text:
Newburn
Newcastle upon Tyne
railway
viewer
Wylam
steam locomotive
adhesion
Butterley Company
"Steam Horse"
Matthew Murray
John Blenkinsop
Salamanca
Middleton Colliery railway
Leeds
pinion
edge rails
rack railway
Richard Trevithick
Christopher Blackett
waggonway
adhesion
Timothy Hackworth
John Blenkinsop
Matthew Murray
return flue boiler
steam locomotive
Puffing Billy
Science Museum
London
Wylam Dilly
National Museum of Scotland
Edinburgh
Lanchester
Hedley Foundation

categories: Locomotive builders and designers,1779 births,1843 deaths

paragraph: William Hedley

paragraph: William Hedley (13 July 1779 – 9 January 1843) was born in Newburn, near Newcastle upon Tyne. He was one of the leading industrial engineers of the early 19th century, and was instrumental in several major innovations in early railway development. While working as a 'viewer' or manager at Wylam Colliery near Newcastle upon Tyne, he built the first practical steam locomotive which relied simply on the adhesion of iron wheels on iron rails.

paragraph: Section::::Early locomotives.

paragraph: Before Hedley's time, such locomotives were far too heavy for the track that was then available. While most lines used cable haulage with stationary engines, various other schemes had been tried. William Chapman at the Butterley Company in 1812, attempted to use a steam engine which hauled itself along a cable, while, at the same company, Brunton had produced the even less successful "mechanical traveller", or "Steam Horse".

paragraph: However, in 1812, Matthew Murray and John Blenkinsop had produced the first twin cylinder steam locomotive, "Salamanca", for Middleton Colliery railway near Leeds, using a pinion engaging with teeth along the iron edge rails track (the first rack railway). This had been the first steam locomotive railway to work successfully, but the system was complex and expensive.

paragraph: Section::::Hedley's improvements.

paragraph: Section::::Hedley's improvements.:First locomotive.

paragraph: Hedley felt that if the pairs of wheels were connected, as with Richard Trevithick's engines, if one pair began to slip, it would be counteracted by the other. The mine owner, Christopher Blackett had just replaced the wooden waggonway with iron flanged 'L' section plate rails. Hedley first constructed a test carriage operated by manpower, to test the adhesion under various loads. He then used it as the chassis for a locomotive constructed to Trevithick's pattern with a single cylinder and a simple straight through fire tube to the boiler. This engine was not satisfactory. Its motion was erratic, because of the single cylinder, and it produced insufficient steam.

paragraph: Section::::Hedley's improvements.:"Puffing Billy" and "Wylam Dilly".

paragraph: He built a second engine, with the assistance of the, later to be famous, Timothy Hackworth, his foreman smith, and his principal engine wright, Jonathan Forster, using the 1812 twin cylinder plan of John Blenkinsop and Matthew Murray and a return flue boiler. This was the famous steam locomotive, "Puffing Billy" which first ran in 1813 and is now preserved at the Science Museum in London. Its success encouraged them to build a second engine "Wylam Dilly", which is now in the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh. In the same year, his system for using a coupling between the wheels was patented.

paragraph: Section::::Hedley's improvements.:Modifications.

paragraph: However, there was still considerable wear to the track, and the engines were rebuilt using twin four-wheeled bogies, introduced in Blackwell's design mentioned above. Initially the wheels were without flanges for use on the flanged plate rails. In about 1830 the line was relaid with the stronger edge rails, and both locomotives reverted to their original pattern, but with flanged wheels, which is how they are today. Both locos remained in active service until 1862.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Hedley died in 1843 at Burnhopeside Hall, near Lanchester and was buried at Newburn parish church. Four sons survived him and his descendants remained heavily involved in the coal-mining industry until nationalisation in the 1940s. In 1971, a charitable foundation was set up in the Hedley name, with assets based on the compensation from nationalisation.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hedley Foundation

description: British inventor

wikidata_label: William Hedley

wikipedia_title: William Hedley


text:
Isauria
Eastern Roman Emperor
Western Roman Empire
Romulus Augustus
Julius Nepos
Henotikon
monophysite
Isaurian language
Isauria
Zenonopolis
Longinus
Baths of Arcadius
Topoi
Hilaria
Zeno
Attila
Constantinople
Anatolia
Taurus Mountains
Konya
Bozkir
Turkey
barbarians
Arians
Leo I
Alan
magister militum
Aspar
Constantinople
Ardabur
patricius
Daniel the Stylite
comes domesticorum
Antioch
Ariadne
Leo I
Verina
heir apparent
Leo
Vandals
Basiliscus
magister militum
Thrace
Anagastes
Daniel the Stylite
Aspar
Serdica
Constantinople
Ardabur
Long Wall
Thracian Chersonese
Anastasian Wall
Pylai
Chalcedon
magister militum
Peter the Fuller
Antioch
Isauria
Monophysite
Chalcedonian
Martyrius
Tzanni
Armenia
Patricius
Caesar
Leontia
Ariadne
Verina
Vandal
Genseric
barbarian
Illus
Trocundes
Basiliscus
Theodoric Strabo
Longinus
Armatus
Monophysites
Caesar
Hagia Sophia
Patriarch Acacius
Cappadocia
patricius
Basiliscus
Nicaea
Olybrius
Gundobad
Glycerius
comes domesticorum
Leo I
Julius Nepos
Roman Senate
Basiliscus
Illus
Orestes
Romulus Augustus
Constantinople
Odoacer
patricius
Rex
Marcian
Anthemius
Marcian
Ariadne
Leontia
Procopius Anthemius
Romulus
Constantinople
Forum of Theodosius
Illus
Chalcedonia
Theodoric Strabo
church of the Holy Apostles
Caesarea in Cappadocia
Tarsus
Papurius
Ancyra
Trocundus
Verina
Papurius
Candidus
Theodore Lector
Jordanes
Pamprepius
Leontius
Trocundus
Nicaea
Papurius
Macedonians
Scythians
Ostrogoths
John the Hunchback
John the Scythian
Theoderic the Amal
Ostrogoth
Theoderic the Great
Theodemir
Moesia
Theodoric Strabo
Thracia
Leo II
Basiliscus
Constantinople
Marcian
Roman
Mount Soundis
palatina
Bulgars
Balkan peninsula
magister militum
Illus
Leontius
Papurius
Odoacer
Henotikon
Chalcedonian
Miaphysite
nature of Christ
physis
Council of Chalcedon
Chalcedonian Creed
Patriarch of Alexandria
Peter Mongus
Basiliscus
Constantinople
Patriarch of Constantinople
Acacius
Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed
Eutyches
Nestorius
anathema
Cyril of Alexandria
Pope Felix III
Acacian schism
Peter the Fuller
Church of Cyprus
Barnabas
Gospel of Matthew
Edessa, Mesopotamia
Cyrus II of Edessa
Nestorian
Nisibis
School of Nisibis
Persia
Samaritan
Sichem
Mount Gerizim
Whitsun
Justa
Caesarea
John Malalas
dux
Palestinae
Arcadiani
Procopius of Caesarea
St. Procopius
dysentery
epilepsy
Anastasius
Longinus
Isaurian War
buried alive
τάβλη (tabula)
backgammon
Agathias
Joseph Simons
Rome
English College
Cretan Theatre
Zakynthos
Longinus
Romulus the Great
Friedrich Dürrenmatt
Romulus Augustulus
List of Byzantine emperors
Evagrius Scholasticus
Life of Daniel the Stylite
Suda
Cedrenus
Malchus
John Malalas
Procopius of Caesarea
Theophanes the Confessor
Joannes Zonaras

categories: 491 deaths,House of Leo,Magistri militum,425 births,Flavii,Burials at the Church of the Holy Apostles,Deaths from dysentery,Imperial Roman consuls,Isaurians,Deaths from epilepsy,Premature burials,5th-century Byzantine emperors

paragraph: Zeno (emperor)

paragraph: Zeno the Isaurian (; ; ; c. 425 – 9 April 491), originally named Tarasis Kodisa Rousombladadiotes , was Eastern Roman Emperor from 474 to 475 and again from 476 to 491. Domestic revolts and religious dissension plagued his reign, which nevertheless succeeded to some extent in foreign issues. His reign saw the end of the Western Roman Empire following the deposition of Romulus Augustus and the death of Julius Nepos, but he contributed much to stabilising the Eastern Empire.

paragraph: In ecclesiastical history, Zeno is associated with the "Henotikon" or "instrument of union", promulgated by him and signed by all the Eastern bishops, with the design of solving the monophysite controversy.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Rise to power.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Rise to power.:Early life.

paragraph: Zeno's original name was Tarasis, and more accurately "Tarasikodissa" in his native Isaurian language (). Tarasis was born in Isauria, at Rusumblada, later renamed Zenonopolis in Zeno's honour. His father was called Kodisa (as attested by his patronymic "Tarasicodissa"), his mother Lallis, his brother Longinus. Tarasis had a wife, Arcadia, whose name indicates a relationship with the Constantinopolitan aristocracy, and whose statue was erected near the Baths of Arcadius, along the steps that led to Topoi. Near Eastern and other Christian traditions maintain that Zeno had two daughters, Hilaria and Theopiste, who followed a religious life, but historical sources attest the existence of only one son by Arcadia, called Zenon. According to ancient sources, Zeno's prestigious career—he had fought against Attila in 447 to defend Constantinople and been consul the following year—was the reason why another Isaurian officer, Tarasis, chose the Greek name Zeno when he married into the Imperial family, thus being known as Zeno when he rose to the throne. Some modern historians suggest that the Isaurian general Zeno was the father of the emperor, but there is no consensus about this, and other sources suggest that Tarasis was a member of Zeno's entourage.

paragraph: The Isaurians were a people who lived inland from the Mediterranean coast of Anatolia, in the core of the Taurus Mountains (generally what is now the Konya/Bozkir area of Turkey). Like most borderland tribes, they were looked upon as barbarians by the Romans even though they had been Roman subjects for more than five centuries. However, being Orthodox Christians rather than Arians, as the Goths and other Germanic tribes were, they were not formally barred from the throne.

paragraph: According to some scholars, in the mid-460s, the Eastern Roman Emperor, Leo I, wanted to balance the weight of the Germanic component of the army, whose leader was the Alan "magister militum" Aspar. He thought that Tarasis and his Isaurians could be that counterweight, and called him, with many Isaurians, to Constantinople. This interpretation, however, has been contested. By the mid-460s, Arcadia and Zeno had been living at Constantinople for some time, where Lallis and Longinus also lived, the latter married to a Valeria, possibly a woman of aristocrat rank.

paragraph: According to ancient sources, the earliest reference to Tarasis dates back to 464, when he put his hands on some letters written by Aspar's son, Ardabur, which proved that the son of the "magister militum" had incited the Sassanid King to invade Roman territory, promising to support the invasion. Through these letters, which Tarasis gave to Leo, the Emperor could dismiss Ardabur, who at the time was "magister militum per Orientem" and "patricius", thus reducing Aspar's influence and ambition. As reward for his loyalty, which Leo praised to Daniel the Stylite, Tarasis was appointed "comes domesticorum", an office of great influence and prestige. This appointment could mean that Tarasis had been a "protector domesticus", either at Leo's court in Constantinople, or attached at Ardabur's staff in Antioch.

paragraph: In 465, Leo and Aspar quarrelled about the appointment of consuls for the following year; it was on this occasion that Tarasis' position was strengthened, as he became friend and ally of the Emperor.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Rise to power.:Son-in-law of Leo I.

paragraph: To make himself more acceptable to the Roman hierarchy and the population of Constantinople, Tarasis adopted the Greek name of Zeno and used it for the rest of his life. In mid-late 466, Zeno married Ariadne, elder daughter of Leo I and Verina; there is no reference to him divorcing Arcadia who evidently died prior to this. The next year their son was born, and Zeno became father of the heir apparent to the throne, as the only son of Leo I had died in his infancy; to stress his claim to the throne, the boy was called Leo. Zeno, however, was not present at the birth of his son, as in 467, he participated in a military campaign against the Goths.

paragraph: Zeno, as a member of the "protectores domestici", did not take part in the disastrous expedition against the Vandals, led in 468 by Leo's brother-in-law Basiliscus. The following year, during which he held the honour of the consulate, he was appointed "magister militum per Thracias" and led an expedition in Thrace. The sources do not clearly state what enemy he fought there, and historians had proposed either Goths or Huns, or the rebels of Anagastes. Either way, before leaving, Leo and Zeno asked for Daniel the Stylite's opinion about the campaign, and Daniel answered that Zeno would be the target of a conspiracy but would escape unharmed. Indeed, Leo sent some of his personal soldiers with Zeno to protect him, but they were bribed by Aspar to capture him instead. Zeno was informed of their intention and fled to Serdica, and, because of this episode, Leo grew even more suspicious of Aspar.

paragraph: After the attack, Zeno did not return to Constantinople, where Aspar and Ardabur were, still with considerable power. Instead, he moved to the "Long Wall" (the Long Wall of the Thracian Chersonese or, less probably, the Anastasian Wall), then to Pylai and from there to Chalcedon. While waiting here for an opportunity to return to the capital, he was appointed "magister militum per Orientem". He took the monk Peter the Fuller with him and left for Antioch, his office's see, passing through Isauria, where he put down the rebellion of Indacus. Zeno stayed at Antioch for two years.

paragraph: While living in Antioch with his family, Zeno sympathised with the Monophysite views of Peter the Fuller, and supported him against his opponent, the Chalcedonian bishop Martyrius. Zeno allowed the arrival in Antioch of monks from nearby monasteries who increased the number of Peter's followers, and did not effectively repress their violence. Martyrius went to Constantinople to ask Leo for help, but, on returning to Antioch, he was informed that Peter had been elected bishop, and resigned (470). Leo reacted by ordering Peter into exile and addressing to Zeno a law that forbade the monks from leaving their monasteries or fomenting rebellion (1 June 471). In 470/471, Zeno had also to deal with an invasion of Tzanni, who attacked Roman Armenia.

paragraph: With Zeno far from Constantinople, Aspar had increased his influence by having his son Patricius appointed "Caesar" and married to Leo I's younger daughter, Leontia (470). Sources are contradictory on the causes, but clearly state that in 471, Leo I had Aspar and Ardabur treacherously killed. This certainly occurred with Zeno's and Basiliscus' approval, as, on the eve of the murders, the two generals had moved closer to Constantinople (Zeno was at Chalcedon). Thereafter, Zeno returned to Constantinople and was appointed "magister militum praesentalis".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reign.:First reign and Basiliscus' revolt (475–476).

paragraph: On 25 October 473, Leo I appointed as "Caesar" his grandson Leo II, the son of Zeno and Ariadne. On 18 January 474, Leo I died; if Leo II had not already been proclaimed co-emperor by his grandfather, he would have become "Augustus" on that occasion. Since Leo II was seven years old (too young to rule himself) Ariadne and her mother Verina prevailed upon him to crown Zeno, his father, as co-emperor, which he did on 9 February 474. When Leo II became ill and died, Zeno became sole emperor.

paragraph: Zeno had to settle matters with the Vandal King, Genseric, who was conducting raids against the Empire's coastal cities, threatening key commercial sea routes. Zeno sent Genseric a high-ranking officer as ambassador, Severus, who succeeded in stipulating an "eternal" peace between the Vandals and the Empire, which allowed the Romans to pay ransoms for the prisoners in Vandal hands and which ended the Vandal persecution of Orthodox Christians in their territory.

paragraph: Despite this success, Zeno continued to be unpopular with the people and Senate because of his barbarian origins; his right to the throne was limited to his marriage with Ariadne and his relationship to Verina, the dowager Empress. Therefore, he chose to draw support from the Isaurian component of the army, in particular, the Isaurian generals Illus and Trocundes, both brothers. However, Verina decided to overthrow her son-in-law Zeno and replace him with her lover, the ex-"magister officiorum" Patricius, with the help of her brother Basiliscus. The conspirators fomented riots in the capital against the Isaurian emperor; Basiliscus succeeded also in convincing Illus, Trocundes and the Ostrogothic general Theodoric Strabo to join the plot.

paragraph: In January 475, Zeno was forced to flee Constantinople to Isauria with his wife and mother, some Isaurian fellows and the Imperial treasure. Illus and Trocundes were sent to chase him, and Zeno was compelled to shut himself up in a fortress, where Illus besieged him, capturing also Zeno's brother, Longinus and keeping him as an hostage.

paragraph: However, the conspirators quickly fell in conflict with each other. Basiliscus took the throne for himself, putting to death Verina's lover and candidate, Patricius. He also allowed the mob to kill all of the Isaurians left in Constantinople, an episode that damaged relations with the Isaurian generals Illus and Trocundes. Basiliscus appointed his nephew Armatus "magister militum", thus alienating Theodoric Strabo. Since Zeno had left no money, Basiliscus was forced to levy heavy taxes. Finally, he alienated the Church by supporting the Monophysites. The people of Constantinople also put the blame on him for a great fire that burned several parts of the city. With the secret support of the Senate, and bribes paid by Zeno, Illus agreed to switch sides and united his army with Zeno's, marching on Constantinople. Basiliscus tried to recover popular support and sent another army against Zeno, under his nephew Armatus' command. Zeno succeeded in bribing Armatus too, promising to confirm his rank of "magister militum praesentalis" for life and promoting his son (also called Basiliscus) to the rank of "Caesar"; Armatus' army failed to intercept Zeno's troops during their march on Constantinople, and, without Theodoric Strabo and his army, Basiliscus fled with his family to the church of Hagia Sophia.

paragraph: In August 476, Zeno besieged Constantinople. The Senate opened the gates of the city to the Isaurian, allowing the deposed emperor to resume the throne. Basiliscus fled to sanctuary in a church, but he was betrayed by the Patriarch Acacius and surrendered himself and his family after extracting a solemn promise from Zeno not to shed their blood. Basiliscus and his family were sent to a fortress in Cappadocia, where Zeno had them enclosed in a dry cistern, to die from exposure.

paragraph: After his restoration, Zeno fulfilled his promises, letting Armatus keep his title of "magister militum praesentalis" (possibly even raising him to the rank of "patricius") and appointing his son Basiliscus "Caesar" in Nicaea.

paragraph: In 477, however, Zeno changed his mind, probably at Illus' instigation, as the latter stood to gain from the fall of Armatus, and ordered Armatus' death. Zeno confiscated all of Armatus' properties, deposed his son Basiliscus, and had him ordained as a priest.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reign.:End of the Western Empire.

paragraph: The western emperor Olybrius died in the autumn of 472. Gundobad, the western "magister militum" then proclaimed Glycerius, the "comes domesticorum" (commander of the Imperial guard) as western emperor in Ravenna. Leo I refused to endorse Glycerius and elevated his nephew Julius Nepos to co-emperor for the west in 473. Expecting resistance, Nepos was forced by bad winter weather to delay his voyage until the next year; it was therefore left to Zeno, as Leo's successor, to support Julius Nepos' installation in Ravenna. Nepos arrived in Italy, quickly deposed Glycerius who offered no resistance, and was proclaimed Emperor by the Roman Senate in June 474. Julius was on good terms with Zeno, and he even minted coins in the names of Zeno, Leo II and himself.

paragraph: In August 475, during Basiliscus' reign, while Zeno was in Isauria blocked by Illus' army, Orestes, the western "magister militum", revolted, forcing Nepos to flee Italy for Dalmatia; Orestes proclaimed his own son Romulus Augustus emperor, but was unable to gain the allegiance of the remnants of the Western Empire outside of Italy. One year later, while Zeno was entering Constantinople to end Basiliscus' brief usurpation, Romulus and Orestes were overthrown by the Chieftain Odoacer. With the support of Odoacer, the Roman Senate sent an envoy to present the imperial insignia to the restored Zeno. They asked Zeno to dissolve the separation of the empire and rule as sole Emperor; also, to appoint Odoacer both "patricius" and official imperial governor of Italy. At the same time, Zeno received another embassy, sent by Julius Nepos, who asked Zeno to give him the money and the army he needed to resume his control of Italy. Zeno answered that the Roman Senate should welcome back Julius Nepos, their rightful Emperor, and that Odoacer should properly receive the patriciate from Nepos, although he allowed that he would also grant it. Odoacer was officially recognised and left in possession of Italy, while Nepos kept his title and the other fragments of the empire's western holdings, but no army.

paragraph: Perhaps in deference to Zeno, Odoacer recognised Nepos' "de jure" reign in Italy until his death, ruling and even minting coins in his name, but he never allowed his return. After Nepos' assassination in 480, Odoacer invaded Dalmatia to pursue and punish the assassins (and also to take Dalmatia for himself). Zeno legitimised Odoacer's authority in Dalmatia; Odoacer recognised Zeno as sole Emperor of the again unitary Empire, but increasingly started using the title "Rex" ("King") for himself.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reign.:Revolt of Marcian (479).

paragraph: Marcian was the son of the Western Roman Emperor Anthemius (467–472) and a grandson of Emperor Marcian (450–457). He had married Ariadne's sister Leontia, and was therefore Zeno's brother-in-law; he was twice consul, in 467 and 472.

paragraph: In 479 Marcian tried to overthrow Zeno and claim the throne for himself. With the help of his brothers Procopius Anthemius and Romulus, he gathered in Constantinople troops composed of both citizens and foreigners in the house of a Caesarius, south of the Forum of Theodosius, and from there they marched at the same time on the imperial palace and on the house of Illus, who was a supporter of Zeno. The emperor almost fell into the hands of the rebels, who, during the day, overwhelmed the imperial troops, who were also attacked by citizens from the roofs of their houses. During the night, however, Illus moved an Isaurian unit, quartered in nearby Chalcedonia, into Constantinople and also corrupted Marcian's soldiers, who allowed Zeno to flee. The following morning, Marcian, understanding that his situation was desperate and that reinforcements from Theodoric Strabo would not arrive in time, took refuge in the church of the Holy Apostles, but was arrested with his brothers.

paragraph: Zeno sent Marcian and his brothers to Caesarea in Cappadocia. They tried to flee, but Marcian was captured and obliged to become a monk in Tarsus (Cilicia), or imprisoned in Isauria, in the fortress of Papurius. He tried to escape a second time, and this time he succeeded, but, after gathering new troops and attacking Ancyra, he was defeated and captured by Trocundus, Illus' brother.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reign.:Revolt of Illus (484–488).

paragraph: The commanding position and popular favour of Illus rendered him an object of suspicion, and Zeno in various ways sought to rid himself of him. Also Verina, the dowager Empress, plotted against his life. Verina's attempt was unsuccessful, and Zeno, equally jealous of her and of Illus, banished her at the suggestion of the latter, confining her in the fort of Papurius. There is some doubt as to the timing of these events. Candidus places the banishment of Verina before the revolt of Marcian, and Theodore Lector assigns as the cause of it her share in the revolt of Basiliscus. It is not unlikely, indeed, that this turbulent woman was twice banished, once before Marcian's revolt, for her connection with Basiliscus, and again after Marcian's revolt, for her plot against Illus.

paragraph: From her prison she managed to persuade her daughter Ariadne, the wife of Zeno, to attempt to obtain her release, first from Zeno, and then from Illus, to whom the Emperor referred her. Illus refused her request. Ariadne, like her mother, attempted to assassinate Illus. Jordanes ascribes her hatred to another cause: he says that Illus had infused jealous suspicions into Zeno's mind which had led Zeno to attempt to end her life, and that her knowledge of these things stimulated her to revenge. The assassin whom she employed only wounded Illus; the assassin was taken prisoner and Zeno, who appears to have been privy to the affair, was unable to prevent his execution.

paragraph: Illus — with his friend Pamprepius, Leontius and his brother Trocundus – now retired from court. They first went to Nicaea and then, on pretence of change of air and of procuring a cure for his wound, into the East where he was made "magister militum". Having traversed Asia Minor, they raised the standard of revolt in 484, when Illus declared Leontius Emperor. Zeno sent an army to fight them, but Illus won, obtained possession of Papurius, released Verina, and induced her to crown Leontius at Tarsus.

paragraph: In 485 Zeno sent against the rebels a fresh army, said to consist of Macedonians and Scythians (Tillemont conjectures, not unreasonably, that these were Ostrogoths) under John the Hunchback, or, more probably, John the Scythian, and Theoderic the Amal, who was at this time consul. John defeated the rebels near Seleucia and drove them into the fort of Papurius where he blockaded them. After a few months Trocundus died; the fort was taken only after four years of siege, by the treachery of Trocundus's brother-in-law, who had been sent for the purpose from Constantinople by Zeno. Illus and Leontius were beheaded (488) and their heads sent to the Emperor.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reign.:Affairs with the Goths (474–487).

paragraph: The aggressions of the two Ostrogothic leaders, Theoderic the Amal (Theoderic the Great), the son of Theodemir and leader of the Moesian Ostrogoths, and Theodoric Strabo, the leader of the Thracian Ostrogoths, had been a constant source of danger since 472. Although Zeno at times contrived to play them off against each other, they in turn were able to profit by his dynastic rivalries. It was only by offering them pay and high command that he kept them from attacking Constantinople itself.

paragraph: At the death of Leo II, Theodoric Strabo rebelled against Zeno. His support was instrumental in overthrowing Zeno and raising Basiliscus to the Byzantine throne (475), but Theodoric and Basiliscus had a falling-out, so when Zeno returned to Constantinople in 476 and defeated Basiliscus, Strabo was reported to have not defended the city.

paragraph: In 476/477, Zeno allied himself with Strabo's rival, Theoderic the Amal, and ordered him to attack Strabo. The leader of the Thracian Goths sent an embassy to the Emperor, offering peace and blaming the Moesian Theodoric. Zeno understood that this offering was hiding further conspiracies, and convinced the Senate and army to declare Strabo a public enemy.

paragraph: Zeno's plan was to have the two Theoderics attack each other. He sent the Amal against Strabo, who supported the revolt of Marcian, with the promise of a huge Roman force as reinforcement (478). When Theoderic the Amal arrived through the mountains at Mount Soundis, he did not find the Roman reinforcement army he expected, but instead Theodoric Strabo's army, in a strongly fortified camp. The two Theoderics agreed to put forward a joint request to the Emperor, in order to extend to the south the settlement territory of the Ostrogoths in Moesia.

paragraph: Zeno tried to divide the two Theoderics by bribing the Amal, but he refused the bribe. The Imperial army obtained some initial successes, but Zeno did not press his advantage, and allowed the Amal to move westward in Thrace, plundering territories as he went. With the Amal far away, Strabo accepted an agreement with Zeno: Strabo was to be given back his wealth, money to pay 13,000 soldiers, the command of two "palatinae" units, and the title once more of "magister militum". However, the army of Theodoric Strabo, 30,000-men strong was still a menace for Zeno, who convinced the Bulgars to attack the Thracian Goths in their own base. Strabo defeated the Bulgars in 480/481, and moved towards Constantinople, but he had to deal with problems with his own men, so he could not capitalise upon his victory and was forced to return to Greece. On his way back, he died in an accident.

paragraph: After Theodoric Strabo died in 481, the future Theoderic the Great became king of the entire Ostrogoth nation and continued to be a source of trouble in the Balkan peninsula. Zeno allied to Theoderic, whom he appointed "magister militum praesentalis" and even consul for the year 484, the first time a barbarian who was not a citizen of the Empire reached such a high distinction. Zeno had Theoderic fight against Illus and the usurper Leontius, besieging them at Papurius in 484–488. However, in 486 Theoderic revolted again and attacked Constantinople, severing the city's water supply. Zeno bought a peace and agreed with Theoderic that the Ostrogoths should have gone to invade Italy to fight Odoacer, who had allegedly supported Leontius, and to establish his new kingdom there (487). This all but eliminated the Germanic presence in the east.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reign.:Promulgation of the "Henotikon" (482).

paragraph: In religious matters, Zeno is famous for his "Henotikon", or "Act of Union", issued in 482 to mediate between Chalcedonian and Miaphysite views about the nature of Christ. The Chalcedonians recognised two natures ("physis") in Christ, the Miaphysites only one; the Council of Chalcedon (451) had issued the Chalcedonian Creed and condemned the Miaphysite position, but the Miaphysites were still strong, especially in the Eastern provinces of the Empire, and the Patriarch of Alexandria, Peter Mongus, was a Miaphysite. Supporting the Miaphysites was one of the mistakes made by Basiliscus, as the people of Constantinople were Chalcedonian, but Zeno needed the support of the Miaphysite provinces—Egypt, Syria, Palestine and Asia Minor; also, the Patriarch of Constantinople, Acacius, was interested in reducing the distance between the two positions.

paragraph: Therefore, in 482 Zeno issued the "Henotikon", a document he had developed with the support of Acacius and addressed to the factions in Egypt. The edict affirmed the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed (i.e., the Creed of Nicaea completed at Constantinople) as affording a common, final and united symbol or expression of faith. All other symbola or mathemata were excluded; Eutyches and Nestorius were unmistakably condemned in an anathema, while the twelve chapters of Cyril of Alexandria were accepted. The teaching of Chalcedon was not so much repudiated as passed over in silence; Jesus Christ was described as the "only-begotten Son of God [...] one and not two" and there was no explicit reference to the two natures.

paragraph: The bishop of Rome, Pope Felix III, refused to accept the document and excommunicated Acacius (484), thus beginning the Acacian schism, which lasted until 519.

paragraph: In 488 the patriarch of Antioch, Peter the Fuller, came to Constantinople to have his right to the Church of Cyprus confirmed. Zeno called the bishop of Cyprus, Anthemius, to answer the accusations. The bishop claimed that before his departure, he had had a vision of St. Barnabas, in which the position of the tomb of the apostle had been revealed to him. In the tomb, Anthemius had found the relics of the apostle and a copy of the "Gospel of Matthew" written in Hebrew by Barnabas himself. Zeno received the relics and the manuscript, and in exchange he proclaimed the autonomy of the Church of Cyprus.

paragraph: In 489 Zeno closed the Persian school of Edessa, Mesopotamia, by request of bishop Cyrus II of Edessa, because it promoted Nestorian teachings, and built a church in its place. The school relocated to its original home of Nisibis, becoming again the School of Nisibis, and leading to a wave of Nestorian immigration into Persia.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reign.:Suppressing the Samaritan revolt (484).

paragraph: According to Samaritan sources, Zeno (whom the sources call "Zait the King of Edom") persecuted the Samaritans. The Emperor went to Sichem ("Neapolis"), gathered the elders and asked them to convert; when they refused, Zeno had many Samaritans killed, and converted the synagogue to a church. Zeno then took for himself Mount Gerizim, where the Samaritans worshipped God, and built several edifices, among which a tomb for his recently deceased son, on which he put a cross, so that the Samaritans, worshipping God, would prostrate in front of the tomb. According to these same sources, Zeno was buried on Mount Gerizim.

paragraph: Later, in 484, the Samaritans revolted. The rebels attacked Sichem, burnt five churches built on Samaritan holy places and cut off the fingers of bishop Terebinthus, who was officiating the ceremony of Whitsun. They elected Justa (or Justasa/Justasus) as their king and moved to Caesarea, where a significant Samaritan community lived. Here several Christians were killed and the church of St. Sebastian was destroyed. Justa celebrated the victory with games in the circus. According to John Malalas, the "dux Palestinae" Asclepiades, whose troops were reinforced by the Caesarea-based Arcadiani of Rheges, defeated Justa, killed him and sent his head to Zeno. According to Procopius of Caesarea, Terebinthus went to Zeno to ask for revenge; the Emperor personally went to Samaria to quell the rebellion.

paragraph: Modern historians believe that the order of the facts preserved by Samaritan sources should be inverted, as the persecution of Zeno was a consequence of the rebellion rather than its cause, and should have happened after 484, around 489. Zeno rebuilt the church of St. Procopius in Neapolis (Sichem) and the Samaritans were banned from Mount Gerizim, on whose top a signalling tower was built to alert in case of civil unrest.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death and succession.

paragraph: Zeno died on 9 April 491, of dysentery or of epilepsy, after ruling for 17 years and 2 months. No sons were to succeed him: Leo had died in 474, Zenon, the first son, in his youth, while living at court. Ariadne then chose a favoured member of the Imperial court, Anastasius, to succeed Zeno, whose brother Longinus revolted, starting the Isaurian War.

paragraph: According to a popular legend recorded by two ancient historians, Zeno was buried alive after becoming insensible due to drinking or an illness; he called for help, but Ariadne did not allow anyone to open the sarcophagus.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Zeno was a player of "τάβλη (tabula)", a game nearly identical to modern backgammon. (Τάβλη is still used to refer to backgammon in Greece.) In 480 he had a hand that was so unlucky that he wrote an epigram to record it; Agathias reproduced it half a century later and this allowed the game to be reconstructed in the 19th century. Zeno, who was white, had a stack of seven checkers, three stacks of two checkers and two "blots", checkers that stand alone on a point and are therefore in danger of being put outside the board by an incoming opponent checker. Zeno threw the three dice with which the game was played and obtained 2, 5 and 6. As in backgammon, Zeno could not move to a space occupied by two opponent (black) pieces. The white and black checkers were so distributed on the points that the only way to use all of the three results, as required by the game rules, was to break the three stacks of two checkers into blots, thus exposing them to capture and ruining the game for Zeno.

paragraph: Zeno is the protagonist of a theatrical drama in Latin, called "Zeno", composed c. 1641 by the Jesuit playwright Joseph Simons and performed in 1643 in Rome at the Jesuit English College. An anonymous Greek drama is modelled on this Latin "Zeno", belonging to the so-called Cretan Theatre. This version was written and performed at Zakynthos in 1682–83 and has Zeno buried alive and his brother Longinus executed.

paragraph: The play "Romulus the Great" (1950), by Friedrich Dürrenmatt, has Zeno as one of its characters. The plot is loosely based on history; here Zeno flees to Italy and tries to convince Romulus Augustulus to unite their forces and fight together, but his plan fails. Dürrenmatt's Zeno is an Emperor oppressed by the Byzantine ceremonial.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Byzantine emperors

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Primary sources.

paragraph: The events of Zeno's reign are quite obscure; only one continuous account of his reign has been preserved, by Evagrius Scholasticus, in his "Historia Ecclesiastica" (Chapter 3).

paragraph: Other sources are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Life of Daniel the Stylite"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Suda"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cedrenus, "A concise history of the world"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Malchus, "Bizantiaka"

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Malalas, "Chronographia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Procopius of Caesarea, "De Aedificiis"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theophanes the Confessor, "Chronicle"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joannes Zonaras, "Epitome Historiarum"

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Secondary sources.

paragraph: For a full-length biography of the emperor, see:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Crawford, "Roman Emperor Zeno. The Perils of Power Politics in Fifth-Century Constantinople", Barnsley 2019.

paragraph: For a scholarly study of Zeno's religious policy, see:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rafał Kosiński, "The Emperor Zeno: Religion and Politics" ("Byzantina et slavica cracoviensia 6"), Cracow 2010.

paragraph: Further studies of his religious policy are:

paragraph: For a discussion of recent scholarship on the life of Zeno until Aspar's death, see:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brian Croke, "Dynasty and Ethnicity: Emperor Leo and the Eclipse of Aspar", "Chiron" 35 (2005), 147–203.

paragraph: An account of the reign of Zeno and his successors after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, see:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stephen Williams and J.G.P. Friell, "The Rome that did not fall: the survival of the East in the fifth century", CRC Press, 1999, .

description: Byzantine Emperor

wikidata_label: Zeno

wikipedia_title: Zeno (emperor)


text:
Amsterdam
Grand Prix
motorcycle
road racer
Netherlands
1971
Giacomo Agostini
Keith Turner

categories: 50cc World Championship riders,500cc World Championship riders,1945 births,Dutch motorcycle racers,250cc World Championship riders,2009 deaths

paragraph: Rob Bron

paragraph: Rob Bron (16 May 1945 in Amsterdam – 5 October 2009) was a Grand Prix motorcycle road racer from the Netherlands. He had his best year in 1971 when he finished in third place in the 500cc world championship behind Giacomo Agostini and Keith Turner. Bron died on October 5, 2009.

description: Dutch motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Rob Bron

wikipedia_title: Rob Bron


text:
footballer
Promozione
Ribera 1954
Serie D
Marsala
Promozione

categories: Serie B players,People from Kaduna,Association footballers not categorized by position,U.S. Vibonese Calcio players,Nigerian expatriate footballers,Serie A players,Torino F.C. players,Expatriate footballers in Italy,Nigerian footballers,A.C.D. Treviso players,Yoruba sportspeople,Reggio Audace F.C. players,1983 births,Novara Calcio players,Living people

paragraph: Akeem Omolade

paragraph: Akeem Oluwashegun Omolade (born 4 March 1983) is a Nigerian footballer who plays for Borgata Terrenove in Promozione.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 2012, he played for Ribera 1954 in Serie D, before returning to Mazara in 2013.

paragraph: In 2014, he went down even further, joining Marsala-based Promozione club Borgata Terrenove.

description: Footballer

wikidata_label: Akeem Omolade

wikipedia_title: Akeem Omolade


text:
Maeda Toshinori
Maeda Toshitsuyo
Tenpō famine
ryō
sankin kōtai
Asano Narikata
Hiroshima Domain
Kuroda Narikiyo
Fukuoka Domain
Scarabaeidae
Dutch language
Philipp Franz von Siebold
French language
Fauna Japonica
Flora Japonica
Systema Naturae
Japanese

categories: 1859 deaths,1800 births,Japanese entomologists,Maeda clan,Tozama daimyo,People of Edo-period Japan

paragraph: Maeda Toshiyasu (Toyama)

paragraph: Toshiyasu was born in Edo as Keitaro (啓太郎), the second son of Maeda Toshinori, but was still underage on his father’s death, so the domain was assigned to Maeda Toshitsuyo instead. In 1811, he was adopted by Toshitsuyo to restore the line of succession and became "daimyō" in 1835 when Toshitsuyo retired due to illness. On taking office, the domain was hit hard by a crop failure, which continued through 1838 as part of the Tenpō famine. The domain defaulted on all its debts, and was forced to take a 30,000 "ryō" loan from the shogunate in 1838, followed by an additional 25,000 "ryō" the following year. In 1841, the domain reported that it did not have the funds to make its required "sankin kōtai" to Edo. In 1846, citing ill heath, Toshiyasu went into retirement in favor of his sixth son, Maeda Toshitomo. His wife was a daughter of Asano Narikata of Hiroshima Domain.

paragraph: Along with Kuroda Narikiyo of Fukuoka Domain, he was also a noted scientist, and organised a society of naturalists which met each month. An account was written of the subject discussed, for instance, in September 1840 they discussed the beetle family Scarabaeidae and wrote "Kyōro-shakō-zusetsu" in which twenty chafer species are scientifially drawn and described.As these studies were refined each member of the group became a specialist.Maede learned the Dutch language (the Japanese naturalists followed Philipp Franz von Siebold and also learned the French language Siebold's choice for Fauna Japonica and Flora Japonica) and translated the Dutch language Systema Naturae into Japanese. He is also noted for authoring the "Honzō Tsūkan", an encyclopaedia of Chinese medicinal herbs, which remained uncompleted in 94 volumes at the time of his death.

description: Japanese entomologist

wikidata_label: Maeda Toshiyasu

wikipedia_title: Maeda Toshiyasu (Toyama)


text: American

text: professional baseball

text: pitcher

text: Boston Red Sox

text: Oakland Athletics

text: Florida Marlins

text: Chicago Cubs

text: Texas Rangers

text: Atlanta Braves

text: Kansas City Royals

text: Minnesota Twins

text: scout

text: Los Angeles Dodgers

text: outfielder

text: Major League Baseball Draft

text: Boston Red Sox

text: South Suburban College

text: South Holland, Illinois

text: center field

text: 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike

text: spring training

text: big leagues

text: batting

text: hits

text: at-bat

text: doubles

text: home run

text: minors

text: pitching

text: Gold Coast Cougars

text: Australian Baseball League

text: Oakland Athletics

text: Florida Marlins

text: single

text: San Diego Padres

text: Portland Beavers

text: Chicago Cubs

text: Texas Rangers

text: Oklahoma RedHawks

text: appearances

text: ERA

text: strikeout

text: bullpen

text: C. J. Wilson

text: left-handed

text: Mark Teixeira

text: Atlanta Braves

text: Elvis Andrus

text: Neftalí Feliz

text: Matt Harrison

text: Jarrod Saltalamacchia

text: Houston Astros

text: win

text: Philadelphia Phillies

text: Minnesota Twins

text: Los Angeles Dodgers

text: Arizona Diamondbacks

text: St. Louis Cardinals

text: Memphis Redbirds

text: Burbank, California

text: John Burroughs High School

categories: New Britain Red Sox players,Sportspeople from Cook County, Illinois,Palm Beach Cardinals players,Portland Beavers players,Atlanta Braves players,Los Angeles Dodgers scouts,Fort Myers Miracle players,Trenton Thunder players,Texas Rangers players,Oklahoma RedHawks players,Calgary Cannons players,Lynchburg Red Sox players,Memphis Redbirds players,Minnesota Twins players,Major League Baseball replacement players,Kansas City Royals players,South Suburban Bulldogs baseball players,Louisville Bats players,Pawtucket Red Sox players,Boston Red Sox players,Chicago Cubs players,Sportspeople from Chicago,1971 births,Major League Baseball pitchers,Frisco RoughRiders players,Iowa Cubs players,Living people,Gulf Coast Red Sox players,Reno Aces players,Baseball players from Illinois,Florida Marlins players,Sarasota Red Sox players,Vancouver Canadians players,Oakland Athletics players

paragraph: Ron Mahay

paragraph: Ronald Matthew Mahay (; born June 28, 1971) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played for the Boston Red Sox, Oakland Athletics, Florida Marlins, Chicago Cubs, Texas Rangers, Atlanta Braves, Kansas City Royals, and Minnesota Twins. After retiring from active play in January 2013, he was named a scout by the Los Angeles Dodgers for the season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Boston Red Sox.

paragraph: Mahay was drafted as an outfielder in the 18th round of the Major League Baseball Draft in by the Boston Red Sox out of South Suburban College, a junior college in South Holland, Illinois, where he both pitched and played center field. When the 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike lasted into spring training the following year, Mahay was one of the replacement players called up by the Red Sox. As a consequence, Mahay (and all other replacement players who later made the big leagues) is not eligible for membership in the Major League Baseball Players Association.

paragraph: Mahay made his Major League debut with the Red Sox on May 21, 1995, as an outfielder, and appeared in five games, batting .200 with four hits in 20 at-bats, including two doubles and a home run. He was returned to the minors after a month. In , Mahay moved from the outfield to the pitching mound where he spent the off-season with the Gold Coast Cougars in the Australian Baseball League perfecting his adaptation to pitcher. He returned to Boston for the latter half of , but was waived after the campaign.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Oakland Athletics.

paragraph: The Oakland Athletics claimed him off the waiver wire, and he appeared in six games for the A's in 1999 and 5 in 2000, including three games as a starter.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Florida Marlins.

paragraph: He was purchased by the Florida Marlins in May from the Athletics. While pitching for the Marlins, Mahay recorded his last two Major League hits, a single and a double, in four at-bats. He appeared in 18 games with the Marlins, and recorded a 6.04 ERA.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:San Diego Padres.

paragraph: He signed with the San Diego Padres as a free agent in November 2000 but was released on May 15, 2001, after appearing in 14 games with the Portland Beavers in AAA.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Chicago Cubs.

paragraph: Mahay signed with the Chicago Cubs on May 19, 2001, Over the next two seasons he was 2-0 with an 8.59 in 11 appearances with the Cubs.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Texas Rangers.

paragraph: Mahay signed with the Texas Rangers in December 2002, and started the season with the Triple-A Oklahoma RedHawks. In June of that year, he was called up to Texas, and remained with the big league club almost exclusively until his tenure with the Rangers ended. was a career year for Mahay, as he notched a career-highs in appearances (60), ERA (2.55) and strikeouts (54). He was one of the mainstays of the Rangers' bullpen from 2003-, especially in the and seasons, as Mahay (along with C. J. Wilson) was one of only two regular left-handed relievers on the Rangers' roster.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Atlanta Braves.

paragraph: On July 30, 2007, Mahay was traded along with Mark Teixeira to the Atlanta Braves for Elvis Andrus, Beau Jones, Neftalí Feliz, Matt Harrison and Jarrod Saltalamacchia. In his Braves debut, he tossed a scoreless eighth inning in a 12-3 rout of the Houston Astros. He earned his first win as a Brave on August 11, 2007 against the Philadelphia Phillies. He finished the season 3-0 with a combined 2.55 ERA.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Kansas City Royals.

paragraph: After the 2007 season, Mahay reached an agreement on a two-year, $8 million contract with the Kansas City Royals.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Minnesota Twins.

paragraph: On August 28, 2009 Mahay signed with the Minnesota Twins as a free agent, after being released by the Royals.

paragraph: At the end of the 2009 season, Mahay became a free agent. He signed a minor league contract to rejoin the Twins during 2010 spring training. He returned to the majors on April 15, 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Los Angeles Dodgers.

paragraph: On February 3, 2011 he signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers, that included an invite to spring training. He was unable to win a spot on the Dodgers major league roster and was released on March 26.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Diamondbacks.

paragraph: Mahay signed a minor league contract with the Arizona Diamondbacks on April 8, 2011, but was released on May 13.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:St. Louis Cardinals.

paragraph: He signed a minor league contract with the St. Louis Cardinals on July 5, 2011, and was assigned to the Triple-A Memphis Redbirds. He elected to become a free agent on August 12. He made 12 appearances for Memphis, recording a 1.64 ERA and a 1.000 WHIP.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cincinnati Reds.

paragraph: On January 13, 2012 Mahay signed a Minor League contract with the Reds but was released on May 11 after posting a 4.50 ERA in only 18 innings of work.

paragraph: On January 27, 2013, Mahay officially announced his retirement from baseball.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Mahay and his wife, the former Alison Palmieri, were married on November 7, 1998. They have 2 daughters, Madison Parker and Mackenzie Reece, and a son, Mason Patrick. Cousins with Timothy and Jack Mahay. Mahay now lives in Burbank, California, where he has been an assistant varsity baseball coach at John Burroughs High School.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Ron Mahay

wikipedia_title: Ron Mahay


text:
Domhnall of Islay
Lord of the Isles
Earl of Ross
James I of Scotland
Albany Stewarts
Battle of Inverlochy
Fortrose Cathedral
Robert II of Scotland
James I of Scotland
Albany Stewarts
Murdoch ("Muireadhach"), Duke of Albany
Donnchadh, Earl of Lennox
Richard Oram
John Stewart, Earl of Buchan and Ross
John Mór MacDonald
James Mór
Ross
Inverness
Inverness Castle
MacKays
Strathnaver
Foulis
Munro kindred
Easter Ross
Balnagown
Wester Ross
Lochalsh
Kintail
Domhnall Ballach
John Mór
Alasdair Carrach
Lochaber
Clan Chattan
custodian
burgh
Lennox
Menteith
Fife
Annals of the Four Masters
Atholl
Badenoch
Walter Bower
Cameron
Urquhart
Dingwall
artillery
Islay
Holyrood Abbey
Edinburgh
Tantallon Castle
William Douglas, 2nd Earl of Angus
Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar
Alan Stewart
Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl
Earl of Caithness
earldom of Moray
Lachlan Maclean
Battle of Inverlochy
Kildrummy Castle
Strathnaver
Battle of Drumnacoub
Clan MacKay
Mar
Kincardine
The Mearns
Kingedward
Buchan
Ayrshire
Justiciar of Scotia
Kingdom of Scotland
Hugh of Sleat
Sleat
Domhnall Ballach
Kintyre
Clan MacLeod
Skye
Lewis
Clan MacLean
Mull
Clan MacKintosh
Lochaber
Alexander Seton, Lord Gordon
John of Islay, Earl of Ross
Hugh MacDonald, Lord of Sleat
Celestine MacDonald, Lord of Lochlash
Fortrose Cathedral
Oram, Richard
Annals of the Four Masters @ CELT
trans

categories: 1449 deaths,Clan Donald,Earls of Ross,Year of birth unknown,People from Argyll and Bute

paragraph: Alexander of Islay, Earl of Ross

paragraph: Alexander of Islay or Alexander MacDonald (died 1449; ) was a medieval Scottish nobleman, who succeeded his father Domhnall of Islay as Lord of the Isles (1423–1449) and rose to the rank of Earl of Ross (1437–49). His lively career, especially before he attained the earldom of Ross, led Hugh MacDonald, the 17th century author of "History of the MacDonalds", to commemorate him as "a man born to much trouble all his lifetime". Alexander allied himself with King James I of Scotland against the power of the

paragraph: Albany Stewarts in 1425 but, once the Albany Stewarts were out of the way, Alexander quickly found himself at odds with the new king. War with King James would initially prove Alexander's undoing, and would see the King's power in Scotland greatly increased, but at the Battle of Inverlochy Alexander's army prevailed against the forces of the King. Alexander died in 1449, having greatly extended his family's landed wealth and power. He was buried, not in the Isles of his ancestors, but at Fortrose Cathedral in his mainland Earldom of Ross.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Alexander, the Albany Stewarts and King James.

paragraph: Alexander was the great grandson of King Robert II of Scotland and inherited his father Domhnall's alliance with King James I of Scotland against the power of the Albany Stewarts, who by the time James returned to Scotland from English captivity in 1424 ruled more of Scotland than King James could. By 1425 James had decided to destroy the Albany Stewarts once and for all. In May of this year, Alexander attended the Stirling parliament, and sat on the jury of 21 knights and peers which ordered the execution of Murdoch ("Muireadhach"), Duke of Albany, along with his son Alexander and his ally Donnchadh, Earl of Lennox.

paragraph: However, the destruction of the Albany Stewarts removed the main reason for the co-operation between the King and the Lord of the Isles. It is possible that, as Michael Brown believes, James acknowledged Alexander's control of the earldom of Ross as a reward for his support against Albany, as in 1426 Alexander used the style "Master of the Earldom of Ross". However, Richard Oram takes a different view, and sees Alexander's adoption of this title and occupation of much of the earldom as a provocation towards James, since it had passed to him after the death of John Stewart, Earl of Buchan and Ross in 1424, and James was legally entitled the hold the earldom. Alexander's use of this title, if it were provocation, would have been compounded in the king's mind by the fact that Alexander's uncle John Mór MacDonald was harbouring and protecting James Mór (or James the Fat), the son of Duke Murdoch, while James Mór was claiming James' throne.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Captivity.

paragraph: At any rate, the king had certainly adopted a more hostile attitude towards Alexander. In 1428, James travelled into the north of Scotland both to assert his authority in Ross and to bring order to the north. James requested a meeting with Alexander, and in August Alexander travelled in good faith to meet James at Inverness, where James was holding court. James however, in an act typical of his kingship, imprisoned Alexander, his mother Mariota (by whose lineage Alexander claimed Ross) and around fifty of his followers, including his uncle and heir-designate John Mór, in the tower of Inverness Castle. Included among the other prisoners were Alexander's most important Ross allies; men such as Aonghas Dubh MacAoidh, the chief of the MacKays of Strathnaver, a man who was reputed to have a warband 4000 strong; a prisoner also was Aonghas' son Niall Óg, the husband of the daughter of the head of the Foulis Munro kindred of Easter Ross, one of Ross' most important families. The head of the Munros himself, George Munro, may also have been arrested, but if he was he was quickly released. William Leslie and John de Ross of Balnagown, two important landowners and kinsmen of Mariota, were also imprisoned, as were the heads of the Wester Ross Lochalsh MacMhathain (Matheson) and the Kintail MacChoinnich (MacKenzie) kindreds. Most of these men, including John Mór, seem to have been released within a short time, although James took a few back to the south with him.

paragraph: According to Michael Brown and the 17th century "History of the MacDonalds", James attempted to do a deal with John Mór, probably offering him the Lordship of the Isles, to which he was heir and for which he had revolted against his brother Domhnall decades before. John however refused to negotiate until Alexander was released. Furthermore, King James' plans met disaster when his messenger James Campbell attempted to arrest "Johannis de Insulis" and killed him in the attempt. King James tried to distance himself from the killing, and had Campbell hanged. Before the end of 1428. Alexander was released on a promise of good behaviour.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:War against the King.

paragraph: Almost as soon as he was released, Alexander was at war with the king. Domhnall Ballach ("the Freckled"), son of his uncle John Mór, may have been seeking revenge for his father's death, and if this was the case, he was supported by his other uncle Alasdair Carrach ("the Curly"), Lord of Lochaber. Together, these two men, the two most important nobles in the lordship, probably helped pressure Alexander into war. In Spring 1429, Alexander's forces advanced on Inverness. Although Maol Choluim Mac an Tóisich ("Malcolm MacKintosh"), head of Clan Chattan and custodian of the castle, managed to hold Alexander off, Alexander was still able to burn down the burgh. Alexander, meanwhile, was planning to support James Mór, son of Duke Murdoch, in his claim on the Scottish throne. James Mór had become a serious threat to King James, not merely because was he likely to have the support of Murdoch's former vassals in Lennox, Menteith and Fife, but also because he had obtained the backing of the King of England, who was angry that King James was ignoring his superior status and the terms of his release from captivity in England several years before. Now James Mór had the support of Alexander too.

paragraph: At this point, however, James was saved by the sudden death of his rival. As the "Annals of the Four Masters" reports:

paragraph: In the summer, King James raised a large army and after a swift march north through Atholl and Badenoch, the royal army encountered Alexander somewhere around the borders of Lochaber and Badenoch. Although according to Walter Bower Alexander had 10,000 men, when the royal standard was unfurled the Chattan and Cameron kindreds switched over to the King. In the following engagement Alexander was defeated. Although Alexander got away, the king capitalized on his victory by marching further north and seizing the castles of Urquhart and Dingwall. The king now sought Alexander's capture, and sent an expedition armed with artillery into the Hebrides. Alexander, who had probably fled to Islay, found himself in a very difficult position, and on 27 August 1429 surrendered to King James at Holyrood Abbey, near the burgh of Edinburgh. King James was persuaded by his magnates to give Alexander grace, and sent him to Tantallon Castle under the custody of William Douglas, 2nd Earl of Angus, King James' nephew.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Second captivity.

paragraph: While he had Alexander in custody, King James delegated the northern campaign to Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar, with more minor roles going to Maol Choluim Mac an Tóisich, Alexander Seton of Gordon, Hugh Fraser and Aonghas de Moravia. James would never again return to Ross or Moray. Mar was given support in his role as Lieutenant when Alan Stewart, the second son of Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl, was made Earl of Caithness in Spring 1430. The royal earldoms of Buchan and Ross, and the castle of Urquhart were put under Mar's control; by 1431 the lordship of Lochaber, held by Alasdair Carrach, was assigned to Mar's command; and by 1432 Mar had received papal dispensation to marry Margaret Seton, the mother of the heiresses to the earldom of Moray, which he would administer on their behalf. James, moreover, arranged a marriage between Lachlan Maclean, captain of the MacLeans of Duart, an important vassal kindred of the Lordship of the Isles, to Mar's daughter, bringing Mar's influence into the Lordship of the Isles itself. In 1431 Aonghas de Moravia was sent on a campaign against Aonghas Dubh MacAoidh in Strathnaver. However the main campaign was in Lochaber, where Mar hoped to make his status as Lord of Lochaber a reality. In both campaigns, however, the results were defeats for the king's forces. At the Battle of Inverlochy Mar's forces were met by both Domhnall Ballach and Alasdair Carrach of Lochaber; although Mar managed to make a long escape on foot back to Kildrummy Castle, the Earl of Caithness and 990 men were slain. In 1429, in Strathnaver, at the Battle of Drumnacoub, Aonghas Dubh MacAoidh (Angus MacKay), chief of Clan MacKay was also victorious over royal forces, this battle however was more of a family related feud. Both defeats were incurred before September 1431. James' first reaction was to raise taxes, taxes which were granted on 16 October, in order to deliver a counter-attack; but this revenue was insufficient and James had other problems to deal with. King James therefore arranged a reconciliation with Alexander, who was pardoned for past offences and released from captivity.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Alexander, Earl of Ross.

paragraph: Alexander would never again be the king's enemy, and remained subdued for the next few years. Luck, however, was on Alexander's side. The earl of Mar was in either his fifties or sixties, and his son and heir Thomas had already died in 1430. When the earl himself died in 1435, James' settlement in the north collapsed. James was in Mar by June 1436, where he was taking control of the earldom. It was probably in this time that James finally acknowledged Alexander as earl of Ross, the only magnate who could now offer security in the north-eastern Highlands. Alexander not only received control of Dingwall, but Inverness too, which he would hold until at least 1447. Moreover, the Ross earldom came with Kincardine in The Mearns, Kingedward in Buchan and Greenan in Ayrshire. By January 1437 Alexander was styling himself "Earl of Ross" in his charters, and this style was acknowledged in royal documents by 1439. Finally, by February 1439, Alexander had been appointed Justiciar of Scotia, an office which made Alexander the chief legal official in the Kingdom of Scotland.

paragraph: Having achieved the chief object of his career, Alexander spent the last decade of his life consolidating his position in Ross. His charters seem to indicate that he was chiefly based at the castles of Dingwall and Inverness, and rarely anywhere else. The large number of charters issued by Alexander at Inverness is probably explained by his role as Justiciar of Scotia. Alexander's move east led to less direct lordship in the west, his original political heartland. Alexander's bastard sons Uisdean (Hugh of Sleat) and Gilleasbaig ("Celestine") were given Sleat and Lochalsh respectively, Domhnall Ballach became more independent in Islay and Kintyre, Clan MacLeod kindred took greater control in Skye and Lewis, Clan MacLean greater control in Mull and Clan MacKintosh greater control in Lochaber.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: Alexander had two partners with whom he fathered offspring. The daughter of MacPhee produced a number of bastard sons, and secondly he married Elizabeth, the daughter of Alexander Seton, Lord Gordon and had:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John of Islay, Earl of Ross, who succeeded Alexander at age fifteen.

paragraph: Other children include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh MacDonald, Lord of Sleat

paragraph: BULLET::::- Celestine MacDonald, Lord of Lochlash.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret Macdonald

paragraph: BULLET::::- Florence Macdonald

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Alexander MacDonald of Islay died at Dingwall in May 1449. He was buried in Fortrose Cathedral.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boardman, Stephen, "The Campbells, 1250-1513", (Edinburgh, 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brown, Michael, "James I", (East Linton, 1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- MacDougall, Norman, "Achilles' Heel? The Earldom of Ross, the Lordship of the Isles, and the Stewart Kings, 1449-1507", in Edward J. Cowan & R. Andrew McDonald (eds.), "Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Medieval Era", (Edinburgh, 2000), pp. 248–75

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oram, Richard, "The Lordship of the Isles, 1336-1545", in Donald Omand (ed.) "The Argyll Book", (Edinburgh, 2005), pp. 123–39

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annals of the Four Masters @ CELT (trans)

alias:
Alexander MacDonald
Alasdair MacDomhnaill
Alasdair  Dòmhnallach
Alasdair MacDhòmhnaill
12th Earl of Ross
10th Earl of Ross
Alasdair  Domhnallach
Alasdair MacDhomhnaill

description: Scottish nobleman and Lord of the Isles

wikidata_label: Alexander of Islay, Earl of Ross

wikipedia_title: Alexander of Islay, Earl of Ross


text:
Dutch East India Company
marooned
Ascension Island
punishment for sodomy
The Hague
widower
Batavia
Dutch East Indies
Indonesia
Dutch East India Company
flute-ship
Enkhuizen
Batavia
Cochin
Batavia
sodomy
Cape Town
Ascension Island
diary
green turtles
seabirds
Dutch East India Company
Zeewijk
Houtman Abrolhos
Ascension Island
Dampier
HMS "Roebuck"
Ascension Island
castaway
Utrecht sodomy trials
Zeewijk

categories: 1725 deaths,People convicted of sodomy,People from Ascension Island,Dutch sailors,1695 births,18th-century LGBT people,Castaways,People from The Hague,LGBT people from the Netherlands

paragraph: Leendert Hasenbosch

paragraph: Leendert Hasenbosch, (c.1695–probably end of 1725) was a Dutch employee of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) who was marooned on uninhabited Ascension Island in the South Atlantic Ocean, as a punishment for sodomy. He wrote a diary until his presumed death.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Leendert Hasenbosch was likely born in The Hague, Holland in 1695. Around the year 1709 his father, a widower, moved himself and his three daughters to Batavia in the Dutch East Indies ("Modern Indonesia") while Leendert stayed in Holland. On 17 January 1714, Hasenbosch became a soldier of the Dutch East India Company, ("Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie; VOC") and boarded the flute-ship "Korssloot" in Enkhuizen bound for Batavia where he served for about a year. From 1715 to 1720 he served in Cochin in India, a Dutch possession at the time. In 1720 he returned to Batavia and was promoted to corporal. He later became a military writer, responsible for small-scale bookkeeping. In 1724, he took a position aboard a "VOC" ship as the ship's bookkeeper. On 17 April 1725, Hasenbosch was convicted of sodomy following the ship's compulsory stop in Cape Town. On 5 May 1725, he was set ashore on Ascension Island as punishment.

paragraph: Section::::Castaway life.

paragraph: During his time as a castaway, Hasenbosch kept a diary. He began with a tent, a month's worth of water, some seeds, instruments, prayer books, clothing, and writing materials. He searched the barren island for water. Unable to find any, he began drinking the blood of green turtles and seabirds, as well as his own urine. He likely died of thirst after about six months.

paragraph: A similar punishment was meted out two years later to two boys from the Dutch East India Company ship the "Zeewijk", shipwrecked off the west coast of Australia. Found guilty of sodomy, the boys were marooned on separate islands of the Mangrove Group of Houtman Abrolhos, and left to die.

paragraph: Ascension Island does have two sources of fresh water: a strong water spring in the high interior of the island (in what is now called Breakneck Valley), and a much smaller water source named Dampier's Drip. One of these two water sources allowed some sixty men from HMS "Roebuck" to survive a shipwreck on Ascension for two months starting in February 1701.

paragraph: Section::::The legend.

paragraph: In January 1726 British sailors from the ship "James and Mary" discovered the castaway's tent and belongings, including the diary in Dutch. The British concluded that a Dutchman had been set ashore as a punishment for sodomy. They did not find a skeleton but they believed that the man had died of thirst. The diary was brought back to Britain.

paragraph: In 1726 the translated diary was first published under the title "Sodomy Punish'd". In 1728 another version, entitled "An Authentick Relation", was published. The version of 1726 mentions the name of the castaway, misspelled as 'Leondert Hussenlosch' but the version of 1728 states that the man's name is unknown. The qualities of both translations are uncertain since the original diary has been lost. Apart from entries about desperate searches for water and firewood, a few entries mention the man's act of sodomy. A few entries can be interpreted as reflections of a guilty conscience, including the apparitions of demons and former friends and acquaintances. In 1730 another version was published under the title "The Just Vengeance of Heaven Exemplify'd". This version contains many extra anti-sodomy passages as well as many extra demons harassing the castaway. The publisher also wrote that the castaway's skeleton would have been found alongside the diary – which never happened.

paragraph: In 1976, American author Peter Agnos published "The Queer Dutchman", an fictionalised account based on the version of 1730. Many authors about sodomy, Ascension Island, or castaway stories read either the version of 1730 or the version of 1976 and decided to include parts in their own publications, not realising they were quoting from a fake story. As late as 1988, recountings of the stories of castaways in English still claimed his name was unknown.

paragraph: In 2002 a Dutch book "Een Hollandse Robinson Crusoë" was published, written by the Dutch historian Michiel Koolbergen (1953–2002) after he had done many years of research in Dutch and British archives; Koolbergen died before its publication. Koolbergen had identified the castaway as 'Leendert Hasenbosch' by his work in archives; Koolbergen was aware of all English versions of the diary except that of 1726. Koolbergen's book also contained the relevant texts in the logs of the two British ships whose crews had found the diary in January 1726.

paragraph: In 2006 the full story was – with the support of Koolbergen's family and publisher – published by Alex Ritsema, with the book "A Dutch Castaway on Ascension Island in 1725"; a second, revised edition was printed in 2010.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Utrecht sodomy trials

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zeewijk" shipwreck

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- General

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michiel Koolbergen, "Een Hollandse Robinson Crusoë", , 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alex Ritsema, "A Dutch Castaway on Ascension Island in 1725" , 2010

description: Dutch castaway

wikidata_label: Leendert Hasenbosch

wikipedia_title: Leendert Hasenbosch


text: swimmer

text: Commonwealth Games

text: BBC

text: University of Bath

text: Loughborough University

text: Belper

text: Derbyshire

text: Loughborough

text: 2008 Beijing Olympics

text: Robert Renwick

text: 4x200-metre freestyle relay

text: 2012 Summer Olympics

text: Belper School

text: British Swimming athlete profile

categories: Universiade silver medalists for Great Britain,Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics,Commonwealth Games silver medallists for England,Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Male freestyle swimmers,European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,Universiade medalists in swimming,Commonwealth Games gold medallists for England,1984 births,Universiade gold medalists for Great Britain,People from Belper,Living people,Universiade bronze medalists for Great Britain,Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m),English male swimmers,Swimmers at the 2006 Commonwealth Games,Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming,Olympic swimmers of Great Britain,Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics,People from Loughborough

paragraph: Ross Davenport

paragraph: Ross Paul Davenport (born 23 May 1984) is an English competitive swimmer who has represented Great Britain in the Olympics, world and European championships, and swam for England in the Commonwealth Games. He won two gold medals in the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne for the 200-metre freestyle and the 4×200-metre freestyle relay.

paragraph: On Monday, 27 November 2006 he was recognized as the BBC East Midlands Sports Personality of the Year. He was a member of the University of Bath swimming club, coached by Ian Turner and trains at Loughborough University. Born in Belper, Derbyshire, he now lives and trains in Loughborough.

paragraph: Ross qualified for Team GB at the 2008 Beijing Olympics in two events, the 200-metre freestyle and the 4×200-metre freestyle relay. He achieved this by winning the 200-metre freestyle, ahead of Robert Renwick, in the 2008 Long Course British Championships (incorporating the Olympic trials) on 3 April. His time in the final was 1:47.66.

paragraph: He was part of the British 4x200-metre freestyle relay team at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: He started at Belper School in 1995.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- British Swimming athlete profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- British Olympic Association athlete profile

description: British swimmer, Olympic athlete, Commonwealth Games gold medallist

wikidata_label: Ross Davenport

wikipedia_title: Ross Davenport


text:
botanical collector
Sydney Botanic Gardens
Stirling
HMS "Adventure"
Straits of Magellan
Phillip Parker King
British Museum
Clapton Nursery
John Bain Mackay
Francoa appendiculata
Chiloé
Herbertia pulchella
Bay of Maldonado
Libertia formosa
Solanum crispum
William Hooker
Glasgow University
Sydney Botanic Gardens
Devonshire Street Cemetery
La Perouse
Carex andersonii
Port Famine

categories: 1842 deaths,1797 births,Botanical collectors active in Australia

paragraph: James Anderson (botanical collector)

paragraph: James Anderson (1797 – 22 April 1842) was a Scottish botanical collector who later became the superintendent of the Sydney Botanic Gardens.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Anderson was born in Boquhan near Stirling in Scotland in 1797.

paragraph: Section::::Plant collecting.

paragraph: Between 1826 and 1830 Anderson sailed on HMS "Adventure", collecting seeds and dried specimens. This voyage, to the Straits of Magellan and the coast of South America, was captained by Phillip Parker King. A collection of dried specimens was submitted to the British Museum after the voyage.

paragraph: He collected many South American species for the Clapton Nursery in London on behalf of Hugh Low and John Bain Mackay including the following:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Francoa appendiculata", Chiloé, Chile

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Herbertia pulchella", Bay of Maldonado. Uruguay

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Libertia formosa" "from near the southern extremity of the continent of America" (introduced from seed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Solanum crispum", Chiloé, Chile (introduced 1830)

paragraph: He also sent plant specimens to William Hooker at Glasgow University.

paragraph: Section::::New South Wales.

paragraph: On 25 August 1832, Anderson arrived in Sydney on the ship "Brothers" which had set out from Plymouth on 4 May. In 1835, he advertised seeds of 150 species of the "Flora of New South Wales" as well as 300 dried specimens for sale. In the same year he was appointed to the position of assistant superintendent at Sydney Botanic Gardens. He became superintendent in 1838 and continued in this role until his death in 1842.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Anderson died in 1842 in his residence at the botanic gardens. He was buried at Devonshire Street Cemetery, the inscription on his tombstone reading:

paragraph: In 1901 his remains were re-interred at the cemetery at La Perouse.

paragraph: "Carex andersonii", a species that he collected at Port Famine on the Strait of Magellan, was named in his honour.

description: Botanical collector, born 1797

wikidata_label: James Anderson

wikipedia_title: James Anderson (botanical collector)


text:
Cincinnati
San Diego
Hillsboro, Ohio
Cincinnati Commercial Gazette
Art Academy of Cincinnati
Waitsfield, Vermont
Mission San Juan Capistrano
La Jolla
Maurice Braun
Federal Art Project
Steven Stern Fine Arts
Laguna Art Museum
Irvine Museum
San Diego Museum of Art
Corcoran Gallery of Art
K. Nathan Gallery

categories: 20th-century American painters,1854 births,Painters from Ohio,American landscape painters,American Impressionist painters,American male painters,Painters from California,Painters from Vermont,1940 deaths,19th-century American painters

paragraph: Charles Arthur Fries

paragraph: Charles Arthur Fries (1854-1940) was an American painter active in Cincinnati and San Diego in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. He is especially noted for his Impressionistic landscape paintings of southern California deserts and seascapes.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Fries was born in Hillsboro, Ohio on August 14, 1854 and raised in Cincinnati. He was the seventh of eleven children born to John and Martha Fries.

paragraph: In 1872, at the age of 18, Fries began an apprenticeship as a lithographer at Gibson and Company in Cincinnati. In 1874 he began working as a photographer and lithographer for the Cincinnati Commercial Gazette. In that same year he also began attending night classes at the McMicken School of Design, which later became the Art Academy of Cincinnati.

paragraph: From 1874 until 1890 Fries worked for various publications as an illustrator, photographer, and lithographer in the Cincinnati area. In 1887 he married Addie Davis and in 1890 the couple bought a small farm in Waitsfield, Vermont, where they lived for six years.

paragraph: In 1896 Charles, Addie and their six-year-old daughter Alice left Vermont and moved to California. After a brief stay at Mission San Juan Capistrano, the family finally settled in San Diego in 1897 and Charles remained a resident of San Diego for the remainder of his life.

paragraph: During his career he took many extended camping trips into the deserts and mountains of southern California where he sketched and painted many of his works.

paragraph: Fries prospered as the city grew and he exhibited widely, including shows in New York, San Francisco, and Berkeley. He was an active member of the arts community of San Diego for many years. In 1918 he was a founding member of the La Jolla Art Association, along with other prominent San Diego artists, including Maurice Braun and Alfred Mitchell. In 1919 he was elected president of the San Diego Art Guild. In 1929 he was a founder of the Associated Artists of San Diego.

paragraph: In 1936, at the age of 82, Fries made one final sketching trip into the mountains east of San Diego and in 1937 he participated in the Federal Art Project. Charles Fries died at home on December 15, 1940.

paragraph: Section::::Galleries and Public Collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steven Stern Fine Arts, Beverly Hills, California

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laguna Art Museum, Laguna Beach, California

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irvine Museum, Irvine, California

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Diego Museum of Art, San Diego, California

paragraph: BULLET::::- Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, DC

paragraph: BULLET::::- K. Nathan Gallery, La Jolla, California

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milton E. Peterson, "Second Nature, Four Early San Diego Landscape Painters", 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edan Milton Hughes, "Artists in California, 1786-1940", 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ruth Lily Westphal, "Plein Air Painters of the Southland", 1996

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20140522091321/http://www.sdmart.org/collections/artists/38

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.lajollaart.org/Pages/History/historyartists.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20140824220541/http://bauerart.com/Fries.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/2001-3/imagesfries.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/2001-3/fries.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.sandiegohistory.org/online_resources/fries.html

description: American painter

wikidata_label: Charles Arthur Fries

wikipedia_title: Charles Arthur Fries


text: American

text: lithographer

text: photographer

text: portrait

text: theater

text: Otto Sarony

text: Quebec

text: Lower Canada

text: New York City

text: Currier and Ives

text: Union Square

text: Sarah Bernhardt

text: Samuel Clemens

text: Lew Wallace

text: Oscar Wilde

text: William T. Sherman

text: first Sherman Postage stamp

text: Samuel Clemens

text: Lotos Club

text: Salmagundi Club

text: Wilkie Collins

text: vivisection

text: George Washington Cable

text: U.S. Supreme Court

text: Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony

text: copyright

text: appeal

text: Second Circuit Court of Appeals

text: Washington Square

text: Oliver François Xavier Sarony

text: Otto

text: Green-Wood Cemetery

text: Brooklyn

text: Mathew Brady

text: Alfred Cheney Johnston

text: Article and rare pictures

text: Mark Twain

text: Portrait of Oliver Sarony (1820-1879)

categories: 1821 births,American people of Canadian descent,Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery,American printmakers,American photographers,1896 deaths,Portrait photographers,Canadian emigrants to the United States

paragraph: Napoleon Sarony

paragraph: Napoleon Sarony (March 9, 1821 – November 9, 1896) was an American lithographer and photographer. He was a highly popular portrait photographer, best known for his portraits of the stars of late-19th-century American theater. His son, Otto Sarony, continued the family business as a theater and film star photographer.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Sarony was born in 1821 in Quebec, then in the British colony of Lower Canada, and moved to New York City around 1836. He worked as an illustrator for Currier and Ives before joining with James Major and starting his own lithography business, Sarony & Major, in 1843. In 1845, James Major was replaced in Sarony & Major by Henry B. Major, and the firm continued operating under that name until 1853. From 1853 to 1857, the firm was known as Sarony and Company, and from 1857 to 1867, as Sarony, Major & Knapp. Sarony left the firm in 1867 and established a photography studio at 37 Union Square, during a time when celebrity portraiture was a popular fad. Photographers would pay their famous subjects to sit for them, and then retain full rights to sell the pictures. Sarony reportedly paid the internationally famous stage actress Sarah Bernhardt $1,500 to pose for his camera, . In 1894, he published a portfolio of prints entitled "Sarony's Living Pictures".

paragraph: Section::::Associations.

paragraph: Included among the thousands of people that came into Sarony's world were many distinguished people, such as American Civil War General William T. Sherman and literary figures Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain), Lew Wallace and Oscar Wilde.

paragraph: Section::::Associations.:William T. Sherman.

paragraph: In 1888, Sarony photographed William T. Sherman, three years before he died in 1891. Sarony's photograph would be used as a model for the engraving of the first Sherman Postage stamp.

paragraph: Section::::Associations.:Samuel Clemens; the Lotos, Salmagundi and Tile Clubs.

paragraph: Sarony took numerous photographs of Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain). Clemens and Sarony were in the same social circles and shared many mutual acquaintances. They both belonged to the Lotos Club in New York City. Sarony helped in the founding of the Salmagundi Club, an association of artists, and was also a member of the Tile Club, whose members included well-known authors and journalists. In 1883, English author Wilkie Collins dedicated his anti-vivisection book "Heart and Science" to Sarony. In 1884, Sarony was a participant in an April Fool's joke played on Clemens when George Washington Cable arranged for 150 of Clemens's friends to write to him simultaneously, requesting his autograph. As part of the joke, no stamps or envelopes were to be provided for a reply.

paragraph: Section::::Associations.:Oscar Wilde.

paragraph: One of Sarony's portraits of writer Oscar Wilde became the subject of a U.S. Supreme Court case, "Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony" 111 U.S. 53 (1884), in which the Court upheld the extension of copyright protection to photographs. Sarony sued Burrow-Giles after it used unauthorized lithographs of "Oscar Wilde No. 18" in an advertisement, and won a judgment for $610 (the modern equivalent of just over $12,000) that was affirmed on appeal by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court. Sarony later photographed the Supreme Court itself, to celebrate the centennial of the federal judiciary in 1890.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Sarony was married twice. His first wife died in 1858; his second, Louie, reportedly shared his tendency towards eccentricity and preference for outlandish dress. She rented elaborate costumes that she wore during her daily afternoon walk through Washington Square, wearing them once before returning them.

paragraph: His brother, Oliver François Xavier Sarony (1820–1879), was also a portrait photographer, working primarily in England, who died in 1879. Napoleon's son, Otto (1850–1903), continued the family name for a few years until his own death in 1903.

paragraph: Sarony was buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mathew Brady

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfred Cheney Johnston

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Biographical Chronology for "Napoleon Sarony"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article and rare pictures of "Napoleon Sarony" and his subject Mark Twain

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrait of Oliver Sarony (1820-1879)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Sarony Photographs of Oscar Wilde (complete)

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Napoleon Sarony

wikipedia_title: Napoleon Sarony


text: Royal Academy

text: Royal Society of British Sculptors

text: Queen Victoria

text: Winifred

text: South London Technical Art School

text: Lambeth

text: William Silver Frith

text: Royal Academy Schools

text: Harry Bates

text: London County Council

text: Central School of Arts and Crafts

text: Royal Academy

text: Royal Society of British Sculptors

text: Ashmolean Museum

text: Oxford

text: Fishmonger's Hall

text: William Silver Frith

text: Queen Victoria

text: Delhi

text: Punjab

text: College of Art, Tilak Marg

text: Tynemouth

text: Sheffield

text: Fargate

text: Endcliffe Park

text: St George

text: George Frederick Watts

categories: Academics of the Central School of Art and Design,1874 births,English male sculptors,English sculptors,1940 deaths,20th-century British sculptors

paragraph: Alfred Turner (sculptor)

paragraph: Alfred Turner (28 May 1874 – 18 March 1940) was an English sculptor in the early 20th century. Among other institutions, Turner studied at the Royal Academy, where he exhibited and was a member. He was also a member and fellow of the Royal Society of British Sculptors.

paragraph: His sculptural works included statues, reliefs and war memorials. Some of his notable works included several statues of Queen Victoria, the Fishergirl and Fisherman at Fishmonger's Hall in London and war memorials in England, Wales and the Channel Islands. His daughter was also a distinguished sculptor.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Turner was born on 28 May 1874, the son of sculptor C.E. Halsey-Turner. In 1899 he married Charlotte Ann Gavin and they had two daughters. One daughter, Winifred, became a distinguished sculptress. He died in London on 18 March 1940.

paragraph: He first studied at, what was then called, the South London Technical Art School in Lambeth at a time when William Silver Frith was the modelling master. He then studied at Royal Academy Schools, having enrolled in 1895. He was there for three years during which time he was awarded in 1897 both the Gold Medal and Travelling Scholarship, worth £200. He studied for a period on the Continent and worked as an assistant in the studio of Harry Bates.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Turner taught sculpture at the London County Council (LCC) Central School of Arts and Crafts in Southampton Row, Holborn in 1907.{

paragraph: He exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1898 to 1937, became an Associate in 1922 and a full member in 1931. Turner was one of the early members of the Royal Society of British Sculptors and was a Fellow of that Society from 1923 until 1940.

paragraph: In 1988 the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford held an exhibition of the works of Alfred Turner and his daughter Winifred.

paragraph: Section::::Notable commissions.

paragraph: Section::::Notable commissions.:Fishmonger's Hall.

paragraph: In 1901 he exhibited a marble statue entitled "Fisher girl; for a niche" at the Royal Academy, and in 1902 this work, with its companion piece, "Fisherman", was subsequently placed in the staircase niches of Fishmonger's Hall in London. Turner was given the commission to sculpt the two figures in 1899 when the hall was being redecorated. He received the commission based on the recommendation of William Silver Frith and was paid around 600 guineas for each statue.

paragraph: Section::::Notable commissions.:Statue of Queen Victoria.

paragraph: After the success of "Fishergirl", Turner secured commissions for three public monuments in bronze of Queen Victoria who died on 22 January 1901.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Delhi, India

paragraph: One was for Delhi and was unveiled by the Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab on 26 December 1902. Turner showed a bronze statuette of this work at the Royal Academy in 1903. Sadly the crown and the small statuettes representing "Justice" and "Peace", which were positioned on either side of the Queen's head were subsequently removed by vandals in 1905 when the statue was in India. Today this statue is to be found at the College of Art, Tilak Marg, in Delhi.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tynemouth, England

paragraph: Another copy of the Queen Victoria statue was made for Tynemouth in north east England.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Endcliffe Park, Sheffield, England

paragraph: The third statue was for Sheffield, a complex, greater than life-sized composition that figures of a mother and her children with a Sheffield workman. It was originally erected in 1905 at Fargate, Sheffield but may now be found in Sheffield's Endcliffe Park. The mother and workman are depicted in "Maternity" and "Labour", both shown at The Royal Academy in 1904. The statue has reliefs representing "Courage", in the form of a Crusader, with "Justice" and "Truth". Another includes images of the Queen and St George.

paragraph: Turner was praised for his work. The statues were likened to Rodin's "Le Penseur" and the works of George Frederick Watts. Additionally it was stated that "Maternity is the best work by an outsider that the Academy has housed for many a year".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections

description: British artist

wikidata_label: Alfred Turner

wikipedia_title: Alfred Turner (sculptor)


text:
stage name
Kosovo Albanian
Liverpool
Steven Gerrard
Jamie Carragher
USA (United States of Albania)

categories: Albanian singers,Living people,Albanian hip hop musicians,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: MC Kresha

paragraph: Kreshnik Fazliu better known by his stage name MC Kresha, is a Kosovo Albanian rapper.

paragraph: He is also a diehard Liverpool fan, expressing his admiration for Steven Gerrard and Jamie Carragher.

paragraph: Section::::Albums.

paragraph: He has recently published his new album called USA (United States of Albania) under the label P.I.N.T, in collaboration with other rappers.

description: rapper,singer

wikidata_label: Mc Kresha

wikipedia_title: MC Kresha


text: modern jazz

text: hip-hop

text: The Dreamer

text: The Dreamer

text: Moodymann

text: Ben Westbeech

text: Jazzanova

text: Of All the Things

text: Nicola Conte

text: Basement Jaxx

text: Scars

text: Zephyr

text: Chico Hamilton

text: Oh No

text: Suphala

text: Soil & "Pimp" Sessions

text: Kris Bowers

text: Takuya Kuroda

categories: Musicians from Minneapolis,1978 births,Singers from Minnesota,American jazz singers,Neo soul singers,American hip hop singers,Jazz musicians from Minnesota,21st-century American singers,Blue Note Records artists,Living people,African-American musicians

paragraph: José James

paragraph: José James (born January 20, 1978) is an American vocalist best known for performing and blending modern jazz and hip-hop. James performs all over the world both as a bandleader and with other groups.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: José James attended The New School for Jazz and Contemporary Music. In 2008, he debuted with his first album, "The Dreamer", on the Brownswood label. "Blackmagic" followed in 2010. 2010's "For All We Know" came out on the Impulse! label. "For All We Know" became the winner of both the Edison Award and L'Académie du Jazz Grand Prix for best Vocal Jazz Album of 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Studio albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dreamer" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blackmagic" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "For All We Know" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No Beginning No End" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "While You Were Sleeping" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yesterday I Had the Blues: The Music of Billie Holiday" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love in a Time of Madness" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lean On Me" (2018)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Compilation albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dreamer for Club Lovers" (2008)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blackeyedsusan" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Park Bench People" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Desire (Moodymann Remix)" b/w "Love (Ben Westbeech Remix)" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blackmagic" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Warrior" (2010)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Guest appearances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J.A.M – "Jazzy Joint" from "Just a Maestro" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jazzanova – "Little Bird" from "Of All the Things" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicola Conte – "Rituals" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yellowtail – "Kings & Queens" from "Grand & Putnam" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- DJ Mitsu the Beats – "Promise in Love" from "A Word to the Wise" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Basement Jaxx – "Gimme Somethin' True" from "Scars" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Basement Jaxx – "Where R We Now" from "Zephyr" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timo Lassy – "The More I Look at You" and "Ya Dig" from "Round Two" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chico Hamilton – "Twelve Tones of Love" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- J.A.M – "Lovejam" from "Just Another Mind" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Spaven – "Maz" from "Spaven's 5ive" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicola Conte – "Love & Revolution" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oh No – "Dues n Donts" from "Ohnomite" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suphala – "Alien Ancestry" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Soil & "Pimp" Sessions – "Summer Love" from "Circles" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kris Bowers – "Ways of Light" from "Heroes + Misfits" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Takuya Kuroda - "Everybody Loves the Sunshine" from "Rising Son" (2014)

description: American vocalist

wikidata_label: José James

wikipedia_title: José James


text:
Porto Alegre
Porto Alegre
Brazil
jurist
magistrate
Augusto Pestana
Gaetano Ricciolini
Rio de Janeiro
Rio Grande do Sul
São Sebastião do Caí
Soledade
São Gabriel
São Vicente do Sul
Cachoeira do Sul
Porto Alegre
Rio Grande do Sul
nationalization
Leonel Brizola

wikipedia_title:
Porto Alegre
Porto Alegre
Brazil
Jurist
Magistrate
Augusto Pestana (politician)
Gaetano Ricciolini
Rio de Janeiro
Rio Grande do Sul
São Sebastião do Caí
Soledade
São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul
São Vicente do Sul
Cachoeira do Sul
Porto Alegre
Rio Grande do Sul
Nationalization
Leonel Brizola

categories: People from Rio Grande do Sul,1898 births,Brazilian judges,1982 deaths

paragraph: Cyro Pestana

paragraph: Cyro Pestana (Porto Alegre, November 17, 1898 — Porto Alegre, May 1, 1982) was a Brazilian jurist and magistrate.

paragraph: Son of the Brazilian republican leader Augusto Pestana and great-grandson of the Italian opera singer Gaetano Ricciolini, Pestana graduated in 1919 from the National Law School of Rio de Janeiro.

paragraph: He began his career as a judge in the State of Rio Grande do Sul in the early 1920s. He was the chief judicial authority in the legal districts of São Sebastião do Caí, Soledade, São Gabriel, São Vicente do Sul, São Borja, Cachoeira do Sul, Santa Maria and Porto Alegre. Pestana was appointed Justice of the Rio Grande do Sul Supreme Court in 1952 and Chief Justice of the Regional Electoral Court in 1961.

paragraph: Pestana achieved notoriety in Brazil because of the legal procedures regarding the nationalization policies of Governor Leonel Brizola from 1959 to 1963. He retired from the State Supreme Court in 1968.

description: Brazilian Magistrate

wikidata_label: Cyro Pestana

wikipedia_title: Cyro Pestana