text: German

text: artist

text: Stockholm

text: Sweden

text: Ghana

text: Marcel Odenbach

text: European Economic Community

text: Brussels

text: University of Kiel

text: Maurizio Cattelan

text: Douglas Gordon

text: Pierre Huyghe

text: Philippe Parreno

text: Rirkrit Tiravanija

text: Andrea Zittel

text: Miuccia Prada

text: Berlin Biennale

text: Rosemarie Trockel

text: Maurizio Cattelan

text: Guggenheim Museum

text: Hamburger Bahnhof

text: fly-agaric mushroom

text: MOCA

text: Amanita muscaria

text: Rosemarie Trockel

text: documenta X

text: Daniel Birnbaum

text: Vitra Slide Tower

text: Weil am Rhein

text: Gagosian Gallery

text: Tate Modern's

text: Rosemarie Trockel

text: Fondazione Prada

text: Hans Ulrich Obrist

text: phi phenomenon

text: Hamburger Bahnhof

text: fly agaric mushrooms

text: Vedic religion

text: Rigveda

text: Kinder Schokolade

text: Costa Rica

text: MASS MoCA

text: Kunsthaus Bregenz

text: MACRO

text: hallucinations

text: Kunsthaus Bregenz

text: LED lights

text: Rosemarie Trockel

text: Hatje Cantz

text: Hans-Ulrich Obrist

text: biography and list of exhibitions

categories: 1961 births,Living people,German contemporary artists

paragraph: Carsten Höller

paragraph: Carsten Höller (born December 1961) is a German artist. He lives and works in Stockholm, Sweden. He also shares a house in Ghana with colleague Marcel Odenbach.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Born to German parents working for the European Economic Community, Höller grew up in Brussels. He holds a doctorate in agricultural science, specializing in the area of insects' olfactory communication strategies, from University of Kiel; the title of his dissertation is "Efficiency Analysis of the Parasitoids of Cereal Aphids". Only during the late 1980s did he first begin making art. However, he worked as a research entomologist until 1994.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Höller came to prominence in the 1990s alongside a group of artists including Maurizio Cattelan, Douglas Gordon, Pierre Huyghe, Philippe Parreno, Rirkrit Tiravanija, and Andrea Zittel who worked across disciplines to reimagine the experience and the space of art. In his work, Höller creates situations which question familiar forms of perception and allow exhibition visitors to experiment on themselves, often inviting the public's active participation in so-called "influential environments". In their form, Höller's works are occasionally reminiscent of scientific laboratory arrangements, allowing the viewer to become the subject of an experiment. His work since the early 1990s has encompassed buildings, vehicles, slides, toys, games, narcotics, animals, performances, lectures, 3D films, flashing lights, mirrors, eyewear and sensory deprivation tanks.

paragraph: Among Höller's works is a series of corkscrewing tubular metal slides made from 1998 that is an ongoing project. His slides include one made for the office of Miuccia Prada in Milan (2000) and the first slides made for the Berlin Biennale in 1998.

paragraph: Höller's artistic practice reflects the interaction between work and public in various ways, sometimes chemically analyzing the nature of human emotions. His avid interest in the double harks back to the start of his career, when Höller designed a series of works with his then girlfriend, artist Rosemarie Trockel. Other examples include an exhibition in which Höller and Maurizio Cattelan presented a series of identical works at two different Paris galleries, removing all differences of style or ownership; and his exhibition "One Day One Day" (2003) at Färgfabriken in Stockholm, where two works were shown opposite each other and changed every day without the public's knowledge. His explorations often involve playful elements such as in "Sliding Doors" (2003), a series of electronic sliding doors with a mirrored surface through which the audience passes in a seemingly endless passage. In 2008, Höller installed "The Revolving Hotel Room", a hotel room for two, as part of an exhibition at the Guggenheim Museum, New York. At his 2010 show at the Hamburger Bahnhof, visitors could pay 1,000 euros ($1,370) for a night on an exposed circular platform perched above 12 castrated reindeer, 24 canaries, eight mice and two flies. In "Psycho Tank", which can be used alone or with others, visitors float weightlessly on the surface of a sensory deprivation pool. Equally encouraging visitors' participation, "Pill Clock" (2011) is an aperture which emits a white pill onto a growing pile every 15 seconds.

paragraph: Mushrooms became a regular feature of Höller's work from 1994. He has since realized several works with the fly-agaric mushroom, including the "Mushroom Suitcase" series (2001/2008) and the "Upside Down Mushroom Room" (2000), which was shown in 2000 at Fondazione Prada in Milan and in 2005 at MOCA in Los Angeles. His fly-agaric replicas are large-scale and often spin or hang upside down from the ceiling. He has also created photographic works based on the fly-agaric, entitled "Mushroom Print" (2003) and "Soma Series" (2008). In a series of giant sculptures of funghi – "Giant Triple Mushrooms" (2010) –, two quarters of each sculpture replicate the looks of two random fungi, while the other two both represent the large red-and-white fly agaric fungus, Amanita muscaria, which occurs wild in Eurasia. A fungus with psychoactive, hallucinogenic properties, it is thought to have been used by Siberian shamans as an intoxicant.

paragraph: Animals have figured in Höller's work: at his exhibition "Soma" at the Hamburger Bahnhof, two herds of reindeer were housed in the large main exhibition hall, along with canaries, mice and flies. The project was modeled after a scientific experiment. Other works that include animals include "House for Pigs and People", a construction Höller made with Rosemarie Trockel that was exhibited in documenta X, which Höller described as a "monument of incomprehensibility. The amazement that comes back every time we observe an animal… the pigs are so similar to us, they set off strong biophile sentiments, mainly among children…." In a conversation with Daniel Birnbaum, Höller continues, "…It is difficult for us to believe that our consciousness—my consciousness—can correspond to an other’s. Only if others behave like me, am I prepared to accept it—and still consider my own being unique, as do all other humans. Perhaps it is only this uniqueness that a bird doesn’t believe in. Is it missing the process of a feedback with its ‹own›". Other animal works include "Loverfinches" (1992-1994), "Aquarium" (1996), "The Belgian Problem" (2007), "Singing Canaries Mobile" (2009), and, with Rosemarie Trockel, "Mosquito Bus" (1996), "Addina" (1997), "Bee House" (1999), "Silverfish House" (1999) and "Eyeball: a House for Pigeons, People, and Rats" (2000).

paragraph: On 18 June 2014 the 31-meter-high observation tower Vitra Slide Tower in Weil am Rhein was inaugurated.

paragraph: Höller is represented by Air de Paris, Paris; Massimo de Carlo, Milan; and Gagosian Gallery, London, New York, and Los Angeles.

paragraph: Section::::Works, projects, and exhibitions.:Slides.

paragraph: For the seventh commission in The Unilever Series, in Tate Modern's Turbine Hall, Höller created "Test Site", an instalment in his ongoing series of slide works which started in 1998. Höller’s interest in slides ranges from their use as a practical and alternative means of transportation and the effect of sliding itself, which involves a loss of control, vertigo and an emotional response from the sliders, often delight. He is also interested in the shape of slides as a counterpoint to rectangular architecture, as in the Turbine Hall.

paragraph: Earlier slide works include "Valerio I" and "Valerio II", which were installed at Kunst-Werke in Berlin in 1998 and 1999. Höller described their title, "The Valerio Phenomenon…supposedly originated at a rock concert in Italy. It’s an interesting example of mass hysteria. A sound technician at a concert disappeared, and someone in the audience, pretending to know his name, shouted 'Valerio!', and more and more people joined in. It was apparently infectious, and it spread from Brindisi to Rimini and other cities. There is something about the sound of this name that makes you want to shout it loud. You feel a little better after you’ve done it, just like after having traveled down a slide."

paragraph: In an essay about "Test Site", Dorothea von Hantelmann compares Höller's slides to Nietzsche's ideas regarding art and science as two different powers that inform culture in distinct ways. "When Nietzsche speaks of art’s potential to create intensities and vital energies, for him these creations are extraordinary—but they need not be true. While the scientist deals with truth and its cognition, the artist, after Nietzche, creates and transforms reality."

paragraph: In his exhibition "Experience" at the New Museum in New York in 2011/2012, a slide was installed inside, spiraling straight through the third and fourth floors of the museum, ejecting the sliders on the second floor.

paragraph: Section::::Works, projects, and exhibitions.:"House for Pigs and People".

paragraph: The project "House for Pigs and People", for documenta X in Kassel in 1997, was one of several collaborations realized by Höller in cooperation with the artist Rosemarie Trockel. It consisted of a box-like house structure with a concrete surface. Inside, the space was divided by a sheet of glass, separating two sections of the house—one side for pigs, the other side for people. The partition was one-way mirror glass, enabling the people to see the pigs, but not the other way around. The piece is a metaphor of ecological and social division, as well as an epistemological critique.

paragraph: In a book produced for the project, Höller and Trockel contribute a text that consists of a series of questions involving the relationship between humans and animals. Some of the questions ask: "Does not human consciousness originate primarily as a project of the sociological conditions of its coming into being? Doesn’t animal consciousness have to be something quite different, something we cannot imagine? Or is there a basic measure of consciousness, which is part of man’s biological makeup and also occurs in animals?"

paragraph: Section::::Works, projects, and exhibitions.:"The Double Club".

paragraph: "The Double Club" was a project in the form of a bar, restaurant and nightclub produced in collaboration with Fondazione Prada. It was installed in a warehouse in Islington, London, and was open from 20 November 2008 – 12 July 2009. The club was divided into equal amounts of floor space representing the "Congo" and the "West". Each division contained exclusively elements from each culture, including the furnishings, wall decors and food.

paragraph: Höller's interaction with the culture of the Congo began when he started making regular visits to Kinshasa since 2001, interested in the role of music on public opinion and in turn in effecting politics. In an interview with Hans Ulrich Obrist in 2009, Höller also explains that the impetus for the "Double Club" was also drawn from a fascination with the phi phenomenon, "…phi was of course interesting in a double sense…the jumping to and fro between two points, the eternal back and forth. And in that way this third form arises, which is an illusion and which moves, while the two other forms, by contrast, are fixed."

paragraph: The phi phenomenon was explored earlier in Höller's "Flicker Films", (2004 and 2005) which took footage from Congolese musicians and dancers presented on overlapping projections, which created a sculptural, quasi-holographic effect.

paragraph: A second edition of Double Club took place at Miami Art Basel this year where the artist exposes his on going concept on duality and oppositions in the shape of two installations where one side is monochromatic and other, full of neon colours.

paragraph: Section::::Works, projects, and exhibitions.:"SOMA".

paragraph: The exhibition "Soma" was installed at the Hamburger Bahnhof in Berlin in 2010. Its main element were 12 reindeer in two pens running the length of the former railway station. Half of the reindeer were fed the fly agaric mushrooms in their food, which are part of their customary diet in the wild, and turn their urine into a hallucinogen. The reindeer urine was collected by handlers and then stored in on-site refrigerators for use. The experiment was extended to canaries, which were housed in two hanging cage pieces, to mice, and to flies. A mushroom-shaped "Elevator Bed" was installed in the middle of the space, and visitors could spend the night on the premise for a fee.

paragraph: The title "Soma" comes from the name of the sacred libation drunk by the Indo-European followers of the Vedic religion, Hinduism's 5,000-year-old parent. Its ancient text, the Rigveda, contains 114 hymns to "creative juice", supposed to offer immortality. The recipe was lost, but in the 1960s researcher Gordon Wasson hypothesized that soma was based on the fly agaric mushroom.

paragraph: Section::::Works, projects, and exhibitions.:"Killing Children".

paragraph: Höller's "Killing Children" works are discreet objects made between 1990 and 1994. Some consist of such things as a comforter containing a piece of dried fly agaric titled "Sucette aux Fausses Oranges", a trap made from an upside-down playpen baited with a Kinder Schokolade egg attached to fishing wire titled "Komm Kleines, kriegst was Feines", a bicycle for children rigged with a fuse, match, and petrol titled "Bicycle Bomb", a piece titled "220 Volt" consisting of plugs, connecting cable and candy. "Three Venomous Frogs from Costa Rica in a Bottle" is a piece that is just that: dangerous frogs submerged in water in a baby's bottle. The works in this series have been usually installed on bright bubble-gum pink carpet.

paragraph: Section::::Works, projects, and exhibitions.:Carousels.

paragraph: Höller's carousels (sometimes spelled carrousel, with two R's, intentionally like the original word in French) and amusement park works, are some of his most well-known projects. Dating back to 1998, the key feature with Höller's carousels are that they are modified in some way than what we expect from an amusement park ride, either most often through speed, or sometimes rotational direction, or surface material, as is the case with his "Mirror Carousel" (2005). In his exhibition "Amusement Park" at MASS MoCA in North Adams, 2006, the degree of slowness and direction changed every day. A local fairground operator, Art Gillette, engineered the changes.

paragraph: In a catalogue essay for Höller's 2008 exhibition at Kunsthaus Bregenz, Carl Roitmeister writes of the carrousel works, "This is the age-old artistic ploy of defamiliarizing the commonplace in combination with the age-old artistic ploy represented by the Duchamp-style readymade. But two age-old ploys do not add up to a new one…The title of the carrousel, "R B Ride", doesn’t get us anywhere, because R B merely stands for Robles Bouso, the name of the now-defunct Spanish company that made the fairground device. The year of manufacture is 1969, the year of the failed revolution." Roitmeister goes on to make comparisons of the failure of the revolution with the action of the carrousel, the revolution of a clock, or time passing, in relation to the fact that the carousels move at a reduced speed, another failure—the failure to produce amusement. He goes further to say that "the carrousel resembles a huge clock—that is, a time-measuring device rather than a time-diverting machine…"

paragraph: For Höller's exhibition in 2011 at MACRO, he showed "Double Carousel with Zöllner Stripes" (2011). The pair of carousels anthropomorphically suggests a couple, "I thought it would be nice to have two [merry-go-rounds] interacting as if they were in love or something. To bring people together and then further away ... It is romantic and tragic at the same time."

paragraph: Section::::Works, projects, and exhibitions.:"Light Wall" and "Lichtraum".

paragraph: "Light Wall I" (2000), "Light Wall II" (2001), "Light Wall III" (2002), "Light Wall IV" (2007), constitute a series of variable "Light Walls" consisting of at least nine panels. Each panel holds a grid of light bulbs flickering at a frequency of between seven and twelve hertz, combined with a clicking stereo signal that continues back and forth between two audio speakers. This induces optic and acoustic hallucinations: viewers experience modulating fields of color with their eyes open or shut, or perceive themselves or what is said by others around them in altered ways. "Lichtraum" (2008), as installed at Kunsthaus Bregenz, consisted of four walls of the exhibition space, each covered by thousands of LED lights. Since given the imposing scale of the surfaces, the lights are always seen out of the corner of the eye, one's proprioception is affected so that a feeling of rotation is induced.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carsten Höller (ed.): "Hans Weigand". Monografie, Katalog, 2005, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carsten Höller: "Register." 2002, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carsten Höller/Rosemarie Trockel: "Maisons/Häuser". Cologne, Oktagon Verlag, 1999.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Catalogues.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carsten Höller Over There", Skira, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Experience", Massimiliano Gioni, Gary Carrion-Murayari, and Jenny Moore, New York: Skira Rizzoli, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Soma: Dokumente", Udo Kittelmann and Dorothée Brill, Ostfildern, Germany: Hatje Cantz, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carsten Höller: 2001-2010 : 184 Objects, Experiments, Events", Barbara-Brigitte Mak, Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dopplereffekt. Bilder in Kunst und Wissenschaft.", Petra Gördüren, Dirk Luckow (eds), Kiel, Germany: DuMont Buchverlag, 2010, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carsten Höller, Carrousel", Carl Roitmeister, Eckhard Schneider, Kunsthaus Bregenz, Köln: König, 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carsten Höller", Francesco Bonami and Caroline Corbetta. Milano: Electa, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carsten Höller: One Day - One Day", Jan Åman and Nathalie Ergino, Cologne: König, 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carsten Höller: Test Site", London: Tate, 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carsten Höller: Logic", Daniel Birnbaum and Jennifer Allen, London: Gagosian Gallery, 2005,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Last Image", Moderna Museet, 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Register", Germano Celant, Milano: Fondazione Prada, 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Production: Birnbaum, Höller = Tuotanto", Helsinki: Kiasma, 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carsten Höller: Ny Värld", 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carsten Höller's Spiele Buch", Hans-Ulrich Obrist (ed.), Cologne: Oktagon, 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carsten Höller. Neue Welt", Theodora Vischer (ed.), catalogue, Museum für Gegenwartskunst, Basel, 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carsten Höller/Vadim Zakharov - Peter Mertes Stipendium 1995", catalogue, Bonn, Bonner Kunstverein, 1995

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article on Carsten Höller's 'Double Club'

paragraph: BULLET::::- biography and list of exhibitions at artfacts.net

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article on Carsten Höller and the "Amusement Park" installation at the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with Carsten Höller on 'Divided Divided' Installation at Arttube (Boijmans)

description: German artist

wikidata_label: Carsten Höller

wikipedia_title: Carsten Höller


text:
fr.
lat.
Meaux
bishop
missionary
Verdun Cathedral
teacher
St. Denis
Roman Catholic Diocese of Verdun
Roman Catholic Diocese of Meaux
Bishopric of Verdun
Saint-Santin

categories: 3rd-century bishops,356 deaths,Bishops of Verdun,Year of birth uncertain,Year of birth unknown,Bishops of Meaux,Gallo-Roman saints

paragraph: Saintin de Meaux

paragraph: Saintin de Meaux (or Saint Santin also known as Saint Sanctin, fr. "Saint-Santin de Meaux", lat. "Sanctinus", c. 270 - 356, Meaux) was a French bishop and missionary. As the relic of Saintin de Meaux is his tooth in the Verdun Cathedral. St. Saintin's teacher was St. Denis.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Diocese of Verdun

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Diocese of Meaux

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bishopric of Verdun

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint-Santin

description: bishop of Verdun

wikidata_label: Sanctinus

wikipedia_title: Saintin de Meaux


text:
American
conductor
Minneapolis, Minnesota
MacPhail School of Music
Mozarteum Salzburg
Pierre Monteux
Henri Verbrugghen
New York College of Music
Gannon College
The Blake School
Igor Stravinsky
The Star-Spangled Banner
Wilfrid Pelletier
Metropolitan Opera
Friedrich von Flotow
Utah Symphony Orchestra
San Francisco Symphony
Pierre Monteux
Carnegie Hall
Hollywood Bowl Orchestra
Oregon Symphony
Fritz Mahler
Erie Philharmonic
Fort Wayne Philharmonic Orchestra
Meadville, Pennsylvania
Lakewood Cemetery

categories: 1995 deaths,Musicians from Oregon,American male conductors (music),Burials at Lakewood Cemetery,1910 births,20th-century American conductors (music),Oregon Symphony,New York College of Music alumni

paragraph: James Sample (conductor)

paragraph: James W. Sample (October 8, 1910 – October 7, 1995) was an American conductor.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Sample was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and began studying the violin at age ten and piano at age eleven. By the age of twenty he conducted his first symphony in Minneapolis. He earned his bachelor’s in music degree at the MacPhail School of Music in 1930. In Europe, he studied for four years receiving a diploma at the Mozarteum Salzburg in 1934, and also studied with Pierre Monteux who was conducting the Paris Symphony. Sample also studied with Henri Verbrugghen and Bernhard Paumgartner. He also received a doctorate in music in 1942 from the New York College of Music and a doctor of laws degree from Gannon College in 1963.

paragraph: James Sample was the Master of Music at The Blake School in Minneapolis 1929-1933. He also organized the Little Symphony of Minneapolis 1931-1933. Guest conducting in Austria and France occupied his musical efforts in 1933-1937. He was the conductor for the symphony and opera music project in Los Angeles, 1938-1942. In this capacity he led the premier of Igor Stravinsky’s choral and orchestral setting of The Star-Spangled Banner on October 14, 1941 at the Embassy Auditorium in Los Angeles featuring the WPA Orchestra, Los Angeles Oratorio Society, and the WPA Negro Chorus.

paragraph: Beginning in 1942, he served as an assistant to Canadian conductor Wilfrid Pelletier at the Metropolitan Opera. He made his conducting debut at New York’s City Center Opera Company replacing Laszlo Halasz on February 25, 1944 for Friedrich von Flotow’s opera Martha. He was with the Met and City Center Opera 1942-1945.

paragraph: He guest conducted the Utah Symphony Orchestra 1945-1946 and is credited with a prominent role in the formation of that orchestra. He was the associate conductor for the San Francisco Symphony transcontinental tour led by Pierre Monteux in 1947. As such, he conducted the orchestra at Carnegie Hall in "Happy Birthday to You" for Monteux’s 72nd birthday on April 4, 1947.

paragraph: Sample was the conductor of the San Bernardino Symphony and Hollywood Chamber Orchestra 1947-1949. He was in charge of the KFI (Radio) Symphony Orchestra in Los Angeles 1946-49. He was conducting their Hollywood Bowl Orchestra auditions when he was selected to be the conductor of the Oregon Symphony. He led that orchestra, then known as the Portland Symphony, in the years 1949-1953. He also led that orchestra in performances on the "Standard Hour" radio program. Sample was credited by the orchestra’s manager Phil Hart with making the orchestra and conductor a part of community life.

paragraph: He succeeded Fritz Mahler as conductor of the Erie Philharmonic in 1953, which he conducted 1953-1967; and became conductor of the Fort Wayne Philharmonic Orchestra in 1967. He retired from conducting in 1982 to devote his time to composition and coaching advanced vocal students.

paragraph: James Sample was married to Ernestine F. Sample (August 15, 1909 – September 6, 1980). James Sample died in 1995 of a heart condition in Meadville, Pennsylvania it would have been Samples 85th birthday the day after. He is buried in the Columbarium Chapel of Lakewood Cemetery in Minneapolis.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- City of Erie Award, 1967

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Coast Orchestra Here for Concert", New York Times, April 10, 1947, page 36.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Experience of a Cooperative Orchestra: Husband and Wife", New York Times, March 26, 1950, page 103.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New Symphony Conductor Arrives to Prepare for Season Opening", Oregonian August 7, 1949, section 1 page 1.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary. Erie-Times News, October 8, 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Quarter of a Century of Symphonies on the Air", New York Times, October 21, 1951, page 107.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stoddard, Hope. Symphony Conductors of the U.S.A. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1957.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Who’s Who in the Midwest 1970-71. Chicago: Marquis.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The World of Music", New York Times, September 13, 1953, page X7.

description: American conductor

wikidata_label: James Sample

wikipedia_title: James Sample (conductor)


text:
Italian
Roman Catholic
archbishop
Archbishop of Cagliari
ordained
Diocese of Fiesole
Auxiliary bishop
Diocese of Rome
Ugo Poletti
Pope John Paul II
Archbishop of Cagliari
Pope Benedict XVI

categories: 21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Bishops in Sardinia,20th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Roman Catholic archbishops in Italy,1936 births,Living people

paragraph: Giuseppe Mani

paragraph: Giuseppe Mani (born 21 June 1936) is an Italian Roman Catholic archbishop, who served as Archbishop of Cagliari from 2003 to 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Mani was ordained on 12 March 1960 and began his ministry at the Diocese of Fiesole.

paragraph: On 29 October 1987 he became the Auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Rome and was consecrated by Cardinal Ugo Poletti on 7 December 1987. He became Military ordinary of Italy on 31 January 1996. On 20 June 2003 Pope John Paul II named him Archbishop of Cagliari.

paragraph: During Pope Benedict XVI's visit to Cagliari, on 7 September 2008, the archbishop accompanied him to all his public appointments.

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Giuseppe Mani

wikipedia_title: Giuseppe Mani


text: American

text: Congregationalist

text: clergy

text: Jerusalem

text: Canton Centre

text: Connecticut

text: Fruitvale, California

text: Wherstead

text: County Suffolk, England

text: Newbury, Massachusetts

text: Williston Seminary

text: Easthampton, Massachusetts

text: Yale College

text: Feeding Mills

text: University of Berlin

text: D. D.

text: Grinnell College

text: LL. D.

text: Union College

text: 49th U. S. Colored Infantry

text: Vicksburg, Mississippi

text: War

text: Andover, Massachusetts

text: Rochester

text: Monroe County, New York

text: Piedmont

text: Alameda County, California

text: Harvard University

text: American Revolutionary War

text: physician

text: Becket, Massachusetts

text: Josephus

text: American Civil War

text: Germany

text: Palestine

text: archæologist

text: Calvary

text: Jerusalem

text: American Colony, Jerusalem

text: Andover Theological Seminary

text: Georgetown

text: Guiana

categories: 1909 deaths,American Congregationalist ministers,American religious writers,1837 births,Union Army chaplains,American archaeologists,People from Canton, Connecticut,American curators

paragraph: Selah Merrill

paragraph: Selah Merrill, (May 2, 1837 – January 22, 1909) was an American Congregationalist clergyman. He served as the American consul in Jerusalem.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Selah Merrill was born in Canton Centre, Connecticut on May 2, 1837 and died on January 22, 1909 at Fruitvale, California. He was the son of Lydia Richards and Daniel Merrill and was a member of the fifth generation of the Merrill family in America. The Merrills were descended from an old and esteemed Massachusetts family and his original immigrant ancestor was Nathaniel Merrill from Wherstead, County Suffolk, England and was one of the earliest settlers in Newbury, Massachusetts.

paragraph: After graduating from Williston Seminary in Easthampton, Massachusetts, he studied at Yale College, but did not graduate. He studied theology at the New Haven Theological Seminary, graduating in 1863, and was ordained in the Congregational Church, at Feeding Mills, Massachusetts in 1864. He then spent two years (1868–1870) in Germany at the University of Berlin where he studied the ancient Hebrew language. He received the degree of A. M. from Yale College; D. D. from Grinnell College in 1875; and a LL. D. from Union College in 1884.

paragraph: He served as a chaplain of the 49th U. S. Colored Infantry, also known as the 11th Louisiana Regiment Infantry, at Vicksburg, Mississippi from 1864 until the close of the War.

paragraph: In 1866, he married Fanny Lucinda Cooke, who died the following year. In 1868, he married Mrs. Phila (Wilkin) Fargo, who died only two years later. On April 26, 1875, at Andover, Massachusetts, he married Adelaide Brewster Taylor. She was born on January 14, 1845 at Rochester, Monroe County, New York; and died on January 24, 1929 in Piedmont, Alameda County, California. She was the daughter of Dr. Oliver Brewster Taylor, an 1848 graduate of Harvard University, and Sophia Hale Hubbard. She was the great granddaughter of Dr. Oliver Wadsworth Brewster, who served in Col. John Brown's regiment in the American Revolutionary War and was the first physician in Becket, Massachusetts. His home, built in 1786, is still standing and is currently occupied by the Becket-Chimney Corners YMCA.

paragraph: In 1915, his wife donated his Josephus collection to Yale University and promoted the posthumous publication of his "New Comprehensive Dictionary of the Bible".

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: During the last year of the American Civil War Merrill served as chaplain of the Forty-ninth United States colored infantry. In 1868, he went to Germany, where he studied for two years. In 1874–1877, he traveled to Palestine where he worked as an archæologist for the American Palestine Exploration Society, excavating the second wall of Jerusalem and trying to determine the site of Calvary. Merrill served as United States Consul in Jerusalem in 1882–1885, 1891–1893, and 1898–1907. He was a staunch opponent of the commune at the American Colony, Jerusalem and sought every opportunity to dismantle it. He also opposed Jewish agricultural settlement in Palestine and shaped the views of the U.S. State Department on this matter. Merrill was a virulent anti-Semite and his views influenced the State Department's opposition to Jewish resettlement in Palestine at that time.

paragraph: In 1872 and 1879, he taught at Andover Theological Seminary and became curator of the Biblical Museum there. In 1907 he served as American Consul at Georgetown, Guiana.

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "East of the Jordan" (1881; second edition, 1883)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Galilee in the Time of Christ" (1881)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Greek Inscriptions Collected in the Years 1875–1877 in the Country East of the Jordan" (1885)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Site of Calvary" (1886)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ancient Jerusalem" (1908)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carte de Visite of Selah Merrill, c. 1864-1865 Shapell Manuscript Foundation

paragraph: BULLET::::- James A. Garfield Appointment of Selah Merrill as Consul at Jerusalem, 1881

paragraph: BULLET::::- President William McKinley Appointment of Selah Merrill as Consul at Jerusalem, 1898

paragraph: BULLET::::- American Consuls in Jerusalem in the 19th Century Exhibition

description: American clergyman

wikidata_label: Selah Merrill

wikipedia_title: Selah Merrill


text: Portuguese

text: Holy See

text: Roman Curia

text: cardinal

text: Guimarães

text: Pontifical Gregorian University

text: canon law

text: Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy

text: Holy See

text: Chaplain of His Holiness

text: Secretariat of State

text: nunciature in Belgium

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Beneventum

text: Cardinal Secretary of State

text: Agostino Casaroli

text: Andorra

text: José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero

text: World Tourism Organization

text: Congregation for Bishops

text: College of Cardinals

text: Pope Benedict XVI

text: Cardinal-Deacon

text: Congregation for the Causes of Saints

text: Congregation for Bishops

text: Pope Francis

text: Mário Soares

categories: Apostolic Nuncios to Dominica,Portuguese cardinals,Grand Crosses of the Order of Prince Henry,Apostolic Nuncios to Lesotho,Apostolic Nuncios to El Salvador,Roman Catholic titular archbishops,Portuguese Roman Catholics,Apostolic Nuncios to Trinidad and Tobago,Members of the Congregation for Bishops,Apostolic Nuncios to Honduras,Members of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints,Pontifical Gregorian University alumni,Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI,Major Penitentiaries of the Apostolic Penitentiary,21st-century Roman Catholics,Apostolic Nuncios to the Bahamas,Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic,Apostolic Nuncios to Barbados,Apostolic Nuncios to South Africa,Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal),1938 births,Apostolic Nuncios to Grenada,Living people,Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy alumni,20th-century Roman Catholics,Apostolic Nuncios to Belize,Apostolic Nuncios to Saint Lucia,Apostolic Nuncios to Jamaica,Commanders of the Order of Merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg,Apostolic Nuncios to Spain,Recipients of the Order of the Star of Italian Solidarity,Apostolic Nuncios to Eswatini

paragraph: Manuel Monteiro de Castro

paragraph: Manuel Monteiro de Castro (born 29 March 1938) is a Portuguese prelate of the Catholic Church who worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See from 1967 to 2009, with the rank of archbishop and the title of nuncio from 1985. His assignments as nuncio included the Caribbean, South Africa, Central America, and Spain. He ended his career in senior positions in the Roman Curia from 2009 to 2013. He was made a cardinal in 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Monteiro de Castro was born on 29 March 1938 in Santa Eufémia de Prazins, Guimarães, Portugal. He studied humanities, philosophy and theology in the Archdiocese of Braga. He was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop António Bento Júnior on 9 July 1961. He then studied at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, earning a doctorate in canon law in June 1967. He also trained for a career as a diplomat at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy. In February 1969, he became an advocate in the Sacred Roman Rota.

paragraph: Section::::Diplomat.

paragraph: He entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See in 1967. He was created Chaplain of His Holiness on 1 July 1968. He served as secretary of the nunciatures in Panama from 1967 to 1969, Guatemala from 1969 until 1972, Việt Nam and Cambodia from 1972 until 1975, Australia from 1975 to 1978, and Mexico from 1978 to June 1981. He was upgraded to prelate of honour of His Holiness on 1 July 1981. He then worked in the Second Section of the Secretariat of State from June to November 1981. He was counselor of the nunciature in Belgium from the end of 1981 until 1985.

paragraph: In 1985 Pope John Paul II appointed him titular archbishop of Beneventum, pro-nuncio to the countries in the West Indies that had diplomatic relations with the Holy See–the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Lucia and Trinidad and Tobago–and apostolic delegate to the other territories: the Turks and Caicos Islands and the Netherlands Antilles. He was consecrated a bishop by Cardinal Secretary of State Agostino Casaroli. Two years later, when Antigua and Barbuda had established diplomatic relations with the Holy See, his title changed from delegate to pro-nuncio to pro-nuncio to those countries.

paragraph: He was named Apostolic Nuncio to both Honduras and El Salvador on

paragraph: 21 August 1990, but was replaced in Honduras on 12 April 1991.

paragraph: On 2 February 1998 he was appointed Apostolic Nuncio to South Africa, Namibia, and Swaziland as well as Apostolic Delegate to Botswana and Lesotho. His title for Lesotho changed to Apostolic Nuncio a few days later on 7 February.

paragraph: On 1 March 2000 he was appointed Apostolic Nuncio to Spain and Andorra. He met with José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero to reduce tension between the Spanish government and the Church. Addressing a conference of Spanish bishops in 2004, he proposed they support the legal recognition of same-sex relationships called something other than "marriages". He said: "The new political situation in which we are living in Spain sets new challenges in the spreading of the gospel and we must meet those challenges in an appropriate manner... There are other forms of cohabitation and it is good that they be recognised."

paragraph: On 7 December 2007, he was given the added role of Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO).

paragraph: Section::::Roman Curia.

paragraph: On 3 July 2009, Pope Benedict ended his diplomatic career by appointing him Secretary of the Congregation for Bishops. He was given additional responsibility as Secretary of the College of Cardinals on 21 October 2009. He was named a consultor to the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on 19 November 2009.

paragraph: On 5 January 2012, Monteiro de Castro was appointed Major Penitentiary of the Apostolic Penitentiary.

paragraph: Section::::Cardinal.

paragraph: On 6 January 2012, Pope Benedict XVI announced he would make Monteiro de Castro a cardinal on 18 February. He was created Cardinal-Deacon of San Domenico di Guzman on that day. On 21 April 2012, Monteiro de Castro was appointed a member of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerants, Congregation for the Causes of Saints and the Congregation for Bishops.

paragraph: He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2013 papal conclave that elected Pope Francis.

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1985 he was awarded Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Infante Dom Henrique, granted by Prime Minister Mário Soares.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2003 he was decorated with the Knight Grand Cross of the Military Order of Christ, granted by the minister of Foreign Affairs.

description: secretary of the Congregation for Bishops

wikidata_label: Manuel Monteiro de Castro

wikipedia_title: Manuel Monteiro de Castro


text:
American
200 meters
Cleveland, Ohio
Kent State University
1984 Summer Olympics
Los Angeles
United States

wikipedia_title:
United States
200 metres
Cleveland
Kent State University
Athletics at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Los Angeles
United States

categories: Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field),Sportspeople from Cleveland,American male sprinters,Universiade bronze medalists for the United States,Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in track and field,Kent State Golden Flashes athletes,Olympic track and field athletes of the United States,1962 births,Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics,Living people,Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Thomas Jefferson (athlete)

paragraph: Thomas Theodore Jefferson (born June 8, 1962) is an American former athlete who competed mainly in the 200 meters. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio and attended Kent State University.

paragraph: He competed for the United States in the 1984 Summer Olympics held in Los Angeles, United States in the 200 metres where he won the bronze medal.

description: American athlete

wikidata_label: Thomas Jefferson

wikipedia_title: Thomas Jefferson (athlete)


text:
Italian
Grand Prix
motorcycle
road racer
1949
Moto Guzzi
Johnny Lockett
1952
250 cc World Championship
Moto Guzzi

wikipedia_title: 1949 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season

wikipedia_title: 1952 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season

wikipedia_title: List of Grand Prix motorcycle racing World Champions by year

categories: 350cc World Championship riders,Italian motorcycle racers,500cc World Championship riders,250cc World Championship riders,1911 births,Isle of Man TT riders,1989 deaths

paragraph: Enrico Lorenzetti

paragraph: Enrico Lorenzetti (4 January 1911 – 8 August 1989) was an Italian professional Grand Prix motorcycle road racer who competed in the 1940s and 1950s.

paragraph: He competed in the 1949 season riding a 500 cc Moto Guzzi and finished eighth overall with 7 points behind Johnny Lockett. In 1952, he won the 250 cc World Championship for Moto Guzzi.

paragraph: Section::::Motorcycle Grand Prix results.

paragraph: 1949 point system:

paragraph: Points system from 1950 to 1968:

description: Italian motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Enrico Lorenzetti

wikipedia_title: Enrico Lorenzetti


text: tennis

text: Italy

text: The Literary Digest

text: A Wallis Myers

text: World War II

text: International Olympic Committee

text: International Tennis Federation

text: Lake Garda

text: Montreux

text: Darmstadt

text: Villa d'Este

text: Harvard

text: Yale

text: Davis Cup

text: Parc des Eaux Vives

text: Genève

text: Charles Aeschlimann

text: Beaulieu

text: Cannes

text: Bordighera

text: Béla von Kehrling

text: Bill Tilden

text: Nice

text: Italian Internationals

text: Coen

text: Ludwig von Salm-Hoogstraeten

text: Cannes

text: Tripoli

text: Campionato Partenopeo

text: Pacific Southwest Tournament

text: Italian Olympic team

text: Ellsworth Vines

text: Gene Mako

text: Italian Internationals

text: Pat Hughes

text: Cannes

text: Ignacy Tłoczyński

text: Gottfried von Cramm

text: Italian Internationals

text: Giovanni Palmieri

text: Monte Carlo Championships

text: Buenos Aires

text: Henner Henkel

text: Italy Davis Cup team

text: World War II

text: United States Davis Cup team

text: Wilmer Allison

text: Fred Perry

text: 1931 French Championships fourth round

text: Great Britain

text: 1934 French Championships quarterfinal

text: The Glasgow Herald

text: hoodoo

text: Rome

text: Italian resistance movement

text: Breuil-Cervinia

text: Harold Alexander

text: Montreux

text: International Olympic Committee

text: tennis at the Summer Olympics

text: Melbourne

text: Avery Brundage

text: International Lawn Tennis Federation

text: Lawn Tennis Association

text: Davis Cup

text: Nicola Pietrangeli

text: Davis Cup

text: The Sydney Morning Herald

text: Fred Perry

text: Bunny Austin

text: Jack Crawford

text: Alberto De Stefani

text: Benito Mussolini

text: Order of the Crown of Italy

text: University of Rome

wikipedia_title: 1931 French Championships – Men's Singles

wikipedia_title: 1934 French Championships – Men's Singles

wikipedia_title: 1935 Australian Championships – Men's Singles

wikipedia_title: Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis

wikipedia_title: Tennis performance timeline comparison (men)

categories: 1992 deaths,Italian male tennis players,Italian people of World War II,Sportspeople from Verona,1904 births,Italian referees and umpires

paragraph: Giorgio de Stefani

paragraph: Giorgio de Stefani (; 24 February 1904 – 22 October 1992) was an ambidextrous tennis player competing for Italy. In 1934, he was ranked the no. 6 amateur in the world by The Literary Digest and no. 9 by A Wallis Myers. In 1932 he was the second best Italian player, and after the retirement of Umberto de Morpurgo he was the top Italian player from 1933 to 1936 and in 1938. He was active before World War II, winning 85 singles titles. Apart from being Italian champion, he was the Argentine, Dutch, Libyan and Swiss champion as well. After his tennis career he was elected to the International Olympic Committee and was also the head of the Italian and the International Tennis Federation on several occasions.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Giorgio de Stefani was born in Verona in 1904, son of a Minister of Government. He learned tennis from his mother on the courts of their family house at Lake Garda. He started his amateur career by competing in and winning the Montreux tournament in 1920 at the age of 15. During his student years he won the world university championships in Darmstadt where he defeated Fritz Kuhlmann without losing a set. Although he and Emanuelle Sertorio lost the doubles final to the German student team of Kuhlmann-H. Uthmoller in five sets. Next year he drafted into the inter-college tennis challenge of Villa d'Este in 1931 featuring the joint Harvard-Yale team against the Italian student players where he won one singles match against Robert Ryan and lost one singles against Bill Breese and two doubles. The Americans defeated the Italians nine rubbers to five. At the age of 22 he debuted in the Davis Cup as a reserve player.

paragraph: Section::::Tennis career.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1926–1931

paragraph: It took him several years to repeat his first feat when in 1926 he won the tournament Parc des Eaux Vives in Genève against Swiss champion Charles Aeschlimann. In 1929 he was a finalist at L.T.C. Beaulieu losing to Italian Umberto De Morpurgo in four sets. At Cannes he beat Benny Berthet of France for his first riviera title. He also won the Bordighera championships against Béla von Kehrling but the Hungarian took revenge in the doubles final. In 1930 he faced and lost to Bill Tilden several times most notably in the Nice final. and in the earlier rounds of the Italian Internationals. They also met in the semifinals of the Italian doubles championships Tilden played with Coen, while Stefani chose Count Ludwig von Salm-Hoogstraeten but Tilden's team prevailed in the end. In Cannes they faced each other two times in a row and Tilden prevailed both times for the Lawn Tennis Club Cannes and New Courts de Cannes titles At his third consecutive Cannes final de Stefani beat Hermann von Artens for the Carlton L. T. C title. In 1931 he became Libyan Champion by beating fellow countryman Alberto Del Bono in the Tripoli final and won the doubles title partnering with him. They'd also won the Campionato Partenopeo doubles title. In September he claimed his second Montreux trophy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1932–1937

paragraph: In 1932 he reached the semifinals of the Pacific Southwest Tournament as the honorary member of the Italian Olympic team. In doubles he and Ellsworth Vines fell to Gene Mako and Takeo Kubawara in the final. The same year he won the doubles title at the Italian Internationals partnering Pat Hughes. and also won the Cannes L.T.C. doubles title. He was a contender for the Cannes singles title as well but the match against Ignacy Tłoczyński remained unplayed, although their follow up match for the cup of the Nizza L.T.C was finished with De Stefani victorious. All these achievements earned him the second spot on the top Italian tennis players' list. In 1933 he was a challenger for another Montreux title but finished second against Gottfried von Cramm but did win the doubles trophy against the German duo Cramm-Lund. The following years he clinched and defended successfully the upcoming Dutch Championships four consecutive times, first in 1933, then in 1934, 1935 and 1936. In 1934 he was the finalist for both singles and doubles at the Italian Internationals losing both times to Davis Cup teammate Giovanni Palmieri. and he also reached the same result in the Monte Carlo Championships. In 1935 he was crowned Argentine champion after clinching the International tournament in Buenos Aires. In 1937 he was a runner-up for the Cairo International Championships only losing to Henner Henkel in straight sets.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Overall

paragraph: He represented his country in the Italy Davis Cup team in 1927 and kept being drafted until the outbreak of World War II. In the Cup he compiled a 44/22 (66%) winning record. His most successful year was in the 1930 International Lawn Tennis Challenge, where they reached the Inter-Zonal Zone round of the tournament. In that final match against the United States Davis Cup team he and Wilmer Allison set and still hold the record for the most match points saved in a match with De Stefani losing after failing to convert 18 match balls.

paragraph: Section::::Tennis career.:Rivalry with Fred Perry.

paragraph: British Fred Perry and De Stefani met several times in their careers. Their first meeting was in the 1931 French Championships fourth round, where Stefani overcame Perry in four sets. In their 1932 Pacific Southwest Tournament semifinals rematch Perry equalized their tally and went on to face Jiro Satoh for the title. In their third encounter in the 1933 International Lawn Tennis Challenge where Great Britain defeated Italy with Stefani winning the only rubber of that quarterfinal. Their most controversial match came in the 1934 French Championships quarterfinal

paragraph: where Stefani led two sets to one with Perry leading in the fourth to force a deciding set, when the Briton fell awkwardly while running to the net and hurt his ankle. Subsequently Perry tried fix the match with Stefani. He wanted to lose as a noble thus offering his Italian opponent "an honourable victory" if they avoid long, wide rallies that would damage his ankle more. According to Perry it was Stefani who rushed to help him up when this happened. Subsequently Stefani turned and took the fourth and final set, but Perry recalled it as a gentleman affair, where Stefani stuck to their plan all the time. Right after the match Perry collapsed and had to be carried to the dressing room where the doctors diagnosed him with a sprained ankle. Although Perry swore to take revenge on him the next time they play again. Thus in return, on their next match-up in the quarterfinal of the Australian Championships in Melbourne Perry crushed the Italian, ruining his best oversees result and giving him the biggest loss of his life with a score of 6-0, 6-0, 6-0. He also stopped him in the doubles contest quarterfinals as well with a straight sets victory. Perry stated later that "That determination was part of my character". Three years later The Glasgow Herald described their relationship as Stefani being the hoodoo to Perry's career. Perry eventually went on to become the 1934 world amateur number one. Perry torned pro after the 1936 season, while de Stefani got more and more involved in sports diplomacy.

paragraph: Section::::Hiatus during the second World War.

paragraph: After the outbreak of the war tennis tournaments and sport in general were neglected. As an attempt to reorganize the Italian sports life count Alberto Bonacossa offered him the position of Regent of the Presidential Committee of tennis, which Stefani accepted and held in 1943, however as Italy's war involvement escalated, it forced him to leave his office. He fled from Rome and joined the Italian resistance movement of Breuil-Cervinia. He surrendered to General Harold Alexander with the aid of the partisans, who helped him to make contact with the English forces. He was transferred to the Montreux internment camp thereafter. Fortunately the Mayor of Montreux heard news about his presence and pleaded for him to be released to a hospital.

paragraph: Section::::Sports diplomat career.

paragraph: De Stefani later became a sports official, was invited and elected in August 1951 on the International Olympic Committee (IOC). In 1966 he initiated the reintroduction of tennis at the Summer Olympics at the IOC meeting in Melbourne and eventually succeeded when eleven votes had been discarded. The President of the IOC, oppositional Avery Brundage protested to the outcome and demanded a new voting process due to fabricated technical errors made in the previous one. In the end the initiative was rejected and tennis was only readmitted to the Olympics in 1988. In 1967 when he was the president of the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) in the debate on the status of Open tennis tournaments, especially accepting Wimbledon as an official Open Grand Slam he sided with the ban of the said tournament threatening the Lawn Tennis Association of getting expelled from the Federation and having its championships cancelled. The next year he opposed to allow professionals to enter into the Davis Cup competitions. Allegedly he even convinced Italian number one Nicola Pietrangeli with financial means to devote himself exclusively to amateur tennis and never turn professional. He was also an abolitionist for the challenge round in Davis Cup and the choice of field by the finalists but failed to succeed in these issues.

paragraph: He served as chairman of the ILTF in 1955 and 1956, 1962 and 1963, and from 1967 to 1969, and also as president of the Italian Tennis Federation, where he stayed from 1958 to 1969.

paragraph: Section::::Playing style.

paragraph: Giorgio de Stefani was an ambidextrous player, which allowed him to switch his racquet from one hand to another to always return a forehand shot. As a result, he didn't have a backhand stroke. He was thus unpredictable and even players failed to recognize this trick sometimes even for multiple sets. He could also benefit from this ability in serving when he was able to easily change the serve direction. He asked for a permission to use two racquets simultaneously, one in each hand, but it was officially banned in 1931 by the ILTF. Although when playing golf his preferred shot was with his right hand as well as while serving. In one of his articles written to "The Sydney Morning Herald", Fred Perry described Stefani as a "freak player" and his style as unorthodox and that he lacks the beauty of shot execution of those as Bunny Austin and Jack Crawford. He further described his service and his volleying as weak, his physique as medium and his condition well enough to be able to run around the whole match. Thanks to his ambidextrous nature he possessed good passing shot skills. His forehands were solid but they lacked pace although his right hand was somewhat more accurate. Stefani was a hard court specialist accommodated to hot weather.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Apart from playing amateur tennis he was a devoted mountain-climber and occasional golfer. He served his voluntary military service in 1930. His uncle was the politician Alberto De Stefani, who was the Minister of Finance, but was removed by Benito Mussolini due to their ideological differences. Giorgio was awarded the title Knight of the Order of the Crown of Italy for his sports achievements. He graduated at the University of Rome earning a doctorate in law. In 1956 he married Maria Carolina di Marchesi Spinola. His first child died. In his retirement years he received the "Atleti Azzuri" Trophy for his sports merits.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Performance timelines for all male tennis players who reached at least one Grand Slam final

description: Italian tennis player

wikidata_label: Giorgio de Stefani

wikipedia_title: Giorgio de Stefani


text:
Swedish
athlete
1912
1920
1924
1928 Summer Olympics
World War I
hammer throw competition
two handed discus throw event
1920 Summer Olympics
56 lb weight throw
Patrick Ryan
AAA
Karlstad

categories: Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics,Olympic athletes of Sweden,Olympic bronze medalists for Sweden,Athletes (track and field) at the 1920 Summer Olympics,Athletes (track and field) at the 1912 Summer Olympics,Swedish male hammer throwers,Athletes (track and field) at the 1924 Summer Olympics,Olympic silver medalists for Sweden,1883 births,People from Karlskoga Municipality,1965 deaths,Olympic weight throwers,Weight throwers,Athletes (track and field) at the 1928 Summer Olympics,Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field),Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)

paragraph: Carl Johan Lind

paragraph: Carl Johan "Massa" Lind (25 May 1883 – 2 February 1965) was a Swedish athlete who competed at the 1912, 1920, 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics, missing the 1916 Games that were cancelled due to World War I.

paragraph: In 1912 he finished fifth in the hammer throw competition and eighth in the two handed discus throw event.

paragraph: At the 1920 Summer Olympics he won a silver medal in the hammer throw and a bronze medal in the 56 lb weight throw, both times behind Patrick Ryan. At the 1924 and 1928 Games he competed only in hammer throw and finished 7th and 14th, respectively.

paragraph: Lind won 17 Swedish titles: in the hammer throw (1918–1924), weight throw (1918–19, 1921–1927) and discus throw (1910); he was also a four-time British AAA Champion in the hammer throw (1913–14, 1921, 1927). In 1912 Lind set a national hammer throw record that stood for 15 years. Lind worked as a policeman in Karlstad and continued competing until the age of 50.

description: Swedish hammer thrower

wikidata_label: Carl Johan Lind

wikipedia_title: Carl Johan Lind


text:
Arentsminde
Brovst
Denmark
motorcycle speedway
world title
Danes
Ole Olsen
Erik Gundersen
New Zealand
Ivan Mauger
Long Track World Championship
World Championship
1986
1987
1989
1995
Sweden
Tony Rickardsson
Speedway Grand Prix
1978 European Under-21 Final
Pista Speedway
Lonigo
Italy
Danish Championship
Intercontinental Final
British League
Oxford Cheetahs
British League Riders' Championship
British League Pairs Championship
Simon Wigg
Andy Grahame
British League
British League Knockout Cup
Norfolk Arena
King's Lynn
Speedway World Team Cup
Danish
USA
1985
1988
Australia
Wayville Showground
Adelaide
Speedway World Team Cup
Denmark
1989
Odsal Stadium
Bradford
Erik Gundersen
World Pairs Championship
1979
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Jan O. Pedersen
1991
Tommy Knudsen
Ullevi Stadium
Gothenburg
Sweden
England
1976
Peter Collins
Kenny Carter
Australian
Golden Helmet of Pardubice
Czech Republic
1999 Speedway Grand Prix
Grand Prix of Poland II
Bydgoszcz
1980
Gothenburg
Ullevi
1981
London
Wembley Stadium
1982
Los Angeles
Memorial Coliseum
1983
Norden
Motodrom Halbemond
1984
Gothenburg
Ullevi
1985
Bradford
Odsal Stadium
1986
Chorzów
Silesian Stadium
1987
Amsterdam
Olympic Stadium
1988
Vojens
Speedway Center
1989
Munich
Olympic Stadium
1990
Bradford
Odsal Stadium
1991
Gothenburg
Ullevi
1993
Pocking
Rottalstadion
1994
Vojens
Speedway Center
1995
Europe
Speedway Grand Prix
1996
Europe
Speedway Grand Prix
1997
Europe
Speedway Grand Prix
1998
Europe
Speedway Grand Prix
1999
Europe
Speedway Grand Prix
1979
Vojens
Speedway Center
Ole Olsen
1980
Krsko
Matija Gubec Stadium
Ole Olsen
1981
Chorzów
Silesian Stadium
Ole Olsen
1982
Sydney
Liverpool City Raceway
Ole Olsen
1983
Gothenburg
Ullevi
Erik Gundersen
1984
Lonigo
Pista Speedway
Erik Gundersen
1986
Pocking
Rottalstadion
Erik Gundersen
1987
Pardubice
Svítkov Stadion
Erik Gundersen
1988
Bradford
Odsal Stadium
Erik Gundersen
1989
Leszno
Alfred Smoczyk Stadium
Erik Gundersen
1990
Landshut
Ellermühle Stadium
Jan O. Pedersen
1991
Poznań
Olimpia Poznań Stadium
Jan O. Pedersen
Tommy Knudsen
1992
Lonigo
Pista Speedway
Brian Karger
Tommy Knudsen
1993
Vojens
Speedway Center
Tommy Knudsen
Brian Karger
1978
Landshut
Stadion Ellermühle
Ole Olsen
Mike Lohmann
Finn Thomsen
1979
London
White City Stadium
Ole Olsen
Mike Lohmann
Finn Thomsen
Bo Petersen
1981
Olching
Olching Speedwaybahn
Ole Olsen
Erik Gundersen
Tommy Knudsen
Finn Thomsen
1982
London
White City Stadium
Ole Olsen
Erik Gundersen
Preben Eriksen
Tommy Knudsen
1983
Vojens
Speedway Center
Ole Olsen
Erik Gundersen
Finn Thomsen
Peter Ravn
1984
Leszno
Alfred Smoczyk Stadium
Bo Petersen
Erik Gundersen
Preben Eriksen
1985
Long Beach
Veterans Memorial Stadium
Bo Petersen
Tommy Knudsen
Erik Gundersen
Preben Eriksen
1986
Gothenburg
Ullevi
Vojens
Speedway Center
Bradford
Odsal Stadium
Erik Gundersen
Tommy Knudsen
Jan O. Pedersen
John Jørgensen
1987
Fredericia
Fredericia Speedway
Coventry
Brandon Stadium
Prague
Marketa Stadium
Erik Gundersen
Jan O. Pedersen
Tommy Knudsen
1988
Long Beach
Veterans Memorial Stadium
Erik Gundersen
Tommy Knudsen
Jan O. Pedersen
John Jørgensen
1989
Bradford
Odsal Stadium
Erik Gundersen
Gert Handberg
John Jørgensen
Brian Karger
1990
Pardubice
Svítkov Stadion
1991
Vojens
Speedway Center
1992
Kumla
Kumla Speedway
1993
Coventry
Brandon Stadium
1994
Brokstedt
Holsteinring Brokstedt
1995
Bydgoszcz
Polonia Bydgoszcz Stadium
1997
Piła
Stadion Żużlowy Centrum
1998
Vojens
Speedway Center
1978
Lonigo
Pista Speedway
Esbjerg
Marianske Lazne
Herxheim
Pfarrkirchen
Scheeßel
Marianske Lazne

categories: Wolverhampton Wolves riders,Oxford Cheetahs riders,Speedway World Pairs Champions,Individual Speedway World Champions,1959 births,Danish speedway riders,Coventry Bees riders,Birmingham Brummies riders,Living people

paragraph: Hans Nielsen (speedway rider)

paragraph: Hans Hollen Nielsen (born 26 December 1959 in Arentsminde near Brovst, Denmark) is a former motorcycle speedway rider, active from the 1970s to the late 1990s; winning the world title four times.

paragraph: During his career, Nielsen won a total of 22 World Championships, making him arguably the most successful speedway rider of all time. Though unlike others such as fellow Danes Ole Olsen and Erik Gundersen, and New Zealand's Ivan Mauger, he never won the Long Track World Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Nielsen was one of, if not the most successful riders the sport has ever seen. Altogether he participated in winning 22 World Championships for Denmark (out of the 46 won by Danish riders/teams in all competitions to the end of 2014). This included the individual World Championship in 1986, 1987 (the only time the final was held over two days), 1989 and the first ever championship ran in the Grand Prix format in 1995. Nielsen and Sweden's Tony Rickardsson are the only 2 riders to have won world titles in both the old single meeting format and the Speedway Grand Prix series.

paragraph: Nielsen also rode in the 1978 European Under-21 Final at the Pista Speedway in Lonigo, Italy where he finished 5th with 11 points. The European U/21 Championship was later renamed the World U/21 Championship in 1988.

paragraph: He was known as "The Main Dane" to fans, taking over the title from triple World Champion Ole Olsen, but was referred to as "The Professor" by his fellow riders due to his immaculate style and ability to ride speedway.

paragraph: Nielsen won the Danish Championship in 1978, 1982, 1987, 1990, 1993 and 1994. He was also the Nordic Champion in 1980, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991 and 1994 as well as winning the Intercontinental Final in 1983.

paragraph: Nielsen rode in the British League for the Oxford Cheetahs from 1984 to 1992. In 1986 he recorded a league average of 11.83, his average in away league matches that season was a perfect 12.00. With the Cheetahs, Nielsen won the British League Riders' Championship in 1986, 1987 and 1990, the British League Pairs Championship with Simon Wigg in 1985 and 1986 and in 1987 with Andy Grahame, the British League in 1985, 1986 and 1989, as well as winning the British League Knockout Cup in 1985 and 1986. He was also the 1984 "Pride of the Midlands" winner at the Norfolk Arena in King's Lynn.

paragraph: Hans Nielsen was successful almost everywhere he rode. As well as his World Championship winning feats in Europe, he would win the Speedway World Team Cup as part of the Danish team in the USA in 1985 and 1988, as well as winning major meetings in Australia, including the 1987 West End Speedway International at the Wayville Showground in Adelaide.

paragraph: Hans Nielsen rode in a record 18 straight Speedway World Team Cup Finals for Denmark between 1978 and 1995, winning 10 which included a record 6 in a row from 1983 until 1988 and finishing on the podium a record 14 times in a row between 1978 and 1991. Denmark were the favourites to win again in 1989 at the Odsal Stadium in Bradford, but would eventually finish 3rd after the opening heat crash which ended the career and nearly took the life of Neilsen's friend, team mate and closest rival, triple World Champion Erik Gundersen.

paragraph: Neilsen also represented Denmark in the World Pairs Championship on 14 occasions from 1979 until 1993, following which the Pairs Championship was merged with the World Team Cup. He won the Pairs title in 1979 with Ole Olsen, 1986, 1987, 1988 and 1989 with Erik Gundersen, 1990 with Jan O. Pedersen and 1991 with Pedersen and Tommy Knudsen.

paragraph: During the 1983 World Pairs Final at the Ullevi Stadium in Gothenburg, Sweden, Nielsen was involved in one of the more bizarre tape exclusions ever seen in speedway. While lining up for the start of Heat 10 against eventual champions England, represented by 1976 World Champion Peter Collins and the highly rated Kenny Carter, Nielsen was in gate 2 and initially attempted to line up across on Carter on his inside before being forced by the official to move as he was deemed to be across the line and out of his gate. After moving he then almost broke the tapes once before coming forward again, this time actually falling over his handlebars and onto the track as he tried to stop his bike which had actually rolled over the tapes (without breaking them), leaving Australian referee Sam Bass no option but to exclude him from the race.

paragraph: Hans Nielsen also won the prestigious Golden Helmet of Pardubice in Czech Republic (the world's oldest speedway race) in 1987 and 1998.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement.

paragraph: Hans Nielsen retired at the end of 1999 having finished third in the 1999 Speedway Grand Prix series, proving he could still win by winning the Grand Prix of Poland II in Bydgoszcz. Many judges, from other riders, the media and the fans, feel he was the greatest rider of all time.

paragraph: After retiring, he never stayed in the sport and returned to Denmark where he continued his good golf game in his spare time.

paragraph: Section::::World final appearances.

paragraph: Section::::World final appearances.:Individual World Championship.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 - Gothenburg, Ullevi - 11th - 7pts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981 - London, Wembley Stadium - 9th - 6pts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982 - Los Angeles, Memorial Coliseum - 7th - 8pts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983 - Norden, Motodrom Halbemond - 7th - 9pts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984 - Gothenburg, Ullevi - 2nd - 13pts + 3pts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 - Bradford, Odsal Stadium - 2nd - 13pts + 2pts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 - Chorzów, Silesian Stadium - Winner - 14pts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987 - Amsterdam, Olympic Stadium - Winner - 27pts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988 - Vojens, Speedway Center - 2nd - 14pts + 2pts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989 - Munich, Olympic Stadium - Winner - 15pts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 - Bradford, Odsal Stadium - 4th - 11pts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 - Gothenburg, Ullevi - 3rd - 11pts + 3pts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 - Pocking, Rottalstadion - 2nd - 11pts + 3pts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 - Vojens, Speedway Center - 2nd - 12pts + 2pts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 - Europe, Speedway Grand Prix - Winner - 103pts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 - Europe, Speedway Grand Prix - 2nd - 111pts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 - Europe, Speedway Grand Prix - 7th - 75pts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 - Europe, Speedway Grand Prix - 4th - 76pts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 - Europe, Speedway Grand Prix - 3rd - 76pts

paragraph: Section::::World final appearances.:World Pairs Championship.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 - Vojens, Speedway Center (with Ole Olsen) - Winner - 25pts (15)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 - Krsko, Matija Gubec Stadium (with Ole Olsen) - 3rd - 21pts (13)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981 - Chorzów, Silesian Stadium (with Ole Olsen) - 5th - 17pts (10)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982 - Sydney, Liverpool City Raceway (with Ole Olsen) - 3rd - 21pts (10)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983 - Gothenburg, Ullevi (with Erik Gundersen) - 3rd - 19pts (11)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984 - Lonigo, Pista Speedway (with Erik Gundersen) - 2nd - 25+3pts (15+3)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 - Pocking, Rottalstadion (with Erik Gundersen) - Winner - 46+5pts (27+5)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987 - Pardubice, Svítkov Stadion (with Erik Gundersen) - Winner - 52pts (26)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988 - Bradford, Odsal Stadium (with Erik Gundersen) - Winner - 45pts (27)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989 - Leszno, Alfred Smoczyk Stadium (with Erik Gundersen) - Winner - 48pts (28)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 - Landshut, Ellermühle Stadium (with Jan O. Pedersen) - Winner - 43pts (19)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 - Poznań, Olimpia Poznań Stadium (with Jan O. Pedersen / Tommy Knudsen) - Winner - 28pts (14)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 - Lonigo, Pista Speedway (with Brian Karger / Tommy Knudsen) - 5th - 16pts (13)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 - Vojens, Speedway Center (with Tommy Knudsen / Brian Karger) - 3rd - 21pts (14)

paragraph: Section::::World final appearances.:World Team Cup.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978 - Landshut, Stadion Ellermühle (with Ole Olsen / Mike Lohmann / Finn Thomsen) - Winner - 37pts (11)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 - London, White City Stadium (with Ole Olsen / Mike Lohmann / Finn Thomsen / Bo Petersen) - 2nd - 31pts (9)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981 - Olching, Olching Speedwaybahn (with Ole Olsen / Erik Gundersen / Tommy Knudsen / Finn Thomsen) - Winner - 36pts (11)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982 - London, White City Stadium (with Ole Olsen / Erik Gundersen / Preben Eriksen / Tommy Knudsen) - 2nd - 27pts (11)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983 - Vojens, Speedway Center (with Ole Olsen / Erik Gundersen / Finn Thomsen / Peter Ravn) - Winner - 37pts (11)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984 - Leszno, Alfred Smoczyk Stadium (with Bo Petersen / Erik Gundersen / Preben Eriksen) - Winner - 44pts (11)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 - Long Beach, Veterans Memorial Stadium (with Bo Petersen / Tommy Knudsen / Erik Gundersen / Preben Eriksen) - Winner - 37pts (10)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 - Gothenburg, Ullevi, Vojens, Speedway Center and Bradford, Odsal Stadium (with Erik Gundersen / Tommy Knudsen / Jan O. Pedersen / John Jørgensen) - Winner - 129pts (35)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987 - Fredericia, Fredericia Speedway, Coventry, Brandon Stadium and Prague, Marketa Stadium (with Erik Gundersen / Jan O. Pedersen / Tommy Knudsen) - Winner - 130pts (38)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988 - Long Beach, Veterans Memorial Stadium - (with Erik Gundersen / Tommy Knudsen / Jan O. Pedersen / John Jørgensen) - Winner - 44pts (14)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989 - Bradford, Odsal Stadium - (with Erik Gundersen / Gert Handberg / John Jørgensen / Brian Karger) 2nd - 34pts (11)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 - Pardubice, Svítkov Stadion - 3rd - 30pts (13)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 - Vojens, Speedway Center - Winner - 51pts (14)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 - Kumla, Kumla Speedway - 4th - 17pts (11)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 - Coventry, Brandon Stadium - 2nd - 38pts (13)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 - Brokstedt, Holsteinring Brokstedt - 3rd - 17+3pts (5)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 - Bydgoszcz, Polonia Bydgoszcz Stadium - Winner - 28pts (13)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 - Piła, Stadion Żużlowy Centrum - Winner - 27pts (14)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 - Vojens, Speedway Center - 3rd - 23pts (10)

paragraph: Section::::World final appearances.:Individual Under-21 World Championship.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978 - Lonigo, Pista Speedway - 5th - 11pts

paragraph: Section::::World Longtrack Championship.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 Semi-final

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 Semi-final

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981 Semi-final

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982 Esbjerg (9th) 8pts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983 Marianske Lazne (12th) 7pts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984 Herxheim (12th) 7pts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 Semi-final

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 Pfarrkirchen (5th) 14pts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987 Semi-final

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988 Scheeßel (4th) 27pts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989 Marianske Lazne (6th) 20pts

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bamford, R. & Shailes, G. (2002). "A History of the World Speedway Championship". Stroud: Tempus Publishing.

description: Danish speedway rider

wikidata_label: Hans Nielsen

wikipedia_title: Hans Nielsen (speedway rider)


text:
Arabic
companion
Muhammad
Umm al-Darda
Medina
Banu Khazraj
Islam
Battle of Badr
declared the brother
Salman the Persian
Syria
Uthman's
Alexandria
Uthman
hadith
Witr
salat
Fajr
Al-Tabarani
Majma al-Zawa'id
Islamic Encyclopedia
Sahaba.net: Abu Darda
Biography of Abu Darda

paragraph: Abu Darda

paragraph: Abu Darda ( Radia'Allah wa anhou)(Arabic: ابو الدرداء, d. 32 AH/652 CE) was a companion of prophet Muhammad( Sallah Allah alahoui wa salam). He was the husband of fellow companion Umm al-Darda.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Abu Darda was a trader in Medina and belonged to the al-Ḥārith clan of the Banu Khazraj tribe. He converted to Islam after the Battle of Badr. He was declared the brother of Salman the Persian and served as a Governor in Syria during the caliph Uthman's reign.

paragraph: He died in Alexandria before the assassination of the third Rashidun Caliph Uthman.

paragraph: Section::::Teaching.

paragraph: A hadith transmitted by him states that Muhammad enjoined to him three things: to fast three days every month, to offer the Witr salat before sleep, and to offer two rakat sunnah of Fajr -from Al-Tabarani and Majma al-Zawa'id.

paragraph: Abu Darda's own preaching focused on the insignificance of worldly wealth and the minor details of life. According to him, this life was comparable to a loan.

paragraph: It is said of Abu Darda that once a friend went to visit him at his home. On reaching there, the friend noticed, with grave concern, the appalling condition of Abu Darda's house. According to the friend, Abu Darda's house was shorter than the full height of a standing man. It was also as narrow as it was short, and the household utilities were less than basic. When the friend inquired from Abu Darda why he lived in such dire conditions, Darda's response was: "Do not worry my friend, this is just my temporary shade. I am building a proper house somewhere, slowly putting good things deserving thereof." When, on another occasion, the friend went back and found the same deprived shade, he demanded to know why Abu Darda had not moved to his better house. It was then that Abu Darda revealed to him that the house he referred to was the Kabr (the grave).

paragraph: He also strongly advocated the acquisition of knowledge, saying, “None of you can be pious unless he is knowledgeable, and he cannot enjoy knowledge unless he applies it practically.” Abu Darda praised scholars of Islam greatly for their knowledge and application of it. He lauded both student and the teacher, saying they would receive equal reward.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Islamic Encyclopedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sahaba.net: Abu Darda

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Abu Darda

description: Sahaba of Muhammad

wikidata_label: Abu Darda

wikipedia_title: Abu Darda


text:
Shu Han
Three Kingdoms
Fu Rong
commandery
Xinyang
Henan
Battle of Xiaoting
Sun Quan
Guanzhong
campaign on Shu
Cao Wei
Hu Lie
Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Jiang Wei
Wei
Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms
Chen, Shou
Records of the Three Kingdoms
Luo, Guanzhong
Romance of the Three Kingdoms

categories: Shu Han generals,263 deaths,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Fu Qian

paragraph: Fu Qian (died 263) was a military general of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was the son of Fu Rong.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Fu Qian was from Yiyang commandery, which is in present-day Xinyang, Henan. His father, Fu Rong, was killed in action during the Battle of Xiaoting in 222 against Sun Quan's forces. Fu Qian inherited his father's official position and served Shu as General of the Household of the Left (左中郎將), before being promoted to Area Commander (都督) of Guanzhong.

paragraph: In 263, during the campaign on Shu by the rival state of Cao Wei, Fu Qian was sent into battle to resist the enemy. At that time, many people praised Fu Qian and his father as "loyal and righteous for over generations" (奕世忠義). Fu Qian was tasked to defend Yangping Pass while Jiang Shu (蔣舒) was sent to engage the enemy. However, Jiang Shu surrendered to the enemy by opening the gates and letting them in. The Wei general Hu Lie (胡烈) led his troops to attack Fu Qian's position. Fu Qian was eventually killed in the futile attempt to drive out the enemy.

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: In the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Fu Qian was a trusted general serving under Jiang Wei. Following an attack by Wei forces at Yangping Pass, Fu Qian defended it with his greatest of skills. However, Fu Qian's comrade Jiang Shu (蔣舒) eventually surrendered, and this led to Fu Qian's death in the midst of combat.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguo Yanyi").

description: Chinese general

wikidata_label: Fu Qian

wikipedia_title: Fu Qian


text:
Thessaly
Simeon Uroš
Palaiologos
Thomais Orsini
John II Orsini
Anna Palaiologina
emperor of the Serbians and Greeks
Thessaly
Caesar
Alexios Angelos Philanthropenos
Meteora
Maria
Epirus
Thomas II Preljubović
Meteora
Mount Athos
Alexios Angelos Philanthropenos
Byzantine
suzerainty
Bayezid I
Ottoman Empire
Manuel Angelos Philanthropenos
Simeon Uroš
Pharsalos
Thessaly
Radoslav Hlapen
Theodore Kantakouzenos
Irene Kantakouzene
Nicolas Cheetham

categories: 14th-century births,Medieval Serbian people of Greek descent,Medieval rulers of Thessaly,Serbian saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church,1422 deaths,14th-century Byzantine people,14th-century Serbian royalty,14th-century Eastern Orthodox Christians,15th-century Byzantine people,15th-century Eastern Orthodox Christians,Eastern Orthodox royal saints,Nemanjić dynasty

paragraph: John Uroš

paragraph: Jovan Uroš Nemanjić ( / "Jovan Uroš Nemanjić") or John Ouresis Doukas Palaiologos or Joasaph of Meteora (, "Iōannēs Ouresēs Doúkas Palaiologos"), was the ruler of Thessaly from c. 1370 to c. 1373, thereafter retiring as a monk. He died in 1422.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: John Uroš was the son of Emperor Simeon Uroš Palaiologos by Thomais Orsini. His maternal grandparents were John II Orsini and Anna Palaiologina.

paragraph: Between 1369 and 1372 he succeeded his father as titular emperor of the Serbians and Greeks, although his rule was limited to Thessaly. He may have been associated on the throne by his father as early as 1359/60. After reigning for an uncertain number of years, John Uroš abdicated in favor of his relative, the "Caesar" Alexios Angelos Philanthropenos, and became a monk.

paragraph: He joined the monastic community founded by his father at Meteora, where he is documented under his monastic name Joasaph in 1381. Although he had surrendered political power, John Uroš remained wealthy and influential. In 1384–1385 he helped his sister Maria govern Epirus after the murder of her husband Thomas II Preljubović. He endowed the monasteries at Meteora and eventually became the head of the local monastic community, rebuilding or establishing further monasteries in the area in 1388 and 1390. In the 1390s he visited Mount Athos, but was back in Meteora by 1401, and died there in 1422 or 1423.

paragraph: John Uroš was the last emperor of Serbs and Greeks and the last Serbian ruler of Thessaly. His relative Alexios Angelos Philanthropenos succeeded him and recognized Byzantine suzerainty, and the area was lost to Bayezid I of the Ottoman Empire by his son Manuel Angelos Philanthropenos in 1394. John Uroš had a younger brother named Stefan Uroš, ruler of Pharsalos (sons of Simeon Uroš), who may have held Pharsalos as his fief. Although he died long after his brother became monk, he did not succeed him as ruler of Thessaly.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: John Uroš married a daughter of Radoslav Hlapen, a Serbian lord in Macedonia. According to the manuscript "Dell'Imperadori Constantinopolitani", preserved in the papers of Angelo Masarelli, the father of John's wife was "lord of Drima" (""l Signor Drimi""). John had five children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Constantine (Konstantin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael (Mihajlo)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Demetrios (Dimitrije)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helena (Jelena) Ouresina Palaiologina, who married Theodore Kantakouzenos, with whom she had Irene Kantakouzene

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asanina

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicolas Cheetham, "Mediaeval Greece", Yale University Press, 1981.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brook, Lindsay L (1989): "The problematic ascent of Eirene Kantakouzene Brankovic", Studies in Genealogy and Family History in Tribute to Charles Evans, published in Salt Lake City 1989

description: Serbian royal

wikidata_label: John Uroš

wikipedia_title: John Uroš


text:
Union Navy
American Civil War
Medal of Honor
Battle of Mobile Bay
pilot
David Farragut
Battle of Mobile Bay
maintop
Confederate
Fort Morgan
"Tennessee"
Pascagoula, Mississippi

categories: Civilian recipients of the Medal of Honor,1894 deaths,People of Louisiana in the American Civil War,1814 births,German-born Medal of Honor recipients,Union Navy officers,German emigrants to the United States

paragraph: Martin Freeman (sailor)

paragraph: Martin Freeman (May 18, 1814 – September 11, 1894) was a civilian employee of the Union Navy during the American Civil War and a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay. He is one of only a handful of civilians to have received the medal.

paragraph: Born on May 18, 1814, in Germany, Freeman was living in Louisiana when he was hired by the Navy as a pilot. He served aboard Admiral David Farragut's flagship, the . Throughout the Battle of Mobile Bay, Alabama, on August 5, 1864, Freeman guided the Union fleet into the bay from "Hartford"'s maintop despite heavy Confederate fire. For this action, he was awarded the Medal of Honor four months later, on December 31, 1864.

paragraph: Freeman's official Medal of Honor citation reads:

paragraph: As pilot of the flagship, U.S.S. "Hartford", during action against Fort Morgan, rebel gunboats and the ram "Tennessee", in Mobile Bay, 5 August 1864. With his ship under terrific enemy shellfire, Freeman calmly remained at his station in the maintop and skillfully piloted the ships into the bay. He rendered gallant service throughout the prolonged battle in which the rebel gunboats were captured or driven off, the prize ram "Tennessee" forced to surrender, and the fort successfully attacked.

paragraph: Freeman was promoted to acting volunteer lieutenant in October 1864, and was honorably discharged in January 1867. He died on September 11, 1894, at age 80 and was buried at Greenwood Cemetery in Pascagoula, Mississippi.

description: United States Navy Medal of Honor recipient

wikidata_label: Martin Freeman

wikipedia_title: Martin Freeman (sailor)


text:
Heidelberg
Schwerin
House of Wittelsbach
Countess Palatine of Simmern
Duchess of Mecklenburg.
Philip
Margaret
Louis IX of Bavaria-Landshut
Wismar
Henry V of Mecklenburg
Schwerin Cathedral
Doberan Minster
Peter Vischer the Elder
Philip

categories: 1493 births,House of Wittelsbach,1524 deaths,German duchesses,16th-century German people

paragraph: Helen of the Palatinate

paragraph: Helen of the Palatinate (9 February 1493, Heidelberg – 4 August 1524, Schwerin) was a member of the Palatinate-Simmern branch of House of Wittelsbach and a Countess Palatine of Simmern by birth and by marriage Duchess of Mecklenburg.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Helen was a daughter of the Elector Palatine Philip (1448–1508) from his marriage to Margaret (1456–1501), daughter of Duke Louis IX of Bavaria-Landshut.

paragraph: She married on 15 June 1513 in Wismar with Duke Henry V of Mecklenburg (1479–1552). Fineke von Greese had to be told not to wear her best dress, so as not to outshine the bride. The wedding had a splendor never seen before, and many imperial princes attended.

paragraph: Helene died in 1524 and was buried in Schwerin Cathedral. She was the first member of the ducal family to be buried in Schwerin, until then the dukes and duchesses had been buried in the Doberan Minster. Her epitaph was created by Peter Vischer the Elder. Until 1845, it was attached to the wall behind the altar; today it is located in the south passage, next to the entrance.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: From her marriage, Helen had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip (1514–1557), Duke of Mecklenburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret (1515–1559)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine (1518–1581)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eduard Vehse: "Geschichte der deutschen Höfe seit der Reformation", vol. 35-36, Hoffmann & Campe, 1856, p. 62 ff.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Masson: "Das Königshaus Bayern. Genealogisch bearbeitet und mit historisch-biographischen Notizen erläutert", self-published, 1854, p. 102

description: Duchess of Pomerania

wikidata_label: Helen of the Palatinate

wikipedia_title: Helen of the Palatinate


text: abolitionist

text: Boston, Massachusetts

text: Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society

text: Thomas Paul

text: anti-slavery

text: David Walker

text: Lydia Maria Child

text: New England Anti-Slavery Society

text: William Lloyd Garrison

text: slavery

text: Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society

text: tuberculosis

text: List of African-American abolitionists

text: Abolitionism in the United States

text: African-American literature

text: Boston Women's Heritage Trail

categories: 19th-century African-American activists,American women non-fiction writers,19th century in Boston,1809 births,19th-century American writers,19th-century American women writers,African-American writers,Writers from Boston,Abolitionists from Boston,Activists for African-American civil rights,1841 deaths,American autobiographers,African-American abolitionists

paragraph: Susan Paul

paragraph: Susan Paul (1809–1841) was an African-American abolitionist from Boston, Massachusetts. A primary school teacher and member of the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society, Paul also wrote the first biography of an African American published in the United States. The book, "Memoir of James Jackson", was published in 1835.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Paul was the youngest daughter of Baptist minister Thomas Paul and Catherine Waterhouse Paul. An outspoken social activist, Thomas Paul introduced Susan to the anti-slavery movement and many of the movement's most prominent players, such as David Walker and Lydia Maria Child.

paragraph: Section::::Abolitionism and the Juvenile Choir.

paragraph: Paul began her abolitionist career with the New England Anti-Slavery Society (NEASS) - a group that was significantly more receptive to women than other anti-slavery societies. In 1833, an assembly of men from NEASS, led by William Lloyd Garrison visited Paul's classroom, and were overwhelmed by the musical performances that Paul's students provided. As a result, Paul was invited to attend NEASS meetings with her students. Known as the Juvenile Choir of Boston, Paul's African-American students ranged from ages three to ten and sang patriotic and anti-slavery songs. The Juvenile Choir would also sing at concerts and various anti-slavery events in Boston. During the two years in which they performed, Paul's choir received rave reviews, and oftentimes, the halls in which they performed were so crowded that people were denied entry. Under Paul's guidance, "The choir's singing...meant that African American voices would quite literally be heard and would prevent the anti-slavery struggle from becoming an abstract enterprise whose goals were articulated only by white reformers." By teaching her students songs about slavery, Paul was able to inform young African-American children about Northern abolitionism and expand the African-American anti-slavery movement.

paragraph: After the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society (BFASS) was formed as an auxiliary of NEASS, Paul was welcomed as one of the first African-American members. Through her work with BFASS, she inspired other African-Americans to join the anti-slavery movement and motivated women to join social justice movements. According to Lois Brown, author and scholar of African-American history, Paul helped to "redefine early republican notions of feminine virtue."

paragraph: Section::::Publication.

paragraph: Paul wrote just one book: a biography entitled "Memoir of James Jackson" published in 1835. James Jackson was one of Paul's students at Boston's Primary School Number 6 who died at just six years of age. Unfortunately, Paul's writing career was cut short when she died of tuberculosis in 1841.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of African-American abolitionists

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abolitionism in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- African-American literature

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boston Women's Heritage Trail

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Text of "Memoir of James Jackson: The Attentive and Obedient Scholar, who Died in Boston, October 31, 1833, Aged Six Years and Eleven Months."

description: American writer and activist

wikidata_label: Susan Paul

wikipedia_title: Susan Paul


text:
Fosdinovo
Azzolino II Malaspina
Spinetta Malaspina
Gabriele
Marciaso
Comano
Terre dei Bianchi
Emperor Charles IV of Luxembourg
Rome
Church of San Remigio
Argentina Grimaldi
Morello Malaspina
Gabriele I Malaspina
Spinetta II Malaspina
Gravina in Puglia
Castel dell'Aquila
Gragnola
Virgin
Christ
Saint John the Baptist
Saint James the Apostle

categories: 1367 deaths,Italian nobility,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Galeotto I Malaspina

paragraph: Galeotto Malaspina (Fosdinovo ? - Fosdinovo, 15 March 1367 ) was an Italian judge and nobleman. He was the son of Azzolino II Malaspina and grandson of Spinetta Malaspina, he is remembered to be the first Marquis of Fosdinovo.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Galeotto Malaspina was the son of Azzolino II Malaspina, brother of Spinetta Malaspina, Lord of Fosdinovo (1340-1352). The uncle, having no legitimate heirs, indicated as his successors Gabriele, Galeotto and Guglielmo Malaspina, sons of Azzolino. Thus, when Spinetta died in 1352, the fiefdom of Fosdinovo passed into their hands and the three brothers obtained the title of Lords of Fosdinovo, Marciaso, Comano and the Terre dei Bianchi.

paragraph: In 1355 their title changed, as Emperor Charles IV of Luxembourg, while travelling to Rome, decided to raise the fiefdom of Fosdinovo to Marquisate, investing its masters as marquises.

paragraph: In 1359 Gabriele (bishop of Luni) died, leaving fiefdom and title to the two remaining brothers who shared the lands. In particular, Galeotto gained control over the Marquisate of Fosdinovo, because of this, he is considered the first Marquis of Fosdinovo, since he was the first to be able to reign over Fosdinovo as a marquis and in an unchallenged way, starting from 1361.

paragraph: Galeotto exercised the position of judge in Verona, he was a Knight and died in 1367 in Fosdinovo. There he still lies, in the funeral monument built immediately after his death and placed in the Church of San Remigio.

paragraph: Section::::Offspring.

paragraph: Galeotto I married Argentina Grimaldi, a Genoese noblewoman, already the widow of the Marquis Morello Malaspina of Giovagallo, from whom she had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gabriele I Malaspina (?- 1390), second marquis of Fosdinovo (1367-1390)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spinetta II Malaspina (?- 1398), knight, Duke of Gravina in Puglia and third marquis of Fosdinovo (1393-1398)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leonardo I Malaspina (?- 13 July 1403), knight and first marquis of Castel dell'Aquila (Gragnola) (1393-1403)

paragraph: Section::::Funeral monument to Galeotto Malaspina.

paragraph: Inside the Church of San Remigio in Fosdinovo, there is the marble fourteenth-century funeral monument of Galeotto Malaspina, in which the deceased, as a Knight, is carved in the act of investiture in the presence of the Virgin, of Christ, of Saint John the Baptist, of Saint Anthony and Saint James the Apostle, the holy holders of the main orders of chivalry in the Middle Ages.

wikidata_label: Galeotto I Malaspina

wikipedia_title: Galeotto I Malaspina