tribal nobility) demanded from Marwan the same courtly and military privileges they held under previous Umayyad caliphs. Some of these "ashrāf", such as Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni, had attempted to reach a similar arrangement with Ibn al-Zubayr, who publicly rejected the terms. In contrast, Marwan "realized the importance of the Syrian troops and adhered wholeheartedly to their demands", according to historian Mohammad Rihan. In the summation of Kennedy, Marwān had no experience or contacts in Syria; he would be entirely dependent on the "ashrāf" from the Yamanī tribes who had elected him.

paragraph: Section::::Caliphate.:Campaigns to reassert Umayyad rule.

paragraph: In opposition to the Kalb, the pro-Zubayrid Qaysi tribes objected to Marwan's accession and beckoned al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri, the governor of Damascus, to mobilize for war; accordingly, al-Dahhak and the Qays set up camp in the Marj Rahit plain north of Damascus. Most of the Syrian "junds" (military districts) backed Ibn al-Zubayr, with the exception of Jund al-Urdunn (the military district of Jordan), whose dominant tribe was the Kalb. With the critical support of the latter and its allied tribes, Marwan marched against al-Dahhak's larger army, while in Damascus itself, a Ghassanid nobleman expelled al-Dahhak's partisans and brought the city under Marwan's authority. In July, Marwan's forces led by routed the Qays and killed al-Dahhak at the Battle of Marj Rahit. The decisive Umayyad–Yamani victory would lead to the long-running Qays–Yaman blood feud. Marwan's rise had affirmed the power of the Quda'a tribal confederation, of which the Kalb was part, and after the battle, it entered into an alliance with the Qahtan confederation of Homs, forming the new super-tribe of Yaman. The remnants of Qays, meanwhile, rallied around Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi, who took over al-Qarqisiya in Upper Mesopotamia, from which he led the tribal opposition to the Umayyads.

paragraph: Though already recognized by the loyalist tribes at Jabiya, Marwan ceremonially received oaths of allegiance as caliph in Damascus in July or August and married Yazid's widow and mother of Khalid, Umm Hashim Fakhita. By doing so, Marwan established an additional link with the previous rulers of the Umayyad realm, the Sufyanids. Historian Julius Wellhausen viewed the marriage more as an attempt by Marwan to seize the inheritance of Yazid by becoming stepfather to his sons.

paragraph: Despite the victory at Marj Rahit, Marwan faced numerous challenges to his rule throughout the Umayyads' former domains; with the help of Ubayd Allah and Ibn Bahdal, Marwan "set about tackling them with energy and determination", according to Kennedy. He proceeded to consolidate Umayyad rule in Palestine and northern Syria, and the remainder of his reign was marked by attempts to reassert Umayyad authority. By February/March 685, Marwan secured his rule in Egypt with key assistance from the Arab tribal nobility of Fustat. The province's pro-Zubayrid governor, Abd al-Rahman ibn Utba al-Fihri, was expelled and replaced with Marwan's son Abd al-Aziz. Around this time, Marwan's forces led by Amr ibn Sa'id also repelled a Zubayrid expedition against Palestine led by Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr. Though the sources are not clear, Marwan may have dispatched an expedition to the Hejaz which was forced to retreat east of Medina to al-Rabadha. Meanwhile, Marwan had assigned his son Muhammad to check the Qaysi tribes in the middle Euphrates region. By early 685, he also dispatched an army led by Ubayd Allah to conquer Iraq from the Zubayrids and other anti-Umayyad factions.

paragraph: Section::::Caliphate.:Death and succession.

paragraph: After a reign of between six and ten months, depending on the source, Marwan died in the spring of 685. The precise date of his death is not clear from the medieval sources, with historians Ibn Sa'd, al-Tabari and Khalifa ibn Khayyat placing it at 11 April, al-Mas'udi at 13 April and Elijah of Nisibis at 7 May. Most early Muslim sources hold that Marwan died in Damascus, while al-Mas'udi holds that he died at his winter residence in al-Sinnabra near Lake Tiberias. Although it is widely reported in traditional Muslim sources that Marwan was killed in his sleep by Umm Hashim Fakhita in retaliation for a serious verbal insult to her honor by the caliph, most western historians dismiss the story.

paragraph: Upon Marwan's return to Syria from Egypt in 685, he designated his sons 'Abd al-Malik and 'Abd al-'Aziz as his successors, in that order. He made the change after he reached al-Sinnabra and was informed that Ibn Bahdal recognized Amr ibn Sa'id ibn al-As as Marwan's successor-in-waiting. He summoned and questioned Ibn Bahdal and ultimately demanded that he give allegiance to 'Abd al-Malik as his heir apparent. By this, Marwan abrogated the arrangement reached at the Jabiya summit in 684. Abd al-Malik acceded to the caliphate in Damascus without apparent opposition from the previously designated successors, Khalid ibn Yazid and Amr.

paragraph: Section::::Assessment.

paragraph: By making his family the foundation of his power, Marwan modeled his administration on that of Caliph Uthman, who extensively relied on his kinsmen, as opposed to Mu'awiya I, who largely kept them at arm's length. To that end, Marwan gave his sons Muhammad and Abd al-Aziz key military commands, and ensured Abd al-Malik succeeded him as caliph. Despite the tumultuous beginnings, the "Marwanids" (descendants of Marwan), were established as the ruling house of the Umayyad realm.

paragraph: In the view of Bosworth, Marwan "was obviously a military leader and statesman of great skill and decisiveness amply endowed with the qualities of "hilm" [levelheadedness] and shrewdness, which characterised other outstanding members of the Umayyad clan." His rise as caliph in Syria, a largely unfamiliar territory where he lacked a power-base, laid the foundations for Abd al-Malik's reign, which consolidated Umayyad rule for a further sixty-five years. In the view of historian Wilferd Madelung, Marwan's path to the caliphate was "truly high politics", the culmination of intrigues dating from his early career. These included encouraging Uthman's empowerment of the Banu Umayya, becoming the "first avenger" of Uthman's assassination by murdering Talha, and privately undermining while publicly enforcing the authority of the Sufyanid caliphs of Damascus.

paragraph: Marwan was also known to be gruff and lacking in social graces. He apparently suffered permanent injuries after a number of battle wounds. His tall and emaciated appearance lent him the nickname "khayṭ bāṭil" (gossamer-like thread). In later anti-Umayyad Muslim tradition, Marwan was derided as "ṭarid ibn ṭarid" (outlawed son of an outlaw) in reference to his father al-Hakam's alleged exiling to Ta'if by the prophet Muhammad and Marwan's expulsion from Medina by Ibn al-Zubayr. He was also referred to "abū'l-jabābira" (father of tyrants) because his son and grandsons later inherited the caliphal throne.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yahya ibn al-Hakam, brother of Marwan I

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aban ibn al-Walid ibn Uqba

description: Umayyad Caliph

wikidata_label: Marwan I

wikipedia_title: Marwan I


text:
Umayyad
Caliph
Abd al-Malik
Atika
Yazid I
Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi
governor of Iraq
al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi
al-Walid II
Uthman
Amman
Jund Dimashq
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
Umar II
Kharijites
Yazid ibn al-Muhallab
Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik
Al Andalus
Iberian Peninsula
North Africa
Ifriqiyah
Yazīd b. abī Muslim al-Thaqafī
Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah
Armenia
Adharbayjan
Caucasus
Balanjar
Medina
Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Dahhak
Abbasids
Hababah
Hababah
Theophanes the Confessor
icons
Emperor Leo III
Hisham
Theophanes the Confessor

categories: 724 deaths,687 births,8th-century Umayyad caliphs,8th-century deaths from tuberculosis

paragraph: Yazid II

paragraph: Yazid bin Abd al-Malik or Yazid II (687 – 26 January 724) () was an Umayyad Caliph who ruled from 720 until his death in 724.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life and family.

paragraph: Yazid was the son of the fifth Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik (r. 685–705) and his favorite wife Atika, a daughter of the third Umayyad caliph Yazid I. Yazid II himself married a daughter of Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi, the brother of the longtime governor of Iraq, al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi. Together they had a son, the future al-Walid II. He also married Sa’da bint Abdallah ibn Amr ibn Uthman, a fourth-generation descendant of Caliph Uthman (r. 644–656). Together they had two children, Abdallah and A’isha.

paragraph: Yazid II was appointed by his father governor of Amman in Jund Dimashq (Damascus District).

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Reign.

paragraph: According to the medieval Persian historian Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Yazid came to power on the death of Umar II on February 10, 720. His forces engaged in battle the Kharijites with whom Umar had been negotiating. After initial setbacks, Yazid's troops prevailed and the Kharijite leader Shawdhab was killed. Yazid ibn al-Muhallab had escaped confinement on the death of Umar. He made his way to Iraq. There he was much supported. He refused to acknowledge Yazid II as caliph and led a very serious uprising. Initially successful, he was defeated and killed by the forces of Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik.

paragraph: Numerous civil wars began to break out in different parts of the empire such as in the Al Andalus (the Iberian Peninsula), North Africa and in the east. In A.H. 102 (720-721) in Ifriqiyah, the harsh governor Yazīd b. abī Muslim al-Thaqafī was overthrown and Muhammad ibn Yazid, the former governor, restored to power. The caliph accepted this and confirmed Muhammad ibn Yazid as governor of Ifriqiyah.

paragraph: Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah, Yazid's governor in Armenia and Adharbayjan, pushed into the Caucasus, taking Balanjar in A.H. 104 (722-723). That same year Yazid's governor in Medina, Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Dahhak, incurred the caliph's displeasure because the governor was exerting undue pressure trying to force a woman to marry him. She appealed to Yazid who replaced Abd al-Rahman with Abd al-Walid ibn Abdallah.

paragraph: Anti-Umayyad groups began to gain power among the disaffected. Al-Tabari records that Abbasids were promoting their cause in A.H. 102 (720-721). They were already building a power base that they would later use to topple the Umayyads in CE 750.

paragraph: An anecdote told of Yazid is that his wife Sudah learning he was pining for an expensive slave girl, purchased this slave girl and presented her to Yazid as a gift. This woman's name was Hababah and she predeceased Yazid (at Tabari v. 24, p. 196). It is said that, while feasting with Hababah, Yazid threw a grape into her mouth, on which she choked and died in his arms. Yazid died the next week.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Iconoclastic edict.

paragraph: The Byzantine chronicler Theophanes the Confessor states that a wizard advised Yazid that he would reign for forty years, if he opposed Christian icons. Yazid did so, but died the same year he issued his iconoclastic edict (721 CE). Scholars have discussed the mutual influence of Muslim and Byzantine iconoclasm, noting that Emperor Leo III has issued a series of edicts against the worship of images at about the same time, the first in 726.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Yazid II died in 724. He was succeeded by his brother Hisham.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theophanes the Confessor, "The Chronicle of Theophanes", transl. Harry Turtledove, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1982

description: Umayyad caliph

wikidata_label: Yazid II

wikipedia_title: Yazid II


text:
Umayyad
caliph
Yazid II
Umar bin Abd al-Aziz
al-Walid I
Arabic
Sharia
Caucasus
Khazars
Battle of Marj Ardabil
Transoxiana
Turgesh
Day of Thirst
Battle of the Pass
Hindu
Sindh
India
Byzantine Empire
Maslama
Caesarea Mazaca
Khazars
Mu'awiyah ibn Hisham
Cilicia
Kharsianon
Abdallah al-Battal
Sulayman ibn Hisham
Sideroun
Cappadocia
Avars
Theophanes the Confessor
Battle of Akroinon
Constantine V
Artabasdos
Berber revolt
Qairawan
Zayd bin Ali
Husayn bin Ali
Kufah
Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi
Spain
Abd ar Rahman ibn Abdallah
France
Battle of Tours
Charles Martel

categories: 691 births,8th-century Umayyad caliphs,Deaths from diphtheria,743 deaths,One Thousand and One Nights characters

paragraph: Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik

paragraph: Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (; 691 – 6 February 743) was the 10th Umayyad caliph who ruled from 724 until his death in 743. When he was born in 691 his mother named him after her father.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Inheriting the caliphate from his brother Yazid II, Hisham was ruling an empire with many different problems. He would, however, be effective in attending to these problems, and in allowing the Umayyad empire to continue as an entity. His long rule was an effective one, and it saw a rebirth of reforms that were originated by Umar bin Abd al-Aziz.

paragraph: Like his brother al-Walid I, Hisham was a great patron of the arts, and he again encouraged arts in the empire. He also encouraged the growth of education by building more schools, and perhaps most importantly, by overseeing the translation of numerous literary and scientific masterpieces into Arabic. He returned to a stricter interpretation of the Sharia as Umar had, and enforced it, even upon his own family. His ability to stand up to the Umayyad clan may have been an important factor in his success, and may point to why his brother Yazid was ineffective.

paragraph: Section::::Military Activities under his reign.

paragraph: On the military front his empire suffered a series of setbacks, especially in the Caucasus against the Khazars (the Battle of Marj Ardabil) and in Transoxiana against the Turgesh (the "Day of Thirst" and the Battle of the Pass). Hisham sent armies to end the Hindu rebellion in Sindh, and was successful when the Hindu ruler Jai Singh was killed. This allowed the Umayyads to reassert their rule over some portions of their provinces in India.

paragraph: Under Hisham's rule, regular raids against the Byzantine Empire continued. One regular commander of Arab forces was the redoubtable Maslama, Hisham's half-brother. He fought the Byzantines in A.H. 107 (725-726) and the next year captured Caesarea Mazaca. He also fought the Khazars in the Caucasus. In A.H. 110 (728) he fought for a month against the Khaqan there and defeated him. Hisham's son Mu'awiyah ibn Hisham was another Arab commander in the almost annual raids against the Byzantine Empire. In A.H. 110 he took the fort of Samalu in Cilicia. The next year Mu'awiyah thrust left and Sa'id ibn Hisham right. In addition there was also a sea raid. In A.H. 112 Mu'awiyah captured Kharsianon in Cappadocia.

paragraph: Mu'awiyah raided the Byzantine Empire in A.H. 113 (731-732). The next year he captured Aqrun (Akroinos), while Abdallah al-Battal took a Byzantine commander prisoner. Mu'awiyah raided Byzantium in A.H. 115, 116, 117 and 118. In A.H. 119 (737) al Walid ibn al Qa'qa al-Absi led the raid against the Byzantines. The next year Sulayman ibn Hisham captured Sindirah (Sideroun). In A.H. 121 (738-739) Maslama captured some of Cappadocia and also raided the Avars. Theophanes the Confessor (p. 103) states that while some Arabs raided successfully in 739 and returned home safely, others were soundly defeated at the Battle of Akroinon. He records that internal Byzantine strife (the struggle between Constantine V and the usurper Artabasdos) facilitated Arab raids by Sulayman ibn Hisham in 741-742 (p. 106) that resulted in many Byzantines made Arab captives. Al-Tabari refers to the same raid. (v. 26, p. 68)

paragraph: In North Africa, Kharijite teachings combined with natural local restlessness to produce a significant Berber revolt. In 740 A large Berber force surrounded a loyal army at Wadi Sherif. The loyalists fought to the death. Hisham dispatched a force of 27,000 Syrians. This was destroyed in 741. In 742 Handhala ibn Safwan began successfully, but soon was besieged in Qairawan. He led a desperate sortie from the city that scattered the Berbers, killing thousands and re-establishing Umayyad rule.

paragraph: Hisham also faced a revolt by the armies of Zayd bin Ali, grandson of Husayn bin Ali, which was put down because of the betrayal of the Kufans. The Kufans encouraged Zayd to revolt. Zayd was ordered to leave Kufah and though he appeared to set out for Mecca, he returned and dwelt secretly in Kufah moving from house to house and receiving the allegiance of many people. Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi, Iraq's governor, learned of the plot, commanded the people to gather at the great mosque, locked them inside and began a search for Zayd. Zayd with some troops fought his way to the mosque and called on people to come out. He then pushed back Yusuf's troops, but was felled by an arrow. Although his body was initially buried, the spot was pointed out and it was extracted, beheaded and the head sent to Hisham and later to Medina.

paragraph: In Spain, the internal conflicts of the years past were ended, and Hisham's governor, Abd ar Rahman ibn Abdallah, assembled a large army that went into France. He besieged Bordeaux and pushed to the Loire. This marked the limit of Arabic conquest in Western Europe. The wave was halted at the Battle of Tours by Charles Martel who ruled the kingdom of the Franks.

description: Umayyad Caliph

wikidata_label: Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik

wikipedia_title: Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik