text: Flemish

text: artist

text: photographer

text: painter

text: sculptor

text: tapestry

text: Rom

text: Gustave Moreau

text: Romani people

text: Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Antwerp

text: Romanies

text: La Santé Prison

text: Miranda de Ebro

text: Holland Park Avenue

text: Gypsy Lore Society

text: School of Oriental and African Studies

text: Royal Institute of British Architects

text: Fifth Avenue

text: Hugo Gallery

text: Manhattanville College

text: Museum of Contemporary Craft

text: Jean Lurçat

text: Arts Club of Chicago

text: Henri Storck

text: Luc de Heusch

text: Octavio Paz

text: Dizzy Gillespie

text: Congress of Racial Equality

text: Pierre Dominique Gaisseau

text: American Institute of Architects (AIA)

text: Kenzo Okada

text: Margaret Mead

text: Redbook

text: Greenwich Village

text: Sears Tower

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: Christophe Plantin Prize

wikipedia_title:
Flemish Region
Artist
Photographer
Painting
Sculpture
Tapestry
Romani people
Gustave Moreau
Romani people
Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Antwerp)
Romani people
La Cambre
La Santé Prison
Miranda de Ebro
Holland Park Avenue
Gypsy Lore Society
SOAS University of London
Royal Institute of British Architects
Fifth Avenue
Hugo Gallery
Manhattanville College
Museum of Contemporary Craft
Jean Lurçat
Arts Club of Chicago
Henri Storck
Luc de Heusch
Octavio Paz
Dizzy Gillespie
Congress of Racial Equality
Pierre Dominique Gaisseau
American Institute of Architects
Kenzo Okada
Margaret Mead
Redbook
Greenwich Village
Willis Tower
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Christophe Plantin Prize

categories: 20th-century Belgian painters,1922 births,Artists from Antwerp,20th-century Belgian sculptors,Belgian photographers,Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Antwerp) alumni,American people of Flemish descent,1977 deaths

paragraph: Jan Yoors

paragraph: Jan Yoors (12 April 192227 November 1977) was a Flemish-American artist, photographer, painter, sculptor, writer, filmmaker, and tapestry creator. Growing up in Antwerp to liberal, pacifist parents, his father Eugeen Yoors, a famed stained-glass artist, Yoors studied painting before deciding to live with a Rom "kumpania" he encountered on the outskirts of Antwerp at the age of twelve, and about which he would later write two memoirs, "The Gypsies" (1967) and "Crossing: A Journal of Survival and Resistance in World War II" (1971), the latter about living with the Rom during World War II. Yoors fled to London after the war where he lived with his wife Annebert and her best friend Marianne. It is at this point that Yoors began to design tapestries and set up a tapestry studio with his wife Annebert and Marianne. In 1950 he moved to New York, traveling there under the guise of a journalist. The following year, Annebert and Marianne joined and the three set up the Jan Yoors Studio. In New York, Yoors befriended numerous figures in the art and design worlds. He received commissions from corporations such as Bank of America, and J.P. Morgan, and private collectors. His work was seen in numerous exhibitions across the United States and internationally. In New York in the 50s, Yoors also continued his passion for photography, which he began while living with the Rom, documenting the streets of New York. He traveled extensively on a trip to revisit his Rom family in Europe, and, in 1966-67 photographed post-war religious buildings for Edward Sovik as part of the First International Congress on Religion, Architecture, and the Visual Arts in New York. Yoors's oeuvre is currently represented by several galleries in New York, Europe including reGeneration Furniture, Todd Merrill, L Parker Stephenson Photographs, and Fifty One Fine Art Photography, Antwerp, and regularly shown at design and photography fairs.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and childhood.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1922: Yoors is born in Antwerp to Eugeen Yoors, a famed stained glass-artist who studied painting under Gustave Moreau, and Magda Peeters, a human rights activist, both of them Catholic pacifists.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1934: At the age of twelve Yoors first encounters a "kumpania" of the Romani people on the outskirts of Antwerp. Upon becoming friends with Putzina and his father Pulika, the Romanies adopt Yoors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1934 -1939: Yoors splits his time between the Romanies and his parents' home, often traveling long distances to find his Rom family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1939 Pulika sets up a marriage for Yoors with a Romani girl, though Yoors decides to leave, as the conflict of dual loyalties would return.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yoors studies sculpture at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Antwerp.

paragraph: Section::::WWII.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On his way to the UK, Yoors is recruited by the French Resistance to co-opt the Romanies, smuggling food and arms into Belgium, France, and Holland.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1941-42: Yoors attends the "École nationale supérieure d'architecture et des arts décoratifs" (ENSAAD - La Cambre) in Brussels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1943: Yoors is arrested by the Gestapo and sentenced to death. After confinement and six months of torture at La Santé Prison in Paris, he works for the allies again, impersonating an SS officer and escorting allied soldiers from behind enemy lines, however he is caught and held at the Miranda de Ebro concentration camp in Spain until 1944.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1944: Yoors joins Belgian forces in the UK.

paragraph: Section::::London years.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1946: Yoors marries Annebert van Wettum with whom he has corresponded since age 11. The two move to London and set up a studio at 27 Holland Park Avenue W.11. Here, Yoors begins sculpting and becomes fascinated by weaving after seeing an exhibition of French medieval and Renaissance tapestries. Yoors is a frequent contributor to the Gypsy Lore Society's journal in London.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yoors studies at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS).

paragraph: From: 1947-1948 Annebert's childhood friend Marianne Citroen joins them in London, also learning to weave. "Nadara" (1948), the first of the large tapestries, is completed. The Archer Gallery in London organizes the first exhibition of Yoors's work in tapestry. In 1949 the "Eighth Annual Exhibition of Catholic Art" at the Royal Institute of British Architects includes Yoors's work.

paragraph: Section::::New York.

paragraph: In 1950, Yoors travels to New York for what was meant to be a six-week stay as a journalist and sets up a studio with a 15-foot vertical loom.

paragraph: Galerie Stop-War in Brussels. Both tapestries and gouaches depicting biblical scenes are included.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1951: Marianne and Annebert join him in New York; the three live and work at 96 Fifth Avenue. Under the auspices of the Belgian Government, the International School of Art, NY, presents Yoors's first US exhibition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The New Yorker publishes "Gypsiana" about Yoors's travels in its 27 October issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1953: Hugo Gallery NY presents Yoors's work.

paragraph: "Tapestry Today: America's Approach to an Ancient Art", at America House is presented by the American Craftsmen's Educational Council.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955: Manhattanville College of the Sacred Heart mounts an exhibition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956 Tapestries are shown at Galerias Excelsior de Reforma in Mexico City.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Montclair Art Museum, NJ mounts an exhibition of Yoors's tapestries.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1957: The Museum of Contemporary Craft exhibits Yoors's tapestries in an exhibition that travels to the Time-Life Building in 1958.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1957/8: Yoors receives a Pentax K1000 camera.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958: The Dallas University Museum in Texas mounts "Religious Art of The Western World".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959: The Yoors family moves to a studio at 329 East 47th Street.

paragraph: Art in America magazine lists Yoors as a new talent. Virginia Frankl Gallery, NY organizes an exhibition of tapestries.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960: Several tapestries are included "The Arts of Belgium: 1920-1960" at the Park-Bernet Galleries in New York.

paragraph: The exhibition includes work by René Magritte, Gaston Bertrand, and Paul Delvaux.

paragraph: BULLET::::- An educational film "The Revival of Tapestry from 1911" includes Yoors along with Georges Braque, Jules Chéret and Jean Lurçat, among others.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Liturgical Art" is mounted at the Arts Club of Chicago.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The National Design Center in New York organizes "Architectural Tapestries"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The apartment building "Art 333" at 333 East 79th street designed by Abraham Gellar includes the tapestry "Dancing Flames" (1960) in its inaugural exhibition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961: Yoors is invited by Belgian filmmaker Henri Storck and anthropologist and filmmaker Luc de Heusch to travel through the Balkans on a scouting trip for an unrealized documentary about the Rom.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Otis Art Institute in Los Angeles organizes an exhibition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yoors and Dutch painter and friend Ernst Van Leyden throw a party in honor of poet Octavio Paz at the Yoors Studio.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962: "Ruckus", a party featuring Dizzy Gillespie is organized at the studio to benefit CORE (Congress of Racial Equality).

paragraph: A tapestry is commissioned for Shepherd of the Hills Lutheran Church in Minnesota.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963: Yoors' daughter Lyuba is born on 13 September.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962 and 1964: Yoors is selected as the US representative at the International Biennial of Contemporary Tapestries in Lausanne.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965: Yoors' son Vanya is born on 24 April.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963 - 1965: Along with French filmmaker Pierre Dominique Gaisseau, Yoors participates in the making of the film "Only One New York". The book, which features photographs by Yoors, is published in 1965.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 - 1967: Yoors travels throughout South America, Asia, the Middle East and Russia photographing postwar religious architecture, commissioned by the American Institute of Architects (AIA) for the 1967 "International Congress on Religion, Architecture and the Visual Arts".

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Chicago Arts Club mounts an exhibition of tapestries.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1967 The University of Texas Art Museum, Austin, organizes an exhibition of tapestries and photographs

paragraph: together with Japanese-American abstract expressionist painter Kenzo Okada's recent work.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Gypsies" is published by Simon and Schuster. Margaret Mead reviews the book in the September issue of "Redbook" magazine.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yoors travels and conducts research for an unrealized documentary on the Gypsies beginning in Northern India.

paragraph: The Yoors family moves to 108 Waverly Place in Greenwich Village.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968: Yoors' son Kore is born on 24 October.

paragraph: 1969: "Contemporary European Tapestries" from the collection of Mr. and Mrs. J.L. Hurschler is organized at the Society of the Four Arts in Florida.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971: Yoors travels to Spain to photograph for his book "The Gypsies of Spain". Simon and Schuster publishes "Crossing: A Journal of Survival and Resistance in World War II".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974: Members of his extended Rom clan came for a three-month visit.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Gypsies of Spain" is published.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975: Paule Pia, Antwerp organizes an exhibition of photographs.

paragraph: Yoors returned to Belgium a final time for a retrospective in Ghent at Saint Peter's Abbey.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976: Yoors's work is on view at the Sears Bank, Sears Tower, Chicago.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carlton Gallery, NY mounts an exhibition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977: Yoors dies of a heart attack after a long struggle with diabetes at the age of 55 on Thanksgiving Day.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions since Jan's death.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978: Galerij Steenhuyse in Ghent presents Yoors's tapestries.

paragraph: 1700 Broadway, NY mounts a memorial exhibition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979: The Clocktower Gallery, NY exhibits Yoors's tapestries.

paragraph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art acquires the tapestry "Inevitable Interaction (1977)."

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980; The National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C. mounts an exhibition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983: The documentary "Weaving Two Worlds", features Annebert and Marianne continuing to weave Yoors's designs.

paragraph: The Bryan Center at Duke University mounts a solo exhibition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986: Yoors's Rom photographs from the Balkans are on view at the Museum of Natural History, NY. The Gallery at Hastings-on-Hudson also exhibits Yoors's work.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988; "Studio Survey" at Westpac Gallery in Victoria, Australia features tapestries from studio-based workshops around the world.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989: The Idaho State Historical Museum in Boise, ID shows Yoors's tapestries.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996: The State Academy of Art and Design, St Petersburg, Russia mounts an exhibition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998: Lizan Tops gallery in East Hampton, organizes an exhibition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000: Icon 20 gallery, NY organizes an exhibition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001:Cleveland State University, Ohio exhibits tapestries.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: Columbia University's School of International Affairs in conjunction with "The plight of the Rom" host a conference sponsored by Hillary Clinton.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monacelli Press publishes The Heroic Present: Life Among the Gypsies, including photographs and memoirs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: The Bruce Museum mounts an exhibition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Foto Museum in Antwerp organizes a survey of Belgian photography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: "The Heroic Present: Jan Yoors Photographs" opens at Kenneshaw, Atlanta; Kansas State University, and Asheville, North Carolina.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: Fifty-One Fine Art, Antwerp shows Yoors's work at "Paris Photo".

paragraph: BULLET::::- L. Parker Stephenson Photographs, NY shows Yoors's work in "La France de Profil".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: L. Parker Stephenson Photographs presents "Jan Yoors: Harlem, c. 1963".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mid Century Style and Studio Pottery" at Greenwich House Pottery NY includes Jungle (1977).

paragraph: BULLET::::- ReGeneration Furniture organizes "Tapestries, Drawings, and Photographs from the Estate of Jan Yoors". The gallery will organize two additional exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wandering the World City: Jan Yoors' New York Photographs, 1960s" is presented at Columbia University.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stormy Sky (1976) is hung at the 2011 "Armory Show" at the ReGeneration Furniture lounge.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Museum of Arts and Design, NY presents "Crafting Modernism".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Couleurs shock", a solo-exhibition of tapestries is presented by Galerie Chevalier, Paris.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fifty-One Fine Art, Antwerp includes Yoors's photographs at "Paris Photo".

paragraph: BULLET::::- L. Parker Stephenson, New York Gallery presents Yoor's photographs at "AIPAD Photography Show".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fifty-One Fine Art photography, Antwerp exhibits Yoors's photographs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- FeliXart Museum in Drogenbos-Brussels organizes the first retrospective of Yoors's work since his death

paragraph: BULLET::::- L. Parker Stephenson, New York, organizes "Jan Yoors: Abstractions 1960s -1977 Photographs, Gouaches, and Drawings" on view 4 September – 1 November 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969 – Europaprijs voor literatuur

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973 – Christophe Plantin Prize

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- JanYoors.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Metropolis Magazine - "Tied in the Wool"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978 article about Yoors and his family, first printed in Mother Jones Magazine

description: Belgian artist, photographer and writer

wikidata_label: Jan Yoors

wikipedia_title: Jan Yoors


text:
Earl of Chester
heir apparent
Edward I of England
Castilian
Eleanor
Bayonne
Gascony
godfather
Henry
Floris V, Count of Holland
psalter
Elizabeth
John I, Count of Holland
Windsor
Edward
Westminster Abbey
Blackfriars, London
differenced
label
azure

wikipedia_title:
Earl of Chester
Heir apparent
Edward I of England
Castile (historical region)
Eleanor of Castile
Bayonne
Gascony
Godparent
Henry, son of Edward I
Floris V, Count of Holland
Psalter
Elizabeth of Rhuddlan
John I, Count of Holland
Windsor, Berkshire
Edward II of England
Westminster Abbey
Blackfriars, London
Cadency
Label (heraldry)
Azure (heraldry)

categories: 13th-century English people,Heirs apparent who never acceded,1273 births,Burials at Westminster Abbey,Heirs to the English throne,House of Plantagenet,1284 deaths

paragraph: Alphonso, Earl of Chester

paragraph: Alphonso or Alfonso (24 November 1273 – 19 August 1284), also called Alphonsus and Alphonse and styled Earl of Chester, was an heir apparent to the English throne who never became king.

paragraph: Alphonso was the ninth child of King Edward I of England and his Castilian wife Eleanor. He was born in Bayonne, Gascony, a duchy claimed by his maternal uncle King Alphonso X of Castile until his parents' marriage in 1254. Edward and Eleanor's friendship with the King of Castile was also confirmed when they named their son in his honour, a "remarkable choice" given the name's rarity in England. Queen Eleanor even persuaded her brother to travel to Gascony and serve as godfather at the young prince's baptism.

paragraph: Alphonso's eldest brother, John, had died in 1271; the death of another older brother, Henry, in 1274, made Alphonso the couple's only son up until the last months of his life. As his parents were often required to travel, Alphonso had a household of his own. Queen Eleanor was nevertheless invested in the upbringing of her son, who even had a Spanish cook.

paragraph: At the age of ten, Alphonso was engaged to Margaret, daughter of Floris V, Count of Holland. An opulent psalter was being prepared for the marriage when he fell ill and died a few months before the wedding was to take place. The Alphonso Psalter was completed a decade later when his sister Elizabeth married Margaret's brother, John I, Count of Holland, making the pairing of arms again appropriate.

paragraph: Alphonso's death at Windsor occurred shortly after the birth of his younger brother Edward, who became the oldest surviving male heir of Edward I. Alphonso was interred in The Confessor's Chapel at Westminster Abbey, although the exact location is unknown. His heart, however, was buried at the priory of Blackfriars, London (now destroyed).

paragraph: As heirs apparent to the throne, both Alphonso and Edward bore the arms of the kingdom, differenced by a label azure.

description: English noble

wikidata_label: Alphonso, Earl of Chester

wikipedia_title: Alphonso, Earl of Chester


text: AM

text: MBE

text: Ballarat

text: Victoria

text: naturalist

text: breed

text: endangered species

text: platypus

text: Maude Edith Victoria Fleay

text: Fred McCubbin

text: chemist

text: Ballarat Grammar School

text: Melbourne

text: Melbourne University

text: zoology

text: botany

text: thylacine

text: Hobart Zoo

text: buttocks

text: Melbourne Zoo

text: emu

text: tawny frogmouth

text: marsupial

text: koala

text: Judith Wright

text: Brian Clouston

text: Kathleen McArthur

text: Healesville Sanctuary

text: quoll

text: Tasmanian devil

text: dingo

text: tiger snake

text: platypus

text: Taronga Zoo

text: Bronx Zoo

text: Gold Coast

text: Queensland

text: midden

text: Aboriginal people

text: David Fleay Wildlife Park

text: mulgara

text: planigale

text: marsupial

text: taipan

text: powerful owl

text: greater sooty owl

text: grey goshawk

text: Australian masked owl

text: wedge-tailed eagle

text: fluffy glider

text: death adders

text: brown snake

text: mulga snake

text: tiger snake

text: Australian Natural History Medallion

text: Zoological Society of London

text: New York Zoological Society

text: Queensland Museum

text: Explorers Club

text: Order of Australia

text: Rotary

text: Paul Harris

text: Fleay's barred frog

text: Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagle

categories: People from Ballarat,20th-century zoologists,Australian naturalists,Australian nature writers,Members of the Order of Australia,1993 deaths,Australian Members of the Order of the British Empire,Australian ornithologists,Australian zoologists,1907 births

paragraph: David Fleay

paragraph: David Howells Fleay AM MBE (; 6 January 1907 in Ballarat, Victoria – 7 August 1993) was an Australian naturalist who pioneered the captive breeding of endangered species, and was the first person to breed the platypus ("Ornithorhynchus anatinus") in captivity.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Fleay had an aesthetic upbringing: His mother, Maude Edith Victoria Fleay, had studied painting under Fred McCubbin; his father, William Henry Fleay, was a manufacturing chemist in Ballarat. After education at a state primary school and later a private high school, Ballarat Grammar School, Fleay was first employed in his father's chemist shop and then was briefly a teacher at Ballarat Grammar.

paragraph: He left for Melbourne in 1927 to study for a Bachelor of Science degree and Diploma of Education at Melbourne University. There, he met another student, Mary Sigrid Collie, and they married in 1931, the same year that Fleay graduated having majored in zoology, botany and education. He was employed as a teacher in Ballarat until 1934.

paragraph: Section::::Work in natural science.

paragraph: Fleay's interest in the natural world coincided with the awakening of scientific interest in endangered species, and the realisation by the public that Australian animals were worthy of attention other than as a source of food.

paragraph: He realised the importance of endangered species early in his career when, in 1933, he was the last person to photograph a captive thylacine or Tasmanian tiger at the Hobart Zoo. In the process he was bitten on the buttocks, the scar from the injury carried proudly throughout his life.

paragraph: In 1934, Fleay was asked to design and establish the Australian animal section at Melbourne Zoo, and worked there for four years. During this time he had several scientific achievements, including the first breeding in captivity of the emu, several bird species including the tawny frogmouth, and marsupials including the koala. He also commenced research into the breeding habits of the platypus. His next public education efforts were nature talks on a Melbourne radio station, in 1937. Later that year, disagreements with the zoo's management came to a head and Fleay was dismissed, principally because of his belief that native birds and animals should be fed what they would eat in the wild.

paragraph: In 1962 Fleay co-founded the Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland with Judith Wright, Brian Clouston and Kathleen McArthur.

paragraph: Section::::Work in natural science.:Healesville Sanctuary.

paragraph: Coincidentally, the Healesville Sanctuary some 90 km from Melbourne was in need of a director and he was appointed. The animals there included quolls, Tasmanian devils, dingoes and various birds of prey, to which he added tiger snakes that were milked for antivenene, and platypus. Many animals were housed in large paddock-like areas with swing-weighted gates so that visitors could freely interact with the animals. He also conducted daily 'feeding' displays of the platypuses.

paragraph: His greatest achievement at Healesville was in 1943, when he bred the first platypus in captivity. His platypusary (platypus enclosure) incorporated features of their native streams. On about 5 November 1943, "Corrie" was born. No-one other than Fleay successfully bred and reared a platypus until 1998 when Healseville Sanctuary again had success. Since then, breeding has occurred only twice more: at Healesville and Taronga Zoo (twins).

paragraph: Between 1945–1947, Fleay led an expedition to Tasmania in an attempt to capture a breeding pair of thylacines, however he returned empty handed.

paragraph: In 1947, he took three platypuses to New York for the Bronx Zoo where they occupied a platypusary built to his specifications. He studied animal husbandry at various zoos and wildlife sanctuaries across the US, returning to Healesville in October to discover that the Board had dismissed him for supposed unauthorised donations of animals to various foreign zoos. While untrue, this caused considerable hurt: He was demoted and remained at Healesville as a consultant.

paragraph: He was also keeping a private collection of animals, but in 1951 the Government of Victoria legislated to prevent private individuals from charging fees for the public to see animal collections. This caused him to decide to move the collection.

paragraph: Section::::Work in natural science.:Burleigh, Queensland.

paragraph: After extensive research, the Tallebudgera Estuary in the hinterland behind Burleigh on the Gold Coast in Queensland was selected, the reasons including that it offered an untouched natural habitat for koalas apart from already having cleared areas (then farmland) for development of animal enclosures. The Fleays gradually acquired land and by 1958 had enclosures for people to see platypuses, snakes, dingoes, plain turkeys, ospreys, crocodiles and alligators; in contrast, bandicoots, flying foxes, sea eagles, wallabies and koalas, were free to visit from adjoining the forest. However, his focus was on the scientific study of the animals.

paragraph: The area also included middens used by earlier generations of the Gold Coast's Kombumerri Aboriginal people. Fleay retained these heritage areas, and maintained good relationships with the Kombumerri.

paragraph: The animals were fed partly from donations from local bakers and butchers, with local residents donating dead animals to feed the owls (or the goannas if no longer fresh); mice and rats were collected frequently from the McKerras Research Institute behind the hospital; worms were collected fresh daily for the platypuses; eels, pigeons and flying foxes were also killed to provide food for the owls, snakes and crocodiles.

paragraph: Injured or sick animals from as far away as New Guinea and Central Queensland were accommodated at the sanctuary. Those that lived were kept for research or breeding; native animals, when recovered, were released into the wild; deceased animals were fed to the survivors.

paragraph: In 1982, 37 acres (150,000 m²) of the land owned by David and Sigrid Fleay was sold to the Queensland Government and became a Conservation Park. The following year, the 20 acre (81,000 m²) main Fauna Reserve with its animal enclosures was also sold to the Government. The remainder of the site 7.5 acres (30,000 m²) was transferred in 1985. Under the terms of this arrangement, David and Sigrid Fleay continued to live and work at the park: In 1983 it closed for five years for redevelopment and re-opened in 1988. The government retains the property as the David Fleay Wildlife Park.

paragraph: Section::::Achievements.

paragraph: BULLET::::- First captive breeding of the platypus (1943), mulgara (1955), planigale (midget marsupial) (1958), taipan (snake) (1960), powerful owl "Ninox strenua" (1968), greater sooty owl "Tyto tenebricosa" (1969), grey goshawk (1971), Australian masked owl "Tyto novaehollandiae" (1971), Australasian grass owl "Tyto longimembris" (1972), crested hawk (1975), wedge-tailed eagle "Aquila audax" (1977), and fluffy glider "Petaurus australis" (1988).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Extensive snake venom production, including death adders, brown snakes, mulga snakes and tiger snakes for Dr C.H. Kellaway of The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Australian Natural History Medallion for 1940, inaugural awardee

paragraph: BULLET::::- elected as a Corresponding Member of the Zoological Society of London in 1945

paragraph: BULLET::::- elected as a Corresponding Member (Life) of the New York Zoological Society in 1947

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1960

paragraph: BULLET::::- Associate of the Queensland Museum in 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fellow of the Explorers Club in New York in 1979

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- Advance Australia Award in 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- honorary Doctorate of Science by the University of Queensland in 1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- appointed a Rotary Paul Harris Fellow in 1984

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Animals bearing his name.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fleay's barred frog ("Mixophyes fleayi")

paragraph: BULLET::::- the Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagle ("Aquala audax fleayii"), a separate sub-species identified by Fleay

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We Breed the Platypus" (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Talking of Animals" (1956, reprinted 1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Living with Animals" (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nightwatchmen of Bush and Plain" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paradoxical Platypus" (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Looking at Animals" (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- photographs featured in E. Byrne's "The Unique Animals of Australia" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Extensive writing as a newspaper columnist on natural history topics

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scientific papers including in "The Victorian Naturalist", "The Australian Zoologist", "Walkabout" and "Wild Life"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Fleay Wildlife Park

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Fleay's 1945–46 Tasmanian Tiger Expedition

description: Australian scientist

wikidata_label: David Fleay

wikipedia_title: David Fleay


href: ancient%20Greek Gela Syracuse%2C%20Sicily Sicily Daedalus gastronomy Hesiod Gluttony Antiphanes%20%28comic%20poet%29 Lynceus%20of%20Samos Aristotle Chrysippus Clearchus%20of%20Soli Philaenis Deipnosophistae Latin Ennius

text:
ancient Greek
Gela
Syracuse
Sicily
Daedalus
gastronomic
Hesiod
gluttons
Antiphanes
Lynceus of Samos
Aristotle
Chrysippus
Clearchus of Soli
Philaenis
Deipnosophistae
Latin
Ennius

wikipedia_title:
Ancient Greek
Gela
Syracuse, Sicily
Sicily
Daedalus
Gastronomy
Hesiod
Gluttony
Antiphanes (comic poet)
Lynceus of Samos
Aristotle
Chrysippus
Clearchus of Soli
Philaenis
Deipnosophistae
Latin
Ennius

categories: Ancient Syracusans,Ancient Greek didactic poets,Ancient Greek food writers,Year of birth unknown,Poets of Magna Graecia,Ancient Greek poets,4th-century BC poets,4th-century BC Greek people,Ancient Geloans

paragraph: Archestratus

paragraph: Archestratus ( "Archestratos") was an ancient Greek poet of Gela or Syracuse, in Sicily, who wrote some time in the mid 4th century BCE, and was known as "the Daedalus of tasty dishes". His humorous didactic poem "Hedypatheia" ("Life of Luxury"), written in hexameters but known only from quotations, advises a gastronomic reader on where to find the best food in the Mediterranean world. The writer, who was styled in antiquity the Hesiod or Theognis of gluttons, parodies the pithy style of older gnomic poets; most of his attention is given to fish, although some fragments refer to appetizers, and there was also a section on wine. His poem had a certain notoriety among readers in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE: it was referred to by the comic poet Antiphanes, by Lynceus of Samos and by the philosophers Aristotle, Chrysippus and Clearchus of Soli. In nearly every case these references are disparaging, implying that Archestratus's poem—like the sex manual by Philaenis - was likely to corrupt its readers. This attitude is exemplified in the "Deipnosophistae" with citations of Chrysippus:

paragraph: 62 fragments from Archestratus's poem (including two doubtful items) survive, all via quotation by Athenaeus in the "Deipnosophistae". The poem was translated or imitated in Latin by Ennius, a work that has not survived. The standard edition of the fragments, with commentary and translation, is by Olson and Sens (2000).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrew Dalby, "Archestratos: where and when?" in "Food in antiquity" ed. John Wilkins and others (Exeter: Exeter University Press, 1995) pp. 400–412.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kathryn Koromilas, "Feasting with Archestratus" in "Odyssey" (November/December 2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. Douglas Olson and Alexander Sens, "Archestratos of Gela: Greek Culture and Cuisine in the Fourth Century BCE". Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. [Text, translation, commentary.]

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Wilkins, Shaun Hill, "Archestratus: The life of luxury". Totnes: Prospect Books, 1994. [Introduction, translation, commentary.] Online text of introduction

description: Ancient Greek poet

wikidata_label: Archestratus

wikipedia_title: Archestratus


text: Scottish

text: Hundred Years' War

text: Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas

text: Robert III

text: Earl of Douglas

text: Wigtown

text: Lord of Galloway

text: Bothwell

text: Selkirk

text: Ettrick Forest

text: Eskdale

text: Lauderdale

text: Annandale

text: Duke of Touraine

text: Count of Longueville

text: Seigneur

text: Dun-le-roi

text: Baugé

text: count of Longueville

text: Normandy

text: Duchy of Touraine

text: James I

text: Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany

text: James I of Scotland

text: Lieutenant General

text: James II

text: Restalrig

text: Midlothian

text: Douglas

text: de jure uxoris

text: Earl of Strathearn

text: William Douglas

text: Margaret Douglas, Fair Lady of Galloway

text: Edinburgh Castle

text: James II

text: James Douglas, Earl of Avondale

text: William Crichton

text: The Scots Peerage

text: Balfour Paul, Sir James

text: Maxwell, Sir Herbert

text: thepeerage.com

categories: 1390 births,Earls of Douglas,1439 deaths,House of Douglas and Angus,Dukes of Touraine,Counts of Longueville

paragraph: Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas

paragraph: Archibald Douglas (1390 – 26 June 1439) was a Scottish nobleman and General during the Hundred Years' War.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Douglas was the son of Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas and Margaret Stewart, eldest daughter of Robert III. He was Earl of Douglas and Wigtown, Lord of Galloway, Lord of Bothwell, Selkirk and Ettrick Forest, Eskdale, Lauderdale, and Annandale in Scotland, and "de jure" Duke of Touraine, Count of Longueville, and Seigneur of Dun-le-roi in France. In contemporary French sources, he was known as "Victon", a phonetic translation of his Earldom of Wigtown.

paragraph: He fought with the French at Baugé in 1421, and was made count of Longueville in Normandy. He succeeded to his father's Scottish and French titles in 1424, though he never drew on his father's French estates of the Duchy of Touraine. Douglas served as ambassador to England in 1424, during the ransoming of James I.

paragraph: He also sat on the jury of 21 knights and peers which convicted Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany and two of his sons of treason in 1424, leading to the execution of Albany and the virtual annihilation of his family.

paragraph: Following the murder of King James I of Scotland at Perth in 1437, Douglas was appointed Lieutenant General of Scotland, and held the office of Regent, during the minority of James II until to 1439. Douglas died from a fever in Restalrig, Midlothian, and was buried at Douglas.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Between 1423 and 1425 he married Lady Eupheme Graham (before 1413–1468), daughter of Patrick Graham, "de jure uxoris" Earl of Strathearn and Euphemia Stewart, Countess of Strathearn. They had three children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Douglas (c.1424–24 November 1440), who briefly succeeded as 6th Earl

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret Douglas, Fair Lady of Galloway (before 1435–1475)

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Douglas (before 1430–24 November 1440)

paragraph: Both sons were summarily beheaded at Edinburgh Castle on trumped up charges, in the presence of the child King James II. The so-called 'Black Dinner' thus broke the power of the 'Black' Douglases. The lordships of Annandale and Bothwell were annexed by the crown, Galloway to Margaret Douglas, and the Douglas lands and earldom passed to William's great-uncle James Douglas, Earl of Avondale, who was himself implicated, with Sir William Crichton, in the murder of the young earl.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Scots Peerage, Balfour Paul, Sir James, Edinburgh 1904

paragraph: BULLET::::- A History of the House of Douglas, Maxwell, Sir Herbert. London 1902

paragraph: BULLET::::- thepeerage.com

description: Scottish nobleman and general of the Hundred Years' War

wikidata_label: Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas

wikipedia_title: Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas


text:
Kurdish
Persian
Hewrami
Iran
Kurdish Academy of Language

categories: Iranian Kurdish people,Kurdish scholars,Kurdish-language poets,1642 births,1701 deaths

paragraph: Mustafa Besarani

paragraph: Mistefa Bêsaranî (in Kurdish: "Mela Mistefa Bêseranî", in Persian: ملا مصطفی بیسارانی) (born 1642- died 1701), was a Kurdish poet who wrote in Hewrami dialect.

paragraph: He was from the village Bêseran in western Iran.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Kurdish Academy of Language

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::-

description: poet

wikidata_label: Mustafa Besarani

wikipedia_title: Mustafa Besarani


text: French

text: engineer

paragraph: Jacques Bonsergent

paragraph: Jacques Bonsergent was a French engineer who was executed by firing squad on 23 December 1940. Bonsergent's execution has been described as the first execution of a French civilian in the German occupation of France in World War II.

wikidata_label: Jacques Bonsergent

wikipedia_title: Jacques Bonsergent


text:
British
Whig
High Sheriff of Kent
Inner Temple
called to the bar
Hythe
1847 general election
that year's general election

categories: 1793 births,UK MPs 1847–1852,Whig (British political party) MPs for English constituencies,Members of the Inner Temple,UK MPs 1852–1857,1858 deaths

paragraph: Edward Drake Brockman

paragraph: Edward Drake Brockman (20 December 1793 – 5 November 1858) was a British barrister and Whig politician.

paragraph: Brockman was a younger son of James Drake Brockman of Beachborough, near Hythe, Kent, High Sheriff of Kent for 1791. He studied law at the Inner Temple and was called to the bar in 1819, becoming Recorder of Folkestone.

paragraph: He was elected Whig MP for Hythe at the 1847 general election and held the seat until 1857, when he did not stand in that year's general election.

description: politician, died 1858

wikidata_label: Edward Brockman

wikipedia_title: Edward Drake Brockman


text:
Ensdorf Abbey
edelfrei
Pettendorf
Frederick I
Agnes of Germany
Henry IV
Otto IV
Count Palatine
Scheyern Castle
Wittelsbach Castle
Aichach
Benedictine Order
Otto
Henry the Lion
Frederick I "Barbarossa"
Duchy of Bavaria
Otto I
Conrad
Mainz
Salzburg
Merania
Berthold I of Istria
Andechs
Leuchtenberg
Ensdorf Abbey
Heilika of Lengenfeld

categories: 12th-century German people,House of Wittelsbach,1170 deaths,German countesses,1103 births

paragraph: Heilika of Pettendorf-Lengenfeld

paragraph: Heilika of Pettendorf-Lengenfeld (also known as "Eilika"; – 14 September 1170; buried in Ensdorf Abbey) was by marriage Countess Palatine of Bavaria.

paragraph: She was one of the two daughters of the edelfrei Lord Frederick III of Pettendorf-Lengenfeld-Hopfenohe, who died between 1112 and 1119 without a male heir. Her mother was a Heilika of Swabia the daughter of Duke Frederick I of Swabia and his wife, Agnes of Germany. So, she was a granddaughter of Emperor Henry IV.

paragraph: She married Count Otto IV of Wittelsbach (d. 1156), the Count Palatine of Bavaria. In 1124, he moved his residence from Scheyern Castle to Wittelsbach Castle in Aichach. He donated Scheyern Castle to the Benedictine Order, who turned it into a monastery.

paragraph: Otto and Heilike had eight children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Herman

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Otto, nicknamed "the Redhead" (–1183), succeeded his father as Count Otto VIII of Scheyern, Count Otto V of Wittelsbach and Count Palatine Otto VI of Bavaria. In 1180, after the fall of Henry the Lion, Emperor Frederick I "Barbarossa" enfeoffed Otto the Redhead with the Duchy of Bavaria. From then on, he called himself Otto I of Bavaria. The Wittelsbach dynasty would retain the duchy from 1180 until 1918.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Conrad, Archbishop of Mainz as Conrad III and Archbishop of Salzburg as Conrad I

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Frederick II, (d. 1198 or 1199), married in 1184 to a daughter of Count Mangold of Donauwörth

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Udalrich (d. 29 May 1179)

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Otto VII (d. 1189), married Benedicta, also a daughter of Count Mangold of Donauwörth

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Hedwig ( – 16 July 1174), married in 1135 to Count Berthold ( – 14 December 1188), who in 1151 became Duke Berthold III of Merania, Margrave Berthold I of Istria and Count Berthold III of Andechs. In 1157, he also became Count of Dießen-Wolfratshausen.

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Adelaide, married Otto II of Stefling

paragraph: Heilika's sister Heilwig was married to Count Gebhard I of Leuchtenberg and brought the Lordship of Waldeck into the marriage.

paragraph: Heilika died on 14 September 1170 and was buried in Ensdorf Abbey.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heilika of Lengenfeld at "genealogie-mittelalter.de"

description: Countess Palatine of Bavaria

wikidata_label: Heilika of Pettendorf-Lengenfeld

wikipedia_title: Heilika of Pettendorf-Lengenfeld


text: ordinary

text: Catholic Church

text: Bishop of Albenga-Imperia

text: Bishop of Pitigliano-Sovana-Orbetello

text: frazione

text: Avenza

text: Carrara

text: comune

text: Tuscany

text: Liceo Classico

text: Emanuele Repetti

text: University of Pisa

text: Salesian Pontifical University

text: priest

text: Massa Cathedral

text: Aldo Forzoni

text: Diocese of Massa-Carrara-Pontremoli

text: episcopal vicar

text: Montignoso

text: Enrico Bartoletti

text: Camaiore

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Chaplain of His Holiness

text: Monsignor

text: canon

text: Edith Stein

text: Savona

text: Pope Benedict XVI

text: Bishop

text: Pitigliano-Sovana-Orbetello

text: Mario Meini

text: Bishop of Fiesole

text: Latin

text: consecrator

text: Giovanni Santucci

text: Eugenio Binini

text: apostolic administrator

text: Diocese of Grosseto

text: Pope Francis

text: Coadjutor Bishop

text: Albenga-Imperia

text: Code of Canon Law

text: ordinary

text: Mario Oliveri

text: Giovanni Roncari

text: Diocese of Albenga-Imperia

categories: 21st-century Roman Catholic bishops,1954 births,Living people,People from Carrara

paragraph: Guglielmo Borghetti

paragraph: Guglielmo Borghetti (born 25 March 1954) is an Italian ordinary of the Catholic Church and the current Bishop of Albenga-Imperia. He is the former Bishop of Pitigliano-Sovana-Orbetello.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and education.

paragraph: Guglielmo Borghetti was born on 25 March 1954 in the "frazione" of Avenza, a hamlet of Carrara, which is a "comune" of Tuscany, Italy. After attending the Liceo Classico Emanuele Repetti in Carrara, he studied at the University of Pisa where he earned a degree in philosophy and at the Salesian Pontifical University where he earned a bachelor of arts in psychology. Following this, he entered the seminary and studied theology.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Priestly ministry.

paragraph: Borghetti was ordained a priest on 17 October 1982 in the Massa Cathedral by Bishop Aldo Forzoni.

paragraph: Borghetti eventually became the vice chancellor and then rector of the diocesan seminary of the Diocese of Massa-Carrara-Pontremoli and a parish priest of the Massa Cathedral. By 1993, he was the spiritual director of the seminary and the director of the diocese's office for vocations. From 1993 to 1996, he served as the episcopal vicar. In 1997, he became a priest in the parish of Santa Maria della Rosa in Montignoso. He then became the dean of the Msgr. Enrico Bartoletti Inter-diocesan Theological Study () in Camaiore.

paragraph: On 1 March 1996, Borghetti was bestowed by Pope John Paul II the title Chaplain of His Holiness, which grants the pre-nominal honorific of "Monsignor."

paragraph: With the support and authorization of the bishops of the Inter-diocesan Theological Study, he founded in 2002 the Institute for the Study and Research of Pastoral Counseling (). The institute, in addition to providing a counseling service to those in consecrated life, it operates a three-year training school in pastoral counseling for pastoral workers. Its headquarters and operations are in Camaiore.

paragraph: Borghetti also served as chaplain to Catholic physicians of the Diocese of Massa-Carrara-Pontremoli, as canon of the Cathedral Basilica of Massa, and has authored several articles in Catholic magazines. He has also served as a lecturer in psychology of personality at the Edith Stein School in Savona, whose purpose is the formation of educators in the ecclesiastical community.

paragraph: On 13 June 2009, Borghetti received his investiture as a knight into the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem. At the same time, he became the chaplain of the Diocese of Massa-Carrara-Pontremoli delegation.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Episcopal ministry.

paragraph: On 25 June 2010, Pope Benedict XVI appointed Borghetti Bishop of Pitigliano-Sovana-Orbetello. He succeeded Mario Meini, who was previously named Bishop of Fiesole. He received his episcopal consecration on 15 September 2010 in the Massa Cathedral and took the Latin motto ""evangelium servire pro mundi spe"," which translates to "serve the Gospel for the hope of the world." The principal consecrator was Mario Meini and the co-consecrators were Bishops Giovanni Santucci and Eugenio Binini. He was installed on 26 September of that year. His appointment as bishop elevated him to the rank of Grand Officer of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre.

paragraph: From 19 November 2012 to 10 August 2013 Borghetti also served as apostolic administrator of the Diocese of Grosseto.

paragraph: On 10 January 2015, Pope Francis appointed him Coadjutor Bishop of Albenga-Imperia, granting him upon entrance into the diocese in accordance with canon 381 of the Code of Canon Law the powers as diocesan ordinary of the full and effective leadership of the diocese in place of Bishop Mario Oliveri; Oliveri retained the title of Bishop of Albenga-Imperia but without any ordinary powers. On 25 March, Borghetti was installed in his office in the chapel of the Albenga Episcopal Seminary.

paragraph: On 21 November 2015, he acted as principal co-consecrator of Giovanni Roncari, who succeeded him as Bishop of Pitigliano-Sovana-Orbetello. Borghetti officially became Bishop of Albenga-Imperia on 1 September 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem (13 June 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Officer of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem (25 June 2010)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diocese of Albenga-Imperia

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Educare. Per una pienzza di vita."

description: Italian bishop of the Catholic Church

wikidata_label: Guglielmo Borghetti

wikipedia_title: Guglielmo Borghetti


text:
swimmer
2012 Paralympics
Women's 100 metre backstroke S6
Women's 50m butterfly S6
Women's 100 metre backstroke S6
2016 Rio de Janeiro

categories: Paralympic swimmers of China,Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Paralympics,Medalists at the 2012 Summer Paralympics,Female backstroke swimmers,Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Paralympics,Living people,Paralympic silver medalists for China,Paralympic gold medalists for China,Medalists at the 2016 Summer Paralympics,Chinese female swimmers,S6-classified Paralympic swimmers

paragraph: Dong Lu

paragraph: Dong Lu is a Chinese paralympic swimmer, who won gold and silver medals at the 2012 Summer Paralympics and a silver medal at the 2016 games. She got 38.28 seconds on 50m butterfly.

paragraph: Section::::Swimming career.

paragraph: Dong Lu won gold at the 2012 Paralympics in London in the Women's 100 metre backstroke S6, and silver in the Women's 50m butterfly S6.

paragraph: She won silver in the Women's 100 metre backstroke S6 at the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Paralympics.

wikidata_label: Dong Lu

wikipedia_title: Dong Lu


text:
shikken
Kamakura shogunate
Japan
Yoshitoki
Azuma Kagami
shōgun
Minamoto no Yoritomo
bettō
samurai-dokoro
Jōkyū War
imperial court
Kyoto
Rokuhara Tandai
Tokifusa
Hōjō Masako
rensho
Goseibai Shikimoku
Tsunetoki

categories: 1183 births,1242 deaths,People of Heian-period Japan,Regents of Japan,Hōjō clan,People of Kamakura-period Japan

paragraph: Hōjō Yasutoki

paragraph: Hōjō Yasutoki (; 1183 – July 14, 1242) was the third shikken (regent) of the Kamakura shogunate in Japan. He strengthened the political system of the Hōjō regency.

paragraph: He was the eldest son of second shikken Yoshitoki. According to Azuma Kagami, he was liked by the first "shōgun", Minamoto no Yoritomo. In 1218 he became the chief ("bettō") of the military office ("samurai-dokoro").

paragraph: In the Jōkyū War of 1221, he led shogunate forces against the imperial court in Kyoto. After his victory, he remained in Kyoto and set up the "Rokuhara Tandai". Yasutoki and his uncle Tokifusa became the first "tandai".

paragraph: When his father Yoshitoki and aunt Hōjō Masako died, he succeeded to become "shikken" in 1224. He installed Hōjō Tokifusa as the first "rensho". In 1225 he created the Hyōjō (), the council system of the shogunate. In 1232 he promulgated the "Goseibai Shikimoku", the legal code of the shogunate. He has highly praised for his impartial justice.

paragraph: He died in 1242. His grandson Tsunetoki succeeded him to the post of "shikken".

alias:
Hojo Yasutoki
Houjou Yasutoki

description: 3rd Shikken of the Kamakura shogunate

wikidata_label: Hōjō Yasutoki

wikipedia_title: Hōjō Yasutoki


text: King of Cyprus

text: Nicosia

text: John II of Cyprus

text: Marietta de Patras

text: archbishopric of Nicosia

text: chamberlain

text: Rhodes

text: Juan Tafures

text: Charlotte

text: Cyprus

text: Egyptian Mamluk

text: Sayf ad-Din Inal

text: Louis of Savoy

text: Kyrenia

text: Rome

text: Master of his Household

text: Count of Tripoli

text: Venice

text: Catherine Cornaro

text: Famagusta

text: Famagusta

text: Venice

text: James III

text: Republic of Venice

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Dorothy Dunnett's

text: Venice

text: Padua

text: Ferdinand I of Naples

categories: 15th-century births,15th century in Cyprus,1473 deaths,Kings of Cyprus,Claimant Kings of Jerusalem,Roman Catholic monarchs,Cypriot Roman Catholics,Cypriot bishops,15th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Burials at Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Famagusta,15th-century rulers

paragraph: James II of Cyprus

paragraph: James II (; c. 1438/1439 or c. 1440 – 10 July 1473) was the penultimate King of Cyprus, reigning from 1463 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Nicosia.

paragraph: James was born in Nicosia as the illegitimate son of John II of Cyprus and Marietta de Patras. He was a great favourite of his father, and in 1456, at the age of 16, he was appointed to the archbishopric of Nicosia. After murdering Iacopo Urri, the royal chamberlain, on 1 April 1457, he was deprived of the archbishopric and fled to Rhodes on a ship of the Catalan Juan Tafures. He was pardoned by his father, and the archbishopric was returned to him.

paragraph: Section::::King of Cyprus.

paragraph: In 1458, his father died, and his half-sister Charlotte became Queen of Cyprus. In 1460, with support from the Egyptian Mamluk sultan Sayf ad-Din Inal, James challenged her right to the throne, blockading her and her husband, Louis of Savoy, in the castle of Kyrenia for three years. When Charlotte fled to Rome in 1463, James was crowned King. In gratitude, he made his friend and supporter Juan Tafures Master of his Household and titular Count of Tripoli.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage, death and succession.

paragraph: In Venice, on 30 July 1468, seeking political support, he married a 14-year-old Venetian, Catherine Cornaro, by proxy. She finally travelled to Cyprus and married in person at Famagusta in October or November, 1472. James died a few months later in Famagusta, amidst some suspicion that he might have been poisoned by agents of Venice, possibly by Catherine's uncles. According to his will, Caterina, who was pregnant, became regent. The couple's son, James III, died under suspicious circumstances in 1474 before his first birthday, leaving Catherine as regent of Cyprus. During her reign, the island was controlled by Venetian merchants. In 1489, Venice forced her to abdicate, and Cyprus became a colony of the Republic of Venice until the territory was taken by the Ottoman Empire in 1571.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: The civil war between James II (called "Zacco") and Charlotte of Cyprus forms the historical background to the events of Dorothy Dunnett's novel "Race of Scorpions".

paragraph: Section::::Illegitimate children.

paragraph: Prior to his marriage, King James II had four natural children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eugene of Lusignan also styled d'Armenia (d. Venice, 1536), married Dona Paola Mazzara of Sicily, with issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janus of Lusignan (d. after 1552), married (1) 1504 to N de Toro, married (2) 1547 to Virginia Cosanza dei Duchi di San Sava, with issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charlotte of Lusignan (d. c. 1469), married after 1463 Sor de Naves.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charla of Lusignan (1468–in prison in Padua, 1480), she was either married or engaged to Alonso, batard d'Aragona (1460–1510), a son of Ferdinand I of Naples.

description: King of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia

wikidata_label: James II of Cyprus

wikipedia_title: James II of Cyprus


text: regent

text: Kingdom of Cyprus

text: King Peter II

text: King of Cyprus

text: King of Armenian Cilicia

text: Jerusalem

text: Hugh IV of Cyprus

text: Alix of Ibelin

text: Peter II

text: Prince of Galilee

text: Peter I

text: Eleanor of Aragon

text: Genoese

text: Famagusta

text: Helvis of Brunswick-Grubenhagen

text: Constable of Jerusalem

text: Admiral of Cyprus

text: Constable of the Kingdom of Jerusalem

text: Constable of Cyprus

text: Genoese

text: Kyrenia

text: Europe

text: Rhodes

text: Genoa

text: Kyrenia

text: Saint Sophia Cathedral

text: Paul Palaiologos Tagaris

text: King of Jerusalem

text: Leo VI of Armenia

text: King of Armenia

text: Korikos

text: Peter I of Cyprus

text: Nicosia

text: Duke Stephen II of Bavaria

text: Elisabeth of Sicily

text: Janus or John II of Lusignan

text: Constable of Cyprus

text: Cardinal

text: Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem

text: Henry of Lusignan

text: Prince of Galilee

text: Egypt

text: Khirokitia or Chirokhitia

text: Jean de Lusignan

text: Palermo

text: Seneschal of Jerusalem

text: King of Aragon

text: Jean de Lusignan

text: Hugh of Lusignan

text: Geneva

text: Regent of Cyprus

text: Cardinal

text: Archbishop

text: Nicosia

text: Constable of Cyprus

text: Rhodes

text: Mary of Lusignan

text: Genoa

text: Naples

text: Naples

text: poison

text: Naples

text: Naples

text: Venasco

text: Abbess

text: Wunstorf

text: married her cousin

text: Count of Tripoli

text: Constable

text: Seneschal of Jerusalem

text: John of Lusignan

text: Janus

categories: 1334 births,Claimant Kings of Jerusalem,Roman Catholic monarchs,Kings of Cyprus,1398 deaths,14th-century rulers,14th century in Cyprus,Kings of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia

paragraph: James I of Cyprus

paragraph: James I (; 1334 – September 9, 1398) was regent of the Kingdom of Cyprus for his infant nephew King Peter II from 1369. When Peter died in 1382, James became King of Cyprus. James was also titular King of Armenian Cilicia and Jerusalem 1382–1398.

paragraph: James was the third son of Hugh IV of Cyprus and Alix of Ibelin, and became king upon the death of his nephew Peter II. Before becoming a king, he had other offices and was known for his resistance against the Genoese invasion against Cyprus.

paragraph: Section::::Noble and regent.

paragraph: After the death of his father Hugh IV, James' half-brother Guy, titular Prince of Galilee was already dead and his eldest brother Peter I, who reigned for 10 years, was then murdered. The latter's son, Peter II, who was a minor, began his reign when he came of age. Meanwhile, Peter I's wife Eleanor of Aragon to revenge her husband's death, invited the Genoese to invade Cyprus.

paragraph: Since the Genoese had commercial and financial interests in Cyprus, they invaded the island in April 1373. After achieving the takeover of the well-fortified city of Famagusta, they arrested and held captive Peter II and his mother Eleanor who had invited them. After they killed the nobles who had murdered Peter I, they wanted to take control of the island. After the end of the war, Eleanor succeeded the murder of John, which she claimed she was responsible for her husband's murder.

paragraph: James married his kinswoman Helvis of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (1353 – January 15/25, 1421) (daughter of Philip of Brunswick, Constable of Jerusalem and Helisia of Dampierre) in 1365. Her brother John of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. June 11, 1414 unmarried and without issue) was an Admiral of Cyprus and their father Philip of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (ca. 1332 – August 4, 1369/1370) was a Constable of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

paragraph: James was created Constable of Cyprus, and in that office, led the war against the Genoese in 1372.

paragraph: During the invasion, the other two sons of Guy, James and John, resisted the invasion. James fought well in Kyrenia, resisting the Genoese attack, a resistance that was victorious at the end, under the command of James. However, his nephew Peter II, signed a Treaty with Genoese, who kept Famagusta and in the Treaty, James had to leave from Cyprus. James, stopped the war and left the island with a ship from Kyrenia in 1374 and went to Europe. At first he went to Rhodes, where he found no help and he was arrested by Genoese and went in Genoa as a captive with his wife. With the capture of Kyrenia in 1374, he was taken as a hostage to Genoa, where he consummated his marriage with Helvis, whom he had wed when she was twelve. Most or all of their children were born in Genoa. Due to his captivity, he was not crowned until 1385. In Genoa he lived with his wife under hard circumstances for 9 years, and she gave birth to their first son Janus in that city.

paragraph: Section::::King.

paragraph: After Peter II's death in 1382, since Peter had no surviving issue, the Parliament of Cyprus decided James to be the king, while he was captive in Genoa. Genoese, in order to release him to go to Cyprus to become a king, they negotiated with him and received his signature for agreement on February 2, 1383. Under that agreement, Genoese had new privileges for commercial activities. Famagusta was still under Genoese sovereignty, something that was never accepted by either James and other kings after him and during his reign he tried to regain that city.

paragraph: Until he was released, the Kingdom of Cyprus was governed by 12 nobles. After he was released in 1383, he was not accepted, as it is referred by the historian Leontios Makhairas and returned to Genoa. Some nobles opposed the return of James, led by the brothers Perotte and Vilmonde de Montolivve, who were believing that with that situation they could become kings. James' opponents could not be beaten, until 1385. In April 1385, James came back again in Cyprus and he went to Nicosia, where he was welcomed with great enthousiasm. He was crowned in May 1385 in Saint Sophia Cathedral by Paul Palaiologos Tagaris. After his crowning, his opponents were arrested and punished.

paragraph: He was crowned King of Jerusalem in 1389 and in 1393, Leo VI of Armenia died, and James assumed the title of King of Armenia, and was formally given the title in 1396. That kingdom was by now reduced to the city of Korikos, which had been in Cypriote hands since its conquest by Peter I of Cyprus. So when in 1382, Peter II died, James succeeded him, since Peter didn't have a son.

paragraph: He died in Nicosia.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: According to some sources James married one Agnes of Bavaria (b.1338), daughter of Duke Stephen II of Bavaria from his first wife Elisabeth of Sicily. This marriage, assuming it real, took place before James married his well known wife Helvis of Brunswick-Grubenhagen about 1365

paragraph: James and his wife, Helvis of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, had twelve children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janus or John II of Lusignan (1375 – 1432), who succeeded him as king

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip of Lusignan (d. ca. 1430 or 1428/1432), Constable of Cyprus, unmarried, he had a natural son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lancelot of Lusignan (d. after 1450), Cardinal, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry of Lusignan (d. July 7, 1426), titular Prince of Galilee, a military leader in Egypt, killed in action at Khirokitia or Chirokhitia, married ca. 1406 his cousin Eleanor of Lusignan (d. ca. 1414), granddaughter of Jean de Lusignan and second wife Alix of Ibelin, without issue, and had three bastard children

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eudes/Odo of Lusignan (d. 1421 in Palermo), Titular Seneschal of Jerusalem, in the service of the King of Aragon, (probably) married after March 19, 1406 his cousin Loysia de Lusignan, granddaughter of Jean de Lusignan and second wife Alix d'Ibelin, without issue, without issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh of Lusignan (d. August, 1442 in Geneva), Regent of Cyprus and Cardinal Archbishop of Nicosia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guy of Lusignan, Constable of Cyprus, unmarried and without issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- an unknown daughter de Lusignan (d. 1374 in Rhodes), died young

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacqua of Lusignan (d. ca. 1397 or 1396/1398), unmarried and without issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eschiva of Lusignan (d. after 1406), probably married to Count Sclavus von Asperg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary of Lusignan (1381 in Genoa – September 4, 1404 in Naples and buried there), married Ladislaus "le Magnanime", King of Naples and Jerusalem, Hungary and Dalmatia, etc. (July 14, 1376/February 11, 1377 in Naples – of poisoning August 6, 1414 at Naples and buried there) on February 12, 1403 in Naples, without issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agnes of Lusignan (ca. 1382 – March 1, 1459 in Venasco), Abbess of Wunstorf

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabella of Lusignan, ca. 1415 married her cousin Peter of Lusignan, titular Count of Tripoli, regent of Cyprus and titular Constable and titular Seneschal of Jerusalem (d. February 10, 1451), grandson of John of Lusignan and second wife Alix of Ibelin, without issue

paragraph: Upon his death, his son Janus succeeded to the throne.

description: King of Cyprus and Armenia

wikidata_label: James I of Cyprus

wikipedia_title: James I of Cyprus


text:
Aimery
Eschiva of Ibelin
Ibelins
Ramleh
Aimery of Lusignan
Eschiva of Ibelin
Isabella I of Jerusalem
Maria of Montferrat
Alice of Champagne
Philippa of Champagne
minor
High Court of Cyprus
Walter of Montbéliard
Sultanate of Rum
Seldjuks
bezant
Bohemond IV of Antioch
John of Brienne
king of Jerusalem
Pope Innocent III
Helvis
Raymond-Roupen
Knights Hospitaller
Tripoli
Hospitallers
Tripoli
Hospitallers
Nicosia
Henry of Champagne
Estoire de Eracles
Annales de Terre Sainte
Les gestes des Chiprois
Mary
Walter IV of Brienne
Cairo
Hugh of Brienne
Walter V of Brienne
Aimery of Cyprus
Isabella
Henry of Antioch
Hugh III of Cyprus
Lusignan
Henry I
King of Cyprus
regent

categories: Medieval child rulers,Roman Catholic monarchs,Kings of Cyprus,13th-century rulers,Christians of the Fifth Crusade,13th century in Cyprus,1218 deaths,1190s births

paragraph: Hugh I of Cyprus

paragraph: Hugh I (; ; 1194/1195 – 10 January 1218) succeeded to the throne of Cyprus on 1 April 1205 underage upon the death of his elderly father Aimery, King of Cyprus and Jerusalem. His mother was Eschiva of Ibelin, heiress of that branch of Ibelins who had held Bethsan and Ramleh.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Hugh was the youngest of the three sons of Aimery of Lusignan, Lord of Cyprus, and his first wife, Eschiva of Ibelin. He was born between around 1194/1195 and 1199. Shortly after his birth, he lost his mother. Hugh and his two brothers, Guy and John, were engaged to the three daughters of Isabella I of Jerusalem (Maria of Montferrat, Alice of Champagne and Philippa of Champagne), as a sign of reconciliation between Cyprus and Jerusalem. Hugh was his father's only son to survive childhood.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Minority.

paragraph: Hugh was still a minor when his father died on 1 April 1205. The High Court of Cyprus appointed his brother-in-law, Walter of Montbéliard, regent. Walter was also made Hugh's guardian, thus he seized the custody of both the kingdom and the young monarch. Walter intervened in a conflict over the possession of Satalia between the Sultanate of Rum and an adventurer, Aldobrandino, on the latter's behalf, but the Seldjuks captured the town with the assistance of the local Greeks.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Ruler of Cyprus.

paragraph: Hugh reached the age of majority in September 1210. He called Walter of Montbéliard to account, stating that Walter had kept him in a "state of deprivation" during his minority. He demanded 240,000 white bezants from the ex-regent, claiming that 200,000 bezants had been in the royal treasury when his father died and he had spent 40,000 bezants to secure his own subsistence. Instead of rendering an account, Walter left Cyprus with the assistance of Bohemond IV of Antioch. John of Brienne, the new king of Jerusalem, gave shelter to Walter. In a letter sent to Pope Innocent III, Walter stated that Hugh had expelled him from Cyprus and confiscated his property without the judgement of the High Court.

paragraph: Hugh concluded a treaty with the Seldjuq sultan of Rum which guaranteed that the merchants from Cyprus and Rum could safely run their business in both countries. He gave his sister, Helvis, in marriage to Bohemond IV's rival, Raymond-Roupen, although she had been married to Odo of Dampierre (who was Walter of Montbéliard's kinsman). Odo of Dampierre urged the pope to intervene and prevent the new marriage. Hugh supported John of Brienne's opponents, according to a 1213 letter of Innocent III. The pope also rebuked him for capturing John of Brienne's vassals whom Muslim ships had forced to land at Cyprus.

paragraph: Hugh especially favored the Knights Hospitaller. He exempted them of duties levied on goods bought or sold in Cyprus already at the beginning of his personal rule. He sent reinforcements to them to Syria in 1214.

paragraph: He died at Tripoli and was buried at the Church of the Hospitallers at Tripoli, then at the Church of the Hospitallers at Nicosia.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Hugh married Alice of Champagne, the elder daughter of Isabella I of Jerusalem and her third husband, Henry of Champagne, who was the heir presumptive to Maria of Montferrat, Queen of Jerusalem, at the time of the marriage. The marriage was celebrated before Hugh reached the age of majority in 1210, according to the "Estoire de Eracles". Two other chronicles ("Annales de Terre Sainte" and "Les gestes des Chiprois") misdated the marriage to 1211.

paragraph: The couple had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Mary (before March, 1215 – 5 July 1251 or 1253), who married Count Walter IV of Brienne in 1233 (ca. 1200 – murdered at Cairo, 1244). She became mother of Hugh of Brienne (ca. 1240–1296), who was Count of Lecce and Brienne and pursued the kingdoms in Levant for himself when his uncle Henry's line began to go extinct. This claim fell to her grandson Walter V of Brienne and his descendants. They are the heirs-general of King Aimery of Cyprus and Hugh I himself.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Isabella (1216–1264), who married Henry of Antioch, and who was the mother of Hugh III of Cyprus and ancestress of the line named later as the second dynasty of Lusignan

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Henry I (1217–1253), namesake of his maternal grandfather, who became King of Cyprus upon his father's death in 1218, with his mother acting as regent.

description: King of Cyprus

wikidata_label: Hugh I of Cyprus

wikipedia_title: Hugh I of Cyprus


text: German

text: engineer

text: Volkswagen

text: World War II

text: Hildesheim

text: Technical University of Berlin

text: Roman Catholic

text: Askania-Burgundia

text: BMW

text: Opel

text: automotive industry

text: General Motors

text: Kadett

text: the war

text: Gerd Stieler von Heydekampf

text: truck plant

text: Brandenburg

text: American-occupied sector

text: Hamburg

text: Managing Director

text: Wolfsburg

text: Ivan Hirst

text: Volkswagen Beetle

text: Federal Service Cross with star

text: DM

text: Auto Union

text: Audi

text: Carl Hahn

text: Volkswagen of America

text: Kurt Lotz

categories: Technical University of Berlin alumni,People from Hildesheim,1899 births,People in the automobile industry,1968 deaths,Opel people,Volkswagen Group executives,People from the Province of Hanover

paragraph: Heinrich Nordhoff

paragraph: Heinz Heinrich Nordhoff (6 January 1899 – 12 April 1968) was a German engineer who led the Volkswagen company as it was rebuilt after World War II.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Nordhoff was born in Hildesheim, the son of a banker. He graduated from the Technical University of Berlin, where he became a member of the Roman Catholic fraternity Askania-Burgundia, and in 1927, began work for BMW working on aircraft engines.

paragraph: In 1929 he went to work for Opel, where he gained experience of the automotive industry and, since the company had been acquired by General Motors not long before, of American practices in the field. He was rapidly promoted: in 1936 he was the Commercial-Technical director who presented the company's innovative new small car, the Kadett, to the public. In 1942, with passenger car production much diminished on account of the war, he took over from Gerd Stieler von Heydekampf as Production Director at the company's flagship truck plant at Brandenburg.

paragraph: After the war he was barred from working in the American-occupied sector because of a business award he had received from the Nazis. He obtained a job as a service manager at a Hamburg garage. Hamburg was a central location for the Control Commission for Germany - British Element, who recruited him for the position of Managing Director of the Volkswagen plant at Wolfsburg at the urging of British Army Major Ivan Hirst, who had been directing the plant. Nordhoff took up the position on 1 January 1948.

paragraph: During his first year in post, Nordhoff doubled production to 19,244 cars. By the end of 1961 annual production exceeded a million vehicles. He became legendary for turning the Volkswagen Beetle into a worldwide automotive phenomenon; he developed export markets and ultimately manufacturing facilities abroad. He pioneered the idea of constant improvement while keeping the styling the same. He gave liberal benefits to Volkswagen workers and increased pay scales. Within six years of taking over Volkswagen, Nordhoff reduced the number of man-hours to produce a single car by 75 percent, from 400 to 100. His commitment to improving the workmanship at Volkswagen made the Beetle famous for its bulletproof reliability.

paragraph: In 1955, shortly before the Wolfsburg factory celebrated its millionth Volkswagen, Nordhoff was awarded a Federal Service Cross with star.

paragraph: Nordhoff's ability to sell cars and his achievement in first placing the Wolfsburg factory on a firm footing and then making Volkswagen a domestic and international success have not been questioned, but he has been criticised on various bases. At Brandenburg during the war, he used slave labour, although he reportedly ensured the workers had adequate food, shelter and clothing. He took full credit for the company's successes and has been seen as overly self-promoting; in the 1950s he was nicknamed "King Nordhoff" by the German press. Finally, as became apparent in the 1960s, Volkswagen was too slow and inefficient in developing new designs under him. While publicly championing the Beetle, beginning in 1952 Nordhoff spent DM200 million behind the scenes seeking to develop new models, some in partnership with other manufacturers, but his indecision led to the abandonment of all such prototypes. By the late 1960s, the Beetle faced serious competition from Japanese, American, and other European models in different markets. Ultimately, Nordhoff's takeover of Auto Union in 1964 to provide still more manufacturing capacity for Beetles ended up both providing the group with both what would become its performance-luxury brand - Audi - and also the expertise to finally replace the Beetle and its tail-engined stablemates.

paragraph: Nordhoff had wanted Carl Hahn, head of Volkswagen of America, to succeed him on his retirement, but the Board of Directors chose Kurt Lotz. Nordhoff had a heart attack in summer 1967, and although he returned to work in October, he died six months later, in April 1968; he was to have retired that autumn.

paragraph: Section::::Quote.

paragraph: "Offering people an honest value appealed to me more than being driven around by a bunch of hysterical stylists trying to sell people something they really don't want to have." — Heinrich Nordhoff on his automotive philosophy, from the book "Volkswagen: Beetles, Buses and Beyond" by James Flammang.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heidrun Edelmann, "Heinrich Nordhoff: Ein deutscher Manager in der Automobilindustrie", in: "Deutsche Unternehmer zwischen Kriegswirtschaft und Wiederaufbau", ed. Paul Erker and Toni Pierenkemper, Quellen und Darstellungen zur Zeitgeschchte 39, Munich: Oldenbourg, 1999. . pp. 19–52

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrea Hiott, "Thinking Small: The Long Strange Trip of the Volkswagen Beetle", Penguin Random House, 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hans-Jürgen Schneider. "Autos und Technik. 125 Jahre Opel", Schneider+Repschläger, 1987.

description: German businessman

wikidata_label: Heinrich Nordhoff

wikipedia_title: Heinrich Nordhoff


text:
witchcraft
Salem witch trials
hanging
Mary Eastey
Martha Corey
Ann Pudeator
Samuel Wardwell
Mary Parker
Alice Parker
Wilmot Redd
Rowley
begging
Sarah Good
colonies
freeman
Andover
Mary Walcott
Ann Putnam, Jr.
Mary Warren
Elizabeth Hubbard
Newbury
Nicholas Noyes
William Phips
Arthur Miller
The Crucible
Nobel
Elie Wiesel
exonerated
Halloween
Ann Pudeator
Paul Tirone
Sarah Wildes

categories: Executed American women,Kingdom of England emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies,American people executed for witchcraft,People executed by the Thirteen Colonies by hanging,17th-century executions of American people,People from Rowley, Massachusetts,People executed by Massachusetts by hanging,1610s births,1692 deaths,Executed English people,People of the Salem witch trials,Colonial American women,17th-century executions by England,Executed English women,People executed by the Province of Massachusetts Bay

paragraph: Margaret Scott (Salem witch trials)

paragraph: Margaret Scott (née Stephenson, March 28, 1616 – ) was found guilty of witchcraft during the Salem witch trials and was executed by hanging on September 22, 1692. She was part of the last group to be executed, which also included Mary Eastey, Martha Corey, Ann Pudeator, Samuel Wardwell, Mary Parker, Alice Parker, and Wilmot Redd. She was the only accused person from Rowley to be executed. As a lower-class, long-term widow, having lost several children in infancy, she was a prototypical witch candidate. When her husband, Benjamin, died, he left a very small estate and she, being unable to remarry, was reduced to begging, which invited resentment and suspicion. In this manner, her circumstances were comparable to fellow victim, Sarah Good.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Margaret was born in England, March 28, 1616, likely migrating to the colonies with her parents. From the status of her future husband, it is most probable that they were a lower class family. The first record of her in America is her marriage to Benjamin Scott in 1642. They had seven children, though only three survived to adulthood. The town of Rowley granted Benjamin land in 1664. Shortly after, he was declared a freeman. A man by the same name (presumably the same man) was fined and "admonished" for theft. Benjamin died in 1671, leaving an estate of only 67 pounds and 17 shillings, which would have to support Margaret and her family for the rest of her life, as she never remarried. Consequently, she was reduced to begging.

paragraph: Section::::Salem witch trials.

paragraph: Section::::Salem witch trials.:Accusation and arrest.

paragraph: Margaret was arrested late in the course of the events, as part of the Andover witch hunt. Mary Walcott and Ann Putnam, Jr. had been brought to Andover on June 11 and again on July 26 to initiate and perpetuate the witch hunt there. Margaret's primary accusers were the two most prominent families in Rowley, the Nelsons and the Wycombs.

paragraph: Section::::Salem witch trials.:Examination.

paragraph: Margaret's examination took place on August 5, 1692. It is probable she had been arrested the previous day. One of the "confessed" witches, recorded only as "M. G.", claimed that she and Margaret had turned invisible to hit Captain Wycomb with a stick, an event which he corroborated. When Margaret denied having done this, M. G. was incredulous and reaffirmed her accusation.

paragraph: Margaret was indicted on charges of witchcraft, against 17-year-old Frances Wycomb and 19-year-old Mary Daniel, unmarried women from Rowley. Daniel was a servant girl in the household of Rev. Edward Payson.

paragraph: Section::::Salem witch trials.:Trial.

paragraph: Her trial took place in September. On September 15, Frances Wycomb testified that Margaret had begun tormenting her "by choaking and almost presing me to death" shortly after the witchcraft hysteria had begun at Salem, and that she had continued to do so until the present. Ann Putnam, Jr. and Mary Warren claimed to have witnessed this torture. Mary Warren and Elizabeth Hubbard testified that they had witnessed the torture of Mary Daniel. Sarah Coleman, from Newbury, swore that Margaret had recently afflicted her three or four times, by "by pricking, pinching, and choaking of me" . Mary Daniel went into great detail about how Margaret had tormented her, and also mentioned Elizabeth Jackson as having appeared with her.

paragraph: Much of the evidence entered against her was from events that had happened five or ten years previous. Phillip and Sarah Nelson testified that Robert Shilleto (by then deceased, so he could not affirm or deny the story) had repeatedly complained that Margaret was a witch, afflicting him until he died. Jonathan Burbank, Captain Daniel Wycomb and Frances Wycomb testified that Margaret had come to Burbank's house, asking for corn from his field. (By this time, she had long been widowed.) Burbank initially asked her to wait until he retrieved it from his field, but when she persisted, his wife gave her some. Later, when he went to get some more corn out of the field, his oxen refused to move, which he attributed to Margaret's bewitching of them. Similarly, Thomas Nelson testified that Margaret repeatedly came to him for wood, for payment of a debt he owed to her. After he denied her, two of his cows died, which he and his neighbors considered unnatural, causing him to conclude Margaret was a witch.

paragraph: These last two examples highlight a phenomenon commonly seen in witch hunts, what historians call "refusal guilt syndrome". This occurs when people who refuse beggars feel guilt about doing so, and instead of admitting this, they vilify the person that caused them to feel guilty.

paragraph: Margaret maintained her innocence throughout the process, but was found guilty on September 17, 1692 and sentenced to be executed.

paragraph: Section::::Salem witch trials.:Execution.

paragraph: She was executed by hanging on Thursday, September 22, 1692, with seven others. Nicholas Noyes, officiating as clergyman, reportedly turned toward the suspended bodies of the victims and said, "What a sad thing it is to see eight firebrands of hell hanging there." Sir William Phips soon shut down the trials and this was the last group to be executed. Eventually, all of the remaining accused people were released, except for those who had died in custody.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: Margaret Scott has a memorial bench at the Salem Witch Trials Memorial, along with the rest of the men and women who were executed. Arthur Miller, who wrote "The Crucible", a play based on the trials, spoke at the dedication, as did Nobel Laureate Elie Wiesel. She also has a memorial stone monument in Rowley, where she lived.

paragraph: She was officially exonerated by name on October 31, 2001 (Halloween), more than three centuries after her trial and execution. Most of the accused witches had been exonerated in the early 18th century, but some families, including Margaret's, did not come forward at that time. In 1957, Ann Pudeator was singled out as being exonerated along with "certain other persons", but it took almost another fifty years for the last five victims to be explicitly named. Paul Tirone, a state representative at the time whose wife is a descendant of Sarah Wildes, helped to pass the act. He said, "These people were victims of hysteria, and they paid deeply with their lives."

paragraph: In March 2012, her original indictment was sold at a New York auction for $26,000. It was the first Salem witch trial document to be sold in 30 years.

description: Hanged as part of the Salem witch trials

wikidata_label: Margaret Scott

wikipedia_title: Margaret Scott (Salem witch trials)


text: United States Navy

text: officer

text: physician

text: Spanish–American War

text: World War I

text: World War II

text: Bremerton, Washington

text: Charles Carroll Carpenter

text: English

text: immigrant

text: William Carpenter

text: Rehoboth, Massachusetts

text: Kittery, Maine

text: Bremerton, Washington

text: United States Naval Academy Cemetery

text: Annapolis, Maryland

text: Harvard University

text: Harvard Medical School

text: Lieutenant, JG

text: USS "Raleigh"

text: United States Navy

text: protected cruiser

text: Smyrna

text: Aegean Sea

text: Moroccan

text: Italy

text: Mediterranean

text: Levant

text: Suez Canal

text: Asiatic Station

text: Hong Kong

text: Commodore

text: James Dewey

text: US Congress

text: war against Spain

text: Manila

text: El Fraile Island

text: Corregidor

text: gunboat

text: Manila Bay

text: Subic Bay

text: Grande Island

text: military decoration

text: Dewey Medal

text: Daniel Chester French

text: USS "Olympia"

text: Suez Canal

text: Cornelius Vanderbilt

text: St. James' Episcopal Church

text: New York City

text: USS "Callao"

text: Spanish gunboat "Callao"

text: List of people from Maine

text: List of people from Washington

text: List of people with surname Carpenter

text: DANFS Raleigh-II

categories: United States Navy officers,American military personnel of the Philippine–American War,1874 births,1955 deaths,American military doctors,People from Kittery, Maine,American military personnel of the Spanish–American War,Harvard Medical School alumni,American male writers

paragraph: Dudley Newcomb Carpenter

paragraph: Dudley Newcomb Carpenter (June 28, 1874 – March 26, 1955) was a United States Navy officer and physician who participated in the Spanish–American War of 1898, and served through World War I and World War II. He established the first hospitals at Baguio, Philippines, Bas Obispo, Mexico and at Bremerton, Washington. He was also a writer.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Carpenter was fifth child and third son of Rear Admiral Charles Carroll Carpenter (1834–1899) and his wife Anna Brown (1842–19??). He was a descendant of the English immigrant William Carpenter who settled in Rehoboth, Massachusetts in 1644.

paragraph: Carpenter was born in Kittery, Maine on June 28, 1874 and died in Bremerton, Washington on March 26, 1955. He was named after his paternal grandfather. He is buried in the United States Naval Academy Cemetery in Annapolis, Maryland.

paragraph: Section::::School.

paragraph: Carpenter attended Harvard University and Harvard Medical School graduating with a medical degree in 1896. Then Carpenter then volunteered joining the U.S. Navy as an assistant surgeon.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Carpenter was commissioned as a Lieutenant, JG and assigned to the USS "Raleigh", a United States Navy protected cruiser, as an assistant surgeon.

paragraph: The USS "Raleigh" had just finished an overhaul at Norfolk and on May 6, 1897, she steamed eastward. Carpenter with the ship reported for duty on the European Station at Smyrna (now Izmir) on the Aegean Sea on June 7, 1897. In July, Carpenter and the officers and men participated in a good-will tour of Moroccan ports. By August, they were off Italy, then returned to the western Mediterranean. During this time period Carpenter learned military deportment and social skills. Through December, the ship operated off the Levant and toward the end of the month transited the Suez Canal en route to the Asiatic Station. On 18 February 1898, she reached Hong Kong where she joined Commodore James Dewey's Asiatic squadron.

paragraph: Section::::Spanish–American War.

paragraph: On 26 April 1898, the US Congress declared war against Spain. On April 27 the squadron got underway for Manila. Three days later, they passed El Fraile Island and was fired on by an enemy battery. With and , she returned the fire, then moved toward Cavite to engage the Spanish fleet. Carpenter's battle station was amidships in the enlisted mess room.

paragraph: Carpenter's journal during this time period confuses some of the Spanish ships engaged and events. This indicates they were written soon after the battle. Carpenter wrote that the officers and crew saw the coming action as a "festive occasion, from their jokes and general good spirits." In a letter home to his mother, Carpenter reports he saw flashes of gunfire from Spanish guns and heard the "shrill, curdling whirr" of incoming shells. He also reported that his ship was lucky and injuries very minor during the action. Carpenter also says he rescued four firemen from heat exhaustion after they collapsed in the boiler room of the ship. On May 1, 1898 the American ships were steaming in column and the American squadron ran by the Spanish, firing at close range. Two hours later, five cross runs had been completed, and the Spanish fleet had been destroyed. Shore batteries became the targets. Just before noon on 1 May, USS "Raleigh" joined , "Boston", and in silencing the navy yard and arsenal batteries. On 2 May, she sent officers ashore, including Lt. Carpenter, to demand the surrender of Corregidor and, on the 3rd, sent men to disable the batteries there and destroy the munitions. In the late afternoon, shore parties were sent to Palo Caballo for the same purpose. The ship then took up picket and patrol duties, capturing the gunboat on the 12th.

paragraph: In July, the USS "Raleigh" shifted from Manila Bay to Subic Bay. On the 7th, she shelled Spanish positions on Grande Island until they surrendered; she then sent garrison troops ashore. On the 10th, she returned to Manila, where she remained until after the Spanish surrendered the city in mid-August. Of the Spanish, Carpenter says they demonstrated admirable courage and possessed excellent weapons, but "they could not shoot straight" with them.

paragraph: A special military decoration, the Battle of Manila Bay Medal (commonly called the Dewey Medal), was struck in honor of Dewey's victory at Manila Bay and awarded to every officer, Sailor and Marine present at the battle, including Dr. Carpenter. The medals were designed by Daniel Chester French and were produced by Tiffany's. Each medal was engraved with the recipient's ship, name and rank.

paragraph: Carpenter was transferred to the USS "Olympia" by June 1, 1898 when a group picture is taken of him with Rear Admiral George Dewey and other officers on the flagship.

paragraph: Carpenter was aboard the USS "Olympia" when she returned to the Chinese coast on 20 May 1899. She remained there until the following month, when she departed for the U.S., via the Suez Canal and the Mediterranean Sea. The ship arrived in Boston on 10 October. Following the return of "Olympia" to the U.S., her officers and crews were feted and she was herself repainted and adorned with a gilded bow ornament. On 9 November, "Olympia" was decommissioned and placed in reserve.

paragraph: On April 17, 1900, Carpenter wed Miss Sylvia Caesar, grand-niece to Cornelius Vanderbilt at St. James' Episcopal Church in New York City. Carpenter was cited as: "One of the finest looking, most sociable and brightest officers of his grade in the Navy."

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: Carpenter decided to stay in the Navy after the war and was nominated and later confirmed after October 24, 1899 by President William McKinley during executive proceedings to the Senate.

paragraph: In his Military Order of Foreign War notation, he is also listed as serving on the USS "Callao" probably as part of the prize crew on the former Spanish gunboat "Callao" in February 1899."

paragraph: During World War I, Carpenter was awarded the Navy Cross while in Ireland.

paragraph: "The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to Captain (MC) Dudley Newcomb Carpenter, United States Navy, for distinguished service in the line of his profession in establishing and maintaining Naval Base Hospital No. 4 at Queenstown, Ireland."

paragraph: Action Date: World War I

paragraph: Service: Navy

paragraph: Rank: Captain

paragraph: Division: Naval Base Hospital No. 4 (Queenstown, Ireland)

paragraph: Carpenters later career is murky. What is known is documented via his journals and brief biographies. Dr. Carpenter helped establish the first hospitals at Baguio, Philippines and Bas Obispo, Mexico. He established a hospital out of a medical clinic at Bremerton, Washington. He served as the Reserve Fleet surgeon prior to and after World War I. He commanded the Division of Planning and Publication at the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery from 1923 to 1927. He also headed the medical department at the U. S. Naval Academy per the obit of his son, Donald.

paragraph: Carpenter then retired from active service, but the exact date is not known. As is his activities there after. During World War II, he was recalled to duty and sat on the Medical Examining and Retiring Board until 1946.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: Carpenter apparently wrote pieces for the "Naval Medical Bulletin". Two have been found entitled "Visit to the Chefoo, China, School for the Deaf," noted in the "Association Review" 9 (1907): 359–362; and "Gunshot Wounds as Seen in the Philippines," "Medical News" (6 August 1898): 174–176. Another is entitled: Duties of the Medical Department at "General Quarters."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of people from Maine

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of people from Washington

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of people with surname Carpenter

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- DANFS Raleigh-II

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Fighting Doctor: Dudley Newcomb Carpenter at the Battle of Manila Bay by Jason E. Vine.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Manila Bay Medal (Dewey Medal)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papers of Dudley Newcomb Carpenter, 1897–1901 in the Library of Congress. Journal kept by Carpenter on board the U.S.S. "Raleigh" and the U.S.S. "Olympia", … includes information concerning the Battle of Manila Bay and descriptions of Ceylon, Singapore, and cities on the Mediterranean Sea.

description: Spanish-American War

wikidata_label: Dudley Newcomb Carpenter

wikipedia_title: Dudley Newcomb Carpenter