text:
House of Ascania
Brandenburg
John I of Brandenburg
Valdemar II of Denmark
Brandenburg
Neumark
Oder
Mestwin II of Pomerelia
Treaty of Arnswalde
Pomerelia
Gdańsk
Pomerania
Rügenwalde
Chorin
Constance of Poznań
Piast
Przemysł I of Greater Poland
Knight Templar
Waldemar
Albert I of Anhalt-Zerbst

wikipedia_title: Waldemar, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal

categories: 1304 deaths,Year of birth uncertain,1240 births,House of Ascania,Margraves of Brandenburg-Stendal,13th-century German people

paragraph: Conrad, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal

paragraph: Margrave Conrad I of Brandenburg ( – 1304) was a member of the House of Ascania and a co-ruler of Brandenburg.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Conrad I was the fourth of six children of Margrave John I of Brandenburg and his wife Sophia, daughter of King Valdemar II of Denmark. He was 26 years old when, in 1266, his father died and he and his elder brothers John II and Otto IV became co-rulers of Brandenburg.

paragraph: Conrad went on to rule in the newly acquired Neumark part of Brandenburg east of the Oder River, though he rarely appeared on the political scene. On one occasion, he assisted his brother Otto IV, when they allied with Duke Mestwin II of Pomerelia according to the 1269 Treaty of Arnswalde, occupying the Pomerelian city of Gdańsk and gaining the Pomeranian territory around Rügenwalde.

paragraph: He died in 1304 and was buried beside his wife in Chorin Abbey. There is an entry in the register at Chorin as follows:

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Conrad was married to Constance of Poznań (d. 1281), daughter of the Piast duke Przemysł I of Greater Poland. Together they had four children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John IV ( – 1305)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otto VII (d. 1308), Knight Templar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Waldemar ( – 14 August 1319 in Bärwalde)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agnes (d. 1329) married in 1300 with Prince Albert I of Anhalt-Zerbst (d. 1316)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andreas Thiele: "Erzählende genealogische Stammtafeln zur europäischen Geschichte. Deutsche Kaiser-, Königs-, Herzogs- und Grafenhäuser", vol I, part 1, table 223

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Entry in the database of the University of Erlangen

description: Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal

wikidata_label: Conrad, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal

wikipedia_title: Conrad, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal


text: Wehrmacht

text: Nazi Germany

text: World War II

text: Elbe River

text: Walther Wenck

text: Iron Cross

text: Order of the Zähringer Lion

text: Oberstleutnant

text: Oberst

text: Generalleutnant

wikipedia_title:
Wehrmacht
Nazi Germany
World War II
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Elbe
Walther Wenck
Iron Cross
Order of the Zähringer Lion
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Oberstleutnant
Oberst
Generalleutnant

categories: Reichswehr personnel,1897 births,Generals of Panzer Troops,Prussian Army personnel,1994 deaths,People from the Province of Brandenburg,Barons of Germany,Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords,Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class,German military personnel of World War I,People from Berlin

paragraph: Maximilian von Edelsheim

paragraph: Maximilian von Edelsheim (6 July 1897 – 26 April 1994) was a general in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords.

paragraph: He negotiated the surrender of German forces to the Americans at the bridge at Tangermünde on the Elbe River on or about May 2, 1945. The German 12th Army, under General Walther Wenck had previously done a 180 degree turn away from the Western Allies, resulting from an order to relieve Berlin from the Soviet attack. Disobeying the order, Wenck fought due East, into the Spree Forest region, toward the town of Halbe and linked up with the remnants of the German 9th Army. They then reversed and went west, back to the Elbe. There, Edelsheim crossed the Elbe on a schwimmwagen and negotiated the surrender of all German forces on the West side of the Elbe to the Americans.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iron Cross (1914) 2nd Class (27 November 1915) & 1st Class (26 October 1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight, 2nd Class of Order of the Zähringer Lion with Swords 2nd Class (19 September 1939) & 1st Class (14 October 1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross on 30 July 1941 as "Oberstleutnant" and commander of Radfahr-Abteilung 1

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oak Leaves on 23 December 1942 as "Oberst" and commander of Panzergrenadier-Regiment 26

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swords on 23 October 1944 as "Generalleutnant" and commander of 24. Panzer-Division

description: German general

wikidata_label: Maximilian von Edelsheim

wikipedia_title: Maximilian von Edelsheim


text:
American Revolutionary War
John Sullivan
Sullivan Expedition
major general
Ulster County
colony of New York
Little Britain
New Windsor
Orange County
Col. Charles Clinton
Anglo-Irish
French and Indian War
New Ulster
George Clinton
Governor of New York
U.S. Vice President
James Clinton
Charles I of England
French and Indian War
provincial troops of New York
John Bradstreet
Fort Frontenac
Kingston
colonel
3rd New York Regiment
Richard Montgomery
expedition to Quebec
2nd New York Regiment
brigadier general
Continental Army
frontier
Saratoga Campaign
Fort Clinton
Henry Clinton
John Burgoyne
Tory
Susquehanna River
Otsego Lake
James Fenimore Cooper
The Pioneers
Tioga
John Sullivan
Easton
Tories
Indians
Battle of Newtown
Elmira
Sullivan Expedition
Northern Department
George Washington
siege of Yorktown
Society of the Cincinnati
Colonel Lamb's regiment
DeWitt Clinton
George Clinton, Jr.
Ambrose Spencer
Ambrose Spencer
née
Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
James Graham Clinton
Little Britain
George William Clinton
Mayor of Buffalo
Sullivan/Clinton Expedition

categories: People from New Windsor, New York,People of New York (state) in the American Revolution,People of colonial New York,People from Otsego County, New York,Continental Army generals,1733 births,1812 deaths,Continental Army officers from New York (state),Kingdom of Ireland emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies,People of New York in the French and Indian War

paragraph: James Clinton

paragraph: Major-General James Clinton (August 9, 1736 – September 22, 1812) was an American Revolutionary War officer who, with John Sullivan, led the Sullivan Expedition. He obtained the rank of brevet major general.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Clinton was born in Ulster County in the colony of New York, at Little Britain in the town of New Windsor, now part of Orange County, New York. He was the third son of Col. Charles Clinton, an Anglo-Irish colonist and a colonel in the French and Indian War who emigrated to New Ulster in 1729, and Elizabeth Denniston.

paragraph: He was the brother of George Clinton, Governor of New York from 1777 to 1795 and U.S. Vice President from 1805 to 1812, the grandson of James Clinton (d. 1718), and the great-grandson of William Clinton (1614–1684), a royalist officer in the army of Charles I of England.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:French and Indian War.

paragraph: James Clinton's military experience began in the French and Indian War, where he served in the provincial troops of New York. He was commissioned an ensign in 1757 and achieved the rank of captain in the New York Regiment in 1759. In 1758, commanding a company, he participated, along with his father (Colonel) and brother George (Lieutenant), in General John Bradstreet’s capture of Fort Frontenac (now Kingston, Ontario). He and his brother played a key role in capturing a French vessel.

paragraph: James remained in the army, stationed at various frontier posts. In 1763 he raised and commanded a corps of two hundred men, who were designated as "Guards of the Frontier". After the war he retired and married Mary De Witt.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:American Revolutionary War.

paragraph: A month after the first open armed conflict in Lexington, the Continental Congress resolved on May 25, 1775 to build fortifications in the Hudson highlands for the purpose of protecting and maintaining control of the Hudson River. James Clinton and Christopher Tappan, lifetime residents of the area, were sent to scout appropriate locations. Clinton was commissioned as the colonel of the 3rd New York Regiment, which took part in Brig. Gen. Richard Montgomery’s unsuccessful expedition to Quebec in 1775. In March 1776, Clinton took command of the 2nd New York Regiment and soon after, in August, was promoted to brigadier general in the Continental Army.

paragraph: He served most of the war in the Northern Department, along the New York frontier. During the Saratoga Campaign in 1777, he commanded Fort Clinton in the Hudson Highlands. He participated in a successful effort to prevent British General Sir Henry Clinton from rescuing General John Burgoyne at Saratoga, but he and his troops were unable to hold Forts Clinton and Montgomery. Clinton sustained a bayonet wound in the leg during the assault. In 1778 he was stationed in Albany to oppose Indian and Tory forces.

paragraph: In 1779, Clinton led an expedition down the Susquehanna River after making the upper portion navigable by damming up the river's source at Otsego Lake, allowing the lake's level to rise, and then destroying the dam and flooding the river for miles downstream. This event is described by James Fenimore Cooper in the introduction to his popular novel "The Pioneers", and commemorated by a Memorial Day canoe race.

paragraph: At Tioga, New York, Clinton met up with General John Sullivan's forces, who had marched from Easton, Pennsylvania. Together, on August 29, they defeated the Tories and Indians at the Battle of Newtown (near today's city of Elmira, New York). This became known as the "Sullivan-Clinton Campaign" or the "Sullivan Expedition."

paragraph: In 1780, Clinton temporarily commanded the Northern Department. By October 1781, his brigade had joined George Washington's army in the siege of Yorktown.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Post-war years.

paragraph: After he left the army, Clinton served on the commission defining the New York-Pennsylvania boundary. In 1783 General Clinton became an original member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati. He also served as an assemblyman in the New York State legislature from 1787-1788 and again from 1800-1801, and as a New York State Senator from 1788-1792.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: On February 18, 1765, James Clinton married his first wife, Mary DeWitt (1737–1795), the only daughter of Egbert DeWitt, members of an old Dutch family. They had seven children, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Clinton (1765–1787), who served in Colonel Lamb's regiment during the Revolution and drowned in the Hudson river

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Clinton (1767–1829), who married Elizabeth Mulliner (1770–1865)

paragraph: BULLET::::- DeWitt Clinton (1769–1828), later also a Governor of New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Clinton, Jr. (1771–1809), who served in Congress

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Clinton (1773–1808), who married Robert Burrage Norton. After his death, she married Judge Ambrose Spencer (1765–1848)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Clinton (1776–1832), who married William Stuart

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katharine Clinton (1778–1837), who married Samuel Lake Norton, brother to her sister Mary's husband. After his death, she married Ambrose Spencer, her sister's widower

paragraph: His second wife was Mary (née Little) Gray (1768–1835), the widow of Alexander Gray (1762–1795) who was born in Ireland. Together, James and Mary were the parents of six children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- James G. Clinton, who died young.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caroline Hannah Clinton (1800–1864), who married Charles Augustus Dewey (1793–1866), an Associate Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emma Little Clinton (1802–1823), who died unmarried

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Graham Clinton (1804–1849), who married Margaret Ellsworth Conger and served in Congress.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Letitia Clinton (1806–1842), who married Dr. Francis Bolton (1804–1849)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anna Clinton (1809–1833), who married Lt. Edward Ross

paragraph: Clinton died in Little Britain, New York, on September 22, 1812, the same year as his brother George.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Descendants.

paragraph: Through his son DeWitt, he was the grandfather of ten, including George William Clinton (1807–1885) who served as Mayor of Buffalo, New York from 1842 to 1843. Through his son George, he was the grandfather of three.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- Campbell, William W., "The Life and Writings of De Witt Clinton", Baker and Scribner, 1849

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sullivan/Clinton Expedition

description: American continental army general

wikidata_label: James Clinton

wikipedia_title: James Clinton


text:
Kofi
Akan
West Africa
slavery
Dutch colony
Berbice
Guyana
revolt
Canje River
cooper
Berbice River
Fort Nassau
Peerenboom
Republic Day
Georgetown

categories: Guyanese people of Akan descent,History of Guyana,Guyanese slaves,Year of birth unknown,1763 deaths,Rebel slaves,Guyanese military personnel

paragraph: Cuffy (Guyanese rebel)

paragraph: Cuffy, also spelled Coffy, Kofi or Koffi (died in 1763), was an Akan man who was captured in his native West Africa and stolen for slavery to work in the plantations of the Dutch colony of Berbice in present-day Guyana. He became famous because in 1763 he led a revolt of more than 2,500 slaves against the colony regime. Today, he is a national hero in Guyana.

paragraph: Section::::The Berbice slave uprising.

paragraph: Cuffy lived in Lilienburg, a plantation on the Canje River, as a house-slave for a cooper (barrel maker). An uprising broke out at Magdalenenburg plantation, upper Canje River, in February 1763 and moved on to neighbouring plantations, attacking owners. When Governor Van Hogenheim sent military assistance to the region, the rebellion had reached the Berbice River and was moving steadily towards the Berbice capital, Fort Nassau. They took gunpowder and guns from the attacked plantations.

paragraph: By 3 March the rebels were 500 in number. Led by Cosala, they tried to take the brick house of Peerenboom. They agreed to allow the whites to leave the brick house, but as soon they left, the rebels killed many and took several prisoners, among them the daughter of the Peerenboon Plantation owner, whom Cuffy kept as his wife.

paragraph: Cuffy was soon accepted by the rebels as their leader and declared himself Governor of Berbice. Doing so he named Akara as his deputy and tried to establish discipline over the troops. Akara was skilful in military discipline. They organized the farms in order to provide food supplies.

paragraph: Section::::Decadency of the rebellion.

paragraph: Van Hoogenheim committed himself to retake the colony. Akara attacked the whites three times without permission from Cuffy, but they were driven back. Thus began a dispute among the two rebels. On 2 April 1763 Cuffy wrote to Van Hoogenheim saying that he did not want a war against the whites and proposed a partition of Berbice with the whites occupying the coastal areas and the blacks the interior. Van Hoogenheim delayed his decision waiting for support from neighboring colonies. Cuffy then ordered his forces to attack the whites on 13 May 1763, but in so doing had many losses. The defeat opened a division among the rebels and weakened their organization. Akara became the leader of a new faction opposed to Cuffy and led to a civil war among themselves. When Akara won, Cuffy was captured and killed by the Dutch.

paragraph: Section::::National hero.

paragraph: The anniversary of the Cuffy slave rebellion, 23 February, has been Republic Day in Guyana since 1970. Cuffy is commemorated in the 1763 Monument in the Square of the Revolution in the capital Georgetown.

alias: Kofi Coffy Koffi

description: Guyanese rebel

wikidata_label: Kofi

wikipedia_title: Cuffy (Guyanese rebel)


text: Major League Baseball

text: pitcher

text: Kansas City Royals

text: Boston Red Sox

text: Chicago Cubs

text: Houston Astros

text: Chicago White Sox

text: New York Yankees

text: Philadelphia Phillies

text: Arizona Diamondbacks

text: Avon Park High School

text: Avon Park, Florida

text: 1986 MLB Draft

text: signing bonus

text: starting pitcher

text: ERA

text: Rookie of the Year

text: strikeout

text: American League

text: Flash

text: closer

text: save

text: All-Star

text: ulnar collateral ligament

text: Tommy John surgery

text: New England

text: Stephen King

text: The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon

text: bullpen

text: set-up

text: Mariano Rivera

text: middle reliever

text: strikeout

text: ERA

text: saves

text: Billy Wagner

text: Mets

text: Brett Myers

text: World Series ring

text: Arizona Diamondbacks

text: Rolaids Relief Man of the Year Award

text: MLB

text: Devaris

text: Nicholas

text: Dee

text: Seattle Mariners

text: Nick

text: Minnesota Twins

text: 2014 Major League Baseball draft

text: Chattanooga Lookouts

text: Cleveland Indians

text: 1987 draft

text: a year later

text: MiLB

text: Mexican League

text: Atlantic League

text: Stephen King

text: The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon

text: Baseball Library

categories: Houston Astros players,1967 births,Appleton Foxes players,Philadelphia Phillies players,American League saves champions,Gulf Coast Phillies players,Chicago White Sox players,National League All-Stars,Fort Myers Royals players,Omaha Royals players,New York Yankees players,Baseball players from Florida,Kansas City Royals players,African-American baseball players,Boston Red Sox players,Gulf Coast Royals players,Chicago Cubs players,Eugene Emeralds players,Major League Baseball pitchers,American League All-Stars,Living people,Iowa Cubs players,Reno Aces players,Memphis Chicks players,Daytona Cubs players,Arizona Diamondbacks players,Clearwater Threshers players

paragraph: Tom Gordon

paragraph: Thomas Flynn Gordon (born November 18, 1967), nicknamed "Flash", is a former Major League Baseball right-handed pitcher.

paragraph: He pitched for the Kansas City Royals (1988–95), Boston Red Sox (1996–99), Chicago Cubs (2001–02), Houston Astros (2002), Chicago White Sox (2003), New York Yankees (2004–05), Philadelphia Phillies (2006–08) and the Arizona Diamondbacks (2009). In 1998 he won the Rolaids Relief Man of the Year Award and led the American League in saves and in games finished, and in 1998-99 he set a then-MLB record with 54 consecutive saves.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Gordon was one of several children born to Annie and Thomas Gordon. He was raised in abject poverty and his parents could not afford a telephone. Gordon attended Avon Park High School in Avon Park, Florida, and was a letterman in baseball. He was selected in the sixth round of the 1986 MLB Draft by the Kansas City Royals. He received a $38,000 signing bonus.

paragraph: Section::::Major league career.

paragraph: Section::::Major league career.:Early career.

paragraph: Gordon began his career as a starting pitcher with the Kansas City Royals, first appearing in five games at the age of 20 late in the 1988 season. He became an immediate sensation in Kansas City the following year, posting a 17-9 record and a 3.64 ERA in his first full season, and he finished second in the 1989 Rookie of the Year balloting. Gordon also recorded 153 strikeouts in 1989, the tenth highest total in the American League, all of which earned him the nickname "Flash."

paragraph: Gordon continued to post top-10 strikeout totals during the 1990 and 1991 seasons, but his number of wins dropped each year while his ERA crept upwards. Finally, in 1992 Gordon had one of the worst season of his career, posting a 6-10 record and a 4.59 ERA. He bounced back with seasons of 11 or 12 wins from 1993 to 1995, but he never quite regained his rookie form. Prior to the 1996 season, Gordon left Kansas City and signed as a free agent with the Boston Red Sox.

paragraph: In his first season in Boston, Gordon had a 12-9 record and a 5.59 ERA – the highest ERA of his career to that point. Over the next two years, however, the Red Sox converted Gordon from a starting pitcher to a closer and his career reignited. In 1998, Gordon set the club's single-season record for saves (46), with 43 of them in a row, and was named to his first All-Star Team. His success continued in 1999 setting a major league record with his 54th consecutive save in June, but a nagging elbow injury limited him to just 21 appearances, which required ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (or UCL) also known as Tommy John surgery, that forced him to spend 2000 on the disabled list. His popularity in Boston at this point led New England-based writer and Red Sox fan Stephen King to reference him as the object of infatuation for the young protagonist of the 1999 novel "The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon". After subsequent stops in Houston and both sides of Chicago, Gordon landed in New York. He was an invaluable addition to the Yankees bullpen, serving as a set-up for closer Mariano Rivera, or as a middle reliever in tough situations.

paragraph: Section::::Major league career.:2006-07.

paragraph: At this point, Gordon had compiled a career 122-111 record with 1733 strikeouts, a 3.99 ERA, 114 saves, and 1,896.2 innings in 671 games (203 as a starter).

paragraph: He signed a three-year deal worth $18 million with the Phillies before the 2006 season. Gordon debuted in Philadelphia as a closer during the 2006 season, replacing Billy Wagner, who signed with the Mets after the 2005 season. On May 2, 2007, Gordon was placed on the disabled list due to a rotator cuff inflammation, at which time he was replaced in the closer slot by former starting pitcher Brett Myers. Following both pitchers' return from the DL, Myers retained the closer position, while Gordon was shifted to a late-inning reliever. Flash was named to the 2006 NL All Star Team as the leading vote getter from the players.

paragraph: Section::::Major league career.:2008.

paragraph: Gordon had fully rehabilitated his arm and was prepared for the '08 season.

paragraph: However, on July 6, 2008, Gordon was placed on the 15-day disabled list for tenderness in his right elbow. Fellow reliever Brad Lidge praised Gordon calling him "a stud" and said that the Phils were hoping for him to return to the team after his 15-day stint. Prior to being placed on the disabled list, Gordon recorded a 13.45 earned run average giving up six runs in four total innings since June 11. He eventually was ruled out for the season but was able to earn his only World Series ring on the bench in the 2008 World Series.

paragraph: Section::::Major league career.:2009.

paragraph: On February 6, , Gordon signed a one-year deal with the Arizona Diamondbacks. After spending most of the season on the disabled list, he was released on August 11.

paragraph: Section::::Major league career.:2010.

paragraph: On August 9, Gordon said that he still thinks he has what it takes to compete, but that he's "fine" with retirement.

paragraph: Section::::Career highlights and achievements.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rolaids Relief Man of the Year Award (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Led AL in saves (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Led AL in games finished (69, 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Set an MLB record with 54 consecutive saves (1998–99)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Led AL in Holds (36) 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Three-time All-Star (1998, 2004, 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Only pitcher in MLB history with 100 wins, saves, and holds.

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Series Champion (2008)

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Gordon has five children with four different women, none of whom he married. He is the father of Tamasha, Devaris, Thomas, Thomana, and Nicholas.

paragraph: His oldest son, Dee, plays for the Seattle Mariners. His youngest son, Nick, was drafted fifth overall by the Minnesota Twins in the 2014 Major League Baseball draft and currently plays for their Class AA affiliate Chattanooga Lookouts. Gordon is the guardian of Cleveland Indians minor league pitcher Juan Hillman.

paragraph: Two of Gordon's brothers, Anthony Gordon and Pork Chop Pough, played professional baseball. Anthony was drafted by the Seattle Mariners in the 26th round of the 1987 draft and played 7 minor league seasons. Pough was drafted in the third round by the Cleveland Indians a year later and played 7 seasons in MiLB followed by one season in the Mexican League and five in the Atlantic League.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Gordon is mentioned by name in the title, and frequently referred to in the Stephen King novel "The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career strikeout leaders

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baseball Library

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Tom Gordon

wikipedia_title: Tom Gordon


text: German

text: painter

text: sculptor

text: designer

text: choreographer

text: Bauhaus

text: Triadisches Ballett

text: geometrical

text: Swabia

text: apprentice

text: inlay

text: marquetry

text: Kunstgewerbeschule

text: Stuttgart

text: landscape painters

text: Christian Landenberger

text: Friedrich von Keller

text: abstract art

text: Adolf Hölzel

text: impressionism

text: cubism

text: Western Front

text: World War I

text: cartography

text: Colmar

text: Berlin

text: modern art

text: Paul Klee

text: Willi Baumeister

text: Walter Gropius

text: Lothar Schreyer

text: Hannes Meyer

text: Breslau

text: Cubism

text: Folkwang Museum

text: Essen

text: Breslau

text: Wall Street Crash

text: Eichberg

text: Swiss

text: Sehringen

text: Degenerate Art Exhibition

text: inner emigration

text: Max Bill

text: World War II

text: Wuppertal

text: Willi Baumeister

text: Georg Muche

text: Baden-Baden

text: diary

text: Otto Meyer

text: Willi Baumeister

text: staff

text: student

text: Baltimore Museum of Art

text: Google Doodle

text: court order

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: Neue Nationalgalerie

text: injunction

text: Sotheby's

text: Oskar Schlemmer The Official Site

text: Portuguese

categories: Ballet librettists,19th-century German photographers,German male painters,1888 births,Bauhaus teachers,19th-century sculptors,1943 deaths,20th-century sculptors,German puppeteers,20th-century German photographers,German theatre directors,Ballet designers,German sculptors,20th-century German painters,German military personnel of World War I,19th-century German painters,German male sculptors

paragraph: Oskar Schlemmer

paragraph: Oskar Schlemmer (4 September 1888 – 13 April 1943) was a German painter, sculptor, designer and choreographer associated with the Bauhaus school.

paragraph: In 1923, he was hired as Master of Form at the Bauhaus theatre workshop, after working at the workshop of sculpture. His most famous work is "Triadisches Ballett" (Triadic Ballet), which saw costumed actors transformed into geometrical representations of the human body in what he described as a "party of form and colour".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Childhood and apprenticeships.

paragraph: Born in September 1888 in Swabia, Germany, Oskar Schlemmer was the youngest of six children. His parents, Carl Leonhard Schlemmer and Mina Neuhaus, both died around 1900 and the young Oskar lived with his sister and learned at an early age to provide for himself. By 1903 he was completely independent and supporting himself as an apprentice in an inlay workshop, moving on to another apprenticeship in marquetry from 1905 to 1909.

paragraph: Oskar Schlemmer studied at the Kunstgewerbeschule (School of Applied Arts) in Stuttgart and won a scholarship to attend the Akademie der Bildenden Künste (Stuttgart Academy of Fine Art), where he studied under the tutelage of landscape painters Christian Landenberger and Friedrich von Keller starting in 1906. In 1910 Schlemmer moved to Berlin where he painted some of his first important works before returning to Stuttgart in 1912 as the master pupil of abstract artist Adolf Hölzel, abandoning impressionism and moving toward cubism in his work. In 1914 Schlemmer was enlisted to fight on the Western Front in World War I until he was wounded and moved to a position with the military cartography unit in Colmar, where he resided until returning to work under Hölzel in 1918.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:The Bauhaus years.

paragraph: In 1919 Schlemmer turned to sculpture and had an exhibition of his work at the gallery "Der Sturm" in Berlin. At the same time he helped to update the curriculum at the Stuttgart Academy of Fine Art with the appointment of new faculty and exhibitions of modern art. Among those involved were Paul Klee and Willi Baumeister. After his marriage to Helena Tutein in 1920, Schlemmer was invited to Weimar by Walter Gropius to run the mural-painting and sculpture departments at the Bauhaus School before taking over the stagecraft workshop from Lothar Schreyer in 1923. His complex ideas were influential, making him one of the most important teachers working at the school at that time. However, due to the heightened political atmosphere in Germany at the end of the 1920s, and in particular with the appointment of the radical communist architect Hannes Meyer as Gropius's successor, in 1929 Schlemmer resigned his position and moved to take up a job at the Art Academy in Breslau.

paragraph: Schlemmer became known internationally with the première of his 'Triadisches Ballett' in Stuttgart in 1922. His work for the Bauhaus and his preoccupation with the theatre are an important factor in his work, which deals mainly with the problematic of the figure in space. People, typically stylised faceless female figures, continued to be the predominant subject in his painting. While at Bauhaus, he developed the multidisciplinary course "Der Mensch (The human being)." In the human form he saw a measure that could provide a foothold in the disunity of his time. After using Cubism as a springboard for his structural studies, Schlemmer's work became intrigued with the possibilities of figures and their relationship to the space around them, for example 'Egocentric Space Lines' (1924). Schlemmer's characteristic forms can be seen in his sculptures as well as his paintings. Yet he also turned his attention to stage design, first getting involved with this in 1929, executing settings for the opera 'Nightingale' and the ballet 'Renard' by Igor Stravinsky.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Life and death under the Third Reich.

paragraph: From 1928 to 1930, Schlemmer worked on nine murals for a room in the Folkwang Museum in Essen. After leaving the Bauhaus in 1929, Schlemmer took a post at the Akademie in Breslau, where he painted his most celebrated work, the 'Bauhaustreppe', ('Bauhaus Stairway') (1932; Museum of Modern Art, New York). He was obliged to leave the Breslau Academy when it was closed down in the wake of the financial crisis following the Wall Street Crash, and took up a professorship at Berlin's "Vereinigte Staatsschulen für freie und angewandete Kunst" (United State School for Fine and Applied Art) in 1932, which he held until 1933 when he was forced to resign due to pressure from the Nazis. The Schlemmers then moved to Eichberg near the Swiss border, and then to Sehringen before his pictures were displayed at the Degenerate Art Exhibition in Munich in 1937. The last ten years of his life were spent in a state of 'inner emigration'. Max Bill, in his obituary of Schlemmer, wrote that it was 'as if a curtain of silence' had descended over him during this time.

paragraph: During World War II, Schlemmer worked at the Institut für Malstoffe in Wuppertal, along with Willi Baumeister and Georg Muche, run by the philanthropist Kurt Herbert. The factory offered Schlemmer the opportunity to paint without the fear of persecution. His series of eighteen small, mystical paintings entitled "Fensterbilder" ("Window Pictures," 1942) were painted while looking out the window of his house and observing neighbors engaged in their domestic tasks. These were Schlemmer's final works before his death in the hospital at Baden-Baden in 1943.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Schlemmer's ideas on art were complex and challenging even for the progressive Bauhaus movement. His work, nevertheless, was widely exhibited in both Germany and outside the country. His work was a rejection of pure abstraction, instead retaining a sense of the human, though not in the emotional sense but in view of the physical structure of the human. He represented bodies as architectural forms, reducing the figure to a rhythmic play between convex, concave and flat surfaces. And not just of its form, he was fascinated by every movement the body could make; trying to capture it in his work. As well as leaving a large body of work behind, Schlemmer art theories have also been published. A comprehensive book of his letters and diary entries from 1910 to 1943 is also available.

paragraph: Along with Schlemmer's diary, his private letters to Otto Meyer and Willi Baumeister have given valuable insight on what happened at the Bauhaus; especially his writings of how the staff and students responded to the many changes and developments at the school.

paragraph: Schlemmer's first retrospective in the United States was mounted by the Baltimore Museum of Art in 1986.

paragraph: On 4 September 2018, to commemorate what would have been his 130th birthday, Google released a Google Doodle celebrating him.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Controversy.

paragraph: In 2000, the artist's daughter Ute Jaina Schlemmer, who asserted that she owns the painting "Bauhaus Stairway (Bauhaustreppe)" or is owed money for it, obtained a court order to hold it for further investigation while it was on temporary loan from the Museum of Modern Art in New York to the Neue Nationalgalerie in Berlin. Before the injunction was served on the Neue Nationalgalerie, "Bauhaus Stairway" had already been packed and shipped to New York.

paragraph: Section::::Art market.

paragraph: In 1998, Schlemmer's "Idealistic Encounter" (1928) was sold for $1.487 million at Sotheby's in New York.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oskar Schlemmer The Official Site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Volker Straebel's essay on 'The Mutual Influence of Europe and North America in the History of Musikperformance' / Oskar Schlemmer's Triadisches Ballett

paragraph: BULLET::::- Articles on "Bauhaustreppe" (1932) in The Burlington Magazine (July 2009; second part September 2010) by John-Paul Stonard

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quem foi Oskar Schlemmer e porque a Google lhe dedica um Doodle (Portuguese)

alias:
Oscar Schlemmer
Schlemmer

wikidata_label: Oskar Schlemmer

wikipedia_title: Oskar Schlemmer


text:
ancient Egypt
First Intermediate Period
Eighth Dynasty of Egypt
Jürgen von Beckerath
cartouche
egyptologist
Ahmed Bey Kamal
Raymond Weill
mastaba
necropolis
Manfalut
Pyramid of Khui
mortuary temple
Barry Kemp
Toby Wilkinson
nomarch
power vacuum
Old Kingdom
Heracleopolite
9th Dynasty
Thomas Schneider

categories: 22nd-century BC Pharaohs,Pharaohs of the Eighth Dynasty of Egypt,Nomarchs

paragraph: Khui

paragraph: Khui was an ancient Egyptian kinglet during the early First Intermediate Period. Khui may have belonged to the Eighth Dynasty of Egypt, as Jürgen von Beckerath has proposed, or he may instead have been a provincial nomarch who proclaimed himself king.

paragraph: Section::::Attestation.

paragraph: Khui is not known from historical sources and the only certain attestation of his existence is a fragmentary relief on a stone block showing his cartouche which was published in 1912 by the egyptologist Ahmed Bey Kamal and later republished by Raymond Weill. The block was excavated from a mastaba tomb of the necropolis of Dara near Manfalut. This necropolis is dominated by a massive funerary structure which was hastily attributed to this obscure king (the so-called "Pyramid of Khui"), assuming that the block came from its almost disappeared mortuary temple.

paragraph: Section::::Pharaoh or nomarch.

paragraph: Based on the cartouche surrounding Khui's name on the relief from Dara, Egyptologists including Jürgen von Beckerath have proposed that he was a king of the early First Intermediate Period, belonging to the Eighth Dynasty.

paragraph: At the opposite, Egyptologists Barry Kemp and Toby Wilkinson believe it more likely that Khui was a nomarch, that is a provincial governor, who took advantage of the power vacuum following the collapse of the Old Kingdom and proclaimed himself king, in the same way of the coeval and neighboring Heracleopolite founders of the 9th Dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jürgen von Beckerath, "Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägypten", Zabern Verlag Mainz, 1994, p. 151. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Schneider, "Lexikon der Pharaonen", Düsseldorf, Albatros Verlag, 2002, p. 104. .

description: ancient Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Khui

wikipedia_title: Khui


text:
English
association football
Western Sydney Wanderers
W-League
FA Women's Premier League
Liverpool Ladies

categories: Newcastle Jets FC (W-League) players,1988 births,USL W-League players,FA Women's Premier League players,Brisbane Roar FC (W-League) players,Expatriate women's soccer players in Australia,Western Sydney Wanderers FC (W-League) players,Expatriate women's soccer players in the United States,Liverpool F.C. Women players,Women's association football forwards,English women's footballers,W-League (Australia) players,Living people

paragraph: Hannah Beard

paragraph: Hannah Beard (born 22 August 1988) is an English association football player, who last played for Western Sydney Wanderers in the Australian W-League.

paragraph: As a youngster Beard turned out for FA Women's Premier League outfit Liverpool Ladies.

description: Association footballer

wikidata_label: Hannah Beard

wikipedia_title: Hannah Beard


text: SS

text: Nazi era

text: Reich Main Security Office

text: Einsatzgruppen

text: Freikorps Bahrenfeld

text: Kapp-Putsch

text: Political Police

text: Reichstag Fire

text: Bradley Smith

text: Reinhard Heydrich

text: Einsatzgruppen

text: Werner Best

text: Vienna

text: Einsatzgruppe I

text: Operation Tannenberg

text: Bolshevik

text: gypsies

text: Sonderbehandlung

text: 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer

text: Hamburg

text: Gestapochef

text: Otto Ohlendorf

text: Einsatzgruppen

text: Ulm Einsatzkommando trial

text: Ludwigsburg

text: Gestapo

text: Iron Cross

text: German Cross

text: Standartenführer

text: List SS-Gruppenführer

categories: Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves,German Nazi politicians,1977 deaths,SS-Gruppenführer,Nazis who served in World War I,RSHA personnel,Nazi war criminals released early from prison,People from Hamburg,Recipients of the Gold German Cross,1902 births,Einsatzgruppen personnel,20th-century Freikorps personnel,German military personnel of World War I,Holocaust perpetrators in Poland,Waffen-SS personnel,Gestapo personnel

paragraph: Bruno Streckenbach

paragraph: Bruno Streckenbach (7 February 1902 – 28 October 1977) was a German SS functionary during the Nazi era. He was the head of Administration and Personnel Department of the Reich Main Security Office. Streckenbach was responsible for many thousands of murders committed by Nazi mobile killing squads known as Einsatzgruppen.

paragraph: Section::::Early Years.

paragraph: Bruno Streckenbach was born in Hamburg, Germany on 7 February 1902. His highest education was Gymnasium, which he left in April 1918 to voluntarily report to the German army during World War I. Just like his close colleagues Erwin Schulz and Heinrich Himmler, he never served on the front lines of the battlefield due to the ceasefire that took place in November 1918.

paragraph: After the first World War, he was an active member of the Freikorps Bahrenfeld, which took part in the 1920 Kapp-Putsch. He was employed as a wholesale merchant, tried his hand at advertising, being a radio editor and also trying to establish himself as the director of a local office.

paragraph: Section::::Nazi Seizure of Power in 1933.

paragraph: 1933 was a huge year for many soon-to-be SS and police officers. As some historians have mentioned, for people like Streckenbach, 1933 was the year in which they assumed positions of the Political Police, but also the year which they were put into “leadership positions, posts they would hardly have occupied without the National Socialist seizure of power.” Following the Reichstag Fire on 27 February 1933 which the Nazis falsely propagated to be “communist-led,” there was a temporary suspension on the Weimar constitutional rights, which heightened the governmental rights in such an instance. There were many protests and elevated persecution towards left-wing politicals which followed the Presidential Decree for the Protection of Volk and State on February 28. This all happened right before the March 5 Reichstag Elections, which the National Socialists won, only upon merging with the Deutschnationale Volkspartei. After having the majority vote, the Nazi “seizure of power” was under way. Persecution against Bolsheviks, Jews increased continuously, as did the horrifying accounts of brutal assault and sporadic murder and arson. It was in this seizure of power which many of the future leaders of the RSHA held their first positions in the party.

paragraph: More than a quarter of the future RSHA leaders had already been police officers in their respective home towns before 1933. In 1933, almost two-thirds of these men were given Political Police positions in their towns or cities, or sent to Berlin as a part of the Gestapo Office. Although Streckenbach had only entered into the police force 31 August 1931 as the leader of the SS-Sturmbanner in Hamburg, Streckenbach’s placement as chief of the Gestapo in Hamburg proves the “superficiality of professional continuity” – referring to a lack of qualifications many candidates possessed– as some historians critique of the Nazi party and its seizure of power. For years, these young radical right-wing militants had been marginalized, but with the rise of the Nazis, they were now given the chance to pursue a career which preserved their radical and violent worldviews, and indeed encouraged such behaviour. Historian Bradley Smith argues that the Nazi seizure of power offered these young men, including Bruno Streckenbach, a career which abided by and even enhanced their radicalism, and provided professional advancements which they had failed to receive in their careers up to this point.

paragraph: Section::::In the invasion of Poland.

paragraph: As historians point out, Reinhard Heydrich and Himmler had always been trying to expand their powers—physically and politically—beyond the confines of the German Reich. In accordance with Hitler’s notion of Lebensraum, active persecution against Polish people in the Reich, and long-term goals of “conquering extensive territories in the Soviet Union”, Hitler and other top Nazi leadership started preparing for a war, marked by the invasion of Poland. In preparation for the invasion of Poland, Heydrich expressed his ambition of having mobilized killing units, a “fighting administration” as he put it.

paragraph: The Einsatzgruppen would be in charge of securing German political position and occupation in Poland, furthering the ideology of ethnic cleansing and Lebensraum via deportations out of the occupied territory and mass executions within. The number of Einsatzgruppen corresponded with the number of Wehrmacht army units deployed: five. The leaders of the Security Police in Berlin selected the office heads of the "Einsatzgruppen" very carefully, most of them being prior SD members or leaders. The members of the Einsatzgruppen—500 men per Einsatzgruppe—were taken from local SS and police stations near the five units’ locations.

paragraph: After the war, Bruno Streckenbach testified that Werner Best had directed deployment orders directly to him at the end of July or beginning of August. He continued by saying he had immediately left Hamburg to drive to Vienna, where he had been deployed from as head of Einsatzgruppe I. The German Wehrmacht invaded Poland on the morning of 1 September 1939. The Einsatzgruppen followed after them sending reports back to Berlin detailing the actions of Operation Tannenberg, the code name given to the deployment of the SD and Security Police in Poland during the opening weeks of the war. It was Streckenbach's task to oversee four districts as "Befehlshaber der Sicherheitspolizei im General Gouvernement": Warsaw, Krakow, Radom and Lublin. In each of these districts, thousands of Polish intellectuals—many former officers, professors, teachers, or politicians—were arrested and soon after, murdered. Streckenbach detailed the mission of the Einsatzgruppen: they were to seize and destroy all political and racial enemy groups, such as Bolsheviks, gypsies, partisans and Jews. In addition, the Einsatzgruppen were to report on and evaluate material seized during the campaign and to gather information from agents among the Soviet population. He ordered all enemies of the Third Reich to be deported to concentration camps and there to be executed. Jews were especially singled out for Sonderbehandlung ("special treatment"), a process that entailed particularly brutal punishment beatings. On 9 November 1941 he was promoted to SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Polizei.

paragraph: Section::::Einsatzgruppen.

paragraph: By the end of 1939, the Einsatzgruppen were permanent units of the RSHA. Many members of the RSHA worked alongside the Einsatzgruppen in implementing brutal violence and mass murder throughout Poland. In May 1940, thousands of Poles were reported as liquidated in accordance with the lack of world interest in Poland while the Wehrmacht began its western offensive. At the end of this month, Streckenbach had reported that “sentencing by martial law” was completed, with over 8,500 persons–whether accused as being “career criminals” or summoned to “summary sentencing”–were either already executed or would be shortly.

paragraph: During his time in Poland, he had earned a reputation for himself as the ruthless chief, who fought with such determination and mercilessness to eradicate any, and all, Nazi opponents.

paragraph: Historian Michael Wildt suggests a stark increase in the activation of Streckenbach’s radicalness from his time as a Gestapo chief in Hamburg to his first few months as the Head of Einsatzgruppe I in Poland. Wildt notes the difference in responsibilities, going from arrests, abuses, assaults and killings of prisoners to the mindset of extermination of large groups of people. More than just a racial justification, Wildt suggests that Streckenbach’s first few months as head of Einsatzgruppe I escalated into a murderous ideology that was unconceivable before this position.

paragraph: Most of the previous SD men who were now employed in the Einsatzgruppen hadn’t inflicted such murderous activity on so many people up until this point. As Wildt suggests, the deployment in Poland for the Einsatzgruppen was a defining moment for how policing matters were to be handled. It was these men’s “first experience as racist mass murderers”

paragraph: The deportations to the General-Gouvernement came from the Reich as well as newly “Germanized” territories which Germany had taken from Poland, removed the local “opponents”–Jews, Romas and “asocial persons”–and replaced with ethnic Germans. During the late months of 1939, a span of eight weeks consisted of the execution of over 60,000 people by the Nazi forces, which included the Einsatzgruppen.

paragraph: Hitler insisted that this “harsh ethnic battle” could only be defeated without any internal resistance or legal restrictions upon implementation. Furthermore, the RSHA was the appropriate department for this “ethnic battle."

paragraph: Section::::German Offensive on the Soviet Union.

paragraph: In the beginning of 1941, the inevitable offensive on the Soviet Union was first discussed among leaders of the RSHA, which included Bruno Streckenbach. In March 1941, Heydrich informed a small circle of leaders, including Streckenbach, about the offensive that was to take place against the Soviet Union. The Wehrmacht Army would lead in formation and the Einsatzgruppen would secure the area after it had been defeated. Despite the volunteering deployment of Streckenbach on his unit’s behalf, Heydrich would later decide upon further consideration.

paragraph: Streckenbach had commissioned the Personnel and Administration Office Leaders, advising them to prepare for deployment. In May 1941, Streckenbach called on his long-time colleague Erwin Schulz to prepare his men in the Leadership School of the Security Police in Berlin-Charlottenberg for deployment after just having completed their training as Criminal Police inspectors. Streckenbach sent them to Pretzsch, where they were to assume leadership status of the Einsatzkommando.

paragraph: These young soldiers, many of them recent college graduates, came motivated to fight and impress authority. The Einsatzgruppen were divided and formed in Pretzsch in May 1941. Streckenbach, Müller and Heydrich had the most authority in dispersing directions of the Einsatzkommandos in Pretzsch leading up to the offensive on the Soviet Union. Furthermore, in Otto Ohlendorf’s Nuremberg Trial, he testified that Bruno Streckenbach had communicated the “order for the Final Solution” to the Einsatzgruppen.

paragraph: Section::::Heydrich's death's impacts on the RSHA.

paragraph: Himmler and Hitler’s actions following the assassination attempt and death thereafter of Heydrich were seen as particularly vengeful; As Hitler once stated about the Czechs who killed Heydrich, whenever you “kill someone, what results is always worse”. Streckenbach was called to Prague following the 4 June death of Heydrich. Himmler deemed the situation dire, having the head of the RSHA killed with such abruptness.

paragraph: Despite considering many leaders to assume Heydrich’s position, Himmler decided to lead the RSHA himself. He declared this decision on 8 June 1942, with Streckenbach, Müller, Nebe, Ohlendorf and Schellenberg. Soon after on 23 June 1942, Himmler told Streckenbach that the RSHA was now the leading political organ of the SS and police. This was major power for the RSHA, meaning unification of political policy and policing power.

paragraph: While Himmler was the head of the RSHA, Streckenbach—along with each of the other RSHA office heads—had near-full autonomy in deciding the internal structure of their respective divisions. Himmler focused his efforts on ensuring that Western European Jews be sent to extermination camps as efficiently and completely as possible, allowing the office heads like Streckenbach to control how it was done.

paragraph: At the end of July 1942, Himmler named Streckenbach his representative as the legal authority of the RSHA. This essentially gave him absolute authority in deciding disciplinary cases regarding members of the RSHA. After about six months as RSHA head, Himmler concluded that a successor had to be named. Bruno Streckenbach’s responsibilities and qualifications were highly regarded and far exceeded expectations, and for this reason he was largely considered as the best candidate for the position. Historian Tuviah Friedmann speculated that Himmler saw Streckenbach in some regards as having far too much power in his hands, possibly even seeing him as professional competition. To this day however, it is still unknown why Streckenbach was not commissioned for the position of head of the RSHA, and Ernst Kaltenbrunner was chosen instead.

paragraph: Section::::After the RSHA.

paragraph: Hitler and Himmler wanted to name Streckenbach as the Senior SS and Police Leader of the Alpenland in Salzburg, Austria. Extremely disappointed, nonetheless, Streckenbach declined and in a personal letter to Himmler, requested to be placed in a military position.

paragraph: Streckenbach trained in Hilversum, Holland with an antitank unit (as an Untersturmführer) in the beginning of 1943, and quickly advanced through the ranks of the military, even for being a senior SS leader. He was a regiment and division leader of the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer and went on to lead the 19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian) in the offensive against the Soviet Union in 1944 as a general of the Waffen-SS.

paragraph: On 10 May 1945, Streckenbach and his division were captured and taken prisoner by the Soviet army.

paragraph: He remained a Soviet prisoner of war until 9 October 1955, when he was sent back to Hamburg.

paragraph: Section::::Legal Prosecution.

paragraph: When Streckenbach returned to Hamburg, he was informed that he faced charges for actions he had taken as the city's Gestapochef. He was accused of beating someone in the kidneys; however after further investigation, the state prosecutor could not obtain the appropriate documents which provided evidence of the charges.

paragraph: During the Nuremberg Trials, Streckenbach’s name was continuously mentioned in court papers, among which was a telling testimony from Otto Ohlendorf who, as mentioned before, identified Streckenbach as one who had directed the Einsatzgruppen towards implementation of the Final Solution. However, the Hamburg State Prosecutor’s Office concluded that there was not sufficient evidence to prove that his actions conflicted with the extant governing laws of the National Socialist rule. It was the case that many inhumane acts taken by the former Nazi members; as Wildt says, the assumption that National Socialism was synonymous with the “German Dictatorship rendered indivisible” the murderous acts that the party had taken in eastern and southern Europe and the Soviet Union.

paragraph: In 1957, state prosecutors in Germany began discovering the unfathomable atrocities and millions of deaths of Soviet Jews culminating in the Ulm Einsatzkommando trial. His case prompted the 1959 establishment of the Central Office of State Justice Administration for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes (Zentrale Stelle der Landesjustizverwaltungen zur Aufklärung der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltverbrechen) in Ludwigsburg.

paragraph: In the early 1960s, the office discovered a document providing evidence of deployment orders to Criminal Police and Gestapo officers that incited murderous activity. The court ordered the resumption of the investigation of crimes committed by Bruno Streckenbach.

paragraph: On 30 June 1973, a bill of indictment for the murder of at least a million people was brought. Streckenbach, who was suffering from serious heart disease at the time, claimed ineligibility notwithstanding the strains a trial might place on his health. On 20 September 1974, the Hanseatic Appellate Court confirmed a diagnosis postponing trial commencement indefinitely. Bruno Streckenbach never had to answer for his part in the Nazi regime. He died on 28 October 1977 in Hamburg, Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Legal Prosecution.:Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (10 October 1940) & 1st Class (15 July 1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- German Cross in Gold on 15 December 1943 as SS-Standartenführer in the SS-Kavallerie-Division

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross on 27 August 1944 as commander of the 19. Waffen-Grenadier Division der Waffen-SS (lett. Nr. 2).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oak Leaves on 16 January 1945 as commander of the 19. Waffen-Grenadier Division der Waffen-SS (lett. Nr. 2).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List SS-Gruppenführer

description: German general

wikidata_label: Bruno Streckenbach

wikipedia_title: Bruno Streckenbach


text: Brontë

text: Charlotte

text: Emily

text: Anne

text: Patrick Brontë

text: Maria Branwell Brontë

text: Thornton

text: Bradford

text: West Riding of Yorkshire

text: Haworth

text: Cowan Bridge

text: Elizabeth Gaskell

text: Charlotte Brontë

text: Noctes Ambrosianae

text: Blackwood's Magazine

text: paracosm

text: James Hogg

text: Masonic Lodge

text: John Bradley

text: Keighley

text: Royal Academy of Arts

text: Francis Leyland

text: Halifax

text: Broughton-in-Furness

text: Kendal

text: Thomas De Quincey

text: Hartley Coleridge

text: Lake District

text: Horace

text: Odes

text: Juliet Barker

text: Halifax

text: Joseph Bentley Leyland

text: Manchester and Leeds Railway

text: Sowerby Bridge railway station

text: Luddendenfoot railway station

text: infatuation

text: Haworth parsonage

text: alcoholism

text: opiates

text: 1847 debut novels

text: tuberculosis

text: delirium tremens

text: laudanum

text: opium

text: addiction

text: bronchitis

text: marasmus

text: Elizabeth Gaskell

text: tuberculosis

text: Scarborough

text: Haworth

text: Stella Gibbons

text: Cold Comfort Farm

text: Wuthering Heights

text: Pauline Clarke

text: The Twelve and the Genii

text: The Graduate

text: film of the same name

text: Blake Morrison

text: Chekhov

text: Three Sisters

text: Robert Edric

text: Catherynne M. Valente

text: Devotion

text: Arthur Kennedy

text: The Brontës of Haworth

text: Michael Kitchen

text: The Brontë Sisters

text: Pascal Greggory

text: Adam Nagaitis

text: To Walk Invisible

text: Brontë family

text: Jim Finn's

text: "The Drunkard's Lament;"

text: The Young Men's Magazine, Number 1 – 3

text: Winifred Gérin

text: Daphne du Maurier

text: Juliet Barker

text: Robert Edric

text: Brontë Italian Site

categories: Brontë family,English male painters,19th-century English poets,1848 deaths,19th-century English painters,English people of Irish descent,19th-century deaths from tuberculosis,English people of Cornish descent,People from Thornton and Allerton,1817 births,English portrait painters

paragraph: Branwell Brontë

paragraph: Patrick Branwell Brontë (, ; 26 June 1817 – 24 September 1848), better known as Branwell Brontë, was an English painter and writer. He was the only son of the Brontë family, and brother of the writers Charlotte, Emily and Anne.

paragraph: Brontë was rigorously tutored at home by his father, and shared some of his sisters’ creative talent, earning praise for his poetry and translations from the classics. But he drifted between jobs, supporting himself by portrait-painting, and gave way to drug and alcohol addiction, apparently worsened by a failed relationship with a married woman, leading to his early death.

paragraph: Section::::Youth.

paragraph: Branwell Brontë was the fourth of six children and the only son of Patrick Brontë (1777–1861) and his wife, Maria Branwell Brontë (1783–1821). He was born in Thornton, near Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire, and moved with his family to Haworth when his father was appointed to the perpetual curacy in 1821.

paragraph: While four of his five sisters were sent to Cowan Bridge boarding school, Branwell was educated at home by his father, who gave him a classical education. Elizabeth Gaskell, biographer of his sister, Charlotte Brontë, says of Branwell's schooling "Mr. Brontë's friends advised him to send his son to school; but, remembering both the strength of will of his own youth and his mode of employing it, he believed that Branwell was better at home, and that he himself could teach him well, as he had told others before." His two eldest sisters died just before his eighth birthday in 1825, and their loss affected him deeply.

paragraph: Even as a young boy Brontë read extensively, and was especially fond of the "Noctes Ambrosianae", literary dialogues published in "Blackwood's Magazine". He took leadership role with Charlotte in a series of fantasy role-playing games which the siblings wrote and performed about the "Young Men", characters based on a set of wooden soldiers. The plays evolved into an intricate saga based in West Africa about the fictitious Glasstown confederacy. From 1834, he both collaborated and competed with his sister Charlotte to describe another imaginary world, "Angria". Branwell's particular interest in these paracosms were their politics and wars, including the destructive rivalry between their heroes, Charlotte's Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Zamorna, and his Alexander Percy, Earl of Northangerland. These writings impress by their virtuosity and scope, but are also repetitive when compared to Charlotte's contributions. Surrounded by female company and missing that of males, there are signs of pleasure in his early works of the wider options he would have due to his gender.

paragraph: Aged 11 in January 1829 he began producing a magazine, later named "Branwell's Blackwood's Magazine" which included his poems, plays, criticisms, histories and dialogues.

paragraph: Unlike his sisters, Brontë was not prepared for a specific career. In his only real attempt to find work, on the death of James Hogg, a Blackwood's writer, the 18-year-old Brontë boldly wrote to the magazine suggesting himself as a replacement. Between 1835 and 1842, Brontë wrote a total of six times to the magazine, sending poems and arrogantly offering his services. His letters were left unanswered. He began enjoying masculine company in the pubs in Haworth, and in February 1836 joined Haworth's Masonic Lodge of the Three Graces at the youngest possible age.

paragraph: In 1829–30, Patrick Brontë engaged John Bradley, an artist from neighbouring Keighley, as drawing-master for the children. Bradley was an artist of some local repute, rather than a professional instructor, but he may well have fostered Branwell's enthusiasm for art and architecture. Bradley emigrated to America in 1831, and Branwell Brontë continued his studies under the portrait painter William Robinson. In 1834 he painted a portrait of his three sisters. He included his own image but became dissatisfied with it and painted it out. This portrait is now one of the best known images of the sisters and hangs in the National Portrait Gallery.

paragraph: In 1835, he wrote a letter to the Royal Academy of Arts seeking to be admitted. Earlier biographers reported a move to London to study painting, which quickly ended following Brontë's dissolute spending on drink. Other biographers speculated that he was too intimidated to present himself at the Academy. More recent scholarship suggests that Brontë did not send the letter or even make the trip to London. According to Francis Leyland, Brontë's friend and a future biographer of the family, his first job was as an usher at a Halifax school. More certainly, Brontë worked as a portrait painter in Bradford in 1838 and 1839. Though certain of his paintings, for example that of his landlady Mrs. Kirby and a portrait of Emily show talent for comedic and serious styles, other portraits lack life. He returned to Haworth in debt in 1839.

paragraph: Section::::Adulthood.

paragraph: With his father, Brontë reviewed the classics with a view to future employment as a tutor. At the beginning of January 1840, he started his employment with the family of Robert Postlethwaite in Broughton-in-Furness. During this time he wrote letters to his pub friends in Haworth which give "a vivid picture of Branwell's scabrous humour, his boastfulness, and his need to be accepted in a man's world". According to Brontë, he started his job off with a riotous drinking session in Kendal.

paragraph: During this employment he continued his literary work, including sending poems and translations to Thomas De Quincey and Hartley Coleridge who both lived in the Lake District. At Coleridge's invitation, he visited the poet at his cottage who encouraged him to pursue his translations of Horace's Odes. In June 1840 he sent the translations to Coleridge, despite having been sacked by the Postlethwaites. According to Juliet Barker's biography of the Brontës, he may have fathered an illegitimate child during time in the town, but others suspect that it may be more of Brontë's boasting. Coleridge began an encouraging letter about the quality of the translations in November–December 1840 but never finished it.

paragraph: In October 1840, Brontë moved near to Halifax, where he had many good friends including the sculptor Joseph Bentley Leyland and Francis Grundy. He obtained employment with the Manchester and Leeds Railway, initially as 'assistant clerk in charge' at Sowerby Bridge railway station, where he was paid £75 per annum (paid quarterly).

paragraph: Later, on 1 April 1841, he was promoted to 'clerk in charge' at Luddendenfoot railway station, where his salary increased to £130. In 1842 he was dismissed due to a deficit in the accounts of £11–1s–7d (£11.08). This had probably been stolen by Watson, the porter, who was left in charge when Brontë went drinking. This was attributed to incompetence rather than theft and the missing sum was deducted from his salary.

paragraph: A description by Francis Leyland of Brontë at this time described him as "rather below middle height, but of a refined and gentleman-like appearance, and of graceful manners. His complexion was fair and his features handsome; his mouth and chin were well-shaped; his nose was prominent and of the Roman type; his eyes sparkled and danced with delight, and his forehead made up of a face of oval form which gave an irresistible charm to its possessor, and attracted the admiration of those who knew him." Another described him less flatteringly as "almost insignificantly small" and with "a mass of red hair which he wore brushed off his forehead – to help his height I fancy... small ferrety eyes, deep sunk and still further hidden by the never removed spectacles."

paragraph: In January 1843, after nine months at Haworth, Brontë took up another tutoring position in Thorp Green, where he was to tutor the Reverend Edmund Robinson's young son. His sister Anne had been the governess there since May 1840. As usual, at first things went well, with Charlotte reporting in January 1843 that her siblings were "both wonderously valued in their situations." During his 30 months service Branwell corresponded with several old friends about his increasing infatuation with Robinson's wife Lydia, née Gisborne, a charming and sophisticated woman, almost fifteen years senior to him. He wrote, perhaps unreliably, to one of his friends that "my mistress is DAMNABLY TOO FOND OF ME" and sent him a "lock of her hair, wch has lain at night on his breast – wd to God it could do so legally !" In July 1845, he was dismissed from his position. According to Gaskell, he received a letter "sternly dismissing him, intimating that his proceedings were discovered, characterising them as bad beyond expression and charging him, on pain of exposure, to break off immediately, and for ever, all communication with every member of the family." Multiple explanations have been given for this, including inappropriate relationships with a Robinson daughter or son, or that he had passed forged cheques. The most likely explanation is Brontë's own account that he had an affair with Mrs Robinson which Brontë hoped would lead to marriage after her husband's death. For several months after his dismissal, he regularly received small amounts of money from Thorpe Green, sent by Mrs. Robinson herself, probably to dissuade him from blackmailing his former employer and lover.

paragraph: Brontë returned home to his family at the Haworth parsonage, where he looked for another job, wrote poetry and attempted to adapt Angrian material into a book called "And the Weary are at Rest". During the 1840s, several of his poems were published in local newspapers under the name of Northangerland, making him the first of the Brontës to be a published poet. Soon however, after Mr Robinson's death, Mrs Robinson made clear that she was not going to marry Branwell, who then "declined into chronic alcoholism, opiates and debt". Charlotte's letters from this time demonstrate that she was angered by his behaviour. In January 1847, he wrote to his friend Leyland about the easy existence he hoped for: "to try and make myself a name in the world of posterity, without being pestered by the small but countless botherments." His behaviour became increasingly impossible and embarrassing to the family. He managed to set fire to his bed, after which his father had to sleep with him for the safety of the family. Towards the end of his life he was sending notes to a friend asking of "Five pence (5d) worth of Gin". It is not known whether he was even informed of the 1847 debut novels of his three sisters.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On 24 September 1848, Brontë died at Haworth parsonage, most likely due to tuberculosis aggravated by delirium tremens, alcoholism, and laudanum and opium addiction, despite the fact that his death certificate notes "chronic bronchitis-marasmus" as the cause.

paragraph: Elizabeth Gaskell's biography of Charlotte reports an eye-witness account that Brontë, wanting to show the power of the human will, decided to die standing up, "and when the last agony began, he insisted on assuming the position just mentioned." On 28 September 1848, he was interred in the family vault. Emily Brontë died of tuberculosis on 19 December of that year and Anne Brontë on 29 May 1849 in the coastal resort of Scarborough. Charlotte, the last living sister, married the Reverend Arthur Bell Nichols, curate of Haworth, in 1854 and died in March 1855, because of pregnancy complications.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural references.

paragraph: In Stella Gibbons' novel "Cold Comfort Farm" (1932), the character Mr. Mybug is introduced as writing a psychological study of Branwell Brontë intended to show that Branwell wrote "Wuthering Heights".

paragraph: In Pauline Clarke's novel "The Twelve and the Genii" (called "The Return of the Twelves" in the US), a child finds some magical toy soldiers which once belonged to the Brontës, and are alleged to have been the sources of some of their stories.

paragraph: The married surname of Brontë's paramour Lydia Robinson (née Gisborne) inspired the name of the character Mrs. Robinson, who likewise carries on an affair with an educated but idle young man, in the novella "The Graduate" (1963) and the 1967 film of the same name.

paragraph: Branwell and his sisters are the central figures in the play "The Gales of March" written by English professor Lee Bollinger in 1987.

paragraph: In June 2009, the Brontë Parsonage Museum in Haworth hosted an exhibition entitled "Sex, Drugs and Literature – The Infernal World of Branwell Brontë" focusing on Branwell's life.

paragraph: Blake Morrison wrote the play "We are Three Sisters" (2011), a re-working of Chekhov's "Three Sisters" based on the lives of the Brontë sisters and featuring Branwell and Mrs Robinson, which premiered in Halifax on 9 September before touring.

paragraph: British novelist Robert Edric wrote "Sanctuary" (2014), a novel chronicling Branwell's final months, during which family secrets are revealed and he learns about the publication of his sisters' books.

paragraph: Catherynne M. Valente's 2017 book "The Glass Town Game" shows a young Branwell travelling with his sisters to the fantasy world of Gondal.

paragraph: Section::::Portrayals.

paragraph: In the 1946 film "Devotion", he was portrayed by Arthur Kennedy.

paragraph: In the TV Series "The Brontës of Haworth" (1973), he was portrayed by Michael Kitchen.

paragraph: In the film "The Brontë Sisters" ("Les Sœurs Brontë", 1979) he was portrayed by Pascal Greggory.

paragraph: He was portrayed by Adam Nagaitis in "To Walk Invisible" (2016), a BBC drama about the Brontë family.

paragraph: Brontë was the subject of filmmaker Jim Finn's experimental film, "The Drunkard's Lament;" a revisionist, musical take on "Wuthering Heights".

paragraph: Section::::Branwell Brontë poems.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lines"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Caroline"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thorp Green"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Remember Me"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sir Henry Tunstall"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Penmaenmawr"

paragraph: Section::::Branwell Brontë poems.:Juvenilia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Young Men's Magazine, Number 1 – 3" (August 1830)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Spell"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Secret"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lily Hart"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Foundling"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Green Dwarf"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Angria and the Angrians"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Albion and Marina"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tales of the Islanders"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tales of Angria" (written 1838–1839 – a collection of childhood and young adult writings including five short novels)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mina Laury"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stancliffe's Hotel"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Duke of Zamorna"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Henry Hastings"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Caroline Vernon"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Roe Head Journal Fragments"

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Branwell Brontë: a biography" by Winifred Gérin (Toronto/NY: T. Nelson & Sons, 1961, Hutchinson 1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Infernal World of Branwell Brontë" by Daphne du Maurier (Victor Gollancz 1960, Penguin Books 1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Poems of Patrick Branwell Brontë", ed. by Tom Winnifrith (Oxford: Blackwell Ltd, 1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Life of Patrick Branwell Brontë" by Tom Winnifrith

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Brontës and their Background" by Tom Winnifrith (1973 Macmillan, 1988 Palgrave Macmillan)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Brontës" by Juliet Barker (London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Brontë Family Chronology" by Edward Chitham (2003 Palgrave Macmillan)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Branwell", A Novel of the Brontë Brother (), by Douglas A. Martin

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Chainless Soul", a biography of Emily Brontë, by Katherine Frank

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sanctuary", a novel based on Branwell Brontë's final months (), by Robert Edric (2014 Doubleday)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brontë Society and Parsonage Museum in Haworth

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brontë Italian Site

alias:
Patrick Branwell Brontë
Patrick Branwell Bronte
Branwell Bronte
Bronte

description: British artist

enwikiquote_title: Branwell Brontë

wikidata_label: Branwell Brontë

wikipedia_title: Branwell Brontë


text:
Germany
architect
Babelsberg
Technical University of Berlin
Karstadt
World War II
Karlsruhe
steel frame
Baden-Baden
functionalist
Blumberg
West German
Brussels World's Fair
embassy
Washington, D.C.
Langer Eugen
Parliament
Bonn
IBM
Stuttgart
Olivetti
Frankfurt
church
Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church
Berlin
art director
The Pink Diamond
Egon Eiermann Gesellschaft e.V.

categories: 20th-century German architects,Architecture educators,1970 deaths,Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class),Karlsruhe Institute of Technology faculty,1904 births

paragraph: Egon Eiermann

paragraph: Egon Eiermann (29 September 1904 – 20 July 1970) was one of Germany's most prominent architects in the second half of the 20th century.

paragraph: Eiermann was born in (now part of Babelsberg, Potsdam), and studied at the Technical University of Berlin. He worked for the Karstadt building department for a time, and before World War II had an office with fellow architect Fritz Jaenecke. He joined the faculty of the university in Karlsruhe in 1947, working there on developing steel frame construction methods. He died in Baden-Baden, aged 65.

paragraph: A functionalist, his major works include: the textile mill at Blumberg (1951); the West German pavilion at the Brussels World's Fair (with Sep Ruf, 1958); the West German embassy in Washington, D.C. (1958–1964); the highrise "Langer Eugen" for the German Parliament in Bonn (1965–1969); the IBM-Germany Headquarters in Stuttgart (1967–1972); and, the Olivetti building in Frankfurt (1968–1972). By far his most famous work is the new church on the site of the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church in Berlin (1959–1963).

paragraph: Eiermann worked as art director on the 1926 film "The Pink Diamond".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Egon Eiermann Gesellschaft e.V.

description: architect

wikidata_label: Egon Eiermann

wikipedia_title: Egon Eiermann


text: VC

text: English

text: Victoria Cross

text: Birmingham

text: Lance-Corporal

text: The King's (Liverpool Regiment)

text: British Army

text: First World War

text: France

text: Corporal

text: Private

text: The Royal Canadian Regiment

text: The Royal Canadian Regiment Museum

text: World War II

text: Royal Canadian Air Force

text: Trenton, Ontario

categories: British emigrants to Canada,1884 births,Canadian military personnel of World War II,British Army personnel of World War I,Recipients of the Cross of St. George,1966 deaths,British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross,People from Birmingham, West Midlands,King's Regiment (Liverpool) soldiers

paragraph: Joseph Harcourt Tombs

paragraph: Joseph Harcourt Tombs VC (23 Mar 1887 – 28 June 1966), born Frederick Griffith Tombs, who under the name Joseph Tombs, was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest award of the British (Imperial) honours system. The VC is awarded for ‘most conspicuous bravery … in the presence of the enemy’.

paragraph: Section::::VC action.

paragraph: Tombs was born in Birmingham and was a 28-year-old Lance-Corporal in the 1st Battalion, The King's (Liverpool Regiment), British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: On 16 May 1915 near Rue du Bois, France, Lance-Corporal Tombs, on his own initiative, crawled out repeatedly under very heavy shell and machine-gun fire to bring in wounded men who were lying about 100 yards in front of our trenches. He rescued four men, one of whom he dragged back by means of a rifle sling placed round his own neck and the man's body.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: He was promoted Corporal in the field (24 May 1915) and after the war, emigrated to Canada where he spent the rest of his life. On 25 May 1920, Tombs enlisted in the Canadian Army in Montréal, and served as a Private in The Royal Canadian Regiment. His attestation papers are held in The Royal Canadian Regiment Museum, Wolseley Barracks, London, Ontario). During World War II Tombs enlisted in the Royal Canadian Air Force and served at the Flying School in Trenton, Ontario. A 1952 operation to remove some of the shrapnel still embedded in his stomach was not completely successful, and in 1964 he suffered a stroke.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is held by the Royal Regiment of Canada Foundation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- VCs of the First World War - The Western Front 1915 (Peter F. Batchelor & Christopher Matson, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victoria Cross and the George Cross: the complete history (Methuen, 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Valiant Men: Canada's Victoria Cross and George Cross winners (edited by John Swettenham, 1973)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/bbtombsj.htm

alias:
Joseph Tombs
Frederick Griffith Tombs

description: English recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Joseph Harcourt Tombs

wikipedia_title: Joseph Harcourt Tombs


text:
Sasanian Iran
spahbed
Iran
Siyavakhsh
Azarmidokht
Rostam Farrokhzad
Farrukhzad
seven Parthian clans
Vinduyih
Bawi
Kavadh I
Khosrau I
Vistahm
Mihranid
Bahram Chobin
Khosrau II
spahbed
Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
Rostam Farrokhzad
Byzantine
Heraclius
Atropatene
Adur Gushnasp
Shahrbaraz
Sasanian Empire
House of Ispahbudhan
Farrukhzad
Mihran family
Varaztirots II Bagratuni
Kanarang
Aspad Gushnasp
Mihr Hormozd
war indemnity
True Cross
lost in Jerusalem in 614
civil war lasting four years
Parthia
devastating plague
Ardashir III
Shahrbaraz
wuzurg framadar
Pars
Khuzestan
Media
Abarshahr
Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
Piruz Khosrow
modus vivendi
Istakhr
Pars
Nahavand
Media
Mihranid
Siyavakhsh
Bahram Chobin
spahbed
Khorasan

categories: Spahbeds,631 deaths,Rebellions against the Sasanian Empire,Generals of Khosrow II,House of Ispahbudhan,7th-century Sasanian monarchs,Viziers of the Sasanian Empire,Year of birth unknown,7th-century murdered monarchs,Murdered Persian monarchs

paragraph: Farrukh Hormizd

paragraph: Farrukh Hormizd or Farrokh Hormizd (), also known as Hormizd V, was an Iranian prince, who was one of the leading figures in Sasanian Iran in the early 7th-century. He served as the military commander ("spahbed") of northern Iran. He later came in conflict with the Iranian nobility, "dividing the resources of the country". He was later killed by Siyavakhsh in a palace plot on the orders of Azarmidokht after he proposed to her in an attempt to usurp the Sasanian throne. He had two children, Rostam Farrokhzad and Farrukhzad.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Farrukh Hormizd was a member of the Ispahbudhan family, one of the seven Parthian clans. He was the son of Vinduyih, a descendant of Bawi, whose sister was the wife of Kavadh I and mother of Khosrau I. Farrukh's father and uncle, Vistahm, played an important role in defeating the Mihranid Bahram Chobin and restoring Khosrau II to the throne. Khosrau, however, had Vinduyih executed, which made Vistahm revolt against him. The rebellion of Vistahm lasted from 590/1–596 or 594/5–600, until he was betrayed by one of his own generals. After the death of Vistahm, Farrukh succeeded him as the "spahbed" of the north.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: During the late Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, Farrukh Hormizd, and his son Rostam Farrokhzad, rebelled against Khosrau II, allowing the Byzantine emperor Heraclius to invade Atropatene, where he sacked several cities, including the Adur Gushnasp temple.

paragraph: In 628, the feudal families of Iran secretly mutinied against Khosrau and joined Shahrbaraz. Kavadh was then released by the feudal families of the Sasanian Empire, which included: The House of Ispahbudhan represented by Farrukh Hormizd himself, and his two sons Rostam Farrokhzad, and Farrukhzad. Shahrbaraz, who represented the Mihran family. The Armenian faction represented by Varaztirots II Bagratuni and finally the Kanarang.

paragraph: On 25 February, Sheroe, along with his commander Aspad Gushnasp, captured Ctesiphon and imprisoned Khosrow II. He then proclaimed himself as shah of the Sasanian Empire and assumed the dynastic name of Kavad II. He proceeded to have all his brothers and half-brothers executed, including the heir Mardanshah, who was Khosrow's favourite son. The murder of all his brothers, "all well-educated, valiant, and chivalrous men", strapped the Sasanian dynasty of a future competent ruler, and has been described as a "mad rampage" and "reckless". Three days later he ordered Mihr Hormozd to execute his father. However, after the regicide of his father, Kavad also proceeded to have Mihr Hormozd killed. With the agreement of the Iranian nobles, he then made peace with the victorious emperor Heraclius, which allowed the Byzantines to (re)gain all their lost territories, their captured soldiers, a war indemnity, along with the True Cross and other relics that were lost in Jerusalem in 614.

paragraph: The fall of Khosrow II culminated in a civil war lasting four years, with the most powerful members of the nobility gaining full autonomy and starting to create their own government. The hostilities between the Persian ("Parsig") and Parthian ("Pahlav") noble-families were also resumed, which split up the wealth of the nation. A few months later, a devastating plague swept through the western Sasanian provinces, killing half of its population including Kavad II. He was succeeded by his eight year old son Ardashir III, who was killed two years later by the distinguished Iranian general Shahrbaraz, who was in turn murdered forty days later in a coup by Farrukh Hormizd, who helped Boran ascend the throne.

paragraph: When Boran ascended the throne, she appointed Farrukh Hormizd as the chief minister ("wuzurg framadar") of the empire. She then attempted to bring stability to Iran by the implementation of justice, reconstruction of the infrastructure, lowering of taxes, and minting coins. Her rule was accepted by the nobility and clergy, which is apparent by her coin mints in the provinces of Pars, Khuzestan, Media, and Abarshahr. No opposition was voiced towards her gender. However, after some time she was deposed in 630, and Shapur-i Shahrvaraz, the son of Shahrbaraz and a sister of Khosrow II, was made shah of Iran. However, he was not recognized by the "Parsig" faction of the powerful general Piruz Khosrow. Shapur-i Shahrvaraz was thus deposed in favor of Azarmidokht, the sister of Boran.

paragraph: Section::::Usurpation and death.

paragraph: Farrukh Hormizd, in order to strengthen his authority and create a "modus vivendi" between the "Pahlav" and "Parsig", asked Azarmidokht (who was a "Parsig" nominee) to marry him. Azarmidokht, however, declined. After having his proposal declined, Farrukh Hormizd "no longer shied away from the throne itself", declaring "Today I am the leader of the people and the pillar of the country of Iran." He started minting coins in the same fashion as a monarch, notably in Istakhr in Pars and Nahavand in Media. In order to deal with Farrukh Hormizd, Azarmidokht supposedly allied herself with Mihranid dynast Siyavakhsh, who was the grandson of Bahram Chobin, the famous military commander ("spahbed") and briefly shah of Iran. With Siyavakhsh's aid, Azarmidokht had Farrukh Hormizd killed.

paragraph: Rostam Farrokhzad, who was at that time stationed in Khorasan, succeeded him as the leader of the "Pahlav". In order to avenge his father, he left for Ctesiphon, "defeating every army of Azarmidokht that he met". He then defeated Siyavakhsh's forces at Ctesiphon and captured the city. Azarmidokht was shortly afterwards blinded and killed by Rostam, who restored Boran to the throne.

description: Persian prince

wikidata_label: Farrokh Hormizd

wikipedia_title: Farrukh Hormizd


text: John, King of England

text: Isabella of Angoulême

text: Gloucester

text: London

text: Magna Carta

text: Newark Castle

text: Louis the Lion

text: King Henry III of England

text: William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke

text: William

text: Richard

text: Edmund Rich

text: Matthew Paris

text: Rome

text: Henry de Montfort

text: Simon de Montfort the Younger

text: Amaury de Montfort

text: Guy de Montfort, Count of Nola

text: Eleanor de Montfort

text: Second Barons' War

text: Battle of Lewes

text: de facto

text: Battle of Evesham

text: Montargis Abbey

text: Guy

text: Elizabeth Woodville

text: Edward IV

text: Llywelyn ap Gruffudd

text: Wales

text: Gwenllian of Wales

text: Edward I of England

text: Virginia Henley

categories: 1275 deaths,1215 births,English princesses,English Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns,13th-century English people,13th-century English women

paragraph: Eleanor of England, Countess of Leicester

paragraph: Eleanor of England (also called Eleanor Plantagenet and Eleanor of Leicester) (1215 – 13 April 1275) was the youngest child of John, King of England and Isabella of Angoulême.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: At the time of Eleanor's birth at Gloucester, King John's London was in the hands of French forces, John had been forced to sign the Magna Carta and Queen Isabella was in shame. Eleanor never met her father, as he died at Newark Castle when she was barely a year old. The French, led by Prince Louis the Lion, the future Louis VIII, were marching through the south. The only lands loyal to her brother, King Henry III of England, were in the Midlands and southwest. The barons ruled the north, but they united with the royalists under William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, who protected the young king Henry, and Louis was defeated.

paragraph: Before William Marshal died in 1219 Eleanor was promised to his son, also named William. They were married on 23 April 1224 at New Temple Church in London. The younger William was 34 and Eleanor only nine. He died in London on 6 April 1231, days before their seventh anniversary. There were no children of this marriage.

paragraph: Eleanor had brought a dowry of 10 manors and 200 pounds per year to this marriage. According to the law of the time, widows were allowed to retain one third of the estates of the marriage. However, her brother-in-law Richard took all of the estates and sold many, including her dowry, to pay William's debts. Eleanor strove for many years to try and recover her lost property.

paragraph: The widowed Eleanor swore a holy oath of chastity in the presence of Edmund Rich, Archbishop of Canterbury.

paragraph: Section::::Simon de Montfort.

paragraph: Seven years later, she met Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester. According to Matthew Paris, Simon was attracted to Eleanor's beauty and elegance as well as her wealth and high birth. They fell in love and married secretly on 7 January 1238 at the King's chapel in Westminster Palace. Her brother King Henry later alleged that he only allowed the marriage because Simon had seduced Eleanor. The marriage was controversial because of the oath Eleanor had sworn several years before to remain chaste. Because of this, Simon made a pilgrimage to Rome seeking papal approval for their union. Simon and Eleanor had seven children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Henry de Montfort (November 1238 – 1265)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Simon de Montfort the Younger (April 1240 – 1271)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Amaury de Montfort (1242/1243–1300)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Guy de Montfort, Count of Nola (1244–1288)

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Joanna, born and died in Bordeaux between 1248 and 1251

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Richard de Montfort (1252–1281)

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Eleanor de Montfort Princess of Wales (1258–1282)

paragraph: During the Second Barons' War, Simon de Montfort's victory at the Battle of Lewes in 1264 led to him becoming de facto ruler of England. He tried to set up a reformed government, including the first parliament elected by citizens of the towns, but was unable to retain the support of the other barons. Several switched sides to the royalist cause; Montfort was defeated at the Battle of Evesham on 4 August 1265, where he was killed along with his son. Eleanor fled to exile in France where she became a nun at Montargis Abbey, a nunnery founded by her deceased husband's sister Amicia, who remained there as abbess. There she died on 13 April 1275, and was buried there. She was well treated by Henry, retained her incomes, and her proctors were allowed to pursue her litigation concerning the Leicester inheritance in the English courts; her will and testament were executed without hindrance.

paragraph: Through her son Guy, Eleanor was an ancestor of Elizabeth Woodville, queen consort of Edward IV.

paragraph: Eleanor's daughter, Eleanor de Montfort, was married, at Worcester in 1278, to Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales. She would die giving birth to their only child, Gwenllian of Wales. After the conquest of Wales, Gwenllian was imprisoned by Edward I of England, her mother's first cousin, at Sempringham priory, where she died 1337.

paragraph: Section::::Fiction.

paragraph: Eleanor appears as a major character in Sharon Kay Penman's novel "Falls the Shadow", where she is called Nell.

paragraph: Eleanor is the main character in Virginia Henley's historical romance "The Dragon and the Jewel", which tells of her life from just before her marriage to William Marshal to right before the Battle of Lewes in 1264. Her romance and marriage to Simon de Montfort are much romanticized in this novel, especially since in real life Simon is killed the year following the Battle of Lewes and the pair had already had all 7 of their children; in the book, Eleanor and Simon have only just had their first two sons. Eleanor makes a second appearance in Henley's "The Marriage Prize". Her role in the book is that of the legal guardian to her niece, Rosamond Marshal.

description: English princess

wikidata_label: Eleanor of Leicester


text:
Miami, Florida
American football
linebacker
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Robert Johnson
KC and the Sunshine Band
Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Johnson

categories: 1955 births,Tampa Bay Buccaneers players,American football linebackers,Sportspeople from Miami,Pittsburgh Panthers football players,Living people

paragraph: Cecil Johnson

paragraph: Cecil Johnson (born August 19, 1955 in Miami, Florida) is a former professional American football player who played linebacker for nine seasons for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Cecil was the brother of Robert Johnson, a drummer for KC and the Sunshine Band.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Johnson

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Cecil Johnson

wikipedia_title: Cecil Johnson


text: United States Representative

text: Connecticut

text: United States Circuit Judge

text: Waterbury

text: Connecticut

text: Bachelor of Arts

text: Yale University

text: Bachelor of Laws

text: Yale Law School

text: admitted to the bar

text: Democrat

text: United States House of Representatives

text: United States Representative

text: Seventy-fourth

text: Seventy-fifth

text: Seventy-sixth

text: Seventy-seventh Congresses

text: Franklin D. Roosevelt

text: Edwin Stark Thomas

text: United States Senate

text: Dwight D. Eisenhower

text: Carroll C. Hincks

text: senior status

text: West Hartford

categories: Members of the United States House of Representatives from Connecticut,20th-century American judges,Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives,1980 deaths,United States court of appeals judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower,Yale Law School alumni,Connecticut Democrats,United States district court judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt,Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut,20th-century American lawyers,1904 births,Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit

paragraph: J. Joseph Smith

paragraph: John Joseph Smith (January 25, 1904 – February 16, 1980) was an American lawyer, a United States Representative from Connecticut, a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut.

paragraph: Section::::Education and career.

paragraph: Born in Waterbury, Connecticut, Smith attended the public schools, and earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from Yale University in 1925 and his Bachelor of Laws from Yale's law department (later Yale Law School) in 1927. Smith was admitted to the bar in 1927. He was a research fellow at Yale Law School from 1927 to 1928. Smith served in the Field Artillery Reserves from 1925 to 1935. He was in private practice in Waterbury from 1928 to 1941.

paragraph: Section::::Congressional service.

paragraph: Smith was elected as a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives, serving as a United States Representative from Connecticut from 1935 to 1941 (in the Seventy-fourth, Seventy-fifth, Seventy-sixth, and Seventy-seventh Congresses). He resigned from Congress on November 4, 1941, to accept appointment to the federal bench.

paragraph: Section::::Federal judicial service.

paragraph: Smith was nominated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on October 16, 1941, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut vacated by Judge Edwin Stark Thomas. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 28, 1941, and received his commission on October 30, 1941. He served as Chief Judge from 1953 to 1960. His service terminated on September 13, 1960, due to his elevation to the Second Circuit.

paragraph: Smith was nominated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on January 11, 1960, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit vacated by Judge Carroll C. Hincks. He was confirmed by the Senate on September 1, 1960, and received his commission the next day. He assumed senior status on November 6, 1971. His service terminated on February 16, 1980, due to his death.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and death.

paragraph: Smith resided in West Hartford, Connecticut. He died in Waterbury on February 16, 1980. Smith is interred at Calvary Cemetery in Waterbury.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: J. Joseph Smith

wikipedia_title: J. Joseph Smith


text:
Gallus Anonymus
Piast the Wheelwright
Rzepicha
Piast
Duke of the Polans
Piast the Wheelwright
Chościsko
Popiel
wiec
Gopło
Lestek
Siemomysł
Mieszko I
Poland in the Early Middle Ages
Ziemowit (given name)

categories: Legendary Polish monarchs,9th-century births,9th-century Polish monarchs,Slavic pagans,9th-century Slavs,9th-century monarchs in Europe,Polish princes,Year of death missing,Piast dynasty,Dukes of Poland

paragraph: Siemowit

paragraph: Siemowit (Polish pronunciation: [ɕɛˈmɔvit], also Ziemowit [ʑɛˈmɔvit]) was, according to the chronicles of Gallus Anonymus, the son of Piast the Wheelwright and Rzepicha. He is considered to be the first ruler of the Piast dynasty.

paragraph: He became the Duke of the Polans in the 9th century after his father, Piast the Wheelwright, son of Chościsko, refused to take the place of legendary Duke Popiel. Siemowit was elected as new duke by the "wiec". According to a popular legend, Popiel was then eaten by mice in his tower on Gopło lake.

paragraph: The only mention of Siemowit, along with his son, Lestek, and grandson, Siemomysł, comes in the medieval chronicle of Gallus Anonymus.

paragraph: Siemowit's great grandson, Mieszko I, was the first Christian ruler of Poland.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poland in the Early Middle Ages

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ziemowit (given name)

wikidata_label: Siemowit

wikipedia_title: Siemowit