text: House of Commons

text: Wenlock

text: Royalist

text: English Civil War

text: Bridgnorth

text: Worfield

text: Francis Bromley

text: godfather

text: Edward Bromley

text: Inner Temple

text: Baron of the Exchequer

text: wardship

text: Trinity College, Cambridge

text: Inner Temple

text: Inn's

text: Henry Bromley

text: Roger Puleston

text: Wroxeter

text: Shrewsbury

text: recusant

text: manor

text: recorder

text: Much Wenlock

text: borough

text: liberty

text: Wenlock Priory

text: landed gentry

text: yeoman

text: burgess

text: Member of Parliament

text: Wenlock

text: freeman

text: James I

text: Charles I's reign

text: House of Commons

text: Francis Smallman

text: Puritan

text: Richard Hutton

text: John Denham

text: ship money

text: absolute monarchy

text: Thorough

text: Justice of the Peace

text: High Sheriff of Shropshire

text: John Egerton, 1st Earl of Bridgewater

text: Council in the Marches of Wales

text: pricked

text: knight

text: baronet

text: Whitehall Palace

text: Wolryche baronets

text: baronet

text: John Puleston

text: Presbyterians

text: Flintshire

text: Francis Ottley

text: Commissions of array

text: Puritan

text: Laudians

text: Sir Vincent Corbet

text: Moreton Corbet

text: Grand Jury

text: Assizes

text: Deputy Lieutenant

text: drawbridge

text: River Severn

text: Prince Rupert

text: bailiff

text: Sir William Whitmore

text: Bridgnorth Castle

text: Wolverhampton

text: roundhead

text: Sir Edward Acton

text: John Birch

text: Cannock

text: Bristol

text: bail

text: free trade

text: butts

text: sack

text: Herefordshire

text: assizes

text: Longnor Hall

text: shilling

text: Lichfield

text: Newport, Shropshire

text: Birmingham

text: Nantwich

text: Lord Capell

text: Halesowen

text: David Kirke

text: sequestered

text: William Pierrepont

text: St Chad's Church, Shrewsbury

text: Quatt

text: parish register

text: John

text: private act

text: The Antiquities of Bridgnorth

text: Internet Archive

text: "Lady Margaret Bromley"

text: John Paul Rylands

text: Harleian Society

text: "KIRKE, SIR LEWIS"

text: William A. Shaw

text: "The Knights of England, volume 2"

categories: 1668 deaths,People from Shropshire,Cavaliers,Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,English MPs 1624–1625,English MPs 1625,Members of the Inner Temple,Baronets in the Baronetage of England,1598 births,English MPs 1621–1622

paragraph: Sir Thomas Wolryche, 1st Baronet

paragraph: Sir Thomas Wolryche, 1st Baronet (1598–1668) was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons for Wenlock between 1621 and 1625. He fought in the Royalist army in the English Civil War, serving as military governor of Bridgnorth.

paragraph: Section::::Background and early life.

paragraph: Wolryche was born at Worfield, the son of:

paragraph: Thomas Wolryche was born in the home of another Thomas Bromley, his mother's nephew, as Sir George and his eldest son, Francis Bromley, had died some years earlier. One of his godfathers was Margaret Bromley's brother, Edward Bromley, a prominent member of the Inner Temple and later a Baron of the Exchequer. He succeeded his father in 1614. As he was still a minor, he was subject to wardship, a potentially costly period in which his estates might profit a stranger. He was rescued from this as, at the age of 16, his wardship was purchased by his mother and uncle, Sir Edward Bromley

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Wolryche matriculated at Trinity College, Cambridge at Easter 1614. Edward Bromley then secured him a special admission to the Inner Temple, ratified by the Inn's parliament on 15 October 1615, along with his relative Philip Bromley, the youngest son of Henry Bromley. Edward Bromley was intending to adopt Philip as heir to his personal property. Wolryche was to be his political protegé for some years.

paragraph: Section::::Landowner.

paragraph: Francis Wolryche had considerable debts. His will appointed as trustees Edward Bromley and Roger Puleston, husband of Thomas's aunt, if necessary until Thomas reached 30 years of age.

paragraph: Dudmaston, Wolryche's seat, was the centre of an 800-acre estate. Altogether the Wolryche estates covered about 4,500 acres, mainly in southern and eastern Shropshire, including the manor of Wroxeter to the east of Shrewsbury. In 1611, Thomas Wolryche's father, Francis, had taken over the mortgage of his indebted, recusant brother-in-law, William Gatacre, on the manor of Hughley, about 6 km from Much Wenlock, guaranteeing his debts to the sum of £1,740. This was the most awkward of the financial issues Wolryche faced and it was cleared in 1623 by paying the debt in return for the freehold of Hughley, an estate of 1,400 acres.

paragraph: Section::::Parliamentary career.

paragraph: Bromley was recorder of Much Wenlock, a small town built on the wool trade which was in decline in this period. The borough or liberty of Wenlock was identified with the whole parish of Holy Trinity church in the town by its charter of 1468. When Wenlock Priory was dissolved, the resulting property rush brought a large number of landed gentry and yeoman families into the area, so that two thirds of the burgesses were actually from the rural area around the town. Francis Wolryche's stake in Hughley gave Thomas Wolryche a foothold in the liberty that could be exploited through his uncle's influence.

paragraph: Wolryche was elected Member of Parliament for Wenlock on 2 January 1621 and was made a freeman of the borough on the same day. He was re-elected MP for Wenlock on 22 January 1624 to the last parliament of the reign of James I and on 2 May 1625 to the first parliament of Charles I's reign. These were times of increasing tension between Crown and Parliament. However, Wolryche made no impact on the proceedings of the House of Commons, although he was appointed to a few committees, and on one occasion turned up for the meetings of a committee of which he was not a member. His parliamentary career died naturally as his uncle ailed. He was succeeded by Francis Smallman in the elections of January 1626, apparently without a contest. Sir Edward Bromley died later in the year, leaving Wolryche plate to the value of £20.

paragraph: Section::::The Civil War.

paragraph: Section::::The Civil War.:Prelude to war.

paragraph: Wolryche is regarded as a "zealous supporter of the king." However, his political mentor, Edward Bromley, who died before the political tension between Crown and Parliament developed into crisis, had been a moderate Puritan and a friend of Richard Hutton and John Denham, judges who defied Charles I over ship money. Wolryche was a commissioner for Charles I's forced loan in 1627 and for the subsidy in 1628-9: both involving issues that led the king to dispense with parliament from 1629-40. However, he was not implicated in the politics of Charles I's attempt at absolute monarchy, known as Thorough. He was a local Justice of the Peace and, as a wealthy man, was nominated in 1632 to become High Sheriff of Shropshire by John Egerton, 1st Earl of Bridgewater, the president of the Council in the Marches of Wales but he was not pricked for the post.

paragraph: As tensions between Charles I and Parliament mounted in 1641, Charles courted support and raised funds simultaneously by creating numerous knights and baronets. Wolryche was knighted at Whitehall Palace on 22 July 1641 and created the first of the Wolryche baronets on 4 August 1641. This was no guarantee of loyalty to the king when conflict came: a considerable part of the Shropshire landed gentry, including baronets and close relatives of Wolryche, was on the other side. His sister Elizabeth and her husband John Puleston were committed Presbyterians and she was forced to flee their Flintshire home. The influence of the militantly royalist Francis Ottley, whose sister, Ursula, Wolryche had married in 1625, seems to have been decisive in making him act for the king. Ottley, unlike Wolryche himself, was politically committed and well-informed, retaining a correspondent in London to help him follow developments. Wolryche accepted a commission to collect the Poll Tax in 1641 and during the summer of 1642, with both Charles and Parliament mobilising for possible war, both he and Ottley received Commissions of array from the king. Wolryche was already experienced in captaining a county militia company.

paragraph: Shrewsbury was not a natural royalist stronghold as it had been the scene of political and ideological conflict between Puritans and Laudians for several decades. A group of Shrewsbury aldermen petitioned parliament on 16 July to recognise a militia that had begun to gather under the command of Thomas Hunt. Parliament responded positively and sent a deputation of three MPs to establish its military control of Shropshire. One of these was Sir John Corbet, 1st Baronet, of Stoke upon Tern, a grandson of Lord Chancellor Thomas Bromley and thus Wolryche's second cousin. However, it was Francis Ottley who seized the initiative and disrupted the parliamentary muster on 1 August, allowing Royalist forces to rally the following day under Sir Vincent Corbet of Moreton Corbet.

paragraph: On 8 August Wolryche was prominent among the county gentry who signed a "declaration and protestation" of the Grand Jury at the Shrewsbury Assizes. This was inspired by Ottley and stated:

paragraph: The warmth of this support persuaded the king, on leaving his initial rallying point at Nottingham on 12 September, to head with his field army for Shrewsbury, which he reached on 20 September, remaining until 12 October. Ottley took effective control of Shrewsbury during the king's stay and, after some delay, was formally recognised as military governor of the town. It was probably Ottley who recommended Wolryche for the post of governor of Bridgnorth. At some time early in the conflict, Wolryche was also appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Shropshire.

paragraph: Section::::The Civil War.:The defence of Bridgnorth.

paragraph: Bridgnorth's council had considered inserting a drawbridge into the bridge over the River Severn as early as 26 August, under a warrant from John Weld, the High Sheriff, but had decided on a compromise solution of rope and chain barriers. Prince Rupert had arrived in the town on 21 September and ensured that two reliable, royalist bailiffs were elected for the following year: Thomas Dudley and John Farr. Setting out from Shrewsbury on 12 October, the king arrived at Bridgnorth and stayed for three days with Sir William Whitmore at Bridgnorth Castle, billetting his army of 14,000 on the surrounding inhabitants, before moving on to Wolverhampton.

paragraph: Wolryche seems to have left the precautions for the town's defence largely to the council. Not until 29 November did they think even to set "watch and ward" at the direction of the bailiffs. In December Wolryche's name was again prominent in an "Ingagement and Resolution of the Principall Gentlemen of the County of Salop," pledging

paragraph: However, an embarrassing incident soon followed, in which Wolryche and his friends, in their desire to go on drinking as in peacetime, allowed a dangerous roundhead to evade capture. Wolryche, together with Sir William Whitmore, Edward Cresset and Sir Edward Acton were customers of John Birch, originally of Cannock and now a Bristol wine merchant. On 19 January they were at Bridgnorth, in the very act of making a deal, when a warrant arrived from Ottley, demanding Birch's arrest on the grounds that he "hath taken up Armes and is a disaffected p'son to our Sov'aigne Lord the Kinge and doth still persist therein as a traytor to his Royall person." Wolryche and the others wrote to Ottley the next day, offering to stand bail so that Birch could carry on his business with the local gentry until the following Thursday. Evidently Birch continued to trade, albeit with some inconveniences, and on 28 January had the gall to write from Bristol to Ottley, claiming that there was an agreement to allow free trade between Bristol and Shrewsbury, and demanding restitution or compensation for four butts of sack, confiscated at Shrewsbury and worth, he alleged, the enormous sum of £64. Birch soon appeared in arms on the side of Parliament, later waging a successful campaign against the royalists in Herefordshire. Wolryche, Cresset and Acton, however, showed their loyalty to the royalist cause on 28 January by having a villager committed to the assizes for "speaking of words tending to high tresson."

paragraph: Meanwhile, the inhabitants of Bridgnorth were taking steps to improve their own protection. On 25 January the council agreed to maintain nine dragoons at the expense of the town, although the force was assembled only by renting a horse and rider from Thomas Corbet of Longnor Hall and two horses from Thomas Glover, a townsman who demanded a shilling a day for each animal. At the same time the watch was organised on more efficient military lines, with captains for day and night, and eight men assigned to the night watch, with six to the day. Corbet was persuaded to begin drilling the young men of the town and the surrounding area for its defence, although it was to Ottley he wrote on 5 February for support and validation.

paragraph: In March 1643 Wolryche took a small force out of the county to support a royalist attack on Lichfield. His progress was marked by a report from Walter James, Ottley's informant at Newport, Shropshire, that he had insisted on opening the posts between Birmingham and Nantwich, apparently discovering material of interest. On his return, Wolryche was faced in May by a much more rigorous set of demands from the town council, based on a directive from Lord Capell, the regional royalist commander:

paragraph: Francis Billingsley seems to have brought a measure of professionalism to the defence of Bridgnorth. Wolryche, however, seems never to have fully reconciled himself to the demands of war. In June he wrote to Capell to denounce a constable of Halesowen, then in Shropshire, who had been insufficiently vigorous in levying taxation, requisitioning and conscripting for the king. Nevertheless, when a relative, Gilbert Warley, protested to him about the exactions of a royalist foraging party on his neighbours, Wolryche was quick to write to Ottley, asking for his help in recovering horses stolen in the incident.

paragraph: Ottley was removed from the governorship of Shrewsbury in February 1644, under pressure from Prince Rupert. It seems that Wolryche too was replaced at some time early in 1644, perhaps on the same occasion, as Rupert visited Bridgnorth on his way to Shrewsbury. His replacement was Sir Lewis Kirke, the brother of David Kirke, and like him a tough soldier and adventurer honed by his experiences in Canada. Kirke and Billingsley established a small committee to manage the fortification and defence of Bridgnorth. However, Kirke was later accused of using torture in his attempts to suppress internal opposition in the town.

paragraph: Section::::The Civil War.:Defeat and aftermath.

paragraph: Wolryche remained active until at least August 1645. The guidebook to Dudmaston, by transposing the parliamentary encirclement to 1644 and omitting to mention Wolryche's removal, implies that he was involved in the siege of the castle and the destruction of the town. He was not present at the taking of Bridgnorth, which took place on 21 March 1646, when the commander was still Kirke. The garrison set fire to the town, which was largely destroyed, as an inscribed tablet on the North Gate Museum makes clear. This was in response to a volley of stones rained on them by the townspeople as they were retreating into the castle, suggesting that the population generally was hostile to the royalist occupation, at least by this stage. The damage was valued at £60,000.

paragraph: A possible source of confusion is that Wolryche surrendered to Parliament on especially lenient terms, as did the defenders of Bridgnorth Castle under the so-called Bridgnorth Articles, agreed on 26 April 1646. Wolryche was imprisoned once and sequestered twice. On 11 March 1647 he was fined £730, only a tenth the value of his estates. However, this was because of an appeal made on his behalf by William Pierrepont, the MP for Much Wenlock, and much to the chagrin of the parliamentary committee for Shropshire. Wolryche still had considerable debts in 1657, when he made a will assigning his estates to Pierrepont and his third son, William Wolryche, in a scheme to repay them. This arrangement he later altered.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Wolryche died on 4 July 1668, aged 70 and was buried at St Chad's Church, Shrewsbury on 9 July 1668. He has a memorial inscription on a cenotaph tomb in the family's shrine church of St Andrew at Quatt.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.

paragraph: Wolryche married Ursula Ottley, daughter of Thomas Ottley of Pitchford, Shropshire, in Pitchford parish church on 4 May 1625. The couple had seven sons and two daughters. Evidently Ursula Ottley too returned to the parental home for the first few births, as it is the Pitchford parish register that records the baptism of the first child, Margaret, on 30 May 1626, of Francis, the first son, on 21 October 1627, of Roger on 14 December 1628, as well as the much younger Andrew on 25 April 1644.

paragraph: Francis automatically succeeded to the baronetcy but his mental illness prevented his taking responsibility for the property. The estates were put in trust with John, the fifth but third surviving son, and the situation was regularised by a private act of Parliament in 1673. John was elected MP for his father's constituency of Much Wenlock in August 1679 and February 1681. John died in 1685, three years before Francis, but it was his son, Thomas who inherited both the baronetcy and the estates in 1688.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. Bellett (1856). The Antiquities of Bridgnorth, Longmans. Accessed 2 June 2014 at Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Edward Cokayne (1900). "Complete Baronetage, Volume II, 1625-1649", Exeter: William Pollard. Accessed 26 May 2014 at Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barbara Coulton (2010). "Regime and Religion: Shrewsbury 1400-1700", Logaston Press .

paragraph: BULLET::::- C R J Currie (Editor), A P Baggs, G C Baugh, D C Cox, Jessie McFall, P A Stamper (1998). "A History of the County of Shropshire: Volume 10 - Munslow Hundred (part), The Liberty and Borough of Wenlock", Institute of Historical Research. Accessed 27 May 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- W. G. D. Fletcher. "Lady Margaret Bromley", in Transactions of the Leicestershire Architectural and Archaeological Society, volume 8, 1893-4. Accessed at Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society, 19 May 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oliver Garnett (2005). "Dudmaston", The National Trust, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Grazebrook and John Paul Rylands (editors) (1889). "The Visitation of Shropshire, taken in the year 1623: Part II", Harleian Society. Accessed 26 May 2014 at Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- T.R. Horton (editor) (1900): "The Registers of Pitchford Parish, Shropshire, 1558–1812", Shropshire Parish Register Society. Accessed 26 May 2014 at Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederick Andrew Inderwick (editor) (1896)."A Calendar of the Inner Temple records, volume 2", Masters of the Bench and H. Sotheran. Accessed 19 May 2014 at Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John S. Moir. "KIRKE, SIR LEWIS", in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 1, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed 2 June 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phillips, William, 1894: "The Ottley Papers relating to the Civil War", in Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, 2nd series, vol. VI, 1894, p. 27-78 accessed 26 May 2014 at Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phillips, William, 1895: "The Ottley Papers relating to the Civil War", in Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, 2nd series, vol. VII, 1895, p. 241-360 accessed 26 May 2014 at Internet Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- William A. Shaw (1906). "The Knights of England, volume 2", Sherratt and Hughes. Accessed 26 May 2014 at Open Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roy Sherwood (1992). "The Civil War in the Midlands 1642-1651", Alan Sutton Publishing, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Subscription required: free to most UK public library members.

alias:
Thomas Wolryche
Sir Thomas Wolryche

description: English politician and Baronet

wikidata_label: Sir Thomas Wolryche, 1st Baronet

wikipedia_title: Sir Thomas Wolryche, 1st Baronet


text: American

text: painter

text: Gelsenkirchen, Germany

text: Antwerp, Belgium

text: Ellis Island

text: Monet

text: William Merritt Chase

text: Beaux-Arts Institute of Design

text: Provincetown

text: the Cape School of Art

text: Maryland Hall for the Creative Arts

text: l'Atelier aux Couleurs

text: Betty Warren

text: Malden Bridge

text: here

categories: 1992 deaths,20th-century American painters,People from Provincetown, Massachusetts,1899 births,American male painters,German emigrants to the United States

paragraph: Henry Hensche

paragraph: Henry Hensche (February 25, 1899 – December 10, 1992) was an American painter and teacher.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Born Heinrich Hensche, in Gelsenkirchen, Germany, Henry came to the United States by way of Antwerp, Belgium. He is listed on the ship's manifest as age 11 years old when he arrived at Ellis Island aboard the British steamship S.S. Kroonland on March 3, 1909, with his sister Erna, and his father Fritz (later changed to Fred). (Hensche's birth year is often mentioned as 1898, 1899, or 1901, most likely 1898 - he did not make an effort to correct this. At times his city of birth is cited as Chicago, year of birth 1901 - again, Hensche made no effort to discourage that date or place of birth, perhaps due to anti-German sentiment during the World Wars). His mother is thought to have died before he was two, although this is not verified. She was either unable (deceased) or unwilling to travel to America with the family.

paragraph: Section::::Training.

paragraph: At the age of 17 Hensche began to work in the stockyards. He aspired to work with Frank Lloyd Wright, the famous architect who was active in Chicago, but several of Hensche's teachers encouraged him to apply to the Art Institute of Chicago. Hensche applied and, "I was surprised that they did take me...and that was my start in the paint

paragraph: ing world...[.]" Hensche studied the old masters and their techniques, but was drawn to the work of the Impressionists which were on exhibit. Several students at the Institute had previously studied with Charles Webster Hawthorne at the Cape Cod School of Art. Hensche admired their techniques with color and decided to leave the Institute (which was not an easy decision) and travel to Provincetown, Massachusetts. By the spring of 1919 he had made it to the Art Students League in New York City and took classes with, among others, George Bellows.

paragraph: By the summer of 1919, Hensche arrived in Provincetown. There he met Charles W. Hawthorne, who became his mentor. Hensche found in Hawthorne the "bright and savage colors" that he had first seen back at the Art Institute of Chicago. Hensche appreciated and embraced the Hawthorne "color note" approach to painting. He saw this as the advancement from Monet that it was. "Monet was a painter; he didn't teach. What was needed was a way to put his principles into some kind of teachable form...in the America of that day, William Merritt Chase was the most famous teacher. He taught Hawthorne - and almost everyone else. But, he never really came to grips with the Impressionists idea. His paintings were really done in tone - in black and white - with Impressionists colors added. He never developed a clear method."

paragraph: He also studied at the National Academy Museum and School of Fine Arts and the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design. While Hensche did study with others, Charles Hawthorne was his greatest influence.

paragraph: Section::::School.

paragraph: After the death of Charles Hawthorne, Hensche began to teach on his own in Provincetown. It is widely believed that Hawthorne "passed the mantle" to Hensche, though this may not be the case. In fact, several of Hawthorne's students started schools of their own. (Mrs. Hawthorne wanted $500.00 for the name of the school and Hensche was either unable or unwilling to pay that much. He changed the name to the Cape School of Art and began teaching). It is worth noting that Hensche's Cape School was the only one of these schools to survive for any significant length of time (well over fifty years).

paragraph: Hensche's work as both a painter and teacher was to advance the ideals of color as the basis for painting; as opposed to tonal painting. He was most interested in creating visual poetry in the tradition of the Claude Monet, while advancing that art movement; the true progression of art in Hensche's eyes. Hensche was at times a vocal dissident of the many art movements of the 20th Century.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Hensche married fellow artist Ada Rayner, an English immigrant who had worked as a governess when she first arrived in America. They married in 1936 and maintained a home in Provincetown until their deaths (she in 1985, he in 1992). Following her death. Hensche relocated to Gray, Louisiana. He married Dorothy Billiu, a former student and art teacher. Hensche died in 1992, Billiu-Hensche in 2002.

paragraph: Section::::The Cape School revisited.

paragraph: In 2010, former students John Clayton, John Ebersberger, Cedric Egeli, Rob Longley, and Hilda Neily founded the Cape School of Art in Provincetown, in an effort to pass along Henry Hensche's teachings. John Ebersberger also teaches at Maryland Hall for the Creative Arts and l'Atelier aux Couleurs in California. Another of Hensche's students was Betty Warren, who founded her own art school at Malden Bridge, in Upstate New York.

paragraph: If you'd like a copy of his out-of-print book, The Art of Seeing and Painting, click here.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::-  The Henry Hensche Foundation/Archive]

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Henry Hensche

wikipedia_title: Henry Hensche


text:
courtesy name
Qing dynasty
Hefei
Anhui
Taiping Rebellion
Zeng Guofan
Li Hongzhang
Huai Army
Sino-French War
Ding Richang
Taiwan Province
Taiwan
Ming Chuan University
Taipei
Hefei
Anhui Province
China
Nien Rebellion
Huai Army
Qing Empire
Taiping Rebellion
Li Hongzhang
Huai Army
Shanghai
Charles George Gordon
Changzhou
Major General
Colonel General
Beijing
Zeng Guofan
Sino-French war
Vietnam
imperial commissioner
Sébastien Lespès
Keelung
Huai Army
Tamsui
Hsinchu
Lungshan temple
Sun Kaihua
Xiang Army
battle of Tamsui
campaign around Keelung
Taiwan Province
province
Shen Baozhen
Uhrshawan Battery
Hobe Fort
Anping Fort
Taiwan Railways Administration
Tamsui
Foochow
aboriginal tribes
camphor
Changhua County
Heilongjiang
Anhui
Beiyang Fleet
Summer Palace
Treaty of Shimonoseki
Hefei

categories: Politicians from Hefei,Qing dynasty tidus,1836 births,Qing dynasty Governors of Taiwan,Qing dynasty politicians from Anhui,1896 deaths,Nian Rebellion,Generals from Anhui,People of the Sino-French War

paragraph: Liu Mingchuan

paragraph: Liu Mingchuan (1836–1896), courtesy name Xingsan, was a Chinese official who lived in the mid-Qing dynasty. He was born in Hefei, Anhui. Liu became involved in the suppression of the Taiping Rebellion at an early age, and worked closely with Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang as he emerged as an important Huai Army officer. In the aftermath of the Sino-French War, succeeding Ding Richang he was appointed the first governor of the newly established Taiwan Province. Today he is remembered for his efforts in modernizing Taiwan during his tenure as governor, and several institutions have been given his name, including Ming Chuan University in Taipei.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and military career.

paragraph: Liu was born into a poor family of farmers at Hefei, Anhui Province, China. His father died when Liu was 11 years old. At age 18, Liu joined a local gang of bandits in the mountains, and at 20 he took part in the early Nien Rebellion. At 23 he changed his mind and joined the Huai Army, beginning his loyalty to the Qing Empire.

paragraph: In 1859 (Xianfeng 9th Year), during the Taiping Rebellion, he built his hometown's army, encouraged people to join, and suppressed several rebellions of the Taiping Army. In 1861 (Xianfeng 11th Year), he led about 500 men to join Li Hongzhang's Huai Army. He was made the head of Ming Camp (銘字營), and went with Li to Shanghai to aid Charles George Gordon's army in defeating the Taiping Army. There he learned the use of Western firearms. In 1864 Huai Army commander Li Hongzhang and vice commander Liu attacked Changzhou to recover the city. Major General Liu was promoted to Colonel General and appointed to defend the capital at Beijing.

paragraph: The Qing government promoted him to be the local provincial head. He followed Zeng Guofan to suppress the bandits around Anhui and Hupei. The bandits were suppressed after four years, and he was promoted to Baron First Class. Apart from providing occasional support to the military, he then resigned from his position due to illness.

paragraph: Section::::Sino-French War.

paragraph: In 1884, the Qing government triggered the Sino-French war over the possession of Vietnam. That same year, Liu arrived in Taiwan as Imperial Inspector Minister on Military Affairs. He planned and supervised the construction of forts at Courbet Harbor, An-Ling Tun, Tsien Tung, and others.

paragraph: In June 1884, Liu was appointed imperial commissioner for the defense of Taiwan against a threatened French invasion. On 5 August 1884 Rear Admiral Sébastien Lespès destroyed three Chinese shore batteries in the port of Keelung in northern Formosa by naval bombardment. The French put a landing force ashore to occupy Keelung and the nearby coal mines at Pei-tao (Pa-tou), but on 6 August were counterattacked by a strong Chinese force under Liu Mingchuan's command and forced to re-embark.

paragraph: Liu's leadership over the Huai Army enabled the Chinese to match up against the French forces in combat.

paragraph: The French returned to northern Formosa in October 1884. On 1 October, 1,800 French marine infantry went ashore at Keelung and captured the town, supported by naval gunfire from French ships in the harbour. Liu Mingchuan attempted to defend Keelung with a Chinese division of 2,000 troops, but was forced to retreat. Anticipating that the French would follow up their success with a landing at Tamsui, he left half of his force in strong defensive positions around "Lok-tao" (六堵), astride the road to Tamsui, and retreated to Taipei with the rest on 3 October. It was rumoured that he intended to flee south to Tek-cham (modern-day Hsinchu), and his arrival in Taipei was greeted with rioting. Several of his bodyguards were killed and he himself was arrested and held for several days in the city's Lungshan temple.

paragraph: Meanwhile, after an ineffective naval bombardment on 2 October, Admiral Lespès attacked the Chinese defences at Tamsui with 600 sailors from the Far East squadron's landing companies on 8 October, and was decisively repulsed by forces under the command of General Sun Kaihua, a veteran Xiang Army officer. French casualties in the battle of Tamsui were light, but as a result of this reversal French control over Formosa was limited to the town of Keelung. This achievement fell far short of what had been hoped for, and condemned the French to a long and frustrating campaign around Keelung.

paragraph: Section::::Governor of Taiwan.

paragraph: By a decision of the Qing court, Taiwan Province was declared an independent province in 1887. Liu Mingchuan did not see the creation of a separate province on Taiwan as a priority; rather, he emphasized the urgency of upgrading the defense industry in Taiwan and having a naval unit stationed in the ports around the island. Having never gotten full support from China's Imperial court and the navy presence he wanted, Liu is instead remembered for his efforts to lay the foundation of modern infrastructure in Taiwan as its first provincial governor. He continued and enlarged Shen Baozhen's ideals for managing Taiwan, and started a massive modernization programme that included setting up defenses, developing transportation, taxation, farming, public security, commercial enterprises, financial affairs, and education. Construction works including telegram, railway, army machinery, telegram schools, Western schools, and modern forts, in addition to purchasing modern artillery and rifles.

paragraph: Liu promoted a series of Western-style architectural developments, including the headquarters of Taiwan’s Telegraphy (辦理臺灣水路電報總局, 1892), Taipei Machinery Car Repair Factory (臺北機關車修理廠), an iron bridge, Western Supervising Dormitory (洋監督宿舍), and Western School (西學堂, 1890). In 1886 (Guangxu 12th Year), under the support of German military engineer Max E. Hecht, he built nine modern Western-style forts, including Keelung Sheliao Fort (基隆社寮砲臺), Uhrshawan Battery, Hobe Fort, Daping Mountain Fort (旗後大平山炮台, destroyed), Penghu West Castle Fort (湖西大城北砲臺), Penghu West-Islet Fort (西嶼砲臺), Penghu Mazu Fort (), and Anping Fort.

paragraph: Under Liu's auspices, a 28.6 km railroad connecting the cities of Keelung and Taipei (see Taiwan Railways Administration) became the earliest railroad system of China when it came into operation with nine in 1891. An undersea telegraph line between Tamsui and Foochow was laid during his tenure. He sponsored the exploitation of coal using new technologies in northern Taiwan and the creation of a modern postal service. Liu's governance saw China's earliest nighttime electrical illumination when the walled prefecture city of Taipei was lightened up with street lamps in 1887. However, those lights would be turned off after the initial trial period due to a lack of operating funds.

paragraph: Despite that these projects were limited in scope and scale, they were carried out against strong opposition and plagued with financial difficulties. Unassisted by the Qing court, the governor resorted to a series of radical means of funding his projects. These included forcefully seizing control of some areas traditional inhabited by aboriginal tribes in the northern part of the island province and imposing a land census on the island's landowning class to expand camphor and tea production and increase tax revenues. Some of the repercussions of these measures would work to suffocate Liu's plans for Taiwan and his political career. On 6 October 1888 a mob of land-owning farmers and militia revolted () in Changhua County, attacking Qing officials led by Li Jiatang (李嘉棠), a county magistrate who had threatened to use capital punishment when carrying out the land census.

paragraph: A longtime animosity between the Xiang and the Huai Armies is believed to be another factor in Liu's eventual political frustration. Liu Ao (劉璈), a Xiang Army veteran officer and Superintendent of Military Affairs in Taiwan (臺灣兵備道), was Liu Mingchuan's arch opponent when he took office. Although Liu Mingchuan succeeded in purging Liu Ao from his jurisdiction by accusing the latter of various misdeeds, which led to the latter's exile as a guarded prisoner to Heilongjiang in 1885, the governor himself was never free from targeted attacks as a representative figure of the Huai faction in the government and as an important associate of Li Hongzhang.

paragraph: Section::::Resignation and death.

paragraph: In June 1891 (Guangxu 17th Year), Liu Mingchuan resigned his post as governor of Taiwan due to health reasons at the age of 56, and returned to his hometown in Anhui. Most of the modernization projects initiated by Liu came to a halt shortly after his resignation and were never restarted throughout the rest of the Qing reign over the island. This has led to speculation that Liu's resignation was actually due to political opposition in the Qing court to his work. Whether or not this is true, the policy reversal adopted by Liu's successors—affiliated with the Huai faction or not—illustrates the financial difficulties China's early modernizers faced while the empire's fiscal resources were spent on the creation of the Beiyang Fleet and the renovation of the Summer Palace.

paragraph: After leaving Taiwan, Liu Mingchuan received no further official commissions and in 1895, Taiwan was ceded to Japan by the Treaty of Shimonoseki. Liu died in his hometown of Hefei in 1896 (Guangxu 21st Year), and was given the title of Grand Protector of the Crowned Prince (太子太保) and the posthumous name Chuang Tsu (壯粛). Permission was granted to build a temple and have his biography written.

paragraph: Before his death, he had mentioned to Taiwan, by looking to the East, where Taiwan lied. He cried: ""Blue sky! Give me back Taiwan!"", in sorrow for the loss of China to the hand of Japan and the secession of Taiwan to Japan.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chu, Samuel C. "Liu Ming-ch'uan and Modernization of Taiwan." "The Journal of Asian Studies." Vol. 23, No. 1 (Nov., 1963), pp. 37–53.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hua, Qiang [華強], "Liu Mingchuan Taiwan Xinzheng Pingyi" [劉銘傳台灣新政評議, Comments on Liu Mingchuan's Reforms in Taiwan]" [In Chinese]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hummel, Arthur William, ed. "Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period (1644–1912)." 2 vols. Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1943.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lung, Chang [龍章], "Yueh-nan yu Chung-fa chan-cheng" [越南與中法戰爭, Vietnam and the Sino-French War] (Taipei, 1993)

alias:
Zhuangsu
Shengsan
Panting
Daqian shanren
Liu Mingchuan
Daqianshanfang

description: Chinese general, first governor of Chinese province of Taiwan

wikidata_label: Liu Mingchuan

wikipedia_title: Liu Mingchuan


text:
Christian
martyr
saint
St Julian
Basilissa
senatorial
Diocletian
Cilicia
Saint John Chrysostom
homily
Antioch
basilica
relics
Eastern Orthodox
Saints of March 16
Lives of the Saints: Julian of Tarsus

categories: Saints from Roman Anatolia,4th-century Christian martyrs,305 deaths,4th-century Romans,People from Tarsus, Mersin

paragraph: Julian of Antioch

paragraph: Julian (;   305  311), variously distinguished as and was a 4th-century Christian martyr and saint. He is sometimes confused with the St Julian who was martyred with his wife Basilissa.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Of senatorial rank, he was killed during the persecutions of Diocletian. His legend states that he was subjected to terrible tortures and paraded daily for a whole year through various cities of Cilicia. He was then sewn up in a sack half-filled with scorpions, sand, and vipers, and cast into the sea. The sea carried his body to Alexandria, and he was buried there before being moved to Antioch.

paragraph: Saint John Chrysostom preached a homily in Julian's honor at Antioch, whose chief basilica was said to be the final resting place for Julian's relics and was known in his honor.

paragraph: His feast day is June 21 in the Eastern Orthodox Church, March 16 in the Roman Catholic Church.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saints of March 16

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lives of the Saints: Julian of Tarsus

alias:
Julian of Anazarbus
Julian of Tarsus
Saint Julian of Antioch

description: 4th-century Christian martyr and saint

wikidata_label: Julian of Antioch

wikipedia_title: Julian of Antioch


text:
Bahá'í
Alice Pike Barney
Natalie Clifford Barney
Bahá'í
Some Answered Questions
`Abdu'l-Bahá
Les Ruches
Marie Souvestre
May Bolles
Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl-i-Gulpáygání
International Council of Women
League of Nations
United Nation's Children's Fund
World War II
World War I
Find a Grave

categories: 1974 deaths,1879 births,American Bahá'ís,American expatriates in France

paragraph: Laura Clifford Barney

paragraph: Laura Clifford Barney (1879–1974), married name Laura Dreyfus-Barney (b. Cincinnati, O., 30 November 1879, d. Paris, 18 August 1974) became a leading American Bahá'í teacher and philanthropist.

paragraph: She was the daughter of Albert and Alice Pike Barney. Albert Clifford Barney was the son of a manufacturer of railway cars and was of English descent. Alice was of French Dutch and German ancestry, and was a socially prominent artist from Washington, D.C. Laura and her elder sister Natalie Clifford Barney were educated by private tutors. Laura became a leading American Bahá'í teacher and philanthropist. She is best known for having compiled the Bahá'í text "Some Answered Questions" from her interviews with `Abdu'l-Bahá during her visit to ʿAkkāʾ, Palestine, between 1904 and 1906.

paragraph: Section::::Activities.

paragraph: She attended Les Ruches, a French boarding school founded by feminist Marie Souvestre. While continuing her studies in Paris, Laura met May Bolles (later Maxwell), a Canadian Bahá'í, and was converted to the faith in about 1900. Her mother converted soon afterward. In 1911, she married (married name Hippolyte Dreyfus-Barney).

paragraph: Laura Barney financed the visit of the Persian Bahá'í scholar Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl-i-Gulpáygání to the United States in 1901-04, in order to propagate the faith there, and helped to publish the translation of his Ḥojaj al-bahīya (Cairo, 1342/1925; tr. Ali-Kuli Khan as "The Bahá'í Proofs", New York, 1902; 2nd ed., ed. J. R. I. Cole, Wilmette, Ill., 1983). In 1904 she visited `Abdu'l-Bahá in ʿAkkāʾ, Palestine, where she remained about two years, acquiring a working knowledge of Persian and becoming an intimate of his household. During that time she arranged to have `Abdu'l-Bahá's answers to her questions, mainly on philosophy and Christian theology, recorded by his secretaries. She collaborated with her future husband, Hippolyte Dreyfus, on the editing and translation of this work ("al-Nūr al-abhā fīmofāważāt `Abdu'l-Bahá", Leiden, 1908; tr. L. C. Barney and H. Dreyfus as "Some Answered Questions", London, 1908; tr. H. Dreyfus as "Les leçons de Saint Jean d'Acre", Paris, 1909). In 1905-06 she visited Persia, the Caucasus, and Russia with Dreyfus. After their marriage in April 1911, when they both adopted the surname Dreyfus-Barney, she traveled extensively with him.

paragraph: Both Laura and Hippolyte Dreyfus-Barney played a vital role in `Abdu'l-Bahá's successful visits to the West. Their intimate and personal relationship with him is unquestioned. Even though Hippolyte accompanied `Abdu'l-Bahá more so than Laura and translated many of his speeches to French. Nonetheless, Laura's role is unique in her special bond she developed through her travels to Akka during her youth and later as his host in Paris. Her proficiency in Persian language is another aspect that was unique at the time for a woman. `Abdu'l-Bahá's first visit to Paris in September 1911 was hosted by Laura and her husband. They also traveled to London and acted as his interpreters. They were his "confidantes." `Abdu'l-Bahá's next visit to the west and the US took place in 1912. Laura was present again in New York. New Jersey and Washington, DC. Upon his return to London, both Laura and Hippolyte were present. Their last visit to Akka to visit `Abdu'l-Bahá was in 1921, the same year that he died.

paragraph: Dreyfus-Barney was active in the International Council of Women from the 1920s to the 1960s and was its representative to the League of Nations and then later worked connecting the United Nation's Children's Fund with various NGOs after World War II. Between these, during World War I, Dreyfus-Barney served in the American Ambulance Corps (1914-15), and the American Red Cross (1916-18) in France, and helped to establish the first children's hospital in Avignon (1918). For her lifetime of services she was named chevalier (1925) and officer (1937) of the French Légion d'Honneur. There is a copy of her unpublished memoirs in the Bahá'í national archives in France.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bahá'í International Community, United Nations Office, "Report to the United Nations and Public Information Policy Committee", New York, 21 July 1988 (on celebration of the centennial of the International Council of Women in honor of the memory of Laura Dreyfus-Barney).

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. Fāżel Māzandarānī, Ẓohūr al-ḥaqq VIII/2, Tehran, 132 B.E./1975. U. R. Giachery, "Laura Clifford Dreyfus-Barney, 1879-1974" in "The Bahá'í World 16", 1978, pp. 535–38.

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. Meḥrāb-Ḵānī, Zendagī-e Mīrzā Abu'l-Fażl Golpāyagānī, Langenhain, Germany, 1988, p. 277. "Who Was Who in America", 1897-1942 I, Chicago, 1968, p. 59.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laura Clifford Dreyfus Barney at Find a Grave

alias:
Laura Dreyfus Barney
Laura Barney
Laura Alice Barney
Laura Dreyfus- Barney
Laura Dreyfus-Barney

wikidata_label: Laura Clifford Barney

wikipedia_title: Laura Clifford Barney


text: Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany

text: Robert II of Scotland

text: Stewart dynasty

text: Justiciar North of the Forth

text: Battle of Homildon Hill

text: England

text: James I of Scotland

text: Governor of Scotland

text: treason

text: executed

text: James the Fat

text: Antrim

text: Ireland

text: Isabella of Lennox

text: Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany

text: Margaret Graham, Countess of Menteith

text: Regent of Scotland

text: Robert II

text: Robert III

text: James I

text: Earl of Menteith

text: Earl of Fife

text: Earl of Buchan

text: Earl of Atholl

text: Robert II of Scotland

text: Sir John Swinton, 14th of that Ilk

text: James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas

text: Alexander Leslie

text: Earl of Ross

text: Duncan Campbell, 1st Lord Campbell

text: Malcolm Fleming, 3rd Lord Fleming

text: John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Buchan

text: Justiciar North of the Forth

text: Donald McDonald, 2nd Lord of the Isles

text: English

text: Battle of Homildon Hill

text: Northumberland

text: England

text: Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas

text: Battle of Nesbit Moor

text: Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland

text: William Shakespeare

text: Henry IV, part 1

text: Holmedon

text: Hotspur

text: Douglas

text: Earl of Athol

text: Shakespeare

text: Henry IV, part 1

text: David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay

text: Falkland Palace

text: heir

text: Danzig

text: France

text: Flamborough Head

text: Henry IV of England

text: King Robert III

text: Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany

text: Governor of Scotland

text: Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland

text: regalia

text: Dukedom of Albany

text: Earldom of Fife

text: Earldom of Menteith

text: Governor of Scotland

text: marks

text: Durham

text: Melrose Abbey

text: James I

text: coronation

text: Scone

text: John Stewart, Earl of Buchan

text: Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas

text: France

text: Dauphinist

text: Constable of France

text: Battle of Verneuil

text: St. Andrews

text: Caerlaverock Castle

text: Doune

text: Tantallon Castle

text: David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay

text: Falkland Castle

text: Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany

text: James the Fat

text: Lennox

text: Stirling Castle

text: assize

text: half uncle

text: Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl

text: first cousin

text: Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar

text: first cousins once removed

text: Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas

text: Alexander, Earl of Ross

text: Lord of the Isles

text: Stirling Castle

text: attainted

text: Blackfriars' Church, Stirling

text: Isabella

text: Donnchadh, Earl of Lennox

text: James the Fat

text: Laird of Buchanan

text: James the Fat

text: James "Beg" Stewart

text: Stewarts of Ardvorlich

text: Lochearnside

text: Sir Walter Scott

text: A Legend of Montrose

text: Isabella of Lennox

text: Tantallon Castle

text: Loch Lomond

text: James II of Scotland

text: Alexander of Islay, Earl of Ross

categories: Earls or mormaers of Fife,Regents of Scotland,Earls or mormaers of Menteith,1362 births,15th-century executions,1425 deaths,House of Stuart,Dukes of Albany,People executed by Stuart Scotland,Executed Scottish people,15th-century Scottish peers,People executed for treason against Scotland,Heirs to the Scottish throne

paragraph: Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany

paragraph: Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany () (136224 May 1425) was a leading Scottish nobleman, the son of Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany and the grandson of King Robert II of Scotland, who founded the Stewart dynasty. In 1389, he became Justiciar North of the Forth. In 1402, he was captured at the Battle of Homildon Hill and would spend 12 years in captivity in England.

paragraph: After his father died in 1420, and while the future King James I of Scotland was himself held captive in England, Stewart served as Governor of Scotland until 1424, when James was finally ransomed and returned to Scotland. However, in 1425, soon after James's coronation, Stewart was arrested, found guilty of treason, and executed, along with two of his sons. His only surviving heir was James the Fat, who escaped to Antrim, Ireland, where he died in 1429. Stewart's wife Isabella of Lennox survived the destruction of her family. She lived to see the assassination of James I and the restoration of her title and estates.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Stewart was born in 1362, the only son of Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany (1340–1420) and his wife Margaret Graham, Countess of Menteith. Duke Robert was a leading Scottish nobleman who was Regent of Scotland at various stages during the reigns of three kings, (Robert II, Robert III, and James I). In addition, Duke Robert held the titles of Earl of Menteith (28 February 1361), Earl of Fife (1361; resigned in 1372), Earl of Buchan (1394; resigned in 1406) and Earl of Atholl. In addition to exercising considerable power and wealth, the Albany Stewarts were potential heirs to the throne; Murdoch's grandfather was King Robert II of Scotland, who was the first member of the Stewart dynasty to rule Scotland.

paragraph: Murdoch Stewart was raised in a large family, having eight sisters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janet Stewart (married Sir David de Moubray)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Stewart (married Sir William Abernathy, 6th of Saltoun)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret Stewart (married to Sir John Swinton, 14th of that Ilk)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joan Stewart (married Sir Robert Stewart, Lord of Lorn)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beatrice Stewart (married Sir James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabella (Isobel) Stewart (married to Alexander Leslie, 7th Earl of Ross and later to Walter de Haliburton, 1st Lord Haliburton of Dirleton)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Marjorie Stewart (married to Sir Duncan Campbell, 1st Lord Campbell)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Elizabeth Stewart (married to Malcolm Fleming, ancestor of Malcolm Fleming, 3rd Lord Fleming)

paragraph: His mother Margaret died in 1380. His father Duke Robert married a second time, to Muriella de Keith, with whom he had four children, the elder of whom was John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Buchan (1381–1424).

paragraph: In 1389, at around age 27, Murdoch was appointed Justiciar North of the Forth. Father and son would now work together to expand their family interest, bringing them into violent confrontation with other members of the nobility, such as Donald McDonald, 2nd Lord of the Isles.

paragraph: Section::::War and capture.

paragraph: Stewart served in Scottish military actions against the English in the early 15th century and was captured at the Battle of Homildon Hill, which took place on 14 September 1402 in Northumberland, England. Led by Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas, the Scottish army had invaded England bent on plunder, in part to avenge the killing and capture of Scottish nobles in the Battle of Nesbit Moor on 22 June 1402. While returning to Scotland, they were intercepted by English forces led by Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland. The result was a decisive defeat of the Scottish army.

paragraph: William Shakespeare later wrote, in his play Henry IV, part 1:

paragraph: Ten thousand bold Scots, two and twenty knights,br

paragraph: Balk’d in their own blood did Sir Walter seebr

paragraph: On Holmedon’s plains. Of prisoners, Hotspur tookbr

paragraph: Mordake the Earl of Fife, and eldest sonbr

paragraph: To beaten Douglas; and the Earl of Athol,br

paragraph: Of Murray, Angus, and Menteith:br

paragraph: And is not this an honourable spoil?br

paragraph: A gallant prize? ha, cousin, is it not?

paragraph: ---Shakespeare, Henry IV, part 1, act 1, scene 1.

paragraph: Murdoch Stewart (described above as "Mordake the Earl of Fife") was held as a prisoner in England for the next twelve years.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.

paragraph: Murdoch Stewart's captivity in England did not prevent his father from ruthlessly pursuing the family interest, often through violent means. In 1402 the Duke of Albany's nephew, David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, died in Falkland Palace while under his uncle's protection. King Robert III of Scotland, fearful that his younger son Prince James, the heir to the throne of Scotland, would suffer the same fate, sent him out of the kingdom to escape Albany's clutches. In 1406 James boarded the "Maryenknyght", a ship from Danzig that was bound for France, but on 22 March 1406, the ship was taken by English pirates off Flamborough Head and James was delivered as a prisoner to King Henry IV of England. Soon afterwards, on 4 April 1406 King Robert III died, leaving Scotland without a King. Prince James, now the heir to the throne of Scotland and just 12 years old, would endure 18 years of detention in England. In his absence the Albany Stewarts took the reins of power, and Murdoch's father, Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany, became Governor of Scotland, king in all but name. The English price of returning James to Scotland was English overlordship of Scotland, something that few Scots were prepared to accept.

paragraph: At this time Murdoch Stewart was still a prisoner in England, but in 1416 he was exchanged for Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland, and he returned to Scotland. The Albany Stewarts took James's lands under their own control, depriving the king of income and any of the regalia of his position. James was referred to in the official records as merely 'the son of the late king'.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.:Governor of Scotland and Duke of Albany.

paragraph: In 1420, on his father's death, Murdoch, now aged 58, finally inherited the Dukedom of Albany. He also inherited the Earldom of Fife and the Earldom of Menteith, and at last became Governor of Scotland in his own right. He would hold this position from 1420 to 1424, while King James I was still held captive in England. Few serious attempts appear to have been made by Duke Albany to return James to Scotland, but eventually political pressure compelled Murdoch to agree to a general council.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.:Ransom and return of James I.

paragraph: In August 1423 it was agreed that an embassy should be sent to England to negotiate James's release. A ransom treaty of 60,000 marks (an enormous sum) was agreed at Durham on 28 March 1424, to which James attached his own seal—he and his queen, accompanied by an escort of English and Scottish nobles, proceeded to Melrose Abbey, arriving on 5 April where he met Albany to receive the governor's seal of office. Upon the return of James I to Scotland, Albany lost his position as Regent.

paragraph: James began to consolidate his position. His coronation took place at Scone on 21 May 1424. At his coronation parliament the king—probably with the intent of securing a cohesive political community loyal to the crown—knighted 18 prominent nobles including Albany's son Alexander Stewart.

paragraph: At this stage, it is probable that the king felt unable to take action against the Albany Stewarts while Murdoch's brother, John Stewart, Earl of Buchan and Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas were fighting the English in France alongside their Dauphinist French allies. Buchan was a soldier with an international reputation, and commanded the large Scottish army of around 6,000 men, a formidable force. In addition he was Constable of France, making him the effective commander of the entire French army. However, both he and Douglas were killed at the Battle of Verneuil in August 1424 and the Scottish army was routed—the loss of these Albany allies with their fighting force left Murdoch politically exposed. James moved swiftly against his Albany Stewart relatives soon afterwards.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.:Arrest.

paragraph: Murdoch was arrested, along with his younger son Lord Alexander Stewart. Albany was at first confined in the castle at St. Andrews and afterwards transferred to Caerlaverock Castle. His wife Isabella was captured in the family's fortified castle of Doune, their favourite residence, and committed to Tantallon Castle.

paragraph: James's older brother David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay had died young, in Falkland Castle, while in the care of Murdoch's father, Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany. Though Albany had been exonerated by Parliament, the suspicion of foul play remained. Moreover, neither Duke Robert nor his son Murdoch had exerted themselves in negotiating James's release while in English captivity. This may well have left James with the suspicion that the Albany Stewarts had personal designs on the throne of Scotland.

paragraph: At this time Albany's other son Walter was already in prison. James, Murdoch's youngest son (also known as James the Fat), escaped arrest. and fled into the Lennox, where he began to organise a revolt, leading men of Lennox and Argyll in open rebellion against the crown. He attacked and burned the burgh of Dumbarton with much loss of life. This resort to violence by Albany's youngest son may spurred the king into bring a charge of treason against the Albany Stewarts, however, it is likely there was other evidence (no longer extant) for him to have gained the support of the leading magnates.

paragraph: Section::::Trial and execution.

paragraph: Duke Murdoch, his sons Walter and Alexander, and Duncan, Earl of Lennox were in Stirling Castle for their trial on 18 May 1425, at a prorogued parliament in the presence of the King. An assize of seven earls and fourteen lesser nobles heard the evidence that linked the prisoners to the rebellion in the Lennox—in a trial lasting just one day the four men were found guilty of treason.

paragraph: The jury which condemned them was composed of 21 knights and Peers, including Albany's half uncle Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl, first cousin Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar, first cousins once removed Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas, and Alexander, Earl of Ross and Lord of the Isles.

paragraph: Walter was condemned on 24 May. Albany and his son Alexander were tried before the same jury the following day. All the prisoners were publicly beheaded on Heading Hill "in front of" Stirling Castle. Albany was attainted and all of his peerage titles were forfeited. He was buried at Blackfriars' Church, Stirling.

paragraph: In the destruction of his close family, the Albany Stewarts, James I gained the substantial rents from the family's three forfeited earldoms of Fife, Menteith and Lennox, a blow from which the Albany Stewarts never recovered. More importantly, he secured his reign from the threat which had been constantly posed to him by the Albany Stewarts since his older brother's death, probably at their hands, decades before.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: Murdoch was married to Isabella, daughter of Donnchadh, Earl of Lennox. They had four sons and a daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Stewart (d. 1421)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walter Stewart (executed 1425)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Stewart (executed 1425)

paragraph: BULLET::::- James the Fat (Seamas Mòr) Stewart, fled to Ireland and died in 1429.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel, who married Sir Walter Buchanan, 12th Laird of Buchanan

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Albany's sole surviving male heir was his youngest son, James the Fat who, after his failed rebellion, escaped to Ireland following the execution of his father and brothers. James remained in Ireland, unable to return, and died there in 1429. He was never able to inherit his father's titles, since they had been declared forfeit under the attainder. Albany's grandson, James "Beg" Stewart (c1410-1470), would eventually secure a pardon from the King and return to Scotland, though the family would never recover their lost estates. James "Beg" Stewart is the ancestor of the Stewarts of Ardvorlich on Lochearnside, whose family history is recounted by Sir Walter Scott in "A Legend of Montrose".

paragraph: Albany's wife, Isabella of Lennox, survived the execution of her family, though she spent eight years as a royal prisoner at Tantallon Castle. In 1437, after the death of James I, she at last recovered her lands and title. In the next few years, although forced to govern her province from Loch Lomond, she issued a large number of charters and was tolerated by James's successor, King James II of Scotland, who allowed her to assume all her titles and honors as Duchess of Albany and Countess of Lennox.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander of Islay, Earl of Ross

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Campbell, Alastair, "A History of Clan Campbell, Volume 2"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crawfurd, George, p.159, "A General Description of the Shire of Renfrew" (1818) Retrieved November 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mackie, J. D., "A History of Scotland", Penguin Books, London (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nelker, Gladys P., "The Clan Steuart", Genealogical Publishing (1970)

description: Duke of Albany

wikidata_label: Murdoch Stewart

wikipedia_title: Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany


text:
Benedictine
William the Conqueror
canon law
Saint Remigius
oblate
Fécamp Abbey
almoner
Walter D'Aincourt
William II of England
William Dugdale
Lincoln Cathedral
David Bates
Fécamp
Henry of Huntingdon
Norman Conquest of England
Battle of Hastings
Battle Abbey
Gerald of Wales
canonized
hagiography
Bishopric of Dorchester
simony
Stigand
Archbishop of Canterbury
Matilda
papal legate
Lanfranc
Pope Alexander II
Ealdred
Pope Gregory VII
Dorchester
Leicester
Lindsey
Province of Canterbury
Paulinus of York
Ely Abbey
Peterborough Abbey
Ramsey Abbey
Thorney Abbey
Dorchester
Lincoln
Geoffrey de Montbray
Bishop of Coutances
Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria
prebend
Accord of Winchester
River Witham
Council of London
Thomas of Bayeux
Archbishop of York
Domesday Book
ordeal
Odo of Bayeux
Thomas
Archbishop of York
John of Worcester
William of Malmesbury
Robert Losinga
Bishop of Hereford
Benedictine
Abbey of St Mary
Stow
Eynsham Abbey
cathedral chapter
Robert Bloet
Rouen
St Etienne, Caen
St Mark's, Venice
Anthony Quiney
Alexander of Lincoln
Dorothy Owen
cathedral chapter
secular clergy
archdeacon
Gerald of Wales
Rouen Cathedral
prebend
Robert Bloet
Lincoln Cathedral
paten

categories: Anglo-Normans,1092 deaths,Bishops of Lincoln,11th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Anglo-Norman Benedictines,Fécamp Abbey

paragraph: Remigius de Fécamp

paragraph: Remigius de Fécamp (sometimes Remigius; died 7 May 1092) was a Benedictine monk who was a supporter of William the Conqueror.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Remigius' date of birth is unknown, although he was probably born sometime during the 1030s, as canon law in the 11th century required a candidate for a bishopric to be at least 30 years of age. Likely, he was named for Saint Remigius, and the name was an unusual one for Normandy in that period. It may imply that he was always intended for a career in the church, and may have been a child oblate. He was a monk at Fécamp Abbey, holding the office of almoner, although the information that he held that office only dates from the Ship List, a listing of ships used by William the Conqueror in the initial invasion of England in 1066. This list only exists in a mid-12th-century manuscript, but is likely a copy of an original list dating to right after 1066.

paragraph: Remigius was related to William in some unknown manner. He was also related to Walter D'Aincourt, who was also related to King William II of England. Both of these relationships are documented on a lead plate said by the antiquarian William Dugdale to have been found in the grave of D'Aincourt in Lincoln Cathedral. The historian David Bates argues that the relationship to the Aincourt family is likely, based on fact that the family held lands near Fécamp. Bates is less inclined to believe in any relationship to either William I or William II, but feels it isn't possible to rule it out either, due to the complex nature of the early history of the Norman ducal family. Bates speculates that whatever relationship may have existed between Remigius and King William may have been from Remigius' possible descent from an earlier ducal concubine.

paragraph: Section::::Participation in the Norman Conquest.

paragraph: The medieval writer Henry of Huntingdon states that Remigius was a participant in the Norman Conquest of England, and was at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. The Ship List states that Remigius contributed one ship and 20 knights to the invasion force used by William the Conqueror in addition to his presence at Hastings. However, as mentioned earlier, this list only survives from a 12th-century copy which originates from Battle Abbey, the monastery founded by King William to commemorate his victory at Hastings. Battle was known to have manufactured documentary evidence to support its claims to lands as well as to have embellished the historical record to enhance its reputation. The Ship List's authenticity has been challenged, but the most recent editor of the manuscript feels that it is a copy of an earlier 11th-century listing, and thus is substantially accurate.

paragraph: A later medieval writer, Gerald of Wales, who was involved in late 12th century attempts to have Remigius canonized, wrote a hagiography, or saint's life, of the bishop. In it, he stated that instead of contributing a ship and 20 knights on his own, Remigius was in charge of Fécamp's contribution of 10 knights to William's cause. This is unlikely to be accurate, as Gerald was attempting to secure the bishop's sainthood, and thus often reworked some incidents in Remigius' life to make the canonization more likely.

paragraph: Section::::Consecration and difficulties.

paragraph: Remigius was given the Bishopric of Dorchester in 1067. This was the largest diocese in England at the time, and was the first bishopric to become vacant after the Norman Conquest. Remigius was the first Norman to be appointed to an ecclesiastical post in England after the Norman Conquest. The reason for his appointment was his service to the new king, particularly for his donation of ships to the Norman Conquest. This led to accusations of simony, or the purchase of ecclesiastical office, against Remigius.

paragraph: Remigius was consecrated by Stigand, the Archbishop of Canterbury, sometime around 1067. The new bishop was present at the coronation of Matilda, William's wife, as queen in 1068. But in 1070, the arrival of papal legates led to problems for Remigius, especially in regards to his consecration by Stigand. As part of the consecration, Remigius had made a profession of obedience to Stigand. However, shortly after Easter in 1070, the papal legates deposed Stigand, and this action brought the acts of Stigand into disrepute, including the consecration of Remigius. The papal legates suspended the bishop from office, which did not prevent him from being present at the consecration of Lanfranc, Stigand's successor at Canterbury in August 1070. Because of the uncertainty surrounding his consecration at Stigand's hands, Remigius had to receive papal absolution for the uncanonical consecration.

paragraph: Pope Alexander II later deprived Remigius of his office, requiring Remigius to travel to Rome in order to regain his see, which he did in 1071. While at Rome, the issue of simony was brought up, with the evidence of his contribution of the ship and knights to William being put forward as evidence that he and William had an agreement to give Remigius a bishopric in return for the contribution of men and transport. The issue of Remigius' consecration by and profession to Stigand was also brought up, and in his defense the bishop claimed that he did not know of any issues concerning Stigand's own canonical status. Bates points out that in 1067, when Remigius was consecrated, the newly crowned king was attempting to conciliate and work with the native English. By 1070, the royal policy was no longer strongly in favour of conciliating the English which would have put Remigius' actions in 1067 in a different light. Another possible reason for Remigius' consecration by and profession to Stigand rather than to the more canonically sound Ealdred, the Archbishop of York was the claims that York had made in regards to Dorcester being in the archdiocese of York rather than in Canterbury.

paragraph: Eventually, Remigius secured resinstatement to his bishopric. He owed his restoration to the intercession of Lanfranc, the new archbishop of Canterbury, who had petitioned Alexander for Remigius' pardon. But this was not the end of the matter, as in 1073, Remigius sought further guarantees from Pope Gregory VII in regards to his tenure of his diocese, which he received in the form of a letter from Gregory in December of that year.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop under William I.

paragraph: Remigius' bishopric was the largest in England, and one of the largest in the western Church. It encompassed what had originally been three different bishoprics – those of Dorchester, Leicester and Lindsey, which were combined together by about 1010. Normally considered part of the Province of Canterbury, the Archbishops of York had long claimed it as part of their province due to Lindsey having been converted by Paulinus of York, the first Bishop of York. Included within Remigius' diocese were a number of monasteries, including the wealthy ones of Ely Abbey, Peterborough Abbey, Ramsey Abbey and Thorney Abbey. One difficulty with the diocese was that Dorchester was in the southern part of the large diocese, which made administration difficult. Another issue was that Dorchester was a very small town, but there was a large town in the diocese – Lincoln, which probably numbered around 6500 inhabitants.

paragraph: In the years 1071–1074 Remigius was involved in as a royal judge in a case dealing with lands of Ely Abbey that were lost. Remigius served with Geoffrey de Montbray, the Bishop of Coutances, Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria, and two sheriffs. Remigius was said by Gerald of Wales to have set up 21 prebends for his cathedral clergy. He also was involved in a long dispute with the monks of Ely over the episcopal rights over the abbey.

paragraph: The seat of Remigius' see was at Dorchester, but in 1072 the Accord of Winchester arranged that bishoprics should be in cities and not small villages, so Remigius moved his see to Lincoln. The diocese received grants of lands, both in Lincoln and elsewhere, as part of the move. The choice of Lincoln was dictated by the wealth of the town and its location, which was on a strategic site on the River Witham and was at the junction of two roads. He received papal approval for the move before 21 April 1073. He did not complete the move until sometime between 1075 and 1081, as he was still being titled "Bishop of Dorchester or Lincoln" in the accounts of the Council of London held in 1075, but was named as plain "Bishop of Lincoln" in a document dating from 1081.

paragraph: During the early 1070s, what ecclesiastical province Dorchester belonged to was disputed between Canterbury and York, the two archdioceses in Britain. Lanfranc had demanded that Remigius profess obedience to Canterbury, but Thomas of Bayeux, the Archbishop of York, made a counter-claim to the dioceses of Dorchester, Lichfield and Worcester. Lanfranc and Thomas both attempted to get the papacy to rule on the dispute but Pope Alexander II referred the matter back to a council in England, where in the spring of 1072 it was decided that the three dioceses in dispute belonged in the province of Canterbury. However, Remigius continued to feel that York was attempting to secure the disputed bishoprics through other means. When Thomas requested the help of Remigius and the Bishop of Worcester in the consecration of the Bishop of the Orkney Islands, Remigius sought Lanfranc's support in avoiding the effort, and other bishops were sent to help with the consecration. Remigius may have been extra sensitive to the issue, as York continued to make claims Lindsey, a part of the diocese of Dorchester where Lincoln and the new episcopal centre was located. This dispute continued throughout Remigius' bishopric.

paragraph: In the 1080s Remigius was at the royal court when the king was in England, as he is attested at royal courts in February and May 1081, again at the Christmas court in 1085, and again in 1086. These are all of the appearances of King William in England during this decade, except for one quick visit in the winter of 1082 and 1083. However, Remigius is never a witness to royal documents that were drawn up in Normandy, and from this information it appears likely that the bishop remained in England after his acquisition of his diocese, except for the visit to Rome in 1071.

paragraph: Remigius was one of the bishops that met in 1085 at Gloucester, and took part in the discussions there that led to the survey known as Domesday Book. Remigius was heavily involved in the creation of Domesday. He served as a Domesday commissioner for Worcester, part of the "Circuit V" of Domesday, which included – besides Worcestershire – Cheshire, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Shropshire, and Staffordshire.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop under William II.

paragraph: Remigius was present at the first Christmas court held by William II at Westminster, along with a number of other bishops and barons. Henry of Huntingdon, a medieval chronicler, recorded that Remigius was once accused of treason, but was cleared after one of his servants performed the ordeal of hot iron, which he survived. The exact date of this event is unknown, and it might be connected with a rebellion in 1075 against William I. Another possibility is that it was part of the rebellion of Odo of Bayeux at the start of William II's reign. A third possibility is that it might not be connected to either rebellion. Possibly connected to this episode is an extant letter from Lanfranc to Remigius, reassuring the bishop that although some doubted his loyalty to the king, the king did not. Lanfranc's letter does not make it clear which king is intended, and it is possible that this letter is not connected to the episode related by Henry of Huntingdon. If either episode is related to the rebellion at the start of William II's reign, the period of uncertainty about Remigius' loyalty was short-lived, as he witnessed a charter of the king's shortly after the rebellion was quashed.

paragraph: Remigius' last days were dominated by a struggle with Thomas, the Archbishop of York, who claimed that the diocese of Lincoln was within his province, instead of Canterbury. The medieval chronciler John of Worcester related that Remigius bribed King William II to order all the English bishops to attend the consecration, in order to sidestep Thomas' efforts to assert his claims to Lincoln. The consecration conflict is part of a tale related by another medieval chronciler, William of Malmesbury, about the astrological interests of Robert Losinga, the Bishop of Hereford. According to William of Malmesbury, Robert's astrological horoscopes predicted Remigius' death and that it would take place prior to the cathedral's consecration.

paragraph: Remigius introduced Benedictine monks to the Abbey of St Mary at Stow before 1076, and annexed Eynsham Abbey to Stow in 1091. This may have been the opening move in an attempt to introduce monks into the Lincoln cathedral chapter, but Remigius' successor, Robert Bloet, did not follow through with the scheme, if this was the intention.

paragraph: Section::::Construction and organization of Lincoln Cathedral.

paragraph: Remigius began the construction of Lincoln Cathedral in the mid 1070s. The church was modeled after the cathedral at Rouen, as well as the abbey church of St Etienne, Caen. An older view, that the design was influenced by St Mark's, Venice, has been rejected by most historians. The tower he constructed, which is now incorporated into the west front of the Cathedral, may have been constructed as a keep tower. The art historian Anthony Quiney suggests that the tower may have served as the bishop's palace until the time of Alexander of Lincoln.

paragraph: Although traditional accounts have stated that the new cathedral was constructed on the site of a church dedicated to Saint Mary in Lincoln, and that thus the new cathedral usurped the endowment of that church as well as its site. However, recent historical research has challenged this view, with the historian Dorothy Owen arguing that although there was a church on the site, it was a small parish church with little lands or property.

paragraph: Little now remains of Remigius' construction, just the tower which has been greatly altered from the original design by the addition of three porches. It is likely that construction began in the middle part of the 1070s and was mostly complete by the time of its consecration in 1092, two days after Remigius' death.

paragraph: Along with building a new cathedral, Remigius also organized the cathedral chapter, or the clergy that served the new church. At Lincoln, Remigius set up a chapter that was composed of secular clergy, rather than one composed of monks, which some of the other new cathedrals founded after the Norman Conquest used. This was an unusual choice, as Remigius himself was a monk, and many of the new monastic cathedral chapters were founded by monks, but Bates suggests that one reason may have been the sheer size of the diocese, which required large numbers of clergy to fully staff its functions. Monks in the required numbers would have been difficult to find.

paragraph: The exact organization of the chapter seems to have evolved over time, with territorial archdeaconries being set up. Although the later medieval writer Gerald of Wales asserted that Remigius borrowed the structure of the cathedral chapter of Rouen Cathedral, this has been refuted by modern historians, who have shown that Rouen had no fully organized chapter at the time, thus making it impossible for Remigius to have borrowed the complete structure as Gerald asserted. Whether the chapter was organized into prebends during Remigius' episcopate is unclear, with Gerald claiming that there were 21 by the time of Remigius' death, but this is suspiciously half of the number that Gerald claimed existed at the death of Remigius' successor, Robert Bloet, so it must be viewed with suspicion. What is clear, however, is that the library at Lincoln was in existence. While only one surviving manuscript can be traced to the cathedral under Remigius, a surviving book catalogue testifies to the existence of the library under Remigius.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Remigius scheduled the dedication of his new cathedral for 9 May 1092, but faced a challenge by Thomas of York who once more claimed that Lindsey, and thus Lincoln, were part of Thomas' diocese. Remigius met Thomas' challenge by securing the permission of King William II for the consecration by the payment of a bribe, and most of the English bishops came to Lincoln to help with the ceremony. However, Remigius died before the consecration, but it is unclear if it was 2 days, 1 day or the night before the ceremony, as different medieval writers gave differing time scales. Most sources give Remigius' death date as 8 May, but his death was commemorated on 6 May. The cathedral was not consecrated on the scheduled date, finally being consecrated later after Robert Bloet, the next bishop, paid another bribe to the king to settle Thomas' claims to Lincoln.

paragraph: In the twelfth century, a hagiography was written and attempts were made to have him canonized as a saint. The "Vita Sancti Remigi" was composed by Gerald of Wales. The start of the effort may have begun in the 1180s, and the "Vita" was based on a list of miracles performed at the bishop's tomb from that time period. Although miracles were ascribed to him and cult persisted into the thirteenth century, he was never canonized.

paragraph: Henry of Huntingdon described Remigius as short but great-hearted and very charming. He also had a dark complexion. William of Malmesbury, another medieval writer, concurred with the fact that Remigius was short, and the implication in William's work is that the bishop was a dwarf.

paragraph: Remigius' bones, which had been thought to have been buried beneath the nave of Lincoln Cathedral, were found, with his chalice, paten and half his pastoral staff, under a slab of black marble, in the angel choir of the cathedral, in 1927.

description: Bishop of Lincoln

wikidata_label: Remigius de Fécamp

wikipedia_title: Remigius de Fécamp


text: relief pitcher

text: Philadelphia Phillies

text: Florida Marlins

text: Chicago Cubs

text: Atlanta Braves

text: Texas Rangers

text: Montreal Expos

text: expansion draft

text: National League

text: saves

text: herniated disc

text: spring training

text: Dale Torborg

text: Jeff Torborg

text: Matt Clement

text: Julián Tavárez

text: Ryan Jorgensen

text: Dontrelle Willis

text: Jose Cueto

text: Lancaster Barnstormers

text: Bridgeport Bluefish

text: Atlantic League

text: polydactyly

text: Antonio Alfonseca

text: Antonio Alfonseca

categories: People with supernumerary body parts,Atlanta Braves players,Philadelphia Phillies players,Texas Rangers players,Oklahoma RedHawks players,Gulf Coast Expos players,Kane County Cougars players,Bridgeport Bluefish players,Jamestown Expos players,Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic,Charlotte Knights players,Pericos de Puebla players,1972 births,Chicago Cubs players,People from La Romana, Dominican Republic,Caribbean Series players,Portland Sea Dogs players,Bravos de Margarita players,Major League Baseball pitchers,National League saves champions,Frisco RoughRiders players,Iowa Cubs players,Lancaster Barnstormers players,Living people,Jupiter Hammerheads players,Florida Marlins players,Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States,Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Mexico,Mexican League baseball pitchers

paragraph: Antonio Alfonseca

paragraph: Antonio Alfonseca (; ; born April 16, 1972) is a Dominican former relief pitcher. He last pitched in Major League Baseball for the Philadelphia Phillies in . Alfonseca also played for the Florida Marlins (–, ), the Chicago Cubs (–), the Atlanta Braves (), and the Texas Rangers ().

paragraph: He is known for having an extra digit on each hand and foot.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Alfonseca was originally signed by the Montreal Expos as a non-drafted free agent in July . On December 13, 1993, he was taken by the Florida Marlins from the Montreal Expos in the 1993 expansion draft. His best year was in with the Marlins, when he led the National League in saves with 45, and won the National League Rolaids Relief Man of the Year.

paragraph: At the end of the season, Alfonseca had surgery to repair a herniated disc. Subsequently, the Marlins asked Alfonseca to lose 15 pounds to help to relieve stress on his back. At a weigh-in during spring training, Alfonseca had a confrontation with Dale Torborg, the son of then manager Jeff Torborg, and a former professional wrestler. While the Marlins denied any connection, shortly afterwards, on March 27, 2002, he was traded, along with Matt Clement, to the Chicago Cubs for Julián Tavárez, Ryan Jorgensen, Dontrelle Willis, and Jose Cueto.

paragraph: On September 2, 2003, while with the Cubs, Alfonseca was thrown out of a game for bumping an umpire with his stomach. He was subsequently suspended for five games.

paragraph: After the season, he filed for free agency, and signed back with the Marlins, but in July , he suffered a right elbow injury and missed the rest of the season. He was released by the Marlins, signed with the Rangers, but after another mid-season elbow injury was released by them. He pitched for the Phillies in 2007 and for the Lancaster Barnstormers and Bridgeport Bluefish of the Atlantic League from 2009 to 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: His nicknames are "El Pulpo" ("The Octopus"), "The Dragonslayer", and "Six-Fingers". He has six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot, a condition known as polydactyly. His grandfather also had this trait. Alfonseca regards it with pride, as a kind of family emblem.

paragraph: Alfonseca and his wife Rocio have two sons: Antonio, Jr. and Mark Anthony, and two daughters, Jenitza and Asia .

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball all-time saves leaders

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antonio Alfonseca at SABR (Baseball BioProject)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antonio Alfonseca at Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League)

description: Dominican baseball player

wikidata_label: Antonio Alfonseca

wikipedia_title: Antonio Alfonseca


text:
rock
Buckcherry
Anaheim Hills, California
Lake Forest, California
Trabuco Hills High School
Orange County, California
Buckcherry
glam rock
AC/DC
Mitzi Martin
self-titled album
Lit Up
Time Bomb
Ozzy Osbourne
Mötley Crüe
Randy Castillo
Guns N' Roses
Slash
Duff McKagan
Matt Sorum
Scott Weiland
Dave Kushner
Velvet Revolver
Dirty Little Thing
Jimmy Ashhurst
The Still Life
hard rock
Mötley Crüe
Saints of Los Angeles
Darryl McDaniels
Tom Hamilton
Joey Kramer
Aerosmith
Walk This Way
Neil Young
Rockin' in the Free World
The New Guy
XXX
The Salton Sea
Eagle Eye
Escape the Fate
This War Is Ours
Hit Parader
Chaos Personified
Year of the Tiger
DJ Muggs
Dust
DMC
Checks Thugs and Rock N Roll
Saints of Los Angeles
Mötley Crüe
Saints of Los Angeles
Escape the Fate
This War Is Ours
Mark Morton
Josh Todd Interviews and Videos

categories: People from Anaheim Hills, California,American heavy metal singers,American male singers,Singers from Los Angeles,People from Lake Forest, California,21st-century American singers,1970 births,Living people

paragraph: Josh Todd

paragraph: Joshua Todd Gruber (born April 4, 1970), known professionally as Josh Todd, is an American musician, singer, songwriter and actor, best known as the lead singer of the American rock band Buckcherry.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Josh Todd grew up in Anaheim Hills, California, and later moved to Lake Forest, California. He attended high school at Trabuco Hills High School in Orange County, California, and graduated in 1989. Prior to his days in Buckcherry, Todd fronted the Hollywood glam rock band Slamhound. Slamhound was signed to Skydoor Records, an independent record company that was unsuccessful in releasing a Slamhound album even though the band recorded over a dozen songs with Josh as the lead singer. While in Slamhound, Josh honed his musical style, moving away from glam and more towards punk. In 1995, Josh met guitarist Keith Nelson through his tattoo artist. The two agreed to meet because of their shared love of AC/DC. They soon formed the band Sparrow, which later changed its name to Buckcherry. He later married Jasmine Lawson, an American actress and model. He is currently married to actress/model Mitzi Martin. They have 2 children.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1999, even before the debut Buckcherry album had ever been released, Josh was featured in one of Rolling Stone's last issues of 1999 as "What's Hot in the New Millennium," which included a center-fold photograph of him.

paragraph: In 1999, Buckcherry released their debut self-titled album, featuring the hit "Lit Up". The album had a very commercial sound, far away from the glam punk music of his earlier bands.

paragraph: In 2001, the band released their second album "Time Bomb". Josh and Keith went on to play a tribute to Ozzy Osbourne/Mötley Crüe drummer, Randy Castillo, alongside former Guns N' Roses members Slash, Duff McKagan, and Matt Sorum. The band, for that show, was named Cherry Roses. The band went on to record about ten songs under the name "The Project" before the others decided to replace Todd and Nelson with Scott Weiland and Dave Kushner, respectively. The band went on to become Velvet Revolver. One song, "Dirty Little Thing", was written during the time with Josh and Keith and gives the latter co-writing credits.

paragraph: In 2005, Josh Todd reformed Buckcherry with Keith Nelson and new members Stevie D., Jimmy Ashhurst, and Xavier Muriel.

paragraph: In 2006, he appeared as the character Hutch in the film The Still Life.

paragraph: In 2008, Todd was one of the four backing vocalists for the hard rock band Mötley Crüe for the gang vocal version of "Saints of Los Angeles".

paragraph: Todd has released six albums with Buckcherry and one solo album. He also performed at the Canadian Live8 venue in Barrie, Ontario in 2005. He first joined Darryl McDaniels, Tom Hamilton and Joey Kramer of Aerosmith, and others on stage for a rendition of Aerosmith's "Walk This Way" and then later joined all other performers on stage for a version of Neil Young's "Rockin' in the Free World".

paragraph: He has appeared in several films in both credited and uncredited roles including playing the part of "Rudy" in the 2002 teen comedy "The New Guy" and several small parts in "XXX" and "The Salton Sea". He has also appeared in the 2008 thriller "Eagle Eye".

paragraph: In 2008 Josh appeared on Escape the Fate's album "This War Is Ours" in the song "10 Miles Wide" and "Harder Than You Know". He was featured in the music video for "10 Miles Wide" in 2009.

paragraph: Todd has been ranked in the "Top 100 Heavy Metal Vocalists" by "Hit Parader" (#98).

paragraph: Following Keith Nelson's departure from Buckcherry in 2017, Todd is now the only original member in the band.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Slamhound.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chaos Personified" (1995)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Spraygun War.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Into the Blackness" EP (2016)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Josh Todd and The Conflict.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Year of the Tiger" (2017)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "You Made Me" (2003)

paragraph: Section::::Guest appearances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 – "The New Guy" the movie. He played the character Rudy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 – "The Shield" series. Episode 1.6: "Cherrypoppers".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 – "The Banger Sisters" Movie

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 – "Rain" – DJ Muggs – "Dust"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 – "Watchtower" – DMC – "Checks Thugs and Rock N Roll"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 – "Saints of Los Angeles" – Mötley Crüe – "Saints of Los Angeles"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 – "10 Miles Wide" – Escape the Fate – "This War Is Ours"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 – "Bones (TV series)". Episode 5.19: "The Rocker in the Rinse Cycle"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2019 – "Back From the Dead" – Mark Morton – "Anesthetic"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josh Todd Interviews and Videos

description: American singer

wikidata_label: Josh Todd

wikipedia_title: Josh Todd


paragraph: Soma Moritane

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Extensive data on Moritane and the Soma clan

description: daimyo

wikidata_label: Soma Moritane

wikipedia_title: Soma Moritane