text: courtesy name

text: Liu Bei

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Zhang Fei

text: end of the Han dynasty

text: Shu Han

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Cao Cao

text: Yan Liang

text: Yuan Shao

text: Battle of Boma

text: Yi Province

text: Jing Province

text: Cao Cao

text: Battle of Fancheng

text: Sun Quan

text: Lü Meng

text: conquer Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province

text: Sui dynasty

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: China

text: Taiwan

text: Tibet

text: Hong Kong

text: Divus

text: Chinese folk religion

text: Confucianism

text: Taoism

text: Chinese Buddhism

text: Yuncheng

text: its airport

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen Shou

text: Pei Songzhi

text: annotated the "Sanguozhi"

text: Wang Chen

text: Xun Yi

text: Ruan Ji

text: Fu Xuan

text: Yu Huan

text: Chronicles of Huayang

text: Chang Qu

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: guan dao

text: Green Dragon Crescent Blade

text: podao

text: glaive

text: naginata

text: catties

text: Hedong Commandery

text: Yuncheng

text: Shanxi

text: courtesy name

text: Zuo zhuan

text: Zhuo Commandery

text: Zhuozhou

text: Hebei

text: Yellow Turban Rebellion

text: Zhang Fei

text: Liu Bei

text: Zou Jing

text: Dezhou

text: Shandong

text: Liu Bei

text: Cao Cao

text: Xuchang

text: Henan

text: Lü Bu

text: Battle of Xiapi

text: Yuan Shu

text: Xu Province

text: Pei County

text: Jiangsu

text: Pizhou

text: Yuan Shao

text: Emperor Xian

text: Yan Liang

text: Hua County

text: Henan

text: Zhang Liao

text: Pei Songzhi

text: Cao Cao

text: Yuan Shao

text: Battle of Guandu

text: Liu Bei

text: Yellow Turban rebel

text: Runan

text: Xuchang

text: Cao Ren

text: Liu Biao

text: Jing Province

text: Xinye County

text: Liu Biao

text: Liu Cong

text: Jing Province

text: Cao Cao

text: Liu Bei

text: Wuhan

text: Hubei

text: Liu Qi

text: Jingzhou

text: Dangyang

text: Hubei

text: Battle of Changban

text: Sun Quan

text: Battle of Red Cliffs

text: Cao Ren

text: Battle of Jiangling

text: Xiangyang

text: Yue Jin

text: Yangtze River

text: Wen Ping

text: Liu Bei

text: a campaign

text: Yi Province

text: Sichuan

text: Chongqing

text: Liu Zhang

text: Jing Province

text: Sun Quan

text: Lü Meng

text: Gan Ning

text: Yiyang

text: Guan Yu's Shallows

text: Lu Su

text: Hanzhong Commandery

text: Xiang River

text: Liu Bei

text: Hanzhong Campaign

text: Cao Cao

text: Cao Ren

text: Fancheng District

text: Xiangyang

text: Hubei

text: Yu Jin

text: Han River

text: Pang De

text: Guan Ping

text: Xuchang

text: Henan

text: Hebei

text: Sima Yi

text: Jiang Ji

text: Sun Quan

text: Jiangdong

text: Xu Huang

text: jin

text: Yu Jin

text: Sun Quan

text: Cao Cao

text: Lü Meng

text: Jing Province

text: Mi Fang

text: Shi Ren

text: Jingzhou

text: Hubei

text: Gong'an County

text: Yu Fan

text: Sun Quan

text: Jiangling County

text: Hubei

text: Lü Meng

text: Dangyang

text: Zhu Ran

text: Pan Zhang

text: Guan Ping

text: Nanzhang County

text: Liu Shan

text: posthumous title

text: Yi Zhou Shu

text: Battle of Xiapi

text: Cao Cao

text: Liu Bei

text: Lü Bu

text: Qin Yilu

text: Qin Lang

text: Pei Songzhi

text: Ma Chao

text: Zhang Lu

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Qing Bu

text: Peng Yue

text: Yide

text: Guan Ping

text: Guan Xing

text: Shu

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Chinese opera

text: Guan Suo

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Liu Shan

text: fall of Shu

text: Pang Hui

text: Pang De

text: Battle of Fancheng

text: Kangxi Emperor

text: Qing dynasty

text: Wujing Boshi

text: Five Classics

text: Luoyang

text: Hanlin Academy

text: Chen Shou

text: Liu Bei

text: Yan Yan

text: Rafe de Crespigny

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Oath of the Peach Garden

text: Battle of Sishui Pass

text: Battle of Hulao Pass

text: List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms#Guan Yu's three conditions

text: List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms#Guan Yu slays Yan Liang and Wen Chou

text: List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms#Guan Yu slays Cai Yang at Gucheng

text: List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms#Guan Yu releases Cao Cao at Huarong Trail

text: Sun–Liu territorial dispute#In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms#Hua Tuo heals Guan Yu's arm

text: Lü Meng#In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms#Events after Guan Yu's death

text: Sui dynasty

text: bodhisattva

text: Buddhist

text: Taoism

text: Confucianism

text: Chinese folk religion

text: Martial temple

text: Shanxi

text: posthumous titles

text: Liu Shan

text: Shu

text: Song dynasty

text: Emperor Huizong

text: Emperor Xiaozong

text: Yuan dynasty

text: Emperor Wenzong

text: Wanli Emperor

text: Qing dynasty

text: Shunzhi Emperor

text: Chinese character

text: Confucius

text: lama

text: Zhu Yuanzhang

text: Ming dynasty

text: Battle of Lake Poyang

text: Zhu Di

text: Jianwen Emperor

text: Japanese invasion of Korea

text: Toyotomi Hideyoshi

text: Manchu

text: imperial clan

text: Qing dynasty

text: Yuan Shikai

text: triads

text: Heaven and Earth Society

text: Liu Bei

text: Cantonese people

text: Chinese folk religion

text: Mendocino Joss House

text: door god

text: Chinese

text: Taoist temple

text: Zhang Fei

text: Guan Ping

text: Guan Sheng

text: Zhou Cang

text: Jingzhou City

text: Hubei Province

text: Song dynasty

text: Emperor Huizong

text: Zhang Daoling

text: Chi You

text: Ming dynasty

text: lunar calendar

text: Chinese Buddhism

text: Bodhisattva

text: dharma

text: Sangharama

text: Sanskrit

text: dharmapala

text: Skanda

text: Chan

text: Zhiyi

text: Tiantai

text: Five Precepts

text: Yuquan Temple

text: Chinese opera

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Green Dragon Crescent Blade

text: Lu Shuming

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: The Legend of Guan Gong

text: Ti Lung

text: Ba Sen

text: Red Cliff

text: Yu Rongguang

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Donnie Yen

text: The Lost Bladesman

text: Han Geng

text: Dynasty Warriors

text: Stephen Chow

text: From Beijing with Love

text: Hua Tuo

text: Zhang Yimou

text: Riding Alone for Thousands of Miles

text: My Name Is Bruce

text: vengeful spirit

text: Battle Vixens

text: Kan-u Unchou

text: BB Senshi Sangokuden

text: ZZ Gundam

text: Koei

text: strategy game series of the same title as the novel

text: Dynasty Warriors

text: Warriors Orochi

text: Puzzle & Dragons

text: Sango Fighter

text: Destiny of an Emperor

text: Atlantica Online

text: Smite

text: Titan Quest

text: Koihime Musō

text: Portal Three Kingdoms

text: History Channel

text: Anachronism

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Yi Zhou Shu

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Luo, Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

categories: Deified Chinese people,Executed Han dynasty people,People executed by the Han dynasty by decapitation,Executed people from Shanxi,Fortune gods,Liu Biao and associates,People from Yuncheng,220 deaths,War gods,Han dynasty generals from Shanxi,3rd-century executions,Chinese warriors,Political office-holders in Hubei,Tutelary deities,Generals under Liu Bei,Generals under Cao Cao,Guan Yu

paragraph: Guan Yu

paragraph: Guan Yu (; died January or February 220), courtesy name Yunchang, was a general serving under the warlord Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. Along with Zhang Fei, he shared a brotherly relationship with Liu Bei and accompanied him on most of his early exploits. Guan Yu played a significant role in the events leading up to the end of the Han dynasty and the establishment of Liu Bei's state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. While he is remembered for his loyalty towards Liu Bei, he is also known for repaying Cao Cao's kindness by slaying Yan Liang, a general under Cao Cao's rival Yuan Shao, at the Battle of Boma. After Liu Bei gained control of Yi Province in 214, Guan Yu remained in Jing Province to govern and defend the area for about seven years. In 219, while he was away fighting Cao Cao's forces at the Battle of Fancheng, Liu Bei's ally Sun Quan broke the Sun–Liu alliance and sent his general Lü Meng to conquer Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province. By the time Guan Yu found out about the loss of Jing Province after his defeat at Fancheng, it was too late. He was subsequently captured in an ambush by Sun Quan's forces and executed.

paragraph: Guan Yu's life was lionised and his achievements glorified to such an extent after his death that he was deified during the Sui dynasty. Through generations of story telling, culminating in the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", his deeds and moral qualities have been given immense emphasis, making Guan Yu one of East Asia's most popular paradigms of loyalty and righteousness. He is still worshipped by many Chinese people today in mainland China, Taiwan, Tibet, Hong Kong and among many overseas Chinese communities. In religious devotion he is reverentially called the ""Divus" Guan" ("Guān Dì") or "Lord Guan" ("Guān Gōng"). He is a deity worshipped in Chinese folk religion, popular Confucianism, Taoism, and Chinese Buddhism, and small shrines to him are almost ubiquitous in traditional Chinese shops and restaurants. His hometown Yuncheng has also named its airport after him.

paragraph: Section::::Historical sources.

paragraph: The authoritative historical source on Guan Yu's life is the "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi") written by Chen Shou in the third century. During the fifth century, Pei Songzhi annotated the "Sanguozhi" by incorporating information from other sources to Chen Shou's original work and adding his personal comments. Some alternative texts used in the annotations to Guan Yu's biography include: "Shu Ji" ("Records of Shu"), by Wang Yin; "Wei Shu" ("Book of Wei"), by Wang Chen, Xun Yi and Ruan Ji; "Jiang Biao Zhuan", by Yu Pu; "Fu Zi", by Fu Xuan; "Dianlue", by Yu Huan; "Wu Li" ("History of Wu"), by Hu Chong; and "Chronicles of Huayang", by Chang Qu.

paragraph: Section::::Physical appearance.

paragraph: No explicit descriptions of Guan Yu's physical appearance exist in historical records, however the "Sanguozhi" recorded that Zhuge Liang once referred to Guan Yu as having a "peerless beard".

paragraph: Traditionally, Guan Yu is portrayed as a red-faced warrior with a long, lush beard. The idea of his red face may have been derived from a description of him in Chapter 1 of the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", where the following passage appears:

paragraph: Alternatively, the idea of his red face could have been borrowed from opera representation, where red faces represented loyalty and righteousness. In illustrations of "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Guan Yu is traditionally depicted wearing a green robe over his body armour.

paragraph: Supposedly, Guan Yu's weapon was a guan dao named Green Dragon Crescent Blade, which resembled a podao, glaive, or naginata and was said to weigh 82 catties (about 49.2 kg or 108.4674 lbs).

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Guan Yu was from Xie County (), Hedong Commandery (), which is present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi. His original courtesy name was Changsheng (). He was very interested in the ancient history book "Zuo zhuan" and could fluently recite lines from it. He fled from his hometown for unknown reasons and went to Zhuo Commandery (; present-day Zhuozhou, Hebei). When the Yellow Turban Rebellion broke out in the 180s, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei joined a volunteer militia formed by Liu Bei, and they assisted a colonel Zou Jing in suppressing the revolt.

paragraph: When Liu Bei was appointed as the Chancellor () of Pingyuan State (; around present-day Dezhou, Shandong), Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were appointed as Majors of Separate Command (), each commanding detachments of soldiers under Liu Bei. The three of them were as close as brothers and they shared the same room. Zhang Fei and Guan Yu also stood guard beside Liu Bei when he sat down at meetings. They followed him on his exploits and protected him from danger.

paragraph: Section::::Short service under Cao Cao.

paragraph: Section::::Short service under Cao Cao.:Background.

paragraph: Liu Bei and his men followed Cao Cao back to the imperial capital Xu (; present-day Xuchang, Henan) after their victory over Lü Bu at the Battle of Xiapi in 198. About a year later, Liu Bei and his followers escaped from Xu under the pretext of helping Cao Cao lead an army to attack Yuan Shu. Liu Bei went to Xu Province, killed the provincial inspector Che Zhou (), and seized control of the province. He moved to Xiaopei (; present-day Pei County, Jiangsu) and left Guan Yu in charge of the provincial capital Xiapi (; present-day Pizhou, Jiangsu).

paragraph: In 200, Cao Cao led his forces to attack Liu Bei, defeated him and retook Xu Province. Liu Bei fled to northern China and found refuge under Cao Cao's rival Yuan Shao, while Guan Yu was captured by Cao Cao's forces and brought back to Xu. Cao Cao treated Guan Yu respectfully and asked Emperor Xian to appoint Guan Yu as a Lieutenant-General ().

paragraph: Section::::Short service under Cao Cao.:Battle of Boma.

paragraph: Later that year, Yuan Shao sent his general Yan Liang to lead an army to attack Cao Cao's garrison at Boma (; near present-day Hua County, Henan), which was defended by Liu Yan (). Cao Cao sent Zhang Liao and Guan Yu to lead the vanguard to engage the enemy. In the midst of battle, Guan Yu recognised Yan Liang's parasol so he charged towards Yan Liang, decapitated him and returned with his head. Yan Liang's men could not stop him. With Yan Liang's death, the siege on Boma was lifted. On Cao Cao's recommendation, Emperor Xian awarded Guan Yu the peerage of "Marquis of Hanshou Village" ().

paragraph: Section::::Short service under Cao Cao.:Leaving Cao Cao.

paragraph: Although Cao Cao admired Guan Yu's character, he also sensed that Guan Yu had no intention of serving under him for long. He told Zhang Liao, "Why don't you make use of your friendship with Guan Yu to find out what he wants?" When Zhang Liao asked him, Guan Yu replied, "I am aware that Lord Cao treats me very generously. However, I have also received many favours from General Liu and I have sworn to follow him until I die. I cannot break my oath. I will leave eventually, so maybe you can help me convey my message to Lord Cao." Zhang Liao did so, and Cao Cao was even more impressed with Guan Yu. The "Fu Zi" gave a slightly different account of this incident. It recorded that Zhang Liao faced a dilemma of whether or not to convey Guan Yu's message to Cao Cao: if he did, Cao Cao might execute Guan Yu; if he did not, he would be failing in his service to Cao Cao. He sighed, "Lord Cao is my superior and he is like a father to me, while Guan Yu is like a brother to me." He eventually decided to tell Cao Cao. Cao Cao said, "A subject who serves his lord but doesn't forget his origins is truly a man of righteousness. When do you think he will leave?" Zhang Liao replied, "Guan Yu has received favours from Your Excellency. He will most probably leave after he has repaid your kindness."

paragraph: After Guan Yu slew Yan Liang and lifted the siege on Boma, Cao Cao knew that he would leave soon so he gave Guan Yu greater rewards. Guan Yu sealed up all the gifts he received from Cao Cao, wrote a farewell letter, and headed towards Yuan Shao's territory to find Liu Bei. Cao Cao's subordinates wanted to pursue Guan Yu, but Cao Cao stopped them and said, "He's just doing his duty to his lord. There's no need to pursue him."

paragraph: Pei Songzhi commented on this as follows: "Cao Cao admired Guan Yu's character even though he knew that Guan Yu would not remain under him. He did not send his men to pursue Guan Yu when Guan Yu left, so as to allow Guan Yu to fulfil his allegiance (to Liu Bei). If he was not as magnanimous as a great warlord should be, how would he allow this to happen? This was an example of Cao Cao's goodness."

paragraph: Section::::Returning to Liu Bei.

paragraph: When Cao Cao and Yuan Shao clashed at the Battle of Guandu in 200, Yuan sent Liu Bei to contact Liu Pi (), a Yellow Turban rebel chief in Runan (), and assist Liu Pi in attacking the imperial capital Xu (; present-day Xuchang, Henan) while Cao Cao was away at Guandu. Guan Yu reunited with Liu Bei around this time. Liu Bei and Liu Pi were defeated by Cao Cao's general Cao Ren, after which Liu Bei returned to Yuan Shao. Liu Bei secretly planned to leave Yuan Shao, so he pretended to persuade Yuan Shao to form an alliance with Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province. Yuan Shao sent Liu Bei to contact another rebel leader, Gong Du (), in Runan, where they gathered a few thousand soldiers. Cao Cao turned back and attacked Runan after scoring a decisive victory over Yuan Shao at Guandu, and he defeated Liu Bei in Runan. Liu Bei fled south and found shelter under Liu Biao, who put him in charge of Xinye (; present-day Xinye County, Henan) at the northern border of Jing Province. Guan Yu followed Liu Bei to Xinye.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Red Cliffs and aftermath.

paragraph: Liu Biao died in 208 and was succeeded by his younger son, Liu Cong, who surrendered Jing Province to Cao Cao when the latter started a campaign that year with the aim of wiping out opposing forces in southern China. Liu Bei evacuated Xinye together with his followers and they headed towards Xiakou (; in present-day Wuhan, Hubei), which was guarded by Liu Biao's elder son Liu Qi and independent of Cao Cao's control. Along the journey, Liu Bei divided his party into two groups – one led by Guan Yu which would sail along the river towards Jiangling ( in present-day Jingzhou, Hubei); another led by Liu Bei which would travel on land. Cao Cao sent 5,000 elite cavalry to pursue Liu Bei's group and they caught up with them at Changban (; in present-day Dangyang, Hubei), where the Battle of Changban broke out. Liu Bei and his remaining followers managed to escape from Cao Cao's forces and reach Han Ford (), where Guan Yu's group picked them up and they sailed to Xiakou together.

paragraph: In 208, Liu Bei allied with Sun Quan and they defeated Cao Cao at the decisive Battle of Red Cliffs. Cao Cao retreated north after his defeat and left Cao Ren behind to defend Jing Province. During the Battle of Jiangling, Guan Yu's mission was to block Cao Ren's supply lines via infiltration so he led a special force to attack Xiangyang, which was guarded by Cao Cao's general Yue Jin. Yue Jin defeated Guan Yu and Su Fei () and drove them away. After seizing and pacifying the various commanderies in southern Jing Province, Liu Bei appointed Guan Yu as the Administrator () of Xiangyang and General Who Defeats Bandits (), and ordered him to station at the north of the Yangtze River.

paragraph: Guan Yu later engaged Yue Jin and Wen Ping at Xunkou () and lost. Wen Ping attacked Guan Yu's equipage and supplies at Han Ford () and burnt his boats at Jingcheng ().

paragraph: Section::::Guarding Jing Province.

paragraph: Between 212 and 214, Liu Bei started a campaign to seize control of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) from the provincial governor Liu Zhang. Most of Liu Bei's subordinates participated in the campaign, while Guan Yu remained behind to guard and oversee Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province.

paragraph: Section::::Guarding Jing Province.:Sun-Liu territorial dispute.

paragraph: During the mid 210s, a territorial dispute broke out between Liu Bei and Sun Quan in southern Jing Province. According to an earlier arrangement, Liu Bei "borrowed" southern Jing Province from Sun Quan to serve as a temporary base; he would have to return the territories to Sun Quan once he found another base. After Liu Bei seized control of Yi Province, Sun Quan asked him to return three commanderies but Liu Bei refused. Sun Quan then sent his general Lü Meng to lead his forces to seize the three commanderies. In response, Liu Bei ordered Guan Yu to lead troops to stop Lü Meng. Gan Ning, one of Lü Meng's subordinates, managed to deter Guan Yu from crossing the shallows near Yiyang. The shallows were thus named 'Guan Yu's Shallows' (). Lu Su (the overall commander of Sun Quan's forces in Jing Province) later invited Guan Yu to attend a meeting to settle the territorial dispute. Around 215, after Cao Cao seized control of Hanzhong Commandery, Liu Bei saw that as a strategic threat to his position in Yi Province so he decided to make peace with Sun Quan and agreed to divide southern Jing Province between his and Sun Quan's domains along the Xiang River. Both sides then withdrew their forces.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Fancheng.

paragraph: In 219, Liu Bei emerged victorious in the Hanzhong Campaign against Cao Cao, after which he declared himself "King of Hanzhong" (). He appointed Guan Yu as General of the Vanguard () and bestowed upon him a ceremonial axe. In the same year, Guan Yu led his forces to attack Cao Ren at Fancheng (; present-day Fancheng District, Xiangyang, Hubei) and besiege the fortress. Cao Cao sent Yu Jin to lead reinforcements to help Cao Ren. It was in autumn and there were heavy showers so the Han River overflowed. The flood destroyed Yu Jin's seven armies. Yu Jin surrendered to Guan Yu while his subordinate Pang De refused and was executed by Guan Yu. The bandits led by Liang Jia () and Lu Hun () received official seals from Guan Yu, so they submitted to him and became his followers. Guan Yu's fame spread throughout China.

paragraph: The "Shu Ji" recorded that before Guan Yu embarked on the Fancheng campaign, he dreamt about a boar biting his foot. He told his son Guan Ping, "I am growing weaker this year. I might not even return alive."

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Fancheng.:Belittling Sun Quan.

paragraph: After Yu Jin's defeat, Cao Cao contemplated relocating the imperial capital from Xu (許; present-day Xuchang, Henan) further north into Hebei to avoid Guan Yu, but Sima Yi and Jiang Ji told him that Sun Quan would become restless when he heard of Guan Yu's victory. They suggested to Cao Cao to ally with Sun Quan and get him to help them hinder Guan Yu's advances; in return, Cao Cao would recognise the legitimacy of Sun Quan's claim over the territories in Jiangdong. In this way, the siege on Fancheng would automatically be lifted. Cao Cao heeded their suggestion. Previously, Sun Quan had sent a messenger to meet Guan Yu and propose a marriage between his son and Guan Yu's daughter. However, Guan Yu not only rejected the proposal, but also scolded and humiliated the messenger. Sun Quan was enraged.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Fancheng.:Encounter with Xu Huang.

paragraph: Cao Cao later sent Xu Huang to lead another army to reinforce Cao Ren at Fancheng. Xu Huang broke through Guan Yu's encirclement and routed Guan Yu's forces on the battlefield, thus lifting the siege on Fancheng. Guan Yu withdrew his forces after seeing that he could not capture Fancheng. The "Shu Ji" recorded an incident about Xu Huang encountering Guan Yu on the battlefield. Xu Huang was previously a close friend of Guan Yu. They often chatted about other things apart from military affairs. When they met again at Fancheng, Xu Huang gave an order to his men: "Whoever takes Guan Yu's head will be rewarded with 1,000 "jin" of gold." A shocked Guan Yu asked Xu Huang, "Brother, what are you talking about?" Xu Huang replied, "This is an affair of the state."

paragraph: Section::::Losing Jing Province.

paragraph: Although Guan Yu defeated and captured Yu Jin at Fancheng, his army found itself lacking food supplies, so he seized grain from one of Sun Quan's granaries at Xiang Pass (). By then, Sun Quan had secretly agreed to an alliance with Cao Cao and sent Lü Meng and others to invade Jing Province while he followed behind with reinforcements. At Xunyang (), Lü Meng ordered his troops to hide in vessels disguised as civilian and merchant ships and sail towards Jing Province. Along the way, Lü Meng infiltrated and disabled the watchtowers set up by Guan Yu along the river, so Guan Yu was totally unaware of the invasion.

paragraph: When Guan Yu embarked on the Fancheng campaign, he left Mi Fang and Shi Ren behind to defend his key bases in Jing Province – Nan Commandery (; around present-day Jingzhou, Hubei) and Gong'an (; present-day Gong'an County, Hubei). Guan Yu had all along treated them with contempt. During the campaign, after Mi Fang and Shi Ren sent insufficient supplies to Guan Yu's army at the frontline, an annoyed Guan Yu said, "I will deal with them when I return." Mi Fang and Shi Ren felt uneasy about this. When Sun Quan invaded Jing Province, Lü Meng showed understanding towards Mi Fang and successfully induced him into surrendering while Yu Fan also persuaded Shi Ren to give up resistance. Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province fell under Sun Quan's control after the surrenders of Mi Fang and Shi Ren.

paragraph: Section::::Losing Jing Province.:Dubious account from the "Dianlue".

paragraph: The "Dianlue" recorded:

paragraph: Pei Songzhi commented on the "Dianlue" account as follows:

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: By the time Guan Yu retreated from Fancheng, Sun Quan's forces had occupied Jiangling (; present-day Jiangling County, Hubei) and captured the families of Guan Yu's soldiers. Lü Meng ordered his troops to treat the civilians well and ensure that they were not harmed. Most of Guan Yu's soldiers lost their fighting spirit and deserted and went back to Jing Province to reunite with their families. Guan Yu knew that he had been isolated so he withdrew to Maicheng (; present-day Maicheng Village, Lianghe Town, Dangyang, Hubei) and headed west to Zhang District (), where his remaining men deserted him and surrendered to the enemy. Sun Quan sent Zhu Ran and Pan Zhang to block Guan Yu's retreat route. Guan Yu, along with his son Guan Ping and subordinate Zhao Lei (), were captured alive by Pan Zhang's deputy Ma Zhong () in an ambush. Guan Yu and Guan Ping were later executed by Sun Quan's forces in Linju (; present-day Nanzhang County, Hubei).

paragraph: Section::::Death.:Alternate account from the "Shu Ji".

paragraph: The "Shu Ji" mentioned that Sun Quan initially wanted to keep Guan Yu alive in the hope of using Guan Yu to help him counter Liu Bei and Cao Cao. However, his followers advised him against doing so by saying, "A wolf shouldn't be kept as a pet as it'll bring harm to the keeper. Cao Cao made a mistake when he refused to kill Guan Yu and landed himself in deep trouble. He even had to consider relocating the imperial capital elsewhere. How can Guan Yu be allowed to live?" Sun Quan then ordered Guan Yu's execution.

paragraph: Pei Songzhi disputed this account as follows:

paragraph: Section::::Death.:Posthumous honours.

paragraph: Sun Quan sent Guan Yu's head to Cao Cao, who arranged a noble's funeral for Guan Yu and had his head properly buried with full honours. In October or November 260, Liu Shan granted Guan Yu the posthumous title "Marquis Zhuangmou" (). According to posthumous naming rules in the "Yi Zhou Shu", "Zhuangmou" was meant for a person who failed to live up to his reputation.

paragraph: Section::::Anecdotes.

paragraph: Section::::Anecdotes.:Request to take Qin Yilu's wife.

paragraph: During the Battle of Xiapi in late 198, when the allied forces of Cao Cao and Liu Bei fought against Lü Bu, Guan Yu sought permission from Cao Cao to marry Qin Yilu's wife Lady Du () after they won the battle. After Cao Cao agreed, Guan Yu still repeatedly reminded Cao Cao about his promise before the battle ended. After Lü Bu's defeat and death, Cao Cao was so curious about why Guan Yu wanted Lady Du so badly and he guessed that she must be very beautiful, so he had her brought to him. Cao Cao ultimately broke his promise as he took Lady Du as his concubine and adopted her son Qin Lang (whom she had with Qin Yilu).

paragraph: Section::::Anecdotes.:Advice to Liu Bei.

paragraph: The "Shu Ji" recorded an incident as follows:

paragraph: Pei Songzhi commented on the "Shu Ji" account as follows:

paragraph: Section::::Anecdotes.:Asking Zhuge Liang about Ma Chao.

paragraph: In 214, Ma Chao defected from Zhang Lu's side to Liu Bei's forces, and he assisted Liu Bei in pressuring Liu Zhang to surrender and yield Yi Province to Liu Bei. When Guan Yu received news that Ma Chao (whom he was unfamiliar with) had recently joined them, he wrote to Zhuge Liang in Yi Province and asked him who was comparable to Ma Chao. Zhuge Liang knew that Guan Yu was defending the border (so he should not displease Guan Yu). He replied: "Mengqi is proficient in both civil and military affairs. He is fierce and mighty, and a hero of his time. He is comparable to Qing Bu and Peng Yue. He can compete with Yide, but he is not as good as the peerless beard."

paragraph: Guan Yu was very pleased when he received Zhuge Liang's reply and he welcomed Ma Chao.

paragraph: Section::::Anecdotes.:Arm injury.

paragraph: Guan Yu was once injured in the left arm by a stray arrow which pierced through his arm. Although the wound healed, he still experienced pain in the bone whenever there was a heavy downpour. A physician told him, "The arrowhead had poison on it and the poison had seeped into the bone. The way to get rid of this problem is to cut open your arm and scrape away the poison in your bone." Guan Yu then stretched out his arm and asked the physician to heal him. He then invited his subordinates to dine with him while the surgery was being performed. Blood flowed from his arm into a container below. Throughout the operation, Guan Yu feasted, consumed alcohol and chatted with his men as though nothing had happened.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Guan Yu had two known sons – Guan Ping and Guan Xing. Guan Xing inherited his father's title "Marquis of Hanshou Village" () and served in the state of Shu during the Three Kingdoms period. Guan Yu also had a daughter. Sun Quan once proposed a marriage between his son and Guan Yu's daughter, but Guan Yu rejected the proposal. Her name was not recorded in history, but she was known as "Guan Yinping" () or "Guan Feng" () in folktales and Chinese opera. Guan Yu allegedly had a third son, Guan Suo, who is not mentioned in historical texts and appears only in folklore and the historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: Guan Xing's son, Guan Tong (), married a princess (one of Liu Shan's daughters) and served as a General of the Household () among the imperial guards. Guan Tong had no son when he died, so he was succeeded by his younger half-brother Guan Yi ().

paragraph: According to the "Shu Ji", after the fall of Shu in 263, Pang Hui (Pang De's son) massacred Guan Yu's family and descendants to avenge his father, who was executed by Guan Yu after the Battle of Fancheng in 219.

paragraph: In 1719, the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty awarded the hereditary title "Wujing Boshi" (; "Professor of the Five Classics") to Guan Yu's descendants living in Luoyang. The bearer of the title is entitled to an honorary position in the Hanlin Academy.

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.

paragraph: Chen Shou, who wrote Guan Yu's biography in the "Sanguozhi", commented on the latter as such: "Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were referred to as mighty warriors capable of fighting thousands of enemies. They were like tigers among (Liu Bei's) subjects. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei both had the style of a "guoshi" Guan Yu repaid Cao Cao's kindness while Zhang Fei released Yan Yan out of righteousness. However, Guan Yu was unrelenting and conceited while Zhang Fei was brutal and heartless. These shortcomings resulted in their downfalls. This was not something uncommon."

paragraph: The Australian sinologist Rafe de Crespigny commented: "There are anecdotes describing Zhang Fei as a man of literary tastes who composed verse in the midst of battle, but he is more generally known as arrogant, impetuous and brutal. While Guan Yu was said to be harsh towards men of the gentry but treated his soldiers well, Zhang Fei was courteous towards his betters but cruel to his rank and file. The two men were nonetheless regarded as the finest fighting men of their lifetime."

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: The 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" glorifies Guan Yu by portraying him as a righteous and loyal warrior. Guan Yu is one of the most altered and aggrandised characters in the novel, which accounts for his popular image in Chinese society.

paragraph: See the following for some fictitious stories in "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" involving Guan Yu:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oath of the Peach Garden

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Sishui Pass

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Hulao Pass

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms#Guan Yu's three conditions

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms#Guan Yu slays Yan Liang and Wen Chou

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms#Guan Yu crosses five passes and slays six generals

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms#Guan Yu slays Cai Yang at Gucheng

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms#Guan Yu releases Cao Cao at Huarong Trail

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sun–Liu territorial dispute#In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms#Hua Tuo heals Guan Yu's arm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lü Meng#In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms#Events after Guan Yu's death

paragraph: Section::::Worship of Guan Yu.

paragraph: Guan Yu was deified as early as the Sui dynasty (581–618), and is still worshipped today as a bodhisattva in Buddhist tradition and as a guardian deity in Chinese folk religion and Taoism. He is also held in high esteem in Confucianism.

paragraph: Section::::Worship of Guan Yu.:In Chinese religion.

paragraph: In Chinese folk religion, Guan Yu is widely referred to as "Emperor Guan" () and "Duke Guan" (), while his Taoist title is "Holy Emperor Lord Guan" (). Martial temples and shrines dedicated exclusively to Guan Yu can be found across mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and other places with Chinese influence such as Vietnam, South Korea and Japan. Some of these temples, such as the Guandi Temple in Xiezhou (), Shanxi, were built exactly in the layout of an imperial residence, befitting his status as a "ruler".

paragraph: The apotheosis of Guan Yu occurred in stages, as he was given ever higher posthumous titles. Liu Shan, the second emperor of Shu, gave Guan Yu the posthumous title of "Marquis Zhuangmou" () four decades after his death. During the Song dynasty, Emperor Huizong bestowed upon Guan Yu the title "Duke Zhonghui" (), and later the title of a prince. In 1187, Emperor Xiaozong honoured Guan Yu as "Prince Zhuangmou Yiyong Wu'an Yingji" (). During the Yuan dynasty, Emperor Wenzong changed Guan Yu's title to "Prince of Xianling Yiyong Wu'an Yingji" ().

paragraph: In 1614, the Wanli Emperor bestowed on Guan Yu the title "Holy Emperor Guan, the Great God Who Subdues Demons in the Three Worlds and Whose Awe Spreads Far and Moves Heaven" (). During the Qing dynasty, the Shunzhi Emperor gave Guan Yu the title of "Guan, the Loyal and Righteous God of War, the Holy Great Deity" () in 1644. This title was expanded to "Guan the Holy Great Deity; God of War Manifesting Benevolence, Bravery and Prestige; Protector of the Country and Defender of the People; Proud and Honest Supporter of Peace and Reconciliation; Promoter of Morality, Loyalty and Righteousness" (), a total of 24 Chinese characters, by the mid-19th century. It is often shortened to "Saint of War" (), which is of the same rank as Confucius, who is honoured the "Saint of Culture" (). The Qing dynasty promoted the worship of Guan Yu among the Mongol tribes, making him one of their most revered religious figures, second only to their lamas.

paragraph: Throughout history, Guan Yu has also been credited with many military successes. In the 14th century, his spirit was said to have aided Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, at the Battle of Lake Poyang. In 1402, when Zhu Di launched a coup d'état and successfully deposed his nephew, the Jianwen Emperor, Zhu Di claimed that he was blessed by the spirit of Guan Yu. During the last decade of the 16th century, Guan Yu was also credited with the repulse of Japanese invasion of Korea by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The Manchu imperial clan of the Qing dynasty was also associated with Guan Yu's martial qualities. During the 20th century, Guan Yu was worshipped by the warlord Yuan Shikai, president and later a short-lived emperor of China.

paragraph: Today, Guan Yu is still widely worshipped by the Chinese, and many shrines to him are found in homes, businesses and fraternal organisations. In Hong Kong, a shrine to Guan Yu can be found in every police station. Though by no means mandatory, Chinese police officers worship and pay respect to him. Although seemingly ironic, members of the triads and Heaven and Earth Society worship Guan Yu as well. Statues used by triads tend to hold the halberd in the left hand, and statues in police stations tend to hold the halberd in the right hand. This signifies which side Guan Yu is worshipped, by the righteous people or vice versa. The appearance of Guan Yu's face for the triads is usually more stern and threatening than the usual statue. In Hong Kong, Guan Yu is often referred to as "Yi Gor" (; Cantonese for "second elder brother") for he was second to Liu Bei in their fictional sworn brotherhood. Guan Yu is also worshipped by Chinese businessmen in Shanxi, Hong Kong, Macau and Southeast Asia as an alternative wealth god, since he is perceived to bless the upright and protect them from the wicked. Another reason is related to the release of Cao Cao during the Huarong Trail incident, in which he let Cao and his men pass through safely. For that, he was perceived to be able to extend the lifespan of people in need.

paragraph: Among the Cantonese people who emigrated to California during the mid-19th century, the worship of Guan Yu was an important element. Statues and tapestry images of the god can be found in a number of historical California joss houses (a local term for Chinese folk religion temples), where his name may be given with various Anglicised spellings, including: "Kwan Dai", "Kwan Tai" or "Kuan Ti" for "Guandi" (Emperor Guan); "Kuan Kung" for "Guan Gong" (Lord Guan), "Wu Ti" or "Mo Dai" for "Wu Di" (War Deity), "Kuan Yu", "Kwan Yu", or "Quan Yu" for Guan Yu. The Mendocino Joss House, a historical landmark also known as Mo Dai Miu ("Wudimiao", i.e. the Temple of the Deity of War), or Temple of Kwan Tai, built in 1852, is a typical example of the small shrines erected to Guan Yu in the United States.

paragraph: Guan Yu is also worshipped as a door god in Chinese and Taoist temples, with portraits of him being pasted on doors to ward off evil spirits, usually in pairings with Zhang Fei, Guan Ping, Guan Sheng or Zhou Cang.

paragraph: Apart from general worship, Guan Yu is also commemorated in China with colossal statues such as the 1,320-tonne sculpture in Jingzhou City, Hubei Province, standing at 58 metres.

paragraph: Section::::Worship of Guan Yu.:In Taoism.

paragraph: Guan Yu is revered as "Holy Ruler Deity Guan" () and a leading subduer of demons in Taoism. Taoist worship of Guan Yu began during the Song dynasty. Legend has it that during the second decade of the 12th century, the saltwater lake in present-day Xiezhou County gradually ceased to yield salt. Emperor Huizong then summoned Zhang Jixian (), a 30th-generation descendant of Zhang Daoling, to investigate the cause. The emperor was told that the disruption was the work of Chi You, a deity of war. Zhang Jixian then recruited the help of Guan Yu, who battled Chi You over the lake and triumphed, whereupon the lake resumed salt production. Emperor Huizong then bestowed upon Guan Yu the title "Immortal of Chongning" (), formally introducing the latter as a deity into Taoism.

paragraph: In the early Ming dynasty, the 42nd Celestial Master, Zhang Zhengchang (), recorded the incident in his book "Lineage of the Han Celestial Masters" (), the first Taoist classic to affirm the legend. Today, Taoist practices are predominant in Guan Yu worship. Many temples dedicated to Guan Yu, including the Emperor Guan Temple in Xiezhou County, show heavy Taoist influence. Every year, on the 24th day of the sixth month on the lunar calendar (Guan Yu's birthday in legend), a street parade in Guan Yu's honour would also be held.

paragraph: Section::::Worship of Guan Yu.:In Buddhism.

paragraph: In Chinese Buddhism, Guan Yu is revered by most practising Buddhists as Sangharama Bodhisattva () a heavenly protector of the Buddhist dharma. "Sangharama" in Sanskrit means 'community garden' ("sangha", community + "arama", garden) and thus 'monastery'. The term "Sangharama" also refer to the dharmapala class of devas and spirits assigned to guard the Buddhist monastery, the dharma, and the faith itself. Over time and as an act of syncreticism, Guan Yu was seen as the representative guardian of the temple and the garden in which it stands. His statue traditionally is situated in the far left of the main altar, opposite his counterpart Skanda.

paragraph: According to Buddhist legends, in 592, Guan Yu manifested himself one night before the Chan master Zhiyi, the founder of the Tiantai school of Buddhism, along with a retinue of spiritual beings. Zhiyi was then in deep meditation on Yuquan Hill () when he was distracted by Guan Yu's presence. Guan Yu then requested the master to teach him about the dharma. After receiving Buddhist teachings from the master, Guan Yu took refuge in the triple gems and also requested the Five Precepts. Henceforth, it is said that Guan Yu made a vow to become a guardian of temples and the dharma. Legends also claim that Guan Yu assisted Zhiyi in the construction of the Yuquan Temple, which still stands today.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Chinese opera.

paragraph: Guan Yu appears in Chinese operas such as "Huarong Trail", "Red Cliffs", and other excerpts from "Romance of the Three Kingdoms". His costume is a green military opera uniform with armour covering his right arm and the knees of his pants. The actor's face is painted red with a few black lines, to represent honour and courage. He also wears a long three-section black beard made of yak hair and carries the Green Dragon Crescent Blade. Traditionally, after the show ends, the actor has to wash his face, burn joss paper, light incense, and pray to Chinese deities.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Film and television.

paragraph: Notable actors who have portrayed Guan Yu in film and television include: Lu Shuming in "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" (1994); Wang Yingquan in "The Legend of Guan Gong" (2004); Ti Lung in "" (2008); Ba Sen in "Red Cliff" (2008–2009); Yu Rongguang in "Three Kingdoms" (2010); Donnie Yen in "The Lost Bladesman" (2011); Han Geng in "Dynasty Warriors" (2019).

paragraph: Films which make references to Guan Yu include: Stephen Chow's comedy film "From Beijing with Love" (1994), which, in one scene, refers to the story of Hua Tuo performing surgery on Guan Yu's arm; Zhang Yimou's "Riding Alone for Thousands of Miles" (2005), in which the fictional story of Guan Yu slaying six generals and crossing five passes forms a major part of the narrative; the horror comedy film "My Name Is Bruce" (2007), where Guan Yu's vengeful spirit is accidentally set free by a group of teenagers and he begins to terrorise their town.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Manga.

paragraph: Guan Yu is referenced in the manga "Battle Vixens" (as a schoolgirl Kan-u Unchou) and "BB Senshi Sangokuden" (as ZZ Gundam, who is portrayed as "Guan Yu Gundam").

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Games.

paragraph: Guan Yu appears as a playable character in many video games based on "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" which are produced by Koei, including: the strategy game series of the same title as the novel; the action game series "Dynasty Warriors" and "Warriors Orochi". Other non-Koei titles in which he also appears include: ""; " "Puzzle & Dragons"; "Sango Fighter"; "Destiny of an Emperor"; "Atlantica Online"; and "Smite". He is also referenced in "", "Titan Quest", and "Koihime Musō".

paragraph: Guan Yu is referenced in the "Portal Three Kingdoms" of the card game "" on a playable card. He also appears in the History Channel's "Anachronism" card game.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Author unknown) (4th century BC). "Yi Zhou Shu".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). "Zizhi Tongjian".

alias:
Yunchang
Guan Yunchang
Kwan Yu
Kwan Wan Cheung
Lord Guan
Guan Gong
Guan Sheng Di Jun
Saintly Emperor-Monarch Guan
Saintly Emperor Guan
Saint Guan
Guan Sheng
Emperor Guan
Guan Di
Guan the Second Elder Brother
Guan the Second Lord
Guan Er Ge
Guan Er Ye
Guan Lao Ye
Changsheng
Shouchang
Zhuangmou Hou
Hanshouting Hou
Marquis Zhuangmou
Marquis of Hanshou Village

description: general serving under the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han Dynasty of China

wikidata_label: Guan Yu

wikipedia_title: Guan Yu


text: Doge of Venice

text: Venice

text: Padua

text: Republic of Venice

text: Spanish

text: Ambassador

text: Giovanni Bembo

text: Italian Wikipedia

categories: 17th-century Doges of Venice,1539 births,17th-century Italian nobility,16th-century Italian nobility,1618 deaths

paragraph: Nicolò Donato

paragraph: Nicolò Donà or Nicolò Donato (28 January 1539 – 8 May 1618) was the 93rd Doge of Venice, reigning for little more than a month, from his election on 5 April 1618 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The son of Giovanni Donà and Isabetta Morosini, Donato was born in Venice and studied for a time in Padua before going into trade. He gained a huge fortune, but remained stingy his entire life. He never married, and ultimately left his fortune to his brother Francesco and nephew Pietro.

paragraph: Donato proved unwilling to spend the vast sums of money required to gain high office in the Republic of Venice. However, in 1617–1618, the Spanish Ambassador to Venice, Alfonso de la Cueva, 1st Marquis of Bedmar launched a plot to destabilize the Venetian Republic in order to allow Spanish troops to take over Venice. In the midst of this crisis, the reigning Doge, Giovanni Bembo, died on 16 March 1618.

paragraph: Donato was elected doge on 5 April 1618, probably by paying bribes. He tried to eliminate his reputation for stinginess by throwing the traditional lavish banquet to celebrate his election, but this proved unavailing when his parents turned a number of his relatives away from the feast in order to save money.

paragraph: He died in Venice 35 days after his election, with the Bedmar Conspiracy still raging.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: This article is based on from Italian Wikipedia.

description: Doge of Venice

wikidata_label: Nicolò Donato

wikipedia_title: Nicolò Donato


text:
Dominican
professional baseball
pitcher
Chicago White Sox
Chunichi Dragons
Nippon Professional Baseball
All-Star Futures Game
Southern League
Chicago White Sox
Arizona Diamondbacks
Birmingham Barons
New York Yankees
Alex Rodriguez
Robinson Canó
Atlanta Braves
Joplin Blasters
NPB
Chunichi Dragons
Ricardo Nanita
Juan Jaime
Drew Naylor
Anderson Hernandez
four-seam fastball
two-seam fastball
slider
changeup

categories: 1985 births,Southern Maryland Blue Crabs players,Chicago White Sox players,Chunichi Dragons players,Visalia Oaks players,Mobile BayBears players,Birmingham Barons players,Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic,Charlotte Knights players,Visalia Rawhide players,Águilas Cibaeñas players,Amarillo Thunderheads players,Dominican Republic people of African descent,Central American and Caribbean Games bronze medalists for the Dominican Republic,Major League Baseball pitchers,Living people,Reno Aces players,Competitors at the 2014 Central American and Caribbean Games,Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers,Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States,Yakima Bears players,South Bend Silver Hawks players,Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Japan,All-Star Futures Game players

paragraph: Leyson Séptimo

paragraph: Leyson Séptimo Rojas (born July 7, 1985) is a Dominican former professional baseball pitcher. He previously played for the Chicago White Sox and the Chunichi Dragons of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB).

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Arizona Diamondbacks.

paragraph: Séptimo appeared in the 2009 All-Star Futures Game. He was a Southern League mid-season All-Star in 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Chicago White Sox.

paragraph: On June 13, 2011, Séptimo was claimed off waivers by the Chicago White Sox from the Arizona Diamondbacks and optioned to the Double-A Birmingham Barons.

paragraph: Séptimo was promoted to the major leagues for the first time on June 28, 2012. On June 29, 2012, Séptimo made his Major League debut against the New York Yankees pitching a perfect 9th inning while striking out Alex Rodriguez and Robinson Canó.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Atlanta Braves.

paragraph: On January 10, 2015, Septimo signed a minor league deal with the Atlanta Braves.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Joplin Blasters.

paragraph: On April 5, 2016, Septimo was released by the Joplin Blasters.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Chunichi Dragons.

paragraph: On June 5, 2016, Septimo was signed by the NPB team Chunichi Dragons. On 29 October, it was confirmed that Septimo would be released from the Dragons along with Ricardo Nanita, Juan Jaime, Drew Naylor and Anderson Hernandez.

paragraph: Section::::Pitching Style.

paragraph: Séptimo throws four pitches — a four-seam fastball in the low 90s, a two-seam fastball, a slider averaging at about 80 mph, and an occasional changeup. The slider is his main 2-strike pitch.

description: Dominican Republic baseball player

wikidata_label: Leyson Séptimo

wikipedia_title: Leyson Séptimo


text: Persian

text: Qajar Dynasty

text: Naser al-Din Shah

text: King of Persia

text: Aref Qazvini

text: women's rights in Iran

text: feminist

text: Iran's underground women's rights

text: Society of Women's Freedom

text: hijab

text: Times Literary Supplement

text: Zahir od-Dowleh Cemetery

text: Tajrish

text: Middle Eastern studies

text: Tehran University

text: Harvard

text: Farnaz Fassihi

text: Women's Freedom Association

text: "Tāj-al-Salṭana".

text: payvand

text: qajarwomen.org

categories: Iranian women royalty,1936 deaths,Qajar princesses,Iranian feminists,1883 births,People of the Persian Constitutional Revolution

paragraph: Zahra Khanom Tadj es-Saltaneh

paragraph: Taj Saltaneh or Tāj al-Salṭanah (1883 – 25 January 1936; ), was a Persian princess and memoirist of the Qajar Dynasty, a daughter of Naser al-Din Shah, the King of Persia from 1843 to May 1896 by his wife Turan es-Saltaneh. She was the love interest of the Persian poet Aref Qazvini, who wrote his poem "Ey Taj" for her.

paragraph: Taj Saltaneh was a trailblazer for women's rights in Iran and a feminist. She was a prominent founding member of Iran's underground women's rights group "Anjoman Horriyyat Nsevan" or "Women's Freedom Association" (the Society of Women's Freedom), working for equal rights for women circa 1910. She secretly organized and attended underground women's rights meetings telling her children and grandchildren that she was attending religious sessions. She once led a women's rights march to parliament and was an avid supporter of Iran's constitution revolution.

paragraph: She was a writer, a painter, an intellectual and an activist who hosted literary salons at her house once a week. She was fluent in Arabic and French and played the violin. She was the first woman in court to take off the hijab and wear western clothes. The first to write a memoir and a vocal critic of the monarchy- her father Naser el-Din Shah and brother Mozafar el-Din Shah's rule. She blamed many of Iran's problems then, including poverty, lack of education for masses and women's rights, on incompetent monarchs. Her voice was a lone female voice advocating for change and democracy.

paragraph: Her memoirs were published under the title of "Crowning Anguish: Memoirs of a Persian Princess from the Harem to Modernity 1884 – 1914" (1996), edited with a preface by Abbas Amanat and translated by Anna Vanzan and Amin Neshati. They were well received, the "Times Literary Supplement" describing them thus: "In somewhat unusual and cumbersome style, Taj's memoirs, written in 1914, cover a thirty-year span of a rapidly changing era [...] A curious blend of the reconstructive and reflective, Taj al Saltaneh's memoirs bring home the intense conflicts of a life straddling the harem and modernism." (March 4, 1994)

paragraph: Her hand-written memoir is in the archives of Iran's National Library.

paragraph: She was married to Sardar Hassan Shojah Saltaneh, an aristocrat and the son of the defense minister Shojah al-Saltaneh. They had four children. Taj divorced her husband, breaking a taboo and becoming one of the first women in the royal family to get a divorce. In her later years, she dedicated her life to writing, reading and raising her beloved granddaughter Taj Iran, with whom she had a special bond and heavily influenced her upbringing. She lived with her daughter Touran Douleh until she died.

paragraph: She is buried in the Zahir od-Dowleh Cemetery in Tajrish. Her life and her writing and her role as a feminist is a subject of Middle Eastern studies in universities from Tehran University to Harvard. In 2015 Harvard acquired from her descendants their family photos, writings, anecdotes and stories about Taj Saltaneh's life for its archives.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Farnaz Fassihi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Women's Freedom Association

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Afsaneh Najmabadi. "Tāj-al-Salṭana". Encyclopædia Iranica

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shireen Mahdavi. "Taj al-Saltaneh, an Emancipated Qajar Princess". Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Apr., 1987), pp. 188-193

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crowning Anguish, Memoirs of a Persian Princess from the Harem to Modernity

paragraph: BULLET::::- A brief history of women's movements in Iran 1850 - 2000 payvand

paragraph: BULLET::::- qajarwomen.org

wikidata_label: Zahra Khanom Tadj es-Saltaneh

wikipedia_title: Zahra Khanom Tadj es-Saltaneh


text: Latinized

text: Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster

text: Lord of Connacht

text: Egidia de Lacy

text: Edward I of England

text: Norman

text: Elizabeth

text: Robert the Bruce

text: King Edward I

text: Edward Bruce

text: Felim Ó Conchúir

text: Second Battle of Athenry

text: defeat of Bruce

text: Faughart

text: Athassel Priory

text: Cashel

text: John de Bermingham, 1st Earl of Louth

text: Thomas de Multon

text: Elizabeth de Burgh

text: Queen consort of Scotland

text: Robert the Bruce

text: David II of Scotland

text: John de Burgh

text: Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Hertford

text: Maurice Fitzgerald, 1st Earl of Desmond

text: Edmond de Burgh

text: Thomas FitzGerald, 2nd Earl of Kildare

text: John Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy de Knayth

text: Elizabeth Darcy

text: James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond

text: Annals of the Four Masters

text: Burgh Castle

text: John O'Donovan

text: Edward MacLysaght

text: University College Cork

text: University College Cork

text: Revised edition

text: Trinity College Dublin

categories: 1259 births,1326 deaths,Earls of Ulster (1264),People from County Galway,Norman warriors,13th-century Irish people,14th-century Irish people,People from County Limerick,House of Burke

paragraph: Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster

paragraph: Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster and 3rd Baron of Connaught (1259 – 29 July 1326), called The Red Earl (Latinized to de Burgo), was one of the most powerful Irish nobles of the late 13th and early 14th centuries.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Richard's father was Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster (of the second creation) and Lord of Connacht, who was the second son of Richard Mór de Burgh, 1st Lord of Connaught and Egidia de Lacy.

paragraph: "Richard Óg", means "Richard the Young", which may be a reference to his youth when he became earl in 1271, or to differentiate him from his grandfather, Richard Mór.

paragraph: Section::::Earl of Ulster.

paragraph: Richard Óg was the most powerful of the de Burgh Earls of Ulster, succeeding his father in Ulster and Connacht upon reaching his majority in 1280. He was a friend of King Edward I of England, and ranked first among the Earls of Ireland. Richard married Margaret, the daughter of his cousin John de Burgh (also spelled de Borough) and Cecily Baillol. He pursued expansionist policies that often left him at odds with fellow Norman lords.

paragraph: His daughter Elizabeth was to become the second wife of King Robert the Bruce of Scotland. However, this did not stop him leading his forces from Ireland to support England's King Edward I in his Scottish campaigns; Edward captured Elizabeth in 1306, but in order to gain the support of Richard, Edward only put Elizabeth under house arrest. When the forces of Edward Bruce invaded Ulster in 1315, the Earl led a force against him, but was beaten at Connor in Antrim. The invasion of Bruce and the uprising of Felim Ó Conchúir in Connacht left him virtually without authority in his lands, but Ó Conchúir was killed in 1316 at the Second Battle of Athenry, and he was able to recover Ulster after the defeat of Bruce at Faughart.

paragraph: He died on 29 July 1326 at Athassel Priory, near Cashel, County Tipperary.

paragraph: Section::::Children and family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aveline de Burgh (b. c. 1280), married John de Bermingham, 1st Earl of Louth

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eleanor de Burgh (1282 – aft. August 1324), married Lord Thomas de Multon of Burghs-on-Sands

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth de Burgh (c. 1284 – 26 October 1327), Queen consort of Scotland, married Robert the Bruce as his second wife, and was the mother of David II of Scotland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walter de Burgh (c. 1285–1304)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John de Burgh (c. 1286 – 18 June 1313)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matilda de Burgh (c. 1288–1320), married Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Hertford

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas de Burgh (c. 1292–1316)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine de Burgh (c. 1296 – 1 November 1331), married Maurice Fitzgerald, 1st Earl of Desmond

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edmond de Burgh (b. c. 1298)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joan de Burgh (c. 1300 – 23 April 1359), married firstly, Thomas FitzGerald, 2nd Earl of Kildare, by whom she had issue, and secondly, Sir John Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy de Knayth, by whom she had issue, including Elizabeth Darcy who married James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond

paragraph: Section::::Annalistic references.

paragraph: From the "Annals of the Four Masters":

paragraph: BULLET::::- "M1303.8.A great army was led by the King of England into Scotland; and the Red Earl and many of the Irish and English went with a large fleet from Ireland to his assistance. On this occasion they took many cities, and gained sway over Scotland. Theobald Burke, the Earl's brother, died after his return from this expedition, on Christmas night, at Carrickfergus."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "M1304.2. The Countess, wife of Richard Burke, Earl of Ulster, i.e. the Red Earl, and Walter de Burgo, heir of the same Earl, died."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "M1305.2. The new castle of Inishowen was erected by the Red Earl."

paragraph: Section::::Family tree.

paragraph: Walter de Burgh of Burgh Castle, Norfolk.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700" by Frederick Lewis Weis; Lines 73-30, 177B-8, 177B-9.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tribes and customs of Hy-Many", John O'Donovan, 1843

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Surnames of Ireland", Edward MacLysaght, Dublin, 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Anglo-Normans in Co. Galway: the process of colonisation", Patrick Holland, "Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society, vol. 41,(1987–88)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Excavation on the line of the medieval town defences of Loughrea, Co. Galway", J.G.A.& H.S., vol. 41, (1987–88)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anglo-Norman Galway; rectangular earthworks and moated sites", Patrick Holland, J.G.A. & H.S., vol. 46 (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Rindown Castle: a royal fortress in Co. Roscommon", Sheelagh Harbison", J.G.A. & H.S., vol. 47 (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Anglo-Norman landscape in County Galway; land-holdings, castles and settlements", Patrick Holland, J.G.A.& H.S., vol. 49 (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Annals of Ulster" at CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Annals of Tigernach" at CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork

paragraph: BULLET::::- Revised edition of McCarthy's synchronisms at Trinity College Dublin.

alias:
Richard de Burgo
The Red Earl

description: Irish nobleman

wikidata_label: Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster

wikipedia_title: Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster


text: New Rochelle

text: New York

text: Chess master

text: British Virgin Islands

text: Chess Olympiad

text: Malta Olympiad

text: 1970 Siegen Olympiad

text: Bobby Fischer

text: French Defence

text: sacrifice

text: Review of "Hooked on Chess"

text: The Chess Games of Bill Hook

text: USCF Rating of Bill Hook

categories: American emigrants to the British Virgin Islands,American chess players,Sportspeople from New Rochelle, New York,2010 deaths,British Virgin Islands chess players,1925 births

paragraph: Bill Hook

paragraph: Bill (or William) Hook (May 28, 1925 – May 10, 2010), born in New Rochelle, New York, was a Chess master and the Captain of the British Virgin Islands chess team.

paragraph: Starting in 1968, Hook led the Virgin Islands team, and later the British Virgin Islands team, at numerous Chess Olympiads, mostly playing top board. At the Malta Olympiad of 1980, Hook won the gold medal on board 1 for best percentage result of any national team member. He defeated a grandmaster and several national champions along the way. To commemorate this achievement the British Virgin Islands issued a stamp in his honor.

paragraph: During the preliminary rounds of the 1970 Siegen Olympiad, the Virgin Islands were paired with the USA team and Hook famously faced the legendary Bobby Fischer. Playing the black pieces, Hook ventured a pet line of the French Defence whereupon an exciting encounter developed, culminating in a stylish rook sacrifice by Fischer.

paragraph: Hook authored a book as well as various magazine and newspaper articles about chess. In the art world, he is known for his one-man shows in painting and photography. He lived in Washington DC, with his wife Mimi, until his death on May 10, 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hooked on Chess" by Bill Hook

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olimpbase - Olympiads and other Team event information

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Review of "Hooked on Chess"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Chess Games of Bill Hook

paragraph: BULLET::::- USCF Rating of Bill Hook

description: British Virgin Islands chess player

wikidata_label: Bill Hook

wikipedia_title: Bill Hook


text:
Queen consort
Sverre of Norway
Eric IX of Sweden
Christina Björnsdotter
Sverre
Nikolas Arnesson
Bishop of Stavanger
Västergötland
Värmland
Norway
Kristina Sverresdotter
Haakon III of Norway
poison
trial by ordeal
Filip Simonsson
Imsen, Steinar
Koht, Halvdan

categories: 13th-century Norwegian people,House of Sverre,Norwegian royal consorts,1150s births,12th-century Norwegian people,1209 deaths,Swedish princesses,Fairhair dynasty,13th-century Swedish people,12th-century Swedish people,12th-century Norwegian women,13th-century Swedish women,House of Eric,12th-century Swedish women

paragraph: Margaret of Sweden, Queen of Norway

paragraph: Margaret of Sweden (Norwegian: "Margrete Eriksdotter"; c. 1155 – 1209) was Norwegian Queen consort as spouse of King Sverre of Norway.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Margaret was the daughter of King Eric IX of Sweden and Queen Christina Björnsdotter. In 1189, she married the Norwegian King Sverre. She is only sporadically mentioned in history during her tenure as queen; primarily in connection with an attempt by Nikolas Arnesson to become Bishop of Stavanger. In the sagas, Queen Margaret is portrayed as suspect and intrigant

paragraph: She became a widow in 1202, returned to her native Sweden, and retired to her estates in Västergötland and Värmland. Departing Norway, she had to leave her daughter Kristina Sverresdotter behind against her will. She spent two years in Sweden and returned to Norway in 1204.

paragraph: On 1 January 1204, two days after she had returned to Norway, her stepson, King Haakon III of Norway, died with obvious symptoms of poisoning. Margaret became a suspect of the crime, and one of her servants tried to prove her innocence in a trial by ordeal which failed. The servant was drowned and Margareta fled back to Sweden.

paragraph: Margaret returned to Norway in 1209 for her daughter's wedding. Her daughter married co-regent Filip Simonsson, the Bagler party candidate to the throne of Norway. Margaret took part in the wedding. Immediately after the wedding she became ill, and died a few weeks later.

paragraph: Section::::Other sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Magerøy, H. "Soga om birkebeinar og baglar" (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imsen, Steinar "Våre dronninger: fra Ragnhild Eriksdatter til Sonja" (Oslo: 1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Koht, Halvdan "Norske dronningar" (in "The Old Norse Sagas", 1931)

description: Queen consort of Norway

wikidata_label: Margaret of Sweden, Queen of Norway

wikipedia_title: Margaret of Sweden, Queen of Norway


text:
Concern Worldwide US
Associated Press
First Intifada
Lebanon
Moscow
Los Angeles Times
NBC
Afghanistan
Kenya

wikipedia_title:
Concern Worldwide
Associated Press
First Intifada
Lebanon
Moscow
Los Angeles Times
NBC
Afghanistan
Kenya

categories: American women journalists,American women novelists,1961 births,Los Angeles Times people,21st-century American novelists,Living people,21st-century American women writers

paragraph: Masha Hamilton

paragraph: Masha Hamilton is a United States journalist and the author of five novels. She founded two world literacy projects, and has worked as head of communications for the US Embassy in Afghanistan and the NGO Concern Worldwide US.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Hamilton worked as a foreign correspondent for the Associated Press for five years in the Middle East, where she covered the First Intifada, the peace process, and the partial Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon. She spent five years in Moscow, where she was a "Los Angeles Times" correspondent and reported for NBC/Mutual Radio. She wrote about politics as well as average Russian's life during the collapse of the Soviet Union. She reported from Afghanistan in both 2004 and 2008.

paragraph: In 2006, she traveled in Kenya to research the novel "The Camel Bookmobile" (2007), published by HarperCollins. She had previously published the books "Staircase of a Thousand Steps" (2001), "The Distance Between Us" (2004), "31 Hours" (2009), and "What Changes Everything" (2013).

paragraph: Section::::World literacy projects.

paragraph: She started two world literacy projects: the Camel Book Drive to help the camel-powered library in Northeast Kenya, begun in 2007, and the Afghan Women's Writing Project, to foster the voices of Afghan women, begun in 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: In 2010, she won the Women’s National Book Association WNBA Award.

paragraph: In 2013, she was received Meritorious and Superior Awards from the State Department.

paragraph: In 2017, she was the John E Nance 2017 Writer-In-Residence at the Thurber House.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Postcard from Moscow", (newspaper column)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Staircase of a Thousand Steps", (2001), Penguin Putnam/BlueHen Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Distance Between Us", (2004) Unbridled Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Camel Bookmobile", (2007) HarperCollins

paragraph: BULLET::::- "31 Hours", (2009) Unbridled Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- "What Changes Everything", (2013) Unbridled Books

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Masha Hamilton's home page

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Afghan Women's Writing Project

description: American writer

wikidata_label: Masha Hamilton

wikipedia_title: Masha Hamilton


text: British

text: polo

text: 1900 Summer Olympics

text: 1908 Summer Olympics

text: Magdalene College, Cambridge

text: High Sheriff of Warwickshire

text: County Galway

wikipedia_title:
Great Britain
Polo
1900 Summer Olympics
1908 Summer Olympics
Magdalene College, Cambridge
Freake baronets
High Sheriff of Warwickshire
County Galway

categories: Polo players at the 1900 Summer Olympics,Olympic silver medallists for Great Britain,Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics,English polo players,Olympic polo players of Great Britain,Polo players at the 1908 Summer Olympics,International Polo Cup,Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom,1876 births,High Sheriffs of Warwickshire,Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge,Medalists at the 1900 Summer Olympics,1950 deaths

paragraph: Frederick Freake

paragraph: Sir Frederick (Charles) Maitland Freake, 3rd Baronet (7 March 1876 – 22 December 1950) was a British polo player in the 1900 Summer Olympics and in the 1908 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born on 7 March 1876 and was educated at Magdalene College, Cambridge. In 1900 he was part of the BLO Polo Club Rugby polo team which won the silver medal.

paragraph: Eight years later as a member of the Hurlingham Club he won the silver medal again.

paragraph: In 1920 he succeeded to the Baronetcy of Cromwell House and Fulwell Park. He lived at the Old Manor House, Halford, Warwickshire and served as High Sheriff of Warwickshire in 1939. He died on 22 December 1950.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Freake married, at St. Peter's, Cranley Gardens, on 7 July 1902, Alison Ussher, daughter of Christopher Ussher, of Eastwell, County Galway.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- profile

description: British polo player

wikidata_label: Frederick Freake

wikipedia_title: Frederick Freake


text: United States Army

text: Medal of Honor

text: Vietnam War

text: Syracuse, New York

text: Sergeant

text: 20th Infantry Regiment

text: 11th Infantry Brigade

text: Landing Zone Liz

text: Republic of Vietnam

text: machine gun

text: NASA

text: Douglas H. Wheelock

text: International Space Station

categories: 1947 births,1969 deaths,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,American military personnel killed in the Vietnam War,United States Army soldiers,People from Binghamton, New York

paragraph: Lester R. Stone Jr.

paragraph: Lester Raymond Stone Jr. (June 4, 1947 – March 3, 1969) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Vietnam War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Stone joined the Army from Syracuse, New York in 1967, and by March 3, 1969 was serving as a Sergeant in 1st Platoon, Company B, 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment, 11th Infantry Brigade, 23d Infantry Division (Americal). On that day, west of Landing Zone Liz in the Republic of Vietnam, he manned a machine gun from an exposed position during an intense enemy attack, allowing others to rescue a wounded comrade.

paragraph: Stone, aged 21 at his death, was buried in Chenango Valley Cemetery, Binghamton, New York.

paragraph: Stone's Medal of Honor is currently in space. His mother Doris lent the medal to U.S. Army officer and NASA astronaut Douglas H. Wheelock to take on his June 2010 launch to the International Space Station. Wheelock, who was born in the same city as Lester Stone, plans to return the medal to the Stone family after returning to Earth in November.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Sergeant Stone's official Medal of Honor citation reads:

paragraph: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. Sgt. Stone, distinguished himself while serving as squad leader of the 1st Platoon. The 1st Platoon was on a combat patrol mission just west of Landing Zone Liz when it came under intense automatic weapons and grenade fire from a well concealed company-size force of North Vietnamese regulars. Observing the platoon machinegunner fall critically wounded, Sgt. Stone remained in the exposed area to provide cover fire for the wounded soldier who was being pulled to safety by another member of the platoon. With enemy fire impacting all around him, Sgt. Stone had a malfunction in the machinegun, preventing him from firing the weapon automatically. Displaying extraordinary courage under the most adverse conditions, Sgt. Stone repaired the weapon and continued to place on the enemy positions effective suppressive fire which enabled the rescue to be completed. In a desperate attempt to overrun his position, an enemy force left its cover and charged Sgt. Stone. Disregarding the danger involved, Sgt. Stone rose to his knees and began placing intense fire on the enemy at pointblank range, killing 6 of the enemy before falling mortally wounded. His actions of unsurpassed valor were a source of inspiration to his entire unit, and he was responsible for saving the lives of a number of his fellow soldiers. His actions were in keeping with the highest traditions of the military profession and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the U.S. Army.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War

wikidata_label: Lester R. Stone, Jr.

wikipedia_title: Lester R. Stone Jr.


text:
Parthian Empire
Arsaces I
Seleucid
Antiochus III
Phraates I
Mithridates I
Artabanus I
Junianus Justinus

categories: 176 BC deaths,2nd-century BC rulers in Asia,Parthian kings,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Phriapatius

paragraph: Phriapatius ( ) or Priapatius , sometimes called Phriapites , was the king of the Parthian Empire from 191 BC to 176 BC. He was the son of a nephew of Arsaces I (), the founder of the Parthian Empire.

paragraph: He ruled in the period following the invasion of Parthia by the Seleucid King Antiochus III (223–187 BC).

paragraph: He was the father of three Parthian kings, Phraates I (176–171 BC), who was his successor, Mithridates I (171–132 BC), and Artabanus I (138–124 BC).

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Junianus Justinus, xlv, 5.

description: Parthian king

wikidata_label: Phriapatius of Parthia

wikipedia_title: Priapatius

wikipedia_title: Phriapatius


text:
daxophone
Hans Reichel
experimental musical instrument
tinnitus

categories: Musicians from New York City,Contemporary classical music performers,American multi-instrumentalists,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Daniel Fishkin

paragraph: Daniel Fishkin is a multi-instrumentalist, composer, and instrument designer, most notable for his installation Composing the Tinnitus Suites.

paragraph: Fishkin's music career first started with building a daxophone, composing the album You're A Strong One on the daxophone. He has worked with Hans Reichel, inventor of the daxophone, building instruments and gathering instructions which Fishkin has shared on his website, 3 years after Reichel's death. After working mainly with the daxophone, he started creating experimental musical instruments based on electronic circuits to perceive the interactions between light and sound. These photosensitive instruments not only work by interpreting light input, but also by changing sound based on voltage changes caused by human touch.

paragraph: Fishkin has tinnitus, which shapes most of his work.

description: American Musician

wikidata_label: Daniel Fishkin

wikipedia_title: Daniel Fishkin


text: Baton Rouge, Louisiana

text: South Division High School

text: Chicago

text: Vassar College

text: Mabel Hite

text: Peoria, Illinois

text: Tony Pastor

text: vaudeville

text: Twin Beds

text: Lew Fields

text: Goldwyn Pictures

text: Providence, Rhode Island

text: Swan Point Cemetery

text: Sketch on Matrimony by Cox

categories: Burials at Swan Point Cemetery,20th-century American actresses,1957 deaths,Vassar College alumni,Vaudeville performers,1881 births,Actresses from Baton Rouge, Louisiana,American stage actresses,Disease-related deaths in Rhode Island

paragraph: Ray Cox

paragraph: Ray Cox (September 18, 1881 - November 7, 1957) was an early 20th century American actress and vaudeville performer.

paragraph: Cox was born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, attended South Division High School in Chicago, and went to Vassar College. Vaudeville performer Mabel Hite encouraged her stage aspirations, and Cox first appeared on stage in Peoria, Illinois in 1903.

paragraph: She debuted in New York at Tony Pastor's Theatre on October 25, 1903. She became a headliner in vaudeville, with one popular sketch portraying an athletic girl at a baseball game, and which was made into an audio recording by Edison.

paragraph: She was often billed as the "Southern girl" or "girl from Dixie". Her play roles including the part of Signora Monti in the popular 1914 play "Twin Beds". She also appeared in Lew Fields's "The Never Homes" (1911), and "The Charity Girl" (1912).

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Cox's first husband was Henry Cox Fishel, whom she divorced for desertion in 1916. She married Harvey J. Flint, a manager at Goldwyn Pictures, in September 1917. Thereafter known as Ray Cox Flint, she died in Providence, Rhode Island on November 7, 1957, and was buried at Swan Point Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vaudeville sketch (audio recording) - The Baseball Girl (1909)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sketch on Matrimony by Cox, in "One Thousand Laughs from Vaudeville" (1908)

wikidata_label: Ray Cox

wikipedia_title: Ray Cox (performer)

wikipedia_title: Ray Cox


text:
Protestant
Woburn, Bedfordshire
Jeremiah Holmes Wiffen
Ackworth school
Aspley Guise
Luis de Usoz
George Borrow
Josiah Forster
Jermyn Street
World Anti-Slavery Convention
George William Alexander
abolitionist
John Scoble
François-André Isambert
William Allen
Stephen Grellet
Juan Francisco Manzano
slave narrative
Richard Robert Madden
Rachel Russell, Lady Russell
Juan de Valdés
George Fox
inner light
John Martin
Froxfield, Bedfordshire
Juan Pérez de Pineda
Constantino Ponce de la Fuente
Eduard Böhmer
Francisco de Enzinas
Abraham Kuyper
John a Lasco
Frederik Muller
William Finden
Alaric Alexander Watts
The Liberty Bell
Gabriel de la Concepción Valdés
Wadham College, Oxford
Online Books page

categories: 1867 deaths,English Quakers,English book editors,English businesspeople,People from Woburn, Bedfordshire,English biographers,1794 births,People educated at Ackworth School

paragraph: Benjamin Barron Wiffen

paragraph: Benjamin Barron Wiffen (1794–1867) was an English Quaker businessman, bibliophile and biographer of early Spanish Protestant reformers.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: The second son of John Wiffen, ironmonger, and his wife Elizabeth (née Pattison), he was born at Woburn, Bedfordshire; his elder brother was Jeremiah Holmes Wiffen. He followed his brother to Ackworth school in 1803; on leaving in 1808 he went into his father's business. His mother Elizabeth was left widowed with a young family. Wiffen remained in business at Woburn till 1838, when his health failed, and he retired to Mount Pleasant, Aspley Guise, near Woburn, with his mother and two unmarried sisters.

paragraph: Section::::Anti-slavery and Spain.

paragraph: Early in 1840 Luis de Usoz came to London from Madrid, and was introduced by George Borrow to Josiah Forster. When Wiffen came to the Friends' meeting in Whitweek, Forster told him that Usoz had inquired after his late brother as a translator of Spanish poetry. At Forster's request he called on Usoz in Jermyn Street, beginning a lifelong friendship. Wiffen attended the World Anti-Slavery Convention in June as a delegate. In late 1840 or early 1841 Wiffen made his first visit to Spain with George William Alexander, as a deputation to forward the abolitionist cause there.

paragraph: In 1842 Wiffen accompanied Alexander a second time to Spain and Portugal. Correspondence between John Scoble and François-André Isambert led Wiffen to seek out the Barcelona publisher Antonio Bergnes de las Casas (1801–1879). Bergnes had first been visited in 1833 by William Allen and Stephen Grellet. Contact was renewed through Santiago Usoz, brother to Luis. Bergnes became a publisher for British abolitionist material in Spain. Wiffen also passed material relating to Juan Francisco Manzano and his poetic slave narrative to Usoz, with the co-operation of Richard Robert Madden. In 1843 Wiffen made another research trip with Alexander, to the Netherlands and Denmark in particular.

paragraph: Section::::The "Reformistas antiguos españoles" series.

paragraph: Wiffen knew Richard Thomas How of Aspley Guise, owner of a library collected by his father Richard How (1727–1801) who had edited Rachel Russell, Lady Russell's "Letters". How hinted at an old work, by Juan de Valdés, which represented essentially the Quaker principles of George Fox. It was in the summer of 1841, during a visit of Usoz to Mount Pleasant, that they decided to publish works of the early Spanish reformers. An attraction of the project was the validation these writings gave to the inner light doctrine.

paragraph: As his travels allowed, Wiffen began book-hunting. John Martin the bibliographer, who settled at Froxfield, Bedfordshire, described Wiffen as a friend and neighbour as well as a specialist collector of books. Besides buying rare works he copied others, or obtained transcripts.

paragraph: The collection "Obras Antiguas de los Españoles Reformados" appeared 1847–65 (20 vols.), privately printed under his supervision. He himself edited vol. ii., the "Epistola Consolatoria" (1848) by Juan Pérez de Pineda, with a notice of the author in English (reprinted with the English translation, 1871 by John T. Betts) and Spanish; and vol. xv., the "Alfabeto Cristiano" (1861) by Juan de Valdés, in Italian, with modern versions in Spanish and English. The remaining volumes were edited by Usoz. A reprinted edition was produced in Barcelona in 1981. Betts was a friend of Wiffen and Usoz.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Wiffen died, unmarried, at Mount Pleasant on 18 March 1867, and was buried in the Friends' graveyard at Woburn Sands on 24 March. He always wore Quaker garb, and was strict in observances.

paragraph: Section::::Other works.

paragraph: Wiffen wrote also the "Life and Writings of Juan de Valdés" (1865) which accompanies the English translations of works of Valdés by John T. Betts; and a "Biographical Sketch" (1869) of Constantino Ponce de la Fuente, to accompany the English version of his "Confession of a Sinner", also by Betts. Eduard Böhmer printed two volumes (1874 and 1883) called "Bibliotheca Wiffeniana", containing lives and writings of Spanish reformers from 1520, based on Wiffen's work. He further published a number of Spanish tracts. His interest in Francisco de Enzinas led to contact with Abraham Kuyper who was studying John a Lasco; it is presumed to have happened through Frederik Muller.

paragraph: In early life, and again later, Wiffen wrote verse. His "Warder of the Pyrenees" appeared in William Finden's "Tableaux of National Character" (1845), edited by his sister, Priscilla Maden Wiffen (Zillah), who had married Alaric Alexander Watts. In "The Liberty Bell" for 1848, he published "Placido, the Cuban Poet", on Gabriel de la Concepción Valdés, known as Plácido, who was executed in 1844.

paragraph: "Warder of the Pyrenees" was reprinted in the selection of his poems, mostly then unpublished, in "The Brothers Wiffen" (1880), edited by Samuel Rowles Pattison. Richard Thomas How is portrayed in Wiffen's poem "The Quaker Squire". It formed part of an unpublished manuscript memorial, from 1840.

paragraph: Wiffen's papers went to Wadham College, Oxford.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online Books page

paragraph: Attribution

alias:
Benjamin Barron Wiffen
Benjamin B. Wiffen

description: English biographer

wikidata_label: Benjamin Wiffen

wikipedia_title: Benjamin Barron Wiffen


text:
film producer
photographer
Santa Barbara, California
graffiti artist
graphic designer
great white shark
summa cum laude
Brooks Institute
Photography
Film
Cinematography
Red Digital Cinema Camera Company
Arri Alexa
Hasselblad
Phase One
Leica Camera
Canon Inc.
Santa Barbara Film Festival
Schoolboy Q
Cali Swag District

categories: Film producers from California,American film producers,Living people,Brooks Institute alumni

paragraph: Matt Revolter

paragraph: Matt Revolter is an American film producer and photographer who is best known for producing music videos, short films, and fine art.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Revolter was born and raised in Santa Barbara, California. He started as a graffiti artist and graphic designer before receiving a formal education in media production. He began his professional career working as an illustrator creating original works for corporate advertising, fashion companies, and musicians. During this time he also ran a successful marketing firm in Los Angeles, and has had success working as a commercial artist and marketer.

paragraph: His work often deals with such themes as identity, empathy, and death. When he was ten years old his neighbor was attacked and killed by a great white shark. Tragic life experiences have given him creative inspiration.

paragraph: Revolter has an extensive collection of vintage cameras, and has a preference to acquire items that often have connections to famous filmmakers or movies.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Education.

paragraph: Revolter graduated summa cum laude from Brooks Institute, where he received a Master of Fine Arts in Photography, Bachelor of Fine Arts in Film, and a Certificate in Cinematography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Style.

paragraph: Revolter is known for creating empathetic and dark imagery set in high-concept settings. He claims to be "format agnostic" as he typically shoots with Red Digital Cinema Camera Company, Arri Alexa, Hasselblad, Phase One, Leica Camera, and Canon Inc. camera systems. He has incorporated principles derived from traditional cinema while shooting, which includes using film equipment and lighting techniques. Most of his scenes include real subjects in authentic locations, and he uses very little digital post-processing afterwards. Revolter's photographs are usually projected in large spaces, as opposed to being displayed in frames.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Producer.

paragraph: In 2014 Revolter produced a winning short film titled "The Way We Were", directed by Ayasylla Ghosn, for the Santa Barbara Film Festival's 10-10-10 Student Filmmaking Competition. He also produced Schoolboy Q's music video for "Hoover Street" that same year. In 2013 he produced the music video for Cali Swag District's "Shake Something".

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Photographer.

paragraph: In 2015 Revolter installed a multimedia projection titled "Bodies on the Wall" on various buildings throughout California. The project was part of his graduating thesis and questioned how viewers analyzed, participated, and remembered their experiences regarding artwork in the digital age.

paragraph: In 2014 Revolter's photography was installed on the Studio Wall at Brooks Institute. The images he displayed questioned the viewers' understanding of both the meaning, and the relationship between the photographs.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography/exhibits.

paragraph: Notable work Revolter has produced include:

description: American film producer and photographer

wikidata_label: Matt Revolter

wikipedia_title: Matt Revolter


text: World War II

text: Nazi Germany

text: World War I

text: World War II

text: Führerreserve

text: 15th Panzer Division

text: Libya

text: Cyrenaica

text: Afrika Korps

text: claymore

text: Battle of Bir Hakeim

text: Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross

text: El-Alamein

text: Sicily

text: Straits of Messina

text: Battle of Monte Cassino

text: Tank Destruction Badge

text: Holstein

text: gangrene

text: Bad Segeberg

text: Wound Badge

text: Wehrmacht Long Service Award

text: German Cross

text: Oberstleutnant

text: Iron Cross

text: Clasp to the Iron Cross

text: Oberst

text: Generalleutnant

categories: 1945 deaths,1897 births,German military personnel killed in World War II,People from the Province of Brandenburg,Lieutenant generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht),Recipients of the Gold German Cross,Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords,Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class,People from Pritzwalk,German military personnel of World War I

paragraph: Ernst-Günther Baade

paragraph: Ernst-Günther Baade (20 August 1897 – 8 May 1945) was a German general during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords of Nazi Germany. Baade was wounded in action and died from his injuries on 8 May 1945.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Ernst-Günther Baade volunteered for military service in 1914 and fought during World War I. During World War II, in March 1942 Baade was assigned to the active reserve of officers ("Führerreserve"). He subsequently transferred to the 15th Panzer Division in North Africa and took command of the 115th Rifle Regiment on 15 April 1942, at that time committed to action in Libya and Cyrenaica.

paragraph: Baade became a legend in the Afrika Korps and was known to go into battle dressed in a Scottish kilt and carrying a claymore, a double-edged broadsword. In May 1942 he took part in the Battle of Bir Hakeim. Baade was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for his actions during the battle. He was wounded on 28 July 1942 at El-Alamein, and evacuated to Germany.

paragraph: During the evacuation of German forces from Sicily to the Italian mainland in early August 1943, Baade was placed in charge of the force defending the Straits of Messina. Baade commanded the 90th Infantry Division in the Battle of Monte Cassino. He was known for his occasionally eccentric behavior, his very small staff, and his frequent front-line inspection visits, all of which made him popular with his troops. He was awarded a Tank Destruction Badge for the single-handed destruction of an enemy tank with an infantry weapon.

paragraph: Baade was wounded on 24 April 1945, when his staff car was strafed by a British fighter aircraft near Neverstaven in Holstein. He died of gangrene in a hospital at Bad Segeberg on 8 May 1945.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wound Badge in Black (1 July 1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wehrmacht Long Service Award 2nd Class (2 October 1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- German Cross in Gold on 2 November 1941 as "Oberstleutnant" in the I./Reiter-Regiment 22

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iron Cross (1914) 2nd Class (25 November 1916) & 1st Class (24 December 1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (18 September 1939) & 1st Class (5 June 1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross on 27 June 1942 as "Oberst" and commander of Schützen-Regiment 115

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oak Leaves on 22 February 1944 as "Oberst" and leader of the 90. Panzergrenadier-Division

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swords on 16 November 1944 as "Generalleutnant" and commander of the 90. Panzergrenadier-Division

description: German general

wikidata_label: Ernst-Günther Baade

wikipedia_title: Ernst-Günther Baade


text:
footballer
central defender
PSV
Cannes
Eindhoven
PSV Eindhoven
Eredivisie
domestic cups
substitute
1987–88 European Cup
final
S.L. Benfica
penalties
AS Cannes
Ligue 1
his first year
gaining immediate promotion back
1997–98 campaign
player-coach
French Riviera
Ligue 2
Lille OSC
1998–99
goal difference
sports agent
caps
Holland
England
European Cup
Eredivisie
KNVB Cup

categories: Dutch football managers,Living people,Dutch expatriate footballers,Association football defenders,1963 births,Ligue 2 players,Ligue 1 players,Lille OSC players,Netherlands youth international footballers,Dutch expatriate sportspeople in France,Dutch footballers,Ligue 1 managers,Expatriate footballers in France,AS Cannes players,Netherlands international footballers,PSV Eindhoven players,Sportspeople from Eindhoven,Eredivisie players

paragraph: Adick Koot

paragraph: Adick Koot (born 16 August 1963) is a Dutch retired footballer who played as a central defender.

paragraph: He started his 18-year professional career with PSV, then spent its remainder in France, mainly at the service of Cannes.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Born in Eindhoven, Koot joined PSV Eindhoven in 1982 at the age of 18. After only one Eredivisie game in his first two seasons combined, he proceeded to be regularly used as the club won five national championships and three domestic cups.

paragraph: During his nine years with the PSV, Koot appeared in more than 150 official games. He was an unused substitute in the 1987–88 European Cup final, won against S.L. Benfica on penalties.

paragraph: In the 1991 summer Koot joined AS Cannes in France, being relegated from Ligue 1 in his first year but gaining immediate promotion back. In the 1997–98 campaign, he acted as player-coach (21 matches, one goal) as the French Riviera team was again relegated; he played in 220 competitive matches during his tenure.

paragraph: 35-year-old Koot signed for another side in Ligue 2, Lille OSC, for 1998–99, only missing on promotion due to goal difference. He retired at the end of the season, and became a sports agent.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: Koot gained three caps for Holland, in one year. His debut was on 23 March 1988, as he played seven minutes in a 2–2 friendly draw in England.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:PSV.

paragraph: BULLET::::- European Cup: 1987–88

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eredivisie: 1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1990–91

paragraph: BULLET::::- KNVB Cup: 1987–88, 1988–89, 1989–90

description: Dutch football player/manager/agent

wikidata_label: Adick Koot

wikipedia_title: Adick Koot