text:
Austrian
singer
songwriter
Notis Sfakianakis
Jack & Jill
Bombay Dreams
Jörgen Elofsson
Darin
Michael Hubalek
Aretha Franklin
Peabo Bryson
Dr. Michael Aris
Aung San Suu Kyi
Notis Sfakianakis
Jack & Jill
Amanda Peet
SimsalaGrimm
King Konstantin
Queen Anne-Marie of Greece
Bombay Dreams
Jorgen Elofsson
German Idol
George Benson
India Arie
Eurobowl
Måns Zelmerlöw
MiChi
Hart of Dixie
Candiria
EP
Mariah Carey
Stone Temple Pilots
Starland Ballroom
Sayreville
New Jersey
Arlene's Grocery
Flaw
Mahalia Jackson
Aretha Franklin
Minnie Riperton
Whitney Houston
Mariah Carey
Beth Gibbons
Portishead
Video interview with Juliya Chernetsky

categories: English-language singers from Austria,Austrian female singers,21st-century Austrian singers,1979 births,Austrian pop singers,Living people

paragraph: Anja Steinlechner

paragraph: Anja Steinlechner Hubalek is an Austrian-born singer/songwriter. She has recorded with several well-known artists as well as for TV shows. "Hanome" a duet she recorded with famous Greek singer Notis Sfakianakis was featured on his album As Milisoun Ta Tragoudia. She also did the song "Do Anything" which was on the soundtrack for the German children's cartoon Simsala Grimm. Another song of hers "Bringing Out the Best of Me" was featured on the WB Series Jack & Jill. She also sang and co-wrote the main character song "Falling Apart" for the European-Bollywood movie Bombay Dreams. She co-wrote (with world-renowned songwriter Jörgen Elofsson) the platinum selling single "Why does i rain" for Swedish singer Darin. German Idol runner up Martin Stosch sang "I can reach heaven from here" (another writing collaboration with Elofsson) in 2007.

paragraph: Anja is currently putting all her focus into her career as a songwriter.

paragraph: Personal life:

paragraph: Anja is married to Priv.-Doz. Dr. Michael Hubalek.

paragraph: Some highlights:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anja sang with Aretha Franklin & Peabo Bryson the song "Power of Peace". Aretha words about Anja: "This girls voice is pure magic!" (published in Ö3 Magazin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anja was interviewed and sang on live Tv reaching millions of people in Asia, the Middle East and Australia. (Interview by 'Trey' on Rupert Murdoch 'Channel V')

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anja sang after meeting & becoming friendly with Dr. Michael Aris, a song dedicated to his wife Nobel Peace Prize Winner Aung San Suu Kyi. Mrs. Suu Kyi heard the song and praised Anja for her beautiful voice.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anja sang a duet called "Hanome" with the famous Greek singer Notis Sfakianakis. The song was released on his album which reached multiple platinum status.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anja's song "Bringing out the best in me" (co-written with Jeff Cohen) was featured in the WB television series Jack & Jill starring Amanda Peet.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anja sang the song "Do anything" for the animated television series "SimsalaGrimm" produced by Greenlight Media and BMG Ariola

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anja sang for King Konstantin and Queen Anne-Marie of Greece, as well as for their two sons Prince Pavlos and Prince Nikolaos.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The movie, Bombay Dreams, features a main character song entitled 'Falling Apart'. Anja both wrote and sang the song for the movie and soundtrack.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swedish singer "Darin" recorded Anja's song "Why does it rain" (co-written with Jorgen Elofsson) for his platinum selling album "The Anthem". The song is getting massive airplay and has reached gold status as a single.

paragraph: BULLET::::- German Idol runner up Martin Stosch sings Anja's song "I can reach heaven from here" (another co-write with Elofsson).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anja recorded George Duke's song "Soon" for Gerald McCauley's (nephew of music legend George Benson to be released album. The song also features India Arie and Shanice. The album also includes incredible artists such as Stevie Wonder, Snoop Dogg, and many more...

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anja just signed on as a songwriter with Jörgen Elofsson, who sold over 100 Million albums with his songs. Jörgen offers Anja the opportunity to work with him on projects for world famous artists ranging from Leona Lewis to Kelly Clarkson to Il Divo and so many more…

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anja sang for the Eurobowl 2009 (European Football Finals) where Austria won against France

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anja sang the "Mountain Duet" from the musical "Chess" with swedish superstar Måns Zelmerlöw. It was released 2012 on the Uppsala Choir Orphei Drängar CD with all famous swedish singers of different genres and Anja was the only non Swede to be asked to participate by maestro Peter Nordahl.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anja co-wrote the first single "Starting over" of famous Japanese artist MiChi for her 2013 released album "Eyes wide open". The song was also used as the ending theme song for the American TV series "Hart of Dixie". Michael McCarthy's review of the song: "Starting over" is MiChi's first single of 2013. There's quite a bit of English sprinkled throughout the extremely catchy track, which finds MiChi's delightful voice soaring as it hits some impressive high notes. It clocks in at 3:07 but it's so infectious that it feels like it's only a minute and a half. It's definitely a song you'll find yourself listening to again and again. And again.

paragraph: Section::::Solo Band (2005-2008).

paragraph: Anja's rock band came together sometime around 2006 and featured Steve Schalk (brother of ex-Candiria drummer Ken Schalk) as well as Jordan Plingos (of 40 Below Summer) on guitars. It also featured other musicians from the New York City area, Teddy Williams on bass and Troy Young on drums. The band recorded an EP entitled "Step into My World" which was self-produced by Steve Schalk along with Max Illidge. The groups sound on one of their pages was described as "Mariah Carey singing for Stone Temple Pilots."

paragraph: The band's first show was on November 4, 2006 - a nearly sold out crowd opening for 40 Below Summer and Black Market Hero at the Starland Ballroom in Sayreville, New Jersey. This was one of just 2 shows drummer Troy Young played with the group after which he was replaced by Carlos Aguilar (also of 40 Below Summer)

paragraph: After this the band continued to write songs and play shows many of which were at Arlene's Grocery in New York City with hopes of gaining label interest and signing a deal. Throughout 2007 the band played roughly 10-12 shows, one of which was on July 21 as an opening act for the record release of Long Island hard rock band Year of the Locust (Ride On) featuring Chris Redd (Chris Kerrigan) on lead guitar formerly of hardcore/punk legends Murphy's Law. Their last of which being October 4, 2007. While reception at the shows and online was mostly all positive the band never signed with a label and drummer Carlos Aguilar left in the fall of 2007. Micah Havertape formerly of the group Flaw filled in for a few shows and it took the band months to find their full-time replacement in Ricky Solerno.

paragraph: In 2008 for unknown reasons the band appears to have not been active in over a year.

paragraph: Section::::Influences.

paragraph: Anja has listed her vocal influences as Mahalia Jackson, Aretha Franklin, Minnie Riperton, Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey, and Beth Gibbons of Portishead.

paragraph: Section::::Discography and Songs.

paragraph: Section::::Discography and Songs.:Songs on compilations/collaborations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hanome" (with Greek singer Notis Sfakianakis)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Do Anything" (for German cartoon Simsala Grimm)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Falling Apart" (for The Bombay Dreams Soundtrack)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bringing Out the Best in Me" (for US TV Series Jack & Jill)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Soon" (Anja feat. India Arie & Shanice for Gerald McCauley's "the Gift" album)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Why Does It Rain" - Darin (The Anthem)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Can Reach Heaven from Here" - Martin Stosch

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mountain Duet" -(with Swedish singer Måns Zelmerlöw)

paragraph: Section::::Band.

paragraph: "Step into My World" EP (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Step into My World

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Over Now

paragraph: BULLET::::3. My Guardian (Opa) (later rerecorded)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. One More Try

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Running Through My Veins

paragraph: Other Songs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Addiction

paragraph: BULLET::::- I Feel Like Crying

paragraph: BULLET::::- Enough

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catharsis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Let Me Be Me

paragraph: BULLET::::- Silence

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stand Up

paragraph: BULLET::::- Home

paragraph: BULLET::::- Got It All

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Video interview with Juliya Chernetsky/a

description: Austrian singer

wikidata_label: Anja Steinlechner

wikipedia_title: Anja Steinlechner


text:
Italo Calvino
Invisible Cities
Gabriele D'Annunzio
Pescara

categories: Irish women artists,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Colleen Corradi Brannigan

paragraph: Colleen Corradi Brannigan is an Irish-Italian artist whose work is closely connected to Italo Calvino's novel "Invisible Cities".

paragraph: The artist worked for 10 years changing and developing the imagery connected to Calvino's 55 descriptions of cities and the resulting body of work includes etchings, watercolors, paintings, sculptures and drawings made between 1999 and 2009. Her first exhibition on the invisible cities comprised most of Calvino's cities and it was held in 2006 in Gabriele D'Annunzio's museum in Pescara. Her second exhibition devoted solely to the Invisible Cities was scheduled to open in June 2009 and will be hosted in Dedalo Art Center in Castiglione a Casauria, Pescara. During 1999 and 2009, the artist also worked on other projects, including DOGNY. However, the "Invisible Cities" was her major cycle.

paragraph: Her work has been featured in several newspaper articles, numerous group shows around the globe and in the "Encyclopaedia of Italian Literature" under Italo Calvino, published by L'Espresso.

description: Irish artist

wikidata_label: Colleen Corradi Brannigan

wikipedia_title: Colleen Corradi Brannigan


text: VC

text: English

text: Victoria Cross

text: British

text: Commonwealth

text: lance corporal

text: 52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot

text: British Army

text: Indian Mutiny

text: Delhi

text: India

text: sergeant

text: cholera

text: India

text: Royal Green Jackets (Rifles) Museum

text: Winchester

text: Monuments to Courage

text: The Register of the Victoria Cross

categories: British recipients of the Victoria Cross,Infectious disease deaths in India,People from Thames Ditton,1825 births,52nd Regiment of Foot soldiers,Indian Rebellion of 1857 recipients of the Victoria Cross,Deaths from cholera,1862 deaths

paragraph: Henry Smith (VC)

paragraph: Henry Smith VC (1825 – 18 August 1862) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Details.

paragraph: Smith was about 32 years old, and a lance corporal in the 52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot (later the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry), British Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place on 14 September 1857 at Delhi, India for which he was awarded the VC:

paragraph: Section::::Further information.

paragraph: He later achieved the rank of sergeant, and died of cholera while serving in India. He was buried in a mass grave.

paragraph: Section::::The medal.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Green Jackets (Rifles) Museum, Winchester, England.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)

description: English recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Henry Smith

wikipedia_title: Henry Smith (VC)


text:
type designer
Emigre
Mrs Eaves
Bratislava
Czechoslovakia
Greek alphabet
"Eye"
Rudy Vanderlans
Emigre
"Emigre"
Macintosh
Mrs Eaves
Baskerville
Bodoni
ligatures
small caps
Didone
Baskerville
Society of Typographic Aficionados
Rudy VanderLans
"Emigre"
Rudy VanderLans
"Emigre"
Rudy VanderLans
List of AIGA medalists
List of Eye magazine issues
First Things First 2000 manifesto
"Emigre"
51: First Things First
Interview with Licko at emigre.com
List of AIGA medalists
List of Emigre magazines

categories: AIGA medalists,People from Bratislava,1961 births,Slovak typographers,Slovak graphic designers,University of California, Berkeley alumni,Slovak women artists,Living people

paragraph: Zuzana Licko

paragraph: Zuzana Licko (born Zuzana Ličko, 1961) is a Slovak-born American type designer known for co-founding the graphic design magazine "Emigre" and for creating numerous typefaces, including Mrs Eaves.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Licko who was born in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia. Licko came to the United States when she was a child, along with her family. She studied architecture, photography and computer programming before earning a degree in graphic communications at the University of California at Berkeley.

paragraph: Licko's father was a biomathematician and at the University of California, San Francisco. Through his job, she became involved with computers during the summer months, helping him with data processing work. The first font she created was designed in the Greek alphabet for her father.

paragraph: When she started her university education, her goal was to earn a degree in architecture, but she changed to a visual studies major because she believed becoming an architect was too similar to going to business school. While at Berkeley, Licko took a calligraphy class, which was her least favorite because she had to write with her right hand even though she was left handed. This experience influenced her when she started working on type design, which was more computer-based.

paragraph: In an interview featured in "Eye", Licko described her creative relationship with her husband Rudy Vanderlans:

paragraph: Section::::Emigre.

paragraph: In the mid-1980s, Licko and VanderLans founded Emigre, also known as Emigre Graphics. The magazine, "Emigre", was created in 1984. This magazine  designed and distributed original fonts under the direction of VanderLans, its editor. Licko was responsible for many successful Emigre fonts.

paragraph: Licko was initially exposed to Macintosh computers with the first release in 1984.

paragraph: Apart from adding new typefaces as a form of content, Émigré was also created as a way to share the typefaces with other designers that liked and wanted to use Licko's creations. As technology advanced, Licko moved from bitmap fonts to high resolution designs and based the newer designs on the ones initially created for dot matrix printers.

paragraph: In the mid-1990s, Licko worked on two notable revivals: Mrs Eaves, based on Baskerville, and Filosofia, based on Bodoni. Both are Licko's personal interpretations of their historical models and each features extensive ligatures.

paragraph: Mrs Eaves was named after John Baskerville's lover; it is a somewhat stylized revival of the Baskerville typeface. Along with ligatures, Licko stylized Baskerville through the use of small caps or "petite caps".

paragraph: Section::::Filosofia.

paragraph: Because of her admiration for the Didone serif typeface Bodoni, she designed and came up with several variations of Bodoni, in the form of digital font for computer type and some forms were also used for text.

paragraph: Before working with computers, Licko's favorite typeface was Bodoni with its "clean lines and geometric shapes and the variety of headline style choices." Licko avoided using Bodoni for long texts, "as the extreme contrast made it difficult to read at small sizes.’"

paragraph: Bodoni influenced Licko’s work on Filosofia, one of her typefaces. Like other revivals of typefaces, Licko’s revival of Bodoni focused on geometry and symmetry. She also incorporated details like slightly rounded serif endings.

paragraph: Licko’s Filosofia was designed to be modified for use either in print or on a computer. There is a "Regular" version of the Filosofia family which is designed to be used in print.

paragraph: The Filosofia Grand is designed for display applications and is described as more refined and delicate. To create Filosofia, Licko studied different styles of Bodoni, including the original print work and recent revivals, such as ITC Bodoni.

paragraph: Although the samples of Bodoni did have an influence on her work, Licko instead recreated Bodoni with her mind, judging by eye to keep the original measurements.

paragraph: Section::::Mrs. Eaves.

paragraph: In "Texts on Type," Licko writes about her take on Baskerville and what Mrs. Eaves meant to her: "In my rendition of this classic typeface, I have addressed the highly criticized feature of sharp contrast. To a great degree, the critics were wrong; it did not prevent Baskerville from becoming assimilated as a highly legible text face, and in fact, the high contrast between stems and hairlines became quite desirable, as is apparent in typefaces such as Baskerville, which followed in the lineage. Mrs. Eaves is named after the typeface designer's wife.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: Licko and her husband Rudy VanderLans won the Chrysler Design Award in 1994. Apart from winning this award, their work on Émigré also won the Publish magazine Impact Award in 1996. A year later, they got an American Institute for Graphic Arts Gold Medal Award. Soon after, in 1998 they were awarded the Charles Nyples Award in Innovation in Typography.

paragraph: The Society of Typographic Aficionados awarded Licko the 2013 SOTA Typography Award, citing her "intellectual, highly-structured approach to type design" and her contributions to the digital typography industry.

paragraph: Section::::Fonts designed by Licko.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lo-Res (9, 12, 15, 22, 28; serif 22 & 21), 1985

paragraph: BULLET::::- Modula, 1985

paragraph: BULLET::::- Citizen, 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matrix, 1986

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lunatix, 1988

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oblong, 1988

paragraph: BULLET::::- Senator, 1988

paragraph: BULLET::::- Variex, 1988

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elektrix, 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- Triplex, 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- Journal (original and text), 1990

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tall Pack, 1990

paragraph: BULLET::::- Totally Gothic, 1990

paragraph: BULLET::::- Totally Glyphic, 1990

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matrix Script, 1992

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matrix Inline (original and script), 1992

paragraph: BULLET::::- Modula Tall, 1992

paragraph: BULLET::::- Narly, 1993

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dogma (original, script & outline), 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- Whirligig, 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- Base Nine and Twelve (serif & sans), 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- Soda Script, 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- Modula Round sans, 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mrs. Eaves (original & serif), 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- Filosofia (original, grand & unicase), 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- Base Monospace, 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hypnopaedia, 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tarzana, 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solex, 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fairplex, 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Puzzler, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mr. Eaves Sans and Modern, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Base 900, 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- Program, 2013

paragraph: Section::::Essays by Licko.

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Rudy VanderLans, "Ambition/Fear", "Emigre" 11, edited by Rudy VanderLans, 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Discovery by Design", "Emigre" 32, edited by Rudy VanderLans, 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ceramics and Type Design: Differently Similar", online at the Emigre website. Undated.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Emigre: Graphic Design into the Digital Realm."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of AIGA medalists

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Eye magazine issues

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Things First 2000 manifesto

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Emigre" 51: First Things First, 1999.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dooley, Michael. "Graphic Design USA 18". "Critical Conditions: Zuzana Licko, Rudy VanderLans, and the Emigre Spirit." 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cees W. De Jong, Alston W. Purvis, and Friedrich Friedl. 2005. Creative Type: A Sourcebook of Classical and Contemporary Letterforms. Thames & Hudson.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with Licko at emigre.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.emigre.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20140911211036/http://www.kevinpedia.com/work/lickos_lab/

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.aiga.org/medalist-zuzanalickoandrudyvanderlans/

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of AIGA medalists

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20111026140049/http://emigre.com/fonts.php

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?criteria=O%3AAD%3AE%3A30188&page_number=5&template_id=1&sort_order=1

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.printmag.com/article/Design-Couples-Rudy-Vanderlans-and-Zuzana-Licko

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://fontfeed.com/archives/an-interview-with-zuzana-licko/

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20120516025828/http://www.chrysler.com/design/design_influences/design_awards/1994/zlicko.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Emigre magazines

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://grafikturko.net/100-best-fonts-fontshopever/

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.designersandbooks.com/designer/bio/zuzana-licko

description: Slovak graphic designer

wikidata_label: Zuzana Licko

wikipedia_title: Zuzana Licko


text:
King of Cyprus
King of Jerusalem
Guy, Constable of Cyprus
Hugh III of Cyprus
Eschiva of Ibelin
Constable of Cyprus
Cyprus
Henry II
House of Poitiers-Lusignan
Peter I
crusade
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Venice
Knights Hospitaller
Smyrna
captured the city
Imbros
Saint Sophia Cathedral, Nicosia
Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Famagusta
Venice
Genoa
Lapithos
Boccaccio
Genealogia Deorum Gentilium
Nicosia
House of Ibelin
Guy of Ibelin
Count of Jaffa
Askalon
Naumachia
Nicosia
Constable of Cyprus
Prince of Galilee
Château de Bourbon
Santa Sophia
Nicosia
Marie of Bourbon
Naples
Princess of Achaia
Naples
Robert, Prince of Taranto
Naples
Emperor of Constantinople
Cyprus
Prince of Galilee
Senator
Arnecha
Leondaki
Alix of Ibelin
Nicosia
Guy of Ibelin
Isabelle d'Ibelin
plague
Nicosia
Peter I of Lusignan
John of Lusignan
Regent of Cyprus
Prince of Antioch
Frederick III of Sicily
Eleanor of Anjou
James I of Lusignan
Peter II of Cyprus
Seneschal of Cyprus

categories: Claimant Kings of Jerusalem,1290s births,Roman Catholic monarchs,Kings of Cyprus,14th-century rulers,14th century in Cyprus,1359 deaths

paragraph: Hugh IV of Cyprus

paragraph: Hugh IV (1293×96 – 10 October 1359) was King of Cyprus from 31 March 1324 to his abdication, on 24 November 1358 and, nominally, King of Jerusalem, as Hugh II, until his death. The son of Guy, Constable of Cyprus (son of Hugh III of Cyprus), and Eschiva of Ibelin, Hugh succeeded his father as Constable of Cyprus in 1318, and later succeeded to the throne of Cyprus on the death of his uncle Henry II, since Henry II had no son. He was a member of the House of Poitiers-Lusignan.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Hugh appears to have been content to rule Cyprus, as he prevented his son, Peter I, from going to Western Europe to recruit support for a new crusade to recover their Kingdom of Jerusalem. In 1344, he joined a league with Venice and the Knights Hospitaller which burnt a Turkish fleet in Smyrna and captured the city. In 1345 the allies defeated the Turks at Imbros by land and sea, but Hugh could see little benefit for his kingdom in these endeavors and withdrew from the league.

paragraph: He was crowned as King of Cyprus at Saint Sophia Cathedral, Nicosia, on 15 April or 25 April 1324. In the same year, on 13 May, he was crowned at Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Famagusta as Titular King of Jerusalem. As a leader, King Hugh signed an agreement with Venice, which had to do with the activities of the Venician merchants who were settling in Cyprus. That caused problems with the Republic of Genoa who were rivals of the Venetians; however he negotiated with them and had agreement in 1329. The Genoese demanded that Hugh pay the debit of his uncle Henry II. He died in Nicosia.

paragraph: During his reign, he was strict about issues relating to justice. When his two sons left without his permission for a trip in Europe, he arrested the man who helped them to leave the island, he imprisoned and tortured him, and he cut off a hand and a foot before he hanged him in April 1349. He managed to bring back his two sons and he imprisoned them.

paragraph: Other sources show that he was well educated and had an interest in art, literature, and philosophy and had much knowledge of Latin literature. He owned a summer villa in Lapithos and organised philosophical meetings. The Italian writer Boccaccio, wrote "Genealogia Deorum Gentilium" at the request of Hugh IV.

paragraph: Hugh resigned the crown to his son, Peter I (rather than his grandson Hugh) in 1358, and died on 10 October 1359 in Nicosia.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Hugh was married twice, both times to ladies of the House of Ibelin, whose fathers were both named "Guy of Ibelin", one being Count of Jaffa and the other Seneschal of Cyprus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh's first marriage was in 1307/1310 to Marie d'Ibelin (1294 – before 30 June 1318), daughter of Guy of Ibelin (1250–1304), Count of Jaffa, and wife and cousin Marie d'Ibelin, Lady of Askalon and Naumachia. They had at least one son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guy of Lusignan (c. 1316 or 1315–1316 – soon before 24 September 1343 and buried in Nicosia), Constable of Cyprus (1336–1338) and titular Prince of Galilee ca. 1320. He married by proxy at the Château de Bourbon on 29 November 1328 and in person at Santa Sophia, Nicosia on 15–30 January 1330 Marie of Bourbon (1315–1387 in Naples and buried there), Princess of Achaia – later remarried on 9 September 1347 in Naples to Robert, Prince of Taranto (1299/1319 – 10 September 1364 in Naples and buried there), Titular Emperor of Constantinople in 1343, etc., without issue – and they left one son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh of Lusignan (1335–1385/1386 in Cyprus), who succeeded his father as titular Prince of Galilee in 1343, Senator of Rome on 12 August 1360 and Lord of Arnecha and Leondaki in January 1365. He married after Autumn 1365 Marie de Morphou (d. after 1383), dau.of Sir Jean de Morphou, Comte de Roucha, without issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- His second marriage took place on 18 June 1318, to Alix of Ibelin (1304/1306 – after 6 August 1386 and buried at Saint Dominic's, Nicosia), daughter of Guy of Ibelin by his wife and cousin Isabelle d'Ibelin. Children with Alice were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eschiva of Lusignan (c. 1323 or 1322–1324 – of the plague, 1363 and buried in Nicosia), married after 5 March 1337/1339, separated since 22 April 1341, Ferdinand of Majorca (March/April, 1317 – ca. 1343/1347), Viscount of Aumelàs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter I of Lusignan (1328–1369), succeeded him as King of Cyprus and Jerusalem.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John of Lusignan (c. 1329 or 1329/1330–1375), Regent of Cyprus and Titular Prince of Antioch, murdered, married twice, firstly in 1343 to Constance, daughter of Frederick III of Sicily and Eleanor of Anjou, without issue, and secondly in 1350 to Alice d'Ibelin (d. after 1373), by whom he had issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- James I of Lusignan (1334–1398), succeeded his nephew Peter II of Cyprus.

paragraph: Three other children of Hugh whose filiation is uncertain:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas of Lusignan (d. 15 November 1340), unmarried and without issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perrot of Lusignan (d. 29 June 1353), unmarried and without issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret of Lusignan, married in 1347/1349 Gautier de Dampierre(-sur-Salon) (d. after 1373), Seneschal of Cyprus.

description: King of Cyprus

wikidata_label: Hugh IV of Cyprus

wikipedia_title: Hugh IV of Cyprus


text:
Trencavel
viscount
Béziers
Albi
vassal
count of Toulouse
Carcassonne
Razès
count of Barcelona
Aragon
Roger II Trencavel
Azalais of Toulouse
Burlats
Raymond V of Toulouse
Raymond VI
Raymond VI of Toulouse
Château
Cathar
Jew
Albigensian Crusade
Lyon
excommunication
Montpellier
Albi
Raymond VI of Toulouse
Carcassonne
Arnaud Amaury
Peter II of Aragon
Pope Innocent III
dungeon
dysentery
poison
Simon de Montfort
Raymond II
Louis IX of France
Percival
Wolfram von Eschenbach
Parzival
Otto Rahn
Peter Berling
The Children of the Grail
Jean Blum
Joaquín Javaloys
historical novel
Kate Mosse
"Labyrinth"
Tom Felton
Albigensian
Cathar

categories: Occitan nobility,1185 births,1209 deaths,People of the Albigensian Crusade

paragraph: Raymond Roger Trencavel

paragraph: Raymond Roger Trencavel (also Raimond, ; 1185 – 10 November 1209) was a member of the noble Trencavel family. He was viscount of Béziers and Albi (and thus a vassal of the count of Toulouse), and viscount of Carcassonne and the Razès (and thus a vassal of the count of Barcelona, which was also ruling Aragon at this time).

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Raymond-Roger was the son of Roger II Trencavel (d. 1194), and of Azalais of Toulouse (also known as the "Countess of Burlats"), daughter of Raymond V of Toulouse and sister of Raymond VI. Raymond-Roger was married to Agnes of Montpellier. His aunt, Beatrice of Béziers, was the second wife of Raymond VI of Toulouse.

paragraph: Raymond-Roger lived in the Château Comtal in the fortified hill town of Carcassonne. The château was built by his ancestors in the 11th century. Raymond-Roger was not a Cathar, although many of his subjects were. He adopted a "laissez-faire" attitude to Catharism – and to other cultures and religions. He relied strongly on Jews to run Béziers, his second seat of power.

paragraph: By mid-1209, at the beginning of the Albigensian Crusade, around 10,000 crusaders had gathered in Lyon and began to march south. In June, Raymond of Toulouse, recognizing the potential disaster at hand, promised to act against the Cathars, and his excommunication was lifted. The crusaders headed towards Montpellier and the lands of Raymond-Roger de Trencavel, aiming for the Cathar communities around Albi and Carcassonne. Like Raymond VI of Toulouse, Raymond-Roger de Trencavel sought an accommodation with the crusaders, but Raymond-Roger was refused a meeting and raced back to Carcassonne to prepare his defences. The city of Béziers was sacked in July and its population massacred.

paragraph: The town of Carcassonne was well fortified, but vulnerable and over-populated with refugees. The crusaders, led by a papal legate, Arnaud Amaury, Abbot of Cîteaux, arrived outside the town on August 1, 1209. As vassal of King Peter II of Aragon, Raymond-Roger had hoped for protection, but Peter was powerless to oppose Pope Innocent III's army and could act only as a mediator.

paragraph: The siege did not last long. By August 7 the crusaders had cut the town's access to water. Raymond-Roger accepted a safe-conduct to negotiate terms of surrender in the Crusader camp. At the conclusion of these negotiations he was taken prisoner while still under safe conduct, and imprisoned in his own dungeon, where he died, possibly of dysentery, though there were suspicions of poisoning.

paragraph: The town of Carcassonne had surrendered on August 15. The inhabitants were not massacred but were forced to leave the town. Simon de Montfort was granted control of the area encompassing Carcassonne, Albi, and Béziers. Raymond-Roger's dispossessed son, Raymond II (1204-1263), formally ceded his rights to Louis IX of France in 1247, after several failed attempts to recover his patrimony.

paragraph: Section::::Portrayals in Fiction.

paragraph: Some authors have identified Raymond Roger with Percival of legend. Some claim this identification was exposed, albeit esoterically, by Wolfram von Eschenbach in his "Parzival" in the middle of the thirteenth century.

paragraph: This identification has been favoured in more recent years by Otto Rahn in his "Crusade Against the Grail", Peter Berling in various works in his series "The Children of the Grail", Jean Blum in "Mystère et message des Cathares", and Joaquín Javaloys in his historical novel "Yo, Parsifal: el mítico caballero del Grial".

paragraph: His appearance in film, so far, has been limited to the mini-series adaption of Kate Mosse's "Labyrinth", in which he was portrayed by Tom Felton, who plays him as a fair, even-minded lord with compassion for those of the minority Albigensian (or Cathar) religious sect.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Graham-Leigh, Elaine. "The Southern French Nobility and the Albigensian Crusade". Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2005. .

description: Occitan noble

wikidata_label: Raymond Roger Trencavel

wikipedia_title: Raymond Roger Trencavel


text: privateer

text: Royal Governor

text: the Bahamas

text: marooned

text: Alexander Selkirk

text: Daniel Defoe

text: Robinson Crusoe

text: Poole

text: Bristol

text: William Dampier

text: British

text: at war

text: Juan Fernandez Island

text: Nassau

text: Poole

text: Newfoundland

text: freeman

text: William Whetstone

text: War of the Spanish Succession

text: England's

text: letters of marque

text: slave trade

text: privateer

text: William Dampier

text: mutinies

text: worms

text: Quaker

text: Goldney family

text: Thomas Dover

text: sailing master

text: Dutch

text: Drake Passage

text: Tenerife

text: Antarctica

text: scurvy

text: Alexander Selkirk

text: Robinson Crusoe

text: Daniel Defoe

text: mate

text: prize ship

text: Guayaquil

text: sickness

text: Simon Hatley

text: albatross

text: an episode memorialised

text: Samuel Taylor Coleridge

text: Guam

text: Batavia

text: British East India Company

text: Thames River

text: A Cruising Voyage Round the World

text: River Plate

text: South Sea Company

text: George Anson

text: John Clipperton

text: George Shelvocke

text: Dutch East Indies

text: Queen Anne

text: West Indies

text: George I

text: Lords Proprietor

text: bailiwick

text: Charles Vane

text: fireship

text: Nassau

text: New Providence Island

text: Blackbeard

text: Abaco

text: Benjamin Hornigold

text: John Auger

text: at war again

text: Pensacola

text: Paradise Island

text: were driven off

text: Bay Islands

text: Jamaica

text: Charleston

text: HMS "Flamborough"

text: imprisoned for debt

text: Captain Charles Johnson

text: George II

categories: British governors of the Bahamas,People imprisoned for debt,People from Bristol,Circumnavigators of the globe,1679 births,English privateers,History of Baja California,People from Poole,Anti-piracy

paragraph: Woodes Rogers

paragraph: Woodes Rogers (c. 1679 – 15 July 1732) was an English sea captain and privateer and, later, the first Royal Governor of the Bahamas. He is known as the captain of the vessel that rescued marooned Alexander Selkirk, whose plight is generally believed to have inspired Daniel Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe".

paragraph: Rogers came from an affluent seafaring family, grew up in Poole and Bristol, and served a marine apprenticeship to a Bristol sea captain. His father held shares in many ships, but he died when Rogers was in his mid-twenties, leaving Rogers in control of the family shipping business. In 1707, Rogers was approached by Captain William Dampier, who sought support for a privateering voyage against the Spanish, with whom the British were at war. Rogers led the expedition, which consisted of two well-armed ships, "Duke" and "Duchess", and was the captain of "Duke". In three years, Rogers and his men went around the world, capturing several ships in the Pacific Ocean. En route, the expedition rescued Selkirk, finding him on Juan Fernandez Island on 1 February 1709. When the expedition returned to England in October 1711, Rogers had circumnavigated the globe, while retaining his original ships and most of his men, and the investors in the expedition doubled their money.

paragraph: The expedition made Rogers a national hero, but his brother was killed and Rogers was badly wounded in fights in the Pacific. On his return, he was successfully sued by his crew on the grounds that they had not received their fair share of the expedition profits, and Rogers was forced into bankruptcy. He wrote of his maritime experiences in the book "A Cruising Voyage Round the World", which sold well, in part due to public fascination at Selkirk's rescue.

paragraph: Rogers was twice appointed Governor of the Bahamas, where he succeeded in warding off threats from the Spanish, and in ridding the colony of pirates. His first term as governor was financially ruinous, and on his return to England, he was imprisoned for debt. During his second term as governor, Rogers died in Nassau at the age of about 53.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Woodes Rogers was the eldest son and heir of Woods Rogers, a successful merchant captain. Woodes Rogers spent part of his childhood in Poole, England, where he likely attended the local school; his father, who owned shares in many ships, was often away nine months of the year with the Newfoundland fishing fleet. Sometime between 1690 and 1696, Captain Rogers moved his family to Bristol. In November 1697, Woodes Rogers was apprenticed to Bristol mariner John Yeamans, to learn the profession of a sailor. At 18, Rogers was somewhat old to be starting a seven-year apprenticeship.

paragraph: His biographer, Brian Little, suggests that this might have been a way for the newcomers to become part of Bristol maritime society, as well as making it possible for Woodes Rogers to become a freeman, or voting citizen, of the city. Little also suggests that it is likely that Rogers gained his maritime experience with Yeamans' ship on the Newfoundland fleet. Rogers completed his apprenticeship in November 1704.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Marriage and family.

paragraph: The following January Rogers married Sarah Whetstone, daughter of Rear Admiral Sir William Whetstone, who was a neighbour and close family friend. Rogers became a freeman of Bristol because of his marriage into the prominent Whetstone family. In 1706, Captain Rogers died at sea, leaving his ships and business to his son Woodes. Between 1706 and the end of 1708, Woodes and Sarah Rogers had a son and two daughters.

paragraph: Section::::Privateering expedition.

paragraph: Section::::Privateering expedition.:Preparation and the early voyage.

paragraph: The War of the Spanish Succession started in 1702, during which England's main maritime foes were France and Spain, and a number of Bristol ships were given letters of marque, allowing them to strike against enemy shipping. At least four vessels in which Rogers had an ownership interest were granted the letters. One, "Whetstone Galley", named for Rogers' father in law, received the letters before being sent to Africa to begin a voyage in the slave trade. It did not reach Africa, but was captured by the French. Rogers suffered other losses against the French, although he does not record their extent in his book. He turned to privateering as a means of recouping these losses.

paragraph: In late 1707, Rogers was approached by William Dampier, a navigator and friend of Rogers' father, who proposed a privateering expedition against the Spanish. This was a desperate move on the part of Captain Dampier to save his career. Dampier had recently returned from leading a two-ship privateering expedition into the Pacific, which culminated in a series of mutinies before both ships finally sank due to Dampier's error in not having the hulls properly protected against worms before leaving port. Unaware of this, Rogers agreed. Financing was provided by many in the Bristol community, including Thomas Goldney II of the Quaker Goldney family and Thomas Dover, who would become president of the voyage council and Rogers' father in law. Commanding two frigates, "Duke" and "Duchess", and captaining the first, Rogers spent three years circumnavigating the globe. The ships departed Bristol on 1 August 1708. Dampier was aboard as Rogers' sailing master.

paragraph: Rogers encountered various problems along the way. Forty of the Bristol crew deserted or were dismissed, and he spent a month in Ireland recruiting replacements and having the vessels prepared for sea. Many crew members were Dutch, Danish, or other foreigners. Some of the crew mutinied after Rogers refused to let them plunder a neutral Swedish vessel. When the mutiny was put down, he had the leader flogged, put in irons, and sent to England aboard another ship. The less culpable mutineers were given lighter punishments, such as reduced rations. The ships intended to force the chilly Drake Passage off the tip of South America, but expedition leaders soon realised that they were short of warm clothing and alcohol, which was then believed to warm those exposed to cold. Considering the latter the more important problem, the expedition made a stop at Tenerife to stock up on the local wine, and later sewed the ships' blankets into cold weather gear. The ships experienced a difficult inter-oceanic passage; they were forced to almost 62° South latitude, which, according to Rogers, "for ought we know is the furthest that any one has yet been to the southward". At their furthest south, they were closer to as-yet-undiscovered Antarctica than to South America.

paragraph: Section::::Privateering expedition.:Rescue of Selkirk and raids on the Spanish.

paragraph: Rogers stocked his ships with limes to fend off scurvy, a practice not universally accepted at that time. After reaching the Pacific Ocean, the ships' provisions of limes were exhausted and seven men died of the vitamin deficiency disease. Dampier was able to guide the ships to little-known Juan Fernandez Island to replenish supplies of fresh produce. On 1 February 1709, as they neared the island, the sailors spotted a fire ashore and feared that it might be a shore party from a Spanish vessel. The next morning Rogers sent a party ashore and discovered that the fire was from Scottish sailor Alexander Selkirk, who had been stranded there four years previously. Selkirk was to become an inspiration for the classic novel "Robinson Crusoe", written by Rogers' friend, Daniel Defoe. Rogers found Selkirk to be "wild-looking" and "wearing goatskins", noting in his journal, "He had with him his clothes and bedding, with a firelock, some powder, bullets and tobacco, a hatchet, a knife, a kettle, a Bible and books." Selkirk, who had been part of the ship's crew that abandoned Dampier after losing confidence in his leadership, was now more than willing to join a flotilla that included his old commodore as ship's pilot. Selkirk served as a mate aboard the "Duke", and was later given command of one of the prize ships taken by the expedition.

paragraph: After leaving Juan Fernandez on 14 February 1709, the expedition captured and looted a number of small vessels, and launched an attack on the town of Guayaquil, today located in Ecuador. When Rogers attempted to negotiate with the governor, the townsfolk secreted their valuables. Rogers was able to get a modest ransom for the town, but some crew members were so dissatisfied that they dug up the recently dead hoping to find items of value. This led to sickness on board ship, of which six men died. The expedition lost contact with one of the captured ships, which was under the command of Simon Hatley. The other vessels searched for Hatley's ship, but to no avail—Hatley and his men were captured by the Spanish. On a subsequent voyage to the Pacific, Hatley would emulate Selkirk by becoming the centre of an event which would be immortalised in literature. His ship beset by storms, Hatley shot an albatross in the hope of better winds, an episode memorialised by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.

paragraph: The crew of the vessels became increasingly discontented, and Rogers and his officers feared another mutiny. This tension was dispelled by the expedition's capture of a rich prize off the coast of Mexico: the Spanish vessel "Nuestra Señora de la Encarnación y Desengaño". Rogers sustained a wound to the face in the battle. While "Duke" and "Duchess" were successful in capturing that vessel, they failed to capture "Encarnación" companion, a well-armed galleon, "Nuestra Señora de Begoña", which made its escape after damaging both vessels. Rogers only reluctantly agreed to giving the inexperienced Captain Dover command of "Encarnación", a decision that may have been eased by naming Selkirk as its sailing master. The privateers, accompanied by their two prizes, limped across the Pacific Ocean. The expedition was able to resupply at Guam, which, though governed by the Spanish, extended a cordial welcome to the privateers.

paragraph: Section::::Privateering expedition.:Homeward voyage.

paragraph: The ships then went to the Dutch port of Batavia in what is now Indonesia, where Rogers underwent surgery to remove a musket ball from the roof of his mouth, and the expedition disposed of the less seaworthy of the two Spanish prizes. Dealing with the Dutch there constituted a violation of the British East India Company's monopoly. When the ships finally dropped anchor in the Thames River on 14 October 1711, a legal battle ensued, with the investors paying the East India Company £6,000 (about £ at today's values) as settlement for their claim for breach of monopoly, about four percent of what Rogers brought back. The investors approximately doubled their money, while Rogers gained £1,600 (now worth perhaps £) from a voyage which disfigured him and cost him his brother, who was killed in a battle in the Pacific. The money was probably less than he could have made at home, and was entirely absorbed by the debts his family had incurred in his absence. The long voyage and the capture of the Spanish ship made Rogers a national hero. Rogers was the first Englishman, in circumnavigating the globe, to have his original ships and most of his crew survive.

paragraph: After his voyage, he wrote an account of it, titled "A Cruising Voyage Round the World". Edward Cooke, an officer aboard "Duchess", also wrote a book, "A Voyage to the South Sea and Round the World", and beat Rogers to print by several months. Rogers' book was much more successful, with many readers fascinated by the account of Selkirk's rescue, which Cooke had slighted. Among those interested in Selkirk's adventure was Daniel Defoe, who appears to have read about it, and fictionalised the story as "Robinson Crusoe".

paragraph: While Rogers' book enjoyed financial success, it had a practical purpose—to aid British navigators and possible colonists. Much of Rogers' introduction is devoted to advocacy for the South Seas trade. Rogers notes that had there been a British colony in the South Seas, he would not have had to worry about food supplies for his crew. A third of Rogers' book is devoted to detailed descriptions of the places that he explored, with special emphasis on "such [places] as may be of most use for enlarging our trade". He describes the area of the River Plate in detail because it lay "within the limits of the South Sea Company", whose schemes had not yet burst into financial scandal. Rogers' book was carried by such South Pacific navigators as Admiral George Anson and privateering captains John Clipperton and George Shelvocke.

paragraph: Section::::Governor and later life.

paragraph: Section::::Governor and later life.:Financial difficulties and the Bahamas proposal.

paragraph: Rogers encountered financial problems on his return. Sir William Whetstone had died, and Rogers, having failed to recoup his business losses through privateering, was forced to sell his Bristol home to support his family. He was successfully sued by a group of over 200 of his crew, who stated that they had not received their fair share of the expedition profits. The profits from his book were not enough to overcome these setbacks, and he was forced into bankruptcy. His wife gave birth to their fourth child a year after his return—a boy who died in infancy—and Woodes and Sarah Rogers soon permanently separated.

paragraph: Rogers decided the way out of his financial difficulty was to lead another expedition, this time against pirates. In 1713, Rogers led what was ostensibly an expedition to purchase slaves in Madagascar and take them to the Dutch East Indies, this time with the permission of the British East India Company. Rogers' secondary purpose was to gather details on the pirates of Madagascar, hoping to destroy or reform them, and colonise Madagascar on a future trip. Rogers collected information regarding pirates and their vessels near the island. Finding that a large number of the pirates had gone native, he persuaded many of them to sign a petition to Queen Anne asking her for clemency. While Rogers' expedition was profitable, when it returned to London in 1715, the British East India Company vetoed the idea of a colonial expedition to Madagascar, believing a colony was a greater threat to its monopoly than a few pirates. Accordingly, Rogers turned his sights from Madagascar to the West Indies. His connections included several of the advisers to the new king, George I, who had succeeded Queen Anne in 1714, and Rogers was able to forge an agreement for a company to manage the Bahamas, which were infested with pirates, in exchange for a share of the colony's profits.

paragraph: At the time, according to the Governor of Bermuda, the Bahamas were "without any face or form of Government" and the colony was a "sink or nest of infamous rascals". Until Rogers obtained his commission, the islands had been nominally governed by absentee Lords Proprietor, who did little except appoint a new, powerless governor when the position fell vacant. Under the agreement that underlaid Rogers' commission, the Lords Proprietor leased their rights for a token sum to Rogers' company for twenty-one years.

paragraph: On 5 January 1718, a proclamation was issued announcing clemency for all piratical offences, provided that those seeking what became known as the "King's Pardon" surrendered not later than 5 September 1718. Colonial governors and deputy governors were authorised to grant the pardon. Rogers was officially appointed "Captain General and Governor in Chief" by George I on 6 January 1718. He did not leave immediately for his new bailiwick, but spent several months preparing the expedition, which included seven ships, 100 soldiers, 130 colonists, and supplies ranging from food for the expedition members and ships' crews to religious pamphlets to give to the pirates, whom Rogers believed would respond to spiritual teachings. On 22 April 1718, the expedition, accompanied by three Royal Navy vessels, sailed out of the Thames.

paragraph: Section::::Governor and later life.:First term.

paragraph: The expedition arrived on 22 July 1718, surprising and trapping a ship commanded by pirate Charles Vane. After negotiations failed, Vane used a captured French vessel as a fireship in an attempt to ram the naval vessels. The attempt failed, but the naval vessels were forced out of the west end of Nassau harbour, giving Vane's crew an opportunity to raid the town and secure the best local pilot. Vane and his men then escaped in a small sloop via the harbour's narrow east entrance. The pirates had evaded the trap, but Nassau and New Providence Island were in Rogers' hands.

paragraph: At the time, the island's population consisted of about two hundred former pirates and several hundred fugitives who had escaped from nearby Spanish colonies. Rogers organised a government, granted the King's Pardon to those former pirates on the island who had not yet accepted it, and started to rebuild the island's fortifications, which had fallen into decrepitude under pirate domination. Less than a month into his residence on New Providence, Rogers was faced with a double threat: Vane wrote, threatening to join with Edward Teach (better known as Blackbeard) to retake the island, and Rogers learned that the Spanish also planned to drive the British out of the Bahamas.

paragraph: Rogers' expedition suffered further setbacks. An unidentified disease killed almost a hundred of his expedition members, while leaving the long-term residents nearly untouched. Two of the three navy vessels, having no orders to remain, left for New York. Ships sent to Havana to conciliate the Spanish governor there never arrived, their crew revolting and becoming pirates mid-voyage. Finally, the third naval vessel left in mid-September, its commander promising to return in three weeks—a promise he had no intention of keeping. Work on rebuilding the island's fortifications proceeded slowly, with the locals showing a disinclination to work.

paragraph: On 14 September 1718, Rogers received word that Vane was at Green Turtle Cay near Abaco, about north of Nassau. Some of the pardoned pirates on New Providence took boats to join Vane, and Rogers decided to send two ex-pirate captains, Benjamin Hornigold and John Cockram, with a crew to gather intelligence, and, if possible, to bring Vane to battle. As the weeks passed, and hopes of their return dimmed, Rogers declared martial law and set all inhabitants to work on rebuilding the island's fortifications. Finally, the former pirates returned. They had failed to find an opportunity to kill Vane or bring him to battle, but had captured one ship and a number of pirate captives. Captain Hornigold was then sent to recapture the ships and crews who had gone pirate en route to Havana. He returned with ten prisoners, including captain John Auger, and three corpses. On 9 December 1718, Rogers brought the ten men captured by Hornigold to trial. Nine were convicted, and Rogers had eight hanged three days later, reprieving the ninth on hearing he was of good family. One of the condemned, Thomas Morris, quipped as he climbed the gallows, "We have a good governor, but a harsh one." The executions so cowed the populace that when, shortly after Christmas, several residents plotted to overthrow Rogers and restore the island to piracy, the conspirators attracted little support. Rogers had them flogged, then released as harmless.

paragraph: On 16 March 1719 Rogers learned that Spain and Britain were at war again. He redoubled his efforts to repair the island's fortifications, buying vital supplies on credit in the hope of later being reimbursed by the expedition's investors. The Spanish sent an invasion fleet against Nassau in May, but when the fleet's commodore learned that the French (now Britain's ally) had captured Pensacola, he directed the fleet there instead. This gave Rogers time to continue to fortify and supply New Providence, and it was not until 24 February 1720 that a Spanish fleet arrived. Wary of Rogers' defences, the Spanish landed troops on Paradise Island (then known as Hog Island), which shelters Nassau's harbour. They were driven off by Rogers' troops.

paragraph: The year 1720 brought an end to external threats to Rogers' rule. With Spain and Britain at peace again, the Spanish made no further move against the Bahamas. Vane never returned, having been shipwrecked and captured in the Bay Islands—a year later, he was hanged in Jamaica. This did not end Rogers' problems as governor. Overextended from financing New Providence's defences, he received no assistance from Britain, and merchants refused to give him further credit. His health suffered, and he spent six weeks in Charleston, South Carolina, hoping to recuperate. Instead, he was wounded in a duel with Captain John Hildesley of HMS "Flamborough", a duel caused by disputes between the two on New Providence. Troubled by the lack of support and communication from London, Rogers set sail for Britain in March 1721. He arrived three months later to find that a new governor had been appointed, and his company had been liquidated. Personally liable for the obligations he had contracted at Nassau, he was imprisoned for debt.

paragraph: Section::::Governor and later life.:Activities in England, second term and death.

paragraph: With both the government and his former partners refusing to honour his debts, Rogers was released from debtor's prison only when his creditors took pity on him and absolved him of his debts. Even so, Rogers wrote that he was "perplexed with the melancholy prospect of [his] affairs". In 1722 or 1723, Rogers was approached by a man writing a history of piracy, and supplied him with information. The resulting work, "A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pyrates", published under the pseudonym Captain Charles Johnson, was an enormous hit on both sides of the Atlantic, and catapulted Rogers for the second time to the status of a national hero. With public attention focused on him again, Rogers was successful in 1726 in petitioning the king for financial redress. Not only did King George I grant him a pension, retroactive to 1721, but the king's son and successor, George II, reappointed him as governor on 22 October 1728.

paragraph: The Bahamas did not come under external threat during Rogers' second term, but the reappointed governor had difficulties. Still seeking to bolster the island's defences, Rogers sought imposition of a local tax. The assembly, which had been instituted in Rogers' absence, objected, and Rogers responded by dissolving it. The governmental battle exhausted Rogers, who again went to Charleston in early 1731 in an attempt to recover his health. Though he returned in July 1731, he never truly regained his health, and died in Nassau on 15 July 1732.

paragraph: A harbour-side street in Nassau is named for Rogers. "Piracy expelled, commerce restored" remained the motto of the Bahamas until the islands gained independence in 1973.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Other

paragraph: BULLET::::- (RPI equivalents)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (first edition)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (illustrated and modern printing)

description: British sea captain and governor of the Bahamas

wikidata_label: Woodes Rogers

wikipedia_title: Woodes Rogers


text:
king
Hittite Old Kingdom
short chronology
Labarna I
Neša
Kültepe
Ḫattuša
Boğazkale
Kuššara
Akkadian language
Alalakh
Arzawa
Hurrians
History of the Hittites
Reign of Hattusili I

paragraph: Ḫattušili I

paragraph: Hattusili I ("Ḫattušili" I) was a king of the Hittite Old Kingdom. He reigned ca. 1586–1556 BC (short chronology).

paragraph: He used the title of Labarna at the beginning of his reign. It is uncertain whether he is the second king so identified, making him Labarna II, or whether he is identical to Labarna I, who is treated as his predecessor in Hittite chronologies.

paragraph: During his reign, he moved the capital from Neša (Kaneš, near modern Kültepe) to Ḫattuša (near modern Boğazkale), taking the throne name of "Ḫattušili" to mark the occasion.

paragraph: He is the earliest Hittite ruler for whom contemporary records have been found. In addition to "King of Ḫattuša", he took the title "Man of Kuššara", a reference to the prehistoric capital and home of the Hittites, before they had occupied Neša.

paragraph: A cuneiform tablet found in 1957 written in both the Hittite and the Akkadian language provides details of six years of his reign.

paragraph: In it, he claims to have extended the Hittite domain to the sea, and in the second year, to have subdued Alalakh and other cities in Syria. In the third year, he campaigned against Arzawa in western Anatolia, then returned to Syria to spend the next three years retaking his former conquests from the Hurrians, who had occupied them in his absence.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the Hittites

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reign of Hattusili I

alias:
Ḫattušili I
Khattushili I
Labarna II

description: 16th century king of the Hittite Old Kingdom

wikidata_label: Hattusili I

wikipedia_title: Ḫattušili I


text:
North India
Vardhana dynasty
Prabhakarvardhana
Alchon Huna
Rajyavardhana
Thanesar
Kamarupa
Narmada River
Kannauj
Uttar Pradesh
Pulakeshin II
Chalukya dynasty
Xuanzang
Harshacharita
Banabhatta
Gupta Empire
Thaneswar
Guptas
Vaishya
Varna
Xuanzang
Shiladitya
Vaishya
varna
Thanesar
Shashanka
Bengal
Magadha
Malwa
North India
Gupta Empire
India
an empire
cosmopolitanism
Xuanzang
Pulakeshin II
Narmada River
Tang dynasty
Tang Taizong
Wang Xuance
mounted infantry
Tibetan
infantry
eclectic
sun
Buddhist
Shaivite
Shiva
Nagananda
Gauri
Bana
Xuanzang
Gautama Buddha
stupa
Ganges river
hospice
Moksha
Kannauj
Ratnavali
Nagananda
Priyadarsika
Surasena Kingdom
History of India
Bhaskar Varman
Indian History
HIS2172 - Periodic Evaluation
"Conquests of Siladitya in the south"
S. Srikanta Sastri

categories: Ancient Indian dramatists and playwrights,Indian Buddhists,Indian male dramatists and playwrights,7th-century Indian monarchs,Pushyabhuti dynasty,People from Kurukshetra district,6th-century Indian monarchs

paragraph: Harsha

paragraph: Harsha (c. 590–647 CE), also known as Harshavardhana, was an Indian emperor who ruled North India from 606 to 647 CE. He was a member of the Vardhana dynasty; and was the son of Prabhakarvardhana who defeated the Alchon Huna invaders, and the younger brother of Rajyavardhana, a king of Thanesar, present-day Haryana. At the height of Harsha's power, his Empire covered much of North and Northwestern India, extended East till Kamarupa, and South until Narmada River; and eventually made Kannauj (in present Uttar Pradesh state) his capital, and ruled till 647 CE. Harsha was halted by the south Indian Emperor Pulakeshin II of the Chalukya dynasty, when Harsha tried to expand his Empire into the southern peninsula of India.

paragraph: The peace and prosperity that prevailed made his court a centre of cosmopolitanism, attracting scholars, artists and religious visitors from far and wide. The Chinese traveller Xuanzang visited the court of Harsha and wrote a very favourable account of him, praising his justice and generosity. His biography "Harshacharita" ("Deeds of Harsha") written by Sanskrit poet Banabhatta, describes his association with Thanesar, besides mentioning the defence wall, a moat and the palace with a two-storied "Dhavalagriha" (white mansion).

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: After the downfall of the Gupta Empire in the middle of the 6th century, North India was split into several independent kingdoms. The northern and western regions of India passed into the hands of a dozen or more feudatory states.

paragraph: Prabhakara Vardhana, the ruler of Sthanvisvara, who belonged to the Vardhana family, extended his control over neighbouring states. Prabhakar Vardhana was the first king of the Vardhana dynasty with his capital at Thaneswar.

paragraph: After Prabhakar Vardhana's death in 605, his eldest son, Rajya Vardhana, ascended the throne. Harsha Vardhana was Rajya Vardhana's younger brother.

paragraph: This period of kings from the same line has been referred to as the Vardhana dynasty in many publications.

paragraph: Sources suggest that Harsha, like the Guptas, was a member of the "Vaishya" Varna. The Chinese traveller Xuanzang mentions an emperor named Shiladitya, who had been claimed to be Harsha. Xuanzang mentions that this king belonged to "Fei-she". This word is generally translated as "Vaishya" (a varna or social class).

paragraph: Section::::Ascension.

paragraph: Harsha's sister Rajyashri had been married to the Maukhari king, Grahavarman. This king, some years later, had been defeated and killed by king Devagupta of Malwa and after his death Rajyashri had been cast into prison by the victor. Harsha's brother, Rajya Vardhana, then the king at Thanesar, could not accept this affront on his family. So he marched against Devagupta and defeated him. However, Shashanka, king of Gauda in Eastern Bengal, then entered Magadha as a friend of Rajyavardhana, but in secret alliance with the Malwa king. Accordingly, Shashanka treacherously murdered Rajyavardhana. On hearing about the murder of his brother, Harsha resolved at once to march against the treacherous king of Gauda, but this campaign remained inconclusive and beyond a point he turned back. Harsha ascended the throne at the age of 16.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: As North India reverted to small republics and small monarchical states ruled by Gupta rulers after the fall of the prior Gupta Empire, Harsha united the small republics from Punjab to central India, and their representatives crowned him king at an assembly in April 606 giving him the title of Maharaja. Harsha established an empire that brought all of northern India under his control. The peace and prosperity that prevailed made his court a centre of cosmopolitanism, attracting scholars, artists and religious visitors from far and wide. The Chinese traveller Xuanzang visited the court of Harsha, and wrote a very favourable account of him, praising his justice and generosity.

paragraph: Pulakeshin II defeated Harsha on the banks of Narmada in the winter of 618-619. Pulakeshin entered into a treaty with Harsha, with the Narmada River designated as the border between the Chalukya Empire and that of Harshavardhana.

paragraph: Xuanzang describes the event thus:

paragraph: In 648, Tang dynasty emperor Tang Taizong sent Wang Xuance to India in response to Harsha having sent an ambassador to China. However once in India he discovered Harsha had died and the new king attacked Wang and his 30 mounted subordinates. This led to Wang Xuance escaping to Tibet and then, leading a joint force of over 7,000 Nepalese mounted infantry and 1,200 Tibetan infantry attacked the Indian state on June 16. The success of this attack brought Wang Xuance the prestigious title of the "Grand Master for the Closing Court." He also secured a reported Buddhist relic for China. The new king Arjun Jha was among the captives during Wang Xuance's attack.

paragraph: Section::::Religion.

paragraph: Like many other ancient Indian rulers, Harsha was eclectic in his religious views and practices. His seals describe his ancestors as sun-worshippers, his elder brother as a Buddhist, and himself as a Shaivite. His land grant inscriptions describe him as "Parama-maheshvara" (supreme devotee of Shiva), and his play "Nagananda" is dedicated to Shiva's consort Gauri. His court poet Bana also describes him as a Shaivite.

paragraph: According to the Chinese Buddhist travel er Xuanzang, Harsha was a devout Buddhist. Xuanzang states that Harsha banned animal slaughter for food, and built monasteries at the places visited by Gautama Buddha. He erected several thousand 100-feet high stupas on the banks of the Ganges river, and built well-maintained hospices for travellers and poor people on highways across India. He organized an annual assembly of global scholars, and bestowed charitable alms on them. Every five years, he held a great assembly called Moksha. Xuanzang also describes a 21-day religious festival organized by Harsha in Kannauj; during this festival, Harsha and his subordinate kings performed daily rituals before a life-sized golden statue of the Buddha.

paragraph: Since Harsha's own records describe him as Shaivite, his conversion to Buddhism would have happened, if at all, in the later part of his life. Even Xuanzang states that Harsha patronised scholars of all religions, not just Buddhist monks.

paragraph: Section::::Author.

paragraph: Harsha is widely believed to be the author of three Sanskrit plays Ratnavali, Nagananda and Priyadarsika. While some believe (e.g., ) that it was Bana, Harsha's court poet who wrote the plays as a paid commission.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Surasena Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of India

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bhaskar Varman

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reddy, Krishna (2011), Indian History, Tata McGraw-Hill Education Private Limited, New Delhi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Price, Pamela (2007), Early Medieval India, HIS2172 - Periodic Evaluation, University of Oslo

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Conquests of Siladitya in the south" by S. Srikanta Sastri

alias:
Harsha Vardhana
Harshavardhana
Harṣa

description: Indian emperor

wikidata_label: Harsha

wikipedia_title: Harsha


text: Irish

text: John Hely-Hutchinson

text: Member of Parliament

text: Irish House of Commons

text: Dublin University

text: Sligo Borough

text: Taghmon

text: Grand Lodge of Ireland

text: Knocklofty House

text: Peerage of Ireland

text: original 28 Irish Representative peers

text: emancipation

text: Peerage of the United Kingdom

text: House of Lords

text: Governor of Tipperary

text: Court of Exchequer (Ireland)

text: thepeerage.com

categories: Irish MPs 1783–1790,Members of the Privy Council of Ireland,Hely-Hutchinson family,Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Sligo constituencies,Irish MPs 1776–1783,Irish representative peers,Members of the Irish House of Lords,Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Wexford constituencies,Politicians from County Tipperary,Peers of the United Kingdom created by George IV,Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for the University of Dublin,1756 births,1825 deaths,18th-century Irish people

paragraph: Richard Hely-Hutchinson, 1st Earl of Donoughmore

paragraph: Richard Hely Hely-Hutchinson, 1st Earl of Donoughmore (29 January 1756 – 22 August 1825), styled The Honourable Richard Hely-Hutchinson from 1783 to 1788, was an Irish peer and politician.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the son of Rt. Hon. John Hely-Hutchinson and Christiana Hely-Hutchinson, 1st Baroness Donoughmore. In 1776, he stood as Member of Parliament in the Irish House of Commons for two different constituencies. He sat for Dublin University to 1778 and Sligo Borough to 1783. Subsequently, he represented Taghmon, County Wexford, from 1783 until 1788, when he succeeded to his mother's title. In 1789, he was elected Grandmaster of the Grand Lodge of Ireland, a post he held until 1813.

paragraph: He commissioned the building c.1790 of the Georgian style Knocklofty House near Clonmel in County Tipperary. He was created Viscount Donoughmore, of Knocklofty, Co. Tipperary (Peerage of Ireland), on 20 November 1797, with a special remainder to his mother's male descendants and, in 1800, Earl of Donoughmore. He was one of the original 28 Irish Representative peers and an advocate of Roman Catholic emancipation. He was created, in 1821, Viscount Hutchinson (in the Peerage of the United Kingdom) and thus gained an hereditary seat in the House of Lords.

paragraph: He held the office of Governor of Tipperary and of Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer Court of Exchequer (Ireland). He gained the rank of Lieutenant-General.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- thepeerage.com

description: Irish peer and politician


text: United States District Judge

text: Newbury

text: Vermont

text: University of Vermont

text: read law

text: grammar school

text: Brooklyn

text: New York

text: New York State Assembly

text: Abraham Lincoln

text: United States Senate

text: Henry W. Howgate

categories: 19th-century American judges,1824 births,University of Vermont alumni,1901 deaths,United States federal judges appointed by Abraham Lincoln,Members of the New York State Assembly,People from Newbury, Vermont,Judges of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York

paragraph: Charles L. Benedict

paragraph: Charles Linnaeus Benedict (March 2, 1824 – January 8, 1901) was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York.

paragraph: Section::::Education and career.

paragraph: Born on March 2, 1824, in Newbury, Vermont, Benedict graduated from the University of Vermont in 1844 and read law in 1845. He was a grammar school principal until 1845. He entered private practice in Brooklyn, New York from 1845 to 1865. He was a member of the New York State Assembly starting in 1863.

paragraph: Section::::Federal judicial service.

paragraph: Benedict was nominated by President Abraham Lincoln on March 6, 1865, to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, to a new seat authorized by 13 Stat. 438. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 9, 1865, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on January 1, 1897, due to his retirement.

paragraph: Section::::Federal judicial service.:Notable case.

paragraph: Among his many cases, Benedict signed the arrest warrant of Captain Henry W. Howgate on September 29, 1894.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Benedict died on January 8, 1901, in Brooklyn.

description: United States federal judge

wikidata_label: Charles Linnaeus Benedict

wikipedia_title: Charles L. Benedict


text:
Burji
Mamluk
Egypt
Circassian
Barquq
Red Sea
Yemen
‘Aydhab
Cyprus
plague
madrasa
khanqah
Al-Ashraf Mosque

categories: Burji sultans,15th-century Mamluk sultans,Circassians,1438 deaths,Egyptian people of Circassian descent

paragraph: Barsbay

paragraph: Al-Ashraf Sayf-ad-Din Barsbay was the ninth Burji Mamluk sultan of Egypt from AD 1422 to 1438. He was Circassian by birth and a former slave of the first Burji Sultan, Barquq.

paragraph: He was responsible for a number of administrative reforms in the Mamluk state, including the consolidation of the sultanate as a military magistrature and securing for Egypt exclusive rights over the Red Sea trade between Yemen and Europe.

paragraph: His Red Sea activity included the final destruction in 1426 of ‘Aydhab, a once important port which had been in decline in the previous century.

paragraph: In 1426-1427 he reconquered Cyprus.

paragraph: In 1430 Egypt was severely struck by famine and plague.

paragraph: His mausoleum, which included a madrasa and khanqah, was built in Cairo's Northern Cemetery, and has survived to this day.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al-Ashraf Mosque

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- D. Behrens-Abouseif, "Islamic architecture in Cairo: an introduction" (Leiden, 1989).

paragraph: BULLET::::- J.-C. Garcin, "The regime of the Circassian Mamluks," in C. Petry, ed., "The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume I: Islamic Egypt, 640-1517" (Cambridge, 1998), 290-317.

description: Sultan of Egypt

wikidata_label: Barsbay

wikipedia_title: Barsbay


text: American football

text: guard

text: New England Patriots

text: National Football League

text: wrestler

text: Cal State-Bakersfield

text: undrafted free agent

text: Super Bowl ring

text: San Diego High School

text: San Diego, California

text: letterman

text: wrestling

text: swimming

text: tennis

text: track and field

text: running back

text: Ricky Williams

text: wrestlers

text: All-America

text: NCAA

text: Kerry McCoy

text: WWE

text: UFC

text: Brock Lesnar

text: Opie & Anthony

text: Dan Hodge

text: Freestyle

text: Pan-American Games

text: 1999 World Wrestling Championships

text: 286 pounds

text: FILA

text: 2000 Summer Olympics

text: Kerry McCoy

text: Sydney, Australia

text: Pac-10 Conference

text: Academic All-America

text: New England Patriots

text: undrafted free agent

text: Philadelphia Eagles

text: practice squad

text: playoffs

text: Super Bowl XXXVI

text: training camp

text: Green Bay Packers

text: injured reserve

text: Physically Unable to Perform

text: Super Bowl ring

text: Super Bowl XXXIX

text: free agent

text: playoff

text: Super Bowl XLII

text: Pete Thomas

text: New England Patriots bio

categories: 1976 births,Wrestlers at the 1999 Pan American Games,Philadelphia Eagles players,Players of American football from California,Living people,Sportspeople from San Diego,Super Bowl champions,Pan American Games medalists in wrestling,New England Patriots players,American male sport wrestlers,Cal State Bakersfield Roadrunners wrestlers,American football offensive guards,American football offensive tackles

paragraph: Stephen Neal

paragraph: Stephen Matthew Neal (born October 9, 1976) is a former American football guard who played his entire career for the New England Patriots of the National Football League. He is a former world champion in freestyle wrestling, national champion amateur and collegiate wrestler at Cal State-Bakersfield. He was signed by the Patriots as an undrafted free agent in 2001, and won three Super Bowl rings with the team. He is one of a handful of NFL players who did not play college football.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Neal attended San Diego High School in San Diego, California and was a letterman in football, wrestling, swimming, tennis, and track and field. In wrestling, as a senior, he posted a 45–2 record and placed fourth at the California State Wrestling Tournament in the 189-pound weight class. In 1995, he wrestled and defeated future NFL running back Ricky Williams.

paragraph: Section::::Wrestling career.

paragraph: Neal attended California State University, Bakersfield and became one of the top wrestlers in the nation, compiling a 156–10 record with four All-American seasons. He placed fourth in NCAA Division I as a freshman and second as a sophomore before winning titles his junior and senior year. In 1997, in his sophomore season, Neal lost to two time heavyweight champ Kerry McCoy. The 1998 campaign saw Neal win his first NCAA heavyweight title 20-5 over Trent Hynek of Iowa St. His final title in 1999 came via a win over future NCAA wrestling champion, WWE champion, and UFC heavyweight champion Brock Lesnar (in March 2011, Lesnar told "Opie & Anthony" that his loss to Neal still sticks with him). In 1999, Neal won the Dan Hodge Award following a year in which he won the U.S. Freestyle Championship, the Pan-American Games title and the 1999 World Wrestling Championships at 286 pounds. In 1999, he won the FILA outstanding wrestler award, an honor given to the best wrestler in the world. His 1999 season led up to the 2000 Summer Olympics trials where Kerry McCoy edged him for the trip to Sydney, Australia. After the trials, Neal retired from wrestling.

paragraph: Neal set Pac-10 Conference records by finishing 34–0 in conference competition, while becoming the conference's first four-time winner in the same weight class, and second four-time winner ever. He finished his college career as Cal State-Bakersfield's career record holder in wins (156) and also set school records for pins in a season (31) and a career (71).

paragraph: While at Cal State-Bakersfield, Neal was a four-time Academic All-American and a four-time Pac-10 Academic All-Conference selection.

paragraph: Section::::Football career.

paragraph: Section::::Football career.:First stint with Patriots.

paragraph: Despite not playing football in college, Neal was signed by the New England Patriots on July 23, 2001 as an undrafted free agent. He was waived by the Patriots on August 26, 2001.

paragraph: Section::::Football career.:Philadelphia Eagles.

paragraph: The Philadelphia Eagles signed Neal to their practice squad on September 4, 2001.

paragraph: Section::::Football career.:Second stint with Patriots.

paragraph: The Patriots re-signed Neal off the Eagles' practice squad on December 12, 2001, and he was inactive for the final three games of his 2001 rookie season, as well as the playoffs and Super Bowl XXXVI.

paragraph: In 2002, Neal made the Patriots' 53-man roster out of training camp and spent the first four games of the season inactive before making his NFL debut as a reserve in Week 5. The next week against the Green Bay Packers, Neal made his first career start at guard, but suffered a season-ending shoulder injury in the game and was placed on injured reserve on October 23, 2002. The shoulder injury caused Neal to miss the entire 2003 season as well, after being placed on the Physically Unable to Perform (PUP) list to start the season.

paragraph: After playing in two games as a reserve to start the 2004 season, Neal went on to start the final 14 games of the season, including the playoffs and the super bowl, earning his third Super Bowl ring with the team by winning Super Bowl XXXIX. Neal started all 16 games for the Patriots in 2005, and re-signed with the team after testing the free agent market following the season.

paragraph: Neal started 13 games in 2006 at right guard, missing three games with a shoulder injury. He would return in 2007 to play and start in only eight games due to injury, but started all three playoff games, including Super Bowl XLII.

paragraph: After beginning the 2008 season on the PUP list with a shoulder injury, Neal returned to play in the final 11 games of the season, starting the final nine games. In 2009, Neal missed time with the shoulder injury again, but played in and started 12 games.

paragraph: In March 2010, Neal was re-signed to a two-year contract. Neal then played in the first eight games of the 2010 season before being placed on injured reserve with the shoulder injury on December 2, 2010.

paragraph: Neal retired on March 2, 2011 after filing his retirement papers with the league.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: His cousin, Pete Thomas, also plays football.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- New England Patriots bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stephen Neal's page at The National Wrestling Hall of Fame site

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Stephen Neal

wikipedia_title: Stephen Neal


text: Superwoman

text: Secret Rendezvous

text: The Way You Love Me

text: US Hot 100

text: Romantic

text: Los Angeles

text: Jeff Lorber

text: Warner Bros. Records

text: Karyn White

text: L.A. Reid

text: Babyface

text: The Way You Love Me

text: Secret Rendezvous

text: Superwoman

text: Love Saw It

text: Babyface

text: 1989 Soul Train Music Awards

text: Al B. Sure

text: Ritual of Love

text: Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis

text: "Billboard" Hot 100

text: photographer

text: director

text: Matthew Rolston

text: Romantic

text: stylist

text: album sleeve

text: music video

text: Chanel

text: French maid

text: Sweet Charity

text: Make Him Do Right

text: Babyface

text: Warner Bros. Records

text: best of

text: compilation album

text: Soul Train Music Awards

text: Shanice

text: Debelah Morgan

text: Carpe Diem

text: Terry Lewis

text: Al B. Sure

text: Rocklin, California

text: interior design

text: real estate

text: List of Billboard number-one singles

text: Official website

text: Karyn White

categories: American dance musicians,People from Rocklin, California,Singers from California,21st-century American singers,Musicians from Los Angeles,American female singers,20th-century American singers,1965 births,African-American singers,American pop singers,American contemporary R&B singers,Living people,20th-century American women singers

paragraph: Karyn White

paragraph: Karyn Layvonne White (born October 14, 1965) is an American singer who was popular during the late 1980s and early 1990s. She is known for several hit singles including "Superwoman" (1988), "Love Saw It" (1988), "Secret Rendezvous" (1989), "The Way You Love Me" (1988), and the US Hot 100 No. 1 single "Romantic" (1991).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: White was born in Los Angeles to Vivian and Clarence White. She is the youngest of five children. She sang in a church choir and worked as a backing singer, then sang on Jeff Lorber's 1986 "Private Passion" single "Facts of Love", "True Confessions" and "Back in Love" before signing to Warner Bros. Records.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: White's self-titled debut album "Karyn White" was released in 1988. It was produced by L.A. Reid and Babyface and achieved platinum status in the US. The album contained the Hot 100 hit singles "The Way You Love Me", "Secret Rendezvous", and "Superwoman" as well as the #1 R&B hit "Love Saw It", a duet with Babyface. White was nominated in the Best R&B/Urban Contemporary New Artist category for the 1989 Soul Train Music Awards, which was won by Al B. Sure. She also received nominations for two Grammy Awards. She became the first female artist to have the first three solo releases from their debut album hit #1 on the R&B charts.

paragraph: Her follow-up album was "Ritual of Love" in 1991. It had songs produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis and featured the hit single "Romantic", which hit number one on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100. Other singles from the album include "The Way I Feel About You" (U.S. #12), "Walkin' the Dog", and "Do Unto Me" (the last two did not chart). The photographer and director Matthew Rolston directed the video for the hit single "Romantic". Michael Walls, who was credited as stylist on "Ritual of Love", worked with White on the look for the "Ritual of Love" album sleeve, and three of the music videos released for the album. Walls had the idea for the Chanel-inspired pearls and black dress used on the album cover, the French maid look and multiple wardrobe changes for video of "The Way I Feel About You", and the "Walkin' the Dog" video, which was based on a scene from the film "Sweet Charity".

paragraph: Her next album was "Make Him Do Right" in 1994. The album did not sell well, although she did chart with the singles "Hungah" and the Babyface-penned "Can I Stay With You", which became her final U.S. R&B Top 10 hit in early 1995. "I'd Rather Be Alone", her last chart single to date, peaked at #50 on the same chart later that year.

paragraph: White left Warner Bros. Records in 1999, and dropped out of the music public eye for many years to start a family.

paragraph: In 2006, she recorded a new album, titled "Sista Sista"; which was slated for release in 2006, but was shelved. Two tracks, "All I Do" and "Disconnected", were later released on the best of compilation album, "Superwoman: The Best of Karyn White". She was also slated to appear on the Soul Train Music Awards in 2009 as a tribute to Babyface Edmonds. However, this performance was canceled when Edmonds and Reid withdrew from the Soul Train ceremony, declining the honor. In 2011, she was slated to have shot a pilot for a reality series with R&B singers Shanice and Debelah Morgan.

paragraph: White released her first album after a seventeen-year break, "Carpe Diem", in March 2012. The album featured the singles "Sista, Sista" and "Unbreakable" both of which received music videos.

paragraph: In 2017, White landed a recurring role on the BET Centric television series "Beauty and the Baller" as trophy wife Kym Banks. She also returned with new music and her first feature film role, in "Gale and the Storm" directed by Derrick Muhammad. The soundtrack for the film was released on September 4 and included her latest single "Blind Man Walking". The film made its premiere on October 12, 2017.

paragraph: She earned a 2017 UB Honors nomination for the "Gale and the Storm" soundtrack in the "Best Independent R&B Album Release" category.

paragraph: In July 2018, Karyn White released her single "Lame Excuses".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: White married Terry Lewis in 1992 and together they had a daughter, Ashley Nicole, and adopted son Brandon. Lewis brought to the marriage children Trey and Chloe. They eventually divorced in 1999. White was later married to producer/musician Bobby G from 2007-09. She then started a relationship with musician Al B. Sure in 2012.

paragraph: White resides in Rocklin, California, a suburb of Sacramento, and runs a successful interior design and real estate business.

paragraph: Section::::Film.

paragraph: White starred in the feature film "Gale and the Storm", directed by Derrick Muhammad and released in 2017.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Billboard number-one singles

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of artists who reached number one in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Billboard number-one dance club songs

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance Club Songs chart

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karyn White at VH1

description: American singer

wikidata_label: Karyn White

wikipedia_title: Karyn White


text: Brazil logician mathematician philosopher logic Heidegger Schelling's

categories: Brazilian philosophers,20th-century Brazilian philosophers,Modern philosophers,20th-century Brazilian mathematicians,Schelling scholars,1918 births,Brazilian logicians,1963 deaths,1916 births

paragraph: Vicente Ferreira da Silva

paragraph: Vicente Ferreira da Silva (January 10, 1916 – July 19, 1963) was a Brazilian logician, mathematician, and philosopher. He was one of first men in Brazil history to write and have published an academic book in logic. In his mature work, he sought to develop a systematic foundational philosophy based on Heidegger's work and Schelling's philosophy of mythology. He died in 1963 in a car accident.

paragraph: Section::::Partial bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Modern Logic " (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Elements of Mathematical Logic " (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Philosophical Essays " (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Exegesis of the Action " (1949 and 1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Ideas for a New Concept of Man " (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Theology and Anti-Humanism " (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Instruments, Things and Culture " (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Dialectics of the Consciences " (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Dialectics of the Consciences - Complete Works " (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Symbolic Logic - Complete Works " (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Transcendence of the World - Complete Works " (2010)

wikidata_label: Vicente Ferreira da Silva

wikipedia_title: Vicente Ferreira da Silva


text:
Italian
mathematician
Ceva's theorem
geometry
Tommaso Ceva
Jesuit
Milan
University of Pisa
Mathematics
geometry
synthetic geometry
Yusuf Al-Mu'taman ibn Hűd
Menelaus's theorem
infinitesimal calculus
mathematical economics
statics
oscillation
hydraulics
hydraulics
hydraulics
Po
Cevian

categories: 1647 births,People from Milan,17th-century Italian mathematicians,1734 deaths,Italian mathematicians

paragraph: Giovanni Ceva

paragraph: Giovanni Ceva (December 7, 1647 – June 15, 1734) was an Italian mathematician widely known for proving Ceva's theorem in elementary geometry. His brother, Tommaso Ceva was also a well-known poet and mathematician.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Ceva received his education at a Jesuit college in Milan. Later in his life, he studied at the University of Pisa, where he subsequently became a professor. In 1686, however, he was designated as the Professor of Mathematics at the University of Mantua and worked there for the rest of his life.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Ceva studied geometry for most of his long life. In 1678, he published a now famous theorem on synthetic geometry in a triangle called Ceva’s Theorem. The theorem,

paragraph: already known to Yusuf Al-Mu'taman ibn Hűd in 11th century, states that if three line segments are drawn from the vertices of a triangle to the opposite sides, then the three line segments are concurrent if, and only if, the product of the ratios of the newly created line segments on each side of the triangle is equal to one. He published this theorem in "De lineis rectis".

paragraph: Ceva also rediscovered and published Menelaus's theorem. He published" Opuscula mathematica" in 1682 and "Geometria Motus" in 1692, as well. In "Geometria Motus", he anticipated the infinitesimal calculus. Finally, Ceva wrote "De Re Nummeraria" in 1711, which was one of the first books in mathematical economics.

paragraph: Giovanni Ceva also studied applications of mechanics and statics to geometric systems. At one point, however, he incorrectly resolved that the periods of oscillation of two pendulums were in the same ratio as their lengths, but he later realized and corrected the error. Ceva also worked on hydraulics. In 1728, he published "Opus hydrostaticum" which discusses his work in hydraulics. In fact, he used his knowledge of hydraulics to stop a project from diverting the river Reno into the river Po.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cevian

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ceva, Giovanni." MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. 2006. O'Connor, John J., and Edmund F. Robertson. http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Ceva_Giovanni.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ceva, Giovanni." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2005. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Giovanni-Ceva.

description: Italian mathematician

wikidata_label: Giovanni Ceva

wikipedia_title: Giovanni Ceva