text:
Italian
Formula One
AGS
Minardi
1987
Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year
Monza
Lombardy
motorcross
Formula Monza
Italian Formula Three Championship
American Racing Series
CART
1987 Indianapolis 500
Rookie of the Year
Formula 3000
Toronto
Japanese Formula 3000
AGS
Formula One
Stefan Johansson
Olivier Grouillard
1991 Spanish Grand Prix
Lola
1992 Indianapolis 500
Minardi
Pierluigi Martini
Ferrari 333SP
Road Atlanta
Jeremy Dale
go-kart
Profile on F1 Rejects (archive)
Champcar Stats
Indylights Stats
Driver Database Profile
Racing Reference Profile

categories: Minardi Formula One drivers,Italian racing drivers,Italian Formula One drivers,Indy Lights drivers,1963 births,Indianapolis 500 Rookies of the Year,Indianapolis 500 drivers,Champ Car drivers,AGS Formula One drivers,Living people,Japanese Formula 3000 Championship drivers

paragraph: Fabrizio Barbazza

paragraph: Fabrizio Barbazza (born 2 April 1963) is an Italian former Formula One driver who raced for the AGS and Minardi teams and was the 1987 Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early career.

paragraph: Barbazza was born in Monza, Lombardy. After a career in motorcross in his teens, he began racing Formula Monza in 1982. The following year, he moved into Italian Formula Three Championship and, in 1984, finished sixth in the series. In 1985, he won four races and finished third in the championship. He then went to the United States and entered the American Racing Series, where he won four races and the title in his first attempt.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:CART, F3000, and Formula One.

paragraph: After his success in ARS, Barbazza entered CART in 1987 and finished third in the 1987 Indianapolis 500, becoming CART's Rookie of the Year. Despite his success he could not find a ride in CART for 1988 and only made two starts in Formula 3000, along with failing to qualify three times. He returned to CART for 1989 for eight races with a best finish of eighth at Toronto. He also drove in eight Japanese Formula 3000 races.

paragraph: In 1990 he joined International F3000 full-time driving for the Crypton team, finishing 16th in points with a best finish of fourth at his home track in Monza, his only point-scoring finish of the season. For 1991 Barbazza signed on with the struggling AGS Formula One team for the third round of the championship, replacing Stefan Johansson. Barbazza failed to qualify for all twelve races he attempted with the team and the team shut down after both Barbazza and his teammate Olivier Grouillard both failed to pre-qualify for the 1991 Spanish Grand Prix. For the 1992 racing season, Barbazza again returned to the Arciero team in CART. However, after respectable performances in two-year-old equipment for the first three races of the season, he wrecked his 1990-vintage Lola in practice for the 1992 Indianapolis 500 and was not able to qualify. It would be his last appearance in CART. In 1993 Barbazza rejoined Formula One with the Minardi team, scoring points twice in his first four races. However, Barbazza would be replaced by Pierluigi Martini after eight races. In 1995, while racing a Ferrari 333SP sports prototype at the Road Atlanta circuit, he was involved in a major accident with Jeremy Dale, which resulted in heavy head and chest injuries which left him in critical condition, in a coma and on artificial respiration. Although he fully recovered, he did not return to racing. Instead he started a go-kart circuit in Monza and began designing crash barriers.

paragraph: He has since relocated to Cuba where he has set up a fishing resort in the north of the country called La Villa Clara. He has also raced again, at a local karting track in Cuba, where he has re-discovered his love for the sport.

paragraph: Section::::Career summary.

paragraph: Section::::Career summary.:Complete International Formula 3000 results.

paragraph: () (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races

paragraph: in "italics" indicate fastest lap)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on F1 Rejects (archive)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Champcar Stats

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indylights Stats

paragraph: BULLET::::- Driver Database Profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Racing Reference Profile

description: racecar driver

wikidata_label: Fabrizio Barbazza

wikipedia_title: Fabrizio Barbazza


text: racing driver

text: Formula One

text: Gastón Perkins

text: pay driver

text: Arrows

text: Prost

text: Sauber

text: Nick Heidfeld

text: Oriol Servia

text: 2001 San Marino Grand Prix

text: Luciano Burti

text: Jaguar Racing

text: Phoenix

text: Champ Car

text: Dale Coyne Racing

text: Gastón Mazzacane in focus

text: Profile on F1 Rejects

categories: Minardi Formula One drivers,Argentine racing drivers,Argentine people of Italian descent,Argentine Formula One drivers,International Formula 3000 drivers,Rolex Sports Car Series drivers,1975 births,Top Race V6 drivers,Sportspeople from La Plata,TC 2000 Championship drivers,Prost Formula One drivers,Champ Car drivers,FIA GT Championship drivers,Living people

paragraph: Gastón Mazzacane

paragraph: Gastón Hugo Mazzacane (born 8 May 1975) is an Argentine racing driver. He participated in 21 Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 12 March 2000. He scored no championship points. His father named him after Gastón Perkins, a successful Argentine touring car racer. His last name literally translates from Italian as "kill the dog".

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.

paragraph: He is Argentina's most recent Formula One driver, but is often known as a "pay driver".

paragraph: At the start of 2001, Mazzacane tested for Arrows, but finally settled into the Prost team, taking over the seat of the Sauber-bound Nick Heidfeld. He beat CART's Oriol Servia for the Prost spot, and was announced as the second driver in January . However, the 2001 San Marino Grand Prix was his final Formula One race. Alain Prost fired him by using a performance clause in his contract, and the vacancy was filled by Luciano Burti, who had recently been sacked from Jaguar Racing.

paragraph: Mazzacane signed a contract with the reformed DART team a/k/a Phoenix, which had plans to race in the season. However, it was not to be as the team was barred from racing.

paragraph: He then went to the US and competed in the last half of the 2004 Champ Car season with the Dale Coyne Racing #19 car.

paragraph: Section::::Motorsport career results.

paragraph: Section::::Motorsport career results.:Complete Formula One results.

paragraph: Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gastón Mazzacane in focus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on F1 Rejects

description: Argentine racecar driver

wikidata_label: Gastón Mazzacane

wikipedia_title: Gastón Mazzacane


text:
Robert Burns
Dalrymple
Newark
Robert Burns
Millmannoch
granite
Nelly Blair
Robert Burns
Aeolian harp
reel
laird
Jean Armour
Alison Begbie
Nelly Blair
Isabella Burns
William Burnes
May Cameron
Mary Campbell (Highland Mary)
Jenny Clow
Jean Gardner
Jessie Lewars
Mary Morison
Ann Park
Elizabeth Paton
Peggy Thompson

categories: History of East Ayrshire,Robert Burns,1820 deaths,1759 births,18th-century Scottish women

paragraph: Nelly Kilpatrick

paragraph: Nelly or Nellie Kilpatrick, Helen Kilpatrick or later Nelly Bone (17591820). Nelly (usually short for "Helen") was possibly Robert Burns's first love and muse as stated by Isabella Burns.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Nelly is usually used as a nickname for "Helen." Some authors give her birth year as 1760. Nelly may have been the daughter of John Kilpatrick, the miller and his wife Jane Reid of Perclewan Mill near Dalrymple. She was baptised on 1 March 1759.

paragraph: Section::::Life and character.

paragraph: He stated that she had a sweet voice and was wont to sing songs as she worked in the fields. Nelly married William Bone, coachman to the Laird of Newark.

paragraph: After the move from Millmannoch Mill, Nelly lived in the old hamlet of Percluan or Perclewan, at the mill and may have also met Robert Burns both there and at Perclewan's smithy where Henry McCandlish, known as Henry Candlish, was the blacksmith. Robert Burns was a close friend of James McCandlish, or Candlish, the blacksmith's son.

paragraph: A parish record at St. Quivox in Ayrshire states that a William Kilpatrick Bone was born to William Bone and his wife Helen Kilpatrick Bone on 12 May 1798.

paragraph: Nelly had a brother, William, who erected her parent's tombstone in the old Low Coylton Kirkyard.

paragraph: Section::::Family origins.

paragraph: At the beginning of the eighteenth century Millmannoch Mill was occupied by a family called Kilpatrick, who also carried on the trade of blacksmithing, because at that time milling lasted around seven months of the year, usually September to April, and as a result millers had to look for alternative work during late spring and summer. Part of the smithy at Millmannoch was still standing in the early 20th century and, it is recorded in front of it there was a large boulder of granite sunk to the level of the ground with a "dog" fixed into it for cart wheel shods, the metal band or ring on a cartwheel.

paragraph: William Kilpatrick was the miller at Millmannoch; his wife was Hellen Craford (sic). William and Helen had a son, Allan Kilpatrick, born at Millmannoch on 4 October 1725; his wife was Margaret Good who died on 12 August 1770, aged 37. This Allan is sometimes said to have been Nelly's father. Allan moved to Perclewan (Percluan) with his father and like him, worked at two jobs, miller and blacksmith, resulting in some confusion in reports over the profession of Nelly's father; he died aged 57. The headstone was erected by their son William Kilpatrick of Barnhill; his spouse was Agnes Logan (b.1767, d.1852) and they had a daughter Agnes (b.1796, d.1862). Hill has it that Alan may have been the blacksmith at Mount Oliphant, however the smithy for the farm was the nearby Millmannoch.

paragraph: Mount Oliphant is only about one and a half miles away, an easy walk for Nelly to help with the harvest.

paragraph: Section::::The true identity of Nell.

paragraph: Burns himself did not identify her by her surname. Some significant doubts exist about the true identity of Burns's first romantic love. It was thought at first to be a Nelly Blair until Burns's sister Isobel gave the name Nelly Kilpatrick, however Isobel was only three years old at the time and some doubt must be cast on her recollections at this stage in her life. Isobel stated that Nelly Kilpatrick was the daughter of the blacksmith of Perclewan. Nelly Kilpatrick would only have been only a few weeks younger than Robert Burns, however he stated that his Nell was a year younger than himself.

paragraph: Section::::Association with Robert Burns.

paragraph: When Robert Burns was 15 he met "Handsome Nell", his first young love, a ""bonnie, sweet, sonsie lass"", although he apparently never told her of his love. Nelly Bone, is better known as Nelly Kilpatrick. They are first recorded to have met when William Burnes hired some extra help to bring in the harvest while they were at nearby Mount Oliphant Farm and Burns came to be paired with her, following the Ayrshire custom of that time.

paragraph: In his autobiographical letter to Dr Hunter he wrote: ""Indeed, I did not not well know myself I liked so much to loiter behind with her when returning in the evening from our labours; why the tones of her voice made my heart-strings thrill like an Aeolian harp, and particularly why my pulse beat such a furious rantann when I looked and fingered over her hand to pick out the nettle-stings and thistles.""

paragraph: He wrote a poem to Nell, unpublished during his life, but it appeared in his "Commonplace Book" and set to the tune of Nelly’s favourite reel.

paragraph: He had heard her singing a song by a local country laird's son who was courting her and felt that he could do better, so it was with Nelly in mind that he wrote his first song "Handsome Nell", given the title "I am a Man Unmarried" in his first "Commonplace Book" -

paragraph: The tune to the song has not come down to us. Some years later Burns wrote of this song, saying -

paragraph: ""I never had the least thought or inclination of turning poet till I got once heartily in love, and then rhyme and song were, in a manner, the spontaneous language of my heart. I remember I composed it in a wild enthusiasm of passion, and to this hour I never recollect it but my heart melts, and my blood sallies at the remembrance.""

paragraph: Nelly has been said to figure in Burns's poem, ""Halloween""

paragraph: and the verse :

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean Armour

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alison Begbie

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nelly Blair

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabella Burns

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Burnes

paragraph: BULLET::::- May Cameron

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Campbell (Highland Mary)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jenny Clow

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean Gardner

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jessie Lewars

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Morison

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ann Park

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Paton

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peggy Thompson

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sources

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Annandale, Charles (Editor) (1890). "The Works of Robert Burns". London : Blackie & Son.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Dougall, Charles S. (1911). "The Burns Country". London: A & C Black.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Douglas, William Scott (Edit.) (1938). "The Kilmarnock Edition of the Poetical Works of Robert Burns". Glasgow : The Scottish Daily Express.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Ewing, James Cameron & Cook, Davidson (Editors). (1938). "Robert Burns's Commonplace Book 1783 - 1785". Glasgow : Gowans & Gray.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Hill, John C. Rev. (1961). "The Love Songs and Heroines of Robert Burns." London : J. M. Dent.

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Hunter, Douglas & McQueen, Colin Hunter. (2009). "Hunter's Illustrated History of the Family, Friends, and Contemporaries of Robert Burns." Published by the authors. .

paragraph: BULLET::::7. MacIntosh, Donald (2006). "Travels in Galloway". Glasgow : Neil Wilson. .

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Mackay, James (2004). "Burns. A Biography of Robert Burns". Darvel : Alloway Publishing. .

paragraph: BULLET::::9. McMichael, George. "Notes on the Way Through Ayrshire". Ayr : Hugh Henry.

description: First love and muse of Robert Burns

wikidata_label: Nelly Kilpatrick

wikipedia_title: Nelly Kilpatrick


text: Breslau

text: Prussia

text: Prussia

text: Athens

text: Greek War of Independence

text: Bauakademie

text: Karl Friedrich Schinkel

text: Stamatios Kleanthis

text: Ioannis Kapodistrias

text: Kingdom of Greece

text: Acropolis

text: Church of Panaghia Kapnikarea

text: Otto I of Greece

text: absolutism

text: palace

text: philhellenism

text: Leo von Klenze

text: Ludwig I of Bavaria

text: Piraeus

text: Eretria

text: agora

text: Hans Christian Hansen

text: Temple of Athena Nike

text: Ludwig Ross

text: Coroebus

text: Frederick William IV of Prussia

text: German excavations at Olympia

text: Ludwig Ross

text: Christian Hansen

text: Stefan Lehmann

categories: 1860 deaths,People from the Province of Silesia,People from Wrocław,Modern history of Athens,German architects,1804 births

paragraph: Eduard Schaubert

paragraph: Gustav Eduard Schaubert () 27 July 1804, Breslau, Prussia – 30 March 1860, Breslau) was a Prussian architect, who made a major contribution to the re-planning of Athens after the Greek War of Independence.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Urban planner.

paragraph: Schaubert studied in Breslau and at the Bauakademie in Berlin, where he was a pupil of Karl Friedrich Schinkel and studied alongside Stamatios Kleanthis. Schaubert and Kleanthis were among the pioneers of nineteenth century urban redevelopment in Greece. After studying in Berlin they began their architectural careers in Athens under Ioannis Kapodistrias, producing a highly detailed topographical plan of Athens' ancient ruins, Byzantine churches and the buildings of the old city in 1831. This plan became the foundation of the building of a modern capital for the new Kingdom of Greece, expanding it in a triangle to the north of the Acropolis and the Old Town whilst protecting the ancient remains in the northern half of the original city.

paragraph: This resulted in a neoclassical city with long vistas from the Acropolis and the Church of Panaghia Kapnikarea. It also took ancient remains in other areas into account and combined Otto I of Greece's absolutism (building him a palace) and his philhellenism (reshaping the medieval city and incorporating the classical and Byzantine archaeological sites). Although the plan was modified, such as by Leo von Klenze (1784-1864), architect to Ludwig I of Bavaria, its key points were implemented and it later served as a model for other cities, most notably Piraeus and Eretria.

paragraph: Schaubert and Kleanthes planned Piraeus together, Schaubert produced the plans for Eretria alone, as a planned city for 10,000 inhabitants. This plan sited the city in an opening through to the bay which functioned as a port, and again protected the archaeological sites in the area. Similar to Athens, he planned north-south axes between a town hall, the agora or marketplace, the church and the Acropolis, but also between the naval school and the library, which were situated on an axis with the ancient theatre.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Archaeological digs.

paragraph: In 1836 Schaubert and Hans Christian Hansen restored the Temple of Athena Nike on the Acropolis, under the direction of the archaeologist Ludwig Ross. Ross, Schaubert and Hansen published a book on the excavation and re-erection of the structure, making the temple well-known among German art historians.

paragraph: In 1845/1846 Schaubert led the excavation of the so-called Grave of Coroebus, on behalf of Ludwig Ross. Ancient sources named Coroebus as the first-ever victor in the Olympics. His probably fictitious victory was supposed to have occurred in 776 BC, at the first ever Olympic Games - it is the earliest recorded date in European history. Financed by Frederick William IV of Prussia, the excavations were thus the forerunner of the German excavations at Olympia.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Ludwig Ross and Christian Hansen: "Die Akropolis von Athen nach den neuesten Ausgrabungen. Abt. I: Der Tempel der Nike Apteros." Berlin 1839.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Papageorgiou-Venetas: "Eduard Schaubert, Der Städtebauliche Nachlass zur Planung der Städte Athen und Piräus." Bibliopolis 2001, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stefan Lehmann: "Olympia, das Grab des Koroibos und die Altertumswissenschaften in Halle", In: Institut für Sportgeschichte der Deutschen Sporthochschule Köln und Carl und Liselott Diem-Archiv (Herausgeber): "Olympisch bewegt, Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag von Manfred Lämmer", Köln 2003, S. 163–175.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schaubert's plan of 1827 in the Architekturmuseum of the TU Berlin: Wirtshaus am Seeufer

alias:
Eduard Gustav
Edouard Schaubert

description: architect

wikidata_label: Eduard Schaubert

wikipedia_title: Eduard Schaubert


text: Chief

text: Nigeria

text: politician

text: lawyer

text: aristocrat

text: orator

text: Ogbomosho

text: Western Region

text: founding fathers

text: Oloye Aare Ona Kakanfo XIII

text: Minna

text: Church Missionary Society

text: Baptist Academy

text: Nigerian Railway Corporation

text: H.O. Davies

text: Nigerian Youth Movement

text: Samuel Akisanya

text: Azikiwe

text: Akinola Maja

text: Ernest Ikoli

text: NCNC

text: Michael Imoudu

text: Anthony Enahoro

text: Chris Ogunbanjo

text: United Kingdom

text: Action Group

text: Obafemi Awolowo

text: Bode Thomas

text: Arthur Prest

text: premier

text: House of Representatives of Nigeria

text: Prime Minister

text: Tafawa Balewa

text: State of Emergency

text: Nigerian National Democratic Party

text: Northern People's Congress

text: Ibadan

text: First Republic

text: Young Majors Coup

text: coup of the January boys

text: Nigerian Third Republic

text: Akintola

text: Oloye

text: Jacob Odulate

text: Samuel Ladoke Akintola and History

categories: Obafemi Awolowo University people,Nigerian National Democratic Party politicians,Yoruba politicians,1960s murders in Nigeria,20th-century Nigerian politicians,People from Ogbomosho,1910 births,1966 crimes in Nigeria,1966 deaths,Action Group (Nigeria) politicians,State governors of Nigeria,Assassinated Nigerian politicians,People murdered in Ibadan

paragraph: Samuel Akintola

paragraph: Chief Samuel Ládòkè Akíntọ́lá or "S.L.A."(July 6, 1910 – January 15, 1966) was a Nigerian politician, lawyer, aristocrat and orator who was born in Ogbomosho, of the then Western Region. In addition to serving as one of the founding fathers of modern Nigeria, he was also elevated to the position of Oloye Aare Ona Kakanfo XIII of the Yoruba.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Akintola was born in Ogbomosho to the family of Akintola Akinbola and Akanke, his father was a trader and descended from a family of traders. At a young age, the family moved to Minna and he was briefly educated at a Church Missionary Society school in the city. In 1922, he returned to Ogbomosho to live with his grandfather and subsequently attended a Baptist day school before proceeding to Baptist College in 1925. He taught at the Baptist Academy from 1930 to 1942 and thereafter worked briefly with the Nigerian Railway Corporation. During this period, he became acquainted with H.O. Davies, a lawyer and politician and joined the Nigerian Youth Movement where he assisted Ikoli and supported the latter to represent Lagos in the legislative council over the candidacy of Samuel Akisanya, who was supported by Azikiwe. He joined the staff of the Daily Service Newspaper and soon became the editor in 1943 with the support of Akinola Maja, a shareholder, replacing Ernest Ikoli as editor. Akintola was also founder of Iroyin Yoruba, a newspaper written in the Yoruba language. In 1945, he opposed the general strike led by Azikiwe's NCNC and Michael Imoudu, earning the distrust of politicians like Anthony Enahoro. In 1946, he earned a British scholarship to study in the U.K. and completed legal studies by 1950. He started his legal career working as a lawyer on land and civic matters. In 1952, he formed a partnership with Chris Ogunbanjo,Chief Bode Thomas and Michael Odesanya.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: After he was trained as a lawyer in the United Kingdom, Akintola returned to Nigeria in 1949 and teamed up with other educated Nigerians from the Western Region to form the Action Group (AG) under the leadership of Chief Obafemi Awolowo. He initially was the legal adviser of the group before becoming the deputy leader in 1953 after the death of Bode Thomas. He defeated Arthur Prest in the primary to succeed Bode Thomas. As the deputy leader of the AG party, he did not serve in the regional Western Region Government headed by the premier Awolowo but was the Action Group Parliamentary Leader/Leader of Oppositionin the House of Representatives of Nigeria. At the federal level he served as Minister for Health and later Minister for Communications and Aviation.

paragraph: Decisions over the direction of strategic alliances by the party, the adoption of democratic socialism as the party's platform and the battle for supremacy in the party led to disagreement between Chiefs Akintola and Awolowo. Akintola disagreed with Awolowo's decision not to join the coalition government. Akintola felt the Yoruba people of the West were losing their pre-eminent position in business, university and administration in Nigeria to the Igbo people of the East simply because the Igbo-controlled NCNC had joined the government and the AG had not. He also opposed the party's decision to adopt democratic socialism as its ideology, preferring a more conservative stance.

paragraph: Section::::Criticisms.

paragraph: Akintola was accused by Chief Awolowo for trying to supplant him as Leader of the party. In May 1962 with the Western House of Assembly set to remove Akintola after the party had earlier passed a vote of no confidence in the premier in a party meeting, crisis erupted on the floor of the house. The AG party broke into two factions leading to several crises in the Western Region House of Assembly that led the central/federal government, headed by the Prime Minister Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa to declare State of Emergency rule in the Western region and Chief (Dr.) M.A Majekodunmi, the Federal Minister of Health was appointed as Administrator . Eventually Akintola was restored to power (even though he had lost the legal battle with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council then Nigeria's highest tribunal) as Premier in 1963. In the general election of 1965, Akintola won his position as Premier, not as member of the Action Group party, but as the leader of a newly formed party called Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP), which was in an alliance with the Northern People's Congress (NPC) the party that then controlled the federal government.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Akintola was assassinated in Ibadan, the capital of Western Region, on the day of Nigeria's first military coup of 15 January 1966—which terminated the First Republic. This was the "Young Majors Coup" or the "coup of the January boys", which resulted in the assassination of many leading politicians, mostly members of the Northern People's Congress.

paragraph: Section::::Impact.

paragraph: Akintola was dignified orator and was responsible for completing the founding of University of Ife (Awolowo's brainchild and currently Obafemi Awolowo University) in 1962 while still a premier in Western Region. He was also involved in development of Premier Hotel and other monuments.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Akintola was married to Chief (Mrs) Faderera Akintola and had five children, two of whom were later to become ministers of state for finance in the Nigerian Third Republic (Chief Yomi Akintola and Chief (Dr.) Abimbola Akintola). Chief Yomi Akintola also served as Nigeria's Ambassador to Hungary and Samuel Akintola's daughter-in-law, Mrs. Dupe Akintola, was Nigeria's High Commissioner in Jamaica. His fourth child, Chief Victor Ladipo Akintola, dedicated much of his life to ensuring the continued accurate accounting of Samuel Akintola's contributions to Nigeria's position on the world stage. He published many works including a biography that highlighted his father's love of his country and lifelong commitment to its progress (Akintola: The Man and the Legend). His youngest child, Tokunbo Akintola was the first black boy at Eton college and features prominently in the best selling book by Dilibe Onyeama, Nigger at Eton.

paragraph: A number of institutions, including Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, were established in both the Oloye's home town and other Nigerian cities as a means of remembering him posthumously.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacob Odulate

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Samuel Ladoke Akintola and History

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liste der Regierungschefs der Regionen Nigerias

description: Nigerian politician

wikidata_label: Samuel Akintola

wikipedia_title: Samuel Akintola


text: Swiss

text: skier

text: Downhill

text: Alpine Combined

categories: Olympic medalists in alpine skiing,Alpine skiers at the 1988 Winter Olympics,Olympic silver medalists for Switzerland,Swiss female alpine skiers,Alpine skiers at the 1984 Winter Olympics,Olympic alpine skiers of Switzerland,FIS Alpine Ski World Cup champions,1962 births,Living people

paragraph: Brigitte Oertli

paragraph: Brigitte Oertli (born 10 June 1962) is a former Swiss alpine skier.

paragraph: In Alpine skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics, Oertli won silver medals in Downhill and Alpine Combined.

description: alpine skier

wikidata_label: Brigitte Oertli

wikipedia_title: Brigitte Oertli


text:
Floresta
Colombia
Sogamoso
anthropologist
archaeologist
Sun Temple
Muisca religion
Muisca
Floresta
Boyacá
Antioquia
Bogotá
Nazi
Paul Rivet
Rudolf Hommes
ethnology
archaeology
anthropology
history
philosophy
linguistics
Muisca
Sogamoso
Muisca mummies
Temple of the Sun
Muisca Sun god
Sué
Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
Archaeology Museum
El Infiernito
Villa de Leyva
astronomical
Tierradentro
Huila
La Belleza
Santander
Lache
Sierra Nevada del Cocuy
Sativanorte
Sativasur
Socotá
Chicamocha River
UPTC
Tunja
rector
Mongua
Archaeology Museum, Sogamoso
List of Muisca scholars
Muisca art
Muisca
Muisca mummification
Sun Temple
El Infiernito
Archaeology Museum Silva Celis
Sáchica
Interview with Eliécer Silva Celis
Video about the Sun Temple in Sogamoso

categories: Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia people,Colombian anthropologists,2007 deaths,Colombian historians,Colombian archaeologists,1914 births

paragraph: Eliécer Silva Celis

paragraph: Eliécer Silva Celis (Floresta, Colombia, 20 January 1914 - Sogamoso, 4 July 2007) was a Colombian anthropologist, archaeologist, professor and writer. He is considered a pioneer in the anthropology of Colombia. Silva Celis is known in Colombia for the reconstruction of the Sun Temple, the most important temple of the Muisca religion.

paragraph: Eliécer Silva Celis has published many books and articles about the Muisca and other indigenous groups of Colombia, only in Spanish.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Eliécer Silva Celis was born in Tobasía, "vereda" of Floresta, Boyacá on January 20, 1914. He became an orphan at young age and worked as street vendor and at the construction of the railway of Antioquia.

paragraph: In 1937, at age 23, Silva Celis managed to finish his secondary education. The same year he entered the "Escuela Normal Superior de Colombia" in Bogotá, where Silva Celis got to know later famous people who fled the Nazis in Europe: Paul Rivet, Rudolf Hommes, Justus W. Schottellius, José Francisco Socarras, Gregorio Hernández de Alba and José de Recasens, among others. They taught Silva Celis ethnology, archaeology, physical anthropology, history, philosophy and linguistics.

paragraph: In 1942 Silva Celis uncovered a Muisca cemetery with indigenous tombs in the "Mochacá" neighbourhood in Sogamoso. He found Muisca mummies and could establish the precise location where the Temple of the Sun of the Muisca had been. The Temple, dedicated to Muisca Sun god Sué, was destroyed by soldiers in the army of Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada on September 4, 1537. When De Quesada's soldiers Miguel Sánchez and Juan Rodríguez Parra raided the Sun Temple in September 1537, they found mummies decorated with golden crowns and other objects sitting on raised platforms. With the finding of the location of the temple, he founded the "Parque Indígena del Sol", present-day site of the Archaeology Museum in Sogamoso. The museum hosts more than 5000 pieces of the Muisca civilisation. In this museum he also reconstructed the Sun Temple. Later, Eliécer Silva Celis rediscovered "El Infiernito", close to Villa de Leyva, an astronomical observatory of the Muisca. Silva Celis founded the Archaeological Park in Monquirá.

paragraph: In 1943, Eliécer Silva Celis found five skulls which were later dated to be between 8890 and 8630 years old.

paragraph: In 1944, Silva Celis studied the famous Tierradentro culture of Huila, findings from La Belleza in Santander and in the following years the Lache of the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy.

paragraph: The mummy from Sativanorte, named "SO10-IX" belongs to the collection of Silva Celis in the Archaeology Museum of Sogamoso. It has been studied in detail by various researchers. The mummy has been donated to Silva Celis by Abraham López Ávila in 1962. Interviews with López Ávila revealed that the mummy had been found by children in the vicinity of Sativanorte, Sativasur and Socotá on the western bank of the Chicamocha River.

paragraph: Silva Celis was co-founder of the UPTC in Tunja, Boyacá in 1953. He served as rector of the university twice. In 1966, Silva Celis studied Muisca stones found in Mongua, Boyacá. Silva Celis has written more than 400 articles.

paragraph: Eliécer Silva Celis died on July 4, 2007 at an age of 93 years, after dedicating more than 60 years of his life to knowledge about the Muisca and other indigenous groups in Colombia.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: This list is a selection.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 - "Estudios sobre la cultura chibcha"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 - "Proyecto del parque arqueológico y botánico en villa de Leyva: sitio "El Infiernito""

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968 - "Arqueología y prehistoria de Colombia; [Bochica o Nemqueteba]"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967 - "Antiguedad de la civilizacin̤ Chibcha"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 - "Las estatuas de la Salina de Mongua"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1945 - "Contribucion al conocimiento de la civilización de los Lache"

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965 - "Una inspeccion arqueologica por el alto Rio Minero"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965 - "Antigüedad y relaciones de la civilización Chibcha"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963 - "Los petroglifos de "El Encanto" - Florencia, Caquetá"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963 - "Movimiento de la civilización agustiniana sobre el alto Amazonas"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962 - "Pinturas rupestres precolombinas de Sáchica, Valle de Leiva"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1951 - "Investigación de antropología social en Tota, Boyacá"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1947 - "Sobre arqueología y antropología Chibcha"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1946 - "Cráneos de Chiscas"

paragraph: Section::::Trivia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honouring Silva Celis, the Archaeology Museum, Sogamoso, administered by his anthropologist daughter, has been renamed after him

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Muisca scholars

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muisca art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muisca

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muisca mummification, Sun Temple

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El Infiernito", Archaeology Museum Silva Celis, Sáchica

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with Eliécer Silva Celis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Video about the Sun Temple in Sogamoso

description: Colombian anthropologist (1917-2007)

wikidata_label: Eliécer Silva Célis

wikipedia_title: Eliécer Silva Celis


text:
Odia
Gajapati
Kapilendra Deva Routaraya
Krishna
Jagannath
Odisha
Cuttack
Barabati fort
Saluva Narasimha
Vijayanagara
Ferishta
Bahamani
Rajamundry
Kondapalii
Guntur
Godavari
Telegana
Udayagiri fort
Nellore
Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya
Kanchi
Kaveri
Jagannath
Rath Yatra
Sanskrit
Ganjam
Jaunpur
Krishna Deva Raya
Odia
Bengali
Telugu
Carnatic
Tamil

categories: Puri,Jagannath Temple Complex,People from Odisha,History of Odisha,Cuttack,Jagannath,Odisha

paragraph: Purushottama Deva

paragraph: Bira Pratapa Purushottama Deva (Odia: ବୀର ପ୍ରତାପ ପୁରୁଷୋତ୍ତମ ଦେବ) was an Odia Gajapati emperor of Odisha who ruled from 1467 to 1497 C.E. He was the second ruler from the Gajapati dynasty. His father Gajapati Kapilendra Deva Routaraya chose him as his heir to rule Odishan Empire at the banks of river Krishna where he breathed his last. This decision infuriated the elder brother Hamvira Deva who was a battle hardened and successful warrior fulfilling the task of conquering the southern territories and expeditions against the kingdom of Vijayanagara as wished by his father.

paragraph: There is a legend that when, under divine guidance, Kapilendra Deva announced that he was naming Purushottama as heir apparent, the eighteen older sons in anger threw spears at Purushottama, all of which missed. Purrushotama Deva is also the lead character of the legend of Kanchi Kaveri Upakhyana (poem) written by the poet Purushottam Das in sixteenth century and later translated to Bengali by the Bengali poet Rangalal Bandyopadhyay. This legend is also popular among the Hindu devotees of the Jagannath worship tradition of Odisha.

paragraph: A jealous Hamvira Deva revolted against Purrushotama as he ascended the throne of the empire. Purrushotama had a militarily advantageous fortification of Cuttack's Barabati fort, which in turn also was protected by a string of other extensive fortifications and camps of the Gajapati forces. To make matters worse, Saluva Narasimha of Vijayanagara had attacked and seized portions of the Odishan Empire like Kondapalli and Rajamundry amidst this internal conflict of the ruling family.

paragraph: Section::::Military Achievements and Territorial Expansion.:Conflict with Hamvira Deva and Bahamani Sultanate (1467-1472 A.D).

paragraph: Hamvira solicited a treaty with the Gajapati's enemy, Bahamani Sultan Muhammad Shah Lashkari or Muhammad Shah III. Willing to capture Rajamundry and Kondapalli, Muhammad Shah placed conditions for Hamvira Deva to accept his suzerainty when he becomes the ruler of Odisha and cede the desired territories from his father's empire. This deal between Hamvira and Muhammad Shah has been mentioned in the works of Ferishta and Sayid AliTaba Taba. The Bahamani Sultan sent his commander Hussain Bheiry with troops to support Hamvira in toppling Purrushotama. Gaining the support of the Bahamani forces, Hamvira Deva declared himself Gajapati in the year 1472. Purrushotama lost more than half of his father's empire in the initial years to Hamvira and Bahamani forces. Hamvira became a doppelganger Gajapati in the southern portions of Odisha and tried to invade the capital of Odisha ruled by his brother but was defeated.

paragraph: Section::::Military Achievements and Territorial Expansion.:Retrival of Lost Territories from Bahamanis in 1476 A.D -1484 A.D.

paragraph: Hamvira had ceded Rajamundry and Kondapalii to the Bahamani sultanate in which Hussain Bheiry, was appointed as the governor and Hamvira ruled as a vassal king under them. In the year, 1476 Bahamani sultanate became weak due to internal conflicts and a severe famine. Using this situation as a perfect opportunity, Purrushotama Deva launched an offensive from the north and defeated his elder brother Hamvira, expelled the Bahamani garrisons and recaptured Rajamundry and Kondapalli to his empire. Ferishta writes that due to the severe mismanagement amidst the famine in the regions of Telegana until Rajamundry by the Bahamani rulers, Saluva Narasimha of Vijayanagara had aided some internal rebellions. Sayid AliTaba Taba writes when Purrushotama's forces arrived in the region, the garrison at Kondavidu fort rebelled and killed their general before making Hamvira in charge. Hamvira not only surrendered to his brother but also resolved to help him in his further expeditions.

paragraph: An inscription of Purushottam Deva dating 1484 states that Azam Khan gifted the village of Mutukumalli located in the Vinukonda taluq of Guntur district to Purushottam on the occasion of a lunar eclipse. After dealing with the Bahamani forces and his rebellious elder brother, Purrushotama turned his attention towards southern territories, which Saluva Narasimha of Vijayanagara conquered amidst the internal conflict with his elder brother. He captured the Krishna- Godavari delta, parts of Telegana and expanded his march until Udayagiri fort where he imprisoned the Vijayanagara ruler.

paragraph: While the civil war and conflict with the intervening Bahamanis were going on, the ruler of Vijayanagar, Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya to seize the opportunity for regaining the lost territories of that kingdom from Odisha Gajapati. The Vijayanagar ruler declared war on Odisha in the year 1468 and attacked the southern fortified territories of Udayagiri and Chandragiri situated in and around today's Nellore district. In the initial attempt and as in corroboration with the legend of Kanchi-Kaveri expedition, the Odia forces lost their ground and were defeated while many of them loosing their lives. Saluvabhuigayam, a Sanskrit literary work of the period records the exploits of the Vijayanagara kingdom against the Kalingas (Odisha Kingdom) while another reference is provided in the Varaha Purana that the General named Ishwara Nayaka captured the Udayagiri fort from the Odia forces stationed their on behalf of the Vijayanagar ruler. The Bahamanis had equally captured the parts of southern Odisha Kingdom named as Rajamundry and Kondavidu during the ongoing Gajapati civil war. The Muslim chronicle Burhan-i-Ma'sir states that the Narasimha Deva Raya advanced north with an army of 700,000 cursed infantry, 8,500 elephants like mountains of iron to capture Rajmahendry.

paragraph: After the defeat of the Bahamanis, the surrender of Hamvira Deva and the recapture of Rajmahendry and Kondavidu forts, Purushottam Deva launched an attack on the southern regions to recapture the lost territories. It is comparable to the Kanchi Kaveri legend that the Gajapati actually failed to make much headway at the first attempt but in the second attempt he not only attacked Kanchi, the secondary capital of Vijayanagar, but also imprisoned Saluva Narasimha Deva. The Vijayanagar monarch was freed in only the exchange of Udayagiri and Chandragiri regions back to Gajapati and the marital alliance with the Gajapatis ensuring no further invasions from the Vijayanagar monarchy.

paragraph: Section::::Military Achievements and Territorial Expansion.:War with Vijayanagara and Hostilities by Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya.:The Legendary Kanchi-Kaveri Expedition.

paragraph: Purrushotama Deva's war in the south with Vijayanagar ruler Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya is immortalized through the legend of Kanchi – Kaveri Upakhyan in the Jagannath spiritual cult of Odisha. According to the legend, Saluva Narasimha (also identified as Kalabargeswara) had sent emissaries to Odisha on the interest from Purrushotama Deva to marry his daughter Padmavati (also known as Rupambika). The emissaries had arrived on the auspicious day of Rath Yatra festival of lord Jagannath and witnessed Purrushotama Deva performing the sweeping ceremony on the chariot of the lord with a golden broomstick. Odisha's kings were known as Routa and Routaraya, which meant servant of and servant king in service of the lord Jagannath. The ritual of Chera Pahara or sweeping the lord's chariot on the auspicious occasion of Rath Yatra was a symbolic representation of the position of Odishan kings as the deputy of the lord who was declared as the real ruler of the empire. Infuriated by this act of sweeping beyond his understanding as reported by the emissaries, Saluva Narasimha sent a message that he would never give his daughter in marriage to a sweeper. This not only was an insult to Purrushotama Deva but also the deity Jagannath of Odisha.

paragraph: Enraged by this insult, Purrushotama invaded southern territories of Kanchi and Kaveri River's adjoining areas which were controlled by Saluva Narasimha. He was defeated and unsuccessful in the first attempt, returned disheartened as a broken man to his homeland Odisha and went straight to the Puri temple. He prayed to the lord there asking for his divine assistance in breaking the enemy lines. As per the legend, Lord Jagannath assured him that he along with his brother Balabhadra would ride with his army in disguise when he makes the second attempt. In the second attempt Kanchi was captured, Saluva Narasimha was defeated and his daughter Padmavati was brought as a prisoner. The legend further says that the gods Jagannath and Balarama walk ahead of the army. They ask a milk woman, Manika, for food and Jagannath gives his ring in pledge that Purushottama will pay for them. When Purushottama meets Manika, he rejoices that the gods go before him and honors her with the village Manika Patana. Blessed by the gods, he defeats Saluva Narasimha, conquers Kanchi and takes captive Princess Padmavati along with a statue of Ganesha and Gopala. Purushottama commands his prime minister to give the princess in marriage to a perfect sweeper. At the next Ratha Yatra, Purushottama sweeps out one of the chariots with a golden broom, the clever Chief Minister announces he has found the perfect sweeper for the Princess and the king marries his new queen of the empire of Odisha.

paragraph: Section::::Constructive Activities and Cultural Contribution.

paragraph: During Purushottama Deva's reign there was a flourishing of poetry with a number of works which were written by himself in Sanskrit. Gajapati Purushottam Deva was a scholar of Sanskrit literature and is attributed to have written many scriptures on his own during this time.

paragraph: The individual works of Purushottam Deva include;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abhinava Gitagovinda

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nama Malika

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mukti Chintamani

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abhinava Venisamhara

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gopalapuja Paddhati

paragraph: BULLET::::- Durgotsav

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bishnu Bhakti Kaladruma

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sanskrit Dictionary called Trikanda Kosha

paragraph: It was during his rule that the writer of Sahitya Darpan, Biswanath Mohapatra found a place in his court. Gajapati Purushotama Deva after his conquest of Kanchi and divine experience of Lord Jagannath, constructed a temple at Deulagaon village near Raibania fort in Balasore district. In the temple, he installed two granite stone idols of lord Jagannath and Balarama as the siblings riding on horse and dressed for war. Until this day both the deities are worshiped there as a memory of his victory over Kanchi with divine intervention.

paragraph: Purushottama Deva established 16 Sasans (or local administration of Brahmins) on banks of river Mahanadi after his victory in war. Four of these existing villages of Elmapur, Patapur Sasan, Sriyapur Sasan and Satyabhamapur Sasan were donated to Brhamins by his four other queens Elma Devi, Patamahadevi, Sriyadevi and Satybhamadevi where lord Jagannath is still worshipped as deity Dadhibaman as a symbol of the victory. The idols of Uchistha or Kamada Ganesha and Gopala brought as trophy of victory over Kanchi by Purushottama Deva are now placed in the premises of Jagannath Temple at Puri. The Puri Jagannath temple's fortification walls like the inner wall Kurma Bedha and outer wall Meghanada Prachira were completed during the rule of Purusottama Deva though started by his father. The Gajapati encouraged folk dances presented as service to lord Jagannath at the temple. It is recorded that queen Padmavati received the Gopa Sandhi award for her services to lord Jagannath through her skilled dancing. The Nata Mandapa and Bhoga Mandapa were constructed in the Puri temple premises during the rule of Purushottama Deva. He also built the Sundara Madhava temple in Purushottampur of today's Ganjam district.

paragraph: Gajapati Purushottama Deva not only managed to regain most of the lost territories from his inherited empire but also conquered new territories in the southern regions of India. Despite the dispute with his rebellious elder brother, he managed to establish Odisha as a major power player in Deccan and Southern India while the Bahamani and Vijayanagar empires contested for supremacy with him. He pardoned his brother Hamvira Deva and let him rule as a representative and vassal of the Gajapati dynasty in the southern territories. He did not face any threat from the northern Muslim ruled kingdoms like Bengal or Jaunpur unlike his father and successor Prataprudra Deva who would eventually struggle to keep the empire intact while dealing with Krishna Deva Raya of Vijayanagar, Muslim States of Deccan India and Bengal. His minimal attention to the northern frontier led to Turks like Sehjada and Mallick capture Bengal without any threat. Purushottama Deva established complete military control over a vast region comprising Odia, Bengali, Telugu, Carnatic and Tamil speaking people and contributed to the aversion of any Muslim dynasty's direct rule in south eastern coastal provinces and territories of India in the 16th Century. Though his initial life was spent in battles, he managed to encourage and contribute to literature, cultural activities and temple construction projects. The Madala Panji temple records of Jagannath Temple at Puri state that Purushottama Deva made a donation of 2000 Kahanas of cowries to the temple which shows his devotion to lord Jagannath.

wikidata_label: Purushottama Deva

wikipedia_title: Purushottama Deva


text:
Cong.Orat.
Breslau
Civitavecchia
shoemaker
Silesia
Kingdom of Prussia
Halle
Canon law
Count Reisach
Oratory of St. Philip Neri
Pope Pius IX
Vatican secret archives
First Vatican Council
papal infallibility
Council of Trent
Old Catholic
Johann Friedrich
Hermann Stainlein
Teutonic Cemetery
St. Peter's Basilica

categories: 19th-century Roman Catholic priests,Oratorians,People from the Province of Silesia,1874 deaths,People from Wrocław,Burials at the Teutonic Cemetery,German male non-fiction writers,1804 births,German historians,Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg alumni,German Roman Catholic priests,Historians of the Catholic Church,Prefects of the Vatican Secret Archives

paragraph: Augustin Theiner

paragraph: Augustin Theiner, Cong.Orat., (11 April 1804, Breslau – 8 August 1874, Civitavecchia) was a German theologian and historian.

paragraph: He was the son of a shoemaker. As a boy, he was a pupil at the gymnasium of St. Mathias at Breslau, Silesia, then in the Kingdom of Prussia, and studied theology in the same city. Together with his brother Anthony he wrote, "Einfuhrung der erzwungenen Ehelosigkeit bei den Geistlichen" (1828). At the advice of this brother he abandoned theology and turned his attention to law, which he studied at Breslau and Halle, and in 1829 he obtained a degree in law at the latter university. He then received a scholarship from the Prussian Government, which enabled him to make researches in Belgium, England, and France as to the sources of Canon law. He finally went to Rome, where he settled permanently.

paragraph: Here, under the influence of Count Reisach, then rector of the Propaganda and later cardinal, the change in his opinions was completed. In 1835, he wrote the "Geschichte der geistlichen Bildungsanstalten", and in 1836 the "Disquisitiones criticae", on the sources of canon law. Soon after this he became a priest and entered the Oratory of St. Philip Neri.

paragraph: In the succeeding years he wrote the following works:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die neuesten Zustände der kath. Kirche in Polen und Russland" (1841)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Rückkehr der regierenden Hauser Braunschweig und Sachsen zur kath. Kirche"(1843)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zustände der kath. Kirche in Schlesien 1740-58" (1846)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kardinal Frankenberg"(1850).

paragraph: He was commissioned by Pope Pius IX, who had given him a position in the Vatican Library in 1850, to write the "Geschichte des Pontifikats Klemens XIV" (1853; Italian translation, 1855). In this work he showed himself an opponent of the Jesuits, with whom he had been on good terms until 1844, so that the work was forbidden in the States of the Church.

paragraph: In 1855, Pius IX appointed Theiner as Prefect of the Vatican secret archives. He now published his collections of authorities drawn from these:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Fortsetzung der Annalen des Baronius" (3 vols., 1856)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vetera monumenta Hungariae" (2 vols., 1859–60)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poloniae et Lithuaniae" (4 vols., 1860–64)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Slavorum meridionalium" (2 vols., 1863)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hibernorum et Scotorum" (1864)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Codex dominii temporalis apostolicae sedis" (3 vols., 1861–62)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monumenta spectantia ad unionem ecclesiarum Graecae et Romanae" (1872).

paragraph: Both before and during the First Vatican Council he was in close connection with the opponents of papal infallibility. Because he communicated to them the order of business of the Council of Trent, that had been kept secret, he was deposed from his dignities and offices.

paragraph: Whether he died at peace with the Church is questionable. His correspondence with the Old Catholic scholar, Johann Friedrich, during the years 1870-73 shows that he held the same views as the latter; on the other hand Count Hermann Stainlein asserts that he knew Theiner during this period as a loyal Catholic priest. In any event, he was buried at the Teutonic Cemetery, adjacent to St. Peter's Basilica, which is reserved for German-speaking residents of the city in service to the institutions of the Catholic Church.

paragraph: There is no doubt as to his large scholarship and his services to history. After his death appeared the work, "Acta genuina Concilii Tridentini" (1874), very imperfectly edited.

description: German Oratorian priest and scholar

wikidata_label: Augustin Theiner

wikipedia_title: Augustin Theiner


text: Bitchu Province

text: Kurashiki

text: Okayama Prefecture

text: Kibi Province

text: Bizen

text: Bingo

text: Mimasaka

text: Japanese mission to Tang China

text: Abe no Nakamaro

text: Genbō

text: go

text: Fujiwara no Hirotsugu Rebellion

text: T'ang Dynasty

text: China

text: Kyūshū

text: Dazaifu

text: Nara

text: Tōdai-ji

text: Fujiwara no Nakamaro

text: Major Councillor

text: Minister of the Right

text: Confucian

text: katakana

text: narrative handscroll

text: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

text: Japanese missions to Imperial China

text: Japanese missions to Tang China

categories: 695 births,Onmyōji,People of Asuka-period Japan,Kuge,People from Kurashiki,Japanese Confucianists,775 deaths,Japanese ambassadors to the Tang dynasty,People from Dazaifu, Fukuoka,People of Nara-period Japan

paragraph: Kibi no Makibi

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Kibi no Makibi was born in Shimotsumichi County, Bitchu Province (present-day Kurashiki, Okayama Prefecture) as "Shimotsumichi-no Asomi Makibi", as a son of Shimotsumichi-no Asomi Kunikatsu. Shimotsumichi clan was a line of local elites and came from the greater Kibi clan. Kibi was also the ancient name of area he came from (Kibi Province), which encompassed Bitchu, Bizen, Bingo and Mimasaka Provinces.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 717-718, Kibi was part of the Japanese mission to Tang China ("Kentōshi") with Abe no Nakamaro and Genbō. Kibi stayed in China for 17 years before returning to Japan. He is credited with bringing back a number of things, introducing to Japan the game of "go" and the art of embroidery.

paragraph: In 737, he received promotion to the junior fifth rank. His influence at court triggered the Fujiwara no Hirotsugu Rebellion of 740. In 751, at the senior fourth rank (upper grade), he received an appointment as vice-ambassador to the T'ang Dynasty and traveled to China the following year, returning to Japan in 753.

paragraph: Kibi spent some years in Kyūshū as the assistant administrator of Dazaifu (the principal governmental post on the island); he returned to Nara.

paragraph: In 764, he was made head of the project to construct Tōdai-ji. Promotion to the junior third rank followed.

paragraph: He was appointed to head an army to put down the uprising by Fujiwara no Nakamaro. Reaching the second rank in 765, he took the offices of Major Councillor, then Minister of the Right. In 770, he supported a losing candidate for the throne and submitted his resignation from office. The court accepted only his resignation from military office and retained him as Minister of the Right. He finally resigned in 771, devoting himself to the study of Confucian principles and their applications in Japanese administration. Kibi died in 775.

paragraph: Kibi has sometimes been credited with inventing the "katakana" phonetic syllabary and writing system.

paragraph: A late 12th century narrative handscroll in the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston depicting Kibi's journey to China is one of the earliest of all Japanese narrative pictorial handscrolls ("e-maki") known. It is believed to have been commissioned to help support the prestige of a school of divination that claimed connections to Kibi. Its purchase by the museum in 1932 directly led to the strengthening of Japanese laws against the removal of cultural properties of particular importance from the country.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Japanese missions to Imperial China

paragraph: BULLET::::- Japanese missions to Tang China

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papinot, Edmond (1910). "Historical and geographical dictionary of Japan". Tokyo: Librarie Sansaisha.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan" (1995). Tokyo: Kodansha Ltd.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minister Kibi's Trip to China handscroll at MFA.org

description: Japanese scholar

wikidata_label: Kibi no Makibi

wikipedia_title: Kibi no Makibi


text: Manpuku-ji

text: Zen

text: seals

text: Yanagisawa Kien

text: Kan Tenju

text: Kō Fuyō

text: Yosa Buson

text: art-name

text: Gyokuran

text: Kanazawa

text: Nikkō

text: Mt. Fuji

text: Edo

text: Dutch art

text: Rangaku

text: Noro Genjō

text: Li Yu

text: Hakuin Ekaku

text: National Treasures

paragraph: Ike no Taiga

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Ike no Taiga was born into a poor and socially humble family; his father was a farmer on the outskirts of Kyoto. The family moved into Kyoto proper some years before Taiga's birth, possibly to escape famine. His father found work at the silver mint, which granted his family some small degree of wealth, but he died when Taiga was three years of age. Taiga's widowed mother somehow managed to afford to provide him with good teachers, in all the classical Japanese and Chinese disciplines. At age six, he began receiving instruction in calligraphy and religious matters at the Manpuku-ji Zen temple. He would continue to foster strong connections with this temple for the remainder of his life.

paragraph: By age fourteen, Taiga was a professional artist and distinguished calligrapher. He ran a small fan-painting shop in Kyoto, and engraved artists' and collectors' seals as well. It was an encounter with Yanagisawa Kien, a major social and artistic figure of the time, that initiated Taiga's introduction to the world of the "bunjin".

paragraph: Chinese painter Yi Fujiu (J: I Fukyū or Yi Hai, 1698-1740?), whose main activity was selling horses in Nagasaki, taught Chinese literati painting that soon became the main model for Ike no Taiga, as reported in the "I Fukyū Ike no Taiga sansui gafu" (A Painting Manual of Landscapes by Yi Fujiu and Ike no Taiga) published in 1803.

paragraph: Taiga studied painting and calligraphy under Kien beginning in 1738. He became quite fond of the eccentric, but ancient, practice of painting with fingertips and fingernails, and became close friends with two other "bunjin" students, Kan Tenju and Kō Fuyō. By the age of twenty (1743), Taiga fully considered himself a member of the literati, and took the name "Ike," shortened from his family name "Ikeno" (池野), in emulation of the Chinese tendency for single-character names.

paragraph: Taiga returned to Kyoto and to his fan shop in the early 1740s. Though the "bunjin" lifestyle dictated an avoidance of commercialism, Taiga had no other source of income and so he continued to sell his works and various artistic services, much like his contemporary and friend Yosa Buson. He married an artist and tea house proprietor in 1746, who went by the art-name ("gō") Gyokuran. The pair quickly became well-renowned in the social circles and artistic community of Kyoto. Two years into his marriage, Taiga set off on a series of journeys, another major element of the "bunjin" lifestyle. He sought to commune with nature, to glean inspiration for his art, and most of all, to simply become a more cultured and experienced individual. After travels through Kanazawa, Nikkō, and Mt. Fuji, Taiga stayed for a time in Edo. There, he produced paintings and calligraphic pieces, and also learned about Dutch art from a number of "Rangaku" (Dutch learning) scholars, including Noro Genjō.

paragraph: Taiga would continue to travel and to climb mountains for much of the rest of his life, often accompanied by "bunjin" colleagues. For a time, he took on the "gō" of Sangaku Dōja (三岳道者, "Pilgrim of the Three Peaks"). He would often collaborate with his colleagues on joint works of art during this trips; the "Jūben jūgi-jō" ("Album of Ten Conveniences and Ten Pleasures") was created in 1771, as the result of one of these collaborations. The "Jūben jūgi-jō", illustrated by Taiga and Yosa Buson, and containing text by Chinese writer Li Yu (1611-c.1680), acclaims and celebrates a life of simple pleasures and communing with nature. The book is widely regarded today as providing an exemplary insight into the "bunjin" philosophy.

paragraph: Another artist who would have a dramatic influence on Taiga a little later in life, after his return to Kyoto, was Hakuin Ekaku, who stayed briefly at Taiga's home in 1752. Though they met only briefly, Taiga began to use elements of Hakuin's personal style, and he soon afterwards sought out many of Hakuin's disciples, working with them and inscribing one another's works.

paragraph: Some of Taiga's works have been classified National Treasures by the Japanese government.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rosenfield, John M. (1999). "Extraordinary Persons: Works by Eccentric, Nonconformist Japanese Artists of the Early Modern Era (1580–1868) in the Collection of Kimiko and John Powers". Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Art Museums.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ike Taiga exhibition description at the Philadelphia Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bridge of dreams: the Mary Griggs Burke collection of Japanese art, a catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Ike no Taiga (see index)

alias:
Ike no Kashō
Ikeno Tsutomu
Taiga Ikeno
池大雅
Ikeno Taiga
Ikeno Mumei
Ike Taiga
Sangakudoja
Taiga
Kin
Kashō Ike
Kasei
Ikeno Kashō
Kōbin
Kashō
Kashō Ikeno
Taiga Ike

description: painter

wikidata_label: Ike no Taiga

wikipedia_title: Ike no Taiga


text:
Indian
chief
Assiniboine
American Fur Company
Fort Union
Fort Laramie Treaty Council
Fort Belknap Indian Reservation
Montana
Louisiana Territory
Louisiana Purchase
Yankton Sioux
plains Indian
counted many coups
Lewis & Clark Expedition
Gros Ventre
Coureurs des Bois
voyageurs
mountain men
Hudson's Bay Company
North West Company
American Fur Company
Ft. Union
Dakota Territory
Charles Larpenteur
Fort Laramie
Wyoming

categories: Native American leaders,1785 births,Assiniboine people

paragraph: Crazy Bear (Assiniboine chief)

paragraph: Crazy Bear (1785–1856) was an Indian chief of the Assiniboine tribes of the northern plains. Their territory included Montana, North Dakota, Alberta and Saskatchewan. He is known as a skilled negotiator with the American Fur Company at Fort Union, North Dakota; and for his participation and representation at the Fort Laramie Treaty Council of 1851—where he was a signatory of the treaty' He earned the name "Mah-To-Wit-Ko" (meaning "Crazy Bear") because he fought like a crazy bear. "Wit-Ko" is a Siouan word that has multiple translations: crazy, foolish, frightening and mad. Crazy Bear has been recorded by these names and also in French as "Ours Fou" (in various sketches and documents).

paragraph: He had three granddaughters; Iron Cradle (aka Sweet Grass), Turtle Door, Small Earth and two grandsons; Black Bull, and Kill Eagle. Iron Cradle later became an historical figure of the early Fort Belknap Indian Reservation, now located in Montana.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Crazy Bear was born in 1785 on the northern plains somewhere in the present day Montana, North Dakota, Alberta or Saskatchewan. The area was part of the Louisiana Territory still under the control of Spain at the time.

paragraph: The environment into which he was born was rapidly changing. France, after taking back the Louisiana Territory from Spain, immediately sold it to the United States in the 1803 Louisiana Purchase. Some 200 years before, the Assiniboine had broken off from the Yankton Sioux, which spurred two centuries of continuous conflict between them; as well as continual warfare.

paragraph: Section::::Young man.

paragraph: Crazy Bear grew up living the traditional plains Indian life. He followed and hunted the buffalo; and was taught the warrior culture. He lived a life of bravery and counted many coups. He was a born leader which was apparent to his people. Young men learning the arts of hunting, raiding and fighting had a high mortality rate. These factors, together with European diseases and the pushing of alcohol upon the Native peoples adversely impacted the survival of indigenous youth. In spite of all odds, he reached adulthood. In 1805, the Lewis & Clark Expedition made contact with some Assiniboin; "... between the Assiniboin (river) and the Missouri, are two bands of Assiniboins, one on the Mouse River of about two hundred men, called Assiniboin Menatopa; the other residing on both sides of White River called by the French, Gens des Feuilles, amounting to two hundred and fifty men;.."." The band Crazy Bear lived with were the Gens des Feuilles or The Little Girls band, in the Assiniboine language they were, "We che ap pe nah". It is possible that he had personal contact with the famous explorers when he was 20 years of age.

paragraph: Section::::Young man.:The fur trade.

paragraph: The information concerning his early adult life and his exploits are sparse. In a battle between the Assiniboine and the Gros Ventre, Crazy Bear fought desperately to protect the women and children of the camp. "The conduct of the chief in this emergency was said by his people to resemble the furious and fearless actions of a crazy bear, hence his name."

paragraph: Crazy Bear and others of his tribe participated in the burgeoning fur trade which had reached the high plains. The fur trade was originally represented by French traders known as the Coureurs des Bois (or Runners of the Woods) in the 18th and 19th centuries; and later as voyageurs and mountain men in the 19th century. Agents of Hudson's Bay Company, the North West Company, and the American Fur Company (AFC), built forts and competing trading posts along the rivers. At these facilities, the Native Americans traded furs and buffalo robes for weapons, fabric, trinkets, and whiskey.

paragraph: It was at one of these facilities, Ft. Union, Dakota Territory, that Crazy Bear honed his negotiation skills. He was known as an honest, loyal and reliable trading partner. The agents of the American Fur Company, which ran Ft. Union, made numerous journal entries regarding Crazy Bear and his abilities. Charles Larpenteur, an agent for the AFC, wrote in his journal in 1842 about another, competing. fur company's attempt to bribe Crazy Bear into switching affiliations. He wrote, "Mr. Cotton [an agent from Fort William] invited him into his room and made him a great speech, dressed him up in a splendid military suit, such as had never been brought into the country before, and then laid a two gallon keg of whiskey at his feet. Crazy Bear's band was at Union, waiting for his return; but, instead of going directly to them, he went into Mr. Culberson (the AFC agent)'s private room, not very drunk, took a seat, and remained some time without saying a word. Mr. Culbertson, surprised to see him so dressed, and thinking that he had lost his chief, was also silent. Finally, Crazy Bear broke the ice by saying, 'I suppose you think that I have left our big house. No, I am not a child. I went below to see the chief who treated me well. I did not ask him for anything. I did not refuse his presents. But these cannot make me abandon this house, where are buried the remains of our fathers, whose tracks are yet fresh in all the paths leading to this place. No I will not abandon this house!' After which he rose from his seat, and took off his fine fur hat and feathers, which he threw on the floor with all his might; then unbuckled his beautiful sword with which he did the same, and kept on till he had stripped himself of all his fine clothes, without speaking a word. When this performance was over, he said to Mr. Culbertson, who stood in great astonishment, 'Take away all these things and give me such as you see fit, and don't think I am a child who can be seduced with trinkets.' This Crazy Bear, who was not at all crazy, proved afterward to be the greatest Chief of the Assiniboine."

paragraph: Section::::Young man.:Fort Laramie Treaty.

paragraph: By 1851, the traffic of white settlers traveling west through the northern plains had increased steadily resulting in the escalation of violent confrontation with the native peoples. In addition, the continued inter-tribal warfare affected the profits of the competing fur companies. The United States government devised a plan to bring a cessation of hostilities to the area. They prepared a document known as the "Fort Laramie Treaty" (1851), and distributed a circular summoning the leaders of all regional tribes to Fort Laramie, Wyoming to a treaty council and signing ceremony. The tribes invited were the Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Crow, Assiniboine, Mandan, Gros Ventre, Arikaree, Shoshone, and others. Many of these nations were natural enemies; who had been fighting inter-tribal battles for centuries. Fort Laramie was in Sioux territory. The reluctance of many participants to travel to this remote location was evident.

paragraph: "When the circular issued by Col. Mitchell, then Supt. of Indian Affairs, was explained to the Assiniboines by Culbertson, not a single Indian except the Foolish Bear (Crazy Bear) would consent to go. They did not wish to risk themselves among the large body of Sioux on whose ground the treaty was to be held. Besides the road to Laramie being up on the Yellowstone in the summer, when that river is literally stocked with Blackfoot war parties, their deadly enemies, did not bode well for their safe arrival. The trip was one of extreme danger to all concerned, and nothing but the good council and great exertions of the above named gentleman induced the Indians to undertake it. After the Crazy Bear had determined to go, several others joined the expedition." Among those who traveled with him were Chief First to Fly, and Father De Smet, S.J.

paragraph: Soldiers and civilians at Fort Laramie probably numbered under one hundred at the time of the treaty council. The officials who had expected only the leadership of the various tribes to arrive were astounded as the total number of attendees reached an estimated twelve thousand. The fort personnel and the civilian officials felt extremely frightened and feared that without warning they could be killed. They moved the treaty signing thirty five miles southeast to Henry, in today's Nebraska.

paragraph: The U.S. government determined that in order to effectively negotiate they needed individual "Chiefs" to sign and represent their tribes. Crazy Bear was so designated for the Assiniboine.

paragraph: The treaty required the cessation of all hostilities between individual Indian tribes and whites, it determined specific territories for each Indian nation, and guaranteed annuity payments from the U.S. government for fifty years. It also guaranteed protection to Indian tribes from white depredations. The Indian nations guaranteed safe passage for white settlers traveling the various western trails and agreed to the establishment of U.S. Army forts.

paragraph: The Chief's signed and for the most part kept their word. The U.S. government did not. They arbitrarily reduced the annuity payment from fifty years to ten years, and failed to keep white settlers, miners and hunters from trespassing on Indian territory. The U.S. government's attitude on the treaty and their failure to abide by it is illustrated in the Commissioner of Indian Affairs Annual Report of 1852 wherein Commissioner Lea states, "It is therefore, no matter of regret or reproach that so large a portion of our territory has been wrested from its aboriginal inhabitants and made the happy abodes of an enlightened and Christian people" and "much of the injury of which the red men and his complaints has been the inevitable consequence of his own perverse and vicious nature."

paragraph: After signing the treaty together with First to Fly, another Assiniboine Chief, the U.S. government presented them with silver medals commemorating the event. Then they returned to Fort Union. "But the Chief on his arrival at Fort Union was fated to mourn the loss of some of his relatives. During his absence his son, Holy Seat, had been killed by the Blackfeet, his child died and his wife hung herself. ...though much grieved at what happened, yet he behaved like a man, and as soon as he could recover sufficient spirit proceeded to make known to his people the spirit of the treaty."

paragraph: As stated earlier, the U.S. government did not uphold their end; they were not timely in the first annual annuities and goods promised. As a result, Crazy Bear was ridiculed and demeaned by his people. "The old Chief stood alone against his people and maintained the equanimity of his temper. He never swerved a particle ...though he had a hard time of it with his people. However, when the gentleman above named (Culbertson) came and issued out ten thousand dollars worth of goods as the governments presents for the first year, the Indians were struck dumb and those who before reproached now flattered their ruler."

paragraph: Section::::Young man.:Post-treaty.

paragraph: The Chief then administered his tribe and maintained a peaceful relationship with the U.S. government. As a result of his family tragedy, Crazy Bear took responsibility for and raised his granddaughter Sweet Grass (Iron Cradle).

paragraph: In spite of the treaty, things were not going well for the Indians of the Great Plains. Increased white encroachment, disease and diminishing resources troubled the Great Chief. In a letter to Father De Smet dated July 28, 1854, he wrote, "I see the buffaloes decrease every year. What will become of us without help? If our children are not instructed in time, they will disappear like the game."

paragraph: Section::::Young man.:Death.

paragraph: Crazy Bear contracted the dreaded smallpox and died at the age of seventy in 1856. The smallpox epidemic had struck the tribes of the northern plains with devastating results. The disease killed approximately 2,000 people of which an estimated 1,200 were Assiniboines. "Crazy Bear is buried south of the river where Big Muddy empties into the Missouri River, up the river from there on the south side where there are bad land and a bunch of ash trees."

paragraph: His life and character can be summed up by a quotation from Denig which states, "The ruling Chief of the whole nation is named Mau to weet ko (Mah Toe Wit Ko) or the Foolish Bear (Crazy Bear), who has always considered a good and sensible man and lately confirmed in his office by the Commissioners at the Laramie Treaty. He is somewhat more elevated in his opinions than most of his people, but does not rank so high as a warrior as some, though he has on occasions shown an utter contempt of danger before his enemies. He is a mild, politic man, looking to the interests of his people and viewing with suspicion anything inconsistent with them. Even when a very young man he had a voice in council, respect was paid to his opinions, and he now conducts the affairs of the nation with great credit to himself and satisfaction of his followers. ...He is a sterling friend to all white men and his speeches exhibit considerable mental powers. At all events his whole mind is given to produce a good understanding between his people and the United States government. It is pleasant to perceive good and amiable qualities in a leader..."

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Armstrong, Virginia Irving. (1971). "I Have Spoken". Sage Books, The Swallow Press Inc. pp. 56–57.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Land of the Assiniboine", DVD.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Five Indian Tribes of the Upper Missouri by John C. Ewers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Forty Years A Fur Trader on the Upper Missouri, The Personal Narrative of Charles Larpenteur, 1833-1872, * Lakeside Press 1933.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Montana Indian History by Speaks Lightning.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Letter IX, to the Editor of The Prcis Historiques, Brussels. The Crazy Bear, An Assiniboine Chief. Cincinnati, College of Saint Xavier, July 28, 1854.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mrs. Medicine Bear (Iron Cradle aka Sweet Grass) 1929 deposition, Harlem, Montana 9/18/1929, U.S.Court of Claims case no. J-31.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Kurz Sketchbook 1846-1852 Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 115, 1947.

description: Native American chief of the Assiniboine tribes

wikidata_label: Crazy Bear

wikipedia_title: Crazy Bear (Assiniboine chief)


text:
polymath
Nuremberg
Leonard Euler
Michael Servetus
National Library in Vienna

categories: German male non-fiction writers,People from Nuremberg,1811 deaths,German historians,1733 births

paragraph: Christoph Gottlieb von Murr

paragraph: Christoph Gottlieb von Murr (6 August 1733 – 8 April 1811) was a polymathic German scholar, based in Nuremberg. He was a historian and magistrate. He edited significant cultural journals. He also corresponded with Leonard Euler. Von Murr reproduced in 1790 the book published in 1553 by Michael Servetus entitled "Christianismi restitutio". The original books were burned when Servetus himself was burned at the stake in Geneva. Von Murr used as model the exemplar in the National Library in Vienna, one of the three surviving exemplars.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Peter Wolf, « Protestantischer ‘Jesuitismus’ im Zeitalter der Aufklärung : Christoph Gottlieb Murr (1733–1811) und die Jesuiten », "Zeitschrift für bayerische Landesgeschichte", LXII, 1999, p. 99-137.

description: German historian

wikidata_label: Christoph Gottlieb von Murr

wikipedia_title: Christoph Gottlieb von Murr