text:
Blessed
Italian
Roman Catholic
professed religious
Order of Friars Minor
Zara
Dalmatia
Order of Friars Minor
Bari
Bitetto
convent
Passion
Blessed Mother
Pope Clement XI
Pope Leo XIII
Congregation for the Causes of Saints
Positio
Pope Benedict XVI
Venerable
heroic virtue
postulator
Hagiography Circle
Official website

categories: Italian beatified people,Italian  Roman Catholics,People from Zadar,Italian  Franciscans,1490 deaths,Venerated Catholics by Pope Benedict XVI,15th-century Italian people,Franciscan beatified people,15th-century Roman Catholics,1400 births,15th-century venerated Christians

paragraph: Jakov of Zadar

paragraph: Blessed Giacomo Varingez or Giacomo of Bitetto (Italian: "Giacomo Illirico"; Croatian: "Jakov Zadranin"; 1400 – 27 April 1490) was an Italian Roman Catholic professed religious of the Order of Friars Minor.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Giacomo Varingez was born in Zara in Dalmatia around 1400 to Leonardo and Beatrice.

paragraph: In 1420 he entered the Order of Friars Minor as a brother assistant after having relocated to Bari to flee Turkish invaders and joined the order in neighboring Bitetto at Saint Peter's convent. In 1438 his superior requested him to participate in the General Chapter for the order in Bari as his aide. The friar decided to remain in Bari and lived in various monasteries until 1450 where he served as a cook before settling in Bitetto. He had a deep devotion to the Passion and to the Blessed Mother and was known to have fallen into raptures sometimes. He had also been tasked with collecting alms and he travelled around to do this. The friar also cared for patients infected with the plague during an epidemic in 1482.

paragraph: The friar remained in Bitetto until 1463 before moving to Bari where he remained until moving to Cassano delle Murge in 1469 at the Santa Maria degli Angeli convent. He returned to Bitetto from 1480-1483 before moving to the Santa Maria dell'Isola convent in Conversano until 1485 when he moved for the final time back to Bitetto.

paragraph: He died in Bitetto in 1490 and his remains were interred in a chapel built for him. Public honor in his name is reported since 1505. He is honored in the San Francesco church where pilgrims have brought his picture in 1989 as well as reliquaries.

paragraph: Section::::Beatification.

paragraph: His fame for holiness led to the beatification process being opened in 1629 to assess his saintliness. But it was suspended and resumed in 1694. Pope Clement XI beatified the late friar on 29 December 1700 upon the recognition of the late friar's enduring local cultus - or popular and longstanding veneration. Pope Leo XIII extended veneration to him to the Zadar archdiocese during his pontificate.

paragraph: The process for his canonization was later resumed in a diocesan process that was opened in the Bari archdiocese on 27 June 1989; the diocesan phase completed in 1990 and the Congregation for the Causes of Saints validated the process on 18 December 1998 and a decade later on 19 December 2008. The postulation later submitted the Positio dossier to the C.C.S. for further assessment in 1999 with historians granting first approval on 30 November 1999. Theologians also assented to the cause on 7 November 2008 as did the cardinal and bishop members of the C.C.S. on 27 October 2009. Pope Benedict XVI titled the friar as Venerable on 19 December 2009 - the friar remained a Blessed since the cause worked in a different manner. Clement XI had beatified the friar without proclaiming his heroic virtue as Benedict XVI had done who filled in the gaps of the cause.

paragraph: His canonization all depends upon one miracle recognized as to have been attributed to his intercession. There was an investigation into one such case that was transferred to Roman authorities for additional assessment. Medical experts came to an inconclusive result on 8 March 2012 and requested another session of the medical board to discuss the miracle.

paragraph: The current postulator for this cause is the Franciscan Fra Giovangiuseppe Califano.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hagiography Circle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

description: Italian friar (1400-1490)

wikidata_label: Giacomo Illirico

wikipedia_title: Jakov of Zadar


text:
American football
long snapper
Philadelphia Eagles
National Football League
college football
Old Dominion
Chicago Bears
undrafted free agent
Green Bay Packers
Washington Redskins
Neptune, New Jersey
Middletown High School South
Middletown, New Jersey
center
defensive line
Old Dominion Monarchs football
2015 NFL Draft
Chicago Bears
Green Bay Packers
Brett Goode
Lincroft, New Jersey
alumnus
Arizona Cardinals
Washington Redskins
Nick Sundberg
Philadelphia Eagles
Jon Dorenbos
Super Bowl LII
Old Dominion Monarchs bio

categories: Washington Redskins players,Green Bay Packers players,Philadelphia Eagles players,People from Middletown Township, New Jersey,Living people,Sportspeople from Monmouth County, New Jersey,Chicago Bears players,Players of American football from New Jersey,1992 births,Middletown High School South alumni,American football long snappers,Old Dominion Monarchs football players

paragraph: Rick Lovato

paragraph: Richard Peter "Rick" Lovato Jr. (born September 9, 1992) is an American football long snapper for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Old Dominion. Lovato was signed by the Chicago Bears as an undrafted free agent in 2015. He has also played for the Green Bay Packers and Washington Redskins.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Lovato was born in Neptune, New Jersey, the son of Rick and Maureen Lovato. He attended Middletown High School South in Middletown, New Jersey, where he started long snapping as a freshman. He also saw time at center and on the defensive line.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Lovato played college football for the Old Dominion Monarchs football team from 2011 to 2014. He appeared in all 50 games as the Monarchs’ long snapper.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Chicago Bears.

paragraph: After going undrafted in the 2015 NFL Draft, Lovato signed with the Chicago Bears on May 3, 2015. On August 30, 2015, he was released by the Bears.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Green Bay Packers.

paragraph: On December 22, 2015, Lovato was signed by the Green Bay Packers after starting long snapper Brett Goode suffered a season-ending knee injury. Prior to being signed, he was working at a sandwich shop in Lincroft, New Jersey owned by his father and uncle. Lovato became the first Old Dominion alumnus to play in a regular-season NFL game after handling snapping duties for every punt and field goal against the Arizona Cardinals in Week 16. On September 3, 2016, he was released by the Packers during final team cuts.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Washington Redskins.

paragraph: On November 19, 2016, Lovato was signed by the Washington Redskins to fill in for the injured Nick Sundberg. He was released on November 29, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Eagles.

paragraph: On December 12, 2016, Lovato was signed by the Philadelphia Eagles after starting long snapper Jon Dorenbos suffered a broken wrist.

paragraph: Lovato earned the Eagles long snapping job in 2017 after the team traded away Dorenbos. Lovato would go on to win Super Bowl LII with the Eagles.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Old Dominion Monarchs bio

description: American football long snapper

wikidata_label: Rick Lovato

wikipedia_title: Rick Lovato


text:
Adamstown
New Ross
County Laois
Gobnait
Codex Salmanticensis
Mícheál Ó Cléirigh
RIA
bishop of Ferns
Ailbe Ua Maíl Mhuaidh
Éile
Book of Leinster
Leabhar Breac
Rawlinson B 502
Félire Óengusso
Uí Chormaic
Finnian of Clonard
Brendan of Clonfert
Columba
Gregory the Great
Munnu
Moling
Cormac mac Diarmata
Uí Bairrche
Íbar
St Patrick
St. Damán
St. Miacca
St. Senach
St. Lithghean
St. Dubhán
St. Toimdeach
St. Dár Cairthaind
St. Ethne
St. Gobnait
St. Craobh Dearg
Uí Chennselaig
Gobnait
Ballyvourney
Cell Ailbe
Camross
Nurney, County Carlow
early high cross
Bollandists
hagiographical
Orthodox Church
Synaxaristes
13 May
Abingdon
Abingdon
Historia Ecclesie Abbendonensis
William Earl Marshall
Lorcán Ua Tuathail
Henry II
John Colgan
Martyrology of Donegal
List of Catholic saints
Codex Salmanticensis

categories: 6th-century Irish people,5th-century Irish people,People from County Wexford,People from County Laois,Medieval saints of Leinster,5th-century births,6th-century deaths

paragraph: Abbán

paragraph: Abbán moccu Corbmaic (; d. 520? AD), also Eibbán or Moabba, is a saint in Irish tradition. He was associated, first and foremost, with Mag Arnaide (Moyarney or Adamstown, near New Ross, Co. Wexford) and with Cell Abbáin (Killabban, County Laois). His cult was, however, also connected to other churches elsewhere in Ireland, notably that of his alleged sister Gobnait.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Three recensions of the saint's "Life" survive, two in Latin and one in Irish. The Latin versions are found in the "Codex Dublinensis" and the "Codex Salmanticensis", while the Irish version is preserved incomplete in two manuscripts: the Mícheál Ó Cléirigh's manuscript Brussels, Royal Library MS 2324-40, fos. 145b-150b and also the RIA, Stowe MS A 4, pp. 205–21. These "Lives" probably go back to a Latin exemplar written in "ca". 1218 by the bishop of Ferns, Ailbe Ua Maíl Mhuaidh (Ailbe O'Mulloy), who died in 1223. His interest in the saint partly stemmed from the fact that Mag Arnaide lay within the diocese of Ferns, but as this was only a minor church in his time, more must have been involved. An episode which shows something of Ailbe's personal attachment to the saint's cult is that where the saint arrives in the area between Éile and Fir Chell, i.e. on the marches between Munster and Leinster: Abbán converts a man of royal rank from the area and baptises his son. Ailbe is known to have been a native of this area, but his own commentary as apparently preserved in the Dublin "Life" identifies the connection more nearly: "I who gathered together and wrote the Life am a descendant ["nepos"] of that son" However, the immediate circumstances which prompted the composition of the "Life" are likely to have been political, relating to Norman presence in the diocese of Ferns. To support his case, Ailbe made much of the saint's wider connections to other churches and saints, making him travel all across the country and in the case of the anecdote about Abingdon (see below), even inventing tradition.

paragraph: Other sources for Abbán's life and cult include the Irish genealogies of the saints and the entries for his feast-day in the martyrologies. His pedigree is given in the Book of Leinster, Leabhar Breac, Rawlinson B 502 and in glosses to his entries in the "Félire Óengusso".

paragraph: Section::::Background and life.

paragraph: His pedigree in the Irish genealogies, which appear to have been composed in the interest of Cell Abbáin, suggests that he belonged to the Uí Chormaic (also Moccu Chormaic or Dál Chormaic). It identifies his father as Laignech (lit. "Leinsterman"), son of Mac Cainnech, son of Cabraid, son of Cormac, son of Cú Corb, while an Irish note to the "Félire Óengusso" (for 27 October) largely agrees if substituting Cabraid for Imchad. The "Lives", on the other hand, state that his father was Cormac son of Ailill, king of Leinster, who died in 435 according to the "Annals of the Four Masters", and name his mother Mílla, sister to St Ibar.

paragraph: The "Lives" confuse the time of the saint's historical floruit by attributing to him a life-span of over 300 years. He is brought into contact with such illustrious saints as Finnian of Clonard, Brendan of Clonfert (d. 577), Columba (d. 597), Gregory the Great, Munnu and Moling. One of the saint's foundations is said to have been repeatedly pillaged by Cormac mac Diarmata ("fl". 2nd half of the 6th century), king of Leinster from the Uí Bairrche, who is portrayed in much Leinster hagiography as a rival to the Uí Chennselaig. Abbán is also made a contemporary of even earlier figures like Saint Íbar, who is claimed to be his maternal uncle, and St Patrick.

paragraph: Nothing is known of Abbán's early life. The "Lives" tell that he was expected to succeed his father in Leinster, but that his devotion to God and the saintly miracles which he wrought while still in fosterage soon made clear that he was destined for a career in the church. The boy was sent to his maternal uncle, Bishop Íbar, with whom he travelled to Rome. In Italy, Abbán's saintly powers proved to be of much use in warding off any danger presented by men, monsters and supernatural phenomena. Throughout the text, Abbán can be seen demonstrating his powers, exercising special authority over rivers and seas.

paragraph: St. Abbán had six brothers who all appear in the Martyrology of Donegal as bishops: St. Damán Uí Chormaic of Tígh Damhain (Tidowan), in the barony of Marybouragh, Co. Laois; St. Miacca Uí Cormaic of Cluain Fodhla in Fiodhmar (borders Uí Duach/Bally Fíodhmor, Ossory); St. Senach Uí Chormaic of Cillmór; St. Lithghean Uí Chormaic of Cluain Mór Lethghian in Uí Failge (Barony Ophaly, Co. Kildare); St. Dubhán Uí Chormaic; St. Toimdeach Uí Chormaic of Rosglas, Monasterevin, Co. Kildare.

paragraph: St. Dár Cairthaind and St. Ethne are listed as his sisters in the 'Accent of the Saints', while St. Gobnait of Baile Bhuirne, Cork and St. Craobh Dearg are mentioned as his sisters in other accounts.

paragraph: Section::::Foundations.

paragraph: The glosses to the two entries for Abbán in the "Félire Óengusso" associate him with Mag Arnaide (Co. Wexford), in the territory of the Uí Chennselaig (also Uí Buide), and with Cell Abbáin (Co. Loais), in the territory of the Uí Muiredaig.

paragraph: However, Abbán's activities were also linked to many other parts of Ireland. Of special note is the tradition that St Gobnait was his sister and that his grave was to be found near her church or nunnery in Bairnech, now Ballyvourney (Muskerry, Co. Cork). As the later recensions suggest, Ailbe's original "Life" seems to build on this connection by claiming that Abbán founded Ballyvourney and gave it to his sister. According to his "Lives", he began to found a string of churches after returning from a second visit to Rome. Other churches said to have been founded by him include Cell Ailbe (Co. Meath) and Camross (Co. Laois), as well as a monastery at Nurney, County Carlow of which an early high cross survives.

paragraph: The Bollandists argued that the Abbán of Mag Arnaide and the Abbán of Cell Abbáin were originally two distinct saints, one commemorated on 16 March, the other on 27 October, but that the two were conflated from an early period. This conclusion, however, has been rejected by scholars like W.W. Heist and Charles Plummer.

paragraph: There is also a brief biographical reference to Saint Abbán in the official hagiographical compilation of the Orthodox Church, "The Great Synaxaristes," for 13 May. This source states that he was baptised in 165 AD, became a missionary in the Abingdon area of England, and reposed in peace.

paragraph: Section::::Abingdon and Irish-Norman relations.

paragraph: The "Life" puts forward the spurious claim that Abingdon, the town near Oxford, is to be explained etymologically as "Abbain dun", "Abbán's town". The aetiological tale goes that the town took its name from the saint, because he had successfully converted the king and the people of the area. The story was not an isolated one. The etymology is also brought up by the author who revised the 12th-century chronicle of the house, "Historia Ecclesie Abbendonensis" ("The History of the Church of Abingdon"). As Abingdon Abbey lay in a valley, he prefers the Irish derivation: "For we have learnt from our contemporaries that, according to the language of the Irish, Abingdon is interpreted 'house of Aben'; but according to the language of the English, Abingdon commonly means 'the hill of Aben'."

paragraph: Pádraig Ó Riain proposes that the episode in the saint's "Life" was intended to offer some counterweight against English propaganda which asserted that the need for religious and ecclesiastical guidance justified English presence in Ireland; and that, in fact, the linguistic convenience was what made the saint of an otherwise minor church such a suitable protagonist. More specifically, Ailbe may have written his "Life" in response to his quarrel with William Earl Marshall, who had seized two manors near New Ross, and Normans rather than Irishmen may have been his target audience. It has been argued that the formative occasion for the story was a visit to Abingon made in 1080 by Lorcán Ua Tuathail (Lawrence O'Toole), Archbishop of Dublin, who stayed there for three weeks before accompanying Henry II to Normandy. Ailbe, being one of the archbishop's disciples, may have been present.

paragraph: Section::::Commemoration.

paragraph: In the Martyrology of Tallaght, the "Félire Óengusso" and the Martyrology of Gorman, Abbán has two feast-days: 16 March and 27 October, which is identified in the "Lives" as his death-date. John Colgan and Ó Cléirigh's "Martyrology of Donegal" only mention Abbán for 16 March.

paragraph: His entries in the "Félire Óengusso" praise him as an "angelic bush of gold" ("doss óir ainglech") and "an abbot fair and train-having" ("abb cain clíarach").

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic saints

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Latin "Life" of St Abbán in the "Codex Dublinensis", ed. and tr.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Latin "Life" of St Abbán in the "Codex Salmanticensis", ed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irish "Life" of St Abbán, ed. and tr.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogies of the saints, ed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historia Ecclesie Abbendonensis", ed. and tr.

alias:
Abban the Hermit
Abban of New Ross
St. Abban of Magheranoidhe
Abban of Magheranoidhe
Abban
Saint Abhan
Saint Abban of New Ross
Saint Abban of Magheranoidhe
Saint Abban the Hermit
Ewin
Ewin, Saint
Abban of Ireland
Abban of Kill-Abban
Abbennus
St Abbán
St. Abbán
Saint Abbán
Saint Abban
St Abban
St. Abban

description: saint

wikidata_label: Abbán

wikipedia_title: Abbán


text:
Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach
Johann Sebastian Bach
Adam Friedrich Oeser
Salomon Gessner
vignettes
Gottlieb Rabener
Christian Felix Weiße

categories: German male painters,18th-century German painters,1748 births,Bach family,1778 deaths

paragraph: Johann Sebastian Bach (painter)

paragraph: Johann Sebastian Bach (26 September 1748 – 11 September 1778) was a German painter. He was the son of composer Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach and the grandson of composer Johann Sebastian Bach.

paragraph: Bach was born in Berlin. He studied under Adam Friedrich Oeser in Leipzig. In May 1773, he moved to Dresden, and in February 1776 he moved to Hamburg, where his father was Director of Music. In September 1776 he embarked on a study trip to Rome, where he became seriously ill soon after his arrival in February 1777, and died of this unknown ailment in 1778.

paragraph: Bach created mostly brush drawings of idyllic landscapes, bustling with people. His works show the influence of Salomon Gessner. Towards the end of his life he turned to representations of people and created historical and mythological scenes. He also made vignettes and illustrations of works by Gottlieb Rabener and Christian Felix Weiße.

paragraph: In his time he was quite renowned as an artist. Collections of his works are in Coburg, Dresden, Hamburg, Leipzig and Vienna.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anke Fröhlich: "Zwischen Empfindsamkeit und Klassizismus, Der Zeichner und Landschaftsmaler Johann Sebastian Bach der Jüngere (1748–1778)", Leipzig : Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 2007,

alias:
Johann Samuel Bach
Sebastian Bach

description: German painter

wikidata_label: Johann Sebastian Bach

wikipedia_title: Johann Sebastian Bach (painter)


text:
Paddington
London
bare-knuckle boxers
Caleb Baldwin
Jem Belcher
International Boxing Hall of Fame
Paddington Tom Jones
Paddington Tom Jones

categories: English male boxers,1833 deaths,International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees,1766 births,Bare-knuckle boxers

paragraph: Paddington Tom Jones

paragraph: Paddington Jones (1766 – 22 August 1833) was a British boxer from 1785 to 1805. He was born in Paddington, London.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Jones is credited with having fought more bouts and seconded more pugilists than any person before him. He fought many notable bare-knuckle boxers of his day, including Caleb Baldwin, and in 1799 lost to Jem Belcher in the Middleweight Championship of England.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Jones died in Paddington on August 22, 1833 at age 67.

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: Jones was elected to the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 2010.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paddington Tom Jones @ International Boxing Hall of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paddington Tom Jones @ Cyber Boxing Zone

description: British boxer

wikidata_label: Paddington Tom Jones

wikipedia_title: Paddington Tom Jones


text:
Nigeria
footballer
ŠK Slovan Bratislava
attacking midfielder
Kano
Sporting CP
€
Gateway FC
Premier League
Chelsea
Liverpool
Manchester United
Arsenal
World Soccer
Emmanuel Adebayor
Mario Balotelli
John Obi Mikel
Goal.com
The Times
Bellinzona
Portuguese
4–2–3–1 system
Lisbon
Real S.C.
third division
Scottish Premier League
Celtic
free agent
Dutch
VVV-Venlo
Damien Comolli
director of football
Anfield
Eerste Divisie
Telstar
friendly
PSV Eindhoven
Royal Dutch Football Association
their reserves
Fred Rutten
Eredivisie
Glasgow
substitute
St Johnstone
Gary Hooper
Kilmarnock
Kenny Shiels
free transfer
Rugby Park
FC Barcelona
East Ayrshire
Paul Heffernan
Dundee United
his first season
Ross County
University Hospital Crosshouse
Reuben Gabriel
Nigerian under-17 team
2007 FIFA World Cup
France
Jay-Jay Okocha
win that year
Africa U-17 Cup of Nations
Togo
Eritrea
Berti Vogts
2008 Africa Cup of Nations
Haruna Lukman
groin
bronze
African Youth Championship
Rwanda
Ivory Coast
South Africa
that year
FIFA U-20 World Cup
Germany
round-of-16
assists
Samson Siasia
2013 Africa Cup of Nations
Stephen Keshi
cap
Chad
Kaduna
2017 Africa Cup of Nations
qualifiers
Muslim
KNVB Cup
2011–12
Scottish Cup
2012–13
Slovak Super Liga
2014–15
2015–16
Slovak Cup
2014–15
2015–16
Slovak Super Liga
2018–19
FIFA U-17 World Cup
2007
African U-17 Championship
2007
African Youth Championship
Bronze medal
2009
AS Trenčín official profile

categories: Scottish Professional Football League players,Kilmarnock F.C. players,Slovak Super Liga players,Nigeria international footballers,1991 births,Real S.C. players,Expatriate footballers in Slovakia,Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Slovakia,Celtic F.C. players,Portuguese Second Division players,Expatriate footballers in Belgium,Expatriate footballers in Scotland,PSV Eindhoven players,Eredivisie players,Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Scotland,Nigeria under-20 international footballers,FK AS Trenčín players,Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal,Sporting CP footballers,Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands,Association football midfielders,Living people,Nigerian expatriate footballers,Scottish Premier League players,Gateway United F.C. players,K.A.A. Gent players,Expatriate footballers in Portugal,ŠK Slovan Bratislava players,Nigerian footballers,Nigerian Muslims,Belgian First Division A players,Sportspeople from Kano

paragraph: Rabiu Ibrahim

paragraph: Rabiu Ibrahim (born 15 March 1991) is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays for Slovak club ŠK Slovan Bratislava as an attacking midfielder.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Sporting.

paragraph: Ibrahim was born in Kano. In summer 2007, he signed for Sporting CP for €450,000, in a joint ownership agreement with his previous club Gateway FC. Shortly afterwards, it was reported that Premier League sides Chelsea, Liverpool, Manchester United, and Arsenal were interested in signing him, but nothing came of it.

paragraph: In late 2007, Ibrahim was included by World Soccer in its "50 Most Exciting Teen Footballers" list and, in March of the following year, he was featured by InsideFutbol.com in an article on young African footballers including Emmanuel Adebayor, Mario Balotelli and John Obi Mikel. In January 2009, he appeared in Goal.com's list of "10 African Players to Watch", and The Times' "Football's Top 50 Rising Stars".

paragraph: With Sporting, Ibrahim participated in the 2008 Bellinzona Under-19 International Tournament, with the Portuguese eventually winning the trophy. In the competition, in which he was eventually voted as the best player, he was deployed as a classic number 10 in a 4–2–3–1 system; one year later, he again led the Lisbon team to the final stage of the same tournament.

paragraph: In October 2009, Ibrahim twice rejected Sporting's offer of a professional contract, and was at that time sent on loan to Real S.C. in the third division. In January 2010 he drew interest from Scottish Premier League's Celtic, but the deal never materialised due to undisclosed reasons believed to involve work permit issues.

paragraph: In 2010, Ibrahim left Sporting as a free agent. Subsequently, Dutch side VVV-Venlo tried to sign him in partnership with a United Kingdom-based consortium, but the negotiations broke down due to financial issues. In December, shortly after Damien Comolli was appointed director of football at Anfield, the player was again linked to Liverpool.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:PSV.

paragraph: In January 2011, Ibrahim went on trial with Eerste Divisie club Telstar through an investment group. After performing well in a friendly against PSV Eindhoven and later being described as one of the best players in the match by the team's coach, he was quickly offered a contract, pending a valid work permit from the Royal Dutch Football Association.

paragraph: However, Telstar could not afford to sign Ibrahim even with the help of private investors. Subsequently, he went on trial with PSV, scoring twice in a 2–0 win against their reserves in a practice match – the first team's coach, Fred Rutten, said: "Ibrahim is fast, technically skilled, physically strong and has a good sense of field position, there is something in that boy"; on 11 March 2011, he agreed to a deal at the Eredivisie side.

paragraph: In December 2011, Ibrahim's agent reached a mutual agreement with PSV to terminate the player's contract, because of limited first-team action.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Celtic.

paragraph: On 18 January 2012, Celtic announced that, after a successful trial period, they had agreed terms to sign Ibrahim on a three and-a-half-year deal, pending a work permit application which was granted five days later. He revealed that he turned down a move to clubs in England and Germany to join the Glasgow team, believing it could help him restore his reputation.

paragraph: Ibrahim made his debut on 3 May 2012, coming on as a 74th-minute substitute in a 1–0 home win against St Johnstone: his cross gave Gary Hooper the chance to score, but he was offside.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Kilmarnock.

paragraph: On 2 January 2013, Kilmarnock manager Kenny Shiels confirmed that Ibrahim had signed a two-year contract with the club on a free transfer. The 21-year-old decided to move to Rugby Park in search of regular first-team football; he also stated that his choice was due to his new team having a similar style to that of FC Barcelona, whilst Shiels said that the move was good for the player's career and that he would attempt to 'get inside his head' to help him find his form.

paragraph: Ibrahim made his debut for the East Ayrshire team two weeks after signing, coming on as a substitute for Paul Heffernan in a goalless draw against Dundee United. He finished his first season with only six appearances.

paragraph: On 19 October 2013, Ibrahim collapsed in the first half of a league fixture against Ross County and was taken to the nearby University Hospital Crosshouse. The following January, both he and his compatriot Reuben Gabriel were released.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: Ibrahim was a member of the Nigerian under-17 team in the 2007 FIFA World Cup in South Korea, scoring in the first match against France as the nation went on to win the competition. Before the tournament, he had been dubbed "the new Jay-Jay Okocha", and helped the side win that year's Africa U-17 Cup of Nations held in Togo, scoring twice against Eritrea in the group stage (8–0).

paragraph: Aged 16, he was included in the senior squad by German coach Berti Vogts for the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations, with his under-17 teammate Haruna Lukman. However, a groin injury prevented him from participating in the tournament.

paragraph: In 2009, Ibrahim helped Nigeria to win bronze in the African Youth Championship in Rwanda, netting against Ivory Coast and South Africa, with the national team securing a place in that year's FIFA U-20 World Cup where he appeared in three matches, scoring against Germany in the 2–3 round-of-16 loss; in addition to his six goals in the youth levels, he also provided many assists.

paragraph: In the following years, Ibrahim continued to be closely watched by the Nigerian senior coaches, with Samson Siasia claiming in the media in April 2010 that he was one of only two players who could solve the country's attacking midfield problems. Siasia was appointed in November 2010 and the player was called up to his first camp ahead of the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations, but the manager in charge was now Stephen Keshi.

paragraph: Ibrahim earned his first full cap on 13 June 2015, playing for 32 minutes in a 2–0 home win over Chad in Kaduna for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualifiers.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Ibrahim is a practising Muslim.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Club.

paragraph: PSV

paragraph: BULLET::::- KNVB Cup: 2011–12

paragraph: Celtic

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scottish Cup: 2012–13

paragraph: Trenčín

paragraph: BULLET::::- Slovak Super Liga: 2014–15, 2015–16

paragraph: BULLET::::- Slovak Cup: 2014–15, 2015–16

paragraph: Slovan Bratislava

paragraph: BULLET::::- Slovak Super Liga: 2018–19

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Country.

paragraph: Nigeria

paragraph: BULLET::::- FIFA U-17 World Cup: 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- African U-17 Championship: 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- African Youth Championship: Bronze medal 2009

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- AS Trenčín official profile

description: Nigerian footballer

wikidata_label: Rabiu Ibrahim

wikipedia_title: Rabiu Ibrahim


text: English

text: Nova Scotia

text: Nova Scotia House of Assembly

text: Raid on Dartmouth (1751)

text: Dartmouth

text: Mi'kmaq

text: Richard Wenman

text: John Allan

text: fire warden

text: Freemasons

text: Charitable Irish Society of Halifax

text: George Pyke

text: 7th Royal Fusiliers

text: Siege of San Sebastian

text: James Irvine

categories: Nova Scotia pre-Confederation MLAs,1828 deaths

paragraph: John George Pyke

paragraph: John George Pyke (4 January 1744 – 3 September 1828) was an English-born merchant and political figure in Nova Scotia. He represented Halifax County from 1785 to 1799 and Halifax Township from 1799 to 1800 and from 1802 to 1818 in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. He also became head of the Police department. He survived the Raid on Dartmouth (1751) but his father Abraham did not.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: He was the only child of (John) Abraham Pyke and Ann Scrope of Yorkshire. He came to Nova Scotia with his parents on the Alderney in 1750, though he was educated in England. A year after his arrival in Canada his father was killed at Dartmouth by the Mi'kmaqs. His father was buried in an unmarked grave in the Old Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia). Two months later, John's mother married Richard Wenman.

paragraph: At St. Paul's, Halifax in August, 1772, Pyke married Elizabeth Allan, the daughter of Major William Allan by his wife Isabella, daughter of Sir Eustace Maxwell. Elizabeth Pyke was the sister of John Allan. John Pyke inherited his stepfather's properties, including a brewery and land on Spring Garden Road, in 1781. Pyke also served as magistrate in charge of the police, fire warden and colonel in the local militia. He was also Grand Master for the Freemasons. Pyke was also a member of the Charitable Irish Society of Halifax. He died in Halifax.

paragraph: The Pykes were the parents of seven children: George Pyke was the eldest son, and another son, Lieutenant Wincknatte Pyke (d.1813) of the 7th Royal Fusiliers, was killed at the Siege of San Sebastian. One of their daughters, Anne, married James Irvine. Their youngest daughter Isabella married the Honourable Charles Hill.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John George Pyke; Biographical sketch. Obituary. "Novascotian, or Colonial Herald." 4 September 1828.

description: Canadian politician

wikidata_label: John George Pyke

wikipedia_title: John George Pyke


text:
Kuressaare
Saaremaa
Governorate of Livonia
Russian Empire
Tallinn
Estonian
Rahumäe cemetery
Tallinn

categories: People from Kuressaare,1951 deaths,1896 births,Burials at Rahumäe cemetery,People from the Governorate of Livonia,Estonian film directors,Estonian cinematographers

paragraph: Konstantin Märska

paragraph: Konstantin Märska ( in Kuressaare, Saaremaa, Governorate of Livonia, Russian Empire – 30 August 1951 in Tallinn) was an Estonian cinematographer and film director.

paragraph: Märska is buried at the Rahumäe cemetery in Tallinn.

description: Estonian film director

wikidata_label: Konstantin Märska

wikipedia_title: Konstantin Märska


text: FBA

text: philologist

text: Professor of Comparative Philology

text: Oxford University

text: Idle

text: Bradford

text: bobbin doffer

text: mill

text: Sir Titus Salt's

text: model village

text: University of Heidelberg

text: University of Leeds

text: Hermann Osthoff

text: Oxford University

text: Professor Max Müller

text: Taylor Institution

text: Professor of Comparative Philology

text: Germanic languages

text: Old English

text: Middle English

text: Old High German

text: Middle High German

text: Gothic

text: English dialect

text: Windhill

text: English Dialect Dictionary

text: Yorkshire Dialect Society

text: British Academy

text: Sir Israel Gollancz Prize

text: Bodleian Library

text: Oxford University Press

text: Yorkshire Dales

text: Aberdeen Terrier

text: Gothic

text: progressive

text: pneumonia

text: Oxford

text: J. R. R. Tolkien

text: Grammar of the Gothic Language

text: Thomas Hardy

text: Virginia Woolf

text: The Years

text: biopic

text: Tolkien

text: Derek Jacobi

text: extract

text: vol. 1

text: vol. 2

text: Wright's "Old High German Primer"

text: Wright's "Middle High German Primer"

text: J.R.R. Tolkien By Brian Compton

categories: Linguists from England,People from Idle, West Yorkshire,English philologists,Historical linguists,Fellows of the British Academy,Heidelberg University alumni,Dialectologists,People from Bradford,1855 births,1930 deaths,Diebold Professors of Comparative Philology

paragraph: Joseph Wright (linguist)

paragraph: Joseph Wright FBA (31 October 1855 – 27 February 1930)

paragraph: was an English philologist who rose from humble origins to become Professor of Comparative Philology at Oxford University.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Wright was born in Idle, near Bradford in Yorkshire, the second son of Dufton Wright, a woollen cloth weaver and quarryman, and his wife Sarah Ann (née Atkinson). He started work as a "donkey-boy" in a quarry at the age of six, leading a donkey-drawn cart full of tools to the smithy to be sharpened. He later became a bobbin doffer – responsible for removing and replacing full bobbins – in a Yorkshire mill in Sir Titus Salt's model village. Although he learnt his letters and numbers at the Salt's Factory School, he was unable to read a newspaper until he was 15. He later said of this time, "Reading and writing, for me, were as remote as any of the sciences".

paragraph: By now a wool-sorter earning £1 a week, Wright became increasingly fascinated with languages and began attending night-school to learn French, German and Latin, as well as maths and shorthand. At the age of 18 he even started his own night-school, charging his colleagues twopence a week.

paragraph: By 1876 he had saved £40 and could afford a term's study at the University of Heidelberg, although he walked from Antwerp to save money.

paragraph: Returning to Yorkshire, Wright continued his studies at the Yorkshire College of Science (later the University of Leeds) while working as a schoolmaster. A former pupil of Wright's recalls that, "with a piece of chalk [he would] draw illustrative diagrams at the same time with each hand, and talk while he was doing it".

paragraph: He later returned to Heidelberg and in 1885 completed his PhD. on "Qualitative and Quantitative Changes of the Indo-Germanic Vowel System in Greek" under Hermann Osthoff, later founding the field of scientific study: English dialectology.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1888, after his return from Germany, Wright was offered a post at Oxford University by Professor Max Müller, and became a lecturer to the Association for the Higher Education of Women and deputy lecturer in German at the Taylor Institution.

paragraph: From 1891 to 1901 he was Deputy Professor and from 1901 to 1925 Professor of Comparative Philology at Oxford.

paragraph: He specialised in the Germanic languages and wrote a range of introductory grammars for Old English, Middle English, Old High German, Middle High German and Gothic which were still being revised and reprinted 50 years after his death. He also wrote a historical grammar of German.

paragraph: He had a strong interest in English dialects and claimed that his 1892 book "A Grammar of the Dialect of Windhill" was "the first grammar of its kind in England." Undoubtedly, his greatest achievement was the editing of the six-volume "English Dialect Dictionary", which he published between 1898 and 1905, initially at his own expense. This remains a definitive work, a snapshot of English dialect speech at the end of the 19th century. In the course of his work on the "Dictionary", he formed a committee to gather Yorkshire material, which gave rise in 1897 to the Yorkshire Dialect Society, which claims to be the world's oldest surviving dialect society. Wright had been offered a position at a Canadian university, who would have paid him an annual salary of £500 – a very generous salary at the time. However, Wright opted to stay in Oxford and finish the "Dialect Dictionary" without any financial backing from a sponsor.

paragraph: in 1925 Wright was the inaugural recipient of the British Academy's Biennial Prize for English Literature (now the Sir Israel Gollancz Prize), awarded for publications in Early English Language and Literature.

paragraph: Wright's papers are in the Bodleian Library, Oxford.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1896 he married Elizabeth Mary Lea (1863–1958), with whom he co-authored his Old and Middle English Grammars. She also wrote the book, "Rustic Speech and Folklore" (Oxford University Press 1913), in which she makes reference to their various walking and cycle trips into the Yorkshire Dales, as well as various articles and essays.

paragraph: The couple had two children – Willie Boy and Mary – both of whom died in childhood.

paragraph: Wright and his wife were known for their hospitality to their students and would often invite a dozen or more, both men and women, to their home for Yorkshire Sunday teas. On these occasions Wright would perform his party trick of making his Aberdeen Terrier, Jack, lick his lips when Wright said the Gothic words for fig-tree – "smakka bagms".

paragraph: Although Wright was a progressive to the extent that he believed women were entitled to a university education, he did not believe that women should be made voting members of the university, saying they were, "... less independent in judgement than men and apt to run in a body like sheep".

paragraph: Although his energies were for the most part directed towards his work, Wright also enjoyed gardening and followed Yorkshire cricket and football teams.

paragraph: At the age of seventy-four he succumbed to pneumonia, and died at his Oxford home, Thackley, 119 Banbury Road, on 27 February 1930, and was buried at Oxford. His last word was "Dictionary". In 1932 his widow, Elizabeth, published a biography of Wright, "The Life of Joseph Wright".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Wright was an important early influence on J. R. R. Tolkien, and was one of his tutors at Oxford: studying the "Grammar of the Gothic Language" with Wright seems to have been a turning point in Tolkien's life. Writing to his son Michael in 1963, J. R. R. Tolkien reflected on his time studying with Wright thus: "Years before I had rejected as disgusting cynicism by an old vulgarian the words of warning given me by old Joseph Wright. ‘What do you take Oxford for, lad?’ ‘A university, a place of learning.’ ‘Nay, lad, it‘s a factory! And what’s it making? I‘ll tell you. It‘s making fees. Get that in your head, and you‘ll begin to understand what goes on.‘ Alas! by 1935 I now knew that it was perfectly true. At any rate as a key to dons‘ behaviour."

paragraph: In the course of editing the "Dictionary", Wright corresponded regularly with Thomas Hardy.

paragraph: Wright was greatly admired by Virginia Woolf, who writes of him in her diary that, "The triumph of learning is that it leaves something done solidly for ever. Everybody knows now about dialect, owing to his dixery." He was the inspiration for the character of Mr Brook in "The Pargiters", an early draft of "The Years".

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: In the 2019 biopic "Tolkien", Professor Wright is portrayed by Sir Derek Jacobi.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (extract)

paragraph: BULLET::::- vol. 1, vol. 2

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wright's "Old High German Primer"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wright's "Middle High German Primer"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wright's "Grammar of the Gothic Language"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Wright, Comparative Grammar Of The Greek Language

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portraits of Linguists and their Studies in the area of Old Germanic Languages

paragraph: BULLET::::- J.R.R. Tolkien By Brian Compton

description: British linguist

wikidata_label: Joseph Wright

wikipedia_title: Joseph Wright (linguist)


text: Madurai Nayak

text: Madurai

text: India

text: Madurai

text: Tiruchy

text: Chokkanatha Nayak

text: Thanjavur

text: Vijayaraghava Nayaka

text: Aurangzeb

text: sati

text: Marathas

text: Mysore

text: Mughal

text: Travancore

text: Ramnad

text: Thirumalai Nayak

text: Deccan

text: Trichinopoly

text: Zulfikhar Ali Khan

text: Siege of Jinji

text: Shivaji

text: punitive expedition

text: cannons

text: Tanjore Marathas

text: Chikka Deva Raya

text: Salem

text: Coimbatore

text: Anicut

text: Cauvery

text: Kannambadi dam

text: Raghunatha Sethupathi

text: Sethupathi

text: Tirunelveli

text: Tamukkam

text: Mahatma Gandhi

text: Hindu

text: temple

text: mosque

text: Christian

text: Dargah

text: Missionaries

text: palanquin

text: Meenakshiamman Temple

text: Rao, Velcheru Narayana

text: S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar

text: Madurai

text: Meenakshi Temple

text: Madurai.com - Rani Mangammal

categories: Regents of India,Telugu people,18th-century women rulers,Madurai Nayak dynasty,1706 deaths,17th-century births,Indian female royalty,17th-century Indian women,17th-century women rulers,Queens regnant

paragraph: Mangammal

paragraph: Rani Mangammal (died 1705) was a queen regent on behalf of her grandson, in the Madurai Nayak kingdom in present-day Madurai, India, in 1689—1704. She was a popular administrator and is still widely remembered as a maker of roads and avenues, and a builder of temples, tanks and choultries with many of her public works still in use. She is also known for her diplomatic and political skills and successful military campaigns. The capital of Madurai Kingdom during her times was Tiruchy.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Mangammal was the daughter of Tupakula Lingama Nayaka, a general of Madurai ruler Chokkanatha Nayak (1659–1682). Although Chokkanatha married Mangammal early, she became the principal queen only later on after his efforts to wed the daughter of the Thanjavur ruler Vijayaraghava Nayaka had failed. Chokkanatha died in 1682, after that she took over the crown.

paragraph: Section::::Regency.

paragraph: Rangakrishna Muthu Virappa Nayak (1682—1689), Mangammal’s son succeeded Chokkanatha, aged fifteen. He tried to retrieve the diminished fortunes of the kingdom and made a name for himself by courageously ignoring Aurangzeb. But Rengakrishna died in 1689, when his queen was pregnant. After she gave birth to a son, Vijaya Ranga Chokkanatha, she committed sati, despite strong remonstrance by her mother-in-law Mangammal. So Mangammal was forced to become regent on behalf of her infant grandson Vijaya Ranga Chokkanatha, who was crowned when he was three months old in 1689 and ruled till 1705, with an able administrative council headed by Dalavoy (Governor General) Narasappiah.

paragraph: Section::::Military Campaigns.

paragraph: Mangammal was less often at war than her predecessors had been, but she did not escape the usual conflicts with her neighbors. The Madurai kingdom had enemies all-around; the Marathas, Mysore army, Mughal army with the Deccan Sultans and frequent interludes by the Thanjavur kingdom. In the south, the Raja of Travancore stopped paying the tribute and the ruler of Ramnad, Kilavan Sethupathi had risen in revolt in a bid for independence. Mangammal had to face these state of affairs without any external help. With her political wisdom, diplomatic skill, administrative ability, and cool courage in the face of danger, she was able to maintain the prestige of Madurai and regain for it much of the position it had held during the days of Thirumalai Nayak.

paragraph: Section::::Military Campaigns.:Mughal Army.

paragraph: Mangammal’s reign also synchronized with a period when the Mughal Emperor under Aurangzeb was the master of Deccan.It was only during her reign Madurai first came into direct contact with the Mughal Empire at Delhi. Zulfikar Khan, the general sent by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb to attack the Maratha stronghold at Gingee, exacted tribute both from Trichinopoly and Thanjavur in 1693, though he did not succeed in taking Gingee until five years later.

paragraph: The first problem which Mangammal had to face was the threat from the Mughals. Aurangzeb sent an army to the south to demand submission from Thanjavur and to seize Gingee Fort, which had gone into the hands of the Marathas during the time of her husband. In 1697, Zulfikhar Ali Khan, the general of Aurangzeb was engaged in the Siege of Jinji, where Rajaram, son of Shivaji had entrenched himself and bent upon attacking Thanjavur and Madurai at any cost.

paragraph: After careful deliberation, Mangammal sent tribute, and later with the help of Zulfikhar Ali she was able to recover some portions of the kingdom lost to Thanjavur in the past. Mangammal also had to face an invasion of Tiruchirapalli by Chikka Deva Raya of Mysore who sent his famous Dalavoy Kumariyya, but an attack by the Marathas on Mysore led to his recall.

paragraph: Section::::Military Campaigns.:Expedition to Venad.

paragraph: In 1697, Mangammal sent an expedition to Venad to punish its ruler, Ravi Varma, who had attacked and destroyed an army sent from Madurai to Venad to collect the annual tribute which the king had not been paying. The ruler of that country had of recent years been very remiss in sending his tribute to Madurai, and it had been necessary on several occasions to send an army to collect the arrears. The force dispatched for this purpose was taken off its guard and almost cut to pieces. A punitive expedition was organized in the following year, and after hard fighting Venad was subdued and an immense booty was brought home. Part of this consisted of many cannons, which were mounted, on the ramparts of Tiruchirapalli and Madurai.

paragraph: Section::::Military Campaigns.:Wars with Tanjore.

paragraph: Mangammal had frequent troubles from the time of her regency with Maratha King Shaji of Thanjavur. In the following year the Madurai forces under Dalavoy Narasappiah crushingly defeated the Tanjore Marathas near their capital, when they suddenly stormed into their capital. The disheartened King Shaji of Tanjore was only glad enough to buy off the invading army with an enormous bribe, after almost emptying his treasury.

paragraph: Section::::Military Campaigns.:War with Mysore.

paragraph: When Rani Mangammal was engaged in settling her policy towards the Mughal Empire, Chikka Deva Raya of Mysore in a pursuit of territorial expansion annexed the territories up to Salem and Coimbatore from Madurai Kingdom between 1690 and 1694. In 1695, Tiruchirapalli, then capital of Madurai, was also besieged by Mysore armies was defeated and sent back.

paragraph: Shortly after her war and peace with Thanjavur in 1700, both united and proceeded against Chikka Dev Raya. The later had built an Anicut (which means "dam" in Tamil) across the river Cauvery thus preventing adequate supply of irrigation water for Thanjavur and the northern parts of Madurai Kingdom. Same year, the river also ran near dry. Anticipating a drought and famine situation, both Madurai and Thanjavur armies united to attack Mysore. But by that time, heavy rains had washed off this Anicut, which was located at the site where the present Kannambadi dam stands.

paragraph: Section::::Military Campaigns.:Independence of Ramnad province.

paragraph: Mangammal's greatest trial and serious failure was her expedition against Raghunatha Sethupathi, which was also her last major campaign in 1702. The war was against the Sethupathi for his support to Thanjavur during her early days. This ended in a defeat for the Madurai culminating with the death of Madurai’s famous Dalavoy Narasappiah in the battle. This was a serious blow to Rani Mangammal for otherwise successful military campaigns.

paragraph: Section::::Civil Administration.

paragraph: Mangammal was an efficient and popular ruler and her memory is cherished even today in the rural areas of the district. Mangammal worked industriously at civil administration, trade and industry paying special attention to irrigation and communications.

paragraph: Section::::Civil Administration.:Public Works.

paragraph: Many irrigation channels were repaired, new roads were constructed, and avenue trees were planted. The highway from Cape Comorin was originally built during the time of Mangammal and it was known as Mangammal Salai. She built many public works, notably the Choultries for pilgrims, of which the Mangammal Chataram (Choultry) in Madurai near the railway station is a standing monument. Popular belief ascribes to her every fine old avenue constructed in Madurai and Tirunelveli and other smaller towns in Tamil Nadu.

paragraph: Her own original palace (Tamukkam or Summer Palace) in Madurai now houses the Mahatma Gandhi Museum although modified several times. The Palace has Tamukku Maidanam (Grounds), capable of hosting royal entertainments such as elephant fights. She also provided comfort to highway travelers and pedestrians by planting trees, building inns and supplies of water. In 1701 she made large grants for a public feeding institute.

paragraph: Section::::Civil Administration.:Religious affairs.

paragraph: Mangammal was Hindu but nevertheless she was tolerant of other religions. She endowed both temples and mosques, and she was friendly with Christian missionaries and their converts. In 1701, she made village grants to a Dargah in Tiruchirapalli. Christian Missionaries enjoyed greater freedom in carrying out their works.

paragraph: Mangammal donated considerable jewels, palanquins to the Madurai Meenakshiamman Temple and similar endowments to numerous temples in her Kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Civil Administration.:Festivals and recreation.

paragraph: Rani Mangammal instituted the famous Unjal (swing) festival in the temple of Meenakshi to be performed in the Tamil month of Ani. Her contemporary portrait may be seen in the Unjal Mandapam. On all celebrations, the royal sceptre (sengoal) used to be placed before the Meenakshi deity and then placed on the throne for the whole day. A painting in the Meenakshi Amman Temple shows the temple priest handing over the royal sceptre to the Queen. It may also be mentioned that Hindu kings ruled their kingdoms as the servants of God. The land was ruled in the name of the presiding God of the country.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Mangammal’s death (circa 1705) is shrouded in mystery. Managammal’s grandson Vijaya Ranga Chokkanatha Nayak came of age in 1704—1705.

paragraph: But she is the most remembered of all Nayak rulers by the people of Tamil Nadu even more than Thirumalai Nayak for her administrative works which still exists in various parts of her former kingdom. The belief was that women were not suited to succeed to the throne of a kingdom, so Mangammal shines almost alone as an able and powerful female ruler in Tamil Nadu.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rao, Velcheru Narayana, and David Shulman, Sanjay Subrahmanyam. "Symbols of substance : court and state in Nayaka period Tamil Nadu" (Delhi ; Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1998) ; xix, 349 p., [16] p. of plates : ill., maps ; 22 cm. ; Oxford India paperbacks ; Includes bibliographical references and index ; .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Devakunjari, D., 1921-. "Madurai through the ages : from the earliest times to 1801 A.D." general editor, R. Nagaswamy (Madras : Society for Archaeological, Historical, and Epigraphical Research, [1979]) ; 336 p., [26] leaves of plates : ill. ; 22 cm. ; SAHER publication no. 8. ; "Thesis submitted to the University of Madras for the award of Ph.D. degree in the year 1957"—T.p. verso. ; bibliography: p. 334-336.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rajaram, K. (Kumarasamy), 1940-. "History of Thirumalai Nayak" (Madurai : Ennes Publications, 1982) ; 128 p., [1] leaf of plates : ill., maps ; 23 cm. ; revision of the author's thesis (M. Phil.--Madurai-Kamaraj University, 1978) Includes index ; bibliography p. 119-125 ; on the achievements of Tirumala Nayaka, fl. 1623-1659, Madurai ruler.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Balendu Sekaram, Kandavalli, 1909-. "The Nayaks of Madura" by Khandavalli Balendusekharam (Hyderabad : Andhra Pradesh Sahithya Akademi, 1975) ; 30 p. ; 22 cm. ; "World Telugu Conference publication." ; History of the Telugu speaking Nayaka kings of Pandyan Kingdom, Madurai, 16th-18th century.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sathianathaier, R. "History of the Nayaks of Madura" [microform] by R. Sathyanatha Aiyar ; edited for the University, with introduction and notes by S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar ([Madras] : Oxford University Press, 1924) ; see also ([London] : H. Milford, Oxford university press, 1924) ; xvi, 403 p. ; 21 cm. ; SAMP early 20th-century Indian books project item 10819.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Madurai

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meenakshi Temple

paragraph: BULLET::::- Madurai.com - Rani Mangammal

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hindu: Rani Mangammal Durbar Hall Palace at Trichy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tamukkam Palace at Madurai, Now Gandhi Memorial Museum

description: Indian Queen regent

wikidata_label: Mangammal

wikipedia_title: Mangammal


text: dancer

text: choreographer

text: New York City

text: William C. deMille

text: Cecil B. DeMille

text: Anna Angela George

text: Henry George

text: Henry Churchill de Mille

text: Matilda Beatrice deMille

text: Hollywood

text: Cleopatra

text: LeRoy Prinz

text: UCLA

text: Kappa Alpha Theta

text: London

text: Dame Marie Rambert

text: The Ballet Club

text: Ballet Rambert

text: Antony Tudor

text: London Ballet

text: American Ballet Theatre

text: Rodeo

text: Aaron Copland

text: Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo

text: The Other

text: Rodeo

text: Giovanni Boccaccio

text: Fall River Legend

text: Lizzie Borden

text: Rodeo

text: Oklahoma!

text: Marc Platt

text: Katherine Sergava

text: George Church

text: Bloomer Girl

text: Carousel

text: Allegro

text: Brigadoon

text: Tony Award for Best Choreography

text: Gentlemen Prefer Blondes

text: Paint Your Wagon

text: The Girl in Pink Tights

text: Goldilocks

text: 110 in the Shade

text: Oklahoma!

text: "Brigadoon"

text: "Carousel"

text: "Omnibus"

text: Virginia Bosler

text: Gemze de Lappe

text: Lidija Franklin

text: Jean Houloose

text: Dania Krupska

text: Bambi Linn

text: Joan McCracken

text: James Mitchell

text: Mavis Ray

text: Sallie Wilson

text: Agnes de Mille Dance Theatre

text: Heritage Dance Theatre

text: Cecil B. DeMille

text: memoir

text: New York Review Books

text: modern dance

text: Martha Graham

text: Greenwich Village

text: American Theater Hall of Fame

text: Tony Award

text: Best Choreography

text: Brigadoon

text: Drama Desk Special Award

text: National Medal of Arts

text: Dance Theatre of Harlem

text: American Ballet Theatre

text: Kennedy Center

text: Ned Scott

text: Agnes De Mille Papers: A Finding Aid

categories: American choreographers,California State University, Long Beach alumni,1905 births,20th-century ballet dancers,20th-century American dancers,Choreographers of American Ballet Theatre,Ballet choreographers,American people of Jewish descent,American ballerinas,Donaldson Award winners,Rambert Dance Company dancers,Artists from New York City,DeMille family,American women choreographers,1993 deaths,Stroke survivors,Kennedy Center honorees,University of California, Los Angeles alumni,United States National Medal of Arts recipients

paragraph: Agnes de Mille

paragraph: Agnes George de Mille (September 18, 1905 – October 7, 1993) was an American dancer and choreographer.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Agnes de Mille was born in New York City into a well-connected family of theater professionals. Her father William C. deMille and her uncle Cecil B. DeMille were both Hollywood directors. Her mother, Anna Angela George, was the daughter of Henry George, the economist. On her father's side, Agnes was the granddaughter of playwrights Henry Churchill de Mille and Matilda Beatrice deMille. Her paternal grandmother was Jewish.

paragraph: She had a love for acting and originally wanted to be an actress, but was told that she was "not pretty enough", so she turned her attention to dance. As a child, she had longed to dance, but dance at this time was considered more of an activity, rather than a viable career option, so her parents refused to allow her to dance. She did not seriously consider dancing as a career until after she graduated from college. When de Mille's younger sister was prescribed ballet classes to cure her flat feet, de Mille joined her. De Mille lacked flexibility and technique, though, and did not have a dancer's body. Classical ballet was the most widely known dance form at this time, and de Mille's apparent lack of ability limited her opportunities. She taught herself from watching film stars on the set with her father in Hollywood; these were more interesting for her to watch than perfectly turned out legs, and she developed strong character work and compelling performances. One of de Mille's earliest jobs, thanks to her father's connections, was choreographing the Cecil B. DeMille film "Cleopatra" (1934). DeMille's dance director LeRoy Prinz clashed with the younger de Mille. Her uncle always deferred to Prinz, even after agreeing to his niece's dances in advance, and Agnes de Mille left the film.

paragraph: De Mille graduated from UCLA with a degree in English where she was a member of Kappa Alpha Theta sorority, and in 1933 moved to London to study with Dame Marie Rambert, eventually joining Rambert's company, The Ballet Club, later Ballet Rambert, and Antony Tudor's London Ballet.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: De Mille began her association with the fledgeling American Ballet Theatre (then called the Ballet Theatre) in 1939, but her first significant work, "Rodeo" (1942) with the score by Aaron Copland, was staged for the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo. Although de Mille continued to choreograph nearly up to the time of her death—her final ballet, "The Other", was completed in 1992—most of her later works have dropped out of the ballet repertoire. Besides "Rodeo", two other de Mille ballets are performed on a regular basis, "Three Virgins and a Devil" (1934) adapted from a tale by Giovanni Boccaccio, and "Fall River Legend" (1948) based on the life of Lizzie Borden.

paragraph: On the strength of "Rodeo", de Mille was hired to choreograph the musical "Oklahoma!" (1943). The dream ballet, in which dancers Marc Platt, Katherine Sergava, and George Church doubled for the leading actors, successfully integrated dance into the musical's plot. Instead of functioning as an interlude or "divertissement", the ballet provided key insights into the heroine's emotional troubles. De Mille went on to choreograph over a dozen other musicals, most notably "Bloomer Girl" (1944), "Carousel" (1945), "Allegro" (1947, Director as well as choreographer), "Brigadoon" (1947, for which she was co-recipient of the inaugural Tony Award for Best Choreography), "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes" (1949), "Paint Your Wagon" (1951), "The Girl in Pink Tights" (1954), "Goldilocks" (1957), and "110 in the Shade" (1963).

paragraph: De Mille's success on Broadway did not translate into success in film. Her only significant film credit is "Oklahoma!" (1955). She was not invited to recreate her choreography for either "Brigadoon" (1954) or "Carousel" (1956). Nevertheless, her two specials for the "Omnibus" TV series entitled "The Art of Ballet" and "The Art of Choreography" (both televised in 1956) were immediately recognized as landmark attempts to bring serious dance to the attention of a broad public.

paragraph: During his presidency, John F. Kennedy appointed de Mille as a member of the National Advisory Committee on the Arts, the predecessor to the National Endowment for the Arts, of which she was also appointed to by president L.B. Johnson after its activation.

paragraph: Her love for acting played a very important role in her choreography. De Mille revolutionized musical theatre by creating choreography which not only conveyed the emotional dimensions of the characters but enhanced the plot. Her choreography, as a reflection of her awareness of acting, reflected the angst and turmoil of the characters instead of simply focusing on a dancer's physical technique.

paragraph: De Mille regularly worked with a recognizable core group of dancers, including Virginia Bosler, Gemze de Lappe, Lidija Franklin, Jean Houloose, Dania Krupska, Bambi Linn, Joan McCracken, James Mitchell, Mavis Ray, and, at American Ballet Theatre, Sallie Wilson. Krupska, Mitchell, and Ray served as de Mille's assistant choreographers, while de Lappe has taken an active role in preserving de Mille's work.

paragraph: In 1973, de Mille founded the Agnes de Mille Dance Theatre, which she later revived as Heritage Dance Theatre.

paragraph: De Mille developed a love for public speaking, becoming an outspoken advocate for dance in America. She spoke in front of Congress three times: once in the Senate, once in the House of Representatives, and once for the Committee for Medical Research.

paragraph: She was interviewed in the television documentary series "Hollywood: A Celebration of the American Silent Film" (1980) primarily discussing the work of her uncle Cecil B. DeMille.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: DeMille's 1951 memoir, "Dance to the Piper", was translated into five languages. It was reissued in 2015 by "New York Review Books".

paragraph: De Mille was a lifelong friend of modern dance legend Martha Graham. De Mille, in 1992, published "Martha: The Life and Work of Martha Graham", a biography of Graham that de Mille worked on for more than thirty years.

paragraph: After suffering from a near-fatal stroke, she went on to write five books: "Reprieve" (which outlined the experience), "Who Was Henry George?", "Where the Wings Grow", "America Dances", "Portrait Gallery", and "Martha: The Life and Work of Martha Graham". She also wrote "And Promenade Home", "To a Young Dancer", "The Book of Dance", "Lizzie Borden: Dance of Death", "Dance in America", "Russian Journals", and "Speak to Me, Dance with Me".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: De Mille married Walter Prude on June 14, 1943. They had one child, Jonathan, born in 1946.

paragraph: Her hobbies included collecting fine porcelain and research on the history of clothes, something at which she was an expert.

paragraph: She suffered a stroke on stage in 1975, but recovered. She died in 1993 of a second stroke in her Greenwich Village apartment.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: De Mille was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1973. De Mille's many other awards include the Tony Award for Best Choreography (1947, for "Brigadoon"), the Handel Medallion for achievement in the arts (1976), an honor from the Kennedy Center (1980), an Emmy for her work in "The Indomitable de Mille" (1980), Drama Desk Special Award (1986) and, in 1986, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts. De Mille also has received seven honorary degrees from various colleges and universities.

paragraph: At present, the only commercially available examples of de Mille's choreography are parts one and two of "Rodeo" by the American Ballet Theater, "Fall River Legend" (filmed in 1989 by the Dance Theatre of Harlem) and "Oklahoma!"

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Notes

paragraph: Further reading

paragraph: BULLET::::- Memoirs, anecdotes about famous performing artists.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- American Ballet Theatre bio. and list of works

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kennedy Center bio.

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, Jerome Robbins Dance Division, 1905-Collection, (S) *MGZMD 37

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1936 Photos of Agnes de Mille for USPS commemorative stamp by Ned Scott

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agnes De Mille Papers: A Finding Aid (Sophia Smith Collection)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archival footage of Gemze de Lappe performing Agnes de Mille's "Come to Me, Bend to Me" in 2007 at Jacob's Pillow Dance Festival.

description: American dancer and choreographer

wikidata_label: Agnes de Mille

wikipedia_title: Agnes de Mille


text: Swiss

text: ice hockey

text: goaltender

text: National Hockey League

text: Colorado Avalanche

text: Montreal Canadiens

text: Phoenix Coyotes

text: Stanley Cup

text: HC Fribourg-Gottéron

text: HC Lugano

text: Rapperswil-Jona Lakers

text: Nationalliga A

text: Colorado Avalanche

text: 1997 NHL Entry Draft

text: ECHL

text: Chesapeake Icebreakers

text: Wheeling Nailers

text: American Hockey League

text: Hershey Bears

text: Marc Denis

text: Columbus Blue Jackets

text: Patrick Roy

text: Columbus Blue Jackets

text: Chicago Blackhawks

text: Stanley Cup

text: New Jersey Devils

text: final series

text: San Jose Sharks

text: NHL lockout

text: HC Lugano

text: Nationalliga A

text: Montreal Canadiens

text: José Théodore

text: NHL trade deadline

text: Cristobal Huet

text: Phoenix Coyotes

text: Alex Auld

text: Mikael Tellqvist

text: San Antonio Rampage

text: HC Lugano

text: Alex Auld

text: Winnipeg Jets

text: 2011–12 season

text: St. John's IceCaps

text: Rapperswil-Jona Lakers

text: National League A

text: HC Thurgau

text: National League B

text: Switzerland

text: Switzerland

text: 1998 World Juniors

text: Czech Republic

text: IIHF World Championships

text: Winter Olympic Games

text: Aebischer at hockeygoalies.org

categories: People from Fribourg,HC Thurgau players,HC Lugano players,St. John's IceCaps players,Colorado Avalanche players,Colorado Avalanche draft picks,1978 births,Chesapeake Icebreakers players,Montreal Canadiens players,Swiss ice hockey goaltenders,Phoenix Coyotes players,Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics,SC Rapperswil-Jona Lakers players,ECH Chur players,Living people,Olympic ice hockey players of Switzerland,Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics,Stanley Cup champions,San Antonio Rampage players,Hershey Bears players,HC Fribourg-Gottéron players

paragraph: David Aebischer

paragraph: David Aebischer (born February 7, 1978), is a former Swiss professional ice hockey goaltender who played in the National Hockey League with the Colorado Avalanche, Montreal Canadiens and Phoenix Coyotes. He was a member of the 2001 Stanley Cup champion Avalanche team, becoming the first Swiss native to achieve the feat. Aebischer also played several seasons in his native Switzerland with HC Fribourg-Gottéron, HC Lugano and the Rapperswil-Jona Lakers of the Nationalliga A.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: As a youth, Aebischer played in the 1992 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a team from Switzerland.

paragraph: Aebischer was drafted 161st overall by the Colorado Avalanche in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft. He moved to North America in 1997 and spent the 1997–98 season in the ECHL, first with the Chesapeake Icebreakers and then with the Wheeling Nailers. He spent the next two seasons with Colorado's American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Hershey Bears, with whom he compiled a 46-33-7 record. When the Avalanche traded back-up goaltender Marc Denis to the Columbus Blue Jackets in the summer of 2000, Aebischer became the full-time back-up to starting goaltender Patrick Roy.

paragraph: Aebischer played 26 games during his rookie season with Colorado. Aebischer made his NHL debut, and first NHL start on October 18, 2000 against the Columbus Blue Jackets in Columbus for his first NHL victory. On October 26, 2000 in his second career start, Aebischer shut out the Chicago Blackhawks in Chicago for his first NHL career shutout. The year would prove a successful one, as Roy backstopped the Avalanche to their second Stanley Cup championship, defeating the New Jersey Devils in a seven-game final series. With the win, Aebischer became the first Swiss hockey player to win the Stanley Cup.

paragraph: Following two more seasons as the Avalanche's back-up, Aebischer became Colorado's starting goaltender following Roy's retirement in the summer of 2003. He played 62 games and posted 32 wins during the 2003–04 season. That season, he started his first career playoff game for the Avalanche and led Colorado to the second round, where they lost to the San Jose Sharks in six games. The following season, due to the NHL lockout, Aebischer returned to Switzerland and played for HC Lugano in the Nationalliga A.

paragraph: Aebischer returned to the Avalanche for the 2005–06 season. He was unable to duplicate his pre-lockout form and his inconsistent play led to his being traded to the Montreal Canadiens in exchange for goaltender José Théodore on March 8, 2006, a day before the NHL trade deadline.

paragraph: That summer, Montreal re-signed him to a one-year deal worth $1.9 million. He served as Cristobal Huet's back-up for the 2006–07 season and posted a 13–12–3 record. The Canadiens failed to make the playoffs and Montreal opted not to re-sign Aebischer.

paragraph: On July 19, 2007, Aebischer signed a one-year, $600,000 contract with the Phoenix Coyotes. However, he lost the goaltending battle in training camp to Alex Auld and Mikael Tellqvist, and was waived. He went unclaimed and was subsequently assigned to the Coyotes AHL affiliate, the San Antonio Rampage. On November 23, 2007, Aebischer was loaned to HC Lugano to make room on the San Antonio roster for goaltender Alex Auld.

paragraph: In August, 2011, after four seasons back in his native Switzerland, Aebischer was invited to the training camp of the Winnipeg Jets for the 2011–12 season on a tryout contract. On October 5, 2011, it was announced that Aebischer would play with the Jets' AHL affiliate, the St. John's IceCaps.

paragraph: On July 1, 2012, Aebischer again left North America and signed a one-year contract with the Rapperswil-Jona Lakers of the National League A.

paragraph: In the 2014–15 season, Aebischer played five games with HC Thurgau of the National League B before announcing his retirement from his playing career to focus for a coaching role on January 25, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::International play.

paragraph: Aebischer has represented Switzerland internationally on many occasions. His first international experience came in the 1997 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, hosted by Switzerland. The Swiss finished in 7th place. Aebischer returned as Switzerland's starting goaltender the following year at the 1998 World Juniors and led the team past the quarterfinal round and to a bronze medal finish, defeating the heavily favoured Czech Republic in the bronze medal match. Aebischer has also appeared for Switzerland in five IIHF World Championships and two Winter Olympic Games.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aebischer at hockeygoalies.org

description: ice hockey player

wikidata_label: David Aebischer

wikipedia_title: David Aebischer


text: courtesy name

text: Cao Cao

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Cao Wei

text: Cao Pi

text: Three Kingdoms

text: end of the Han dynasty

text: Zhu Huan

text: Eastern Wu

text: second cousin

text: Cao Cao

text: government

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: full brother

text: Cao Chun

text: retainer

text: end of the Han dynasty

text: Huai

text: Si

text: campaign against Dong Zhuo

text: Cao Cao

text: Yuan Shu

text: Xu Province

text: Tao Qian

text: Xuzhou

text: Jiangsu

text: Lü Bu

text: Yellow Turban rebels

text: Emperor Xian

text: Li Jue

text: Guo Si

text: Xuchang

text: Henan

text: Guangyang Commandery

text: Cao Cao

text: Zhang Xiu

text: Wancheng District

text: Nanyang

text: Henan

text: Battle of Wancheng

text: Cao Cao

text: Yuan Shao

text: Battle of Guandu

text: Liu Bei

text: Xuchang

text: Henan

text: Liu Pi

text: li

text: Xinmi

text: Shi Huan

text: Huguan County

text: Shanxi

text: Sun Quan

text: Liu Bei

text: Battle of Red Cliffs

text: Xu Huang

text: Commandery

text: Jingzhou

text: Hubei

text: Zhou Yu

text: Niu Jin

text: Chen Jiao

text: Ma Chao

text: Han Sui

text: Battle of Tong Pass

text: Tongguan County

text: Weinan

text: Shaanxi

text: Fancheng District

text: Xiangfan

text: Hubei

text: Jing Province

text: Wancheng District

text: Nanyang

text: Henan

text: Liu Bei

text: Guan Yu

text: Yu Jin

text: Han River

text: Pang De

text: Xu Huang

text: Cao Zhang

text: Wuhuan

text: Cao Pi

text: Emperor Xian

text: Han dynasty

text: Cao Wei

text: Jing

text: Yang

text: Wancheng District

text: Nanyang

text: Henan

text: Sun Quan

text: Xiangyang

text: Xu Huang

text: Han River

text: Hefei

text: Wuwei County

text: Anhui

text: Zhu Huan

text: Wang Shuang

text: East Asian age reckoning

text: Zhang Liao

text: Yingchuan Commandery

text: Cao Pi

text: Cao Chun

text: Cao Cao

text: Koei

text: Dynasty Warriors

text: Warriors Orochi

text: Portal Three Kingdoms

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

categories: 168 births,Generals under Cao Cao,223 deaths

paragraph: Cao Ren

paragraph: Cao Ren () (168 – 6 May 223), courtesy name Zixiao, was a military general serving under the warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He continued serving in the state of Cao Wei – founded by Cao Cao's son and successor, Cao Pi – during the Three Kingdoms period. He played a significant part in assisting Cao Cao in the civil wars leading to the end of the Han dynasty. He was appointed as the Grand Marshal (大司馬) when Cao Pi ascended the throne, and was also credited by the latter for the establishment of Wei. However, Cao Ren was also once derided as a mediocre commander by Zhu Huan, a general from Wei's rival state Eastern Wu.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Cao Ren was a younger second cousin of Cao Cao. His grandfather Cao Bao (曹襃) and father Cao Chi (曹熾) served in the government of the Eastern Han dynasty. He had a younger full brother, Cao Chun. As their father died when they were still young, Cao Ren and Cao Chun lived with another family. They inherited their family fortune when they became older. They were known for being wealthy and having hundreds of servants and retainers.

paragraph: As a youth, Cao Ren was fond of horse-riding, archery and hunting. When chaos broke out in China towards the end of the Han dynasty, Cao Ren rallied a militia of over 1,000 men and they wandered around the region near the Huai and Si rivers. Cao Ren and his followers eventually joined Cao Cao around 190 when the latter was raising an army to join the campaign against Dong Zhuo. Cao Ren held the rank of a Major of Separate Command (別部司馬) under Cao Cao but he was actually an acting Sharp Edge Colonel (厲鋒校尉).

paragraph: Section::::Campaigns in central China.

paragraph: Throughout the 190s, Cao Ren followed Cao Cao on various campaigns against rival warlords in central China. He made great contributions in the campaign against Yuan Shu between 197 and 199. When Cao Cao invaded Xu Province from 193–194 to attack the provincial governor Tao Qian, Cao Ren was in charge of the cavalry and he led the vanguard. He defeated Tao Qian's general Lü You (呂由) and led his force to rendezvous with Cao Cao's main army at Pengcheng (彭城; present-day Xuzhou, Jiangsu), where they scored a major victory over Tao Qian's forces. Cao Ren and his cavalry later defeated Tao Qian's subordinates in various battles at the counties in Xu Province. During the conflict between Cao Cao and Lü Bu, Cao Ren attacked Lü Bu's subordinate Liu He (劉何) at Gouyang (勾陽) and captured the enemy commander alive.

paragraph: After Cao Cao had defeated the Yellow Turban rebels, he received Emperor Xian (who had escaped from the clutches of Li Jue and Guo Si) and set up the new capital at Xu (許; present-day Xuchang, Henan) in 196. Cao Ren was appointed as the Administrator (太守) of Guangyang Commandery (廣陽郡) for his achievements. However, Cao Ren never exercised governorship over his jurisdiction because Cao Cao appreciated his military skills and kept him by his side in Xu. Cao Ren was still in charge of the cavalry even though he held the position of a civil official as a Consultant (議郎).

paragraph: The following year, Cao Ren followed Cao Cao on a campaign against the warlord Zhang Xiu, and was authorised to lead a separate force to raid the counties around Zhang Xiu's base in Wan (宛; or Wancheng, present-day Wancheng District, Nanyang, Henan) and he captured over 3,000 civilians. Zhang Xiu surrendered to Cao Cao initially, but rebelled later and launched a surprise attack, which led to the Battle of Wancheng. Cao Cao was defeated and he retreated after his forces succeeded in repelling further attacks by Zhang Xiu. However, as they were withdrawing, Zhang Xiu attacked again and Cao Cao's men were unable to drive the enemy away. The morale of Cao Cao's army started falling but Cao Ren helped to raise the soldiers' spirits by encouraging and inspiring them. Cao Cao was very impressed with Cao Ren, and he managed to defeat Zhang Xiu later in a counterattack.

paragraph: Section::::Campaign against Yuan Shao.

paragraph: In 200, when the forces of Cao Cao and Yuan Shao were locked in a stalemate at the Battle of Guandu, Yuan sent Liu Bei with an army to support the rebellions against Cao Cao in Yinjiang (氵隱疆; southwest of present-day Xuchang, Henan), roughly 8.3 km south of the capital. Cao Cao became worried about such developments in the territories under his control, so he sent Cao Ren to suppress the uprisings. Cao Ren observed that the rebels dared to create trouble because they had Liu Bei's support, but the men under Liu were newly recruited and inexperienced, so it was not difficult to defeat them. Cao Ren targeted the rebel chief Liu Pi and killed him in battle, and subsequently defeated Liu Bei as well. Yuan Shao attempted to cut off Cao Cao's route to the west by sending Han Meng (韓猛) southwest. Cao Ren responded to the threat by defeating Han Meng at Jiluo Hill (雞洛山; located 50 "li" northeast of present-day Xinmi, Henan). Yuan Shao became afraid and did not dare to send out his troops. Cao Ren and Shi Huan (史渙) later led a force to attack a convoy transporting supplies to Yuan Shao's camp and destroyed the food supplies.

paragraph: After Cao Cao's victory at Guandu, Cao Ren continued to join Cao Cao in his campaigns against Yuan Shao's heirs in the early 3rd century. During one battle near Hu Pass (壺關; present-day Huguan County, Shanxi), Cao Cao gave orders that all the enemy troops would be buried alive after the city fell. However, after several days of siege, Cao Cao's forces were unable to capture the city. Cao Ren then told Cao Cao, "When we besiege a city, we must leave the defenders with a final option of surrendering. Now, as you've already said that the defenders would be slaughtered after the city is taken, all of them would definitely put up fierce resistance. Besides, the city's fortifications are strong and the defenders have much supplies, so our forces would suffer heavy casualties if we attack, and we will be held up here if we switch to a defensive stance. It's not a wise choice to besiege a city whose defenders are willing to fight to the death." Cao Cao heeded Cao Ren's advice, and the enemy surrendered later. After the campaign, Cao Ren received the title of a "Marquis of a Chief Village" (都亭侯) for his contributions.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Jiangling, and campaigns in northwest China.

paragraph: In 208, after losing to Sun Quan and Liu Bei at the Battle of Red Cliffs, Cao Cao retreated north and left Cao Ren and Xu Huang to defend the strategic Jiangling Commandery (江陵郡; in present-day Jingzhou, Hubei) from the advances of Sun Quan's forces, which were led by Zhou Yu. Cao Ren was serving as acting General Who Attacks the South (征南將軍) then. Zhou Yu despatched a several thousand-strong vanguard to challenge Cao Cao's forces at Jiangling. Cao Ren was aware that his army's morale was low, since they were recently defeated at Red Cliffs, so he ordered his subordinate Niu Jin to lead 300 volunteer soldiers into battle, in the hope that they would display bravery and boost his men's morale. Niu Jin and his men were heavily outnumbered and surrounded by the enemy. Cao Ren's Chief Clerk (長史), Chen Jiao (陳矯), turned pale when he saw the situation from the top of the city walls. Cao Ren experienced a surge of fury and courage, so he prepared to go into battle. Chen Jiao and the others attempted to dissuade him from braving danger, but Cao Ren ignored them and led tens of horsemen and charged into the enemy formation. Cao Ren successfully rescued Niu Jin and his surviving men and even turned back to save his remaining soldiers who were still trapped in the enemy formation. Sun Quan's forces retreated. When Cao Ren returned, his subordinates exclaimed, "General, you're truly a man from Heaven!" The troops were awed by Cao Ren's bravery, and Cao Cao was very impressed when he heard about this incident. Cao Ren's marquis title was changed to "Marquis of Anping Village" (安平亭侯).

paragraph: Around 211, Cao Ren participated in Cao Cao's campaigns against a coalition of northwestern warlords led by Ma Chao and Han Sui, which led to the Battle of Tong Pass. Cao Ren held the appointment of acting General Who Stabilises the West (安西將軍) and commanded the defence at Tong Pass (潼關; present-day Tongguan County, Weinan, Shaanxi) before Cao Cao reached the frontline.

paragraph: When Su Bo (蘇伯) and Tian Yin (田銀) rebelled in 212, Cao Ren was appointed acting General of Valiant Cavalry (驍騎將軍) and he led seven armies to attack the rebels and defeated them.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Fancheng.

paragraph: Cao Ren was reappointed acting General Who Attacks the South (征南將軍) was ordered to garrison at Fan (樊; also called Fancheng, in present-day Fancheng District, Xiangfan, Hubei) and oversee Cao Cao's forces in Jing Province. After suppressing a rebellion by Hou Yin (侯音) in Wan (宛; present-day Wancheng District, Nanyang, Henan) between late 218 and early 219, Cao Ren was officially commissioned as General Who Attacks the South and he continued to garrison at Fan.

paragraph: In the autumn of 219, Liu Bei's general Guan Yu, who was in charge of Liu's territories in southern Jing Province, led an army north to attack Fan. Cao Cao sent the general Yu Jin to lead seven armies to resist Guan Yu, but the armies were destroyed in a flood when the Han River overflowed due to heavy rains. Yu Jin surrendered to Guan Yu while his subordinate Pang De refused and was executed by Guan. Cao Ren was left with a few thousand troops to defend Fan. Guan Yu and his forces sailed towards Fan on boats and besieged the fortress. By then, Cao Ren and his troops had been completely isolated inside Fan as they had lost contact with outside, while their supplies were running out and there were no reinforcements in sight. Cao Ren encouraged his men to fight to the death and they were very inspired by his words. By the time reinforcements led by Xu Huang arrived, the water level had subsided slightly. While Xu Huang was attacking Guan Yu, Cao Ren seized the opportunity to counterattack and break the siege. Guan Yu failed to conquer Fan so he retreated.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Pi.

paragraph: Although Cao Ren behaved brashly and had no regard for laws when he was young, after he joined the military when he grew up, he started following rules and regulations strictly and he went by the book in everything he did. Once, when Cao Cao's son Cao Zhang was on away on a campaign against the Wuhuan, his brother Cao Pi wrote to him, "Shouldn't you follow rules and regulations in the same way Cao Ren does?"

paragraph: Cao Cao died in 220 and was succeeded by Cao Pi. Later that year, Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian to abdicate the throne to him, ended the Han dynasty, and established the state of Cao Wei. Cao Ren was appointed as General of Chariots and Cavalry (車騎將軍) and was placed in charge of military affairs in Jing, Yang and Yi provinces. He also received the title "Marquis of Chen" (陳侯) and was given 2,000 more taxable households in his marquisate, making it a total of 3,500 households.

paragraph: Cao Ren moved to Wan (宛; present-day Wancheng District, Nanyang, Henan) in northern Jing Province and garrisoned there. Later, when Sun Quan sent Chen Shao (陳邵) to attack Xiangyang, Cao Pi ordered Cao Ren to lead an army to Xiangyang to resist Sun Quan's forces. Cao Ren and Xu Huang defeated Chen Shao and their forces entered Xiangyang. Cao Ren had the general Gao Qian (高遷) oversee the relocation of civilians from the southern bank of the Han River to the north. Cao Pi appointed Cao Ren as General-in-Chief (大將軍). Later, Cao Pi ordered Cao Ren to move to Linying (臨潁) and promoted him to Grand Marshal (大司馬). Cao Ren was placed in charge of the armies along the Wu River (烏江) and he garrisoned at Hefei. In 222, Cao Ren led several tens of thousands men to assail Sun Quan's garrison at Ruxu (濡須; north of present-day Wuwei County, Anhui), where the defending general, Zhu Huan, had only 5,000 troops remaining inside the city walls. However, Cao Ren was deemed only as an inferior commander by Zhu Huan and his colleagues, so the defenders put up a staunch defence. Even though Cao Ren had a complete numerical advantage, the war concluded with Zhu Huan as the victor – Cao Ren lost not only over 1,000 men, but also two of his subordinates, Chang Diao (常雕) and Wang Shuang.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Cao Ren died on 6 May 223 at the age of 56 (by East Asian age reckoning). He was posthumously granted the title "Marquis Zhong" (忠侯), which literally means "loyal marquis". He was best remembered for his bravery and courage, which placed him above Zhang Liao among all of Cao Cao's generals.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Cao Ren's grandfather Cao Bao (曹褒) served as the Administrator (太守) of Yingchuan Commandery (潁川郡) in the Eastern Han dynasty. Cao Ren's father Cao Chi (曹熾) also served as a Palace Attendant (侍中) and Changshui Colonel (長水校尉) in the Eastern Han dynasty, and was posthumously awarded the title "Marquis Mu of Chen" (陳穆侯) by Cao Pi. Cao Ren's younger brother Cao Chun was also a general under Cao Cao.

paragraph: Cao Ren's titles were inherited by his son Cao Tai (曹泰), who served as General Who Guards the East (鎮東將軍) and later had his marquis title changed to "Marquis of Ningling" (寗陵侯). Cao Tai was succeeded by his son Cao Chu (曹初). Cao Ren's other sons (Cao Tai's younger brothers) Cao Kai (曹楷) and Cao Fan (曹範) also received marquis titles.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Cao Ren is featured as a playable character in Koei's "Dynasty Warriors" and "Warriors Orochi" video game series.

paragraph: In the collectible card game "" there is a card named "Cao Ren, Wei Commander" in the "Portal Three Kingdoms" set.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). "Zizhi Tongjian".

alias:
Cho Yan
Tso Yan

description: Cao Wei general

wikidata_label: Cao Ren

wikipedia_title: Cao Ren


text:
Greek
Macedon
Alexander I
Alcetas II
Archelaus I
Amyntas II
Amyntas III
Seuthes II of Thrace
Aeropus II
Plato
Athens
Potidaea
hoplites
Therma
Pydna
Corinth
Battle of Sybota
Peloponnesian War
Sitalkes
Thrace
Acarnania
Sparta
Brasidas
Amphipolis
Lyncestis
Illyrians
Battle of Lyncestis
Peloponnese

categories: 5th-century BC Macedonian monarchs,5th-century BC Macedonians,Argead kings of Macedonia,People of the Peloponnesian War,5th-century BC rulers,413 BC deaths

paragraph: Perdiccas II of Macedon

paragraph: Perdiccas II () was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia from about 448 BC to about 413 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Perdiccas II was the son of Alexander I, by whom he had four brothers, Alcetas II, Philip, Menelaus and Amyntas, and a sister, Stratonice. Alcetas II preceded him on the throne until his murder at the hands of Perdiccas' son Archelaus I resulted in Perdiccas' elevation. Philip was the father of king Amyntas II, while Amyntas' grandson was king Amyntas III.

paragraph: Around 429 - 428 BC, Perdiccas arranged the marriage of his sister Stratonice to Seuthes II of Thrace.

paragraph: Perdiccas II married first a woman called Symache or Simiche. While some consider her a woman of unknown lineage but probably part of the Macedonian elite, other sources call her a slave. By her, he had two sons, Archelaus I and Aeropus II. He later married a woman named Cleopatra, by whom he had another son. Cleopatra's son, according to Plato, was drowned in a well by her step-son Archelaus I because Cleopatra's son (Perdiccas or Alexander) was the legitimate heir.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: After the death of Alexander I in 454, Macedonia began to fall apart. Macedonian tribes became almost completely autonomous, and were only loosely allied to the king. By 434, Perdiccas' younger brother Philip was challenging Perdiccas for the throne, having enlisted the support of Athens and King Derdas of Elimea. Perdiccas responded by stirring up rebellion in a number of Athenian tribute cities, including Potidaea.

paragraph: Athens responded with force, and sent 1000 hoplites and 30 ships to Macedonia where they captured Therma. They went on to besiege Pydna, where they were met by reinforcements of a further 2000 hoplites and 40 ships. However, as the Athenians were besieging Pydna, they received news that Corinth had sent a force of 1600 hoplites and 400 light troops to support Potidaea.

paragraph: In order to combat this new threat, Athens made an alliance with Perdiccas, and proceeded to Potidaea. Perdiccas immediately broke the treaty and marched to Potidaea. While the Athenians were eventually victorious, the battle (along with the Battle of Sybota) directly led to the Peloponnesian War.

paragraph: In 431, Athens entered into an alliance with King Sitalkes of Thrace, after Nymphodorus, an Athenian, married Sitalkes’ sister. Nymphodorus then negotiated an agreement between Athens and Perdiccas, where Perdiccas regained Therma. As a result of this, Athens withdrew her support for Philip, and the Thracians promised to assist Perdiccas in capturing him. In return, Perdiccas marched on the Chalcidians, the people he had originally persuaded to revolt.

paragraph: However, Perdiccas once again betrayed the Athenians and sent 1000 troops to support a Spartan assault on Acarnania in 429 but they arrived too late to help (Thucydides 2.80). In response to this, Sitalkes invaded Macedonia with the promise of support from Athens. This support never materialized, and Perdiccas once again used diplomacy to ensure the survival of Macedonia. He promised the hand of his sister in marriage to the nephew of Sitalkes, who then persuaded Sitalkes to leave.

paragraph: After this, Perdiccas was allied to the Spartans and, in 424, helped the Spartan Brasidas to take Amphipolis from the Athenians, one of her most important colonies, mainly for its ready access to timber for her fleets. This was a severe blow to Athens, and would tie them to Macedonian timber for years to come, which strengthened Macedonia’s bargaining power considerably. In return for this, the Spartans helped Perdiccas secure his borders, by leading an assault on King Arrhabaeus of Lyncestis, with the promise of support from the Illyrians (Battle of Lyncestis). However, the Illyrians switched sides and attacked Perdiccas and his Spartan allies. The poorly trained Macedonian troops fled, and so the Spartans also retreated and attacked the Macedonian baggage train in anger. This soured relations between Macedonia and the Peloponnese for years to come, and pushed Perdiccas closer to Athens, allying himself with them in 423.

paragraph: By 417, Perdiccas had left the Athenians and joined the Spartan-Argive alliance. Just four years later, bowing to Athenian pressure, Perdiccas broke with the Peloponnese, and aided Athens in their attack on Amphipolis.

paragraph: In 413 BC he died, leaving his son Archelaus as heir.

description: King of Macedonia

wikidata_label: Perdiccas II of Macedon

wikipedia_title: Perdiccas II of Macedon


text: Greek

text: ancient Greek

text: Macedonia

text: Alexander II

text: Amyntas III

text: Eurydice

text: Ptolemy of Aloros

text: Amphipolis

text: Euphraeus of Oreus

text: Plato

text: geometers

text: theorodokos

text: Panhellenic Games

text: Epidaurus

text: Illyria

text: Bardylis

text: Diodorus Siculus

text: Amyntas IV

text: Philip II

text: Perdiccas III, from wayback.archive.org

categories: Ancient Macedonian monarchs killed in battle,4th-century BC Macedonian monarchs,Argead kings of Macedonia,4th-century BC rulers,4th-century BC Macedonians,Year of birth unknown,Ancient child rulers,359 BC deaths,Old Macedonian kingdom

paragraph: Perdiccas III of Macedon

paragraph: Perdiccas III (Greek: Περδίκκας Γ΄) was king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia from 365 BC to 360 BC, succeeding his brother Alexander II.

paragraph: Son of Amyntas III and Eurydice, he was a child when Alexander II was killed by Ptolemy of Aloros, who then ruled as regent. In 365 BC, Perdiccas killed Ptolemy and assumed government.

paragraph: There is very little information about the reign of Perdiccas III. He was at one time engaged in hostilities with Athens over Amphipolis, and he was distinguished for his patronage of men of letters. Among these we are told that Euphraeus of Oreus, a disciple of Plato, rose so high in Perdiccas's favour as to completely govern the young king and to exclude from his society all but philosophers and geometers.

paragraph: He also served as "theorodokos" in the Panhellenic Games that took place in Epidaurus around 360/359 BC.

paragraph: In 360 BC, Perdiccas tried to reconquer upper Macedonia from the Illyrian Bardylis, but the expedition ended in disaster, with Perdiccas being killed. Diodorus Siculus attests that four thousand men had died in the expedition, and that the remainder, panic-stricken, had become exceedingly afraid of the Illyrian armies and had lost heart for continuing the war.

paragraph: Perdiccas was succeeded by his infant son, Amyntas IV. The throne was soon usurped by Perdiccas's younger brother Philip II.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tritle, Lawrence A. ed. "The Greek World in the Fourth Century: From the Fall of the Athenian Empire to the Successors of Alexander". London: Routledge, 1997. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perdiccas III, from wayback.archive.org Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology

paragraph: br

description: King of Macedonia

wikidata_label: Perdiccas III of Macedon

wikipedia_title: Perdiccas III of Macedon