text: Indian Ocean

text: Tasmania

text: New Zealand

text: Māori

text: French Southern Territories

text: Île Amsterdam

text: Île Saint-Paul

text: Îles Crozet

text: Îles Kerguelen

text: "Marion Dufresne II"

text: Saint Malo

text: French East India Company

text: "Duc de Bourgogne"

text: Edward Duyker

text: War of the Austrian Succession

text: Seven Years' War

text: Port Louis

text: Mauritius

text: Pierre Poivre

text: Louis Antoine de Bougainville

text: Terra Australis Incognita

text: smallpox

text: Port Louis

text: Prince Edward Islands

text: Crozet Islands

text: Tasmania

text: Aboriginal Tasmanians

text: terra nullius

text: New Zealand

text: Mount Taranaki

text: James Cook

text: scurvy

text: Spirits Bay

text: Bay of Islands

text: Māori

text: Ngāpuhi

text: iwi

text: tikanga

text: Captain's gig

text: Waipoa

text: Moturua

text: noble savage

text: tapu

text: kauri

text: John White

text: Tohitapu

text: Edward Duyker

text: Abel Janszoon Tasman

text: Marc-Joseph Marion Dufresne

text: Australian Dictionary of Biography

text: Melbourne University Press

text: Kelly, Leslie G.

text: Marion du Fresne, Marc Joseph

text: Dictionary of New Zealand Biography

categories: French explorers of the Pacific,1772 deaths,French people murdered abroad,1724 births,18th-century explorers,Explorers of New Zealand,Cannibalism in Oceania,People murdered in New Zealand

paragraph: Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne

paragraph: Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne (22 May 1724 – 12 June 1772), with the surname sometimes spelt Dufresne, was a Breton-born French explorer who made important discoveries in the south Indian Ocean, in Tasmania and in New Zealand. Du Fresne was killed by Māori in 1772.

paragraph: He is commemorated in various place names, as well as in the name of the research vessel providing logistical support to the French Southern Territories of Île Amsterdam, Île Saint-Paul, Îles Crozet, and Îles Kerguelen, the "Marion Dufresne II".

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Du Fresne was born in Saint Malo and, until recently, was thought to have joined the French East India Company at the age of 11 as a sub-lieutenant aboard the "Duc de Bourgogne". However, the Australian historian Edward Duyker, in the (revised) French edition of his biography of Marion Dufresne, has revealed that this was, in fact, the future explorer's older brother.

paragraph: During the War of the Austrian Succession, he commanded several ships and was a captain by 1745. In the Seven Years' War, he was engaged in various naval operations. After the war, he again sailed on the East India routes and eventually settled in Port Louis on Mauritius, where he also was the harbourmaster for some time.

paragraph: Section::::Exploration.

paragraph: When the French East India Company collapsed and was dissolved in 1769, du Fresne was suddenly unemployed. He convinced Pierre Poivre, the civil administrator, to equip him with two ships and send him on a twofold mission to the Pacific. Du Fresne's fellow explorer Louis Antoine de Bougainville had recently returned from the Pacific with a Tahitian native, Ahutoru. Du Fresne was engaged to return Ahutoru to his homeland, and then to explore the south Pacific for "Terra Australis Incognita". For these purposes du Fresne was given two ships, the "Mascarin" and the "Marquis de Castries".

paragraph: Neither part of du Fresne's mission could be achieved; Ahu-toru died of smallpox shortly after embarkation at Port Louis, and the expedition did not locate the Australian mainland. Instead, du Fresne discovered first the Prince Edward Islands and then the Crozet Islands before sailing towards New Zealand and Australia. His ships spent several days in Tasmania, where Marion Bay in the south-east is named after him. He was the first European to explore the island and, due to his interaction with Aboriginal Tasmanians, was the first person to show that Tasmania was not "terra nullius".

paragraph: Section::::New Zealand.

paragraph: Section::::New Zealand.:Bay of Islands (1772).

paragraph: Du Fresne sighted New Zealand's Mount Taranaki on 25 March 1772, and named the mountain "Pic Mascarin" without knowing that James Cook had named it "Mount Egmont" three years earlier.

paragraph: Over the next month, they explored the islands, repaired their two ships and treated their scurvy, first anchoring at Spirits Bay, and later in the Bay of Islands. Apparently their relations with the Māori were peaceful at first; they could communicate thanks to their Tahitian vocabulary learned from Ahu-toru, and the Māori even held a ceremony for them.

paragraph: The French had been anchored in the Bay of Islands for many weeks and got on well with the chief Te Kauri (Te Kuri) of the Ngāpuhi iwi (tribe). The French established a significant vegetable garden on Moturua Island. They had been invited to visit local Māori at their pa – a very rare event – and had slept there overnight. Māori in return had been invited on board the ships and had slept in the ships overnight. The French officers made a detailed study of the habits and customs of Māori including greetings, sexual mores, fishing methods, the role of females, the making of fern root paste, the killing of prisoners and cannibalism.

paragraph: Sixty of the French sailors had developed scurvy and were on shore in a tent hospital. In these months two Māori had been arrested. The first had sneaked on board ship and stolen a cutlass. He was detained for a brief period to give him a fright, then released to his friends.

paragraph: On one occasion du Fresne was invited on shore to a special celebration where he was crowned and Te Kauri made it clear that he was making du Fresne the "king" of all the surrounding area. After this Māori made a night raid on the hospital camp taking away many guns and uniforms. While the soldiers chased the raiders, Māori slipped back and stole an anchor.

paragraph: Two men were held as hostage against the return of the stolen goods. One of them admitted he had been involved in the theft but accused Te Kauri of being involved. Du Fresne, finding the men bound, ordered them unbound and released. Later an armed a party of Māori approached the French as if to challenge them, but the French understood enough tikanga to make peace with them by exchanging gifts.

paragraph: Section::::New Zealand.:Murder and cannibalisation (1772).

paragraph: Two contemporary accounts were written by French officers, Jean Roux and De Clesmeur.

paragraph: During the night of 9 June 1772, French sentries at the hospital camp noticed about six Māori prowling. In the morning it was discovered that Māori had also been prowling around a second camp where the French had been making masts. The next day Māori from Marion Island arrived with a present of fish. Roux said the Māori were astonished at the blunderbusses he had mounted outside his tent. He noticed the visiting chief taking a close look at the weapons and how they worked, as well as the defences of the camp, and became suspicious of his motives. The chief asked for the guns to be demonstrated and Roux shot a dog.

paragraph: That night more Māori were found on Moturoa Island prowling around the hospital camp but ran when sentries approached. Captain du Clesmur alerted du Fresne to the rise in suspicious activity, but du Fresne did not listen. On the afternoon of 12 June 1772 du Fresne and 15 armed sailors went to Te Kauri's village and then went in the Captain's gig to go fishing in his favourite fishing area. Du Fresne and 26 men of his crew were killed and eaten. Those killed included de Vaudricourt and Pierre Lehoux (a volunteer), Thomas Ballu of Vannes, Pierre Mauclair (the second pilot) from St Malo, Louis Ménager (the steersman) from Lorient, Vincent Kerneur of Port-Louis, Marc Le Garff from Lorient, Marc Le Corre of Auray, Jean Mestique of Pluvigner, Pierre Cailloche of Languidic and Mathurin Daumalin of Hillion.

paragraph: That night 400 armed Māori suddenly attacked the hospital camp but were stopped in their tracks by the threat of the multiple blunderbusses. Roux held his fire and realised that they had narrowly escaped being massacred in their sleep. One chief told Roux that Te Kauri had killed Marion. At this point longboats full of armed French sailors arrived with the news that du Fresne and the sailors had been killed. One survivor, who had been spared, told them Māori had tricked them into going into the bush, where they had been ambushed, with all the others being killed.

paragraph: In the following days the French came under relentless attack. The next day about 1,200 Māori surrounded the French, led by Te Kauri. As they approached, Roux ordered Te Kauri shot. Later even more Māori reinforcements arrived. The French decided to abandon the hospital camp. The Māori then stole all the tools and supplies and burnt the camp down. They were close enough that the French could see they were wearing the clothes of du Fresne and his fellow dead sailors.

paragraph: The French retreated to Moturoa Island. That night Māori again attacked the camp and this time the French opened a general fire. The next day even more Māori arrived taking their forces to about 1,500 men. The French charged this huge force with 26 armed soldiers and put them to flight, the Māori fleeing back to Te Kauri's pa. The French attacked the pa, firing at the defenders, who showered them with spears. The remainder got into canoes and fled. About 250 Māori including five chiefs were killed in the battle. Many of the French were wounded.

paragraph: Roux, Julien-Marie Crozet and Ambroise Bernard-Marie Le Clesmeur took joint command and undertook reprisals against the Māori over a one-month period as the ships were prepared for departure.

paragraph: A month later on 7 July Roux searched Te Kauri's deserted pa and found a sailor's cooked head on a spike, as well as human bones near a fire. They left on 12 July 1772. The French buried a bottle at Waipoa on Moturua, containing the arms of France and a formal statement taking possession of the whole country, with the name of "France Australe." However, both published and unpublished accounts of du Fresne's death circulated widely, giving New Zealand a bad reputation as a dangerous land unsuitable for colonisation and challenged stereotypes of Pacific Islanders as noble savages then prevalent in Europe.

paragraph: Section::::New Zealand.:Possible motives.

paragraph: There are different possible reasons for the massacre, including that the chief Te Kauri (Te Kuri) considered that du Fresne was a threat to his authority or Te Kauri became concerned at the economic effect of supplying food for the two crews, or that du Fresne’s crew, possibly unwittingly, broke several "tapu" laws related to their not carrying out the rituals required before the cutting down of kauri trees, or breaking of tapu by fishing in Manawaora Bay.

paragraph: An account told by a Ngāpuhi informant to John White (ethnographer 1826-1891), but not published until 1965, describes the chiefs Te Kauri and Tohitapu as participating in the massacre when du Fresne and 26 men of his crew were killed and cannibalised. Apparently tapu had been placed on Manawaora Bay after members of the local tribe drowned here some time earlier, and their bodies had been washed up at Tacoury's (Te Kauri's) Cove - therefore, the local Māori believed that the violation would anger the gods and neighbouring tribes, provoking war. However, the French had been at the supposed tapu beach for 17 days. The beach was at the foot of Te Kauri's village and controlled by him. Te Kauri had numerous dealings with the French and he had been on board the ships at the cove many times. Du Fresne fished at the cove (now known as Assassination Cove, located at 35°15'26" S, 174°12'48" E in New Zealand's Bay of Islands area) numerous times in the 26 days he was there, without Māori suggesting that fishing was tapu or forbidden.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Duyker (ed.) The Discovery of Tasmania: Journal Extracts from the Expeditions of Abel Janszoon Tasman and Marc-Joseph Marion Dufresne 1642 & 1772, St David's Park Publishing/Tasmanian Government Printing Office, Hobart, 1992, pp. 106, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Duyker, An Officer of the Blue: Marc-Joseph Marion Dufresne 1724–1772, South Sea Explorer, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1994, pp. 229, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Duyker, "Marc-Joseph Marion Dufresne, un marin malouin à la découvertes des mers australes", traduction française de Maryse Duyker (avec l'assistance de Maurice Recq et l'auteur), Les Portes du Large, Rennes, 2010, pp. 352, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Duyker, 'Marion Dufresne, Marc-Joseph (1724–1772)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Supplementary Volume, Melbourne University Press, 2005, pp 258–259.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kelly, Leslie G. (1951). "Marion Dufresne at the Bay of Islands". Wellington: Reed.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marion du Fresne, Marc Joseph, Dictionary of New Zealand Biography

description: French explorer

wikidata_label: Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne

wikipedia_title: Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne


text:
Knights Templar
Flemish
Anglo-Norman
Bideford
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Baldwin IV of Jerusalem
Marshal of the kingdom
Raymond III of Tripoli
Botrun
County of Tripoli
Plivain
Pisa
bride price
William of Tyre
Ernoul
seneschal
Arnold of Torroja
Verona
Baldwin V of Jerusalem
Queen Sibylla
Guy of Lusignan
Ibelin family
Isabella
Henry II of England
arrière ban
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Saladin
Thomas Becket
Hospitallers
al-Afdal
Battle of Cresson
Roger de Moulins
Pope Urban III
Baldwin of Exeter
archbishop of Canterbury
Battle of Hattin
Saladin
Tiberias
Raynald of Châtillon
Tyre
Tortosa
Conrad of Montferrat
Baldwin of Exeter
Frederick Barbarossa
Siege of Acre
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Nicholas Boulton
Arn – The Knight Templar
Arn – The Kingdom at Road's End
Ulrich Thomsen
2005 film
Kingdom of Heaven
Reinhold Röhricht
Roger of Howden

categories: Medieval Flemish nobility,Year of birth missing,Grand Masters of the Knights Templar,Christians of the Crusades,People executed by decapitation

paragraph: Gerard de Ridefort

paragraph: Gerard of Ridefort (died 4 October 1189) was Grand Master of the Knights Templar from the end of 1184 until his death in 1189.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Gerard of Ridefort is thought probably to have been of Flemish origin, although some nineteenth-century writers suggested an Anglo-Norman background, apparently through misreading his designation as "of "Bideford"". It is uncertain when he arrived in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. He appears in the charter record in the service of Baldwin IV of Jerusalem in the late 1170s, and by 22 October 1179 held the rank of Marshal of the kingdom.

paragraph: It seems that he expected Raymond III of Tripoli to give him the hand of an available heiress. However, when Cécile Dorel inherited her father's coastal fief of Botrun in the County of Tripoli, Raymond married her (before March 1181) to Plivain or Plivano, the nephew of a Pisan merchant, for a bride price of 10,000 bezants. By the mid-thirteenth century, when the "Old French Continuation of William of Tyre" (the so-called "Chronicle of Ernoul") was compiled, the story of the bride of Botrun had evolved into a fanciful legend in which Plivain's uncle put the young lady (there renamed Lucie) on the scales, and offered Raymond her weight in gold, to obtain the marriage.

paragraph: Section::::Templar.

paragraph: Gerard fell seriously ill, after which he took vows as a Templar. By June 1183 he held the rank of seneschal of the Order. He was elected Grand Master in late 1184 or early 1185, after the death of Arnold of Torroja in Verona.

paragraph: Gerard continued to hold a grudge against Raymond of Tripoli, which influenced some of his political manœuvrings. In 1186, when Baldwin V of Jerusalem died, Gerard took the side of Queen Sibylla and her husband Guy of Lusignan in the ensuing succession struggle. Raymond and his allies the Ibelin family were the leaders of the opposing faction, who supported the claim of Sibylla's younger half-sister Isabella.

paragraph: In the crisis of 1187, Gerard used the money sent by Henry II of England and deposited with the Templars in Jerusalem to hire additional troops for the "arrière ban" to defend the Kingdom of Jerusalem from Saladin. (Henry had sent the funds for his own future crusading plans, in penance for the murder of Thomas Becket: some of it was deposited with the Templars, some with the Hospitallers, in Jerusalem and Tyre). Gerard and fewer than 100 Templars, together with some Hospitallers, attacked Saladin's son al-Afdal at the Battle of Cresson; al-Afdal, however, had over 5,000 men. The Hospitaller Grand Master Roger de Moulins was killed; Gerard, though wounded, was one of the few survivors. Gerard's report of the battle was the source for a short narrative written by Pope Urban III to Baldwin of Exeter, archbishop of Canterbury.

paragraph: In July of the same year Gerard led the Templars at the Battle of Hattin. Saladin had captured Tiberias and Guy was contemplating a march on the city to retake it. Raymond advised him to wait for Saladin to come to them, since they were in a well-defended, well-watered position, and would have to cross a dry open plain to reach Tiberias. Gerard opposed this, and convinced Guy to continue the march. He was supported by Raynald of Châtillon, a fellow enemy of Raymond.

paragraph: The armies of Outremer ended up trapped on the dry plain and were defeated on 4 July. Raymond and several other nobles escaped, but Gerard, Guy, and Raynald were captured by Saladin. The rest of the Templar prisoners were executed. Gerard remained a prisoner until 1188, during which time his Order was commanded by Brother Thierry (Terricus) from Tyre.

paragraph: Gerard was given the condition by Saladin that, if he could convince a Templar fortress to surrender peacefully, he would be set free. He succeeded and on his release went to Tortosa, where he ably led the Templars' defence of their castle, which held out after the fall of the town to Saladin's siege forces. Having taken back control of his order from Thierry, he seems to have seized the remainder of Henry II's money which had been left with the Templars in Tyre. This provoked a complaint from the city's defender, Conrad of Montferrat, in letters of 20 September 1188 to Baldwin of Exeter and Frederick Barbarossa: ""...graver still, the Master of the Temple has made off with the King of England's alms"".

paragraph: In 1189, he again joined forces with Guy, taking the Templars to the Siege of Acre. He was beheaded after being taken prisoner by Saladin again on 4 October 1189.

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.:Game.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerard is also a general of the Kingdom of Jerusalem at the .

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.:Film.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerard was portrayed by Nicholas Boulton in the Swedish 2007 film "Arn – The Knight Templar" and 2008 sequel "Arn – The Kingdom at Road's End".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerard was portrayed by Ulrich Thomsen in the 2005 film "Kingdom of Heaven".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brevis Regni Ierosolymitani Historia", in "Annali Genovesi di Caffaro e de’ suoi Continuatori", ed. Luigi Tommaso Belgrano ("Fonti per la Storia d’Italia", no. 11), vol. 1 (Genoa, 1890), pp. 127–49.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Expugnatione Terræ Sanctæ per Saladinum Libellus", in Ralph of Coggeshall, "Radulphi de Coggeshall Chronicon Anglicanum", ed. Joseph Stevenson (London, 1875).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter W. Edbury, "The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade: Sources in Translation". Ashgate, 1996. ["Old French Continuation of William of Tyre"; this edition includes translation of Urban III's letter on the battle of Cresson.]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reinhold Röhricht (ed.), "Regesta Regni Hierosolymitani MXCVII-MCCXCI", and "Additamentum" (Berlin, 1893–1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roger of Howden, "Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi Benedicti Abbatis", ed. William Stubbs (London, 1867).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roger of Howden, "Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene", ed. William Stubbs (London, 1868–71)

description: Knight Templar

wikidata_label: Gerard de Ridefort

wikipedia_title: Gerard de Ridefort


text:
Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence
Beatrice of Savoy
Margaret
Eleanor
Beatrice
Louis IX of France
Henry III of England
Charles I of Sicily
Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall
Isabel Marshal
Raymond VII of Toulouse
Peter
Philip
Beatrice
Westminster
Kingdom of England
Europe
Jew
Provence
Treaty of Paris
King of Germany
electoral princes
King of the Romans
Holy Roman Emperor
Bohemia
Aachen Cathedral
Mainz
Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall
Berkhamsted Castle
Hailes Abbey

categories: House of Aragon,German queens consort,13th-century English people,1228 births,1261 deaths,13th-century French women,13th-century English women

paragraph: Sanchia of Provence

paragraph: Sanchia of Provence (c. 1228 – 9 November 1261) was the third daughter of Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence and Beatrice of Savoy. Sanchia was described as "of incomparable beauty".

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Sanchia's sisters Margaret, Eleanor and Beatrice were the respective wives of Louis IX of France, Henry III of England and Charles I of Sicily. Sanchia was said to have a softer and more winsome type of good looks than either her older sisters, Margaret and Eleanor.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Countess of Cornwall.

paragraph: It was Eleanor of Provence who arranged a marriage between her sister Sanchia and her brother-in-law Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall, whose first wife Isabel Marshal had died recently. At the time, Sanchia was engaged to Raymond VII of Toulouse, but the weak part he played in the recent fighting was a good enough excuse for breaking the bond. Eleanor and Sanchia's uncle Peter was sent to negotiate the marriage contract in 1242. Another uncle, Philip, escorted Sanchia safely to the English court in Gascony. There, they joined Eleanor and Henry, and met their new daughter Beatrice. The wedding took place at Westminster on November 23.

paragraph: Richard, although the wealthiest man in the Kingdom of England and perhaps in Europe, was only a prince, not a sovereign. Beatrice of Savoy, mother of the bride, came to England to see her third daughter wedded, but her father Ramon Berenguer IV was detained by state difficulties which his wife solved by getting a loan from Henry III of four thousand marks. The cost of the wedding was chiefly defrayed by a levy imposed on the Jews of the country. It was an arbitrary proceeding, each of them receiving notice of the size of the donation required.

paragraph: An idea of the extravagance of the festivities may be gleaned from the fact that thirty thousand dishes were prepared for the wedding dinner alone. The marriages of the royal brothers from France and England to the four sisters from Provence improved the relationship between the two countries, which led up to the Treaty of Paris. Sanchia was present, along with all her sisters and her mother.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Queen of the Romans.

paragraph: Richard was elected in 1256 as King of Germany by a majority of the seven electoral princes, with the title of King of the Romans, a preparatory step in being named Holy Roman Emperor by the pope. In January 1257, the ambassadors bringing the news of Richard's election were received in a long hall where Richard and Sanchia were dining in considerable elegance and state. "Richard rose to hear what the men from Bohemia had to say and at the finish he burst into tears. He would accept the crown, he said, but it was not through greed or ambition. His sole object was to assist in restoring prosperity to the German states; his honest desire was to rule justly and well. It was clear to the German delegation, and to the throng of adherents and servants who swarmed into the hall to listen, that he was happy over the fulfillment of his great wish. It must have been quite apparent also that Sanchia was delighted beyond measure. Now she would be a queen as well as her two older and patronizing sisters."

paragraph: Sanchia was crowned Queen of the Romans with her husband on 27 May 1257 at Aachen Cathedral in Germany. She and her husband then spent fifteen months traveling in the area near Mainz. They hurriedly traveled back to England when the political situation deteriorated there. Sanchia grew ill in the autumn of 1260 and died a year later, with her son Edmund present.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: Sanchia had two sons with Richard of Cornwall:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard of Cornwall (July 1246 – 15 August 1246).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall (1249–1300), married Margaret de Clare (died 1312). Childless.

paragraph: Richard also had a son, named Richard, by his mistress Joan de Valletort who is sometimes mistakenly called son of Sanchia.

paragraph: Sanchia died 9 November 1261 at Berkhamsted Castle and was buried 15 November in Hailes Abbey.

description: German queen

wikidata_label: Sanchia of Provence

wikipedia_title: Sanchia of Provence


text: Thomas I of Savoy

text: Margaret of Geneva

text: Provence

text: Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence

text: Humbert III, Count of Savoy

text: William I, Count of Geneva

text: Philip II of France

text: France

text: Savoy

text: Amadeus IV, Count of Savoy

text: Thomas II of Piedmont

text: Peter II, Count of Savoy

text: Philip I, Count of Savoy

text: Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence

text: Niobe

text: Matthew Paris

text: kings

text: Margaret, Queen of France

text: Louis IX of France

text: Eleanor, Queen of England

text: Henry III of England

text: Sanchia, Queen of Germany

text: Richard, Earl of Cornwall

text: Beatrice, Queen of Sicily

text: Charles I of Sicily

text: Peter

text: Philip

text: Gascony

text: Beatrice of England

text: England

text: Eleanor

text: Simon de Montfort

text: Provence

text: usufruct

text: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

text: James I of Aragon

text: Cluny

text: Pope Innocent IV

text: Louis IX of France

text: Blanche of Castile

text: Charles of Anjou

text: King of Aragon

text: Barral of Baux

text: Marseille

text: Avignon

text: Arles

text: Thomas

text: Treaty of Paris

text: Peter II, Count of Savoy

categories: 12th-century French women,Burials at Hautecombe Abbey,12th-century French people,Countesses of Provence,1267 deaths,1205 births,13th-century French people,13th-century French women,House of Savoy

paragraph: Beatrice of Savoy

paragraph: Beatrice of Savoy (c. 1198 – c. 1267) was the daughter of Thomas I of Savoy and Margaret of Geneva. She was Countess consort of Provence by her marriage to Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Her paternal grandparents were Humbert III, Count of Savoy, and Beatrice of Viennois. Her maternal grandparents were William I, Count of Geneva and Beatrice de Faucigny. Beatrice of Savoy's mother, Margaret, was betrothed to Philip II of France. While Margaret was travelling to France for her wedding, she was captured by Beatrice's father, Thomas. He took her back to Savoy and married her himself. Thomas' excuse was that Philip II was already married, which was true.

paragraph: Beatrice was the tenth of fourteen children born to her parents. Her siblings included: Amadeus IV, Count of Savoy; Thomas II of Piedmont; Peter II, Count of Savoy; Philip I, Count of Savoy; Boniface of Savoy, Archbishop of Canterbury; Avita the Countess of Devon; and Margherita of Savoy wife of Hartmann I of Kyburg.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Beatrice betrothed on 5 June 1219 to Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence; they married in December 1220. She was a shrewd and politically astute woman, whose beauty was likened to that of a second Niobe by Matthew Paris. Ramon and Beatrice of Savoy had four daughters, who all lived to adulthood, and married kings. Their only son, Raymond died in early infancy.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Margaret, Queen of France (1221–1295), wife of Louis IX of France

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Eleanor, Queen of England (1223–1291), wife of Henry III of England

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Sanchia, Queen of Germany (1228–1261), wife of Richard, Earl of Cornwall

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Beatrice, Queen of Sicily (1229–1267), wife of Charles I of Sicily

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Raymond of Provence, died young

paragraph: Section::::At the English court.

paragraph: In 1242, Beatrice's brother Peter was sent to Provence by Henry III to negotiate the marriage of Sanchia to Richard. Another brother, Philip, escorted Beatrice and Sanchia to the English court in Gascony, arriving in May 1243. There they joined Henry, Eleanor, and their infant daughter, Beatrice of England. Henry was very happy at this occasion and gave many gifts to the various relatives.

paragraph: In November 1243, Beatrice and Sanchia travelled to England for the wedding. This wedding did much to strengthen the bond between Richard and Henry III. She further strengthened the unity of the English royal family by convincing Henry III to help pay the debts of his sister Eleanor and her husband Simon de Montfort, who had often been at odds with Henry. In January 1244, Beatrice negotiated a loan for her husband from Henry of four thousand marks, offering the king five Provençal castles as collateral.

paragraph: Section::::Dowager Countess.

paragraph: When Ramon Berenguer died on 19 August 1245, he left Provence to his youngest daughter, and his widow was granted the usufruct of the county of Provence for her lifetime. Beatrice's daughter and namesake then became one of the most attractive heiresses in medieval Europe. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor sent a fleet and James I of Aragon sent an army to seize her, so Beatrice placed herself and her daughter in a safe fortress in Aix, secured the trust of its people then sent to the Pope for his protection. The Pope was also a target for Frederick's military incursions in France. In Cluny during December 1245, a secret discussion, between Pope Innocent IV, Louis IX of France, his mother Blanche of Castile, and his brother Charles of Anjou, took place. It was decided that in return for Louis IX supporting the Pope militarily, the Pope would allow Charles of Anjou, youngest brother to the French King, to marry Beatrice of Provence. Mother and daughter were satisfied with this selection. But Provence was to never go to France outright through Charles. It was agreed that if Charles and Beatrice had children, the county would go to them; if there was no issue, then the county would go to Sanchia of Provence. If Sanchia died without an heir, Provence would go to the King of Aragon.

paragraph: Henry protested the selection, arguing that he had not yet received the full dowry for Eleanor nor his brother for Sanchia. He also still had the castles in Provence against the loan he had made to the former count.

paragraph: When Charles took over the administration of Provence in 1246, he did not respect Beatrice's rights within the county. She sought the aid of Barral of Baux and the Pope in protecting her rights within the area. The citizens of Marseille, Avignon, and Arles joined this resistance to Capetian control. In 1248, Charles began to seek peace with her so that he could join his brother's crusade. A temporary truce was reached to allow this.

paragraph: In 1248, she travelled back to England with her brother Thomas, to see their family there.

paragraph: In 1254, as Louis was returning from his crusade by way of Provence, Beatrice petitioned him for a more permanent resolution of the dispute with Charles. The French queen Margaret joined the petition, noting that Charles had not respected her dowry either. Beatrice travelled with them back to Paris. As the year progressed, Henry and his wife were invited to travel to Paris, and eventually all four daughters joined their mother there for Christmas.

paragraph: The generally good relationship among the four sisters did much to improve the relationship of the French and English kings. It brought about the Treaty of Paris in 1259, where differences were resolved. Beatrice and all her four daughters participated in the talks. While the family was still gathered, Louis IX finally persuaded Beatrice to surrender her claims and control in Provence in exchange for a sizeable pension to be paid to her. Charles also paid back the loan henry had made to the previous count, clearing his claims in the county.

paragraph: In 1262, Beatrice was part of the family discussion to try again to bring peace between Henry and Simon de Montfort. When Henry was captured in 1264, Beatrice's brother Peter II, Count of Savoy took his army to join the efforts to free the king. He left Beatrice in charge of Savoy while he was gone.

paragraph: Beatrice outlived her third daughter Sanchia and came close to outliving her youngest daughter Beatrice, who died months after her mother (Beatrice the elder died in January, Beatrice the younger died in September). Beatrice of Savoy died on 1265 or 1266-1267.

description: French noble

wikidata_label: Beatrice of Savoy

wikipedia_title: Beatrice of Savoy


text: Scottish Wars

text: Joan of Acre

text: Edward I

text: northern border

text: Edward II

text: Lords Ordainers

text: favourite

text: Piers Gaveston

text: Battle of Bannockburn

text: Hugh Despenser the younger

text: Glamorgan

text: Welsh Marches

text: Earl of Lancaster

text: Battle of Boroughbridge

text: Roger Mortimer

text: Queen Isabella

text: Joan of Acre

text: Edward I

text: enfeoffment

text: homage

text: Ralph de Monthermer

text: Edward II

text: Thomas de Clare, Lord of Thomond

text: Scottish Wars

text: Welsh Marches

text: Rutherglen

text: Robert the Bruce

text: Piers Gaveston

text: Earl of Cornwall

text: Margaret

text: Ordinances of 1311

text: Earl of Lincoln

text: Earl of Warenne

text: Thomas, Earl of Lancaster

text: retainer

text: Guy de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick

text: Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke

text: Gascony

text: Stirling Castle

text: magnate

text: Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford

text: Falkirk

text: Stirling

text: vanguard

text: Constable of England

text: Henry de Bohun

text: Battle of Bannockburn

text: chronicle

text: Vita Edwardi Secundi

text: coat of arms

text: ransom

text: Tewkesbury Abbey

text: invasion

text: Edward

text: Richard de Burgh, Earl of Ulster

text: entail

text: Eleanor

text: Margaret

text: Elizabeth

text: Hugh Despenser the Younger

text: Hugh de Audley

text: Roger d'Amory

text: Roger Mortimer

text: Thomas of Lancaster

text: Battle of Boroughbridge

text: Isabella of France

text: Edward III

text: Richard de Burgh, Earl of Ulster

text: Inquisition Post Mortem

categories: English people of the Wars of Scottish Independence,De Clare family,Earls of Hertford,1314 deaths,1291 births,English deaths at the Battle of Bannockburn,English military personnel killed in action,Earls of Gloucester

paragraph: Gilbert de Clare, 8th Earl of Gloucester, 7th Earl of Hertford (c. 10 May 1291 – 24 June 1314) was an English nobleman and military commander in the Scottish Wars. In contrast to most English earls at the time, his main focus lay in the pursuit of war rather than in domestic political strife. He was the son of Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester, and Joan of Acre, daughter of King Edward I. The older Gilbert died when his son was only four years old, and the younger Gilbert was invested with his earldoms at the young age of sixteen. Almost immediately, he became involved in the defence of the northern border, but later he was drawn into the struggles between Edward II and some of his barons. He was one of the Lords Ordainers who ordered the expulsion of the king's favourite Piers Gaveston in 1311. When Gaveston was killed on his return in 1312, Gloucester helped negotiate a settlement between the perpetrators and the king.

paragraph: Now one of Edward's strongest supporters, he accompanied the king on a campaign to Scotland in 1314, when several other nobles refused. He was killed at the Battle of Bannockburn on 24 June, under somewhat unclear circumstances. Gloucester was the most prominent of the casualties of the battle, which ended in a humiliating defeat for England. As he had no issue, his death marked the end of the prominent de Clare family. His estates were divided between his three sisters, one of whom was married to the king's new favourite, Hugh Despenser the younger. Despenser's ruthless expansion of the de Clare lordship of Glamorgan in Wales led directly to the troubles of Edward II's later reign, including a rebellion in the Welsh Marches, the defeat of the Earl of Lancaster at the Battle of Boroughbridge, and eventually the deposition of the king by Roger Mortimer and Queen Isabella in 1326.

paragraph: Section::::Family background and early life.

paragraph: Gilbert de Clare was the son of Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester – known as Gilbert 'the Red' – who in 1290 married Joan of Acre, daughter of Edward I. As a condition for the marriage, the earl had to surrender all his lands to the king, only to have them returned jointly to himself and his wife for the lifetime of either. This grant was made on the condition that the lands would pass to the couple's joint heirs, but if they were childless to Joan's heirs from any later marriages. The younger Gilbert was born the next year, around 10 May 1291, securing the inheritance for the de Clare family, but his father died only four years later, on 7 December 1295, while the boy was still a minor. Because of the joint enfeoffment, Joan kept the custody of the family lands, and did homage to the king on 20 January the next year.

paragraph: In 1297, Joan secretly married Ralph de Monthermer, a knight in the late earl's household. This enraged Edward I, who had other marriage plans for Joan. The king imprisoned Monthermer, but later relented, and sanctioned the marriage. Because of the previous settlement, Joan was still titled countess, and her new husband became Earl of Gloucester and Hertford. This, however, only lasted for the life of Joan, who died in 1307. Only a few months later, Gilbert was granted his inheritance, and by March 1308 made Earl of Gloucester and Hertford, at the young age of sixteen. This grant was made by Edward II, who succeeded his father Edward I in July 1307. It was previously believed that Edward II and Gilbert were brought up together, but this is based on a confusion with another person of the same name. This other Gilbert de Clare, who was closer to the king in age, was in fact the earl's cousin, the son of Thomas de Clare, Lord of Thomond.

paragraph: Section::::Early service under Edward II.

paragraph: Gilbert's first years as earl were predominantly concerned with the Scottish Wars. He had no personal interest in the region, but the Welsh Marches, where his landed interest lay, were largely pacified at the time, and Scotland presented a good opportunity to pursue military glory and reward. He was almost immediately trusted with important military commands on the northern border, and served as warden of Scotland from 1308 to 1309, and as captain of Scotland and the northern marches in 1309. He led an expedition to relieve the castle of Rutherglen in December 1308. The war effort, however, was not pursued with the same intensity by Edward II as it had been by his father. The new king's neglect of the Scottish Wars allowed Robert the Bruce to regain the initiative in the war.

paragraph: This situation led to frustration among the English nobility. In addition to the Scottish issue, there was also discontent with the king's treatment of his favourite, Piers Gaveston. Gaveston's promotion from relative obscurity to Earl of Cornwall, combined with his arrogant behaviour, caused resentment among the established nobility. Gloucester was initially not hostile to Gaveston, who had married Gloucester's sister Margaret in October 1307. He did, however, share in the other earls' frustration with Edward's lack of initiative towards Scotland. In 1308, therefore, Gloucester was among the earls who demanded Gaveston's exile, a demand the king was forced to meet. After this, he seems to have been reconciled with the king, and in 1309 he acted as a mediator when the earls agreed to Gaveston's return. Relations between the king and the nobility deteriorated even further, however, after Gaveston's return. In 1310, a group of so-called Lords Ordainers were appointed to draft the Ordinances of 1311, a set of restrictions on the rule of Edward II, including a renewed exile for Gaveston. Gloucester, who was still a supporter of the king, was not initially among the Ordainers, but was appointed on 4 March 1311, upon the death of the Earl of Lincoln.

paragraph: Section::::Escalation of the national conflict.

paragraph: In spite of his participation in the baronial reform movement, Gloucester still maintained the trust of the king. He, Gaveston and the Earl of Warenne were the only earls to accompany the king on a Scottish campaign in 1310–11. In March 1311, while the Ordinances were still in the workings, Gloucester was appointed guardian of the realm while the king was still in Scotland. There are signs that he might have fallen out with Thomas, Earl of Lancaster – who was at this point the leader of the opposition against the king – over a feud between two of their respective retainers. When Gaveston once more returned from exile, however, Gloucester sided with the baronial opposition. The earls divided the country into different parts for defence, and Gloucester was given charge of the south. In June 1312, Gaveston was captured by Guy de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, who was working in cooperation with Lancaster. Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, who had the custody of Gaveston and had guaranteed his safety to the king, appealed to Gloucester, as Gaveston's kinsman, for assistance. Gloucester, however, refused to help, and Gaveston was killed. This act brought the country to the brink of civil war, and Gloucester was one of the few men who was still trusted enough by both sides to be able to take on a role as mediator. In the following months, he was among the main negotiators working towards an agreement between the king and the offending earls, an effort that was at least temporarily successful.

paragraph: Gloucester remained in the inner circle around the king over the next months. In the summer of 1313, he was again guardian of the realm while the king was in France, and in February 1314, he was sent to France on a diplomatic mission regarding Gascony. The greatest problem of the reign, however, remained the unresolved conflict with Scotland, and the resurgence of Robert the Bruce. In the summer of 1314, Edward finally embarked on a major Scottish campaign. The objective was to protect the English garrison at Stirling Castle from an attack by Bruce. The campaign was impeded by the absence of some of the greater magnates, such as Lancaster and Warwick. There were still a number of great lords in the king's company, including Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, Pembroke and Gloucester. These men were valuable to the king for their ability to raise large numbers of troops from their dominions in the Welsh Marches. On 23 June 1314, the royal army had passed Falkirk and was within a few miles of Stirling. There were, however, signs of strife between the earls of Gloucester and Hereford. Gloucester had been given the command of the English vanguard, a position he had earned through his loyalty to the king. Yet Hereford, who had been placed under Gloucester's command, believed the command belonged to him, in his capacity of hereditary Constable of England.

paragraph: Section::::Death at Bannockburn.

paragraph: Gloucester was involved in a brief skirmish with the Scots on 23 June, the day before the main battle. While the king considered whether to camp for the night or to engage the Scots immediately, Gloucester and Hereford – either through insubordination or a misunderstanding – charged directly into the place called the New Park, where the Scots were encamped. The English immediately ran into difficulties, and Hereford's cousin Henry de Bohun was killed by King Robert the Bruce. It was perhaps during the subsequent retreat that Gloucester was thrown off his horse, but managed to escape unharmed. The next day the English were still not entirely decided on the course of action. While Gloucester took the part of certain experienced captains, recommending that Edward avoid battle that day, the younger men surrounding the king labelled this lethargic and cowardly, and advised attack. According to the "Vita Edwardi", when Edward grew angry and accused Gloucester of treason, the earl forcefully replied that he would prove his loyalty on the field of battle.

paragraph: The most detailed account of the Earl of Gloucester's death at the Battle of Bannockburn is the chronicle "Vita Edwardi Secundi". This account is written as a moral tale, expounding on the earl's heroism and the cowardly conduct of his companions. For this reason, its historical accuracy must be taken with some caution. According to some accounts, Gloucester rushed headfirst into battle in the pursuit of glory, and fell victim to his own foolishness. The "Vita", on the other hand, claimed that, as the earl was vigorously trying to fend off the Scottish attacks, he was knocked off his horse, and killed when his own men failed to come to his rescue. It is also likely that the quarrels between Gloucester and Hereford over precedence could have contributed to the chaotic situation. According to one account, Gloucester rushed into battle without a distinguishing coat of arms, exposing himself to the Scottish soldiers, who otherwise would have been eager to secure a valuable ransom.

paragraph: After Gloucester was killed, the English army soon fell into disarray, and the battle resulted in a resounding victory for the Scots, and a humiliating withdrawal for the English. It was widely agreed that Gloucester, with his proud family history and valuable estates, was the most prominent of the many casualties that day. Robert the Bruce mourned his death and stood vigil over Gloucester's body at a local church. Later he allowed its transfer to England, where the earl was buried at Tewkesbury Abbey, on his father's right-hand side.

paragraph: Section::::Dispersal of estates and aftermath.

paragraph: Gloucester's political importance did not end with his death; his disappearance from the political scene had immediate consequences. In his Welsh lordship of Glamorgan, the uncertain situation caused by his death caused a short-lived rebellion in 1316. In Ireland, where he also held large possessions, the power vacuum he left behind facilitated the 1315 invasion by Robert the Bruce's brother Edward. The greatest consequences, however, resulted from the division of the de Clare estates. In 1308, Gilbert de Clare had married Maud (or Matilda) de Burgh, the daughter of Richard de Burgh, Earl of Ulster. The couple left no surviving issue, so his death marked the end of the great de Clare family. The family lands were worth as much as £6,000, second only to those of the Earl of Lancaster among the nobility of the realm.

paragraph: The lands went into royal possession while the matter of inheritance was being settled. By the entail of 1290, the lands could only be inherited by direct descendants of the seventh earl and Joan of Acre. Maud managed to postpone the proceedings by claiming to be pregnant, but by 1316 it was clear that this could not be the case. The late earl's sisters, Eleanor, Margaret (now widowed after the death of Gaveston) and Elizabeth were by 1317 all married to favourites of Edward II: Hugh Despenser the Younger, Hugh de Audley and Roger d'Amory respectively. The three were granted equal parts of the English possessions, but Despenser received the entire lordship of Glamorgan in Wales, politically the most important of the de Clare lands.

paragraph: Not content with his part, Despenser used his relationship with the king to impinge on the lands of other Marcher lords. This caused resentment among such men as Hereford and Roger Mortimer, who rose up in rebellion in 1321. The rebellion was crushed, but resistance continued under the Marcher lords' ally Thomas of Lancaster, who was defeated at the Battle of Boroughbridge in 1322, and executed. Although this victory temporarily secured Edward's position on the throne, he was eventually deposed in 1326 by Roger Mortimer, with the help of the king's wife, Isabella of France. The title of Earl of Gloucester was recreated by Edward II's son Edward III in 1337, for Hugh de Audley.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: b. Gloucester's wife Maud was the sister of Bruce's wife Elizabeth, both daughters of Richard de Burgh, Earl of Ulster.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Primary:

paragraph: Secondary:

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: Inquisition Post Mortem

description: 14th-century English magnate


text: "Time" magazine

text: Eleanor Roosevelt

text: Nazi Germany

text: Lancaster, New York

text: Chicago

text: Lewis Institute

text: Syracuse University

text: women's suffrage in the United States

text: Buffalo, New York

text: Zionist

text: Terence MacSwiney

text: Sinn Féin

text: Philadelphia "Public Ledger"

text: John Gunther

text: G. E. R. Gedye

text: New York Post

text: National Socialist or Nazi

text: exiled German authors

text: Ödön von Horváth

text: Thomas Mann

text: Bertolt Brecht

text: Stefan Zweig

text: Fritz Kortner

text: Carl Zuckmayer

text: lesbian

text: Christa Winsloe

text: Munich

text: Adolf Hitler

text: New York Tribune

text: Ladies' Home Journal

text: NBC

text: invaded Poland

text: Herschel Grynszpan

text: Ernst vom Rath

text: Kristallnacht

text: Vincent de Moro-Giafferi

text: Time

text: NBC

text: Eleanor Roosevelt

text: Walter Lippmann

text: Woman of the Year

text: Katharine Hepburn

text: Broadway musical

text: Lauren Bacall

text: Harper's Magazine

text: Biltmore Conference

text: Lisbon

text: Barnard, Vermont

text: Nobel Prize in literature

text: Sinclair Lewis

text: Joseph Bard

text: Maxim Kopf

text: Sherman Yellen

text: Strangers

text: Lois Nettleton

text: Germany

text: German people

text: American

text: blue plaque

text: Halifax Civic Trust

text: List of suffragists and suffragettes

text: List of women's rights activists

text: Timeline of women's suffrage

text: Dorothy Thompson Papers

text: Dorothy Thompson (1893–1961)

text: Sands of Sorrow

text: Arab–Israeli war

categories: Journalists from Upstate New York,Viennese interwar correspondents,American women journalists,People from Windsor County, Vermont,People from Lancaster, New York,LGBT people from New York (state),Bisexual women,American Methodists,1893 births,20th-century American non-fiction writers,Syracuse University alumni,1961 deaths

paragraph: Dorothy Thompson

paragraph: Dorothy Celene Thompson (July 9, 1893 – January 30, 1961) was an American journalist and radio broadcaster, who in 1939 was recognized by "Time" magazine as being equal in influence to Eleanor Roosevelt. She is notable as the first American journalist to be expelled from Nazi Germany in 1934 and as one of the few women news commentators on radio during the 1930s. She is regarded by some as the "First Lady of American Journalism".

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Dorothy Thompson was born in Lancaster, New York, in 1893, one of three children of Peter and Margaret (Grierson) Thompson. Her siblings were Peter Willard Thompson and Margaret Thompson (later Mrs. Howard Wilson). Her mother died when Dorothy was seven (in April 1901), leaving Peter, a Methodist preacher, to raise his children alone. Peter soon remarried, but Dorothy did not get along with his new wife, Elizabeth Abbott Thompson. In 1908, Peter sent Dorothy to Chicago to live with his two sisters to avoid further conflict. Here, she attended Lewis Institute for two years before transferring to Syracuse University as a junior. At Syracuse, she studied politics and economics and graduated with a degree in 1914. Because she had the opportunity to be educated, unlike many women of the time, Thompson felt that she had a social obligation to fight for women's suffrage in the United States, which would become the base of her ardent political beliefs. Shortly after graduation, Thompson moved to Buffalo, New York and became involved in the women's suffrage campaign. She worked there until 1920, when she went abroad to pursue her journalism career.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Journalism in Europe.

paragraph: After working for women’s suffrage in the United States, Thompson relocated to Europe in 1920 to pursue her journalism career. She was interested in the early Zionist movement. Her big break occurred when she visited Ireland in 1920 and was the last to interview Terence MacSwiney, one of the major leaders of the Sinn Féin movement. It was the last interview MacSwiney gave before he was arrested days later and died two months after that.

paragraph: Because of her success abroad, she was appointed Vienna correspondent for the Philadelphia "Public Ledger". While working in Vienna, Thompson focused on becoming fluent in German. She met and worked alongside correspondents John Gunther and G. E. R. Gedye. In 1925, she was promoted to Chief of the Central European Service for the "Public Ledger". She resigned in 1927 and, not long after, the "New York Post" appointed her head of its Berlin bureau in Germany. There she witnessed firsthand the rise of the National Socialist or Nazi party. According to her biographer, Peter Kurth, Thompson was "the undisputed queen of the overseas press corps, the first woman to head a foreign news bureau of any importance."

paragraph: During this time Thompson cultivated many literary friends, particularly among exiled German authors. Among her acquaintances from this period were Ödön von Horváth, Thomas Mann, Bertolt Brecht, Stefan Zweig and Fritz Kortner. She developed a close friendship with author Carl Zuckmayer. In Berlin she even got involved in a lesbian affair with German author Christa Winsloe, while still married in the U.S., claiming "the right to love".

paragraph: Thompson's most significant work abroad took place in Germany in the early 1930s. While working in Munich, Thompson met and interviewed Adolf Hitler for the first time in 1931. This would be the basis for her subsequent book, "I Saw Hitler", in which she wrote about the dangers of him winning power in Germany. Thompson described Hitler in the following terms: "He is formless, almost faceless, a man whose countenance is a caricature, a man whose framework seems cartilaginous, without bones. He is inconsequent and voluble, ill poised and insecure. He is the very prototype of the little man."

paragraph: Later, when the full force of Nazism had crashed over Europe, Thompson was asked to defend her "Little Man" remarks; it seemed she had underestimated Hitler. The Nazis considered both the book and her articles offensive and, in August 1934, Thompson was expelled from Germany. She was the first journalist to be kicked out.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:At the New York Tribune.

paragraph: In 1936 Thompson began writing "On the Record", a "New York Tribune" syndicated newspaper column. It was read by over ten million people and carried by more than 170 papers. She also wrote a monthly column for the "Ladies' Home Journal" for 24 years (1937–1961); its topics were far removed from war and politics, focusing on gardening, children, art, and other domestic and women's-interest topics.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Radio and the Herschel Grynszpan affair.

paragraph: Around the same time as she started "On the Record", NBC hired Thompson as a news commentator. She began in 1936 and remained with NBC until 1938. Her radio broadcasts went on to become some of the most popular in the United States, making her one of the most sought after female public speakers of her time. When Nazi Germany invaded Poland in 1939, Thompson went on the air for fifteen consecutive days and nights.

paragraph: In 1938, Thompson championed the cause of a Polish-German Jewish teenager, Herschel Grynszpan, whose assassination in Paris of a minor German diplomat, Ernst vom Rath, had been used as propaganda by the Nazis to trigger the events of Kristallnacht in Germany. Thompson's broadcast on NBC radio was heard by millions of listeners, and led to an outpouring of sympathy for the young assassin. Under the banner of the Journalists' Defense Fund, over $40,000 USD was collected, enabling famed European lawyer Vincent de Moro-Giafferi to take up Grynszpan's case.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Fame and controversy.

paragraph: In 1939, Thompson was featured on the cover of "Time", with an accompanying picture of her speaking into an NBC radio microphone. The article was captioned "she rides in the smoking car" and it declared that "she and Eleanor Roosevelt are undoubtedly the most influential women in the U.S." She was one of the most respected women of her age. The article explained Thompson's influence: "Dorothy Thompson is the U.S. clubwoman's woman. She is read, believed and quoted by millions of women who used to get their political opinions from their husbands, who got them from Walter Lippmann." In "Woman of the Year" (1942) Katharine Hepburn played Tess Harding, a character directly based on Thompson. The Broadway musical is based on Thompson as well, this time played by Lauren Bacall.

paragraph: In 1941, Thompson wrote "Who Goes Nazi?" for "Harper's Magazine". She was a keynote speaker at the Biltmore Conference, and by war's end was regarded as one of the most effective spokespersons for Zionism. Thompson switched her views round radically after a trip to Palestine in 1945, and ran into difficulties, including accusations of anti-Semitism, which she strongly rebuffed, after being warned that hostility toward Israel was, in the American press world, "almost a definition of professional suicide". She eventually concluded that Zionism was a recipe for perpetual war.

paragraph: Thompson died 1961, aged 67, in Lisbon, Portugal and is buried in the Town cemetery, Barnard, Vermont

paragraph: Section::::Family life.

paragraph: She was married three times, most famously to second husband and Nobel Prize in literature winner Sinclair Lewis. In 1923 she married her first husband, Hungarian Joseph Bard; they divorced in 1927. Thompson married Lewis in 1928 and acquired a house in Vermont. They had one son, Michael Lewis, born in 1930. The couple divorced in 1942. She married her third husband, the artist Maxim Kopf, in 1945, and they were married until Kopf's death in 1958.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Her marriage to Sinclair Lewis was the subject of Sherman Yellen's Broadway play "Strangers", where she was played by Lois Nettleton. The play opened on March 4, 1979 and closed after nine performances.

paragraph: Section::::Quotes.

paragraph: Section::::Quotes.:Miscellaneous.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Age is not measured by years. Nature does not equally distribute energy. Some people are born old and tired while others are going strong at seventy."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "As far as I can see, I was really put out of Germany for the crime of blasphemy. My offense was to think that Hitler was just an ordinary man, after all. That is a crime in the reigning cult in Germany, which says Mr. Hitler is a Messiah sent by God to save the German people—an old Jewish idea. To question this mystic mission is so heinous that, if you are a German, you can be sent to jail. I, fortunately, am an American, so I was merely sent to Paris. Worse things can happen." (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No people ever recognize their dictator in advance. He never stands for election on the platform of dictatorship. He always represents himself as the instrument [of] the Incorporated National Will. ... When our dictator turns up you can depend on it that he will be one of the boys, and he will stand for everything traditionally American. And nobody will ever say 'Heil' to him, nor will they call him 'Führer' or 'Duce'. But they will greet him with one great big, universal, democratic, sheeplike bleat of 'O.K., Chief! Fix it like you wanna, Chief! Oh Kaaaay! (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Only when we are no longer afraid do we begin to live."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Courage, it would seem, is nothing less than the power to overcome danger, misfortune, fear, injustice, while continuing to affirm inwardly that life with all its sorrows is good; that everything is meaningful even if in a sense beyond our understanding; and that there is always tomorrow."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "It is not the fact of liberty but the way in which liberty is exercised that ultimately determines whether liberty itself survives."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "They have not wanted peace at all; they have wanted to be spared war—as though the absence of war was the same as peace."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Peace is not the absence of conflict, but the presence of creative alternatives for responding to conflict."

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1928: "The New Russia" (Holt)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1932: "I Saw Hitler!" (Farrar and Rinehart)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1938: "Dorothy Thompson's Political Guide: A Study of American Liberalism and Its Relationship to Modern Totalitarian States" (Stackpole)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1938: "Refugees: Anarchy or Organization?" (Random House)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1937: "Concerning Vermont"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1939: "Once on Christmas" (Oxford University Press)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1939: "Let the Record Speak" (Houghton Mifflin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1939: "Christian Ethics and Western Civilization"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1941: "A Call to Action, Ring of Freedom"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1941: "Our Lives, Fortunes, and Sacred Honor"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1942: "Listen Hans" (Houghton Mifflin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1944: "To Whom Does the Earth Belong?"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1945: "I Speak Again as a Christian"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1946: "Let the Promise Be Fulfilled: A Christian View of Palestine"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1948: "The Truth About Communism"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1948: "The Developments of Our Times"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955: "The Crisis of the West"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1957: "The Courage to Be Happy" (Houghton Mifflin)

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: A blue plaque was to the Thompsons was erected by the Halifax Civic Trust.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of suffragists and suffragettes

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of women's rights activists

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timeline of women's suffrage

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hertog, Susan. "Dangerous Ambition: Rebecca West and Dorothy Thompson; New Women in Search of Love and Power" (New York: Ballantine, 2011) 493 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kurth, Peter. "American Cassandra: The Life Of Dorothy Thompson" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sanders, Marion K. "Dorothy Thompson: A Legend in her Time" (1973)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dorothy Thompson Papers at Syracuse University

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dorothy Thompson (1893–1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Radio broadcast on Hitler's invasion of Poland (September 3, 1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Video: "Sands of Sorrow" (1950). Dorothy Thompson speaks on the plight of Arab refugees from the Arab–Israeli war (1948). Producer: Council for the Relief of Palestine Arab Refugees

enwikiquote_title: Dorothy Thompson

wikidata_label: Dorothy Thompson

wikipedia_title: Dorothy Thompson


text: Liberal Nationals

text: Torquay

text: Baptist

text: Liberals

text: Sportsman's Battalion

text: Somerset Light Infantry

text: Liberal

text: Rugby

text: 1923 general election

text: 1924 general election

text: Leith

text: Sir John Simon

text: David Lloyd George

text: Labour

text: Ramsay MacDonald

text: Liberal Nationals

text: National Government

text: Ramsay MacDonald

text: Secretary for Mines

text: Stanley Baldwin

text: Minister of Labour

text: Minister of Transport

text: Leslie Hore-Belisha

text: Neville Chamberlain

text: National Joint Advisory Committee

text: Trades Union Congress

text: National Service

text: Winston Churchill

text: Secretary of State for Scotland

text: House of Lords

text: Minister of Health

text: Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster

text: Sir Archibald Sinclair

text: Conservatives

text: National

text: Minister of Aircraft Production

text: 1945 general election

text: House of Commons

text: House of Commons

text: Guilty Men

text: Michael Foot

text: Frank Owen

text: Peter Howard

categories: Secretaries of State for Scotland,Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster,UK MPs 1924–1929,Recipients of the Military Cross,UK MPs 1935–1945,UK MPs 1929–1931,1962 deaths,Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour,Scottish Baptists,People from Torquay,Somerset Light Infantry officers,1881 births,UK MPs 1931–1935,Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,UK MPs 1923–1924,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Edinburgh constituencies,Scottish Liberal Party MPs

paragraph: Ernest Brown (British politician)

paragraph: Alfred Ernest Brown (27 August 1881 – 16 February 1962) was a British politician who served as leader of the Liberal Nationals from 1940 until 1945.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Torquay, Devon, Brown was the son of a fisherman and prominent Baptist and it was through following his father that he came to preach, gaining much experience as a public speaker. He soon came to the attention of the local Liberals and became a prominent public speaker at political meetings.

paragraph: Brown served in the First World War: in 1914 he joined the Sportsman's Battalion and in 1916 was commissioned as an officer in the Somerset Light Infantry. He was mentioned in dispatches and was awarded the Military Cross.

paragraph: After three unsuccessful attempts in other constituencies, he was elected as a Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for Rugby in the 1923 general election but lost his seat in the 1924 general election. In 1927 he returned to Parliament in a by-election at Leith. During this time he became a devoted follower of Sir John Simon as the latter became increasingly at odds with the leader of the Liberals, David Lloyd George, and the party's support, from 1929, for the minority Labour government of Ramsay MacDonald. In 1931 he followed Simon in resigning the Liberal party whip and then subsequently in setting up the Liberal Nationals.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:In cabinet.

paragraph: In the National Government of Ramsay MacDonald, Brown became Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health in November 1931. The following year the official Liberal Cabinet ministers resigned from the government and Brown was promoted to become Secretary for Mines. In 1935 when MacDonald was succeeded as Prime Minister by Stanley Baldwin, Brown entered the Cabinet as Minister of Labour. This proved controversial as many believed that the Minister of Transport Leslie Hore-Belisha, had a stronger claim to be the next Liberal National to enter the Cabinet, though as unemployment was one of the government's biggest problems, many others felt that Brown's appointment to the job was not one to envy. He held the post for the next five years under both Baldwin and his successor, Neville Chamberlain. One of his most prominent achievements was the Unemployment Insurance (Agriculture) Act, 1936 which extended social security to nearly all workers in agriculture, forestry and horticulture. In another sphere he oversaw the formation of the National Joint Advisory Committee which assisted in wage control, compulsory arbitration, and direction of labour. He also helped workers in distributing to organise and took great pride when in 1937 the Trades Union Congress passed a unanimous resolution thanking him for this. In 1939 his department was expanded to incorporate overseeing National Service.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Party leadership.

paragraph: When Chamberlain fell in 1940 he was succeeded by Winston Churchill who moved Brown to the position of Secretary of State for Scotland, an unusual move as Brown, despite sitting for a Scottish constituency, was English by birth. At the same time Brown became the leader of the Liberal Nationals after Sir John Simon was transferred to the House of Lords. Brown served as Secretary of State for Scotland for a year before becoming Minister of Health for two years and finally Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.

paragraph: Brown's tenure as leader of the Liberal Nationals was one of decline, as the party saw its influence diminish. Many in the party had regretted the division of Liberal forces a decade earlier and Brown undertook negotiations with the Liberal Party leader Sir Archibald Sinclair over a potential reunion, but these talks foundered on the question of continued support for the National Government after the war. The change in the leadership of the Conservatives was also unfavourable and when, in 1945, Churchill formed his "Caretaker" government he did not include Brown or any other senior Liberal Nationals in the Cabinet, despite claiming to head a "National" administration. Brown was instead appointed Minister of Aircraft Production. In the 1945 general election Brown lost his seat.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Retirement and legacy.

paragraph: After the war Brown devoted his attention to the church, often visiting other parts of the Commonwealth.

paragraph: Brown had a reputation for being a fast speaker and many contemporary political commentators estimated that he could deliver a statement to the House of Commons faster than any other minister. The size of his voice was also noted. Baldwin once saw Brown in a phonebox at the House of Commons and is said to have remarked, "I didn't think he needed a phone to communicate with his constituents." Another more famous story reflecting on Brown's strong voice, is told of when Stanley Baldwin was living at 11 Downing Street he was startled by a great shouting in the building. When informed that it was Ernest Brown talking to Scotland, Baldwin said "Why doesn't he use the telephone?"

paragraph: Brown was referred to in the book "Guilty Men" by Michael Foot, Frank Owen and Peter Howard (writing under the pseudonym 'Cato'), published in 1940 as an attack on public figures for their failure to re-arm and their appeasement of Nazi Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Torrance, David, "The Scottish Secretaries" (Birlinn 2006)

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Ernest Brown

wikipedia_title: Ernest Brown (British politician)


text:
Ixkun
Mayan
Rabbit God K
Stela
Sacul
Ucanal

paragraph: Eight Skull

paragraph: Eight Skull (ruled ? - c. 790) was one of two known rulers of Ixkun, Mayan city. His successor was Rabbit God K.

paragraph: Stela 2 records two battles, one against Sacul on 21 December 779 and the other against Ucanal on 10 May 780. It is said on the stela that Eight Skull was a predecessor of Rabbit God K. The text is incomplete.

paragraph: Stela 12 is believed to have been dedicated by Eight Skull.

description: Ruler of Ixkun, Mayan city

wikidata_label: Eight Skull

wikipedia_title: Eight Skull


text:
Ixkun
Mayan
Eight Skull
Lady Ik
Ch'iyel
Sacul

paragraph: Rabbit God K

paragraph: Rabbit God K was one of two known rulers of Ixkun, Mayan city. His was a successor of Eight Skull. His mother was Lady Ik.

paragraph: Stelae record the visit of Ch'iyel, king of Sacul, to Ixkun on 11 October 790, when Rabbit God K ruled.

paragraph: Around AD 800 Rabbit God K erected the last sculpted monument at the city and was preparing new construction projects, with construction material piled ready for use in various places in the site core, however these projects were never finished.

description: Rulers of Ixkun, Maya civilization city

wikidata_label: Rabbit God K

wikipedia_title: Rabbit God K


text:
Tokyo
punk
technopop
garage
The Clash
Kraftwerk
England
EMI Music Japan
Neon Spread
M-Flo
Verbal
Teriyaki Boyz
Serious Japanese
Towa Tei
Big Fun
M-Flo
Plastics
CNNGo
Mademoworld
Visionair
iTunes
M-Flo
Reebok
Towa Tei
M.I.A.
Dexpistols
Shinichi Osawa
Boys Noize
Nylon
Space Shower
Official site
Official EMI label site
Official Twitter

categories: Musicians from Tokyo,Club DJs,1987 births,Living people,Japanese socialites,Japanese electronic musicians,Japanese-language singers,Japanese electro musicians,Japanese DJs,Mixtape DJs

paragraph: Mademoiselle Yulia

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Mademoiselle Yulia was born in Tokyo . In high school, she began her musical career as the lead vocalist and guitarist for six years. The four member band performed punk, technopop and garage covers, taking inspiration from The Clash and Kraftwerk.

paragraph: Yulia began organising parties in her second year at high school, in 2005. She was inspired to create her own electro DJ event in Tokyo called "Neon Spread", after attending a similar DJ night in England. In 2008 she was signed to EMI Music Japan and released her debut mix-tape of the electro music featured in the events, "Neon Spread". Mademoiselle Yulia began regularly attending DJ events and parties 2008, and met M-Flo rapper Verbal as they would often attend the same events. In late 2008 and 2009 she began to be featured on many albums as a collaborating artist, with many of these releases featuring Verbal. These songs included appearances on Teriyaki Boyz' second album "Serious Japanese", Towa Tei's album "Big Fun", and a solo track of hers produced by Verbal, "What Now?," featured on M-Flo's third outside collaborations album "".

paragraph: Mademoiselle Yulia was the featured vocalist for the come-back tour of 1970s/1980s Japanese techno band Plastics, on their May 2010 tour. She was listed as the number two "to watch" talent in Tokyo by CNNGo in 2010.

paragraph: In mid-2011, preparations for her debut album "Mademoworld" began, beginning a worldwide tour "Angee Yung Robotz" in April with Verbal to promote the album, as well as Verbal's solo album "Visionair". Verbal is the executive producer of her album, and the first single "Gimme Gimme" was released digitally on August 3, 2011. The album was released digitally on iTunes on September 21, followed by a CD release on October 5.

paragraph: Mademoiselle Yulia will collaborate with M-Flo on their comeback song "Run," which is being used for sports shoe brand Reebok's "Reethem & Lite" campaign in Japan. The trio first performed the song at the launch party for the campaign, on September 15, 2011.

paragraph: She has performed in concerts and DJ events with artists such as Towa Tei, M.I.A., Dexpistols, Shinichi Osawa and Boys Noize. Outside of music, she writes as a columnist in fashion magazine Nylon's Japanese edition, designed jewellery for accessory brand Giza and briefly hosted a show on music channel Space Shower, "Mademoworld".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official EMI label site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Twitter

description: Japanese DJ, singer

wikidata_label: Mademoiselle Yulia

wikipedia_title: Mademoiselle Yulia


text:
plant pathology
Sir John Scott
Kew Gardens
mycology
Dame Helen Gwynne-Vaughan
Linnean Society
Edinburgh
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
red core disease
Charles Edward Foister

wikipedia_title:
Plant pathology
John Scott (English judge)
Kew Gardens
Mycology
Helen Gwynne-Vaughan
Linnean Society of London
Edinburgh
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
Phytophthora fragariae
Charles Edward Foister

categories: Fellows of the Linnean Society of London,1874 births,Members of the Order of the British Empire,Women biologists,1972 deaths

paragraph: Nora Lilian Alcock

paragraph: Nora Lilian Alcock, also known as Nora Lilian Lepart and Nora Lilian Leopard, (18 August 1874 – 31 March 1972) was a pioneer in the field of plant pathology and the first government-appointed plant pathologist in Scotland.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Nora Lilian Scott was born in 1874, the daughter of Sir John Scott, the Judicial Advisor to the Khedive of Egypt, and Edgeworth Leonora Hill. It appears she had no formal higher education. She married Nathaniel Henry Alcock, a radiologist, in 1905 and moved to Canada. When he died of cancer in 1913, she and her four children returned to Britain.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Upon her return to London, Alcock obtained a post at the Plant Pathology Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Kew Gardens. During her appointment, Alcock developed expertise in mycology under the directorships of Sir John Fryer, John Ramsbottom, and Professor Dame Helen Gwynne-Vaughan. Alcock became a fellow of the Linnean Society in 1922, and in 1924, she moved to Edinburgh for the position of plant pathologist in the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries. Her post was based at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh and focused on using healthy seeds to increasing food production. She retired in 1937.

paragraph: Section::::Honours and recognition.

paragraph: As a result of her research on fungal diseases, in particular red core disease in strawberries, Alcock was awarded an MBE in 1935. Her work developed disease-resistant strains and catalogued seed-borne diseases.

paragraph: In 1924 Alcock became the first person to hold the new post of Plant Pathologist in the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries.

paragraph: Her biography was written by Charles Edward Foister.

paragraph: A memorial plaque dedicated to Alcock can be found at the Royal Botanic Gardens of Edinburgh.

paragraph: Section::::Other accomplishments.

paragraph: During the Second World War, she taught botany to prisoners of war. She was a member of the National Federation of Business and Professional Women’s Clubs and the Edinburgh Soroptimists.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Women of Scotland Mapping Memorials to Women in Scotland – Nora Lilian Alcock

paragraph: BULLET::::- Whois.com Nora Lilian Alcock Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- International Women in Science - A Biographical History to 1950 - Entry for Nora Lilian Alcock

description: Pioneering plant pathologist

wikidata_label: Nora Lilian Alcock

wikipedia_title: Nora Lilian Alcock


text:
León, Nicaragua
Patricio Rivas
Rubén Darío
José Martí
Granada, Nicaragua
duplex printer
Francisco Gavidia
José María Peralta Lagos
modernismo
Academia Salvadoreña de la Lengua
Washington DC
Rio de Janeiro

wikipedia_title:
León, Nicaragua
Patricio Rivas
Rubén Darío
José Martí
Granada, Nicaragua
Duplex printing
Francisco Gavidia
José María Peralta Lagos
Modernismo
Academia Salvadoreña de la Lengua
Washington, D.C.
Rio de Janeiro

categories: Nicaraguan journalists,Salvadoran journalists,19th-century Salvadoran writers,Nicaraguan people of Spanish descent,Nicaraguan emigrants to El Salvador,Salvadoran poets,Male poets,1862 births,Salvadoran male writers,Male journalists,19th-century Salvadoran people,People from León, Nicaragua,Nicaraguan poets,1925 deaths,Nicaraguan male writers

paragraph: Román Mayorga Rivas

paragraph: Román Mayorga Rivas (1862-1925) was a Nicaraguan journalist and poet. He is considered the founder of modern journalism in El Salvador.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Mayorga Rivas was born in 1862 in León, Nicaragua. Mayorga Rivas was the son of the politician Cleto Mayorga, and the grandson of the Nicaraguan President Patricio Rivas. He was a childhood friend of Rubén Darío and José Martí. He moved to the city of San Salvador, El Salvador at the age of twelve and studied at the school of Hildebrando Martí and Anselmo Valdés. In 1876, he founded the newspaper "El cometa", and he later founded "Diario del cometa" (1878) and "El estudiante". In late 1879 he returned to Nicaragua to participate in intellectual life of his hometown, León.

paragraph: Between 1884 and 1886, Mayorga Rivas published his first three-volume anthology, "Guirnalda Salvadoreña", which collected biographical information and the works of Salvadoran poets. During this period, he also founded the newspaper "El independiente" in Granada, Nicaragua, the city where he also was married. After returning to El Salvador, he established the newspaper "Diario del Salvador" (1895-1932), one of the most important newspapers in Central Americal and the most modern of that era—and the newspaper for which a duplex printer was first brought to El Salvador. In his journalism, Mayorga Rivas collaborated with many notable writers, including Francisco Gavidia, David J. Guzmán, Porfirio Barba Jacob (known as Ricardo Arenales), and José María Peralta Lagos.

paragraph: In the field of literature, Mayorga Rivas is considered a part of the second wave of romanticism in El Salvador, and also an important promoter of "modernismo". He also translated from English, Italian, Portuguese, and French. He became a member of the Academia Salvadoreña de la Lengua in 1915, and that year he also published his only book of poetry, "Viejo y nuevo".

paragraph: As a public official, Mayorga Rivas headed the "Oficina Central de Estadística" in El Salvador. He also served as Secretary of the Nicaraguan Embassy in Washington DC, Undersecretary of Foreign Affairs and Public Instruction in Nicaragua, and El Salvador's envoy to the Panamerican Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

paragraph: Mayorga Rivas died December 28, 1925 in San Salvador, El Salvador.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guirnalda Salvadoreña

description: Nicaraguan journalist and poet

wikidata_label: Román Mayorga Rivas

wikipedia_title: Román Mayorga Rivas


text: Le Charivari

text: La Caricature

text: Édouard Traviès

text: Wülflingen

text: Winterthur

text: François Joseph Heim

text: École des Beaux-Arts

text: genre painting

text: Paris Salon

text: Charles Philipon

text: July Monarchy

text: Louis Philippe

text: bourgeoisie

text: Daumier

text: Grandville

text: Honoré de Balzac

text: Saint-Simonianism

text: Charles Fourier

text: Flora Tristan

text: François Ponsard

text: La Comédie humaine

text: Eugène Sue

text: Les Mystères de Paris

text: Baudelaire

text: Armand Barbès

text: Sainte-Pélagie

text: Ferdinand Hérold

text: Dupont de l'Eure

text: Champfleury

text: Samaritan woman

text: Saint-Gilles, Gard

text: monument historique

text: Musée Carnavalet

text: Exposition internationale de Liège

text: Paris Musées

text: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco

categories: French caricaturists,1859 deaths,19th-century French painters,People from Winterthur,French male painters,Editorial cartoonists,1804 births,19th-century French lithographers

paragraph: Charles-Joseph Traviès de Villers

paragraph: Charles-Joseph Traviès de Villers, also known simply as Traviès, (21 February 1804 – 13 August 1859) was a Swiss-born French painter, lithographer, and caricaturist whose work appeared regularly in "Le Charivari" and "La Caricature". His "Panthéon Musical" was one of the most famous and widely reproduced musical caricatures of the 19th century. His younger brother was the painter and illustrator Édouard Traviès.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Traviès was born in Wülflingen (now a district in the Swiss city of Winterthur) although he later became a naturalised French citizen. His father was an engraver of English descent. His mother was from a French family and a descendant of the Marquis de Villers. He studied art in Strasbourg and later under François Joseph Heim at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. When he was a young man, a series of financial misfortunes left his parents in poverty, and he became their sole support. He began his career producing portraits and genre paintings and made his debut at the Paris Salon in 1823. He also turned his hand to producing designs for wallpaper and printed fabrics. By the late 1820s he had become a popular caricaturist enjoying particular success with his collections "Tableau de Paris" and "Galerie des Épicuriens". He then joined Charles Philipon's satirical magazines "La Caricature" and "La Charivari" where he was to become one of their most prolific caricaturists.

paragraph: Both magazines were highly critical of the July Monarchy and its king, Louis Philippe, whom they mercilessly caricatured. His most famous creation during this period was the character "Mayeaux" (sometimes spelled "Mahieux") a hunchback who came to represent all the faults and foibles of the "bourgeoisie" who were the principle supporters of Louis Philippe. The character, which first appeared in the pages of "La Caricature" in 1831, was the inspiration for several other satirists including Daumier, Grandville, and Honoré de Balzac. Using pseudonyms, Balzac wrote two articles on Mayeux's adventures for "La Caricature"—"M. Mahieux en société" and "M. Mahieux au bal de l'Opéra". During this time Traviès also became involved in early socialist movements, an interest which he maintained throughout his life. He was first attracted to Saint-Simonianism and then to the ideas of Simon Ganneau, becoming a follower of Ganneau's sect "Evadisme" which focused heavily on equality of the sexes. In his later years would became increasingly attracted to the utopian socialism of Charles Fourier and Fourier's disciple Jean Journet. He also carried out lengthy correspondence with Flora Tristan and François Ponsard, a poet and playwright of socialist leanings.

paragraph: Following the assassination attempt on Louis Philippe in July 1835, a law was passed on 9 September 1835 forbidding political caricatures and articles critical of the king. In light of the subsequent fines and imprisonments imposed on the press for violations of this law, Traviès, like many of his colleagues, turned his attention to satirizing French customs and culture. He also provided illustrations for Balzac's "La Comédie humaine" and Eugène Sue's "Les Mystères de Paris" as well as producing many depictions of the Parisian poor and their daily life. Baudelaire, who was an admirer of his work, including these later pieces, wrote of Traviès:

paragraph: He is the prince of the unfortunate. His muse is a nymph of the suburbs, pale and melancholy. [...] Traviès has a deep feeling for the joys and sorrows of the common people. He knows the scoundrel thoroughly, and he loves him with tender charity. For this reason his "Scènes Bachiques" will remain a remarkable work.

paragraph: When Baudelaire wrote these words in 1857 he observed that Traviès had been inexplicably "missing from the scene" for quite a while. After 1845 Traviès had worked more and more sporadically. The last fourteen years of his life were marked by depression and illness. However, he exhibited portraits in the 1848 and 1855 Paris Salons and finally managed to complete his religious painting "Christ et la Samaritaine" which was exhibited in the 1853 Salon and bought by the French government. He died in his Paris apartment on 13 August 1859 at the age of 55. According to contemporary obituaries, he died in poverty lying on a straw bed.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Portraits and paintings.

paragraph: "Armand Barbès en Prison", drawn by Traviès in 1835, is the only known portrayal of Armand Barbès in prison. It depicts him alone in his cell in Sainte-Pélagie where he was held from 1834 to 1835, the first of his many imprisonments. The drawing conveys a sense of melancholy and isolation with deep shadows and only the subject's face illuminated. Traviès's lithograph portrait of the opera singer Elisa Julian, published in the journal "La Sylphide" in 1840 and exhibited at the Paris Salons of 1848 and 1855, was particularly admired by the writer Alfred Deberle. During the late 1830s Traviès also produced lithograph portraits of the composer Ferdinand Hérold and statesman Dupont de l'Eure as well as "Galerie des Illustrations Scientifiques", a series of portraits of prominent French doctors and scientists which were published in "Charivari" and separately as prints by Maison Aubert.

paragraph: The art critic Champfleury, who knew Traviès in his later years, described his studio as filled with unfinished religious paintings by a painter who appeared to have lost his confidence. He finally completed his "Christ et la Samaritaine" (Christ and the Samaritan woman) after working on it for over 14 years. Exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1853 and bought by the French government, it now hangs in the parish church of Saint-Gilles, Gard. In 1975 it was declared a "monument historique" as one of the few known examples of a Traviès oil painting. Another unsigned oil painting 1840 depicting the cabaret at Café des Aveugles is attributed to Traviès by the Musée Carnavalet, although the art historian Claude Ferment has disputed the attribution as almost certainly an error. The painting was shown in the Paris Pavilion at the Exposition internationale de Liège in 1930.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maurice, Arthur Bartlett, and Cooper, Frederic Taber (1904). "History of the Nineteenth Century in Caricature", pp. 91–93. Dodd, Mead and Co.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Charles-Joseph Traviès de Villers in the Paris Musées collections

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Charles-Joseph Traviès de Villers in the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco collections

alias:
Charles-Joseph Traviès de Villers
Travies
Charles-Joseph Travies de Villers
Charles Joseph Traviès
Charles Joseph Travies De Villers
Charles Joseph Travies
Joseph Travies de Villers
Joseph Traviès
Charles Joseph Traviès de Villers

description: French artist

wikidata_label: Traviès

wikipedia_title: Charles-Joseph Traviès de Villers


text:
Archbishop of Caracas
Puerto Cabello
confirmed
Archbishop
Caracas
Seminary
Pontifical Gregorian University
licentiate
Italy
Second World War
rector
Pope Pius XII
titular bishop
Arado
Auxiliary Bishop
diocese of Maracaibo
Nuncio
Apostolic administrator
see
Maracay
Second Vatican Council
Pope Paul VI
Voncaria
Coadjutor bishop
Episcopal Conference
metropolitan see
Cardinal-Priest
S. Pancrazio
consistory
Pope John Paul II
Archdiocese
conclave
Caracas

categories: Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II,People from Puerto Cabello,Venezuelan cardinals,2001 deaths,Pontifical Gregorian University alumni,1919 births,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Venezuelan Roman Catholics,Participants in the Second Vatican Council

paragraph: José Lebrún Moratinos

paragraph: José Lebrún Moratinos (19 March 1919 – 21 February 2001) was a Roman Catholic Cardinal and former Archbishop of Caracas. Besides his native Spanish, he spoke Italian, Latin and French.

paragraph: He was born in Puerto Cabello, Venezuela as the eldest of the five children. He was confirmed in his native city by Felipe Rincón González, Archbishop of Caracas. He was educated at Colegio San José, of the Brothers of the Christian Schools. He entered the Interdiocesan Seminary of Caracas, where he was taught from 1934 until 1937. He travelled to Rome to study at the Pontifical Gregorian University. He earned a licentiate in philosophy in 1941. He then started studying theology but had to leave Italy because of the Second World War. He was ordained to the priesthood on 19 December 1943. He served from 1943 until 1956 in Valencia, as a faculty member, spiritual director and rector of its seminary as well as its chaplain. He did pastoral work in several parishes and was chaplain of the local jail.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopate.

paragraph: Pope Pius XII appointed him titular bishop of Arado and Auxiliary Bishop of the diocese of Maracaibo on 2 August 1956. He was consecrated exactly a month later by the Nuncio to Venezuela. He was appointed as Apostolic administrator of the see of Maracaibo on 23 October 1957. He was transferred to the see of Maracay in 1958. He was transferred to the see of Valencia en Venezuela in 1962. As a bishop he attended the Second Vatican Council. Pope Paul VI appointed him as Titular Archbishop of Voncaria and Coadjutor bishop of Caracas on 16 September 1972. He was elected Vice-President of the Venezuelan Episcopal Conference. He succeeded to the metropolitan see of Caracas on 24 May 1980.

paragraph: Section::::Cardinalate.

paragraph: He was created and proclaimed Cardinal-Priest of "S. Pancrazio" in the consistory of 2 February 1983 by Pope John Paul II. He was elected as President of the Episcopal Conference of Venezuela, serving from 1984 to 1990. He resigned the pastoral government of the Archdiocese on 27 May 1995. He lost the right to participate a conclave upon reaching the age of 80 in 1999. He died on 21 February 2001 in Caracas. He is buried along with all the other bishops of Caracas.

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: José Lebrún Moratinos

wikipedia_title: José Lebrún Moratinos


text:
New York
Great Barrington, Massachusetts
Canandaigua, New York
Ontario County
New York State Assembly
1835
1836
Whig
25th United States Congress
New York State Senate
1840
1841

categories: Politicians from Canandaigua, New York,1852 deaths,Members of the New York State Assembly,1796 births,People from Great Barrington, Massachusetts,Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state),New York (state) state court judges,Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives,New York state senators,New York (state) Whigs

paragraph: Mark H. Sibley

paragraph: Mark Hopkins Sibley (1796 -– September 8, 1852) was an American politician from New York.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Sibley was born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts in 1796. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice in Canandaigua, New York in 1814.

paragraph: Sibley served in the New York Militia as judge advocate of the 24th Infantry Brigade, and also served as deputy sheriff of Ontario County.

paragraph: He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Ontario Co.) in 1835 and 1836. On March 4, 1837, he was elected, as a Whig, to the 25th United States Congress, where he served until March 3, 1839.

paragraph: Sibley was a member of the New York State Senate (7th D.) in 1840 and 1841. He resigned his seat on May 28, 1841. From 1847 to 1851, he served as the First Judge and Surrogate of Ontario County.

paragraph: He died in Canandaigua on September 8, 1852, and was buried at the West Avenue Cemetery in Canandaigua.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Mark H. Sibley

wikipedia_title: Mark H. Sibley