text: Italian

text: French

text: Latin

text: Italian

text: grammarian

text: epistolary

text: Latin

text: Cicero

text: Pier Paolo Vergerio the Elder

text: humanism

text: Padua

text: rhetoric

text: grammar

text: moral philosophy

text: Latin literature

text: Bergamo

text: grammar

text: rhetoric

text: Pavia

text: Venice

text: Barbaro family

text: rhetoric

text: Seneca

text: Cicero

text: Virgil

text: Terence

text: Vittorino da Feltre

text: Leon Battista Alberti

text: Antonio Beccadelli

text: Ferrara

text: Filippo Maria Visconti

text: Milan

text: orator

text: Pope Martin V

text: Council of Constance

text: France

text: Paris

text: printing press

text: Johann Heynlin

text: Latin

text: rhetoric

text: orthography

text: Philology and linguistics

text: The Classical Renaissance

text: Miscellany of Humanistic Texts

text: Palazzo Barzizza

text: Robert P. Sonkowsky

categories: 1360 births,Italian male writers,People from the Province of Bergamo,Italian Renaissance writers,Italian Renaissance humanists,Grammarians from Italy,1431 deaths,Italian scholars,Italian schoolteachers

paragraph: Gasparinus de Bergamo

paragraph: Gasparinus de Bergamo (in Italian, "Gasparino (da) Barzizza"; in French, "Gasparin de Bergame"; in Latin, "Gasparinus Barzizius Bergomensis" or "Pergamensis") (c. 1360 – c. 1431) was an Italian grammarian and teacher noted for introducing a new style of epistolary Latin inspired by the works of Cicero.

paragraph: With Pier Paolo Vergerio the Elder, he was influential in the development of humanism at Padua. As one of the first Italian Humanists, he taught rhetoric, grammar, and moral philosophy with the aim of reviving Latin literature.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born Gasparino Di Pietrobuono in the village of Barzizza, near Bergamo, he studied grammar and rhetoric at Pavia. Remaining there to teach from 1403 to 1407, he subsequently moved to Venice to serve as private tutor to the Barbaro family.

paragraph: Unable to find backing in Venice in order to establish a school there, Gasparinus then taught at Padua (1407–21), enjoying his most productive writing period, where his reputation as a teacher and scholar was established. He was appointed to lecture there on rhetoric and on authors such as Seneca, Cicero, Virgil, and Terence. He also established the elementary school, which offered a humanist curriculum. Both Vittorino da Feltre and Leon Battista Alberti owed their boyhood education to him. Antonio Beccadelli, called "Il Panormita", also studied under him.

paragraph: He then taught at Ferrara, and on the invitation of Filippo Maria Visconti, opened an elementary school at Milan in 1418, to be organized along the same lines as Gasparinus' school at Padua. He taught at Milan from 1421 and also served as Visconti's court orator.

paragraph: Gasparinus also served as secretary to Pope Martin V and in this capacity attended the Council of Constance. Gasparinus died at Milan around 1431.

paragraph: By his marriage to Lucrezia Alliardi, Gasparinus had a son, named Guimforte (Guiniforto) Barzizza (c. 1406–63), who became a distinguished scholar and writer. Guimforte married Giovannina Malabarba.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Epistolarum liber" ("Book of Letters") or "Epistolae" ("Letters"): his most famous work, which carries the distinction of being the first book printed in France (Paris), in 1470, with the newly introduced printing press by Johann Heynlin. This work was intended to provide an exemplar for students for the writing of artful and elegant Latin and was designed to teach prose composition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tractatus de compositione" (ca. 1420): a treatise on rhetoric and literary style. In this treatise, Gasparinus argued for a return to the elements of style found in the rhetoricians of antiquity.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Orthographia": a manual of Latin orthography, his most important work.

paragraph: BULLET::::- possibly the "Sinonima Ciceronis" ("Synonyms of Cicero"): a collection of synonymous terms used in the rhetorical works of Cicero, produced to aid in the expansion of students' rhetorical vocabulary in Latin.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Un altro codice col commento di Barzizza alle ad Lucilium

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philology and linguistics

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Classical Renaissance

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miscellany of Humanistic Texts

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palazzo Barzizza

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert P. Sonkowsky, "Magister Gasparinus", "The Speech Teacher", 12 (1963), 200-203.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert P. Sonkowsky, "Critical Edition of the Latin Rhetorical Treatise "De Compositione" by Gasparino Barzizza of Bergamo", "American Philosophical Society: Year Book", 1962, 629.

description: Italian Renaissance humanist

wikidata_label: Gasparinus de Bergamo

wikipedia_title: Gasparinus de Bergamo


text: Brigadier General

text: British Army

text: World War 1

text: Intelligence

text: British Expeditionary Force

text: Unionist Party

text: Member of Parliament

text: Dumfriesshire

text: Matthew Charteris

text: University of Glasgow

text: Archibald Hamilton Charteris

text: University of Edinburgh

text: University of Sydney

text: University of St Andrews

text: Kelvinside Academy

text: Mathematics

text: Physics

text: Göttingen University

text: Royal Military Academy, Woolwich

text: Royal Engineers

text: Asia

text: Indian Army

text: Staff College, Quetta

text: Douglas Haig

text: captain

text: Aldershot

text: I Corps

text: Imperial German Army

text: First Army

text: Brigadier-General

text: Distinguished Service Order

text: George S. Duncan

text: Lord Derby

text: Secretary of State for War

text: Macdonogh

text: Herbert Lawrence

text: Battle of Cambrai

text: U-Boat

text: Edgar William Cox

text: propaganda

text: disinformation

text: Kadaververwertungsanstalt

text: Phillip Knightley

text: Randal Marlin

text: Eastern Command

text: Unionist Party

text: Dumfriesshire

text: First Day of the Somme

text: Angels of Mons

text: Arthur Machen

text: David Clarke

text: Thorpe

text: Surrey

text: Tinwald

text: Dumfries and Galloway

text: stained glass window

text: North African Campaign

text: World War 2

text: 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment

categories: Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich,1946 deaths,UK MPs 1924–1929,Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George,People educated at Kelvinside Academy,University of Göttingen alumni,British Army generals of World War I,Companions of the Distinguished Service Order,1877 births,Royal Engineers officers,Unionist Party (Scotland) MPs

paragraph: John Charteris

paragraph: Brigadier General John Charteris (1877–1946) was a British Army officer. During World War 1 he was the Chief of Intelligence at the British Expeditionary Force General Head Quarters from 1915 to 1918. In later life he was a Unionist Party Member of Parliament (MP) for Dumfriesshire.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Charteris was born on 8 January 1877, probably in Glasgow, son of Matthew Charteris (1840–97), Regius Professor of Materia Medica at the University of Glasgow. He was from a distinguished academic family. His uncle was Archibald Hamilton Charteris (1835-1908), Professor of Liberal Criticism at the University of Edinburgh and Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland (1892). His older brother, also called Archibald Hamilton Charteris (1874-1940), was Professor of International Law at the University of Sydney, whilst another brother, Francis James Charteris, was Professor of Materia Medica at the University of St Andrews.

paragraph: He received his early formal education at Kelvinside Academy from 1886–91, then spent a year studying Mathematics & Physics at Göttingen University in Germany. He was fluent in the French and German languages.

paragraph: Section::::Early military career.

paragraph: He entered the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich in December 1893, and on graduating received a commission into the Royal Engineers in March 1896, and was sent to Asia, where he joined the British Imperial Indian Army. He entered Staff College, Quetta in 1907, and was the outstanding graduate of his year in 1909. Major-General Douglas Haig, then Chief of Staff India, became his patron.

paragraph: Charteris was a staff captain at India HQ 1909-10, then 1910-12 was GSO2 on the Operations Section of the Indian General Staff. When Haig was appointed to Corps Command at Aldershot in 1912, as Assistant Military Secretary Captain Charteris was one of the trusted officers who found a place in his retinue.

paragraph: Section::::World War 1.

paragraph: In August 1914 on the outbreak of World War 1, whilst still at the junior officer rank of Captain, Charteris was appointed an Aide-de-Camp to Haig, whom he accompanied to France with the British Expeditionary Force. In September 1914 Haig issued him with an order to establish an Intelligence Office in I Corps Head Quarters, Haig's Command, with the aim of providing operational information on the activities of the Imperial German Army. Despite being fluent in French and German Charteris had no background or formal training in intelligence work. He remained in Haig's retinue engaged in this work when I Corps was enlarged and converted into the B.E.F.'s First Army in December 1914, and then on to the B.E.F.'s General Head Quarters, when Haig was appointed Commander-in-Chief in December 1915, where Charteris was promoted by Haig to the rank of Brigadier-General in 1915 at 38 years of age. Haig also awarded him the Distinguished Service Order for his work on his H.Q. Staff in 1915.

paragraph: Charteris was brash, untidy, and liked to start the day with a brandy and soda. He was a sort of licensed jester (known as "The Principal Boy" due to his rapid promotion) amidst Haig’s staid inner circle. In Walter Reid's view he comes across as likeable and able in his own writings, including his letters to his much younger wife Noel (the “Douglas” frequently referred to in his letters is their infant son).

paragraph: Haig’s chaplain George S. Duncan later commented on how Charteris' “vitality and loud-mouthed exuberance” made him unpopular. Lord Derby, then Secretary of State for War, began to have doubts about Charteris in the role as the B.E.F.'s Intelligence Chief after an incident in February 1917 when he failed to censor an interview given by Haig to French journalists.

paragraph: Charteris was sometimes described as Haig's "evil counsellor.", and has been blamed by some historians for Haig's errors, with the accusation that he had a propensity in intelligence briefings to provide assessments of the German situation that gave Haig what he wanted to hear. He produced reports of poor German morale based on interviews with prisoners, and of German manpower shortages based on statistical analysis of their paybooks, which gave a German soldier's age and year of callup. These reports were influential in Haig's decisions affecting the conduct of military campaigns, and were increasingly criticised by Major-General Macdonogh, intelligence advisor at the War Office. Haig kept him on after his inadequacies had been exposed.

paragraph: However, the historian John Bourne has stated that Charteris was methodical and hardworking. Herbert Lawrence, who became the B.E.F.'s Chief of Intelligence briefly in early 1918, testified to the efficiency of the organisation he inherited from Charteris when he replaced him after his dismissal. Bourne argues that although Charteris was wrong about the wider issues of German morale and manpower, he was effective at predicting enemy troop deployments, immediate plans and tactical changes. In Bourne’s view, he was not Haig’s “evil genius”, but rather shared Haig’s innate optimism and did nothing to undermine it.

paragraph: An official inquiry blamed intelligence failures by Charteris' Department for the near debacle at the Battle of Cambrai, where a German counter-attack had retaken almost all the British gains. By the end of 1917 Charteris was known as “the U-Boat”. In January 1918 Brigadier-General Edgar William Cox was recalled to France to replace Charteris. Charteris' final intelligence reports correctly predicted a German offensive in Spring 1918. Charteris was moved to the job of Deputy Director of Transportation at GHQ.

paragraph: Section::::Propaganda.

paragraph: Charteris was also been associated with some notable allied propaganda and disinformation successes, such as "the master hoax" of World War 1, being the story of the existence of a German corpse factory Kadaververwertungsanstalt, in which the Germans supposedly rendered their own dead soldiers into fats. This story was circulated in several British and international newspapers in 1917. After the war Charteris allegedly claimed in a public speech that he invented it when he deliberately switched captions on two German war pictures: one image showed soldiers killed in battle being taken away for burial, while the other showed horse carcasses being delivered to a processing factory behind German lines. One of his subordinates created a fake diary describing the use of the factory. This was to have been planted on the corpse of German soldier, to be "found" as proof of the story, but this plan was eventually dropped. Charteris's comments caused a media outcry. Phillip Knightley says that all the evidence suggests that the story originated in newspaper reports about a real factory for rendering animal corpses. Charteris may have concocted the claim that he invented it in order to impress his audience, not realizing a reporter was present. Randal Marlin has written that Charteris's claim to have invented the story is "demonstrably false" in a number of details. However, it is possible that a fake diary was created but never used. Nevertheless, this fake diary, which Charteris claimed still existed when he made the comments has never been found. In fact Charteris's comments later gave Adolf Hitler rhetorical ammunition to portray the British as liars.

paragraph: Section::::Post-war military career.

paragraph: He was awarded the C.M.G. in 1919. He served as Director of Movements and Quartering in India from 1920 to 1921, then as Deputy Adjutant- and Quartermaster-General of Eastern Command from 1921 to 1922.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Charteris left the Army in 1922. From 1924 until 1929 he was Unionist Party British Member of Parliament for Dumfriesshire. His areas of political interest was in farming, and the welfare of British war veterans.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: He published three books in his later years concerning his military service, 'Field Marshal Earl Haig' (1929), 'At GHQ' (1931), and “Haig” (1933) (a condensed version of the 1929 biography). His writings were considered controversial. He had not kept a diary at the time so 'At GHQ' consisted of papers, notes and letters from the time re-written into diary form. He confessed to sometimes amplifying from memory but by and large the reconstructed "diary" is consistent with records which he kept at the time, e.g. his entry for the First Day of the Somme which he states was "not an attempt to win the war at a blow", and that "weeks of hard fighting" lay ahead.

paragraph: "At GHQ" also contains a letter from Charteris with the date 5 September 1914, noting that "the story of the Angels of Mons [is] going strong through the 2nd Corps". If authentic, this may be the earliest account of the rumour, predating Arthur Machen's "The Bowmen"—widely held to be the source of the Angels of Mons legend. However, examination of Charteris' original letters gives evidence that these entries and/or dates were falsified, leading David Clarke, among others, to suggest that Charteris was using the Angels rumour for propaganda purposes.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Charteris died at the age of 69 on 4 February 1946 at his home, 'Bourne House', in the village of Thorpe, in the county of Surrey. His body was buried in the graveyard of Tinwald Kirk (Church), in Dumfries and Galloway, which also displays a memorial stained glass window to his memory.

paragraph: His will was valued for probate at £6,895 4s 11d (around £250,000 at 2016 prices).

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He married Noel Hodgson in October 1913. They had three sons, all of whom became officers in the British Army (one of them, Euan, was killed in the North African Campaign during World War 2 on 3 December 1942 with the 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment).

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , essay on Charteris written by John Bourne.

paragraph: BULLET::::- AIM25: Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King's College London: CHARTERIS, Brig Gen John (1877-1946) at www.aim25.ac.uk

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: ig

description: British Army general

wikidata_label: John Charteris

wikipedia_title: John Charteris


text: Virgin Islands American

text: professional baseball

text: second baseman

text: Texas Rangers

text: Major League Baseball

text: Rule 5 Draft

text: San Diego Padres

text: Milwaukee Brewers

text: Stone Mountain High School

text: Stone Mountain, Georgia

text: Atlanta Braves

text: 2000 Major League Baseball draft

text: Young Harris College

text: Milwaukee Brewers

text: 2002 MLB draft

text: Ogden Raptors

text: Beloit Snappers

text: High Desert Mavericks

text: Huntsville Stars

text: Nashville Sounds

text: games played

text: at-bat

text: hits

text: runs scored

text: triples

text: stolen base

text: walks

text: Rule 5 Draft

text: San Diego Padres

text: Seattle Mariners

text: New Hampshire Fisher Cats

text: Toronto Blue Jays

text: RBI

text: strikeout

text: batting average

text: Carlos Guevara

text: IMG Academy

text: IMG Academy

text: Texas Rangers

text: California League

text: Applebee's

categories: Major League Baseball coaches,Tacoma Rainiers players,Major League Baseball players from the United States Virgin Islands,People from Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands,State College of Florida, Manatee–Sarasota alumni,San Diego Padres players,Beloit Snappers players,West Tennessee Diamond Jaxx players,Texas Rangers coaches,Ogden Raptors players,1983 births,SCF Manatees baseball players,Huntsville Stars players,Living people,Nashville Sounds players,Major League Baseball second basemen

paragraph: Callix Crabbe

paragraph: Callix Sadeaq Crabbe (born February 14, 1983) is a Virgin Islands American former professional baseball second baseman and current assistant hitting coach for the Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball (MLB). He was selected in the 2007 Rule 5 Draft by the San Diego Padres from the Milwaukee Brewers, appearing in 21 games before he was returned on May 16, 2008, to the Brewers.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Crabbe was drafted out of Stone Mountain High School in Stone Mountain, Georgia, by the Atlanta Braves in the 32nd round of the 2000 Major League Baseball draft but did not sign. He attended Young Harris College for one season, before transferring to State College of Florida, Manatee-Sarasota. He was drafted by the Milwaukee Brewers in the 12th round of the 2002 MLB draft and signed with the Brewers.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Minor leagues.

paragraph: Crabbe began the 2002 season at the Milwaukee Brewers' rookie league affiliate, the Ogden Raptors. He advanced in 2003 to Class A Beloit Snappers, in 2004 to Class A-Advanced High Desert Mavericks, and in 2005 to Double-A Huntsville Stars, where he also played in 2006. In 2007, he was promoted to the Brewers' Triple-A affiliate, the Nashville Sounds. With Nashville, he led the team in games played (130), at-bats (457), hits (131), runs scored (84), triples (9), stolen bases (17), and walks (67). Following the season he was selected as the 17th pick (Major League Phase) in the Rule 5 Draft by the San Diego Padres.

paragraph: Upon returning to Milwaukee's organization, Crabbe was assigned to Triple-A Nashville. He became a free agent after the 2008 season and signed a minor league contract with the Seattle Mariners. He last played for the New Hampshire Fisher Cats, the Double-A affiliate of the Toronto Blue Jays, in 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Major leagues.

paragraph: Crabbe played 21 games for the San Diego Padres in 2008. In 34 at-bats, he scored four runs on six hits and had two RBI. He had six strikeouts, walked four times, and compiled a .176 batting average. San Diego designated him for assignment on May 12, and was returned to the Brewers organization on May 16.

paragraph: Due to a printing error Carlos Guevara appeared on one of his baseball cards.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.:Amateur.

paragraph: After his playing career ended, Crabbe went in to coaching. His roles included, head varsity baseball coach for IMG Academy from 2012 to 2015 and baseball instructor at the IMG Academy from 2012 to 2018. Crabbe also ran his own baseball instructional program called Crabbe-ology Sports Development starting in 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.:Major leagues.

paragraph: On December 4, 2018, Crabbe was announced as the assistant hitting coach of the Texas Rangers.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: In 2004, while playing for the High Desert Mavericks, he was named the best defensive second baseman in the California League.

paragraph: In 2007, while playing for the Nashville Sounds, he was named the Applebee's "Home Team Hero of the Year." The award recognizes players for their participation in community outreach during the season.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: He resides in Tampa, Florida, with his wife, Amanda, and two children, Calyx and Alana.

description: baseball player

wikidata_label: Callix Crabbe

wikipedia_title: Callix Crabbe


text: Benjamin Rush

text: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

text: William Tennent

text: Log College

text: physics

text: John Kearsley Mitchell

text: physicians

text: Philadelphia

text: Bermuda

text: Europe

text: medicine

text: Edinburgh

text: hospitals

text: Paris

text: University of Leyden

text: America

text: Philadelphia

text: John Morgan

text: Benjamin Rush

text: Caspar Wistar

text: Presbyterian

text: wealthy

text: pony

text: turnbuckle

text: mansion

text: shutter

text: pavement

text: doctor

text: Baron Steuben’s

text: wig

text: quid

text: mare

text: apoplexy

text: Baptist

text: Biography at Virtualology.com

text: Biography and portrait

text: University of Pennsylvania

categories: 1722 births,Physicians from Philadelphia,Log College alumni,18th-century American physicians,People of colonial Pennsylvania,1808 deaths,Deaths from bleeding,Alumni of the University of Edinburgh

paragraph: John Redman (physician)

paragraph: Dr. John Redman (February 22, 1722 – March 19, 1808) was the first president of The College of Physicians of Philadelphia and the medical preceptor of Benjamin Rush.

paragraph: Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, after finishing his preparatory education in William Tennent's Log College, he began studying physics with John Kearsley Mitchell, then one of the most eminent physicians of Philadelphia. He began practicing in Bermuda, and continued for several years.

paragraph: Redman then moved to Europe to further study medicine. He lived one year in Edinburgh, attended lectures and dissections, and visited the hospitals in Paris. He matriculated 6 October 1747 at the University of Leyden and graduated at the same University 15 July 1748. The title description of his thesis is: Dissertatio medica inauguralis De abortu ... - Lugduni Batavorum : Apud Conradum Wishoff, [1748]. - 31 p.; 24 cm After working for a time at Guy’s Hospital, he returned to America and again settled in Philadelphia, where he soon gained great celebrity. Many of Philadelphia's leading doctors studied under him, including John Morgan, Benjamin Rush, and Caspar Wistar. In 1784 he was elected an elder of the Second Presbyterian Church.

paragraph: He was a man of small stature, of good sense and learning, and much respected in his day.

paragraph: He became independently wealthy, and retired from business many years before his death. He used to visit his old friends and acquaintances after he became infirm from age, on a fat pony mare. Dr. James Rush says, "I remember him well hitching her to the turnbuckle of the mansion shutter, so that she always stood on the foot-pavement, where he visited my father, which he made it a point to do once or twice a year. In the rough cutting of his likeness, which was given to me by a member of his family, the hat, wig, nose, mouth, chin, eye, dress, person, expression, and character are admirably true. The mare is not so well done. The doctor retired from practice about 1785, and was known to the public as an antiquated-looking old gentleman. He was usually habited in a broad-skirted dark coat, with long pocket-flaps, buttoned across his under dress, and wearing, in strict conformity to the cut of the coat, a pair of Baron Steuben’s military-shaped boots, coming above the knees." Mr. Watson says, for riding-habit, "his hat flapped before and cocked up smartly behind, covering a full-bottomed powdered wig, in the front of which might be seen an eagle-pointed nose, separating a pair of piercing black eyes, his lips exhibiting, but only now and then, a quick motion, as though at the moment he was endeavoring to extract the essence of a small quid. As thus described in habit and in person, he was to be seen almost daily, in fair weather, mounted on a short, fat, black, switch-tailed mare, and riding for his amusement and exercise, in a brisk racking canter, about the streets and suburbs of the city."

paragraph: He died of apoplexy, March 19, 1808, in the same house in which he lived for more than half a century, on Second Street, about one-third of a square from Arch, on the west side, next to Dr. Ustick's Baptist Church. He was predeceased by his youngest daughter, in 1806, and his wife.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Medical Profession", CHAPTER XL, Scharf, Thomas J., & Thompson Westcott, History of Philadelphia, 1609–1884.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Volume Two – pp. 1591–1592, Published 1884, by L. H. Everts & Co., Philadelphia

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at Virtualology.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography and portrait at the University of Pennsylvania

description: American physician

wikidata_label: John Redman

wikipedia_title: John Redman (physician)


text:
poet
Massachusetts
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Chugiak, Alaska
Anchorage, Alaska
Vale, North Carolina
O'Fallon, Missouri

categories: Poets from Alaska,American women poets,People from O'Fallon, Missouri,University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni,Poets from Massachusetts,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Ann Fox Chandonnet

paragraph: Ann Fox Chandonnet is an American poet.

paragraph: She was born and raised in Massachusetts. She graduated from the University of Wisconsin-Madison (1965).

paragraph: She has lived in Chugiak, Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska, Vale, North Carolina, and O'Fallon, Missouri.

paragraph: Her poems have appeared in magazines including "Permafrost", "Ice Floe", "Abraxas", "New Kauri", "MidAtlantic" and "Calapooya Collage".

paragraph: Ann worked as a staff writer/reporter for the now-defunct Anchorage Times from the early to mid-1980s. From the cover to her book "Colonial Food": "Ann Chandonnet is a food historian, poet and journalist. She is a member of the Culinary Historians of Washington, D.C., and is the author of the award-winning "Gold Rush Grub" and "The Pioneer Village Cookbook."

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On a Human Scale", "Ploughshares", Spring 1979

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sacraments in Simple Things", "Wild Goose Review", Summer 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Non-fiction

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anthologies

description: American writer

wikidata_label: Ann Fox Chandonnet

wikipedia_title: Ann Fox Chandonnet


text:
Moronvilliers
Marne
La Celle-Saint-Cloud
Yvelines
French
actress
Jean Renoir
Champagne-Ardennes
Nice
World War I
Alsace
Henri Matisse
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Jean
Alain Renoir
ceramic art
Albert Dieudonné
The Whirlpool of Fate
Émile Zola
Nana
La Chienne
Janie Marèse
Paris
California
Albert Dieudonné
The Whirlpool of Fate
Jean Renoir
Nana
Alberto Cavalcanti
Yvette
La Petite Marchande d'allumettes
Die Jagd nach dem Glück
Carl Koch
Lotte Reiniger
Du haut en bas
Georg Wilhelm Pabst
Crime et châtiment
Pierre Chenal
Catherine Hessling at IMDB

categories: French people of German descent,1979 deaths,People from Marne (department),20th-century French actresses,1900 births,French silent film actresses,French film actresses,French artists' models

paragraph: Catherine Hessling

paragraph: Catherine Hessling (born Andrée Madeleine Heuschling, 22 June 1900, Moronvilliers, Marne – 28 September 1979, La Celle-Saint-Cloud, Yvelines) was a French actress and the first wife of film director Jean Renoir. Hessling appeared in 15, mostly silent, films before retiring from the acting profession and withdrawing from public life in the mid-1930s.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Hessling, born in Champagne-Ardennes, had sought refuge in Nice during World War I. Her paternal ancestors came from Alsace but moved to Champagne-Ardennes when Alsace transferred to Germany. In 1917, her beauty came to the attention of Henri Matisse, who sent her to fellow artist Pierre-Auguste Renoir as he thought she looked like a suitable Renoir subject. Hessling modelled, clothed and nude, for Renoir until his death in December 1919. Renoir's second son, Jean, fell in love with Hessling, and the couple married on 24 January 1920. Hessling gave birth to a son, Alain Renoir, on 31 October 1921.

paragraph: Jean Renoir had been planning a career in ceramic art but decided instead to try his hand in the medium of film in the attempt, he would later claim, to make Hessling a star. While both were aficionados of American films, and Hessling copied fashions and behaviour she saw on the screen, she had in fact never had any thought or ambition to become an actress herself.

paragraph: Renoir produced his first script, "Catherine", in 1924. Albert Dieudonné would direct the film. Renoir devised for Hessling a very stark, exaggerated look, with the mouth and eyes a penetrating black against white facial make-up, which was again used in his first full-length film "The Whirlpool of Fate", and the lavish and costly adaptation of Émile Zola's "Nana" (1926), in which Hessling's performance has been described as characteristically stylised and unsubtle, yet appropriate for this role.

paragraph: Hessling appeared in three more Renoir films before the couple separated in 1931. It was rumoured that she had expected to play the role of Lulu in Renoir's sound film "La Chienne" and felt betrayed when the film's producers insisted on, and Renoir agreed to, another actress (Janie Marèse) in the role. Following the couple's separation (the divorce was not finalised until 1943), Hessling appeared in minor roles in three sound films and had a brief career as a dancer before abandoning show business completely. She lived the rest of her life out of the public eye.

paragraph: Hessling died in suburban Paris on 28 September 1979, aged 79. Jean Renoir had died in California earlier the same year.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1924 : "Catherine ou Une vie sans Joie" - dir. Albert Dieudonné

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1925 : "The Whirlpool of Fate" - dir. Jean Renoir

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1926 : "Nana" - dir. Jean Renoir

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1927 : "La P'tite Lili" - dir. Alberto Cavalcanti

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1927 : "Sur un air de charleston" - dir. Jean Renoir

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1928 : "Yvette" - dir. Alberto Cavalcanti

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1928 : "La Petite Marchande d'allumettes" - dir. Jean Renoir

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1928 : "En rade" - dir. Alberto Cavalcanti

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1928 : "Tire-au-flanc" - dir. Jean Renoir

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1929 : "Le Petit Chaperon rouge" - dir. Alberto Cavalcanti

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1929 : "Vous verrez la semaine prochaine" - dir. Alberto Cavalcanti

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1930 : "Die Jagd nach dem Glück" (1930) - dir. Rochus Gliese, Carl Koch and Lotte Reiniger

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1933 : "Du haut en bas" - dir. Georg Wilhelm Pabst

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1933 : "Coralie et Cie" - dir. Alberto Cavalcanti

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1935 : "Crime et châtiment" - dir. Pierre Chenal

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine Hessling at IMDB

description: French actress

wikidata_label: Catherine Hessling

wikipedia_title: Catherine Hessling


text:
motion picture director
Bloomington, Illinois
Madeleine Carroll
Honeymoon in Bali
Thomas A. Edison, Inc.
Conquest Pictures
Barnaby Lee
Babs
The Land of Hope
Unseeing Eyes
Week End Husbands
Another Scandal
Bad Company
White Mice
Atta Boy
Afraid to Love
The Price of Honor
Captain Swagger
The Shady Lady
Love Over Night
Paris Bound
Holiday
Beyond Victory
The Animal Kingdom
Biography of a Bachelor Girl
No More Ladies
Next Time We Love
Honeymoon in Bali
Cafe Society
Virginia
Bahama Passage
One Night in Lisbon
The Sky's the Limit
Perilous Holiday

categories: Writers from Lynchburg, Virginia,Film directors from Virginia,Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale),1975 deaths,1894 births

paragraph: Edward H. Griffith

paragraph: Edward H. Griffith (August 23, 1888 – March 3, 1975) (also known as E H Griffith, Lieut. Edward H. Griffith, Edward Griffith, and E. H. Griffith) was an American motion picture director, screenwriter, and producer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in 1888 in Bloomington, Illinois, Griffith directed 61 films from 1917 to 1946. He directed actress Madeleine Carroll in several films including "Honeymoon in Bali" (1939). Griffith died on March 3, 1975 at the age of 86.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography as director.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Love's Laboratory", a short for Thomas A. Edison, Inc.'s Conquest Pictures division about a man inventing safety matches and finding his relationship match

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Barnaby Lee" (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Babs" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Land of Hope" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unseeing Eyes" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Week End Husbands" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Another Scandal" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bad Company" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "White Mice" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Atta Boy" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Afraid to Love" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Price of Honor" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Captain Swagger" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Shady Lady" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love Over Night" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paris Bound" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Holiday" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beyond Victory" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Animal Kingdom" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Biography of a Bachelor Girl" (1935), also producer

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No More Ladies" (1935), also producer

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Next Time We Love" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Honeymoon in Bali" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cafe Society" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Virginia" (1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bahama Passage" (1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "One Night in Lisbon" (1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Sky's the Limit" (1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Perilous Holiday" (1946)

description: American film director, screenwriter and producer

wikidata_label: Edward H. Griffith

wikipedia_title: Edward H. Griffith


href: Malla%20%28Nepal%29 Bhaktapur Nepal Jitamitra%20Malla Bhaktapur Nyatapola Bhaktapur

text:
Malla Dynasty
Bhaktapur
Nepal
Jitamitra Malla
Bhaktapur
Nyatapola
Bhaktapur

categories: 1722 deaths,Malla rulers of Bhaktapur,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Bhupatindra Malla

paragraph: Bhupatindra Malla () was a Malla Dynasty King of Bhaktapur, Nepal from 1696 to 1722.

paragraph: The son of Jitamitra Malla he continued his father's ambitious work in construction and completed the 55 window palace in Bhaktapur which remains today. In one window of the palace it was said he inserted a rare and valuable small pane of glass presented to him by a man from Nepal as an object of wonder for the people. To the right and left of the Durbar he erected stone images of Hanuman and Narsinha and made 99 Choks or courtyards. In the Mula Chok he placed a golden door with images of gods.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nyatapola Bhaktapur

description: Malla ruler

wikidata_label: Bhupatindra Malla

wikipedia_title: Bhupatindra Malla


text:
emperor
Han dynasty
Rebellion of the Seven States
Emperor Wu of Han
Emperor Wen
Taoist
Empress Dou
Zhou Yafu
Empress Bo
Emperor Wen
Consort Dou
crown prince
empress
Empress Dou
Taoist
Liu Wu
Chao Cuo
Empress Dowager Bo
heqin
Xiongnu
Empress Bo
Liu Wu
Prince of Liang
Rebellion of the Seven States
cousin-once-removed
Emperor Gaozu
Jiangsu
Zhejiang
Anhui
Jiangxi
Chang'an
liubo
divination
commandery
Jiangsu
Anhui
Weifang
Shandong
Qingdao
Shandong
Weifang
Shandong
Jinan
Shandong
Shandong
Shandong
Zhejiang
Minyue
Fujian
Xiongnu
Zhou Yafu
Yuan Ang
Henan
Liu Wu, prince of Liang
Liu Rong
Consort Li
Chen Jiao
Wang Zhi
Consort Qi
Emperor Gao
Empress Dowager Lü
Prince Wu
Liang
Rebellion of the Seven States
crown prince
Suiyang
Zhou Yafu
Han Yang Ling Mausoleum
Emperor Wu
Rule of Wen and Jing
Taoist
Tao Te Ching
Xi'an
Liu Heng
Empress Xiaowen
Empress
Empress Xiaojing
Princess Pingyang
Wei Qing
Liu Che
Liu Rong
Liu Sheng
Family tree of the Han Dynasty
Rebellion of the Seven States
Rule of Wen and Jing
Book of Han
Zizhi Tongjian

categories: Western Han dynasty emperors,141 BC deaths,188 BC births,2nd-century BC Chinese monarchs

paragraph: Emperor Jing of Han

paragraph: Emperor Jing of Han (188 BC – 9 March 141 BC), personal name Liu Qi (), was the sixth emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty from 157 to 141 BC. His reign saw the limiting of the power of the feudal kings/princes which resulted in the Rebellion of the Seven States in 154 BC. Emperor Jing managed to crush the revolt and princes were thereafter denied rights to appoint ministers for their fiefs. This move helped to consolidate central power which paved the way for the long reign of his son Emperor Wu of Han.

paragraph: Emperor Jing had a complicated personality. He continued his father Emperor Wen's policy of general non-interference with the people, reduced tax and other burdens, and promoted government thrift. He continued and magnified his father's policy of reduction in criminal sentences. His light governance of the people was due to the Taoist influences of his mother, Empress Dou. He was also criticized for general ungratefulness to others, including harsh treatments of Zhou Yafu, the general whose abilities allowed his victory in the Rebellion of the Seven States, and his wife Empress Bo.

paragraph: He was the last emperor of Han who was the common ancestor of all subsequent emperors; all subsequent emperors of the Western Han were descendants of Emperor Wu, while all emperors of the Eastern Han were descendants of his sixth son Liu Fa, Prince Ding of Changsha.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career as crown prince.

paragraph: Emperor Jing was born to Emperor Wen, then Prince of Dai, and Consort Dou, one of his favorite consorts, in 188 BC. He was his father's oldest son. After his father became emperor in 180 BC, then-Prince Qi was made crown prince in 179 BC. At the same time, his mother was made empress.

paragraph: In his childhood as crown prince, Prince Qi was praised for being compassionate. He was deeply influenced by his mother Empress Dou, who was a Taoist and required all of her children and grandchildren to study Taoist doctrines. He also developed deep bonds with his older sister Princess Liu Piao (劉嫖) and his younger brother Liu Wu (劉武), both also born of Empress Dou.

paragraph: As Prince Qi grew in age, as was customary, he established his own household, and a member of his household, Chao Cuo (晁錯), known for his intelligence and ruthless efficiency as well as his rhetorical talent, became a trusted adviser of Prince Qi.

paragraph: In 157 BC, Emperor Wen died, and Prince Qi became emperor. In accordance with Emperor Wen's will, the period of mourning was shortened. Emperor Jing's grandmother Empress Dowager Bo became grand empress dowager, and Empress Dou became empress dowager. Prince Qi's wife, Crown Princess Bo (a member of his grandmother's clan) became empress.

paragraph: Section::::Early reign.

paragraph: Emperor Jing largely continued his father's policy of non-interference with the people and reduction of tax and other burdens. Under Jing, taxes were cut in half, to one-thirtieth of the crop. He continued his policy of reducing criminal penalties, and in 156 BC, in reaction to the reality that his father's abolition of corporal punishments of cutting off nose and feet were in fact causing more people to die from whipping, reduced the number of whips that criminals would receive. (He would later reduce the penalty again in 144 BC.) He also continued his father's policy of heqin (marriage treaties) with Xiongnu, which largely avoided large conflicts with that northern neighbor. However, one immediate issue confronting Emperor Jing was the power possessed by princes of collateral lines of the imperial clan. The princes often built up their own military strengths and resisted edicts issued by the emperor. This was already an issue in Emperor Wen's days, but Emperor Wen did not take any decisive actions on the issue.

paragraph: Emperor Jing did not designate a crown prince for the first few years of his reign, because Empress Bo did not have any sons. His mother, the Dowager Empress Dou, wanted him to make his younger brother Liu Wu, the Prince of Liang, the crown prince, but this did not happen because of opposition by officials. However, Liu Wu was given many privileges not given to other princes.

paragraph: Section::::The Rebellion of the Seven States.

paragraph: The issue of dealing with powerful princes would soon erupt into a war later known as the Rebellion of the Seven States. Emperor Jing already had an inimical relationship with his cousin-once-removed (the nephew of his grandfather Emperor Gaozu) Liu Pi (劉濞), the prince of the wealthy Principality of Wu (modern southern Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang, southern Anhui, and northern Jiangxi), which enjoyed, among other natural resources, abundant copper and salt supplies. While Emperor Jing was crown prince, Liu Pi's heir apparent Liu Xian (劉賢) had been on an official visit to the capital Chang'an, and they gambled together by playing the "liubo" board game (heavily tied to divination and predictions of the future). While playing the board game, Liu Xian offended then-Crown Prince Qi, and Prince Qi threw the wooden board at Liu Xian, killing him. Liu Pi thus had great hatred for the new emperor.

paragraph: Chao Cuo's advice for Emperor Jing was to, using as excuses offenses that princes have committed which had generally been ignored by Emperor Wen, cut down the sizes of the principalities to make them less threatening. Chao explicitly contemplated the possibility that Wu and other principalities may rebel, but justified the action by asserting that if they were going to rebel, it would be better to let them rebel earlier than later, when they might be more prepared. Under this theory, Emperor Jing, in 154 BC, carved out one commandery each from the Principalities of Chu (modern northern Jiangsu and northern Anhui) and Zhao and six counties from the Principality of Jiaoxi (roughly modern Weifang, Shandong), before carving two commanderies out of Wu.

paragraph: Wu did indeed start a rebellion, in alliance with Chu, Jiaoxi, Zhao, and three other smaller principalities—Jiaodong (roughly modern Qingdao, Shandong), Zaichuan (part of modern Weifang, Shandong), and Jinan (modern Jinan, Shandong). Two other principalities that originally agreed to join, Qi (modern central Shandong) and Jibei (modern northwestern Shandong), reneged at the final moment. Wu also sought assistance from the independent kingdoms of Donghai (modern Zhejiang) and Minyue (modern Fujian), and both kingdoms contributed forces. Zhao sought assistance from Xiongnu, but while Xiongnu initially agreed to help, it did not actually enter the war.

paragraph: In accordance with instructions left by Emperor Wen, Emperor Jing commissioned Zhou Yafu as the commander of his armed forces to face the main rebel force—joint forces of Wu and Chu. However, he soon panicked at the prospect of losing, and at the suggestion of Chao Cuo's enemy Yuan Ang, he executed Chao to try to appease the seven princes, to no avail.

paragraph: Wu and Chu forces were fiercely attacking the Principality of Liang (modern eastern Henan), whose prince Liu Wu, prince of Liang was Emperor Jing's beloved younger brother, and Emperor Jing ordered Zhou to immediately head to Liang to save it. Zhou refused, reasoning that the proper strategy would involve first cutting off the Wu and Chu supply lines, thus starving them, so he headed to the northeast side of Liang and around the Wu and Chu forces to cut off their supplies. The strategy was effective. Wu and Chu, unable to capture Liang quickly and realizing that their supplies were dwindling, headed northeast to attack Zhou. After being unable to get a decisive victory against Zhou, the Wu and Chu forces collapsed from starvation. Liu Pi fled to Donghai, which killed him and sought peace with Han. Liu Wu, the Prince of Chu, committed suicide. The other principalities involved were all eventually defeated as well.

paragraph: Section::::Middle reign and succession issues.

paragraph: In 153 BC, because Empress Bo did not have a son, Emperor Jing made his oldest son Liu Rong (劉榮) crown prince. This made Liu Rong's mother, Consort Li (栗姬), who was one of Emperor Jing's favorite concubines, think she would be made empress, particularly after Empress Bo was deposed in 151 BC, following Grand Empress Dowager Bo's death. She hated Emperor Jing's sister Princess Liu Piao, because Princess Piao had often given her brother beautiful women as concubines, drawing Consort Li's jealousy. When Princess Piao wanted to end this dispute by giving her daughter Chen Jiao as wife to Prince Rong, Consort Li refused.

paragraph: Princess Piao, seeing the precarious state that she would be in if Consort Li became empress dowager one day, carried out an alternative plan. She gave Chen Jiao as wife to Liu Che, the son of Emperor Jing's other favorite concubine, Wang Zhi, the Prince of Jiaodong. She then incessantly criticized Consort Li for her jealousy—pointing out that, if Consort Li became empress dowager, many concubines might suffer the fates of Consort Qi, Emperor Gao's favorite concubine who was tortured and killed by Emperor Gao's wife Empress Dowager Lü after Emperor Gao's death. Emperor Jing eventually agreed, and he deposed Prince Rong from his position in 150 BC. Consort Li died in anger. That year, Consort Wang was made empress, and Prince Che the crown prince.

paragraph: Prince Rong would not be spared. In 148 BC, he was accused of intruding onto the grounds of his grandfather Emperor Wen's temple when building the walls to his palace. He was imprisoned and not permitted to write to his father. His granduncle Dou Ying (竇嬰, Empress Dowager Dou's brother or cousin) slipped in a knife pen; he wrote a letter and then committed suicide.

paragraph: A major incident involving another potential heir, Prince Wu of Liang, erupted in 148 BC as well. Prince Wu, because of his contributions to the victory during the Rebellion of the Seven States, was further given privilege to use imperial ceremonies and colors. Members of his household encouraged him to seek to become crown prince. This was favored by the empress dowager Dou as well, but opposed by the minister Yuan Ang, who believed such a move would bring instability to dynastic succession. When Prince Wu sought permission to build a highway directly from his capital Suiyang to Chang'an, Yuan, fearing that the highway might be used for military purposes if Liang rebelled, opposed it. Prince Wu had him assassinated. Emperor Jing was extremely angry and sent many investigators to Liang to track down the conspirators, whom Prince Wu eventually surrendered. Emperor Jing, afraid of offending his mother and still affectionate for his brother, pardoned Prince Wu but no longer considered him as possible heir.

paragraph: Section::::Late reign.

paragraph: The late reign of Emperor Jing was marked by an incident for which he was much criticized: the death of Zhou Yafu, who had been instrumental in the victory against the Seven States. As prime minister, Zhou offended nearly every powerful figure around Emperor Jing, in particular his brother Prince Liu Wu and his mother Empress Dowager Dou (for refusing to save Liang first when Liang was sieged by the combined forces of Wu and Chu), and his wife Empress Wang and her brother Wang Xin (王信), whom Emperor Jing wanted to make a marquess but whose candidacy Zhou rebuffed. By 143 BC, he was retired when his son, in anticipation of his death, purchased retired armor and weapons from the imperial armory to serve as burial decorations. Zhou's son refused to pay the delivery workers, and the delivery workers, in retaliation, accused the Zhous of treason. Emperor Jing had Zhou Yafu arrested and interrogated, and the interrogator, when told by Zhou that the armor and weapons were for burial purposes, accused him of "underground treason"—i.e., ready to commit treason against the spirits of the emperors after he himself dies. Zhou committed suicide in prison.

paragraph: Emperor Jing died in 141 BC and was buried in the Han Yang Ling Mausoleum in Chang'an. He was succeeded by Crown Prince Che (as Emperor Wu).

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: His reign, along with that of his father Emperor Wen, known as the "Rule of Wen and Jing", was considered to be one of the golden ages in Chinese history. However, it is also apparent from his actions that he lacked the warmth and openness his father had, and in many ways his reign was marked by political intrigue and treachery. Emperor Jing can also be credited for furthering the study of Taoist text after he recognized the Tao Te Ching as a Chinese classic during his rule.

paragraph: In 2016, the discovery of the earliest tea traces known to date from the mausoleum of Emperor Jing in Xi'an was announced, indicating that tea was drunk by Han Dynasty emperors as early as 2nd century BC.

paragraph: Section::::Era names.

paragraph: These "era names" are not true "era names" in the sense that the era name system, as instituted by Emperor Jing's son Emperor Wu, had not come into place. Emperor Jing, in accordance to prior imperial calendaring systems, would have simply referred to the number of years in his reign, but for unknown reasons reset the count twice, thus requiring historians to refer to them separately.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Qianyuan" (前元 qían yuán) 156 BC – 150 BC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zhongyuan" (中元 zhōng yúan) 149 BC – 144 BC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Houyuan" (後元 hòu yúan) 143 BC – 141 BC

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parents:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Heng, Emperor Xiaowen (; 203–157 BC)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Xiaowen, of the Dou clan (; d. 135 BC), personal name Yifang ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consorts and Issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress, of the Bo clan (; d. 147 BC), second cousin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Xiaojing, of the Wang clan (; d. 126 BC), personal name Zhi ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Pingyang ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Cao Shi, Marquis Pingyang (; d. 131 BC), and had issue (one son)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Xiahou Po, Marquis Ruyin (; d. 115 BC)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Wei Qing, Marquis Changping (d. 106 BC)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Nangong ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Zhang Zuo, Marquis Nangong ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Er Shen () in 123 BC

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Longlü ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Chen Jiao, Marquis Longlü (; d. 116 BC), and had issue (one son)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Che, Emperor Xiaowu (; 157–87 BC), tenth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Li clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Rong, Prince Min of Linjiang (; 172–148 BC), first son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu De, Prince Xian of Hejian (; 171–130 BC), second son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Eyu, Prince Ai of Linjiang (; 170–154 BC), fourth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Cheng clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Yu, Prince Gong of Lu (; d. 128 BC), third son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Fei, Prince Yi of Jiangdu (; 168–128 BC), fifth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Duan, Prince Yu of Jiaoxi (; 165–107 BC), seventh son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Tang clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Fa, Prince Ding of Changsha (; d. 129 BC), sixth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Furen", of the Jia clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Pengzu, Prince Jingsu of Zhao (; 166–92 BC), eighth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Sheng, Prince Jing of Zhongshan (; 165–113 BC), ninth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Furen", of the Wang clan (), personal name Erxu ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Yue, Prince Hui of Guangchuan (; d. 135 BC), 11th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Ji, Prince Kang of Jiaodong (; d. 120 BC), 12th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Cheng, Prince Ai of Qinghe (; 153–135 BC), 13th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Shun, Prince Xian of Changshan (; 152–113 BC), 14th son

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Family tree of the Han Dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Rebellion of the Seven States

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Rule of Wen and Jing

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Book of Han", .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zizhi Tongjian", vols. , .

alias:
Liu Qi(3)
Liu Qi
Jing Di

description: emperor of the Han Dynasty

wikidata_label: Emperor Jing of Han

wikipedia_title: Emperor Jing of Han


text:
emperor
Western Han dynasty
Emperor Wu of Han
Huo Guang
regent
Lady Gouyi
Emperor Yao
Liu Ju
Empress Wei Zifu
Lady Li
consort kin
Li Guangli
Huo Guang
Lady Gouyi
Empress Dowager Lü
Xiongnu
Jin Midi
Shangguan Jie
crown prince
Princess Eyi
Linzi
Linzi District
Shandong
Principality of Yan
Beijing
Lady Shangguan
Sang Hongyang
Xinjiang
central Asia
Loulan
Taklamakan Desert
Xiongnu
Fu Jiezi
Shanshan
Prince He of Changyi
former Crown Prince Ju
Emperor Xuan
Liu Che
Empress Dowager
Empress Xiaozhao
Family tree of the Han Dynasty

categories: Child rulers from Asia,1st-century BC Chinese monarchs,94 BC births,Emperors from Xi'an,Western Han dynasty emperors,74 BC deaths

paragraph: Emperor Zhao of Han

paragraph: Emperor Zhao of Han (94 BC – 5 June 74 BC), born Liu Fuling, was the emperor of the Western Han dynasty from 87 to 74 BC.

paragraph: Emperor Zhao was the youngest son of Emperor Wu of Han. By the time he was born, Emperor Wu was already 62. Prince Fuling ascended the throne after the death of Emperor Wu in 87 BC. He was only eight years old. Huo Guang served as regent.

paragraph: Emperor Wu's long reign left the Han Dynasty greatly expanded; however constant warfare had depleted the empire's coffers. Emperor Zhao, under the tutelage of Huo, took the initiative and lowered taxes as well as reduced government spending. As a result, citizens prospered and the Han Dynasty enjoyed an era of peace. Emperor Zhao died after reigning for 13 years, at the age of 20. HE was succeeded by his son Xao of Han.

paragraph: Section::::Birth and childhood.

paragraph: In 94 BC, then-Prince Fuling was born to a favorite concubine of Emperor Wu, Consort Zhao, who carried the title Lady Gouyi. Emperor Wu was ecstatic in having a child at his advanced age (62), and because Consort Zhao purportedly had a pregnancy that lasted 14 months long—the same length as the mythical Emperor Yao – he named Consort Zhao's palace gate "Gate of Yao's Mother." This led to speculations that he, due to his favor for Consort Zhao and Prince Fuling, wanted to make Prince Fuling crown prince instead of Crown Prince Liu Ju, the son of Empress Wei Zifu. That, in turn, led to conspiracies against Prince Ju and Empress Wei, eventually forcing Prince Ju to pre-emptively rise up in military self-defence in 91 BC. Being misunderstood as a revolt, Prince Ju was defeated and went into exile, and both he and Empress Wei committed suicide soon afterwards.

paragraph: After Prince Ju's death, Emperor Wu was forced to consider who would make a good heir. Liu Dan, the Prince of Yan, was Emperor Wu's oldest surviving son, but Emperor Wu considered both him and his younger brother Liu Xu, the Prince of Guangling, to be unsuitable, since neither respected laws. Liu Bo, Lady Li's son, had consort kin in the form of his uncle Li Guangli. In any case, before Emperor Wu's death, Li Guangli would surrender to the Xiongnu, while Liu Bo predeceased his father. Left with no other options, he decided on his youngest son, Prince Fuling, who was only six at that time. He therefore also chose a potential regent in Huo Guang, whom he considered to be capable and faithful. He also ordered Prince Fuling's mother, Lady Gouyi, arrested and executed, in fear that she would become an uncontrollable empress dowager, like Empress Dowager Lü. He entrusted Huo with the regency of Fuling. At Huo's suggestion, he also made ethnic Xiongnu official Jin Midi and general Shangguan Jie co-regents. He died on March 29, 87 BC, shortly after creating Prince Fuling crown prince two days prior on March 27. Fuling then succeeded to the throne as Emperor Zhao at the age of 8.

paragraph: Section::::Early reign and marriage.

paragraph: Early in Emperor Zhao's reign, Huo, Jin, and Shangguan served as co-regents, with the key decisions being made by Huo. The palace was run by Princess Eyi, Emperor Wu's daughter and Emperor Zhao's older sister, who had moved back to the palace to serve as Emperor Zhao's caretaker.

paragraph: Prince Dan of Yan was not happy about the turn in events that led to Emperor Zhao's ascension. In 86 BC, he secretly planned a rebellion, forming a conspiracy with two imperial clan members, Liu Zhang (劉長) and Liu Ze (劉澤). The plan was for them to accuse Emperor Zhao of being not actually Emperor Wu's son, and then for Liu Ze, a grandson of a former prince of Qi, to start a rebellion in Linzi (in modern Linzi District, Shandong), the former capital of the Principality of Qi, while Prince Dan would then start a rebellion from his Principality of Yan (roughly modern Beijing). The conspiracy was discovered, but Prince Dan was not punished, although the other conspirators were executed.

paragraph: Later that year, Jin, a moderating influence in the co-regency, after being created a marquess on his sickbed, died. Huo and Shangguan were subsequently created marquesses as well. In the next few years, Shangguan, unhappy with his lesser role in the co-regency, would try to gain more power over Huo, even though the two had previously been great friends, and Huo had given his daughter in marriage to Shangguan's son Shangguan An (上官安). The young couple had a daughter, who was age five in 84 BC, when Shangguan Jie wanted to marry her to the emperor. Huo initially refused, believing her to be too young.

paragraph: Shangguan Jie turned elsewhere for support of his plan. Shangguan An was a friend of Princess Eyi's lover, Ding Wairen (丁外人). He encouraged Ding to persuade the princess on the soundness of the marriage—reasoning that the Shangguans' power would be firmer with the marriage, and that they could then help Ding legitimize his relationship with Princess Eyi. Princess Eyi agreed, and later in 84 BC, the young Lady Shangguan was appointed as an imperial consort. In 83 BC, she was crowned empress.

paragraph: Section::::Middle reign and the struggle between Shangguan and Huo.

paragraph: In 82 BC, a man whose appearance was similar to the former Crown Prince Ju suddenly appeared at the palace, claiming that he was in fact Prince Ju and that he was there to claim the throne. He was arrested and shown to be an imposter named Cheng Fangsui (成方遂), and then executed.

paragraph: Later that year, Shangguan An was created a marquess, and he became extremely arrogant and wild in his behavior.

paragraph: In the same year, at the suggestion of Du Yannian (杜延年), Huo started considering terminating some of the policies of Emperor Wu intended to raise revenues for the war efforts. In 81 BC, after a major debate between proponents (the chief among whom was vice prime minister Sang Hongyang) and opponents of the state monopolies on salt, iron, and wine, the wine and iron monopolies were abolished, once again allowing the merchants to benefit from the profits of these essentials. The people started to recover from the heavy burdens that Emperor Wu's wars had left on them.

paragraph: In 80 BC, the latent conflict between Huo and Shangguan Jie would come into fore. The Shangguans, in thanks to Ding for his role in setting up the marriage between Empress Shangguan and Emperor Zhao, wanted to have him created a marquess, but were rebuffed by Huo, as were their subsequent efforts to have Ding made an important official. This caused Princess Eyi to resent Huo as well. The Shangguans, Princess Eyi, Prince Dan of Yan, and Sang (who was resentful that his monopoly system, which he felt to be the key to sound finances for the state, was being dismantled), formed an anti-Huo conspiracy. In 80 BC, Prince Dan sent a report to Emperor Zhao, accusing Huo of improperly exercising imperial authority. The conspirators' plan was that as soon as Emperor Zhao authorized an investigation, Shangguan Jie and Sang would arrest and immediately execute Huo. However, after the report was given to Emperor Zhao, the 14-year-old Emperor Zhao took no action on it; the next day, he summoned Huo to the palace and exonerated him, reasoning that the actions that were accused of Huo had happened so recently that Prince Dan, a long distance away, could not have possibly known them, and therefore the report must have been a forgery. At this point, the anti-Huo conspiracy was not discovered, but the entire empire was impressed at the wisdom of the young emperor.

paragraph: Later that year, the conspirators would try again. Their plan was for Princess Eyi to invite Huo to a feast, and then to, at the feast, ambush Huo and kill him, and then depose Emperor Zhao and make Prince Dan emperor. (However, the Shangguans allegedly conspired to instead to have Prince Dan killed once he stepped into the capital, and for Shangguan Jie to declare himself emperor.) The conspiracy was revealed by a servant of Princess Eyi, and the conspirators were arrested and executed with their entire clans. Princess Eyi and Prince Dan committed suicide. Empress Shangguan was spared, however, because of her young age and her status as Huo's granddaughter.

paragraph: Section::::Late reign.

paragraph: After the incident, Huo stamped out anyone who could be considered to be a conspirator, gaining a reputation for autocracy and heavy-handedness. The victims included two ministers, Wang Ping (王平) and Xu Ren (徐仁). The relationship between Huo and Emperor Zhao remained a positive one, however.

paragraph: In 77 BC, a controversial incident involving the Xiyu (modern Xinjiang and former-Soviet central Asia) kingdom of Loulan (on northeastern edge of the Taklamakan Desert) would unfold itself, although whether Emperor Zhao played any role in the decision-making is unclear. A few years earlier, the King of Loulan had died, and with Xiongnu support, one of his sons, Angui (安歸) succeeded him, and Angui started a policy of befriending Xiongnu and resisting Han, particularly because Luolan's geographical location meant that it was often ordered by Han to escort its imperial messengers, who were also rude to Luolan officials. Huo sent an imperial messenger, Fu Jiezi (傅介子) to assassinate Angui. Fu accomplished this by claiming that he was there to reward Xiyu kings with jewels and other precious items, and then, setting a private meeting up with Angui, he stabbed him in the heart, and then, warning that any further action would bring a large Chinese army, he got the Loulan nobles to submit and make a brother of Angui, Weituqi (尉屠耆), who was friendly to Han, king. Loulan was renamed Shanshan. (This incident was controversial in Chinese history in that many historians believed that this was one incident in which an assassination of a foreign king was thoroughly unjustified, particularly in the method it was carried out—using jewels as bait. Other historians believed that Angui should be punished for his failure to submit.)

paragraph: In 74 BC, Emperor Zhao died without a son, and this would lead to a succession problem. After a short duration in which the unsuitable Prince He of Changyi became emperor, the throne was finally given to Emperor Zhao's grandnephew – former Crown Prince Ju's grandson—Liu Bingyi (劉病已), who would ascend the throne as Emperor Xuan.

paragraph: Section::::Era names.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shiyuan" (始元 py. shĭ yuán) 86 BC – 80 BC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yuanfeng" (元鳳 py. yuán fèng) 80 BC – 75 BC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yuanping" (元平 py. yuán píng) 74 BC

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parents:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Che, Emperor Xiaowu (; 157–87 BC)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Dowager, of the Zhao clan (; 113–88 BC)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consorts:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Xiaozhao, of the Shangguan clan (; 89–37 BC)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

alias:
Liu Fuling
Zhao Di

description: emperor of the Han Dynasty

wikidata_label: Emperor Zhao of Han

wikipedia_title: Emperor Zhao of Han


text: Soviet

text: Russia

text: theoretical physicist

text: astrophysicist

text: Nobel laureate

text: Soviet

text: hydrogen bomb

text: Igor Tamm

text: Lebedev Physical Institute

text: Russian Academy of Sciences

text: FIAN

text: atheist

text: Moscow State University

text: candidate's

text: Ph.D.

text: doctor's

text: Communist Party of the Soviet Union

text: phenomenological

text: superconductivity

text: Ginzburg-Landau theory

text: Lev Landau

text: electromagnetic wave

text: plasmas

text: ionosphere

text: cosmic radiation

text: Mendelian

text: agronomist

text: Trofim Lysenko

text: genetic science

text: USSR

text: Joseph Stalin

text: editor-in-chief

text: scientific journal

text: Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk

text: collapse of communism

text: Soviet Union

text: Russian Jewish Congress

text: Israel

text: human rights

text: Igor Sutyagin

text: Valentin Danilov

text: Radio Liberty

text: FSB

text: Stalinism

text: P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute

text: Soviet and Russian Academy of Sciences

text: Moscow

text: Russian Academy of Sciences

text: clericalism

text: press

text: religion

text: award

text: Russian Orthodox Church

text: cardiac arrest

text: Prime Minister of Russia

text: Vladimir Putin

text: President of Russia

text: Dmitry Medvedev

text: Novodevichy Cemetery

text: Stalin Prize

text: Lenin Prize

text: Wolf Prize in Physics

text: Lomonosov Gold Medal

text: Nobel Prize in Physics

text: Alexei Alexeevich Abrikosov

text: Anthony James Leggett

text: Order of Merit for the Fatherland

text: Order of Lenin

text: Order of the Red Banner of Labour

text: Order of the Badge of Honour

text: Vitaly L. Ginzburg

text: Ginzburg's homepage

text: Curriculum Vitae

text: Obituary

text: The Daily Telegraph

text: Obituary

text: The Independent

text: Biography

text: Obituary

categories: Russian inventors,People from Moscow Governorate,Jewish physicists,Recipients of the Lomonosov Gold Medal,Russian atheism activists,Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences,Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union,Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society,UNESCO Niels Bohr Medal recipients,Wolf Prize in Physics laureates,Russian Nobel laureates,Soviet physicists,Foreign Members of the Royal Society,Recipients of the Order of Lenin,Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences,Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences,2009 deaths,Communist Party of the Soviet Union members,Russian physicists,1916 births,Foreign Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy,Russian astronomers,Moscow State University alumni,Russian atheists,Russian skeptics,Jewish scientists,Jewish atheists,Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class,Superconductivity,Russian Jews,People from Moscow,Members of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology faculty,Lenin Prize winners,Nobel laureates in Physics,Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 1st class,20th-century physicists,Stalin Prize winners,Theoretical physicists

image: 512px-Виталий_Лазаревич_Гинзбург.jpg

paragraph: Vitaly Ginzburg

paragraph: Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg, (; 4 October 1916 – 8 November 2009) was a Soviet and Russian theoretical physicist, astrophysicist, Nobel laureate, a member of the Soviet and Russian Academies of Sciences and one of the fathers of the Soviet hydrogen bomb. He was the successor to Igor Tamm as head of the Department of Theoretical Physics of the Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FIAN), and an outspoken atheist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Vitaly Ginzburg was born to a Jewish family in Moscow in 1916, the son of an engineer Lazar Yefimovich Ginzburg and a doctor Augusta Wildauer, and graduated from the Physics Faculty of Moscow State University in 1938. He defended his candidate's (Ph.D.) dissertation in 1940, and his doctor's dissertation in 1942. In 1944, he became a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Among his achievements are a partially phenomenological theory of superconductivity, the Ginzburg-Landau theory, developed with Lev Landau in 1950; the theory of electromagnetic wave propagation in plasmas (for example, in the ionosphere); and a theory of the origin of cosmic radiation. He is also known to biologists as being part of the group of scientists that helped bring down the reign of the politically connected anti-Mendelian agronomist Trofim Lysenko, thus allowing modern genetic science to return to the USSR.

paragraph: In 1937, Ginzburg married Olga Zamsha. In 1946, he married his second wife, Nina Ginzburg ("nee" Yermakova), who had spent more than a year in custody on fabricated charges of plotting to assassinate the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.

paragraph: Ginzburg was the editor-in-chief of the scientific journal "Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk". He also headed the Academic Department of Physics and Astrophysics Problems, which Ginzburg founded at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in 1968.

paragraph: Ginzburg identified as a secular Jew, and following the collapse of communism in the former Soviet Union, he was very active in Jewish life, especially in Russia, where he served on the board of directors of the Russian Jewish Congress. He is also well known for fighting anti-Semitism and supporting the state of Israel.

paragraph: In the 2000s (decade), Ginzburg was politically active, supporting the Russian liberal opposition and human rights movement. He defended Igor Sutyagin and Valentin Danilov against charges of espionage put forth by the authorities. On 2 April 2009, in an interview to the Radio Liberty Ginzburg denounced the FSB as an institution harmful to Russia and the ongoing expansion of its authority as a return to Stalinism.

paragraph: Ginzburg worked at the P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of Soviet and Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow since 1940. Russian Academy of Sciences is a major institution where mostly all Nobel Prize laureates of physics from Russia have done their studies and/or research works.

paragraph: Section::::Stance on religion.

paragraph: Ginzburg was an avowed atheist, both under the militantly atheist Soviet government and in post-Communist Russia when religion made a strong revival. He criticized clericalism in the press and wrote several books devoted to the questions of religion and atheism. Because of this, some Orthodox Christian groups denounced him and said no science award could excuse his verbal attacks on the Russian Orthodox Church. He was one of the signers of the Open letter to the President Vladimir V. Putin from the Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences against clericalisation of Russia.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: A spokeswoman for the Russian Academy of Sciences, announced that Ginzburg died in Moscow on 8 November 2009 from cardiac arrest. He had been suffering from ill health for several years, and three years before his death said "In general, I envy believers. I am 90, and [am] being overcome by illnesses. For believers, it is easier to deal with them and with life's other hardships. But what can be done? I cannot believe in resurrection after death."

paragraph: Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin sent his condolences to Ginzburg's family, saying "We bid farewell to an extraordinary personality whose outstanding talent, exceptional strength of character and firmness of convictions evoked true respect from his colleagues". President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev, in his letter of condolences, described Ginzburg as a "top physicist of our time whose discoveries had a huge impact on the development of national and world science."

paragraph: Ginzburg was buried on 11 November in the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow, the resting place of many famous politicians, writers and scientists of Russia.

paragraph: Section::::Honors and awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stalin Prize in 1953

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lenin Prize in 1966

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1987

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolf Prize in Physics in 1994/5

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lomonosov Gold Medal in 1995 – for outstanding achievement in the field of theoretical physics and astrophysics

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nobel Prize in Physics in 2003, together with Alexei Alexeevich Abrikosov and Anthony James Leggett for their "pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of Merit for the Fatherland;

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st class (4 October 2006) – for outstanding contribution to the development of national science and many years of fruitful activity

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3rd class (3 October 1996) – for outstanding scientific achievements and the training of highly qualified personnel

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of Lenin (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of the Red Banner of Labour, twice (1956, 1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of the Badge of Honour, twice (1954, 1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945" (1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow" (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medal "For Valiant Labour. To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vavilov Gold Medal (1995) – for outstanding work in physics, including a series of papers on the theory of radiation by uniformly moving sources

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vitaly L. Ginzburg, Autobiography in English at Nobelprize.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ginzburg's homepage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Curriculum Vitae

paragraph: BULLET::::- Open letter to the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir V. Putin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary The Daily Telegraph 11 Nov 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary "The Independent" November 14, 2009 (by Martin Childs).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary

alias:
Vitaly L. Ginzburg
Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg

description: Russian  Physicist

enwikiquote_title: Vitaly Ginzburg

wikidata_label: Vitaly Ginzburg

wikipedia_title: Vitaly Ginzburg


text:
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Grand Master of the Knights Templar
Peire Bremon lo Tort
royal charter
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Nablus
Flemish
Lignages d'Outremer
Pagan the Butler
Steven Runciman
Maurice
Lord of Oultrejordain
Fulk of Anjou
Melisende of Jerusalem
Elinand
Prince of Galilee
Manasses of Hierges
Edessa
Imad ad-Din Zengi
captured the town
Second Crusade
council held at Acre
attack on Damascus
Ibelin family
Baldwin III
siege of Ascalon
Order of Saint Lazarus
Banyas
Jacob's Ford
Oultrejordain
Hodierna
Kerak Castle
Saint Catherine's Monastery
military order
Knights Templar
Ahamant
invasion of Egypt
Bilbeis
Hugh of Ibelin
Bertrand de Blanchefort
Odo de St Amand
Constantinople
Byzantine Empire
William of Tyre
pilgrimage
Saint Catherine's Monastery
Mount Sinai
Helena
Stephanie
Walter III of Brisebarre
Setton, Kenneth M.

categories: Christians of the Second Crusade,Year of birth uncertain,Lords of Oultrejordain,1171 deaths,Grand Masters of the Knights Templar

paragraph: Philip of Milly

paragraph: Philip of Milly, also known as Philip of Nablus (; c. 1120 – April 3, 1171), was a baron in the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the seventh Grand Master of the Knights Templar. He briefly employed the troubadour Peire Bremon lo Tort in the Holy Land.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Philip was the son of Guy of Milly, a knight of uncertain origin, who witnessed a dozen of royal charters in the Kingdom of Jerusalem between 1108 and 1126. Guy held fiefs in the royal demesne around Nablus and Jerusalem. Guy's wife was a Flemish noblewoman, Stephanie, according to the late 13th-century "Lignages d'Outremer". The same source stated that Philip was his parents' eldest son, but the sobriquet of his brother, Guy"Francigena" (or "born in France")implies that Guy was Philip's elder brother, born before their parents come to the Holy Land. The "Lignages d'Outremer" also claimed that Philip was a nephew of Pagan the Butler, but no other primary source refers to Pagan as Philip's uncle.

paragraph: The date of Guy's death is unknown, but he was most probably still alive in the early 1130s. Philip inherited his father's estates around Nablus. He married a noblewoman, Isabella, before 1144. Her name is the only known fact about her, but Steven Runciman writes that she was related to Maurice, Lord of Oultrejordain.

paragraph: Philip first appeared in a royal charter in 1138. The absence of Philip and his brothers from the lists of witnesses of royal charters in the 1130s shows that they could not secure their father's position during the reign of Fulk of Anjou. Fulk seized the throne through his marriage with Melisende of Jerusalem and appointed his own men to the most important offices.

paragraph: Section::::Royal vassal.

paragraph: Section::::Royal vassal.:Lord of Nablus.

paragraph: Philip's career started only after Fulk died and Melisende became the actual ruler of Jerusalem. He was first mentioned as lord of Nablus in 1144. Late in that year, the queen appointed Philip along with Elinand, Prince of Galilee, and Manasses of Hierges, to lead a relieve army to Edessa, but Imad ad-Din Zengi captured the town before they approached it. During the following years, he seized further fiefs, including lands in the hills near Nablus and Tyre. In 1148, upon the arrival of the Second Crusade, Philip participated in the council held at Acre, where he and the other native barons were overruled and the ill-fated decision to attack on Damascus was made.

paragraph: Along with the powerful Ibelin family, Philip was a supporter of Melisende during her conflict with her son Baldwin III. In the division of the kingdom in 1151, Melisende gained control of its southern part, including Nablus. Despite this arrangement, Philip assisted Baldwin during the siege of Ascalon in 1153. He granted estates to Order of Saint Lazarus in 1153. From 1155, Philip was regularly listed among the witnesses on Baldwin's charters. He participated in the relief of Banyas in June 1157, but he and his troops soon returned home, and were not present at Nur ad-Din's subsequent ambush of Baldwin at Jacob's Ford.

paragraph: Section::::Royal vassal.:Lord of Oultrejordain.

paragraph: Philip exchanged the lordship of Nablus with Baldwin III for Oultrejordain on 31 July 1161. For Melisende was dying, the agreement was confirmed by her sister, Hodierna, on her behalf. The king retained the revenues from tolling the caravans and the Bedouin tribes crossing Oultrejordain. One of Philip's new vassals, John Gothman, was required to directly swear fealty to the king. Philip strengthened Kerak Castle with a ditch and towers. He made a pilgrimage to Saint Catherine's Monastery in the early 1160s.

paragraph: Section::::Knight Templar.

paragraph: Philip joined the military order of the Knights Templar in January 1166, passing on to them a significant part of Oultrejordain, including the castle of Ahamant. Acting against the decision of the Templars, Philip joined Amalric's invasion of Egypt in 1167. The Ibelin family later recalled an event during the siege of Bilbeis, in which Philip saved the life of Hugh of Ibelin, who had broken his leg when his horse fell in a ditch. The Templars as a whole refused to support Amalric's invasion, and the king blamed them for the failure of the expedition. After the death of their Grand Master Bertrand de Blanchefort in January 1169, Amalric pressured them to elect Philip in his place in August of that year. With the election of Philip, Amalric regained Templar support for the invasion of Egypt, although by the end of the year Amalric was forced to retreat.

paragraph: For unknown reasons Philip resigned as Grand Master in 1171, and was succeeded by Odo de St Amand. Philip accompanied Amalric to Constantinople as ambassador to the Byzantine Empire in order to restore good relations with them after the failure of the Egyptian invasion. He probably died on April 3, before reaching Constantinople.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Philip's personal life is largely a mystery. William of Tyre describes him as one of the "brave men, valiant in arms and trained from their earliest years in the art of war" who accompanied Amalric to Egypt., Sometime after he became lord of Oultrejordain, he made a pilgrimage to the monastery of Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai. With his wife Isabella he had a son, Rainier (who predeceased him), and two daughters, Helena and Stephanie. Isabella died probably in 1166, which may have led to Philip's decision to take vows as a brother of the Knights Templar. His lands were inherited by his elder daughter, Helena, wife of Walter III of Brisebarre, lord of Beirut, and after Walter's death, by Stephanie and her husbands.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Setton, Kenneth M., general ed. (1969) "A History of the Crusades". 6 vols. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969–1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kenneth M. Setton, general editor (1969) "A History of the Crusades". Vol.1: The first hundred years; edited by Marshall W. Baldwin. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press

description: Grand MAster of the Knights Templar

wikidata_label: Philip of Milly

wikipedia_title: Philip of Milly


text: peer

text: Switzerland

text: New Bern

text: Carolina

text: c.

text: Worb

text: Worb Castle

text: Bern

text: Switzerland

text: silver ore

text: Virginia

text: New World

text: London

text: John Lawson

text: Neuse

text: Cape Fear River

text: German refugees

text: Palatine

text: Bernese

text: privateers

text: Trent

text: Europe

text: Tuscarora Indians

text: Neuse River

text: Iroquoian

text: Five Tribes

text: Iroquois Confederacy

text: Neuse River

text: Governor of Carolina

text: Tuscarora War

text: Martin Chartier

text: Sugarloaf Mountain

text: Shenandoah Valley

text: Massanutten Mountain

text: silver ore

text: New Bern

text: Chillon

text: Yverdon

categories: 18th-century Swiss writers,Barons of Bernberg,Landgraves of Carolina,1743 deaths,Burials in Switzerland,Early colonists in America,People of the British Empire,18th-century Swiss people,History of New Bern, North Carolina,Date of death missing,Lords of Worb,Von Graffenried family,Alumni of the University of Cambridge,People of the Stuart period,Swiss explorers,1661 births

paragraph: Christoph von Graffenried, 1st Baron of Bernberg, also known as Christoph de Graffenried, (15 November 1661 – 1743) was a British peer from Switzerland who founded New Bern, Carolina, in 1710. Today, he is best known for his memoir, "Relation of My American Project" (c. 1716), which recounts his life as the Baron of Bernburg and Landgrave of Carolina.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Von Graffenried was born on 15 November 1661 to Anton von Graffenried, Lord of Worb, and his first wife, Catherine, at Worb Castle in Bern, Switzerland.

paragraph: Section::::Landgrave of Carolina (1709-1743).

paragraph: Von Graffenried met Luis Michel, who claimed to know the location of silver ore in Virginia and owned land in the New World. He told von Graffenried what glorious places Carolina and Virginia were, and he advised him to move to Carolina. With the idea of paying off his debts and making money on the cheap land of Carolina, he left his debts to his father and secretly departed for London to make arrangements to move to the New World. When in London, he met with explorer John Lawson, who was publishing a book entitled "A Voyage to Carolina". Lawson was the Surveyor General of Carolina. Lawson promised to show von Graffenried and his settlers a perfect place to establish a community. In 1709, von Graffenried next met with the Lords Proprietors of Carolina, who granted to him ten thousand acres (40 km²) on the Neuse and Cape Fear Rivers. They also gave him the title Baron of Bernberg, after the colony he was supposed to found.

paragraph: Von Graffenried recruited a group of German refugees from the Palatine region, which had been ravaged by French warfare and an extremely harsh winter, and Bernese immigrants. After severe hardships in their own countries, they were willing to try starting over in Carolina. He sailed with the colonists to Carolina in 1710. On the sea, the settlers were attacked by French privateers who stripped them of everything they brought. (On a similar voyage of nearly 3000 German Palatines from London to New York, nearly one-third died during and shortly after the trip; shipboard illnesses killed many already weakened by the harsh conditions of that winter.)

paragraph: Once in the New World, the settlers sold everything that remained, except the clothes on their backs. John Lawson took them to a site at the junction of the Trent and Neuse Rivers, which they named New Bern. The first season, the settler's crops did not do well. Von Graffenried returned to Europe to get supplies and additional settlers. He returned to the colony unscathed. In addition to a lack of food and supplies, there was great tension between the settlers and the Tuscarora Indians of the Neuse River region. They were separated by language and culture, especially related to their differing concepts of land and property rights. The Tuscarora were an Iroquoian-speaking people, distantly related to the Five Tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy based in central and western New York. The settlers had unwittingly planned their new settlement on the site of an old Tuscarora village. In 1711, von Graffenried and the settlers evicted a group of Tuscarora from nearby lands without payment, and von Graffenried assumed the title "Landgrave of Carolina." Retaliatory raids by the Tuscarora, under a leader named Hancock, led to deaths and damage to the settlement.

paragraph: During the summer of 1711, von Graffenried, along with John Lawson, took a trip up the Neuse River. Von Graffenried wanted to crossbreed European grapes with wild, native grapes and start a vineyard. The Tuscarora took captive von Graffenried, John Lawson, and an enslaved African whom they had entrusted with their baggage. While in captivity, John Lawson and von Graffenried were given three separate trials, each in a different Tuscaroran village. One found the men not guilty; the other two pronounced them guilty of crimes against the Tuscarora. The Tuscarora decided to kill them but, after extended discussion over several weeks, the elders decided von Graffenried would be released. He wore such fine clothes they mistook him for the Governor of Carolina. They thought if they let the "governor" go, the colony would let the incident pass. They informed him they were planning an attack on all the settlements in northern Carolina (when this took place, it was known as the Tuscarora War). The next day, the natives killed Lawson after ritual torture. Von Graffenried was released on condition that no new European settlements should be made without the sanction of the native chiefs. When he finally reached New Bern, he found it abandoned and in flames.

paragraph: Section::::Journey to the Shenandoah Valley.

paragraph: In 1712 von Graffenried contracted French-Canadian guide and surveyor Martin Chartier to take him to Sugarloaf Mountain and then to the Shenandoah Valley, where they visited Massanutten Mountain, the supposed site of silver ore which the baron hoped to mine, however they found no evidence of any ore.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Having lost his fortune, von Graffenried returned penniless in 1714 to Worb, Switzerland. He sold his part in Carolina to Thomas Pollock for 800 pounds. Von Graffenried soon wrote a book entitled "Relation of My American Project". In it, he included several documents, among them a letter written to the governor of Carolina and a layout of the settlement of New Bern.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: On 25 April 1684 von Graffenried married Regina Tscharner (1665–1731). Tscharner also came from an accomplished and respected family, her father, Beat Ludwig, having been a member of the Assembly and her grandfather, Samuel, having been the Governor and Mayor of Chillon. The von Graffenrieds had four sons and seven daughters. In 1702, von Graffenried acquired the office of Governor of Yverdon.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christoph von Graffenried, 1st Baron of Bernberg at "NCpedia" (ncpedia.org)

alias:
Baron Christoph von Graffenried
Baron of Bernberg
Christoph von Graffenried
Chr. von Graffenried
Landgrave of Carolina
The Baron de Graffenried
von Graffenried

description: Landgrave of Carolina


text:
Franz Ferdinand
1990s
The Yummy Fur
Bobby Kildea
Domino Recording Company
1990s
Jackie McKeown
Kicks
Rough Trade Records
John McKeown
Paul Thomson
Nick McCarthy
Always Ascending

categories: Male guitarists,Scottish rock musicians,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Dino Bardot

paragraph: Dino Bardot is a Scottish musician and songwriter. He is currently the guitarist for indie rock band Franz Ferdinand. He previously played guitar for the indie bands 1990s, Stinky Munchkins, The Yummy Fur, V-Twin, and Wife Vs. Secretary.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:V-Twin.

paragraph: V-Twin were a rock band formed in 1997, comprising Jason MacPhail (vocals) and Michael McGaughrin (drums), with a number of lineups including other musicians, before bass player, Bobby Kildea, and guitarist, Bardot became permanent members. The band released a number of singles between 1998 and 2002, on the Domino Recording Company label, before their debut album, "The Blues is a Minefield", was released 28 October 2002.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Stinky Munchkins.

paragraph: In January 2007 Bardot (guitar, vocals), Daryl Doll (vocals, percussion), Charlie Milne (guitar), Matt Gallus (bass) and Bix Cosmo (drums) formed Stinky Munchkins. The band released a single, "Release the Lions" on 6 August 2007 on the Art Goes Pop label. "Release the Lions” and the B-side, "Bad Timing" were co-written by Bardot, Doll and Milne. Milne performed under the name Charlie Hong-Deen.

paragraph: In late 2007 he joined the 1990s, replacing founding member and guitarist, Jamie McMorrow, played the bass on the Australian and North American legs of the band's world tour. In early 2008 he was confirmed as a permanent member of the band, joining Jackie McKeown (guitar, vocals) and Michael McGaughrin (drums). Bardot performed on 1990s' second album, "Kicks", which was released in March 2009 on Rough Trade Records. He wrote two of the songs on the album, "Local Science" and "Sparks", and co-wrote "I Don't Even Know What That Is", "Balthazar" and "59", the later being released as a single. Over the winter of 2010/2011, the band recorded a third album but after parting with their record label, Rough Trade, it was never released. The 1990s disbanded in early 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Wife vs Secretary.

paragraph: In 2012 Bardot joined Charlie Milne (vocals, piano), Ally Batten (bass) and Mark O’ Donnell (drums) forming Wife vs Secretary. Though it was named after the Clark Gable film of the same name, the band vowed not to watch it.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:The Yummy Fur.

paragraph: In 2017 Bardot on bass joined a re-formed The Yummy Fur, with original member John McKeown (vocals, guitar) and Paul Thomson (drums).

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Franz Ferdinand.

paragraph: Bardot joined Franz Ferdinand in May 2017, replacing founding member Nick McCarthy. Whilst Bardot joined the band prior to the release of the band's fifth studio album, "Always Ascending", in February 2018, it was after the recording sessions of the album had been completed.

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Dino Bardot

wikipedia_title: Dino Bardot


text:
Bishop of Brescia
Pope Sixtus IV
Bishop of Brescia
principal co-consecrator
Gianfrancesco Ugoni
Bishop of Famagusta

categories: 1531 deaths,15th-century Roman Catholic bishops,16th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Bishops appointed by Pope Sixtus IV

paragraph: Paolo Zane

paragraph: Paolo Zane (died 1531) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Brescia (1480–1531).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: On 19 December 1480, Paolo Zane was appointed during the papacy of Pope Sixtus IV as Bishop of Brescia.

paragraph: He served as Bishop of Brescia until his death in March 1531. While bishop, he was the principal co-consecrator of Gianfrancesco Ugoni, Bishop of Famagusta (1530).

paragraph: Section::::External links and additional sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

wikidata_label: Paolo Zane

wikipedia_title: Paolo Zane


text:
Wollongong
Australia
motorcycle racer
British Superbike Championship
Honda CBR1000RR
Profile on MotoGP.com
Profile on WorldSBK.com

categories: Moto2 World Championship riders,Australian motorcycle racers,1987 births,Living people,Supersport World Championship riders,Superbike World Championship riders,British Superbike Championship riders

paragraph: Jason O'Halloran (motorcyclist)

paragraph: Jason O'Halloran (born 30 December 1987 in Wollongong) is an Australian motorcycle racer. He was the Australian Supersport champion in 2007. He races in the British Superbike Championship aboard a Honda CBR1000RR.

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.:Superbike World Championship.:Races by year.

paragraph: * Season still in progress.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on MotoGP.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on WorldSBK.com

description: Australian motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Jason O'Halloran

wikipedia_title: Jason O'Halloran (motorcyclist)


text:
Tonga
rugby league
prop forward
Tonga national rugby league team
Federation Shield
North Sydney Bears
NSW Cup
St. George Illawarra Dragons profile

categories: Tongan rugby league players,1985 births,Tonga national rugby league team players,Rugby league props,Living people

paragraph: Vaea Falemaka

paragraph: Joseph Vaea Tangitau Falemaka (born 8 February 1985) is a Tongan former rugby league footballer who plays as a prop forward.

paragraph: Falemaka has appeared on several occasions for the Tonga national rugby league team with his most recent international games coming during the 2006 Federation Shield competition.

paragraph: Falemaka made 15 appearances for The North Sydney Bears in The 2007 NSW Cup

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. George Illawarra Dragons profile

description: Tongan rugby league footballer

wikidata_label: Vaea Falemaka

wikipedia_title: Vaea Falemaka


text:
Doge of Venice
signum manus
dogaressa
Pietro IV Candiano
Ducal Palace
St Mark's Basilica
primicerius
Emperor Otto II
Pietro II Orseolo

categories: 991 deaths,10th-century Doges of Venice,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Tribuno Memmo

paragraph: Tribuno Memmo (died 991) was the 25th Doge of Venice who served from 979 to 991.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: He was illiterate and according to preserved documents, he signed via "signum manus".

paragraph: He was rich, partly due to marriage to dogaressa Marina Candiano, daughter of the 22nd Doge Pietro IV Candiano. They had a son, Maurizio.

paragraph: It seems that he had only moved into the Ducal Palace toward the end of his dogeship. It was still in repairs following the fire which occurred during the overthrow of Pietro IV Candiano. During his dogeship, St Mark's Basilica became by decree a ducal property, a sort of private chapel in which the ecclesiastical functions were delegated to the "primicerius". On 7 June 983, Emperor Otto II renewed the commercial privileges that had already been enjoyed by many previous Doges.

paragraph: He died in 991 and was succeeded by Pietro II Orseolo.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://archive.org/stream/dogaressasofveni00stal#page/314/mode/2up

description: 25th Doge of Venice

wikidata_label: Tribuno Memmo

wikipedia_title: Tribuno Memmo