text: Count

text: Nassau

text: Teutonic Order

text: Sixth Crusade

text: Sonnenberg

text: Dillenburg

text: Walram I of Nassau

text: Sponheim

text: Ziegenhain

text: Rupert IV

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: Hohenstaufen

text: Otto IV

text: Brunswick

text: Frederick II

text: Theodoric II

text: Trier

text: Jülich

text: Henry

text: Worms

text: Frankfurt

text: Imperial Diet

text: Ravenna

text: Conrad IV

text: William II of Holland

text: Wiesbaden

text: Frederick I

text: Reichsvogtei

text: Königssondergau

text: fiefdoms

text: Sonnenberg

text: Taunus

text: Mainz

text: Lords of Eppstein

text: cathedral chapter

text: St. Martin's Cathedral

text: Mainz

text: Lahn

text: Vogt

text: Koblenz

text: Niederlahnstein

text: Montabaur

text: Rhine

text: Engelbert II

text: Cologne

text: cup-bearer

text: Siegen

text: Wildbann

text: Teutonic Order

text: Limburg an der Lahn

text: Limburg Cathedral

text: Netphen

text: Premonstratensian

text: Hilchenbach

text: Herborner Mark

text: Dillenburg Castle

text: Dernbacher Feud

text: Hesse

text: War of the Thuringian Succession

text: Sophia of Thuringia

text: Henry I "the Child" of Hesse

text: Arnstein Abbey

text: Walram II

text: Otto I

text: Guelders

text: Zutphen

text: Otto I of Guelders and Zutphen

text: Bavaria

text: Otto I Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria

text: allod

text: Diez

text: Ober-Lahnstein

text: Walram II

text: Otto I

text: Aachen Cathedral

text: Our Lady

text: Maastricht

text: St. Plechelm

text: Oldenzaal

text: St. Peter

text: Liège

text: Tiel

text: Ardennes

text: canon

text: St. Lambert

text: John

text: Deventer

text: Utrecht

text: Wetzlar

text: Cuijk

text: Genealogies of the Middle Ages

text: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie

text: Leipzig

paragraph: Henry II, Count of Nassau

paragraph: Henry II "the Rich" of Nassau, (ca. 1180 - April 26, 1247/48/49/50, before January 25, 1251) was Count of Nassau. He distinguished himself in particular by his chivalrous and devout spirit. He was charitable and made great donations to the church, so that the monasteries and prayer houses in the area of present-day Nassau experienced the most significant bloom in his time. The greatest favour was the Teutonic Order to enjoy, to which he donated especially for the renunciation of his brother's, upon his entry into the order. Henry participated in the Sixth Crusade. He was the builder of the castles Sonnenberg, Ginsburg and Dillenburg.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Henry II was the eldest son of Count Walram I of Nassau and a certain Kunigunde, possibly a daughter of a count of Sponheim or a daughter of count Poppo II of Ziegenhain.

paragraph: Henry is mentioned for the first time in a charter dated March 20, 1198, together with his mother and his brother Rupert IV. This mention means that he and his brother were of age at that time, that is to say, they had reached the age of 12.

paragraph: Henry is mentioned as count of Nassau between 1198 and 1247. He reigned with his brother Rupert until 1230.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:National politics.

paragraph: In the politics of the Holy Roman Empire, Henry was generally a loyal supporter of the Hohenstaufen emperors. However, between 1209 and 1211, he backed the rival Otto IV of Brunswick as emperor, before reverting sides to support Frederick II. Between 1212 and 1214, he held prisoner Frederick's (and his own) opponent, Archbishop Theodoric II of Trier. Henry was in 1214 with Emperor Frederick II in Jülich, in 1223 with Frederick's son Henry in Worms, and in 1224 in Frankfurt. In 1228 Henry took part in the Sixth Crusade of Emperor Frederick II. In 1231 Henry attended the Imperial Diet of Worms and in 1232 he was at the imperial assembly of Frederick II in Ravenna.

paragraph: Later, however, Henry transferred to the papal camp, so that Frederick's son Conrad IV issued an execution order against him in 1241, about the success of which nothing is known. In 1247 Henry supported the election of Anti-King William II of Holland, who confirmed all Henry’s imperial possessions and gave him the right to mint coins.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Local politics.

paragraph: Henry's father had received the "Königshof" Wiesbaden from Emperor Frederick I in reward for his support of the emperor in the conflicts of 1170-1180. The Nassau possessions in this area were expanded around 1214 when Henry received the Imperial Vogtship ("Reichsvogtei") over Wiesbaden and the surrounding "Königssondergau", which he held as fiefdoms.

paragraph: About the year 1200, Henry, together with his brother Rupert, began building Sonnenberg on a spur of Spitzkippel peak in the Taunus above Wiesbaden. This was intended for protection against the Archbishop of Mainz and its vassals, the Lords of Eppstein, who held the lands bordering Wiesbaden. However, the cathedral chapter of St. Martin's Cathedral in Mainz claimed Sonnenberg as their own. To settle the dispute, Nassau paid 30 Marks to the cathedral chapter in 1221 to acquire the land of Sonnenberg Castle. They were also forced to recognize the sovereignty of the Archbishops of Mainz over Sonnenberg, taking the castle as a fief of Mainz.

paragraph: Towards the end of the 12th century, Walram I had been able to strengthen his power on the lower Lahn. As part of the inheritance of the Counts of Arnstein, he succeeded them as the Archbishopric of Trier's Vogt in Koblenz, Pfaffendorf (now a borough of Koblenz), Niederlahnstein, and Humbach (Montabaur). However, by the 1230s, Trier's influence near the Rhine and Lahn had strengthened enough to oust Nassau from the majority of the Archbishopric's vogtships. The Archbishop had reinforced Montabaur around 1217 in order to protect his possessions on the right bank of the Rhine from Nassau.

paragraph: In 1224, Henry found support from Engelbert II, the Archbishop of Cologne, who made Henry his "Marschall" (chief military officer) and "Schenk" (an honorary title that originally meant "cup-bearer"). However, in exchange for his protection from the Archbishops of Mainz and Trier, Henry had to cede half of Siegen to Cologne. Unaffected by this division of rule, however, Nassau retained its sovereign rights in Siegerland (the region surrounding Siegen), where the important High Jurisdiction ("hohe Gerichtsbarkeit") and Hunting Ban ("Wildbann") explicitly survived to 1259.

paragraph: During his reign, Henry fought out numerous feuds, especially with the nobles von Willnsdorf over Siegen, and von Merenberg over the "Landgericht Rucheslo" in the old "Erdehegaue". In the Siegerland, Henry built Ginsburg Castle during his reign.

paragraph: Henry’s brother, Rupert, had joined the Teutonic Order in 1230. On his death in 1239, Rupert bequeathed his legacy to the Order. Henry continuously disputed any division of his realm with the Teutonic Order.

paragraph: Henry also held the Upper Vogtship over the Diocese of St. George in Limburg an der Lahn during the construction of the Limburg Cathedral. In 1239 he transferred, at the request of his vassal Friedrich vom Hain, the income of the Netphen parishes to the Premonstratensian Keppel Abbey near Hilchenbach. His descendants took over the patronage of the monastery.

paragraph: Henry's policies in the Herborner Mark angered the local aristocratic families. Around 1240, Henry built Dillenburg Castle to better subjugate the dissidents. By 1248, the century-long Dernbacher Feud had already begun, involving Hesse as well in the context of the War of the Thuringian Succession, because of a feud started by Henry with Sophia of Thuringia and her son Henry I "the Child" of Hesse over the Herborner Mark, which burdened the Nassau-Hessian relationships beyond his death for centuries.

paragraph: The necrology of Arnstein Abbey documented the death of "‘Henrici comitis de Nassauwe, qui contulit nobis ecclesiam in Diffenbach inferiori ...’" on April 26. Henry is still mentioned in a charter from 1247 and is listed as deceased in a charter from January 25, 1251. This means that he died on April 26 in 1247, 1248, 1249 or 1250. He was succeeded by his sons Walram II and Otto I.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: Henry married before December 11, 1215 to Matilda of Guelders and Zutphen († October 28, 1247 or later), the youngest daughter of Count Otto I of Guelders and Zutphen and Richardis of Bavaria (herself daughter of Otto I Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria).br

paragraph: From this marriage were born:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Rupert († September 19 before 1247), was granted allod in Diez and Ober-Lahnstein by the Archbishop of Trier with, was a knight of the Teutonic Order.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Walram II (ca. 1220 - January 24, 1276), succeeded his father as Count of Nassau, is the ancestor of the Walramian Line of the House of Nassau.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Otto I († between 3 May 1289 and 19 March 1290), succeeded his father as Count of Nassau, is the ancestor of the Ottonian Line of the House of Nassau.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Henry († May 28 after 1247), was a monk in Arnstein Abbey.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Elizabeth (ca. 1225 - after January 6, 1295), married Gerhard III, Lord of Eppstein († 1252).

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Gerhard († between April 7, 1312 and September 20, 1314), was dean of the cathedral chapter of Aachen Cathedral, Our Lady in Maastricht, St. Plechelm in Oldenzaal, St. Peter in Liège, and St. Walburg in Tiel, archdeacon in Liège, of the Ardennes and of Kempenland, and canon of St. Lambert in Liège, and St. Martin's in Mainz.

paragraph: BULLET::::7. John († Deventer, July 13, 1309), was Bishop-Elect of Utrecht 1267–1290.

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Catharine († 27 April 1324), became Abbess of Altenberg Abbey near Wetzlar in 1249.

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Jutta († 1313), married around 1260 to John I, Lord of Cuijk († 13 July 1308).

paragraph: BULLET::::10. ? Irmgard († August 1, 1297), was abbess of Val-Benoît.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogies of the Middle Ages.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medieval Lands. A prosopography of medieval European noble and royal families. Nassau, compiled by Charles Cawley.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joachim, Ernst. (1880). "Heinrich II., Graf von Nassau" in: "Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie" Band 11, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, p. 547.

paragraph: BULLET::::- van der Venne, J.M. & Alexander A.M. Stols. "Gerhard graaf van Nassau, 1259-1313. De oudst bekende Nassau in Nederland?" in: "De Nederlandsche Leeuw, Maandblad van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Genootschap voor Geslacht- en Wapenkunde" 1937, nr. 2.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Table 60.

description: Count of Nassau (1198-1247)

wikidata_label: Henry II of Nassau

wikipedia_title: Henry II, Count of Nassau


text: Irish

text: baronet

text: Baronet Fleming

text: Brompton Park

text: Middlesex

text: Baronetage of Great Britain

text: Jane

text: Seymour Dorothy Fleming

text: Sir Richard Worsley

text: Barbados

text: Edwin Lascelles, 1st Baron Harewood

text: Thomas Wotton

text: Edward Kimber

categories: Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain

paragraph: Sir John Fleming, 1st Baronet

paragraph: Sir John Fleming, 1st Baronet (born c.1730, died 6 November 1763) was an Irish baronet, created first Baronet Fleming of Brompton Park, Middlesex in the Baronetage of Great Britain on 22 April 1763.

paragraph: He married Jane Coleman, daughter of William Coleman and Jane Seymour, in 1753. His elder daughter Jane married Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl of Harrington. His younger daughter Seymour Dorothy Fleming (1758-1818) was involved in a scandalous separation from her husband Sir Richard Worsley. Lady Fleming remarried in 1770 to a rich sexagenarian born in Barbados, Edwin Lascelles, 1st Baron Harewood.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Burke and John Bernard Burke, "A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies of England", 1841, page 201

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Wotton, Edward Kimber, Richard A. Johnson, "The baronetage of England: containing a genealogical and historical account of all the English baronets now existing ... illustrated with their coats of arms ... To which is added an account of such Nova Scotia baronets as are of English families; and a dictionary of heraldry", Printed for G. Woodfall (etc.), 1771, volume 2, page 195

description: English baronet, created first Baronet Fleming of Brompton Park, Middlesex

wikidata_label: Sir John Fleming, 1st Baronet

wikipedia_title: Sir John Fleming, 1st Baronet


text:
OBE
DStJ
Lord Edward Gleichen
Lady Feodora Gleichen
Prince Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
Queen Victoria
morganatic
Laura Williamina Seymour
Admiral Sir George Seymour
Court Circular
rank
Court of St James's
TSH
precedence
duke
peerage of England
Younghusband Expedition
Tibet
World War I
marquess
Cormons
Bronze Medal of Military Valour
Order of St John of Jerusalem
OBE
Society of Antiquaries
St James's Palace
Friary Court
Hellens
Much Marcle
Tate
home guard
World War II
Golders Green

categories: Women memoirists,1947 deaths,English memoirists,House of Hohenlohe-Langenburg,Dames of Grace of the Order of St John,Painters from London,Place of death missing,English women painters,Daughters of British marquesses,Officers of the Order of the British Empire,20th-century English painters,1873 births,Recipients of the Bronze Medal of Military Valor

paragraph: Lady Helena Gleichen

paragraph: Lady Helena Emily Gleichen, OBE, DStJ (1 February 1873 in London, England – 28 January 1947) was a British painter of landscapes, flowers, and animals, with a particular passion for horses.

paragraph: Her brother, Lord Edward Gleichen (1863–1937), a professional soldier, wrote several books. Her sister, Lady Feodora Gleichen (1861–1922) was a sculptor. They were the children of Count Victor Gleichen "aka" Prince Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, a half-nephew of Queen Victoria and himself a sculptor and naval officer, and his morganatic wife Laura Williamina Seymour, a daughter of Admiral Sir George Seymour.

paragraph: On 15 December 1885, the Court Circular announced the Queen's permission for Helena's mother to share her father's rank at the Court of St James's, and henceforth they were known as TSH Prince and Princess Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg. But the Queen did not extend that privilege to their children, although she confirmed use of their German style as count and countesses. On 12 June 1913 Helena and her sisters, the Countesses Feodora and Valda Gleichen, were granted precedence before the daughters of dukes in the peerage of England.

paragraph: She helped with illustrations for the Younghusband Expedition to Tibet in 1904. During World War I she abandoned her German titles, accepting demotion by the King to the style and rank of a marquess's daughter, and headed the 4th Radiographic British Red Cross Unit stationed in the Villa Zucco in Cormons, Italy. She later received the Italian Bronze Medal of Military Valour and was invested as a Dame of Grace of the Order of St John of Jerusalem and as an OBE in 1920. She was a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries.

paragraph: She worked from her father's former studio in St James's Palace opposite Friary Court. The family home was a rambling estate Hellens Manor at Much Marcle in Herefordshire, used during World War II by the Tate for the safe storage of art works. Gleichen organised her estate staff of some 80 people into a local home guard during World War II.

paragraph: She died in 1947, three days before her 74th birthday. Her memoir, "Contacts and Contrasts", was published in 1940. A memorial plaque to her and her siblings is located at Golders Green.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helena Gleichen, "Contacts and Contrasts" (1940). Reprinted, with a new Introduction by Caroline Stone (Mansion Field, 2013).

alias:
Helena Gleichen
Lady Gleichen

description: English painter and memoirist

wikidata_label: Lady Helena Gleichen

wikipedia_title: Lady Helena Gleichen


text: The Bronx

text: New York

text: Frederiksted

text: U.S. Virgin Islands

text: Los Angeles

text: Paul Horn

text: Red Mitchell

text: Jazz Crusaders

text: Curtis Amy

text: Dupree Bolton

text: West Coast

text: Buddy Collette

text: Shelly Manne

text: Bud Shank

text: Cannonball Adderley

text: Duke Ellington

text: Billy Taylor

text: Johnny Hartman

text: Hank Jones

text: Cannonball Adderley

text: Mercy, Mercy, Mercy! Live at 'The Club'

text: Cannonball in Japan

text: Monty Alexander

text: Alexander the Great

text: Curtis Amy

text: Dupree Bolton

text: Katanga!

text: Hal Galper

text: The Guerilla Band

text: Wild Bird

text: Johnny Hartman

text: Once in Every Life

text: Paul Horn

text: Profile of a Jazz Musician

text: The Jazz Crusaders

text: The Jazz Crusaders at the Lighthouse

text: The Thing

text: Herbie Mann

text: Tamiko Jones

text: A Mann & A Woman

text: John Mayall

text: Les McCann

text: Spanish Onions

text: A Bag of Gold

text: McCann/Wilson

text: Gerald Wilson

text: McCanna

text: But Not Really

text: Beaux J. Pooboo

text: Live at Shelly's Manne-Hole

text: Susannah McCorkle

text: Oliver Nelson

text: Swiss Suite

text: Billy Taylor

text: Frank Wess

text: Jimmy Owens

text: Ted Dunbar

text: Bobby Thomas

text: Buddy Terry

text: Awareness

text: Clark Terry

text: Larry Willis

text: Inner Crisis

text: Gerald Wilson

text: On Stage

text: Attila Zoller

text: Boni de Souza

text: Eau de Vie

text: Busy doing Something

categories: People from the Bronx,2012 deaths,1934 births,American jazz double-bassists,Male double-bassists,Jazz musicians from New York (state),Duke Ellington Orchestra members,Male jazz musicians

paragraph: Victor Gaskin

paragraph: Roderick Victor Gaskin, born The Bronx, New York, November 23, 1934 and was a jazz bassist. He died on July 14, 2012 in Frederiksted, U.S. Virgin Islands.

paragraph: Gaskin moved to Los Angeles in 1962 and started playing with Paul Horn and Red Mitchell before going on to become one of many bass players for the Jazz Crusaders. He also recorded with Curtis Amy and Dupree Bolton, before becoming a part of the West Coast jazz scene, accompanying Buddy Collette, Shelly Manne, and Bud Shank.

paragraph: Between 1966 and 1970, he was a member of Cannonball Adderley's groups, and in 1970 recorded with Duke Ellington's octet, quintet, quartet and trio.

paragraph: He started playing with the Billy Taylor Trio in the late 1970s, continuing until 1993, as well as with Johnny Hartman and Hank Jones.

paragraph: Between 1994 to 2001 Victor Gaskin was in Singapore and performed regularly at The Four Seasons Hotel with Boni de Souza & Friends for the iconic Sunday Jazz Brunch - They were the pioneers of the Sunday Jazz Brunch scene in Singapore setting the trend for other Hotel offerings of the similar concept for years to come. During Victor's stay in SIngapore he was also featured on 2 jazz albums produced by Boni de Souza, The first a latin jazz infused CD featured Wendy Low on Flute, Boni de Souza on piano, Victor Gaskin on Double Bass and Sanip Ismail on Drums. The second and more definitive offering was

paragraph: Eau de Vie featuring some original compositions by Boni de Souza as well as alternative arrangements of jazz standards which featured Victor on Double Bass, Farid Ali on Guitar, Boni de Souza - acoustic piano, Wendy Low - Flute, Sanip Ismail - drums as well as various guest musicians.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: With Cannonball Adderley

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mercy, Mercy, Mercy! Live at 'The Club'" (Capitol, 1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cannonball in Japan" (Capitol, 1966 [1990])

paragraph: With Monty Alexander

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alexander the Great" (Pacific Jazz, 1964)

paragraph: With Curtis Amy and Dupree Bolton

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Katanga!" (Pacific Jazz, 1963)

paragraph: With Hal Galper

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Guerilla Band" (Mainstream, 1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wild Bird" (Mainstream, 1972)

paragraph: With Johnny Hartman

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Once in Every Life" (Bee Hive, 1980)

paragraph: With Paul Horn

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Profile of a Jazz Musician" (Columbia, 1962)

paragraph: With The Jazz Crusaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Jazz Crusaders at the Lighthouse" (Pacific Jazz, 1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Thing" (Pacific Jazz, 1965)

paragraph: With Herbie Mann and Tamiko Jones

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Mann & A Woman" (Atlantic, 1967)

paragraph: With John Mayall

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moving On" (Polydor, 1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ten Years Are Gone" (Polydor, 1973)

paragraph: With Les McCann

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spanish Onions" (Pacific Jazz, 1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Bag of Gold" (Pacific Jazz, 1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "McCann/Wilson" (Pacific Jazz, 1964) with the Gerald Wilson Orchestra

paragraph: BULLET::::- "McCanna" (Pacific Jazz, 1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "But Not Really" (Limelight, 1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beaux J. Pooboo" (Limelight, 1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live at Shelly's Manne-Hole" (Limelight, 1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live at Bohemian Caverns - Washington, DC" (Limelight, 1967)

paragraph: With Susannah McCorkle

paragraph: BULLET::::- "As Time Goes By" (CBS/Sony, 1986)

paragraph: With Oliver Nelson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Swiss Suite" (Flying Dutchman, 1971)

paragraph: With Billy Taylor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live at Storyville" (West 54, 1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Jazzmobile Allstars" (Taylor Made, 1989) with Frank Wess, Jimmy Owens, Ted Dunbar and Bobby Thomas

paragraph: With Buddy Terry

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Awareness" (Mainstream, 1971)

paragraph: With Clark Terry

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Portraits" (Chesky, 1989)

paragraph: With Larry Willis

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Inner Crisis" (Groove Merchant, 1973)

paragraph: With Gerald Wilson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Stage" (Pacific Jazz, 1965)

paragraph: With Attila Zoller

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:"Gypsy Cry" (Embryo, 1969).:With Boni de Souza.

paragraph: Eau de Vie (BDSMUSIC 2000)

paragraph: Busy doing Something (BDSMUSIC 1998)

description: American bassist

wikidata_label: Victor Gaskin

wikipedia_title: Victor Gaskin


text: hovmästarinna

text: Anna Vasa of Sweden

text: Per Brahe the Elder

text: Catherine Stenbock

text: Johan Larsson Sparre

text: Gustaf Brahe

text: Erik Brahe

text: Magnus Brahe

text: Sigrid Brahe

text: Abraham Brahe

text: Sigismund III Vasa

text: Stegeborg Castle

text: Sigrid Brahe

text: Johan Nilsson Gyllenstierna

text: Duke Charles

text: Erik Larsson Sparre

text: Gunilla Bielke

text: encoded

text: Battle of Stångebro

text: War against Sigismund

text: Charles IX of Sweden

text: Kalmar Bloodbath

text: Erik Brahe (1552–1614)

text: Magnus Brahe (1564–1633)

text: Margareta Brahe

categories: 1638 deaths,16th-century Swedish people,1559 births,People of the War against Sigismund,Swedish ladies-in-waiting,Mistresses of the Robes (Sweden)

paragraph: Margareta Brahe (1559–1638)

paragraph: Margareta Brahe (2 July 1559 – 26 April 1638) was a Swedish courtier; "hovmästarinna" (Mistress of the Robes) to princess Anna Vasa of Sweden, from 1591.

paragraph: Born to count Per Brahe the Elder and Beata Stenbock and niece of queen dowager Catherine Stenbock, she married noble Johan Larsson Sparre in 1587. She was the sister of Gustaf Brahe, who was rumored to be the lover of princess Anna, as well as Erik Brahe (1552–1614), Magnus Brahe (1564–1633), Sigrid Brahe and Abraham Brahe (1569–1630).

paragraph: In 1591, she was appointed head lady in waiting to princess Anna and her spouse to chamberlain of Anna's court. They accompanied Anna to Poland when she left to join her brother Sigismund III Vasa in 1592. Princess Anna returned to Sweden with her court the following year and settled with her court at Stegeborg Castle. In 1595, Anna arranged the scandalous Wednesday Wedding between Margareta's sister Sigrid Brahe and Johan Nilsson Gyllenstierna.

paragraph: Princess Anna and her uncle Duke Charles were involved in several conflicts. The Sparre Affair was to be the final break between Anna and Duke Charles, and it involved also Margareta Brahe and her family. Her brother-in-law Count Erik Larsson Sparre was a staunch supporter of Sigismund, and Anna kept a box for his wife, Margareta's sister Ebba Sparre at Stegeborg, which Duke Charles suspected to contain suspicious documents. When Anna left Stegeborg to attend the deathbed of Queen Dowager Gunilla Bielke in 1597, Duke Charles had her household searched. Ebba Sparre's box and the correspondence between Anna and the Sparre couple was confiscated, and he subjected Ebba Sparre as well as Margareta Brahe to an interrogation regarding the encoded information he found in Anna's papers. He accused Ebba Sparre of having smuggled in their brother, Anna's alleged lover Gustav Brahe to her.

paragraph: After the Battle of Stångebro during the War against Sigismund in 1598, Princess Anna fled with Sigismund to Poland, while Margareta remained; her spouse having been given command of Kalmar by Sigismund. In May 1599, her spouse and her brother-in-law were executed as followers of Sigismund by Charles IX of Sweden during the Kalmar Bloodbath. Margareta fled to Sigismund and Anna in Poland, where she accused her brothers Erik Brahe (1552–1614) and Magnus Brahe (1564–1633) of complicity in the death verdict of her spouse. She was provided with a pension by Sigismund for her loyalty and settled with her children in Denmark. In 1628, she was given permission to return to Sweden, where she died ten years later. She was the paternal aunt of Margareta Brahe.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gustaf Elgenstierna, Den introducerade svenska adelns ättartavlor. 1925-36.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anna, urn:sbl:18719, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av H. Almquist.), hämtad 2013-12-07.

wikidata_label: Margareta Brahe

wikipedia_title: Margareta Brahe (1559–1638)


text: Amsterdam

text: Driebergen

text: Utrecht

text: Delft University of Technology

text: Martinus Nijhoff

text: Collectie Temminck Groll

text: WorldCat catalog

paragraph: Coenraad Liebrecht Temminck Groll

paragraph: Coenraad Liebrecht (Coen) Temminck Groll (Amsterdam, March 1, 1925 - Driebergen, February 14, 2015) was a Dutch architect, architectural historian, professor, and conservator.

paragraph: Temminck Groll earned his doctorate in 1963 with a thesis on medieval stone houses in Utrecht. From 1973 to 1986 he was Professor of Architecture and Restoration at the Delft University of Technology. He photographed and wrote about the architectural heritage of the Netherlands and of Dutch overseas territories in Asia, the Americas and Africa. He helped restore several churches in Utrecht.

paragraph: Temminck Groll was buried in the family grave at cemetery in Amsterdam.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medieval stone houses in Utrecht and their relationship with other northwestern European cities, The Hague 1963, Martinus Nijhoff (thesis).

paragraph: BULLET::::- The architecture of Suriname: 1667-1930 (et al.), Zutphen, 1973, the Walburg Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dutch Overseas. Architectural survey. Mutual heritage of four centuries in three continents (et al.), Zwolle 2002, Waanders.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collectie Temminck Groll National Cultural Heritage (The Netherlands)

paragraph: BULLET::::- WorldCat catalog

alias:
Coen Temminck Groll
C.L. Temminck Groll

description: Dutch architect and writer

wikidata_label: Coenraad Liebrecht Temminck Groll

wikipedia_title: Coenraad Liebrecht Temminck Groll


text: lieutenant general

text: Frederick

text: Silesian wars

text: Chotusitz

text: Seven Years' War

text: Order of the Black Eagle

text: Pour le Merite

text: Groß-Poplow

text: Pomerania

text: Junker

text: estates

text: Brandenburg

text: Pomerania

text: Silesia

text: West Prussia

text: East Prussia

text: Posen

text: Prussian Army

text: Fahnenjunker

text: Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin

text: Battle of Prague

text: Stralsund

text: Stettin

text: Christoph II von Dohna

text: Stargard

text: Moritz Franz Kasimir von Wobersnow

text: Battle of Kay

text: Anklam

text: Ribnitz

text: Belgard

text: Hinterpommern

text: Order of the Black Eagle

categories: People from Świdwin County,German military personnel of the War of the Spanish Succession,Prussian military personnel of the Seven Years' War,Lieutenant generals of Prussia,1696 births,Recipients of the Order of the Black Eagle,People from the Province of Pomerania,1778 deaths,German military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession

paragraph: Heinrich von Manteuffel

paragraph: Heinrich von Manteuffel (7 November 1696 – 10 July 1778), was a Prussian lieutenant general. He participated in the Pomeranian campaign of 1715 and the first two of Frederick's Silesian wars, was wounded at Chotusitz, and commanded an infantry regiment at the beginning of the Seven Years' War. He received the Order of the Black Eagle, the Order Pour le Merite and his name is inscribed on the Equestrian statue of Frederick the Great.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Heinrich Manteuffel was born in Groß-Poplow, Pomerania (Popielewo) on 7 November 1696, the son of Ewald von Manteuffel (1645–1723) and Sophie von Kameke (died 26 July 1699). He joined the Prussian military as a young man. Manteuffel's military career modeled that of other Junker sons. Many of the Junkers owned immense estates, especially in the north-eastern half of Germany (i.e. the Prussian provinces of Brandenburg, Pomerania, Silesia, West Prussia, East Prussia and Posen)). Their younger sons followed careers as soldiers ("Fahnenjunker") (the Junkers controlled the Prussian Army).

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Manteuffel joined the Prussian military in 1713 as a "Fahnenjunker" in the 24th Regiment. He advanced through the ranks, seeing action under command of Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin. Throughout his career, he demonstrated a cool head even in the heat of battle; at the Battle of Prague, he showed considerable courage in picking up the fallen regimental flag, handing it to a Junker to carry, and leading his regiment forward despite intensive cannon fire.

paragraph: In September 1757 he received the supreme command of all Pomeranian troops. Towards the end of the year, the Swedish Feldmarschall Lehwaldt Hülfe was confined to Stralsund. When, the following year, the Duke of Bevern became governor of Stettin, Manteuffel again received the supreme command of troops in Pomerania when Christoph II von Dohna marched to Saxony in November; even when Dohna had returned from Saxony, Manteuffel retained his independence; the king expressly instructed Dohna to avail himself of Manteuffel's council.

paragraph: In the spring of 1759, when Dohna went to Berlin to recuperate from illness, Manteuffel assumed Dohna's command. In the middle of May, Manteuffel led the greater part of the troops to Stargard against the Russians. Here Dohna, now advised by Moritz Franz Kasimir von Wobersnow, resumed command briefly. Manteuffel fought at the Battle of Kay on 23 April 1759, and was wounded there while trying to break the Russian right flank; later, in Berlin, he was ordered to form a corps with which he was to expel the Swedes from the Prussian territory. In January 1760 he attempted to push the enemy back, he was attacked and wounded on the 28th of that month in the early morning hours at Anklam, while he and his troops engaged in hand-to-hand combat with the Swedes. An armistice of Ribnitz, concluded on 7 April 1762, ended the Pomeranian War. His injuries, though, proved sufficient to retire. He went to his estate Collatz in the district of Belgard in Hinterpommern, where he died on 10 July 1778.

paragraph: In February 1759, Frederick awarded him the Order of the Black Eagle. In 1851, his name was included on the Equestrian statue of Frederick the Great.

wikidata_label: Heinrich Manteuffel

wikipedia_title: Heinrich von Manteuffel


text: Schlodien

text: Berlin

text: Prussia

text: Frederick William I of Prussia

text: Frederick II

text: Silesian

text: Seven Years'

text: Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf

text: Siege of Kolberg

text: Stanislaus von Dohna

text: Christoph I. zu Dohna-Schlodien

text: Danzig

text: Wildenfels

text: Princess Amalia

text: Junker

text: estates

text: Brandenburg

text: Pomerania

text: Silesia

text: East Prussia

text: Posen

text: Prussian Army

text: Frederick William I of Prussia

text: Lieutenant-Colonel

text: Frederick II

text: Pragmatic Sanction

text: Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor

text: succession and inheritance

text: major general

text: proprietor

text: lieutenant general

text: Silesian Wars

text: Hans von Lehwaldt

text: Groß-Jägersdorf

text: Order of the Black Eagle

text: Pomeranian Theater

text: Stralsund

text: Oder

text: Zorndorf

text: Battle of Kolberg

text: András Hadik

text: Saxony

text: Damgarten

text: Richtenberg

text: Greifswald

text: Demmin

text: Anklam

text: Rügen

text: Berlin

text: General Heinrich von Manteuffel

text: Landsberg on the Warthe

text: Silesia

text: Züllichau

text: Carl Heinrich von Wedel

text: Battle of Kay

text: Equestrian Memorial

categories: 1702 births,Prussian nobility,1762 deaths,Counts of Germany,Recipients of the Order of the Black Eagle,Prussian military personnel of the Seven Years' War,Prussian generals,18th-century German people

paragraph: Christoph II von Dohna

paragraph: Christoph II, Burggraf and Count of Dohna-Schlodien (25 October 1702 in Schlodien – 19 May 1762 in Berlin) was a Prussian general. He was the son of Christopher I, Burgrave and Count of Dohna-Schlodien (1665–1733). He served in the armies of Frederick William I of Prussia and his son, Frederick II, in the Silesian and Seven Years' wars. He was particularly successful at the Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf, and instrumental in relieving Siege of Kolberg.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Christoph II descended from an old Prussian family, von Dohna, whose founder was Stanislaus von Dohna (1433–1504); his father, Christoph I. zu Dohna-Schlodien, was Stanislaus's great-grandson. His mother, Frede (Friederike) Marie (1660 –1729, Danzig), was the daughter of his uncle, Christian Albert, Burgrave and Count of Dohna. Christoph II married in Wildenfels on 18 October 1734 to "Gräfin" Friederike zu Solms-Wildenfels (28 Mai 1714 – 9 April 1755). She was the daughter of Friedrich Christoph zu Solms-Wildenfels (1712–1792). In April 1741 and in December 1742, the couple had daughters Sophia Albertine and Albertina Amalia. In 1747, when the couple had a daughter, the Princess Amalia and two younger brothers stood in for the King at the child's baptism.

paragraph: Christoph II's military career emulated that of other Junker sons. Many of the Junkers owned immense estates, especially in the north-eastern part of Prussia (i.e. the Prussian provinces of Brandenburg, Pomerania, Silesia, East Prussia and Posen). Their younger sons followed careers as soldiers ("Fahnenjunker"); consequently, the links between the Junker families to the Prussian Army firmly united the Prussian elite with the Prussian state.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Christoph II entered Prussian military in service during the reign of Frederick William I of Prussia and initially served in Infantry Regiment Nr. 23. On 16 August 1718, he was transferred to Infantry Regiment Nr. 3, where he subsequently received command of his own company in 1723. In 1727, the King promoted him directly to Lieutenant-Colonel.

paragraph: Frederick William died in May 1740 and his son, Frederick II declined to endorse the Pragmatic Sanction. By the end of 1740, with the death of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, Prussia and Austria were at war over Maria Theresa's succession and inheritance. On 20 June 1745, Dohna was appointed major general by patent effective as of 15 May 1743. He became proprietor of Infantry Regiment Nr. 4 in 1745; this regiment, established in 1672, had been his father's and grandfather's during their military service. He later became the proprietor of Infantry Regiment Nr. 23 until 1748; on 14 July 1748, he became proprietor of Infantry Regiment No. 16, which had been established by his grandfather in 1689, and at which he remained until his death in 1762. On 25 January 1751, Frederick promoted him to lieutenant general.

paragraph: Dohna distinguished himself in the war against Austria, and subsequently in the first two of Frederick's three Silesian Wars. In 1751, he commanded the advanced guard of Hans von Lehwaldt's Corps against the Russians at the first battle of Groß-Jägersdorf, where he was wounded. Dohna was awarded the Order of the Black Eagle in 1753 and also promoted to lieutenant general in January of that year.

paragraph: After a brief interval of peace, in April 1758 he received the command of Prussia's troops in the Pomeranian Theater, fighting against the Swedes at Stralsund. Sweden's ally, Russia, sent an army to relieve the blockade, which Dohna held at bay with his small force until the Frederick's arrival with the main army at the Oder; Christoph II subsequently commanded a wing—22,000 strong—of the Prussian force at the first meeting at the Zorndorf, an arguably strategic victory for the Prussians but one at which they suffered high losses. Subsequently, he forced the Russians to lift their siege of the Battle of Kolberg, inflicting 600 casualties on the Russians. After relieving the siege, his wing moved against the Austrians under András Hadik in Saxony. By January 1759, he was back in Pomerania fighting the Swedes, and had taken the towns of Damgarten, Richtenberg, Grimm, Greifswald, Demmin and Anklam for Frederick, pushing the Swedes back to Stralsund and Rügen.

paragraph: In the years 1758–1759, campaigning in two theaters, Saxony and Upper Pomerania, some distant from one another, damaged his health. In April 1759, Frederick recalled him to Berlin to recover, writing that Dohna was too sick to continue: " "Vous êtes trop malade pour vous charger du commandement. Vous ferez bien de vous faire transporter ou à Berlin ou dans un endroit où vous pourrez remettre votre santé." "("You are too sick to lead your troops; bring yourself to Berlin where you can recover your health.") He was replaced by General Heinrich von Manteuffel. After his recovery, he rejoined the army at Landsberg on the Warthe. On 24 June 1759 he marched with Manteuffel into Poland in their unsuccessful effort to prevent the Russians from advancing into Silesia. On 22 July 1759, he opposed the Russian army at Züllichau, but he again was recalled to Berlin for health reasons before the armies could engage. Carl Heinrich von Wedel, his successor at Züllichau, engaged the Russian army at the Battle of Kay, which the Prussians lost with high casualties.

paragraph: After his recall, Dohna lived in Berlin until his death on 19 May 1762; his name is engraved on the Frederick II the Great Equestrian Memorial.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: "Source:"

wikidata_label: Christoph von Dohna-Schlodien

wikipedia_title: Christoph II von Dohna


text: Austria

text: politician

text: Chancellor of Austria

text: Allied-occupied Austria

text: Austrian State Treaty

text: Grand coalition

text: Social Democrats

text: Sankt Pölten

text: Lower Austria

text: Vienna University of Technology

text: civil engineering

text: Austro-Hungarian Army

text: pioneer

text: Russian

text: Italian

text: World War I

text: Central Powers

text: First Austrian Republic

text: National Council

text: Christian Social Party

text: Ignaz Seipel

text: Heimwehr

text: Ostmärkische Sturmscharen

text: Kurt Schuschnigg

text: Leopold Figl

text: Fatherland's Front

text: Engelbert Dollfuss

text: austrofascist

text: Corporate State

text: Anschluss

text: Nazi Germany

text: Hugo Jury

text: Austrian resistance

text: Karl Renner

text: Soviet

text: Austrian People's Party

text: Austrian Federal Economic Chamber

text: free market

text: Wilhelm Höttl

text: Taras Borodajkewycz

text: Stalin

text: Vyacheslav Molotov

text: Bruno Kreisky

text: Austrian State Treaty

text: declared neutrality

text: Bundesländer

text: Wirtschaftswunder

text: full employment

text: 1956 elections

text: Adolf Schärf

text: Johann Bohm

text: social partnership

text: corporatism

text: stroke

text: Alfons Gorbach

text: presidential

text: Vienna

text: Taylor & Francis

text: Österreichische Mediathek

categories: 20th-century Chancellors of Austria,Austrian People's Party politicians,1964 deaths,Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery,Candidates for President of Austria,1891 births,Austrofascists,Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I,Chancellors of Austria,People from Sankt Pölten,Austrian Roman Catholics

paragraph: Julius Raab

paragraph: Julius Raab (29 November 1891 – 8 January 1964) was a conservative Austrian politician, who served as Federal Chancellor of Austria from 1953 to 1961. Raab steered Allied-occupied Austria to independence, when he negotiated and signed the Austrian State Treaty in 1955. In internal politics Raab stood for a pragmatic "social partnership" and the "Grand coalition" of Austrian Conservatives and Social Democrats.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Raab was born into a middle-class Catholic family in Sankt Pölten, Lower Austria, the son of a master builder. He attended a Catholic high school and in 1911 enrolled at the Vienna University of Technology to study civil engineering. He was drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army as a pioneer officer before graduation and fought on the Russian and Italian fronts of World War I. After the defeat of Central Powers Raab returned to the university and engaged in politics. On 14 January 1923, Raab married Harmine Haumer.

paragraph: The death of his father and the beginning of his political career in the First Austrian Republic compelled Raab to drop out of the university in 1925. From 1927 to 1934 he was a member of the National Council parliament as a Lower Austrian deputy of the Christian Social Party. Backed by Chancellor Ignaz Seipel, he was also active in the "Heimwehr" paramilitary arm of right-wing political forces, and was appointed chief for Lower Austria in 1928. However, his attempts to bind the paramilitary forces to the Christian Social Party ultimately failed. In 1932 he joined the Catholic "Ostmärkische Sturmscharen" forces led by his party fellows Kurt Schuschnigg and Leopold Figl. In 1933 Raab joined the Fatherland's Front, the newly established right-wing coalition led by Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss. During the austrofascist period of 1934–1938 Raab progressed through the ranks of the Corporate State, and was appointed Minister of Commerce by Chancellor Schuschnigg just four weeks before the 1938 "Anschluss" to Nazi Germany.

paragraph: Raab was ousted after the "Anschluss" but, unlike many other Austrian political leaders, escaped death or imprisonment through the help of the Lower Austrian Nazi "Gauleiter" Hugo Jury, whom he knew personally. He was never involved in the Austrian resistance but kept in touch with the old Christian Democrat elite and supported his fellow Leopold Figl after his release from imprisonment.

paragraph: In April 1945, Raab was made a member of Karl Renner's provisional government, formed in the Soviet zone of occupation in Austria. Raab co-founded the conservative Austrian People's Party (ÖVP), which denounced the dark legacy of the 1930s, and assumed leadership of ÖVP parliamentary group after the legislative elections held in November 1945. However, he represented the austrofascist forces of the past that were unacceptable to the Soviets, and for a while was "relegated to the back seat". From 1947, he expanded his influence through presidency in the Austrian Federal Economic Chamber, the institution tasked with managing social partnership of the government, the political parties, the entrepreneurs and the employees' trade unions. He clearly favored a free market and minimal government regulation of the economy. On the other hand, Raab also held talks with former Austrian Nazi officials like Wilhelm Höttl and Taras Borodajkewycz on their support for ÖVP politics.

paragraph: Raab succeeded Leopold Figl as ÖVP party chairman in 1951 and as Federal Chancellor in 1953. Despite clearly Western attitudes, Raab established excellent relations with post-Stalin Soviet Union. In February 1955 Vyacheslav Molotov proposed resuming the talks on Austrian independence. On 12 April 1955 Raab, Foreign Minister Leopold Figl and State Secretary Bruno Kreisky arrived in Moscow for the negotiations that paved the way to the Austrian State Treaty concluded in Vienna on 15 May. Austria declared neutrality, as did all individual "Bundesländer". The success of 1955 marked the peak of ÖVP influence, accompanied by a strong economic revival ("Wirtschaftswunder") and full employment. The party won 46% of the popular vote in the 1956 elections, Raab retained his seat as Federal Chancellor. Despite criticism within the party, Raab strongly favored a tight coalition with the Social Democratic Party under Adolf Schärf. In 1957 he and trade union chief Johann Bohm co-founded the Joint Commission on Wages and Prices, the social partnership institution that became a cornerstone of Austrian corporatism.

paragraph: In 1957 Raab suffered a light stroke. By the end of the 1950s, his own career and his party's influence declined. In 1961 he passed ÖVP leadership to Alfons Gorbach, who also succeeded him as Federal Chancellor on April 11. On 28 April 1963 Raab competed in the presidential elections but lost to incumbent Adolf Schärf. His health rapidly deteriorated, and he died, aged 72, in Vienna on 8 January 1964.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shell, Kurt Leo (1962). "The transformation of Austrian socialism". SUNY Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilsford, David (1995). "Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary". Greenwood Publishing Group. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wollinetz, Steven (1988). "Parties and party systems in liberal democracies". Taylor & Francis. .

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brusatti, Alois (1986). "Julius Raab: eine Biographie in Einzeldarstellungen". R. Trauner. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Raab, Julius (1964). "Selbstportraet einer Politikers". Europa Verlag.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archive entries with and about Julius Raab in the online archive of the Österreichische Mediathek

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.datum.at/ Klemens Kaps: "„Baumeister des Faschismus“", critical article in the paper, "Datum". (2005/09)

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.jrs.at Julius-Raab-Stiftung for Research and Education

description: austrian chancellor and politician

wikidata_label: Julius Raab

wikipedia_title: Julius Raab


text:
Chile
Generation of 1912
University of Chile
El Mercurio
chronicler
El Universal
Excélsior
New York Times
Christian Science Monitor
La Prensa
Atenea Award

categories: 1885 births,Chilean male writers,20th-century Chilean writers,Chilean journalists,University of Chile faculty,20th-century male writers,English–Spanish translators,People from San Felipe, Chile,1967 deaths

paragraph: Ernesto Montenegro

paragraph: Ernesto Montenegro (1885 – 17 June 1967) was a Chilean journalist and writer associated with the Generation of 1912.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Ernesto Montenegro spent much of his life in the United States, where he served as a journalist and founded a magazine named "Chile".

paragraph: In Chile he founded the first school of journalism (of the University of Chile) in 1952, which he also directed and worked for as a professor.

paragraph: In his country he worked for the newspaper "El Mercurio", and was a chronicler for several international papers, such as "El Universal" (Venezuela), "Excélsior" (Mexico), and the "New York Times", "Herald Tribune", and "Christian Science Monitor" (United States). In addition, he translated stories by American authors.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1933 "Cuentos de mi tío Ventura"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1934 "Puritania. Crónicas norteamericanas"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1935 "La novela chilena en medio siglo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1937 "Algunos escritores modernos de Estados Unidos"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1951 "De descubierta"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956 "Aspectos del criollismo en América" (in conjunction with and Manuel Vega)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968 "Mis contemporáneos" (posthumous)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968 "Viento norte, viento sur" (posthumous)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El príncipe jugador"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970 "Memorias de un desmemoriado" (posthumous)

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alberdi-Sarmiento Award from the newspaper "La Prensa" (Argentina)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atenea Award (1933)

wikidata_label: Ernesto Montenegro

wikipedia_title: Ernesto Montenegro


text:
Provençal dialect
Bellegarde
Arles
Nîmes
Graveson
Alphonse Daudet
Luberon
Sahel
Franco-Prussian War
Châtillon
Champigny
Duc-Quercy
Frédéric Mistral
Jean Barnabé Amy
Duc-Quercy
Pierre Grivolas
Georges Clemenceau
Félibrige
Provençal or langue d'oc
Léon Daudet
Bouillargues

paragraph: Batisto Bonnet

paragraph: Batisto Bonnet (22 February 1844 – 5 April 1925) was a French writer in the Provençal dialect. He is known for his "Vie d'enfant" (1894), an autobiographical account of his childhood as an illiterate peasant in the rural south of France.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Batisto Bonnet was born on 21 February 1844 in the village of Bellegarde, between Arles and Nîmes.

paragraph: His father was from Arles and his mother from Graveson.

paragraph: His father was a day-labourer, and Batisto was one of seven children.

paragraph: He had a difficult childhood in a very poor peasant family, in a village among the vines.

paragraph: He later wrote the story of his childhood in his masterpiece "Vido d'enfant", which was translated into French as "Vie d'enfant" by Alphonse Daudet.

paragraph: He did not go to school.

paragraph: From the age of ten he was a shepherd in the land of Arles in winter and of Luberon in summer.

paragraph: He spent his military service in Africa, spending five years in the Sahel.

paragraph: He learned to read during this period.

paragraph: After completing his service Bonnet returned to Bellegarde.

paragraph: Bonnet was recalled to the army in July 1870 at the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War, fought at Châtillon and was wounded at Champigny.

paragraph: He remained in Paris after the war.

paragraph: He married Marie Céleste L'Huillier.

paragraph: Bonnet was taught French by his fellow-Provençal Duc-Quercy, and said later Duc-Quercy "looked like a small black bull breathing fire from mouth and nostrils.

paragraph: His first writings appeared in the "Viro Souleu" in Paris, where they were noticed by Frédéric Mistral and Alphonse Daudet.

paragraph: Daudet wrote to him several times inviting him to meet in Paris, but it took six months before Bonnet could buy a frock coat and waistcoat for the visit.

paragraph: In 1877 the Soucieta Felibrenco dé Paris was founded by Bonnet, Jean Barnabé Amy, Joseph Banquier, Antoine Duc (Duc-Quercy), Maurice Faure, Louis Gleize and Pierre Grivolas. The society created the journal "Lou Viro-Souléu".

paragraph: Bonnet wrote in Provençal and Daudet translated his work.

paragraph: Daudet's translation of "Vido d'enfant" appeared in 1894 and was well received, including a good review by Georges Clemenceau in the "Dépêche".

paragraph: At that time he was working as a gardener in Paris.

paragraph: Bonnet was a member of the Félibrige in 1897, a literary and cultural association founded by Mistral and other Provençal writers to defend and promote the Provençal or langue d'oc language and literature.

paragraph: Bonnet had started to work on "Varlet de mas" when his wife died in November 1897, and Daudet died a month later.

paragraph: Daudet's son Léon Daudet wrote the preface to "Varlet de Mas" in 1898.

paragraph: Bonnet returned to Bellegarde in 1907, after 36 years in Paris.

paragraph: He created a local magazine, "le Midi et le Nord".

paragraph: He lived in Bellegarde for five years, in Bouillargues for five years, then in 1917 settled in Nîmes, where he lived in poverty for the rest of his life.

paragraph: He died in Nîmes in 5 April 1925.

paragraph: A square and a primary school in Bellegarde are named in his memory.

description: French writer

wikidata_label: Batisto Bonnet

wikipedia_title: Batisto Bonnet


text:
Church of Ireland
Calvin
rector
Schull
Tithe War
Great Famine in Ireland
Illustrated London News
Lisburn
County Antrim
Doctor of Divinity
rector
Schull
evangelical Christianity
Josephus
Royal Society of Edinburgh
Thomas Stewart Traill
Edinburgh
Moray estate
Mizen Head
Tithe War
Great Famine
Illustrated London News
James Mahony
James Crawford Caffin
typhus
Dublin
Trinity College
Argentina
Johnny Traill
John Millington Synge
Daisy Goodwin
Victoria
Martin Compston

categories: Church of Ireland priests,1793 births,1847 deaths,Deaths from typhus,Irish mining businesspeople,People from Lisburn,Irish businesspeople,Irish Calvinist and Reformed Christians,Irish translators,Ulster Scots people

paragraph: Robert Traill (Irish clergyman)

paragraph: Reverend Robert Traill or Trail (1793–1847) was a clergyman in the Calvinistic-oriented Established Church of Ireland (the influence of Calvin was rejected by the Church of England from the late 16th century). He was rector of Schull, County Cork from 1832 until his death and part-owned a copper mine in the area. Traill complained of losing tithes from the Roman Catholic population due to the 1830s Tithe War but was recognised for his compassion during the Great Famine in Ireland from 1846. He was depicted in an "Illustrated London News" article of the time and was the subject of a letter published in several newspapers.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Traill was born in Lisburn, County Antrim, on 15 July 1793 the son of the Venerable Anthony Trail (1755-1831) and his wife, Agnes Watts Gayer.

paragraph: He earned the degree of Doctor of Divinity and afterward, in 1832, was appointed the rector of Schull, County Cork. He antagonised some local people with his fervent evangelical Christianity. He translated some of the manuscripts of Josephus, a first-century Jewish historian, into English.

paragraph: In 1840 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh his proposer being Thomas Stewart Traill. As an "ordinary" fellow this indicates his physical presence in Edinburgh at that time, possibly to visit his cousin. He probably stayed with Traill at his grand townhouse, 10 Albyn Place on the Moray estate.

paragraph: Traill is said to have discovered copper at the Dhurode mine on Mizen Head which first operated between 1844 and 1846. He was a major shareholder in the mine and one of its six shafts was named after him.

paragraph: Traill was involved in the Tithe War, in which many Roman Catholics refused to pay tithes for the evangelical established Church of Ireland, a fellow clergymen was killed within 30 miles of Schull, and Traill lamented that "the ungodly are rising up, and these poor deluded Roman Catholics are caballing to deprive me of my tithes, alas! What wickedness is this?".

paragraph: Section::::Great famine.

paragraph: At the outbreak of the Great Famine in 1845 Traill believed that the ventilation of the traditional storage of potatoes in pits would save them from the blight, and he worked on constructing these potato pit air shafts from October 1845. However he realised this would not be successful and by December was trying, in vain, to persuade the local landlords to let their tenants keep some grain so that they weren't forced to eat their seed potatoes. Traill established a relief committee for his parish and wrote widely to persuade people to subscribe to it. He was shown in the "Illustrated London News" visiting a dying man and his family, having been sketched by James Mahony who said of Traill that "his humanity at the present moment is beyond praise".

paragraph: Traill established a soup kitchen at his home to provide for the needy and wrote that "my house is more like a beleaguered fortress. Ere the day has dawned the crowds are already gathering. My family one and all are perfect slaves worn out with attending them; for I would not wish, were it possible, that one starving creature would leave my door without some-thing to allay the cravings of hunger". In February 1847 he showed Commander James Crawford Caffin of HMS "Scourge" some of those in the parish affected by the famine. Caffin wrote to a friend that "In no house that I entered was there not to be found the dead or dying ... never in my life have I seen such wholesale misery, nor could I have thought it so complete." Caffin's letter was published in various newspapers, an act which brought some relief efforts from the British Government to Schull. However by March this appeared to have ended when Traill stated "the distress was nothing in Captain Caffin's time compared with what it is now". Traill is said to have spent most of his income on relief for the needy.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Traill died of "famine fever" (typhus) on 21 April 1847.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He was married to Anne Hayes (d.1890).

paragraph: He left a large family including two sons, three-year-old Robert Walter Traill and baby Edmund. The family moved to Dublin, where Robert studied civil engineering and Edmund medicine at Trinity College before they abandoned their studies to become ranchers in Argentina. Robert Walter Traill's son was Johnny Traill, the noted polo player. Another of Traill's grandsons was John Millington Synge, the playwright. His great-great-great granddaughter is TV producer and writer Daisy Goodwin. Goodwin wrote Traill into an episode of ITV's "Victoria" which told the story of the Great Famine. Traill was played by Martin Compston.

description: Church of Ireland clergyman

wikidata_label: Robert Traill

wikipedia_title: Robert Traill (Irish clergyman)


text:
wrestler
men's Greco-Roman welterweight
1936 Summer Olympics

categories: Sportspeople from Tallinn,Estonian male sport wrestlers,1982 deaths,1911 births,Wrestlers at the 1936 Summer Olympics,Olympic wrestlers of Estonia

paragraph: Edgar Puusepp

paragraph: Edgar Puusepp (11 September 1911 – 19 December 1982) was an Estonian wrestler. He competed in the men's Greco-Roman welterweight at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

wikidata_label: Edgar Puusepp

wikipedia_title: Edgar Puusepp


text:
Polish
szlachcic
Łowczy
Chełmno
castellan
Court Hetman of the Crown
starost
Belz
Jan Zamoyski
Anna Zamoyska

categories: Zamoyski family,Court Hetmans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,1519 births,1572 deaths

paragraph: Stanisław Zamoyski

paragraph: Stanisław Zamoyski (1519–1572) was a Polish nobleman (szlachcic). He was Łowczy of Chełmno since 1561, castellan of Chełmno since 1566, Court Hetman of the Crown and starost of Belz.

paragraph: He was married to Anna Herburt and had three children with her: Jan Zamoyski, Feliks Zamoyski and Anna Zamoyska. He was later married to Anna Orzechowska with whom he had two children: Elżbieta Zamoyska and Zofia Zamoyska.

description: Polish noble

wikidata_label: Stanisław Zamoyski

wikipedia_title: Stanisław Zamoyski


text:
courtesy name
pseudonym
Qing dynasty
Suzhou
imperial examination
Hanlin Academy
Qianlong Emperor
Vice-Minister of Rites

categories: Qing dynasty politicians,1673 births,Qing dynasty poets

paragraph: Shen Deqian

paragraph: Shen Deqian (; 1673-1769), courtesy name Queshi (), pseudonym Guiyu () was a Chinese scholar, official, poet, critic and anthologist of the Qing dynasty.

paragraph: Born in Suzhou, Shen achieved popularity at an early age for his articles and poems. However, he dit not obtain the title of provincial graduate (Juren) until 1738, after seventeen attempts. The next year, he finally passed the imperial examination and was chosen to enter the Hanlin Academy. He was immediately introduced into the inner circle of the Qianlong Emperor, who was seeking to establish his won poet laureat. He retired from the position of Vice-Minister of Rites in 1749 and died twenty years later at the age of 96.

paragraph: Shen Deqian formulated his poetic theory by stressing the four essential elements : purport (宗旨), form (體裁), tone (音節) and spiritual resonance (神韻) .

alias: Guiyu Xianshan Chuntiancaotang Guiyuzhai Yibaizhai Wenque Xiyanghuangyecunshe Wanweishantang Guiyulaoren Queshi Zhuxiaoxuan

description: Qing dynasty person CBDB = 54319

wikidata_label: Shen Deqian

wikipedia_title: Shen Deqian


text:
The Hague
Bergen op Zoom
trompe-l'oeil
Pieter de Putter
Confrerie Pictura
Guild of St Luke
Cornelis
Jacob Jordaens
trompe-l'oeil
Jan Weenix
Melchior d'Hondecoeter

categories: 1681 deaths,Artists from The Hague,Dutch still life painters,1633 births,Dutch male painters,Dutch Golden Age painters

paragraph: Jacob Biltius

paragraph: Jacob Biltius or Jacobus Biltius (The Hague, baptized 27 November 1633 – Bergen op Zoom, 8 February 1681) was a Dutch still life painter originally from The Hague who worked in various places including The Hague, Amsterdam, Maastricht, Antwerp, Leeuwarden and Bergen op Zoom. He was known for his game still lifes, kitchen still lifes and trompe-l'oeil still lifes.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Jacob Biltius was born in The Hague as the son of Bartholomeus Bilt and an unknown mother. The profession of his father is not known. He was baptized on 27 November 1633. He studied in The Hague under the obscure French painter Carel Hardy around 1651 and later with Pieter de Putter, a painter known for his fish still lifes. Biltius was admitted in 1660 to the Confrerie Pictura, which was founded in 1656 by local painters, who were unsatisfied by The Hague Guild of St Luke.

paragraph: He married Adriana Proot van der Jeucht in 1653. The couple had 8 children of whom Cornelis and Bartholomeus became painters. In 1661, Biltius moved to Amsterdam, where he remained until 1666. Between 1666 and 1670 he was active in Maastricht.

paragraph: In 1671 he returned for a few months to Amsterdam, but then moved to Flanders, settling in Antwerp with his family. In the same year Biltius and his wife joined the secret society of local Calvinists, 'de Consistorie van de Brabantsche Olijfberg' (Consistory of the Olive Mountain of Brabant). The Consistorie’s best known member was the Flemish painter Jacob Jordaens whose house was the venue where its members congregated between 1674 until his death in 1678. The Calvinists also gathered in Biltius’ Antwerp home on a few occasions. He was admitted to the Antwerp Guild of St Luke in the Guild year 1672-1673. He remained active in Antwerp until 1678.

paragraph: Biltius later moved to Bergen op Zoom where he died in 1681.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: He was known for his still lifes of game, kitchen still lifes and, in particular, for his trompe-l'oeil still lifes.

paragraph: By the middle of the 17th century hunting still lifes had become very popular in the Dutch Republic. As an increasing number of Dutch people had become prosperous, they wished to display in their sumptuous country houses hunting still lifes, which expressed their high social status even though Dutch burghers were not allowed to hunt unless they were of the nobility.

paragraph: Biltius created many trompe l'oeil compositions between 1663 and 1677. He was a pioneer in creating the illusion of three dimensional objects in these works.

paragraph: Jan Weenix and Melchior d'Hondecoeter also painted trompe l'oeil still lifes often representing game birds hanging in a niche or against a monochrome wall. Biltius’ trompe l'oeil compositions show a very accurate and precise representation of nature. As it was common in Dutch households of the time to have birds actually suspended in their homes, the illusionistic works of Biltius would likely have confounded the viewer thus achieving their desired effect. Some of these works were of a large size, adding to their realism and illusionistic impact.

alias:
Jacob van der Bilt
Jacob Van Der Bilt Biltius
Jacobus Biltius
Jacob Van Der Bilt
Biltzius
Biltius
Van der Bilt
Jacques Biltius
Bilzius
Bilsius
J.F. Biltius
Bilsinus
J. Biltius
Jaques Biltius
J. Biltus
Billius

wikidata_label: Jacob Biltius

wikipedia_title: Jacob Biltius


text:
Karvia
Helsinki
Sophie Mannerheim
Ottilia Stenbäck
Alexandra Gripenberg
Maila Talvio
Fredrika Runeberg
Johan Ludvig Runeberg
Charlotte Brontë
Louisa May Alcott
Dante Alighieri's
"La Vita Nova"
Finnish Cultural Foundation
University of Helsinki
Oiva Tuulio
Toivo Haapanen
Hietaniemi Cemetery

categories: Translators to Finnish,Finnish writers,Finnish translators,1892 births,1991 deaths,Burials at Hietaniemi cemetery

paragraph: Tyyni Tuulio

paragraph: Tyyni Maria Tuulio (née Haapanen; born 28 August 1892 in Karvia, died 9 June 1991 in Helsinki), was a Finnish writer and translator.

paragraph: Tuulio was the daughter of vicar Jaakko Haapanen and Hilma Antoinette Rikberg. She graduated from high school in 1911, earned her bachelor's degree in 1916 and her master's degree in 1927. She published travel writing and short stories as well as biographies of prominent Finnish women, such as Sophie Mannerheim (1948), Ottilia Stenbäck (1950), Alexandra Gripenberg (1959) and Maila Talvio (2 volumes, 1963–1965). She also wrote memoirs in three volumes (1966–1969). In 1979, she published a collection of essays titled "Fredrikan Suomi" about Fredrika Runeberg and the other women who belonged to the circle around Johan Ludvig Runeberg.

paragraph: Tuulio is counted among Finland's most influential twentieth century literary translators. She translated from Swedish (the collected works of Fredrika Runeberg), English (Charlotte Brontë, Louisa May Alcott) and the Romance languages (Dante Alighieri's "La Vita Nova").

paragraph: In 1957, she received an award from the Finnish Cultural Foundation. In 1960, she was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Helsinki. In 1985, she received the State translation prize.

paragraph: She married linguist Oiva Tuulio in 1917; they had three sons. Her brother was the conductor Toivo Haapanen. She is buried in the Hietaniemi Cemetery in Helsinki.

alias:
Tyyni Maria Tuulio
Tyyni Haapanen
Tyyni Maria Haapanen
Tyyni Tallgren
Tyyni Maria Tallgren

description: Finnish writer, literary scholar and translator

wikidata_label: Tyyni Tuulio

wikipedia_title: Tyyni Tuulio


text:
Académie des sciences
Collège royal
Jean-Baptiste Le Corgne de Launay

categories: French mathematicians,French physicists,1742 deaths,1676 births

paragraph: Joseph Privat de Molières

paragraph: Joseph Privat de Molières (26 May 1676 – 12 May 1742) was a French physicist and mathematician, a member of the Académie des sciences and professor at the Collège royal.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leçons de mathématique nécessaires pour l'intelligence des principes de physique qui s'enseignent actuellement au Collège royal", 1725

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leçons de physique contenant les éléments de la physique déterminés par les seules lois des mécaniques, expliquées au Collège royal de France", 4 vol., 1734–1739

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Traité synthétique des lignes du premier et du second genre, ou Éléments de géométrie dans l'ordre de leur génération. Ces lignes sont la ligne droite, le cercle, l'ellipse, la parabole & l'hyperbole", 1740

paragraph: BULLET::::- « Dissertation posthume sur l'existence de la force centrale dans un tourbillon sphérique » in "Principes du système des petits tourbillons, mis à la portée de tout le monde et appliqués aux phénomènes les plus généraux" par Jean-Baptiste Le Corgne de Launay, 1743

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:"Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sur la conciliation des deux règles astronomiques de Kepler dans le système des tourbillons", dans "Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences – Année 1733", Imprimerie royale, Paris, 1735,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sur les mouvements en tourbillon", dans "Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences – Année 1728", chez Durand, Paris, 1753,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sur les tourbillons célestes", dans "Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences – Année 1729", Imprimerie royale, 1731,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sur la résistance de l'éther au mouvement des corps", dans "Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences – Année 1731", chez Panckoucke, Paris, 1764,

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:"Mémoires de l'Académie royale des sciences".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Loix générales du mouvement dans le tourbillon sphérique. Lemmes", dans "Mémoires de l'Académie royale des sciences – Année 1728", chez Durand, Paris, 1753,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Problème physico-mathématique dont la solution tend à servir de réponse à une des objections de M. Newton contre la possibilité de tourbillons calesses", dans "Mémoires de l'Académie royale des sciences – Année 1729", Imprimerie royale, Paris, 1731,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les loix astronomiques des vitesses des planètes dans leurs orbes expliquées méchaniquement dans le système du plein", dans "Mémoires de l'Académie royale des sciences – Année 1733", Imprimerie royale, Paris, 1735,

alias:
Joseph de Molières
Joseph Privat de Molieres
Joseph de Molieres

description: French physicist and mathematican

wikidata_label: Joseph Privat de Molières

wikipedia_title: Joseph Privat de Molières


text:
Naqshbandi
Samarkand
Abu Bakr Siddique
Umar Farooq
Jami
Bahauddin Naqshband
Jesus
Timurid
Abu Sa'id Mirza
Babur
Shaikh Yaqub Charkhi
Mawlana Abdur Rahman Jami

paragraph: Khwaja Ahrar

paragraph: Nassiruddin Ubaidullah Ahrar (1404-1490 AD) more popularly known as Khwaja Ahrar was a member of the Golden Chain of the Naqshbandi Sufi spiritual order of Central Asia. He was born in Samarkand, Uzbekistan to a religious and devout muslim family. He was born to Khwaja Mehmood Shashi bin Khwaja Shihabuddin. His forefathers had migrated from Baghdad and his lineage connected to Abu Bakr Siddique from his paternal side and Umar Farooq from the maternal side. Khwaja Ahrar was deeply involved in the social, political and economics activities of Transaxonia. He was a born into a relatively poor yet highly spiritual family and at the age of maturity he was probably the richest person in the kingdom. He was a close associate of all the leading dervishes of the time. Maulana Abdur Rahman Jami was a disciple of his. He learned and practiced the secrets of spirituality under his father and later under Khwaja Yaqub Charkhi.

paragraph: Section::::Birth and Family.

paragraph: Khwaja's father was a farmer by profession and had also performed pilgrimage to Makkah. His paternal grandfather, Shahabuddin Shashi was also a farmer and trader. His maternal grandfather Khwaja Daud was the son of Khwaja Khawand Tahur who was a established sufi mystic and the son of Umar Baghistani, a famous shaikh who was honoured by Bahauddin Naqshband. His birth took place during the ramadan of 806 Hijri (March, 1404) in village near Tashkent called Baghistan. His birth was accompanied by a number of miracles and many saints had predicted the coming of a saint.

paragraph: He has two sons, Khwaja Khwajgan and Khwaja Yahya.

paragraph: Section::::Education and Learning.

paragraph: Initially, Ahrar studied in Tashkent, his uncle, Ibrahim Shashi also used to teach him. In 1425, his uncle took him to Samarqand for his studies. Repetitively fallen sick during studies made him quit altogether but his spiritual states developed until once he saw prophet Jesus in his dream where he said "I will teach you." He interpreted this to mean he would receive religious knowledge however other disagreed and said it meant medicical knowledge.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: After returning from Herat at the age of 29 he had completed his training. He bought a piece of cultivable land and began farming. His land produced a great deal of yield and he was able to grow very fast. Within the period of a decade he owned many farming lands, businesses, turkish baths, khanqahs and was sending trading caravans well into China. Historians contend he had become one of the richest men of Central Asia. He used to spend most of his money on the needy. Most of his wealth was invested in "Waqf" (religious endowments) and was used for the needy.

paragraph: Section::::Political Life.

paragraph: A Timurid prince, was the sultan of Samarqand at the time. Khwaja Ahrar went to meet him in order to discuss the condition of the people. However the chief aid of the sultan displayed no interest at which Khwaja Ahrar told him "I have been commanded by God and His messenger to come here". The sultan's aid still did not show any sign of talking and said the sultan is not concerned about the people. At this the Khwaja wrote the name of the Sultan on the wall and having erased it with his saliva said "God will replace you with a King who is concerned for his people" and left. Some days later as history records, Sultan Abu Sa'id Mirza, another Timurid King gathered his forces an attacked Samarqand. Sultan Abu Saeed later became the grandfather of Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur, the conqueror of India and creator of the Mughal Empire. This union of the Abu Sa'id Mirza and Khwaja Ahrar was to prove decades long and fruitful for the whole kingdom.

paragraph: Khwaja Ahrar also named Babur in his infancy as Zahiruddin Muhammad literally 'Defender of Religion'.

paragraph: The height of Khwaja Ahrar's career coincided with the cultural efflorescence of Herat during the reign of Sultan Husayn Bayqara. Many of his enemies accused him of amassing huge amount of wealth. However, he always spent his wealth for the poor. Regardless he became a very rich man owning more 3500 acres of cultivable land at one time. He had many properties, including mosques and madrassas that were "waqf".

paragraph: Section::::Spiritual Life.

paragraph: Khwaja Ahrar took his spiritual bayah (spiritual oath) from Shaikh Yaqub Charkhi. He had many disciple but the most famous was the famous sufi poet Mawlana Abdur Rahman Jami. Maulana Jami wrote a book dedicated to Ahrar which is called Tuhfa tul Ahrar and Khwaja Ahrar is also mention in Jami's most famous work Yusuf and Zulekha. Khwaja Ahrar is also known to have negotiated peace many times. His spiritual disciples are recorded to have shown extremely high etiquettes and morals in his presence.

paragraph: Section::::Famous Quotes.

paragraph: ""Everyone enters through a different door; I entered this Spiritual Order through the door of service.""""Love and follow Lovers. Then you will be like them and their love will reflect on you.""""Sufism requires you to carry everyone’s burdens and not to put yours on anyone.""

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Khwaja Ahrar passed away when he was 89 years old, Samarqand, in 896 Hijri. His chronogram is خلدِ برین which was discovered by Ali Shernawai. He left a huge fortune and his family continued his preachings.

wikidata_label: ʿUbaidallāh Ibn-Maḥmūd Aḥrār

wikipedia_title: Khwaja Ahrar


text:
FRS
James Irvine
University of St Andrews
Biggar, South Lanarkshire
South America
St Andrews
Thomas Henry Huxley
Royal School of Mines
London
Würzburg University
South Kensington
Newcastle-under-Lyme
St Andrews University
Alexander McKenzie
periodic table
St Andrews Cathedral

categories: Scottish chemists,1916 deaths,Fellows of the Royal Society,Academics of the University of St Andrews,People from South Lanarkshire,1843 births

paragraph: Thomas Purdie

paragraph: Prof Thomas Purdie FRS LLD (1843–1916) was a 19th/20th century Scottish chemist. With James Irvine, Purdie is known for his work on understanding the chemical structure of simple sugars. The building that houses the School of Chemistry (that he helped found) at the University of St Andrews bears his name.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Purdie was born in Biggar, South Lanarkshire on 27 January 1843, the eldest son of Thomas Purdie (1817-1886) and his wife Margaret Smith (1831-1916). The family spent seven years in South America during his youth. His father purchased Castlecliffe in St Andrews around 1870 and, following a conversation with Thomas Henry Huxley, Thomas decided to train as an industrial chemist.

paragraph: Around 1871 he joined the Royal School of Mines under Prof Frankland in London, then went to Würzburg University in Germany where he received a doctorate (PhD) in Chemistry. He spent some time teaching Chemistry in South Kensington and then in Newcastle-under-Lyme.

paragraph: In 1884 he became Professor of Chemistry at St Andrews University. His students included Alexander McKenzie. In 2014 during a clear-out at St Andrews an early periodic table wall chart was found, established to have been purchased by Purdie in 1885.

paragraph: He retired in 1909 and died in St Andrews on 14 December 1916. He is buried with his parents in the eastern cemetery extension to St Andrews Cathedral churchyard. The grave lies against the main step in ground level, just below the upper terrace.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He was married to Mary Anne (1843-1918).

wikidata_label: Thomas Purdie

wikipedia_title: Thomas Purdie


text:
graphic design
Synnøve Anker Aurdal
Leon Aurdal
Ludvig Eikaas
Høstutstillingen
Egil Eggen
Earle Hyman
Svend von Düring
Ludvig Eikaas
Trosterud skole
relief

categories: Norwegian sculptors,1937 births,Norwegian women sculptors,Norwegian artists

paragraph: Siri Aurdal

paragraph: Siri Aurdal (born 20 October 1937 in Oslo) is a Norwegian painter, graphic designer, and sculptor. She comes from an artistic family with parents textile artist Synnøve Anker Aurdal and painter Leon Aurdal. Ludvig Eikaas was her stepfather from 1959.

paragraph: Although Aurdal is both a graphic designer and painter, her main field was sculpture and work with sculpture. She made her debut at the Høstutstillingen 1961 with a bust of Egil Eggen in brass. After that, she made a number of other busts of famous people, including Earle Hyman (1963) and Svend von Düring and Ludvig Eikaas (1965).

paragraph: In February 1969, she won an competition to decorate schools in Oslo, and in October 1972 presented the sculpture "Havbølger" at Trosterud skole. It was 12 × 6 m glass fibre tubes cut in wavy shapes which serves as a play sculpture for 100 children.

paragraph: In 1979, she made a large relief in aluminium for Abelhaugen train station in Oslo.

paragraph: Section::::Notable exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 Bølger i parken rekomponert, Vigelandsparken, Oslo

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 Begrensninger dialog, at Vigelandsmuseet, Oslo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969 Omgivelser, Kunstnernes Hus, Oslo

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968 Galleri Kringla, Oslo

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 Kunstforeningen, Oslo

paragraph: Section::::Collaborative exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 Aurdal/Mugaas, Kunstnernes Hus, Oslo

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974 Tre generasjoner, Kunstindustrimuseet, Oslo

paragraph: Section::::Collaborative exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 The Nordic Pavilion at the Venice Biennale : Mirrored

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 Inauguration of new space, Galleri Riis, Oslo

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 Pop Etc! Norsk popkunst 1964–1974, Henie Onstad Kunstsenter, Bærum, Norway.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 Hold stenhårdt fast på greia di, Kunsthall Oslo, Oslo

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 The 15th Biennial, Antwerpen, Belgium

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973 Arkitektonisk miljø, Galleri F15, Moss

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972 Norsk skulptur, Nordjyllands Museum, Aalborg, Denmark

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972 Synspunkter, Kunstnernes Hus, Oslo

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971 Synpunkter, Arkiv för dekorativ konst, Lund, Sweden

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968 The Nordic Youth Biennial, Helsinki, Finland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961–1963 Høstutstillingen, Kunstnernes Hus, Oslo

description: Norwegian painter

wikidata_label: Siri Aurdal

wikipedia_title: Siri Aurdal


text:
Hanthawaddy
Jamadevi
Haripunjaya
Southeast Asia
Razadarit
Thuddhamaya
Sanskrit
Pali
vihara
devi
Binnya Waru
Razadarit
Binnya Dhammaraza
Binnya Ran
Binnya Kyan
Thihathu of Ava
Paranirvana
Shwedagon
sangha
Dhammazedi
Dagon
Shwedagon Pagoda
gold leaf
Martaban
Wareru
Queen Victoria
Pathein
Mon language
stupa
Sanchaung Township
Yangon
Shwedagon Pagoda
Journal of the Burma Research Society
Journal of the Burma Research Society
Journal of the Burma Research Society

wikipedia_title:
Hanthawaddy Kingdom
Camadevi
Hariphunchai
Southeast Asia
Razadarit
Mwei Thin
Sanskrit
Pali
Vihara
Devi
Binnya Waru
Razadarit
Binnya Dhammaraza
Binnya Ran I
Binnya Kyan of Martaban
Thihathu of Ava
Parinirvana
Shwedagon Pagoda
Sangha
Dhammazedi
Dagon
Shwedagon Pagoda
Gold leaf
Mottama
Wareru
Queen Victoria
Pathein
Mon language
Stupa
Sanchaung Township
Yangon
Shwedagon Pagoda
Burma Research Society
Burma Research Society
Burma Research Society

categories: Hanthawaddy dynasty,1394 births,Burmese people of Mon descent,1471 deaths,Burmese monarchs,Queens regnant

paragraph: Shin Sawbu

paragraph: Shin Sawbu (, ; ; 1394–1471) was queen regnant of Hanthawaddy from 1454 to 1471. Queen Shin Sawbu was also known as Binnya Thau () or Old Queen in Mon. Queen Shin Sawbu and Queen Jamadevi of Haripunjaya are the two most famous among the small number of queens who ruled in mainland Southeast Asia.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Shin Sawbu was the only daughter of the Mon King Razadarit who had two sons as well. She was born on 11 February 1394 (Wednesday, 12th waxing of Tabaung of 755 ME) to the junior queen Thuddhamaya (). At birth she was given the name Viharadevi (from Sanskrit and Pali: vihara "monastery" + devi "goddess" or "queen" ), which likely means "queen of the monastery". At age 20 she was married to Binnya Bwe (Smin Chesao), Razadarit's nephew and had a son, Binnya Waru and two daughters, Netaka Taw and Netaka Thin. Her husband died when she was just 25.

paragraph: Section::::Residence at Ava.

paragraph: In 1421, Sawbu's father King Razadarit died. The king's eldest son Binnya Dhammaraza ascended the throne but his younger brothers Binnya Ran and Binnya Kyan rebelled. By the invitation of Binnya Kyan, King Thihathu of Ava came down with an army in November 1423 (Natdaw 785 ME). Binnya Dhammaraza pacified his brothers by making Binnya Ran the crown prince as well as giving the governorship of the Irrawaddy delta, and Binnya Kyan the governorship of Martaban. Crown Prince Binnya Ran in a gesture of peace presented his sister Shin Sawbu to Thihathu, who in turn presented a princess of Ava to marry Binnya Ran. It was December 1423.

paragraph: When Shin Sawbu went to Ava, she was 29 years old, a widow and a mother with a son and two daughters. During the time she resided at Ava, she did not have any additional children. King Thihathu was very fond of her but he died during a military expedition in the north in 1425. Shin Sawbu remained in Ava for four more years. During her residence at Ava, Shin Sawbu became the patron of two Mon monks, Dhammanyana and Pitakahara, who resided at the Ariyadhaza monastery at Sagaing near Ava. In 1429, at the age of 35, the queen escaped with the help of her Mon monk preceptors and returned to Pegu accompanied by them.

paragraph: Section::::Reign at Pegu.

paragraph: All members of Pegu's male line to the throne having been exhausted, Shin Sawbu ascended the throne as queen in early 1454. Two of her brothers, Binnya Dhammayaza and Banya Ran I, and one of her sons, Binnya Waru, had already ruled as kings of Pegu.

paragraph: In 1457, shortly after ascending the throne, the Buddhist world celebrated the two thousandth anniversary of the Buddha's Paranirvana which in Southeast Asia is dated to the year 543 BCE.

paragraph: After ruling Pegu for around seven years, in 1460 she decided to abdicate and move from Pegu to Dagon where she could lead a life of religious devotion next to the Shwedagon pagoda.

paragraph: Shin Sawbu chose a monk to succeed her on the throne of Pegu. The monk Pitakahara, who had helped her escape from Ava, left the sangha, was given the titles Punnaraja and Dhammazedi, and became her son-in-law and a suitable heir to the throne by marrying her younger daughter Mipakathin.

paragraph: Section::::Reign at Dagon.

paragraph: Shin Sawbu lived in Dagon next to the Shwedagon Pagoda until the end of her life in 1471. Even after she moved to Dagon she is said to have still worn a crown.

paragraph: The actually handing over of power from Shin Sawbu to Dhammazedi, who became king under the title Ramadhipati in the year 1457, is commemorated in an inscription written in the Mon language.

paragraph: In Dagon, the queen devoted her time and attention to the Shwedagon pagoda, enlarging the platform around the pagoda, paving it with stones and placing stone posts and lamps around the outside of the pagoda. She extended the glebe lands supporting the pagoda to Danok. Almost everything that Shin Sawbu did, she did in multiples of four:

paragraph: "There were four white umbrellas, four golden alms-bowls, four earthenware vessels, and four offerings were made each day. There were twenty-seven men who prepared the lamps each day. There were twenty men as guardians of the pagoda treasury. There were four goldsmith's shops, four orchestras, four drums, four sheds, eight doorkeepers, four sweepers, and twenty lamp lighters. She built round and strengthened the sevenfold wall. Between the walls Her Majesty Banya Thau had them plant palmyra and coconut trees."

paragraph: She also had her own weight in gold (25 viss) beaten out into gold leaf and covered the Shwedagon pagoda with this gold leaf. The inhabitants of Dagon donated 5,000 viss of bronze to the pagoda.

paragraph: Section::::Stone inscriptions.

paragraph: Three inscriptions in stone have been found from Shin Sawbu's reign.

paragraph: The first inscription known as Kyaikmaraw I commemorates a land dedication. On 25 September 1455 the queen dedicated land to the Kyaikmaraw pagoda that she had built. The inscription records that jewels, precious objects, and the revenues of a place named "Tko' Mbon" were given to the Moh Smin [Royal Promontory] pagoda at Myatheindan near Martaban. The second part of the inscription provides benedictions for those coming to pay their respects to the pagoda and makes many references to Buddhist scripture. The third part of the inscription outlines the torments of hell. The inscription is rich in linguistic, religious, and historical information with Burmese linguistic influences and the word "caw" or "chao" meaning "lord" from a Tai language used supposedly because "this title had been given to the Wareru dynasty by the Thai king."

paragraph: Section::::Mon folk traditions.

paragraph: At the end of the nineteenth century, some Mons are said to have regarded the British Queen Victoria as the reincarnation of Shin Sawbu.

paragraph: The story of how the queen chose a successor runs as follows. After ruling for only seven years, she decided to abdicate. She devised a method to choose which one of the two monks had accompanied her during her residence in Ava should succeed her as ruler:

paragraph: "One morning when they came to receive the royal rice, she secreted in one of their bowls a pahso (layman’s dress) [male sarong, skirt-like dress] together with little models of the five regalia; then having prayed that the lot might fall on the worthier, she returned the bowls. Dhammazedi. To whom the fateful bowl fell, left the sacred order, received her daughter in marriage, and assumed the government. The other monk in his disappointment aroused suspicion and was executed in Paunglin, north of Dagon. The lords also resented the choice at first but became reconciled owing to Dhammazedi’s high character; when some of them continued murmuring that he was not of royal race, Shinsawbu had a beam taken out of the and carved into a Buddha image, and showed it to them saying 'Ye say he is of common blood, he cannot be your King. See here this common wood – yesterday it was trodden in the dust of your feet, but to-day, is it not the Lord and do we not bow before it?'."

paragraph: Singer provides an alternative story with the governor of Pathein, Binnya Ein, married to Shin Sawbu's elder daughter Mipakahtau, rebelling because he was not appointed king ahead of Dhammazedi. This rebellion ends when he is poisoned.

paragraph: Baña Thau means "Old Queen" in the Mon language. Harvey relates the story of how this name originated taken from the "Thatonhnwemun Yazawin" chronicle:

paragraph: "Once while being carried around the city in her gorgeous palanquin, sword in hand and crown on head, she heard an old man exclaim, as her retinue pushed him aside "I must get out of the way, must I? I am an old fool, am I? I am not so old that I could not get a child, which is more than your old queen could do!" Thunderstruck at such irreverence, she meekly accepted it as a sign from heaven, and thereafter styled herself 'The Old Queen'."

paragraph: The Mon history Nidana Ramadhipati Katha provides an alternative story of how Baña Thau ended up living in Ava claiming that she was already ruling at Pegu as queen when she was abducted and brought to Ava and made chief queen.

paragraph: Section::::Dispute over duration of reign.

paragraph: Some hold that Shin Sawbu ruled for seven years, others seventeen years. Shorto first hypothesized that she might have ruled jointly with Dhammazedi. Guillon holds that Sawbu and Dhammazedi ruled jointly with Dhammazedi ruling over Pegu and Shinsawbu ruling over Dagon. Dagon had long been the traditional appanage of Mon queens.

paragraph: Section::::Palace and burial locations.

paragraph: Furnival claimed that "the ramparts of Shin Sawbu's residence at Dagon" were the colonial era "bunkers of the golf course near the Prome Road," but others claim these ruins are, in fact, a wall built in 1841.

paragraph: The stupa that contained her remains is said to be at a monastery in Sanchaung Township of modern-day Yangon near the Shwedagon Pagoda on the grounds of a monastery once named the Shin Sawbu Tomb Monastery, which is located west of Pyay Road (Prome Road) on Shin Sawpu Road (Windsor Road).

paragraph: Section::::Historiography.

paragraph: Various Burmese chronicles do not agree on the key dates of the queen's life.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Forchammer "Notes on the Early History and Geography of British Burma – I. The Shwedagon Pagoda, II. The First Buddhist Mission to Suvannabhumi", publ. Superintendent Government Printing, Rangoon 1884.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fraser (1920) "Old Rangoon" "Journal of the Burma Research Society", volume X, Part I, pp. 49–60.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Furnivall, "Syriam Gazetteer".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guillon, Emmanuel (tr. ed. James V. Di Crocco) (1999) "The Mons: A civilization of Southeast Asia", Bangkok: The Siam Society.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Halliday, Robert (2000) (Christian Bauer ed.) "The Mons of Burma and Thailand, Volume 2. Selected Articles," Bangkok: White Lotus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harvey, G.E. (1925) "History of Burma: From the earliest times to 10 March 1824 the beginning of the English conquest", New York: Longmans, Green, and Co.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sayadaw Athwa [The Monk of Athwa], Burmese translation of his Talaing History of Pegu used by Phayre, now in the British Museum, being manuscripts OR 3462-4.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saya Thein (1910) "Shin Sawbu," "Journal of the Burma Research Society"

paragraph: [Summarizing the "Thaton-hnwe-mun Yazawin" below, but also giving the slightly different chronology of the Burmese chronicle "Hmannan Yazawin"]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saya Thein (1912) "Rangoon in 1852" "Journal of the Burma Research Society".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schmidt, P.W. (1906) "Slapat ragawan datow smim ron. Buch des Ragawan, der Konigsgeschichte", publ. for Kais. Akademie der Wissenschaften by Holder, Vienna, pp. 133–135

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shorto, Harry Leonard (1958) "The Kyaikmaraw inscriptions," "Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies" (BSOAS), 21(2): 361–367.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shorto (1971) "A dictionary of Mon inscriptions from the sixth to the sixteenth centuries". London: Oxford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shorto (tr.) (no date) Unpublished typescript translation of pp. 34–44, 61–264 of Phra Candakanto (ed.) "Nidana Ramadhipati-katha" (or as on binding Rajawamsa Dhammaceti Mahapitakadhara), authorship attributed to Bannyadala (c. 1518–1572), Pak Lat, Siam, 1912.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Singer, Noel F. (1992) "The Golden Relics of Bana Thau," "Arts of Asia", September–October, 1992. [Contains many interesting and original historical interpretations]

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thaton-hnwe-mun Yazawin", unpublished manuscript cited in Harvey, p. 117, the facts about Baña Thau in this chronicle are summarised in (Hmawbi Saya Thein, 1910)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photo of the gold crown of Shin Sawbu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Color imaginative recreation of Shin Sawbu's picture

description: Queen Regnant of Kingdom of Hanthawaddy

wikidata_label: Shin Sawbu

wikipedia_title: Shin Sawbu