text:
Muhammad's wives
kunya
Hadiths
Muhammad
Shia
Khadija
Abu Umayya ibn Al-Mughira
Quraysh tribe
Kinana
Abu Salama
Barrah bint Abdul Muttalib
Abu Salama
the first who converted to Islam
Abu Bakr
Quraysh
Islam
Abu Salama
Islam
Muslims
Mecca
Abu Salama
migration to Abyssinia
Abyssinia
Muslims
Mecca
Muslim
Mecca
Mecca
Quraysh
Muslims
Muhammad
migration to Medina
hijra
hijra
Abu Salama
Abu Salama
Medina
Mecca
Quraysh
Mecca
hijra
Abu Salama
Abu Salama
Battle of Uhud
Abu Salama
Abu Salama
Battle of Uhud
Muhajirun
Ansar
iddah
Abu Bakr
Umar
Allah
Fatimah bint Asad
Ali
Al Sayeda Fatimah Al Zahra
Verse of Purification
Qur'an
Khadija
Fatima al-Zahra's
Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
AH
Quraysh
Kaaba
Hajj
did the following year
conquest of Mecca
Muhammad
Islam
Hadith
Aisha
imams
Battle of the Camel
Aisha
Ali
Aisha
Muhammad
Ali
Fatimah
Ali
Baqi Cemetery
Aisha
Muhammad
Ali
Fatima
Hasan
Husayn
Ali
Sunnis
Muhammad
Fatima
Ali
Hasan
Husayn
exegesis
Amina Wadud
Amina Wadud
Ibn Majah
Sunni
hadith
Sunan Ibn Majah

categories: 680 deaths,580 births,Sahabah favored by Shias

image: 512px-تخطيط_اسم_أم_سلمة.png

paragraph: Umm Salama

paragraph: Hind bint Abi Umayya (), also known as Hind al-Makhzumiyah, Hind bint Suhayl or Umm Salama () (c. 596 AD – 64 AH) was one of Muhammad's wives. Umm Salama was her "kunya" meaning, "mother of Salamah". Umm Salama was one of the most influential wives of Muhammad, recognized largely for recalling numerous Hadiths, or stories about Muhammad. The Shia belief is that Umm Salama was the most important wife of Muhammad, second to Khadija.

paragraph: Her real name was Hind. Her father was Abu Umayya ibn Al-Mughira ibn 'Abdullah ibn 'Umar ibn Makhzum ibn Yaqaẓah also known as Suhayl or Zad ar-Rakib. He was an elite member of his Quraysh tribe, known for his great generosity, especially to travelers. Her mother was 'Ātikah bint 'Āmir ibn Rabī'ah, of the Firas ibn Ghanam branch of the Kinana.

paragraph: Section::::Before marriage with Muhammad.:Marriage to Abu Salama.

paragraph: Before her marriage to Muhammad, Umm Salama was married to Abu Salama ibn `Abdi'l-Asad al-Makhzumi, whose mother was Barrah bint Abdul Muttalib. Abu Salama was one of Muhammad's close companions. Umm Salama bore for Abu Salama four children: Salama, Umar, Zaynab and Ruqayyah.

paragraph: Section::::Before marriage with Muhammad.:Conversion to Islam.

paragraph: Umm Salama and her husband Abu Salama were among the first who converted to Islam. Only Ali, Abu Bakr and a few others were Muslims before them. Despite intense anger and persecution from the powerful Quraysh in response to their conversions to Islam, Umm Salama and Abu Salama continued their devotion to Islam.

paragraph: As the persecution grew in severity, the new Muslims began to look for life away from Mecca. Muhammad instructed his newly converted followers, including Umm Salama and Abu Salama, to make a migration to Abyssinia. Umm Salama abandoned her honorable life in her clan in Mecca to make the migration. While in Abyssinia, these Muslims were told that there had been a decrease in persecution along with an increase in numbers of Muslims in Mecca. This information caused Umm Salama, her husband, and the rest of the Muslim emigrants to travel back to Mecca. Upon their return to Mecca, the Quraysh again began viciously persecuting the Muslims. In response, Muhammad gave his followers instructions to make a migration to Medina, also known as the hijra. Umm Salama, along with her husband and son planned to make the hijra together, however this was stopped when Umm Salama's clan forced her to stay in Mecca, while Abu Salama's clan took the child.

paragraph: Umm Salama recounted this story:

paragraph: Abu Salama made the trip to Medina alone, leaving his wife and child in Mecca. After some time, Umm Salama was permitted by the Quraysh to leave Mecca, and was given her son back by her husband's tribe. With her son, she completed the hijra and was reconnected with her husband.

paragraph: Section::::Before marriage with Muhammad.:Death of Abu Salama.

paragraph: During her marriage to Abu Salama, Umm Salama (in a story related by Ziyad ibn Abi Maryam) is said to have asked her husband to make agreement that when either of them died, the other would not remarry. However, in this tradition, Abu Salama responded by instructing Umm Salama to remarry after his death. He then prayed, "O God, provide Umm Salama after me with a better man than me who will not grieve her or injure her!"

paragraph: During the Battle of Uhud (March 625), Abu Salama was severely injured. While Abu Salama was dying due to these wounds, he recalled a story to Umm Salama involving a message he had heard from Muhammad: "I heard the Messenger of God saying, 'Whenever a calamity afflicts anyone he should say, "Surely from God we are and to Him we shall certainly return."' And he would pray, 'O Lord, give me in return something better from it which only You, Exalted and Mighty can give'". This traditional story has been transmitted with various differences, but the fundamental principles of the hadith remain intact.

paragraph: Her husband eventually died from the wounds he received in the Battle of Uhud. Umm Salama remembered the hadith recalled by her husband prior to his death, and began reciting the given prayer.

paragraph: Following Abdullah ibn Abdulasad's death in the battle of Uhud she became known as "Ayyin al-Arab" - "the one who had lost her husband". She had no family in Medina except her small children, but she was given support by both the Muhajirun and Ansar. After finishing the iddah of four months and ten days, the sufficient amount of time that a woman must wait after the death of her husband before she can remarry, Umm Salama got offers of marriage. Abu Bakr and then Umar asked to marry her, but she declined. Muhammad himself then proposed to Umm Salama. She initially hesitated in her acceptance, stating, "O Messenger of Allah, I have three characteristics. I am a woman who is extremely jealous and I am afraid that you will see in me something that will anger you and cause Allah to punish me. I am a woman who is already advanced in age and I am a woman who has a young family."

paragraph: However, Muhammad appeased each of her concerns, "Regarding the jealousy you mentioned, I pray to Allah the Almighty to let it go away from you. Regarding the question of age you have mentioned, I am afflicted with the same problem as you. Regarding the dependent family you have mentioned, your family is my family."

paragraph: Section::::Muhammad's era.

paragraph: Umm Salama was married to Muhammad at the age of 32. Only his sixth and seventh wives (Umm Salamah and Zaynab, respectively) were his direct cousins whom he had known since their childhood. Umm Salamah was a widow with 3 children and a fourth born almost immediately after their marriage.

paragraph: When Fatimah bint Asad (mother of the 4th Caliph Ali) died, Muhammad is said to have chosen Umm Salama as the guardian of Al Sayeda Fatimah Al Zahra. However, Fatimah al-Zahra is thought to have married Ali in 1AH or 2AH, Fatimah bint Asad died in 4AH, and Umm Salama married the Prophet in year 5, so any guardianship must have been purely nominal.

paragraph: The Verse of Purification (33:33) in the Qur'an was revealed to Muhammad in her house.

paragraph: Section::::Muhammad's era.:Umm Salama and the wives of Muhammad.

paragraph: In the fourth year following the migration to Medina (4 AH), Umm Salama accepted a marriage proposal from Muhammad. After sharing her three reservations about the marriage, and hearing the response from Muhammad, Umm Salama was so pleased that she accepted the proposal. Umm Salama became the eldest of all of Muhammad's wives. She became the highest-ranking wife of Muhammad, only behind Khadija. Her elevated status among the rest of the wives was a result of her presence in many wars and her defense of the household of Muhammad. Attributes that distinguish Umm Salama from the rest of the wives of Muhammad include the following: Her role in Fatima al-Zahra's upbringing (most prominent daughter of Muhammad, whom Umm Salama proclaimed displayed more knowledge than ever herself in all affairs), her political activism, her accounts of Muhammad's narrations (378 total narrations of Hadith), and her unwavering defense of Imam Ali's personality and leadership following Muhammad's death.

paragraph: The greatest attribute of the wives of Muhammad is demonstrated as being known as the "Mothers of the believers". They were also prohibited from marrying another man ever again. (33:53) The Qur'an indicates that the wives of Muhammad had to be role models in society (33:30-32). She was often looked up to by the rest of the wives of Muhammad due to her intelligence and political knowledge. Umm Salama herself narrated 378 Hadith, among them being some of the most important. She was the last of the wives of Muhammad to pass away.

paragraph: Section::::Muhammad's era.:Impact on Muhammad and society.

paragraph: Because of her beauty, knowledge, and wisdom, Umm Salama held a prominent role in the house of Muhammad and society. She was an exceptional wife of Muhammad in her faith and morals. As a woman, she carried out and completed all of her religious duties. During her marriage to Muhammad, she strived to keep him happy. She always held the utmost respect for him. She was known in society for her intelligence, political savvy, and activity in fighting for women's rights. Umm Salama was a woman most gifted in judgment. She was active in the movement for women's rights in early Islamic society too. She once asked Muhammad a very political question, "Why are men mentioned in the Koran and why are we not?" In a response from heaven to Muhammad, Allah declares that the two sexes are of total equality as members of the community and believers. It doesn't matter the sex, as long as the person is faithful and has the desire to obey Allah, they will earn his grace. This act by Umm Salama, sets the precedent and shows that women could go directly to Muhammad when unsatisfied with a gender role associated with them in society. This action by Umm Salama represented a veritable protest movement by the women. Umm Salama possessed very good judgment, rapid powers of reasoning, and unparalleled ability to formulate correct opinions.

paragraph: Section::::Muhammad's era.:Treaty of Hudaybiyya.

paragraph: Umm Salama acted as Muhammad's advisor during negotiations concerning the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah with the Meccans in 628 AD (6 AH) One of the main objects of this treaty was to determine the relations between Muhammad and the Muslims of Medina with the Quraysh in Mecca. The treaty was aimed at achieving peace between the two groups and allowing the Muslims to complete their annual pilgrimage to the Kaaba, known as Hajj, which they did the following year in 629 (7 AH). This treaty was essential since it established a 10-year peace deal between the two groups. The treaty was broken later in 629 (8 AH) which led to the conquest of Mecca.

paragraph: Section::::After Muhammad.

paragraph: After Muhammad's death, Umm Salama continued to have an influence on Islam. Her numerous Hadith transmissions have had a lasting impact on the future of the religion.

paragraph: Umm Salama, along with one of Muhammad's other wives, Aisha, also took roles as imams, leading other women in worship.

paragraph: Umm Salama also took a strong position in the Battle of the Camel, in which the factions of Aisha and Ali were in direct opposition. Umm Salama openly disagreed with the involvement of Aisha in the battle. She strongly supported the faction of Ali, and is said to have recalled stories in which Muhammad favors Ali and Fatimah to back up her opinions on the battle.

paragraph: Umm Salama even sent her son, Umar, to fight for Ali's victory

paragraph: Umm Salama died around 64 AH. Although the date of her death is disputed, her son said that Umm Salama died at the age of 84. She was buried in the Baqi Cemetery. She was the last surviving of Muhammad's wives.

paragraph: Section::::Hadith.

paragraph: Umm Salama and Aisha provided more Hadiths than any of the other wives of Muhammad. For Lady Umm Salama, 378 narrations have been reported through the Sunni sect. Among the [Hadith] she narrated are:

paragraph: Section::::Hadith.:Verse of Purification 33:33.

paragraph: "And stay quietly in your houses, and make not a dazzling display, like that of the former Times of Ignorance; and establish regular Prayer, and give regular Charity; and obey Allah and His Messenger. And Allah only wishes to remove all abomination from you, ye members of the Family, and to make you pure and spotless."

paragraph: The verse of Purification (Ayat al-Tathir) verse is given its name due to the mentioning of purity in the last line. According to Umm Salama, the verse of purification was revealed in her home when only Muhammad, Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn were present. Scholars such as Tarbasi and Tha'labi have described Umm Salama narrating: "One day Lady Fatima having cooked some food brought it to my house for the Prophet. The Prophet said, 'O the light of my eyes, call Ali and your sons so that we may eat this food together.'" When all had gathered and they had eaten from that food, Angel Jibra'eel descended and revealed the following verse: "Indeed God desires to repel all impurity from you, O People of the Household, and purify you with a thorough purification."

paragraph: Upon hearing the verse, the Prophet laid out a cloak over them and said: "O God, these are the people of my household. They are my confidants and my supporters. O God, remove impurity from them and keep them thoroughly pure." Umm Salama relates, "As I heard this prayer from the Prophet, I said: 'O Messenger of God! Am I also with you?' To which he replied: 'You do not have the level of my Ahlul Bayt, but you are a lady of noble traits.'

paragraph: The verses significance stems from Muhammad's usage of the phrase "Ahl al-Bayt" meaning "people of the house" in the second part of the verse. The interpretation of "Ahl al-Bayt" establishes a critical difference between Sunnis and Shi'ites. Shi'ites believe the term refers strictly to Muhammad, Fatima, Ali, Hasan and Husayn implying they are only members of "Ahl al-Bayt". Under this dogma, only Muhammad's direct lineage holds a spiritual leadership and governorship over the Muslim community. In contrast, the Sunnis believe Muhammad was not referring solely to the five people in the room. Instead, Sunnis hold any muslim of good faith can attain spiritual leadership and governorship. The discrepancy between the two interpretations stems from Umm Salama's narration of the verse of purification and Hadith of Cloak.

paragraph: Some exegesis, including Amina Wadud interpret the first line, "stay quietly in your houses, and make not a dazzling display, like that of the former Times of Ignorance" to imply women should not be allowed to go out at all, rather than stress the limitation of going out for the aim of wanton display.

paragraph: "For Muslim men and women, for believing men and women, for devout men and women, for true men and women, for men and women who are patient and constant, for men and women who humble themselves, for men and women who give in Charity, for men and women who fast (and deny themselves), for men and women who guard their chastity, and for men and women who engage much in Allah's praise, for them has Allah prepared forgiveness and great reward."

paragraph: Umm Salama sought out equality and autonomy for Muslim women and never hesitated to posit political questions to the prophet. This verse initiated when Umm Salama asked Muhammad, "why are men mentioned in the Koran and why are we not?" She is quoted narrating, "I had asked the Prophet why the Koran did not speak of us as it did of men. And what was my surprise one afternoon, when I was combing my hair, to hear his voice from the minbar. I hastily did up my hair and ran to one of the apartments from where I could hear better" It is there that Umm Salama heard the verse.

paragraph: Some exegesis interpret this verse to indicate gender equality for Muslims. Amina Wadud has voiced her opinion that the verse places women on absolute par with man in regards to spiritual potential and ability to attain Paradise.

paragraph: Section::::Hadith.:Umm Salami's contribution to Sunan Ibn Majah.

paragraph: Abū ʻAbdillāh Muḥammad ibn Yazīd Ibn Mājah al-Rabʻī al-Qazwīnī, often referred to as Ibn Majah was a 9th-century scholar of hadith. He is most famous for assembling Sunni Islam's six canonical hadith collections, Sunan Ibn Majah. Listed below are the Hadiths narrated by Umm Salamah from Sunan Ibn Majah:

paragraph: Hadith 603: "I said, O Messenger of Allah! I am a woman with tight braids. Should I undo them when I take a bath to cleanse myself from the state of sexual impurity?" He said: "Rather it is sufficient for you to pour three handfuls of water over them, then pour water over yourself, and you will be purified," or he said: "In that case you would have become purified."

paragraph: Hadith 623: "A woman asked the Prophet (saw): 'I bleed continuously and do not become pure. Should I give up the prayer?' He said: 'No, but leave off praying for the number of days and nights that you used to menstruate.'" (One of the narrators) Abu Bakr (Ibn Abu Shaibah) said in his Hadith: "Estimate the number of days in the month, then take a bath and cover your private part with a cloth and perform prayer."

paragraph: Hadith 637: "I was with the Messenger of Allah (saw) under his blanket, then I felt that I was menstruating as women do, so I slipped out from under the cover. The Messenger of Allah (saw) said: 'Are you menstruating?' I said: 'I feel that I am menstruating as women do.' He said: 'That is what Allah has decreed for the daughters of Adam.' So I slipped out and sorted myself out, then I came back, and the Messenger of Allah (saw) said to me: 'Come under the cover with me,' so I went in with him.'"

paragraph: Hadith 648: "At the time of the Messenger of Allah (saw), women in postnatal bleeding (after childbirth) used to wait for forty days, and we used to put Wars on our faces because of freckles."

paragraph: Hadith 491: "Some meat from the shoulder of a sheep was brought to the Messenger of Allah (saw) and he ate some of it, then he performed prayer without touching water (for ablution)."

paragraph: Also included are Hadiths 499, 531, 925, and 932.

description: Wive of Muhammad

wikidata_label: Umm Salama Hind bint Abi Umayya

wikipedia_title: Umm Salama


text:
wife
Muhammad
Mother of the Believers
Jahsh ibn Riyab
Asad ibn Khuzayma
Mecca
Umayya
Umayma bint Abdulmuttalib
Hashim
Quraysh tribe
Muslim
Abdullah
"Hijra"
Medina
adopted
Zayd ibn Harithah
Kalb
Khadija bint Khuwaylid
equal treatment the adopted
Montgomery Watt
Qur'an
Ibn Sa`d
al-Tabari
Islam
Anas ibn Malik
Aisha
Umm Salama
Umm Habiba
Juwayriyya
Maymunah
Abu Bakr
Safiyya
Caliph Umar
Jahsh (name)
Zaynab (name)

categories: Women in medieval warfare,590 births,Wives of Muhammad,641 deaths

image: 512px-تخطيط_كلمة_زينب_بنت_جحش.png

paragraph: Zaynab bint Jahsh

paragraph: Zaynab bint Jahsh (; c. 590–641) was a first cousin and wife of Muhammad and therefore a Mother of the Believers.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Zaynab's father was Jahsh ibn Riyab, an immigrant from the Asad ibn Khuzayma tribe who had settled in Mecca under the protection of the Umayya clan. Her mother was Umayma bint Abdulmuttalib, a member of the Hashim clan of the Quraysh tribe and a sister of Muhammad's father. Hence Zaynab and her five siblings were the first cousins of Muhammad.

paragraph: Zaynab is described as "a perfect-looking woman," fair-skinned and shapely, and of diminutive size. It was said that she was quick to lose her temper but also quick to calm down. She was a skilled tanner and leather-worker. She continued with this line of work throughout her life, even after she no longer needed the money.

paragraph: The name of her first husband is not known, but he had died by 622. At that time Zaynab, who had become a Muslim, was among those who accompanied her brother Abdullah on the "Hijra" to Medina.

paragraph: Section::::Second marriage.

paragraph: Section::::Second marriage.:Circumstances of the marriage.

paragraph: Around 625 Muhammad proposed to Zaynab that she marry his adopted son, Zayd ibn Harithah. Zayd had been born into the Kalb tribe but as a child he had been kidnapped by slave-traders. He had been sold to a nephew of Khadija bint Khuwaylid, who in her turn had given him as a wedding present to her husband Muhammad. After some years, Muhammad had manumitted Zayd and had adopted him as his son.

paragraph: Zaynab, supported by her brother Abdullah, at first refused the proposal on the grounds that, "I am the widow of a Quraysh." They presumably meant that Zaynab's social status was too high to allow her to marry an ex-slave. It has been asserted that these social differences were precisely the reason why Muhammad wanted to arrange the marriage:

paragraph: It has also been suggested that he wanted to establish the legitimacy and right to equal treatment the adopted. By contrast, Montgomery Watt points out that Zayd was high in Muhammad's esteem.

paragraph: When Muhammad announced a new verse of the Qur'an:

paragraph: Zaynab acquiesced and married Zayd. Muhammad personally paid the dower of 160 "dirhams" in cash, a cloak and veil, a coat of armour, 50 "mudd" of grain and 10 "mudd" of dates.

paragraph: Section::::Second marriage.:Circumstances of the divorce.

paragraph: The marriage lasted less than two years. According to Ibn Sa`d and al-Tabari

paragraph: must have been unclear among Muslims. The marriage did not take place until after a Qur'anic revelation was received, giving permission for believers to marry the divorced wives of their adopted sons.

paragraph: He divorced her in December 626.Landau-Tasseron/Tabari, p. 182.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage to Muhammad.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage to Muhammad.:Preparation for the marriage.

paragraph: Muhammad expected criticism if he married Zaynab. Pre-Islamic custom disapproved of marriage between a man and his son's former wife. Arab society would have viewed this union as profoundly wrong; because they considered an adopted son was truly a "son", for a man to marry his adopted son's wife - even if she was divorced - was considered incestuous. Therefore, he "hid in his heart" the idea that he might marry her. This internal conflict is mentioned in the Qur'an :

paragraph: After this verse was announced, Muhammad proceeded to reject the existing Arabian norms. Thereafter the legal status of adoption was not recognised under Islam. Zayd reverted to being known by his original name of "Zayd ibn Harithah" instead of "Zayd ibn Muhammad".

paragraph: Orientalists have pointed to this "sura" as an example of a self-serving revelation that reflected Muhammad’s desires rather than the will of God. Some Muslim historians have understood the discrepancy between Muhammad's private thoughts and his expressed words to refer, not to a desire to marry Zaynab, but only to a prophetic foreknowledge that the marriage was going to happen.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage to Muhammad.:The wedding.

paragraph: Muhammad married Zaynab as soon as her waiting-period from her divorce was complete, on 27 March 627. He went into her house when she did not expect him and without knocking. She asked him: "Is it going to be like this, without any witnesses or trustee ("wali") for our union?" Muhammad replied: "Allah is the witness and Gabriel is the trustee."

paragraph: Muhammad gave Zaynab a dower of 400 "dirhams". Later he held a wedding banquet for her and slaughtered a sheep. Anas ibn Malik said there were over seventy guests, and that none of Muhammad's other wives was given such a large banquet. The guests stayed late and continued to eat and drink at the lavish affair, and to monopolize the bride. Mohammed wanted to celebrate his wedding night with Zaynab behind the curtain that was his bedroom door. It was while trying to send these guests home from this wedding feast (without offending them more than they were already for his wedding to the divorced Zaynab), that Muhammad announced that women should be addressed by men (other than immediate family) only from behind a screen. This has been interpreted as an "ayat" by some but not all Muslims.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage to Muhammad.:Life in Medina.

paragraph: Aisha believed that Muhammad's favourite wives, after herself, were Zaynab and Umm Salama.Bewley/Saad vol. 8 p. 81. She said: "Zaynab was my equal in beauty and in the Prophet's love for her." Umm Salama said of Zaynab: "The Messenger of Allah liked her and he also used to become vexed with her."Bewley/Saad vol. 8 p. 74.

paragraph: Several traditions indicate conflict between Zaynab and her co-wives. She used to boast to them: "You were given in marriage by your families, while I was married (to the Prophet) by Allah from over seven Heavens." Aisha related that the wives were divided into two factions, one led by herself and the other by Umm Salama. Zaynab was allied to Umm Salama, together with Umm Habiba, Juwayriyya and Maymunah. In one quarrel, Zaynab shouted insults at Aisha while Muhammad was present. Aisha retaliated with "hot words until I made her quiet." Muhammad only commented that Aisha was "really the daughter of Abu Bakr." Another time Zaynab refused to lend her spare camel to Safiyya; Muhammad was so angry that he did not speak to Zaynab for over two months. On two occasions, when Muhammad divided a gift of food among all his wives, Zaynab was displeased with her portion and sent it back to him.

paragraph: Yet it was Zaynab who defended Aisha when the latter was accused of adultery. Muhammad asked her if she knew anything about it, and Zaynab replied: "O Allah's Messenger! I refrain to claim hearing or seeing what I have not heard or seen. By Allah, I know nothing except goodness about Aisha." Aisha conceded: "I have never seen a woman more advanced in religious piety than Zaynab, more God-conscious, more truthful, more alive to the ties of blood, more generous and having more sense of self-sacrifice in practical life and having more charitable disposition and thus more close to God, the Exalted, than she was."

paragraph: Zaynab had a reputation for being prayerful. She prayed so much by night that she hung a rope between two pillars in the mosque and held onto it when she became too tired to prostrate. When Muhammad discovered the rope, he removed it and told her that when she became tired, she should stop praying and sit down.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: After Muhammad’s death, Zaynab never left Medina again. She was a widow for nine years, during which time she narrated eleven "ahadith".

paragraph: She continued to work at tanning and leather-crafts, and she gave away all her profits in charity. Even when Caliph Umar sent her the pension of 12,000 "dirhams" that he allowed to all of Muhammad's widows, Zaynab gave it all away to various poor families in Medina. At her death, her heirs did not find a single coin in her house.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Zaynab died during the caliphate of Umar in the summer of 641, being the first of Muhammad's widows to die after him. She was 53 (lunar) years old.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jahsh (name)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zaynab (name)

alias:
Zàynab bint Jahx
Zaynab bint Jahx

description: cousin and wife of Muhammad

wikidata_label: Zaynab bint Jahsh

wikipedia_title: Zaynab bint Jahsh


text:
Muhammad
Mother of the Believers
Islamic prophet
Muhammad
Banu Mustaliq
Muhammad
Islam
prophet

categories: Women in war in the Middle East,Women in medieval warfare,Year of death missing,608 births

paragraph: Juwayriyya bint al-Harith

paragraph: Juwayriya bint al-Harith (; c. 608 – 670) was a wife of Muhammad and a Mother of the Believers. She married the Islamic prophet Muhammad when he was 58 years old and she was 20, thus placing the marriage in 627/8.

paragraph: Section::::Family background.

paragraph: She was the daughter of al-Hārith ibn Abi Dirar, the chief of Banu Mustaliq, who was defeated with his tribe in a battle.

paragraph: Section::::Conflict between Muslims and Banu Mustaliq.

paragraph: Two months after Muḥammad returned from the Expedition of Dhū Qarad, he began to hear rumours that the Banū al-Muṣṭaliq were preparing to attack him, so he sent a spy, Buraydah ibn Al-Ḥasīb Al-Aslamī, to confirm this. The Banū al-Muṣṭaliq also believed that Muḥammad was preparing to attack them. So they in turn sent a spy reconnoiter to explore the positions of the Muslims, but he was captured and killed by them.

paragraph: The two armies were stationed at a well called Al-Muraysī', near the sea, a short distance from Mecca. They fought with bows and arrows for an hour, and then the Muslims advanced rapidly, they surrounded the al-Muṣṭaliq and took the entire tribe as prisoners, with their families, herds and flock. The battle ended in full victory for the Muslims. Two hundred families were taken as captives, two hundred camels, five thousand sheep, goats, as well as a huge quantity of household goods which were captured as booty. The household goods were sold in an auction to the highest bidder.

paragraph: The Mustaliq lost a total of ten men. Only one Muslim was killed by mistake by a Helper. Juwayrīyah bint al-Ḥārith, daughter of the Banū al-Muṣṭaliq chief was one of the captives.

paragraph: Section::::Juwayriya captured as slave, freed and married.

paragraph: After minimal casualties, the Muslim forces were victorious. Among the many captives was Juwayriya, whose husband, Mustafa bin Safwan, had been killed in the battle. She initially fell among Muhammad's companion Thabit b. Qays b. Al-Shammas. Troubled by this, Juwayriya sought a deed of redemption from Muhammad. Muhammad proposed to marry her and, as a result, freed her from the bondage of Thabit b. Qais and consequently ameliorated the condition of her captured tribe.

paragraph: From Muhammad 'Ali Qutb's book, "Women Around the Messenger":

paragraph: "The mother of the faithful 'A'ishah (may Allah be pleased with her) speaks about that day:

paragraph: "The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) took the women of Banu al-Mustaliq as captives. He took out the one fifth of them and divided the remaining ones among his Companions giving the cavalry soldier two shares and the infantry soldier a share.

paragraph: Juwayriyah (may Allah be pleased with her) fell into the share of Thabit ibn Qays al-Ansari. She was formerly married to a cousin of hers known as Mani' ibn Safwan ibn Malik ibn Judhaymah, who is also known as Dhu ash- Shafrah. She was bereaved of him. She then agreed with Thabit ibn Qays to buy her freedom with nine Ooqiyah."

paragraph: 'A'ishah describes her saying, "She was a pleasant woman. No one saw her except he became captivated by her. While the Messenger of Allah was when suddenly Juwayriyah entered asking him concerning her ransom agreement (with Thabit). By Allah, as soon as I saw her, I disliked her entering the place of Messenger of Allah for I knew that he would see what I saw in her.

paragraph: She then started addressing Muhammad, ' O ' Messenger of Allah! I am Juwayriyah bint al-Harith the leader of his people. You are not oblivious of what had happened to me. So I fell in the share of Thabit ibn Qays and I agreed with him to ransom myself with nine Ooqiyah. So help me to free myself.'

paragraph: Muhammad replied, 'Do you want what is better than that?'

paragraph: She said, 'What is it?'

paragraph: Muhammad said, 'I will pay on your behalf and then marry you.'

paragraph: She said, 'Yes, O ' Messenger of Allah.'

paragraph: Muhammad then said, 'I have done that.",

paragraph: 'A'ishah said: "Then the news of the marriage came to the people and started saying, 'Will the Prophet's in-laws be held as captives?!!' Then the people freed all the captives that were with them of the tribe of Banu al-Mustaliq, and the number of those freed reached one hundred households because of the Prophet's marriage to Juwayriyah."

paragraph: 'A'ishah added, "I knew of no other woman who brought greater blessing to her people than Juwayriyah. And that was when the Prophet was returning from the Battle of Muraysee'."

paragraph: Juwayriyah was, at the beginning of her Islam, the source of good and blessing. And this was her first credit.""

paragraph: This incident was described in more detail:

paragraph: "At the first opportunity [after her capture] she went to the Prophet, and pleaded her case with him. She told him that she was the daughter of a chieftain and used to command and because of her unfortunate circumstance she found herself in this helpless position. From a throne made of gold she had fallen into dust. ...How could she possibly live the life as a slave? She pleaded with the Prophet, to take notice of the pitiful and desperate condition in which she found herself.

paragraph: The Prophet, was moved by her sorrowful plea and asked her if she would like to live as a free woman and be part of his household if he paid her ransom. She had never in her dreams expected this offer. Moved deeply by this unexpected elevation in her status, she exclaimed she would be more than happy to accept."

paragraph: Some time later her father and all the men of her tribe who had been freed also accepted Islam as their religion.

paragraph: Consequently, she was married to Muhammad, the Islamic prophet when he was 58 years old and she was 20, thus placing the marriage in 628. After her marriage, it is mentioned that she was very pious and spent most of her time engrossed in prayer.

paragraph: Section::::Death and burial.

paragraph: She died at the age of sixty-five in the 50th year after migration and was buried with the other wives of Muhammad in Jannatul Baqi'.

paragraph: Section::::Her qualities.

paragraph: Juwayriya was described as being very beautiful and refined:

paragraph: BULLET::::- She was brought up in the lap of luxury, and had all the refinements and graces of a princess. Intelligent and wise, she mastered language and literary style. This was an accomplishment much prized by contemporary Arabs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- All who saw [Juwayriya] were stunned by her exceptional beauty. Brought up as she had been in one of the foremost families of the time, she was not only beautiful but graceful, elegant, and eloquent.

paragraph: BULLET::::- When Muhammad's wife 'Aisha first saw her it is said she exclaimed that Juwayriyah was "as beautiful as a fairy".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Juwayriyah bint Al-Harith reported: The Prophet came out from my apartment in the morning as I was busy in performing the dawn prayer. He came back in the forenoon and found me sitting there. The Prophet said, "Are you still in the same position as I left you." I replied in the affirmative. Thereupon the Prophet said,

paragraph: "I recited four words three times after I had left you. If these are to be weighed against all you have recited since morning, these will be heavier. These are:

paragraph: سُبْحَانَ اللهِ وَ بِحَمْدِهِ عَدَدَ خَلقِهِ وَرِضَا نَفْسِهِ وَزِنَةَ عَرْشِهِ وَ مِدَادَ كَلِمَاتِهِ

paragraph: "Subhan-Allahi wa bihamdihi, `adada khalqihi, wa rida nafsihi, wa zinatah `arshihi, wa midada kalimatihi"

paragraph: Allah is free from imperfection and I begin with His praise, as many times as the number of His creatures, in accordance with His Good Pleasure, equal to the weight of His Throne and equal to the ink that may be used in recording the words (for His Praise)." - Muslim

description: Wife of Muhammad

wikidata_label: Juwayriyya bint al-Harith

wikipedia_title: Juwayriyya bint al-Harith


text:
Muhammad
wives of Muhammad
Muslim
Medina
Huyayy ibn Akhtab
Banu Nadir
Barra bint Samawal
Banu Qurayza
Samaw'al ibn Adiya
Banu Harith
Sallam ibn Mishkam
Khaybar
oasis
Mecca
Bedouin
Battle of the Trench
Kenana ibn al-Rabi
Battle of Khaybar
Muhammad al-Bukhari
companions
Sirah Rasul Allah
Umar
caliph
Uthman ibn Affan
Ali
Aisha
Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
caliph was besieged
Muawiyah
Jannat al-Baqi
dirham
Judaism
Sufi
hadith
Saffiyah (name)
Rayhana
Judaism's views on Muhammad
List of non-Arab Sahaba
John Esposito
Leila Ahmed
Karen Armstrong
The Battle for God

categories: 661 deaths,Women in medieval warfare,Jewish Saudi Arabian history,Jews of the Jewish tribes of Arabia,Converts to Islam from Judaism,Wives of Muhammad,Hejazi Jews,601 births,Banu Nadir,Islam and Judaism,Female Sahabah

paragraph: Safiyya bint Huyayy

paragraph: Safiyyah bint Huyayy (, c. 610 – c. 670) was one of the wives of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. She was, along with all other wives of Muhammad, titled Umm-ul-Mu'mineen or the "Mother of Believers".

paragraph: After Muhammad's death, she became involved in the power politics of the early Muslim community, and acquired substantial influence by the time of her death.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Safiyya was born in Medina to Huyayy ibn Akhtab, the chief of the Jewish tribe Banu Nadir. Her mother, Barra bint Samawal, was from the Banu Qurayza tribe. She was the granddaughter of Samaw'al ibn Adiya from the Banu Harith tribe. According to a source, she was married off to Sallam ibn Mishkam, who later divorced her.

paragraph: When the Banu Nadir were expelled from Medina in 625, her family settled in Khaybar, an oasis near Medina. Her father and brother went from Khaybar to join the Meccan and Bedouin forces besieging Muhammad in Medina during the Battle of the Trench. When the Meccans withdrew Muhammad besieged the Banu Qurayza. After the defeat of the Banu Qurayza in 627 Safiyya's father, a long-time opponent of Muhammad, was captured and executed by the Muslims.

paragraph: In 627 or early in 628, Safiyya married Kenana ibn al-Rabi, treasurer of the Banu Nadir; she was about 17 years old at that time. Safiyya is said to have informed Kenana of a dream she had in which the moon had fallen from the heavens into her lap. Kenana interpreted it as a desire to marry Muhammad and struck her in the face, leaving a mark which was still visible when she first had contact with Muhammad.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Khaybar.

paragraph: In May 629, the Muslims defeated several Jewish tribes (including the Banu Nadir) at the Battle of Khaybar. The Jews had surrendered, and were allowed to remain in Khaybar on the provision that they give half of their annual produce to the Muslims. The land itself became the property of the Muslim state. This agreement, Stillman says, did not extend to the Banu Nadir tribe, who were given no quarter. Safiyya's husband, Kenana ibn al-Rabi, was also killed.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage to Muhammad.

paragraph: According to Muhammad al-Bukhari, Muhammad stayed for three days between Khaybar and Medina, where he consummated his marriage to Safiyya. His companions wondered if she was to be considered a slave () or a wife. The former speculated that they would consider Safiyya as Muhammad's wife, and thus "Mothers of the Believers", if Muhammad ordered her to veil herself, else she would be his servant-girl.

paragraph: Muhammad suggested that Safiyya convert to Islam, she agreed and thus became Muhammad's wife. Safiyya did not bear any children to Muhammad.

paragraph: Despite her conversion, Muhammad's other wives teased Safiyya about her Jewish origin. Doubts about Safiyya's loyalty to Islam and the suspicion that she would avenge her slain kin are themes in the "Sirah Rasul Allah" (biographies of Muhammad). In these stories, Muhammad or Umar express great displeasure at such doubts and reaffirm her loyalty.

paragraph: Regarding Safiyya's Jewish descent, Muhammad once said to his wife that if other women insulted her for her "Jewish heritage" and were jealous because of her beauty, she was to respond, "Aaron is my father, Moses my uncle, and Muhammad my husband."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In 656, Safiyya sided with caliph Uthman ibn Affan, and defended him at his last meeting with Ali, Aisha, and Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr. During the period when the caliph was besieged at his residence, Safiyya made an unsuccessful attempt to reach him, and supplied him with food and water via a plank placed between her dwelling and his.

paragraph: Safiyya died in 670 or 672, during the reign of Muawiyah, and was buried in the Jannat al-Baqi graveyard. She left an estate of 100,000 dirhams in land and goods, one-third of which she bequeathed to her sister's son, who followed Judaism. Her dwelling in Medina was bought by Muawiyya for 180,000 dirhams.

paragraph: Her dream was interpreted as a miracle, and her suffering and reputation for crying won her a place in Sufi works. She is mentioned in all major books of hadith for relating a few traditions and a number of events in her life serve as legal precedents.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saffiyah (name)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rayhana

paragraph: BULLET::::- Judaism's views on Muhammad

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of non-Arab Sahaba

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Awde, Nicholas "Women in Islam: An Anthology from the Qur'an and Hadits", Routledge (UK) 2000,

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Esposito and Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, "Islam, Gender, and Social Change", Oxford University Press, 1997,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leila Ahmed, "Women and Gender in Islam: Historical roots of a modern debate," Yale University Press, 1992

paragraph: BULLET::::- Valentine Moghadam (ed), "Gender and National Identity".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karen Armstrong, "The Battle for God: Fundamentalism in Judaism, Christianity and Islam", London, HarperCollins/Routledge, 2001

description: wife of the prophet Muhammad

wikidata_label: Safiyya bint Huyayy

wikipedia_title: Safiyya bint Huyayy


text:
Muhammad
Hilal
Mecca
Hind bint Awf
Lubaba the Elder
Asma bint Umays
Abu Bakr
Salma bint Umays
Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib
Zaynab bint Khuzayma
Muhammad
Lesser Pilgrimage
Umm Salama
Aisha
Sahaba
Al Islam Dictionary
Roots Web

categories: 674 deaths,Female Sahabah,594 births,Banu 'Amir

paragraph: Maymunah bint al-Harith

paragraph: Maymunah bint al-Harith al-Hilaliyah () was a wife of Muhammad. Her original name was Barrah, but Muhammad changed it to Maymuna, meaning "the blessed", as his marriage to her marked the first time in seven years when he could enter his hometown of Mecca.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Her father was al-Harith ibn Hazn from the Hilal tribe in Mecca. Her mother was Hind bint Awf from the Himyar tribe in Yemen. Her full sister was Lubaba the Elder. Her paternal half-sisters were Layla (Lubaba the Younger), Huzayla and Azza. Her maternal half-siblings were Mahmiyah ibn Jazi al-Zubaydi, Asma bint Umays (a wife of Abu Bakr), Salma bint Umays (a wife of Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib) and Awn ibn Umays. Ibn Kathir also mentions a tradition that Zaynab bint Khuzayma (a wife of Muhammad) was another maternal sister.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: She married Muhammad in 629 in Sarif, about ten miles from Mecca, just after the Lesser Pilgrimage. He would have been 58 years old, and she was probably in her late twenties or early thirties.

paragraph: Maymuna lived with Muhammad for three years until his death in 632.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Maymuna's death date is controversial.

paragraph: According to Al-Tabari: "Maymuna died in the year 61 A.H. [680-681] during the caliphate of Yazid ibn Muawiyah. She was the last of the wives of the Prophet to die, and her age was then 80 or 81." However, Al-Tabari asserts elsewhere that Umm Salama outlived Maymuna.

paragraph: Ibn Hajar also cites a tradition implying that Maymuna predeceased Aisha. "We stood on the walls of Medina, looking out … [Aisha said]: 'By Allah! Maymuna is no more! She has gone, and you are left free to do whatever you like. She was the most pious of all of us and the most devoted to her relatives.'"

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sahaba

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al Islam Dictionary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roots Web

description: Wife of Muhammad

wikidata_label: Maymuna bint al-Harith

wikipedia_title: Maymunah bint al-Harith


text:
Copt
Egypt
Islamic prophet
Muhammad
Muqawqis
Alexandria
Persian
Ibrahim
AH
Middle East
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
History of the Prophets and Kings
Rayhana bint Zayd
Aisha bint Abu Bakr
List of non-Arab Sahaba
Ibn Ishaq
Tabari
Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk
State University of New York Press
Ibn Saad
SeekersHub, Faraz Rabbani

categories: Egyptian Copts,Non-Arab Sahabah,637 deaths,Year of birth unknown,Egyptian former Christians,Christianity and Islam,Non-Muslim interactants with Muslims during Muhammad's era,Female Sahabah,Former Oriental Orthodox Christians

paragraph: Maria al-Qibtiyya

paragraph: Maria bint Shamʿūn, better known as Maria al-Qibtiyya (), Maria Qubtiyya, or Maria the Copt, (died 637) was an Egyptian who, along with her sister Sirin, were sent to the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 628 as a gift by Muqawqis, a governor of Alexandria, Egypt during the territory's Persian occupation. She and her sister were slaves. Maria bore Muhammad a son, Ibrahim, who died as an infant.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: In the Islamic year 6 AH (627 – 628 CE), Muhammad is said to have had letters written to the great rulers of the Middle East, proclaiming the new faith and inviting the rulers to join. The purported texts of some of the letters are found in Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari's "History of the Prophets and Kings". Tabari writes that a deputation was sent to an Egyptian governor named as "al-Muqawqis".

paragraph: Tabari recounts the story of Maria's arrival from Egypt:

paragraph: The death of Ibrahim caused Muhammad to weep.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Status as wife.

paragraph: Like Rayhana bint Zayd, there is some debate as to whether she officially became Muhammad’s wife.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aisha bint Abu Bakr

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of non-Arab Sahaba

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ibn Ishaq, translation by A. Guillaume (1955). "The Life of Muhammad". Oxford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tabari (1997). Vol. 8 of the "Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk". State University of New York Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ibn Saad "The Sira of Muhammad".

paragraph: BULLET::::- SeekersHub, Faraz Rabbani

alias:
Maria bint Sham'ûn
Maria Quptiyah
Maria the Copt

description: One of Muhammed's wives

wikidata_label: Maria al-Qibtiyya

wikipedia_title: Maria al-Qibtiyya


text: United Kingdom

text: Foreign and Commonwealth Office

text: Solomon Islands

text: Republic of Vanuatu

text: Republic of Nauru

text: Foreign and Commonwealth Office

text: Foreign and Commonwealth Office

text: Tokyo

text: Foreign and Commonwealth Office

text: Kathmandu

text: Beijing

text: Foreign and Commonwealth Office

text: Foreign and Commonwealth Office

text: Tripoli

text: Foreign and Commonwealth Office

text: Athens

text: Lashkar Gah

text: Asmara

text: Solomon Islands

text: British High Commission

text: Diplomatic service

text: Foreign and Commonwealth Office

categories: High Commissioners to the Solomon Islands,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people),Members of HM Diplomatic Service

paragraph: David Ward (diplomat)

paragraph: David Ward is a British diplomat who works for the United Kingdom's Foreign and Commonwealth Office. He has served as the British High Commissioner to the Solomon Islands and non-resident British High Commissioner to the Republic of Vanuatu and the Republic of Nauru since August 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Posts held.

paragraph: "Source:"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: Joined Foreign and Commonwealth Office

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992–1993: Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Assistant Desk Officer, EU Department (External)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994–1995: Full-time language training (Japanese)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995–1998: Tokyo, Second Secretary (Political)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998–2001: Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Head of Institutions Section, Common Foreign and Security Policy Department

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002–2005: Kathmandu, Deputy Head of Mission

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006–2009: Beijing, Deputy Counsellor (Political)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010–2010: Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Head of Finance Briefing Unit

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010–2011: Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Senior Strategy Adviser, Policy Unit

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011–2012: Tripoli, Deputy Head of Mission

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012–2012: Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Silver Manager, Olympic Coordination Centre

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012–2012: Athens, Counsellor (Political)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013–2014: Lashkar Gah, Deputy Head of Mission, Provincial Reconstruction Team

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014–2016: Asmara, Her Majesty's Ambassador

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016–present: Solomon Islands, High Commissioner

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- British High Commission

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diplomatic service

paragraph: BULLET::::- Foreign and Commonwealth Office

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Solomon Islands

description: British diplomat. Deputy Head of Mission, Libya 2011-2013, Ambassador to Eritrea 2014-2016, High Commissioner to the Solomon Islands 2016

wikidata_label: David Ward

wikipedia_title: David Ward (diplomat)


text:
Ot en Sien
Roden
Jan Ligthart
Ot en Sien

categories: 1913 deaths,19th-century Dutch novelists,People from Noordenveld,1859 births

paragraph: Hindericus Scheepstra

paragraph: Hindericus Scheepstra (17 March 1859 – 8 May 1913) was a Dutch writer best known for his children's book series "Ot en Sien" (1902).

paragraph: Section::::Family and education.

paragraph: Hindericus Scheepstra was born in Roden, the last of nine children. His parents were Hindrik Scheepstra en Janna Roeters.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1902 - "Dicht bij Huis" ("Close to home")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1904 - "Nog bij Moeder" ("Still with mother")

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jan Ligthart

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ot en Sien

description: Dutch writer and teacher

wikidata_label: Hindericus Scheepstra

wikipedia_title: Hindericus Scheepstra


text:
Canadian football
running back
Toronto Argonauts
Canadian Football League
undrafted free agent
Montreal Alouettes
college football
Baylor Bears
Grey Cup
2009
2010
105th Grey Cup
Marc Trestman
2017 CFL season
2011
Avon Cobourne
2012 season
2013 CFL season
2014 season
Toronto Argonauts
James Wilder Jr.
CFL's Most Outstanding Rookie Award
CBC
Hello Goodbye
Pearson airport
Toronto Argonauts bio
Montreal Alouettes bio

categories: Sportspeople from Edmond, Oklahoma,Grey Cup champions,Montreal Alouettes players,Baylor Bears football players,Living people,American football defensive ends,1985 births,Canadian football running backs,American players of Canadian football

paragraph: Brandon Whitaker

paragraph: Brandon Marcel Whitaker (born September 7, 1985) is a professional Canadian football running back who is currently a free agent, having most recently played for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Montreal Alouettes in 2008. He played college football for the Baylor Bears, where he majored in communications. Whitaker is a three-time Grey Cup champion, winning back-to-back championships in 2009 and 2010 with the Alouettes, as well as the 105th Grey Cup with the Argonauts under the leadership of former Alouettes' coach Marc Trestman.The Argonauts did not extend Whitaker's contract with the team subsequent to the 2017 CFL season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Montreal Alouettes.

paragraph: In his first two seasons in the league Whitaker was used a rotational back. In 2011, he took over the starting role from Avon Cobourne, and he made an immediate impact. Whitaker led the CFL in rushing with 1,381 yards on 226 carries. He also added 638 receiving yards to surpass 2,000 yards from scrimmage and had six-100 yard rushing games. Whitaker tore his ACL in September of the 2012 season, resulting in missing almost half the regular season. Following the season Whitaker's contract expired and he attempted to sign with an NFL team, but eventually signed a new 3-year deal with the Alouettes in early June. Early in the 2013 CFL season Whitaker suffered another injury, this time a separated shoulder, which resulted in him missing 13 of the 18 regular season games. Whitaker played in the first 13 games of the 2014 season before landing on the 6-game injured list with a foot injury to wrap up the season. Prior to the injury he managed to cross 1,000 yards from scrimmage for the third time in his career; earning an East Division all-star award.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Toronto Argonauts.

paragraph: On June 21, 2015 Whitaker signed with division rivals the Toronto Argonauts. In his first season in Toronto Whitaker was the Argos lead running back, carrying the ball 121 times for 636 yards, while also contributing 53 receptions for 444 yards in the passing game. His efforts resulted in him being named an East Division all-star for the second consecutive season.

paragraph: In his second season with the Argos Whitaker was named an East Division all-star again after racking up 1,009 yards and three touchdowns on 189 carries, becoming the 41st player in CFL history to rush for 5,000 career yards in the process. Following the season he was no re-signed and became a free agent on February 14, 2017. Nevertheless, Whitaker and the Argos agreed to a new contract on March 30, 2017. Whittaker began the season as Toronto's starting running back, but was placed on the six-game injured list on July 4, 2017. Despite finishing the year on the injured list, and watching the rise of teammate James Wilder Jr., the CFL's Most Outstanding Rookie Award winner, Whitaker would still be a part of the championship team of 2017, which was Whitaker's third Grey Cup. His contract with the Argonauts expired February 14, 2018 at noon. The contract was not extended nor was he offered a new contract after Free Agency begun. Under the salary cap system and the restructuring of James Wilder Jr.'s contract in March 2018, the Argonauts were likely unable to extend an offer to Whittaker.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He is the son of Denise Hill and Aaron Whitaker.

paragraph: Whitaker appeared on the CBC program Hello Goodbye while awaiting for his is mother to arrive at the Pearson airport.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toronto Argonauts bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Montreal Alouettes bio

description: Canadian football player

wikidata_label: Brandon Whitaker

wikipedia_title: Brandon Whitaker


text:
politician
resistance
World War II
Christian Social Union
Steinwiesen
Upper Franconia
Catholic
Western Front
Weimar Republic
Bavarian People’s Party
Catholic resistance
Abwehr
Admiral Canaris
Hans von Dohnanyi
Hans Oster
Pope Pius XII
Lord Halifax
failed assassination attempt
Gestapo
Robert Leiber
German Resistance
Hans Oster
Wilhelm Canaris
Hans von Dohnányi
Francis d'Arcy Osborne
concentration camp
Flossenbürg
Bonhoeffer
Johann Rattenhuber
Ernst Kaltenbrunner
transferred to Tyrol
Sippenhäftlinge
Nazi SS
Niederdorf, South Tyrol
Fifth U.S. Army
Adam Stegerwald
Christian Social Union
Alois Hundhammer
Franz Josef Strauß
elections in 1946
minister-president
Bavaria
Hans Ehard
Munich

categories: People from Kronach (district),1898 births,German resistance members,German conservatives in the German Resistance,1979 deaths,Christian Social Union in Bavaria politicians,German lawyers,Bavarian People's Party politicians,Roman Catholics in the German Resistance,German Roman Catholics,Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime members,People from the Kingdom of Bavaria

paragraph: Josef Müller (CSU politician)

paragraph: Josef Müller (27 March 1898 – 12 September 1979), also known as "Ochsensepp" (“Joe Ox”), was a German politician. He was a member of the resistance during World War II and afterwards one of the founders of the Christian Social Union (CSU). He was a devout Catholic and a leading figure in the Catholic resistance to Hitler.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Steinwiesen, Upper Franconia, Müller was a lifelong Catholic. He entered the legal profession after serving as a mortar-man on the Western Front from 1916 to 1919. He was discharged as a senior sergeant.

paragraph: Müller became politically active during the Weimar Republic as a member of the Bavarian People’s Party.

paragraph: Section::::Third Reich.

paragraph: During the Nazi period he worked as an attorney defending many Nazi opponents. He also was part of the Catholic resistance and was in contact with resistance figures in the Abwehr (German military intelligence) such as Admiral Canaris, Hans von Dohnanyi and Hans Oster.

paragraph: Section::::Third Reich.:Missions to Rome.

paragraph: Early in the war (1939–1940), Müller made a number of trips to the Vatican under the identity "X". He carried correspondence between the German resistance and British intelligence that sought co-operation in a coup to replace Hitler's regime with an anti-Nazi civilian government supported by the German military. The correspondence and related intelligence passed through an intermediary to the hands of Pope Pius XII, who would review it and in turn forward it to Lord Halifax in Britain. Dohnanyi summarized the material into a report, containing list of individuals slated to assume roles in a post-coup civilian government. Despite Müller's urgings, Dohnanyi failed to destroy this document and during the purges following the failed assassination attempt on Hitler in July 1944, it fell into the hands of the Gestapo, which led to the arrests, trials and executions of many resistance members.

paragraph: The Pope's Private Secretary, Robert Leiber acted as the intermediary for Pius and met with Müller, who visited Rome in 1939 and 1940. The Vatican considered Müller to be a representative of Colonel-General Beck and agreed to offer the machinery for mediation between the German Resistance and the Allies. Hans Oster, Wilhelm Canaris and Hans von Dohnányi, backed by Beck, told Müller to ask Pius to ascertain whether the British would enter negotiations with the German opposition which wanted to overthrow Hitler. The British agreed to negotiate, provided the Vatican could vouch for the opposition's representative. Pius, communicating with Britain's Francis d'Arcy Osborne, channelled communications back and forth in secrecy. The Vatican agreed to send a letter outlining the bases for peace with England and the participation of the Pope was used to try to persuade senior German Generals Halder and Brauchitsch to act against Hitler. Negotiations were tense, with a Western offensive expected, and on the basis that substantive negotiations could only follow the replacement of the Hitler regime. The British government had doubts as to the capacity of the conspirators. Nevertheless, the resistance were encouraged by the talks, and Muller told Leiber that a coup would occur in February. Pius appeared to continue to hope for a coup in Germany into March 1940. The negotiations ultimately proved fruitless. Hitler's swift victories over France and the Low Countries deflated the will of the German military to resist Hitler. Muller was arrested during the Nazis first raid on Military Intelligence in 1943. He spent the rest of the war in concentration camps, ending up at Dachau.

paragraph: Section::::Third Reich.:Imprisonment.

paragraph: After his arrest in 1943 he was interned at the concentration camp Flossenbürg. Unlike fellow inmates Canaris, Oster and Bonhoeffer, who were executed in April 1945, Müller was spared at the last moment, at the foot of the scaffold, through the intervention of Johann Rattenhuber who convinced Ernst Kaltenbrunner that keeping Müller alive might help Germany negotiate more favorable surrender terms. Instead, Müller was transferred to Tyrol in late April 1945 along with 138 other "special prisoners" ("Sonderhäftlinge") and "kin prisoners" ("Sippenhäftlinge"), persons of prominence the Nazi SS had hauled off in the final days of the war to Niederdorf, South Tyrol, where they were to be hidden and used as bargaining chips. They were liberated by the Fifth U.S. Army on 5 May 1945.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: After the war, he advocated forming a new Christian party of both Catholics and Protestants. With Adam Stegerwald, he was one of the founders of the Christian Social Union (CSU), serving as the party's first chairman from 1946 to 1949. Müller belonged to the more liberal wing of the party and was the main opponent of the more conservative wing under Alois Hundhammer. He was one of the patrons of the young Franz Josef Strauß.

paragraph: After the CSU had won the first postwar elections in 1946, Hundhammer opposed Müller's nomination as minister-president of Bavaria and proposed for Hans Ehard to be elected as a compromise candidate instead. Once elected, Ehard appointed Hundhammer as minister of culture, but in 1947, Müller entered the cabinet as well as minister of justice. From 1950 onwards, he also was deputy prime minister. He resigned from the government in 1952.

paragraph: He died on 12 September 1979, in Munich.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Die CSU. Anatomie einer konservativen Partei 1945-1972. Opladen 1975 (in german).

alias:
Josef Muller
Müller, Josef
Muller, Josef
Ochsensepp
Joseph Muller
Josef Mueller
Joseph Mueller

description: German politician (CSU), member of the Landtag, Catholic lawyer

wikidata_label: Josef Müller

wikipedia_title: Josef Müller (CSU politician)


text:
Morton Feldman
free improvisation
AMM
Royal College of Music
Arthur Alexander
James Gibb
Zbigniew Drzewiecki
Cornelius Cardew
Scratch Orchestra
Howard Skempton
John White
Samuel Beckett
Keith Rowe
M.I.M.E.O.
Caravaggio
The Taking of Christ
Last Supper
Cor Fuhler
piano preparation
Erstwhile Records
electroacoustic improvisation
Dave Smith
Yoshikazu Iwamoto
Evan Parker
Marcus Schmickler
Werner Dafeldecker
Christof Kurzmann
Stevie Wishart
Mikroton Recordings
Smith Quartet
"Cornelius Cardew: Works 1960–70"
John Tilbury Statement
On Playing Feldman
John Tilbury on Morton Feldman
May 2010 All About Jazz Interview

categories: 1936 births,English contemporary pianists,Living people

paragraph: John Tilbury

paragraph: John Tilbury (born 1 February 1936) is a British pianist. He is considered one of the foremost interpreters of Morton Feldman's music, and since 1980 has been a member of the free improvisation group AMM.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Tilbury studied piano at the Royal College of Music with Arthur Alexander and James Gibb and also with Zbigniew Drzewiecki in Warsaw. 1968 he was the winner of the Gaudeamus competition in the Netherlands.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.

paragraph: During the 1960s, Tilbury was closely associated with the composer Cornelius Cardew, whose music he has interpreted and recorded and a member of the Scratch Orchestra. His biography of Cardew, "Cornelius Cardew – A life unfinished" was published in 2008.

paragraph: Tilbury has also recorded the works of Howard Skempton and John White, among many others, and has also performed adaptations of the radio plays of Samuel Beckett.

paragraph: With guitarist AMM bandmate Keith Rowe's electroacoustic ensemble M.I.M.E.O., Tilbury recorded "The Hands of Caravaggio", inspired by the painter's "The Taking of Christ" (1602). In this live performance, twelve of the members of M.I.M.E.O. were positioned around the piano in a deliberate echo of Christ's Last Supper. The thirteenth M.I.M.E.O. member (Cor Fuhler) is credited with "inside piano" as he interacted and interfered with Tilbury's playing by manipulating and damping the instrument's strings, essentially doing piano preparation in real time. Critic Brian Olewnick describes the album as "A staggering achievement, one is tempted to call The Hands of Caravaggio the first great piano concerto of the 21st century."[].

paragraph: Another notable recent recording of Tilbury's was "Duos for Doris" (like "The Hands of Caravaggio" also on Erstwhile Records), a collaboration with Keith Rowe. It is widely considered a landmark recording in the genre of electroacoustic improvisation (or "EAI").

paragraph: In 2013 he collaborated with artist Armando Lulaj in FIEND performance at the National Theatre of Tirana (Albania).

paragraph: Section::::Selected discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975 – "John Cage: Sonatas & Interludes for Prepared Piano" – Decca

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988 – "Dave Smith's First Piano Concert" – Matchless

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 – "Howard Skempton: Well, Well, Cornelius" – Sony Classical

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 – "Cornelius Cardew: Piano Music 1959~70" – Matchless

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 – "The Issue at Hand" (with Yoshikazu Iwamoto, Eddie Prévost) 2CD – Matchless

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 – "Two Chapters and an Epilogue" (with Evan Parker – Matchless

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 – "Morton Feldman: All Piano" 4CD – LondonHALL

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 – MIMEO "The Hands of Caravaggio" – Erstwhile

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 – "Christian Wolff: Early Piano Music (1951–1961)" – Matchless

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 – Keith Rowe, John Tilbury "Duos for Doris" – Erstwhile

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 – John Tilbury, Eddie Prévost "Discrete Moments" – Matchless

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 – "Plays Samuel Beckett" – Matchless

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 – "Barcelona Piano Solo" – Rossbin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 – Marcus Schmickler, John Tilbury "Variety" – A-Musik

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 – Werner Dafeldecker / Christof Kurzmann / John Tilbury / Stevie Wishart "Werner Dafeldecker / Christof Kurzmann / John Tilbury / Stevie Wishart" – Mikroton Recordings

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 – "Music for Piano and Strings by Morton Feldman volume 1" (with the Smith Quartet) DVD – Matchles

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 – "Cornelius Cardew: Works 1960–70" with Michael Francis Duch and Rhodri Davies

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 – Keith Rowe, John Tilbury "E.E. Tension and Circumstance" – Potlatch

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Tilbury Statement

paragraph: BULLET::::- On Playing Feldman by John Tilbury

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Tilbury on Morton Feldman Lecture by John Tilbury

paragraph: BULLET::::- May 2010 All About Jazz Interview

description: English painter

wikidata_label: John Tilbury

wikipedia_title: John Tilbury


text:
Spanish
Renaissance
Talavera de la Reina
Toledo
Seville
Burgos
Rome
Cristóbal de Morales
printing
Venice
Antwerp
Guerrero
Victoria
Italy
Franco-Flemish
mass
Magnificat
motet
hymn
ensalada
quodlibet
contrapuntal
plainsong
retrograde
Hayne van Ghizeghem
Josquin des Prez
Pro Cantione Antiqua
Bruno Turner
Dominique Vellard
Westminster Cathedral
O'Donnell
Gustave Reese

categories: Spanish classical composers,1470s births,Renaissance composers,1528 deaths

paragraph: Francisco de Peñalosa

paragraph: Francisco de Peñalosa (c. 1470 – April 1, 1528) was a Spanish composer of the middle Renaissance.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in Talavera de la Reina in the province of Toledo. He spent most of his career in Seville, serving as the "maestro di capilla", though he also spent time in Burgos, and three years in Rome at the papal chapel (1518–1521). He died in Seville.

paragraph: Section::::Music and influence.

paragraph: Peñalosa was one of the most famous Spanish composers of the generation before Cristóbal de Morales, and his compositions were highly regarded at the time. Unfortunately for him, his music was not widely distributed; he did not benefit from the invention of printing, since he mostly remained in Spain, away from cities such as Venice and Antwerp which were the first centers of printed music. Later generations of Spanish composers—Guerrero, Morales, Victoria—went to Italy for parts of their careers, where their compositions were printed and were as widely distributed as the music of the Franco-Flemish composers who dominated music in Europe in the 16th century.

paragraph: Peñalosa wrote masses, Magnificat settings, motets and hymns. Eleven secular compositions have survived, including an ensalada (a form of quodlibet) "Por las sierras de Madrid" for six voices.

paragraph: Peñalosa was evidently fond of contrapuntal puzzles and canons, as evidenced by the quodlibet, and by the Agnus Dei of his "Missa Ave Maria peregrina", which combines a plainsong tune with a retrograde (backwards) version of a famous secular song by Hayne van Ghizeghem.

paragraph: One of his motets ("Sancta mater istud agas") was long assumed to be by Josquin des Prez, which indicates both the stylistic similarity of their music and the high quality of Peñalosa's.

paragraph: Section::::Selected recordings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Penalosa: Complete Motets Pro Cantione Antiqua, Bruno Turner, Hyperion/Helios

paragraph: BULLET::::- Penalosa: Missa Nunca fue pena mayor. Sacris solemniis. Memorare Piissima. Ensemble Gilles Binchois, Les Saqueboutiers du Toulouse, Dominique Vellard, Glossa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Penalosa: Missa Ave Maria, Missa Nunca fue pena mayor. Choir of Westminster Cathedral, O'Donnell, Hyperion

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article "Francisco de Peñalosa," in "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians", ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gustave Reese, "Music in the Renaissance". New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.

description: Spanish composer

wikidata_label: Francisco de Peñalosa

wikipedia_title: Francisco de Peñalosa


text:
Ephesus
Clazomenae
Ancient Greek
iambic
poet
Bupalus and Athenis
physically deformed
Callimachus
Herodas
Theocritus
Aristophanes
Herodian
Marmor Parium
Pliny The Elder
Delos
Athenaeus
Suda
Ephesus
Clazomenae
scholiast
Horace
Archilochus of Paros
Diphilus
Sappho
Petronius
fellatio
Tzetzes
Iambus
Demeter
Dionysus
choliamb
spondee
trochee
burlesque
trochaic tetrameter
dactyls
iambs
dactylic hexameter
parody
Athenaeus
Odyssey
Semonides
Ionic
Anatolia
Lydian
loanword
dung beetles
Petronius
epodes
Horace
Sappho
Julian the Apostate
Attic
Oxyrhynchus
choliambics
Old Comedy
iambus
Aristotle
Lysistrata
Frogs
Stobaeus
New Comedy
Easterling, P.E.
Bernard M.W. Knox
Murray, Gilbert
"A History of Ancient Greek Literature"
Todd M. Compton
"Hipponax: Creating the Pharmakos"
Center for Hellenic Studies

categories: 6th-century BC poets,Ionic Greek poets,6th-century BC Greek people,Ancient Greek political refugees,Iambic poets,Lydian language,Year of birth unknown,Ancient Greek poets,Ancient Ephesians

paragraph: Hipponax

paragraph: Hipponax (; "gen".: Ἱππώνακτος), of Ephesus and later Clazomenae, was an Ancient Greek iambic poet who composed verses depicting the vulgar side of life in Ionian society in the sixth century BC. He was celebrated by ancient authors for his malicious wit (especially for his attacks on some contemporary sculptors, Bupalus and Athenis), and he was reputed to be physically deformed (a reputation that might have been inspired by the nature of his poetry). Little of his work survives despite its interest to Alexandrian scholars, who collected it in two or three books. He influenced Alexandrian poets searching for alternative styles and uses of language, such as Callimachus and Herodas, and his colourful reputation as an acerbic, social critic also made him a popular subject for verse, as in this epigram by Theocritus:

paragraph: Ancient literary critics credited him with inventing literary parody and "lame" poetic meters suitable for vigorous abuse, as well as with influencing comic dramatists such as Aristophanes. His witty, abusive style appears for example in this quote by Herodian, who however was mainly interested in its linguistic aspects (many of the extant verses were preserved for us by lexicographers and grammarians interested in rare words):

paragraph: where 'navel-snipper' signifies a midwife.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Ancient authorities record the barest details about his life (sometimes contradicting each other) and his extant poetry is too fragmentary to support autobiographical interpretation (a hazardous exercise even at the best of times).

paragraph: The Marmor Parium, only partially preserved in the relevant place, dates him to 541/40 BC, a date supported by Pliny The Elder in this comment on the theme of sculpture:

paragraph: Archeological corroboration for these dates is found on the pedestal of a statue in Delos, inscribed with the names Micciades and Achermus and dated to 550-30 BC. The poet therefore can be safely dated to the second half of the sixth century BC. According to Athenaeus, he was small, thin and surprisingly strong The Byzantine encyclopaedia "Suda", recorded that he was expelled from Ephesus by the tyrants Athenagoras and Comas, then settled in Clazomenae, and that he wrote verses satirising Bupalis and Athenis because they made insulting likenesses of him. A scholiast commenting on Horace's "Epodes" recorded two differing accounts of the dispute with Bupalus, characterized however as "a painter in Clazomenae": Hipponax sought to marry Bupalus's daughter but was rejected "because" of his physical ugliness, and Bupalus portrayed him as ugly "in order" to provoke laughter. According to the same scholiast, Hipponax retaliated in verse so savagely that Bupalus hanged himself.

paragraph: Hipponax in that case closely resembles Archilochus of Paros, an earlier iambic poet, who reportedly drove a certain Lycambes and his daughters to hang themselves after he too was rejected in marriage. Such a coincidence invites scepticism. The comic poet Diphilus took the similarity between the two iambic poets even further, representing them as rival lovers of the poet Sappho

paragraph: The life of Hipponax, as revealed in the poems, resembles a low-life saga centred on his private enmities, his amorous escapades and his poverty but it is probable he was another Petronius, depicting low-life characters while actually moving in higher social circles. In one fragment, Hipponax decries "Bupalus, the mother-fucker () with Arete", the latter evidently being the mother of Bupalus, yet Arete is presented as performing fellatio on Hipponax in another fragment and, elsewhere, Hipponax complains "Why did you go to bed with that rogue Bupalus?", again apparently referring to Arete (whose name ironically is Greek for 'virtue'). The poet is a man of action but, unlike Archilochus, who served as a warrior on Thasos, his battlefields are close to home:

paragraph: Hipponax's quarrelsome disposition is also illustrated in verses quoted by Tzetzes, where the bard abuses a painter called Mimnes, and advises him thus:

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Hipponax composed within the Iambus tradition which, in the work of Archilochus, a hundred years earlier, appears to have functioned as ritualized abuse and obscenity associated with the religious cults of Demeter and Dionysus but which, in Hipponax's day, seems rather to have had the purpose of entertainment. In both cases, the genre featured scornful abuse, a bitter tone and sexual permissiveness.

paragraph: Unlike Archilochus, however, he frequently refers to himself by name, emerging as a highly self-conscious figure, and his poetry is more narrow and insistently vulgar in scope: "with Hipponax, we are in an unheroic, in fact, a very sordid world", amounting to "a new conception of the poet's function."

paragraph: He was considered the inventor of a peculiar metre, the scazon ("halting iambic" as Murray calls it) or choliamb, which substitutes a spondee or trochee for the final iambus of an iambic senarius, and is an appropriate form for the burlesque character of his poems. As an ancient scholar once put it:

paragraph: Most of the surviving fragments are in choliambs but others feature trochaic tetrameter and even dactyls, the latter sometimes in combination with iambs and even on their own in dactylic hexameter, imitating epic poetry. Ancient scholars in fact credited him with inventing parody and Athenaeus quoted this diatribe against a glutton 'Euromedontiades', composed in dactylic hexameter in mock-heroic imitation of Homer's Odyssey:

paragraph: Most archaic poets (including the iambic poets Archilochus and Semonides) were influenced by the Ionian epic tradition, as represented in the work of Homer. Except for parody, Hipponax composed as if Homer never existed, avoiding not only heroic sentiment but even epic phrasing and vocabulary. He employed a form of Ionic Greek that included an unusually high proportion of Anatolian and particularly Lydian loanwords, as for example here where he addresses Zeus with the outlandish Lydian word for 'king' (nominative ):

paragraph: Eating, defecating and fornicating are frequent themes and often they are employed together, as in fragment 92, a tattered papyrus which narrates a sexual encounter in a malodorous privy, where a Lydian-speaking woman performs some esoteric and obscene rites on the narrator, including beating his genitals with a fig branch and inserting something up his anus, provoking incontinence and finally an attack by dung beetles—a wild scene that possibly inspired the 'Oenothea' episode in Petronius's "Satyricon".

paragraph: The extant work also includes fragments of epodes (fr. 115-118) but the authorship is disputed by many modern scholars, who attribute them to Archilochus on various grounds, including for example the earlier poet's superior skill in invective and the fragments' resemblance to the tenth epode of Horace (an avowed imitator of Archilochus). Archilochus might also have been the source for an unusually beautiful line attributed to Hipponax (a line that has also been described "as clear, melodious and spare as a line of Sappho"):

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Transmission and reception.

paragraph: Few fragments of his work survived through the Byzantine period despite his earlier popularity with Alexandrian poets and scholars. The Christian fathers disapproved of his abusive and obscene verses and he was also singled out as unedifying by Julian the Apostate, the pagan emperor, who instructed his priests to "abstain not only from impure and lascivious acts but also from speech and reading of the same character...No initiate shall read Archilochus or Hipponax or any of the authors who write the same kind of thing." Moreover, Hipponax's Ionic dialect and his extensive use of foreign words made his work unsuited to an ancient education system that promoted Attic, the dialect of classical Athens. Today the longest fragment of complete, consecutive verses comprises only six lines. Archeologists working at Oxyrhynchus have added to the meagre collection with tattered scraps of papyrus, of which the longest, published in 1941, has "parts" of over fifty choliambics.

paragraph: Old Comedy, as a medium for invective and abuse, was a natural successor to iambus from the viewpoint of Aristotle and Aristophanes, the master of Old Comedy, certainly borrowed inspiration from Hipponax: "Someone ought to give them a Bupalus or two on the jaw—that might shut them up for a bit" the men's chorus says about the women's chorus in Lysistrata, and "Wonderful poet, Hipponax!" Dionysus exclaims in Frogs, while trying to disguise the pain inflicted on himself during a flogging. A quote attributed to Hipponax by Stobaeus actually appears to have been composed by a New Comedy poet.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Some Hipponactean sayings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "There are two days when a woman is a pleasure: the day one marries her and the day one carries out her dead body." ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "drank like a lizard in a privy."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "croaking like a raven in a privy."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "sister of cow manure"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "opening of filth...self-exposer" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mimnes, you who gape open all the way to the shoulders." ():

paragraph: BULLET::::- "interprandial pooper" ()

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Easterling, P.E. (Series Editor), Bernard M.W. Knox (Editor), "Cambridge History of Classical Literature", v.I, Greek Literature, 1985. , cf. Chapter 5, "Elegy and Iambus", pp. 158–164 on Hipponax.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Murray, Gilbert, "A History of Ancient Greek Literature", 1897. Cf. p. 88

paragraph: BULLET::::- Todd M. Compton, "Hipponax: Creating the Pharmakos" at the Center for Hellenic Studies

description: ancient Greek poet

enwikiquote_title: Hipponax

wikidata_label: Hipponax

wikipedia_title: Hipponax


text: German

text: Renaissance

text: Lucas Cranach the Elder

text: Wittenberg

text: Lucas Cranach the Elder

text: Hans

text: Protestant Reformation

text: Martin Luther

text: John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony

text: Gregor Brück

text: Augustin Cranach

text: Polykarp Leyser the Elder

text: Stadtkirche Wittenberg

text: Cranach Digital Archive (cda)

categories: German male painters,People from Wittenberg,1515 births,German Lutherans,German Renaissance painters,16th-century German painters,1586 deaths,People from the Electorate of Saxony

paragraph: Lucas Cranach the Younger

paragraph: Lucas Cranach the Younger ("Lucas Cranach der Jüngere" ; 4 October 1515 – 25 January 1586) was a German Renaissance painter and portraitist, the son of Lucas Cranach the Elder.

paragraph: Section::::Life and Career.

paragraph: Lucas Cranach the Younger was born in Wittenberg, Germany on October 4, 1515 as the second son of Lucas Cranach the Elder and Barbara Brengebier. He began his career as an apprentice in his father's workshop, training alongside his older brother Hans. Following Hans's sudden death in 1537, Cranach the Younger assumed greater responsibilities in the workshop.

paragraph: The Protestant Reformation began in Wittenberg in 1515. Cranach the Elder was friends with Martin Luther and became known as a leading producer of Protestant artistic propaganda. In 1550, Cranach the Elder left Wittenberg to join his patron John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony in exile. Following his father's departure, Cranach the Younger assumed full responsibility over the flourishing family workshop. In this position, he successfully maintained the workshop's high output of quality work, including images of Reformers. Although Cranach the Younger was never a court painter, he worked for members of the social elite including princes and nobles. Upon his death in 1586, theologian Georg Mylius stated that Cranach the Younger's work could be seen in, "churches and schools, in castles and houses."

paragraph: The Cranach family enjoyed a high status in Wittenberg. In addition to the painting workshop, Cranach the Younger was a successful businessman and politician. He occupied several political offices in Nuremberg beginning in 1549, when he served on the city council. He also served as Chamberlain, beginning in 1555 and Burgomaster from 1565.

paragraph: On February 20, 1541 he married Barbara Brück (daughter of Gregor Brück, Luther's legal advisor, and Cranach's neighbour in Wittenberg), with whom he had three sons and a daughter. He was also connected to the Brück family by his sister, Barbara Cranach, being married to Christian Brück, brother of his wife. She died of plague on February 10, 1550. Thereafter Cranach married Magdalena Schurff on May 24, 1551. This union produced five children, including painter Augustin Cranach. His daughter Elisabeth married Polykarp Leyser the Elder.

paragraph: Cranach the Younger died in Wittenberg on January 25, 1586 at the age of 70. He is buried adjacent to one of his finest altarpieces in the church of St Mary, also known as Stadtkirche Wittenberg.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cranach Digital Archive (cda) The research resource on Lucas Cranach

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fifteenth- to eighteenth-century European paintings: France, Central Europe, the Netherlands, Spain, and Great Britain", a collection catalog fully available online as a PDF, which contains material on Cranach the Younger (cat. no. 10)

alias:
Lucas (II) Cranach
Lucas Cranach II
the younger Lucas Cranach
Lucas, the younger Cranach
Lucas, the Younger Cranach
Lucas, II Cranach
Lucas II Cranach
Lucas Cranach
Lucas (The Younger) Cranach
lucas cranach the younger
Cranach der Jüngere
Lucas, d. J. Cranach
jun. Lucas Cranach
lucas cranach d. jung.
Lucas Cranach d. Jüngere
Lucas d. Jüngere Cranach
lucas cranach d.j.
lucas cranach der jungere
Lucas, der Jüngere Cranach
Lukas Cranach d. J.
Cranach
d. J. Lucas Cranach
Lucas Cranach d. Jg.
Lukas Cranach der Jüngere
lukas cranach d. j.
Cranach d. J.
Lucas Cranach D. J.
Lucas Cranach der Jüngere

description: German Renaissance artist

wikidata_label: Lucas Cranach the Younger

wikipedia_title: Lucas Cranach the Younger


text:
cross-country skier
FIS Cross-Country World Cup
Tour de Ski
Erythropoietin
2014 Winter Olympics
International Ski Federation (FIS)

categories: Austrian sportspeople in doping cases,Cross-country skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics,Austrian male cross-country skiers,Olympic cross-country skiers of Austria,1987 births,Tour de Ski skiers,Living people

paragraph: Johannes Dürr

paragraph: Johannes Dürr (born 12 March 1987) is an Austrian cross-country skier. He has competed in FIS Cross-Country World Cup since 2011. His best result was at the Tour de Ski is third place in season 2013–14, but he was disqualified after he admitted to have been using Erythropoietin (EPO).

paragraph: During the 2014 Winter Olympics Dürr finished eight in the skiathlon. He went home to Austria to train for the 50km run but tested positive for EPO just days before the race. He was subsequently disqualified from the skiathlon race.

paragraph: Section::::World Cup results.

paragraph: All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

description: Austrian cross-country skier

wikidata_label: Johannes Dürr

wikipedia_title: Johannes Dürr


text: Hangzhou

text: Yangzhou

text: mei

text: Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou

text: orchid

text: bamboo

text: chrysanthemum

text: Buddhist

text: Yangzhou

text: Luo Ping

text: lacquer

text: calligraphy

text: Oxford

text: Cahill, James

text: China Culture

categories: Qing dynasty painters,1687 births,Painters from Zhejiang,Buddhist artists,Artists from Hangzhou,1760s deaths

paragraph: Jin Nong

paragraph: Born in 1687 in Hangzhou, Jin Nong (金農) became popular as a painter and calligrapher while living as a childless widower in Yangzhou in his sixties. His paintings of "mei" blossoms were in particular demand there. Heralded as one of The Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou, Jin favored the amateur scholar style. A nonconformist, he generally painted more traditional images laden with symbolism (such as orchids, bamboo, chrysanthemums, and mei blossoms) and preserved his independence by selling works in an open market, rather than adopting an individual patron. Later styles included Buddhist imagery. However, Jin was the first artist in the Chinese tradition to paint a large number of self-portraits and did earn money through the patronage of wealthy individuals in Yangzhou who, in addition to buying works, were possible publishers for his numerous writings. Jin probably understood these contradictions as he argued that living off of painting should not be considered dishonorable.

paragraph: Jin Nong also made money as a writer and general entrepreneur. He was known to travel with a number of disciple-servants who assisted in the production of ink stones and lanterns to which he would add a personal artistic touch. It was through the sale of these items that Jin achieved financial independence; his single, failed attempt to compete for office was in the year 1736. He became widely known for his writings, but when his health began to fail, painting became his principal source of income and he in fact acknowledged the use of ghost-painters as a way to increase production. One such understudy, Luo Ping (whose name is sometimes rendered "Lo Ping"), also edited some compilations of his works. He continued to write throughout this time and was a critic as well as a dealer of paintings. There is some confusion about Jin's year of death, but it was most likely 1763 or 1764.

paragraph: He also had a reputation as a calligrapher creating a style he called "lacquer calligraphy."

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chinese Paintings in the Ashmolean Museum Oxford" (76-77) Oxford

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cahill, James. The painter's practice. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- China Culture

paragraph: BULLET::::- China Page of his paintings.(some of it is in Chinese)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum, New York

alias:
hao Dongxin
Shoumen
Nong Jin
Sinong
Dongxin
Jin Nong
Chin Nung

description: Chinese painter

wikidata_label: Jin Nong

wikipedia_title: Jin Nong


text: football

text: center

text: National Football League

text: college football

text: Virginia Tech

text: All-American

text: Oakland Raiders

text: 2004 NFL Draft

text: Miami Dolphins

text: Johnson City, Tennessee

text: Jefferson Forest High School

text: Frank Beamer

text: Virginia Tech Hokies football

text: All-American

text: Rimington Trophy

text: Virginia Tech Sports Hall of Fame

text: drafted

text: 2004 NFL Draft

text: Oakland Raiders

text: Tampa Bay Buccaneers

text: Jon Gruden

text: Adam Treu

text: 2005 NFL season

text: 2007 NFL season

text: Jeremy Newberry

text: 2008 NFL season

text: Miami Dolphins

text: Samson Satele

text: Joe Berger

text: Baltimore Ravens

text: Detroit Lions

text: New England Patriots

text: Oakland Raiders bio

text: Miami Dolphins bio

categories: 1980 births,People from Johnson City, Tennessee,American football centers,Miami Dolphins players,Oakland Raiders players,Living people,American football offensive guards,All-American college football players

paragraph: Jake Grove

paragraph: Charles Jacob Grove (born January 22, 1980) is a former American college and professional football player who was a center in the National Football League (NFL) for seven seasons. He played college football for Virginia Tech, and was recognized as a unanimous All-American. He was drafted by the Oakland Raiders in the second round of the 2004 NFL Draft, and also played for the NFL's Miami Dolphins.He is now a lineman coach at Jefferson Forest High School.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Grove was born in Johnson City, Tennessee. He played high school football at Jefferson Forest High School in Forest, Virginia.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: While attending Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Grove played for coach Frank Beamer's Virginia Tech Hokies football team from 2000 to 2003. As a senior in 2003, he was a first-team All-Big East selection, received unanimous first-team All-American honors, and won the Rimington Trophy, given to the nation's best college center. In recognition of his outstanding college career as a Hokie, Virginia Tech retired his jersey number in 2006, and enshrined him in the Virginia Tech Sports Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Oakland Raiders.

paragraph: Grove was drafted in the second round (45th overall) of the 2004 NFL Draft by the Oakland Raiders, through a pick that was acquired from the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in exchange for Jon Gruden. where he played from 2004 to 2008. After being the reserve center behind Adam Treu as a rookie, Grove split time with him as the starting center during the 2005 NFL season, in which the Raiders had a 4-12 won-lost record, then won the job the following year, the 7th starting center in Raider history, starting all 16 games, when Treu became his replacement for a 2-14 team. But in the 2007 NFL season, Jeremy Newberry became the starting center, as Grove started only two games for the 4-12 team. He got his job back in the 2008 NFL season, starting in 12 games, though the team's fortune stayed poor with a 5-11 record. His Oakland tenure was hampered by injuries, and he only played in more than 10 games twice during his six seasons in Oakland.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Miami Dolphins.

paragraph: On March 2, 2009, Grove signed a five-year, $29 million ($14.5 million guaranteed) free agent contract with the Miami Dolphins. The previous starting center for the Dolphins, Samson Satele, was traded to Grove's old team, the Raiders. Grove suffered through another injury plagued year, playing in 12 games, starting 10 of them. In the 2010 preseason, he suffered from nagging knee and shoulder injuries, and was cut by the Dolphins less than a year after signing his lucrative free agent contract in favor of Joe Berger. He reportedly worked out for the Raiders, Baltimore Ravens, Detroit Lions, and New England Patriots, but did not sign with another team.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oakland Raiders bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miami Dolphins bio

description: American football player, offensive lineman

wikidata_label: Jake Grove

wikipedia_title: Jake Grove