text:
Canadian football
running back
college football
Kansas State
Miami Dolphins
2011 NFL Draft
Hilliard Middle-Senior High School
Hilliard, Florida
Northwest Mississippi CC
Butler County Community College
Manhattan Christian College
Rivals.com
Scout.com
Mississippi
the Sun Herald
Brandon Banks
Deon Murphy
Michael Bishop
2011 NFL Draft
Miami Dolphins
2014 season
Knowshon Moreno
Chicago Bears
Saskatchewan Roughriders
Official website
Miami Dolphins bio
Kansas State Wildcats bio

categories: Northwest Mississippi Rangers football players,1987 births,Living people,Chicago Bears players,Canadian football running backs,Miami Dolphins players,People from Hilliard, Florida,American football running backs,American players of Canadian football,Kansas State Wildcats football players

paragraph: Daniel Thomas (American football)

paragraph: Daniel Thomas (born October 29, 1987) is a Canadian football running back who is currently a free agent. He played college football at Kansas State. He was selected by the Miami Dolphins in the second round of the 2011 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::High school career.

paragraph: Thomas rushed 103 times for 1,100 yards and 11 touchdowns at quarterback as a senior at Hilliard Middle-Senior High School in Hilliard, Florida. He threw for 936 yards and added 11 touchdowns. He also chipped in 57 tackles and one interception as a senior safety. He earned all-state honors as both a quarterback and linebacker. As a Junior, Thomas rushed for 178 yards and a touchdown and also had 34 receptions for 596 yards and four touchdowns primarily playing WR on a team that also featured Ralph Bolden who was an All-Big 10 performer at RB for Purdue in 2009. Thomas was also a stand-out basketball player in High School, earning All-Nassau county honors while averaging 17.3 points and 6.2 rebounds per game.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Junior college.

paragraph: Thomas rushed for over 500 yards and seven touchdowns as a freshman and helped lead Northwest Mississippi CC to a division championship. Thomas accounted for 618 yards and six touchdowns in 2007 on 103 carries and also threw for 450 yards and two scores. Thomas capped off his junior college career by becoming a JUCO All-American.

paragraph: Unable to qualify academically for Kansas State in July 2008, Thomas spent the 2008 season at Butler County Community College and Manhattan Christian College in order to meet academic requirements.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Kansas State.

paragraph: Thomas came to Kansas State as a four-star prospect by Rivals.com and the number 35 junior college prospect in the nation. He was also a three-star prospect by Scout.com. He was rated as the No. 8 JUCO prospect in the state of Mississippi by the Sun Herald.

paragraph: Thomas was voted the 2009 Big 12 Newcomer of the Year and was named to the All-Big 12 First Team. Thomas gave the Wildcats their third straight Offensive Newcomer of the Year award winner and league-leading fourth overall. Brandon Banks and Deon Murphy were honored in 2008 and 2007, respectively, joining K-State’s first honoree, Michael Bishop in 1997.

paragraph: At the close of his KSU career, Thomas ranked second in school history in career rushing yards, single season rushing yards, number three in carries in a career, number four in rushing touchdowns, number two in single season rushing touchdowns, number six in single season all-purpose yards, number five in all-time all-purpose yards.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:College statistics.

paragraph: "*FBS totals only"

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Miami Dolphins.

paragraph: Thomas was taken with the 62nd overall pick in the second round of the 2011 NFL Draft by the Miami Dolphins.

paragraph: On July 29, 2011, he signed a 4-year contract. Thomas found early success in the NFL, rushing for 107 yards in Week 2 and 95 yards with a receiving touchdown in Week 3. He injured his hamstring and was not able to play again until Week 6. Thomas finished the season with 581 yards, but no rushing touchdowns.

paragraph: The Dolphins released Thomas on August 30, 2014 for final roster cuts before the start of the 2014 season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Second stint with Dolphins.

paragraph: Thomas was re-signed on September 15, 2014, after an injury to Knowshon Moreno.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Chicago Bears.

paragraph: On June 18, 2015, the Chicago Bears signed Thomas to a one-year contract. He was released on August 30, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Third stint with Dolphins.

paragraph: Thomas signed with the Miami Dolphins on March 31, 2016. On September 3, 2016, he was released by the Dolphins as part of final roster cuts.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Saskatchewan Roughriders.

paragraph: Thomas signed with the Saskatchewan Roughriders in January 2017.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miami Dolphins bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kansas State Wildcats bio

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Daniel Thomas

wikipedia_title: Daniel Thomas (American football)


text:
Aghlabid
Emir
Ifriqiya
Abdallah I
Arab
Tunis
Berbers
gradual conquest
Sicily
Byzantine Empire
Asad ibn al-Furat
Palermo
Duke of Naples
Christians
mosque
Uqba ibn Nafi
Kairuan
mu'tazilism
mu'tazilite
qadi
Qairawan
Assad ibn al Furat
sunni
Ifriqya
Aghlabids
Abu Iqal
Kal Naga
5th season
Vikings

categories: Arab people of the Arab–Byzantine wars,Aghlabid emirs of Ifriqiya,838 deaths,Year of birth unknown,9th-century Arabs,9th-century rulers

paragraph: Ziyadat Allah I of Ifriqiya

paragraph: Ziyadat Allah I () (died June 10, 838) was the third Aghlabid Emir in Ifriqiya from 817 until his death.

paragraph: Abu Muhammad Ziyadat Allah I succeeded his brother Abdallah I (812–817) to the Emirate of Ifriqiya. During his rule the relationship between the ruling dynasty on the one hand and the jurists and Arab troops on the other remained strained. When Ziyadat Allah I attempted to disband the Arab units in 824, it led to a great revolt at Tunis, which was only put down in 836 with the help of the Berbers.

paragraph: Ziyadat had already begun campaigns in Italy in an attempt to divert the restless Arab troops, and so in 827 there began the gradual conquest of Sicily from the Byzantine Empire, under the jurist Asad ibn al-Furat. Although initially repulsed by the Byzantines, they managed to conquer Palermo in 831. Power struggles on the Italian mainland afforded further opportunity for conquest and plunder - a call for aid from the Duke of Naples enabled them to establish a foothold in southern Italy and begin extensive raids against the Christians.

paragraph: The economic health of the kingdom, in spite of the political unrest, enabled a substantial building programme. The mosque of Uqba ibn Nafi in Kairuan was renovated and refurnished, and more city defenses were erected. Ziyadat Allah I wasn't the first of the Aghlabids to convert to mu'tazilism, but he appointed, with his mu'tazilite qadi of Qairawan Abu Muhriz al Kilabi (appointed by Ibrahim I in 806), Assad ibn al Furat considered as one of the most important sunni leaders of his time in Ifriqya. The majority of the Aghlabids rulers stayed loyal to mu'tazilism until their end in 909, so even after it was rejected by the Abbassids in 848.

paragraph: After the death of Ziyadat Allah I his brother Abu Iqal (838–841) became Emir.

paragraph: Section::::Portrayal.

paragraph: Ziyadat Allah I is portrayed by Kal Naga in the 5th season of the historical drama television series "Vikings".

description: Emir of Ifriqiya

wikidata_label: Ziyadat Allah I of Ifriqiya

wikipedia_title: Ziyadat Allah I of Ifriqiya


text: Italian

text: mathematical physicist

text: civil engineer

text: finite elasticity

text: thermoelasticity

text: Signorini problem

text: University of Palermo

text: Luigi Bianchi

text: Guido Castelnuovo

text: Tullio Levi-Civita

text: Accademia Pontaniana

text: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei

text: monograph

text: textbook

text: mathematician

text: mathematical physicist

text: Carlo Cattaneo

text: Ida Cattaneo Gasparini

text: Piero Giorgio Bordoni

text: Giuseppe Grioli

text: Giuseppe Tedone

text: Carlo Tolotti

text: Gaetano Fichera

text: Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica

text: continuum mechanics

text: Signorini problem

text: variational inequalities

text: finite strains

text: Giuseppe Grioli

text: Constitutive equation

text: External ballistics

text: Finite strain theory

text: Signorini problem

text: mathematical physics

text: boundary value problem

categories: Sapienza University of Rome faculty,University of Palermo alumni,Italian civil engineers,People from Arezzo,20th-century Italian mathematicians,Mathematical physicists,Italian engineers,Italian physicists,1963 deaths,1888 births,Italian mathematicians

paragraph: Antonio Signorini

paragraph: Antonio Signorini (2 April 1888 – 23 February 1963) was an influential Italian mathematical physicist and civil engineer of the 20th century. He is known for his work in finite elasticity, thermoelasticity and for formulating the Signorini problem.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Honors.

paragraph: He was awarded the gold medal of the Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze detta dei XL in 1920, while he was working at the University of Palermo: the members of the judging commission were Luigi Bianchi, Guido Castelnuovo and Tullio Levi-Civita.

paragraph: In 1924, on the 8th of June, he was elected ordinary non resident member of the mathematics division of the Accademia Pontaniana.

paragraph: On the 30th of May 1931 he was elected corresponding member of the Società Nazionale di Scienze, Lettere e Arti in Napoli: later on, precisely on the 11th of February 1933 and on the 4th of June 1949 he was elected, respectively, ordinary member and ordinary non resident member of the same academy.

paragraph: He was elected corresponding member of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei on July 15, 1935, and then national member on February 4, 1947. However, he was never awarded the royal prize of this academy, because he became a very early a member of it, thus losing the right to win a prize.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Research activity.

paragraph: His scientific production includes more than 114 works, being papers, monographs and textbooks, 17 of which have been collected in his "Opere Scelte" (Selected works).

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Teaching activity.

paragraph: Among his "allievi" there are some of the most important Italian mathematicians and mathematical physicists; a partial list of them is below:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carlo Cattaneo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ida Cattaneo Gasparini

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piero Giorgio Bordoni

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giuseppe Grioli

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giuseppe Tedone

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carlo Tolotti

paragraph: He was also a close friend and teacher of Gaetano Fichera at the Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica, inspiring his research in continuum mechanics, his solution of the Signorini problem and the creation of the field of variational inequalities.

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- . An important work, summarizing Signorini's approach to continuum mechanics of finite strains.

paragraph: BULLET::::- . A volume collecting the most important works of Antonio Signorini with an introduction and a commentary of Giuseppe Grioli.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Constitutive equation

paragraph: BULLET::::- External ballistics

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finite strain theory

paragraph: BULLET::::- Signorini problem

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Biographical and general references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- . The ""Yearbook"" of the renowned Italian scientific institution, including an historical sketch of its history, the list of all past and present members as well as a wealth of information about its academic and scientific activities.

paragraph: BULLET::::- . The "Yearbook 2015" of the Accademia Pontaniana, published by the Academy itself and describing its past and present hierarchies and its activities. It also gives some notes on its history, the full list of its members and other useful information.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , available from the Biblioteca Digitale Italiana di Matematica.

paragraph: BULLET::::- . "The birth of the theory of variational inequalities remembered thirty years later" (English translation of the title) is an historical paper describing the beginning of the theory of variational inequalities from the point of view of its founder.

paragraph: BULLET::::- . This article, published in Signorinis's ""Selected works"" and whose English translation title is ""The work of Antonio Signorini in Mathematical Physics"" in the English translation, is an ample commentary on Signorini's work in mathematical physics written by one of his "allievi".

paragraph: BULLET::::- . The ""Commemoration of Antonio Signorini"" written by his colleague and close fiend Mauro Picone.

paragraph: BULLET::::- . The ""Yearbook"" of the renowned Italian scientific institution, including the list of all past and present members as well as a wealth of information about its academic and scientific activities.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Scientific references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- , . The encyclopedia entry about problems with unilateral constraints (the class of boundary value problems the Signorini problem belongs to) he wrote for the "Handbuch der Physik" on invitation by Clifford Truesdell.

wikidata_label: Antonio Signorini

wikipedia_title: Antonio Signorini


text:
Egypt's
22nd Dynasty
Shoshenq III
Pami
David Rohl
Shoshenq I
Egyptologist
Jurgen von Beckerath
Kenneth Kitchen
Osorkon II
Osorkon I
Takelot I
Shoshenq V
stela
Great Chief of the Libu
sarcophagi
canopic jars

categories: 785 BC deaths,Pharaohs of the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt,8th-century BC Pharaohs,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Shoshenq IV

paragraph: Hedjkheperre Setepenre Shoshenq IV ruled Egypt's 22nd Dynasty between the reigns of Shoshenq III and Pami. In 1986, David Rohl proposed that there were two king Shoshenqs bearing the prenomen Hedjkheperre – (i) the well-known founder of the dynasty, Hedjkheperre Shoshenq I, and (ii) a later pharaoh from the second half of the dynasty, whom Rohl called Hedjkheperre Shoshenq (b) due to his exact position in the dynasty being unknown. Following Rohl's proposal (first suggested to him by Pieter Gert van der Veen in 1984), the British Egyptologist Aidan Dodson supported the new king's existence by demonstrating that the earlier Hedjkheperre Shoshenq bore simple epithets in his titulary, whereas the later Hedjkheperre Shoshenq's epithets were more complex.

paragraph: Dodson suggested that the ruler that Kenneth Kitchen, in his standard work on Third Intermediate Period chronology, had numbered Shoshenq IV – bearing the prenomen Usermaatre – should be removed from the 22nd Dynasty and replaced by Rohl's Hedjkheperre Shoshenq (b), renumbering the latter as Shoshenq IV. At the same time the old Usermaatre Shoshenq IV was renumbered as Shoshenq VI. Dodson's historical summary of the new King Shoshenq IV's discovery and his supportive evidence for that king's independent existence from Hedjkheperre Shoshenq I appeared in a seminal article entitled ‘A New King Shoshenq Confirmed?’ which appeared in 1993.

paragraph: Rohl and Dodson's combined arguments for the existence of a new 22nd Dynasty Tanite king called Hedjkheperre Shoshenq IV are accepted by Egyptologists today, including Jurgen von Beckerath and Kenneth Kitchen – the latter in the preface to the third edition of his book on The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt.

paragraph: As Dodson pointed out, while Shoshenq IV shared the same prenomen as his illustrious ancestor Shoshenq I, he is distinguished from Shoshenq I by his use of an especially long nomen – Shoshenq-meryamun-sibast-netjerheqaon which featured both the sibast ('son of Bast') and netjerheqaon ('god-ruler of Heliopolis') epithets. These two epithets were only gradually employed by the 22nd Dynasty pharaohs, starting from the reign of Osorkon II. By contrast, Shoshenq I's nomen simply reads ‘Shoshenq-meryamun’. Shoshenq I's immediate successors, Osorkon I and Takelot I also never used epithets beyond the standard ‘meryamun’ (beloved of Amun). In his 1994 book on the Canopic Equipment of the Kings of Egypt, Dodson perceptively observes that when the sibast epithet ‘appears during the dynasty of Osorkon II’, it is rather infrequent, while the netjerheqawaset ('god-ruler of Thebes') and netjerheqaon epithets are only exclusively attested ‘in the reigns of that monarch’s successors’ – that is Shoshenq III, Pami and Shoshenq V. This suggests that the newly identified Hedjkhperre Shoshenq IV was a late Tanite-era king who ruled in Egypt either during or after the reign of Shoshenq III.

paragraph: Rohl had already pointed out in 1989 that the cartouches of a Hedjkheperre Shoshenq appear on a stela (St. Petersburg Hermitage 5630) dated to Year 10 of the king. This stela mentions a Great Chief of the Libu, Niumateped, who is also attested in a Year 8, usually attributed to Shoshenq V. Since the title ‘Chief of the Libu’ is only documented from Year 31 of Shoshenq III onwards, it seems this new king must have ruled contemporary with or after Shoshenq III. Dodson noted that the Hedjkheperre Shoshenq on the stela bore the long form titulary, now attributed to Hedjkhperre Shoshenq IV, thus confirming that the stela cannot be dated to Hedjkheperre Shoshenq I.

paragraph: In his 1993 paper, Dodson proposed to place Shoshenq IV's reign after the last attested regnal date for Shoshenq III in Year 39, arguing that the discovery of Shoshenq IV's burial in the tomb of Shoshenq III at Tanis makes it likely that he was part of the 22nd Dynasty Tanite line. Dodson would therefore place Hedjkheperre Shoshenq IV between Shoshenq III and Pami.

paragraph: Section::::Burial.

paragraph: Excavation work in the looted NRT V Tanite tomb of Shoshenq III revealed the presence of two sarcophagi: one inscribed for Usermaatre-setepenre Shoshenq III and the other being an anonymous sarcophagus. The unmarked sarcophagus, however, ‘was clearly a secondary introduction’ according to its position in the tomb. In the Tanite tomb's debris, several fragments were found from one or two canopic jars bearing the cartouches of a Hedjkheperre Shoshenq. Rohl had pointed out that the Staatliche Museum in Berlin possessed a canopic chest for Hedjkheperre Shoshenq I and that these jars from the tomb of Shoshenq III were too large to fit inside the Berlin canopic chest. Rohl ‘used the evidence of the jars as the key element of his theory that there were indeed two Hedjkheperre Shoshenqs’. Dodson noted that the Tanite canopic vessels bear the name ‘Hedjkheperre-Setpenre-meryamun-sibast-netjerheqaon’ and, since the epithet netjerheqaon ('god ruler of Heliopolis') was never employed by the 22nd Dynasty kings until the reign of Shoshenq III, this is clear evidence that the new Shoshenq IV was buried in Shoshenq III's Tanite tomb and must have succeeded this king. It also establishes that the king buried in the second sarcophagus in Shoshenq III's tomb was certainly not Shoshenq I. Dodson was initially reluctant to accept Rohl's proposal for a second Hedjkheperre Shoshenq but his own research into the archaeological evidence led him to revise his opinion:

paragraph: “Having implicitly rejected such a conclusion in 1986, further study of the canopic fragments as part of my general treatment of royal canopics has now led me rather to support the existence of two Shoshenqs with the prenomen Hedjkheperre.”

paragraph: This is now the mainstream consensus view within Egyptology.

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Sheshonk IV

wikipedia_title: Shoshenq IV


text: Maimonides

text: Nagid

text: Egypt

text: Fostat

text: intellect

text: Egyptian Jews

text: physician

text: Karaite

text: Jews of Yemen

text: Milhamoth ha-Shem

text: his father's philosophical doctrines

text: Guide for the Perplexed

text: Montpellier

text: Hachmei Provence

text: Judeo-Arabic

text: Sufism

text: mysticism

text: pietism

text: commentary

text: Torah

text: Genesis

text: Exodus

text: Mishneh Torah

text: Talmud

text: Halakha

text: philosophy

text: ethics

text: Arabic

text: Mishne Torah

text: aggadah

text: medical

text: Rabbi Abraham Maimon Ha-Nagid

text: Discourse on the Sayings of the Rabbis

text: Hebrew

categories: 1186 births,Physicians of medieval Islam,13th-century physicians,People from Cairo,Medieval Egyptian physicians,13th-century rabbis,Maimonides,1237 deaths,Bible commentators,Egyptian rabbis,Medieval Jewish physicians of Egypt

paragraph: Abraham Maimonides

paragraph: Abraham Maimonides (אברהם בן רמב"ם; also known as Rabbeinu Avraham ben ha-Rambam, and Avraham Maimuni) (1186 – December 7, 1237) was the son of Maimonides who succeeded his father as Nagid of the Egyptian Jewish community.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Avraham was born in Fostat, Egypt - his father, Maimonides, was fifty-one years old then. The boy was "modest, highly refined and unusually good natured"; he was also noted for his brilliant intellect and even while a youth became known as a great scholar. When his father died in 1204 at the age of sixty-nine, and Avraham was only nineteen, Avraham was recognised as the greatest scholar in his community. Thus, he succeeded "Rambam" as "Nagid" (head of the Egyptian Jews), as well as in the office of court physician, at the age of only eighteen. (The office of "nagid" was held by the Maimonides family for four successive generations until the end of the 14th century). Rabbi Avraham greatly honored the memory of his father, and defended his writings and works against all critics. Due to his influence, a large Egyptian Karaite community returned to the fold of Rabbinic Judaism. The Jews of Yemen are known to have maintained contact with Rabbi Avraham while he served as head of the Jewish community in Egypt, sending to him some thirteen questions relating to "halacha", to which questions he replied in his own succinct way.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Avraham Maimuni's best known work is his "Milhamoth ha-Shem" ("The Book of the Wars for God"), in which he answers the critics of his father's philosophical doctrines expressed in the "Guide for the Perplexed". He had initially avoided entering the controversy over his father's writings, however, when he heard of the alleged burning of his father's books in Montpellier in 1235, he compiled "Milchamot HaShem" which he addressed to the Hachmei Provence. His principal work is originally composed in Judeo-Arabic and entitled "כתאב כפיא אלעאבדין" "Kitāb Kifāyah al-`Ābidīn" ("A Comprehensive Guide for the Servants of God"). From the extant surviving portion it is conjectured that Maimuni's treatise was three times as long as his father's "Guide for the Perplexed". In the book, Maimuni evinces a great appreciation of and affinity for Sufism (Islamic mysticism). Followers of his path continued to foster a Jewish-Sufi form of pietism for at least a century, and he is rightly considered the founder of this pietistic school.

paragraph: His other works include a commentary on the Torah of which only his commentaries on "Genesis" and "Exodus" are now extant, as well as commentaries on parts of his father's "Mishneh Torah" and on various tractates of the Talmud. He also wrote a work on "Halakha" (Jewish law), combined with philosophy and ethics (also in Arabic, and arranged after his father's "Mishne Torah"), as well as a book of "Questions & Responsa", more commonly known as "Sefer Birkat Avraham". His "Discourse on the Sayings of the Rabbis" - discussing "aggadah" - is often quoted.

paragraph: He also authored various medical works.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rabbi Abraham Maimon Ha-Nagid, Hampstead Garden Suburb Synagogue site

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Discourse on the Sayings of the Rabbis (Hebrew) -

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hebrew-Arabic Commentary on parts of Genesis and Exodus

alias:
Abraham Maimonides
Avraham ben haRambam
Avraham ben Moshe ben Maimon
Abraham Maimonides I

description: Egyptian rabbi

wikidata_label: Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon

wikipedia_title: Abraham Maimonides


text: 胡

text: 春

text: 香

text: Vietnamese

text: Lê dynasty

text: Tây Sơn

text: Nguyễn Ánh

text: Gia Long

text: Nguyễn dynasty

text: chữ nôm

text: Vietnamese

text: Vietnam

text: Xuân Diệu

text: Nghệ An Province

text: Trịnh lords

text: Hanoi

text: concubine

text: Confucian

text: double entendre

text: Vietnamese

text: classical Chinese

text: Chữ nôm

text: Quốc Ngữ

text: Latin alphabet

text: Vietnamese language

text: John Balaban

text: Copper Canyon Press

text: Nguyễn Du

text: Europa Universalis IV

text: Hanoi

text: NPR Interview with John Balaban

text: Hồ Xuân Hương

categories: 1772 births,People from Nghe An Province,1822 deaths,Vietnamese women poets,Vietnamese Confucianists

paragraph: Hồ Xuân Hương

paragraph: Hồ Xuân Hương (胡春香; 1772–1822) was a Vietnamese poet born at the end of the Lê dynasty. She grew up in an era of political and social turmoil – the time of the Tây Sơn rebellion and a three-decade civil war that led to Nguyễn Ánh seizing power as Emperor Gia Long and starting the Nguyễn dynasty. She wrote poetry using chữ nôm (Southern Script), which adapts Chinese characters for writing demotic Vietnamese. She is considered to be one of Vietnam's greatest classical poets. Xuân Diệu, a prominent modern poet, dubbed her "The Queen of Nôm poetry".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The facts of her life are difficult to verify, but this much is well established: she was born in Nghệ An Province near the end of the rule of the Trịnh lords, and moved to Hanoi while still a child. The best guess is that she was the youngest daughter of Ho Phi Dien.

paragraph: According to the first researchers of Hồ Xuân Hương, such as Nguyen Huu Tien and Duong Quang Ham, she was a daughter of a Ho Phi Dien (born in 1704) in Quynh Doi Village, Quynh Luu District, Nghệ An Province (*). Ho Phi Dien acquired the baccalaureate diploma at the age of 24, under Le Bao Thai's Dynasty. Due to his family's poverty, he had to work as a tutor in Hai Hung, Ha Bac for his earnings. At that place, he cohabitated with a girl from Bac Ninh, his concubine – Hồ Xuân Hương was born as a result of that love affair.

paragraph: Nevertheless, in a paper in "Literature Magazine" (No. 10, Hanoi 1964), Tran Thanh Mai claims that Hồ Xuân Hương's hometown was the same as mentioned above, but she was a daughter of Ho Si Danh (1706–1783) and a younger stepsister of Ho Si Dong (1738–1786)"

paragraph: She became locally famous and obtained a reputation of creating poems that were subtle and witty. She is believed to have married twice as her poems refer to two different husbands: Vinh Tuong (a local official) and Tong Coc (a slightly higher level official). She was the second-rank wife of Tong Coc, in Western terms, a concubine, a role that she was clearly not happy with ("like the maid/but without the pay"). However, her second marriage did not last long as Tong Coc died just six months after the wedding.

paragraph: She lived the remainder of her life in a small house near the West Lake in Hanoi. She had visitors, often fellow poets, including two specifically named men: Scholar Ton Phong Thi and a man only identified as "The Imperial Tutor of the Nguyễn Family." She was able to make a living as a teacher and evidently was able to travel since she composed poems about several places in Northern Vietnam.

paragraph: A single woman in a Confucian society, her works show her to be independent-minded and resistant to societal norms, especially through her socio-political commentaries and her use of frank sexual humor and expressions. Her poems are usually irreverent, full of double entendres, and erudite.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: By composing the vast majority of her works in Nôm, she helped to elevate the status of Vietnamese as a literary language. Recently, however, some of her poems have been found which were composed in classical Chinese, indicating that she was not a purist. In modern times, Chữ nôm is nearly a dead script, having been supplanted by Quốc Ngữ, a Latin alphabet introduced during the period of French colonization. For details, see Vietnamese language. Some of her poems were collected and translated into English in John Balaban's "Spring Essence" (Copper Canyon Press, 2000, ).

paragraph: An important Vietnamese poet and her contemporary is Nguyễn Du, who similarly wrote poetry in demotic Vietnamese, and so helped to found a national literature.

paragraph: A few cities in Vietnam have streets named after Hồ Xuân Hương.

paragraph: Section::::Quotes.

paragraph: "My body is like a jackfruit swinging on a tree, br

paragraph: My skin is rough, my pulp is thick. br

paragraph: Dear prince, if you want me then pierce me upon your stick br

paragraph: Don't squeeze, i'll ooze and stain your hands." br

paragraph: Because I pitied, this happened, br

paragraph: I wonder if he knows? br

paragraph: Our match had not begun br

paragraph: When fate intervened. br

paragraph: The sin he will have to bear, for a hundred years - br

paragraph: Right now, love's burden is all mine. br

paragraph: Ðằng Kingdom is now a small place br

paragraph: Between Sở and Tề. br

paragraph: Gently Spring evening comes to the pavilion, br

paragraph: Unclouded in the least by worldly sins. br

paragraph: Three times the temple's bell surges like a wave br

paragraph: Unsettling the puddle where sky and water mingle. br

paragraph: Truly the sea of Love cannot be emptied br

paragraph: And the stream of Grace flows easily everywhere. br

paragraph: Now, where, where is Nirvana? br

paragraph: Nirvana's here, nine parts in ten. br

paragraph: Section::::Anecdotes.

paragraph: In the empire building game Europa Universalis IV, the introduction Hồ Xuân Hương and her "The Jackfruit" will probably appear in the game after the player occupies Hanoi for a while.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David: "Vietnam Past and Present: The North" (History and culture of Hanoi and Tonkin). Chiang Mai. Cognoscenti Books, 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Outstanding Vietnamese Women Before the 20th Century" published in English by The Gioi Publishers, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hồ Xuân Hương, nha tho cach mang" ("Hồ Xuân Hương - A Revolutionary Poet") by Hoa Bang, 1982.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Balaban's translations of Hồ Xuân Hương's works into English

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York Times review of the translation, with background information

paragraph: BULLET::::- NPR Interview with John Balaban

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hồ Xuân Hương at Nom Foundation

description: Vietnamese poet

enwikiquote_title: Hồ Xuân Hương

wikidata_label: Ho Xuan Huong

wikipedia_title: Hồ Xuân Hương


text:
Pharos
First Illyrian War
Illyria
Adriatic
client king
Pinnes
Agron
Dimallum
Scerdilaidas
Lissus
Cyclades
Peloponnese
Second Illyrian War
Philip V of Macedon
Rome
Messene
Illyrian
Greek colony
Hvar
Croatia
Adriatic Sea
Dalmatia
Agron
Stari Grad
Queen Teuta
Pinnes
Issa
Korkyra
Epidamnus
Lissus
Apollonia
Corcyra Nigra
naval battle off the island of Paxos
Achaeans
Aetolians
First Illyrian War
Rhizon
Dalmatia
Risan
Montenegro
Lissus
Triteuta
Sellasia
Celtic
Po
Italy
Lezhë
Albania
Greece
Achaean League
Aetolian League
Scerdilaidas
lembi
Pylos
Peloponnese
Cyclades
Achaea
Arcadia
Aroanian Mountains
Cleitor
Aegean
Cyclades
Rhodian
Cenchreae
Corinth
Taurion
Carthage
Second Illyrian War
Dimallum
Aemilius Paullus
Cannae
Second Punic War
Senate
Issa
Stari Grad
Philip V of Macedon
Pinnes
Hannibal
Carthaginian
Lake Trasimene
Apollonia
Epidamnus
Pharos
Dimale
Parthini
Atintania
Scerdilaidas
First Macedonian War
Second Macedonian War
acropolis
ox
Aratus of Sicyon
Messene
Illyrian warfare
Illyrian Wars
Macedonian Wars
List of rulers of Illyria
Scerdilaidas
Philip V
Livy
"History of Rome"
Plutarch
"Plutarch's Lives"
John Dryden
Downloadable version
Polybius
"Histories"
Evelyn S. Shuckburgh
Strabo
"Geography"
Walbank, F. W.

categories: Roman-era pirates,First Macedonian War,Illyrian Croatia,3rd-century BC Greek people,People from Stari Grad, Croatia,Illyrian royalty,Vis (island),Ancient Greek rulers,Hellenistic military personnel,3rd-century BC births

paragraph: Demetrius of Pharos

paragraph: Demetrius of Pharos (also Pharus) () was a ruler of Pharos involved in the First Illyrian War, after which he ruled a portion of the Illyrian Adriatic coast on behalf of the Romans, as a client king.

paragraph: Demetrius was a regent ruler to Pinnes, the son of Agron who was too young to rule as king. When the Romans were occupied with their own problems, he had grown stronger as an ally of Macedonia and also by conquering Dimallum. Together with Scerdilaidas, he sailed south of Lissus and broke the Roman treaty, attacking Roman allies in the Adriatic and by devastating and plundering many cities in the Cyclades and the Peloponnese. He was expelled from Illyria by Rome after the Second Illyrian War and became a trusted counselor at the court of Philip V of Macedon. He became a strong political influence to Philip V and encouraged him to clash with Rome. Demetrius remained there until his death at Messene in 214 BC while attempting to take the city.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Demetrius, described as Illyrian or Greek, was from the Greek colony on the island of Pharos (modern Hvar, founded in 385 BC, in Croatia), in the Adriatic Sea off the coast of Dalmatia. Under the Illyrian king Agron, he ruled Pharos, from his stronghold (Stari Grad), overlooking a sheltered harbor. After Agron's death in 230 BC, Demetrius continued as ruler of Pharos under the regency of Queen Teuta, Agron's second wife and stepmother of Agron's son Pinnes, who was too young to rule.

paragraph: Section::::First Illyrian War.

paragraph: In 229 BC, continuing the expansion of Illyrian power that Agron had begun, Teuta systematically attacked Issa, the polis of Korkyra and Epidamnus. Lissus, Apollonia and Corcyra Nigra were all threatened. In a naval battle off the island of Paxos the Illyrian fleet, arguably commanded by Demetrius, defeated the allied Achaeans and Aetolians. As a result, the Korkyreans were forced to accept an Illyrian garrison in their city which was put under the command of Demetrius.

paragraph: When the Romans were on their way to relieve Corcyra during the First Illyrian War, Demetrius felt that he was slandered by Teuta. Fearing her wrath, he betrayed her and gave up Corcyra to the Romans. Going over to the Roman side, he now acted as their guide for their campaign in Illyria. Rome was quickly victorious, while Teuta fled to Rhizon in Dalmatia (modern Risan, Montenegro), and Demetrius was placed in charge of most of the rest of Ardiaean Kingdom, as a client of Rome. Demetrius was rewarded with the rule of his birthplace, the island of Pharos, and a part of the land next to it, but this was only temporary. The Romans annexed the southern conquests of Teuta and following the war, due to one of the conditions imposed by Rome, Illyrian warships south of Lissus were expressly prohibited.

paragraph: Section::::Revival of power.

paragraph: The decade after 229 BC witnessed a revival of Illyrian power under Demetrius who succeeded Teuta. Following the war, Demetrius married Triteuta in or around 222 BC, Agron's first wife and mother of Pinnes which consolidated his position. His marriage to Triteuta mean that Demetrius formally took over the regency of the Ardiaean Kingdom. Demetrius' own influence was thereby greatly extended, and the fundamental weakness of the Ardiaean Kingdom after 229 BC, that there was no competent regent for Pinnes was relieved. The king began to renew traditional Illyrian ties with Macedonia. In 222 BC an Illyrian corps of 1600 fought with distinction under the command of Demetrius at Sellasia, where the Macedonians won a conclusive victory over the Spartans. After Sellasia, Demetrius began attempting to extend his control over Illyria at the expense of Rome.

paragraph: Before then, when Rome was preoccupied with a war against the Celtic peoples of the Po valley in northern Italy from 225-222 BC, Demetrius detached the Illyrian Atintani from their Roman alliance. In addition, he sailed south of Lissus, Lezhë in present-day Albania, and engaged in piracy in contravention of the settlement in 228 BC. In 221 BC Demetrius also created an alliance with the Illyrian Histri at the head of the Adriatic, who were interfering with Roman supply ships. A Roman fleet soon attacked the Histri. Early in the summer of 221 BC, when tension was rising in Greece as Macedonia made an alliance with the Achaean League against the Aetolian League, the Illyrians attacked in their traditional manner.

paragraph: In 220 BC Demetrius and the Illyrian commander, Scerdilaidas sailed south of Lissus with ninety lembi. After an assault on Pylos in the western Peloponnese had failed they separated their forces, with Demetrius taking his chances in plundering the Cyclades while Scerdilaidas returned north. On putting in at Naupactus with forty ships Scerdilaidas was encouraged by his brother-in-law Amynas, king of the Athamanes, to join the Aetolians in their planned invasion of Achaea. With help from Cynaethan traitors, they attacked, seized and burned Cynaetha, a town in the north of Arcadia, located on the northern slope of the Aroanian Mountains. They also attacked but failed to take Cleitor. Meanwhile, Demetrius continued on into the Aegean with 50 ships. He sailed to the Cyclades, where he extorted tribute from some of the islands and plundered the others. Chased by Rhodian warships, Demetrius put into Cenchreae, the Aegean port of Corinth. At the same time the Macedonian commander in Corinth, Taurion, learned of Scerdilaidas' and the Aetolians' invasion. Taking his cue from the Aetolians, Taurion agreed to drag Demetrius' ships across the Isthmus to bring them into play in the Gulf of Corinth, in return for Demetrius' assistance against the Aetolians. Although Demetrius conducted a few raids on the Aetolian coast, he was too late to hinder the Aetolians' return from Achaea.

paragraph: After returning to the Ardiaean Kingdom, Demetrius continued operations during the following winter, attacking and seizing Roman allied cities and communities in southern Illyria. The Romans who hitherto ignored the activities of their former ally, decided that the harbors on the coast of the Ardiaean Kingdom had now to be made secure, in view of the threat of another war with Carthage. These events precipitated the Second Illyrian War.

paragraph: Section::::The Second Illyrian War.

paragraph: Unlike Teuta in 229 BC, Demetrius was well prepared for the Roman invasion. He first placed a garrison in Dimallum, an Illyrian city-fortress from Apollonia. He eliminated his opponents in other places, those Illyrians who opposed his rule, and stationed 6,000 of his best forces on his home island Pharos. As before, both consuls of the year accompanied the Roman expedition, but the leading role was given to Aemilius Paullus, who was to be killed in the great Roman disaster at Cannae three years later. The Adriatic took on particular importance in Rome's preparations for the Second Punic War which was to last from 218 to 201 BC. Anticipating a long and difficult war far away from Rome, the Roman Senate decided first to set matters right in Illyria.

paragraph: In 219 BC, having decided that Dimallum was crucial to Demetrius' power in the region, the consul prepared to besiege the city but was able to take it by direct assault within seven days. As a result, all the Illyrian towns and cities of the area submitted to Roman protection, each receiving the appropriate terms and conditions. Next, the Romans moved against Demetrius on the island of Pharos, who awaited the attack with good troops, ample provisions and war materials behind strong fortifications, that of the city of Issa (modern Stari Grad). In order to avoid a long siege, Aemilius decided to risk another frontal attack. The Roman army moved from the mainland to a wooded area of the island. The next day, a small force of ships was sent out to tempt Demetrius from behind his fortifications. Demetrius marched down to the harbor to oppose the Roman landing. The strategy worked, and when the main Roman army appeared from another direction on the island, the Illyrian army was forced to give battle cut off from their city. Attacked on two sides, and cut off from the protection of the city walls, the battle was lost. in 218 BC, the Illyrian forces soon surrendered while Demetrius deserted the island and fled to Macedonia, making his way to the court of Philip V of Macedon, who was now the Macedonian king following the death of Antigonus.

paragraph: Section::::The Second Illyrian War.:Aftermath.

paragraph: The Romans destroyed the fortifications of Pharos and before the summer was over Aemilius was back in Rome receiving congratulations for a job well done. Any threat to the Roman holdings in Illyria had been eliminated, all the gains of the First Illyrian War had been secured, and the old restrictions of movement reimposed on the Illyrian kings. Demetrius may have returned to the Ardeaian State and have been attacked by another Roman force, although the regime of Pinnes, now confirmed as king, was left intact. Rome supported a small Ardeaian State ruled by Pinnes and his successors. The Roman republic called for the extradition of Demetrius, but Phillip refused. Pinnes was ordered to pay the arrears of tribute and reparations imposed after the war.

paragraph: The weak Ardaeai State soon fell prey to Macedonia while the partial destruction brought onto the scene the urban koina of the Parthini, Byllines, Amanatini and others.

paragraph: Section::::Court counselor of Macedonia.

paragraph: Demetrius was received warmly by the young king whose father was also called Demetrius, becoming one of Philip's most trusted advisors. According to Polybius, Demetrius was instrumental in turning Philip's ambitions toward Illyria and Rome. In 217 BC when Philip learned of the victory of Hannibal, the Carthaginian general, over the Romans, at Lake Trasimene, Philip at first showed the letter only to Demetrius. Perhaps seeing a chance to recover his possessions in Illyria and exact a measure of revenge on Rome, Demetrius immediately advised the young king to make peace with the Aetolians, with whom Philip was at war, and turn his attentions westward. In summarising the strategy needed for the situation, Polybius states that Demetrius said:

paragraph: Philip was easily convinced and followed Demetrius' advice. Evidence of Demetrius' influence can be seen in the treaty of alliance between Philip and Hannibal of 215 BC. One of its articles specified that any peace made with Rome would include as terms that the Romans would relinquish control of Corcyra, Apollonia, Epidamnus, Pharos, Dimale, Parthini, and Atintania and to restore to Demetrius of Pharos all those of his territories now in the dominion of Rome. In 217 BC Philip made war against Scerdilaidas, to recover some territory recently lost and to expand his control westward. Polybius gives as Philip's (and Demetrius') motives that:

paragraph: Such "dreams" eventually led to war with Rome, the First Macedonian War, and then the Second Macedonian War.

paragraph: Polybius also blamed Demetrius' influence for Philip's tyrannical behavior. One incident involved Philip's apparent role in a massacre carried out by the people against their leaders that occurred at Messene in 215 BC. Arriving on the scene the day after the massacre and wanting to seize the acropolis, Philip asked his advisors whether the entrails of a sacrifice which had been made indicated that he should quit the citadel or hold it. Demetrius responded by saying: if you have the heart of an augur, quit it as quick as you can, but as a gallant and wise king, keep it, lest if you quit it now you may never have so good an opportunity again, for it is by thus holding the two horns that you can alone keep the ox under your control.

paragraph: However, in this instance Philip took the more moderate advice of Aratus of Sicyon, who advised him to leave. Nevertheless, the incident at Messene marked, the beginning of Philip's deterioration of character, as well as his loss of popularity. Comparing Demetrius to Aratus, Polybius says that the life of Aratus sufficiently proved that he would not have committed such an act of wickedness, but that such principles exactly suited Demetrius of Pharos. The moderating influence of Aratus had caused the Greeks to regard Philip with favour, owing to the greatness of character which he displays, while under Demetrius' guidance, Philip lost the goodwill of the allies and his credit with the rest of Greece

paragraph: Demetrius was killed the following year attempting to take Messene. After having rejected Demetrius' advice the previous year, Philip had returned in 214 BC, resolved to follow it.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Illyrian warfare

paragraph: BULLET::::- Illyrian Wars

paragraph: BULLET::::- Macedonian Wars

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of rulers of Illyria

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scerdilaidas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip V

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ancient

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livy, "History of Rome", Rev. Canon Roberts (translator), Ernest Rhys (Ed.); (1905) London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plutarch, "Aratus" in "Plutarch's Lives", Arthur Hugh Clough (editor), John Dryden (translator). Two volumes. Modern Library; Modern Library Paperback Ed edition (April 10, 2001). Downloadable version at Project Gutenberg. Vol. 2: .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polybius, "Histories", Evelyn S. Shuckburgh (translator); London, New York. Macmillan (1889); Reprint Bloomington (1962).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strabo, "Geography", translated by Horace Leonard Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. (1924). Books 8-9: , Books 13-14: .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secondary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chamoux, François, "Hellenistic civilization", Wiley-Blackwell, 2003, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edwards, Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen, "The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 7, Part 1", University Press, 1984.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière, "Collected Studies: Alexander and His Successors in Macedonia", 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hoyos, B. Dexter, "Unplanned Wars: The Origins of the First and Second Punic Wars", Walter de Gruyter, 1998. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sinnige, William Gurnee, Arthur Edward Romilly Boak, "A History of Rome to A.D. 565", Macmillan, 1977. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walbank, F. W., "Philip V of Macedon", The University Press (1940).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walbank, F. W., "Polybius, Rome, and the Hellenistic World: Essays and Reflections", Cambridge University Press (2002), .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilkes, John, "The Illyrians (Peoples of Europe)", Blackwell Publishers, (December 1, 1995) .

description: Greek king

wikidata_label: Demetrius of Pharos

wikipedia_title: Demetrius of Pharos


text: Princess Caroline of Monaco

text: Prince Ernst August

text: Kingdom of Hanover

text: Vöcklabruck

text: Upper Austria

text: christened

text: Landesbischof

text: Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Hanover

text: Grünau im Almtal

text: Upper Austria

text: Alexandra, Princess of Leiningen

text: Charlotte Casiraghi

text: Hereditary Prince Ernst August

text: Prince Christian of Hanover

text: Andrea

text: Pierre Casiraghi

text: Charlotte Casiraghi

text: Albert II

text: Grace Kelly

text: Queen Victoria

text: Wilhelm II, German Emperor

text: Catholic Church

text: Toulon, France

text: European Youth Olympic Festival

text: ISU Junior Grand Prix of Figure Skating

text: Freizeit Revue

text: German Federal Court of Justice

categories: House of Hanover,1999 births,German people of Monegasque descent,Hanoverian princesses,German people of Scottish descent,People from Vöcklabruck,German people of Irish descent,House of Grimaldi,Converts to Roman Catholicism from Lutheranism,German Roman Catholics,German people of American descent,Kelly family,German people of Danish descent,German people of English descent,German people of Italian descent,Living people,German expatriates in Monaco,German people of Mexican descent

paragraph: Princess Alexandra of Hanover (born 1999)

paragraph: Princess Alexandra of Hanover (Alexandra Charlotte Ulrike Maryam Virginia; born 20 July 1999) is the only child of Princess Caroline of Monaco and Prince Ernst August of the defunct Kingdom of Hanover.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and family.

paragraph: Alexandra was born on 20 July 1999 in Vöcklabruck, Upper Austria. She was christened on 19 September 1999 by Horst Hirschler, Landesbischof of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Hanover, in a ceremony at her father's hunting lodge Auerbach, near Grünau im Almtal, Upper Austria. Her godparents are her paternal aunt Alexandra, Princess of Leiningen, maternal half-sister Charlotte Casiraghi, Ulrike Ulmschneider, Maryam Sachs, Virginia Gallico, George Condo, and Eric Maier. She was named after each of her godmothers.

paragraph: She has half-siblings from her parents' previous marriages. From her father's previous marriage, she has two half-brothers, Hereditary Prince Ernst August and Prince Christian of Hanover. From her mother's previous marriage, she has two half-brothers, Andrea and Pierre Casiraghi, and one half-sister, Charlotte Casiraghi. Her maternal uncle, Albert II, is the sovereign of Monaco. She is a granddaughter of the American actress Grace Kelly. On her father's side she is a descendant of Queen Victoria and Wilhelm II, German Emperor.

paragraph: Alexandra is the only one of Princess Caroline's four children who bears any royal style or title. While she is formally styled as "Her Royal Highness" Princess Alexandra of Hanover in Monaco, she is afforded the style and title out of courtesy elsewhere. As the Kingdom of Hanover no longer exists, the title is not legally recognized in Germany. She is 13th in the line of succession to the Monegasque throne. Through her father, she was in the line of succession to the British throne until she was confirmed into the Catholic Church.

paragraph: Section::::Skating career.

paragraph: Alexandra began skating when she was ten years old after receiving ice skates as a Christmas present. When she was 11 years old she competed at a competition in Toulon, France. At the age of 12, she competed in the "Skate 7" class at the 10th Figure Skating Championship in Monaco, finishing in second place. She was awarded the cup of the Monegasque Federation of Skating.

paragraph: Alexandra represented Monaco in figure skating at the 2015 European Youth Olympic Festival in Austria and at the ISU Junior Grand Prix of Figure Skating.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: When Alexandra was 11 years old, German entertainment magazine "Freizeit Revue" published an article about and photographs of her competing at a figure skating competition in France. The article also covered her mother's dating life and other personal matters. Alexandra sought injunctive relief and sued the magazine, taking the case to the German Federal Court of Justice.

paragraph: In March 2015, Alexandra attended Monaco's Rose Ball for the first time in her life. However, it was not until the next year's ball that she entered the event with her family, thus gaining the notice of the society press.

description: Monegasque princess

wikidata_label: Princess Alexandra of Hanover


text:
American football
outside linebacker
Tennessee Titans
National Football League
college football
Boston College
2018 NFL Draft
Spring Lake, North Carolina
Pine Forest High School
Fayetteville, North Carolina
Boston College
2017 NFL Draft
Green Bay Packers
Detroit Lions
Tennessee Titans
Tennessee Titans
2018 NFL Draft
Houston Texans
Philadelphia Eagles
Boston College Eagles bio
Tennessee Titans bio

categories: People from Spring Lake, North Carolina,American football defensive ends,Boston College Eagles football players,1996 births,Players of American football from North Carolina,Living people

paragraph: Harold Landry

paragraph: Harold Antonio Landry III (born June 5, 1996) is an American football outside linebacker for the Tennessee Titans of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Boston College. He was drafted by the Titans in the second round of the 2018 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Landry was born in Spring Lake, North Carolina to Doreen and Harold Landry on June 5, 1996. Landry attended Pine Forest High School in Fayetteville, North Carolina. As a senior, he had 96 tackles and 17 sacks. He committed to Boston College to play college football.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: As a true freshman at Boston College in 2014, Landry appeared in all 13 games, recording 11 tackles. As a sophomore he appeared in 12 games with 11 starts and had 60 tackles and 4.5 sacks. As a junior in 2016, Landry led the nation and set a Boston College record with 16.5 sacks. He returned to Boston College for his senior year, rather than enter the 2017 NFL Draft. Landry was invited to the Senior Bowl, but opted not to attend due to a lingering ankle injury.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Landry participated in the NFL Combine on March 4, 2018. Prior to the NFL Draft, Landry was a popular mock draft pick for the Green Bay Packers, Detroit Lions and Tennessee Titans.

paragraph: Landry was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the second round (41st overall) of the 2018 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2018 season: Rookie year.

paragraph: Landry signed his rookie contract on June 14, 2018. He made his NFL debut in Week 2 of the 2018 season against the Houston Texans. In a Week 4 overtime victory against the Philadelphia Eagles, Landry recorded his first professional sack.

paragraph: Landry finished his rookie season with 4.5 sacks, 44 tackles, 2 pass deflections, and 1 forced fumble.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Landry and his wife, Danielle, have a son, Greyson. He and his son, Greyson, share the same June 5 birthday.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boston College Eagles bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tennessee Titans bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Harold Landry

wikipedia_title: Harold Landry


text:
African-American
blues
musician
Greenville, Alabama
nickname
pun
teetotaler
alcohol
tea
historian
Lowndes County, Alabama
hokum
street musician
mentor
Hank Williams
African American
hillbilly
folk
white
black
Montgomery, Alabama
Lincoln Cemetery
Hank Williams Jr.
Grand Ole Opry
Hank Williams, Jr.
Almeria Club
album
Rex Ingram
Your Cheatin' Heart

categories: African-American musicians,American buskers,People from Greenville, Alabama,American male guitarists,Guitarists from Alabama,Blues musicians from Alabama,20th-century American singers,American blues singers,American blues guitarists,Musicians from Montgomery, Alabama,20th-century guitarists,1883 births,1939 deaths

paragraph: Rufus Payne

paragraph: Rufus "Tee Tot" Payne (4 February 1883 – 17 March 1939) was an early 20th-century African-American blues musician from Greenville, Alabama who was more widely known by his nickname Tee Tot.

paragraph: Payne's nickname of "Tee Tot" is a pun for "teetotaler". It is said that Payne received his nickname because he usually carried a homemade mixture of alcohol and tea wherever he went.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: According to Alabama historian Alice Harp, Payne was born in 1883 on the Payne Plantation in Sandy Ridge, Lowndes County, Alabama.

paragraph: Section::::Career and influence.

paragraph: Some say Tee Tot played the blues alone, others state that he led a little combo that played pop songs and hokum numbers and was a street musician.

paragraph: Tee Tot is best known for being a mentor to Hank Williams. Rufus Payne met Hank Williams when Hank was eight years old and legend has it he would come around and play Hank's guitar, showing Hank how to improvise chords. His influence in exposing Williams to blues and other African American influences helped Williams successfully fuse hillbilly, folk and blues into his own unique style, which in turn expanded and exposed both white and black audiences to the differing sounds.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Payne died at a charity hospital in Montgomery, Alabama on March 17, 1939 at the age of 56. Payne is buried at Lincoln Cemetery in Montgomery. His gravesite is unknown, but a memorial stands near the entrance to the cemetery, paid for by Hank Williams Jr. and other members of the Grand Ole Opry.

paragraph: Section::::Tributes.

paragraph: Hank Williams, Jr. paid tribute to Tee Tot's influence on his father through "The Tee Tot Song" on his "Almeria Club" album.

paragraph: He was portrayed by actor Rex Ingram in the 1964 Hank Williams biopic "Your Cheatin' Heart".

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Rufus Payne

wikipedia_title: Rufus Payne


text:
Chinese
landscape
Henan Province
Northern Song
literatus
Early Spring
Chinese art
Chinese painting
Culture of the Song dynasty
History of Chinese art
Guo Xi's Early Spring

categories: 1020s births,People from Jiaozuo,Court painters,1090s deaths,Song dynasty landscape painters,Painters from Henan

paragraph: Guo Xi

paragraph: Guo Xi () ( 1020 – c. 1090) was a Chinese landscape painter from Henan Province who lived during the Northern Song dynasty. One text entitled "The Lofty Message of Forest and Streams" (Linquan Gaozhi 林泉高致) is attributed to him. The work covers a variety of themes centered on the appropriate way of painting a landscape. He was a court professional, a literatus, well-educated painter who developed an incredibly detailed system of idiomatic brushstrokes which became important for later painters. One of his most famous works is "Early Spring", dated 1072. The work demonstrates his innovative techniques for producing multiple perspectives which he called "the angle of totality." This type of visual representation is also called "Floating Perspective", a technique which displaces the static eye of the viewer and highlights the differences between Chinese and Western modes of spatial representation.

paragraph: The following is an excerpt from his treatise, "mountains and waters":

paragraph: The clouds and the vapours of real landscapes are not the same at the four seasons. In spring they are light and diffused, in summer rich and dense, in autumn scattered and thin, in winter dark and solitary. When such effects can be seen in pictures, the clouds and vapours have an air of life. The mist around the mountains is not the same at the four seasons. The mountains in spring are light and seductive as if smiling: the mountains in summer have a blue-green colour which seems to be spread over them; the mountains in autumn are bright and tidy as if freshly painted; the mountains in winter are sad and tranquil as if sleeping.

paragraph: Guo Xi was often referred to as a "Northern Song master" when it came to painting. His work inspired many later artists and he even had landscapes dedicated to him. His lesser-known "Deep Valley" scroll painting depicts a serene mountain valley covered with snow and several trees struggling to survive on precipitous cliffs. The ink washes and amorphous brush strokes are employed to model surfaces that suggest the veiling effects of the atmosphere. One of Guo Xi’s techniques was to layer ink washes to build up forms and his "Deep Valley" is a masterpiece of the use of light ink and magnificent composition.

paragraph: His son later described how Guo Xi approached his work: "On days when he was going to paint, he would seat himself at a clean table, by a bright window, burning incense to right and left. He would choose the finest brushes, the most exquisite ink; wash his hands, and clean the ink-stone, as though he were expecting a visitor of rank. He waited until his mind was calm and undisturbed, and then began."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chinese art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chinese painting

paragraph: BULLET::::- Culture of the Song dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Chinese art

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barnhart, R. M. et al. (1997). Three thousand years of Chinese painting. New Haven, Yale University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ci hai bian ji wei yuan hui (辞海编辑委员会). Ci hai (辞海). Shanghai: Shanghai ci shu chu ban she (上海辞书出版社), 1979.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guo Xi's Early Spring

alias:
He Ko
zi Shunfu
Xi Guo
Hŭi Kwak
Hsi Kuo
Chunfu
Kwakki
Guo Xi
Kuo Hsi
郭熙

description: Song Dynasty painter

wikidata_label: Guo Xi

wikipedia_title: Guo Xi


text:
Travancore (Venadu)
Rama Varma ("Dharma Raja")
Dutch (VOC)
Battle of Colachel
Nair
Travancore Lines
Kochi (Cochin)
Kingdom of Calicut
Syrian Christian
Trivandrum
Vishnu
Rama Varma ("Dharma Raja")
Kilimanur Palace
Kolathunadu
Edava
Aralvaimozhi
Ettuveetil Pillamar
Council of Eight and a Half
Padmanabhaswamy Temple
English East India Company
Ajengo Fort
English East India Company
Madurai Nayaks
Dutch Company
Padmanabha Swamy Temple
Kochi
Quilon
Kayamkulam
Thekkumkur
Purakkad
Kollam
Kayamkulam
Kochi
Dutch East India Company
Kottarakara
Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff
Kochi
Colachel
Kottar
Kalkulam
Eustachius de Lannoy
Tirunelveli
Treaty of Mannar
Kottayam
Changanassery
Kochi
Ambalapuzha
Kanyakumari
Meenachil
Kozhikode
Purakkad
Mavelikkara
Nair
Syrian Christians
Dalavay
Ramayyan Dalavay
Purakkad
Cape Comorin
Travancore Lines
Padmanabhaswamy Temple
Padmanabhaswamy Temple
Trivandrum
Ramapurathu Warrier
Kunchan Nambiar
Vishnu
Ramayyan Dalavay
Rama Varma ("Dharma Raja")
Dharma Raja
Kingdom of Mysore

categories: 1706 births,1758 deaths,Maharajas of Travancore,People from Thiruvananthapuram,History of Kerala,Malayali people

paragraph: Marthanda Varma

paragraph: Marthanda Varma (born Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma; 1705 – 7 July 1758), known as the Maker of Modern Travancore, was ruler of the Indian kingdom of Travancore (Venadu) from 1729 until his death in 1758. He was succeeded by Rama Varma ("Dharma Raja") (1758–98).

paragraph: Marthanda Varma defeated the Dutch (VOC) forces at the Battle of Colachel in 1741. He then adopted a European mode of discipline for his army and expanded his kingdom northward (to form what became the modern state of Travancore). He built a sizeable standing army of about 50,000 men, as part of designing an "elaborate and well-organised" war machine, reduced the power of the Nair nobility (on which kings of Kerala had earlier been dependent for battles), and fortified the northern boundary of his kingdom (Travancore Lines). His alliance in 1757 with the ruler of Kochi (Cochin), against the northern Kingdom of Calicut, enabled the kingdom of Kochi to survive.

paragraph: Travancore under Marthanda Varma made a deliberate attempt to consolidate its power by the use of Indian Ocean trade. It was the policy of Marthanda Varma to offer assistance to Syrian Christian traders (as a means of limiting European involvement in ocean trade). The principal merchandise was black pepper, but other goods also came to be defined as royal monopoly items (requiring a license for trade) between the 1740s and the 1780s. Eventually, Travancore challenged and broke the Dutch blockade of the Kerala coast.

paragraph: Trivandrum became a prominent city in Kerala under Marthanda Varma. In January, 1750, Marthanda Varma decided to "donate" his kingdom to Sri Padmanabha (Vishnu) and thereafter rule as the deity's "vice-regent" (Sri Padmanabha Dasa). Marthanda Varma's policies were continued in large measure by his successor, Rama Varma ("Dharma Raja") (1758–98).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Marthanda Varma was born in 1705 to queen Karthika Thirunal, the Queen of Attingal, and Raghava Varma of Kilimanur Palace. Queen Karthika Thirunal - an adoptee from the northern Kolathunadu ruling family - was the senior queen of Attingal at the time.

paragraph: At the time of Varma's birth, Trippappur Swaroopam (Thiruvithamkoor or Travancore) was a small chiefdom extending from Edava in the north to Aralvaimozhi in the south. The fundamental politico-economic structure of medieval Kerala was going through a crisis.

paragraph: The power of the king of Venad was very weak and he could not sustain his control over his territory. The old political structure of the medieval Kerala was going through a crisis in the beginning of the 18th century.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Decentralized state (complex feudal and political relations). Influence of the local land lords (the Ettuveetil Pillamar) and the barons (landlords known as Madampimar). The authority of the throne was also curbed by the Council of Eight and a Half (the Yogakkar), the managing committee of the Padmanabhaswamy Temple. There was no standing army.

paragraph: BULLET::::- European monopoly in Indian Ocean spice trade. The constant Dutch blockade of the Malabar Coast. Trade with the Europeans was an important source for augmenting the financial reserves of the Kerala kingdoms.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quarrels and open warfare among the various royal lineages (increased the dependence of the royals on their warriors and collectors of dues). Trade rivalries between the Dutch and English companies had a role in intensifying the conflict among the branches.

paragraph: An English East India Company factory was established at Vizhinjam in 1644. The Ajengo Fort was established in 1695. The ruler Rama Varma (1721/22 - 1729) entered into treaties with the English East India Company (1723) and the Madurai Nayaks with the aim of strengthening his position (in the fight against the nobles and other hostile elements in Tranvancore). The role played by Marthanda Varma in these moves are highlighted by P. Shungoonny Menon, the 19th-century Travancore court historian. The Dutch Company positioned themselves against the emerging Travancore by helping Quilon and Kayamkulam. The English Company became an ally of Travancore against the Dutch.

paragraph: Section::::Rule of Marthanda Varma.

paragraph: Marthanda Varma ascended the throne when the crisis in Travancore had already deepened. King Rama Varma was forced to invite troops from Tamil Nadu to collect dues and impose order. Even the Padmanabha Swamy Temple affairs were heading towards a crisis for the lack of funds. The Thampi brothers, sons of Rama Varma, immediately revolted against Marthanda Varma (who was the legitimate successor on the basis of the matrilineal system) with the assistance of a Tamil army.

paragraph: Marthanda Varma's reign was one of constant warfare, against opponents both inside and outside his territory. After reducing the power of the Ettuveetil Pillamar, the Nair aristocracy, and their associates, the Yogakkars, Marthanda Varma turned his attention to central Kerala. He realised that Dutch power in Kerala stemmed from their flourishing spice trade at the port of Kochi. He set out to conquer the major spice-producing areas supplying cargo to Kochi. After declaring a state monopoly on pepper in Travancore in 1743, between then and 1752, the king annexed Quilon, Kayamkulam, Thekkumkur, Vadakkumkur and Purakkad to Travancore (thereby delivering a serious blow to the commerce of the Dutch).

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1731, the port of Kollam (Quilon) - which was ruled by a branch of the Venadu family to which Marthanda Varma also belonged - was defeated and its last chief was made to sign a treaty allowing the annexation of his chiefdom by Travancore after his death. The chief was brought to Trivandrum and lodged almost as a state prisoner in the Valikoikkal Palace. A contingent of the Travancore army under Dalavay Arumukham Pillai was stationed at Kollam.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marthanda Varma next turned his attention towards the little chiefdom of Marta and seized it. The neighbouring chiefdom of Kayamkulam - sensing an imminent invasion by Travancore - soon allied itself with Kochi, Purakkad and Vadakkumkur. The Kayamkulam chief was also successful in rescuing the Kollam chief from his Trivandrum prison. The allies built new fortifications and strengthened their defences against the threat of Travancore. The Dutch East India Company also professed to support the war effort.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The subsequent invasion of Marta by the Kayamkulam chief signalled the outbreak of the war. The Travancore army seized Nedumangadu and Kottarakkara and prevented the joined forces of Elayadathu and Kayamkulam. Travancore Dalavay Ramayyan then lead an expeditionary force to capture the city of Kollam. But, he was forced to withdraw without accomplishing his mission.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Having equipped their forces with the help of the French and the English Companies, Travancore renewed a military operation against the chief of Kollam. In the campaigns that ensued, the ruler of Kayamkulam was killed (1734). But the defence of Kollam continued under the leadership of the brother of the deceased chief and Travancore forces were forced to fall back once again.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Travancore's next campaign was against Elayadathu Swaroopam (Kottarakara). When the chief of Kottarakara who was kept in solitary confinement in Trivandrum died in 1739, Marthanda Varma refused to recognise the claim of the senior female member to succession. The princess fled to Thekkumkur where the chief gave granted her asylum. At this juncture, the Dutch Governor of Ceylon Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff sensed an opportunity to involve further in the politics of Kerala.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1739, van Imhoff arrived in Kochi, took up the cause of the female ruler of Kottarakara and protested against the annexation of that chiefdom by Marthanda Varma in a meeting between the two. In 1741, the Dutch reinstated the female ruler of Kottarakara against the wishes of Marthanda Varma, who attacked the chiefdom and defeated the combined Kottarakkara - Dutch forces before finally fully annexing the chiefdom to Travancore while the female ruler fled to Kochi.

paragraph: Section::::Rule of Marthanda Varma.:Battle of Colachel (1741).

paragraph: Travancore then launched a series of raids on the Dutch forts in the area and captured them all. In retaliation, a Dutch artillery force landed at Colachel from Ceylon and conquered up to Kottar. The Dutch forces then advanced against Kalkulam, Travancore's capital. Marthanda Varma, who was then in the north of his state promptly marched his forces to the south and arrived at Kalkulam just in time to prevent its fall to the Dutch.

paragraph: In the following battle at Colachel (10 August 1741), the Travancore forces won a resounding victory over the Dutch. More than twenty Dutch were taken as prisoners of war from Colachel. Among them was Eustachius de Lannoy, who attracted the king's special notice. Eustachius de Lannoy, commonly known in Travancore as the 'Valiya Kappittan' (Senior Captain) was entrusted with the organisation and drilling of a special regiment, which he did to the "entire satisfaction of the king". De Lannoy was raised to the rank of general in Travancore army and proved of considerable service to Marthanda Varma in subsequent battles.

paragraph: Section::::Rule of Marthanda Varma.:Treaty of Mavelikkara (1753).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Following the expulsion of the Dutch, Marthanda Varma now turned his attention once again towards Kayamkulam (which continued to seek help from the Dutch Company). In 1742, Travancore forces attacked Kayamkulam possessions at Kollam and fought the Kayamkulam army led by Achuta Warrier and chiefs from Valiya Kakkanadu Madhom. Although Travancore was defeated in this battle, Marthanada Varma reinforced his army with cavalry brought in from Tirunelveli before mounting an attack on Kayamkulam, which led to the final defeat of the chiefdom. A treaty known as the Treaty of Mannar (1742) was signed, under which Kayamkulam became a tributary state of Travancore.

paragraph: BULLET::::- However, by 1746, the Kayamkulam chief once again showed signs of rebellion and when his "conspiracies" with the northern chiefdoms such as Kottayam, Changanassery, Kochi and Ambalapuzha came to the attention of Marthanda Varma, Kayamkulam was annexed by a final battle in which the chief fled to Kochi. Travancore now extended from Kanyakumari to Kayamkulam in the north.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Following this, Ambalapuzha, Kottayam and Changanassery were also annexed to Travancore by 1753. The principality of Meenachil was also annexed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1753, the tributary states of Kochi collectively known as Karappuram and Alangad were ceded to Travancore. In 1755, the ruler of Kozhikode was also defeated at a battle in Purakkad. He was supported by the armies of some other local chiefs.

paragraph: The ascend of Travancore seems to have been particularly rapid after about 1749. Marthanda Varma had declared a state monopoly on pepper in Travancore in 1743, thereby delivering a serious blow to the commerce of the Dutch. A treaty (the Treaty of Mavelikkara) was concluded between Marthanda Varma and the Dutch East India Company. It was signed at Mavelikkara on 15August 1753. Thereafter, the Dutch Company officials report that "considerable spice producing lands came under direct royal control, while those merchants participating in illegal trade in spices stood in danger of being executed".

paragraph: Section::::Administration.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Use of maritime outlets: Marthanda Varma made a determined bid to consolidate his authority by the use of Indian Ocean spice trade. The control of ocean trade was crucial for the statecraft of 18th century India. Travancore challenged and eventually broke the Dutch blockade of the southern Malabar Coast.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal monopoly (the Kuttagai): a number of traded goods such as black pepper were defined as royal monopoly items. These items required a state license for trade in Travancore.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dismantling of the old aristocracy - complete restructuring of the medieval political framework: Marthanda Varma reduced the power of the Nair aristocracy (especially the Ettuveettil Pillamar, and their associates, the Yogakkar of the Padmanabhaswamy Temple) in Travancore. Kings of Kerala had earlier been dependent militarily on these powerful community of nobles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patronage to Syrian Christians: To limit the European involvement in trade, Marthanda Varma extended his patronage to the ancient mercantile community in Kerala. The Syrian Christians soon enhanced their position as landholders and those who controlled the new monopoly.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Extensive bureaucratisation : a Dalavay was appointed to head the military, fiscal and commercial administration. Below the Dalavay was established an extensive hierarchy, from the Valia Sarvadhi Kariakkars to the Kariakkars, Manikars and Adhikaris. Upper positions of this new system was dominated by Brahmins. The old Pandara Kariakkar and Swarupi Janam were replaced by a new administrative system. Divisions known as Adhikaram and Mandapattu Vatukkal were introduced.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dalavays under Marthanda Varma

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arumukham Pillai 1729–1736

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thanu Pillai 1736–1737

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ramayyan Dalavay 1737–1756

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marthanda Pillai 1756–1758

paragraph: BULLET::::- Military machine: a substantial standing army, roughly estimated at around 50,000, was created. The soldiers were mainly ordinary cultivators who received tax concessions (the Irayili) for the period under service and a pension (the Irayili Aduthoon) on retirement. Marava Cavalry was also used by Marthanda Varma. Assistance from some defected Dutch officers were also received (after the victory at Colachel). With the beginning of the conflict against Quilon and Kayamkulam (who were being supplied arms by the Dutch), supply of English arms and ammunition also began to increase. Artillery batteries were positioned facing the Arabian Sea from Purakkad to Cape Comorin. Construction of intricate fortifications in Travancore, including the Travancore Lines.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Expansion of agricultural production: development of water harvesting and irrigation projects, and the so-called "Kulikkanam" tenure. The Kulikkanam was applicable to "newly planted trees and freshly sown lands", where a tax reductions (the Naduvukkur and Vettalivu) were granted. The tenure was found along with the Otti tenure, similar to the Kanam tenure (found elsewhere in Kerala). A number of commercial crops were cultivated in lands under this tenure. The Kulikkanam cultivators usually went to the market to sell their goods for cash (and hence the Kulikkanam dues were collected as cash).

paragraph: BULLET::::- The basis for the changes in the political and economic relations was provided by the transformation of the old agrarian relations. Extensive land survey and settlement.

paragraph: BULLET::::- However it is not to be forgotten that caste suppression on people was at its peak. Notorious practices like the prohibition on both men and women wearing clothes above their waist and below their knees were notable. Taxes levied for having mustache, umbrella, walking sticks were some of the dark sides during the rule.

paragraph: Section::::Culture and religion.

paragraph: Marthanda Varma started normalising the relation between the royal family (the ruler) and the Padmanabhaswamy Temple (the administrative body of the temple) as soon as he came to the throne. He undertook the Prayaschittam retribution that was long over due from the earlier Venadu kings. He reorganised the collection of dues from the temple lands. After the land survey of 1739-40, the allotment of expenses for the temple was fixed.

paragraph: Padmanabhaswamy Temple in Trivandrum was re-created as the gigantic structure of today and new state ceremonies such Murajapam, Bhadra Deepam and others were introduced by Marthanda Varma. The main Vishnu idol of the shrine, which was mostly destroyed in a fire during his predecessor Rama Varma's time, was also re-constructed. He also created Ottakkal Mandapam as well as the Sheevelippura. Out of the seven floors of the temple gopura, five were finished during his reign.

paragraph: Trivandrum became a prominent city in Kerala under Marthanda Varma. As a result of the annexation of neighbouring chiefdoms, the artists and scholars from these places migrated to Trivandrum, turning it into a cultural centre. Marthanda Varma gave patronage to different temple art forms including Koothu, Padhakam, Kathakali, Thullal and Koodiyattam. Noted artists such as Ramapurathu Warrier and Kunchan Nambiar amongst others served as his court poets.

paragraph: Section::::Thrippadidanam.

paragraph: In 1749–50, Marthanda Varma decided to "donate" his realm to Sri Padmanabha (Vishnu) and thereafter rule as the deity's "vice-regent" (Sri Padmanabha Dasa).

paragraph: Section::::Thrippadidanam.:Purpose of Thrippadidanam.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Separation of the newly formed "unitary kingship" (and political power) from the disputes and frictions in the civil society.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Formalisation of the new power structure in Travancore.

paragraph: BULLET::::- To integrate the existing social divisions in Kerala under the emerging power structure.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Ramayyan Dalavay, prime minister and a close friend of Marthanda Varma, died in 1756. Marthada Varma died two years later in 1758. He was succeeded by his nephew Rama Varma ("Dharma Raja"). Marthanda Varma's policies were continued in large measure by Dharma Raja (1758–98). He also went on to successfully defend Travancore against the aggression of the Kingdom of Mysore. Marthanda Varma's legacy involved a major restructuring of the medieval political and economic relations of southern Kerala.

description: Marthanda Varma was the Maharajah of Travancore from 1729 to 1758.

wikidata_label: Marthanda Varma

wikipedia_title: Marthanda Varma


text: shōgun

text: Kanō school

text: Matsudaira Sadanobu

text: senior councilor

text: Tokugawa Shogunate

text: bunjinga

text: Ono Ranzan

text: Kimura Kenkadō

text: Su Shi

text: Tao Yuanming

text: Tokugawa shogunate

text: Watanabe Kazan

text: Sakai Hōitsu

text: Takaku Aigai

text: Okuhara Seiko

categories: 1763 births,1840 deaths,Japanese painters

paragraph: Tani Bunchō

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the son of the poet Tani Rokkoku (1729–1809). As his family were retainers of the Tayasu Family of descendents of the eighth Tokugawa "shōgun", Bunchō inherited samurai status and received a stipend to meet the responsibilities this entailed. In his youth he began studying the painting techniques of the Kanō school under Katō Bunrei (1706–82). After Bunrei's death, Bunchō worked with masters of other schools, such as the literati painter Kitayama Kangen (1767–1801), and developed a wide stylistic range that included many Chinese, Japanese and European idioms. He rose to particular prominence as the retainer of Matsudaira Sadanobu (1759–1829), genetic son of the Tayasu who was adopted into the Matsudaira family before becoming chief senior councilor ("rōjū shuza"; 老中首座) of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1787. Bunchō is best known for his idealized landscapes in the literati style (Nanga or Bunjinga).

paragraph: Section::::Style.

paragraph: Unlike most "bunjinga" painters of his time, however, Bunchō was an extremely eclectic artist, painting idealized Chinese landscapes, actual Japanese sites, and poetically-inspired traditional scenery. He also painted portraits of his contemporaries (such as Ono Ranzan and Kimura Kenkadō), as well as imagined images of such Chinese literati heroes as Su Shi and Tao Yuanming. Since travel outside Japan was forbidden under the Tokugawa shogunate, Bunchō was unable to study in China; he spent many years traveling around Japan, studying Chinese, Japanese, and Western art (洋画, "Yōga").

paragraph: Watanabe Kazan, Sakai Hōitsu and Takaku Aigai were among his disciples. One of his pupils was the renowned painter Okuhara Seiko.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bridge of dreams: the Mary Griggs Burke collection of Japanese art, a catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Tani Bunchō (see index)

alias:
谷文晁
Bunchō
Tankai
Masayasu Tani
Tani Masayasu
Gagakusai
Shazanrō
Bunchō Tani
Tani Buncho
Tani Bunchou

description: Japanese artist

wikidata_label: Tani Bunchō

wikipedia_title: Tani Bunchō


text: Admiral

text: Royal Navy

text: battleship

text: armoured cruiser

text: Commander-in-Chief

text: Home Fleet

text: Second Sea Lord

text: First Sea Lord

text: First Lord of the Admiralty

text: Winston Churchill

text: 5th Earl Fitzwilliam

text: Royal Navy

text: cadet

text: sloop

text: Australia Station

text: sub-lieutenant

text: lieutenant

text: corvette

text: China Station

text: battleship

text: Mediterranean Fleet

text: commander

text: Pacific Station

text: captain

text: Flag Captain

text: Mediterranean Fleet

text: Portsmouth Command

text: Aide-de-Camp

text: the King

text: 1902 Coronation

text: Fleet review

text: armoured cruiser

text: Royal Victorian Order

text: rear admiral

text: Channel Fleet

text: Atlantic Fleet

text: Mediterranean Fleet

text: vice admiral

text: Commander of the Royal Victorian Order

text: Commander-in-Chief

text: Home Fleet

text: Second Sea Lord

text: King Edward VII

text: Commander-in-Chief

text: Home Fleet

text: admiral

text: First Sea Lord

text: First Lord of the Admiralty

text: Winston Churchill

text: H. H. Asquith

text: George V

text: appendicitis

text: bronchitis

text: one historian

text: Wilson

text: Battenberg

text: Arthur Marder

text: Francis Hopwood

text: Copgrove Hall

text: Burton Leonard

text: North Yorkshire

text: Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom

text: Nassau

text: The Bahamas

text: The Dreadnought Project

categories: 1848 births,First Sea Lords,Royal Navy admirals,Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath,Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur,Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order,Lords of the Admiralty

paragraph: Francis Bridgeman (Royal Navy officer)

paragraph: Admiral Sir Francis Charles Bridgeman Bridgeman (7 December 1848 – 17 February 1929) was a Royal Navy officer. As a captain he commanded a battleship and then an armoured cruiser and then, after serving as second-in-command of three different fleets, he twice undertook tours as Commander-in-Chief of the Home Fleet with a stint as Second Sea Lord in between those tours. He became First Sea Lord in November 1911 but clashed with First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill on technical issues as well as matters relating to a perceived overriding of naval traditions by Churchill: this led to Bridgeman's resignation just a year later.

paragraph: Section::::Naval career.

paragraph: Born the son of Reverend William Bridgeman Simpson and Lady Frances Laura Wentworth FitzWilliam (herself daughter of the 5th Earl Fitzwilliam), Francis Bridgeman Simpson joined the Royal Navy as a cadet in the training ship in 1862. He was posted to the sloop on the Australia Station in 1868 and, having been promoted to sub-lieutenant in 1869 and to lieutenant on 8 April 1873, he specialised in gunnery. He was posted to the corvette on the China Station as gunnery officer in 1874 and then to the battleship in the Mediterranean Fleet also as gunnery officer. Promoted to commander on 30 June 1884, he joined the battleship on the Pacific Station in 1885 and then went to the gunnery training ship in 1888.

paragraph: Simpson (as he was then known) was promoted to captain on 1 January 1890. He became Captain of the battleship and Flag Captain of the Mediterranean Fleet in October 1893.

paragraph: Having changed his name to Bridgeman in 1896, he became Flag Captain at Portsmouth Command in September 1897. Appointed Naval Aide-de-Camp to the King on 24 May 1901, he was in June 1902 posted to for service during the 1902 Coronation Fleet review, but the appointment was cancelled when the coronation was postponed. He was given command of the armoured cruiser in January 1903, and was appointed a Member of the 4th Class of the Royal Victorian Order on 5 May 1903. Promoted to rear admiral on 12 August 1903, he became Second-in-Command of the Channel Fleet in June 1904, Second-in-Command of the Atlantic Fleet in December 1904 and Second-in-Command of the Mediterranean Fleet in March 1906.

paragraph: Promoted to vice admiral on 20 February 1907 and advanced to Commander of the Royal Victorian Order on 27 February 1907, Bridgeman went on to be Commander-in-Chief of the Home Fleet in March 1907, hoisting his flag in the battleship and then in the battleship . Having been advanced to Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order on 3 August 1907 and appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 26 June 1908, he became Second Sea Lord in March 1909. Having taken part in the funeral of King Edward VII in May 1910, he became Commander-in-Chief of the Home Fleet again in March 1911. He was promoted to full admiral on 12 April 1911 and was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order on 24 June 1911.

paragraph: Bridgeman became First Sea Lord in November 1911, and allegedly "got the job by default. From a thin list, Bridgeman had one unusual quality in the pre-1914 navy: a willingness to delegate". By October 1912 he had clashed with First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill on technical issues as well as matters relating to a perceived overriding of naval traditions. Churchill's actions were denigrating the authority of senior officers and harming the efficiency of the service, thought Bridgeman, who planned to take his case to Prime Minister H. H. Asquith and King George V. Churchill acted on reports of personal correspondence from Bridgeman to other officers concerning his attacks of appendicitis and bronchitis, and advised Bridgeman on 2 December 1912 that his resignation would be accepted. He was replaced that month. It was subsequently acknowledged, in response to questions in Parliament, that the initiative for resignation on grounds of health emanated from Churchill rather than from Bridgeman himself. In the opinion of one historian: "The combination of frequent change and weak appointees (Wilson, Bridgeman and Battenberg) ensured that the professional leadership of the Royal Navy lost its direction in the four years preceding the war." However, others have taken a more nuanced view of these men. Arthur Marder wrote that while Bridgeman and Battenberg "were not especially forceful and allowed Churchill a good deal of rope", Bridgeman "did possess sound judgement and he might have made a moderately successful First Sea Lord had he served under anybody but Churchill." Indeed, it was Bridgeman's efforts to blockade some of Churchill's more controversial schemes that led to his dismissal, as he himself recognized in a letter to Francis Hopwood: "I was forced out "without" warning, but it was not because I was too weak, but because I was too strong!"

paragraph: Following his resignation Bridgeman was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 10 December 1912. In retirement he lived at Copgrove Hall near Burton Leonard in North Yorkshire and officiated as Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom from 1920 until his death at Nassau in The Bahamas on 17 February 1929.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: On 6 November 1889, he married Emily Charlotte Shiffner, daughter of Thomas Shiffner; they had no children.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Dreadnought Project biography

description: Royal Navy admiral

wikidata_label: Francis Bridgeman

wikipedia_title: Francis Bridgeman (Royal Navy officer)


text:
MC
PC
British
Worthing
Sussex
RN
Durston House
Winchester College
King's College, Cambridge
Royal Artillery
Military Cross
Madagascar
called to the bar
Inner Temple
Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division
High Court
Queen's Counsel
High Court
Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division
Admiralty
knighthood
Family Division
Administration of Justice Act 1970
Queen's Bench Division
Lord Justice of Appeal
Privy Council
Lord of Appeal in Ordinary
life peer
Greater London
Jeanette Janvrin

categories: Family Division judges,Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division judges,Law lords,Recipients of the Military Cross,1999 deaths,Alumni of King's College, Cambridge,1920 births,Royal Artillery officers,Members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council,Lords Justices of Appeal,Knights Bachelor,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,Members of the Inner Temple,English judges,People educated at Winchester College

paragraph: Henry Brandon, Baron Brandon of Oakbrook

paragraph: Henry Vivian Brandon, Baron Brandon of Oakbrook, MC, PC (3 June 1920 – 24 March 1999) was a British judge.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Brandon was born in Worthing, Sussex, the younger son of Captain Vivian Ronald Brandon RN and of Joan Elizabeth Maud Simpson. He was educated at Durston House, Winchester College, and King's College, Cambridge, where he initially read Classics. His studies were interrupted by World War II. He was commissioned into the Royal Artillery and won the Military Cross for directing artillery fire behind Vichy lines in Madagascar.

paragraph: After the war he returned to Cambridge, graduating with a First in Law in 1946. The same year he was called to the bar by the Inner Temple in 1946. He practiced in the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division of the High Court, becoming the only man at the bar to build up a practice in all three areas. He was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 1961.

paragraph: Section::::Judicial career.

paragraph: Brandon was appointed to the High Court in 1966, at the age of forty-six, and was assigned to the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division, where he was the sole Admiralty judge. He received the customary knighthood the same year. In 1971, the Division was reformed into the Family Division under the Administration of Justice Act 1970, and its Admiralty jurisdiction was transferred to the Queen's Bench Division. Brandon remained with the new Family Division, although he sat as an 'additional judge of the Queen's Bench Division' on secondment from the Family Division.

paragraph: Brandon was appointed a Lord Justice of Appeal in 1978 and sworn of the Privy Council. On 24 September 1981, he was appointed a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary and was created a life peer with the title Baron Brandon of Oakbrook, of Hammersmith in Greater London. In 1991, he retired from judicial service.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Brandon married Jeanette Janvrin, a private secretary, on 28 December 1955; they had three sons and a daughter. Lady Brandon died in 2018.

description: British judge


text:
Carke Hall
Cartmell, Lancashire
antiquary
Springfield
Essex
Cartmell, Lancashire
Member of Parliament
Lancaster
Nicholas Monck
Bishop of Hereford
George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle
KG
Queen's College, Oxford
Anglo-Saxon studies
Edward Thwaites
Consolation of Philosophy
Boethius
Francis Junius
Junian font
Lancashire
Westmoreland
Cumberland
Daniel Fleming
Richard Burn
St Albans
Joseph Nutting
Bodleian Library

categories: 1733 deaths,English antiquarians,1677 births

paragraph: Christopher Rawlinson (antiquary)

paragraph: Christopher Rawlinson (1677–1733) of Carke Hall in Cartmell, Lancashire, was an English antiquary.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: He was born on 13 June 1677 at Springfield in Essex, the second son of Curwen Rawlinson of Carke Hall in Cartmell, Lancashire, a Member of Parliament for Lancaster in 1688, by his wife Elizabeth Monck, a daughter and co-heiress of Nicholas Monck, Bishop of Hereford, a younger brother of George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle (1608–1670) KG.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He matriculated at Queen's College, Oxford, on 14 June 1695.

paragraph: He inherited his father's estates. In 1723 he erected to the memory of his grandfather Nicholas Monck, Bishop of Hereford, a pyramidical monument in black and white marble in St. Edmund's Chapel, Westminster Abbey.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: He devoted himself to Anglo-Saxon studies and in 1698 published (with assistance from Edward Thwaites), the Saxon text of the "Consolation of Philosophy" by Boethius, from a transcript at Oxford made by Francis Junius. It was printed with the Junian font. Rawlinson had made valuable collections for the history of Lancashire, Westmoreland, and Cumberland, all of which have probably perished. The antiquary Sir Daniel Fleming had, however, copied extracts from the part relating to Westmoreland, which were deposited in the collection of manuscripts at Rydal Hall, and were used in about 1777 by Richard Burn and Joseph Nicolson for their work "Westmoreland and Cumberland".

paragraph: Section::::Death, burial & legacy.

paragraph: He died unmarried and intestate on 8 January 1733 in Holborn Row, London and was buried in the abbey church of St Albans, Hertfordshire. His portrait, engraved by Joseph Nutting, with those of other members of his family, is in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. His estates passed to his cousins, the issue of his father's sisters Anne and Katherine. Following his death the furniture of Carke Hall was sold by auction and his manuscripts were at the same time sold for a few pennies in bundles to the villagers.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: English antiquary

wikidata_label: Christopher Rawlinson

wikipedia_title: Christopher Rawlinson (antiquary)