text: labor

text: organized crime

text: International Brotherhood of Teamsters

text: Chicago Outfit

text: indicted

text: Mafia

text: Theatrical Janitors' Union

text: Cambridge, Massachusetts

text: tipcart

text: American Federation of Labor

text: teamster

text: Chicago, Illinois

text: Albert Young

text: George Innes

text: Indianapolis, Indiana

text: Charlestown, Massachusetts

text: meatpacking

text: sympathy strike

text: Chicago City Railway

text: strike

text: jig

text: Amalgamated Meat Cutters

text: strikebreaker

text: Cincinnati, Ohio

text: Robert J. Thorne

text: Employers' Association of Chicago

text: Mark Morton

text: Morton Salt

text: Mayor

text: Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne

text: Chicago Federation of Labor

text: grand jury

text: conspiracy

text: President

text: Theodore Roosevelt

text: libel

text: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

text: stalking horse

text: riot

text: Samuel Gompers

text: Voir dire

text: turned state's evidence

text: subpoena

text: hung jury

text: not guilty

text: Daniel J. Tobin

text: New York City

text: Sing Sing

text: racketeering

text: Timothy D. "Big Tim" Murphy

text: Irish American

text: Halsted Street Hotel

text: jury tampering

text: stationary engineer

text: Louis "Three Gun" Alterie

text: Jerry Horan

text: nolle prosequi

text: Sangerman's Bombers

text: James Sweeney

text: Al Capone

text: Chicago Outfit

text: North Side Gang

text: Dean O'Banion

text: gallstone

text: "The First Teamsters: Building a Union." International Brotherhood of Teamsters. No date.

categories: Presidents of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters,1872 births,American labor union officials convicted of crimes,American mobsters of Irish descent,Labor unionists from Massachusetts,People from Boston,1929 deaths

paragraph: Cornelius Shea

paragraph: Cornelius P. Shea (September 7, 1872 – January 12, 1929) was an American labor leader and organized crime figure. He was the founding president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, holding the position from 1903 until 1907. He became involved with the Chicago Outfit, and although he was indicted many times, he usually escaped conviction. After a short prison term for attempted murder removed him from union affairs, Shea was appointed secretary-treasurer of the Mafia-dominated Theatrical Janitors' Union in Chicago.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Cornelius Shea was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on September 27, 1872, to James and Mary Shea, Irish immigrants. His father owned his own tipcart and collected garbage for a living. Shea attended public elementary school, then dropped out after the sixth grade to work for his father.

paragraph: Little is known about Shea's life between 1884 and 1894. But at the age of 22, Shea married 19-year-old Mary "Minnie" Lyons, the daughter of Irish immigrants Patrick and Margaret (Reagan) Lyons. The Sheas married in Cambridge on May 27, 1895. The couple had five children. The three sons did not survive infancy, but the two daughters (Margaret and Genevieve) did.

paragraph: Section::::Early Teamsters career.

paragraph: The American Federation of Labor (AFL) had helped form local unions of teamsters since 1887. In November 1898, the AFL organized the Team Drivers' International Union (TDIU). In 1900, Shea helped organize TDIU Local 191 in Boston. He was elected the local's business agent in 1901, and president of the newly organized Boston Team Drivers' Joint Council in 1902. He was also elected a delegate to the Boston Central Labor Council and the local building trades alliance.

paragraph: In 1901, a group of Teamsters in Chicago, Illinois, broke from the TDIU and formed the Teamsters National Union. The new union permitted only employees, teamster helpers, and owner-operators owning only a single team to join, unlike the TDIU (which permitted large employers to be members), and was very aggressive in advocating higher wages and shorter hours. Claiming more than 28,000 members in 47 locals, its president, Albert Young, applied for membership in the AFL. The AFL asked the TDIU to merge with Young's union to form a new, AFL-affiliated union. The two groups did so in 1903, creating the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT). Shea was elected the new union's first president.

paragraph: Shea's election as the first Teamster president was a tumultuous one. Shea effectively controlled the convention because the Chicago locals—representing nearly half the IBT's membership—were united in their support for his candidacy. Shea was opposed by John Sheridan, president of the Ice Drivers' Union of Chicago. Sheridan and George Innes, president of the TDIU, accused Shea of embezzlement in an attempt to prevent his election. Despite surprisingly little lack of support from the Boston locals, Shea won election on August 8, 1903, by a vote of 605 to 480. Edward L. Turley of Chicago was elected secretary-treasurer and Albert Young general organizer.

paragraph: In 1903, Shea moved his family to Indianapolis, Indiana, where the Teamsters had their headquarters. But daughter Margaret fell ill in Indianapolis, and Mary Shea moved the family to Charlestown, Massachusetts, while Cornelius Shea stayed in Indiana.

paragraph: Section::::Teamsters presidency: 1903.

paragraph: Shea was confronted by a crisis within the union in late 1903, a crisis which centered on the union's membership based in Chicago.

paragraph: In 1903, Chicago was one of the most unionized cities in the world. Nearly 243,000 Chicagoans belonged to unions, about a quarter of the workforce. One-third of these worked in a single industry (meatpacking). The Teamsters were vitally important to the Chicago labor movement, for a sympathy strike by the Teamsters could paralyze the movement of goods throughout the city and bring a strike into nearly every neighborhood.

paragraph: But Shea was not an advocate of sympathy strikes, not even when they meant one unit of Teamsters would be supporting another unit of Teamsters. In November 1903, Teamsters employed by the Chicago City Railway went out on strike. Shea attempted to stop sympathy strikes by other Teamster locals in the city but failed. However, three Teamster locals in the city—the truck, ice wagon, and coal wagon drivers, which together represented about half the Teamster membership in Chicago—refused to violate their contracts and walk off the job. The three locals went even further, and disaffiliated from the Teamsters Joint Council of Chicago. Furious, Shea called them "cowards and traitors". His outburst only angered his opponents in the union. In mid-December, Shea was confronted in his office by Teamster leader who shot at him four times and forced him to dance a jig before fleeing.

paragraph: Section::::Teamsters presidency: 1904.

paragraph: 1904 also proved to be a troublesome year for Shea.

paragraph: On July 12, 1904, 18,000 members of the Amalgamated Meat Cutters working in the meatpacking industry in Chicago walked off the job to win higher wages. The contract for the packinghouse drivers belonging to the Teamsters union had expired on June 1, 1904, and the ongoing strike by the butcher workmen led the drivers to fear for their own contract talks. On July 25, 1904, the packinghouse drivers asked the international Teamsters union to sanction a strike. On July 26, Shea agreed to let them walk out the next day, declaring that the walkout was not a sympathy strike but "It is, therefore, to protect ourselves" and prevent the packers from breaking the union. The meatpackers, however, brought in several thousand African American strikebreakers. With meatpacking plants operating at about 40 percent of capacity, the strike began to falter. On August 8, Shea ordered the ice wagon and market drivers to strike in support of the butcher workmen. The hope was that, with no refrigeration and delivery slowed, the meat would spoil and the packers would be forced to come to the bargaining table. On the afternoon of August 9, riots occurred throughout the afternoon and evening in Chicago, and a number of strikers and strikebreakers were assaulted or wounded by gunfire.

paragraph: As the strike collapsed, Shea rushed to Chicago from Indianapolis. He ordered the ice wagon drivers back to work on August 10, and announced that Teamster drivers would deliver any meat butchered prior to the strike. Large amounts of meat began to move through the city on August 13. On August 18, 4,000 strikers and their supporters rioted for two hours outside the Chicago stockyards, causing numerous injuries. Some local Teamster leaders tried to lead the ice and market wagon drivers back out on strike, but Shea denounced them and successfully appealed to the drivers to stay on the job. To keep union members in line, however, Shea reiterated his pledge that no meat butchered after the start of the strike would be hauled. Meat wagons, which had started rolling through the city again two weeks earlier, now remained in the barns. Despite this, the strike collapsed on September 6, 1904, when the Amalgamated Meat Cutters went back to work without a contract.

paragraph: In the midst of the strife in Chicago, Cornelius Shea was re-elected by acclamation on August 8, 1904, at the Teamsters convention in Cincinnati, Ohio. Under his leadership, the union had expanded to 821 locals in 300 cities, and the union's membership stood near 50,000 members (making it one of the largest unions in the United States).

paragraph: Section::::Teamsters presidency: 1905.

paragraph: Section::::Teamsters presidency: 1905.:Chicago Teamsters' strike.

paragraph: On December 15, 1904, 19 clothing cutters at Montgomery Ward went on strike to protest the company's use of nonunion subcontractors. Montgomery Ward vice president Robert J. Thorne locked the remaining workers out. Sympathy strikes by tailors' and other unions quickly broke out. By April, 5,000 workers were on the picket line in front of the 26 local companies represented by the National Tailors' Association (an employer group). The Teamsters engaged in a sympathy strike on April 6, 1905, adding another 10,000 members to the picket lines.

paragraph: The Employers' Association of Chicago (EA), an anti-union group, mustered its substantial resources to break the Teamsters' strike. The EA collected $250,000 (about $6.2 million in 2007 dollars) from its members to hire strikebreakers. The EA also raised $1 million (about $25 million in 2007 dollars) to establish the Employers' Teaming Association—a new company which, within a matter of weeks, bought out a large number of team owners and imported hundreds of African American strikebreakers from St. Louis to work as teamsters. Mark Morton, president of Morton Salt and an EA member, convinced the railroads to pressure the remaining team owners to lock out their Teamster members as well.

paragraph: On April 16, anonymous charges of graft against Shea and other strike leaders were filed with office of Mayor Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne (who had been inaugurated only days earlier). Shea and the executive board of the Chicago Federation of Labor dismissed the allegations out of hand.

paragraph: Another 25,000 Teamsters walked off the job in a sympathy strike on April 25, 1905, paralyzing grocery stores, warehouses, railway shippers, department stores and coal companies. The EA and its members then sued nearly every union involved in the strike. Local and state courts issued numerous injunctions against the unions, ordering them to stop picketing and return to work.

paragraph: On April 29, 12 prominent labor leaders in Chicago—including Shea; Charles Dold, president of the Chicago Federation of Labor; and 10 local Teamster presidents—were indicted by a grand jury on six counts of conspiracy to restrain trade, commit violence, and prevent citizens from obtaining work. Shea refused to appear in court to provide pre-trial testimony regarding the April 29 indictment. When threatened with jail for contempt of court, he finally appeared but answered all questions with variations of "I don't know."

paragraph: On May 10, Dold, Shea and other strike leaders met with President Theodore Roosevelt as he passed through Chicago. Roosevelt refused to mediate an end to the strike, denounced the use of strike violence, and warned the labor leaders to settle the dispute quickly before federal military intervention was needed.

paragraph: As the strike continued, Shea's handling of the dispute came under fire from the executive board of the international Teamsters union. On May 27, the board removed Shea from day-to-day control of the strike and transferred that authority to itself.

paragraph: The strike ended not through the efforts of the EA or the unions, but due to allegations of graft made by team owner John C. Driscoll. At the time, Driscoll was secretary of the Team Owners' Association, the employer group which had locked out the Teamsters after April 6. On June 2, a grand jury heard Driscoll testify that he had taken at least $10,000 in bribes from Thorne and other executives to force the unions out on strike. Driscoll also alleged that the Teamsters and other unions had demanded and received bribes to end the strike, and that Driscoll had skimmed portions of these bribes into his own pocket. $50,000 in cancelled checks were produced in court to support his claims. Driscoll's accusations unleashed a flood of allegations and counter-allegations by other witnesses. Shea and Albert Young accused several employers of offering bribes to strike their business competitors, and submitted evidence of previous bribes which the Teamster leaders had accepted. Thorne and the other employers countered that Shea and other union leaders had asked for bribes ranging from $20,000 to $50,000 to call off the current strike. On June 3, the grand jury returned bribery and conspiracy indictments against Shea and 19 other union leaders, but none against the employers.

paragraph: The evening of June 3, Thorne swore out arrest warrants for Shea on charges of criminal libel for making in-court accusations of bribery. The arrest infuriated Shea. Late that evening, having made bail, he convened an emergency meeting of the Teamster executive board. Ensuring that primarily his supporters attended the meeting, Shea pushed through several resolutions calling for an end to the strike's peace talks, reaffirming support for the strike, and praising Shea's handling of the strike. Although negotiations for a tailors' contract were nearly complete, Shea withdrew his negotiators and repudiated the tentative agreements which had been reached. Shea was arrested again on June 5, this time for failing to pay bond regarding the June 3 conspiracy indictment.

paragraph: After these developments, talks to end the strike began. Agreement was reached on a wide range of issues between May 24 and June 2. But despite threats by Shea to call 8,000 truck drivers out on strike, clothing stores unaffiliated with the EA refused to break ranks and settle with the Teamsters and the strike continued.

paragraph: On June 12, Chicago newspapers revealed that Shea was living in a local brothel called the Kentucky Home, and kept a 19-year-old waitress (Alice P. Walsh) as a mistress. The allegations of womanizing and partying during the strike further eroded public support for the picketing workers. Two days later, the Teamsters' Chicago Joint Council called the strike a "dead issue" and "unimportant." The following day, Shea was excoriated by the international union's executive board for his behavior, and the local strike committee was disbanded as the union sought a way to end the strike and save face at the same time.

paragraph: On July 1, Shea was indicted a third time on charges of conspiracy.

paragraph: Although the bribery accusations undercut both sides, public support for the unions suffered most. While nearly every union continued to support the strike publicly, nearly all of them sent their members back to work by the end of June. The Teamsters officially continued to support the strike, but various divisions of the union also went back to work in June and July. By August 1, 1905, the strike was over and the employers ended the lockout. Nearly half the Teamsters in Chicago never regained their jobs.

paragraph: Section::::Teamsters presidency: 1905.:Re-election battle.

paragraph: Opposition to Shea's re-election as president of the Teamsters appeared in early June 1905. Albert Young announced that Shea had mismanaged the Chicago sympathy strike and that he would run for president at the union's convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in August. Shea was supported by about half the 200 delegates from locals outside Chicago, with the remaining delegates split among two other reform candidates. Although the 325-member convention was dominated by the 125-member Chicago delegation, the Chicagoans appeared split between Young and Shea.

paragraph: Shea won re-election on August 12, 1905, by a vote of 129 to 121. Young never emerged as a viable candidate. Instead, Daniel Furman of Chicago ran against Shea, supported by Young and Secretary-Treasurer Edward Turley. But Furman was a stalking horse, and—in exchange for a large bribe—secretly supported Shea. Furman deserted the anti-Shea forces in the balloting, voting publicly for Shea. Furman's defection in the very election for which he was a candidate threw the election to Shea. Turley was defeated for re-election as well, and members of Shea's slate won every office on the international union executive board.

paragraph: An outraged Albert Young threatened to lead a majority of the Teamsters in Chicago, New York City and San Francisco out of the union to form a rival organization.

paragraph: Section::::Teamsters presidency: 1906.

paragraph: Section::::Teamsters presidency: 1906.:Re-election battle.

paragraph: Shea spent the fall of 1905 and the winter of 1906 solidifying his control over the Teamsters. Shea accused a number of local presidents—all of whom had opposed him in the August 1905 election—with financial malfeasance. He trusted their locals and placed his own supporters in charge of these unions.

paragraph: In July 1906, Albert Young, still the Teamsters' general organizer, announced he would run against Shea at the union's convention in August.

paragraph: The 1906 Teamster international convention opened in Chicago on August 6, 1906. Fistfights erupted among the delegates, and the Chicago police were called to quell what nearly turned into a riot. Initially, Young appeared to have enough delegates to unseat Shea. But Shea made a dramatic speech on the convention floor in which he said his defeat would ensure his conviction in his upcoming conspiracy trials and enable the union's foes to destroy the Teamsters. Shea also pledged that, if acquitted, he would resign the presidency in favor of a unity candidate. In a series of test votes over procedural and policy issues, it became apparent that Shea's speech had turned the tide and he now held a better than two-to-one edge in votes. After the test votes, 50 delegates followed Young out of the convention hall on August 9 to form their own organization, the United Teamsters of America (UTA). Samuel Gompers was called to Chicago to help prevent the breach, but his mediation efforts ultimately proved unsuccessful. Shea was re-elected president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters by a vote of 157 to 14.

paragraph: Over the next month, the Shea and Young factions battled for control of various Teamster locals. In late August, Shea ordered all Teamster locals to hold meetings to vote on whether they wished to remain with the IBT or go with the secessionist UTA. Shea sent representatives to each local union meeting to lobby for continued affiliation. This effort was largely successful, holding disaffiliations to only about half the 30 locals in Chicago and a handful of other others scattered across the nation.

paragraph: Section::::Teamsters presidency: 1906.:Trial.

paragraph: Voir dire for Shea's first trial stemming from the 1905 Chicago strike began on September 13, 1906. Selection of the jury took 66 days, and 3,920 potential jurors were interviewed before a jury could be seated.

paragraph: After two weeks of legal maneuvers, the trial began on November 30 with a major bombshell: Albert Young had pleaded guilty to conspiracy and turned state's evidence against Cornelius Shea. The following day, Young alleged that he, Shea and three others had each received a $300 bribe from the tailors' union in order to call the April 6 sympathy strike against Montgomery Ward. Over the next few days, Young and other witnesses also testified that Shea had ordered the beating of non-union drivers and strikebreakers and personally told picketers to throw acid at horses and non-union team drivers.

paragraph: Shea's defense focused on his efforts to end the strike. His attorneys argued that if Shea had taken bribes to lead the Teamsters out on strike, he would not have sought to end the strike in good faith. But, they argued, Shea had very strenuously sought an end to the labor dispute several times. Shea's lawyers specifically pointed to the May 10 meeting with President Roosevelt, and Shea himself wrote to the president asking Roosevelt to write a letter to the court documenting Shea's good faith effort to end the strike. Shea's defense team also subpoenaed Mayor Dunne, seeking to have him testify to the many "peace conferences" at which Shea had tried to end the strike. Roosevelt acceded to Shea's request, and sent a transcript of the meeting to the court. The plan to have Mayor Dunne testify, however, was ruled out of order by the court. Shea's defense team also called the head of the tailors' union, who strenuously denied that he had ever bribed or attempted to bribe Shea.

paragraph: On January 19, 1907, the jury in Shea's first conspiracy trial announced it was hopelessly deadlocked. The judge ruled that the trial had ended in a hung jury.

paragraph: Section::::Teamsters presidency: 1907.

paragraph: Cornelius Shea's second conspiracy trial began on February 1, 1907. In comparison to the 119-day first trial, the second trial ended in just 19 days. Shea's defense team was so confident of acquittal that they waived final arguments before the jury. The defense team's confidence was not misplaced: The jury took just two hours to return a verdict of "not guilty." A disheartened state's attorney subsequently announced that all additional charges against Shea and his co-conspirators would be dropped.

paragraph: Despite Shea's legal successes, he lost control of the Teamsters union. Shea initially attempted to assert his power by replacing and blacklisting his opponents within the union as he had done before. But at a closed-door meeting of the union's executive board, the board expressed its anger that Shea had not resigned as promised after the conclusion of his two trials. Subsequently, nearly all of Shea's backers withdrew their support for his presidency.

paragraph: At the Teamsters' international convention in Boston in August 1907, Shea lost re-election to Daniel J. Tobin, president of Local 25 in Boston and president of the Teamsters' Joint District Council. The election turned on the question of whether the remaining Chicago locals and all the New York City locals would bolt the union if Shea were re-elected. By a vote of 94 to 104, the delegates believed they would, and so elected Tobin the new president of the union. Shea's supporters won only three of the seven slots on the executive board, as well as the offices of secretary-treasurer and auditor. Tobin candidates won seven of the eight other offices (which included two of the three union trustees and all AFL delegate positions). Shea announced his full support for Tobin's presidency, and left office on October 1, 1907.

paragraph: Section::::Post-Teamsters life.

paragraph: Section::::Post-Teamsters life.:Personal problems and prison.

paragraph: Personal issues dominated Cornelius Shea's life in 1908 and 1909.

paragraph: In June 1908, Chicago police sought to arrest Shea on charges of mail fraud, but could not locate him. In July, Shea was arrested in Boston and tried for abandoning his wife and two young children. He was convicted on July 23, and sentenced to six months in prison. Although Shea appeared to have income, his wife testified that she had already sold all her belongings and that her children were near starvation.

paragraph: After his release from prison, Shea abandoned his family. In January 1909, he moved to New York City after being hired by a Teamsters local there to help run a strike. He was quickly elected the local's secretary-treasurer. Shea was arrested on April 29, 1909, in connection with a fistfight which occurred during the strike, but was released. Shea's Chicago mistress, Alice Walsh, followed him to New York and moved into his apartment. On May 21, a drunken Shea brutally slashed and stabbed Walsh 27 times in their apartment. Shea was arrested and convicted of attempted murder, and sentenced on July 23 to 5 to 25 years in Sing Sing. Shea was released from prison in September 1914 and given two years' probation.

paragraph: Section::::Post-Teamsters life.:Labor racketeering.

paragraph: The final 15 years of Cornelius Shea's life were spent in Chicago, where he associated with gangsters, rose in the ranks of at least one gang, and engaged in labor racketeering.

paragraph: In the summer of 1916, in violation of his parole, Shea left New York State and moved to Chicago. He joined Timothy D. "Big Tim" Murphy's Irish American gang, and was allegedly involved in a number of crimes. His main jobs were labor racketeering and extortion bombing, and he was well known as bomb terrorist. His cover was working as a bartender at the Halsted Street Hotel. His co-employee was William Rooney, an ex-"slugger" for the Teamsters. Rooney was tried in April 1917 for jury tampering, and Shea defended Rooney in court in regard to the charge (which was dismissed). In May 1917, the saloon's license was revoked when Chicago officials learned that Shea actually managed the saloon and may have invested in it in violation of the terms of his parole. On May 29, Shea was arrested for complicity in a payroll robbery after the alleged thieves used his saloon as a hideout. Shea was released and not charged. In June 1919, Chicago police suspected Shea of involvement in a bank robbery. While searching for Shea's automobile, the vehicle was blown up on June 4. Police did not arrest or indict Shea in connection with either event. Shea later became an officer in an automobile dealership. The dealership entered involuntary bankruptcy in 1920, and investors in the company accused Shea of fraud. Once again, no arrest or conviction was made. In November 1922, Chicago police alleged that Shea led an auto theft ring, but no arrest was made.

paragraph: In 1917, Shea re-entered the labor relations field. "Big Tim" Murphy, who controlled a number of large Chicago-area unions and was the president of the Gas Workers' Union, made Shea his chief assistant in his extortion rackets. Shea allegedly conducted a wide range of labor racketeering and labor extortion rackets on Murphy's behalf. Shea organized the "Chicago Saloon Keepers' Local 1," a union which existed only on paper, and acted as the union's business agent as a means of seeking bribes from saloonkeepers. On June 10, 1918, Shea was arrested for allegedly demanding bribes from scrap and junk dealers in exchange for not calling strikes against their businesses. He was tried in February 1919, but acquitted. In 1921, Shea became a staff representative with a Chicago junk dealers' union and stationary engineers' union. During a stationary engineers' strike which began in November 1920, a number of laundries and other businesses were bombed. Shea was accused of providing the explosives and setting some bombs himself, but no charges were ever brought.

paragraph: Some time between 1917 and 1921, Shea became the secretary-treasurer and business agent for the Theatrical Janitors' Union. The union had been formed by mobster and labor racketeer Louis "Three Gun" Alterie. Shea allegedly used his union office to extort money from theater owners in exchange for refusing to call strikes against their businesses. As "Big Tim" Murphy moved to take over the Chicago Building and Trades Alliance, a key coalition of building trade unions in the city, Shea became Murphy's chief criminal deputy on union matters.

paragraph: On May 6, 1922, Shea, Murphy, Jerry Horan, and five other labor leaders were arrested and charged with the murder of a Chicago police officer. On May 24, the state asked for nolle prosequi and the court agreed to withdraw the indictments. A new indictment was returned against Shea and the others in August (Shea was re-indicted on August 2, 1922), but this second indictment was withdrawn by the state as well.

paragraph: Murphy was convicted and imprisoned shortly thereafter for a daring, daylight armed robbery of a mail train. Shea, however, continued his career as an extortionist and bomber. He joined Sangerman's Bombers, a group of bomb terrorists which had emerged from the remnants of the James Sweeney gang, and did work for Al Capone's Chicago Outfit. But Shea worked both sides of the organized crime fence, however. In 1924, he appeared at a testimonial dinner for North Side Gang leader Dean O'Banion, Capone's primary rival.

paragraph: O'Banion's murder by members of the Chicago Outfit in November 1924 sparked a major gang war in the city. Public opinion finally turned against the gangs, and the number of bombings in Chicago declined dramatically as extortionists sought more subtle means of intimidating victims. Alterie left Chicago for Colorado (and safety), leaving Shea in charge of the Theatrical Janitors' Union. Unwilling to take sides in the gang war, Shea continued to work as secretary-treasurer and business agent for the union and engaged in low-level extortion for the next five years.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Cornelius Shea died on January 12, 1929, at Norwegian-American Hospital in Chicago from complications following an operation to remove gallstones.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anti-Shea Crowd Charge Trickery." "Chicago Daily Tribune." August 13, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asbury, Herbert. "The Gangs of Chicago: An Informal History of the Chicago Underworld." New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Balks Shea Plan For Dunne's Aid." "Chicago Daily Tribune." December 29, 1906.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barrett, James R. "Work and Community in the Jungle: Chicago's Packing-House Workers, 1894–1922." Champaign, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Big Strike Has Small Beginning." "Chicago Daily Tribune." May 20, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "'Big 3' Denied Separate Trials On Terror Plot." "Chicago Daily Tribune." June 18, 1922.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "'Big 3' of Chicago Labor To Be Tried." "New York Times." June 10, 1922.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Business Men Testify Against Shea and Aids." "Chicago Daily Tribune." February 11, 1919.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "C.P. Shea, Stabber, Sent to Sing Sing." "New York Times." July 24, 1909.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chicago Strike Graft Described By Young." "New York Times." December 2, 1906.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chicago Strike Leads to 49 Indictments." "New York Times." July 2, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Clash With the Drivers." "Chicago Daily Tribune." November 22, 1903.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cohen, Andrew Wender. "The Racketeer's Progress: Chicago and the Struggle for the Modern American Economy, 1900–1940." New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "'Con' Shea Heads Auto Theft Ring, Police Allege." "Chicago Daily Tribune." November 21, 1922.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "'Con' Shea In Law's Toils As An Extortioner." "Chicago Daily Tribune.". June 11, 1918.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "'Con' Shea Surrenders to Face Fraud Charge." "Chicago Daily Tribune." November 10, 1920.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Con P. Shea Stabs A Woman." "Chicago Daily Tribune." May 22, 1909.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Confession of Bomber Tells of Two Gangs." "Chicago Daily Tribune." May 21, 1921.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cornelius P. Shea, Labor Leader, Dead." "New York Times." January 13, 1929.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cornelius Shea, Teamster Czar in Strike, Dies." "Chicago Daily Tribune." January 13, 1929.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "'Czar' Shea Is Acquitted." "Chicago Daily Tribune." February 22, 1907.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dave & the Green Stuff." "Time." April 8, 1957.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Did Labor Body Aid Shea?" "Chicago Daily Tribune." December 7, 1906.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Drivers Bolt Meeting." "Chicago Daily Tribune." August 9, 1903.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eight Labor Chiefs Indicted In Chicago To Block Release." "New York Times." May 12, 1922.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ex-Teamster Chief Tells of Murder Juror." "Chicago Daily Tribune." April 8, 1917.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fight to Defeat Teamster Chief." "Chicago Daily Tribune." July 7, 1906.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fight Ushers In Shea Convention." "Chicago Daily Tribune." August 7, 1906.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fitch, Robert. "Solidarity for Sale." Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books Group, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Form New Teamsters' Union." "New York Times." August 11, 1906.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Free 'Con' Shea." "Chicago Daily Tribune." February 18, 1919.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "General Strike Now Threatens." "Chicago Daily Tribune." April 21, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Get New Evidence On Labor Bombings." "New York Times." May 15, 1922.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gigantic Strike Is In Full Swing." "Chicago Daily Tribune." April 28, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Halpern, Rick. "Down on the Killing Floor: Black and White Workers in Chicago's Packinghouses, 1904–54." Champaign, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "History of Great Teamsters' Strike Filled with Sensational Incidents." "Chicago Daily Tribune." July 21, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hunt 'Con' Shea To Clear Death Auto Explosion." "Chicago Daily Tribune." June 5, 1919.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Revolt Against Shea." "Chicago Daily Tribune." January 13, 1906.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Indicts Twenty Labor Leaders." "Chicago Daily Tribune." June 4, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jury In Deadlock In the Shea Case." "Chicago Daily Tribune." January 20, 1907.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kinsley, Philip. "Trial Nears Climax." "Chicago Daily Tribune." July 29, 1922.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Labor Chiefs Seized in Effort to End Murders by Gangsters." "Chicago Daily Tribune." May 11, 1922.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Labor's Leader Made to Dance." "Chicago Daily Tribune." December 18, 1903.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lay Fraud to Cornelius Shea." "Chicago Daily Tribune." June 10, 1908.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Legal Tilt Over Strike." "Chicago Daily Tribune." May 13, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mayor Has Hope of Ending Strike." "Chicago Daily Tribune." April 17, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mayor Revokes License of 'Con Shea's Saloon'." "Chicago Daily Tribune." May 30, 1917.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meat Supply in Drivers' Power." "Chicago Daily Tribune." September 2, 1904.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meet in Secret to End Strike." "Chicago Daily Tribune." August 14, 1904.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mob of 4,000 Men Charges Police." "Chicago Daily Tribune." August 19, 1904.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Montgomery, David. "The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865–1925." New York: University of Cambridge Press, 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nash, Jay Robert. "World Encyclopedia of Organized Crime." Chicago: Da Capo Press, 1993.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Opposing Shea." "Boston Daily Globe." August 7, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prison for Teamster Shea." "Chicago Daily Tribune." July 24, 1908.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Project to End Strike." "Chicago Daily Tribune." June 18, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Raid Bomb Factory in Chicago's War On Labor Terror." "New York Times." May 13, 1922.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rigg, Sterling. "The Chicago Teamsters' Unions." "Journal of Political Economy." 34:1 (February 1926).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Riots In Streets After Nightfall Involve Drivers." "Chicago Daily Tribune." August 10, 1904.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rooney and Shea Deny Ownership of Saloon." "Chicago Daily Tribune." July 23, 1916.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Roosevelt Obliges Shea." "New York Times." December 18, 1906.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Roosevelt Rebukes Leaders of Strike." "New York Times." May 11, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rush To Indict Chicago Laborites." "New York Times." May 12, 1922.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Say 'Czar' Shea Earned His Title." "Chicago Daily Tribune." December 15, 1906.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shea Acquitted By Jury." "New York Times." February 22, 1907.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shea and Strike Growing Weaker." "Chicago Daily Tribune." May 28, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shea Asks President's Aid." "New York Times." December 11, 1906.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shea Beaten By 10 Votes." "Boston Daily Globe." August 10, 1907.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shea Begins War of Retaliation." "Chicago Daily Tribune." March 8, 1907.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shea Begs Help From Roosevelt." "Chicago Daily Tribune." December 11, 1906.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shea Chosen." "Boston Daily Globe." August 9, 1903.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shea Controls Convention." "New York Times." August 8, 1906.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shea Faces His Dismissal." "Chicago Daily Tribune." June 15, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shea, Head of the Teamsters, Has Risen From A Tip-Cart Man." "Boston Daily Globe." December 2, 1906.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shea, In Power, 'Seeing Things'." "Chicago Daily Tribune." June 28, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shea Is Locked Up For Two Hours In Cell." "Chicago Daily Tribune." June 6, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shea, Member of 'Big 3,' And Two Others Get Bail." "Chicago Daily Tribune." June 13, 1922.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shea, Strike Leader, Arrested for Libel." "New York Times." June 4, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shea Tells of Bribery." "New York Times." June 2, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shea to Serve 5 to 25 Years." "Boston Daily Globe." July 24, 1909.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shea to Test Strength." "Chicago Daily Tribune." August 25, 1906.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shea Trial Cost Heavy." "Chicago Daily Tribune." November 19, 1906.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shea Under Arrest for Strike Conspiracy." "New York Times." June 6, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shea's Scepter About to Fall?" "Chicago Daily Tribune." March 22, 1907.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Signs of Peace Supersede Shea." "Chicago Daily Tribune." May 30, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sloane, Arthur A. "Hoffa." Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sordid Stain of Crime Dyes Records of Labor Chieftains." "Chicago Daily Tribune." May 11, 1922.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stores Refuse to Settle Alone." "Chicago Daily Tribune." June 10, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Strike Leaders Defy the Court." "Chicago Daily Tribune." May 25, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Strike of 8,000 Depends on Vote." "Chicago Daily Tribune." June 9, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Strike Parleys Over, Chicago Troops Ready." "New York Times." May 24, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shea Sped to Cell By Court." "Chicago Daily Tribune." July 24, 1909.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Strike Spreads." "Chicago Daily Tribune." July 27, 1904.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Strike Spreads Among Drivers." "Chicago Daily Tribune." August 9, 1904.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Strike Treated As 'Dead Issue'." "Chicago Daily Tribune." June 14, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Strikers' Price Fixed at $50,000." "Chicago Daily Tribune." June 3, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sues and Arrests Shea and Young." "Chicago Daily Tribune." June 4, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taft, Philip. "The A.F. of L. in the Time of Gompers." Hardback reprint. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1957.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Teamsters Are For War." "Chicago Daily Tribune." November 23, 1903.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Teamsters Begin Open War On Shea." "Chicago Daily Tribune." August 6, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Teamsters Re-Elect Shea." "New York Times." August 13, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Teamsters Re-Elect Shea." "New York Times." August 10, 1906.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Teamsters Split Over Contracts." "Chicago Daily Tribune." November 25, 1903.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Teamsters' Union Fight Gets Worse." "Chicago Daily Tribune." August 10, 1906.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tells Crimes of Wrecking Crews." "Chicago Daily Tribune." December 6, 1906.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tells of Bribery Behind Strike." "Chicago Daily Tribune." June 2, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tells of Union Slugging." "New York Times." December 4, 1906.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Terms of Peace Wrecked by Shea." "Chicago Daily Tribune." June 4, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Think Prisoners Are Union Strike Bombers." "New York Times." May 21, 1921.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "30,000 Drivers Will Secede." "Chicago Daily Tribune." August 15, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Threw Vitriol At Teams, Says Chicago Picket." "New York Times." December 6, 1906.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "To Test Union Sympathy." "Chicago Daily Tribune." April 6, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Twelve Labor Heads Indicted in Chicago." "New York Times." April 30, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "200 Labor Chiefs Arrested in Chicago After Two Policemen Are Shot Dead And Industrial Plants Are Bombed." "New York Times." May 11, 1922.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Union Split, Heads Broken." "Chicago Daily Tribune." August 23, 1906.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Witwer, David. "Corruption and Reform in the Teamsters Union." Champaign, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Witwer, David. "The Scandal of George Scalise: A Case Study in the Rise of Labor Racketeering in the 1930s." "Journal of Social History." 36:4 (Summer 2003).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Women Betray Labor Leaders." "Chicago Daily Tribune." June 12, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Young Betrays Shea." "New York Times." December 1, 1906.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Young Opens Up." "Chicago Daily Tribune." December 2, 1906.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The First Teamsters: Building a Union." International Brotherhood of Teamsters. No date. Accessed September 22, 2007.

description: American labor leader

wikidata_label: Cornelius Shea

wikipedia_title: Cornelius Shea


text:
acoustical physicist
ultrasonics
piezoelectric transducers
acoustic cavitation
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Institute of Acoustics (IOA) of CAS
Ningbo
Zhejiang
Wuhan
Huachung University
Tsinghua University
electronics
Brown University
Journal of Applied Physics
Acta Metallurgica
the Cultural Revolution
Ultrasonics
Wave Motion

categories: Physicists from Zhejiang,Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,1918 births,Tsinghua University alumni,Scientists from Ningbo,2011 deaths,Brown University alumni

paragraph: Ying Chongfu

paragraph: Ying Chongfu or C. F. Ying (; June 15, 1918 – June 30, 2011) was a Chinese acoustical physicist, founder and pioneer of ultrasonics research in China., specializing in dispersion of ultrasonics in solids, ultrasonic piezoelectric transducers, ultrasonic propagation in soft tissues, power ultrasonics, laser ultrasound and acoustic cavitation. An academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ying was a research professor at Institute of Acoustics (IOA) of CAS, inaugural Chairman of the Acoustical Society of China (ASC) and Editor-in-Chief of the academic journal Applied Acoustics.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Ying was born in 1918 in Ningbo, Zhejiang, China to a middle-class family. His father was an accountant working for a British firm in China. Ying grew up in Wuhan and was taught English since very young. In 1940, he graduated from the Christian missionary college Huachung University and received his master's degree from Physics Department of Tsinghua University in 1945. Ying went to the U.S. in 1948 with a scholarship of Huachung University. He studied electronics with Prof. H. E. Farnsworth in Brown University where he received the Ph.D. degree in 1951.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1951, Ying started to work for Prof. Rohn Truell's Metals Research Laboratory of Brown University and co-authored with Prof. Truell a series of research papers. Three of them are regarded as laying the foundation for the later development of ultrasonics, according to the Institute of Acoustics of CAS and some researchers around the world:

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""Complicated Domain Patterns on Iron‐Silicon Single Crystals"", published in Journal of Applied Physics (Dec. 1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""The Effect of Hydrogen on Ultrasonic Attenuation and Velocity Measurements in Titanium"", published in Acta Metallurgica (May 1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""Scattering of a Plane Longitudinal Wave by a Spherical Obstacle in an Isotropically Elastic Solid"", published in Journal of Applied Physics (October 1956)

paragraph: In 1956, Ying came back to China and entered into the Chinese Academy of Sciences, served as researcher at Institute of Applied Physics; then in 1957, director of research at the Institute of Electronics; and then in 1964, director of research at the newly founded Institute of Acoustics. He dedicated himself in promoting the research and applications of ultrasonics in China despite the turbulences of the political movements beginning to overwhelm the Chinese society since early 1960s. During the Cultural Revolution(1966-1976), Ying was tortured, saw his liberty denied during 8 months and once attempted suicide in 1968, while his first spouse died of cancer in a camp in southern China.

paragraph: Ying was appointed the deputy director of the Institute of Acoustics in 1978 when the IOA was reconstituted in the aftermath of the Cultural Revolution. From 1978 to his death in 2011, Ying made numerous breakthroughs in research, education, and was granted national awards for 4 times by the Chinese government.

paragraph: He has also multiplied the international interactions in the fields of ultrasonics with researchers from western countries. In 1980, he was named overseas editor by the British scientific journal "Ultrasonics" and American "Wave Motion".

paragraph: In 1990, Ying published another influential research paper ""Photoelastic Visualization and Theoretical Analyses of Scatterings of Ultrasonic Pulses in Solids"" in the scientific journal Physical Acoustics and a 600-page treatise in Chinese entitled "Ultrasonics".

paragraph: In October 1993, Ying was elected academician of CAS.

paragraph: Ying dedicated the last decade of his life to the research of acoustic cavitation, in which China considered itself lagged behind.

wikidata_label: Ying Chongfu

wikipedia_title: Ying Chongfu


text:
Valdemar II of Denmark
Duke
Revelia
Blekinge
Lolland
Helena Guttormsdotter
Esbern Snare
Guttorm
Estonia
Reval (Tallinn)
Blekinge
Abel
Christopher
Eric IV of Denmark
Stegeborg Castle
Lolland
Eric, Duke of Halland
Svantepolk Knudsen
Folkung
Knut Folkason
Magnus VII of Norway

categories: Dukes of Lolland,Dukes of Estonia,Medieval Danish nobility,Illegitimate children of Danish monarchs,Year of birth uncertain,1260 deaths,House of Estridsen,13th-century Danish people,Burials at St. Bendt's Church

paragraph: Canute, Duke of Estonia

paragraph: Canute or Knud Valdemarsen (1207 – 1260) was an illegitimate of King Valdemar II of Denmark, who became Duke of Revelia, Blekinge and Lolland.

paragraph: Canute was the son of the king by his mistress, Helena Guttormsdotter, widow of Danish nobleman Esbern Snare and daughter of Guttorm, Riksjarl of Sweden. His father gave him lands in Estonia as a hereditary duchy in 1219. He was made Duke of Reval (Tallinn) in 1219, but was dispossessed as Denmark were thrown out by the Estonians in 1227. As compensation, he was given Blekinge in 1242, which he held until his death. Canute supported the younger rebel brothers, Abel and Christopher, against King Eric IV of Denmark in 1246, and was imprisoned at Stegeborg Castle. The king forced him to exchange Blekinge temporarily for Lolland, but Blekinge was soon restored to Canute's possession.

paragraph: Canute left two sons Eric, Duke of Halland (died 1304) and Lord Svantepolk Knudsen (died 1310), as well as a daughter who is said to have married a Folkung. Canute's land of Blekinge, with Lister, was given to his great-grandson lord Knut Folkason in the 1330s by King Magnus VII of Norway. Lord Knut's heirs continued to claim the lordship.

description: Duke of Estonia

wikidata_label: Canute, Duke of Estonia

wikipedia_title: Canute, Duke of Estonia


text: François Baillairgé

text: Jean Baillairgé

text: Quebec

text: Charles Baillairgé

text: Historic Places of Canada

paragraph: Thomas Baillairgé

paragraph: Thomas Baillairgé (20 December 1791 – 9 February 1859) was both a wood carver and architect, following the tradition of the family. He was the son of François Baillairgé and the grandson of Jean Baillairgé, both men being termed architects under the definition of the time. The family had been based in Quebec since 1741 and Thomas attended English school and then the "Petit Séminaire de Québec". During the latter time, he would also have begun to learn wood carving and architecture.

paragraph: By 1815, Thomas had begun his career in earnest, and from then until 1848, he designed numerous buildings; churches, houses and other projects. During this period he trained a number of students. Among his apprentices was Charles Baillairgé, his cousin's nephew. He also did wood carving and some painting. Through his work and that of people he trained, his influence carried through the first two decades of the twentieth century.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quebec Seminary, Chapel of the Congregation, 1821–24

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Genevieve Roman Catholic Church, Gouin Boulevard West, Montreal; designed 1822; built 1843-45

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of Sainte-Claire in 1823

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notre Dame Roman Catholic Baslica, St. Famille Chapel, 1824; new facade for the church, 1843–44; burned 1922; rebuilt

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hotel Dieu Palais street, altar for the Chapel, 1829; new facade for the chapel, 1835

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parliament House, for the National Assembly, a conversion of the existing Archbishop's Palace on the present site of Montmorency Park; with major additions, 1830–36; completed in 1852 by Pierre Gauvreau and George Browne; burned 1854

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church at Lauzon in 1830

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of Saint-Pierre-les-Becquets (Les Becquets) in 1839

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of Saint-Anselme in 1845

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of St Patrick’s at Quebec in 1831 burned 1971; demol. 1974

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of Saint-Charles-des-Grondines in 1831

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of Sainte-Croix in 1835

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ursuline Convent, Parloir Street, addition of the Ste. Angele wing, 1836; altered 1873 by J.F. Peachy (L. Noppen "et al.")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church at Deschambault in 1833; interior 1841

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of Sainte-Geneviève in 1836

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of Sainte-Luce built in 1836

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of Saint-Joachim in 1815

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church at Lauzon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of Saint-Antoine-de-Tilly

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of Saint-François on the Île d’Orléans

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church at Lotbinière in 1824

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church at Charlesbourg in 1833

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of L’Ancienne-Lorette 1837

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Charles Roman Catholic Church, Grondines Quebec, 1838–40

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Francois Xavier Roman Catholic Church, 1839–49; St. Francois-Du-Lac, QUE.

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Roch Roman Catholic Convent, Church Street, 1842–44; altered 1875, 1912, 1955; demol

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bishop's Palace, Montmorency Park, 1843–44

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church at Sainte-Luce in 1845

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sisters of Charity Orphanage, St. Olivier Street, rebuilding of the orphanage, 1845

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eglise St. Roch, St. Joseph Street, 1846–50; demol. 1914

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church at Lévis in 1850

paragraph: BULLET::::- the nave of the church of Pointe-aux-Trembles (Neuville) in 1854

paragraph: BULLET::::- Séminaire de Nicolet in 1826

paragraph: BULLET::::- Convent of Saint-Roch

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collège de Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Canada 1800-1950

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historic Places of Canada

description: wood carver and architect

wikidata_label: Thomas Baillairgé

wikipedia_title: Thomas Baillairgé


categories: 20th-century Lithuanian people,Lithuanian educators,1904 births,20th-century Lithuanian educators,1958 deaths,Lithuanian sportsmen

paragraph: Vytautas Augustauskas

paragraph: Vytautas Augustauskas-Augustaitis (since 1939 Augustaitis; April 9, 1904 – June 27, 1958) was a Lithuanian educator, scientist, sports organizer, and one of the Lithuanian physical education system creators.

wikidata_label: Vytautas Augustaitis

wikipedia_title: Vytautas Augustauskas


text: New York

text: Gardiners Island

text: Woerden

text: New England

text: Boston

text: John Winthrop

text: Connecticut

text: Saybrook

text: Westminster, England

text: Nottinghamshire, England

text: Isle of Wight

text: Edward Howell

text: Southampton, Long Island

text: witchcraft trial

text: Elizabeth Garlick

text: John Mason

text: Connecticut Company

text: Connecticut Colony

text: Connecticut River

text: Pequot War

text: Montaukett

text: North Fork, Suffolk County, New York

text: South Fork, Suffolk County, New York

text: New Amsterdam

text: Gardiners Island

text: East Hampton, New York

text: David Gardiner

text: New York State Senator

text: Julia Gardiner Tyler

text: President

text: John Tyler

text: First Lady of the United States

text: Gardiner Greene Hubbard

text: lawyer

text: financier

text: philanthropist

text: Bell Telephone Company

text: National Geographic Society

text: Aaron Bancroft

text: John Chandler

text: John Davis

text: lawyer

text: businessman

text: governor of Massachusetts

text: George Bancroft

text: historian

text: statesman

text: Benjamin C. Bradlee

text: Washington Post

text: Watergate

text: Quinn Bradlee

text: Alfred Conkling

text: U.S. Minister to Mexico

text: Roscoe Conkling

text: New York

text: Alfred Conkling Coxe, Sr.

text: Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit

text: Alfred Conkling Coxe, Jr.

text: Louis O. Coxe

text: Maine

text: Broadway

text: Billy Budd

text: Bancroft Davis

text: James Gore King

text: Horace Davis

text: United States Representative

text: California

text: Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.

text: United States Senator

text: Massachusetts

text: U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations

text: Ambassador to South Vietnam

text: Ambassador to West Germany

text: Vice President

text: George C. Lodge

text: Business Administration

text: Harvard Business School

text: John Davis Lodge

text: Republican

text: U.S. Representative

text: governor of Connecticut

text: ambassador to Spain

text: Argentina

text: Switzerland

text: John Gardiner Calkins Brainard

text: lawyer

text: editor

text: poet

text: Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor

text: National Geographic Society

text: Gilbert Melville Grosvenor

text: National Geographic Society

text: National Geographic Magazine

text: Melville Bell Grosvenor

text: National Geographic Society

text: National Geographic Magazine

text: Mabel Gardiner Hubbard

text: Alexander Graham Bell

text: scientist

text: inventor

text: engineer

text: innovator

text: telephone

text: Norwegian

text: figure skater

text: Sonja Henie

text: Mildred Shay

text: Schuyler Hamilton

text: Alexander Hamilton

text: Selah Brewster Strong

text: New York

text: Marcius D. Raymond

text: publisher

text: writer

text: genealogist

text: editor

text: historian

text: Roy Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson of Fleet

text: David Gardiner Tyler

text: Democratic

text: Virginia State Senator

text: U.S. Representative

text: John Tyler

text: Lyon Gardiner Tyler

text: educator

text: historian

text: John Tyler

text: Robert David Lion Gardiner

text: Gardiners Island

text: conservation easement

text: Gardiners Island Lighthouse

text: The Worlds of Lion Gardiner

text: "Relation of the Pequot Warres" (1660)

text: The journal of John Winthrop, 1630-1649

categories: Kingdom of England emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies,People of colonial New York,Pequot War,1663 deaths,People from East Hampton (town), New York,1599 births

paragraph: Lion Gardiner

paragraph: Lion Gardiner (1599–1663) founded the first settlement in New York on Long Island. His legacy includes Gardiners Island, which is held by his descendants.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Lion Gardiner was born in England in 1599. He and his wife Mary left Woerden in the Netherlands and embarked for New England in the ship "Batcheler" on July 10, 1635. The ship arrived at Boston at the end of November in 1635. Governor John Winthrop noted Gardiner's arrival in his "Journal" under the date November 28:

paragraph: Here arrived a small Norsey bark of twenty-five tons sent by Lords Say, etc, with one Gardiner, an expert engineer or work base, and provisions of all sorts, to begin a fort at the mouth of the Connecticut. She came through many great tempests; yet, through the Lord's great providence, her passengers, twelve men, two women, and all goods, all safe.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Marriage and family.

paragraph: Shortly before departing from the Netherlands, he married Mary Willemsen Deurcant, the daughter of Dericke Willemsen Deurcant and Hachin Bastiens, who was born at Woerden about 1601. She died in 1665 in East Hampton, New York. She was buried next to her husband. They were the parents of three children: David, Mary and Elizabeth.

paragraph: Their only son, David Gardiner, was born on April 29, 1636, at Saybrook. He married on June 4, 1657, Mary Leringman, a widow, at St. Margaret's Parish in the City of Westminster, England.

paragraph: Mary Gardiner was born on August 30, 1638, at Saybrook, Connecticut. She married in 1658, Jeremiah Conkling, the son of Ananias Conkling, who was from Nottinghamshire, England.

paragraph: Elizabeth Gardiner, was born on September 14, 1641, at the Isle of Wight, New York. She married in 1657, Arthur Howell, a son of Edward Howell of Southampton, Long Island. Her death led to the witchcraft trial of Elizabeth Garlick.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career.

paragraph: Gardiner was a military engineer in service of the Prince of Orange in the Netherlands along with John Mason, and he was hired by the Connecticut Company in 1635 to oversee construction of fortifications in Connecticut Colony. He finished and commanded the Saybrook Fort at the mouth of the Connecticut River during the Pequot War of 1636–37. In 1639, he purchased an island from the Montaukett tribe which they called "Manchonat", located between the North Fork, Suffolk County, New York and South Fork, Suffolk County, New York. The original grant by which he acquired proprietary rights in the island made it an entirely separate and independent plantation, in no way connected either with Connecticut Colony or New Amsterdam. He was thus empowered to draft laws for church and state. He called it the Isle of Wight, but it is now known as Gardiners Island.

paragraph: In 1660, Gardiner wrote the firsthand account "Relation of the Pequot Warres". The manuscript was lost among various state archives until rediscovered in 1809; it was first published in 1833.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: Lion Gardiner was buried in East Hampton, New York, and a recumbent effigy was erected in his memory in 1886. He and many of his descendants are buried in the South End Cemetery by Town Pond.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Descendants.

paragraph: Lion Gardiner's descendants number in the thousands today. Some of his notable descendants include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Gardiner, New York State Senator, father of Julia Gardiner Tyler

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julia Gardiner Tyler, daughter of David Gardiner; second wife of President John Tyler; First Lady of the United States from June 26, 1844, to March 4, 1845

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gardiner Greene Hubbard, lawyer, financier, and philanthropist. He was one of the founders of the Bell Telephone Company and the first president of the National Geographic Society.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aaron Bancroft, clergyman, husband of Lucretia Chandler, daughter of John Chandler

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eliza Bancroft, married to John Davis, lawyer, businessman and governor of Massachusetts

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Bancroft, historian and statesman

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chevalier Benjamin C. Bradlee, Vice President-at-Large of the Washington Post, Fmr. Executive Editor of the Washington Post during Watergate.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quinn Bradlee, Author, Founder and CEO of FriendsOfQuinn.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfred Conkling, U.S. Representative, judge of the District Court for the Northern District of New York, U.S. Minister to Mexico

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roscoe Conkling, U.S. Senator, Republican political boss from New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfred Conkling Coxe, Sr., judge of the District Court for the Northern District of New York and later the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, author

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfred Conkling Coxe, Jr., judge of the District Court for the Southern District of New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis O. Coxe, poet, playwright, and professor from Maine best known for the Broadway version of Billy Budd

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bancroft Davis married Frederika Gore King, the daughter of U.S. Representative James Gore King

paragraph: BULLET::::- Horace Davis, a United States Representative from California

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., Republican United States Senator from Massachusetts; U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, Ambassador to South Vietnam, Ambassador to West Germany; Special Envoy to the Holy See; 1960 Republican nominee for Vice President

paragraph: BULLET::::- George C. Lodge, the Jaime and Josefina Chua Tiampo Professor of Business Administration Emeritus at Harvard Business School

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Davis Lodge, actor, Republican politician; U.S. Representative; governor of Connecticut; ambassador to Spain, Argentina, and Switzerland

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Gardiner Calkins Brainard, lawyer, editor and poet.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor, first full-time editor and president of the National Geographic Society.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gilbert Melville Grosvenor, is past president and chief executive of the National Geographic Society, as well as a former editor of "National Geographic Magazine".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Melville Bell Grosvenor, was the president of the National Geographic Society and editor of "National Geographic Magazine" from 1957 to 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mabel Gardiner Hubbard married Alexander Graham Bell, an eminent scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited with inventing the first practical telephone.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winthrop Gardiner, Jr., the 14th Proprietor of Gardiners Island. He married Norwegian figure skater and actress, Sonja Henie, after his divorce from actress Mildred Shay.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gertrude Van Cortlandt Wells, married Schuyler Hamilton, Jr., the son of Schuyler Hamilton and great-grandson of Alexander Hamilton

paragraph: BULLET::::- Selah Brewster Strong, lawyer and politician from New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marcius D. Raymond, publisher, writer, genealogist, editor, historian

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Thomson, 3rd Baron Thomson of Fleet, Canadian billionaire and art collector

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kenneth Thomson, 2nd Baron Thomson of Fleet, Canadian billionaire, art collector, and philanthropist

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roy Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson of Fleet, Canadian businessman

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Gardiner Tyler, Democratic lawyer and politician, Virginia State Senator, U.S. Representative, son of president John Tyler

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lyon Gardiner Tyler, educator and historian, another son of president John Tyler

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert David Lion Gardiner, Columbia College (1934), once an owner of Gardiners Island and "... the 16th Lord of the Manor ...".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexandra Creel Goelet, current owner of Gardiners Island. The Goelets offered to place a conservation easement on the island in exchange for a promise from the town of East Hampton not to up-zone the land, change its assessment, or attempt to acquire it by condemnation. The Goelets and East Hampton agreed upon the easement through 2025.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dunn, Richard "The journal of John Winthrop, 1630-1649".Abridged Edition: published by Harvard University Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gardiner, Curtiss C. "Lion Gardiner, and his descendants with Illustrations 1599-1890". St. Louis, Missouri : A.Whipple, Publisher

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lion Gardiner, and his descendants with Illustrations 1599-1890". by Curtiss C. Gardiner, St. Louis, Missouri : A.Whipple, Publisher 1890

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gardiners Island Lighthouse

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encyclopedia of New York: Gardiners Island

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Worlds of Lion Gardiner Stony Brook University, March 20–21, 2009

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Relation of the Pequot Warres" (1660)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The journal of John Winthrop, 1630-1649 Abridged Edition: by Richard Dunn, published by Harvard University Press

description: engineer

wikidata_label: Lion Gardiner

wikipedia_title: Lion Gardiner


text:
Argentine
football (soccer)
Argentina national football team
Club Atlético Rosario Central
1927 South American Championship
1928 Olympic football tournament
Sports profile

categories: Club Atlético Atlanta footballers,Olympic footballers of Argentina,1900 births,Olympic medalists in football,Medalists at the 1928 Summer Olympics,1973 deaths,Olympic silver medalists for Argentina,Argentine footballers,Footballers at the 1928 Summer Olympics,Argentina international footballers

paragraph: Octavio Díaz

paragraph: Octavio Juan Díaz (7 October 1900 – 12 November 1977) was an Argentine football (soccer) goalkeeper who played for the Argentina national football team.

paragraph: Díaz played club football for Club Atlético Rosario Central, where he won a few local titles and a national cup in 1920. He represented Argentina on 9 occasions between 1926 and 1928. He was a member of the Argentine team, which won the 1927 South American Championship and the silver medal in the 1928 Olympic football tournament.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sports profile

description: Argentine footballer

wikidata_label: Octavio Díaz

wikipedia_title: Octavio Díaz


text:
bishop of Bergamo
Christian
Apostolic Age
friar
Diocletian
crypt
relics
Viator
translated

wikipedia_title:
Roman Catholic Diocese of Bergamo
Christianity
Apostolic Age
Friar
Diocletian
Crypt
Relic
Viator of Bergamo
Translation (relic)

categories: 345 deaths,Bishops of Bergamo,Year of birth unknown,4th-century Christian saints,Italian saints

paragraph: Narnus

paragraph: Saint Narnus () is venerated as the first bishop of Bergamo. Christian tradition holds that he was consecrated during the Apostolic Age in his office by St. Barnabas, although Narnus probably lived later than that. The oldest source that mentions Narnus dates from the 13th century; it was written by Branca da Gandino, a friar. He considers Narnus a bishop of Bergamo during the reign of Diocletian in the fourth century.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: He was buried in the crypt of a church in Bergamo dedicated to Saint Alexander of Bergamo. When this church was demolished in 1561, Narnus’ relics, as well as those of his successor St. Viator, were translated to the church of San Vincenzo, today the cathedral of Bergamo, where they still rest today.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Narnus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santi e Beati

description: Bishop of Bergamo

wikidata_label: Narnus

wikipedia_title: Narnus


text:
André Haudry
Jean-Baptiste de Montullé
Émilie-Sophie de Montullé

paragraph: Élisabeth Haudry

paragraph: Élisabeth Françoise de Montullé, née Élisabeth Françoise Haudry (1727 - 13 March 1800) was a French noblewoman and salon-holder. She was the daughter of the fermier général André Haudry, wife of the magistrate Jean-Baptiste de Montullé and mother of the painter Émilie-Sophie de Montullé.

wikidata_label: Élisabeth Haudry

wikipedia_title: Élisabeth Haudry


text: Count of Boulogne

text: Earl of Surrey

text: King Stephen of England

text: Countess Matilda I of Boulogne

text: Eustace IV of Boulogne

text: Henry Plantagenet

text: Gervase of Canterbury

text: Mary I

text: Hamelin Plantagenet

text: R. H. C. Davis

categories: 1159 deaths,12th-century English people,1137 births,House of Blois,Counts of Boulogne,Counts of Mortain,Earls of Surrey

paragraph: William I, Count of Boulogne

paragraph: William I of Blois (c. 113711 October 1159) was Count of Boulogne (1153–1159) and Earl of Surrey "jure uxoris" (1153–1159). He was the second son of King Stephen of England and Countess Matilda I of Boulogne.

paragraph: When his elder brother, Eustace IV of Boulogne, died in 1153, William was passed over in the succession to England. His father instead conceded the throne to the young Henry Plantagenet (son of his cousin, Matilda), in order to end the war between Stephen and Henry, of which both sides were growing weary. The new King Henry was quite generous in his treatment of William of Blois, confirming his possession of the Earldom of Surrey "jure uxoris" (in right of his wife).

paragraph: However, Gervase of Canterbury asserts a plot against Henry's life was discovered in 1154 among some Flemish mercenaries. The plan was to assassinate Henry in Canterbury, and allegedly William of Blois had knowledge of this plot or was in connivance with the mercenaries. Whatever the truth, Henry fled Canterbury and returned to Normandy.

paragraph: William of Blois had married Isabel de Warenne, 4th Countess of Surrey, in 1148. They had no children. He died, in 1159, of disease near Toulouse, and was buried at the Poitevin abbey of Montmorel. He was succeeded as Count of Boulogne by his sister, Mary I. His widow remarried to Hamelin Plantagenet.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. H. C. Davis (1967), "King Stephen"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas K. Keefe, "William, earl of Surrey (c. 1135–1159)", "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", 2004

description: English noble

wikidata_label: William I, Count of Boulogne

wikipedia_title: William I, Count of Boulogne


text:
Count of Celje
Styrian
Sigismund of Luxembourg
Croatian lands
ban
Slavonia
Croatia
Dalmatia
heir presumptive
Kingdom of Bosnia
Prince of the Holy Roman Empire
Count Hermann I of Celje
Catherine of Bosnia
House of Celje
Styria
vassals
Habsburg
dukes of Styria
Carinthia
Savinja
Slovenia
House of Kotromanić
Ban Stephen II of Bosnia
King of Bosnia
Tvrtko I
William
Frederick
Barbara
Hermann
legitimized
Bishop of Freising
arranged
Veronika of Desenice
accused her of witchcraft
King Sigismund of Hungary
battle
Ottoman Turks
Nicopolis
Varaždin
Zagorje
Kingdom of Croatia
Slavonia
King Ladislaus of Naples
Palatine of Hungary
Nicholas II Garay
affinity
Ban of Dalmatia and Croatia
Ban of Slavonia
Eberhard
Bishop of Zagreb
Kingdom of Croatia
Order of the Dragon
Count Frederick III
Ortenburg
imperial immediacy
Duke Ernest of Bavaria
Duke Ernest of Styria and Carinthia
King of Germany
right of coinage
Prince of the Holy Roman Empire
Kingdom of Bosnia
Tvrtko II
heir presumptive
Pressburg
King of Bosnia
Pleterje Charterhouse
Carthusian
Slovene lands
allodial title

categories: Counts of Celje,1435 deaths,1360s births,Bans of Slavonia,Christians of the Crusade of Nicopolis,Bans of Croatia

paragraph: Hermann II, Count of Celje

paragraph: Hermann II (; early 1360s – 13 October 1435), Count of Celje, was a Styrian nobleman and magnate most notable as the faithful supporter and father-in-law of the Hungarian king Sigismund of Luxembourg. Hermann's loyalty to the King ensured him generous grants of land and privileges that led him to become the greatest landowner in the Croatian lands. He served twice as ban of the combined provinces of Slavonia, Croatia and Dalmatia, and was recognized by a treaty in 1427 as heir presumptive to the Kingdom of Bosnia. The House of Celje's rise to power culminated in achieving the dignity of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire. Hermann was the most important representative of the line of Celje counts, having brought the family from merely local importance to the focus of Central European politics.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Hermann II was the younger son of Count Hermann I of Celje and his wife, Catherine of Bosnia. The House of Celje were Styrian vassals of the Habsburg dukes of Styria and Carinthia with estates along the river Savinja, in present-day Slovenia. Hermann's mother was a member of the House of Kotromanić, daughter of Ban Stephen II of Bosnia and thus cousin of the first King of Bosnia, Tvrtko I. His older brother Hans (c. 1363–1372) having predeceased their father, Hermann was the sole heir of their father upon the latter's death on 21 March 1385. The death of his son-less cousin William on 19 September 1392 made him the sole possessor of the family titles and estates.

paragraph: Hermann II married Anna, daughter of Count Henry of Schaunberg and Ursula of Gorizia, in c. 1377. They had six children: Frederick (1379–1454), Hermann (1380–1426), Elizabeth (1382), Anne (c. 1384–c. 1439), Louis (1387–1417) and Barbara (1392–1451). Hermann had his illegitimate son, Hermann (1383–1421), legitimized and installed as Bishop of Freising. For his legitimate issue he arranged prestigious marriages, but encountered serious problems with his firstborn. Frederick was married to Elizabeth of Krk until she was murdered in 1422; Frederick himself was likely the culprit. He quickly remarried to Veronika of Desenice, but Hermann refused to accept a minor noblewoman as his daughter-in-law. He accused her of witchcraft and had her drowned. Frederick's rebellion against Hermann ended with Frederick's imprisonment.

paragraph: Section::::Rise of Celje.

paragraph: In 1396, Hermann bravely fought at the side of King Sigismund of Hungary during the battle against the Ottoman Turks in the Bulgarian town of Nicopolis. The Christian coalition was soundly defeated. Hermann saved Sigismund's life. The two escaped the battlefield on the same fishing boat and underwent a long journey back to Hungary together. Sigismund rewarded Hermann by assigning to him the district of Varaždin in 1397, followed in 1399 by various other districts in Zagorje along the border of the Kingdom of Croatia and the Holy Roman Empire. These grants were hereditary and made the Celje counts the greatest landowners in Slavonia; from then on, they styled themselves "counts of Celje and Zagorje".

paragraph: Hermann's loyalty persisted during the Hungarian civil war, when Sigismund's kingdoms of Croatia and Hungary were being claimed by King Ladislaus of Naples with the support of Sigismund's rebellious vassals. The rebels succeeded in capturing and imprisoning Sigismund in 1401. Hermann and the Palatine of Hungary Nicholas II Garay procured his release later that year, after Hermann threatened to invade Hungary. The relations between the two men then became even closer. Sigismund had promised to remove foreigners such as Hermann from state offices upon being liberated, but never carried out the promise.

paragraph: In 1405, Sigismund married Hermann's youngest daughter Barbara and granted extensive lands in Slavonia to his father-in-law. Anne, another daughter of Hermann, was married to the Palatine, linking the three families through affinity. In 1406, Sigismund named Hermann Ban of Dalmatia and Croatia and Ban of Slavonia. He held these offices until 1408 and again from 1423 until 1435, benefiting from the dedicated support of Eberhard, the German-born Bishop of Zagreb. All of this made the House of Celje the most powerful family in the Kingdom of Croatia. Hermann was one of the founding members of Sigismund's elite Order of the Dragon, established in 1408. For reasons of economy rather than religious fanaticism, Hermann expelled all Jews from his domain.

paragraph: When Count Frederick III of Ortenburg, the last of his line, died in 1418, his domain was inherited by Hermann. From then on, he controlled three quarters of Carinthia. This made it easier for him to attain imperial immediacy, his family's long-set goal. The marriage of his son Louis and Duke Ernest of Bavaria's daughter Beatrix provided Hermann with a powerful ally against his Habsburg overlords. His goal was finally achieved in 1423 when Duke Ernest of Styria and Carinthia renounced his feudal supremacy over the counts of Celje. This was a reward by Sigismund, also King of Germany since 1411, for Hermann's successful negotiation with the dissatisfied Croatian nobles. It came with the right of coinage as well as the right to collect tolls and revenues from various mines. Now enjoying a direct legal relationship with the Crown, Hermann was free to concentrate on a new goal: becoming Prince of the Holy Roman Empire. He was close to succeeding in this endeavour as well in 1430, but the draft charter granting him this honour never seems to have been published, possibly due to Habsburg objections.

paragraph: Section::::Bosnian succession.

paragraph: In 1426, the Kingdom of Bosnia was under constant threat of Ottoman raids. Its king, Tvrtko II, was desperate to obtain Hungarian protection. King Sigismund agreed but under a condition: the childless Tvrtko was to recognize Hermann, his second cousin and Sigismund's father-in-law, as his heir presumptive. The Bosnian nobility was outraged by the demand. Hermann's accession would have meant an increased influence of Hungary over Bosnia, something they were determined to prevent. Besides, they were used to controlling the royal succession and considered it their right to elect kings. They also feared that Hermann, whose domain enveloped Bosnia, would assist Tvrtko in curbing their power and privileges. The plan nevertheless went ahead; a treaty providing for Hermann's accession in the event of Tvrtko's death without male issue was signed on 2 September 1427.

paragraph: Section::::Death and aftermath.

paragraph: Hermann died in Pressburg on 13 October 1435. Tvrtko indeed died childless, but only eight years later, and Hermann thus never became King of Bosnia. As it happened, the Bosnian crown never passed to the House of Celje at all. Hermann was buried in the Pleterje Charterhouse, a monastery he had founded in 1403 as the last Carthusian monastery in the Slovene lands. The Celje were recognized as princes of the Holy Roman Empire a year following his death, though there is spurious evidence that suggests this may have taken place shortly before Hermann's death, on 27 September 1435. Hermann's allodial titles passed undivided to his firstborn and the only son who outlived him, the 56-year-old Frederick II.

paragraph: The most outstanding among the counts of Celje, Hermann inherited the headship of a family of merely local significance and eventually transformed it into one of Central Europe's most prominent noble families. Hermann's efforts to help Sigismund strengthen the royal authority and centralize the state earned him a bad reputation in old Hungarian historiography, which was itself usually sympathetic to Hungarian nobility. He was portrayed as a selfish manipulator of a weak king.

alias:
Hermann II of Cilli
Herman II

description: Ban of Slavonia and Croatia

wikidata_label: Hermann II, Count of Celje

wikipedia_title: Hermann II, Count of Celje


text:
first-class cricket
batsman
Hampshire
England
County Championship
C. B. Fry
the Oval
Surrey
Hampshire
River Hamble
W G Grace
the touring Australians
Yorkshire
toured Australia in 1911/1912
South Africa in 1913/1914
1912
Southampton
World War I
varicose veins
Tich Freeman
1921
Tests
The Oval
Jack Gregory
Ted McDonald
Nottinghamshire
Herbert Sutcliffe
Wally Hammond
Jack Hobbs
Frank Woolley
toured Australia for the second time
Hedley Verity
Suffolk
Minor Counties
Framlingham College
World War II
blind
Herbert Sutcliffe
Len Braund
Dean Park
Southampton
Fratton Park
Portsmouth
The Dell
goalkeeper
Herbert Lock
Tom Burrows
Southern League
West Ham United
Frank Englefield
Fulham

categories: C. I. Thornton's XI cricketers,Suffolk cricketers,Association football goalkeepers,1887 births,Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers,English cricketers of 1919 to 1945,Players cricketers,People from Battersea,Southern Football League players,England Test cricketers,North v South cricketers,Southampton F.C. players,Sportspeople from London,1958 deaths,East of England cricketers,English cricketers,English footballers,Hampshire cricketers,Wisden Cricketers of the Year

paragraph: Phil Mead

paragraph: Charles Phillip Mead (9 March 1887 – 26 March 1958) was an English first-class cricketer. He played as a left-handed batsman for Hampshire and England between 1905 and 1936. He was born at 10 Ashton Buildings (since pulled down), second eldest of seven children. As a child he played for South London Schools, attending Shillingstone Street School.

paragraph: His exceptionally straight bat and quick footwork (surprising for a man of heavy build as he was) made him one of the most difficult batsmen to dismiss throughout his career. His mastery over the best county spin bowlers even on the most treacherous pitches is remarkable, but he could also be very good against the fastest bowling because he could get closer into line than just about any batsman in cricket history.

paragraph: Mead holds many batting records, notably that of scoring the most runs in the County Championship and the fourth-highest total in all first-class matches. His number of runs for Hampshire, 48,892, is the greatest number any batsman has scored for a single team. He also exceeded one thousand runs in every season of first-class cricket except his first – when he only played one match. He was also a fine fieldsman, holding 675 catches.

paragraph: Section::::Cricket career.

paragraph: C. B. Fry spotted Mead playing as a schoolboy at the Oval and encouraged him to become a professional; he joined the Surrey ground staff in 1902.

paragraph: Mead first trialled for Surrey, but qualified for Hampshire because Surrey's batting strength was such that they were unable to offer him a contract. It is possible that Fry's Hampshire connections (he had a Training Ship "Mercury" on the River Hamble) helped bring Mead to Hampshire. During his residence qualification period Mead worked in coaching naval trainees, and might have made his first-class debut at 17 for Players of the South against the Gentleman, but was vetoed by W G Grace who objected because of his age.

paragraph: After one match against the touring Australians when not qualified in 1905, Mead immediately became a regular with Hampshire, but faltered after a promising beginning including 109 against Yorkshire.

paragraph: However, from 1907 onwards Mead, at this stage an opening batsman, advanced very rapidly, with his average reaching 39 in the very wet summer of 1909. In 1911, he moved down the order to his familiar position of number four, and so successful was this move that he was the leading run-scorer in 1911 and 1913, and toured Australia in 1911/1912 and South Africa in 1913/1914. He was not nearly so successful as might have been expected in Australia, but in South Africa he hit a Test century and played particularly well throughout. In 1912 he had been unbeaten (160* and 33*) in Hampshire's historic win over the Australians at Southampton.

paragraph: After World War I halted county cricket (Mead was rejected from active service because of varicose veins), Mead's list of achievements grew, as his always-remarkable watchfulness and superb footwork made him the complete master of bowlers such as Tich Freeman who were deadly against batsmen of poorer technique. In 1921, after missing the first three Tests against Australia, Mead hit 182 not out at The Oval in the last Test – showing that England seriously erred in not choosing him for the earlier games when Jack Gregory and Ted McDonald had a complete mastery over their batsmen. He also hit his highest score of 280 not out that year against Nottinghamshire. Hampshire, remarkably, lost the match as they had been bowled out cheaply on a good wicket in their first innings!

paragraph: Between 1922 and 1928, Mead was consistently one of the top batsmen in county cricket, but England's remarkable batting strength – with men like Herbert Sutcliffe, Wally Hammond, Jack Hobbs and Frank Woolley – meant Mead had few opportunities at Test level. After scoring over 3000 runs in 1928, Mead toured Australia for the second time, but was dropped after one Test so as to make room for another bowler.

paragraph: In 1929, affected by injury, Mead declined substantially, failing to reach 2000 runs for the first time since the war. However, despite no longer being in the front rank of English batsmen, Mead was still feared for his great technical skill and reached a thousand runs every year until, at the age of forty-nine in 1936, he was not re-engaged by Hampshire. In his last innings, Mead played a superbly skilful 52 against Hedley Verity on a badly wearing wicket, and he played for Suffolk in the Minor Counties Championship with considerable success in 1938 and 1939 while cricket coach at Framlingham College.

paragraph: He had predictable mannerisms – having got to the crease with his "rolling, self-reliant" walk, he took guard, twirled his bat, tapped his bat in the crease and took several shuffling steps up to it. Before every ball he would tug his cap. His batting was not slow, but completely unhurried; a spectator once described him as having 'stone-walled' from a quarter to one to half past six for 200.

paragraph: Soon after World War II, problems with his eyes which had begun in 1941-2 led to Mead becoming totally blind, but he never complained about this. His financial worries were assuaged by a fund raised by Herbert Sutcliffe for Mead and Len Braund. He retained a great interest in cricket and often attended Hampshire matches at Dean Park right up to his death on 26 March 1958.

paragraph: Section::::Football career.

paragraph: In 1907, Mead signed for Southampton for one season to assist the club's reserve team as a useful inside-forward, but he had no intention of taking up football as a full-time occupation. On 21 December 1907, he was at Fratton Park, Portsmouth for a reserve fixture when he was summoned to The Dell where the Saints had an emergency as both regular goalkeepers, Herbert Lock and Tom Burrows were unavailable through injury. Mead therefore played in goal in a Southern League match against West Ham United. According to Holley & Chalk's "The Alphabet of the Saints" he "shaped up well but was only required to save two shots and kept a blank sheet in a 0–0 draw."

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Married to Beatrice Englefield in 1908, he had two sons, Ronald and Frank. Beatrice's brother, Frank Englefield, was also a professional footballer, playing for both Southampton and Fulham.

description: Cricket player of England.

wikidata_label: Phil Mead

wikipedia_title: Phil Mead