text: Glen Ross, Maryland

text: illiterate

text: freedman

text: American Civil War

text: The patent text for the Cotton-Planter

categories: African-American farmers,African-American inventors,1860 deaths,People from Montgomery County, Maryland,American farmers,Farmers from Maryland,African-American history of Maryland,1807 births,19th-century American inventors

paragraph: Henry Blair (inventor)

paragraph: Henry Blair (1807–1860) was the second African American inventor to receive a patent.

paragraph: He was born in Glen Ross, Maryland, United States in 1807. His first invention was the Seed-Planter, patented October 14, 1834, which allowed farmers to plant more corn using less labor in a smaller amount of time. On August 31, 1836 he obtained a second patent for a cotton planter. This invention worked by splitting the ground with two shovel-like blades which were pulled along by a horse. A wheel-driven cylinder followed behind which dropped the seed into the newly plowed ground. Blair had been a successful farmer for years and developed the inventions as a means of increasing efficiency in farming.

paragraph: In the patent records, Blair is listed as a "colored man"; making this identification the only one of its kind in early patent records. Blair was illiterate, therefore he signed his patents with an "x". It is said that Blair was a freedman. At the time that his patents were granted United States patent law allowed both freed and enslaved people to obtain patents. In 1857 this law was challenged by a slave-owner who claimed that he owned "all the fruits of the slave's labor" including his slave's inventions. This resulted in the change of the law in 1858 which stated that slaves were not citizens and therefore could not hold patents. Blair died in 1860.; in 1871, six year after the American Civil War ended, the law was changed to grant all men patent rights.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The patent text and drawings for the Seed-Planter from Today in Science.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The patent text for the Cotton-Planter from Today in Science.

description: American inventor

wikidata_label: Henry Blair

wikipedia_title: Henry Blair (inventor)


text: Williams College Museum of Art

text: Samson L. Faison

text: Chartres Cathedral

text: Marcel Aubert

text: Henri Focillon

text: Legion of Honour

text: New York Times

text: Earl A. Powell III

text: National Gallery of Art

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Glenn D. Lowry

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: New York City

text: Thomas Krens

text: Guggenheim Museum

text: "Hermann Voss"

text: "Linz: Hitler's museum and library"

text: Williams College

text: Williams College Museum of Art

text: Judith H. Dobrzynski

text: S. Lane Faison papers, 1928–1981

categories: American naval personnel of World War II,United States Navy officers,American art historians,20th-century American historians,2006 deaths,Williams College alumni,Monuments men,1907 births

paragraph: S. Lane Faison

paragraph: Samson Lane Faison, Jr. (November 16, 1907 – November 11, 2006) was an American art historian, professor, and director of the Williams College Museum of Art.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Faison was born in Washington, D.C. to Eleanor Sowers and Samson L. Faison in 1907. His father was a West Point graduate and a general in World War I. Lane had one sibling, a younger sister named Eleanor. A boyhood trip to France that included a chance visit to Chartres Cathedral awakened a passion for art and inspired his future career. Faison later headed the Williams College art history department from 1940 to 1969 and directed the Williams College Museum of Art from 1948 to 1976.

paragraph: He was himself trained at Williams (class of 1929) by Karl E. Weston, who inspired an earlier generation of art scholars in the 1920s. During the 1930s, after receiving an M.A. from Harvard (1930) and an MFA from Princeton (1932), he was a very close assistant to French visiting scholars at Yale, Marcel Aubert and Henri Focillon. He translated into English the major work of Focillon, "La vie des formes" ("The life of forms in art", New York, Wittenborn, Schultz, 1948).

paragraph: In 1935 he married Virginia Weed (d. 1997), a native of Savannah and graduate of Smith College. They had four sons: Gordon Lane (b. 1937), George Weston (b. 1940), Christopher Maury (b. 1944), and Samson Lane III (b. 1947).

paragraph: Faison was a Navy Reservist during World War II, attaining the rank of lieutenant commander. In 1945 he was posted to the Office of Strategic Services' Art Looting Investigation Unit. He wrote the official top-secret report (see selected publications) on Adolf Hitler's collection of stolen art. Five years later, he supervised the return of stolen art under the direction of the Department of State to major European cities such as Vienna and Paris. In 1952, he was awarded a Chevalier of French Legion of Honour for his service.

paragraph: While directing the Williams College Museum of Art and art history department, Faison made it his mission to inspire interest in art history among students at Williams College. Dramatically expanding the museum's collections, especially in contemporary art, Faison encouraged his students to see the compatibility of their art historical studies with all aspects of their lives as Williams students, from their fraternity parties to their English literature classes. Many of his students began their freshman year at Williams planning to become doctors, lawyers, and investment bankers, but, upon graduation, found themselves turning to the art world due to Faison's inspirational pedagogy. Adding a new Art Studio curriculum to what was then Williams's "Fine Arts" department, Faison emphasized learning by doing and developed the emphasis on visual analysis of shape, color, and form that has become the most distinctive element of the College's Art History sequence.

paragraph: In 2004, he told the "New York Times":

paragraph: I always stressed two things. One has to do with the connection of art to history, with the fact that every work of art was done somewhere and some when, and that this is very important to understand. The other side has to do with the medium of art, which is quite different from the subject. What we're talking about is color and shape. You'd be surprised at the number of people who come to Williams, and I think this is generally true of American students, with absolutely no idea of what the word 'shape' means or what you can do with it and why it's important. They have easily mastered the medium of language, but many of them know very little about the medium of art.

paragraph: Several of his students went on to direct major museums including Earl A. Powell III of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., Glenn D. Lowry of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, and Thomas Krens of the Guggenheim Museum in New York.

paragraph: S. Lane Faison, Jr. died on November 11, 2006 in Williamstown, Massachusetts five days shy of his 99th birthday.

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Faison, S. L., & United States. (1945). "Hermann Voss". Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army, Office of Strategic Services, Art Looting Investigation Unit.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Faison, S. L., & United States. (1945). "Linz: Hitler's museum and library". Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army, Office of Strategic Services, Art Looting Investigation Unit.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Williams College

paragraph: BULLET::::- Williams College Museum of Art

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The New York Times, October 28, 1997, An Art Lover Who Awakened a Generation by Judith H. Dobrzynski

paragraph: BULLET::::- LEGACY: One College's Long Shadow: Looking Back at the 'Williams Mafia' The New York Times, March 31, 2004 By STEPHEN KINZER, CHICAGO

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Washington Post, November 17, 2006, Obituary.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael J. Lewis, "An Art Teacher's Art Teacher," Commentary 123, no. 4 (April 2007), pp. 58–62

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sorensen, Lee. "Faison, S. Lane." Dictionary of Art Historians (27 November 2000) http://arthistorians.info/faisons

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oral history interview with S. Lane Faison, December 14, 1981, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. Lane Faison papers, 1928–1981, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution

description: Art historian and teacher

wikidata_label: S. Lane Faison

wikipedia_title: S. Lane Faison


text: Kingdom of Naples

text: Charles, Duke of Calabria

text: Robert, King of Naples

text: Yolande of Aragon

text: Marie of Valois

text: King Philip IV "le bel" of France

text: Florence

text: Robert, King of Naples

text: Philip I, Prince of Taranto

text: Charles II of Naples

text: Joanna I of Naples

text: Andrew, Duke of Calabria

text: Naples

text: Robert, King of Naples

text: Charles of Durazzo

text: Joanna of Durazzo

text: Hungary

text: Hungary

text: Székesfehérvár Basilica

paragraph: Charles Martel, Duke of Calabria

paragraph: Charles Martel, Duke of Calabria () is a name and title shared by two short-lived heirs to the throne of the Kingdom of Naples.

paragraph: Section::::Son of Charles, Duke of Calabria.

paragraph: Charles Martel (13 April 132721 April 1327), was the third child and first son of Charles, Duke of Calabria, heir of Robert, King of Naples and Yolande of Aragon and his wife Marie of Valois, a niece of King Philip IV "le bel" of France.

paragraph: At the time of his birth in Florence, his father Charles had survived his only brother Louis. The newborn prince and his father were the only living, legitimate, male-line descendants of his paternal grandfather, Robert, King of Naples. Charles also had a surviving daughter, Maria, who would die aged two in 1328. The next-in-line to the throne was Philip I, Prince of Taranto, the son of Charles II of Naples.

paragraph: The young prince died only eight days after his birth, in Florence. His death left Charles again childless and the Prince of Taranto again heir to the throne. His younger sister, Joanna, would not be born until 1328. Joanna eventually became Queen of Naples — a younger sister to the Duke was born after his father died, in 1329.

paragraph: Section::::Son of Joanna I, Queen of Naples.

paragraph: Charles Martel, Duke of Calabria (25 December 134510 May 1348), was the only son of Joanna I of Naples, fathered by her first husband, Andrew, Duke of Calabria.

paragraph: At the time of his birth in Naples, Joanna had survived her own brothers and only had a younger sister. The newborn Duke of Calabria and his mother and aunt were the only living, royal, legitimate descendants of his paternal great-grandfather, Robert, King of Naples. The heir presumptive since was Charles of Durazzo. Charles was betrothed to Joanna of Durazzo, his cousin, in 1347. In February 1348, the little Duke was transferred to Hungary.

paragraph: The young Duke died only three years after his birth, in Hungary. He was buried in the Székesfehérvár Basilica.

paragraph: Section::::References and Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Counts and Kings of Naples & Sicily 10721409

wikidata_label: Charles Martel, Duke of Calabria

wikipedia_title: Charles Martel, Duke of Calabria


text:
Washington, D.C.
J. Cole
Dreamville Records
Pho
Shea Butter Baby
Washington, D.C.
DMV area
The Secret Garden
Omen
Elephant Eyes
Dreamville
J. Cole
Rihanna
Dreamville Records
Revenge of the Dreamers II
Cozz
Pho
Change
4 Your Eyez Only Tour
EarthGang
Bas
Shea Butter Baby
Creed II soundtrack
Shea Butter Baby
6LACK
Washington, D.C.
Shea Butter Baby
Ella Fitzgerald
Erykah Badu
D'Angelo
Bilal
Whitney Houston
Aaliyah
Lauryn Hill
Minnie Riperton
The Fader
Kanye West

categories: American singer-songwriters,Dreamville Records artists,African-American female singer-songwriters,1991 births,Musicians from Washington, D.C.,Living people,African-American female singers

paragraph: Ari Lennox

paragraph: Courtney Shanade Salter (born March 26, 1991), known professionally as Ari Lennox, is an American singer and songwriter from Washington, D.C. She is signed to J. Cole's record label, Dreamville Records. She released her first EP on the label on October 21, 2016 titled "Pho", where she began gaining recognition. Her debut studio album "Shea Butter Baby" was released on May 7, 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Courtney Shanade Salter was born on March 26, 1991 in Washington, D.C. and spent her formative years in the DMV area. Her stage name was influenced by Mary Lennox, a character in the film adaptation of "The Secret Garden".

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:2012–2017: Career beginnings and "Pho" EP.

paragraph: Ari Lennox began uploading her music on the internet in 2012. She released her debut mixtape, "Five Finger Discount", and debut EP, "Ariography", in 2013. In 2014, she independently released the single "Bound". On July 21, 2015, she was featured on Omen's album "Elephant Eyes" on the track "Sweat it Out". Later that year, her music was circulating around the Dreamville team, as J. Cole wanted her to work with him on some references for Rihanna.

paragraph: On December 8, it was announced that she was signed to Dreamville Records. She made an appearance on the collaborative album "Revenge of the Dreamers II", on the track "Backseat" with Cozz. On October 21, 2016, she released her debut EP titled "Pho". Ari Lennox later appeared on J. Cole's song "Change", and performed as an opening act on the 4 Your Eyez Only Tour during 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:2018–present: "Shea Butter Baby".

paragraph: In 2018, she went on to guest feature on two songs with her label-mates: EarthGang on "Nothing but the Best", and Bas on "Icarus". On July 16, 2018, Ari Lennox released the first single, "Whipped Cream", from her debut album, "Shea Butter Baby" with an accompanied music video on September 5. On November 9, she released two more singles called "40 Shades of Choke" and "Grampa". On November 13, she then released two more singles called "No One" and "Pedigree". She then appeared on the Creed II soundtrack with Cole on a track entitled "Shea Butter Baby" on November 16, and released as a single on February 26, 2019 for her debut album of the same name. The music video was accompanied by a music video on February 20, 2019 and surpassed 3 million views via YouTube within the first week. In December 2018, she was a supporting act on the From East Atlanta With Love Tour with 6LACK.

paragraph: On March 27, 2019, she announced her first headlining tour, with the first leg beginning on May 12 and ending on June 14 in her hometown Washington, D.C. Her debut album, "Shea Butter Baby" was released on May 7, 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Artistry.

paragraph: Ari Lennox describes her own voice as "vulnerable but soulful; imperfect but pretty." Referencing her artistry she explains, "Sometimes women are put in this box where we’re only supposed to talk about certain things, I want to be braver and riskier. I think people want to hear that kind of honesty and frankness." Ari Lennox names Ella Fitzgerald, Erykah Badu, D'Angelo, Bilal, Whitney Houston, Aaliyah, Lauryn Hill, and Minnie Riperton as her biggest influences. In an interview with The Fader, she also mentioned her admiration of Kanye West and how she found multiple other artists through him. The Gateway described Ari Lennox's sound as "successfully blends individual slices of classic Motown, modern R&B, and new-age soul into one seamless product."

description: American singer-songwriter from Washington, D.C.

wikidata_label: Ari Lennox

wikipedia_title: Ari Lennox


text: Syriac Christian

text: hermit

text: monk

text: Taurus Mountains

text: Syriac Maronite Church

text: full communion

text: Holy See

text: Catholic Church

text: Maronites

text: monastic habit

text: stole

text: crosier

text: Taurus Mountains

text: Cyrrhus

text: Antioch

text: John Chrysostom

text: Antioch

text: Maronite Church

text: Theodoret of Cyrrhus

text: Giuseppe Simone Assemani

text: al-Rastan

text: Orontes River

text: Jesuit

text: Henri Lammens

text: Brad

text: Aleppo

text: Abraham of Cyrrhus

text: monothelitism

text: feast day

text: Italy

text: Sassovivo Abbey

text: Foligno

text: relics

text: Saint Felicianus

text: Cathedral church in Foligno

text: Eparchy of Saint Maron of Brooklyn

text: Official Website

text: Eparchy of Saint Maron of Australia

text: Pope Benedict XVI

text: Saint Peter's Basilica

text: Vatican

text: Apostolic Blessing

text: Marco Augusto Dueñas

text: cedar of Lebanon

text: niche

text: Saint Maron

text: Crucifixion

text: Cardinal

text: Donald Wuerl

text: Washington D.C.

text: James the Solitary

text: Syriac Maronite Church

text: Our Lady of Lebanon

text: The Eastern Catholic Churches

text: The Maronite Hermits

text: Our Lady of Lebanon Lewisville, Tx

categories: Syrian Christian saints,5th-century Byzantine people,Lebanese Maronite saints,Maronites,4th-century Romans,4th-century Christian mystics,4th-century births,Roman Catholic mystics,5th-century Christian saints,410 deaths,Byzantine Christians,5th-century Christian mystics

paragraph: Maron

paragraph: Maron, also called Maroun or Maro, (, ""; ; ; ) was a 4th-century Syriac Christian hermit monk in the Taurus Mountains whose followers, after his death, founded a religious Christian movement that became known as the Syriac Maronite Church, in full communion with the Holy See and the Catholic Church. The religious community which grew from this movement are the modern Maronites.

paragraph: Saint Maron is often portrayed in a black monastic habit with a hanging stole, accompanied by a long crosier staffed by a globe surmounted with a cross. His feast day in the Maronite Church is February 9.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Maron, born in what is now modern Syria, in the middle of the 4th century, was a priest who later became a hermit, retiring to the Taurus Mountains in the region of Cyrrhus, near Antioch. His holiness and miracles attracted many followers, and drew attention throughout the empire. John Chrysostom wrote to him around AD 405 expressing his great love and respect, and asking Maron to pray for him. Maron and Chrysostom are believed to have studied together in the great Christian learning center at Antioch, which at the time was the third largest city in the Roman Empire.

paragraph: Maron embraced a life of quiet solitude in the mountains north-west of Aleppo. He was known for his simplicity and his extraordinary desire to discover God’s presence in all things.

paragraph: Maron is considered the Father of the spiritual and monastic movement now called the Maronite Church.

paragraph: Section::::Monastic spirituality.

paragraph: Maron's way was deeply monastic with emphasis on the spiritual and ascetic aspects of living. For Maron, all was connected to God and God was connected to all. He did not separate the physical and spiritual world and actually used the physical world to deepen his faith and spiritual experience with God. He was able to free himself from the physical world by his passion and fervour for prayer and enter into a mystical relationship of love with God.

paragraph: He lived his life in the open air next to a temple he had transformed to a church. He spent his time in prayer and meditation exposed to the forces of nature such as sun, rain, hail and snow. Theodoret of Cyrrhus wrote that this was a new type of asceticism that soon enjoyed wide acceptance in Syria and Lebanon. His "Religious History", written about 440, mentions fifteen men and three women who followed this practice, many of them trained or guided by Maron.

paragraph: Section::::Missionary.

paragraph: Saint Maron was a mystic who started this new ascetic-spiritual method that attracted many people in Syria and Lebanon to become his disciples. Accompanying his deeply spiritual and ascetic life, he was a zealous missionary with a passion to spread the message of Christ by preaching it to all he met. He sought not only to cure the physical ailments that people suffered, but had a great quest for nurturing and healing the "lost souls" of both non-Christians and Christians of his time.

paragraph: This missionary work came to fruition when in the mountains of Syria, Saint Maron was able to convert a temple into a Christian church in . This was to be the beginning of the conversion to Christianity in Syria which would then influence and spread to Lebanon. After his death in the year 410 in , his spirit and teachings lived on through his disciples.

paragraph: His burial place is a debated issue. Some Lebanese sources, such as Giuseppe Simone Assemani and Maronite bishop Yusef al-Dibs believe he was buried in Arethusa or modern-day al-Rastan along the Orontes River in Syria, while others, like Jesuit priest Henri Lammens, claim he is buried in Brad village to the north of Aleppo.

paragraph: The Maronite movement reached Lebanon when Saint Maron's first disciple, Abraham of Cyrrhus, who was called the Apostle of Lebanon, realized that there were many non-Christians in Lebanon and so he set out to convert them to Christianity by introducing them to the way of Saint Maron. The followers of Saint Maron, both monks and laity, for emphasizing the "mia"-thelite union of Christ's will with God's, were accused by Byzantium of monothelitism. However, Maronite historians argue that they have always remained in full communion with Rome. Saint Maron's feast day is celebrated on February 9.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: Saint Maron was known for his gift for healing.

paragraph: Section::::Patronages.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maronites

paragraph: BULLET::::- The town of Volperino in Italy. After being brought to Sassovivo Abbey in Foligno, Saint Maron's relics were kept for a long time in the tiny village of Volperino, before being transferred to Saint Felicianus Cathedral church in Foligno.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Eparchy of Saint Maron of Brooklyn

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Eparchy of Saint Maron of Canada - Montréal, Canada - Official Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Eparchy of Saint Maron of Australia.

paragraph: Section::::Notable recognitions.

paragraph: On 23 February 2011, Pope Benedict XVI unveiled a statue of Saint Maron on the outer wall of Saint Peter's Basilica in the Vatican and imparted his Apostolic Blessing. The 15 feet tall statue was commissioned by the Maronite Church to the Spanish sculptor Marco Augusto Dueñas. The saint appears in the sculpture holding a miniature, Maronite style church; the sculpture also features an inscription in Syriac reading: "The righteous will flourish like a palm tree, they will grow like a cedar of Lebanon". The statue occupied the last available niche in the outer perimeter of Saint Peter's Basilica.

paragraph: In June 2012, an impressionist painting of Saint Maron, as well as several icons based on images from the 5th-century Syriac "Rabboula" manuscript including the Crucifixion, the Marian icon of the "Mother of Light" and the Evangelists, was donated, installed and was solemnly attended by Cardinal Donald Wuerl at the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington D.C., and was formally dedicated on September 23, 2012.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- James the Solitary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Syriac Maronite Church

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Our Lady of Lebanon

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Eastern Catholic Churches

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Maronite Hermits

paragraph: BULLET::::- German Homepage of Maronitische Christliche Union Deutschlands e.V. Arabic/German

paragraph: BULLET::::- Our Lady of Lebanon Lewisville, Tx

description: Syriac Christian monk

wikidata_label: Maron

wikipedia_title: Maron


text:
German
Mantegna Tarocchi

wikipedia_title:
Germans
Mantegna Tarocchi

paragraph: Johann Ladenspelder

paragraph: Johann (Hans) Ladenspelder (born Essen, 1512 - died after 1574) (aka Hans of Essen) was a German printmaker and engraver. He is particularly known for engraving a copy of a complete set ("E series") of Mantegna Tarocchi cards, one of the earliest complete sets still extant.

alias:
Johann Essendiensis
Johann Essendiensis Ladenspelder
Johann von Essen Ladenspelder
Johann von Essen
Johannes Ladenspelder
Joannes Essendiensis

description: German engraver

wikidata_label: Johann Ladenspelder

wikipedia_title: Johann Ladenspelder


text: 79th Governor of Connecticut

text: Switzerland

text: Marlene Dietrich

text: The Scarlet Empress

text: Shirley Temple

text: The Little Colonel

text: Cabot

text: Lodge

text: Frelinghuysen

text: Davis

text: Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.

text: George Cabot Lodge

text: Cabot

text: Lodge

text: Henry Cabot Lodge

text: Elijah H. Mills

text: George Cabot

text: Frelinghuysen

text: Davis

text: John Davis

text: Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen

text: Theodore Frelinghuysen

text: Frederick Frelinghuysen

text: Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.

text: Evans School for Boys

text: Mesa, Arizona

text: Middlesex School

text: Concord, Massachusetts

text: St. Albans School

text: Harvard College

text: Fox Club

text: Harvard Law School

text: bar

text: "Little Women"

text: The Little Colonel

text: Shirley Temple

text: Marlene Dietrich

text: The Scarlet Empress

text: Bulldog Drummond

text: Bulldog Drummond at Bay

text: Maurice Tourneur

text: Koenigsmark

text: Max Ophüls

text: De Mayerling à Sarajevo

text: Archduke Franz Ferdinand

text: Lillian Hellman

text: Watch on the Rhine

text: United States Navy

text: French Legion of Honor

text: Croix de Guerre 1939–1945

text: Charles de Gaulle

text: Captain

text: Republican

text: 81st Congresses

text: Governor of Connecticut

text: Chester Bowles

text: Republican National Convention

text: Abraham Ribicoff

text: Fairfield County

text: Connecticut Turnpike

text: United States Ambassador to Spain

text: Dwight D. Eisenhower

text: Junior Achievement

text: U.S. Senate

text: 1964 election

text: Thomas J. Dodd

text: Foreign Policy Research Institute

text: University of Pennsylvania

text: United States Ambassador to Argentina

text: United States Ambassador to Switzerland

text: Francesca Braggiotti

text: Lily Lodge

text: Actors Conservatory

text: Antonio de Oyarzabal

text: Westport, Connecticut

text: Arlington National Cemetery

text: Connecticut Turnpike

text: The Woman Accused

text: Little Women

text: The Scarlet Empress

text: The Little Colonel

text: Koenigsmark

text: The Tenth Man

text: Ourselves Alone

text: Sensation

text: Bulldog Drummond at Bay

text: Premiere

text: Queer Cargo

text: Bank Holiday

text: Tonight at Eleven

text: Lightning Conductor

text: Just like a Woman

text: Sarajevo

text: The Political Graveyard

categories: Republican Party state governors of the United States,United States Navy officers,St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.) alumni,American male film actors,1985 deaths,Cabot family,Connecticut Republicans,Middlesex School alumni,American Episcopalians,Ambassadors of the United States to Switzerland,Members of the United States House of Representatives from Connecticut,American naval personnel of World War II,Lodge family,Ambassadors of the United States to Spain,American actor-politicians,20th-century American politicians,Ambassadors of the United States to Argentina,Gardiner family,Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives,Military personnel from Connecticut,Governors of Connecticut,Harvard Law School alumni,1903 births,20th-century American male actors,Burials at Arlington National Cemetery

paragraph: John Davis Lodge

paragraph: John Davis Lodge (October 20, 1903 – October 29, 1985) was an American lawyer, actor, politician, and diplomat. He was the 79th Governor of Connecticut from 1951 to 1955, and later served as U.S. Ambassador to Spain, Argentina, and Switzerland. As an actor, he was often credited simply as John Lodge. He had roles in four Hollywood films between 1933 and 1935, including playing Marlene Dietrich's lover in "The Scarlet Empress" and Shirley Temple's father in "The Little Colonel". He starred or co-starred in many British and European films between 1935 and 1940.

paragraph: Lodge was a member of four prominent political families in the Northeast U.S.: the Cabot, Lodge, Frelinghuysen and Davis families. He was a direct descendant of at least seven U.S. senators, and had many other politicians in his family, including his brother, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge Jr..

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Lodge was born in Washington, D.C. His father was George Cabot Lodge, a poet, who was a scion of the prominent Cabot and Lodge families of Boston. Through his father, Lodge was a grandson of Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, great-great grandson of Senator Elijah H. Mills, and great-great-great-grandson of Senator George Cabot. His mother, Mathilda Elizabeth Frelinghuysen Davis, was a scion of the Frelinghuysen and Davis families. Through his mother, he was a great-great grandson of Senator John Davis, a great-grandson of Senator Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen, a great-great grandson of Senator Theodore Frelinghuysen, and a great-great-great grandson of Senator Frederick Frelinghuysen. He had two siblings: Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., also a politician, and Helena Lodge de Streel, a baroness.

paragraph: Lodge attended the Evans School for Boys in Mesa, Arizona, Middlesex School, Concord, Massachusetts, Ecole de Droit, Paris, France, and St. Albans School, Washington, D.C. In 1925, he graduated from Harvard College, where he was a member of the Fox Club. In 1929, he graduated from Harvard Law School. In 1932, he was admitted to the New York bar and commenced practice in New York City.

paragraph: Section::::Acting career.

paragraph: During the 1930s and after a brief career as a lawyer Lodge worked as an actor on screen and stage, appearing in starring roles in several notable productions, including some major Hollywood pictures.

paragraph: Lodge was affiliated with the motion picture industry and the theater from 1933 to 1942, appearing in movies such as "Little Women" and "The Little Colonel" in which he played Shirley Temple's father. He was Marlene Dietrich's co-star in "The Scarlet Empress". Lodge appeared in several European-made films, in France and the United Kingdom, playing Bulldog Drummond in the 1937 film "Bulldog Drummond at Bay". A fluent French speaker, he performed his roles in French in Maurice Tourneur's "Koenigsmark" (1935) and in Max Ophüls's "De Mayerling à Sarajevo", in which he played the part of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (1940). In 1941, after returning to the United States, he appeared in several Broadway stage productions, including Lillian Hellman's "Watch on the Rhine".

paragraph: Section::::Military service.

paragraph: Lodge served in the United States Navy as a lieutenant and lieutenant commander from August 1942 to January 1946, and was a liaison officer between the French and American fleets. He was decorated with the rank of Chevalier in the French Legion of Honor and with the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 with palm by General Charles de Gaulle. After the war he engaged in research work in economics. He retired from the United States Navy Reserve in 1966 with the rank of Captain.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Lodge was elected as a Republican from Connecticut's 4th congressional district to the 80th and 81st Congresses, serving from January 3, 1947 to January 3, 1951. He did not run for a third term in 1950, choosing instead to run for Governor of Connecticut. He ran against incumbent governor Chester Bowles and defeated him in what was described as a "bitter" election, in which Lodge sought to portray Bowles as an extreme left-winger. Lodge served as governor from January 1951 to January 1955; he was the first governor of Connecticut to serve after the state's rules were changed to have elections every four years instead of every two years.

paragraph: He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention from Connecticut in 1952 and 1960.

paragraph: Lodge ran for re-election in 1954, but lost to Democrat Abraham Ribicoff. Local legend is that the proximate cause of Lodge's defeat was disenchantment on the part of Fairfield County Republicans with the disruption caused by the construction of the Connecticut Turnpike. The highway is now officially named the "Governor John Davis Lodge Turnpike".

paragraph: After stepping down as governor, Lodge was appointed United States Ambassador to Spain by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, where he served from January 1955 until the end of Eisenhower's term in office in January 1961. Lodge was the national president of the non-profit organization Junior Achievement, Inc. from 1963 to 1964.

paragraph: Lodge ran for the U.S. Senate in the 1964 election. He won the Republican nomination, but lost to incumbent senator Thomas J. Dodd, 35.34% to 64.66%. He served as chairman of the Committee Foreign Policy Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 1964–1969; delegate and assistant floor leader, Connecticut Constitutional Convention, in 1965; United States Ambassador to Argentina, 1969 to 1974; and United States Ambassador to Switzerland, 1983.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He was married July 6, 1929, to actress and ballet dancer, Francesca Braggiotti; both of them appearing in the 1938 film "Tonight at Eleven". They had two daughters, Lily and Beatrice. Lily Lodge is the Director of the Actors Conservatory and Beatrice is the wife of Antonio de Oyarzabal, the former Ambassador of Spain to the United States. He was a resident of Westport, Connecticut until his death in New York City. Lodge was interred in Arlington National Cemetery. Two months after his death, the Connecticut Turnpike was renamed the Gov. John Davis Lodge Turnpike in his honor.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Woman Accused" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Little Women" (1933) as Brooke

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Scarlet Empress" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Little Colonel" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Koenigsmark" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tenth Man" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ourselves Alone" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sensation" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bulldog Drummond at Bay" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Premiere" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Queer Cargo" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bank Holiday" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tonight at Eleven" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lightning Conductor" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Just like a Woman" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sarajevo" (1940)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Political Graveyard

alias:
John D. Lodge
John Lodge

description: American politician

wikidata_label: John Davis Lodge

wikipedia_title: John Davis Lodge


text:
race car
driver
Atlanta
vegetarian
vegan
Farm Sanctuary
American Le Mans Series
Rolex Sports Car Series
Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge
Flying Lizard Motorsports

categories: 24 Hours of Daytona drivers,American racing drivers,American Le Mans Series drivers,Racing drivers from Virginia,Sportspeople from Arlington County, Virginia,Rolex Sports Car Series drivers,24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,Sportspeople from Atlanta,Living people,1974 births

paragraph: Spencer Pumpelly

paragraph: Spencer Pumpelly (born December 28, 1974) is an American race car driver.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Pumpelly lives with his wife Lindsay, son Ryder, and daughter Parker in Atlanta. He has been a vegetarian since 2003 and a vegan since 2010. During a visit to the Farm Sanctuary in June 2011, Spencer was quoted, saying "I'm honored to support Farm Sanctuary and the people who are devoted to defending others."

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Pumpelly is active in the American Le Mans Series, Rolex Sports Car Series and the Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge. Pumpelly drove for Flying Lizard Motorsports and BGB Motorsports during the 2013 season.

description: American racing driver

wikidata_label: Spencer Pumpelly

wikipedia_title: Spencer Pumpelly


text: Bohemia

text: Czech

text: horn player

text: hand-stopping

text: natural horn

text: Žehušice

text: Bohemia

text: serf

text: Joseph Johann von Thun

text: Joseph Matiegka

text: Prague

text: Jan Schindelarz

text: Munich

text: A. J. Hampel

text: Dresden

text: hand-stopping

text: Mainz

text: Charles Burney

text: Koblenz

text: George III

text: Mozart

text: Leopold

text: Breitkopf

text: Franz Ludwig von Erthal

text: Prince-bishop of Würzburg

text: Charles X of France

text: Théâtre des Variétés Amusantes

text: Paris Conservatoire

text: Ludwig van Beethoven

text: Op. 17 Sonata for Horn and Piano

text: Burgtheater

text: Pest, Hungary

text: National Theatre

text: Bohemia

text: pleurisy

text: Church of St. Nicholas

text: Mozart's Requiem

text: Franz Joseph Fröhlich

text: Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians

text: Tuckwell, Barry

text: Yehudi Menuhin

text: Joann Élart

text: Joann Élart

text: Joann Élart

text: Joann Élart

text: Joann Élart

categories: Czech male classical composers,Czech classical musicians,1746 births,18th-century Bohemian people,18th-century classical composers,Czech expatriates in France,Czech classical composers,1803 deaths,Czech classical horn players,18th-century classical musicians,Czech expatriates in Germany

paragraph: Giovanni Punto

paragraph: Jan Václav Stich, better known as Giovanni Punto (28 September 1746 in Žehušice, Bohemia – 16 February 1803 in Prague, Bohemia) was a Czech horn player and a pioneer of the hand-stopping technique which allows natural horns to play a greater number of notes.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Stich was born in Žehušice in Bohemia. His father was a serf bonded to the estate of Count Joseph Johann von Thun, but Stich was taught singing, violin and finally the horn. The Count sent him to study horn under Joseph Matiegka in Prague, Jan Schindelarz in Munich, and finally with A. J. Hampel in Dresden (from 1763 to 1764). Hampel first taught Stich the hand-stopping technique which he later improved and extended.

paragraph: Stich then returned to the service of the Count, where he remained for the next four years. At the age of 20 Stich and four friends ran away from the estate. The Count, who had invested heavily in Stich's education, dispatched soldiers with orders to knock out Stich's front teeth to prevent him ever playing the horn again, but they failed to capture the group, and Stich crossed into Italy, into the Holy Roman Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Punto around Europe.

paragraph: On arriving in Italy, Stich changed his name to Giovanni Punto (an approximate Italianisation of his name) and went to work in the orchestra of Josef Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen. From there he moved to Mainz, to the court orchestra, but left after a few years when they did not give him the post of Konzertmeister. After this he began to travel and play as a soloist, touring much of Europe including England. Charles Burney heard him play in Koblenz in 1772, describing Punto as "the celebrated French horn from Bohemia, whose taste and astonishing execution were lately so applauded in London".

paragraph: Punto was particularly active in Paris, playing there 49 times between 1776 and 1788, but his use of hand-stopping was criticized by some in London, possibly due to the novelty of the technique. In 1777, he was invited to teach the horn players in the private orchestra of George III.

paragraph: Punto also composed pieces to demonstrate his own virtuosity (a common practice then), which indicate that he was a master of quick arpeggios and stepwise passagework.

paragraph: In 1778 Punto met Mozart in Paris, after which Mozart reported to his father Leopold that "Punto plays magnifique." The same year Punto probably entered into an arrangements with some Parisian publishers; nearly all his subsequent compositions were published in Paris, whereas they were previously listed in Breitkopf's catalogue. A new horn was also made for him in 1778, a silver "cor solo", which he used for the rest of his life.

paragraph: Punto sought a permanent position in which he could conduct as well as compose and play, and in 1781 he entered the service of Franz Ludwig von Erthal, the Prince-bishop of Würzburg, later moving to become the Konzertmeister (with a pension) for the Comte d’Artois (later to become Charles X of France) in Paris. He was successful enough in this role that in 1787 he was able to secure leave of absence and tour the Rhineland in his own coach, a mark of considerable wealth at the time.

paragraph: On returning to Paris in 1789 Punto was appointed conductor of the Théâtre des Variétés Amusantes, where he remained for ten years, leaving in 1799 when he was not appointed to the staff of the newly founded Paris Conservatoire. Moving on to Vienna via Munich, Punto met Ludwig van Beethoven, who wrote his Op. 17 Sonata for Horn and Piano for the two of them. They premiered the work on 18 April 1800 at the Burgtheater and played the work again the following month in Pest, Hungary.

paragraph: Section::::Return home.

paragraph: In 1801, Punto returned to his homeland after 33 years, playing a grand concert on 18 May in the National Theatre in Prague. A reviewer commented that Punto "received enthusiastic applause for his concertos because of his unparalleled mastery, and respected musicians said that they had never before heard horn playing like it". The reviewer commented on his innovative techniques, noting that "in his cadenzas he produced many novel effects, playing two and even three-part chords", and added that Punto was evidence that Bohemia was able to produce "great artistic and musical geniuses".

paragraph: In 1802, after a short trip to Paris, Punto developed pleurisy, a common illness among wind players. He died five months later on 16 February 1803, being accorded a "magnificent" funeral in the Church of St. Nicholas attended by thousands. Mozart's Requiem was performed at the graveside.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Franz Joseph Fröhlich wrote that "what distinguished Punto, in a way that one has never heard in any other artist heretofore, was his most magnificent performance, the gentlest portrayals, the thunder of tones and their sweetest indescribable blending of nuances with the most varied tone production, an agile tongue, dexterous in all forms of articulation, single and double tones, and even chords, but most important, a silver-bright and charming cantabile tone."

paragraph: Among his surviving compositions are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 16 horn concerti (nos. 9, 12, 13, 15 and 16 lost)

paragraph: BULLET::::- a concerto for two horns and 103 horn duos

paragraph: BULLET::::- 47 horn trios

paragraph: BULLET::::- 21 horn quartets

paragraph: BULLET::::- a horn sextet

paragraph: BULLET::::- a concerto for clarinet

paragraph: BULLET::::- a book of daily exercises for horn

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sadie, Stanley (Ed.), "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians", 2nd edition. Grove's Dictionaries, New York, 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tuckwell, Barry: "The French Horn" (from the Yehudi Menuhin instrumental series)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Branberger, Jan: Jan Václav Stich - Citoyen Punto, Městské Knihy Žehušice, 2012. Biography with many references and with the list of Punto's compositions.

paragraph: Section::::French bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joann Élart, " Circulation des quatre symphonies oeuvre VII de Johann Franz Xaver Sterkel de l'Allemagne à Rouen : un itinéraire singulier du goût musical entre 1770 et 1825 ", "Studien zu den deutsch-französischen Musikbeziehungen im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert, bericht über die erste gemeinsame Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Musikforschung und der Société française de musicologie Saarbrücken 1999" (Hildesheim : Georg Olms Verlag, 2002), p. 266-281.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joann Élart et Patrick Taïeb, " La Complainte du Troubadour de Pierre-Jean Garat (1762-1823) ", "Les Orages", n° 2, L'imaginaire du héros (Besançon : Apocope, mai 2003), p. 137-168.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joann Élart, " La mobilité des musiciens et des répertoires : Punto, Garat et Rode aux concerts du Musée ", "Le Musée de Bordeaux et la musique 1783-1793", éd. Patrick Taïeb, Natalie Morel-Borotra et Jean Gribenski (Rouen : PURH, 2005), p. 157-173.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joann Élart, " Les origines du concert public à Rouen à la fin de l'Ancien Régime ", "Revue de musicologie", n° 93/1 (2007), p. 53-73.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joann Élart, "Musiciens et répertoires de concert en France à la fin de l'Ancien Régime", thèse de doctorat dir. Patrick Taïeb, université de Rouen, 2005.

alias:
Jan Václav Stich
Johann Wenzel Stich
Jan Vaclav Stich

description: Czech horn player, violinist and composer

wikidata_label: Giovanni Punto

wikipedia_title: Giovanni Punto


text: Hungarian

text: bass-baritone

text: basso buffo

text: France

text: Belgium

text: Canada

text: United States

text: Budapest

text: Liszt Academy

text: National Theatre of Szeged

text: Vlaamse Opera

text: La Scala

text: Milan

text: Houston Grand Opera

text: Cecilia Bartoli

text: Metropolitan Opera

text: Bryn Terfel

text: Szeged

text: Sony Classical

text: Hungaroton

text: Comme d'habitude

text: My Way

text: Az én utam

text: Péter Wolf

text: Az én utam

text: Anne Midgette

text: The New York Times

text: Associated Press

text: Chicago Tribune

categories: 20th-century opera singers,Hungarian opera singers,1940 births,2006 deaths,Operatic bass-baritones,20th-century male singers

paragraph: Jozsef Gregor

paragraph: József Gregor (8 August 1940 - 27 October 2006) was a renowned Hungarian bass-baritone/basso buffo who enjoyed success first in Hungary, then in France, Belgium and Canada, and finally in the United States. József Gregor was born in Rákosliget, a small town that is now part of Budapest. He studied violin for ten years and then, voice at the Liszt Academy in Budapest for one year but did not graduate. He started singing with the Hungarian Army chorus in 1958 before becoming a soloist in National Theatre of Szeged in Hungary. In Europe he sang in many opera houses, including Vlaamse Opera and La Scala in Milan. Beginning in 1989, József Gregor appeared in the US with the Portland Opera and later with the Houston Grand Opera (with Cecilia Bartoli at her American debut) and the Metropolitan Opera (with Bryn Terfel). His most famous roles included Sarastro, Osmin, Falstaff, Don Pasquale, Dulcamara, Don Basilio, Don Bartolo, Don Magnifico, Boris Godunov, Varlaam, Philip II, Bluebeard etc., roles in masses and oratorios, musicals (Tevye, Caiaphas), and songs. He died in Szeged of gastric cancer.

paragraph: József Gregor made many recordings. They were with Arts Music, Sony Classical and, particularly, the Hungarian state label Hungaroton. In 1996, he met Andras Ruszanov who wrote a Hungarian lyrics version of Comme d'habitude / My Way for him. József Gregor went to a studio and made a record this song titled Az én utam directed by Péter Wolf. József Gregor performed Az én utam in one of the most popular tv show in Budapest, since then this version has been permanently on the playlists of numerous radio stations in Hungary.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jozsef Gregor, 66, Bass-Baritone Known for Compelling Portrayals, Dies, obituary by Anne Midgette in The New York Times, October 31, 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jozsef Gregor: 1940--2006 Opera singer, director of company celebrated for powerful voice, obituary by the Associated Press in the Chicago Tribune, October 28, 2006

description: Hungarian singer

wikidata_label: Jozsef Gregor

wikipedia_title: Jozsef Gregor


text:
ancient Egypt
19th dynasty
Twosret
Amenmesse
Ramesses II
Louvre
ostracon
Seti II
Merenptah
Seti II
Karnak temple
KV10
Valley of the Kings
Luxor temple
Ramesses IX
Takhat
Baketwerel

categories: Queens consort of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt,13th-century BC women

paragraph: Takhat

paragraph: Takhat was an ancient Egyptian princess and queen of the 19th dynasty, the mother of the Twosret and the usurper pharaoh Amenmesse.

paragraph: There are not many facts known about her other than that she was Amenmesse's mother. She bore the titles "King's Daughter" and "King's Wife." She might have been identical with Takhat, a daughter of Ramesses II, who is mentioned on a Louvre ostracon. Thus she was the aunt of Seti II, but since she was among the youngest children of Ramesses, it is very likely that she was the same age or even younger than Seti II who was the grandson of Ramesses. It is also possible that she was a grandchild of Ramesses; there are several examples of granddaughters bearing the title "King's Daughter," although it was not very common. The king she married was either Merenptah or Seti II.

paragraph: She is shown on several statues of Amenmesse, among them on two statues in the Karnak temple. On one of these, which still stands in Karnak, she is called "King's Daughter, King's Wife (Takhat)" and the word "wife" replaced the original "mother". According to Aidan Dodson and Dyan Hilton, the title was recarved when Seti, the rightful heir regained the throne and usurped the statue, and that it proves either that Takhat married Seti when he became pharaoh, or that they had been married before, which means Amenmesse was Seti's son and usurped the throne from his own father. This theory might be strengthened by the other statue (now in Cairo), on which Takhat is also named as "King's Daughter" and "King's Wife," but without any trace of recarving, while the king's name replaced another name. This statue was, according to Dodson and Hilton, possibly made by Seti; later it was usurped by Amenmesse who replaced Seti's name with his own, while leaving his mother's titles intact; still later Amenmesse's name was again replaced with that of Seti. According to another theory Seti was never married to Takhat and had her original titles recarved only to remove all traces that her son ever ruled.

paragraph: She is likely to have been buried in Amenmesse's tomb KV10 in Valley of the Kings. Her sarcophagus lid originally belonged to an otherwise unknown Princess-Queen Anuketemheb, who might be identical with a daughter of Ramesses II, a princess once named in the Luxor temple but from whose name only "...heb" remains. The tomb was later usurped by two family members of Ramesses IX: his mother Takhat and his Great Royal Wife Baketwerel. The latter was once thought to be Amenmesse's Great Royal Wife, but it has been proven since then that decoration mentioned her replaced that of Amenmesse in the tomb, so she must have lived later.

description: ancient Egyptian princess and queen

wikidata_label: Takhat

wikipedia_title: Takhat


text: pioneer

text: Merino

text: Glasgow

text: Scotland

text: Glasgow

text: William

text: Saxony

text: Leipzig

text: Saxony

text: Hamburg

text: Hobart

text: Van Diemen's Land

text: Campbell Town, Tasmania

text: Taylor

text: New South Wales

text: Victoria

text: Euroa

text: Alfred William Howitt

text: (Coordinates: -36.843703, 145.624385)

text: (Coordinates: -41.928483, 147.494817)

text: "Saxon Sheep" by Nancy Adams

text: Sydney Institute of TAFE

text: Ultimo, New South Wales

categories: 1859 deaths,1784 births,19th-century Australian people,Settlers of Tasmania

paragraph: Eliza Forlonge

paragraph: Eliza Forlong (1784–1859) was an Australian pioneer who played a large part in introducing Merino sheep to south-east Australia.

paragraph: Eliza was born in Glasgow, Scotland, the daughter of Alexander Jack, teacher, and his wife Jean, née Mackinnon.

paragraph: In 1804, Eliza married John Forlong (Forlong or Furlong), a Glasgow wine merchant. By the mid 1820s, four of her six children had died from tuberculosis. The two surviving sons were William (b. 1813) and Andrew (b. 1814). John Forlonge decided to move the family to the warmer climate of Australia.

paragraph: Aware that fine wool from merino sheep in Saxony, Germany was bringing the highest prices, the Forlonges went to Leipzig to study methods of sheep rearing and wool preparation. Their expertise was enhanced by the use of an instrument to measure wool Eliza made three trips (of several months each).

paragraph: In 1828-30 Eliza walked through Saxony buying sheep. She selected the best fine-wool Merino and drove them to Hamburg for shipping to Great Britain. in 1829, the sheep came to Hobart, Van Diemen's Land with son William in the ship Clansman and John moved the sheep to Kenilworth Station (Coordinates: -41.865576, 147.330230), near Campbell Town, Tasmania. In January 1831, Eliza, John and Andrew arrived in Van Diemen's Land on the ship Czar with the rest of the sheep and joined John.. Eliza was also an accomplished golfer in Scotland and her skills were widely known amongst the golfing fraternity.

paragraph: The farm they established was called "Winton" at Kirklands (Coordinates: -41.88682, 147.39423), also near Campbell Town. They built sheep houses in the Saxon style, wells, a farmhouse and outbuildings.

paragraph: Never content with the size and situation of their land grants, the family conducted an 'epistolary war' with colonial officials. In April 1834, in an attempt to influence English authorities, Eliza, her husband, John and son, Andrew went back in the ship Norval to Great Britain. John died there in November 1834.

paragraph: William Forlonge sold Kenilworth and part of their flock in 1838 to the Taylor family.

paragraph: In the late 1830s, William and Andrew Forlonge moved to the Port Philip District (then a part of New South Wales but later part of the colony of Victoria). William married John's niece Marion Templeton. Eliza lived with William and his family at Woodstock, Merri Creek, near Whittlesea. After some years squatting, Andrew went back to Scotland where he married. They moved to the United States of America and unknowing to many people, moved back to England for the last 20 years of his life.

paragraph: In the early 1850s, William bought the lease of Seven Creeks station from Barnes & Holland near Euroa. Eliza ran the house and managed station affairs in the frequent absences of William and his wife.

paragraph: Alfred William Howitt, Australian anthropologist, explorer and naturalist, described her as 'one of the pleasantest and most energetic ladies I have ever met with'.

paragraph: Eliza died on 5 August 1859.

paragraph: In recognition of Eliza's contribution to the Australian Wool Industry, and her golfing prowess in Scotland, an annual golf event, "The Eliza Forlonge Memorial Golf Challenge", is held in December each year at the Euora and Strathbogie Golf Clubs. Both Golf Clubs are in the vicinity of The Seven Creek Station and the event serves as a reminder of Eliza's contribution to the wool industry and in promoting the role of women in golf.

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1933, Eliza's part in introducing Victoria's first fine-wool Saxon Merinos is commemorated, in a gravestone memorial (Coordinates: -36.843703, 145.624385) on Forlonge Memorial Road, Euroa, Victoria. It is a slab of granite in the shape of a wool pack.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1940, a sundial (Coordinates: -41.928483, 147.494817) was erected in Campbell Town, Tasmania commemorating Eliza Forlong.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Farmers' Arms Hotel Museum at Euroa includes rooms in an old building at Seven Creeks called "Eliza Forlonge Cottage".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eliza was one of the chief characters in a semi-historical novel "Saxon Sheep" by Nancy Adams, a great-granddaughter of Janet Templeton.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A commemorative mural by Tom Thompson is mounted at Sydney Institute of TAFE, Ultimo, New South Wales.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2013, a statue of Eliza was erected at Campbell Town, Tasmania.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seven Creeks Estate, Euroa, 1835-1985 : a pastoral romance / written and edited by George Wilson, National Library of Australia

description: Australian settler

wikidata_label: Eliza Forlonge

wikipedia_title: Eliza Forlonge


text: Count of Perche

text: Rotrou III, Count of Perche

text: House of Châteaudun

text: Viscounts of Châteaudun

text: John FitzGilbert

text: Henry

text: Bishop of Exeter

text: William III Talvas, Count of Ponthieu

text: Louis VII the Younger

text: Henry II of England

text: Moulins

text: Bonsmoulins

text: House of Blois

text: Philip II of France

text: Richard I the Lionheart

text: Third Crusade

text: Siege of Acre

text: Theobald II, Count of Champagne

text: Matilda of Carinthia

text: Geoffrey III, Count of Perche

text: Battle of Adrianople

text: Bishop of Chalons

text: William II, Count of Perche

text: Bishop of Chalons

categories: Christians of the Third Crusade,1135 births,1191 deaths,Counts of Perche

paragraph: Rotrou IV, Count of Perche

paragraph: Rotrou IV (1135-1191), Count of Perche, son of Rotrou III, Count of Perche, and Hawise, daughter of Walter of Salisbury, and Sibilla de Chaworth. Rotrou was from the House of Châteaudun and descended from the Viscounts of Châteaudun. His mother was Hawise of Salisbury, a sister of Patrick of Salisbury, 1st Earl of Salisbury. Patrick’s sister Sibyll married John FitzGilbert, the Marshal of the Horses, whose son Henry was Bishop of Exeter and a knight in the service of Rotrou.

paragraph: Upon the death of his father in 1144, Rotrou continued the fight against his archenemy, William III Talvas, Count of Ponthieu and Lord of Alençon. Not withstanding a long-running blood feud, his uncle Patrick had married William Talvas' daughter Adela as her second husband. His mother Hawise and her second husband, Robert I of Dreux, served as regents at Perche until he reached the age of maturity.

paragraph: From 1152, he fought with Louis VII the Younger against Henry II of England in an ineffective war that saw their troops routed, lands ravaged and property stolen. He was forced to yield the communes of Moulins and Bonsmoulins to the crown England. Nevertheless, a matrimonial alliance with the House of Blois consolidated the declining power of the Counts of Perche.

paragraph: In 1189, Rotrou joined Philip II of France and Richard I the Lionheart in the Third Crusade. He died sometime after the Siege of Acre in 1191.

paragraph: In 1160, Rotrou married Matilda of Blois-Champagne, daughter of Theobald II, Count of Champagne, and Matilda of Carinthia.

paragraph: Rotrou and Matilda had:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geoffrey III, Count of Perche

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stephen (d. 14 April 1205), Duke of Philadelphia, killed in the Battle of Adrianople

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rotrou du Perche (d. 10 December 1201), Bishop of Chalons (1190-1200)

paragraph: BULLET::::- William II, Count of Perche and Bishop of Chalons

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beatrix, married Renaud III, lord of Chateau-Gonthier

paragraph: Rotrou was succeeded as Count of Perche by his son Geoffrey upon his death.

wikidata_label: Rotrou IV, Count of Perche

wikipedia_title: Rotrou IV, Count of Perche


categories: Swedish male cyclists,1986 births,Living people

paragraph: Michael Olsson

paragraph: Michael Einar Olsson (born 4 March 1986) is a Swedish cyclist.

paragraph: Section::::Major results.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015

description: Swedish cyclist

wikidata_label: Michael Olsson

wikipedia_title: Michael Olsson


text: Italian

text: Mannerist

text: painter

text: fresco

text: Florentine school

text: Florence

text: Andrea del Sarto

text: Pontormo

text: Michelangelo

text: Raphael

text: Sacking of 1527

text: France

text: Francis I

text: Francesco Primaticcio

text: Chateau Fontainebleau

text: School of Fontainebleau

text: Vasari

text: Francesco Primaticcio

text: Descent from the Cross

text: altarpiece

text: Volterra

text: Pontormo

text: San Lorenzo

text: Examples of Fiorentino's art

categories: Mannerist painters,Italian male painters,1494 births,16th-century Italian painters,15th-century Italian painters,Florentine painters

paragraph: Rosso Fiorentino

paragraph: Giovanni Battista di Jacopo (8 March 1495 in Gregorian style, or 1494 according to the calculation of times in Florence where the year began on 25 March – 14 November 1540), known as Rosso Fiorentino (meaning "red Florentine" in Italian), or Il Rosso, was an Italian Mannerist painter, in oil and fresco, belonging to the Florentine school.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Florence with the red hair that gave him his nickname, Rosso first trained in the studio of Andrea del Sarto alongside his contemporary, Pontormo. In late 1523, Rosso moved to Rome, where he was exposed to the works of Michelangelo, Raphael, and other Renaissance artists, resulting in the realignment of his artistic style.

paragraph: Fleeing Rome after the Sacking of 1527, Rosso eventually went to France where he secured a position at the court of Francis I in 1530, remaining there until his death. Together with Francesco Primaticcio, Rosso was one of the leading artists to work at the Chateau Fontainebleau as part of the "First School of Fontainebleau", spending much of his life there. Following his death in 1540 (which, according to an unsubstantiated claim by Vasari, was a suicide ), Francesco Primaticcio took charge of the artistic direction at Fontainebleau.

paragraph: Rosso's reputation, along those of other stylized late Renaissance Florentines, was long out of favour in comparison to other more naturalistic and graceful contemporaries, but has revived considerably in recent decades. That his masterpiece is in a small city, away from the tourist track, was a factor in this, especially before the arrival of photography. His poses are certainly contorted, and his figures often appear haggard and thin, but his work has considerable power.

paragraph: Section::::"Deposition from the Cross".

paragraph: His masterpiece is generally considered to be the "Deposition" or "Descent from the Cross" altarpiece in the Pinacoteca Comunale di Volterra (initially painted for the Duomo). In contrast to the frozen grief of other depositions, this one appears as a hurried and complicated operation, while the figures below have simple and forceful expressions of quiet grief, with powerful expressions hinted at by hidden faces. The sky is somber. The three ladders and those carrying down Christ appear precarious. Christ himself is sallow. Contrast this frenetic, windswept scene with the equally complex, but more restrained composition on the same theme by the near contemporary Florentine Mannerist Pontormo.

paragraph: Rosso would go on to paint a second, darker and more crowded "Deposition" altarpiece for the church of San Lorenzo in Sansepolcro.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rosso Fiorentino's biography at Web Gallery of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Examples of Fiorentino's art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Example of unfinished Rosso painting showing underdrawing

alias: Giovanni Battista di Jacopo Guasparre Rosso

alias: Giovanni Battista Di Jacopo Di Guasparre Rosso

alias: Giovanni Battista di Jacopo di Guasparre Rosso

alias: gen. Rosso Fiorentino Giovanni Battista Rossi

description: Italian painter and engraver

wikidata_label: Rosso Fiorentino

wikipedia_title: Rosso Fiorentino


text: Apostolic Christian Church

text: Heidelberg Catechism

text: Anabaptists

text: Benedict Weyeneth

text: Nazarener-Gemeinde

text: Lajos Hencsey

text: "Carolinum" in Zürich

text: University of Basel

text: Biblical criticism

text: Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette

text: Friedrich Schleiermacher

text: Liberal Christianity

text: Friedrich Wilhelm University

text: Higher criticism

text: Eberhard Arnold

text: Karl Barth

text: Heidelberg catechism

text: Brugg

text: Reformed Protestant

text: Reformed

text: Lutheranism

text: Calvinism

text: Arminianism

text: Original Sin

text: Penal Substitution

text: Justification by faith

text: Menno Simons

text: hermeneutic

text: Septuagint

text: John Wesley

text: John Chrysostom

text: eschatology

text: Strasbourg

text: Fröhlich, Samuel Heinrich (1803-1857)

text: Froehlich Library

categories: 1803 births,1857 deaths,Swiss Anabaptists

paragraph: Samuel Heinrich Fröhlich

paragraph: Samuel Heinrich Froehlich (1803–1857) was an evangelist responsible for organizing the Evangelical Baptist Church in Western Europe, which eventually spread to become known as the Nazarenes of Eastern Europe and the Apostolic Christian Church in the United States of America, Mexico,Argentina & Canada. Froehlich, a young seminary student in Switzerland, experienced a dramatic conversion, causing him to come into conflict with the state-church. He was excommunicated in the aftermath of his refusal to submit to an order that required the Heidelberg Catechism to be replaced by a new rationalistic catechism. He had sympathies with the Mennonite faith, but soon became convinced they were in a lukewarm state. Some of the Reformed and Mennonite persuasions followed Froehlich and were soon known as "Neu-Taufer". They later adopted the official name of Evangelical Baptist Church.

paragraph: During this time he became affiliated with Baptist, Mennonite and Anabaptist workers. He was re-baptized in February, 1832, as an adult. Through preaching in private meetings, new churches were planted. The work continued and in thirty-five years an estimated 110 congregations were established.

paragraph: Froehlich was deeply influenced by the Anabaptists (who were known as the radical reformers in sixteenth century Europe). He embraced the following Anabaptist teachings:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sola Scriptura - Scripture alone is the sole rule of faith and practical living.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Separation of Church and State

paragraph: BULLET::::- Believers' Baptism - adult baptism as opposed to infant baptism.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holiness of Life

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nonviolence - Opposed killing another human, even in self-defense

paragraph: Froehlich sent Benedict Weyeneth (1819–1887) to America at the request of Joseph Virkler, thus encouraging the foundation of the denomination in the United States. The church spread as Nazarénusok (Nazarener-Gemeinde) in Hungary through the work of a young locksmith Lajos Hencsey (1814–1844) and 1,000 members survive today in Romania.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Beginning in 1821, Froehlich studied theology at the "Carolinum" in Zürich, and then in 1823 transferred to the University of Basel. At this time German and Swiss universities were on the leading edge of historical Biblical criticism and Froehlich's instructors were among the most well known of their day. In his studies Froehlich excelled beyond many of his peers under the direction of Johannes Schulthess and Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette. In particular, De Wette was known as a leader in the field of Biblical critique and spent nine years (1810-1819) working with Friedrich Schleiermacher, the father of modern Liberal Christianity, at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin.

paragraph: Higher criticism, as it was called then, is the method of Biblical studies which seeks to demystify the texts of the Bible by reading them primarily as historical artifacts of human rather than divine origin. It examines the cultural and historic environment surrounding a text to find the author's original intent apart from any external concerns added by later interpretations. By the end of the 19th century this method had become the de facto standard of Biblical interpretation throughout German speaking academia.

paragraph: Eventually Froehlich's use of historical critique served as the grounds for his rejection of conventional Protestantism. However it also became the tool by which he developed a vision of primitive Christianity stripped free of the human innovations which had been added over the centuries. In this regard he shares significant common ground with other post-Enlightenment dissidents who were to emerge later from the same academic culture. In the early 20th century German Christian communist Eberhard Arnold and Swiss theologian Karl Barth followed a similar course. As with Froehlich they likewise came into conflict with both liberal and conservative streams of German Protestantism and were forced out of Germany at the onset of World War II. In a certain sense Froehlich and these others were simply continuing the original project of the Reformation which was to critically reexamine everything held sacred by the ecclesiastical establishment.

paragraph: By 1825, Froehlich had become disillusioned with his studies, began to doubt his future direction and returned home because of economic constraints. This period marked the beginning of his spiritual awakening.

paragraph: Once home, he preached in various area churches on a trial basis while awaiting his final examination for the ministry; a Latin dissertation on the theme: “De Verbo Dei tamquam Medio Gratiae” and a trial sermon on John 7:16-17 (My doctrine is not mine, but his that sent me). The initial examination did not go well as Froehlich himself reports, "The principles which I brought to light in these two compositions made such an unfavorable impression upon the members of the church council that I failed in the examination and was put back a year". After a further examination, on May 27, 1827, Froehlich was confirmed for the ministry in the Protestant state church. He became parish administrator for the congregation of Leutwil in canton Aargau and then in December 1828, he accepted a call as vicar to the same congregation. His strong preaching began somewhat of a revival in the area and drew visitors from surrounding parishes to the disdain of other clergy. On September 27, 1830, he was brought before a church council to examine his doctrine and his refusal to teach from the new catechism, a replacement of the older Heidelberg catechism. After deliberation, the council released him without coming to a decision. On October 22, 1830, he was formally removed from his office and on June 4, 1831 he was banned from all ecclesiastical service by the district magistrate of Brugg.

paragraph: Section::::Theology.

paragraph: While one can find a degree of Reformed Protestant influence in Froehlich's writings, particularly earlier on, it quickly becomes apparent that he reflects a profoundly different viewpoint. He made no attempt to harmonize his thinking to any existing systematic theology neither did he try to assemble a comprehensive system of his own. Frequently he denied many of the central tenets common to all Protestant traditions including Reformed, Lutheranism, Calvinism and Arminianism. While speaking on Original Sin he denied mankind's inheritance of any legal condemnation from Adam and describes its effect as primarily one of human brokenness. On the Atonement of Christ, he occasionally uses the language of Penal Substitution but ultimately denies nearly all of the theological implications that Protestants derive from it. Where Reformers like Martin Luther placed a tremendous emphasis on the belief in a forensic understanding of Justification by faith Froehlich denied this entirely. Rather he stated that the end result of Justification for Abraham and us was not the declaration of “Righteousness” but the attainment of the covenant and its promises. In applying the Liberal Protestant tool of rational critique against the Protestant tradition itself, he concluded that the whole of it was seriously corrupted. His opinion of the established church of his day was that it merely upheld a collection of human innovations and manmade traditions while masquerading as the Church of Christ.

paragraph: Froehlich was largely influenced by the Anabaptist tradition which had begun a few centuries prior in Europe, particularly by Menno Simons. In his abandonment of Protestant theology, he went even further than most Anabaptists to leave behind the medieval dogmas that had so shaped both the Roman Catholic and Protestant divide of Western Christianity. On some notable doctrines such as Original Sin, Atonement and the Sacraments, Froehlich represents a perspective that is far more in harmony with ancient Eastern Christianity. At a time when many Christians in the West were busily adapting the Enlightenment ideals of reason and progress to the Christian faith Froehlich called this effort into question.

paragraph: His hermeneutic was based upon a simple, literal and historic reading of the Greek Old (Septuagint) and New Testament scriptures.

paragraph: "The Enlighteners, according to the new mode, consider the Bible the word of man, in which is contained much that is foolish, fabulous, fanatical and, to Enlightened reason, objectionable stuff..."

paragraph: -Evidence pg 46

paragraph: Froehlich was often regarded as a fanatic in the tepid religious culture of 19th century Switzerland. He embraced the concept of mystery and refused to be content with either the liberal or conservative expressions of Christianity prevalent in his day. He saw both opinions as a reduction of Christianity into either mere inward sentimentality or a set of dry moral principles.

paragraph: "Reason will never grasp the mystery of Christ. Therefore, it speaks so foolishly about it. But faith does not ask why."

paragraph: -Evidence pg 49

paragraph: His opinions were well informed by the writings of the early Church Fathers and frequently referenced historic Christian practice as a guide. In apologetic writing, he often pitted the greater historical traditions of the Church against the accepted customs of his day.

paragraph: "An old church-father of the second century said that whatever testifies against the truth of the Word of God is heresy, though it were a custom ever so old and superannuated [well established]".

paragraph: -Evidence pg 27.

paragraph: As a preacher, he could be considered a moralist along the lines of other reformers such as John Wesley, Menno Simons or John Chrysostom. He focused primarily on calling people to repentance, baptismal regeneration and an uncompromising pursuit of Jesus Christ and obedience to His word.

paragraph: As with many of the Anabaptists who preceded him, Froehlich held a partially realized eschatology. That is to say he viewed his own time, as well as the times of Christian persecution before him, as part of the tribulation and conflict envisioned in St John's Revelation. He took a dissenting view of Christendom in his day and saw the way religion and politics cooperated as a manifestation of the Great Whore and the Beast described in Revelation chapter 17. This vision of cosmic conflict with the political and religious powers was fueled in no small way by the actual violence and coercion leveled against him and his followers. After being expelled from the state church, Froehlich was eventually banished from Switzerland and forced to leave behind his wife and family. During this separation his wife was fined because their marriage was not recognized by the established church. Many others in the movement were also fined for illegal assembly, imprisoned for proselytizing and persecuted for refusing to bear arms in the military. Only after years of forced separation was he reunited with his family when his wife was able to legally immigrate to Strasbourg and join him in exile.

paragraph: "Under such hard struggles the elect of God must show themselves fit for the inheritance of the saints, through the victory over the world; for they do not deal with a few but with the whole world and Christendom as Satan’s new kingdom… What the devil does in the heathen world in a crude way that he does in a more subtle manner in Christendom, and only a few notice that this door to hell is wider than the other."

paragraph: -Observations on Revelation, pg 50

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- An autobiography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baptismal Truth

paragraph: BULLET::::- Two Mysteries

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matrimony

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evidence Demonstrating Truth on the Word of God

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meditations on Matthew

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meditations on Luke and John

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meditations on the Acts of the Apostles

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meditations on Romans and Corinthians

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meditations on Ephesians

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meditations on Philippians

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meditations on Hebrews

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meditations on the Epistles of John

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meditations on Revelation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meditations on the Psalms

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meditations on Isaiah

paragraph: BULLET::::- Old Testament Meditations

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fröhlich, Samuel Heinrich (1803-1857) at Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Froehlich Library

description: Swiss evangelist

wikidata_label: Samuel Heinrich Fröhlich

wikipedia_title: Samuel Heinrich Fröhlich


text: confessional verse

text: Pulitzer Prize

text: Live or Die

text: depression

text: Newton, Massachusetts

text: Lowell, Massachusetts

text: Garland School

text: modeled

text: Linda Gray Sexton

text: bipolar disorder

text: Dr. Martin Orne

text: John Holmes

text: The New Yorker

text: Harper's Magazine

text: Saturday Review

text: Robert Lowell

text: Boston University

text: Sylvia Plath

text: George Starbuck

text: Plath

text: Sylvia's Death

text: Her Kind

text: W.D. Snodgrass

text: Maxine Kumin

text: children's book

text: Marian Seldes

text: Barbara Swan

text: Pulitzer Prize

text: Royal Society of Literature

text: Harvard

text: Phi Beta Kappa

text: carbon monoxide poisoning

text: mental hospital

text: Forest Hills Cemetery & Crematory

text: Jamaica Plain, Boston, Massachusetts

text: confessional poet

text: last rites

text: The Death Notebooks

text: Grimm's Fairy Tales

text: libretto

text: opera of the same name

text: Conrad Susa

text: Christopher Smart

text: Bible

text: Sylvia Plath

text: Robert Lowell

text: Adrienne Rich

text: Denise Levertov

text: bipolar disorder

text: hypnosis

text: sodium pentothal

text: repressed memories

text: hysteria

text: Linda Gray Sexton

text: doctor-patient confidentiality

text: Peter Gabriel

text: Mercy Street

text: So

text: Morrissey

text: The Smiths

text: Boston Women's Heritage Trail

text: Hear & Now interview

text: Anne Sexton's papers

text: Harry Ransom Center

text: The University of Texas at Austin

text: Anne Sexton's art collection

text: Harry Ransom Center

text: The University of Texas at Austin

categories: 1974 deaths,Poets who committed suicide,Boston University alumni,Writing teachers,20th-century American poets,Suicides by carbon monoxide poisoning,Colgate University faculty,Pulitzer Prize for Poetry winners,1928 births,American women poets,Guggenheim Fellows,Oberlin College faculty,Female suicides,Harvard University people,American feminist writers,Boston University faculty,Poets from Massachusetts,Suicides in Massachusetts

paragraph: Anne Sexton

paragraph: Anne Sexton (November 9, 1928 – October 4, 1974) was an American poet known for her highly personal, confessional verse. She won the Pulitzer Prize for poetry in 1967 for her book "Live or Die". Her poetry details her long battle with depression, suicidal tendencies, and intimate details from her private life, including relationships with her husband and children, whom it was later revealed she physically and sexually assaulted.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and family.

paragraph: Anne Sexton was born Anne Gray Harvey in Newton, Massachusetts to Mary Gray (Staples) Harvey (1901–1959) and Ralph Churchill Harvey (1900–1959). She had two older sisters, Jane Elizabeth (Harvey) Jealous (1923–1983) and Blanche Dingley (Harvey) Taylor (1925–2011). She spent most of her childhood in Boston. In 1945 she enrolled at Rogers Hall boarding school, Lowell, Massachusetts, later spending a year at Garland School. For a time she modeled for Boston's Hart Agency. On August 16, 1948, she married Alfred Muller Sexton II and they remained together until 1973. Sexton had her first child, Linda Gray Sexton, in 1953. Her second child, Joyce Ladd Sexton, was born two years later.

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.

paragraph: Sexton suffered from severe bipolar disorder for much of her life, her first manic episode taking place in 1954. After a second episode in 1955 she met Dr. Martin Orne, who became her long-term therapist at the Glenside Hospital. It was Orne who encouraged her to write poetry.

paragraph: The first poetry workshop she attended was led by John Holmes. Sexton felt great trepidation about registering for the class, asking a friend to make the phone call and accompany her to the first session. She found early acclaim with her poetry; a number were accepted by "The New Yorker", "Harper's Magazine" and the "Saturday Review". Sexton later studied with Robert Lowell at Boston University alongside distinguished poets Sylvia Plath and George Starbuck. Sexton later paid homage to her friendship with Plath within 1966 poem "Sylvia's Death". Her first volume of poetry, "To Bedlam and Part Way Back", was published in 1960, and included the poem "Her Kind," which uses the persecution of witches as an analogy for the oppression of women in a patriarchal society.

paragraph: Sexton's poetic career was encouraged by her mentor W.D. Snodgrass, whom she met at the Antioch Writer's Conference in 1957. His poem "Heart's Needle" proved inspirational for her in its theme of separation from his three-year-old daughter. Sexton first read the poem at a time when her own young daughter was living with her mother-in-law. She, in turn, wrote "The Double Image", a poem which explores the multi-generational relationship between mother and daughter. Sexton began writing letters to Snodgrass and they became friends.

paragraph: While working with John Holmes, Sexton encountered Maxine Kumin. They became good friends and remained so for the rest of Sexton's life. Kumin and Sexton rigorously critiqued each other's work and wrote four children's books together. In the late 1960s, the manic elements of Sexton's illness began to affect her career, though she still wrote and published work and gave readings of her poetry. She collaborated with musicians, forming a jazz-rock group called Her Kind that added music to her poetry. Her play "Mercy Street", starring Marian Seldes, was produced in 1969, after several years of revisions. Sexton also collaborated with the artist Barbara Swan, who illustrated several of her books.

paragraph: Within 12 years of writing her first sonnet, she was among the honored poets in the U.S.: a Pulitzer Prize winner, a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and the first female member of the Harvard chapter of Phi Beta Kappa.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On October 4, 1974, Sexton had lunch with Kumin to revise galleys for Sexton's manuscript of "The Awful Rowing Toward God", scheduled for publication in March 1975 (Middlebrook 396). On returning home she put on her mother's old fur coat, removed all her rings, poured herself a glass of vodka, locked herself in her garage, and started the engine of her car, ending her life by carbon monoxide poisoning.

paragraph: In an interview over a year before her death, she explained she had written the first drafts of "The Awful Rowing Toward God" in 20 days with "two days out for despair and three days out in a mental hospital." She went on to say that she would not allow the poems to be published before her death. She is buried at Forest Hills Cemetery & Crematory in Jamaica Plain, Boston, Massachusetts.

paragraph: Section::::Content and themes of work.

paragraph: Sexton is seen as the modern model of the confessional poet due to the intimate and emotional content of her poetry. Sexton often wrote and disclosed her struggles with mental illness through her work. Anne Sexton has also included important yet overlooked topics that touched on the overall experience for a woman. Maxine Kumin described Sexton's work: "She wrote openly about menstruation, abortion, masturbation, incest, adultery, and drug addiction at a time when the proprieties embraced none of these as proper topics for poetry." Sexton's work towards the end of the sixties has been criticized as "preening, lazy and flip" by otherwise respectful critics. Some critics regard her dependence on alcohol as compromising her last work. However, other critics see Sexton as a poet whose writing matured over time. "Starting as a relatively conventional writer, she learned to roughen up her line...to use as an instrument against the 'politesse' of language, politics, religion [and] sex." Sexton was heavily criticized for her poetic content and themes, but these topics contributed to the popularity of her work.

paragraph: Her eighth collection of poetry is entitled "The Awful Rowing Toward God". The title came from her meeting with a Roman Catholic priest who, unwilling to administer last rites, told her "God is in your typewriter." This gave the poet the desire and willpower to continue living and writing. "The Awful Rowing Toward God" and "The Death Notebooks" are among her final works, and both center on the theme of dying.

paragraph: Her work started out as being about herself, however as her career progressed she made periodic attempts to reach outside the realm of her own life for poetic themes. "Transformations" (1971), which is a re-visionary re-telling of Grimm's Fairy Tales, is one such book. ("Transformations" was used as the libretto for the 1973 opera of the same name by American composer Conrad Susa.) Later she used Christopher Smart's "Jubilate Agno" and the Bible as the basis for some of her work.

paragraph: Much has been made of the tangled threads of her writing, her life and her depression, much in the same way as with Sylvia Plath's suicide in 1963. Robert Lowell, Adrienne Rich and Denise Levertov commented in separate obituaries on the role of creativity in Sexton's death. Levertov says, "We who are alive must make clear, as she could not, the distinction between creativity and self-destruction."

paragraph: Section::::Subsequent controversy.

paragraph: Following one of many suicide attempts and manic or depressive episodes, Sexton worked with therapist Martin Orne. He diagnosed her with what is now described as bipolar disorder, but his competence to do so is called into question by his early use of allegedly unsound psychotherapeutic techniques. During sessions with Anne Sexton he used hypnosis and sodium pentothal to recover supposedly repressed memories. During this process, he allegedly used suggestion to uncover memories of having been abused by her father. This abuse was disputed in interviews with her mother and other relatives. Orne wrote that hypnosis in an adult frequently does not present accurate memories of childhood; instead, "adults under hypnosis are not literally reliving their early childhoods but presenting them through the prisms of adulthood." According to Orne, Anne Sexton was extremely suggestible and would mimic the symptoms of the patients around her in the mental hospitals to which she was committed. Diane Middlebrook's biography states that a separate personality named Elizabeth emerged in Sexton while under hypnosis. Orne did not encourage this development and subsequently this "alternate personality" disappeared. Orne eventually concluded that Anne Sexton was suffering from hysteria. During the writing of the Middlebrook biography, her daughter, Linda Gray Sexton, stated that she had been sexually assaulted by her mother. In 1994, she published her autobiography "Searching for Mercy Street: My Journey Back to My Mother, Anne Sexton", which includes her own accounts of the abuse.

paragraph: Middlebrook published her controversial biography of Anne Sexton with the approval of daughter Linda, Anne's literary executor. For use in the biography, Orne had given Diane Middlebrook most of the tapes recording the therapy sessions between Orne and Anne Sexton. The use of these tapes was met with, as "The New York Times" put it, "thunderous condemnation". Middlebrook received the tapes after she had written a substantial amount of the first draft of Sexton's biography, and decided to start over. Although Linda Gray Sexton collaborated with the Middlebrook biography, other members of the Sexton family were divided over the book, publishing several editorials and op-ed pieces in "The New York Times" and "The New York Times Book Review".

paragraph: Controversy continued with the posthumous public release of the tapes (which had been subject to doctor-patient confidentiality). They are said to reveal Sexton's molestation of her daughter Linda, her physically violent behavior toward both her daughters, and her physical altercations with her husband.

paragraph: Further controversy surrounds allegations that she had an affair with the therapist who replaced Orne in the 1960s. No action was taken to censure or discipline the second therapist. Orne considered the affair with the second therapist (given the pseudonym "Ollie Zweizung" by Middlebrook and Linda Sexton) to be the catalyst that eventually resulted in her suicide.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Peter Gabriel dedicated his song "Mercy Street", from his 1986 album "So", to Sexton. She has been described as a "personal touchstone" for Morrissey, former lead singer and lyricist of The Smiths. She is commemorated on the Boston Women's Heritage Trail.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Golden, Amanda, ed. (2016). "This Business of Words: Reassessing Anne Sexton". University Press of Florida. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (video)

paragraph: BULLET::::- of Anne reciting some poetry, and some home movie excerpts. From an Arts Review program from the early 1990s.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hear & Now interview with daughter Linda Gray Sexton and Robert Clawson who managed the Sexton's experimental band "Anne Sexton and Her Kind."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne Sexton's papers at the Harry Ransom Center at The University of Texas at Austin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne Sexton's art collection at the Harry Ransom Center at The University of Texas at Austin

description: American poet

enwikiquote_title: Anne Sexton

wikidata_label: Anne Sexton

wikipedia_title: Anne Sexton


text: Adirondack Mountains

text: Upstate New York

text: Guilford, Connecticut

text: Yale

text: Greenwich, Connecticut

text: Meriden, Connecticut

text: Park Street Church

text: New York

text: conservation movement

text: Great Camps

text: "Music-Hall Sermons" (1870–1873)

text: "The Perfect Horse" (1873)

text: "Deacons" (1875)

text: "Adirondack Tales" (1877)

text: Works by Murray

text: Google Books

text: A mysterious Adirondack Murray photo

categories: Yale University alumni,People from Guilford, Connecticut,American environmentalists,1840 births,American sportswriters,American Christian clergy,1904 deaths

paragraph: William Henry Harrison Murray

paragraph: William Henry Harrison Murray (1840–1904), also known as Adirondack Murray, was an American clergyman and author of an influential series of articles and books which popularized the Adirondack Mountains in Upstate New York. He became known as the father of the Outdoor Movement.

paragraph: Born in Guilford, Connecticut, he graduated from Yale in 1862 and then served as a minister in Greenwich, Connecticut and Meriden, Connecticut. He also served as pastor of Park Street Church in Boston from 1868 to 1874. He also delivered Sunday evening lectures about the Adirondacks in a Boston music-hall that proved highly popular, and he published a series of articles based on the lectures in a Meriden newspaper. In 1869, they were published as a book, "Adventures in the Wilderness; or, Camp-Life in the Adirondacks".

paragraph: The literary tone of the book made it extremely successful; it went through eight printings in its first year. Murray promoted New York's north woods as health-giving and spirit-enhancing, claiming that the rustic nobility typical of Adirondack woodsmen came from their intimacy with wilderness. A subsequent printing, subtitled "Tourist's Edition", included maps of the region and train schedules from various Eastern cities to the Adirondacks.

paragraph: Although the book was to become one of the most influential books in the conservation movement of the 19th century, paradoxically, within five years it led to the building of over 200 "Great Camps" in the Adirondacks; "Murray’s Fools" poured into the wilderness each weekend, packing specially scheduled railroad trains. The book is cited as changing common parlance to use "vacation" instead of the British "holiday" for people vacating their city homes.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Camp Life in the Adirondacks" (Boston, 1868)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Music-Hall Sermons" (1870–1873)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Park Street pulpit: Sermons by William H.H. Murray" (1871)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Words Fitly Spoken" (1873)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Perfect Horse" (1873)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sermons delivered from Park Street Pulpit" (1874)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deacons" (1875)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Golden Rule An Illustrated Family Magazine Edited and Published by W.H.H Murray" (1874-1879)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adirondack Tales" (1877)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "How Deacon Tubman and Parson Whitney kept New Year, and other Stories" (1887)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Story of The Keg and The Man Who Didn't Know Much" (1889)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sermons, lectures, and addresses" (1898)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jerome, Christine "Adirondack Passage: Cruise of Canoe Sairy Gamp", HarperCollins, 1994.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Full text of "Camp Life in the Adirondacks"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Murray at Google Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- A mysterious Adirondack Murray photo

description: American writer

wikidata_label: William Henry Harrison Murray

wikipedia_title: William Henry Harrison Murray