text: American

text: composer

text: Portland, Oregon

text: Salem, Oregon

text: South Salem High School

text: University of Puget Sound

text: University of Oregon

text: University of Missouri

text: Kansas City Kansas Community College

text: postminimalist

text: ambient

text: West Coast

text: Kyle Gann

text: Harold Budd

text: Irritable Hedgehog Music

text: redbirdsong workshop

text: Official website

text: IMDb

text: NonPop blog

text: Stocking Stuffers from Planet Eugene

categories: Minimalist composers,1976 births,21st-century classical composers,American male classical composers,Ambient musicians,American male musicians,21st-century American composers,Postminimalist composers,American classical composers,Living people

paragraph: Scott Unrein

paragraph: Scott Unrein (born November 13, 1976) is an American composer and performer of electronic and acoustic music.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Section::::History.:Early life and education.

paragraph: Unrein was born in Portland, Oregon, United States. He was raised in Salem, Oregon, and attended South Salem High School graduating in 1995.

paragraph: He attended University of Puget Sound where he studied music and theatre. He then attended University of Oregon graduating with a master's in composition. In 2004, Unrein moved to Kansas City, MO where he attended school at the University of Missouri and pursued a doctorate in composition. While there, he taught music at University of Missouri and Kansas City Kansas Community College.

paragraph: Section::::History.:Career.

paragraph: His pieces, often for small groups and unusual instrument combinations are slow and quiet, using modular cells of process-driven music. He uses a modified western graphic notation to create ambiguous and complex counterpoint between instruments and instrument groups. Often included under the category of postminimalist and ambient West Coast-based composers, composer and music critic Kyle Gann compared his music favorably to composer Harold Budd.

paragraph: From 2006 to 2011, he produced and hosted a podcast, NonPop, a radio-like program (74 total episodes) covering new music and new releases of studio albums.

paragraph: He has released several albums of music and has announced upcoming projects for film and television.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nacre on Nat Evans: The Tortoise", (2015) independent release

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Putney Cascade on The Putney Project, Vol. 1", (2012) - Irritable Hedgehog Music

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:EPs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Rising Space", (2018) - redbirdsong workshop

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- IMDb

paragraph: BULLET::::- NonPop blog

paragraph: BULLET::::- Composer/Alum David McIntire Releases New CD on His Record Label, "Irritable Hedgehog"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 28th Annual New Music & Art Festival, featured composer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Associate Artist in Residence @ The Atlantic Center for the Arts

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stocking Stuffers from Planet Eugene

paragraph: BULLET::::- 21st Century Music -- September 2000, Volume 7, Number 9 "Leading the Oregon Cheer for New Music. 26."

description: American composer

wikidata_label: Scott Unrein

wikipedia_title: Scott Unrein


text:
Baroque
Antwerp
Cathedral of Our Lady
Fall of Antwerp
Gillis van Coninxloo
Hendrik Gijsmans
Gillis van Coninxloo
Pieter Schoubroeck
Hendrik van der Borcht the elder
son
Pieter Schoubroeck
topgraphical drawings
Bad Schwalbach
Matthias Merian
Small Landscapes
Hieronymus Cock

categories: 1578 births,Artists from Antwerp,German Baroque painters,1620s deaths,Flemish Baroque painters,Flemish landscape painters

paragraph: Anton Mirou

paragraph: Antoine, or Anton Mirou (1578, – 1621/1627), was a Flemish Baroque landscape painter of the Frankenthal school. He is known for his wooded and rocky landscapes and landscapes with populated villages. He was also a topographical draftsman whose views were widely disseminated through prints.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Anton Mirou was born in Antwerp where he was baptized on 4 May 1578 in the Cathedral of Our Lady. His family must have been Protestant as they left Antwerp in 1586 after the Fall of Antwerp. The family moved to Frankenthal where a younger brother was born. Mirou made in 1602 a declaration in Frankenthal that he was 24 years of age.

paragraph: On stylistic grounds it is believed that he trained in Frankenthal under the prominent Flemish landscape Gillis van Coninxloo who resided there from 1588 to 1595. Another Flemish painter active in Germany called Hendrik Gijsmans was possibly also his teacher.

paragraph: He married in 1602 in Frankenthal with Susanneke Jaspersdr. van Conincxloo. According to an unknown source, he returned to Antwerp in 1620, where he possibly died. He must have died after 1621 and before 8 April 1627 as on the latter date his wife is mentioned as widow.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: He painted landscapes and is considered a member of the school of Frankenthal. The school of Frankenthal included the painters Gillis van Coninxloo, Pieter Schoubroeck, and Hendrik van der Borcht the elder and the latter's son.

paragraph: A majority of Miro's landscape are distinguished from those of his contemporaries by the presence of richly dressed figures that populate the woody paths. These figures often seem ill matched with their surroundings. In the (at Sotheby's on 3 July 2013, London, lot 6) a magnificently dressed young lady is serenaded by a lute-playing gentleman while they stroll on a path along which there are several beggars.

paragraph: His early landscapes were influenced by his presumed master Gillis van Coninxloo. These landscapes depict abundant trees or shrubs, craggy mountains, waterfalls and rock formations and complex paths. After circa 1614 Mirou seems to have undergone the influence of another artist of Flemish descent active in Frankenthal called Pieter Schoubroeck. Mirou started from that time to paint village landscapes populated with many figures.

paragraph: Mirou had a strong interest in topgraphical drawings. A series of 26 his views of Bad Schwalbach were turned into prints by Matthias Merian and published in an album entitled "Novae quaedem ac paganae regiunculae circa acidulas Swalbacenses delineatae per Antonium Mirulem in aes vero incisae per Mathae Merianem" ("Some new and rural village views around the sour springs of Schwalbach, drawn by Anton Mirou but cut in copper by Matthias Merian, 1620") (Hollstein, xiv, nos 1–26). This publications contributed to their wide circulation throughout the low countries. Some of the original drawings of Mirou are in collections in Budapest and elsewhere and bear the original notes made in Dutch by Mirou himself. Many of these drawings invite comparison with the Small Landscapes series, which were engraved and published in Antwerp between 1559 and 1561 by Hieronymus Cock.

alias:
Antoine Miruleus
Antoine Miróv
Antoine Miroe
Antoine Miroul
Antonius Mirouloeus
Antoine Miron
Antonius Miruleus
Antoine Mirou
Antoine Mirov
Antoine Miroy
Antoine Miroel
Antoine Mirón
Anthonie Mirou
Antonie Mirou
A. Miron
antonie miroux
Mirou
Mierou
Anthony Meru
antony mirou
Anthoni Vieroe
Ant. Mirou
Meroux
antonie mirou
anthonie mirou

description: Flemish landscape artist

wikidata_label: Anton Mirou

wikipedia_title: Anton Mirou


text:
Atari VCS
Carol Shaw
3-D Tic-Tac-Toe
River Raid
Atari, Inc.
mathematics
neuropsychology
brain
Stanford University
animation
Atari 2600
Dodge 'Em
Head On
Warlords
Star Raiders
Doug Neubauer
Atari 8-bit family
Tempest
Electronic Arts
intellectual property
George Washington University
U.S. Senate

categories: Women video game designers,Women video game programmers,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people),Atari people

paragraph: Carla Meninsky

paragraph: Carla Meninsky is former video game designer and programmer during the early years of the Atari VCS.

paragraph: Along with Carol Shaw (creator of "3-D Tic-Tac-Toe" and "River Raid"), Meninsky was one of two female engineers at Atari, Inc. to develop video game cartridges.

paragraph: She later became an intellectual property lawyer.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Meninsky's mother was a programmer and Carla learned programming in high school, but she switched from mathematics to neuropsychology and brain modelling at Stanford University. Given her artistic bent, Meninsky was particularly interested in vision and eventually veered back toward programming and a lifelong dream of creating animation tools.

paragraph: She began her college career at Stanford studying math, but eventually switched to psychology because it sounded more exciting. She learned basic Fortran in high school from her mother, who was a programmer, and through this built an interest in computer animation.

paragraph: Section::::Atari, Inc..

paragraph: Meninsky joined Atari after graduating from Stanford University with a degree in psychology.

paragraph: For the Atari 2600 she wrote the 1980 racing game "Dodge 'Em" (similar to the 1979 "Head On" coin-op from Sega), a 1981 port of Atari's "Warlords", and the 2600 version of "Star Raiders" (originally designed by Doug Neubauer for the Atari 8-bit family). She later worked on a port "Tempest" that was never released, but prototypes exist.

paragraph: Section::::Law practice.

paragraph: Meninsky worked for Electronic Arts (EA) and other game publishers and eventually started her own successful contract programming company. In the course of writing contracts and seeing intellectual property rights being ignored by some companies, she became interested in intellectual property law.

paragraph: Meninsky graduated from George Washington University Law School and now practices intellectual property law. As an EPIC Public Interest Opportunities Program Fellow, Meninsky testified before the U.S. Senate in 2002.

description: American video game designer

wikidata_label: Carla Meninsky

wikipedia_title: Carla Meninsky


text:
American football
wide receiver
National Football League
Atlanta Falcons
1988 NFL Draft
college football
Northern Arizona
New Orleans Saints

categories: Atlanta Falcons players,New Orleans Saints players,American football wide receivers,Players of American football from Louisiana,1965 births,Northern Arizona Lumberjacks football players,Sportspeople from New Orleans,Living people

paragraph: Michael Haynes (wide receiver)

paragraph: Michael David Haynes (born December 24, 1965) is a former American football wide receiver in the National Football League. He was drafted by the Atlanta Falcons in the seventh round of the 1988 NFL Draft. He played college football at Northern Arizona. Haynes also played for the New Orleans Saints.

description: American gridiron football player

wikidata_label: Michael Haynes

wikipedia_title: Michael Haynes (wide receiver)


text: Canadian

text: Cardinal

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Archbishop of Quebec

text: cardinalate

text: Quebec City

text: judge

text: dean

text: faculty of law

text: Maurice Duplessis

text: homeschooled

text: ordained

text: priesthood

text: Bishop Joseph Brunault

text: Seminary

text: licentiate in theology

text: Université Laval

text: Angelicum

text: Rome

text: doctorate

text: philosophy

text: Sorbonne

text: Catholic Institute

text: Paris

text: dogmatic

text: sacramental

text: theology

text: apologetics

text: chaplain

text: Canadian Army

text: World War II

text: Order of the British Empire

text: superior

text: Bishop of Trois Rivières

text: Pope Pius XII

text: episcopal consecration

text: Jean-Marie-Rodrigue Villeneuve

text: OMI

text: Albini Lafortune

text: Arthur Douville

text: co-consecrators

text: Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame

text: Archbishop of Quebec

text: Primate

text: Canadian Church

text: miracle

text: Saint-Sylvestre

text: Georges-Henri Lévesque

text: Parliament

text: Second Vatican Council

text: Cardinal-Priest

text: Pope Paul VI

text: consistory

text: Pontifical Council for the Laity

text: that for Justice and Peace

text: Family

text: Octogesima adveniens

text: Order of Canada

text: Curial

text: cardinal elector

text: conclaves

text: August

text: October 1978

text: crypt

text: baptism

text: confirmation

text: Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

text: Catholic-Hierarchy

categories: World War II chaplains,Archbishops of Quebec,Burials at Notre-Dame de Québec Cathedral,Université Laval alumni,Companions of the Order of Canada,1905 births,Pontifical Council for the Laity,Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace,1985 deaths,Canadian Officers of the Order of the British Empire,Cardinals created by Pope Paul VI,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Canadian cardinals,Participants in the Second Vatican Council,Pontifical Council for the Family

paragraph: Maurice Roy

paragraph: Maurice Roy, (January 25, 1905 – October 24, 1985) was a Canadian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Quebec from 1947 to 1981, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1965.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Roy was born in Quebec City as one of three children. His father was a judge, the dean of the faculty of law at the University of Laval, and a friend of Maurice Duplessis. His mother was a descendant of the poet Napoléon Legendre. Initially homeschooled, he was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Joseph Brunault on June 12, 1927 after attending the Seminary of Quebec from 1915 to 1923. He obtained his licentiate in theology from the Université Laval in 1927, and then studied at the Angelicum in Rome, receiving a doctorate in philosophy in 1929. From 1929 to 1930, he attended the Sorbonne and the Catholic Institute in Paris. Roy then taught dogmatic and sacramental theology and apologetics at Quebec's Grand Seminary until 1939. He worked as a chaplain to the University of Laval (1935–1937) and to the Canadian Army during World War II. He served in Great Britain, Italy, France, Belgium, Holland and Germany, 1939-1943, and attained the rank of Colonel. He was awarded the Order of the British Empire for his "extremely courageous conduct" as a chaplain in the war. Resuming his teaching posts upon his return to Canada in 1945, Roy was named superior of the seminary in December of that same year.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop.

paragraph: On February 22, 1946, Roy was appointed Bishop of Trois Rivières by Pope Pius XII. Roy received his episcopal consecration on the following May 1 from Cardinal Jean-Marie-Rodrigue Villeneuve, OMI, with Bishops Albini Lafortune and Arthur Douville serving as co-consecrators, in the Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame. His episcopal motto was "In nomine Jesu". Roy became Bishop of the Catholic Military Vicariate of Canada on June 8 of the same year, later resigning from the post on March 12, 1982, after thirty-five years of service.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop.

paragraph: A little over a year after Roy's first episcopal appointment, Pope Pius raised him to Archbishop of Quebec on June 2, 1947. He was made Primate of the Canadian Church upon Quebec's elevation to that ecclesiastical rank on January 24, 1956.

paragraph: Roy condemned the supposed miracles of Saint-Sylvestre in 1949, and prohibited Fr. Georges-Henri Lévesque from sitting on Parliament in 1955, fearing that a priest with such a postiton would bring embarrassment to the Church. Participating in the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), Roy was created Cardinal-Priest of "Nostra Signora del Ss. Sacramento e Santi Martiri Canadesi" by Pope Paul VI in the consistory of February 22, 1965. He was named the first President of the Pontifical Council for the Laity and of that for Justice and Peace on January 6, 1967, and then first President of Family on January 11, 1973.

paragraph: As President of the Pontifical Council for the Laity and of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, it was to Roy, that Pope Paul VI addressed his apostolic letter of 14 May 1971, Octogesima adveniens commemorating the eightieth anniversary of Rerum novarum and discussing the role of the laity and local churches in responding to situations of injustices.

paragraph: In 1971 Roy was made a Companion of the Order of Canada, and he resigned all three of his Curial posts on December 16, 1976. He was a cardinal elector in the conclaves of August and October 1978, and stepped down as Quebec's archbishop on March 20, 1981, after a period of thirty-three years.

paragraph: Roy died in his sleep at a hospital in Quebec, at age 80. He is buried in the crypt of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame. Thus his baptism, confirmation, priestly ordination, episcopal consecration, installment as Archbishop of Quebec, and burial all took place at the Cathedral of Notre-Dame.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic-Hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Roy on Being a Military Chaplain

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Maurice Roy

wikipedia_title: Maurice Roy


href: Sanskrit rishi Hinduism Rigveda Agni Saptarishi Atharvan Max%20Muller Digha%20Nikaya Buddha rishi Brahma Prajapatis Sur%C5%ABpa Brihaspati Bhrigu Angra%20Mainyu Zoroastrianism B%E1%B9%9Bhaspati Deva%20%28Hinduism%29 Bhrigu Shukra asura https%3A//www.jstor.org/stable/25208880

text:
Sanskrit
rishi
Hinduism
Rigveda
Agni
Saptarishi
Atharvan
Max Muller
Digha Nikaya
Buddha
rishi
Brahma
Prajapatis
Surūpa
Brihaspati
Bhrigu
Angra Mainyu
Zoroastrianism
Bṛhaspati
deva
Bhrigu
Shukra
asura
The First Maṇḍala of the Ṛig-Veda

paragraph: Angiras (sage)

paragraph: Angiras (Sanskrit: / "", pronounced ) is a Vedic rishi (sage) of Hinduism. He is described in the "Rigveda" as a teacher of divine knowledge, a mediator between men and gods, as well as stated in other hymns to be the first of Agni-devas (fire gods). In some texts, he is considered to be one of the seven great sages or "Saptarishis", but in others he is mentioned but not counted in the list of seven great sages. In some manuscripts of "Atharvaveda", the text is attributed to "Atharvangirasah", which is a compound of sage Atharvan and Angiras. The student family of Angiras are called "Angirasa", and they are credited to be the authors of some hymns in the first, second, fifth, eighth, ninth, and tenth books of the "Rigveda".

paragraph: Angiras is a common name, and the numerous mentions in ancient and medieval Indian texts may reflect different people with the same name. In the Hindu Epics and Puranas, his legends and mythologies are highly inconsistent.

paragraph: Section::::Texts.

paragraph: Many hymns of the "Rigveda" credit Angiras and his students as their authors. For example:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hymns 1.101 through 1.115 dedicated to Agni, Indra, Ribhus, Asvins, Ushas, Rudra and Surya were authored by Kutsa Angirasa.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hymn 2.1 dedicated to Agni was originally authored by Angirasa Saunahotra.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hymns 5.35 and 5.36 dedicated to Indra were authored by Prabhuvasu Angirasa.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hymns 8.2 (first 40 verses) to Indra were authored by Priyamedha Angirasa.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hymns 9.97 (last 14 verses), 9.108, 9.112 to Soma were authored by Kutsa Angirasa, Uru Angirasa, Urdhvasadman Angirasa, Krtayasas Angirasa and Sisu Angirasa.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hymns in mandala 10, on Indra, Agni, Brihaspati, Wisdom, Surya, Vaisvanara, Horses, Ushas, ritual of Royal consecration, and others were authored by various Angirasas.

paragraph: Other than crediting authorship, the Vedic texts mention sage Angiras in various roles such as a fire priest or a singer. For example, the allegorical hymn 3.31 of the "Rigveda" calls him a singer:

paragraph: In the Vedic tradition linked to the "Atharvaveda", sage Atharvan was more revered while sage Angiras was controversial. The auspicious practices, virtues and the pursuit of good for others were attributed to Atharvan, while the hostile sorcery and pursuit of harm unto others were attributed to Angiras. According to Max Muller – a professor of Sanskrit and Indology at the Oxford University, the sage Angiras in Vedic literature is different from the plural term "Angirasa", and these terms refer to different people. The "Angiras" rishi is different from the group of sorcerers in "Atharvaveda" also named "Angirasa", and according to Muller, the Vedic rishi is also different from a class of divine beings who too are called "Angirasa" in the Vedic texts and described as "sprung from coals ("angara")".

paragraph: In Buddhist Pali canonical texts such as "Digha Nikaya", Tevijja Sutta describes a discussion between the Buddha and Vedic scholars of his time. The Buddha names ten rishis, calls them "early sages" and makers of ancient verses that have been collected and chanted in his era, and among those ten rishis is Angiras.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: The name Angirasas is applied generically to several Puranic individuals. Further, the Vedic sage Angiras appears in medieval Hindu texts with contradictory roles as well as many different versions of his birth, marriage and biography. In some, he is described to be the son of Brahma, in others he is one of many Prajapatis. Depending on the legend, he has one, two or four wives. In one myth, his wife is stated to be Surūpa and his sons are Utathya, Samvartana and Brahaspati. Other accounts say that he married Smriti (memory), the daughter of Daksha and later married Svadha (oblation). Yet other Puranic accounts state, he married "Shubha" and they had seven daughters named after aspects of "fire" and a son named Brihaspati. In some legends, sage Brihaspati is his son.

paragraph: According to one legend, Angirasa turned his senses inwards and meditated on Para-Brahman, the creator of the creator, for several years. The great Tejas he got by birth had multiplied infinitely by his penance. He attained many divine qualities, powers, and riches, and control over many worlds. But he was oblivious of all the worldly attainments and did not stop his penance. Due to this penance he became one with the Para-Brahman and thus attained the state of “Brahmarshi”. He had visions of many Vedic Mantras and brought them to this earthly world. He is credited as being the source of great number of Vedic Hymns and mantras and also believed to have introduced fire-worship along with sage Bhrigu.

paragraph: He is one of Saptarishis in the Puranic mythologies.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Angra Mainyu ("wrong spirit" or "enemy spirit", according to Zoroastrianism)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bṛhaspati (son of Angiras, guru of devas)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bhrigu (father of Shukracharya, guru of asuras)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The First Maṇḍala of the Ṛig-Veda, Frederic Pincott (see discussion on Angiras)

wikidata_label: Angiras

wikipedia_title: Angiras (sage)


text: Finland

text: 2018 Winter Olympics

text: Pyongchang

text: 2010 Winter Olympics

text: Vancouver

text: 2008–09 World Cup

text: Stoneham Mountain Resort

text: Olympic profile

categories: Snowboarders at the 2014 Winter Olympics,1987 births,Snowboarders at the 2018 Winter Olympics,Olympic snowboarders of Finland,Finnish male snowboarders,Snowboarders at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Living people

paragraph: Markus Malin

paragraph: Markus Malin (born 28 May 1987) is a Finnish snowboarder. He is a two-time Olympian; representing Finland in the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyongchang and the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. At both Olympics, Markus competed in halfpipe, finishing 11th in 2010 and 19th in 2018. Malin won the bronze medal at a 2008–09 World Cup event at Stoneham Mountain Resort in the halfpipe. He also won bronze at the 2010 Canadian Open, a tune-up for the Olympics.

paragraph: Malin is also a constant competitor at events of the Swatch TTR World Snowboard Tour. After finishing the 08/09 season already in the Top 10 of the Tour, he ended the 09/10 season in World No. 3 of the world ranking list thanks to some good results like a third place at the 5Star Burton Canadian Open and a fourth-place finish at the 6Star O'Neill Evolution and the 6Star Burton US Open.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olympic profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Malin's profile on the Swatch TTR website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Snowboard result database including all Marlin's results at major events worldwide

description: Finnish snowboarder

wikidata_label: Markus Malin

wikipedia_title: Markus Malin


text:
Sufi
Mohra Sharif
Muhammad Qasim Sadiq
Murshid
Muhammad Qasim Sadiq
Reza Shah
Ispahan
islam
Murshid
Sulook
Tehran
Iran
Sulook
Murshid
Hindustan
Al-Khidr
Baba Ji Khawaja Muhammad Qasim Sadiq
Naqshbandi
Suhrawardiyya
Chishti Order
Qadiriyyah
Sindh
Pakistan
disciples
Khalifa of Baba ji
Qasimiya Order
Naqshbandia Owaisiah Order of Sufism

categories: Sufi mystics,Pakistani Sufi saints,1900 births,1986 deaths

paragraph: Pir Irani

paragraph: Pir Syed Mustafa Sibghatullah Shah Irani (1900–1986), popularly known as Pir Irani, was a Sufi saint who was the Khalifa of Baba Ji Khawaja Muhammad Qasim of Mohra Sharif. He was taught by Baba Ji Khawaja Muhammad Qasim Sadiq of Mohra Sharif. His father named him as Sibghatullah, and mother liked the name Mustafa. He got the Title "Pir Irani" from his Murshid Baba Ji Khawaja Muhammad Qasim Sadiq of Mohra Sharif. He was born in Iran and belonged to an influential Syed family. His ancestors were associated with Shahanshah Iran dynasty from centuries. After getting basic education, he graduated from military academy. Reza Shah Pahlavi called him and assigned the job of Assistant to General Auditor. After the war of Ispahan, he became close aide of Reza Shah Pahlavi . His interest in islam compelled him to look for a guide Murshid or Pir. He got his initial training Sulook from Aaka Shams-ul-Urafa at Tehran, Iran. After one year of his spiritual education Sulook, his master Murshid directed him "Pir Irani" to seek further spiritual education from Hindustan "India". He started his journey towards Hindustan, while traveling, he met with Khizer Al-Khidr who guided him towards Baba Ji Khawaja Muhammad Qasim Sadiq. He got his spiritual Education from 1930 till 1938 at Mohra Sharif. He got khilafat or Ijaza in Sufi orders especially named four Sufi orders i.e. Naqshbandi, Suhrawardiyya, Chishti Order, Qadiriyyah. He was then sent to Sindh, Pakistan to preach others.

paragraph: Pir Irani remained at Hyderabad and guided thousands of disciples, He died on 27 December 1986 at Hyderabad and rested at mustafaiya shareef,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Khalifa of Baba ji

paragraph: BULLET::::- Qasimiya Order

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naqshbandia Owaisiah Order of Sufism

description: Sufi saint

wikidata_label: Pir Irani

wikipedia_title: Pir Irani


text:
Nantes
Paris
chess
Paul Morphy
Nantes
nobiliary particle
1867 Paris international tournament
Exposition Universelle
Samuel Rosenthal
Café de la Régence
Serafino Dubois
Gustav Neumann
Ignatz von Kolisch
Thomas Wilson Barnes
Paul Journoud
Johann Löwenthal
Mikhail Chigorin
chess column
billiards
roulette
Stanley Johnson
Obituary of de Rivière

categories: 1830 births,Sportspeople from Nantes,1905 deaths

paragraph: Jules Arnous de Rivière

paragraph: Jules Arnous de Rivière (4 May 1830, Nantes – 11 September 1905, Paris) was the strongest French chess player from the late 1850s through the late 1870s. He is best known today for playing many games with Paul Morphy when the American champion visited Paris in 1858 and 1863.

paragraph: Born in Nantes to a French father William Henri Arnous-Rivière and an English mother Marie Tobin, he awarded himself the nobiliary particle "de". Arnous-Rivière finished 6th of 13 in the 1867 Paris international tournament organized in conjunction with the Exposition Universelle. Although he finished well below the strongest foreign masters, he was ahead of fellow Parisian, Polish-born, Samuel Rosenthal. Arnous-Rivière had success in some minor tournaments in Paris: 3rd in 1880, 2nd= in 1881, 2nd in 1882–3, and 3rd in the Café de la Régence tournament of 1896.

paragraph: Arnous-Rivière fared poorly in his casual games against Morphy, but did well in more formal match play. He lost to Serafino Dubois (+8-21=3) in 1855, and Gustav Neumann (+3-7=2) in 1864, but he drew with Ignatz von Kolisch (5:5) in 1859, and defeated Thomas Wilson Barnes in London (+5−2=0) and Paul Journoud in Paris (+7−2=1) in 1860, and Johann Löwenthal (+2−0=0) in Paris in 1867. He also lost a close match to Mikhail Chigorin by +4−5=1 in 1883.

paragraph: Arnous-Rivière's writings included several chess columns and books on billiards and roulette. He also invented many games.

paragraph: He married 27 October 1858 to Joséphine de Coulhac Mazérieux (1834-1921) and had three children: William Arnous-Rivière (1860–1904), Hélène Arnous-Rivière (1862–?) and Jacques Arnous-Rivière (1874–1919). Hélène Arnous-Rivière married Baron Christian-Hubert von Pfeffel; her great-grandson is British politician Stanley Johnson.

paragraph: Arnous-Rivière died in Paris in 1905.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- . (Seems to have typos in a couple of the years, as it lists the date of death as 11 September 1906 and sets the Chigorin match in 1885.)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary of de Rivière

description: French chess player

wikidata_label: Jules Arnous de Rivière

wikipedia_title: Jules Arnous de Rivière


text:
Mughal emperor
Khujista Akhtar
Bahadur Shah I
Sayyid brothers
Asaf Jah I
invasion by Nader Shah
sacking of Delhi
British
Ghazna
Afghanistan
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categories: Mughal emperors,1702 births,1748 deaths,People from Fatehpur

paragraph: Muhammad Shah

paragraph: Nasir-ud-Din Muḥammad Shah () (born Roshan Akhtar ()) (7 August 1702 – 16 April 1748) was Mughal emperor from 1719 to 1748. He was son of Khujista Akhtar, the fourth son of Bahadur Shah I. With the help of the Sayyid brothers, he ascended the throne at the young age of 17. He later got rid of them with the help of Asaf Jah I – Syed Hussain Ali Khan was murdered at Fatehpur Sikri in 1720 and Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha was fatally poisoned in 1722. Muhammad Shah was a great patron of the arts, including musical, cultural and administrative developments. His pen-name was Sadā Rangīla "(Ever Joyous)" and he is often referred to as "Muhammad Shah Rangila", also sometimes as "Bahadur Shah Rangila" after his grand father Bahadur Shah I.

paragraph: Although he was a patron of the arts, Muhammad Shah's reign was marked by rapid and irreversible decline of the Mughal Empire. The Mughal Empire was already decaying, but the invasion by Nader Shah of Persia and the subsequent sacking of Delhi, the Mughal capital, greatly accelerated the pace. The course of events not only shocked and mortified the Mughals themselves, but also other foreigners, including the British.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Muhammad Shah was born in 1702 in Ghazna (in modern-day Afghanistan) to Prince Khujista Akhtar, during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. His grandfather Bahadur Shah I defeated and eliminated his own brother Muhammad Azam Shah on 19 June 1707 at the Battle of Jajau. During another war of succession, following the death of Bahadur Shah, his father was killed, and the 12-year-old prince and his mother were imprisoned by his uncle Jahandar Shah but spared from death. The prince was handsome and quick to learn, and his mother took good care of his education. After the overthrow of Farrukhsiyar in 1719, several Mughal Emperors briefly ascended the throne, but the Sayyid Brothers eventually chose the 17-year-old Muhammad Shah as emperor.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: On 29 September 1719, Muhammad Shah was given the title "Abu Al-Fatah Nasir-ud-Din Roshan Akhtar Muhammad Shah" and enthroned in the Red Fort. His mother was given an allowance of 15 thousand rupees monthly for her needs, but the Sayyid Brothers kept the new emperor under strict supervision.

paragraph: The Mughal Grand Vizier Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha and his brother the Mughal commander and chief Syed Hussain Ali Khan Barha were well aware that Asaf Jah I and his companions Qamaruddin Khan, Zain ud-din Ahmad Khan intended to dissolve their administration. The Sayyid Brothers quickly nominated an amateur, Prince Muhammad Ibrahim, who proclaimed himself Mughal Emperor, but he was quickly defeated by the new loyalists of the young Muhammad Shah on 13 November 1720.

paragraph: On 9th of October 1720, Syed Hussain Ali Khan Barha, the commander and chief of the most elite Mughal Army, was assassinated in his encampment in Toba Bhim. The Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah took direct command of his forces. Asaf Jah I was then dispatched to gain complete control of six Mughal provinces in the Deccan, and Muhammad Amin Khan Turani was assigned as the Mansabdar of 8,000. He was sent to pursue the Mughal Grand Vizier Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha, who was defeated at the Battle of Hasanpur by Turani, Mir Muhammad Amin Irani and Muhammad Haider Beg. He was captured by Muhammad Shah on 15 November 1720 and executed two years later. Previously the emperor had to fight Muhammad Ibrahim, but young Muhammad Shah defeated him on 13 November 1720. The fall of the Sayyid Brothers marked the beginning of the end of the Mughal Empire's direct control over its dominions in the Deccan.

paragraph: In the year 1721, young Muhammad Shah married the daughter of the previously deposed Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar.

paragraph: On 21 February 1722, Muhammad Shah appointed the Asaf Jah I as Grand Vizier. He advised Muhammad Shah to be "as cautious as Akbar and as brave as Aurangzeb". Asaf Jah I resigned his post as the Grand Vizier when Muhammad Shah expressed negligence towards his administration. Asaf Jah I appointed commander Ewaz Khan as the master of the garrison at Aurangabad, and much of his logistical duties were carried out by Inayatullah Kashmiri. Asaf Jah I left the imperial court in disgust and appointed his deputy Qamaruddin Khan as the next Grand Vizier. In 1723 he set out on an expedition to the Deccan, where he fought Mubariz Khan, the Mughal Subedar of the Deccan, who kept the ravaging Marathas at bay. Taking advantage of Mubariz Khan's conventional weaknesses, Asaf Jah I defeated and eliminated his opponent during the Battle of Shakar kheda. Asaf Jah I then established the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1725.

paragraph: During this time, the Mughal-Maratha Wars (1728–1763) would cause irreparable devastation to the inhabitants of the ill-administered Mughal Empire. Despite efforts to counter the rise of rebellions in 1724, by the Nawab of Awadh Saadat Ali Khan and the Mughal Subedar in Bangalore, Dilawar Khan (r.1726–1756), who established a well-protected bastion in the Malabar Coast. Muhammad Ali Khan the Mughal Faujdar of Rangpur and his stern ally Deena Narayan were ambushed out of Koch Bihar by Upendra Narayan a Hindu Bihari and Mipham Wangpo (r.1729–1736) the ruler of Bhutan. Ali Muhammad Khan Rohilla had established the barons of Rohilakhand. The Nawab of Bhopal, Yar Muhammad Khan Bahadur, also ratified by the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah in 1728, countered ceaseless raids by the Marathas in Malwa and nearly began to lose half of his territories in the year 1742.

paragraph: Muhammad Shah eventually learned the skills of statesmanship after removing his three incompetent advisors, namely Koki Jee (his foster sister), Roshan-ud-Daula (his mercantile friend) and Sufi Abdul Ghafur of Thatta (his spiritual teacher).

paragraph: In the Punjab region, the Sikhs were at war with Mughal Subedars, and the hit-and-run tactics of the Sikh warriors caused devastation. In Ajmer, Ajit Singh carved out a vast territory and allied himself with the renegade Marathas. While in the Deccan the Marathas had ruined Mughal fortifications and were already on the warpath. All this greatly contributed to the decline of the Mughal Empire.

paragraph: In 1737, the Marathas under Baji Rao I annexed Gujarat, Malwa and Bundelkhand, and raided the Mughal capital Delhi.

paragraph: In 1739, Nader Shah of Persia, lured by the wealth and weakness of the Mughals, took advantage of a rebellion on his eastern borders near Kandahar and initiated a campaign against the Mughal Empire capturing Ghazni, Kabul, Lahore, and Sindh. He then advanced against Muhammad Shah and defeated him at the Battle of Karnal. The Persians, having crushed the Mughal armies in less than three hours, marched upon and sacked Delhi, hoarding priceless treasures that were taken back to Persia. This event weakened the Mughals significantly, paving the path for more invaders and eventually the East India Company.

paragraph: In 1748, Ahmad Shah Durrani of Afghanistan invaded the Mughal Empire. Heir apparent Ahmad Shah Bahadur, Grand Vizier Qamaruddin Khan and his son Muin ul-Mulk, Intizam-ud-Daula and Safdarjung were sent with 75,000 men after the defeat of Shahnawaz Khan in Lahore. At the Battle of Manupur (1748), Durrani's 12,000 men were defeated, and he was forced to retreat. There was a great rejoicing for this event throughout the Mughal Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Cultural developments.

paragraph: While Urdu was already in use before Muhammad Shah's reign, it was during his reign that it became more popular among the people and he declared it as the court language, replacing Persian. During Muhammad Shah's reign, Qawwali was reintroduced into the Mughal imperial court and it quickly spread throughout South Asia. Muhammad Shah is also known to have introduced religious institutions for education such as Maktabs. During his reign, the Quran was translated for the first time in simple Persian and Urdu. Also, during his reign, the formal Turkic dress, normally worn by the high Mughal nobility since Mughals originally hailed from Samarqand, was replaced by the Sherwani.

paragraph: Mohammad Shah was a patron of the performing arts, almost at the cost of administrative priorities, paving the way for the disintegration of governance. While Mughal political power did decline in his reign, the Emperor encouraged the arts, employing master artists such as Nidha Mal (active 1735–75) and Chitarman, whose vivacious paintings depict scenes of court life, such as Holi celebrations, hunting and hawking. The Mughal court of the time had musicians such as Niyamat Khan, also known as Sadarang, and his nephew Firoz Khan (Adarang), whose compositions popularised the musical form of Khyal.Niyamat Khan composed Khyal for his disciples and he never performed Khyal. This key component of Indian classical music evolved, ascended and received princely patronage at the court of Muhammad Shah.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Scientific developments.

paragraph: During the reign of Muhammad Shah, a significant scientific work known as the Zij-i Muhammad Shahi was completed by Jai Singh II of Amber between the year 1727 and 1735; it consisted of 400 pages.

paragraph: Section::::Later Mughal-Maratha wars.

paragraph: After Asaf Jah I left Delhi, the Marathas, who had already expanded up to the river Narmada, invaded the rich province of Malwa in the beginning of 1723. The Mughal Emperor entrusted its defence to its governor, who failed him. By winter of the same year, they reached Ujjain, the capital of Malwa.

paragraph: In 1725, the governorship of Gujarat was transferred to Sarbuland Khan. Enraged by the authority of the Mughal Emperor, the Marathas invaded Gujarat but were routed by Sarbuland Khan and his forces. This was mainly because most of the Maratha forces, including their leader Baji Rao I, were at the time fighting the Asaf Jah I in Hyderabad. The war with Hyderabad, however, proceeded favourably for the Marathas.

paragraph: In 1728, during February, the Asaf Jah I was decisively defeated at the Battle of Palkhed.

paragraph: In the year 1728, the Marathas led by Baji Rao I and his brother Chimnaji Appa invaded the Mughal province of Malwa and challenged the Mughal Subedar Girdihar Bahadur, who led a fairly large Mughal Army during the Battle of Amjhera. Both Girdihar Bahadur and his trusted cousin Daya Bahadur were defeated and killed. On 29 November, Chimnaji Appa went on to besiege the remnants of the Mughal Army of Malwa during a failed Siege of Ujjain.

paragraph: In the year 1731, Asaf Jah I the Nizam of Hyderabad had managed to secure the defections of influential Maratha leaders, such as Trimbak Rao Dabhade and Sanbhoji who threatened to abandon the Marathas and join the forces with the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah instead. This move was considered unacceptable by Baji Rao I and his brother Chimnaji Appa who led a large well armed Forces of Marathas to intercept Trimbak Rao Dabhade and Sanbhoji during the Battle of Dabhoi, where the defecting factions were all defeated, overrun and killed. Baji Rao I then attacked Gujarat with full force and finally drove out Sarbuland Khan by 1735.

paragraph: In the year 1736, Siddi's of Murud-Janjira set out to recapture Raigarh from the forces of Baji Rao, on 19 April 1736, Chimnaji attacked the gathering forces in the encampments of the Siddi's during a battle near Riwas, when the confrontation ended, 1500 Siddi's including their leader Siddi Sat were killed. Peace was concluded in September 1736, but the Siddi's were confined to Janjira, Gowalkot and Anjanvel.

paragraph: In the year 1737, Asaf Jah I the Nizam of Hyderabad led a large Mughal Army to assist the Nawab of Bhopal Yar Muhammad Khan Bahadur but was instead besieged inside the city of Bhopal by 80,000 Marathas led by Baji Rao I. The Battle of Bhopal continued until Safdarjung and his relief forces were driven away by Malhar Rao Holkar. With the following peace negotiations, Asaf Jah I agreed to the peace treaty ratified by the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah that granted Malwa to the Marathas.

paragraph: In the year 1737 the Maratha chieftain Baji Rao I attacked the Mughal imperial capital at Delhi, and defeated a well trained Mughal Army led by Amir Khan Bahadur, but was forced to withdraw when the Mughal Vizier Qamaruddin Khan and his substantially well armed reinforcements fought major skirmishes with the Marathas on the outskirts of Delhi. Baji Rao I and his Marathas fled southeast to Badshshpur, where he corresponded with the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah, who ratified peace by agreeing the handover of Malwa to the Marathas. Among the loyal tributaries of the Mughal Empire was Meenakshi, the queen of the Madurai Nayaks in Dindigul Fort, she had assisted Mughal forces in the Carnatic several times against the Marathas.

paragraph: In the year 1740, Dost Ali Khan to Nawab of the Carnatic and Chanda Sahib faced the task of expelling the Marathas under Raghoji I Bhonsle, authorised by Shahu. Dost Ali Khan lost his life on 20 May 1740 at the Battle of Damalcherry in defence of Arcot and its populace, which was eventually looted and plundered. Chanda Sahib along with his garrison was captured and imprisoned in Satara. Chanda Sahib and his forces ferociously defended their rightful reams during the Siege of Trichinopoly and almost all the territories of the Nawab of the Carnatic despite being outnumbered substantially by the Marathas, their daunting efforts soon attracted the attention of the curious French East India Company official named Joseph François Dupleix. dissatisfied by the Maratha occupation of the territories of the Nawab of the Carnatic, Asaf Jah I led an expedition to liberate the Carnatic he was joined by Sadatullah Khan II and Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan together they recaptured Arcot and initiated the Siege of Trichinopoly (1743), which lasted five months and forced the Marathas led by Murari Rao Ghorpade to evacuate the Carnatic.

paragraph: In the year 1747, the Marathas led by Raghoji I Bhonsle, began to raid, pillage and annex the territories of the Nawab of Bengal Alivardi Khan. During the Maratha invasion of Orissa, its Subedar Mir Jafar completely withdrew all forces until the arrival of Alivardi Khan and the Mughal Army at the Battle of Burdwan where Raghoji I Bhonsle and his Maratha forces were completely routed. The enraged Nawab of Bengal Alivardi Khan then dismissed the shamed Mir Jafar. However, four years later Orissa was ceded over to the Marathas by the Mughal Emperor.

paragraph: Section::::Mughal Army.

paragraph: The Mughal Army before the year 1739 comprised 200,000 cavalry and 1,500 elephants, the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah used eight thousand pieces of artillery, which were drawn by elephants and oxen.

paragraph: Section::::Invasion of Nader Shah.

paragraph: On 13 February 1739 the Persians under the military genius Nader Shah, the commander of the Afsharids, had deposed the former Safavid dynasty, then defeated Persia's arch rival, the Ottoman Empire several times, and had therefore secured the western front. Now his eyes turned upon the wealthy but weakened Mughal Empire. In the year 1739, Nader Shah invaded the Mughal Empire, and defeated Muhammad Shah during the Battle of Karnal in less than three hours, and then marched upon the Mughal capital Delhi, and after a chain of events, he completely sacked and looted it, and occupied much of the northern regions of the Mughal Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Invasion of Nader Shah.:Tensions with Persia.

paragraph: Nader Shah wanted to subdue Afghan rebels led by the Ghilzai tribe particularly in the region around Kandahar. He therefore requested the assistance of the Muhammad Shah to close the frontiers around Kabul and the Indus Valley so that the rebels may not flee or seek refuge. Muhammad Shah gave a confirming reply to Nader Shah but didn't do any thing practically, because the local Subedars and Faujdars sympathised with the Afghan and rejected Persian rule. The Afghan rebels eventually did flee to the Mughals. Outraged by this, Nader Shah sent an ambassador to Muhammad Shah, demanding deliverance of the fugitives. The Mughal Emperor did not provide a positive response and kept the Persians marginalised from Delhi for an entire year. Nader Shah became furious with Muhammad Shah. He had now found himself two reasons of why to invade the Mughal Empire; one, that the Mughals didn't deliver the Afghan rebels to him, and two, he knew that the Mughals were weak, but still extremely wealthy.

paragraph: Section::::Invasion of Nader Shah.:Invasion of the Mughal Empire.

paragraph: On the basis of the above reasons, Nader Shah decided to invade the Mughal Empire, by starting to attack from Afghanistan. In May 1738 he attacked Northern Afghanistan. In the same month, he captured Ghazni, in June he captured Kabul and in September Jalalabad also fell to him. In November he surrounded the fortress of Peshawar and razed it to the ground after the Battle of Khyber pass.

paragraph: Finally in January 1739, he captured Lahore, after completely subduing the forces of the Mughal viceroy, Zakariya Khan Bahadur and his 25,000 elite Sowars, by the river Chenab the Afsharid forces soon encountered bands of Sikh rebels whom Nader Shah predicted would clearly benefit after his invasion.

paragraph: Now Nader Shah had captured territory all the way up to Attock, and Muhammad Shah and his courtiers could not close their eyes from further danger. They finally understood that the Persian emperor was not the sort of enemy that could be bought off with the loot of a province. Furthermore, he had devastated the area he just conquered. The cities of Wazirabad, Emanabad and Gujrat were not only sacked but razed to the ground. Near Larkana the Afsharid forces completely routed the Mughal Army of the Nawab of Sindh, Main Noor Mohammad Kalhoro, and later captured him and his two sons.

paragraph: In February 1739, Nader Shah captured Sirhind and moved towards the field of Karnal, a battle destined to be fateful to the Mughal rulers. On 13 February, the battle of Karnal was fought. Emperor Muhammad Shah had over a hundred thousand force against Nader Shah's 55,000 men but was still decisively defeated in less than three hours. In the event, the "Khan Douran" died and wrote a will that the Mughal and Afsharid emperors should not meet, but Nader Shah should be turned back from there at all costs. But the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah believed that he had no other choice but to surrender to Nader Shah on 26 February in the Afsharid encampments, thirteen days after the Battle of Karnal. The Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah handed over the keys of the Delhi gate and marched as a captive with Nader Shah to Delhi, which was then completely plundered.

paragraph: After entering Delhi, Nader Shah claimed to occupy the Mughal Empire out of religious devotion and that if ""the wretched Marathas of the Deccan"" moved towards Delhi, he might ""send an army of victorious Qizilbash to drive them to the abyss of Hell"". In fact Nader Shah had delivered catastrophe from which the Mughal Empire itself never recovered and the subjects of the emperor were outraged by the ascendancy of the Afsharids.

paragraph: At first, things were cordial among the two emperors. However rumours spread throughout Delhi that Nader Shah was assassinated. The masses attacked the Persian force and killed some soldiers. Nader Shah, furious, ordered to massacre the populace, and at least 30,000 people died. The Emperor, Asaf Jah I and Grand Vizier Qamaruddin Khan all had to beg Nader Shah for mercy and thus he stopped the massacre and turned to looting the Mughal treasury. The famous Peacock Throne, the Daria-i-Noor diamond and unimaginable wealth was looted. In addition, elephants, horses and everything that was liked was taken. Muhammad Shah also had to hand over his daughter Jahan Afruz Banu Begum as a bride for Nader Shah's youngest son. Asaf Jah I retired to Deccan after installing his eldest son Intizam-ud-Daula as a major commander in the Mughal Army and a trustworthy follower Qamaruddin Khan as the Grand Vizier of Muhammad Shah

paragraph: After the whole event, Muhammad Shah was crowned as emperor by Nader Shah himself on 12 May, and he ceded the area west of river Indus to Nader Shah, although the Kalhora Nawabs of Sindh continued to fight the invading Afsharids. Nader Shah then took the Koh-i-Noor diamond and the other aforementioned famous treasures, and he and his Persian forces started to return to Persia.

paragraph: Section::::Invasion of Nader Shah.:Aftermath.

paragraph: Nader Shah's invasion destroyed what was left of the Mughal Empire and neared it to its end. After the invasion, the Mughals rapidly disintegrated. The weakness of the Mughal Army was clearly elaborated after this invasion. The Nawabs clearly could not even relieve their captured city of Delhi, which was the seat of their authority. The Mughals were completely looted of their wealth, and rebellions and disloyalty became commonplace.

paragraph: Section::::Foreign relations.

paragraph: Following Nader Shah's invasion, Persia's arch rival the Ottoman Empire, quickly exploited the void that was created at their Eastern borders as almost all Persian units were deployed in the Mughal Empire. During that period Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah closely observed the actions of the Ottomans, and also cooperated with the Ottoman ambassador Haji Yusuf Agha until the emperor's death in 1748 after the victory of the Mughal Army at the Battle of Manupur (1748) against yet another foe (Ahmad Shah Durrani).

paragraph: Section::::Marriages.

paragraph: Emperor Muhammad Shah had four wives. His first wife and chief consort was his first-cousin, Princess Badshah Begum, the daughter of Emperor Farrukhsiyar and his first wife, Gauhar-un-Nissa Begum. He married her after his accession on 8 December 1721 at Delhi, and gave her the title "Malika-uz-Zamani" (Queen of the Age) by which she was popularly known. On this occasion there was a great ceremony lasting for weeks. She bore him his first son, Shahriyar Shah Bahadur, who died young in 1726. She was his most influential wife and exercised her opinions on him. Later, Muhammad Shah took a second wife, Sahiba Mahal.

paragraph: His third wife was a dancing girl, Udham Bai, who bore him his future successor, Ahmad Shah Bahadur on 23 December 1725. Upon his birth, he was taken from her and was lovingly brought up by Badshah Begum, who considered him her own son. It was through Badshah Begum's efforts that Ahmad Shah was able to ascend the throne upon Muhammad Shah's death in 1748.

paragraph: Muhammad Shah married his fourth (and last) wife, Safiya Sultan Begum later on. Badshah Begum died on 14 December 1789 Muhammad Shah had three sons and three daughters. In 1748 when Ahmad Shah Abdali attacked and deposed Muhammad Shah, his son Anwer Ali escaped to his grand aunt Princess Jahanara Begum & hid in a place in Arrah, Bihar which was infested with bears which was later named as Bhaluhipur.

paragraph: Ahmad Shah Durrani married Hazrat Begum the daughter of the deceased Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah and Sahiba Mahal in the year 1757.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: The victory of the Mughal Army during the Battle of Manupur (1748) came with a heavy price many fell in battle. Initially this was kept a secret. However, when the news reached the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah, he could not speak, suddenly became sick, and did not come out of his apartments for three days. During this period he fasted. His guards could hear him crying out loud and saying: ""How could I bring about anyone as faithful as he? (Asaf Jah I)"". He died due to grief on 16 April 1748, his funeral was attended by visiting Imams from Mecca.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mughal Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Karnal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Koh-i-Noor

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peacock Throne

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battles involving the Mughal Empire

alias:
Muhàmmad Xah de Delhi
Muhammad Xah de Delhi
Roshan Akhtar
Nasir-ud-Din Muḥammad Shah

description: Mughal emperor of India

enwikiquote_title: Muhammad Shah

wikidata_label: Muhammad Shah

wikipedia_title: Muhammad Shah


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categories: Politicians from New Rochelle, New York,Huguenot history in the United States,People executed by the Thirteen Colonies by hanging,1691 deaths,Dominion of New England,People of colonial New York,17th-century executions of American people,People from Frankfurt,German emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies,17th-century births,American rebels,Year of birth uncertain,History of New Rochelle, New York,17th-century executions by England,Executed people from Hesse

paragraph: Jacob Leisler

paragraph: Jacob Leisler (ca. 1640 – May 16, 1691) was a German-born colonist in the Province of New York. He gained wealth in New Amsterdam (later New York City) in the fur trade and tobacco business. In what became known as Leisler's Rebellion following the English Revolution of 1688, he took control of the city, and ultimately the entire province, from appointees of deposed King James II, in the name of the Protestant accession of William III and Mary II.

paragraph: Beginning in 1689, Leisler led an insurrection and seized control of the city by taking over Fort James at the lower end of Manhattan. He took over control of the entire province, appointing himself as acting Lieutenant Governor of the Province of New York, which he retained until March 1691, refusing to yield power until the newly appointed governor himself finally arrived. While Leisler claimed to have acted to support the Protestant accession against Jacobite officeholders in New York, he was arrested by the newly appointed governor of New York in March 1691. With opponents active against him, he was condemned and executed in New York City for treason against the English monarchs William III and Mary II. His estate was forfeited to the Crown.

paragraph: During his period of control, Leisler completed a major purchase of property from John Pell, lord of Pelham Manor, to set up a French Huguenot settlement north of Manhattan. This developed as the city of New Rochelle, New York.

paragraph: Leisler's son and supporters found the trial and conviction most unjust; it was mounted by his enemies. They worked to clear the names of Leisler and Jacob Milborne (his son in law) and for the restoration of their estates to their heirs, which was achieved in 1695 by an act of Parliament. Remains of the two men were reinterred with honors at the Dutch Reformed Church in Manhattan.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Leisler was born in the village of Bockenheim, now a central part of Frankfurt am Main, Germany, in March 1640, the son of Calvinist French Reformed minister Jacob Victorian Leisler. After his father's death in 1651, Leisler was sent to military school.

paragraph: He went to New Amsterdam (later New York) in 1660 as a soldier in the service of the Dutch West India Company. Leaving the company's employ soon after his arrival, Leisler engaged in the lucrative fur trade and tobacco trade, and became a wealthy man. New York tax records from 1676 list Leisler as the third wealthiest man in the city.

paragraph: In 1674, Leisler was one of the administrators of a forced loan imposed by Anthony Colve. While residing in Albany in 1676, Leisler engaged in a theological dispute with the Rev. Nicholas van Rensselaer, who had been appointed to the Reformed pulpit by James, Duke of York (later King James II). His finances and reputation both suffered from this encounter, as he and a fellow dissenter Jacob Milborne were forced to pay all the costs of a lawsuit they had initiated in the dispute. While on a voyage to Europe in 1678, he was captured by Moorish pirates, and was compelled to pay a ransom of 2,050 pieces of eight to obtain his freedom.

paragraph: Leisler had endeared himself to the common people by befriending a family of French Huguenots who had been landed on Manhattan island. They were so destitute that a public tribunal had decided they should be sold into slavery in order to pay their ship charges. Leisler prevented the sale by purchasing the freedom of the widowed mother and son before the sale could be held. French Huguenots were arriving in New York as refugees from religious persecution by Catholics in France. Under Thomas Dongan's administration in 1683, Leisler was appointed one of the judges, or "commissioners," of the court of admiralty in New York, a justice of the peace for New York City and County, and a militia captain.

paragraph: Section::::Leisler's rebellion.

paragraph: The English Revolution of 1688 also played out in New York, where people of a wide variety of religious and ethnic backgrounds divided into two well-defined factions. In general, the small shopkeepers, small farmers, sailors, poor traders and artisans allied against the patroons (landholders), rich fur-traders, merchants, lawyers and crown officers. The former were led by Leisler (himself a wealthy man), the latter by Peter Schuyler, Nicholas Bayard, Stephen Van Cortlandt, William Nicolls and other representatives of the aristocratic Hudson Valley families. The Leislerians claimed greater loyalty to the Protestant accession.

paragraph: In 1688, Governor Dongan was succeeded by Lieutenant-Governor Francis Nicholson. In 1689, the military force of the city of New York consisted of a regiment of five companies, with Leisler as one of the company captains. He was popular with the men and was probably the only wealthy resident in the province who sympathized with the Dutch lower classes. At that time, the latter were agitated owing to the attempts of the Jacobite office-holders to retain power in spite of the revolution in England and the accession of William III and Mary II to the throne. When news was received that Governor Sir Edmund Andros had been imprisoned in Boston by the opposition, the Leislerians took possession, on May 31, 1689, of Fort James at the southern end of Manhattan Island. They renamed it Fort William and announced their determination to hold it until the arrival of a governor commissioned by the new sovereigns.

paragraph: On a report that supporters of King James II were about to seize the fort and massacre their Dutch fellow-citizens, an armed mob gathered on the evening of 2 June 1689 to overthrow the existing government. The cry of "Leisler" was raised, and the crowd rushed to his house. At first, he refused to lead the movement, but when the demand was reiterated he acceded, and within an hour received the keys of the fort, which had been seized. The revolutionaries took advantage of the fort containing all the public funds, which return Lieutenant Governor Nicholson demanded in vain.

paragraph: Four hundred of the new party signed an agreement to hold the fort "for the present Protestant power that reigns in England," while a committee of safety of ten of the city freeholders assumed the powers of a provisional government, of which they declared Jacob Leisler to be the head. They commissioned him as "captain of the fort." In this capacity, he began to repair the fort, strengthening it with a battery of six guns beyond its walls. This was the origin of the public park known as the Battery in Lower Manhattan. Thus began Leisler's Rebellion.

paragraph: Section::::Leisler's rebellion.:Leisler as acting lieutenant-governor.

paragraph: The aristocrats also favored deposing James, but preferred to continue the provincial government established by his authority rather than risk the danger of an interregnum. Nicholson and the council of the province, with the authorities of the city, headed by Mayor Stephen van Cortlandt, attempted to prevent the uprising, but without effect. Finally, becoming alarmed for his own safety, Lieutenant-Governor Nicholson sailed for England on the 24th of June. The New York City mayor and other officials retired to Albany.

paragraph: Albany held out against Leisler's authority for a time. In November, Leisler sent Jacob Milborne to Albany with an armed force to assist in its defense against any Indians. Milborne was directed to withhold aid unless Leisler's authority was recognized. This was refused, and Milborne returned unsuccessful. But after the destruction of Schenectady on February 19, 1690, by the French and their allied Indians, Christian Mohawk among them, Albany submitted to Leisler's authority.

paragraph: Under authority of a letter from the home government addressed to Nicholson, "or in his absence, to such as for the time being takes care for preserving the peace and administering the laws in His Majesty's province of New York," Leisler had assumed the title of lieutenant-governor in December 1689. He dissolved the committee of safety, appointed a council, and took charge of the government of the entire province. He appointed Jacob Milborne as Clerk to the Council, Attorney-General, Advocate General and his Secretary. Milborne married Leisler's daughter Mary.

paragraph: Leisler summoned the first Intercolonial Congress in America, which met in New York on May 1, 1690, to plan concerted action against the French and Native Americans in the ongoing conflict in North America. The congress planned an expedition against Canada. It equipped and dispatched against Quebec the first fleet of men-of-war ever sent from the Port of New York. However, the expedition was unsuccessful.

paragraph: In the meantime, Colonel Henry Sloughter had been commissioned Governor of the Province of New York by William and Mary on September 3, 1689, but he did not reach New York until March 19, 1691.

paragraph: Section::::Leisler's rebellion.:Leisler and the Huguenots.

paragraph: Acting on behalf of a group of Huguenots in New York, Leisler brokered the purchase of land upon which they could settle. In 1689 John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor, officially deeded 6,100 acres (25 km²) to Leisler for the establishment of a Huguenot community north of Manhattan. On September 20, 1689, Leisler donated a third of this land to Huguenot refugees. In addition to the purchase money, Leisler and his heirs and assigns were to yield and pay unto John Pell and his heirs and assigns (Lords of the Pelham Manor) one "Fat Calf" yearly, as acknowledgment of their feudal obligation to the Manor. This settlement developed as the city of New Rochelle, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Leisler's rebellion.:End of the rebellion.

paragraph: On January 28, 1691, English Major Richard Ingoldesby, who had been commissioned Lieutenant Governor of the province, landed with two companies of soldiers in Manhattan and demanded possession of Fort James. Leisler refused to surrender the fort without an order from the king or the governor. After some controversy, Ingoldesby attacked the fort on 17 March, during which Leisler's forces killed two of his soldiers and wounded several.

paragraph: When Governor Sloughter finally arrived in New York the following March, he immediately demanded Leisler's surrender. Leisler refused to surrender the fort until he was convinced of Sloughter's identity and the governor had sworn in his council. As soon as the latter event occurred, he wrote the governor a letter resigning his command.

paragraph: Sloughter responded by arresting Leisler and nine of his colleagues, including his son-in-law Jacob Milborne. All but Milborne were released after trial. Leisler was imprisoned, charged with treason and murder. Shortly afterward he was tried and condemned to death. His son-in-law and secretary, Milborne, was condemned on the same charges. Leisler's son and other supporters were outraged by the trials, as they were considered unjust. The judges were the personal and political enemies of the prisoners, and their acts were described as "gross."

paragraph: Governor Sloughter was said to have hesitated to sign the death-warrants, but was trying to stabilize politics in the colony and did not have sufficient influence among the elite of New York City. He was said to finally sign the warrants under the influence of wine.

paragraph: On the 16 May 1691, Leisler and Milborne were executed. The court had sentenced them to be hanged "by the Neck and being Alive their bodyes be Cutt downe to Earth and Their Bowells to be taken out and they being Alive, burnt before their faces. . ." (In fact, the real villain [Robert Livingston] later bragged in writing that the pair were spared the disemboweling and were cut down before dead and decapitated by sword. The crowd then began fighting over their heads to acquire hair as a souvenir.) and by the English law of treason, their estates were forfeited to the Crown. Leisler's son and other supporters appealed for justice from the committee of the Privy Council; it reported that, although the trial was in conformity to the forms of law, they nevertheless recommended the restoration of the estates to their heirs.

paragraph: Section::::Restitution.

paragraph: In 1695, by an act of Parliament, achieved through the efforts of Leisler's son and supporters, the names of Jacob Leisler and Milborne were cleared. Leisler's estate was restored to his heirs. Three years later the Earl of Bellomont, who had been one of the most influential supporters of Leisler's son, was appointed as governor of New York. Through his influence the assembly voted an indemnity to Leisler's heirs.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He married Elsie Tymens, the widow of Pieter Cornelisz van der Veen in 1663.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Leisler, who married Jacob Milborne (c.1648-1691)

paragraph: As stated above, Leisler, along with Milborne were executed in New York on 16 May 1691.

paragraph: Some descendants of Leisler use his surname as a middle name. The most prominent of them was Walther Leisler Kiep, a CDU politician.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Governor Bellomont authorized the honorable reburial of Leisler and his son-in-law at the Dutch Reformed Church in New York City.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In June 1913 a monument to Jacob Leisler was dedicated in New Rochelle, New York, by the Huguenot Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution and the Huguenot Association of New Rochelle, to celebrate the 250th anniversary of its founding and honor his role. Leisler has been described as the "first Governor of Colonial New York to owe his position to the popular suffrage."

paragraph: BULLET::::- In June 1913 William O. Bates published his play, "Jacob Leisler: A Play of Old New York," about the leader and the dramatic events of his life.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leisler was depicted by Nazi German propogandist playwright Curt Langenbeck in his play "Der Hochverräter. Tragisches Schauspiel" (1938) as a hero.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Notes

paragraph: Sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- which in turn cites:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Romeyn Brodhead, "History of the State of New York" (vol. 2, New York, 1871)

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. B. O'Callaghan, "Documentary History of the State of New York" (vol. 2, Albany, 1850) (for the documents connected with the controversy)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Jacob Leisler Papers Project, New York University

paragraph: BULLET::::- Statue of Jacob Leisler, New Rochelle, NY

description: Leader of the Leisler Rebellion, de facto governor of New York

wikidata_label: Jacob Leisler

wikipedia_title: Jacob Leisler


text: Russian Kazakhstani

text: eight-thousander

text: oxygen

text: Mount Everest

text: 1996 Mount Everest disaster

text: Annapurna

text: Nepal

text: Korkino

text: Russian SFSR

text: Soviet Union

text: Chelyabinsk Oblast

text: Pedagogy

text: physics

text: cross-country skiing

text: Alma-Ata

text: Kazakh SSR

text: Kazakhstan

text: Tian Shan

text: Scott Fischer

text: Mountain Madness

text: 1996 Mount Everest disaster

text: Sandy Hill Pittman

text: Lenin Peak

text: Kangchenjunga

text: Kangchenjunga

text: massif

text: Denali

text: Denali

text: Dhaulagiri

text: Mount Everest

text: Denali

text: Makalu

text: Mount Everest

text: President

text: Kazakhstan

text: Dhaulagiri

text: Manaslu

text: Mount Everest

text: Lhotse

text: Cho Oyu

text: Shishapangma

text: Mount Everest

text: Lhotse

text: Broad Peak

text: Gasherbrum II

text: Denali

text: Arctic Circle

text: Climbing

text: Denali Park

text: Abruzzi Spur

text: second-highest

text: Mount Everest

text: Karakoram

text: range

text: Pakistan

text: China

text: crampon

text: ice axe

text: guide

text: Mountain Madness

text: Scott Fischer

text: South Col

text: Galen Rowell

text: Jon Krakauer

text: Into Thin Air

text: The Climb

text: Adventure Consultants

text: Rob Hall

text: Lhotse

text: David A. Sowles Memorial Award

text: American Alpine Club

text: Jim Wickwire

text: Annapurna I

text: Simone Moro

text: Italian

text: cinematographer

text: Kazakhstan

text: rope

text: couloir

text: cornice

text: avalanche

text: Kathmandu

text: tendon

text: New Mexico

text: Nepal

text: Annapurna

text: chorten

text: Ingvar Eggert Sigurðsson

text: Baltasar Kormákur

text: Everest

text: List of climbers

text: The Climb: Tragic Ambitions on Everest

text: Anatoli Boukreev Memorial Fund

categories: Mountaineering deaths,People from Korkino,Kazakhstani people of Russian descent,1958 births,Kazakhstani mountain climbers,Deaths in avalanches,Kazakhstani writers,1997 deaths,Summiters of Mount Everest,Natural disaster deaths in Nepal,Kazakhstani explorers,Soviet mountain climbers

paragraph: Anatoli Boukreev

paragraph: Anatoli Nikolaevich Boukreev (; January 16, 1958 – December 25, 1997) was a Russian Kazakhstani mountaineer who made ascents of 10 of the 14 eight-thousander peaks—those above —without supplemental oxygen. From 1989 through 1997, he made 18 successful ascents of peaks above 8000 m.

paragraph: Boukreev had a reputation as an elite mountaineer in international climbing circles for summiting K2 in 1993 and Mount Everest via the North Ridge route in 1995, and for his solo speed ascents of some of the world's highest mountains. He became even more widely known for saving the lives of climbers during the 1996 Mount Everest disaster.

paragraph: In 1997, Boukreev was killed in an avalanche during a winter ascent of Annapurna in Nepal. Boukreev's companion, Linda Wylie, edited his memoirs and published them in 2002 under the title, "Above the Clouds: The Diaries of a High-Altitude Mountaineer".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Boukreev was born in Korkino, within the Russian SFSR Soviet Union (in the present Chelyabinsk Oblast). He came from the "narod", the common people, and his parents were both poor. After completing high school in 1975, he attended Chelyabinsk University for Pedagogy, where he majored in physics and earned his Bachelor of Science degree in 1979. At the same time, he also completed a coaching program for cross-country skiing.

paragraph: After graduation, the 21-year-old dreamed of mountain climbing. Boukreev moved to Alma-Ata, the capital of the neighbouring Kazakh SSR (present day Kazakhstan) located in the Tian Shan mountain range. From 1985 he was part of a Kazakhstani mountaineering team, and he became a citizen of Kazakhstan in 1991 after the breakup of the Soviet Union.

paragraph: Boukreev worked as a commercial guide in the 1990s, and was working with Scott Fischer's adventure company Mountain Madness during the 1996 Mount Everest disaster. He managed to survive and was also instrumental in saving the lives of others, including New York socialite Sandy Hill Pittman.

paragraph: Section::::Climbing accomplishments.

paragraph: Section::::Climbing accomplishments.:Highlights.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lenin Peak (7,134 m) – First solo ascent

paragraph: BULLET::::- April 15 Kangchenjunga (8,556 m) – new route with Second Soviet Himalaya Expedition

paragraph: BULLET::::- April 30 - May 2 Kangchenjunga – first traverse of the four 8,000 m summits of the massif

paragraph: BULLET::::- April Denali – Cassin Ridge route

paragraph: BULLET::::- May Denali – West Rib route (solo)

paragraph: BULLET::::- May 10 Dhaulagiri – new route on the west wall with First Kazakhstan Himalaya Expedition

paragraph: BULLET::::- October 7 Mount Everest – South Col route

paragraph: BULLET::::- May 14 Denali (6,193 m)

paragraph: BULLET::::- July 30 K2 (8,611 m) Abruzzi route.

paragraph: BULLET::::- April 29 Makalu II (8,460 m)

paragraph: BULLET::::- May 15 Makalu (8,476 m)

paragraph: BULLET::::- May 17 Mount Everest – North Ridge route

paragraph: BULLET::::- June 30 Peak Abai (4,010 m) – guide for President of Kazakhstan

paragraph: BULLET::::- October 8 Dhaulagiri (8,176 m) – fastest ascent record (17h 15m)

paragraph: BULLET::::- December 8 Manaslu (8,156 m) – with Second Kazakhstan Himalaya Expedition

paragraph: BULLET::::- May 10 Mount Everest – South Col route

paragraph: BULLET::::- May 17 Lhotse – solo ascent, speed record at 21 h 16 min from Base Camp to summit without supplemental oxygen.

paragraph: BULLET::::- September 25 Cho Oyu (8,201 m) with Third Kazakhstan Himalaya Expedition

paragraph: BULLET::::- October 9 North summit of Shishapangma (8,008 m)

paragraph: BULLET::::- April 24 Mount Everest (8,848 m) South Col Route as guide for Indonesian military expedition

paragraph: BULLET::::- May 23 Lhotse (8,501 m)

paragraph: BULLET::::- July 7 Broad Peak (8,047 m) – solo ascent

paragraph: BULLET::::- July 14 Gasherbrum II (8,035 m) – solo ascent

paragraph: Section::::Climbing accomplishments.:Denali.

paragraph: In May 1990, Boukreev was invited by an American climber to guide several clients to the summit of Denali in Alaska. Denali, previously known as Mount McKinley, has challenges such as hidden crevasses and unpredictably cold weather due to its proximity to the Arctic Circle and the ocean.

paragraph: The expedition was a success and the team reached the summit and returned without incident. During the climb there had been somewhat of a language barrier and Boukreev felt the sting of needing to borrow equipment due to his economic circumstances. After the team had returned home, Boukreev decided to attempt a solo speed ascent of Denali before returning to the Soviet Union.

paragraph: Boukreev's solo speed ascent of Denali in 1990 was completed in 10½ hours from the base to the summit. That season acclimated climbers were normally taking three to four days and five camps to summit — Boukreev's feat was noted by "Climbing" magazine in a 1990 issue, and commented on by Denali Park rangers who described it as "unreal".

paragraph: Section::::Climbing accomplishments.:K2.

paragraph: In 1993, Boukreev reached the summit of K2 via the Abruzzi Spur, where he shared the peak with team members Peter Metzger of Germany and Andy Locke of Australia. The other team members were German climbers Reinmar Joswig (the team leader) and Ernst Eberhardt. With a peak elevation of 8,611 metres (28,251 ft), K2 is the second-highest mountain on Earth after Mount Everest.

paragraph: As part of the Karakoram range, K2 is located on the border between Pakistan and China. K2 is referred to as the "Savage Mountain" — notable for its steep pyramidal relief, dropping quickly in almost all directions, and the inherent danger in climbing it.

paragraph: The danger facing Boukreev on K2 was that the summit felt like the finish line. Boukreev would later write that he did not feel the emotions of victory in that moment on top of K2's peak because he was physically and emotionally spent. Boukreev found himself in a dangerous position. He had expended too much energy placing fixed lines along a narrow, steep portion earlier that day. But since the team wanted to push on to the summit that same afternoon, rather than return to their tents to sleep and make a summit bid the next morning, Boukreev acquiesced. Boukreev would later write:

paragraph: Boukreev later described feeling like a "squeezed lemon". When Boukreev and the other two climbers began their descent just after sundown they met Reinmar Joswig ascending and near the peak. Relying heavily on intuition and his previous mountaineering experiences, Boukreev slowly made his way down the steep rock and ice of the mountain. A crampon kept coming off of his boot, and at one point he had to use his ice axe to arrest a fall, keeping himself from sliding into the abyss. Eventually he made his way to the tents at the highest elevation camp. However, teammates Peter Metzger and Reinmar Joswig never returned from the summit, each having fallen to their death during the descent.

paragraph: Section::::Climbing accomplishments.:Everest.

paragraph: Boukreev became widely known as the lead climbing guide for the Mountain Madness expedition headed by Scott Fischer in May 1996. The expedition was one of several attempting to summit Everest on the same day (May 10). Soon after summiting on May 10 a disastrous blizzard struck, stranding many climbers above the South Col overnight, and by May 11, eight climbers from three different expeditions had perished. Boukreev rescued three climbers stranded in the disaster above 8000 m, and all six of the climbing clients on the Mountain Madness expedition survived the ordeal.

paragraph: Galen Rowell described Boukreev's rescue efforts in the "Wall Street Journal" as:

paragraph: However, author Jon Krakauer was generally critical of Boukreev in his book, "Into Thin Air." Subsequently, Boukreev was contacted by various media for a response, and also wrote his own account of the events on Everest in "The Climb", a book co-written with Gary Weston DeWalt.

paragraph: The core of the controversy was Boukreev's decision to attempt the summit without supplementary oxygen and to descend to the camp ahead of his clients in the face of approaching darkness and blizzard. He was one of the first to reach the summit on the day of the disaster and stayed at or near the summit for nearly 1.5 hours helping others with their summit efforts, before returning to his tent by 5 pm on May 10, well ahead of the later summiters on his team.

paragraph: Boukreev's supporters point to the fact that his return to camp allowed him enough rest that, when the blizzard had subsided around midnight, he was able to mount a rescue attempt and to lead several climbers still stranded on the mountain back to the safety of the camp. Boukreev's detractors say that had he simply stayed with the clients, he would have been in better position to assist them down the mountain, though every one of Boukreev's clients survived, including the three (Pittman, Fox, Madsen) that he rescued on May 11 after he had rested and overcome hypoxia. The only client deaths that day were suffered by the Adventure Consultants expedition, led by guide Rob Hall, who lost his own life when he chose to stay and help a client complete a late summit rather than helping the client descend.

paragraph: Before returning to the U.S. after the events on Everest in 1996, Boukreev climbed the 8,516 metres (27,940 ft) Lhotse, which is in proximity to Everest. He decided on a solo ascent because he hoped that in the process of climbing it he might find some inner clarity to what had just transpired on Everest.

paragraph: In 1997 Anatoli Boukreev was awarded the David A. Sowles Memorial Award by the American Alpine Club. The award recognizes people "who have distinguished themselves, with unselfish devotion at personal risk or sacrifice of a major objective, in going to the assistance of fellow climbers imperiled in the mountains. It is dedicated to the memory of David A. Sowles." It was presented to him by Jim Wickwire, the first American to summit K2. The award is the American Alpine Club's highest award for valor in recognition of his role in rescuing climbers in the 1996 Everest disaster.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Three weeks after receiving the David A. Sowles Memorial Award, Boukreev began his attempt to climb the south face of Annapurna I () along with Simone Moro, an accomplished Italian mountaineer. They were accompanied by Dimitri Sobolev, a cinematographer from Kazakhstan who was documenting the attempt. On December 25 around noon, Boukreev and Moro were fixing ropes in a couloir at around the level. Suddenly, an enormous cornice broke loose from the heights of Annapurna's Western Wall and rumbled down the long couloir. The avalanche knocked Moro down the mountain where he landed just above their tent at Camp I . Fortuitously, Moro had somehow stayed near the top of the avalanche debris and managed to dig himself out after a few minutes. Unable to see or hear any signs of Boukreev or Sobolev (whom Moro had witnessed disappearing beneath "car-sized blocks of ice"), Moro descended to Annapurna base camp where he was flown by helicopter back to Kathmandu for surgery on his hands, which had been ripped down to the tendons during the fall.

paragraph: News of the accident reached New Mexico on December 26. Linda Wylie, Boukreev's girlfriend, left for Nepal on December 28. Several attempts were made to reach the avalanche site by helicopter but inclement weather in late December prevented search teams from reaching Camp I. On January 3, 1998, searchers were finally able to reach Camp I and an empty tent. Linda Wylie subsequently issued a somber statement from Kathmandu:

paragraph: This is the end... there are no hopes of finding him alive.

paragraph: Boukreev had dreamt in detail of dying in an avalanche nine months before his death. The only thing missing was the name of the mountain. When Boukreev's companion tried to convince him to take a different path in life to avoid a fate that Boukreev was convinced of, he responded, "Mountains are my life...my work. It is too late for me to take up another road."

paragraph: Section::::Death.:Memorial.

paragraph: At the site of Annapurna base-camp there is a memorial chorten to Boukreev including a quotation of his:

paragraph: "Mountains are not stadiums where I satisfy my ambition to achieve, they are the cathedrals where I practice my religion."

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Icelandic actor Ingvar Eggert Sigurðsson portrays Boukreev in the Baltasar Kormákur film, "Everest", about the 1996 Everest disaster.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of climbers

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Climb: Tragic Ambitions on Everest" by Anatoli Boukreev and Gary Weston DeWalt, published by St. Martins Paperbacks, 1997, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Above the Clouds: The Diaries of a High-Altitude Mountaineer", written by Anatoli Boukreev. Collected and edited by Linda Wylie; published by St. Martin's Griffin, 2002, .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anatoli Boukreev Memorial Fund

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photo of Anatoli Boukreev (left) and Martin Adams with Kazakhstan state flag on Everest 1996

alias:
Anatoli Boukreev
Anatoliy Bukreev

description: Russian mountain climber

wikidata_label: Anatoli Boukreev

wikipedia_title: Anatoli Boukreev


text:
BIRDEM
Government of Bangladesh
National Professor
Independence Day Award
Bachelor of Medicine
MRCP
Fellow of College of Chest Physicians
BIRDEM
Islamic World Academy of Sciences
Independence Day Award

categories: Bangladeshi military doctors,Recipients of the Independence Day Award,Honorary Fellows of Bangla Academy,1911 births,National Professors of Bangladesh,Fellows of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences,1989 deaths

paragraph: Muhammad Ibrahim

paragraph: Muhammad Ibrahim ( – 6 September 1989) was a Bangladeshi physician. He established Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), the diabetes health-care and research institute complex in 1980. The Government of Bangladesh awarded him National Professor and the Independence Day Award in 1978.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Ibrahim earned a Bachelor of Medicine degree in 1938. He became MRCP in 1949. He was made a Fellow of College of Chest Physicians (FCCP) in 1950.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Ibrahim established Diabetic Association of Pakistan (later Diabetic Association of Bangladesh) on 28 February 1956. He also founded Diabetic Association in Karachi and Lahore, West Pakistan, in 1964.

paragraph: Ibrahim established the diabetes health-care and research institute complex, BIRDEM at Dhaka in 1980 where the out-patients centre of the Bangladesh Diabetic Association was shifted to. The institute is housed in two buildings, named the Ibrahim Memorial Diabetes Centre after his death in 1989. In recognition of its innovative, extensive and high quality service it was designated in 1982 as a "WHO-Collaborating Centre for Developing Community-oriented Programs for Prevention and Control of Diabetes." It is the first such centre in Asia. He established the Bangladesh Institute of Research and Training for Applied Nutrition (BIRTAN) and Rehabilitation and Vocational Training Centre (RVTC) in Dhaka to develop low-cost nutrition, and to give vocational training to poor and unemployed diabetics.

paragraph: Ibrahim served as an adviser to the president, with the rank of minister in-charge of the Ministry of Health and Population Control, in the mid-1970s.

paragraph: Ibrahim took part in drafting the government's first population control policy and setting up National Population Council.

paragraph: Ibrahim was a founder fellow at the Islamic World Academy of Sciences, Amman, Jordan in 1986.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Independence Day Award (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold Medal by Begum Zebunnesa and Kazi Mahbubullah Trust (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold Medal by Mahbub Ali Khan Memorial Trust (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold Medal by Comilla Foundation, Comilla (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold Medal by Khan Bahadur Ahsanullah Memorial Trust (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold Medal by Islamic Foundation Bangladesh (1989)

paragraph: Section::::Personal life and legacy.

paragraph: Ibrahim's death anniversary is observed as the Diabetic Service Day to endorse and honor his contribution to socio-medicare services.

description: physician

wikidata_label: Muhammad Ibrahim

wikipedia_title: Muhammad Ibrahim


text:
Indian
Emirati
cricket
wicket-keeper
batsman
United Arab Emirates
2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier
Scotland
Bert Sutcliffe Oval
Lincoln
One Day International
Eoin Morgan
T20I
Netherlands
Sylhet Stadium
ICC World Twenty20
Bangladesh
Tom Cooper

categories: United Arab Emirates Twenty20 International cricketers,Indian cricketers,1985 births,United Arab Emirates One Day International cricketers,Emirati cricketers,Cricketers at the 2015 Cricket World Cup,People from Thane,Indian expatriates in the United Arab Emirates,Living people

paragraph: Swapnil Patil

paragraph: Swapnil Patil (born 15 April 1985) is an Indian-born Emirati cricketer. Patil is a right-handed wicket-keeper batsman. He played for the United Arab Emirates in the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier tournament where he made ODI debut in final in New Zealand against Scotland at Bert Sutcliffe Oval in Lincoln.

paragraph: Patil was among six players making their One Day International (ODI) debuts and he impressed with a run-a-ball 99. He was dropped off the penultimate ball and needed two off the final delivery of the chase to reach a memorable century but could only edge to midwicket for a single. Patil became the second player to score 99 on ODI debut after Eoin Morgan. Patil also set the record for becoming the first cricketer to be unbeaten on 99 on ODI debut.

paragraph: In March 2014, he made his T20I debut against Netherlands in Sylhet Stadium in ICC World Twenty20 in Bangladesh. He scored 23 runs off 28 balls before being dismissed by Tom Cooper.

description: Indian cricketer

wikidata_label: Swapnil Patil

wikipedia_title: Swapnil Patil