text:
Cyrillic
footballer
defender
FK Kom
FK Budućnost Podgorica
Beta Ethniki
Panetolikos
OFK Grbalj
Columbus Crew
Major League Soccer
FK Mladost Podgorica
Sacramento Republic FC
USL Pro
2014 USL Pro
North American Soccer League
Indy Eleven
Tulsa Roughnecks FC
United Soccer League

categories: Sportspeople from Podgorica,Expatriate footballers in Greece,USL Championship players,Living people,Association football defenders,1984 births,Panetolikos F.C. players,FC Hoverla Uzhhorod players,North American Soccer League players,Indy Eleven players,Major League Soccer players,Columbus Crew SC players,FK Budućnost Podgorica players,Montenegrin footballers,Tulsa Roughnecks FC players,Expatriate soccer players in the United States,Sacramento Republic FC players,OFK Titograd players

paragraph: Nemanja Vuković

paragraph: Nemanja Vuković (Cyrillic: Heмaњa Bукoвић, born 13 April 1984) is a former Montenegrin footballer who played as a defender.

paragraph: Section::::Professional.

paragraph: Vuković started his career in Montenegro with FK Kom in 2003. In 2005, he signed with FK Budućnost Podgorica in Montenegro. In 2009, he moved to Greek Beta Ethniki side Panetolikos. In summer 2011, he returned to Montenegro with OFK Grbalj.

paragraph: In March 2012, Vuković signed with Columbus Crew of Major League Soccer. He was released at the end of the 2012 season.

paragraph: Vuković returned to Montenegro in early 2013 with FK Mladost Podgorica. He was released in July 2013.

paragraph: In 2014, Vuković signed with expansion club Sacramento Republic FC of the USL Pro. He started 33 games as the new club won the 2014 USL Pro championship.

paragraph: Vuković transferred to North American Soccer League side Indy Eleven on 19 January 2016.

paragraph: On April 2018, Vukovic joined Tulsa Roughnecks FC in the United Soccer League.

description: Footballer

wikidata_label: Nemanja Vuković

wikipedia_title: Nemanja Vuković


text: Roman Catholic

text: Italian

text: composer

text: Roman School

text: Domenico Allegri

text: Rome

text: San Luigi dei Francesi

text: Giovanni Bernardino Nanino

text: Giovanni Maria Nanino

text: Fermo

text: motet

text: Pope Urban VIII

text: Sistine Chapel

text: contralto

text: Andrea Adami

text: sinfonia

text: masses

text: Lamentations of Jeremiah

text: stringed instruments

text: Athanasius Kircher

text: concertato

text: Palestrina

text: string quartet

text: Miserere mei, Deus

text: choir

text: fauxbordon

text: plainsong

text: Tonus peregrinus

text: Holy Week

text: stile antico

text: prima pratica

text: polychoral

text: Giovanni Gabrieli

text: Baroque

text: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: Dr. Burney

text: Holy Week

text: Leipzig

text: Breitkopf and Härtel

text: Rome

text: Felix Mendelssohn

text: Article on Gregorio Allegri's "Misere"

text: ClassicalNet

categories: Italian male classical composers,Musicians from Rome,Italian Roman Catholic priests,Renaissance composers,1582 births,Italian Baroque composers,Italian classical composers,17th-century classical composers,Roman school composers,Pupils of Giovanni Maria Nanino

paragraph: Gregorio Allegri

paragraph: Gregorio Allegri () was a Roman Catholic priest and Italian composer of the Roman School and brother of Domenico Allegri; he was also a singer. He was born and died in Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He studied music as a "puer" (boy chorister) at San Luigi dei Francesi, under the "maestro di capella" Giovanni Bernardino Nanino, brother of Giovanni Maria Nanino. Being intended for the Church, he obtained a benefice in the cathedral of Fermo. Here he composed a large number of motets and other sacred music, which, being brought to the notice of Pope Urban VIII, obtained for him an appointment in the choir of the Sistine Chapel at Rome as a contralto. He held this from 6 December 1629 until his death. As Andrea Adami wrote, Allegri was regarded as singularly pure and benevolent.

paragraph: Among Allegri's musical compositions were two volumes of concerti for five voices published in 1618 and 1619; two volumes of motets for six voices published in 1621; an edition of a four-part sinfonia; five masses; two settings of the "Lamentations of Jeremiah"; and numerous motets which were not published in his lifetime. He was one of the earliest composers for stringed instruments, and Athanasius Kircher has given one specimen of this class of his works in his "Musurgia". Most of Allegri's published music, especially the instrumental music, is in the progressive early Baroque concertato style. However, his work for the Sistine Chapel is descended from the Palestrina style, and in some cases strips even this refined, simple style of almost all localised ornamentation. He is credited with the earliest string quartet.

paragraph: Section::::The "Miserere".

paragraph: By far the best-known and regarded piece of music composed by Allegri is the "Miserere mei, Deus", a setting of Vulgate Psalm 50 (= Psalm 51). It is written for two choirs, the one of five and the other of four voices, and has obtained considerable celebrity. One of the choirs sings a simple "fauxbordon" based on the original plainsong chant for the "Tonus peregrinus"; the other choir sings a similar "fauxbordon" with pre-existing elaborations and the use of cadenzas. The "Miserere" has for many years been sung annually during Holy Week in the Sistine Chapel. Many have cited this work as an example of the "stile antico" (old style) or "prima pratica" (first practice). However, its emphasis on polychoral techniques certainly put it out of the range of "prima pratica." A more accurate comparison would be to the works of Giovanni Gabrieli.

paragraph: The "Miserere" is one of the most often-recorded examples of late Renaissance music, although it was actually written during the chronological confines of the Baroque era; in this regard it is representative of the music of the Roman School of composers, who were stylistically conservative. The work acquired a considerable reputation for mystery and inaccessibility between the time of its composition and the era of modern recording; the Vatican, wanting to preserve its aura of mystery, forbade copies, threatening any publication or attempted copy with excommunication. They were not prepared, however, for a special visit in 1770 from a 14-year-old named Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, who, on a trip to Rome with his father, heard it but twice and transcribed it faithfully from memory, thus creating the first known unauthorised copy. However, there is evidence that copies of the work that pre-date Mozart's visit to Rome in 1770 had already been circulating in Europe, and Mozart may have heard the piece performed in London in 1764 or 1765 as well.

paragraph: In 1771 Mozart's copy was procured and published in England by the famous traveler and music historian Dr. Burney. However, Burney's edition does not show the ornamentation for which the work was famous. The music itself is rather basic—church music at the time placed a large gap between written and performance practice—embellishments were largely placed in the hands of the performers' tastes, although the Vatican score itself was altered largely by performers and visitors over the years.

paragraph: The music as it is performed today includes a strange error by a copyist in the 1880s. The curious "trucker's gear change" from G minor to C minor is because the second half of the verse is the same as the first half, but transposed up a fourth. The original never had a Top C.

paragraph: The entire music performed at Rome in Holy Week, Allegri's "Miserere" included, has been issued at Leipzig by Breitkopf and Härtel. Interesting accounts of the impression produced by the performance at Rome may be found in the first volume of Felix Mendelssohn's letters and in Miss Taylor's "Letters from Italy".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Biography and detailed essay on his "Miserere mei"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article on Gregorio Allegri's "Misere" on ClassicalNet

description: Italian composer

wikidata_label: Gregorio Allegri

wikipedia_title: Gregorio Allegri


text: Italian

text: canon law

text: decretal

text: Rifredo

text: Florence

text: canon law

text: University of Bologna

text: Padua

text: Pisa

text: Padua

text: Pope Boniface VIII

text: cardinal

text: Novella

text: Bettina d'Andrea

text: Black Death

text: Dominican

text: Johannes Calderinus

text: Paulus de Liazariis

text: Johannes de Sancto Georgio

text: humanists

text: Cino da Pistoia

text: Petrarch

text: gloss

text: Pope Gregory IX

text: Decretal

text: Jerome

text: Constitutiones Clementinae

text: Clementines of 1317

text: Boniface VIII

text: Durandus

text: Oldradus de Ponte

text: Johannes Anguisciola

text: "Giovanni d'Andrea"

categories: 13th-century jurists,Legal history of Italy,1270s births,1348 deaths,14th-century Latin writers,Italian jurists,Canon law jurists,Italian Renaissance humanists,People from the Province of Florence,Italian lawyers,14th-century Italian writers,14th-century deaths from plague (disease)

paragraph: Giovanni d'Andrea

paragraph: Giovanni d'Andrea or Johannes Andreæ (1270  1275 – 1348) was an Italian expert in canon law, the most renowned and successful canonist of the later Middle Ages. His contemporaries referred to him as "iuris canonici fons et tuba" ("the fount and trumpet of canon law"). Most important among his works were extensive commentaries on all of the official collections of papal decretals, papal judgments in the form of letters to delegated judges that were at the core of canon law.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Giovanni d'Andrea was born at Rifredo, near Florence, and studied Roman law and canon law at the University of Bologna, the great law school of the age, where he distinguished himself in this subject so much that he was made professor at Padua, and then at Pisa before returning to Bologna, where he remained from the season of 1301-02 until his death, save for brief seasons at Padua 1307-09 and 1319. He wrote the statutes by which the University was governed, in 1317.

paragraph: The 1911 "Encyclopædia Britannica" related curious stories of him: that by way of self-mortification he lay every night for twenty years on the bare ground with only a bear's skin for a covering (yet it is known that he remained a layman, was married and had children); that in an audience he had with Pope Boniface VIII his extraordinary shortness of stature led the pope to believe he was kneeling, and to ask him three times to rise, to the immense merriment of the cardinals; and that he had a daughter, Novella, so accomplished in law as to be able to read her father's lectures in his absence, and so beautiful that she had to read behind a curtain lest her face should distract the attention of the students. He was also the father of Bettina d'Andrea.

paragraph: He is reported to have died at Bologna of the Black Death in 1348, and an epitaph in the church of the Dominicans in which he was buried (calling him "Rabbi Doctorum, Lux, Censor, Normaque Morum") testifies to the public estimation of his character.

paragraph: Johannes Calderinus (1300-1365) was his student and later his adoptive son. Paulus de Liazariis and Johannes de Sancto Georgio were among his students, and he counted the humanists Cino da Pistoia and Petrarch among his friends.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Giovanni d'Andrea's output was voluminous:

paragraph: BULLET::::- a gloss called ("Novella sive commentarius in decretales epistolas Gregorii IX") on the "Liber Extra" (1234), compiled under the direction of Pope Gregory IX (see Decretals)

paragraph: BULLET::::- an encomium of Saint Jerome, the "Hierominianum"

paragraph: BULLET::::- glosses on the "Constitutiones Clementinae" or Clementines of 1317 which became the standard gloss for this text

paragraph: BULLET::::- a commentary called the "Mercuriales" on the "Regula iuris" in the "Liber Sextus" (1298) of Boniface VIII.

paragraph: Among lesser works, his additions to the "Speculum" of Durandus are simply an adaptation from the "Consilia" of Oldradus de Ponte, as is also his "De Sponsalibus et Matrimonio", from Johannes Anguisciola.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" in the "Encyclopædia Britannica", 9th Edition, Vol. II, p. 20.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Giovanni d'Andrea", "New Catholic Dictionary"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ken Pennington, "Medieval Canonists ; A Bio-Bibliographical Listing compiled for the "History of Medieval Canon Law"

description: Italian medieval legal scholar

wikidata_label: Giovanni d'Andrea

wikipedia_title: Giovanni d'Andrea


text:
Canadian
ice hockey
Stanley Cup
Memorial Cup
United Airlines Flight 175
South Tower
World Trade Center
New York City
September 11 attacks
Lloydminster
Saskatchewan
Irvine "Ace" Bailey
Toronto Maple Leafs
Edmonton Oil Kings
Memorial Cup
Boston Bruins
Stanley Cup
1970
1972
Detroit Red Wings
St. Louis Blues
Washington Capitals
Edmonton Oilers
World Hockey Association
Wayne Gretzky
Wichita Wind
Central Hockey League
NHL
1975
WHA
Los Angeles Kings
United Airlines Flight 175
World Trade Center
New York City
September 11 attacks
Mark Bavis
Manchester
Monarchs
Dropkick Murphys
Denis Leary
Tommy Gavin
Rescue Me
Los Angeles Kings
"Bailey"
National September 11 Memorial
Stanley Cup
1969-70
National Hockey League
Stanley Cup
Boston
1971-72
1984-85
Edmonton
1986–87
1989–90
Murray Wing
Gary Doak
Ted Harris
Bill Collins
Chris Evans
Bryan Watson
Jean Hamel
Stan Gilbertson
Denis Dupere

categories: 1948 births,Sportspeople from Lloydminster,Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan,Los Angeles Kings scouts,Detroit Red Wings players,Houston Apollos players,Boston Bruins players,Edmonton Oil Kings (WCHL) players,Victims of the September 11 attacks,Boston Bruins draft picks,Canadian terrorism victims,Canadian ice hockey left wingers,Washington Capitals players,People murdered in New York (state),Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the United States,Edmonton Oilers (WHA) players,Edmonton Oilers scouts,Murdered sportspeople,Terrorism deaths in New York (state),Stanley Cup champions,St. Louis Blues players,Filmed killings,Hershey Bears players,People from Lynnfield, Massachusetts,2001 deaths

paragraph: Garnet Bailey

paragraph: Garnet Edward "Ace" Bailey (June 13, 1948 – September 11, 2001) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player and scout who was a member of Stanley Cup and Memorial Cup winning teams. He died at the age of 53 while aboard United Airlines Flight 175, which crashed into the South Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City during the September 11 attacks.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Garnet Edward "Ace" Bailey was born June 13, 1948 in Lloydminster, Saskatchewan. He was not related to Irvine "Ace" Bailey, who played for the Toronto Maple Leafs from 1926 to 1933.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Bailey played junior hockey with the Edmonton Oil Kings from 1964 to 1967, during which time the Oil Kings won the Memorial Cup in 1966. He joined the Boston Bruins in 1968 and was a member of their Stanley Cup championship teams in 1970 and 1972. He later played for the Detroit Red Wings, St. Louis Blues and the Washington Capitals. In 1978-79, Bailey returned to Edmonton to play with the Edmonton Oilers of the World Hockey Association, where he took rookie Wayne Gretzky under his wing. He was head coach of the Wichita Wind, the Oilers' Central Hockey League affiliate, in the 1980–81 season. Bailey then worked as a scout with the Oilers from 1981 to 1994, during which time the team won five Stanley Cups (1984, 1985, 1987, 1988 and 1990); his name was engraved on three of them (1985, 1987 and 1990).

paragraph: In an NHL career spanning 10 seasons and 568 games, Bailey scored 107 goals and 171 assists with 633 penalty minutes. His most productive season offensively was 1975, when he scored 19 goals and 58 points for the Blues and the Capitals. In his sole WHA season, he scored 5 goals and 4 assists with 22 penalty minutes in 38 games.

paragraph: At the time of his death, he was the Los Angeles Kings' director of pro scouting.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Bailey died when the plane in which he was traveling, United Airlines Flight 175, was hijacked and deliberately crashed into the South Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City during the September 11 attacks. Bailey and amateur scout Mark Bavis were traveling from Boston to Los Angeles when the flight was hijacked. They had been in Manchester visiting the Los Angeles Kings' AHL affiliate, the Monarchs.

paragraph: Bailey and Bavis are mentioned in the Boston-based Dropkick Murphys song "Your Spirit's Alive." Denis Leary wore a Bailey memorial T-shirt as the character Tommy Gavin in the season 1 episode "" and the fourth-season episode "" in the TV series "Rescue Me". In his memory, the Los Angeles Kings named their new mascot "Bailey".

paragraph: Bailey's family founded the Ace Bailey Children's Foundation in his memory. The foundation raises funds to benefit hospitalized children, infants and their families.

paragraph: At the National September 11 Memorial, Bailey and Bavis are memorialized at the South Pool, on Panel S-3. On October 14, 2012 the Kings brought the Stanley Cup to the Memorial and placed it on panels featuring Bailey and Bavis' names, so that the families of Bailey and Bavis could "[have] their day with the Stanley Cup". Kings general manager Dean Lombardi was also in attendance.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and achievements.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969-70 - National Hockey League - Stanley Cup (Boston)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971-72 - National Hockey League - Stanley Cup (Boston)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984-85 - National Hockey League - Stanley Cup (Edmonton)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986–87 - National Hockey League - Stanley Cup (Edmonton)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989–90 - National Hockey League - Stanley Cup (Edmonton)

paragraph: Section::::Transactions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Drafted by the Boston Bruins in the 3rd round, (13th overall) from the Edmonton Oil Kings in the 1966 NHL Amateur Draft, April 25, 1966.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Traded by the Boston Bruins with future considerations (Murray Wing), to the Detroit Red Wings for Gary Doak, March 1, 1973.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Traded by the Detroit Red Wings with Ted Harris and Bill Collins to the St. Louis Blues for Chris Evans, Bryan Watson and Jean Hamel, February 14, 1974.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Traded by the St. Louis Blues with Stan Gilbertson to the Washington Capitals for Denis Dupere, February 10, 1975.

description: Canadian ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Garnet Bailey

wikipedia_title: Garnet Bailey


text: Italian

text: sculptor

text: World War I

text: II

text: classicism

text: modernism

text: Futurist

text: Umberto Boccioni

text: fascist

text: Tito Minniti

text: Palazzo delle Poste, Naples

text: Marino Marini

text: Emilio Greco

text: Pericle Fazzini

text: Fiore de Henriquez

categories: 1889 births,1947 deaths,20th-century Italian sculptors

paragraph: Arturo Martini

paragraph: Arturo Martini (1889–1947) was a leading Italian sculptor between World War I and II. He moved between a very vigorous (almost ancient Roman) classicism and modernism. He was associated with public sculpture in fascist Italy, but later renounced his medium altogether.

paragraph: Section::::Futurism.

paragraph: Martini seems to have been an active supporter of the Futurist movement between 1914 and 1918. He certainly corresponded with Umberto Boccioni and produced a modernist booklet in 1918. His early works show an archaic tendency, two-dimensionality and polychrome effects

paragraph: Section::::In Fascist Italy.

paragraph: His later works returned to a more traditional style, but with "irony, agility and an eclectic capacity to combine or reinterpret sources". Between the wars, he became the semi-official sculptor of the fascist regime. He was literally overwhelmed by commitments: great monuments and commemorative works for courthouses, churches and universities. Examples include the great bronze at La Sapienza University in Rome and the memorial to the aviator Tito Minniti. He sculpted the monument to the "Fallen" at the Palazzo delle Poste, Naples.

paragraph: Section::::Post-war.

paragraph: After the fall of Mussolini, feeling that his art had been corrupted, he published an essay against sculpture in the magazine "La Martini" in 1945: "scultura, lingua morta" (sculpture, a dead language). He writes for example: "La scultura un'arte è da negri e senza pace" (sculpture is a black and unquiet art).

paragraph: Despite this attack on his own métier, he created one significant work after the war, a marble sculpture in a tribute to the guerrilla leader Primo Visentin, known as "Masaccio", who had been killed at the end of the war in Loria (Padua) in unexplained circumstances.

paragraph: Martini is as important Italian sculptor in the period between the world wars. He worked with many materials (clay, wood, plaster, stone, especially marble, bronze, silver) but never moved far from figuration, although he was able to model abstract forms, as his "atmosfera di una testa" (vibrations of a head) of 1944 testifies. He exercised great influence on later Italian sculptors such as Marino Marini, Emilio Greco, , Pericle Fazzini, and his student Fiore de Henriquez.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Web galley of 20th Century figure sculpture

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1200 years of Italian sculpture (critical biography)

description: Italian sculptor, painter and engraver

wikidata_label: Arturo Martini

wikipedia_title: Arturo Martini


text:
Lombards
Benevento
Gisulf II of Friuli
Bavarian
Garibald I of Bavaria
Radoald
regent
Aiulf I
Theodota
Aripert I
Garibald
Godepert
Perctarit
Romuald
Bavarian Dynasty
Theodelinda
Byzantines
Constans II
Taranto
Brindisi
Mezezius
Sicily
Forlì
Oderzo
his brothers
Easter Day
Mezzogiorno
Lupus of Friuli
Avars
Arnefrit
Slav
Nimis
Wechthari
Friuli
Chlothar III
Asti
Italy
Friuli
Spoleto
Thrasimund
Arian
Catholic
Papacy
Saint Michael
Monte Gargano
Odin
treaty
Gwatkin, H. M.
Whitney, J. P.
Cambridge University Press
Oman, Charles
London

categories: 671 deaths,7th-century kings of Italy,Regents,Lombard warriors,7th-century Lombard people,Lombard kings,610s births,Dukes of Benevento

paragraph: Grimoald, King of the Lombards

paragraph: Grimoald (c. 610 – 671 CE) was the King of the Lombards from 662 until his death. Before that, he was the Duke of Benevento (647–662) as Grimoald I.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Grimoald was born before 610 to Duke Gisulf II of Friuli and the Bavarian Princess Ramhilde, who was the daughter of Duke Garibald I of Bavaria. He succeeded his brother Radoald in 646-647 as Duke of Benevento. In 641–42 CE, he and Radoald had served as regents for their mentally incapable adoptive brother, Duke Aiulf I. Grimoald married the Princess Theodota, daughter of King Aripert I. Their son was Garibald.

paragraph: Section::::The Result Of King Godepert's War.

paragraph: In 662, after being called to assist King Godepert in a war with his brother King Perctarit, Grimoald gave the new Duke of Benevento to his eldest son Romuald (662–677). Removing the fraternal impediments to his kingship with the aid of Duke Garibald of Turin, he assassinated Godepert and forced Perctarit to flee. He sent Perctarit's wife and son to Benevento and took over the kingship of the Lombards. It was then that he promptly married Godepert's sister in order to relate himself to the Bavarian Dynasty of Theodelinda.

paragraph: His martial prowess and skill in the field of battle secured his victory in many border wars. He led his armies to victory personally against the Byzantines under Emperor Constans II at the siege of Benevento, where they had been besieging the young Romuald, who betrothed his sister Gisa to Constans. Romuald then took Taranto and Brindisi, much limiting the Byzantine influence in the region during the rebellion of Mezezius in Sicily, which had distracted the Byzantines after Constans' death. Grimoald himself took Forlì, in the north, from the Greeks and razed Oderzo (but did not take it), where his brothers had been murdered years before. His capture of Forlì was both shameful (to orthodox christians) and magnificent (to the pagan Longobard traditionalists), depending on one's perception, for he took it on Easter Day, slaughtering worshippers during the festivities.

paragraph: While he was combatting the Byzantines in the Mezzogiorno, he left Duke Lupus of Friuli as regent in the north. Lupus usurped all authority and rebelled, though he was crushed and, with the help of the Avars, his duchy despoiled and devastated. Grimoald tracked down Lupus' aspiring son Arnefrit, and his Slav allies, and defeated him at Nimis. Arnefrit died in battle. Grimoald placed Wechthari, a stalwart enemy of the Slavs, in Friuli.

paragraph: Grimoald defeated the Franks, who invaded during the infancy of Chlothar III. Grimoald had allied with Perctarit at Asti and the Avars, of whom he had been a hostage in his youth. He saved the northeast of Italy by defeating the Slav tribes and maintained internal order by suppressing the baronial revolts and autonomy of the duchies of Friuli and of Spoleto, where he installed Thrasimund.

paragraph: In his religion, he remained nominally Arian (though according to Vita Sancti Barbati both he and his son Romuald still practiced the ancient Pagan rights of both Benevento and the Longobard nation) despite his marriage to a Catholic and he was aloof of the Papacy. However, he perceived Saint Michael—whose cult was spreading strongly from Monte Gargano—as the warrior-protector of the Lombard nation, replacing Godan (Odin) due to their similar narratives at the time.

paragraph: He died in 671 after concluding a treaty with the Franks and was succeeded by Perctarit, whom he had exiled. He was a popular ruler, known as much for the kingly virtues of generosity and mercy as for his ferocity and ruthlessness in war. His son Romuald was left in Benevento, which once again drifted away from central authority, and his son Garibald was not elected to succeed him on account of his youth and was deposed by the adherents of Perctarit's cause in three months time.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gwatkin, H. M., Whitney, J. P. (ed) "The Cambridge Medieval History: Volume II—The Rise of the Saracens and the Foundations of the Western Empire". Cambridge University Press, 1926.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oman, Charles. "The Dark Ages 476-918". London, 1914.

description: Lombard king

wikidata_label: Grimoald I of Benevento

wikipedia_title: Grimoald, King of the Lombards


text:
Harlow
England
University of Reading
Givenchy
ABC
New Order
Electronic
Joy Division
Guardian Egyptian
The Guardian
Christian Schwartz
Kate Moss
Wallpaper
The Guardian
Guardian Egyptian
National Trust
National Trust
Jonathan Hoefler
"Baseline" 23
Modern Typography

categories: People educated at King Henry VIII School, Coventry,English graphic designers,People from Harlow,1970 births,English typographers,Living people,Alumni of the University of Reading

paragraph: Paul Barnes (designer)

paragraph: Paul Barnes (born 1970, Harlow, England) is a graphic designer and typographer. He has designed several new typefaces.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After an education at the University of Reading, in 1992 he emigrated to the United States to work with Roger Black. In 1995 he left Roger Black and began work as a freelance designer in London. He has worked with many large corporations, making logos for such well known companies as Givenchy, ABC television and the English bands New Order, Electronic and Joy Division. He has designed the very large Guardian Egyptian family typefaces for The Guardian newspaper (with Christian Schwartz).

paragraph: In April 2007 he designed the logo for Kate Moss with Saville.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: In September 2006 he was named one of the 40 most influential designers under 40 in "Wallpaper" and in September 2007 The Guardian named him one of the top 50 designers in Britain.

paragraph: Section::::Typefaces designed by Paul Barnes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brunel - 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stephenson Sans - 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ironbridge - 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pagan Poetry - 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Austin - 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stockholm - 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dala Floda - 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guardian Egyptian - 2005, with Christian Schwartz

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marian - 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Trust - 2009, custom for the National Trust

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dala Prisma - 2014

paragraph: Section::::Magazine articles by Paul Barnes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jonathan Hoefler", "Baseline" 23, edited by Mike Daines & Hans Dieter Reichert, Bradbourne Publishing, 1996

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Modern Typography

description: English graphic designer and typographer

wikidata_label: Paul Barnes

wikipedia_title: Paul Barnes (designer)


text: United States

text: diplomat

text: Pan American Union

text: New York Times

text: Grafton, Vermont

text: Worcester Academy

text: Vanderbilt University

text: Dartmouth College

text: Bachelor of Arts

text: Tacoma

text: Seattle

text: Portland

text: San Francisco

text: President

text: Grover Cleveland

text: U.S. Minister to Siam

text: Thailand

text: Spanish–American War

text: George Dewey

text: Pan-American Conference

text: Argentina

text: Theodore Roosevelt

text: Organization of American States

text: Pan-American Scientific Congress

text: United States Senate

text: Republican

text: Tulane University

text: University of Southern California

text: National University of Colombia

text: Bogotá

text: National University of Panama

text: Venezuela

text: China

text: pneumonia

categories: Ambassadors of the United States to Argentina,Ambassadors of the United States to Colombia,Vermont Republicans,Deaths from pneumonia,Infectious disease deaths in Vermont,Ambassadors of the United States to Panama,Ambassadors of the United States to Thailand,1866 births,Worcester Academy alumni,1938 deaths,Dartmouth College alumni,People from Grafton, Vermont

paragraph: John Barrett (diplomat)

paragraph: John Barrett (November 28, 1866 – October 17, 1938) was a United States diplomat and one of the most influential early directors general of the Pan American Union. On his death, the "New York Times" commented that he had "done more than any other person of his generation to promote closer relations among the American republics".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Barrett was born in Grafton, Vermont on November 28, 1866. He graduated from Worcester Academy in 1883, then studied at both Vanderbilt University and Dartmouth College, eventually graduating from the latter with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1889. From 1889 to 1894, he worked as a journalist on the west coast (especially Tacoma, Seattle, Portland, and San Francisco). While working as a journalist, he so impressed President Grover Cleveland during a meeting that he was appointed as the United States U.S. Minister to Siam (now Thailand). He served in that country for four years working to improve trade relations before returning to life as a journalist, working as a war correspondent during the Spanish–American War and then as a diplomatic adviser to Admiral George Dewey. (He would write a biography of Dewey in 1899.) Finally, he was appointed as a delegate to the second Pan-American Conference in 1901 through the following year.

paragraph: In 1903, he was appointed as the Minister to Argentina, and though he only served in that position for one year, President Theodore Roosevelt later remarked that he had begun a "new United States-Argentine era". He was then appointed as Minister to Panama and then to Colombia.

paragraph: In 1907, he was appointed at the first Director General of the Bureau of American Republics, an international organization that was renamed as the Pan American Union in 1910 (and subsequently reorganized in 1948 as the Organization of American States). He served in this capacity for fourteen years. During that period, he also founded the Pan-American Society of the United States, was Secretary General of 1916's Pan-American Scientific Congress, and presided over the Pan-American Commercial Congresses of 1911 and 1919.

paragraph: In 1924, he briefly entered politics by running for the United States Senate as a Republican, but withdrew from the race before the election.

paragraph: In his life, Barrett received honorary doctorates from Tulane University, the University of Southern California, the National University of Colombia in Bogotá, and the National University of Panama. He also received state decorations from Venezuela and China.

paragraph: He died of pneumonia in 1938.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mellander, Gustavo A. (1971) The United States in Panamanian Politics: The Intriguing Formative Years. Danville, Ill.: Interstate Publishers, OCLC 138568

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mellander, Gustavo A.; Nelly Maldonado Mellander (1999). Charles Edward Magoon: The Panama Years. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Editorial Plaza Mayor. . OCLC 42970390.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inventory of the Barrett Family Papers, Special Collections, University of Vermont Library

description: United States diplomat, born 1866

wikidata_label: John Barrett

wikipedia_title: John Barrett (diplomat)


text:
daimyō
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Azuchi–Momoyama period
Japanese history
Hachisuka Masatoshi
Hachisuka clan
kokujin
Owari Province
Ama District
Aichi Prefecture
Kiso River
Oda
Saitō clan
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Sunomata Castle
Mōri
Awa Province
Iemasa
Hachisuka Iemasa
Kuroda Nagamasa

categories: 1586 deaths,Hachisuka clan,Daimyo,1526 births

paragraph: Hachisuka Masakatsu

paragraph: , also Hachisuka Koroku (蜂須賀小六), was a "daimyō" and retainer of Toyotomi Hideyoshi during the Azuchi–Momoyama period of Japanese history. He was the son of Hachisuka Masatoshi.

paragraph: The Hachisuka clan were the "kokujin" of the Kaitō District of Owari Province (in present-day Ama District, Aichi Prefecture). They controlled water transport on the Kiso River. Their knowledge of local terrain made them useful to the Oda and Saitō clans, although they remained independent of control of the powerful clans.

paragraph: Later, Masakatsu served Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and may have participated in the building of Sunomata Castle as well as the campaigns against the Mōri. In 1585, Hideyoshi awarded him Awa Province as a fief, but he declined in favor of his son, Iemasa, serving instead as an intimate of Hideyoshi.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Hachisuka Masatoshi (d. 1553)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: daughter of Yasui Shigeyuki

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: Matsu later Daishou'in (d. 1611)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concubine: Hakun'in

paragraph: BULLET::::- Children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hachisuka Iemasa by Matsu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Narahime (d. 1606) married Kashima Nagamasa by Matsu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Itohime (1571–1645) married Kuroda Nagamasa by Hakun'in

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (in Japanese)

description: daimyo

wikidata_label: Hachisuka Masakatsu

wikipedia_title: Hachisuka Masakatsu


text: Nagoya

text: Aichi

text: Kobe Design University

text: Taiko no Tatsujin

text: Drakengard 3

text: Bandai Namco Games

text: Sony Computer Entertainment

text: Cavia

text: Drakengard

text: Drakengard 2

text: AQ Interactive

text: Famitsu

text: glove puppet

text: Jonathan Spence

text: socratic questioning

text: September 11 attacks

text: War on Terror

text: God of War

text: Zero

text: shoot 'em up

text: Ikaruga

text: "Diary of Tarō Yoko" online blog

text: Bukkoro home page

categories: People from Nagoya,1970 births,Living people,Japanese video game directors

paragraph: Yoko Taro

paragraph: Yoko has become known for his style of game design, incorporating unconventional design choices and stories. One of the main aspects of his work is exploring the darker aspects of people, such as why they are driven to kill each other, although he typically does not share a common opinion on his story's dark natures. His writing technique, described as "backwards scriptwriting," involves outlining the ending of the story first and building the narrative backward from that point. Due to his dislike of being photographed, he generally wears a mask when giving interviews or presenting games.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Yoko Taro was born in Nagoya, Aichi, on June 6, 1970. Yoko's parents were often absent at their jobs, so he was mostly raised by his grandmother, who left a strong impression on him. During his youth, he heard about an incident that would influence his later work as a scenario writer: while an acquaintance was in a shopping street with a group of friends, one of them who was walking along a high building roof slipped and died from the fall. The scene as Yoko heard it was initially "horrifying," but included a humorous element as well. He studied at Kobe Design University and graduated in March 1994. He is married to Yukiko Yoko, an illustrator who worked on "Taiko no Tatsujin" series and also did work on "Drakengard 3".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career.

paragraph: Initially not intending to pursue a career in video games, his first job after graduating was as a 3D CGI designer for Bandai Namco Games (then Namco Limited) a month after graduating. In 1999, he joined Sugar & Rockets Inc., a now-defunct second-party developer owned by Sony Computer Entertainment. In 2001, a year after Sugar & Rockets' consolidation by Sony, Yoko got a job at Cavia. While working at Cavia, he became involved in the creation of "Drakengard". While the game's co-producer Takuya Iwasaki intended to take the director's role, he was busy with other projects, so Yoko was asked to take up director's duties. He also helped create the scenario and characters, as well as co-writing the script with Sawako Natori. During its production, Yoko was unhappy with the amount of changes asked for by the game's advisory board. It got to the point where he decided he would not work on another "Drakengard". He was later involved in the production of "Drakengard 2", being credited as a video editor while also remaining as one of the game's creative staff. Mostly tied up with another project during production, his original concept for the game as an arcade-style game with dragons in space was vetoed and he had creative clashes with the game's new director Akira Yasui.

paragraph: After "Drakengard 2" was completed, Yoko started work on a third entry in the series. As the game developed, the initial concept was developed to the point where the game was rebranded as "Nier", a spin-off from the series. Despite this, Yoko continued to consider it the third entry in the series. After "Nier" was released and Cavia was absorbed into AQ Interactive, Yoko left the company and pursued an independent career. During this period, he took an unknown role in the development of Square Enix's social game "Monster × Dragon". The majority of his freelancer work involved social mobile games. Many years later, Yoko teamed back up with multiple staff from the production of "Drakengard" and "Nier" to create a true second sequel to "Drakengard", determining through questionnaires that the main appeal to the fanbase was the dark stories. After the completion of "Drakengard 3", Yoko "went back into unemployment". After that, he began writing a short-term special column for "Famitsu" titled "Taro Yoko's Circle of No Good Thinking". In 2015, Yoko announced that he had started his own company called Bukkoro, staffed by Yoko, his wife Yukiko, and Hana Kikuchi, novelist and scenario writer for "Nier" and "Drakengard 3".

paragraph: Yoko has stated his intense dislike of interviews. His reason, according to his "Famitsu" column, was that he feels video game developers are not entertainers or commentators on their work and that he thinks the subjects they talk about in interviews would be overly boring to those reading or listening. When he does give interviews, he prefers to wear a mask to avoid being photographed, and in a video interview concerning "Drakengard 3", he used a glove puppet. He has also stated that he likes to be blunt when stating his opinions, as he feels that video game fans deserve truth and honesty.

paragraph: Section::::Game design.

paragraph: Yoko is noted for creating games with a dark, disturbing or unusual atmosphere. This was stated as the main reason he was brought in to work on "Monster × Dragon". His writing method, which he has not seen in other works of fiction, is called "backwards scriptwriting". He described it as starting with the ending first, then working backwards from there. He then creates central plot points that form emotional peaks in the narrative, adds details, then scatters them through the narrative so the player can build a suitable emotional connection. He uses a secondary method called "photo thinking" in conjunction with his scriptwriting method. Yoko describes it as a method of visualizing and keeping in order events and emotional peaks throughout the story. He cited his inspiration for this method as "The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci" by Jonathan Spence. He is keen in experimenting with the video game format, feeling that many conventions of the video game market inhibit developers' creative freedom. Many of his games reflect his own feelings about death and his socratic questioning of the concept. Yoko also considers food an important tool in creating a game, stating that he thinks that types of food from across the world can help him get a feel for the people the game is being aimed at.

paragraph: Yoko was influenced in his style for the "Drakengard" series by many games of the day: a commonality he noted was that the player got gradings for their performance after killing dozens or hundreds of enemy units in a "gloating" manner. Because the concept of enjoying killing seemed insane to him, he designed the first game's main protagonists to be insane. He also wished to explore what drove people to kill each other. Later, for "Nier" and "Drakengard 3", Yoko explored the idea of a terrible event where both sides believed they were doing the right thing. For "Nier", he took direct inspiration from the September 11 attacks and the War on Terror. Another direct influence on "Nier" was of the gameplay of the "God of War" series, which both he and the game's producer Yosuke Saito admired. He has stated his dislike for the "plain and forgettable" type of female video game character: he demonstrated his dislike for this and the stereotypical role-playing video game romance in Furiae, an important character in "Drakengard". Another character he has been greatly involved in creating is Zero, "Drakengard 3"s protagonist: while creating her, he felt it would be interesting to create a character who was formerly a prostitute as it was a character type that was fairly rare in video games. In general, Yoko does not consider his writing to be as dark as others see it, while admitting that he deliberately incorporates dark elements. A notable influence on the gameplay of his titles was the classic shoot 'em up "Ikaruga"; it directly inspired the dragon flight sequences of "Drakengard" and bullet hell sections in "Nier"; and informed Yoko on the synchronization of gameplay with the music.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Diary of Tarō Yoko" online blog

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dengeki Online interview series about Drakengard and Nier

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bukkoro home page

description: Video game director, writer, designer

wikidata_label: Taro Yoko

wikipedia_title: Yoko Taro


text: Archbishop of Peć and Serbian Patriarch

text: Metropolitan of Herzegovina

text: Makarije Sokolović

text: Piva Monastery

text: Prijepolje

text: Sanjak of Herzegovina

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Serbia

text: knyaz

text: Patriarch Makarije

text: Antonije

text: Metropolitan of Herzegovina

text: Serbian Patriarch

text: coadjutor

text: ktitor

text: Piva Monastery

text: Piva river

text: Piva region

text: župa

text: Montenegro

text: Archbishop of Peć and Serbian Patriarch

text: S. Novaković

text: Ubožac-

text: Božac Monastery

text: frescoes

categories: Ottoman Serbia,Patriarchs of the Serbian Orthodox Church,16th-century Eastern Orthodox archbishops,Serbs of the Ottoman Empire,16th-century births,1586 deaths,People from Prijepolje,16th-century Serbian people

paragraph: Savatije Sokolović

paragraph: Savatije Sokolović (; 1573 – d. 1586), was Archbishop of Peć and Serbian Patriarch from 1585 to 1586. Before that, he served as Metropolitan of Herzegovina from 1573 to 1585. He was a member of the notable Sokolović family, being a nephew of Serbian Patriarch Makarije Sokolović (1557–71). Savatije founded the Piva Monastery in 1573.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Sokolović was born in Prijepolje, at the time part of the Sanjak of Herzegovina of the Ottoman Empire (now in Serbia). He was a son of Vukašin, the "knyaz of Rudići", and was part of the notable Sokolović family, being a fraternal nephew of Patriarch Makarije (s. 1557–71), and relative to many other archbishops, and even Ottoman statesmen.

paragraph: He succeeded his relative Antonije as the Metropolitan of Herzegovina in 1573, who then became the Serbian Patriarch; the Sokolović bishops were obviously succeeding each other as metropolitan of Herzegovina, then as coadjutor to the Serbian Patriarch, and finally as Serbian Patriarch. That same year, Savatije founded (as "ktitor") the Piva Monastery, dedicated to the Assumption of the Most Holy Mother of God, located by the Piva river in the historical Piva region (the former "župa" of Piva, in modern-day western Montenegro). The construction workers were brothers named Gavrilo and Vukašin. Russian historian Aleksandr Fedorovich Gilferding (1831–1872) said that the monastery was the greatest and most beautiful building in all of Herzegovina.

paragraph: He remained the Metropolitan of Herzegovina until his enthronement as the Archbishop of Peć and Serbian Patriarch in 1585, and served until his presumed death in 1586 when the last mention is made of him, regarding the finished construction of Piva. He died before Gerasim. Historian S. Novaković (1842–1915) concluded that his death place was in the Ubožac- or Božac Monastery, although this has since been refuted.

paragraph: Savatije proved himself more energetic than his predecessors, and boldly and persistenly, with the help of Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (Mehmed-paša Sokolović) and other Islamized Sokolović family members, and other Viziers of Serbian origin, to work for the strengthening of Church autonomy. Unfortunately, chronicles have no further information on his life, as is the case with many other Serbian patriarchs. Both Savatije and Sokollu Mehmed Pasha are depicted on the interior frescoes.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of heads of the Serbian Orthodox Church

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official site of the Serbian Orthodox Church: Serbian Archbishops and Patriarchs

description: Serbian bishop

wikidata_label: Savatije Sokolović

wikipedia_title: Savatije Sokolović


text:
Governor
Dutch Cape Colony
Ryk Tulbagh
Western Cape
Oudtshoorn
progenitor
South Africa
Utrecht
Dutch East India Company
Hendrik Swellengrebel
Table Mountain
Gardens
Netherlands
Drakensteyn
Cape Town
state funeral
Cape Town
Groote Kerk
Rotterdam
Joachim van Plettenberg
St Catherine's Cathedral, Utrecht
King of the Netherlands
baron
Baron Hunsdon
Den Bosch
Bergen op Zoom
British occupation
British Crown
George
local municipality
twin town
Alphen aan den Rijn
Netherlands
Oudshoorn
Ridderbuurt
Gnephoek

categories: Dutch emigrants to South Africa,Governors of the Dutch Cape Colony,People from Utrecht (city),Barons of the Netherlands,1714 births,18th-century Dutch people,People who died at sea,18th-century Dutch colonial governors,1773 deaths

paragraph: Pieter van Reede van Oudtshoorn

paragraph: Baron Pieter van Reede (or van Rheede) van Oudtshoorn (8 July 1714 – 23 January 1773) was a senior official and Governor designate of the Dutch Cape Colony. He was appointed Governor of the Cape Colony in 1772 to succeed the deceased Governor Ryk Tulbagh but died at sea on his way to the Cape Colony to take up his post. The Western Cape town of Oudtshoorn is named after him. He is the progenitor of the van R(h)eede van Oudtshoorn family in South Africa.

paragraph: Section::::Career and death.

paragraph: Born the son of a nobleman in Utrecht, van Reede van Oudtshoorn first arrived in the Cape Colony aboard "de Duijff" as an employee of the Dutch East India Company in 1741.

paragraph: In 1743 then Cape Governor Hendrik Swellengrebel granted him land in the Table Mountain valley named Garden Oudtshoorn, bounded by Hof Street and Kloof Street in the present-day suburb of Gardens. After van Reede van Oudtshoorn's death the developed estate was subdivided into three separate properties named La Belle Alliance, Trafalgar and Mount Nelson where the Mount Nelson Hotel stands today.

paragraph: He was fiscal independent from September 1741 to September 1762, and Secunde (deputy Governor) of the Cape Colony from December 1760 to April 1766 after Ryk Tulbagh had succeeded Swellengrebel as Governor. He returned to the Netherlands in 1766, but left his children in the Cape, and bought the Drakensteyn castle. He was later re-appointed to the vacant Secunde position in the Cape Colony and in 1772, following the arrival of news of Tulbagh's death before he had departed for the Cape Colony, appointed as Tulbagh's successor. However, he became ill and died at sea aboard "Asia" on his voyage to take up his post as Governor. His body was transported to Cape Town in a coffin he had carried aboard on the same voyage. On 17 April 1773 he was given a state funeral in Cape Town and buried at the Groote Kerk. After the church building was enlarged in 1841, the stone that had covered his grave was attached to the church's eastern wall. A print depicting his funeral procession is preserved in the Atlas van Stolk museum in Rotterdam.

paragraph: Baron Joachim van Plettenberg, who had been acting Governor since Tulbagh's death on 11 August 1771, was appointed Governor on 18 May 1774.

paragraph: Section::::Family Origins.

paragraph: "The van Rheedes are one of the old families of Europe, descending from Bitter Van Reede, mentioned between 1344 and 1372, who himself was probably descendent of Wernerus de Rethe, knight, mentioned between 1223 and 1236. Godard VAN Reede (10th generation) accompanied William III of Orange to England and became Earl of Athlone on 14th March 1691 (branch extinct 7 Jan 1897). Another branch, Van Reede de Parkeren en Aa, became extinct in 1879. The Van R(h)eede van Oudsthoorns are, therefore, the only surviving branch of the family, both in the Netherlands and in South Africa. Van Ooudsthoorn was added to the original surname of Van Reede because for a period they were squires of that village in Holland.

paragraph: After the Napoleonic wars and the establishment of a monarchy in the Netherlands, the old nobility of the family, and the title of Baron, was confirmed by Royal Decrees of 2nd April and 14th June 1822."

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Pieter was Lord of Oudshoorn, Ridderbuurt and Gnephoek, the only son of Barend Cornelis van Reede van Oudtshoorn (1690–1750) and his wife Catharina Cornelia van Eys. He was baptised in St Catherine's Cathedral, Utrecht on 10 July 1714. His father was the first to bear the surname van Reede van Oudtshoorn. Barend Cornelis was the only child of Pieter van Reede tot Nederhorst (1645–1692), Lord of Oudshoorn, Ridderbuurt and Gnephoek, and his wife Maria de Vlamingh van Outshoorn (1646–1732). Maria was the only child of Cornelis de Vlamingh van Outshoorn (1613–1688), Lord of Outshoorn and Gnephoek, and his wife Claesgen Hooft. The King of the Netherlands recognised the family's title of baron in 1822. Pieter was also the heir of William Ferdinand Carey, the 8th Baron Hunsdon, son of William Carey and Maria de Vlamingh van Outshoorn's sister Geertruida.

paragraph: On 18 January 1741 in Den Bosch Pieter married Sophia Catharina Boesses, who was born to a military officer in 1720 in Bergen op Zoom, after living together since 1736. They departed for the Cape Colony on 7 May 1741. Some of their children settled in the Cape Colony, including their son William Ferdinand (1755–1822) who also worked for the Dutch East India Company. Following the British occupation the independently wealthy William Ferdinand, who had been a senior official of the Cape Colony before the occupation, refused to swear allegiance to the British Crown.

paragraph: In 1782, Pieter's then 61-year-old widow was the subject of a scandal in the Cape Colony when she attempted unsuccessfully to withdraw her inheritance and elope with a 20-year-old soldier. She died in Cape Town in 1791.

paragraph: Section::::Oudtshoorn.

paragraph: In 1858, Ernestina Johanna Geesje, William Ferdinand's daughter and Pieter's granddaughter, married Egbertus Bergh, a magistrate of the Western Cape town of George. Bergh was one of the founding fathers of the Western Cape town of Oudtshoorn, which was named in honour of his wife's distinguished grandfather. The coat of arms of the local municipality is based on the Dutch family's coat of arms. Oudtshoorn is a twin town of Alphen aan den Rijn in the Netherlands which incorporates the historic Dutch villages of Oudshoorn, Ridderbuurt and Gnephoek.

paragraph: Section::::Catharina's descendants.

paragraph: Catharina's daughter, Rachel Lurie married Isidore Saffer in Johannesburg.

paragraph: Rachels son, David Saffer Married Sheila Bakst.

paragraph: David Saffer's eldest daughter Shoshana has four sons.

paragraph: The youngest of her children is Stefan Furman

description: Dutch administrator of the Cape Colony

wikidata_label: Pieter van Reede van Oudtshoorn

wikipedia_title: Pieter van Reede van Oudtshoorn


text:
Marathi
Sangeet Natak Akademi Award
Sangeet Natak Akademi

categories: 1959 deaths,Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award,1891 births,Marathi actors,Indian male stage actors,Male actors in Marathi theatre,Male actors from Maharashtra

paragraph: Chintaman Ganesh Kolhatkar

paragraph: Chintaman Ganesh Kolhatkar () (12 March 1891 – 23 November 1959), also known as Chintamanrao Kolhatkar, was a well known Marathi stage actor, director, producer, and playwright.

paragraph: He joined the Maharashtra Natak Mandali in 1911, but after a year left for the Shri Bharat Natak Mandali. He entered the Kirloskar Natak Mandali in 1914 and helped establish the Balwant Sangit Natak Mandali with Dinanath Mangeshkar in 1918. His greatest performances came in R. G. Gadkari's plays, in Punyaprabhav (1916), Rajsanyas (1922), and especially as the villain Ghanashyam in Bhavbandn in 1919. He tried the movie industry in 1933 and acted as the tyrant Shakara in Vasantsena in 1942. However, he failed in this medium and returned to theatre. He joined Gangadharpant Londhe's Rajaram Sangit Mandali, worked with M. G. Rangnekar's Natyaniketan, and established his own company, Lalit Kala Kunj which gave P. L. Deshpande a break. Kolhatkar was a non-singing actor, who took roles in Hindi and Urdu as well.

paragraph: Jawaharlal Nehru once called him Bahurupi i.e. 'many-formed', which Kolhatkar used as the title for his autobiography. He also wrote character sketches of several playwrights titled Majhe natakkar, and a five-act play, Purnavatar in 1924.

paragraph: He was awarded Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1957, given by the Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's National Academy of Music, Dance & Drama.

description: Indian actor

wikidata_label: Chintaman Ganesh Kolhatkar

wikipedia_title: Chintaman Ganesh Kolhatkar


text: courtesy name

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Sun Jian

text: Battle of Xiangyang

text: Yuan Shu

text: Jiangdong

text: Zhang Zhao

text: Zhou Yu

text: Eastern Wu

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Cao Cao

text: Yuan Shao

text: Battle of Guandu

text: Xuchang

text: Sun Quan

text: Chen Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Xu Gong

text: Emperor Xian

text: Xiang Yu

text: Qin dynasty

text: Sun Jian

text: Emperor Ling

text: Dong Zhuo

text: Emperor Xian

text: campaign against Dong Zhuo

text: Yuan Shu

text: Liu Biao

text: Jing Province

text: Hubei

text: Hunan

text: Danyang, Jiangsu

text: Xuancheng

text: Anhui

text: Wu Jing

text: Jiujiang

text: Lujiang

text: Liu Yao

text: Yang Province

text: Jiangxi

text: Zhejiang

text: Fujian

text: Shou County

text: Yangtze River

text: He County

text: Sun Ben

text: Yangtze River

text: Ma'anshan

text: Anhui

text: Pengcheng

text: Xiapi

text: Ze Rong

text: Nanchang

text: Hua Xin

text: Chen Wu

text: Zhou Tai

text: Jiang Qin

text: Zhang Zhao

text: Zhang Hong

text: Qin Song

text: Lü Fan

text: Kuaiji

text: Hangzhou Bay

text: Wang Lang

text: Yan Baihu

text: commandery

text: Taishi Ci

text: Hua Xin

text: Shanyue

text: He Qi

text: Cao Cao

text: Qianshan County

text: Liu Xun

text: Yongxiu County

text: Huang Zu

text: Hankou District

text: Wuhan

text: Yuan Shao

text: Cao Ren

text: Sun Kuang

text: Cao Zhang

text: Wu Commandery

text: Suzhou

text: Xu Gong

text: Xiang Yu

text: Battle of Guandu

text: Yuan Shao

text: Yellow River

text: Xuchang

text: below

text: Sun Quan

text: Eastern Wu

text: posthumous title

text: posthumous son

text: Gu Shao

text: Lu Xun

text: Sun Hao

text: Sun Sheng

text: Xuchang

text: Huang Zu

text: Chen Deng

text: Yangzhou

text: Jiangsu

text: Battle of Guandu

text: Pei Songzhi

text: annotated

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Cao Cao

text: Yuan Shao

text: Taoist

text: Gan Ji

text: In Search of the Supernatural

text: Gan Bao

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Peking opera

text: Sun Quan

text: Two Qiaos

text: Shaw Brothers Studio

text: The Weird Man

text: vengeful ghost

text: Ninja in Ancient China

text: anime

text: Yokoyama Mitsuteru Sangokushi

text: Dong Zhuo

text: Liu Bei

text: Guan Yu

text: Zhang Fei

text: Ikki Tousen

text: Zhou Yu

text: Kōtetsu Sangokushi

text: manhua

text: The Ravages of Time

text: Koei

text: Dynasty Warriors

text: Warriors Orochi

text: Samurai Warriors

text: Creative Assembly

text: Total War

text: Portal Three Kingdoms

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Eastern Wu family trees

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Luo, Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

categories: Deaths by arrow wounds,Sun Ce and associates,Political office-holders in Zhejiang,200 deaths,175 births,Politicians from Hangzhou,Chinese Confucianists,Sun Quan and immediate family,Han dynasty warlords,Yuan Shu and associates

paragraph: Sun Ce

paragraph: Sun Ce () (175–200), courtesy name Bofu, was a military general and warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He was the eldest child of Sun Jian, who was killed during the Battle of Xiangyang when Sun Ce was only 16. Sun Ce then broke away from his father's overlord, Yuan Shu, and headed to the Jiangdong region in southern China to establish his own power base there. With the help of several people, such as Zhang Zhao and Zhou Yu, Sun Ce managed to lay down the foundation of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period.

paragraph: In 200, when the warlord Cao Cao was at war with his rival Yuan Shao in the Battle of Guandu, Sun Ce was rumoured to be planning an attack on Xuchang, Cao Cao's base. However, he was assassinated before he could carry out the plan. Sun Ce was posthumously honoured as "Prince Huan of Changsha" (長沙桓王) by his younger brother Sun Quan when the latter became the founding emperor of Eastern Wu.

paragraph: Chen Shou's "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi") describes Sun Ce as a handsome man who was full of laughter. He was also a generous and receptive man who employed people according to their abilities. As such, his subjects were willing to risk their lives for him. One detractor named Xu Gong, in a letter to Emperor Xian, compared Sun Ce to Xiang Yu, the warrior-king who overthrew the Qin dynasty. As a result, Sun Ce was also referred to as the "Little Conqueror" in popular culture.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Born in 175, Sun Ce was the eldest son of Sun Jian, a military general serving under the Eastern Han dynasty. In 190, a year after Emperor Ling died, the warlord Dong Zhuo usurped power, placing in the throne the puppet Emperor Xian. Regional warlords in eastern China then launched a campaign against Dong Zhuo. Sun Jian rendered his service to Yuan Shu, one of the leaders of the coalition. The attempt to oust Dong Zhuo soon failed and China slid into a series of massive civil wars. In the next year, Sun Jian was sent by Yuan Shu to attack Liu Biao, governor of Jing Province (荆州; covering present-day Hubei and Hunan), but he was killed in an ambush.

paragraph: Sun Ce brought his father's body to Qu'e (曲阿; in present-day Danyang, Jiangsu) for burial and settled his mother down before heading for Danyang (丹楊; present-day Xuancheng, Anhui), where his maternal uncle Wu Jing was the governor. There he raised a small militia a few hundred in strength. This small force was far from sufficient for him to establish his own power so in 194 Sun Ce went to Yuan Shu. Yuan Shu was very impressed with Sun Ce and often lamented that he had no son like him. He also returned Sun Jian's former division of troops to Sun Ce.

paragraph: Initially, Yuan Shu promised to appoint Sun Ce the governor of Jiujiang but eventually gave the governorship to Chen Ji (陳紀). Later, when Yuan Shu was denied a large loan of grains from the governor of Lujiang, he sent Sun Ce to attack the latter, promising to make Sun Ce the governor of Lujiang should he succeed. When Sun Ce did, however, Yuan Shu again went back on his words and appointed someone else instead. The disappointed Sun Ce then began to contemplate leaving.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Liu Yao, who was by imperial decree the governor of Yang Province (揚州; covering present-day southern Jiangsu, southern Anhui, Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Fujian), occupied Qu'e as the regional seat Shouchun (壽春; present-day Shou County, Anhui) was already occupied by Yuan Shu. He then forced Wu Jing back west across the Yangtze River to Liyang (歷陽; present-day He County, Anhui). However, Yuan Shu claimed to be the rightful governor and sent Wu Jing and Sun Ce's cousin Sun Ben to attack Liu Yao. After they were unable to break down Liu Yao's defences for more than a year, Sun Ce requested to lead forces to assist the effort.

paragraph: Section::::Conquest of Wu territory.

paragraph: Though Yuan Shu knew Sun Ce intended to leave, he believed the latter would not be able to defeat Liu Yao. Thus he deployed the young general off with merely a thousand odd troops and a tiny cavalry force. Along with a few hundred more willing followers, Sun Ce proceeded to Liyang, where he boosted his strength to more than 5,000. He then launched an offensive across the Yangtze River and successfully occupied the strategic position of Niuzhu (牛渚; southwest of present-day Ma'anshan, Anhui) in 195.

paragraph: Two of Liu Yao's allies then came south from Pengcheng and Xiapi respectively to aid him. Sun Ce chose to first attack one of them, Ze Rong, who made camp south of Moling. After suffering initial defeat in the hands of the aggressor, Ze Rong fell back in defence and refused to engage in battle. Sun Ce then marched further north and attacked Xue Li (薛禮) in Moling. Although Xue Li soon gave up the city and escaped, Liu Yao's subordinate Fan Neng (樊能) and others had regrouped their forces and launched a renewed attack on Niuzhu. Turning back, Sun Ce defeated Fan Neng and secured Niuzhu. He then began a second offensive against Ze Rong. However, he was struck by a stray arrow in the thigh. Returning to Niuzhu, he sent out false words that he was killed in battle. The exulted Ze Rong then sent a force to attack. Sun Ce led the enemies into an ambush and annihilated them. When Ze Rong heard that Sun Ce was still alive, he further reinforced his defences.

paragraph: Sun Ce then temporarily gave up attacking Ze Rong and focused his forces on Qu'e. After all the surrounding areas were taken over by Sun Ce, Liu Yao gave up the city and escaped south to Yuzhang (豫章; present-day Nanchang, Jiangxi), where he died later. Hua Xin, administrator of Yuzhang, joined Sun's forces. As Sun Ce implemented strict discipline among his troops, he won the instant support of the local people and gathered many talented men, such as Chen Wu, Zhou Tai, Jiang Qin, Zhang Zhao, Zhang Hong, Qin Song, and Lü Fan. He then pushed his force deeper into Yang Province and conquered Kuaiji along the southern shore of Hangzhou Bay, whose governor Wang Lang surrendered. Sun Ce made Kuaiji his base city and struck out at the wandering bandit army led by Yan Baihu. Yan Baihu sent his younger brother Yan Yu (嚴輿) to offer Sun Ce a position alongside Yan Baihu, but Sun Ce showed no mercy and personally slew the emissary. As Yan Yu was known among Yan Baihu's men as a fierce warrior, his death struck fear into their hearts and they were soon defeated. Sun Ce then appointed his relatives and a trusted subject to govern Danyang and Yuzhang, from which he divided a new commandery named Luling (廬陵). His campaign, from the occupation of Niuzhu to the conquest of the entire region southeast of the Long River, took less than a year. He then defeated and received the services of Zu Lang (祖郎), the Chief of Danyang, and Taishi Ci, the leader of the remnants of Liu Yao's forces; he then urged the surrender of Hua Xin, another one of the remnants of Liu Yao's forces. Thus, with the exception of the scattered but still numerous army of Yan Baihu, the lands south of the Yangtze were mostly pacified.

paragraph: The barbarians of Shanyue tribe, however, were not easily dealt with. To counter the frequent rebellions of the Shanyue (who would continue to rebel for many years), Sun Ce appointed He Qi to a military rank with orders to subdue the Shanyue. He Qi became a highly successful general later; truly, his appointment by Sun Ce was the first important step to Wu's eventual subjugation of the Shanyue.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: In 197, Yuan Shu declared himself emperor – an act deemed treasonous against the Han dynasty. In a letter to Yuan Shu, Sun Ce denounced the move and broke ties with the former. In an effort to garner support from Sun Ce, the rising warlord Cao Cao then recommended him to be appointed General Who Attacks Rebels (討逆將軍) and enfeoffed as the Marquis of Wu (吳侯). In 199 Yuan Shu died of sickness along with his short-lived Zhong Dynasty. His cousin Yuan Yin (袁胤) feared Cao Cao and gave up Shouchun. Bringing along Yuan Shu's coffin and his former troops, he headed to Wan County (皖縣; present-day Qianshan County, Anhui) to seek refuge under Liu Xun (劉勳). As Liu Xun had insufficient food supplies in his realm to support the additional troops, he led a force south to pillage Haihun (海昏; east of present-day Yongxiu County, Jiangxi).

paragraph: Sun Ce was en route to attack Huang Zu in Xiakou (夏口; present-day Hankou District, Wuhan, Hubei) when he received the news. He then turned back and captured the poorly-defended Wan County, taking over all of Yuan Shu's 30,000 former troops. Hearing that his base city had been taken, Liu Xun headed west and sought help from Huang Zu, who sent a 5,000-strong naval force to assist him. Sun Ce pressed forward and defeated Liu Xun, who escaped north to Cao Cao. Sun Ce annexed more than 2,000 former troops and 1,000 ships of his enemy and came upon Huang Zu. Despite reinforcements from Liu Biao, Huang Zu was utterly defeated. During the battle, Sun Ce slew Liu Biao's officer, Han Xi (韓希), and completely routed Huang Zu's son, Huang She (黃射).

paragraph: The victorious Sun Ce in 199 looked poised to take over the entire southern China. As he was threatened by rival Yuan Shao in the north and could not divide his attention, Cao Cao attempted to further reinforce the alliance with Sun Ce by marrying the daughter of his relative Cao Ren to Sun Ce's youngest brother Sun Kuang. Sun Ce in turn agreed to marry Sun Ben's daughter to Cao Cao's son Cao Zhang.

paragraph: The former administrator of Wu Commandery (around present-day Suzhou, Jiangsu), Xu Gong, had long opposed Sun Ce. Xu Gong wrote to Emperor Xian, recommending the emperor to summon Sun Ce to the capital as he deemed Sun Ce to be a hero comparable to Xiang Yu and too dangerous to be allowed to occupy a territory. However, the letter was intercepted by an official loyal to Sun Ce, who attacked and then had Xu Gong executed. Xu Gong's former servants then kept a low profile and waited for chance to revenge.

paragraph: In the year 200, Cao Cao engaged in the decisive Battle of Guandu with Yuan Shao along the shores of the Yellow River, leaving the capital and his base city Xuchang poorly guarded. Sun Ce is said to have then plotted to attack Xuchang under the banner of rescuing Emperor Xian, who was a figurehead under Cao Cao's control. Preparations were underway for the military excursion when Sun Ce ran into three former servants of Xu Gong during a solo hunting trip. One of them managed to plant an arrow into Sun Ce's cheek before Sun Ce's men arrived and slew the assassins. Many differing accounts of Sun Ce's death exist (see below). One generally accepted scenario is that he died that same night.

paragraph: Another possible scenario has Sun Ce living for quite some time. The physician told Sun Ce to rest still for a hundred days to allow the wound to heal, but Sun Ce looked into the mirror one day and, seeing his scar, became so enraged that he slammed his table. The large movement caused the wound to break and he died in the same night. Although he was survived by one son, Sun Ce passed his legacy to his younger brother, Sun Quan. When Sun Quan declared himself emperor of the state of Eastern Wu in 222, he honoured Sun Ce with the posthumous title "Prince Huan of Changsha" (長沙桓王).

paragraph: Sun Ce was succeeded by a posthumous son, Sun Shao (孫紹), as well as at least two (possibly three) daughters, married to Gu Shao and later Zhu Ji (朱紀), and Lu Xun respectively. Sun Shao bore one son, Sun Feng (孫奉), who was executed by Sun Hao for alleged treason due to his popularity.

paragraph: Section::::Dispute over cause of death.

paragraph: Sun Sheng (孫盛) in his "Exposition on Disparities and Similarities" (異同評) discounted the theory that Sun Ce made plans to attack Xuchang. He believed that although Sun Ce was a rising power, he was threatened in the west by Huang Zu, who was defeated but not eliminated, in the north by Chen Deng, governor of Guangling (廣陵; present-day Yangzhou, Jiangsu), and in the south by indigenous tribes yet to be assimilated. These prevented Sun Ce from striking far out at Xuchang and moving the emperor to southeastern China. He further argued that Sun Ce died on the fifth day in the fourth month of 200, before the Battle of Guandu even took place.

paragraph: Pei Songzhi, who annotated the "Records of the Three Kingdoms", rebutted Sun Sheng, arguing that Huang Zu was newly broken and had yet to recollect his forces while the indigenous tribes were scattered and not much of a threat. Pei Songzhi believed that the first objective of Sun Ce's planned northward excursion was to attack Chen Deng, which would provide a platform for capturing Xuchang. On the other hand, Cao Cao and Yuan Shao had been engaging in skirmishes and small-scale battles before Sun Ce's death. Thus there was in fact no discrepancy in timing.

paragraph: A historically implausible legend regarding Sun Ce's death involves a popular Taoist priest of his time, Gan Ji (干吉), whom he regarded as a sorcerer. Despite petitions from his subjects and his own mother, Sun Ce ordered Gan Ji's execution. According to "In Search of the Supernatural" (搜神記) by Gan Bao (干竇), a compilation largely based on legends and hearsay, Sun Ce began to see apparitions of Gan Ji ever since the execution of the latter. After he was injured by assassins, Sun Ce was told by the physician to rest still to allow the wound to heal. However, he looked into the mirror one day and saw Gan Ji's face, whereupon he let out a cry and slammed the mirror. His wound broke and he died shortly. This version was adopted and further dramatised in the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", in which Gan Ji's name was taken to be "Yu Ji" (于吉).

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Chinese opera.

paragraph: In Peking opera, Sun Ce's role is usually that of a hero or tragic hero, while his brother, Sun Quan is usually portrayed as a villain at worst or self-seeking at best. Several operas even toy with the idea that Sun Quan had Sun Ce assassinated so that he could take control of the warlord state, though there is no historical evidence to support this view. In the opera "Fenghuang Er Qiao", Sun Ce borrows 3,000 troops from Yuan Shu and allies with the Qiao army, which is led by the Two Qiaos. Sun Ce, the protagonist of the opera, eventually gains Da Qiao's hand in marriage through a martial arts contest with the help of Zhou Yu and Xiao Qiao.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Film.

paragraph: In the Shaw Brothers Studio film "The Weird Man", Sun Ce has Yu Ji executed and the sorcerer becomes a vengeful ghost. In this film Sun Ce is portrayed as the anti-hero and Yu Ji as the hero due to the controversy between them in the novel. The 1993 Hong Kong film "Ninja in Ancient China" is also adapted from this story except Yu Ji's apprentices try to avenge him.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Comics and anime.

paragraph: In the anime "Yokoyama Mitsuteru Sangokushi", Sun Ce fights alongside his father against Dong Zhuo and is befriended by Liu Bei, Guan Yu, and Zhang Fei, with whom he trains to become a hero.

paragraph: The protagonist of the manga/anime "Ikki Tousen", , is loosely based on the historical figure Sun Ce ("Sonsaku Hakufu" being the Japanese reading of Sun Ce's name and courtesy name). Her guardian, , bears the same name and personality as Zhou Yu.

paragraph: In the anime "Kōtetsu Sangokushi", Sun Ce is portrayed as a once kind-hearted and virtuous hero who was corrupted by the power of the Imperial Seal, causing him to kill its protector.

paragraph: In the Chinese manhua "The Ravages of Time", Sun Ce is a cunning, ruthless and manipulative character.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Video games.

paragraph: Sun Ce is featured as a playable character in Koei's "Dynasty Warriors" video game series, as well as "Warriors Orochi", a crossover between "Dynasty Warriors" and "Samurai Warriors".

paragraph: Sun Ce is also a legendary character in Creative Assembly's "", the newest part of the "Total War" video games series which was released on May 23, 2019.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Card games.

paragraph: In the collectible card game "" there is a card named "Sun Ce, Young Conqueror", in the "Portal Three Kingdoms" set.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eastern Wu family trees

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguo Yanyi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). "Zizhi Tongjian".

alias:
Sun Ce
Sun Chak
Suen Chak

description: Han dynasty warlord

wikidata_label: Sun Ce

wikipedia_title: Sun Ce


text: courtesy name

text: Cao Wei

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Cao Cao

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text: Lady Bian

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text: Guo Nüwang

text: Emperor Xian

text: Shu Han

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text: Liu Bei

text: Sun Quan

text: Chen Qun

text: nine-rank system

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text: Cao Zhi

text: Chinese poem

text: Cao Cao

text: Lady Bian

text: Cao Ang

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text: Yuan Xi

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text: Imperial Chancellor

text: Cao Ang

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text: invade

text: Jing Province

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text: Lu Xun

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text: chancellor

text: Zhuge Liang

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text: Cao Zhi

text: Ding Yi

text: Cao Xiong

text: Yu Jin

text: Guan Yu

text: Battle of Fancheng

text: Wu invasion of Jing Province

text: Ye

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text: posthumous title

text: Lady Zhen

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text: Chen Qun

text: Sima Yi

text: Cao Cao

text: Empress Wuxuan

text: Empress Wenzhao

text: Cao Rui

text: Empress Wende

text: Cao Xie

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text: Cao Jian

text: Cao Lin

text: Cao Li

text: Cao Yong

text: Cao Gong

text: Cao Yan

text: Koei

text: Dynasty Warriors

text: Warriors Orochi

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Cao Wei family trees

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

categories: Cao Cao and immediate family,3rd-century Chinese poets,226 deaths,Cao Wei emperors,187 births,People from Bozhou,Cao Wei poets,Han dynasty poets,Poets from Anhui

paragraph: Cao Pi

paragraph: Cao Pi () ( – 29 June 226), courtesy name Zihuan, was the first emperor of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was the second son of Cao Cao, a warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty, but the eldest son among all the children born to Cao Cao by his concubine (later wife), Lady Bian. According to some historical records, he was often in the presence of court officials in order to gain their support. He was mostly in charge of defence at the start of his career. After the defeat of Cao Cao's rival Yuan Shao at the Battle of Guandu, he took Yuan Xi's widow, Lady Zhen, as a concubine, but in 221 Lady Zhen died and Guo Nüwang became empress.

paragraph: On 25 November 220, Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian, the last ruler of the Eastern Han dynasty, to abdicate in his favour, after which on 11 December 220 he proclaimed himself emperor and established the state of Cao Wei. Cao Pi continued the wars against the states of Shu Han and Eastern Wu, founded by his father's rivals Liu Bei and Sun Quan respectively, but did not make significant territorial gain in the battles. Unlike his father, Cao Pi concentrated most of his efforts on internal administration rather than on waging wars against his rivals. During his reign, he formally established Chen Qun's nine-rank system as the base for civil service nomination, which drew many talents into his government. On the other hand, he drastically reduced the power of princes, stripping off their power to oppose him, but at the same time, rendering them unable to assist the emperor if a crisis arose within the state. After Cao Pi's death, his successor Cao Rui granted him the posthumous name "Emperor Wen" and the temple name "Shizu".

paragraph: Cao Pi was also an accomplished poet and scholar, just like his father Cao Cao and his younger brother Cao Zhi. He wrote "Yan Ge Xing" (燕歌行), the first Chinese poem in the style of seven syllables per line (七言詩). He also wrote over a hundred articles on various subjects.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Cao Pi was the eldest son of Cao Cao and his concubine Lady Bian, but he was the second among all of Cao Cao's sons.(The first was Cao Ang) At the time of Cao Pi's birth, Cao Cao was a mid-level officer in the imperial guards in the capital Luoyang, with no hint that he would go on to the great campaigns he eventually carried out after the collapse of the imperial government in 190. Cao Pi was recorded as excellent swordsman as he studied martial arts from Shi E, a gentleman of household from "Rapid as Tigers" (虎賁) division of the imperial guards. In the period after 190 when Cao Cao was constantly waging war against other rival warlords, it is not known where Cao Pi and Lady Bian were, or what they did. The lone reference to Cao Pi during this period was in 204, when he took Yuan Xi's widow Lady Zhen as his wife.

paragraph: Section::::Succession struggle with Cao Zhi.

paragraph: The next immediate reference to Cao Pi's activities was in 211, when he was appointed General of the Household for All Purposes (五官中郎將) and Vice Imperial Chancellor (副丞相). This position placed him second to his father, who was then Imperial Chancellor (丞相) and the "de facto" head of government in China. The eldest of all of Cao Cao's sons, Cao Ang, had died early, so Cao Pi was regarded as the eldest among all his father's sons. Besides, Cao Pi's mother had also become Cao Cao's official spouse after Cao Cao's first wife Lady Ding was deposed. Cao Pi thus became the presumptive heir to his father.

paragraph: However, Cao Pi's status as heir was not immediately made legal, and for years there were lingering doubts on whom Cao Cao intended to make heir. Cao Cao greatly favoured Cao Zhi (his third son with Lady Bian), who was known for his literary talents. Both Cao Pi and Cao Zhi were talented poets, but Cao Zhi was more highly regarded as a poet and speaker. By 215, the brothers appeared to be in harmony with each other, but each had his own group of supporters and close associates engaging the other side in clandestine rivalry. Initially, Cao Zhi's party appeared to be prevailing, and in 216 they were successful in falsely accusing two officials supporting Cao Pi – Cui Yan and Mao Jie. Cui Yan was executed, while Mao Jie was deposed. However, the situation shifted after Cao Cao received advice from his strategist Jia Xu, who concluded that changing the general rules of succession (primogeniture) would be disruptive – using Yuan Shao and Liu Biao as negative examples. Cao Pi was also fostering his image among the people and created the sense that Cao Zhi was wasteful and lacking actual talent in governance. In 217, Cao Cao, who had received the title of a vassal king – King of Wei (魏王) – from Emperor Xian (whom he still paid nominal allegiance to), finally declared Cao Pi as his heir apparent (世子). Cao Pi would remain as such until his father's death in 220.

paragraph: Section::::As King of Wei.

paragraph: Cao Cao died in the spring of 220 in Luoyang. Even though Cao Pi had been his father's heir apparent for several years, there was initially some confusion as to what would happen next. The apprehension was particularly heightened when, after Cao Cao's death, the Qingzhou Corps under the general Zang Ba suddenly deserted, leaving Luoyang and returning home. Besides, Cao Pi's younger brother Cao Zhang (also born to Lady Bian) had arrived in Luoyang in a hurry, resulting in rumours that he was intending to seize power from his elder brother. Upon hearing these news at Cao Cao's headquarters at Ye (in present-day Handan, Hebei), Cao Pi hastily declared himself the new King of Wei (魏王) and issued an edict in the name of his mother Queen Dowager Bian, before receiving an official confirmation from Emperor Xian, to whom he still nominally paid allegiance. After Cao Pi's self-declaration, neither Cao Zhang nor any other individual took action against him. Cao Pi then ordered his brothers, including Cao Zhang and Cao Zhi, to return to their respective fiefs. With the help of Jiang Ji, the political situation soon stabilised.

paragraph: Section::::As emperor of Cao Wei.

paragraph: Section::::As emperor of Cao Wei.:Succeeding Emperor Xian.

paragraph: In the winter of 220, Cao Pi made his move for the imperial throne, strongly suggesting to Emperor Xian that he should yield the throne. Emperor Xian did so, and Cao Pi formally declined three times (a model that would be followed by future usurpers in Chinese history), and then finally accepted, establishing the state of Cao Wei. This event marked the official end of the Han dynasty and the beginning of the Three Kingdoms period. The dethroned Emperor Xian was granted the title "Duke of Shanyang" (山陽公). Cao Pi granted posthumous titles of emperors to his grandfather Cao Song and his father Cao Cao, while his mother Queen Dowager Bian became empress dowager. He also moved the imperial capital from Xuchang to Luoyang.

paragraph: Section::::As emperor of Cao Wei.:Military failures against Sun Quan.

paragraph: After news of Cao Pi's ascension (and an accompanying false rumour that Cao Pi had executed Emperor Xian) arrived in Liu Bei's domain of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing), Liu Bei also declared himself emperor in 221, establishing the state of Shu Han. Sun Quan, who controlled the vast majority of southeastern and southern China, did not take any affirmative steps one way or another, leaving his options open.

paragraph: An armed conflict between Liu Bei and Sun Quan quickly materialised, because in late 219 Sun Quan had sent his general Lü Meng to invade Jing Province and seize the territories from Liu Bei, which resulted in the death of Liu's general Guan Yu. To avoid having to fight on two fronts, Sun Quan formally paid allegiance to Cao Pi, expressing his willingness to become a vassal under Wei. Cao Pi's strategist Liu Ye suggested to reject and instead attack Sun Quan on a second front. This would effectively partition Sun Quan's domain with Shu, and would eventually allow Cao Pi to destroy Shu as well. Cao Pi declined this suggestion, in a fateful choice that most historians believe doomed his empire to ruling only the northern and central China; such an opportunity would not come again. Indeed, against Liu Ye's advice, Cao Pi granted Sun Quan the title "King of Wu" (吳王) and the nine bestowments.

paragraph: Sun Quan's submission did not last long. After Sun Quan's forces, under the command of Lu Xun, defeated Shu forces at the Battle of Xiaoting in 222, Sun Quan began to distance himself from Wei. When Cao Pi demanded that Sun Quan send his heir apparent, Sun Deng, to Luoyang as a hostage, Sun Quan refused and formally broke ties with Wei. Cao Pi personally led an expedition against Sun Quan, and in response, Sun Quan declared independence from Wei, establishing the state of Eastern Wu (but he continued ruling as "King of Wu" and did not declare himself emperor until 229). By this time, having defeated Shu, the Wu forces enjoyed high morale and effective leadership from Sun Quan, Lu Xun and a number of other capable generals. Cao Pi's forces were not able to make significant advances against them despite several large-scale attacks in the next few years. The division of the former Han Empire into three states has become firmly established, particularly after Liu Bei's death in 223. The Shu chancellor Zhuge Liang, serving as regent for Liu Bei's son and successor Liu Shan, re-established the alliance with Wu, resulting in Wei having to defend itself on two fronts and unable to conquer either. Exasperated, Cao Pi made a famous comment in 225 that "Heaven created the Yangtze River to divide the north and the south."

paragraph: Cao Pi was generally viewed as a competent, but unspectacular, administrator of his empire. He commissioned a number of capable officials to be in charge of various affairs of the empire, employing his father's general guidelines of valuing abilities over heritage. However, he was not open to criticism, and officials who dared to criticise him were often demoted and, on rare occasions, put to death.

paragraph: Section::::As emperor of Cao Wei.:Domestic matters.:Treatment of princes.

paragraph: Since Cao Pi was still fearful and resentful of Cao Zhi, he soon had the latter's fief reduced in size and had a number of his associates executed. Ding Yi, who was chief among Cao Zhi's strategists, had his whole clan exterminated as a result of assisting the latter in the past. Cao Pi's younger brother, Cao Xiong, was also said to have committed suicide out of fears for his brother. In summary, under regulations established by Cao Pi, not only were the Wei princes (unlike princes of the Han dynasty) distanced from central politics, they also had minimal authority even in their own principalities and were restricted in many ways, particularly in the use of military force.

paragraph: Section::::As emperor of Cao Wei.:Domestic matters.:Treatment of officials.

paragraph: Cao Pi was recorded to frequently ridicule his subordinates. For example, Yu Jin was captured by Liu Bei's general Guan Yu at the Battle of Fancheng in 219, and was later taken back to Wu and detained there after the Wu invasion of Jing Province. Yu Jin was allowed to return to Wei after Wu briefly became a vassal state under Wei in 221. Cao Pi reinstated Yu Jin as General Who Pacifies the Borders (安遠將軍) and announced that he would send Yu Jin back to Eastern Wu – where he had been imprisoned – as an envoy. However, before Yu Jin's departure, he was instructed to travel to Ye to pay his respects at Cao Cao's tomb. When Yu Jin arrived, he found that the emperor had commissioned artists to paint, in his father's tomb, scenes of the Battle of Fancheng. These scenes showed Yu Jin begging for his life to be spared and succumbing to the victorious Guan Yu, while his subordinate Pang De was shown dying an honourable death by resisting the invading forces to his last breath. Upon seeing the vivid mural, Yu Jin was so filled with regret and shame that he fell ill and soon died. Cao Pi further gave the deceased Yu Jin a negative-sounding posthumous title, "Marquis Li" (厲侯), for people to remember the latter as the "stony marquis (or vicious marquis)". Wang Zhong, a general who followed Cao Cao for many years, was also a subject of ridicule by Cao Pi.

paragraph: Section::::As emperor of Cao Wei.:Succession issues and death.

paragraph: An immediate issue after Cao Pi became emperor in 220 was who the empress would be. Lady Zhen was his wife. Cao Pi summoned Lady Zhen to Luoyang, but Lady Zhen refused because of her poor health. In 221 Lady Zhen died and the position of empress went to Guo Nüwang.

paragraph: Guo Nüwang did not bear Cao Pi any children. Cao Rui was the eldest of Cao Pi's sons, but because of his mother's death, he was not instated as the crown prince. Instead, Cao Rui was appointed "Prince of Pingyuan" after his father's ascension to the throne. Cao Pi did not appear to have seriously considered any other son as heir. (It might have been because the other sons were all significantly younger, although their ages were not recorded in history.) In the summer of 226, when Cao Pi was seriously ill, he finally named Cao Rui as his crown prince. On his deathbed, he entrusted Cao Rui to the care of Cao Zhen, Chen Qun and Sima Yi. Following his father's death, Cao Rui ascended the throne at the age of 21.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parents:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Cao, Emperor Wu (; 155–220)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Wuxuan, of the Bian clan (; 161–230)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consorts and Issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Wenzhao, of the Zhen clan (; 183–221)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Rui, Emperor Ming (; 204–239), first son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Dong ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Wende, of the Guo clan (; 184–235)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guiren", of the Li clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cao Xie, Prince Ai of Zan" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shuyuan", of the Pan clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Rui, Prince Wen'an (; d. 233)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shuyuan", of the Zhu clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Jian, Prince Huai of Dongwuyang (; d. 224)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zhaoyi", of the Qiu clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Lin, Prince Ding of Donghai (; d. 250)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Xu clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Li, Prince Liang (; d. 229)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Su clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Yong, Prince Luyang (; 208–229)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Zhang clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Gong, Prince Dao of Qinghe (; d. 223)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Song clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Yan, Prince Ai of Guangping (; d. 223)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unknown

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cao Jie" ()

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Cao Pi appears as a playable character in Koei's "Dynasty Warriors" and "Warriors Orochi" video game series. He also appears in Koei's "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" series.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Wei family trees

paragraph: Section::::References.

alias:
Wen Di
Zihuan

description: Cao Wei emperor

wikidata_label: Cao Pi

wikipedia_title: Cao Pi