text: Anglican

text: Anglican Bishop of Quebec

text: McGill College

text: Bishop's University

text: Norfolk

text: Jacob Mountain

text: Essex

text: Michel de Montaigne

text: Edict of Nantes

text: Quebec City

text: Quebec

text: William Pitt the Younger

text: tutor

text: Trinity College, Cambridge

text: Bchelor of Arts

text: Doctor of Divinity

text: deacon

text: Fredericton, New Brunswick

text: rector

text: Archdeacon of Lower Canada

text: Lambeth

text: coadjutor

text: Charles Stewart

text: Upper Canada

text: separate see

text: Rupert's Land

text: episcopal see

text: McGill University

text: Bishop's University

text: Lennoxville

text: Red River Colony

text: Diocese of Montreal

text: Diocese of Quebec

text: Magdalen Islands

text: Labrador

text: William Broughton

text: Australasia

text: Doctor of Civil Law

text: University of Oxford

text: Sillery

text: Bishop

text: Mountain

text: Documents by G.J. Mountain

text: Project Canterbury

categories: Canadian Anglican priests,19th-century Anglican bishops,Principals of McGill University,People from Norwich,Bishop's University faculty,Anglican bishops of Quebec,1863 deaths,Anglophone Quebec people,1789 births

paragraph: George Mountain

paragraph: George Jehoshaphat Mountain ( – ) was a British-Canadian Anglican bishop (3rd Anglican Bishop of Quebec), the first Principal of McGill College from 1824 to 1835, and the founder of Bishop's University.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born at Thwaite Hall, Norfolk (England), 27 July 1789, he was the son of Jacob Mountain (1749–1825), a bishop and politician, by his wife Elizabeth Mildred Wale co-heiress of Little Bardfield Hall, near Thaxted, Essex. Mountain was directly descended from Michel de Montaigne who was exiled from France after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. In 1793 he moved with his family to Quebec City when his father was appointed the first Anglican Bishop of Quebec by his friend William Pitt the Younger.

paragraph: He lived with his family at Marchmont House, near Quebec, where he received his early education before returning to England at the age of sixteen to study under private tutors until he matriculated from Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating Bchelor of Arts (BA) in 1810, and Doctor of Divinity (DD) in 1819. He removed again to Canada in 1811, and, becoming secretary to his father, was ordained deacon in 1812 and priest in 1816, at the same time being appointed evening lecturer in Quebec Cathedral.

paragraph: He was rector of Fredericton, New Brunswick, from 1814 to 1817, when he returned to Quebec as rector of that parish and bishop's official. In 1821 he became Archdeacon of Lower Canada. On 14 February 1836 he was consecrated, at Lambeth, Bishop suffragan of Montreal, as coadjutor to Charles Stewart, Bishop of Quebec.

paragraph: Stewart shortly afterwards proceeded to Britain, and the charge of the entire diocese was under Mountain's care until 1839, when Upper Canada was made a separate see. It was through his earnest exertions that Rupert's Land was also, in 1849, erected into an episcopal see.

paragraph: From 1824 to 1835, he was principal of McGill University and professor of divinity. In 1843, he was instrumental in the founding of Bishop's University in Lennoxville, Quebec. His missionary journey to the Red River Colony is recorded in "The Journal of the Bishop of Montreal, during a Visit to the Church Missionary Society's North-West America Mission"; it remains a lasting church historical and ethnographic resource.

paragraph: He continued to have the sole charge of Lower Canada until 1850, when he secured the constitution of the Diocese of Montreal, he himself retaining the Diocese of Quebec, by far the poorer and more laborious of the two. During the greater part of his ministerial career he had to perform long, tedious, and often dangerous journeys into the interior of a wild and unsettled country, paying frequent visits to the north-west territory, the eastern townships, the Magdalen Islands, and the shores of Labrador; also to Rupert's Land, some 3,600 miles, in an Indian canoe.

paragraph: He came to Britain in 1853 to confer with William Broughton, the metropolitan of Australasia, on the subject of synodical action in colonial churches, and he received the degree of Doctor of Civil Law (DCL) at the University of Oxford.

paragraph: The greatest of his works was the establishment in 1845 of the Lower Canadian Church University, Bishop's College, Lennoxville, for the education of clergymen.

paragraph: Mountain was a learned theologian, an elegant scholar, and powerful preacher. He died at Bardfield in Sillery, on 6 January 1863.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Besides many single sermons, charges, and pamphlets, Mountain wrote:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Journal of the Bishop of Montreal during a Visit to the Church Missionary Society's North-West American Mission" (1845; ²1849)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Songs of the Wilderness; being a Collection of Poems" (1846)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Journal of a Visitation in a Portion of the Diocese, by the Lord Bishop of Montreal" (1847)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sermons published at the Request of the Synod of the Diocese" (1865)

paragraph: Section::::Streets named.

paragraph: Two adjacent parallel streets in downtown Montreal are said to be named in his honour: Bishop and Mountain. However, the origin of the first name is uncertain, and the name "chemin de la Montagne" for the second street is found in maps dating to 1761 and 1778, before his birth or the arrival of his father in Quebec.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at the "Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Documents by G.J. Mountain from Project Canterbury

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: Anglican bishop

wikidata_label: George Jehoshaphat Mountain

wikipedia_title: George Mountain


text:
Athens
heavy metal
power metal
Firewind
Revolution Renaissance
Outloud
Metal Hammer
Firewind
Outloud
Kevin Moore
Jens Johansson
Keith Emerson
seven string guitar
neo-classical
progressive metal
Firewind
Nightfall
Septic Flesh
Suicidal Angels
Power Quest
Eldritch
Forged By Fire
Allegiance
The Premonition
Days of Defiance
Few Against Many
Immortals
We'll Rock You To Hell and Back Again
Love Catastrophe
More Catastrophe E.P
Oceans Divine
Long Lost Pride
Faithbringer
Turn Of My Century
Imaginary Force
Noemon
Rest in Keys
Prognosis & Synopsis
Myspace

categories: Musicians from Athens,Black metal musicians,Greek heavy metal guitarists,1977 births,Greek musicians,Greek heavy metal keyboardists,Living people,Firewind members

paragraph: Bob Katsionis

paragraph: Babis "Bob" Katsionis (; born February 17, 1977 in Athens, Greece) is the rhythm guitarist and keyboard player for the heavy metal/power metal bands Firewind, Revolution Renaissance, Outloud, and Serious Black. He is considered to be Greece's most successful rock/metal keyboard player, being the only musician to ever win the same category "Best Keyboardist" in Greek Metal Hammer's Annual Readers' Polls for 5 years in a row (2006–2011). He is founder of Progressive Vision Group, a videoclip making company, which has produced more than 90 videos for rock and metal artists since 2002.

paragraph: Section::::Appearances.

paragraph: Katsionis has appeared in various small-time bands over the years (Skyward, Retrospect etc.), most of them projects he developed himself, before gaining more recognition with the likes of Firewind and Outloud.

paragraph: He started playing keyboards when he was 10 years old and, four years later, began learning guitar. Bob cites Kevin Moore, Jens Johansson and Keith Emerson as his main keyboard influences. As well as playing keyboards, Bob is also a seven string guitar player and has played both instruments in his various bands. For instance, when Firewind play live, he performs in a dual role as keyboard player or rhythm guitarist (or both), depending on the song. He uses a standard six string guitar in these circumstances. Bob also has released three instrumental albums with his solo project resembling mostly jazzy neo-classical/progressive metal. and has also joined his idol's Timo Tolkki (ex-Stratovarius) band Revolution Renaissance for the recording of their album "Trinity" without making any live appearances.

paragraph: He released his 4th solo album titled "Rest In Keys" in December 2012.

paragraph: After Bob filled in live for Roland Grapow on their tour with Hammerfall (January-February 2015), Serious Black announced him as a full-time member in February 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Bands currently featuring Bob Katsionis.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Firewind

paragraph: BULLET::::- Outloud

paragraph: BULLET::::- Serious Black

paragraph: Section::::Past bands and/or projects.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Revolution Renaissance

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nightfall

paragraph: BULLET::::- Septic Flesh

paragraph: BULLET::::- Casus Belli

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suicidal Angels (as guest, on Torment Payback)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scar Of The Sun (as guest and co-writer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keado Mores (as guest and producer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encomium

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fatal Morgana (guest for Rock Of Gods 1996 Festival)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imaginary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Power Quest (as guest)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eldritch (as guest)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NTX (Greek crossover band Nipto Tas Xeiras)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battleroar (as guest)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skyward (later became Retrospect)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mirage (later became Imaginary)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eternal Voyager (as guest)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Firewind.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Forged By Fire" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Allegiance" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Premonition" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Days of Defiance" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Few Against Many" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Immortals" (2017)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Outloud.

paragraph: BULLET::::- We'll Rock You To Hell and Back Again (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Love Catastrophe (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- More Catastrophe E.P (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Let's Get Serious" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Destination: Overdrive (The Best of Outloud)" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Virtual Hero Society (2018)"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Imaginary.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oceans Divine" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Long Lost Pride" (2005)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Nightfall.

paragraph: BULLET::::- I am Jesus (Black Lotus records) 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (2004)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Star Queen.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Faithbringer" (2002)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Bob Katsionis.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Turn Of My Century" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Imaginary Force" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Noemon" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rest in Keys" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prognosis & Synopsis" (2018)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Myspace

description: musician

wikidata_label: Bob Katsionis

wikipedia_title: Bob Katsionis


text: Edinburgh

text: Scottish

text: The Incredible String Band

text: Fairmilehead

text: George Watson's College

text: Bert Jansch

text: Clive Palmer

text: Joe Boyd

text: Elektra Records

text: Mike Heron

text: Incredible String Band

text: UK

text: Licorice McKechnie

text: Los Angeles

text: espionage novel

text: Sylvia Woods

text: American Stonehenge

text: John Renbourn

text: ECM label

text: The Iron Stone

text: Mat Maneri

text: Barre Phillips

text: Ale Möller

text: Paul Dunmall

text: Myrrh

text: Journey's Edge

text: American Stonehenge

text: A Glint At The Kindling

text: Songs of Love & Parting

text: Music for the Mabinogi

text: Legacy of the Scottish Harpers

text: Legacy of the Scottish Harpers Volume Two

text: Winter's Turning

text: Songs For Children of All Ages

text: Ten of Songs

text: The Iron Stone

text: 2003 Robin Williamson interview

text: Richie Unterberger

text: Robin Williamson fansite

text: Full discography

categories: 1943 births,People educated at George Watson's College,musicians from Edinburgh,Scottish multi-instrumentalists,Scottish folk musicians,Island Records artists,British storytellers,Scottish songwriters,Living people,Scottish male singers

paragraph: Robin Williamson

paragraph: Robin Duncan Harry Williamson (born 24 November 1943, Edinburgh) is a Scottish multi-instrumentalist musician, singer, songwriter and storyteller, who first made his name as a founding member of The Incredible String Band.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Williamson lived in the Fairmilehead area of Edinburgh, and attended George Watson's College before leaving at the age of 15 to become a professional musician. At first he performed in local jazz bands, with Gerard Dott (later to be a member of the Incredible String Band) and others, before turning to traditional music as a singer and guitarist. By 1961 he had met and begun sharing a flat with Bert Jansch, and in 1963 they traveled together to London to play the metropolitan folk circuit.

paragraph: By 1965 he had returned to Edinburgh and formed a duo with Clive Palmer, specialising in fiddle and banjo arrangements of traditional Scots and Irish songs. Joe Boyd signed them to Elektra Records in 1966, by which time they had recruited third member Mike Heron. As resident band at Clive’s Incredible Folk Club in Glasgow, they called themselves the Incredible String Band.

paragraph: Between 1966 and 1974 the Incredible String Band, based around Williamson and Heron, released some 13 albums, becoming in the UK one of the most popular, best-loved and influential groups of the era. The group also included Williamson's sometime girlfriend Licorice McKechnie.

paragraph: Williamson released his first solo LP, "Myrrh", in 1971 when still a member of the Incredible String Band. After the band split up in 1974, he began living in Los Angeles and, for a while, turned his attention to writing, co-writing an espionage novel, "The Glory Trap". Many of his albums are released on his own label, Pig's Whisker Music.

paragraph: By 1976 he had returned to music, forming The Merry Band with Sylvia Woods (Celtic harp), Jerry McMillan (fiddle), and Chris Caswell (flutes, and wire-strung harp). They toured extensively for three years throughout the US, Canada, and Europe, and released three albums "Journey’s Edge", "American Stonehenge", and "A Glint At The Kindling".

paragraph: After the breakup of the Merry Band, Williamson returned to the UK and started to tour solo, offering sets dominated by traditional stories set to song. Releases of this period include "Songs of Love and Parting" and "Legacy of the Scottish Harpers". He has also written a tutorial book of English, Welsh, Scottish and Irish Fiddle Tunes () as well as one for the penny whistle ().

paragraph: Williamson's live album with John Renbourn, 'Wheel Of Fortune' (1995), was nominated for a Grammy, (as was the Incredible String Band album 'Hangman's Beautiful Daughter', in 1968).

paragraph: In the late 1990s he took part, with Palmer and Heron, in a reformed Incredible String Band. Williamson left the band some time around the start of 2003 - some rumours had it that he was forced out in acrimonious circumstances. The reformed band disbanded once again in 2006.

paragraph: Meanwhile Williamson resumed his solo career, notably on record with a series of albums for the ECM label: "The Seed-at-Zero" (2000), "Skirting The River Road" (2002), "The Iron Stone" (2006), and "Trusting in the Rising Light" (2014). As well as his own words these albums featured material from Dylan Thomas, William Blake, and Walt Whitman. Musically, these records show him increasingly working in a fusion style (similar in some ways to the avant-garde work of the Incredible String Band in the 1960s) which incorporates folk, jazz, Renaissance, Classical and Eastern influences. A group of distinguished jazz musicians accompany Williamson on the three most recent ECM records, notably violist Mat Maneri, bassist Barre Phillips, Swedish multi-instrumentalist Ale Möller, percussionist Ches Smith and English sax player Paul Dunmall.

paragraph: Section::::Involvement with Scientology.

paragraph: Williamson was introduced to Scientology in the 1968-1969 period. In a 1979 interview, he stated: It's actually a very practical philosophy. It enables you to live slightly better, get on with your fellows slightly better and feel a bit happier about things. That's the reason that I'm interested in it -it's very useable and practical. I've been rather romantic and spiritually inclined. It's probably been helpful to me because of its practicality.

paragraph: Section::::Solo discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Myrrh" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Journey's Edge" (1977) (with The Merry Band)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "American Stonehenge" (1978) (with The Merry Band)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Glint At The Kindling" (1979) (with The Merry Band)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Songs of Love & Parting" (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fisherman's Son And The Gruagach of Tricks" (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prince Dougie And The Swan Maiden" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rory Mor And The Gruagach Gaire" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Music for the Mabinogi" (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Selected Writings" (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Five Humorous Tales of Scotland and Ireland" (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dragon Has Two Tongues" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Five Celtic Tales of Enchantment" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Five Legendary Histories Of Britain" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Five Bardic Mysteries" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Five Tales of Prodigies and Marvels" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Legacy of the Scottish Harpers" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Legacy of the Scottish Harpers Volume Two" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Winter's Turning" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Songs For Children of All Ages" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ten of Songs" (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Music For The Newly Born" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wheel Of Fortune" (1995, with John Renbourn)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Island Of The Strong Door" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Songs For The Calendarium" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Farewell Concert At McCabe's" (1997, with The Merry Band)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mirrorman's Sequences" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Celtic Harp Airs And Dance Tunes" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Memories/Erinnerungen" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dream Journals" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bloomsbury 1997" (1998, with Mike Heron)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gems Of Celtic Story 1" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ring Dance" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gems Of Celtic Story 2" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Job Of Journey Work" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Old Fangled Tone" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Music For Macbeth" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "At The Pure Fountain" (1999, with Clive Palmer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Seed-at-Zero" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Just Like The Ivy" (2000, with Clive Palmer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bloomsbury 2000" (2001, with reformed Incredible String Band)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carmina" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Skirting The River Road" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gems Of Celtic Story 3" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Iron Stone" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Celtic Bard" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Just Like The River And Other Songs For Guitar" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love Will Remain" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trusting In The Rising Light" (2014)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robin Williamson; illustrated by Janet Williamson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Home thoughts from abroad : poems 1966-1971; illustrated by Janet Williamson" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robin Williamson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "English, Welsh, Scottish and Irish Fiddle Tunes" (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Penny Whistle Book" (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Five Denials on Merlin's Grave: A Poem With Annotations" (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Holy Howlers" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Craneskin Bag: Celtic Stories and Poems" (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wise and Foolish Tongue: Celtic Stories and Poems" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dan Sherman and Robin Williamson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Glory Trap" (1981) (novel)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robin Williamson and John Matthews

paragraph: BULLET::::- "From the Isles of Dream: Visionary Stories and Poems of the Celtic Renaissance" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bardic Source Book: Inspirational Legacy and Teachings of the Ancient Celts" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- R.J. Stewart and Robin Williamson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Celtic Bards, Celtic Druids" (1996)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Robin and Bina Williamson website

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 Robin Williamson interview by Richie Unterberger

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robin Williamson fansite

paragraph: BULLET::::- Full discography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robin Williamson, interview documentary in Andalucia (Spain).

description: Scottish musician

wikidata_label: Robin Williamson

wikipedia_title: Robin Williamson


text:
Ohio
Union Army
American Civil War
Western and Atlantic Railroad
Great Locomotive Chase
Confederates
Fox Township, Carroll County, Ohio
Howe
Historical Collections of Ohio
John Hunt Morgan
2nd Ohio Infantry
Kentucky
James J. Andrews
21st
33rd Ohio Infantry
Marietta, Georgia
"General"
Big Shanty, Georgia
Great Locomotive Chase
Chattanooga, Tennessee
Atlanta, Georgia
Chattanooga National Cemetery
Secretary of War
Edwin M. Stanton
Medals of Honor
Jeff York
The Great Locomotive Chase

categories: People executed by the Confederate States of America by hanging,American Civil War spies,Executed people from Ohio,People of Ohio in the American Civil War,1839 births,1862 deaths,Executed spies,People from Carroll County, Ohio,Burials in Tennessee

paragraph: William Hunter Campbell

paragraph: William Hunter Campbell (September 9, 1839 – June 18, 1862) was an Ohio civilian who worked for the Union Army during the early years of the American Civil War. He participated in a daring raid behind enemy lines on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, known famously as the Great Locomotive Chase. The mission failed and Campbell and seven fellow raiders were executed by the Confederates on the charge of spying.

paragraph: William Hunter Campbell was born in Fox Township, Carroll County, Ohio to Samuel and Sarah Hunter Campbell. Howe says in Historical Collections of Ohio that his mother was named Jane Morgan, a cousin of Confederate General John Hunt Morgan.

paragraph: Campbell was visiting friends with 2nd Ohio Infantry in Kentucky in 1862 when he was recruited to participate in a raid to steal a Confederate locomotive and bring it to Federal lines. James J. Andrews, also a civilian, recruited Campbell and 22 soldiers from three Ohio regiments, the 2nd, 21st and 33rd Ohio Infantry. Another participant described Campbell : "He was a man of two hundred twenty pounds, handsome as Apollo, and of immense physical strength, which he was slow to use when roused, though good-natured and clever in the main."

paragraph: The raiders were to sneak south in civilian clothing and rendezvous in Marietta, Georgia. All but two made it and boarded a train pulled by the locomotive "General" on April 12, 1862. The train traveled north and stopped in Big Shanty, Georgia for breakfast, and the raiders stole the General and a few cars, intending to tear up track and burn bridges behind them and meet advancing Federal troops. After a chase described in Great Locomotive Chase, the raiders ran out of fuel near Chattanooga, Tennessee, and were captured.

paragraph: As a civilian, Campbell was tried and convicted of being an unlawful combatant. He was hanged with six others June 18, 1862 at the corner of Fair Street (now Memorial Drive) and South Park Avenue, Atlanta, Georgia. His hanging was described : "Five only remained dangling in the air; for two of the seven, Campbell and Slavens, being very heavy men, broke the ropes, and fell to the ground insensible. In a short time they recovered, and asked for a drink of water, which was given them. Then they requested an hour to pray before entering the future world, which lay so near and dark before them. This last petition was indignantly refused, and as soon as the ropes could be adjusted, they were compelled to re-ascend the scaffold, and were again turned off!" Campbell was buried nearby, and his remains were removed April 25, 1866 to Chattanooga National Cemetery, near the Ohio Memorial, (Section G, grave No. 11,180).

paragraph: Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton awarded the first Medals of Honor to several of the raiders. As a civilian, Campbell was not eligible.

paragraph: Jeff York played Campbell in the Disney movie "The Great Locomotive Chase".

description: American Civil War spy and sabotuer

wikidata_label: William Hunter Campbell

wikipedia_title: William Hunter Campbell


text:
American football
linebacker
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
National Football League
college football
LSU
2019 NFL Draft
Under Armour All-America Game
2019 NFL Draft
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
2019 NFL Draft
Patrick Peterson
2011
Sports Reference (College)
LSU Tigers bio
Tampa Bay Buccaneers bio

categories: LSU Tigers football players,1998 births,Players of American football from Louisiana,People from Springhill, Louisiana,American football linebackers,Living people,All-American college football players

paragraph: Devin White

paragraph: Devin White (born February 17, 1998) is an American football linebacker for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at LSU, and was drafted by the Buccaneers fifth overall in the 2019 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::High school career.

paragraph: Devin White attended North Webster High School in Springhill, LA where he was a stand out linebacker and running back.

paragraph: White was a controversial recruit out of high school, having multiple run-ins with police. In November 2015, he and his teammate Keuntra Gipson were arrested for having consensual sex with a 14-year-old, a misdemeanor in Louisiana. One month later, White was arrested for misdemeanor charges of “careless operation of a motor vehicle and flight from an officer.” Because of his legal situation, White was dismissed from the 2015 Under Armour All-America Game. Despite these controversies, he was still able to sign with LSU to play football.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: In his sophomore season at LSU, White led the SEC in tackles with 133 total, the 4th most tackles in a single season in school history. He also became the first player in SEC history to be named Defensive Player of the week 4 times in the same season. Following his junior year, White decided to forego his senior year and enter the 2019 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2019 season: Rookie year.

paragraph: White was drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the first round with the fifth overall pick of the 2019 NFL Draft. His selection made him the highest drafted LSU Tigers defensive player since Patrick Peterson in 2011, as well as the highest drafted linebacker in school history. On July 20, 2019, the Buccaneers signed White to a fully guaranteed, 4-year $29.32 million contract that included a signing bonus of $19.34 million.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sports Reference (College)

paragraph: BULLET::::- LSU Tigers bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tampa Bay Buccaneers bio

description: American football linebacker

wikidata_label: Devin White

wikipedia_title: Devin White


text:
Metropolitan Opera
Lyon
Rockford, Illinois
Rockford Seminary
Denver, Colorado
Estelle Liebling
The Lilac Domino
Titta Ruffo
Roshanara
St. Louis, Missouri
Baltimore Symphony Orchestra
Countess Maritza
The Three Musketeers
WNEW-AM
1918 flu pandemic
Cannes
Yvonne D'Arle's listing at IBDB.

categories: 1898 births,American opera singers,1977 deaths

paragraph: Yvonne D'Arle

paragraph: Yvonne D'Arle (December 1, 1898 — March 25, 1977) was a French-born American soprano singer, born Eugenie Marguerite Patet. She sang with the Metropolitan Opera from 1921 to 1926.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Eugenie Marguerite Patet was born in Lyon, France, and raised in Rockford, Illinois. Her father, Joseph Patet, was a teacher in Chicago. She attended Rockford Seminary in Illinois, and Miss Wolcott's School for Girls in Denver, Colorado. D'Arle trained as a singer under Estelle Liebling and William Thorner.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: D'Arle toured in "The Lilac Domino" early in her career. She was singing and dancing at a New York cabaret in New York when she was discovered by music critic Sylvester Rawling. She joined the Metropolitan Opera in 1921, and sang with them for five years. In 1922 she sang at a benefit for the Brooklyn Orphan Asylum Society, with singer Titta Ruffo and dancer Roshanara as her co-stars. She also sang with the Municipal Theatre Association in St. Louis, Missouri, and with the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra, in the 1920s. She toured South America with the Bracale Grand Opera Company.

paragraph: D'Arle appeared in three Broadway musical productions: "Fancy Free" (1918), "Countess Maritza" (1926-1927), and "The Three Musketeers" (1928). She sang the national anthem at the launch of the radio station WNEW-AM in 1934.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: D'Arle was involved with fellow opera singer Titta Ruffo. She married twice. Her first husband, Clyde Edward Ganun, died in the 1918 flu pandemic; her second husband was antiques dealer Salvador Benguiat. She had one son, Clyde Ganun (1917-1983). She died in 1977, aged 80 years, in Cannes, France.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yvonne D'Arle's listing at IBDB.

wikidata_label: Yvonne D'Arle

wikipedia_title: Yvonne D'Arle


text:
French
prelate
archbishop of Rouen
Burgundy
Roulans
Paris
Admiral of France
Jean de Vienne
Jean de Vienne
abbot of Saint-Seine
bulls
Pope Clement VII
bishop of Beauvais
Gallia Christiana
Déville
Pope
Benedict XIII
Celestines
Avignon
Sainte-Chapelle
Isabeau of Bavaria
Charles VI of France
Saint Louis
recumbent effigy

wikipedia_title:
France
Prelate
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rouen
Burgundy
Roulans
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris
Admiral of France
Jean de Vienne
Jean de Vienne (archbishop, died 1382)
Abbey of Saint-Seine
Papal bull
Pope Clement VII
Roman Catholic Diocese of Beauvais
Gallia Christiana
Déville-lès-Rouen
Pope
Antipope Benedict XIII
Celestines
Avignon
Sainte-Chapelle
Isabeau of Bavaria
Charles VI of France
Louis IX of France
Tomb effigy

categories: Bishops of Beauvais,1407 deaths,French abbots,Year of birth unknown,Archbishops of Rouen

paragraph: Guillaume de Vienne

paragraph: Guillaume de Vienne, sometimes identified as Guillaume VI de Vienne (died 18 February 1407), was a French prelate, archbishop of Rouen from 1389.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Originally from Burgundy, he was the son of Guillaume de Vienne, lord of Roulans, and his wife Claude (Marguerite) née de Chaudenay. One of his sisters, Jeanne, was the mother of Jean de Nant, archbishop of Vienne (14051423), then of Paris (14231426). Another sister, Marguerite, married, firstly, Robert de Saint-Beuve, knight and lord of Saint-Beuve, then, secondly, Georges, lord of Clères. His brother was the Admiral of France Jean de Vienne (died 1396) and his uncle was Jean de Vienne (died 1382), archbishop of Besancon.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Guillaume was a monk in the Abbey of St. Martin, Autun, of which he became abbot. Around 1375, he became the abbot of Saint-Seine, a position he held until 1379.

paragraph: He was named bishop of Autun on 13 February 1379 by bulls of Pope Clement VII and was appointed bishop of Beauvais on 26 August 1387. He was not there long, as on 29 March 1389 he was named archbishop of Rouen, although he did not take possession of the archdiocese before November 1389 (the "Gallia Christiana" dates his solemn entry to 1393; he was however present at the manor of Déville as of August 1389).

paragraph: He attended the first embassy with the new Pope Benedict XIII in 1394. He was also present at the convent of the Celestines of Avignon during the burial of Clement VII in September 1401. He celebrated mass in the Sainte-Chapelle at the coronation of Queen Isabeau of Bavaria, wife of King Charles VI of France. He was also present in Rouen during the translation of the relics of Saint Louis.

paragraph: He died on 18 February 1407 in the "hôtel" of the archbishops of Rouen in Paris and was buried in the Abbey of Saint-Seine in an imposing tomb with a recumbent effigy.

wikidata_label: Guillaume VI de Vienne

wikipedia_title: Guillaume de Vienne


text:
jp
Japanese poet
poet
Kamakura period
Thirty-Six Female Immortals of Poetry

wikipedia_title:
Japanese language
Japanese poetry
Poet
Kamakura period
Thirty-Six Immortals of Poetry

paragraph: Kunai-kyō

paragraph: Kunai-kyō (jp: 宮内卿) was a 13th century Japanese poet. A prominent poet during the Kamakura period, she is considered one of the Thirty-Six Female Immortals of Poetry.

alias:
Kunai-kyō
Go-Toba In Kunai-kyo
Go-Toba In Kunai-kyou

description: Japanese lady poet

wikidata_label: Go-Toba In Kunai-kyō

wikipedia_title: Kunai-kyō


text:
indigenous tribe
mural
U.S. postage
DeCost Smith

wikipedia_title: Postage stamps and postal history of the United States

categories: 20th-century American sculptors,20th-century American painters,American illustrators,1942 deaths,American male painters,19th-century American sculptors,American male sculptors,19th-century male artists,1860 births,19th-century American painters

paragraph: Edwin Willard Deming

paragraph: Edwin Willard Deming (1860–1942) was an artist in the US who depicted scenes of indigenous tribe members. He was a painter, illustrator, and sculptor. One of his murals was adapted for use on U.S. postage.

paragraph: Deming traveled with fellow artist DeCost Smith in 1890.

alias:
E. W. Deming
Edwin W. Deming
Edwin Williard Deming
Man-Afraid-of-His-Name (pseudonym)
Eight Bears
Edward Deming
Man-Afraid-of-His Name
deming
Deming E.W.
e.w. deming

description: American painter, sculptor and illustrator

wikidata_label: Edwin Willard Deming

wikipedia_title: Edwin Willard Deming


text: feminist

text: diabetes

text: insulin

text: Örby

text: Västra Götaland County

text: Göteborg

text: gymnasium

text: Hvitfeldtska gymnasiet

text: Uppsala University

text: Karolinska Institute

text: Stockholm

text: Harvard Medical School

text: Boston

text: Otto Folin

text: Elliott P. Joslin

categories: Swedish pacifists,Swedish diabetologists,Swedish editors,Swedish feminists,Swedish women physicians,1972 deaths,1888 births,Stalin Peace Prize recipients

paragraph: Andrea Andreen

paragraph: Ellenor Andrea Andreen (1888–1972) was a Swedish physician, pacifist and feminist. As a physician, she specialized in the treatment of diabetes, combining dietary restrictions with insulin. A prominent figure in the Swedish women's movement, she became a council member of the Women's International Democratic Federation in 1945, later becoming a Vice-President. She chaired the "Svenska Kvinnors Vänsterförbund" (Swedish Women's Left-wing Association) from 1946 to 1964. A strong proponent of nuclear disarmament, in 1953 she was awarded the Stalin Peace Prize.

paragraph: Section::::Early life, family and education.

paragraph: Born on 11 July 1888 in Örby, Västra Götaland County, Andrea Andreen was the daughter of the textile factory director Johan Walfrid Andreen and Eleonore Andreen. She attended Göteborg's girls gymnasium, matriculating from Hvitfeldtska gymnasiet in 1905. In 1909, she married the chemist and Nobel laureate The Svedberg with whom she had two children before the couple divorced in 1914. From 1937 to 1942 she was married to the politician Nils Wohlin.

paragraph: Section::::Medical career.

paragraph: She embarked on preliminary medical studies at Uppsala University in 1909 but then interrupted her studies until 1917, graduating in medicine from the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm in 1919. She received her medical doctorate in 1933. After working as a hospital physician, she established a clinical laboratory for diabetes testing in 1923. She also had a private practice, dealing mainly with patients suffering from diabetes.

paragraph: Following the introduction of insulin in 1921, Andreen spent six years at Harvard Medical School in Boston where she worked with Otto Folin in his laboratory. Together with Elliott P. Joslin she learnt how to combine insulin treatment with a well-balanced diet. On returning to Sweden, she practised this approach with her diabetes patients.

paragraph: Section::::Peace and women's rights.

paragraph: In the 1930s, Andreen was a member of "Frisinnade Kvinnor" (Liberated Women) where she contributed to the association's magazine "Tidevärvet" and promoted sexual hygiene. The organization later became known as "Svenska Kvinnors Vänsterförbund" (Swedish Women's Left-wing Association). It fought for equal representation of women and men in local and national elections. Andreen chaired the organization from 1946 to 1964. She was one the Swedish pioneers who promoted the introduction of sports for women, demonstrating that physical exercise was no more harmful to women than to men.

paragraph: In 1945, she became a council member of the Women's International Democratic Federation on its establishment in Paris. She was a radical pacifist, opposing nuclear armaments for Sweden. In the 1950s, she participated in an international committee investigating the American use of biological warfare in China and Korea. In 1953, she was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize.

paragraph: From 1967 to 1971, she edited the magazine "Vi Kvinnor" (We Women). An active member of the Swedish-Korean Association, she was elected Honorary Chair in 1970.

paragraph: Andrea Andreen died of cancer on 20 April 1972.

wikidata_label: Andrea Andreen

wikipedia_title: Andrea Andreen


text:
Brussels
Kasongo
Force Publique
Congo Free State
Congo Arab War
Sefu bin Hamid
Henry Morton Stanley
Zanzibar
governor
Congo Free State
Leopold II
Barghash bin Said
Kasongo
Gongo Lutete
Force Publique
Resident
Kasongo
Francis Dhanis
Lomami River
Lomami River
Force Publique
Emin Pasha
Henri De Bruyne
Blankenberge

categories: 1892 deaths,1855 births,Congo Free State officials

paragraph: Joseph Lippens

paragraph: Joseph François Lippens (Brussels, 10 October 1855 – Kasongo, 1 December 1892) was a Lieutenant in the Force Publique of the Congo Free State during the Congo Arab War. He was killed by the soldiers of Sefu bin Hamid.

paragraph: In early 1887, Henry Morton Stanley arrived in Zanzibar and proposed that "Tippu Tip" be made governor of the Stanley Falls District in the Congo Free State. Both Leopold II and Barghash bin Said agreed and on February 24, 1887, Tippu Tip accepted. Around 1890/91, Tippu Tip returned to Zanzibar where he retired. Sefu bin Hamid represented his father in the eastern Congo region of Kasongo and carried on the war in his stead.

paragraph: Section::::Events that led to his death.:Start of the Congo Arab War.

paragraph: In 1892, after suffering an early defeat, Gongo Lutete betrayed "Sefu bin Hamid" and deflected to the Force Publique. In response to this, Sefu put the Resident of Kasongo, Lieutenant Joseph Lippens, and his adjunct, Sergeant Henri De Bruyne, under house arrest. Sefu urged for a renegotiation of the borders of his territories and demanded Francis Dhanis to deliver him Gongo Lutete through a prisoner exchange. De Bruyne was escorted to Francis Dhanis on 15 November to inform him of Sefu's demands. Dhanis refused to agree to these terms and De Bruyne returned to Kasongo. This was considered by Sefu bin Hamid as an act of war.

paragraph: Sefu crossed the Lomami River with 10,000 men—some 500 Zanzibari officers and the rest Congolese—and set up two forts on the Lomami River, where he was attacked by the Force Publique and eventually was forced to retreat. In retaliation, Lippens and De Bruyne were killed in Kasongo, on the first of December, 1892. After the capture of Kasongo 22 April 1893, the Force Publique discovered the graves of Lippens and De Bruyne, they also found the diaries of Emin Pasha, which indicated that he was killed on 23 October 1892.

paragraph: Section::::Commemoration.

paragraph: As a tribute to their service, Joseph Lippens and sergeant Henri De Bruyne, were commemorated by the erection of a monument on the boardwalk of Blankenberge, which was designed by the sculptor Guillaume Charlier.

wikidata_label: Joseph Lippens

wikipedia_title: Joseph Lippens


text:
Blankenberge
Kasongo
Force Publique
Congo Free State
Sefu bin Hamid
Henry Morton Stanley
Zanzibar
governor
Congo Free State
Leopold II
Barghash bin Said
Kasongo
Gongo Lutete
Force Publique
Resident
Kasongo
Francis Dhanis
Lomami River
Lomami River
Force Publique
Emin Pasha
Joseph Lippens
Blankenberge

categories: 1868 births,1892 deaths,Congo Free State officials

paragraph: Henri De Bruyne

paragraph: Henri De Bruyne (Blankenberge, 2 February 1868 - Kasongo, 1 December 1892) was a sergeant in the Force Publique of the Congo Free State that was sent to Kasongo, Congo Free State, in 1890. He was killed by the soldiers of Sefu bin Hamid.

paragraph: Section::::Events that led to his death.

paragraph: Section::::Commemoration.

paragraph: As a tribute to their service, he and Lieutenant Joseph Lippens were commemorated by the erection of a monument on the boardwalk of Blankenberge, which was designed by the sculptor Guillaume Charlier.

wikidata_label: Henri De Bruyne

wikipedia_title: Henri De Bruyne


text:
The Great Warrior Skanderbeg
Giorgi Saakadze

categories: 1895 births,1972 deaths,Male film actors from Georgia (country)

paragraph: Akaki Khorava

paragraph: Akaki Khorava (; 29 April 1895 - 23 June 1972) was a Georgian actor. He appeared in more than fifteen films from 1924 to 1965.

paragraph: He is best known for his performances in "The Great Warrior Skanderbeg" and "Giorgi Saakadze".

description: Georgian actor (1895-1972)

wikidata_label: Akaki Khorava

wikipedia_title: Akaki Khorava


text: Helsinki

text: Finland

text: Espoo

text: Toivo Rautavaara

text: University of Michigan

text: WeeGee house

categories: 1998 deaths,Finnish explorers,1929 births,University of Michigan alumni,Finnish journalists

paragraph: Helinä Rautavaara

paragraph: Helinä Rautavaara (24 March 1929 Helsinki, Finland - 27 February 1998 Helsinki) was a Finnish explorer, adventurer, collector and journalist. She traveled in Africa, Asia and Latin America and collected ethnographic artefacts and information about cultures. Her collection is now displayed in The Helinä Rautavaara Museum in Espoo.

paragraph: Helinä Rautavaara was a daughter of professor of botany Toivo Rautavaara. She studied psychology, graduated but never executed the profession. She wanted to travel "as far as possible" and wrote about her travels to Finnish magazines. Her first trip was to Northern Africa. The second trip to Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, India, Nepal and Ceylon lasted two years. She became interested in religions, and started to record what she saw in photographs, audiotapes and films. Later she also collected items related to rituals.

paragraph: She returned to studies twice: 1958-1959 in University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and 1972 in Helsinki University studying research of religions. She was collecting material for a doctoral thesis, but she never wrote the thesis.

paragraph: Section::::Helinä Rautavaara Museum.

paragraph: By 1980s Rautavaara had such a large collection, that she opened her own museum. In 1997 a Foundation was formed with Espoo City, and the collections were placed in WeeGee house exhibition centre. The Helinä Rautavaara Museum is the most visited ethnographic museum in Finland.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helinä Rautavaaran tuliaisia temppeleistä "Excerpts from films by Rautavaara" Yle 2008

description: Finnish journalist

wikidata_label: Helinä Rautavaara

wikipedia_title: Helinä Rautavaara


text:
courtesy name
Xihe
solar deity
Eastern Jin dynasty
calligrapher
mystic
Tao Hongjing
Zhen'gao
Shangqing School
Xu
Jurong, Jiangsu
Emperor Ai of Jin
mystic
visionary
medium
Chinese classics
Buddhist scriptures
Wei Huacun
Lingbao School
Book of Jin
dynastic history
Eastern Han dynasty
Jiankang
Nanjing
Way of the Celestial Masters
waidan
meditation
daoyin
Ge Hong
sacred mountains
xian
Rongcheng, Shandong
Lin'an
Zhejiang
Maoshan
oratory
ritual suicide
Emperor Jianwen of Jin
zhenren
Hagiographies
stone rubbing
Song dynasty
Mi Fu
provenance
Wang Xizhi
Ming dynasty
Dong Qichang
colophon
Shangqing School
Wei Huacun
Daoist meditation
Tao Hongjing
ecstatic
Master Redpine
Queen Mother of the West
Sutra of Forty-two Chapters
Li Hong
syncretistic
Tao Hongjing
Lingbao School
autograph
Wang Xizhi
Wang Xianzhi
calligraphy
cursive script
semi-cursive script
neo-clerical script
regular script
Taiping Yulan
Sun En
Zhejiang
Ge Chaofu
Lingbao School
Five Planets
Lothar Ledderose
marijuana
Joseph Needham
Science and Civilisation in China
Lu Gwei-Djen
Nathan Sivin
Langgan
Three Corpses
ginseng
censer
religious and spiritual use of cannabis
Ge Hong
The Practice of Bugang
Tao Hongjing

categories: 330 births,Jin dynasty (265–420),4th century in China

paragraph: Yang Xi

paragraph: Yang Xi (楊羲, 330-c. 386), courtesy name Xihe (羲和, a mythological solar deity), was an Eastern Jin dynasty scholar, calligrapher, and mystic, who is best known for the "Shangqing revelations" that were purportedly dictated to him by Daoist deities between 364 and 370. The Daoist polymath Tao Hongjing subsequently compiled and redacted Yang's revealed texts into the c. 499 "Zhen'gao" (真誥, Declarations of the Perfected) compendium, which formed the foundations of the Shangqing School of Daoism.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The life of Yang Xi was closely intertwined with the aristocratic Xu (許) family in Jurong, Jiangsu. He was employed as the in-house medium/shaman and spiritual advisor when the Perfected Ones directed Yang to transmit the revelation manuscripts to Xu Mi (許謐), an official in the court of Emperor Ai of Jin, and his son Xu Hui (許翽). The sinologist Isabelle Robinet stresses that Yang Xi was a mystic or a visionary, as opposed to a medium. Contrasting a simple medium who supposedly conveys information from a god or spirit, Yang Xi produced a comprehensive religious system with sacred scriptures, philosophy, and practices. Furthermore, he was highly cultured, a superb calligrapher, and well-informed about the Chinese classics and Buddhist scriptures available in the 4th century (1984: 107–108; cited by Eskildsen 1998: 70).

paragraph: Few historical facts are known about Yang Xi's life, and most information comes from his own revealed texts. The "Zhen'gao", for instance, is the only early record of Yang's birth and death dates; it says that when he was betrothed to the heavenly Consort An in 365, he told her that he had been born in October of 330 and was 36 (Smith 2013: 61). The actual date of his death is unknown; Tao Hongjing accepts the revelatory prediction that Yang would ascend to the heavens "in broad daylight" in 386, thus avoiding death in the forthcoming end of the world in 392 (Smith 2013: 104, Strickmann 1977: 47). Yang had an early connection with Daoism in 350 when Wei Huacun's eldest son, Liu Pu (劉璞) gave Yang a manuscript of the Lingbao School "Wufu xu" (五符序, Prolegomena to the Five Talismans of the Numinous Treasure) (Espessett 2008a: 1147). Although Tao had copies of the Xu's "jiapu" (家譜, Family Genealogy), he preferred to rely upon the prophetic contents of the revelations themselves; the family records said Xu Mi died in 373, but Tao said 376 when it was predicted that he would enter Shangqing heaven (Strickmann 1977: 42).

paragraph: Unlike Yang's life, we have detailed information about the Xu family in more reliable sources such as the "Book of Jin" official dynastic history. The Xus had been established in Jurong since 185 CE, when Xu Guang (許光) joined the southward migration during the decline of the Eastern Han dynasty (Strickmann 1977: 6). From 317 to 420, Jurong was the Eastern Jin capital Jiankang (modern Nanjing), where many Xu family members served as government officials.

paragraph: The head of the household, Xu Mai (許邁, 300-348), whose father Xu Fu (許副) had converted to the Way of the Celestial Masters, resigned from his official career and turned to practicing Daoist "waidan" "external alchemy", meditation, and "daoyin" exercises (Strickmann 1977: 8). He was a disciple of Bao Jing (鮑靚, 260-327), the teacher and father-in-law of Ge Hong, and of the Xu family Way of the Celestial Masters "jijiu" (祭酒, Libationer) Li Dong (李東). In 346, Xu Mai changed his name to Xu Xuan (許玄), travelled to sacred mountains, and was said to have become a "xian" "transcendent; immortal" and disappeared (Espessett 2008a: 1147). The uncertain location is given as Chishan (赤山) in Rongcheng, Shandong or Xishan (西山) in Lin'an, Zhejiang (Smith 2013: 15, 283).

paragraph: Yang Xi told Xu Mai's younger brother, Xu Mi (許谧, 303-376), the Perfected Ones said the Xu family would have an important role in the revelations. He became Yang's patron and help transmit the prophetic texts. In 367, Yang informed Xu Mi about Mao Ying's prophesy that in nine years he would be transferred from the earthly bureaucracy to begin his honorary position in the Shangqing Heaven (Needham et al. 1980: 214). Despite repeated celestial admonitions, Xu completed his official career in the capital as Senior Officer to the Defensive Army. He subsequently moved to Maoshan (茅山) or Mount Mao, about 15 miles southeast of the family home in Jurong, where he had erected a wooden "jìngshì" (靜室, Quiet Chamber) that served as his oratory for meditation and worship (Ledderose 1984: 255).

paragraph: Xu Mi's third son, Xu Hui (許翽, 341-c. 370), on the other hand, resigned from his official position as Assistant for Submission of Accounts, returned his wife to her family, and retired his father's retreat on Mount Mao in 362. An excellent calligrapher, he became close friends with Yang Xi, and devoted himself to the study and practice of the revealed scriptures (Espessett 2008a: 1148). In 370, Yang had a prophetic dream with an "untimely summons" that guaranteed Xu Hui a privileged official position awaiting him in the World Beyond (Needham and Lu 1974: 110). Soon afterwards, he apparently drank a poisonous alchemical elixir to commit "ritual suicide" as a means of joining the ranks of the immortals in Shangqing Heaven (Strickmann 1979: 138).

paragraph: After Xu Mi's wife died in 362, the Xu family hired the medium Yang Xi to establish contact with her spirit. She explained the basic organization of heaven, and introduced Yang to other spirit figures (Strickmann 1979: 6; Kohn 2007: 313-314). Xu Mi introduced Yang Xi to the Prince of Langye (琅琊) Sima Yu (司馬昱, 320-372, later Emperor Jianwen of Jin), who employed him as both Household Secretary and Minister of Instruction (Strickmann 1977: 41).

paragraph: Between 364 and 370, Yang Xi had a series of midnight visions in which "zhenren" "Perfected Ones" from the Heaven of "Shangqing" Supreme Purity appeared to him in order to communicate both their sacred texts and personal instructions. The Daoist term "zhenren" has many English translations such as "Real Person", "Authentic Person", "True Person", "Perfected Person", and "Perfected" (Miura 2008: 1265). The visions were dictated to Yang alone, but he was directed to transcribe them for transmission to Xu Mi and Xu Hui, who would make additional copies. The revelations included "jing" (經, Scriptures), several "zhuan" (傳, Hagiographies) of the Perfected, and supplementary "jue" (訣, Instructions) about understanding and employing the texts. Early readers of these revealed texts were impressed both by the erudite literary style of ecstatic verse and the artistic calligraphy of Yang Xi and Xu Hui (Strickmann 1977: 3; Espessett 2008a: 1147). The dated texts of the original Mao Shan records come to an end in 370, after which there is no more historical evidence of the principals (Strickmann 1977: 14).

paragraph: When the elder Xu died in 376, the younger Xu's son Xu Huangmin (許黄民, 361-429) spent several years compiling all the Yang-Xu transcribed scriptures, talismans, and secret registers. He subsequently distributed copies among his friends and relatives (Strickmann 1977: 42).

paragraph: Although no autograph copies of Yang Xi's famous calligraphy have survived, one well-documented stone rubbing version of the revealed "Huangting jing" (黃庭經, Yellow Court Scripture) has been given special attention. The Song dynasty connoisseur and critic Mi Fu (1051-1107) analyzed four manuscripts of the "Huangting jing", and said the best one was written on a silk scroll with a provenance that he traced back to the early 8th century. Mi disagreed with a former owner Tao Gu (陶穀, 903-970) who said that Wang Xizhi wrote the manuscript, and concluded it was a superb example of calligraphy from the Six Dynasties period. The Ming dynasty calligrapher and painter Dong Qichang (1555-1636) was so impressed by the Mi Fu manuscript that he made a copy, recommend it as the best model for studying "kaishu" script, and included it as the first example in his classic "Xihong tang fatie" (戲鴻堂法帖, Calligraphy Compendium of the Hall of the Playful Goose). Dong's colophon attributed the calligraphy to Yang Xi himself and described it as "the traces of a holy immortal" (Ledderose 1984: 262-263, who calls Dong's attribution to Yang "extremely optimistic").

paragraph: Section::::Shangqing revelations.

paragraph: According to Shangqing School tradition, the fundamental Maoshan or Shangqing revelations were dictated by a group of some two dozen Daoist "zhenren" Perfected from the Heaven of "Shangqing" Upper Clarity. They were first revealed in 288 to Lady Wei Huacun, a Way of the Celestial Masters adept proficient in Daoist meditation techniques; and then to Yang Xi from 364 to 370. Tao Hongjing compiled and redacted these transcribed revelation texts from 490 to 499, constituting the Shangqing scriptures that formed the basis of the school’s beliefs in new visualization- and meditation-based ways to reach immortality. "The world of meditation in this tradition is incomparably rich and colorful, with gods, immortals, body energies, and cosmic sprouts vying for the adept's attention." (Kohn 2008: 119).

paragraph: Yang wrote down the content of every vision in ecstatic verse, recording the date along with the name and description of each Perfected. The purpose of the revelations was to set up a new syncretic faith that claimed to be superior to all earlier Daoist traditions (Espessett 2008a: 1147).

paragraph: The "Zhen'gao" records that Yang Xi's visitations started in the 11th month of 359 and continued at a rate of about six times a month up to 370. The heavenly maidens who would visit Yang Xi at night "never write themselves, neither with their hands nor with their feet", but instead would take his hand and engage him in a "sublime relationship" while he transcribed the sacred texts. (Ledderose 1984: 254, 256).

paragraph: The Perfected who appeared to Yang Xi constituted three groups (Smith 2013: 16). The first were early saints in the Shangqing movement. The three brothers Mao Ying (茅盈), Mao Gu (茅固), and Mao Zhong (茅衷), referred to as the Three Lords Mao, supposedly lived in the 2nd century BCE. Wei Huacun herself was among the Perfected, and she became Yang's "xuanshi" (玄師, Teacher in the Invisible World) (Strickmann 1977: 41). Another notable example is the legendary "xian" transcendent Zhou Yishan (周義山, b. 80 BCE). The second group includes Yang Xi's bride, the Perfected Consort An (安妃) and her mythological parents Master Redpine and Lady Li (李夫人). The third are the Queen Mother of the West's daughters, such as the Lady of Purple Tenuity (紫微夫人) who served as matchmaker between Yang Xi and Consort An.

paragraph: Some texts the Perfected bestowed upon Yang were modified or corrected versions of existing texts. For example, a new version of the "Huangting jing" (黃庭經, Yellow Court Scripture) was a corrected replacement of the text by the same name that was given to Wei Huacun along with thirty other revealed texts. Yang's new version of the "Huangting jing" was called the "Neijing jing" (内景經, Book of the Inner Effulgences) in contrast to the older version called the "Waijing jing" (外景經, Book of the Outer Effulgences) (Ledderose 1984: 254). The Perfected also dictated to Yang a more Daoistic version of the "Sutra of Forty-two Chapters", believed to have been the first Buddhist scripture translated into Chinese (Strickmann 1977: 10).

paragraph: While most Shangqing revelations were addressed to Yang Xi and the Xu family, some were specifically for transmission to their relatives and friends. Prognostications for family members covered personal matters such as health, sickness, and longevity. Other materials included several messages and poems for the important official Qie Yin (郄愔, 313-384), and political predictions for acting regent Sima Yu (above) (Strickmann 1977: 16).

paragraph: The central apocalyptic message transmitted by Yang to the Xus was that they were among a chosen few people destined to survive the imminent destruction of the world, and to live on as members of the Perfected ruling hierarchy in the new age. The three progenitors of the Shangqing sect shared with other contemporary sects a belief in an imminent apocalypse, which was originally prophesied to begin in 392, when the messianic "Housheng daojun" (後聖道君. Perfect Lord, Sage Who Is to Come, identified as Li Hong) would descend to earth (Strickmann 1977: 12-13). After that failed to occur, Tao recalculated the devastation would come in 507, and in 512 the messiah would descend to gather up the elect survivors (Needham et al. 1980: 216).

paragraph: Scholars have dismissively described the contents of the Shangqing revelations as "syncretistic", based chiefly upon a superficial reading of the "Zhen'gao". Much of the content in Yang's visions seems to derive from a variety of older sources, Daoist, Buddhist, scholarly, and popular, despite the "resplendent homogeneity which originally disparate elements appear to have acquired in his inspired transcriptions" (Strickmann 1977: 5).

paragraph: Section::::Tao Hongjing.

paragraph: The Daoist scholar, pharmacologist, and alchemist Tao Hongjing (456-536) was the redactor-editor of the basic Shangqing revelations and a founder of the Shangqing School (Pregadio 2008: 1002). Most of what is known about Yang Xi derives from Tao's scholarly and detailed writings.

paragraph: In 483, Tao became fascinated with the Shangqing revelations given to Yang Xi more than a century earlier. Tao's Daoist master Sun Youyue (孫遊岳, 399–489)—who had been a disciple of Lu Xiujing (陸修靜, 406–477), the standardizer of the Lingbao School rituals and scriptures—showed him some fragments of Yang Xi's and Xu Hui's original textual manuscripts (Russell 2005, Strickmann 1977: 39). Tao Hongjing was enthralled by their calligraphy, and later wrote, "In my view, it is not something that could have been achieved by skill alone. Rather, Heaven conferred on them this mastery, that it might lead others to enlightenment". Tao decided to undertake the task of recovering all that remained of the original autograph manuscripts by Yang, Xu Mai, and Xu Mi (Strickmann 1977: 3). Comparing the manuscripts of Yang and the two Xus, Tao Hongjing said, "the calligraphy of Master Yang is the most accomplished … The reason that his fame did not spread is only that his social position was low and that, moreover, he was suppressed by the Two Wangs", that is, his famous calligraphic contemporaries Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi (Ledderose 1984: 258).

paragraph: Using calligraphy as his primary criterion of authenticity, Tao Hongjing assembled a substantial corpus of autograph texts by Yang and the Xus, as well as a number of transcripts written by others concerning the same Shangqing revelations (Strickmann 1977: 4). These included flawed or forged copies, and "many fakes" had already been produced among the select circles that knew of the Shangqing revelations (Needham et al. 1980: 215). In Tao's estimation, "Of all the manuscripts in the handwriting of these three gentlemen extant at the present time, there are over ten ["juan" 卷 "scrolls; volumes" of] individual scriptures and biographies of greater or lesser length, mainly transcripts made by the younger [Xu], and more than forty scrollfuls [卷] of oral instructions dictated by the Perfected, the larger part of which are in Yang's hand." (tr. Strickmann 1977: 24, 41-42).

paragraph: Tao knew two kinds of manuscripts transcribed by Yang, those written in regular script and those in cursive script. First, he wrote the original versions of revealed scriptures and hagiographies in the "sanyuan bahui" (三元八會, three origins and eight connections) script that was only used by celestial beings and not readily intelligible to mortals, other than Yang. Second, he wrote down the oral instructions dictated by the Perfected in a quick "caoshu" cursive script or "xingshu" semi-cursive script. All the Yang's writing done when receiving the revelations is hurried and abbreviated. Only later, when he had emerged from his trance, he would remember the words, make revisions, and transcribe the drafts into carefully written "new "lishu"" neo-clerical script, which is now called "kaishu" regular script (Ledderose 1984: 256-257).

paragraph: Tao Hongjing retired to Maoshan in 492 and spent seven years editing and annotating the manuscripts, based upon the notes of Yang Xi and his patrons Xu Mai and Xu Mi. His enterprise resulted in two major works, the c. 499 "Zhen'gao" (真誥, Declarations of the Perfected) that was intended for wide circulation, and the esoteric c. 493-514 "Dengzhen yinjue" (登真隱訣, Concealed Instructions for the Ascent to Perfection) that provides Shangqing adepts with guidance for their practices (Strickmann 1979: 140-141). The "Zhen'gao" textual collection is divided into seven books. The first five mainly contain the revelations from the Perfected, the sixth includes letters and notes written by Yang and the Xus themselves, along with Tao's detailed commentary for these texts. The seventh book is Tao's editorial postface, comprising a genealogy of the Xu family and a historical account of the Yang-Xu manuscripts. The "Dengzhen yinjue" comprises technical materials from the Scriptures and Hagiographies of the Perfected, as well as from revealed texts included in the "Zhen'gao". Only three of the original twenty-four chapters are extant, and they describe meditation practices, apotropaic techniques, and rituals (Strickmann 1977: 5). In addition, Tao composed a commentary to Yang Xi's "Jianjing" (劍經, Scripture of the Sword) revelation, which is included in the 983 "Taiping Yulan" encyclopedia (Espesset 2008b: 970).

paragraph: Tao Hongjing's "Account of the Diffusion of the Yang-Xu Manuscript Corpus" ("Zhen'gao" 7) records a remarkable case of unauthorized copying, "amounting to a rabid, if idealistic, kleptomania" (Strickmann 1977: 19). In 404, following the violent "Daoist" rebellion of Sun En, Xu Mi's son Xu Huangmin (above) moved to the Shan (剡) region in eastern Zhejiang, taking with him the bulk of the original Shangqing revealed manuscripts. Xu gave the hereditary texts to his hosts, Ma Lang 馬郎 and Du Daoju 杜道鞠, for safekeeping. However, they were Way of the Celestial Masters practitioners who only kept the scriptures, without knowing the proper way to practice them (Strickmann 1977: 17-18). The story involves a talented scholar named Wang Lingqi 王靈期 who was envious of the great influence and wealth that Ge Chaofu attained from producing the Lingbao School Scriptures, and wanted to spread the Shangqing revelations to the public. Wang requested Xu Huangmin to give him the texts but was refused. Following the traditional test of a disciple's sincerity, Wang then "stayed out in the frost and snow until it nearly cost him his life", whereupon Xu, who was moved by the extent of his devotion, allowed Wang to copy the revelations. Tao writes that

paragraph: Having obtained the Scriptures, Wang returned home leaping for joy. Yet after due consideration he realized that it would not do to publish abroad their most excellent doctrine 至法, and that (the form of) their cogent sayings 要言 would not lend itself to wide diffusion. Therefore he presumed to make additions and deletions, and embellished the style. Taking the titles (of scriptures) in the Lives of (Lord) Wang and (the Lady) Wei as his basis, he began to fabricate works by way of furnishing out those listings. On top of that, he increased the fees for transmission, in order that his [Dao] might be more worthy of respect. There were in all more than fifty such works. When the eager and ambitious learned of this great wealth of material, they came one after another to do him honor and receive them. Once transmission and transcription had become widespread, the branch and its leaves were commingled. New and old were mixed indiscriminately, so that telling them apart is no easy task. Unless one has already seen the Scriptures of the Perfected, it is really difficult to judge with certainty. (tr. Strickmann 1977: 45-46)

paragraph: This description of Wang Lingqi deviously increasing the "fees for transmission" refers to the Shangqing tradition that none of Yang Xi's revealed texts could be transmitted without the recipient swearing an oath of secrecy and paying predetermined quantities of precious metal and silk (Strickmann 1977: 23). In a sense, each of Yang's and Wang's texts "bore their own price-tag" (Strickmann 1977: 27). For examples, compare one of Yang's revealed texts with one of Wang's imitations. Yang Xi's authentic 364 or 365 "Basu zhenjing" (八素真經, True Classic of the Eight Purities) contains two rituals for absorbing beneficial "qi" from the Five Planets. In order to receive the first one, the disciple must give the transmitting master forty feet of fine white silk and two silver rings; and for the second ritual, he is to furnish thirty-two feet of blue silk, "as an earnest that he will not disclose it, till the end of his life, till all the blood be gone from his body" (Strickmann 1977: 23). Wang Lingqi's fake "Taishang shenhu yujing" (太上神虎玉經, Jade Scripture of the Most High Concerning the Spirit Tiger) lists the fees for copying as, "ten ounces of the finest gold: as a pledge to the spirits, ninety feet of brocaded silk: to enter into a contract with the Nine Heavens, and thirty feet of blue silk: to bind his heart by oath" (Strickmann 1977: 25).

paragraph: In Shangqing traditional beliefs, any disciple who received a revealed document through authorized transmission had entered into "a bonded contract with the powers on high", and invested in "a sort of celestial security". After death, the disciple would enter into the Unseen World bearing documentary proof that certified the purchase of a posthumous official rank among the Perfected (Strickmann 1977: 28). Moreover, the simple act of textual transmission made of each recipient a potential master, according to the classical formula that "He who transmits a scripture becomes a Teacher". This created an extended community of Shangqing Daoists bound to one another in overlapping master-disciple relationships through oaths that supported the transmission of sacred texts, "possession of which conferred both identity and authority" (Strickmann 1977: 29-30).

paragraph: Lothar Ledderose explains the unique problems of "authenticity" in the transmission of the Maoshan manuscripts.

paragraph: Authenticity was not simply a question of fact (as one normally regards it in the West), but rather a matter of degree. The mystic Yang Hsi immediately copied his own handwriting when he awoke from his trance, and these copies in turn were copied by the two Hsus. But even Yang's trance writings, in a sense, may be called copies, copies of otherworldly texts that existed on a primordial level. As such they were not legible by ordinary mortals and therefore had to be transcribed by Yang into a script of this world. Thus there exists no one unique handwritten piece in contrast to which all the other versions would be copies or forgeries. Rather there is a chain of copies whose beginnings are hidden in obscurity. What matters is not so much the authenticity of a single scroll but the authenticity of the chain of copies. (Ledderose 1984: 271).

paragraph: Section::::Stoner seer.

paragraph: Yang Xi was a regular user of marijuana, according to Joseph Needham and his "Science and Civilisation in China" collaborators, Ho Ping-Yü, Lu Gwei-Djen, and Nathan Sivin. They conclude that he was "aided almost certainly by cannabis" in writing the Shangqing revelations (1980: 213).

paragraph: Yang Xi's revealed "Maojun zhuan" (茅君傳, Life of Lord Mao) text says that an immortality elixir, the 24-ingredient "sirui dan" (四蕊丹, Fourfold Floreate Elixir), which includes the 14 ingredients in "langgan huadan" (琅玕華丹, Elixir Efflorescence of Langgan) can be regularly taken in a mixture of hemp juice, producing hallucinatory sensations. "A daily dosage allowed one to divide his body and become ten thousand men, and to ride through the air". Tao Hongjing records seeing a copy of the hemp-juice potion formula in Hsu Mi's handwriting (Strickmann 1979: 172).

paragraph: The hallucinogenic properties of cannabis were common knowledge in Chinese medical and Daoist circles for two millennia or more (Needham and Lu 1974: 152). The (c. 1st century BCE) "Shennong bencao" calls "cannabis flowers/buds" "mafen" (麻蕡) or "mabo" (麻勃) and says: "To take much makes people see demons and throw themselves about like maniacs. But if one takes it over a long period of time one can communicate with the spirits, and one's body becomes light" (tr. Needham and Lu 1974: 150). A 6th-century Daoist medical work, the "Wuzangjing" (五臟經, Five Viscera Classic) says, "If you wish to command demonic apparitions to present themselves you should constantly eat the inflorescences of the hemp plant." (Needham et al. 1980: 213).

paragraph: The "Zhen'gao" gives alchemical prescriptions for gaining visionary power, and Yang Xi describes his own reactions to using the "Chushenwan" (初神丸, Pill of Incipient Marvels) that contains much cannabis (Needham and Lu 1974: 152). Both Yang and Xu Mi were regularly taking "Chushenwan" cannabis pills that were supposed to improve health by eliminating the "Sanshi" (三尸, Three Corpses) from the body, but which also apparently brought about "visionary susceptibility". In a letter to Xu Mi, Yang Xi asked if he had begun to take the pills. Of his own experience, Yang wrote in the "Zhen'gao", "I have been taking them regularly every day, from the lot which I obtained earlier. I have not really noticed any special signs, except, at the very beginning, for six or seven days, I felt a sensation of heat in my brain, and my stomach was rather bubbly. Since then there have been no other signs, and I imagine that they must gradually be dealing with the problem" (Strickmann 1979: 172).

paragraph: In addition to editing the official Shangqing canon, the Daoist pharmacologist Tao Hongjing also wrote the (c. 510) "Mingyi bielu" (名醫別錄, Supplementary Records of Famous Physicians) that records, "Hemp-seeds (["mabo"] 麻勃 "cannabis flowers") are very little used in medicine, but the magician-technicians (["shujia"] 術家) say that if one consumes them with ginseng it will give one preternatural knowledge of events in the future." (Needham and Lu 1974: 151).

paragraph: Some early Daoists used ritual censers for the religious and spiritual use of cannabis. The (c. 570) Daoist encyclopedia "Wushang Biyao" (無上秘要, Supreme Secret Essentials) recorded that cannabis was added into ritual incense-burners. The ancient Daoists "experimented systematically with hallucinogenic smokes, using techniques which arose directly out of liturgical observance" (Needham and Lu 1974:154).

paragraph: The (5th-6th century) "Yuanshi shangzhen zhongxian ji" (元始上真眾仙記, Records of the Assemblies of the Perfected Immortals), which is attributed to Ge Hong (283-343), refers to the Shangqing founders using "qīngxiāng" (清香, "delicate fragrance; purifying incense"). "For those who begin practicing the Tao it is not necessary to go into the mountains. … Some with purifying incense and sprinkling and sweeping are also able to call down the Perfected Immortals. The followers of the Lady Wei [Huacun] and of [Xu Mi] are of this kind." Needham and Lu say, "For these 'psychedelic' experiences in ancient Taoism a closed room would have been necessary" (1974: 152). Namely, the Daoist "jìngshì" (靜室, Quiet Chamber) oratory, which most early descriptions represent as almost empty except for an incense-burner (Needham and Lu 1974: 131). (Needham and Lu 1974: 131).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andersen, Poul (1989), "The Practice of Bugang", "Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie" 5.5:15-53.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eskildsen, Stephen (1998), "Asceticism in Early Taoist Religion", State University of New York Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Espessett, Grégoire (2008a), "Yang Xi 楊羲", in "The Encyclopedia of Taoism", ed. by Fabrizio Pregadio, Routledge, 1147-1148.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Espesset, Grégoire (2008b), "Tao Hongjing 陶弘景", in Fabrizio Pregadio, ed., "The Encyclopedia of Taoism", 968-971, Routledge.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kohn, Livia (2007), "Daoyin: Chinese Healing Exercises", "Asian Medicine" 3.1: 103 –129.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kohn, Livia (2008), "Meditation and visualization," in "The Encyclopedia of Taoism", ed. by Fabrizio Pregadio, 118-120.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ledderose, Lothar (1984), "Some Taoist Elements in the Calligraphy of the Six Dynasties", "T'oung Pao" 70.4/5: 246-278.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miura, Kunio (2008), "'Zhenren 真人 Real Man or Woman; Authentic Man or Woman; True Man or Woman; Perfected", in Pregadio, Fabrizio (ed.), "The Encyclopedia of Taoism", Routledge, 1265-1266.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Needham, Joseph and Lu Gwei-djen (1974), "Science and Civilization in China, Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 2, Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Magisteries of Gold and Immortality", Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Needham, Joseph, Ho Ping-Yu, Lu Gwei-djen, and Nathan Sivin (1980), "Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology; Part 4, Spagyrical Discovery and Invention", Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pregadio, Fabrizio (2008), ""Waidan" "external elixir; external alchemy" 外丹", in Pregadio, Fabrizio (ed.), "The Encyclopedia of Taoism", Routledge, 1002-1004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robinet, Isabelle (1984), "La révélation du Shangqing dans l'histoire du taoïsme", École française d'Extrême-Orient.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Russell, Terence C. (2005), Tao Hongjing, "Encyclopedia of Religion", Thomson Gale.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, Thomas E. Smith (2013), "Declarations of the Perfected: Part One: Setting Scripts and Images into Motion", Three Pines Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strickmann, Michel (1977), "The Mao shan Revelations: Taoism and the Aristocracy", "T'oung Pao" 63: 1-64.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strickmann, Michel (1979), "On the Alchemy of T'ao Hung-ching", in Holmes Welch and Anna Seidel, eds., "Facets of Taoism: Essays in Chinese Religion", 123-192, Yale University Press.

wikidata_label: Yang Xi

wikipedia_title: Yang Xi


text: Sayadaw

text: Burmese

text: Theravada Buddhist

text: Sixth Buddhist Council

text: Maung

text: U

text: Daw

text: Myingyan Township

text: Mandalay Province

text: British Burma

text: Nan Oo Monastery

text: Mandalay

text: Theravada

text: Sangha

text: Shin

text: Pali

text: Vinaya

text: Abhidhamma

text: Mingun

text: Sagaing Division

text: thilashin

text: dharma name

text: U Nu

text: Sixth Buddhist Council

text: Kaba Aye Pagoda

text: Mahasi Sayadaw

text: U Nu

text: Buddha

text: Ne Win

text: Burma Socialist Programme Party

text: Patthana

text: Biography of Venerable Mingun Sayadaw

categories: 1992 deaths,Burmese Buddhist monks,1911 births,Burmese Theravada Buddhists,Theravada Buddhist monks

paragraph: Mingun Sayadaw

paragraph: The Venerable Mingun Sayadaw U Vicittasarabivamsa (, ; 1 November 1911 – 9 February 1993) was a Burmese Theravada Buddhist monk, best known for his memory skills and his role in the Sixth Buddhist Council.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Ven. Mingun Sayadaw was born Maung Khin to U Sone and Daw Sin in 1911 in Kyipin Village in Myingyan Township, Mandalay Province, British Burma. His father died when Maung Khin was only 4 years old. During his youth, he was noted for being reserved and his cleanliness.

paragraph: At the age of 5, he was sent to the village monastery according to Burmese Buddhist tradition, to get a basic monastic education. The presiding sayadaw was U Sasana who had been educated at the Nan Oo Monastery, a prominent monastery in Mandalay.

paragraph: His grandfather, U Chai taught him Buddhist prayers and recitations. It was for these that he would gain great following and fame as the Mingun Sayadaw. At the age of 7, he was temporarily noviciated as per Theravada tradition, at the Min Kyaung Taik in Myingyan, with U Sobhita as preceptor. Since that age, Maung Khin displayed great memorising ability. He also read a wide array of journals, novels, magazines and books.

paragraph: Section::::Shin Vicittasara.

paragraph: At 10, his mother sponsored his initiation into the Sangha, again under the tutorledge of U Sobhita. He was conferred the monastic name Shin Vicittasara, which means "Outstanding" in Pali.

paragraph: At 13, he sat for the Vinaya Examination held by the Sanghasamaggi Association in Myingyan, gaining prominence in the Myingyan religious circle. The next year, he sat for another exam, the Pariyatti Examination where he successfully recited the Abhidhamma from memory to the invigilating senior monks. Afterwards, he sat for various grading religious examinations.

paragraph: Section::::Monkhood and awards.

paragraph: In 1930, Shin Vicittasara moved to Mingun in Sagaing Division to continue his further studies at the Dhammananda Monastery. From that time till his death in 1993, he would be based in Mingun, thus became known as the "Mingun Sayadaw". He received great support from a thilashin, Daw Dhammacari. In the same year, he was ordained as a monk with the support of Sir and Lady Thwin. In 1933, he was conferred the rare title of "Pahtamakyaw" as he passed the Highest level religious Examination at the top of his cohort.

paragraph: The Maha Sanghasamaggi Association, which conducted the religious exams conferred the suffix "Abhivamsa" to his name in 1934. Thus, the sayadaw had gained his dharma name with which he would be renowned throughout Myanmar.

paragraph: From 1950 to 1953, the sayadaw sat and passed the state conducted Tipitakadhara Selection Examination, for which the government of the newly independent Union of Burma conferred various titles and honours. In 1953, he became the first monk ever to be awarded the title of Tipitakadhara, meaning Keeper and Guardian of the Tipitaka.

paragraph: Section::::Sixth Buddhist Synod.

paragraph: Under the auspices and patronage of the U Nu government, the Sixth Buddhist Council was held in the purpose-built Mahapasana Cave at the Kaba Aye Pagoda in Yangon from 1954 to 1956. Alongside the venerable Mahasi Sayadaw, the Mingun Sayadaw played a key role in the Sangha Executive Committee. As the "Chief Respondent", he participated in answering all questions concerning the Vinaya, the portion of the Tripitaka dealing with disciplinary rules of the Sangha.

paragraph: It was said that the sayadaw recalled the exact book, page and line of every term in the Tripitaka.

paragraph: Section::::Later work.

paragraph: At the Request of Prime Minister U Nu and the Buddha Sasana Council, he began work on a treatise on the Life Story of the Buddha, titled the "Maha Buddhavamsa" from 1955 to 1960. The Maha Buddhavamsa is considered the crowning achievement of the sayadaw's literary work.

paragraph: In 1979, the Burmese government, now under the rule of General Ne Win and Burma Socialist Programme Party conferred the title of "Agga Maha Pandita" in recognition of his achievements and contributions. The next year, he served as the chief adviser for the convening of the First All Orders Sangha Congregation - an attempt by the government to rein in the different Buddhist sects in the country.

paragraph: Section::::Guinness Record.

paragraph: In 1985, the Guinness Book of Records recorded the sayadaw as a record holder in the Human memory category. The exact entry was

paragraph: "Human memory: Bhandanta Vicitsara (sic) recited 16,000 pages of Buddhist canonical text in Rangoon, Burma in May 1954. Rare instances of eidetic memory -- the ability to project and hence "visually" recall material-- are known to science".

paragraph: Section::::Last years.

paragraph: The sayadaw was in his 80s when the current military government of Myanmar took power. He distanced himself from the democracy demonstrations and the 8888 movement. As the government solidified its position, the sayadaw was approached by the government to attend its religious events, which he agreed to do so. The sayadaw did not engage in any politics but a few radical elements of the pro democracy movement considered him as a government lackey. However, his reputation was never tarnished as he continued his religious work until the very end.

paragraph: The sayadaw died in 1992 of complications from an infection. He was given a "de facto" state funeral, where he was sent off by a large number of fellow monks, government officials and devotees. His ashes were then scattered over various locations across the country to symbolize the national religious figure he had come to personify.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The sayadaw has come to embody the Burmese dedication to Buddhism and also of the Burmese Buddhist sangha. His recitations of the Patthana and the suttas are one of the most popular Buddhist audio materials sold in Myanmar.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mingun Sayadaw Biography DVD, Mingun Association Yangon.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Venerable Mingun Sayadaw

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Most Venerable Sayadaw U Vicittasarabhivamsa (1911 - 1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Fabulous Memory, Venerable Mingun Saydaw U Vicittasarabhivamsa by Win Pe

description: Burmese Buddhist monk

wikidata_label: Mingun Sayadaw

wikipedia_title: Mingun Sayadaw


text: Alpine Skiing World Cup

text: Sölden

text: Sestriere

text: Kranjska Gora

text: Tom Stiansen

text: Mario Matt

text: Alpine Skiing World Championships

text: 2007 Championships

text: Åre

text: giant slalom

text: slalom

text: Norway at the 2010 Winter Olympics

text: University of Oslo

categories: Alpine skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Sportspeople from Oslo,Olympic alpine skiers of Norway,1975 births,Alpine skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics,Norwegian male alpine skiers,Living people

paragraph: Truls Ove Karlsen

paragraph: Truls Ove Karlsen (born 25 April 1975 in Oslo) is a retired Norwegian alpine skier. He made his Alpine Skiing World Cup debut in Sölden in 2001. He made a total of 143 World Cup starts, finishing third in a slalom in Sestriere in December 2002 and scoring his only World Cup win in a slalom in Kranjska Gora in February 2004, leading home team-mate Tom Stiansen in a Norwegian one-two ahead of Austrian Mario Matt. His best World Cup seasons were 2003 and 2004, where he finished eighth in the slalom standings. His best results at the Alpine Skiing World Championships were achieved at the 2007 Championships in Åre, where he finished sixth in the giant slalom and seventh in the slalom. He represented Norway at the 2010 Winter Olympics. Karlsen announced his retirement from competition in February 2013. Since then he has worked as a personal trainer. He graduated from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology with a bachelor's degree in History and Psychology in 2004, and started studies for a master's degree in law at the University of Oslo in 2013.

description: Norwegian alpine skier

wikidata_label: Truls Ove Karlsen

wikipedia_title: Truls Ove Karlsen


text:
France at the 2006 Winter Olympics
France at the 2010 Winter Olympics

categories: Universiade bronze medalists for France,Olympic short track speed skaters of France,Competitors at the 2005 Winter Universiade,Universiade medalists in short track speed skating,1981 births,Female short track speed skaters,World Short Track Speed Skating Championships medalists,Short track speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Sportspeople from Dijon,French short track speed skaters,Short track speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics,Living people

paragraph: Stéphanie Bouvier

paragraph: Stéphanie Bouvier (born 15 November 1981) is a short track speed-skater. She represented France at the 2006 Winter Olympics and France at the 2010 Winter Olympics.

description: French speed skater

wikidata_label: Stéphanie Bouvier

wikipedia_title: Stéphanie Bouvier


text:
Nils Aziosmanoff
Nils
Dream Theater
Stratovarius
Vanden Plas
Rhapsody
Merlin
Braveheart
Gladiator
The X Files
LAG
Evergrey
After Forever

paragraph: Didier Chesneau

paragraph: Didier Chesneau is a French guitarist (Lag/Elixir/Larrivée/Rocktron), composer (NTS/Wagram), sound engineer and director (Universal, Wagram, EMI, SPV).

paragraph: Section::::Early work.

paragraph: Didier discovers music playing saxophone (like his musician father), but wanting to get free from the academic side of the conservatory, he quickly decides to play guitar. At first self-educated, he is then taught about technique and harmony by Nils Aziosmanoff and Charles Raynal (teacher in the Berklee College). Nils opens him the doors of the Parisians studios, and aside from his sound engineer's studies, he starts recording regular sessions and accompaniments. He meets Sylvie Grare at the studio and after a first demo along with Patrick Rondat's musicians, they cast musicians and found the band Headline in 1994.

paragraph: From then, things start to go quicker: Midem, winner of the Tremplin International du Salon de la Musique, Dani « Guitarist Magazine » Giorgetti allow them to perform at the festival « Cannes Musique Passion » (from which they get unforgettable memories of Stuart Hamm, Jonathan Mover, Michel Cusson…).

paragraph: Section::::Headline.

paragraph: In 1997, first Headline's album « Escape » is released. Success is immediate, the album wins as the fifth most promising international release and the band goes on an acoustic FNAC tour. Back then, Olivier Garnier, label manager of CNR label, gives them the opportunity to play with Vanden Plas, Dio, Superior… Aside from Headline and his work as sound engineer, Didier Chesneau runs during five years the direction of « Backstage », two music schools in the region Centre, thanks to which he organises trimestrial master classes welcoming among others Patrick Rondat, Jean-Claude Rapin, Pascal Mulot, Sébastien Choir…

paragraph: In 1999, Olivier Garnier initiates the first French deal of his new label NTS, releasing « Voices of Presence », the second album of Headline. French tours, Printemps de Bourges, show cases, the band plays along with prestigious bands as Dream Theater, Stratovarius, Vanden Plas, Rhapsody and win as 2nd and 5th of the best French bands according to the readers of musical and metal press.

paragraph: Thanks to the stunt companies Skyros and Mythics Warriors (Merlin, Braveheart, Gladiator…), Headline shoots its first video clip in the cathartic fortress of Queribus, directed by Stéphane Marty (The X Files…). As a co-producer of Headline's albums, Didier Chesneau is asked for a lot of directing projects and ends up working for numerous artists while keeping on doing demos (Salon de la Musique, Musicmania…) for LAG and ROCKTRON.

paragraph: When « Duality », 3rd album of the band, is realised at the end of 2002, Healine wins as the best French band and best video clip of the year (directed by Stéphane Roland) thanks to MCM/Hard Rock Mag audience. They go on tour in Europe along with Evergrey and After Forever, at the Hirson festival and Trophées « hard rock » broadcast on MCM, as well as on acoustic show cases… At the end of 2003, they go on tour from Amsterdam to Grenade and all around Europe with the American band Symphony X. The last promotional date of « Duality » is at « Tournai Prog Event Festival » in Belgium, at the beginning of 2004

paragraph: Section::::Other activities.

paragraph: Didier Chesneau works on a lot of projects: « Ritchie Blackmore Tribute » (Lion Music), « Bass Attitudes » (XIII bis), « Métisse » (musical), « Shooting Star » (Arcade)… At the end of 2004, he composes with M. Aurore Gotta (J. Hallyday, P. Bachelet…) the soundtrack of « La légende de la licorne », musical produced by his friends « Mythic Warriors ». In 2007, he becomes "musical and technical director" of the band. Others "light and sound" shows are created as "Le Tournoi de la Providence", "Euphelie et les loups", "L'alliance de Brune" (30 000 spectators at Roquebrune, summer 2008).

paragraph: Section::::Discography with Headline.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shooting star tribute" 1996 Album

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Escape" 1997 Album

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Escape thru the lands" 1998 Acoustic Album

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bass attitude" 1999 Album

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Voices of presence" 2000 Album

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Other Voices" 2000 Maxi limited ed

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Duality" 2003 Album

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blackmore tribute" 2004 Album

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Page Myspace: http://www.myspace.com/didierchesneau

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lag, guitares endorsées par D Chesneau: https://web.archive.org/web/20090221061450/http://www.lag.fr/

paragraph: BULLET::::- Melody Studio: http://www.myspace.com/melodystudio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Headline officiel: https://web.archive.org/web/20100115033202/http://www.headlinetheband.net/

paragraph: BULLET::::- Headline Myspace: http://www.myspace.com/headlineofficial

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mythics Warriors: http://www.myspace.com/mythicswarriors

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Presse:

paragraph: BULLET::::- -1 Epok n° 43 "Metal Hurlantes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- -2 Hard rock mag nov 2003 "Sur la route avec Headline"

paragraph: BULLET::::- -3 Hard rock mag Mars 2003 "Trophees Hard rock MCM"

paragraph: BULLET::::- -4 Rock Hard janv 2003 " Duel Visuel"

paragraph: BULLET::::- -5 Guitar et bass janv 2003 "Didier Chesneau : technique et technicien en Headline"

paragraph: BULLET::::- -6 Rock Hard juillet 2003 "Metalliance fest" ...

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.fnacmusic.com/discography/fafd1325-081c-4426-8c8c-d01dd5daf1e5.aspx

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.believe.fr/albums/5524,duality.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.metaluniverse.net/voir_groupe.php?groupe=Headline

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.laboitenoiredumusicien.com/guitare/revue/reportages/LAG/Guitarist_ReportageLag.pdf

description: French musician

wikidata_label: Didier Chesneau

wikipedia_title: Didier Chesneau


text:
American
Abbott and Costello
Bud Abbott
Lou Costello
Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein
Bela Lugosi
Dracula
The 30 Foot Bride of Candy Rock
Lou Costello
Monkey Business
The Night of June 13
Tarzan's Desert Mystery
Mexicana
The Pilgrim Lady
Across the Wide Missouri
Paris Model
You're Never Too Young
Martin & Lewis
The 30 Foot Bride of Candy Rock

categories: 1894 births,1976 deaths,20th-century American male actors,American male film actors

paragraph: Bobby Barber

paragraph: Bobby Barber (December 18, 1894 – May 24, 1976) was an American actor who appeared in over 100 films. Barber is notable for his work as a foil for Abbott and Costello on and off screen.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Barber was often used by Bud Abbott and Lou Costello as a form of "court jester" on the set of their films. It was his job to keep the energy level up with pranks and practical jokes. Sometimes, he even suddenly appeared on camera during a take to break up the cast and crew. In "Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein" (1948), Costello answers a knock at the door expecting to see large actor Lon Chaney Jr. Instead, the very short Barber walks in wearing a funny hat with a feather. In another outtake from that film, Bela Lugosi, in full Dracula regalia, is solemnly descending a staircase to meet Abbott and Costello when all of a sudden the actors and crew burst out laughing. Lugosi, annoyed, turns around to see Barber following right behind him, mimicking his steps.

paragraph: Barber also appeared in bit parts, such as a delivery boy, waiter, bellhop, or man on the street, often uncredited in movies, and in many of Abbott and Costello's films and about half their television shows. Sometimes his likeness was in a picture on a wall or a "wanted" poster in a post office. His final film appearance was in Lou Costello's last movie, "The 30 Foot Bride of Candy Rock" (1959). His film career included bit parts in over 100 (known) feature films.

paragraph: Following the death of Lou Costello's father, Costello became very close with Barber, including him in various antics off set, such as going out for ice cream for breakfast. Barber died in 1976 in California, at age 81.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monkey Business" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Night of June 13" (1932) (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tarzan's Desert Mystery" (1943) (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mexicana" (1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Pilgrim Lady" (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Across the Wide Missouri" (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paris Model" (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "You're Never Too Young" (1955), a Martin & Lewis comedy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The 30 Foot Bride of Candy Rock" (1959)

description: American actor

wikidata_label: Bobby Barber

wikipedia_title: Bobby Barber