text: abolitionist

text: William Wilberforce

text: Oxford Movement

text: Oriel College, Oxford

text: double first

text: Newman

text: Pusey

text: Keble

text: Oxford Movement

text: Tracts for Times

text: Edward Hawkins

text: East Farleigh

text: Burton Agnes

text: Hull

text: Henry Manning

text: Samuel

text: Canterbury Association

text: Gorham Judgement

text: Eucharist

text: Oath of Supremacy

text: Albano

text: Santa Maria sopra Minerva

text: Pantheon

text: William Francis Wilberforce

text: Edward Wilberforce

text: Supreme Court of Judicature

text: Lionel Robert Wilberforce

text: University of Liverpool

text: Herbert William Wrangham Wilberforce

text: Evelyn Agnes Fannie Wilberforce

text: Samuel Wilberforce

text: Wilberforce House Museum

categories: 1802 births,English Anglo-Catholics,Archdeacons of the East Riding,1857 deaths,Anglican priest converts to Roman Catholicism,Members of the Canterbury Association,Wilberforce family,Anglo-Catholic clergy,Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford,Fellows of Oriel College, Oxford,19th-century English Anglican priests,English Roman Catholics

paragraph: Robert Wilberforce

paragraph: Robert Isaac Wilberforce (19 December 18023 February 1857) was an English clergyman and writer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: He was second son of abolitionist William Wilberforce, and active in the Oxford Movement.

paragraph: He was educated at Oriel College, Oxford, taking a double first in 1823.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1826, he was chosen fellow of Oriel and was ordained, among his friends and colleagues being Newman, Pusey and Keble. Though Robert is perhaps lesser known, all were prominent figures within the Oxford Movement and involved in the publication of the Tracts for Times.

paragraph: For a few years he was one of the tutors at Oriel. The provost Edward Hawkins disliked his religious views, and in 1831 Wilberforce resigned and left Oxford. His release from Oxford gave him the opportunity to study in Germany; his familiarity with German theology and competency as a German scholar being one of the things for which he was most revered among his contemporaries.

paragraph: In 1832 he obtained the living of East Farleigh, Kent, which in 1840 he exchanged for that of Burton Agnes, near Hull.

paragraph: In 1841, he was appointed archdeacon of the East Riding of Yorkshire. About this time Wilberforce became close with Henry Manning, and they exchanged many letters on theological and ecclesiastical questions. They were deeply involved in re-examining the relationship between the Church of England and Roman Catholicism. On 27 March 1848, Robert Wilberforce and his brother Samuel joined the Canterbury Association.

paragraph: It was during his time in Burton Agnes, and his correspondence with Manning, that Robert’s real struggle with his religion began. The slow pace of life ensured much of his time was spent mulling over the same arguments over and over again. His growing disillusionment was centered on what he perceived to be an untidy boundary between the State and the Church which caused his allegiance to the Church of England to gradually wane until it disappeared altogether.

paragraph: In 1851, Manning joined the Roman Catholic Church, and three years later Wilberforce took the same step. His conversion came as a reaction to the so-called Gorham Judgement. The effects of which seemed to affirm Robert’s doubts and consequently his conviction that the Church of England was a heretical body to which he could no longer belong with a clear conscience, turning his loyalty away from Canterbury and York, towards Rome for good.

paragraph: It is also thought that the controversy excited following the publication of his Doctrine of the Holy Eucharist - the third in a series of such doctrines which re-examined sacramental teaching and were published in the years 1848 to 1853 – may have propelled him towards the Roman Catholic Church, forcing him to finally make the decision he had struggled with for so many years. So extreme were his views on the Eucharist that they were considered heretical and once rumours of prosecution began to reach him in the summer of 1854 Robert’s mind was made up. On the 30th of August he recalled his subscription to the Oath of Supremacy and submitted his resignation from all his posts to the Archbishop and in October made the trip to Paris where he was to be received into the Church of Rome on All Saints’ Eve.

paragraph: He was preparing for his (Roman Catholic) ordination when he died at Albano on 3 February 1857. He is buried in Rome at the Basilica of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, near the Pantheon. His tomb is situated just outside the right transept of the church.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Wilberforce was pre-deceased by his first wife Agnes Everilda Frances Wrangham (1800–1834) and second wife Jane Legard (d. 1854).

paragraph: He was survived by two sons, William Francis Wilberforce (1833–1905), Vicar of Brodsworth, and Edward Wilberforce (1834–1914), who became one of the masters of the Supreme Court of Judicature. Edward's son Lionel Robert Wilberforce (1861–1944) was in 1900 appointed professor of physics in the University of Liverpool, and his other children were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Herbert William Wrangham Wilberforce, Barrister (1864–1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander (Alex) Basil Edward Wilberforce (1867–1902)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evelyn Agnes Fannie Wilberforce (1872–1954)

paragraph: R. I. Wilberforce assisted his brother, Samuel Wilberforce to write the "Life" and to edit the "Correspondence" of his father.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Church Courts and Church Discipline" (1843);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Doctrine of the Holy Eucharist" (1853);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Doctrine of the Incarnation in Relation to Mankind and the Church" (1848 and later editions);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Five Empires, a Sketch of Ancient History" (1840);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Doctrine of Holy Baptism" (1849);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Sketch of the History of Erastianism" (1851); and

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Enquiry into the Principles of Church Authority" (1854)

paragraph: His first published work was a romance, "Rutilius and Lucius" (1842).

paragraph: Robert was regarded as one of the greatest scholars of the Oxford Movement and his knowledge of Christian doctrine not easily matched by his contemporaries. The contents of his library are testament to this with known collections surviving at Wilberforce House Museum, Hull and within the University of York’s Rare Books Library. The subject matter contained within these libraries is wide-ranging, reflecting the interests, passions and religious devotion of the Wilberforce family and are thought to have been actively used for self-improvement and religious inspiration as evidenced through the many examples of handwritten notes and annotations that can be found.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: English clergyman and writer; archdeacon of East Riding

wikidata_label: Robert Isaac Wilberforce

wikipedia_title: Robert Wilberforce


text:
Gouveia
Lisbon
Portuguese
Portuguese-language literature
neorealism
existentialism
Camões Prize
University of Coimbra

categories: Portuguese male novelists,Portuguese agnostics,People from Gouveia, Portugal,1996 deaths,Camões Prize winners,Prix Femina Étranger winners,20th-century Portuguese writers,University of Coimbra alumni,20th-century male writers,1916 births,20th-century novelists

paragraph: Vergílio Ferreira

paragraph: Vergílio António Ferreira, (Melo, Gouveia, 28 January 1916 – Lisbon, 1 March 1996) was a Portuguese writer, essayist, professor and a key figure in Portuguese-language literature. His prolific literary output, comprising works of fiction (novels, short-stories and novellas), philosophical essays and literary diaries, are generally divided into neorealism, dominant in Portuguese fiction at the time, and existentialism.

paragraph: In 1992, Ferreira was awarded the Camões Prize, a literary prize that seeks to distinguish the great names of Portuguese-language literature. His name remains linked to Portuguese literature through the annual attribution of the Literary Prize Vergílio Ferreira by the Municipality of Gouveia.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ferreira entered a seminary at the age of 10 and left when he was 16. Later he studied at the University of Coimbra. His experiences are related in his most famous work "Manhã Submersa" ("Misty Morning", lit. "Submerged Morning"), which was published in 1953 and made into a film in 1980. Among his best novels is also "Aparição" (1959).

paragraph: He worked most of his life as a teacher in several places around Portugal.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1938 "A curva de uma vida" (posthumous)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1943 "O Caminho Fica Longe"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1944 "Onde Tudo Foi Morrendo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1946 "Vagão "J""

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1947 "Promessa" (posthumous)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1949 "Mudança"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1953 "A Face Sangrenta"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1954 "Manhã Submersa"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959 "Aparição"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960 "Cântico Final"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962 "Estrela Polar"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963 "Apelo da Noite"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965 "Alegria Breve"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971 "Nítido Nulo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971 "Apenas Homens"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974 "Rápida, a Sombra"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976 "Contos"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 "Signo Sinal"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983 "Para Sempre"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 "Uma Esplanada Sobre o Mar"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987 "Até ao Fim"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 "Em Nome da Terra"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 "Na Tua Face"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 "Do Impossível Repouso"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 "Cartas a Sandra"

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Essays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1943 "Sobre o Humorismo de Eça de Queirós"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1957 "Do Mundo Original"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958 "Carta ao Futuro"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963 "Da Fenomenologia a Sartre"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963 "Interrogação ao Destino, Malraux"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965 "Espaço do Invisível I"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969 "Invocação ao Meu Corpo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976 "Espaço do Invisível II"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 "Espaço do Invisível III"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981 "Um Escritor Apresenta-se"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987 "Espaço do Invisível IV"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988 "Arte Tempo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 "Espaço do Invisível V" (posthumous)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Diaries.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 "Conta-Corrente I"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981 "Conta-Corrente II"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983 "Conta-Corrente III"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 "Conta-Corrente IV"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987 "Conta-Corrente V"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 "Pensar"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 "Conta-Corrente-nova série I"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 "Conta-Corrente-nova série II"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 "Conta-Corrente-nova série III"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 "Conta-Corrente-nova série IV"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 "Escrever" (posthumous)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 "Diário Inédito" (posthumous)

description: Portuguese writer

wikidata_label: Vergílio Ferreira

wikipedia_title: Vergílio Ferreira


text: KG

text: Lord Marshal

text: Henry de Percy, 3rd Baron Percy

text: Henry III of England

text: Mary of Lancaster

text: Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster

text: Edmund, Earl of Leicester and Lancaster

text: Edward III of England

text: Warden of the Marches

text: Richard II

text: Marshal of England

text: Admiral of the Northern Seas

text: Ralph Neville

text: Earl of Westmorland

text: Henry

text: Henry Bolingbroke

text: Constable of England

text: Isle of Man

text: Owain Glyndŵr

text: Battle of Homildon Hill

text: Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March

text: Tripartite Indenture

text: Wales

text: west of England

text: Northamptonshire

text: Norfolk

text: Warwickshire

text: Leicestershire

text: Battle of Shrewsbury

text: Richard le Scrope

text: Archbishop of York

text: Battle of Bramham Moor

text: Harry "Hotspur" Percy

text: Sir Thomas de Lucy, 2nd Baron Lucy

text: Anthony Lucy, 3rd Baron Lucy

text: Cockermouth Castle

text: heirs male

text: Richard II

text: Henry IV, part 1

text: Henry IV, part 2

text: Lord Percy Percy

text: The Black Adder

text: Plantagenet era

text: My Lord John

text: Georgette Heyer

text: Rymer, Thomas

text: Doyle, J.W.E

text: Jean Froissart

categories: 1341 births,1408 deaths,Earls of Northumberland,Knights of the Garter,Percy family,Monarchs of the Isle of Man,Male Shakespearean characters,14th-century English Navy personnel,English admirals,English rebels,English military personnel killed in action,High Sheriffs of Northumberland,People from Alnwick

paragraph: Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland

paragraph: Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, 4th Baron Percy, titular King of Mann, KG, Lord Marshal (10 November 134120 February 1408) was the son of Henry de Percy, 3rd Baron Percy, and a descendant of Henry III of England. His mother was Mary of Lancaster, daughter of Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster, son of Edmund, Earl of Leicester and Lancaster, who was the son of Henry III.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Henry Percy was originally a follower of Edward III of England, for whom he held high offices in the administration of northern England. At a young age he was made Warden of the Marches towards Scotland in 1362, with the authority to negotiate with the Scottish government. In February 1367 he was entrusted with the supervision of all castles and fortified places in the Scottish marches. He went on to support King Richard II, was formally created an Earl on Richard's coronation in 1377, and was briefly given the title of Marshal of England. Between 1383 and 1384 he was appointed Admiral of the Northern Seas. After Richard elevated his rival Ralph Neville to the position of Earl of Westmorland in 1397, Percy and his son, also Henry and known as "Hotspur", supported the rebellion of Henry Bolingbroke, who became King as Henry IV.

paragraph: On King Henry IV's coronation Henry Percy was appointed Constable of England and granted the lordship of the Isle of Man. Percy and Hotspur were given the task of subduing the rebellion of Owain Glyndŵr, but their attempts to make peace with the Welsh rebels did not meet with the king's approval.

paragraph: Section::::Rebellion.

paragraph: In September 1402 the Percys took part in the Battle of Homildon Hill, which led to the capture of many Scots nobles. Henry did not want them to be ransomed, leading to another quarrel.

paragraph: In 1403 the Percys turned against Henry IV in favour of Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, and then conspired with Owain Glyndŵr against Henry. The Tripartite Indenture was signed by all three parties, which divided England up between them. Glyndŵr was to be given Wales, and a substantial part of the west of England, Northumberland was to have received the north of England, as well as Northamptonshire, Norfolk, Warwickshire, and Leicestershire. The Mortimers were to have received the rest of southern England, below the river Trent.

paragraph: The Percy rebellion failed at the Battle of Shrewsbury, where Hotspur was killed. Since the earl did not directly participate in the rebellion, he was not convicted of treason. However, he lost his office as Constable. In 1405 Percy supported Richard le Scrope, Archbishop of York, in another rebellion, after which Percy fled to Scotland, and his estates were confiscated by the king.

paragraph: In 1408 Percy invaded England in rebellion once more and was killed at the Battle of Bramham Moor. His severed head was subsequently put on display at London Bridge.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and issue.

paragraph: In 1358, he married Margaret Neville (12 February 133912 May 1372), daughter of Ralph Neville, 2nd Baron Neville de Raby, and Alice de Audley. They had four sons (Harry "Hotspur" Percy, Thomas, Ralph, and Alan) and one daughter (Margaret).

paragraph: In 1381, he married Maud Lucy (134318 December 1398), daughter of Sir Thomas de Lucy, 2nd Baron Lucy, and Margaret de Multon, and thus sister and heiress of Anthony Lucy, 3rd Baron Lucy (died 1368), of Cockermouth Castle, Cumbria, which estate he inherited on condition that he and his heirs male should bear the arms of Lucy ("Gules, three lucies hauriant argent") quarterly with their own. They had no issue.

paragraph: Section::::In literature and media.

paragraph: Northumberland is a major character in Shakespeare's "Richard II", "Henry IV, part 1", and "Henry IV, part 2."

paragraph: His position as a character in the Shakespearean canon inspired the character of Lord Percy Percy, heir to the duchy of Northumberland in the historical sitcom "The Black Adder", set during the very late Plantagenet era.

paragraph: The novel "Lion of Alnwick" by Carol Wensby-Scott is the first volume of the Percy Saga trilogy which retells the story of "the wild and brilliant Percy family" and relates a fictionalised account of the lives of the 1st Earl of Northumberland and his son Henry "Hotspur" Percy. The other novels in the trilogy, "Lion Dormant" and "Lion Invincible" tell the story of his other descendants and their role in the English War of the Roses.

paragraph: Henry Percy and his son Hotspur are also essential characters in Edith Pargeter's novel, "A Bloody Field by Shrewsbury" which recounts the events leading up to the Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403.

paragraph: He is a major character in "My Lord John" by Georgette Heyer.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rymer, Thomas "Foedera", The Hague, 1739

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beltz, G.F. "Memorials of the most noble Order of the Garter, from its foundation to the present time" London 1841

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doyle, J.W.E, "The Official Baronage of England" London 1886

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean Froissart, "Chronicles"

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Towson, Kris "Henry Percy, first earl of Northumberland : ambition, conflict and cooperation in late mediaeval England" St Andrews PhD Thesis, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rose, Alexander "Kings in the North – The House of Percy in British History". Phoenix/Orion Books Ltd, 2002, (722 pages paperback)

description: English noble

wikidata_label: Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland

wikipedia_title: Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland


text:
Kaiserslautern
German
London
A+U
Tokyo
University of Karlsruhe
Architectural Association
Steven Holl
HfG Karlsruhe
Bezalel Academy
Campanile
Frankfurt am Main
Messeturm
Joseph Rykwert
Hans-Georg Gadamer
Baden-Baden
Steven Holl
Lars Lerup
Simon Ungers
Peter Wilson
Emilio Ambasz
Jochem Jourdan
Oswald Mathias Ungers
Vittorio Magnago Lampugnani
Vittorio Gregotti
Robert A. M. Stern
Klaus-Dieter Lehmann
Jean-Louis Cohen
Official website

categories: 1954 births,Living people,German architects

paragraph: Hans Robert Hiegel

paragraph: Hans Robert Hiegel (born 1954 in Kaiserslautern) is a German architect.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He lived in London until 1978 and his first work was "House Agne", 1983. Succeeding projects tend to a classical architectural style. Important articles include "Werkheft04" (), and by Thilo Hilpert in the Frankfurt Lounge, first published in the Japanese architectural journal A+U, Tokyo.

paragraph: He studied architecture at the University of Karlsruhe and at the Architectural Association (AA), together with Steven Holl. His teaching locations include the AA, the HfG Karlsruhe and the Bezalel Academy, Jerusalem.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: In 1983, he designed the project Campanile in Frankfurt am Main, which turned out to be most influential on the Messeturm.

paragraph: Personal contacts to Joseph Rykwert who introduced him to the work and the person of Hans-Georg Gadamer were seminal to his philosophy and his thinking. "Oase" is the name of his prizewinning design for a Kindergarten near Baden-Baden which continues his quest for classical positions in architectural language.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Architecture in Transition, (exhibition catalog) Kaiserslautern Architekten: Gianni Braghieri, Hans Robert Hiegel, Steven Holl, Lars Lerup, Mark Mack, Simon Ungers, Peter Wilson;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Architekturbiennale 1985, Venice,

paragraph: BULLET::::- L`Architettura nella società post-industriale, Paolo Portoghesi, Philip Johnson, Peter Eisenman, Michael Graves, Emilio Ambasz, Hans Robert Hiegel, Massimo Scolari; Electra Editrice: Milan, Paris, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- Campanile, LEGO ua Architekten/Künstler W. Hahn, Jochem Jourdan, EO Parry, HR Hiegel, K. Lafitte Abrams, New York,

paragraph: BULLET::::- H.R.Hiegel, Werkheft eines Architekten, 2001, sw-Abbildungen und Text von Dr. Mathias Schreiber,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neoclassico, C.di R. Masiero, ; ua Sol LeWitt, G. Merz, Ann u Patrick Poirier; ua James Stirling, Mario Campi, Aldo Rossi, Hans Robert Hiegel, Leon Krier, Robert Venturi, Venice: Marsillo Editori

paragraph: BULLET::::- Werkheft 08, Oswald Mathias Ungers, 80th birthday, Jo. Franzke, Vittorio Magnago Lampugnani, Vittorio Gregotti, Hans Robert Hiegel, Robert A. M. Stern, Klaus-Dieter Lehmann, Jean-Louis Cohen

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

description: architect

wikidata_label: Hans Robert Hiegel

wikipedia_title: Hans Robert Hiegel


text:
Wars of the Roses
Richard III
Battle of Bosworth
Henry VII
Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland
Edward IV of England
Margaret of York
George, Duke of Clarence
Richard III of England
Elizabeth of York
Edward V of England
Richard, Duke of York
Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle
Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury
Edward, Earl of Warwick
Edward of Middleham
Perkin Warbeck
Lambert Simnel
House of Lancaster
Battle of Towton
adolescent
Fleet Prison
Tower of London
John Neville
Earl of Northumberland
Marquess of Montagu
Parliament of England
Knight of the Garter
warden of the east and middle marches
Battle of Bosworth Field
treason
Henry VII of England
Ralph Neville, 3rd Earl of Westmorland
Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk
Maud Herbert
William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke
Henry Percy, 5th Earl of Northumberland
Catherine Spencer
Alianore Percy, Duchess of Buckingham
Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham
Alan Percy
St John's College, Cambridge
William FitzAlan, 18th Earl of Arundel
Yorkshire
Anne of Brittany
Charles VIII of France
Tax
riot
Yorkshire rebellion
Beverley Minster

categories: Inmates of Fleet Prison,People from the East Riding of Yorkshire,House of York,People of the Wars of the Roses,Knights of the Garter,Percy family,1489 deaths,Earls of Northumberland,1440s births

paragraph: Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland

paragraph: Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland (c. 1449 – 28 April 1489) was an English aristocrat during the Wars of the Roses. After losing his title when his father was killed fighting the Yorkists, he later regained his position. He led the rear guard of Richard III's army at the Battle of Bosworth, but failed to commit his troops. He was briefly imprisoned by Henry VII, but later restored to his position. A few years later he was murdered by citizens of York during a revolt against Henry VII's taxation.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: Percy was the son of Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland, and his wife Eleanor Poynings, daughter of Sir Richard Poynings (d. 10 June 1429).

paragraph: His father was first cousin to (among others) Edward IV of England, Anne, Duchess of Exeter, Edmund, Earl of Rutland, Elizabeth, Duchess of Suffolk, Margaret of York, George, Duke of Clarence, and Richard III of England. Percy himself was second cousin to (among others) Elizabeth of York, Edward V of England, Richard, Duke of York, Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle, Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, Edward, Earl of Warwick, and Edward of Middleham. Both Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel claimed to be his second cousins.

paragraph: Section::::Loss and restoration of title.

paragraph: His father was loyal to the House of Lancaster. His wife, Maud Herbert, had in fact been first betrothed to Henry of Richmond, who would usurp the throne in 1485 and become Henry VII. He was killed in the Battle of Towton on 29 March 1461. The earldom of Northumberland was forfeited to the victorious Yorkists. The adolescent Percy was imprisoned in the Fleet Prison. He was transported to the Tower of London in 1464.

paragraph: In 1465, John Neville was named Earl of Northumberland in his place. Percy eventually swore fealty to Edward IV and was released in 1469. He petitioned for the return of his paternal titles and estates to him. He gained support by Edward IV himself. John Neville had to quit his title and was instead named Marquess of Montagu in 1470. However the restoration of the title to Percy was delayed by the Parliament of England until 1473. He was made a Knight of the Garter in 1474.

paragraph: For the following twelve years, Percy held many of the important government posts in northern England, such as warden of the east and middle marches, which were traditional in his family.

paragraph: Section::::Bosworth campaign and aftermath.

paragraph: He commanded the Yorkist reserve at the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485. Percy never committed his forces to the battle. His inactivity played an important part in the defeat and death of Richard III. Historians suspect him of treason in favour of victor Henry VII of England, although there is an alternative theory that his forces, placed behind those of King Richard, were in no position to take part in the battle before Richard was killed.

paragraph: Percy was arrested along with Ralph Neville, 3rd Earl of Westmorland and Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk. He was nominally imprisoned for several months but swore allegiance to the new King. Henry VII released him on terms of good behaviour. Percy was allowed to retain his titles and lands as well as being allowed to return to his old posts, and was in fact sent on diplomatic missions for the crown, something that would not have occurred had Henry VII not trusted him implicitly.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and progeny.

paragraph: At some time between 1473 and 1476 Percy married Maud Herbert (1448 – 27 July 1485/1495), a daughter of William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1423–1469) by his wife Anne Devereaux. They had eight children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Percy, 5th Earl of Northumberland (14 January 1478 – 19 May 1527), who married Catherine Spencer.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alianore Percy, Duchess of Buckingham (d. 1530), wife of Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir William Percy (d. 15 September 1540), who married firstly Agnes Constable and secondly Margaret Soothill, widow of Sir John Normanville.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alan Percy (born 1479), Master of St John's College, Cambridge

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josceline Percy (1480–1532), who married Margaret Frost.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arundel Percy (1483–1544).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne Percy, Countess of Arundel (27 July 1485 – 1552), second wife of William FitzAlan, 18th Earl of Arundel.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Percy.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In April 1489, Percy held temporary residence in his estates of Yorkshire. Henry VII had recently allied himself to Anne of Brittany against Charles VIII of France. Taxes rose to finance the military action. Sir John Egremont of Yorkshire led a riot in protest at the high taxation, known as the Yorkshire rebellion. Percy was targeted by the rioters as he approached the city and slain on 28 April. He was buried at Beverley Minster.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rose, Alexander "Kings in the North - The House of Percy in British History". Phoenix/Orion Books Ltd, 2002, (722 pages paperback)

description: English noble

wikidata_label: Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland

wikipedia_title: Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland


text: Earldom of Northumberland

text: northern England

text: Lord Poynings

text: Lancastrian

text: Wars of the Roses

text: Battle of Towton

text: Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland

text: Lady Eleanor Neville

text: Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland

text: Joan Beaufort

text: knighted

text: Henry VI

text: Warden of the Eastern March

text: Scottish border

text: Berwick Castle

text: Sir Robert Ogle

text: Dunbar

text: Dumfries

text: Alnwick

text: Warkworth

text: Durham

text: raid

text: Dumfrieshire

text: defeat at the River Sark

text: ransom

text: truce

text: Berwick

text: Scottish King

text: James II

text: Earl of Northumberland

text: Archbishop of York

text: enfeoffed

text: Nevilles

text: Thomas, Lord Egremont

text: Sheriff Hutton

text: Richard

text: John

text: Richard Neville

text: Topcliffe

text: parliament

text: Wars of the Roses

text: Lancastrians

text: Yorkists

text: St Alban's

text: Parliament of Devils

text: battle

text: Battle of Wakefield

text: second Battle of St. Albans

text: Battle of Towton

text: St Denys's Church, York

text: attainted

text: Edward IV

text: Tower

text: oyer and terminer

text: Battle of Northampton

text: Cardinal Beaufort

text: suo jure

text: Poynings

text: Sussex

text: Sir John Berkeley

text: Beverston Castle

text: Gloucestershire

text: Robert Poynings, 4th Baron Poynings

text: Parliament

text: lord of the manor

text: John FitzAlan, 13th Earl of Arundel

text: Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland

text: first Earl of Pembroke

text: Margaret Percy

text: Sir Thomas Hungerford

categories: Lords Warden of the Marches,People from the East Riding of Yorkshire,People of the Wars of the Roses,Peers jure uxoris,1461 deaths,1421 births,Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms,English military personnel killed in action,Earls of Northumberland

paragraph: Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland

paragraph: Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland, (25 July 1421 – 29 March 1461) was an English magnate.

paragraph: The Earldom of Northumberland was then one of the greatest landholdings in northern England; Percy also became Lord Poynings on his marriage. This title would bring him into direct conflict with the Poynings family themselves, and indeed, feuds with neighbouring nobles, both lay and ecclesiastical, would be a key occupancy of his youth.

paragraph: Percy married Eleanor Poynings, who outlived him; together they had four children. He was a leading Lancastrian during the Wars of the Roses, from which he managed to personally benefit, although his father died early in the war. He was not, however, to live to enjoy these gains, being killed at the Battle of Towton in 1461 on the defeated Lancastrian side.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and war with Scotland.

paragraph: Percy was the son of Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland, and Lady Eleanor Neville, daughter of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, and his second wife, Joan Beaufort.

paragraph: Percy was knighted in 1426 together with Henry VI. He was appointed Warden of the Eastern March on the Scottish border on 1 April 1440, originally for four years, and subsequent extensions in 1444, and 1445, for the next seven years. This came as well with the custody of Berwick Castle and responsibility for its defence He was to hold this post until March 1461. In May 1448, Percy, with his father and Sir Robert Ogle, invaded Scotland and burnt Dunbar and Dumfries, for which, in revenge, the Scots attacked his father's castles of Alnwick and Warkworth. King Henry made his way north, and whilst at Durham sent Percy – now Lord Poynings – to raid Dumfrieshire; the sortie – "only to return with some 500 cattle" – of around 5,000 men failed, and he was captured whilst caught in a marsh following his father's defeat at the River Sark on 23 October. Sir Robert Ogle was now outlawed and the king used half of his estates to compensate Poynings for the ransom he had expended arranging his release from captivity.

paragraph: Tensions with Scotland remained, to the extent that Poynings, his father, and other nobles were requested to stay and guard the border rather than attend Parliament, for which they were excused. In summer 1451, with an Anglo-Scottish truce pending, Poynings was commissioned to treat with Scottish embassies. In July 1455, he successfully prevented an assault on Berwick by the Scottish King, James II, and was congratulated by the English King as a result.

paragraph: Section::::Feud with the Poynings.

paragraph: In the late 1440s, the Yorkshire tenants of his father, the Earl of Northumberland, were in almost constant conflict with their neighbours, those of the Archbishop of York, involving armed skirmishes which Percy's brothers led. These events were deemed so severe that in 1448 they led to the only progress north for the King during his reign. The same year, because of a dispute over the inheritance his family received as a result of Henry Percy's marriage, the Earl of Northumberland's retainers had ejected the earl's relative, Robert Poynings, from his Sussex manors. A year later, Henry Percy – now Lord Poynings by right of his wife – took direct part, with his father, in raiding the manor of Newington Bertram in Kent, which was also enfeoffed by Robert. This attack also apparently involved cattle rustling and theft, and Robert later claimed it to be so brutal that he was "deterred from seeking a remedy at law for three years".

paragraph: Section::::Feud with Nevilles.

paragraph: By the early 1450s, relations with a powerful neighbouring family, the Nevilles, became increasingly tense, and Poyning's brother Thomas, Lord Egremont, had finally ambushed a Neville force, returning from a wedding, near Sheriff Hutton, with a force of between 1,000 and 5,000 men. Although this was a bloodless confrontation, a precedent for the use of force in this particular dispute had already been laid in the previous violence in the region. By October 1453, Poynings was directly involved, with his father, brothers Egremont and Richard, and joined by Lord Clifford, in forcing a battle with John and Richard Neville at Topcliffe. The feud continued into the next year, when Poyning reportedly planned on attending parliament accompanied by a large force of men in February, and three months later both he and the earl were summoned by the king to attend council in attempt to impose a peace; a second letter was "written but not despatched". Neither, along with John Neville or Salisbury, did as requested.

paragraph: Section::::Wars of the Roses.

paragraph: During the Wars of the Roses, Percy followed his father in siding with the Lancastrians against the Yorkists. The Earl himself died at what is generally considered to be the first battle of the wars, at St Alban's on 22 May 1455, and Poynings was elevated as third Earl of Northumberland, without having to pay relief to the Crown, due the fact that his father had died in the King's service. He in his turn "swore to uphold the Lancastrian dynasty". Although a reconciliation of the leading magnates of the realm was attempted in October 1458 in London, he arrived with such a large body of men (thought to be around 1,500) that the city denied him entry. The new earl and his brother Egremont were bound over £4,000 each to keep the peace.

paragraph: When conflict broke out again, he attended the so-called "Parliament of Devils" in October 1459, which condemned as traitors those Yorkists accused of, among other offences, causing the death of his father four years before. On 30 December 1460, Percy led the central "battle" or section of the victorious Lancastrian army at the Battle of Wakefield, following which, the army marched south, pillaging on the road to London. He fought against Warwick at the second Battle of St. Albans on 17 February 1461, and he commanded the Lancastrian van at the Battle of Towton on 29 March 1461, however, "his archers were blinded by snowstorms", and he was either slain in close fighting, or died of his wounds soon after. He was buried at St Denys's Church, York. He was posthumously attainted by the first parliament of the victorious Edward IV in November 1461, and his son and namesake was committed to the Tower.

paragraph: Section::::Estates, offices and finances.

paragraph: The estates of the Earls of Northumberland had traditionally been in constant use as a source of manpower and wages in defence of the border since the Percy family first gained the office the previous century. The wages assigned to the third Earl were substantial: £2,500 yearly in time of peace, and £5,000 during war, as well as an annual payment for the maintenance of Berwick's upkeep (£66 in peacetime and £120 in wartime). Percy often had to provide from his own resources, however, as "securing payment was not easy" from the Exchequer, (for example, in 1454 he received no payments at all). In July 1452 he gained a twenty-year fee-farm (£80 yearly, from Carlisle), although he subsequently lost it in favour of Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury, in July 1454. Throughout the 1450s, the Crown continually made efforts at paying Percy his Warden's wages and fees promptly (paying him full wartime rates for the whole of the year 1456-7, for example), and since he was a loyal Lancastrian he achieved this more often than his counterpart on the west march, Salisbury, who by now had publicly aligned himself with York. The fee farm of Carlisle was returned to Percy in November 1459, following Salisbury's attainder in Coventry. He also benefited from the attainder of York, being granted an annuity of £66 from the latter's forfeited Wakefield Lordship in Yorkshire; he also received £200 from the profits of Penrith.

paragraph: As a reward for his role in the Lancastrian victory at Ludford Bridge, he was made Chief Forester north of the River Trent and the Constable of Scarborough Castle on 22 December 1459 for life. He was nominated to a wide-ranging commission of oyer and terminer (from the old French, literally a commission "to hear and determine") on 30 May 1460, his new rank was a tactic to deal with the treasons and insurrections in Northumberland. On 3 July, he was granted Yorkshire, Derbyshire, and Cambridgeshire, all belonging to Salisbury, on a twelve-year lease. After the Yorkists captured Henry VI at the Battle of Northampton in 1460, they accused Percy of having looted York's northern estates during his exile in Ireland. This charge was likely to have had some truth in it, as it was his continued pillaging of those estates, with the Lords Clifford and Dacre, that led to York marching north to Wakefield in December 1460. These incomes, however collected, would have been vital to the Earl both personally and militarily as his northern estates especially had been a victim of feudal decline for most of the first half of the fifteenth century: even on the forfeit of the earldom to the Crown in 1461, his arrears have been calculated as still standing at approximately £12,000.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: On or before 25 June 1435, by the arrangement in 1434 of his father and Cardinal Beaufort, he married Eleanor Poynings (c.1422-11 February 1484), "suo jure" Baroness Poynings, daughter and heiress of Sir Richard Poynings of Poynings in Sussex, by his second wife Eleanor Berkeley, a daughter of Sir John Berkeley of Beverston Castle in Gloucestershire. In 1446 she became heir general to her grandfather Robert Poynings, 4th Baron Poynings (1380–1446), inherited his title of Baron Poynings (which having been created by writ was able to descend to females) and his large estates across the south of England. He was summoned to Parliament from 14 December 1446 to 26 May 1455, by writs directed "Henrico de Percy, chivaler, domino de Ponynges" ("Henry de Percy, Knight, lord of the manor of Poynings"). His wife was a legatee in the 1455 will of her mother, Eleanor, Countess of Arundel (widow of John FitzAlan, 13th Earl of Arundel). They had one son and three daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland (c. 1449 – 28 April 1489), who married Maud Herbert, daughter of the first Earl of Pembroke.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret Percy (b. c. 1447), who married Sir William Gascoigne

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Percy (1460–1512), who married Henry Scrope, 6th Baron Scrope of Bolton.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne Percy (1444–1522), who married Sir Thomas Hungerford in 1460.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , older version available at

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- — a section of the last page of the 2nd earl's biography.

description: English noble

wikidata_label: Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland

wikipedia_title: Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland


text:
Duke of Austria
Styria
Austrian
House of Babenberg
margraviate
Privilegium Minus
Battle of the Leitha River
Wiener Neustadt
Leopold VI of Austria
Theodora Angelina
Byzantine
Sophia Laskarina
Theodore I Laskaris
Anna Komnene Angelina
Agnes of Merania
House of Andechs
dowry
Carniola
Windic March
Hungary
Bavaria
Bohemia
Kuenring
ministeriales
Jans der Enikel
Hohenstaufen
Frederick II
Henry (VII)
Margaret
Reichstag
Aquileia
Béla IV of Hungary
Mainz
Wenceslaus I of Bohemia
Vienna
ban
imperial free city
Conrad IV
King of the Romans
invasion of Europe
Bela IV
Battle of Mohi
Cumans
Wiener Neustadt
River March
Theben
Gertrude of Babenberg
Vladislaus of Moravia
kingdom
Pope Gregory IX
Verona
Patriarchate of Aquileia
Carinthian
Bernhard von Spanheim
Battle of the Leitha River
Heiligenkreuz Abbey
Margaret
Gertrude
Herman VI of Baden
Roman Danylovich
Lev I Rurik
Přemyslid
Ottokar II
Árpád dynasty
Battle of Kressenbrunn
Habsburg
Rudolf I of Germany
Battle on the Marchfeld
history of Austria
Leopold I
Rudolf IV
Chrysostomus Hanthaler
red-white-red
Lilienfeld Abbey
Jans der Enikel
accolade
Schottenstift
Friedrich II. der Streitbare
AEIOU

categories: Dukes of Austria,1246 deaths,Military personnel killed in action,Dukes of Styria,Babenberg,1211 births,13th-century rulers of Austria

paragraph: Frederick II, Duke of Austria

paragraph: Frederick II (; 25 April 1211 – 15 June 1246), known as Frederick the Quarrelsome ("Friedrich der Streitbare"), was Duke of Austria and Styria from 1230 until his death. He was the fifth and last Austrian duke from the House of Babenberg, since the former margraviate was elevated to a duchy by the 1156 "Privilegium Minus". He was killed in the Battle of the Leitha River, leaving no male heirs.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Born in Wiener Neustadt, Frederick was the second surviving son of the Babenberg duke Leopold VI of Austria and Theodora Angelina, a Byzantine princess. The death of his elder brother Henry in 1228 made him the only heir to the Austrian and Styrian duchies.

paragraph: His first wife was Byzantine princess Sophia Laskarina, probably a daughter of Theodore I Laskaris and his first wife Anna Komnene Angelina, who died in 1222. Frederick secondly married Agnes of Merania in 1229, a member of the noble House of Andechs whose dowry included large possessions in Carniola and the Windic March. From 1232 Frederick called himself "Dominus Carniolae" ("Lord of Carniola"), however, the couple divorced due to childlessness in 1243.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Frederick succeeded his father in 1230. Proud of his Byzantine descent, the young duke soon was known as "the Quarrelsome" because of his harsh rule and frequent wars against his neighbors, primarily with Hungary, Bavaria and Bohemia. Even the Austrian Kuenring "ministeriales", which had so far been faithful to the ruling house, started an insurgency as soon as his reign began.

paragraph: According to the "Weltchronik" of Jans der Enikel, Frederick had gone to the court of Emperor Frederick II by his summon, leading a procession of 200 knights wearing the triband colors of Austria. When he approached the Emperor, he was enthusiastically invited—by both command and request of Emperor Frederick—to eat bread with him. The Duke refused, stating he brought his own gold. But the Emperor insisted without prevailing. Thus instead he ordered that no one in the town sell the Duke firewood for his kitchen. Duke Frederick instead sought a house to buy and when the Emperor learned of this, forbade it. Duke Frederick then instructed his marshal to go out late at night and buy some nuts so that his food could be prepared. Duke Frederick had impressed the Emperor so much that he allowed him the sale of firewood and whatever he wishes. Afterwards, the Duke asked to be shown the Emperor's assassins, which he was allowed. They moved onto the town's tower, which stood 50 cubics tall, and brought out two of his assassins. The Emperor then told one to jump down and without a thought, the man leapt and fell to his death. Immediately, Duke Frederick was impressed by the sheer loyalty of these men and the Emperor stopped the other man from jumping. The experience convinced the Duke of the Emperor's power.

paragraph: Most dangerous were his disputes with the Hohenstaufen Emperor Frederick II in the course of the rebellion of the emperor's son Henry (VII), husband of Frederick's sister Margaret. Not only had the duke refused to appear at the 1232 Reichstag diet in Aquileia, appealing to the Austrian "Privilegium Minus" privileges, and displeased the emperor by picking quarrels with King Béla IV of Hungary, he furthermore seemed to be involved in his brother-in-law Henry's conspiracy. When he again refused to attend the 1235 diet in Mainz, Emperor Frederick II finally ostracized him and gave permission to King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia to invade the Austrian lands. Vienna opened its gates for the united Bohemian and Bavarian forces and during the years of Frederick's ban even became an imperial free city, where the emperor had his son Conrad IV elected King of the Romans in 1237. However, the expelled duke managed to maintain his position as the ruler of an Austrian rump state at his Wiener Neustadt residence. In the same year, Frederick enacted the "Landrecht" Law, which required all subjects to defend the country in the case of invasion.

paragraph: In 1239, in a spectacular change in imperial politics, Duke Frederick became one of the emperor's most important allies. In 1241, Duke Frederick was one of the very few Western European commanders who faced the Mongols during their invasion of Europe. When the Mongols started pillaging Hungary and Croatia, King Bela IV asked the papacy and the Western European rulers for help. Duke Frederick sent a very small expeditionary force of knights to assist the Hungarians. He and his knights managed to defeat a small Mongolian raiding party during the initial stages of the Battle of Mohi, but they soon left after inter-conflicts with King Bela IV and the Cumans in the region. He would meet the Mongols again, this time in his own country. After the defeat of Hungary, the Mongols now set their sights on Vienna. A minor raiding squadron started pillaging Wiener Neustadt in Southern Vienna, but Duke Frederick together with his knights and foreign allies, defeated them and drove them out. The Austrians would again defeat the Mongols in the River March in Theben. Afterwards, the Mongols never again try to invade Austria.

paragraph: The conflict with Bohemia was settled by the engagement of his niece Gertrude of Babenberg with King Wenceslaus' eldest son Margrave Vladislaus of Moravia. Negotiations with the emperor about the elevation of Vienna to a bishopric and of Austria (including Styria) to a kingdom were initiated, however, on condition that the duke's niece Gertrude now would have to marry the fifty-year-old emperor, who moreover had recently been banned by Pope Gregory IX and needed allies. In 1245 the terms were arranged, but the willful young girl, then in her late teens, refused to appear in the consummation ceremony at the diet of Verona. In the year before his death, Duke Frederick finally succeeded in gaining the rule over the March of Carniola from the Patriarchate of Aquileia, but upon his death it fell to the Carinthian duke Bernhard von Spanheim.

paragraph: Duke Frederick's ambitious plans were dashed when he died at the Battle of the Leitha River, in another border conflict he had picked with the Hungarian king Béla IV. He is buried at Heiligenkreuz Abbey.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: As the Austrian "Privilegium Minus" of 1156 also allowed women to inherit, Frederick's sister Margaret and his niece Gertrude would have been entitled to the throne. Shortly after the death of her uncle, Gertrude first married her fiancé Vladislaus of Moravia, who nevertheless died in the next year, then Margrave Herman VI of Baden, who did not manage to maintain his position in Austria, and finally in 1252 Prince Roman Danylovich, a younger brother of Kynaz Lev I Rurik, son-in-law of the Hungarian king, who also ended in divorce in 1253.

paragraph: In the same year the Bohemian Přemyslids made a second attempt to confirm their claims to the Austrian and Styrian duchies by arranging the marriage between Gertrude's aunt Margaret of Babenberg and King Wenceslaus' son Ottokar II, more than twenty years her junior. Subsequently, Austria became a field of conflict between the Přemyslids and the Hungarian Árpád dynasty, in which Ottokar at first would prevail defeating King Béla at the 1260 Battle of Kressenbrunn, until finally being overthrown by the Habsburg king Rudolf I of Germany at the Battle on the Marchfeld in 1278.

paragraph: As the last Babenberg duke, Frederick the Quarrelsome signifies the end of an era in the history of Austria, beginning with the enfeoffment of Margrave Leopold I in 976. With his overambitious plans, which were frequently foiled by his erratic character, he somewhat resembled his later Habsburg successor Duke Rudolf IV. According to the 18th century historian Chrysostomus Hanthaler, Frederick was the first Austrian duke utilizing the red-white-red coat of arms after his accession—an attempt to prevail against the reluctant local nobles and to stress his autonomy towards Emperor Frederick II. The triband is first documented in a seal on a deed issued on 30 November 1230, confirming the privileges of Lilienfeld Abbey. The medieval chronicler Jans der Enikel reports that the duke appeared in a red-white-red ceremonial dress at his 1232 accolade in the Vienna Schottenstift.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Citations

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friedrich II. der Streitbare at AEIOU

alias:
Frederick II
Frederick the Quarrelsome

description: Duke of Austria and the Duke of Styria from 1230 to his death in 1246

wikidata_label: Frederick II, Duke of Austria

wikipedia_title: Frederick II, Duke of Austria


text: Revolutionary War

text: 2nd South Carolina Regiment

text: Fort Moultrie

text: Battle of Sullivan's Island

text: John Rutledge

text: Siege of Savannah

text: General Lincoln

text: Savannah, Georgia

text: John Newton

text: Parson Weems

text: Germany

text: Philadelphia

text: Union County, South Carolina

text: Charles Towne Harbor

text: William Moultrie

text: Charleston

text: Fort Moultrie

text: Moultrie flag

text: 2nd South Carolina Regiment

text: Cannon instruments

text: Cannon operation

text: Francis Marion

text: Benjamin Lincoln

text: John Newton

text: Parson Weems

text: Siege of Savannah

text: Jasper County, Georgia

text: Jasper County, Illinois

text: Jasper County, Indiana

text: Jasper County, Iowa

text: Jasper County, Mississippi

text: Jasper County, Missouri

text: Jasper County, South Carolina

text: Jasper County, Texas

text: Jasper, Texas

text: Jasper, Alabama

text: Jasper, Arkansas

text: Jasper, Florida

text: Jasper, Georgia

text: Jasper, Minnesota

text: Jasper, Missouri

text: Jasper, Tennessee

text: Jasper, New York

text: Georgia Archives

text: Jasper Spring

categories: 1779 deaths,German emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies,Military personnel killed in the American Revolutionary War,1750 births,Continental Army soldiers

paragraph: William Jasper

paragraph: William Jasper ("circa" 1750 – October 9, 1779) was a noted American soldier in the Revolutionary War. He was a sergeant in the 2nd South Carolina Regiment.

paragraph: Jasper distinguished himself in the defense of Fort Moultrie (then called Fort Sullivan) on June 28, 1776. When a shell from a British warship shot away the flagstaff, he recovered the South Carolina flag in the Battle of Sullivan's Island, raised it on a temporary staff, and held it under fire until a new staff was installed. Governor John Rutledge gave his sword to Jasper in recognition of his bravery.

paragraph: In 1779, Sergeant Jasper participated in the Siege of Savannah, led by General Lincoln, which failed to recapture Savannah, Georgia, from the British. He was mortally wounded during an assault on the British forces there.

paragraph: Sgt. Jasper's story is similar to that of Sgt. John Newton. Several states have adjacent counties named Jasper and Newton, as these were remembered as a pair, due to the popularity of Parson Weems' memorializing early American history. Several other states have a Jasper County with a county seat of Newton, or vice versa.

paragraph: Section::::Early Life.

paragraph: Sources differ on William Jasper's origins. According to one account, William Jasper (named Johann Wilhelm Gasper at the time) came to America in 1767 on the ship "Minerva". He and other immigrants hailed from Germany and landed in Philadelphia. He was 16 at the time, but he had decided that whatever the new land held, he would accept it with open arms.

paragraph: He arrived in Philadelphia in the fall and was fed some warm soup and then put in a line to take an oath of allegiance and sign his name. When it was his turn, though, Jasper did not know how to read or write, so he could not even write his name on the list. He had to just put an X down where he should have put his name and next to it the colonist who had signed him in wrote John William Jasper. He then completed a few years of indentured servitude and moved south to find some land of his own.

paragraph: William Jasper was motivated when he settled down in the South; he had left his girlfriend in Pennsylvania. To pay for her journey to come live with him, he joined the military; by this time, the colonists had already rebelled. Although the pay was not great, he soon became a sergeant, earning enough for Elizabeth to join him in Georgia, where they were soon married.

paragraph: According to other accounts, William Jasper was the son of John Jasper, a Virginia blacksmith who had migrated to Union County, South Carolina during the early 1770s.

paragraph: Section::::Fort Sullivan.

paragraph: Jasper was soon called to Sullivan's Island to help protect Charles Towne Harbor. There he served under Colonel William Moultrie, who was in charge of the defense of Charleston against the British Navy. A few days before the British were due to arrive, Colonel Moultrie decided to build a fort to protect the harbor. His officers were sent local plantation owners, to borrow their slaves to help with the creation of the fort. Soldiers, slaves, and volunteers banded together to chop down palmettos and use them in its construction.

paragraph: Initially called Fort Sullivan, some time after the battle the fort was renamed to Fort Moultrie. The British arrived before the fort was finished, its whole back remaining incomplete. The Moultrie flag was raised over the structure, and a ten-hour siege began.

paragraph: Low on ammunition, the 2nd South Carolina Regiment only fired when ships closed in on the fort. The flag, designed by Moultrie himself at the behest of the colonial government, was shot down, and fell to the bottom of the ditch on the outside of the fort. Leaping from an embrasure, Jasper recovered the flag, which he tied to a sponge staff (see the Cannon instruments section of the Cannon operation article) and replaced on the parapet, where he supported it until a permanent flag staff had been procured and installed. With this rallying point, the colonists held out until sunset, when the British retreated. They did not succeed in taking Charleston until several years later.

paragraph: Because of Jasper's heroism, Governor John Rutledge presented him with his personal sword, and offered him a lieutenant's commission. He did not accept the offer to become an officer, saying that he would only be an embarrassment since he could neither read nor write. He was also presented with two silk flags by Mrs. Susannah Elliott.

paragraph: Section::::Roving Commission.

paragraph: Colonel Moultrie gave him a roving commission to scour the country with a few men, gather information, and surprise and capture the enemy's outposts. This commission was later renewed by Francis Marion and Benjamin Lincoln. Prominent among his achievements was the legendry rescue by himself and a single comrade, John Newton, of some American captives from a party of British soldiers whom they overpowered and made prisoners. While Jasper did engage in a heroic action against the British, the incident was exaggerated by the storyteller Parson Weems

paragraph: Section::::Savannah.

paragraph: At the Siege of Savannah, he received his death wound while fastening to the parapet the standard which had been presented to his regiment. His hold, however, never relaxed, and he bore the colors to a place of safety before he died.

paragraph: Section::::Places named after Jasper.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jasper County, Georgia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jasper County, Illinois

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jasper County, Indiana

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jasper County, Iowa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jasper County, Mississippi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jasper County, Missouri

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jasper County, South Carolina

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jasper County, Texas and the city of Jasper, Texas

paragraph: BULLET::::- City of Jasper, Alabama

paragraph: BULLET::::- City of Jasper, Arkansas

paragraph: BULLET::::- City of Jasper, Florida

paragraph: BULLET::::- City of Jasper, Georgia

paragraph: BULLET::::- City of Jasper, Minnesota

paragraph: BULLET::::- City of Jasper, Missouri

paragraph: BULLET::::- Town of Jasper, Tennessee

paragraph: BULLET::::- Town of Jasper, New York

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cited by 1920 "Americana".

paragraph: BULLET::::- DeSoto Hotel and Jasper Monument, Savannah, Ga. postcard from the Historic Postcard Collection, RG 48-2-5, Georgia Archives

paragraph: BULLET::::- General Casimir Pulaski/Sergeant William Jasper historical marker

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jasper Spring historical marker

wikidata_label: William Jasper

wikipedia_title: William Jasper


text: Subahdar Nawab

text: Awadh

text: Oudh

text: Mughal Emperor

text: Aurangzeb

text: Maratha

text: Deccan

text: Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava

text: Khorasan

text: kazi

text: Nishapur

text: Musa al-Kadhim

text: Shia Islam

text: Safavid dynasty

text: Sultan Husayn

text: Bengal

text: Mughal emperor

text: Bahadur Shah I

text: Patna

text: Murshid Quli Khan

text: Nishapur

text: Delhi

text: Sarbuland Khan

text: faujdar

text: Kara-Manikpur

text: Prayagraj

text: Azim-ush-Shan

text: Jahandar Shah

text: Ahmedabad

text: Farrukhsiyar

text: Sayyid brothers

text: mansab

text: Shah Jahan II

text: Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha

text: Maharaja

text: Jai Singh II

text: Jaipur

text: faujdar

text: Hindaun

text: Bayana

text: Rajasthan

text: Rajput

text: Jat

text: zamindar

text: wazir

text: Nizam-ul-Mulk

text: Asirgarh Fort

text: Deccan Plateau

text: Muhammad Shah

text: Agra

text: Muhammad Amin Khan Turani

text: durbar

text: zat

text: Akbarabad

text: Jat

text: Mathura

text: Bharatpur

text: Churaman

text: Churaman

text: Badan Singh

text: Awadh

text: Uttar Pradesh

text: Farrukhabad

text: Shaikhzada

text: Lucknow

text: sheikh

text: Kakori

text: Gomti River

text: jagir

text: Nader Shah

text: Muhammad Shah

text: Awadh

text: Panipat

text: Karnal

text: Quran

text: Nizam-ul-Mulk

text: Turkmen

text: Nishapur

text: howdah

text: Isha prayer

text: Shia Islam

text: Nizam-ul-Mulk

text: Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II

text: Delhi

text: harem

text: Shalimar Bagh

text: Safdar Jung

text: Qara Yusuf

text: Awadh

text: Nawabs of Awadh

text: Wajid Ali Shah

categories: Indian people of Iranian descent,Mughal nobility,People from Faizabad,Politicians from Nishapur,Mughal Empire,Indian Shia Muslims,1739 deaths,1680 births,Nawabs of Awadh

paragraph: Saadat Ali Khan I

paragraph: Saadat Ali Khan (c. 1680 – 19 March 1739) was the Subahdar Nawab of Awadh (Oudh) from 26 January 1722 to 1739 and the son of Muhammad Nasir. At age 25 he accompanied his father on the final campaign of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb against the Maratha in the Deccan, and the emperor awarded him the title of Khan Bahadur for his service.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Khan's date of birth has not been recorded. According to Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava, Khan was born in and his birth name was Mir Muhammad Amin. His father was Mir Muhammad Nasir, a merchant in Khorasan. Khan had one elder brother, Mir Muhammad Baqar. One of their ancestors was Mir Shamsuddin, a "kazi" (Islamic judge) in Nishapur. He was a twenty-first-generation descendant of Musa al-Kadhim, the seventh imam of Shia Islam. No historian has recorded any events in Khan's early life.

paragraph: The Safavid dynasty began declining in the mid-seventeenth century. Sultan Husayn (the last Safavid monarch) alienated his court's nobility, and Khan's family was reduced to poverty. To try his luck in India, Khan's father and elder brother migrated to Bengal in late 1707 during the reign of Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah I. From there they went to Bihar, settled in Patna and were granted an allowance by Murshid Quli Khan. At this time, Khan lived in Nishapur. According to historian Kamaluddin Haider, his wife ridiculed him for being a hanger-on in her father's house. Stung, Khan migrated to India in search of job. According to historian Ghulam Ali, he arrived in Patna in 1708 or 1709. Khan's father died before his arrival, and was buried "some distance away from his new home". In 1709, the brothers started for Delhi in search of employment.

paragraph: Khan was employed by an "amil" (village head), and lived in poverty during his first year in Delhi. In July 1710, he and his brother were employed by Sarbuland Khan. Sarbuland Khan, a fellow Persian and "sayyid", was the "faujdar" (garrison commander) of Kara-Manikpur in Prayagraj and made Khan his "mir manzil" (camp superintendent). After the defeat and death of Azim-ush-Shan (Sarbuland Khan's employer), Jahandar Shah ascended the Mughal throne and transferred Sarbuland Khan to Ahmedabad; Khan accompanied him in November 1712. By the end of the year, the relationship between Khan and Sarbuland Khan had deteriorated. Heavy rain and high winds tore down Khan's tents; Sarbuland Khan had to spent the night in a bullock cart, and criticised Khan for putting the tents up in a poor place. Khan disagreed, and Sarbuland Khan accused him of behaving like a "haft hazari" (master of seven thousand troops). Khan replied that that was an "auspicious prophecy" of his career; after moving to Delhi and becoming a "haft hazari", he would rejoin Sarbuland Khan's service.

paragraph: On 12 January 1713, Farrukhsiyar ascended the Mughal throne with the help of the Sayyid brothers. During his reign Khan arrived at Delhi. With the patronage of Muhammad Jafar, a friend of Farrukhsiyar, Khan succeeded in getting a "mansab" of a "hazari" (1,000 horses) and became the commander of the Wala-Shahi regiment. Jafar's death in 1716 left Khan without any patron in the royal court. He failed to get any promotion in the following three years.

paragraph: In 1719, Farrukshiyar was deposed by the Sayyid brothers. During the reign of Shah Jahan II, Khan accompanied Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha (the elder Sayyid brother) in his expedition against Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur. Khan's "husn-i-akhlaq" (elegance of manners) and military skill won him the patronage of Syed Hussain Ali Khan, the younger Sayyid brother. Hussain Ali Khan appointed him "faujdar" (garrison commander) of Hindaun and Bayana in present-day Rajasthan on 6 October 1719, and Khan took charge in November. The Rajput and Jat zamindars (landlords) were rebelling; Khan began recruiting more troops, and borrowed from the "wazir" (minister) of the province. With the help of auxiliary troops, Khan suppressed the rebellion in the area; the zamindars, attacked one by one, were forced to surrender. After restoring law and order within six months of his appointment, Khan was promoted to the rank of 15 "sad-izat" (commander of 1,500 horses) in the army.

paragraph: By the end of 1719, friction arose between Nizam-ul-Mulk and the Sayyid brothers. Nizam-ul-Mulk killed Dilawar Khan (Syed Hussain Ali Khan's agent) at the Asirgarh Fort in June 1720 and killed Sayyid Alam Khan, a relative of the Sayyid brothers, in August. Hussain Ali Khan decided to march to the Deccan Plateau, and Hassan Ali Khan agreed to march towards Delhi. Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah also started for the Deccan from Agra. A few days before Shah began his journey, a conspiracy was hatched at the royal camp to kill Hussain Ali Khan. The chief conspirator was Muhammad Amin Khan Turani, an uncle of Nizam-ul-Mulk. Khan switched his allegiance to the conspirators, for reasons not documented in contemporary records. According to historian Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava, "worldly riches and power" were the reasons behind Khan's decision to change factions. Khafi Khan writes that Khan was incited to join the conspiracy due to his anger at the murder of Farrukhsiyar. The conspirators met frequently to outline a plan to assassinate Hussain Ali Khan, who was killed by Haider Begh Daulat on 8 October 1720. The following day, Muhammad Shah held a royal "durbar" and rewarded Khan and his co-conspirators. He was given the title Saadat Khan Bahadur (lord of good fortune), and was promoted to 5,000 "zat" and 3,000 horses. According to an anonymous Persian historian, Khan plundered Hussain Ali Khan's treasury with the consent of the Mughal emperor.

paragraph: Section::::Governor of Akbarabad.

paragraph: Khan was promoted to a rank of 6,000 "zat" and 5,000 horses, and was appointed governor of Akbarabad province (present-day Agra), on 15 October 1720. He received the title "Burhan-ul-Mulk", and appointed Nilkanth as his deputy.

paragraph: When he reached Akbarabad, Khan decided to put down a Jat rebellion and defeated the Jats of Mathura and Bharatpur. They fled to their mud forts on the Delhi-Mathura road. Khan besieged them, capturing four of the forts. Nilkanth's troops fought Mukkam Singh (a son of Jat leader Churaman) in September 1721, and Nilkanth was killed in the battle.

paragraph: In October, Khan decided to fight Churaman. Churaman's nephew, Badan Singh, defected to the Mughal side. However, Khan Dauran dismissed Khan as governor of Akbarabad.

paragraph: Section::::Governor of Awadh.

paragraph: After his dismissal from Agra, Khan went to Delhi. He was appointed governor of Awadh (in present-day Uttar Pradesh) on 9 September 1722 after the transfer of provincial governor Girdhar Bahadur. Khan gathered his troops and recruited more before leaving for the province. During his journey, he stayed at Farrukhabad. Muhammad Khan Bangash, the Afghan chief of the city, gave him information about the strength of Shaikhzadas (a community which ruled Lucknow). He advised Khan to befriend the sheikhs of Kakori, adversaries of the Shaikhzadas, before entering Lucknow. Khan did so, and the sheikhs informed him about the strengths and weaknesses of the Shaikhzadas of Lucknow. He then marched towards Lucknow, and camped on the city's outskirts. Khan crossed the Gomti River by night, and silently entered the city with his artillery. After pulling down the sword which hung on the gates of the city, he attacked the Shaikhzadas at the Akbari Gate. In the ensuing battle, the Shaikhzadas were defeated and driven from Panchmahala (their palace).

paragraph: At the start of Khan's governorship of Awadh, its zamindars refused to follow Mughal regulations. Khan tried to solve Awadh's fiscal and "jagirdar" problems, sending agents to assess crop yields. He soon realized that, except for the zamindars, no one (including the local officials) welcomed his scheme; "jagirdar" agents tried to prevent its implementation. The "jagirdar" "amils" (personal staff) viewed his scheme as an attempt by Khan to subvert the existing "jagirdar" system. This alarmed him, since he did not want to alienate the "jagirdars". In response, he offered a discount on the "jagir" assessment paid by the "jagirdars". Saiyad Ghulam Ali, author of "Imad-us-Sadat", calls this system "ijara". This scheme stabilised provincial administration, since the "jagirdars"s no longer had to send their staff to the fields; the "amils" (appointed by the governor) were now accountable to him, and local officials were to approach them directly to resolve disputes. Thus, Khan ended the administrative authority of the "jagirdars" over their "jagirs".

paragraph: Section::::Confrontation with Nader Shah.

paragraph: In early 1739, Persian ruler Nader Shah invaded India. To help Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah, Khan marched with a cavalry of 30,000 from Awadh. During his stay at Panipat, Nader Shah's army tried vainly to intercept him. On 12 February, Khan joined Muhammad Shah's forces at Karnal. When Nader Shah learned about the reinforcement, he moved his camp three miles from the Mughal side.

paragraph: The Persian army clashed with Khan's troops on 22 February. When he heard the news, Khan picked up the sword he had laid in front of Muhammad Shah and asked his permission to attack the Persian army. According to historian Hari Charan Das, the Mughal emperor distrusted the Persian Khan and made him swear allegiance in the name of the Quran. Nizam-ul-Mulk further delayed his advance by claiming that Khan's troops were tired from a month-long march, and Khan would soon have to retreat because there were only three hours of daylight left. Nusrat Jung told him that the Mughal forces were not ordered to fight during the day. Khan, refusing to heed their pleas, ordered his troops to assemble. Although they were tired and most were reluctant to fight, 4,000 cavalry and 1,000 infantry joined him.

paragraph: When the Persian soldiers saw Khan advancing, they pretended to flee the battlefield; Khan chased them two miles from the Mughal camp, and sent couriers to Muhammad Shah asking for reinforcements. Khan Dauran, commander of the right wing and nearest to Khan, was dispatched with 8,000 horses. During the afternoon, the Mughal emperor joined Khan on the battlefield. Khan formed the right wing of the imperial army, on the east.

paragraph: On 23 February 1739 at 1 pm, he began advancing towards Nader Shah's army. Shah's army shot arrows at Khan and his troops, and Khan charged them. The Persian army strategically retreated, leaving their weapons. Khan thought that they had fled, and again sent couriers to the Mughal emperor requesting reinforcements. The Persian army then began a cavalry attack, which killed many in Khan's army. This enraged Khan's nephew, Sher Jung, who chased Khan into the Persian ranks; Khan vainly shot arrows at him. A Turkmen soldier in the Persian army from Nishapur, Khan's birthplace, recognized him; he climbed to the "howdah" (seat on an elephant), hailed Khan and asked him to surrender. Khan was taken as a prisoner to Nader Shah's camp.

paragraph: After the Isha prayer, he was brought before Nader Shah. Asked why he fought against a Persian of the same religion (Shia Islam), Khan replied that he did not want to betray the Mughal emperor. During their conversation, Shah appreciated Khan's patriotism and love of his religion. He asked Khan to outline a plan in which he could extort money from Muhammad Shah and return to Persia to fight the Turks. Khan replied that Nizam-ul-Mulk "is the key of the empire of India", and advised Shah to negotiate with him. Shah and Khan wrote to the Nizam the next morning, and the Mughals agreed to pay to the Persian conqueror.

paragraph: On 25 February, Muhammad Shah made Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II, the eldest son of Nizam-ul-Mulk, "mir bakshi" (equivalent to an army's paymaster general). This angered Khan, who desired the appointment and told Nader Shah that was a small portion of the Mughal treasury. He advised Nader Shah to conquer Delhi (where he could loot jewels, cash and other valuables), Shah gave Khan permission to attack the city. When Muhammad Shah arrived at the Persian camp, he was arrested and his harem was confiscated. Nader Shah made Khan the army's "wakil-i-mutaliq" (regent plenipotentiary), and Muhammad Shah was also forced to accept him.

paragraph: Khan and Tehmasp Khan Jalair started for Delhi with an army of 4,000 horses on 7 March. Khan carried a letter frpm Muhammad Shah to Lutfullah Khan Sadiq, the governor of Delhi, asking Sadiq to give Jalair the key to the palaces. Khan reached Delhi on 9 March, and welcomed both the emperors in Shalimar Bagh eight days later. On the night of 19/20 March he retired to his house, and died before dawn. There is no consensus amongst historians about his cause of death. According to historian Abul Qasim Lahori, Khan died of "bodily ailments". Haricharan Das believes that he succumbed to a cancer which had developed in his legs. Rustam Ali, the author of "Tarikh-i-Hind", says that Khan committed suicide by drinking poison.

paragraph: Section::::Issue and succession.

paragraph: Khan had five daughters and no sons. He gave his eldest daughter in marriage to his nephew, Muhammad Muqim, better known as Safdar Jung. Khan's sister was Jung's mother; his father was Sayadat Khan, a descendant of Qara Yusuf. Jung succeeded Khan as ruler of Awadh. All subsequent Nawabs of Awadh down to Wajid Ali Shah are thus descended from Khan through his daughter.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christopher Buyers, "The Royal Ark" – The genealogy of Saadat Khan

paragraph: BULLET::::- The National Information Centre in Lucknow maintains a page on him

description: Indian politician

wikidata_label: Saadat Ali Khan I

wikipedia_title: Saadat Ali Khan I


text: Count

text: Holland

text: The Hague

text: William I of Holland

text: Land of Altena

text: bishop of Utrecht

text: Otto II of Lippe

text: Drenthe

text: Stedingers

text: Bremen

text: Corbie

text: France

text: Rijnsburg

text: Matilde of Brabant

text: Henry I of Brabant

text: Mathilde of Flanders

text: William II, Count of Holland

text: Floris V, Count of Holland

text: Floris de Voogd

text: Adelaide of Holland

text: John I of Avesnes

text: Count of Hainaut

text: Margaret

text: Herman I

text: Floris IV, graaf van Holland

categories: Counts of Holland,1210 births,People of the Stedinger Crusade,1234 deaths,People from The Hague,Burials at Rijnsburg Abbey,13th-century people of the Holy Roman Empire,House of Holland,Accidental deaths in France

paragraph: Floris IV, Count of Holland

paragraph: Floris IV (24 June 1210 – 19 July 1234) was a Dutch nobleman who was Count of Holland from 1222 to 1234. He was born in The Hague, a son of William I of Holland and his first wife, Adelaide of Guelders.

paragraph: Floris succeeded his father in 1222. His regent was Baldwin of Bentheim. He acquired the Land of Altena. He had constant disputes with the bishop of Utrecht, Otto II of Lippe, but helped him against the peasants of Drenthe in 1227. Floris fought against the Stedingers north of Bremen in 1234.

paragraph: On 19 July 1234, he was killed at a tournament in Corbie, France. He was buried at Rijnsburg Abbey.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He married before 6 December 1224 Matilde of Brabant, the sister of his stepmother, daughter of Duke Henry I of Brabant and Mathilde of Flanders also referred to as Maud of Boulogne and Alsace.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. William II, Count of Holland (1227–1256), married Elisabeth of Brunswick-Luneburg; parents of Floris V, Count of Holland

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Floris de Voogd (ca. 1228 – 1258), Regent of Holland in 1256–1258.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Adelaide of Holland (ca. 1230–1284), Regent of Holland in 1258–1263 married John I of Avesnes, Count of Hainaut.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Margaret (d. 1277), married Count Herman I of Henneberg-Coburg

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Machteld

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Floris IV, graaf van Holland (Dutch)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medieval Lands Project on Floris IV, Count of Holland

description: Dutch noble

wikidata_label: Floris IV, Count of Holland

wikipedia_title: Floris IV, Count of Holland


text: conquistador

text: Peru

text: Royal Governor of Chile

text: Soria

text: Spain

text: Bologna

text: Naples

text: Audiencia

text: New Granada

text: Lima

text: Pedro de La Gasca

text: Viceroy of Peru

text: Francisco Hernández Girón

text: Philip II

text: Audiencia of Concepción

text: Arauco War

text: Mapuche

text: Rodrigo de Quiroga

text: Battle of Catirai

text: Arauco

text: Cañete

text: strong earthquake destroyed Concepción

text: tsunami

text: Purén

text: taken by surprise near Purén

text: Lorenzo Bernal del Mercado

text: La Imperial

text: Franciscan

text: Antonio de San Miguel

text: encomienda

text: Santiago

text: Antonio de Carvajal

text: García Hurtado de Mendoza

text: Short biography

categories: Viceroys of Peru,People from Soria,Royal Governors of Chile,Spanish conquistadors,1577 deaths,Castilian-Leonese conquistadors,Spanish generals,1512 births

paragraph: Melchor Bravo de Saravia

paragraph: Melchor Bravo de Saravia y Sotomayor (1512 – 1577) was a Spanish conquistador, interim viceroy of Peru, and Royal Governor of Chile.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: He was born in Soria, Spain, the son of Juan de Saravia and María Mayor de Vera y Morales. In 1538 he completed his studies at the College of Bologna. He entered the royal service as oidor (judge) in Naples. In 1547 he was named to the Audiencia of Granada. In 1549 he was transferred to America in order to found the Audiencia of New Granada. Later he was transferred to Lima, where Pedro de La Gasca had reinstalled the Audiencia in 1549. As president of the Audiencia in Lima he occupied the position of interim Viceroy of Peru from July 1552 to July 1556.

paragraph: During this time, the Audiencia had to combat the major rebellion of Francisco Hernández Girón. Bravo de Saravia is seen as being one of the major contributors to the eventual defeat and punishment of the rebels, due to his great activity and service during that time.

paragraph: Section::::As governor of Chile.

paragraph: The Audiencia turned over its governance to the new viceroy of Peru, Andrés Hurtado de Mendoza, 3rd Marquis of Cañete, in 1556. By a royal decree in 1565, King Philip II created the Audiencia of Concepción in Chile. This was intended primarily as a means of ending the ongoing Arauco War with the Mapuches. Besides the usual judicial functions of an audiencia, it was also intended to have governmental functions.

paragraph: The Audiencia was installed in August 1567, and in September the king named Bravo de Saravia to take over the civil and military government of Chile, with the title of "governor". He arrived from Lima in 1568, and served in that position until 1575, when he was replaced by Rodrigo de Quiroga.

paragraph: In the conduct of the war, he was not very successful. In January 1569 the Spanish were defeated by the Mapuches at the Battle of Catirai. In response, Bravo organized the delivery of supplies to the besieged forts and ordered the evacuation of Arauco and Cañete. He asked for military assistance from Spain and also asked to be relieved of his office.

paragraph: Section::::Disaster and renewed war.

paragraph: On February 8, 1570 a strong earthquake destroyed Concepción. It was accompanied by a tsunami, and aftershocks were felt for months. No lives were lost, but every house was destroyed. Because of a delay between the earthquake and the tsunami, the population was able to escape to higher ground. Nevertheless, they thought the end of the world had arrived.

paragraph: In the middle of 1570 the reinforcements solicited from Spain arrived in Lima, and in the following spring Bravo reinitiated hostilities with the Indigenous in Chile. Again, defeats followed for the Spanish. Captain Gregorio de Oña was surprised by the Mapuches near the fort of Purén. The governor sent more troops to the south, including his son Ramiro. Again, the Spanish (about 160 of them this time) were taken by surprise near Purén. After this defeat Bravo decided to turn over the military command to Lorenzo Bernal del Mercado and retain only his civil functions.

paragraph: In 1571 the bishopric of La Imperial was created. The first bishop was the Franciscan Antonio de San Miguel, who arrived in Chile after being consecrated in Lima. San Miguel was opposed to the forced labor being extracted from the Indigenous people, the encomienda system, and the Arauco War, on which he blamed all the misfortunes of the colony. His influence was such that in 1572 King Philip II replaced the forced labor of the Indians with a monetary tax.

paragraph: During this time construction began on the church of San Francisco in Santiago.

paragraph: Section::::Criticism of his government.

paragraph: There was much criticism of Bravo de Saravia, of both his military and civil abilities. In 1567 Bishop San Miguel described Chile as a "lost land" and informed the king that the governor had transferred the encomienda of Francisco de Villagra to his own son, instead of to Villagra's widow, the rightful heir. Juan López de Porres accused Bravo of corruption and of being a friend to base individuals and an enemy of the conquistadors and the nobles. In October 1569 Fray Antonio de Carvajal complained to Philip II that Bravo did not follow the advice of the experienced conquistadors, and led the Spanish troops from defeat to defeat. Citing the advanced age of the governor, Fray Carvajal asked that the position be given to García Hurtado de Mendoza.

paragraph: Overwhelmed by the criticism, Bravo made his defense to the king and accused the Audiencia of intriguing against him. Nevertheless, he asked again to be relieved of his office. This time Philip accepted his resignation, in 1573. Bravo returned to Spain two years later, and died in his native city in 1577. He was interred in the principal church in Soria.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Short biography

description: Royal Governor of Chile

wikidata_label: Melchor Bravo de Saravia

wikipedia_title: Melchor Bravo de Saravia


text:
American football
punter
San Francisco 49ers
undrafted free agent
college football
Iowa
Philadelphia Eagles
Kansas City Chiefs
Indianapolis Colts
Denver Broncos
Carolina Panthers
Wayne High School
lettered
football
baseball
college football
University of Iowa
special teams
MVP
1997 Sun Bowl
Arizona State University
Big 10
drafted
free agent
Philadelphia Eagles
waived
San Francisco 49ers
2001 NFL season
Kansas City Chiefs
2003 season
2004
Indianapolis Colts
Denver Broncos
AFC Wild Card game
2006
draft pick
Pro Bowl
Todd Sauerbrun
Tom Rouen
Steve Cheek
training camp
Leon Washington
Todd Sauerbrun
Brad Nortman
Pro Football Reference.com
Carolina Panthers bio

categories: 1978 births,Kansas City Chiefs players,American football punters,Philadelphia Eagles players,San Francisco 49ers players,Players of American football from Indiana,Carolina Panthers players,Denver Broncos players,Indianapolis Colts players,Living people,Iowa Hawkeyes football players

paragraph: Jason Baker

paragraph: Jason Michael Baker (born May 17, 1978) is a former American football punter. He was signed by the San Francisco 49ers as an undrafted free agent in 2001. He played college football at Iowa. He has also played for the Philadelphia Eagles, Kansas City Chiefs, Indianapolis Colts, Denver Broncos, and Carolina Panthers.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Baker attended Wayne High School in Fort Wayne, Indiana and lettered in football and baseball. In football, he won second team All-Conference honors as a senior.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Baker played college football at the University of Iowa. When he graduated, he left as the Hawkeyes' all-time leader in punts and punting yards, with 272 punts for 11,304 yards. He was named special teams MVP of the 1997 Sun Bowl for his performance in Iowa's loss against Arizona State University, after registering eight punts for 391 yards. He also made honorable mention All-Big 10 honors as a senior in 2000. He majored in business administration.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: He was not drafted by any team, and was signed as a free agent by the Philadelphia Eagles in April 2001 before being waived a short while later, not having appeared in any regular season games for them. He was then picked up by the San Francisco 49ers, and was their regular punter during the 2001 NFL season. Unfortunately, he was released the next year, and signed again by the Eagles. He played several games for them before being released again at the end of the season. He was signed by the Kansas City Chiefs before the 2003 season, and was their regular punter for the whole season, averaging a respectable 39.5 yards per punt. Baker then had a bizarre season in 2004. He was waived by Kansas City, then re-signed two weeks later, then waived a week after that. He was then picked up by the Indianapolis Colts, played with them for 5 weeks, then Indianapolis waived him and he was picked up by the Denver Broncos, who he finished the season with. He played for Denver in the AFC Wild Card game against his former team, Indianapolis. After the season, he was traded to the Carolina Panthers with a 2006 draft pick for Pro Bowl punter Todd Sauerbrun. Baker eventually won the punting job, after battling with Tom Rouen and Steve Cheek during training camp and the preseason. He played the rest of his seven seasons in Carolina, where he averaged 44.0 yards per punt in 112 games, set most of the franchise records, twice led the league in punts, and was a Pro Bowl alternate multiple times but never attended. The Panthers rewarded him with a contract making him the highest paid punter in the NFL prior to the 2007 season. Baker is one of the fastest running punters in the NFL. He managed to surprise the Seahawks' Leon Washington in a game on December 5, 2010, tripping up the prematurely celebrating Washington to save a touchdown.

paragraph: 's NFL off-season, Jason Baker still held at least three Panthers franchise records, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Punts: career (570), playoff game (7 on 2006-01-22 @SEA; with Todd Sauerbrun and Brad Nortman)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Punt Yards: career (25,064)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Additional Career statistics/player information: Pro Football Reference.com

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carolina Panthers bio

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Jason Baker

wikipedia_title: Jason Baker


text:
Isfahan
Isfahan
Persia
Qajar
Persian
Fath Ali Shah
Qom
Kashan
Peacock Throne
John Macdonald Kinneir
Masjid-e Jami
Sadr school
Naqsh-e Jahan
Hasht Behesht
Jafar Khan Zand
Shiraz

categories: 1758 births,Qajar governors of Isfahan,1823 deaths,19th-century Iranian people

image: 512px-حاج_محمد_حسین_خان_نظام_الدوله_صدر_اصفهانی.jpg

paragraph: Hajji Mohammad Hossein Isfahani

paragraph: Hajji Mohammad Hossein Isfahani (born 1758, Isfahan - died 1823) was an architect and political leader in Isfahan, Persia under the rule of Qajar Persian emperor Fath Ali Shah.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: In 1795 or 1796 he was named governor ("beglarbegi") of Isfahan, Qom, and Kashan. In this role, Mohammad Hossein invested heavily in agriculture, which increased his own wealth and contributed to Isfahan's economic revival. In 1806 he was appointed "mostowfi ol-mamalek", given the title "Amin ol-Dowleh", and his son, Abd ol-Hossein Khan Isfahani succeeded him as "beglarbegi". In 1809, Mohammad Hossein presented the Peacock Throne to the shah at the shah's marriage to Tarvus Khanum Taj ol-Dowleh. In 1813 he was given the title "Nizam al-Dawla". In 1818, Mirza Shafi Mazandarani died and Mohammad Hossein was appointed to the position of "sadr-e a'zam" which he held until his death in 1823.

paragraph: Mohammad Hossein was close to Scottish diplomat John Macdonald Kinneir, whose reports play an important role in our understanding of Mohammad Hossein's career and building. Mohammad Hossein's term as governor led to the most extensive renovating and building in Qajar times. He renovated Masjid-e Jami, and Madrasa-e Abdallah. He built three madrasas, including Sadr school, built a new palace, renovating many bazaars, restoring and expanding the canal system, and enclosing slums. He removed the famous clock on the Naqsh-e Jahan, rebuilt parts of the Safavid Haft Dast palace and renovated the Bagh-e Anguristan, the Hasht Behesht, and the Talar-e Tavila. He also built a new avenue through the Khaju quarter, Chahar Bagh-e Chinarsu (aka Bagh e Now and Bagh-e Sadri). He also constructed the royal garden, Imarat-e Sadr (aka Imarat-i Naw). Mohammad Hossein was not universally praised, Rustam al-Hukama considered him an "uneducated parvenu" and claimed that Mohammad Hossein and his brothers had stolen the possessions and royal insignia of Jafar Khan Zand when Zand fled to Shiraz in 1785.

paragraph: Mohammad Hossein's son, Mohammad Ibrahim Khan Nazir ol-Dowleh, married one of the Fath Ali Shah Qajar's daughters (Khadijeh Soltan Begom, "Esmat-ed-Dowleh) and Khan's daughter married Husayn Ali Mirza Farmanfarma, governor of Shiraz. Khan died October 19, 1823.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Afnan, Mirza Habibu'llah, ed. The Genesis of the Bâabâi-Bahâaâi Faiths in Shâirâaz and Fâars. Vol. 122. Brill, 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ansari, Passim, and Abd al-Husayn Sipanta, "Tarikhshan-i awqaf-i Isfahan" (Isfahan, 1364/1967), 4

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lambton, Ann SK. Landlord and peasant in Persia: a study of land tenure and land revenue administration. IB Tauris, 1991.

description: Revitalizer of Isfahan, born 1771

wikidata_label: Haji Muhammad Hussain Khan Nezam al-Daula

wikipedia_title: Hajji Mohammad Hossein Isfahani


text:
Lesparre
Lautrec
Dauphiné
Françoise de Foix
Francis I of France
Odet of Foix, Viscount of Lautrec
Thomas, lord of Lescun
Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre
Henry II of Navarre
Kingdom of Navarre
Battle of Noáin
Italian Wars

categories: House of Foix,1547 deaths,Military leaders of the Italian Wars,French generals,1490 births

paragraph: André de Foix

paragraph: André de Foix, Lord of Lesparre (or Asparroz or Asparrots), (1490–1547) was a French General.

paragraph: He was the son of Jean de Foix, vicecount of Lautrec and governor of the Dauphiné, and of Jeanne d'Aydie de Lescun. His sister was Françoise de Foix, mistress of King Francis I of France. His brothers Odet of Foix, Viscount of Lautrec and Thomas, lord of Lescun, were also promoted to high positions in the military by the King, by the influence of Françoise.

paragraph: After the Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre in 1512, he was appointed in 1521 by Henry II of Navarre commander of a Gascoigne-Navarrese army, to try for the third time to recapture the Kingdom of Navarre. At first, the campaign was successful and Navarre was recaptured in May, but on June 30, 1521, Lesparre's army suffered a crushing defeat in the Battle of Noáin against the Spanish. 5.000 men were lost and Lesparre himself was wounded and captured, but later released for ransom.

paragraph: He died in the Italian Wars.

description: French general

wikidata_label: André de Foix

wikipedia_title: André de Foix