text:
ancient Egypt
pharaoh
13th Dynasty
pyramidion
Memphis
Upper Egypt
Itjtawy
Middle Kingdom of Egypt
Turin canon
Ramesside period
Second Intermediate Period
Alan Gardiner
Wahibre Ibiau
Merhotepre Ini
Jürgen von Beckerath
Kim Ryholt
Alan Gardiner
Kenneth Kitchen
Kim Ryholt
Upper Egypt
14th Dynasty
Nile Delta
Wahibre Ibiau
filiative nomina
Ineni
scarab seal
Bubastis
Heliopolis
Abydos
Coptos
Lisht
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Sobek
Georges Legrain
Karnak
pyramidion
pyramidion
Faqus
Avaris
Horus
Qantir
Memphis
Hyksos
Ptah
Imyremeshaw
Itjtawy
Thebes
Second Intermediate Period
Seheqenre Sankhptahi
Ay
18th Dynasty

categories: 18th-century BC Pharaohs,17th-century BC Pharaohs

paragraph: Merneferre Ay

paragraph: Merneferre Ay (also spelled Aya or Eje) was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the mid 13th Dynasty. The longest reigning pharaoh of the 13th Dynasty, he ruled a likely fragmented Egypt for over 23 years in the early to mid 17th century BC. A pyramidion bearing his name shows that he possibly completed a pyramid, probably located in the necropolis of Memphis.

paragraph: Merneferre Ay is the last pharaoh of the 13th dynasty to be attested outside Upper Egypt. In spite of his long reign, the number of artefacts attributable to him is comparatively small. This may point to problems in Egypt at the time and indeed, by the end of his reign, "the administration [of the Egyptian state] seems to have completely collapsed". It is possible that the capital of Egypt since the early Middle Kingdom, Itjtawy was abandoned during or shortly after Ay's reign. For this reason, some scholars consider Merneferre Ay to be the last pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.

paragraph: Section::::Chronology.

paragraph: Section::::Chronology.:Chronological position.

paragraph: The relative chronological position of Merneferre Ay as a king of the mid 13th Dynasty is well established by the Turin canon, a king list redacted during the early Ramesside period (1292–1069 BC) and which serves as the primary historical source for the Second Intermediate Period. The king list records Ay's name on column 8 line 3 (column 6 line 3 in Alan Gardiner's reading of the Turin canon and entry 7.3 in von Beckerath's reading) and establishes that Merneferre Ay was preceded by Wahibre Ibiau and succeeded by Merhotepre Ini, who was possibly his son.

paragraph: The precise chronological placement of Merneferre Ay varies between scholars, with Jürgen von Beckerath and Aidan Dodson seeing him as the 27th king of the dynasty while Kim Ryholt and Darrell Baker place him in the 32nd and 33rd positions, respectively. Similarly, the absolute datation of Ay's reign is debated and varies by 17 years between Ryholt's 1701–1677 BC and Schneider's 1684–1661 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Chronology.:Reign length.

paragraph: Until recently, the duration of Merneferre Ay's reign, which is recorded in the Turin canon, was disputed by Jürgen von Beckerath who read the damaged figure on the papyrus fragment as 13 years while both Alan Gardiner and Kenneth Kitchen maintained it should be read as 23 years. The dispute was settled in the latest study of the Turin canon by Kim Ryholt who confirms that Merneferre Ay's reign length as recorded on the papyrus is "23 years, 8 months and 18 days".

paragraph: Ryholt insists that "the tick that distinguishes 20 and 30 from 10 is preserved and beyond dispute. Accordingly, 23 years or, less likely, 33 years must be read." This makes Merneferre Ay the longest-ruling pharaoh of the 13th Dynasty at a time when numerous short-lived kings ruled Egypt.

paragraph: Section::::Reign and Attestations.

paragraph: As a king of the mid 13th Dynasty, Merneferre Ay reigned over Middle and Upper Egypt concurrently with the 14th Dynasty, which controlled at least the Eastern Nile Delta. The egyptologists Kim Ryholt and Darrell Baker contend that Mernferre usurped the throne at the expense of his predecessor Wahibre Ibiau. They base this conclusion on the total absence of filiative nomina, that is references to the name of his father on the artefacts attributable to him. They believe that this should have been the case had his father been a pharaoh, and indeed a number of 13th Dynasty kings used filiative nomina. Little is known of Ay's consorts, he was possibly married to Ineni whose scarabs are stylistically similar to those of Ay.

paragraph: Section::::Reign and Attestations.:Attestations.

paragraph: Merneferre Ay is well attested; no fewer than 62 scarab seals and one cylinder-seal bearing his name are known, 51 of which are of unknown provenance Among the scarabs of known provenance, three are from Lower Egypt, more precisely one from Bubastis and two from Heliopolis. The rest of the scarabs of known provenance are from Abydos, Coptos and Lisht, all localities being in Middle or Upper Egypt. Other attestations of Ay include an obsidian globular jar now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, a ball dedicated to Sobek, an inscribed limestone block, part of a lintel, discovered in 1908 by Georges Legrain in Karnak and a "pyramidion".

paragraph: The "pyramidion" was confiscated from robbers by the Egyptian police in 1911 at Faqus, close to the ancient city of Avaris. It is carved with the name of Ay and shows him offering to Horus "Lord of heaven", demonstrating that a pyramid was built for him during his long reign. The fact that the pyramidion was probably discovered by the robbers in modern-day Khatana, part of the ancient city of Avaris (modern-day Qantir) is important since it was likely the capital of the 14th Dynasty during Ay's lifetime. Egyptologists believe that the pyramidion originates in fact from Memphis, in the necropolis of which Ay's pyramid must be located. Accordingly, this suggests that the pyramid was looted at the time of the Hyksos invasion c. 1650 BC and the pyramidion taken to Avaris at this moment. This is vindicated by the "damaged text on the pyramidion [which] originally invoked four gods" two of whom were Ptah and Re-Horus (for Ra-Horakhty). The cults of these gods were based in the Memphite necropolis, not in Avaris. Other objects which suffered the same fate include two colossal statues of the 13th Dynasty king Imyremeshaw.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Even though Merneferre Ay is well attested, the number of objects attributable to him is relatively small given his nearly 24 year-long reign. This may point to serious problems in Egypt at the time and indeed Ryholt and others believe that by the end of Ay's reign "the administration [of the Egyptian state] seems to have completely collapsed".

paragraph: Merneferre Ay is the last Egyptian king of the 13th Dynasty who is attested by objects from outside of Upper Egypt. This may indicate the abandonment of the old capital of the Middle Kingdom Itjtawy in favor of Thebes. Daphna Ben Tor believes that this event was triggered by the invasion of the eastern Delta and the Memphite region by Canaanite rulers. Indeed some egyptologists believe that by the end of Ay's reign the 13th dynasty had lost control of Lower Egypt, including the Delta region and possibly Memphis itself. For these authors, this marks the end of the Middle Kingdom and the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period. This analysis is rejected by Ryholt and Baker however, who note that the stele of Seheqenre Sankhptahi, reigning toward the very end of the 13th Dynasty, strongly suggests that he reigned over Memphis. Unfortunately, the stele is of unknown provenance.

paragraph: Section::::Ay.

paragraph: Merneferre Ay is sometimes confused with Ay, a ruler at the end of the 18th Dynasty (1549–1292 BC). However, both kings ruled in completely different dynasties and have nothing in common other than a similar name.

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Merneferre Ay

wikipedia_title: Merneferre Ay


text:
militiaman
state of New York
American Revolution
John André
West Point
Benedict Arnold
Tories
Jäger
Hessian
David Williams
Isaac Van Wart
John André
Benedict Arnold
Patriot's Park
Tarrytown
Continental Army
West Point
George Washington
Fidelity Medallion
New York State
act of Congress
Ohio
Paulding
Van Wert
Williams
brigands
Westminster Abbey
Benjamin Tallmadge
Peekskill
Province of New York
British America
yeoman
Salem, New York
née
Hiram Paulding
Rear Admiral
United States Navy
War of 1812
Civil War
Staatsburg
Dutchess County, New York
Cortlandt Manor
Hiram Paulding
War of 1812
Battle of Lake Champlain
Rear Admiral
United States Navy
American Civil War
James Kirke Paulding
U.S. Secretary of the Navy
Martin Van Buren
William Paulding Jr.
mayor of New York City
U.S. Representative
Adjutant General of New York
William Irving
Washington Irving
minuteman
William Rudolf O'Donovan
National Register of Historic Places
Chappaqua, New York
Paulding County, Ohio
Paulding County, Georgia
Paulding, Michigan
Paulding Light
Paulding, New Jersey
Paulding, Mississippi
Tarrytown
Cold Spring
Elmsford
Peekskill
White Plains
Sparkill, New York

categories: New York (state) militiamen in the American Revolution,People from Staatsburg, New York,Paulding County, Georgia,1758 births,1818 deaths,Paulding County, Ohio,Continental Army soldiers

paragraph: John Paulding

paragraph: John Paulding (October 16, 1758 – February 18, 1818) was an American militiaman from the state of New York during the American Revolution. In 1780, he was one of three men who captured Major John André, a British spy associated with the treason of Continental general and commandant of West Point Benedict Arnold. Andre was convicted and hanged.

paragraph: Section::::American Revolution.

paragraph: While visiting his future wife, Sarah Tidd, Paulding was captured by Tories, or Loyalists, led by his future brother-in-law. He was held in the notorious "Sugar House" prison in New York City in 1780, then occupied by British forces. He escaped by jumping from a window. He went to the livery stable of a friend and acquired a German military Jäger or Hessian coat, green with red trim, associated with the British mercenaries, which he wore to evade notice.

paragraph: As part of an armed patrol in Westchester County, with fellow militiamen David Williams and Isaac Van Wart, Paulding seized British Major John André, who had left Benedict Arnold after discussing the latter's defection to the British and betrayal of the patriots. This site is now commemorated as Patriot's Park in Tarrytown, New York. André, seeing Paulding's Hessian coat, may have assumed him to be a member of the "cowboys," or pro-British marauders who raided the Neutral Ground for cattle and supplies. Searching André for valuables, they discovered documents of his secret communication with Benedict Arnold. The militiamen, all local yeomen farmers, refused André's attempt to bribe them, and delivered the officer to the Continental Army. Arnold's plans to surrender West Point to the British were revealed and foiled, and André was convicted and hanged as a spy.

paragraph: With George Washington's personal recommendation, the United States Congress awarded Paulding, Williams, and Van Wart the first military decoration of the United States, the silver medal known as the Fidelity Medallion. Each of the three also received federal pensions of $200 a year. New York State granted them each lands for farms.

paragraph: The celebrated trio were commemorated far and wide as popular heroes after the patriots won the war. By an act of Congress, the new state of Ohio (1803) included the counties named Paulding, Van Wert (anglicized spelling), and Williams. Paulding was held in particularly high regard by early American historians, as the standard 19th-century accounts credited him with the decision-making and initiative at the scene.

paragraph: Though hailed as national heroes, Paulding and the others also received criticism. The divisions in society continued after the war. At his trial André insisted the men were mere brigands; sympathy for Andre remained among some more elite American quarters, which included some Loyalists. (André's reputation was high in England, where his body was returned and he was buried in Westminster Abbey). Representative Benjamin Tallmadge of Connecticut, who had been present as an American officer in Westchester County in 1780 and had a low opinion of the three common militiamen, had accepted André's account of his capture and search. Tallmadge argued in Congress for the rejection of a requested pension increase in 1817 for Paulding. He assailed the credibility and motivations of the three captors.

paragraph: Despite this slight, the men's popular acclaim generally increased throughout the 19th century, although opinion on their motives and actions remained divided. Some modern scholars have interpreted the episode as a major event in early American cultural development, representing the apotheosis of the "common man" in the new democratic society.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Paulding was born on October 16, 1758 at the Paulding homestead near Tarrytown in Peekskill in the Province of New York in what was then British America. He was the son of Joseph Paulding.

paragraph: Paulding was a self-sufficient yeoman farmer and was described as a strong, sturdy man, standing more than six feet tall, unusual for the era. Paulding married three times in his life, and lost two wives to death. In total he had nineteen children by them. On April 21, 1781, he was married to Sarah Tidd (1767–1789) of Salem, New York.

paragraph: After Sarah's death on October 23, 1789, he remarried to Esther Ward (1768–1804) on November 18, 1790. Esther was the daughter of Caleb Ward and Mary (née Drake) Ward. Together, they were the parents of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hiram Paulding (1797–1878), a Rear Admiral in the United States Navy, who served from the War of 1812 until after the Civil War

paragraph: Esther died in 1804 and in 1806, he married for the third time to Hester Denike (d. 1855), the daughter of Isaac Denike of Peekskill.

paragraph: He died in 1818 at Staatsburg, Dutchess County, New York of natural causes. His last words were reported to be: "I die a true republican." He was buried in the cemetery of Old Saint Peter's Church in Van Cortlandtville, Cortlandt Manor.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Descendants.

paragraph: Paulding's descendants are numerous but perhaps the best-known of them is his son Hiram Paulding (b.1797 - d.1878), who served in the War of 1812 and fought in the Battle of Lake Champlain; he rose to become a Rear Admiral in the United States Navy and retired only after the end of the American Civil War.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Relations.

paragraph: Among his extended family were cousins James Kirke Paulding, the U.S. Secretary of the Navy under President Martin Van Buren; William Paulding Jr., who served as mayor of New York City, a U.S. Representative and the Adjutant General of New York; and Julia Paulding, who married U.S. Representative William Irving (brother of author and diplomat Washington Irving).

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Paulding's grave is marked by a large marble monument with the epitaph:

paragraph: "FIDELITY - On the morning of the 23rd of September 1780, accompanied by two young farmers of the county of West Chester, he intercepted the British spy, André. Poor himself, he disdained to acquire wealth by the sacrifice of his country. Rejecting the temptation of great rewards, he conveyed his prisoner to the American camp and, by this noble act of self-denial, the treason of Arnold was detected; the designs of the enemy baffled; West Point and the American Army saved; and these United States, now by the grace of God Free and Independent, rescued from most imminent peril."

paragraph: In 1853, a monument was erected at the site of André's capture in Tarrytown. On the event's centenary in 1880, it was topped with the statue of a minuteman. Carved by the sculptor William Rudolf O'Donovan (1844–1920), the statue is reputedly in the likeness of Paulding himself. It is located in Patriot's Park, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. A street called Paulding Drive in Chappaqua, New York was named in his honor.

paragraph: Several villages and counties are named in his honor: Paulding County, Ohio; Paulding County, Georgia; Paulding, Michigan (site of the mysterious Paulding Light); Paulding, New Jersey; and Paulding, Mississippi. Additionally, the villages of Tarrytown (where there is a John Paulding Elementary School), Cold Spring and Elmsford, along with the cities of Peekskill and White Plains, all in New York, each have a street named for Paulding (as well as ones for Williams and Van Wart). The Fire Department of Sparkill, New York, maintains the John Paulding Engine Co., founded in 1901.

description: American militiaman

wikidata_label: John Paulding

wikipedia_title: John Paulding


text:
Irish
neoplatonist
Aachen
ancient philosophy
Pseudo-Dionysius
Byzantine
Athens
Malmesbury
byname
Middle Ages
Irish
Gaelic
John Duns Scotus
Carolingian
Charles the Bald
Alcuin of York
Palace School
Carolingian Renaissance
Greek
Oxford
Alfred the Great
Malmesbury
styli
William Turner
cleric
layman
monk
Saint Augustine
Pseudo-Dionysius
Maximus the Confessor
Cappadocian Fathers
transcendentalist
Plato
nominalist
realist
Eucharist
Berengar of Tours
Hincmar
archbishop of Reims
doctrine of liberty of will
predestinarianism
Gottschalk
Valence
Langres
apocatastasis
universal reconciliation
Christian Universalism
Denis
Bishop of Paris
Abbey of Saint-Denis
Dionysius the Areopagite
Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
Louis the Pious
Hilduin
Pope Nicholas I
Byzantine
Michael III
Latin
Gregory of Nyssa
Maximus Confessor
dialogue
syllogism
Platonic
phenomena
Thomas Aquinas
council at Sens
Honorius III
Gregory XIII
Max Bernhard Weinstein
panentheistic
logic
dialectic
Plato
mystics
Boethius
Leszek Kołakowski
William of Malmesbury
Cassian of Imola
John Scottus School
Series B
£5
Bertrand Russell
ninth century
Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy
monastic
Boethius
Anselm
Apocatastasis
Berengarians
Christian Universalism
Eucharistic theology
Mystical theology
Neoplatonism and Christianity

categories: Medieval philosophers,Writers of the Carolingian Empire,Medieval literature,Roman Catholic theologians,9th-century philosophers,Irish Roman Catholic theologians,Irish philosophers,9th-century Christian theologians,Irish expatriates in France,Neoplatonists,9th-century Irish people,Irish male poets,Roman Catholic mystics,Medieval Irish writers,Greek–Latin translators,Carolingian dynasty,9th-century translators,Scholastic philosophers,Catholic philosophers,877 deaths,9th-century Christian mystics,815 births,Latinists,9th-century Latin writers

paragraph: John Scotus Eriugena

paragraph: John Scotus Eriugena or Johannes Scotus Erigena (; ; 815 – c. 877) was an Irish theologian, neoplatonist philosopher, and poet. He succeeded Alcuin of York (735–804) as head of the Palace School at Aachen.

paragraph: He wrote a number of works, but is best known today for having written "The Division of Nature", which has been called the "final achievement" of ancient philosophy, a work which "synthesizes the philosophical accomplishments of fifteen centuries." He also translated and made commentaries upon the work of Pseudo-Dionysius, and was one of the few Western European philosophers of his day that knew Greek, having studied in Byzantine Athens. A tradition, largely considered spurious, says he was stabbed to death by his students at Malmesbury with their pens.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: The form "Eriugena" of his byname is used by John Scotus to describe himself in one manuscript. It means 'Ireland (Ériu)-born'. 'Scottus' in the Middle Ages was the Latin term for "Irish or Gaelic", so his name translates as "John, the Irish-born Gael." 'Scotti" was the name that the Romans called the Irish. The spelling 'Scottus' has the authority of the early manuscripts until perhaps the 11th century. Occasionally he is also named 'Scottigena' ("Irish-born") in the manuscripts.

paragraph: He is not to be confused with the later philosopher John Duns Scotus.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Johannes Scotus Eriugena was an Irishman, educated in Ireland. He moved to France (about 845) and took over the Palace School at the invitation of Carolingian King Charles the Bald. He succeeded Alcuin of York (735–804) as head of the Palace School. The reputation of this school, part of the Carolingian Renaissance, seems to have increased greatly under Eriugena's leadership, and the philosopher himself was treated with indulgence by the king. Whereas Alcuin was a schoolmaster rather than a philosopher, Eriugena was a noted Greek scholar, a skill which, though rare at that time in Western Europe, was used in the learning tradition of Early and Medieval Ireland, as evidenced by the use of Greek script in medieval Irish manuscripts. He remained in France for at least thirty years, and it was almost certainly during this period that he wrote his various works.

paragraph: The latter part of his life is unclear. There is a story that in 882 he was invited to Oxford by Alfred the Great, laboured there for many years, became abbot at Malmesbury, and was stabbed to death by his pupils with their "styli". Whether this is to be taken literally or figuratively is not clear, and some scholars think it may refer to some other Johannes. William Turner] says the tradition has no support in contemporary documents and may well have arisen from some confusion of names on the part of later historians.

paragraph: He probably never left France, and the date of his death is generally given as 877. From the evidence available, it is impossible to determine whether he was a cleric or a layman; the general conditions of the time make it likely that he was a cleric and perhaps a monk.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: His work is largely based upon Saint Augustine, Pseudo-Dionysius, Maximus the Confessor, and the Cappadocian Fathers, and is clearly Neoplatonist. He revived the transcendentalist standpoint of Neoplatonism with its "graded hierarchy" approach. By going back to Plato, he revived the nominalist–realist debate. The Greek Fathers were his favourite authors, especially Gregory the Theologian, and Basil the Great. Of the Latins he prized Augustine most highly. The influence of these was towards freedom and not towards restraint in theological speculation. This freedom he reconciled with his respect for the teaching authority of the Church as he understood it.

paragraph: The first of the works known to have been written by Eriugena during this period was a treatise on the Eucharist, which has not survived. In it he seems to have advanced the doctrine that the Eucharist was merely symbolical or commemorative, an opinion for which Berengar of Tours was at a later date censured and condemned. As a part of his penance, Berengarius is said to have been compelled to burn publicly Eriugena's treatise. So far as we can learn, however, Eriugena was considered orthodox and a few years later was selected by Hincmar, archbishop of Reims, to defend the doctrine of liberty of will against the extreme predestinarianism of the monk Gottschalk (Gotteschalchus). Many in the Church opposed Gottschalk's position because it denied the inherent value of good works. The treatise "De divina praedestinatione" composed for this occasion has been preserved, and it was probably from its content that Eriugena's orthodoxy became suspect.

paragraph: Eriugena argues the question of predestination entirely on speculative grounds, and starts with the bold affirmation that philosophy and religion are fundamentally one and the same. Even more significant is his handling of authority and reason. Eriugena offered a skilled proof that there can be predestination only to the good, for all folk are summoned to be saints. The work was warmly assailed by Drepanius Florus, canon of Lyons, and Prudentius, and was condemned by two councils: that of Valence in 855, and that of Langres in 859. By the former council his arguments were described as "Pultes Scotorum" ("Irish porridge") and "commentum diaboli" ("an invention of the devil").

paragraph: Eriugena was a believer in "apocatastasis" or universal reconciliation, which maintains that the universe will eventually be restored under God's dominion (see also Christian Universalism).

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Translation of Pseudo-Dionysius.

paragraph: At some point in the centuries before Eriugena a legend had developed that Saint Denis, the first Bishop of Paris and patron saint of the important Abbey of Saint-Denis, was the same person as both the Dionysius the Areopagite mentioned in Acts 17.34, and Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, a figure whose writings were not yet being circulated in the West in the ninth century. Accordingly, in the 820s ambassadors from the Byzantine emperor to the court of Louis the Pious donated Louis a Greek manuscript of the Dionysian corpus, which was immediately given to the Abbey of Saint Denis in the care of Abbot Hilduin. Hilduin proceeded to direct a translation of the Dionysian corpus from Greek into Latin, based on this single manuscript.

paragraph: Soon after, probably by the middle of the ninth century, Eriugena made a second Latin translation of the Dionysian corpus, and much later wrote a commentary on "The Celestial Hierarchy". This constitutes the first major Latin reception of the Areopagite. It is unclear why Eriugena made a new translation so soon after Hilduin's. It has often been suggested that Hilduin's translation was deficient; though this is a possibility, it was a serviceable translation. Another possibility is that Eriugena's creative energies and his inclination toward Greek theological subjects motivated him to make a new translation.

paragraph: Eriugena's next work was a Latin translation of Dionysius the Areopagite undertaken at the request of Charles the Bald. A translation of the Areopagite's writings was not likely to alter the opinion already formed as to Eriugena's orthodoxy. Pope Nicholas I was offended that the work had not been submitted for approval before being given to the world, and ordered Charles to send Eriugena to Rome, or at least to dismiss him from his court. There is no evidence, however, that this order was carried out.

paragraph: At the request of the Byzantine emperor Michael III (ca. 858), Eriugena undertook some translation into Latin of the works of Pseudo-Dionysius and added his own commentary.

paragraph: With this translation, he was the first since Saint Augustine to introduce the ideas of Neoplatonism from the Greek into the Western European intellectual tradition, where they were to have a strong influence on Christian theology.

paragraph: He also translated Gregory of Nyssa’s "De hominis opificio" and Maximus Confessor's "Ambigua ad Iohannem".

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"Periphyseon".

paragraph: Eriugena's great work, "De divisione naturae" ("On the Division of Nature") or "Periphyseon", is arranged in five books. The form of exposition is that of dialogue; the method of reasoning is the syllogism. Nature ("Natura" in Latin or "physis" in Greek) is the name of the most comprehensive of all unities, that which contains within itself the most primary division of all things, that which is (being) and that which is not (nonbeing).

paragraph: The Latin title refers to these four divisions of nature: (1) that which creates and is not created; (2) that which is created and creates; (3) that which is created and does not create; (4) that which is neither created nor creates. The first is God as the ground or origin of all things; the second, Platonic ideas or forms; the third, phenomena, the material world; and the last is God as the final end or goal of all things, and that into which the world of created things ultimately returns.

paragraph: The "creation" of the world is in reality a theophania, or showing forth of the Essence of God in the things created. Just as He reveals Himself to the mind and the soul in higher intellectual and spiritual truth, so He reveals Himself to the senses in the created world around us. Creation is, therefore, a process of unfolding of the Divine Nature.

paragraph: "The Division of Nature" has been called the final achievement of ancient philosophy, a work which "synthesizes the philosophical accomplishments of fifteen centuries." It is presented, like Alcuin's book, as a dialogue between Master and Pupil. Eriugena anticipates Thomas Aquinas, who said that one cannot know and believe a thing at the same time. Eriugena explains that reason is necessary to understand and interpret revelation. "Authority is the source of knowledge, but the reason of mankind is the norm by which all authority is judged."

paragraph: It was condemned by a council at Sens by Honorius III (1225), for appearing to promote the identity of God and creation, and by Gregory XIII in 1585. According to Max Bernhard Weinstein, Eriugena argued on behalf of something like a panentheistic definition of nature, although Eriugena himself denied that he was a pantheist. He maintained that for one to return to God, he must first go forth from Him.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: Eriugena's work is distinguished by the freedom of his speculation, and the boldness with which he works out his logical or dialectical system of the universe. He marks, indeed, a stage of transition from the older Platonizing philosophy to the later scholasticism. For him philosophy is not in the service of theology. The above-quoted assertion as to the substantial identity between philosophy and religion is repeated almost word for word by many of the later scholastic writers, but its significance depends upon the selection of one or other term of the identity as fundamental or primary. For Eriugena, philosophy or reason is first, primitive; authority or religion is secondary, derived.

paragraph: Eriugena's influence was greater with mystics than with logicians, but he was responsible for a revival of philosophical thought which had remained largely dormant in western Europe after the death of Boethius.

paragraph: Leszek Kołakowski, a Polish Marx scholar, has mentioned Eriugena as one of the primary influences on Hegel's, and therefore Marx's, dialectical form. In particular, he called "De Divisione Naturae" a prototype of Hegel's "Phenomenology of Spirit".

paragraph: Section::::Joke.

paragraph: William of Malmesbury's humorous anecdote illustrates both the character of Eriugena and the position he occupied at the French court. The king having asked, "Quid distat inter sottum et Scottum?" (What separates a sot [drunkard] from an Irishman?), Eriugena replied, "Tabula tantum" ("Only a Table").

paragraph: William of Malmesbury is not considered a reliable source on John Scotus Eriugena by modern scholars. For example, his reports that Eriugena is buried at Malmesbury is doubted by scholars who say that William confused John Eriugena with a different monk named John. William’s report on the manner of Eriugena’s death, killed by the pens of his students, also appears to be a legend. “It seems certain that this is due to confusion with another John and that the manner of John’s death is borrowed from the Acts of St. Cassian of Imola. Feast: (at Malmesbury), 28 January.”

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: He gives his name to the John Scottus School in Dublin. John Scotus also appeared on the Series B £5 note, in use between 1976 and 1992.

paragraph: Bertrand Russell called him "the most astonishing person of the ninth century". The Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy states he "is the most significant Irish intellectual of the early monastic period. He is generally recognized to be both the outstanding philosopher (in terms of originality) of the Carolingian era and of the whole period of Latin philosophy stretching from Boethius to Anselm".

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Johannis Scotti Eriugenae Periphyseon: (De divisione naturae)", 3 vols, edited by I. P. Sheldon-Williams, (Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1968–1981) [the Latin and English text of Books 1–3 of "De divisione naturae"]

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Periphyseon (The Division of Nature)", tr. I. P. Sheldon-Williams and JJ O'Meara, (Montreal: Bellarmin, 1987) [The Latin text is published in É. Jeauneau, ed, CCCM 161–165.]

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Voice of the Eagle. The Heart of Celtic Christianity: John Scotus Eriugena's Homily on the Prologue to the Gospel of St. John", translated and introduced by Christopher Bamford, (Hudson, NY: Lindisfarne; Edinburgh: Floris, 1990) [reprinted Great Barrington, MA: Lindisfarne, 2000)] [translation of "Homilia in prologum Sancti Evangelii secundum Joannem"]

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Iohannis Scotti Eriugenae Periphyseon (De divisione naturae)", edited by Édouard A. Jeauneau; translated into English by John J. O'Meara and I.P. Sheldon-Williams, (Dublin: School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1995) [the Latin and English text of Book 4 of "De divisione naturae"]

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Glossae divinae historiae: the Biblical glosses of John Scottus Eriugena", edited by John J. Contreni and Pádraig P. Ó Néill, (Firenze: SISMEL Edizioni del Galluzzo, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Treatise on divine predestination", translated by Mary Brennan, (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1998) [translation of "De divina praedestinatione liber."]

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Thirteenth-Century Textbook of Mystical Theology at the University of Paris: the Mystical Theology of Dionysius the Areopagite in Eriugena's Latin Translation, with the Scholia translated by Anastasius the Librarian, and Excerpts from Eriugena's Periphyseon", translated and introduced by L. Michael Harrington, Dallas medieval texts and translations 4, (Paris; Dudley, MA: Peeters, 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Rorem, "Eriugena’s Commentary on the Dionysian Celestial Hierarchy", (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2005). [The Latin text is published in "Expositiones in Ierarchiam coelestem Iohannis Scoti Eriugenae", ed J. Barbet, CCCM 31, (1975).]

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Apocatastasis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berengarians

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christian Universalism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eucharistic theology

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mystical theology

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neoplatonism and Christianity

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- . [This argues that Eriugena's knowledge of Greek was not completely thorough.]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Rorem. "The Early Latin Dionysius: Eriugena and Hugh of St Victor." "Modern Theology" 24:4, (2008).

paragraph: BULLET::::- John MacInnis. "'The Harmony of All Things': Music, Soul, and Cosmos in the Writings of John Scottus Eriugena.” PhD diss., Florida State University, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

alias:
Scotus
John Scotus Eriugena
Eriugena
John Eriugena
Iohannes Scotus Eriugena

description: Irish theologian

enwikiquote_title: John Scotus Eriugena

wikidata_label: Johannes Scotus Eriugena

wikipedia_title: John Scotus Eriugena


text:
Gardner-Serpollet
flash boiler
Ain
18th arrondissement of Paris
land speed record
Jean Boucher
Paris' 17th arrondissement
History of steam road vehicles

categories: French industrialists,1907 deaths,1858 births,French inventors,Tram manufacturers

paragraph: Léon Serpollet

paragraph: Léon Serpollet (4 October 1858 – 1 February 1907) was a French industrialist and pioneer of steam automobiles, under the Gardner-Serpollet brand. He also designed steam trams.

paragraph: In 1896, he invented and perfected the flash boiler, which made steam a much more practical source of power for an automobile.

paragraph: Serpollet was born in the Ain department of France, and went on to establish his factory on the in the 18th arrondissement of Paris, a location that has become the "Parc Léon Serpollet" today.

paragraph: He held the World land speed record, at , achieved in April 1902 driving the steam powered Gardner-Serpollet " ('Easter Egg').

paragraph: He is commemorated by a statue by Jean Boucher at the Place Saint-Ferdinand () in Paris' 17th arrondissement, and the " () in its 18th arrondissement.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of steam road vehicles

alias:
Gardner-Serpollet
Serpollet
Leon Serpollet

description: French businessman and automobile pioneer

wikidata_label: Léon Serpollet

wikipedia_title: Léon Serpollet


text: American

text: jazz

text: pianist

text: composer

text: arranger

text: Indianapolis

text: Indiana

text: Michigan

text: Michigan State University

text: Manhattan School of Music

text: territory band

text: New York

text: Red Allen

text: Bud Freeman

text: Henry Brant

text: Tom McIntosh

text: Julian Priester

text: Bob Wilber

text: Sauter

text: Roy Eldridge

text: Gene Krupa

text: Red Allen

text: Eddie Condon

text: Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus

text: The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady

text: Pee Wee Russell

text: Bobby Hackett

text: The Merv Griffin Show

text: Jimmy Knepper

text: Johnny Hartman

text: Woody Herman

text: Clark Terry

text: Elvin Jones

text: Slide Hampton

text: El Camino Community College

text: Jimmy Cleveland

text: Barbara McNair

text: MDA Labor Day Telethon

text: Beatle Jazz - Yeah Yeah Yeah

text: Johnny Hartman

text: The Voice That Is!

text: Jimmy Knepper

text: Charles Mingus

text: Charles Mingus

text: The Complete Town Hall Concert

text: Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus

text: The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady

text: Woody Herman

text: Encore

text: The Swinging Herman Herd-Recorded Live

text: Mosaic Select

text: Cozy Cole

text: A Cozy Conception Of Carmen

categories: American jazz pianists,Living people,Michigan State University alumni,1930 births,21st-century male musicians,American music arrangers,American male pianists,20th-century American pianists,20th-century male musicians,21st-century American pianists

paragraph: Bob Hammer

paragraph: Howard Robert "Bob" Hammer (born March 3, 1930) is an American jazz pianist, composer and arranger.

paragraph: Hammer was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. He began performing in Michigan at age 15 before studying at Michigan State University and the Manhattan School of Music. Hammer had familiarized himself with early jazz styles (his father had performed with territory bands during the 1930s), and while living in New York, he performed with musicians such as Red Allen and Bud Freeman. During the early 1960s, he studied with composer Henry Brant (alongside Tom McIntosh and Julian Priester).

paragraph: Hammer led a band with Bob Wilber (1955). He worked in the Sauter/Finnegan Orchestra, the Roy Eldridge Quartet (1956) and with Gene Krupa (1956/57). He was a member of Red Allen's band (1958–1962) and Eddie Condon's (1959/60) band. At that time he recorded with Charles Mingus (who called him his "Beethoven") and began to work as arranger for the bassist on "Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus", "Townhall Concert" and the celebrated "The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady". In 1963 he played with Pee Wee Russell, Krupa and Eldridge. In 1964 he was on tour with Bobby Hackett. From 1965 to 1967 he worked as arranger for "The Merv Griffin Show". He recorded with Jimmy Knepper, Johnny Hartman, Woody Herman, Clark Terry, and Elvin Jones. Between 1967 and 1982 he worked as a member of show bands in Las Vegas. After moving to Los Angeles in 1983, he had an engagement with Slide Hampton he worked as instructor for jazz improvisation at El Camino Community College and played in the Jimmy Cleveland Octet. He also worked with Barbara McNair, the Tommy Newsome Quartet and the MDA Labor Day Telethon. In 2004 he recorded with Floyd Standifer's quintet. He also arranged dance charts for the Nicholas Brothers, Skip Cunningham, Chester Whitmore, Jacqueline Douget, Deborah Lysholm and Tim J Hickey.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beatle Jazz - Yeah Yeah Yeah" (ABC-Paramount, 1964), Bob Hammer and His All Stars

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As sideman.

paragraph: With Johnny Hartman

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Voice That Is!" (Impulse!, 1964)

paragraph: With Jimmy Knepper

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Swinging Introduction to Jimmy Knepper" (Bethlehem 1957)

paragraph: With Charles Mingus

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Modern Jazz Symposium of Music and Poetry" (Bethlehem, 1957)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As Arranger.

paragraph: With Charles Mingus

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Complete Town Hall Concert" (Blue Note, 1962 [1994])

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus" (Impulse!, 1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady" (Impulse!, 1963)

paragraph: With Woody Herman

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Encore" (Phillips, 1963), (Grammy winning album)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (Phillips, 1964), (Grammy nominated album)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Swinging Herman Herd-Recorded Live" (Phillips, 1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mosaic Select" (Mosaic, 2007)

paragraph: With Cozy Cole

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Cozy Conception Of Carmen" (Charlie Parker Records, 1962)

description: American pianist

wikidata_label: Bob Hammer

wikipedia_title: Bob Hammer


text:
House of Coloma
Poor Clares
Zaragozza
Juan II de Aragón
Ferdinand
Isabella
Granada
Alhambra Decree
Holy Inquisition
Aragon
Charles VIII
Columbus
Capitulations of Santa Fe
Elda
Zaragoza
Alfajarin
Borja
Treaty of Barcelona
Alhambra Decree
Capitulations of Santa Fe
juandecoloma.blogspot.be/

categories: Ferdinand II of Aragon,16th-century Spanish people,People of the Reconquista

paragraph: Juan II Coloma, 1st Lord of Elda

paragraph: Juan II Coloma, 1st Lord of Elda, Salinas and Petrer, 2nd Lord of Alfajarin, also known as Mosen Coloma (d. 1517) was a court functionary of the Spanish noble house.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Born into the House of Coloma, he was the son of Juan I Coloma, 1st Lord of Alfajarin. His first marriage was to Dona Isabel Díez de Aux. After her death he married dona María Pérez Calvillo, Lady of Malon and Bisimbre. She was from a wealthy Jewish house who converted to avoid expulsion. Therefore his descendants all had Jewish blood.

paragraph: He had 1 legitimate son born in 1500: Juan III Francisco Coloma: 3rd Lord of Alfajarin, 2nd Lord of Elda, Salinas and Petrer. His illegitimate daughter became abbess of the monastery of Poor Clares in Zaragozza, where he is buried in the monastery that he founded.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: At a young age, he was sent to the royal court of Juan II de Aragón; He became a close confidant to the king and from 1462 was his royal secretary. He took office between 1462 – 1479. His career continued during the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, in which he accompanied the court during the war to Granada. There he designed one of his major acts, the Alhambra Decree.

paragraph: He was requested to give counsel concerning the foundation of the Holy Inquisition in Aragon and sent a royal diplomat to the king of France Charles VIII. At the request of his patrons, he designed the conditions that Columbus could receive the royal patronage for his expedition. He concluded the important document with the royal approbation for Columbus in 1491. This concluded in the Capitulations of Santa Fe.

paragraph: Ferdinand was grateful and bestowed noble status to his first wife in 1506. However he wanted to climb higher and bought the Barony of Elda, Salinas and Petrer in 1512. This made possible that his descendants could ascend the hierarchy of the Spanish nobility.

paragraph: After the King's death in 1506, he retired to his palace in Zaragoza, where he became the second lord of Alfajarin. He then returned to Borja, where he died.

paragraph: Section::::Memorial.

paragraph: The Centro de Estudios Borjanos organised in 2017 the Año Coloma in honour of the 500th anniversary of his death.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Treaty of Barcelona

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alhambra Decree

paragraph: BULLET::::- Capitulations of Santa Fe

paragraph: Section::::books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfaro Lapuerta, Emilio: «Don Juan de Coloma, caballero de Borja»; Fernando el Católico y la Hispanidad, Zaragoza, 1952, pp. 37-50.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gascón de Gotor, Anselmo: «Aragón en América: el Magnífico D. Juan de Coloma y las Capitulaciones de Santa Fe»; Doce de Octubre, Zaragoza, 1967.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lacarra, José M.ª: «Un libro de notas del secretario del Rey Católico, Juan de Coloma»; Martínez Ferrando, archivero, Barcelona, 1968, pp. 217- 237.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- juandecoloma.blogspot.be/

description: Spanish politician (1517-1517)

wikidata_label: Joan de Coloma

wikipedia_title: Juan II Coloma, 1st Lord of Elda


text: American

text: Canadian

text: zoologist

text: explorer

text: Decorah, Iowa

text: University of Iowa

text: Spanish–American War

text: National Guard of Iowa

text: Alaska

text: Yukon

text: Canadian Arctic Expedition

text: Vilhjalmur Stefansson

text: the Explorers Club

text: United States

text: National Museum of Canada

text: Ottawa

text: John Macoun

text: Rudolf Martin (disambiguation)

text: Rudolph Martin Anderson

text: The Canadian Encyclopedia

categories: People from Decorah, Iowa,20th-century zoologists,Canadian zoologists,1876 births,American expatriates in Canada,Canadian explorers,1961 deaths

paragraph: Rudolph Martin Anderson

paragraph: Rudolph Martin Anderson (June 30, 1876 – June 21, 1961) was an American born Canadian zoologist and explorer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born in Decorah, Iowa in 1876, the son of John E. A. Anderson. He received a Ph.D. from the University of Iowa in 1906; his dissertation was entitled, "The birds of Iowa".

paragraph: Section::::Military service.

paragraph: He was a veteran of the Spanish–American War, serving as a corporal in the 52nd Iowa Volunteer Infantry. He served with the 54th Infantry National Guard of Iowa from 1900-1906. He was a captain with the National Guard of Missouri from 1906 to 1908.

paragraph: Section::::Civilian career.

paragraph: Anderson participated in the Stefansson-Anderson Arctic Expedition which explored Alaska and the northern Yukon from 1908 to 1912 and was part of the Canadian Arctic Expedition led by Vilhjalmur Stefansson from 1913 to 1916.

paragraph: Anderson joined the Explorers Club in New York in 1912, but resigned six years later.

paragraph: He assisted in the development of the Migratory Birds Convention signed by Canada and the United States in 1916. He was chief of the Biology Division of the National Museum of Canada from 1920 to 1946.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: He died in Ottawa in 1961.

paragraph: Section::::Partial works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1897). "An annotated list of the birds of Winnebago and Hancock counties, Iowa",

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1913–18). "Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913–18",

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1917). "Canadian Arctic Expedition. I. Report of Northern division. II. Report of Southern division,",

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1921). "John Macoun, 1832 [i.e. 1831]-1920",

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1932). "Methods of collecting and preserving vertebrate animals",

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1934). "Mammals of the eastern Arctic and Hudson Bay ; Arctic flora",

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1937). "Mammals and birds of the western Arctic district, Northwest Territories, Canada",

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1937). "Faunas of Canada",

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1943). "A synopsis of the rodents of the southern parts of the prairie provinces of Canada",

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spanish–American War Medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Expert Rifleman with bars

paragraph: BULLET::::- King George VI Coronation medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight Officer International Order, St. Hubert, 1951

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rudolf Martin (disambiguation)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rudolph Martin Anderson at The Canadian Encyclopedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile of Dr. Anderson from Canadian Museum of Civilization online exhibition of the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913-1916

description: Canadian zoologist and explorer

wikidata_label: Rudolph Martin Anderson

wikipedia_title: Rudolph Martin Anderson


text:
art director
Golden Age of Argentine Cinema
Dancing
Mother Gloria
Story of a Poor Young Man
Sensational Kidnapping
Captain Poison
The Dance of Fortune
The Two Rivals
Lucrecia Borgia
Modern Husbands
A Story of the Nineties

categories: Year of birth unknown,Argentine art directors,People from Buenos Aires,1989 deaths

paragraph: Juan Manuel Concado

paragraph: Juan Manuel Concado (died May 14, 1989) was an Argentine art director. He designed the sets for more than ninety films during the Golden Age of Argentine Cinema.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dancing" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mother Gloria" (1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Story of a Poor Young Man" (1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sensational Kidnapping" (1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Captain Poison" (1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dance of Fortune" (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Two Rivals" (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lucrecia Borgia" (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Modern Husbands" (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Story of the Nineties" (1949)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mónica Landro & Marta Speroni. "Cine sonoro argentino, Volume 2". El Calafate Editores, 2005.

description: Argentinian scenographer

wikidata_label: Juan Manuel Concado

wikipedia_title: Juan Manuel Concado


text: Carlist

text: Alcarria

text: Juan Vázquez de Mella

text: working class

text: Guadalajara province

text: Pedro Abánades Jiménez

text: molinese

text: Poor Clares

text: Madrid

text: Universidad Complutense

text: Torrijos

text: Toledo province

text: Colegio de la Concepción

text: Colegio San Ildefonso

text: social-Catholic

text: Integrist

text: editorial board

text: Mellista

text: El Pensamiento Español

text: El Día

text: Gipuzkoa

text: La Ilustración Española y Americana

text: La Correspondencia Militar

text: El Siglo Futuro

text: ABC

text: El Debate

text: Civil War

text: Prensa Asociata

text: Francoist

text: Falangist

text: order of Alfonso X the Wise

text: Castile

text: editor-in-chief

text: Traditionalism

text: Vazquez de Mella

text: Greek revolution of 1922

text: France

text: Versailles

text: Republican

text: British

text: Greek Republic

text: Ireland

text: India

text: Central Powers

text: Hitler

text: his party

text: Germany

text: Dolfuss

text: Belgian

text: Rexists

text: Italian Fascists

text: Benito Mussolini

text: Abyssinian war

text: Sociedad Española de Arte

text: Juventud Católica

text: La Benéfica Molinesa

text: Teruel

text: marquis de Cerralbo

text: José de Sagarmínaga

text: Pablo Marín Alonso

text: Juventud Jaimista

text: Jaime III

text: Entente

text: Alfonso XIII

text: Restauración

text: Mellistas

text: Primo de Rivera

text: Alfonso Carlos

text: coup of July 1936

text: Don Javier

text: Karl Pius

text: prince Carlos Hugo

text: Círculos Culturales Vázquez de Mella

text: Carlism

text: Juan Vázquez de Mella

text: El Siglo Futuro

text: Abánades' obituary

categories: Spanish historians,Spanish anti-communists,Carlists,Spanish lawyers,Spanish male dramatists and playwrights,Spanish essayists,Spanish journalists,1973 deaths,Spanish Roman Catholics,Recipients of the Order of the Black Eagle,Spanish monarchists,1879 births,Spanish politicians,Recipients of the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise,Spanish publishers (people),Spanish dramatists and playwrights

paragraph: Claro Abánades López

paragraph: Claro Abánades López (12 August 1879 – 16 December 1973) was a Spanish journalist, publisher, historian and a Carlist activist. His career of a journalist lasted over 70 years (1897–1969), though he is rather known as author of studies on history of Alcarria and as editor of monumental multi-volume series of Juan Vázquez de Mella works.

paragraph: Section::::Family and youth.

paragraph: Claro Abánades López was born to a working class family from tierra alcarreña, a natural region covering mostly what is now the Guadalajara province. His father, Pedro Abánades Jiménez (1847–1907), was a construction contractor. Little is known about his mother, Antonia López del Rey. The couple had 5 children, Claro born as the second oldest son; all were raised in a profoundly Catholic ambience. He was first educated in the local molinese Colegio de Santa Clara, a primary school ran by the Poor Clares order, later to join Colegio Molines de los Padres Escolapios (Escuelas Pias), a prestigious provincial secondary education establishment; it is there he gained the bachelor title.

paragraph: Claro intended to pursue law in Madrid, but financial standing of his parents did not allow regular studies; in 1899 he entered Facultad de Derecho of (later to become Universidad Complutense) as an unenrolled student. Having graduated at an unspecified date he went on studying philosophy and letters, obtaining diploma in Sección de Historia in 1906. Some time afterwards he became a Doctor in both disciplines, in the Spanish education system of the time the title which enabled him to teach in primary or secondary schools.

paragraph: Claro Abánades married Natalia Arpa, originating from Torrijos in the Toledo province. They initially lived in Molina de Aragón; in 1907 the family moved to Madrid, settling at calle Jesús del Valle in the university quarter. Claro was employed as professor at Colegio de la Concepción, a prestigious education institution for the privileged and the wealthy. The college remained his primary workplace for unspecified time; in the early 1930s he was already reported as headmaster of another Madrid secondary school, Colegio San Ildefonso, offering a complete Catholic curriculum from kindergarten to bachillerato, involved in education activities as late as in the early 1940s. The couple had 3 children: Claro Pedro, Mariano and María de los Angeles. The older son, born already in Molina, worked as a journalist; the younger one became a professor at another secondary school in Madrid.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Abánades started his journalist career in 1897, gradually commencing co-operation with many provincial periodicals regardless of their political outlook. His contributions ranged from history to politics, literature and customs; touring the province he also kept sending local correspondence. In 1906 he co-founded a petty new journal, "La Torre de Aragón"; though not defined politically, it pursued a social-Catholic line. Following differences with his partner in 1908 he launched an own weekly, "El Vigia de la Torre". It assumed more militant tone, claiming to have been the unique genuinely Catholic periodical in the province. One work described it as Catholic, though formatted along the Integrist pattern; another one claims that both weeklies revealed a clear Carlist leaning.

paragraph: In 1910–1914 in Madrid Abánades three times unsuccessfully attempted to launch a local weekly of the Carlist youth: "Juventud Tradicionalista", "El Combate" and "El Cruzado". His career in full-blown national newspaper commenced in 1914, when he was invited to contribute to "", the official Carlist daily. Becoming member of its editorial board, in 1919 Abánades left "El Correo" during the Mellista breakup in the party. The same year he became editor-in-chief of "El Pensamiento Español", a journal intended to be the piecemouth of the new Mellist party, and kept managing the paper until it ceased to exist in 1923.

paragraph: During the dictatorship Abánades co-operated with a vast array of dailies, be it national ones like "El Día" and "" or local ones, like the Gipuzkoan "" or the Toledan "El Castellano", contributing also to weeklies like "La Ilustración Española y Americana" or "Le Touriste" and unsuccessfully renewing attempts to manage own periodicals. During the Republic he contributed initially to "La Correspondencia Militar", in 1932 emerging as its top comentator, though starting 1933 he switched mostly to "El Siglo Futuro", formally entering its editorial board. He kept publishing also in other Catholic papers, be it local dailies like Navarrese "" and even Canarian "Gaceta de Tenerife" or weeklies like "". He is not known to have published in two leading national newspapers, the monarchist "ABC" and the Catholic "El Debate".

paragraph: After the Civil War Abánades was active mostly in Prensa Asociata, the agency he formed part of already before the war and where he remained during the early Francoist years. He also briefly managed an unidentified periodical named “Lúmen” and collaborated with a number of other titles, above all with "", one of key dailies in the Falangist propaganda machinery. In the 1940s he became one of the seniors of the Spanish press corps; in 1947, 50 years after commencing his newspaper career, he was awarded the order of Alfonso X the Wise as “veterano periodista” and was later named Periodista de Honor by , becoming its oldest member. His latest newspaper piece identified comes from 1969.

paragraph: Section::::Journalist profile.

paragraph: Apart from privately owned, small and ephemeral newspapers, Abánades was heading a major periodical only during his 1919–1923 tenure at "El Pensamiento Español"; he is also known as forming part of editorial board of "El Correo Español" and "El Siglo Futuro". None of the sources consulted claims he headed a section or held jobs in middle management editorial structures; in case of the remaining 30-odd titles he seems to have contributed as a correspondent. Though his juvenile pieces covered a wide range of topics, later on Abánades specialised in three areas. He supplied weeklies and in some cases dailies with articles focusing on history of Spain and Castile in particular, often a byproduct of his own research. As editor-in-chief of "El Pensamiento Español" he took part in ongoing political debates, advocating political cause of the Mellistas; later on, during the 1920s and especially the 1930s, this thread was transformed as writings on history and doctrine of Traditionalism, usually formatted as more or less direct homages to Vazquez de Mella. However, he made his name mostly as foreign affairs comentator.

paragraph: His writings, usually medium-size essays of some 500 words, followed major events; their author aimed to inform the readers about international background of specific developments, their logic and implications. Some of them appear questionable; his piece on the Greek revolution of 1922 seems to confuse cause and effect. Most turned out to be quite accurate, like his 1923 prediction that having won the war France found itself isolated and was not in position to safeguard status quo negotiated in Versailles, or his 1932 analysis denouncing European collective security systems as unstable and forecasting the advent of power-based politics. Most of Abánades’ comments were plagued by political bias, especially by his anti-Republican and anti-British views. He was the first to note that the Greek Republic would end up in trouble and the first to speculate how developments in Ireland or in India would work to London’s disadvantage.

paragraph: Abánades’ vision of European political developments in the 1930s was derived from his germanophile and conservative outlook. Sympathetic towards the Central Powers during the First World War, he considered Versailles treaty responsible for long-lasting crisis in international relations. Before Hitler’s ascension to power he noted that his party was “admirably organized on the national basis“ and hoped that ruled by the Rightist alliance, Germany would be an example to follow when it comes to confronting “communists, anarchists and those who support them with money, namely the Jews and their branch, the freemasonry”. Following the assassination of Dolfuss he shifted his sympathy to the Belgian Rexists and in particular to the Italian Fascists. Always demonstrating respect and esteem for Benito Mussolini, he titled his 1936 commentary on Abyssinian war “Italia tiene su Imperio”, the headline with a highly nostalgic tone in Spain; he did not miss the opportunity to declare the British the true losers of the conflict.

paragraph: Section::::Author.

paragraph: Apart from his work as a journalist Abánades was active also as a writer. He published a number of books and booklets; he wrote some of them himself, some were co-authored and in some cases he edited writings produced by the others. His work falls chiefly into 3 areas: drama, history and Carlism, the last two at times hardly distinguishable.

paragraph: His original contribution consists mostly of historical works related to the Alcarra region. The first to be mentioned is "El Señorío de Molina. Estudio histórico geográfico", monumental 6-volume study which has never been published; its scaled-down versions were "La Ciudad de Molina" (1952), "El Real Señorío Molinés. Compendio de su historia" (1966), "Diego Sánchez Portocarrero" (1966) and "Tierra molinesa. Breve estudio geográfico de sus pueblo" (1969), leaving also other related unedited studies in the archive. Somewhat different focus is at work at "La Reina del Señorío" (1929), the work dedicated to sanctuary of , the works on local history completed by "El alcazar de Molina: la Fábrica de Artillería de Corduente" (1963). Among a number of historical publications unrelated to Guadalajara province, "Apuntes, para una Historia, del Colegio de Madrid de Doctores y Licenciados en Ciencias y Letras" (1949) provides valuable insight into the history of Madrid educational structures. Finally, other historical studies remain in manuscript. In recognition of his merits, Abánades was nominated Cronista Oficial and Hijo Predilecto of Molina de Aragón.

paragraph: Abánades’ contribution to Carlist literature is probably mostly about his monumental, 31-volume edition of all works of Vazquez de Mella, published in the 1930s and supplemented by own synthetic attempt, "Doctrina tradicionalista de las obras de Mella" (1935). Works retaining historical profile are "La Casa de los Tradicionalistas" (1918), "Leyendas y Tradiciones" (1923), "Carlos V de España" (1935), "Centenario del Tradicionalismo Español" (1935), "Carlos VI, Conde de Montemolín" (1936), "Carlos VII, Duque de Madrid" (1936), "Balmes" (1936), "Las predicciones de Mella" (1940) and "Dinastia insobornable" (1962). Finally, publications intended as current political leaflets are "Filosofía de la vida" (1911), "El peligro de España" (1914), "El año germanófilo" (1915), "La legitimidad" and "¿Quién es el Rey, de derecho en España?" (1916), "La resurrección de Don Quijote" (1921), "Un verano, por el Mediodía de Francia" (1928) and "Gibraltar y Tánger" (1929).

paragraph: The last and the least-known part of Abánades’ works is this related to the theatre. Probably in the very early years of the 20th century he wrote "La mano de una madre", a drama played at various opportunities at Teatro Calderón in Molina in 1901. In the late 1920s and early 1930s he was active in Madrid as amateur actor in cultural associations like Sociedad Española de Arte; he also founded a theatrical group “Nosotros”, based in Casa de Guadalajara in Madrid and active between 1934 and 1938. Finally, Abánades kept delivering public lectures, be it either on history of Molina, on Virgen de la Hoz or on de Mella and Traditionalist doctrine.

paragraph: Section::::Carlist: "Restauración".

paragraph: In the late 19th century the Guadalajara provincial Carlism lost much of its previous appeal, reduced mostly to support among peasantry. Nothing is known of political preferences of Pedro Abánades Jiménez, though he was allegedly proud of his son’s beginnings of a conservative Catholic publisher. Apart from journalism, Claro served the cause also as an enthusiastic local Carlist activist; in 1896 he was elected president of Juventud Católica in Molina and co-founded La Benéfica Molinesa, a Catholic social fund. Thanks to his work Señorio de Molina became the most dynamic Carlist county in the province, though he animated party structures also beyond Castile; he is noted as active in the neighboring Teruel, e.g. in 1897 co-organising the propaganda tour of marquis de Cerralbo. Following the death of provincial leader, José de Sagarmínaga, the new one Pablo Marín Alonso considered Abánades one of the future alcarreña leaders and directed him towards the press propaganda, possibly resulting in launching two periodicals in 1906 and 1908.

paragraph: During a Juventud Jaimista homage meeting in a Madrid restaurant in 1911 Abánades first met Juan Vazquez de Mella, the encounter which shaped his political future and theoretical outlook for the rest of his life. He immediately became one of de Mella’s followers, the faction increasingly at odds with the Carlist claimant. Though during the First World War Jaime III officially backed neutral stance leaning towards the Entente, in 1915 Abánades together with Manuel Abelló and de Mella published "El año germanófilo", dubbed “perfect manual of a germanophile”, and kept delivering pro-German lectures. It was de Mella who invited him to join "El Correo Español", the official party newspaper that two opposing Carlist factions competed to control. Finally, in 1919 Abánades followed de Mella when he was expulsed from the party.

paragraph: The years of 1919–1923 mark the climax of Abánades’ political career, as it was the only period when he emerged from the party back benches. Though he did not hold any major posts in the newly emergent Mellist organization, and by historians he is not counted among key Mellistas, he was entrusted with the task of managing the party newspaper, "El Pensamiento Español". Abánades propagated political line of his leader, speaking against taking any official posts, lambasting idea of a right-wing monarchist party and especially voicing mistrust towards some conciliatory gestures made by Alfonso XIII versus Traditionalism. He advocated derogation of and building an entirely new Traditionalist regime, possibly based on military dictatorship. At the time when political system of Restauración was falling into pieces and two major were rapidly disintegrating, it might have appeared that an anti-establishment extreme-Right alliance envisioned by de Mella could grow into a major player on the Spanish political scene. However, Mellismo proved ineffective as agglutinatory force and decomposed in the early 1920s; "El Pensamiento Español" ceasing to exist.

paragraph: Section::::Carlist: dictatorship, republic and Francoism.

paragraph: Unlike most Mellistas who left the party to pursue their career elsewhere, Abánades was one of the few faithful and remained also a personal friend of Mella, who withdrew from politics. This boiled down to his political isolation during Primo de Rivera dictatorship; Abánades was active neither in semi-official Carlist structures nor in official primoderiverista institutions. In 1931–1932 together with many already orphaned former Mellistas he reconciled with the new Carlist king Alfonso Carlos and joined the united Carlist organization, . He did not assume major posts, merely forming part of Junta del Círculo Tradicionalista de Madrid. His contribution to the cause consisted mostly of propaganda activities: press articles, books, booklets and semi-scholarly lectures. Second-row speaker, he was usually not mentioned in press headlines. His modest personal victory was getting elected to Madrid educational board, hailed by conservative press as “triumph of the Right”.

paragraph: It is not clear whether Abánades was involved or aware of the forthcoming coup of July 1936; none of the sources consulted provides also any information about his whereabouts during the Civil War and the very first years of Francoism. A single author claims he joined those Carlists who estranged the intransigent regent-claimant Don Javier and aligned themselves with the amalgamation line; indeed in 1943 he is noted as paying homage to founders of Falange and involved in the Francoist propaganda, especially "El Alcazar". On the other hand, at the same time he was recorded as active in Academia Vazquez de Mella, a semi-official Carlist cultural enterprise; In the 1940s he joined supporters of Karl Pius, styled as the Carlist claimant Carlos VIII, though at that time he was engaged mostly in religious projects, culminating in crowning of Virgen de la Hoz as Reina de Molina de Aragón.

paragraph: Once Carlism abandoned its opposition strategy in the mid-1950s Abánades was awkwardly involved in a new internal power struggle. At that time a young generation of socially minded activists, grouped around prince Carlos Hugo, launched their bid to take control of Carlism. It was they who benefitted most from the new rapprochement policy towards Francoism, as javieristas controlled many new Carlist institutions, now officially permitted by the regime. One of them was Círculos Culturales Vázquez de Mella, soon formatted by the socialist youth as means of disseminating their vision. Not yet ready for open challenge, they invited older Carlists as front-men, supposed to provide them with Traditionalist credentials. Abánades was probably not aware of the plot when elected president of Junta Nacional de los Círculos Vázquez de Mella in 1959, later becoming the honorary president. In the early 1960s - officially reconciled with the Javierista Carlists - he was celebrated by Carlos Hugo and his faction, awarded orders, presiding over official homages to de Mella, quoted as authority on his writings and receiving flattering letters from the prince. In 1969 he published his last article identified, printed in the Carlist periodical.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carlism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juan Vázquez de Mella

paragraph: BULLET::::- El Siglo Futuro

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juan Ramón de Andrés Martín, "El cisma mellista. Historia de una ambición política", Madrid 2000,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agustín Fernández Escudero, "El marqués de Cerralbo. Una vida entre el carlismo y la arqueología", Madrid 2015,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Raimundo García, Eduardo González Calleja, "La prensa carlista y falangista durante la Segunda República y la Guerra Civil (1931–1937)", [in:] "El Argonauta español" 9 (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diego Sanz Martínez, "El patrimonio cultural y la identidad como factores de desarrollo de la sociedad rural. Prospección de recursos para un turismo cultural en el Señorío de Molina de Aragón (Guadalajara)" [PhD thesis Universidad Complutense], Madrid 2015

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abánades at "Diccionario Biográfico de la Guadalajara Contemporánea"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abánades at "Biografias de gentes de Guadalajara"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abánades' obituary

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dinastia insobornable" by Abanades on books.google

wikidata_label: Claro Abánades López

wikipedia_title: Claro Abánades López


text:
DJM
Gerry Rafferty
Hank Wangford
Melanie
Jasper Carrott
Gerry Rafferty's
The Hank Wangford Band
Sydney Carter
Maddy Prior
Shusha
John Kirkpatrick
Daphne’s Flight
Christine Collister
Julie Matthews
Helen Watson
Chris While
DJM Records
DJM Records

categories: 1951 births,British songwriters,Living people,British singers

paragraph: Melanie Harrold

paragraph: Melanie Harrold is a British singer/songwriter, best known for her 1970s albums for DJM (Fancy That and Blue Angel) plus recording with Gerry Rafferty, and singing with Hank Wangford. In her early career, and even for her first album (Fancy That), Melanie went under the name Joanna Carlin so as not to be confused with the other singer Melanie.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Melanie worked the folk clubs where she met Jasper Carrott. When Carrott got a recording contract with DJM Records, it led to Melanie also being signed up by the company.

paragraph: The Fancy That LP was released in 1977, with Blue Angel released the following year (under her real name). As she was singing backing vocals on Gerry Rafferty's albums, she was able to use his backing band and producer Hugh Murphy to work on her albums.

paragraph: In the 1980s she fronted the comedy country The Hank Wangford Band. She went under the name Irma Cetas ("the Vera Lynn of the North Sea Oilfields").

paragraph: She also recorded the song Holy Horses on the Lovely In The Dances (Songs of Sydney Carter) album, originally released in 1981 (and re-released on CD in 2009). The album featured artists such as Maddy Prior (whom Melanie toured with), Shusha and John Kirkpatrick.

paragraph: In the 1990s she released two albums (The Last Leviathan and Instinctive Behaviour) with double-bass player Olly Blanchflower.

paragraph: She was also involved with the album Daphne’s Flight, a 1996 collaboration between five highly regarded female vocalists, instrumentalist and songwriters in the British folk and root music scene: Christine Collister, Melanie Harrold, Julie Matthews, Helen Watson and Chris While. The collaboration resulted in a sell out tour. On the album, Melanie sang lead on the opening track Over And Over (her own composition from the Instinctive Behaviour album) and The Letter.

paragraph: In recent years she has concentrated on choir work, including developing the Trade Winds, Raise The Roof, and Vocal Chords choirs.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fancy That" (1977) – DJM Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blue Angel" (1978) – DJM Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Last Leviathan" (1990) - Olanie Music (with Olly Blanchflower)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Instinctive Behaviour" (1993) - Olanie Music (with Olly Blanchflower)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live" (2013) - Big Village Records

wikidata_label: Melanie Harrold

wikipedia_title: Melanie Harrold


text:
Italian
Rococo
Mantua
goldsmith
Parmesan
Giovanni Canti
Francesco Maria Raineri
expressionism
Lombardy
Fetti
Bencovich
Rubens
Magnasco
Pius V
Ducal Palace of Mantua
Saint Maurice
St. John
St. Mark
St. Luke
Vasto di Goito
Aloysius Gonzaga
Borgoforte
Alexander the Great
Giacomo Biondi
Mantua
Domenico Conti Bazzani
Neoclassical
Web Gallery of Art

categories: Italian male painters,17th-century Italian painters,People from the Province of Mantua,Mantuan painters,1769 deaths,18th-century Italian painters,1690 births,Italian Baroque painters

paragraph: Giuseppe Bazzani

paragraph: Giuseppe Bazzani (23 September 1690 – 17 August 1769) was an Italian painter of the Rococo.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Mantua to a goldsmith, Giovanni Bazzani, early on he apprenticed with the Parmesan painter Giovanni Canti (1653–1715). A fellow pupil was Francesco Maria Raineri. He spent most of his life in Mantua. From 1752, he was faculty, and from 1767, director of the "Accademia di Belle Arti" of Mantua.

paragraph: While esconced in a declining provincial city, he absorbed international influences. His loose brushstrokes, fervid often dark emotionalism, and tortured poses, which recall at times later expressionism, display stylistic tendencies more typical of Lombardy. Numerous artists, including Fetti, Bencovich, Rubens, and Magnasco are said to have influenced him, although the number and diversity of the artists suggested hints that he had an idiosyncratic and unique synthesis for his time.

paragraph: Among his early works are paintings of the "Miracles of Pius V", the "Conversion of a Heretic" and the "Healing of a Madwoman" (all mid-1720s; Mantua, Museum of the Ducal Palace of Mantua), initially painted for the church of Saint Maurice in Mantua. He painted depictions of the evangelists St. John, St. Mark and St. Luke (all late 1720s) for the parish church of Vasto di Goito. He painted the "Baptism", the "Ecstasy of St. Aloysius Gonzaga" and the "Ecstasy of Saints Francis & Anthony" (1732) for the parish church of Borgoforte. Seven canvases depicting the Life of Alexander the Great were painted for Giacomo Biondi, one of the artist's early patrons. His altarpiece of "St Romuald's Vision", initially painted for the church of San Marco, but now in Diocesan Museum of Mantua, the saint, book in hand, has a dream in which he sees his fellow Benedictine monks ascending to heaven in a clumsy, touching, human parade up a staircase instead of a mystical Jacob's ladder. The painting merges a mixture of mystical vision and stylized empiric observation. The nineteenth-century art historian Carlo D'Arco was unconvinced about this brash new style, and said of Bazzani's work that "(he) wanted always to always use a great force of genius ...and most of his works appear as if unperfected sketches and immature conceptions that are drowning and convulsing in mannered styles."

paragraph: The painter Domenico Conti Bazzani (1740-1815) was his pupil and adopted son, and became a prominent Neoclassical painter in Rome.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Web Gallery of Art biography on Bazzani.

alias:
Giuseppe Bazanni
Bazzani

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Giuseppe Bazzani

wikipedia_title: Giuseppe Bazzani


text: NASA

text: Flight Director

text: Gemini

text: Apollo program

text: Apollo 11

text: Red Wing, Minnesota

text: Mississippi College

text: bachelor's degree

text: physics

text: United States Navy

text: Pershing missile

text: United States Army

text: NASA

text: Manned Spacecraft Center

text: Houston, Texas

text: Flight Director

text: Gemini 11

text: Gemini 12

text: Apollo 8

text: Apollo 11

text: Apollo 12

text: Earth observation satellite

text: Space Shuttle program

text: Exceptional Service Medal

text: Outstanding Leadership Medal

text: Distinguished Service Medal

text: American Astronautical Society

text: Friendswood, Texas

text: Webster, Texas

categories: Recipients of the NASA Exceptional Service Medal,1931 births,NASA flight controllers,Recipients of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal,People from Red Wing, Minnesota,1991 deaths,Mississippi College alumni

paragraph: Clifford E. Charlesworth

paragraph: Clifford Eugene Charlesworth (November 29, 1931 – January 28, 1991) was a NASA Flight Director during the Gemini and Apollo programs, including the Apollo 11 Moon landing mission.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Clifford Eugene Charlesworth was born on November 29, 1931, in Red Wing, Minnesota, and grew up in Mississippi. He completed his education at Mississippi College with a bachelor's degree in physics in 1958. After a time as a civil servant with the United States Navy and the Pershing missile program of the United States Army, he joined NASA in 1962. He worked at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, Texas, until 1970. He served as the Flight Director on Gemini 11 and Gemini 12, and as one of the Flight Directors on Apollo 8, the first mission to orbit the Moon; Apollo 11, the first mission to land on the Moon; and Apollo 12, the second Moon landing mission. From 1970 to 1972 he was manager of the Earth observation satellite program. He then worked as Deputy Head of the Payload Section of the Space Shuttle program, as Deputy Director of the Johnson Space Center, and as Director of Space Operations before he retired in 1988.

paragraph: For his services to NASA, Charlesworth was awarded the agency's Exceptional Service Medal in 1969, Outstanding Leadership Medal in 1981, and Distinguished Service Medal in 1982. He was a member of the American Astronautical Society and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.

paragraph: He died from a heart attack on January 28, 1991, at his home in Friendswood, Texas. He was buried in Forest Park East Cemetery in Webster, Texas, with his wife Jewell, who had died in 1988.

description: NASA flight director

wikidata_label: Clifford E. Charlesworth

wikipedia_title: Clifford E. Charlesworth


text: Tarbes

text: low-dimensional topology

text: baccalauréat

text: École Normale Supérieure

text: University of Paris VII

text: University of Paris XI

text: Laurence Siebenmann

text: Princeton University

text: CNRS

text: habilitation

text: University of Southern California

text: Los Angeles

text: University of California, Davis

text: IHES

text: Caltech

text: MSRI

text: Kleinian group

text: CNRS

text: Sloan Research Fellow

text: ICM

text: Kyoto

text: American Mathematical Society

text: "Geodesic laminations on surfaces"

text: "Geometric Structures on 3-manifolds"

text: "Cobordism of automorphism of surfaces"

text: arXiv.org preprint

text: arXiv.org preprint

text: arXiv.org preprint

text: arXiv.org preprint

categories: University of Paris alumni,1955 births,21st-century French mathematicians,Fellows of the American Mathematical Society,École Normale Supérieure alumni,20th-century French mathematicians,University of Southern California faculty

paragraph: Francis Bonahon

paragraph: Francis Bonahon (9 September 1955, Tarbes) is a French mathematician, specializing in low-dimensional topology.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Bonahon received in 1972 his "baccalauréat", and was accepted in 1974 into the École Normale Supérieure. He received in 1975 his "maîtrise" in mathematics from the University of Paris VII, and in 1979 his doctorate from the University of Paris XI under Laurence Siebenmann with thesis "Involutions et fibrés de Seifert dans les variétés de dimension 3". As a postdoc he was for the academic year 1979/80 a "Procter Fellow" at Princeton University. In 1980 he became an "attaché de recherche" and in 1983 a "chargé de recherche" of the CNRS. In 1985 he received his habilitation from the University of Paris XI under Siebenmann with thesis "Geometric structures on 3-manifolds and applications". Bonahon became in 1986 an assistant professor, in 1988 an associate professor, and in 1989 a full professor at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles.

paragraph: He was a visiting professor in 1990 at the University of California, Davis, in 1996 at the Centre Émile Borel and at the IHES, in 1997 at Caltech, in 2000 at IHES, and in 2015 at the MSRI.

paragraph: Bonahon's research deals with three-dimensional topology, knot theory, surface diffeomorphisms, hyperbolic geometry, and Kleinian groups.

paragraph: He received in 1985 a bronze medal from CNRS and from 1989 to 1994 a Presidential Young Investigator Award. From 1987 to 1989 he was a Sloan Research Fellow. In 1990 he was an Invited Speaker with talk "Ensembles limites et applications" at the ICM in Kyoto. He was elected a Fellow of American Mathematical Society in 2012.

paragraph: His doctoral students include Frédéric Paulin.

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Low dimensional geometry: from euclidean surfaces to hyperbolic knots." Student Mathematical Library, American Mathematical Society 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geodesic laminations on surfaces", in M. Lyubich, John Milnor, Yair Minsky (eds.) "Laminations and Foliations in Dynamics, Geometry and Topology", Contemporary Mathematics 269, 2001, 1–38.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geometric Structures on 3-manifolds", in R. Daverman, R. Sher (eds.) "Handbook of Geometric Topology", North Holland 2002, pp. 93–164.

paragraph: BULLET::::- as editor with Robert Devaney, Frederick Gardiner, and Dragomir Saric: "Conformal Dynamics and Hyperbolic Geometry", Contemporary Mathematics 573, AMS, 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Difféotopies des espaces lenticulaires", Topology 22, 1983, 305–314

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cobordism of automorphism of surfaces", Annales ENS, 16, 1983, 237–270

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Laurence Siebenmann: "The classification of Seifert fibered 3-orbifolds", in R. Fenn (ed.) "Low Dimensional Topology", Cambridge University Press, 1985, pp. 19–85

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bouts des variétés hyperboliques de dimension 3", Annals of Mathematics, vol. 124, 1986, pp. 71–158

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The geometry of Teichmüller space via geodesic currents", Inventiones Mathematicae, vol. 92, 1988, 139–162

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Earthquakes on Riemann surfaces and on measured geodesic laminations", Amer. Math. Soc. vol. 330, 1992, 69–95

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shearing hyperbolic surfaces, bending pleated surfaces and Thurston's symplectic form." Ann. Fac. Sci. Toulouse Math. (6) 5 (1996), no. 2, 233–297.

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Jean-Pierre Otal: "Laminations mesurées de plissage des variétés hyperboliques de dimension 3", Annals of Mathematics 113, 2004, 1013–1055.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kleinian groups which are almost fuchsian", J. Reine. Angew. Mathematik, vol. 587, 2005, pp. 1–15 arXiv.org preprint

paragraph: BULLET::::- with X. Liu "Representations of the quantum Teichmüller space, and invariants of surface diffeomorphisms", Geometry and Topology, vol. 11, 2007, pp. 889–937. arXiv.org preprint

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Guillaume Dreyer: "Parameterizing Hitchin components." Duke Math. J. 163 (2014), no. 15, 2935–2975. arXiv.org preprint

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Helen Wong: "Representations of the Kauffman bracket skein algebra I: invariants and miraculous cancellations." Invent. Math. 204 (2016), no. 1, 195–243. arXiv.org preprint

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francis Bonbon, Department of Mathematics, University of Southern California

description: French mathematician

wikidata_label: Francis Bonahon

wikipedia_title: Francis Bonahon


href: Lendinara Garibaldi Jessie%20White

text:
Lendinara
Garibaldi
Jessie White

categories: 1883 deaths,People of the Italian unification,1825 births

paragraph: Alberto Mario

paragraph: Alberto Mario (Lendinara, 4 June 1825 – 2 June 1883) was an Italian politician, journalist and supporter of Garibaldi. His wife was the English supporter of Garibaldi Jessie White.

description: Italian politician and journalist

wikidata_label: Alberto Mario

wikipedia_title: Alberto Mario


text: Greek Patriarch of Alexandria

categories: Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria,12th-century Eastern Orthodox bishops

paragraph: Patriarch Eulogius of Alexandria

paragraph: Eulogius served as Greek Patriarch of Alexandria in the 12th century (exact dates are unknown).

wikidata_label: Patriarch Eulogius of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Patriarch Eulogius of Alexandria


text: Greek Patriarch of Alexandria

paragraph: Patriarch Sabbas of Alexandria

paragraph: Sabbas served as Greek Patriarch of Alexandria in the 12th century (exact dates are unknown).

wikidata_label: Patriarch Sabbas of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Patriarch Sabbas of Alexandria


text: Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria

categories: Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria,Coptic Orthodox saints,12th-century Eastern Orthodox bishops,12th-century Christian saints

paragraph: Patriarch Cyril II of Alexandria

paragraph: Cyril II served as Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria in the 12th century (exact dates are unknown).

wikidata_label: Patriarch Cyril II of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Patriarch Cyril II of Alexandria


text: Greek Patriarch of Alexandria

paragraph: Patriarch Theodosius II of Alexandria

paragraph: Theodosius II served as Greek Patriarch of Alexandria in the 12th century (exact dates are unknown).

description: Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria

wikidata_label: Patriarch Theodosius II of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Patriarch Theodosius II of Alexandria


text: Greek Patriarch of Alexandria

paragraph: Patriarch Sophronius III of Alexandria

paragraph: Sophronius III served as Greek Patriarch of Alexandria between 1116 and 1171.

wikidata_label: Patriarch Sophronius III of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Patriarch Sophronius III of Alexandria


text: Greek Patriarch of Alexandria

paragraph: Patriarch Elias II of Alexandria

paragraph: Elias II served as Greek Patriarch of Alexandria between 1171 and 1175.

wikidata_label: Patriarch Elias II of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Patriarch Elias II of Alexandria


text: Greek Patriarch of Alexandria

paragraph: Patriarch Eleutherius of Alexandria

paragraph: Eleutherius served as Greek Patriarch of Alexandria between 1175 and 1180.

wikidata_label: Patriarch Eleutherius of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Patriarch Eleutherius of Alexandria


text:
Greek Patriarch of Alexandria
Synaxarion
Theodore Balsamon

categories: Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria,Coptic Orthodox saints,12th-century Eastern Orthodox bishops,13th-century Christian saints,13th-century Eastern Orthodox bishops

paragraph: Patriarch Mark III of Alexandria

paragraph: Mark III served as Greek Patriarch of Alexandria between 1180 and 1209. He is commemorated in the Coptic "Synaxarion" on the 6th day of Tubah.

paragraph: Section::::Relations with the Church of Rome.

paragraph: At the time, many Latin merchants had settled in Egypt, along with priest chaplains, and Latin prisoners held by the Muslims. In 1190, Mark wrote to the Byzantine Canonist from Antioch Theodore Balsamon for his opinion on whether or not it was permitted to continue the practice of admitting the Latins to Holy Communion. Although the Canonist gave an uncompromisingly negative answer, Mark rejected it. Mark continued to remember the Pope of Rome in the diptychs and administer Holy Communion to Latins.

wikidata_label: Patriarch Mark III of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Patriarch Mark III of Alexandria


text:
Greek Patriarch of Alexandria
Fourth Lateran Council
Damietta
Ayyubid
Crusaders

categories: Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria,13th-century Eastern Orthodox bishops

paragraph: Patriarch Nicholas I of Alexandria

paragraph: Patriarch Nicholas I served as Greek Patriarch of Alexandria between 1210 and 1243.

paragraph: Like his predecessor, Nicholas I maintained communion with the See of Rome. He ordained a Latin rite priest and at the invitation of Innocent III of Rome, sent representatives to participate in the Fourth Lateran Council (1215).

paragraph: In 1218-1219, Crusaders captured Damietta as a base to invade and liberate the Christians of Egypt from the Ayyubid Muslims. After a crushing defeat in 1221, Crusaders surrendered Damietta and signed an 8-year truce. Native Egyptian Christians underwent renewed persecution and tortures by the Muslims in retaliation. Patriarch Nicholas died in deep poverty, 6 years before Crusaders returned to briefly retake Damietta.

wikidata_label: Patriarch Nicholas I of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Patriarch Nicholas I of Alexandria


text: Greek Patriarch of Alexandria

paragraph: Patriarch Gregory I of Alexandria

paragraph: Gregory I served as Greek Patriarch of Alexandria between 1243 and 1263.

wikidata_label: Patriarch Gregory I of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Patriarch Gregory I of Alexandria


text:
Greek Patriarch of Alexandria
Bishop of Rome

categories: Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria,13th-century Eastern Orthodox bishops,14th-century Eastern Orthodox bishops

paragraph: Patriarch Athanasius III of Alexandria

paragraph: Athanasius III served as Greek Patriarch of Alexandria between 1276 and 1316.

paragraph: Since the Bishop of Rome appointed a titular Latin Patriarch of Alexandria in 1310, it is likely that ecclesiastical communion had been broken by Athanasius III episcopate.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sources

wikidata_label: Patriarch Athanasius III of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Patriarch Athanasius III of Alexandria


text: Greek Patriarch of Alexandria

categories: Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria,14th-century Eastern Orthodox bishops

paragraph: Patriarch Gregory II of Alexandria

paragraph: Gregory II served as Greek Patriarch of Alexandria between 1316 and 1354.

wikidata_label: Patriarch Gregory II of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Patriarch Gregory II of Alexandria


text: Greek Patriarch of Alexandria

paragraph: Patriarch Gregory III of Alexandria

paragraph: Gregory III served as Greek Patriarch of Alexandria between 1354 and 1366.

wikidata_label: Patriarch Gregory III of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Patriarch Gregory III of Alexandria


text: Greek Patriarch of Alexandria

paragraph: Patriarch Niphon of Alexandria

paragraph: Niphon served as Greek Patriarch of Alexandria between 1366 and 1385.

description: Greek Patriarch of Alexandria in 1366–1385

wikidata_label: Patriarch Niphon of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Patriarch Niphon of Alexandria


text: Greek Patriarch of Alexandria

paragraph: Patriarch Mark IV of Alexandria

paragraph: Mark IV served as Greek Patriarch of Alexandria between 1385 and 1389.

wikidata_label: Patriarch Mark IV of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Patriarch Mark IV of Alexandria


text: Greek Patriarch of Alexandria

paragraph: Patriarch Nicholas III of Alexandria

paragraph: Nicholas III served as Greek Patriarch of Alexandria between 1389 and 1398.

wikidata_label: Patriarch Nicholas III of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Patriarch Nicholas III of Alexandria


text: Greek Patriarch of Alexandria

categories: 15th-century Eastern Orthodox bishops,Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria,14th-century Eastern Orthodox bishops

paragraph: Patriarch Gregory IV of Alexandria

paragraph: Gregory IV served as Greek Patriarch of Alexandria between 1398 and 1412.

wikidata_label: Patriarch Gregory IV of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Patriarch Gregory IV of Alexandria


text:
Russian
physicist
Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy
plasma physics
tokamak
Magnetic confinement fusion
Vitaly Shafranov
nuclear fusion
tokamak
MHD
Electron Cyclotron
runaway electrons
USSR State Prize
I.V.Kurchatov Prize
USSR State Prize
I.V.Kurchatov Prize
L.A.Artsimovich Prize
Global Energy Prize
Hannes Alfvén Prize
Razumova's photo
Research Gate
Research Gate page of Ksenia Razumova

categories: 20th-century physicists,1931 births,Russian physicists,Soviet physicists

paragraph: Ksenia Aleksandrovna Razumova

paragraph: Ksenia Aleksandrovna Razumova ("Ксения Александровна Разумова" in Russian; also transliterated Xenia Razumova) (January, 1931) is a Russian physicist. She graduated from the Physical Faculty of Moscow University in 1955 and took a position at the then called Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy in Moscow, then USSR. She defended her Ph.D. in 1966, was Candidate in Physical and Mathematical sciences in 1967, and became Doctor of Sciences in 1984. She is laboratory head at the Institute of Nuclear Fusion, Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute. Since the beginning she is actively involved plasma physics in research on the tokamak line of Magnetic confinement fusion. .

paragraph: Section::::Selected work.

paragraph: Razumova is best known for her early experimental research in the tokamak line.

paragraph: Inspired by the theoretical work of Vitaly Shafranov, she developed a macroscopically stable plasma in the tokamak TM-2 in 1963., opening the way to a world-wide shift of the nuclear fusion programme towards the tokamak line .

paragraph: Experiments carried out by her at this tokamak, along with results obtained on the T-3 and T-4 tokamaks, convinced the scientific community that the pessimistic forecasts for the future of magnetic confinement based on the Bohm formula were unfounded. In 1971, she was awarded the USSR State Prize for creating and investigating high temperature thermonuclear plasmas in tokamaks. . Her work contributed to the very fast development of the tokamak line in the 1970s.

paragraph: She was a pioneer on the study of MHD instabilities and disruptions in tokamaks . In 1962, she and her colleagues were the first to observe the disruption instability in a tokamak.

paragraph: She was the first to implement a method to measure the plasma energy based on the diamagnetic effect, still in use these days .

paragraph: With V. Alikaev, she demonstrated plasma heating by Electron Cyclotron in the TM-3 tokamak. Her team also investigated runaway electrons in tokamaks .

paragraph: Since the mid 1980's her interest has shifted to investigation on plasma transport, in particular to the study of profile consistency and plasma self-organization .

paragraph: She is as active now as she was in her younger years, and is always eager to discuss new ideas and experiments.

paragraph: Section::::Honours and awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971 - USSR State Prize for the "Realisation and investigation of high-temperature thermonuclear plasmas in Tokamaks"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974 - I.V.Kurchatov Prize

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983 - USSR State Prize for her contributions to "The development of high power gyrotrons and their applications in thermonuclear research"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984 - I.V.Kurchatov Prize

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 - L.A.Artsimovich Prize for her contributions to "The physics of heating and current drive by electron cyclotron waves"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 - Honorable Silver Badge of the Global Energy Prize

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 - The Hannes Alfvén Prize of the European Physical Society in 2017

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Razumova's photo – from the Research Gate

paragraph: BULLET::::- Research Gate page of Ksenia Razumova

alias:
Kseniya Aleksandrovna Razumova
Ksenia Aleksandrovna Razumova

wikidata_label: Ksenia Razumova

wikipedia_title: Ksenia Aleksandrovna Razumova