text: mwami

text: Kingdom of Rwanda

text: Nyiginya

text: Gihanga

text: Tutsi

text: Germans

text: Arabs

text: Congo

text: Count Gustav Adolf von Götzen

text: Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa

text: Hutus

text: Musinga

text: RPF

text: Rwandan Genocide

text: Bantu

text: Rubengera

text: Berlin Conference

text: German Empire

text: Brussels

text: Tanzania

text: Yuhi V Musinga

categories: Tutsi people,Rwandan kings,19th-century monarchs in Africa

paragraph: Kigeli IV Rwabugiri

paragraph: Kigeli IV Rwabugiri was the king ("mwami") of the Kingdom of Rwanda in the late 19th century. He was among the last Nyiginya kings in a ruling dynasty that had traced their lineage back four centuries to Gihanga, the first 'historical' king of Rwanda whose exploits are celebrated in oral chronicles. He was a Tutsi with the birth name Rwabugiri. He was the first king in Rwanda's history to come into contact with Europeans. He established an army equipped with guns he obtained from Germans and prohibited most foreigners, especially Arabs, from entering his kingdom.

paragraph: Rwabugiri held authority from 1853–1895. He died in September 1895, during an expedition in modern day Congo, shortly after the arrival of the German explorer Count Gustav Adolf von Götzen. His adopted son, Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa, was proclaimed the next king.

paragraph: By the end of Rwabugiri's rule, Rwanda was divided into a standardized structure of provinces, districts, hills, and neighborhoods, administered by a hierarchy of chiefs. The chiefs were predominantly Tutsi at the higher levels and with a greater degree of mutual participation by Hutus.

paragraph: He defended the borders of the Rwandan kingdom against invading neighboring kingdoms, slave traders, and Europeans. Rwabugiri was a warrior king and is regarded as one of Rwanda's most powerful kings. Some Rwandans see him as the last true King of Rwanda due to the tragic assassination of his successor Rutarindwa and coup by his stepmother Kanjogera who installed her son Musinga. By the beginning of the 20th century, Rwanda was a unified state with a centralized military structure.

paragraph: Rwabugiri is sometimes attributed for the tactics used by the RPF during the Rwandan Genocide to retain Tutsi superiority.

paragraph: Section::::Pre-colonial Rwanda.

paragraph: Tradition has it that the kingdom of Rwanda was originally occupied by a number of Bantu chieftainships which were conglomerated during the 10th century by Tutsi pastoralists from the North who brought ideas of caste systems and a political society. By the 19th century, the state had become much more centralized. Rwabugiri established a royal court that collected labor dues and claimed tributary food in Rubengera around 1870. This served the purpose of channeling food across the country and becoming a center of commerce. During periods of food shortages, most of the country would suffer while the very rich Tutsi who resided in Rubengera would be able to find food and livestock. The royal court was prepared for this situation usually, however, and controlled the production of produce as to always create a surplus. This was meant to serve as a famine strategy. This surplus would then be distributed by the king's order to the poorest citizens in exchange for their labor

paragraph: Section::::Expansion.

paragraph: Ethnicity became an important factor during the period of state expansion that began in the late 19th century. Rwabugiri gained increasing control over land, cattle, and people in Central Africa. Rwabugiri not only saw a personal increase in power over the land, but also consolidated power among political elites that became known either officially or informally as Tutsi. Previously, they had mostly been local chieftains who were now finding themselves as part of a complex network that allowed the Mwami to build national cohesion in newly acquired regions. The appointed chieftains were occasionally met with local resistance. For example, in the Northwest region the Balera group challenged the power of the Nduga who had been appointed to the region by the royal court. The contestation was along clan, rather than ethnic, lines, as both groups were considered Tutsi under the then ethnic understanding. During this period, there was an increase in the long-standing traditions of "ubuhake" and "ubureetwa", a practice of vassalage under which labor and resources are exchanged for political favor. Many of the lands that Rwabugiri had annexed, such as Bugoyi, Bwishaza and Kingogo in the east had no previous contact with Tutsi pastoralists and had been entirely inhabited by Hutu. The period following annexation saw a heavy influx of Tutsi into these areas. At first, the relationship between Tutsi and Hutu in these areas were mostly peaceful and commercial. After Rwabugiri instated a stronger administrative machinery, however, he used force to pacify resistance which led to a series of brutal encounters between Hutu and Rwabugiri's forces.

paragraph: Section::::German Colonial influence.

paragraph: Rwanda was unlike other African states in that was it initially not divided among the colonial powers during the Berlin Conference in 1884. Instead, Rwanda was assigned to the German Empire in the later 1890 conference in Brussels. Still, there were no expeditions made until 1893, when the German explorer, Count Gustav Adolf von Götzen led an expedition into Tanzania. Germany had made little effort to establish a colonial administration at the time, as they had limited forces in East Africa, and Rwanda was a densely populated territory with an existing strict administrative network. The death of Kigeli IV, however, and the subsequent coup weakened the state and opened a window for German direct colonization in 1897.

paragraph: Section::::Last True Rwaburgiri.

paragraph: After Kigeli IV died, his son Rutalindwa was declared king. The new mwami's queen mother, however, was not his biological mother but was another wife of Kigeli IV; Kanjogera of the Bega clan. Rutalindwa's birth mother was from a politically weak clan, the Abakono. The Nyiginya Clan, to which the old and new mwami belonged, was also weak at this particular time because Kigeli IV had killed chiefs from this lineage of clans who had showed too much independence. As such, the Bega clan was in a unique position after the death of Kigeli IV to change the status quo and assume power. Together with her brother Kabare, chief of the Bega clan, Kanjogera carried out a coup d'etat at Rucunshu where Rutalindwa was killed and Kanjogera's own son, Musinga, was named mwami under the name Yuhi V Musinga. Kanjogera and her brother were effectively in charge at his point, as Musinga was still too young to rule. The two continued to purge the Nyinga who had survived Kigeli IV's purge, as to avoid the possibility that they would return to power. It was under this conflict that German colonialists began to exercise control over the Mwami by supporting their royal forces.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Léon Delmas. " Généalogie de la Noblesse du Ruanda." Kabgaye, 244 pp.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience, see Historical Perspective

description: Rwandan Mwami

wikidata_label: Kigeli IV of Rwanda

wikipedia_title: Kigeli IV Rwabugiri


text: Czech

text: Roman Catholic

text: prelate

text: Archbishop of Prague

text: cardinalate

text: Dachau concentration camp

text: World War II

text: Nazis

text: Allied

text: Pope Pius XII

text: Prague

text: communist

text: regime

text: house arrest

text: exile

text: Rome

text: Servant of God

text: Saint Peter's Basilica

text: Saint Vitus Cathedral

text: Plzeň

text: schoolteacher

text: Gottfried Lindauer

text: baptized

text: godparents

text: medicine

text: Pontifical Urbaniana

text: Rome

text: ordained

text: priesthood

text: Basilica of Saint John Lateran

text: doctorate

text: pastoral

text: Prague

text: spiritual director

text: seminarians

text: professor

text: Charles College

text: Pope Pius XI

text: monsignor

text: Mit brennender Sorge

text: Pope Pius XII

text: Karel Kašpar

text: Nazis

text: Mass

text: prisoners of war

text: Gestapo

text: World War II

text: Pankrác

text: Theresienstadt

text: Štěpán Trochta

text: Dachau concentration camp

text: typhoid

text: Allied forces

text: Edvard Beneš

text: Archbishop of Prague

text: Czechoslovakian Church

text: episcopal consecration

text: co-consecrators

text: Klement Gottwald

text: Te Deum

text: Prague Cathedral

text: communist regime

text: religious freedom

text: schismatic

text: house arrest

text: villa

text: Liberec

text: Mukařov

text: L'Osservatore Romano

text: Pope John XXIII

text: College of Cardinals

text: in pectore

text: apostolic administrator

text: exile

text: Pope Paul VI

text: Congregation for the Clergy

text: Congregation for Rites

text: Second Vatican Council

text: Dignitatis humanae

text: standing ovation

text: United States of America

text: Latin

text: Vatican Radio

text: Jan Palach

text: lung cancer

text: grotto

text: Saint Peter's Basilica

text: funeral

text: Franjo Šeper

text: Pope Francis

text: Angelo Comastri

text: Dominik Duka

text: Miloslav Vlk

text: Congregation for the Causes of Saints

text: Servant of God

text: nihil obstat

text: apostolic nuncio

text: Giovanni Coppa

text: The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

text: Hagiography Circle

text: Catholic-Hierarchy

text: Geni

text: Find a Grave

text: Radio Praha

categories: Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Czechoslovakia,Religious persecution by communists,Burials at St. Peter's Basilica,20th-century venerated Christians,Servants of God,1961 deaths,20th-century cardinals,Bishops appointed by Pope Pius XII,20th-century Czech people,Czechoslovak prisoners and detainees,Deaths from lung cancer,Czechoslovak religious leaders,People from Plzeň,Czech cardinals,Persecution by Nazi Germany,Cardinals created by Pope Paul VI,Czech Roman Catholics,Pontifical Urbaniana University alumni,Archbishops of Prague,1889 births,Recipients of the Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Participants in the Second Vatican Council

paragraph: Josef Beran

paragraph: Josef Beran (29 December 1888 – 17 May 1969) was a Czech Roman Catholic prelate who served as the Archbishop of Prague from 1946 until his death and was elevated into the cardinalate in 1965.

paragraph: Beran was imprisoned in the Dachau concentration camp during World War II after the Nazis had targeted him for "subversive and dangerous" behavior where he almost died in 1943 due to disease. He was freed in 1945 upon Allied liberation and Pope Pius XII nominated him to head the Prague archdiocese. But the introduction of the communist regime saw him imprisoned and placed under house arrest. His release in 1963 came with the condition that he could not perform his episcopal duties and he was later exiled to Rome in 1965 as part of a coordinated deal between the Church and the national government.

paragraph: His cause for canonization opened in 1998 and he became titled as a Servant of God. He was granted the rare honor of being buried in Saint Peter's Basilica upon his death and remained the sole Czech national to be buried there until 2018 when his remains were transferred back to his native homeland for internment in the Saint Vitus Cathedral.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Education and priesthood.

paragraph: Josef Beran was born in Plzeň on 29 December 1888 as the eldest of four children to the schoolteacher Josef Beran and Marie Lindauerová (b. 16 May 1866; the niece of famous painter Gottfried Lindauer). Father Josef Jaroslav baptized Beran whose godparents were Josef Beneš and Rozálie Benešová. Beran's siblings (in order) were his brothers Jaroslav, Karel and Slavoj and his sister Marie. His father's earnings were meager. Beran thought about learning medicine but a religious instructor at his school thought that he would make a fine priest and so used his influence to secure him a position for ecclesial studies.

paragraph: Beran commenced his ecclesial studies in Plzeň from 1899 to 1907 (graduating with distinction in June 1907) and later at the Pontifical Urbaniana in Rome from 1907 until 1911. He was ordained to the priesthood in the Basilica of Saint John Lateran on 10 June 1911 in Rome. In 1912 he obtained a doctorate. Beran began doing pastoral work in Plzeň until 1932. From 1912 until 1917 he did work in a worker's district parish and was later named as both a chaplain for the Sisters of Notre Dame in Prague and then as the director for the Saint Anne Institute from 1917 until 1929. Beran was made the spiritual director for seminarians in Prague from 1932 until 1942 and also served as a professor at Charles College in 1932. Pope Pius XI later named him as a monsignor on 11 June 1936.

paragraph: Beran ensured that Pius XI's document "Mit brennender Sorge" was published and circulated in Prague due to the anti-racism stance the document made. Beran was made a full professor in 1939 ending his stint as an assistant professor. Pope Pius XII reconfirmed him as a monsignor on 19 October 1939. On 21 April 1941 the cardinal Karel Kašpar died and the Nazis seized the moment insisting Beran broadcast on radio the announcement of the cardinal's death. The Nazis made him do this and placed Beran near the top of the list of "religious radicals".

paragraph: At the beginning of June 1942 he announced he would celebrate a Mass for the Czechoslovak prisoners of war detained and in the Czech language in direct defiance of Nazi directives. The Gestapo arrested Beran on 6 June 1942 during World War II (on the basis of being "subversive and dangerous") and he was later imprisoned without trial in Pankrác at Theresienstadt (alongside future cardinal Štěpán Trochta) and also the Dachau concentration camp. From 6 June 1942 until 6 July he was held in Pankrác before being sent for two months to Terzin. He arrived at Dachau on 4 September 1942 where his number was 25844. It was there that a typhoid epidemic in 1943 almost killed him but he rallied from it and remained there until 29 April 1945 after Allied forces liberated the camp. Upon his immediate return to Prague the President of Czechoslovakia Edvard Beneš decorated him with the Iron Cross and the medal of Hero of the Resistance - the two highest honors the nation had.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Episcopate.

paragraph: On 4 November 1946 he was appointed as the Archbishop of Prague and thus the leader of the Czechoslovakian Church; this also made him the Primate. Beran received his episcopal consecration on the following 8 December from Archbishop Saverio Ritter with Bishops Mořic (Maurice) Pícha and Anton Eltschkner serving as the co-consecrators.

paragraph: The election of Klement Gottwald - the communist president of Czechoslovakia in 1948 - prompted Beran to have a Te Deum sung for the new president in the Prague Cathedral. However the rise of the communist regime in 1948 saw Beran prohibit his priests from taking an oath of allegiance to the new regime (viewing such an action as a "treason to the Christian faith") and in public protested the seizure of land that belonged to the Prague archdiocese. as well as the infringement of religious freedom. He declared: "The Catholic Church should enjoy the absolute freedom to which it has a right, both God-given and guaranteed by the existing Constitution". He condemned as schismatic the Communist government-approved Czech Catholic Action. On 19 June 1949 he was placed under house arrest and complained of being "deprived of all personal freedom and all rights as the archbishop".

paragraph: He was convicted in a show trial and his house arrest - confining him to the archiepiscopal residence - ended on 7 March 1951. On 10 March he was taken from Prague with few knowing his precise location. In that period he was first taken to a villa near Liberec before being sent to Mištěves and Hořice. He was then sent to Paběnice and Mukařov near Prague. On 4 October 1963 before going to Radvanov. His release came in 1963 and he was forbidden to perform his ecclesial duties; this lasted until his relocation to Rome in 1965. During his time in imprisonment he resisted regime pressure to resign from his see. In May 1961 the pope sent him a letter to commemorate the 50th anniversary of his ordination. But the letter was sent back to the pope with the words "without delivery". To that end John XXIII published the letter in "L'Osservatore Romano". It was a widespread rumour that Beran was one of the three prelates that Pope John XXIII elevated into the College of Cardinals reserved in pectore on 28 March 1960; the pope's death in 1963 meant that it was never known if that was indeed true since the pope did not reveal the names of those reserved.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Cardinalate and exile.

paragraph: Beran was impeded from exercising his episcopal duties upon his release and offered his resignation to the pope on numerous occasions despite such resignations being refused each time. Beran later went to live in Rome on 17 February 1965 in exchange for governmental concessions to the Church following negotiations in late 1964 that saw the appointment of new bishops and an apostolic administrator for the Prague archdiocese due to Beran's negotiated exit. He knew going to Rome was an exile and tried to resist at first. But Beran relented for the good of the Czech Church and the progress that had been made.

paragraph: Pope Paul VI elevated him into the cardinalate and made him the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Croce in Via Flaminia on 22 February 1965; he received his red hat and title on 25 February. He was made a member of both the Congregation for the Clergy and the Congregation for Rites. In 1965 he participated in the last session of the Second Vatican Council. During the Council's discussion on its document "Dignitatis humanae" on 20 September 1965 he suggested that expiation for past attacks on religious freedom was a possible cause of the Church's modern suffering. He spoke on the principle of ecclesial independence and received a standing ovation. In 1966 he made a trip to the United States of America where he received several honorary academic citations. In 1968 the pope sent him a letter in Latin to commemorate his 80th birthday. In 1969 he gave an address on Vatican Radio in response to the suicide of Jan Palach. Beran disapproved of his suicide but highlighted Palach's ideals. His address drew some criticism.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Death.

paragraph: Beran died from lung cancer in Rome in 1969 at the Pontifical Nepomucene College where he lived. Pope Paul VI learned of the cardinal's precarious health condition and he rushed to visit the ailing cardinal but was too late. Beran had died just a few minutes before Paul VI arrived at his bedside. He was buried in the grotto of Saint Peter's Basilica in the chapel of the Bruised Madonna after Paul VI celebrated his funeral. Upon his death Cardinal Franjo Šeper referred to Beran as "the second Saint Adalbert".

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Death.:Burial and re-internment.

paragraph: Beran's last will expressed his desire to be buried in Prague but this never materialized after his death because the Czech government forbade for his remains to be bought in. This changed in 2018 after Pope Francis permitted the transfer of the late cardinal's remains to the Prague which occurred on 20 April with Cardinal Angelo Comastri overseeing it. A permanent plaque was put in place of his old tomb to commemorate Beran and the small bag of earth buried with him was also sent back to his homeland. His coffin was then transported to the Pontifical Neopomucenum where he lived in Rome for a short gathering with the Czech Culture Minister leading the Czech delegation. His remains were then buried on 23 April in the Saint Vitus Cathedral in the Saint Agnes of Bohemia chapel. The translation of his remains came after the cardinal's relatives and Cardinal Dominik Duka requested it to the pope.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Death.:Monument.

paragraph: Cardinal Miloslav Vlk blessed the foundation stone of a memorial to Beran unveiled on 13 May 2009 in Prague. The cardinal underlined that "truth" and fairness" were integral aspects to Beran's life. Present at the unveiling were Archbishop Karel Otcanasek and the archdiocesan vicar-general Fr. Michael Slavik.

paragraph: Section::::Beatification process.

paragraph: The beatification process for Beran was introduced on 9 February 1998 after the Congregation for the Causes of Saints titled the late cardinal as a Servant of God and issued the official "nihil obstat" edict opening the cause; this came after the forum for the cause was moved on 14 February 1997 from Rome to Prague. On 2 April 1998 the beatification process was launched in Prague in a diocesan process tasked with the collection of both documentation and witness testimonies in relation to his life and reputation for holiness. Cardinal Miloslav Vlk presided over the launch of the process with the apostolic nuncio Giovanni Coppa present. The diocesan process was later closed on 17 May 2018.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hagiography Circle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic-Hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We Believe in Each Other" - TIME Magazine

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geni

paragraph: BULLET::::- Find a Grave

paragraph: BULLET::::- Radio Praha

description: Czech cardinal, professor and theologist

wikidata_label: Josef Beran

wikipedia_title: Josef Beran


text:
American football
wide receiver
National Football League
Arizona Cardinals
2003 NFL Draft
San Francisco 49ers
Detroit Lions
Houston Texans
college football
Penn State
Baltimore City College
football
basketball
track
Knight's football team
Penn Relays
Penn State
Bachelor of Arts
sociology
Penn State University
slot receiver
Anquan Boldin
Larry Fitzgerald
rookie
touchdown
University of Phoenix Stadium
Kurt Warner
Arizona Cardinals
San Francisco 49ers
2008 season
Jerry Rice
Houston Texans
ESPN profile
Detroit Lions bio

categories: Houston Texans players,Detroit Lions players,San Francisco 49ers players,1981 births,American football wide receivers,Penn State Nittany Lions football players,Sportspeople from Baltimore,Players of American football from Maryland,Arizona Cardinals players,Living people

paragraph: Bryant Johnson

paragraph: Bryant Andrew Johnson (born March 7, 1981) is a former American football wide receiver who played in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Arizona Cardinals 17th overall in the 2003 NFL Draft and also played for the San Francisco 49ers, Detroit Lions, and Houston Texans. He played college football at Penn State.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Johnson attended Baltimore City College high school, excelling at football, basketball, and track. He was selected first-team all-state and the 1998 Baltimore Touchdown Club’s offensive player-of-the-year from the Knight's football team, Johnson also anchored a winning relay team at the Penn Relays for the school's track team.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Johnson was a star wide receiver for Penn State, starting his final two years. He was the sixth player in PSU history to catch more than 100 career passes, and finished second all-time with 2,008 career receiving yards.

paragraph: Johnson earned a Bachelor of Arts in sociology from Penn State University in 2005.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Cardinals.

paragraph: Johnson played three years predominantly as the Cardinals' third option receiver, playing mainly out of the slot receiver role, due to Anquan Boldin and Larry Fitzgerald being higher on the depth chart. His 35 catches in 2003 was the third most receptions for a rookie (his teammate Anquan Boldin had the most receptions for a rookie that year). In his 5-year career with the Cardinals he caught 210 passes for 2675 yards and 9 touchdowns.

paragraph: Johnson scored the inaugural touchdown at University of Phoenix Stadium, a 5-yard reception from Kurt Warner in the Arizona Cardinals preseason game on August 12, 2006.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:San Francisco 49ers.

paragraph: Johnson signed a one-year deal with the San Francisco 49ers on March 14, 2008. He had 45 receptions for 546 yards and three touchdowns the 2008 season, his fifth straight season with 40 or more receptions. In his tenure with the 49ers, he changed his jersey number from 80 to 82 in respect of retired 49ers WR Jerry Rice, whose jersey number 80 was retired in his honor.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Detroit Lions.

paragraph: On February 28, 2009 Johnson signed a 3-year $9 million deal with the Detroit Lions. He was released on July 28, 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Houston Texans.

paragraph: Johnson signed with the Houston Texans on August 29, 2011.

paragraph: He re-signed with the Texans on July 26, 2012. On August 27, he was released by the team.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ESPN profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Detroit Lions bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Bryant Johnson

wikipedia_title: Bryant Johnson


text:
American football
Troy Vincent
Tony Dungy
E. E. Smith High School
Fayetteville, North Carolina
quarterback
Michigan State Spartans football team
1966 Rose Bowl
1966 Spartans
10–10 tie with Notre Dame
Minnesota
Sandy Stephens
Uniontown, Pennsylvania
Bubba Smith
George Webster
Gene Washington
Duffy Daugherty
Los Angeles Rams
cornerback
Philadelphia Eagles
Wyoming
offensive coordinator
Los Angeles Rams
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
New England Patriots
Kansas City Chiefs
Washington Redskins
Oakland Raiders
San Francisco 49ers
2009 49ers season
Jimmy Raye III
Detroit Lions

categories: Detroit Lions coaches,Oakland Raiders coaches,Washington Redskins coaches,African-American coaches of American football,Michigan State Spartans football coaches,Los Angeles Rams players,National Football League offensive coordinators,1946 births,Wyoming Cowboys football coaches,San Francisco 49ers coaches,Michigan State Spartans football players,Sportspeople from Fayetteville, North Carolina,New York Jets coaches,Los Angeles Rams coaches,Tampa Bay Buccaneers coaches,American football cornerbacks,Living people,Philadelphia Eagles players,American football quarterbacks,New England Patriots coaches,Kansas City Chiefs coaches

paragraph: Jimmy Raye II

paragraph: James Arthur Raye Jr. (born March 26, 1946) is an American football coach and former player who is currently a senior adviser to NFL vice-president Troy Vincent. A book about his college career by award-winning sportswriter Tom Shanahan was published in September 2014 by August Publications titled "Raye of Light: Jimmy Raye, Duffy Daugherty, the Integration of College Football and the 1965–66 Michigan State Spartans". Tony Dungy, who considers Raye a mentor, wrote the foreword.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Raye attended the segregated E. E. Smith High School in Fayetteville, North Carolina.

paragraph: In college, as a quarterback, Raye was the backup for the Michigan State Spartans football team that played in the 1966 Rose Bowl, and he started for the 1966 Spartans in the famous 10–10 tie with Notre Dame, a game often referred to as "The Game of the Century." He was the South's first black quarterback to win a national title, on the 1966 Michigan State team. (The first black quarterback to win a national title was Minnesota's Sandy Stephens, from Uniontown, Pennsylvania, in 1960.) Raye and College Football Hall of Famers Bubba Smith (from Texas), George Webster (South Carolina) and Gene Washington (Texas) arrived at Michigan State from the segregated South as part of head coach Duffy Daugherty's Underground Railroad.

paragraph: Raye was drafted by the Los Angeles Rams for the position of cornerback but was quickly traded to the Philadelphia Eagles.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: Raye began his coaching career in 1971 at his alma mater, Michigan State, where he stayed for five years (1971–75). He served a brief stint at Wyoming in 1976 before moving to the NFL ranks in 1977.

paragraph: He coached in the NFL for a total of 36 years with 10 different teams, serving as offensive coordinator for 13 seasons: 1983–84 with the Los Angeles Rams, 1985–86 with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, 1990 with the New England Patriots, 1998–2000 with the Kansas City Chiefs, 2001 with the Washington Redskins, 2004–05 with the Oakland Raiders (where he was also assistant head coach), and 2009–10 with the San Francisco 49ers.

paragraph: Following the 2009 49ers season, Raye was praised for his ability to adapt the offense after key players were injured, and he continued as the 49ers' offensive coordinator to start the 2010 season. This was the first time in seven years that the 49ers had an offensive coordinator return to the team for consecutive seasons. But Raye was fired after the 49ers lost their first three games of 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: His son, Jimmy Raye III, is currently Senior Personnel Executive for the Detroit Lions.

description: American football player and coach

wikidata_label: Jimmy Raye II

wikipedia_title: Jimmy Raye II


text:
art historian
Sterling Professor
Architecture
Yale University
Philip Johnson
standing ovation
New Haven, Connecticut
Hillhouse High School
University of Miami
Louis I. Kahn
Robert Venturi
New York
Pennsylvania Station
Lynchburg, Virginia
Parkinson's disease
Antoinette Downing
Alice Davis Hitchcock Award
National Endowment for the Humanities
Jefferson Lecture
humanities
Vincent Scully Prize
National Building Museum
Urban Land Institute
J.C. Nichols
George W. Bush
National Medal of Arts

categories: Writers from New Haven, Connecticut,Yale Sterling Professors,American male non-fiction writers,American art historians,American architecture writers,Yale University alumni,1920 births,Vincent Scully Prize winners,University of Miami faculty,2017 deaths,American military personnel of World War II,American architectural historians,Yale University faculty

paragraph: Vincent Scully

paragraph: Vincent Joseph Scully Jr. (August 21, 1920 – November 30, 2017) was an American art historian who was a Sterling Professor of the History of Art in Architecture at Yale University, and the author of several books on the subject. Architect Philip Johnson once described Scully as "the most influential architectural teacher ever." His lectures at Yale were known to attract casual visitors and packed houses, and regularly received standing ovations.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born and raised in New Haven, Connecticut, Scully attended Hillhouse High School. At the age of 16, he entered Yale University. He earned his BA degree from Yale in 1940, his M.A. in 1947, and his Ph.D in 1949. He taught classes at Yale from 1947, often to packed lecture rooms. He was also a Distinguished Visiting Professor at the University of Miami. Scully officially retired from Yale in 1991, but continued giving courses there and at the University of Miami. He announced in 2009, however, at the age of 89, that he was no longer well enough to continue teaching.

paragraph: Scully's early advocacy was critical to the emergence of both Louis I. Kahn and Robert Venturi as important 20th-century architects. Scully was a fierce critic of the 1963 destruction of New York's original Pennsylvania Station, memorably writing of it that, "One entered the city like a god. One scuttles in now like a rat."

paragraph: Scully died on November 30, 2017 at his home in Lynchburg, Virginia, aged 97. The cause of death was complications of Parkinson's disease.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: In 1952, Scully and his co-author Antoinette Downing won the Alice Davis Hitchcock Award for their book, "The Architectural Heritage of Newport".

paragraph: In 1995, the National Endowment for the Humanities chose Scully to deliver the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest humanities honor. His lecture was on the topic of "The Architecture of Community," a concept that became central to his architectural philosophy.

paragraph: In 1999, the Vincent Scully Prize was established by the National Building Museum to honor individuals who have exhibited exemplary practice, scholarship or criticism in architecture, historic preservation and urban design. Scully himself was the first honoree.

paragraph: In 2003 the Urban Land Institute awarded Scully its J.C. Nichols Prize for Visionary Urban Development.

paragraph: In 2004, President George W. Bush presented Scully with the National Medal of Arts, the United States' highest honor for artists and arts patrons. The medal citation read: "For his remarkable contributions to the history of design and modern architecture, including his influential teaching as an architectural historian."

paragraph: Section::::Major publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "American Architecture and Urbanism". Revised Edition. 2013 Trinity University Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Earth, the Temple, and the Gods: Greek Sacred Architecture" Revised Edition. 2013 Trinity University Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Architecture: The Natural and the Manmade"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Villas of Palladio"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Shingle Style: Architectural Theory and Design from Richardson to the Origins of Wright". 1955, Library of Congress catalog card number 55-5988

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frank Lloyd Wright" 1960

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Louis I. Kahn". 1962, George Braziller Inc.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Modern Architecture - The Architecture of Democracy" 1961, 1974

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Earth, the Temple, and the Gods: Greek Sacred Architecture" 1962.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "American Architecture and Urbanism" 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Shingle Style Today" 1974

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pueblo: Mountain, Village, Dance" 1989* "Modern Architecture and Other Essays" 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Interview with Vincent Scully by Yehuda Safran and Daniel Sherer," Potlatch 4 (2016).

alias:
Vincent Joseph Scully, Jr.
Vincent Joseph Scully
Vincent, Jr. Scully
Vincent Joseph, Jr. Scully

description: American architectural historian

enwikiquote_title: Vincent Scully

wikidata_label: Vincent Scully

wikipedia_title: Vincent Scully


text:
Venice
Italy
Italian
cinematographer
Michelangelo Antonioni
Cronaca di un amore
La signora senza camelie
I vinti
Roberto Rossellini
Viaggio in Italia
Luigi Zampa
Les Sept péchés capitaux
Siamo donne
Silver Ribbon
Forbidden Music
Gentleman Thief
When the Angels Sleep
Unexpected Conflict
That Luzmela Girl
Child of the Night
A Thief Has Arrived
The Temptress
Journey to Italy

categories: 1995 deaths,1912 births,Italian cinematographers,People from Venice,Nastro d'Argento winners

paragraph: Enzo Serafin

paragraph: Enzo Serafin (1912, Venice, Italy - 1995) was an Italian cinematographer, who cooperated with Michelangelo Antonioni ("Cronaca di un amore" (1950), "La signora senza camelie" (1953), "I vinti" (1953)), Roberto Rossellini ("Viaggio in Italia" (1954)), Ricardo Gascón, Ignacio F. Iquino, Luigi Zampa, Gianni Franciolini, Alfredo Guarini and others. He was a cinematographer of several parts of "Les Sept péchés capitaux" (1962) and "Siamo donne" (1953). In 1953 Enzo Serafin won Silver Ribbon for his works.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Forbidden Music" (1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gentleman Thief" (1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "When the Angels Sleep" (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unexpected Conflict" (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "That Luzmela Girl" (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Child of the Night" (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Thief Has Arrived" (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Temptress" (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Journey to Italy" (1954)

description: Italian cinematographer

wikidata_label: Enzo Serafin

wikipedia_title: Enzo Serafin


text:
U.S. Representative
Missouri
Jacksonville, Illinois
Yale College
Republican
San Mateo
Bellefontaine Cemetery

categories: Members of the United States House of Representatives from Missouri,1849 births,Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives,Politicians from St. Louis,1921 deaths,Missouri Republicans,People from Jacksonville, Illinois,Lawyers from St. Louis

paragraph: Charles Frederick Joy

paragraph: Charles Frederick Joy (December 11, 1849 – April 13, 1921) was a U.S. Representative from Missouri.

paragraph: Born in Jacksonville, Illinois, Joy attended the public schools.

paragraph: He was graduated from Yale College in 1874.

paragraph: He studied law.

paragraph: He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1876.

paragraph: Presented credentials as a Republican Member-elect to the Fifty-third Congress and served until April 3, 1894, when he was succeeded by John J. O'Neill, who contested the election.

paragraph: He married Elizabeth Ina Grant, a native of Boston Highlands, Massachusetts. She descended from the Grants and Lennoxes of England, and spent the greater part of her girlhood abroad, returning to Boston in 1872. Since 1889 her family resided in California, where, on May 11, 1895, she and Charles F. Joy were married in San Mateo.

paragraph: Joy was elected to the Fifty-fourth and to the three succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1903).

paragraph: He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1902.

paragraph: He resumed the practice of his profession in St. Louis.

paragraph: He served as recorder of deeds from 1907 until March 22, 1921, when he resigned.

paragraph: He died in St. Louis, Missouri, on April 13, 1921. His remains were cremated and placed in Elks Rest at Bellefontaine Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Specific

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Charles Frederick Joy

wikipedia_title: Charles Frederick Joy


text:
U.S. Representative
Missouri
Vermontville, Michigan
Northfield, Minnesota
Fergus Falls, Minnesota
Beloit, Kansas
Kansas City, Missouri
Republican
Kansas City, Missouri
Kansas City, Missouri

categories: 1854 births,People from Fergus Falls, Minnesota,1947 deaths,Members of the United States House of Representatives from Missouri,Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives,American Congregationalists,Missouri Republicans

paragraph: Edgar C. Ellis

paragraph: Edgar Clarence Ellis (October 2, 1854 – March 15, 1947) was a U.S. Representative from Missouri.

paragraph: Born in Vermontville, Michigan, Ellis attended Olivet (Michigan) College, and was graduated from Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota, in 1881.

paragraph: Instructor in Latin at Carleton College in 1881 and 1882.

paragraph: Superintendent of the public schools at Fergus Falls, Minnesota from 1882 to 1885.

paragraph: He studied law.

paragraph: He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Beloit, Kansas, in 1885.

paragraph: He moved to Kansas City, Missouri, in 1888 and continued the practice of his profession.

paragraph: Ellis was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-ninth and Sixtieth Congresses (March 4, 1905-March 3, 1909).

paragraph: He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1908 to the Sixty-first Congress.

paragraph: He resumed the practice of law in Kansas City, Missouri.

paragraph: He was appointed a member of the Missouri Waterway Commission and served in 1911 and 1912.

paragraph: Ellis was elected to the Sixty-seventh Congress (March 4, 1921-March 3, 1923).

paragraph: He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1922 to the Sixty-eighth Congress.

paragraph: Ellis was elected to the Sixty-ninth Congress (March 4, 1925-March 3, 1927).

paragraph: He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1926 to the Seventieth Congress.

paragraph: Ellis was elected to the Seventy-first Congress (March 4, 1929-March 3, 1931).

paragraph: He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1930 to the Seventy-second Congress.

paragraph: He retired from law practice and political life.

paragraph: He died in St. Petersburg, Florida, March 15, 1947, aged 92.

paragraph: His remains were cremated and the ashes interred in Kansas City, Missouri.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Edgar C. Ellis

wikipedia_title: Edgar C. Ellis


text:
U.S. Representative
Missouri
Cincinnati, Ohio
St. Louis, Missouri
Republican
James Joseph Butler
Bellefontaine Cemetery

categories: 1946 deaths,Members of the United States House of Representatives from Missouri,1863 births,Missouri Republicans

paragraph: George Chester Robinson Wagoner

paragraph: George Chester Robinson Wagoner (September 3, 1863 – April 27, 1946) was a U.S. Representative from Missouri who served one week.

paragraph: Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Wagoner attended the public schools and Beaumont Hospital Medical College, St. Louis, Missouri. He served as president of the Wagoner Undertaking Co. and secretary and treasurer of the H.H. Wagoner Realty Co. in St. Louis.

paragraph: As a Republican, Wagoner successfully contested the election of James Joseph Butler to the Fifty-seventh Congress and served in the final week of his term (February 26 – March 4, 1903).

paragraph: After his short involvement in politics, Wagoner resumed business activities. He died in St. Louis on April 27, 1946 and was interred in Bellefontaine Cemetery.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: George Chester Robinson Wagoner

wikipedia_title: George Chester Robinson Wagoner


text:
Brussels
Horn
Spanish Netherlands
Nevele
Anna van Egmont the Elder
Ooidonk Castle
Bologna
Charles V
Charles V
Walburgis van Nieuwenaer
stadtholder
Guelders
Admiral of Flanders
Golden Fleece
Philip II
Netherlands
Prince of Orange
Count of Egmont
Granvelle
Spanish Inquisition
Floris of Montmorency
Margaret, duchess of Parma
duke of Alva
Council of Troubles
Grand Place
town hall
Brussels
Petit Sablon
Delft
Eighty Years' War
William of Orange
Lutheran

categories: Dutch Roman Catholics,Admirals of the navy of the Dutch Republic,Knights of the Golden Fleece,1568 deaths,Year of birth uncertain,Counts of Hoorn,1524 births,Executed Dutch people,People executed for treason against Spain,People from Deinze,People from Leudal,16th-century Dutch people,House of Montmorency,People executed by Spain by decapitation

paragraph: Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn

paragraph: Philip de Montmorency (ca. 1524 – 5 June 1568 in Brussels), also known as Count of Horn or "Hoorne" or "Hoorn", was a victim of the Inquisition in the Spanish Netherlands.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: De Montmorency was born as the eldest of four children of Josef van Montmorency, Count of Nevele and Anna van Egmont the Elder, who had married shortly after August 26, 1523, and lived at Ooidonk Castle. His father died early in 1530 in Bologna, Italy, where he was for the coronation of Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor. His mother remarried Johan II, Count of Horn, one of the wealthiest nobles of the Netherlands, who, in 1540, left the County of Horne to his wife's children on condition they assume his name. A page and later chamberlain at the court of Charles V, de Montmorency married Walburgis van Nieuwenaer in 1546. He became stadtholder of Guelders in 1555, an Admiral of Flanders, and a knight of the Golden Fleece in 1556.

paragraph: In 1559 he commanded the stately fleet which conveyed Philip II from the Netherlands to Spain, and he remained at the Spanish court until 1563. On his return he placed himself with the Prince of Orange and Count of Egmont at the head of the party which opposed the imposition of the inquisition by Cardinal Granvelle and ultimately forced his resignation. When Granvelle retired, the three nobles continued to resist the introduction of the Spanish Inquisition and of Spanish rule in the Netherlands. In April 1566, the Council of State sent Philip's younger brother, Floris of Montmorency, to Spain in a last attempt to avoid war. However, Floris was arrested and kept in house arrest.

paragraph: Although Philip II of Spain appeared to give way, he had made up his mind to punish the opponents of his policy. He replaced the regent, Margaret, duchess of Parma, with the duke of Alva, who entered the Netherlands at the head of a veteran army.

paragraph: Orange fled from the country, but Egmont and Horn, despite his warning, decided to remain and face the storm. They were both seized, tried at the Council of Troubles and condemned as traitors. Ceaseless but vain efforts were made to obtain a fair trial for Horn, and appeals for clemency on his behalf were made by potentates in all parts of the continent. Egmont and Horn were executed by decapitation on 5 June 1568 at the Grand Place before the town hall in Brussels. Two years later, Philip II had his still-detained brother Floris strangled in secret and spread the rumor that he had died of disease.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Nowadays, a statue erected on the Petit Sablon Square in Brussels commemorates the Counts of Egmont and Horn (Hoorn, Hoorne), in historical overview usually mentioned together as "Egmond en Hoorne" and hailed as the first leaders of the Dutch revolt, as the predecessors of William of Orange, who grew to importance and obtained the leadership after their execution, and who was assassinated in 1584 in Delft, having succeeded in liberating parts of The Netherlands in the early years of the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648).

paragraph: Van Egmont ("Egmond") and De Montmorency ("Horn" or "Hoorn"), both remained faithful Roman Catholics and are commemorated in Belgium, with its traditional Catholic majority. William of Orange, brought up as a Lutheran, was a proponent of freedom of religion.

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: Dutch admiral

wikidata_label: Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn

wikipedia_title: Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn


text:
Roman
client king
Parthian Empire
Osroene
Osroes I
emperor
Trajan
Roman Empire
client state
Asia Minor
Syria
Osroene
Yalur
Clément Huart
Louis Delaporte

categories: People of the Roman–Parthian Wars,Parthian kings,Rulers of Osroene,Roman client rulers,2nd-century Iranian people,2nd-century monarchs in the Middle East

paragraph: Parthamaspates of Parthia

paragraph: Parthamaspates was a Roman client king of the Parthian Empire and later of Osroene during the early second century AD. He was the son of the Parthian emperor Osroes I.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: After spending much of his life in Roman exile, he accompanied the emperor Trajan on the latter's campaign to conquer Parthia. Trajan originally planned to annex Parthia as part of the Roman Empire, but ultimately decided instead to place Parthamaspates on his father's throne as a Roman client, doing so in 116. Following Roman withdrawal from the area, Osroes easily defeated Parthamaspates and reclaimed the Parthian throne.

paragraph: After his defeat in Parthia, Parthamaspates again fled to the Romans who then, as a consolation, granted him the co-rule of Osroene, a small Roman client state between Asia Minor and Syria. He was king of Osroene together with Yalur from 118 to 122, and afterwards sole ruler to 123.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clément Huart & Louis Delaporte, "L'Iran antique : Élam et Perse et la civilisation iranienne", Albin Michel, coll. « L'Évolution de l'Humanité », Paris, 1943, .

wikidata_label: Parthamaspates of Parthia

wikipedia_title: Parthamaspates of Parthia


text:
British
athlete
steeplechase
1920 Summer Olympics
Patrick Flynn
United States
Guernsey
Weymouth
Bournemouth
Bexhill-on-Sea

categories: Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics,Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain,Olympic athletes of Great Britain,Athletes (track and field) at the 1920 Summer Olympics,British male middle-distance runners,British male steeplechase runners,Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field),1890 births,1967 deaths

paragraph: Percy Hodge

paragraph: Percy Hodge (26 December 1890 – 27 December 1967) was a British athlete, winner of the 3000 m steeplechase at the 1920 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: The 1920 Summer Olympics were the first to include a (now common) 3000 m steeplechase. This was run on a grass course, unlike later competitions. Percy Hodge was the favourite, easily winning his heat and outrunning the rest of the field. He won the final in a time of 10:00.4, some 100 m ahead of second-placed Patrick Flynn from the United States. Hodge also ran in the heats of the 3000 m team event, in which Great Britain won a silver medal.

paragraph: Hodge was born in Guernsey, but then moved to Weymouth and Bournemouth, finally settling in Bexhill-on-Sea. He was an AAA champion in 2 miles steeplechase from 1919 to 1921 and in 1923. In 1920 his shoe fell off in the second lap causing him to stop and lose some 100 yards, yet he won the race by a margin of 75 yards. He also finished ninth at the International Cross Country Championships and helped his team to win a first place earlier in 1920.

description: British athlete

wikidata_label: Percy Hodge

wikipedia_title: Percy Hodge


text: Israel

text: designer

text: silversmith

text: Germany

text: Sinsheim

text: Heilbronn

text: Kunstgewerbeschule

text: Düsseldorf

text: Stockholm

text: Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design

text: Ludwig Yehuda Wolpert

text: Land of Israel

text: typography

text: repoussé

text: Kunstgewerbeschule

text: Israel Museum

categories: 1906 births,Israeli designers,1992 deaths

image: 512px-D.H.GUMBELצילום_של_בסטודיו_על_ידי_מלכה_כוכבי_בעת_בניית_קערה_לפסח.jpg

paragraph: David Heinz Gumbel

paragraph: David Heinz Gumbel (1906–1992) was an Israeli designer and silversmith, born in Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: David Heinz Gumbel (given name was Detlev Heinz. He was born in Sinsheim, Germany to a secular family among the pioneers of the local silversmith industry. In 1918, the Gumbels relocated to Heilbronn where David worked as an apprentice in the "Bruckmann & Sons" factory, becoming a certified steel engraver.

paragraph: In the late 1920s, Gumbel studied to be a silversmith at the school of applied arts in Berlin at the Kunstgewerbeschule. Following his studies, Gumbel was employed at workshops in Düsseldorf and Stockholm, as well as in the family factory in Heilbronn. It was there that Gumbel began to design hand-made silver pieces in the modern style. Simultaneously, he produced Jewish ritual objects like a Chanukah menorah or candlesticks. Gumbel utilized polished silver and other materials, such as ivory, in his works.

paragraph: In 1936, Gumbel left Germany for Land of Israel, joining the Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design as a teacher and the administrator of the metal department, alongside Ludwig Yehuda Wolpert. Once in the Land of Israel, Gumbel began to work with typography, ostensibly as a result of Wolpert's influence.

paragraph: Despite Gumbel's modern approach to design, he continued to work with and teach the traditional methods of manual manufacturing, such as repoussé. In the early 1940s, he opened an independent workshop where he produced metal works and Judaica pieces in said silversmith techniques.

paragraph: Gumbel retired from his work at Bezalel in 1955. In his will Gumbel left the continuation of his creation to the artist Malka Cohavi, his assistant and teacher at Bezalel Academy of Art and Design.

paragraph: Some of his most notable works: Candlestick of three arms (1930), Silver pouch for Declaration of Independence scroll (1949), Mezuzah case (1960), Etrog box (1975), Mezuza for the Supreme Court (1992), Early Modern Era silver Hunukkah Lamp (1950) and more.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Apprentice at the "Brookmann & Sons", Heilbronn, Germany

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1927 Silversmithing, Kunstgewerbeschule, Berlin

paragraph: Section::::Teaching.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1936-1956 The Metal Department, New Bezalel, Jerusalem

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sharon Weiser-Ferguson, Forging Ahead: Wolpert and Gumbel, Israeli Silversmiths for the Modern Age, Israel Museum, Jerusalem, 2012

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Forging Ahead: Wolpert and Gumbel, Israeli Silversmiths for the Modern Age, The Israel Museum Web site

description: israeli designer

wikidata_label: David Heinz Gumbel

wikipedia_title: David Heinz Gumbel


text:
High Sheriff of Clare
Irish rebellion
Doolin
Ennistymon House
Daniel O'Connell
Clare
Milesian

categories: UK MPs 1832–1835,People from County Clare,UK MPs 1835–1837,UK MPs 1847–1852,19th-century Irish people,Year of birth uncertain,UK MPs 1837–1841,Date of birth unknown,1856 deaths,UK MPs 1830–1831,High Sheriffs of Clare,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Clare constituencies (1801–1922),UK MPs 1841–1847,UK MPs 1831–1832

paragraph: William Nugent Macnamara

paragraph: William Nugent Macnamara or M'Namara (c.1776 – 11 November 1856) was an Irish landowner and Member of Parliament.

paragraph: He was the eldest son of Irish MP Francis Macnamara of Doolin and educated at a Dublin seminary. He entered the local militia as a captain of grenadiers, later gaining promotion to major. He was appointed High Sheriff of Clare for 1798-99, successfully keeping order during the Irish rebellion, and succeeded his father in 1815 as landlord of Doolin. He later acquired Ennistymon House by marriage.

paragraph: He travelled about, including to the continent, between 1814 and 1816. When in Dublin in 1815 he acted as second to Daniel O'Connell (the Liberator) in his famous duel with John D'Esterre in which O'Connell wounded D'Esterre. In 1830 he was elected MP for Clare to take the place of O'Connell, who sat instead for Waterford. He was then re-elected in 1831, 1832 and 1847, retiring in 1852.

paragraph: He died in 1856 and was buried in the family vault at Doolin. He had married Susannah, daughter and coheiress of Mathias Finucane of Lifford, with whom he had a son, Francis and four daughters. He was succeeded by Francis, an Army officer who had been an MP for Ennis.

paragraph: He was described by a contemporary as ""a Protestant in religion, a Catholic in politics, and a Milesian in descent"".

description: Irish politician

wikidata_label: William Nugent Macnamara

wikipedia_title: William Nugent Macnamara


text:
marchand-mercier
marchand-mercier
art market
Régence
rococo
Antoine Watteau
Charlottenburg
boutique
backshop
Pont Notre-Dame
Burgundian
Petit Pont
auction sale
François-Charles Joullain
catalogue raisonné
Jean-Antoine Watteau
L'Enseigne de Gersaint
Frederick the Great
boutique
backshop
Pont Notre-Dame
Merchant
Retail

categories: 1750 deaths,Rembrandt scholars,1694 births,Retail company founders,French art dealers,Businesspeople from Paris

paragraph: Edme-François Gersaint

paragraph: Edmé-François Gersaint (1694–1750) was a Parisian "marchand-mercier" (merchant) who specialised in the sale of works of art and luxury goods and who is noted for revolutionising the art market by preparing, for the first time, detailed catalogs with descriptions of the work and biographies of the artist.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Edmé-François Gersaint (1694–1750) was a Parisian "marchand-mercier" who was a central figure in the development of the art market and the luxury trades during the era of the Régence and the rule of the rococo style. His shadowy figure has always been connected with his caring friendship with the dying Antoine Watteau, which resulted in the familiar shop sign painted in 1720, conserved at Charlottenburg, a masterpiece that provided publicity for Watteau as much as for Gersaint himself, but he had to wait until 2002 for his first in-depth biography. For his whole career, Gersaint presided from his cramped boutique, hardly more than a permanent booth with a little backshop, on the medieval Pont Notre-Dame, in the heart of the heart of Paris, both creating and following fashion as he purveyed works of art and luxurious trifles to an aristocratic clientele, an artistic creator in his own way.

paragraph: Born in 1694 in a modest merchant family of Burgundian origins, Gersaint's family relocated to Paris in the late 1690s. He was orphaned at a young age, his father, Edmé-François Gersaint died in 1707 and his mother, Edmée-Marguerite Rigault died in 1710. He was subsequently raised by an aunt. In 1716, he was apprenticed to the merchant, Charles Grimeau in le Pont Notre-Dame. He began his career as a merchant in 1718, purchasing the stock-in-trade and inheriting the clientele of a picture dealer on the Petit Pont, Antoine Dieu "Au Grand Monarque", with a modest capital. Situated on the Quai de la Mégisserie at Le Pont Notre Dame, the area where the shop was located had been dominated the craftsmen miroitiers in the late 17th century, but by the time Gersaint established his shop it was in transition and becoming the home to many painters. In the same year, he married Marie-Louise Sirois, daughter of Pierre Sirois, glassmaker and merchant.He was aged 24 years and his bride, 22 years.

paragraph: His shop initially dealt in European objects d'art. In around 1738, he changed the name of his shop from "Au Grand Monarque" to "A la Pagode" and began specialising in Chinese porcelain and Asian lacquers, as well as the French imitation known as "venis Martin." He was amongst the first dealers to travel to Holland in search of wares, making more than a dozen trips via the Dutch East India company. He was at the centre of European collectors and merchants, attracting clientele from the aristocracy and the leading dealers of Paris.

paragraph: Two inventories of Gersain's stock, taken in 1725 and 1750, revealed to his biographer, Guillaume Glorieux, the extent to which Gersaint's concerns had broadened from its inception, to concentrate as much on furniture (some 45% of the inventory valuation), exotic novelties, oriental lacquer and porcelain, tea and coffee equipages, shells from tropical seas, as on the presentation of paintings, cleaned and stylishly framed, and mirrors, during decades when Paris regarded itself as the center of civilization. He even resorted to selling licentious books under the counter to his clientele.

paragraph: From the 1730s, Gersaint began to develop a number of innovative practices in sales. He was the first Parisian art dealer to use auctions for the sale of artworks and furniture, although he almost certainly borrowed this idea from Holland and Antwerp where auctions had long been used for the sale of luxury goods. He also made extensive use of advertising in the press, notably the "Mercure of France". Starting in 1733, Gersaint compiled catalogues for auction sales in Paris. His catalogs were first to introduce detailed descriptions of the work and biographies of the artist. Another Parisian art dealer, François-Charles Joullain, built on his work by compiling the first index that documented provenance and the prices paintings had fetched at auctions. He followed up with a more detailed version in 1786. Between the contributions of Gersaint and Joullaint, the role of the art dealer in the valuation process was fundamentally transformed. Whereas art historians and curators were responsible for evaluating a painting's artistic merit, the dealer was responsible for evaluating a work's provenance. Thus, the art dealer was transformed into an expert.

paragraph: Gersaint notably catalogued the collections of Quentin de Lorangère (2 March 1744), Antoine de la Roque (22 April 1745), and Angran, vicomte de Fonspertuis (17 December 1747); artists' biographies were appended to Gersaint's extended descriptions of their work. Gersaint's "Catalogue raisonné de toutes les piėces qui forment l'oeuvre de Rembrandt" (published posthumously, Paris, 1751), was the first catalogue raisonné of a single artist's graphic work, addressing at length the connoisseurship issues in distinguishing Rembrandt's work from that of his pupils in a chapter on doubtful attributions.

paragraph: Section::::Gersaint's shop.

paragraph: Gersaint's boutique shop in Paris achieved renown beyond its time due to a painting, "L’Enseigne de Gersaint" made by the artist, Jean-Antoine Watteau (1684-1721). (It was to be the artist's final picture as he was suffering from consumption at the time of preparing it and died just months after finishing the work. (See picture "L'Enseigne de Gersaint" above and detail at left.) "L'Enseign" (1720) is a painting depicting the interior of Gersaint's shop, it was originally intended to be used as a retail sign placed over the shop entrance, but was only displayed for a fortnight before being removed. It was much admired by Parisians during its brief period on display. Following its removal, the painting languished for a time in a store-room, was eventually sold to Frederick the Great of Prussia and is now on display in Berlin. The sign shows the shop interior, richly stocked with works of art in gilded frames, furniture, etchings and curiosities along with a cast of eight elegantly dressed characters who appear to be discussing the artwork and subjecting the works to their critical eye.

paragraph: The painting exaggerates the size of Gersaint's cramped boutique, which in reality was hardly more than a permanent booth with a little backshop, on the medieval Pont Notre-Dame, in the heart of Paris. It also depicts patrons dressed for a 15th-century royal court which suggests that it presented an idealised view of the past. Historians have pointed to the primitive nature of shops in early 18th-century Paris, noting that shops situated at Quai de la Mégisserie at Le Pont Notre Dame rarely had shopfronts. Assuming this to be the case for Gersaint's dealership, the staff would have been obliged to cart the inventory into a back room every day. The painting shows that the walls were of bare stone, rather than the plastered interior which was already being used in London at this time. Nevertheless, Gersaint created a following as he purveyed works of art and luxurious trifles for an aristocratic clientele.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Merchant

paragraph: BULLET::::- Retail

alias:
Edmé-François Gersaint
Edme-Francois Gersaint
Edme François Gersaint

description: French businessman

wikidata_label: Edme-François Gersaint

wikipedia_title: Edme-François Gersaint


text:
Rainer Schüttler
Schüttler Waske Tennis-University
2002 Wimbledon final qualifying round
Roehampton
George Bastl
Pete Sampras
2002 Wimbledon tournament
Guillermo Cañas
Roger Federer
2007 Indian Wells tournament
Official website of Alexander Waske

categories: Sportspeople from Frankfurt,Eintracht Frankfurt athletes,1975 births,German male tennis players,Living people

paragraph: Alexander Waske

paragraph: Waske was ranked as high as World No. 16 in doubles, winning 4 titles. He achieved his career-high singles ranking of World No. 89 in June 2006. In 2010 Waske and his former Davis Cup companion Rainer Schüttler founded the Schüttler Waske Tennis-University, a tennis academy for professional tennis players.

paragraph: Waske twice beat players in the final qualifying rounds of tournaments who later got into the main draw as lucky losers and caused big historical upsets. In the 2002 Wimbledon final qualifying round at Roehampton, Waske beat George Bastl, before lucky loser Bastl later beat Pete Sampras in the second round of the 2002 Wimbledon tournament, in one of the greatest upsets in tennis history. In the final qualifying round for 2007 Indian Wells, Waske beat Guillermo Cañas, before lucky loser Cañas later beat Roger Federer in the second round of the 2007 Indian Wells tournament, ending Federer's 41–match unbeaten run.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website of Alexander Waske

description: German tennis player

wikidata_label: Alexander Waske

wikipedia_title: Alexander Waske


text: Overhalla

text: dean

text: Jens Gran Gleditsch

text: Ellen

text: Kristian

text: Henry Gleditsch

text: Odd Gleditsch, Sr.

text: Rolf Juell Gleditsch

text: Lieutenant Colonel

text: topography

categories: Norwegian Army personnel,1946 deaths,Norwegian environmentalists,1867 births,Norwegian topographers

paragraph: Kristen Gran Gleditsch

paragraph: Kristen Gran Gleditsch (1867-1946) was a Norwegian military officer and topographer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Kristen Gran Gleditsch was born in Overhalla as a son of dean Lars August Gleditsch (1814–1886). He was a brother of bishop Jens Gran Gleditsch, an uncle of Ellen, Kristian and Henry Gleditsch, and a first cousin once removed of Odd Gleditsch, Sr. and Rolf Juell Gleditsch.

paragraph: He started a military career, and reached the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in 1921. He had a parallel career in topography, as an employee in the Norwegian Mapping and Cadastre Authority (then known as "Norges Geografiske Oppmåling") since 1898. He chaired the department of topography there from 1916 to 1932. He issued several maps and travelling books. He also chaired the Norwegian Society for the Conservation of Nature.

wikidata_label: Kristen Gran Gleditsch

wikipedia_title: Kristen Gran Gleditsch


text: Argentine

text: Villa Ballester

text: province of Buenos Aires

text: Pampa

text: Andes

text: Hölters Schule

text: Falklands War

text: Academy of Fine Arts Vienna

text: Reinhold Messner

text: Meran

text: Patagonia

text: Academy of Fine Arts Vienna

text: General San Martín Partido

text: Dr. Arturo Jauretche

text: Official website

categories: Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni,Argentine people of Austrian descent,People from San Martín, Buenos Aires,Austrian artists,Argentine painters,1962 births,Argentine people of German descent,Living people

paragraph: Helmut Ditsch

paragraph: Helmut Ditsch (born July 6, 1962) is an Argentine painter. Ditsch's work focuses on extreme natural phenomena such as mountains, desert, ice, and water.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in Villa Ballester, in the province of Buenos Aires, to grandparents from Austria and Germany, including northern Italian origins, who had immigrated to Argentina in 1920. The early death of the artist’s mother, and with it the theme of life and death, impacted his work. At the age of eight he was introduced to the two vast Argentine landscapes, the Pampas grasslands and the Andes mountain range, which have influenced his life and work. After graduating from Hölters Schule he started to pursue a career as a painter

paragraph: In 1982 Ditsch served in the Argentine Navy during the Falklands War. In 1983 he began working as a freelance artist. The same year he founded the music band 357 MAGNUM and shot his first film in Mendoza.

paragraph: In 1988 Helmut Ditsch moved to Vienna, Austria, to begin his education at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna. He concluded his studies in painting in 1993 and graduated with honors. In the following year he opened his studio near Vienna. Around this time Helmut Ditsch became acquainted with and befriended Italian mountaineer Reinhold Messner in Meran, with whom he has since collaborated on numerous occasions.

paragraph: In order to study the glacial ice, Helmut Ditsch undertook a journey in 1995 to Patagonia. In 1998 he spent many weeks isolated in the Austrian Alps to study for his painting "Das Gebirge" ("The Mountains"). In 2000, he moved his studio to Ireland, where he has lived and worked since. In 2006, Helmut Ditsch presented his book "The Triumph of Nature" as part of a solo exhibition at the Feria International del Libro Show in Argentina.

paragraph: In 2008, he founded the HELMUT DITSCH FAN FABRICA DE ARTE NACIONAL, a transparent laboratory for art, music, philosophy and high technology design.

paragraph: In 2010, the sale of the painting "Das Meer II" for US$865.000 made Ditsch the most expensive artist in Argentina. The same year he began his exhibition tour "GIRA NACIONAL Y POPULAR" (so far in: Santa Fe, Paraná, Rosario, Vienna, Mar del Plata, Mendoza). The exhibitions have an inclusive character and take place at public spaces with free entry.

paragraph: In 2016 the painting "Cosmigonon" was sold for the record price of US$1.500.000.

paragraph: In June 2016 Helmut Ditsch began to use his creative talent in music and recorded his first album "Del Final de los Tiempos". The work of the artist includes music, lyrics, arrangement and voice. He also conducts an orchestra while playing the piano. Helmut Ditsch argues that his symphonic poems are the melody which you can also find on canvas. “"I conceive my paintings through music. In fact the colours have a tonal frequency. Therefore every time when I paint, I create a music score.’’"

paragraph: In 2017 Helmut Ditsch begins his biggest painting ever. On a 2 x 12 metres big canvas he paints the famous Argentinian glacier Perito Moreno.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cycle IV", 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Über dem Güßfeldt-Gletscher", 1993

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cerro Ameghino", 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aconcagua", 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Klagenfurt Becken", 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Death Valley IV", 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mountain Range", 1998–1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Death Valley ?", 1995–2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Answer", 1997–2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ötscher", 1998–2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Descalza", 1999–2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Point Of No Return", 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das Eis und die vergängliche Ewigkeit", 2001–2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The ten commandments II", 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Los Hielos", 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cosmigonon", 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Traunsee", 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das Meer I", 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cafayate", 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Perito Moreno", 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Also Sprach Zarathustra", 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das Meer II", 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Point Of No Return II", 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- "K2", 2006

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 Master Class Award of Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Austria

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 Appreciation Prize of the Federal Ministry of Science and Research Austria

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 Special Price of the Bau Holding Kunstforum

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 Honorary Citizen of the General San Martín Partido, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 Cultural Award "Dr. Arturo Jauretche"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 Honorary master's degree from the Universidad Nacional de General San Martín (UNSAM)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carl Aigner: "The Triumph of Nature. The Paintings of Helmut Ditsch". Prestel Munich, Berlin, London, New York, 2005,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carl Aigner:" Helmut Ditsch: The Triumph of Painting". Prestel Munich, Berlin, London, New York, 2009,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

description: Austro-Argentinean painter

wikidata_label: Helmut Ditsch

wikipedia_title: Helmut Ditsch


text: Urdu

text: Ahmadi

text: Bhopal

text: India

text: Sialkot

text: Kashmiri

text: Butt family

text: Pakistan Television Corporation

text: Pakistan

text: Khalifatul Masih III

text: heart attack

text: Punjab

text: Fazl-e-Omar Hospital

text: Nazimabad

text: Karachi

text: Obaidullah Aleem - Thoughts of a Poet

categories: 1998 deaths,People from Bhopal,Poets from Karachi,Pakistani people of Kashmiri descent,1939 births,Urdu poets from Pakistan,20th-century Pakistani poets

paragraph: Obaidullah Aleem

paragraph: Obaidullah Aleem (, 12 June 1939 – 18 May 1998) was a famous modern poet of Urdu language. Aleem was an Ahmadi.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Aleem was born in 1939 in Bhopal, India. His father moved to Sialkot following Partition. Aleem was from a Kashmiri Butt family and an Ahmadi.

paragraph: His first marriage was to Nigar Yasmin in 1970 and in late 1990s he married to Tehseen Fatima. In 1974, his first book of poetry "Chand Chehra Sitara Ankhhen" was published. He was the chairman of the Pakistan Television Corporation until he was forced to resign in 1978 following an edict against him.

paragraph: His book of poetry received the highest award in literature in Pakistan, the Adamji Prize. He wrote an article 'Khurshid missal shakhs' in memory of Khalifatul Masih III in 1982. His second collection of poetry "Viran saray ka diya" was published in 1986. He first came to England in 1982, then in 1991, 1993, 1994, 1996 and in 1997.

paragraph: In March 1998 he suffered a severe heart attack in Punjab and was treated in Fazl-e-Omar Hospital for a few days. He returned to his residence at Nazimabad no 4, in Karachi, in comparatively good health but died from heart failure, following a second heart attack.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chand chehra sitara ankhhen", (1974).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Viran saray ka diya", (1986).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yei Zindagi Hey Hamari", (Selected Poems).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Men Khhuli Huwi Ik Sachai", (Collected Prose).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chiragh Jaltey Hen: The Unpublished Poetry of Obaidullah Aleem", (Facsimile edition edited by Rehan Qayoom, 2014).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obaidullah Aleem - Aleem's Ghazals (in videos) sung by famous singers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obaidullah Aleem - Aleem's Ghazals in Aleem's own videos & his own voice

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obaidullah Aleem - Thoughts of a Poet

description: poet

wikidata_label: Obaidullah Aleem

wikipedia_title: Obaidullah Aleem


text: United States Army

text: Sergeant

text: Medal of Honor

text: Philippine-American War

text: Corporal

text: Antoine Gaujot

text: Battle of Paye

text: Philippine-American War

text: Golden Gate National Cemetery

text: San Bruno

text: California

text: San Mateo, Philippine Islands

text: canoe

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients

categories: Burials at Golden Gate National Cemetery,American military personnel of the Philippine–American War,1872 births,1942 deaths,Philippine–American War recipients of the Medal of Honor,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,People from Boston,United States Army soldiers

paragraph: Edward H. Gibson

paragraph: Edward Herrick Gibson (July 4, 1872 – April 25, 1942) was a United States Army Sergeant received the Medal of Honor for actions during the Philippine-American War. He was awarded the Medal for the same action as Corporal Antoine Gaujot. The Medal was received for actions on December 19, 1899 at the Battle of Paye near Mateo during the Philippine-American War. Gibson is buried in Golden Gate National Cemetery in San Bruno, California.

paragraph: Gibson enlisted in the Army in July 1899, and was discharged in April 1901.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Rank and organization: Sergeant, Company M, 27th Infantry, U.S. Volunteers. Place and date: At San Mateo, Philippine Islands, December 19, 1899. Entered service at: Boston, Mass. Birth: Boston, Mass. Date of issue: Unknown.

paragraph: Citation:

paragraph: Attempted under a heavy fire of the enemy to swim a river for the purpose of obtaining and returning with a canoe.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Philippine–American War Medal of Honor recipients

wikidata_label: Edward H. Gibson

wikipedia_title: Edward H. Gibson


text: American

text: ufologist

text: flying saucer

text: Donald Keyhoe

text: Condon Committee

text: Grenada

text: Eric Gairy

categories: Ufologists,1920 births,American UFO writers,1994 deaths,Deaths from lung cancer

paragraph: Leonard H. Stringfield

paragraph: Leonard Stringfield (1920–1994) was an American ufologist who took particular interest in crashed flying saucer stories. He died in 1994.

paragraph: Stringfield was director of Civilian Research, Interplanetary Flying Objects (CRIFO), and published a monthly newsletter, "ORBIT". In 1957 he became public relations adviser for the civilian UFO group, National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena (NICAP), under the direction of Donald Keyhoe, a friend since 1953. From 1967 to 1969, Stringfield served as an "Early Warning Coordinator" for the Condon Committee. During the 1970s, he wrote a number of books about alleged recoveries of alien spaceships and alien bodies.

paragraph: In 1978, Stringfield served as UFO research adviser to Grenada Prime Minister Sir Eric Gairy. Privately, Stringfield worked as Director of Public Relations and Marketing Services for DuBois Chemicals, a division of Chemed Corporation, Cincinnati. He self-published "Status Reports" on alleged UFO "crash-retrievals" until his death. He died December 18, 1994 after a long battle with lung cancer.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inside Saucer Post...3-0 Blue: CRIFO Views the Status Quo: A Summary Report (1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Situation Red", Fawcett Crest Books 1977 (PB),

paragraph: BULLET::::- Retrievals of the Third Kind: A case study of alleged UFOs and occupants in military custody (1978), presented as a speaker at the Ninth Annual MUFON Symposium in Dayton, Ohio, July, 1978. (Unofficially: Status Report I)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The UFO Crash/Retrieval Syndrome: Status report II: New Sources, New Data (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- UFO Crash/Retrievals: Amassing the Evidence: Status Report III (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The fatal encounter at Ft. Dix-McGuire: A case study: Status Report IV (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- UFO Crash/Retrievals: Is the coverup lid lifting?: Status Report V (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- UFO Crash/Retrievals: The Inner sanctum : Status Report VI (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- UFO Crash/Retrievals: Search for Proof in a Hall of Mirrors: Status Report VII (1994)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Who's Who in Ufology - Leonard Stringfield — archived NICAP page

description: American ufologist

wikidata_label: Leonard H. Stringfield

wikipedia_title: Leonard H. Stringfield


text: TCR International Series

text: TCR Middle East Series

text: ADAC Formula 4

text: Karting

text: ADAC Formula 4

text: TCR International Series

text: Volkswagen Golf GTI TCR

text: Junior Team Engstler

categories: 2000 births,Living people,TCR International Series drivers

paragraph: Luca Engstler

paragraph: Luca Engstler (born 8 March 2000) is a German racing driver currently competing in the TCR International Series and ADAC TCR Germany Touring Car Championship. Having previously competed in the TCR Middle East Series and ADAC Formula 4 amongst others.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.

paragraph: Engstler began his career in 2009 in Karting, he continued in karting until 2014. In 2015 he switched to the ADAC Formula 4 Series, he continued in the series for 2016 and finished twenty-sixth in the championship standings that year. For 2017 he switched to the ADAC TCR Germany Touring Car Championship, he took his first podiums at the third round of the championship at Oschersleben, where he took two third-place finishes.

paragraph: In June 2017 it was announced that he would race in the TCR International Series, driving a Volkswagen Golf GTI TCR for his ADAC TCR Germany team Junior Team Engstler.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Complete TCR Europe Touring Car Series results.

paragraph: Season still in progress.

description: German racing driver

wikidata_label: Luca Engstler

wikipedia_title: Luca Engstler


text:
TCR International Series
TCR Benelux Touring Car Championship
SMP F4 Championship
F4 Spanish Championship
Karting
SMP F4 Championship
F4 Spanish Championship
TCR Benelux Touring Car Championship
SEAT León TCR
Ferry Monster Autosport
Pepe Oriola
TCR International Series
SEAT León TCR
Ferry Monster Autosport

categories: Living people,1999 births,Dutch racing drivers,TCR International Series drivers

paragraph: Danny Kroes

paragraph: Danny Kroes (born 5 November 1999) is a Dutch racing driver currently competing in the TCR International Series and TCR Benelux Touring Car Championship. Having previously competed in the SMP F4 Championship and F4 Spanish Championship amongst others.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.

paragraph: Kroes began his career in 2011 in Karting, he continued in karting until 2015. In 2016 he switched to the SMP F4 Championship, he finished the season twelfth in the championship standings that year. He also raced in the F4 Spanish Championship finishing eleventh in the standings. For 2017 he switched to the TCR Benelux Touring Car Championship, driving a SEAT León TCR for Ferry Monster Autosport partnering Pepe Oriola.

paragraph: In June 2017 it was announced that he would race in the TCR International Series, driving an SEAT León TCR for his TCR Benelux team Ferry Monster Autosport.

description: Dutch racing driver

wikidata_label: Danny Kroes

wikipedia_title: Danny Kroes


categories: Nankai Hawks players,Nippon Professional Baseball coaches,Fukuoka Daiei Hawks players,1969 births,Japanese baseball players,Japanese baseball coaches,Yomiuri Giants players,Living people,Sportspeople from Mie Prefecture,Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks players

paragraph: Noriyoshi Omichi

description: baseball player

wikidata_label: Noriyoshi Omichi

wikipedia_title: Noriyoshi Omichi


text: independent film

text: Paris

text: field work

text: music video

text: indie rock

text: Tom Jones

text: R.E.M.

text: Arcade Fire

text: Creative Commons

text: Kazuki Tomokawa

text: Dogme 95

text: Alan Lomax

text: Peel Sessions

text: John Peel

text: guerrilla film making

text: music video

text: Michael Stipe

text: Michael Stipe

text: R.E.M.

text: R.E.M.

text: Supernatural Superserious

text: YouTube

text: New York City

text: Until the Day Is Done

text: Beirut (band)

text: An Interview with Vincent Moon

text: Take Away Videos: New York Times

text: Music video directors

categories: French music video directors,Film directors from Paris,Living people,1979 births

paragraph: Vincent Moon

paragraph: Vincent Moon (real name Mathieu Saura, born 25 August 1979) is an independent filmmaker, photographer, and sound artist from Paris. He was the main director of the Blogotheque's Take Away Shows, a web-based project recording field work music videos of indie rock related musicians as well as some notable mainstream artists like Tom Jones, R.E.M., or Arcade Fire.

paragraph: Vincent Moon is known for traveling around the globe with a camera in his backpack, documenting local folklores, sacred music and religious rituals, for his label Collection Petites Planètes. He works alone or with people he finds on the road, and most of the time without money involved in the projects. He shares much of his work, films and music recordings, for free on internet, under Creative Commons license. In 2009 his documentary on artist Kazuki Tomokawa, "La Faute Des Fleurs", won the Sound & Vision Award at the Copenhagen International Documentary Festival, and his film "Esperando el Tsunami" was nominated for the same award in 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.:Early Period (2000–2005).

paragraph: Growing up in Paris, Vincent Moon studied photography for 3 years at the Atelier Reflexe in Montreuil, where he met the photographers Michael Ackerman and Antoine d’Agata, who informed Vincent Moon’s experiments of style//approach and visual experiments. Working as a photographer at the time, he used to put his photos in motion, using simple slideshow techniques and music to tell stories. In 2003, he started the photography blog Les Nuits de Fiume, documenting Parisian nightlife.

paragraph: As a result of his encounter with the work of experimental filmmakers Peter Tscherkassky and Stephen Dwoskin, Vincent Moon started to move toward films in 2005. He made short films, mixing intimate storytelling experiment with various techniques, from super 8 to cellphone cameras. He was quick to grasp the various possibilities the internet offered for releasing and sharing his work online and freely. Getting closer and closer to the music world, he encountered the band The National in one of their shows in Paris. Their friendship gave birth to various projects, his photos being used on the cover of The National’s third album, 'Alligator', and he made for them 2 music videos. At this time, he also initiated other projects related to music, directing lo-fi videos for Clogs, Sylvain Chauveau and Barzin.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.:The Take Away Shows (2006–2009).

paragraph: In 2006, inspired by the film "Step Across the Border" on the English guitarist Fred Frith and pushed by its desire to record music in a more creative way, Vincent Moon created with Christophe 'Chryde' Abric the 'Concert à Emporter / Take Away Shows' project, La Blogotheque's popular video podcast. The Take Away Shows is a series of improvised outdoor video sessions with musicians, set in unexpected locations and broadcast freely on the web. In four years, they managed to shoot over two hundred videos with bands like REM, Arcade Fire, Sufjan Stevens, Tom Jones, Beirut, Grizzly Bear, and Sigur Ros and many more, always in the field of rock and pop music, mostly focused on north-American music. Vincent Moon perfected his style: an immediately recognizable intimacy, always with fragile and dancing long shots, often filmed in one take without rehearsal.

paragraph: The Take Away Shows quickly gathered a large online following and The New York Times presented its impact as 'Vincent Moon reinvented the music video'. An entire new generation of young filmmakers around the world recognized the influence of the whole concept, this natural organic approach to music. A study from 2010 showed that more than 100 online film projects were directly inspired by La Blogothèque's Take Away Shows.

paragraph: The large amount of clips is the result of a very fast filming process with mostly one take recordings in a way comparable to the Dogme 95 concept. Comparable with the field recordings of Alan Lomax or the Peel Sessions of John Peel, Moon has set up a large collection of unique single take recordings enhanced with artistic filmed video footage. The fast filming process he uses is a form of guerrilla film making. The sessions are usually two or three tracks filmed improvised in an unusual environment and as such they often had a rough and ready, demo-like feel, somewhere between a live performance and a finished music video. These live, unusually staged performances differ from the artifice of traditional music videos in favor of single-take, organic and primarily acoustic sessions.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.:Other musical collaborations (2007–2010).

paragraph: Following the success of the Blogotheque project, many artists, more established, asked Moon to work on longer films. Most of those projects became new explorations in relationship between music and sound, and a defiance towards pre-established formats of music films.

paragraph: Michael Stipe became aware of the works of Moon and as a fan he asked him to make a film project for his band. In 2007 and 2008, Moon collaborated with Michael Stipe and R.E.M. on several video and web projects related to their album 'Accelerate.' The various experimental projects that came out of this collaboration include the 48min essay 6 DAYS, the experimental ninety-days-long web project called 90 NIGHTS, the video and the website for the single SUPERNATURAL SUPERSERIOUS, and the acclaimed THIS IS NOT A SHOW (co-directed by Jeremiah), a live movie on their Dublin performances in the summer of 2007.

paragraph: The project ninetynights.com was a website dedicated to reveal little by little the new R.E.M. album, in the beginning of 2008. Over a period of 90 days, one shot would appear everyday on the website, at first very mysterious and without music, then little by little showing the band members and the songs. Each video was downloadable in high resolution, to let anybody make its own edit. Moon and Jeremiah's edit resulted in SIX DAYS, a semi-experimental approach of the music of REM. For the "Supernatural Superserious" project, Moon and Jeremiah shot a series of 12 clips published on a special website for free download as well as on YouTube. The music video was shot in various locations around New York City. On 12 February 2008 the website supernaturalsuperserious.com was launched, containing ten takes of the video available for download in high definition as well as a YouTube page for users to upload their own versions of the video. Afterwards Moon also directed the music video of the single "Until the Day Is Done".

paragraph: Other projects at the time included a one-hour film with Beirut in collaboration with La Blogotheque, CHEAP MAGIC INSIDE, a film about Beirut (band). All the 12 songs from the new album 'The Flying Club Cup' were filmed in the streets of Brooklyn, in a one-take experiment.

paragraph: From 2005 to 2009, Vincent Moon recorded the ATP Music Festival, an independent rock festival from the UK. His images ended up in the film ALL TOMORROW'S PARTIES (2009, 90min), co-directed by Jonathan Caouette, and was released to critical acclaims. Vincent Moon's series of 7 experimental gonzo films from the same festival were released later under the name FROM ATP.

paragraph: In November 2008, Vincent Moon traveled to Prague with longtime collaborators Antoine Viviani and Gaspar Claus to document the mythical Havlovi, a couple of musicians who dedicated their life to their instruments, the ancient viola da gamba. The result, LITTLE BLUE NOTHING (2009, 50min) has been screened in several cities around the world, and was released in 2014 on limited-series DVD.

paragraph: In March 2009, cellist Gaspar Claus and Vincent Moon embarked on a journey to Japan to portray the cult poet, musician and painter Kazuki Tomokawa. The film LA FAUTE DES FLEURS, sometimes considered Moon's best work, has won the Sound & Vision Award at the documentary film festival CPH DOX 2009 in Denmark. A rare thing for Moon, as he never submits his work for competitions.

paragraph: In April 2009, he organized and recorded a concert of singer Lhasa de Sela in Montreal, to promote her new album. This concert was Lhasa's last one in Canada, as she died later that year. The films were later released online.

paragraph: Later that month, Moon was working with the cult post rockers from Glasgow, Mogwai, around their live show in New York City. BURNING, a 50' live film from that performance, co-directed by Nathanael Le Scouarnec, represents a radical vision of live music, a unique attempt in documenting music on stage, and has been considered one of the best music films in history.

paragraph: During the year 2009, Moon started to explore other approaches to music, leaving a little bit the Take Away Shows project to other filmmakers, and created his own blog Fiume Nights, where he started to write ideas about media, culture and creation in the 21st century, and continued to make short films.

paragraph: His last project in the field of rock music would be AN ISLAND, recorded in August 2010 with Danish band Efterklang on their native island of Als. Vincent Moon and Efterklang released the film exclusively online in January 2011, developing of a new method of film distribution called 'private-public screenings' – people who want to see the film have to organize their own screenings. The massive success of the operation (over 1100 home screenings to date) led to a new concept in online cinema.

paragraph: In March 2011, Vincent Moon teamed up with the electronic folk duo Lulacruza to explore the musical cultures of urban and provincial Colombia. The resulting work, "Esperando El Tsunami", has been released in November 2011, using the distribution system of 'private-public screenings', first used in "An Island."

paragraph: Section::::Music career.:Collection Petites Planètes, exploring the world of sound (2009–2014).

paragraph: On December 2008, Vincent Moon left Paris and most of his previous work behind to explore new horizons. He quit La Blogothèque soon after, even though he continued from time to time to contribute with some films, and decided to set up his new personal ‘nomadic’ label – Collection Petites Planètes.

paragraph: Under this new project, he explored and recorded traditional music, religious rituals, relationships between music and trance over the five continents. These 'experimental ethnography' films mark a clear departure from his earlier line of work on alternative and indie music scenes – the films are more subtle, the camera more quiet, the form evolves towards some unique bridge between the work of Robert Gardner and the recordings of Alan Lomax.

paragraph: Everywhere he went, he relied on local connections and never collaborated with standard production companies, instead working as much as possible with people who contacted him in the years of La Blogothèque.

paragraph: Moon has been traveling in Chile, Argentina, Cambodia, Egypt, Poland, Iceland, Brazil, Colombia, Turkey, Sardinia, Indonesia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Australia, the Philippines, Croatia, Ethiopia, Russia, Uruguay, Peru, the Caucasus, Vietnam and Laos for the Collection Petites Planètes since 2010. Always making films with and of the local people, and constantly sharing them under a Creative Commons licence on the internet.

paragraph: Collection Petites Planètes is funded almost exclusively through donations on his website, and through the screenings and workshops given during his travels. Rejecting traditional professionalism in favor of twenty-first century amateurism, he collaborates with local creators and young talent all over the world. Vincent Moon is currently traveling the world, questioning the established norms of visual representations of the 'other'.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.:Into the sacred (2014–present).

paragraph: At the turn of the year 2014, after 5 years traveling, Vincent Moon switched his way of living and working to explore deeper into one subject—the renewal of sacred in our generation. His first project is the feature-length film HIBRIDOS, set up in Brazil, and exploring the various cults in the country, from afro-Brazilian beliefs to more recent syncretic aspects, weaving a very complex idea of where human and spirits stands amongst the fast pace of nowadays world.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interviews

paragraph: BULLET::::- An Interview with Vincent Moon by SoundsandColors

paragraph: BULLET::::- Take Away Videos: New York Times

paragraph: BULLET::::- A fortuitous rendez-vous with Vincent Moon Written by: Gabi Leașcu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Filmographies

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music video directors

description: French film director

wikidata_label: Vincent Moon

wikipedia_title: Vincent Moon