text: jockey

text: trainer

text: flat racing

text: steeplechase racing

text: Wintergreen

text: 1909 Kentucky Derby

text: Jolly Roger

text: American Grand National

categories: People from Westfield, New York,American Champion jockeys,1891 births,1966 deaths,American jockeys

paragraph: Vincent Powers

paragraph: Vincent Minford Powers (June 6, 1891 – October 19, 1966) was an American Champion jockey and trainer who competed in both flat racing and steeplechase racing. He rode the winning horse Wintergreen in the 1909 Kentucky Derby and in 1927 and 1928 rode Jolly Roger to back-to-back wins in the most important steeplechase race in the United States, the American Grand National. He was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 2015 as well as the Chautauqua County, New York Sports Hall of Fame in formal ceremonies held on February 16, 2015.

paragraph: In 1908 and 1909, Vincent Powers earned national riding championships when he won more races than any other jockey in United States flat racing. In 1917 he became the first jockey in American racing to win a National Championship in both steeplechase and flat racing.

wikidata_label: Vincent Powers

wikipedia_title: Vincent Powers


text: Norwegian

text: radio drama

text: God aften, mitt navn er Cox

text: Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation

text: Radio Theater

text: Instructor Brandt

text: Jennings

text: Kristiania

text: National Theater

text: Bergen

text: Arthur Miller

text: Death of a Salesman

text: People's Theater

text: Norwegian Theater

text: Television Theater

text: National Theater

text: Oslo New Theater

text: August Strindberg

text: Kristin Lavransdatter

text: Shakespeare

text: The Merchant of Venice

text: Stompa & Co.

text: Bobby's War

text: Min Marion

text: Fleksnes

text: Anton Chekhov

text: Uncle Vanya

text: Harold Pinter

text: The Collection

text: Det går alltid et tog

text: Den som henger i en tråd

text: Karjolsteinen

text: Vårnatt

text: Min Marion

text: Under en steinhimmel

text: Kimen

text: Bobby's War

text: Lina's Wedding

text: Marikens bryllup

text: Døden i gatene

text: Før frostnettene

text: Stompa forelsker seg

text: De kalte ham Skarven

text: Marenco

text: Stompa, selvfølgelig!

text: Stompa & Co

text: På solsiden

text: Blodveien (film)

text: Fleksnes

text: Her har jeg mitt liv

text: Television Theater

text: Erasmus Montanus

text: Kranes konditori

text: Gengangere

text: Den fjerde nattevakt

text: Miss Julie

categories: 1982 deaths,Norwegian male stage actors,Male actors from Oslo,Norwegian male television actors,1921 births,Norwegian male film actors,Norwegian male radio actors

paragraph: Arne Lie (actor)

paragraph: Arne Lie (September 25, 1921 – January 22, 1982) was a Norwegian actor best known for the voice of Paul Cox in the radio drama "God aften, mitt navn er Cox" (Good Evening, My Name is Cox), broadcast by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation's Radio Theater department, and for his role as Instructor Brandt in the Norwegian "Stompa" films and radio dramas, based on the Jennings novels.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Lie was born in Kristiania (now Oslo). He debuted in 1947 at the National Theater in Bergen, where he was engaged until 1952 and had a breakthrough as Biff in Arthur Miller's "Death of a Salesman" in 1950. He was later engaged at the People's Theater in Oslo from 1952 to 1955, the Norwegian Theater in Oslo from 1955 to 1960, the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation's Television Theater from 1960 to 1964 and again from 1970 to 1972, the National Theater in Oslo, and the Oslo New Theater from 1972 to 1980. At the Norwegian Theater he played Prince Erik in August Strindberg's "Gustavus Vasa" and Erlend in the theater adaptation of "Kristin Lavransdatter". One of his last theater roles was as Shylock in Shakespeare's "The Merchant of Venice".

paragraph: The films that Lie appeared in included "Stompa & Co." (1962), "Bobby's War" (1974), and "Min Marion" (1975). He is especially remembered for his role as Instructor Brandt in three of the Stompa films, along with radio dramas in the same series.

paragraph: Lie appeared in many productions by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation's Television Theater in the 1960s and 1970s, including in a few episodes of the comedy series "Fleksnes". In the Television Theater he played, among other roles, the title role in Anton Chekhov's "Uncle Vanya" and the lead in Harold Pinter's "The Collection". In the "Fleksnes" episode "Det går alltid et tog" (There's Always a Train, 1974) he played an authoritative major in a train compartment.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980: "Den som henger i en tråd" (Olaus Strande)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978: "Olsenbanden og Data-Harry sprenger verdensbanken" (concierge at the World Bank)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977: "Karjolsteinen" (priest)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976: "Vårnatt" (orderly)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975: "Min Marion" (landlord)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974: "Under en steinhimmel" (mayor)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974: "Kimen" (Dal)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974: "Bobby's War" (Fredrik)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973: "Lina's Wedding"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972: "Marikens bryllup" (Carsten)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970: "Døden i gatene" (Mike)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966: "Før frostnettene" (Knut Holmen)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965: "Stompa forelsker seg" (Instructor Brandt)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965: "De kalte ham Skarven" (Ole Jacob Moe)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964: "Marenco"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963: "Stompa, selvfølgelig!" (Instructor Brandt)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962: "Stompa & Co" (Instructor Brandt)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956: "På solsiden" (Hartvig Riibe, landowner)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955: "Blodveien (film)", Serbo-Croatian title "Krvavi put"

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.:TV appearances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988: "Fleksnes": "Her har jeg mitt liv" (officer on a train; in a clip recorded in 1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974: "Fleksnes": "Det går alltid et tog" (officer on a train)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971: "Smilet" (Television Theater)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971: "Erasmus Montanus" (Television Theater)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970: "Frakt under havet" (Television Theater)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963: "Kranes konditori" (Justus Gjør; Television Theater)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962: "Gengangere" (Snekker Engstrand; Television Theater)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961: "Den evige ektemann" (Alexei Ivanovich Vechaninov; Television Theater)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961: "Fru Inger til Østråt" (TV; Finn; Television Theater)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960: "Den fjerde nattevakt" (Sigismund; Television Theater)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960: "Miss Julie" (Jean; Television Theater)

description: Norwegian actor

wikidata_label: Arne Lie

wikipedia_title: Arne Lie (actor)


text:
American football
tight end
college football
Wisconsin
Pitt
undrafted free agent
Kansas City Chiefs
Brashear High School
Beechview
Pittsburgh
Pennsylvania
senior
receptions
touchdown
tackles
sacks
punts
interception
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
team captain
Most Valuable Player
Scout.com
Rivals.com
Big 33 Football Classic
honor roll
University of Wisconsin–Madison
wide receiver
Badgers
2010
defensive end
kick coverage
2011
2012
Pitt
NCAA
2013
redshirt
tight end
H-back
starter
Devin Street
2014
Tyler Boyd
majored
social science
NFL draft
fullback
undrafted
2015 NFL Draft
Kansas City Chiefs
Cleveland Browns
Brooklyn Bolts
Fall Experimental Football League
Buffalo Bills
practice squad
Denver Broncos
The Spring League
Washington Redskins
Justin King
2008 NFL Draft
St. Louis Rams
Pitt Panthers bio
Buffalo Bills bio

categories: Sportspeople from Pittsburgh,American football fullbacks,Kansas City Chiefs players,Washington Redskins players,Cleveland Browns players,Living people,American football wide receivers,American football defensive ends,1992 births,American football tight ends,Denver Broncos players,Pittsburgh Panthers football players,Players of American football from Pennsylvania,Buffalo Bills players,Wisconsin Badgers football players

paragraph: Manasseh Garner

paragraph: Manasseh Sylvester Garner (born March 11, 1992) is an American football tight end who is currently a free agent. He played college football at Wisconsin before transferring to Pitt. He was originally signed as an undrafted free agent by the Kansas City Chiefs.

paragraph: Section::::High school career.

paragraph: Garner attended Brashear High School in the Beechview neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. As a senior, he recorded 27 receptions for 540 yards and 10 touchdowns. He also recorded 60 tackles, six sacks, two blocked punts, and two interceptions on defense. For the season he was an All-State Class AA selection by the Pennsylvania Sports Writers as an all-purpose player. He was also named "Pennsylvania Football News" All-Class AAA and "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette" City League Player of the Year.

paragraph: While at Brashear he recorded 83 receptions for 1,267 yards and 21 touchdowns on offense and 149 tackles, 10 sacks and four interceptions on defense, for his career. He was also a two-time team captain and team Most Valuable Player (MVP). He was ranked Pennsylvania's 18th overall prospect by Scout.com, 24th by "SuperPrep" and 35th by Rivals.com. He was also selected to play in the Big 33 Football Classic. He was also an honor roll student.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Wisconsin.

paragraph: Garner then attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison where he was a wide receiver for the Badgers. As a true freshman in 2010, he appeared in 10 games. He played at defensive end, wide receiver and on kick coverage. He recorded 10 tackles for the season. As a sophomore in 2011, he appeared in 10 games. He recorded two receptions for 45 yards.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Pittsburgh.

paragraph: In 2012, Garner transferred to Pitt, where he had to sit out the season due to NCAA rules. In 2013, as a redshirt junior, Garner appeared in all 13 games, with five starts. He played at tight end and H-back but also at wide receiver, after starter Devin Street was injured. For the season, he recorded 33 receptions for 391 yards and three touchdowns. As a redshirt senior in 2014, he appeared in eight games, with nine starts at wide receiver opposite Tyler Boyd. For the season, he recorded 17 receptions for 201 yards and two touchdowns. While at Pitt, he majored in social sciences.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Prior to the NFL draft, Garner was projected to play as a fullback.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Kansas City Chiefs.

paragraph: After going undrafted in the 2015 NFL Draft Garner signed with the Kansas City Chiefs as a fullback. He was then released on May, 19.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cleveland Browns.

paragraph: On August 9, he was signed by the Cleveland Browns as a tight end. He was released on August 22.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Brooklyn Bolts.

paragraph: Garner signed with the Brooklyn Bolts, a member of the Fall Experimental Football League. Because of his experience as a fullback, Garner served as a hybrid player in the Bolts backfield. Over the course of the 2 game FXFL season, Garner recorded 17 rushes for 57 yards and a touchdown, plus 4 catches for 15 yards and another score. Garner's two touchdowns accounted for one third of the touchdowns scored by the Bolts that season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Buffalo Bills.

paragraph: Garner was signed to the Buffalo Bills' practice squad on December 30, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Denver Broncos.

paragraph: Garner was signed to a futures contract by the Denver Broncos on January 13, 2016. He was released on August 29, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Buffalo Bills (second stint).

paragraph: On October 5, 2016 Garner was signed to the Bills practice squad. On October 21, he was promoted to the Bills active roster. He was released on October 28 and was re-signed to the practice squad on October 31, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Washington Redskins.

paragraph: In April, Garner participated in The Spring League, a startup developmental league. Garner was invited to a tryout with the Washington Redskins. On May 15, 2017, Garner was officially signed by Washington. On September 2, 2017, Garner was waived by the team and was signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on December 27, 2017.. On August 9, 2018, Garner injured his ACL during the first pre-season game, which ended his season. He was waived on June 6, 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Garner is the son of Marcellus and Mechella Garner and has two sisters and one brother. His cousin Justin King was a fourth round selection in the 2008 NFL Draft by the St. Louis Rams.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pitt Panthers bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buffalo Bills bio

description: American-football player (1992-)

wikidata_label: Manasseh Garner

wikipedia_title: Manasseh Garner


categories: 1836 births,19th-century French sculptors,People from Pamplemousses District,French male sculptors,20th-century French sculptors,1914 deaths

paragraph: Prosper d'Épinay

paragraph: Prosper d'Épinay (1836–1914) was a Mauritius-born French sculptor.

alias:
Prosper d' Epinay
Prosper, Comte d' Epinay
Prosper, II, Comte d' Epinay
Prosper D' Epinay

description: French sculptor, draughtsperson and caricaturist

wikidata_label: Prosper d'Epinay

wikipedia_title: Prosper d'Épinay


text:
Blessed
Italian
Roman Catholic
Florence
God
Pope Pius VI
Signa
Arno River
Florence
God
Pope Benedict XVI
Pope Pius VI
Encyclopedia.com
Santi e Beati

categories: Italian beatified people,1245 births,1307 deaths,14th-century Roman Catholics,People from Florence,13th-century Italian people,13th-century Roman Catholics,14th-century venerated Christians,13th-century venerated Christians,14th-century Italian people

paragraph: Giovanna da Signa

paragraph: Blessed Giovanna da Signa (1245 – 9 November 1307) was an Italian Roman Catholic from Florence and a recluse with a reputation for being a miracle worker. Her life was spent in silent solitude dedicated to God and she remained a virgin her life as part of her consecration to God.

paragraph: Her beatification was celebrated in Florence under Pope Pius VI in 1798 – the last beatification of the pope's reign.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Giovanna was born in Signa in a castle along the Arno River in Florence.

paragraph: In 1268 she became a recluse in a small cave in Signa and decided to consecrate her life – and indeed her entire period of solitude – to God while deciding to remain chaste in further service to him. She garnered a formidable reputation for working miracles in her life though at least six have been recorded during her life.

paragraph: Giovanna died on 9 November 1307 and her remains housed in the church of San Giovanni Battista. Her local "cultus" (or popular devotion) gained considerable impetus in 1348 after the cessation of an epidemic that was credited to her intercession. The Vallombrosans and the Franciscans have claimed her as a member as have the Carmelites and Augustinians but this is proven to be falsified information. 21 miracles were credited to her for an undetermined period after her death.

paragraph: Celebrations were held from 16 November 2006 until 16 November 2007 to mark seven centuries since her death; Pope Benedict XVI issued a special indulgence for those that participated in special events for those commemorations.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Beatification.

paragraph: Pope Pius VI beatified the late recluse on 21 September 1798 during his exile in Florence. Her beatification was the last to be celebrated in that pope's reign. Her annual liturgical feast is affixed for the date of her death.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encyclopedia.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santi e Beati

wikidata_label: Giovanna da Signa

wikipedia_title: Giovanna da Signa


text:
German
field hockey
1928 Summer Olympics
profile

categories: Field hockey players at the 1928 Summer Olympics,1959 deaths,1897 births,Olympic medalists in field hockey,German male field hockey players,Olympic field hockey players of Germany,Olympic bronze medalists for Germany

paragraph: Georg Brunner

paragraph: Georg Brunner (December 15, 1897 – November 16, 1959) was a German field hockey player who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: He was a member of the German field hockey team, which won the bronze medal. He played all four matches as goalkeeper.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- profile

description: field hockey player

wikidata_label: Georg Brunner

wikipedia_title: Georg Brunner


text: English

text: octant

text: Thomas Godfrey

text: Bloomsbury

text: London

text: East Barnet

text: Hertfordshire

text: George Hadley

text: Royal Society of London

text: Attorney General of Barbados

text: celestial

text: latitude

text: Davis quadrant

text: American

text: Thomas Godfrey

text: parabolic

text: objective

text: reflecting telescope

text: Newtonian telescope

text: primary mirror

text: aerial refracting telescopes

text: Gregorian telescope

text: Mons Hadley

text: Rima Hadley

text: Moon

text: Oasis Trust

text: Ponders End

text: Oasis Academy Hadley

categories: People from Bloomsbury,English astronomers,1744 deaths,1682 births,Fellows of the Royal Society,English inventors,People from Chipping Barnet

paragraph: John Hadley

paragraph: John Hadley (16 April 1682 – 14 February 1744) was an English mathematician, and laid claim to the invention of the octant, two years after Thomas Godfrey claimed the same.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Bloomsbury, London the eldest son of George Hadley of Enfield Chase near East Barnet, Hertfordshire and his wife Katherine FitzJames. His younger brother George Hadley became a noted meteorologist.

paragraph: In 1717 John became a member (and later vice-president) of the Royal Society of London. In 1729 he inherited his father's East Barnet estate.

paragraph: He died in East Barnet in 1744 and is buried in the local churchyard with other members of his family. He had married Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Hodges, FRS (former Attorney General of Barbados) and had one child, a son and heir John, born in 1738.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: In 1730 Hadley invented the reflecting octant, which could be used to measure the altitude of the sun or other celestial objects above the horizon at sea. A mobile arm carrying a mirror and pivoting on a graduated arc provides a reflected image of the celestial body overlapping the image of the horizon, which is observed directly. If the position of the object on the sky and the time of the observation are known, it is easy for the user to calculate his own latitude. The octant proved extremely valuable for navigation and displaced the use of other instruments such as the Davis quadrant. An American, Thomas Godfrey, independently invented the octant at approximately the same time.

paragraph: Hadley also developed ways to make precision aspheric and parabolic objective mirrors for reflecting telescopes. In 1721 he showed the first parabolic Newtonian telescope to the Royal Society. This Newtonian, with a primary mirror, compared favorably with the large aerial refracting telescopes of the day. He also made Gregorian telescopes with accurately shaped mirrors.

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: Mons Hadley and Rima Hadley on the Moon are named after him.

paragraph: The Oasis Trust Academy in Ponders End is called Oasis Academy Hadley in his honour.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of largest optical telescopes in the 18th century

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography from the School of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of St Andrews, Scotland

description: English mathematician and astronomer

wikidata_label: John Hadley

wikipedia_title: John Hadley


text: Ancient Egyptian

text: Thoth

text: Pharaoh

text: Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt

text: from 1493 to 1479 BC

text: Deir el-Bahri

text: Cache

text: Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut

text: Egyptian Museum

text: Cairo

text: Thutmose I

text: Mutnofret

text: Hatshepsut

text: Nubia

text: Levant

text: nomadic

text: Bedouins

text: Neferure

text: Thutmose III

text: Iset

text: Thutmose III

text: Manetho

text: Egyptologists

text: heliacal rise

text: Sothis

text: Amenhotep I

text: Thutmose I

text: Ineni

text: Hatshepsut

text: Thutmose III

text: Semna

text: Kumma

text: Elephantine

text: Pylon

text: Amenhotep III

text: scarab

text: Flinders Petrie

text: scarab seal

text: Egyptologists

text: Neferure

text: Thutmose III

text: J. Von Beckerath

text: Valley of the Kings

text: Khnum

text: Semna

text: Kush

text: Egypt

text: kingship

text: Nubia

text: Thutmose I

text: Nubia

text: military

text: Josephus

text: Shasu

text: Bedouin

text: Sinai

text: Kurt Sethe

text: Retenu

text: Syria

text: Niy

text: elephant

text: Euphrates

text: Shasu

text: Syria

text: Deir el-Bahri cache

text: Ahmose I

text: Amenhotep I

text: Thutmose I

text: Thutmose III

text: Ramesses I

text: Seti I

text: Ramesses II

text: Ramesses IX

text: Gaston Maspero

text: Pharaoh of the Exodus

text: Alfred Edersheim

text: Hatshepsut

text: Thutmose III

text: History of Ancient Egypt

categories: 15th-century BC Pharaohs,Pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt,Thutmose I,Ancient Egyptian mummies,Hatshepsut,Year of birth unknown,1479 BC deaths,Ancient child rulers,Egyptian Museum

paragraph: Thutmose II

paragraph: Thutmose II (sometimes read as Thutmosis or Tuthmosis II, Thothmes in older history works in Latinized Greek; Ancient Egyptian: /"ḏḥwty.ms"/ Djehutymes, meaning "Thoth is born") was the fourth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt. His reign is generally dated from 1493 to 1479 BC. Thutmose II's body was found in the Deir el-Bahri Cache above the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut and can be viewed today in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Thutmose II was the son of Thutmose I and a minor wife, Mutnofret. He was, therefore, a lesser son of Thutmose I and chose to marry his fully royal half-sister, Hatshepsut, in order to secure his kingship. While he successfully put down rebellions in Nubia and the Levant and defeated a group of nomadic Bedouins, these campaigns were specifically carried out by the king's Generals, and not by Thutmose II himself. This is often interpreted as evidence that Thutmose II was still a minor at his accession. Thutmose II fathered Neferure with Hatshepsut, but also managed to father a male heir, the famous Thutmose III, by a lesser wife named Iset before his death.

paragraph: Some archaeologists believe that Hatshepsut was the real power behind the throne during Thutmose II's rule because of the similar domestic and foreign policies that were later pursued under her reign and because of her claim that she was her father's intended heir. She is depicted in several raised relief scenes from a Karnak gateway dating to Thutmose II's reign both together with her husband and alone. She later had herself crowned Pharaoh several years into the rule of her husband's young successor Thutmose III; this is confirmed by the fact that "the queen's agents actually replaced the boy king's name in a few places with her own cartouches" on the gateway.

paragraph: Manetho's "Epitome" refers to Thutmose II as "Chebron" (a reference to his prenomen, Aakheperenre) and gives him a reign of 13 years, but this figure is highly disputed among scholars. Some Egyptologists prefer to shorten his reign by a full decade to only three years because his highest Year Date is only a Year 1 II Akhet day 8 stela.

paragraph: Section::::Dates and length of reign.

paragraph: Manetho's "Epitome" has been a debated topic among Egyptologists with little consensus given the small number of surviving documents for his reign, but a 13-year reign is preferred by older scholars while newer scholars prefer a shorter 3-4 year reign for this king due to the minimal amount of scarabs and monuments attested under Thutmose II. It is still possible to estimate when Thutmose II's reign would have begun by means of a heliacal rise of Sothis in Amenhotep I's reign, which would give him a reign from 1493 to 1479 BC, although uncertainty about how to interpret the rise also permits a date from 1513 to 1499 BC, and uncertainty about how long Thutmose I ruled could also potentially place his reign several years earlier still. Nonetheless, scholars generally assign him a reign from 1493 or 1492 to 1479.

paragraph: Section::::Dates and length of reign.:Argument for a short reign.

paragraph: Ineni, who was already aged by the start of Thutmose II's reign, lived through this ruler's entire reign into that of Hatshepsut. In addition, Thutmose II is poorly attested in the monumental record and in the contemporary tomb autobiographies of New Kingdom officials. A clear count of monuments from his rule, which is the principal tool for estimating a king's reign when dated documents are not available, is nearly impossible because Hatshepsut usurped most of his monuments, and Thutmose III in turn reinscribed Thutmose II's name indiscriminately over other monuments. However, apart from several surviving blocks of buildings erected by the king at Semna, Kumma, and Elephantine, Thutmose II's only major monument consists of a limestone gateway at Karnak that once lay at the front of the Fourth Pylon's forecourt. Even this monument was not completed in Thutmose II's reign but in the reign of his son Thutmose III, which hints at "the nearly ephemeral nature of Thutmose II's reign". The gateway was later dismantled and its building blocks incorporated into the foundation of the Third Pylon by Amenhotep III.

paragraph: In 1987, Luc Gabolde published an important study that statistically compared the number of surviving scarabs found under Thutmose I, Thutmose II and Hatshepsut. While monuments can be usurped, scarabs are so small and comparatively insignificant that altering their names would be impractical and without profit; hence, they provide a far better insight into this period. Hatshepsut's reign is believed to have lasted for 21 years and 9 months. Gabolde highlighted, in his analysis, the consistently small number of surviving scarabs known for Thutmose II compared to Thutmose I and Hatshepsut respectively; for instance, Flinders Petrie's older study of scarab seals noted 86 seals for Thutmose I, 19 seals for Thutmose II and 149 seals for Hatshepsut while more recent studies by Jaeger estimate a total of 241 seals for Thutmose I, 463 seals for Hatshepsut and only 65 seals for Thutmose II. Hence, unless there was an abnormally low number of scarabs produced under Thutmose II, this would indicate that the king's reign was rather short-lived. On this basis, Gabolde estimated Thutmose I and II's reigns to be approximately 11 and 3 full years, respectively. Consequently, the reign length of Thutmose II has been a much debated subject among Egyptologists with little consensus given the small number of surviving documents for his reign.

paragraph: Section::::Dates and length of reign.:Argument for a long reign.

paragraph: Thutmose's reign is still traditionally given as 13 or 14 years. Although Ineni's autobiography can be interpreted to say that Thutmose reigned only a short time, it also calls Thutmose II a "hawk in the nest", indicating that he was perhaps a child when he assumed the throne. Since he lived long enough to father two children—Neferure and Thutmose III—this suggests that he may have had a longer reign of 13 years in order to reach adulthood and start a family. The German Egyptologist, J. Von Beckerath, uses this line of argument to support the case of a 13-year reign for Thutmose II. Alan Gardiner noted that at one point, a monument had been identified by Georges Daressy in 1900 that was dated to Thutmose's 18th year, although its precise location has not been identified. This inscription is now usually attributed to Hatshepsut, who certainly did have an 18th year. Von Beckerath observes that a Year 18 date appears in a fragmentary inscription of an Egyptian official and notes that the date likely refers to Hatshepsut's prenomen Maatkare, which had been altered from Aakheperenre Thutmose II, with the reference to the deceased Thutmose II being removed. There is also the curious fact that Hatshepsut celebrated her Sed Jubilee in her Year 16, which von Beckerath believes occurred 30 years after the death of Thutmose I, her father, who was the main source of her claim to power. This would create a gap of 13 to 14 years where Thutmose II's reign would fit in between Hatshepsut and Thutmose I's rule. Von Beckerath additionally stresses that Egyptologists have no conclusive criteria to statistically evaluate the reign length of Thutmose II based on the number of preserved objects from his reign.

paragraph: Catherine Roerig has proposed that tomb KV20, generally believed to have been commissioned by Hatshepsut, was the original tomb of Thutmose II in the Valley of the Kings. If correct, this would be a major project on the part of Thutmose II, which required a construction period of several years and implies a long reign for this king. Secondly, new archaeological work by French Egyptologists at Karnak has produced evidence of a pylon and an opulent festival court of Thutmose II in front of the 4th pylon according to Luc Gabolde. Meanwhile, French Egyptologists at Karnak have also uncovered blocks from a chapel and a barque sanctuary constructed by Thutmose II there. Finally, Zygmunt Wysocki has proposed that the funerary temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari was originally begun as Thutmose II's own mortuary temple. Thutmose III here later replaced depictions of Hatshepsut with those by Thutmose II in those parts of the temple that are proposed to have been executed by the latter king before Hatshepsut took over the temple following Thutmose II's death. Thutmose II also contributed to the decoration of the temple of Khnum at Semna.

paragraph: A reconsideration of this new archaeological evidence would remove several arguments usually advanced in support of a short reign: namely the absence of a tomb that can be assigned to Thutmose II, the absence of a funerary temple and the lack of any major works undertaken by this pharaoh. Thutmose II's Karnak building projects would also imply that his reign was closer to 13 years rather than just 3 years.

paragraph: Section::::Campaigns.

paragraph: Upon Thutmose's coronation, Kush rebelled, as it had the habit of doing upon the transition of Egyptian kingship. The Nubian state had been completely subjugated by Thutmose I, but some rebels from Khenthennofer rose up, and the Egyptian forces retreated into a fortress built by Thutmose I. On account of his relative youth at the time, Thutmose II dispatched an army into Nubia rather than leading it himself, but he seems to have easily crushed this revolt with the aid of his father's military generals. An account of the campaign is given by the historian Josephus who refers to it as the "Ethiopic War".

paragraph: Thutmose also seems to have fought against the Shasu Bedouin in the Sinai, in a campaign mentioned by Ahmose Pen-Nekhbet. Although this campaign has been called a minor raid, there is a fragment recorded by Kurt Sethe that records a campaign in Upper Retenu, or Syria, which appears to have reached as far as a place called Niy where Thutmose I hunted elephants after returning from crossing the Euphrates. This quite possibly indicates that the raid against the Shasu was only fought "en route" to Syria.

paragraph: Section::::Mummy.

paragraph: Thutmose II's mummy was discovered in the Deir el-Bahri cache, revealed in 1881. He was interred along with other 18th and 19th dynasty leaders including Ahmose I, Amenhotep I, Thutmose I, Thutmose III, Ramesses I, Seti I, Ramesses II, and Ramesses IX.

paragraph: The mummy was unwrapped by Gaston Maspero on July 1, 1886. There is a strong familial resemblance to the mummy of Thutmose I, his likely father, as the mummy's face and shape of the head are very similar. The body of Thutmose II suffered greatly at the hands of ancient tomb robbers, with his left arm broken off at the shoulder-joint, the forearm separated at the elbow joint, and his right arm chopped off below the elbow. His anterior abdominal wall and much of his chest had been hacked at, possibly by an axe. In addition, his right leg had been severed from his body. All of these injuries were sustained post-mortem, though the body also showed signs that Thutmose II did not have an easy life, as the following quote by Gaston Maspero attests:

paragraph: Section::::As the pharaoh of the Exodus.

paragraph: Thutmose II is one of the more popular candidates for the Pharaoh of the Exodus. Alfred Edersheim proposes in his "Old Testament Bible History" that Thutmose II is best qualified to be the pharaoh of Exodus based on the fact that he had a brief, prosperous reign and then a sudden collapse with no son to succeed him. His widow Hatshepsut then became first Regent (for Thutmose III) then Pharaoh in her own right. Edersheim states that Thutmose II is the only Pharaoh's mummy to display cysts, possible evidence of plagues that spread through the Egyptian and Hittite Empires at that time.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Ancient Egypt

paragraph: BULLET::::- Family tree of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt

description: Egyptian Pharaoh

wikidata_label: Thutmose II

wikipedia_title: Thutmose II


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paragraph: Alexei Kosygin

paragraph: Alexei Nikolayevich Kosygin (; – 18 December 1980) was a Soviet-Russian statesman during the Cold War. Kosygin was born in the city of Saint Petersburg in 1904 to a Russian working-class family. He was conscripted into the labour army during the Russian Civil War, and after the Red Army's demobilisation in 1921, he worked in Siberia as an industrial manager. Kosygin returned to Leningrad in the early 1930s and worked his way up the Soviet hierarchy. During the Great Patriotic War (World War II), Kosygin was a member of the State Defence Committee and was tasked with moving Soviet industry out of territories soon to be overrun by the German Army. He served as Minister of Finance for a year before becoming Minister of Light Industry (later, Minister of Light Industry and Food). Stalin removed Kosygin from the Politburo one year before his own death in 1953, intentionally weakening Kosygin's position within the Soviet hierarchy.

paragraph: Stalin died in 1953, and on March, 20 1959 Kosygin was appointed to the position of Chairman of the State Planning Committee (Gosplan), a post he would hold for little more than a year. Kosygin next became First Deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers. When Nikita Khrushchev was removed from power in 1964, Kosygin and Leonid Brezhnev succeeded him as Premier and First Secretary respectively. Thereafter, Kosygin formed a troika with Brezhnev and Nikolai Podgorny, the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, that governed the Soviet Union in Khrushchev's place.

paragraph: During the latter half of the 1960s, Kosygin initially emerged as the most prominent figure in the post-Khrushchev troika. In addition to managing the Soviet Union’s economy, he assumed a preeminent role in the nation’s foreign policy by leading arms control talks with the US and directly overseeing relations with other communist countries. However, the onset of the Prague Spring in 1968 resulted in a severe backlash against his policies that enabled Brezhnev to eclipse him as the dominant figure in the Politburo. While he and Brezhnev disliked one another, he remained in office until being forced to retire on October 23, 1980, due to bad health. He died two months later on December 18, 1980.

paragraph: Kosygin was born into a Russian working-class family consisting of his father and mother (Nikolai Ilyich and Matrona Alexandrovna) and his siblings. The family lived in Saint Petersburg. Kosygin was baptised (7 March 1904) one month after his birth.

paragraph: He was conscripted into a labour army on the Bolshevik side during the Russian Civil War of 1917-1922. After demobilisation from the Red Army in 1921, Kosygin attended the Leningrad Co-operative Technical School and found work in the system of consumer co-operatives in Novosibirsk, Siberia. When asked why he worked in the co-operative sector of the economy, Kosygin replied, quoting a slogan of Vladimir Lenin: "Co-operation – the path to socialism!" Kosygin stayed there for six years.

paragraph: He applied for a membership in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1927 and returned to Leningrad in 1930 to study at the ; he graduated in 1935.

paragraph: After finishing his studies, Kosygin worked as a textile-mill director. Three years later, he was elected Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Leningrad City Soviets of Working People's Deputies by the Leningrad Communist Party, and the following year he was appointed People's Commissar for Textile and Industry and earned a seat on the Central Committee (CC). In 1940 Kosygin became a Deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, and was appointed in 1943 as Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR.

paragraph: Kosygin worked for the State Defence Committee during the Great Patriotic War (World War II). As Deputy Chairman of the Council of Evacuation, he had the task of evacuating industry from territories about to be overrun by the Axis. During the Leningrad Blockade he participated in organising the construction of a supply route and a pipeline on the bottom of Lake Ladoga. Kosygin became a candidate member of the Politburo in 1946, and a full member on 4 September 1948 (toward the end of Joseph Stalin's rule); he lost his seat in 1952. He served as Minister of Finance in 1948, and as Minister of Light Industry from 1949 to 1953.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career (1904–1964).:Stalin era.

paragraph: Kosygin's administrative skills led Stalin to take the younger man under his wing. Stalin shared information with Kosygin, such as how much money the families of Vyacheslav Molotov, Anastas Mikoyan, and Lazar Kaganovich possessed, spent and paid their staff. (A Politburo member earned a modest salary by Soviet standards but enjoyed unlimited access to consumer goods.)

paragraph: Stalin sent Kosygin to each home to put their houses into "proper order". Assignments such as these made Kosygin unpopular with certain members of the Soviet leadership. Kosygin told his son-in-law Mikhail Gvishiani, an NKVD officer, of the accusations leveled against his co-worker Nikolai Voznesensky, then Chairman of the State Planning Committee (in office 1942-1949) and a First Deputy Premier (in office 1941-1946), because of his possession of firearms. Gvishiani and Kosygin threw all their weapons into a lake and searched both their own houses for any listening devices. They found one at Kosygin's house, but it might have been installed to spy on Marshal Georgy Zhukov, who had lived there before him. According to his memoirs, Kosygin never left his home without reminding his wife what to do if he did not return from work. After living two years in constant fear, the family reached the conclusion that Stalin would not harm them.

paragraph: Kosygin, along with Alexey Kuznetsov and Voznesensky, formed a troika in the aftermath of World War II, with high-standing officials such as Stalin promoting all three up the Soviet hierarchy. Kosygin's life, which was connected to Kuznetsov through marriage, was hanging by a thread. How or why Kosygin survived the show trials remains unknown, but, as some jokes say, he "must have drawn a lucky lottery ticket".

paragraph: Nikita Khrushchev blamed Beria and Malenkov for the innocent deaths of Kuznetsov (1 October 1950) and Voznesensky (1 October 1950), and accused Malenkov in 1957 of having concocted a plot so that either Malenkov or Beria would succeed Stalin upon the latter's death.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career (1904–1964).:Khrushchev era.

paragraph: Following Stalin's death in March 1953, Kosygin was demoted, but as a staunch ally of Khrushchev, his career soon turned around. While never one of Khrushchev's protégés, Kosygin quickly moved up the party ladder. Kosygin became an official of the State Planning Committee in 1957, and was made a candidate member of the Politburo. He was promoted to the State Planning Committee chairmanship, and became Khrushchev's First Deputy Premier in 1960. As First Deputy Premier Kosygin travelled abroad, mostly on trade missions, to countries such as North Korea, India, Argentina and Italy. Later, in the aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis, Kosygin was the Soviet spokesman for improved relations between the Soviet Union and the United States. Kosygin regained his old seat in the Politburo at the 22nd Party Congress in 1961.

paragraph: Section::::Premiership.

paragraph: Section::::Premiership.:Struggle for power with Brezhnev.

paragraph: When Khrushchev was dismissed as leader in October 1964, Kosygin took over Khrushchev's old post as Premier in what initially was a collective leadership, with Leonid Brezhnev as general secretary and Anastas Mikoyan, and later Nikolai Podgorny, as Chairman of the Presidium. The new Politburo had a more conservative outlook than that found under Khrushchev; Kosygin, Podgorny and Andrei Kirilenko were the most liberal members, Brezhnev and Arvīds Pelše belonged to the moderate faction while Mikhail Suslov retained his leadership of the party's Stalinist wing.

paragraph: In October 1964, at a ceremony in honour of Soviet cosmonauts, Brezhnev called for the strengthening of the Party apparatus. This speech was only the beginning of a large campaign directed against Kosygin. Several newspapers, such as "Pravda" and "Kommunist", criticised the work of the Council of Ministers, and indirectly Kosygin, its chairman, for planning the economy in an unrealistic fashion, and used the highly aggressive rhetoric previously used to condemn Khrushchev against Kosygin.

paragraph: Brezhnev was able to criticise Kosygin by contrasting him with Vladimir Lenin, whom Brezhnev claimed to have been more interested in improving the conditions of Soviet agriculture than improving the quality of light industrial goods. Kosygin's support for producing more consumer goods was also criticised by Brezhnev, and his supporters, most notably Konstantin Chernenko, for being a return to quasi First World policies. At the 23rd Party Congress Kosygin's position was weakened when Brezhnev's supporters were able to increase expenditure on defence and agriculture. However, Brezhnev did not have a majority in the Politburo, and could count on only four votes. In the Politburo Kosygin could count on Kiril Mazurov's vote, and when Kosygin and Podgorny were not bickering with each other, they actually had a majority in the Politburo over Brezhnev. Unfortunately for Kosygin this was not often the case, and Kosygin and Podgorny were constantly disagreeing on policy.

paragraph: Early during Kosygin's tenure, the Brezhnev–Kosygin attempt to create stability was failing on various fronts. From 1969 to 1970 discontent within the Soviet leadership had grown to such an extent that some started to doubt both former and current Soviet policies. Examples include the handling of the Prague Spring and the later Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia (which Kosygin initially resisted), the decline in agriculture production, the Sino–Soviet border conflict (he advocated restraint), the Vietnam War, and the Soviet–American talks on the limitation of strategic missiles. Two summit conferences between the US and the USSR were held: the Warsaw Pact Summit Conference and the Moscow Summit Conference; both failed to gain support for Soviet policies.

paragraph: By 1970 these differences had not been resolved, and Brezhnev postponed the 24th Party Congress and the Ninth Five-Year Plan (1971–1975). The delay in resolving these issues led to rumours circulating in Soviet society that Kosygin, or even Brezhnev, would lose their posts to Podgorny. By March 1971 it became apparent that Brezhnev was the leader of the country, with Kosygin as the spokesman of the five-year plan and Podgorny's position within the collective leadership strengthened.

paragraph: Section::::Premiership.:Foreign policy.

paragraph: Early on in his tenure, Kosygin challenged Brezhnev's right as general secretary to represent the country abroad, a function Kosygin believed should fall into the hands of the head of government, as was common in non-communist countries. This was actually implemented for a short period, which led Henry A. Kissinger to believe that Kosygin was the leader of the Soviet Union. Kosygin, who had been the chief negotiator with the First World during the 1960s, was hardly to be seen outside the Second World after Brezhnev consolidated his position within the Politburo, but also due to Andrei Gromyko's dislike of Kosygin meddling into his own ministerial affairs.

paragraph: The Six-Day War in the Middle East had the effect of increasing Soviet–American cooperation; to improve relations even further, the United States Government invited Kosygin to a summit with Lyndon B. Johnson, the President of the United States, following his speech to the United Nations. At the summit, which became known as the Glassboro Summit Conference, Johnson and Kosygin failed to reach agreement on limiting anti-ballistic missile systems, but the summit's friendly and even open atmosphere was referred to as the "Spirit of Glassboro". Relations between the two countries improved further when the 1970 Moscow Treaty was signed on 12 August 1970 by Kosygin and Gromyko and Willy Brandt and Walter Scheel who represented West Germany.

paragraph: In 1972, Kosygin signed a Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the government of Iraq, building on strong Soviet ties to the Iraqi Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party and previous close relations with Iraqi leader Abd al-Karim Qasim.

paragraph: Kosygin protected János Kádár's economic reforms and his position as leader of the People's Republic of Hungary from intervention by the Soviet leadership. Polish leader Władysław Gomułka, who was removed from all of his posts in 1970, was succeeded by Edward Gierek who tried to revitalise the economy of the People's Republic of Poland by borrowing money from the First World. The Soviet leadership approved both countries' respective economic experiments, since it was trying to reduce its large Eastern Bloc subsidy programme in the form of cheap oil and gas exports. During the discussions within the Soviet leadership of a possible Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia Kosygin reminded leaders of the consequences of the Soviet suppression of the 1956 Hungarian revolution. Kosygin's stance became more aggressive later on when he understood that the reforms in Czechoslovakia could be turned against his 1965 Soviet economic reform.

paragraph: Kosygin acted as a mediator between India and Pakistan in 1966, and got both nations to sign the Tashkent Declaration. Kosygin became the chief spokesman on the issue of arms control. In retrospect, many of Kosygin's co-workers felt he carried out his work "stoically", but lacked "enthusiasm", and therefore never developed a real taste for international politics.

paragraph: The Sino–Soviet split chagrined Kosygin a great deal, and for a while he refused to accept its irrevocability; he briefly visited Beijing in 1969 due to increased tension between the USSR and China. Kosygin said, in a close-knit circle, that "We are communists and they are communists. It is hard to believe we will not be able to reach an agreement if we met face to face". His view on China changed however, and according to Harold Wilson, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Kosygin viewed China as a "organised military dictatorship" whose intended goal was to enslave "Vietnam and the whole of Asia".

paragraph: During an official visit by an Afghan delegation, Kosygin and Andrei Kirilenko criticised Afghan leaders Nur Muhammad Taraki and Hafizullah Amin for Stalinist-like repressionist behaviour. He promised to send more economic and military aid, but rejected any proposal regarding a possible Soviet intervention, as an intervention in Afghanistan would strain the USSR's foreign relations with the First World according to Kosygin, most notably West Germany. However, in a closed meeting, without Kosygin, who strongly opposed any kind of military intervention, the Politburo unanimously supported a Soviet intervention.

paragraph: Section::::Premiership.:Economic policy.:Five-Year Plans.

paragraph: The Eighth Five-Year Plan (1966–1970) is considered to be one of the most successful periods for the Soviet economy and the most successful when it comes to consumer production (see The "Kosygin" reform). It became to be known as the "golden era". The 23rd Party Congress and the Ninth Five-Year Plan (1971–1975) had been postponed by Brezhnev due to a power struggle within the Soviet leadership. At the 23rd Party Congress Kosygin promised that the Ninth Five-Year Plan would increase the supply of food, clothing and other household appliances up to 50 percent. The plan envisaged a massive increase in the Soviet standard of living, with Kosygin proclaiming a growth of 40 percent for the population's cash income in his speech to the congress.

paragraph: The Tenth Five-Year Plan (1976–1981) was referred to by Kosygin as the "plan of quality". Brezhnev rejected Kosygin's bid for producing more consumer goods during the Tenth Five-Year Plan. Because of it the total volume of consumer goods in industrial production only stood at 26 percent. Kosygin's son-in-law notes that Kosygin was furious with the decision, and proclaimed increased defence expenditure would become the Soviet Union's "complete ruin". The plan was less ambitious than its predecessors, with targets of national industrial growth no higher than what the rest of the world had already achieved. Soviet agriculture would receive a share investment of 34 percent, a share much larger than its proportional contribution to the Soviet economy, as it accounted for only 3 percent of Soviet GDP.

paragraph: Like Khrushchev, Kosygin tried to reform the command economy within a socialist framework. In 1965 Kosygin initiated an economic reform widely referred to as the "Kosygin reform". Kosygin sought to make Soviet industry more efficient by including some market measures common in the First World such as profit making for instance; he also tried to increase quantity of production, increase incentives for managers and workers, and freeing managers from centralised state bureaucracy. The reform had been proposed to Khrushchev in 1964, who evidently liked it and took some preliminary steps to implement it. Brezhnev allowed the reform to proceed because the Soviet economy was entering a period of low growth. In its testing phase, the reform was applied to 336 enterprises in light industry.

paragraph: The reform was influenced by the works of Soviet economist Evsei Liberman. Kosygin overestimated the ability of the Soviet administrative machine to develop the economy, which led to "corrections" to some of Liberman's more controversial beliefs about decentralisation. According to critics, Kosygin's changes to Liberman's original vision caused the reform to fail.

paragraph: Kosygin, who had for a long time been conscious of the First World's superiority, believed that decentralisation, semi-public companies, and cooperatives were keys to catching up. His reform sought a gradual change from a "state-administered economy" to an economy in which "the state restricts itself to guiding enterprises". The reform was implemented, but showed several malfunctions and inconsistencies early on.

paragraph: Section::::Premiership.:Economic policy.:The "Kosygin" reform.:Results.

paragraph: The salary for Soviet citizens increased abruptly by almost 2.5 times during the plan. Real wages in 1980 amounted to 232.7 rubles, compared to 166.3 rubles before the 1965 Soviet economic reform and the Eighth Five-Year Plan. The first period, 1960–1964, was characterised by low growth, while the second period, 1965–1981, had a stronger growth rate. The second period vividly demonstrated the success of the Kosygin reform, with the average annual growth in retail turnover being 11.2 billion rubles, 1.8 times higher than in the first period and 1.2 times higher than the third period (1981–1985). Consumption of goods and daily demand also increased. The consumption of home appliances greatly increased. Refrigerators increased from a low of 109,000 in 1964 to 440,000 units by 1973; consumption declined during the reversal of the reform. Car production increased, and would continue to do so until the late 1980s. The Soviet leadership, under pressure, sought to provide more attractive goods for Soviet consumers.

paragraph: The removal of Khrushchev in 1964 signalled the end of his "housing revolution". Housing construction declined between 1960 and 1964 to an average of 1.63 million square metres. Following this sudden decrease, housing construction increased sharply between 1965 and 1966, but dropped again, and then steadily grew (the average annual growth rate was 4.26 million square metres). This came largely at the expense of businesses. While the housing shortage was never fully resolved, and still remains a problem in present-day Russia, the reform overcame the negative trend and renewed the growth of housing construction.

paragraph: Section::::Premiership.:Economic policy.:The "Kosygin" reform.:Cancellation and aftermath.

paragraph: Growing hostility towards reform, the poor results, and Kosygin's reformist stance, led to a popular backlash against him. Kosygin lost most of the privileges he had enjoyed before the reform, but Brezhnev was never able to remove him from the office of Chairman of the Council of Ministers, despite his weakened position. In the aftermath of his failed reform, Kosygin spent the rest of his life improving the economic administration through the modification of targets; he implemented various programmes to improve food security and ensure the future intensification of production. There is no proof to back up the claim that the reform itself contributed to the high growth seen in the late-1960s, and that its cancellation had anything to do with the stagnating growth of the economy which began in the 1970s.

paragraph: Section::::Premiership.:Economic policy.:1973 and 1979 reforms.

paragraph: Kosygin initiated another economic reform in 1973 with the intentions of weakening the central Ministries and giving more powers to the regional authorities in republican and local-levels. The reform's failure to meet Kosygin's goal led to its cancellation. However, the reform succeeded in creating "associations", an organisation representing various enterprises. The last significant reform undertaken by the pre-"perestroika" leadership was initiated by Kosygin's fifth government in a joint decision of the Central Committee and the Council of Ministers. The "Improving planning and reinforcing the effects of the economic mechanism on raising the effectiveness in production and improving the quality of work", more commonly known as the 1979 reform. The reform, in contrast to the 1965 reform, was intended to increase the central government's economic involvement by enhancing the duties and responsibilities of the ministries. Due to Kosygin's resignation in 1980, and because of Nikolai Tikhonov's conservative approach to economics, very little of the reform was actually implemented.

paragraph: Section::::Premiership.:Later life, resignation and death.

paragraph: By the early to mid-1970s Brezhnev had established a strong enough power base to effectively become leader. According to historian Ilya Zemtsov, the author of "Chernenko: The Last Bolshevik: The Soviet Union on the Eve of Perestroika", Kosygin "began to lose power" with the 24th Party Congress in 1971 which for the first time publicised the formula 'the Politburo led by Brezhnev'". Along with weakening Kosygin's position, Brezhnev moved to strengthen the Party's hold on the Government apparatus, weakening Kosygin's position further. Historian Robert Wesson, the author of "Lenin's Legacy: The Story of the CPSU", notes that Kosygin's economic report to the 25th Party Congress "pointed even more clearly to the end of struggle" between Brezhnev and Kosygin. Kosygin was further pushed aside when Brezhnev published his memoirs, which stated that Brezhnev, not Kosygin, was in charge of all major economic decisions. To make matters worse for Kosygin, Brezhnev blocked any future talks on economic reform within the party and government apparatus, and information regarding the reform of 1965 was suppressed.

paragraph: Brezhnev consolidated his own position over the Government Apparatus by strengthening Podgorny's position as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, literally head of state, by giving the office some of the functions of the Premier. The 1977 Soviet Constitution strengthened Podgorny's control of the Council of Ministers, by giving the post of head of state some executive powers. In fact, because of the 1977 Soviet Constitution, the Council of Ministers became subordinate to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. When Podgorny was replaced as head of state in 1977 by Brezhnev, Kosygin's role in day-to-day management of government activities was lessened drastically, through Brezhnev's new-found post. Rumours started circulating within the top circles, and on the streets, that Kosygin would retire due to bad health.

paragraph: Brezhnev's consolidation of power weakened Kosygin's influence and prestige within the Politburo. Kosygin's position was gradually weakened during the 1970s and he was frequently hospitalised. On several occasions Kiril Mazurov, the First Deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers, had to act on his behalf. Kosygin suffered his first heart attack in 1976. After this incident, it is said that Kosygin changed from having a vibrant personality to being tired and fed up; he, according to people close to him, seemed to have lost the will to continue his work. He twice filed a letter of resignation between 1976 and 1980, but was turned down on both occasions. During Kosygin's sick leave, Brezhnev appointed Nikolai Tikhonov to the post of First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers. Tikhonov, as with Brezhnev, was a conservative, and through his post as First Deputy chairman Tikhonov was able to reduce Kosygin to a standby role. At a Central Committee plenum in June 1980, the Soviet economic development plan was outlined by Tikhonov, not Kosygin. The powers of the Premier diminished to the point where Kosygin was forced to discuss all decisions made by the Council of Ministers with Brezhnev.

paragraph: Kosygin was hospitalised in October 1980; during his stay Kosygin wrote a brief letter of resignation; the following day he was deprived of all government protection, communication, and luxury goods he had earned during his political life. Kosygin died on 18 December 1980; none of his Politburo colleagues, former aides, or security guards visited him. At the end of his life, Kosygin feared the complete failure of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (1981–1985), claiming that the sitting leadership was reluctant to reform the stagnant Soviet economy. His funeral was postponed for three days, as Kosygin died on the eve of Brezhnev's birthday, and the day of Stalin's. He was buried in Red Square, Moscow. Kosygin was praised by Brezhnev as an individual who "laboured selflessly for the good of the Soviet state". A state funeral was conducted and Kosygin was honoured by his peers; Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov, and Tikhonov laid an urn containing his ashes at the Kremlin Wall.

paragraph: Section::::Personality.

paragraph: Compared to other Soviet officials, Kosygin stood out as a pragmatic and relatively independent leader. In a description given by an anonymous high-ranking GRU official, Kosygin is described as "a lonely and somewhat tragic figure" who "understood our faults and shortcomings of our situation in general and those in our Middle East policy in particular, but, being a highly restrained man, he preferred to be cautious." An anonymous former co-worker of Kosygin said "He always had an opinion of his own, and defended it. He was a very alert man, and performed brilliantly during negotiations. He was able to cope quickly with the material that was totally new to him. I have never seen people of that calibre afterwards."

paragraph: Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau said Kosygin was like "Khrushchev without the rough edges, a fatherly man who was the forerunner of Mikhail Gorbachev". He noted that Kosygin was willing to discuss issues so long that the Soviet position was not tackled head-on. Former United States Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger said that Kosygin was devoted, nearly fanatically, to his work. Kosygin was viewed by Western diplomats as a pragmatist "with a glacial exterior who was orthodox if not rigid". Andrei Sakharov, a Soviet dissident, believed Kosygin to be "the most intelligent and toughest man in the Politburo".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Historical assessments.

paragraph: Kosygin would prove to be a very competent administrator, with the Soviet standard of living rising considerably due to his moderately reformist policy. Kosygin's moderate 1965 reform, as with Nikita Khrushchev's thaw, radicalised the Soviet reform movement. While Leonid Brezhnev was content to maintain the centralised structure of the Soviet planned economy, Kosygin attempted to revitalise the ailing economic system by decentralising management. Following Brezhnev's death in 1982, the reform movement was split between Yuri Andropov's path of discipline and control and Gorbachev's liberalisation of all aspects of public life.

paragraph: "Chernenko: The Last Bolshevik: The Soviet Union on the Eve of Perestroika" author Ilya Zemtsov describes Kosygin as a "Determined and intelligent, an outstanding administrator" and claims he distinguished himself from the other members of the Soviet leadership with his "extraordinary capacity for work". Historians Moshe Lewin and Gregory Elliott, the authors of "The Soviet Century", describe him as a "phenomenal administrator". "His strength", David Law writes, was "his exceptional capability as an administrator". According to Law Kosygin proved himself to be a "competent politician" also. Historians Evan Mawdsley and Stephen White claim that Brezhnev was unable to remove Kosygin because his removal would mean the loss of his last "capable administrator". In their book, "The Unknown Stalin", Roy Medvedev and Zhores Medvedev called Kosygin an "outstanding organiser", and the "new Voznesensky". Historian Archie Brown, the author "The Rise & Fall of Communism", believes the 1965 Soviet economic reform to have been too "modest", and claimed that Kosygin "was too much a product of the Soviet ministerial system, as it evolved under Stalin, to become a radical economic reformer". However, Brown does believe that Kosygin was "an able administrator". Gvishiani, a Russian historian, concluded that "Kosygin survived both Stalin and Khrushchev, but did not manage to survive Brezhnev."

paragraph: Kosygin was viewed with sympathy by the Soviet people, and is still presently viewed as an important figure in both Russian and Soviet history. Because of Kosygin's popularity among the Soviet people, Brezhnev developed a "strong jealousy" for Kosygin, according to Nikolai Egorychev. Mikhail Smirtyukov, the former Executive Officer of the Council of Ministers, recalled that Kosygin refused to go drinking with Brezhnev, a move which annoyed Brezhnev gravely. Nikolai Ryzhkov, the last Chairman of the Council of Ministers, in a speech to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union in 1987 referred to the "sad experiences of the 1965 reform", and claimed that everything went from bad to worse following the reform's cancellation.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Honours.

paragraph: During his lifetime, Kosygin received seven Orders and two Awards from the Soviet state. He was awarded two Hero of Socialist Labour (USSR); one being on his 60th birthday by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet in 1964, on this occasion he was also awarded an Order of Lenin and a Hammer and Sickle Gold Medal. On 20 February 1974, to commemorate his 70th birthday, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet awarded him another Order of Lenin and his second Hammer and Sickle Gold Medal. In total, Kosygin was awarded six Orders of Lenin by the Soviet state, and one Order of the October Revolution and one Order of the Red Banner of Labour. During a state visit to Peru in the 1970s with Leonid Brezhnev and Andrei Gromyko, all three were awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun by President Francisco Morales Bermúdez. The Moscow State Textile University was named in his honour in 1981, in 1982 a bust to honour Kosygin was placed in Leningrad, present day Saint Petersburg. In 2006 the Russian Government renamed a street after him.

description: Soviet politician

wikidata_label: Alexei Kosygin

wikipedia_title: Alexei Kosygin


text:
pop music
The Shangri-Las
Norton Records
Cambria Heights
Elvis Presley
Neil Sedaka
Everly Brothers
Everly Brothers
Artie Ripp
Kama Sutra Productions
Brill Building
Red Bird Records
Remember (Walking in the Sand)
Leader of the Pack
"Billboard" Hot 100
Sire Records
Cousin Brucie's Palisades Park Reunion
The Meadowlands
Manhattan
The Reigning Sound
Mary Weiss official site
Mary Weiss Biography by Mark Deming

categories: 1948 births,American female singers,Living people,Norton Records artists

paragraph: Mary Weiss

paragraph: Mary Weiss (born December 28, 1948) is an American pop music vocalist, best known as the lead singer of The Shangri-Las in the 1960s. She then vanished from the music scene for decades, returning in 2007 to record her first solo album with Norton Records.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Growing up in Queens, Weiss, her older sister Elizabeth (known as Betty) and her older brother George lived in Cambria Heights. She sang in school plays and church choirs. Additionally, she listened to her brother and his friends perform popular songs of the day; George being an Elvis Presley fan. Mary appreciated such performers as Neil Sedaka and the Everly Brothers; she attended her first Everly Brothers concert in 1963 at the age of 14.

paragraph: Section::::Early recordings.

paragraph: After Weiss and her sister Betty became good friends with twins Mary Ann and Margie Ganser in grammar school, the four of them sang at local dances and hops. That brought them to the attention of local producer Artie Ripp, who later signed them on to Kama Sutra Productions. After recording demos and making it to the Brill Building in 1964 (and signing with Red Bird Records), they recorded songs: "Remember (Walking in the Sand)", which was their first hit, and "Leader of the Pack", which went to #1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 charts in 1964.

paragraph: With their growing popularity, the Shangri-Las became a leading girl group in the 1960s. After several years of the grind, they split in 1968 and went their separate ways. Weiss went to San Francisco to try a different lifestyle. She later came back to New York and occasionally gave shows with the Shangri-Las during the 1970s which led to a comeback attempt with Sire Records in 1977. In 1989, the Shangri-Las reunited one last time for Cousin Brucie's Palisades Park Reunion show at The Meadowlands in New Jersey.

paragraph: Section::::New career.

paragraph: Weiss took a job as purchasing agent in New York City in Manhattan, as she recalled, "I went to work for an architectural firm, and I was seriously into it. Then I got into commercial interiors, huge projects, buildings."

paragraph: Section::::Going solo.

paragraph: In 2005, Weiss left her job in commercial interiors to get back to music. In March 2007, Norton Records released "Dangerous Game", a critically acclaimed solo album, on which she is backed by The Reigning Sound. She has been performing in the United States, Spain, and France.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Weiss official site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Weiss Biography by Mark Deming

description: American singer

wikidata_label: Mary Weiss

wikipedia_title: Mary Weiss


text:
VC
English
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
private
Tyneside Irish
Northumberland Fusiliers
British Army
First World War
Arras
France
Fusiliers Museum of Northumberland
London and North Western Railway
"Claughton"-class
Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council
blue plaque
Mossley
Greater Manchester
Mossley railway station
Monuments to Courage
The Register of the Victoria Cross
Scotland's Forgotten Valour
Location of grave and VC medal
Manchester Heroes
Manchester Evening News

categories: 1885 births,People from Mossley,1949 deaths,British Army personnel of World War I,British Home Guard soldiers,Royal Northumberland Fusiliers soldiers,British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross,Duke of Wellington's Regiment soldiers

paragraph: Ernest Sykes (VC)

paragraph: Ernest Sykes VC (4 April 1885 – 3 August 1949) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::VC action.

paragraph: Sykes was 32 years old, and a private in the 27th (Service) Battalion (4th Tyneside Irish), Northumberland Fusiliers, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place on Easter Monday, 9 April 1917 near Arras, France for which he was awarded the VC. His battalion in attack was held up by intense fire from front and flank, and suffered heavy casualties. Private Sykes, despite this heavy fire, went forward and brought back four wounded. He then made a fifth journey and remained out under conditions which appeared to be certain death, until he had bandaged all those too badly injured to be moved.

paragraph: His VC citation reads:

paragraph: During the Second World War Sykes returned to serve with the 25th Battalion West Riding Home Guard.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Fusiliers Museum of Northumberland, Alnwick, Northumberland, England.

paragraph: Section::::Commemoration.

paragraph: In 1920 the London and North Western Railway named "Claughton"-class locomotive No. 2035 'Private E. Sykes, V.C.' in his honour. This locomotive was rebuilt in 1933 as a 4-6-0 class 6P5F Patriot class with the LMS number 45537, retaining the name Private E. Sykes, V.C. until withdrawn from service and scrapped in 1962. The brass nameplate from the locomotive is on display at the Northumberland Fusiliers' Museum at Alnwick Castle in Northumberland.

paragraph: Sykes is honoured by a Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council blue plaque erected in 1996 at the George Lawton Hall in his home town of Mossley, Greater Manchester. A second plaque was erected in 2004 at his workplace of Mossley railway station.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Harvey, "Monuments to Courage" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Register of the Victoria Cross" (This England, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Graham Ross, "Scotland's Forgotten Valour" (1995)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(West Yorkshire)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manchester Heroes

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tyneside Irish, 24th, 25th, 26th & 27th (Service) Battalions of Northumberland Fusiliers", pp. 211, 212

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miniature Matters, Rigour in Research, Journal (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. Colbourne, "Ernest Sykes, VC: a short biography" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- UK Government, Integration & Community Rights Directorate, 22/05/2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview, "Manchester Evening News", 13 July 1917

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Ernest Sykes

wikipedia_title: Ernest Sykes (VC)


text: VC

text: DCM

text: English

text: Victoria Cross

text: British

text: Commonwealth

text: sergeant

text: Royal Regiment of Artillery

text: British Army

text: Crimean War

text: Inkerman

text: Crimea

text: Military Train

text: Royal Artillery

text: captain

text: Adjutant

text: Royal Logistic Corps

text: Officers Mess

text: Monuments to Courage

text: The Register of the Victoria Cross

text: Location of grave and VC medal

categories: Royal Army Service Corps officers,British recipients of the Victoria Cross,Legion of Honour recipients,Crimean War recipients of the Victoria Cross,People from Cornwall,1826 births,Recipients of the Distinguished Conduct Medal,Royal Artillery soldiers,Royal Artillery officers,British Army personnel of the Crimean War,1871 deaths

paragraph: George Symons (VC)

paragraph: George Symons VC DCM (18 March 1826 – 18 November 1871) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Details.

paragraph: Symons was 29 years old, and a sergeant in the Royal Regiment of Artillery, British Army during the Crimean War when the following deed On 6 June 1855 took place at Inkerman, Crimea for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: Symons was later commissioned into the Military Train, transferred back to the Royal Artillery in 1862 and reached the rank of captain. On 15 January 1862 he was appointed Adjutant of the 1st Administrative Brigade of Yorkshire (East Riding) Artillery Volunteers.

paragraph: Section::::Further information.

paragraph: His medals are held by the Royal Logistic Corps Officers Mess.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(East Yorkshire)"

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: George Symons

wikipedia_title: George Symons (VC)


text: FRS

text: psychologist

text: instinct

text: social psychology

text: behaviourism

text: Owens College

text: St John's College, Cambridge

text: Göttingen

text: University College London

text: Oxford

text: William James

text: Harvard University

text: Duke University

text: J. B. Rhine

text: Royal Society

text: Cyril Burt

text: May Smith

text: William Brown

text: John Flügel

text: eugenics

text: neo-Darwinian

text: Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

text: Greek

text: motivation

text: Konrad Lorenz

text: psychoanalysis

text: C. G. Jung

text: parapsychology

text: eugenics

text: evolution

text: scientific racists

text: American Press

text: scientific method

text: parapsychology

text: Society for Psychical Research

text: American Society for Psychical Research

text: Scientific American

text: Mina Crandon

text: ectoplasmic

text: spiritualism

text: Arthur Conan Doyle

text: materialism

text: Darwinism

text: Lamarckism

text: evolution

text: animism

text: panpsychism

text: psychological

text: biological

text: mind

text: dualism

text: monism

text: telepathy

text: emergent evolution

text: Lamarckism

text: organicism

text: second edition

text: Crowd psychology

text: Group dynamics

text: Social psychology

text: Inheritance of acquired characteristics

text: Autobiographical essay written in 1930

categories: Duke University faculty,People from Chadderton,1871 births,Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge,Fellows of the Royal Society,Parapsychologists,1938 deaths,Academics of University College London,Alumni of the University of Cambridge,Harvard University faculty,Founders of the British Psychological Society,Social psychologists,Race and intelligence controversy,20th-century English writers

paragraph: William McDougall (psychologist)

paragraph: William McDougall FRS (; 22 June 1871 – 28 November 1938) was an early 20th century psychologist who spent the first part of his career in the United Kingdom and the latter part in the United States. He wrote a number of highly influential textbooks, and was particularly important in the development of the theory of instinct and of social psychology in the English-speaking world. He was an opponent of behaviourism and stands somewhat outside the mainstream of the development of Anglo-American psychological thought in the first half of the 20th century; but his work was very well-known and respected among lay people.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: McDougall was educated at Owens College, Manchester and St John's College, Cambridge. He also studied medicine and physiology in London and Göttingen. After teaching at University College London and Oxford, he was recruited to occupy the William James chair of psychology at Harvard University in 1920, where he served as a professor of psychology from 1920 to 1927. He then moved to Duke University, where he established the Parapsychology Laboratory under J. B. Rhine, and where he remained until his death. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society. Among his students were Cyril Burt, May Smith, William Brown and John Flügel.

paragraph: McDougall's interests and sympathies were broad. He was interested in eugenics, but departed from neo-Darwinian orthodoxy in maintaining the possibility of the inheritance of acquired characteristics, as suggested by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck; he carried out many experiments designed to demonstrate this process. Opposing behaviourism, he argued that behaviour was generally goal-oriented and purposive, an approach he called hormic psychology (from Greek ὁρμή "hormḗ" "impulse").

paragraph: However, in the theory of motivation, he defended the idea that individuals are motivated by a significant number of inherited instincts, whose action they may not consciously understand, so they might not always understand their own goals. His ideas on instinct strongly influenced Konrad Lorenz , though Lorenz did not always acknowledge this . McDougall underwent psychoanalysis with C. G. Jung, and was also prepared to study parapsychology.

paragraph: Because of his interest in eugenics and his unorthodox stance on evolution, McDougall has been adopted as an iconic figure by proponents of a strong influence of inherited traits on behaviour, some of whom are regarded by most mainstream psychologists as scientific racists. He wrote:

paragraph: "...; the few distinguished Negroes, so called, of America – such as Douglass, Booker Washington, Du Bois – have been, I believe, in all cases mulattoes or had some proportion of white blood. We may fairly ascribe the incapacity of the Negro race to form a nation to the lack of men endowed with the qualities of great leaders, even more than to the lower level of average capacity" (McDougall, William., The Group Mind, p.187, Arno Press, 1973; Copyright, 1920 by G.P. Putnam's Sons).

paragraph: McDougall married at the age of 29 ("against my considered principles", he reports in his autobiographical essay, "for I held that a man whose chosen business in life was to develop to the utmost his intellectual powers should not marry before forty, if at all"). He had five children.

paragraph: McDougall's book "The Group Mind" received "very hostile reviews" from psychologists but sold well to the public. The American Press was critical of McDougall as his lectures on national eugenics were seen as racist.

paragraph: Section::::Psychical research.

paragraph: McDougall was a strong advocate of the scientific method and academic professionalisation in psychical research. He was instrumental in establishing parapsychology as a university discipline in the US in the early 1930s. In 1920, McDougall served as president of the Society for Psychical Research, and in the subsequent year of its US counterpart, the American Society for Psychical Research.

paragraph: McDougall was a member of the "Scientific American" committee that investigated the medium Mina Crandon. He attended séances with the medium and was sceptical about her "ectoplasmic hand". He suspected that it was part of an animal, artificially manipulated to resemble a hand. McDougall's suspicion was confirmed by independent experts who had examined photographs of the hand.

paragraph: McDougall was critical of spiritualism, he believed that some of its proponents such as Arthur Conan Doyle misunderstood psychical research and "devote themselves to propaganda". In 1926, McDougall concluded "I have taken part in a considerable number of investigations of alleged supernormal phenomena; but hitherto have failed to find convincing evidence in any case, but have found rather much evidence of fraud and trickery."

paragraph: McDougall, however, continued to encourage scientific research on psychic phenomena and in 1937 was a founding co-editor (with Joseph Banks Rhine) of the peer-reviewed "Journal of Parapsychology", which continues to be published.

paragraph: Section::::Animism.

paragraph: In 1911, McDougall authored "Body and Mind: A History and Defence of Animism". In the work he rejected both materialism and Darwinism and supported a form of Lamarckism where mind guides evolution. McDougall defended a form of animism where all matter has a mental aspect; his views were very similar to panpsychism as he believed that there was an animating principle in matter and had claimed in his work that there were both psychological and biological evidence for this position. McDougall had defended the theory that mind and the brain are distinct but interact with each other though he was not a dualist or a monist as he believed his theory of animism would replace both the philosophical views of dualism and monism. As a parapsychologist he also claimed telepathy had been scientifically proven, he used evidence from psychic research as well as from biology and psychology to defend his theory of animism.

paragraph: McDougall produced another work attacking materialism titled "Materialism and Emergent Evolution" (1929). In the book he had also criticised the theory of emergent evolution as he claimed it had ignored the evidence of Lamarckism and had ignored the evidence of mind guiding evolution. McDougall's last work on the subject titled "The Riddle of Life" (1938) criticised organicism as according to McDougall even though the theory of organicism had rejected materialism it had not gone far enough in advocating an active role for a nonphysical principle.

paragraph: Section::::Selected bibliography.

paragraph: By William McDougall:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Physiological Psychology (1905)

paragraph: BULLET::::- An Introduction to Social Psychology. Methuen & Co, p. x, 355 (London 1908). A second edition appeared in 1909.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Body and Mind: A History and a Defense of Animism (1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Group Mind: A Sketch of the Principles of Collective Psychology with Some Attempt to Apply Them to the Interpretation of National Life and Character (1920, reprinted 1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Is America Safe for Democracy? Six Lectures Given at the Lowell Institute of Boston, Under the Title Anthropology and History, or the Influence of Constitution on the Destinies of Nations (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Outline of Psychology (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- An Outline of Abnormal Psychology (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Character and the Conduct of Life (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Modern Materialism and Emergent Evolution (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Energies of Men (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Riddle of Life (1938)

paragraph: By Margaret Boden:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Purposive Explanation in Psychology (1972)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crowd psychology

paragraph: BULLET::::- Group dynamics

paragraph: BULLET::::- Social psychology

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inheritance of acquired characteristics

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rose, Anne C. (2009). "Psychology and Selfhood in the Segregated South" (University of North Carolina Press). . (18 December 2010).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Autobiographical essay written in 1930.In Carl Murchison (ed.) "A History of Psychology in Autobiography". Vol. 1. New York: Russell and Russell (1930): 191- 223. Retrieved 2008-05-26.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chris Brand (1997). "William McDougall (1871–1938): heterodox and angry with psychologists by nature, nurture and circumstance". An essay presenting McDougall's intellectual concerns, positions and achievements. Retrieved 2008-05-26.

description: british psychologist

enwikiquote_title: William McDougall

wikidata_label: William McDougall

wikipedia_title: William McDougall (psychologist)


text:
Latina
Italian
rower
men's quadruple sculls
2008 Summer Olympics
Annibale Venier
Athlete bio at 2008 Olympics site

categories: Rowers at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Olympic medalists in rowing,Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Rowers at the 2016 Summer Olympics,1984 births,Olympic rowers of Italy,Rowers at the 2004 Summer Olympics,Italian male rowers,Rowers at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Olympic silver medalists for Italy,Living people

paragraph: Simone Venier

paragraph: Simone Venier (born 26 August 1984 in Latina) is an Italian rower. He won a silver medal in the men's quadruple sculls at the 2008 Summer Olympics. The Olympic rower Annibale Venier is his father.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Athlete bio at 2008 Olympics site

description: Italian rower

wikidata_label: Simone Venier

wikipedia_title: Simone Venier


text:
Principality of Antioch
Richard of the Principate
Tancred, Prince of Galilee
First Crusade
Bohemund II
Aleppo
earthquake
Bursuq ibn Bursuq
Battle of Tell Danith
Joscelin I of Edessa
Ortoqid
Ilghazi
Patriarch
Jerusalem
Tripoli
Battle of Ager Sanguinis
Armenian
Antioch
Baldwin II of Jerusalem
Cecilia of Le Bourcq
Hugh I, Count of Rethel
chancellor Walter
Orans
Saint George and the Dragon
Battle of Tell Danith

categories: Italo-Normans,Year of birth unknown,Norman warriors,Regents of Antioch,Military personnel killed in action,1119 deaths,Christians of the Crusades

paragraph: Roger of Salerno

paragraph: Roger of Salerno (or Roger of the Principate) (died June 28, 1119) was regent of the Principality of Antioch from 1112 to 1119.

paragraph: He was the son of Richard of the Principate and the 2nd cousin of Tancred, Prince of Galilee, both participants on the First Crusade. He became regent of Antioch when Tancred died in 1112; the actual prince, Bohemund II, was still a child. Like Tancred, Roger was almost constantly at war with the nearby Muslim states such as Aleppo. In 1114 there was an earthquake that destroyed many of the fortifications of the principality, and Roger took great care to rebuild them, especially those near the frontier.

paragraph: Roger defeated Bursuq ibn Bursuq in 1115 at the Battle of Tell Danith. With Joscelin I of Edessa, Roger put enough military pressure on Aleppo that the city allied with Ortoqid emir Ilghazi in 1118. Ilghazi invaded the Principality in 1119, and despite the urging of the Patriarch, Roger did not wait for reinforcements from Jerusalem or Tripoli. At the ensuing Battle of Ager Sanguinis he had 700 knights and 3000 foot soldiers, including 500 Armenian cavalry, but nearly all were killed, including Roger himself. Ilghazi's forces scattered to plunder the surrounding land and did not attack Antioch itself. Baldwin II of Jerusalem came north to take over the regency of the principality.

paragraph: He married Cecilia of Le Bourcq, daughter of Hugh I, Count of Rethel and sister of Baldwin II. No children of this union are recorded. Roger's reign was chronicled by his chancellor Walter.

paragraph: Roger is also known in numismatic history for the unique series of coins, minted during his reign. Despite ruling for less than seven years, he had two different types of coin, minted in his name at Antioch. The first type bore the image of the Mother of God Orans, standing full-height. The second type bore the image of the Miracle of Saint George and the Dragon. It is quite possible that it was minted after Roger's great victory at the Battle of Tell Danith. Prince Roger was in fact the first ruler in the Christian world to depict the Miracle of Saint George and the Dragon on his coinage.

description: Christian crusader

wikidata_label: Roger of Salerno

wikipedia_title: Roger of Salerno