text: Irish

text: haute couture

text: milliner

text: London

text: Vogue

text: Chanel

text: Givenchy

text: Isabella Blow

text: Lady Gaga

text: Madonna

text: Sarah Jessica Parker

text: Ahascragh

text: County Galway

text: Republic of Ireland

text: Dublin

text: National College of Art and Design

text: Stephen Jones

text: Royal College of Art

text: Tatler

text: Isabella Blow

text: Alexander McQueen

text: The Telegraph

text: Design Museum

text: Karl Lagerfeld

text: Chanel

text: British Vogue

text: Linda Evangelista

text: London Fashion Week

text: Harvey Nichols

text: Naomi Campbell

text: Yasmin le Bon

text: Kate Moss

text: Christy Turlington

text: Stella Tennant

text: Alexander McQueen

text: Givenchy

text: Haute Couture

text: Karl Lagerfeld

text: Chanel

text: Valentino

text: Ralph Lauren

text: Donna Karan

text: Versace

text: Rifat Özbek

text: haute couture

text: Harry Potter

text: Beauxbatons

text: The Goblet of Fire

text: Sarah Jessica Parker

text: "Sex and the City"

text: Met Gala

text: Madonna

text: Super Bowl

text: Lady Gaga

text: Friday Night with Jonathan Ross

text: Madame Tussauds

text: Grammy Awards

text: Daphne Guinness

text: Naomi Campbell

text: Grace Jones

text: The Guardian

text: 29 April 2011 Royal wedding

text: Prince William

text: Catherine Middleton

text: fascinator

text: Princess Beatrice of York

text: Desert Island Discs

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall

text: Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge

text: Oprah Winfrey

text: Megan Markle

text: Queen

text: British Fashion Awards

text: Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture

text: China Fashion Awards

text: National University of Ireland

text: University College Dublin

text: OBE

text: Prince Charles

text: Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall

text: Clarence House

text: the couple's wedding

text: Irish postage stamps

text: An Post

text: Paul Costelloe

text: Louise Kennedy

text: John Rocha

text: Lainey Keogh

text: Orla Kiely

text: Victoria and Albert Museum

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: Palazzo Pitti

text: Grace Jones

text: Harper's and Queen

text: Isabella Blow

text: Alexander McQueen

text: John Boyd

text: Stephen Jones

text: Claude Saint-Cyr

text: Caroline Reboux

text: Philip Treacy

text: Philip Treacy

text: The Guardian

text: Philip Treacy Press Biography

categories: People from Ballinasloe,Honorary Officers of the Order of the British Empire,Milliners,Alumni of the National College of Art and Design,Irish businesspeople in fashion,20th-century Irish people,LGBT fashion designers,1967 births,Irish fashion designers,Gay artists,Irish expatriates in England,Alumni of the Royal College of Art,21st-century Irish people,Living people

paragraph: Philip Treacy

paragraph: Philip Anthony Treacy (born 26 May 1967) is an award–winning Irish haute couture milliner, or hat–designer, based in London, who has been described by "Vogue" magazine as "perhaps the greatest living milliner". In 2000, Treacy became the first milliner in 80 years to be invited to exhibit at the Paris haute couture shows. Treacy has been associated with some of the largest fashion houses and particularly Chanel and Givenchy, as well as celebrities such as Isabella Blow, Lady Gaga, Madonna and Sarah Jessica Parker. More recently, Treacy has been associated with British royalty, and has designed hats for British special occasions.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Philip Anthony Treacy was born on 26 May 1967 in the small village of Ahascragh, in County Galway in the Republic of Ireland, whose population was circa 500. Treacy says that his interest in sewing started at age five, and that his obsession with the weddings in the church across the road from his house, inspired an early passion for fashion. At age 17, Treacy moved to Dublin in 1985, to study fashion at the National College of Art and Design, where he spent a 6–week work experience with British millner, Stephen Jones. In 1988, Treacy won an MA scholarship for the Fashion Design course at the Royal College of Art in London, and graduated in 1990 with first class honours.

paragraph: In 1989 he took one of his hats to Michael Roberts, fashion editor of "Tatler" magazine, and his style editor, Isabella Blow. Blow asked Treacy to make a hat for her to wear for her wedding, and soon after, invited him in 1990, to live with her and her new husband Detmar Blow, in their Belgravia London home, where Treacy worked in their basement. Alexander McQueen, another Blow discovery, would also join Treacy in her home. "The Telegraph" would chronicle in a 2011 interview: "She made him famous. He made her look like an icon. When you think of the late, great Blow, you think of her in one of his creations, be it a giant disc or a replica sailing ship." In July 2002, the Design Museum in London, hosted an exhibition of the 30 most iconic hats Treacy designed for Blow, titled: "When Philip met Isabella". The exhibition was so well received that it went on a world tour for several years, and drew a record attendance of circa 43,000 when shown in Dublin in 2005.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Haute couture.

paragraph: In 1991, Treacy, aged 23, on the prompting of Blow, got his "big break", being asked by Karl Lagerfeld to come to the Chanel showrooms in Paris, in what was to be the start of a long–term working relationship with Chanel. The first hat that Treacy designed for Chanel appeared on the cover of "British Vogue" worn by model Linda Evangelista.

paragraph: In 1991, Treacy opened his first showroom in London, and won his first of five, British Accessory Designer of the Year awards. By 1993, Treacy held his first fashion show during London Fashion Week in "Harvey Nichols", with Naomi Campbell, Yasmin le Bon, Kate Moss, Christy Turlington and Stella Tennant modelling in return for keeping Treacy's hats, which were all black. In 1994, he opened up his boutique at 69 Elizabeth Street, in Belgravia, London, right beside Isabella Blow's residence at number 67.

paragraph: Treacy has designed hats for Alexander McQueen (another discovery of Isabella Blow), including his 1999 "white collection" for Givenchy Haute Couture in Paris, for Karl Lagerfeld at Chanel, and for Valentino, Ralph Lauren, Donna Karan, Versace and Rifat Özbek. In January 2000, he became the first milliner for 80 years to be invited to exhibit at the Paris shows. In November 2015, "Vogue" magazine ran a feature of Treacy's 20 "most awe–inspiring chapeaux" from the runways.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Wider fashion.

paragraph: Outside of "haute couture", Treacy has designed hats for films, including Harry Potter (most notably the Beauxbatons hat, for The Goblet of Fire in 2005). Sarah Jessica Parker has worn his hats at "Sex and the City" premières (2008, 2011), and Met Galas (2013, 2015). Treacy designed Madonna's gold headpiece for her 2012 Super Bowl half–time show. Lady Gaga described Treacy as "the greatest milliner of all time", while hosting his 2012 London Week fashion show. Notable designs for Lady Gaga include a "telephone-shaped headpiece with a removable handset" hat, worn for her appearance on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross in 2010 (now in permanent display at Madame Tussauds), and a "lightning-bolt" hat, she wore for the 2010 Grammy Awards.

paragraph: As well as Isabella Blow, Sarah Jessica Parker, and Lady Gaga, other notable muses for Treacy's hats are socialite Daphne Guinness, model Naomi Campbell, and singer, actress, model, Grace Jones, who used Treacy as art director and designer for her 2009 sold-out "Hurricane" tour.

paragraph: In an interview with "The Guardian" in July 2011, Treacy distilled what he felt a hat should do (a Treacy quote which is often reproduced):

paragraph: Treacy had previously written a piece for "The Guardian" in May 2001 on what defines the "perfect hat".

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Royal occasions.

paragraph: Treacy's hats are also associated with English royalty, with thirty–six worn at the 29 April 2011 Royal wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton, including the controversial fascinator style hat worn by Princess Beatrice of York. The so–called "pretzel hat" was auctioned for charity by Princess Beatrice on eBay for $130,000 (£80,100.01) on the 22 May 2011. Treacy felt the criticism regarding the "pretzel hat" was very extreme (the hat had its own Facebook page with over 140,000 connections), and in July 2011 said: "In the future, we'll look back and think she looked wild". In a July 2018 Radio 4 Desert Island Discs interview, Treacy said: "There was a moment where I thought I would find myself with my head on a spike outside the Tower of London", from the controversy of the "pretzel hat". The hat resides at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

paragraph: Treacy designed over twenty hats worn at the 19 May 2018 Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle, including by Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, by Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, and by Oprah Winfrey. Megan Markle chose a Treacy hat for her first official royal event in December 2017.

paragraph: In July 2018, Treacy credited the Queen with "single–handedly saving the British hat industry".

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: Treacy won the title of British Accessory Designer of the Year at the British Fashion Awards five times during the 1990s (1991, 1992, 1993, 1996 and 1997). In January 2000, Treacy was invited by the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture to participate in Paris fashion shows, the first milliner to be invited in 80 years.

paragraph: In November 2004, Treacy was named the International Designer of the Year, at the China Fashion Awards in Shanghai. In April 2006, he was awarded a Doctorate of Fine Arts, by the National University of Ireland at University College Dublin ("UCD").

paragraph: He was awarded an honorary OBE (Order of the British Empire) for services to the British fashion industry by Prince Charles and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall at a special ceremony in Clarence House in November 2007. Treacy designed the headdress worn by the Duchess of Cornwall for the couple's wedding.

paragraph: In July 2010 Treacy was one of six contemporary and internationally renowned Irish fashion designers honoured by a set of Irish postage stamps issued by An Post. The other designers were Paul Costelloe, Louise Kennedy, John Rocha, Lainey Keogh and Orla Kiely.

paragraph: Treacy's hats have been exhibited, and are housed in the collections, of design museums including the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the "Galleria del Costume" of the Palazzo Pitti in Florence. "Vogue" magazine has described Treacy, on a number of occasions, as being the "greatest milliner in the world".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Treacy is gay and in May 2017 he married his long–term partner of over 21 years, Stefan Bartlett, in a ceremony in Las Vegas.

paragraph: Treacy has noted the support his parents gave him in pursuing his love of millinery, noting that his father would say: "whatever makes him happy". Treacy called his friendship with his significant mentor, Isabella Blow, as: "an affair without sex". Treacy also highlights the importance of fashion model Grace Jones as a collaborator and friend.

paragraph: Treacy is the second youngest of a large family and has one sister and seven brothers. He is particularly close to his sister, Marion Tubbing, the eldest of their generation, whom he credits with supplying him with editions of "Harper's and Queen" and "Vogue" while living in Galway (Tubbing was working in London at the time), and for whom, along with his partner Stefan Bartlett, Treacy dedicated his 2015 biography: "Philip Treacy: Hat Designer".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabella Blow, fashion editor

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander McQueen, fashion designer

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Boyd, milliner

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stephen Jones, milliner

paragraph: BULLET::::- Claude Saint-Cyr, milliner

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caroline Reboux, milliner

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip Treacy at Fashion Encyclopedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip Treacy at The Guardian

paragraph: BULLET::::- LUX Magazine: Hats off to the preacher man

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wizarding World of Harry Potter: Philip Treacy Hats

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip Treacy Press Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip Treacy Brand Expansion Presentation

description: Irish milliner, designer

wikidata_label: Philip Treacy

wikipedia_title: Philip Treacy


href: Sogdia Sogdian%20language ikhshid Samarkand Bukhara Umayyad Qutayba%20ibn%20Muslim Gurak Divashtich Panjikant

text:
Sogdia
Sogdian
ikhshid
Samarkand
Bukhara
Umayyad
Qutayba ibn Muslim
Gurak
Divashtich
Panjikant

categories: Sogdian rulers,8th-century Iranian people,710 deaths,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Tarkhun

paragraph: Tarkhun (died 710) was a Sogdian ruler (Sogdian: "ikhshid") of Samarkand from somewhere 705-707 to 710. After receiving the news of the capture of Bukhara by the Umayyad general Qutayba ibn Muslim in 709, Tarkhun sent envoys to the latter and acknowledged the authority of the Umayyad Caliphate. However, one year later, Tarkhun was overthrown by a local rebellion because of his pro-Muslim policy, and was succeeded by another Sogdian prince named Gurak, who had Tarkhun imprisoned. Tarkhun shortly after committed suicide. His two sons, however, managed to flee to the court of another Sogdian ruler named Divashtich at Panjikant, where they were treated honorably.

paragraph: Note:

paragraph: During the years of Shenlong (705-707), Ninieshishi died. And his son Tarkhun was put on the throne (神龙中泥涅师师卒，又册其子突昏).

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir. "The History of al-Tabari." Ed. Ehsan Yar-Shater. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1985-2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang Pu, Institutional History of Tang唐会要,volume 99.

description: 8th-century ruler of Samarkand

wikidata_label: Tarkhun

wikipedia_title: Tarkhun


text:
Murakami Genji
Minamoto clan
Emperor Horikawa
Fujiwara no Kinsue
Fujiwara clan
Bitokumon-in
Emperor Toba
Emperor Go-Shirakawa
kōtaigō
Emperor Takakura
daijō-daijin
Taira
Norimori
Michimori
Kurōdo-dokoro
sangi
kugyō
Taira no Kiyomori
coup d'etat
Itsukushima
Fukuhara-kyō
first battle of Uji
Heian-kyō
Emperor Go-Toba
Emperor Guangwu of Han
Emperor Yuan of Jin
Hōjūjidono
Siege of Hōjūjidono
chūnagon
Inaba Province
governor
Kujō Kanezane
nairan
sekkan
Fujiwara clan
Kujō Yoshitsune
Minamoto no Yoritomo
Ōe no Hiromoto
Daigaku-ryō
Fujiwara no Akisue
Ō-hime
Kujō Ninshi
dainagon
Emperor Tsuchimikado
Konoe Motomichi
Emperor Kōnin
Fujiwara no Teika
Dōkyō
kampaku
Minamoto Yoriie
naidaijin
sadaijin
Konoe Iezane
udaijin
Daijō-kan
Fujiwara no Motofusa
Emperor Juntoku
Shin Kokin Wakashū
waka
Itsukushima
Aki Province
kana
kanji
Emperor Takakura
Muromachi period
Koga clan
Emperor Go-Toba
Emperor Tsuchimikado
Fujiwara no Motofusa
Emperor Go-Saga
Ōe no Hiromoto
sangi
Emperor Tsuchimikado
Emperor Go-Saga
Saionji family
Koga clan
Muromachi period
Meiji restoration
Kazoku
Dōgen
Song dynasty
Sōtō school
Shōkū
Hōnen
Seizan
Jōdo-shū

categories: Fujiwara clan,1202 deaths,1149 births,People of Heian-period Japan

paragraph: Minamoto no Michichika

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Aide to Emperor Takakura.

paragraph: Born the heir of the Murakami Genji branch of the Minamoto clan in 1149, and in 1158 was granted the , via the Minamoto family head's prerogative to thus promote one individual each year. The Murakami Genji had previously enjoyed prosperity as the maternal relatives of Emperor Horikawa, but after this were pushed back by descendants of Fujiwara no Kinsue's branch of the Fujiwara clan, the . Michichika's father Masamichi served Bitokumon-in during Emperor Toba's cloistered rule, but changed his role under the cloistered rule of Emperor Go-Shirakawa. In 1168, when Go-Shirakawa's wife became "kōtaigō", Masamichi became . Michichika was permitted entry into the court along with Emperor Takakura's ascension in the same year, serving as a close aid to the young emperor. Michichika's first wife was a daughter of the "daijō-daijin" , but he soon took a daughter of Taira no Norimori or Michimori as his second wife, strengthening his ties with that powerful clan.

paragraph: In 1179, Michichika became head of the Kurōdo-dokoro, and in 1180 he was promoted both to "sangi", thus joining the ranks of the "kugyō", and to . After Taira no Kiyomori's coup d'etat in late 1179, Emperor Takakura reluctantly abdicated the throne to begin his own cloistered rule, and Michichika supported his inexperienced efforts as head of his cloistered government. Michichika joined the imperial outing to Itsukushima and relocation of the capital to Fukuhara-kyō in the first half of the year, but as the country fell into upheaval after the first battle of Uji, he returned to Heian-kyō in the autumn. The retired emperor Takakura's physical condition worsened and he fell ill. Michichika composed a poem praying for his recovery, but in 1181, Takakura died at 21 years old. As a close attendant of the dead sovereign, Michichika was bestowed an undyed white mourning dress. Lamenting the death of his longtime master, he recorded his plaintive feelings in the .

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Genpei War.

paragraph: Shortly thereafter Taira no Kiyomori died and Go-Shirakawa reopened his cloistered rule, and the center of power continued to change at a dizzying pace. Meanwhile, Michichika avoided relying on the patronage of any particular power, but participated passionately in debates at Go-Shirakawa's palace and worked diligently at the business of government, increasing his presence in the court. When the Taira clan fled the capital in 1183, he went visited Go-Shirakawa in order to bid them farewell. When Emperor Go-Toba took the throne in the next month, the Imperial Regalia were in the possession of the Taira. Michichika raised the examples of Emperor Guangwu of Han and Emperor Yuan of Jin, who obtained their imperial seals only after assuming the throne, in order to help Go-Toba ascend smoothly. He was present at Hōjūjidono during the Siege of Hōjūjidono that autumn.

paragraph: Michichika's loyalty was recognized, and in spring of 1185 he was promoted to provisional "chūnagon", and that winter was appointed as one of ten ministers appointed to oversee the court, called . He was granted Inaba Province as a fief and recommended his second son as its governor. He married Emperor Go-Toba's wetnurse, , and adopted her daughter . As Michichika headed the event teams for Kujō Kanezane's proclamations as "nairan" and head of the "sekkan" Fujiwara clan, and Kanezane praised Michichika's hard work in turn, the relationship between the two appears to have been healthy at the time. Under Kanezane's conservative administration, though, Michichika's promotion stalled. In 1188, Michichika protested against the promotion of Kanezane's younger and less experienced son Kujō Yoshitsune over him to the , requesting that he too be promoted. Kanezane criticized Michichika harshly, calling him ungrateful for his promotion to the previous year, and in this no different from a bird or animal. After this, their relationship soured, and Michichika began to look for an opportunity to take Kanezane down.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Guardian to Senyōmon-in.

paragraph: In late 1189, Michichika invited Go-Shirakawa to the Koga estate and presented him with various gifts. A month and a half later, Go-Shirakawa's youngest daughter was proclaimed an imperial princess, and Michichika was appointed as her guardian, strengthening his relationship with her birth mother . In 1191, Princess Kinshi was bestowed the Buddhist name of , and Michichika became the steward of her household, appointing his sons Michitomo and Michimune to positions within it. When Go-Shirakawa died in 1192, it was Senyōmon-in who inherited his largest territory , and as Michichika was its effective manager, he brought the courtiers in control of it into his jurisdiction, forming a strong political foothold for himself.

paragraph: When Minamoto no Yoritomo entered the capital in 1190, Michichika remembered to curry favor with him by acting as event manager for his appointment to , but also planned to strengthen his relationship with Yoritomo's confidant Ōe no Hiromoto. In 1191, he broke with tradition by appointing Hiromoto as a in the "Daigaku-ryō" and .

paragraph: After Go-Shirakawa's death, Kujō Kanezane controlled the court through the young Emperor Go-Toba, but his strict adherence to tradition and stress on lineage in personnel affairs fostered opposition amongst the middle and lower ranking nobles, and he gradually lost popularity in the court. Michichika won over the noble families of Fujiwara no Akisue and the branch of the Fujiwara, who Kanezane had treated coldly, as allies. Meanwhile, he used Takashina no Eishi as an intermediary to alienate Yoritomo, who wanted to marry his daughter Ō-hime to the Emperor, from Kanezane, who had already married his own daughter Kujō Ninshi to said emperor. In 1195, Michichika was promoted to "dainagon", and when his adopted daughter Zaishi bore the Emperor a prince, the future Emperor Tsuchimikado, his position in the court suddenly solidified. In 1196, he made Kujō Ninshi leave the palace and overthrew Kanezane, replacing him with Konoe Motomichi in a coup d'etat.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Minamoto Hakuriku.

paragraph: In 1198, Michichika forced the enthronement of Emperor Tsuchimikado against both precedent and the opposition of the shogunate. Though Michichika tried to use the case of Emperor Kōnin as a precedent for the sudden enthronement, Fujiwara no Teika scathingly commented "If Tsuchimikado is Kōnin, then who is Dōkyō?" After this, Michichika reached the height of his power as the Emperor's maternal grandfather, and was called . The term "Hakuriku" here refers to the position of kampaku, although Michichika himself never officially held the title.

paragraph: In 1199, Michichika became a . He tried to lessen the shogunate's opposition by appointing the heir Minamoto Yoriie as , but shortly thereafter received news that Yoritomo had fallen seriously ill. Once Yoritomo's death was publicly announced, it would become necessary to delay Yoriie's promotion, and so Michichika hurriedly conducted both appointments in a simplified fashion. Teika once again criticized Michichika for enforcing the appointment while knowing of Yoritomo's demise and then expressing his condolences and making a show of mourning the next day, calling this an "egregious plot". Yoritomo's death upset the political situation, and in the capital plotted an attack on Michichika, forcing him to hide in the retired emperor's palace. Executives of the shogunate, with Ōe no Hiromoto at the center, supported Michichika, suppressing the movement to remove him and restoring peace to the capital.

paragraph: Michichika made various preparations, rebuilding Tsuchimikado's palace and adding a gate, and that summer was promoted to "naidaijin". While respecting the viewpoint of the now-mature retired emperor Go-Toba, Michichika placed Kujō Yoshitsune as "sadaijin" and Konoe Iezane as "udaijin" to preserve peace between and with both families. Since both were still young, Michichika was effectively in control of the Daijō-kan. Around this time, he also married Fujiwara no Motofusa's daughter Ishi.

paragraph: In 1200 Go-Toba's third son Prince Morinari, the future Emperor Juntoku, became crown prince. Michichika became his , while his brother-in-law became , and his heir provisionally assumed the same title, filling the Crown Prince's Quarters with the Murakami Genji and his Fujiwara relatives. Even 1202 he appeared vigorous, acting as event manager when his adopted daughter Zaishi received the Buddhist name , and welcoming Go-Toba to a palace built by his sworn friend , but he suddenly died that autumn at age 54. When Konoe Iezane heard of his death, he recorded in his diary that Michichika had handled all the business of government, and the court granted him the posthumous . Go-Toba was also said to have expressed his sorrow by stopping holding poetry contests. After Michichika's death, there was nobody left who could dissuade Go-Toba, and he began his cloistered rule in earnest.

paragraph: Michichika was also a skilled poet and also served in the , where he led the planning for a new poetry collection that would later become the "Shin Kokin Wakashū". However, he died without seeing its completion. That collection, along with many others, includes some of Michichika's "waka".

paragraph: Section::::Famous works.

paragraph: , written in 1180, is Michichika's travel diary from retired Emperor Takakura's Imperial visit to Itsukushima in Aki Province. , written in 1181, records the state of affairs at the time of Emperor Takakura's death and mourns him. Both are written in a mix of kana and kanji, as is modern Japanese. The two together are known as .

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: daughter of , court lady of Bifukumon-in

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: daughter of

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eldest son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: daughter of or , court lady of Emperor Takakura

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second son: , descendants became Horikawa clan (died out in Muromachi period)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: , , daughter of

paragraph: BULLET::::- Third son: , descendants carried on Koga clan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fourth son: , descendants became Tsuchimikado clan (died out in Muromachi period)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fifth son: , descendants became Nakanoin clan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adopted daughter: , aka , biological daughter of , wife of Emperor Go-Toba and birth mother of Emperor Tsuchimikado

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: , daughter of Fujiwara no Motofusa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Son?: , possibly instead a grandchild via Michitomo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: , lady-in-waiting of Shōmeimon-in

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sixth son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter: , wetnurse of Emperor Go-Saga

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adopted son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adopted son: , heir of Ōe no Hiromoto

paragraph: Michichika's eldest son Michimune rose to the and position of "sangi", as well as , but in 1198 he died at the age of 31. However, Michimune's daughter and Emperor Tsuchimikado's son became Emperor Go-Saga, and so Michichika's family gained the position of maternal relatives to both Tsuchimikado and Go-Saga.

paragraph: Later, the Saionji family rose to power, and Michichika's clan never regained the stature it had during his life. Even so, his children Michitomo, Michiteru, Sadamichi, and Michikata split the family into the Horikawa clan, Koga clan, Tsuchimikado clan, and Nakanoin clan. The Horikawa and Tsuchimikado clans died out in the Muromachi period, but the Koga and Nakanoin families persisted until the Meiji restoration, joining the "Kazoku" peerage upon its creation. Meanwhile, the Nakanoin clan produced its own branch family in the , while the Koga went on to spawn the .

paragraph: Michichika's most famous descendant was the Zen monk Dōgen, who returned from Song dynasty and created the Sōtō school 24 years after Michichika's death.

paragraph: Michichika's adopted son Shōkū became a disciple of Hōnen, and became the founder of the Seizan sub-sect of Jōdo-shū buddhism.

description: Japanese noble

wikidata_label: Minamoto no Michichika

wikipedia_title: Minamoto no Michichika


text:
Canadian
metal
all-woman band
Kittie
In The Black
"I've Failed" "You"
Gwen Stacy
kittierocks.com
umeuscloth.com
www.warwickbass.com

categories: Canadian heavy metal bass guitarists,21st-century women musicians,Canadian people of Serbian descent,Female bass guitarists,Serbian emigrants to Canada,People from Belgrade,1983 births,Living people

paragraph: Ivy Jenkins

paragraph: Ivana Jenkins (née) Vujić (, born June 15, 1983), known by her stage name Ivy Jenkins is a Serbian-born Canadian bassist. She played bass for the metal, all-woman band Kittie from October 2007 until March 2012. She began her career with Kittie by initially filling in for ailing bassist Trish Doan in late 2007, a period which found the band playing concerts in Central and South America. Before she was in Kittie, Ivy played bass for the melodic hard rock band In The Wake from Toronto, Canada. In 2008, it was officially announced that Ivy was a full-time member of Kittie and in 2009 she appeared on their fifth studio CD, "In The Black". Ivy also wrote and recorded bass for Kittie's sixth album, "I've Failed" "You", which was released on August 15, 2011. Jenkins plays a black Warwick Corvette 5 string bass guitar.

paragraph: Ivy is the co-owner of Umeus Cloth, a clothing line run by herself and Geoffrey Jenkins, the former vocalist of Gwen Stacy. On April 2, 2011 Ivy Vujic married Jenkins.

paragraph: Ivy is currently playing bass guitar in a metal band called Speedgod, from Lansing, MI with her husband Geoff Jenkins on vocals. In June 2013 they released a 3 song compilation dubbed "the Summer 2013 Demos" which is available for free download on the official website.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- kittierocks.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- umeuscloth.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.warwickbass.com

description: Canadian musician

wikidata_label: Ivana "Ivy" Vujic

wikipedia_title: Ivy Jenkins


text: Italian

text: Leonardo da Vinci

text: St. John the Baptist

text: Bacchus

text: Milan

text: Mona Lisa

text: the Prado's copy of the "Mona Lisa"

text: St. John the Baptist

text: "Bacchus"

text: Lisa del Giocondo

text: Mona Lisa

text: Francesco Melzi

text: Rome

text: France

text: Mona Lisa

text: Francis I of France

text: French troops

text: Louvre

text: Paul McAuley's

text: antagonist

text: DC Comics

text: The Second Mrs. Giaconda

text: E. L. Konigsburg

text: The L(eonardo) and the S(alai)

categories: People from Vimercate,Italian male painters,1524 deaths,16th-century Italian painters,15th-century Italian painters,1480 births

paragraph: Salaì

paragraph: Gian Giacomo Caprotti da Oreno, better known as Salaì (1480 – before 10 March 1524), was an Italian artist and pupil of Leonardo da Vinci from 1490 to 1518. Salaì entered Leonardo's household at the age of ten. He created paintings under the name of Andrea Salaì. He was described as one of Leonardo's students and lifelong servant and is thought by some to be the model for Leonardo's "St. John the Baptist" and "Bacchus".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Salaì was born in 1480 as son of Pietro di Giovanni, a tenant of Leonardo's vineyard near the Porta Vercellina, Milan.

paragraph: He joined Leonardo's household at the age of ten as an assistant. Vasari describes Salaì as "a graceful and beautiful youth with curly hair, in which Leonardo greatly delighted". Although Leonardo described him as "a liar, a thief, stubborn and a glutton" and he stole from Leonardo on at least five occasions, he kept him in his household for more than 25 years, in which he trained as an artist. Salaì became a capable, although not very impressive, painter, who created several works, including the "Monna Vanna", a nude version of the "Mona Lisa" which may be based on a charcoal sketch by Leonardo. He is also considered one potential creator of the Prado's copy of the "Mona Lisa".

paragraph: Leonardo is thought to have used Salaì as the model for several of his works, specifically "St. John the Baptist" and "Bacchus". Some researchers also believe that Salaì and not Lisa del Giocondo was the real model for the "Mona Lisa" but this claim is disputed by the Louvre.

paragraph: During Leonardo's second stay in Milan, he took another young pupil, Francesco Melzi. Unlike Salaì, Francesco was a son of a nobleman. When Leonardo traveled to Rome in 1513 and to France in 1516, Salaì and Melzi both accompanied him. As an adult, Melzi became secretary and main assistant of Leonardo, and undertook to prepare Leonardo's writings for publication. Vasari says that Melzi "at the time of Leonardo was a very beautiful and very much loved young man". In France, Francesco Melzi was greeted as "Italian gentleman living with master Leonardo" and granted donation of 400 ecus, while Salaì, already over 40 years old, was described as "servant" and granted a one time donation of 100 ecus. Salaì left Leonardo and France in 1518. He later returned to Milan to work on Leonardo's vineyard, previously worked by Salaì's father, half of which was granted to him by Leonardo's will. It is commonly believed that upon Leonardo's death in 1519, Salaì inherited several paintings including the "Mona Lisa". Through his estate, many of those works, notably the "Mona Lisa", passed into the possession of Francis I of France. While Leonardo left all personal belongings, paintings, drawings and notes to Francesco Melzi in his will, it is unclear whether this included the "Mona Lisa".

paragraph: Salaì married Bianca Coldirodi d'Annono on June 14, 1523, at the age of 43. Salaì died in 1524 as a result of a wound received from a crossbow in a duel against the French troops and was buried in Milan on 10 March 1524.

paragraph: Section::::Salaì's sexuality.

paragraph: A number of drawings among the works of Leonardo and his pupils make reference to Salaì's sexuality. There is a drawing modelled on Leonardo's painting "John the Baptist" and called "The Angel Incarnate", of a young man nude with an erect phallus, and appearing to represent Salaì. The face of the figure is closer to Salaì's copy of Leonardo's painting, than to the original "John the Baptist" in the Louvre. It may have been drawn by Salaì himself. A folio by Leonardo includes a page of drawings by a hand other than Leonardo's, one of which is a crudely drawn sketch depicting an anus, identified as "Salaì's bum", pursued by penises on legs.

paragraph: Section::::Relationship to the "Mona Lisa".

paragraph: A group of Italian researchers has claimed that Salaì was the model for the "Mona Lisa", noting the similarity in some of the facial features, particularly the nose and mouth, to those in which Salaì is thought to have been the model. These claims have been disputed by the Louvre. It is intriguing that the letters which form "Mona Lisa" can be rearranged to form "Mon Salaì".

paragraph: Section::::In popular fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salaì is a principal character in the novel "Cenacolo" by Joseph Orbi.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Paul McAuley's novel "Pasquale's Angel" set in an alternate Italian Renaissance, Salaì is the main antagonist.

paragraph: BULLET::::- DC Comics' 1995 Vertigo series "" (later published as a graphic novel) tells a speculative story of a love affair between Leonardo and Salaì.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In a DLC of the video game "", Ezio (protagonist) interacts with Salaì when searching for Leonardo da Vinci. The game also alludes to speculation that Salaì was Leonardo's lover, that Ezio is aware of the relationship, and he is supportive of it, telling Leonardo that he approves of Leonardo's and Salaì's relationship.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giacomo is the main character in the novel "Leonardo's Shadow" by Christopher Grey

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salaì is the main character in the children's historical fiction novel "The Second Mrs. Giaconda" by E. L. Konigsburg.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salaì is a principal character with Leonardo in Mário Cláudio's 2014 Portuguese novel "Retrato de Rapaz" ("Portrait of a Boy").

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leonardo da Vinci: anatomical drawings from the Royal Library, Windsor Castle", exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Salaì (see index)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The L(eonardo) and the S(alai)

alias:
Gian Giacomo Caprotti da Oreno
Andrea Salai
Andrea Salario
Salaj
Gian Giacomo Caprotti
Salai
Andrea Salaj
Salaì Caprotti
Andrea Solano
Andrea Salaino
Gian Giacomo De' Caprotti
Andrea Da Salerno Salaj
Andrea Salcino
Andrea Sallai
Gian Giacomo Salai
Gian Giacomo de' Caprotti
Andrea da Salerno (Salaj)
Gian Giacomo de Caprotti
Salai Caprotti
A. Salaino
Salcino
or Salaino Andrea Salai
or Saliano Andrea Salai
Salaino
Salcino scuolaro di Leonardo
Salaine

description: Italian artist

wikidata_label: Salaì

wikipedia_title: Salaì


text:
Brazilian
Prosecutor General of the Republic
Chief of Staff
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Supreme Federal Court
Rio de Janeiro State University
Brazilian Academy of Letters
Pernambuco
João Barbalho Uchôa Cavalcanti
Faculty of Law
Federal University of Pernambuco
Faculty of Law
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
Supreme Federal Court
Brazilian Socialist Party
Rubem Braga
Chief of Staff of the Presidency
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Prosecutor General of the Republic
Institutional Act No. 5
Order of Attorneys of Brazil
Fernando Collor de Mello
legitimate defense of honor
Ângela Diniz
Parnaíba
Oscar Niemeyer
Raymundo Faoro
Supreme Federal Court
Brazilian Academy of Letters
João Goulart

categories: 1912 births,Federal University of Rio de Janeiro alumni,People from Parnaíba,Brazilian lawyers,2002 deaths,Members of the Brazilian Academy of Letters,Brazilian jurists,Government ministers of Brazil,Foreign ministers of Brazil,Brazilian people of Portuguese descent

paragraph: Evandro Lins e Silva

paragraph: Evandro Cavalcanti Lins e Silva (18 January 1912 – 17 December 2002) was a Brazilian lawyer, journalist, writer and politician. He was Prosecutor General of the Republic, Chief of Staff, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Justice of the Supreme Federal Court.

paragraph: He was also a lawyer of criminal affairs and taught criminal law in the then Guanabara State University (current Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ)).

paragraph: He was a member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Evandro Lins e Silva is the son of Maria do Carmo Uchôa Cavalcanti and Raul Lins e Silva, both from Pernambuco. His mom was niece-granddaughter of justice João Barbalho Uchôa Cavalcanti. His father, a graduate from the Faculty of Law of Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), made his career as a lawyer.

paragraph: Lins e Silva graduated at the Faculty of Law of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) in 19 November 1932. While a student, he worked as a journalist, which office kept even after graduating. As a lawyer, he specialized in criminal law and developed intense professional activity, until 1961, in the Jury Court, in criminal courts, in superior courts, and in the Supreme Federal Court, defending, moreover, countless trials of great repercussion, including in politics, before the National Security Court and the Militar Justice.

paragraph: In 1956, he was hired as professor of the Chair of Criminal Law History and Penitenciary Science, in the doctorate degree, in the Faculty of Law of the then Guanabara State, which he taught until 1961.

paragraph: He was one of the founders of the Brazilian Socialist Party in 1947, alongside Rubem Braga, Joel Silveira, and others. He was also Chief of Staff of the Presidency and Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1963.

paragraph: He held the position of Prosecutor General of the Republic between September 1961 and January 1962, and of Justice of the Supreme Federal Court between September 1963 and January 1969, when he was forced to retire because of the Institutional Act No. 5.

paragraph: He was member of the Federal Council of the Order of Attorneys of Brazil (OAB) in many periods, between 1944 and 1961, and, after retired, between 1983 and 1995.

paragraph: He was one of the lawyers responsible for the "impeachment" request against president Fernando Collor de Mello.

paragraph: As a writer, he published many books, such as "A Defesa tem a Palavra", "Arca de Guardados" and "O Salão dos Passos Perdidos". He also coined the expression legitimate defense of honor () to justify the murder of Ângela Diniz by his client Doca Street.

paragraph: Evandro Lins e Silva, despite his old age, was in good health. He died in an accident, after hitting his head in a sidewalk.

paragraph: In Parnaíba, his birthplace, was constructed a memorial in his honor, with project signed by Oscar Niemeyer.

paragraph: Section::::Brazilian Academy of Letters.

paragraph: Fifth occupant of the Chair No. 1, elected in 16 April 1998, succeeding Bernardo Élis and received in 11 August 1998 by Academic Josué Montello. Received the Academic Raymundo Faoro in 17 September 2002.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Supreme Federal Court

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brazilian Academy of Letters

paragraph: BULLET::::- João Goulart

description: Brazilian journalist

wikidata_label: Evandro Lins e Silva

wikipedia_title: Evandro Lins e Silva


text: Madrid

text: New York University

text: Fulbright scholarship

text: Columbia University

text: Goldsmiths University

text: Andrés Jaque

text: Harvard University.

text: European Community

categories: Living people,People from Madrid,21st-century Spanish architects,Spanish women architects,1973 births

paragraph: Nerea Calvillo

paragraph: Nerea Calvillo (Madrid, March 7, 1973) is a Spanish architect who investigates the intersection between architecture, science and technology, as well as feminist studies, new materials and urban political ecology. Specialized in the research of the visual representation of air in the atmosphere, she constructs graphic diagrams for the visualization of invisible microscopic agents in the air and thus influences the improvement of air quality. This project is called ""In the Air"".

paragraph: Section::::Education and professional development.

paragraph: She studied architecture at the Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid (ETSAM), where she received her PhD in 2014 with outstanding cum laude with the thesis ""Sensing Aeropolis"". She obtained the Poiesis Fellowship from New York University. With the Fulbright scholarship, she studied in New York, graduating from MsArchAAD at Columbia University in New York.

paragraph: She also studied with a Fellowship at the Goldsmiths University of London.

paragraph: She created the C+arquitectos studio in 2004, after working in several international architectural firms such as NO.MAD Madrid, and F.O.A., London.

paragraph: Making extensive use of new technologies as usual work tools, C+arquitectos has been responsible for the design of numerous spaces for the exhibition of contemporary art such is the case of the Laboral Center of Art in Gijón, the Museum of Contemporary Art in Santiago de Chile, the Tabacalera Principal of the Ministry of Culture in Madrid or various headquarters of the Cervantes Institute (Spain, Serbia, etc). Likewise, her architecture projects have earned her the recognition of awards such as the EUROPAN, or having been part of the selection of emerging practices of FreshMadrid in 2007.

paragraph: The year 2012 in Madrid, she was an expert speakers presenting a conference in the annual international plataform of knowledge TED xMadrid ""El aire de Madrid"".

paragraph: In 2013 C+arquitectos was selected for FRESHLATINO 2, a selection of Ibero-American architecture offices curated by the architects Ariadna Cantís and Andrés Jaque, presenting the exhibition of the works at the Instituto Cervantes in Madrid. Since 2013 she works as a researcher in the research project funded by ESRC Citizen Sense in the sociology department of Goldsmiths University of London.

paragraph: She has worked teaching in urbanNext: expanding architecture to rethink cities at the University of Alicante from 2010 to 2014, and at the Universidad Europea de Madrid.She also has been invited to teach at the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University.

paragraph: Since 2014 she teaches as an assistant professor at the Center for Interdisciplinary Methodologies Social Sciences University of Warwick United Kingdom and at the architectural school AA London.

paragraph: She has been director of the line of work dedicated to urban screens Media (nera) Lab in Medialab-Prado in Madrid and co-curator of Media Facades Festival Europe in 2010, and also the "European project Facades Connecting Cities" 2007-2013. "Connecting Cities" is a network of European institutions that proposes the use of digital facades and large screens for the circulation and exchange of cultural and artistic contents in the European Community.

paragraph: In 2017 she was invited to participate at the I Seoul Biennale of Architecture and Urbanism in Korea with the project ""Yellow Dust"" produced with the help of Acción Cultural Española ACE and an ESRC IAA scholarship from the University of Warwick and the Economic and Social Research Council (United Kingdom).

paragraph: In the T Magazine Spain of the New York Times, Nerea Calvillo is one of the ""Influential 17. Who is in charge here, those who have marked the interior design, architecture and lifestyle of 2017. Stay with them"."

paragraph: Guest editor of the Special Issue "Toxic Politics" in the Social Studies of Science - Volume 48, issue 3, June 2018.

description: Spanish Architect

wikidata_label: Nerea Calvillo

wikipedia_title: Nerea Calvillo


text:
state
Indiana
Republican Party
Indiana House of Representatives
Governor
Mike Pence
Indiana's 4th congressional district
Todd Rokita
Mike

wikipedia_title:
U.S. state
Indiana
Republican Party (United States)
Indiana House of Representatives
Governor of Indiana
Mike Pence
Indiana's 4th congressional district
Todd Rokita
Mike Braun

categories: Harvard University alumni,People from Zionsville, Indiana,Members of the Indiana House of Representatives,Indiana Republicans,Living people

paragraph: Steve Braun (politician)

paragraph: Steven James Braun is an American businessman and politician from the state of Indiana. A member of the Republican Party, he served in the Indiana House of Representatives from 2012 to 2014.

paragraph: In 1990, Braun founded Braun Technology Group which was later renamed to Braun Consulting. In 2004, he sold it to Fair Isaac Group.

paragraph: Braun is the former Commissioner of the Indiana Department of Workforce Development. Then Governor Mike Pence appointed Braun in 2014. In 2017, Braun resigned as Commissioner. He ran unsuccessfully for Indiana's 4th congressional district in 2018. The seat was held by Todd Rokita who ran unsuccessfully for U.S. Senate, against Braun's brother, Mike, in the Republican primary.

paragraph: Braun has 5 children.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steve Braun at Ballotpedia

alias:
Steven James Braun
Steven J. Braun
Steven Braun

description: American businessman and politician

wikidata_label: Steve Braun

wikipedia_title: Steve Braun (politician)


text:
Milan
Vienna
Archduke of Austria
Lieutenant field marshal
Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria
Princess Elisabeth of Savoy
Order of the Golden Fleece
Franz Joseph I of Austria
Battle of Custoza (1866)
Franz Joseph I of Austria
morganatic marriage
Bolzano

wikipedia_title:
Milan
Vienna
List of rulers of Austria
Lieutenant field marshal
Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria
Princess Elisabeth of Savoy
Order of the Golden Fleece
Franz Joseph I of Austria
Battle of Custoza (1866)
Franz Joseph I of Austria
Morganatic marriage
Bolzano

categories: 1891 deaths,1828 births,House of Habsburg-Lorraine,Knights of the Golden Fleece

paragraph: Archduke Heinrich Anton of Austria

paragraph: Archduke Heinrich Anton of Austria (Heinrich Anton Maria Rainer Karl Gregor), (May 9, 1828, Milan – November 30, 1891, Vienna) was an Archduke of Austria and Lieutenant field marshal.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ernst was the fifth son of the viceroy Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria and Princess Elisabeth of Savoy. In 1852 was made a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece by Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria.

paragraph: Heinrich Anton had a military career and became Feldmarschallleutnant and commander of a division in Graz and later Brünn. He saw action in the War against Italy and distinguished himself during the Battle of Custoza (1866).

paragraph: Heinrich Anton married morganically on February 4 1868 in Bolzano with singer Leopoldine Hofmann (1840–1891), who became "Freifrau von Waideck" in 1878. They had 1 daughter Maria Rainiera (1872–1936), Countesse von Waideck, who married in 1892 Graf Enrico Lucchesi Palli, Count von Campofranco and Duke della Grazia (1861–1924).

paragraph: The Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria disapproved of this morganatic marriage and Heinrich Anton was expelled from the Royal family. He laid down all his military functions and moved to Luzern in Switserland, where the couple lived until he was pardoned by the Emperor in 1871.

paragraph: The couple returned to Lombardy–Venetia where Heinrich Anton retired from the army and lived in a palace in the Musterstreet in Bolzano. On a rare visit to Vienna in 1891, both Heinrich Anton and his wife contracted pneumonia and they died in the same night.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Constantin von Wurzbach: Habsburg, Heinrich Anton Maria Rainer Karl Gregor. In: Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich. Part 6. Kaiserlich-königliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Wien 1860, Page 277.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sigmund Hahn: Reichsraths-Almanach für die Session, Satow, 1867, S. 50.

description: austrian archduke

wikidata_label: Heinrich Anton of Austria

wikipedia_title: Archduke Heinrich Anton of Austria


text:
RA
portrait
history
Hounslow
Philip Reinagle
Royal Academy
Rome
John Flaxman
John Deare
Vienna
Dresden
Milton's
Paradise Lost
Alexander Pope's
Homer
Josiah Wedgwood's
Dilettanti Society
Charles Townley
Society of Engravers
Frank
Comus
William Shakespeare
altarpiece
Soho, London
Lord Egremont
academic
Sir John Soane's Museum
Guido Reni
Cupid and Psyche
Green Park
prematurely
Napoleon
Stafford House
Oxford
paralysis
Letitia Elizabeth Landon
Edward Goodall
"Henry Howard"
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
Tate Britain
A "Goddess Iris"

categories: English male painters,1847 deaths,19th-century English painters,18th-century English painters,People from Hounslow,1769 births,Royal Academicians,English portrait painters

paragraph: Henry Howard (artist)

paragraph: Henry Howard RA (31 January 1769 – 5 October 1847) was an early 19th-century British portrait and history painter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in London and after being educated at a school in Hounslow, he started studying with the painter Philip Reinagle in 1786. In 1788 he began attending the Royal Academy Schools and was awarded a silver medal for drawing from life and a gold medal for historical painting for his "Caractacus Recognising the Dead Body of his Son".

paragraph: In March 1791, Howard traveled to Italy, France, and Switzerland. In Rome, he met and studied sculpture with John Flaxman and John Deare. In 1792 he painted a "Dream of Cain". While abroad he applied to the Royal Academy for a grant after the bankruptcy of his father. Two years later, he returned to Britain by way of Vienna and Dresden. He began instructing Reinagle's daughter Jane in drawing and married her in 1803. Together they had four daughters and three sons. From 1806 they lived at 50 Newman Street, Westminster, until his death.

paragraph: In the 1790s Howard painted and drew a variety of subjects from literature, portraits, and drawings of sculpture. In 1795 and 1796, he submitted five such pictures to the Royal Academy, including a sketch from Milton's "Paradise Lost". He illustrated Sharpe's "British Essayists" and Du Roveray's edition of Alexander Pope's translation of Homer. He also contributed designs for Josiah Wedgwood's pottery. Between 1799 and 1802, he made a series of drawings of sculpture. One series was published by the Dilettanti Society and one was made for the collector Charles Townley, the sculptor John Flaxman, and the Society of Engravers.

paragraph: Howard was elected an associate member of the Royal Academy and exhibited there until his death in 1847; he was elected a full member in 1808. In 1811 he became secretary of the Academy and in 1833 he was appointed professor of painting at the Schools (his lectures were published by his son, Frank in 1848). Howard's diploma work was "The Four Angels Loosed from the Great River Euphrates". He painted a series of works from Milton's "Comus" and several subjects from the plays of William Shakespeare. In 1809 he exhibited "Christ Blessing Young Children", which later became the altarpiece of St. Luke's, in Berwick St Soho, London (demolished 1936). One of Howard's most important patrons was Lord Egremont, a significant collector.

paragraph: While his history paintings were in a neo-classical academic style following Flaxman and others, his portraits continued the general tradition of English 18th-century portraiture and many of his portraits are in the National Gallery.

paragraph: His history paintings are hard to find on public display but his ceiling for the dining-room of the Sir John Soane's Museum, an "Aurora" adapted from Guido Reni (1837), can be seen obliquely.

paragraph: In addition to his portraiture and historical painting, Howard worked on many decorative works. In 1805, a Mr. Hibbert commissioned him to paint a Cupid and Psyche frieze in 1814, along with several other artists. He painted large transparencies, apparently to be lighted from behind, for the "Grand Revolving Temple of Concord" built in Green Park for the visit of several sovereigns to celebrate (prematurely) the defeat of Napoleon. This was, according to some accounts, destroyed by, and according to others only saved by the cavalry from, "the multitudes of idle and dissolute spectators of all sorts". He also worked on a "Solar System" for the ceiling of Stafford House in 1835, then housing a superb art collection open to the public, as well as several other ceiling projects.

paragraph: Howard died in Oxford on 5 October 1847 of "paralysis".

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Two poetical illustrations of Howard's works were written by Letitia Elizabeth Landon. The first, of "The Hours", in her Poetical Catalogue of Paintings in The Literary Gazette (1823), and the second, of "Fairies on the Sea Shore" in her Poetical Catalogue of Modern Paintings in her 1825 volume "The Troubadour; Catalogue of Pictures, and Historical Sketches", this latter poem reappearing in "The Cabinet of Modern Art, 1836" accompanied by an engraving (by Edward Goodall).

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Graves, R. E. and Deborah Graham-Vernon. "Henry Howard". "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved on 8 February 2008.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tate Britain

paragraph: BULLET::::- A "Goddess Iris"

alias: A. R. A. (made an Assistant Royal Academician in 1801) Henry Howard

alias: R. A. (made a Royal Academician in 1808) Henry Howard

description: British painter

wikidata_label: Henry Howard

wikipedia_title: Henry Howard (artist)


text:
lord of Armenian Cilicia
Taurus Mountains
Crusade
siege of Antioch
the separated Armenian Church
Roupen I
Cilicia
Byzantine Empire
Matthew of Edessa
Sempat Sparapet
Gagik II
Sis
Vahka
Ayas
Asia Minor
Roupenians
Anti-Taurus Mountains
Levant
First Crusade
Antioch
Bardas Phokas
Joscelin I of Edessa
Thoros I, Lord of Armenian Cilicia
Leo I, Lord of Armenian Cilicia
Gabriel of Melitene
The Barony of Cilician Armenia
The Rupenids

categories: 1102 deaths,1035 births,Deaths from lightning strikes,11th-century Armenian people

paragraph: Constantine I, Prince of Armenia

paragraph: Constantine I or Kostandin I (1035–1040 / 1050–1055 – c. 1100 / February 24, 1102 – February 23, 1103) was the second lord of Armenian Cilicia or “Lord of the Mountains” (1095 – c. 1100 / 1102 / 1103). During his rule, he controlled the greater part of the regions around the Taurus Mountains, and invested much of his efforts in cultivating the lands and rebuilding the towns within his domain. He provided ample provisions to the Crusaders, for example during the difficult period of the siege of Antioch in the winter of 1097. He was a passionate adherent of the separated Armenian Church.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: He was the son of Roupen I; his father declared the independence of Cilicia from the Byzantine Empire around 1080. According to the chroniclers Matthew of Edessa and Sempat Sparapet, Constantine is also identified as being either a prince of King Gagik II, or some kind of a military commander in the monarch’s clan in exile.

paragraph: Upon the murder of King Gagik II, Constantine’s father gathered his family and fled to the Taurus Mountains and took refuge in the fortress of Kopitar (Kosidar) situated north of Sis (today "Kozan" in Turkey). As Roupen was growing old by 1090, his command seems to have passed entirely to Constantine; and it was the latter who in the same year conquered the strategic Cilician castle of Vahka (today "Feke" in Turkey). The mastery of this mountain defile made possible the assessment of taxes on merchandise transported from the port of Ayas towards the central part of Asia Minor, a source of wealth to which the Roupenians owed their power.

paragraph: Section::::His rule.

paragraph: After his father’s death in 1095, Constantine extended his power eastward towards the Anti-Taurus Mountains. As an Armenian Christian ruler in the Levant, he helped the forces of the First Crusade maintain the siege of Antioch until it fell to the crusaders. The crusaders, for their part, duly appreciated the aid of their Armenian allies: Constantin was honored with the titles of "Comes" and "Baron".

paragraph: The "Chronographie" of Samuel of Ani records that Constantine died soon after a lightning bolt struck his table in the fortress of Vahka. He was buried in Castalon.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: According to the Chronicle of Aleppo, his wife was descended from Bardas Phokas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (? – before 1118), the wife of Count Joscelin I of Edessa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thoros I, Lord of Armenian Cilicia (? – February 17, 1129 / February 16, 1130)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leo I, Lord of Armenian Cilicia (? – Constantinople, February 14, 1140)

paragraph: BULLET::::- [he did not have a daughter who married Gabriel of Melitene as some sources state.]

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ghazarian, Jacob G: "The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia during the Crusades: The Integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins (1080–1393)"; RoutledgeCurzon (Taylor & Francis Group), 2000, Abingdon;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Runciman, Steven: "A History of the Crusades – Volume I.: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem"; Cambridge University Press, 1988, Cambridge;

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Barony of Cilician Armenia (Kurkjian's History of Armenia, Ch. 27)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Rupenids

description: Armenian noble

wikidata_label: Constantine I, Prince of Armenia

wikipedia_title: Constantine I, Prince of Armenia


text: Major League Baseball

text: pitcher

text: Los Angeles Dodgers

text: Colorado Rockies

text: Houston Astros

text: New York Mets

text: Boston Red Sox

text: Texas Rangers

text: San Diego Padres

text: Washington Nationals

text: Triple-A

text: Columbus Clippers

text: strikeout

text: Colorado Rockies

text: Ubaldo Jimenez

text: Jorge de la Rosa

text: List of Colorado Rockies team records

text: "Padres, Astacio at odds"

categories: Harrisburg Senators players,Houston Astros players,Portland Beavers players,Colorado Rockies players,New York Mets players,Washington Nationals players,Texas Rangers players,Azucareros del Este players,New Orleans Zephyrs players,People from Hato Mayor del Rey,San Antonio Missions players,Gulf Coast Dodgers players,Los Angeles Dodgers players,St. Lucie Mets players,Pawtucket Red Sox players,Albuquerque Dukes players,Boston Red Sox players,Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic,Vero Beach Dodgers players,Potomac Nationals players,Caribbean Series players,Portland Sea Dogs players,1968 births,Major League Baseball pitchers,Living people,Bakersfield Dodgers players,Gulf Coast Red Sox players,San Diego Padres players,Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States,Yakima Bears players

paragraph: Pedro Astacio

paragraph: Pedro Julio Astacio (born November 28, 1968) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher. He has played for the Los Angeles Dodgers (1992–1997), Colorado Rockies (1997–2001), Houston Astros (2001), New York Mets (2002–2003), Boston Red Sox (2004), Texas Rangers (2005), the San Diego Padres (2005) and the Washington Nationals (2006). In 2007, Astacio signed a contract with the Nationals' Triple-A affiliate, the Columbus Clippers, but they released him in May.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Astacio held the record for the most career strikeouts by a member of the Colorado Rockies for nearly 10 years, recording 749 strikeouts between 1997 and 2001. The record was broken by Ubaldo Jimenez in 2011. As of the 2018 season, he stands third on the Rockies' career list behind Jimenez and leader Jorge de la Rosa.

paragraph: He was also a member of the 2004 Boston Red Sox team that won the team's first World Series since 1918.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Colorado Rockies team records

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career hit batsmen leaders

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Center, Bill, "Padres, Astacio at odds", "Union-Tribune", December 20, 2005. accessed December 26, 2006.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: br

description: baseball player

wikidata_label: Pedro Astacio

wikipedia_title: Pedro Astacio


text: courtesy name

text: Yuan Shao

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Julu County

text: Hebei

text: Bohai Commandery

text: Nanpi County

text: Emperor Ling

text: eunuch faction

text: Yuan Shao

text: a campaign

text: Dong Zhuo

text: Emperor Xian

text: Ji Province

text: Cao Cao

text: Xuchang

text: Henan

text: Gongsun Zan

text: Battle of Jieqiao

text: Battle of Yijing

text: Cao Cao

text: Ju Shou

text: Guo Tu

text: Liu Bei

text: Xu Province

text: Battle of Guandu

text: Pang Ji

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Fan, Ye

text: Book of the Later Han

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

categories: Executed Han dynasty people,2nd-century births,2nd-century executions,200 deaths,Han dynasty politicians from Hebei,Officials under Yuan Shao,People executed by the Han dynasty

paragraph: Tian Feng

paragraph: Tian Feng (died 200), courtesy name Yuanhao, was an official and adviser serving under the warlord Yuan Shao during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: There are two accounts of Tian Feng's origins: One said that he was from Julu Commandery (鉅鹿郡), which is around present-day Julu County, Hebei; the other claimed that he was from Bohai Commandery (勃海郡), which is around present-day Nanpi County, Hebei. He lost his parents at a young age and lived a rather unhappy life. However, he was known for being well-read, knowledgeable and intelligent. He started his career probably sometime during the reign of Emperor Ling ( 168–189) as a minor official in the office of the Grand Commandant (太尉). Later, he was nominated as a "maocai" (茂才; outstanding civil service candidate) and promoted to an Imperial Clerk (御史). When the eunuch faction dominated the imperial court, Tian Feng felt so disillusioned with politics that he resigned and returned home.

paragraph: Around 190, the warlord Yuan Shao joined a coalition of warlords in a campaign against the tyrannical warlord Dong Zhuo, who controlled the Han central government and the figurehead Emperor Xian. He had heard of Tian Feng and wanted to recruit him as an adviser, so he sent Tian Feng expensive gifts and wrote him a letter in a humble and sincere tone. Tian Feng accepted the invitation because he saw it as an opportunity for him to serve the Han Empire and save it from collapse. Yuan Shao appointed him as an Attendant Officer (別駕).

paragraph: Around 195, Tian Feng advised Yuan Shao to welcome Emperor Xian to Ji Province so that he could control the Emperor and use him as a "trump card" against rival warlords. However, Yuan Shao refused after listening to his other advisers. Eventually, Yuan Shao's rival Cao Cao welcomed Emperor Xian to his base in Xu (許; present-day Xuchang, Henan) and established the new imperial capital there.

paragraph: Throughout the 190s, Yuan Shao engaged Gongsun Zan in a war for supremacy over northern China. During the Battle of Jieqiao in 192, when Yuan Shao came under attack by Gongsun Zan, Tian Feng urged him to take cover behind a wall, but Yuan Shao threw his helmet to the ground and said it would be cowardly of him to hide behind a wall. Nevertheless, Yuan Shao heeded Tian Feng's advice and managed to defeat Gongsun Zan at the Battle of Yijing in 199. After securing his control over the four provinces in northern China, Yuan Shao prepared to wage war against Cao Cao and launch an attack on the imperial capital Xu. Tian Feng and Ju Shou advised Yuan Shao to adopt a slow, steady and step-by-step approach, so as to gradually wear out Cao Cao's forces. However, Yuan Shao heeded the advice of Guo Tu and others instead, and chose to start an all-out war against Cao Cao immediately.

paragraph: In 200, when Cao Cao was away attacking Liu Bei in Xu Province, Tian Feng urged Yuan Shao to seize the opportunity to launch an attack on Cao Cao's base at Xu. However, Yuan Shao refused and said that he was more concerned about his son, who was sick. The frustrated Tian Feng hit the ground with his staff and said, "What a pity that he let a rare opportunity slip by just because of a child's illness!" In the meantime, Cao Cao defeated Liu Bei and retook Xu Province. Liu Bei fled north after his defeat and took shelter under Yuan Shao.

paragraph: Later in 200, before the Battle of Guandu, Tian Feng analysed the situation, advised Yuan Shao to fight a long-term war against Cao Cao and pointed out how it would work to Yuan Shao's advantage. When Yuan Shao refused to listen, Tian Feng repeatedly attempted to push his ideas through. Yuan Shao, thinking that Tian Feng was trying to dampen his troops' morale, became furious and ordered Tian Feng to be put in chains and thrown into prison.

paragraph: After Yuan Shao lost the Battle of Guandu against Cao Cao, someone told Tian Feng, "Your talents will be put to good use again." Tian Feng, however, replied, "If our army won the battle, I will survive; if they lost, I will die." Previously, Tian Feng was not on good terms with Pang Ji, one of Yuan Shao's other advisers. After the battle, Pang Ji lied to Yuan Shao that Tian Feng clapped his hands and rejoiced upon hearing of their defeat. Yuan Shao became so angry that he ordered Tian Feng's execution.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fan, Ye (5th century). "Book of the Later Han" ("Houhanshu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). "Zizhi Tongjian".

description: Advisor to the warlord Yuan Shao

wikidata_label: Tian Feng

wikipedia_title: Tian Feng


text: courtesy name

text: Cao Wei

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Liu Zhang

text: Liu Bei

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Cao Pi

text: Cao Rui

text: rebellion

text: Shu-Han

text: Sima Yi

text: Liu Zhang

text: Yi Province

text: Sichuan

text: Chongqing

text: Liu Bei

text: invaded Yi Province

text: naming taboo

text: Liu Feng

text: Guan Yu

text: trapped by enemy forces

text: Jing Province

text: Sun Quan

text: Guan Yu

text: Liu Bei

text: Cao Pi

text: Emperor Xian

text: Cao Wei

text: Three Kingdoms

text: commanderies

text: Huan Jie

text: Xiahou Shang

text: Shu Han

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Jiang Wan

text: Fei Shi

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Fei Shi

text: Cao Pi

text: Cao Rui

text: Huan Jie

text: Xiahou Shang

text: Northern Expeditions

text: Shu

text: Sima Yi

text: Nanyang

text: Henan

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: courtesy name

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Fang, Xuanling

text: Book of Jin

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

categories: Cao Wei politicians,Cao Wei generals,Liu Zhang and associates,Year of birth unknown,Han dynasty generals from Shaanxi,Executed Cao Wei people,Political office-holders in Hubei,Generals under Liu Bei,228 deaths,Politicians from Shaanxi

paragraph: Meng Da

paragraph: Meng Da () (died 228), courtesy name Zidu, was a military general of the state of Cao Wei during the early Three Kingdoms period of China. He previously served the warlords Liu Zhang and Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han dynasty before defecting to Wei. In Wei, he served under the first two rulers, Cao Pi and Cao Rui. Around late 227, he started a rebellion in Wei and aimed to rejoin the Shu-Han but the revolt was swiftly suppressed by the Wei general Sima Yi. Meng Da was captured and executed for treason.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Liu Zhang and Liu Bei.

paragraph: Meng Da originally served Liu Zhang, the Governor of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing). He defected to another warlord, Liu Bei, when the latter invaded Yi Province in the early 210s and seized control of the province from Liu Zhang. Liu Bei sent Meng Da to guard Jiangling (江陵), and promoted him to Administrator (太守) of Yidu (宜都) later after settling Yi Province. Meng Da's original courtesy name was "Zijing", but he changed it to "Zidu" to avoid naming taboo because "Zijing" was also the courtesy name of Liu Bei's uncle.

paragraph: In 219, Meng Da was ordered to lead a force from Zigui (秭歸) to attack Fangling (房陵). After conquering Fangling, Meng Da advanced further north and captured another city, Shangyong (上庸), where he rendezvoused with Liu Feng, Liu Bei's adoptive son. Later that year, when Liu Bei's general Guan Yu was trapped by enemy forces in Jing Province, Guan requested reinforcements from Liu Feng and Meng Da, but they refused. Guan Yu was eventually captured by forces of the eastern warlord Sun Quan and was executed.

paragraph: Section::::Defection to Wei.

paragraph: Meng Da was afraid that he would be punished for refusing to help Guan Yu. At the time, his relationship with Liu Feng was also strained, hence he brought 4,000 soldiers with him and defected to Liu Bei's rival Cao Pi, who gave him a warm welcome. Meng Da then wrote a letter to Liu Feng, informing the latter that he was in grave danger, because someone close to Liu Bei had spoken ill of him, and he urged Liu Feng to surrender to Wei as well. However, Liu Feng ignored Meng Da's advice and returned to Chengdu, where he was executed by his adoptive father for failing to reinforce Guan Yu and failing to stop Meng Da from defecting.

paragraph: Cao Pi later ended the Eastern Han Dynasty by forcing Emperor Xian to abdicate the throne to him, after which he became emperor and established the state of Cao Wei, marking the start of the Three Kingdoms period. In Wei, Meng Da received various important appointments and the title of a marquis. Cao Pi merged the three commanderies of Fangling, Shangyong and Xicheng (西城) to form a larger commandery, Xincheng (新城), and he appointed Meng Da as the Administrator (太守) of Xincheng and tasked him with defending Wei's southwestern border. Meng Da became close friends with the Wei officials Huan Jie and Xiahou Shang.

paragraph: In 225, Li Hong (李鴻), a former Wei subject who surrendered to Shu Han (a state founded by Liu Bei), came to meet Shu's chancellor Zhuge Liang and the Shu officials Jiang Wan and Fei Shi. Li Hong told them about Meng Da's meeting with a person called Wang Chong (王沖), who told him that Zhuge Liang urged Liu Bei to execute Meng Da's family after Meng defected to Wei, but Liu Bei refused. Meng Da also did not believe Wang Chong.

paragraph: Section::::Rebellion and death.

paragraph: Zhuge Liang attempted to contact Meng Da and induce him to defect back to Shu, despite objection from Fei Shi, who remarked that Meng Da was an untrustworthy traitor. By then, the Wei emperor Cao Pi had died and was succeeded by Cao Rui, who treated Meng Da less favourably. Meng Da's close friends Huan Jie and Xiahou Shang had also died, so Meng Da felt isolated and became increasingly disgruntled with the Wei imperial court. After some exchanging of letters between Zhuge Liang and Meng Da, the latter gradually developed animosity towards Wei and harboured the intention of starting a rebellion.

paragraph: In 228, Zhuge Liang launched the first of a series of Northern Expeditions against Wei, and he succeeded in persuading Meng Da to assist the Shu army by rebelling against Wei. However, Meng Da's rebellion plot was leaked out by Shen Yi (申儀), the Administrator of Weixing (魏興), whom Meng Da had a feud with. The Wei general Sima Yi wrote letters to Meng Da to put the latter in a dilemma on whether to rebel or not, and secretly led an army from Wan (in present-day Nanyang, Henan) to attack Meng Da's base in Xincheng. Sima Yi's forces arrived at Xincheng in just eight days and caught Meng Da completely off guard. Meng Da was betrayed by his nephew Deng Xian (鄧賢) and subordinate Li Fu (李輔) and his rebellion was swiftly suppressed. He was captured and executed by Sima Yi.

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: Meng Da appeared as a character in the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms". His courtesy name in the novel is "Ziqing" (). His role in the novel is mainly centred on the events in the Xincheng Rebellion.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fang, Xuanling (ed.) (648). "Book of Jin" ("Jin Shu").

description: Cao Wei general

wikidata_label: Meng Da

wikipedia_title: Meng Da


text: courtesy name

text: Shu

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: county prefect

text: Liu Bei

text: Liu Shan

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Imperial Chancellor

text: Northern Expeditions

text: Wei

text: Qin Mountains

text: Han River

text: Shaanxi

text: Hubei

text: Hanzhong

text: Mianyang

text: Sichuan

text: Fei Yi

text: Dong Yun

text: Xiangxiang

text: Hunan

text: Liu Min

text: Liu Bei

text: Jing Province

text: Hubei

text: Hunan

text: Yi Province

text: Sichuan

text: Chongqing

text: seized control

text: Shuangliu District

text: Chengdu

text: Zhuge Liang

text: li

text: Shifang County

text: Hanzhong

text: Hanzhong Campaign

text: Liu Shan

text: Shu

text: Liu Bei

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Imperial Chancellor

text: Liu Yong

text: Liao Chun

text: Wei

text: Hanzhong Commandery

text: Zhang Yi

text: Chengdu

text: a series of military campaigns

text: Battle of Wuzhang Plains

text: Li Fu

text: Fei Yi

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Yi Province

text: Fei Yi

text: Liu Shan

text: Cao Rui

text: Liaodong

text: Wei

text: Qin dynasty

text: an uprising

text: Chen Sheng

text: Wu Guang

text: Hanzhong

text: Wu

text: Northern Expeditions

text: Wei

text: Qin Mountains

text: Han River

text: Shaanxi

text: Hubei

text: Liu Shan

text: Fei Yi

text: Jiang Wei

text: Hanzhong Commandery

text: memorial

text: Hanzhong Commandery

text: Mianyang

text: Sichuan

text: Fei Yi

text: Dong Yun

text: Liu Shan

text: posthumous title

text: Chen Shou

text: Sanguozhi

text: Fei Yi

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Pei Songzhi

text: annotated the "Sanguozhi"

text: a Wei invasion

text: Yang Xi

text: Shu

text: Mian County

text: Shaanxi

text: Wei invasion of Shu

text: Zhong Hui

text: Zhuge Siyuan

text: fengshui

text: Fu County

text: Yan Hui

text: Confucius

text: a rebellion

text: Chengdu

text: Sima Zhao

text: Liu Xuan

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

categories: Generals from Hunan,Politicians from Xiangtan,Han dynasty politicians from Hunan,Year of birth unknown,246 deaths,Officials under Liu Bei,Shu Han generals,Shu Han regents

paragraph: Jiang Wan

paragraph: Jiang Wan (died November or December 246), courtesy name Gongyan, was a regent and military general of the state of Shu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Born in the late Eastern Han dynasty, Jiang Wan initially served as a scribe, county chief and county prefect under the warlord Liu Bei, who later became the founding emperor of Shu. After Liu Bei's son Liu Shan succeeded his father as emperor in 223, Jiang Wan gradually rose to prominence under the regency of Zhuge Liang, the Imperial Chancellor of Shu. Between 228 and 234, while Zhuge Liang was away leading Shu forces on the Northern Expeditions against Shu's rival state Wei, Jiang Wan took charge of internal affairs and provided logistical support to the Shu forces at the frontline. After Zhuge Liang's death in 234, Jiang Wan succeeded him as regent and did well in gaining the Shu people's confidence and leading them into a post-Zhuge Liang era. During this time, he considered that the land-based route through the Qin Mountains used by Zhuge Liang during the Northern Expeditions was too difficult for navigation and transportation of supplies. He thus came up with a plan to switch to a water-based route along the Han River targeting Wei territories in present-day southern Shaanxi and northwestern Hubei. However, the Shu government rejected his plan as they thought it was too risky. In 243, due to poor health, Jiang Wan relocated from Hanzhong near the Wei–Shu border to Fu County (present-day Mianyang, Sichuan). Towards the final years of his regency, as his health worsened, Jiang Wan gradually relinquished his powers to his deputies Fei Yi and Dong Yun but he continued to rule as regent in name. He died in 246 and was succeeded by Fei Yi.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Jiang Wan was from Xiangxiang County (湘鄉縣), Lingling Commandery (零陵郡), which is present-day Xiangxiang, Hunan. He and his maternal cousin, Liu Min (劉敏), were already quite well known in Lingling Commandery before they even reached the age of adulthood.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Liu Bei.

paragraph: Around 209 or 210, Jiang Wan came to serve under the warlord Liu Bei, who was also then the Governor of Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan), and held the position of a scribe. In 211, he accompanied Liu Bei to Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing). After Liu Bei seized control of Yi Province in 214, he appointed Jiang Wan as the Chief of Guangdu County (廣都縣; northeast of present-day Shuangliu District, Chengdu, Sichuan).

paragraph: Section::::Service under Liu Bei.:Brief dismissal.

paragraph: On one occasion, when Liu Bei visited Guangdu County, he saw that Jiang Wan was not only dead drunk, but had also been neglecting his duties as a county chief. He was so angry that he wanted to execute Jiang Wan for negligence, but his chief adviser Zhuge Liang stopped him and said: "Jiang Wan is an important pillar of society and his talents are far greater than that required to govern an area of just 100 "li". His style of government focuses on bringing peace and stability to the people; he does not see the superficial aspects as a priority. I hope that you, My Lord, will examine this issue more closely." Liu Bei respected Zhuge Liang's opinion so he did not punish Jiang Wan. However, he still hastily removed Jiang Wan from office.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Liu Bei.:Restoration to office.

paragraph: After his dismissal, Jiang Wan dreamt of an ox's head hanging on a door with blood dripping down. He hated his dream so he asked Zhao Zhi (趙直), a fortune teller, to explain its meaning. Zhao Zhi told him: "One who sees blood is also one who has a keen sense of judgment. The ox's horns and nose form a shape resembling the character "gong" (公; literally 'duke'), so you, Sir, will rise to a position equivalent to that of a duke in the future. It is a highly auspicious omen. Not long later, Jiang Wan was summoned back to serve as the Prefect of Shifang County.

paragraph: In 219, after Liu Bei declared himself "King of Hanzhong" (漢中王) following his victory in the Hanzhong Campaign, he appointed Jiang Wan as an official in his royal secretariat.

paragraph: In 223, Liu Shan became the emperor of the state of Shu following the death of his father Liu Bei. As Liu Shan was still underage at the time, Zhuge Liang, the Imperial Chancellor of Shu, served as the regent. After creating a personal staff to assist him in administering state affairs, Zhuge Liang employed Jiang Wan to serve as an assistant official in the east bureau of his office.

paragraph: Section::::During Zhuge Liang's regency.:Declining to be a "maocai".

paragraph: Jiang Wan was later nominated as a "maocai" (茂才) but he declined the honour and offered it to others such as Liu Yong, Yin Hua (陰化), Pang Yan (龐延) and Liao Chun. Zhuge Liang stopped him and said: "You left your family and home, and travelled a long way to serve the people. We feel for you. There are also people who may not understand your good intentions. That is why all the more you should accept this honour to showcase your merits and contributions. It will also highlight the integrity and rigour of the process of selecting "maocai"s." Jiang Wan was promoted to serve as an Army Adviser (參軍) under Zhuge Liang.

paragraph: Section::::During Zhuge Liang's regency.:Taking charge of internal affairs and providing logistical support.

paragraph: In 227, Zhuge Liang mobilised military forces from throughout Shu in preparation for a large-scale campaign against Shu's rival state Wei in the following year. He then moved to the staging area in Hanzhong Commandery while leaving behind Jiang Wan and his chief clerk Zhang Yi to take charge of his office in the Shu capital Chengdu.

paragraph: In 230, following Zhang Yi's death, Jiang Wan replaced him as Zhuge Liang's chief clerk and was given an additional appointment as General Who Pacifies the Army (撫軍將軍).

paragraph: Between 228 and 234, while Zhuge Liang was leading Shu forces on a series of military campaigns against Wei, Jiang Wan provided logistical support by ensuring that reinforcements and supplies reached the Shu army at the frontline in timely fashion.

paragraph: Section::::During Zhuge Liang's regency.:Designated as Zhuge Liang's successor.

paragraph: Zhuge Liang once said: "Gongyan's ambition is to serve the State with the utmost loyalty and integrity. He will be someone who can work with me to accomplish our State's great mission." He also secretly told Liu Shan: "If I pass away, Jiang Wan can succeed me."

paragraph: In 234, when Zhuge Liang became critically ill at the Battle of Wuzhang Plains, he told Li Fu that Jiang Wan was the most suitable candidate to succeed him as regent and that Fei Yi could succeed Jiang Wan in turn.

paragraph: Section::::Jiang Wan's regency.

paragraph: Section::::Jiang Wan's regency.:Succeeding Zhuge Liang as regent of Shu.

paragraph: After Zhuge Liang's death in 234, Jiang Wan succeeded him as regent and held the office of Prefect of the Masters of Writing (尚書令). He was subsequently appointed as acting Protector-General (都護), granted imperial authority, and given the gubernatorial appointment of Inspector of Yi Province (益州刺史).

paragraph: In May 235, Jiang Wan relinquished his position as Prefect of the Masters of Writing to his deputy Fei Yi, got promoted to General-in-Chief (大將軍) and received an additional appointment as Manager of the Affairs of the Masters of Writing (錄尚書事). He was also enfeoffed as the Marquis of Anyang Village (安陽亭侯).

paragraph: At the time, as Zhuge Liang's death was still quite recent, the people of Shu felt deeply troubled by his passing and began to fear for the future of their state. After Jiang Wan took charge as regent, he demonstrated his talents and skills in leading Shu into a post-Zhuge Liang era. He showed neither sadness nor joy, maintained his composure, and performed his duties as before. Over time, he gradually gained the Shu government and people's confidence in him as their new leader.

paragraph: Section::::Jiang Wan's regency.:Receiving orders to attack Wei.

paragraph: In 238, the Shu emperor Liu Shan issued an imperial decree to Jiang Wan as follows: "The enemy has yet to be defeated. Cao Rui is arrogant and vicious. The people in the three commanderies in Liaodong have long suffered from tyranny so they have decided to band together and break free from Wei rule. Cao Rui has sent an army to attack Liaodong and suppress the rebellion. In the past, the fall of the Qin dynasty started with an uprising led by Chen Sheng and Wu Guang. The rebellion in Liaodong is a Heaven-granted opportunity for us. You should prepare the troops for battle, mobilise them and get them ready in Hanzhong. Once Wu makes a move, both the east and west will launch a coordinated attack on Wei and seize the opportunity to secure victory."

paragraph: Liu Shan then granted Jiang Wan permission to create a personal staff to assist him in administering state affairs. In April or May of the following year, he gave Jiang Wan an additional appointment as Grand Marshal (大司馬).

paragraph: Section::::Jiang Wan's regency.:Ideas on taking an alternative route to attack Wei.

paragraph: Jiang Wan considered that one reason for the failure of Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions against Wei was that he chose the difficult route through the Qin Mountains; the mountainous terrain had made it difficult for the Shu army to navigate their way and transport their supplies to the frontline. Jiang Wan then thought of switching from the land-based route to a water-based one. According to his plan, the Shu forces would construct more warships and sail along the Han River to attack the Wei-controlled Weixing (魏興) and Shangyong (上庸) commanderies in present-day southern Shaanxi and northwestern Hubei.

paragraph: However, due to poor health, Jiang Wan was unable to set his plan into motion. When his plan was put up for discussion in the Shu imperial court, many officials objected to it and pointed out that the water-based route was too risky and not viable in the long term. The main reason was that if the Shu forces failed to capture Weixing and Shangyong commanderies, it would be much more difficult for them to retreat back to Shu along the Han River than if they were to retreat via a land-based route. The Shu emperor Liu Shan then sent Fei Yi and Jiang Wei to Hanzhong Commandery to meet Jiang Wan and present their case for rejecting Jiang Wan's plan.

paragraph: Section::::Jiang Wan's regency.:Relocation to Fu County.

paragraph: In response, Jiang Wan wrote a memorial to Liu Shan as follows:

paragraph: In late October or November 243, Liu Shan approved Jiang Wan's request to relocate from Hanzhong Commandery to Fu County (涪縣; present-day Mianyang, Sichuan).

paragraph: Section::::Jiang Wan's regency.:Death.

paragraph: In late November or December 243, as his health deteriorated, Jiang Wan relinquished his positions as General-in-Chief (大將軍) and Manager of the Affairs of the Masters of Writing (錄尚書事) to Fei Yi, thus making the latter the "de facto" head of the Shu government. In the following year, Dong Yun succeeded Fei Yi as Prefect of the Masters of Writing (尚書令)

paragraph: Jiang Wan's health continued to worsen over time until he died sometime between 26 November and 25 December 246. Liu Shan honoured him with the posthumous title "Marquis Gong" (恭侯; literally "respectful marquis").

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.

paragraph: Chen Shou, the third-century historian who wrote Jiang Wan's biography in the "Sanguozhi", praised Jiang Wan for his success in maintaining order and stability in Shu, and noted that he had the image of a dignified authority figure. He gave credit to Jiang Wan and his successor Fei Yi for following in Zhuge Liang's footsteps and pointed out that in doing so they managed to secure Shu's borders and maintain peace and harmony within Shu. However, he also criticised them for not putting in their best to govern a small state like Shu and keeping it safe.

paragraph: The fifth-century historian Pei Songzhi, who annotated the "Sanguozhi", disagreed with Chen Shou's point of view. He argued that Jiang Wan and Fei Yi did well during their regencies when they refrained from making risky moves that could jeopardise Shu's future and when they successfully countered a Wei invasion and maintained peace within Shu's borders. He also pointed out that readers may find Chen Shou's concluding remarks confusing because Chen Shou did not provide any evidence to support his claim that Jiang Wan and Fei Yi did not put in their best to govern Shu and keep it safe.

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.:Incidents with Yang Xi and Yang Min.

paragraph: Yang Xi was known for being curt and terse when speaking to others. There were times when he completely ignored Jiang Wan while the latter was talking to him. Someone once told Jiang Wan: "Sir, when you speak to Yang Xi, he completely ignores you. He is so rude and disrespectful to you. Isn't that too much?" Jiang Wan replied: "People have different personalities in the same way they have different appearances. The ancients had long cautioned us about people who pretend to be nice in front of you and speak ill of you behind your back. Yang Xi never intended to praise me. If he openly disagreed with me, he would reveal my weaknesses. That was why he ignored me. That's how he's being honest with me."

paragraph: Yang Min (楊敏) once criticised Jiang Wan for being "muddleheaded" and "inferior compared to his predecessor". When an official suggested conducting an investigation and taking disciplinary action against Yang Min, Jiang Wan said: "I am indeed inferior compared to my predecessor. Why is there a need to investigate?" He turned down the official's repeated calls to make a case against Yang Min. When the official sought permission to ask Yang Min to produce evidence to substantiate his claims, Jiang Wan said: "If I am inferior compared to my predecessor, then I am being unreasonable in how I handle issues. If I am unreasonable in the way I handle issues, then I am indeed muddleheaded. Why do you need to ask him?" When Yang Min committed an offence later and ended up being imprisoned, his colleagues feared the worst for him. However, Jiang Wan did not hold a grudge against Yang Min and even helped him obtain a pardon.

paragraph: These two incidents showed that Jiang Wan was a reasonable and well-meaning person.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Jiang Wan's elder son, Jiang Bin (蔣斌), inherited his father's peerage and became the next Marquis of Anyang Village (安陽亭侯). Like his father, he served as a general in Shu and held the rank of General of Pacifying Martial Might (綏武將軍) and appointment of an Army Protector (護軍) in Hancheng County (漢城縣; present-day Mian County, Shaanxi).

paragraph: In 263, during the Wei invasion of Shu, when Wei general Zhong Hui and his troops approached Hancheng County, he wrote a letter to Jiang Bin as follows: "There are many talented and virtuous people in Shu. People like you and Zhuge Siyuan are like me and there are so many others like you too. It has been our ancestors' practice to pay respects to great sages of the past. Today, when I come to Shu, I want to visit your father's tomb, clean it up, and pay my respects to him. I hope you will tell me where it is."

paragraph: Jiang Bin replied: "I know that you are someone who understands me and I hope to become friends with you. Now that you have made such a polite request, it would be rude of me to reject you. My late father fell sick and passed away in Fu County. After the fengshui masters said that Fu County was a good location, we had him buried there. Sir, you came all the way to Shu for the purpose of visiting his tomb and paying your respects. Yan Hui also showed his virtuous character when he treated Confucius like his father. Now, after receiving your letter, I feel deeply saddened and I miss my father even more."

paragraph: Zhong Hui felt impressed by Jiang Bin's honourable character after receiving his reply. He then headed to Fu County, found Jiang Wan's tomb, and paid his respects there. After the fall of Shu in late 263, Jiang Bin went to Fu County to meet Zhong Hui and became friends with him. He was killed by mutinying soldiers in March 264 when Zhong Hui started a rebellion in Chengdu against the Wei regent Sima Zhao.

paragraph: Jiang Wan's younger son, Jiang Xian (蔣顯), served as an attendant to the Shu crown prince Liu Xuan. Zhong Hui also appreciated Jiang Xian for his talent and befriended him as well. Jiang Xian died together with his brother during the chaos caused by Zhong Hui's rebellion in March 264.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: Shu Han regent

wikidata_label: Jiang Wan

wikipedia_title: Jiang Wan


text:
American football
offensive tackle
National Football League
college football
Oklahoma State
New England Patriots
2007 NFL Draft
Indianapolis Colts
Cleveland Browns
Detroit Lions
New York Jets
2007 NFL Draft
New England Patriots
2007 NFL season
2008 NFL season
2009 NFL season
Cleveland Browns
Detroit Lions
2010 NFL season
regular season
2011
New Orleans Saints
2012 NFL season
2013 NFL season
2014 NFL season
New York Giants
Lisfranc injury
Injured reserve list
New York Jets
Detroit Lions bio
Oklahoma State Cowboys bio

categories: Detroit Lions players,Cleveland Browns players,Oklahoma State Cowboys football players,1985 births,Players of American football from Louisiana,Sportspeople from New Orleans,Indianapolis Colts players,New England Patriots players,Living people,American football offensive tackles

paragraph: Corey Hilliard

paragraph: Corey Hilliard (born April 26, 1985) is a former American football offensive tackle who played seven years in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Oklahoma State, before being drafted by the New England Patriots in the sixth round of the 2007 NFL Draft. Hilliard has also been a member of the Indianapolis Colts, Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions, and New York Jets.

paragraph: Section::::Pre-Draft.

paragraph: Corey Hilliard attended the NFL Combine.

paragraph: He measured in at 6'5" 308 pounds. He ran the 40 yard dash in 5.38 (1.86 10 yard split), ran the 20 yard shuttle in 4.65, and ran the 3 cone in 7.45. He had a vertical jump of 27", a broad jump of 8'10", and bench pressed 225 pounds 28 times.

paragraph: At his Pro Day, he improved his vertical jump to 29" and had a broad jump of 8'5".

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New England Patriots.

paragraph: Hilliard was drafted in the sixth round of the 2007 NFL Draft to the New England Patriots. However, on September 1, he was cut from the team.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Indianapolis Colts (2007-2008).

paragraph: In the 2007 NFL season, Hilliard made 3 appearances for the Colts, and in the 2008 NFL season, Hilliard made 2 appearances.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cleveland Browns.

paragraph: For the 2009 NFL season, Hilliard left the Colts, and joined the Cleveland Browns.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Detroit Lions.

paragraph: On December 10, 2009, Hilliard joined the Detroit Lions. Despite not playing a game for the Lions, Hilliard was resigned as an exclusive free agent for the 2010 NFL season.

paragraph: Hilliard played all 16 regular season games for the Lions in 2010 and 2011, and also played in their post-season to the New Orleans Saints (as of March 2015, this is Hilliard's only postseason appearance).

paragraph: Hilliard did not play in the 2012 NFL season, but on March 1, 2013, Hilliard signed a 2-year contract extension with the Lions. Hilliard played 9 games during the 2013 NFL season.

paragraph: In the Lion's opening game of the 2014 NFL season against the New York Giants, Hilliard suffered a Lisfranc injury his right foot, ruling him out of the rest of the 2014 season. He was placed on the Injured reserve list.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New York Jets.

paragraph: Hilliard was signed by the New York Jets on March 24, 2015. He announced his retirement from football on May 8, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Detroit Lions bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oklahoma State Cowboys bio

description: American football offensive tackle

wikidata_label: Corey Hilliard

wikipedia_title: Corey Hilliard