text: linguistic evolution

text: deist

text: linguistics

text: Court of Session

text: Monboddo House

text: evolution

text: natural selection

text: Erasmus Darwin

text: Charles Darwin

text: scientific theory

text: Monboddo House

text: Laurencekirk

text: Marischal College

text: University of Edinburgh

text: University of Groningen

text: Faculty of Advocates

text: Elizabeth Burnett

text: Edinburgh

text: tuberculosis

text: Robert Burns

text: elegy

text: Canongate

text: David Hume

text: John Hunter

text: Canongate

text: Henry Home, Lord Kames

text: Hampton Court

text: Greyfriars Kirkyard

text: Patrick Grant, Lord Elchies

text: some language

text: Carib

text: Eskimo

text: Huron

text: Algonquian

text: Peruvian

text: Quechua

text: Tahitian

text: Greek language

text: single-origin hypothesis

text: evolution

text: Joshua Steele

text: Prosodia Rationalis

text: phonetics

text: evolution

text: history of evolutionary thought

text: Charles Neaves

text: Erasmus Darwin

text: Buffon

text: primate

text: primate

text: breeding

text: James Boswell

text: artificial selection

text: deist

text: herbivorous

text: quadruped

text: climate

text: Charles Dickens

text: history of the theory of evolution

text: Isaac Newton

text: nudism

text: Freikörperkultur

text: Edinburgh

text: carriage

text: Court of King's Bench

text: courtroom

text: orangutan

text: evolution

text: species

text: evolution

text: feral children

text: Sandra

text: Thomas Love Peacock

text: "Melincourt"

text: Charles Dickens

text: Martin Chuzzlewit

text: dystopian

text: Lanark

text: Alasdair Gray

text: Lillian de la Torre

text: Samuel Johnson

text: James Harris

text: John Pringle

text: James Boswell

text: Yale University

text: British Museum

text: Dugald Stewart

categories: Age of Enlightenment,People from Kincardine and Mearns,Burials at Greyfriars Kirkyard,Enlightenment philosophers,British naturists,Scottish linguists,Alumni of the University of Aberdeen,Scottish anthropologists,18th-century Scottish writers,1714 births,People of the Scottish Enlightenment,Proto-evolutionary biologists,1799 deaths,Scottish philosophers,People from Aberdeenshire,Alumni of the University of Edinburgh,Scottish non-fiction writers

paragraph: James Burnett, Lord Monboddo

paragraph: James Burnett, Lord Monboddo (baptised 25 October 1714; died 26 May 1799), was a Scottish judge, scholar of linguistic evolution, philosopher and deist. He is most famous today as a founder of modern comparative historical linguistics. In 1767 he became a judge in the Court of Session.

paragraph: As such, Burnett adopted an honorary title based on the name of his father's estate and family seat, Monboddo House. Monboddo was one of a number of scholars involved at the time in development of early concepts of biological evolution. Some credit him with anticipating in principle the idea of natural selection that was read by (and acknowledged in the writings of) Erasmus Darwin. Charles Darwin read the works of his grandfather Erasmus and later developed the ideas into a scientific theory.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: James Burnett was born in 1714 at Monboddo House in Kincardineshire, Scotland. After his primary education at the parish school of Laurencekirk, he studied at Marischal College, Aberdeen, from where he was graduated in 1729. He also studied at University of Edinburgh and the University of Groningen. At Edinburgh University he graduated in law and was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1737.

paragraph: Burnett married Elizabethe Farquharson and they had two daughters and a son. The younger daughter Elizabeth Burnett was an Edinburgh celebrity, known for her beauty and amiability, but who died of consumption (tuberculosis) at the age of 24. Burnett's friend the Scottish poet Robert Burns had a romantic interest in Elizabeth and wrote a poem, "Elegy on The Late Miss Burnet of Monboddo", praising her beauty, which became her elegy.

paragraph: Monboddo's early work in practising law found him in a landmark piece of litigation of his time, known as the Douglas "cause", or case. The matter involved the inheritance standing of a young heir, Archibald James Edward Douglas, 1st Baron Douglas, and took on the form of a mystery novel of the era, with a complex web of events spanning Scotland, France and England. Burnett, as the solicitor for the young Douglas heir, was victorious after years of legal battle and appeals.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: From 1754 until 1767 Monboddo was one of a number of distinguished proprietors of the Canongate Theatre. He clearly enjoyed this endeavour even when some of his fellow judges pointed out that the activity might cast a shadow over his sombre image as jurist. Here he had occasion to further associate with David Hume who was a principal actor in one of the plays. He had actually met Hume earlier when Monboddo was a curator of the Advocates Library and David Hume served as keeper of that library for several years while he wrote his history.

paragraph: From 1769 until 1775 John Hunter acted as his personal secretary.

paragraph: In the era after Monboddo was appointed to Justice of the high court, he organised "learned suppers" at his house on 13 St John Street, off the Canongate in Edinburgh's Old Town, where he discussed and lectured about his theories. Local intellectuals were invited to attend attic repasts. Henry Home, Lord Kames was conspicuously absent from such socialising; while Kames and Monboddo served on the high court at the same time and had numerous interactions, they were staunch intellectual rivals. Monboddo rode to London on horseback each year and visited Hampton Court as well as other intellectuals of the era; the King himself was fond of Monboddo's colourful discussions.

paragraph: Monboddo died in Edinburgh on 26 May 1799 and is buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard in Edinburgh along with his daughter Elizabeth where they have unmarked graves in the burial enclosure of Patrick Grant, Lord Elchies (within the non-public section known as the Covenanters Prison).

paragraph: Section::::Historical linguistics.

paragraph: In "The Origin and Progress of Language" Burnett analysed the structure of languages, and argued that humans had evolved language skills in response to changing environment and social structures. Burnett was the first to note that some languages create lengthy words for rather simple concepts. He reasoned that in early languages there was an imperative for clarity, so that redundancy was built in and seemingly unnecessary syllables added. He concluded that this form of language evolved when clear communication might be the determinant of avoiding danger.

paragraph: Monboddo studied languages of peoples colonised by Europeans, including those of the Carib, Eskimo, Huron, Algonquian, Peruvian (Quechua?) and Tahitian peoples. He saw the preponderance of polysyllabic words, where some of his predecessors had dismissed these languages as a series of monosyllabic grunts. He also observed that in Huron (or Wyandot) the words for very similar objects are astoundingly different. This fact led Monboddo to perceive that these peoples needed to communicate reliably regarding a more limited number of subjects than in modern civilisations, which led to the polysyllabic and redundant nature of many words. He also came up with the idea that these languages are generally vowel-rich and that correspondingly, languages such as German and English are vowel-starved. According to Burnett, this disparity partially arises from the greater vocabulary of Northern European languages and the decreased need for the polysyllabic content.

paragraph: Monboddo also traced the evolution of modern European languages and gave particularly great effort to understanding the ancient Greek language, in which he was proficient. He argued that Greek is the most perfect language ever established because of its complex structure and tonality, rendering it capable of expressing a wide gamut of nuances. Monboddo was the first to formulate what is now known as the single-origin hypothesis, the theory that all human origin was from a single region of the earth; he reached this conclusion by reasoning from linguistic evolution (Jones, 1789). This theory is evidence of his thinking on the topic of the evolution of Man.

paragraph: Joshua Steele's disagreement, and subsequent correspondence, with Monboddo over details of the "melody and measure of speech" resulted in Steele's "Prosodia Rationalis", a foundational work both in phonetics and in the analysis of verse rhythm.

paragraph: Section::::Evolutionary theorist.

paragraph: Monboddo is considered by some scholars as a precursive thinker in the theory of evolution. However, some modern evolutionary historians do not give Monboddo an equally high standing in the influence of history of evolutionary thought.

paragraph: Charles Neaves, one of Monboddo's successors on the high court of Scotland, believed that proper credit was not given to Monboddo in evolutionary theory development. Neaves wrote in verse:

paragraph: poemThough Darwin now proclaims the law

paragraph: And spreads it far abroad, O!

paragraph: The man that first the secret saw

paragraph: Was honest old Monboddo.

paragraph: The architect precedence takes

paragraph: Of him that bears the hod, O!

paragraph: So up and at them, Land of Cakes,

paragraph: We'll vindicate Monboddo./poem

paragraph: Erasmus Darwin notes Monboddo's work in his publications (Darwin 1803). Later writers consider Monboddo's analysis as precursive to the theory of Evolution. Whether Charles Darwin read Monboddo is not certain. Monboddo debated with Buffon regarding man's relationship to other primates. Charles Darwin did not mention Monboddo, but commented on Buffon: "the first author who in modern times has treated [evolution] in a scientific spirit was Buffon". Buffon thought that man was a species unrelated to lower primates, but Monboddo rejected Buffon's analysis and argued that the anthropoidal ape must be related to the species of man: he sometimes referred to the anthropoidal ape as the "brother of man". Monboddo suffered a setback, in his standing on evolutionary thought, because he stated at one time that men had caudal appendages (tails); some historians failed to take him very seriously after that remark, even though Monboddo was known to bait his critics with preposterous sayings.

paragraph: Bailey's "The Holly and the Horn" states that "Charles Darwin was to some degree influenced by the theories of Monboddo, who deserves the title of Evolutionist more than that of Eccentric." Henderson says:

paragraph: Monboddo may be the first person to associate language skills evolving from primates and continuing to evolve in early humans (Monboddo, 1773). He wrote about how the language capability has altered over time in the form not only of skills but physical form of the sound producing organs (mouth, vocal cords, tongue, throat), suggesting he had formed the concept of evolutionary adaptive change.

paragraph: He also elaborates on the advantages created by the adaptive change of primates to their environment and even to the evolving complexity of primate social structures. In 1772 in a letter to James Harris, Monboddo articulated that his theory of language evolution (Harris 1772) was simply a part of the manner that man had advanced from the lower animals, a clear precedent of evolutionary thought. Furthermore, he established a detailed theory of how man adaptively acquired language to cope better with his environment and social needs. He argued that the development of language was linked to a procession of events: first developing use of tools, then social structures and finally language. This concept was quite striking for his era, because it departed from the classical religious thinking that man was created instantaneously and language revealed by God. In fact, Monboddo was deeply religious and pointed out that the creation events were probably simply allegories and did not dispute that the universe was created by God. Monboddo was a vigorous opponent of other scientific thinking that philosophically questioned the role of God (see Monboddo's prolific diatribes on Newton's theories).

paragraph: As an agriculturist and horse-breeder, Monboddo was quite aware of the significance of selective breeding and even transferred this breeding theory to communications he had with James Boswell in Boswell's selection of a mate. Monboddo has stated in his own works that degenerative qualities can be inherited by successive generations and that by selective choice of mates, creatures can improve the next generation in a biological sense. This suggests that Monboddo understood the role of natural processes in evolution; artificial selection was the starting-point for many of the proto-evolutionary thinkers, and for Darwin himself.

paragraph: Monboddo struggled with how to "get man from an animal" without divine intervention. This is typical of the kind of thinking which is called "deist". He developed an entire theory of language evolution around the Egyptian civilisation to assist in his understanding of how man descended from animals, since he explained the flowering of language upon the spinoff of the Egyptians imparting language skills to other cultures. Monboddo cast early humans as wild, solitary, herbivorous quadrupeds. He believed that contemporary people suffered many diseases because they were removed from the environmental state of being unclothed and exposed to extreme swings in climate.

paragraph: Burnett wrote of numerous cultures (mostly based upon accounts of explorers); for example, he described "insensibles" and "wood eaters" in "Of the Origin and Progress of Language". He was fascinated by the nature of these peoples' language development and also how they fit into the evolutionary scheme.

paragraph: Against all this, Monboddo's contribution to evolution is today regarded by historians of evolution as being notable.

paragraph: Bowler acknowledges his argument that apes might represent the earliest form of humanity (Monboddo 1774), but continues:

paragraph: Charles Dickens knew of Monboddo and wrote in his novel, Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit about ""(...) the Manboddo doctrine touching the probability of the human race having once been monkeys"". This is significant because "Martin Chuzzlewit" was published decades before Darwin wrote his theory of evolution.

paragraph: The history of the theory of evolution is a relatively modern field of scholarship.

paragraph: Section::::Metaphysics.

paragraph: In "Antient Metaphysics", Burnett claimed that man is gradually elevating himself from the animal condition to a state in which mind acts independently of the body. He was a strong supporter of Aristotle in his concepts of Prime Mover. Much effort was devoted to crediting Isaac Newton with brilliant discoveries in the Laws of Motion, while defending the power of the mind as outlined by Aristotle. His analysis was further complicated by his recurring need to assure that Newton did not obviate the presence of God.

paragraph: Section::::Nudism.

paragraph: Monboddo was a pioneer in regard to many modern ideas and had already in the eighteenth century realized the value of "air-baths" (the familiar term which he invented) to mental and physical health. In his writings Monboddo argued against clothes as unnatural and undesirable from every point of view for both mind and body. Monboddo "awaked every morning at four, and then for his health got up and walked in his room naked, with the window open, which he called taking an air bath." When nudism was first brought into fashion with much enthusiasm in Germany as Freikörperkultur early in the twentieth century Monboddo was regarded as a pioneer, and in 1913 a "Monboddo Bund" was established in Berlin, for the harmonious culture of body and mind.

paragraph: Section::::Eccentricity.

paragraph: Burnett was widely known to be an eccentric. Habitually he rode on horseback between Edinburgh and London instead of journeying by carriage. Another time after a decision went against him regarding the value of a horse, he refused to sit with the other judges and assumed a seat below the bench with the court clerks. When Burnett was visiting the Court of King's Bench in London in 1787, part of the floor of the courtroom started to collapse. People rushed out of the building but Burnett who, at the age of 71, was partially deaf and shortsighted, was the only one not to move. When he was later asked for a reason, he stated that he thought it was "an annual ceremony, with which, as an alien, he had nothing to do".

paragraph: Burnett in his earlier years suggested that the orangutan was a form of man, although some analysts think that some of his presentation was designed to entice his critics into debate.

paragraph: The orangutan was at this time a generic term for all types of apes. The Swedish explorer whose evidence Burnett accepted was a naval officer who had viewed a group of monkeys and thought they were human. Burnett may simply have taken the view that it was reasonable for people to assume the things they do and the word of a naval officer trained to give accurate reports was a credible source. Burnett was indeed responsible for changing the classical definition of man as a creature of reason to a creature capable of achieving reason, although he viewed this process as one slow and difficult to achieve.

paragraph: At one time he said that humans must have all been born with tails, which were removed by midwives at birth. His contemporaries ridiculed his views, and by 1773 he had retracted this opinion (Pringle 1773). Some later commentators have seen him as anticipating evolutionary theory. He appeared to argue that animal species adapted and changed to survive, and his observations on the progression of primates to man amounted to some kind of concept of evolution. Burnett also examined feral children and was the only thinker of his day to accept them as human rather than monsters. He viewed in these children the ability to achieve reason. He identified the orangutan as human, as his sources indicated it was capable of experiencing shame.

paragraph: In 2015 the orangutan Sandra was the first to legally be recognized as a "non-human person", paving the way for apes and other animals to be recognized as having rights equal to humans.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: In Thomas Love Peacock's 1817 novel "Melincourt", an orangutan punningly named "Sir Oran Haut-Ton" becomes a candidate for British Parliament based on Monboddo's theories.

paragraph: Charles Dickens, in his novel "Martin Chuzzlewit", refers to "the Manboddo doctrine touching the probability of the human race having once been monkeys".

paragraph: In his 1981 dystopian novel "Lanark", Alasdair Gray names the head of the mysterious Institute Lord Monboddo. He makes the connection explicit in a marginal note, adding that it is not a literal depiction.

paragraph: Lord Monboddo's descendant, Jamie Burnett of Leys, has sponsored a stage work "Monboddo – The Musical" which is a biographical re-enactment of the life of his ancestor. It received a first run at Aberdeen Arts Centre in September 2010.

paragraph: In her short story "The Monboddo Ape Boy", Lillian de la Torre depicted a slightly fictionalised Monboddo meeting Samuel Johnson, and being presented with a supposed "wild boy".

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.:Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Preface to

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Advertisement" to John Brown, "Letters upon the Poetry and Music of the Italian Opera, Addressed to a Friend" (Edinburgh and London, Bell & Bradshute and C. Elliot and T. Kay, 1789)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reports of Decisions of the Court of Session, 1738–68" in "A Supplement to The Dictionary of Decisions of the Court of Session", ed. M. P. Brown (5 volumes, Edinburgh, J. Bell & W. Creech, 1826), volume 5, pp. 651–941

paragraph: Section::::Writings.:Correspondence.

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Burnett to James Harris, 31 December 1772

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Burnett to Sir John Pringle, 16 June 1773

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Burnett to James Boswell, 11 April and 28 May 1777, Yale University Boswell Papers, (C.2041 and C.2042)

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Burnett to William Jones, 20 June 1789

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Burnett to T. Cadell and J. Davies, 15 May 1796, British Museum, A letter bound into Dugald Stewart, "Account of the Life and Writings of William Robertson, D.D., F.R.S.E", 2nd ed., London (1802). Shelf no.1203.f.3

alias:
James Burnett
Lord Monboddo

description: Scottish judge, scholar of language evolution and philosopher

enwikiquote_title: James Burnett, Lord Monboddo

wikidata_label: James Burnett, Lord Monboddo

wikipedia_title: James Burnett, Lord Monboddo


text:
ring name
professional wrestler
Leilani Kai
independent circuit
XWF Women's Championship
All Pro Wrestling
ChickFight
NWA World Women's Championship
Shimmer
Wrestlicious
Wrestlicious Champion
Georgia Institute of Technology
wrestling school
Atlanta
Leilani Kai
ring name
Rookie of the Year
Professional Girl Wrestling Association
independent
promotions
Miss Janeth
Xcitement Wrestling Federation
Women's Championship
Mexico
All Pro Wrestling
ChickFight
Cheerleader Melissa
Hailey Hatred
Nikki Roxx
four-way elimination match
gauntlet match
Daizee Haze
Josie
ODB
Traci Brooks
Lollipop
South Korea
Japan
Guam
Hawaii
Armed Forces Entertainment
NWA World Women's Championship
Lexie Fyfe
Tasha Simone
three-way match
NWA 57th Anniversary Show
DVD
Shimmer Women Athletes
Amber O'Neal
Memphis Wrestling
dropped
MsChif
Talia Madison
Jazz
Cindy Rogers
Naomi Banks
Angel Orsini
Wrestlicious
Jimmy Hart
Wrestlicious Takedown
Felony
Wrestlicious Championship
Clinton, Mississippi
Ted DiBiase Jr.
Sunday school
Ted DiBiase
Dynamite Kid
Bret Hart
Eddie Guerrero
Chris Benoit
Eddie Gilbert
bodybuilding
fitness modelling
Bachelor of Business
Master's degree
National Wrestling Alliance
NWA World Women's Championship
1 time
Professional Girl Wrestling Association
Rookie of the Year
Wrestlicious
Wrestlicious Championship
Xcitement Wrestling Federation
XWF Women's Championship
Online World of Wrestling profile
Interview

categories: American female professional wrestlers,Living people,1982 births

paragraph: Christie Ricci

paragraph: Christie Ricci (born November 11, 1982) is the ring name of an American professional wrestler, also known as Glory.

paragraph: After being trained by Leilani Kai, Ricci made her debut in June 2002, and began competing on the independent circuit. She won both the LLF Championship and the XWF Women's Championship, before being sidelined with a knee injury in 2004. After her return, Ricci continued to wrestle on the independent circuit, competing in All Pro Wrestling's first ChickFight tournament, and on October 8, 2005, she won the NWA World Women's Championship, which she held until January 2007. She also appeared at Shimmer's first shows in November 2005. She later appeared for the Wrestlicious promotion as Glory, and was the inaugural Wrestlicious Champion.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.

paragraph: After completing two years of college, Christie decided to transfer to Georgia Institute of Technology, so that she could attend a wrestling school in Atlanta. Weeks before she was to move to Atlanta, however, she met Leilani Kai, and instead decided to stay in Nashville to train with Kai.

paragraph: After being trained by Kai, she debuted as a wrestler in June 2002 using the ring name Christie Ricci. That year, she was named Rookie of the Year by the Professional Girl Wrestling Association. For the next two years, Ricci competed for numerous independent promotions, and won both the Mexican's promotion Lucha Libre Femenil (LLF)'s LLF Championship, by defeating Miss Janeth, and the Xcitement Wrestling Federation's Women's Championship.

paragraph: In February 2004, Ricci reaggravated a previous knee injury in Mexico, and underwent surgery. She was briefly sidelined while recuperating. She returned to Mexico in July and August 2004. In October 2004, Ricci competed in at All Pro Wrestling (APW)'s "Halloween Hell Night 1" show, in which she participated in the "ChickFight Tournament". She defeated Tiffany in the first round, but lost to Cheerleader Melissa in Round Two. She competed for APW at "Halloween Hell Night 2" the following night as well, defeating Hailey Hatred, Candace LeRae and Nikki Roxx in a four-way elimination match.

paragraph: In early 2005, Ricci competed for New Breed Wrestling (NWS) and Top Rope Wrestling (TRW). On February 18, Ricci competed in a gauntlet match in NBW; the match was won by Daizee Haze, and also contained Josie, ODB, and Traci Brooks. On May 24, Ricci was defeated by Lollipop at a TRW show. From August 14 to 31, 2005, Ricci travelled to the US army bases in South Korea, Japan, Guam, and Hawaii for Armed Forces Entertainment. On October 8, 2005, Ricci won the NWA World Women's Championship by defeating the reigning champion, Lexie Fyfe and Tasha Simone in a three-way match at the NWA 57th Anniversary Show. She appeared on the first two DVD volumes of Shimmer Women Athletes. The first volume was taped on November 6, 2005, and she lost to Lexie Fyfe. The second volume was taped the same day, and Ricci defeated Amber O'Neal.

paragraph: Throughout 2006 and 2007, Ricci continued to compete for independent promotions, including USA Championship Wrestling, CWA Championship Wrestling and Memphis Wrestling. After holding the NWA World Women's Championship for over a year, Ricci dropped it to MsChif on January 27, 2007. In mid-2007, Ricci began competing regularly for Women's Extreme Wrestling (WEW). Her first appearance for WEW was on May 5, when she competed in two matches, losing to Talia Madison in the first and Jazz in the second. She also began competing for Southern All-Star Wrestling, defeating Lollipop in her first match for the promotion. She continued competing for both promotions throughout 2008, wrestling people including Cindy Rogers, Naomi Banks, and Angel Orsini. In July 2008, she returned to the LLF in Mexico.

paragraph: In early 2009, Ricci debuted for Wrestlicious, a women's wrestling organization owned by Jay Vargas and Jimmy Hart, under the name Glory. On the April 7, 2010, episode of "Wrestlicious Takedown", Glory alongside Felony were the last two girls standing in a 20-girl "Hoedown Throwdown" Battle Royal to determine the top two contenders for the Wrestlicious Championship. On the May 24 episode of "Wrestlicious Takedown", Glory defeated Felony to win the Wrestlicious Championship, becoming the inaugural champion.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Ricci grew up in Clinton, Mississippi, where she knew fellow professional wrestler, Ted DiBiase Jr., meeting him at a Sunday school class. It was through DiBiase Jr. that she became a fan of professional wrestling and his father, "The Million Dollar Man" Ted DiBiase. Ricci cites DiBiase, Dynamite Kid, Bret Hart, Eddie Guerrero and Chris Benoit as her favorite wrestlers. She was also a fan of Eddie Gilbert.

paragraph: Ricci began bodybuilding when she was 17, and plans on competing in bodybuilding competitions, and doing fitness modelling. Ricci graduated from college with a Bachelor of Business in 2004, and completed her Master's degree in Business in 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucha Libre Femenil

paragraph: BULLET::::- LLF Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Wrestling Alliance

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA World Women's Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Professional Girl Wrestling Association

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rookie of the Year (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wrestlicious

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wrestlicious Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xcitement Wrestling Federation

paragraph: BULLET::::- XWF Women's Championship (1 time)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online World of Wrestling profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview

description: American professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Christie Ricci

wikipedia_title: Christie Ricci


text:
Kirkland, Quebec
bullpen catcher
New York Mets
Major League Baseball
Montréal Expos
Los Angeles Dodgers
St. Thomas High School
Pointe-Claire, Quebec
Patrick Roy
Montréal Expos
Russell Martin
Des Moines Area Community College
1999 Major League Baseball draft
Vermont Expos
Clinton LumberKings
Los Angeles Dodgers
South Georgia Waves
Grady Little
Las Vegas 51s
Edwin Bellorín
Las Vegas 51s
designated hitter
Montréal Canadiens
Port St. Lucie, Florida
Sandy Alderson

categories: Canadian baseball players,Las Vegas 51s players,1979 births,People from Kirkland, Quebec,Living people

paragraph: Eric Langill

paragraph: Eric Joseph Langill (born April 9, 1979 in Kirkland, Quebec), is a bullpen catcher for the New York Mets of Major League Baseball. Previously, he had played as a catcher in the minor league organizations of the Montréal Expos and Los Angeles Dodgers.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Langill was born on April 9, 1979 in Kirkland, Quebec. He attended St. Thomas High School in Pointe-Claire, Quebec, where he graduated in 1997. As a child, he played hockey, where he was a second-line Center who was used as a face-off specialist. He grew up idolizing hockey players such as Patrick Roy. In an interview, he attributed his passion for baseball to the Montréal Expos.

paragraph: Section::::Amateur career.

paragraph: Langill, who was always a catcher, played baseball in his youth, ending up on the same junior team as Russell Martin, who was at the time a third baseman. Langill and Martin would later be minor league teammates. Langill did not have the opportunity to play high school baseball, but played during the summer, although his focus on it was secondary to his on hockey. After beginning school at Des Moines Area Community College, Langill now found more opportunities to play baseball instead of hockey.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Langill was chosen by the Expos in the 34th round of the 1999 Major League Baseball draft with the 1020th overall pick. Langill begin his professional career in the Expos system, making his debut with the Vermont Expos in 2000. He was promoted to Single-A Clinton LumberKings in 2001, before being traded in the offseason to the Los Angeles Dodgers. Langill would play from 2002 to 2006 in the Dodgers system, mostly in AA and AAA. In 2002, Langill pitched the last third of an inning of a game for the South Georgia Waves, getting an out against the one batter he faced. At the request of Grady Little, Langill was invited to major-league Spring Training with the Dodgers in 2006, mainly to act as an extra catcher. He was sent to minor-league camp on March 8. Considered by scouts a career minor-leaguer, Langill, aside from acting as backup catcher for the Las Vegas 51s, served largely as a mentor to Edwin Bellorín. Langill became known as somewhat of a fan favorite due to his perceived lack of athletic ability combined with his strong passion for the game. In June 2011, Langill joined the New York Mets as a bullpen catcher. On March 30, 2017, Langill started for the Mets' Triple-A affiliate, the Las Vegas 51s, in a game against the major-league team; he led off as designated hitter but went hitless in the game.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Langill has been a hockey fan since youth. His favorite team is the Montréal Canadiens.

paragraph: During 2012 Spring Training, Langill was charged with driving under the influence of alcohol after failing tests conducted after a car crash he was involved in near the Mets Spring Training camp in Port St. Lucie, Florida. Langill had been out after a team bowling night and had told officers he had consumed two or three drinks. Langill had attempted to escape the scene of the collision on foot, but was unable to get out of the car, a white Honda Accord, which had flipped upside-down. Langill was eventually helped out of the car through the passenger door. Langill initially told police that the incident had happened when he was cut off by another car while on the way back home from the team bowling event, which according to Mets General Manager Sandy Alderson occurred approximately three hours previously. Langill was held in prison for the night by local authorities. Afterwards, Langill was suspended by the team for a week and was required to seek help from the Mets Employee Assistance Program.

description: baseball coach

wikidata_label: Eric Langill

wikipedia_title: Eric Langill


text: Portuguese

text: Prime Minister of Portugal

text: Progressist Party

text: Anselmo José Braamcamp

text: pink-map crisis

text: British ultimatum

categories: Prime Ministers of Portugal,1834 births,19th-century Portuguese people,Progressive Party (Portugal) politicians,People from Aveiro, Portugal,1914 deaths

paragraph: José Luciano de Castro

paragraph: José Luciano de Castro Pereira Corte-Real (December 14, 1834 – March 9, 1914) was a Portuguese politician who served three times as Prime Minister of Portugal. He was one of the founders of the Progressist Party, of which he was the leader from the time of Anselmo José Braamcamp's death in 1885, onward.

paragraph: Castro was the head of government during the pink-map crisis and the subsequent British ultimatum. The crisis was one of the factors that proved decisive in the fall of the Portuguese constitutional monarchy on 5 October 1910.

description: Portuguese politician

wikidata_label: José Luciano de Castro

wikipedia_title: José Luciano de Castro


href: Netherlands mathematician Surveying cartographer military%20engineer pi burgomaster Alkmaar Netherlands Adriaan%20Metius Jacob%20Metius telescope Hans%20Lippershey circumference diameter pi Mil%C3%BC Naarden Muiden

text:
Dutch
mathematician
surveyor
cartographer
military engineer
pi
burgomaster
Alkmaar
Netherlands
Adriaan Metius
Jacob Metius
telescope
Hans Lippershey
circumference
diameter
pi
Metius' number'
Naarden
Muiden

categories: 1541 births,Mayors of Alkmaar,17th-century Dutch engineers,1620 deaths,16th-century Dutch military personnel,People from Alkmaar,Dutch military engineers,16th-century Dutch engineers,Dutch mathematicians

paragraph: Adriaan Anthonisz

paragraph: Adriaan Anthonisz (also known as Adriaen Anthonisz of Alcmaer) (1527–1607) was a Dutch mathematician, surveyor, cartographer, and military engineer who specialized in the design of fortifications. As a mathematician Anthonisz discovered in 1585 the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, which would later be called pi.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Anthonisz served as burgomaster (mayor) of Alkmaar in the Netherlands from 1582.

paragraph: Adriaan fathered two sons, and named them both Metius (from the Dutch word "meten", meaning 'measuring', 'measurer', or surveyor). They each became prominent members of society. Adriaan Metius (9 Dec 1571 – 6 Sep 1635) was a Dutch geometer and astronomer. Jacob Metius worked as an instrument-maker and a specialist in grinding lenses and applied for patent rights for the telescope a few weeks after Middelburg spectacle-maker Hans Lippershey tried to patent the same device.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1585 Anthonisz discovered that the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, later called pi, approximated the fractional value of . His son Adriaan Metius later published his father's results, and the value is traditionally referred to as Metius' number'.

paragraph: He is regarded as one of the first military engineers to apply the principles of the Dutch fortification system.

paragraph: Some of his professional accomplishments included mapping the Berger lake and expanding and fortifying Naarden and Muiden.

description: Dutch mathematician

wikidata_label: Adriaen Anthonisz

wikipedia_title: Adriaan Anthonisz


text:
Scottish nobility
Lord Chamberlain of Scotland
Sheriff of Stirling
Sheriff of Kincardine
descendant
Clan Fraser
Oliver Castle
Battle of Dupplin Moor
Richard Fraser of Touchfraser
Barony of Cowie
Middle Ages
trackway
Elsick Mounth
Causey Mounth
Mary
Nigel Campbell
Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale
Marjorie, Countess of Carrick
Cowie Castle
Muchalls Castle

categories: Signatories to the Declaration of Arbroath,1332 deaths,Year of birth unknown,Kincardineshire,Scottish deaths at the Battle of Dupplin Moor,Clan Fraser

paragraph: Alexander Fraser of Touchfraser and Cowie (died 11 August 1332) was a member of the Scottish nobility who served as the Lord Chamberlain of Scotland and also as the Sheriff of Stirling and Sheriff of Kincardine. He was a descendant of the Clan Fraser members deriving from Oliver Castle. Alexander died at the Battle of Dupplin Moor.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Alexander was the son of Andrew Fraser of Touchfraser and Beatrix le Chen and the grandson of Richard Fraser of Touchfraser. He was the Lord Chamberlain of Scotland between 1325 and 1329.

paragraph: Section::::Lands.

paragraph: King Robert the Bruce conferred vast lands including the Barony of Cowie, Barony of Cluny and Barony of Kinnaird upon Alexander Fraser, who was his chamberlain at least as late as 1319. The major transport routes over these lands in the Middle Ages were two ancient trackways known as the Elsick Mounth and Causey Mounth.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He married in c.1316 Mary, widow of Sir Nigel Campbell, the daughter of Sir Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale and Marjorie, Countess of Carrick and had the following known issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John of Touchfraser

paragraph: BULLET::::- William of Cowie and Durris

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cowie Castle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muchalls Castle

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert William Billings and John Hill Burton (1901) "The Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland", Oliver and Boyd

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. Michael Hogan (2007) "Causey Mounth", The Megalithic Portal, editor A. Burnham

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lineage of Fraser Family

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archibald Watt (1985) "Highways and Byways around Kincardineshire", Stonehaven Heritage Society

description: Lord Chamberlain of Scotland

wikidata_label: Alexander Fraser


text:
catcher
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina
The King's Academy
singled
Atlanta
hit
San Antonio
Seattle Mariners

categories: Sportspeople from Fort Lauderdale, Florida,Major League Baseball catchers,NC State Wolfpack baseball players,North Carolina State University alumni,Portland Beavers players,San Antonio Missions players,Baseball players from Florida,San Diego Padres players,West Tennessee Diamond Jaxx players,Arizona League Padres players,Mobile BayBears players,Fort Wayne Wizards players,Lake Elsinore Storm players,Living people,Eugene Emeralds players,1982 births

paragraph: Colt Morton

paragraph: Kristopher Colt Morton (born April 10, 1982) is a baseball catcher who is currently a free agent. He attended North Carolina State University in Raleigh, North Carolina.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: While attending high school at The King's Academy in West Palm Beach, Florida, Morton lettered in baseball and led the team with a .339 batting average, eight home runs, and 26 RBI as a senior. He was a two-time All-State honoree, a preseason Louisville Slugger/TPX High School All-American, and received an All-American honorable mention from Collegiate Baseball for his efforts.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:San Diego Padres.

paragraph: On May 8, , Morton singled in Atlanta to record his first Major League hit. On May 9, 2008 he was demoted to Double-A San Antonio.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Seattle Mariners.

paragraph: On June 16, Morton was Traded To The Seattle Mariners for future considerations.

paragraph: On December 5, 2009 Morton married Amanda Varney in Wellington, Fl.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Colt Morton

wikipedia_title: Colt Morton


text: American

text: Roman Catholic

text: auxiliary bishop

text: Archdiocese of Boston

text: Toronto

text: Ontario

text: York University

text: Boston College

text: Massachusetts

text: Dover-Sherborn High School

text: Saint John's Seminary

text: Woburn

text: Danvers

text: Salem State College

text: canon law

text: Pontifical Athenaeum of the Holy Cross

text: licentiate

text: doctorate

text: Judicial Vicar

text: Canon Law Society of America

text: Pope St. John XXIII National Seminary

text: Pope Francis

text: Auxiliary Bishop

text: Titular Bishop

text: Gigthi

text: Tripolitana

text: Cathedral of the Holy Cross

text: Seán Patrick O'Malley

text: ordination Mass was broadcast

text: CatholicTV

text: EWTN

text: Salt and Light

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

categories: 1964 births,American Roman Catholic bishops,Roman Catholic clergy from Boston,People from Toronto,Living people

paragraph: Mark O'Connell (bishop)

paragraph: Mark William O'Connell (born June 25, 1964) is an American Roman Catholic bishop.

paragraph: As of 2016, he is an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Boston for the North region of the Archdiocese.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Mark O'Connell was born in Toronto, Ontario on June 25, 1964 to Thomas F. and Margaret M. (Delaney) O'Connell, both American citizens. His father Thomas was a University Librarian at York University and later at Boston College. The family returned to Massachusetts when Mark O'Connell was aged 12. He graduated from Dover-Sherborn High School in 1982.

paragraph: O'Connell earned the B.A. degree in English and philosophy at Boston College in 1986 and studied for the priesthood at Saint John's Seminary in Boston. He was ordained as a priest on June 16, 1990. He served in parishes in Woburn and Danvers and as a college chaplain at Salem State College. He undertook studies in canon law starting in 1997 at the Pontifical Athenaeum of the Holy Cross in Rome, completing the licentiate degree in 1999 and the doctorate in 2002. O'Connell's dissertation bore the title "The Mobility of Secular Clerics and Incardination". He joined the canonical affairs staff of the Archdiocese in 2001 and was appointed Judicial Vicar in 2007.

paragraph: From 2009 to 2012, he served as a senior consultor to the Canon Law Society of America. He has also served on the faculty of Saint John's Seminary and Pope St. John XXIII National Seminary. From 2011 to 2014, he was one of several regular co-hosts on the daily radio program The Good Catholic Life, broadcast on the Catholic radio station WQOM 1060AM in Boston.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Auxiliary Bishop of Boston.

paragraph: On June 3, 2016, Pope Francis appointed him Auxiliary Bishop of Boston and Titular Bishop of Gigthi in Tripolitana. He was consecrated on August 24, 2016 at the Cathedral of the Holy Cross in Boston by Cardinal Seán Patrick O'Malley, Archbishop of Boston. The ordination Mass was broadcast by CatholicTV, EWTN, and Salt and Light television networks.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston Official Site

wikidata_label: Mark O'Connell

wikipedia_title: Mark O'Connell (bishop)


text:
Étrœungt
James of Avesnes
Walter
Count of Blois
cantor
subdeacon
Laon
bailiff
Hainaut
Margaret
Hainault
Count Ferdinand
Battle of Bouvines
Philip Augustus
king of France
pope
Innocent III
Luxembourg
Ghent
Italy
Holy See
Rupelmonde
John I
Baldwin
Beaumont

wikipedia_title:
Étrœungt
James of Avesnes
Walter II of Avesnes
Counts of Blois
Cantor (Christianity)
Subdeacon
Laon
Bailiff
County of Hainaut
Margaret II, Countess of Flanders
Count of Hainaut
Ferdinand, Count of Flanders
Battle of Bouvines
Philip II of France
List of French monarchs
Pope
Pope Innocent III
Luxembourg
Ghent
Italy
Holy See
Rupelmonde
John I, Count of Hainaut
Baldwin of Avesnes
Beaumont, Belgium

categories: 1244 deaths,People excommunicated by the Catholic Church,Avesnes family,1182 births,Lords of Avesnes

paragraph: Bouchard IV of Avesnes

paragraph: Burchard IV or Bouchard IV (1182–1244) was the lord of Avesnes and Étrœungt. He was the son of James of Avesnes and Adela of Guise and brother of Walter, Count of Blois.

paragraph: Bouchard began his career as a cantor and subdeacon in the church of Laon. In 1212, he was named bailiff of Hainaut. In this capacity, he served as tutor and guardian of the young Margaret, sister of Joanna, Countess of Flanders and Hainault. He later married Margaret in 1212, though she was only ten years old and the marriage could not be consummated. Neither Joanna nor Count Ferdinand gave their consent, and tried to have the marriage stopped, they failed.

paragraph: Bouchard lived a war-like life. He invaded the territory of his brother Walter, who had received most of their patrimony. He then invaded Flanders and forced Joanna and Ferdinand to recognise his marriage to Margaret. He then fought at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214, under the (losing) Flemish banner. Philip Augustus, the king of France and victor of Bouvines, then counselled the pope, Innocent III, to declare the marriage of Bouchard and Margaret illegal. Innocent eventually excommunicated Bouchard on 19 January 1216. They took refuge in Luxembourg. In 1219, Bouchard was captured in battle and would be imprisoned in Ghent for two years. To obtain his release, Margaret accepted the dissolution of the marriage and Bouchard left for Italy to fight for the Holy See. Upon his return, he was decapitated at Rupelmonde on the orders of Joanna.

paragraph: Bouchard and Margaret had three children, who played an important part in the War of the Succession of Flanders and Hainault:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baldwin (1217–1219), took refuge with his parents in Luxembourg

paragraph: BULLET::::- John I (1218–1257), later Count of Hainault

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baldwin (1219–1295), Lord of Beaumont

description: Belgian nobleman

wikidata_label: Bouchard IV of Avesnes

wikipedia_title: Bouchard IV of Avesnes


text:
pair skater
Helene Engelmann
1924 Olympic
1922
1924
Helene Engelmann

wikipedia_title: Figure skating at the 1924 Winter Olympics

categories: Olympic medalists in figure skating,Olympic figure skaters of Austria,Austrian male pair skaters,Olympic gold medalists for Austria,1966 deaths,World Figure Skating Championships medalists,Medalists at the 1924 Winter Olympics,Figure skaters at the 1924 Winter Olympics,1894 births

paragraph: Alfred Berger

paragraph: Alfred Berger (25 August 1894 – 11 June 1966) was an Austrian pair skater. With his skating partner, Helene Engelmann, he became the 1924 Olympic champion and a two-time world champion (1922, 1924).

paragraph: Section::::Results.

paragraph: with Helene Engelmann

description: Austrian figure skater

wikidata_label: Alfred Berger

wikipedia_title: Alfred Berger


href: Italy saint ancient%20Rome martyr Bologna Diocletian San%20Procolo%2C%20Bologna

text:
Italian
saint
Roman
martyr
Bologna
Diocletian
San Procolo

wikipedia_title:
Italy
Saint
Ancient Rome
Martyr
Bologna
Diocletian
San Procolo, Bologna

categories: 3rd-century births,4th-century Christian martyrs,4th-century Romans,304 deaths,Italian saints,People from Bologna

paragraph: Proculus of Bologna

paragraph: Saint Proculus of Bologna or Saint Proculus the Soldier (died c. 304 AD) is an Italian saint. He is said to have been a Roman officer who was martyred at Bologna under Diocletian.

paragraph: Section::::Traditional Narrative.

paragraph: Saint Proculus is the military patron of Bologna. In the time of the Diocletian, one Marinus was sent to Bologna to enforce the emperor's edict. Incensed by Marinus' cruelty, Proculus went to Marinus' house and killed him with an axe. The Bolognese have held Proculus in veneration from very ancient times. His remains are preserved in the church of San Procolo in Bologna.

description: saint and martyr

wikidata_label: Proculus of Bologna

wikipedia_title: Proculus of Bologna


text:
Santa Fe
Santa Fe Province
Europe
Italy
"Asociación Trabajadores del Estado"
"Los Coleccionistas"

categories: 1912 births,1992 deaths,People from Santa Fe, Argentina,Argentine people of Croatian descent,Argentine engravers,20th-century Argentine painters

paragraph: Ricardo Supisiche

paragraph: Ricardo Argentino Supisiche (November 6, 1912 – November 6, 1992) was an Argentine painter and engraver.

paragraph: Supisiche was born in Santa Fe, the capital of Santa Fe Province, in 1912. He studied drawing at the José María Reinares Academy in his home city, and under master Sergio Sergi at Santa Fe's Municipal Lyceum. He began painting in 1936 and continued his studies during a journey to Europe in 1951, where he stayed in Italy for several months. Supisiche's works earned him numerous awards, and he taught drawing and painting techniques in several institutions.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Asociación Trabajadores del Estado".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Los Coleccionistas".

description: Argentine artist

wikidata_label: Ricardo Supisiche

wikipedia_title: Ricardo Supisiche


text:
Larry Semon
silent
shorts
African American
Lexington, Kentucky
vaudeville
minstrel show
United States Army
World War I
Larry Semon
stereotypical roles
Rastus
Cowardly Lion
The Wizard of Oz
stage name
Variety
slapstick
The Perfect Clown
"Mickey McGuire" film series
Mickey Rooney
Harlem
Mickey's Medicine Man
Los Angeles
California
Sawtelle Military Cemetery

categories: American male silent film actors,African-American male actors,1935 deaths,American male comedy actors,Vaudeville performers,American military personnel of World War I,Actors from Lexington, Kentucky,Blackface minstrel performers,American male film actors,20th-century American comedians,Burials at Los Angeles National Cemetery,American male stage actors,20th-century American male actors,Silent film comedians,Male actors from Kentucky,United States Army soldiers,20th-century singers,1887 births

paragraph: Spencer Bell (actor)

paragraph: Spencer Bell (September 25, 1887 – August 18, 1935) was an American stage and film actor, best known for playing opposite Larry Semon in many of his silent comedy shorts from the late 1910s to 1928. Bell was one of the first African American comedic actors of the silent film era, and was the first to be signed to film contract. Over the course of his fifteen year film career, Bell appeared in more than seventy comedy shorts.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Bell was born in Lexington, Kentucky. Prior to his Hollywood film career, he worked as a chauffeur and performed in vaudeville and minstrel shows. He

paragraph: enlisted in the United States Army and served in World War I. Bell made his film debut in Larry Semon's 1919 silent comedy short, "Passing the Buck". As was typical for African American actors of the era, Bell was typecast in stereotypical roles. His characters were often depicted as bumbling, lazy buffoons who were prone to comedic accidents.

paragraph: One of Bell's most notable roles was that of Snowball/Rastus/the Cowardly Lion in Larry Semon's "The Wizard of Oz" (1925),

paragraph: In that film, Semon credited Bell under the stage name "G. Howe Black" (In a mainly positive review, a "Variety" critic admonished Semon for crediting Bell with the demeaning name writing that Bell, "deserved [a] better fate"). He was again credited as such in Semon's 1925 silent slapstick film, "The Perfect Clown". During the 1930s, Bell regularly appeared in the "Mickey McGuire" film series starring Mickey Rooney, and briefly ran an acting troup in Harlem. Bell's final film appearance was in the 1934 comedy short "Mickey's Medicine Man".

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On August 18, 1935, Bell died at his home in Los Angeles, California of complications from abdominal surgery he underwent in July 1935. He is buried at Sawtelle Military Cemetery (now known as Los Angeles National Cemetery).

description: actor

wikidata_label: Spencer Bell

wikipedia_title: Spencer Bell (actor)


text:
Haarlem
London
Dutch Golden Age
Johannes Gottlieb Glauber
Nicolaes Berchem II
Wouter Knijff
Leendert Knijff

categories: 1681 deaths,1639 births,Artists from Haarlem,Dutch male painters,Dutch Golden Age painters,Dutch landscape painters

paragraph: Jacob Knijff

paragraph: Jacob Knijff (January 1, 1639, Haarlem – 1681, London), also written Jacob Knyff, was a Dutch Golden Age painter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: According to Houbraken he was the teacher of Johannes Gottlieb Glauber in Paris in 1671, where he attended the funeral of Nicolaes Berchem II on January 4, 1672. He was the son of the painter Wouter Knijff and the older brother of painter Leendert Knijff, and is known for painting landscapes and seascapes.

alias:
Jacobus Knyff
Jacob Knyff
Mr. Knife
old Knyfe
Old Mr. Knife
Old Knife

description: Dutch painter

wikidata_label: Jacob Knijff

wikipedia_title: Jacob Knijff


text:
Ford Edsel automobile
Ford Zephyr
Hamilton, Ontario
Detroit
Chrysler
General Motors
Cadillac
Bill Mitchell
Ford Motor Company
Lincoln Futura
Batmobile
Henry Ford
only child
Ford Cortina
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Parkinson's disease

categories: American automobile designers,2013 deaths,1916 births,Ford designers

paragraph: Roy Brown Jr.

paragraph: Roy Brown Jr. (October 30, 1916 – February 24, 2013) was a Canadian-American car designer and engineer, best known for creating the first Ford Edsel automobile model in 1958 and the exterior for the Ford Zephyr.

paragraph: Section::::Automotive career.

paragraph: Brown was born in Hamilton, Ontario, but his family moved to Detroit when he was in his teens. His father was an engineer for Chrysler.

paragraph: Following his graduation from Detroit Art Academy in 1937, he was hired by General Motors as a designer in its Cadillac division, working alongside Bill Mitchell. "The first thing he designed was an instrument panel for the 1939 Cadillac," his son Reg told The Los Angeles Times.

paragraph: After a stint in the U.S. Army, he was hired by Ford Motor Company, where he was assigned to oversee design of the 1955 Lincoln Futura, the model that would be transformed into TV's Batmobile a decade later.

paragraph: Section::::Automotive career.:Edsel.

paragraph: Ford next assigned Brown the task of designing a model that would appeal to buyers "with upscale tastes and mid-range budgets." Brown designed a car that "blared individuality." He rejected the tail fins prevalent in that era for rear lights shaped like boomerangs and gave the car a unique vertical front grille. According to Thomas E. Bonsall's book, Disaster in Dearborn (2002), it was assistant stylist Bob "Robin" Jones, who suggested a vertical motif for the front end of the "E-car".

paragraph: The model, named Edsel after Henry Ford's only child, rolled into showrooms in 1957, accompanied by a massive publicity campaign. But only 63,000 Edsels were sold in the first year of production, with its distinctive grille being the most criticized feature.

paragraph: Ford canceled production of the Edsel in November 1959, and Brown would tell acquaintances "I cried in my beer for two days."

paragraph: Section::::Automotive career.:Post-Edsel.

paragraph: Brown gained attention in 1958 for creating the now-infamous "horse-collar" in response to engineers' concerns about engine cooling problems.

paragraph: Ford transferred Brown to England, where he designed the 1962 Ford Cortina, which would become the automaker's best-selling car in Great Britain.

paragraph: After returning to Detroit in 1966, Brown helped design Ford's Econoline van. He later became executive designer in the Lincoln Mercury division.

paragraph: Brown remained a fan of the Edsel and drove an Edsel convertible into his 80s. "People would ask him, 'What the hell were you thinking when you designed that car?' He was never offended. He was proud of his creation," said Larry Nopper, a past president of the Southlanders Edsel Owners Club.

paragraph: Brown retired from Ford in 1974. He died in Ann Arbor, Michigan in 2013, from Parkinson's disease.

description: American automobile designer

wikidata_label: Roy Brown Jr.

wikipedia_title: Roy Brown Jr.


text: FRS

text: FRSE

text: FSA

text: St John’s College, Cambridge

text: Trinity College, Dublin

text: George Murray Humphrey

text: Donald Macalister

text: fellow of the Royal Society

text: Royal Irish Academy

text: Anatomical Society

text: William St. John Hope

text: J.N. Dalton

text: M.R. James

text: Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground

text: R. A. Stewart Macalister

text: George Hugh Kidd Macalister

text: accessed 8 March 2013

categories: Alumni of Trinity College Dublin,1919 deaths,Fellows of the Royal Society,1844 births,Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge,Place of birth missing,Academics of the University of Cambridge,Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London

paragraph: Alexander Macalister

paragraph: Prof Alexander Macalister FRS HFRSE FSA LLD (9 April 18442 September 1919) was an Irish anatomist, Professor of Anatomy, Cambridge University, from 1883 until his death. He was a Fellow of St John’s College, Cambridge.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in Dublin, the second son of Robert Macalister, secretary of the Sunday School Society of Ireland, and his wife (née Boyle). Alexander was educated locally then studied Medicine at Trinity College, Dublin.

paragraph: He qualified at the Irish Royal Colleges in 1861, became M.B. at Trinity College ten years later and M.D. in 1876. After acting as demonstrator of anatomy at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, he was appointed professor of zoology, and eight years later professor of anatomy and chirurgery, at Dublin. In 1883 he succeeded Sir George Murray Humphrey in the chair of anatomy at Cambridge, and held this post for thirty-six years. He was a prolific writer.

paragraph: Besides his "Text-book of Human Anatomy"(1889) for which he is best known, he was the author of "Introduction to Animal Morphology"(1876) and "Morphology of Vertebrate Animals" (1878) as well as of numerous papers on animal, morphology, human anatomy and small text-books for students. He was a man of remarkable versatility, being an able mathematician as well as versed in archæology, Egyptology and draughtsmanship. Like his cousin, Sir Donald Macalister, he was a proficient linguist, having knowledge of fourteen languages.

paragraph: Macalister received many honours. In 1881 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. He was made hon. LL.D. of the Universities of Edinburgh, Glasgow and McGill and hon. D.Sc. and senator of the University of Dublin. He was Secretary of the Royal Irish Academy and President of the Anatomical Society (1897-99). His name has been attached to the fovea gastrica and the annulus femoralis s. cruralis.

paragraph: Section::::King Henry VI investigation.

paragraph: On 4 November 1910 the body of King Henry VI in its brick vault in St. George's Chapel, Windsor (since 12 August 1484) was "investigated", with King George V's consent, by William St. John Hope and Canon J.N. Dalton, in the presence of the Dean and Canons, and various other people such as M.R. James, Provost of King's College, Cambridge (and later of Eton College, both founded by Henry VI), and Dr. A. Macalister, Professor of Anatomy at Cambridge. The vault was emptied of rubble, and at the centre was found a small lead chest containing the fragmented bones of "a fairly strong man, aged between 45 and 55", according to Macalister's report, published in The Times on 12 November 1910. The bones had previously been buried in Chertsey Abbey in 1471 until their removal in 1484.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He died in Cambridge on 2 September 1919 after a long illness and was buried in the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge with his wife Elizabeth, who had died in 1901.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He married Elizabeth Stewart in 1866. Their children included the archaeologist R. A. Stewart Macalister and George Hugh Kidd Macalister.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ‘MACALISTER, Alexander’, Who Was Who, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2007 accessed 8 March 2013

description: British physician (1844-1919)

wikidata_label: Alexander Macalister

wikipedia_title: Alexander Macalister


text:
High Priest of Amun
Thebes
Pinedjem I
Masaherta
coffin
cartouche
Menkheperre
Pinedjem II
Neskhons
Siamun
Psusennes II
Deir el-Bahari

categories: Ancient Egyptian priests,Theban High Priests of Amun,People of the Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt,11th-century BC clergy

paragraph: Djedkhonsuefankh

paragraph: Djedkhonsuefankh was a High Priest of Amun in Thebes believed to have been in office from 1046-1045 BC.

paragraph: It is often assumed that he was a son of Pinedjem I who succeeded his brother Masaherta during a time of great turmoil in the city of Thebes. Von Beckerath has even suggested that it is possible that he died a violent death, accounting for his very short reign. Kitchen considered this possibility as well, but also stated that "this may be an over-dramatic interpretation of his brief rule".

paragraph: All we actually know of his existence is the bare mention of his name on the coffin of his son (now lost). There it reads, according to Cecil Torr:

paragraph: "[...]re, son of the first prophet of Amun, Djed-Khons-ef-ankh, son of the Lord of the Two Lands, Pinedjem, Beloved of Amun, first prophet of Amun", with the name Pinedjem enclosed in a cartouche.

paragraph: Djedkhonsuefankh is supposed to have been succeeded as High Priest by his brother Menkheperre, which seems to imply that his son "[...]re" either predeceased him, was too young to succeed or was simply passed over for other reasons.

paragraph: However, Andrzej Niwiński has suggested that Djedkhonsuefankh was not the son of Pinedjem I, but rather of Pinedjem II, and as such the great grandson of Pinedjem I

paragraph: Niwiński identifies him with the main official mentioned with the burials of Neskhons in year 5 of king Siamun and of Pinedjem II in year 10 of the same king.

paragraph: He postulates that Psusennes II (in this model his brother), who probably succeeded his father Pinedjem II as High Priest and succeeded in uniting this title with that of king had Djedkhonsuefankh act as his deputy in Thebes. The title of High Priest on his coffin would then be given posthumously by his son "[...]re"

paragraph: Niwiński also points out that theophoric names as Djedkhonsuefankh mainly appear very late in the 21st Dynasty.

paragraph: Djedkhonsuefankh's wife is likely to have been Djedmutesankh, a Singer of Amun, who was buried in Tomb MMA60 in Deir el-Bahari.

description: Egyptian High Priest of Amun

wikidata_label: Djedkhonsuefankh

wikipedia_title: Djedkhonsuefankh


text: Anglo-Norman

text: honour

text: palatine

text: Chester

text: Ranulf le Meschin, 3rd Earl of Chester

text: Bessin

text: Normandy

text: David I of Scotland

text: Durham

text: Stephen of England

text: Scotland

text: Matilda

text: Lincoln Castle

text: Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester

text: Matilda of Boulogne

text: Winchester

text: Normandy

text: Ranulf le Meschin, 3rd Earl of Chester

text: Lucy of Bolingbroke

text: autonomy

text: county palatine

text: Maud

text: Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester

text: Norman

text: Congregation of Savigny

text: Stephen

text: England

text: David I

text: Scotland

text: Carlisle

text: Wark

text: Alnwick

text: Norham

text: Newcastle upon Tyne

text: Durham

text: mercenaries

text: Flanders

text: treaty

text: Doncaster

text: Cumberland

text: Henry I of England

text: disinherit

text: Treaty of Durham (1139)

text: Northumbria

text: Westmorland

text: Lancashire

text: Prince Henry

text: Matilda

text: Henry I

text: Geoffrey of Anjou

text: Robert of Gloucester

text: Michaelmas

text: Matilda of Boulogne

text: Lincoln Castle

text: William de Roumare

text: Lincolnshire

text: London

text: Derby

text: Welsh

text: Robert of Gloucester

text: council of war

text: Winchester

text: William of Ypres

text: Bedford

text: Wallingford

text: Gilbert de Gant

text: Alan, 1st Earl of Richmond

text: William Peverel the Younger

text: William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel

text: Count of Eu

text: Northampton

text: treason

text: Stamford

text: Coventry

text: counter castle

text: Henry FitzEmpress

text: York

text: Eustace

text: Leicestershire

text: Warwickshire

text: Roger de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Warwick

text: Staffordshire

text: William Peverel the Younger

text: poison

text: Hugh

categories: Anglo-Normans in Wales,Anglo-Normans,1153 deaths,Norman warriors,People of The Anarchy,1099 births

paragraph: Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester

paragraph: Ranulf II (also known as Ranulf de Gernon), 4th Earl of Chester (1099–1153), was an Anglo-Norman baron who inherited the honour of the palatine county of Chester upon the death of his father Ranulf le Meschin, 3rd Earl of Chester. He was descended from the Counts of Bessin in Normandy.

paragraph: In 1136 David I of Scotland invaded England as far as Durham, which led Stephen of England to negotiate treaties that involved granting Ranulf's lands to Scotland. Thereafter, Ranulf allied himself to Matilda to further his cause. He took Lincoln Castle in 1141, which was retaken by Stephen in a siege in which Ranulf was forced to flee for his life. Ranulf enlisted the help of Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester to retake the castle and succeeded when King Stephen surrendered to him at Lincoln. While Matilda ruled England, Stephen's queen Matilda of Boulogne managed to defeat Ranulf and his allies at Winchester, which eventually resulted in Stephen being able to resume the throne.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Ranulf was born in Normandy at the Château Guernon, around 1100. He was the son of Ranulf le Meschin, 3rd Earl of Chester and Lucy of Bolingbroke, who were both significant landowners with considerable autonomy within the county palatine. His father had begun a new lineage of the earldom of Chester. Ranulf married Maud, daughter of Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester and inherited the earldom in 1128. Three years later he founded an abbey in North Wales, colonised by monks from the Norman Congregation of Savigny.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Loss of northern lands to Scotland.

paragraph: In late January 1136, during the first months of the reign of Stephen of England, his northern neighbour David I of Scotland crossed the border into England. He took Carlisle, Wark, Alnwick, Norham and Newcastle upon Tyne and struck towards Durham. On 5 February 1136, Stephen reached Durham with a large force of mercenaries from Flanders and forced David to negotiate a treaty by which the Scots were granted the towns of Carlisle and Doncaster, for the return of Wark, Alnwick, Norham and Newcastle.

paragraph: Lost from England to Scotland along with Carlisle was much of Cumberland and the honour of Lancaster, lands that belonged to Earl Ranulf's father and had been surrendered by agreement to Henry I of England in return for the Earldom of Chester. Ranulf claimed that his father had at that time been disinherited. When he heard of the concessions made to the Scottish King, Ranulf left Stephen's court in a rage.

paragraph: In the second Treaty of Durham (1139), Stephen was even more generous to David, granting the Earldom of Northumbria (Carlisle, Cumberland, Westmorland and Lancashire north of the Ribble) to his son Prince Henry. Ranulf was prepared to revolt in order to win back his lordship of the north.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Capture of Lincoln.

paragraph: By this time Matilda, named as the future Queen by her father Henry I, had gathered enough strength to contest Stephen's usurpation, supported by her husband Geoffrey of Anjou and her half-brother Robert of Gloucester. Prince Henry was to attend the English court that Michaelmas and Ranulf planned to overwhelm him on his return to Scotland. Stephen's queen Matilda of Boulogne heard about the plot and persuaded Stephen to escort Henry back to Scotland. Ranulf then used subterfuge to seize Lincoln Castle. He and his half-brother William de Roumare sent their wives to visit the constable's wife there and then arrived (dressed in ordinary clothes and escorted by three knights), apparently to fetch the ladies. They then seized the weapons in the castle, admitted their own men and ejected the royal garrison.

paragraph: Stephen eventually made a pact with the Ranulf and his half-brother and left Lincolnshire, returning to London before Christmas 1140, after making William de Roumare Earl of Lincoln and awarding Ranulf with administrative and military powers over Lincolnshire and the town and castle of Derby. The citizens of Lincoln sent Stephen a message complaining about the treatment they were receiving from Ranulf and asking the King to capture the brothers. The King immediately marched on Lincoln. One of his key pretexts was that according to the settlement, Lincoln Castle was to revert to royal ownership and that the half-brothers had reneged on this. He arrived on 6 January 1141 and found the place scantily garrisoned: the citizens of Lincoln admitted him into the city and he immediately laid siege to the castle, captured seventeen knights and began to batter down the garrison with his siege engines.

paragraph: Ranulf managed to escape to his earldom, collect his Cheshire and Welsh retainers and appeal to his father-in-law Robert of Gloucester, whose daughter Maud was still besieged in Lincoln, possibly as a deliberate ploy to encourage her father's assistance. In return for Robert's aid, Ranulf agreed to promise fidelity to the Empress Matilda.

paragraph: To Robert and the other supporters of the Empress this was good news, as Ranulf was a major magnate. Robert swiftly raised an army and set out for Lincoln, joining forces with Ranulf on the way. Stephen held a council of war at which his advisors counselled that he leave a force and depart to safety, but Stephen disregarded the odds and decided to fight, but was obliged to surrender to Robert. Ranulf took advantage of disarray amongst the king's followers and in the weeks after the fighting managed to take the Earl of Richmond's northern castles and capture him when he tried to ambush Ranulf. Richmond was put in chains and tortured until he submitted to Ranulf and did him homage.

paragraph: Stephen had been effectively deposed and Matilda ruled in his place. In September 1141, Robert of Gloucester and Matilda besieged Winchester. The queen responded quickly and rushed to Winchester with her own army, commanded by the professional soldier William of Ypres. The queen's forces surrounded the army of the empress, commanded by Robert, who was captured as a result of deciding to fight his way out of the situation. The magnates following the empress were forced to flee or be taken captive. Earl Ranulf managed to escape and fled back to Chester. Later that year Robert was exchanged for Stephen, who resumed the throne.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Defection to Stephen.

paragraph: In 1144 Stephen attacked Ranulf again by laying siege to Lincoln Castle. He made preparations for a long siege but abandoned the attempt when eighty of his men were killed whilst working on a siege tower that fell and knocked them into a trench, suffocating them all.

paragraph: In 1145 (or early 1146) Ranulf switched allegiance from the Empress Matilda to Stephen. Since 1141 King David had been allied to Matilda, so Ranulf could now take up his quarrel with David of Scotland regarding his northern lands. It is probable that Ranulf's brother-in-law Phillip, (the son of Earl Robert), acted as an intermediary as Phillip had defected to the king. Ranulf came to Stephen at Stamford, repented his previous crimes and was restored to favour. He was allowed to retain Lincoln Castle until he could recover his Norman lands. Ranulf demonstrated his good will by helping Stephen to capture Bedford from Miles de Beauchamp and bringing 300 knights to the siege of Wallingford.

paragraph: Stephen welcomed Ranulf's support but some of the king's supporters, (especially William de Clerfeith, Gilbert de Gant, Alan, 1st Earl of Richmond, William Peverel the Younger, William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel and John, Count of Eu), did not. Many of the magnates were alarmed when it was discovered that Ranulf wanted the king to take part in a campaign against the Welsh. Ranulf's opponents counselled the king that the earl might be planning treachery, since he had offered no hostages or security and could easily be ambushed in Wales. Stephen contrived a quarrel with Ranulf at Northampton, provoked by an advisor who told the earl that the king would not assist him unless he restored all the property he had taken and rendered hostages. The earl refused these terms. He was accused of treason and was arrested and imprisoned in chains until his friends succeeded in coming to terms with the King on 28 August 1146. It was then agreed that the earl should be released, provided he surrendered all the royal lands and castles he had seized (Lincoln included), gave hostages and took a solemn oath not to resist the king in future.

paragraph: Ranulf, arrested in contravention of the oath which the king had sworn to him at Stamford, revolted as soon as he regained his liberty and "burst into a blind fury of rebellion, scarcely discriminating between friend or foe”. He came with his army to Lincoln to recover the city but failed to break into its north gate and his chief lieutenant was slain in the fighting. Ranulf also tried to recover the castle at Coventry, by building a counter castle. The King came with a relief force to Coventry and although wounded in the fighting, drove Ranulf off and seized his hostages, including his nephew Gilbert fitz Richard de Clare, Earl of Hertford, whom Stephen refused to release unless Gilbert surrendered his own castles. Gilbert, while agreeing to the condition, revolted as soon as he was at liberty. This action pushed the Clares into a conflict from which they had previously remained aloof.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Agreement with King David.

paragraph: In May 1149 the young Henry FitzEmpress met the king of Scotland and Ranulf at Carlisle, where Ranulf resolved his territorial disputes with Scotland and an agreement was reached to attack York. Stephen hurried north with a large force and his opponents dispersed before they could reach the city. The southern portion of the honour of Lancaster (the land between the Ribble and the Mersey) was conceded to Ranulf, who in return resigned his claim on Carlisle. Hence the Angevin cause secured the loyalty of Ranulf.

paragraph: Henry, whilst trying to escape south after the aborted attack on York, was forced to avoid the ambushes of Eustace, King Stephen's son. Ranulf assisted Henry, creating a diversion by attacking Lincoln, thus drawing Stephen to Lincoln and allowing Henry to escape.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Treaty with Robert, Earl of Leicester.

paragraph: The Earl's territory in Leicestershire and Warwickshire brought him face to face with Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester, whose family (including his cousin Roger de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Warwick and his brother Waleran de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Worcester) controlled a large part of the south Midlands. The two earls concluded an elaborate treaty between 1149 and 1153. The Bishops of Chester and Leicester were both entrusted with pledges that were to be surrendered if either party infringed the agreement.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: In 1153 Henry — by then Stephen's accepted heir — granted Staffordshire to Ranulf. That year, whilst Ranulf was a guest at the house of William Peverel the Younger, his host attempted to kill him with poisoned wine. Three of his men who had drunk the wine died, while Ranulf suffered agonizing pain. A few months later Henry became king and exiled Peverel from England as punishment. Ranulf succumbed to the poison on 16 December 1153: his son Hugh inherited his lands as held in 1135 (when Stephen took the throne), while other honours bestowed upon Ranulf were revoked.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: br

description: English noble

wikidata_label: Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester

wikipedia_title: Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester


text:
Anglo-Norman
Henry II of England
Ranulf II, 4th Earl of Chester
Maud
Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester
illegitimate
Henry I of England
Cyfeiliog
Avranches
Bessin
Val de Vire
St Sever
Briquessart
earldom of Chester
Dover
Council of Clarendon
revolt of the king's sons
Brittany
Brabant
Dol
Treaty of Falaise
Northampton
Castile
Navarre
Windsor
Leek
Staffordshire
Chester Cathedral
Stanlow Abbey
St Mary's Priory
Coventry
Bullington Priory
Greenfield Priory
Trentham Priory
Bordesley Abbey
Calke Abbey
St Mary-on-the-Hill, Chester
Abbey of Saint-Étienne, Caen
Amaury III of Montfort
Rocester Abbey
Llywelyn Fawr

categories: 1181 deaths,Anglo-Normans in Wales,People from Chester,Anglo-Normans,1147 births,Norman warriors

paragraph: Hugh of Cyfeiliog, 5th Earl of Chester

paragraph: Hugh of Cyfeiliog, 5th Earl of Chester (1147 – 1181), also written Hugh de Kevilioc, was an Anglo-Norman magnate who was active in England, Wales, Ireland and France during the reign of King Henry II of England.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: Born in 1147, he was the son of Ranulf II, 4th Earl of Chester, and his wife Maud, daughter of Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester, who was an illegitimate son of King Henry I of England. A later tradition claims he was born in the Cyfeiliog district of Wales.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: On his father's death in 1153, he became heir to extensive estates. In France, these included the hereditary viscountcies of Avranches, Bessin, and Val de Vire, as well as the honours of St Sever and Briquessart. In England and Wales, there was the earldom of Chester with its associated honours. Together, they made him one of the most important Anglo-Norman landholders when he was declared of age in 1162 and took possession. He quickly took his place among King Henry II's magnates, being present at Dover in 1163 for the renewal of the Anglo-Flemish alliance and in 1164 at the Council of Clarendon.

paragraph: In 1173, however, he joined the revolt of the king's sons and led the rebels in Brittany. After sending an army of Brabantines, who forced the rebels to retreat into the castle of Dol, in August 1174 Henry arrived in person to lead the siege. Hugh and his companions, with no food left, surrendered after being promised no executions or mutilations. Held prisoner in various castles, he made his peace with Henry and was one of the witnesses of the Treaty of Falaise in October 1174 that ended hostilities.

paragraph: At the Council of Northampton in January 1177 his lands were restored, but not his castles, and in March he was a witness to Henry's arbitration between the kings of Castile and Navarre. Then in May, at the Council of Windsor, Henry restored his castles and ordered him to Ireland. There is no record of him gaining any military successes or grants of land there.

paragraph: He died on 30 June 1181 at Leek in Staffordshire and was buried beside his father on the south side of the chapter house of St Werburgh's Abbey in Chester, now Chester Cathedral. His successor was his only legitimate son.

paragraph: Section::::Benefactions.

paragraph: During his life he made grants to St Werburgh's Abbey at Chester, to Stanlow Abbey, to St Mary's Priory at Coventry, to Bullington Priory, to Greenfield Priory, to Trentham Priory, and to Bordesley Abbey. He also confirmed grants of his parents to Calke Abbey, to St Mary-on-the-Hill, Chester, and to the Abbey of Saint-Étienne, Caen, in Normandy.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1169 he married Bertrade, daughter of Simon III de Montfort, Count of Évreux, who in turn was the son of Amaury III of Montfort. Their children were:

paragraph: Known illegitimate children were: Pagan; Roger; Amice, who married Ranulf Mainwaring, justice of Chester; and an unknown daughter who married Richard Bacon, founder of Rocester Abbey. Other illegitimate daughters have been claimed: one called Beatrix was alleged to have married a William Belward, while another unnamed daughter was said to have married Llywelyn Fawr.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Annales Cestrienses; or, Chronicle of the Abbey of S. Werburg, at Chester", Lancashire and Cheshire Record Society, 1879.

description: English noble, born in Wales

wikidata_label: Hugh de Kevelioc, 5th Earl of Chester

wikipedia_title: Hugh of Cyfeiliog, 5th Earl of Chester


text: Roman usurper

text: Diocletian

text: Aegyptus

text: corrector

text: Aurelius Achilleus

text: Alexandria

categories: Domitii,297 deaths,3rd-century people of Roman Egypt,Year of birth unknown,3rd-century Roman usurpers

paragraph: Domitius Domitianus

paragraph: Lucius Domitius Domitianus was a Roman usurper against Diocletian, who seized power for a short time in Aegyptus.

paragraph: Domitianus revolted against Diocletian in 297 AD; it is possible that the rebellion was sparked by a new tax edict, but this uncertain. Numismatic and papyrological evidence support Domitianus' claim to the purple.

paragraph: Domitianus died in December of the same year, when Diocletian went to Aegyptus to quell with the revolt. Domitianus' "corrector", Aurelius Achilleus, who was responsible for the defense of Alexandria, appears to have succeeded to Domitianus' claim to the empire; in fact, it was only in March 298 that Diocletian succeeded in re-conquering the city.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- DiMaio, Michael, "L. Domitius Domitianus and Aurelius Achilleus (ca.296/297-ca.297/298)", "De Imperatoribus Romanis"

description: Roman usurper

wikidata_label: Domitius Domitianus

wikipedia_title: Domitius Domitianus


text:
Sydney
Lotus
Formula One
Formula Three
Monaco Grand Prix
British Grand Prix
Silverstone
Colin Chapman
1971 Dutch Grand Prix
Lotus 56B
Pratt & Whitney
four wheel drive
Lotus 72
1972
Emerson Fittipaldi
Formula Two
Italian GP
Canadian GP
Reine Wisell
US GP
Spain
1973
Ronnie Peterson
Queensland
1971 Jochen Rindt Gedächtnisrennen
Lotus 56B
Tony Trimmer
Lotus 72
Forix
Grandprix.com
F1 Rejects biography
Profile at Driver DataBase
Profile at Racing Reference USA

categories: 1941 births,British Formula Three Championship drivers,Australian Formula One drivers,Sportsmen from New South Wales,Atlantic Championship drivers,Australian Formula 2 drivers,Racing drivers from Sydney,Team Lotus Formula One drivers,Tasman Series drivers,Living people

paragraph: David Walker (racing driver)

paragraph: David Walker (born 10 June 1941 in Sydney) is an Australian former racing driver who drove for Lotus in the 1971 and 1972 Formula One World Championships.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Walker had some international racing experience early in his career in the Australian rounds of the Tasman series in 1964-65 on challenging tracks like Longford and Sandown at a time when most Australian National 2.5 drives were near world class and he also finished 5th in the ex Follmer Lotus 70 in the Nov 1970 Australian GP at Warwicks Farm . While few would have been surprised that Walker failed to match the fastest Australian F5000 driver Matich, Allen and K. Bartlett, it was a pointer to Walkers later big car problems that at Warwicks Farm he was slower than Australia's leading 2 litre single seater exponents, K. Bartlett, M Stewart and Leo Geoghegan . During the 1960s Walker's racing career faltered (he was the 1969 British Formula Ford Champion and finished third in the 1969 European Formula Ford Championship), however finally broke through racing a Lotus in Formula Three during 1971. He won 25 out of 32 races that year, including the Formula Three support races at the Monaco Grand Prix and the British Grand Prix at Silverstone. By the end of the year he had won both the Shell and Forward Trust UK Formula Three titles. Coming to the attention of Lotus founder Colin Chapman, Walker was handed his Formula One debut at the 1971 Dutch Grand Prix to drive the Lotus 56B, powered by a Pratt & Whitney turbine engine. During the rain-affected race, Walker used the turbine car's advantages of four wheel drive and superior torque to rise from his starting position of 22nd to 10th place within five laps, but eventually spun off into retirement.

paragraph: Walker was given a full-time Formula One seat to drive the Lotus 72 in the 1972 season, as number two driver to Emerson Fittipaldi. As the season went on, however, both Walker and the team became increasingly disenchanted. After Lotus discovered Walker had tested a Formula Two car for another team, he was dropped from the team for the Italian GP and the Canadian GP, where he was replaced by Reine Wisell. Walker was back for the US GP, but retired.

paragraph: In all, Fittipaldi won five races and scored 61 points, winning the championship, while Walker never finished a Grand Prix higher than ninth place (in Spain), his best race where he had been contesting 5th place with Peter Revson, when he ran out of fuel, in the last laps. He was promising in the opening glaps at Monaco where he had F3 experience, but made mistakes in the extraordinary downpour. By mid season Team was totally focused on Fittipaldi taking the Championship, and Walker's 72 of little importance, but predictably his form at Brands and in Austria suggested some improvement, while the engine lasted. Lotus blamed Walker's allegedly inadequate driving technique, poor fitness and lack of mechanical sensitivity; while Walker claimed Lotus gave him inferior equipment and gave far more attention to Fittipaldi's needs than his. He was not retained for the 1973 season, and was replaced by Ronnie Peterson. David Walker remains the only driver not to score a single Formula One Championship point in the same season his teammate won the drivers' title.

paragraph: For 1973, Walker drifted into Formula Two but was unfortunate to be badly injured in two road accidents that year. He retired from motor racing at the end of 1975, saying the effect of crash injuries made him not the same driver, and he was trying too hard, after a few impressive outings in the UK Shellsport F5000 series, taking a front row grid position at Oulton park and now lives in Queensland running a boat charter business.

paragraph: A little known fact is that Walker drove a Vauxhall Ventora in the 1968 London to Sydney Marathon. This was Walker's first and only real rally experience. He was working for the Jim Russell International Racing Driver School at Snetterton in the UK and the opportunity presented itself. He was accompanied in Car#40 by Doug Morris and Brian Jones in the car. The team were essentially a "private" team, although the car build was assisted by Vauxhall UK and Bill Blydenstien who built many of Gerry Marshall's racing cars.

paragraph: In the Marathon, the Team was keeping up with the leaders until they reached the Erzincan Stage in Iran where Morris was severely injured while working under the car. Upon leaving hospital one and a half days later, the team agreed to try to make it to Bombay with Morris heavily bandaged and braced. Morris could take no further driving part in the event. Walker drove non-stop from Tehran to Bombay except for a two hour break for sleep. When they arrived they were in 69th place out of 70 cars allowed on board the SS Chusan to Australia (72 cars actually made the journey). The event restarted in Perth to drive to Sydney non-stop, taking 69 hours to cross the country from west to east. Walker drove all but approximately 3 hours of the drive, with the team coming home in a remarkable 52nd place (up 17 places) and only dropped 520 points (minutes) on the nearly 4000 km of crossing one of the most rugged rally routes devised, carrying a still severely injured Morris.

paragraph: Section::::Racing results.

paragraph: Section::::Racing results.:Non-Championship Formula One results.

paragraph: * Walker was entered in the 1971 Jochen Rindt Gedächtnisrennen in a Lotus 56B, but the car suffered an engine fire during practice, so Walker took over Tony Trimmer's Lotus 72 for the race.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lotus 72 - Formula One Icon by Michael Oliver (Coterie Press, 2004)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Forix

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandprix.com

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- F1 Rejects biography [Archived link]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at Driver DataBase

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at Racing Reference USA

description: Australian racing driver

wikidata_label: David Walker

wikipedia_title: David Walker (racing driver)


text:
Chinese
Hunan
Nanjing
Chan Buddhist
Wang Meng
Qing Dynasty
Zhu Da
Hong Ren
Shitao
Ming dynasty
Oxford
See China
China-on-site

categories: Chinese Zen Buddhists,Qing dynasty painters,17th-century Chinese people,Zen,People from Changde,Ming dynasty painters,Buddhist artists,Painters from Hunan,Qing dynasty Buddhist monks

paragraph: Kun Can

paragraph: Kun Can (髡殘) (1612 to after 1674) was a Chinese painter from Hunan who spent most of his life in Nanjing. He became a Chan Buddhist monk at an early age and in Nanjing was abbot of a monastery on Niushou Shan. His style of landscape painting was influenced by Wang Meng and he is one of the Four Monk Masters in the early Qing Dynasty. The others being Zhu Da, Hong Ren, and Shitao. As he was also known as Shi Xi he was at times said to be one of the "Two Shi". Few of Kun Can's works survive.

paragraph: Unlike some of the other Monk Masters he seems to have become a monk well before the fall of the Ming dynasty. In personality he was noted for being frank and straightforward.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chinese Paintings in the Ashmolean Museum Oxford(82-83) Oxford

paragraph: BULLET::::- See China

paragraph: BULLET::::- China-on-site

alias:
An-chu-tao-jen
Tianrang
Anzhuxingren
Shih-hsi
Shiqi
Anzhudaoren
Jueqiu
An-chu-hsing-jen
Shiqiheshang
Shih-tao-jen
Shixi
Baitu
Liu
Kuncan
Can Daoren
Candaoren
Shidaoren
Jieqiu

description: Chinese painter

wikidata_label: Kun Can

wikipedia_title: Kun Can


text: KG

text: Henry Vane, 2nd Earl of Darlington

text: Henry Vane, 1st Earl of Darlington

text: Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Cleveland

text: King Charles II

text: Robert Lowther

text: Governor of Barbados

text: James Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale

text: St James's Palace

text: Christ Church, Oxford

text: Whig

text: Member of Parliament

text: Totnes

text: Winchelsea

text: House of Lords

text: Lord Lieutenant of County Durham

text: Bath

text: Countess of Bath

text: King William IV's

text: coronation

text: Raby Castle

text: County Palatine of Durham

text: Knight of the Garter

text: Greville

text: Howe

text: boroughs

text: Harry Powlett, 6th Duke of Bolton

text: Hackwood Park

text: Henry, Earl of Darlington

text: Lord William Vane

text: Sir Frederick Milbank, 1st Baronet

text: Richard Arden, 3rd Baron Alvanley

text: Lord Harry Vane

text: Lieutenant-Colonel

text: London

text: St James's Square

text: Westminster

text: London

text: Staindrop

text: County Durham

text: Henry

categories: British MPs 1784–1790,Vane family,1842 deaths,Knights of the Garter,1766 births,Lord-Lieutenants of Durham,Dukes of Cleveland,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies

paragraph: William Vane, 1st Duke of Cleveland

paragraph: William Harry Vane, 1st Duke of Cleveland KG (27 July 1766 – 29 January 1842), styled Viscount Barnard until 1792 and known as The Earl of Darlington between 1792 and 1827 and as The Marquess of Cleveland between 1827 and 1833, was a British landowner and politician.

paragraph: Section::::Background and education.

paragraph: Styled Viscount Barnard from birth, he was the son of Henry Vane, 2nd Earl of Darlington, son of Henry Vane, 1st Earl of Darlington and Lady Grace FitzRoy, daughter of Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Cleveland, son of King Charles II by his mistress Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland. His mother was Margaret Lowther, daughter of Robert Lowther, Governor of Barbados, and sister of James Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale. He was baptised at the Chapel Royal at St James's Palace (with the names William Harry which he later changed to William Henry). He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford.

paragraph: Section::::Public life.

paragraph: Barnard was Whig Member of Parliament for Totnes from 1788 to 1790 and for Winchelsea from 1790 to 1792. The latter year he succeeded his father in the earldom and took his seat in the House of Lords. He also succeeded his father as Lord Lieutenant of County Durham, a post he held until his death. In 1810 he successfully laid claim to the Pulteney Estate in Bath after the Countess of Bath died intestate in 1808. In 1827 he was created Marquess of Cleveland, a revival of the Cleveland title held by his ancestors. He was Bearer of the Third Sword at King William IV's coronation on 8 September 1831. In 1833 he was made Baron Raby, of Raby Castle in the County Palatine of Durham, and Duke of Cleveland. He was even further honoured when he was made a Knight of the Garter in 1839.

paragraph: His promotions through the ranks of the peerage were not uncontroversial. Greville noted in his diary on 8 September 1831:”Howe told me yesterday morning in Westminster Abbey that Lord Cleveland is to be made a duke, though it is not yet acknowledged if it is to be so. There has been a battle about that; they say that he got his boroughs to be made a marquis and got rid of them to be made a duke.”

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Cleveland married his cousin, Lady Catherine Powlett (1766–1807), daughter of Harry Powlett, 6th Duke of Bolton, on 17 September 1787 at her father's seat, Hackwood Park. They had eight children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry, Earl of Darlington, later 2nd Duke of Cleveland (1788–1864).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Louisa Catherine Barbara Vane (1791–1821), married Major Francis Forester and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord William Vane, later 3rd Duke of Cleveland (1792–1864).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Caroline Vane (born and died 1795).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Augusta Henrietta Vane (1796–1874), married Mark Milbank and had issue, including Sir Frederick Milbank, 1st Baronet.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Arabella Vane (1801–1864), married Richard Arden, 3rd Baron Alvanley.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord Harry Vane, later 4th Duke of Cleveland (1803–1891).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Laura Vane (1807–11 November 1882), married Lieutenant-Colonel William Henry Meyrick and had issue.

paragraph: After his first wife's death in London in June 1807, Cleveland married as his second wife, Elizabeth Russell (c. 1777–1861), daughter of Robert Russell, on 27 July 1813. There were no children from this marriage. Cleveland died at St James's Square, Westminster, London, in January 1842, aged 75, and was buried at Staindrop, County Durham. His eldest son Henry succeeded in the dukedom. The Duchess of Cleveland died in January 1861.

description: British Duke

wikidata_label: William Vane, 1st Duke of Cleveland

wikipedia_title: William Vane, 1st Duke of Cleveland