text: Asuka-dera

text: Dōshō

text: Yogacara

text: Hosso

text: Yakushi-ji

text: Kansai region

text: Daisōjō

text: Tendai

text: vajra

text: civil engineer

text: infrastructure

text: Kyoto

text: Nara period

text: cadastral map

text: Shosoin

text: Tōdai-ji

text: ubasoku

text: Chikurin-ji

text: Ikoma, Nara

text: Imperial Court in Kyoto

text: Bosatsu

text: Bodhisena

categories: 749 deaths,People from Sakai, Osaka,668 births,Japanese cartographers,Japanese Buddhist monks

paragraph: Gyōki

paragraph: Gyōki became a monk at Asuka-dera, a temple in Nara, at the age of 15 and studied under Dōshō as one of his first pupils. Gyōki studied Yogacara (唯識), a core doctrine of Hosso, at Yakushi-ji. In 704, he returned to his birthplace to make his home into a temple, then started to travel around Japan to preach to commoners and help the poor. He formed a volunteer group to help the poor mainly in the Kansai region, building 49 monasteries and nunneries that also functioned as hospitals for the poor. Gyōki and his followers roamed the countryside, teaching common people about Buddhism, building temples that were more like community centers and organizing irrigation and other public works projects.

paragraph: Since regulations at the time strictly prohibited activities by priests outside their monastic compounds, his travelling around the country made him a non-official, private priest, not registered through the . Gyōki and his followers were persecuted by the government, but his popularity and his administrative skill in public works later earned him a pardon. In 745 he became the first priest to be given the rank of Daisōjō.

paragraph: Section::::"Gyōki-zu" maps.

paragraph: Gyōki is widely recognized as the founder of mapping in Japan. According to a 14th-century Tendai source, he helped to determine boundaries by drawing the shape of the country as a one-‐pointed vajra (the vajra is a symbol for both a thunderbolt and a diamond). Gyōki is also often considered Japan’s first civil engineer, as he literally paved the way for infrastructure and the creation of places of worship. ."

paragraph: "Even though no proof exists that Gyogi ever made a map himself, the term 'Gyogi type maps' has come to be applied to early provincial maps he inspired. ... Their most notable feature ... was the way in which they depicted the provinces in balloon shapes (round or oval) clustered around Kyoto, the capital. The main purpose of Gyogi-type maps seems to have been to show the relationships of the provinces with one another and the capital."

paragraph: "A scheme of outline loops showing land ownership and boundaries, with South generally at the top, characterized this form of map-making, a response to the government's need for feudal information. Examples of such estate surveys surviving from the Nara period in the eighth century (named after the ancient Japanese capital city). They are legible and informative, but unrelated to other aspects of accuracy. Although none of Gyogi's own maps survive today, cadastral maps in his style still exist in the Shosoin, an imperial archive from that time, and are shown occasionally in the city of Nara. The Gyogi style represented loyalty to a valid tradition. These schematic loops of information, rather than realistic shapes, continued well into the nineteenth century, as did the complex Buddhist world maps, which were also unrelated to knowledge of the world's shapes of land and sea, but rather, maps of a spiritual landscape."

paragraph: During the construction of Tōdai-ji, the major temple in Nara, the government recruited Gyōki and his fellow "ubasoku" monks to organize labor and resources from the countryside. He also oversaw the creation of several ponds around the temple.

paragraph: He died on February 2, 749, at the age of 80, and was buried at Chikurin-ji, a temple now in Ikoma, Nara. The Imperial Court in Kyoto posthumously granted him the title of Bosatsu in 751, so in Japan he is often referred to as "Gyōki Bosatsu".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bodhisena

paragraph: BULLET::::- - a scholar who specialized in the study of Gyōki.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cortazzi, Hugh. 1983. Isles of Gold: Antique Maps of Japan. Weatherhill Publishers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- De, Bary, and Yoshiko Dykstra. Sources of Japanese Tradition. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nakamura, Kyoko. Miraculous Stories from the Japanese Buddhist Tradition. Surrey: Curzon, 1997.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Japanese Buddhism: A Historical Overview Aizu History Project

alias: Gyoki Gyouki

description: Japanese monk and cartographer

wikidata_label: Gyōki

wikipedia_title: Gyōki


text: Ise Province

text: Mie Prefecture

text: Emperor Uda

text: Shingon

text: Tendai

text: Tōdai-ji

text: Nara

text: Daruma Daishi

text: Kennin-ji

text: Kyoto

text: Nanzen-ji

text: regent

text: Hōjō Takatoki

text: Jōchi-ji

text: Engaku-ji

text: Zuisen-ji

text: Kyūkō-ji

text: Kōchi Prefecture

text: Saihō-ji

text: Muromachi period

text: Tenryū-ji

text: Kenmu Restoration

text: Ashikaga Takauji

text: Tadayoshi

text: Five Mountain System

text: Ankoku-ji

text: Japan

text: Tenryū-ji

text: Arashiyama

text: Tenryū-ji

text: Kyoto

text: Confucian

text: metaphysics

text: Zenrin-ji

text: Gidō Shūshin

text: Ōnin War

text: Saihō-ji

text: Koke-dera

text: Kyoto

text: UNESCO

text: World Heritage Site

text: Special Places of Scenic Beauty

text: Tenryū-ji

text: Kyoto

text: Eihō-ji

text: Tajimi

text: Gifu Prefecture

text: Places of Scenic Beauty

text: Yamanashi Prefecture

text: Zuisen-ji

text: Kamakura

text: Jōchi-ji

text: Engaku-ji

text: Buddhism in Japan

text: List of Rinzai Buddhists

text: Musō Soseki

text: Musō Soseki

text: Table 1

categories: Japanese Zen Buddhists,1275 births,Zen Buddhist monks and priests,Rinzai Buddhists,1351 deaths

paragraph: Musō Soseki

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Originally from Ise Province, now part of modern-day Mie Prefecture, Soseki was a ninth-generation descendant of Emperor Uda. At the age of four he lost his mother and was therefore put in the temple of Hirashioyama under the guidance of priest Kūa. He entered a mountain temple in 1283, where he studied the Shingon and Tendai sects of Buddhism. In 1292 he took his vows at Tōdai-ji in Nara, and was given the name Chikaku. In 1293 he dreamed that, while visiting two temples in China called in Japanese and he was given a portrait of Daruma Daishi and told to keep it safe. When he awoke, he concluded that Zen must be his destiny, so he converted and went to study Zen at Kennin-ji Temple in Kyoto under , , and others. For the most part, however, he practiced alone. Kennichi confirmed Soseki's enlightenment after a period of time. Later, in remembrance of the dream, he composed a new name for himself, forming his family name from characters meaning "dream" and "window", and his given name from the first characters of the names of the two temples appearing in his dream; it was this new name, Musō Soseki, by which he was to become famous.

paragraph: In 1325 Emperor Go-Daigo requested that he come to Kyoto to become head priest of the great temple of Nanzen-ji. The following year he founded Zen'o-ji in his native Ise He was later invited by Kamakura's regent Hōjō Takatoki so, the following year, after establishing a temple in Ise province he went to Kamakura and stayed at Jōchi-ji and Engaku-ji. In 1327 with Nikaidō Dōun's support he founded Zuisen-ji, a temple destined to become an important cultural center in the region. Afterwards, he stayed at Kyūkō-ji in Kōchi Prefecture etc.. He acquired creeds from both Hōjō Takatoki and Hōjō Sadaaki. After the fall of the Kamakura shogunate, he was ordered by the Emperor Go-Daigo to go back to Kyoto, where he founded Saihō-ji and Rinkawa-dera. It was in this period that he was given by imperial decree the name Musō Kokushi.

paragraph: In 1345 of Muromachi period, he founded Tenryū-ji in Kyoto, that is his most important work. After that, six years passed, and he died.

paragraph: Section::::Musō Soseki and the Ashikaga.

paragraph: After Go-Daigo's Kenmu Restoration failed and Ashikaga Takauji became shōgun, like many other men of his time Soseki switched sides. He was ambitious and sensitive to power shifts, so he allied himself with the Ashikaga brothers, becoming their intimate and serving them well. He stayed with them for the rest of his long life, enjoying the support of both the shōgun and his brother Tadayoshi, who played a pivotal role in his career. Musō helped the two Ashikaga organize a network of Zen monasteries, the so-called Five Mountain System, and its subsidiary, the Ankoku-ji network of temples, across Japan. This helped create a national religious movement and solidify the shōgun's power.

paragraph: In 1339, at Go-Daigo's death he opened Tenryū-ji in Kyoto to ensure the Emperor a prosperous afterlife. The garden in front of the chief abbot's residence is one of his works, incorporating elements of the landscape in Arashiyama near Kyoto. It is considered evidence of his genius as a landscape designer.

paragraph: Musō, together with Ashikaga Tadayoshi and a merchant named Shihon are considered responsible for the reopening of trade between Japan and China. As a result of the trading mission, the construction of Tenryū-ji was completed. The Kyoto Five Mountain Zen temple network was being established.

paragraph: Section::::Musō Soseki's intellectual legacy.

paragraph: The temples of the Five Mountain System network of Zen temples were centers of learning of Confucian metaphysics, Chinese poetry, painting, calligraphy, printing, architecture, garden design, and ceramics, and as such have left an indelible mark on the country's history and culture. At the very center of their birth stands Musō Soseki. Soseki was an abbot at Zenrin-ji, Tenryū-ji, Zuisen-ji and many other temples. He taught Zen to a great number of disciples (the estimated number is over 10 thousand), also leaving an enormous body of poetry and other writings. One of his best known zen teachings is . Among his students are Gidō Shūshin and Zekkai Chūshin, literary figures who had a central role in the development of the Japanese Literature of the Five Mountains.

paragraph: Even though none survives in its original form, Soseki's Zen gardens have proven to be one of his most lasting contributions to the country's culture and image. To Soseki designing new gardens and altering existing ones was an integral part of the practice of Zen.

paragraph: Soseki died in 1351 at the age of 77. Because he was given, both before and after death, seven different honorific names (like , , and calling him a teacher by as many Emperors, he is known as .

paragraph: Section::::Gardens by Musō Soseki.

paragraph: The following is a list of gardens known to have been by Musō Soseki or attributed to him. However, whatever Soseki built was destroyed during the Ōnin War, and therefore any modern version is someone else's work.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saihō-ji, better known as Koke-dera in Kyoto – UNESCO World Heritage Site, and one of Japan's Special Places of Scenic Beauty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tenryū-ji in Kyoto – UNESCO World Heritage Site, and one of Japan's Special Places of Scenic Beauty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eihō-ji in Tajimi, Gifu Prefecture – One of Japan's Places of Scenic Beauty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Erin-ji, in Yamanashi Prefecture – One of Japan's Places of Scenic Beauty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zuisen-ji in Kamakura – One of Japan's Places of Scenic Beauty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jōchi-ji

paragraph: BULLET::::- Engaku-ji in Kamakura

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tōnanzen-in in Kyoto

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rinsen-ji in Kyoto

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buddhism in Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Rinzai Buddhists

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norris Brock Johnson, Zen Buddhist Landscapes and the Idea of Temple: Muso Kokushi and Zuisen-ji, Kamakura, Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musō Soseki", JGarden.org, accessed on February 8, 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Musō Soseki", Kyoto University Web site accessed on February 8, 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Table 1", Chronological Table of Muso Soseki's life and activities (Japanese).

alias:
Moso Soseki
Musō Sōseki
Soseki Musō
Muso Soseki
Musou Soseki

description: Japanese Zen-Buddhist teacher and landscape architect

enwikiquote_title: Muso Soseki

wikidata_label: Musō Soseki

wikipedia_title: Musō Soseki


text:
heavy metal
Trivium
Dover-Foxcroft, Maine
French-Canadian
Foxcroft Academy
Guns N' Roses
Metallica
Ember to Inferno
Taking Dawn
Dimebag Darrell
DBZ Guitars
Jackson
Trivium
God of War III
Facebook
Jackson
Seymour Duncan
Jackson
Seymour Duncan
Dunlop
Ascendancy
The Crusade
Shogun
In Waves
Vengeance Falls
Silence in the Snow
The Sin and the Sentence
Roadrunner United
Metal
Lizzy Borden
Appointment with Death

categories: American heavy metal guitarists,Living people,American people of French-Canadian descent,Musicians from Maine,21st-century male musicians,People from Brunswick, Maine,Seven-string guitarists,Trivium (band) members,Lead guitarists,1983 births,21st-century American guitarists,American male guitarists

paragraph: Corey Beaulieu

paragraph: Corey King Beaulieu (born November 22, 1983) is the lead / rhythm guitarist, of American heavy metal band Trivium. He also performs lead and backing screaming vocals for the band at live shows.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Personal life.

paragraph: Born in Dover-Foxcroft, Maine, Beaulieu is the second of two siblings in the Beaulieu family. His older sister, Sandy, lives in Maine and works with horses. He is of French-Canadian descent. Corey attended high school at Foxcroft Academy and played ice hockey.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career.

paragraph: Beaulieu began to play guitar at the age of 14, studying under Bill Pierce at Mark's Music in Brewer, Maine. He said that Guns N' Roses first piqued his interest in rock music, but his main influence to become a musician was after hearing Metallica.

paragraph: He was asked to join Trivium when he tried out for the band, after the release of their first album "Ember to Inferno" in 2003. He performed backing vocals for "Taking Dawn" in 2010. Later, in 2011, Beaulieu performed guest vocals on Maine metal band Rebirth To End's song "The Weakness Randomization."

paragraph: Section::::Equipment.

paragraph: Section::::Equipment.:Guitars.

paragraph: In the past Beaulieu used mainly Jackson guitars such as the Jackson KV-2 Black Ghost Flames finish (as seen in Roadrunner United bonus DVD) and DX10D series occasionally using a B.C Rich Warlock and a Blue Ibanez guitar, until Rita Haney, partner of 20 years to Dimebag Darrell gave him and Matt Heafy each one of Dimebag's signature Dean guitars in the same year, later spawning a three-year-long endorsement with Dean Guitars, with Beaulieu sporting a black 7 string Razorback V with silver bevels. He also had a signature model V. This V is metallic red with the Trivium circle logo placed between the bridge and neck pickups and is also fitted with a Floyd Rose Locking Tremolo and a Seymour Duncan Dimebucker.

paragraph: He left Dean guitars in the summer of 2009, for the Throes of Perdition video he was back to playing a Jackson King V. After talking to several guitar companies, including DBZ Guitars, and using a variety of guitars live, including a Jackson King V, and an ESP DV8 Dave Mustaine Signature, Corey has signed with Jackson Guitars. He has recently been seen playing various custom Jackson V guitars and is in talks with Jackson regarding the development of a signature guitar. His new Jackson Prototype Signature Guitar can be seen in recent live performances and in the Video for Trivium's new single for the God of War III soundtrack, "Shattering the Skies Above". In a recent statement on Facebook however, he stated that his new signature Jackson would be a traditional flying V shape, with no Cut-outs.It will have Seymour Duncan Blackout active pickups. Corey has released a video on YouTube entitled, "Corey Beaulieu: Guess What's Coming?," where he shows off a prototype of his new signature Jackson V. He states that he will have 6-string and 7-string variations of his signature V.

paragraph: At the 2013 Winter NAMM Show, Jackson officially released Corey's Signature Guitar. Available in 6 and 7 string variants made in the USA only.

paragraph: Summary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dean Razorback V (signature model and various others)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dean ML Far Beyond Driven

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jackson Corey Beaulieu USA KV7 (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jackson Corey Beaulieu USA KV6 (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jackson RR1T Rhoads (metallic black)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jackson Custom Shop (black with blood red bevels) 6-string 2010 prototype signature guitar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jackson Custom Shop (gun metal grey with black bevels) 7-string 2010 prototype signature guitar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jackson Custom Shop 7-string KV2 (trans-red)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jackson King V 2 USA (trans-red)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jackson King V 2 USA (trans-black)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jackson King V 2 USA (black ghost flame graphics)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jackson King V 2 USA (black)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jackson RR24 pro

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jackson RX10D

paragraph: Section::::Equipment.:Amplifiers and effects.

paragraph: Live: Kemper Profiler Multi Effects unit with distortion patches based on the EVH 5150 III direct to the PA system

paragraph: Current equipment:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kemper Profiler Multi Effects

paragraph: Section::::Equipment.:Pickups.

paragraph: Seymour Duncan:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blackouts AHB-1 (neck/bridge)

paragraph: Section::::Equipment.:Accessories.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dunlop D38-19BK Grommet Black Strap

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dunlop Black Strap Locks

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dunlop 0.88 Tortex Regular (white with custom graphic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- InTune Guitar Picks 0.71 Medium Celluloid (red) (used on Ascendancy)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dunlop 0.88 Tortex Regular and 0.88 Tortex Sharp (green and black color custom)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dunlop 10-52 for 6 string guitars.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dunlop 10-52 custom set with a 63 for the low B string on 7 string guitars.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Trivium.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ascendancy" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Crusade" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shogun" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Waves" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vengeance Falls" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Silence in the Snow" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Sin and the Sentence" (2017)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Guest appearances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roadrunner United

paragraph: BULLET::::- Metal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Recorded Melody Guitars and Guitar Solos on Lizzy Borden's 2007 studio album, Appointment with Death on the track "Abnormal".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dirge Within - Complacency (guest guitar solo)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rebirth To Ends - The Weakness Randomization (unclean vocals).

description: Lead guitarist of Trivium

wikidata_label: Corey Beaulieu

wikipedia_title: Corey Beaulieu


text:
Condobolin, New South Wales
Dr. Gordon
Fitzgerald Bros' Circus

paragraph: Don Athaldo

paragraph: Don Athaldo (26 November 1894 – 24 May 1965) was a strongman.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born as Walter Joseph Lyons on 26 November 1894 in Condobolin, New South Wales to Frederick Horace George Lyons and Elizabeth Power. Elizabeth died of tuberculosis after his birth. He was a sickly child and later saw the strongman Dr. Gordon at Fitzgerald Bros' Circus and decided to bulk up.

description: Australian strongman

wikidata_label: Don Athaldo

wikipedia_title: Don Athaldo


text: gliding

text: Air Attaché

text: Nazi

text: Dehlitz

text: Saxony

text: Lutheran

text: theology

text: University of Halle

text: Wasserkuppe

text: Karl Kotzenberg

text: Darmstadt University of Technology

text: Walter Georgii

text: Hindenburg Cup

text: Brazil

text: Argentina

text: Wolf Hirth

text: Heini Dittmar

text: Hanna Reitsch

text: Deutsche Luft Hansa

text: SCADTA

text: Colombia

text: Soaring Society of America

text: Luftwaffe

text: Utica, New York

text: Elmira, New York

text: Terre Haute, Indiana

text: Heinkel

text: Sweden

text: Soviet

text: Office of Strategic Services

text: Venezuela

text: Canada

text: South Africa

text: TWA

text: Pan Am

text: Terre Haute

text: Terre Haute

categories: Glider flight record holders,1998 deaths,German aviators,German aviation record holders,1905 births,Commercial aviators,German air attachés

paragraph: Peter Riedel

paragraph: Peter Riedel (August 1905 – November 6, 1998) was a German gliding champion, and was Air Attaché for the Nazi government in Washington, D.C., before and during World War II. Between 1977 and 1985 he published the definitive history of the German gliding movement prior to the war.

paragraph: Riedel was born in Dehlitz, Saxony, his father a Lutheran pastor and his mother a professor of theology at the University of Halle. His father suffered bouts of mental illness, and his mother committed suicide, meaning that Riedel was raised for some time by an uncle.

paragraph: In 1920, at the age of 15, Riedel attended the first gliding championship held at the Wasserkuppe, taking with him a half-built glider of his own design, which he completed and flew with the help of other attendees at the meet. From then on, he became a regular participant at the competitions. With the assistance of philanthropist Karl Kotzenberg, who had taken an interest in the gliding movement, Riedel was able to attend the Darmstadt University of Technology, where he studied engineering. After graduation, he trained as a commercial pilot, but could not find work, and instead spent six years working under Walter Georgii at the "Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug" (DFS - German Research Institute for Sailplane Flight). In the meantime, he continued competitive gliding, setting a world distance record of in 1933 and winning the Hindenburg Cup at the Wasserkuppe competition the same year. In 1934, he accompanied Professor Georgii on a tour of Brazil and Argentina to help promote the sport in Latin America, along with Wolf Hirth and Heini Dittmar. While in Argentina, Riedel set a record for long-distance soaring. Hanna Reitsch also went, and the two became good friends.

paragraph: Later that year, Riedel finally found work as a commercial pilot, and flew for Deutsche Luft Hansa for two years, then accepting a two-year contract with SCADTA, an airline from Colombia, not intending to return to Germany. In 1937, he competed in the Soaring Society of America's national competition. While in the U.S., he was approached by the German Military Attaché and offered a post in Washington, DC, which he accepted and took up in June 1938. His work involved gathering intelligence on U.S. air activities and reporting to Berlin. In time, he was made a commissioned officer of the Luftwaffe and given the official position of Air Attaché.

paragraph: In July 1938, during the 9th Annual American Soaring Contest, Riedel flying a two-place German sailplane of German make with Dr. Karl O. Lange, the contest director as his passenger, landed in Mohawk Flats near Utica, New York four hours after having taken off from Elmira, New York.

paragraph: When the United States entered the war, Riedel was interned along with the rest of the German embassy staff. He was returned to Germany as part of a diplomatic exchange. His wife, Helen Klug, a native of Terre Haute, Indiana and a US citizen, agreed to join him. On his return, the Heinkel company employed him as an engineer, but he soon took up another diplomatic post as Air Attaché to Sweden. There, he became aware of the atrocities of the Nazi regime from reports in both the US and Soviet press. Horrified, he began to deal directly with the US Office of Strategic Services but was betrayed by a friend and recalled to Berlin. Guessing what fate might have awaited him there, he instead went into hiding in Sweden. After the war, he was arrested as an illegal alien but escaped after some time in custody and fled to Venezuela, where Helen eventually joined him.

paragraph: Over the next few years, they lived and worked in Canada and South Africa, until they could finally return to settle in the U.S., where Riedel flew for TWA and Pan Am. For a while, they resided in Terre Haute, where he worked for the Reich Manufacturing Company.

paragraph: In his retirement, Riedel wrote an extensive and detailed history of the German gliding movement between 1911 and 1937, titled "Erlebte Rhöngeschichte" in three volumes. Shortly before his death, "German Air Attaché", a biography, was published. Riedel is interred at Calvary Cemetery in Terre Haute.

description: German gliding champion

wikidata_label: Peter Riedel

wikipedia_title: Peter Riedel


text:
AD
Southern Song Dynasty
Kublai Khan
Yuan Dynasty
Lu Xiufu
Zhang Shijie
Haifeng County
Chen Jiongming
Ji'an
Jiangxi Province
Emperor Lizong
Ganzhou
Kublai Khan
Song of Righteousness
Chinese
Jiangxi
Hunan
Hainan
Guangdong
Fujian
Hong Kong
Cantonese
Hakka
Hokkien
Teochew
history of Hong Kong
Wen Zhengming
Mao Zedong
Wen Qimei
Hengyang
Hengshan
Hunan
Shouxian
Anhui
Sun Jianai
Fou Foong Flour Company
Hefei
Li Hongzhang
Ji'an
Jiangxi
Wen Family Ancestral Temple in Futian
Wohushan
Hongwu Emperor
Ming dynasty
Taroko National Park
Central Cross-Island Highway
Taiwan
Zhongshan District
Taipei
Minquan W. Road MRT Station
Sanmin District
Kaohsiung
Xiulin
Hualien County
San Tin
New Territories
Hong Kong
Man Tin-Sui
Tai Fu Tai Mansion
History of the Song Dynasty
List of Chinese people
Chancellor of China
Wang Anshi
Sima Guang
Fan Zhongyan
Qin Hui (Song Dynasty)
Man Tin Cheung Park in Hong Kong

categories: Poets from Jiangxi,1283 deaths,Politicians from Ji'an,13th-century Chinese poets,Song dynasty chancellors,People executed by the Yuan dynasty by decapitation,1236 births,Song dynasty politicians from Jiangxi,Song dynasty poets,Executed Song dynasty people

paragraph: Wen Tianxiang

paragraph: Wen Tianxiang (; June 6, 1236 – January 9, 1283 AD), Duke of Xinguo (信國公), was a Chinese poet and politician in the last years of the Southern Song Dynasty. For his resistance to Kublai Khan's invasion of the Song Dynasty, and for his refusal to yield to the Yuan Dynasty despite being captured and tortured, he is a popular symbol of patriotism and righteousness in China. He is known as one of the 'Three Loyal Princes of the Song' (大宋三忠王), alongside Lu Xiufu and Zhang Shijie.

paragraph: His continuing symbolic importance was evident in an event that took place in Wen Tianxiang's historical shrine in Haifeng (Haifeng County) in 1908, where Chen Jiongming persuaded over thirty young men from the village to swear secret support for a national revolution.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Wen was born on 6 June 1236 in Luling (Ji'an), Jiangxi Province during the Song Dynasty. At the age of 18, he excelled in his local examinations, and two years later participated in examinations in the capital, during which he was personally awarded first rank by Emperor Lizong. He would subsequently take up several posts in the government of the Southern Song, including being Attendant (郎官) of the Justice Ministry and Prefect of Ganzhou.

paragraph: In 1278, Wen was captured by the invading Yuan armies of Kublai Khan. He was offered a Yuan post and ordered to convince the remaining Song forces to surrender. Wen refused and suffered for 4 years in a military prison before his execution in 1283. The idea of working for a government that his people traditionally viewed as "barbaric" was incompatible with his traditional Song values. During this time he wrote the famous classics ""Song of Righteousness"" (), and ""Passing Lingdingyang"". One phrase from ""Passing Lingdingyang"" has since entered the Chinese lexicon:

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry and descendants.

paragraph: Wen Tianxiang adopted the three sons of his younger brother when his two sons died young.

paragraph: There are now at least six branches of the Wen family in the provinces of Jiangxi, Hunan, Hainan, Guangdong, Fujian, and in Hong Kong and overseas locations. Local dialect pronunciations would be Man (Cantonese), Vun (Hakka), Bun (Hokkien) and Bhung (Teochew). The Man clan are considered one of the original founding families in the history of Hong Kong.

paragraph: The well-known Ming dynasty painter and calligrapher Wen Zhengming also belonged to the Wen family. The mother of Mao Zedong, Wen Qimei, was a descendant as well.

paragraph: One of the oldest continuous branches of the Wen family established itself in the Hengyang/Hengshan area of present-day Hunan shortly after AD 1000. A branch of this Wen family settled in the United States in the mid-1940s and is related through marriage to the prominent Sun family of Shouxian, Anhui (Sun Jianai; Fou Foong Flour Company 福豐麵粉廠) and the Li family of Hefei, Anhui (Li Hongzhang).

paragraph: Section::::Monuments.

paragraph: Section::::Monuments.:Jiangxi.

paragraph: Wen Tianxiang's hometown in Ji'an, Jiangxi honors the famous national hero with a mausoleum. Exhibitions of paintings, calligraphy, and even army uniforms supposedly left by Wen are displayed in the Wen Family Ancestral Temple in Futian. The Wen Tianxiang Mausoleum is located in Wohushan.

paragraph: Section::::Monuments.:Beijing.

paragraph: The Memorial to Prime Minister Wen Tianxiang was built in 1376 during the reign of the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty. The location of Wen's execution is thought to be near the entrance to Fuxue Alley in the East City District of Beijing and a memorial has been established on the northern side of the entrance to South Fuxue Alley near Beixinqiao.

paragraph: "The Song Dynasty's Top Ranking Scholar and Prime Minister, the West River's Filial Son and Loyal Subject," is carved into the columns of the memorial's main hall.

paragraph: Guangdong province, PRC

paragraph: The "Golden Marshal's Cemetery" commemorating the heroes of the anti-Yuan nationality at the end of the Song Dynasty was established in the Gurao Township, Chaoyang District, Shantou City, Guangdong Province. There are many legends about Wen Tianxiang in the area of Gurao Town, Chaoyang District. According to legend, in the last years of the Southern Song dynasty, Wen Tian Xiang raised an army in Chaoyang to resist the invading Mongol forces and was captured in Haifeng County during the campaign. Due to the great disparity in strength between the two sides, most of the Song soldiers were killed. Based on investigation, there are nine Song tombs in Gu Rao and neighboring towns. In later years, festive activities were held to commemorate Marshal General Wen Tian Xiang and his descendant, These develop into what is known as the The Gurao Festival. During this festival, the villages are covered with red and green, and the villagers walk through the streets to perform folk art tours. Overseas travellers have also returned to their hometowns.

paragraph: Section::::Monuments.:Taiwan.

paragraph: In the late 1950s and 1960s, a place called "", within the present Taroko National Park, was renamed "Tianxiang" in memory of Wen Tianxiang during the construction of the Central Cross-Island Highway. Tianxiang is now a famous resort in the east of Taiwan.

paragraph: In addition, three streets also take their name from Wen (i.e. the "Tianxiang Road"). One is in Zhongshan District, Taipei nearby the Minquan W. Road MRT Station, another is in Sanmin District, Kaohsiung and the other is in Xiulin, Hualien County.

paragraph: Section::::Monuments.:Hong Kong.

paragraph: The San Tin area in the New Territories of Hong Kong is home to many villagers surnamed "Man" in Cantonese. The "Man" villagers trace their ancestry to Man Tin Cheung via Man Tin-Sui, also a famous Song Dynasty general and the cousin of Man Tin Cheung.

paragraph: A Man Tin Cheung Memorial Park and "Man" ancestral hall and residence (Tai Fu Tai Mansion) in San Tin are historical attractions in Hong Kong.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the Song Dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Chinese people

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chancellor of China

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang Anshi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima Guang

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fan Zhongyan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Qin Hui (Song Dynasty)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Writing Poetry as Diary: Wen Tianxiang's Poem Series "Yuan-fang Tung, The Chinese University of Hong Kong"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Writ in Blood": Wen Tianxiang's Lyric Songs "Yang Ye, University of California, Riverside"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Intellectual and Aesthetic Contexts for Wen Tianxiang's Poetry "Michael A. Fuller, University of California, Irvine"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Man Tin Cheung Park in Hong Kong

alias:
Diqianyi
Conglong
Tianxiang
Yunsun
Songrui
Songduan
Wen Yunsun
Wenshan
Lvshan
Zhonglie

description: Chinese politician of the Song Dynasty

wikidata_label: Wen Tianxiang

wikipedia_title: Wen Tianxiang


text: Roman Emperor

text: Arcadius

text: Eutropius

text: eunuch

text: John Chrysostom

text: Patriarch of Constantinople

text: miscarriage

text: stillbirth

text: Flavius Bauto

text: Romanised

text: Frank

text: magister militum

text: Western Roman army

text: Philostorgius

text: John of Antioch

text: John of the Sedre

text: Syrian Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch

text: Arbogast

text: J. B. Bury

text: Roman

text: barbarian

text: Roman Consul

text: Zosimus

text: Constantinople

text: Promotus

text: magister militum

text: sons

text: co-emperors

text: Theodosius I

text: Pansophius

text: Nicomedia

text: oedema

text: Milan

text: Western Roman Empire

text: Rufinus

text: Praetorian prefect

text: Theodosian dynasty

text: Stilicho

text: Eutropius

text: eunuch

text: Great Palace of Constantinople

text: stillbirth

text: John Chrysostom

text: Gainas

text: Arbazacius

text: Isauria

text: Augusta

text: paludamentum

text: Roman coinage

text: Prefect

text: Constantinople

text: porphyry

text: marble

text: Selymbria

text: Silivri

text: Nicene Creed

text: Socrates of Constantinople

text: Arian

text: relic

text: Christian martyrs

text: vigil

text: Constantine I

text: John Chrysostom

text: Patriarch of Constantinople

text: Theophilus

text: Patriarch of Alexandria

text: Origen

text: Egypt

text: monk

text: Tall Brothers

text: synod

text: Synod of the Oak

text: earthquake

text: God

text: cathedral

text: John the Baptist

text: Caucasus

text: Armenia

text: bleeding

text: infection

text: Ammianus Marcellinus

text: Ammianus Marcellinus

text: Pulcheria

text: Marcian

text: Arcadia

text: Theodosius II

text: Judy Chicago

text: The Dinner Party

text: Heritage Floor

text: List of Byzantine emperors

text: List of Roman and Byzantine Empresses

text: An article about her by Wendy Mayer

categories: 5th-century Byzantine women,5th-century Byzantine people,Augustae,5th-century Frankish women,Byzantine empresses,4th-century Romans,4th-century births,4th-century Frankish women,4th-century Byzantine women,404 deaths,Aelii,Theodosian dynasty

paragraph: Aelia Eudoxia

paragraph: Aelia Eudoxia (; died 6 October 404) was a Roman Empress consort by marriage to the Roman Emperor Arcadius. The marriage was the source of some controversy, as it was arranged by Eutropius, one of the eunuch court officials, who was attempting to expand his influence, and whom she later had executed. As Empress, she came into conflict with John Chrysostom, the Patriarch of Constantinople, who was popular among the common folk for his denunciations of imperial and clerical excess. She had five children, four of whom survived to adulthood, including her husband's successor , but she had two additional pregnancies that ended in either miscarriages or stillbirths and she died as a result of the last one.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: She was a daughter of Flavius Bauto, a Romanised Frank who served as "magister militum" in the Western Roman army during the 380s. The identity of her father is mentioned by Philostorgius. The fragmentary chronicle of John of Antioch, a 7th-century monk formerly identified with John of the Sedre, Syrian Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch considers Bauto to have also fathered Arbogast. The relation is not accepted by modern historians. The "History of the Later Roman Empire from the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian" (1923) by J. B. Bury and the historical study "Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity" (1982) by Kenneth Holum consider her mother to be Roman and Eudoxia to be a "semibarbara", half-barbarian. However, the primary sources are silent on her maternal ancestry.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Aelia Eudoxia's father was last mentioned as Roman Consul with Arcadius in 385 and was already deceased by 388. According to Zosimus, Eudoxia started her life in Constantinople as a household member of Promotus, magister militum of the Eastern Roman Empire. She is presumed to have been orphaned at the time of her arrival Her entry into the household of Promotus may indicate a friendship of the two magisters or a political alliance.

paragraph: Promotus died in 391 and according to Zosimus, he was survived by his widow Marsa and two sons, Arcadius and his younger brother Honorius, who were raised alongside the sons and co-emperors of Theodosius I. Zosimus asserts that Eudoxia lived alongside one of the surviving sons in Constantinople and is assumed to have already been acquainted with Arcadius during his years as junior partner to his father. Eudoxia was educated by Pansophius, who was later promoted to bishop of Nicomedia in 402.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: On 17 January 395, Theodosius I died of oedema in Milan. Arcadius succeeded him in the Eastern Roman Empire and Honorius in the Western Roman Empire. Arcadius was effectively placed under the control of Rufinus, Praetorian prefect of the East. Rufinus reportedly intended to marry his daughter to Arcadius and establish his own relation to the Theodosian dynasty. Bury considers that "once the Emperor's father-in‑law he [Rufinus] might hope to become an Emperor himself."

paragraph: However, Rufinus was distracted by a conflict with Stilicho, magister militum of the West. The wedding of Eudoxia to Arcadius was orchestrated by Eutropius, one of the eunuch officials serving in the Great Palace of Constantinople. The marriage took place on 27 April 395, without the knowledge or consent of Rufinus. For Eutropius it was an attempt to increase his own influence over the emperor and hopefully ensure the loyalty of the new empress to himself. Rufinus had been an enemy of Promotus and the surviving household of the magister militum, including Eudoxia, might have been eager to undermine him. Arcadius himself may have been motivated in asserting his own will over that of his regent. Zosimus reports that Arcadius was also influenced by the extraordinary beauty of his bride. Arcadius was approximately eighteen years old and Eudoxia may be presumed to be of an equivalent age.

paragraph: Section::::Empress consort.

paragraph: In the decade between her marriage and her death, Eudoxia gave birth to five surviving children. A contemporary source known as pseudo-Martyrius also reports two stillbirths. "Pseudo-Martyrius" is hostile to Eudoxia and is likely to have been Cosmasa strong supporter of John Chrysostomand who was keen to link the stillbirths to divine punishment for the two exiles of John. The writer, Zosimus, also alleged that her son Theodosius was widely rumored to be the result of her affair with a courtier (Zosimus is also generally hostile to Eudoxia and the accuracy of his tale therefore suspect).

paragraph: Eudoxia and Gainas, the new magister militum, are considered to have played a part in the stripping of all offices and subsequent execution of Eutropius in 399who was attempting to expand his own influence and power at court. However the extent and nature of her involvement are disputed. Nevertheless, she seems to have increased her personal influence following the execution of Eutropius. She also involved herself in legal matters, such as when the general Arbazacius bribed her in order that he avoid trial for his conduct during his campaign against the Isaurians. On 9 January 400, Eudoxia was officially given the title of an Augusta. She was then able to wear the purple paludamentum representing imperial rank and was depicted in Roman coinage. Official images of her in the manner similar to a male Augustus also circulated. Her brother-in-law Honorius later complained to Arcadius about them reaching his own court.

paragraph: The extent of her influence at matters of court and state has been a matter of debate among historians. Philostorgius considers her to be more intelligent than her husband but comments on her "barbarian arrogance". Zosimus considers her strong-willed but ultimately manipulated by eunuchs at court and the women of her environment. "Barbarians and Bishops: Army, Church, and State in the Age of Arcadius and Chrysostom" (1990) by J. W. H. G. Liebeschuetz considers her influence overestimated in primary sources while "The Cambridge Ancient History XIII. The Late Empire A.D. 337–425" (1998) reports her dominating the government between 400 and her death in 404.

paragraph: In 403, Simplicius, Prefect of Constantinople, erected a statue dedicated to her on a column of porphyry and a base of marble. Arcadius renamed the town of Selymbria (Silivri) "Eudoxiopolis" after her, though this name did not survive.

paragraph: Section::::Church policy.

paragraph: Her role in the ecclesiastical affairs of her time is relatively well recorded. She became a patron to the faction of the Christian Church accepting the Nicene Creed and was reported by Socrates of Constantinople to have financed nighttime anti-Arian processions in Constantinople. She also presided in public celebrations over the arrival of new relics of Christian martyrs to the city and joined nightly vigils herself. She was consistently reported to act alone in religious matters; and her husband Arcadius generally remained absent from public events.

paragraph: An interpretation is that Eudoxia had adopted the role of patron of the Church previously belonging to the Augusti from Constantine I onwards. Her role brought her into conflict with John Chrysostom, the Patriarch of Constantinople, particularly after he protested over the fall from power and execution of Eutropius (his ally at court).

paragraph: During his time as Archbishop John adamantly refused to host lavish social gatherings, which made him popular with the common people, but unpopular with wealthy citizens and the clergy. His reforms of the clergy were also unpopular with these groups. He ordered absentee priests to return to the churches they were meant to be serving — without any payout.

paragraph: At about the same time, Theophilus, the Patriarch of Alexandria, wanted to bring Constantinople under his sway and opposed John's appointment to Constantinople. Being an opponent of Origen's teachings, he accused John of being too partial to the latter's teachings. Theophilus had disciplined four Egyptian monks (known as "the Tall Brothers") over their support of Origen's teachings. They fled to and were welcomed by John. John made another enemy in Eudoxia, who assumed (perhaps with justification) that his denunciations of extravagance in feminine dress were aimed at herself. An alliance was soon formed against him by Eudoxia, Theophilus and others. They held a synod in 403 (the Synod of the Oak) to charge John, in which his connection to Origen was used against him. It resulted in his deposition and banishment. He was called back by Arcadius almost immediately, as the people became "tumultuous" over his departure. There was also an earthquake the night of his arrest, which Eudoxia took for a sign of God's anger, prompting her to ask Arcadius for John's reinstatement.

paragraph: Peace was short-lived. A silver statue of Eudoxia was erected near the city cathedral. John denounced the dedication ceremonies. He spoke against Eudoxia in harsh terms: "Again Herodias raves; again she is troubled; she dances again; and again desires to receive John's head in a charger," comparing himself to John the Baptist.

paragraph: Once again John was banished, this time to the Caucasus in Armenia, and he died there in exile in 407. Eudoxia did not survive long. Her seventh and last pregnancy ended in either a miscarriage or, according to pseudo-Martyrius, a second stillbirth. She was left bleeding and died of an infection shortly thereafter.

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: Eudoxia and Arcadius had five known children. The main source about their births and deaths is the chronicle of Ammianus Marcellinus:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flacilla (born 17 June 397). Her birth was recorded by Ammianus Marcellinus. She predeceased her father. Only sibling not mentioned alive at his death in 408.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pulcheria (19 January 399 – 453). Married Marcian.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arcadia (3 April 400 – 444).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theodosius II (10 April 401 – 28 July 450).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marina (10 February 403 – 449).

paragraph: If pseudo-Martyrius is to be believed, her two pregnancies (due late in 403 and late in 404, respectively) ended not in miscarriages, as previously supposed, but stillbirths, the second caused Eudoxia's death from hemorrhaging and infection.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Eudoxia is a featured figure on Judy Chicago's installation piece "The Dinner Party", being represented as one of the 999 names on the "Heritage Floor."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Byzantine emperors

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Roman and Byzantine Empresses

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chicago, Judy. "The Dinner Party: From Creation to Preservation". London: Merrell (2007).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- An article about her by Wendy Mayer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile of her father Bauto at the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire

description: Empress consort of the Byzantine Emperor Arcadius

wikidata_label: Aelia Eudoxia

wikipedia_title: Aelia Eudoxia


text: Cornish Rebellion of 1497

text: Thomas Flamank

text: Henry VII

text: Scotland

text: Perkin Warbeck

text: St Keverne

text: Lizard peninsula

text: Thomas Flamank

text: Taunton

text: Kent

text: Jack Cade

text: Blackheath

text: Battle of Deptford Bridge

text: River Ravensbourne

text: Greenwich

text: Tower of London

text: traitor

text: Tyburn

text: pike-staff

text: London Bridge

text: Keskerdh Kernow 500

text: St. Keverne

text: Greenwich Park

text: The Barbican

text: McGowan

text: Gorsedd

text: Gorsedh Kernow

text: An Gof

text: Cornish nationalist

text: List of topics related to Cornwall

text: Second Cornish Uprising of 1497

text: Prayer Book Rebellion

text: The Cornish Rebellion

text: The Black Heath Rebellion, 16 June 1497

categories: People executed by Tudor England by hanging, drawing and quartering,Medieval Cornish people,Cornish nationalists,Military history of Cornwall,People executed under the Tudors for treason against England,Year of birth unknown,People executed under Henry VII of England,1497 deaths,15th-century English people,People executed at Tyburn,Cornish nationalism,People from St Keverne,Executed Cornish people

paragraph: Michael An Gof

paragraph: Michael Joseph (died 27 June 1497), better known as Michael An Gof, was one of the leaders of the Cornish Rebellion of 1497, along with Thomas Flamank.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: The rebels marched on London to protest against King Henry VII's levy of a tax to pay for an invasion of Scotland in response to the Scots' support of the pretender Perkin Warbeck. The Cornish believed that this was a northern affair and had nothing to do with them; they also believed that the tax was the work of the King's corrupt counsellors and marched to London to bring this to the King's attention.

paragraph: Section::::March on London.

paragraph: A blacksmith (An Gof) named Michael Joseph lived at St Keverne on the Lizard peninsula. He is described as "a notable prating fellow who by thrusting himself forward on every occasion, and being loudest in every complaint against the government, acquired an authority among these simple people, and was ready to lead them to any desperate enterprise".

paragraph: Michael Joseph was chosen by the people of St. Keverne to challenge the tax. When he and his followers reached Bodmin, they were joined by Thomas Flamank, a local lawyer. Flamank argued that it was the business of the barons of the north to defend the Scottish border, and that the tax was illegal. He suggested that the Cornishmen should march on London and present a petition to the king setting forth their grievances against the advisers responsible for the king's action.

paragraph: Under the leadership of Flamank and Joseph, about 6,000 Cornishmen assembled at Bodmin and set out. The army attracted support in provisions and recruits along the way and by the time it reached Devon numbered some 15,000 strong. Up until then the march had been relatively peaceable, but when they reached Taunton in Somerset, Provost Perrin, an officer and commissioner who was collecting the tax, was killed.

paragraph: They hoped to gain support from people in Kent – the focus of Jack Cade's rebellion of 1450 – but despite heading to Cade's former rallying site at Blackheath they gained little backing.

paragraph: The Cornish rebels were beaten by the King's forces at the Battle of Deptford Bridge on 17 June 1497 on a site adjacent to the River Ravensbourne. Michael fled to Greenwich after the battle, but was captured and sent to the Tower of London.

paragraph: As one of the leaders, Michael An Gof was executed with Flamank on 27 June 1497. Deemed to be traitors, they were hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn and their heads displayed on pike-staffs on London Bridge. Just before his execution, An Gof is recorded to have said that he would have "a name perpetual and a fame permanent and immortal".

paragraph: In 1997, the 500th anniversary of the rebellion, a commemorative march ("Keskerdh Kernow 500") was held, retracing the route of the original march from St. Keverne (An Gof's home town in Cornwall) to London. A statue depicting An Gof and Flamank was unveiled in St Keverne and a commemorative plaque was unveiled on the wall of Greenwich Park facing Blackheath common. Russell Pascoe composed 'The Martyrdom of An Gof' for the end of the march, which was performed at The Barbican in June 1997.

paragraph: Section::::Other uses.

paragraph: The name "An Gof" is from the Cornish for "the blacksmith". It is the origin of the British surname Angove. Cognates include "Gow" and "Gowan" and the Irish/Scottish McGowan.

paragraph: The Holyer An Gof trophy is an annual award for the best publication on Cornwall, and part of the Cornish Gorsedd (Gorsedh Kernow).

paragraph: An Gof's name was later used by a Cornish nationalist extremist organisation.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of topics related to Cornwall

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second Cornish Uprising of 1497

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prayer Book Rebellion

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Cornish Rebellion

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A name perpetual and a fame permanent and immortal"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Black Heath Rebellion, 16 June 1497

description: Cornish nationalist

wikidata_label: Michael An Gof

wikipedia_title: Michael An Gof


text: Squadron Leader

text: AFC

text: Austria

text: gliding

text: sailplane

text: Vienna

text: Adolf Kronfeld

text: Ernst Moriz Kronfeld

text: Galician Jews

text: boating

text: Wasserkuppe

text: Germany

text: Walter Georgii

text: meteorologist

text: Darmstadt University of Technology

text: thermal

text: variometer

text: vacuum flask

text: Teutoburger Wald

text: bungee

text: Ibbenbüren

text: Detmold

text: Hindenburg Cup

text: Lower Austria

text: Wolf Hirth

text: English Channel

text: Daily Mail

text: Air Scout

text: "Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund"

text: 4th World Scout Jamboree

text: Airshow

text: English Channel

text: Irish Sea

text: Avro Cadet

text: Mark Lacayo

text: Kirby Moorside

text: Yorkshire

text: Blackpool

text: Ronaldsway Airport

text: Isle of Man

text: airspeed

text: knots

text: knot

text: groundspeed

text: knots

text: nautical mile

text: St Bees Head

text: Maughold Head

text: Ronaldsway Airport

text: Hall Caine Airport

text: aerobatics

text: Ronaldsway

text: Manx Air Derby

text: Nazi

text: Jew

text: Austria

text: United Kingdom

text: British Aircraft Company

text: Oxford University Gliding Club

text: Oxford Gliding Club

text: World War II

text: Royal Air Force

text: Squadron Leader

text: Air Force Cross

text: Test Pilot

text: General Aircraft

text: flying wing

text: General Aircraft GAL 56

text: stalling trials

text: Lower Froyle

text: Lasham Airfield

text: British Aircraft Company Drone

text: Baynes Bat

text: Detmold

text: Fulda

text: Oerlinghausen

text: Gerasdorf

text: Graz

text: Vienna

text: Government of Austria

text: Wiener Neustadt

text: Innsbruck

text: Kufstein

text: cachet

text: cachet

text: Brooklands Museum

text: Brooklands

text: Lasham Airfield

categories: Austrian aerospace engineers,Austrian Jews,British aviators,Austrian aviators,Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria,1904 births,Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom),Glider flight record holders,Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom,British people of Austrian-Jewish descent,British Jews,People of Galician-Jewish descent,Jews who immigrated to the United Kingdom to escape Nazism,Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in England,British test pilots,Austrian emigrants to England,People associated with Scouting,Scouting and Guiding in Austria,People from Vienna,Royal Air Force officers,1948 deaths

paragraph: Robert Kronfeld

paragraph: Squadron Leader Robert Kronfeld, AFC (5 May 1904 – 12 February 1948) was an Austrian-born gliding champion and sailplane designer of the 1920s and 30s. He became a British subject and an RAF test pilot. He was killed testing a glider in 1948.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Kronfeld was born in Vienna, the son of dentist also called Robert Kronfeld (1874–1946), who was nephew of Adolf Kronfeld (doctor, writer), Ernst Moriz Kronfeld (botanist), both Galician Jews.

paragraph: In his youth his favourite sport was boating.

paragraph: Section::::Gliding.

paragraph: As a young man, he visited the Wasserkuppe in Germany and became passionate about the sport of gliding that was developing there. So Kronfeld became a member of the first Austrian gliding school.

paragraph: He befriended Walter Georgii, who was a meteorologist working at the nearby Darmstadt University of Technology and who had recently discovered thermals. Kronfeld became something of a test-pilot for Georgii, investigating this still-new phenomenon with the assistance of a variometer disguised as a vacuum flask.

paragraph: In 1926, the German newspaper "Grüne Post" offered a RM 5,000 prize for the first glider pilot to fly . Kronfeld took up the challenge in 1929 and selected a long chain of hills, the Teutoburger Wald, as a promising site for the record attempt.br

paragraph: He took off in a glider of his own design, named "Wien ("Vienna")", launched by bungee, near Ibbenbüren. After a flight lasting over five hours, he landed near Detmold, 102.5 km away. Kronfeld used the prize money to build a gigantic sailplane, named "Austria", which had a wingspan of 30 metres - a record not to be matched until the end of the twentieth century. Kronfeld was awarded the Hindenburg Cup in 1930. In the same year he undertook the first flight from a mountain in Lower Austria. He also staged large air shows.

paragraph: By 1930 he held the world records for distance (164 km) and height (2,589 m).

paragraph: In 1930 he also had success gliding in England.

paragraph: On 15 February 1931 Robert Kronfeld and Wolf Hirth were the first men awarded the "Silver C".

paragraph: On 20 June 1931 Kronfeld was the first pilot to fly a glider across the English Channel, making a return flight the same day. For this he won £1000 from the "Daily Mail"

paragraph: Kronfeld was an Air Scout within the "Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund" and took part in the 4th World Scout Jamboree (1933) in Hungary as a member of the Austrian contingent. He participated in the Air Scout camp and contributed to the Airshow. He served as Commissioner for Air Scouts of the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund. Kronfeld also was an honorary member of this Scout association.

paragraph: In addition to being the first person to pilot a glider across the English Channel, on Saturday June 4, 1938, Kronfeld became the first pilot to fly a towed glider across the Irish Sea. Under tow from an Avro Cadet piloted by Mark Lacayo, they departed Kirby Moorside, Yorkshire, proceeding westwards via Blackpool the original planned point in order to make the crossing to Ronaldsway Airport, Isle of Man.

paragraph: However, with a airspeed of 65 knots flying into a 50 knot head wind resulting in a groundspeed of 15 knots, it was difficult to make concerted progress and at one point Lacayo suggested abandoning the attempt. The wind was causing significant problems in addition to lowering cloud and had blown the aircraft and glider 30 nautical miles off course. Nevertheless, Kronfeld was determined to make the attempt and they managed to fix their position at 2,000 feet above St Bees Head and re-planned a crossing to Maughold Head. The weather resulted in the aircraft and glider descending to only 50 feet above the sea and a further problem was being caused by reducing visibility and the approaching darkness. The sea crossing took 1 hour 50 minutes. Due to the weather conditions a landing at Ronaldsway Airport could not be made and this resulted in them diverting to Hall Caine Airport, touching down at 20:00hrs. On Tuesday June 7, Kronfeld gave an exhibition of aerobatics over Ronaldsway as a feature of the 1938 Manx Air Derby.

paragraph: Section::::Exile.

paragraph: In 1933, the new Nazi government prohibited Jews from flying, and as a Jew, Kronfeld fled Germany first for Austria, later for the United Kingdom.

paragraph: In 1934 he was awarded the Silver medal of the Lilienthal Society.

paragraph: There, he continued flying, taking over the British Aircraft Company, and in 1938 became chief instructor for the newly founded Oxford University and City Gliding Club (now split up in the Oxford University Gliding Club and the separate Oxford Gliding Club). He settled in England in January 1938 and his father followed him to England in 1939.

paragraph: Kronfeld was a member of the Österreichischer Aero Club and brought the records of this association to the United Kingdom.

paragraph: In 1939 he became a British citizen and during World War II he served in the Royal Air Force. He held the rank of Squadron Leader. He was posted to the Airborne Forces Experimental Establishment on military glider development. For that work he was awarded the Air Force Cross.

paragraph: Post war, as Chief Test Pilot for General Aircraft, he was killed in the crash of an experimental flying wing glider - the General Aircraft GAL 56 ("TS507") - during stalling trials, at Lower Froyle after taking-off from Lasham Airfield. After successfully recovering from a stall, the aircraft entered an inverted dive. His observer was able to leave the aircraft and survived despite a low level parachute opening.

paragraph: Section::::Aircraft tested.

paragraph: BULLET::::- British Aircraft Company Drone

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baynes Bat - tailess military glider

paragraph: Section::::Memory and legacy.

paragraph: There are streets named after Robert Kronfeld in Detmold ("Robert-Kronfeld-Straße"), Fulda ("Robert-Kronfeld-Straße"), Oerlinghausen ("Robert-Kronfeld-Straße"), Gerasdorf ("Kronfeldgasse), Graz ("Kronfeldgasse) and Vienna ("Kronfeldgasse").

paragraph: In 1990 a memorial stone, commemorating the first 100 km flight by Kronfeld in 1929, was erected by the "Heimatverein am Hermannshöhenweg" near Riesenbeck.

paragraph: The Robert-Kronfeld-Memorial Prize ("Robert-Kronfeld-Gedächtnispreis") is awarded by the Segelflugschule Oerlinghausen, since 1979.

paragraph: "The-Robert-Kronfeld-Cup was awarded by the State Government of Austria on the occasion of the 21st World Gliding Championships 1989 in Wiener Neustadt." It is also named The Robert Kronfeld Challenge Cup.

paragraph: There is also a Robert Kronfeld-contest ("Robert-Kronfeld-Wettbewerb") organized by the "Segelflugschule Oerlinghausen".

paragraph: In 1961 the Robert Kronfeld Memorial flight from Innsbruck to Kufstein ("Kronfeld-Gedächnissegelflug") took place and a special cachet was issued commemorating this flight.

paragraph: In 1994 a special cachet was issued commemorating Robert Kronfeld's 90th Birthday.

paragraph: Robert Kronfeld was commemorated in an exhibition in the National Scout Center of the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund in Vienna in September 2010 and stamp and special cachet were issued.

paragraph: An Air Scout group of the "Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund" in the 1960s was named after Robert Kronfeld.

paragraph: The sole surviving Kronfeld Drone de Luxe, G-AEKV, built in 1936, is preserved at Brooklands Museum, Surrey, UK. Acquired by Mike Beach in the early 1980s and restored to flying condition at Brooklands around 1984, 'KV was later purchased by Brooklands Museum with the support of a Heritage Lottery Fund grant and is kept in ground running condition.

paragraph: An orchard in memory of Robert and his son was created at Lasham Airfield in 2014.

paragraph: In the years following Kronfeld's death his widow, Margaret, approached L Wingfield MC DFC, to create a lasting memorial, to which the Oxford Gliding Club, was reformed, flying at Kidlington Airport in 1951. Kronfeld been the first permanent Chief Flying Instructor in 1938. The club is still operating, based at RAF Weston-on-the-Green to the north of Oxford City.

description: Austrian gliding champion

wikidata_label: Robert Kronfeld

wikipedia_title: Robert Kronfeld


text: count

text: Nassau

text: House of Nassau

text: Third Crusade

text: Arnold II of Laurenburg

text: Henry I

text: Walram I

text: Frederick I Barbarossa

text: Milan

text: Italy

text: Imperial Diet

text: Mainz

text: Vogt

text: Schönau Abbey

text: Koblenz

text: Third Crusade

text: Bishop

text: Münster

text: Byzantine Emperor

text: Isaac II Angelos

text: Constantinople

text: Philippopel

text: Akko

text: Herman

text: Leiningen

text: Herman

text: Querfurt

text: viscount

text: Magdeburg

text: Virneburg

text: Family tree of the House of Nassau

text: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie

text: Leipzig

text: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie

text: Leipzig

categories: 1191 deaths,Counts of Nassau,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Rupert III, Count of Nassau

paragraph: Rupert III "the Bellicose" of Nassau, († 23/28 December 1191), was one of the earliest counts of Nassau. He was not without significance for his country. Important government decisions characterize him, but much more important is his more general political activity, making him one of the most striking princes of the House of Nassau. He took part in the Third Crusade.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Rupert was probably a son of count Arnold II of Laurenburg and a woman of unknown name.

paragraph: Rupert is mentioned as count of Nassau between 1160 and 1190. He ruled together with his cousin Henry I and later with his cousin Walram I.

paragraph: Rupert was one of the trusted councilors of Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, in whose surroundings we usually find him. In 1161 and 1162 he was with the emperor at Milan; whether he participated in the further trips to Italy in the years 1166 and 1167 remains questionable; likewise, participation in the unfortunate journey of 1174-1176 is, although likely, not traceable. It is also believed that he was present at the Imperial Diet at Mainz around Pentecost 1184.

paragraph: In 1172 Rupert became Vogt of Schönau Abbey. Since 1182 he was Vogt of Koblenz. He is called "Ruoberdus comes" in the inscription of a coin, dated around 1175.

paragraph: With his cousin Walram, Rupert joined the Third Crusade (1189-1190), and in 1190 commanded the fourth army troop. He was assigned an important task at the start of the journey. Together with his cousin Walram and Count Henry of Diez, he formed the accompaniment of Bishop Herman II of Münster, who was envoy to Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos in the fall of 1188. The delegation did arrive in Constantinople, but was treated badly by the Byzantine Emperor and imprisoned in poor conditions. They were set free as the crusade army approached. On October 28, 1189, Rupert and his companions rejoined the crusade army at Philippopel. Nothing is known with certainty about his further participation in the crusade; it seems that he stayed until the end of the siege of Akko and then died on the way back at sea. He was succeeded by his son Herman.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: Rupert married in or before 1169 to Elizabeth of Leiningen († 20 June 1235/38), daughter of Emicho III, Count of Leiningen. As widow she used the title countess of Schowenburg.br

paragraph: From this union came two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Herman († 16 July before 1206), count of Nassau 1190-1192.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Lucardis († before 1222), she first married around 1200 to Gebhard IV of Querfurt, viscount of Magdeburg († Querfurt 1213) and remarried in 1214 to Herman V, Count of Virneburg († after 1254).

paragraph: Section::::Links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Family tree of the House of Nassau

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medieval Lands. A prosopography of medieval European noble and royal families. Nassau, compiled by Charles Cawley.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This article incorporates text translated from the corresponding article, as of 2009-01-25, and the corresponding article, as of 2019-06-16".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hesselfelt, H.F.J., "De oudste generaties van het Huis Nassau" in: "De Nederlandsche Leeuw, Maandblad van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Genootschap voor Geslacht- en Wapenkunde" 1965, nr. 11.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sauer, Wilhelm. (1889). "Ruprecht III., Graf von Laurenburg-Nassau" in: "Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie" Band 29, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, p. 730-731.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sauer, Wilhelm. (1896). "Graf Walram I. von Nassau" in: "Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie" Band 40, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, p. 776-778.

description: Count of Nassau (1160-1190)

wikidata_label: Ruprecht III of Nassau

wikipedia_title: Rupert III, Count of Nassau


text: Quebec

text: Bellechasse

text: Saint-Gervais, Quebec

text: Quebec City

text: Christian Pozer

text: Confederation

text: François Évanturel

text: Legislative Council of Quebec

categories: Quebec Liberal Party MLCs,1909 deaths,Quebec candidates for Member of Parliament,1830 births,Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada

paragraph: Édouard Rémillard

paragraph: Édouard Rémillard (January 9, 1830 – July 29, 1909) was a lawyer and political figure in Quebec. He represented Bellechasse in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from 1861 to 1866.

paragraph: He was born in Saint-Gervais, Quebec, the son of Adrien Rémillard and Marguerite Boucher. Rémillard was educated at the Petit Séminaire de Québec, was admitted to the Lower Canada bar in 1856 and set up practice in Quebec City, practising for a time with Christian Pozer. Rémillard also served as captain in the militia. He supported Confederation. In 1860, he married Marie-Émilie Malvina Évanturel, the sister of François Évanturel. He was an unsuccessful candidate for a seat in the Canadian House of Commons in 1867 and for a seat in the Quebec assembly in 1871. Rémillard was named to La Durantaye division of the Legislative Council of Quebec in 1878 and served until 1887. In 1890, he was named registrar for Quebec City district. He died in Quebec City at the age of 79.

description: Canadian politician

wikidata_label: Édouard Rémillard

wikipedia_title: Édouard Rémillard