text: 11th Premier of Alberta

text: Progressive Conservatives

text: Peter Lougheed

text: Alberta

text: petroleum

text: Ralph Klein

text: Senate

text: Meech Lake

text: Charlottetown Accord

text: riding

text: Edmonton-Whitemud

text: 1989 election

text: Stettler

text: quarterback

text: Edmonton Eskimos

text: Canadian Football League

text: Westmount, Quebec

text: McGill University

text: Great Depression

text: Verdun

text: Toronto

text: Ottawa

text: London

text: Agincourt

text: eggnog

text: Montreal Canadiens

text: Toronto Argonauts

text: Royal Copeland

text: University of Western Ontario

text: football

text: Kappa Alpha Society

text: Western Ontario Mustangs

text: basketball

text: Edmonton Eskimos

text: Buick

text: Imperial Oil

text: Progressive Conservative

text: Peter Lougheed

text: 1967 provincial election

text: Strathcona West

text: Social Crediter

text: Randolph McKinnon

text: Legislative Assembly of Alberta

text: 1971 election

text: Edmonton-Whitemud

text: 1975 election

text: federal government

text: Donald Macdonald

text: 1979 election

text: Royal Bank of Canada

text: Celanese

text: Julian Koziak

text: Ron Ghitter

text: legislature

text: budget deficit

text: recession

text: Dick Johnston

text: inflation

text: real estate

text: Credit unions

text: loan guarantee

text: Husky Oil

text: Syncrude

text: Peter Pocklington

text: Gainers

text: Principal Group

text: Connie Osterman

text: insolvent

text: Alberta Government Telephones

text: share

text: Senate

text: Meech Lake Accord

text: Prime Minister

text: Governor-General

text: Bert Brown

text: Stan Waters

text: Reform Party of Canada

text: Brian Mulroney

text: Charlottetown Accord

text: Triple-E Senate

text: Goods and Services Tax

text: aboriginal

text: Métis

text: Lubicon Cree

text: Ralph Klein

text: Al Adair

text: Dick Johnston

text: Elaine McCoy

text: provincial Liberals

text: Alberta NDP

text: 1989 election

text: Canada-U.S. free trade agreement

text: Laurence Decore

text: Percy Wickman

text: Brian C. Downey

text: Stettler

text: Buffalo Lake

text: Jack Major

text: Ron Ghitter

text: Marvin Moore

text: leadership review

text: Dick Johnston

text: Jim Dinning

text: Charlottetown Accord

text: Ralph Klein

text: Kevin Taft

text: Family Day

text: Edmonton Eskimos

text: quarterback

text: Jackie Parker

text: running back

text: Pop Ivy

text: 44th Grey Cup

text: Johnny Bright

text: Montreal Alouettes

text: Canadian Football League

text: Russ Jackson

text: Gerry Dattilio

text: Western Interprovincial Football Union

text: Schenley Award

text: Order of Canada

text: Ed Stelmach

text: carbon capture

text: carbon dioxide

text: Two Hills

text: Order of Canada

text: Alberta Order of Excellence

text: Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal

text: Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal

text: London, Ontario

text: Honorary Degree

text: Doctor of Laws

text: University of Alberta

categories: Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta MLAs,Premiers of Alberta,Grey Cup champions,1933 births,Members of the United Church of Canada,Leaders of the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta,Canadian football quarterbacks,Canadian sportsperson-politicians,2016 deaths,Members of the Executive Council of Alberta,People from Westmount, Quebec,Players of Canadian football from Quebec,Members of the Alberta Order of Excellence,Western Ontario Mustangs football players,Officers of the Order of Canada,Anglophone Quebec people,Edmonton Eskimos players

paragraph: Don Getty

paragraph: Donald Ross Getty, (August 30, 1933 – February 26, 2016) was a Canadian politician who served as the 11th Premier of Alberta between 1985 and 1992. A member of the Progressive Conservatives, he served as Energy Minister and Federal and Intergovernmental Affairs Minister in the government of Peter Lougheed before leaving politics for the private sector in 1979. He returned to politics six years later to contest the leadership contest resulting from Lougheed's retirement. He defeated two other candidates, and became Premier November 1, 1985.

paragraph: As Premier, Getty was faced with an economic slowdown and falling energy prices, which hit Alberta's petroleum-dominated economy hard. Faced with mounting government deficits and increasing unemployment, he cut social spending and intervened with government money to prevent businesses from failing. Several of these interventions backfired in high-profile fashion, failing at their intended objective and costing scarce public funds as well. While some analysts argue that Getty's fiscal program laid the groundwork for Ralph Klein's later balancing of the provincial budget, on Getty's departure from office the government's debt had reached $11 billion, setting the stage for his successor to characterize the Getty years as an era of wasteful and excessive spending.

paragraph: His efforts at strengthening Alberta's presence in Canada initially appeared more successful, as he won the agreement of Canada's other first ministers in including elements of Senate reform in the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords, but these efforts came to naught when both accords were rejected—the second by the Canadian public, including a majority of Albertans. Getty was also facing political problems within Alberta, including a defeat in his home riding of Edmonton-Whitemud in the 1989 election (leading to a successful by-election in Stettler, vacated by a P.C. MLA) and leadership machinations from some of his own ministers. In light of this, he resigned the Premiership in 1992.

paragraph: Before entering politics, Getty had been a quarterback for the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League. He passed for more than eight thousand yards over his ten-year career, and was put on the team's Wall of Fame in 1992.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Don Getty was born on August 30, 1933 in Westmount, Quebec, the son of Beatrice Lillian (Hampton) Getty (1910–1973) and Charles Ross Getty (1909–1974). His father had dropped out of McGill University's medical school due to the Great Depression and worked a variety of jobs—sometimes more than one at a time—to support his wife, three sons, and two daughters. Getty's childhood was spent in Verdun, Toronto, Ottawa, London, and Agincourt, sharing a three-room apartment with his seven-member family in the last. Returning for London in time for high school, he became an accomplished athlete (drinking eggnog to gain enough weight to play football) and was elected students' council president. Sports were his passion, and he was an especially great fan of the Montreal Canadiens and Toronto Argonauts running back Royal Copeland.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Football.

paragraph: After graduating, Getty enrolled to study business administration at the University of Western Ontario, where he became a football star and a member of The Kappa Alpha Society. He quarterbacked the Western Ontario Mustangs to Eastern Collegiate Union Championships in 1954 and 1955, and was awarded the Claude Brown Memorial Trophy as the outstanding athlete at UWO in 1955. He also played basketball, and was part of championship teams in that sport in 1952, 1953, and 1954. A week after his 1955 graduation, he married Margaret Mitchell, his high school sweetheart. The Edmonton Eskimos had offered Getty a professional contract, so the newlyweds drove out west in an old blue Buick.

paragraph: While still playing football, Getty was hired by Imperial Oil in 1955. He worked for Midwestern Industrial Gas Limited, beginning in 1961 as Lands and Contracts Manager with a promotion to Assistant General Manager following in 1963. In 1964 he founded his own company, Baldonnel Oil and Gas Company, before entering the world of finance as a partner with Doherty, Roadhouse, and McCuaig investments in 1967.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:MLA and cabinet minister.

paragraph: In 1965, Getty was approached by fellow Eskimos veteran and Progressive Conservative leader Peter Lougheed to run in the 1967 provincial election. Getty agreed to run in Strathcona West, and defeated incumbent Social Crediter Randolph McKinnon by more than one thousand votes. He entered the Legislative Assembly of Alberta as one of six newly elected P.C.s. Four years later, in the 1971 election, Getty was re-elected by more than 3,500 votes in the new riding of Edmonton-Whitemud and was appointed Minister of Federal and Intergovernmental Affairs in the new Lougheed majority government. With Getty and the government both re-elected by increasing margins in the 1975 election, Lougheed appointed him Minister of Energy. In this capacity Getty partially continued his responsibility for relations with the federal government, as energy policy was a major sticking point between the two governments (at one point, federal Energy Minister Donald Macdonald called Getty "dripping with venom"). Getty did not seek re-election in the 1979 election.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Hiatus from politics and leadership fight.

paragraph: While out of politics, Getty became the head of an investment firm and sat on the boards of a number of corporations, including the Royal Bank of Canada and Celanese Canada. However, when Lougheed stepped down from the Progressive Conservative leadership in 1985, Getty entered the contest to replace him and immediately became the favourite. At an October convention, Getty won a second ballot victory against Minister of Municipal Affairs Julian Koziak and former legislator Ron Ghitter.

paragraph: Section::::Premier.

paragraph: Getty was appointed Premier November 1, 1985. He returned to the legislature just over a month later, winning a by-election in his old riding of Edmonton-Whitemud. As Premier for nearly seven years, Getty presided over some of Alberta's toughest economic times. His time in office was characterized by attempts to reduce the government's budget deficit and interventions calculated to stabilize the economy during the recession of the 1980s. When Getty became Premier he left his predecessor's cabinet completely intact.

paragraph: Section::::Premier.:Budget deficit.

paragraph: After Getty won the party leadership, Lougheed told him to expect a budget deficit of $2.5 billion in his first year in office, though the figure turned out to be $2.1 billion. Things got worse the next year as a drop in energy prices led to the oil-rich province running a deficit of $3.4 billion, as energy revenues fell by $3 billion. Getty's Treasurer, Dick Johnston, reacted by raising taxes by $1 billion and cutting program spending by 6.3%, including decreases of 3% in grants to schools, universities, municipalities, and hospitals. In 1990, due to these measures, Johnston predicted that the government would be in surplus by the 1995 fiscal year. By 1992, program spending was growing at a rate of 2.3% annually, among the lowest rates in Canada. In fact, when adjusted for population growth and inflation, government spending fell over Getty's term in office, with non-health care program spending 40% lower in 1993 than it had been in 1986 (health spending had remained approximately constant over the same period). Even so, Getty entered the premiership with no public debt and left with the public debt at $11 billion.

paragraph: Section::::Premier.:Economic intervention.

paragraph: Getty's government was faced with a combination of a general economic malaise and falling oil prices. The slowdown in the energy sector contributed to a decrease in capital spending, which reduced demand for labour in the construction industry by 50% between 1980 and 1985. Many workers left the province, which suppressed real estate prices and hurt financial institutions; two Albertan banks, the Canadian Commercial Bank and the Northlands Bank, failed in September 1985. Credit unions were facing similar troubles, and the Lougheed government had, in its last days, injected $100 million into the industry.

paragraph: Getty's response to these issues was interventionist. During his first budget, he targeted spending at the province's struggling agricultural sector, including a $2 billion loan program meant to address high interest rates. His government tried to stimulate the energy sector by making loan guarantees to Husky Oil ($380 million) and Syncrude ($200 million) for new and expanded capital projects. The government also provided a $55 million guarantee—in addition to a $20 million loan—to Peter Pocklington's Gainers meat-packing plant; when Pocklington defaulted on the loan, the government seized, and eventually closed, the plant. This incident and others contributed to a perception that Getty's administration was willing to spend public money to support large businesses, but that it was indifferent to the struggles of labour (the Gainers loan had initially been made after the government brokered a labour settlement favourable to the plant's management). In 1986 the price of oil bottomed at $US10 a barrel. Getty responded by providing the oil industry with $250 million in incentives and royalty cuts. By the end of 1986 Alberta had granted another nine-month cut from 12% to 1% in royalties at the Suncor oilsands.

paragraph: Most damaging to the government's reputation was the failure of the Principal Group, an Edmonton-based trust company. Its investment subsidiaries were ordered shut down June 30, 1987, by court orders obtained at the instigation of Provincial Treasurer Dick Johnston. The parent company went bankrupt August 10 amid accusations of fraud. A court-ordered investigation led by Bill Code found that the company was in trouble as early as 1980 and, though subsequent economic downturns hurt it, "it would not have been profitable in any event". It also found that Consumer and Corporate Affairs Minister Connie Osterman had disregarded 1984 warnings from a regulator in her department that the company was likely insolvent. Though Osterman was fired shortly after the report's release, Getty's immediate offer of an $85 million settlement to investors further hurt the government's reputation in areas of business.

paragraph: A similar incident stemmed from the 1992 privatization of Alberta Government Telephones (AGT). NovaTel, a cellular subsidiary of AGT, had made a number of financing deals with local companies in the late 1980s, and many of these deals were collapsing just as the government was prepared to sell AGT. At the last moment, the government removed NovaTel from the AGT share offering. NovaTel's liabilities eventually cost the government more than $600 million.

paragraph: Section::::Premier.:Intergovernmental and constitutional affairs.

paragraph: As a former Minister of Federal and Intergovernmental Affairs, Getty had strong views about constitutional matters, and about Senate reform in particular. He made the cause the centrepiece of Alberta's constitutional policy going into the Meech Lake Accord discussions. The Accord's final version included a provision whereby the Prime Minister would continue to recommend senatorial appointments to the Governor-General, but would have to make their recommendations from lists provided by the provincial governments. Once it became apparent that the Meech Lake Accord would fail, Getty's government introduced the "Senatorial Selection Act", which provided for an election process whenever there was a vacant Senate seat for Alberta. However, Getty's favoured candidate, Progressive Conservative Bert Brown, was soundly defeated by Stan Waters of the upstart Reform Party of Canada, which opposed Meech Lake and favoured aggressive senate reform. Though Prime Minister Brian Mulroney opposed the legislation, he eventually recommended Waters for appointment to the Senate. Getty was still more successful at pursuing senate reform during the negotiations for the Charlottetown Accord, when he won the addition of a Triple-E Senate to the package, against Mulroney's opposition. However, the Charlottetown Accord failed after a national referendum in which a majority of Canadians, including 60.2% of Albertans, rejected it.

paragraph: In 1991, Getty's Progressive Conservatives formally severed ties with the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, which was becoming increasingly unpopular under Mulroney. Getty also broke with Mulroney on a number of issues other than Senate reform, including the new federal Goods and Services Tax, which he fought unsuccessfully against implementing. His government also implemented legislation, against Mulroney's express wishes, that made English the only official language of Alberta. Despite these steps, Getty remained a supporter of the federal Conservatives (and not the Reform Party, to which many provincial P.C.s were defecting), whose unpopularity rubbed off on him.

paragraph: Getty's government also made progress on aboriginal land claims in the northern part of the province. In addition to creating Canada's first Métis land base in 1989, Getty took the lead in an ultimately unsuccessful effort to negotiate a settlement between the federal government and the Lubicon Cree.

paragraph: Section::::Premier.:Political style.

paragraph: In contrast to his predecessor, who was actively involved in most elements of his government, Getty preferred to set the government's broad direction and leave lower-level details to his ministers. Ralph Klein, while serving as Environment Minister under Getty, commented that "If you are a minister, you run that portfolio yourself" and expressed an appreciation for the freedom that the Premier gave his cabinet. Al Adair, who served in two different portfolios under Getty, described this approach in his memoirs as "you make the decisions, you run your department, but make mistakes and you're gone". Lisac credits him for knowing when to intervene and when not to, but Adair felt that his approach led to ministers working too much in isolation.

paragraph: Getty was a private, reserved person, which, combined with his tendency to delegate to ministers, sometimes gave the impression of an uncaring aloofness. During the Principal Group affair, which he left primarily in the hands of Treasurer Dick Johnston and Consumer and Corporate Affairs Minister Elaine McCoy, a photographer captured a shot of Getty playing golf while his press secretary had said that he was "working out of the office". This was typical of his strained relationship with the media, which Adair attributed to the Premier's awkwardness and the media's unfairness.

paragraph: Although Getty governed with fairly large majorities during his tenure, they were nowhere near as large as the ones Lougheed enjoyed. His first election as premier saw the return of the provincial Liberals to the legislature after being shut out for 15 years. That same election saw the Alberta NDP pick up 16 seats in the legislature. In contrast, during his last two terms, Lougheed never faced more than six opposition MLAs in total.

paragraph: Section::::Premier.:Decline and retirement.

paragraph: Getty called the 1989 election less than three years into his 1986 mandate to take advantage of the economic optimism prevalent in the province, partly as a result of the Canada-U.S. free trade agreement. While the P.C.s made spending promises including paving all of the province's secondary highways, the Liberals under new leader Laurence Decore stressed dealing with the deficit. The overall end result was respectable for the government, as it won a sixth term in government with a net loss of only two seats. However, Getty was defeated in his own riding by Liberal Percy Wickman. Brian C. Downey resigned his seat in the rural central Alberta riding of Stettler to allow Getty to run in a by-election, which he won handily. He built a home in the riding on Buffalo Lake, and was later accused of arranging for the lake to be risen so it would be better-suited for fishing (though Adair claimed that the arrangements had been in place since 1979, when he had been Minister of Recreation, Parks and Wildlife).

paragraph: Getty's relationship with his own party was often stormy. Shortly after he lost his riding in 1989, a group of Calgary Conservatives, including party budget director Jack Major and Getty's old leadership rival Ron Ghitter, began making plans to force party renewal, with or without Getty. They felt that the party was perceived as being tired, directionless, arrogant, and deaf to urban concerns, and that it was in political trouble in the crucial battleground of Calgary. At the 1989 party convention, recently retired cabinet minister Marvin Moore, who had organized Ghitter's 1985 leadership campaign, advocated for a leadership review; after a speech by Getty, the convention voted to refer the recommendation to a committee for months of study. Cabinet ministers, including Treasurer Dick Johnston and Education Minister Jim Dinning, began to consider leadership bids in the event that Getty retired or was pushed out.

paragraph: In 1992, as the national referendum on the Charlottetown Accord and the release of a report on the NovaTel incident loomed, Getty decided to leave politics. In his last months, he deliberately refrained from taking measures that he knew would be popular, such as shrinking cabinet, in order to leave them for his successor. After a party leadership election chose Ralph Klein to succeed him, Getty resigned as party leader December 5 and as Premier several days later.

paragraph: Section::::Premier.:Political legacy.

paragraph: As Premier, Klein positioned himself in contrast to Getty, asserting that the government had "a spending problem", and stating that he had become Premier at a time of "uncontrolled spending". Given Klein's aggressive spending cuts, which shaped the political climate of Alberta for much of the 1990s, Getty's legacy with respect to public finances has been criticized. However, Kevin Taft, writing four years before entering politics, challenged this view, asserting that Getty was running "the tightest government in Canada". Besides its management of the deficit, Getty's government is remembered for the creation of Family Day. For the most part, however, Getty dropped quickly from the public view and public memory. Lisac suggests that this is because, unlike his predecessor and successor, he lacked a central message:

paragraph: Getty played 10 seasons with the Edmonton Eskimos as a quarterback. For the first part of his career, he backed up Jackie Parker and filled in for him when he was moved to running back. Eskimos coach Pop Ivy surprised many observers when he started Getty at quarterback in the third game of the 1956 western final (which was a three-game series at the time) during the 44th Grey Cup, with Parker at running back. However, it bore results as Parker tied the record for most touchdowns scored in a Grey Cup game, at three. Getty also handed the ball to Johnny Bright for two touchdowns and scored two himself on quarterback keeps from the one-yard line, as the Eskimos won their third consecutive championship over the Montreal Alouettes by a score of 50–27. He continued with Eskimos until 1963, and also made three appearances in the 1965 season.

paragraph: Getty was one of the most successful Canadian-born quarterbacks in the history of the Canadian Football League and sits at third on the all-time passing yardage list of Canadian quarterbacks, behind Russ Jackson and Gerry Dattilio, with nearly nine thousand yards. He was declared the outstanding Canadian player in the Western Interprovincial Football Union in 1959, and was the runner up (to Jackson) for the Schenley Award as the league's most outstanding Canadian player the same year. He was placed on the Eskimos' Wall of Honor in 1992.

paragraph: Section::::Professional football career.:Career statistics.

paragraph: Until and including the 1958 season, a tackle for a loss on a passing play was registered as a rushing attempt.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement and death.

paragraph: Getty kept a low profile after leaving politics. He assumed several corporate directorships and spent time with his grandchildren. Unlike Lougheed, he rarely commented on political matters. He was appointed as an Officer to the Order of Canada in 1998.

paragraph: In July 2008, after Ed Stelmach announced $2 billion in funding to industry to develop carbon capture technology, Getty's company sought some of the funding to bury carbon dioxide in salt caverns near Two Hills.

paragraph: On February 26, 2016, Getty died of heart failure at the age of 82 in Edmonton, following years of declining health.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: He was appointed as an Officer of the Order of Canada on 21 October 1998. He was appointed as a Member of the Alberta Order of Excellence in 1999. Also received the Canadian Version of the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal the 125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal in 1992. The Canadian Version of the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal in 2002 and the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal in 2012.

paragraph: In 2012 he was inducted into the London Sports Hall of Fame in London, Ontario in recognition of his achievements in Canadian football.

paragraph: On 19 November 2013 he received the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Alberta.

paragraph: Section::::Electoral record.

paragraph: Section::::Electoral record.:As party leader.

paragraph: * Party did not nominate candidates in the previous election.

description: Premier of Alberta, Canada, from 1985 to 1992

wikidata_label: Don Getty

wikipedia_title: Don Getty


text: Infante

text: Ferdinand III

text: Castile and León

text: Beatrice of Swabia

text: Valdecorneja

text: Order of the Temple

text: Church of Santa María la Blanca

text: Villalcázar de Sirga

text: archbishop-elect of Seville

text: Valladolid

text: Covarrubias

text: Alfonso X

text: Christina of Norway

text: Haakon IV of Norway

text: Ferdinand III

text: Beatrice of Swabia

text: Philip of Swabia

text: Ferdinand III

text: Infante Sancho

text: Archbishop of Toledo

text: Queen Berengaria

text: Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada

text: Archbishop of Toledo

text: Paris

text: Albertus Magnus

text: Thomas Aquinas

text: Archdiocese of Seville

text: Innocent IV

text: Raimundo de Losana

text: Bishop of Segovia

text: Christina of Norway

text: Haakon IV

text: Violant

text: James I of Aragon

text: France

text: Aragon

text: Valladolid

text: Frederick

text: Ávila

text: Ávila

text: Segovia

text: Purchena

text: El Barco de Ávila

text: Piedrahita

text: La Horcajada

text: Pope Alexander IV

text: Cortes

text: Ferdinand de la Cerda

text: Nuño González "the Good" de Lara

text: Esteban Fernández de Castro

text: Simón Ruiz de los Cameros

text: Lord of Los Cameros

text: Lope Díaz III de Haro

text: Lord of Biscay

text: Lerma

text: King of Navarre

text: Leonor Rodríguez de Castro

text: Durango

text: Jerez de la Frontera

text: Kingdom of Portugal

text: Andalusia

text: Extremadura

text: Marinid

text: Burgos

text: Fuero

text: Kingdom of Granada

text: Manuel

text: Écija

text: Mohammed I

text: Sabiote

text: Tudela

text: Juan Núñez "the Fat" de Lara

text: Nuño González de Lara y León

text: Lope Díaz III de Haro

text: Henry I of Navarre

text: Cathedral of Seville

text: Bishop of Cuenca

text: Imperial

text: Sancho

text: Córdoba

text: Muhammed II of Granada

text: Simón Ruiz de los Cameros

text: Diego López de Haro

text: Lope Díaz III de Haro

text: Church of Santa María la Blanca

text: Order of the Temple

text: Villalcázar de Sirga

text: Palencia

text: Carrión de los Condes

text: Inés Rodríguez Girón

text: Leonor Rodríguez de Castro

text: House of Castro

text: Order of Santiago

text: Christina of Norway

text: Seville

text: Covarrubias

text: Inés Rodríguez Girón

text: Church of Santa María la Blanca

text: Villalcázar de Sirga

text: Leonor Rodríguez de Castro

text: San Felices de Amaya

text: Order of Calatrava

text: Burgos

text: José Pellicer de Ossau

text: Luis de Salazar y Castro

text: Blanche of Portugal

text: maravedí

text: San Cristóbal del Monte

text: Belorado

text: Sancho IV of Castile

categories: Castilian House of Ivrea,1231 births,1274 deaths

paragraph: Philip of Castile

paragraph: Philip of Castile (; 1231 – 28 November 1274) was an Infante of Castile and son of Ferdinand III, King of Castile and León, and his first queen, Beatrice of Swabia. He was Lord of Valdecorneja, and, according to some sources, Knight of the Order of the Temple, in one of those churches, the Church of Santa María la Blanca in Villalcázar de Sirga, he was buried in a coffin adorned with emblems of the Templars.

paragraph: An archbishop-elect of Seville, he was also abbot of the Collegiate church of Santa María la Mayor in Valladolid and of the Collegiate Church of Saints Cosme and Damian in Covarrubias until 1258, when he left his ecclesiastical career with the consent of his brother, King Alfonso X, despite the latter's opposition, and married Christina of Norway, daughter of King Haakon IV of Norway.

paragraph: Section::::Youth.

paragraph: Infante Philip of Castile was born in 1231 as the son of Ferdinand III and Beatrice of Swabia. He was named after his maternal grandfather, Philip of Swabia, King of Germany and Duke of Swabia. From childhood he was groomed by his father, King Ferdinand III, for an ecclesiastical career, along with his brother Infante Sancho, who would later become Archbishop of Toledo. During his youth, after his upbringing was entrusted by his grandmother, Queen Berengaria, to Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada, who would also become Archbishop of Toledo, he was sent to Paris for his studies, receiving lessons from Albertus Magnus, the teacher of Thomas Aquinas. In 1249 Infante Philip was named Procurator of the Archdiocese of Seville by Pope Innocent IV. Two years later, in 1251, he was named archbishop-elect of Seville by the same pope. The archdiocese continued to be administered by Raimundo de Losana, Bishop of Segovia, as the infante had not yet been consecrated a bishop.

paragraph: In 1258, shortly after his brother the king, in spite of his initial opposition, authorized him to leave his ecclesiastical career, Infante Philip married Christina of Norway, daughter of King Haakon IV. A legend held in the past that Christina came to Spain after Alfonso X asked Haakon to send one of his daughters to marry, due to the infertility of his wife, Queen Violant, daughter of King James I of Aragon. Nonetheless, the falsehood of the legend is demonstrated by the fact that Queen Violant had already given birth to several children by 1258. In fact, Haakon sent Christina to Castile to marry one of the king's brothers. On her way to Castile, the princess passed through France and Aragon, where she was received with full honors by James I, who ended up proposing marriage to her. On her arrival at the Castilian court, which at the time was in Valladolid, in January 1258, Christina was presented to the king's brothers, especially to Infantes Frederick and Philip, among whom she was to choose a husband. Apparently, the princess preferred Philip to Frederick, due to a scar which the latter had on his lip, disfiguring his face. However, in a later document, Alfonso X stated that it had been his decision that the Norwegian princess marry Infante Philip.

paragraph: The wedding of Philip and Christina was held in April 1258 in Valladolid. Alfonso X then granted several income streams to Infante Philip, including the land tax, tolls, rents of the Jews, and the remaining royal revenue of Ávila, as well as the church taxes of the Archdiocese of Toledo and the dioceses of Ávila and Segovia, the rents paid to the king by the Muslims of the Valley of Purchena, and the estate of Valdecorneja, composed of the towns of El Barco de Ávila, Piedrahita, La Horcajada and Almirón. The vacancy left by Infante Philip in the Archdiocese of Seville was not filled until May 1259, when Pope Alexander IV named Raimundo de Losana to the post.

paragraph: Infante Philip attended the Cortes of Seville of 1261, as well as the wedding of his nephew Infante Ferdinand de la Cerda, son and heir of his brother King Alfonso X, which was held on 30 November 1269.

paragraph: Section::::Revolt of the nobles of 1272.

paragraph: In early 1272, a group of nobles, including Nuño González "the Good" de Lara, Esteban Fernández de Castro, Simón Ruiz de los Cameros, Lord of Los Cameros, and Lope Díaz III de Haro, Lord of Biscay, met in the town of Lerma with the purpose of committing to fight against King Alfonso X if he did not yield to their demands. They agreed that Infante Philip, present at the meeting and spokesman for the conspirators, should meet with the King of Navarre in order to convince him to grant them asylum if they found themselves obliged to leave the Kingdom of Castile and León. Infante Philip, widowed of his first two wives, was then married to Leonor Rodríguez de Castro, the daughter of Nuño González de Lara's sister.

paragraph: Nuño González de Lara was upset with the king due to, among other reasons, his failure to grant him Durango, his criticisms of his performance at the defense of Jerez de la Frontera and, perhaps, his own disagreement with some of the king's behavior toward the Kingdom of Portugal, although most of the Castilian nobles agreed primarily in their opposition to King Alfonso's style of governance, as they all preferred the style of earlier times, when the nobles played a more important role.

paragraph: After the meeting of the noble plotters in Lerma, Alfonso X tried to find out what had actually happened there, communicating with Infante Philip and Lara. However, Infante Philip avoided answering the questions raised by his brother, at the time when he excused himself from leading his troops to Andalusia in the king's service, as he alleged that there had been a delay in the payment of his annual officers' salary, and told his brother that his presence at the meeting at Lerma was due to the advice and assistance which the infante said he needed, for he claimed that his old friends had died and that he "could not be without some friends who would assist and advise him."

paragraph: As far as he was concerned, and despite having taken part in it, Nuño González de Lara told the king that the purpose of the meeting in Lerma had not been the one attributed to it, and he even showed himself ready to work with him in order that new taxes might be collected, besides those already envisioned, in Castile and Extremadura, adding that in that way the king could repay his debt to the nobles, as he owed them several installments of their officers' salary. At the beginning of July 1272, Alfonso X ordered Nuño González de Lara, his brother Infante Philip, and all the nobles of the kingdom to come with their men to Seville to assist Infante Ferdinand de la Cerda, who at the time was defending the frontier from attack by the Muslims, and the unanimous response of all the participants in the nobles' conspiracy was to refuse to come, unless the king met with them first. Nuño González de Lara pretended to break with the conspirators and informed the king of the contacts being maintained by the rebel nobles with the King of Navarre, although, shortly afterwards, a series of letters were discovered which proved the involvement in the conspiracy of the Marinid sultan, who wished to weaken the position of the Castilian monarch. In spite of the discovery of the letters proving the nobles' treachery, Alfonso X ignored them and was ready to negotiate with the rebels, although he ordered them to suspend their conversations with the King of Navarre, an order which they disobeyed. Nuño González de Lara declared the end of his agreement with Alfonso X, which obliged him not to establish common positions with either Muslims or Christians without previously informing the king.

paragraph: In September 1272 negotiations resumed in the city of Burgos, although the nobles refused to lodge in the city and did so in nearby towns, and from there communicated to the king that if he wished to send them a message he should do so via his emissaries. The conspirators then presented their demands to the king, complaining about his forcing them to abide by the Royal "Fuero", the lack of special judges in the Court to judge noblemen according to their own "fuero", and the behavior of the governors and other officials of the Crown. Moreover, they asked him to reduce the frequency of their service to the Cortes, to exempt them from payment of the Burgos municipal tax, and to found no more new towns in Castile and León. Shortly thereafter Alfonso X signed an alliance with the Kingdom of Navarre, thereby annulling the agreements made between the rebel nobles and Navarre.

paragraph: After the Cortes of Burgos of 1272, in which it seemed that the king would reach an agreement with the rebel nobles, negotiations were broken off and the rebels, including Infante Philip and Nuño González de Lara, left for the Kingdom of Granada, in spite of Alfonso's final attempt to persuade them, through his intermediaries Infante Ferdinand de la Cerda and his brother Manuel not to abandon his kingdom. Before heading for Granada, the nobles sacked the countryside, stealing cattle and laying waste to some of the territory on their way, in spite of the king's sending them messengers bearing letters in which he reminded the rebels of the favors they had received from him, as well as their treacherous rupturing of the bonds between vassal and sovereign. He specifically reproached Nuño González de Lara for the fact that, during his youth, he had granted him the estate of Écija over the objections of his father King Ferdinand III.

paragraph: Nonetheless, the rebel nobles ignored the king's entreaties and continued on to Granada, where they were afforded all honors by King Mohammed I, after signing a treaty with him in Sabiote, in which the nobles and Muhammad committed to mutual assistance against Alfonso X until the latter yielded to their demands. The treaty of Sabiote was signed by, among others, Infante Philip, Nuño González de Lara, Lope Díaz de Haro, Lord of Biscay, Esteban Fernández de Castro, Diego López V de Haro, and Álvar Díaz de Asturias.

paragraph: In January 1273, in Tudela, Infante Philip, Nuño González de Lara and his sons Juan Núñez "the Fat" de Lara and Nuño González de Lara y León, Lope Díaz III de Haro, and Álvar Díaz de Asturias, among other nobles, paid homage to King Henry I of Navarre, to whom they presented documentation of the harm they claimed to have suffered at the hands of Alfonso X, and the demands they made of him, remaining thereby free of any commitment to Alfonso at the time when, without detriment to their honor, they passed into the service of the King of Navarre in the same way in which they had previously served the King of Granada.

paragraph: The king sent the dean of the Cathedral of Seville, Fernán Pérez, to talk to Infante Philip in order to persuade him to leave the nobles' party; this attempt failed. At the beginning of 1273, Juan Núñez de Lara, who until then had acted as a mediator, along with the Bishop of Cuenca, between his father Nuño and the king, abandoned the latter.

paragraph: In spite of this, Alfonso X, who wished to win election to the Imperial throne, allowed some members of the royal family, including the infantes Ferdinand de la Cerda and Manuel, Queen Violant, and Archbishop Sancho of Toledo, son of James I and brother of the queen, and the grand masters of the military orders, to resume negotiations with the exiled nobles. After numerous negotiations, and advice given the king by, among others, his brother Infante Fadrique and Simón Ruiz de los Cameros, he yielded to most of the demands presented by the exiled nobles via Nuño González de Lara, who in 1273 met with Queen Violant in Córdoba, and at the end of that year, the exiled nobles returned to the Kingdom of Castile and León, while at the same time King Muhammed II of Granada declared himself a vassal of Alfonso X, although his Chronicles erroneously place these events in 1274. In July 1273, the signatures of Fernando Rodríguez de Castro, Simón Ruiz de los Cameros, and Diego López de Haro, younger brother of Lope Díaz III de Haro, once again begin to appear on royal documents. Those of Lope, Nuño González de Lara, and his son Juan Núñez "the Fat" de Lara do not appear until the beginning of 1274. Nuño González de Lara's signature began to appear once more on royal privileges on 24 January 1274, having not done so since 15 July 1272. In the beginning of 1274 he was named Governor of Andalusia, according to the "Crónica de Alfonso X el Sabio".

paragraph: Section::::Death and burial.

paragraph: Infante Philip of Castile died on 28 November 1274, the date which is engraved on his tomb, at the age of 43.

paragraph: His body was buried in the Church of Santa María la Blanca, a church linked to the Order of the Temple, and located in Villalcázar de Sirga, in the province of Palencia, 10 km from Carrión de los Condes.

paragraph: The same church houses the tomb of his second wife, Inés Rodríguez Girón, although in the past it was believed to be that of his third wife, Leonor Rodríguez de Castro, an idea disproved by the arms and heraldic emblems engraved on the tomb, which are not those of the House of Castro, but rather those of the Girón family.

paragraph: The remains of Infante Philip lie in a Gothic tomb, located in the church's chapel of St James, next to the tomb of his second wife. In the same chapel there is a third tomb, dating from the 14th century, in which lie the remains of a knight of the Order of Santiago. The graves of the Infante and his wife were previously located in the church's choir, until the provincial Commission of Monuments decided to move them to their current location.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: Infante Philip of Castile first married, in 1258, Christina of Norway. She died in Seville in 1262 without issue, and was buried in the Collegiate Church of Saints Cosmas and Damian in Covarrubias, where Philip had been the abbot before resigning his ecclesiastical duties.

paragraph: He then married Inés Rodríguez Girón. She died in 1265 and was buried in the Church of Santa María la Blanca in Villalcázar de Sirga.

paragraph: He then married Leonor Rodríguez de Castro. This third marriage produced a son named Philip. He died in childhood and was buried in the Convent of San Felices de Amaya, a convent of the Order of Calatrava in the province of Burgos, where his mother is also buried. It is currently in a state of ruin.

paragraph: The genealogist and historian José Pellicer de Ossau has recorded in his works the existence of another child born of this marriage, a daughter named Beatrice, although Luis de Salazar y Castro rejects this notion: Blanche of Portugal bequeathed her the sum of 2000 "maravedís". She married Diego Pérez Sarmiento and died in 1340.

paragraph: Infante Philip had several children out of wedlock by unknown women:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fernando Alfonso

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfonso Fernández (1263? – 1284). He served as "Mayordomo mayor" at the court of his uncle Alfonso X in 1283.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beatriz Fernández, a nun at the Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas in Burgos. In July 1290, the abbess of the convent gave her license to dispose of her inheritance according to her own judgment. In January 1295, she returned the village of San Cristóbal del Monte, along with all its estates, land taxes, and rights, to the council of Belorado, the jurisdiction in which it had been up until King Sancho IV of Castile detached it to give to her in 1288.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ficha genealógica del infante Felipe de Castilla. Fundación Casa ducal de Medinaceli

description: prince

wikidata_label: Philip of Castile

wikipedia_title: Philip of Castile


text:
Lord of Ligny
La Roche
House of Luxembourg
Waleran II
Henry
Guy I
John
Bishop of Strasbourg
Archbishop of Mainz
Guy V

categories: 14th-century German people,1364 deaths,House of Luxembourg,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: John I, Lord of Ligny

paragraph: John I of Luxembourg (; died: 17 May 1364), was a Lord of Ligny, Beauvoir, Roussy and La Roche from the House of Luxembourg. He was a son of Lord Waleran II and his wife, Guyotte of Lille.

paragraph: Around 1330 he married to Alix of Dampierre (d. 1346), the heiress of Guy of Dampierre-Richebourg. Their children were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie, married in 1347 to Count Henry of Vaudémont (d. 1365)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John (d. 1360/61), Lord of Roussy, and priest

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guy I (d. 22 August 1371), Count of Ligny and St. Pol

paragraph: BULLET::::- John (d. 4 April 1373), Bishop of Strasbourg from 1365 to 1369 and Archbishop of Mainz from 1371 to 1373

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johanna (d. 1392), married Count Guy V of Saint-Pol (d. 1360)

description: Lord of Ligny, Roussy, and Beauvoir

wikidata_label: John I of Luxembourg, Lord of Ligny

wikipedia_title: John I, Lord of Ligny


text: professional golfer

text: PGA of America

text: Senior PGA Tour

text: PGA Tour

text: majors

text: U.S. Open

text: World Golf Hall of Fame

text: West Virginia

text: Bill Campbell

text: Gary Player

text: Jack Nicklaus

text: Vardon Trophy

text: Virginia Sports Hall of Fame

text: Helms

text: PGA Tour Lifetime Achievement Award

text: Ashwood, Virginia

text: Hot Springs

text: The Homestead

text: Meadow Brook Club

text: The Greenbrier

text: White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia

text: Boca Raton Resort

text: Masters Tournament

text: U.S. Navy

text: World War II

text: Gene Tunney

text: San Diego

text: discharge

text: The Phil Silvers Show

text: J.C. Snead

text: PGA Tour

text: Champions Tour

text: The Greenbrier

text: Logan, West Virginia

text: West Virginia Open

text: Huntington, West Virginia

text: Oakland Open

text: U.S. Open

text: Oakland Hills

text: Ralph Guldahl

text: Denny Shute

text: The Open Championship

text: The Greenbrier

text: U.S. Pro Tennis Championships

text: Karel Kozeluh

text: Greater Greensboro Open

text: U.S. Open

text: Open Championship

text: St Andrews

text: Lew Worsham

text: Texas Open

text: West Virginia Open

text: U.S. Open

text: Byron Nelson

text: Ben Hogan

text: Masters

text: Jacksonville Open

text: Doug Ford

text: Chick Harbert

text: U.S. Open

text: Masters

text: Mason Rudolph

text: Mid Ocean Club

text: Bermuda

text: Harry von Zell

text: Dean Martin

text: Jerry Lewis

text: Bob Hope

text: Martin and Lewis

text: The Caddy

text: Royal Poinciana Plaza Invitational

text: LPGA Tour

text: autobiography

text: Ryder Cup

text: PGA Club Professional Championship

text: Pinehurst Resort

text: 1974 PGA Championship

text: Lee Trevino

text: PGA Championship

text: Legends of Golf

text: two years later

text: Champions Tour

text: Quad Cities Open

text: Don January

text: Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf

text: Austin, Texas

text: The Homestead

text: Hot Springs, Virginia

text: The Greenbrier

text: White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia

text: PGA Tour Lifetime Achievement Award

text: Masters Tournament

text: Gene Sarazen

text: Byron Nelson

text: Golf Digest

text: Jack Nicklaus

text: Ben Hogan

text: stroke

text: J. C. Snead

text: United States Golf Association

text: Most PGA Tour victories

text: West Virginia Open

text: Became the first player to win 8 times at an event

text: Greater Greensboro Open

text: Greater Greensboro Open

text: PGA Championship

text: Quad Cities Open

text: Manufacturers Hanover Westchester Classic

text: Oakland Open

text: Bing Crosby Pro-Am

text: St. Paul Open

text: Nassau Open

text: Miami Open

text: Bing Crosby Pro-Am

text: Greater Greensboro Open

text: Canadian Open

text: White Sulphur Springs Open

text: Inverness Invitational Four-Ball

text: Vic Ghezzi

text: Palm Beach Round Robin

text: St. Petersburg Open

text: Miami Open

text: Miami Biltmore International Four-Ball

text: Ralph Guldahl

text: Canadian Open

text: Inverness Invitational Four-Ball

text: Ralph Guldahl

text: Bing Crosby Pro-Am

text: St. Petersburg Open

text: North and South Open

text: Canadian Open

text: St. Petersburg Open

text: PGA Championship

text: Portland Open

text: Los Angeles Open

text: Gulfport Open

text: Pensacola Open

text: Jacksonville Open

text: Dallas Open

text: Jacksonville Open

text: Greater Greensboro Open

text: The Open Championship

text: World Championship of Golf

text: Miami Open

text: Virginia Open

text: Texas Open

text: Greater Greensboro Open

text: Masters Tournament

text: Dapper Dan Open

text: Western Open

text: PGA Championship

text: Los Angeles Open

text: Bing Crosby Pro-Am

text: Jack Burke, Jr.

text: Smiley Quick

text: Dave Douglas

text: Texas Open

text: Miami Beach Open

text: Greater Greensboro Open

text: Western Open

text: Colonial National Invitation

text: Inverness Invitational Four-Ball

text: Jim Ferrier

text: Reading Open

text: North and South Open

text: Miami Open

text: PGA Championship

text: Miami Open

text: Masters Tournament

text: Palm Beach Round Robin

text: Inverness Invitational Four-Ball

text: Jim Ferrier

text: All American Open

text: Eastern Open

text: Baton Rouge Open

text: Masters Tournament

text: Palm Beach Round Robin

text: Greater Greensboro Open

text: Palm Beach Round Robin

text: Insurance City Open

text: Miami Open

text: Greater Greensboro Open

text: Dallas Open Invitational

text: Palm Beach Round Robin

text: Dallas Open Invitational

text: De Soto Open Invitational

text: Greater Greensboro Open

text: Tournament of Champions

text: Greater Greensboro Open

text: Major championships

text: Royal Poinciana Plaza Invitational

text: West Virginia Open

text: West Virginia Open

text: West Virginia Open

text: Center Open

text: West Virginia Open

text: North and South Open

text: West Virginia Open

text: West Virginia Open

text: Brazil Open

text: Greenbrier Pro-Am

text: Greenbrier Pro-Am

text: Panama Open

text: Canada Cup

text: Ben Hogan

text: West Virginia Open

text: West Virginia Open

text: Greenbrier Invitational

text: Sam Snead Festival

text: Doug Ford

text: West Virginia Open

text: Canada Cup

text: Arnold Palmer

text: West Virginia Open

text: Sam Snead Festival

text: Canada Cup

text: Jimmy Demaret

text: Canada Cup – International Trophy

text: Canada Cup

text: Arnold Palmer

text: Haig & Haig Scotch Foursome

text: Shirley Englehorn

text: West Virginia Open

text: West Virginia Open

text: West Virginia Open

text: West Virginia Open

text: PGA Club Professional Championship

text: West Virginia Open

text: West Virginia Open

text: West Virginia Open

text: PGA Seniors' Championship

text: World Senior Championship

text: PGA Seniors' Championship

text: World Senior Championship

text: PGA Seniors' Championship

text: PGA Seniors' Championship

text: World Senior Championship

text: PGA Seniors' Championship

text: World Senior Championship

text: PGA Seniors' Championship

text: World Senior Championship

text: Legends of Golf

text: Gardner Dickinson

text: Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf

text: Don January

text: Ryder Cup

text: Canada Cup

text: List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins

text: List of golfers with most wins in one PGA Tour event

text: List of men's major championships winning golfers

text: Most PGA Tour wins in a year

text: World Golf Hall of Fame profile

text: about.com profile Profile, stats and quotes

text: Photos of Sam Snead at Palm Beach Golf Classic

categories: 1912 births,People from Bath County, Virginia,Ryder Cup competitors for the United States,PGA Tour Champions golfers,American male golfers,PGA Tour golfers,Winners of men's major golf championships,Golfers from Virginia,People from Hot Springs, Virginia,World Golf Hall of Fame inductees,American military personnel of World War II,Golf writers and broadcasters

paragraph: Sam Snead

paragraph: Samuel Jackson Snead (pronounced [sni:d]; May 27, 1912 – May 23, 2002) was an American professional golfer who was one of the top players in the world for the better part of four decades (having won PGA of America and Senior PGA Tour events over six decades) and widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time. Snead was awarded a record 94 gold medallions, for wins in PGA of America (referred to by most as the PGA) Tour events and later credited with winning a record 82 PGA Tour events, including seven majors. He never won the U.S. Open, though he was runner-up four times. Snead was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1974.

paragraph: Snead's nicknames included "The Slammer", "Slammin' Sammy Snead", and "The Long Ball Hitter from West Virginia", and he was admired by many for having a "perfect swing", which generated many imitators. Snead was famed for his folksy image, wearing a straw hat, and making such statements as "Keep close count of your nickels and dimes, stay away from whiskey, and never concede a putt." and "There are no short hitters on the tour anymore, just long and unbelievably long." Fellow West Virginia Golf Hall of Fame Inductee Bill Campbell has said of Snead, "He was the best natural player ever. He had the eye of an eagle, the grace of a leopard and the strength of a lion." Gary Player once said that, "I don't think there's any question in my mind that Sam Snead had the greatest golf swing of any human being that ever lived". Jack Nicklaus said that Snead's swing was, "so perfect".

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: Snead was the PGA leading money winner in 1938, 1949 and 1950. He won the Vardon Trophy, for lowest scoring average, four times: 1938, 1949, 1950, and 1955. In 1949, he was PGA Golfer of the Year.

paragraph: Snead was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame in 1973. In 1986, Snead was inducted into the Middle Atlantic PGA Hall of Fame. Snead was also inducted into the PGA of America Hall of Fame and the Helms Hall of Fame. Snead received the PGA Tour Lifetime Achievement Award in 1998. In 2009, Snead was inducted into the inaugural class of the West Virginia Golf Hall of Fame and in 2016, Snead was the unanimous top choice for inclusion in the Virginia Golf Hall of Fame's inaugural class.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Born in Ashwood, Virginia, near Hot Springs, Snead began caddying at age seven at The Homestead's Old Course in Hot Springs. He worked as an assistant pro at The Homestead at 17 in 1929, then moved to the Cascades Course and turned professional in 1934. During the depression, Snead self taught himself the game of golf from a set of clubs carved from tree limbs. Snead joined the PGA Tour in 1936, and achieved immediate success by winning the West Virginia Closed Pro tournament.

paragraph: In 1936 he won two matches at the Meadow Brook Club, earning a $10,000 prize. This gave him the money he needed to start playing professionally full-time. In 1944 he became resident playing professional at The Greenbrier Resort in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, and maintained ties to Hot Springs and The Homestead all of his life. During the winter, he was resident playing pro at the Boca Raton Resort from 1956–1969. Each spring he returned to the Mid-Atlantic, stopping at The Masters Tournament on his way back to The Greenbrier.

paragraph: Snead served in the U.S. Navy during World War II from 1942 to 1944. He was an athletic specialist in Cmdr. Gene Tunney's program in San Diego, and was given a medical discharge for a back injury in September 1944.

paragraph: Snead appeared as himself in an episode of The Phil Silvers Show, "The Colonel Breaks Par", in 1957.

paragraph: His nephew, J.C. Snead, was also a successful professional golfer, winning tournaments on both the PGA Tour and the Champions Tour.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1936, Snead won his first tournament, the West Virginia Closed Pro, contested at The Greenbrier's Championship Course and Old White Course. He shot rounds of 70-61 to rout Logan, West Virginia, pro Clem Weichman by 16 strokes (74-73). Later that summer, he won the first of 17 West Virginia Open championships by beating Art Clark by five strokes at Guyan Country Club in Huntington, West Virginia.

paragraph: In 1937, Snead's first full year on the PGA Tour, he won six events, including the Oakland Open at Claremont Country Club in California and his second West Virginia Open. In Snead's debut in the U.S. Open hosted at Oakland Hills, he finishes runner-up to Ralph Guldahl (who wins with 19 clubs in his bag). Snead shared the first round lead shooting 69 with fellow West Virginian Denny Shute (1936 and 1937 PGA Champion). In Snead's first of two attempts in The Open Championship, he finished tied for 11th. While working at The Greenbrier, Snead played in the U.S. Pro Tennis Championships. In the first round, he faced eventual winner Karel Kozeluh, losing to Kozeluh by scores of 6-1, 6-1, and 6-1.

paragraph: In 1938, Snead first won the Greater Greensboro Open, the first of eight times, the Tour record for victories of a single tournament event. Snead's last win at Greensboro was in 1965, at the age of , making him the oldest player to win a PGA Tour event. Snead introduces his first book, "Sam Snead's quick way to better golf".

paragraph: In 1939, Snead won three times. 1939 was the first of four times (although Snead had already come close in 1937, losing to the eventual champion who had 19 clubs in his bag) where Snead failed at crucial moments of the U.S. Open, the only major event he never won. Needing par to win at the Philadelphia C.C., but not knowing that, since on-course scoreboards did not exist at that time, Snead posted a triple-bogey 8 on the par-5 72nd hole, taking a risky shot from a difficult lie in the fairway. Snead had been told on the 18th tee by a spectator that he needed a birdie to win. Snead ended up in fifth place, two shots behind three players who went into a playoff.

paragraph: During World War II, Snead was prevented in participating in 14 major championships (1940–1945 Open Championship, 1942–1945 U.S. Open, 1943–1945 Masters, 1943 PGA Championship), due to their cancellation. Snead served in the U.S. Navy from 1942 to 1944.

paragraph: In 1946, Snead won six times including the Open Championship at St Andrews. Expenses were more than 3x the winning purse and like Hogan (who won in his only attempt in 1953) and Nelson (who finished 5th in his only attempt in 1937) he never went back to play in the Open Championship. Snead introduced the book, "Sam Snead's How to play golf, and professional tips on improving your score. Also, rules of the game of golf, as approved by the United States Golf Association, and by the Royal and ancient golf club of St. Andrews".

paragraph: At the U.S. Open in 1947, Snead missed a putt on the final playoff hole to finish runner-up to Lew Worsham.

paragraph: Snead won three times in 1948, including his first Texas Open and fourth West Virginia Open.

paragraph: In 1949, Snead won nine PGA events including two majors including the Masters and the PGA Championship and was awarded Golfer of the Year. For Snead, it was the third of four second-place finishes at the U.S. Open, the only major championship he never won. Needing two pars to finish in a tie for the lead, Snead took three shots to hole out his ball from the fringe of the green on the 17th hole.

paragraph: In 1950, Snead won 11 events, placing him third in that category behind Byron Nelson (18, in 1945) and Ben Hogan (13, in 1946). Snead claimed that 1950 was his "greatest year" winning "eleven tournaments" including a playoff victory over Hogan in the L.A. Open yet lost the "Golfer of the Year" to Hogan, who won one "tournament". His scoring average of 69.23 was a Vardon Trophy record that stood for 50 years.

paragraph: In 1952, Snead won ten events including the Masters. At the Jacksonville Open, Snead forfeited rather than play an 18-hole playoff against Doug Ford after the two golfers finished in a tie at the end of regulation play. The forfeit stemmed from a ruling Snead received during the tournament's second round of play. On the 10th hole, Snead's drive landed behind an out of bounds stake. While Chick Harbert, who was playing with Snead, thought the ball was out of bounds, a rules official ruled differently due to the starter not telling players the stakes had been moved after the previous day's play had ended. Afterwards, Snead explained why he forfeited even though Ford suggested they play sudden death for the title. "I want to be fair about it. I don't want anyone to think I took advantage of the ruling." Snead set the record for most PGA wins after reaching age 40, with 17.

paragraph: In 1953, Snead won three events. He finished runner-up to Ben Hogan at the U.S. Open (the fourth time he would finish runner-up at the U.S. Open).

paragraph: In 1954, Snead won two events, one of which was the Masters in an 18-hole playoff over Ben Hogan.

paragraph: In December 1959, Snead took part in a controversial match against Mason Rudolph, at the Mid Ocean Club in Bermuda. Snead decided to deliberately lose the televised match, played under the "World Championship Golf" series, during its final holes, after he discovered on the 12th hole that he had too many golf clubs in his bag. (A player is limited to 14 clubs during competitive rounds.) The match was tied at that stage. The extra club in his bag, a fairway wood Snead had been experimenting with in practice, would have caused him to be immediately disqualified according to the Rules of Golf, even though he did not use it during the round. After the match was over, Snead explained the matter, and said he did not disqualify himself in order not to spoil the show. The problem did not become known outside a small circle until the show was televised four months later. After the incident came to light, the sponsor cancelled further participation in the series.

paragraph: Beginning in 1960, Snead hosted television's "Celebrity Golf" program, emceed by Harry von Zell, competing for charity in nine-hole contests against Hollywood celebrities like Dean Martin, Jerry Lewis and Bob Hope. Snead had appeared with Martin and Lewis in their 1953 comedy film, "The Caddy".

paragraph: On February 7, 1962, at age 49, Snead won the Royal Poinciana Plaza Invitational. He is the only man to ever win an official LPGA Tour event.

paragraph: His 1962 autobiography was titled "The Education of a Golfer." Snead later wrote several golf instructional books, and frequently wrote instructional columns in golf magazines.

paragraph: In 1965, Snead became the oldest player (52 years, 10 months and 8 days) to win on the PGA Tour (the Greater Greensboro Open).

paragraph: Snead played on seven Ryder Cup teams: 1937, 1947, 1949, 1951, 1953, 1955, and 1959. Snead was selected to the 1939 Ryder Cup team however the event was never played due to WWII. He captained the team in 1951, 1959, and 1969.

paragraph: In 1971, he won the PGA Club Professional Championship at Pinehurst Resort.

paragraph: In 1973, Snead became the oldest player to make a cut in a U.S. Open at age 61.

paragraph: In the 1974, age 61, he shot a third round 66 at the Los Angeles Open at Riviera Country Club to move into contention. A birdie at #17 in the last round moved him to within one stroke of the lead. Dave Stockton hit a miraculous fairway wood on #18 to deny Sam the victory.

paragraph: He shot a final round 68 at the 1974 PGA Championship to finish tied for third, three strokes behind winner Lee Trevino. At age 62, it was Snead's third consecutive top-10 finish at the PGA Championship, but his last time in contention at a major.

paragraph: In 1978, he won the first Legends of Golf event, which was the impetus for the creation, two years later, of the Senior PGA Tour, now the Champions Tour.

paragraph: In 1979, he was the youngest PGA Tour golfer to shoot his age (67) in the second round of the 1979 Quad Cities Open. He shot under his age (66) in the final round.

paragraph: In 1982 he teamed with Don January to shoot 27-under-par to win the rain-shortened 54 hole Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf event at Onion Creek Club "The Birthplace of the Senior PGA Tour" in Austin, Texas. This victory would mark victories for Snead that spanned over six decades (1930s–1980s) winning tour and senior tour events.

paragraph: In 1983, at age 71, he shot a round of 60 (12-under-par) at The Homestead in Hot Springs, Virginia.

paragraph: In 1986, Snead wrote the book, "Pigeons, marks, hustlers and other golf bettors you can beat".

paragraph: In 1997, at age 85, he shot a round of 78 at the Old White course of The Greenbrier in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia.

paragraph: In 1998, he received the PGA Tour Lifetime Achievement Award, the fourth person to be so honored.

paragraph: From 1984 to 2002, he hit the honorary starting tee shot at the Masters Tournament. Until 1999, he was joined by Gene Sarazen, and until 2001, by Byron Nelson.

paragraph: In 2000, Snead was ranked the third greatest golfer of all time, in "Golf Digest" magazine's rankings, behind only Jack Nicklaus and Ben Hogan.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Snead died in Hot Springs, Virginia, in 2002 following complications from a stroke, four days before his 90th birthday. He was survived by two sons: Sam Jr. of Hot Springs, and Terry, of Mountain Grove, Virginia, and a brother, Pete, of Pittsburgh, as well as two grandchildren. His wife Audrey died in 1990. His nephew J. C. Snead was also a PGA Tour golfer.

paragraph: Section::::Playing style.

paragraph: During his peak years, Snead was an exceptionally long driver, particularly into the wind, with very good accuracy as well. He was a superb player with the long irons. Snead was also known for a very creative short game, pioneering use of the sand wedge for short shots from grass. As he aged, he began to experiment with different putting styles. Snead pioneered croquet-style putting in the 1960s, where he straddled the ball with one leg on each side. The United States Golf Association banned this technique in 1968 by amending the old Rule 35–1, since until that time, golfers had always faced the ball when striking. Snead then went to side-saddle putting, where he crouched and angled his feet towards the hole, and held the club with a split grip. He used that style for the rest of his career.

paragraph: Section::::Records.

paragraph: Snead holds the following records:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most PGA Tour victories: 82

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most PGA sanctioned tour victories: 94

paragraph: BULLET::::- Became the first player to win 17 times at an event: at the West Virginia Open (1936–1938, 1948, 1949, 1952, 1957, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1966–1968, 1970–1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Only player to win an event in five different decades.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Became the first player to win 8 times at an event: at the Greater Greensboro Open (1938, 1946, 1949, 1950, 1955, 1956, 1960, 1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Only player to win a PGA Tour event in four different decades.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oldest player to win a PGA Tour event: age 52 years, 10 months, 8 days at the 1965 Greater Greensboro Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oldest player to make the cut at a major: age 67 years, 2 months, 7 days at the 1979 PGA Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- First PGA Tour player to shoot his age: 67 in the second round of the 1979 Quad Cities Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oldest player to make a cut on the PGA Tour: age 67 years, 2 months, 21 days at the 1979 Manufacturers Hanover Westchester Classic.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Only player to post a top-10 finish in at least one major championship in five different decades.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Became the first player to win PGA and Senior PGA Tour events over six decades (1930s–1980')

paragraph: Sources:

paragraph: Section::::Professional wins (141).

paragraph: Section::::Professional wins (141).:PGA Tour wins (82).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1936 (1) West Virginia Closed Pro

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1937 (5) Oakland Open, Bing Crosby Pro-Am, St. Paul Open, Nassau Open, Miami Open (Dec.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1938 (8) Bing Crosby Pro-Am, Greater Greensboro Open, Chicago Open, Canadian Open, Westchester 108 Hole Open, White Sulphur Springs Open, Inverness Invitational Four-Ball (with Vic Ghezzi), Palm Beach Round Robin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1939 (3) St. Petersburg Open, Miami Open, Miami Biltmore International Four-Ball (with Ralph Guldahl)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1940 (3) Canadian Open, Anthracite Open, Inverness Invitational Four-Ball (with Ralph Guldahl)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1941 (6) Bing Crosby Pro-Am, St. Petersburg Open, North and South Open, Canadian Open, Rochester Times Union Open, Henry Hurst Invitational

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1942 (2) St. Petersburg Open, PGA Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1944 (2) Portland Open, Richmond Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1945 (6) Los Angeles Open, Gulfport Open, Pensacola Open, Jacksonville Open, Dallas Open, Tulsa Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1946 (6) Jacksonville Open, Greater Greensboro Open, The Open Championship (not counted as a PGA Tour win at the time, but designated as such in 2002), World Championship of Golf, Miami Open, Virginia Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1948 (1) Texas Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1949 (6) Greater Greensboro Open, Masters Tournament, Washington Star Open, Dapper Dan Open, Western Open, PGA Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1950 (11) Los Angeles Open, Bing Crosby Pro-Am (tie with Jack Burke, Jr., Smiley Quick, Dave Douglas), Texas Open, Miami Beach Open, Greater Greensboro Open, Western Open, Colonial National Invitation, Inverness Invitational Four-Ball (with Jim Ferrier), Reading Open, North and South Open, Miami Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1951 (2) PGA Championship, Miami Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1952 (5) Masters Tournament, Palm Beach Round Robin, Inverness Invitational Four-Ball (with Jim Ferrier), All American Open, Eastern Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1953 (1) Baton Rouge Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1954 (2) Masters Tournament, Palm Beach Round Robin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955 (4) Greater Greensboro Open, Palm Beach Round Robin, Insurance City Open, Miami Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956 (1) Greater Greensboro Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1957 (2) Dallas Open Invitational, Palm Beach Round Robin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958 (1) Dallas Open Invitational

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960 (2) De Soto Open Invitational, Greater Greensboro Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961 (1) Tournament of Champions

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965 (1) Greater Greensboro Open

paragraph: Major championships are shown in bold.

paragraph: Sources:

paragraph: Section::::Professional wins (141).:LPGA Tour wins (1).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962 Royal Poinciana Plaza Invitational

paragraph: Section::::Professional wins (141).:Other wins (44).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1936 West Virginia Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1937 West Virginia Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1938 West Virginia Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1940 Ontario Open (Canada)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1941 Center Open (Argentina)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1941 St Augustine Pro-am (with Wilford Wehrle)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1942 St Augustine Pro-am (with Wilford Wehrle)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1948 West Virginia Open, Havana Invitational

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1949 North and South Open, West Virginia Open, National Celebrities Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1952 West Virginia Open, Brazil Open, Greenbrier Pro-Am, Julius Boros Open, Seminole Pro-am

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1953 Greenbrier Pro-Am, Orlando International Mixed Best Ball (with Betty MacKinnon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1954 Panama Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955 McNaughtons Pro-am

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956 Canada Cup (with Ben Hogan), Boca Raton Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1957 West Virginia Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958 West Virginia Open, Greenbrier Invitational

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959 Sam Snead Festival, EL Dorado Professional (tied with Doug Ford)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960 West Virginia Open, Canada Cup (with Arnold Palmer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961 West Virginia Open, Sam Snead Festival, Canada Cup (with Jimmy Demaret), Canada Cup – International Trophy

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962 Canada Cup (with Arnold Palmer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964 Haig & Haig Scotch Foursome (with Shirley Englehorn)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 West Virginia Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967 West Virginia Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968 West Virginia Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970 West Virginia Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971 PGA Club Professional Championship, West Virginia Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972 West Virginia Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973 West Virginia Open

paragraph: "Note: this list is incomplete."

paragraph: Section::::Professional wins (141).:Senior wins (14).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964 PGA Seniors' Championship, World Senior Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965 PGA Seniors' Championship, World Senior Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967 PGA Seniors' Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970 PGA Seniors' Championship, World Senior Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972 PGA Seniors' Championship, World Senior Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973 PGA Seniors' Championship, World Senior Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978 Legends of Golf (with Gardner Dickinson)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 Golf Digest Commemorative Pro-Am

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982 Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf (with Don January)

paragraph: Section::::Major championships.

paragraph: Section::::Major championships.:Wins (7).

paragraph: "Note: The PGA Championship was match play until 1958." Defeated Ben Hogan in 18-hole playoff – Snead 70 (−2), Hogan 71 (−1)

paragraph: Section::::Major championships.:Results timeline.

paragraph: NT = no tournament

paragraph: WD = withdrew

paragraph: CUT = missed the half-way cut

paragraph: "T" indicates a tie for a place

paragraph: R64, R32, R16, QF, SF = Round in which player lost in PGA Championship match play

paragraph: Section::::Major championships.:Summary.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most consecutive cuts made – 55 (1937 Masters – 1958 Masters)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Longest streak of top-10s – 6 (1948 U.S. Open – 1950 Masters)

paragraph: Section::::U.S. national team appearances.

paragraph: Professional

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ryder Cup: 1937 (winners), 1947 (winners), 1949 (winners), 1951 (winners, playing captain), 1953 (winners), 1955 (winners), 1959 (winners, playing captain), 1969 (tied, non-playing captain)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canada Cup: 1954, 1956 (winners), 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960 (winners), 1961 (winners, individual winner), 1962 (winners)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of golfers with most wins in one PGA Tour event

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of men's major championships winning golfers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most PGA Tour wins in a year

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Golf Hall of Fame profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- about.com profile Profile, stats and quotes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photos of Sam Snead at Palm Beach Golf Classic

description: American golfer

wikidata_label: Sam Snead

wikipedia_title: Sam Snead


text:
Milan
Romantic
Risorgimento
Scapigliatura
Gazzetta di Milano
Cento Anni
Ippolito Nievo
Confessioni di un italiano
Paolo Gorini
Cimitero Monumentale di Milano

categories: Scapigliatura Movement,Italian writers,Italian male journalists,People from Milan,Italian newspaper editors,Italian male writers,1874 deaths,1818 births

paragraph: Giuseppe Rovani

paragraph: Giuseppe Rovani (12 January 1818–26 January 1874) was an Italian novelist and essayist.

paragraph: Rovani was born in Milan. He was known for criticism of historical novels of the Romantic style, which were popular in Italy at the time and whose stereotypes and old fashioned plots he pointed out. He wrote "Lamberto Malatesta "(1843), "Valenzia Candiano "(1843) and" Manfredo Pallavicino "(1845-1846). He took part in the Italian Risorgimento and was a forerunner of the Milanese Scapigliatura.

paragraph: In 1959 he was part of a consortium of writers who co-edited the newspaper Gazzetta di Milano.

paragraph: His masterwork is the novel "Cento Anni" (1859-1864) which, together with Ippolito Nievo's "Confessioni di un italiano", had an important impact on the evolution of Italian literature.

paragraph: Rovani died in Milan in 1874. His body was embalmed by Paolo Gorini and was buried in the Cimitero Monumentale di Milano.

description: Italian writer

wikidata_label: Giuseppe Rovani

wikipedia_title: Giuseppe Rovani


text:
Democratic
U.S. House of Representatives
Pennsylvania
Allegheny City, Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh
Phillips Academy
Andover, Massachusetts
Columbia Law School
New York City
Forty-fourth
1876
St. Louis, Missouri
Missouri National Guard
Bellefontaine Cemetery
The Political Graveyard

categories: Pennsylvania Democrats, Members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania lawyers, Politicians from Pittsburgh, Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives, Columbia Law School alumni,1928 deaths,1846 births

paragraph: Alexander Gilmore Cochran

paragraph: Alexander Gilmore Cochran (March 20, 1846 – May 1, 1928) was an American attorney and one-term Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Cochran was born in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania (now part of Pittsburgh). He attended private and public schools in Pennsylvania, Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, and Columbia Law School in New York City. Cochran was admitted to the bar in 1866 and commenced practice in Pittsburgh.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Cochran was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-fourth Congress. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1876 and so resumed the practice of law in Pittsburgh. In 1879 he moved to St. Louis, Missouri where he spent more than twenty years as general solicitor for the Missouri Pacific Railway Company and head of its legal department in the West. He also served as vice president of the Missouri Pacific and Iron Mountain Railway and as judge advocate with the rank of lieutenant colonel in the Missouri National Guard. Cochran died in St. Louis in 1928 and was interned in Bellefontaine Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Political Graveyard

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Alexander Gilmore Cochran

wikipedia_title: Alexander Gilmore Cochran


text:
Germanic
Quadi
The Annals
Tacitus
Marcomanni
Catualda
Hermunduri
Vibilius
The Kingdom of Vannius
Slovakia
Roman Empire
Tiberius
Vangio and Sido
Claudius
Lugii
Danube
Pannonia
Tacitus
The Annals

categories: Quadi,Marcomanni,Germanic rulers,1st-century monarchs in Europe,Ancient Slovakia

paragraph: Vannius

paragraph: Vannius (flourished in 1st century AD) was the king of the Germanic tribe Quadi.

paragraph: According to The Annals of Tacitus, Vannius came to power following the defeat of the Marcomannic king Catualda by the Hermunduri king of Vibilius, establishing The Kingdom of Vannius ("regnum Vannianum"). It was the first political unit in the area that is now Slovakia. Vannius was a client King of the Roman Empire and ruled from 20-50AD under the reign of Tiberius. Tacitus writes that he was "renowned and popular with his countrymen," but after a long reign, he "became a tyrant, and the enmity of neighbours, joined to intestine strife, was his ruin." Joined by Vangio and Sido, sons of a sister of Vannius, Vibilius of the Hermunduri again led the deposition. Emperor Claudius, decided to stay out of the conflict, fearing that the Lugii and other Germanic tribes would be attracted by the "opulent realm which Vannius had enriched during thirty years of plunder and tribute."

paragraph: Vannius was easily defeated by the Lugii and the Hermunduri, although he won some credit through being wounded in battle. Vannius managed to flee to his fleet on the Danube, and was awarded lands in Pannonia by Claudius. His realm was subsequently divided between his nephews Vangio and Sido. Tacitus writes that Vangio and Sido were "admirably loyal" to the Romans, but among their subjects, by whom they were "much loved" while seeking to acquire power, they became "yet more hated when they acquired it."

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tacitus, "The Annals"

description: King of the Quadi

wikidata_label: Vannius

wikipedia_title: Vannius


text:
Nepali
Revolution of 1951
Jemadar
Nepalese Army
Subedar
lieutenant
Subhas Chandra Bose
Kathmandu
Delhi Agreement
Kunwar Inderjit Singh
Defense minister
forcefully disappeared
Kunwar Inderjit Singh
Nepali Congress's Liberation Army
Revolution of 1951

wikipedia_title:
Nepali language
Revolution of 1951
Jemadar
Nepalese Army
Subedar
Lieutenant
Subhas Chandra Bose
Kathmandu
Delhi Agreement
Kunwar Inderjit Singh
Defence minister
Forced disappearance
Kunwar Inderjit Singh
Nepali Congress's Liberation Army
Revolution of 1951

paragraph: Ram Prasad Rai

paragraph: Ram Prasad Rai (Nepali: ) (born March 1, 1909 – unknown) was a Nepali revolutionary, guerrilla leader , military theorist and organizer of the Liberation Army in East part of Nepal. Rai was a major figure of Nepal's Revolution of 1951. Following the Revolution, Rai never accepted the outcome of the revolution and continued fighting against the Ranas.

paragraph: Section::::Early Life.

paragraph: Ram Prasad Rai was born to Jemadar Dhoj Bir Rai and Ratna Maya Rai, on March 1, 1909, in Sandilung village, Basikhora, Bhojpur. He was the eldest of five children in a middle-class family. At the age of 14 he left his village and joined the British Indian Army.

paragraph: Section::::Nepal Army.

paragraph: At the age of 25, after serving nine years in the Gurkha Brigade of the British Indian Army he returned to Nepal and joined the Nepalese Army and eventually got promoted to Subedar. During his time in the army he worked at remote hill districts of Charikot, Diktel Chainpur Ramechhap, Bhojpur, Dhulikhel, Khotang. During his time serving the Nepal army he worked on bringing social and political awareness among the people of Bhojpur and Khotang against the Rana regime. He finally retired in November 1950 from the army as a lieutenant.

paragraph: Section::::Revolutionary.

paragraph: He was deeply impressed with Indian freedom fighter Subhas Chandra Bose; thus, he organized guerilla militia with ex-armies and general people of Khotang and Bhojpur for the establishment of freedom in Nepal. During this time he worked with local militia leaders of the eastern hills of Nepal like Naradmani Thulung and Shreepal Rai. Under Naradmani Thulung and Rai's, the Liberation Army was able to capture state land-tax office aka mal adda of Bhojpur on 24th Mangsir 2007 BS without any bloodshed thus capturing lots of arms and ammunitions along with radio broadcasting equipment. He mobilized the liberation army from Majhkirat Bhojpur Dingla, Khotang, Chainpur, Terathum, Taplejung, Aiselu Kharka, Okhaldhunga, Dolakha, Ramechhap and Sindhuli districts, which were also captured by the People's Liberation Army on different dates.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath of Delhi Accord.

paragraph: Ram Prasad Rai was dissatisfied with the Tri-Party Delhi Agreement (Rana, Congress and King) of 1951; he went back to Bhojpur to continue the revolution and was captured and jailed for 26 days in Bhojpur. Upon his release, he traveled to Kathmandu and participated in the protests against the Delhi Agreement. He decided not to stop the armed revolution. Then he sent some troops to capture Singha Durbar. On 6th Magh 2008 BS, he gave a speech at New Road, Kathmandu against interim PM Mohan Shamsher. He was arrested and imprisoned in Central Jail, Kathmandu. He broke out of the jail, released himself and released Dr. K.I. Singh from Singha Durbar with the help of the People's Liberation Army. On January 22, 1951, he, along with Kunwar Inderjit Singh, captured Singha Durbar for 24 hours. They formed a government and he acted as Defense minister of Nepal for that 24 hour period.

paragraph: Section::::Exile to Tibet.

paragraph: After losing the captured area, he fled to Tibet with some People's Liberation Army members to take political expatriate but disappeared on his way.

paragraph: Section::::Current status and forced disappearance.

paragraph: His current status is still unknown but is widely believed to be forcefully disappeared and killed on his way to Tibet in the caves by the Government forces.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kunwar Inderjit Singh

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nepali Congress's Liberation Army

paragraph: BULLET::::- Revolution of 1951

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Disappearance history dates back to 1950s

description: Nepalese politician

wikidata_label: Ram Prasad Rai

wikipedia_title: Ram Prasad Rai


text:
Nazi German
Warsaw Ghetto
occupation of Poland
Warsaw
using slave labour
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
Jewish slave workers
Treblinka
Poniatowa concentration camp
Lublin
Schutzstaffel
Trawniki concentration camp
Karl Streibel
General Government
the Holocaust in Poland
SS-Gruppenführer
Odilo Globocnik
Reichsmark
Operation Reinhard
the Holocaust
Oswald Pohl
Soviet counter-offensive
Ostindustrie
Aktion Erntefest
Reserve Police Battalion 101
German Order Police
Hiwi
Trawniki men
Bavaria

wikipedia_title: Forced labour under German rule during World War II

categories: 1941 establishments in Germany,Textile companies of Germany,The Holocaust in Poland

paragraph: Többens and Schultz

paragraph: Többens and Schultz () was a Nazi German textile manufacturing conglomerate making German uniforms, socks and garments in the Warsaw Ghetto and elsewhere, during the occupation of Poland in World War II. It was owned and operated by two major war profiteers: Fritz Emil Schultz from Danzig, and a convicted war criminal, Walter C. Többens (i.e. Walther Caspar Toebbens, from Hamburg).

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Schultz and Többens appeared in Warsaw in the summer of 1941, not long after the Ghetto was closed off with walls topped with barbed wire. The unemployment, hunger and malnutrition there were rampant. At first, they both acted as middlemen between the German high command and the Jewish-run workshops, and placed production orders with them. Within weeks they opened their own factories in the Ghetto using slave labour on a record scale.

paragraph: By spring 1942 the "Stickerei Abteilung" division run by Schultz at Nowolipie 44 Street had 3,000 workers making shoes, leather products, sweaters and socks for the Wehrmacht. Other divisions were making furs and wool sweaters also, guarded by the "Werkschutz" police. Some 15,000 Jews were working for Többens in the Warsaw Ghetto, at the Prosta Street and at the Leszno Street factories among other places. Staying with any of them was a source of envy for other Jews living in fear of deportations. In early 1943 Többens gained for himself the appointment of a Jewish deportation commissar of Warsaw in order to keep his own workforce secure and maximize profits.

paragraph: Section::::History.:Relocation.

paragraph: Resulting from the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and the destruction of an entire city district by the SS, in May 1943 Többens had transferred his businesses, including 10,000 Jewish slave workers with families spared from Treblinka, to the Poniatowa concentration camp facility set up near Lublin, part of the so-called "territorial solution to the Jewish Question" never fully realized by the Schutzstaffel (SS). Fritz Schultz took his manufacture along with 6,000 Jews and their 400 children to the nearby Trawniki concentration camp commanded by Karl Streibel.

paragraph: A number of vastly profitable enterprises were run by the SS in the Lublin reservation, part of the General Government during the Holocaust in Poland. "SS-Gruppenführer and Generalleutnant der Polizei" Odilo Globocnik from Austria racked up millions of Reichsmarks and gold from his murderous Operation Reinhard. The business was booming, with large amounts of money initially coming from the victims of gassing, and foodstuffs requisitioned from terrorized farmers for free. But not for long.

paragraph: During the final phase of the Holocaust, the SS-WVHA's economic department under Oswald Pohl had given up the idea of a "reservation", partly due to the Soviet counter-offensive and the Jewish revolts. The SS proceeded to shut down the "Ostindustrie" entirely in order to prevent further unrest. On 3 November 1943, all sub-camps of the Majdanek death camp were liquidated in "Aktion Erntefest", the single largest German massacre of Jews in the entire war, with approximately 43,000 victims across District Lublin fatally shot in fake anti-aircraft trenches by the Reserve Police Battalion 101 (a unit of the German Order Police), augmented by a squad of "Hiwis" called "Trawniki men". Többens was captured in Austria by the Americans in 1946. He escaped from a train on the way to a trial in Poland and settled under an assumed name in Bavaria, where he founded a new business from his wartime profits. He revealed his identity in 1952, and died in a car accident two years later.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Holocaust in occupied Poland

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christian Hummer, Aus zwei Fingern kann man nicht schießen Lotta Magazin. "Das Warschauer Ghetto und der Aufstand" – Teil II.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Der Arbeitslager in Poniatowa Das Jahr 1942. Poniatowa.arsvivendi.pl

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barbara Schwindt, "Das Konzentrations- und Vernichtungslager Majdanek: Funktionswandel im Kontext der "Endlösung"" Königshausen & Neumann, 2005, p. 191. "Schultz und Többens." .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Żydowski Instytut Historyczny, Arbeitslager in Poniatowa 1941–1943 Kwartalnik Historii Żydów. Issue No. 4 /2010.

description: Nazi Germany textile company

wikidata_label: Többens and Schultz

wikipedia_title: Többens and Schultz


text: Dutch

text: Ernst Kossmann

text: twin

text: Leiden

text: violin

text: Jewish descent

text: Germany

text: Gymnasium Erasmianum

text: Rotterdam

text: publishing

text: Second World War

text: travel literature

text: Greece

text: Amsterdam

text: Constantijn Huygensprijs

text: Libris Prize

categories: 20th-century Dutch male writers,People from Leiden,1998 deaths,Constantijn Huygens Prize winners,1922 births,Dutch male poets,Libris Prize winners,Twin people from the Netherlands,20th-century Dutch poets,20th-century Dutch novelists

paragraph: Alfred Kossmann

paragraph: Alfred Kossmann (31 January 1922 – 27 June 1998) was a Dutch poet and prose writer. Kossmann and his brother Ernst Kossmann, a distinguished Dutch historian, were twins.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Leiden, Kossmann was the son of the erudite librarian F. H. Kossmann. He had two brothers. His twin brother Ernst became a historian; his younger brother Bernhard played the violin professionally. The Kossmann family was partly of Jewish descent and they came from Germany before they settled in the Netherlands. Kossmann attended the Gymnasium Erasmianum in Rotterdam but never finished it. Subsequently, he worked for several years in bookshops and publishing houses. In the Second World War, he was arrested. He had to work for two-and-a-half years in Germany, along with his twin brother Ernst. In 1950, Kossmann published a novel, "De nederlaag" (The defeat), that was based on their experiences during the war.

paragraph: After the war, he worked mainly in publishing houses. As an experienced traveller, he wrote some travel literature.

paragraph: In 1972, Kossmann had a car accident that left him disabled. His novel "Laatst ging ik spelevaren" (Of late I went out boating) was based on these experiences. After the accident, he lived in Greece for several years. He died in Amsterdam.

paragraph: Kossmann's work is characterized by a sense of irony and detachment.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Poetry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Het vuurwerk (1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- De bosheks (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Apologie der varkens (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- De veldtocht en andere gedichten (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rotterdam (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dagboek uit en thuis (1981)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Prose.

paragraph: BULLET::::- De nederlaag (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- De moord op Arend Zwigt (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- De linkerhand (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- De hondenplaag (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- De bekering (1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- De misdaad (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- De smaak van groene kaas (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reisverhaal (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Proeve van vaderland (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- De vrouwenhaters (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- De architect (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- De wind en de lichten der schepen (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ga weg, ga weg, zei de vogel (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Waarover wil je dat ik schrijf (columns) (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laatst ging ik spelevaren (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- O roos, je bent ziek (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geur der droefenis (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- De vrijheid, de leegte, de dood (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hoogmoed en dronkenschap (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Een gouden beker (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Drempel van ouderdom (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- In alle onschuld (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rampspoed. Novelle van de leraar (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Slecht zicht (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duurzame gewoonten of Uit het leven van een romanfiguur (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Een verjaardag (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Familieroman (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Huldigingen (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- De mannen waaruit ik besta (columns) (1999)

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1951 - Lucy B. en C.W. van der Hoogtprijs ("De nederlaag")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960 - Prijs van de Stichting Kunstenaarsverzet 1942-1945 (collected short stories)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964 - ANWB-prijs ("Reislust")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965 - Vijverbergprijs ("De smaak van groene kaas")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972 - Marianne Philips-prijs (collected works, especially "Ga weg, ga weg zei de vogel")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 - Constantijn Huygensprijs (collected works)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 - Libris Prize ("Huldigingen")

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfred Kossmann in the Digital Library of Dutch Literature (DBNL)

description: Dutch poet, novelist and travel writer

wikidata_label: Alfred Kossmann

wikipedia_title: Alfred Kossmann


text:
Catholic
Bishop of Clogher
chancellor
diocese
Bundoran
County Donegal
Diocese of Clogher
St Macartan's College
Monaghan Town
Maynooth
Gaelic games
Gaelic Athletic Association
Ballyshannon
Donegal
Fivemiletown
Brookeborough
County Fermanagh
Chancellor
Tyholland
County Monaghan
Chaplain of His Holiness
Pope John Paul II
Joseph Duffy
episcopal ordination
Monaghan Town
principal consecrator
Cardinal Seán Brady
Primate of All Ireland
Archbishop of Armagh
Bishop-Emeritus
Noel Treanor
Down and Connor
Tyholland
Taoiseach
Brian Cowen
Tánaiste
Mary Coughlan
Michael Jackson
Church of Ireland Bishop of Clogher
episcopal motto

categories: 20th-century Roman Catholics,Roman Catholic bishops of Clogher,1945 births,Irish Roman Catholic bishops,People from Bundoran,Alumni of St Patrick's College, Maynooth,Living people

paragraph: Liam MacDaid

paragraph: Liam Seán MacDaid (born 19 July 1945) is the former Catholic Bishop of Clogher. He previously served as chancellor of the diocese. He officially resigned on 1 October 2016 due to ill health.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and priestly ministry.

paragraph: MacDaid was born in Bundoran, County Donegal, part of the Diocese of Clogher. His family home was at the corner of the West End and Shamble Lane, where now stands The Marine Bar. Having completed his studies at St Macartan's College in Monaghan Town and St Patrick's College, Maynooth, he was ordained on 15 June 1969. Following his ordination he received a Diploma in Higher Education and began teaching at St Macartan's College. He served as President of the College from 1981-1989. He has a keen interest in Gaelic games and was a former player with the then St Joseph's Gaelic Athletic Association club in his native Bundoran-Ballyshannon parish. He also featured on some Donegal teams in the early 1970s.

paragraph: MacDaid was Chairman of the Council of Priests of Clogher Diocese from 1989 until 1996. In 1993, after three years of pastoral experience in the parish of Fivemiletown-Brookeborough in County Fermanagh, he was appointed as Diocesan Secretary and Chancellor of the Diocese, with additional pastoral responsibility for the parish of Tyholland, County Monaghan.

paragraph: On 27 February 2002 he was appointed Chaplain of His Holiness by Pope John Paul II.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop of Clogher.

paragraph: On 6 May 2010, MacDaid was appointed as the Bishop-elect of Clogher, replacing Joseph Duffy, who was retiring. Bishop Duffy had reached the canonical age limit, having served as bishop of the diocese for almost 31 years.

paragraph: MacDaid's episcopal ordination took place in St Macartan's Cathedral, Monaghan Town, on 25 July 2010. The principal consecrator was Cardinal Seán Brady, Primate of All Ireland and Archbishop of Armagh, assisted by Bishop Joseph Duffy, Bishop-Emeritus of Clogher, and Noel Treanor, Bishop of Down and Connor, a native of Tyholland. The attendance included Taoiseach Brian Cowen and Tánaiste Mary Coughlan as well as Michael Jackson, the Church of Ireland Bishop of Clogher and representatives of other churches. Addressing the congregation, MacDaid referred to the recent child sex abuse scandals in the church when he said, "We [the church] have been brought to our knees but maybe that is no bad thing."

paragraph: MacDaid's episcopal motto is: "Per Christum Dominum Nostrum" ("Through Christ Our Lord").

description: Irish bishop

wikidata_label: Liam MacDaid

wikipedia_title: Liam MacDaid