text: Sri Lankabhimanya

text: Sinhala

text: short

text: Rekava

text: Gamperaliya

text: Nidhanaya

text: Golu Hadawatha

text: Kaliyugaya

text: Awaragira

text: Yuganthaya

text: Wekande Walauwa

text: Academy Awards

text: Cinémathèque Française

text: Sinhala Cinema

text: Dehiwela

text: Colombo

text: Ceylon

text: Scotland

text: Ivan

text: Roman Catholic

text: Kodascope

text: projector

text: St Peter's College, Colombo

text: Daily News

text: The Times of Ceylon

text: Radio Ceylon

text: Ivan Peries

text: Titus Thotawatte

text: Sumitra

text: Ivan Peries

text: Rekava

text: Palme d'Or

text: 1957 Cannes Film Festival

text: Gamperaliya

text: Martin Wickramasinghe

text: International Film Festival of India

text: Golu Hadawatha

text: Nidhanaya

text: Cinémathèque Française

text: Wekande Walauwa

text: Cannes International Film Festival

text: Sri Lankabhimanya

text: Ordre des Arts et des Lettres

text: Sumitra Peiris

text: Ivan Peries

text: ඔබට සුබ උපන් දිනයක් වේවා

text: සියවසක් සපිරෙන මහා උපන් දිනයක්

categories: Alumni of St. Peter's College, Colombo,Sri Lankan film directors,Fellini Gold Medalists,Sri Lankabhimanya,Sinhalese people,Sri Lankan Roman Catholics,Kala Keerthi,1919 births,2018 deaths

paragraph: Lester James Peries

paragraph: Sri Lankabhimanya Lester James Peries (Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකාභිමාන්‍ය ලෙස්ටර් ජේම්ස් පීරිස්; 5 April 1919 – 29 April 2018) was a Sri Lankan film director, screenwriter, and film producer. Considered as the father of Sri Lankan cinema, Lester is a filmmaker since 1949, and involved in over 28 films, including shorts and documentaries.

paragraph: He received critical acclaim for directing "Rekava", "Gamperaliya", "Nidhanaya", "Golu Hadawatha", "Kaliyugaya", "Awaragira" and "Yuganthaya". His movie "Wekande Walauwa", starring Ravindra Randeniya and Malini Fonseka, was Sri Lanka's first ever submission for the Academy Awards and the film "Nidhanaya" was included among the top 100 films of the century by the Cinémathèque Française. Peries' films often deal with Sri Lankan family life in rural settings and conflicted characters. He helped create an authentic expression of Sinhala Cinema.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Early life.

paragraph: Lester James Peries was born on 5 April 1919 in Dehiwela, Colombo, Ceylon. His father, Dr. James Francis Peries, studied medicine in Scotland and was also a cricketer for a Scottish club. His mother, Ann Gertrude Winifred Jayasuria, was the first graduate of St. Bridget's Convent in Colombo. Peries had three siblings: Erica, Ivan and Noel.

paragraph: The Peries family was a staunch Roman Catholic family that had become Anglicised. Growing up, Peries only spoke English at home and celebrated Christian traditions. His only link to Sinhala culture was his grandmother who always didn't trust Western medicine and spoke proper Sinhalese. At the age of eleven, Peries was given a 8mm Kodascope projector by his father as a gift, which ran Chaplin's silent movies. At that time, his only interest in films was when he and his brother Ivan would haunt the cinema to watch foreign film serials which ran day after day. Peries was never involved in school drama productions, and had no idea he was going to be a film director especially since British Ceylon did not have its own national film industry at that time.

paragraph: He attended St Peter's College, Colombo - one of the Catholic schools in Colombo- as a teenager, before dropping out to pursue a career in journalism at the age of 17. He found his first work with the "Daily News" writing for the blue pages which was an arts supplementation. In 1939 he joined "The Times of Ceylon" working under Indian editor Frank Moraes. He also reviewed books on Radio Ceylon for a short period.

paragraph: Peiris first real work with production came when he joined a theatre group called Drama Circle. This was a group of like minded individuals which regularly produced modern English plays. Here Peries was engaged in all aspects of the productions other than acting.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Stay in England.

paragraph: In 1947, Peries travelled to England on his mother's advice to join his brother Ivan Peries who was there on an art scholarship. Moreas suggested writing a column from the country to be published in the Times which became "Letter on the Arts from England."

paragraph: During that time, film-making was taking off in the UK with about 400 amateur film clubs around the country. In addition, Peries' passion for the cinema was developing and he met another Sri Lankan with similar interests, Hereward Jansz. The two youngsters decided to make a film together despite Hereward having his doubts about competing with established, well-funded clubs. They began with Peries writing the script and directing while Hereward did the filming with their limited camera equipment.

paragraph: Their first effort 'Soliloquy' (1949), a short film, won the Mini Cinema Cup for displaying the best technical proficiency. This work was followed by three other experimental films.

paragraph: In 1952, the editor John Hockin told Peries of an interesting assignment he had for him – an interview with the new head of the Government Film Unit of Ceylon. At the end of the interview, the head of film unit Mr Keene inquired after Peries' own interest in making films. He knew about Peries' talent because he sat on one of the juries that presented the upcoming director with an amateur's award. Keene suggested that Peries return to Ceylon to embark on a career on filmmaking.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Back in Ceylon.

paragraph: Upon the return to Ceylon of producer Ralph Keene in 1952, Peries joined the Government Film Unit as Keene's assistant. Two major documentaries he helped Keene with were "Heritage of Lanka" and "Nelungama". He also directed "Conquest in the Dry Zone", a documentary on controlling malaria and "Be Safe or Be Sorry", a witty study on errant motorists. At this time, a relative of Peries' suggested he start a company to produce Sinhala films. Peries left Government Film Unit in 1955 and created Chitra Lanka Limited to produce two films. Only one, "Rekava", was ultimately produced. Peries' closest colleagues at the Government Film Unit, William Blake, a cameraman of Dutch descent, and Titus de Silva (Titus Thotawatte), an editor, resigned with him and later worked together on a number of films.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Peries met his wife, Sumitra, who is also a film director, in Paris at the home of a mutual friend and married in 1964 at All Saints Church in Borella. Peries' brother was artist Ivan Peries.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1956, Peries made his entry into national cinema with the globally acclaimed "Rekava", which was a story based on village life. It was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 1957 Cannes Film Festival. With this film he revolutionised Ceylonese cinema, giving it a unique identity. It was the first Ceylonese movie to be shot outdoors. Although it was acclaimed internationally it was not a commercial success. Afterward he made many award-winning films such as "Gamperaliya" in 1964 based on Martin Wickramasinghe's famous novel which received the Golden Peacock at the International Film Festival of India; "Delowak Athara" in 1966; "Golu Hadawatha" in 1968 based on the novel by Karunasena Jayalath; "Nidhanaya" in 1970 which was chosen as the best film of the first 50 years of Sri Lankan cinema and was included among the top 100 films of the century by the Cinémathèque Française; "Yuganthaya" in 1983; and Wekande Walauwa in 2002 which received the UNESCO felini award. He has directed over 28 feature films.

paragraph: Section::::Short films.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Be Safe or Be Sorry-16 min, 1955

paragraph: BULLET::::- Conquest in the dry Zone-14 min, 1954

paragraph: BULLET::::- Soliloquy-12 min, 1951

paragraph: BULLET::::- Farewell to Childhood-14 min, 1950

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Sinhalese Dance-08 min, 1950

paragraph: Section::::Awards and recognition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cannes International Film Festival– "Fellini Gold Medal" Awarded by Unesco for outstanding film career 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sri Lankabhimanya The highest Civil Honour of Sri Lanka (2007).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 31st International Film Festival of India (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commandeur (commander) in the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Order of Arts and Letters) from the French government (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diploma of Honour Venice Film Festival for the film "Conquest in the Dry Zone" (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Mini Cinema Cup for the short film "Soliloquy" for displaying the best technical proficiency by the Institute of Amateur and Experimental Film Makers Festival -Great Britain (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amateur Cine World Silver Plaque for the experimental film "Farewell to Childhood" – ten best films of the year – Great Britain (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Issue of a National Stamp dedicated to Lester on 5 April 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- A hybrid orchid was named after Dr Lester James Peries on 11 March 2004 – Ascocenda Lester Peries

paragraph: BULLET::::- April 5th was named as "National Artist Day".

paragraph: Section::::The Lester James Peries and Sumitra Peries Foundation.

paragraph: The Lester James Peries and Sumitra Peries Foundation was inaugurated on 9 June 2011 at the BMICH with an oration by the chief Guest - celebrated Indian film maker Padma Vibushan Dr. Adoor Gopalakrishnan and the Speaker of Parliament Chamal Rajapakse was the Guest of Honour. The Foundation is incorporated through an act of Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. The bill of incorporation was forwarded to parliament by Hon. Malini Fonseka on 5 January 2011. The foundation focuses on the following general objectives-

paragraph: 1. To provide assistance for the development, promotion and sustenance of the Sri Lankan cinema and to those associated with it;

paragraph: 2. To promote and foster cinema and related arts and crafts for children and young adults;

paragraph: 3. To promote, improve, develop, provide financial assistance and maintain academic, scientific, cultural, literary, artistic and physical abilities and aptitudes;

paragraph: 4. To promote, propagate and foster humanitarian ideals, democratic and pluralistic values, good citizenship, patriotic concepts and beliefs;

paragraph: 5. To improve, develop, create, foster and maintain talents and abilities in entrepreneurship, research and training in business, technology and management and concept of income generating and self-employment ventures and enterprises; to establish, improve, encourage, develop and maintain research and research facilities in scientific, cultural, educational, economic and all other aspects of human development;

paragraph: 6. To advise and assist the Government, NGOs and individuals in the furtherance of the objectives of the Foundation;

paragraph: 7. To preserve and promote all cinematographic and any other creations of Lester James Peries and Sumitra Peries made by them including scripts, manuscripts, books, letters, articles, poems, photographs, audio cassettes, VHS cassettes, CDs, VCDs, DVDs, MP3s and any other audio devices, visual devices and media;

paragraph: 8. To preserve all cinematic equipment and personal memorabilia owned and used by Lester James Peries and Sumitra Peries;

paragraph: 9. To maintain Archives to promote and preserve all cinematographic and any other creations of any Sri Lankan film maker;

paragraph: 10. To grant prizes, rewards, awards or scholarship to develop, promote and encourage creative talents in general or in particular fields;

paragraph: 11. To organize, conduct and participate in seminars, meetings, workshops, discussions, talks, classes, films, film shows, demonstrations, sports, and recreational activities, and to write, print and publish books, periodicals, magazines, articles and newspapers, in furtherance of the objectives herein specified and specifically in all areas of educational activity;

paragraph: 12. To establish and maintain libraries, workshops and readings rooms, and to equip the same having regard to the primary objects of the Foundation;

paragraph: 13. To publish articles, periodicals or such other literature and information as may prove necessary or useful for the purpose of the Foundation;

paragraph: 14. To undertake and execute any trusts the undertaking whereof seems desirable and either gratuitously or otherwise.

paragraph: The Foundation operates from Peries' residence and is involved in organizing many events annually to promote the film industry of the past and present in Sri Lanka.

paragraph: The Foundation is spearheaded by its trustees- Dr. Lester James Peries, Mrs. Sumitra Peries, Mr. Yadamini Gunawardena, Mr. Kumar de Silva and Mrs. Gayathri Mustachi. Also on the board of directors serves Ms. Yashodha Wimaladharma, Mr. Sameera Manabharana Randeniya, Mr. Yasoja Gunawardena and Mr. Nuran Gomez.

paragraph: Section::::The "Lester James Peries Film Archive".

paragraph: The most recent development on Dr. Lester James Peries is the building of a film archive in his name. From the time he was a young film maker one of his only requests was that the government make way for a proper film archive that would help protect the heritage of the films produced by Sri Lanka. On 5 April 2014, his own milestone 95th birthday, his request was granted when the National film corporation ceremoniously opened the "Lester James Peries Film Archives" at the request of His Excellency President Mahinda Rajapakse. The event was followed by a photographic exhibition of Dr. Peries' life and works.

paragraph: Section::::Literature and records.

paragraph: Peries has written approximately twenty books. The most-well known of them are "LJP Life and Works" (Prof. A. J. Gunawardene), "Lester by Lester" (as told to Kumar de Silva) and "Lester" (Prof. Sunil Ariyaratne).

paragraph: A music CD was produced by The Lester James Peries and Sumitra Peries Foundation containing 21 songs from Peries' films.

paragraph: Some of Peries' films have been restored and placed in DVD format.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sumitra Peiris

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ivan Peries

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sri Lanka Sinhala Cinema Database – Dr. Lester James Peries

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Website of Lester James Peries in association with Ministry of Cultural Affairs, Sri Lanka

paragraph: BULLET::::- ආචාර්ය ලෙස්ටර් ජේම්ස් පීරිස් ලොව ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨතම සිනමාකරුවා වෙයි

paragraph: BULLET::::- ඔබට සුබ උපන් දිනයක් වේවා

paragraph: BULLET::::- ආචාර්ය ලෙස්ටර් ජේම්ස් පීරිස් ගැන සිනමා කිවිඳිය සුමිත්‍රා පීරිස්ගේ ආදරණීය හෙළිදරව්ව

paragraph: BULLET::::- සියවසක් සපිරෙන මහා උපන් දිනයක්

description: Sri Lankan film director

wikidata_label: Lester James Peries

wikipedia_title: Lester James Peries


text:
1980 Major League Baseball Draft
Texas Rangers
Paul Kilgus
Mitch Williams
Steve Wilson
Rafael Palmeiro
Jamie Moyer
Drew Hall
Pittsburgh Pirates
Kansas City Royals
Tarrant County Blue Thunder
Continental Baseball League

categories: Texas Rangers players,Major League Baseball shortstops,Tacoma Rainiers players,Baseball players from Virginia,Major League Baseball third basemen,Living people,Chicago Cubs players,Minor league baseball managers,1961 births,Pittsburgh Pirates players,African-American baseball players,Kansas City Royals players,Sportspeople from Petersburg, Virginia,Major League Baseball second basemen

paragraph: Curtis Wilkerson

paragraph: Curtis Vernon Wilkerson (born April 26, 1961), is a former professional baseball player who played in the Major Leagues primarily as a utility man from -.

paragraph: He was drafted in the fourth round of the 1980 Major League Baseball Draft by the Texas Rangers. Although he made his Major League debut as a late-season call-up in , was his official rookie season; he was named the Rangers' Rookie of the Year that season.

paragraph: On December 5, 1988, he was traded by the Texas Rangers with Paul Kilgus, Mitch Williams, Steve Wilson, and minor leaguers Luis Benitez and Pablo Delgado to the Chicago Cubs for Rafael Palmeiro, Jamie Moyer, and Drew Hall. After two seasons with the Cubs, Wilkerson played with the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Kansas City Royals.

paragraph: After ending his playing career, Wilkerson coached in the Royals and Pirates organizations. He was the manager of the Tarrant County Blue Thunder of the independent Continental Baseball League before the team folded after the 2008 season.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Curtis Wilkerson

wikipedia_title: Curtis Wilkerson


text: kimono

text: folding screen

text: Municipal Serizawa Keisuke Art Museum

text: Shizuoka

text: Serizawa Keisuke Art and Craft Museum

text: Sendai

categories: People from Shizuoka, Shizuoka,1984 deaths,1895 births,Living National Treasures of Japan,Japanese designers

paragraph: Keisuke Serizawa

paragraph: His folk-art productions included kimono, paper prints, wall scrolls, folding screens, curtains, fans, and calendars. He also produced illustrated books, including "Don Quixote", "Vincent van Gogh" and "A Day at Mashiko". In 1981, the Municipal Serizawa Keisuke Art Museum was opened in the city of Shizuoka. Another museum, the Serizawa Keisuke Art and Craft Museum was opened in 1989 in Sendai.

paragraph: "The distinguishing trait of Serizawa's "katazome" method is the use of the starch mixture to create, not a colored area as is current in direct-dyeing process, but a blank, undyed one that forms a part of the pattern and that can later be colored by hand in multi-color or monochrome as the designer sees fit."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tohoku Fukushi University Serizawa Keisuke Art and Craft Museum in Japanese

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shizuoka City Serizawa Keisuke Art Museum in Japanese

description: Japanese designer

wikidata_label: Keisuke Serizawa

wikipedia_title: Keisuke Serizawa


href: Spain journalist author comic%20theater parodies genre

text:
Spanish
journalist
author
comic theater
parodies
genre

categories: Spanish male dramatists and playwrights,1840 births,Spanish journalists,1911 deaths,Spanish dramatists and playwrights

paragraph: Salvador María Granés

paragraph: Salvador María Granés (1840–1911) was a Spanish journalist and author of comic theater, including many parodies of the serious theatrical genres of the late nineteenth century.

description: Spanish journalist

wikidata_label: Salvador María Granés

wikipedia_title: Salvador María Granés


text: Idstein

text: Leipzig

text: Helfrich Bernhard Wenck

text: University of Erlangen

text: Darmstadt

text: magister

text: University of Leipzig

text: Johann Gottlob Böhme

text: rector

text: Edward Gibbon

categories: Leipzig University faculty,University of Erlangen-Nuremberg alumni,1741 births,1810 deaths,18th-century German historians,People from Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis

paragraph: Friedrich August Wilhelm Wenck

paragraph: Friedrich August Wilhelm Wenck (4 September 1741 in Idstein – 15 June 1810 in Leipzig) was a German historian. His older brother, Helfrich Bernhard Wenck (1739–1803), was also an historian.

paragraph: Beginning in 1760 he studied history at the University of Erlangen, then in 1766–68, he worked as an assistant at the Darmstadt Pädagogium. In 1770 he acquired the academic degree of magister of philosophy, and during the following year, became an associate professor of philosophy at the University of Leipzig. In 1780 he succeeded Johann Gottlob Böhme (1717–1780) as professor of history at Leipzig. Within a twenty-year period (1784–1804), on five separate occasions, he served as university rector. In 1799 he was named president of the Societas Jablonoviana.

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: He is best remembered for his three volume "Codex juris gentium recentissimi" (1781–95), an edition of international treatises from 1735 to 1772. In 1779 he published a German translation (with notes) of Edward Gibbon's "History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" ("Geschichte Des Verfalls Und Untergangs Des Römischen Reichs"). Other noteworthy written efforts by Wenck include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Entwurf der Geschichte der Oesterreichischen und Preußischen Staaten", Leipzig 1782 – Outline on history of the Austrian and Prussian states.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Henrico I. Misniae et Lusatiae Marchione commentatio" (several parts).

description: German historian and teacher

wikidata_label: Friedrich August Wilhelm Wenck

wikipedia_title: Friedrich August Wilhelm Wenck


text:
Saint Petersburg
genre
Satin Deck
Rouen
Catherine the Great
Iosif
Saint Peter's School
Imperial Academy of Arts
Fyodor Bruni
Bogdan Willewalde
Alexander Kotzebue
Alexander Suvorov
Versailles
Page Corps
Meshchersky family
Étienne Maurice Falconet
Maria Alexandrovna
Federal State Unitary Enterprise

categories: Playing card manufacturers,Military art,1826 births,Currency designers,1901 deaths,Saint Peter's School alumni,Russian illustrators,19th-century Russian painters,Russian people of French descent,Russian male painters,Painters from Saint Petersburg

paragraph: Adolf Charlemagne

paragraph: Adolf Iosifovich Charlemagne, or Sharleman (Russian: Адольф Иосифович Шарлемань; 8 December 1826, Saint Petersburg - 31 January 1901, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian painter of historical, genre and battle scenes. He was also the creator of a popular design for playing cards known as the "Satin Deck".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: His father was the architect, . His grandfather, the sculptor and decorative artist, Jean-Baptiste Charlemagne-Baudet (1734-1789), was originally from Rouen and had come to Russia to work for Catherine the Great. His brother, Iosif, also became an artist and architect.

paragraph: He received his primary education at Saint Peter's School, then enrolled at the Imperial Academy of Arts, where he studied history painting with Fyodor Bruni and battle painting with Bogdan Willewalde. While there, he was awarded several silver and gold medals.

paragraph: The last of these awards, in 1855, carried with it a stipend to study abroad. He went to Munich, where he studied with Alexander Kotzebue, another battle painter. In 1859, he was named an "Academician" for his portrayals of Alexander Suvorov in the Swiss Alps. He then went to Paris and studied the paintings at Versailles. He returned to Saint Petersburg by way of Germany in 1861.

paragraph: His first paintings after returning were for the Page Corps, followed by ceiling murals at the Meshchersky family mansion in Moscow. In 1867, his portrayal of Catherine the Great in the workshop of Étienne Maurice Falconet earned him the title of Professor. It was acquired by Empress Maria Alexandrovna. For the next twenty years, he worked prolifically to supply the demand for his images; many of which became illustrations in magazines. From 1871, he worked for the Federal State Unitary Enterprise, designing securities, bonds and other negotiables.

alias:
Adolphe Joseph Baudet-Charlemagne
Bode Sharleman
Adol'f Iosifovic Charlemagne
Adolf Iosfovich Sharleman
Adolph Jossifovich Charlemagne

description: Russian artist/painter

wikidata_label: Adolf Jossifowitsch Charlemagne

wikipedia_title: Adolf Charlemagne


text:
Broumov
Czechoslovakia
Czech
ice hockey
goaltender
HC Sparta Praha
Czech Extraliga
Columbus Blue Jackets
2006-07
American Hockey League
Syracuse Crunch
Europe
HC Sparta Praha
KHL
HC Lev Praha
HC Sochi
HC Sparta Praha
2005
Columbus Blue Jackets

categories: HC Sochi players,HC Plzeň players,1984 births,HC Lev Praha players,Eisbären Berlin players,People from Broumov,Columbus Blue Jackets draft picks,Columbus Blue Jackets players,Czech ice hockey players,HC Sparta Praha players,Living people

paragraph: Tomáš Pöpperle

paragraph: Tomáš Pöpperle (born October 10, 1984 in Broumov, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech professional ice hockey goaltender currently playing for HC Sparta Praha in Czech Extraliga.

paragraph: Pöpperle played two games for the Columbus Blue Jackets during the 2006-07 season. However, he spent most of that year playing with the Blue Jackets American Hockey League affiliate the Syracuse Crunch. After a second season with the Crunch, Pöpperle returned to Europe to play for HC Sparta Praha. He signed with newly formed KHL team HC Lev Praha in 2012. In 2014, he signed with another newly formed team, HC Sochi, also in the KHL. He rejoined HC Sparta Praha for the 2015/16 season.

paragraph: Section::::Transactions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- July 30, 2005 - Drafted by the Columbus Blue Jackets in the 5th round, 131st overall.

description: Czech ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Tomáš Pöpperle

wikipedia_title: Tomáš Pöpperle


text:
savoyard
Vidame
Geneva
Bloye
Rumilly, Haute-Savoie
House of Candia

paragraph: François de Candie

paragraph: François de Candie was a savoyard nobleman named Vidame of Geneva from 1377 to 1385 and captain of the castle of l'Ile sur le Rhône in 1377. In 1368, he received from princess Mathide of Savoy the lordship on the castles of Salagine in Bloye and Rumilly, Haute-Savoie.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- House of Candia

wikidata_label: François de Candie

wikipedia_title: François de Candie


text:
pirate
China Seas
Jiaqing Emperor
Qing dynasty
junks
sailing ship
British Empire
Portuguese Empire
Qing dynasty
piracy
pirates
Guangdong
Cantonese
prostitute
madame
brothel
Guangzhou
Cheng I
Cheung Po
Red Flag Fleet
Vietnam
Cheung Po Tsai
East India Company
Portuguese Navy
Battle of the Tiger's Mouth
Naval Battle of Chek Lap Kok
Macau
salt
advisor
Lin Zexu
British Army
First Opium War
Jorge Luis Borges
The Widow Ching, Lady Pirate
A Universal History of Infamy
opium
The History of Piracy
naturalist
Philip Henry Gosse
manga
Naoko Takeuchi
Sailor V
Ermanno Olmi
Singing Behind Screens
Afterlife
OEL
L.A. Meyer's
Bloody Jack
Takayo Fischer
Brethren Court
Captain of Destiny
Maggie Shiu
Maggie Q
Francois Arnaud
Daniele Bolelli
Extra Credits
Runescape
TED-Ed
Pirates of the South China Coast

categories: Female pirates,1844 deaths,19th-century Chinese women,19th-century pirates,Chinese pirates,1775 births,Chinese female prostitutes,People from Guangzhou,Brothel owners and madams,18th-century Chinese women,Qing dynasty people,Date of birth unknown

paragraph: Ching Shih

paragraph: Ching Shih () (born Shih Yang (; 1775–1844), Cheng I Sao (), was a Chinese pirate leader who terrorized the China Seas during the Jiaqing Emperor period of the Qing dynasty in the early 19th-century. She commanded over 300 junks (traditional Chinese sailing ships) manned by 20,000 to 40,000 pirates—men, women, and even children. She entered into conflict with the major nations, such as the British Empire, the Portuguese Empire, and the Qing dynasty.

paragraph: Ching Shih and her crew's exploits had since been featured in numerous books, novels, video games, and films about piracy, pirates and their way of life in China as well as worldwide. She is widely considered to be the most successful pirate in history, based on the fact that she commanded the largest crew ever assembled, and that she died in her own bed as a free woman.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: She was born Shih Yang () in 1775 in Guangdong province. She was a Cantonese prostitute or madame nicknamed Shih Heang Koo () who worked in a floating brothel (花船) in Guangzhou. In 1801, she married Cheng I, a notorious pirate.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage to Cheng I.

paragraph: Cheng I was from a family of notorious pirates whose roots trace back to the mid-17th century. Sources differ on Cheng I's motivation for marriage: some argue that he became infatuated with Shih Heang Koo, while others argue that the union was purely as a business move intended to consolidate power. Either way, Shih Heang Koo is said to have agreed to lend her powers of intrigue, as it were, to her husband's endeavours by formal contract, which granted her a 50% control and share. Following their marriage, Shih ""who participated fully in her husband's piracy,"" was known as Cheng I Sao (). They adopted Cheung Po as their step-son, making him Cheng's fully legal heir. Cheng also bore two more sons: Cheng Ying Shih () and Cheng Heung Shih (). Cheng I used military assertion and his reputation to bind former rivalling Cantonese pirate fleets into an alliance. By 1804, this coalition was a formidable force, and one of the most powerful pirate fleets in all of China; by this time they were known as the "Red Flag Fleet".

paragraph: Section::::Ascension to leadership.

paragraph: On 16 November 1807, Cheng I died in Vietnam at 39. Ching Shih immediately began maneuvering her way into his leadership position. She started to cultivate personal relationships to get rivals to recognize her status and solidify her authority. She acted quickly to solidify the partnership with her adopted son Cheung Po with intimacy. In order to stop her rivals before open conflict erupted, she sought the support of the most powerful members of her husband's family: his nephew Ching Pao-yang and his cousin's son Ching Ch'i. Then she drew on the coalition formed by her husband by building upon some of the fleet captains' existing loyalties to her husband and making herself essential to the remaining captains.

paragraph: Since Ching Shih would have such a large force at her command, her second-in-command "Cheung Po Tsai" would assist her in managing the Red Flag Fleet's day-to-day operations, however, as the time called for a male to be in charge, she named him official captain of the fleet, but he would remain loyal to her and be accepted by the low-level pirates.

paragraph: Section::::Code of laws.

paragraph: Once she held the fleet's leadership position, Ching Shih started the task of uniting the fleet by issuing a code of laws. The Neumann translation of ""The History of Pirates Who Infested the China Sea"" claims that it was Cheung Po Tsai that issued the code. Yuan Yung-lun says that Cheung issued his own code of 3 regulations, called "san-t'iao", for his own fleet, but these are not known to exist in a written form. The code was very strict and according to Richard Glasspoole, strictly enforced.

paragraph: 1) Anyone giving their own orders (ones that didn't come down from Ching Shih) or disobeying those of a superior was beheaded on the spot.

paragraph: 2) No one was to steal from the public fund or any villagers that supplied the pirates.

paragraph: 3) All goods taken as booty had to be presented for group inspection. The booty was registered by a purser and then distributed by the Fleet Leader. The original seizer received 20% and the rest was placed into the public fund.

paragraph: 4) Actual money was turned over to the Squadron Leader, who only gave a small amount back to the seizer, so the rest could be used to purchase supplies for unsuccessful ships. According to Philip Maughan, the punishment for a first-time offense of withholding booty was severe whipping of the back. Large amounts of withheld treasure or subsequent offenses carried the death penalty.

paragraph: Ching Shih's code had special rules for female captives. Standard practice was to release women, but J.L. Turner witnessed differently. Usually the pirates made their most beautiful captives their concubines or wives. If a pirate took a wife he had to be faithful to her. The ones deemed unattractive were released and any remaining were ransomed. Pirates that raped female captives were put to death, but if pirates had consensual sex with captives, the pirate was beheaded and the woman he was with had cannonballs attached to her legs and was thrown over the side of the boat.

paragraph: Violations of other parts of the code were punished with flogging, clapping in irons, or quartering. Deserters or those who had left without official permission had their ears chopped off, and then were paraded around their squadron. Glasspoole concluded that the code ""gave rise to a force that was intrepid in attack, desperate in defense, and unyielding even when outnumbered.""

paragraph: Section::::Pirate career.

paragraph: The fleet under her command established hegemony over many coastal villages, in some cases even imposing levies and taxes on settlements. According to Robert Antony, Ching Shih "robbed towns, markets, and villages, from Macau to Canton." In one coastal village, the Sanshan village, they beheaded 80 men and abducted their women and children and held them for ransom until they were sold in slavery.

paragraph: In January 1808, the Chinese government tried to destroy her fleet in a series of fierce battles. However Ching Shih managed to pillage and take over the government ships. The government had to revert to only using fishing vessels for battle.

paragraph: At the same time that the government was attacking her, Ching Shih faced a larger threat in the form of other pirate fleets. One in particular was "O-po-tae", a former allied-pirate who began working with the Qing government, that forced them to retreat from the coast.

paragraph: For years, the Red Flag Fleet under Ching Shih's rule could not be defeated, neither by Qing dynasty Chinese officials nor by Portuguese or British bounty hunters. She captured Richard Glasspoole, an officer of the East India Company ship "The Marquis of Ely", and 7 British sailors in 1809.

paragraph: In September and November 1809, Ching Shih and Cheung Po Tsai fleet suffered a series of defeats inflicted by the Portuguese Navy at the Battle of the Tiger's Mouth and there was no way they would be able to hold out forever. In their final battle in the Naval Battle of Chek Lap Kok 1810, they surrendered to the Portuguese Navy on January 21 and later accepted an amnesty offered by the Qing Imperial government to all pirates who agreed to surrender, ending their career and allowed to keep the loot that same year. This amnesty allowed only 60 pirates to be banished, 151 to be exiled, and only 126 to be put to death out of her whole fleet of 17,318 pirates. The remaining pirates only had to surrender their weapons. Cheung Po Tsai changed back to his former name, and was capitulated to the Qing Dynasty government. He became a captain in the Qing's Guangdong navy. That is one story. However the Portuguese version does not match in terms of dates or much else two other sources, the Chinese narrative of Yuan Yonglun, the Jinghai Fenji that was translated and published in English in 1831 or Richard Glasspoole's narrative of his capture, made as an official report to the East India Company, which appears as an appendix to Neumann's translation and various other contemporary and later sources. From these two sources it seems clear that the Portuguese narrative, not published until twenty years later has significant errors.

paragraph: Section::::Late life and death.

paragraph: Ching Shih and Cheung Po asked the governor of Guangdong to dissolve their mother and son relationship and allow them to be married, which the governor granted and witnessed. Ching Shih used her loot to open a gambling house. In 1813, Ching Shih gave birth to a son, Cheung Yu Lin. She would later have a daughter who was born at an unknown date.

paragraph: After Cheung Po died at sea in 1822, Ching Shih moved the family to Macau and opened a gambling house and a brothel. She was also involved in the salt trade there.

paragraph: In her later years, she even served as an advisor to Lin Zexu in battling the British Army during the First Opium War which broke out in 1839.

paragraph: In 1844, she died in bed surrounded by her family in Macau, at the age of 69.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural references.

paragraph: A semi-fictionalized account of Ching Shih's piracy appeared in Jorge Luis Borges's short story "The Widow Ching, Lady Pirate" (part of "A Universal History of Infamy" (1935)), where she is described as "a lady pirate who operated in Asian waters, all the way from the Yellow Sea to the rivers of the Annam coast", and who, after surrendering to the imperial forces, is pardoned and allowed to live the rest of her life as an opium smuggler. Borges acknowledged the 1932 book "The History of Piracy", by Philip Gosse (grandson of the naturalist Philip Henry Gosse), as the source of the tale.

paragraph: In Chapter 15 of , a manga created by Naoko Takeuchi, Sailor V transforms temporarily into Ching Shih.

paragraph: In 2003, Ermanno Olmi made a film, "Singing Behind Screens", loosely based on Borges's retelling, though rights problems prevented the Argentine writer from appearing in the credits.

paragraph: "Afterlife", a 2006 OEL graphic novel, depicts Ching Shih as a guardian who fights demons to protect the denizens of the underworld.

paragraph: In "The Wake of the Lorelei Lee", book 8 of L.A. Meyer's "Bloody Jack" series, Jacky is captured by Ching Shih and so impresses her that the pirate bestows her with a tattoo of a dragon on the back of her neck to indicate she is under Shih's protection.

paragraph: A character loosely based on Ching Shih appears in the 2007 film "". Played by Takayo Fischer Mistress Ching is portrayed as one of the 9 Pirate Lords of the Brethren Court and the powerful leader of the pirate confederation of China. The character also appears in 2 tie-in books, "" and "".

paragraph: Puppetmongers Theatre of Toronto, Canada, mounted 2 different productions based on Ching Shih's life. The first was a co-production with the "Center for Puppetry Arts in Atlanta", directed by Jon Ludwig in 2000, and the second version, directed by Mark Cassidy played at "Toronto's Tarragon Theatre Extra Space" in 2002.

paragraph: In the 2015 Hong Kong television drama "Captain of Destiny", Maggie Shiu plays a character whos based on Ching Shih.

paragraph: "Red Flag", a limited series which centers on Ching Shih, starring Maggie Q and Francois Arnaud, was scheduled to start filming in the fall of 2014 in Malaysia.

paragraph: In September 2017, on his "History on Fire" podcast Daniele Bolelli released a 2 hr 15min episode about Ching Shih and her pirate confederacy. The episode is called "The Pirate Queen."

paragraph: On January 27, 2018, Ching Shih was featured on the 153rd episode of the YouTube series Extra Credits, titled "Cheng I Sao - Pirate Queen".

paragraph: On March 19, 2018, a character who references the real-life Ching Shih, named "Madame Shih" was added to the MMORPG "Runescape", debuting in a pirate-themed quest titled "Pieces of Hate". She goes on to feature in another quest, released on February 25, 2019, titled "Curse of the Black Stone". In both quests she's captured, but eventually escapes with help from the player, possibly referencing Ching Shih's knack for getting out of all sorts of dangerous situations.

paragraph: On April 2, 2018, Ching Shih was featured on a TED-Ed Youtube video, titled "The most successful pirate of all time", the lesson made by Dian Murray.

paragraph: The short story, "The Difficult Path" by Grace Lin (in the collection "Flying Lessons & Other Stories" edited by Ellen Oh) is loosely based on stories about Ching Shih. It's in a collection of diverse short stories for middle grade readers.

paragraph: The podcast, "The History Chicks" covered Ching Shih in a March 2019 episode.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pirates of the South China Coast

alias:
Cheng I Sao
Shih Yang
Shih Heang Koo
Ching Shih Shih

description: Chinese pirate

wikidata_label: Ching Shih

wikipedia_title: Ching Shih


text:
Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves
Harrow
Val Guest
Arthur Askey
Margaret Lockwood
George IV
The Laughing Lady
Mrs. Fitzherbert
Herbert Wilcox
Spring in Park Lane
Maytime in Mayfair
Anna Neagle
Michael Wilding
Prince Albert
The Lady with a Lamp
Alfie
The Wrong Box
The Jokers
I'll Never Forget What's'isname
The Magic Christian
Irish peerage
House of Lords
Evelyn Paget Graves
Lily Christine
Kipps
King Arthur Was a Gentleman
Bees in Paradise
I'll Be Your Sweetheart
Waltz Time
The Laughing Lady
Gaiety George
Spring Song
The Lady with a Lamp
Derby Day
The Admirable Crichton
Alfie
The Wrong Box
The Jokers
I'll Never Forget What's'isname
How I Won the War
The Assassination Bureau
The Magic Christian
The Adventurers
Paul and Michelle
The Slipper and the Rose
I Hired a Contract Killer

categories: 20th-century English male actors,English male musical theatre actors,Male actors from London,Barons in the Peerage of Ireland,English male stage actors,1994 deaths,1911 births,English male film actors,20th-century English singers

paragraph: Peter Graves, 8th Baron Graves

paragraph: Peter George Wellesley Graves, 8th Baron Graves (21 October 1911 – 6 June 1994), was an English actor.

paragraph: Born in London, Graves was the son of Henry Algernon Claude Graves, 7th Baron Graves. Admiral Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves, was his great-great-great-grandfather. He was educated at Harrow.

paragraph: He married Winifred Ruby Moule (better known as Vanessa Lee (soprano) who played many leading roles, especially in several Ivor Novello musical comedies) on 28 May 1960.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Known during his acting career as Peter Graves, he specialised in light comedies and musicals, often cast as dapper young men about town. His career peaked in the mid to late 1940s, beginning with the films of director/writer Val Guest, including "Miss London Ltd" (1943) and "Bees in Paradise" (1944), opposite Arthur Askey; and "Give Us the Moon" (1944) and "I'll Be Your Sweetheart" (1945), opposite Margaret Lockwood. Other roles included the lead in "Spring Song" (1946), and George IV in both "The Laughing Lady" (1946) and "Mrs. Fitzherbert" (1947).

paragraph: He also appeared in a number of films by Herbert Wilcox, such as popular musicals "Spring in Park Lane" (1948) and "Maytime in Mayfair" (1949), both vehicles for Anna Neagle and Michael Wilding. He also portrayed another royal, Prince Albert in Wilcox's "The Lady with a Lamp" (1951) and "Lilacs in the Spring" (1954).

paragraph: He re-emerged in the 1960s as a popular comic supporting player in number of films, including "Alfie" (1966); "The Wrong Box" (1966); "The Jokers" (1967); "I'll Never Forget What's'isname" (1967); and "The Magic Christian" (1969). He continued acting until a few years before his death, mostly on television.

paragraph: In 1963 he succeeded his father as eighth Baron Graves. However, as this was an Irish peerage it did not entitle him to a seat in the House of Lords.

paragraph: He married Winifred Ruby Moule on 28 May 1960. She died in 1992. The union had been childless and he died without an heir on 6 June 1994 in France of a heart attack. He was succeeded in the barony by his second cousin Evelyn Paget Graves.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lily Christine" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kipps" (1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "King Arthur Was a Gentleman" (1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bees in Paradise" (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I'll Be Your Sweetheart" (1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Waltz Time" (1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Laughing Lady" (1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gaiety George" (1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spring Song" (1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lady with a Lamp" (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Derby Day" (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Admirable Crichton" (1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alfie" (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wrong Box" (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Jokers" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I'll Never Forget What's'isname" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "How I Won the War" - Staff Officer (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Assassination Bureau" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Magic Christian" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Adventurers" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paul and Michelle" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Slipper and the Rose" (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Hired a Contract Killer" (1990)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). "Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage" (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

description: 1911-1994 English actor and 8th Baron Graves

wikidata_label: Peter Graves

wikipedia_title: Peter Graves, 8th Baron Graves


text: Vila Franca do Campo

text: Suzhou, Gansu

text: China

text: Portuguese

text: Jesuit

text: Missionary

text: Afghanistan

text: Pamirs

text: Jesuits

text: Cathay

text: Marco Polo

text: Henry Yule

text: Portuguese India

text: Goa

text: Society of Jesus

text: Jerome Xavier

text: Lahore

text: Akbar

text: Matteo Ricci

text: Persian language

text: Cathay

text: Marco Polo

text: Ruy Gonzales de Clavijo

text: Jesuit missionaries

text: Mughal

text: Kashgar

text: Prester John

text: Ming China

text: Agra

text: Agra

text: Lahore

text: caravan

text: Kashgar

text: Yarkand

text: Armenian

text: Kabul

text: Yarkand

text: Peshawar

text: Hotan

text: hajj

text: Mecca

text: jade

text: Kafiristan

text: the local people's

text: Hindu Kush

text: Taloqan

text: Afghanistan

text: Pamiri people

text: Pamirs

text: Cornelius Wessels

text: Marco Polo

text: Yarkand

text: Tarim Basin

text: Abu Bakr Khan

text: Ming Emperor

text: Hotan

text: Kashgaria

text: Muhammad Sultan

text: Sultan Said Khan

text: murid

text: Khoja Ishaq

text: Aksu, Xinjiang

text: Kucha

text: Turpan

text: Korla

text: Karashar

text: Turkic

text: Portuguese

text: Marco Polo

text: Cambalu

text: Turpan

text: Hami

text: Jiayuguan

text: Great Wall

text: Suzhou

text: Jiuquan

text: Ming Empire

text: Goa

text: Xi'an

text: diabolical custom

text: Macau

text: Singapore

text: Matteo Ricci

text: António de Andrade

text: Cornelius Wessels

text: Trigault, Nicolas

text: Louis J. Gallagher

text: De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas

text: Matteo Ricci

text: Nicolas Trigault

text: full Latin text

text: Google Books

text: Henry Yule

text: De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas

text: Purchas his Pilgrimes

text: available in a variety of formats

text: OCR-ed text

text: appears on Google Books

categories: People from São Miguel Island,Portuguese expatriates in China,Roman Catholic missionaries in China,Portuguese travel writers,Portuguese Roman Catholic missionaries,17th-century Portuguese people,Portuguese Jesuits,Jesuit missionaries in China,Explorers of Central Asia,1562 births,16th-century Portuguese people,17th-century explorers,1607 deaths,Portuguese explorers

paragraph: Bento de Góis

paragraph: Bento de Góis (1562 in Vila Franca do Campo, Azores, Portugal – 11 April 1607 in Suzhou, Gansu, China), was a Portuguese Jesuit Brother, Missionary and explorer. His name is commonly given in English as Bento de Goes or Bento de Goës; in the past, it has also been Anglicized as Benedict Goës.

paragraph: He is mainly remembered as the first known European to travel overland from India to China, via Afghanistan and the Pamirs. Inspired by controversies among the Jesuits as to whether the Cathay of Marco Polo's stories is the same country as China, his expedition

paragraph: conclusively proved that the two countries are one and the same, and, according to Henry Yule, made ""Cathay"... finally disappear from view, leaving "China" only in the mouths and minds of men".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Góis went to Portuguese India as a soldier in the Portuguese army. In Goa, he entered the Society of Jesus as a lay brother (in 1584) and offered himself to work for the Mughal mission. As such, in 1595, he accompanied Jerome Xavier and Manuel Pinheiro to Lahore. For the third time, Emperor Akbar had requested Jesuits to be sent to his court. Góis returned to Goa in 1601. According to Matteo Ricci, the experiences allowed Góis to become fluent in the Persian language and "Saracen" (Muslim) customs.

paragraph: Section::::Riddle of Cathay.

paragraph: Góis is best remembered for his long exploratory journey through Central Asia, under the garb of an Armenian merchant, in search of the Kingdom of Cathay. Generated by accounts made by Marco Polo and later by the claims of Ruy Gonzales de Clavijo,

paragraph: reports had been circulating in Europe for over three centuries of the existence of a Christian kingdom in the midst of Muslim nations. After the Jesuit missionaries, led by Ricci, had spent over 15 years in southern China and finally reached Beijing in 1598, they came to strongly suspect that China was Cathay; the belief was strengthened by the fact that all "Saracen" (Central Asian Muslim) travellers met by Ricci and his companions in China told them that they were in Cathay.

paragraph: The Jesuit leadership in Goa had been informed by letters from Jesuits in China that China was Cathay but that there were no Christians there. At the same time, the Jesuits stationed at the Mughal court (in particular, Xavier himself) were told by visiting merchants that one could reach Cathay via Kashgar and that there were many Christians in Cathay, which convinced Xavier that Cathay was the kingdom of Prester John rather than it being Ming China.

paragraph: After some communications between Xavier, the order's superiors in Goa, Niccolò Pimenta, the father visitor in charge there), and the authorities in Europe, it was decided to send an expedition overland from India to the Cathay mentioned by the Mughals' Agra to the Jesuits to find out what the country really was. Góis was chosen as the most suitable person for this expedition, as a man of courage and good judgment who was familiar with the region's language and customs. Akbar approved of the plans as well; he issued Góis with letters of safe conduct to be used during the part of the trip within the Mughal Empire, and he provided some of the funds for the expedition.

paragraph: Section::::In Cathay.

paragraph: He left Agra for Lahore in late 1602 or early 1603 (sources differ), and in February 1603, he left Lahore with the annual caravan bound for Kashgaria's capital Yarkand. His cover identity was that of an Armenian merchant with a somewhat unlikely name Abdullah Isái. He was accompanied by two Greeks chosen by Xavier: a priest, Leo Grimano, who travelled to Kabul, and a merchant, Demetrios, who also separated from Góis in Kabul but later rejoined him in Yarkand. Instead of the four servants given to him in Agra, he hired in Lahore a real Armenian residing in that city, Isaac, who accompanied Góis to the very end.

paragraph: Traveling via Peshawar, the caravan reached Kabul, where the caravan members spent several months. While in Kabul, Góis met "Agahanem", the sister of the ruler of Kashgaria, who was also the mother of the current ruler of Hotan. She was returning to her homeland from a hajj to Mecca and had run out of money. The Jesuit lent her some funds, which she later repaid with quality jade.

paragraph: From another traveler he met, Góis learned about the existence of "a city called Capperstam, into which no Mahomedan is allowed to enter" (according to Yule, a reference to the region of Kafiristan), and he got a taste of the local people's wine, which he found quite similar to European wine.

paragraph: From Kabul, Góis and Isaac went north, crossing the Hindu Kush. Having left the domain of the Moghuls and entered the territory under the authority (at least nominally) of the Khan of Samarcand, Ferghana, and Bukhara, they made a stop in Taloqan ("Talhan") in today's northern Afghanistan. The area was in turmoil, with the "Calcia" people, "of light hair and beard like the Belgians" being in rebellion against the Bukharan rulers.

paragraph: While "Galcha" is an archaic term that referred a broad number of people, which cannot be directly mapped to any single modern ethnic group, it was described by at least one author as a name used by lowland Tajiks for the Pamiri people.

paragraph: Having passed through the land of the Calcia rebels with only minor losses, the caravan continued eastward, on dangerous roads across the Pamirs. Neither Yule in 1866 nor Cornelius Wessels in 1924 was able to identify most of the places mentioned by Góis, but they mentioned that his was probably the only published account of a European crossing the region between the expedition of Marco Polo and the 19th century. The caravan reached Yarkand ("Hiarchan") in November 1603.

paragraph: Yarkand had been the capital of Kashgaria (western Tarim Basin) since the days of Abu Bakr Khan (ca. 1500).

paragraph: Góis and Isaac spent a year there to wait for the formation and departure of a caravan to Cathay. They knew that every few years a caravan would leave Yarkand, with primarily of local merchants carrying jade to the capital of Cathay (i.e., Beijing) under the guise of "tribute" to the Ming Emperor, from various Central Asian rulers. According to the custom, the emperor would choose the best jade for himself, generously reimbursing the Kashgarians, and the rest of the jade could be sold to Beijing merchants. Góis also made a side trip to Hotan, where his earlier loan to the principality's queen mother was generously rewarded with jade.

paragraph: The Jesuit impressed the Yarkand-based ruler of Kashgaria Muhammad Sultan (r. 1592-1609), a descendant of Sultan Said Khan and a "murid" of Khoja Ishaq,

paragraph: with a gift of a mechanical watch and obtained from him a document for entry into the eastern "Kingdom of Cialis", which was ruled by Muhammad's son.

paragraph: The jade-laden "tribute" caravan left Yarkand in November 1604. They made a stop in Aksu, Xinjiang, which was still within Kashgarian Kingdom, and had Muhammad Sultan's 12-year-old nephew as its nominal ruler. The Jesuit befriended the boy with some sweets and a performance of a European dance and his mother with a variety of small gifts.

paragraph: The caravan then crossed the "desert of Caracathai", or "the Black Land of the Cathayans", which Góis learned was named after the "Cathayans [who] had lived there for a long time". The next major stop was the small but strongly-fortified city of Cialis, where the travelers spent three months, as the caravan's chief waited for more merchants to join. Although it follows from the geography of the route (between Kucha and Turpan) that Cialis had to be located somewhere within today's Bayin'gholin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, its identity has been a subject of speculation among later historians.

paragraph: Some thought that it was the city known to us as Korla (today, the capital of the prefecture),

paragraph: But others opined for Karashar, some 50 km farther to the northeast.

paragraph: It was in Cialis that Bento's caravan met with another caravan, returning from Beijing to Kashgaria. As the luck would have it, during their stay in Beijing, or "Cambalu", in Turkic, the Kashgarians had resided at the same facility for accommodating foreign visitors where Ricci, the first Jesuit to reach the Chinese capital, had been detained for a while. The returning Kashgarians told Góis what they knew about this new, unusual species of visitors to China, and they even showed him a piece of scrap paper with something written in Portuguese, apparently dropped by one of the Jesuits, which they had picked as a souvenir to show to their friends back home. Góis was overjoyed, now sure that the China Jesuits had been right identifying Marco Polo's Cathay as China and Cambalu as Beijing.

paragraph: Section::::Stuck in Suzhou.

paragraph: Via Turpan and Hami, His caravan arrived to the Chinese border at Jiayuguan and soon obtained the permission to

paragraph: cross the Great Wall and to proceed to Suzhou (now Jiuquan City center), the first city within the Ming Empire, which they entered near the end of 1605. After three years and 4,000 miles of arduous travel, Bento and Isaac had 13 horses, five hired servants, and two boys that Bento had redeemed out of slavery. They carried plenty of precious jade with them, and, most importantly, both travelers were in good health. However, here his luck ran out. The Ming Empire had fairly restrictive rules for foreigners' entry into the country, and it would take many months before the Central Asian merchants/"ambassadors" would be allowed to proceed into the interior of the country. In the meantime, Bento and Isaac, virtually imprisoned in the border city, had to spend their assets to feed themselves at the exorbitant prices prevailing there. Góis wrote a letter to the Jesuits in Beijing asking them to find a way to get him out of Suzhou, but it was not delivered, as he did not know the address of his colleagues in Beijing, and apparently he could not even ask anyone to have the letter addressed in Chinese. On their end, the Beijing Jesuits (informed about Góis's expedition by his Goa superiors) were making inquiries about him from people coming from the west, but they could not learn anything either since they did not know his "Armenian" name, or they asked the wrong people.

paragraph: Góis's second letter, sent around Easter 1606, made it to Beijing in mid-November. Despite the winter weather, Ricci promptly sent a Chinese Jesuit Lay Brother, Giovanni Fernandes to his rescue.

paragraph: Despite inclement weather and the theft of many of his supplies by his servant in Xi'an, Fernandes made it to Suzhou in late March 1607 and found Bento sick and almost at the point of death. (Ricci says that he may have been poisoned.) The intrepid traveler died 11 days after Fernandes's arrival, and the other members of his caravan, pursuant to their "diabolical custom", divided his property among themselves.

paragraph: It took several months of legal efforts for Giovanni and Isaac to recover some of Góis's property and papers from his former caravan travellers. Unfortunately, his travel journal, which he was said to have kept meticulously, had been destroyed by the "Saracen" caravan people, supposedly because it also contained records of the amounts of funds that some of them owed to him. Therefore, records of his expedition are very sketchy, based primarily on the several surviving letters (several sent back to India and the last one, to Ricci) and on information obtained by Ricci from Isaac and Giovanni.

paragraph: Isaac and Giovanni buried Góis's in as Christian manner as it was possible under the circumstances, and they went to Beijing. After being debriefed by Ricci during a month's stay in Beijing, Isaac returned to India, via Macau and the Strait of Singapore, with more adventures on the way.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matteo Ricci

paragraph: BULLET::::- António de Andrade

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cornelius Wessels

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Reprint of the 1924 edition)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernard, H., "Le frère Bento de Goes chez les musulmans de la Haute-Asie", Tientsin, 1934.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bishop, G.,"In Search of Cathay", Anand, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cronin, V., "The Wise Man From the West", Harvill Press, 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trigault, Nicolas S. J. "China in the Sixteenth Century: The Journals of Mathew Ricci: 1583-1610". English translation by Louis J. Gallagher, S.J. (New York: Random House, Inc. 1953). This is an English translation of the Latin work, "De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas" based on Matteo Ricci's journals completed by Nicolas Trigault. In particular, Book Five, Chapter 11, "Cathay and China: The Extraordinary Odyssey of a Jesuit Lay Brother" and Chapter 12, "Cathay and China Proved to Be Identical." (pp. 499–521 in 1953 edition). There is also full Latin text available on Google Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Journey of Benedict Goës from Agra to Cathay" - Henry Yule's translation of the relevant chapters of "De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas", with detailed notes and an introduction. In:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The report of a Mahometan Merchant which had beene in Cambalu: and the troublesome travell of Benedictus Goes, a Portugall Jesuite, from Lahor to China by land, thorow the Tartars Countreyes", A.D. 1598, in "Purchas his Pilgrimes", Volume XII (1625), p. 222. The book is available in a variety of formats on archive.org, including OCR-ed text. The book also appears on Google Books, but only in snippet view.

description: Portuguese explorer and missionary

wikidata_label: Bento de Góis

wikipedia_title: Bento de Góis


text: KCMG

text: Imperial Russian Army

text: counterrevolutionary

text: White movement

text: Russian Civil War

text: Mogilev Governorate

text: Belarus

text: Nikolaev Engineering Institute

text: Izmaylovsky Regiment

text: Nikolaev Military Academy

text: Russo-Japanese War

text: colonel

text: First World War

text: major general

text: Order of St. George

text: Cross of St. George

text: Russian Revolution of 1917

text: 1st Guard Corps

text: Mikhail Drozdovsky

text: White movement

text: Bolshevik

text: Volunteer Army

text: Red Army

text: Kharkiv

text: Kiev

text: Orel

text: Voronezh

text: Tula

text: Anton Denikin

text: Pyotr Wrangel

text: Crimea

text: Sevastopol

text: infarction

text: Order of St. Stanislaus

text: Order of St. Anne

text: Order of St Vladimir

text: Order of St. George

text: Gold Sword for Bravery

text: Cross of St. George

text: Order of St Michael and St George

text: White movement

text: Volunteer Army

text: Russian Civil War

categories: 1920 deaths,People from Mogilev Governorate,Imperial Russian Army generals,Military Engineering-Technical University alumni,1867 births,Recipients of the Cross of St. George,Recipients of the Gold Sword for Bravery,Russian military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War,White movement generals,Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class,Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class,Russian anti-communists,People of the Russian Civil War,Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 2nd class,Russian military personnel of World War I

paragraph: Vladimir May-Mayevsky

paragraph: Vladimir Zenonovich May-Mayevsky KCMG () (September 15, 1867 – November 30, 1920) was a general in the Imperial Russian Army and one of the leaders of the counterrevolutionary White movement during the Russian Civil War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: May-Mayevsky was born in 1867 to a family of minor gentry in the Mogilev Governorate, now part of Belarus. He entered military service in 1885, graduating from the Nikolaev Engineering Institute in 1888, now Military engineering-technical university (Russian ), serving as a lieutenant with the elite Izmaylovsky Regiment. He later attended the Nikolaev Military Academy in 1896, and was promoted to a captain of the Life Guards.

paragraph: During the Russo-Japanese War, May-Mayevsky was promoted to the rank of colonel and commanded the 1st Guards Corps, which he continued to command in the First World War, when he was promoted to the rank of major general. He was awarded the Order of St. George (4th class) and Golden Sword of St. George in 1915, and the Cross of St. George in 1917.

paragraph: At the time of the Russian Revolution of 1917 May-Mayevsky was still in charge of the 1st Guard Corps. Although his obese appearance was distinctly unmilitary, he had military talent and a reputation for calm bravery and quick decisive action.

paragraph: In March 1918 May-Mayevsky fled to the Don region, and joined Mikhail Drozdovsky's White movement army as a common soldier. This unit soon merged with the anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army, and May-Mayevsky became a divisional commander. On May 23, 1919 May-Mayevsky was appointed chief commander of the Volunteer Army after his division drove the Red Army from the city of Kharkiv. His forces moved on to secure Kiev, Orel and Voronezh. However, his forces were thus overextended, and after suffering a number of defeats, problems with his alcoholism increased. May-Maevsky was blamed for the military retreats from Tula and Orel and accused of "moral decay". On November 27, 1919 General Anton Denikin replaced him with General Pyotr Wrangel, an effective general without the moral weaknesses of May-Mayevsky.

paragraph: In 1920, he led rearguard units in the final defence of the Crimea. Accounts differ on his end. May-Majewski was either shot during the evacuation of the White Army from Sevastopol on November 13, 1920, or else died of infarction, either at a hospital in Sevastopol, or the journey by car to the ship for evacuation.

paragraph: Section::::Distinctions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of St. Stanislaus 2nd degree, 1906 (3rd degree, 1900)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of St. Anne 2nd degree 1907 (3rd degree 1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of St Vladimir 3rd degree, 1912 (4th degree, 1909)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of St. George, 4th class, 1915

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold Sword for Bravery (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cross of St. George with a laurel branch, 1917

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary Knight of the Order of St Michael and St George, 1921 (UK)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- White movement

paragraph: BULLET::::- Volunteer Army

paragraph: BULLET::::- Russian Civil War

description: Russian general

wikidata_label: Vladimir May-Mayevsky

wikipedia_title: Vladimir May-Mayevsky


text:
Czech
mycologist
author abbreviation
citing
botanical name
Liberec
Prague
polytechnical school
Franz Ignatz Cassian Hallaschka
Josef Johann Steinmann
Franz Xaver Zippe
Ignaz Friedrich Tausch
Vibrio cholerae
Rokitzan
Reichstadt
Niemes
Zwickau
cholera
Kurt Sprengel
Alexander von Humboldt
Carl Sigismund Kunth
Johann Horkel
Martin Lichtenstein
Karlovy Vary
Nees von Esenbeck
Czech National Museum
Kaspar Maria von Sternberg
Karlovy Vary
Vratislavia
Prague Barricades
Stachybotrys

categories: Czech mycologists,1809 births,1849 deaths,19th-century Czech people,19th-century botanists,Czech botanists,Deaths due to shipwreck

paragraph: August Carl Joseph Corda

paragraph: August Carl Joseph Corda (1809–1849) was a Czech physician and mycologist. This botanist is denoted by the author abbreviation Corda when citing a botanical name.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Corda was born in Reichenberg (now Liberec), Bohemia on November 15, 1809. Corda's father was a textile seller. Both of Corda's parents died suddenly only a few weeks following his birth, and Corda was raised by his grandmother, attending the Normale School in Reichenberg. Corda's grandmother died in 1819 and Corda was sent to live with an "unacquainted family" for two years during which time he did not receive schooling. Two years later, Corda was transferred to the care of an uncle in Prague where he attended the "Lyceum of New Prague". As a result of family difficulties, Corda left the Lyceum in 1824 to attend polytechnical school. There, he studied physics under Franz Ignatz Cassian Hallaschka, chemistry under Josef Johann Steinmann, mineralogy under Franz Xaver Zippe, and botany under Ignaz Friedrich Tausch. Corda remained at the Polytechnic only 3 years, long enough to become proficient in chemistry.

paragraph: After leaving the Polytechnic in 1827, Corda took a job in a chemical factory in Prague for a brief time before returning to study surgery at the University of Prague. Shortly thereafter during an outbreak of "Vibrio cholerae", Corda served as an assistant surgeon at the General Hospital in Prague. He continued as a cholera doctor in Rokitzan, Reichstadt, Niemes and Zwickau. Late in 1832, dispirited by his seemingly endless struggle against cholera, Corda quit the practice of medicine.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: For six weeks, Corda retreated to Berlin to enjoy the company of his close friend Kurt Sprengel and his many associates in the literati, Alexander von Humboldt, Carl Sigismund Kunth, Johann Horkel and Martin Lichtenstein. Following his return to Reichenberg, Corda was inspired to the study of botany following the receipt of a letter from the Berlin Academy proposing a study of the growth of palms and related plants with a travel grant for a return trip to Berlin. Corda enthusiastically responded by writing "De incremento stipitis plantarum" with nearly 100 accompanying illustrations which he completed in 1834 along with a monograph on the "Anatomy of the Rhyzosperms". During his return to Prague, Corda collected at the Karlovy Vary Hot Springs where he studied aquatic zooplankton and visited Nees von Esenbeck.

paragraph: Once back in Prague, Corda was invited to take up a position of Curator of the Division of Zoology at the Czech National Museum by the museum's founder and president, the influential Kaspar Maria von Sternberg, whom Corda had met during his time at Karlovy Vary and also at a botanical congress in Vratislavia. Corda's primary interest quickly drifted to the mycological collections which became the primary focus of his work. Corda is best known for his monumental 6 volume "Icones fungorum hucusque cognitorum", published from 1837–1842 and finally in 1854, and his "Prachtflora europäischer Schimmelbildungen" published in 1839. Corda was one of the first mycologists to document the sizes of spores of the fungi he described.

paragraph: In 1848, Corda was suspected of political agitation during the Prague Barricades and narrowly escaped assassination. Corda remains well known to mycologists, having described many important fungal genera, including "Stachybotrys". He perished at sea in 1849 while returning home from a collecting trip in Texas.

alias:
August Corda
Corda
August Karl Joseph Corda

description: Czech biologist and mycologist

wikidata_label: August Carl Joseph Corda

wikipedia_title: August Carl Joseph Corda


text: clothing designer

text: model

text: Des Plaines

text: Illinois

text: college

text: "Inc."

text: University of Illinois

text: interior design

text: New York City

text: fashion

text: kimono

text: Irvington

text: New York

text: privately held company

text: retail store

text: Manhattan

text: revenue

text: China

text: Social Accountability International

text: Vancouver

text: British Columbia

text: London

text: England

text: sustainability

text: organic cotton

text: fabric

text: dry cleaning

text: List of fashion designers

text: List of people from New York City

text: List of New York companies

text: eileenfisher.com

categories: Women fashion designers,Clothing retailers of the United States,Place of birth missing (living people),1984 establishments in the United States,20th-century American businesspeople,20th-century businesswomen,American company founders,University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign alumni,Businesspeople from New York City,American women business executives,Companies based in Westchester County, New York,American fashion designers,Retail companies established in 1984,21st-century American businesspeople,American fashion businesspeople,Privately held companies based in New York (state),Benefit corporations,People from Des Plaines, Illinois,Living people,People from Irvington, New York,American business executives,1950 births

paragraph: Eileen Fisher

paragraph: Eileen Fisher (born June 6, 1950) is an American clothing designer and founder of the women's clothing brand Eileen Fisher, Inc. Fisher's designs are characterized by simplicity, and her company is known for using non-traditional models in its print advertisements, including its own employees.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Fisher grew up in Des Plaines, Illinois, the second of seven children. When Fisher decided to go to college, her father explained that the family could not contribute to her tuition because they needed to save their money to send her younger brother to college as "he would need an education to support his family some day." Fisher explained in an interview to "Inc." in 2013: "It didn't upset me — it was the times. I never expected a penny from my parents. I paid my way through the University of Illinois working as a waitress." She started as a math major before switching to interior design, graduating in 1972. Fisher then moved to New York City in 1973. She worked as an interior designer and as a graphic artist before establishing her own fashion business inspired by style and longevity of the classic kimono. She has two children, Zackary and Sasha, and she lives in Irvington, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Company.

paragraph: Eileen Fisher Inc. is an American privately held company founded by Fisher in 1984 with $350 in startup money. Her first order at a New York clothing design show was for $3,000, which was followed three months later with $40,000 in additional sales. She opened her first retail store in 1986, on East 9th Street in Manhattan.

paragraph: In 2002, the company earned $144 million in revenue, and $154 million in 2003. Estimated revenue in 2015 grew to over $300 million. As of 2003, 35 percent of the company's clothing was manufactured in the United States while the rest was made in China in compliance with Social Accountability International's SA8000.

paragraph: The company has over 1200 employees with over 56 retail stores in fifteen states. In 2011, the company expanded outside the U.S., opening its first Canadian store in Vancouver, British Columbia and then more stores in London, England, in October 2012.

paragraph: Fisher's company emphasizes sustainability, with 70% of the cotton used in its clothing sourced from organic cotton. In order to reduce fabric and fiber waste, the company started a recycling program. Customers donate their "gently used" Eileen Fisher clothing in return for a $5 gift certificate per article. After dry cleaning, the garments are resold—with the income funding business grants for women and leadership programs for young women.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of fashion designers

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of people from New York City

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign people

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of New York companies

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- eileenfisher.com, the company's official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- (profile on the person)

paragraph: BULLET::::- How I Build This - Eileen Fisher: Eileen Fisher (audio interview)

description: Entrepreneur and fashion designer

wikidata_label: Eileen Fisher

wikipedia_title: Eileen Fisher


text: Breslau

text: Jewish

text: Nazism

text: Kansas City, Missouri

text: University of Kansas

text: Harvard University

text: United States Army

text: Sorbonne

text: Economic Cooperation Administration

text: Brussels

text: Saigon

text: Phnom Penh

text: Vientiane

text: U.S. Department of State

text: Vientiane

text: Laos

text: Lomé

text: Togo

text: Chargé d'affaires

text: Bamako

text: Mali

text: United Nations General Assembly

text: Cambridge, Massachusetts

text: Military Region 1

text: Da Nang

text: Cham Museum

text: Fall of Saigon

text: evacuated

text: United States Ambassador to Denmark

text: United States Ambassador to Lebanon

text: United States Ambassador to Thailand

text: United States Ambassador to India

text: Lebanon

text: PLO

text: Israel

text: President of Pakistan

text: Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq

text: The Killing Fields

text: Ira Wheeler

text: evacuation of Phnom Penh

text: John Gunther Dean's Oral History

text: John Gunther Dean's Inventory

categories: Harvard University alumni,1926 births,American Jews in the military,People with acquired American citizenship,German Jews,Military personnel from Missouri,Ambassadors of the United States to Cambodia,Ambassadors of the United States to Denmark,People from Wrocław,Ambassadors of the United States to Lebanon,American military personnel of World War II,Ambassadors of the United States to Thailand,2019 deaths,Ambassadors of the United States to India,American people of German-Jewish descent,German emigrants to the United States

paragraph: John Gunther Dean

paragraph: John Gunther Dean (February 24, 1926 – June 6, 2019) was an American diplomat. From 1974–1988, he served as the United States ambassador to five nations under four American presidents.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Dean was born as Gunther Dienstfertig in Breslau, Germany, into a Jewish family, the son of Lucy (Askenazy) and Joseph Dienstfertig. As a child, he attended the exclusive Von Zawatzki Schule in Breslau. Escaping the rise of Nazism, the family left Germany in December 1938 and arrived in the United States in February. In March 1939 the family changed its name from "Dienstfertig" to "Dean" before the City Court of New York. They eventually arrived in Kansas City, Missouri, where his father briefly lectured at the University of Kansas. Graduating from high school in Kansas City at the age of 16, he went on to Harvard University. In 1944 Dean became a naturalized United States citizen. He interrupted his education and served in the United States Army from 1944–1946, utilizing his language skills with the Office of Military Intelligence. He then returned to Harvard and obtained his undergraduate degree (B.S. Magna Cum Laude, 1947). He received his doctorate in law from the Sorbonne (1949), and returned to Harvard again to obtain a graduate degree in international relations (M.A., 1950).

paragraph: In 1950 Dean worked in government service as an economic analyst with the European Headquarters of the Economic Cooperation Administration in Paris, France. From 1951–1953 he was an industrial analyst with ECA in Brussels, Belgium. From 1953–1956 he was assistant economic commissioner with the International Cooperation Administration in French Indo-China with accreditation in Saigon, Phnom Penh, and Vientiane.

paragraph: Section::::Foreign Service career.

paragraph: Dean passed the Foreign Service Examination in 1954. He formally began his service as an officer with the U.S. Department of State in the spring of 1956. From 1956–1958 he served as a political officer in Vientiane, Laos, and then from 1959–1960 he opened the first American consulate in Lomé, Togo. From 1960–1961 he was Chargé d'affaires in Bamako, Mali, and then became the officer in charge of Mali-Togo affairs in the Department of State from 1961–1963. In 1963 Dean was an adviser to the U.S. delegation to the 18th Session of the United Nations General Assembly, and during 1964–1965 he was an international relations officer in the NATO section of the Department of State. Dean went to Paris in 1965 as a political officer and served there until 1969. From 1969–1970 he was a fellow at Harvard's Center for International Affairs in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

paragraph: He was then detailed to the U.S. military as Deputy to the Commander of Military Region 1 in South Vietnam where he served as Regional Director for Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support (CORDS) until 1972. While in Da Nang, South Vietnam, he helped to protect the Cham Museum for which he was officially thanked in 2005 by the Vietnamese and French authorities. From 1972–1974 he was the deputy chief of mission/Chargé d'affaires in Vientiane, Laos. He is credited for having helped the establishment of a coalition government which saved thousands of lives after the Fall of Saigon in 1975. Dean was appointed Ambassador to Cambodia in March 1974 and he served in that posting until the Embassy was closed and all American personnel were evacuated on 12 April 1975, five days before the Khmer Rouge entered Phnom Penh.

paragraph: Section::::Career as Ambassador.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974–1975 United States Ambassador to the Khmer Republic

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975–1978 United States Ambassador to Denmark

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978–1981 United States Ambassador to Lebanon

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981–1985 United States Ambassador to Thailand

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985–1988 United States Ambassador to India

paragraph: Dean retired from the U.S. Foreign Service in 1989. Dean's freelancing efforts to get the Reagan Administration to reverse its policies on Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India angered high administration officials, and he left government service soon thereafter.

paragraph: Section::::Dean and Israel.

paragraph: In August 1980, while serving as ambassador to Lebanon, where he had opened links to the PLO, Dean was the target of an assassination attempt, which he believed was directed by Israel. According to him:

paragraph: Dean's suspicions that Israeli agents may have also been involved in the mysterious plane crash in 1988 that killed President of Pakistan, General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, led finally to a decision in Washington to declare him mentally unfit, which forced his resignation from the foreign service after a thirty-year career. Later he was rehabilitated by the State Department, given a distinguished service medal and the insanity charge was confirmed to be phony by a former head of the department's medical service.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Dean spoke four languages: English, French, German, and Danish. He was the first U.S. Ambassador to Denmark who learned and spoke Danish, thus gaining significant respect from its people. He was married to the French-born Martine Duphenieux, and they had three grown children. He lived in Switzerland and France but remained active on foreign affairs issues and went to the United States often. He died in June 2019 at the age of 93.

paragraph: While stationed in Paris (1965–69), Dean played a major role in bringing the U.S.-North Vietnam peace talks to Paris in 1968. In Lebanon, Dean was helpful in obtaining the release of the first American hostages in Teheran. In India, Dean helped bring about the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan according to an agreed time table.

paragraph: In the film "The Killing Fields", Dean is portrayed by Ira Wheeler. The evacuation of Phnom Penh scene was filmed near Bangkok in 1983 and Wheeler met Dean, who was then the U.S. Ambassador to Thailand.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Book published 2009 DANGER ZONES: A Diplomat's Fight for America's Interests, published by the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Gunther Dean's Oral History

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Gunther Dean's Inventory. 11 linear feet of documents he donated to the U.S. National Archives in 2004 and 2005 are partially available to the public at the Jimmy Carter Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of U.S. Ambassadors to Thailand, 1882 to present

description: American diplomat

wikidata_label: John Gunther Dean

wikipedia_title: John Gunther Dean


text:
Scottish
bowls
MBE
2007 New Year Honours
World Indoor
World Outdoor Championship
Commonwealth Games
Paul Foster
Australian Premier League
Short mat bowls
2016 World Outdoor Bowls Championship
Christchurch
Scottish team
2018 Commonwealth Games
gold medal
Fours
Ronnie Duncan
Derek Oliver
2019 World Indoor Bowls Championship

categories: Scottish male bowls players,Bowls World Champions,1967 births,Sportspeople from East Lothian,People from Tranent,Bowls players at the 2014 Commonwealth Games,Bowls players at the 2018 Commonwealth Games,Commonwealth Games medallists in lawn bowls,Members of the Order of the British Empire,Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Scotland,Bowls players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games,Bowls players at the 2002 Commonwealth Games,Living people

paragraph: Alex Marshall (bowls)

paragraph: Alex "Tattie" Marshall, MBE (born 8 February 1967) is record breaking Scottish bowls player.

paragraph: Marshall plays at Gifford Bowls Club (outdoor) and East Lothian Indoor Bowling Club. He was awarded an MBE in the 2007 New Year Honours List for his services to the sport. Marshall began bowling at the age of eight supported by both his father and grandfather and first represented his country in 1988.

paragraph: He is a record breaking six-time World Indoor Singles Champion. He has six World Indoor Pairs titles to his credit (four Men's Pairs and two Mixed Pairs). Marshall has won six World Outdoor Championship Gold medals (Pairs in 1992, 2000 and 2012, Fours in 1992, and Team in 1992, 1996 and 2004).

paragraph: His other achievements include four Commonwealth Games Gold medals (Pairs in 2002, 2006 and 2014, and Fours in 2014), one Atlantic Games Team Gold (in 2015), and three Hong Kong International Classic Pairs titles (in 1993, 1996 and 2002).

paragraph: In 2012, Marshall and Paul Foster became the first pair to win the World Indoor and Outdoor Pairs titles in the same year. In 2013, he claimed his first major WBT title outside the World Indoor title at the UK International Open. In 2014, he won the Australian Premier League with the Murray Steamers and was named Most Valuable Player at the end of the season. Marshall would also offer a challenge to Short mat bowls players from England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland aiming to defeat them in a game of short mat bowls. Marshall would defeat Scotland's Lawrence Moffat and Wales' Ceri Jones; but would lose to Wales' multiple time world champion Steven Williams, and Irelands Dessie Hamilton. In the rubber match, he would draw against England's Dominic Reed. However, Reed would win the game's extra end.

paragraph: In 2016, two more bronze medals were added when he competed in the 2016 World Outdoor Bowls Championship in Christchurch. He added a pairs silver as part of the Scottish team for the 2018 Commonwealth Games with Paul Foster. He then set a gold medal record for Scotland by winning the gold medal in the Fours with Ronnie Duncan, Derek Oliver and Paul Foster.

paragraph: The success continued in 2019 when he won another open pairs at the 2019 World Indoor Bowls Championship, this was a fourth with Paul Foster and sixth in total. This was his 14th World indoor gold medal.

description: Scottish lawn bowls player

wikidata_label: Alex Marshall

wikipedia_title: Alex Marshall (bowls)


text:
Philip I of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein
John III of Bergen op Zoom
Philip II
John Louis I
John Louis I
Leiningen-Westerburg

categories: Counts of Nassau,1520 births,Counts of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein,House of Nassau,1568 deaths,16th-century German people

paragraph: Balthasar, Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein

paragraph: Balthasar of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein (1520 – 11 January 1568) was the youngest son of Count Philip I of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein and his wife, Adriana of Glymes of Bergen, the daughter of John III of Bergen op Zoom.

paragraph: In 1566, Balthasar succeeded his elder brother Philip II as Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden and Nassau-Idstein. However, he died only two years later. He was succeeded by his son John Louis I.

paragraph: In 1564, Balthasar married Margaret (1543-1612), the daughter of Reinhard of Isenburg-Birstein. They had a son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Louis I (1567-1596)

paragraph: After Balthasar's death, Margaret married Count George I of Leiningen-Westerburg.

description: Count of Nassau-Idstein (1564-1568)

wikidata_label: Balthasar of Nassau-Idstein


text:
Australian
Millard Johnson
The Story of the Kelly Gang
Amalgamated Pictures
Tait brothers
Amalgamated Pictures
Australasian Films
OBE
William Gibson
William Gibson
National Film and Sound Archive

categories: Australian film producers,1929 deaths,Officers of the Order of the British Empire,1869 births

paragraph: William Gibson (producer)

paragraph: William Alfred Gibson (1869-6 October 1929) was an Australian film producer and exhibitor best known for his collaboration with Millard Johnson. He was one of the producers of "The Story of the Kelly Gang" (1906) and helped establish Amalgamated Pictures.

paragraph: Gibson originally worked as a chemist for William Johnson and supplied chemicals to early film exhibitors. He went into exhibition himself with Johnson's son Millard, later expanding into film processing and photography.

paragraph: He and Johnson helped produced "The Story of the Kelly Gang" (1906), arguably the world's first feature film. This was made with the Tait brothers with whom Gibson and Johnson formed Amalgamated Pictures.

paragraph: This later merged with other companies to become Australasian Films and Union Theatres, the famous "combine" which dominated Australian distribution and exhibition in the 1920s; Gibson served as its managing director.

paragraph: Section::::Honour.

paragraph: He was awarded an OBE on 19 October 1920.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Gibson at Brighton Cemetery

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Gibson at National Film and Sound Archive

alias:
W.A. Gibson
William Alfred Gibson

description: Australian film producer and exhibitor

wikidata_label: William Gibson

wikipedia_title: William Gibson (producer)


text: Cao Cao

text: end

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Cao Wei

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Kaifeng

text: Henan

text: Luoyang

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: sworn brother

text: Cao Cao

text: Cao Song

text: Chen Gong

text: Luoyang

text: failed attempt

text: Dong Zhuo

text: Luo Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Yi Zhongtian

text: Xiamen University

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Luo, Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

paragraph: Lü Boshe

paragraph: Lü Boshe was an acquaintance of Cao Cao, a prominent warlord who rose to power towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty and established the foundation of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period of China. According to historical sources, Cao Cao killed Lü Boshe's family in 189 or 190 when he passed by Lü's house on his way home to Chenliu (陳留; around present-day Kaifeng, Henan) after escaping from the imperial capital, Luoyang. Cao Cao's motive behind the murders remains ambiguous. One source claimed that he killed Lü Boshe's family in self-defence while two other texts stated that he suspected that Lü's family were plotting to harm him so he killed them preemptively. This event was dramatised in the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", in which Lü Boshe himself also died at the hands of Cao Cao.

paragraph: Section::::In historical records.

paragraph: There are three accounts of the murders of Lü Boshe's family.

paragraph: The "Wei Shu" (魏書) recorded:

paragraph: The "Shiyu" (世語) recorded:

paragraph: The "Zaji" (雜記) recorded:

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: The incident was dramatised in Chapter 4 of the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: In the novel, Lü Boshe is a sworn brother of Cao Cao's father, Cao Song, so Cao Cao regards him as an uncle. Cao Cao and Chen Gong pass by Lü Boshe's house while they are on their way to Cao Cao's home after Cao Cao escaped from Luoyang following his failed attempt on Dong Zhuo's life. Lü Boshe gives them a warm reception and instructs his family and servants to treat the guests well while he travels to town to purchase more items for a feast. During their stay in Lü Boshe's house, Cao Cao overhears the sharpening of knives and a conversation among Lü Boshe's servants about whether to "kill or to tie up first". He suspects that Lü Boshe is pretending to be hospitable towards him while actually plotting to harm him. He and Chen Gong dash out and indiscriminately kill everyone in Lü Boshe's household. Later, they discover that the servants were actually talking about slaughtering a pig for the feast and that they had killed innocent people. As it is too late for regrets, Cao Cao and Chen Gong immediately pack their belongings and leave the house. Along the way, they meet Lü Boshe, who is returning from his errand. When Lü Boshe asks them to stay, Cao Cao asks him: "Who is that behind you?" When Lü Boshe turns around, Cao Cao stabs him from behind and kills him. A shocked Chen Gong asks Cao Cao: "Just now, you made a genuine mistake when you killed those people. But what about now?". Cao Cao replies: "If Lü Boshe goes home and sees his family members all dead, do you think he will let us off? If he brings soldiers to pursue us, we will be in deep trouble." Chen Gong says: "It is a grave sin to kill someone with the intention of doing so." Cao Cao remarks: "I'd rather do wrong to the world than allow the world to do wrong to me." (寧教我負天下人，休教天下人負我) Chen Gong does not respond and he leaves Cao Cao that night.

paragraph: Section::::Analysis.

paragraph: Luo Guanzhong, who wrote the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", distorted the exact words Cao Cao said after he killed Lü Boshe's family. The most significant change is the replacing of "others" (人; literally "people") with "world" (天下人; literally "people under Heaven"). Yi Zhongtian, a Xiamen University history professor, speculated that Cao Cao was probably trying to console himself after mistakenly killing Lü Boshe's family by speaking in a regretful tone ("heartrendingly remarked"). Yi believed that Luo Guanzhong had deliberately changed the words in the quote to reflect that Cao Cao had no sense of remorse because "world" carries greater weight than "others", so as to enhance Cao's image as a villain in his novel.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguo Yanyi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

wikidata_label: Lü Boshe

wikipedia_title: Lü Boshe