text:
Gothic
Masaccio
Giorgio Vasari
Panel painting
Late Gothic
Lorenzo Monaco
Masaccio
Lorenzo Ghiberti
Cassone
Santa Trinita
Saint Paul
Saint Bartholemew
Saint Peter
martyrdom
Triptych
Annunciation
cassoni

categories: Italian male painters,15th-century Italian painters,14th-century Italian painters,1385 births,1430s deaths

paragraph: Giovanni dal Ponte

paragraph: Giovanni dal Ponte (1385 – ca. 1438, Florence) was a Florentine minor master painter of the late-Gothic period, known as one of the greatest minor masters contemporary to Masaccio. He is known by Giorgio Vasari as dal Ponte, a name derived from the location of his studio at the Piazza di Santo Stefano a Ponte. Many other documents cite his name as Giovanni di Marco. After joining the Arte dei Medici e degli Speziali in 1410 and the Compagnia di S Luca in 1413, dal Ponte opened his studio in the late 1420s and hired Florentine painter Smeraldo di Giovanni as his assistant. Smeraldo was hired after dal Ponte was imprisoned in 1424 due to failure to repay his debts, with the intention that Smeraldo would manage the logistical aspects of the workshop in addition to his artwork. Dal Ponte used his craftsmanship to create not only Panel paintings, but also frescoes and decorations for small objects. Dal Ponte's work is considered to be of the Late Gothic style, though he assimilated the stylistic preferences of his contemporaries; Lorenzo Monaco, Masaccio, and Lorenzo Ghiberti served as his primary influences.

paragraph: Section::::Early Work.

paragraph: Giovanni dal Ponte established rapport as an artist by creating marriage chests, Cassone or forzieri, for Illarione dei Bardi in 1422. Following the positive reception of his work for Illarione, dal Ponte was commissioned by Giovannozo and Paolo Biliotti in 1427 and Bardo di Francesco de' Bardi in 1430 to create similar pieces. While he was best known for these marriage chests, he also painted candlesticks and banners, or drappelloni, and domestic tabernacles, cassoni or colmi, and in fact is noted as an outstanding talent in the latter form. In 1427, Giovanni gilded candlesticks for the Bigallo, a lay charitable organization associated with Santa Maria Nuova. From 1429 to 1435, dal Ponte became involved with larger projects, including several fresco cycles at Santa Trinita. The frescoes included scenes from the life of Saint Paul in the Cappella d'Abbaco and Saint Bartholemew and Saint Peter's martyrdom in the Cappella Scali. Dal Ponte designed several Triptychs in 1434; the two most famous are his two versions of the Annunciation, created in 1430 and 1435, which are located at Santa Maria in Rosano and the Pinacoteca Vaticana in Rome, respectively. In 1434, Giovanni painted a small altarpiece for the Oratorio di S. Eugenio a Pugliano. The altarpiece depicts the Annunciation with Saints Eugenio, Benedict, John the Baptist and Nicholas, and still resides in the church. The altarpiece identifies its patron as Abbess Caterina da Castiglionchio, a member of the powerful Castiglionchio family of lords.

paragraph: Section::::Partnership with Smeraldo di Giovanni.

paragraph: In 1424, dal Ponte was imprisoned because he had failed to repay his debts. In 1427, after finishing his prison sentence and seeking financial solvency, dal Ponte decided to initiate a collaboration with Smeraldo di Giovanni, an older, experienced painter who had worked with Ambrogio di Baldese in 1403. While Giovanni sought out the partnership for fear of financial ruin, Smeraldo did so because he was receiving too few commissions. The artists probably had not worked together prior to the inception of their workshop collaboration. The coordination took the form of a limited partnership. Dal Ponte earned sixty-five percent of the shop's profits, with the remainder going to Smeraldo, though dal Ponte was responsible for the shop's rent payments, while Smeraldo was not, making the agreement fairly equitable. The structure of their arrangement parallels that of Bicci di Lorenzo and Stefano d'Antonio, in the sense that the greater painters received a much higher rate of compensation than their assistants. In fact, it is thought likely that Giovanni and Smeraldo's arrangement created the opportunity for Bicci and Stefano's partnership of the same nature. Their workshop was adept at many forms of craft, including the creation of Giovanni's reputation-making marriage chests as well as banners, though it appears that at the beginning, the shop was best known for its cassoni. It was staffed by many artisans employed on a temporary basis, which allowed the workshop flexibility as its ornamental chest business accelerated toward the end of the 1420s. For example, of the artisans hired to assist in the workshop in 1427, six were woodworkers (the shop also employed blacksmiths, goldsmiths, and other painters).

paragraph: The painters shared their commissions and tools, though dal Ponte was ultimately responsible for the management of the workshop. This agreement appears to have been acceptable to both artists, as they renewed their contract in 1431. Although the two artists shared commissions and tools with one another, their work appears to have been carried out autonomously through the division of labor. For example, each artist would oversee the execution of one work, as was done when Giovanni oversaw a forzieri for Giovannozo and Paolo Bigliotti while Smeraldo oversaw a forzieri for Matteo degli Strozzi.

paragraph: Smeraldo provided a significant contribution to the workshop's success when he obtained the commission to fresco the Cappella d'Abbaco at Santa Trinita (c. 1432). Unlike Giovanni, Smeraldo had been trained in fresco at the beginning of his career and had helped to design frescoes at Orsanmichele in 1403 while assisting Ambrogio di Baldese. The officials determining the Santa Trinita commission were likely the same officials who had led the Orsanmichele decoration, giving Smeraldo a leg up in securing the commission. After the partners' success in the Cappella d'Abbaco, they were asked to decorate the nearby Cappella Scali (c. 1434). Giovanni's miniaturist style can be seen in these frescos, carrying over from his work on cassoni and tabernacles. There is also a record of the two artists having decorated the nearby Cappella Ficozzi. During these endeavors, Giovanni was no longer considered the sole master of the workshop, as each artist abandoned personal projects to join together on the frescoes. This project seems to mark the transition from a financially motivated partnership to a durable artistic collaboration. Unfortunately, dal Ponte insisted on retaining sole ownership of the workshop, which caused its continual mismanagement. The bottega's financial health was in question primarily because of delinquent patrons, though Giovanni resisted court involvement, which could have compelled such patrons to pay for their purchases.

paragraph: After Giovanni's death in 1437-1438, Smeraldo retired and no longer continued artistic activities.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage Chests (Cassoni or Forzieri).

paragraph: Dal Ponte was well-known for his talent in decorating cassoni, or marriage chests, which peaked in popularity between the 1430s and 1440s. Cassoni often depicted scenes exemplifying the joys of a young bride, particularly through scenes of couples in gardens (the Garden of Love), famous couples from mythology or folklore, and the Judgement of Paris. While religious themes were not absent from these artworks, they tended to be layered under modern interpretation. Cassoni commanded prices on par with those for some altarpieces, with parity between the pay for minor and major masters. In 1422, dal Ponte received 45 fiorini for forzieri for Illarione dei Bardi to commemorate his niece Costanza's wedding to Bartolomeo d'Ugo degli Alessandro. In 1427 he received 30 fiorini for two forzieri for Giovanozzo and Paolo Biliotti for their sister's marriage to a member of the Gondi family.

paragraph: Giovanni and members of his workshop created one of the best known cassoni, depicting the Seven Liberal Arts. The arts, Astronomy, Geometry, Arithmetic, Music, Rhetoric, Dialectic and Grammar, are accompanied by their Greek epitomes, Archimedes, Pythagoras, Tubal Cain, Cicero, Aristotle, and Donatus. They also created several depicting lovers in a garden, a popular theme for such pieces at the time, such as Four Couples in a Garden at the Museé Jacquemart-Andreé in Paris and Four Worthies in the National Museum of Krakow.

paragraph: Section::::Impact of the Contado.

paragraph: Giovanni painted several of his works in the Florentine contado, or countryside, which impacted his style. Painters in the contado were encouraged to be conservative in style by their patrons, who prioritized craftsmanship and efficiency over artistic innovation. The differences in economics of the Florentine city and its contado account for a great deal of the differences between the Renaissance’s minor and major masters. Very few, if any major masters painted in the contado, leaving the region in the control of the minor masters. While the minor masters simply were never commissioned to paint the high altarpieces of Florentine churches, their craftsmanship was revered in the contado, where they were sought after. In these ways, while the contado is generally understood to contain “minor works,” this terminology is deceptive due to the significant works of minor masters located there. Moreover, the minor masters were often able to obtain compensation similar to what a major master might garner in the same location. In order to support themselves, the minor masters were more reliant on less revered art forms, such as the production of small tabernacles and other small crafts. Furthermore, the minor masters tended to practice a more conservative style, allowing the major masters to take bold artistic risks in major cities while they created more traditional works. As artists bridging the gap between the early and high Renaissance styles, the minor masters connected the Trecento and the Quattrocento and Renaissance, incorporating some of the major masters’ innovations while remaining firmly planted in more conservative style. Perhaps if dal Ponte had been considered a major master, he would have had the opportunity to take greater risks in his craft.

alias:
Giovanni del Ponte
Giovanni di Marco
Giovanni da San Stefano
Giovanni da Santo Stefano
Giovanni Bassano
See Giovanni
Giovanni dal Ponte (Giovanni di Marco)
Giovanni Dal Ponte
Giovanni, Del Ponte

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Giovanni dal Ponte

wikipedia_title: Giovanni dal Ponte


text:
Virginia
Île de Ré
George Washington
Ernest Cognacq Museum
Saint Martin de Ré
Jamestown
Yorktown, Virginia
George Washington
Elizabeth II
Tallulah Bankhead
Earl W. Bascom
Dan Blocker
Bonanza
John Moses Browning
Tom Cruise
Mission Impossible
Lady Bird Johnson
Lyndon B. Johnson
DeForest Kelley
Star Trek
Harper Lee
To Kill a Mocking Bird
Robert E. Lee
Confederate Army
American Civil War
Meriwether Lewis
Louisiana Territory
Benjamin McCulloch
Utah War
Henry Eustace McCulloch
Texas Revolution
Mexican–American War
American Civil War
Thomas Nelson Jr.
Declaration of Independence
Elvis Presley
Elizabeth Taylor
George Washington
American Revolutionary War
Tennessee Williams
Bobby Fuller
Let Her Dance
I Fought the Law
Weston Adams (diplomat)
United States Ambassador
Augustine Warner
Lawrence Washington
Augustine Washington
George Washington
Ernest Cognacq Museum

categories: 1591 births,Virginia colonial people,French emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies,17th-century French people,Washington family,1657 deaths

paragraph: Nicolas Martiau

paragraph: Nicolas Martiau (1591–1657) was a Frenchman who immigrated to the English colony of Virginia in the 17th century. Born in the western island of Île de Ré, he is an ancestor of the first American president, George Washington.

paragraph: The garden behind the Ernest Cognacq Museum in Saint Martin de Ré holds a monument with a statue of George Washington, with the base of the monument featuring a medallion representing Martiau. The monument was inaugurated on October 11, 2007, by the ambassador of the United States to France. The filiation between the two men is described on the monument.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Nothing is known of Martiau's youth except that he had learned to read by studying the Gospels and the Bible. At the same time he absorbed the doctrine of Calvin, and learned to speak English. It is likely that, because of the political and religious context of the time, he was forced into exile in England since his signature is found on a register and a Huguenot church. On January 11, 1619, he was naturalised English. He married Englishwoman Jane Berkeley. Nicolas Martiau's will written March 1, 1656/7, proven April 24, 1657, names daughters Elizabeth Reade, Mary Scarsbrook, Sarah Fuller, his three sons-in-law and provided freedom for slaves Phill and Nicholas. He also left one "heifer" to his servant Hugh Roy.

paragraph: On May 16, 1620, Nicolas Martiau, aged 29, left England on the Francis Bonaventure in August 1620 and arrived in Jamestown where he built the fence defense which allowed the city to be spared in a massacre by the Indians in 1622. The success of this action earned him the title of "master engineer fences".

paragraph: Nicholas Martiau was married to Jane Berkeley, In 1646, he remarried Isabel (Isabella) Beech, widow of Robert Felgate and George Beech. He died in Yorktown, Virginia, in 1657.

paragraph: Nicholas Martiau is the earliest emigrant ancestor of George Washington.

paragraph: Section::::Notable descendants.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth II – Queen of England

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tallulah Bankhead (1902–1968) – Hollywood actress

paragraph: BULLET::::- Earl W. Bascom (1906–1995) – rodeo pioneer, inventor, "father of modern rodeo", cowboy artist/sculptor, Hollywood actor, hall of fame inductee

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dan Blocker (1928–1972) – Hollywood actor, cowboy character of "Bonanza" television series

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Moses Browning (1855–1926) – "world's greatest firearms inventor"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tom Cruise (1962–) – Hollywood actor, known for "Mission Impossible"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Bird Johnson (1912–2001) – wife of U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson

paragraph: BULLET::::- DeForest Kelley (1920–1999) – Hollywood actor, known as Dr. McCoy in "Star Trek"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harper Lee (1926–2016) – American novelist, author of "To Kill a Mocking Bird"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert E. Lee (1807–1870) – General of the Confederate Army during the American Civil War 1861–1865

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meriwether Lewis (1774–1809) – American explorer, Governor of Louisiana Territory

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benjamin McCulloch (1811–1862) – Texas Ranger, military officer, California 49er, sheriff, U.S. Marshall, U.S. Peace Commissioner ending the Utah War of 1857–58

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Eustace McCulloch (1816–1895) – Texas Ranger, military officer in the Texas Revolution as well as the Mexican–American War and the American Civil War

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Nelson Jr. (1738–1789) – Brigadier General, Signer of the Declaration of Independence, Governor of Virginia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elvis Presley (1935–1977) – American singer and actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Taylor (1927–2011) – Hollywood actress

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Washington (1732–1799) – General of the American Revolutionary War, first American President

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tennessee Williams (1911–1983) – American playwright

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bobby Fuller (1942–1966) – American musician, known for "Let Her Dance" and "I Fought the Law"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Weston Adams (diplomat) (b.1938) – United States Ambassador

paragraph: Section::::Line of descent.

paragraph: "Captain Martiau to General Washington"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicolas Martiau – Jane Berkeley (1591–1657)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Martiau – Colonel George Reade (1625–1696)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mildred Reade – Colonel Augustine Warner (1642–1684)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mildred Warner – Lawrence Washington (1659–1698)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Augustine Washington – Mary Ball (1708–1789)

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Washington (1732–1799) – first American president

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ernest Cognacq Museum exhibit and monument.

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicolas Martiau, the adventurous Huguenot, the military engineer, and the earliest American ancestor of George Washington, by John Baer Stoudt (Norristown, Pa.: [The Norristown Press] 1932).

description: French ancestor of George Washington

wikidata_label: Nicolas Martiau

wikipedia_title: Nicolas Martiau


text: philatelist

text: Sonia Sekula

text: Eugen Sekula

text: Geza Sekula

text: overprint

text: Tannu Tuva

text: Ludvig Lindberg

categories: Stamp forgers,1881 births,Stamp dealers,1966 deaths,Philately of Ethiopia

paragraph: Béla Székula

paragraph: Béla Székula, also Bela Sekula (1881–1966), was a Hungarian philatelist, stamp dealer and forger who lived in Hungary, Switzerland and the USA. He was the father of the artist Sonia Sekula and brother of stamp dealers Eugen Sekula, Frank Sekula and Geza Sekula (Charles Sekula).

paragraph: Sekula is known for his involvement in making forged reprints of the 1919 Animal and Rulers issue of Ethiopia in 1931. In addition, he was involved in producing many other dubious stamp issues by the creation and issuing of local stamps - for example in Lucerne, Switzerland - and by overprinting existing stamps. He was even thought to be behind the production of stamps for the region of Tannu Tuva during 1934-1936.

paragraph: In 1928 and 1929 he was responsible for the auction of large parts of the Ludvig Lindberg collection of Finland.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Postage stamps and postal history of Ethiopia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Postage stamps and postal history of Tannu Tuva

description: Stamp dealer and forger

wikidata_label: Béla Székula

wikipedia_title: Béla Székula


text:
outfielder
Major League Baseball
Union Association
American Association

categories: Augusta Browns players,Baseball players from Illinois,1923 deaths,Peoria Reds players,Memphis Browns players,Milwaukee Brewers (UA) players,1862 births,Cleveland Blues (1887–88) players,19th-century baseball players,Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players,New York Metropolitans players,Elmira Colonels players,Atlanta Atlantas players,Cleveland Forest Cities players,Major League Baseball outfielders,Leavenworth Soldiers players,Nashville Blues players

paragraph: Mortimer Hogan

paragraph: Mortimer Edward Hogan (1862–1923) was an outfielder in Major League Baseball. He started his professional career in 1883 with the Peoria Reds. He played in the Union Association in 1884 and in the American Association in 1887–1888.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Mortimer Hogan

wikipedia_title: Mortimer Hogan


text:
Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Prince of Lüneburg
Harburg
Henry the Middle
Margarete of Saxony
Ernest
Francis
Wittenberg
Martin Luther
the Reformation
Principality of Lüneburg
Hildesheim Diocesan Feud
France
Vogt
Harburg
Otto II
House of Welf

categories: Converts to Lutheranism from Roman Catholicism,1495 births,1549 deaths,Princes of Lüneburg

paragraph: Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg

paragraph: Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (24 August 1495 – 11 August 1549) was the Prince of Lüneburg from 1520 to 1527 and Baron of Harburg from 1527 to 1549.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Otto was born on 24 August 1495 as the eldest son of Henry the Middle and his wife, Margarete of Saxony. Like his brothers, Ernest and Francis he studied at Wittenberg and was affected early on by the reformatory ideas of Martin Luther and was later a driving force behind the introduction of the Reformation in the Principality of Lüneburg. When his father had to leave the state in 1520 as a result of his role in the Hildesheim Diocesan Feud and go into exile in France, Otto took over the reins of power in the principality jointly with his brother Ernest. Because the principality was seriously in debt - all the "Vogteis" being enfeoffed with the exception of the "Schlossvogtei" of Celle - a major priority during his reign was sorting out the duchy’s finances. In 1527 Otto married "Meta von Campe", a woman who was below his station, and was compensated with his own domain, the Barony of Harburg. He died on 11 August 1549.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Otto married in 1527 to Meta von Campe (died 1580) and they had 7 children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne (1526–1527)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otto (1527)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ernest (1527–1540)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otto II (1528–1603)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederick (1530–1533)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margarete (1532–1539)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Susanna (1536–1581)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geckler, Christa (1986). "Die Celler Herzöge: Leben und Wirken 1371–1705". Celle: Georg Ströher. . .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- House of Welf

description: Prince of Lüneburg and Baron of Harburg

wikidata_label: Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg

wikipedia_title: Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg


text:
BCE
Queen
Egypt
Djedefre
4th dynasty
Hetepheres
Hornit
Baka
Setka
Nikaudjedefre
Neferhetepes
Abu Rawash
hierarchical proportion
Djedefre
Abu Rawash
Djedefre
Djedefre

categories: 3rd-millennium BC births,3rd-millennium BC deaths,Queens consort of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt

paragraph: Khentetka

paragraph: Khentetka or Khentetenka (fl. 26th century BCE) was a Queen of Egypt; the wife of King Djedefre during the 4th dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Khentetka's titles include "King's Beloved Wife" ("ḥm.t-nỉswt mrỉỉt=f"), "She who sees Horus and Set" ("m33.t-ḥrw-stš"), "Attendant of Horus" ("ḫt-ḥrw"), "Priestess of Neith" ("ḥm.t-nṯr nt").

paragraph: It is not known who Khentetka's parents were. Khentetka was the wife of the 4th dynasty pharaoh Djedefre and it is possible she was the mother of some of his children. Djedefre had another wife named Hetepheres. Djedefre had four sons (Hornit, Baka, Setka and Nikaudjedefre) and two daughters (Hetepheres C and Neferhetepes) but it is not known if Khentetka or Hetepheres (or even another woman) was the mother of these children. It has been suggested that Princess Neferhetepes was the daughter of Djedefre by Hetepheres.

paragraph: Section::::Statues and Burial.

paragraph: Khentetka is known from statues found at Abu Rawash. She is depicted kneeling beside the foot of king Djedefre. (Because of Egyptian art's use of hierarchical proportion, her figure is unnaturally tiny compared to the king's.) A structure in the southwest corner of Djedefre's pyramid complex at Abu Rawash has been suggested as a possible burial place for Khentetka. Maragioglio and Rinaldi believe it may be the pyramid belonging to the Queen consort, and that could point to the pyramid belonging to Queen Khentetka.

paragraph: It is not entirely clear however what the purpose of the pyramid was. Stadelmann and Jonosi believe it to be a cult pyramid. The cult pyramid usually stood in the southeast corner of the pyramid complex. The general orientation of the pyramid complex of Djedefre is north-west however and not east-south as is more common. The difference in orientation may mean the cult pyramid may not be located in its usual position, and the structure could be the cult pyramid for Djedefre's pyramid complex. Further excavations will be required to shed light on this question.

description: Ancient Egyptian queen consort

wikidata_label: Khentetka

wikipedia_title: Khentetka


href: Prince Egypt Horus Kawab Hetepheres%20II Khufu Meritites%20I Khufu Kaemsekhem Mindjedef Nebtyhotep Giza

text:
Prince
Egypt
Horus
Kawab
Hetepheres II
Khufu
Meritites I
Khufu
Kaemsekhem
Mindjedef
Nebtyhotep
Giza

categories: 3rd-millennium BC births,3rd-millennium BC deaths

paragraph: Duaenhor

paragraph: Duaenhor was a Prince of Egypt. He was named after god Horus.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Duaenhor is thought by some to be a son of Crown Prince Kawab and Queen Hetepheres II. If so, he would have been a grandson of Pharaoh Khufu and Queen Meritites I. On the other hand, based on his titles, he may be one of the younger sons of Khufu (along with Khaemsekhem (G 7660), and Mindjedef (G 7760)).

paragraph: Duaenhor's brothers were Kaemsekhem and Mindjedef. A daughter of Duaenhor was named Nebtyhotep.

paragraph: He held the titles "King’s son of his body" and "Companion of his father".

paragraph: Section::::Tomb.

paragraph: Duaenhor was buried at Giza in mastaba G 7550. In the tomb his father and mother are mentioned. His daughter is also mentioned on the south entrance facade.

paragraph: The scenes in the tomb show:

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1) Duaenhor and his family

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2) Table scene

paragraph: BULLET::::- (3) Butchers at work

paragraph: BULLET::::- (4) False door of Duaenhor

description: ancient Egyptian prince

wikidata_label: Duaenhor

wikipedia_title: Duaenhor


text:
Wehrmacht
Nazi Germany
World War II
XIX Mountain Corps
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Luftstreitkrafte
Hauptmann
Ypres
Eastern Front
Verdun
officer's ranks
Leutnant
aerial observer
Kingdom of Bavaria
reconnaissance
Johann Baur
SPAD
Third Battle of the Aisne
Württemberg
Iron Cross
Royal House Order of Hohenzollern
Kingdom of Bavaria
Military Order of Max Joseph
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Oberstleutnant
Franks, Norman

categories: SS-Obersturmbannführer,German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States,Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross,People from Dingolfing-Landau,Knights of the House Order of Hohenzollern,1897 births,Knights of the Military Order of Max Joseph,1952 deaths,Military personnel of Bavaria,Luftstreitkräfte personnel,Recipients of the Gold German Cross,Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class,German World War I flying aces,Generals of Mountain Troops,Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Liberty, 1st Class,People from the Kingdom of Bavaria

paragraph: Georg Ritter von Hengl

paragraph: Georg Ritter von Hengl (21 October 1897 – 19 March 1952) was a general in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II who commanded the XIX Mountain Corps. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.

paragraph: During World War I, he had served in the Luftstreitkrafte and shot down a total of 7 aircraft between July and October 1918. From 1921 to 1934, he also served in the German police, reaching the rank of Hauptmann. Georg Ritter von Hengl was captured by Allied troops in May 1945 and was released in 1947.

paragraph: Section::::World War I service.

paragraph: Hengl served initially in Reserve Infantry Battalion Nr. 21 near Ypres in 1914. The following year saw him transferred to the Eastern Front to serve in Russia. In October 1915, he was transferred south to the Serbian sector. He transferred back to France in 1916, to serve near Verdun; on 23 March he was promoted into the officer's ranks as a Leutnant. He then returned to duties in Russia. After requesting a transfer to aviation duty, he started aerial observer's training on 23 February 1918. Upon graduation, he was posted to the Kingdom of Bavaria's FA(A) 295. His usual pilot in the two-seater reconnaissance aircraft was Johann Baur. The duo were credited with six confirmed aerial victories together, beginning with a double victory over SPADs on 17 July 1918 over Courton Wood. The aircrew of Hengl and Baur were shot down behind British lines during the Third Battle of the Aisne; however, they were rescued from captivity by troopers from Württemberg. The pair would score another four victories in October 1918, with Hengl scoring a seventh while crewing for another pilot.

paragraph: Georg Hengl emerged from World War I having been awarded both classes of the Iron Cross and the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern. His native Kingdom of Bavaria also bestowed the Military Order of Max Joseph upon him; one of the entitlements of this decoration was an award of lifetime nobility for him, signified by the addition of the phrase "Ritter von" to one's name. Georg Hengl thus became George Ritter von Hengl.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and decorations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 25 August 1941 as "Oberstleutnant" and commander of Gebirgsjäger-Regiment 137

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franks, Norman; Bailey, Frank W.; Guest, Russell (1993). "Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918". Oxford: Grub Street. , .

description: German general

wikidata_label: Georg Ritter von Hengl

wikipedia_title: Georg Ritter von Hengl


text:
Prince
ancient Egypt
4th Dynasty
Min
god
Crown Prince
Kawab
Hetepheres II
Khufu
Meritites I
Sneferu
Menkaura
Meresankh III
Rawer
Minkhaf II
Hereditary prince
Giza
mastaba
Metropolitan Museum of Art

categories: 3rd-millennium BC births,Princes of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt

paragraph: Mindjedef

paragraph: Mindjedef was a Prince of ancient Egypt, who lived during the 4th Dynasty. His name means "Enduring Like Min". Min is an Egyptian fertility god.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Mindjedef was a son of Crown Prince Kawab and Queen Hetepheres II. He was the grandson of Pharaoh Khufu and Meritites I and great-grandson of Sneferu. Mindjedef was born during the reign of his grandfather and he may have lived to see his cousin Menkaura on the throne. Mindjedef was a brother of Queen Meresankh III and uncle of Princes Rawer and Minkhaf II.

paragraph: It is known that Mindjedef had a wife called Khufuankh ("Khufu lives"). Khufuankh bore one son to her husband.

paragraph: Section::::Titles.

paragraph: Prince Mindjedef held the titles "King’s son of his body", "Hereditary prince", "Treasurer of the King of Lower Egypt", etc.

paragraph: Section::::Burial.

paragraph: Mindjedef was buried at Giza in mastaba G 7760. Mindjedef and Khufuankh are depicted with a small son in the chapel, but his name is not preserved. His sarcophagus is now at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (acc. no. 54.80a-b).

description: ancient Egyptian prince and treasurer

wikidata_label: Mindjedef

wikipedia_title: Mindjedef


text:
ancient Egypt
Fourth
Fifth Dynasties
Menkaure
Shepseskaf
Userkaf
Sahure
Giza
Userkaf
Sahure
Neferirkare Kakai
Mirsolav Verner
Neferhetepes
Thampthis
Neferirkare Kakai
Selim Hassan
Shepseskaf
Userkaf
Hermann Junker
Ludwig Borchardt
Sahure
Neferirkare Kakai
Hartwig Altenmüller
Rededjet
Westcar Papyrus
High Priest of Re
cartouche
Thampthis
Giza
Central Field
Giza Necropolis
pyramid
Selim Hassan
Tura
Shepseskaf
Saqqara
solar boat
Ra
Fourth
Fifth Dynasty
Sixth Dynasty
Menkaure
Khafra

categories: Queens consort of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt,26th-century BC women,25th-century BC women,3rd-millennium BC births,3rd-millennium BC deaths,Princesses of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt

paragraph: Khentkaus I

paragraph: Khentkaus I, also referred to as Khentkawes, was a royal woman who lived in ancient Egypt during the Fourth and the Fifth Dynasties. She may have been a daughter of king Menkaure, the wife of both king Shepseskaf and king Userkaf (the founder of the Fifth Dynasty), the mother of king Sahure, and perhaps, in her own right, the king of Upper and Lower Egypt. Her mastaba at Giza – tomb LG100 – is located very close to Menkaure's pyramid complex. This close connection may point to a family relationship. Although the relationship is not clear, the proximity of the pyramid complex of Khentkaus to that of king Menkaure has led to the conjecture that she may have been his daughter.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Khentkaus's burial complex confirms her royal status. She appears to have served as regent and may have taken the title of king, but some of her titles are ambiguous and open to interpretation. That she was the daughter of Menkaure is speculated widely and much evidence supports the idea. Khentkaus may have been married to king Userkaf and may have been the mother of Sahure and Neferirkare Kakai.

paragraph: Egyptologist Mirsolav Verner has stated that it is more likely, however, that Sahure was a son of Userkaf and his wife Neferhetepes. He also suggested that Khentkaus was the mother and regent for her son Thampthis and the mother of Neferirkare Kakai.

paragraph: Manetho's King List has Menkaure and Thampthis reigning in the Fourth Dynasty, which ties Khentkaus to the end of the Fourth Dynasty, The suggestions of her marriage to Userkaf and having been the mother of Sahure, tie her to the Fifth Dynasty as well.

paragraph: Section::::Titles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- King’s Mother ("mwt-niswt")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother of Two Dual Kings ("mwt-nswy-bitwy") or Dual King and Mother of a Dual King ("nsw-bity mwt-nsw-bity") (Dodson and Hilton)

paragraph: BULLET::::- King of Upper and Lower Egypt (Junker)

paragraph: Section::::Theories regarding Khentkaus I.

paragraph: The "Khentkaus Problem" has a long history. In the 1930s Selim Hassan proposed that Khentkaus was a daughter of Menkaure, and that she was married first to Shepseskaf and later to Userkaf. Ventikiev was the first to suggest that the title "mwt nswt bity nswt bity" should be read as, "The Mother of two Kings of Upper and Lower Egypt".

paragraph: Hermann Junker believed that the existence of the pyramid town suggested that Khentkaus was a very important person and that the title should be read as, "the King of Upper and Lower Egypt and the Mother of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt", indicating that she served as king. He suggested that she was the daughter of Menkaure and the sister of Shepseskaf.

paragraph: Ludwig Borchardt suggested that Shepseskaf was a commoner who married the king’s daughter, Khentkaus. He further thought that Sahure and Neferirkare Kakai were sons of Shepseskaf and Khentkaus. Borchardt conjectured that Userkaf was an outsider who was able to take the throne because Sahure and Neferirkare were too young to ascend the throne when Shepseskaf died.

paragraph: Bernhard Grdseloff proposed that Shepseskaf and Khentkaus were the son and daughter of Menkaure, and that Userkaf was a prince form a collateral branch of the royal family who came to the throne when he married the royal widow and mother of the heirs to the throne, Khentkaus.

paragraph: Hartwig Altenmüller suggested that Khentkaus was none other than the lady, "Rededjet", mentioned in the Westcar Papyrus. He suggested that Khentkaus was the mother of Userkaf, Sahure, and Neferirkare Kakai.

paragraph: Arielle Kozloff theorized that Shepseskaf was the son of Menkaure with a minor wife who came to the throne after the death of the king’s son, Khuenre. He also theorized that Shepseskaf married Menkaure’s daughter, Khentkaus, and suggested that upon the premature death of Shepseskaf, Khentkaus married the High Priest of Re to secure the throne for her two sons.

paragraph: Vivienne Callender asserted that since the name of Khentkaus did not appear in a cartouche she never ruled Egypt. Instead, Callender preferred to read the "mwt nswt bity nswt bity" title as, the Mother of Two Kings of Upper and Lower Egypt. She thought Khentkaus had to be a daughter of Menkaure and the wife of either Shepseskaf or Thampthis. She pointed to Userkaf and Neferirkare as the two sons referred to in Khentkaus's title.

paragraph: Section::::Tomb.

paragraph: Khentkaus was buried in Giza. Her tomb is known as LG 100 and G 8400 and is located in the Central Field that is part of the Giza Necropolis. The pyramid complex of Khentkaus includes her pyramid, a boat pit, a valley temple, and a pyramid town.

paragraph: Section::::Tomb.:The pyramid complex of Khentkaus I.

paragraph: The pyramid complex of Khentkaus consists of the pyramid, a chapel, a solar boat, the pyramid city, a water tank, and granaries.

paragraph: The pyramid originally was described in the nineteenth century as an unfinished pyramid and it had been conjectured that it belonged to king Shepseskaf. The pyramid was excavated by Selim Hassan starting in 1932. The tomb was given the number LG 100 by Lepsius.

paragraph: The chapel consisted of a main hall and an inner chapel. A passage cut in the floor of the inner chapel leads to the burial chamber. The floor of the chapel was covered in Tura limestone. The walls were covered in relief, but the scenes are very badly damaged. Relief fragments were found in the debris when the tomb was excavated by Selim Hassan. The passage to the burial chamber and the chamber itself were lined with red granite. The passageway is 5.6 m long and descends below the main structure of the pyramid. The burial chamber is large and most closely resembles the burial chamber of king Shepseskaf in Saqqara.

paragraph: The burial chamber possibly housed an alabaster sarcophagus; many pieces were found in the sand and debris that filled the chamber. The chamber also contained a small scarab made of a brown limestone. Its craftsmanship appears to connect it to the Twelfth Dynasty. That leads some to believe that her tomb was reused for other, later burials.

paragraph: Her solar boat is located to the southwest of the pyramid. A pit measuring some 30.25 m long and 4.25 m deep was cut into the rock. The prow and stern of the boat were upraised and the boat appears to have had a roof. It may represent the night-boat of the sun-god Ra. If so, there may be an accompanying day-boat, yet to be found.

paragraph: Immediately to the east of the pyramid lies a pyramid city. The city is laid out along several streets that divide the city into groups of houses. These houses had their own magazines and granaries. The city was constructed from unbaked mud-brick, and surfaces were covered in a yellow plaster. The city was probably the home of the priests and servants of the pyramid complex. The pyramid city was constructed toward the end of the Fourth or beginning of the Fifth Dynasty and seems to have been functioning well into the Sixth Dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Tomb.:The valley temple of Khentkaus I.

paragraph: A causeway connects the pyramid chapel to the valley temple of Khentkaus. The temple lies close to the valley temple of Menkaure, which suggests a close relationship between Khentkaus and Menkaure. In front of the temple a small structure referred to as the "washing tent" of Khentkaus was discovered. This structure was the location where her body would have been taken to be purified before being embalmed. The debris filling this chamber contained many fragments of stone vessels, potsherds, and flint instruments. The floor is the opening of a limestone drain which runs downward under the ground for a distance of 7–20 m., emptying into a large, rectangular basin. The drain is covered by arched sections of the same material, the whole forming an almost circular stone pipe. Although by no means the oldest subterranean water-channel known in Egyptian

paragraph: funerary architecture, according to Hassan, it is the earliest of this particular type and construction.

paragraph: The valley temples of Khentkaus and Menkaure were both partially constructed of mud-brick and finished with white limestone and alabaster. The main entrance is located on the northern side, which is a departure form the more common situation where the main entrance is located to the east. Entering the valley temple from the main entrance, one would walk up a “wide brick-paved causeway which runs up from the valley in a westerly direction.” The doorway was embellished with a portico held up by two columns. Once one enters the doorway, “The doorway opens into a vestibule, the roof of which was supported upon four columns. Near the doorway a statue of king Khafra (father of Menkaure) once stood. Remains of a statue of a king (possibly Khafra) and the body of a sphinx statue were found in the vestibule of the temple. The vestibule opens up to a court which in turn led to the magazines."

description: Queen of Ancient Egypt during the 4th dynasty

wikidata_label: Khentkaus I

wikipedia_title: Khentkaus I


text: Dijon

text: Buffon

text: Histoire Naturelle

text: Voltaire

text: Denis Diderot

text: D'Alembert

text: Encyclopédie

text: Herculaneum

text: Oscan language

text: James Cook

text: Louis-Antoine de Bougainville

text: fétichisme

text: Karl Marx

text: Capital

text: Sound Symbolism

text: Condillac

text: Sallust

text: Alexander Pushkin

text: Stendhal

text: Du culte des Dieux Fétiches

categories: French travel writers,18th-century French writers,People from Dijon,1777 deaths,Contributors to the Encyclopédie (1751–72),French translators,18th-century male writers,French antiquarians,18th-century French philosophers,French letter writers,1709 births

paragraph: Charles de Brosses

paragraph: Charles de Brosses (), comte de Tournay, baron de Montfalcon, seigneur de Vezins et de Prevessin (7 February 1709 – 7 May 1777), was a French writer of the 18th century.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was president of the parliament of his hometown Dijon from 1741, a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres from 1746, and a member of the "Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Dijon" from 1761. He was a close friend of Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon, the naturalist who wrote the "Histoire Naturelle", and a personal enemy of Voltaire, the famous philosopher, who barred his entry in the "Académie française" in 1770. Because he opposed the absolute power of the king, he was exiled twice, in 1744 and 1771. He wrote numerous academic papers on topics concerning ancient history, philology and linguistics, some of which were used by Denis Diderot and D'Alembert in the "Encyclopédie" (1751-1765).

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: De Brosses published five books:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lettres sur l'état actuel de la ville souterraine d'Herculée et sur les causes de son ensevelissement sous les ruines du Vésuve" (1750). This contains a list of archeological discoveries from the excavation of Herculaneum, including some ancient inscriptions in the Oscan language.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire des navigations aux terres australes, contenant ce que l'on sait des moeurs et des productions des contrées découvertes jusqu'à ce jour" (1756). This offers a complete digest of all known voyages to the Southern seas, preceded by a long plea for an exploration campaign in these waters, in order to discover and exploit the vast Austral continent which could not fail to be there, for mechanical reasons. It proved extremely useful to James Cook with respect to the discovery of Australia in 1770, and contains what may be the first occurrence of the words "Polynésie" and "Australasie". It has been written that it is this book which convinced the French explorer Louis-Antoine de Bougainville, then a soldier in Canada, to become a sailor and, in his own terms, "do something great".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Du culte des dieux fétiches ou Parallèle de l'ancienne religion de l'Egypte avec la religion actuelle de Nigritie" (1760). This provides a materialistic theory of the origin of religion, and represents one of the first theoretical works in the discipline of ethno-anthropology. Notably it contains the first historical occurrence of the word "fétichisme", later borrowed by Karl Marx in 1842 and used in his "Capital" (1867).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Traité de la formation méchanique des langues et des principes physiques de l'étymologie" (1765). This provides a materialistic theory of the origin and the evolution of language, where the meaning of words is considered as an image of the physiological articulation of sounds (see Sound Symbolism). It had an influence on Condillac's "Grammaire" (1775) and a very important role in the birth of a scientific conception of language.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire de la République romaine, dans le cours du VIIe siècle, par Salluste, en partie traduite du latin sur l'original, en partie rétablie et composée sur les fragmens qui sont restés de ses livres perdus" (1777). This is a French translation of Sallust's "Historia", partially restored with the help of ancient fragments, and illustrated with topographical maps and archaeological founds.

paragraph: De Brosses is also remembered for his posthumously published letters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Italie il y a cent ans, ou Lettres écrites d'Italie à quelques amis en 1739 et 1740" (1836). This book is a collection of cultured, witty, open-minded letters, sent by De Brosses to his friends in Dijon during his travels in Italy of 1739-1740. It was loved by Alexander Pushkin and Stendhal.

paragraph: The first English translation of "Du culte des dieux fétiches" will be published in "The Returns of Fetishism: Charles De Brosses and the Afterlives of an Idea" in June 2017.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles de Brosses, Du culte des Dieux Fétiches, "ou Parallèle de l'ancienne Religion de l'Égypte avec la Religion actuelle de Nigritie", 1760 (Introduction, pp. 5–17).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luca Nobile, "Brosses, Charles de. Traité de la formation méchanique des langues", in CTLF "Corpus des Textes Linguistiques Fondamentaux", Paris-Lyon, 2006.

description: French writer

wikidata_label: Charles de Brosses

wikipedia_title: Charles de Brosses


text: Buddy Holly

text: the Crickets

text: Clovis, New Mexico

text: piano

text: Clovis, New Mexico

text: guitarist

text: Cashbox

text: BMI

text: Roy Orbison

text: Buddy Knox

text: Waylon Jennings

text: Sonny West

text: Carolyn Hester

text: Buddy Holly

text: Sugar Shack

text: Bottle of Wine

text: Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs

text: Wheels

text: the String-A-Longs

text: Wes Dakus

text: Barry Allen

text: overdubbing

text: demos

text: Lubbock, Texas

text: leukemia

text: "Nor-Va-Jak Music"

text: "Interview with Norman Petty"

text: "Norman Petty Interview"

text: Pop Chronicles

categories: Buddy Holly,Songwriters from New Mexico,Apex Records artists,American male pianists,American organists,American audio engineers,1927 births,Record producers from Texas,20th-century American businesspeople,American music managers,Male organists,Deaths from cancer in Texas,American pop pianists,Deaths from leukemia,People from Lubbock, Texas,1984 deaths,People from Clovis, New Mexico,Songwriters from Texas,20th-century American pianists

paragraph: Norman Petty

paragraph: Norman Petty (May 25, 1927 – August 15, 1984) was an American musician and record producer who is best known for his association with Buddy Holly and the Crickets, who recorded in his studio.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Petty was born in the small town of Clovis, New Mexico, near the Texas border. He began playing piano at an early young age. While in high school, he regularly performed on a fifteen-minute show on a local radio station. After his graduation in 1945 he was drafted into the United States Air Force, returned and married his high school sweetheart Violet Ann Brady on June 20, 1948. The couple lived briefly in Dallas, Texas, where Petty worked as a part time engineer at a recording studio. Eventually moving back to their hometown of Clovis, New Mexico.

paragraph: Petty and his wife, Vi, founded the Norman Petty Trio with guitarist Jack Vaughn. Due to the local success of their independent debut release of "Mood Indigo", they landed a recording contract with RCA and sold half a million copies of the recording, and were voted Most Promising Instrumental Group of 1954 by "Cashbox" magazine. In 1957, their song "Almost Paradise" hit number 18, and Petty won his first BMI writers award. The song had various cover versions released with Roger Williams' version selling the best.

paragraph: Despite the success of his own records, Petty began construction of his Clovis, NM studio in late 1954. The new studio was state of the art, his estimated spending at about $100,000. With the success of "Almost Paradise" it was completed to its current state in mid 1957. In his original 7th Street studio, aside from songs for his own musical group he also produced early singles (several which were hits) for Texas musicians Roy Orbison, Buddy Knox, Waylon Jennings, Charlie "Sugartime" Phillips, Sonny West, Carolyn Hester and Terry Noland. He also produced all of Buddy Holly's recordings that can be classified as rockabilly. Also, the hits "Sugar Shack" and "Bottle of Wine" by Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs and "Wheels" by the String-A-Longs were recorded at Petty's studio in the early '60s.

paragraph: Due to the success with instrumental groups, Petty was a reputable producer for bands of that genre to record with and his Clovis Studio was one of the top "go-to" studios for the guitar instrumental (surf) sound in the early '60s.

paragraph: Petty produced a number of Canadian recording artists, including Wes Dakus & the Rebels, Barry Allen, Gainsborough Gallery, and the Happy Feeling, all which had chart success in their homeland. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, recordings produced by Petty, in various musical styles, were issued by virtually every major record label in the United States and Canada, with numerous regional successes.

paragraph: Petty served as Buddy Holly's producer and also as his first manager until late 1958. Many of Holly's best and most polished efforts were produced at the Clovis studio. After Holly's death, Petty was put in charge of overdubbing unfinished Holly recordings by request of the Holley family (Buddy's parents) and demos which had charting success overseas.

paragraph: Petty purchased the Mesa Theater on Main Street in Clovis in 1960. In 1963, he launched the FM radio station KTQM starting as an easy-listening station, later switching to country-and-western music, and then in 1968 to Top 40 rock. The country genre had local appeal, so he applied for a new station license and started KWKA 680 AM in 1971, airing country-and-western music. Petty ran both stations until 1979. The stations were sold by Curry County Broadcasting to Zia Broadcasting in 2010.

paragraph: Petty died in Lubbock, Texas, in August 1984, of leukemia. Later in 1984 he was posthumously named Clovis Citizen of the Year. His wife, Vi, died in March 1992. She helped start the "Norman and Vi Petty Music Festival" in Clovis in 1987, which ran until 1997. It featured many artists who had recorded at the Clovis studio and also popular hitmakers. Robert Linville requested the name from the Chamber and started the festivals again from 1998 until his death in 2001.

paragraph: Norman and Vi were given awards for "Outstanding Graduate Accomplishment" (in the classes of 1945 and 1946, respectively) by the Clovis Municipal Schools Foundation and Alumni Association in April 2011. The awards are presented to Clovis High School graduates for achievement in their sphere of business; the recipients are chosen because their strength of character and citizenship, to serve as models for today's CHS students. The plaques were given to Vi's relative Nick Brady, who turned them over to Kenneth Broad of the Petty estate to display during studio tours. The original 7th Street Studio is available for tours by appointment only.

paragraph: "The King of Clovis", a book about Petty by Frank Blanas, was published in 2014. A documentary is also in the works from the Super Oldies label.

paragraph: Petty's Nor-Va-Jak record label was revived in 2016 as "Nor-Va-Jak Music", with authorization from Norman Petty Studios, for the purpose of reissuing Petty productions that were not previously available on CD.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nor-Va-Jak Music". Authorized CDs of Petty Productions, discography, info

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Almost Paradise: The Definitive History". DVD documentary

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Norman Petty Studios/Nor-Va-Jak Music" on Facebook

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Interview with Norman Petty". "Songwriter" magazine, International Songwriters Association

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Norman Petty Interview" on Pop Chronicles (recorded April 1968)

description: American musician and record producer, talent manager

wikidata_label: Norman Petty

wikipedia_title: Norman Petty


text: Unionist Vanguard

text: Cookstown, County Tyrone

text: Royal School Dungannon

text: Larne Grammar School

text: Queen's University Belfast

text: Royal Air Force

text: World War II

text: Ulster Unionist Party

text: Ulster Young Unionist Council

text: Stormont Parliament

text: Larne

text: Terence O'Neill

text: civil rights

text: IRA

text: Ulster nationalism

text: Ulster Loyalist Association

text: Martin Smyth

text: Austin Ardill

text: Belfast's

text: Ormeau Park

text: Stormont Parliament

text: Ulster

text: Conservative Monday Club

text: UK Government

text: Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party

text: United Ulster Unionist Council

text: Sunningdale Agreement

text: Northern Ireland Assembly

text: Sunningdale Agreement

text: UK Parliament

text: February 1974 general election

text: East Belfast

text: Social Democratic and Labour Party

text: United Ulster Unionist Party

text: 1979 general election

text: Northern Ireland Assembly

text: East Belfast

text: Terence O'Neill

text: James Chichester-Clark

text: Brian Faulkner

text: Unionist Vanguard

text: Northern Ireland Executive

text: Social Democratic and Labour Party

text: Alliance Party

text: Ulster Unionist Party

text: Northern Irish

categories: Members of the Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention,Members of the Northern Ireland Assembly 1973–1974,People from Cookstown,UK MPs 1974,Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party politicians,Northern Ireland Cabinet ministers (Parliament of Northern Ireland),2011 deaths,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Belfast constituencies (since 1922),Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1958–1962,Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1969–1973,Alumni of Queen's University Belfast,Leaders of political parties in Northern Ireland,Members of the Privy Council of Northern Ireland,Ulster Unionist Party members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland,People educated at Larne Grammar School,Solicitors from Northern Ireland,UK MPs 1974–1979,People of The Troubles (Northern Ireland),Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1965–1969,Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1962–1965,1924 births

paragraph: William Craig (Northern Ireland politician)

paragraph: William "Bill" Craig (2 December 1924 – 25 April 2011) was a Northern Irish politician best known for forming the Unionist Vanguard movement.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: From Cookstown, County Tyrone, Craig was educated at Royal School Dungannon, Larne Grammar School and Queen's University Belfast.

paragraph: After serving in the Royal Air Force (as a Lancaster bomber rear gunner) during World War II, he became a solicitor.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Politics.

paragraph: He was active in the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) and led the Ulster Young Unionist Council. He was elected to the Stormont Parliament in a by-election in 1960 for Larne, and became a Minister in 1963. He held several portfolios under Terence O'Neill, eventually as Minister for Home Affairs. His most notable action while in this office was to ban the march of Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association on 5 October 1968. He also accused the civil rights movement of being a political front for the IRA.

paragraph: On 11 December 1968, O'Neill dismissed Craig when he suspected Craig was a supporter of Ulster nationalism. Craig began to build a power base for himself within unionism, becoming head of the Ulster Loyalist Association. The UUP withdrew the whip from him in May 1970 and Craig then began to make plans to form his own political party. The Ulster Vanguard movement was formed on 9 February 1972 under Craig's leadership (the Deputy Leaders were the Reverend Martin Smyth and Captain Austin Ardill).

paragraph: Ulster Vanguard advocated a semi-independent Northern Ireland. Vanguard held a large rally on 18 March 1972 in Belfast's Ormeau Park at which Craig said "We must build up the dossiers on the men and women who are a menace to this country, because one day, ladies and gentlemen, if the politicians fail, it may be our job to liquidate the enemy". Vanguard also staged a two-day strike in protest at the prorogation of the Stormont Parliament.

paragraph: In April 1972, Vanguard issued a policy statement "Ulster – A Nation" which said that Northern Ireland might have to consider independence. In October, he spoke at a meeting of the Conservative Monday Club, a group of right-wing Conservative MPs at Westminster. He told them he could mobilise 80,000 men to oppose the UK Government, adding ""We are prepared to come out and shoot and kill. I am prepared to come out and shoot and kill, let's put the bluff aside. I am prepared to kill, and those behind me will have my full support."" In March 1973, the Ulster Vanguard became the Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party.

paragraph: The Vanguard Unionists under Craig formed part of the United Ulster Unionist Council which opposed the power-sharing Sunningdale Agreement. Craig was elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly created under the Sunningdale Agreement, and he won a seat in the UK Parliament at the February 1974 general election for East Belfast. However, in the Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention in the mid-1970s, Craig broke with the majority of his party to support voluntary power-sharing with the Social Democratic and Labour Party. The Vanguard Unionists fell apart, with one section forming the United Ulster Unionist Party, and Craig led the remains of Vanguard to rejoin the Ulster Unionist Party in 1978, but lost his seat at the 1979 general election.

paragraph: Craig subsequently broke with the Ulster Unionists once more. When elections were held for the new Northern Ireland Assembly in 1982, Craig revived the name Vanguard for his candidacy in East Belfast. However, he failed to be elected. That marked the effective end of Craig's political career.

paragraph: After a long period away from public life, he died on 25 April 2011. He had suffered a stroke the previous month. Many historians have agreed that Craig found it difficult to accept that Northern Ireland had to make social and economic reforms. Craig led opposition to those proposals throughout the premiership of Terence O'Neill, James Chichester-Clark and Brian Faulkner. Although he showed few intentions when he became the leader of the Unionist Vanguard movement, he showed public intention to form a Northern Ireland Executive in 1975 with the Social Democratic and Labour Party, along with the Alliance Party and Ulster Unionist Party. That is mainly overshadowed due to his early political beliefs and refusal to accept reform and change to Northern Irish society.

description: Northern Irish politician and founder of the Unionist Vanguard movement

wikidata_label: William Craig


text: Pretoria

text: highveld

text: Africana Museum

text: Durban Art Gallery

text: Second Boer War

text: Anton van Wouw

text: Hugo Naude

text: Frans Oerder

text: Heidelberg

text: Namibia

text: Bushmen

text: Graaff-Reinet

text: mural

text: South Africa House

text: Trafalgar Square

text: Honorary Doctorate

text: University of Natal

text: Jacob Hendrik Pierneef Art

text: J.H. Pierneef (1886–1957)

text: Jacob Hendrik Pierneef 1886 – 1957

text: Pierneef Works

text: Pierneef gallery

categories: Afrikaner people,1886 births,1957 deaths,White South African people,South African people of Dutch descent,South African artists

paragraph: Jacobus Hendrik Pierneef

paragraph: Jacobus Hendrik (Henk) Pierneef (usually referred to as Pierneef) (13 August 1886 Pretoria – 4 October 1957 Pretoria), was a South African landscape artist, generally considered to be one of the best of the old South African masters. His distinctive style is widely recognised and his work was greatly influenced by the South African landscape.

paragraph: Most of his landscapes were of the South African highveld, which provided a lifelong source of inspiration for him. Pierneef's style was to reduce and simplify the landscape to geometric structures, using flat planes, lines and colour to present the harmony and order in nature. This resulted in formalised, ordered and often-monumental view of the South African landscape, uninhabited and with dramatic light and colour.

paragraph: Pierneef's work can be seen worldwide in many private, corporate and public collections, including the Africana Museum, Durban Art Gallery, Johannesburg Art Gallery, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Art Museum, Pierneef Museum and the Pretoria Art Gallery.

paragraph: Section::::Life history.

paragraph: Pierneef was born in Pretoria, from Dutch and Boer parentage. He started his high school career at the "Staatsmodelschool" (literally "model state school") there, where he took his first art classes, but it was interrupted by the Second Boer War. Due to the war, the Pierneef family decided to move back to the Netherlands in 1901. While there he studied at the Rotterdamse Kunstakademie. During this time, he also came into contact with the works of the old masters, which left a lasting impression on him.

paragraph: Pierneef returned to Pretoria at the age of 18, where he met with and was encouraged by already established South African artists such as his godfather Anton van Wouw, Hugo Naude and Frans Oerder. His first public exhibition, where his work was generally well received, was with van Wouw and Naude in 1902. He worked at the State Library during the night for almost ten years and painted in his studio during the day. In 1910, Pierneef married Agatha Delen, a woman 12 years his senior.

paragraph: Pierneef held his first solo exhibition in 1913, to great critical acclaim, some even describing his work as that of a genius, which inspired him greatly. His second solo exhibition was held two years later and was also very well received. During this period, he also did various illustrations for a periodicals and books.

paragraph: In 1918, Pierneef left the State Library and started a career as an art lecturer at the Heidelberg (South Africa) College of Education. During the following year, he also started teaching drawing at the Pretoria College of Education. These positions gave him the opportunity to focus on his art and he participated in many successful solo and group exhibitions during 1920 to 1921. Due to the recognition that he received, Pierneef realised that he was setting the trend for a unique South African style. Personally, it was a difficult time in his life – his wife Agatha suffered from a mental disorder and also started to lose her sight.

paragraph: Pierneef resigned as lecturer and became a full-time painter in 1923, due to differences of opinion regarding the curriculum with the Department of Education.

paragraph: Pierneef visited South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1923 to 1924, where he sketched extensively for paintings that would later be completed in his studio. These would later be considered some of his best works.

paragraph: Despite his successes, he was experiencing some financial difficulties, and had to resort to other jobs to make ends meet. During one of these, an advertising project to sell the land around Hartebeespoort dam, he met his future second wife, a Dutch woman named May Schoep. Pierneef divorced Agatha in 1923 and married May in 1924.

paragraph: The couple visited Europe from 1925 to 1926, where Pierneef promoted his art and also studied the newest art movements. He also held a solo exhibition in the Netherlands, where his Bushmen drawings drew great attention.

paragraph: In 1927 Pierneef's daughter was born and he held a very successful exhibition of 86 of his works in Pretoria. However, during his solo exhibition the following year, he had some abstract modern works on display, which were very badly received, compelling him to revert to his old style. His daughter's name was Marita ("Mickie") Pierneef. May Pierneef (née Shoep) was the sister of Albertha Louise du Preez, nickname Be (née Schoep) who was married to Dr Jan Dirk Gysbert du Preez (a doctor, graduated in the Netherlands and Maths genius), who brought May Schoep and their mother, Wietje, to South Africa from the Netherlands, when he married Be.

paragraph: Pierneef accepted a commission in 1929 to paint 32 panels for the interior of the then-new Johannesburg Railway Station, a task he completed by 1932. The panels are now to be seen at the Rupert Museum in Stellenbosch (having previously been displayed in Graaff-Reinet) and are considered to be some of his best work.

paragraph: In 1933, he was commissioned to do seven murals for South Africa House, the South African embassy on Trafalgar Square, London. Pierneef completed this work in 1934.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: Pierneef received numerous honours and awards during his lifetime, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1935 – The Medal for Visual Arts for his Johannesburg Station Panels as well as for his panels in South Africa House in London.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1951 – Honorary Doctorate, University of Natal.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1957 – Honorary Doctorate of Philosophy, University of Pretoria.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1957 – Honorary Membership of the South African Academy for Science and Art ('’Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns'’).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacob Hendrik Pierneef Art, absolutart.co.za

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacob Hendrik Pierneef – South African Artist, arcyart.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- J.H. Pierneef (1886–1957) , vgallery.co.za

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacob Hendrik Pierneef 1886 – 1957, sahistory.org.za

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pierneef Works, images.google.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pierneef gallery

alias:
J. H. Pierneef
Jacob Hendrik Pierneef

description: South African artist

wikidata_label: Jacobus Hendrik Pierneef

wikipedia_title: Jacobus Hendrik Pierneef


text: Hittite empire

text: short chronology

text: Mursili II

text: Gassulawiya

text: Tarhuntassa

text: Hattusili

text: Hattusa

text: Alaksandu

text: Wilusa

text: Troy

text: Arzawa

text: Seti I

text: Kadesh

text: Mursili III

text: Kurunta

text: Tarhuntassa

text: Tudhaliya IV

text: Maathorneferure

text: Muwatalli I

text: Tudhaliya I

text: Tarhuntassa

text: Hattusili III

text: Kaska

text: Piyamaradu

text: Itamar Singer

text: Akhenaten

text: Storm God

text: Ramesses II

text: Battle of Kadesh

text: Ramesseum

text: History of the Hittites

text: Reign of Muwatalli II

text: Itamar Singer

categories: 1270s BC deaths,Hittite kings,13th-century BC rulers

paragraph: Muwatalli II

paragraph: Muwatalli II (also Muwatallis, or Muwatallish) was a king of the New Kingdom of the Hittite empire (c. 1295–1272 BC (short chronology)).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the eldest son of Mursili II and Queen Gassulawiya, and he had several siblings.

paragraph: He is best known for relocating the Hittite capital to Tarhuntassa and appointing his brother Hattusili as governor in Hattusa.

paragraph: A copy of a treaty has been recovered between him and Alaksandu, ruler of Wilusa (Troy), one of the Arzawa lands.

paragraph: Egyptologists suspect that some time prior to Ramesses II's accession to the Egyptian throne, Muwattalli had reached an informal peace treaty or understanding with Seti I over Kadesh to avoid a clash between the two powers over control of Syria. In it, Seti effectively ceded Kadesh to the Hittite king in order to focus on domestic issues in Egypt.

paragraph: Muwatalli had a wife named Tanu-Ḫepa and at least two children. One was Urhi-Teshup, who became king as Mursili III until his uncle Hattusili III deposed him. Another was Kurunta who became the vassal ruler of Tarhuntassa during the reign of Hattusili III. Another person named Ulmi-Teshup is suggested to be a third son of Muwatalli II but it is quite likely that Ulmi-Teshup and Kurunta are the same person.

paragraph: Tudhaliya IV and Egyptian Queen Maathorneferure were the nephew and niece of Muwatalli.

paragraph: Muwatalli's namesake, Muwatalli I, was a pre-Empire king of the early 14th century, the predecessor of Tudhaliya I.

paragraph: Section::::The Move to Tarhuntassa.

paragraph: At the start of Muwatalli II’s reign the capital of Hatti was Hattusa, located in the northern region of Anatolia. Not long after he came into power, he made the decision to move the capital to a new location, which he named Tarhuntassa. There is no documentation stating the reason why the capital was moved, but scholars, based on later texts written by his brother Hattusili III and the campaigns Muwatalli II fought, have come up with two possible reasons.

paragraph: The first theory is that Muwatlli II moved the capital because of the border skirmishes between the Hittites and the Kaska, and later the rebellion by Piyamaradu. These disputes were on the northern border, and the capital of Hattusa is located near the northern border. After stabilizing the northern border, he moved the capital farther south, to the new location of Tarhuntassa. This new location was not only farther away from the troublesome northern border, but it was also strategically better for the upcoming fight against Egypt over Syria.

paragraph: The second theory of why Muwatalli II moved his capital south is for religious reasons. Itamar Singer, in his essay “The Failed Reforms of Akhenaten and Muwatalli” states that the reason for the move had deeper roots in a religious reform, although he does acknowledge the political advantages of the move. The main evidence for this is how the depiction of the Storm God on his royal seals changes significantly after the expulsion of Danuhepa. Muwatalli II introduces a new motif for seals that is followed by all the Hittite kings that rule after him: the Umarmungsszene. This style is identifiable because it shows the king being embraced by one (or more) gods. In Muwatalli II’s seals, he is being embraced by the Storm God of Lightning instead of the traditional Storm God of Heaven.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Kadesh.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Kadesh.:Overview.

paragraph: Muwatalli II is best known as the Hittite ruler who fought Ramesses II to a standstill at the Battle of Kadesh around 1274 BC.

paragraph: This battle, fought between the forces of Ramses II and Muwatalli II, happened in 1274 BC. Although both sides claimed victory in this war, scholars generally believe that the battle ended badly for both sides, especially Ramesses II. This is because both sides suffered heavy losses and their military strength was reduced. What makes this battle unique is not how it ended, but that out of all the battles that Ramses II fought during his reign, he gave special attention to this battle. This is evident by the fact that he produced two official versions of the battle: the Literary Record, sometimes referred to as the Poem, and the Pictorial Record, which includes the Bulletin, a short record of the battle and carved images. These two depictions of the battle are found inscribed in five different Egyptian temples, including the Ramesseum. The second thing that makes this battle noteworthy is the tactics that Muwatalli II used against the Egyptian Army.

paragraph: The general outline of the battle is this: Muwatlli II gathered his troops in northern Syria and sent out scouts and spies to ascertain the location of Ramesses II army. The spies reached Ramesses II and the division of Amun, when he was first approaching Kadesh. The spies, pretending to be deserters, gained the ear of Ramses II. They used this to convince him that the Hittite army was over hundred miles away in Aleppo. Sometime later, other Hittite scouts were caught, and Ramesses II discovered the ruse: Muwatalli II was right outside of Kadesh with his forces.

paragraph: The battle began when the Hittite forces attacked the Egyptian army that was marching towards Kadesh. Ramses II, at his camp in Kadesh, had gone ahead of his other divisions and only had one division of his army with him. While the division to the south of Ramses II was being attacked by one attachment of Hittite charioteers, Muwatalli II had sent a second division of charioteers to attack Ramses II camp. Ramses II forces managed to fend off the Hittite attack and “win” the battle on the following day.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Kadesh.:Overview.:The Egyptian Account.

paragraph: The two accounts that Ramses II created of the battle depict it as an epic struggle against the Hittite army, where Ramses II shows off his prowess as a brilliant military leader. In the shorter Bulletin, Muwatalli II is frequently described as “the vile Chief of Khatti.” Ramses II admits to having heard the false reports of Muwatalli II’s whereabouts, but when he discovers where Muwatalli II’s forces really are, he claims that “His majesty slaughtered them in their places; they sprawled before his horses; and his majesty was alone, no other was with him.” In the longer Poem, Ramesses II again calls Muwatalli II the “vile foe of Khatti” but in this version he also depicts Muwatalli II as being afraid of him, saying “the vile Chief of Khattii stood in the midst of the army that was with him and did not come out to fight for fear of his majesty” and “the wretched Chief of Khatti stood among his troops and chariots… stood turning, shrinking, afraid.” The Poem and Bulletin both end with Ramesses II winning a stunning victory over Muwatalli II and the Poem ends with Muwatalli signing a peace treaty with Ramesses II out of fear.

paragraph: Despite the enthusiastic depiction of the battle by Ramesses II, scholars have concluded that the battle was a disaster for Ramesses II. This is because after the battle, Muwatalli II continued to expand into Syria and the Egyptian expansion was stopped in the area of Palestine.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the Hittites

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reign of Muwatalli II

paragraph: BULLET::::- The failed reforms of Akhenaten and Muwatalli by Itamar Singer in British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan (BMSAES) 6(2006), pp. 37–58

description: Hittite king

wikidata_label: Muwatalli II

wikipedia_title: Muwatalli II


text:
Tudhaliya IV
Hittite Empire
short chronology
Tukulti-Ninurta I
Middle Assyrian Empire
Cypriots
Claude Schaeffer
Ugaritic
Hieroglyphic Luwian
Tarhuntassa
Alasiya
Cyprus
Hattusa
Muwatalli II
Sea Peoples
Ugarit
Kaskians
Phrygian
Kuzi-Teshub
Carchemish
Suppiluliuma I
History of the Hittites
Reign of Suppiluliuma II

categories: Hittite kings,1170s BC deaths,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Suppiluliuma II

paragraph: Suppiluliuma II, the son of Tudhaliya IV, was the last known king of the New Kingdom of the Hittite Empire, ruling –1178 BC (short chronology), contemporary with Tukulti-Ninurta I of the Middle Assyrian Empire.

paragraph: Section::::His life and reign.

paragraph: In 1210 BC, a fleet under his command defeated one manned by the Cypriots, the first recorded naval battle in history. According to some historians (Claude Schaeffer, Horst Nowacki, Wolfgang Lefèvre), this and following two victories against Cypriots were probably won by using Ugaritic ships.

paragraph: He is known from two inscriptions in Hieroglyphic Luwian. They record wars against former vassal Tarhuntassa, and against Alasiya in Cyprus. One inscription is found at the base of Nisantepe in the Upper City of Hattusa; the other is on the northern corner of the East Pond (Pond 1), in what is known as Chamber 2. This served as a water reservoir for Hattusa.

paragraph: The chamber 2 reliefs are historically important since it records major political instability which plagued Hatti during Suppiluliuma's reign. It states that this ruler sacked the city of Tarhutassa which was a Hittite city and had briefly served as the Empire's political capital under the reign of Muwatalli II.

paragraph: The Sea Peoples had already begun their push down the Mediterranean coastline, starting from the Aegean, and continuing all the way to Canaan, founding the state of Philistia—taking Cilicia and Cyprus away from the Hittites en route and cutting off their coveted trade routes. Based on records in Ugarit, the threat originated in the west, and the Hittite king asked for assistance from Ugarit.

paragraph: Suppiluliuma II was probably the ruler who abandoned the capital city of Hattusa, inducing the end of the Hittite empire. Some sources indicate Suppiluliuma II's end is unknown or he was simply "vanished", while some claim he was killed during the sack of Hattusa in 1190 BC.

paragraph: After Suppiluliuma's kingdom collapsed, the Kaskians possibly took over control of Hatti. Hattusa itself was destroyed by fire, its site only re-occupied by a Phrygian fortress some 500 years later. Kuzi-Teshub, a ruler of Carchemish, would later assume the title of "Great King" since he was a direct descendent of Suppiluliuma I.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the Hittites

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Astour, AJA 69 (1965).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Güterbock, JNES 26 (1967), 73-81.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reign of Suppiluliuma II

description: Hittite king

wikidata_label: Suppiluliuma II

wikipedia_title: Suppiluliuma II


text: Hittite

text: Hittite empire

text: short chronology timeline

text: Mursili II

text: Gassulawiya

text: Ishtar

text: Muwattalli II

text: Puduhepa

text: Ishtar

text: Tudhaliya IV

text: Hattusa

text: Tarhuntassa

text: Battle of Kadesh

text: Ramesses II

text: Puduhepa

text: Nerik

text: Urhi-Teshub

text: Mursili III

text: Nerik

text: Eternal Treaty

text: History of the Hittites

text: Reign of Hattusili III

text: The Apology of Hattusilis III

paragraph: Ḫattušili III

paragraph: Hattusili III (Hittite: "from Hattusa") was king of the Hittite empire (New Kingdom) c. 1267–1237 BC (short chronology timeline).

paragraph: Section::::Early life and family.

paragraph: Much of what is known about the childhood of Hattusili III is gathered from a biographical account, written on a stone tablet during his reign, referred to as the "Apology". Hattusili III was born the youngest of four children to the Hittite king Mursili II and queen Gassulawiya. According to Hattusili III himself, he was an ill and sickly child who was initially expected not to survive to adulthood. Hattusili III credited the Goddess Ishtar with saving his life during this period, and would remain an ardent patron of Ishtar indefinitely. Due to his place as the youngest son, Hattusili III did not become king after the death of his father. Instead his older brother Muwattalli II ascended the throne.

paragraph: Before becoming king, Hattusili III married Puduhepa, a priestess of Ishtar, who later became an important Hittite queen in her own right. With Puduhepa, Hattusili III had three children, including his successor Tudhaliya IV.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to kingship and reign as king.

paragraph: When his brother Muwattalli II became king, Hattusili III was appointed to govern over the northern lands of the Hittite empire. While this initially caused minor controversy among the locals and the ousted governor, Hattusili III was quick to quash dissidence with military force and turned his eyes towards conquering new territories surrounding the northern Hittite lands. When the King made the decision to move the capital from Hattusa to Tarhuntassa, Hattusili III was left to quash the rebellions that arose due to this decision. Subsequently, Hattusili III was made King of the northern territories by his brother Muwattalli II.

paragraph: During the Battle of Kadesh (1274 BC), Hattusili III commanded Hittite forces in the battle against Egypt and Ramesses II. It was after this battle that he married the future queen Puduhepa while on his way back to his kingdom in the North. Hattusili III was also responsible for reclaiming the holy city of Nerik for the Hittite empire, an act that he named his eldest son, Nerikkaili, in commemoration of.

paragraph: Upon the death of Muwattalli II, Hattusili III's nephew Urhi-Teshub became king. There was controversy with this appointment, because Urhi-Teshub was the son of Muwattalli's concubine, not his wife. Despite his origins as a "second-rank son", Hattusili III initially supported Urhi-Teshub's kingship as it was the wish of Muwatalli II that Urhi-Teshub should rule. Urhi-Teshub ruled under the name Mursili III. Shortly after his accession to the throne, Mursili III had the capital moved from Tarhuntassa back to its original home of Hattussa. This effectively reduced much of Hattusili's power in the region and nullified his role as king of the northern territories. Hattusili III was also stripped of all of his territories aside from Hapkis and Nerik. This strained the relationship greatly, and upon having Nerik stripped of him as well, Hattusili III sought to usurp the throne.

paragraph: After deposing Mursili III as king, Hattusili III exiled him to Syria. Hattusili III appointed Muwattalli II's other son Kurunta, whom he himself had raised, to govern Tarhuntassa in a similar capacity that Hattusili III himself had once held.

paragraph: As king, Hattussili III sought to keep a correspondence with many different kingships in the surrounding areas. After his ascension to the throne, Hattusili III began a correspondence with Egyptian Pharoah Ramesses II that culminated in the first ever recorded peace treaty, the Eternal Treaty (also known as the Treaty of Kadesh). This correspondence took place roughly fifteen years after the Battle of Kadesh.

paragraph: Hattusili's reign as king is notable for the large collection of letters and written accounts unearthed from this period. Over two-hundred letters were unearthed at the site of the royal palace in Hattusa. These primary sources, including "The Apology," the Talagalawa letter, and the Arzawa letters, are considered among the very few primary sources available from the Hittite empire of the time.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the Hittites

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reign of Hattusili III

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Eternal Treaty" from the Hittite perspective by Trevor Bryce, BMSAES 6 (2006), pp. 1–11

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Apology of Hattusilis III" Hittite text and English translation at UT Austin Linguistics Research Center

alias:
Ḫattušili III
Khattushili III

description: Hittite king

wikidata_label: Hattusili III

wikipedia_title: Ḫattušili III


text:
Hittite Empire
short chronology
Arnuwanda II
Kaskas
Arzawa
solar eclipse
Muwatalli II
chronology of the Ancient Near East
Trevor R. Bryce
Paul Åström
Peloponnese
Suppiluliuma I
Hittite Empire
Queen Henti
Arnuwanda II
Gassulawiya
Muwatalli
Hattusili III
Ramesses II
Tanuhepa
Mursili III
Maathorneferure
Tudhaliya IV
History of the Hittites
Philip Armstrong
The Chronicles of Tupiluliuma
Tupilu
The Shadow Prince
Ra'an
Suppiluliumas
Birrula
Janet Morris
biographical novel
Chie Shinohara
Red River
Bryce, Trevor
Bryce, Trevor
Reign of Mursili II

categories: 1290s BC deaths,Hittite kings,14th-century BC rulers

paragraph: Muršili II

paragraph: Mursili II (also spelled Mursilis II) was a king of the Hittite Empire (New kingdom) c. 1321–1295 BC (short chronology).

paragraph: Section::::King of the Hittites.

paragraph: Mursili assumed the Hittite throne after the premature death of Arnuwanda II who, like their father, fell victim to the plague which ravaged the Hatti in the 1320s BC. He was greeted with contempt by Hatti's enemies and faced numerous rebellions early in his reign, the most serious of which were those initiated by the Kaskas in the mountains of Anatolia, but also by the Arzawa kingdom in southwest Asia Minor because he was perceived to be an inexperienced ruler who only became king due to the early death of Arnuwanda. Mursili records the scorn of his foes in his Annals:

paragraph: While Mursili was a young and inexperienced king, he was almost certainly not a child when he took the Hittite throne and must have reached an age to be capable of ruling in his own right. Had he been a child, other arrangements would have been made to secure the stability of the Empire; Mursili after all had two surviving elder brothers who served as the viceroys of Carchemish (i.e.: Sarri-Kush) and Aleppo respectively.

paragraph: Mursili II would prove to be more than a match for his successful father, in his military deeds and diplomacy. The Annals for the first ten years of his reign have survived and record that he carried out punitive campaigns against the Kaska tribes in the first two years of his reign in order to secure his kingdom's northern borders. The king then turned to the West to resist the aggression of Uhhaziti, king of Arzawa, who was attempting to lure away Hittite allies into his camp. The Annals also reveal that an "omen of the sun," or solar eclipse, occurred in his tenth year as king, just as he was about to launch his campaign against the Kaska peoples.

paragraph: While Mursili II's highest confirmed date was his twenty-second year, he is believed to have lived beyond this date for a few more years and died after a reign of around 25 to 27 years. He was succeeded by his son Muwatalli II.

paragraph: Section::::The eclipse.

paragraph: Mursili's Year 10 solar eclipse is of great importance for the dating of the Hittite Empire within the chronology of the Ancient Near East. There are only two possible dates for the eclipse: 24 June 1312 BC or 13 April 1308 BC. The earlier date is accepted by Hittitologists such as Trevor R. Bryce (1998), while Paul Åström (1993) has suggested the later date. However, most scholars accept the 1312 BC event because this eclipse's effects would have been particularly dramatic with a near total eclipse over the Peloponnese region and Anatolia (where Mursili II was campaigning) around noon. In contrast, the 1308 BC astronomical event began in Arabia and then travelled eastwards in a northeasterly direction; it only reached its maximum impact over Mongolia and Central Asia. It occurred over Anatolia around 8:20 in the morning making it less noticeable.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Mursili was the third born son of King Suppiluliuma I, one of the most powerful men to rule over the Hittite Empire, and Queen Henti . He was the younger brother of Arnuwanda II, he also had a sister and one more brother.

paragraph: Mursili is known to have had several children with his first wife Gassulawiya including three sons named Muwatalli, Hattusili III and Halpasulupi. A daughter named Massanauzzi (referred to as Matanaza in correspondence with the Egyptian king Ramesses II) was married to Masturi, a ruler of a vassal state. Mursili had further sons with a second wife named Tanuhepa. The names of the sons of this second wife have not been recorded however.

paragraph: Through his son Muwatalli he had a grandson who also ruled the kingdom, Mursili III, Queen Maathorneferure and Tudhaliya IV were also grandchildren of Mursili II.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the Hittites

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mursilis appears as a significant figure in the first two novels of Philip Armstrong's series "The Chronicles of Tupiluliuma". He is Tupilu's uncle, who took him into his own family when he was orphaned, and is portrayed as a thoughtful, sympathetic man. In The Shadow Prince, he is haunted by guilt at his father's apparent usurpation of the throne and comes to believe that only his own self-sacrifice will abate the gods' anger and end the plague known as the White Death; he is dissuaded from this action by Ra'an, who explains the true circumstances of his father, Suppiluliumas, coming to the throne. He is also revealed to be, unwittingly, the biological father of the Amazon princess, Birrula. In the second book, , he suffers a stroke and is nursed back to health by Kantiya, daughter of the royal physician.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janet Morris wrote a detailed biographical novel, "I, the Sun", whose subject was Suppiluliuma I. Mursili II is an important figure in this novel, in which all characters are from the historical record, which Dr. Jerry Pournelle called "a masterpiece of historical fiction" and about which O.M. Gurney, Hittite scholar and author of "The Hittites", commented that "the author is familiar with every aspect of Hittite culture". Morris' book was republished by The Perseid Press in April 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chie Shinohara wrote the manga series "Red River" (also known as Anatolia Story), about a fifteen-year-old Japanese girl named Yuri Suzuki, who is magically transported to Hattusa, the capital of the Hittite Empire in Anatolia. She was summoned by Queen Nakia who means to use Yuri as a human sacrifice. Yuri's blood is the key element needed in placing a curse upon the princes of the land so that they will perish, leaving Nakia's son as the sole heir to the throne. As the story progresses, however, Yuri not only repeatedly manages to escape Nakia's scheming, she also becomes revered as an incarnation of the goddess Ishtar and falls in love with prince Kail. Mursili II is portrayed as Prince Kail.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mursili II is a major figure in all three books of the Amarna Trilogy by Grea Alexander. In the series, Mursili becomes obsessed with appeasing the gods and regaining their favor after his father's betrayal of the Telepenus’s Proclamation and the disasters that befall the Hittites following the so-called Zannanza affair.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Astrom, Paul, 'The Omen of the Sun in the Tenth Year of the Reign of Mursilis II', in "Horizons and Styles: Studies in Early Art and Archaeology in Honour of Professor Homer L. Thomas" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bryce, Trevor, "The Kingdom of the Hittites." Oxford University Press, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bryce, Trevor, "Life and society in the Hittite world." Oxford University Press, 2002.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reign of Mursili II

alias:
Muršili II
Murshili II

description: King of the Hittite empire

wikidata_label: Mursili II

wikipedia_title: Muršili II


text: Henry IV of England

text: Henry V

text: Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford

text: Joan FitzAlan

text: Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel

text: Eleanor of Lancaster

text: Llywelyn the Great

text: Eleanor de Bohun

text: Edward III

text: John of Gaunt

text: Arundel Castle

text: Monmouth Castle

text: Henry V

text: Thomas

text: Henry V of England

text: Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence

text: John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford

text: Blanche of England

text: Louis III, Elector Palatine

text: Philippa of England

text: Eric of Pomerania

text: Peterborough Castle

text: Philippa of England

text: Leicester

text: Middleages.org article on Mary de Bohun

text: Document on Women and Spirituality

categories: 1360s births,Bohun family,1394 deaths,14th-century English women,14th-century English people,House of Lancaster,Henry IV of England,Date of birth unknown,Deaths in childbirth

paragraph: Mary de Bohun

paragraph: Mary de Bohun (c. 1369/70 – 4 June 1394) was the first wife of King Henry IV of England and the mother of King Henry V. Mary was never queen, as she died before her husband came to the throne.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Mary was the daughter of Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford, and Joan FitzAlan (1347/48–1419), the daughter of Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel, and Eleanor of Lancaster. Through her mother, Mary was descended from Llywelyn the Great.

paragraph: Mary and her elder sister, Eleanor de Bohun, were the heiresses of their father's substantial possessions. Eleanor became the wife of Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, the youngest child of Edward III. In an effort to keep the inheritance for himself and his wife, Thomas of Woodstock pressured the child Mary into becoming a nun. In a plot with John of Gaunt, Mary's aunt took her from Thomas' castle at Pleshey back to Arundel whereupon she was married to Henry Bolingbroke, the future Henry IV.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: Mary married Henry—then known as Bolingbroke—on 27 July 1380, at Arundel Castle. It was at Monmouth Castle, one of her husband's possessions, that Mary gave birth to her first child, the future Henry V, on 16 September 1386. Her second child, Thomas, was born probably at London shortly before 25 November 1387.

paragraph: Her children were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry V of England (1386–1422)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence (1387–1421)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford (1389–1435)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Humphrey of Lancaster, Duke of Gloucester (1390–1447)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blanche of England (1392–1409) married in 1402 Louis III, Elector Palatine

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philippa of England (1394–1430) married in 1406 Eric of Pomerania, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Mary de Bohun died at Peterborough Castle, giving birth to her last child, a daughter, Philippa of England. She was buried in the collegiate Church of the Annunciation of Our Lady of the Newarke, Leicester on 6 July 1394.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Middleages.org article on Mary de Bohun

paragraph: BULLET::::- thepeerage.com article on Henry Bolingbroke – contains information on Mary de Bohun

paragraph: BULLET::::- Document on Women and Spirituality from the University of the West of England – contains information on Mary de Bohun's spiritual life

description: wife of King Henry IV of England

wikidata_label: Mary de Bohun

wikipedia_title: Mary de Bohun