text: hesychast

text: Palaiologan period

text: Byzantine Empire

text: Council of Ferrara-Florence

text: Constantinople

text: hymnographer

text: Palamite

text: Metropolitan of Ephesus

text: Patriarch of Alexandria

text: Constantinople

text: sakellarios

text: Hagia Sophia

text: deacon

text: John Eugenikos

text: John Chortasmenos

text: mathematician

text: philosopher

text: Gemistus Pletho

text: Filioque

text: Council of Ferrara

text: heresy

text: schism

text: Purgatory

text: Gennadius of Constantinople

text: Constantinople

text: eulogy

text: service

text: synaxarion

text: Seraphim of Constantinople

text: Holy Synod

text: glorified

text: miracle

text: losing consciousness

text: icon

text: Orthodox Church

text: saint

text: St. Photius the Great

text: St. Gregory Palamas

text: St. Nikodimos of the Holy Mountain

text: relics

text: Troparion

text: Kontakion

text: St Mark of Ephesus

text: St. Mark of Ephesus: A True Ecumenist

text: Saint Mark Eugenikos (the Courteous)

text: St. Mark of Ephesus

categories: Saints from Anatolia,1444 deaths,15th-century Byzantine bishops,1392 births,Byzantine saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church,Filioque,East–West Schism,15th-century Byzantine people,Bishops of Ephesus,15th-century Christian saints

paragraph: Mark of Ephesus

paragraph: Mark of Ephesus (born Manuel Eugenikos) was a hesychast theologian of the late Palaiologan period of the Byzantine Empire who became famous for his rejection of the Council of Ferrara-Florence (1438–1439). As a monk in Constantinople, Mark was a prolific hymnographer and a devoted Palamite. As a theologian and a scholar, he was instrumental in the preparations for the Council of Ferrara-Florence, and as Metropolitan of Ephesus and delegate for the Patriarch of Alexandria, he was one of the most important voices at the synod. After renouncing the Council as a lost cause, Mark became the leader of the Orthodox opposition to the Union of Florence, thus sealing his reputation as a defender of Orthodoxy and pillar of the Church.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Mark was born Manuel in 1392 in Constantinople to George, "sakellarios" of Hagia Sophia, an Orthodox deacon, and Maria, the daughter of a devout doctor named Luke. Mark learned how to read and write from his father, who died while Mark and his younger brother John Eugenikos were still children. Maria had Mark continue his education under John Chortasmenos, who later became Metropolitan Ignatius of Selymbria, and a mathematician and philosopher by the name of Gemistus Pletho.

paragraph: Section::::Activity at the Council of Florence and aftermath.

paragraph: Mark was the only Eastern bishop who refused to sign the agreement with the Roman Catholic Church on a compromise formula, "ex filio," for the Filioque clause disagreement, during the Council of Ferrara. He held that Rome continued in both heresy and schism. He also rejected the doctrine of Purgatory, in that he objected to the existence of a purgatorial fire that "purified" the souls of the faithful. The doctrine of "purgatorial fire" was typical of medieval Roman Catholic theology. In the end, Mark won this aspect of the discussions in the purgatorial debates, since the final formula of union omitted any affirmation of "fire" in reference to the lot of souls after their death and before the beatific vision.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He died peacefully at the age of 52 on June 23, 1444, after an excruciating two-week battle with intestinal illness. On his death bed, Mark implored Georgios Scholarios, his former pupil, who later became Patriarch Gennadius of Constantinople, to be careful of involvement with Western Christendom and to defend Orthodoxy. According to his brother John, his last words were "Jesus Christ, Son of the Living God, into Thy hands I commit my spirit." Mark was buried in the Mangana Monastery in Constantinople.

paragraph: Section::::Posthumous miracle and canonization.

paragraph: The Eugenikos family celebrated each anniversary of Mark's death with a eulogy consisting of a service (akolouthia) and synaxarion of a short life of Mark. Thanks in large part to Patriarch Gennadius Scholarius, veneration of Mark spread among the Church. In 1734 Patriarch Seraphim of Constantinople presided over the Holy Synod of the Church of Constantinople and solemnly glorified (canonized) Mark and added six services to the two older ones.

paragraph: There is an account of a posthumous miracle performed by St. Mark of Ephesus. Doctors gave up on trying to save the life of the terminally ill sister of Demetrios Zourbaios, after their efforts had worsened her condition. After losing consciousness for three days she suddenly woke up, to the delight of her brother, who asked her why she woke up drenched in water. She related that a bishop escorted her to a fountain and washed her and told her, "Return now; you no longer have any illness." She asked him who he was and he informed her, "I am the Metropolitan of Ephesus, Mark Eugenikos." After being miraculously healed, she made an icon of St. Mark and lived devoutly for another 15 years.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The Orthodox Church considers Mark of Ephesus a saint, calling him, together with St. Photius the Great and St. Gregory Palamas, a Pillar of Orthodoxy. St. Nikodimos of the Holy Mountain, in his service to the saint, called him "the Atlas of Orthodoxy." His feast day is January 19, the day his relics were moved to the monastery of Lazarus in Galata.

paragraph: Section::::Theology.

paragraph: Mark's theological output was extensive and covered a wide range of genres and topics typical of monastic writers.

paragraph: Hymnography

paragraph: Mark composed a wealth of poetic texts honoring God and the saints, many of which were intended for use in a liturgical setting. In addition to canons and services to the Lord Jesus Christ, the Mother of God, and the angels, Mark honored his favorite Fathers of the Church: St. Gregory Palamas, St. John Damascene, St. Symeon Metaphrastes, along with a wealth of more ancient saints. Additionally, Mark composed verses celebrating the lives and achievements of his heroes, such as Joseph Bryennios.

paragraph: Hesychasm

paragraph: Mark was a devoted disciple of Gregory Palamas. Throughout his life he composed several treatises in defense of the essence-energies distinction, and he defended the unique contributions of Hesychast theology in the face of charges of innovation.

paragraph: Dogmatic/Polemical Theology

paragraph: One of Mark's most important theological contributions was his opposition to the Roman Catholic Filioque. At the Council of Florence, the examination of this controversy had both text-critical and exegetical dimensions, as the participants debated the authenticity of sources, the precision of grammatical constructions, and the canon of authoritative patristic texts. Mark had played an early role in the gathering of manuscripts, and his contested readings at the synod have since been vindicated for their precision and accuracy.

paragraph: Echoing centuries of polemic, going back to Photius, the debates surrounding the Filioque admitted resonances of more recent discussions, such as those of John Bekkos and Gregory of Cyprus. In the end, Mark could not concede that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Son as well as the Father, even by using the Orthodox phrase of "through the Son," since Mark considered this to be an equivocation in light of the obvious theological disagreements between East and West. For Eugenikos, the Holy Spirit proceeds only from the Father, and the phrase "through the Son" did not express anything like the theology of the Filioque.

paragraph: Anthropology

paragraph: Mark's criticism of the doctrine of Purgatory, the other major topic at Florence, involved him in questions relating to the nature of the human composite. Basing himself on Palamite conceptions of man, Mark articulated a theory of the human person rooted in Christology and Orthodox doctrines of Creation. Mark's discourses at Florence are, in this regard, supplemented by writings which he produced in response to the Platonism of Gemisthus Plethon, who preached a radical identification of the human person with the soul, to the detriment of embodied life.

paragraph: Latin Influences

paragraph: The Palaiologan period in which Mark lived witnessed the translation of the works of Thomas Aquinas into Greek, an event whose repercussions have yet to be fully documented and expounded. In spite of remaining ambiguities, though, it has become increasingly clear that the Hesychasts were not unaware of Latin theology.

paragraph: Some scholars have hypothesized that Mark adopts Thomas Aquinas' hylomorphism in his defense of the Resurrection, and that he experiments with arguments from Thomas Aquinas' Summa contra Gentiles in order to argue for the concomitance of mercy in God's condemnation of unrepentant sinners to hell. "Further, Eugenicus’ treatise Peri anastaseôs (ed. A. SCHMEMANN, “Une œuvre inédite de St Marc d’Éphèse: Peri anastaseôs”, in: Theología 22 (1951): 51-64; text on pp. 53–60) is merely a defence of the rational possibility of the doctrine of resurrection and a rational refutation of some philosophical objections against it based almost entirely on Thomas Aquinas’ description of the natural unity of the human soul with the body in explicitly hylomorphic and anti-Platonic terms (see Summa contra Gentiles IV,79-81; cf. Vat. gr. 616, ff. 289r-294v)." Also, eminent Orthodox scholars have already suggested that, during Mark's courteous and apologetic period of preparation for the Council of Florence, the Ephesine explicitly omitted condemnations of Aquinas by name, even if his two "Antirrhetics against Manuel Kalekas" contained condemnation of Thomistic Trinitarian theology, especially Thomas' implicit rejection of the essence-energies distinction and the Thomas' assertion that Aristotelean "habits" were very similar to the charisms or the Holy Spirit (e.g., Faith, Hope, & Charity). What is more, Mark had a great love for Blessed Augustine of Hippo, spending money at Florence to buy manuscripts of the same. In fact, at Florence he copiously cites Augustinian and Ps.-Augustinian works approvingly as an authority in favor of Orthodoxy. Finally, Mark was savvy enough to understand St. Bernard of Clairvaux's writings from an unknown translation (likely through his former pupil Scholarius). He used Bernard to argue for the Palamite position on the beatific vision. In effect, Mark of Ephesus' liberal use of Latin authorities paved the way for the fuller synthesis of his pupil Gennadius Scholarius after his master's death.

paragraph: Even if Mark was initially zealous for the "divine work of union" (τὸ θεῖον ἔργον τῆς εἰρήνης καὶ ἐνώσεως τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν) in his opening speech to Pope Eugene IV, Mark was disgusted at the Latin efforts and plots to prevent him from reading the acts of the Ecumenical Councils aloud, wherein the canons prohibited additions to the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed. At the beginning of the Council, in the same opening speech, Mark noted that two issues alone were necessary to overcome the historical divisions between the Latin and Greek Churches; namely, (1.) The issue of the Filioque or Latins' assertion that the Father and the Son are conjointly a cause of the Holy Spirit, and (2.) the issue of unleavened bread, whereby the Latins had historically abandoned the orthodox (vs. Armenian) practice of using leavened bread for the sake of azymes. Because Mark found reasons to reject uniquely Latin authorities, councils, and texts unavailable in Greek or unapproved by jointly canonical synods, he became increasingly exasperated at Latin attempts to introduce a host of new authorities into the debates that often turned out to be spurious. In the end, Mark refused to sign the Council documents following a debate with John Montenero, OP, who claimed that there was a difference in the dignity of persons in the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. This had the effect of convincing Mark that the Thomists were subordinationists since the Dominican was willing to defend a distinction in the persons according to "dignity" (dignitas or axiôma).

paragraph: Unsurprisingly, Mark concentrated on anti-Latin propaganda by recourse to differences that were most obvious to the simple Greek populace. For example, he noted that the Latins had no throne reserved for their hierarch in the sanctuary, the Latin priests shaved their faces "like women celebrating Mass," and various other minutiae. In this, Mark did not ignore various abstractions of metaphysics, yet he was more realistic and practical in his apologetics and an excellent propagandist. Therefore, one must read Mark's post-Florentine and anti-Latin propaganda through the optic of Mark's ends. Even if Mark dissented from Florence for traditional, theological motives he was quick to cite practical differences that emphasized the gulf between Latins and Greeks.

paragraph: Section::::Hymns.

paragraph: Troparion (Tone 4)

paragraph: Kontakion (Tone 3)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Mark of Ephesus Orthodox Icon and Synaxarion (January 19)

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Mark of Ephesus and the False Union of Florence

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Mark of Ephesus: A True Ecumenist

paragraph: BULLET::::- Address of St. Mark of Ephesus on the Day of His Death

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Mark Eugenikos (the Courteous)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Migne’s Patrologia Graeca volume 160 containing the works of Mark of Ephesus

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Mark of Ephesus

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::-

description: Archbishop of Ephesus

wikidata_label: Mark of Ephesus

wikipedia_title: Mark of Ephesus


text:
Norwegian
Austrått
Trondheim
Hålogaland
Bergen
Olav Håkonsson
Albercht of Mecklenburg
Audun Hugleiksson
Haakon VI of Norway
Haakon V of Norway
Østfold
Bergen
Trøndelag
Hålogaland
Austrått
Austrått
Gaute Erikson Galtung
Inger Ottesdotter Rømer

wikipedia_title:
Norway
Austrått
Trondheim
Hålogaland
Bergen
Olaf II of Denmark
Albert, King of Sweden
Audun Hugleiksson
Haakon VI of Norway
Haakon V of Norway
Østfold
Bergen
Trøndelag
Hålogaland
Austrått
Austrått
Galtung (noble family)
Inger Ottesdotter Rømer

categories: 1411 deaths,Year of birth uncertain,Year of birth unknown,14th-century Norwegian people,County Governors of Norway,15th-century Norwegian people,Norwegian landowners,Medieval Norwegian nobility,Norwegian civil servants

paragraph: Otte Rømer

paragraph: Otte Rømer (c. 1330 – 14 August 1409) was a Norwegian nobleman, state councilor, and landowner. He is associated with establishing his family ownership of Austrått estate in Ørland, Sør-Trøndelag, Norway.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: His exact date of birth, place of birth and parents are not known. He is first mentioned as a member of the state council in 1370, as a relatively young man. Between 1398 and 1400 he was knighted. He was royal treasurer in Trondheim around 1371 to 1373, district governor in Hålogaland in 1385, and captain of the palace in Bergen in 1390s. He was also a member of the privy council for the child king Olav Håkonsson from 1380 to 1387, and partook in warfare with Albercht of Mecklenburg in 1393. In 1361 Otte was awarded Audun Hugleiksson ’s estate by King Haakon VI of Norway; Hugleiksson had been executed during the reign of King Haakon V of Norway. Through inheritance and purchases, he owned property in Østfold, Bergen, Trøndelag and Hålogaland including the Austrått estate.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: His son, Svale Rømer ( (b. 1363), was also state councilor and inherited the Audun Hugleiksson property after his father. His daughter, Elsebe Ottesdatter (died 1448), inherited Austrått. She married Jep Fastulvsson (ca 1370-1424), a member of the State Council, and formed the starting point for the younger Rømer line. His second daughter, Margaret (~1365 - ?) was married to the state councilor Gaute Erikson Galtung.

paragraph: He was the grandfather to Otte Matsson Rømer (ca. 1440-ca. 1510); great-grandfather to Inger Ottesdotter Rømer (ca. 1475-1555).

description: Norwegian noble

wikidata_label: Otte Rømer

wikipedia_title: Otte Rømer


text: Wallachia

text: Romania

text: Bucharest

text: Amaradia River

text: Oltenia

text: Gheorghe Lazăr Gymnasium

text: Matei Basarab High School

text: V. A. Urechia

text: Românul

text: Saturnalia

text: reigning dynasty

text: Putna Monastery

text: Bukovina

text: Ioan Slavici

text: Ion Emanuel Florescu

text: André Chénier

text: Alphonse de Lamartine

text: Alfred de Musset

text: Alexandru Odobescu

text: University of Bucharest

text: Music Conservatory

text: August Treboniu Laurian

text: Herodotus

text: Ulysse de Marsillac

text: Ioan Zalomit

text: Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu

text: Titu Maiorescu

text: Junimea

text: Alexandru Lambrior

text: George Panu

text: University of Paris

text: Émile Egger

text: Georges Perrot

text: Eugène Benoist

text: Benjamin-Constant Martha

text: Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges

text: Convorbiri Literare

text: Saint Sava High School

text: I. C. Massim

text: Romanian War of Independence

text: Constantinople

text: Dimitrie Brătianu

text: Latin prosody

text: meter

text: Lacu Sărat

text: Petrea Crețu Șolcan

text: lăutar

text: Brăila

text: Romanian Athenaeum

text: Atanasie Marian Marienescu

text: Vasile Alecsandri

text: Gheorghe Sion

text: George Ionescu-Gion

text: Alexandru Dimitrie Xenopol

text: Iacob Negruzzi

text: Romanian Academy

text: lei

text: Assembly of Deputies

text: Ilfov County

text: George D. Vernescu

text: November 1895

text: National Liberal Party

text: Prime Minister

text: Carol I Academic Foundation

text: Anton Pann

text: Nicolae Iorga

text: Constantin Rădulescu-Motru

text: Ovid Densusianu

text: Carol I

text: Spiru Haret

text: Dimitrie Sturdza

text: Constantin Dimitrescu-Iași

text: werewolves

text: Chaldea

text: Assyro

text: Babylonia

text: Thracians

text: Edward Burnett Tylor

text: Primitive Culture

text: Pache Protopopescu

text: sepsis

text: Bellu cemetery

text: Constantin C. Arion

text: Dimitrie August Laurian

text: Carol Storck

text: Constantin Banu

text: Dimitrie Gusti

text: Grigore Tocilescu

text: Lazăr Șăineanu

text: Dumitru Caracostea

text: Duiliu Zamfirescu

text: George Călinescu

text: Ovidiu Papadima

text: Radiodifuziunea Română

text: Revista Fundațiilor Regale

text: Ovidiu Bârlea

text: G. Dem. Teodorescu (1849-1900)

categories: University of Paris alumni,Romanian Ministers of Culture,People from Bucharest,Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania),Romanian newspaper editors,Romanian civil servants,Romanian male writers,Deaths from sepsis,1849 births,Romanian biographers,Romanian Ministers of Education,Romanian schoolteachers,Romanian collectors of fairy tales,Romanian principals,Romanian folklorists,National Liberal Party (Romania) politicians,Male biographers,1900 deaths

paragraph: G. Dem. Teodorescu

paragraph: Gheorghe Dem Teodorescu (25 August 1849 – 20 August 1900) was a Wallachian, later Romanian folklorist, literary historian and journalist.

paragraph: Section::::Origins, education and early career.

paragraph: Born in Bucharest, he was an only son. His father Tudor came from around the Amaradia River in the Oltenia region, and had a construction business; his mother was Sultana. He entered primary school in 1855, later attending Gheorghe Lazăr Gymnasium and Matei Basarab High School from 1859 to 1867. While an adolescent, he began collecting pieces of folklore he heard around him, with examples from both of his parents dated to 1865. In 1868, a few months prior to obtaining his high school degree, he was hired as a civil servant at the Religious Affairs and Education Ministry, meanwhile working on two publications by V. A. Urechia. Near the end of the year, he left government and was hired at "Românul" newspaper, where he worked as proofreader, reporter, translator (until 1870), editing secretary and contributor (through 1872) and editor (until 1875). He published numerous chronicles, polemics and articles on folklore, literary criticism and history. His first published work on folklore appeared there at Christmas 1869 and New Year's 1870; the two articles were meant to demonstrate the roots of Christmas in Saturnalia. His first book review appeared early in 1870.

paragraph: In May 1870, he began a regular collaboration with the newspaper "Ghimpele", which took a stance against the reigning dynasty. Writing under the cover of the pen name Ghedem, he made somewhat of a name for himself with satiric anti-monarchical poems. During the first half of 1871, he was an editor there, and also briefly edited another satirical anti-royalist gazette, "Sarsailă". Later that year, he ventured as "Românul'"s correspondent to Putna Monastery in Austrian-ruled Bukovina, marking 400 years since its foundation. In his memoirs, Ioan Slavici noted the valuable insights recorded by Teodorescu's reportage. Although exempt from military service as the only son of a widow, he joined the militia organized by General Ion Emanuel Florescu, rising to the rank of sergeant. In 1872, writing for "Transacțiuni literare și științifice", he contributed studies on folklore; translations of French romantic poetry and essays on French literature; material on the life and writings of André Chénier, as well as translations of his poetry; translations from Alphonse de Lamartine and Alfred de Musset; and a study on the origin and development of luxury in Rome. In 1874, he published his first book on folklore, "Încercări critice asupra unor credințe, datine și moravuri ale poporului român"; prefaced by Alexandru Odobescu, it collected his studies on the topic published from 1869 to 1874.

paragraph: In 1868, he entered the literature and philosophy faculty of the University of Bucharest. Concurrently, he took a declamation course at the Music Conservatory and audited courses on classical philology, graduating these in 1870. August Treboniu Laurian taught the history of Latin literature, while Epaminonda Francudi dealt with Greek. These classes absorbed his intellectual energy and solidified his Latinist beliefs. His planned undergraduate thesis dealt with Greek historiography prior to Herodotus. He also audited courses by Urechia (history of the Romanians and of Romanian literature), Ulysse de Marsillac (history of French literature), Ioan Zalomit (history of philosophy) and Petre Cernătescu (world history). In 1874-1875, the faculty was joined by Odobescu and Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, who offered free courses on, respectively, archaeology and comparative philology. Teodorescu would later find them influential in his work on folklore. However, he did not complete the literature faculty, being sent to France on a state scholarship by Titu Maiorescu, then serving as Education Minister. He left while writing his thesis, and was accompanied by "Junimea" members Alexandru Lambrior and George Panu. His studies at the University of Paris took place between February 1875 and June 1877, and he obtained a degree in literature upon their completion. His professors included Émile Egger, Georges Perrot, Eugène Benoist, Benjamin-Constant Martha and Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges. He came into contact with Western folklore studies, from which he adopted a respect for texts and grasped the relationship between Romanian and other folklores. He continued gathering genre texts sent by friends from home, and sent articles to Hasdeu's "Columna lui Traian", as well as to "Convorbiri Literare".

paragraph: Section::::Teaching work.

paragraph: Upon his return from France, he was hired as substitute teacher at Saint Sava High School, in the Romanian and Latin department of the advanced section; the permanent position had fallen vacant upon the death of I. C. Massim. He was also appointed commander in the Civic Guard, an institution tasked with maintaining public order while the regular army was fighting in the Romanian War of Independence. He held this rank until 1879. Later in 1877, he published "Cercetări asupra proverbelor române (Cum trebuiesc culese și publicate)", a critical and bibliographic study of Romanian proverbs that expounds his research theory and made him among the first Romanian scholars to understand the close links between philology and folklore. Drawing on his Paris experience, he employed comparative techniques and worked with glossaries by Hungarian, German and British writers that included Romanian proverbs.

paragraph: In early 1878, his position at Saint Sava became full-time, and turned into a permanent job in 1882. Later in the year, he was hired to teach Romanian language and literature in the upper section of Matei Basarab. He would remain at the school until his death, and became its director in 1885. In May, he joined a mission to Constantinople as secretary to diplomat Dimitrie Brătianu, charged with negotiating in regard to Ottoman prisoners held by the Romanian Army. In 1879, he published "Literatura poporană. Noțiuni despre colindele române", a critical commentary focused mainly on Christmas carols, but also on elders' songs and tales. He emphasized the carols' Latin, pagan roots; observed their depiction of customs, their allusions to historical events such as Genoese and Venetian traders' presence on the Black Sea, and their insight into the feudal mindset. His "Tratat de versificare latină", which appeared the same year, was the first Romanian-language treatise of Latin prosody; part two, dealing with meter, came out in 1880.

paragraph: Section::::"Poezii populare române".

paragraph: In August 1883, while he was taking a mineral bath treatment at Lacu Sărat, he met Petrea Crețu Șolcan, a septuagenarian "lăutar" from Brăila who would become his chief source of ballads. The following March, he held a conference before the Romanian Athenaeum Society in which he presented Șolcan and his immense knowledge of folklore. He subsequently published his lecture in brochure form, making him the second Romanian to devote a study to a single interpreter (Atanasie Marian Marienescu had done so in 1866), and the first to write about a "lăutar". At the same time, he critiqued the folk poetry collection of Vasile Alecsandri, who had felt it incumbent upon him to polish and standardize what he heard from the source. The two met again in Bucharest in May 1884, when Șolcan transmitted further valuable texts. In all, he supplied 137 pieces totaling over 15,000 verses, or nearly a third of Teodorescu's subsequent collection. A year later, Teodorescu was elected a full member of the Athenaeum's literary section; between 1879 and 1899, he held a number of conferences before the society.

paragraph: "Poezii populare române", Teodorescu's "magnum opus" and the culmination of a two-decade folklore collecting activity, was published in autumn 1885. In the preface, he explains that the texts are arranged according to the age of the people who furnished the material, as well as the age of the traditions represented. A favorable review by Hasdeu and Gheorghe Sion noted the scientific method of collection, the faithful adherence to the texts, the inclusion of variants and the care taken to introduce the texts with notes on the human source, place and date of the collection, as well as the fact that the author supplied footnotes. By the following year, George Ionescu-Gion and Alexandru Dimitrie Xenopol had also penned reviews, while Iacob Negruzzi proposed that the Romanian Academy award Teodorescu an award. Hasdeu objected that he merely deserved a thousand lei: the award, he noted, was for "meaningful intellectual activity", while the money prize went to those who had shown "only a great dose of persistence or material labor".

paragraph: Section::::Political involvement and Academic Foundation chairmanship.

paragraph: As a member of "Opoziția Unită", he was elected to his first term in the Assembly of Deputies in by-elections of April 1888; he sat for Ilfov County. That summer, when the faction broke apart, he followed George D. Vernescu into the Liberal-Conservative Party. By November 1895, he was in the National Liberal Party, and joined the party's dissident "drapelist" splinter group in 1896. In February 1891, when Florescu became Prime Minister during a government crisis, Teodorescu was appointed Education Minister, serving until his resignation in July. Near the end of his term, he was one of the signatories to a law establishing the Carol I Academic Foundation. In the same period, he published "Operele lui Anton Pann", a study dealing with the works of Anton Pann, the folklorist active during the first half of the 19th century. The book describes each of Pann's volumes in chronological order, includes available bibliographic information and Pann's own notes, and also reproduces Pann's prefaces to most of the books. In 1893, he published "Istoria filosofiei antice. Orientul. Grecii. Creștinii", a survey of classical philosophy from 600 BC to 750 AD. His preface explained its purpose: to facilitate the study of the classics at a time when their adversaries claim learning dead languages is a waste of time, that they can be read in translation and that they are irrelevant to modern society. The book received a prize from the Academy in 1894. The 1893 "Vieața și activitatea lui Anton Pann" was the first biography of Pann, and was praised by Nicolae Iorga. In 1894, in the first number of "Ateneul Român" magazine, he published "Fata din dafin", the only original tale that appeared during his life. He had heard the story from his mother and written it during his 1878 Turkish trip.

paragraph: In February 1895, he began a term as the Academic Foundation's first director; his appointment was likely due to his role in drafting and helping secure approval for the law creating the foundation. Working under him was its first librarian, Constantin Rădulescu-Motru. In early 1897, he entered a competition to become professor in the new history of Romanian language and literature department of Bucharest University; he eventually lost to Ovid Densusianu in mid-1898. In October 1898, King Carol I dissolved the post of foundation director, transferring its attributes to the rector of the University of Bucharest. The decision sparked a virulently critical reaction by the press, which saw a political "machination" and "intrigue" by Education Minister Spiru Haret and Prime Minister Dimitrie Sturdza against Teodorescu. Nevertheless, the latter was obligated to hand over the reins to the new rector, Constantin Dimitrescu-Iași.

paragraph: In 1898, he published a study ("Miturile lunare. Vârcolacii. Studiu de etnologie și mitologie comparată.") based on a lecture dealing with werewolves he had delivered a decade earlier. Discussing various cultures, from the Chaldeans and the Assyro-Babylonians, to the Persians, Australian Aborigines, Scandinavians and Palestinians, to the Balkan peoples, the Thracians and the Romanians, he traced the evolution of superstitions into myths and later into customs, especially drawing on a French translation of Edward Burnett Tylor's 1871 "Primitive Culture". The same year, he wrote a biography of the late politician Pache Protopopescu.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Teodorescu died of sepsis at his Bucharest home in August 1900, several days before turning 51, leaving a wife and two young children. The king was informed by telegram; the burial took place at Bellu cemetery. Among the mourners were Education Minister Constantin C. Arion and his deputy, Dimitrie August Laurian. He had a significant number of unpublished manuscripts among his papers. In 1901, a committee was formed to raise funds for a bronze sculpture of Teodorescu; this was completed the following year by Carol Storck and unveiled in the Athenaeum garden. The year 1902 also saw the appearance of a memorial book written by his friends; it included a biography and bibliography, as well as funeral orations by, among others, Constantin Banu and Rădulescu-Motru. In 1939, his daughter Marcella Fotino donated a plaster cast of his sculpture to the Academic Foundation, where it was publicly exposed.

paragraph: Between 1902 and 1944, critical commentary on Teodorescu amounted only to paragraphs or a few pages in the works of Densusianu, Iorga, Dimitrie Gusti, Grigore Tocilescu, Lazăr Șăineanu, Dumitru Caracostea, Duiliu Zamfirescu and George Călinescu. At the same time, anthologies of folk poetry, collections of folklore and textbooks continued to reproduce texts from his anthology. It was in 1944 that Ovidiu Papadima delivered a lecture on Teodorescu's life and work for Radiodifuziunea Română, subsequently publishing it in "Revista Fundațiilor Regale". In 1957, part of his collection was republished as "Poezii populare". In 1961, Papadima published the most complete study of Teodorescu to date. In 1968, the twelve tales he had edited during the 1890s and which remained in manuscript form, saw publication as "Basme române". In 1974, Ovidiu Bârlea published a study of Romanian folklore, devoting an ample and appreciative chapter to Teodorescu.

paragraph: "Poezii populare române" was republished in its entirety in 1982, with footnotes, bibliography, glossary and index, and an introductory monograph by Papadima. The latter analyzed Teodorescu's work as a whole, charted the development of his collection through publication and offered a detailed reconstruction of his research methods. The anthology appeared in a condensed, three-volume mass market edition in 1985. Another edition of the tales appeared in 1996, while a 2005 edition included a glossary and annotations. In 2000, upon the centenary of his death, a new edition of "Poezii populare române" appeared; the 1982 edition had seen a very small print run and become a collector's item. "Istoria limbii și literaturii române. De la începuturi până la 1882", which had remained in manuscript form, was published in 2002; the book provides an overview of the history of the Romanian language and literature, delving into philosophy, folklore, folk costumes and customs, mural painting, woodcarving and architecture.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laura Regneală, "G. Dem. Teodorescu (1849-1900)". Bucharest: Biblioteca Centrală Universitară "Carol I" din București, 2008.

description: Wallachian-born Romanian folklorist, literary historian and journalist

wikidata_label: Gheorghe Dem Theodorescu

wikipedia_title: G. Dem. Teodorescu


text:
Corps of Royal Engineers
Chatham, England
Halifax, Nova Scotia
Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve
Midshipman
Sub-lieutenant
Armed Merchant Cruiser
Mention in Dispatches
HMCS "Moosejaw"
Convoy SC 42
Distinguished Service Cross
HMCS "Oakville"
"U-94"
Lieutenant
HMCS "Sioux"
Royal Canadian Navy
Master's degree
University of Ottawa
University of Victoria
World War II
Victoria, British Columbia
fonds

paragraph: Hal Lawrence

paragraph: Harold Ernest Thomas Lawrence (1920–1994) was a Canadian naval officer and author. He was born in the Corps of Royal Engineers barracks at Chatham, England; and moved to Halifax, Nova Scotia.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Lawrence entered the Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve as a Midshipman in 1939, and was promoted to Sub-lieutenant while serving aboard the Armed Merchant Cruiser HMS "Alaunia". He received Mention in Dispatches for service aboard HMCS "Moosejaw" during the battle of Convoy SC 42. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for leading HMCS "Oakville"'s boarding party onto the sinking "U-94" during the battle of convoy TAW-15. The citation reads:

paragraph: Lawrence was subsequently promoted to Lieutenant and executive officer of HMCS "Oakville". Lawrence was next assigned as gunnery officer in the commissioning crew of HMCS "Sioux". He was transferred from the volunteer reserve to the Royal Canadian Navy in 1945 and became executive officer of HMCS "Sioux". He received a Master's degree from the University of Ottawa before retiring from the Navy in 1965.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement.

paragraph: Lawrence taught at the University of Ottawa and the University of Victoria after retiring from the Navy. He wrote three books concerning World War II. "A Bloody War" was published in 1979, "Tales of the North Atlantic" in 1985, and "Victory at Sea" in 1989. He died in Victoria, British Columbia, in 1994. The University of Victoria maintains the Hal Lawrence fonds of 120 taped interviews with historical photographs and maps.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Specific

paragraph: BULLET::::- General

description: Canadian naval officer

wikidata_label: Hal Lawrence

wikipedia_title: Hal Lawrence


href: Nubia Twenty-fifth%20Dynasty%20of%20Egypt Kashta Pebatjma Piye Abydos%2C%20Egypt

text:
Nubia
Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt
Kashta
Pebatjma
Piye
Abydos, Egypt

categories: 8th-century BC Egyptian people,Queens consort of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt,8th-century BC women

paragraph: Peksater

paragraph: Peksater (Pekerslo) was a Nubian queen dated to the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Peksater was the daughter of King Kashta and Queen Pebatjma. She appears with her husband Piye in a relief in the Amun Temple at Barkal. Piye is dressed as a high priest and officiates before the barque of Amun. Laming and Macadam suggest she was an adopted daughter of Pebatjma.

paragraph: Peksater was buried in Abydos, Egypt. Parts of a lintel, three doorjambs and a stela were found. Here she is called "king's daughter", "king's wife" and "great king's wife".

wikidata_label: Peksater

wikipedia_title: Peksater


href: Nubia Twenty-fifth%20Dynasty%20of%20Egypt Piye Taharqa el-Kurru

text:
Nubia
Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt
Piye
Taharqa
el-Kurru

categories: Taharqa,Queens consort of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt,7th-century BC women,7th century BC in Egypt

paragraph: Naparaye

paragraph: Naparaye was a Nubian queen dated to the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt.

paragraph: Naparaye was the daughter of King Piye and the sister-wife of King Taharqa.

paragraph: She held several titles: Great of Grace ("wrt im3t"), Great of Praises ("wrt hzwt"), Sweet of Love ("bnrt mrwt"), (Great?) King's Wife ("hmt niswt (wrt?)"), Lady of the Two Lands ("hnwt t3wy"), and King's Sister ("snt niswt").

paragraph: Naparaye's name is known from her tomb in el-Kurru (Ku. 3). At her pyramid an alabaster offering table was found (Khartoum, No. 191).

description: Egyptian and Nubian queen consort

wikidata_label: Naparaye

wikipedia_title: Naparaye


href: Nubia Twenty-fifth%20Dynasty%20of%20Egypt Piye Shabaka Tantamani El-Kurru Taharqa

text:
Nubia
Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt
Piye
Shabaka
Tantamani
El-Kurru
Taharqa

paragraph: Qalhata

paragraph: Qalhata was a Nubian queen dated to the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt.

paragraph: Qalhata was a daughter of King Piye and a queen consort to her brother Shabaka. She is known from the Dream Stela of King Tantamani and from her pyramid in El-Kurru (Ku. 5).

paragraph: Assyrian records state that King Tantamani was the son of Taharqa's sister. The tomb of Qalhata at El-Kurru contains texts that say she is a King's Mother, giving some evidence of the family relationships.

description: Ancient Egyptian queen consort

wikidata_label: Qalhata

wikipedia_title: Qalhata


text:
Puerto Rican
educator
Ponce
Ponce, Puerto Rico
Domingo Cruz ("Cocolía")
Boston
Alabama
Home Economics
Juana Diaz
Coamo
Barrio Playa
USD
Ponce Symphony Orchestra
Tricentennial Park
Ponce Historic Zone
Park for the Illustrious Ponce Citizens
List of Puerto Ricans

categories: 1933 deaths,Educators from Ponce,1890 births

paragraph: Lolita Tizol

paragraph: Lolita Tizol was an early twentieth-century Puerto Rican music educator from Ponce.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Lolita Tizol Laguardia was born in Ponce, Puerto Rico on 19 June 1890. Her parents were Cosme Tizol and Saturnina Laguardia. She started her elementary education in Ponce, under the direction of Emilia Ribié de Christian in the Colegio Hermanas de la Caridad and in the American Free School.

paragraph: When she was 10 years old she started taking music classes with his father who, seeing her musical aptitude, taught her to play the violin. She subsequently studied with Domingo Cruz ("Cocolía") and Aberrano Colón. She also studied under Brindis de Salas, the Cuban musician, while Salas was staying in Puerto Rico. As her musical abilities were further recognized, Lolita was offered a scholarship to study music in Boston. Her father, however, counseled her that in Puerto Rico music was not given the recognition that it deserved, and sent her to Alabama to study education and prepare her as a teacher. She married Jose Ortiz Lacodet, an attorney and poet.

paragraph: Section::::Teaching career.

paragraph: Tizol Laguardia graduated with a degree in Education and a specialization in Home Economics. Returning to Puerto Rico five years after leaving to Alabama, Tizol took the necessary Puerto Rico teachers' exam and started teaching in barrio Semil in Juana Diaz in 1909. A year later she taught in Coamo at Roman Baldorioty de Castro school and subsequently at the Segundo Ruiz Belvis school in Barrio Playa, Ponce. She was also principal at the Segundo Ruiz Belvis, Horace Mann, and Rafael Pujals schools, all in Ponce.

paragraph: Tizol spent her life educating children at a time when most people in Ponce, as most of Puerto Rico, did not know how to read and write, and when teachers were paid only $50USD per month, even in the large cities. Under these circumstances, Tizol, overcoming all challenges, gave of herself to help others.

paragraph: Section::::School principal.

paragraph: In Ponce she also became school principal at the Rafael Pujals school. Tizol Laguardia was the first principal to institute a school lunch program and, later, a breakfast program for undernourished children.

paragraph: Section::::Other activities.

paragraph: Tizol Laguardia was also a member of the Ponce Symphony Orchestra. She also toured the island giving concerts.

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: For her dedication and talent, a statue named was erected in her memory adjacent to the Tricentennial Park park in Ponce, with a plaque that reads: "" (Ponce Honors its Teacher: Lolita Tizol). She died in Ponce on 25 April 1933, at age 42.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Ponce there is a street in the Ponce Historic Zone named after her.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Ponce there is also a .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Also in Ponce, she is recognized at the Park for the Illustrious Ponce Citizens.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Puerto Ricans

description: Puerto Rican educator

wikidata_label: Lolita Tizol

wikipedia_title: Lolita Tizol


text:
professional wrestler
ring name
Chikara
professional wrestling promotion
Young Lions Cup Champion
Campeon de Parejas
Grand Champion
2003 Tag World Grand Prix
2012 King of Trios
The Wrestle Factory
Mike Quackenbush
Combat Zone Wrestling
Dragon Gate USA
Evolve Wrestling
Full Impact Pro
Jersey All Pro Wrestling
Pro Wrestling Guerrilla
Ring of Honor
Chikara
Mike Quackenbush
Reckless Youth
UltraMantis Black
Icarus
tag team
rudo
stable
Young Lions Cup tournament
Gran Akuma
feud
Hair vs. Mask match
Tag World Grand Prix
IWA-MS
Brad Bradley
Jimmy Jacobs
Larry Sweeney
torneo cibernetico
2005 Tag World Grand Prix
Chris Hero
Jigsaw
Two Out of Three Falls match
2006 Tag World Grand Prix
Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas
Delirious
Cheech and Cloudy
DDT
Kudo
Mikami
The Kings of Wrestling
Claudio Castagnoli
tecnico
Hydra
Eddie Kingston
Chuck Taylor
Falls Count Anywhere match
Player Uno
Player Dos
Frightmare
2009 King of Trios tournament
Jorge "Skayde" Rivera
Johnny Saint
Bruderschaft des Kreuzes
Sara Del Rey
Daizee Haze
2010 King of Trios
Big Japan Wrestling
Daisuke Sekimoto
Yuji Okabayashi
Christopher Daniels
gauntlet match
Ares
Sinn Bodhi
The Batiri
2011 King of Trios
Dragon Gate
Akira Tozawa
KAGETORA
Super Shisa
Tim Donst
pay-per-view
High Noon
No Disqualification match
"Lucha de Apuestas" Mask vs. Hair match
2012 King of Trios
The Mysterious and Handsome Stranger
Tito Santana
Ophidian
Johnny Gargano
ROH
Mike Bennett
Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson
Under the Hood
Chikara Grand Championship
You Only Live Twice
2014 King of Trios
Tomorrow Never Dies
Silver Ant
United Kingdom
Ashley Remington
2015 King of Trios
AAA
Aero Star
Drago
Fénix
Princess KimberLee
Glasgow, Scotland
Mark Angelosetti
2016 King of Trios
Dasher Hatfield
Trent Seven
Tyler Bate
JWP
Command Bolshoi
Manami Katsu
Full Impact Pro
Shingo
FIP World Heavyweight Championship
Roderick Strong
Briscoe Brothers
Jimmy Rave
Matt Sydal
The Irish Airborne
Jack Evans
BxB Hulk
Yamato
Davey Richards
Philadelphia
ROH World Tag Team Championship
Dragon Gate USA
pay-per-view
Enter the Dragon
Amasis
The Colony
Untouchable
dark match
Freedom Fight
Open the Freedom Gate Champion
Lince Dorado
Fearless
Open the Dream Gate Champion
Masato Yoshino
Jon Moxley
Evolve Wrestling
Brodie Lee
Chikara
Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas
1 time
Delirious
Chikara Grand Championship
2 times
Chikara Young Lions Cup
1 time
King of Trios
2012
Frightmare
UltraMantis Black
Tag World Grand Prix
2003
Full Impact Pro
Mike Quackenbush
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI 500
Wrestling is Fun! profile
Online World of Wrestling profile

categories: Masked wrestlers,1981 births,Living people,American male professional wrestlers

paragraph: Hallowicked

paragraph: Robert Goodwin (born November 1, 1981) is an American professional wrestler, better known by the ring name Hallowicked. He performs primarily in the Chikara professional wrestling promotion, where he started his career in May 2002. His accomplishments in the promotion include becoming the inaugural Young Lions Cup Champion, a one-time Campeon de Parejas, a two-time Grand Champion and the winner of the 2003 Tag World Grand Prix and 2012 King of Trios tournaments. He currently serves as an assistant trainer at The Wrestle Factory, operated by Chikara founder Mike Quackenbush. Throughout his career he has also worked for promotions such as Combat Zone Wrestling, Dragon Gate USA, Evolve Wrestling, Full Impact Pro, Jersey All Pro Wrestling, Pro Wrestling Guerrilla and Ring of Honor. He is known for his ghoulish looks and incoherent speech pattern.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Chikara.:Training.

paragraph: Hallowicked received his initial training from Chikara founders Mike Quackenbush and Reckless Youth at the Chikara Wrestle Factory, where he was trained on the first term of the school alongside the likes of UltraMantis Black and Icarus. Hallowicked and Icarus were childhood friends and entered the school with the intention of becoming a tag team.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Chikara.:Night Shift (2002–2003).

paragraph: Hallowicked made his professional wrestling debut on Chikara's inaugural show on May 25, 2002, as a member of the three man "rudo" (bad guy) stable Night Shift, with partners Blind Rage and Ichabod Slayne. In their first professional wrestling match, Hallowicked and Slayne were defeated by Marshal Law and Love Bug in a tag team match. On the second show on May 31 Night Shift picked up their first victory in a six-man tag team match against Don Montoya and their trainers Mike Quackenbush and Reckless Youth. On November 9 Hallowicked entered Chikara's first ever Young Lions Cup tournament, a two-day tournament meant for wrestlers who had wrestled under 50 matches as a professional. After defeating DJ Skittlez in his first round match and Gran Akuma in the semifinals, Hallowicked advanced to the finals of the tournament, where he defeated Mister ZERO to become the first Young Lions Cup Champion.

paragraph: After the tournament, Hallowicked decided to side with Blind Rage, when he and Ichabod Slayne had a falling-out. Slayne left the stable and spent the rest of the year feuding with Blind Rage. On April 12, 2003, Hallowicked successfully defended his Young Lions Cup against his former stable mate, who had lost his mask in a Hair vs. Mask match with Blind Rage and had renamed himself Icarus. On July 5 Hallowicked and Blind Rage entered Chikara's first ever Tag World Grand Prix. In the opening round of the tournament, they defeated Team IWA-MS (Brad Bradley and Jimmy Jacobs) and in the semifinals Team F.I.S.T. (Icarus and Gran Akuma). On July 26 Night Shift defeated Ultra/Zero (Mister ZERO and UltraMantis) in the finals of the tournament to win the first ever Tag World Grand Prix. Night Shift's success was not limited only to Chikara, as during this time they were also able to win North American Wrestling Federation's Tag Team Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Chikara.:Dark Breed (2004–2005).

paragraph: When Blind Rage left Chikara in October 2003, Hallowicked was forced to find himself a new tag team partner. In early 2004 he formed the tag team Dark Breed with the man he had defeated in the finals of the Tag World Gran Prix, who had turned on Mister ZERO and renamed himself UltraMantis Black. After four successful defenses of the Young Lions Cup and 602 days as the champion, Hallowicked was forced to relinquish the title in July 2004 in time for the second annual Young Lions Cup tournament. As a former champion Hallowicked was not allowed to enter the tournament or ever again challenge for the Cup. In October 2004 the Dark Breed joined Larry Sweeney's stable Sweet 'n' Sour International for the first annual "torneo cibernetico" match. After both Hallowicked and UltraMantis failed to win the match, the Dark Breed broke away from Sweeney's stable. When UltraMantis was sidelined with an injury, Hallowicked teamed with the returning Blind Rage in the 2005 Tag World Grand Prix. After defeating Eye Candy (DJ Skittlez and Private Eye), Hallowicked and Blind Rage were eliminated from the tournament by the SuperFriends (Mike Quackenbush and Chris Hero). The rest of the year Hallowicked feuded with Jigsaw, ending on November 13, when Jigsaw defeated him in a Two Out of Three Falls match.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Chikara.:Incoherence (2006–2010).

paragraph: When UltraMantis Black suffered yet another injury, Hallowicked was left without a partner in the 2006 Tag World Grand Prix, which was this time contested for the brand new Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas (Tag Team Championship). A random draw picked Delirious as Hallowicked's new tag team partner and on February 24, the first night of the three night tournament, they defeated Crossbones and Rorschach in the first round and then the team of Cheech and Cloudy in the second round to advance to the quarterfinals of the tournament. Two days later Hallowicked and Delirious continued their impressive run as a tag team, by defeating Team DDT (Kudo and Mikami), before losing their semifinal match to the eventual winners of the entire tournament, The Kings of Wrestling (Chris Hero and Claudio Castagnoli). Hallowicked's apparent "tecnico" (good guy) turn did not sit well with UltraMantis Black as after the tournament he announced the death of the Dark Breed and declared a war on his former partner. Hallowicked and Delirious, the team now known as Incoherence, spent the rest of the year feuding with UltraMantis Black and his new stable the Order of the Neo-Solar Temple, which consisted of UltraMantis Black himself, Hydra, Crossbones and Hallowicked's first tag team partner, Blind Rage. Even though UltraMantis was able to pin Hallowicked in a singles match on September 22, Incoherence won the feud by defeating the Neo-Solar Temple first in a tag team match on November 17 and then in an eight-man tag team match, where they teamed with Cheech and Cloudy, on November 18.

paragraph: In 2007 Hallowicked started a heated feud with Eddie Kingston, who was obsessed with being recognized as the best student to ever have come out of the Chikara Wrestle Factory and saw Hallowicked as his only threat at being recognized as such. During the course of the feud Hallowicked and Delirious managed to pick up the three points needed in order to challenge for the Campeonatos de Parejas on and October 26, 2007, they defeated Icarus and Chuck Taylor, who replaced the injured Gran Akuma in the title match, to end their record setting reign and become the new Champions. However, Hallowicked's year would end on a low note, as on November 18 Kingston defeated him in a Falls Count Anywhere match to win their feud.

paragraph: After dominating Chikara's tag team division for almost a year, Incoherence lost the Campeonatos de Parejas on September 21 to the Super Smash Bros. (Player Uno and Player Dos). Incoherence holds the record for most successful Campeonatos de Parejas title defenses, with five. In late 2008 Hallowicked debuted a new protégé, Frightmare. The trio entered the 2009 King of Trios tournament, but were defeated in the first round by the Masters of a Thousand Holds (Mike Quackenbush, Jorge "Skayde" Rivera and Johnny Saint). In April UltraMantis Black revealed that he had not forgotten how Hallowicked had abandoned him in 2006, when he and Crossbones abducted Delirious following a match. Delirious would resurface the following month as a member of the Order of the Neo-Solar Temple, after being brainwashed by UltraMantis. On November 22 the two teams faced each other for the first time, with Delirious and UltraMantis coming out victorious, when UltraMantis pinned Frightmare.

paragraph: In 2010 Incoherence began feuding with Bruderschaft des Kreuzes (BDK). The first match of the feud on February 28 ended when BDK members Sara Del Rey and Daizee Haze were disqualified for excessive punishment on Frightmare, giving Incoherence their first point in the process. For the 2010 King of Trios Hallowicked and Frightmare teamed with Mike Quackenbush to form Team Frightning. Despite their status as one of the favorites of the tournament, the team was eliminated in the first round by Team Big Japan Wrestling (Daisuke Sekimoto, Kankuro Hoshino and Yuji Okabayashi), when Okabayashi forced Frightmare to tap out. On the second night of the tournament, Hallowicked wrestled in a singles match, losing to the debuting Christopher Daniels. On the third and final night of the tournament Incoherence entered a ten tag team gauntlet match. During the match Incoherence eliminated first F.I.S.T. (Icarus and Gran Akuma), then the Order of the Neo-Solar Temple (UltraMantis Black and Crossbones) and finally Sara Del Rey and Daizee Haze of BDK to earn their second, third and fourth point respectively. After the tournament Chikara announced that Incoherence would challenge for the Campeonatos de Parejas, held by BDK's Claudio Castagnoli and Ares, on May 23 at Chikara's eighth anniversary show. At "Aniversario Elf" Incoherence was defeated in their title match in two straight falls, thanks to a pre-match assault from BDK's newest member Delirious and some shady officiating from the stable's own referee, Derek Sabato. On October 23 Hallowicked represented Chikara in the "torneo cibernetico" match, where the company's originals faced BDK. He was eliminated from the match by BDK member Tursas.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Chikara.:The Spectral Envoy (2010–2014).

paragraph: On December 12, 2010, at the season nine finale, "Reality is Relative", Hallowicked defeated UltraMantis Black in a singles match. After the match UltraMantis was attacked by Sinn Bodhi and his allies in The Batiri, but were eventually chased out of the ring by Incoherence, after Frightmare managed to convince Hallowicked to save his long–time rival. On April 15, 2011, Hallowicked, Frightmare and UltraMantis Black, now known collectively as the Spectral Envoy, were eliminated from the 2011 King of Trios in the first round by Team Dragon Gate (Akira Tozawa, KAGETORA and Super Shisa). The Spectral Envoy and the Dark Army (Sinn Bodhi, Kobald, Kodama and Obariyon) faced each other in an eight-man tag team match on September 18, when the former was joined by UltraMantis Black's former Order of the Neo-Solar Temple partner Crossbones. The Spectral Envoy managed to win the match, after Ultramantis pinned Bodhi. During 2011, Hallowicked also feuded with BDK member Tim Donst, which saw the two men captaining opposite teams in the eighth annual "torneo cibernetico" match on November 12, which was won by Team Hallowicked's Sara Del Rey. On November 13 at Chikara's first internet pay-per-view, High Noon, Hallowicked and UltraMantis Black put their masks on the line against Ares' Eye of Tyr and Donst's hair in a No Disqualification match. The match ended with UltraMantis pinning Ares, which meant that not only did he win back the Eye of Tyr, but he and Hallowicked also earned their third point and the right to challenge for the Campeonatos de Parejas. Hallowicked and UltraMantis cashed in their points on February 25, 2012, but were defeated by Chuck Taylor and Icarus of F.I.S.T., following interference from Delirious. Hallowicked's long rivalry with Tim Donst culminated in a "Lucha de Apuestas" Mask vs. Hair match on June 2 at . Originally, Donst won the match after choking out Hallowicked, however, the match was restarted, when the referee of the match discovered that Donst had used a shoelace with the choke. After the restart, Hallowicked won the match and afterwards shaved his rival bald.

paragraph: On September 14, Hallowicked, Frightmare and UltraMantis Black entered the 2012 King of Trios, defeating Mihara, The Mysterious and Handsome Stranger and Tito Santana in their first round match. The following day, the Spectral Envoy advanced to the semifinals of the tournament, after defeating their rival team The Batiri. However, following the match, the Spectral Envoy was attacked by members of The Batiri and Ophidian. On the third and final day of the tournament, the Spectral Envoy first defeated F.I.S.T. (Chuck Taylor, Icarus and Johnny Gargano) in the semifinals and then Team ROH (Mike Bennett, Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson) in the finals, despite interference from The Batiri, Delirious and Ophidian, to win the 2012 King of Trios. At the following event on October 6, Hallowicked and UltraMantis Black defeated Los Ice Creams (El Hijo del Ice Cream and Ice Cream Jr.) to pick up their third point and earn the right to challenge for the Campeonatos de Parejas. They received their title shot on November 10, but were defeated by the defending Campeones, The Young Bucks (Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson), following interference from Ophidian and The Batiri. On December 2 at Chikara's third internet pay-per-view, Under the Hood, the Spectral Envoy, represented by Frightmare, Hallowicked, UltraMantis Black and the returning Blind Rage and Crossbones, defeated The Batiri, Delirious and Ophidian in a ten-man tag team match. On April 6, 2013, Hallowicked received his first shot at the Chikara Grand Championship, but was defeated by the defending champion, Eddie Kingston.

paragraph: After a one-year hiatus, Chikara returned on May 25, 2014, with the You Only Live Twice internet pay-per-view. The Spectral Envoy worked the event's first match, where they were defeated by the new BDK of Ares, Nøkken and Tursas. On September 19, The Spectral Envoy entered the 2014 King of Trios as the defending tournament winners. They were, however, eliminated in their first round match by Eddie Kingston, Jimmy Jacobs and Volgar, representing Chikara's new top "rudo" stable The Flood, after their stablemate Deucalion brought out Delirious to attack UltraMantis. On December 6 at Tomorrow Never Dies, Delirious used the supposedly magical artifact Eye of Tyr to brainwash Hallowicked and Frightmare into turning against UltraMantis Black, breaking up the Spectral Envoy.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Chikara.:Nightmare Warriors and The HeXed Men (2015–present).

paragraph: When Chikara's season 15 started on January 25, 2015, Hallowicked and Frightmare worked as "rudos", separated from UltraMantis Black. In addition to debuting a new look, Hallowicked also began speaking English in his interviews following the turn. Early in the year, Chikara started the Challenge of the Immortals tournament with Hallowicked appointed captain of one of the ten teams. In the draft, Hallowicked picked Frightmare, Blind Rage and Silver Ant for his team, named "Nightmare Warriors". On April 6, during Chikara's tour of the United Kingdom, Hallowicked defeated Icarus to become the third Chikara Grand Champion. With the win, Hallowicked became the first and only wrestler to have won every Chikara championship. He made his first successful title defense on May 24 against Ashley Remington. In September, Hallowicked, Frightmare and Silver Ant represented the Nightmare Warriors in the 2015 King of Trios, where they made it to the quarterfinals, before losing to eventual tournament winners, Team AAA (Aero Star, Drago and Fénix). At the season 15 finale on December 5, Hallowicked successfully defended the Grand Championship in a three-way match against Eddie Kingston and Icarus, the two previous Grand Champions. However, immediately afterwards, he was challenged by Princess KimberLee, who defeated him to become the new champion. On January 30, 2016, at the season 16 premiere, Hallowicked and Frightmare unsuccessfully challenged N_R_G (Hype Rockwell and Race Jaxon) for the Campeonatos de Parejas. On May 30, Hallowicked defeated Princess KimberLee in Glasgow, Scotland to become the first two-time Chikara Grand Champion. During the first half of 2016, Hallowicked formed a new "rudo" stable around himself, serving an entity known as "Nazmaldun". After Hallowicked used the Eye of Tyr to turn UltraMantis Black to his and Frightmare's side, the group expanded to also include Icarus, Kobald, Kodama, Mark Angelosetti and Obariyon. On September 2, Jigsaw debuted as the newest member of the group, teaming with Hallowicked and Icarus in the first round of the 2016 King of Trios tournament, where they defeated Bullet Ant, Missile Assault Man and Worker Ant. The following day, Hallowicked, Icarus and Jigsaw defeated Major League Moustache (Dasher Hatfield, Trent Seven and Tyler Bate) to advance to the semifinals of the tournament. On the third and final day of the tournament, Hallowicked, Icarus and Jigsaw were eliminated after being disqualified in their semifinal match against Team JWP (Command Bolshoi, Hanako Nakamori and Manami Katsu). The season concluded on December 3 with Hallowicked leading his stable to the 2016 "torneo cibernetico". He lasted to the end of the match, but was finally defeated by Dasher Hatfield. Following the match, Ophidian stole the Eye of Tyr from UltraMantis Black, releasing him from under its spell.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Full Impact Pro and Ring of Honor (2006–2008, 2012).

paragraph: On December 15, 2006, Hallowicked made his debut for Florida-based Full Impact Pro (FIP) in a tag team match, where he and Gran Akuma defeated DP Associates (Delirious and Shingo). The following day Hallowicked won the 2006 Florida Rumble to earn a shot at the FIP World Heavyweight Championship. He received his shot later that night, but was defeated by the defending champion Roderick Strong. Hallowicked returned to the company in February 2007, losing to Shingo and Seth Delay in singles matches.

paragraph: On April 27, 2007, Hallowicked, along with fellow Chikara wrestlers Mike Quackenbush, Jigsaw and Gran Akuma, made their debuts for FIP's sister promotion Ring of Honor (ROH). The four of them competed in a four-team Ultimate Endurance match, which was won by the Briscoe Brothers. The following day Delirious won a six-way match competed between the Chikara foursome and Pelle Primeau.

paragraph: In June Hallowicked made two more appearances for FIP, losing to Jigsaw and Jimmy Rave in singles matches. The following month Hallowicked returned to ROH, losing to Matt Sydal in a singles match, before entering the Race to the Top tournament, where he was defeated in the first round by the eventual winner of the entire tournament, Claudio Castagnoli.

paragraph: In September 2007 Hallowicked returned one more time to FIP, teaming with Scott Commodity in a tag team match, where they were defeated by The Irish Airborne (Dave and Jake Crist) on September 28, and teaming with Delirious and Jigsaw in a six-man tag team match, where they were defeated by Jack Evans, BxB Hulk and Yamato on September 29. He has not appeared for the company since. After not appearing for ROH for a year, Hallowicked returned to the company on October 25, 2008, in a six-way match, which was won by Davey Richards.

paragraph: On January 20, 2012, Hallowicked returned to ROH at an event in Philadelphia, where he and Jigsaw, supported by several Chikara wrestlers including Mike Quackenbush and UltraMantis Black, defeated the Briscoe Brothers to earn a shot at the ROH World Tag Team Championship. Hallowicked and Jigsaw received their title opportunity on April 28, but were unable to dethrone the Briscoe Brothers in a rematch.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Dragon Gate USA (2009–2010).

paragraph: On July 25, 2009, Hallowicked made his debut for Dragon Gate USA, at the promotion's first ever pay-per-view Enter the Dragon, teaming with Amasis and Team F.I.S.T. (Icarus and Gran Akuma) in an eight-man tag team match, where they were defeated by Mike Quackenbush, Jigsaw and The Colony (Fire Ant and Soldier Ant). On September 6 at the tapings of DGUSA's second PPV titled Untouchable, Hallowicked wrestled in a dark match, an eight-way match, won by Johnny Gargano. Hallowicked returned to PPV, on November 28 at Freedom Fight, where he entered the tournament to crown the first Open the Freedom Gate Champion, but was eliminated in the first round in a six-way match with Johnny Gargano, Lince Dorado, Matt and Nick Jackson and the winner of the match, Gran Akuma. On January 23, 2010, at the tapings of the fourth PPV, Fearless, Hallowicked wrestled in another dark match, unsuccessfully challenging Silas Young for the All American Wrestling Heavyweight Championship. Hallowicked returned to pay–per–view on July 24 at the tapings of "Enter the Dragon 2010", where he teamed up with Mike Quackenbush, Jigsaw and the Open the Dream Gate Champion Masato Yoshino to defeat Kamikaze USA's Yamato, Gran Akuma, Akira Tozawa and Jon Moxley in an eight-man elimination tag team match.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Evolve (2010).

paragraph: On January 16, 2010, Hallowicked made his debut for Evolve Wrestling, at the promotion's first ever show, teaming with Frightmare and Mike Quackenbush as the Chikara Sekigun in a six-man tag team match, where they defeated Akuma's Army (Gran Akuma, Icarus and Brodie Lee). He would still with the company until July 2010, working the first four shows of the company in multi-man matches.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chikara

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas (1 time) – with Delirious

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chikara Grand Championship (2 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chikara Young Lions Cup (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Infinite Gauntlet (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- King of Trios (2012) – with Frightmare and UltraMantis Black

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tag World Grand Prix (2003) – with Blind Rage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Excellence Professional Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- Excellence Championship (1 time, current)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Excellence Championship Tournament (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Full Impact Pro

paragraph: BULLET::::- Florida Rumble (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Independent Wrestling Association Deep South

paragraph: BULLET::::- IWA Deep South Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- North American Wrestling Federation

paragraph: BULLET::::- NAWF Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Blind Rage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Entertainment

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWE Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Mike Quackenbush

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWI ranked him #240 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- WrestleJam

paragraph: BULLET::::- WrestleJam Championship (1 time, current)

paragraph: BULLET::::- WrestleJam Title Tournament (2013)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wrestling is Fun! profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online World of Wrestling profile

description: American professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Hallowicked

wikipedia_title: Hallowicked


text:
Poznań
Vilnius
Grand Duke of Lithuania
Calvinist
Jesuits
Ecclesia Minor
Polish Brethren
Fausto Sozzini

categories: 1530 births,1610 deaths,Lithuanian Calvinist and Reformed Christians

paragraph: Andreas Volanus

paragraph: Andreas Volanus (, , 1530 in Poznań – 1610 in Vilnius) was a secretary to the Grand Duke of Lithuania and an eminent Calvinist theologian. Volanus was involved with controversy about both Jesuits and the Ecclesia Minor or Polish Brethren. Fausto Sozzini's "De Jesu Christi natura" (1584) is a reply to Volanus.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caecitas et poena ecclesiae, libellus lectu dignissimus 1608

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francisci Turriani ... Contra Andream Volanum ... de sanctissima eucharistia ...1577

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paraenesis Andreae Volani ad omnes in regno Poloniae, Magnoque Ducatu Lituaniæ. 1582

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andreæ Volani Ad beatissimum patrem, D. Hippolytum Aldebrandinum ... Oratio 1593

paragraph: BULLET::::- De dignitate ordinis ecclesiastici regni Poloniæ 1582

paragraph: BULLET::::- De libertate politica 1572

description: Lithuanian theologian

wikidata_label: Andreas Volanus

wikipedia_title: Andreas Volanus


text: Santa Cruz de la Sierra

text: Bolivia

text: Serranía de Caparuch

text: Bolivia

text: biologist

text: environmentalist

text: B.Sc.

text: Noel Kempff Mercado National Park

text: Museum Noel Kempff

text: Chronik Boliviens 1986-07-14

categories: People from Santa Cruz de la Sierra,Bolivian environmentalists,Bolivian people of German descent,People murdered in Bolivia,Beekeepers,1986 murders in South America,1924 births,1986 crimes in Bolivia,Bolivian scientists,1986 deaths

paragraph: Noel Kempff Mercado

paragraph: Noel Kempff Mercado (February 27, 1924 in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia – September 5, 1986 in the Serranía de Caparuch, Bolivia) was a Bolivian biologist and environmentalist.

paragraph: Kempff Mercado studied at the University of Santa Cruz where he received his B.Sc. in 1946. During a field campaign in the Huanchaca Nationalpark in 1986 he and several other scientists discovered a cocaine factory in the Bolivian forest. Kempff Mercado and most of the scientists were killed by the criminals. The Huanchaca National Park was renamed in 1988 as Noel Kempff Mercado National Park.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laura Riley, William Riley Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves Princeton University Press, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum Noel Kempff

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chronik Boliviens 1986-07-14

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carlos D. Mesa Gisbert, Historia de Bolivia, Editorial Gisbert, La Paz, 2008, 7e éd., 739 p. (), p. 584

description: Bolivian scientist

wikidata_label: Noel Kempff Mercado

wikipedia_title: Noel Kempff Mercado


text: Berlin

text: Auschwitz

text: group theory

text: Remak decomposition

text: algebraic number theory

text: mathematical economics

text: geometry of numbers

text: Ernst Julius Remak

text: Robert Remak

text: Humboldt University of Berlin

text: Ferdinand Georg Frobenius

text: finite group

text: direct product

text: Joseph Wedderburn

text: Wolfgang Krull

text: Otto Schmidt

text: Krull–Schmidt theorem

text: Habilitation

text: geometry of numbers

text: Privatdozent

text: computer

text: numerical solution

text: systems of linear equations

text: John von Neumann

text: regulator

text: algebraic number field

text: CM-field

text: Nazis seized power

text: Civil Service Law

text: Kristallnacht

text: Sachsenhausen concentration camp

text: Amsterdam

text: Auschwitz

text: Uta C. Merzbach

text: Verfolgte Mathematiker

categories: 20th-century mathematicians,German mathematicians,Scientists from Berlin,Stolpersteine,German people who died in Auschwitz concentration camp,Mathematical economists,1942 deaths,German civilians killed in World War II,1888 births

paragraph: Robert Remak (mathematician)

paragraph: Robert Erich Remak (14 February 1888 in Berlin – 13 November 1942 in Auschwitz) was a German mathematician. He is chiefly remembered for his work in group theory (Remak decomposition). His other interests included algebraic number theory, mathematical economics and geometry of numbers. Robert Remak was the son of the neurologist Ernst Julius Remak and the grandson of the embryologist Robert Remak.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Robert Remak studied at Humboldt University of Berlin under Ferdinand Georg Frobenius and received his doctorate in 1911. His dissertation, "Über die Zerlegung der endlichen Gruppen in indirekte unzerlegbare Faktoren" ("On the decomposition of a finite group into indirect indecomposable factors") established that any two decompositions of a finite group into a direct product are related by a central automorphism. A weaker form of this statement, uniqueness, was first proved by Joseph Wedderburn in 1909. Later the theorem was generalized by Wolfgang Krull and Otto Schmidt to some classes of infinite groups and became known as the Krull–Schmidt theorem or the Krull–Remak–Schmidt theorem.

paragraph: Although the dissertation was first submitted in 1911, it was rejected several times and Remak did not obtain his Habilitation until 1929. In the meantime, he wrote several papers on the geometry of numbers. Between 1929 and 1933 Remak lectured as a Privatdozent at Humboldt University. In the 1929 essay "Kann die Volkwirtschaftslehre eine exakte Wissenschaft werden?" ("Can economics become an exact science?"), Remak analyzed price formation in socialist and capitalist economies. He also anticipated the role played by digital computers in numerical solution of systems of linear equations. Remak's analysis may have influenced John von Neumann, who was a fellow lecturer in Berlin, but most of it has not been translated into English and it remains little known and appreciated in the English-speaking world. In 1932 Remak published a paper giving a lower bound for the regulator of an algebraic number field in terms of the numbers "r" and "r" of real embeddings and pairs of complex embeddings. He went on to investigate relations between the regulator and the discriminant of an algebraic number field, isolating an important class of CM-fields ("fields with unit defect"). His last two papers on the subject appeared in Compositio Mathematica in 1952 and 1954, more than ten years after his death.

paragraph: After the Nazis seized power in 1933 and the Civil Service Law was passed a few months later, Remak, who was of Jewish ancestry, lost his right to teach in September 1933. He was arrested on Kristallnacht, 9 November 1938, and was interned at Sachsenhausen concentration camp for several weeks. After an unsuccessful campaign by his wife to secure a permission for him to emigrate to the United States, he was released and permitted to leave for Amsterdam. In 1942, he was arrested by the German occupational authorities in the Netherlands and deported to Auschwitz, where he was murdered.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harald Hagemann: "Robert Remak." In: "Neue Deutsche Biographie." Band 21. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2003, , p. 410ff.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heinz D.Kurz and Neri Salvadori, "von Neumann's 'growth model' and the classical tradition." In "Understanding "classical" economics: studies in long-period theory", Routledge studies in the history of economics, 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uta C. Merzbach, "Robert Remak and the estimation of units and regulators". Amphora, 481–522, Birkhäuser, Basel, 1992

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze: "Dokumente zur Geschichte der Mathematik. Quellen und Studien zur Emigration einer Wissenschaft." Band 10: "Mathematiker auf der Flucht vor Hitler." Vieweg, Wiesbaden 1998,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Willy Tiabou, Christoph Bichlmeier: Verfolgte Mathematiker

description: German mathematician

wikidata_label: Robert Remak

wikipedia_title: Robert Remak (mathematician)


text:
courtesy name
the Jin Dynasty
assistant minister,
crown prince
Cao Wei
Cao Shuang
Sima Yi
Xianxi
Sima Yan
Cao Huan
Jin
Jin
Sima yan
emperor Wu of Jin
Wu
Luoyang
uprising of the five barbarians
staff officer
Xiahou Xuan
Wei Guan
county magistrate
Henan
Yongkang
Sima Yu
Jinyong
Shang Shu
Wang Rong
Sima Ying
Chengdu
Sima Ai
Changsha
Luoyang
Yue Fang
Yue Kai
Yue Zhao
Yue Mo
Pan An
Wang Dun
Jiankang
Yang Qiao
Yang Mao
Yang Zhun
Ji Province
Pei Wei
Wang Cheng
Hu Wufuzhi
Fang, Xuanling
Book of Jin
Sima Guang
Zizhi Tongjian

categories: Executed Jin dynasty (265–420) people,Year of birth unknown,Jin dynasty (265–420) regents,304 deaths,People executed by the Jin dynasty (265–420)

paragraph: Yue Guang

paragraph: Yue Guang (; died 304), courtesy name Yanfu (彥輔), was a Chinese politician, calligrapher and one of the pure conversation leaders in the Jin Dynasty and he was known as an individual with a literary reputation by others at that time. Yue Guang was born in a poor family and lived in the lowest social class but he got much appreciation from several high-ranking government officials due to his moral integrity and ability in his childhood. With the assistance from those officials, Yue Guang could begin his political career and he had served as assistant minister, archer coordinator and tutor of the crown prince. Afterward, he was involved in a complicated political struggle unconsciously and his leader lost trust in him because of his identity which is the father-in-law of another political party’s leader. Although Yue Guang had struggled to explain the truth, he died under the deep anxiety eventually.

paragraph: Section::::Historical background.

paragraph: In the late period of Cao Wei, politics became increasingly corrupt and class contradictions became more and more acute. At the same time, there was a confrontation and struggle between the two groups led by Cao Shuang and Sima Yi. In the end, the Sima clan became the victory of the political war. In the second year of Xianxi (265 years), Sima Yan forced the last emperor of Cao Wei, Cao Huan, to abdicate the throne and establish the Jin dynasty.

paragraph: Western Jin (266-316) is one of two main divisions in the history of Jin, which was established by Sima yan, posthumously known as the emperor Wu of Jin. After the elimination of Wu, in order to improve the poor situation left by the war, Sima Yan took Luoyang as the capital and adopted a series of measures throughout the country, such as paying attention to agricultural production and protecting the interests of the gentry. These measures contributed to free the people from the war gradually and make the country embark on the road of development. While emphasizing the development of production, Sima Yan strongly opposed extravagance and advocated thrifty. Yue Guang was promoted to a higher position depending on his personality during that period.

paragraph: However, after a period of stable development, the royal family of Western Jin gradually decayed. Sima Yan was also immersed in his achievements and forgot what he advocated. In order to dominate the country and bolster the power of Sima clan, most of his relatives were awarded with different lands, which resulted in War of the Eight Princes, since every prince would like to dominate the whole country rather than only part of it. A succession of crises had caused higher pressure of tax and destroyed the social economy at that time. However, the ruling classes were still busy contending for power and after the War of the eight princes, the hidden class contradiction broke out. Eventually the Chinese began to revolt the domination. At the same time, with the uprising of the five barbarians, Western Jin gradually lost the control of northern China.

paragraph: Section::::Lifetime.

paragraph: Section::::Lifetime.:Early life.

paragraph: Yue Guang’s father served as staff officer of Xiahou Xuan when he was eight years old. After being familiar with him, Xiahou Xuan said to his father ‘Yue Guang will become a famous officer in the future, it is rare to behave so decently in his age.’

paragraph: After the early death of his father, Yue Guang was left poor and alone. He had to devote all his energy and time to studying, but was unknown at that time. He was modest and never looked forward to enjoying luxury, which had helped him earned a reputation for being frugal and hard-working.In addition, he was good at analysing things with terse and lively language, but he always kept silent while being asked something he did not understand. Therefore，many people felt that it was difficult to compare Yue Guang in terms of Qingtan. Afterwards, he was recommended as a scholar and invited to become Wei Guan sons’ tutor because of his reputation.

paragraph: Section::::Lifetime.:Political career.

paragraph: Afterwards, Yue Guang was served as county magistrate of City Yuan and was promoted to the tutor of princess and then the master of Henan. At last, he served as assistant minister, which was a high-ranking government official post at that time. When he was in office, his performance did not appear to be distinct but after retirement, his abilities and reputation were always missed by all the people. While evaluating employees, Yue Guang preferred to point out their advantages first, then the disadvantages would be realized by themselves without mentioning about it. He had been regarded as one of the leaders of Qingtan in Western Jin and famous for his literary reputation all over the country.

paragraph: In the first year of Yongkang (300 AD), Sima Yu, known as the Crown Prince Minhuai, was deposed and detained to Jinyong City. The imperial court ordered the old minister of the prince not to see him. Those people could do nothing but sigh indignantly, but eventually, all of them decided to violate the decree and went to worship. Therefore, the clerk of the government arrested them and sent to jail. However, those who were sent to prison in Henan, which was governed by Yue Guang at that time, were released by him. Everyone began to worry about him because it was illegal behavior. One of the assistant prosecutors said to the manager, ‘The reason why the prince was deposed is he overused his authority and enjoyed luxury every day. Now those old ministers risked bidding farewell to the prince, which seems that the evil prince deserved to be missed. If they are punished severely, this thing will be circulated widely, and in people’s eyes, it looks like those people were attracted by the virtue of Sima Yu, which is an absolute misunderstanding, so it is better to release them like Yue Guang.’ After listening to his opinions, there was no punishment for Yue Guang.

paragraph: Yue Guang was promoted to the Ministry of the Department of Shang Shu later. He took over the position of Wang Rong, who recommended him as a scholar at the beginning of his political career, which was seen as a wonderful inheritance in people’s eyes.

paragraph: Section::::Lifetime.:End of life.

paragraph: Sima Ying, titled Prince of Chengdu, was Yue Guang’s son-in-law, but Yue Guang worked for Sima Ai, titled Prince of Changsha. In 303, during War of the Eight Princes period, Sima Ying was going to attack Sima Ai in Luoyang, and Prince of Changsha was afraid that Yue Guang probably betrayed him due to the relationship with Sima Ying. Even though he had explained several times, he still cannot earn the trust from his leader. Therefore, Yue Guang felt untrusted and worried Sima Ai probably hurt his family in order to revenge his inexistent betrayal, which added his metal pressure and resulted in some psychological problems. Eventually Yue Guang passed away under the deep anxiety in 304, many people felt upset due to his death.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Yue Guang’s father called Yue Fang, he served as a staff officer but he died early.

paragraph: Yue Guang had three sons, the oldest called Yue Kai, courtesy name Hongxu, he served as adviser of the Second General. Another son called Yue Zhao, courtesy name Hongmao, he worked with the Prince of Donghai, Sima Yue. The youngest son called Yue Mo, courtesy name Hongfan, he served as the general attacking the five barbarians in the end.

paragraph: Yue Guang had two daughters, one of them married with the Prince of Chengdu, Sima Ying, the other one married with Wei Jie, who was famous with his literary talent like her father, Yue Guang.

paragraph: While Sima Ai suspected that Yue Guang would be rebellious during the War of the Eight Princes, Yue Guang explained ‘It is impossible to sacrifice my three sons’ lives for one of my daughters.’ Because he and his sons were all working for the Prince of Changsha, but his daughter was the wife of Prince of Chengdu. Obviously, Yue Guang gave much preference to his sons rather than treating his children equally.

paragraph: Section::::Anecdotes and Evaluation.

paragraph: Yue Guang felt confused about the fact that one of his close friends had not visited him for a long time. His friend explained that he felt extremely uncomfortable after having dinner with Yue Guang in his house since he thought there was a snake in his cup while drinking. After checking his house, Yue Guang had not found any snake and it was impossible to appear in his cup. However, the truth was that the bow behind him was reflected in his cup, which probably looked like a snake. Afterward, Yue Guang cured his friend’s psychologic problems throughout taking the bow down in front of him.

paragraph: A mystery said that there was a monster in Henan palace and the previous masters of Henan were all afraid of living in the palace. However, Yue Guang did not believe that and tried to find out the truth after he was promoted to the master of Henan. At midnight, he stayed in the palace with some soldiers and the door suddenly opened following some harsh and menacing noise, everyone was scary at that time except Yue Guang. He looked around and found a small hole in the wall. After the wall was broken, a little fox jumped out and the mystery about monsters was solved out eventually.

paragraph: Yue Guang was good at Qingtan, but writing articles seemed to be his disadvantages so he hoped Pan An could help him write a memorial to the throne. Pan An said ‘I am able to help you, but I need to know your intentions first.’ After explaining the reasons that he quitted, Pan An only arranged and integrated Yue Guang’s words, then the article had become famous all over the country. This success was based on Pan An’s writing skills and Yue Guang’s intentions.

paragraph: Yan Jian passed through Wang Dun’s manor and come across him when he was asked to go back to Jiankang. Wang Dun said to him ‘Yue Guang is a man who has no talents. He is a wanderer in his later life. His words and deeds always stand at the opposite of the popular guiding principles. Seeing his actual talents, how can he compare with Man Fen?’ Yan said, ‘The comparison should base on the same type of talent. Yue Guang is a far-sighted official with a plain temperament, and in a dangerous situation, he does not choose to attach other people. However, Man Fen arrested those who saw the prince off when the prince is deposed, he is a coward without higher moral principles, it is difficult to compare him with Yue Guang.’ Wang Dun said ‘After the prince being deposed, he will bring a crisis to himself and the people around him. How can force people to keep their common sense? In terms of considering the situation, it is very clear that Man Fen is much better than Yue Guang.’ Yan Jian said ‘The true hero is loyal to his prince, and never ask for surviving against his principles.’

paragraph: Yang Qiao and Yang Mao, the two sons of Yang Zhun who was Ji Province prosecutor, both became famous in their childhood. Yang Zhun had a close relationship with Yue Guang and Pei Wei, so he took two sons to visit these two celebrities. Pei Wei was very straightforward and elegant, and he was attracted by Yang Qiao’s decent demeanor. He said to Yang Zhun ‘Yang Qiao will catch you up, but your other son, Yang Mao, seems to be worse than his brother.’ Yue Guang was honest and upright, so he appreciated Yang Mao’s unique virtues, he said to Yang Zhun ‘Yang Qiao can only catch up with you eventually, but Yang Mao will be better.’ Yang Xiao laughed and said ‘The strengths and weaknesses of my two sons are reflected on you two.’ Other people discussed the views of the two celebrities and thought that although Yang Qiao was elegant, the moral cultivation needed to be improved, which means Yue Guang’s words seem to be correct, but these two youth were both outstanding.

paragraph: Although Yue Guang was a celebrity, he did not accept the behavior of some celebrities. At that time, when Wang Cheng and Hu Wufuzhi served as high officials, they almost did whatever they wanted, such as streaking and insulting others, and Yue Guang disagreed. He said ‘They are able to find happiness in Qingtan. Why do they have to do that?’

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fang, Xuanling (648). "Book of Jin" ("Jin Shu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima Guang (1086). Zizhi Tongjian

wikidata_label: Yue Guang

wikipedia_title: Yue Guang


text:
Sufi saint
Maizabhandari Tariqa
Bangladesh
Maizbhandar
Bangladesh
Gauda
Patiya
Fatikchhari
Calcutta Alia Madrasha
Qadi
Jessore

categories: Bangladeshi Sufi saints,Bangladeshi Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam,1906 deaths,1826 births

paragraph: Syed Ahmad Ullah

paragraph: Syed Ahmad Ullah (or Syed Ahmad Ullah Maizbhandari) (15 January 1826 - 23 January 1906) is a Sufi saint from Bangladesh. He is the founder of Maizabhandari Tariqa. Maizabhandari Tariqa is the only one tariqa which is originated in Bangladesh.

paragraph: Section::::Birth and family chain.

paragraph: Ahmad Ullah was born on 14 January (1 Magh, 1233 Bengali) in the remote Maizbhandar, Chittagong in Bangladesh. His father name was Syed Motiullah Maizbhandari and mother name was Syeda Khayrunnesa.

paragraph: Ahmad Ullah's predecessor Syed Hamid Uddin, was appointed as the Imam and Qazi in Gauḍa (city). Because of the epidemic in Gauda, he settled in Kanchannagar of Patiya thana in Chittagong in 1575. There is a village called Hamidgaon by his name. One of his sons, Syed Abdul Quader was appointed as the Imam in Fatikchhari. His grand grandson Syed Motiullah settled in Maizbhander.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Syed Ahmad Ullah completed His primary education in his village. After competing His secondary education, he was admitted to Calcutta Alia Madrasha in 1260 AH  for his higher studies in Islamic religion and philosophy. He passed the examination with a distinction in 1268 AH. After completing his studies, he was engaged in religious campaigning as an invited guest or speaker on religious occasions.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After completing studies, Syed Ahmad Ullah was appointed as the sessions Judge (i.e. judge for the administration of criminal justice, widely known as Qadi) of Jessore, which is now a district of Bangladesh.  But a year later, he resigned from the job at his own will. After that he started teaching in "Munsi Bo’Ali Madrasha".

paragraph: Ahmad Ullah has a deep knowledge in Hadith, Tafsir, Fiqh, Munteek, Hikmat, Balagat, Ushul, Akayed, Philchafa, and Farayez.

description: theologian

wikidata_label: Ahmed Ullah Maizbhanderi

wikipedia_title: Syed Ahmad Ullah


href: Norway Surnadal V%C3%A5rs%C3%B8g

text: Norwegian Surnadal Vårsøg

categories: 1898 births,20th-century Norwegian male writers,People from Møre og Romsdal,20th-century Norwegian poets,2001 deaths,Norwegian centenarians,Norwegian male poets

paragraph: Hans Hyldbakk

paragraph: Hans Hyldbakk (8 May 1898 – 18 August 2001) was a Norwegian poet.

paragraph: He was born and died in Surnadal. As a writer he is best known for the song "Vårsøg". His poetry debut came in 1929 with "Harpespel", and his last issue was 1998's "Lauvfall".

description: Norwegian writer

wikidata_label: Hans Hyldbakk

wikipedia_title: Hans Hyldbakk


text: Duke of Anhalt

text: Dessau

text: Princess Antoinette of Saxe-Altenburg

text: heir apparent

text: Leopold

text: Karlsruhe

text: Princess Marie of Baden

text: Prince Wilhelm of Baden

text: Princess Maria of Leuchtenberg

text: Prince Maximilian of Baden

text: 8th Chancellor of Germany

text: Order of Albert the Bear

text: Order of the Black Eagle

text: World War I

text: Friedrich Cross

text: Ballenstedt

text: Eduard

categories: Dukes of Anhalt,Grand Crosses of the House Order of the Wendish Crown,Corps students,1856 births,1918 deaths,Recipients of the Friedrich Cross,Recipients of the Order of the Black Eagle,House of Ascania,Recipients of the Order of Albert the Bear

paragraph: Friedrich II, Duke of Anhalt

paragraph: Frederick II () (19 August 1856 – 21 April 1918) was the Duke of Anhalt from 1904 until 1918.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born in Dessau in 1856, he was the second son of Hereditary Prince Frederick of Anhalt-Dessau and his wife Princess Antoinette of Saxe-Altenburg.

paragraph: His father succeeded as Duke of Anhalt on 22 May 1871 and Frederick became heir apparent and Hereditary Prince following the death of his elder brother Leopold on 2 February 1886.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: Frederick was married on 2 July 1889 at Karlsruhe to Princess Marie of Baden (26 July 1865-29 November 1939). She was a daughter of Prince Wilhelm of Baden and his wife Princess Maria of Leuchtenberg, as well as an elder sister of Prince Maximilian of Baden, 8th Chancellor of Germany. The marriage produced no issue.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: On 24 January 1904, Frederick succeeded his father as Duke of Anhalt.

paragraph: During his reign he was known for his love of music and maintained a Court Theatre which became celebrated throughout Europe.

paragraph: He was Grand Master of the Order of Albert the Bear and a Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle. In 1914, during World War I, he instituted the Friedrich Cross as a decoration for merit in time of war.

paragraph: He died at Ballenstedt Castle on 22 April 1918. As his marriage to Marie of Baden was without issue, he was succeeded as Duke by his younger brother Eduard.

alias:
Frederick II
Friedrich II.
Leopold Friedrich Eduard Karl Alexander

description: Duke of Anhalt from 1904 until 1918

wikidata_label: Friedrich II

wikipedia_title: Friedrich II, Duke of Anhalt


text:
ancient Egypt
Sixth dynasty
Pepi II
Pepi I
Saqqara
Pyramid Texts
Ankhesenpepi IV
First Intermediate Period
Userkare
damnatio memoriae

categories: 22nd-century BC women,Queens consort of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt,23rd-century BC women,Pepi II Neferkare

paragraph: Iput II

paragraph: Iput was an ancient Egyptian queen consort of the Sixth dynasty, a sister and wife of Pepi II.

paragraph: Section::::Titles.

paragraph: Her titles King’s Daughter "(z.t-nỉswt)," and Eldest King’s Daughter "(z.t-nỉswt-šms.t)" show that Iput II was a daughter of a pharaoh (Pepi I). The title "Hereditary Princess "(ỉrỉỉ.t-pˁt)" identifies her as a noble lady.

paragraph: As a queen consort she held the following titles: King’s Wife "(ḥm.t-nỉswt )", King’s Wife, his beloved "(ḥm.t-nỉswt mrỉỉ.t=f)", Beloved King’s Wife of Neferkare-men-ankh "(ḥm.t-nỉswt mrỉỉ.t=f nfr-k3-rˁ-mn-ˁnḫ)," Beloved King’s Wife of Neferkare-men-ankh-Neferkare "(ḥm.t-nỉswt mrỉỉ.t=f nfr-k3-rˁ-mn-ˁnḫ-nfr-k3-rˁ)," and She who sees Horus and Seth "(m33.t-ḥrw-stš).

paragraph: Section::::Burial.

paragraph: Iput's pyramid complex consisted of a pyramid and a small mortuary temple. The temple was built in an L-shape. She was buried close to Pepi II at Saqqara and her tomb contains a version of the Pyramid Texts.

paragraph: In one of the storerooms of the mortuary temple excavators discovered the granite sarcophagus of Queen Ankhesenpepi IV, another wife of Pepi II. It is not entirely clear if Ankhesenpepi IV was originally buried in the burial complex of Iput II, or if she was originally interred elsewhere and reburied during the First Intermediate Period.

paragraph: Ankhesenpepi's sarcophagus is inscribed with an interesting historical text which sheds some light on the history of the early part of the 6th dynasty. The text inscribed on the sarcophagus has been very hard to decipher but at least partial translations have been possible. From the text it is now clear that Userkare reigned some four years, but the practice of "damnatio memoriae" later lead to his name being expunged from the records.

description: Ancient Egyptian queen consort

wikidata_label: Iput II

wikipedia_title: Iput II