text: KG

text: English

text: Ralph de Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford

text: Margaret de Audley

text: Maud Grosmont

text: Isabel de Beaumont

text: Edward, Prince of Wales

text: Commons

text: Philippa de Beauchamp

text: Katherine Mortimer

text: Ralph Stafford

text: King Richard II's

text: John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter

text: Margaret de Stafford

text: Anne of Gloucester

text: Thomas of Woodstock

text: Eleanor de Bohun

text: William Stafford, 4th Earl of Stafford

text: Thomas of Woodstock

text: Katherine de Stafford

text: Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk

text: Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford

text: Anne of Gloucester

text: Joan de Stafford

text: Thomas Holland, 1st Duke of Surrey

text: Hugh Stafford, 1st Baron Stafford

text: 4th Baroness Bourchier

text: Baron Stafford (1411 creation)

text: Stone

categories: 1386 deaths,1336 births,Earls of Stafford

paragraph: Hugh de Stafford, 2nd Earl of Stafford

paragraph: Hugh de Stafford, 2nd Earl of Stafford, KG (c. 1342 – 16 October 1386) was an English nobleman.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Hugh de Stafford was born around 1342, the second and youngest son of Ralph de Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford and Margaret de Audley. His elder brother, Ralph, was intended to inherit the title and had been married to Maud Grosmont, daughter of Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster and Isabel de Beaumont in 1344, with the expectation that he would expand the Stafford estates by inheriting the Lancastrian duchy. However, Ralph died early in 1347 and Hugh became heir. Around 1358, Hugh became the 3rd Lord Audley. Hugh joined his father in the French campaigns in 1359, being part of the retinue of Edward, Prince of Wales, spending time in Gascony and northern Spain.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: He spent many years in military service, before returning to England and being summoned to Parliament in 1371 as Lord Stafford and later as Earl Stafford. On 31 August 1372, he inherited the title of 2nd Earl of Stafford. He was a member of a number of royal commissions, such as ones on Scottish affairs and on coastal defence. He was on the committee of nobles who conferred regularly with the Commons, being deemed suitable by that House to be part of the new 'continual council' of state. He did not always make the best decisions though and was admonished by his peers for censuring John Philipot, the London MP and merchant who had mobilised a fleet to defend merchant shipping.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: On or before 1 March 1350, Hugh de Stafford married Philippa de Beauchamp daughter of Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick and Katherine Mortimer. They had at least eight children.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Sir Ralph Stafford (c. 1367 – 1385). Ralph was killed by King Richard II's half-brother, John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter in a feud during an expedition against the Scots in July 1385, over a retainer's death by one of Ralph's archers.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Margaret de Stafford, (c. 1364 – 9 June 1396). Married Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland as his first wife.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Thomas de Stafford, 3rd Earl of Stafford (c. 1368 – 4 July 1392). Inherited at age of 18. Married Anne of Gloucester, daughter of Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester and Eleanor de Bohun. No issue, the marriage was reportedly never consummated.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. William Stafford, 4th Earl of Stafford (21 September 1375 – 6 April 1395). Inherited from his brother at the age of 14. He was a ward of the Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester. He died at 19, no issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Katherine de Stafford (c. 1376 – 8 April 1419). Married Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk.

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford (2 March 1377 – 22 July 1403). Inherited the earldom from his brother at the age of 17. He married Anne of Gloucester, the widow of his elder brother Thomas. Edmund and Anne were the parents of Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham.

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Joan de Stafford (1378 – 1 October 1442), married Thomas Holland, 1st Duke of Surrey. No issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Hugh Stafford, 1st Baron Stafford (c. 1382 - 25 October 1420). Married Elizabeth Bourchier, 4th Baroness Bourchier and thus 4th Baron Bourchier "jure uxoris", later created 1st Baron Stafford (1411 creation), Knight of the Garter. No issue.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and death.

paragraph: Hugh's wife Phillippa died on 6 April 1386, and it was probably this combined with the death of his son that pushed him to undertake a series of pilgrimages. He went first to Walsingham and then sailed for Jerusalem. He only got to Rhodes, where he died in the hospital the knights of St John in October of that year. His bones were returned to Stone Priory, Staffs, for burial next to his wife.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stafford' s Inquisition post mortem, 1386.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Glanville-Brown, correspondence, Richard Glanville-Brown (RR 2, Milton, Ontario, Canada), August 17, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- G.E. Cokayne; with Vicary Gibbs, H.A. Doubleday, Geoffrey H. White, Duncan Warrand and Lord Howard de Walden, editors, "The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant." new ed., 13 volumes in 14 (1910–1959; reprint in 6 volumes, Gloucester, U.K.: Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000), volume XII/2, page 547.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Mosley, editor, "Burke's Peerage and Baronetage." 106th edition, 2 vols., Crans, Switzerland: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 1999

description: English earl

wikidata_label: Hugh de Stafford, 2nd Earl of Stafford

wikipedia_title: Hugh Stafford, 2nd Earl of Stafford

wikipedia_title: Hugh de Stafford, 2nd Earl of Stafford


text:
enduro
Isle of Man
World Enduro Championship
Yamaha
Juha Salminen
Samuli Aro
KTM
International Six Days Enduro
Grand National Cross Country
Italy
Erzberg Rodeo
Austria
AMA EnduroCross Championship
Las Vegas, Nevada
Red Bull
Texas
FIM Indoor Enduro World Cup
Taddy Blazusiak
trials
motocross

paragraph: David Knight (motorcyclist)

paragraph: David "Knighter" Knight, (born 31 May 1978), is a three-time world champion enduro rider from the Isle of Man.

paragraph: After competing in the Enduro FIM Junior Cup, Knight debuted in the World Enduro Championship riding for Yamaha. He finished runner-up in the 250 cc class to Juha Salminen in 2001 and to Samuli Aro in 2002. In 2003, he moved to the biggest 500 cc class and placed fourth.

paragraph: For the 2004 season, Knight moved to the KTM team and finished second to his teammate Aro in the Enduro 3 class. In 2005, continuing in the E3 class, he took his first world title and also won the International Six Days Enduro outright. In 2006, he posted a "perfect" season, winning all 14 rounds of the E3 WEC season, also winning almost every special test at each event.

paragraph: For 2007, Knight moved to the United States to take on the Grand National Cross Country (GNCC) series against the best in the US. He replaced Salminen, who in turn moved back to the world championship from the KTM USA team. Despite some mechanical difficulties and an injury, Knight still managed to take the GNCC title. After defending his title in the following season, he moved back to the World Enduro Championship. He won his third world title in 2010.

paragraph: Knight also competes in a wide range of "extreme" enduro events, such as the Hells Gate extreme enduro in Italy, the Erzberg Rodeo in Austria, the AMA EnduroCross Championship in Las Vegas, Nevada and the "Tough One" in the UK (he has won all of these, even beating Salminen), and won (leading every lap of) the first and second annual Red Bull Last Man Standing events in Texas.

paragraph: The Manxman won two races at the inaugural 2007/08 FIM Indoor Enduro World Cup, beating Taddy Blazusiak to claim the title. In 2009/10 he collected a win and three podiums. The rider got two wins and three podiums in 2012/13, resulting runner-up behind Blazusiak. He has won three editions of the Barcelona Indoor Enduro in 2003, 2006 and 2007, and resulted second six times in 2001, 2002, 2004, 2010, 2011 and 2013.

paragraph: Knight is an accomplished all rounder, having won the British Expert trials championship, as well as competing with success in various motocross and beach racing events. His all rounder status was confirmed by his winning of the "Moto 1" event in the UK, which got riders from several disciplines of motorcycle sport to compete against each other in several disciplines (including road racing, MX, enduro, trials, etc.).

paragraph: Knight received an MBE, June 2011, in the Queens Birthday Honours list.

description: enduro rider

wikidata_label: David Knight

wikipedia_title: David Knight (motorcyclist)


text:
Nantwich
Cheshire
DJ
musician
record producer
Portsmouth
UK
house
breakbeat
electro
techno
Permanent Way
ringtone
Cranes
John Peel
Psylons
Psylons
techno
Soho
Brixton
Phase 2
Brixton
London
Luke Slater
Alex Paterson
Carl Cox
Sigue Sigue Sputnik
The Kinks
Renaldo and the Loaf
Permanent Way
Under Your Nose Recordings
Under Your Nose Recordings
Simon Heartfield

categories: 1962 births,British techno musicians,Living people

paragraph: Simon Heartfield

paragraph: Simon Heartfield (born 1962 in Nantwich, Cheshire) is a DJ, musician and record producer.

paragraph: Heartfield is widely regarded as a leading exponent of electronic music both in his hometown (Portsmouth, UK) and beyond. His tracks, live performances and DJ sets incorporate elements of house, breakbeat, electro and techno amongst many other sounds.

paragraph: The founding member of Portsmouth band Twelve 88 Cartel, Heartfield has gone on to release much other material including the internationally distributed Permanent Way which is also available in ringtone form.

paragraph: Twelve 88 Cartel produced a number of releases between 1986 and 1991 on the Bite Back! label, home to the producer of their first EP Jim Shaw of Cranes. In 1994, Heartfield joined John Peel Session favourites the Psylons as bass player and released one album on Thunderbird Records.

paragraph: From 1996 to date, Heartfield has concentrated on DJ work and solo composition, as well as on material with fellow Psylons members Keith Wyatt and Jack Packer in live electronic act Seatman Separator. DJ sets have been in established techno clubs such as The Asylum (Soho), Technosis (at Mass, Brixton), Geushky, Phase 2, Vurt and Club 414 (Brixton, London) alongside artists such as Luke Slater, Aubrey, Umek, Alex Paterson, Billy Nasty, Dirty Bass, Justin Swales and Jason Swales.

paragraph: Collaborations with fellow Techno producers Dave Saunders and Barney Pratt under the name Surefoot have found favour with Carl Cox amongst others. In 2005, Heartfield co-produced a remix of Bonemachine's single Another Day Over with Sigue Sigue Sputnik.

paragraph: As well as his commercially released material on Hackpen Records, Heartfield distributes many of his own EPs and has contributed extensively to the netlabel Under Your Nose Recordings.

paragraph: In the last year Heartfield has worked with London's Mixtape Records and In Deep Recordings with whom he has produced commercially distributed digital and vinyl releases.

paragraph: 2009 has seen the completion of a 20-minute audio-visual piece, "Permanent Way Redux" which was performed as part of the 1000 Plateaus new digital media project

paragraph: and a rework of the cover version of The Kinks"See My Friends" by Brian Poole of Renaldo and the Loaf

paragraph: The last live performance was a 30-minute audio visual piece "In The Lodge" which featured animation from award-winning US artist Justin Curfman.

paragraph: 2010 saw the release of the 14-track album Venom and Eternity.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lux 2.1" track contributed to "Under Your Nose Vol.1" Compilation 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Particle" track contributed to "Under Your Nose Vol.2" Compilation 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Permanent Way" album (Hackpen) 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cubular Theme" track contributed to "Under Your Nose Vol.3" Compilation 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Someday All This Is Gonna End" mixed album for Under Your Nose Recordings 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sublimate EP" digital release for Electramento 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fear Of Logic" mixed album for Under Your Nose Recordings 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reconsequences" album (In Deep Recordings) 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Broken Router" remix of track by Bujuben

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trundlewheel EP" (Mixtape Germany) 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Venom and Eternity" album (Dust Up Records) 2010

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Releases with Twelve 88 Cartel.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sweating Furore" EP – (Bite Back!) 1987

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maxim" mini album – (Bite Back!) 1988

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Evidence" mini album – (Bite Back!) 1990

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tension Crush" EP - (Bite Back!) 1991

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With the Psylons.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gimp" album – (Thunderbird) 1996

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Seatman Separator.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Claw" album (SBH) 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Music of…" album (SBH) 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Basic Electronic Principles" album (SBH) 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Auto Suggestion" album (SBH) 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Navigation" album (SBH) 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ten Minutes After The End of Gravity" (SBH) 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sampler EP" (In Deep Recordings) 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mercury Trax Volume 3" (SBH) 2009

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon Heartfield

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Simon Heartfield

wikipedia_title: Simon Heartfield


text:
golf
reporter
New York Times
New York City
U.S. Women's Amateur
Miriam Burns Horn
Miami, Florida
England
Pam Barton
Curtis Cup
Canadian Women's Amateur
North and South Women's Amateur
Pinehurst Resort
The New York Times
Maribel Vinson
Englewood, New Jersey
New Jersey General Assembly
Bergen County
Durham, North Carolina
Haworth, New Jersey
Women's Eastern Amateur
North and South Women's Amateur
Canadian Women's Amateur
Metropolitan Women's Amateur
U.S. Senior Women's Amateur
North and South Women's Senior Amateur
Curtis Cup
1932
1934
1936
1938
The New York Times obituary
USGA obituary

categories: Sportspeople from Durham, North Carolina,Sportspeople from New York City,American female golfers,People from Englewood, New Jersey,Golfers from North Carolina,Golfers from New York (state),Golfers from Florida,Golfers from New Jersey,Sportspeople from Miami,1907 births,Golf writers and broadcasters,Amateur golfers,The New York Times writers,People from Haworth, New Jersey

paragraph: Maureen Orcutt

paragraph: Maureen Orcutt (April 1, 1907 – January 9, 2007) was an American amateur golfer and reporter for the "New York Times".

paragraph: Born in New York City, Orcutt made it to the finals of the 1927 U.S. Women's Amateur but lost to Miriam Burns Horn. In 1928 and 1931 she won the tournament medal for the lowest qualifying score, and in 1932 tied for this honor. Married to John D. Crews and living in Miami, Florida, she lost in the 1936 finals to England's Pam Barton.

paragraph: Orcutt won the Women's Eastern Amateur a record seven times. Her first win came in 1925 and the seventh win in 1949, 24 years later. She played on four Curtis Cup teams, winning three and tying one. She won the Canadian Women's Amateur twice and the North and South Women's Amateur at Pinehurst Resort three times in a row between 1931 and 1933. She returned to Pinehurst and won the North and South Senior Woman's Amateur in 1960, 1961 and 1962; in 2002 was named honorary chairwoman of the prestigious tournament's 100th anniversary.

paragraph: Orcutt won the New York Metropolitan Golf Association title a record 10 times. The first one in 1926, the 10th one in 1968, 42 years later. She was also named the Association's Player of the Century for the 20th century.

paragraph: She was inducted into The Hall of Fame of Women's Golf in 1966.

paragraph: Orcutt became a sportswriter on golfing matters in the 1920s, and eventually became only the second female sports reporter to work for "The New York Times" when she took over from Maribel Vinson. She finished her competitive career with over 65 tournament victories, and played the game of golf until the age of 87 when knee problems forced her to stop.

paragraph: A resident of Englewood, New Jersey, she won the 1934 Democratic Party nomination for the New Jersey General Assembly to represent Bergen County.

paragraph: She was inducted into the New York State Hall of Fame in 1991...to quote from the program, "Perhaps no competitor in any major sport has been a significant factor for so long in top level play". She won tournaments in seven decades.

paragraph: She resided at the Carolina House assisted living facility in Durham, North Carolina, and died there, aged 99, of congestive heart failure in 2007. She was only 12 weeks away from what would have been her 100th birthday. She had previously been a resident of Haworth, New Jersey.

paragraph: Section::::Significant career wins.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Women's Eastern Amateur - 1925, 1928, 1929, 1934, 1938, 1947, 1949

paragraph: BULLET::::- North and South Women's Amateur - 1931, 1932, 1933

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canadian Women's Amateur - 1930, 1931

paragraph: BULLET::::- Metropolitan Women's Amateur - 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1934, 1938, 1940, 1946, 1959, 1968

paragraph: BULLET::::- U.S. Senior Women's Amateur - 1962, 1966

paragraph: BULLET::::- North and South Women's Senior Amateur - 1960, 1961, 1962

paragraph: Section::::Team appearances.

paragraph: Amateur

paragraph: BULLET::::- Curtis Cup (representing the United States): 1932 (winners), 1934 (winners), 1936 (tie, Cup retained), 1938 (winners)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The New York Times obituary

paragraph: BULLET::::- USGA obituary

description: Amateur golfer

wikidata_label: Maureen Orcutt

wikipedia_title: Maureen Orcutt


text: French

text: French Prime Minister

text: European integration

text: Franco-British Union

text: Suez Crisis

text: Algerian War

text: Flers

text: Normandy

text: textile

text: Le Havre

text: Arras

text: SFIO

text: Pas-de-Calais

text: French Resistance

text: Gestapo

text: French National Assembly

text: Pas-de-Calais

text: Daniel Mayer

text: Léon Blum

text: Marxist

text: Fourth Republic

text: French Communist Party

text: René Pleven

text: Henri Queuille

text: Western European Federation

text: Council of Europe

text: Socialist International

text: 1956 legislative campaign

text: Republican Front

text: Radical Party

text: Pierre Mendès-France

text: François Mitterrand

text: Jacques Chaban-Delmas

text: Algeria

text: Treaty of Rome

text: European Economic Community

text: BEPTOM

text: Egypt

text: Gamal Abdel Nasser

text: Suez Canal

text: Suez Crisis

text: Anglophile

text: Anthony Eden

text: Europe

text: Israel

text: David Ben-Gurion

text: Protocol of Sèvres

text: United States

text: United Nations General Assembly

text: Michael Karpin

text: Francis Perrin

text: French Atomic Energy Commission

text: French colonialism

text: Tunisia

text: Morocco

text: National Liberation Front

text: Algiers

text: torture

text: Battle of Algiers

text: Alain Savary

text: HLM

text: Agence France-Presse

text: National Centre for Scientific Research

text: Atomic Energy Authority

text: National Institute of Applied Science

text: Lyon

text: oenology

text: Fourth Republic

text: Algiers coup

text: First Indochina War

text: Charles de Gaulle

text: Unified Socialist Party

text: Autonomous Socialist Party

text: Union de la gauche socialiste

text: Fifth Republic

text: 1965 presidential campaign

text: Gaston Defferre

text: Great Federation

text: François Mitterrand

text: 1969 presidential election

text: French Socialist Party

text: Alain Savary

text: François Mitterrand

text: Épinay Congress

text: moral authority

text: Pierre Mendès-France

text: Paul Ramadier

text: Jacques Chaban-Delmas

categories: Deputies of the 4th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic,Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic,Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic,Deputies of the 5th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic,1905 births,Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic,Socialist Party (France) politicians,People from Orne,Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic,Prime Ministers of France,Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic,French Section of the Workers' International politicians,Members of the Constituent Assembly of France (1945),French Ministers of Civil Service,Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic,Members of the Constituent Assembly of France (1946),French Resistance members,1975 deaths,Politicians from Normandy,French military personnel of World War II

paragraph: Guy Mollet

paragraph: Guy Alcide Mollet (; 31 December 1905 – 3 October 1975) was a French politician. He led the socialist French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) from 1946 to 1969 and was the French Prime Minister from 1956 to 1957.

paragraph: As Prime Minister, Mollet passed some significant domestic reforms and worked for European integration, proposing the Franco-British Union. He became unpopular in both the left and the right in the country for his international policy, especially during the Suez Crisis and the Algerian War.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born in Flers in Normandy, the son of a textile worker. He was educated in Le Havre and became an English teacher in Arras Grammar School. Like most other teachers, he was an active member of the socialist SFIO, joining in 1923, and in 1928 he became SFIO Secretary for the Pas-de-Calais "département".

paragraph: Section::::World War II.

paragraph: He joined the French Army in 1939 and was taken prisoner by the Germans. Released after seven months, he joined the French Resistance, where he was a captain, in the Arras area and was three times arrested and interrogated by the Gestapo.

paragraph: Section::::Early political career.

paragraph: In October 1945, Mollet was elected to the French National Assembly as a representative from Pas-de-Calais. In 1946, he became Secretary-General of the SFIO, standing against Daniel Mayer, the candidate supported by Léon Blum. He was also Mayor of Arras at this time. Mollet represented the left wing of the party, which feared the dissolution of the Socialist identity in a centrist alliance.

paragraph: Although he retained Marxist terminology, he accepted the alliance with the centre and centre-right parties during the Fourth Republic, and his relations with the French Communist Party (PCF), which had become the largest left-wing party, were very poor: "the Communist Party is not on the left, but in the East".

paragraph: Section::::Cabinet roles.

paragraph: He served as deputy prime minister in 1946, in Blum's government.

paragraph: From 1950 to 1951, he was Minister for European Relations in the government of the Radical René Pleven, and in 1951, he was deputy prime minister in the government of Henri Queuille.

paragraph: Section::::Europe.

paragraph: Mollet supported a Western European Federation. He represented France at the Council of Europe, and he was President of the Socialist Group on the Council's Assembly.

paragraph: Section::::Socialist international.

paragraph: From 1951 to 1969, he was vice-president of the Socialist International.

paragraph: Section::::Premiership.

paragraph: During the 1956 legislative campaign, Mollet created a centre-left coalition, the Republican Front, containing the Radical Party of Pierre Mendès-France, the Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance of François Mitterrand and the Social Gaullists of Jacques Chaban-Delmas.

paragraph: The coalition won the election with a promise to re-establish the peace in Algeria. As leader of the main party of the coalition, Mollet led and formed a cabinet in January 1956.

paragraph: Section::::Premiership.:Foreign policy.

paragraph: In foreign policy, Mollet negotiated and signed the Treaty of Rome, creating the European Economic Community. Liberalising reforms were carried out in various parts of the French Empire but not in Algeria. Gaston Deferre's "loi-cadre" of 23 June 1956 generalised universal suffrage throughout the "territories d'outre-mer" and based their assemblies on a single voting roll.

paragraph: The government established the BEPTOM (Bureau d'études des postes et télécommunications d'outre-mer) to support communications in the newly-independent former colonies.

paragraph: Section::::Premiership.:Foreign policy.:Suez Crisis.

paragraph: Despite those successes, Mollet, who wanted to concentrate on domestic issues, found himself confronted with several major foreign policy crises. Egypt's president, Gamal Abdel Nasser, continued to support the Algerian rebels and also nationalised the Suez Canal, which led to the Suez Crisis.

paragraph: The Anglophile Mollet and British Prime Minister Anthony Eden shared a mutual concern for maintaining their overseas possessions. Eden also feared that Nasser intended to cut off oil supplies to Europe. In October 1956 Mollet; Eden and the prime minister of Israel, David Ben-Gurion, met and colluded, in the Protocol of Sèvres, in a joint attack of Egypt.

paragraph: The Israelis invaded Egypt first, with British and French troops invading the northern Suez Canal area shortly afterward, under the pretext of restoring order in the area. However, the scheme met with unexpected opposition from the United States, both at the United Nations General Assembly and with economical measures. France and Britain were forced into a humiliating backdown.

paragraph: Eden resigned as a result, but Mollet survived the crisis despite fierce leftist criticism.

paragraph: In Michael Karpin's 2001 documentary "A Bomb in the Basement", Abel Thomas, the chief of political staff for France's defense minister in 1956, said that Francis Perrin, the head of the French Atomic Energy Commission, told Mollet that Israel should be provided with a nuclear bomb. According to the documentary, France provided Israel with a nuclear reactor and staff to set it up in Israel, together with enriched uranium and the means to produce plutonium, in exchange for support in the Suez War.

paragraph: Section::::Premiership.:Foreign policy.:Algeria.

paragraph: Like the rest of the French left, Mollet opposed French colonialism and had supported Mendès-France's efforts in office to withdraw from Tunisia and Morocco, which were granted independence in 1956 by the "loi-cadre Defere". Mollet's government was left with the issue of the three departments of Algeria, where the presence of a million French settlers made a simple withdrawal politically difficult.

paragraph: At first, Mollet's policy was to negotiate with the National Liberation Front (FLN). Once in office, however, he changed his mind and argued that the FLN insurgents must be defeated before negotiations could begin. Mollet's visit to Algiers, the Algerian capital, was a stormy one, with almost everyone against him. He was pelted with rotten tomatoes at a demonstration in Algiers on 6 February 1956, a few weeks after he became prime minister. The memorable event was referred to as "la journée des tomates" ("the day of tomatoes").

paragraph: He poured French troops into Algeria, where they conducted a campaign of counterterrorism, including torture, particularly during the Battle of Algiers (January to October 1957). It was too much for most French people, and Mollet's government collapsed in June 1957 on the issue of the taxation to pay for the Algerian War. The Secretary of State to Foreign Affairs, Alain Savary, also a SFIO member, resigned because of his opposition to Mollet's hardline stance in Algeria.

paragraph: Section::::Premiership.:Domestic policy.

paragraph: Mollet's cabinet carried out a programme of progressive social reform, which was almost unnoticed because of both the international context and the Algerian War. Substantial improvements were made in welfare provision for the sick and elderly, funding for regional aid and housing was increased veterans' payments were extended and a third week of paid holidays was introduced. Mollet's government passed other pieces of social legislation during its time in office, including an increase in wages and improved medical benefits.

paragraph: The level and mechanism of state pensions to both the elderly and chronically-ill was improved, and working-class housing was also given close attention. HLMs were a top priority in the government's target of 320,000 houses in 1956. Educational opportunities were increased, and wage-price levels were adjusted in favour of workers and civil servants.

paragraph: In June 1956, a national solidarity fund for the elderly was set up, which provided supplementary allowances for elderly people to provide them with a more adequate income. In addition, a law of December 1956 established an allowance for the mothers of household for non-salaried workers. Sales tax on essential commodities was abolished while regional differences in minimum wage standards across France were reduced.

paragraph: A decree of November 1956 abolished written homework for children until the sixth grade, thereby lightening the load on French schoolchildren; official instructions of January 1957 also specified that nursery schools should include such facilities as a medical room and a recreational room. An act was passed in April 1957 to allow people who employed domestic help in their service to form an employers' association, and a law was passed for the legal status of the Agence France-Presse news agency. In addition, an act in July 1957 confirmed a 1955 decree that created a complementary procedure for mediation.

paragraph: To encourage scientific research, a decree in March 1957 made provision for research bonuses to be awarded to research workers of the National Centre for Scientific Research and to staff of universities and technical colleges engaged in research. Under a decree in June 1956, the Atomic Energy Authority founded the National Institute of Technical Nuclear Science at Saclay. Under an act in March 1957, a National Institute of Applied Science was opened in Lyon. Under a decree in November 1956, the National Institute of Nuclear Science and Techniques was authorised "to organise courses for third-cycle doctorates in metallurgy and in accelerator physics awarded by science faculties, as well as to award the necessary certificates for the obtention of these doctorates." A ministerial decision of November 1956, instituted a course in atomic engineering at the National Institute of Nuclear Science and Techniques" that was "designed to train engineers in the construction and working of nuclear reactors."

paragraph: A decree in August 1956 started a national diploma in fine arts, and a ministerial decision in December 1956 started a national certificate of oenology. A decree in February 1957 founded in each faculty of arts or science, under the dean's authority, "a training institute for secondary school teachers, run by a professor" to train future teachers for secondary, teacher training, national vocational and technical schools.

paragraph: Although the Mollet government introduced a broad range of reforms during its time in office, financial constraints prevented the passage of other planned reforms, such as the refunding of a higher percentage of prescription charges, extended rights for "comités d'enterprise" and the compulsory arbitration of works disputes.

paragraph: Section::::Premiership.:End of government.

paragraph: Mollet's cabinet was the last government formed by the SFIO, which was in increasing decline, and it was also the last stable government of the Fourth Republic.

paragraph: Section::::Premiership.:Supporter of de Gaulle.

paragraph: The Algiers coup in May 1958, led by veterans of the First Indochina War and the Suez Crisis, brought Charles de Gaulle to power from retirement and in effect seized power. Mollet supported de Gaulle on the grounds that France needed a new constitution to allow the formation of strong governments.

paragraph: De Gaulle appointed him one of four Secretaries of State in his first cabinet. That caused the creation of the PSU, the Unified Socialist Party, formed by the PSA Autonomous Socialist Party and the UGS (Union de la gauche socialiste, a split of the SFIO).

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Mollet resigned from de Gaulle's cabinet in 1959 and did not hold office again. He remained Secretary General of the SFIO, but Gaulle's new Fifth Republic made it a powerless opposition party. By the 1960s, it was in terminal decline.

paragraph: During the 1965 presidential campaign, he presented himself again as the guardian of Socialist identity, opposing the candidacy of Gaston Defferre, who proposed the constitution of a "Great Federation" with the non-Gaullist centre-right. Mollet supported François Mitterrand's candidacy and participated in the centre-left coalition Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left, which would split three years later.

paragraph: His leadership over the party was being more and more challenged. He could not prevent Defferre being the SFIO candidate at the 1969 presidential election.

paragraph: The disastrous result (5%) induced the SFIO to merge with left-wing clubs to form the new French Socialist Party. Mollet abandoned the leadership to Alain Savary. However, the internal opposition to Savary accused Mollet of being the true party leader from the sidelines and allied with François Mitterrand, who joined the party during the Épinay Congress and took the leadership in 1971.

paragraph: Mollet and his followers were ejected in the minority of the party. He mocked the Socialist speeches of Mitterrand: "He is not socialist, he has learned to speak socialist".

paragraph: Mollet died in Paris in 1975 of a heart attack.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: He is one of the most controversial of the French Socialist leaders. His name is tied up with the SFIO decline and his repressive policy in Algeria. In French political language, the word "molletisme" equates to duplicity, making left-wing speeches to win elections and then implementing a conservative policy. French Socialist politicians currently prefer the moral authority of Pierre Mendès-France, even though he was not a member of the party.

paragraph: His biography, by Denis Lefebvre, was called "Guy Mollet: Le mal aimé" ("Guy Mollet: The Unpopular One").

paragraph: Section::::Cabinet.

paragraph: The cabinet lasted from 1 February 1956 to 13 June 1957 and contained the following members:

paragraph: Changes:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 14 February 1956 – Paul Ramadier succeeds Lacoste as Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs. Morice leaves the cabinet and is not replaced as Minister of Industry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 21 February 1956 – Jacques Chaban-Delmas enters the cabinet as Minister of State.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 23 May 1956 – Mendès-France leaves the cabinet.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aussaresses, General Paul, "The Battle of the Casbah: Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Algeria, 1955–1957". (New York: Enigma Books, 2010) .

description: French politician

wikidata_label: Guy Mollet

wikipedia_title: Guy Mollet


text: Harlem Renaissance

text: G. I. Gurdjieff

text: Jean Toomer

text: Soviet Union

text: Spain

text: Civil War

text: House Un-American Activities Committee

text: Yale University

text: Congress of American Women

categories: 20th-century American women writers,1886 births,1952 deaths,Year of birth uncertain,20th-century American writers,American social activists

paragraph: Muriel Draper

paragraph: Muriel Draper (c. 1886 – August 26, 1952) was an American writer, artist and social activist. Moving in English and American art circles, she participated prominently in the Harlem Renaissance. A follower of Russian mystic G. I. Gurdjieff, she collaborated with other of his followers, such as poet Jean Toomer. In 1929 she published her major work "Music at Midnight", for which she became widely known.

paragraph: After a trip to the Soviet Union in 1934, she became active in left-wing politics. She also visited Spain during the Civil War and later raised funds for the loyalists in New York.

paragraph: In 1949, she was investigated by the House Un-American Activities Committee and ceased her political activities as a result. Her papers are stored at Yale University. She was a member of the Women's International Democratic Federation, and its American affiliate the Congress of American Women of which she was president in 1949.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Articles by Muriel Draper at Harper's Magazine

description: American writer

wikidata_label: Muriel Draper

wikipedia_title: Muriel Draper


text:
Han
aristocrat
Jin
Chong'er
Spring and Autumn Period
Chinese history
duke
Shanxi
forest fire
Han
Shanxi
Taoist immortal
Cold Food
Qingming Festival
Sima Qian
honorific
posthumous title
Jin
aristocrat
poet
Chinese zither
Spring and Autumn Period
China
Zhou
dynasty
Chong'er
Wen Duke
Pu
Duke Guizhu
Xian Duke
Huainanzi
Giles
Chu
Di tribes
Rong
Li Ji
successfully plotted
Duke of Jin
Xiqi
Zhuozi
Li Ke
Yiwu
Hui Duke
Qin
assassin
state of Qi
Shandong
a civil war over its own succession
Cao
Song
Zheng
Chu
Qin
Duke Renhao
Mu Duke
Yu
Huai Duke
Gaoliang
commentary
Spring and Autumn Annals
Zuo Qiuming
Confucius
Duke Yiwu
Thucydidean dialogue
Heaven
withdraw into the wilderness
Mianshang
annals
Qin
chancellor
Lü Buwei
king
poem
mourning
noble
Sima Qian
Records
four-character lines
rhyming dialogue
Hu Yan
Yin Yi
Xi Rui
Duke Renhao
Han Fei
collected works
Zhuang Zhou
collected works
Songs of Chu
mourning
MtMian
forest fire
duty to his mother
willow
Cold Food Festival
poems
songs
Old Chinese
rhyme
scan
Mandarin
Qin Melodies
dragon
Heaven
Earth
snake
Chinese zither
Jiexiu
Eastern Han
Taoist
immortals
temple
Taiyuan
grove
miracle
Eastern Han
Shanxi
his spirit
staple grains
rice
millet
Chinese food
congee
gruel
Zhou Ju
Cao Cao
Shi Le
Tuoba or Yuan Hong
Cold Food Festival
hailstorm
Shanxi
Qingming
solar term
ancestral veneration
Double Third Festival
Tang
Tomb-Sweeping Festival
Qing
Jiexiu
Shanxi
Jiexiu
temple fair
qingtuan
Jiexiu
Tang
commandery
Northern Wei
irony
absurdities
jealousy
contemporary dance
Taiwan
Cloud Gate Dance Theatre
He Bing
Legalist
philosopher
Han Fei
Holzman
Shanghai Daily
Qu Yuan
Wu Zixu
《介之推》
Baidu Baike
《介之推》
Baike.com
Image of the Jie Zhitui idol on Mt Mian
"Cold Food Festival in Jiexiu, Shanxi"

categories: Zhou dynasty nobility,Deified Chinese people,7th-century BC Chinese people,Jin (Chinese state)

paragraph: Jie Zhitui

paragraph: Jie Zhitui (century), also known as Jie Zitui, was a Han aristocrat who served the Jin prince Chong'er during the Spring and Autumn Period of Chinese history. Chinese legend holds that when Chong'er finally ascended to power as the duke of Jin ("Duke Wen"), Jie either refused or was passed over for any reward, despite his great loyalty during the prince's times of hardship. Jie then retired to the forests of Jin in what is now central Shanxi with his mother. Supposedly, the duke so desired to repay Jie's years of loyalty that, when Jie declined to present himself at court, he ordered a forest fire to compel the recluse out of hiding. Instead, Jie and his mother were killed by the fire on . By the Han, Jie was being revered in central Shanxi as a Taoist immortal. He was annually commemorated with a ritual avoidance of fire that, despite many official bans, eventually became China's Cold Food and Qingming Festivals.

paragraph: Section::::Names.

paragraph: Jie Zhitui or Jiezhi Tui is the name given to him in the oldest surviving records, with Jie Zitui or Jiezi Tui coming later. Sima Qian treats his name as though it were actually , with "Jiezi" serving as an honorific equivalent to "Master" or . A single 2nd-century source has "Jiezi Sui" , "Jièzǐ Suí"). Others state that the entire name Jiezi Tui was a posthumous title and that his real name had been .

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Jie was a Jin aristocrat, poet, and composer for the Chinese zither during the Spring and Autumn Period of China's Zhou dynasty. He served at the court of the Jin prince Chong'er (posthumously the "Wen Duke") in Pu during the reign of Chong'er's father Duke Guizhu (posthumously the "Xian Duke"). A passage of the "Huainanzi" relates that, when Master Jie sang "The Dragon and the Snake", Prince Chong'er "broke down in tears". Giles considered Jie to be the same person as the "Jiezi Tui" who is mentioned as having been a minister in Chu at the age of 15.

paragraph: In 655, Jie followed Chong'er into exile among the Di tribes north of the Chinese when the Rong beauty Li Ji successfully plotted against the sons of the other wives of the Duke of Jin. Her son Xiqi and his successor Zhuozi were quickly killed by the minister Li Ke, who then offered the throne to Chong'er in 651. The prince declined; his younger brother Yiwu (posthumously the "Hui Duke") accepted and then—after a perilous period of imprisonment in Qin—sent assassins after Chong'er in 646. Hearing about them, he and his court fled from the Di, arriving at the state of Qi in Shandong in 644. Soon after, Qi fell into a civil war over its own succession. Prince Chong'er and his growing entourage then travelled to the courts of Cao, Song, Zheng, Chu, and finally Qin. In 636, Duke Renhao (posthumously the "Mu Duke") lent Qin's army for an invasion against Duke Yiwu's son Yu (posthumously the "Huai Duke"), defeating him at Gaoliang.

paragraph: Jie was passed over for reward when Chong'er became duke of Jin. The 4th-century- commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals" credited to Zuo Qiuming contains the earliest surviving record of Jie's story, in a section now placed beside Confucius's entry on Duke Yiwu's death in 637. In it, a Thucydidean dialogue between Jie and his mother explains how he finds the duke's other retainers to be thieves for taking credit and receiving rewards when Heaven itself was responsible for Chong'er's restoration. His lord also showed himself to be unworthy by failing to reward him despite his failure to appear at court. His mother asks him to at least go before the duke, but he explains he has already criticized the other nobles so harshly that he could not possibly return and is resolved to withdraw into the wilderness. She accepts his decision and leaves with him. When the duke later realized his mistake, he sought out Jie but failed. He then set aside the produce of the fields of Mianshang to endow sacrifices in Jie's honor, "a memento... of my neglect and a mark of distinction for the good man".

paragraph: The annals compiled under Qin's chancellor Lü Buwei opine that Duke Chong'er never became a king because he proved less capable in success than he had been in adversity. Its account of Jie's fate—which omits mention of his mother—begins with the moral that "it is easy to hold onto others if you offer them honor and wealth[, b]ut it is difficult... if you offer them poverty and debasement". Lü's scholars do not suggest that the duke overlooked Jie, however, but that he was simply "far from the vulgar crowd" and embarrassed by the behavior the duke's other close retainers. He posts a poem upon the palace gates, obliquely announcing his retirement into the mountains. Chong'er hears of it, recognizes its author, and goes into mourning for his old friend, changing his clothes and sleeping away from the palace. He offers a million "fields" of land and a position as senior minister "shǎngqīng") to anyone—noble or common—who is able to find Jie for him. The only person who does discover Jie, however, finds him carrying a pot and a large umbrella in the remote mountains. Asked if he knows where Jie Zhitui might live, the hermit replies that Jie "does not wish to be discovered" and "wants to remain hidden". Complaining "How is it that I alone know this?" he wandered away beneath his umbrella, never to be seen again.

paragraph: The account in Sima Qian's 1st-century "Records" largely repeats the "Zuozhuan" account with greater detail. (In fact, the four-character lines and rhyming dialogue in Jie's conversations with his mother suggests it draws on an earlier, now-lost poetic treatment of the life of Chong'er.) Sima specifies that Jie hid himself out of disgust at what he took as Hu Yan's insincere and overdramatic retirement on the journey from Qin to Jin, which Chong'er declined with similar overstatement. Sima interrupts Jie's story, though, to make excuses for the duke's tardiness in remembering and rewarding Jie. The beginning of Chong'er's reign was distracted by rioting caused by Duke Yu's partisans Yin Yi and Xi Rui, who even succeeded in burning down the ducal palace before being captured and put to death with Duke Renhao's assistance. When Jie is brought back to Chong'er's attention by the poem on the gates of the new palace, it has been placed there not by Jie himself but by his own loyal friends. Chong'er sees it himself and again immediately understands that it is about Jie. Jie and his mother are never seen again, but Chong'er—doing what he can—"surrounded and sealed off" the "heart" of Mianshang in order to make it Jie's and "in order to record [his] error and also to commend an excellent man".

paragraph: Section::::Legend.

paragraph: By the 3rd century, Jie Zhitui's story had received additional embellishment. Han Fei's collected works reference the story—dramatizing Jie's selflessness and loyalty—whereby he fed Chong'er with soup made from flesh carved from his own body because he was unable to bear his lord's thirst or hunger. Zhuang Zhou's collected works specify that the meat came from his thigh and that he "was burned to death with a tree in his arms". The "Songs of Chu" written and compiled between the 3rd century and the 2nd century reference Jie repeatedly as a loyal and wronged vassal, mentioning the story about his flesh, treating his former haunts as shrines for honest officials, and adding the details that Chong'er found Jie's body and donned mourning robes for him.

paragraph: Modern forms of the story invariably include the story of Jie cooking a stew using flesh from his own thigh and wild herbs, usually specifying that Chong'er was on the verge of starvation at the time. Some elaborate on the duke's generosity to "all" his other supporters: one source includes proclamations that "awards may be divided into three grades: the first-grade award goes to those [who] followed me into exile; the second-grade award goes to those who donated money; and the third grade goes to those who welcomed the return of my dukedom" and that even "those who have supported me in other ways but not yet been rewarded may report their names for awards". Nonetheless, Jie retired to MtMian, carrying his mother. When the duke was unable to find his old friend's hermitage amid the endless trees and ridges, his advisors suggested lighting a forest fire on one side of MtMian to drive him out since his duty to his mother would overcome his pride. However, the fire raged three days and nights and Jie was burnt to death under a willow together with his mother. Some add the detail that he left verses written in blood, "I cut off my own flesh to dedicate [it] to you, [and] only wish [that] my king will always be clear and bright." Duke Chong'er then erected a temple in his honor and personally ordered the Cold Food Festival.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Jie is listed as the author of several poems or songs, although since they were composed in a dialect of Old Chinese their lines do not necessarily rhyme or scan correctly in present-day Mandarin. The lyrics of "The Dragon and Snake Song" "Lóngshégē") or "The Song of the Dragon and the Snake" "Lóngshé zhī Gē") are included in the "Qin Melodies". They tell the story of a beautiful dragon stripped of its horns, scales, and flight owing to the jealousy of Heaven. On Earth, it becomes close friends with a snake before eventually returning to its proper station. The snake understands the two come from different worlds but remains forlorn, and the song—set for the Chinese zither—ends with the moral that, "to be cheerful, one cannot look back." He was also credited with "The Scholar who Lost His Ambition" "Shì Shī Zhì Cāo").

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The oldest sources for Jie's story state that Duke Chong'er set apart the income from the fields of Mianshang near Jiexiu to endow sacrifices in his honor. By the Eastern Han (1st & 2nd centuries), he was listed among the Taoist immortals and had a temple in Taiyuan and another at at his tomb on Lord Jie Ridge. The mountain temple supposedly also preserved various relics of Jie's, brought there by Chong'er. A grove of blackened trees on the mountain was also revered and, in the 6th century, supposed to be a place of miracles granted by the sage.

paragraph: During the Eastern Han, people in central and southern Shanxi avoided fire for up to a month in the middle of winter, either out of respect for Jie or because they feared his spirit's vengeance against those who broke the taboo. This left them unable to cook their staple grains like rice and millet or most other forms of Chinese food. At first, the most common dish was a cold form of uncooked congee or gruel; later, a menu developed of items that were precooked but kept long enough that they could be eaten unheated during the festival.

paragraph: From the 2nd to the 5th century, Zhou Ju (, , "Zhōu Jǔ"), Cao Cao, Shi Le, and Tuoba or Yuan Hong all attempted to ban this Cold Food Festival because of the suffering that it caused children and the elderly. All failed, in Shi Le's case because a massive hailstorm across all of Shanxi the year after his ban required that he adjust the policy. At some point before the end of the 3rd century, however, the pronouncements of Zhou Ju and other officials did succeed in moving the festival from the middle of winter to 105 days later, around the Qingming solar term near the end of spring (by Chinese reckoning). The Cold Food Festival spread throughout China by the 6th century but, after the incorporation of ancestral veneration and other aspects of the Double Third Festival under the Tang, the prohibition against fire and remembrance of Jie slowly diminished in importance as it became the modern Tomb-Sweeping Festival by the Qing. Today, as was true long in the past, observance of the fire taboo is mostly limited to the countryside around Jiexiu and in Shanxi, where there is still a small temple in his honor, the Pavilion of the Divine Jie (, , "Jièshéngé"). Some people hang willow beside their doors. Downtown Jiexiu also holds themed events and temple fairs during the old Cold Food Festival and some cold foods like qingtuan continue to be popular as seasonal staples.

paragraph: Jie is usually considered the namesake of the town of Jiexiu ("Jie's Rest"), which was renamed from Pingchang under the Tang about 618 to reflect the name its surrounding commandery—including MtMian—had borne since the Northern Wei (4th–6th century).

paragraph: His legend—with adjustments—appears in Wang Mengji's 17th-century short story "Jie Zhitui Sets Fire to His Jealous Wife", which uses irony and absurdities to comment on feminine jealousy and the difficulty of matching results to intentions. The first contemporary dance troupe on Taiwan, the Cloud Gate Dance Theatre, has dramatized the story of Jie Zhitui as "Han Shih" since 1974. Jie is depicted in "a white robe with a long, broad trail... as the hero[,] dragging the weight of his principle, struggles to his self-redemption". He Bing portrayed "Jie Zitui" as the main character of the 2011 TV drama "Song of Spring and Autumn".

paragraph: Jie's intransigence has not always escaped criticism. The Legalist philosopher Han Fei listed him among the absurd advisors who "were all like hard gourds". Holzman acknowledges that Jie's behavior "earned him immortality as a loyal official who chose obscure retirement rather than sacrifice his principles", but still personally finds it "rather strange... and rather petulant". A 2015 article in the "Shanghai Daily" admits that, "judged in light of modern notion[s]", Jie "would probably be suffering from personality disorders that lead to him to perceive and understand the world in ways that are 'inflexible'". Being "one of the most celebrated models of integrity of the old school", however, Jie is not faulted for his actions but listed as "a mentally sound person who live[d] in an 'unhealthy society'" and did not "fit" it.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Qu Yuan and Wu Zixu, two other ancient Chinese courtiers whose deaths supposedly inspired Chinese holidays

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- , reprinted 1979 by AMS Press (New York).

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- , reprinted by Penguin Classics, 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 《介之推》 at Baidu Baike

paragraph: BULLET::::- 《介之推》 at Baike.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Image of the Jie Zhitui idol on Mt Mian, hosted by "The Jade Turtle Records"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cold Food Festival in Jiexiu, Shanxi", hosted by "China Daily"

wikidata_label: Jie Zhitui

wikipedia_title: Jie Zhitui


text: marine zoologist

text: cephalopod

text: Unity, Maine

text: Montana

text: Redlands, California

text: B.S.

text: Stanford

text: M.S.

text: Harvard

text: Ph.D.

text: cephalopod

text: La Jolla, California

text: malacologist

text: mollusc

text: taxa

text: chiton

text: land snail

text: horticulture

text: irises

text: daffodil

categories: Harvard University alumni,Stanford University alumni,American malacologists,American zoologists,1984 deaths,Teuthologists,People from Unity, Maine,American marine biologists,People from Redlands, California,1887 births

paragraph: S. Stillman Berry

paragraph: Samuel Stillman Berry (March 16, 1887 – April 9, 1984) was an American marine zoologist specialized in cephalopods.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Unity, Maine but the family home was the Winnecook Ranch in Montana, which had been founded by his father Ralph in 1880. In 1897, he moved with his mother and two cousins to Redlands, California.

paragraph: Berry received a B.S. (1909) from Stanford and his M.S. (1910) from Harvard. He then returned to Stanford for his Ph.D. work on cephalopods and got his doctorate in 1913.

paragraph: From 1913 until 1918, he worked as a librarian and research assistant at the Scripps Institution for Biological Research in La Jolla, California. This was the last paid employment he ever held in academia—all his later studies and expeditions were financed by the profits from the family ranch in Montana.

paragraph: Despite his independent status, he became a renowned malacologist, publishing 209 articles and establishing 401 mollusc taxa. Most of his work dealt with chitons, cephalopods, and also land snails.

paragraph: Berry also had an interest in horticulture, where he concentrated on the hybridization of irises and daffodils. For some time, from the 1920s until the late 1940s, he even ran a horticultural business from Winnecook Ranch, which he had taken over after the death of his father in 1911. In 1917 he became the president of the Winnecook Ranch Company, a post he occupied until his death in 1984.

paragraph: Section::::Book.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berry, S. Stillman (2016) "A New Sierran Pulmonate of the Genus Monadenia," Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences: Vol. 54: Iss. 1.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A comprehensive archive of Samuel Stillman Berry's life and work

description: American scientist

wikidata_label: Samuel Stillman Berry

wikipedia_title: S. Stillman Berry


text:
Knight of the Garter
King Henry VI
Hundred Years War
Wars of the Roses
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
Barton-under-Needwood
Staffordshire
Knight of the Garter
Stafford
Sir John de Sutton V
Sir Walter Blount
Edward Charleton, 5th Baron Cherleton
Sir John Berkeley
Beverstone
Gloucestershire
John FitzAlan, 13th Earl of Arundel
Sir Edmund Sutton
Knt.
Atherington
Henry VII
Edmund Dudley
John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland
William Dudley
Bishop of Durham
Barony by writ
alias
Edward Sutton, 2nd Baron Dudley
Edmund Sutton
Lord Steward
King Henry V
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
Charles VII of France
king's councillor
King Henry VI
Knight of the Garter
Wars of the Roses
House of Lancaster
Battle of Towton
Battle of St Albans
Battle of Blore Heath
Lord Audley
Towton
Edward, Earl of March
Richard, Duke of York

categories: Barons in the Peerage of England,People of the Wars of the Roses,Dudley family,People from Dudley,High Sheriffs of Sussex,Knights of the Garter,1487 deaths,High Sheriffs of Surrey,People from Barton-under-Needwood,15th-century English MPs,1400 births,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley

paragraph: John Sutton VI, 1st Baron Dudley, Knight of the Garter, (25 December 1400 – 30 September 1487) was an English nobleman, a diplomat, and councillor of King Henry VI. He fought in several battles during the Hundred Years War and the Wars of the Roses, in addition, he acted as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1428 to 1430.

paragraph: Section::::Family and peerage.

paragraph: Born on 25 December 1400, John Sutton was baptised at Barton-under-Needwood, Staffordshire, became 1st Baron Dudley and a Knight of the Garter, and died at Stafford, Staffordshire. His father was Sir John de Sutton V and his mother was Constance Blount, daughter of Sir Walter Blount. John 1st Baron Dudley married Elizabeth de Berkeley, of Beverstone (died 1478), widow of Edward Charleton, 5th Baron Cherleton and daughter of Sir John Berkeley, of Beverstone, Gloucestershire (1349–1428) and Elizabeth Bettershorne and sister of Eleanor FitzAlan, wife of John FitzAlan, 13th Earl of Arundel, sometime after 14 March 1420. The sons of Dudley by this marriage were:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Sir Edmund Sutton

paragraph: BULLET::::2. John Sutton Dudley, Knt. of Atherington, whose son was Henry VII's minister Edmund Dudley, and whose grandson was John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. William Dudley, Bishop of Durham, 1476–1483.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Oliver Dudley.

paragraph: Dudley was summoned to Parliament from 15 February 1440, by writs directed to "Johanni de Sutton de Duddeley militi", whereby he obtained a Barony by writ as Lord Dudley. He was the first of his family to adopt the surname of Dudley as an alias for Sutton. "John Dudley, Knyght, Lord Dudley" died testate in his 87th year. His will is dated 17 August 1487. The barony was inherited by his grandson, Edward Sutton, 2nd Baron Dudley, son of Sir Edmund Sutton who was the heir but died after 6 July 1483 but before his father.

paragraph: Section::::Royal service.

paragraph: As Lord Steward in 1422 Sutton brought home the body of King Henry V to England, and was chief mourner and standard bearer at his funeral. From 1428–1430 he served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Dudley fought in several campaigns throughout the period of the wars with France, and on several occasions acted as a diplomat in the mid-1440s, when he also met Charles VII of France. In 1443 he was made a king's councillor and became one of the favourite companions of King Henry VI. In 1451 he became a Knight of the Garter. Early on in the Wars of the Roses he was a resolute defender of the House of Lancaster, but changed his allegiance to York before the Battle of Towton in 1461.

paragraph: Section::::Wars of the Roses.

paragraph: At the Battle of St Albans in 1455, Lord Dudley took part with his son Edmund, where he was taken prisoner along with Henry VI. At the Battle of Blore Heath on 23 September 1459 he was again present, equally with his son Edmund Sutton, commanding a wing under Lord Audley. Dudley was wounded and again captured. At Towton (1461) he was rewarded after the battle for his participation on the side of Edward, Earl of March, son of Richard, Duke of York. On 28 June that year, Edward IV was proclaimed King in London.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Complete Peerage of England Scotland Ireland Great Britain and the United Kingdom", Edited by Vicary Gibbs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilson, Derek (2005): "The Uncrowned Kings of England: The Black History of the Dudleys and the Tudor Throne" Carroll & Graf

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolffe, Bertram: "Henry VI", Yale University Press, 2001,

description: English politician and peer

wikidata_label: John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley

wikipedia_title: John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley


text: Lisbon

text: Portuguese

text: Jesuit

text: missionary

text: botanist

text: Jesuit Order

text: Goa

text: Portuguese India

text: Macau

text: Cochinchina

text: mathematician

text: naturalist

text: medicinal plant

text: Canton

text: Draconyx loureiroi

text: Carl Ludwig Willdenow

text: London

categories: Portuguese Roman Catholic priests,Botanists active in China,18th-century Portuguese physicians,Roman Catholic missionaries in Vietnam,18th-century botanists,Botanists active in India,18th-century Roman Catholic priests,18th-century Portuguese people,Portuguese expatriates in Vietnam,Roman Catholic missionaries in India,Botanists active in Asia,Portuguese botanists,Roman Catholic missionaries in China,Catholic clergy scientists,1791 deaths,Jesuit scientists,1717 births,People from Lisbon,Portuguese Roman Catholic missionaries,Portuguese Jesuits,Jesuit missionaries

paragraph: João de Loureiro

paragraph: João de Loureiro (1717, Lisbon – 18 October 1791) was a Portuguese Jesuit missionary and botanist.

paragraph: After receiving admission to the Jesuit Order, he served as a missionary in Goa, capital of Portuguese India (3 years) and Macau (4 years). In 1742 he traveled to Cochinchina, remaining there for 35 years. Here he worked as a mathematician and naturalist, acquiring knowledge on the properties and uses of native medicinal plants. In 1777 he journeyed to Canton, returning to Lisbon four years later.

paragraph: In 1790 he published a work on flora of Cochinchina titled "Flora Cochinchinensis".

paragraph: João de Loureiro has numerous species ""loureiroi"" dedicated to him, mostly plants but also the dinosaur "Draconyx loureiroi" in honour of him being the first Portuguese palaeontologist.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flora Cochinchinensis: sistens plantas in regno Cochinchina nascentes: quibus accedunt aliae observatae in Sinensi imperio, Africa orientali, Indiaeque locis variis: omnes dispositae secundum systema sexuale Linnaeanum"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flora Cochinchinensis […] denuo in Germania edita", notes by Carl Ludwig Willdenow, 1793: ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- « On the nature and mode of production of Agallochum or aloes-wood », translated from Portuguese into English, in "Tracts relative to botany, tr. from different languages", London, Phillips and Fardon […], 1805

paragraph: Section::::Books about João de Loureiro.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pe. João de Loureiro : missionário e botânico" by José Maria Braga, 1938.

description: Portuguese scientist and botanist

wikidata_label: João de Loureiro

wikipedia_title: João de Loureiro


text: Austrian

text: University of Vienna

text: nuclear emulsion

text: high energy nuclear particles

text: cosmic ray events

text: particle physics

text: 1950 Nobel Prize

text: Erwin Schrödinger

text: Berlin

text: University of Frankfurt am Main

text: Institute for Radium Research

text: Austrian Academy of Sciences

text: Göttingen

text: photographic method

text: Hertha Wambacher

text: Lieben Prize

text: cosmic radiation

text: spallation events

text: cosmic-ray

text: leave Austria

text: Albert Einstein

text: Instituto Politécnico Nacional

text: Mexico City

text: Columbia University

text: Brookhaven National Laboratory

text: University of Miami

text: CERN

text: Erwin Schrödinger Prize

text: Austrian Academy of Sciences

text: Cecil Powell

text: Nobel prize

text: pion

text: Timeline of women in science

text: CWP at UCLA

text: "Marietta Blau"

categories: Austrian women physicists,20th-century Austrian people,1970 deaths,20th-century women scientists,University of Vienna alumni,20th-century physicists,Brookhaven National Laboratory staff,Austrian physicists,Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss,Nuclear physicists,Schrödinger Prize recipients,Austrian women scientists,Scientists from Vienna,Particle physicists,Deaths from cancer in Austria,1894 births,Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States,Austrian nuclear physicists

paragraph: Marietta Blau

paragraph: Marietta Blau (29 April 1894 – 27 January 1970) was an Austrian physicist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Blau was born in a middle-class Jewish family, to Mayer (Markus) Blau, a court lawyer and music publisher, and his wife, Florentine Goldzweig. After having obtained the general certificate of education from the girls' high school run by the Association for the Extended Education of Women, she studied physics and mathematics at the University of Vienna from 1914 to 1918; her PhD graduation was in March 1919. Blau is credited with developing (photographic) nuclear emulsions that were usefully able to image and accurately measure high energy nuclear particles and events. Additionally, this established a method to accurately study reactions caused by cosmic ray events. Her nuclear emulsions significantly advanced the field of particle physics in her time. For her work she was nominated for the 1950 Nobel Prize in Physics by Erwin Schrödinger.

paragraph: Section::::Pre World War 2.

paragraph: From 1919 to 1923, Blau held several positions in industrial and University research institutions in Austria and Germany; in 1921, she moved to Berlin to work at a manufacturer of x-ray tubes, a position she left in order to become an assistant at the Institute for Medical Physics at the University of Frankfurt am Main. From 1923 on, she worked as an unpaid scientist at the Institute for Radium Research of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna. A stipend by the Austrian Association of University Women made it possible for her to do research also in Göttingen and Paris (1932/1933).

paragraph: In her Vienna years, Blau's main interest was the development of the photographic method of particle detection. The methodical goals which she pursued were the identification of particles, in particular alpha-particles and protons, and the determination of their energy based on the characteristics of the tracks they left in emulsions; there, she developed a photographic emulsion technique used in the study of cosmic rays, being the first scientist use nuclear emulsions to detect neutrons. For this work, Blau and her former student Hertha Wambacher received the Lieben Prize of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 1937. It was her greatest success when, also in 1937, she and Wambacher discovered "disintegration stars" in photographic plates that had been exposed to cosmic radiation at an altitude of 2,300 metres (≈7,500 feet) above sea level. These stars are the patterns of particle tracks from nuclear reactions (spallation events) of cosmic-ray particles with nuclei of the photographic emulsion.

paragraph: Because of her Jewish descent, Blau had to leave Austria in 1938 after the country's annexation by Nazi Germany, a fact which caused a severe break in her scientific career. She first went to Oslo. Then, through the intercession of Albert Einstein, she obtained a teaching position at the Instituto Politécnico Nacional in Mexico City and later at Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo But since conditions in Mexico made research extremely difficult for her, she seized an opportunity to move to the United States in 1944.

paragraph: Section::::Post-war.

paragraph: In the United States, Blau worked in industry until 1948, afterwards (until 1960) at Columbia University, Brookhaven National Laboratory and the University of Miami. At these institutions, she was responsible for the application of the photographic method of particle detection in high-energy experiments at particle accelerators.

paragraph: In 1960, Blau returned to Austria and conducted scientific work at the Institute for Radium Research until 1964 – again without pay. She headed a working group analyzing particle-track photographs from experiments at CERN and supervised a dissertation in this field. In 1962, she received the Erwin Schrödinger Prize of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, but an attempt to make her also a corresponding member of the Academy was not successful.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Marietta Blau died in Vienna from cancer in 1970. Her illness was related to her unprotected handling of radioactive substances as well as her cigarette smoking over many years. No obituary appeared in any scientific publication.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In 1950, Cecil Powell received the Nobel prize for the development of the photographic method for particle detection and the discovery of the pion by use of this method.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timeline of women in science

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Rosner & Brigitte Strohmaier (eds.): "Marietta Blau – Sterne der Zertrümmerung. Biographie einer Wegbereiterin der modernen Teilchenphysik". Böhlau, Vienna 2003, (in German)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brigitte Strohmaier & Robert Rosner: "Marietta Blau – Stars of Disintegration. Biography of a pioneer of particle physics". Ariadne, Riverside, California 2006,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leopold Halpern & Maurice Shapiro: "Marietta Blau" in "Out of the Shadows: Contributions of Twentieth-Century Women to Physics", Nina Byers and Gary Williams, ed., Cambridge University Press 2006 .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Marietta Blau" in CWP at UCLA

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rentetzi, Maria "Marietta Blau", Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sime, Ruth Lewin, "Marietta Blau: Pioneer of Photographic Nuclear Emulsions and Particle Physics", Physics in Perspective, 15 (2013) 3–32

description: Austrian nuclear physicist

wikidata_label: Marietta Blau

wikipedia_title: Marietta Blau


text: footballer

text: Lille OSC

text: defensive midfielder

text: Boa Vista, Roraima

text: São Paulo

text: São Caetano

text: Santos

text: replacing

text: Serginho

text: Chapecoense

text: Série A

text: 2015 campaign

text: Alison

text: Avaí

text: 2016 campaign

text: Renato

text: Chelsea

text: Juventus

text: Paris Saint-Germain

text: Corinthians

text: Copa Libertadores

text: Sporting Cristal

text: Ligue 1

text: Lille OSC

text: Marcelo Bielsa

text: Brazil under-20

text: Gabriel

text: Caju

text: Olympic team

text: Zeca

text: 2016 Summer Olympics

text: Rio de Janeiro

text: Roraima

text: Campeonato Paulista

text: Olympic Gold Medal

text: Campeonato Paulista

text: Santos FC official profile

categories: Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Lille OSC players,Ligue 1 players,1997 births,Olympic gold medalists for Brazil,Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players,2015 South American Youth Football Championship players,Brazilian footballers,Olympic footballers of Brazil,Santos FC players,Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Olympic medalists in football,People from Boa Vista, Roraima,Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in France,Brazil youth international footballers,Brazilian expatriate footballers,Association football midfielders,Living people,Brazil under-20 international footballers

paragraph: Thiago Maia

paragraph: Thiago Maia Alencar (born 23 March 1997), known as Thiago Maia, is a Brazilian footballer who plays for French club Lille OSC as a defensive midfielder.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Santos.

paragraph: Born in Boa Vista, Roraima, Thiago Maia began his career at lowly locals Extremo Norte. In August 2010 he moved to São Paulo, joining São Caetano's youth categories, and later moved to Santos in the following year.

paragraph: On 25 October 2014 Thiago Maia made his first-team debut, replacing fellow youth graduate Serginho in a 1–1 away draw against Chapecoense for the Série A championship. During the 2015 campaign, he profited from the injury of Alison, establishing himself as a starter from June and earning plaudits for his performances.

paragraph: On 22 August 2015 Thiago Maia scored his first professional goal, netting the second in a 5–2 home routing of Avaí. On 13 October, after lengthy negotiations, he renewed his contract until 2019.

paragraph: Thiago Maia became an undisputed starter during the 2016 campaign, partnering Renato at the heart of the midfield. He was also linked to Chelsea, Juventus and Paris Saint-Germain during the year.

paragraph: Thiago Maia completed his 100th match for "Peixe" on 4 March 2017, in a 0–1 derby loss against Corinthians. In his Copa Libertadores debut five days later, he started and scored the equalizer in a 1–1 away draw against Sporting Cristal.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Lille.

paragraph: On 15 July 2017, French Ligue 1 side Lille OSC reached an agreement with Santos for the transfer of Thiago Maia, for a fee of € 14 million, after being signed by Head Coach Marcelo Bielsa. He made 37 appearances for the club during the season, scoring one goal.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: On 26 December 2014, after featuring regularly with the under-17s, Thiago Maia was called up to the Brazil under-20 side, alongside Santos teammates Gabriel and Caju, for the 2015 South American Youth Football Championship.

paragraph: On 29 June 2016 Thiago Maia was called up to Olympic team, alongside Santos teammates Gabriel and Zeca, for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. He also became the first athlete from Roraima to appear in the tournament.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Club.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santos

paragraph: BULLET::::- Campeonato Paulista: 2016

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:International.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brazil

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olympic Gold Medal: 2016

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Individual.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Campeonato Paulista Team of the year: 2016

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santos FC official profile

description: Brazilian footballer

wikidata_label: Thiago Maia

wikipedia_title: Thiago Maia


text:
Iran
The Past
Secret Ballot
A Separation
Fish & Cat
The Salesman
A Wedding
Invasion
berlinale Babak Karimi

categories: 1960 births,Iranian film editors,Iranian cinematographers,Iranian male film actors,Living people,Iranian film directors

paragraph: Babak Karimi

paragraph: Babak Karimi (, born 1960) is an Iranian actor.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Past"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Secret Ballot"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Separation"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fish & Cat"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Salesman"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Wedding"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Invasion"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- berlinale Babak Karimi

description: Iranian film editor and actor

wikidata_label: Babak Karimi

wikipedia_title: Babak Karimi


text:
The Today Show
The Hucksters
Citizen Kane
Arthur Godfrey
José Ferrer
Time
Bosley Crowther
The New York Times

categories: American male novelists,1920 births,2011 deaths,20th-century American novelists

paragraph: Al Morgan

paragraph: Al Morgan (January 16, 1920 – March 3, 2011) was an American producer of "The Today Show" during the 1960s, and a novelist best known for his trenchant look at media personalities, "The Great Man" (Dutton, 1955), which reviewers compared to "The Hucksters" and "Citizen Kane". It was this novel which popularized the phrase "The Great Unwashed." As in "Citizen Kane", a reporter sets out to gather information on a well-known deceased public figure. Some critics suggested the deceased character, national radio commentator Herb Fuller, was inspired by Arthur Godfrey. "Kirkus Reviews" commented:

paragraph: Morgan and José Ferrer collaborated on the screenplay of "The Great Man", and it was directed in 1956 by Ferrer who also portrayed the lead role. "Time"'s review detailed the story twists:

paragraph: Bosley Crowther reviewing the film in "The New York Times" (January 2, 1957), described the film as:

paragraph: When Morgan and Ferrer collaborated again two years later on the book for the musical comedy, "Oh, Captain!", they were nominated for Broadway's 1958 Tony Award for Best Musical.

paragraph: Morgan's other novels include "One Star General" (Rinehart & Company, 1959) and "Anchor Woman" (Stein & Day, 1974).

description: American writer

wikidata_label: Al Morgan

wikipedia_title: Al Morgan


text: Italian

text: Futurist

text: Perugia

text: Milan

text: Rome

text: Umbria

text: Perugia

text: Florence

text: Rome

text: Giacomo Balla

text: World War I

text: Venice

text: Biennale

text: Aeropainting

text: Benedetta Cappa

text: Fortunato Depero

text: Fillia

text: Filippo Tommaso Marinetti

text: Enrico Prampolini

text: Lateran Treaty

text: Vatican

text: Fascist

text: Ostia

text: Vatican Museum

categories: People from Perugia,1884 births,Italian male painters,Italian Futurist painters,Italian military personnel of World War I,1977 deaths

paragraph: Gerardo Dottori

paragraph: Gerardo Dottori (11 November 1884 – 13 June 1977) was an Italian Futurist painter. He signed the "Futurist Manifesto of Aeropainting" in 1929. He was associated with the city of Perugia most of his life, living in Milan for six months as a student and in Rome from 1926-39...

paragraph: Dottori's' principal output was the representation of landscapes and visions of Umbria, mostly viewed from a great height. Among the most famous of these are "Umbrian Spring" and "Fire in the City", both from the early 1920s.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Dottori was born in Perugia to a working-class family. His mother died when he was eight years old. He was admitted as a young man to the Academy of Fine Arts in Perugia, and was employed at the same time by an antique dealer. In 1906 he worked as a decorator in Milan, where he was able to visit museums and exhibitions. He resumed his studies in 1908, mixing in avant-garde art circles in 99Florence. In 1910 he began work with the magazine "Defense dell'Arte".

paragraph: In 1911 he went to Rome where he met Giacomo Balla and became an adherent of Futurism. In 1912 he joined the first Futurist group in Umbria. In 1915 he fought in World War I, at the same time writing "Parole in libertà" ("Words in freedom") which he published under the name G. Voglio.

paragraph: In 1920 he founded the Futurist magazine "Griffa!". In the same year he had his first exhibition in Rome. In 1924 he participated in the Futurist Congress, where he had already acquired a certain notoriety, presenting his thesis on "Rural Futurism". In the same year he exhibited at the Venice Biennale, the first Futurist to do so. In the course of his life he participated in ten Biennales.

paragraph: From 1926 to 1939 he lived in Rome, contributing to various art magazines. In 1925 he exhibited at the Permanente and in 1927 at the Gallery Pesaro in the first of a series of Futurist exhibitions, including a one-man show in 1931.

paragraph: His major contribution to Futurism was Aeropainting. He was one of the signatories of the 1929 "Aeropainting Manifesto", signed also by Benedetta Cappa, Fortunato Depero, Fillia, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Enrico Prampolini and others, who are among its major representatives. In 1932 he was one of the first Futurists to paint sacred subjects, following the "Futurist Manifesto of Sacred Art" (1931) signed by Marinetti and Fillia. The Futurist involvement in religious art followed the signing of the Lateran Treaty between the Vatican and Fascist Italy in 1929.

paragraph: In 1939 Dottori was appointed to the chair of painting at Perugia, remaining in that post until 1947. In 1941 he wrote the "Manifesto of Umbrian Aeropainting" in which he proposed that the essence of his Futurism lay in the representation of mystically-inclined landscapes.

paragraph: Dottori carried out many mural commissions, including the Altro Mondo in Perugia and the hydroport in Ostia. Mural painting was embraced by the Futurists in the "Manifesto of Mural Plasticism" at a time when the revival of fresco painting was being debated in Italy.

paragraph: Following a post-war silence around Marinetti's Futurism, Dottori exhibited in 1951 at Bergamini and the 1953 Biennale of Angelicum and continued to exhibit in the 1950s and 1960s. In 1989 a retrospective of Dottori's work was presented at the Gallery San Carlo.

paragraph: "Crocifissione" (1927), a Futurist representation of the crucifixion of Christ ("pictured right") is now housed in the Vatican Museum.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Site of the Gerardo Dottori archives association (in Italian)

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.lattuadastudio.it/Artecentro/dottori.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hulten, P., "Futurism and Futurisms", Thames and Hudson, 1986

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martin, S., "Futurism", Taschen, n.d.

alias:
Gherardo Dottori
G. Voglio
G. Voglio (pseud.)

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Gerardo Dottori

wikipedia_title: Gerardo Dottori


text: baritone

text: Lied

text: Schubert

text: Die schöne Müllerin

text: Die Winterreise

text: Schwanengesang

text: Bach

text: Brahms

text: "A German Requiem"

text: Berlin

text: Frankfurt

text: Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden

text: Eugen d'Albert

text: Tiefland

text: Hamburg State Opera

text: Salzburg Festival

text: Metropolitan Opera

text: Bayreuth

text: Tannhäuser

text: Verdi

text: Mozart

text: Richard Strauss

text: Papageno

text: Guglielmo

text: The Marriage of Figaro

text: Don Giovanni

text: Die Fledermaus

text: Johann Strauss II

text: Jean-Pierre Ponnelle

text: Rossini

text: Il Barbiere di Siviglia

text: Teresa Berganza

text: Luigi Alva

text: Claudio Abbado

text: Fritz Wunderlich

text: Hans Hotter

text: Mozart

text: Le nozze di Figaro

text: Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau

text: Minnesänger

text: Wolfram

text: Beckmesser

text: Bernd Weikl

text: Florian

text: Krailling, Bavaria

text: Karl Engel

text: Gerald Moore

text: Wolfgang Sawallisch

text: Leonard Hokanson

text: Friedrich Gulda

text: Jörg Demus

text: Walter Klien

text: Michael Endres

text: Interview with Hermann Prey

categories: German operatic baritones,1998 deaths,20th-century opera singers,Recipients of the Bavarian Order of Merit,Members of the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art,Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,1929 births,20th-century German musicians,Grammy Award winners,Musicians from Berlin

paragraph: Hermann Prey

paragraph: Hermann Prey ( Berlin, 11 July 1929 – Krailling, 22 July 1998) was a German lyric baritone, who was equally at home in the Lied, operatic and concert repertoires. His American debut was in November 1952, with the Philadelphia Orchestra and Eugene Ormandy, and his American recital debut took place in 1956, at New York's Carnegie Hall. As a Lieder singer, he was a gifted interpreter of Schubert, including his song-cycles "Die schöne Müllerin" and "Die Winterreise" and the collection of songs "Schwanengesang", as well as of Robert Schumann, Richard Strauss and Gustav Mahler. He also appeared frequently as a soloist in Bach's "Passions" and Brahms' "A German Requiem".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Hermann Prey was born in Berlin and grew up in Germany. He was scheduled to be drafted when World War II ended. He studied voice at the Hochschule für Musik in Berlin and won the prize of the Frankfurt contest of the Hessischer Rundfunk in 1952.

paragraph: He began to sing in song recitals and made his operatic debut the next year with the Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden in Bad Salzschlirf (Moruccio in Eugen d'Albert's Tiefland). He joined Hamburg State Opera's resident company, where he sang until 1960. During his last years in Hamburg, he also made frequent guest appearances elsewhere, including the Salzburg Festival.

paragraph: He sang frequently at the Metropolitan Opera between 1960 and 1970 (and as late as the early 90's), and made his Bayreuth debut in 1965 as Wolfram (Tannhäuser), returning there 1966-67, 1981–84 and 1986. Although he often sang Verdi early in his career, he later concentrated more on Mozart and Richard Strauss. Prey was well known for playing Figaro (Mozart and Rossini), but he played other Mozart roles at least equally often, particularly Papageno and Guglielmo. He also played, and recorded, the Count in "The Marriage of Figaro", and occasionally performed as Don Giovanni. He is regarded by some as the best Eisenstein (from Die Fledermaus by Johann Strauss II) ever.

paragraph: He was at home with comic opera Italian-style, displaying scenic intelligence, liveliness and hilarity. His virtuoso agility and great comic acting made him an obvious choice for numerous productions of Mozart's and Rossini's operas in the 1970s. In 1972 he performed as Figaro in Jean-Pierre Ponnelle's television film of Rossini's "Il Barbiere di Siviglia" with Teresa Berganza as Rosina, Luigi Alva as Almaviva and conductor Claudio Abbado. He appeared alongside Fritz Wunderlich and Hans Hotter in the live televised version of "Il Barbiere di Siviglia" in its German translation, "Der Barbier von Sevilla". He also portrayed Figaro in 1976 in Ponnelle's film of Mozart's "Le nozze di Figaro".

paragraph: Prey also sang operetta and performed on German television, becoming extremely popular with television audiences. He shared media-celebrity with Fritz Wunderlich until the latter's untimely death, often playing Papageno to Wunderlich's Tamino.

paragraph: Prey possessed a clear, polished tone—darker and deeper-sounding than his slightly older contemporary Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, but equally refined and equally capable of soaring into the tenor range without the smallest suggestion of vocal effort.

paragraph: He recorded a multi-volume set for Phillips, tracing the history of the "Lied" from the Minnesänger to the twentieth century. In addition, he released numerous recordings of opera and song.

paragraph: Unlike Fischer-Dieskau, Prey wisely limited his Wagner to the soft, high-baritone roles Wolfram and Beckmesser. He can be seen on video in the latter role, opposite Bernd Weikl.

paragraph: Starting in 1982, he taught at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg, and he wrote an autobiography which was translated as "First Night Fever: The Memoirs of Hermann Prey" ().

paragraph: In 1988, he directed a production of "The Marriage of Figaro" in Salzburg. His son Florian is also a baritone.

paragraph: He died in Krailling, Bavaria.

paragraph: Pianists who accompanied Hermann Prey in recitals and/or recordings of Lied repertoire include Karl Engel, Gerald Moore, Wolfgang Sawallisch, Leonard Hokanson, Friedrich Gulda, Jörg Demus, Walter Klien and Michael Endres.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fritz Wunderlich's Colleagues: Hermann Prey

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prey - Stille meine Liebe: documentary DVD about Hermann Prey

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with Hermann Prey by Bruce Duffie, October 12, 1985

paragraph: BULLET::::- On video singing "Liebesbotschaft" by Schubert (YouTube)

paragraph: BULLET::::- On video singing "Largo al factotum" (Figaro's entrance aria) from Rossini's THE BARBER OF SEVILLE, in German translation (YouTube)

description: opera singer

wikidata_label: Hermann Prey

wikipedia_title: Hermann Prey