text: Propaganda Fide

text: Edo period

text: Arai Hakuseki

text: Seiyō Kibun

text: Sicily

text: Italy

text: martyrdom

text: Pope Clement XI

text: Manila

text: sakoku

text: Yakushima

text: samurai

text: Nagasaki

text: Edo

text: Arai Hakuseki

text: Myōgadani

text: Kohinata

text: Bunkyō-ku

text: Tōkyō

text: Seiyō Kibun

text: Sairan Igen

text: Virgin Mary

text: Important Cultural Property

text: MEXT

text: Tokyo National Museum

text: National Museum of Nature and Science

text: Sakoku

categories: Italian Roman Catholic missionaries,Italian people who died in prison custody,Italian people imprisoned abroad,Roman Catholic missionaries in Japan,1714 deaths,Prisoners who died in Japanese detention,1668 births,Italian expatriates in Japan,Sicilian Christians,Italian Jesuits,Jesuit missionaries

paragraph: Giovanni Battista Sidotti

paragraph: Giovanni Battista Sidotti (1668 – 27 November 1714) was an Italian secular priest and Apostolic Missionary of the Pontifical Congregation of Propaganda Fide. During the Edo period, he entered Japan illegally and was arrested, whereupon he was confined until his death.

paragraph: The Japanese politician and scholar Arai Hakuseki published the "Seiyō Kibun" based on his conversations with Sidotti.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Sidotti was born in Sicily, Italy, in 1668. While working as a priest, he heard stories of missionary martyrdom in Japan, and he decided to go there, which, under Japanese law, was illegal at the time. After gaining permission from Pope Clement XI to go to Japan, he made his way as far as Manila, but he couldn't find a ship willing to deliver a missionary to Japan, which had closed itself off from the world under the "sakoku" policy.

paragraph: Finally, he managed to find a ship willing to take him on board, and in September or October 1708, he landed on Yakushima. He was disguised as a samurai, but immediately stood out as a Westerner. He was captured and taken to Nagasaki soon thereafter.

paragraph: The next year, in 1709, he was taken to Edo and questioned directly by Japanese politician and Confucian scholar Arai Hakuseki. Hakuseki was impressed by Sidotti's demeanor and his level of scholarship, and developed a great deal of respect for him. The feeling was mutual, and Sidotti grew to trust Arai. Here, for the first time since the beginning of "sakoku" in the previous century, was a meeting between two great scholars from the civilizations of Japan and western Europe. Among other things, Sidotti explained to Hakuseki that, contrary to what the Japanese believed at that time, Western missionaries were not the vanguards of Western armies.

paragraph: Therefore, rejecting the common wisdom that it was best to torture Christians until they had abandoned their beliefs, Arai advised his superiors to follow three possible courses of action in dealing with foreigners. Optimally, they should be deported. If this was not possible, they should be imprisoned. Execution should be a last resort.

paragraph: Hakuseki's recommendation of deportation was completely unprecedented. In the end, the government decided to jail Sidotti, sending him to the "Kirishitan Yashiki" (キリシタン屋敷, Christian Mansion) in Myōgadani (Present-day Kohinata, Bunkyō-ku, Tōkyō). The mansion was built in 1646 to house arrested missionaries, but due both to "sakoku" and a ban on religious indoctrination, between the time the mansion was built and Sidotti's arrest, it had never been used for this purpose.

paragraph: Because he was unable to teach religion at Kirishitan Yashiki, Sidotti was, as a matter of course, exempt from torture. Furthermore, he was not be treated like a prisoner, but would be given special treatment, held under what was known as a "go-nin fuchi" (五人扶持, "5-man food ration") house arrest. His guardians at the mansion were an old couple named Chōsuke and Haru, two former Christians who had renounced their faith. When Sidotti tried to persuade the couple to return to Christianity, he was moved to an underground cell in the mansion, and it was there that he died in 1714. He was 46 years old.

paragraph: Arai Hakuseki used the knowledge gained from his conversations with Sidotti to publish the "Seiyō Kibun" and the "Sairan Igen". An image taken from his belongings, called "oyayubi no seibozō" (親指の聖母像, "Thumb-sized Image of Virgin Mary") was designated an Important Cultural Property by the MEXT and is now housed in the Tokyo National Museum.

paragraph: In 2014, the remains of Sidotti was discovered during the excavations of the former Kirishitan Yashiki. With a 2 million yen grant, Tokyo's National Museum of Nature and Science reconstructed his face through the reassembled fragments of his skull.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sakoku

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Westerners who visited Japan before 1868

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Much of the content of this article comes from the equivalent Japanese-language Wikipedia article (retrieved April 1, 2006).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tokyo ward touts possible discovery of Italian priest’s remains

description: Italian Jesuit

wikidata_label: Giovanni Battista Sidotti

wikipedia_title: Giovanni Battista Sidotti


text: Major League Baseball

text: first baseman

text: designated hitter

text: outfielder

text: Evanston, Illinois

text: Maine South High School

text: Illinois State University

text: Chicago Cubs

text: MVP

text: All-American

text: The Sporting News

text: batting average

text: runs batted in

text: New York Yankees

text: 1974 Major League Baseball draft

text: New York–Penn League

text: Eastern League

text: Houston Astros

text: Lou Maguolo

text: San Francisco Giants

text: Detroit Tigers

text: San Diego Padres

text: 1984 World Series

text: Sparky Anderson

text: Nolan Ryan

text: Chicago White Sox

text: shortstop

text: Ozzie Guillén

text: hidden ball trick

text: platoon

text: Cecil Fielder

text: part-time or platoon

text: batting average

text: Adjusted OPS

text: base on balls

text: strikeout

text: Grosse Pointe Woods, Michigan

text: Southfield, Michigan

text: Joe Niekro

text: brain aneurysm

text: Joe Niekro Foundation

text: Sparky Anderson

text: bile duct cancer

text: Baseball Reference Bullpen

text: Retrosheet

text: SABR BioProject

text: Baseball Library

categories: Houston Astros players,Major League Baseball outfielders,1953 births,San Francisco Giants players,Detroit Tigers players,Major League Baseball first basemen,New York Yankees players,Deaths from cholangiocarcinoma,Major League Baseball designated hitters,Caribbean Series players,Charleston Charlies players,Sportspeople from Evanston, Illinois,Cardenales de Lara players,Deaths from cancer in Michigan,Nashville Sounds players,2015 deaths,Baseball players from Illinois,Syracuse Chiefs players,Illinois State Redbirds baseball players,Oneonta Yankees players

paragraph: Dave Bergman

paragraph: David Bruce Bergman (June 6, 1953 – February 2, 2015) was an American Major League Baseball first baseman, designated hitter and outfielder.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Evanston, Illinois, Bergman was an alumnus of Maine South High School and Illinois State University. His uniform number 12 was retired at Illinois State in 1994.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Bergman was drafted by the Chicago Cubs out of high school, but opted to pursue a college degree rather than sign with his favorite team. At Illinois State, he was voted the team MVP in 1973 and 1974. In 1974, he was named an All-American outfielder by "The Sporting News". He ended his college career with a .366 batting average and 63 runs batted in.

paragraph: Drafted by the New York Yankees in the second round of the 1974 Major League Baseball draft, Bergman was a batting champion and league MVP in each of his first two minor league seasons, first with the New York–Penn League in 1974 and then with the Eastern League in 1975. He played in only 12 games with the Yankees between 1975 and 1977, before being traded to the Houston Astros in December 1977. In four years with the Astros from 1978–1981, Bergman was a part-time player who never had more than 186 at bats or one home run in a season.

paragraph: He was signed by Yankees scout Lou Maguolo.

paragraph: In April 1981, Bergman was traded to the San Francisco Giants. In 1983, Bergman appeared in 90 games for the Giants and hit six home runs with a .286 batting average.

paragraph: On March 24, 1984, Bergman was traded twice; from the Giants to the Phillies, then from the Phillies to the Tigers. Bergman was the starting first baseman for the Detroit Tigers team that defeated the San Diego Padres in the 1984 World Series. He appeared in 120 games for the 1984 Tigers and had a career-high 44 RBIs and seven home runs.

paragraph: On June 4, 1984, Bergman came to bat in the bottom of the 10th inning with two men on base and two outs in a game against the second-place Toronto Blue Jays, who at that time trailed the Tigers by five games. Bergman fouled off seven pitches, and on a full count hit the 13th pitch of the at bat into the upper deck at Tiger Stadium for a walk-off, three-run home run. In his season-long diary that became the book "Bless You Boys", Detroit manager, Sparky Anderson, wrote, "Tonight I saw the greatest at bat in my life...Bergie fouled off seven pitches and then picked one practically off the ground and drilled it into the upper deck in right. What a battle! Bergie was up there a full seven minutes."

paragraph: He hit a career high .294 for the Tigers in 1988, and in August 1989, he broke up a Nolan Ryan no-hitter with a one-out single in the ninth inning. On August 5, 1989, Bergman recorded a putout of Chicago White Sox shortstop Ozzie Guillén using the hidden ball trick.

paragraph: Bergman played nine seasons for the Tigers, with most of his time spent as a left-handed batting platoon or reserve player. During his last seasons, he backed up Cecil Fielder at first base while also seeing time at designated hitter.

paragraph: Section::::Playing style.

paragraph: Bergman was noted for his extreme righty/lefty splits, which led to his long career as a part-time or platoon player. He batted .264/.356/.377 against right handed pitchers in 2,825 plate appearances. Against left handed pitchers, he batted .196/.265/.271 in only 289 plate appearances. Despite not usually hitting for a high batting average (.258 career), he finished his career with a respectable Adjusted OPS of 101, mostly on the strength of his on-base ability. Bergman was noted for his strike zone judgment, and accumulated more base on balls than strikeouts over the course of his career (380 to 347).

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Bergman lived in the Detroit area after retirement, making Grosse Pointe Woods, Michigan his home beginning in 1985. He served as a partner and senior portfolio analyst with Sigma Investment Counselors in Southfield, Michigan.

paragraph: Bergman was a good friend of Joe Niekro, and the two were fishing partners for over 30 years. Following Niekro's death from a brain aneurysm, Bergman began working with the Joe Niekro Foundation and committed his efforts to supporting research, treatment and awareness of brain aneurysms, AVMs and hemorrhagic strokes. He also spent time working with youth and high school programs, and served as a trustee for former Tigers manager Sparky Anderson's C.A.T.C.H. charity.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Bergman died on February 2, 2015, at the age of 61, following a long battle with bile duct cancer. He is survived by his wife, Cathy, and three children, Troy, Bria and Erika.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: , or Baseball Reference Bullpen, or Retrosheet, SABR BioProject, or Baseball Library, or Pelota Binaria (Venezuelan Winter League)

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Dave Bergman

wikipedia_title: Dave Bergman


text: Greek

text: Greek

text: Menon of Pharsalus

text: Thessalia

text: hipparch

text: Aeacides

text: Epirus

text: Pyrrhus

text: Deidamia

text: Demetrius Poliorcetes

text: Phthia of Macedon

text: Smith, William

text: "Phthia (1)"

text: Boston

categories: Ancient Epirote queens consort,4th-century BC women,4th-century BC Greek people,Ancient Thessalian women

paragraph: Phthia of Epirus

paragraph: Phthia (in Greek Φθία; lived 4th century BC), was a Greek queen, daughter of Menon of Pharsalus, the Thessalian hipparch, and wife of Aeacides, king of Epirus, by whom she became the mother of the celebrated Pyrrhus, as well as of two daughters: Deidamia, the wife of Demetrius Poliorcetes, and Troias, of whom nothing more is known.

paragraph: Her portrait is found on some of the coins of her son Pyrrhus.

paragraph: Another bearer of the name was her great-granddaughter, Phthia of Macedon.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, William (editor); "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology", "Phthia (1)", Boston, (1867)

description: Greek mother of Pyrrhus

wikidata_label: Phthia of Epirus

wikipedia_title: Phthia of Epirus


text: American

text: physicist

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: Wooster

text: Ohio

text: Arthur Compton

text: Wilson Martindale Compton

text: Alsatian

text: Hessian

text: Mennonite

text: Otsego Lake

text: Michigan

text: Wooster University

text: cum laude

text: Wehnelt

text: Physical Review

text: Princeton University

text: Porter Ogden Jacobus Fellowship

text: Owen Willans Richardson

text: Nobel Prize

text: summa cum laude

text: Reed College

text: Portland, Oregon

text: General Electric Corporation

text: Signal Corps

text: Paris

text: science attaché

text: Armistice

text: World War I

text: Princeton

text: Palmer Laboratory

text: electronics

text: spectroscopy

text: photoelectrons

text: ionization

text: electrons

text: gases

text: fluorescence

text: electric arc

text: absorption

text: emission

text: spectra

text: mercury

text: electron

text: atom

text: Margaret Hutchinson

text: Palmer Laboratory

text: Cyrus Fogg Brackett

text: Princeton

text: American Philosophical Society

text: National Academy of Sciences

text: Section of Physics

text: American Physical Society

text: APS

text: Optical Society of America

text: American Chemical Society

text: Franklin Institute

text: MIT Corporation

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: engineering

text: science

text: Great Depression

text: America

text: economic

text: science

text: MIT

text: Committee on Engineering Schools

text: APS

text: American Institute of Physics

text: AIP

text: Roosevelt

text: Scientific Advisory Board

text: World War II

text: National Defense Research Committee

text: Vannevar Bush

text: Division D

text: radar

text: fire control

text: thermal radiation

text: United States Radar Mission

text: United Kingdom

text: Rubber Survey Committee

text: synthetic rubber

text: Interim Committee

text: Harry S. Truman

text: atomic bomb

text: Japan

text: World War II

text: Naval Research Advisory Committee

text: Rumford Prize

text: American Academy of Arts and Sciences

text: Presidential Medal for Merit

text: radar

text: Public Welfare Medal

text: National Academy of Sciences

text: Washington Award

text: Western Society of Engineers

text: Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav

text: Lamme Medal

text: Hoover Medal

text: American Society of Civil Engineers

text: Scientific Research Society of America

text: French Legion of Honor

text: Priestley Memorial Award

text: Dickinson College

text: Compton

text: Arthur

text: Official MIT Presidential Biography

categories: American Presbyterians,20th-century American physicists,Princeton University alumni,Recipients of awards from the United States National Academy of Sciences,Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences,Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty,Presidents of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,1954 deaths,College of Wooster alumni,Manhattan Project people,1887 births

paragraph: Karl Taylor Compton

paragraph: Karl Taylor Compton (September 14, 1887 – June 22, 1954) was a prominent American physicist and president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from 1930 to 1948.

paragraph: Section::::The early years (1897–1912).

paragraph: Karl Taylor Compton was born in Wooster, Ohio, the eldest of three brothers (including Arthur Compton and Wilson Martindale Compton) and one sister, Mary. His father, Elias Compton, was from an old American Presbyterian family, and his mother, Otelia Augspurger Compton, was from an Alsatian and Hessian Mennonite family that had recently immigrated to the United States. He came from a remarkably accomplished family in which his brother Arthur became a prominent physicist and sister Mary a missionary.

paragraph: Beginning in 1897, Compton's summers were spent camping at Otsego Lake, Michigan while attending Wooster public schools in fall, winter and summer. He took hard labor jobs starting at age eleven to help pay for college, working carrying hods for construction projects, as a farm hand, mule skinner, a book canvasser, in tile and brick factories and surveyed the first mile of paved road in Ohio.

paragraph: In 1902, Compton skipped a grade and went into Wooster University's preparatory department for the last two years of high school. In 1908, he graduated from Wooster "cum laude" with a bachelor of philosophy degree, then in 1909 his master's thesis "A study of the Wehnelt electrolytic interrupter" was published in "Physical Review". During 1909–1910 he was an instructor in Wooster's chemistry department before entering a graduate program at Princeton University. There he received the Porter Ogden Jacobus Fellowship, and worked with Owen Willans Richardson and jointly published several papers on electrons released by ultraviolet light, electron theory and on the photoelectric effect. Richardson went on to receive the Nobel Prize in some of the areas where Compton contributed. In 1912, Compton received his Ph.D. from Princeton summa cum laude.

paragraph: Section::::Reed College and WW I (1913–1918).

paragraph: In June 1913, Compton married Rowena Raymond. They moved to Reed College in Portland, Oregon, where Compton was an instructor in Physics. In 1915, he returned to Princeton as an associate professor of physics. He also took a consultancy at the General Electric Corporation. He contributed to the war effort at Princeton and with the Signal Corps. In December 1917, Compton was attached to the US Embassy in Paris as an associate science attaché.

paragraph: Section::::Princeton University (1918–1930).

paragraph: After the Armistice of 1918, the end of World War I Compton returned home to Princeton, his wife and three-year-old daughter Mary Evelyn. In June 1919, Compton was made a full professor, and worked in the Palmer Laboratory where his gift for teaching was legendary. His research was in the area of electronics and spectroscopy in subject areas such as passage of photoelectrons through metals, ionization, the motion of electrons in gases, fluorescence, theory of the electric arc, absorption and emission spectra of mercury vapor, and collisions of electrons and atoms. Unfortunately, Rowena died in the fall of 1919. In 1921, Compton married Margaret Hutchinson, with whom he had a daughter, Jean, and a son, Charles Arthur. In 1927, Compton was named Director of Research at the Palmer Laboratory and Cyrus Fogg Brackett professor. In 1929 he was appointed head of the department. Over one hundred papers were published in his name during his time at Princeton.

paragraph: In 1923, Compton was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society and in 1924 a member of the National Academy of Sciences for which he was chairman of the Section of Physics (1927–1930). He was named vice-president of the American Physical Society (APS) in 1925 and in 1927 became its president. Compton was also a fellow of the Optical Society of America, a member of the American Chemical Society, the Franklin Institute and other professional engineering societies.

paragraph: Section::::Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1930–1954).

paragraph: In 1930, Compton accepted an invitation from the MIT Corporation to be president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), an engineering school that was redefining the relationship between engineering and science. He took office at the beginning of the Great Depression in America, a time of economic turmoil and a time when science was under attack as a source of social ills and national despair. Compton was to strengthen basic scientific research at the Institute while becoming a spokesman for science and technology.

paragraph: During Compton's service as President, the organization went through a revolutionary change. He developed a new approach to education in science and engineering, the influence of which was felt far beyond MIT. Significantly, he was active in the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education, and its president in 1938. He was a leader in establishing new standards for the accreditation of engineering criteria through his role as chairman of the Committee on Engineering Schools of the Engineer's Council for Professional Development. He believed in broad-based education for scientists and engineers that was responsive to the needs of the time, and that science should be an element of industrial progress.

paragraph: In the early 1930s, Compton joined with members of the APS to form the American Institute of Physics (AIP). While he was chairman of the AIP board during 1931–1936, the organization became a federation of several disparate societies for developing subject areas in physics. It sponsored publication of research results in the rapidly expanding study of physics during that era.

paragraph: In 1948, Compton resigned his post as President of MIT and was elected president of the MIT Corporation. He held that position until his death on June 22, 1954.

paragraph: Section::::Cooperation with the military (1933–1949).

paragraph: In 1933, U.S. President Roosevelt asked Compton to chair a new Scientific Advisory Board that lasted two years. This put him into a forefront of scientists that perceived a need for reliable scientific advice at the highest levels of government. The start of World War II motivated the start of the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), created in 1940 under the chairmanship of Vannevar Bush. Compton was a member of the NDRC and became head of Division D which was responsible for assembling a group of academic and industrial engineers and scientists that would study primarily radar, fire control and thermal radiation. In 1941, the NDRC was assimilated into the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) where Compton chaired the United States Radar Mission to the United Kingdom. In August 1942, Roosevelt appointed Compton to the Rubber Survey Committee, which investigated and made recommendations to help resolve conflicts on technical direction in the development of synthetic rubber, arising due to the loss of rubber supply during the war. In 1945, Compton was selected as one of eight members of the Interim Committee appointed to advise President Harry S. Truman on the use of the atomic bomb. When Japan surrendered in 1945, World War II came to an end and Compton left the OSRD. In 1946, Compton chaired the President's Advisory Commission on Military Training. From 1946 to 1948, he was a member of the Naval Research Advisory Committee. Compton chaired the Joint Research and Development Board from 1948 to 1949, when he stepped down for health reasons.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Rumford Prize of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1931

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Presidential Medal for Merit in 1946 for hastening the termination of hostilities by means of the radar research and development program he directed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences. in 1947 for his eminence in the application of science to the public welfare.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Washington Award of the Western Society of Engineers in 1947

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary Commander, Civil Division, of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1948

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight Commander of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1948

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Lamme Medal of the American Society for Engineering Education in 1949

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hoover Medal jointly from the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers and the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1950

paragraph: BULLET::::- The William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement of the Scientific Research Society of America in 1950

paragraph: BULLET::::- Officer in the French Legion of Honor in 1951

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Priestley Memorial Award of Dickinson College in 1954 for his contributions to the "welfare of mankind through physics"

paragraph: The lunar crater Compton is named after Compton and his brother Arthur, who was also an influential scientist.

paragraph: Compton was also the recipient of thirty-two honorary degrees.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karl Taylor Compton, A Study of the Whenelt Electrolytic Interrupter, "Physical Review", Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 161–179, American Institute of Physics, American Physical Society, Cornell University, 1910.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Office Of The National Research Council, Biographical Memoirs, National Academies Press, (October 1, 1992),

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photograph of Kart Taylor Compton and other members of the NDRC

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official MIT Presidential Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julius A. Stratton's biography of Compton

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annotated bibliography for Karl Compton from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

description: American physicist

wikidata_label: Karl Taylor Compton

wikipedia_title: Karl Taylor Compton


text: pitcher

text: Major League Baseball

text: Detroit Tigers

text: Toronto Blue Jays

text: California Angels

text: American League

text: Hartwick College

text: 1972 MLB Draft

text: Cleveland Indians

text: Milwaukee Brewers

text: Toronto Blue Jays

text: 1976 MLB Expansion Draft

text: Texas Rangers

text: California Angels

text: Ken Schrom

text: Nassau County

text: Long Island

text: Franklin Square

text: Lynbrook

text: New York Baseball Academy

categories: Detroit Tigers players,1950 births,California Angels players,Toronto Blue Jays players,Baseball players from New York (state),Sportspeople from Syracuse, New York,Major League Baseball pitchers,American League All-Stars,Hartwick Hawks baseball players,Living people,American expatriate baseball players in Canada

paragraph: Dave Lemanczyk

paragraph: David Lawrence Lemanczyk (born August 17, 1950) is a former pitcher with an eight-year Major League Baseball career from 1973 to 1980. He played for the Detroit Tigers, Toronto Blue Jays and California Angels, all of the American League. He is a graduate of Hartwick College.

paragraph: Section::::Major League Career.

paragraph: Section::::Major League Career.:Detroit Tigers.

paragraph: Lemanczyk was drafted by the Tigers in the 16th round of the 1972 MLB Draft.

paragraph: He pitched in only one major league game in the 1973 season, making his MLB debut on April 15, allowing three runs in 2.1 innings as the Tigers lost 7-0 to the Cleveland Indians.

paragraph: In 1974, Lemanczyk appeared in 22 games with Detroit, three of them starts, as he had a 2-1 record and a 4.00 ERA. He made his first career start on August 2, earning his first victory in a 4-1 win over the Milwaukee Brewers as he allowed one run in seven innings.

paragraph: Lemanczyk struggled in 1975, going 2-7 with a 4.46 ERA in 26 games, six of them starts. He then went 4-6 with a 5.09 ERA in 20 games, ten of them starts in 1976 with the Tigers.

paragraph: On November 5, 1976, the Toronto Blue Jays selected Lemanczyk in the 1976 MLB Expansion Draft with the 43rd pick.

paragraph: Section::::Major League Career.:Toronto Blue Jays.

paragraph: Lemanczyk led the Blue Jays in victories in the 1977 season, as he had a 13-16 record with a 4.25 ERA in 34 starts. He pitched a team high 252 innings, and had 11 complete games, second best on the team.

paragraph: He was named the Blue Jays opening day starter in 1978, as Lemanczyk lasted only 3.2 innings in a 6-2 loss to the Tigers. He struggled throughout the season, losing his first seven decisions, and finishing the season with a 4-14 record and a 6.26 ERA.

paragraph: Lemanczyk rebounded in 1979, as on April 24, he pitched a one-hitter against the Texas Rangers as Toronto won the game 2-0. Lemanczyk went into the All-Star break with a 7-5 record with a 3.15 ERA and was named to the 1979 All-Star team; however, he did not appear in the game. Lemanczyk struggled in the latter half of the season, and suffered injury problems as he finished the season with a record of 8-10 with a 3.71 ERA.

paragraph: He began the 1980 season with a 2-5 record with a 5.40 ERA in 10 games with Toronto, eight of them starts, which included starting the season opener; however, Lemanczyk was traded to the California Angels for future considerations on June 3. The Angels sent Ken Schrom to the Blue Jays on June 10 to complete the trade.

paragraph: Section::::Major League Career.:California Angels.

paragraph: Lemanczyk finished the 1980 season with the Angels, going 2-4 with a 4.32 ERA in 21 games, and was released by them on October 24. He then retired from the game, finishing his career with a 37-63 record with a 4.62 ERA in 185 games.

paragraph: Section::::Recent activity.

paragraph: He currently operates a baseball school for young athletes in Nassau County, Long Island, first in the town of Franklin Square, and is now in Lynbrook.

paragraph: He has been a full-time pitching coach at the New York Baseball Academy for 20 years.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Retrosheet.org boxscore of Lemanczyk's one-hitter: April 24, 1979

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Dave Lemanczyk

wikipedia_title: Dave Lemanczyk


text: American

text: baseball

text: outfielder

text: Major League Baseball

text: Los Angeles Dodgers

text: New York Mets

text: Boston Red Sox

text: California Angels

text: Nippon Professional Baseball

text: Nippon Ham Fighters

text: Chico Outlaws

text: North American League

text: Libertyville, Illinois

text: minor league

text: Triple Crown

text: Albuquerque Dukes

text: Triple A

text: Pacific Coast League

text: Joc Pederson

text: All-Star

text: World Series

text: Schaumburg Flyers

text: Albany-Colonie Diamond Dogs

text: Northern League

text: El Paso Diablos

text: Yuma Scorpions

text: Golden Baseball League

text: San Rafael Pacifics

text: Belinda Carlisle

text: The Go-Go's

text: Retrosheet

categories: Minor league baseball managers,American expatriate baseball players in Japan,New York Mets players,Lethbridge Dodgers players,National League All-Stars,Major League Baseball first basemen,Lodi Dodgers players,Los Angeles Dodgers players,People from Libertyville, Illinois,Pawtucket Red Sox players,1960 births,Albuquerque Dukes players,Boston Red Sox players,Pacific Coast League MVP award winners,Major League Baseball right fielders,California Angels players,Major League Baseball left fielders,Living people,Cardenales de Lara players,Palm Springs Angels players,Nippon Ham Fighters players,Baseball players from Illinois,San Antonio Dodgers players

paragraph: Mike Marshall (outfielder)

paragraph: Michael Allen Marshall (born January 12, 1960) is an American former professional baseball player and current commissioner of the Pacific Association of Professional Baseball Clubs. He played as an outfielder in Major League Baseball for the Los Angeles Dodgers, New York Mets, Boston Red Sox and California Angels from 1981 to 1991. He also played one season in Nippon Professional Baseball for the Nippon Ham Fighters in 1992. Marshall served as president and general manager of the Chico Outlaws of the North American League.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Born in Libertyville, Illinois, Marshall showed considerable promise as a minor league player. He had 24 home runs and 22 steals for Class-A Lodi in the Cal League in 1979. He won the league's Triple Crown in 1981, when he hit .373 with 34 homers, 21 stolen bases, and 137 RBIs for the Albuquerque Dukes, a Triple A club in the Pacific Coast League.

paragraph: He is one of only two LA Dodger minor leaguers to have two 20/20 minor league seasons (Joc Pederson did it in 2013 and 2014).

paragraph: He was elected to the National League All-Star team in 1984.

paragraph: Marshall has two World Series rings from the Dodgers' 1981 and 1988 World Series, in which he hit a homer in Game 2.

paragraph: Marshall saw limited action in 2002 with the Independent Northern League Schaumburg Flyers.

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.

paragraph: In the postseason, in 26 games, he batted .212 (18-for-85) with 7 runs, 3 home runs and 13 RBI.

paragraph: Section::::Managerial and front office career.

paragraph: Marshall managed the Albany-Colonie Diamond Dogs of the Northern League from 2000 to 2002 and the El Paso Diablos from 2005 to 2006. He was the field manager, team president and general manager of the Yuma Scorpions, of the Golden Baseball League from 2007 to 2008. After working as manager and team president of the Chico Outlaws during the 2010 and 2011 seasons. Marshall was named as field manager and vice president of baseball operations for the San Rafael Pacifics club for the 2012 campaign.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Marshall also gained some notoriety for dating Belinda Carlisle of the pop band The Go-Go's.

paragraph: Marshall is married to wife, Mary, and has two children, both students at Stanford University.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: , or Retrosheet, or Baseball Reference (Minor, Independent and Japanese Leagues), or Pelota Binaria (Venezuelan Winter League)

description: American baseball player (b. 1960)

wikidata_label: Mike Marshall

wikipedia_title: Mike Marshall (outfielder)


text: United States Army

text: War of 1812

text: Brigadier General

text: Battle of Crysler's Farm

text: Newburyport, Massachusetts

text: American Revolution

text: Ensign

text: Shays' Rebellion

text: Soldier of Fortune

text: Nizam of Hyderabad

text: India

text: cavalry

text: British

text: Colonel

text: 4th Infantry Regiment

text: Battle of Tippecanoe

text: brigade

text: William Henry Harrison

text: Henry Dearborn

text: Albany, New York

text: Plattsburgh

text: Brigadier General

text: Battle of Fort George

text: Fort George

text: Battle of Beaver Dams

text: Sacket's Harbor

text: James Wilkinson

text: Montreal

text: Battle of Crysler's Farm

text: Morgan Lewis

text: Sodus Point, New York

text: Lacolle Mill

text: Maine

text: Medford

text: Democratic-Republican

text: Jacksonian

text: Democrat

text: Boston City Council

text: Scots Charitable Society

text: President

text: Andrew Jackson

text: Thomas Melvill

text: Christ Church Cemetery

text: Winfield Scott

text: Muslim

text: Mississippi

text: Goodwill

text: Georgia

text: Bible

text: North End

text: John Parker Boyd

text: Find A Grave

text: John Parker Boyd

text: Electric Scotland

categories: United States Army generals,Boston City Council members,1830 deaths,People from Newburyport, Massachusetts,Hyderabad State people,Massachusetts Jacksonians,Massachusetts Democrats,History of Maine,American mercenaries,1764 births,Massachusetts Democratic-Republicans,American people of the War of 1812

paragraph: John Parker Boyd

paragraph: John Parker Boyd (December 21, 1764 – October 4, 1830) was an officer in the United States Army at various periods from 1786 to the end of the War of 1812. He attained the rank of Brigadier General and commanded during the American defeat at the Battle of Crysler's Farm.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Boyd was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts, on December 21, 1764. Too young to serve in the American Revolution, but decided upon a military career, he served in the militia and joined the Army as an Ensign in 1786.

paragraph: He served in the force sent to counter Shays' Rebellion, and resigned after three years in the Army to serve as a Soldier of Fortune in the army of the Nizam of Hyderabad, in Central India. Boyd was a highly successful cavalry commander, but was discharged in July 1798, due to his "refractoriness, disobedience, and unreasonableness."

paragraph: Section::::Return to the Army.

paragraph: Boyd continued to offer his services as a mercenary in India. After the British conquest ended the conflicts in which he had taken part, he disbanded his units, sold their equipment, and returned to the United States.

paragraph: Boyd rejoined the United States Army in October, 1808. Commissioned as Colonel of the 4th Infantry Regiment, during the Battle of Tippecanoe he served as a brigade commander and second-in-command to William Henry Harrison, with the rank of acting Brigadier General.

paragraph: Section::::War of 1812.

paragraph: When the War of 1812 broke out, Boyd initially commanded a brigade under Major General Henry Dearborn in Albany, New York and in action in the area around Plattsburgh. He was promoted to permanent Brigadier General in July.

paragraph: In 1813, he successfully commanded a brigade at the Battle of Fort George. As illness or disgrace removed many of his contemporaries, he eventually commanded the garrison of captured Fort George. After a defeat at the Battle of Beaver Dams, Boyd's troops returned to Fort George and remained on the defensive.

paragraph: Moving his troops from Fort George to Sacket's Harbor, he later participated in Major General James Wilkinson's ill-fated expedition to attack on Montreal (October, 1813). At the Battle of Crysler's Farm in November, 1813, the illness of Wilkinson and the army's second-in-command, Major General Morgan Lewis made Boyd the commander of the attack. His troops, poorly trained and dispirited from the rapid changes of command, straggled into action on unfavorable terrain. Boyd lost control of the battle and was defeated.

paragraph: Boyd remained in command of a brigade in winter camp at Salmon Creek, near Sodus Point, New York. After a half-hearted attack by Wilkinson at Lacolle Mill failed, Wilkinson blamed Boyd, and Boyd was moved into a rear-area assignment. He saw no further combat service, and in 1816 he published a defense of his actions.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: After leaving the Army in 1815, Boyd was involved in several business ventures, often in partnership with his brothers Ebenezer, Robert and Joseph. (Boyd's brother Joseph was Maine's first Treasurer.) He was a founder of the Maine towns of Orneville and Medford.

paragraph: In 1820 he was compensated by Britain for military services he had rendered in India.

paragraph: Originally a Democratic-Republican, and later a Jacksonian and a Democrat, Boyd served as a member of the Boston City Council in the 1820s. He was also active in civic causes, including the Scots Charitable Society.

paragraph: In 1829 President Andrew Jackson appointed Boyd Naval Officer of the Port of Boston, replacing Thomas Melvill, and he served until his death. (At ports in the United States, it was the job of the Collector, Naval Officer and Surveyor to receive copies of manifests from newly arrived ships, provide permits and clearances for the off-loading of cargo, inspect ship contents, estimate the customs duty due, collect the duty, and send collections to the Treasury. They also fined ship and cargo owners who underestimated or attempted to avoid paying duties. The holders of these positions were paid a portion of the fees collected and fines levied, making them lucrative and sought after political appointments.)

paragraph: Section::::Death and burial.

paragraph: Boyd died in Boston on October 4, 1830. He was buried at Christ Church Cemetery in Boston.

paragraph: Section::::Military reputation.

paragraph: Boyd's reputation as a commander is mixed. On one hand, he was praised for his skill, including his success in India. On the other, he was defeated at Crysler's Farm by a force only half the size of his.

paragraph: Winfield Scott clearly did not have high regard for Boyd, calling him amiable and respectable in a subordinate position but "vacillating and imbecile beyond all endurance as a chief under high responsibilities."

paragraph: Others have commended Boyd's military performance on specific occasions, including Tippecanoe and Fort George.

paragraph: Section::::Will.

paragraph: Boyd prepared a will in November, 1816. As transcribed, it reads:

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Boyd never married, but according to his will and other sources is known to have had two children. One was a daughter named Frances, born in India on June 4, 1797 to a Muslim woman named Housina. The other was a son named Wallace, born in October, 1814 to a woman named Marie Rupell. As indicated in his will, Boyd intended to leave a large portion of his estate to Housina and Frances, but they could not be located. Wallace received 25 percent of Boyd's estate. He later changed his name to John Wallace Boyd and became a ship's captain based in Boston.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Boyd Lake in Orneville is named for him.

paragraph: In 2008 a Mississippi woman, Charlotte Dillard, purchased at a Goodwill store in Georgia for slightly more than seven dollars an antique two-volume Bible inscribed "Symphonia A. Little presented by her uncle General Boyd." At the time of the purchase, Dillard planned to keep the books and display them at her home.

paragraph: Boyd's name is included on Plaque 8 in Paul Revere Mall, listed among those from Boston's North End who played leadership roles in the American Revolution and War of 1812. (Paul Revere Mall is bounded by Hanover, Tileston, Unity and Charter Streets. It is a brick park with benches, a fountain and flowers. It includes numerous bronze plaques to commemorate various historical events and individuals, and features an equestrian statue of Paul Revere.)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Parker Boyd at Find A Grave

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Parker Boyd at Electric Scotland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Documents and Facts Relative to Military Events During the Late War, 1816, by John Parker Boyd

description: United States general

wikidata_label: John Parker Boyd

wikipedia_title: John Parker Boyd


text:
Italian
composer
opera
Bitonto
Province of Bari
Apulia
Giovanni Veneziano
Giuliano Perugino
Leonardo Leo
Palermo
Gioacchino Rossini

categories: Italian male classical composers,Musicians from Naples,People from Bitonto,Italian Baroque composers,Italian opera composers,Italian classical composers,1698 births,Pupils of Alessandro Scarlatti,Male opera composers,1760s deaths

paragraph: Nicola Logroscino

paragraph: Nicola Bonifacio Logroscino (1698 – c.1765) was an Italian composer who is best known for his operas.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born at Bitonto (Province of Bari) in the Apulia region and was a pupil of Giovanni Veneziano and Giuliano Perugino at the Conservatorio di Santa Maria di Loreto. In 1738 he collaborated with Leonardo Leo and others in the hasty production of "Demetrio"; in the autumn of the same year he produced a comic opera, "L'inganno per inganno", the first of a long series of comic operas, the success of which won him the name of "il Dio dell'opera buffa". He went to Palermo, probably in 1747, as a teacher of counterpoint; as an opera composer he is last heard of in 1760, and is supposed to have died about 1763 or 1765.

paragraph: Logroscino has been credited with the invention of the concerted operatic finale, but as far as can be seen from the score of "Governalore" and the few remaining fragments of other operas, his finales show no advance upon those of Leo. As a musical humorist, he has been classed with Gioacchino Rossini.

description: Italian composer

wikidata_label: Nicola Logroscino

wikipedia_title: Nicola Logroscino


text: Sufi

text: Chishti Order

text: Delhi

text: spiritual successor

text: Moinuddin Chishti

text: Qutb Minar

text: Ajmer

text: Nagaur

text: dargah

text: Zafar Mahal

text: Mehrauli

text: Urs

text: Qutbuddin Aibak

text: Iltutmish

text: Sher Shah Suri

text: Bahadur Shah I

text: Farrukhsiyar

text: Fariduddin Ganjshakar

text: Nizamuddin Auliya

text: Amir Khusrau

text: Nasiruddin Chirag-e-Delhi

text: Hindus

text: Christians

text: Sikhs

text: Fergana Valley

text: Osh

text: Kyrgyz Republic

text: Transoxania

text: Ain-i-Akbari

text: Mughal Emperor

text: Akbar

text: Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak

text: Muhammad

text: Hussain ibn Ali

text: oath of allegiance

text: Moinuddin Chishti

text: khilafat

text: khirqa

text: Moinuddin Chishti

text: Osh

text: Isfahan

text: Iltutmish

text: Delhi Sultanate

text: keramat

text: majlis

text: amulet

text: tawiz

text: sema

text: Rabi'-ul-Awwal

text: Ahmad- e Jam

text: dargah

text: Zafar Mahal

text: Qutub Minar

text: Mehrauli

text: haram

text: sunnah

text: Asr prayer

text: namaz-e-janaza

text: Bahadur Shah I

text: Moti Masjid

text: Aurangzeb

text: Red Fort of Delhi

text: Qutb Minar

text: Lodhi dynasty

text: Mahatma Gandhi

text: Akbar Shah II

text: Yogmaya Mandir

text: Jawaharlal Nehru

text: Akbar Shah II

text: Mughals

text: Bahadur Shah I

text: Shah Alam II

text: Bahadur Shah Zafar

text: Turabul Haq Dargah

text: Moinuddin Chishti

text: Ashraf Jahangir Semnani

text: An afternoon with the saints

text: The Hindu

text: IGNCA

text: 1814 painting

categories: Sufi shrines in India,13th-century Indian Muslims,1173 births,Mehrauli,1235 deaths,Dargahs in India,People from Delhi,Indian Sufis,Chishtis,People from Osh

paragraph: Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki

paragraph: "Qutb ul Aqtab" Khwaja Sayyid Muhammad Bakhtiyar AlHussaini Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki

paragraph: (born 1173-died 1235) was a Muslim Sufi mystic, saint and scholar of the Chishti Order from Delhi, in what is now India. He was the disciple and the spiritual successor of Moinuddin Chishti as head of the Chishti order, and the person to whom the Qutb Minar, Delhi is dedicated. Before him the Chishti order in India was confined to Ajmer and Nagaur. He played a major role in establishing the order securely in Delhi. His dargah located adjacent to Zafar Mahal in Mehrauli, and the oldest dargah in Delhi, is also the venue of his annual Urs festivities. The Urs was held in high regard by many rulers of Delhi like Qutbuddin Aibak, Iltutmish who built a nearby stepwell, "Gandhak ki Baoli" for him, Sher Shah Suri who built a grand gateway, Bahadur Shah I who built the Moti Masjid mosque nearby and Farrukhsiyar who added a marble screen and a mosque.

paragraph: His most famous disciple and spiritual successor was Fariduddin Ganjshakar, who in turn became the spiritual master of Delhi's noted Sufi saint, Nizamuddin Auliya, who himself was the spiritual master of Amir Khusrau and Nasiruddin Chirag-e-Delhi.

paragraph: Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki had much influence on Sufism in India. As he continued and developed the traditional ideas of universal brotherhood and charity within the Chisti order, a new dimension of Islam started opening up in India which had hitherto not been present. He forms an important part of the Sufi movement which attracted many people to Islam in India in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.

paragraph: People of every religion like Hindus, Christians, Sikhs, etc. visiting his Dargah every week.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki was born in 569 A.H. (1173 C.E.) in a small town called Osh (alternatively Awsh or Ush) in the Fergana Valley (present Osh in southern Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyzstan), part of historic Transoxania). According to his biography mentioned in, "Ain-i-Akbari", written in the 16th century by Mughal Emperor Akbar’s vizier, Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak, he was the son of Syed Kamalu'ddin Musa Alhussaini, whom he lost at the young age of a year and a half.

paragraph: Khwaja Qutbuddin's original name was Bakhtiyar and later on he was given the title Qutbuddin. He was a descendent of the Prophet Muhammad, descending through Hussain ibn Ali. His mother, who herself was an educated lady, arranged for his education by Shaikh Abu Hifs.

paragraph: Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki took oath of allegiance at the hands of Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti, and received the khilafat and khirqa (Sufi cloak) from him, when Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti passed through Osh during his journey to Isfahan, incidentally just forty days before his death. His spiritual master then guided him to India and asked him to stay there. Thus, he was the first spiritual successor of Moinuddin Chishti.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.:Move to Delhi.

paragraph: In obedience to the desire of his spiritual master, Moinuddin Chishti, Khwaja Bakhtiyar moved to the city of Delhi during the reign of Iltutmish (r. 1211-1236) of the Delhi Sultanate. Many people started visiting him daily.

paragraph: He was called "Kaki" due to a keramat (miracle) attributed to him in Delhi. It is said that he asked his wife not to take credit from the local baker despite their extreme poverty. Instead he told her to pick up "Kak" (a kind of bread) from a corner of their house whenever needed. After this, his wife found that "Kak" miraculously appeared in that corner whenever she required it. The baker, in the meantime, had become worried whether the Khwaja had stopped taking credit due to being perchance angry with him. Accordingly, when the baker's wife asked the reason from the Khwaja's wife, she told her about the miracle of "Kak." Although the "Kak" stopped appearing after this, from that day the people started referring to him as Kaki.

paragraph: Khwaja Bakhtiyar Kaki, like other Chisti saints, did not formulate any formal doctrine. He used to hold a "majlis", a gathering, where he gave his discourses or fatwas. Directed at the common masses, these contained an emphasis on renunciation, having complete trust in God, treating all human beings as equal and helping them as much as possible, etc. Whatever money was donated to him, he usually spent it on charity the same day.

paragraph: He was a great believer in helping the needy without heeding the result. When an eminent disciple, Fariduddin Ganjshakar, asked him about the legality of amulets ("tawiz") which were controversial as they could lead to theological problems of semi-idolatory in Islam, he replied that the fulfilment of desires belonged to no one; the amulets contained God's name and His words and could be given to the people.

paragraph: He continued and extended the musical tradition of the Chisti order by participating in sema or Mehfil-e-Sama. It is conjectured that this was with the view that, being in consonance with the role of music in some modes of Hindu worship, it could serve as a basis of contact with the local people and would facilitate mutual adjustments between the two communities. On the 14th of Rabi'-ul-Awwal 633 A.H. (27 November 1235 CE) he attended a "Mehfil-e-Sama" where the poet Ahmad- e Jam sang the following verses:

paragraph: Khwaja Bakhtiyar Kaki was so overcome and enraptured by these verses that he fainted away. He died four days later while still in that state of ecstasy. His "dargah" (shrine) is adjacent to the Zafar Mahal, near Qutub Minar complex, in Mehrauli, Delhi. After his death his will was read that emphasized that only the person who has done no haram and have never left the sunnah of Asr prayer may only lead his namaz-e-janaza (funeral prayer). This left to a brief lull as nearly everybody did not adhered to the contents of the will. Finally a teary eyed Illtutmish come out of the congregation saying that "I did not want to reveal my inner self to everybody but the will of Khwaja Bakhtiyar Kaki wants so". His Janaza prayer was finally led by Illtutmish as he was the only person who fulfilled and adhered to the contents of the will.

paragraph: Left of the "Ajmeri Gate" of the dargah at Mehrauli, lies "Moti Masjid", a small mosque for private prayer built by Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah I in 1709, an imitation of the much larger Moti Masjid built by his father, Aurangzeb, inside the Red Fort of Delhi.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.:His influence over people.

paragraph: As a well-known saint, Khwaja Bakhtiyar Kaki exercised great sway over the people. He continued the policy of non-involvement with the government of the day. This was the traditional way of saints of the Chisti order in South Asia, as they felt that their linkage with rulers and the government would turn their mind towards worldly matters.

paragraph: During the lifetime of the Khwaja he was held in great esteem by the Delhi Sultan, Iltutmish. It is contended that the Qutb Minar, the worlds tallest brick minaret, partially built by Iltumish, was named so after him. He was also the favorite saint of the Lodhi dynasty which ruled over Delhi from 1451 to 1526.

paragraph: His importance continues to this day and can be gauged by the following historical fact. When Mahatma Gandhi launched his last fast-unto-death in Delhi in 1948, asking that all communal violence be ended once and for all, he was pressed by leaders of all denominations to end the fast. One of the six conditions that Gandhi put forward to end the fast was that Hindus and Sikhs as an act of atonement should repair the shrine of Khwaja Bakhtiyar Kaki which had been damaged during the communal riots.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.:"Phoolwalon-ki-sair" festival.

paragraph: The darbaar shrine of Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki has also been the venue of the annual "Phoolwalon-ki-sair" (a festival of flower-sellers) in autumn, which has now become an important inter-faith festival of Delhi.

paragraph: The festival has its origins in 1812, when Queen Mumtaz Mahal, wife of the Mughal Emperor, Akbar Shah II (r. 1806-1837) made a vow to offer a "chadar" and flower "pankha" at the Dargah and a "pankha" at the Yogmaya Mandir, also at Mehrauli, if her son Mirza Jehangir, who, after inviting the wrath of Sir Archibald Seton, the then British Resident of the Red Fort, was exiled to Allahabad, returned safely. And as the legend goes, he did, and so began the tradition. The festival was stopped by the British in 1942, but later revived by the Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru in 1961 to bridge the Hindu-Muslim gap, and inculcate secularist ideals.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.:Royal grave enclosure.

paragraph: Incidentally, Akbar Shah II is now buried nearby in a marble enclosure, along with other Mughals, Bahadur Shah I and Shah Alam II. An empty grave, also known as "Sardgah", of the last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar, can also be found here, as he had willed to be buried next to the famous shrine, as did his previous Mughal predecessors. Unfortunately, he was exiled to Burma where he died. Talks of bringing back his remains here have been raised in the past, from time to time.

paragraph: Section::::Titles.

paragraph: Honorary titles given to Qutbuddin Bakhityar Kaki include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Qutub-ul-Aqtaab

paragraph: BULLET::::- Malik-ul-Mashaa'ikh

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rais-us-Saalikin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siraj-ul-Auliya

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turabul Haq Dargah

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moinuddin Chishti

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ashraf Jahangir Semnani

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- All Sufis Of Delhi, India and the whole World

paragraph: BULLET::::- An afternoon with the saints "The Hindu" (newspaper).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dargah Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki, Mehrauli

paragraph: BULLET::::- Images of enclosure containing Mughal royal tombs IGNCA

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dargah of Qutb-Sahib at Mehrauli", 1845 painting, *

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1814 painting

description: Indian Sufi

wikidata_label: Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki

wikipedia_title: Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki


text:
Maninjau
West Sumatra
ulema
Mecca
Shaikh Ahmad Khatib
Dutch East Indies
Indonesia
Muhammadiyah
Sumatera Thawalib
Padang Panjang
Hamka
United Development Party
Islam in Indonesia
List of Minangkabau people

categories: Indonesian Muslims,Indonesian Islamic religious leaders,Minangkabau people,1945 deaths,1879 births

paragraph: Abdul Karim Amrullah

paragraph: Abdul Karim Amrullah (10 February, 1879 – 1945), known as Haji Rasul, was a Muslim reformer who led reformation of Islam in Sumatra.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Haji Rasul was born in Sungai Batang, Maninjau, West Sumatra on February 10, 1879. His father was Muslim ulema, Syekh Muhammad Amarullah Tuanku Kisai and his mother Andung Tarawas. In 1894, he went to Mecca, studying Islamic law under Shaikh Ahmad Khatib. After he graduated, he taught Islam in Mecca until 1906. Upon his return to the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), he founded an Islamic organization known as Muhammadiyah in West Sumatra. In 1915, Haji Rasul founded Sumatera Thawalib in Padang Panjang. Thawalib was an Islamic school that produced many progressive students. He died in Jakarta before independence day on June 2, 1945.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Haji Rasul's son Hamka was also a prominent "ulama", politician, and author. Rusdi Hamka, his grandson, is a politician, a member of DPR from United Development Party.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Islam in Indonesia

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Minangkabau people

description: Islamic religious leader

wikidata_label: Abdul Karim Amrullah

wikipedia_title: Abdul Karim Amrullah


text:
Kościan
Polish
Piotr Rubik
To cała prawda
Psalm z bukietem konwalii

categories: Polish female singers,1988 births,21st-century women singers,21st-century Polish singers,Living people

paragraph: Zofia Nowakowska

paragraph: Zofia Nowakowska (born 25 February 1988, Kościan) is a Polish singer. She has been a leading vocalist of the Studio Buffo musical theater and has appeared on artistic presentations headed by the composer Piotr Rubik. Besides Polish performances, she has also recorded an English version of the song "The Right to Love". She is currently attending university with a major in psychology.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- To cała prawda

paragraph: BULLET::::- Psalm z bukietem konwalii

description: Polish singer

wikidata_label: Zofia Nowakowska

wikipedia_title: Zofia Nowakowska


text: Japanese

text: Roman Catholic

text: Japan

text: Jesuit

text: martyr

text: saint

text: Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan

text: Jesuits

text: Azuchi

text: Takatsuki

text: Society of Jesus

text: Toyotomi Hideyoshi

text: European visitors

text: Catholics

text: Kyoto

text: Nagasaki

text: Te Deum

text: sermon

text: laity

text: canonized

text: Pope Pius IX

text: Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan

text: Profile

text: Profile

categories: Japanese Roman Catholic saints,Japanese Roman Catholics,1597 deaths,Japanese Jesuits,Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan,Jesuit saints,1560s births,Date of birth unknown,Jesuit martyrs

paragraph: Paulo Miki

paragraph: Paulo Miki (Japanese: パウロ三木; c. 1562 – 5 February 1597) was a Roman Catholic Japanese Jesuit seminarian, martyr and saint, one of the Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Paulo Miki was born into a wealthy Japanese family. He was educated by the Jesuits in Azuchi and Takatsuki. He joined the Society of Jesus and became a well known and successful preacher – gaining numerous converts to Catholicism. The ruler of Japan, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, began persecuting Catholics for fear of the Jesuits' influence and intentions, and possibly that of European visitors.

paragraph: Miki was arrested and jailed with his fellow Catholics, who were later forced to march 966 kilometers (600 miles) from Kyoto to Nagasaki; all the while singing the "Te Deum". On arriving in Nagasaki – which today has the largest Catholic population in Japan – Miki had his chest pierced with a lance while tied to a cross on 5 February 1597.

paragraph: He preached his last sermon from the cross, and it is maintained that he forgave his executioners, stating that he himself was Japanese. Crucified alongside him were Joan Soan (de Gotó) and Santiago Kisai, also of the Society of Jesus; along with twenty-three other clergy and laity, all of whom were canonized by Pope Pius IX in 1862.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile, catholic.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile, santiebeati.it

paragraph: BULLET::::- THE MARTYRS OF JAPAN – Feast: February 6

description: Roman Catholic Japanese Jesuit seminarian and martyr. one of the Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan

wikidata_label: Paul Miki

wikipedia_title: Paulo Miki


text:
English
musician
Kent
guitar
mandolin
Swans
Fugazi
Papa M
Fuxa
guitar synthesizer
Jackie-O-Motherfucker
cello
mandolin
acoustic guitar
folk
drone metal
electronica
All Tomorrow's Parties
ATP Recordings
banjo
violin
piano
Pitchfork Media
Village Voice
Stephen O'Malley
Sunn O)))
Khanate
Ginnungagap
Lali Chetwynd
Tate Britain
Duke Garwood
Daniel O'Sullivan
Guapo
Jussi Lehtisalo
Circle
John Fahey
Fuck Buttons
Owen Pallett
Plan B
Led Zeppelin
My Bloody Valentine
Uncut
Bohren & der Club of Gore
Don’t Look Away
ATP Recordings Page

categories: English male guitarists,Living people,English blues guitarists

paragraph: Alexander Tucker (musician)

paragraph: Alexander Tucker is an English musician from Kent who writes, records and performs alone and in collaboration with a varied array of artists. One critic writes that "Tucker sounds like he’s following a tradition that has long been neglected, focusing not on ageless songs and ideas but on ageless feelings captured through his droning miasma of acoustic guitar and mandolin." His first musical position was singing in hardcore band Suction in the early 1990s, who according to Tucker "played noisy adolescent punk with leanings towards Swans and Fugazi." His next job was as vocalist of post-rock hardcore 5-piece Unhome who released one album "Short History of Houses" (Unlabel) and a split single with Papa M. Unhome split in late 1999 and Tucker went on to tour the UK with Detroit space-rockers Fuxa, playing guitar synthesizers.

paragraph: Section::::Solo recordings.

paragraph: Tucker develops his interest in improvisation using detuned guitars, tape loops, mini disc players and FX pedals. In early 2000, he recorded a solo self-titled album of acoustic finger-picking, experimental electronics, field recordings and vocals, which was picked up by Tom Greenwood of Jackie-O-Motherfucker and released on his "U-Sound Archives" label. This style was refined in his live performances. One reviewer wrote of a 2008 performance that they had "seen a lot of live looping musicians in recent years and Alexander Tucker is by far one of the best. With cello, mandolin, acoustic guitar, his voice and a bank of pedals, he creates soundscapes which shift through folk, drone metal and electronica." Further years of writing and recording led to a new record deal with the All Tomorrow's Parties affiliated ATP Recordings label, with whom he released "Old Fog" in 2005. One reviewer wrote of the LP that "his beautifully spooked wanderings feature both delicately picked banjo and acoustic guitar, violin, piano, detuned electric guitar, found sounds, looped noise and ghostly vocals, all layered to eerily resonant effect. A wintry and wonderful new discovery", whilst another wrote that it was "The kind of fog you won't mind getting lost in...a beautiful listen." Brandon Stosuy of the influential Pitchfork Media and Village Voice wrote that "Over its course, Tucker piles inland shanties atop field recordings, piano, jittery bows, noise squalls, and bone creaks. Throughout, his fingerpicking feels almost possessed." Both of his first two albums were recorded on a digital 8-track when Tucker lived in a flat above Warren St. tube station, and the vibrations from passing tube trains can be heard in the background of some tracks.

paragraph: Section::::Collaborations and "Furrowed Brow".

paragraph: Due to the wider audience gained through this release, more collaborations followed, including work with Stephen O'Malley of Sunn O))) & Khanate on his Ginnungagap side project, and in 2008 as Stephen O'Malley and Alexander Tucker Duo. Other collaborations have included providing the soundtrack to Lali Chetwynd's performance piece at Tate Britain and playing with JOMF, Duke Garwood, Little Wet Horse and more recently with Daniel O'Sullivan and Dave Smith of Guapo under The Stargazers Assistant moniker, and with Jussi Lehtisalo of Circle in Grumbling Fur. A second album on ATPR, Furrowed Brow was recorded in his home county of deepest darkest Kent and released in November 2006. One reviewer stated "Furrowed Brow is without a doubt Tucker’s most accomplished foray into the recorded sphere of everything musical, a great improvement upon his Old Fog collection of 2005", and another similarly noted that it was "a bold statement of a record and Alexander Tucker's finest collection of work so far." The depth of genres covered by Tucker's work was also noted in Chris Parkin's review for "Time Out" magazine: "this astonishing second album is haunted by John Fahey’s mystical guitar style, but Tucker reinterprets and paints over any old influence with a dense and doomy mix of detuned guitars, looped drones and warped harmonies. It’s the equivalent of dubstep for folk traditionalists."

paragraph: Tucker is also a visual artist, creating artwork for all of his album covers and side projects, including ongoing drawings and comic artwork for "Sturgeon White Moss" (White Moss Press) and an album cover for Nordic doom-master Wolfmangler.

paragraph: Section::::2008 - "Custom Made" and "Portal".

paragraph: The start of 2008 saw Tucker out on tour throughout the UK with label-mates Fuck Buttons. The live debut of Stephen O'Malley & Alexander Tucker Duo is set to feature as part of the London date of Owen Pallett's "Maximum Black Festival". In April Tucker released an edition of the ATP Recordings label's double 7" single project entitled "Custom Made". This featured a preview of the song "Veins To The Sky" which would feature on the forthcoming third album "Portal". Veins was highlighted by Pitchfork Media and other media sources as a very positive progression from Tucker. The Pitchfork article highlighted its "symphonic textures and miasmic chord changes that will grab your attention...a hybrid between ancient sounds and the psychedelic capacities of one man."

paragraph: "Portal", a third album which took over a year to complete was released on 9 June on CD and vinyl formats, again on ATP Recordings. It was hailed with extremely positive reviews, for example "Plan B" stated that "his guitar work hints at everything from Led Zeppelin's most stately to My Bloody Valentine's most cryptic, no bad place to be" and "Uncut" that the album is "a steady grower...a meticulously disorienting, blissed environment...very pleasing." Later that year he performed at the ATP New York Festival, and toured Europe as support to Bohren & der Club of Gore.

paragraph: In April 2011, he released the album "Dorwytch", followed in April 2012 by "Third Mouth", both on Thrill Jockey.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alexander Tucker" (U-Sound Archive, 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Old Fog" (ATPR, 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Furrowed Brow" (ATPR, 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Portal" (ATPR, 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dorwytch" (Thrill Jockey, 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Third Mouth" (Thrill Jockey, 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don’t Look Away" (Thrill Jockey, 2018)

paragraph: Section::::Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Custom Made" (2x7", ATPR, 2008)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ATP Recordings Page

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Alexander Tucker

wikipedia_title: Alexander Tucker (musician)


text:
Mareuil-le-Port
France
La Rochelle
France
cyclo-cross
France
World Cyclo-cross Championships
Jean Robic

categories: Sportspeople from Marne (department),1999 deaths,1920 births,French male cyclists,Cyclo-cross cyclists,UCI Cyclo-cross World Champions (men)

paragraph: Roger Rondeaux

paragraph: Roger Rondeaux (15 April 1920 in Mareuil-le-Port, France – 24 January 1999 in La Rochelle, France) is a former cyclo-cross racer from France who was a professional from 1947 to 1958. Rondeaux won the World Cyclo-cross Championships three times in 1951, 1952, and 1953, was Cyclo-cross Champion of France seven times between 1947 and 1954. Rondeaux had been beaten in the first edition of the Cyclo-cross world championships by Jean Robic in a sprint.

description: French racing cyclist

wikidata_label: Roger Rondeaux

wikipedia_title: Roger Rondeaux


text: Prince Frederick Adolf of Sweden

text: Sophie Hagman

text: Tullgarn

text: taffeltäckare

text: Fredrique Löwen

text: Royal Dramatic Theatre

text: Opera

text: breeches role

text: Inga Åberg

text: Kjell Waltman

text: Gustav III

text: Iphigénie

text: Gluck

text: Ebba Brahe

text: Prince Charles

text: coffee

text: Slottsberg

text: Sophie Hagman

categories: 1828 deaths,18th-century Swedish ballet dancers,Mistresses of Swedish royalty,Swedish courtesans,18th-century Swedish actresses,1772 births

paragraph: Euphrosyne Löf

paragraph: Euphrosyne (Euphrosina) Löf (Stockholm, 1772 – Stockholm, 1 July 1828) was a Swedish ballet dancer and stage actress, best known for her affair with Prince Frederick Adolf of Sweden from 1795 to 1800, after his relationship with Sophie Hagman. Euphrosyne Löf acted as his hostess at Tullgarn.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: She was the daughter of Johan Gottfrid Löf, "taffeltäckare" at the royal court, and Catharina Charlotta Stålhammar, and the sister of the actress Fredrique Löwen. Like her seven sisters, she was early known as a part of the Stockholm demi-monde of high class prostitutes

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Stage career.

paragraph: Euphrosyne made a successful stage debut on the Royal Dramatic Theatre in 1791, and she also took part in ballets at the Opera. She was among the first Swedish actresses known by name to have performed in breeches role; in 1794, she and Inga Åberg did the two male leading parts of August and Theodor in the play "De begge kammarpagerna" (The Two Valets) by Kexel. For comparison, the first confirmed time a Swedish male actor played a female part was Kjell Waltman as "Mother Bobi" in 1781, though the all-male student troupe of 1686–1691 must have performed female parts as well. She appeared in Gustav III's plays, in "Iphigénie" by Gluck, as Märta Banér and as Ebba Brahe in "Gustav Adolf och Ebba Brahe" (1794) by Gustav III.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Royal mistress.

paragraph: In 1793, she became the mistress of Prince Charles, at that point regent during the minority of his nephew. Löf was believed to have influence on his decision to ban coffee, and when he banned silk for the public, she was mentioned in political debate: "In Stockholm it was widely said, that as long as the mamselle's Löf and Slottsberg (the duke's mistresses) wore silk and all sorts of finery, such things should not be banned" She became the lover of Prince Frederick Adolf after his relationship with Sophie Hagman ended in 1795. She was not liked and described as nasty, a "harlot who sold herself to anyone", who showed no gratitude toward all the gifts she was given and who is said to infected Frederick with venereal desieces

paragraph: and the relationship was criticized within the court who considered Löf "unworthy"

paragraph: In 1800, Frederick ended the relationship because of her reportedly "bad behavior" and the opposition against it and granted her a pension until she entered into a new official relationship Apparently, Frederick ended the relationship because Löf had acquired an additional lover.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Later life.

paragraph: Euphrosyne Löf is reported to have lived a comfortable life in Stockholm until her death, and was during the 1820s observed wearing fashionable clothes. She left her fortune in her will to three of her sisters, Baroness Lovisa von Stedink, Sara "in Russia" and Sophia "in Södertälje", but it was still confiscated by the official Carl Wilhelm Broberg.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Svensk uppslagsbok (1947) (Swedish dictionary. 1947 edition)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nordensvan, Georg, Svensk teater och svenska skådespelare från Gustav III till våra dagar. Förra delen, 1772-1842, Bonnier, Stockholm, 1917 (Swedish theatre and Swedish actors from Gustav III to our days. First book 1772-1842) (Swedish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilhelmina Stålberg:Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor (Notes on Swedish women)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carl Forsstrand: Sophie Hagman och hennes samtida. Några anteckningar från det gustavianska Stockholm. Andra upplagan. Wahlström & Widstrand, Stockholm (1911)

description: Swedish actor and ballerina

wikidata_label: Euphrosyne Löf

wikipedia_title: Euphrosyne Löf


text: Irish-American

text: asymptomatic carrier

text: typhoid fever

text: Cookstown

text: County Tyrone

text: Northern Ireland

text: cook

text: New York City

text: Mamaroneck, New York

text: Manhattan

text: diarrhea

text: Oyster Bay, Long Island

text: bank

text: Oyster Bay

text: George Soper

text: New York City Health Department

text: Sara Josephine Baker

text: North Brother Island

text: New York State Commissioner of Health

text: laundress

text: Sloane Hospital for Women

text: public health

text: quarantine

text: North Brother Island

text: pneumonia

text: gallbladder

text: George Soper

text: Saint Raymond's Cemetery

text: the Bronx

text: Adirondack

text: Elisabeth Moss

text: Mary Beth Keane

text: Stanford University School of Medicine

text: macrophages

text: Salmonella typhi

text: feces

text: urine

text: Typhoid Mary (comics)

text: Federspiel, Jürg

text: historical novel

text: Ballantine Books

categories: Women and death,20th-century Irish people,Deaths from pneumonia,19th-century Irish people,American domestic workers,Biological hazards,People from Cookstown,1938 deaths,Infectious disease deaths in New York (state),Stroke survivors,Index cases,1869 births,People from Oyster Bay, New York,Irish emigrants to the United States (before 1923),Typhoid fever

paragraph: Mary Mallon

paragraph: Mary Mallon (September 23, 1869 – November 11, 1938), also known as Typhoid Mary, was an Irish-American cook. She was the first person in the United States identified as an asymptomatic carrier of the pathogen associated with typhoid fever. She was presumed to have infected 51 people, three of whom died, over the course of her career as a cook. She was twice forcibly isolated by public health authorities and died after a total of nearly three decades in isolation.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Mary Mallon was born in 1869 in Cookstown, County Tyrone, in what is now Northern Ireland. She migrated to the United States in 1883 or 1884. She lived with her aunt and uncle for a time and later found work as a cook for affluent families.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: From 1900 to 1907, Mallon worked as a cook in the New York City area for seven families. In 1900, she worked in Mamaroneck, New York, where, within two weeks of her employment, residents developed typhoid fever. In 1901, she moved to Manhattan, where members of the family for whom she worked developed fevers and diarrhea, and the laundress died. Mallon then went to work for a lawyer and left after seven of the eight people in that household became ill.

paragraph: In the year 1906, Mary took a position in Oyster Bay, Long Island, and within two weeks 10 of the 11 family members were hospitalized with typhoid. She changed jobs again, and similar occurrences happened in three more households. She worked as a cook for the family of a wealthy New York banker, Charles Henry Warren. When the Warrens rented a house in Oyster Bay for the summer of 1906, Mallon went along, too. From August 27 to September 3, six of the 11 people in the family came down with typhoid fever. The disease at that time was "unusual" in Oyster Bay, according to three medical doctors who practiced there. Mallon was subsequently hired by other families, and outbreaks followed her.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Investigation.

paragraph: In late 1906, one family hired a typhoid researcher named George Soper to investigate. Soper published the results on June 15, 1907, in the "Journal of the American Medical Association". He believed Mallon might be the source of the outbreak. He wrote:

paragraph: It was found that the family changed cooks on August 4. This was about three weeks before the typhoid epidemic broke out. The new cook, Mallon, remained in the family only a short time, and left about three weeks after the outbreak occurred. Mallon was described as an Irish woman about 40 years of age, tall, heavy, single. She seemed to be in perfect health.

paragraph: Soper discovered that a female Irish cook, who fit the physical description he was given, was involved in all of the outbreaks. He was unable to locate her because she generally left after an outbreak began, without giving a forwarding address. Soper learned of an active outbreak in a penthouse on Park Avenue and discovered Mallon was the cook. Two of the household's servants were hospitalized, and the daughter of the family died of typhoid.

paragraph: When Soper approached Mallon about her possible role in spreading typhoid, she adamantly rejected his request for urine and stool samples. Since Mallon refused to give samples, he decided to compile a five-year history of Mallon's employment. Soper found that of the eight families that hired Mallon as a cook, members of seven claimed to have contracted typhoid fever. On his next visit, he brought another doctor with him but again was turned away. During a later encounter when Mallon was herself hospitalized, he told her he would write a book and give her all the royalties. She angrily rejected his proposal and locked herself in the bathroom until he left.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:First quarantine (1907–1910).

paragraph: The New York City Health Department finally sent physician Sara Josephine Baker to talk to Mallon. Baker stated "by that time she was convinced that the law was only persecuting her when she had done nothing wrong." A few days later, Baker arrived at Mallon's workplace with several police officers, who took her into custody.

paragraph: Mallon attracted so much media attention that she was called "Typhoid Mary" in a 1908 issue of the "Journal of the American Medical Association". Later, in a textbook that defined typhoid fever, she was again called "Typhoid Mary".

paragraph: Mallon admitted she did not understand the purpose of hand-washing because she did not pose a risk. In prison, she was forced to give stool and urine samples. Authorities suggested removing her gallbladder because they believed typhoid bacteria resided there. However, she refused as she did not believe she carried the disease. She was also unwilling to cease working as a cook.

paragraph: The New York City Health Inspector determined she was a carrier. Under sections 1169 and 1170 of the Greater New York Charter, Mallon was held in isolation for three years at a clinic located on North Brother Island.

paragraph: Eventually, Eugene H. Porter, the New York State Commissioner of Health, decided that disease carriers should no longer be kept in isolation and that Mallon could be freed if she agreed to stop working as a cook and take reasonable steps to prevent transmitting typhoid to others. On February 19, 1910, Mallon agreed that she was "prepared to change her occupation (that of a cook), and would give assurance by affidavit that she would upon her release take such hygienic precautions as would protect those with whom she came in contact, from infection." She was released from quarantine and returned to the mainland.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Release and second quarantine (1915–1938).

paragraph: Upon her release, Mallon was given a job as a laundress, which paid less than cooking. After several unsuccessful years of working as a laundress, she changed her name to Mary Brown and returned to her former occupation despite having been explicitly instructed not to. For the next five years, she worked in a number of kitchens; wherever she worked, there were outbreaks of typhoid. However, she changed jobs frequently, and Soper was unable to find her.

paragraph: In 1915, Mallon started another major outbreak, this time at Sloane Hospital for Women in New York City. 25 people were infected, and two died. She again left, but the police were able to find and arrest her when she brought food to a friend on Long Island. After arresting her, public health authorities returned her to quarantine on North Brother Island on March 27, 1915. She was still unwilling to have her gallbladder removed.

paragraph: Mallon remained confined for the remainder of her life. She became a minor celebrity and was occasionally interviewed by the media. They were told not to accept even water from her. Later, she was allowed to work as a technician in the island's laboratory, washing bottles.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Mallon spent the rest of her life in quarantine at the Riverside Hospital. Six years before her death, she was paralyzed by a stroke. On November 11, 1938, she died of pneumonia at age 69. A post-mortem found evidence of live typhoid bacteria in her gallbladder. Other researchers have cited George Soper who wrote, "There was no autopsy" to assert a conspiracy to calm public opinion after her death. Mallon's body was cremated, and her ashes were buried at Saint Raymond's Cemetery in the Bronx.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Among the infections Mallon caused, at least three deaths were attributed to her; however, because of her use of aliases and refusal to cooperate, the exact number is not known. Some have estimated that she may have caused 50 fatalities.

paragraph: Mallon was the first asymptomatic typhoid carrier to be identified by medical science, and there was no policy providing guidelines for handling the situation. Some difficulties surrounding her case stemmed from Mallon's vehement denial of her possible role, as she refused to acknowledge any connection between her working as a cook and the typhoid cases. Mallon maintained that she was perfectly healthy, had never had typhoid fever, and could not be the source. Public-health authorities determined that permanent quarantine was the only way to prevent Mallon from causing significant future typhoid outbreaks.

paragraph: Other healthy typhoid carriers identified in the first quarter of the 20th century include Tony Labella, an Italian immigrant, presumed to have caused over 100 cases (with five deaths); an Adirondack guide dubbed "Typhoid John", presumed to have infected 36 people (with two deaths); and Alphonse Cotils, a restaurateur and bakery owner.

paragraph: Today, "Typhoid Mary" is a colloquial term for anyone who, knowingly or not, spreads disease or some other undesirable thing.

paragraph: Actress Elisabeth Moss is reported to be developing a TV miniseries in which "Typhoid Mary" is a central character, based on the 2013 novel "Fever" by Mary Beth Keane.

paragraph: Section::::Modern medical understanding of Mallon's case.

paragraph: In August 2013, researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine announced they were making breakthroughs in understanding the exact science behind asymptomatic carriers such as Mallon. The bacteria that cause typhoid may hide in macrophages, a type of immune cell.

paragraph: Individuals can develop typhoid fever after ingesting food or water contaminated during handling by a human carrier. The human carrier may be a healthy person who has survived a previous episode of typhoid fever yet continues to shed the associated bacteria, "Salmonella typhi", in feces and urine. Washing hands with soap before touching or preparing food, washing dishes and utensils with soap and water, and only eating cooked food are all ways to reduce the risk of typhoid infection.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Typhoid Mary (comics)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Federspiel, Jürg. "The Ballad of Typhoid Mary" (historical novel translated by Joel Agee). New York: Ballantine Books, 1985.

alias:
Mary Mallon
Mary Brown

description: infected houseworker in New York City

wikidata_label: Typhoid Mary

wikipedia_title: Mary Mallon