text:
lay
religious topics
House of Commons
colonel
Parliamentary Army
English Civil War
Shawell
Sheriff of Staffordshire
Magdalen Hall, Oxford
Oxford
Middle Temple
Banbury
William Whately
landed gentry
anti-Catholicism
Parliamentary Army
style
parliament
Staffordshire
Parliamentarians
Cavalier
Stafford
Long Parliament
MP
theological attainments
Westminster Assembly
Visitor
University of Oxford
House
Pride's Purge
Rushall Hall
lord of the manor
church
patron
William Gouge
James Ussher
J. P. Migne
Samuel Clarke
William Crowe
William Camden
Harleian Miscellany
Henry Scudder
William Whately
Christopher Cartwright
William Hinde
John Rainolds
Lancelot Andrewes

categories: 1671 deaths,17th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians,1602 births,English Calvinist and Reformed theologians,People from Harborough District,English landowners,Roundheads

paragraph: Edward Leigh (writer)

paragraph: Sir Edward Leigh (24 March 1602 – 2 June 1671) was an English lay writer, known particularly for his works on religious topics, and a politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1645 to 1648.

paragraph: Leigh served as a colonel in the Parliamentary Army during the English Civil War.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born at Shawell, Leicestershire, he was the son and heir of Sir Henry Leigh, Sheriff of Staffordshire, who died in 1630.

paragraph: Having matriculated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, on 24 October 1617, he graduated as B.A. in 1620, before proceeding M.A. in 1623. After Oxford, Leigh entered the Middle Temple and became a painstaking student of divinity, law, and history. During the plague of 1625 he spent six months in France, and busied himself in making a collection of French proverbs. He subsequently moved to Banbury, Oxfordshire, to be near William Whately, whose preaching he admired.

paragraph: Knighted in 1632 being of Staffordshire landed gentry, he was later noted for his anti-Catholicism. At the outbreak of civil war, Leigh upon being appointed colonel in the Parliamentary Army preferred not to be styled "Sir". On 30 September 1644 he presented to parliament a petition from Staffordshire Parliamentarians complaining of Cavalier oppression, and made a speech which was printed. In 1645 he was elected Member of Parliament for Stafford in the Long Parliament to replace those MPs who had been declared 'disabled to sit'. His theological attainments procured him a seat at the Westminster Assembly. His signature is affixed to the letter written in the name of the Parliamentary Committee which granted powers to the Visitors of the University of Oxford in 1647. Having in December 1648 voted that the King's concessions were satisfactory, Sir Edward was expelled from the House under "Pride's Purge". From then he appears to have avoided public life.

paragraph: Leigh died at Rushall Hall, Staffordshire, at the age of 69, where he was lord of the manor, being buried in the church of which he was patron.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Leigh's writings are mostly compilations, his major works being:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Critica Sacra, or Philologicall and Theologicall Observations upon all the Greek Words of the New Testament in order alphabeticall", &c., London, 1639; 2nd edit, 1646.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Critica Sacra. Observations on all the Radices or Primitive Hebrew Words of the Old Testament in order alphabeticall, wherein both they (and many derivatives . . .) are fully opened", London, 1642, with a commendatory epistle by William Gouge.

paragraph: Both parts were published together as a third edition in 1650, (4th edit., 1662). These compilations were used by later lexicographers of the Old and New Testaments, and won Leigh the friendship of James Ussher. A Latin translation by Henricus à Middoch, accompanied with observations on all the Chaldee words of the Old Testament by J. Hesser, was issued at Amsterdam, 3rd edit., 1696; 5th edit, with appendix by J. C. Kesler, Gotha, 1706. There are also supplements by P. Stokkemark (1713) and M. C. Wolfburg (1717). The work was reconstructed by M. Tempestini for J. P. Migne's "Encyclopédie Théologique" (vol. vii. pt. ii.), 1846, &c.

paragraph: Leigh also wrote:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Treatise of the Divine Promises. In Five Bookes", London, 1633 (4th edit., 1657), the model of Samuel Clarke's "Scripture Promises."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Selected and Choice Observations concerning the Twelve First Caesars, Emperours of Rome", Oxford, 1635. The second edition, published as "Analecta de xii. primis Caesaribus", London, 1647, has an appendix of "Certaine choice French Proverbs". An enlarged edition, "containing all the Romane Emperours. The first eighteen by E. Leigh. The others added by his son, Henry Leigh", appeared in 1657, 1663, and 1670.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Treatise of Divinity, consisting of Three Bookes", 3 pts., London, 1647.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Saint's Encouragement in Evil Times, or Observations concerning the Martyrs in general, with some Memorable Collections about them out of Mr. Foxes three volumes", London, 1648; 2nd edit. 1651.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Annotations upon all the New Testament, Philologicall and Theologicall", London, 1650; translated into Latin by Arnold, and published at Leipzig in 1732.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Philologicall Commentary, or an Illustration of the most obvious and useful Words in the Law ... By E. L.", London, 1652; 2nd edit. 1658.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Systeme or Body of Divinity . . . wherein the fundamentals of Religion are opened, the contrary Errours refuted", London, 1654; 2nd edit. 1662.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Treatise of Religion and Learning, and of Religious and Learned Men", London, 1656, which fell flat and was reissued as "Felix Consortium, or a fit Conjuncture of Religion and Learning", in 1663. To this treatise William Crowe was indebted in his "Elenchus Scriptorum", 1672.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Annotations on five poetical Books of the Old Testament", London, 1657.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Second Considerations of the High Court of Chancery", London, 1658.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "England Described, or the several Counties and Shires thereof briefly handled", London, 1659, taken mostly from William Camden's "Britannia".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Choice Observations of all the Kings of England from the Saxons to the Death of King Charles the First. Collected out of the best . . . Writers", London, 1661.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three Diatribes or Discourses. First, of Travel, or a Guide for Travellers into Foreign Parts. Secondly, of Money . . . Thirdly, of Measuring of the Distance betwixt Place and Place", London, 1671 (another edition, entitled "The Gentleman's Guide, in Three Discourses", 1680), reprinted in vol. x. of the "Harleian Miscellany", ed. Park.

paragraph: With Henry Scudder, Leigh edited William Whately's "Prototypes . . . with Mr. Whatelye's Life and Death", 1640. He also published Christopher Cartwright's "The Magistrate's Authority in matters of Religion", 1647, to which he prefixed a preface in defence of his conduct for sitting in the Westminster Assembly of Divines and other clerical meetings. He assisted William Hinde in bringing out John Rainolds's "The Prophesie of Haggai interpreted and applyed", 1649; and edited by himself Lancelot Andrewes's "Discourse of Ceremonies", 1653.

paragraph: Section::::Related articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lindblad, Stefan T. "Of the Nature of God: The Inter-Relation of Essence and Trinity in Edward Leigh's "A Systeme or Body of Divinity "(1662)"", "Journal of the Institute of Reformed Baptist Studies" "1 (2014): 95–124".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dolezal, James E. "A Practical Scholasticism? Edward Leigh's Theological Method", "Westminster Theological Journal" 71 (2) (2009): 337–354.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

description: English writer

wikidata_label: Edward Leigh

wikipedia_title: Edward Leigh (writer)


text: footballer

text: striker

text: AC Sparta Prague

text: Gambrinus liga

text: Sparta

text: 1. FK Příbram

text: Liverpool's academy

text: Martin Nešpor

text: FK Mladá Boleslav

text: Eintracht Frankfurt

text: FC Midtjylland

text: Internazionale

text: Europa League

text: Czech Republic national team

text: Liechtenstein

text: Czech Footballer of the Year

text: Czech First League

text: Czech Supercup

text: Official website of Václav Kadlec

categories: Eintracht Frankfurt players,Sportspeople from Prague,Czech expatriate sportspeople in Denmark,Czech footballers,FC Midtjylland players,Expatriate footballers in Denmark,Living people,Danish Superliga players,Czech Republic youth international footballers,Bundesliga players,1992 births,Association football forwards,Expatriate footballers in Germany,Czech First League players,Czech Republic under-21 international footballers,AC Sparta Prague players,Czech Republic international footballers,Czech expatriate footballers

paragraph: Václav Kadlec

paragraph: Václav Kadlec (born 20 May 1992) is a Czech professional footballer who plays as a striker for AC Sparta Prague

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Kadlec made his debut in the Gambrinus liga on 25 October 2008 for Sparta against 1. FK Příbram. He scored his first league goal at the age of 16. Kadlec had a trial at Liverpool's academy in 2007. In November 2012 Kadlec fractured his skull in a collision with Martin Nešpor during Sparta's match against FK Mladá Boleslav.

paragraph: On 18 August 2013, Kadlec joined Eintracht Frankfurt for an undisclosed fee, signing a contract due to expire in the summer of 2017.

paragraph: After a short loan at Letná he transferred to Danish side FC Midtjylland during the 15/16 season. However, he decided to return to Sparta in the summer transfer window of 2016. He signed a four-year contract with the club.

paragraph: On 29 September 2016, with Sparta Prague, he scored twice in the 3–1 win against Internazionale in Europa League.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: On 12 October 2010, Kadlec made his first appearance for the Czech Republic national team against Liechtenstein and scored on his debut, becoming the youngest goalscorer in the Czech Republic national team history. He was voted the Czech Talent of the Year at the 2010 Czech Footballer of the Year awards. Later in the year he made his debut for the under-21 team, also marking it with a goal. He represented the team at the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Club.

paragraph: Sparta Prague

paragraph: BULLET::::- Czech First League: 2009-10, 2013-14

paragraph: BULLET::::- Czech Supercup: 2010

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website of Václav Kadlec

description: Czech footballer

wikidata_label: Václav Kadlec

wikipedia_title: Václav Kadlec


text:
N. Kasturi
Akashavani
Kannada
Kingdom of Mysore
Hubli
Mysore State
Samyukta Karnataka
Indian National Congress
Devaraj Urs
Chief Minister of Karnataka
Niranjana

categories: Indian magazine editors,20th-century Indian novelists,Indian male journalists,Writers from Mysore,Kannada-language journalists,1909 births,1985 deaths,Indian male novelists,20th-century Indian journalists,Novelists from Karnataka,All India Radio people,Journalists from Karnataka

paragraph: Maa Naa Chowdappa

paragraph: M. N. Chowdappa () was an Indian journalist, broadcaster and author born in July 1909.

paragraph: Chowdappa completed his intermediate in Mysore. During his student days he developed an interest in literature, radio broadcasting and theatre under influence of his Guru N. Kasturi.

paragraph: Chowdappa started his career at "Akashavani" ("All India Radio"), Mysore and Madras. Later Chowdappa was associated with B.N. Gupta in launching and editing "Prajamatha" (an illustrated weekly magazine in the Kannada language). During the pre-independence days, the erstwhile Kingdom of Mysore was under the control of the British and "Prajamatha" was banned for its pro-nationalistic stance. At this juncture Chowdappa shifted to Hubli (which was at that time part of Mysore State) and published "Prajamatha" from there.

paragraph: Chowdappa worked for "Samyukta Karnataka" (a Kannada daily) and was the first editor of "Vakchitra" (the first Kannada magazine dedicated to films and other fine arts). He also worked for "Kathanjali" and other publications. Later he joined Bangalore station of All India Radio as a co-producer for features and worked till 1969.

paragraph: Post retirement, Chowdappa worked for "Congress Sandesha" (a magazine of Indian National Congress). In 1972, Shri Devaraj Urs, the then Chief Minister of Karnataka invited Chowdappa to be his press secretary. Chowdappa also got an invitation from writer Niranjana to be one of the editors for "Gnana Gangothri" (an encyclopedia project in Kannada). His passion for literature and history made Chowdappa to choose the encyclopedia project instead of being a press secretary to the Chief Minister.

paragraph: Chowdappa had a vast knowledge of Karnataka history, especially of the Karnataka dynasties, culture and literature. Hence he was requested by editors of various encyclopedias to contribute articles.

paragraph: A simple person who never bragged about his achievements, Chowdappa was hailed by friends as a silent worker.

paragraph: Section::::Books/novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shri Krishna Bhoopala"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kunthi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kumara sambhava" (drama)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chandragupta" (drama)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vidura"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "P. Kodanda Rao"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sir. K. Sheshadri Iyer"

paragraph: Section::::Journalism.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kathanjali"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prajamatha"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Samukta Karnataka"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vakchitra"

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shri Krisha Bhoopala" won the state Sahitya Academy award

paragraph: BULLET::::- He was honoured on the occasion of Golden Jubilee of the Indian and also Kannada films as the senior most film journalist.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kunti", a novel on the Mahabaratha character of Kunti was prescribed as a text book for high school second years for two consecutive years in the 1950s.

description: journalist

wikidata_label: Maa Naa Chowdappa

wikipedia_title: Maa Naa Chowdappa


text: caliph

text: companion

text: Islamic prophet

text: Muhammad

text: Abu Bakr

text: Rashidun Caliphate

text: jurist

text: epithet

text: Islam

text: Umayyad

text: Umar II

text: Sasanian Empire

text: Byzantine Empire

text: conquest of Persia

text: Christian

text: Jews

text: Jerusalem

text: Piruz Nahavandi

text: Sunni

text: Shia

text: Mecca

text: Banu Adi

text: Khattab ibn Nufayl

text: Banu Makhzum

text: Quraish

text: martial arts

text: Rome

text: Persia

text: Persian

text: Muhammad

text: Arabia

text: migrate to Abyssinia.

text: converted to Islam

text: Migration to Abyssinia

text: Ibn Ishaq

text: Saeed bin Zaid

text: Quran

text: sura

text: Ta-Ha

text: Amr ibn Hishām

text: Abu Sufyan ibn Harb

text: Masjid al-Haram

text: Medina

text: Saeed ibn Zaid

text: Muhajir

text: Ansari

text: Muhammad ibn Maslamah

text: Battle of Badr

text: Battle of Uhud

text: Khalid ibn Walid

text: Banu Nadir

text: Hafsah

text: Battle of the Trench

text: Battle of Banu Qurayza

text: Treaty of Hudaybiyyah

text: Battle of Khaybar

text: Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah

text: conquest of Mecca

text: Battle of Hunayn

text: Siege of Ta'if

text: Battle of Tabouk

text: Hajj

text: Moses

text: Ansar

text: Muhajirs

text: Saqifah

text: Khazraj

text: Aws

text: Sa'd ibn 'Ubada

text: Wilferd Madelung

text: Twelver

text: Shia

text: Ali

text: primary sources

text: History of al-Tabari

text: Fatimah

text: Battle of Yamamah

text: Majlis al Shura

text: Uthman

text: Iraq

text: Syria

text: Muhammad Husayn Haykal

text: Banu Hashim

text: Ali

text: Bedouin tribes

text: Roman

text: unitary government

text: autonomous

text: Azerbaijan

text: Armenia

text: Wali

text: Police chief

text: Treasury

text: Chief Judge

text: mosque

text: Basra

text: Kufa

text: Jazira

text: Tigris

text: Euphrates

text: Iliyā' (إلياء)

text: Palestine

text: Ramlah

text: Upper Egypt

text: Lower Egypt

text: Khorasan

text: Fars

text: Administrative court

text: Muhammad ibn Maslamah

text: Abu Musa Ashaari

text: amsar

text: Masjid al-Haram

text: Al-Masjid al-Nabawi

text: Najran

text: Khaybar

text: Hejaz

text: Fiqh

text: jurisprudence

text: Sunni Muslim

text: Faqih

text: Islamic Law

text: Bayt al-mal

text: Hijra

text: Islamic calendar

text: Silwan

text: Temple Mount

text: Alexandrian Bishop Eutychius

text: Empress Helena

text: Kaab

text: Dome of the Rock

text: David ben Abraham al-Fasi

text: Palestine

text: Temple Mount

text: Levant

text: Cyrenaica

text: Tripolitania

text: Fezzan

text: Anatolia

text: Sassanid Persian Empire

text: Bactria

text: Caucasus

text: Makran

text: Roman Egypt

text: Libya

text: Indus river

text: Oxus river

text: Rashidun army

text: disaster management

text: plague

text: Elat

text: Bayt al-mal

text: Byzantine–Sassanid Wars

text: zakat

text: Constitution of Medina

text: Muslim conquest of Persia

text: Ramy al-Jamarat

text: Piruz Nahavandi

text: Fajr

text: Salim

text: mawla

text: choose a caliph from amongst them

text: Abdur Rahman bin Awf

text: Saad ibn Abi Waqqas

text: Talha ibn Ubaidullah

text: Uthman ibn Affan

text: Ali ibn Abi Talib

text: Zubayr ibn al-Awwam

text: Sahabi

text: Suhayb ar-Rumi

text: Abdulrehman ibn Abu Bakr

text: Amr ibn al-Aas

text: Uthman succeeded him

text: blood money

text: Abdullah

text: Ibn Asakir

text: Khalid ibn Walid

text: Muawiyah

text: Ali ibn Abu Talib

text: Uthman ibn Affan

text: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

text: Gibbon

text: Abdullah ibn Masʿud

text: Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah

text: Zayd ibn Thabit

text: Emperor Heraclius

text: Emperor Yazdegerd III

text: Battle of Yarmouk

text: Battle of Qadisiyyah

text: Jazira

text: Emesa (Homs)

text: Mesopotamia

text: Byzantine Armenia

text: Battle of Nahavand

text: Sistan

text: Kirman

text: Battle of Oxus River

text: Central Asia

text: ummah

text: Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud

text: Twelver

text: Shi'a

text: Saqifah

text: Fatimah

text: Ali

text: Muhsin ibn Ali

text: Umar at Fatimah's house

text: Fadhlalla

text: Zaidiyyah

text: Zaid ibn Ali

text: Jaroudiah

text: al-Tabari

text: Ibn A'tham

text: Al-Farooq

text: Al Farooq Omar Bin Al Khattab Mosque

text: Sahaba

text: Farooqi

text: Umar ibn Al-Khattāb

text: Pact of Umar

text: Albert Hourani

text: A History of the Arab Peoples

text: How Many Companions Do You Know?

text: Excerpt from "The History of the Khalifahs"

text: Suyuti

text: Sirah of Amirul Muminin Umar Bin Khattab

categories: Deaths by blade weapons,Shahnameh characters,Umar,Sahabah participated in battle of Uhud,Male Sahabah,7th-century caliphs,Rashidun caliphs,Assassinated caliphs,584 births,644 deaths,Converts to Islam

paragraph: Umar

paragraph: Umar (), also spelled Omar (; , "Umar, Son of Al-Khattab"; c. 584 CE 3 November 644 CE), was one of the most powerful and influential Muslim caliphs in history. He was a senior companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He succeeded Abu Bakr (632–634) as the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate on 23 August 634. He was an expert Muslim jurist known for his pious and just nature, which earned him the epithet Al-Farooq ("the one who distinguishes (between right and wrong)"). He is sometimes referred to as Umar I by historians of Islam, since a later Umayyad caliph, Umar II, also bore that name.

paragraph: Under Umar, the caliphate expanded at an unprecedented rate, ruling the Sasanian Empire and more than two-thirds of the Byzantine Empire. His attacks against the Sasanian Empire resulted in the conquest of Persia in less than two years (642–644). According to Jewish tradition, Umar set aside the Christian ban on Jews and allowed them into Jerusalem and to worship. Umar was eventually killed by the Persian Piruz Nahavandi (known as "‘Abū-Lū‘lū‘ah" in Arabic) in 644 CE.

paragraph: Umar is revered in the Sunni tradition as a great ruler and paragon of Islamic virtues, and some hadiths identify him as the second greatest of the Sahaba after Abu Bakr. He is viewed negatively in the Shia tradition.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Umar was born in Mecca to the Banu Adi clan, which was responsible for arbitration among the tribes. His father was Khattab ibn Nufayl and his mother was Hantama bint Hisham, from the tribe of Banu Makhzum. In his youth he used to tend to his father's camels in the plains near Mecca. His merchant father was famed for his intelligence among his tribe. Umar himself said: "My father, Al-Khattab was a ruthless man. He used to make me work hard; if I didn't work he used to beat me and he used to work me to exhaustion."

paragraph: Despite literacy being uncommon in pre-Islamic Arabia, Umar learned to read and write in his youth. Though not a poet himself, he developed a love for poetry and literature. According to the tradition of Quraish, while still in his teenage years, Umar learned martial arts, horse riding and wrestling. He was tall, physically powerful and a renowned wrestler. He was also a gifted orator who succeeded his father as an arbitrator among the tribes.

paragraph: Umar became a merchant and made several journeys to Rome and Persia, where he is said to have met various scholars and analyzed Roman and Persian societies. As a merchant he was unsuccessful. Like others around him, Umar was fond of drinking in his pre-Islamic days.

paragraph: Section::::During Muhammad's era.

paragraph: Section::::During Muhammad's era.:Initial hostility to Islam.

paragraph: In 610 Muhammad started preaching the message of Islam. Like many others in Mecca, Umar opposed Islam and he even threatened to kill Muhammad. He resolved to defend the traditional polytheistic religion of Arabia. He was adamant and cruel in opposing Muhammad and very prominent in persecuting Muslims. He recommended Muhammad's death. He firmly believed in the unity of the Quraish and saw the new faith of Islam as a cause of division and discord.

paragraph: Due to persecution, Muhammad ordered some of his followers to migrate to Abyssinia. When a small group of Muslims migrated, Umar became worried about the future unity of the Quraish and decided to have Muhammad assassinated.

paragraph: Section::::During Muhammad's era.:Conversion to Islam.

paragraph: Umar converted to Islam in 616, one year after the Migration to Abyssinia.

paragraph: The story was recounted in Ibn Ishaq's "Sīrah". On his way to murder Muhammad, Umar met his best friend Nua'im bin Abdullah who had secretly converted to Islam but had not told Umar. When Umar informed him that he had set out to kill Muhammad, Nua'im said, “By God, you have deceived yourself, O Umar! Do you think that Banu Abd Manaf would let you run around alive once you had killed their son Muhammad? Why don't you return to your own house and at least set it straight?"

paragraph: Nuaimal Hakim told him to inquire about his own house where his sister and her husband had converted to Islam. Upon arriving at her house, Umar found his sister and brother-in-law Saeed bin Zaid (Umar's cousin) reciting the verses of the Quran from sura Ta-Ha. He started quarreling with his brother-in-law. When his sister came to rescue her husband, he also started quarreling with her. Yet still they kept on saying "you may kill us but we will not give up Islam". Upon hearing these words, Umar slapped his sister so hard that she fell to the ground bleeding from her mouth. When he saw what he did to his sister, he calmed down out of guilt and asked his sister to give him what she was reciting. His sister replied in the negative and said "You are unclean, and no unclean person can touch the Scripture." He insisted, but his sister was not prepared to allow him to touch the pages unless he washed his body. Umar at last gave in. He washed his body and then began to read the verses that were: "Verily, I am Allah: there is no God but Me; so serve Me (only), and establish regular prayer for My remembrance" (Quran 20:14). He wept and declared, "Surely this is the word of Allah. I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah." On hearing this, Khabbab came out from inside and said: "O, Umar! Glad tidings for you. Yesterday Muhammad prayed to Allah, 'O, Allah! Strengthen Islam with either Umar or Abu Jahl, whomsoever Thou likest.' It seems that his prayer has been answered in your favour."

paragraph: Umar then went to Muhammad with the same sword he intended to kill him with and accepted Islam in front of him and his companions. Umar was 39 years old when he accepted Islam.

paragraph: Following his conversion, Umar went to inform the chief of Quraish, Amr ibn Hishām, about his acceptance of Islam. According to one account, Umar thereafter openly prayed at the Kaaba as the Quraish chiefs, Amr ibn Hishām and Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, reportedly watched in anger. This further helped the Muslims to gain confidence in practicing Islam openly. At this stage Umar even challenged anyone who dared to stop the Muslims from praying, although no one dared to interfere with Umar when he was openly praying.

paragraph: Umar's conversion to Islam granted power to the Muslims and to the Islamic faith in Mecca. It was after this event that Muslims offered prayers openly in Masjid al-Haram for the first time. Abdullah bin Masoud said,

paragraph: Section::::During Muhammad's era.:Migration to Medina.

paragraph: In 622 CE, due to the safety offered by Yathrib (later renamed Medīnat an-Nabī, or simply Medina), Muhammad ordered his followers to migrate to Medina. Most Muslims migrated at night fearing resistance from Quraish at their migration, but Umar is reported to have left openly during the day saying: "Any one who wants to make his wife a widow and his children orphans should come and meet me there behind that cliff." Umar migrated to Medina accompanied by his cousin and brother-in-law Saeed ibn Zaid.

paragraph: Section::::During Muhammad's era.:Life in Medina.

paragraph: When Muhammad arrived in Medina, he paired each immigrant (Muhajir) with one of the residents of the city (Ansari), joining Muhammad ibn Maslamah with Umar, making them brothers in faith. Later in Umar's reign as caliph, Muhammad ibn Muslamah would be assigned the office of Chief Inspector of Accountability.

paragraph: Muslims remained in peace in Medina for approximately a year before the Quraish raised an army to attack them.

paragraph: In 624 Umar participated in the first battle between Muslims and Quraish of Mecca i.e., the Battle of Badr. In 625 he took part in the Battle of Uhud. In the second phase of the battle, when Khalid ibn Walid's cavalry attacked the Muslim rear, turning the tide of battle, rumours of Muhammad's death were spread and many Muslim warriors were routed from the battlefield, Umar among them. However, hearing that Muhammad was still alive, he went to Muhammad at the mountain of Uhud and prepared for the defence of the hill.

paragraph: Later in the year Umar was a part of a campaign against the Jewish tribe of Banu Nadir.

paragraph: In 625 Umar's daughter Hafsah was married to Muhammad.

paragraph: Later in 627 he participated in the Battle of the Trench and also in the Battle of Banu Qurayza. In 628 Umar witnessed the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah.

paragraph: In 628 he fought in the Battle of Khaybar. In 629 Muhammad sent Amr ibn al-A’as to Zaat-ul-Sallasal, after which, Muhammad sent Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah with reinforcements, including Abu Bakr and Umar, whereupon they attacked and defeated the enemy.

paragraph: In 630, when Muslim armies rushed for the conquest of Mecca, he was part of that army. Later in 630, he fought in the Battle of Hunayn and the Siege of Ta'if. He was part of the Muslim army that contested the Battle of Tabouk under Muhammad's command and he was reported to have given half of his wealth for the preparation of this expedition. He also participated in the farewell Hajj of Muhammad in 632.

paragraph: Section::::During Muhammad's era.:Death of Muhammad.

paragraph: When Muhammad died on 8 June 632 Umar initially disbelieved that he was dead. It is said that Umar promised to strike the head of any man who would say that Muhammad died. Umar said: "He has not died but rather he has gone to his lord just as Moses went, remaining absent from his people for forty nights after which he has returned to them. By Allah, the messenger of Allah will indeed return just as Moses returned (to his people) and he will cut off the hands and legs of those men who claimed he has died." Abu Bakr then publicly spoke to the community in the mosque, saying: "Whoever worshiped Muhammad, let them know that Muhammad has died, and whoever worshiped Allah, let them know that Allah is alive and never dies." Abū Bakr then recited these verses from the Qur'an: "Muhammad is but a messenger; messengers (the like of whom) have passed away before him. If, then, he dies or is killed, will you turn back on your heel?" Hearing this, Umar fell on his knees in sorrow and acceptance. Sunni Muslims say that this denial of Muhammad's death was occasioned by his deep love for him.

paragraph: Section::::Foundation of the caliphate.

paragraph: Umar's political capacity first manifested as the architect of the caliphate after Muhammad died on 8 June 632. While the funeral of Muhammad was being arranged a group of Muhammad's followers who were natives of Medina, the "Ansar" (helpers), organised a meeting on the outskirts of the city, effectively locking out those companions known as "Muhajirs" (The Emigrants) including Umar. Umar found out about this meeting at Saqifah Bani Saadah, and, taking with him two other Muhajirs, Abu Bakr and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, proceeded to the meeting, presumably to head off the Ansars' plans for political separation. Arriving at the meeting, Umar was faced with a unified community of tribes from the Ansar who refused to accept the leadership of the Muhajirs. However, Umar was undeterred in his belief the caliphate should be under the control of the Muhajirs. Though the Khazraj were in disagreement, Umar, after strained negotiations lasting one or two days, brilliantly divided the Ansar into their old warring factions of Aws and Khazraj tribes. Umar resolved the divisions by placing his hand on that of Abu Bakr as a unity candidate for those gathered in the Saqifah. Others at the Saqifah followed suit, with the exception of the Khazraj tribe and their leader, Sa'd ibn 'Ubada, who were ostracized as a result. The Khazraj tribe is said to have posed no significant threat as there were sufficient men of war from the Medinan tribes such as the Banu Aws to immediately organize them into a military bodyguard for Abu Bakr.

paragraph: Wilferd Madelung summarises Umar's contribution:

paragraph: According to various Twelver Shia sources and Madelung, Umar and Abu Bakr had in effect mounted a political coup against Ali at the Saqifah According to one version of narrations in primary sources, Umar and Abu Bakr are also said to have used force to try to secure the allegiance from Ali and his party. It has been reported in mainly Persian historical sources written 300 years later, such as in the History of al-Tabari, that after Ali's refusal to pay homage, Abu Bakr sent Umar with an armed contingent to Fatimah's house where Ali and his supporters are said to have gathered. Umar is reported to have warned those in the House that unless Ali succumbed to Abu Bakr, he would set the House on fire and under these circumstances Ali was forced to capitulate. This version of events, fully accepted by Shia scholars, is generally rejected by Sunni scholars who, in view of other reports in their literature, believe that Ali gave an oath of alliance to Abu Bakr without any grievance. But then other Sunni and Shia sources say that Ali did not swear allegiance to Abu Bakr after his election but six months later after the death of his wife Fatimah putting into question al-Tabari's account. Either way the Sunni and the Shia accounts both accept that Ali felt that Abu Bakr should have informed him before going into the meeting with the Ansar and that Ali did swear allegiance to Abu Bakr.

paragraph: Western scholars tend to agree that Ali believed he had a clear mandate to succeed Muhammad, but offer differing views as to the extent of use of force by Umar in an attempt to intimidate Ali and his supporters. For instance, Madelung discounts the possibility of the use of force and argues that:

paragraph: According to Tom Holland, Umar's historicity is beyond dispute. An Armenian bishop writing a decade or so after Qadisiyya describes Umar as a "mighty potentate coordinating the advance of the sons of Ismael from the depths of the desert". Tom Holland writes "What added incomparably to his prestige, was that his earth-shaking qualities as a generalissimo were combined with the most distinctive cast of virtues. Rather than ape the manner of a Caesar, as the Ghassanid kings had done, he drew on the example of a quite different kind of Christian. Umar's threadbare robes, his diet of bread, salt and water, and his rejection of worldly riches would have reminded anyone from the desert reaches beyond Palestine of a very particular kind of person. Monks out in the Judaean desert had long been casting themselves as warriors of God. The achievement of Umar was to take such language to a literal and previously unimaginable extreme."

paragraph: Section::::Abu Bakr's era.

paragraph: Due to the delicate political situation in Arabia, Umar initially opposed military operations against the rebel tribes there, hoping to gain their support in the event of an invasion by the Romans or the Persians. Later, however, he came to agree with Abu Bakr's strategy to crush the rebellion by force. By late 632 CE, Khalid ibn Walid had successfully united Arabia after consecutive victories against the rebels. During his own reign later, Umar would mostly adopt the policy of avoiding wars and consolidating his power in the incorporated lands rather than expanding his empire through continuous warfare.

paragraph: Umar advised Abu Bakr to compile the Quran in the form of a book after 300 huffāẓ (memorizers) of the Quran died in the Battle of Yamamah.

paragraph: Section::::Abu Bakr's era.:Appointment as a caliph.

paragraph: Abu Bakr appointed Umar as his successor before dying in 634 CE. Due to his strict and autocratic nature, Umar was not a very popular figure among the notables of Medina and members of Majlis al Shura; accordingly, high-ranking companions of Abu Bakr, attempted to discourage him from naming Umar.

paragraph: Nevertheless, Abu Bakr decided to make Umar his successor.

paragraph: Umar was well-known for his extraordinary willpower, intelligence, political astuteness, impartiality, justice and care for the poor.

paragraph: Abu Bakr is reported to have said to the high-ranking advisers:

paragraph: Abu Bakr was aware of Umar's power and ability to succeed him. His was perhaps one of the smoothest transitions of power from one authority to another in the Muslim lands.

paragraph: Before his death, Abu Bakr called Uthman to write his will in which he declared Umar his successor. In his will he instructed Umar to continue the conquests on Iraqi and Syrian fronts.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as caliph.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as caliph.:Initial challenges.

paragraph: Even though almost all of the Muslims had given their pledge of loyalty to Umar, he was feared more than loved. According to Muhammad Husayn Haykal, the first challenge for Umar was to win over his subjects and the members of Majlis al Shura.

paragraph: Umar was a gifted orator, and he used his ability to improve his reputation among the people.

paragraph: Muhammad Husayn Haykal wrote that Umar's stress was on the well-being of the poor and underprivileged.

paragraph: In addition to this, Umar, in order to improve his reputation and relation with the Banu Hashim, the tribe of Ali, delivered to the latter his disputed estates in Khayber. He followed Abu Bakr's decision over the disputed land of Fidak, continuing to treat it as state property.

paragraph: In the Ridda wars, thousands of prisoners from rebel and apostate tribes were taken away as slaves during the expeditions. Umar ordered a general amnesty for the prisoners, and their immediate emancipation. This made Umar quite popular among the Bedouin tribes.

paragraph: With the necessary public support on his side, Umar took the bold decision of recalling Khalid ibn Walid from supreme command on the Roman front.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as caliph.:Political and civil administration.

paragraph: The government of Umar was a unitary government, where the sovereign political authority was the caliph. The empire of Umar was divided into provinces and some autonomous territories, e.g., Azerbaijan and Armenia, that had accepted the suzerainty of the caliphate. The provinces were administered by the provincial governors or "Wali", personally and fastidiously selected by Umar. Provinces were further divided into about 100 districts. Each district or main city was under the charge of a junior governor or Amir, usually appointed by Umar himself, but occasionally also appointed by the provincial governor. Other officers at the provincial level were:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "Katib", the Chief Secretary.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. "Katib-ud-Diwan", the Military Secretary.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. "Sahib-ul-Kharaj", the Revenue Collector.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. "Sahib-ul-Ahdath", the Police chief.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. "Sahib-Bait-ul-Mal", the Treasury Officer.

paragraph: BULLET::::6. "Qadi", the Chief Judge.

paragraph: In some districts there were separate military officers, though the "Wali" was, in most cases, the Commander-in-chief of the army quartered in the province.

paragraph: Every appointment was made in writing. At the time of appointment an instrument of instructions was issued with a view to regulating the "Wali's" conduct. On assuming office, the "Wali" was required to assemble the people in the main mosque, and read the instrument of instructions before them.

paragraph: Umar's general instructions to his officers were:

paragraph: Various other strict codes of conduct were to be obeyed by the governors and state officials. The principal officers were required to travel to Mecca on the occasion of the Hajj, during which people were free to present any complaint against them. In order to minimize the chances of corruption, Umar made it a point to pay high salaries to the staff. Provincial governors received as much as five to seven thousand dirham annually besides their shares of the spoils of war (if they were also the commander in chief of the army of their sector).

paragraph: Under Umar the empire was divided into the following provinces:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Mecca (Arabia)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Medina (Arabia)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Basra (Iraq)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Kufa (Iraq)

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Jazira, in the upper reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Syria

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Iliyā' (إلياء) (Palestine)

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Ramlah (Palestine)

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Upper Egypt

paragraph: BULLET::::10. Lower Egypt

paragraph: BULLET::::11. Khorasan (Persia)

paragraph: BULLET::::12. Azerbaijan (Persia)

paragraph: BULLET::::13. Fars (Persia)

paragraph: Umar was first to establish a special department for the investigation of complaints against the officers of the State. This department acted as the Administrative court, where the legal proceedings were personally led by Umar.

paragraph: The Department was under the charge of Muhammad ibn Maslamah, one of Umar's most trusted men. In important cases Muhammad ibn Maslamah was deputed by Umar to proceed to the spot, investigate the charge and take action. Sometimes an Inquiry Commission was constituted to investigate the charge. On occasion, the officers against whom complaints were received were summoned to Medina, and charged in Umar's administrative court.

paragraph: Umar was known for this intelligence service through which he made his officials accountable. This service was also said to have inspired fear in his subjects.

paragraph: Umar was a pioneer in some affairs:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Umar was the first to introduce the public ministry system, where the records of officials and soldiers were kept. He also kept a record system for messages he sent to Governors and heads of state.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. He was the first to appoint police forces to keep civil order.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. He was the first to discipline the people when they became disordered.

paragraph: Another important aspect of Umar's rule was that he forbade any of his governors and agents from engaging in any sort of business dealings whilst in a position of power. An agent of Umar by the name of Al Harith ibn K'ab ibn Wahb was once found to have extra money beyond his salary and Umar enquired about his wealth. Al Harith replied that he had some money and he engaged in trade with it. Umar said: " By Allah, we did not send you to engage in trade!" and he took from him the profits he had made.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as caliph.:Canals.

paragraph: Since Medina, with a rapidly growing population, was at risk of recurring famines when crops were lacking, Umar sought to facilitate the import of grain. He ordered the building of a canal connecting the Nile to the Red Sea and an improvement of port infrastructure on the Arabian coast. When Basra was established during Umar's rule, he started building a nine-mile canal from the Tigris to the new city for irrigation and drinking water. Al-Tabari reports that 'Utba ibn Ghazwan built the first canal from the Tigris River to the site of Basra when the city was in the planning stage. After the city was built, Umar appointed Abu Musa Ashaari (17-29/638 – 650) as its first governor. He began building two important canals, the al-Ubulla and the Ma'qil, linking Basra with the Tigris River. These two canals were the basis for the agricultural development for the whole Basra region and used for drinking water. Umar also adopted a policy of assigning barren lands to those who undertook to cultivate them. This policy continued during the Umayyad period and resulted in the cultivation of large areas of barren lands through the construction of irrigation canals by the state and by individuals.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as caliph.:Reforms.

paragraph: Under Umar's leadership, the empire expanded; accordingly, he began to build a political structure that would hold together the vast territory. He undertook many administrative reforms and closely oversaw public policy, establishing an advanced administration for the newly conquered lands, including several new ministries and bureaucracies, and ordered a census of all the Muslim territories. During his rule, the garrison cities ("amsar") of Basra and Kufa were founded or expanded. In 638, he extended and renovated the Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) in Mecca and Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Mosque of the Prophet) in Medina.

paragraph: Umar also ordered the expulsion to Syria and Iraq of the Christian and Jewish communities of Najran and Khaybar. He also permitted Jewish families to resettle in Jerusalem, which had previously been barred from all Jews. He issued orders that these Christians and Jews should be treated well and allotted them the equivalent amount of land in their new settlements. Umar also forbade non-Muslims from residing in the Hejaz for longer than three days.

paragraph: He was first to establish the army as a state department.

paragraph: Umar was founder of Fiqh, or Islamic jurisprudence. He is regarded by Sunni Muslims as one of the greatest Faqih, and, as such, he started the process of codifying Islamic Law.

paragraph: In 641, he established Bayt al-mal, a financial institution and started annual allowances for the Muslims.

paragraph: As a leader, 'Umar was known for his simple, austere lifestyle. Rather than adopt the pomp and display affected by the rulers of the time, he continued to live much as he had when Muslims were poor and persecuted. In 638, his fourth year as caliph and the seventeenth year since the Hijra, he decreed that the Islamic calendar should be counted from the year of the Hijra of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as caliph.:Visit to Jerusalem in 637 CE.

paragraph: Umar's visit to Jerusalem is documented in several sources. A recently discovered Judeo-Arabic text has disclosed the following anecdote:

paragraph: "Umar ordered Gentiles and a group of Jews to sweep the area of the Temple Mount. Umar oversaw the work. The Jews who had come sent letters to the rest of the Jews in Palestine and informed them that Umar had permitted resettlement of Jerusalem by Jews. Umar, after some consultation, permitted seventy Jewish households to return. They returned to live in the southern part of the city, i.e., the Market of the Jews. (Their aim was to be near the water of "Silwan" and the Temple Mount and its gates). Then the Commander Umar granted them this request. The seventy families moved to Jerusalem from Tiberias and the area around it with their wives and children."

paragraph: It is also reported in the name of the Alexandrian Bishop Eutychius (932–940 CE) that the rock known as the Temple Mount had been a place of ruins as far back as the time of the Empress Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, who built churches in Jerusalem. "The Byzantines," he said, "had deliberately left the ancient site of the Temple as it was, and had even thrown rubbish on it, so that a great heap of rubble formed." It was only when Umar marched into Jerusalem with an army that he asked Kaab, who was Jewish before he converted to Islam, "Where do you advise me to build a place of worship?" Kaab indicated the Temple Rock, now a gigantic heap of ruins from the temple of Jupiter. The Jews, Kaab explained, had briefly won back their old capital a quarter of a century before (when Persians overran Syria and Palestine), but they had not had time to clear the site of the Temple, for the "Rums" (Byzantines) had recaptured the city. It was then that Umar ordered the rubbish on the "Ṣakhra" (rock) to be removed by the Nabataeans, and after three showers of heavy rain had cleansed the Rock, he instituted prayers there. To this day, the place is known as "ḳubbat es ṣakhra", the Dome of the Rock.

paragraph: According to lexicographer David ben Abraham al-Fasi (died before 1026 CE), the Muslim conquest of Palestine brought relief to the country's Jewish citizens, who had previously been barred by the Byzantines from praying on the Temple Mount.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as caliph.:Military expansion.

paragraph: The military conquests were partially terminated between 638 and 639 during the years of great famine in Arabia and plague in the Levant. During his reign the Levant, Egypt, Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, Fezzan, Eastern Anatolia, almost the whole of the Sassanid Persian Empire including Bactria, Persia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Caucasus and Makran were annexed to the Rashidun Caliphate. According to one estimate more than 4,050 cities were captured during these military conquests. Prior to his death in 644, Umar had ceased all military expeditions apparently to consolidate his rule in recently conquered Roman Egypt and the newly conquered Sassanid Empire (642–644). At his death in November 644, his rule extended from present day Libya in the west to the Indus river in the east and the Oxus river in the north.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as caliph.:Great famine.

paragraph: In 638 CE, Arabia fell into severe drought followed by a famine. Soon after, the reserves of food at Medina began to run out. Umar ordered caravans of supplies from Syria and Iraq, and personally supervised their distribution. His actions saved countless lives throughout Arabia. The first governor to respond was Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, the governor of Syria and supreme commander of the Rashidun army.

paragraph: Later, Abu Ubaidah paid a personal visit to Medina and acted as an officer of disaster management, which was headed personally by Umar. For internally displaced people, Umar hosted a dinner every night at Medina, which according to one estimate, had attendance of more than a hundred thousand people.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as caliph.:Great plague.

paragraph: While famine was ending in Arabia, many districts in Syria and Palestine were devastated by plague. While Umar was on his way to visit Syria, at Elat, he was received by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, governor of Syria, who informed him about the plague and its intensity, and suggested that Umar go back to Medina. Umar tried to persuade Abu Ubaidah to come with him to Medina, but he declined to leave his troops in that critical situation. Abu Ubaidah died in 639 of the plague, which also cost the lives of 25,000 Muslims in Syria. After the plague had weakened, in late 639, Umar visited Syria for political and administrative re-organization, as most of the veteran commanders and governors had died of the plague.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as caliph.:Welfare state.

paragraph: To be close to the poor, Umar lived in a simple mud hut without doors and walked the streets every evening. After consulting with the poor, Umar established the first welfare state, Bayt al-mal. The Bayt al-mal aided the Muslim and non-Muslim poor, needy, elderly, orphans, widows, and the disabled. The Bayt al-mal ran for hundreds of years, from the Rashidun Caliphate in the 7th century through the Umayyad period (661–750) and well into the Abbasid era. Umar also introduced a child benefit and pensions for the children and the elderly.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as caliph.:Free trade.

paragraph: Local populations of Jews and Christians, persecuted as religious minorities and taxed heavily to finance the Byzantine–Sassanid Wars, often aided Muslims to take over their lands from the Byzantines and Persians, resulting in exceptionally speedy conquests. As new areas were attached to the Caliphate, they also benefited from free trade, while trading with other areas in the Caliphate (to encourage commerce, in Islam trade is not taxed, but wealth is subject to the zakat). Since the so-called Constitution of Medina, drafted by Muhammad, the Jews and the Christians continued to use their own laws in the Caliphate and had their own judges.

paragraph: Section::::Assassination.

paragraph: In 644, Umar was assassinated by a Persian slave named Abu Lulu by later accounts. His motivation for the assassination is not clear. One possible explanation was that it was done in response to the Muslim conquest of Persia. The assassination was planned several months earlier. In October 644, Umar undertook a Hajj to Mecca, during which the assassins pronounced Umar's imminent death that year, and the massive crowd of the congregation was used by the conspirators as a veil to hide themselves.

paragraph: During one of rituals of Hajj, the Ramy al-Jamarat ("stoning of the Devil"), someone threw a stone at Umar that wounded his head; a voice was heard that Umar will not attend the Hajj ever again.

paragraph: The Persian slave Piruz Nahavandi (also known as Abu Lulu) brought a complaint to Umar about the high tax charged by his master Mughirah. Umar wrote to Mughirah and inquired about the tax; Mughirah's reply was satisfactory, but Umar held that the tax charged to Abu Lulu was reasonable, owing to his daily income. Umar then is reported to have asked Abu Lulu: "I heard that you make windmills; make one for me as well." In a sullen mood, Piruz said, "Verily I will make such a mill for you, that the whole world would remember it".

paragraph: It was Piruz who was assigned the mission of assassinating Umar. According to the plan, before the Fajr prayers (the morning prayers before the dawn) Piruz would enter Al-Masjid al-Nabawi, the main mosque of Medina where Umar led the prayers and would attack Umar during the prayers, and then flee or mix with the congregation at the mosque.

paragraph: On 31 October 644, Piruz attacked Umar while he was leading the morning prayers, stabbing him six times in the belly and finally in the navel, that proved fatal. Umar was left profusely bleeding while Piruz tried to flee, but people from all sides rushed to capture him; in his efforts to escape he is reported to have wounded twelve other people, six or nine of whom later died, before slashing himself with his own blade to commit suicide.

paragraph: Umar died of the wounds three days later on Wednesday 3 November 644 (26th Dhū al-Ḥijja 23).

paragraph: As per Umar's will, he was buried next to Al-Masjid al-Nabawi alongside Muhammad and caliph Abu Bakr by the permission of Aisha.

paragraph: Section::::Assassination.:Aftermath.

paragraph: On his deathbed, Umar vacillated on his succession. However, it has been reported that he said that if Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, Khalid ibn Walid or Salim, the mawla and freed Persian slave, were alive he would have appointed one of them his successor. Umar finally appointed a committee of six persons to choose a caliph from amongst them: Abdur Rahman bin Awf, Saad ibn Abi Waqqas, Talha ibn Ubaidullah, Uthman ibn Affan, Ali ibn Abi Talib and Zubayr ibn al-Awwam.

paragraph: All six are among the ten people promised paradise according to Sunnis. The only one out of the 'famous ten' left out of the committee who was still alive at the time was Saeed ibn Zaid, the cousin and brother-in-law of Umar. He was excluded on the basis of being related by blood and of the same tribe as Umar. Umar had a policy of not appointing anyone related to him to a position of authority even if they were qualified by his standards.

paragraph: Umar appointed a band of fifty armed soldiers to protect the house where the meeting was proceeding.

paragraph: Until the appointment of the next caliph, Umar appointed a notable Sahabi and mawla, Suhayb ar-Rumi ("Suhayb the Roman"), as a caretaker caliph.

paragraph: While the meeting for selection of a caliph was proceeding, Abdulrehman ibn Abu Bakr and Abdur Rahman bin Awf revealed that they saw the dagger used by Piruz, the assassin of Umar. A night before Umar's assassination, reported Abdur Rahman bin Awf, he saw Hurmuzan, Jafina and Abu Lulu, while they were suspiciously discussing something. Surprised by his presence, the dagger fell; it was the same two-sided dagger used in the assassination. Abdulrehman ibn Abu Bakr, son of the late caliph Abu Bakr, confirmed that, a few days before Umar's assassination, he saw this dagger in Hurmuzan's possession. After this revelation, it seemed clear that it had been planned by the Persians residing in Medina. Infuriated by this, Umar's younger son Ubaidullah ibn Umar sought to kill all the Persians in Medina. He killed Hurmuzan, Jafinah, and the daughter of Umar's assassin Abu Lulu, who is believed to have been a Muslim. Ubaidullah was intercepted by the people of Medina, who prevented him from continuing the massacre. Amr ibn al-Aas is said to have intercepted him and convinced him to hand over his sword. The murder of Jafinah enraged Saad ibn Abi Waqqas, his foster brother, and he assaulted Ubaidullah ibn Umar; again the companions intervened. When Umar was informed about the incident, he ordered Ubaidullah imprisoned, and that the next caliph should decide his fate.

paragraph: Umar died on 3 November 644; on 7 November Uthman succeeded him as caliph. After prolonged negotiations, the tribunal decided to give blood money to the victims, and released Umar's son Ubaidullah on the ground that, after the tragedy of Umar's assassination, people would be further infuriated by the execution of his son the very next day.

paragraph: Section::::Physical appearance.

paragraph: Umar was strong, fit, athletic and good at wrestling. He is said to have participated in the wrestling matches on the occasion of the annual fair of Ukaz. From first hand accounts of his physical appearance Umar is said to be vigorous, robust and a very tall man; in markets he would tower above the people. The front part of his head was bald, always "A'sara Yusran" (working with two hands), both his eyes were black, with yellow skin; however, ibn Sa'ad in his book stated that he never knew that 'Umar had yellow skin, except for a certain part of Umar's life where his color changed due to his frequent consumption of oil. Others say he had reddish-white skin. His teeth were "ashnabul asnan" (very white shining). He would always color his beard and take care of his hair using a type of plant.

paragraph: Early Muslim historians "Ibn Saad" and "Al-Hakim" mention that Abu Miriam Zir, a native of Kufa, described Umar as being "advanced in years, bald, of a tawny colour – a left handed man, tall and towering above the people". Umar's eldest son Abdullah described his father as "a man of fair complexion, a ruddy tint prevailing, tall, bald and grey". Historian Salima bin al-Akwa'a said that "Umar was ambidextrous, he could use both his hands equally well". On the authority of "Abu Raja al-U'taridi", Ibn Asakir records that "Umar was a man tall, stout, very bald, very ruddy with scanty hair on the cheeks, his moustaches large, and the ends thereof reddish".

paragraph: Section::::Assessments.

paragraph: Section::::Assessments.:Political legacy.

paragraph: One writer states that Umar was a political genius and, as an architect of the Islamic Empire, rates him as the 52nd most influential figure in history. Umar was one of Muhammad's chief advisers. After Muhammad's passing, it was Umar who reconciled the Medinan Muslims to accept Abu Bakr, a Meccan, as the caliph. During Abu Bakr's era, he actively participated as his secretary and main adviser. After succeeding Abu Bakr as caliph, Umar won over the hearts of Bedouin tribes by emancipating all their prisoners and slaves taken during the Ridda wars.

paragraph: He built up an efficient administrative structure that held together his vast realm. He organized an effective intelligence network, one of the reasons for his strong grip on his bureaucracy.

paragraph: Umar never appointed governors for more than two years, for they might amass too much local power. He dismissed his most successful general, Khalid ibn Walid, because he wanted people to know that it is Allah who grants victory, and to counter the cult of personality that had built up around Khalid, for the sake of the Muslim faith.

paragraph: He would patrol the streets of Medina with a whip in his hand, ready to punish any offenders he might come across. It is said that Umar's whip was feared more than the sword of another man. But with all of this, he was also known for being kindhearted, answering the needs of the fatherless and widows.

paragraph: Umar's swift imposition of justice against his governors for misdeeds made even powerful governors such as Muawiyah scared of him. Ali ibn Abu Talib, during the later rule of Uthman ibn Affan, wanted Uthman to be more strict with his governors, saying, "I adjure you by God, do you know that Mu'awiyah was more afraid of Umar than was Umar's own servant Yarfa?"

paragraph: Under Umar's rule, in order to promote strict discipline, Arab soldiers were settled outside of cities, between the desert and cultivated lands in special garrison towns known as "amsar". Known examples of such settlements are Basra and Kufa, in Iraq, and Fustat south of what would later become Cairo. His soldiers were forbidden to own land outside of Arabia. There were restrictions on their right to seize buildings and other immovable things usually thought of as prizes of war. Movable spoils were shared with the people of the umma, regardless of their social stratum.

paragraph: A modern researcher writes about this:

paragraph: In "The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire", Gibbon refers to Umar in the following terms:

paragraph: His rule was one of the few moments in the history of Islam where Muslims were united as a single community. Abdullah ibn Masʿud would often weep whenever the subject of Umar was brought up. He said: "Umar was a fortress of Islam. People would enter Islam and not leave. When he died, the fortress was breached and now people are going out of Islam". Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah before Umar died famously said: "If Umar dies, Islam would be weakened". People asked him why and his reply was "You will see what I am speaking about if you survive."

paragraph: His greatest achievement from a religious perspective was the compilation of the Qur'an. This had not been done during the time of Muhammad. However, during the Battle of Yamama a great number of the memorizers of the Quran perished in the battle. On the advice of Umar, Abu Bakr tasked Zayd ibn Thabit with the momentous task of compiling the Quran into a single Book.

paragraph: Section::::Assessments.:Military legacy.

paragraph: Along with Khalid ibn Walid, Umar was influential in the Ridda wars.

paragraph: One strategic success was his sundering of the Byzantine-Sassanid alliance in 636, when Emperor Heraclius and Emperor Yazdegerd III allied against their common enemy. He was lucky in that the Persian Emperor Yazdegerd III couldn't synchronize with Heraclius as planned. Umar fully availed himself of the opportunity by inducing the Byzantines to act prematurely. This was contrary to the orders of Emperor Heraclius, who presumably wanted a coordinated attack along with the Persians. Umar did this by sending reinforcements to the Roman front in the Battle of Yarmouk, with instructions that they should appear in the form of small bands, one after the other, giving the impression of a continuous stream of reinforcements that finally lured the Byzantines to an untimely battle. On the other hand, Yazdegerd III was engaged in negotiations that further gave Umar time to transfer his troops from Syria to Iraq. These troops proved decisive in the Battle of Qadisiyyah.

paragraph: His strategy resulted in a Muslim victory at the Second Battle of Emesa in 638, where the pro-Byzantine Christian Arabs of Jazira, aided by the Byzantine Emperor, made an unexpected flanking movement and laid siege to Emesa (Homs).

paragraph: Umar issued an order to invade the very homeland of the Christian Arab forces besieging Emesa, the Jazirah. A three-pronged attack against Jazirah was launched from Iraq. To further pressure the Christian Arab armies, Umar instructed Saad ibn Abi Waqqas, commander of Muslim forces in Iraq, to send reinforcements to Emesa. Umar himself led reinforcements there from Medina. Under this unprecedented pressure, the Christian Arabs retreated from Emesa before Muslim reinforcements could arrive. The Muslims annexed Mesopotamia and parts of Byzantine Armenia.

paragraph: After the Battle of Nahavand, Umar launched a full-scale invasion of the Sassanid Persian Empire. The invasion was a series of well-coordinated multi-pronged attacks designed to isolate and destroy their targets. Umar launched the invasion by attacking the very heart of Persia, aiming to isolate Azerbaijan and eastern Persia. This was immediately followed by simultaneous attacks on Azerbaijan and Fars. Next, Sistan and Kirman were captured, thus isolating the stronghold of Persia, the Khurasan. The final expedition was launched against Khurasan, where, after the Battle of Oxus River, the Persian empire ceased to exist, and Yazdegerd III fled to Central Asia.

paragraph: Section::::Assessments.:Religious legacy.

paragraph: Section::::Assessments.:Religious legacy.:Sunni views.

paragraph: Umar is remembered by Sunnis as a rigid Muslim of a sound and just disposition in matters of religion; a man they title "Farooq", meaning "leader, jurist and statesman", and the second of the rightly guided caliphs. He patched his clothes with skin, took buckets on his two shoulders, always riding his donkey without the saddle, rarely laughing and never joking with anyone. On his ring is written the words "Enough is Death as a reminder to you O' 'Umar". He did not seek advancement for his own family, but rather sought to advance the interests of the Muslim community, the "ummah". According to one of Muhammad's companions, Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud:

paragraph: Section::::Assessments.:Religious legacy.:Shia views.

paragraph: Umar is viewed very negatively in the literature of Twelver Shi'a (the main branch of Shia Islam) and is often regarded as a usurper of Ali's right to the Caliphate. After the Saqifah assembly chose Abu Bakr as caliph, Umar marched with armed men to Ali's house in order to get the allegiance of Ali and his supporters. Sources indicate that a threat was made to burn Ali's house if he refused, but the encounter ended when Fatimah, wife of Ali, intervened. According to the majority of Twelver scholar writings, Fatimah was physically assaulted by Umar, that this caused her to miscarry her child, Muhsin ibn Ali, and led to her death soon after. (see Umar at Fatimah's house). However, some Twelver scholars, such as Fadhlalla, reject these accounts of physical abuse as a "myth", although Fadlallah mentioned that his speech is a probability, and not a certain reason to reject that event.

paragraph: Another Shia sect, the Zaidiyyah followers of Zaid ibn Ali, generally has two views about that. Some branches, such as Jaroudiah (Sarhubiyya), don’t accept Umar and Abu Bakr as legitimate caliphs. For instance, Jarudiyya believes that Muhammad appointed Ali and believes that the denial of the Imamate of Ali after Muhammad's passing would lead to infidelity and deviation from the right path. The other view accepts Umar and Abu Bakr as legitimate caliphs, albeit inferior to Ali. According to al-Tabari (and Ibn A'tham), when asked about Abu Bakr and Umar, Zayd ibn Ali replied: "I have not heard anyone in my family renouncing them both nor saying anything but good about them...when they were entrusted with government they behaved justly with the people and acted according to the Qur'an and the Sunnah.".

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Umar married nine women in his lifetime and had fourteen children: ten sons and four daughters.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Al-Farooq", modern biography about Umar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al Farooq Omar Bin Al Khattab Mosque, mosque named for him in Dubai

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sahaba

paragraph: BULLET::::- Farooqi

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Umar ibn Al-Khattāb", television series

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pact of Umar

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Donner, Fred, "The Early Islamic Conquests", Princeton University Press, 1981.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guillaume, A., "The Life of Muhammad", Oxford University Press, 1955.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albert Hourani, "A History of the Arab Peoples", Faber and Faber, 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Madelung, Wilferd, "The Succession to Muhammad", Cambridge University Press, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. Levi Della Vida and M. Bonner, "Umar" in "Encyclopedia of Islam", CD-ROM Edition v. 1.0, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Previte-Orton, C. W. (1971). "The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- How Many Companions Do You Know? By Ali Al-Halawani.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Excerpt from "The History of the Khalifahs" by Jalal ad-Din as-Suyuti

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sirah of Amirul Muminin Umar Bin Khattab by Shaykh Sayyed Muhammad bin Yahya Al-Husayni Al-Ninowy.

alias:
Farooq the Great
Leader of the Faithful
Umar

description: companion of Muhammad

enwikiquote_title: Umar

wikidata_label: Umar ibn Al-Khattāb

wikipedia_title: Umar


text: St. Petersburg

text: Moscow

text: People's Artist of the RSFSR

text: St. Petersburg Conservatory

text: Serge Koussevitzky

text: Kiev State Academic Ukrainian Opera

text: Kiev Conservatory

text: Moscow Conservatory

text: Yehudi Menuhin

text: Violin Concerto

text: Ivan Kozlovsky

categories: 1873 births,1948 deaths,Russian conductors (music)

image: 512px-Могила_дирижёра_Александра_Орлова.JPG

paragraph: Aleksander Orlov

paragraph: Aleksandr Ivanovich Orlov () (St. Petersburg 18 August 1873 - Moscow October 10, 1948) was a Russian opera conductor, and People's Artist of the RSFSR (1945). He was the first head of the Bolshoi Symphony Orchestra of All-Union Radio (1930–1937).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Orlov studied violin at the St. Petersburg Conservatory, under P.A. Krasnokutske, and conducting under P.F. Juon in Berlin. From 1902 he worked as a symphonic and opera conductor in the cities of southern Russia. From 1912-1917 he was conductor of the Symphony Orchestra under Serge Koussevitzky in Moscow, and at the same time implemented a number of opera productions, 1914-1924. From 1925-1929 Orlov was Principal Conductor of Kiev State Academic Ukrainian Opera, and a professor of the Kiev Conservatory. His students included N. Rachlin. From 1930 Orlov headed the Grand Symphony Orchestra of All-Union Radio, and premiered many works by Soviet composers, and directing opera performances on radio and at the Moscow Conservatory.

paragraph: He conducted Yehudi Menuhin's first recorded performance of Beethoven's Violin Concerto in 1946.

paragraph: Section::::Selected Opera Recordings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1937 - "Eugene Onegin" (Onegin - Panteleimon Nortsov, Lensky - Ivan Kozlovsky, Tatiana - Elena Kruglikova)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1946 - "Lakme" sung in Russian (Lakmé - Hope Kazantsev, Gerald - Sergei Lemeshev)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1947 - "La Traviata" sung in Russian (Violetta - Elizabeth Shumskaya, Alfredo Germont - Ivan Kozlovsky, Germont - Paul Lisician)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1948 - "Eugene Onegin" (Onegin - Andrey Ivanov, Lensky - Ivan Kozlovsky, Tatiana - Elena Kruglikova)

description: Opera conductor

wikidata_label: Aleksander Orlov

wikipedia_title: Aleksander Orlov


text: FRSE

text: FSA

text: Alderley Park

text: Sir Edward Stanley, 5th Baronet

text: George III

text: Faroe Islands

text: Iceland

text: Mount Hekla

text: Royal Society of Edinburgh

text: Andrew Dalzell

text: Adam Smith

text: James Hutton

text: Penrhos

text: Bishop Edward Stanley

text: Baldwin Leighton

text: Arthur Penrhyn Stanley

text: Westminster Abbey

text: Philip Mercier

categories: Baronets in the Baronetage of England,1735 births,1807 deaths,Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh

paragraph: Sir John Thomas Stanley, 6th Baronet

paragraph: Sir John Thomas Stanley, 6th Baronet FRSE FSA (26 March 1735–29 November 1807) was an 18/19th century British landowner and amateur scientist.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born at Alderley Park on 26 March 1735, the eldest son of Sir Edward Stanley, 5th Baronet and his wife Mary Ward. He succeeded to the baronetcy in August 1755 following the death of his father.

paragraph: He served in the Royal Court as Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to King George III.

paragraph: In 1789 he made a celebrated voyage to the Faroe Islands and Iceland with James Wright, Isaac Benners and John Baine, including the climbing of Mount Hekla.

paragraph: In 1789 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers for the latter were Andrew Dalzell, Adam Smith, and James Hutton.

paragraph: He died on 29 November 1807.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1763, he married Margaret Owen, daughter of Hugh Owen of Penrhos.

paragraph: He was father to John Thomas Stanley, 1st Baron Stanley of Alderley and Bishop Edward Stanley. His only daughter, Margaretta Louisa Ann Stanley married General Sir Baldwin Leighton 6th Baronet.

paragraph: He was grandfather to Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, Dean of Westminster Abbey.

paragraph: Section::::Portrait.

paragraph: He was portrayed in his youth by Philip Mercier.

wikidata_label: Sir John Thomas Stanley

wikipedia_title: Sir John Thomas Stanley, 6th Baronet


text:
swimmer
women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay
2018 Asian Games

categories: Asian Games medalists in swimming,1999 births,Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games,Female freestyle swimmers,Asian Games silver medalists for Japan,Swimmers at the 2018 Asian Games,Japanese female swimmers,Asian Games gold medalists for Japan,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people

paragraph: Rio Shirai

paragraph: Rio Shirai (born 10 September 1999) is a Japanese swimmer. She competed in the women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay event at the 2018 Asian Games, winning the gold medal.

description: Japanese swimmer

wikidata_label: Rio Shirai

wikipedia_title: Rio Shirai


text: diplomat

text: Russian Empire

text: King Gojong

text: Korea

text: Joseon Dynasty

text: Russia

text: history of Asia

text: University of Saint Petersburg

text: Beijing

text: Tianjin

text: Seoul

text: Alsace

text: Antoinette Sontag

text: Russian

text: German expatriate communities of Seoul

text: Ferdinand Krien

text: Nicholas II of Russia

text: Alexei Speyer

text: Tokyo

text: Japan

text: Queen Min

text: personally offered King Gojong refuge

text: Jung-gu, Seoul

text: Yi Wan-yong

text: Yi Beom-jin

text: Komura-Waeber Memorandum

text: Komura Jutarō

text: majordomo

text: Saint Petersburg

text: Russo-Japanese War

text: Order of St. Andrew

text: Niederlößnitz

text: Kötzschenbroda

text: Radebeul

text: Otto Rometsch

text: Adolph Suppes

text: Ernst Thalheim

text: First Sino-Japanese War

categories: Russian people of German descent,Imperial Russian diplomats,Saint Petersburg State University alumni,Russian nobility,Imperial Russian emigrants to Japan,Imperial Russian emigrants to Korea,1841 births,1910 deaths,Imperial Russian emigrants to China

paragraph: Karl Ivanovich Weber

paragraph: Karl Ivanovich Weber (also Carl von Waeber; , – 8 January 1910) was a diplomat of the Russian Empire and a personal friend to King Gojong of Korea's Joseon Dynasty. He is best known for his 1885–1897 service as Russia's first consul general to Korea.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Weber was born to a middle-class family, and expressed an interest in the history of Asia from an early age. He graduated from the University of Saint Petersburg in 1865, and joined the diplomatic service the following year. His first overseas posting was in Beijing; he was named Russian Consul in Tianjin in 1882.

paragraph: Section::::In Korea.

paragraph: Weber signed the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Korea on 25 June 1884, and moved to Seoul in April of the following year as Russia's first official representative to Korea. He was accompanied by his wife as well as a housekeeper from Alsace, Antoinette Sontag. His wife had personality conflicts with several other members of the Russian and German expatriate communities of Seoul; in particular, she was believed to be responsible for a malicious rumour in the late 1880s that the German consul, Ferdinand Krien, held orgies in the German legation. During his early service in Korea, Weber developed his friendship with King Gojong; when the Russian government made known their intention to transfer him onward to another posting, King Gojong wrote a letter of protest to Nicholas II of Russia, dated 2 July 1895, in which he praised Weber's wisdom and asked that he be allowed to remain in Korea longer. His request was fulfilled when Alexei Speyer, Weber's intended replacement, was instead posted to Tokyo, Japan.

paragraph: After the 1895 assassination of Queen Min, Weber personally offered King Gojong refuge in the Russian Legation building in Jeongdong (modern-day Jung-gu, Seoul), where he lived between February 1896 and February 1897. This time marked the height of Russian influence in Korea; Weber was able to persuade King Gojong to appoint a new cabinet consisting of a "pro-Russian faction" led by Yi Wan-yong, Yi Beom-jin, and Yi Yun-yong, and in May 1896 signed the Komura-Waeber Memorandum with his Japanese counterpart Komura Jutarō, granting Russia the right to station four companies of troops in the Korean peninsula, and requiring the Japanese to recognise the new cabinet. Gojong was also quite impressed with Weber's housekeeper Sontag, and would go on to employ her as majordomo in charge of household affairs after he returned to the palace.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: Speyer finally arrived to replace Weber in September 1897, whereupon he returned to Saint Petersburg. Weber would again visit Seoul in an official capacity in April 1903, on the eve of the Russo-Japanese War, for further talks with King Gojong. He was a recipient of the Order of St. Andrew, Russia's highest order of chivalry. He died in Niederlößnitz and was buried in Kötzschenbroda, today both Radebeul. His tomb was designed by the architects Otto Rometsch and Adolph Suppes, with sculptures by Ernst Thalheim.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Sino-Japanese War

description: Russian diplomat

wikidata_label: Karl Ivanovich Weber

wikipedia_title: Karl Ivanovich Weber


text:
Broadway
Louisville, Kentucky
New York City
New Theatre
New York Times
Charles Frohman
Sir Arthur Wing Pinero
Lyceum Theatre
Comedy Theatre
London, England
David Belasco
The Governor's Lady
Republic Theatre
Emma Dunn
Childs Restaurant
troupe
National Theatre
United States
Emily Stevens
Alison Skipworth
St. John Hankin
Maxine Elliott Theatre
Salisbury Field
Lawrence D'Orsay
farce
Charles Sumner
Lenox Avenue
John Cort
Conrad Nagel
Lexington Avenue
leading lady
Broadhurst Theatre
Tarrytown, New York
Alan Dale
Morosco Theatre
frock
sailor hat
William Hodge
Fitchburg, Massachusetts
The Last of Mrs. Cheney
Elaine Hammerstein
Constance Talmadge
Polly of the Follies
Long Island
First National Pictures
Brief Moment
Carole Lombard
Gene Raymond
Columbia Pictures
Gallant Lady
The Mighty Barnum
Mississippi
Free and Easy

categories: People from Richmond, Indiana,1884 births,Actresses from Kentucky,20th-century American actresses,Vaudeville performers,American film actresses,American women comedians,American stage actresses,1968 deaths,American silent film actresses,Actresses from Louisville, Kentucky

paragraph: Teresa Maxwell-Conover

paragraph: Teresa Maxwell-Conover (September 26, 1884 – September 1968) was an actress in Broadway productions in the early 20th century. She was in

paragraph: motion pictures until the early 1940s. She was from Louisville, Kentucky.

paragraph: Section::::Stage career.

paragraph: Maxwell-Conover's New York City debut came at the New Theatre in the four-act play, "Nobody's Daughter", in February 1911. As "Mrs. Frampton" she was complimented by a New York Times reviewer for having rendered "a beautiful performance." He described her as "an actress of unusual distinction in appearance and manner, dresses exquisitely, and plays with great naturalness and simplicity a role somewhat indefinitely outlined by the dramatist."

paragraph: She was in the company of Gertrude Elliott in the Charles Frohman produced comedy, "Preserving Mr. Panmure", in February 1912. Written by Sir Arthur Wing Pinero, the play was presented to audiences at the Lyceum Theatre. Previously it enjoyed an extended run at the Comedy Theatre in London, England.

paragraph: In September 1912 she was in the first David Belasco production in New York City. "The Governor's Lady" was staged by the Republic Theatre. Also in the Belasco company were Emma Dunn and Emmitt Corrigan. Written by Alice Bradley, it had a very intense and emotional third act. The stage's impression of reality was heightened by a fine reproduction of a Childs Restaurant. The troupe traveled to the National Theatre in January 1913.

paragraph: "To-Day", a three-act play given at the 48th Street Theatre in October 1913, concentrates on the "worship of money" in the United States. Maxwell-Conover, as "Mrs Garland", and Emily Stevens, are applauded by a reviewer for their acting. The same observer thought the production was an "indecent, vicious play", particularly because of its "utterly malicious insinuations".

paragraph: On December 15, 1913 Maxwell-Conover was at the Lyceum in "The Cassillis Engagement" with Alison Skipworth in the cast of players. This was a four-act comedy by St. John Hankin.

paragraph: The Maxine Elliott Theatre hosted a comedy by Salisbury Field entitled "The Rented Earl" in February 1915. Lawrence D'Orsay, Maxwell-Conover, and Evelyn Carter were among the actors in a show which was presented twice daily except for Sunday. The farce tells about a group of social climbers who try to persuade an English nobleman to assist them in their activities. In April 1915 Conover-Maxwell was in a production of "The Natural Law" by Charles Sumner at the Republic Theatre, at 209 West 42nd Street, in midtown Manhattan. The play changed venues in September 1915. It moved to the York Theatre at 116th Street near Lenox Avenue. John Cort had recently added the York to his chain of playhouses which offered Broadway attractions to audiences at "popular" prices. Conrad Nagel was in the cast when the play came to the Loew's Lexington Theatre, 571 Lexington Avenue in October.

paragraph: Emily Stevens was the leading lady in a Broadhurst Theatre production of "The Madonna of the Future", which premiered in late January 1918. Maxwell-Conover acted the part of "Mrs. Van Duzen". Near the final curtain of the three-act comedy Maxwell-Conover spoke to Stevens, saying "You are so charming: you mean something! I don't in the least know what you mean, but that is what makes you charming." During the first two acts Stevens' character resolves to bear a child without being married. She announces this to her neighbors in Tarrytown, New York. The audience was shocked by the frankness of the language employed by the characters. Written by playwright Alan Dale, the dialogue "was brilliant". Her neighbors are further startled when Stevens delivers her baby, which comes to light in the comedy's second portion. In the third act she discovers that she loves the child's father and would rather marry him than see him wed someone else.

paragraph: A critic was complimentary of the play's two sets which were representative of what was then a new art of "residential decoration" being employed on Broadway. The entire cast proved skilled in speaking their lines. The reviewer's overall impression was positive. He wrote that the production reminded him of the finest he had witnessed at the Morosco Theatre.

paragraph: In "Madonna of the Future" Maxwell-Conover wore a frock of brown satin and lace. The skirt was draped low in "zouave effect". The front panel was composed of brown mesh lace threaded in gold. The bodice was made of lace in back and satin in front. The waistline featured brown ribbon velvet. The costume was completed by a string of brown wooden beads and a flat sailor hat.

paragraph: She was in plays which toured various cities by 1919. One of these was "My Lady Friends" (1919) with comedian Clifton Crawford. Maxwell-Conover starred with William Hodge in "Fixing Sister" in Fitchburg, Massachusetts in December 1926. She continued to play in theatrical productions after her motion picture career hit full stride in the 1920s. In 1928 she acted the role of the mother in "Your Uncle Dudley" while playing in a society comedy called "The Last of Mrs. Cheney".

paragraph: Section::::Films.

paragraph: Maxwell-Conover debuted as a film actress as "Mrs. Layton du Roc" in "Just Sylvia" (1918). She supported Elaine Hammerstein in "The Daughter Pays" (1920). Hammerstein played a woman who strives to maintain her family's finances despite having a mother who squanders money. Constance Talmadge was showcased in "Polly of the Follies" (1922). Maxwell-Conover is cast as a Long Island society woman in the First National Pictures comedy.

paragraph: "Brief Moment" (1933) is a Carole Lombard and Gene Raymond movie based on a play. It was released by Columbia Pictures. Maxwell-Conover is a supporting actress who plays the part of "Mrs. Deane". She played Mrs. Archer in the 1934 film The Age of Innocence.

paragraph: Her later film appearances include "Gallant Lady" (1934), "The Mighty Barnum" (1934), "Mississippi" (1935), and "Free and Easy" (1941). Maxwell-Conover had uncredited parts in several other movies.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: She enjoyed outdoor sports and activities, especially horseback riding.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

description: American actress

wikidata_label: Teresa Maxwell-Conover

wikipedia_title: Teresa Maxwell-Conover


text:
Bergen op Zoom
mayor
hatching system
Zangrius
Butkens
escutcheon
Amsterdam

categories: 1592 births,Dutch heraldists,1660 deaths

paragraph: Thomas de Rouck

paragraph: Thomas de Rouck (baptized January 21, 1592, Bergen op Zoom - September 5, 1660, Bergen op Zoom) was a steward and later the mayor of his native town Bergen op Zoom.

paragraph: De Rouck developed a late hatching system (1645), but failed to make a serious cut.

paragraph: The engravings, according to his 1673 work, were possibly made by his relatives. The portrait of the vicar Lambertus de Rycke (†1658) seen in the book was engraved by W[illem] de Rouck. F. J. van Ettro maintained, he was familiar with the hatching system of Zangrius. However, it seems more evident that even Butkens might have known Zangrius’ system despite his hatching table being radically different from that of Zangrius because he also applied the same oval escutcheon in his hatching table similar to what Zangrius did in his system.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas de Rouck, "Den Nederlandtschen Herauld ofte Tractaet van wapenen, en politycken Adel." Amsterdam, 1645. The hatching table to be found in the second part, page 55.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas de Rouck, "Adelyk tooneel of historische beschrijvinge van allerley trappen van adeldom en ridderl. ordens." Amsterdam, 1673

description: Dutch mayor

wikidata_label: Thomas de Rouck

wikipedia_title: Thomas de Rouck


text:
Empress Shōtoku
"hyōbu-kyō"
"sangi"
Fujiwara no Nakamaro
Emperor Junnin
Empress Kōken
Dōkyō
Fujiwara no Nakamaro Rebellion
Emperor Junnin
Awaji province
Fujiwara no Umakai
Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric
"Japan encyclopedia."
Harvard University Press
OCLC 58053128
Titsingh, Isaac
"Annales des empereurs du Japon"
Nihon Odai Ichiran
OCLC 5850691

paragraph: Fujiwara no Kurajimaro

paragraph: Section::::Career at court.

paragraph: He was a minister during the reign of Empress Shōtoku. He held positions of "hyōbu-kyō" (chief military officer) and "sangi" (associate counselor).

paragraph: Shōtoku placed her imperial bodyguards under the command of Kurajimaro.

paragraph: In 764, Kurajimaro was a leader of forces opposing Fujiwara no Nakamaro, also known as Emi no Oshikatsu. Nakamaro and others unsuccessfully plotted with Emperor Junnin against retired Empress Kōken and the monk Dōkyō resulting in a military confrontation known as Fujiwara no Nakamaro Rebellion.

paragraph: After stability was restored, Kurajimaro was placed in charge of the party escorting Emperor Junnin to Awaji province.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: Kurajimaro was the ninth son of Fujiwara no Umakai.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). "Japan encyclopedia." Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 58053128

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). "Annales des empereurs du Japon" ("Nihon Odai Ichiran"). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691

description: Japanese noble

wikidata_label: Fujiwara no Kurajimaro

wikipedia_title: Fujiwara no Kurajimaro


text:
Da Camino
March of Treviso
Ceneda
Serravalle
Zumelle
Camino
Treviso
Frederick Barbarossa
commune

categories: 12th-century births,1187 deaths,Da Camino family

paragraph: Guecellone II da Camino

paragraph: Guecellone II da Camino (born Guecellone da Montanara; died 1187) was an Italian medieval noble and military leader, belonging to the Da Camino family.

paragraph: The son of Gabriele I and Adeleta di Porcia, he became one of the most powerful men in the March of Treviso after the marriage to Sofia di Colfosco, who gave him in dowry large territories in the area. He was the first member of the family to use the title of Ceneda, Serravalle and Zumelle.

paragraph: Around 1150 he had the castle of Camino fortified, after which it became the family's stronghold and namesake. In c. 1164 he took part in an imperial league against the commune of Treviso, alongside emperor Frederick Barbarossa. In 1183, after having been defeated, he submitted to the Trevigiani, declaring himself a citizen of the March's capital and accepting that commune's jurisdiction above his possessions.

description: Italian noble

wikidata_label: Guecellone II da Camino

wikipedia_title: Guecellone II da Camino


text:
Count of Urgell
James I of Urgell
Cecilia of Comminges
Comminges
Turenne
Àger
Antillón
Ugo Folch de Cardona
John II Marquess of Montferrat
Martin of Aragon
Matthew, Count of Foix
Balaguer
James II, Count of Urgell

categories: 1340 births,1408 deaths,Counts of Urgell

paragraph: Peter II, Count of Urgell

paragraph: Peter II (, ; 1340 - June 1408) was Count of Urgell from 1347 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the eldest son of count James I of Urgell and Cecilia of Comminges, daughter of the count of Comminges and viscount of Turenne, Bernard VII. At the death of his father, he inherited his titles of Urgell, viscount of Àger, baron of Entença and Antillón; as he was underage, his mother acted initially as tutor.

paragraph: In 1363 he married Beatrice of Cardona, daughter of Ugo Folch de Cardona. In 1376 he remarried to Margaret Palaiologina, daughter of John II Marquess of Montferrat.

paragraph: In 1396, after Martin of Aragon had become king of Aragon, he faced Matthew, Count of Foix, who had invaded Aragon, and pushed him back. He died at Balaguer in 1408.

paragraph: His son with Margaret Palaiologina was

paragraph: BULLET::::- James II, Count of Urgell.

paragraph: BR

description: Count of Urgell

wikidata_label: Peter II, Count of Urgell

wikipedia_title: Peter II, Count of Urgell


text:
Member of Parliament
Eton College
Christ Church, Oxford
private secretary
Prince of Wales
Member of Parliament
Okehampton
Dartmoor
Princetown
prisoners of war
Napoleonic Wars
HM Prison Dartmoor
Plymouth and Dartmoor Railway
Auditor of the Duchy of Cornwall
Lord Warden of the Stannaries
Portarlington
Plymouth
Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod

categories: People educated at Eton College,1833 deaths,UK MPs 1802–1806,UK MPs 1801–1802,Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford,UK MPs 1806–1807,British MPs 1796–1800,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies,UK MPs 1807–1812,1762 births,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Portarlington

paragraph: Thomas Tyrwhitt (MP)

paragraph: Sir Thomas Tyrwhitt (1762 – 24 February 1833) was an English politician. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1796 to 1812.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford and after serving as private secretary to the Prince of Wales, Tyrwhitt was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Okehampton in 1796. Tyrwhitt was responsible for the construction of several roads across Dartmoor, a hamlet called Princetown named in honour of the Prince of Wales, a prison for prisoners of war captured during the Napoleonic Wars now known as HM Prison Dartmoor as well as the Plymouth and Dartmoor Railway. He became Auditor of the Duchy of Cornwall in 1796 and Lord Warden of the Stannaries in 1803.

paragraph: He was elected Member of Parliament for Portarlington in 1802 and Plymouth in 1806. In retirement he became Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod.

description: English politician

wikidata_label: Thomas Tyrwhitt

wikipedia_title: Thomas Tyrwhitt (MP)