text: third caliph

text: Ahmadiyya Muslim Community

text: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad

text: Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad

text: National Assembly of Pakistan

text: declared Ahmadis to be non-Muslims

text: West Africa

text: Spain

text: Basharat Mosque

text: Pedro Abad

text: Reconquista

text: Fall of Granada

text: "Malfūzāt"

text: Qadian

text: Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad

text: Qur’an

text: Hafiz

text: Qadian

text: Bachelor of Arts

text: Government College, Lahore

text: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad

text: Malerkotla

text: Masters of Arts

text: Tripos

text: Political Science

text: Philosophy

text: Economics

text: Balliol College

text: University of Oxford

text: Ahmadiyya Muslim Community

text: Talim-ul-Islam College

text: partition

text: Rabwah

text: Pakistan

text: anti-Ahmadiyya riots in 1953

text: Khalifatul Masih

text: Khalifatul Masih II

text: Khalifatul Masih

text: Isha prayer

text: Rabwah

text: Pakistan

text: Electoral College

text: Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad

text: Rabwah

text: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

text: Kensington

text: Sir Zafrulla Khan

text: M.M. Ahmad

text: Christian Church

text: Shroud of Turin

text: Pakistan

text: Africa

text: Asia

text: Europe

text: Muhammad

text: Malfoozat

text: Basharat Mosque

text: Pedro Abad

text: Malerkotla

text: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad

text: Islamabad

text: Pakistan

text: Rabwah

text: Bahishti Maqbara

text: Ahmadiyya Muslim Community

text: Mirza Tahir Ahmad

text: Khalifatul Masih

text: funeral prayer

text: Khilafat and Mujadadiyyat

text: Life Sketch of Mirza Nasir Ahmad

categories: Ahmadiyya Caliphate,1909 births,1982 deaths,Pakistani Ahmadis

paragraph: Mirza Nasir Ahmad

paragraph: Hāfiz Mirza Nasir Ahmad () (16 November 1909 – 9 June 1982) was the third caliph (, "khalīfatul masīh al-Thālith"), head of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. He was elected as the third successor of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad on 8 November 1965, the day after the death of his predecessor and father, Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad.

paragraph: Under his leadership, there was further expansion of missionary work started by his predecessor the second caliph, particularly in Africa and Europe. In 1974, he represented the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in the National Assembly of Pakistan in an eleven-day inquisition. Despite his efforts, the National Assembly declared Ahmadis to be non-Muslims and he led the Community through this period of increased hostility and government repression. the "Nusrat Jehan Scheme", a scheme dedicated to serving parts of Africa by running numerous medical clinics and schools was one of the many outcomes of his 1970 tour of West Africa, the first visit to the continent made by an Ahmadi caliph. In 1980, Nasir Ahmad traveled to Spain, where he laid the foundation stone of the Basharat Mosque in Pedro Abad. The mosque was inaugurated posthumously in 1982 and was the first purpose-built mosque in Spain since the Reconquista and the Fall of Granada in 1492.

paragraph: Nasir Ahmad also directed the compilation and arrangement of Ghulam Ahmad's literary output. The writings of Ghulam Ahmad, which had hitherto been published as individual books, pamphlets or articles were compiled in the twenty-three volume corpus known as "Rūhānī Khazā᾽in" (Spiritual Treasures). His dialogues or discourses were collected in the ten volume "Malfūzāt" (spoken words) and his announcements and advertisements were published in three volumes under the title of "Majmu'a Ishtihārāt" (Collection of Flyers or Posters).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Mirza Nasir Ahmad was born in Qadian, India on 16 November 1909. His early education was both religious and secular. By the age of thirteen, with guidance from his father Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad, Nasir Ahmad had committed all 114 chapters of the Qur’an to memory, making him a Hafiz. His father placed great emphasis on the acquisition of religious education. In pursuit of that goal, Nasir Ahmad was enrolled at the Madrassa Ahmadiyya, Qadian, graduated with honors in July 1929. After graduation, he went through his post-secondary education and by 1934, obtained his Bachelor of Arts Degree from the Government College, Lahore.

paragraph: On 5 August 1934, Nasir Ahmad married Syeda Mansoora Begum, a granddaughter of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and eldest daughter of Nawab Muhammad Ali Khan of Malerkotla, India. Within a month of getting married, Nasir Ahmad left India and proceeded for postgraduate studies to England.

paragraph: In England, he obtained Masters of Arts degree in the Tripos (P.P.E.) Political Science, Philosophy and Economics from Balliol College, University of Oxford. He impressed his college professors as a very well-behaved and deep-thinking student. During a subsequent visit to England, he met one of his former professors who welcomed him to his residence. The professor told other members of the Community that he had seen signs of leadership in Nasir Ahmad and was certain that one day, he would be a leader.

paragraph: Before returning to India he visited Egypt for three months from July to November 1938 in order to improve his Arabic and to meet up with his brother Mirza Mubarik Ahmad to analyse the progress of the Community in Cairo. During his stay he also visited numerous sites of historical interest.

paragraph: In November 1938, he returned to the town of his birth, Qadian, where he was appointed a professor at Jamia Ahmadiyya, the missionary theological training college of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. In 1939, he was appointed principal where he remained for five years. From May 1944 to November 1965, he was principal of the Talim-ul-Islam College, first in Qadian, then after partition, in Rabwah, Pakistan.

paragraph: During the anti-Ahmadiyya riots in 1953, Nasir Ahmad was imprisoned briefly but released on 28 May 1953. Upon his release, he served in various other offices of the community, until being elected as Khalifatul Masih after the demise of his father, Khalifatul Masih II.

paragraph: Section::::Caliphate.

paragraph: Mirza Nasir Ahmad was elected as Khalifatul Masih III on 9 November 1965, shortly after Isha prayer at Mubarik Mosque in Rabwah, Pakistan. The "Majlis Intikhab Khilafat" (Electoral College) was presided by Mirza Aziz Ahmad.

paragraph: Shortly after his election as Khalifatul Masih, he established the Fazl-e-Umar Foundation in honour and memory of the Khalifatul Masih II Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad. One of the projects envisioned by the foundation was the construction of a library. In 1971, the Khilafat Library in Rabwah was inaugurated, which today houses over 100,000 books, rare manuscripts, a children's section and science displays.

paragraph: Section::::Caliphate.:Africa.

paragraph: In 1970, Khalifatul Masih III embarked on a nine-week tour of various African countries. During his visit he attended numerous receptions held in his honour and inspected the educational, social as well as spiritual services rendered by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community of various African countries. He started the "Nusret Jehan" scheme and appealed for financial contributions from the community. Under this scheme, Ahmadi doctors and teachers are serving in various parts of Africa by running numerous medical clinics and secondary schools.

paragraph: Section::::Caliphate.:Ahmadiyya and the National Assembly of Pakistan.

paragraph: Following the riots and violence against Ahmadis in 1974, Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto faced considerable pressure from religious leaders to declare the Ahmadis non-Muslim. Consequently, legislation and constitutional changes were enacted, Ahmadis were socially boycotted and their religious practices were criminalised by preventing them from claiming to be Muslims or from "behaving" as Muslims. Thereafter the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community faced an eleven-day inquisition where Mirza Nasir Ahmad himself and four other eminent Ahmadi scholars represented The Ahmadiyya Muslim community in the National Assembly of Pakistan. Mirza Nasir Ahmad personally answered all the allegations that were made against Ahmadiyya. Eventually Ahmadis were declared non-Muslim by the National Assembly of Pakistan.

paragraph: Section::::Caliphate.:London.

paragraph: In 1978, Mirza Nasir Ahmad traveled to London where the conference of Jesus’ "Deliverance from the cross" was held at the Commonwealth Institute in Kensington. This was attended by various scholars belonging to principal faiths who read their papers discussing the circumstances surrounding the Crucifixion of Jesus, after which the Ahmadiyya viewpoint regarding the death of Jesus was presented. Presentations were also given by Sir Zafrulla Khan and M.M. Ahmad.

paragraph: The Christian Church gave a statement dismissing the Ahmadiyya as not representing the teachings of Islam and refused to be drawn into the debate that had been re-opened by the discovery of the Shroud of Turin and now this conference. There were participants from Pakistan, India, Africa, Asia, Europe, and the United States. On this occasion Nasir Ahmad also delivered a lecture on this issue. He dealt with the subject of Jesus’ survival from death upon the cross, his travel to the east, the Unity of God, and expounded the status of Muhammad.

paragraph: Section::::Caliphate.:Compilation of Ahmadiyya texts.

paragraph: During his Caliphate, Mirza Nasir Ahmad is also known for having directed the compilation of the complete dreams, visions and verbal revelations claimed to have been received by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, which had hitherto been published in various books of Ghulam Ahmad, as well as various journals and newspapers. The compiled version of his entire revelations was published in the form of the "Tazkirah". The complete dialogues or utterances of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad were also compiled under the directives of Khalifatul Masih III. This was published in the form of the Malfoozat, which include his discourses, speeches, question and answer sessions, sermons and casual sayings.

paragraph: Section::::Caliphate.:Spain.

paragraph: In 1980, Mirza Nasir Ahmad traveled to Spain, where he laid the foundation stone of the Basharat Mosque in Pedro Abad. This was the first mosque to be built in Spain in over 750 years. It was here he coined the motto "Love for All, Hatred for None". The construction of the mosque was not completed until after his death in 1982.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage, children, and family.

paragraph: Mirza Nasir Ahmad married Sayyidah Mansoora Begum on 5 August 1934. She was the daughter of Nawab Muhammad 'Ali Khan of Malerkotla and Nawab Mubarka Begum, the daughter of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. They had five children together:

paragraph: BULLET::::- son Mirza Anas Ahmad, (17 April 1937 - 18 December 2018).

paragraph: BULLET::::- daughter Amatul Shakoor, (born 26 April 1940).

paragraph: BULLET::::- daughter Amatul Haleem, (born 29 January 1942).

paragraph: BULLET::::- son Mirza Fareed Ahmad, (born 4 March 1951).

paragraph: BULLET::::- son Mirza Luqman Ahmad, (born 9 November 1953).

paragraph: Shortly after the death of his wife Mansoora Begum, Nasir Ahmad decided to remarry. On 11 April 1982, he married Tahira Siddiqua Nasir, daughter of Abdul Majeed Khan of Verowal. This marriage only lasted a few short months with the demise of Nasir Ahmad on 9 June 1982.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In June 1982, while in Islamabad, Pakistan, Mirza Nasir Ahmad suffered a severe heartattack. He died on 9 June 1982 at 12:45 p.m. Mirza Nasir Ahmad's body was taken to Rabwah where he was buried in Bahishti Maqbara, a cemetery established by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. After the election of Mirza Tahir Ahmad as Khalifatul Masih IV, his successor led the funeral prayer in Rabwah.

paragraph: Section::::Lectures and discourses.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Message of Peace and a Word of Warning

paragraph: BULLET::::- Message of Love and Brotherhood to Africa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Khilafat and Mujadadiyyat

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Life Sketch of Mirza Nasir Ahmad

description: caliph of the Ahmadiyya

wikidata_label: Mirza Nasir Ahmad

wikipedia_title: Mirza Nasir Ahmad


text:
Minamoto no Sanetomo
Tsurugaoka Hachimangū
Sagami Province
Jōkyū War
Miura Yasumura
Miura clan
Hōjō clan
Kamakura shogunate
Hōjō Tokiyori
seppuku
Minamoto no Yoritomo
Minamoto no Yoritomo
Shimazu Tadahisa
Shimazu clan
Miura clan
Mōri clan
Mōri Motonari
Miura clan
Minamoto no Yoritomo
Minamoto no Sanetomo

paragraph: Mōri Suemitsu

paragraph: He served three generations of the army of Minamoto no Sanetomo at Tsurugaoka Hachimangū. He took the name Mōri after the name of his estate in Sagami Province. He fought in the Jōkyū War in 1221. His wife was a daughter of Miura Yasumura and he fought with the Miura clan against the Hōjō clan.

paragraph: In 1223 he became an official surveyor for the Kamakura shogunate. He was defeated by Hōjō Tokiyori in 1247 and committed suicide ("seppuku") at Minamoto no Yoritomo's shrine ("hokkedō") along with his Miura allies.

paragraph: His grave ("yagura") is in Kamakura, only a few hundred yards from the grave of Minamoto no Yoritomo along with his father and Shimazu Tadahisa who founded the Shimazu clan. The Miura clan's family tomb is also nearby.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mōri clan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mōri Motonari

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miura clan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minamoto no Yoritomo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minamoto no Sanetomo

description: samurai of the Kamakura period

wikidata_label: Mōri Suemitsu

wikipedia_title: Mōri Suemitsu


text:
Mōri Motonari
Mōri Okimoto
Mōri clan

paragraph:
Mōri Kōmatsumaru
Section::::See also.
BULLET::::- Mōri Motonari
BULLET::::- Mōri Okimoto
BULLET::::- Mōri clan

wikidata_label: Mōri Kōmatsumaru

wikipedia_title: Mōri Kōmatsumaru


text:
Canadian
ice hockey
women's ice hockey
Aultsville, Ontario
Finch, Ontario
Ottawa
Ottawa Ladies' College
YWCA
Toronto
Ladies Ontario Hockey Association
Minto Skating Club
Ottawa Rough Riders
Beechwood Cemetery
CBC

categories: Canadian women's ice hockey players,Ice hockey people from Ontario,1984 deaths,1891 births

paragraph: Eva Ault

paragraph: Eva Catherine Ault (October 11, 1891 – 1984) was a Canadian woman ice hockey player. Known as "Queen of the Ice", Ault is credited with helping to popularize women's ice hockey during the early 20th century.

paragraph: She was born in Aultsville, Ontario, grew up in Finch, Ontario and later moved to Ottawa with her family. She joined the Ottawa Alerts, a team formed in 1915; its members came from the Ottawa Ladies' College and the local YWCA. In 1916, the Alerts defeated the Pittsburgh Ladies Club three times in one day and then defeated the Toronto club the following day. The Alerts were defeated in the Canadian championship later that year, losing to the Cornwall Victorias. The Alerts did defeated the Pittsburgh Polar Maids in 1917 to become world champions. The team also won the Canadian championship in the 1922/1923 season.

paragraph: She served as vice-president of the Ladies Ontario Hockey Association in 1924 and 1925. After retiring from hockey, Ault volunteered with the Minto Skating Club.

paragraph: She married James Buels, who played for the Ottawa Rough Riders football team.

paragraph: Ault died in 1984 at the age of 93 and was buried in Beechwood Cemetery.

paragraph: Ault's story was featured in an episode of the CBC television documentary "".

description: Canadian ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Eva Ault

wikipedia_title: Eva Ault


text: Greek

text: freedman

text: Roman Emperor

text: Nero

text: Domitian

text: Greek language

text: Aphrodite

text: Aphrodite

text: Greek

text: Greek mythology

text: Claudius

text: Narcissus

text: Polyclitus

text: Antonia Minor

text: Caenis

text: Claudius

text: freedman

text: Nero

text: Imperial Family

text: Tribune

text: Tacitus

text: Gaius Calpurnius Piso

text: organized a coup

text: Esquiline Hill

text: Domus Aurea

text: Great Fire of Rome

text: Domitian

text: Epictetus

text: Stoic

text: Musonius Rufus

text: Josephus

text: Antiquities of the Jews

text: Trajan

text: Epaphroditus

text: St. Paul

text: Epistle to the Philippians

text: New Testament

categories: Executed ancient Roman people,People executed by the Roman Empire,Nero,1st-century Romans,Emperor's slaves and freedmen,20s births,1st-century executions

paragraph: Epaphroditus (freedman of Nero)

paragraph: Epaphroditos, Tiberios Klaudios Epaphroditos or Tiberius Claudius Epaphroditus or Epaphroditus (Greek: Ἐπαφρόδιτος; born c. 20–25 – died c. 95), was a freedman and secretary of the Roman Emperor Nero. He was later executed by Domitian for failing to prevent Nero's suicide.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: His name originates from the Greek language and means "lovely, charming" combined with the name Aphrodite. This is preceded by the Greek preposition 'ep' which simply means 'for' thus indicating that this man was named with the intention of his life being dedicated to or for the Greek goddess Aphrodite. The Romans often gave slaves of Greek origins illustrious names from Greek mythology and culture, for example Claudius's freedman Narcissus, Nero's freedman Polyclitus and Antonia Minor's freedwoman Caenis.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: We do not know for certain who Epaphroditus' master was, but it is likely that he was freed by the Emperor Claudius (41–54). Because freedmen usually accepted the name of their former master, as an Imperial freedman, the official name of Epaphroditus was Tiberius Claudius Epaphroditus, to which Augusti libertus ("freedman of the emperor") could be added. Epaphroditus was an Imperial freedman and secretary (), which means that he drafted the Emperor Nero's replies to petitions. He is mentioned as "apparitor Caesarum", which means that he was some sort of servant of the Imperial Family, but his duties are not mentioned. As "viator tribunicius" he must have served someone with the powers of a Tribune, and this can only have been the Emperor.

paragraph: In 65 AD, according to Tacitus, Epaphroditus learned that a group led by the senator Gaius Calpurnius Piso had organized a coup. Epaphroditus immediately reported it to the Emperor and Piso and the others were arrested. After the conspirators had been executed Epaphroditus received military honours. He was now a wealthy man and owned large gardens on the Esquiline Hill, east of the Domus Aurea ("Golden House"), which Nero had started to construct after the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD.

paragraph: During the conspiracy which put an end to Nero's rule, Epaphroditus accompanied his master in his flight, and when Nero attempted to kill himself, Epaphroditus assisted him (June 9, 68 AD). For this service, however, he had afterwards to pay with his own life, for Domitian first banished and afterwards ordered him to be put to death because he had not exerted himself to save the life of Nero. It is likely that this execution is one of the main reasons that, about a year later, Domitian was assassinated by court officials.

paragraph: Epaphroditus was the owner of Epictetus of Hierapolis, a Stoic philosopher taught by Musonius Rufus.

paragraph: He is probably not the Epaphroditus to whom Josephus dedicated his "Antiquities of the Jews", who may have been a freedman of Emperor Trajan; it is disputed whether he may have been the Epaphroditus mentioned by St. Paul in the "Epistle to the Philippians" in the New Testament.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livius.org: Tiberius Claudius Epaphroditus

alias:
Tiberios Klaudios Epaphroditos
Tiberius Claudius Epaphroditus
Epaphroditus

description: Ancient Roman

wikidata_label: Epaphroditos

wikipedia_title: Epaphroditus (freedman of Nero)


text:
Bulgarian Communist Party
anti-fascist
Dupnitsa
St Nedelya Church assault
Bryansk
Swiss001

categories: 1889 births,Bulgarian communists,People from Dupnitsa,1944 deaths

paragraph: Stanke Dimitrov

paragraph: Stefan Dimitrov Todorov () (5 February 1889 – 26 August 1944), better known as Stanke Dimitrov (Станке Димитров) or under the pseudonym Marek (Марек), was a high-ranking Bulgarian Communist Party activist and anti-fascist.

paragraph: Todorov was born in Dupnitsa. He was one of the supporters of a plan that later went on to become the St Nedelya Church assault. He died in Bryansk, aged 56. There is also an airport called Stanke Dimitrov Air Strip in Bulgaria. Swiss001 created an Infinite Flight video on this airport.

description: Bulgarain activist

wikidata_label: Stanke Dimitrov

wikipedia_title: Stanke Dimitrov


text: Holland House

text: Kensington

text: British

text: Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland

text: Holland House

text: Lady Caroline Lennox

text: suo jure

text: Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond

text: Charles James Fox

text: Eton College

text: Henry Vassall-Fox, 3rd Baron Holland

text: Henry Vassall-Fox, 3rd Baron Holland

text: Fox Primary School

categories: British MPs 1768–1774,1745 births,Fox family (English aristocracy),Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies,1774 deaths

paragraph: Stephen Fox, 2nd Baron Holland

paragraph: Stephen Fox, 2nd Baron Holland (20 February 1745 – 26 December 1774) of Holland House in Kensington, Middlesex, was a British peer.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: He was the eldest son of Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland (of Foxley (created 1763))(1705–1774) of Holland House, by his wife Lady Caroline Lennox (1723–1774), "suo jure" 1st Baroness Holland (of Holland (created 1762)), a daughter of Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond. Stephen and his younger brother, the great Whig statesman Charles James Fox (1749–1806), were a great trial to their parents because of their gambling and other habits.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He was educated at Eton College. When his father died on 1 July 1774, Stephen inherited his title (Baron Holland, of Foxley (1763)) and then his mother's (Baron Holland, of Holland (1762)) upon her death three weeks later. Stephen Fox himself died only five months later and his titles were inherited by his only son, Henry Vassall-Fox, 3rd Baron Holland.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and progeny.

paragraph: On 20 April 1766 he married Lady Mary FitzPatrick, a daughter of John FitzPatrick, 1st Earl of Upper Ossory, by whom he had two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Vassall-Fox, 3rd Baron Holland (1773–1840) of Holland House;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Caroline Fox (3 November 1767 – 12 March 1845), of Little Holland House, Kensington, who died unmarried aged 78. In 1842, on a site on her brother's Holland House estate and near her home at Little Holland House, she founded a charity school "for the education of children of the labouring, manufacturing and other poorer classes of Kensington", which survives today, on a new near-by location, as Fox Primary School.

description: British politician and peer

wikidata_label: Stephen Fox, 2nd Baron Holland

wikipedia_title: Stephen Fox, 2nd Baron Holland


text:
Australian rules football
South Melbourne
Victorian Football League

categories: 1872 births,1945 deaths,Sydney Swans players,Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)

paragraph: George Davidson (footballer)

paragraph: George Davidson (13 June 1872 – 25 August 1945) was an Australian rules footballer who played with South Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

description: Australian rules footballer

wikidata_label: George Davidson

wikipedia_title: George Davidson (footballer)


text: stock car racing

text: NASCAR Gander Outdoors Truck Series

text: Chevrolet Silverado

text: AM Racing

text: ARCA Racing Series

text: Toyota Camry

text: Win-Tron Racing

text: AM Racing

text: Tommy Joe Martins

text: Camping World Truck Series

text: Daytona

text: Martinsville

text: Win-Tron Racing

text: Niece Motorsports

text: Martins Motorsports

text: Canadian Tire Motorsport Park

text: Talladega Superspeedway

text: Niece Motorsports

text: 2018 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series

text: MBM Motorsports

text: Xfinity Series

text: Charlotte Motor Speedway

text: Carl Long

text: Donald Trump

text: Talladega Superspeedway

text: Pence

text: Make America Great Again

text: Homestead-Miami Speedway

categories: Racing drivers from Texas,NASCAR drivers,ARCA Menards Series drivers,1996 births,Sportspeople from Austin, Texas,Living people

paragraph: Austin Wayne Self

paragraph: Austin Wayne Self (born March 5, 1996) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Gander Outdoors Truck Series, driving the No. 22 Chevrolet Silverado for AM Racing. He also has competed in the ARCA Racing Series, most recently driving the No. 33 Toyota Camry for Win-Tron Racing in 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:ARCA Racing Series.

paragraph: Self scored his first win at Winchester Speedway in June 2015, finishing second in the standings for that same year. As a career, Self totaled 45 starts for two teams.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:Gander Outdoors Truck Series.

paragraph: In December 2015, it was announced that Self would compete for Rookie of the Year honors and run the entire schedule with AM Racing, driving the No. 22 Toyota Tundra owned by his father Tim Self. After failing to qualify for the third race of the season at Martinsville, Self took the place of Tommy Joe Martins, who damaged his truck in qualifying and was not able to race. Ironically, he recorded his highest Camping World Truck Series finish at that time, finishing 15th.

paragraph: In his rookie season of 2016, Self was penalized two times in the first three races. After the first race at Daytona, he was given a warning for an illegal triangular filler panel. After the third race at Martinsville, he was given a warning for trailing arm infractions.

paragraph: After his family team merged with Win-Tron Racing, Self began driving trucks out of the Win-Tron shop in Mooresville, NC beginning with the thirteenth race of the season at Bristol.

paragraph: Self started the 2017 season on a high note when he finished second at Daytona. However, AM Racing did not enter the following week's race at Atlanta as they planned to focus on building the team. In May, Self joined Niece Motorsports and the No. 45 Chevrolet at Kansas. At Pocono, Self joined Martins Motorsports and drove the No. 44 truck to a 16th-place finish. Self continued to drive primarily for Martins, returning to AM Racing for Canadian Tire Motorsport Park and Niece for Talladega Superspeedway.

paragraph: On October 30, 2017, it was announced that Self joined Niece Motorsports for the entirety of the 2018 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series season.

paragraph: Following the Homestead race, AM Racing and Niece Motorsports parted ways allowing AM Racing to field full-time for Self in 2019.

paragraph: After running the first three races of the year and missing the next two, Self was indefinitely suspended by NASCAR on April 1, 2019, after the fifth event of the season. Self was suspended for violating the sanctioning body's substance abuse policy. After completing NASCAR's "Road to Recovery" rehab program, Self was reinstated on April 30.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:Xfinity Series.

paragraph: In May 2017, Self joined MBM Motorsports for his Xfinity Series debut at Charlotte Motor Speedway. However, as the team withdrew at Cup, owner Carl Long took over the No. 40 ride for the race, delaying Self's debut.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He is a native of Austin, Texas. During the 2016 United States presidential election, Self was a supporter of Donald Trump; for the Talladega Superspeedway Truck race that year, his No. 22 truck featured "Trump/Pence 2016" and "Make America Great Again" logos. The truck was not sponsored by Trump's campaign, and Self stated it was intended to encourage people to vote. After Trump's victory, Self raced with an "American Victory; Make America Great Again" scheme at Homestead-Miami Speedway.

paragraph: Section::::Motorsports career results.

paragraph: Section::::Motorsports career results.:NASCAR.:K&N Pro Series West.

paragraph: Season still in progressbr

description: American auto racing driver

wikidata_label: Austin Wayne Self

wikipedia_title: Austin Wayne Self


text:
mathematician
Harvard University
Oscar Zariski
Gorenstein ring
classification of finite simple groups
Clark University
Northeastern University
Rutgers University
DIMACS
signalizer functor
pure mathematics
Guggenheim Fellow
Fulbright Scholar
National Academy of Sciences
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Steele Prize
Gorenstein–Harada theorem
Gorenstein–Walter theorem
Peterson–Gorenstein–Zierler algorithm
Obituary: Professor Daniel Gorenstein

categories: Rutgers University faculty,1992 deaths,Harvard University alumni,20th-century American mathematicians,Guggenheim Fellows,Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences,Group theorists,1923 births

paragraph: Daniel Gorenstein

paragraph: Daniel E. Gorenstein (January 1, 1923 – August 26, 1992) was an American mathematician. He earned his undergraduate and graduate degrees at Harvard University, where he earned his Ph.D. in 1950 under Oscar Zariski, introducing in his dissertation a duality principle for plane curves that motivated Grothendieck's introduction of Gorenstein rings. He was a major influence on the classification of finite simple groups.

paragraph: After teaching mathematics to military personnel at Harvard before earning his doctorate, Gorenstein held posts at Clark University and Northeastern University before he began teaching at Rutgers University in 1969, where he remained for the rest of his life. He was the founding director of DIMACS in 1989, and remained as its director until his death.

paragraph: Gorenstein was awarded many honors for his work on finite simple groups. He was recognised, in addition to his own research contributions such as work on signalizer functors, as a leader in directing the classification proof, one of the largest collaborative pieces of pure mathematics ever attempted. In 1972 he was a Guggenheim Fellow and a Fulbright Scholar; in 1978 he gained membership in the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and in 1989 won the Steele Prize for mathematical exposition.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gorenstein–Harada theorem

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gorenstein–Walter theorem

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peterson–Gorenstein–Zierler algorithm

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary: Professor Daniel Gorenstein

description: American mathematician

wikidata_label: Daniel Gorenstein

wikipedia_title: Daniel Gorenstein


text:
Adelaide
Australia
motorcycle racer
Red Bull MotoGP Rookies Cup
Profile on MotoGP.com

categories: 1998 births,Living people,Australian motorcycle racers

paragraph: Olly Simpson

paragraph: Olly Simpson (born 10 January 1998 in Adelaide) is an Australian motorcycle racer. From 2013 to 2015 he was a competitor of the Red Bull MotoGP Rookies Cup.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on MotoGP.com

description: Australian motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Olly Simpson

wikipedia_title: Olly Simpson


href: Ski%20jumping Engelberg Zakopane Vikersundbakken Vikersund Kamil%20Stoch

text:
ski jumper
Engelberg
Zakopane
Vikersundbakken
Vikersund
Kamil Stoch

categories: 1995 births,Living people,Sportspeople from Zakopane

paragraph: Andrzej Stękała

paragraph: Andrzej Stękała (born 30 June 1995) is a Polish ski jumper, a member of the national team.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Stękała's World Cup debut took place in Engelberg in 2015. His best result so far is a third place with the Polish team at a team event in Zakopane in 2016. On 12 February 2016 on Vikersundbakken he improved personal best to 168 m, next day he made new personal best - 198 m and then leveled it. On 14 February 2015 he improved his personal best in qualification in the same weekend in Vikersund to 235 m, which is second result in history of Polish ski flying (record 238 m belongs to Kamil Stoch).

description: Polish ski jumper

wikidata_label: Andrzej Stękała

wikipedia_title: Andrzej Stękała


text:
Yate
Bristol
British
motorcycle racer
British Supersport Championship
Kawasaki ZX-6R
Profile on MotoGP.com

categories: 1995 births,British motorcycle racers,Moto3 World Championship riders,Living people

paragraph: Luke Hedger

paragraph: Luke Hedger (born 6 December 1995 in Yate, Bristol) is a British motorcycle racer. He was the British Motostar champion in 2012 and the National Superstock 600 champion in 2013. He currently competes in the British Supersport Championship, aboard a Kawasaki ZX-6R.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on MotoGP.com

description: British motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Luke Hedger

wikipedia_title: Luke Hedger


text:
ice hockey
winger
HC Dinamo Minsk
Kontinental Hockey League
Belarus

categories: Sportspeople from Minsk,Yunost Minsk players,Belarusian ice hockey players,HC Spartak Moscow players,Expatriate ice hockey players in Russia,HC Dinamo Minsk players,HC Sibir Novosibirsk players,Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Olympic ice hockey players of Belarus,Salavat Yulaev Ufa players,Living people,1982 births

paragraph: Dmitry Meleshko

paragraph: Dmitri Viktorovich Meleshko (; born November 8, 1982) is a Belarusian former professional ice hockey winger who most notably played for HC Dinamo Minsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He was a mainstay for Belarus at the International level.

description: Belarusian ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Dmitry Meleshko

wikipedia_title: Dmitry Meleshko


text:
private
2nd U.S. Cavalry
American Civil War
Allegany County, New York
32nd Battalion Virginia Cavalry
Confederate States of America
Battle of Tom's Brook
Woodstock, Virginia
Wesley Merritt
George Armstrong Custer
Medal of Honor
Confederate battle flag
California
Mokelumne Hill
Calaveras County

categories: 1845 births,People from Allegany County, New York,Death in California,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Union Army soldiers,American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor,1890 deaths,Burials in California

paragraph: Edward R. Hanford

paragraph: Edward R. Hanford (1845–1890) was a private in the 2nd U.S. Cavalry, Company H, during the American Civil War. Born in Allegany County, New York, in 1845, Hanford captured the battle flag of the 32nd Battalion Virginia Cavalry of the Confederate States of America at the Battle of Tom's Brook, Woodstock, Virginia, on 9 October 1864. The Union charge, led by generals Wesley Merritt and George Armstrong Custer, successfully forced the Confederates to retreat southward of Woodstock. Hanford received the Medal of Honor on 14 October 1864 for capturing the Confederate battle flag during the charge and for demonstrating "extraordinary heroism". Hanford died in California in 1890 and was buried in the Mokelumne Hill Protestant Cemetery of Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras County.

wikidata_label: Edward R. Hanford

wikipedia_title: Edward R. Hanford


text: East Syriac

text: Malabar

text: Mar Abraham

text: Portuguese

text: Abdisho IV Maron

text: Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa

text: Malabar

text: Chaldaean

text: Malabar

text: Mar Abraham

text: Lisbon

text: Assyrian

text: Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa

text: Abdisho IV Maron

text: Malabar

text: Church of the East

text: Eugene Tisserant

text: Synod of Diamper

text: Christianity in India

text: Church of the East

text: Syrian Malabar Nasrani

categories: Syrian bishops,Iraqi Assyrian people,1569 deaths,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Joseph Sulaqa

paragraph: Mar Joseph Sulaqa () was one of the last East Syriac bishops to Malabar. He was shortly followed by Mar Abraham; both reached in Malabar after the arrival of the Portuguese.Abdisho IV Maron(1555–1570), the successor of Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa(Alias Mar John Sulaqa murdered in 1555), sent the brother of John, Mar Joseph, to Malabar as a Chaldaean bishop; although consecrated in 1555 or 1556, Mar Joseph could not reach India before the end of 1556, nor Malabar before 1558, when the Portuguese were finally alerted by the presence of Mar Abraham and allowed Mar Joseph, accompanied by another Chaldaean bishop, Mar Eliah, to – very briefly – occupy his see, before the Inquisition also sent him to Lisbon in 1562.

paragraph: Section::::Introduction.

paragraph: The last two Assyrian bishops of Malabar were Joseph Sulaqa and Mar Abraham; both arrived in Malabar after the arrival of the Portuguese.

paragraph: There is no doubt that Joseph Sulaqa's appointment was canonical, for he, the brother of the first Chaldean patriarch Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa, was appointed by his successor Abdisho IV Maron and sent out to Malabar. Before that he was the bishop of Nineveh (Joseph was consecrated Metropolitan by his own brother Patriarch John Sulaqa in 1554 AD)). Joseph was sent to India with letters of introduction from the pope to the Portuguese authorities; he was besides accompanied by Bishop Ambrose, a Dominican and papal commissary to the first patriarch, by his socius Father Anthony, and by Mar Elias Hormaz, Archbishop of Diarbekir.

paragraph: They arrived at Goa about 1563, and were detained at Goa for eighteen months before being allowed to enter the diocese. Proceeding to Cochin they lost Bishop Ambrose; the others travelled through Malabar for two and a half years on foot, visiting every church and detached settlement. By the time they arrived at Angamale war broke out. Then Mar Elias, Anthony the socius of the deceased prelate, and one of the two Syrian monks who had accompanied them, left India to return; the other monk remained with Archbishop Joseph Sulaka. For some time the new prelate got on well with the Portuguese and Jesuit missionaries, in fact, they praised him for having introduced order, decorum, and propriety in the Church services and all went harmoniously for some time. Later, friction arose because of his hindering the locally-ordained Syrians from saying mass and preaching and instructing his flock. Eventually an incident revealed that Mar Joseph had not dropped his allegiance to the Church of the East, for it was reported to the Bishop of Cochin that he had attempted to tamper with the faith of some young boys in his service belonging to the Diocese of Cochin. This came to the knowledge of the bishop, through him to the Metropolitan of Goa, then to the viceroy; it was decided to remove and send him to Portugal, to be dealt with by the Holy See.

paragraph: Accusing Mar Joseph for propagating "Nestorian error" they sent him to Portugal; arriving there he succeeded in securing the good will of the Queen, he expressed repentance, and by order of the queen was sent back to his diocese.

paragraph: Section::::Later years and death.

paragraph: By 1567, Latin authorities asked him to make inquiries into the conduct and doctrine of the prelate suspected again for propagating Nestorian error; in consequence of this the first provincial council was held and finally, Mar Joseph, who was forced to leave India in 1568 died in Rome in 1569, where his brother Sulaqa was consecrated as patriarch 16 years earlier. His tomb has not been located so far.

paragraph: Eugene Tisserant (Roman Catholic Cardinal) in his book Eastern Christianity in India comments on the pathetic end of Mar Joseph Sulaqa. Cardinal comments.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Synod of Diamper

paragraph: BULLET::::- India (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christianity in India

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of the East

paragraph: BULLET::::- Syrian Malabar Nasrani

description: East Syrian Bishop

wikidata_label: Joseph Sulaqa

wikipedia_title: Joseph Sulaqa


text:
acrobat
Høyanger
Norway
Opening Ceremonies
Olympics
Helsinki
1952
Ringling Brothers
Madison Square Garden
Tell Teigen på NRK
Balanse

paragraph: Tell Teigen

paragraph: Tell Teigen, or Trygve Teigen, 1923-1958 was an acrobat born in Høyanger, Norway.

paragraph: His speciality was balancing on stacked chairs atop of masts over 35 meters tall. He performed without any form of safety provisions or nets, not wanting to detract from the audience's experience.

paragraph: He performed all over the world, performing in the Opening Ceremonies of the Olympics in Helsinki in 1952.

paragraph: Tell Teigen was engaged by the circus Ringling Brothers in the US.

paragraph: He performed the first one-man show at Madison Square Gardens. During a performance in 1958, he fell from a high mast and was killed.

paragraph: In 2001, "Balanse," a documentary was produced about the life of Tell Teigen.

paragraph: In 2008, a memorial was erected in his hometown of Høyanger, Norway designed by local artist Geir Hjetland.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tell Teigen på NRK

paragraph: BULLET::::- Balanse

wikidata_label: Tell Teigen

wikipedia_title: Tell Teigen


text:
High Sheriff of Monmouthshire
Monmouth Show
John Rolls of The Hendre
Monmouth
the 7th Earl of Northesk
High Sheriff of Monmouthshire
John Allan Rolls
1st Baron Llangattock
Helen Barry
The Hendre
Thomas Henry Wyatt
Provincial Grand Master
Freemasons
Henry Fuseli
Indiana University
British Museum
the eighth Duke of Beaufort
Monmouthshire Show
The Dispensary
Thomas Chester-Master
Conservative
Llanfrechfa
John Rolls, 1st Baron Llangattock

categories: 1807 births,People from Monmouth, Wales,British art collectors,1870 deaths

paragraph: John Etherington Welch Rolls

paragraph: John Etherington Welch Rolls (4 May 1807 – 27 May 1870) was a High Sheriff of Monmouthshire, art collector, Deputy Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace. Rolls was President of, and co-founded the Monmouth Show.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Rolls was born in 1807 to John Rolls of The Hendre, near Monmouth, and his wife Martha. On 26 May 1833 he married Elizabeth Long who was the granddaughter of the 7th Earl of Northesk. Rolls became High Sheriff of Monmouthshire in 1842.

paragraph: Rolls and his wife had several children but only one son, John Allan Rolls, who became 1st Baron Llangattock. Rolls' brother Alexander married the actress Helen Barry.

paragraph: Rolls was responsible for extending the size of The Hendre using the services of Thomas Henry Wyatt. His architect created a new open roofed entrance hall for the building and the south wing and the park were improved. In 1877 Wyatt was again employed to add rooms for billiards, dining and smoking, as well as a coach house to replace the demolished old stables.

paragraph: In 1863 Rolls' long service as a deputy was rewarded when he was made the Provincial Grand Master of the Freemasons in Monmouthshire.

paragraph: Rolls collected art including sketches by Henry Fuseli and illuminated manuscripts. Some of the sketches are now in the possession of Indiana University and others are in the British Museum.

paragraph: It was proposed that "a cattle show" should be created in Monmouth, and in 1857 the eighth Duke of Beaufort and Rolls each put money into a thirty-pound fund to start the Monmouth Cattle Show in October of the same year. Rolls was the greater financial contributor and he became President of the show until his death. This cattle show, still in existence, is now known as the Monmouthshire Show. Rolls also served as the President of the charity that ran "The Dispensary" which provided out-patient and hospital care for the poor people of Monmouth. He gave £1,000 to fund a hospital bed in perpetuity at that establishment.

paragraph: Rolls' daughters, Elizabeth Harcourt, Patty, Anne Katherine and Ellen, all married well; Georgina Emily married Thomas Chester-Master who was a Conservative MP whilst Rolls' third daughter Mary Octavia Rolls did not marry.

paragraph: After a long illness, Rolls died in 1870, and at All Saints' Church in Llanfrechfa in Monmouthshire a medieval preaching cross was rebuilt in his memory by his daughter Elizabeth and her husband Frank Johnstone Mitchell. He was succeeded by his son John Rolls, 1st Baron Llangattock.

description: High Sheriff, Deputy Lieutenant and JP

wikidata_label: John Etherington Welch Rolls

wikipedia_title: John Etherington Welch Rolls


text:
Belgian
architect
Berlaymont
Brussels
modernist
interwar period
Leopold Park
Luxembourg station
Second World War

categories: 20th-century Belgian architects,1902 births,1967 deaths

paragraph: Lucien de Vestel

paragraph: Lucien De Vestel (Elsene, January 26, 1902 – August 21, 1967, Brussels) was a Belgian architect known for designing the Berlaymont in Brussels.

paragraph: He was a modernist who did a lot of work in the interwar period in rebuilding housing and apartment blocks were great expertise was needed for textures and colours. He was briefly associated with Henri Lacoste, who he worked with at the Belgian pavilion of the Paris colonial exhibition in 1931. He then worked on the extension of the Royal Institution for Natural Sciences at Leopold Park in Brussels where he tried to open up the Luxembourg station area but lacked sufficient funding. He further failed to win any major design competition for public buildings.

paragraph: Following the Second World War he got interested in prefabricated housing construction techniques and eventually won the design for the Berlaymont, however he died in 1967 before it was completed.

description: Belgian architect

wikidata_label: Lucien De Vestel

wikipedia_title: Lucien de Vestel


text: Mexican

text: Luchador

text: enmascarado

text: professional wrestler

text: ring name

text: L.A. Park

text: Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre

text: Major League Wrestling

text: L.A. Park

text: Pierko El Boricua

text: Skayde

text: Tony Salazar

text: ring name

text: Lucha de Apuesta

text: Torneo cibernetico

text: Turbo

text: Perros del Mal Producciones

text: Super Nova

text: Cerebro Negro

text: X-Fly

text: Pierroth, Jr.

text: Guerrero Maya, Jr.

text: El Hijo de Cien Caras

text: Máscara Año 2000, Jr.

text: Blue Demon, Jr.

text: Dr. Wagner, Jr.

text: Perro Aguayo, Jr.

text: El Hijo de Dr. Wagner

text: El Oriental

text: Groon XXX

text: Lizmark, Jr.

text: Mr. Águila

text: Halloween

text: Damián 666

text: AAA

text: Triplemanía XVIII

text: Scorpio, Jr.

text: Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre

text: La Máscara

text: Máscara Dorada

text: Valiente

text: Triplemanía XIX

text: El Mesías

text: WWE

text: L.A. Park

text: El Hijo de Dr. Wagner Jr.

text: The Crash Lucha Libre

text: El Hijo del Pirata Morgan

categories: Mexican male professional wrestlers,Masked wrestlers,1988 births,Sportspeople from Monclova,Living people

paragraph: El Hijo de L.A. Park

paragraph: El Hijo de L.A. Park (born November 20, 1988) is a Mexican "Luchador" "enmascarado", or masked professional wrestler. His ring name ("The Son of L.A. Park") indicates he is the son of Adolfo Tapia, the original La Parka, who currently wrestles as L.A. Park. He currently wrestles in Mexico for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) and alongside his father in the American promotion Major League Wrestling. Originally he wrestled under the name "Black Spirit", keeping the family relation to L.A. Park secret, He has been using the El Hijo de L.A. Park name since 2011. His real name is not a matter of public record, as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico, where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Debut.

paragraph: The son of L.A. Park was trained for his professional wrestling career by his father but primarily

paragraph: by Pierko El Boricua, Skayde and Tony Salazar. His father decided that it would be best for his son to receive most of his training from someone else as he wanted his son to learn the same way he originally had. He made his professional wrestling debut on July 9, 2008.

paragraph: He began wrestling under the ring name "Black Spirit" and wore a mask and outfit that was greatly inspired by his father's iconic skeleton suit. Both L.A. Park and Black Spirit denied they were related, using a storyline that Black Spirit was a big fan of L.A. Park and had been given permission to use a variation of the mask. At other points it was claimed that Black Spirit was L.A. Park's "star pupil" to explain the almost identical masks without admitting to the family relationship. Initially Black Spirit worked for various local wrestling promotions in Mexico, gaining valuable experience as he worked with or against other Skayde students such as Black Thunder, Turbo, Skayde, Jr. and Skayde himself. He developed a long running feud with Black Thunder, a feud Black Spirit himself hoped would lead to his first ever "Lucha de Apuesta", bet match. Black Spirit challenged Skayde for his NWA Mexico Welterweight Championship in a "Torneo cibernetico" style match, but lost to Turbo. Black Spirit was initially described as "nervous but with promise" after one of his early matches. In interviews he stated that he preferred the high flying style but could also mat wrestle if need be. Through his father's connections Black Spirit often worked on the same shows as his father, including the debut show for the "Perros del Mal Producciones" where his father was headlining the show. Black Spirit teamed with Turbo and Super Nova to defeat Black Thunder, Cerebro Negro and X-Fly in the third match of the night. Afterwards it was commented that Black Spirit was impressive in his first showing for Los Perros del Mal. He also appeared in the semi-main event at a tribute show held for Pierroth, Jr., teaming with Guerrero Maya, Jr. and Canelo Casas against El Hijo de Cien Caras, Cien Caras, Jr. and Máscara Año 2000, Jr. The show also featured L.A. Park in the main event. Throughout 2009 Black Spirit kept appearing on Perros del Mal shows that also featured LA Park, leading to further speculation that the two were indeed related. By early 2010 it was a very poorly kept secret that Black Spirit was the son of LA Park.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:El Hijo del L.A. Park.

paragraph: After working as Black Spirit for close to a year and a half, it was finally publicly acknowledge that he was indeed the son of L.A. Park, changing his ring name to "El Hijo de L.A. Park". The revelation came after Black Spirit helped his father in a match against Blue Demon, Jr. on January 29, 2010. L.A. Park subsequently announced the official name change. El Hijo de L.A. Park declared that his goal was to "round up all the juniors" including Dr. Wagner, Jr. and Perro Aguayo, Jr. Subsequently, a feud between El Hijo de L.A. Park and El Hijo de Dr. Wagner (Son of Dr. Wagner, Jr.) has been talked about, continuing a feud between their famous fathers. His first match as El Hijo de L.A. Park took place om March 14, 2010 in the main event of a "Los Perros del Mal" show, where he teamed with El Oriental, Groon XXX and Lizmark, Jr. against Aguayo, Jr., Mr. Águila, Halloween and Damián 666. El Hijo de L.A. Park lost the match when Aguayo pulled the mask off him and pinned El Hijo de L.A. Park while he was trying to cover up his face. On June 6, 2010, at AAA's Triplemanía XVIII, El Hijo de L.A. Park made an appearance beside his father, when "Los Perros del Mal" started an invasion storyline with AAA. He has not appeared for the company since. On July 12, 2010 Hijo de L.A. Park teamed up with Dr. Wagner III and Scorpio, Jr. to take on Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) wrestlers La Máscara, Máscara Dorada and Valiente at the Promociones Gutiérrez 1st Anniversary Show. The team lost by disqualification, when Scorpio, Jr. unmasked La Máscara. On December 26, 2010, El Hijo de L.A. Park won his first "Lucha de Apuesta", winning La Imagen's mask in a three–way match, which also included El Enfermero. On June 18, 2011, El Hijo de L.A. Park made an appearance at Triplemanía XIX, accompanying his father to his Mask vs. Hair match against El Mesías. In October 2011, El Hijo de L.A. Park was invited for a tryout with WWE, during the promotion's tour of Mexico.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Generacion XXI

paragraph: BULLET::::- G21 Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) – with L.A. Park

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucha Libre V.I.P

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucha Libre V.I.P Junior Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Organización Independiente de Lucha Libre

paragraph: BULLET::::- OILL Juniors Tag Team Tournament (2010) – with El Hijo de Dr. Wagner Jr.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Crash Lucha Libre

paragraph: BULLET::::- Universal Wrestling Entertainment

paragraph: BULLET::::- UWE Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with El Hijo del Pirata Morgan

description: Mexican professional wrestler

wikidata_label: El Hijo de L.A. Park

wikipedia_title: El Hijo de L.A. Park


text: Paris

text: Philippe d'Orléans

text: Louis XIV of France

text: courtier

text: Louis XV

text: actress

text: tragedienne

text: Théâtre-Français

text: Jean-Baptiste Santerre

text: Marie Champmeslé

text: mistresses

text: regent

text: Jean Philippe d'Orléans

text: Henri François, comte de Ségur

text: Gagny

text: Paris

text: hôtel

text: Passy

text: Paris

text: Duchess of Valentinois

text: Benjamin Franklin

text: Philippe Henri, marquis de Ségur

text: marshal of France

text: Église Saint-Eustache, Paris

categories: French countesses,1702 births,House of Orléans,1785 deaths

paragraph: Angélique de Froissy

paragraph: Philippe Angélique de Froissy (1702 – 15 October 1785 in Paris) was an illegitimate daughter of Philippe d'Orléans, the nephew and son-in-law of Louis XIV of France. She was "comtesse de Ségur" by marriage, and a courtier of Louis XV, her cousin.

paragraph: Her mother was Christine Antoinette "Charlotte" Desmares (1682–1753), a beautiful actress ("tragedienne") of the Théâtre-Français who was painted by Jean-Baptiste Santerre.

paragraph: Charlotte Desmares was a niece of Marie Champmeslé and one of the many mistresses of the regent, Philippe d'Orléans, around 1702, the year their daughter was born. Also born in 1702 was another illegitimate child of the duke, Jean Philippe d'Orléans, by a lady-in-waiting, Madame d'Argenton. Angélique's half-brother was legitimised in 1706, whereas Angélique was neither acknowledged nor recognized, although Madame du Prat erroneously states in her memoirs that she was recognized on 22 April 1722, the same day as the abbé de Saint-Albin, another illegitimate son of the Duke of Orléans by his mistress Florence Pellerin.

paragraph: Madame de Ségur belonged to the inner circle of Louis XV's intimates. She is described as "fresh, white, well made, strong and intoxicating".

paragraph: She married Henri François, comte de Ségur (1689–1751) at Gagny or Paris on 10 or 12 September 1718. He was the son Henri Joseph, comte de Ségur and Claude Élisabeth Binet.

paragraph: Called "le beau Ségur" ("the handsome Ségur"), her husband had been "master of the wardrobe" of the Regent ("maître de la garderobe du Régent"). He lived in an "hôtel" in Passy, Paris on a beautiful ten-acre property, which later passed to the Duchess of Valentinois and was named "Hôtel de Valentinois" after her. (The property is famous for being the residence of Benjamin Franklin for nearly ten years.)

paragraph: They had at least five children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philippine Charlotte de Ségur (Paris, 12 July 1719 – Paris, 12 July 1719)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henriette Élisabeth de Ségur (Paris, 20 September 1722 – 1747?), unmarried and without issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philippe Henri, marquis de Ségur (Paris, 20 January 1724 – Paris, 3 October 1801), marshal of France in 1783, twin with the below

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philippe Angelique de Ségur (Paris, 20 January 1724 – Paris, 20 January 1724), twin with the above

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henriette Césarine de Ségur (1726–1782), married Bertrand Gaich, baron de la Crozes, Knight of Saint-Louis.

paragraph: Angélique died in Paris 1785 at 83 years of age, and was buried at the Église Saint-Eustache, Paris.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- See her son Philippe Henri's descendants here

description: 18th-century French noblewoman

wikidata_label: Angélique de Froissy

wikipedia_title: Angélique de Froissy


text: heir apparent

text: Landgraviate of Hesse-Rotenburg

text: Langenschwalbach

text: Heir apparent

text: Landgraviate of Hesse-Rotenburg

text: Polyxena

text: Queen of Sardinia

text: Caroline

text: Princess of Condé

text: Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon

text: Christine

text: Princess of Carignan

text: princesse de Lamballe

text: Ludwig Otto, Prince of Salm

text: Anholt

text: Rotenburg an der Fulda

text: Constantine

text: Landgravine Anna "Viktoria"

text: Charles, Prince of Soubise

categories: House of Hesse-Kassel,1744 deaths,People from Bad Schwalbach,Heirs apparent who never acceded,18th-century German people,1705 births

paragraph: Joseph, Hereditary Prince of Hesse-Rotenburg

paragraph: Joseph of Hesse-Rotenburg (23 September 1705 – 24 June 1744) was the Hereditary Prince of Hesse-Rotenburg from his birth till his death in 1744. He was heir apparent to the Landgraviate of Hesse-Rotenburg.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born at Langenschwalbach, he was the eldest child of Ernest Leopold, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg and his wife Eleonore of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort. He was Heir apparent to the Landgraviate of Hesse-Rotenburg from his birth, and held the title till his death.

paragraph: His siblings included Polyxena, future Queen of Sardinia; Caroline, future Princess of Condé and wife of Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon, Prime Minister of France. His youngest sister Christine was Princess of Carignan and mother of the "princesse de Lamballe".

paragraph: He married Christine of Salm, daughter of Ludwig Otto, Prince of Salm, and Princess Albertine of Nassau on 9 March 1726. The couple were married at Anholt and later produced four children, two of which would die young and one who would go on to have progeny.

paragraph: He died at the Palace of the Landgrave's in Rotenburg an der Fulda ("Schloss Rotenburg"). In 1753, his wife married again Nicolaus Leopold, Prince of Salm-Salm but had no children. His youngest brother Constantine became Hereditary Prince and later became Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Landgravine Anna "Viktoria" (25 February 1728 – 1 July 1792) married Charles, Prince of Soubise, no issue;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Landgravine "Maria Ludovika" Eleanore (18 April 1729 – 6 January 1800) married Friedrich Ernst Maximilian of Salm-Salm, Duke of Hoogstraeten, had issue;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Landgravine "Leopoldine" Dorothea Elisabeth Marie (1 October 1731 – ?) died in infancy;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Landgrave Ernest (28 May 1735 – 6 June 1742) died in infancy.

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles, honours and arms.:Titles and styles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 23 September 1705 – 24 June 1744 "His Serene Highness" the Hereditary Prince of Hesse-Rotenburg

description: German prince


text:
Italian
Cairo
Bibliothèque nationale de France
Works by Beniamino Facchinelli
Works by Beniamino Facchinelli
Facchinelli, Beniamino

categories: Italian expatriates in Egypt,Italian photographers,People from Cairo,1839 births,Egyptian photographers,1895 deaths,Italian photojournalists

paragraph: Beniamino Facchinelli

paragraph: Beniamino Facchinelli (July 8, 1839 – November 29, 1895) was an Italian photographer working in Cairo, Egypt during the late 19th century. Most of his known work is housed in the Bibliothèque nationale de France and has been recently digitized.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Ola Seif, "Topographical Photography in Cairo : The Lens of Beniamino Facchinelli" in Mercedes Volait (dir.), "Le Caire.Dessiné et photographié au XIXe siècle", Paris : Picard CNRS, 2013 (D'une rive l'autre), p. 195-214

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Beniamino Facchinelli at Bibliothèque nationale de France

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Beniamino Facchinelli at Getty Research Institute

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Facchinelli, Beniamino" - Agorha, INHA

description: Italian photographer

wikidata_label: Beniamino Facchinelli

wikipedia_title: Beniamino Facchinelli


text: author

text: biology

text: Hebrew University of Jerusalem

text: Tel Aviv

text: Israel

text: Ph.D.

text: Evolution

text: Ecology

text: chairman

text: Israel Nature Reserves Authority

text: ranger

text: conservation

text: UNESCO

text: Biosphere

categories: Israeli paleontologists,Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni,20th-century zoologists,1935 births,2002 deaths,Paleozoologists,People from Tel Aviv,Israeli zoologists,Israeli conservationists,Israeli archaeologists,Hebrew University of Jerusalem faculty

paragraph: Eitan Tchernov

paragraph: Eitan Tchernov (1935-December 13, 2002) was an author and professor of biology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Tchernov was born in Tel Aviv, Israel and received a Ph.D. from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1966. He chaired the Center for the Study & Management of the Environment in 1980 and the High Professional Committee of the Authority of Nature Reserves from 1979-82.

paragraph: In 1991 he founded the Department of Evolution, Systematics and Ecology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, serving as its first chairman. He was also involved in establishing the Israel Nature Reserves Authority, serving as its first ranger and later as a member of its scientific advisory board. He likewise served on the board of the Society for the Protection of Nature and on other nature conservation boards including the UNESCO-MAB committee (Man and the Biosphere) and SCOPE (Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment). He was co-editor of the Hebrew environmental magazine Sevivot from 1986-2002.

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Early Neolithic Village in the Jordan Valley, Part II: The Fauna of Netiv Hagdud", 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Structure, Function and Evolution of Teeth", 1992

description: Israeli palaeontologist

wikidata_label: Eitan Tchernov

wikipedia_title: Eitan Tchernov


text: Sumerian

text: transliterated

text: fl.

text: High Priestess

text: Inanna

text: Nanna

text: Sumer

text: Ur

text: Sumerian literature

text: EN

text: Rimush

text: Naram-Sin

text: Enlil

text: Sir Leonard Woolley

text: Adam Falkenstein

text: Hallo

text: alabaster

text: Giparu

text: Nippur

text: Lagash

text: Eridu

text: Sippar

text: Esnunna

text: Ishtar

text: Mesopotamia

text: An

text: Uruk

text: Nanna

text: incipit

text: Marta Weigle

text: Cyrus H. Gordon

text: feminist scholars

text: Barnstone

text: Diane Wolkstein

text: Samuel Noah Kramer

text: Sumerian poems

text: Inanna

text: Judy Grahn

text: Alice Notley

text: Annie Finch

text: feminism

text: International Women's Day

text: British Council

text: Erbil

text: Eleanor Robson

text: Christiane Amanpour

text: International Astronomical Union

text: Mercury

text: "Find A Grave" biography

text: Penn Museum Collections Database

text: Spotlight on the Disk of Enheduanna

text: Biography of Enheduanna

text: The En-hedu-Ana Research Pages

text: Inana and Ebih: translation

text: The temple hymns: translation

text: The Enheduanna Society

categories: Women hymnwriters,Ancient Asian women writers,23rd-century BC women writers,Sumerian people,Ancient priestesses,Hymn writers,Women religious writers,Ancient poets,Women poets,Ancient Near Eastern scribes,23rd-century BC clergy,23rd-century BC deaths,23rd-century BC births,Ancient Mesopotamian women,Akkadian people

paragraph: Enheduanna

paragraph: Enheduanna (Sumerian: , also transliterated as "Enheduana", "En-hedu-ana", or variants; fl. 23rd century BC) is the earliest known poet whose name has been recorded. She was the High Priestess of the goddess Inanna and the moon god Nanna (Sin). She lived in the Sumerian city-state of Ur.

paragraph: Enheduanna's contributions to Sumerian literature, definitively ascribed to her, include several personal devotions to Inanna and a collection of hymns known as the "Sumerian Temple Hymns". Further additional texts are ascribed to her. This makes her the first named author in world history.

paragraph: She was the first known woman to hold the title of EN, a role of great political importance that was often held by royal daughters.

paragraph: Enheduanna was appointed to the role of High Priestess in a shrewd political move by Sargon to help secure power in the south of his kingdom, where the City of Ur was located.

paragraph: She continued to hold office during the reign of Rimush, her brother, when she was involved in some form of political turmoil, expelled, then eventually reinstated as high priestess. Her composition 'The Exaltation of Inanna' or ‘nin me šara’ details her expulsion from Ur and eventual reinstatement. This correlates with 'The Curse of Akkade' in which Naram-Sin, under whom Enheduanna may have also served, is cursed and cast out by Enlil. After her death, Enheduanna continued to be remembered as an important figure, perhaps even attaining semi-divine status.

paragraph: In 1927, British archaeologist Sir Leonard Woolley discovered the Enhuduanna calcite disc in excavations of the Sumerian city of Ur. The figure of Enheduanna is placed prominently on the disc, emphasizing her importance. Woolley also uncovered the temple complex where the priestesses were buried. Woolley described Enhuduanna in a one-page summary in his "Excavations at Ur", but the significance of Enheduanna was not generally recognized until Adam Falkenstein published "Enhedu'anna, The Daughter of Sargon of Akkad", the first scholarly article on Enheduana in 1958, followed by Hallo and Van Dijk publishing the first translations and book-length discussion of Enheduana's work in 1968.

paragraph: Section::::Background and archaeological discovery..:Archaeological and textual evidence..

paragraph: Enheduanna is well known from archaeological and textual sources. Two seals bearing her name, belonging to her servants and dating to the Sargonic period, have been excavated at the Royal Cemetery at Ur. In addition, an alabaster disc bearing her name and likeness was excavated in the Giparu at Ur, which was Enheduanna's main residence. The statue was found in the Isin-Larsa (c. 2000–1800 BC) levels of the Giparu alongside a statue of the priestess Enannatumma.

paragraph: Copies of Enheduanna's work, many dating to hundreds of years after her death, were made and kept in Nippur, Ur and possibly Lagash alongside Royal inscriptions which indicates that they were of high value, perhaps equal to the inscriptions of Kings (Westenholz 1989:540).

paragraph: Section::::Literary work.

paragraph: Enheduanna composed 42 hymns addressed to temples across Sumer and Akkad including Eridu, Sippar and Esnunna. The texts are reconstructed from 37 tablets from Ur and Nippur, most of which date to the Ur III and Old Babylonian periods (Sjöberg and Bergman 1969:6–7). This collection is known generally as 'The Sumerian Temple Hymns'. The temple hymns were the first collection of their kind; in them Enheduanna states: "My king, something has been created that no one has created before." The copying of the hymns indicates the temple hymns were in use long after Enheduanna's death and were held in high esteem.

paragraph: Her other famous work is 'The Exaltation of Inanna' or 'Nin-Me-Sar-Ra' which is a personal devotion to the goddess Inanna and also details Enheduanna's expulsion from Ur. Enheduanna's poems played a role in cementing the syncretism between Inanna and the Akkadian goddess Ishtar.

paragraph: Enheduanna's authorship raises the issue of female literacy in ancient Mesopotamia; in addition to Enheduanna, royal wives are known to have commissioned or perhaps composed poetry, and the goddess Nindaba acted as a scribe: As Leick notes "to some extent the descriptive epithets of Mesopotamian goddesses reveal the cultural perception of women and their role in ancient society".

paragraph: The majority of Enheduanna's work is available in translation at the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature.

paragraph: Section::::Literary work.:List of compositions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nin-me-šara", "The Exaltation of Inanna", 153 lines, edited and translated first by Hallo and van Dijk (1968), later by Annette Zgoll (1997) in German. The first 65 lines address the goddess with a list of epithets, comparing her to An, the supreme god of the pantheon. Then, En-hedu-ana speaks in the first person to express her unhappiness at being exiled from the temple and the cities of Ur and Uruk. En-hedu-ana asks for intercession of Nanna. Lines 122–135 recite divine attributes of Inanna.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In-nin ša-gur-ra" (named by incipit), 274 lines (incomplete), edited by Sjöberg (1976) using 29 fragments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In-nin me-huš-a", "Inanna and Ebih", first translated by Limet (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Temple Hymns", edited by Sjöberg and Bergmann (1969): 42 hymns of varying length, addressed to temples.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hymn to Nanna", edited by Westenholz

paragraph: Section::::Modern relevance.

paragraph: Studies of Enheduanna were limited to Near Eastern scholars until 1976, when American anthropologist Marta Weigle attended a lecture by Cyrus H. Gordon and became aware of her. Weigle introduced Enheduanna to an audience of feminist scholars with her introductory essay to an issue of "". Entitled "Women as Verbal Artists: Reclaiming the Sisters of Enheduanna", it referred to her as "the first known author in world (written) literature". In 1980, Aliki and Willis Barnstone published a translation of "Ninmessara" in a more accessible (non-scholarly) form in their anthology "A Book of Women Poets from Antiquity to Now."

paragraph: In 1983, Diane Wolkstein and Samuel Noah Kramer included English translations of several of Enheduanna's poems in their book "Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth", a compilation of ancient Sumerian poems about the goddess Inanna. Wolkstein's adaptation became the basis of various other publications, including Judy Grahn's "Queen of Swords" (1987) Alice Notley's "The Descent of Alette" (1996), and Annie Finch's "Among the Goddesses" (2010). Jungian analyst Betty De Shong Meador in 2001 translated works by Enheduanna and wrote two books on the subject: "Inanna: Lady of Largest Heart" and "Princess, Priestess, Poet: The Sumerian Temple Hymns of Enheduanna".

paragraph: Minnesota author Cass Dalglish published a "contemporary poetic adaptation" of Nin-me-sar-ra in 2008.

paragraph: Being not only the earliest known poet in world history, but also one of the earliest women known to history, Enheduanna has received substantial attention in feminism. To mark International Women's Day in 2014, the British Council hosted a pre-launch event for Niniti International Literature Festival in Erbil, Iraq, where "writer and previous NINITI participant Rachel Holmes [delivered] a TED Talk looking back on 5000 years of feminism, from major female Sumerian poet Enheduanna, to contemporary writers who [attended] the festival". In 2017, London and Oxford Professor of Ancient Near Eastern History Eleanor Robson described Enheduanna as "a wish-fulfillment figure...a marvellously appealing image".

paragraph: Enheduanna is the subject of the episode "" of the science television series "", where she was voiced by Christiane Amanpour.

paragraph: In 2015, the International Astronomical Union named a crater on Mercury after Enheduanna.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- De Shong Meador, Betty (2001). "Inanna, Lady of Largest Heart: Poems of the Sumerian High Priestess Enheduanna", University of Texas

paragraph: BULLET::::- De Shong Meador, Betty (2009). "Princess, Priestess, Poet: The Sumerian Temple Hymns of Enheduanna", University of Texas Press,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franke, Franke, S. "Kings of Akkad: Sargon and Naram-Sin", in Sasson, Jack, M. (1995), "Civilizations of the Ancient Near East," Scribener, New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hallo, William W. and Van Dijk, J.J.A. (1986). "The Exaltation of Inanna", Yale University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roberts, Janet (2004). "Enheduanna, Daughter of King Sargon: Princess, Poet, Priestess (2300 B.C.)", "Transoxiana" 8

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sjoberg, Ake and E. Bermann, E. (1969). "The Collection of the Sumerian Temple Hymns", Locust Valley, J.J. Augustin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sjoberg, Ake (1975). "In-nin sa-gur-ra: A Hymn to the Goddess Inanna by the en-Priestess Enheduanna", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archaeologie 65: 161–253.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zgoll, Annette (1997). "Der Rechtsfall der En-hedu-Ana im Lied Nin-me-sarra", (En-hedu-Ana's legal case in the hymn Nin-me-sara) [Ugarit-Verlag, Muenster], 1997. For an English translation of Zgoll's translation of Nin-me-sara: http://www.angelfire.com/mi/enheduanna/Ninmesara.html

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Find A Grave" biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Penn Museum Collections Database

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spotlight on the Disk of Enheduanna (Penn Museum Blog)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Enheduanna on Ancient History Encyclopedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Enheduanna

paragraph: BULLET::::- The En-hedu-Ana Research Pages

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inana and Ebih: translation (The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The exaltation of Inana: Nin me šar-ra (Inana B): translation (The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A hymn to Inana: In-nin šag gur-ra (Inana C): translation (The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The temple hymns: translation (The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Enheduanna Society (The Enheduanna Society)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Project Continua: Biography of Enheduanna

alias: Enheduana En-hedu-ana

description: Sumerian priestess and poet

wikidata_label: Enheduanna

wikipedia_title: Enheduanna


text: Argentan

text: Charles II of Alençon

text: Maria de la Cerda

text: Count of Alençon

text: Count of Perche

text: King John

text: Battle of Poitiers

text: Robert

text: Aquitaine

text: Limoges

text: Usson

text: Marie of Alençon

text: John VII of Harcourt

text: Harcourt

text: Aumale

text: Catherine

text: Verneuil

text: Alençon

text: Navarre

text: Count of Mortain

text: Louis VII, Duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt

text: John I of Alençon

text: Guesclin

text: Brittany

text: Hennebont

text: William I of Guelders

categories: 15th-century peers of France,14th-century peers of France,Counts of Perche,1404 deaths,House of Valois-Alençon,Counts of Alençon,1340 births

paragraph: Peter II, Count of Alençon

paragraph: Peter II of Alençon, called the Noble (1340 – 20 September 1404, Argentan), was the son of Charles II of Alençon and Maria de la Cerda. He was Count of Alençon from 1361 until his death in 1404 and Count of Perche from 1377 until his death in 1404.

paragraph: Knighted in 1350, he was one of the hostages exchanged for King John after the Battle of Poitiers, and did not return to France until 1370. He and his brother Robert campaigned against the English in Aquitaine, taking Limoges, but failed to capture Usson (1371).

paragraph: On 10 October 1371, he married Marie Chamaillart, Viscountess of Beaumont-au-Maine (d. Argentan 18 November 1425). They had eight children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Marie of Alençon (29 March 1373–1417), married 1390 in Paris John VII of Harcourt, Count of Harcourt and Aumale (died 1452).

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Peter (1374–1375)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. John (1375–1376)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Marie (1377)

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Jeanne (1378–1403, Argentan)

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Catherine (1380, Verneuil – 25 June 1462, Paris), married 1411 in Alençon Peter d'Évreux, Infante of Navarre and Count of Mortain (1366–1412), married 1 October 1413 in Paris Louis VII, Duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt (1365–1447)

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Marguerite (1383 – aft. 1400), became a nun at Argentan

paragraph: BULLET::::8. John I of Alençon (1385–1415)

paragraph: He subsequently fought under Guesclin in Brittany and was wounded before Hennebont, and took part in an expedition against William I of Guelders in 1388.

paragraph: He also had one illegitimate son:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Peter, "Bastard of Alençon" (d. aft. January 1422), Lord of Aunou

description: Count of Alençon and Perche

wikidata_label: Pierre II, Count of Alençon

wikipedia_title: Peter II, Count of Alençon


text:
Battle of Agincourt
Essay
Peter II of Alençon
Count of Alençon
Perche
Duke of Alençon
Edward, Duke of York
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester
Henry V of England
Dafydd Gam
Marie of Brittany
John IV, Duke of Brittany
Argentan
Jean d'Alençon, Duke of Alençon
Lamballe
Battle of Verneuil

categories: 15th-century peers of France,Dukes of Alençon,Counts of Perche,House of Valois-Alençon,Counts of Alençon,1415 deaths,1385 births,French military personnel killed in action,People of the Hundred Years' War

paragraph: Jean I, Duke of Alençon

paragraph: John I of Alençon, called the Sage (1385 – 25 October 1415), was a French nobleman, killed at the Battle of Agincourt.

paragraph: John was born in Château d'Essay, the son of Peter II of Alençon and Marie de Chamaillard. In 1404, he succeeded his father as Count of Alençon and Perche. He was made Duke of Alençon in 1414.

paragraph: He commanded the second division of the French army at the Battle of Agincourt. When the English broke through the first division, he led a countercharge. He is sometimes credited with killing Edward, Duke of York, wounding Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, and cutting an ornament from the crown of Henry V of England; but he was then overpowered by the King's bodyguard, and slain by the Welsh nobleman Dafydd Gam before he could yield himself.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1396, he married Marie of Brittany (1391–1446), daughter of John IV, Duke of Brittany. They had five children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Pierre d'Alençon (1407, Argentan – 1408)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Jean d'Alençon, Duke of Alençon (1409–1476)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Marie d'Alençon (1410, Argentan, – 1412, Argentan)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Jeanne d'Alençon (1412, Argentan – 1420)

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Charlotte d'Alençon (1413, Argentan – 1435, Lamballe)

paragraph: He also had two illegitimate children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Pierre d'Alençon (d. 1424, Battle of Verneuil), Lord of Gallandon

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Marguerite d'Alençon, married Jean de St-Aubin, Lord of Preaux

description: Count of Alençon, raised to Duke of Alençon

wikidata_label: Jean I

wikipedia_title: Jean I, Duke of Alençon


text: Wittelsbach

text: King of the Romans

text: King of Italy

text: Holy Roman Emperor

text: Duke of Upper Bavaria

text: Rudolf I

text: Margrave of Brandenburg

text: Count Palatine of the Rhine

text: Duke of Lower Bavaria

text: Hainaut

text: Holland

text: Zeeland

text: Friesland

text: Margaret

text: Munich

text: Louis II

text: Matilda

text: Rudolph I

text: Vienna

text: Rudolf I

text: Upper Bavaria

text: Habsburg

text: Albert I

text: Lower Bavaria

text: Munich

text: Frederick the Fair

text: Leopold I

text: guardianship

text: Lower Bavaria

text: Henry XIV

text: Otto IV

text: Henry XV

text: Otto III

text: Battle of Gammelsdorf

text: tutelage

text: Henry VII

text: John

text: Bohemia

text: prince-elector

text: Frederick the Fair

text: Albert I

text: House of Habsburg

text: Luxembourg

text: prince electors

text: Archbishop Henry II Cologne

text: assembly of four electors

text: Sachsenhausen

text: Frankfurt

text: Rudolph I of the Palatinate

text: Duke Rudolph I of Saxe-Wittenberg

text: Henry of Carinthia

text: King of Bohemia

text: Peter of Aspelt

text: Archbishop of Mainz

text: Archbishop Baldwin of Trier

text: John of Bohemia

text: Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg

text: John II of Saxe-Lauenburg

text: Aachen

text: Bonn

text: Switzerland

text: Leopold

text: Battle of Mühldorf

text: Ampfing

text: Salzburg

text: Trausnitz

text: Schwandorf

text: John of Bohemia

text: Pope

text: ban

text: Treaty of Trausnitz

text: Munich

text: oath

text: Empire

text: electors

text: another treaty

text: Ulm

text: Germany

text: King of the Romans

text: Holy Roman Emperor

text: Italy

text: Pope John XXII

text: excommunicate

text: Milan

text: Kingdom of Naples

text: Galeazzo I Visconti

text: Rome

text: Sciarra Colonna

text: Pope John XXII

text: heresy

text: Franciscan

text: Pietro Rainalducci

text: Nicholas V

text: Robert, King of Naples

text: Frederick II of Sicily

text: Pisa

text: Ettal Abbey

text: Michael of Cesena

text: William of Ockham

text: Marsilius of Padua

text: Alter Hof

text: Munich

text: Humbert II of Viennois

text: Kingdom of Arles

text: King Edward III

text: England

text: King Philip VI

text: France

text: Benedict XII

text: Avignon

text: declaration at Rhense

text: Imperial Diet

text: Coblence

text: Teutonic Knights

text: Lithuania

text: Russia

text: Frankfurt Trade Fair

text: Lübeck

text: Hanseatic League

text: gulden

text: Brandenburg

text: Louis V

text: House of Ascania

text: Treaty of Pavia

text: Palatinate

text: Rudolf

text: Rupert

text: Henry of Bohemia

text: Carinthia

text: fief

text: Linz

text: Albert II, Duke of Austria

text: Otto, Duke of Austria

text: Tyrol

text: John I

text: mother

text: Tyrol

text: Margarete Maultasch

text: John Henry of Bohemia

text: Hainaut

text: Holland

text: Zeeland

text: Friesland

text: Margaret II of Hainaut

text: one

text: Luxemburg

text: Charles IV

text: Pope Clement VI

text: Imperial Free Cities

text: knight

text: William of Ockham

text: Battle of Crécy

text: John of Luxemburg

text: stroke

text: Fürstenfeldbruck

text: Frauenkirche

text: Günther von Schwarzburg

text: Rupert of Germany

text: Beatrix of Świdnica

text: Mathilde

text: Meißen

text: Nuremberg

text: Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen

text: Louis V the Brandenburger

text: Brandenburg

text: Tyrol

text: Anna

text: Kastl

text: Stephen II

text: Lower Bavaria

text: Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut

text: Holland

text: Margaret

text: Ofen

text: Stephen, Duke of Slavonia

text: Charles I of Hungary

text: Gerlach von Hohenlohe

text: Fontenelles

text: John I of Lower Bavaria

text: Louis VI the Roman

text: Stuttgart

text: Cangrande II della Scala

text: Lord of Verona

text: Verona

text: Württemberg

text: William V of Holland

text: Agnes

text: Munich

text: Albert I of Holland

text: Otto V the Bavarian

text: Beatrix

text: Eric XII of Sweden

text: Kings of Germany family tree

text: Veröffentlichungen zu Ludwig IV.

text: Regesta Imperii

categories: People excommunicated by the Catholic Church,Counts of Holland,14th-century kings of Italy,Counts Palatine of the Rhine,Kings of the Romans,House of Wittelsbach,Electors of Brandenburg,1347 deaths,Dukes of Bavaria,14th-century Kings of the Romans,1282 births,Counts of Hainaut,Burials at Munich Frauenkirche,14th-century Holy Roman Emperors,14th-century Kings of Germany,People from Munich

paragraph: Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor

paragraph: Louis IV (; 1 April 1282 – 11 October 1347), called the Bavarian, of the house of Wittelsbach, was King of the Romans from 1314, King of Italy from 1327, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1328.

paragraph: Louis IV was Duke of Upper Bavaria from 1294/1301 together with his elder brother Rudolf I, served as Margrave of Brandenburg until 1323, as Count Palatine of the Rhine until 1329, and he became Duke of Lower Bavaria in 1340. He obtained the titles Count of Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland, and Friesland in 1345 when his wife Margaret inherited them.

paragraph: Section::::Early reign as Duke of Upper Bavaria.

paragraph: Louis was born in Munich, the son of Louis II, Duke of Upper Bavaria and Count Palatine of the Rhine, and Matilda, a daughter of King Rudolph I.

paragraph: Though Louis was partly educated in Vienna and became co-regent of his brother Rudolf I in Upper Bavaria in 1301 with the support of his Habsburg mother and her brother, King Albert I, he quarrelled with the Habsburgs from 1307 over possessions in Lower Bavaria. A civil war against his brother Rudolf due to new disputes on the partition of their lands was ended in 1313, when peace was made at Munich.

paragraph: In the same year, on November 9, Louis defeated his Habsburg cousin Frederick the Fair who was further aided by duke Leopold I. Originally, he was a friend of Frederick, with whom he had been raised. However, armed conflict arose when the guardianship over the young Dukes of Lower Bavaria (Henry XIV, Otto IV, and Henry XV) was entrusted to Frederick, even though the late Duke Otto III, the former King of Hungary, had chosen Louis. On 9 November 1313, Frederick was defeated by Louis in the Battle of Gammelsdorf and had to renounce the tutelage. This victory caused a stir within the Holy Roman Empire and increased the reputation of the Bavarian Duke.

paragraph: Section::::Election as German King and conflict with Habsburg.

paragraph: The death of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII in August 1313 necessitated the election of a successor. Henry's son John, King of Bohemia since 1310, was considered by many prince-electors to be too young, and by others to be already too powerful. One alternative was Frederick the Fair, the son of Henry's predecessor, Albert I, of the House of Habsburg. In reaction, the pro-Luxembourg party among the prince electors settled on Louis as its candidate to prevent Frederick's election.

paragraph: On 19 October 1314, Archbishop Henry II Cologne chaired an assembly of four electors at Sachsenhausen, south of Frankfurt. Participants were Louis' brother, Rudolph I of the Palatinate, who objected to the election of his younger brother, Duke Rudolph I of Saxe-Wittenberg, and Henry of Carinthia, whom the Luxembourgs had deposed as King of Bohemia. These four electors chose Frederick as King.

paragraph: The Luxembourg party did not accept this election and the next day a second election was held. Upon the instigation of Peter of Aspelt, Archbishop of Mainz, five different electors convened at Frankfurt and elected Louis as King. These electors were Archbishop Peter himself, Archbishop Baldwin of Trier and King John of Bohemia - both of the House of Luxembourg - Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg and Duke John II of Saxe-Lauenburg, who contested Rudolph of Wittenberg's claim to the electoral vote.

paragraph: This double election was quickly followed by two coronations: Louis was crowned at Aachen - the customary site of coronations - by Archbishop Peter of Mainz, while the Archbishop of Cologne, who by custom had the right to crown the new king, crowned Frederick at Bonn. In the following conflict between the kings, Louis recognized in 1316 the independence of Switzerland from the Habsburg dynasty.

paragraph: After several years of bloody war, victory finally seemed within the grasp of Frederick, who was strongly supported by his brother Leopold. However, Frederick's army was decisively defeated in the Battle of Mühldorf on 28 September 1322 on the Ampfing Heath, where Frederick and 1300 nobles from Austria and Salzburg were captured.

paragraph: Louis held Frederick captive in Trausnitz Castle (Schwandorf) for three years, but the determined resistance by Frederick's brother Leopold, the retreat of John of Bohemia from his alliance, and the Pope's ban induced Louis to release Frederick in the Treaty of Trausnitz of 13 March 1325. In this agreement, Frederick recognized Louis as legitimate ruler and undertook to return to captivity if he did not succeed in convincing his brothers to submit to Louis.

paragraph: As he did not manage to overcome Leopold's obstinacy, Frederick returned to Munich as a prisoner, even though the Pope had released him from his oath. Louis, who was impressed by such nobility, renewed the old friendship with Frederick, and they agreed to rule the Empire jointly. Since the Pope and the electors strongly objected to this agreement, another treaty was signed at Ulm on 7 January 1326, according to which Frederick would administer Germany as King of the Romans, while Louis would be crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in Italy. However, after Leopold's death in 1326, Frederick withdrew from the regency of the Empire and returned to rule only Austria. He died on 13 January 1330.

paragraph: Despite Louis' victory, Pope John XXII still refused to ratify his election, and in 1324 he excommunicated Louis, but the sanction had less effect than in earlier disputes between emperors and the papacy.

paragraph: Section::::Coronation as Holy Roman Emperor and conflict with the Pope.

paragraph: After the reconciliation with the Habsburgs in 1326, Louis marched to Italy and was crowned King of Italy in Milan in 1327. Already in 1323, Louis had sent an army to Italy to protect Milan against the Kingdom of Naples, which was together with France the strongest ally of the papacy. But now the Lord of Milan Galeazzo I Visconti was deposed since he was suspected of conspiring with the pope.

paragraph: In January 1328, Louis entered Rome and had himself crowned emperor by the aged senator Sciarra Colonna, called "captain of the Roman people". Three months later, Louis published a decree declaring Pope John XXII ("Jacques Duèze") deposed on grounds of heresy. He then installed a Spiritual Franciscan, Pietro Rainalducci as Nicholas V, but both left Rome in August 1328. In the meantime, Robert, King of Naples had sent both a fleet and an army against Louis and his ally Frederick II of Sicily. Louis spent the winter 1328/29 in Pisa and stayed then in Northern Italy until his co-ruler Frederick of Habsburg had died. In fulfillment of an oath, Louis founded Ettal Abbey on 28 April 1330 on his return from Italy.

paragraph: Franciscan theologians Michael of Cesena and William of Ockham, and the philosopher Marsilius of Padua, who were all on bad terms with the Pope as well, joined Emperor Louis in Italy and accompanied him to his court at Alter Hof in Munich which became the first imperial residence of the Holy Roman Empire.

paragraph: In 1333, Emperor Louis sought to counter French influence in the southwest of the empire so he offered Humbert II of Viennois the Kingdom of Arles which was an opportunity to gain full authority over Savoy, Provence, and its surrounding territories. Humbert was reluctant to take the crown due to the conflict that would follow with all around him, so he declined, telling the emperor that he should make peace with the church first.

paragraph: Emperor Louis also allied with King Edward III of England in 1337 against King Philip VI of France, the protector of the new Pope Benedict XII in Avignon. King Philip VI had prevented any agreement between the Emperor and the Pope. Thus, the failure of negotiations with the papacy led to the declaration at Rhense in 1338 by six electors to the effect that election by all or the majority of the electors automatically conferred the royal title and rule over the empire, without papal confirmation. King Edward III was the Emperor's guest at the Imperial Diet in the Kastorkirche at Coblence in 1338 and was named Vicar-General of the Holy Roman Empire. However in 1341, the Emperor deserted Edward III but came to terms with Philip VI only temporarily. For the expected English payments were missing and Louis intended to reach an agreement with the Pope one more time.

paragraph: Section::::Imperial privileges.

paragraph: Louis IV was a protector of the Teutonic Knights. In 1337 he allegedly bestowed upon the Teutonic Order a privilege to conquer Lithuania and Russia, although the Order had only petitioned for three small territories. Later he forbade the Order to stand trial before foreign courts in their territorial conflicts with foreign rulers.

paragraph: Louis concentrated his energies also on the economic development of the cities of the empire, so his name can be found in many city chronicles for the privileges he granted. In 1330 the emperor for example permitted the Frankfurt Trade Fair, and in 1340 Lübeck, as the most powerful member of the future Hanseatic League, received the coinage prerogative for golden gulden.

paragraph: Section::::Dynastic policy.

paragraph: In 1323 Louis gave Brandenburg as a fiefdom to his eldest son Louis V after the Brandenburg branch of the House of Ascania had died out. With the Treaty of Pavia in 1329 the emperor reconciled the sons of his late brother Rudolph and returned the Palatinate to his nephews Rudolf and Rupert. After the death of Henry of Bohemia, the duchy of Carinthia was released as an imperial fief on 2 May 1335 in Linz to his Habsburg cousins Albert II, Duke of Austria, and Otto, Duke of Austria, while Tyrol was first placed into Luxemburg hands.

paragraph: With the death of duke John I in 1340 Louis inherited Lower Bavaria and then reunited the duchy of Bavaria. John's mother, a member of the Luxemburg dynasty, had to return to Bohemia. In 1342 Louis also acquired Tyrol for the Wittelsbach by voiding the first marriage of Margarete Maultasch with John Henry of Bohemia and marrying her to his own son Louis V, thus alienating the House of Luxemburg even more.

paragraph: In 1345 the emperor further antagonized the lay princes by conferring Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland, and Friesland upon his wife, Margaret II of Hainaut. The hereditary titles of Margaret's sisters, one of whom was the queen of England, were ignored. Because of the dangerous hostility of the Luxemburgs, Louis had increased his power base ruthlessly.

paragraph: Section::::Conflict with Luxemburg.

paragraph: The acquisition of these territories and his restless foreign policy had earned Louis many enemies among the German princes. In the summer of 1346 the Luxemburg Charles IV was elected rival king, with the support of Pope Clement VI. Louis himself obtained much support from the Imperial Free Cities and the knights and successfully resisted Charles, who was widely regarded as a papal puppet ("rex clericorum" as William of Ockham called him). Also the Habsburg dukes stayed loyal to Louis. In the Battle of Crécy Charles' father John of Luxemburg was killed; Charles himself also took part in the battle but escaped.

paragraph: But then Louis' sudden death avoided a longer civil war. Louis died in October 1347 from a stroke suffered during a bear-hunt in Puch near Fürstenfeldbruck. He is buried in the Frauenkirche in Munich. The sons of Louis supported Günther von Schwarzburg as new rival king to Charles but finally joined the Luxemburg party after Günther's early death in 1349 and divided the Wittelsbach possessions amongst themselves again. In continuance of the conflict of the House of Wittelsbach with the House of Luxemburg, the Wittelsbach family returned to power in the Holy Roman Empire in 1400 with King Rupert of Germany, a great-grandnephew of Louis.

paragraph: Section::::Family and children.

paragraph: In 1308 Louis IV married his first wife, Beatrix of Świdnica (1290-1320). Their children were:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Mathilde (aft. 21 June 1313 – 2 July 1346, Meißen), married at Nuremberg 1 July 1329 Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen (d. 1349)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Daughter (end September 1314 – died shortly after).

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Louis V the Brandenburger (July 1316 – 17/18 September 1361), duke of Upper Bavaria, margrave of Brandenburg, count of Tyrol

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Anna (c. July 1317 – 29 January 1319, Kastl)

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Agnes (c. 1318 – died shortly after).

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Stephen II (autumn 1319 – 19 May 1375), duke of Lower Bavaria

paragraph: In 1324 he married his second wife, Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut and Holland (1308-1356).

paragraph: Their children were:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Margaret (1325 – 1374), married:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. in 1351 in Ofen Stephen, Duke of Slavonia (d. 1354), son of the King Charles I of Hungary;

paragraph: BULLET::::2. 1357/58 Gerlach von Hohenlohe.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Anna (c. 1326 – 3 June 1361, Fontenelles) married John I of Lower Bavaria (d. 1340).

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Louis VI the Roman (7 May 1328 – 17 May 1365), duke of Upper Bavaria, elector of Brandenburg.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Elisabeth (1329 – 2 August 1402, Stuttgart), married:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Cangrande II della Scala, Lord of Verona (d. 1359) in Verona on 22 November 1350;

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Count Ulrich of Württemberg (died 1388 in the Battle of Döffingen) in 1362.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. William V of Holland (12 May 1330 – 15 April 1389), as William I duke of Lower Bavaria, as William III count of Hainaut.

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Agnes (Munich, 1335 – 11 November 1352, Munich).

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Albert I of Holland (25 Jul 1336 – 13 December 1404), duke of Lower Bavaria, count of Hainaut and Holland.

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Otto V the Bavarian (1340/42 – 15/16 November 1379), duke of Upper Bavaria, elector of Brandenburg.

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Beatrix (1344 – 25 December 1359), married bef. 25 October 1356 Eric XII of Sweden.

paragraph: BULLET::::10. Louis (October 1347 – 1348).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kings of Germany family tree. He was related to every other king of Germany.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charter given by Louis to the Hospital of the Holy Spirit in Nuremberg taken from the collections of the

paragraph: BULLET::::- Veröffentlichungen zu Ludwig IV. im Opac der Regesta Imperii

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deed by Emperor Louis the Bavarian for the Hospital of the Holy Spirit ("Heilig-Geist-Spital") in Nuremberg,

alias:
Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV
Ludwig IV. der Bayern

description: Holy Roman Emperor

wikidata_label: Louis IV

wikipedia_title: Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor