text:
Ordoño II
King of León
Galicia
Alfonso IV
Alfonso Fróilaz
Anales castellanos primeros
Moors
Umayyad
Alfonso III of Asturias
Kingdom of Asturias
marcher
García I
León
Ordoño II
Galicia
Fruela II
Asturian
Kingdom of León
Alfonso Fróilaz
Kingdom of Pamplona
Sancho Ordóñez
Alfonso IV
al-Andalus
Ibn Hayyan
Coimbra
Pamplona
León
Andalusian
Battle of Simancas
Duero
Tormes
García Sánchez I
Fernán González of Castile
Talavera
Urraca Sánchez of Pamplona
Sancho I of Pamplona
Toda
San Rosendo
Ordoño III
Theresa
García Sánchez I of Pamplona
Ibn Hayyan
Sancho I of León
Elvira Ramírez
Miragaia
Aboazar
Galician
Portuguese
Cantar de los Siete Infantes de Lara
Lara family

categories: Galician monarchs,Beni Alfons,900s births,10th-century monarchs in Europe,Leonese monarchs,951 deaths

paragraph: Ramiro II of León

paragraph: Ramiro II (c. 900 – 1 January 951), son of Ordoño II, was a King of León from 931 until his death. Initially titular king only of a lesser part of the kingdom, he gained the crown of León (and with it, Galicia) after supplanting his brother Alfonso IV and cousin Alfonso Fróilaz in 931. The scant "Anales castellanos primeros" are a primary source for his reign.

paragraph: He actively campaigned against the Moors, who referred to him as the Devil due to his ferocity and fervor in battle. He defeated the hosts of the Umayyad caliph, Abderramán III, at the Battle of Simancas (939).

paragraph: Section::::Succession.

paragraph: When, shortly before his death in 910, Alfonso III of Asturias was forced by his sons to abdicate, the Kingdom of Asturias descended into a period of successional crises among the royal family and their supporters from the regional marcher aristocracies. The kingdom was initially partitioned, with García I receiving León, Ordoño II Galicia and Fruela II the Asturian heartland.

paragraph: With the successive deaths of García I (914) and Ordoño (924), these were re-consolidated, Fruela ruling the entirety of what would thenceforth be referred to as the Kingdom of León. His death the next year, 925, again brought about disputed succession and partition. A younger brother, Ramiro, appears to have married Fruela's widow and adopted the royal title, but gained no traction. Instead it was the next generation that rose to the forefront.

paragraph: As eldest son of the prior king, Alfonso Fróilaz was crowned but proved unable to extend his power to the entire kingdom and was marginalized by his cousins the three sons of Ordoño II, who had the backing of the Kingdom of Pamplona. These brothers again partitioned the portion of the kingdom they controlled: the eldest, Sancho Ordóñez, ruling in Galicia, Alfonso IV in León, and Ramiro II in the newly conquered lands to the south (al-Andalus chronicler Ibn Hayyan located his court at Coimbra).

paragraph: When Sancho died in 929 his kingdom was absorbed by Alfonso IV, but in a quick succession of events taking place in Leon and Zamora, Ramiro forced the abdication of Alfonso IV, and had him and Fruela II's three sons blinded in order to make them incapable of ruling.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Ramiro stood out as an excellent military commander, and expanded remarkably his territories south (Salamanca, Ledesma...) as well as founding or repopulating frontier strongholds (Osma, Clunia...). Ramiro masterminded a Pamplona/León coalition that defeated a joint Andalusian counter-offensive in the Battle of Simancas (939). This victory allowed the advance of the Leonese border of the Duero to the Tormes.

paragraph: In the last years of his reign, he lost the support of his Pamplona brother-in-law/son-in-law García Sánchez I, who then helped another brother-in-law, the count Fernán González of Castile, to gain brief "de facto" independence. Still in 950 Ramiro launched an expedition to the valley of the Edge and defeated the Cordovan Umayyads at Talavera.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Ramiro II married twice, first to his first cousin Adosinda Gutiérrez, daughter of Gutier Osóriz and Ildonzia Menéndez (a sister of Ramiro's mother, queen Elvira Menéndez), and second to Urraca Sánchez of Pamplona, daughter of Sancho I of Pamplona and Toda. By Adosinda, who was also cousin of San Rosendo, Ramiro had Bermudo and Ordoño III, and presumably also daughter Theresa, wife of García Sánchez I of Pamplona. García is referred to as Ramiro's son-in-law by chronicler Ibn Hayyan, and his eldest son by his documented second wife Theresa was named Ramiro, while Theresa would not have been daughter of Ramiro II's second wife, who was her husband's sister. By Urraca, Ramiro had two children, Sancho I of León and Elvira Ramírez.

paragraph: He figures prominently in the romantic poem, the "Miragaia", which tells the apocryphal story of Ramiro bedding Ortega, the daughter of a local Arab lord. By her he is given a son Aboazar, the progenitor of the Galician/Portuguese Maia family. This Maia tradition was subsequently linked to another legend, that told in the "Cantar de los Siete Infantes de Lara" by giving Ramiro and Ortega a daughter Ortega Ramírez, who is made to marry Gustios Gonzalez, grandfather of the legendary "infantes" and of hero Mudarra González. Subsequent elaboration of this legend gave further supposed descendants among the Lara family, but these Lara connections are dismissed by modern scholars.

alias:
The Great
The Devil

description: King of León

wikidata_label: Ramiro II of León

wikipedia_title: Ramiro II of León


text:
early Egyptian
second dynasty
Egyptologist
archaeologically
Horus
Nekhbet
Wadjet
sedge
bee
ink
alabaster
schist
step pyramid
Djoser
Sakkara
Wolfgang Helck
Francesco Tiradritti
Teti
6th dynasty
pyramid texts
Weneg
sky
death deity
Ra
sun
Jochem Kahl
Raneb
igneous
Peribsen
Abydos
Ninetjer
Nicolas Grimal
Wolfgang Helck
Walter Bryan Emery
Sekhemib-Perenmaat
Ramesside
Wadjenes
Seth-Peribsen
Khasekhemwy
Peter Kaplony
Richard Weill
papyrus haulm
Cairo stone
hieroglyph
Royal Canon of Turin
Manetho
Senedj
Senedj
Francesco Raffaele: WNG (Weneg or Uneg)

paragraph: Weneg (pharaoh)

paragraph: Weneg (or Uneg), also known as Weneg-Nebty, is the throne name of an early Egyptian king, who ruled during the second dynasty. Although his chronological position is clear to Egyptologists, it is unclear for how long King Weneg ruled. It is also unclear as to which of the archaeologically identified Horus-kings corresponds to Weneg.

paragraph: Section::::Name sources and contradictions.

paragraph: The name ‘Weneg’ is generally accepted to be a nebti- or throne name, introduced by the crest of the "Two Ladies" (the goddesses Nekhbet and Wadjet) and the sedge-and-bee-crest. Weneg's name appears in black ink inscriptions on alabaster fragments and in inscriptions on schist-vessels. Seventeen vessels bearing his name have been preserved; eleven of them were found in the underground galleries beneath the step pyramid of king Djoser at Sakkara. Egyptologists such as Wolfgang Helck and Francesco Tiradritti point out that all the inscriptions are made in the place of existing inscriptions, which means that the names that were originally placed on the vessels were completely different.

paragraph: The symbol that was used to write Weneg's name is the object of significant dispute between egyptologists to this day. The so-called "weneg flower" is rarely used in Egyptian writing. Mysteriously, the weneg flower is often guided by six vertical "strokes", three of them on each side of the flower bud. The meaning of these strokes is unknown. After Weneg's death, his heraldic flower was not used again until king Teti (6th dynasty), when it was used in his pyramid texts to name a “Weneg” as a sky and death deity which was addressed with "Son of Ra" and "follower of the deceased king". So it seems that the weneg flower was somehow connected with the Egyptian sun and death cult. But the true meaning of the flower as a king's name remains unknown.

paragraph: Section::::Identification.

paragraph: Since Weneg's name first became known to Egyptologists, scholars have been trying to match the nebti name of Weneg to contemporary Horus-kings. The following sections discuss some of the theories.

paragraph: Section::::Identification.:Weneg corresponds to Hor-Nebre (or Raneb).

paragraph: Egyptologist Jochem Kahl argues that Weneg was the same person as king Raneb, the second ruler of the 2nd dynasty. He points to a vessel fragment made from an igneous material, which was found in the tomb of king Peribsen (a later ruler of 2nd dynasty) at Abydos. He believed he had found on the pot sherd weak, but clear, traces of the weneg-flower beneath the inscribed name of king Ninetjer. On the right side of Ninetjer's name the depiction of the "Ka" house of king Raneb is partially preserved. The complete arrangement led Kahl to the conclusion that the weneg flower and Raneb's name were connected to each other and king Ninetjer later replaced the inscription. Kahl also points out that king Ninetjer wrote his name mirrored, so that his name points in the opposite direction to Raneb's name. Kahl's theory is the subject of continuing debate since the vessel inscription is badly damaged and thus leaves plenty of room for varying interpretations.

paragraph: Section::::Identification.:Weneg corresponds to Hor-Sekhemib-Perenmaat.

paragraph: Egyptologists such as Nicolas Grimal, Wolfgang Helck and Walter Bryan Emery identify Weneg with king Sekhemib-Perenmaat and with the Ramesside royal cartouche-name Wadjenes. Their theory is based on the assumption that Sekhemib and Seth-Peribsen were different rulers and that both were the immediate successors of king Ninetjer. But this theory is not commonly accepted, because clay seals of Sekhemib were found in the tomb of king Khasekhemwy, the last ruler of 2nd dynasty. The clay seals set Sekhemib's reign close to Khasekhemwy's, whilst the Ramesside name "Wadjenes" is placed near the beginning of 2nd dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Identification.:Weneg as an independent ruler.

paragraph: Egyptologists such as Peter Kaplony and Richard Weill argue that Weneg was a separate king from other kings of the period. They suggest that Weneg succeeded Ninetjer and his name is preserved in Ramesside kinglists under the name "Wadjenes". Their assumption is firstly based on the widely accepted theory that Ramesside scribes interchanged the weneg-flower with the papyrus haulm, changing it into the name "Wadjenes". Secondly, Kaplony and Weill's theory is based on the inscription on the Cairo stone. They believe that the name "Wenegsekhemwy" is preserved over the third line of year events. This theory is also not widely accepted, as the Cairo stone is badly damaged and the very weak traces of the hieroglyphs leave too much room for different interpretations.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Little is known about Weneg's reign. The vessel inscriptions mentioning his name only show reports about ceremonial events, such as the "raising up of the pillars of Horus". This feast is frequently reported on vessels from Ninetjer's reign, which brings Weneg's chronological position very close to that of Ninetjer.

paragraph: The length of Weneg's rulership is unknown. If he was the same person as king Wadjenes, he ruled (according to the Royal Canon of Turin) for 54 years. If Weneg was same person as king "Tlas", mentioned by the historian Manetho, he ruled for 17 years. But modern Egyptologists have doubts about both statements and evaluate them as misinterpretations or exaggerations. If Weneg was actually a separate ruler, as Richard Weill and Peter Kaplony believe, he may have ruled for 12 years, depending on their reconstructions of the Cairo stone inscriptions.

paragraph: One theory suggests that the once unified kingdom of Egypt was divided after Ninetjer's death into two parts. Consequently, for a period after king Weneg's death, two kings ruled at the same time over Egypt suggesting that Weneg was an independent ruler. This assumption is based on the observation that both the Thinite and Memphite king lists of the Ramesside era mention the names "Wadjenes" and "Senedj" as the immediate successors of king Ninetjer. The Abydos king lists, for example, mention only six kings for the 2nd dynasty, whilst all the other kinglists mention nine kings. So Weneg may have been the last king who had ruled over the whole of Egypt, before sharing his throne (and control over Egypt) with another king. It remains unclear who the other king may have been. Weneg's successor may have been Senedj but even that is uncertain in this shadowy period of the 2nd dynasty of Egypt.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francesco Raffaele: WNG (Weneg or Uneg)

description: Egyptian statesman

wikidata_label: Weneg

wikipedia_title: Weneg (pharaoh)


text:
early Egyptian
pharaoh
2nd dynasty
ramesside era
kinglist of Abydos
Royal Canon of Turin
kinglist of Sakkara
hieroglyphic
goose
Manetho
Khephren
Menkaura
Giza
diorite
George Andrew Reisner
cartouche
false door
mastaba
tomb
priest
Shery
Sakkara
Peribsen
necropolis
archaic
anachronism
3rd dynasty
Huni
Dietrich Wildung
cramp
Den
Dynasty I
bronze
Upper Egypt
Peter Munro
horus name
donated
chapel
Sekhemib
Nicolas Grimal
Francesco Tiradritti
Ninetjer
Barbara Bell
famine
Palermo stone
annual Nile floods
Stephan Seidlmayer
Old Kingdom
nilometer
Memphis
Sakkara list
Abydos table
Wadjenes
Neferka(ra)
Neferkasokar
Hudjefa I
Khasekhemwy
Toby Wilkinson
Necropolis of King
Djoser
3rd dynasty
Sened/Senedj

paragraph: Senedj

paragraph: Senedj (also known as Sened and Sethenes) was an early Egyptian king (pharaoh), who may have ruled during the 2nd dynasty. His historical standing remains uncertain. His name is included in the kinglists of the ramesside era, although it is written in different ways: While the kinglist of Abydos imitates the archaic form, the Royal Canon of Turin and the kinglist of Sakkara form the name with the hieroglyphic sign of a plucked goose.

paragraph: It is unknown how long Senedj ruled over Egypt. The Royal Canon of Turin credits him with 70 years of rulership, the ancient Greek historian Manetho states that "Séthenes" (as he calls Senedj) ruled for 41 years.

paragraph: Section::::Name sources.

paragraph: The possibly only known contemporary inscription from Senedj's reign was found in 1909 by Egyptologist Uvo Hölscher, who assisted the excavations at the Khephren- and Menkaura temple at Giza. Hölscher found a small, thin-walled and polished diorite shard, which once belonged to a flat bowl. At the left brakeline an incised inscription gives the reading: "The king of Upper- and Lower Egypt, Senedj". The inscription goes from the right to the left and exceeds the breakline, but the king's name remains reconstructable. The precious artifact was published in 1912. It was also examined by George Andrew Reisner, who mentioned it shortly in his book "Mycerinus, the Temples of the Third Pyramid at Giza".

paragraph: The next source referring to king Senedj dates back to the beginning or middle of the 4th dynasty. The name, written in a cartouche, appears in the inscription on a false door belonging to the mastaba tomb of the high priest Shery at Sakkara. Shery held the title “overseer of all wab-priests of king Peribsen in the necropolis of king Senedj”, “overseer of the ka-priests of king Senedj” and “god´s servant of Senedj”. Senedj's name is written in archaic form and set in a cartouche, which is an anachronism, since the cartouche itself was not used until the end of 3rd dynasty under king Huni. Egyptologist Dietrich Wildung points to two further priests and possible relatives of Shery, who both also participated the funerary cult of Senedj, "Inkef" and "Siy".

paragraph: Senedj is also mentioned in papyrus "P. Berlin 3038", which contains medical prescriptions and therapies for numerous diseases. One of these gives instructions for treating foot cramps, and closes with the claim that the recipe for the ointment originates from a "book of vessels". This book is claimed to originate from the time of king Usáphais (identical with king Horus Den of Dynasty I). King Senedj allegedly received the book as an inheritance gift.

paragraph: The latest mention of Senedj's name appears on a small bronze statuette in the shape of a kneeling king wearing the White Crown of Upper Egypt and holding incense burners in its hands. Additionally, the figurine wears a belt which has Senedj's name carved at the back.

paragraph: Egyptologist Peter Munro has written a report about the existence of a mud seal inscription showing the cartouche name "Nefer-senedj-Ra", which he thinks to be a version of “Senedj”. But since the finding was never photographed nor drawn and the alleged object meanwhile got lost, Munro's claim is highly questioned by many scholars.

paragraph: Section::::Identity.

paragraph: The horus name of Senedj remains unknown. The false door inscription of Shery might indicate that Senedj is identical with king Seth-Peribsen and that the name "Senedj" was brought into the kinglists, because a seth-name was not allowed to be mentioned. Other Egyptologists, such as Wolfgang Helck and Dietrich Wildung, are not so sure and believe that Senedj and Peribsen were different rulers. They point out that the false door inscription has the names of both strictly separated from each other. Additionally, Wildung thinks that Senedj donated an offering chapel to Peribsen in his necropolis. This theory in turn is questioned by Helck and Hermann A. Schlögl, who point to the clay seals of king Sekhemib found in the entrance area of Peribsen´s tomb, which might prove that Sekhemib buried Peribsen, not Senedj.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Egyptologists such as Wolfgang Helck, Nicolas Grimal, Hermann Alexander Schlögl and Francesco Tiradritti believe that king Ninetjer, the third ruler of 2nd dynasty, left a realm that was suffering from an overly complex state administration and that Ninetjer decided to split Egypt to leave it to his two sons (or, at least, two chosen successors) who would rule two separate kingdoms, in the hope that the two rulers could better administer the states. In contrast, Egyptologists such as Barbara Bell believe that an economic catastrophe such as a famine or a long lasting drought affected Egypt. Therefore, to better address the problem of feeding the Egyptian population, Ninetjer split the realm into two and his successors founded two independent realms until the famine came to an end. Bell points to the inscriptions of the Palermo stone, where, in her opinion, the records of the annual Nile floods show constantly low levels during this period.

paragraph: Bell´s theory is refuted today by Egyptologists such as Stephan Seidlmayer, who corrected Bell's calculations. Seidlmayer has shown that the annual Nile floods were at usual levels at Ninetjer's time up to the period of the Old Kingdom. Bell had overlooked that the heights of the Nile floods in the Palermo stone inscription only takes into account the measurements of the nilometers around Memphis, but not elsewhere along the river. Any long-lasting drought can therefore be excluded.

paragraph: It is also unclear if Senedj already shared his throne with another ruler, or if the Egyptian state was split at the time of his death. All known kinglists such as the Sakkara list, the Turin canon and the Abydos table list a king Wadjenes as predecessor of Senedj. After Senedj, the kinglists differ from each other in respect of the successors. While the Sakkara list and the Turin canon mention the kings Neferka(ra), Neferkasokar and Hudjefa I as immediate successors, the Abydos list skips them and lists a king "Djadjay" (identical with king Khasekhemwy). If Egypt was already divided when Senedj gained the throne, kings like Sekhemib and Peribsen would have ruled Upper Egypt, whilst Senedj and his successors, Neferka(ra) and Hudjefa I, would have ruled Lower Egypt. The division of Egypt was brought to an end by king Khasekhemwy.

paragraph: Section::::Tomb.

paragraph: It is unknown where Senedj was buried. Toby Wilkinson assumes that the king might have been buried at Sakkara. To support this view, Wilkinson makes the observation that mortuary priests in earlier times were never buried too far away from the king for whom they had practised the mortuary cult. Wilkinson thinks that one of the Great Southern Galleries within the Necropolis of King Djoser (3rd dynasty) was originally Senedj's tomb.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sened/Senedj

wikidata_label: Senedj

wikipedia_title: Senedj


text:
baseball
catcher
Pittsburgh Pirates
Major League Baseball
free agent
Atlanta Braves
Tampa Bay Devil Rays
minor league
Joe Oliver
Pittsburgh Pirates
José Guillén
Jeff Sparks
Triple-A
perfect game
John Wasdin
Nashville Sounds
Washington Nationals
spring training
Colorado Rockies
Cincinnati Reds
Mexican League
Mexican Pacific Winter League
Arizona Diamondbacks
Double-A
Mobile BayBears
Broncos de Reynosa
Vaqueros Laguna

categories: Charleston RiverDogs players,Águilas de Mexicali players,Gulf Coast Devil Rays players,Pittsburgh Pirates players,1979 births,Princeton Devil Rays players,Indianapolis Indians players,Mexican expatriate baseball players in the United States,Hudson Valley Renegades players,Baseball players from Sonora,Colorado Springs Sky Sox players,Sultanes de Monterrey players,Mobile BayBears players,Mexican League baseball catchers,Major League Baseball players from Mexico,Mexican League baseball first basemen,Tomateros de Culiacán players,Major League Baseball catchers,Hickory Crawdads players,Living people,Altoona Curve players,Nashville Sounds players,Naranjeros de Hermosillo players,All-Star Futures Game players,Baseball players suspended for drug offenses

paragraph: Humberto Cota

paragraph: Humberto Cota (born February 7, 1979) is a Mexican former professional baseball catcher. He played with the Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball (MLB).

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Cota was signed as an amateur free agent by the Atlanta Braves on December 22, . He was released in January without having played any games. In May 1997, he signed with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays. After two years in the lower levels of their minor league system, Cota was traded with Joe Oliver to the Pittsburgh Pirates for José Guillén and Jeff Sparks on July 23, .

paragraph: He continued to advance through Pittsburgh's minor league system before making his MLB debut on September 9, . He split the to seasons between the Pirates and their Triple-A clubs. On April 7, 2003, he caught a perfect game with batterymate John Wasdin of the Nashville Sounds. He became a free agent after the season.

paragraph: He signed a minor league contract with the Washington Nationals before the season, but refused an assignment to minor league camp during spring training and became a free agent. He then signed a minor league deal with the Colorado Rockies.

paragraph: On May 28, 2008, Cota was suspended 50 games for failing a drug test. He became a free agent at the end of the season and signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the Cincinnati Reds on February 2, . He was released in March 2009.

paragraph: From the 2008 to 2009 winter through that of 2016 to 2017, Cota played in the Mexican League and the Mexican Pacific Winter League. He briefly played for the Arizona Diamondbacks' Double-A Mobile BayBears in 2013. On May 24, 2016, he was traded to the Mexican League's Broncos de Reynosa, and then to the Vaqueros Laguna on June 28. On September 19, he was returned to the Bronco. He was released on March 18, 2017..

description: Mexican baseball player

wikidata_label: Humberto Cota

wikipedia_title: Humberto Cota


text: Filipino

text: cardinal

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Calbayog

text: Tagbilaran

text: metropolitan see of Cebu

text: Pope Paul VI

text: titular church

text: archdiocese

text: Cebu City

text: Roman Catholic Metropolitan Cathedral

text: Cebu City

text: Cebu

text: Philippines

text: Cathedral Museum of Cebu

categories: Participants in the Second Vatican Council,Roman Catholic bishops of Tagbilaran,Catholic Church in the Philippines,Visayans,Filipino cardinals,Cardinals created by Pope Paul VI,1906 births,People from Calbayog,Filipino Roman Catholics,1983 deaths

paragraph: Julio Rosales

paragraph: Julio Rosales y Ras (September 18, 1906 – June 2, 1983) also known as Julio Rosales, the second Archbishop of Cebu, was a Filipino cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. A native of Calbayog, he made his studies at the Seminary of Calbayog and was ordained in his hometown on June 2, 1929. From 1929 to 1946, he did pastoral work in the diocese of Calbayog. He was consecrated bishop of Tagbilaran on September 21, 1946.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Cebu.

paragraph: On December 17, 1949, Rosales was promoted to the metropolitan see of Cebu. During his reign, in 1965, Cebu hosted the celebrations for the 400th anniversary of the Christianization of the Philippines.

paragraph: Section::::College of Cardinals.

paragraph: Rosales was elevated to the college of cardinals by Pope Paul VI in the consistory of April 28, 1969 and given the titular church of Sacro Cuore di Gesù agonizzante a Vitinia. He also participated in both conclaves of 1978. He resigned the pastoral government of his archdiocese, on August 24, 1982 and died less than a year later in Cebu City, his beloved episcopal city.

paragraph: Section::::Burial.

paragraph: Julio Rosales is buried at the mausoleum of the Roman Catholic Metropolitan Cathedral in Cebu City, Cebu, Philippines. His mementos are currently on display at the Cathedral Museum of Cebu.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Julio Rosales was the brother of Philippine Senator Decoroso Rosales. The Senator named his grandson Julio Rosales II.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Hierarchy - Julio Cardinal Rosales y Ras †

description: Filipino Cardinal

wikidata_label: Julio Rosales

wikipedia_title: Julio Rosales


text:
jazz drummer
Bill Evans
Pat LaBarbera
John LaBarbera
Mount Morris, New York
Frankie Randall
US Army band
Fort Dix
Woody Herman
Chuck Mangione
Bob Brookmeyer
Jim Hall
Art Farmer
Art Pepper
John Scofield
Toots Thielemans
Phil Woods
Bill Evans
Tony Bennett
Hein van de Geyn
John Abercrombie
California Institute of the Arts
Patti Wicks
Keter Betts
Tony Bennett
Rosemary Clooney
Bill Cunliffe
Bill Evans
John LaBarbera
Pat LaBarbera
Chuck Mangione
Bud Shank
Kim Richmond
Terry Trotter

categories: 1948 births,20th-century American drummers,American jazz composers,Musicians from New York (state),American jazz drummers,Living people

paragraph: Joe LaBarbera

paragraph: Joseph James LaBarbera (born February 22, 1948) is an American jazz drummer and composer. He is best known for his recordings and live performances with the trio of pianist Bill Evans in the final years of Evans's career. His older brothers are saxophonist Pat LaBarbera and trumpeter John LaBarbera.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He grew up in Mount Morris, New York. His first drum teacher was his father. For two years in the late 1960s he attended Berklee College of Music, then went on tour with singer Frankie Randall. After Berklee he spent two years with the US Army band at Fort Dix, New Jersey. He began his professional career playing with Woody Herman and the Thundering Herd.

paragraph: His reputation grew in the 1970s when he spent four years recording and touring with Chuck Mangione. He also worked as a sideman for Bob Brookmeyer, Jim Hall, Art Farmer, Art Pepper, John Scofield, Toots Thielemans, and Phil Woods. In 1979 he was a member of the Bill Evans trio, then spent much of the 1980s and early 1990s with Tony Bennett. He was in a quartet with his brother Pat and in a trio with Hein van de Geyn and John Abercrombie. He has taught at the California Institute of the Arts and the Bud Shank Jazz Workshop.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As leader.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Joe La Barbera Quintet Live" (Jazz Compass, 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mark Time" (Jazz Compass, 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love Locked Out" (2003), with Patti Wicks and Keter Betts

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Native Land" (Jazz Compass, 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Silver Streams" (Jazz Compass, 2012)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As sideman.

paragraph: With Tony Bennett

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 "The Art of Excellence"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987 "Bennett/Berlin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 "Astoria: Portrait of the Artist"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 "Perfectly Frank"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 "Sings the Ultimate American Songbook Vol. 1"

paragraph: With Rosemary Clooney

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989 "Sings Rodgers, Hart & Hammerstein"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 "Girl Singer"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 "Mothers & Daughters"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 "The Songbook Collection"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 "Sentimental Journey: The Girl Singer and Her New Big Band"

paragraph: With Bill Cunliffe

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 "A Paul Simon Songbook"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 "Bill in Brazi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 "Live at Bernie's"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 "Bill Cunliffe Sextet: Live at Rocco"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 "How My Heart Sings"

paragraph: With Bill Evans

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 "Live at the Balboa Jazz Club, Vol. 1"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 "Live at the Balboa Jazz Club, Vol. 2"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 "Live at the Balboa Jazz Club, Vol. 3"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 "Live at the Balboa Jazz Club, Vol. 4"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 "Live at the Balboa Jazz Club, Vol. 5"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 "Live in Buenos Aires, 1979"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 "We Will Meet Again"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 "Letter to Evan"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 "Turn Out the Stars"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983 "The Paris Concert: Edition 1"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983 "The Paris Concert: Edition 2"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 "His Last Concert in Germany"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 "The Brilliant"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 "Turn Out the Stars: Final Village Vanguard Recordings"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 "The Last Waltz"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 "Live in Rome 1979"

paragraph: With John LaBarbera

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 "On the Wild Side" (Jazz Compass)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 "Fantazm" (Jazz Compass)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 "Caravan" (Jazz Compass)

paragraph: With Pat LaBarbera

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 "JMOG (Jazz Men on the Go)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 "Deep in a Dream"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 "Crossing the Line"

paragraph: With Chuck Mangione

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973 "Land of Make Believe"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975 "Bellavia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975 "Chase the Clouds Away"

paragraph: With Bud Shank

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 "Plays the Music of Bill Evans"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 "After You Jeru"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 "Silver Storm"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 "On the Trail"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 "Fascinating Rhythms"

paragraph: With Kim Richmond

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 "Range"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 "Look at the Time"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 "Ballads"

paragraph: With Terry Trotter and Trotter Trio

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 "It's About Time"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum...In Jazz"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 "Company...In"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 "Stephen Sondheim's Sweeney Todd in Jazz"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 "The Michel Legrand Album"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 "Sketches on Star Wars"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 "Follies"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 "The Fantasticks in Jazz"

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Joe LaBarbera

wikipedia_title: Joe LaBarbera


text:
Filipino
cardinal
Roman Catholic Church
Roman Curia
Prefect
Congregation for the Clergy
Archbishop of Nueva Segovia
priest
Auxiliary Bishop of Nueva Cáceres
Pope John Paul II
Pandan
Catanduanes
Naga City
University of Santo Tomás
Manila
Imperial Japan
Second World War
Sorsogon
Bishop of Lucena
Pope John Paul II
Archbishop of Nueva Segovia
Roman Curia
Roman Curia
College of Cardinals
Cardinal-Deacon
San Pio V a Villa Carpegna
Reproductive Health Bill
Francisco Tatad
Vatican Cardinal Bio
Cardinal Sanchez bio

categories: Roman Catholic bishops in the Philippines,2012 deaths,1920 births,Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II,People from Catanduanes,University of Santo Tomas alumni,Filipino cardinals,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Prefects of the Congregation for the Clergy,Bicolano people

paragraph: Jose Tomas Sanchez

paragraph: José Tomás Sánchez (March 17, 1920 – March 9, 2012) was a Filipino cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who held several posts in the Roman Curia, the highest of which was Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy from 1991–1996. Prior to his appointment to the Roman Curia, he held several diocesan bishop positions in the Philippines, the last of which was Archbishop of Nueva Segovia from 1982–1986. He was ordained a priest on May 12, 1946. He was consecrated bishop on May 12, 1968, following his appointment as Auxiliary Bishop of Nueva Cáceres, and was elevated to cardinal on June 28, 1991, by Pope John Paul II.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Sánchez was born in Pandan town in the island-province of Catanduanes. He was the eighth of ten children born to Patricio Sánchez and Paz Tomás, who was said to be of Spanish descent.

paragraph: He was and attended the Holy Rosary Seminary (then named "Seminario del Santísimo Rosario") in Naga City, and afterwards obtained his doctorate in theology at the University of Santo Tomás of Manila.

paragraph: Section::::Early priesthood.

paragraph: After an early ambition to become an engineer, Sánchez almost did not enter the priesthood when Imperial Japan temporarily closed the seminary during the Second World War; his friends from the seminary encouraged him to continue his studies. Sanchez was ordained on May 12, 1946, as a priest from Sorsogon, where he was asked to teach at the Peñafrancia Seminary. According to him, he taught Latin, Spanish and, because no one else could ably teach the subjects, Geometry and Algebra. He was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Nueva Caceres on February 5, 1968, at 47 years old, and became Titular Bishop of Lesvi.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopacy.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopacy.:Bishop of Lucena.

paragraph: On December 13, 1971, he was appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Lucena with the right to succeed as Bishop of Lucena upon the see's vacancy, which he did on September 25, 1976, at age 56.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopacy.:Archbishop of Nueva Segovia.

paragraph: On June 12, 1982, he was appointed by Pope John Paul II as Archbishop of Nueva Segovia, succeeding Most Rev. Juan C. Sison. He resigned from the seat on March 22, 1986, due to his appointment to the Roman Curia as Secretary of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopacy.:Roman Curia and cardinalate.

paragraph: On October 30, 1985, he was appointed to the Roman Curia as Secretary of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples. On June 28, 1991, he was elevated by Pope John Paul II to the College of Cardinals as Cardinal-Deacon of "San Pio V a Villa Carpegna". On July 1, 1991, he was also appointed Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy and President of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See. He retired as Prefect on June 15, 1996. He was elevated to Cardinal-Priest after 10 years on February 26, 2002.

paragraph: Section::::Return to the Philippines and death.

paragraph: Sánchez returned to the Philippines in December 2010, ostensibly to fight the Reproductive Health Bill, which he believed will destroy the Filipino family due to the promotion of extramarital sex and premarital sex that comes with the distribution of contraceptives.

paragraph: "His constant prayer was that Europe’s loss of its Christian faith would never happen in the Philippines," wrote former Senator Francisco Tatad. "And he would contribute his last strength to the fight of the Filipino family against the international reproductive health lobby, which has destroyed the family and killed the Christian faith in many parts of the world."

paragraph: Cardinal Sánchez died on March 9, 2012, at the age of 91 due to multiple organ failure, making him the Philippines' longest living Cardinal.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vatican Cardinal Bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Sanchez bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20120325092035/http://www.bicolmail.com/issue/2012/mar22/xjose.html Bicol Mail

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Jose Tomas Sanchez

wikipedia_title: Jose Tomas Sanchez


text:
title
al-Ikhshīd
Abbasid
Egypt
Syria
Levant
Sunni
Ikhshidid dynasty
Fatimid
Tughj ibn Juff
Turkic
Tulunid
Baghdad
vizier
al-Abbas ibn al-Hasan al-Jarjara'i
Iraq
Takin al-Khazari
Mu'nis al-Muzaffar
Palestine
Damascus
al-Radi
Ikhshid
Farghana Valley
Ibn Ra'iq
Hamdanids
al-Muttaqi
Raqqa
Hejaz
Sayf al-Dawla
Aleppo
Unujur
Abu al-Misk Kafur
Ibn Khallikan
Baghdad
Kufa
Turkic
Farghana Valley
Transoxiana
Khaqan
Abbasid
Samarra
Ibn Tulun
Tulunid dynasty
Tughj
Egypt
Syria
Tiberias
district
Jordan
Aleppo
Qinnasrin
Damascus
homonymous district
Qarmatian
Khumarawayh
Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Katib
Ubayd Allah
al-Muqtadir
Ibn al-Mu'tazz
vizier
al-Abbas ibn al-Hasan al-Jarjara'i
Husayn ibn Hamdan
Upper Mesopotamia
Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj
Takin al-Khazari
Jordan River
Amman
hajj
Bedouin
Mu'nis al-Muzaffar
Fatimid
Alexandria
Fustat
Palestine
Ramla
Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh
al-Qahir
Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ali al-Madhara'i
dynasty of bureaucrats
Berbers
Black African
al-Fadl ibn Ja'far ibn al-Furat
Tinnis
Nile Delta
Barqa
al-Qa'im
Kutama
al-Rawda
Nile
al-Radi
Hugh N. Kennedy
laqab
Ikhshid
Shi'ite
Ibn Khallikan
Unujur
Saladin
amir al-umara
al-Mustakfi
Banu Kilab
thughur
Byzantine Empire
Cilicia
Romanos I Lekapenos
prisoner exchange
Ibn Ra'iq
Bajkam
Friday prayer
Abu Yazid
Raqqa
Sinai
al-Farama
al-Arish
Lajjun
dinars
al-Muttaqi
Abu'l-Husayn al-Baridi
Basra
Hamdanid
Mosul
Nasir al-Dawla
Tuzun
Sayf al-Dawla
al-Husayn ibn Sa'id
Hims
al-Mu'tamid
Hejaz
two holy cities
Mecca
Medina
bay'a
Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi
Buyid
al-Muti
De Ceremoniis
solidi
Abu al-Misk Kafur
Hama
buffer state
Mamluks
Constantine VII
John Mystikos
Egyptian astrologers
ascendant
al-Qatta'i
famous mosque
Thierry Bianquis

categories: 10th-century rulers in Africa,882 births,Abbasid governors of Damascus,Syria under the Abbasid Caliphate,Turkic rulers,946 deaths,Prisoners and detainees of the Abbasid Caliphate,10th-century Turkic people,Abbasid governors of Palestine,Abbasid governors of Egypt,Ikhshidid emirs,10th-century monarchs in the Middle East

paragraph: Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid

paragraph: Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Ṭughj ibn Juff ibn Yiltakīn ibn Fūrān ibn Fūrī ibn Khāqān (8 February 882 – 24 July 946), better known by the title al-Ikhshīd () after 939, was an Abbasid commander and governor who became the autonomous ruler of Egypt and parts of Syria (or Levant) from 935 until his death in 946. He was the founder of the Sunni Ikhshidid dynasty, which ruled the region until the Fatimid conquest of 969.

paragraph: The son of Tughj ibn Juff, a general of Turkic origin who served both the Abbasids and the autonomous Tulunid rulers of Egypt and Syria, Muhammad ibn Tughj was born in Baghdad but grew up in Syria and acquired his first military and administrative experiences at his father's side. He had a turbulent early career: he was imprisoned along with his father by the Abbasids in 905, was released in 906, participated in the murder of the vizier al-Abbas ibn al-Hasan al-Jarjara'i in 908, and fled Iraq to enter the service of the governor of Egypt, Takin al-Khazari. Eventually he acquired the patronage of several influential Abbasid magnates, chiefly the powerful commander-in-chief Mu'nis al-Muzaffar. These ties led him to being named governor first of Palestine and then of Damascus. In 933, he was briefly named governor of Egypt, but this order was revoked after the death of Mu'nis, and Ibn Tughj had to fight to preserve even his governorship of Damascus. In 935, he was re-appointed to Egypt, where he quickly defeated a Fatimid invasion and stabilized the turbulent country. His reign marks a rare period of domestic peace, stability and good government in the annals of early Islamic Egypt. In 938 Caliph al-Radi granted his request for the title of "al-Ikhshid", which had been borne by the rulers of his ancestral Farghana Valley. It is by this title that he was known thereafter.

paragraph: Throughout his governorship, al-Ikhshid was engaged in conflicts with other regional strongmen for control over Syria, without which Egypt was vulnerable to invasion from the east, but unlike many other Egyptian leaders, notably the Tulunids themselves, he was prepared to bide his time and compromise with his rivals. Although he was initially in control of the entirety of Syria, he was forced to cede the northern half to Ibn Ra'iq between 939 and 942. Following Ibn Ra'iq's murder, al-Ikhshid reimposed his control over northern Syria, only to have it challenged by the Hamdanids. In 944 al-Ikhshid met Caliph al-Muttaqi at Raqqa; the caliph had fled there from the various strongmen vying to kidnap him and control the caliphal government in Baghdad. Although unsuccessful in persuading the caliph to come to Egypt, he received recognition of hereditary rule over Egypt, Syria and the Hejaz for thirty years. Following his departure, the ambitious Hamdanid prince Sayf al-Dawla seized Aleppo and northern Syria in the autumn of 944, and although defeated and driven out of Syria by Ibn Tughj himself in the next year, a treaty dividing the region along the lines of the agreement with Ibn Ra'iq was concluded in October. Ibn Tughj died nine months later, leaving his son Unujur as ruler of his domains, under the tutelage of the powerful black eunuch Abu al-Misk Kafur.

paragraph: Section::::Origin and early life.

paragraph: According to the biographical dictionary compiled by Ibn Khallikan, Muhammad ibn Tughj was born in Baghdad on 8 February 882, on the street leading to the Kufa Gate. His family was of Turkic origin from the Farghana Valley in Transoxiana, and claimed royal descent; the name of his ancestor, "Khaqan", is a Turkic royal title. Muhammad's grandfather Juff left Farghana to enter military service in the Abbasid court at Samarra, as did the father of Ibn Tulun, the founder of the Tulunid dynasty. Juff and his son, Muhammad's father Tughj, both served the Abbasids, but Tughj later entered the service of the Tulunids, who since 868 had become autonomous rulers of Egypt and Syria. Tughj served the Tulunids as governor of Tiberias (capital of the district of Jordan), Aleppo (the capital of the district of Qinnasrin) and Damascus (capital of the homonymous district). He played a major role in repelling the Qarmatian attack on Damascus in 903; although defeated in battle, he held the city itself against the Qarmatians for seven months until, with the arrival of reinforcements from Egypt, the Qarmatians were driven away. Thus Muhammad ibn Tughj spent a great part of his youth in the Tulunid Levant at his father's side, gaining his first experiences in administration—he served as his father's sub-governor of Tiberias—and war.

paragraph: After the death of Ibn Tulun's son Khumarawayh in 896, the Tulunid state quickly began crumbling from within, and failed to put up any serious resistance when the Abbasids moved to re-establish direct control over Syria and Egypt in 905. Tughj defected to the invading Abbasids under Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Katib, and was named governor of Aleppo in return; Muhammad al-Katib himself fell victim to court intrigues soon after, and Tughj along with his sons Muhammad and Ubayd Allah were imprisoned in Baghdad. Tughj died in prison in 906, and the brothers were freed shortly after. The sons of Tughj participated in the palace coup that tried to depose the new caliph, al-Muqtadir (reigned 908–932), in favour of the older Ibn al-Mu'tazz in December 908. Although the attempt failed, Muhammad ibn Tughj and his brother were able to avenge themselves for their imprisonment on the vizier al-Abbas ibn al-Hasan al-Jarjara'i, whom they struck down with the aid of Husayn ibn Hamdan. After the coup's failure, the three fled: Ibn Hamdan returned to his native Upper Mesopotamia and Ubayd Allah fled east to Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj, while Muhammad fled to Syria.

paragraph: In Syria, Muhammad ibn Tughj joined the service of the tax supervisor of the local provinces, Abu'l-Abbas al-Bistam. He soon followed his new master to Egypt, and after al-Bistam's death in June 910 he continued serving the latter's son. Eventually, he gained the attention of the local governor, Takin al-Khazari, who sent him to govern the lands beyond the Jordan River, with his seat at Amman. In 918, he rescued a "hajj" caravan, among which was one of the ladies-in-waiting of al-Muqtadir's mother, from Bedouin raiders, thereby improving his standing at the Abbasid court. Two years later, Ibn Tughj gained an influential patron when he briefly served under the powerful Abbasid commander-in-chief Mu'nis al-Muzaffar, when he came to help defend Egypt from a Fatimid invasion. During the campaign, Ibn Tughj commanded the finest troops of the Egyptian army. The two men evidently established a rapport, and remained in contact thereafter.

paragraph: When Takin returned to Egypt as governor in 923, Ibn Tughj joined him there, but the two men fell out in 928 over Takin's refusal to give Ibn Tughj the post of governor of Alexandria. Ibn Tughj escaped the capital Fustat by a ruse, and managed to obtain for himself an appointment as governor of Palestine from Baghdad; the incumbent, al-Rashidi, fled the governor's seat at Ramla for Damascus, whose governorship he assumed. His flight, according to historian Jere L. Bacharach, may indicate that Ibn Tughj commanded a significant military force. Three years later, in July 931, Muhammad ibn Tughj was promoted to governor of Damascus, while al-Rashidi returned to Ramla. Both these appointments were likely the result of Ibn Tughj's relation with Mu'nis al-Muzaffar, who at this time was at the zenith of his power and influence.

paragraph: Section::::Takeover of Egypt.

paragraph: Takin died in March 933, and his son and nominated successor, Muhammad, failed to establish his authority in Egypt. Ibn Tughj was named as the new governor in August but the appointment was revoked a month later before he could reach Egypt, and Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh was appointed in his place. The timing of Ibn Tughj's recall coincides with the arrest (and subsequent murder) of Mu'nis by Caliph al-Qahir (r. 932–934) on 22 September, suggesting that Ibn Tughj's nomination was in all likelihood also due to Mu'nis. The fact that al-Qahir sent a eunuch called Bushri to replace Ibn Tughj in Damascus after the fall of Mu'nis reinforces this view. Bushri was able to take over the governorship of Aleppo (to which he also had been appointed), but Ibn Tughj resisted his replacement, and defeated and took him prisoner. The caliph then charged Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh with forcing Ibn Tughj to surrender, but although Ahmad marched against Ibn Tughj, both avoided a direct confrontation. Instead, the two men met and reached an agreement of mutual support, upholding the status quo.

paragraph: Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh soon proved incapable of restoring order to the increasingly turbulent province. By 935, the troops were rioting over lack of pay, and Bedouin raids had recommenced. At the same time, Takin's son Muhammad and the fiscal administrator Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ali al-Madhara'i—the heir of a dynasty of bureaucrats that had handled the province's finances since the time of Ibn Tulun and amassed enormous wealth—undermined Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh and coveted his position. Infighting broke out among the troops between the Easterners ("Mashariqa"), chiefly Turkish soldiers, who supported Muhammad ibn Takin, and the Westerners ("Maghariba"), probably Berbers and Black Africans, who backed Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh. With the support this time of the former vizier and inspector-general of the western provinces al-Fadl ibn Ja'far ibn al-Furat, whose son was married to one of Ibn Tughj's daughters, Ibn Tughj was once more named the governor of Egypt. Taking no chances, Ibn Tughj organized an invasion of the country by land and sea. Although Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh was able to delay the advance of the army, Ibn Tughj's fleet took Tinnis and the Nile Delta and moved on to the capital Fustat. Outmanoeuvred and defeated in battle, Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh fled to the Fatimids. The victorious Muhammad ibn Tughj entered Fustat on 26 August 935.

paragraph: With the capital under his control, Ibn Tughj now had to confront the Fatimids. The "Maghariba" who refused to submit to Ibn Tughj had fled to Alexandria and then to Barqa under the leadership of Habashi ibn Ahmad, and invited the Fatimid ruler al-Qa'im (r. 934–946) to invade Egypt with their assistance. The Fatimid invasion met with initial success: the Fatimid army's Kutama Berbers captured the island of al-Rawda on the Nile and burned its arsenal. Ibn Tughj's admirals Ali ibn Badr and Bajkam defected to the Fatimids, and Alexandria itself was captured in March 936. Nevertheless, on 31 March, Ibn Tughj's brother al-Hasan defeated the Fatimid forces near Alexandria, driving them out of the city and forcing the Fatimids to once again retreat from Egypt to their base at Barqa. During the campaign, Ibn Tughj notably prohibited his troops from looting, which, according to J. L. Bacharach, was indicative of his "long-term view towards his stay in Egypt".

paragraph: Section::::Government of Egypt.

paragraph: Writing to Caliph al-Radi (r. 934–940) in 936, Muhammad ibn Tughj could present a commendable record: the Fatimid invasion was defeated and first measures for improving the financial situation in the province had been undertaken. The caliph confirmed him in his post and sent robes of honour. As Hugh N. Kennedy writes, "in some ways the Fatimid threat actually helped Ibn Tughj" since, as long as he supported the Abbasids, "the caliphs were prepared to give their approval to his rule in return". His standing in the Abbasid court was sufficient for him to ask in 938 for the honorific title ("laqab") of "al-Ikhshid", originally held by the kings of his ancestral homeland Farghana. Caliph al-Radi granted the request, although formal approval was delayed until July 939. After receiving official confirmation, Ibn Tughj required that he be henceforth addressed solely by his new title.

paragraph: Very little is known about al-Ikhshid's domestic policies. Nevertheless, the silence of the sources about domestic troubles during his reign—apart from a minor Shi'ite revolt in 942, which was swiftly suppressed—stands in stark contrast to the usual narrative of Bedouin raids, urban riots over high prices, or military and dynastic revolts and intrigues, and indicates that he was successful in restoring internal tranquillity and orderly government in Egypt. According to the biographical dictionary of Ibn Khallikan, he was "a resolute prince, displaying great foresight in war, and a close attention to the prosperity of his empire; he treated the military class with honour and governed with ability and justice". His potential rivals Muhammad ibn Takin and al-Madhara'i were quickly won over and incorporated in the new administration. The latter had tried to resist al-Ikhshid's takeover in vain, as his troops had immediately defected, and was initially imprisoned by al-Ikhshid, only to be released in 939. He soon recovered his status and influence, and briefly served as regent of al-Ikhshid's son and heir, Unujur in 946, before being overthrown and imprisoned for a year. Thereafter, and until his death in 957, he retired into private life. Like the Tulunids before him, al-Ikhshid also took particular care to build up a considerable military force of his own, including Turkic and Black African slave soldiers.

paragraph: As commander and ruler in Egypt, al-Ikhshid was a patient and cautious man. He achieved his goals as much by diplomacy and ties to powerful personages in the Baghdad regime as by force, and even then he tended to avoid direct military confrontation whenever possible. His conflict with Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh was indicative of his approach: instead of a direct clash, the truce between the two gave al-Ikhshid the time to reconnoitre the situation in Egypt before acting. Although following in the footsteps of Ibn Tulun, his ambitions were more modest and his objectives more practical, as became particularly evident in his policies towards Syria and the rest of the Caliphate. Historically, possession of Syria, and particularly Palestine, was a foreign policy objective for many rulers of Egypt, to foreclose the most likely invasion route into the country. Ibn Tulun before and Saladin after al-Ikhshid were two typical examples of Egyptian rulers who spent much of their reigns securing control of Syria, and indeed used Egypt mostly as a source of revenue and resources to accomplish this goal. Al-Ikhshid differed from them; Bacharach describes him as a "cautious, conservative realist". His goals were limited but clear: his main concern was Egypt proper and the establishment of his family as a hereditary dynasty over it, while Syria remained a secondary objective. Unlike other military strongmen of the time, he had no intention of entering the contest for control of Baghdad and the caliphal government through the all-powerful office of "amir al-umara"; indeed, when Caliph al-Mustakfi (r. 944–946) offered him the post, he turned it down.

paragraph: Section::::Foreign policy and the struggle for Syria.:Conflict with Ibn Ra'iq.

paragraph: Following the expulsion of the Fatimids from Egypt, al-Ikhshid had his troops occupy all of Syria up to Aleppo, allying himself, as Ibn Tulun had done, with the local tribe of Banu Kilab to strengthen his hold over northern Syria. As governor of Syria, his remit extended to the borderlands ("thughur") with the Byzantine Empire in Cilicia. Thus in 936/7 or 937/8 (most likely in autumn 937) he received an embassy from the Byzantine emperor, Romanos I Lekapenos (r. 920–944), to organize a prisoner exchange. Although carried out in the name of Caliph al-Radi, it was a special honour and an implicit recognition of al-Ikhshid's autonomy, since correspondence and negotiations for such events were normally directed to the caliph rather than provincial governors. The exchange took place in autumn 938, resulting in the release of 6,300 Muslims for an equivalent number of Byzantine captives. As the Byzantines held 800 more prisoners than the Muslims, these had to be ransomed and were gradually released over the next six months.

paragraph: While the "amir al-umara" Ibn Ra'iq was in power in Baghdad (936–938) with al-Ikhshid's old friend al-Fadl ibn Ja'far ibn al-Furat as vizier, relations with Baghdad were good. Following Ibn Ra'iq's replacement by the Turk Bajkam, however, Ibn Ra'iq received a nomination by the caliph to the governorship of Syria and in 939 marched west to claim it from al-Ikhshid's forces. Ibn Ra'iq's appointment enraged al-Ikhshid, who sent an envoy to Baghdad to clarify the situation. There Bajkam informed him that the caliph might appoint whomever he chose, but that it ultimately did not matter: it was military strength that would determine who was governor of Syria and even of Egypt, not any appointment by a figurehead caliph. If either Ibn Ra'iq or al-Ikhshid emerged victorious from the conflict, caliphal confirmation would soon follow. Al-Ikhshid was even more infuriated by the reply, and reportedly for a time even threatened to give one of his daughters to the Fatimid caliph al-Qa'im and to have coins minted and the Friday prayer read in his name rather than the Abbasid caliph, until the Abbasids formally reconfirmed his position. The Fatimids themselves were preoccupied with the revolt of Abu Yazid and were unable to offer any assistance.

paragraph: From Raqqa, Ibn Ra'iq's troops swiftly took over the districts of northern Syria, where al-Ikhshid's brother Ubayd Allah was governor, while the Egyptian forces retreated south. By October or November, Ibn Ra'iq's men had reached Ramla and moved on into the Sinai. Al-Ikhshid led his army against Ibn Ra'iq, but after a short clash at al-Farama, the two men came to an understanding, dividing Syria between them: the areas from Ramla to the south would be under al-Ikhshid, and the areas to the north under Ibn Ra'iq. In May or June 940, however, al-Ikhshid learned that Ibn Ra'iq had once again moved against Ramla. Once more, the Egyptian ruler led his army to battle. Although defeated at al-Arish, al-Ikhshid was able to quickly rally his troops and ambush Ibn Ra'iq, preventing him from entering Egypt proper and forcing him to retreat back to Damascus. Al-Ikhshid sent his brother, Abu Nasr al-Husayn, with another army against Ibn Ra'iq, but he was defeated and killed at Lajjun. Despite his victory, Ibn Ra'iq opted for peace: he gave Abu Nasr an honourable burial and sent his son, Muzahim, as envoy to Egypt. True to his political strategy, al-Ikhshid accepted. The agreement saw the restoration of the territorial status quo of the previous year, but with al-Ikhshid paying an annual tribute of 140,000 gold "dinars". The deal was cemented by the marriage of Muzahim with al-Ikhshid's daughter Fatima.

paragraph: Section::::Foreign policy and the struggle for Syria.:Conflict with the Hamdanids.

paragraph: Peace did not last for long, as the political turmoil in Baghdad continued. In September 941, Ibn Ra'iq assumed once more the post of "amir al-umara" at the invitation of Caliph al-Muttaqi (r. 940–944), but he was not as powerful as before. Unable to stop the advance of another strongman, Abu'l-Husayn al-Baridi of Basra, both Ibn Ra'iq and the caliph were forced to abandon Baghdad and seek the help of the Hamdanid ruler of Mosul. The latter soon had Ibn Ra'iq assassinated (April 942) and succeeded him as "amir al-umara" with the "laqab" of Nasir al-Dawla. Al-Ikhshid used the opportunity to reoccupy Syria for himself, joining his forces in person in June 942, and venturing as far as Damascus, before returning to Egypt in January 943. The Hamdanids also staked claim on Syria at the same time, but the sources do not record details of their expeditions there. Nasir al-Dawla's position as "amir al-umara" also proved to be weak, and in June 943 he was ousted by the Turkish general Tuzun. In October, Caliph al-Muttaqi, fearing that Tuzun intended to replace him, fled the capital and sought refuge with the Hamdanids. Although Nasir al-Dawla and his brother Sayf al-Dawla sheltered the caliph, they also did not confront Tuzun's troops, and in May 944 they reached an agreement that gave Upper Mesopotamia and northern Syria to the Hamdanids in exchange for recognizing Tuzun's possession of Iraq. Nasir al-Dawla sent his cousin al-Husayn ibn Sa'id to take over the Syrian provinces allotted to him in this agreement. The Ikhshidid forces either defected or retreated, and al-Husayn swiftly took over the districts of Qinnasrin and Hims.

paragraph: In the meantime, al-Muttaqi with Sayf al-Dawla had fled to Raqqa before Tuzun's advance, but the caliph grew increasingly suspicious of the Hamdanids, and wrote to al-Ikhshid (perhaps as early as the winter of 943), asking for aid. The latter immediately responded by leading an army into Syria. The Hamdanid garrisons withdrew before him, and in September 944, al-Ikhshid reached Raqqa. Distrusting the Hamdanids given their treatment of Ibn Ra'iq, he waited until Sayf al-Dawla had left the city before entering it to meet the caliph. Al-Ikhshid tried without success to persuade al-Muttaqi to come with him to Egypt, or at least to stay in Raqqa, while the caliph tried to get al-Ikhshid to march against Tuzun, which the latter refused. The meeting was not entirely fruitless, as al-Ikhshid secured an agreement that virtually repeated the terms of a similar treaty between the Tulunid Khumarawayh and Caliph al-Mu'tamid in 886. The caliph recognized the authority of al-Ikhshid over Egypt, Syria (with the "thughur"), and the Hejaz (carrying with it the prestigious guardianship of the two holy cities of Mecca and Medina), for a period of thirty years, with the right of hereditary succession for al-Ikhshid's sons. This development had already been anticipated by al-Ikhshid the previous year, when he named his son Unujur as his regent during his absences from Egypt, although Unujur had not yet come of age, and had required an oath of allegiance ("bay'a") to be sworn to him. Nevertheless, as Michael Brett comments, the territories conferred were "mixed blessings", as the holy cities were exposed to Qarmatian raids, while the marches of the "thughur" were increasingly menaced by the Byzantines, and Aleppo (with northern Syria) was coveted by the Hamdanids.

paragraph: As it happened, al-Muttaqi was persuaded by the emissaries of Tuzun, who protested his loyalty, to return to Iraq, only to be seized, blinded and deposed on 12 October and replaced by al-Mustakfi. Al-Mustakfi reconfirmed al-Ikhshid's governorship, but by this point it was an empty gesture. According to J. L. Bacharach, although the 13th-century historian Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi reports that al-Ikhshid immediately took the "bay'a" and read the Friday prayer in the new caliph's name, based on the available numismatic evidence, he appears to have delayed recognition of both al-Mustakfi and his Buyid-installed successor al-Muti (r. 946–974) for several months by refraining from including them in his coinage, in an act that was a deliberate and clear statement of his "de facto" independence from Baghdad. This independence was also acknowledged by others; the contemporary "De Ceremoniis" records that in the correspondence of the Byzantine court, the "Emir of Egypt" was accorded a golden seal worth four "solidi", the same as the caliph in Baghdad.

paragraph: Following his meeting with al-Muttaqi, al-Ikhshid returned to Egypt, leaving the field open for the ambitious Sayf al-Dawla. The Ikhshidid forces left behind in Syria were relatively weak, and the Hamdanid leader, having gained the support of the Banu Kilab, had little difficulty in capturing Aleppo on 29 October 944. He then began extending his control over the provinces of northern Syria down to Hims. Al-Ikhshid sent an army under the eunuchs Abu al-Misk Kafur and Fatik against the Hamdanid, but it was defeated near Hama and retreated back to Egypt, abandoning Damascus and Palestine to the Hamdanids. Al-Ikhshid was then forced to once again campaign in person in April 945, but at the same time he sent envoys proposing to Sayf al-Dawla an agreement along the lines of the one with Ibn Ra'iq: the Hamdanid prince would get to keep northern Syria, while al-Ikhshid would pay him an annual tribute for the possession of Palestine and Damascus. Sayf al-Dawla refused and reportedly even boasted that he would conquer Egypt itself, but al-Ikhshid held the upper hand: his agents managed to bribe several Hamdanid leaders, and he won over the citizens of Damascus, who barred their gates before the Hamdanid and opened them for al-Ikhshid. The two armies met near Qinnasrin in May, where the Hamdanids were defeated. Sayf al-Dawla fled to Raqqa, leaving his capital Aleppo to be captured by al-Ikhshid.

paragraph: Nevertheless, in October the two sides came to an agreement, broadly on the lines of the earlier Ikhshidid proposal: al-Ikhshid acknowledged Hamdanid control over northern Syria and even consented to sending an annual tribute in exchange for Sayf al-Dawla's renunciation of all claims on Damascus. The Hamdanid ruler was also to marry one of al-Ikhshid's daughters or nieces. For al-Ikhshid, the maintenance of Aleppo was less important than southern Syria with Damascus, which was Egypt's eastern bulwark. Provided that these remained under his control, he was more than willing to allow the existence of a Hamdanid state in the north. The Egyptian ruler knew that he would have difficulty in asserting and maintaining control over northern Syria and Cilicia, which had traditionally been influenced more by Upper Mesopotamia and Iraq. By abandoning its claims on these distant provinces, not only would Egypt be spared the cost of maintaining a large army there, but the Hamdanid emirate would also fulfil the useful role of a buffer state against incursions from both Iraq and a resurgent Byzantine Empire. Indeed, throughout al-Ikhshid's rule, and that of his successors, relations with the Byzantines were quite friendly, as the lack of a common border and the common hostility to the Fatimids guaranteed that the interests of the two states did not clash. Despite Sayf al-Dawla's attempt to push again into southern Syria soon after al-Ikhshid's death, the border agreed in 945 held, and even outlived both dynasties, forming the dividing line between Mesopotamian-influenced northern Syria and the Egyptian-controlled southern part of the country until the Mamluks seized the entire region in 1260.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: In mid-spring 946, al-Ikhshid sent emissaries to the Byzantines for yet another prisoner exchange (which eventually would take place under Sayf al-Dawla's auspices in October). Emperor Constantine VII (r. 913–959) sent an embassy under John Mystikos in response, which arrived at Damascus on 11 July. On 24 July 946, al-Ikhshid died in Damascus. The succession of his son Unujur was peaceful and undisputed, due to the influence of the powerful and talented commander-in-chief, Kafur. One of the many Black African slaves recruited by al-Ikhshid, Kafur remained the paramount minister and virtual ruler of Egypt over the next 22 years, assuming power in his own right in 966 until his death two years later. Encouraged by his death, in 969 the Fatimids invaded and conquered Egypt, beginning a new era in the country's history.

paragraph: Medieval historians noted the many parallels between al-Ikhshid and his Tulunid predecessors, especially Khumarawayh. Ibn Sa'id even reported that according to Egyptian astrologers, the two men had entered Egypt on the same day of the year and with the same star in the same ascendant. There were important differences, however: al-Ikhshid lacked the "flamboyance" (Hugh Kennedy) of the Tulunids. Al-Ikhshid's caution and self-imposed restraint in his foreign policy objectives also stood in stark contrast with his contemporaries and other rulers of Egypt who preceded and followed him, earning him a reputation of extreme caution, often misinterpreted as timidity by contemporaries. He was also described as less cultivated than his predecessor Ibn Tulun. Unlike Ibn Tulun, who built an entire new capital at al-Qatta'i and a famous mosque, al-Ikhshid was neither a patron of artists and poets nor a major builder. According to historian Thierry Bianquis, he was described by medieval chroniclers as "a choleric and gluttonous man, yet shrewd and inclined toward avarice", but with a fondness for luxuries imported from the east, and especially perfumes. His love of eastern luxuries soon spread among the upper classes of Fustat as well and influenced the style and fashion of local Egyptian products in turn, which began to imitate them.

description: Autonomous ruler of Egypt and Syria

wikidata_label: Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid

wikipedia_title: Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid


text:
Adil Shahi dynasty
Bijapur
Shivaji
Battle of Pratapgad
Ali Adil Shah II
Bijapur Sultanate
diamond
Howdah
Pandharpur
deshmukh
Tuljapur
Hindu
Bhavani
Pune
Pratapgad
cannons
musket
elephant
horse
camel
suzerainty
Kanhoji Jedhe
deshmukh
Wai
canopy
archer
bagh nakh
stiletto
bichuwa
katar
Persian language
patta
Marathi language
palki
Battle of Pratapgad
Jijabai
Maharashtra
cannon
Battle of Pratapgarh
urs
Rustam Zaman
Mughal Emperor
Aurangzeb
Adilshahi dynasty
Siege of Bijapur
Abyssinian
Battle of Pratapgad
Shaista Khan

categories: History of Maharashtra,Adil Shahi dynasty,History of Karnataka,1659 deaths,Indian generals

paragraph: Afzal Khan (general)

paragraph: Afzal Khan (died 10 November 1659) was a 17th-century general who served the Adil Shahi dynasty of Bijapur in present-day Karnataka, and fought against Shivaji. He was killed at a meeting with Shivaji by Shivaji's lieutenant Sambhaji Kavji, and his army was defeated in the Battle of Pratapgad.

paragraph: His name is also transliterated as "Afzul Khan" in the historical records.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Afzal Khan was a leading court figure during the reign of Ali Adil Shah II of the Bijapur Sultanate. His steadfast skills and commanding ability led to his popularity and emergence in the ranks of hierarchy. According to legend he was awarded a famous sword known as the "Adili", the sword was studded with diamonds. Afzal Khan was also given a popular elephant Howdah named "Dhal-Gaj". He headed a personal force of 10,000 soldiers.

paragraph: Section::::Maratha conflicts.

paragraph: In 1659, Afzal Khan led an army of about 10,000 elite troops and pursued Shivaji Maharaj persistently, inflicting numerous casualties, which forced Shivaji Maharaj's forces to take refuge in the hill forts. In a bid to force Shivaji to come out in open, he detoured to desecrate Hindu sacred places, including Pandharpur, the most important pilgrimage site in the Marathi-speaking region at the time. Such behavior was unprecedented for the Bijapuri forces, and alienated the local deshmukhs (revenue collectors). He also captured Tuljapur, where his Adilshahi forces razed the statue of the Hindu Goddess Bhavani.

paragraph: Afzal Khan's initial plan was to invade Pune, Shivaji Maharaj 's original residence. Shivaji knew that he would not be able to defeat Afzal Khan in the plains, and moved to Pratapgad Fort, which was surrounded by the dense forest valley area of Jawali. Shivaji's army excelled in this type of terrain, which made the Adilshahi army's cannons, muskets, elephants, horses and camels ineffective. At the same time, Shivaji Maharaj had limited stores inside the fort and Afzal Khan's raids had caused terror among his followers. Afzal Khan also attempted to garner support from local militarily independent landlords, who nominally acknowledged the suzerainty of the Adil Shahi. The powerful nobleman Kanhoji Jedhe, who was the most respected deshmukh of the area, supported Shivaji Maharaj. The deshmukh of Bhor, Khandoji Khopde, an enemy of Kanhoji, became a supporter of Afzal Khan.

paragraph: Afzal Khan felt that the ensuing battle would cause massive casualties to both sides and eventually lead to a deadly stalemate. He, therefore, sent out emissaries to Shivaji Maharaj, to lure him down the fort and negotiate peace. Shivaji Maharaj 's council also urged him to make peace with Afzal Khan to avoid unnecessary losses. The two leaders, therefore, agreed to meet for negotiations.

paragraph: In 1639, Afzal Khan had murdered Raja Kasturi Ranga after inviting him for a meeting where he could safely make a submission. Therefore, Shivaji was wary of Afzal Khan's real intentions. When Afzal Khan sent his envoy Krishnaji Bhaskar Kulkarni to Shivaji, Shivaji solemnly appealed to him as a Hindu priest to tell him if Afzal Khan was making any treacherous plans. According to the Maratha chronicles, Krishnaji hinted that Afzal Khan harbored mischief. Shivaji then sent his own envoy Pantaji Gopinath Bokil to Afzal, agreeing to a meeting; Pantaji's real mission was to find out the strength of Afzal's forces. Pantaji bribed some officials of Afzal Khan to learn that he was planning an attack on Shivaji.

paragraph: Afzal Khan had originally asked Shivaji to meet him at Wai. Warned by Pantaji, Shivaji insisted that the meeting should take place closer to Pratapgad. Afzal Khan agreed, on the condition that the meeting would be arranged with two personal bodyguards on each side. His forces marched to Par, a village lying one mile south of Pratapgad. A crest below Pratapgad was chosen as the meeting place.

paragraph: Shivaji set up tents with a richly decorated canopy at the place, but also placed his soldiers in ambush at various intervals on the path leading to the meeting place.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: It was agreed that the leaders would be unarmed, and each man would bring an envoy and two armed bodyguards: one would be a swordsman and another an archer. Afzal Khan's companions included Sayyid Banda "(Bada Sayyid)", a distinguished military man.

paragraph: Shivaji, forewarned, wore armour under his clothes and a steel helmet under his turban. He carried a weapon called "bagh nakh" ("tiger claws"), consisting of an iron finger-grip with four razor claws, which he concealed within his clenched fist. He also carried a stiletto-like thin dagger called the "bichu" or bichuwa (scorpion knife). He was accompanied by his bodyguards Jiva Mahala and Sambhaji Kavji.

paragraph: At the start of the meeting Afzal Khan graciously embraced Shivaji as per custom. According to the Maratha chronicles, he then suddenly tightened his clasp, gripped Shivaji's neck in his left arm and struck him with a katar. Shivaji was saved by his armor, recovered and counter-attacked Afzal Khan with "wagh nakh", disemboweling him. He then stabbed Khan with his "bichawa", and ran out of the tent towards his men. The Persian language chronicle by Khafi Khan attributes the treachery to Shivaji instead.

paragraph: Afzal Khan cried out and Sayyid Banda rushed to the scene and attacked Shivaji with his patta, cutting his turban. Shivaji's bodyguard Jiva Mahala intervened, chopping off Sayyid Banda' s right arm in a quick combat before killing him. This event is remembered in a Marathi language idiom "Hōtā Jivā Mhaṇun Vāchlā Shivā" ("Because of Jiva, Shiva lived").

paragraph: Meanwhile, Afzal Khan's bearers placed their wounded leader in his palki (litter vehicle), but they were attacked by Sambhaji Kavji. Sambhaji eventually killed Afzal Khan by decapitating him.

paragraph: Shivaji then reached the Pratapgad Fort, and signaled his waiting forces hiding in surrounding forest, to launch a surprise attack. Afzal Khan's army was routed in subsequent Battle of Pratapgad, though his son managed to escape. Later, the severed head of Afzal Khan was sent to Rajgad as exhibit to Jijabai, Shivaji's mother.

paragraph: The story of the encounter between Afzal Khan and Shivaji is the subject of several films, plays, school textbooks and village ballads in Maharashtra.

paragraph: Section::::Personality.

paragraph: Afzal Khan was a powerful man of Afghan descent and was an experienced warrior. He was much taller and stronger than Shivaji.

paragraph: Afzal Khan was known for his physical strength. During his campaign against Shivaji, one of his cannons fell into a narrow ditch near Wai. Eight of his soldiers could not get it out (lack of manoeuvrable space was one of the causes). It is said that Afzal Khan got the cannon out single-handed. Another instance of Afzal Khan's strength is when he held Shivaji's head in his grip while trying to stab him. Shivaji almost lost consciousness because of the power of the grip.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: Afzal Khan's death resulted in the Battle of Pratapgarh, in which the Marathas defeated the rest of his army. Shivaji had Afzal Khan buried with full military honors, as befitting his stature and reputation at the foot of the Pratapgad fort. An annual "urs" is held at Afzal Khan's mausoleum.

paragraph: Afzal Khan was succeeded by the inexperienced Rustam Zaman and Siddi Masud. The Bijapuri forces had been completely weakened, and eventually sought the assistance of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. The Adilshahi dynasty of Bijapur did not last long after the killing of Afzal Khan and was eventually annexed during the Siege of Bijapur in 1686.

paragraph: His servicemen included: Fazal Khan (his son), Musa Khan, Manoji Jagdale, Sardar Pandhare, Ambar Khan, the Abyssinian Rustami-Zaman II and Krishna bhaskar Kulkarni.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Pratapgad

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shaista Khan

description: Indian general

wikidata_label: Afzal Khan

wikipedia_title: Afzal Khan (general)


text:
Paris
front-wheel-drive
DKW
Second World War
Panhard
Alvis
Daimler
Willys
Land Rover
Tracta
Le Mans
Continental
Hotchkiss
Donnet
Lucian Chenard
Chenard et Walcker
Amilcar Compound
side-valve
Asnières-sur-Seine
Dyna
Panhard
Henri Chapron
gas turbine
Jean Albert Gregoire (1898–1992)

categories: 1992 deaths,French engineers,1899 births,Automotive pioneers,French racing drivers

paragraph: Jean-Albert Grégoire

paragraph: Jean-Albert Grégoire (7 July 1899 in Paris – 19 August 1992) was one of the great pioneers of the front-wheel-drive car. He contributed to the development of front-wheel-drive vehicles in two ways. The first way was in developing and promoting the Tracta joint (designed by his friend Pierre Fenaille), which was, until manufacturing techniques had progressed sufficiently to allow the successful manufacture of the constant velocity joints commonly in use today, the preferred choice of most manufactures of vehicles that had driven front wheels. Tracta joints were used by many of the pioneers of front-wheel drive, including DKW between 1929 and 1936 and Adler from 1932 to 1939 as well as the cars designed by J A Grégoire that will be mentioned later. The Tracta joint was fitted to most of the military vehicles that had driven front wheels used by most of the combatants in the Second World War. They included Laffly and Panhard in France, Alvis and Daimler in the UK and Willys in the United States that used the joint in a quarter of a million Jeeps and many others. This was to continue after the war, the first Land Rover being so fitted.

paragraph: The second way he contributed to the development of front-wheel-drive vehicles was in designing and in some cases manufacturing front-wheel-drive cars. The Tracta Gephi was his first design and it was this car that inspired him to design a constant velocity joint. All subsequent Tracta cars, and there were about two hundred manufactured between 1927 and 1932, used it. The first of these was raced at Le Mans in 1927 completing the 24-hour race. The Tracta cars used engines from S.C.A.P. from 1100 cc to 1600 cc, and Continental and Hotchkiss, from 2700 cc to 3300 cc.

paragraph: J .A. Grégoire designed an 11cv 6-cylinder car for Donnet in 1932. Only four prototypes were produced, one being shown at the Paris Salon of 1932 before Donnet went into liquidation. He then worked with Lucian Chenard to design two cars for Chenard et Walcker. They were of advanced design but were not a commercial success. In 1937 he designed the Amilcar Compound, produced by Hotchkiss from 1938 to the Second World War, by which time 681 examples had been made. It was constructed using another of Grégoire's ideas, a cast Alpax (light alloy) chassis frame. Other advanced features were rack and pinion steering and all independent suspension. But the car had its bad points, cable brakes and gear-change linkage and a side-valve engine although the latter was still common at this time. An overhead valve version came later. During the Second World War he secretly worked with his design team at his works at Asnières-sur-Seine on a small car the Aluminium "Francais-Gregoire". It had a chassis-body frame of light alloy, front-wheel drive, an air-cooled flat twin engine and independent suspension on all wheels. A four-seat car weighing only and could reach while returning 70 mpg. This design was to form the basis of the 1950 "Dyna" Panhard. In 1950 another Hotchkiss car the "Hotchkiss-Gregoire", was produced again with an alloy chassis and body. With independent suspension on all four wheels and fitted with a water-cooled flat four engine of 2 litres, ahead of the front axle, it was fast, with a top speed of , but the car was expensive and only 250 examples were made by 1954. In 1956 Grégoire produced a two-seat convertible with a 2.2-litre supercharged flat-four engine producing and, as in the case of the cars mentioned previously, front-wheel drive. All ten cars made were fitted with bodies designed and built by Henri Chapron.

paragraph: All the cars mentioned previously were front-wheel-drive cars. Grégoire also designed a couple of rear-wheel-drive machines, the first an electric car with the machinery in the mid-engine position and a gas turbine car the experimental Socema-Gregoire with a front-power-unit and rear-drive layout.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Best Wheel Forward", J.A.Grégoire.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean Albert Gregoire (1898–1992)

description: French racing driver

wikidata_label: Jean-Albert Grégoire

wikipedia_title: Jean-Albert Grégoire


text: Dortmund

text: Germany

text: political scientist

text: Center for Global Politics

text: Freie Universität Berlin

text: International Relations

text: Soviet Union

text: political economy

text: globalization

text: Slavic languages

text: political science

text: philosophy

text: Ruhr University Bochum

text: University of Konstanz

text: University of Bremen

text: University of Konstanz

text: Otto-Suhr-Institut

text: Global Politics

text: Gulf Research Center

text: Stanford University

text: George Washington University

text: Harvard University

text: Columbia University

text: Fudan University

text: European Humanities University

text: Freie Universität Berlin

text: blended learning

text: International Relations Online

text: Spiegel Online

text: "Telos"

text: Homepage of Klaus Segbers

categories: Harvard University staff,Stanford University staff,German political scientists,1954 births,Living people

paragraph: Klaus Segbers

paragraph: Klaus Segbers (born 1954 in Dortmund, Germany) is a German political scientist and professor for International Relations and East European Studies at Freie Universität Berlin. He is also the founder and director of the Center for Global Politics at Freie Universität Berlin, which offers four distinct graduate study programs designed for professionals and young leaders. His research interests include theories of International Relations, transformations in the former Soviet Union, international political economy, and globalization.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: From 1974-1979, Segbers studied history, Slavic languages, political science, and philosophy at Ruhr University Bochum and University of Konstanz, completing his studies with both a master's degree and Staatsexamen (government-recognized exam for future teachers). In 1984, he obtained his PhD (Dr. phil.) from Bremen University with a study on the USSR during the Second World War. Segbers worked as research fellow at a project on Soviet reform politics at the University of Bremen and later as research fellow at JWG University in Frankfurt am Main. From 1990-1995, he joined Germany´s leading think tank on politics, the German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP) at Ebenhausen and in 1992 qualified as professor with a book on systemic change in the Soviet Union. After working as professor for International Relations at the University of Konstanz in 1995, Segbers became professor for Political Science and East European Politics at the Institute for East European Studies and the Otto-Suhr-Institut at Freie Universität Berlin.

paragraph: He has conducted several research projects – among others one on Post-Soviet Puzzles (on spaces, territories, elites and interests in the FSU; published 1994/95) and one on Explaining Post-Soviet Patchworks (1998–2000) – and has implemented as well as supervised different study projects which since 2007 are integrated in the Center for Global Politics.

paragraph: Segbers is a member of several scientific boards of organizations of international repute including the German Council on Foreign Relations (DGAP) the Gulf Research Center, and the Institute for European Politics. As visiting scholar he has worked, amongst others, at Stanford University, George Washington University, Harvard University, Columbia University and Fudan University. He is also a member of the Governing Board of the European Humanities University.

paragraph: Section::::Fields of activity.

paragraph: As both Chair for Political Science at the Institute for East European Studies at Freie Universität Berlin and Professor for International Relations, Segbers’ research interests cover a broad range of topics. He directed research projects on the political and societal transformations in East Europe and in the Former Soviet Union (“Post-Soviet Puzzles”; “Explaining Post Soviet Patchworks”) and headed a research project “Global City Regions” (2002–2004) exploring the role of city regions as sub-state political entities within the context of contemporary globalization processes.

paragraph: According to Segbers, globalization and global flows of capital, trades and services, information and people are dramatically altering the nature of politics and the opportunities for nation-states to control or influence events. “Politics can no more be masterminded, engineered, implemented, executed, organized and controlled. Politics, rather, is happening, as the result of thousands of moves by a multitude of actors on different levels of action.” Segbers suggests that politicians should reduce

paragraph: expectations and not try to function as engineers but as moderators, or as navigators. Another proposal is to shift decision-making processes from the nation-state to the local and suprantional level.

paragraph: Presently, Segbers is engaged in advancing blended learning study courses as well as in fostering international academic cooperation. He is founder and director of the Center for Global Politics which unites four graduate study programs: the M.A. programs East European Studies Online (EES Online) and International Relations Online (IR Online), the Global Politics Seasonal Schools, and German Studies Russia, in cooperation with the Moscow Institute for International Relations, Moscow.

paragraph: Section::::Selected bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vom Ende der Politik. Sechs Gründe warum Debatten und Beratung immer schwieriger werden. In: Internationale Politik, Februar 2013, S. 54-63.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Debating Flinders. In: Democratic Politics, Vol. 18.1 2012, S. 28-32.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cities and Global Governance. New Sites for International Relations (with Mark Amen, Noah J. Toly, Patricia L. McCarney). Surrey: Ashagate, 2011.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Das Ende der Politik. Ein Debattenbeitrag, Spiegel Online, 18.11.2011, http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/debattenbeitrag-das-ende-der-politik-a-779256.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alles fliesst – Ansätze für ein neues Politikverständnis. In: Josef Braml, Thomas Risse, Eberhard Sandschneider (Ed.). Einsatz für den Frieden. Sicherheit und Entwicklung in Räumen begrenzter Staatlichkeit. Jahrbuch Internationale Politik, Band 28, 2010, München: Oldenbourg, S. 30-34.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Global Politics and the Collapse of the Political West Divide: The Emerging New Global Landscape. In: 20 Years After the Fall of the Berlin Wall. Singapore: KAS, 2009, S. 61 – 73.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Riesenstädte – neue Beziehungsspiele. In: fundiert. Das Wissenschaftsmagazin der Freien Universität Berlin. 2009/01, S. 56-62.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The making of Global City Regions. Johannesburg, Mumbai/ Bombay, São Paulo, and Shanghai"(Ed.), Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deutsche Außenpolitik gegenüber Osteuropa: Die wichtigste Nebensache?" In: Stephan Böckenförder, Chancen der deutschen Außenpolitik. Analyse – Perspektiven – Empfehlungen. Dresden: TUDpress, 2005, 150-159.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Public Problems, Private Solutions? Globalizing Cities in the South" (with Simon Raiser, Krister Volkmann – eds.), Aldershot, Burlington/VT: Ashgate, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Resistance to Globalization. Political Struggle and Cultural Resilience in the Middle East, Russia, and Latin America" (with Harald Barrios, Martin Beck, Andreas Boeckh – eds.), Hamburg, London: LIT, 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gullivers Bindungen. Aussenpolitiken der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in den neunziger Jahren: Die innere Dimension." In: Werner Süss (Hg.), Deutschland in den neunziger Jahren. Politik und Gesellschaft zwischen Widervereinigung und Globalisierung. Opladen: Leske und Budrich, 2002, 349 – 361.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Explaining Post-Soviet Patchworks" (Ed.). Volumes 1 – 3, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vom (großen) Nutzen und (kleinen) Elend der Komparatistik in der Transformationsforschung." In: Ulrich Menzel (Hg.), Vom Ewigen Frieden und vom Wohlstand der Nationen. Dieter Senghaas zum 60. Geburtstag. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2000, 493–518

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Globalization of Eastern Europe. Teaching International Relations Without Borders" (with Kersin Imbusch – eds.), Münster, Hamburg, London: Lit Verlag, 2000 (i.E.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Post-Soviet Puzzles. Mapping the Political Economy of the Former Soviet Union" (with Stephan De Spiegeleire – eds.), 4 vls., Baden-Baden 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “The European Peace Movements, The Soviet Union and the American Left”. "Telos" 54 (Winter 1982-3). New York: Telos Press.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Homepage of Klaus Segbers

description: German political scientist

wikidata_label: Klaus Segbers

wikipedia_title: Klaus Segbers


href: Sufi mysticism Kashmir Sopore Baramulla%20district Baba%20%28honorific%29 Chandravanshi Rajput Shamsi%20Chak jurisprudence philosophy mysticism madrasa Jalaluddin%20Bukhari Hanafi Srinagar shrine Hari%20Parbat pilgrimage Nund%20Rishi

text:
Sufi
mystic
Kashmir
Sopore
Baramulla district
Baba
Chandravanshi
Rajput
Shamsi Chak
jurisprudence
philosophy
mysticism
madrasa
Jalaluddin Bukhari
Hanafi
Srinagar
shrine
Hari Parbat
pilgrimage
Nund Rishi

categories: Sufi mystics,Sufism in Asia,1494 births,1563 deaths,Kashmiri people

paragraph: Hamza Makhdoom

paragraph: Hamza Makhdoom Kashmiri, popularly known as Makhdoom Sahib (c. 1494 – c. 1576), was a Sufi mystic, scholar and spiritual teacher living in Kashmir. He is sometimes referred to as Mehboob-ul-Alam (literally, "loved by all") and Sultan-ul-Arifeen (literally, "king of those who know God").

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Hamza Makhdoom was born in the village of Tujjar near Sopore in Baramulla district. His father was called Baba Usman and came from a Chandravanshi Rajput family. According to tradition, teenage Hamza Makhdoom studied in the Shamsi Chak monastery for a year, and later studied jurisprudence, tradition, philosophy, logics, ethics and mysticism in a madrasa founded by Ismail Kubrawi.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: A prolific scholar and spiritual preacher, Hamza Makhdoom adhered to the tradition of Jalaluddin Bukhari. He directed his teachings specifically to the followers of Islam, and under his influence a part of Kashmir's population trully followed the Hanafi

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He died at an age of 82 in year 1576 in Srinagar. His shrine is, located on the southern slope of Hari Parbat Hill and popularly called "Makhdoom Sahib" or "Hazrat Sultan-ul-Arifeen", is an important pilgrimage centre in Kashmir.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nund Rishi

description: Kashmiri Sufi Saint

wikidata_label: Sheikh Hamza Makhdoom

wikipedia_title: Hamza Makhdoom


text:
DJ
Melbourne
Bring It Back
Joel Fletcher
Ah Yeah So What!
Wiley
Elen Levon
Camberwell High School
Caulfield Grammar
EP
TomorrowWorld
Tomorrowland
Stereosonic
Future Music Festival
List of Caulfield Grammar School people

categories: People from Melbourne,Australian DJs,Monstercat artists,1993 births,Living people

paragraph: Will Sparks

paragraph: William James Sparks (born 15 March 1993), otherwise known by his stage name Will Sparks, is an Australian producer and DJ from Melbourne, Australia, who is best known for his 2013 single "Bring It Back" with Joel Fletcher and his 2014 single "Ah Yeah So What!" featuring Wiley and Elen Levon.

paragraph: He attended Camberwell High School and Caulfield Grammar in Melbourne, but dropped out at the end of year 11 to pursue a musical career.

paragraph: His debut EP, "Another Land", was released in Australia and debuted at number 35 in December 2014.

paragraph: Sparks has toured America, Europe and Asia and played at festivals such as TomorrowWorld, Tomorrowland, Stereosonic and Future Music Festival.

paragraph: He was named No. 1 Australian DJ in 2014.

paragraph: In January 2014, Will Sparks partnered with electronic music lifestyle brand Electric Family to produce a collaboration bracelet for which 100% of the proceeds are donated to Beyond Blue, a company that is working to reduce the impact of anxiety, depression and suicide in the community by raising awareness and understanding, empowering people to seek help, and supporting recovery, management and resilience.

paragraph: In September 2017, it was discovered that the video Spinnin Records produced for Sparks titled song "Take Me" was discovered to consist almost entirely of footage from award-winning and Oscar-nominated animated short film "Requiem for Romance" Spinnin' Records did not seek permission to use visuals from the creators of the film, including animator Jonathan Ng. While Ng's takedown notice of the YouTube clips of the music video succeeded, Spinnin' Records continued to use images from Ng's video on their website and publicity material. Ng is exploring legal options against Spinnin' Records. Sparks claimed he had no knowledge of the alleged copyright, as he only produced the music for the accompanying video.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Caulfield Grammar School people

description: Australian DJ

wikidata_label: Will Sparks

wikipedia_title: Will Sparks