text:
Spanish poet
man of letters
Seville
Francisco Pacheco
Rodrigo Caro
Juan Gutiérrez Rufo
Italian poetry
Garcilaso de la Vega
canciones
minor orders
benefice
San Andrés
Álvaro Colón
tertulia
Charles V
Thomas More
Miguel Cervantes
Don Quixote
canciones
Battle of Lepanto
Dictionary of Literary Biography
Sweet Briar College webpage: Herrera

categories: Spanish poets,1597 deaths,Year of birth uncertain

paragraph: Fernando de Herrera

paragraph: Fernando de Herrera (~1534–1597), called "El Divino", was a 16th-century Spanish poet and man of letters. He was born in Seville. Much of what is known about him comes from "Libro de descripción de verdaderos retratos de illustres y memorables varones" (Book of the Description of the True Portraits of Illustrious and Memorable Men) (1599) by Francisco Pacheco.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Although Herrera's family was only moderately wealthy, they were highly esteemed in Seville. During Herrera's lifetime, Seville was a bustling port city from which many transatlantic voyages would embark, and trading took place with countries all over the world. This active atmosphere, however, was somewhat contradictory to Herrera's character. He therefore sought solace from the busy city life through his poetry. However, whereas spending much of his time in seclusion allowed him to concentrate on his work and artistic interests, it also brought him much criticism from others. The academic community, especially Rodrigo Caro and Juan Gutiérrez Rufo, mocked him for his unorthodox ways.

paragraph: Although well-learned and knowledgeable — Herrera was a great admirer of Italian poetry, the classics, and the Bible (all of which influenced his work) — he was never known to have held any academic degree. He admired one Spanish poet in particular, Garcilaso de la Vega, whose style influenced his own poetry. Herrera did not just have an antiquarian interest in knowledge, however; he was interested in current events, especially those related to the military. Evidence of this is seen in his patriotic canciones (songs) in which he expresses feelings toward contemporary military leaders and actions.

paragraph: To accommodate his need for refuge, Herrera took minor orders in the Catholic Church and received a benefice in San Andrés, a parish of Seville. However, though Herrera displayed a love for solitude, he was no hermit. Around 1559, he struck up a friendship with Don Álvaro Colón y Portugal, Count of Gelves, and his wife, Doña Leonor de Milán de Córdoba y Aragón. Herrera was frequently invited by the count to attend his tertulia (literary salon), a meeting of an elite literary circle where he would form many friendships with local poets, men of letters, painters, and artists. It was his relationship with Doña Leonor that provided Herrera with his muse. Herrera's love for Doña Leonor inspired his love poems. However, they were never enough to provoke the same feelings in her.

paragraph: After the death of Leonor in 1581, Herrera lost his desire to write further love poetry. In addition, the death of the count in 1582 ended his attendance at the disbanded literary tertulia at the palace. Henceforth, Herrera devoted himself to two major projects: a history of the world up to the death of Charles V and a biography of Thomas More. The writer continued to work up to his death in 1597 at the age of 63.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Poetry.

paragraph: Herrera's meticulous study and eventual mastery of poetic discourse earned him the name "el Divino" ("the divine one"), a name given him by Miguel Cervantes, author of "Don Quixote". In addition, his knowledge of poetic topics helped him to become one of the leaders of the school of poets to which Herrera belonged in Seville.

paragraph: The works of Herrera cover a wide range of subjects, representing his large span of knowledge and interests. Herrera's military poetry (his canciones, or songs), for example, are accounts of contemporary military leaders and events in which Herrera demonstrates his patriotism, loyalty to the Christian faith, and respect for great leaders. Three poems concerning this theme include "Canción por la Victoria del Señor don Juan" (Ode to the Victory of Don Juan), written in 1572, where patriotism is displayed in praising the work done by the Spanish navy at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571; "Canción al señor don Juan de Austria vencedor de los moriscos en las Alpujarras" (Ode to Don Juan de Austria, Conqueror of the Moors in the Alpujarras), written in 1571, where Herrera celebrates a leader who stopped a Muslim revolt between 1568 and 1571; and "Canción por la pérdida del Rei don Sebastián" (Ode to the Defeat of King Sebastian), written in 1579, where the poet commemorates the death of a Portuguese king.

paragraph: Herrera's love poetry inspired by his muse, the Countess of Gelves, can be divided into two periods. The first, "Rimas Juventiles" (Youthful Rhymes), is defined by Herrera's description of love as a blissful state, in which there is neither pain nor suffering; in this state, even the impossible can happen. In the second period, love escapes reality and lives in a world of fantasy and perfection. To this period belongs the "Poesías" (Poems), a body of poetry, published in successive editions.

paragraph: A third major area of Herrera’s work, and one for which he is best known, is related to Garcilaso de la Vega, the Spanish poet and author whom Herrera held in the highest esteem. One of Herrera's most famous works, "Obras de Garci Lasso con anotaciones de Fernando de Herrera al ilustrissimo i ecelentissimo Señor don Antonio de Guzman, Marques de Ayamonte, Governador del Estado de Milan, i Capitan General de Italia" (Works of Gracilaso de la Vega with Comments by Fernando de Herrera to the Most Illustrious and Excellent Don Antonio de Guzman, Marques of Ayamonte, Governor of the State of Milan, and Captain General of Italy), written in 1580, displays not only Herrera's admiration for Garcilaso's poetry but also his mastery of the intricate details of said poet's rhythm, choice and order of words, coherency, meter, and the effects they have on the poem as a whole. It is this knowledge which drove Herrera to devote such meticulous attention to his own work.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Other works.

paragraph: Other examples of Herrera's work include the translation of Latin and Italian works into Castilian, a biography of Thomas More, and a history of the world. Some of his most well-known works are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Relacion de la guerra de Chipre y sucesso de la batalla Naual de Lepanto Escrito por Fernando de Herrera, dirigido al ilustrissimo y excelentissimo dõ Alõso Perez de Guzman el Bueno, Duque de Medina Sidonia y Conde de Niebla. Seville: Alonso Picardo", written in 1572, which includes "Cancion en Alabanza de la Diuina Magestad por la vitoria del Señor don Juan".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Algunas obras de Fernando de Herrera al illustriss. S.D. Fernando Enriquez de Ribera Marques de Tarifa". Seville: Printed by Andrea Pescioni, 1582.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tomás Moro de Fernando de Herrera al ilustrissimo Señor don Rodrigo de Castro Cardenal y Arzobispo de Sevilla. Seville: Alonso de la Barrera, 1592.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Versos de Fernando de Herrera Emendados y divididos por el en tres libros: A don Gaspar de Guzmán, Conde de Olivares, Gentilhombre de la Cámara del Príncipe nuestro Señor, Alcaide de los Alcazares Reales de Sevilla y Comendador de Bivoras en la Orden de Calatrava". Seville: Gabriel Ramos Vejarano, 1619.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rimas de Fernando de Herrera", 2 volumes. Madrid: Imprenta Real, 1786.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poesías", edited by García de Diego. Madrid: "La Lectura," 1914.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Obras de Garci Lasso de la Vega con anotaciones de Fernando de Herrera al ilutrissimo i ecelentissimo Señor don Antonio de Guzman, Marques de Ayamonte, Governador del Estado de Milan, i Capitan General de Italia". Seville: Alonso de la Barrera, 1580.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imperiale, Louis. "Fernando de Herrera". "Dictionary of Literary Biography", Volume 318: "Sixteenth-Century Spanish Writers". A Bruccoli Clark Layman Book. Edited by Gregory B. Kaplan, University of Tennessee. Gale, 2005, pp. 113–119.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fernando de Herrera," in Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 318: Sixteenth-Century Spanish Writers. A Bruccoli Clark Layman Book. Edited by Gregory B. Kaplan, University of Tennessee. Gale, 2005, pp. 113–119.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Herrera, Fernando de," in Merriam Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature, Edition 1, 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sweet Briar College webpage: Herrera

description: Spanish poet

wikidata_label: Fernando de Herrera

wikipedia_title: Fernando de Herrera


text: violin

text: mistress

text: Ezra Pound

text: Mary

text: The Cantos

text: Benito Mussolini

text: Fascist

text: anti-Semitic

text: John Berendt

text: The City of Falling Angels

text: Yale University

text: Isola di San Michele

text: real estate

text: convent

text: Sherborne

text: Dorset

text: Opéra-Comique

text: First World War

text: Ildebrando Pizzetti

text: Italian music

text: Ezra Pound

text: Aeolian Hall

text: accompanist

text: Renata Borgatti

text: Salle Pleyel

text: salon

text: Natalie Barney

text: opera

text: George Antheil

text: soloist

text: right bank

text: bohemian

text: left bank

text: Salle du Conservatoire

text: Mozart

text: Bach

text: patron

text: Dorothy Shakespear

text: Rapallo

text: Second World War

text: Brixen

text: South Tyrol

text: stigma

text: illegitimate

text: Gais

text: Le Testament de Villon

text: Heads of State

text: Venice

text: depression

text: Accademia Musicale

text: Siena

text: Concerti Tigulliani

text: Antonio Vivaldi

text: Turin

text: mystery

text: detective novel

text: Agatha Christie

text: Surrey

text: World War II

text: Radio Rome

text: enemy alien

text: ménage à trois

text: traitor

text: indictment

text: criminal

text: insane

text: asylum

text: St. Elizabeths Hospital

text: monastery

text: citizenship

text: Boris de Rachewiltz

text: Brunnenberg castle

text: Tirol

text: sanatorium

text: Martinsbrunn

text: Meran

text: mind altering drugs

text: eccentricities

text: Isola di San Michele

text: Elocution

text: etiquette

text: The Cantos

text: autobiography

text: Cleveland, Ohio

text: dollars

text: Schloss Brunnenburg

text: epitaph

text: Vivaldi

text: Grove Dictionary of Music

text: concerto

text: John Berendt

text: The City of Falling Angels

text: Olga Rudge Papers

text: Olga Rudge Papers Addition

text: Olga Rudge Papers (Digital)

text: 1918 passport photo of Olga Rudge

categories: American classical violinists,American people of Irish descent,Musicians from Youngstown, Ohio,Burials at Isola di San Michele,1895 births,Ezra Pound,American expatriates in Italy,1996 deaths,American centenarians

paragraph: Olga Rudge

paragraph: Olga Rudge (13 April 1895 – 15 March 1996) was an American-born concert violinist, now mainly remembered as the long-time mistress of the poet Ezra Pound, by whom she had a daughter, Mary.

paragraph: A gifted concert violinist of international repute, her considerable talents and reputation were eventually eclipsed by those of her lover, in whose shade she appeared content to remain. In return, Pound was more loyal, not to say faithful, to her than to any of his many other mistresses. He dedicated the final stanza of his epic "The Cantos" to her, in homage and gratitude for her courageous and loyal support of Pound during his 13-year incarceration in a mental hospital after having been indicted for treasonous activities against the United States and in support of Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime. She also defended Pound against the accusation that he was anti-Semitic. During the last 11 years of Pound's life, Rudge was his devoted companion, secretary, and nurse, as he sank into eccentricity and prolonged silences.

paragraph: Rudge survived Pound by twenty-four years, remaining in the small house in Venice she had shared with him. In her declining years, an ongoing difficult relationship with Mary, her only child, left her vulnerable to the attention of parties with ulterior motives, resulting in the sad situation described in John Berendt's "The City of Falling Angels", in which Rudge could not account for how Pound's papers and letters in her possession had found their way to Yale University. Failing health eventually forced her to leave her beloved Venice and spend her final days with her daughter. Rudge died a month before her 101st birthday and is buried next to Pound in Venice's Isola di San Michele cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Rudge was born to J. Edgar Rudge, a real estate investor, and Julia (née O'Connell) Rudge, a professional singer. Wanting to pursue a singing career, Julia moved to Europe with her three children when Olga was 10, living first in London then in Paris. Olga was educated at a convent school in Sherborne, Dorset, England, before studying in Paris under the violinist Léon Carambât of the "Opéra-Comique".

paragraph: By 1916, Rudge was a renowned concert violinist, performing in many concerts to raise money for the British and French side of the First World War. Her brother Arthur was killed in action in 1918. At the end of the war in 1918, she began her career as an international concert violinist, under the auspices of Ildebrando Pizzetti and his patroness Katherine Dalliba-John. In 1918, Pizzetti and Rudge did a joint concert tour of Italy, performing modern Italian music.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Rudge first met the poet Ezra Pound when he reviewed a concert Rudge gave at the Aeolian Hall in November 1920, admiring the "delicate firmness of her fiddling" yet criticising the "piano whack" of her accompanist Renata Borgatti. Rudge continued her association with Borgatti and pursuing her interest in modern Italian music, giving concerts with Borgatti and Pizzetti at the Sala Bach in Rome in 1921, and joining Renata Borgatti again at the Salle Pleyel in 1922.

paragraph: One of her first meetings with Pound took place in 1923, in Paris at the salon of Natalie Barney. Pound later recalled "her delicate and unemphatic reserve". At this time Pound was developing his own musical interests, composing an opera and advancing the work of American composer George Antheil. Antheil and Rudge were to enjoy a long professional collaboration dating from this period, which also marked the beginning of her sexual relationship with Pound. Rudge was now an established and successful soloist living in a luxurious apartment on Paris's ultrarespectable "right bank". She had nothing to gain by an association with a bohemian eccentric poet such as Pound, who was definitely "left bank" in his views and works. This willingness to flout convention and put her reputation at risk would typify her long affair with Pound.

paragraph: In December 1923, Rudge and Antheil gave a concert at the Salle du Conservatoire which included not only works by Mozart, Bach, and Antheil, but also Ezra Pound's "Sujet pour violin". For his work to be performed by a notable soloist was exactly the publicity Pound the aspiring composer desired. In 1924, Rudge and Antheil performed "Musique Americaine" at the Salle Pleyel. This concert also included work by Pound and Antheil's "Deuxieme Sonate", dedicated to Rudge. From 1923 onwards, Pound's letters to Rudge advise her on her career. He strongly recommended her to pay more attention to her patrons (something he himself never failed to do), and chided her for her lack of interest in the press comments concerning her concerts.

paragraph: By 1924, Pound and his wife, the former Dorothy Shakespear, had moved from Paris to Rapallo, Italy. Rudge, now in the full throes of her enduring love affair with Pound, visited him several times. From this time Pound seems to have divided his time equally between Rudge and his wife, a situation which was to continue until the Second World War. In the Spring of 1925, Rudge was forced to pull out of a planned concert tour of the United States as she was pregnant by Pound. On July 9, 1925, she gave birth to her daughter Mary at the local hospital in the city of Brixen in the province of South Tyrol. Keen to avoid the stigma an illegitimate child would have on her career, Rudge paid to have Mary looked after by a peasant family in the South Tyrolian village of Gais—a German-speaking village part of Italy.

paragraph: She remained unconcerned about the possible stigma of being the mistress of a married man, and her association with Pound continued unabated. She resumed her career with a concert at the Salle Pleyel in 1926, where she played in the premiere of Pound's new opera, "Le Testament de Villon". Her association with Antheil continued with concerts in the capital cities of Europe, and at this time she began to specialise in the works of Mozart. She was now one of the most celebrated solo violinists of the era, playing before the Heads of State and political leaders of Europe.

paragraph: In 1928, Rudge's father bought her a small house in Venice, situated in the Calle Querini. Named "The Hidden Nest", it was to be her Venetian home for the remainder of her life. There, she began to develop her maternal instincts, bringing her daughter Mary for occasional visits. It was the beginning of a difficult and complex relationship between mother and daughter. Mary's existence was a closely guarded secret: Pound did not disclose it even to his own father until 1930. Pound often stayed with Rudge when their daughter visited Venice. However, the couple were often keen to be alone together, and so Rudge rented a Rapallo house near that of Pound and his wife, where the couple were able to conduct their affair unhindered by wife and children (Pound had a stepson, Omar, who was Dorothy's son by an unknown father, thought to be an Egyptian).

paragraph: The 1930s were the years of a global depression affecting all industries including the music industry. Most patrons and customers of concerts, venues, and performers were now often in financial difficulties themselves. To make ends meet, Rudge worked in 1933 as a secretary to Accademia Musicale in Siena. She also managed to continue her musical career, performing in the annual Concerti Tigulliani program organized by Pound at Rapallo. Around this time, Rudge and Pound became key figures in the Antonio Vivaldi revival. The 1936 Concerti Tigulliani program was devoted to Vivaldi, especially his lesser known works. To prepare for these concerts, Rudge studied many of Vivialdi's original scores kept in Turin. She attempted to organize a Vivaldi Society in Venice, without success. In 1938, she founded the "Centro di Studi Vivaldiani" at the "Accademia Chigiana", devoted to Vivaldi's work.

paragraph: Rudge and Pound were both keen readers of mystery and detective novels: this was the era of Agatha Christie, whose books earned her a fortune. Seeking to do the same, Pound and Rudge began in the 1930s, but never completed, a detective novel of their own; titled "The Blue Spill", it centred on the escapades of a Surrey detective. As World War II approached, Rudge limited her travel outside of Italy, last playing in London in 1935. By this time, Pound was vehemently pro-Mussolini and had begun broadcasting his views on Radio Rome, with Rudge's support. In 1941, they thought of returning to the U.S.A. for the duration of the war. Pound eventually decided against doing so, and they remained in Italy throughout the war. Pound's failure, at a crucial juncture, to declare his loyalty to his native country when it was at war, haunted him from the end of the war until the end of his life. As for Rudge, she had to live with the suspicion that she was the lover of a traitor to her country.

paragraph: Section::::War years.

paragraph: The war years were difficult for the couple. After the United States entered the war, Pound and his wife Dorothy became enemy aliens in Italy, an ironic situation in light of Pound's support of Mussolini. Their home in Rapallo was sequestered in 1943 and the couple had little choice but to move in with Rudge. Thus the ménage à trois for so long a matter of public speculation became a reality. Rudge sent her daughter back to Gais to live with her original peasant guardians, and was forced by necessity to support the Pounds and her daughter by giving language lessons. It was a very difficult time for the trio: while both women adored Pound, they hated each other. Pound's wife later wrote that "hatred and tension permeated the house".

paragraph: Following the United States' invasion of Italy in 1945, Pound was arrested as a traitor and was held in an open cage in Pisa for 25 days. His support for the Fascists and broadcasts for Rome radio led to an indictment for treason. Rudge too had been arrested. She was released after interrogation, but she was not permitted to correspond with her lover until several months later. She and Pound's wife are known to have once visited him during his detention.

paragraph: Although she was deprived of her lover, the end of the war saw an improvement in Rudge's fortunes as her sequestered Venetian home was returned to her. In order to avoid a trial for treason, Pound was declared criminally insane and incarcerated in an asylum, St. Elizabeths Hospital, where he remained for twelve years. Rudge began the onerous task of trying to secure his freedom. She used friends and their many contacts in the literary world to mount a petition attesting to his character and that amongst other things he had never in fact been a member of the Italian Fascist Party ("Partito Nazionale Fascista"). One of her ideas was that Pound be released to live in an American monastery, but all her entreaties fell on deaf ears. His letters discourage Rudge from visiting him but she did travel to America to visit him twice, once in 1952 and again in 1955. Pound at this time was receiving visits not only from his wife but other mistresses too. Following the 1955 visit, their letters to each other became cooler and more impersonal, and they rarely communicated at all from 1955 to 1959.

paragraph: This coolness between 1955 and 1959 is the only hint that perhaps she did mind his other lady friends, but little is known of Rudge's views of Pound's "other women". She had no choice but to tolerate the existence of his wife. Marcella Spann, an English teacher, began to write to him in St. Elizabeth's, which led to visits. Following his release, Spann accompanied Ezra and Dorothy back to Italy, acting as his secretary. Pound is alleged to have proposed to her (although he was already married), but Dorothy sent Spann packing. Nevertheless, Spann and Pound jointly edited the 1964 volume "Confucius to Cummings: An Anthology of Poetry".

paragraph: Section::::Venice and Pound.

paragraph: In 1958, Pound was declared incapable of standing trial. He was stripped of his rights of citizenship and released from St. Elizabeth's on condition that he return to Europe. With his wife, who was also his legal custodian, he quickly returned to Italy. The couple stayed with Rudge's daughter by Pound, Mary, now married to Boris de Rachewiltz and living at Brunnenberg castle in Tirol. Pound's health was now broken and he spent a year in the sanatorium Martinsbrunn in Meran. It is thought that during his time in St. Elizabeth's Pound was treated with mind altering drugs that altered his personality permanently for the worse. In early 1962, "depressed and ill, Pound chose to put himself in Olga's hands". For the remainder of his life he lived with her, part of each year in Venice, part in Rapallo.

paragraph: The last eleven years of Pound's life accentuated his eccentricities, including a self-imposed vow of near-silence, with which Rudge coped while completely arranging his life and acting as his secretary. Many scholars and students sought Pound out and would arrive at the small house. Rudge devised a test to distinguish the genuine from the merely curious. She would ask the prospective visitor to recite a line from one of Pound's works; those who could gained admittance, those who could not were shown out. For Rudge, life with Pound was not easy; yet, her belief in him was absolute.

paragraph: For the first time, Rudge now had Pound completely to herself, as his wife Dorothy withdrew from the triangle. Pound saw Dorothy only twice during his last four years. The couple seldom left their Venice or Rapallo homes; however, they journeyed to London in 1965 for the funeral of T.S. Eliot and to the United States in 1969. Pound, hospitalized immediately following his eighty-seventh birthday celebration, died November 1, 1972 holding Rudge's hand. She organized his funeral in the cemetery on the Isola di San Michele, Venice. After his death Rudge acquired a large archive of his papers and artifacts. Dorothy Pound died the following year, leaving Rudge the last member of the "ménage à trois" to carry Pound's torch.

paragraph: Section::::Alone in Venice.

paragraph: Rudge was 78 years old when Pound died, the beginning of the final phase of her life. She became one of Venice's resident celebrities, quick witted, intelligent, and cultured. She sat on many committees organizing the city's many charities and galas. She was an essential guest at the city's profuse "dolce vita" gatherings, but continued to inhabit the same small house she had shared with Pound. Encouraging young aspiring poets and artists, she often offered them free use of the top floor of her home in return for a small painting or dedicated poem. Frequently asked to write an autobiography, she always replied "Write about Pound." She saw it as her "raison d'être" to promote Pound's work and defend his reputation against charges of anti-Semitism and Fascism.

paragraph: Rudge's relationship with her daughter Mary had always been complex: at the time of the birth, Rudge had in fact wanted a son. Having boarded the child with Tyrolean farmers at birth, Rudge was later surprised to find the child developed into "a dialect speaking farm girl". Rudge tried to rectify this situation upon being permanently reunited with Mary when the child was ten. Elocution, etiquette, and music lessons were met with fierce opposition; a violin that Rudge gave to her daughter was smashed against a chicken coop: in short, Mary found her mother distant, impenetrable, and authoritarian. Her relationship with her father was better. She learned of her illegitimacy only in her late teens. Pound asked Mary to translate his epic work "The Cantos" into Italian. This was to be the beginning of a lifelong passion and study of Pound's work, with Mary later referring to "The Cantos" as "my bible".

paragraph: Mary wrote her autobiography, "Discretions", in 1971 (the title being a play on words on Pound's autobiography, "Indiscretions"). The revelations contained in the book "deeply hurt" Rudge, and she and her daughter did not communicate for several years, although she remained in regular contact with Mary's children, Walter de Rachewiltz and Patrizia de Rachewiltz de Vroom. Mother and daughter later overcame their estrangement. Rudge had to become dependent on friends and acquaintances for the necessities of life. In later life her memory began to fail her.

paragraph: Section::::Alone in Venice.:Ezra Pound Foundation.

paragraph: It had always been Rudge's intention to set up a foundation of some kind to house Pound's archives, but this was a task she always deferred, while continuing to assist scholars of his work and organize several exhibitions devoted to him. In 1986, Rudge together with an American friend, Jane Rylands, and an attorney from Cleveland, Ohio, formed the "Ezra Pound Foundation". She sold most of her archive and her house to the Foundation for a sum of approximately seven thousand dollars. After the establishment of the Foundation, Rudge's family alleged that this had not been her intention, and that the house and archive were worth considerably more. Part of the problem was that, aged 91, Rudge was becoming forgetful of things she had agreed to.

paragraph: In April 1988, she wrote to the Cleveland attorney informing him of her wish to dissolve the Foundation. The reply told her that such a request was not within the law. The papers were later deposited in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, where they are housed today, and the Ezra Pound Foundation was dissolved. One box of papers concerning the transfer of the archive from the Ezra Pound Foundation is withheld from public viewing.

paragraph: Section::::Alone in Venice.:Final years.

paragraph: At the time of the creation of the Ezra Pound Foundation, Rudge's friends were becoming increasingly concerned for her. Sculptress Joan Fitzgerald contacted Rudge's daughter, and Rudge's son-in-law and grandson immediately came to Venice. They found that ownership of her house "The Hidden Nest" had not yet been conveyed to the Foundation and were able to recover it, but the archive, containing letters not only from Pound but from other great literary figures of the day, had passed from her ownership. Rudge continued for a short while to live at "The Hidden Nest" until old age and infirmity forced to her to leave Venice and make her final home with her daughter at Schloss Brunnenburg. Her family – her daughter, two grandchildren and four great-grandsons – were protective of her, and it was at their home that Rudge died, aged 100, on 15 March 1996.

paragraph: She was buried with Pound in Venice. Joan Fitzgerald, a close friend of the couple, engraved on their simple tombstones the verse "O God, what great kindness have we done in times past and forgotten it, That thou givest this wonder unto us, O God of waters?" (Night Litany). An alternative epitaph to Rudge could have been that written by Pound in 1966 and intended to be placed at the end of the final Canto:

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Rudge was fiercely proud to have always been financially independent of Pound, and continued her career as concert violinist until the Second World War. Her advocacy of the works of Vivaldi, which included publishing a catalogue of his works and an article in the "Grove Dictionary of Music", did much to establish his modern day popularity. She discovered and publicised 309 Vivaldi concertos which had either been lost or forgotten. However, it is as Pound's muse, mistress, and champion that she is chiefly remembered today. Anne Conover's book "Olga Rudge and Ezra Pound" (2001) is one of the few to credit Rudge for her own endeavours as well as her role of muse to Ezra Pound. Shortly before his death, Pound wrote of Rudge: There is more courage in Olga's little finger than in the whole of my carcass ... she kept me alive for ten years, for which no one will thank her. The true story will not be told until her version is known.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Barbara C. Eastman, "Literary Review of Canada" describes her as "gifted".

paragraph: BULLET::::2. A. David Moody, author of "Thomas Stearns Eliot: Poet" describes her as possessing a "talent".

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Rudge Papers, Yale.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Rudge Papers, Yale.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Conover.

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Rudge Papers, Yale.

paragraph: BULLET::::7. The incomplete manuscript is in Box 115, folders 2814-24 Rudge Papers, Yale.

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Berendt.

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Grenander.

paragraph: BULLET::::10. Grenander.

paragraph: BULLET::::11. Berendt.

paragraph: BULLET::::12. Grenander.

paragraph: BULLET::::13. Grenander.

paragraph: BULLET::::14. Conover.

paragraph: BULLET::::15. Berendt.

paragraph: BULLET::::16. Berendt.

paragraph: BULLET::::17. Berendt.

paragraph: BULLET::::18. Berendt page 183. a more detailed description of Berendt's views.

paragraph: BULLET::::19. Berendt.

paragraph: BULLET::::20. Berendt.

paragraph: BULLET::::21. Berendt.

paragraph: BULLET::::22. Conover.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne Conover (2001). "Olga Rudge and Ezra Pound". New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; .

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Berendt (2005). "The City of Falling Angels". New York: Penguin Press;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olga Rudge Papers. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::- M E Grenander. BOOK REVIEW: Pull down thy Vanity: Psychiatry and its Discontents

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fondazione Georgio Cini, the Rudge collection.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olga Rudge Papers Addition. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olga Rudge Papers (Digital) Digital collection from the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1918 passport photo of Olga Rudge

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Olga Rudge

wikipedia_title: Olga Rudge


text: Kunshan

text: Jiangsu

text: Chinese

text: painter

text: Eight Masters of Nanjing

text: Nanjing school

text: landscape painter

text: mountain

text: Willow

text: Qing

text: Nanjing

text: Yangzhou

text: anti-Qing

text: literati

text: poetry

text: Silbergeld, Jerome

text: Silbergeld, Jerome

categories: Ming dynasty landscape painters,Qing dynasty landscape painters,Ming dynasty poets,Poets from Jiangsu,Ming dynasty calligraphers,Painters from Suzhou,17th-century Chinese calligraphers,Writers from Suzhou

paragraph: Gong Xian

paragraph: Gong Xian () (1618–1689; some sources give his birth year as early as 1617 or as late as 1620; born in Kunshan, Jiangsu) was a Chinese painter, the most important of the Eight Masters of Nanjing and the leading painter of the Nanjing school.

paragraph: Primarily a landscape painter, mountains were the subject of most of Gong Xian's paintings. Willows are also a common theme in his work.

paragraph: Gong Xian was a scholar loyal to the fallen Ming Dynasty, and he engaged in anti-Qing political activities in his youth. Following the fall of Nanjing to the Qing, he was forced to flee to save his life. He spent many years at Yangzhou in exile, during which he continued to author anti-Qing works, and develop his characteristic "light Gong" and "dark Gong" styles.

paragraph: Gong Xian was one of the literati and known for his work with prose and poetry. It was only after the fall of Nanjing to the Qing that he took up professional painting as his primary means of making a living. However, despite painting several great pieces over his life, he ultimately died as he lived, in poverty.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Silbergeld, Jerome. "Kung Hsien: A Professional Chinese Artist and His Patronage." "The Burlington Magazine" 123.940 (July 1981): 400-410.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Silbergeld, Jerome. "Kung Hsien's Self-Portrait in Willows, With Notes on the Willow in Chinese Painting and Literature". "Artibus Asiae" 42.1 (1980): 5-36.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gong Xian at the Cleveland Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gong Xian at the Hong Kong Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gong Xian at the Kimbell Art Museum in Fort Worth

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gong Xian at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City

alias:
Con Shien
Banqian Gong
Gong Banqian
Banshan
龚贤
zi Banqian
Chaizhangren
Chaizhang hao Yeyi
Banshan Gong
Siqi Gong
Banmujuren
Qingliangshanxiaren
Qixian
Hsien Kung
Zhongshanyelao
Tzu-chang-jen
Yeh-i Kung
Penghaoren
Banmu
Gong Xian
Jiangdongbuyi
Yeyi Gong
Banshanyeren
Shien Con
Xian Gong
Pan-mou Kung
Kung Hsien
Banqian
Zizhangren
龔賢
Qixian Gong
Banmou Gong

description: Chinese artist

wikidata_label: Gong Xian

wikipedia_title: Gong Xian


text: Romanian

text: academic

text: Emeritus

text: Professor

text: History

text: Boston College

text: Vlad Dracula

text: Raymond T. McNally

text: Edward Kennedy

text: Balkan

text: Eastern European

text: Bucharest

text: aristocratic

text: World War II

text: Allied

text: Axis

text: Ion Antonescu

text: St. Edward's School, Oxford

text: Christ Church

text: Oxford

text: Indiana University-Bloomington

text: Austin

text: Texas

text: Boston College

text: Boston College

text: Raymond T. McNally

text: Vlad the Impaler

text: Matei Cazacu

text: Paris Institut des Hautes Etudes

text: Vlad the Impaler

text: Vlad the Impaler

text: history of Romania

text: United States

text: Edward Kennedy

text: Balkans

text: White House

text: Richard Nixon

text: Thracian

text: antisemitism

text: New England

text: Romanian Foreign Ministry

text: Boston

text: Revolution of 1989

text: Revolution of 1989

text: John F. Kennedy library

text: Boston

text: France

text: Poiana Brasov

text: East European Research Centre

text: Romanian royal family

text: Vlad III

text: Wallachia

text: Bram Stoker

text: Dracula

text: Transylvania

text: Tihuta Pass

text: Saxons

text: Ottomans

text: impaling

text: Frankenstein

text: Pied Piper of Hamelin

text: Johann Konrad Dippel

text: Mary Shelley

text: Frankenstein

text: Brief CV

categories: Indiana University alumni,2014 deaths,American historians,Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford,Romanian emigrants to the United States,1925 births,People from Bucharest,Boston University faculty

paragraph: Radu Florescu

paragraph: Radu Florescu (23 October 1925 – 18 May 2014) was a Romanian academic who held the position of Emeritus Professor of History at Boston College. His work on Vlad Dracula includes a series of bestselling books that he co-authored with his colleague Raymond T. McNally. Along with serving as Director of the East European Research Center at Boston College, Florescu was also a philanthropist and an adviser to Edward Kennedy on Balkan and Eastern European affairs. At the time of his death, Radu Florescu was considered the patriarch of the .

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Escape from Romania.

paragraph: Florescu was born in Bucharest to an aristocratic , one of the oldest of the extant Romanian boyar families. He left Romania at the outbreak of World War II and moved to London, as his father, a pro-Allied diplomat who served under Romanian Minister Viorel Tilea to the United Kingdom, defied a recall order from the pro-Axis government of Ion Antonescu. In protest of Romania's new alliance with Nazi Germany, Florescu's father resigned his post and joined the Free Rumanian Committee in opposition to the fascist Antonescu regime. After leaving St. Edward's School, Oxford, Florescu received a scholarship to study history (BA, MA) at Christ Church, Oxford. He moved to Indiana University-Bloomington in the United States for his doctorate.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Boston during the Cold War.

paragraph: With one child, Nicholas, born in Austin, Texas, Radu Florescu moved east and began his academic career as a Professor of history at Boston College. In the Boston area, he will have 3 more children: John (1954), Radu (1961), and Alexandra (1963). At Boston College, he joined forces with Raymond T. McNally, and the two began their research on Vlad the Impaler. Then with McNally and Matei Cazacu, of the Paris Institut des Hautes Etudes, Florescu will go on to write six books on Vlad the Impaler's life. Alongside his work on Vlad the Impaler, Florescu would write seven more books on East European History and on the history of Romania such as "The Struggle Against Russia in the Romanian principalities, 1821-1854".

paragraph: Radu Florescu created a diplomatic bridge between the United States and Romania. He advised Edward Kennedy on matters of the Balkans, and also served as the press liaison for the White House during the state visit of President Richard Nixon in 1969 in Romania.

paragraph: In 1986, Florescu became the Director of the East European Research Center at Boston College and remained in that position until his retirement in 2008. In that function, he organized symposiums on themes varying from the diffusion of Thracian culture in antiquity to the rise of antisemitism in interwar Romania.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Post-revolution Romania.

paragraph: From 1996 to 2004, Florescu served as Honorary Consul for New England by the Romanian Foreign Ministry, the first person to hold such a position in the United States. His first job as honorary consul was to oversee voting by Boston-area Romanian citizens in one of the first democratic Romanian elections since the Revolution of 1989. After the Revolution of 1989, he also organized visits of Romanian presidents, and members of the Romanian Royal House to Harvard University, The John F. Kennedy library and Boston City Hall.

paragraph: He was Emeritus Honorary Consul.

paragraph: In his retirement from France and Poiana Brasov, Professor Florescu, repurposed the East European Research Centre to create an annual scholarship for several gifted Romanian teenagers to study in the Boston area during summer months. These scholarships still continue to this day. His son, John M. Florescu, serves on the board of Educational Enrichment for Romanian Children.

paragraph: Upon his death, the Romanian royal family released a statement of condolences and recognition for Florescu's work.

paragraph: Section::::Dracula research.

paragraph: In his bestseller "In Search of Dracula" (1972), co-authored with Raymond T. McNally, he claimed that the brutal Vlad III, voivod of the principality of Wallachia, was the inspiration for Bram Stoker's "Dracula". Vlad was a member of the House of Drăculești, and Stoker's novel took place in real locations such as Transylvania and Tihuta Pass, including even correct rail lines. For this reason, Florescu concluded that the main character must also be inspired by facts. Vlad Țepeș, known for the slaughter of many Saxons and Ottomans, with a penchant for impaling his enemies on stakes, was the logical choice as the model for Dracula. The book was translated into 15 languages and boosted the Romanian tourism industry as young Westerners flocked to Romania to trace the footsteps of the historical Dracula.

paragraph: Florescu also wrote about literary creations like Frankenstein with "In Search of Frankenstein" (1975) and the Pied Piper of Hamelin with "In Search of the Pied Piper" (2005). In the former, Florescu advocated the theory that the German theologian, alchemist, anatomist, and physician Johann Konrad Dippel was the inspiration for Mary Shelley's novel "Frankenstein".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Romania Names Florescu Honorary Consul for N.E.", at Boston College

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brief CV, at the Honorary Consulate of Romania, Boston

paragraph: BULLET::::- – a few not yet integrated (May 2019) with the main listing below "(via VIAF): 2482853"

description: Romanian academic

wikidata_label: Radu Florescu

wikipedia_title: Radu Florescu


text: calligraphy

text: Korea

text: Joseon

text: Gyeongju

text: Ho

text: Silhak

text: Jeongsun

text: Yeongjo

text: Gojong

text: Daewon-gun

text: Gojong

text: Yesan

text: South Chungcheong Province

text: Yeongjo

text: Gimhae

text: Pak Je-ga

text: Jeongjo

text: Jeongsun

text: King Yeongjo

text: Jeongsun

text: Pak Je-ga

text: Buddhism

text: Gwageo

text: Qing

text: China

text: Weng Fanggang

text: Ruan Yuan

text: calligraphy

text: Neo-Confucianism

text: Cho-ui

text: Gwageo

text: Heonjong

text: Cho-ui

text: Sunjo of Joseon

text: Queen Sunwon

text: Heonjong

text: Jeju

text: Heonjong

text: Hamgyeong-do

text: Gwacheon

text: Silla

text: Buddhist temples

text: Sūtra

text: Catholicism

text: Buddhism

text: Neo-Confucianist

text: Cho-ui

text: Cho-ui

text: Jeongjo

text: Jeong Yak-yong

text: Gim Myeong-hui

text: Seoul

text: the Moam Collection home page

text: the page about him in the EncyKorea

categories: Gim clan of Gyeongju,Korean calligraphers,Korean philosophers,1856 deaths,1786 births,Joseon Dynasty writers,Joseon Dynasty painters

paragraph: Gim Jeong-hui

paragraph: Gim Jeong-hui (김정희, 金正喜, born on the 3rd day of the 6th lunar month 1786, died on the 10th day of the 10th lunar month 1856), also known as Kim Jeong-hui, was one of the most celebrated practitioners of calligraphy, epigraphists, and scholars of Korea’s later Joseon period. He was a member of the Gim clan of Gyeongju. He used various Ho (pen-names): Wandang (阮堂), Chusa (秋史), Yedang (禮堂), Siam (詩庵), Gwapa (果坡), Nogwa (老果) etc. (some 200 in all). He is especially celebrated for having transformed Korean epigraphy and for having created the “Chusa-che” (秋史體 Chusa writing style) inspired by his study of ancient Korean and Chinese epitaphs. His ink paintings, especially of orchids, are equally admired.

paragraph: As a scholar, he belonged to the Silhak (Practical Learning) school also known as the Bukhak (北學, “Northern Learning”). He was related to Queen Jeongsun, the second wife of King Yeongjo, and by his adoptive mother, Nam Yang-hong, he was a cousin to Namyeon-gun Yi Gu, who was destined to be the grandfather of King Gojong (高宗, later titled 光武帝 Gwangmu Emperor. 1852–1919). Hongseon Daewon-gun (興宣大院君, 1820–1898), King Gojong’s father, who served as his regent and was also a noted calligrapher, was one of Gim’s pupils for a while.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life: Birth and family.

paragraph: Gim was born in the family home in Yesan, now South Chungcheong Province, in 1786. He was the eldest son. His birth father was Gim No-gyeong (金魯敬, 1766 - 1840); his grandfather was Gim I-ju (金頤柱, ? – 1797) and his great-grandfather was Weolseongui Gim Han-sin (月城尉 金漢藎, 1720–1758) who married the second daughter of King Yeongjo, the Princess Hwasun (和順翁主, 1720 - 1758). His ancestors and relatives held many high administrative positions and several were noted for their calligraphy. His mother was a member of the Gigye Yu clan, a daughter of Yu Jun-ju (兪駿柱), the governor of Gimhae.

paragraph: He is reputed to have been a remarkable calligrapher already as a child. When he was 7, the famed scholar Chae Je-gong (蔡濟恭, 1720 - 1799) is said to have been impressed on seeing the “Ipchun Daegil Cheonha Daepyeongchun” (立春大吉 天下太平春) good-luck charm marking the coming of spring that he had written, pasted on the gate of the family home. From the age of 15 he received instruction from the celebrated Bukhak (北學, “Northern Learning)” scholar Pak Je-ga (朴齊家, 1750–1805).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early youth.

paragraph: In the 1790s, the head of the family, his eldest uncle, Gim No-yeong (金魯永, 1747–1707), was sent into exile, while another uncle as well as his grandparents all died in quick succession. It was decided that Gim Jeong-hui should be adopted by Gim No-yeong (who had several daughters but no son) and so become the next head of the family. When he was 15, in 1800, he married a member of the Hansan Yi clan (閑山李氏). That same year, King Jeongjo died and Queen Jeongsun, the widow of the previous King Yeongjo, became regent, since the new king was only a child. Gim Jeong-hui’s birth father benefitted from the family’s relationship with the regent and was raised to a high rank.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later youth.

paragraph: Gim Jeong-hui’s birth mother died in 1801, aged only 34. Queen Jeongsun died in 1805, and Gim Jeong-hui’s young wife died only a few weeks after her. His teacher Pak Je-ga also died that year and these multiple deaths seem to have encouraged his already deep interest in Buddhism as a source of consolation and meaning. His adoptive mother also died at around this time and once mourning for her was over, he married a slightly younger second wife in 1808, a member of the Yean Yi clan (禮安 李氏). In 1809 he took first place in the lower Gwageo civil examination.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Visit to China.

paragraph: In 1810, his adoptive father was appointed a vice-envoy in the annual embassy to Qing China and he accompanied him, spending some 6 months in China. There he met such noted scholars as Weng Fanggang (翁方綱, 1733–1818) and Ruan Yuan (阮元, 1764–1849) who recognized his qualities. He seems to have studied documentary history there especially. Ruan Yuan gave him a copy of his “Su Zhai Biji” (蘇齋筆記), a book about calligraphy, and Gim continued to correspond with them after his return to Korea. For a time after returning home he did not take up any official position but continued to study the Northern Learning and write essays criticizing rigid Neo-Confucianism.

paragraph: He also pursued research by visiting and studying the inscriptions on ancient stele. In 1815, the Venerable Cho-ui first visited Seoul and met Gim Jeong-hui there. This was the beginning of a deep and lasting relationship. Perhaps it was from this time that Gim began to drink tea, there is no knowing.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Success in national exams.

paragraph: Passing the Gwageo national exam held to mark an eclipse year in 1819, he rose to such positions as secret inspector and tutor to the Crown Prince. Following the death of the prince, power passed to the conservative Gim clan of Andong and Gim was reduced in rank while his adoptive father was exiled for several years, until 1834. In 1835, after the accession of King Heonjong, the family’s fortunes turned and Gim Jeong-hui rose to ministerial rank. In the same year he visited the Ven. Cho-ui at Daedun-sa temple (大芚寺), now called Daeheung-sa).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Exile.

paragraph: Following the death of King Sunjo of Joseon (r. 1800-1834) late in 1834, Queen Sunwon, the wife of Sunjo and a member of the Gim clan of Andong, held immense power after her grandson, Heonjong (憲宗, 1827–1849 ), still only a child, was made king. Queen Gim acted as his regent. Factional in-fighting increased and in 1840, when he was due to be a member of the Chinese embassy, Gim Jeong-hui was instead condemned to exile in Jeju Island. Late in 1842 his wife died. He was finally allowed to return home early in 1849. It was during those years in exile that he developed the calligraphic style known as the “Chusa style,” based on his studies of models dating back to the earliest periods of Korean and Chinese history. On his way into exile and on his way back home afterward, he visited the Venerable Cho-ui in his Ilchi-am hermitage at what is now known as Daeheung-sa temple. Cho-ui consecrated several of his building projects in the temple to helping sustain Gim during his exile and visited him in Jeju-do 5-6 times, bringing him gifts of tea. .

paragraph: In 1844, during his exile in Jeju Island, he produced his most celebrated ink painting, usually known as “Sehando” or “Wandang Sehando” (阮堂歲寒圖, ‘Wandang’ was one of Gim’s most frequently used ‘Ho’ names; ‘Sehan’ means ‘the bitter cold around the lunar new year,’ ‘do’ means ‘painting’), which he gave to his disciple Yi Sang-jeok (李尙迪, 1804–1865) in gratitude for his friendship, which included bringing him precious books from China. The painting shows a simple house, barely outlined, framed by two gnarled pine trees. Beside it there are texts expressing gratitude to Yi Sang-jeok. Yi was an outstanding figure, a poet and calligrapher who went 12 times to China and was greatly admired by the scholars he met there. In 1845, Yi returned to China with the painting, which he showed to the scholars he met. Sixteen of them composed appreciatiative colophons which were attached to the left side of the painting, creating a lengthy scroll. After Yi’s return to Korea, some Korean scholars also added their tributes, creating a unique cumulative work combining painting, poetic writing and calligraphy.

paragraph: Soon after King Heonjong in 1849, there were disputes over the relocation of his tomb, in which a friend of Gim Jeong-hui, Gwon Don-in, was involved. as a result, both were sent into exile, Gim spending the years 1850-2 in Bukcheong, Hamgyeong-do province, far in the North.

paragraph: Section::::Final years.

paragraph: After the northern exile, he settled in Gwacheon (to the south of Seoul, where his birth father was buried) in a house he called Gwaji Chodang (瓜地草堂). In 1856 he went to stay for a while in Bongeun-sa temple, in what is now Seoul’s Gangnam area, and is said to have become a monk. Later that same year he returned to his home in Gwacheon, and continued to write until the day before he died.

paragraph: In the years following his death, his disciple Nam Byeong-gil (南秉吉) and others prepared and published collections of his letters ("Wandang Cheokdok" 阮堂尺牘) and of his poems ("Damyeon Jaesigo" 覃糧齋詩藁) in 1867; a collection of his other writings ("Wandangjip" 阮堂集) was published in 1868. A complete edition of his works, ("Wandang Seonsaeng Jeonjip" 阮堂先生全集), was published by his great-great-grandson Gim Ik-hwan (金翊煥) in 1934.

paragraph: Section::::Achievements.

paragraph: The influence of Gim Jeong-hui among the Korean scholars of the later 19th century was immense. He was reputed to have taught 3,000 of them and was seen as the leader of a modernizing trend that developed into the Gaehwapa Enlightenment Party at the end of the 19th century. Among the names associated with him we find Shin Wi (申緯, 1769–1845), O Gyeong-seok (吳慶錫, 1831–1879), Min Tae-ho (閔台鎬, 1834–1884), Min Gyu-ho (閔奎鎬, 1836–1878), Gang Wi (姜瑋, 1820–1884).

paragraph: His main scholarly interest was in documentary history and monumental inscriptions. He maintained correspondence on these topics with major scholars in China. He was particularly celebrated for having deciphered and identified the stele on Mount Bukhan commemorating a visit by King Jinheung of Silla (540–576). He is remembered for his outstanding achievements in calligraphy, ink painting, as well as his writings in prose and poetry. He was in the habit of devising a special Ho (pen-name) for himself whenever he dedicated a painting of orchids to an acquaintance, so that he became the person of his generation with the most such names.

paragraph: Section::::Buddhism.

paragraph: It seems that Gim Jeong-hui was accustomed to frequenting Buddhist temples from his childhood onward. There are indications that the sudden death in or around 1805 of several of those he had been close to drove him to deepen his Buddhist practice. Among his calligraphic work, a number of copies of Buddhist Sūtras and other texts survive and he wrote name boards for halls in Daeheung-sa, Bongeun-sa and other temples. The reformists of the Practical Learning tradition often showed an interest in either Catholicism or Buddhism, as part of their reaction against the rigidly secular Neo-Confucianist philosophy.

paragraph: He was especially close to the Ven. Cho-ui Seonsa (草衣禪師, Uiseon (意恂, 1786–1866) and Baekpa Daesa (白坡大師, Geungseon 亘璇, 1767–1852).

paragraph: In 1815, Cho-ui first visited Seoul and established strong relationships with a number of highly educated scholar-officials, several of whom had been to China, who became his friends and followers. These included the son-in-law of King Jeongjo (正祖 r. 1776-1800), Haegeo-doin Hong Hyeon-Ju 海居 道人 洪顯周 (1793–1865) and his brother Yeoncheon Hong Seok-Ju 淵泉 洪奭周 (1774–1842), the son of Dasan Jeong Yak-yong, Unpo Jeong Hak-Yu 耘逋 丁學游 (1786–1855), as well as Gim Jeong-Hui and his brothers Sanchon Gim Myeong-hui 山泉 金命喜 (1788–1857) and Geummi Gim Sang-hu 琴糜 金相喜 (1794–1861). It was most unusual for a Buddhist monk, who as such was assigned the lowest rank in society, to be recognized as a poet and thinker in this way by members of the Confucian establishment. As a monk, Cho-ui was not allowed to enter the city walls of Seoul and had to receive visits from these scholars while living in Cheongnyangsa temple 淸涼寺 outside the capital’s eastern gate or in a hermitage in the hills to the north.

paragraph: Gim Jeong-Hui had initiated a controversy with the other celebrated Seon Master Baekpa Geungseon (白坡 亘璇, 1767–1852) who had written the "Seonmun sugyeong" (禪文手鏡 Hand Glass of Seon Literature). In his "Baekpa Mangjeungsipojo" (白坡 妄證十五條 Fifteen Signs of Baekpa’s Senility), Gim wrote, “The truth of Seon is like a light new dress without stitching, just like a heavenly dress. But the dress is patched and repatched by the inventiveness of humans, and so becomes a wornout piece of clothing.” Baekpa had written that certain traditions were superior to others, and Gim considered such quibbles to be a waste of time as well as a misunderstanding of the nature of Seon. Nonetheless, when Baekpa died at Hwaeom-sa Temple in 1852, Gim wrote an epitaph for him: 華嚴宗主白坡大律師大機大用之碑.[6]

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: There are no extended studies or resources devoted to Gim Jeong-Hui in English.

paragraph: The single most extensive Internet site in Korean devoted exclusively to Gim Jeong-hui www.chusa.or.kr has been established under the auspices of the Gwacheon local government.

paragraph: The Moam Collection owns the largest number of works by Gim Jeong-hui and the Moam Collection home page includes a Gallery with images of many works.

paragraph: There is an extended page in Korean devoted to him in the Academy of Korean Studies own pages.

paragraph: Another online resource in Korean about Gim Jeong-hui is the page about him in the EncyKorea (also a resource administered by the AKS). There is in the Korean Wikipedia.

alias:
김정희
김 정희
Wandang Kim
Ch'usa
Chong-hui Kim
Wandang
Ch'usa Kim
Kim Chong-hui
Chusa
Chŏng-hŭi Kim
金正喜
Kim Chŏng-hŭi
Jung-Hee Kim
among others ho Ch'usa
Jeong-Hui Kim

description: Korean scholar, calligrapher

wikidata_label: Kim Jeong-hui

wikipedia_title: Gim Jeong-hui


text:
Italian
goldsmith
medallist
Bologna
Marco Zoppo
Lorenzo Costa
Ercole de' Roberti
Mantua
Perugino
Raphael
Marcantonio Raimondi
Ludovico Marmitta
niello
Vasari
Giacomo Francia
Giulio Francia
"Adoration of the Shepherds" (Raphael)
Catholic Encyclopedia entry

categories: Italian male painters,1450s births,1517 deaths,16th-century Italian painters,15th-century Italian painters,Italian medallists,Italian goldsmiths,People from Bologna,Bolognese painters

paragraph: Francesco Francia

paragraph: Francesco Francia, whose real name was Francesco Raibolini (1447 – January 5, 1517), was an Italian painter, goldsmith, and medallist from Bologna, who was also director of the city mint.

paragraph: He may have trained with Marco Zoppo and was first mentioned as a painter in 1486. His earliest known work is the "Felicini Madonna", which is signed and dated 1494. He worked in partnership with Lorenzo Costa, and was influenced by Ercole de' Roberti's and Costa's style, until 1506, when Francia became a court painter in Mantua, after which time he was influenced more by Perugino and Raphael. He himself trained Marcantonio Raimondi, Ludovico Marmitta, and several other artists; he produced niellos, in which Raimondi first learnt to engrave, soon excelling his master, according to Vasari. Raphael's "Santa Cecilia" is supposed to have produced such a feeling of inferiority in Francia that it caused him to die of depression. However, as his friendship with Raphael is now well-known, this story has been discredited.

paragraph: He died in Bologna. His sons Giacomo Francia and Giulio Francia were also artists. Among his works is a "Baptism of Christ" in Lisbon.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adoration of the Shepherds" (Raphael)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giorgio Vasari: Le vite dei più eccellenti architetti, pittori et scultori italiani, Florence 1568

paragraph: BULLET::::- George C. Williamson: "Francesco Raibolini, called Francia", London 1901

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giuseppe Piazzi: Le Opere di Francesco Raibolini, detto il Francia, orefice e pittore. Azzoguidi, Bologna 1925

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emilio Negro, Nicosetta Roio: "Francesco Francia e la sua scuola". Artioli Editore, Modena 1998,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sally Hickson: Giovanni Francesco Zaninello of Ferrara and the portrait of Isabella d'Este by Francesco Francia, "Renaissance Studies" Vol. 23 No. 3 (2009), S. 288–310

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (see index; plate 91)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Encyclopedia entry

alias: Francesco di Marco di Giacomo il Raibolini Francia

alias: Francesco (Francesco di Marco di Giacomo Raibolini) Francia

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Francesco Francia

wikipedia_title: Francesco Francia


text: engraver

text: printmaker

text: reproductive print

text: engraving

text: Raphael

text: High Renaissance

text: Vasari

text: Lives of the Artists

text: I Modi

text: Sack of Rome in 1527

text: Argine

text: Bologna

text: Italy

text: goldsmith

text: Francesco Francia

text: niello

text: Arthur Mayger Hind

text: Pyramus and Thisbe

text: pagan

text: mythology

text: Dürer

text: printmaker

text: Giulio Campagnola

text: Michelangelo

text: woodcut

text: Life of the Virgin

text: woodcut

text: monogram

text: intellectual property

text: Rome

text: Raphael

text: Michelangelo

text: Battle of Cascina

text: Édouard Manet

text: The Luncheon on the Grass

text: colorgrinder

text: Il Baveria

text: Marco Dente

text: Marco da Ravenna

text: Giovanni Jacopo Caraglio

text: Agostino de Musi

text: Agostino Veneziano

text: Pope Clement VII

text: I modi

text: Giulio Romano

text: Pietro Aretino

text: Cardinal Ippolito de' Medici

text: Baccio Bandinelli

text: Pietro Aretino

text: Sack of Rome

text: Marcantonio (Biographical details)

text: Grove Art Online

text: subscription required

text: Boorsch, Suzanne

text: Marcantonio Raimondi (Getty Museum)

text: Cybermuse

text: Childs Gallery

categories: Italian printmakers,1530s deaths,People from Molinella,Italian engravers

paragraph: Marcantonio Raimondi

paragraph: Marcantonio Raimondi, often called simply Marcantonio (c. 1470/82 – c. 1534), was an Italian engraver, known for being the first important printmaker whose body of work consists largely of prints copying paintings. He is therefore a key figure in the rise of the reproductive print. He also systematized a technique of engraving that became dominant in Italy and elsewhere. His collaboration with Raphael greatly helped his career, and he continued to exploit Raphael's works after the painter's death in 1520, playing a large part in spreading High Renaissance styles across Europe. Much of the biographical information we have comes from his life, the only one of a printmaker, in Vasari's "Lives of the Artists".

paragraph: He is attributed with around 300 engravings. After years of great success, his career ran into trouble in the mid-1520s; he was imprisoned for a time in Rome over his role in the series of erotic prints "I Modi", and then, according to Vasari, lost all his money in the Sack of Rome in 1527, after which none of his work can be securely dated.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early years.

paragraph: Marcantonio's date of birth is unknown, but was by 1482 at the latest. He was possibly born in Argine, near Bologna, Italy, where he is assumed to have grown up. He trained in the workshop of the leading goldsmith and painter in Bologna, Francesco Francia. Vasari claimed that Marcantonio quickly demonstrated more aptitude than Francia, and started designing and producing fashionable waist-buckles (among other items) in "niello" (engraved metal which is filled in with alloy in a contrasting colour). This is doubted, however, by Arthur Mayger Hind, who sees no evidence of a background in niello technique in his early engravings.

paragraph: No paintings produced by Marcantonio are known or documented, although some drawings survive. His first dated engraving, "Pyramus and Thisbe", comes from 1505, although a number of undated works come from the years before this. From 1505–11, Marcantonio engraved about 80 pieces, with a wide variety of subject matter, from pagan mythology, to religious scenes.

paragraph: His early works use his own compositions, combining elements from Francia and other North Italian artists, and like all Italian printmakers in these years he was strongly affected by the enormously accomplished prints of Dürer, which were widely distributed in Italy. Like other printmakers such as Giulio Campagnola, he borrowed elements of Dürer's landscapes in a cut and paste fashion, and also borrowed from his technique. Dürer was in Bologna in 1506, as was Michelangelo, and he may have met one or both of them.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reproductions.

paragraph: About this time he began to make copies of Dürer's woodcut series, the Life of the Virgin. This was extremely common practice, although normally engravers copied other expensive engravings rather than the cheaper woodcuts. However Dürer's woodcuts had raised the standard of the medium considerably, and since Marcantonio continued to copy a large number of both Dürer's engravings and woodcuts, he must have found it profitable.

paragraph: His early copies included Dürer's famous AD monogram, and Dürer made a complaint to the Venetian Government, which won him some legal protection for his monogram, but not his compositions, in Venetian territory - an important case in the slowly evolving history of intellectual property law.

paragraph: Marcantonio appears to have spent some of the last half of the decade in Venice, but no dates are known.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Rome.

paragraph: Around 1510, Marcantonio travelled to Rome and entered the circle of artists surrounding Raphael. This influence began showing up in engravings titled "The Climbers" (in which he reproduced part of Michelangelo's "Soldiers surprised bathing", also called "Battle of Cascina"). After a reproduction of a work by Raphael, entitled "Lucretia", Raphael trained and assisted Marcantonio personally.

paragraph: Another famous engraving, the "Judgement of Paris", dated 1515 or 1516, after Raphael, became the composition source for Édouard Manet when he painted The Luncheon on the Grass.

paragraph: The two started a successful printing establishment under a colorgrinder, Il Baveria, that quickly expanded into an engraving school with Marcantonio at the head. Among his most distinguished pupils were Marco Dente (Marco da Ravenna), Giovanni Jacopo Caraglio and Agostino de Musi (Agostino Veneziano).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later years.

paragraph: Marcantonio and his pupils continued to make engravings based upon Raphael's work, even after Raphael's death in 1520. In many instances, Marcantonio would not copy the finished painting, but instead worked from early sketches and drafts. This method produced variations on a theme and were moderately successful.

paragraph: Around 1524, Marcantonio was briefly imprisoned by Pope Clement VII for making the I modi set of erotic engravings, from the designs of Giulio Romano, which were later accompanied by sonnets written by Pietro Aretino. At the intercession of the Cardinal Ippolito de' Medici, Baccio Bandinelli and Pietro Aretino, he was released, and set to work on his plate of the "Martyrdom of St. Lawrence" after Bandinelli.

paragraph: During the Sack of Rome, in 1527, he was forced to pay a heavy ransom by the Spaniards and fled in poverty. It is unclear where he stayed after his departure from Rome until his death in 1534.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "BM" Marcantonio (Biographical details), British Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bohn, Babette. "Raimondi, Marcantonio." Grove Art Online, Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. subscription required

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boorsch, Suzanne, in: K.L. Spangeberg (ed), "Six Centuries of Master Prints", Cincinnati Art Museum, 1993,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Landau, David, in Landau, David and Parshall, Peter. "The Renaissance Print", Yale, 1996,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pon, Lisa, "Raphael, Dürer, and Marcantonio Raimondi, Copying and the Italian Renaissance Print", 2004, Yale UP,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oberhuber, Konrad, "The Works of Marcantonio Raimondi and of his School", 1978, 26–7 [XIV/i–ii] of "The Illustrated Bartsch", ed. W. Strauss (New York, 1978–)

paragraph: BULLET::::- I. H. Shoemaker and E. Broun: "The Engravings of Marcantonio Raimondi", 1981, Lawrence, KS

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Biographical information.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artcyclopedia: Marcantonio Raimondi (1480 - 1527)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Encyclopedia: Marcantonio Raimondi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marcantonio Raimondi (Getty Museum)

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Reproductions of his works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cybermuse

paragraph: BULLET::::- Childs Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marcantonio Raimondi engravings from De Verda collection

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Marcantonio Raimondi (see index)

alias:
Marc-Antoine
marc anton raimondi
Marc Antoine
marc-antonio raimondi
m. raimondi
marc antonio raimondi
Marcantonio
m. a. raimondi
Marc Antonio Raimondi

description: engraver

wikidata_label: Marcantonio Raimondi

wikipedia_title: Marcantonio Raimondi


text:
House of Commons
United Provinces
Lothbury
William Killigrew
Christ Church, Oxford
St Mawes
King James I
Newport
Jamestown
United Provinces
Carr
Fleet Prison
Sir Thomas Overbury
Helston
Pendennis Castle
JP
Buckingham
Penryn
Deputy Lieutenant
Cornwall
Cornwall
United Provinces
Tregony
Bodmin
Henrietta Maria
Arwenack
Falmouth, Cornwall
Kimberley, Norfolk
William Killigrew (1606–1695)
Thomas Killigrew
Henry Killigrew
Catherine Killigrew
Thomas Stanley
Elizabeth Killigrew
Francis Boyle, 1st Viscount Shannon
Sir Thomas Stafford

categories: Inmates of Fleet Prison,Ambassadors of England to the Netherlands,17th-century diplomats,English MPs 1628–1629,1580 births,English MPs 1624–1625,Deputy Lieutenants of Cornwall,Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford,English MPs 1625,Killigrew family,English MPs 1604–1611,English MPs 1626,1633 deaths,Members of the pre-1707 English Parliament for constituencies in Cornwall,People from Falmouth, Cornwall,English MPs 1614,English MPs 1601,English MPs 1621–1622

paragraph: Robert Killigrew

paragraph: Sir Robert Killigrew (1580–1633) was an English courtier and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1601 and 1629. He served as Ambassador to the United Provinces.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Killgrew was born at Lothbury, London, the son of William Killigrew and his wife Margery (Mary) Saunders, daughter of Thomas Saunders of Uxbridge, Middlesex. In January 1591, he matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford at the age of 11. He travelled abroad in 1596 and may have become an official of the Privy Chamber in 1601. He was elected MP for St Mawes in 1601.

paragraph: Killigrew was knighted by King James I in 1603. In 1604 he was elected MP for Newport. It is possible that he travelled to Jamestown in 1604. His name appears in the as a backer. In 1606 he was appointed ambassador to the United Provinces.

paragraph: In June 1612, Killigrew was noted as "one of Carr's favourites" according to John Chamberlain. The following May, he was committed to the Fleet Prison for an unknown offence. Having become famous for his concoctions of drugs and cordials, he was at first suspected of complicity in the death of Sir Thomas Overbury in September 1613, but was subsequently officially exonerated.

paragraph: In 1614, Killigrew was elected MP for Helston. On 12 May that year, he was involved in an altercation in the House of Commons. In July, he was appointed Keeper of Pendennis Castle, Falmouth, and a JP that same year. He is recorded as fighting a duel with Captain Burton in 1618. In October that year he was appointed an Officer of Protonotary of Chancery, and in December the following year was mentioned favourably by Buckingham.

paragraph: In 1621 Killigrew was elected again MP for Newport. In 1622 he succeeded his father to become farmer of the profits from seals in King’s bench and common pleas which was worth at least £560 a year. He was elected MP for Penryn and was appointed Deputy Lieutenant for Cornwall in 1624. In 1625 he was elected MP for Cornwall. He was also appointed Ambassador to the United Provinces in September 1625, but this was not taken up by December that year. In 1626, he was elected MP for Tregony in 1626. In 1628 he was elected MP for Bodmin and sat until 1629 when King Charles decided to rule without parliament for eleven years. He was appointed Vice-Chamberlain to Queen Henrietta Maria in 1630.

paragraph: Killigrew was a knight of Arwenack in Falmouth, Cornwall. He died a wealthy man in 1633 in Bath, Somerset, with the probate of his will on 12 May.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He married Mary Woodhouse of Kimberley, Norfolk, (1584–1656), and they had several notable children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. William Killigrew (1606–1695)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Anne Killigrew (1607–1641)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Robert Killigrew (1611-1???)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Thomas Killigrew (1612–1683)

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Henry Killigrew (1613–1700)

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Elizabeth Killigrew (1615-1619)

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Catherine Killigrew (1618–1689), wife of Sir Thomas Stanley

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Elizabeth Killigrew (1622–1681), wife of Francis Boyle, 1st Viscount Shannon, was a mistress of Charles II and bore him a daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Mary Killigrew (1623–1677), later wife of Sir John James, she has been confused in other biographies with Mary Sackville (1645–1679) (formerly Berkeley, née Bagot)--the widowed Countess of Falmouth—who was another mistress

paragraph: His widow married Sir Thomas Stafford after 1633.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dictionary of National Biography"

description: English politician

wikidata_label: Robert Killigrew

wikipedia_title: Robert Killigrew


text:
Oldeborg
Brokmerland
Auricherland
Emsigerland
East Frisia
Keno II
Ocko II
Hinte
Kempo von Hinte
Westerburg van Hinte
Ocko I tom Brok
Aurich
Widzel tom Brok
Eggerik Beninga

categories: Women in medieval European warfare,15th-century women rulers,1355 births,1418 deaths,14th-century women rulers,Regents of East Frisia,Women in 15th-century warfare,People from Aurich (district),14th-century people of the Holy Roman Empire

paragraph: Foelke Kampana

paragraph: Foelke Kampana (1355 – c. 1418), also known as Foelke the Cruel, was a Frisian noble. She served as regent for the Frisian territories Oldeborg, Brokmerland, Auricherland and Emsigerland in East Frisia in 1400 during the absence of her son Keno II and in 1417 during the minority of her grandson Ocko II.

paragraph: Born in Hinte, Foelke was the daughter of Frisian Kempo von Hinte, chief of Westerburg van Hinte, and married in 1377 to Frisian knight Ocko I tom Brok (d. 1389), lord of Oldeborg, and chief of Brockmerland, Auricherland and Emsigerland in East Frisia. In 1389, her spouse fell in battle fighting on the side of the count of Holland. Foelke had tried to assist them, and raised her own army to aid him, but when she arrived, he was already dead. During her absence, Aurich was captured by an enemy, who barricaded himself in the church. Foelke retook Aurich with her army and executed two hundred prisoners. Because her son Keno was still a minor, Widzel tom Brok, an older illegitimate son of her late spouse, succeeded his father as chieftain. During his ten-year rule, he aligned himself with Folkmar Allena, a traditional enemy of his father. Widmer died in a feud in April 1399. Her son, Keno II, was by then of legal majority. Foelke acted as his political adviser, until Keno's death in 1417. She then briefly became regent until her grandson Ocko came of age that same year. Foelke died soon after in Aurich and was buried there.

paragraph: The court historian Eggerik Beninga (1490–1562), who was related to the Allena family, who competed for power with the Tom Brok family, introduced a number of legends about her in his "Chronica der Fresen" which led to her becoming an icon of cruelty. Some of the stories appear to be based on real atrocities committed by Keno II, which were transferred to his strong-willed mother.

description: Frisian noble

wikidata_label: Foelke Kampana

wikipedia_title: Foelke Kampana


text:
racing driver
FIA World Endurance Championship
MR Racing
Formula One
Eddie Cheever
Rome
karting
KF2
single-seaters
2009
Jenzer Motorsport
Swiss
Italian
2010
Formula Abarth
Italy
Varano
2011
Lucidi Motors
Italian Formula Three Championship
Misano
Adria
Mugello
Prema Powerteam
Riccardo Agostini
Scuderia Ferrari
Formula One
Vallelunga
FIA European Formula 3 Championship
NASCAR Whelen Euro Series
Brands Hatch
K&N Pro Series East
Watkins Glen International
Bill McAnally Racing
K&N Pro Series West
All American Speedway
Bill McAnally Racing

categories: Italian Formula Three Championship drivers,Italian racing drivers,Formula Renault 2.0 Alps drivers,1993 births,NASCAR drivers,Living people,21st-century American racing drivers,FIA World Endurance Championship drivers,24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,Italian Formula Renault 2.0 drivers,Sportspeople from Rome,FIA Formula 3 European Championship drivers,United SportsCar Championship drivers,Formula Abarth drivers,Italian people of American descent,24 Hours of Daytona drivers

paragraph: Eddie Cheever III

paragraph: Edward Mackay "Eddie" Cheever III (born 5 June 1993) is an Italian-American racing driver that currently competes in the FIA World Endurance Championship for MR Racing in the LMGTE Am class. He is the son of the retired Formula One driver Eddie Cheever.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Karting.

paragraph: Born in Rome, Cheever began karting in 2006 and raced primarily in Europe for the majority of his karting career, working his way up from the junior ranks to progress through to the KF2 category by 2009 and finished 15th in the CIK-FIA European Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula Renault.

paragraph: Cheever graduated to single-seaters in 2009. He competed with Jenzer Motorsport in the Swiss and Italian championships, finishing eleventh and fourteenth in the final standings respectively.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula Abarth.

paragraph: In 2010, Cheever moved into the newly launched Formula Abarth series in Italy, staying with Jenzer Motorsport. He achieved a podium in the sprint race at Varano and finished the season eleventh.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Italian Formula Three.

paragraph: In 2011 Cheever joined Lucidi Motors for a campaign in the Italian Formula Three Championship. He finished ninth with podiums at Misano, Adria and Mugello.

paragraph: He remained in the series in 2012 but switched to Prema Powerteam. He finished as runner-up to Riccardo Agostini in both the European and Italian championship formats.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula One.

paragraph: On 9 November 2012, Cheever tested a Scuderia Ferrari Formula One car at Vallelunga, as a result of his performance in the Italian Formula Three Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:FIA Formula 3 European Championship.

paragraph: Cheever continued his collaboration with Prema Powerteam in FIA European Formula 3 Championship in 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:NASCAR.

paragraph: In 2014, Cheever made the switch from open wheel to stock cars, running the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series for Italian-based CAAL Racing, scoring his first win and his first pole position at Brands Hatch. He then won two more races, at Magione and Le Mans, to finish the season third in points. He won the Jerome Sarran Trophy, rewarding the highest placed driver aged 25 or less, and the Race And Win Pole Award, rewarding the driver scoring the highest number of pole positions during the season.

paragraph: On 4 August 2015, Cheever announced that he would make his K&N Pro Series East debut at Watkins Glen International for Bill McAnally Racing. He also ran one race in K&N Pro Series West at All American Speedway also for Bill McAnally Racing.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Career summary.

paragraph: Season still in progress.

description: racecar driver

wikidata_label: Eddie Cheever III

wikipedia_title: Eddie Cheever III


text: Fontenay-aux-Roses

text: race car

text: 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: British Touring Car Championship

text: Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters

text: International Formula 3000

text: French Supertouring Championship

text: Italian Super Touring Championship

text: Super Tourenwagen Cup

text: French Karting Championship

text: Volant Avia

text: French Formula 3

text: Daniel Gache Racing

text: Macau GP

text: Bowman Racing

text: Graff Racing

text: International Formula 3000

text: DAMS

text: Pacific Racing

text: 1992 French Formula 3

text: French Supertouring Championship

text: Oreca

text: Italian Super Touring Championship

text: 1994 French Supertouring Championship

text: Peugeot

text: 405 MI-16

text: Jordan Grand Prix

text: Jordan 194

text: Formula 1

text: Estoril

text: Super Tourenwagen Cup

text: Porsche Carrera Cup France

text: BMW

text: Joachim Winkelhock

text: Johnny Cecotto

text: 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: Porsche 911 GT1

text: British Touring Car Championship

text: Nissan

text: Primera

text: Anthony Reid

text: Ford

text: Renault

text: David Leslie

text: Audi

text: Audi R8R

text: Honda

text: Tom Kristensen

text: Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters

text: Abt Sportsline

text: Audi TT

text: Mercedes-Benz CLK

text: Opel Astra

text: Oschersleben

text: 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: Nürburgring

text: 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: Bernd Schneider

text: Christian Pescatori

text: Opel

text: Vectra GTS

text: Hockenheim

text: jetski

text: Laurent Aïello at Driver Database

categories: British Touring Car Championship Champions,People from Fontenay-aux-Roses,Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters champions,1969 births,International Formula 3000 drivers,British Touring Car Championship drivers,Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters drivers,24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,French racing drivers,12 Hours of Sebring drivers,24 Hours of Le Mans winning drivers,Living people

paragraph: Laurent Aïello

paragraph: Laurent Aïello (born 23 May 1969 in Fontenay-aux-Roses) is a French former race car driver, most notable for winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1998, the British Touring Car Championship (BTCC) in 1999, and the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (DTM) series in 2002.

paragraph: His racing career lasted from 1988 until 2005, and, in addition to the 24 Hours of Le Mans, the BTCC and DTM, saw him enter the International Formula 3000, the French Supertouring Championship (CFS), the Italian Super Touring Championship (ISTC), and the Super Tourenwagen Cup (STW), in addition to several other series. He took the CFS title in 1994, and the STW title in 1997.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early career.

paragraph: Aïello won the French Karting Championship for three years in a row, in 1983, 1984, and 1985. He made his car racing debut in 1988 in the Volant Avia, and his professional racing debut in 1989, entering 11 rounds of the French Formula 3, driving for Daniel Gache Racing, with his best result being a solitary podium. In 1990 Aïello won the Monaco Grand Prix Formula Three support race, in addition to finishing fourth in the Macau GP for Bowman Racing, and fifth in the French F3 for Graff Racing, with four wins from 11 races. He moved to the International Formula 3000 for 1991 and 1992 (for DAMS and Pacific Racing respectively,) but he was not successful, finishing 15th overall in both seasons. He did, however, take the 1992 French Formula 3 title.

paragraph: In 1993, Aïello switched to touring car racing in the French Supertouring Championship (CFS), finishing runner up, whilst driving for the non-works team Oreca. In 1993, he also entered the Italian Super Touring Championship, finishing 17th overall, with 11 points. His first title was the 1994 French Supertouring Championship, where he won five races driving for the works Peugeot team in their 405 MI-16 model. Due to Peugeot's links with Jordan Grand Prix, he tested a Jordan 194 Formula 1 car in an Estoril test session, and set the tenth fastest time. After a less-successful 1995 season, where he finished third overall, and won just one race, he made the switch to the Super Tourenwagen Cup (STW) in Germany for 1996, still driving for Peugeot, but in their new 406 model, following their withdrawal from the CFS. He finished third overall in this first season, with 3 wins. He also entered a round of the Porsche Carrera Cup France, winning the race.

paragraph: Aïello took the STW title for the first time in 1997, with 11 wins, finishing 52 points ahead of BMW's Joachim Winkelhock. 1998 would be his third and final season in the STW, with 6 wins only being enough for a second place, with the Venezuelan driver Johnny Cecotto beating him by just 3 points. During the 1998 season, he won the 24 Hours of Le Mans race in a Porsche 911 GT1, his first attempt at the endurance race.

paragraph: For 1999, Aïello switched to the British Touring Car Championship (BTCC), driving for the works Nissan team in their Primera model, replacing the outgoing Anthony Reid, whom had moved to Ford. He had initially been offered the drive at Renault, but rejected the offer as WilliamsF1, whom ran the team, refused to allow him to enter the 24 Hours of Le Mans. The season would prove to be highly successful, as he took the title in his one and only season in the series, with 10 wins helping him finish 16 points ahead of teammate David Leslie, and Nissan taking a comfortable Manufacturer's and Team's championship victory. His performances in the BTCC saw him win the National Racing Driver of the Year award in the Autosport Awards. He also entered the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1999, this time for Audi in their Audi R8R, and he finished third in class.

paragraph: Following Nissan's withdrawal from the BTCC at the end of the 1999 season, a potential drive for Honda fell through (that spot being taken by Tom Kristensen), he made the switch to the new Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters series, driving for the Abt Sportsline team in their Audi TT-R, a move that surprised some. The first season was unsuccessful, with no victories, as the Audi TT proved to be uncompetitive against the faster Mercedes-Benz CLK and Opel Astra rivals, its best finish being Aïello's fifth place at the second Oschersleben sprint race. He entered his third 24 Hours of Le Mans, driving for Audi, and finished second.

paragraph: Following heavy development on the car, 2001 would prove to be more successful: Aïello was the first member of the Abt team to win in the series, at the Nürburgring sprint race. He would take 3 more victories that season, all 3 at the Nürburgring. He once more returned to the 24 Hours of Le Mans with Audi, and finished second once more.

paragraph: 2002 would be an even more successful year — Aïello defeated reigning champion Bernd Schneider to take the title by six points, winning 12 races in the process. Although initially signed to drive once more for Audi in the 2002 edition of the 24 Hours of Le Mans, he would not appear, with Christian Pescatori being entered instead.

paragraph: Abt Sportsline, and Aïello, would be much less successful in 2003, winning just one race, and after switching to Opel for the 2004 and 2005 seasons, without any further victories (the firm's new Vectra GTS proved to be unsuccessful), Aïello announced his retirement from racing at the end of the season, aged 36, finishing ninth in his final race at Hockenheim. During his final season, he tested a "breathable overall" at the Nürburgring round.

paragraph: In a 2005 poll run by Motorsport Magazine, Aiello was voted the 13th best touring car driver of all time.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Aïello is married to Geraldine, and has two children: a daughter named Marie, and a son named Tom. He has a passion for jetskis, and enjoys DJing.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results.:Complete German Super Tourenwagen Cup results.

paragraph: Source:

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Complete Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters results.

paragraph: – A non-championship one-off race was held in 2004, in Shanghai, China.

paragraph: BULLET::::- † — Retired, but was classified as he completed 90% of the winner's race distance.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laurent Aïello at Driver Database

description: French racecar driver

wikidata_label: Laurent Aïello

wikipedia_title: Laurent Aïello


text:
Danish
ice hockey
2010 IIHF World Championship
Herlev Eagles

categories: Danish ice hockey players,Edmonton Oilers draft picks,Modo Hockey players,Star Bulls Rosenheim players,Sportspeople from Copenhagen,1967 births,Rødovre Mighty Bulls players,Hvidovre Ligahockey players,Färjestad BK players,Danish ice hockey coaches,VEU Feldkirch players,Herlev Hornets players,Living people

paragraph: Jesper Duus

paragraph: Jesper Duus (born November 24, 1967) is a Danish former professional ice hockey player who participated at the 2010 IIHF World Championship as a member of the Denmark National men's ice hockey team. He lastly played for Herlev Eagles in Denmark.

description: DAnish ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Jesper Duus

wikipedia_title: Jesper Duus


text:
ice hockey
Rungsted IK
2010 IIHF World Championship
Danish national team
Schwenninger Wild Wings

categories: Danish ice hockey players,Modo Hockey players,Rögle BK players,Leksands IF players,1981 births,People from Hørsholm Municipality,Hannover Scorpions players,IF Troja/Ljungby players,Malmö Redhawks players,Schwenninger Wild Wings players,Nordsjælland Cobras players,Living people

paragraph: Morten Green

paragraph: Morten Green (born 19 March 1981) is a Danish former professional ice hockey player who lastly played for the Danish team Rungsted IK. He participated at the 2010 IIHF World Championship as a member of the Danish national team.

paragraph: Green joined the Schwenninger Wild Wings on a one-year contract from the Hannover Scorpions on 8 July 2013. After two seasons with the Wild Wings, Green was released as a free agent.

description: Danish ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Morten Green

wikipedia_title: Morten Green


text:
Vojens
Danish
ice hockey
2010 IIHF World Championship

categories: Danish ice hockey players,Vojens IK players,SønderjyskE Ishockey players,1983 births,Living people

paragraph: Kim Lykkeskov

paragraph: Kim Lykkeskov (born 3 August 1983 in Vojens) is a Danish professional ice hockey player who participated at the 2010 IIHF World Championship as a member of the Denmark National men's ice hockey team.

description: Danish ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Kim Lykkeskov

wikipedia_title: Kim Lykkeskov


text:
ice hockey
goaltender
SønderjyskE
Metal Ligaen
EJHL
New Hampshire Junior Monarchs
Vojens IK
IK Oskarshamn
Frölunda HC
Leksands IF
IF Björklöven
HC Slovan Bratislava
Espoo Blues
Karlskrona HK
HockeyAllsvenskan
2016–17
2010 IIHF World Championship
Denmark men's national ice hockey team
George Galbraith
Vojens IK

categories: Danish ice hockey players,Danish people of Canadian descent,Frölunda HC players,Karlskrona HK players,IF Björklöven players,Leksands IF players,1986 births,Espoo Blues players,People from Haderslev Municipality,Nottingham Panthers players,HC Slovan Bratislava players,SønderjyskE Ishockey players,IK Oskarshamn players,Krefeld Pinguine players,Living people

paragraph: Patrick Galbraith (ice hockey)

paragraph: Patrick Galbraith (born March 11, 1986) is a Danish professional ice hockey goaltender. Gailbraith currently plays under contract with SønderjyskE in the Danish Metal Ligaen (DEN).

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Galbraith spent the 2006-07 campaign with EJHL outfit New Hampshire Junior Monarchs. In his native Danmark, he played for Vojens IK.

paragraph: Earlier in his career, he spent time with Swedish sides IK Oskarshamn, Frölunda HC, Leksands IF and IF Björklöven, had a short stint with HC Slovan Bratislava in Slovakia and was a member of the Espoo Blues in Finland. Galbraith played for Karlskrona HK in the HockeyAllsvenskan since 2013 before moving to Krefeld in December 2015,

paragraph: After his first full season with the Pinguine's in 2016–17 season, he appeared in 45 games, however, was unable to prevent the team from finishing last. Galbraith left the club on March 3, 2017, after it was revealed he would not be offered a new contract.

paragraph: Section::::International play.

paragraph: Galbraith participated at the 2010 IIHF World Championship as a member of the Denmark men's national ice hockey team.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Patrick's father, George Galbraith, was also an ice hockey goaltender. A Canadian, George moved to Denmark in 1977 to play for Vojens IK.

description: Danish ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Patrick Galbraith

wikipedia_title: Patrick Galbraith (ice hockey)


text:
Chamonix
France
French
ice hockey
2010 IIHF World Championship

categories: Ice hockey players at the 1998 Winter Olympics,French ice hockey players,Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics,1976 births,Olympic ice hockey players of France,Sportspeople from Haute-Savoie,People from Chamonix,Living people,Chamonix HC players

paragraph: Laurent Gras (ice hockey)

paragraph: Laurent Gras (born 15 March 1976 in Chamonix, France) is a professional French ice hockey player who participated at the 2010 IIHF World Championship as a member of the France National men's ice hockey team.

description: French ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Laurent Gras

wikipedia_title: Laurent Gras (ice hockey)


text:
French
ice hockey
2010 IIHF World Championship

categories: French ice hockey players,People from Pointe-à-Pitre,Guadeloupean sportspeople,1986 births,Drakkars de Caen players,French people of Guadeloupean descent,Living people,Chamonix HC players

paragraph: Erwan Pain

paragraph: Erwan Pain (born 14 February 1986) is a professional French ice hockey player who participated at the 2010 IIHF World Championship as a member of the France National men's ice hockey team.

description: French ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Erwan Pain

wikipedia_title: Erwan Pain


text:
ice hockey
HC Fribourg-Gottéron
National League
2017 IIHF World Championship
Cristobal Huet

categories: Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics,Timrå IK players,Living people,People from Saint-Martin-d'Hères,Olympic ice hockey players of France,1979 births,Straubing Tigers players,Genève-Servette HC players,Sportspeople from Isère,French ice hockey players

paragraph: Laurent Meunier

paragraph: Laurent Meunier (born January 16, 1979) is a French-born Swiss professional ice hockey player who is currently playing with HC Fribourg-Gottéron of the National League (NL) and with the French National team.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Retirement.

paragraph: In May 2017, Meunier played at the 2017 IIHF World Championship, in Paris, representing France, as lead team captain. This represented his swan song, and he retired after finishing the tournament. He played his last game at the final round robin game of France, against Slovenia, with a win, retiring with France's Lead Goaltender Cristobal Huet. Team France (Les Bleus) did not advance to the medal round, but was not relegated.

description: French ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Laurent Meunier

wikipedia_title: Laurent Meunier


text:
French
ice hockey
defenceman
2010 IIHF World Championship

categories: French ice hockey players,Living people,1987 births

paragraph: Kévin Igier

paragraph: Kévin Igier (born 4 March 1987) is a professional French ice hockey defenceman who participated at the 2010 IIHF World Championship as a member of the France National men's ice hockey team.

description: French ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Kévin Igier

wikipedia_title: Kévin Igier