text:
Italian
Italian
Defensor pacis
Middle Ages
caesaropapism
Padua
University of Paris
rector
Pope John XXII
Louis of Bavaria
Holy Roman Emperor
Kingdom of Naples
France
excommunicated
reason
authority
Holy Roman Empire
Papacy
John of Jandun
court
Bavaria
Michael of Cesena
William of Ockham
Galeazzo I Visconti
Milan
Rome
Sciarra Colonna
heresy
Franciscan
Pietro Rainalducci
Nicholas V
archbishop of Milan
bishopric of Ferrara
Landolfo Colonna
Munich
Europe
Defensor minor
penance
indulgence
crusade
pilgrimage
excommunication
Greek Orthodox Church

categories: University of Paris alumni,People excommunicated by the Catholic Church,Scholastic philosophers,1270s births,14th-century Latin writers,Italian philosophers,1340s deaths,People from Padua

paragraph: Marsilius of Padua

paragraph: Marsilius of Padua (Italian: "Marsilio" or "Marsiglio da Padova"; born "Marsilio dei Mainardini" or "Marsilio Mainardini"; c. 1275 – c. 1342) was an Italian scholar, trained in medicine, who practiced a variety of professions. He was also an important 14th-century political figure. His political treatise "Defensor pacis" (The Defender of Peace), an attempt to refute papalist claims to a "plenitude of power" in affairs of both church and state, is seen by some authorities as the most revolutionary political treatise written in the later Middle Ages. It is one of the first examples of a trenchant critique of caesaropapism in Western Europe.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Marsilius was born in Padua, an important Italian city, circa 1275-1280. He probably studied medicine at the University of Padua and later went to the University of Paris, where he became a devoted admirer of Aristotle, whom he called 'the divine philosopher". He served as rector of the University of Paris in 1313.

paragraph: Section::::Political theory and later years.

paragraph: Marsilius wrote "Defensor pacis" in 1324. This treatise was written in the context of a power struggle between Pope John XXII and Louis of Bavaria (or Ludwig of Bavaria), the elected candidate for Holy Roman Emperor. Louis' policies in the Italian peninsula, where the Empire had important territories, threatened papal territorial sovereignty. In 1323 Louis had sent an army to Italy to protect Milan against the powerful Kingdom of Naples. Naples, along with France, was a strong ally of John XXII. John excommunicated Louis and demanded that he relinquish his claim to the imperial crown. Louis responded to John XXII with fresh provocations.

paragraph: In "Defensor pacis", Marsilius sought to demonstrate, by arguments from reason (in "Dictio I" of the text) and by argument from authority (in "Dictio II") the independence of the Holy Roman Empire from the Papacy and the emptiness of the prerogatives alleged to have been usurped by the Roman pontiffs. A number of Marsilius's views were declared to be heretical by Pope John XXII in 1327.

paragraph: Most of "Defensor pacis" is devoted to theology. Relying heavily on Scripture, Marsilius seeks to show that Jesus did not claim to possess any temporal power and that he did not intend his church to exercise any. On the contrary, Scripture teaches that the church should be thoroughly subordinate to the state in both secular and spiritual matters. All authority in the church lies with the whole body of the faithful, the secular ruler who acts as the people's representative, and general councils called by the secular ruler. Some of Marsilius's arguments on these themes had a marked influence during the Reformation.

paragraph: Today, Marsilius's "Defensor pacis" is best remembered not for its theology but for its political philosophy and legal theory. Marsilius agrees with Aristotle that the purpose of government is the rational fulfillment of humans' natural desire for a "sufficient life". However, he goes beyond Aristotle in embracing a form of republicanism that views the people as the only legitimate source of political authority. Sovereignty lies with the people, and the people should elect, correct, and, if necessary, depose its political leaders. Democracy, Marsilius argues, is the best form of government because it tends to produce the wisest laws, protects the common benefit, promotes "sufficiency of life", and produces laws that are most likely to be obeyed.

paragraph: Marsilius and John of Jandun, who has sometimes been credited as a co-author of "Defensor pacis", left France for Louis' court in Bavaria. Louis admitted Marsilius and John to his circle. Others were also under his protection, including Michael of Cesena and the philosopher William of Ockham, an advocate of an early form of church and state separation. In 1326, Marsilius accompanied Louis to Italy, where he preached or circulated written attacks against the pope. The Lord of Milan Galeazzo I Visconti, suspected of conspiring with John XXII, was deposed and Louis was crowned King of Italy in Milan in 1327.

paragraph: In January 1328 Louis entered Rome and had himself crowned emperor by the aged senator Sciarra Colonna, called "captain of the Roman people". Three months later, Louis published a decree declaring "Jacque de Cahors"—Pope John XXII—deposed on grounds of heresy. He then installed the Franciscan Pietro Rainalducci as Nicholas V. Nicholas was deposed upon Louis's departure from Rome in 1329.

paragraph: In Bavaria, as imperial vicar, Marsilius persecuted the clergy who had remained faithful to John XXII. In recompense for his services, he was appointed archbishop of Milan, and John of Jandun obtained from Louis IV the bishopric of Ferrara.

paragraph: Marsilius also composed a treatise "De translatione [Romani] imperii", which some authorities consider is a rearrangement of a similar work by Landolfo Colonna called "De jurisdictione imperatoris in causa matrimoniali". This work, and Marsilius's variation, sought to justify the exclusive jurisdiction of the emperor in matrimonial affairs: Louis of Bavaria had recently annulled the marriage of the son of the King of Bohemia.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Marsilius died in Munich around 1342, still unreconciled to the Church.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Some authorities consider "Defensor pacis" one of the most important political and religious works of fourteenth-century Europe. In the "Defensor minor", Marsilius completed and elaborated on different points in the doctrine laid down in the "Defensor pacis". He dealt here with problems concerning ecclesiastical jurisdiction, penance, indulgences, crusades and pilgrimages, vows, excommunication, the general church council, marriage and divorce, and unity with the Greek Orthodox Church. In this work he even more clearly articulates imperial supremacy over the Church.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Defender of Peace" (Cambridge University Press, 2005).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Writings on the Empire: Defensor minor and De translatione imperii" (Cambridge University Press, 1993).

description: Italian philosopher

wikidata_label: Marsilius of Padua

wikipedia_title: Marsilius of Padua


text:
Nantes
electronica
electroclash
Sexy Sushi
Daft Punk
Alan Braxe
Fred Falke
Lifelike
Jacques Lu Cont
Nicolas Makelberge
DJ Falcon
John Carpenter
A Real Hero
Drive
Taken 2
Chromaphase
Nola Wren
Jay Buim
Valerie Collective
synthwave
Anoraak
Maethelvin
Keenhouse
Electric Youth
Sexy Sushi
French
electroclash

categories: Synthwave musicians,1979 births,Musicians from Nantes,French electronic musicians,Living people

paragraph: David Grellier

paragraph: David Grellier (born July 2, 1979, Nantes, France)

paragraph: is a French electronica musician and founder of the musical projects College (2005) and Valerie (2007). Under the stage name Mitch Silver, he is also a member of the electroclash band Sexy Sushi, active since 2004.

paragraph: Section::::Musical projects.

paragraph: Section::::Musical projects.:College.

paragraph: College, in Grellier's words, was an attempt "to synthesize into my music the emotions of my childhood" and was greatly influenced by American 1980s pop-culture, "80's soaps and an aesthetic which I particularly like: color, images, silvery films and the sun – images of Los Angeles, Chicago and all of the other cities that [...] continue to fascinate me" as well as artists including Daft Punk, Alan Braxe, Fred Falke, Lifelike, Jacques Lu Cont, Nicolas Makelberge, DJ Falcon, and John Carpenter.

paragraph: In 2008, College released the album "Secret Diary", alongside the EP "Teenage Color". In 2011, the collective released a second album "Northern Council". The same year, College's song "A Real Hero" was used in the soundtrack of the film "Drive" becoming a charting hit in France reaching #26. The following year the same song was included in the soundtrack of the film "Taken 2".

paragraph: On March 13, 2013, College released a third full-length album, "Heritage", introducing a new series of live acts around the world accompanied by new visual content. French visual system artist Chromaphase cooperated for the Shanghai act.

paragraph: On 10 October 2014, College announced their fourth EP "Save The Day". The title track features vocals by Nola Wren. The official music video for "Save The Day" debuted on 9 November 2014. Jay Buim directed the music video, which has been described as "dark." Both the EP and music video are said to have been inspired by stalker films of the late 1970s and early 1980s.

paragraph: Section::::Musical projects.:Valerie.

paragraph: The Valerie Collective described as "responsible for some of the very best original electronic music now coming out of France", was created as a way to foster musical talent, by providing opportunities for collaboration among artists, also connecting them through blogs and other internet channels. The collective is characterised by a "retro-futurist", "romantic blend of 1980s inspired electro" or synthwave.

paragraph: The musical cooperation was founded in Nantes in 2007 by David Grellier and his friends and colleagues. Various acts in Valerie include The Outrunners, Minitel Rose, Anoraak, Maethelvin, all from Nantes as well as Russ Chimes from London and DVAS from Toronto. Other artists included Keenhouse and Electric Youth. The hymn of the collective is "West Coast Valerie", a remix of the TV series "Côte Ouest".

paragraph: Some of the works are released under the Valerie own record label, whereas others are released under various labels like FVTVR, Endless Summer Recordings, Believe Digital, Flexx, Free Danger. The label Endless Summer Recordings also prepared a compilation album in 2009 entitled "Valerie and Friends" joining a great number of artists in the project.

paragraph: Section::::Musical projects.:Sexy Sushi.

paragraph: Under the pseudonym stage name Mitch Silver, David Grellier is a member of Sexy Sushi, a French electroclash band he formed with vocalist Rebeka Warrior (real name Julia Lanoë). She is also part of the band Mansfield.TYA . Their first albums were released as burned CD-R by alternative distributors like Wonderground. An EP and an album were then released in 2009 by Scandale Records.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As College.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: Secret Diary (album, FVTVR label)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: Teenage Color (EP, Valerie Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: A Real Hero (EP, Flexx label)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: Secret Diary Remixed (EP, FVTVR label)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: Northern Council (album, Valerie label)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: Heritage (album, Valerie Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: Save The Day (EP, Valerie Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: Old Tapes (album, Valerie Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: Shanghai (album, Lakeshore Records, Invada Records)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As Valerie Collective.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Compilation:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Valerie and Friends Compilation" (2009, Endless Summer Recordings)

paragraph: BULLET::::- College:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Secret Diary" (2008 album, FVTVR label)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Teenage Colour" (2008 EP, Believe Digital)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Real Hero" (2008 EP, Flexx label)

paragraph: BULLET::::- College/The Outrunners:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Teenage Colour/Cool Feeling" (7", Free Danger label)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minitel Rose:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The French Machine" (2008 album, FVTVR label)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Atlantic" (2010 album, FVTVR label)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anoraak:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nightdrive With You" (EP, Endless Summer Recordings)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nightdrive With You Remixes" (EP, Endless Summer Recordings)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wherever the Sun Sets" (2010 Naïve Records)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As part of Sexy Sushi.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: "Défonce ton ampli" (CDR, Merdier Records / Wonderground)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: "J'en veux j'en veux des coups de poing dans les yeux" (CDR, Merdier Record / WonDerGround Distribution)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: "Caca" (CDR, Merdier Records / Wonderground)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "Ça m’aurait fait chier d’exploser" (CDR, Merdier Records / Wonderground)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: "Marre Marre Marre" (Believe)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: EP "Des jambes" (SV03, Scandale Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "Tu l'as bien mérité" (SC002, Scandale Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "Château de France"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "Cyril" (L'autre distribution)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "Mauvaise foi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "Flamme"

description: French musician

wikidata_label: David Grellier

wikipedia_title: David Grellier


text:
YouTube
political commentator
livestream
Occupy Wall Street
Chicago's South Side
NBC
Fast Company
Wired
Vice Media
Fusion TV
Occupy Wall Street
Parrot AR.Drone
aerial surveillance
live streaming
Gezi Park protests
Istanbul
Google Glass
Occupy Wall Street
The Guardian
NYPD
2012 Chicago summit
no-go zones
Infowars
Paul Joseph Watson
Malmö
Rinkeby
"Time" 100
Shorty Award

categories: American people of Irish descent,American journalists of Korean descent,Eurasian Americans,1986 births,American people of German descent,American people of Korean descent,American male journalists,People from New Jersey,Occupy Wall Street,Living people

paragraph: Tim Pool

paragraph: Timothy Daniel Pool (born March 9, 1986) is an American YouTuber, journalist, and political commentator. He is best known for livestreaming the Occupy Wall Street protests in 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Pool grew up with his three siblings in Chicago's South Side in a lower-middle-class family. He left school at age 14, educating himself at home through a correspondence program.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Pool's footage has been aired by mainstream outlets including NBC. He was covered by "Fast Company" and "Wired". In 2013, Pool joined Vice Media producing and hosting content as well as developing new methods of reporting. In 2014, he joined Fusion TV as Director of Media innovation and Senior Correspondent.

paragraph: Pool is a co-founder of Tagg.ly, a mobile application for watermarking photos and videos in order to allow copyrights to be withheld by users.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Reporting style.

paragraph: Pool used a live-chat stream to respond to questions from viewers while reporting Occupy Wall Street. Pool has also let his viewers direct him on where to shoot footage. He modified a toy remote-controlled Parrot AR.Drone for aerial surveillance and modified software for live streaming into a system called DroneStream.

paragraph: Pool uses new technologies for coverage of events. In 2013, he reported on the Gezi Park protests in Istanbul with Google Glass.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Occupy Wall Street.

paragraph: Pool's use of live streaming video and aerial drones during Occupy Wall Street protests led to an article in "The Guardian" querying whether such activities could take the form of counterproductive surveillance. He has been threatened for filming. In January 2012 he was physically accosted by a masked assailant. Pool's video taken during the protests was instrumental evidence in the acquittal of photographer Alexander Arbuckle, who had been arrested by the NYPD. The video showed that the arresting officer lied under oath, though no charges were filed.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:NoNATO protests incident.

paragraph: While covering the NoNATO protests at the 2012 Chicago summit, Pool, along with four others, was pulled over by a dozen Chicago police officers in unmarked vehicles. The group was removed from the vehicle at gunpoint, interrogated and searched. The official reason given by police was that the vehicle the team had been in matched a description. The group was released after approximately 10 minutes.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Immigration in Sweden.

paragraph: In February 2017, Pool travelled to Sweden to investigate right-wing contentions of "no-go zones" and problems with refugees in the country. He launched a crowdfunding effort to do so after President Trump alluded to crimes relates to immigration in Sweden. Infowars writer Paul Joseph Watson, offered to pay for travel costs and accommodation for any reporter "to stay in crime-ridden migrant suburbs of Malmö." Watson gave Pool $2,000 to go to Sweden, while Pool crowdfunded the rest. While in Sweden, Pool largely disputed that migrant suburbs of Malmö and Stockholm were crime-ridden, saying that Chicago has vastly more violence. However, Pool alleged that he had to be escorted by police out of Rinkeby, a Stockholm suburb, due to purported threats to his safety. Swedish police have disputed Pool's report that police escorted him out, stating: "Our understanding is that he didn't receive an escort. However, he followed the police who left the place." The police stated that "When Tim Pool took out a camera and started filming a group of young people they pulled their hoods up and covered their faces and shouted at him to stop filming. The officers then told Tim Pool that it was not wise to stay there in the middle of the square and keep filming."

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: Pool was nominated as a "Time" 100 personality in 2012. The following year he received a Shorty Award in the "Best Journalist in Social Media" category.

description: journalist

wikidata_label: Tim Pool

wikipedia_title: Tim Pool


text:
Italian
mathematician
cartographer
architect
Siena
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Arno
Tramontane
Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti
Colle Val d'Elsa
Colle Val d'Elsa
Arno
Colle Val d'Elsa

categories: Italian cartographers,1785 deaths,Italian mathematicians,1723 births

paragraph: Ferdinando Morozzi

paragraph: Ferdinando Morozzi (1723 – 1785) was an Italian mathematician, cartographer and architect.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Ferdinando Morozzi was born in Siena in 1723 and was lecturer of mathematics and "Second Engineer” at the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. In 1746 he moved with his family to Florence, the judicial and economic troubles of his father being the cause of this relocation. In Florence, Ferdinando learned mathematics and obtained the qualification of engineer. He studied the basin of Arno river and its devastating floods. In 1768 he drew an accurate map of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.

paragraph: In 1770 he published a treatise about country houses. He wrote which the houses had to be constructed thinking about the environmental (mountain, hill and plain) and cultural differences; the houses should have built at the center of the farm, with walls to store warmth and a good number of spacious, bright rooms, to be dedicated to domestic life and to work; the external stairs had to be easy and possibly covered "for the part of Tramontane wind" to avoid the frost in winter and defend against any fall.

paragraph: He collaborated with Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti at the work "Viaggi fatti in diverse parti della Toscana per osservare le produzioni naturali e gli antichi monumenti di essa" ("Travels made in different parts of Tuscany to observe the natural productions and the ancient monuments of it"), by drawing many illustrations and maps.

paragraph: He also restored the Varii theatre in Colle Val d'Elsa.

paragraph: After his death in 1785 in Florence, his rich collection of drawings and maps went almost totally lost.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Memorie di istoria ecclesiastica civile e letteraria di Colle Val d'Elsa" (1755)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sullo stato antico e moderno del fiume Arno" (1766)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Delle case de' contadini. Trattato architettonico" (1770)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Elogio di Niccolò Beltramini di Colle Val d'Elsa" (1773)

description: Italian engineer

wikidata_label: Ferdinando Morozzi

wikipedia_title: Ferdinando Morozzi


text: English

text: King Richard II of England

text: Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent

text: Joan "The Fair Maid of Kent"

text: Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent

text: Margaret Wake

text: Edward I of England

text: Queen consort

text: Marguerite of France

text: Edward II of England

text: Baron Holand

text: Edward, the Black Prince

text: Edward III

text: Aquitaine

text: Battle of Nájera

text: Edward, the Black Prince

text: Knight of the Garter

text: Richard II

text: Carisbrooke Castle

text: Arundel Castle

text: Earl of Kent

text: Baron Holand

text: Baron Wake of Liddell

text: Lady Alice FitzAlan

text: Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel

text: Eleanor of Lancaster

text: Duke of Surrey

text: Edmund Holland, 4th Earl of Kent

text: Constance of York

text: Wars of the Roses

text: Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York

text: Edward IV

text: Richard III

text: Henry Tudor

text: Warwick the Kingmaker

text: Anne Neville

text: Catherine Parr

text: Henry VIII

text: Eleanor I Holland

text: Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March

text: King Richard II

text: Henry IV

text: throne of England

text: Richard, Duke of York

text: Wars of the Roses

text: Edward Charleton, 5th Baron Cherleton

text: Joan Holland

text: Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York

text: Margaret Holland

text: John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset

text: John Neville

text: Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland

text: Ralph Neville, 2nd Earl of Westmorland

text: John Neville, Baron Neville

text: Eleanor II Holland

text: Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury

categories: 1397 deaths,Earls of Kent (1360),Holland family,1350 births,Edward the Black Prince

paragraph: Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent

paragraph: Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent (135025 April 1397) was an English nobleman and a councillor of his half-brother, King Richard II of England.

paragraph: Section::::Family and early Life.

paragraph: Thomas Holland was born in Upholand, Lancashire, in 1350. He was the eldest surviving son of Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent, and Joan "The Fair Maid of Kent". His mother was a daughter of Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent, and Margaret Wake. Edmund was in turn a son of Edward I of England and his second Queen consort Marguerite of France, and thus a younger half-brother of Edward II of England.

paragraph: His father died in 1360, and later that year, on 28 December, Thomas became Baron Holand. His mother was still Countess of Kent in her own right, and in 1361 she married Edward, the Black Prince, the son of King Edward III.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: At sixteen, in 1366, Holland was appointed captain of the English forces in Aquitaine. Over the next decade he fought in various campaigns, including the Battle of Nájera, under the command of his stepfather Edward, the Black Prince. He was made a Knight of the Garter in 1375.

paragraph: Richard II became king in 1377, and soon Holland acquired great influence over his younger half-brother, which he used for his own enrichment. In 1381, he succeeded as Earl of Kent.

paragraph: Section::::Later years and death.

paragraph: Prior to his death, Holland was appointed Governor of Carisbrooke Castle. Holland died at Arundel Castle, Sussex, England on 25 April 1397.

paragraph: Section::::Titles and styles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd Earl of Kent (26 December 1360 – 25 April 1397) of the 1360 creation

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5th Earl of Kent (7 August 1385 – 25 April 1397) of the 1321 creation

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd Baron Holand (26 December 1360 – 25 April 1397) of the 1353 creation

paragraph: BULLET::::- 6th Baron Wake of Liddell (7 August 1385 – 25 April 1397) of the 1295 creation

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: On 10 April 1364 Holland married Lady Alice FitzAlan, daughter of Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel by his wife Eleanor of Lancaster. By his wife he had four sons and six daughters. All the sons died without legitimate children, whereupon the daughters and their issue became co-heiresses to the House of Holland. The children were as follows:

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.:Sons.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Thomas Holland, 3rd Earl of Kent, 1st Duke of Surrey (8 September 1372 – 7 January 1400), eldest son and heir, created Duke of Surrey. Died without children.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. John Holland (2 November 1374 – 5 November 1394), second son, died without children

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Richard Holland (3 April 1376 – 21 May 1396), third son

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Edmund Holland, 4th Earl of Kent (9 January 1382 – 15 September 1408), heir to his elder brother. Died without legitimate children, but had an illegitimate child by his mistress Constance of York.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.:Daughters.

paragraph: By his daughters' marriages, he became the ancestor of many of the prominent figures in the Wars of the Roses, including Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York (father of Kings Edward IV and Richard III), Henry Tudor (later King Henry VII), and Warwick the Kingmaker, father of queen consort Anne Neville. He was also an ancestor of queen consort Catherine Parr, the sixth and last wife of King Henry VIII. His daughters were as follows:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Eleanor I Holland, "alias" Alianore (13 October 1370 – 23 October 1405). Married firstly to Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March (1374–1398), for a time heir presumptive to his mother's first cousin King Richard II, and left issue. Following the deposition of Richard II in 1399 by his own first cousin, Henry IV, the claim to the throne of England was pursued by Roger's and Alianore's grandson Richard, Duke of York (1411–1460), the drawn-out struggle of which formed the basis for the Wars of the Roses. Secondly, she married Edward Charleton, 5th Baron Cherleton, and left issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Joan Holland (c. 1380 – 12 April 1434), married Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Margaret Holland (1385 – 31 December 1439), married first John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, and second Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Elizabeth Holland, who married Sir John Neville (c.1387–1420), eldest son and heir of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, and by him had three sons, Ralph Neville, 2nd Earl of Westmorland, John Neville, Baron Neville, and Sir Thomas Neville, and a daughter, Margaret Neville.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Eleanor II Holland (1386 – after 1413), who bore the same first name as her eldest sister, married Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Bridget Holland, who became a nun

alias:
Thomas de Holland
Thomas de Holand
3rd Baron Holand

description: English nobleman

wikidata_label: Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent

wikipedia_title: Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent


text: Earl of Chester

text: Norman England

text: Richard le Goz, Viscount of Avranches

text: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

text: Avranchin

text: Duchy of Brittany

text: Cotentin Peninsula

text: Mont-Saint-Michel

text: Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte

text: Kingdom of France

text: William, Duke of Normandy

text: William's invasion of England

text: Tutbury Castle

text: Gerbod the Fleming, 1st Earl of Chester

text: Battle of Cassel

text: palatine powers

text: Cheshire

text: Welsh Marches

text: Henry de Ferrers

text: Vicomte d'Avranches

text: St Anselm

text: Benedictine

text: Abbey

text: Saint-Sever-Calvados

text: Normandy

text: St. Werburgh

text: Whitby Abbey

text: North Yorkshire

text: William II

text: rebellion of 1088

text: Henry I

text: Wales

text: Robert of Rhuddlan

text: Gruffudd ap Cynan

text: Gwynedd

text: meeting

text: Corwen

text: Anglesey

text: Ireland

text: Magnus III of Norway

text: Menai Strait

text: Hugh I, Count of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis

text: White Ship

text: King Henry's

text: Eudo Dapifer

text: William the Conqueror

text: Henry I

text: White Ship

text: Royal Justice Geoffrey Ridel

text: White Ship

text: Canwell Priory

text: Staffordshire

text: Edwin

text: Leofric, Earl of Mercia

text: Richard

text: William the Conqueror

text: White Ship

text: Ranulph le Meschin, Earl of Chester

text: Chester Abbey

categories: 1101 deaths,Anglo-Normans in Wales,Devon Domesday Book tenants-in-chief,1040s births,Earls of Chester (1071),12th-century English nobility,Year of birth uncertain,11th-century English nobility

paragraph: Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester

paragraph: Hugh d'Avranches ( – 27 July 1101), also known as () or (), was the second Norman Earl of Chester (1st of the 2nd creation) and one of the great magnates of early Norman England.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Hugh d'Avranches was born around 1047 as the son of Richard le Goz, Viscount of Avranches. His mother was previously identified as Emma de Conteville; however, C.P. Lewis, author of Hugh's entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, states that the identification was made "on the basis of unsatisfactory evidence" and that his mother is unknown.

paragraph: Hugh inherited from his father large estates, not just in the Avranchin but scattered throughout western Normandy. The Avranchin, previously belonging to the Duchy of Brittany, is located on the Cotentin Peninsula of northern France, just east of Mont-Saint-Michel; it is among the areas unlawfully granted under the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte in 911 to Normandy by the Kingdom of France.

paragraph: Hugh became an important councillor of William, Duke of Normandy. His father contributed sixty ships to William's invasion of England.

paragraph: Section::::Earl of Chester.

paragraph: Hugh was given the command of Tutbury Castle in Staffordshire after Duke William became William I of England. In 1071, Gerbod the Fleming, 1st Earl of Chester was taken prisoner at the Battle of Cassel in France. Taking advantage of the circumstances, the king declared his title vacant, giving Hugh the Earldom (of the second creation). The new Earl was also given palatine powers in view of Cheshire's strategic location on the Welsh Marches. On Hugh's promotion, Tutbury and its surrounding lands were passed to the Norman Knight, Henry de Ferrers.

paragraph: In 1082, Hugh succeeded to the title of Vicomte d'Avranches. The earl regarded St Anselm his friend and, during his lifetime, founded the Benedictine Abbeys of Sainte-Marie-et-Saint-Sever, Saint-Sever-Calvados, Normandy and St. Werburgh in Chester as well as giving land endowments to Whitby Abbey, North Yorkshire. Hugh remained loyal to King William II during the rebellion of 1088. He later served Henry I as one of his principal councillors at the royal court.

paragraph: Section::::Wales.

paragraph: Hugh spent much of his time fighting with his neighbours in Wales. Together with his cousin Robert of Rhuddlan he subdued a good part of northern Wales. Initially Robert of Rhuddlan held north-east Wales as a vassal of the tenant-in-chief. In 1081 Gruffudd ap Cynan, King of Gwynedd was captured through the treachery of one of his own men at a meeting near Corwen. Gruffudd was imprisoned by Earl Hugh in his castle at Chester, but it was Robert who took over his kingdom, holding it directly "en liege" from the king. When Robert was killed by a Welsh raiding party in 1093 Hugh took over these lands, becoming ruler of most of North Wales, but he lost Anglesey and much of the rest of Gwynedd in the Welsh revolt of 1094, led by Gruffudd ap Cynan, who had escaped from captivity.

paragraph: Section::::Norwegian invasion.

paragraph: In the summer of 1098 Hugh joined forces with Hugh of Montgomery, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury, in an attempt to recover his losses in Gwynedd. Gruffudd ap Cynan had retreated to Anglesey, but then was forced to flee to Ireland when a fleet he had hired from the Danish settlement in Ireland changed sides. Things were altered by the arrival of a Norwegian fleet under the command of King Magnus III of Norway, also known as Magnus Barefoot, who attacked the Norman forces near the eastern end of the Menai Straits. Earl Hugh of Shrewsbury was killed by an arrow said to have been shot by Magnus himself. The Normans were obliged to evacuate Anglesey altogether leaving Gruffydd who had returned from Ireland to take possession the following year. Hugh apparently made an agreement with him and did not again try to recover these lands.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage, death and succession.

paragraph: Owing to his gluttony, Hugh became so fat that he could hardly walk, earning him the nickname of "le Gros" (the Fat). He would also earn the nickname "Lupus" (Wolf) for his savage ferocity in battle against the Welsh, after he was dead.

paragraph: Hugh d'Avranches married Ermentrude of Claremont, daughter of Hugh I, Count of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis. Hugh and Ermentrude had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester, who died in the White Ship disaster of 1120

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matilda (Maud) d'Avranches

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert FitzHugh I

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh (Lupus) d'Avranches II

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helga de Kevelioc

paragraph: Hugh is credited as siring children to many mistresses. His allegedly illegitimate children include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert d'Avranche

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ottiwel (Otuel) d'Avranches, governor and tutor to King Henry's sons, married to Marguerite, daughter of Eudo Dapifer, steward to William the Conqueror and Henry I. They had one son William. Ottiwel died in the wreck of the White Ship.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geva, married to Royal Justice Geoffrey Ridel, who died in the White Ship disaster of 1120. Geva survived her husband and later founded the monastic house of Canwell Priory in Staffordshire.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unknown first name (perhaps Mabilla) daughter married William de la Mare

paragraph: He received many of the local manors held by Edwin the last Saxon Earl of Mercia (died 1071). Edwin was the grandson of Leofric, Earl of Mercia. Leofric had been a holder of the Saxon title "Earl of Chester".

paragraph: Hugh fell ill and became a monk in July 1101. He died four days later and was buried in the cemetery of St. Werburgh. He was succeeded as Earl of Chester by his son Richard, who married Matilda of Blois, a granddaughter of William the Conqueror. Both Richard and Matilda died in the White Ship disaster (1120), and Hugh was then succeeded by his nephew Ranulph le Meschin, Earl of Chester, son of his sister Margaret by her husband Ranulf de Briquessart, Viscount of the Bessin. His nephew removed his remains to have them reburied in the Chapter House of Chester Abbey.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Earls in the reign of William the Conqueror

description: English noble

wikidata_label: Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester

wikipedia_title: Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester


text:
silk
spinner
Derby
England
Norwich
worsted
Thomas Lombe
London
framework knitting
Midlands
Derby
George Sorocold
Thomas Cotchett
River Derwent
Italians
Vittorio Zonca
Leonardo da Vinci
organzine
William Hutton
silk throwing
bas relief
Exeter Bridge
Lombe's Mill

categories: British textile industry businesspeople,People from Norwich,1722 deaths,Silk,1693 births,People of the Industrial Revolution

paragraph: John Lombe

paragraph: John Lombe (1693 in Norwich – November 20, 1722 in Derby) was a silk spinner in the 18th century Derby, England.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Lombe was born in Norwich in approximately 1693, the son of a worsted weaver. He was a younger half-brother of Thomas Lombe who, after John's death, would go on to amass a fortune as a silk merchant in Norwich and London.

paragraph: In the early 18th century, the centre for producing silk stockings by framework knitting had moved to the Midlands from London and the demand for spun silk was outstripping supply. Lombe had obtained employment at an abortive silk mill built in Derby by George Sorocold for the silk spinner Thomas Cotchett of Derby, built on the River Derwent.

paragraph: The Italians had been using power spinning since the early 15th century, with a description published by Vittorio Zonca. Leonardo da Vinci had sketched a similar model, but Zonca's was more complete; it is unknown if there was contact. Lombe was sent by his brother Thomas to investigate the Italian machines spinning organzine thread (raw silk warp threads used for weaving fine silk cloth). William Hutton gave an account of Lombe's time in Italy, in his "History of Derby".

paragraph: In 1718, Thomas Lombe was able to obtain a patent for silk throwing machinery, granted for fourteen years. John Lombe died suddenly, in 1722. According to legend, the King of Sardinia, having heard of the success of the Lombe’s undertaking, instructed a female assassin to travel to England to kill the brothers. A "bas relief" sculpture of John Lombe is on Derby's Exeter Bridge.

paragraph: Section::::Lombe's Mill.

paragraph: The Lombes engaged Sorocold to build a new and larger mill on the site of the old one in Derby: Lombe's Mill was completed in 1722, the year of John Lombe's death.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cooper, B., (1983) "Transformation of a Valley: The Derbyshire Derwent" Heinemann, republished 1991 Cromford: Scarthin Books

description: Silk manufacturer

wikidata_label: John Lombe

wikipedia_title: John Lombe


text:
Male
Lille
House of Dampierre
Count of Flanders
Nevers
Rethel
Count of Artois
Burgundy
Louis I of Flanders
Margaret I of Burgundy
Philip V of France
Pierre Roger of Arras
Margaret of Brabant
John III
Duchy of Brabant
Battle of Crécy
Edward III of England
Flanders
Nevers
Rethel
guild
English wool trade
Isabella
Philip VI of France
Ghent
Black Death
Valois
John II of France
Duke of Brabant
Joanna
Anderlecht
Mechelen
Brussels
Antwerp
Leuven
Wenceslaus I of Luxembourg
Charles IV
Lordship of Mechelen
Realpolitik
Hundred Years' War
Margaret
Philip I of Burgundy
Edmund of Langley
Philip the Bold
Burgundy
Charles V
Romance Flanders
Lille
Douai
Orchies
livre tournois
Saint Bavo Cathedral
Bruges
Philip van Artevelde
Battle of Beverhoutsveld
Battle of Roosebeke
English aid
County of Artois
Free County of Burgundy
Margaret of Brabant
John III, Duke of Brabant
Margaret III, Countess of Flanders
Battle of Nicopolis
Low Countries
Margaret
House of Dampierre
Philip V of France
Philip the Bold
Burgundian Netherlands
House of Valois-Burgundy
Duchy of Burgundy

categories: 1384 deaths,Counts of Rethel,Counts of Nevers,14th-century peers of France,House of Dampierre,Counts of Flanders,Counts of Burgundy,1330 births,Counts of Artois

paragraph: Louis II, Count of Flanders

paragraph: Louis II of Flanders (; ) (25 October 1330, Male – 30 January 1384, Lille), also known as Louis of Male, a member of the House of Dampierre, was Count of Flanders, Nevers and Rethel from 1346 as well as Count of Artois and Burgundy from 1382 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The son of Louis I of Flanders and Margaret I of Burgundy, daughter of king Philip V of France. He was baptised by Bishop Pierre Roger of Arras, the later Pope Clement VI. His father arranged his marriage with Margaret of Brabant, daughter of Duke John III, in the course of the rapprochement to the Imperial Duchy of Brabant.

paragraph: When his father was killed at the Battle of Crécy against the troops of King Edward III of England in 1346, he inherited the French counties of Flanders, Nevers, and Rethel (as Louis III). In the Anglo-French conflict, the Flanders guilds, depending on the English wool trade, forced Louis to recognize King Edward III as his overlord and arranged an engagement to the daughter of the English king, Isabella. Louis managed to avoid this by fleeing to the court of King Philip VI of France. In 1347 he married Margaret of Brabant, which sparked a revolt in Ghent. Nevertheless, while the Black Death devastated the county and after Louis came to terms with the English king and in 1349 he could return to Flanders to succeed his father.

paragraph: In 1350 he gained credence by openly refusing to pay homage to the new Valois king John II of France. When his father-in-law Duke John III died without male heirs in 1355, he assumed the title of a Duke of Brabant and moved into the neighbouring duchy, but was unable to wrest it from his sister-in-law Duchess Joanna. Though Louis managed to defeat the Brabantian forces in the Battle of Scheut near Anderlecht (17 August 1356) and capture the cities of Mechelen, Brussels, Antwerp and Leuven, but he was unable to prevail against Joanna, backed by her husband Duke Wenceslaus I of Luxembourg and his mighty brother Emperor Charles IV. By the 1357 Peace of Ath he at least gained the rule over the small Lordship of Mechelen and the thriving city of Antwerp.

paragraph: Louis tried to govern as a "Realpolitiker" and continued a policy of neutrality, which kept him in favor with both France and England during the continued conflicts of the Hundred Years' War, initiating a period of stability and relative affluence in Flanders. With regards to his internal policy, his main aim was to prevent the formation of a broad coalition against him, as happened against his father. Except for his last years, he was successful in preventing this.

paragraph: In 1357 Count Louis II married his seven-year-old daughter Margaret to the minor Duke Philip I of Burgundy, who died from plague four years later. Sole heiress of her father's territories, she was a highly coveted bride courted by both Edmund of Langley, son of King Edward III of England, and Philip the Bold, son of King John II of France and Duke of Burgundy since 1363. After several years of tough bargaining, Count Louis II gave his consent to Philip and his brother King Charles V, in return he received the lordships of Romance Flanders (Lille, Douai, Orchies) and a payment of 200,000 livre tournois. The marriage of Margaret and Philip was celebrated at Saint Bavo Cathedral in Ghent on 19 June 1369.

paragraph: Though a capable ruler, Louis' lavish lifestyle burdened his county's finances and caused increasing disturbances. However, even in his latter years he managed to get the support of the Bruges citizens against revolting Ghent. The latter years of his rule were nevertheless marked by civil strife. In 1379, he obtained aid from his son-in-law, Duke Philip II of Burgundy, to put down another Ghent revolt. The Flemings again rose in 1382 under Philip van Artevelde and expelled Count Louis from Flanders after the Battle of Beverhoutsveld; however, the influence of Philip procured a French army to relieve him, and the Flemings were decisively defeated at the Battle of Roosebeke. The citizens of Ghent continued to resist (with English aid) until after his death in 1384. His mother Margaret had died two years previously, leaving him the County of Artois and the Imperial Free County of Burgundy ("Franche-Comté").

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1347, he married Margaret of Brabant (1323–1380), daughter of John III, Duke of Brabant. They had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter (died young)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles (predeceased his father)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret III, Countess of Flanders (1348–1405) married 1)Philip I, Duke of Burgundy d.1361, 2)Philip the Bold

paragraph: He also left several illegitimate sons, three of whom were killed at the Battle of Nicopolis.

paragraph: Without any surviving sons, on his death, his extensive possessions in the Low Countries were inherited by his daughter Margaret.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The main line of the House of Dampierre, originally only counts of Flanders, had through a clever marriage policy managed to inherit the counties of Nevers (1280) and Rethel (1328). Through Louis' mother, a daughter of King Philip V of France, the counties of Artois and Burgundy (the "Franche Comté") were added to this (1382).

paragraph: Louis II arranged the marriage of his daughter and heir, Margret, to the duke of Burgundy, Philip the Bold, leading to the subsequent union of Flanders and Burgundy. This provided the core of the Burgundian Netherlands dominions ruled by the House of Valois-Burgundy, which were, together with the Duchy of Burgundy proper, to provide them with a power base to challenge the rule of their cousins, the Valois kings of France in the 15th century.

description: Count of Flanders, Nevers and Rethel

wikidata_label: Louis II, Count of Flanders

wikipedia_title: Louis II, Count of Flanders


text: Malayalam literature

text: Purogamana Kala Sahitya Sangham

text: Deshabhimani

text: Kodungallur

text: Thrissur district

text: Kerala

text: Kodungallur

text: Maharaja's College, Ernakulam

text: University of Madras

text: Government Law College, Ernakulam

text: Students Federation of India

text: The New College, Chennai

text: University College, Thiruvananthapuram

text: Brennen College

text: Thalassery

text: Kannur University

text: heart attack

text: Thrissur Press Club

text: Amala Institute of Medical Sciences

text: Kerala Bhasha Institute

text: Deshabhimani

text: Communist Party of India (Marxist)

text: Purogamana Kala Sahitya Sangham

text: Adhinivesha Prathirodha Samithi

text: Kerala

text: Padom

text: People's Plan

text: Thomas Isaac

text: Professor Sudheesh

text: Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad

text: M. A. Baby

text: Manaveeyam

text: LDF

text: Kerala

text: bourgeois

text: neoliberalism

text: social democratic

text: Kerala Shastra Sahitya Parishad

text: CPI(M)

text: M. P. Parameswaran

text: E. M. S. Namboodiripad

text: P. Govinda Pillai

text: A. K. Gopalan

text: Social Democrats

text: Dr. B. Ekbal

text: Samakalina Malayalam

text: Indian Express

text: Janashakthi

text: Maruvakku

text: Deshabhimani

text: Maruvaakku

text: psychology

text: Marxism

text: social science

text: M. Krishnan Nair

text: Thinakkal Padmanabhan

text: V. C. Sreejan

text: pro bono

text: Freudian

text: Samayam Masika

text: M. T. Vasudevan Nair

text: Jnanpith Award

text: N .Prabhakaran

text: Mohanan Cherukadu

text: Appukkuttan Vallikkunnu

text: P. Surendran

text: Abdul Azeez

text: Kunhappa Pattanoor

text: Umesh Babu K.C.

text: A. V. Pavitran

text: Anil Kumar A. V.

text: Vatsalan Vatuseeri

text: Prabhakaran Pazhassi

text: Choorayi Chandran

text: N. Shasidharan

text: Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad

text: Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad

text: Paatom

text: Speech by M.N.Vijayan

categories: Journalists from Kerala,Malayalam-language writers,People from Thrissur district,1930 births,2007 deaths,Indian academics

paragraph: M. N. Vijayan

paragraph: Moolayil Narayana Menon Vijayan, popularly known as Vijayan Mash (8 June 1930 – 3 October 2007) was an Indian academic, orator, columnist and writer of Malayalam literature. Known for his leftist ideals and oratorical skills, Vijayan was the president of the Purogamana Kala Sahitya Sangham (Progressive Association for Art and Letters) and served as the editor of Deshabhimani. He published a number of books of which "Chithayile Velicham" (The Light in the Pyre) received the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Literary Criticism in 1982.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: M. N. Vijayan was born on June 8, 1930 to Pathiyasseril Narayana Menon and Mooliyil Kochammu Amma at Lokamaleshwaram, a small village near Kodungallur in Thrissur district of the south Indian state of Kerala. His schooling was at Pathinettarayalam Lower Primary School and Government Boys High School Kodungallur after which he did his graduate and post-graduate studies at Maharaja's College, Ernakulam to earn a master's degree in Malayalam literature from the University of Madras. He also studied law at the Government Law College, Ernakulam and was associated with the Students Federation of India during his college days. He started his career in 1952 as a lecturer at The New College, Chennai and later moved to University College, Thiruvananthapuram, but his stay at Thiruvananthapuram was short. In 1960, he joined Brennen College, Thalassery as a member of faculty at its department of Malayalam and served the institution until his retirement from service in 1985.

paragraph: Vijayan was married to Sharada and the couple had a son, V. S. Anilkumar, a writer and an academic working at Kannur University and two daughters, Sujatha Balachandran, a medical professional and Sunitha Rajagopal. He suffered a massive heart attack during a press conference at Thrissur Press Club on October 3, 2007 and though he was taken to Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, he died the same day, at the age of 77. His biography, written by K. Balakrishnan, was published by Kerala Bhasha Institute, on Vijayan's 8th death anniversary.

paragraph: Section::::Political and journalism career.

paragraph: From 1960 to 1999 M. N. Vijayan stayed at Dharmadam, Thalassery. Vijayan worked as the editor of the cultural weekly "Deshabhimani" owned by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)). He was President of Purogamana Kala Sahitya Sangham (Progressive Association for Art and Letters) and Adhinivesha Prathirodha Samithi (Council for Resisting Imperialist Globalisation), a leftist think-tank based in Kerala which collaborated with the CPI(M). His speeches against fascism really inspired a lot and it's all served as a hidden catalyst for the development of left mainly CPI(M). As an editor of deshabhimani he taken very crucial decisions to support party when CPI(M) faced ultimate criticism.

paragraph: He was removed as editor of Deshabhimani when leaders of the provincial Communist Party felt he did not adhere to the party line. He opposed the policy of some state level leaders and other leftist intellectuals to accept foreign funding of political work. He was also for a time the editor of the controversial periodical "Padom", notably criticising a Kerala state government program called People's Campaign for Decentralised Planning (People's Plan) and its creator Thomas Isaac. Vijayan and Professor Sudheesh's articles in "Padom" against the "people's plan", a program aimed at decentralisation of power, became a controversial issue. Later a Kerala court ruled that the allegations of foreign funding of the Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad (KSSP) had been proven by Sudheesh and Vijayan. Vijayan and Sudheesh had started "Paatom" in 2000, and started to attack on CPI(M)'s social democratic stands and attitude towards World Bank and IMF . He resigned from Purogamana Kala Sahithya Sangham as a result of a disagreement with M. A. Baby, then in charge of the CPI(M).

paragraph: The cultural programme Manaveeyam of CPI(M)-led LDF government of Kerala was criticised for the extravagance of the programmes and the elitist audience to which the ps catered, and also for the fact that the "people's art and culture" gave way to bourgeois concepts under the influence of neoliberalism. Vijayan also led an ideological debate against social democratic deviations. When the leader of Kerala Shastra Sahitya Parishad (a pro-CPI(M) Science forum) M. P. Parameswaran went ahead with his "theory of the fourth world" campaign, it was alleged that a theory that had been opposed by the late ideologue of the party, E. M. S. Namboodiripad, was now being resurrected after his death. Vijayan and his followers resisted P. Govinda Pillai's controversial critical remarks against A. K. Gopalan, Namboodiripad and others on ideological grounds. Though, initially, CPI(M) leadership was forced to expel Parameswaran and Depromote Pillai from the state committee because of the high reputation that Vijayan enjoyed among the party supporters, writers and the literate, later the Social Democrats group got control over the CPI(M) organisation. There were similar attacks against other left-leaning intellectuals like Dr. B. Ekbal (leading to Ekbal's expulsion from CPI(M)) who were trying to re-examine the direction of left-wing politics in Kerala.

paragraph: Vijayan did not attend many public meetings during his last years as a result of his ill health, but continued to write weekly columns in "Samakalina Malayalam", an Indian Express group of publications, "Janashakthi" and "Maruvakku". The column was originally published weekly in "Deshabhimani" until he parted ways with the paper. He was also the editor of the monthly "Maruvaakku".

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: Most of Vijayan's publications are compilations of his speeches and He was considered to be a powerful orator. He used psychology, Marxism and social science as tools to analyse life and literature. Some prominent writers, including M. Krishnan Nair and Thinakkal Padmanabhan, have said that Vijayan's writings are difficult to understand, as he does not follow conventional grammatical structures. V. C. Sreejan criticizes Vijayan's style, arguing that it is densely figurative, hence vague and often meaningless. Vijayan was a pioneer of the use of psychological criticism in Malayalam literature, and influenced contemporary Kerala culture.

paragraph: Vijayan's works were nominated on several occasions for literary awards, but in keeping with a general aversion to institutionalism, he rejected any state-sponsored awards that he won.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.:List of published works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pradhirodhangal പ്രതിരോധങ്ങൾ" (Resistances)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kavithayum Manashastravum കവിതയും മനശാസ്ത്രവും" (Poetry And Psychology)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sheersasanam ശീർഷാസനം" (Standing Upside Down)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vaakkum Manassum" (The Speech and The Thought)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Puthiya Varthamanangal" (Latest News)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Noothana Lokangal നൂതന ലോകങ്ങൾ" (New Worlds)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "M.N. Vijayante Prabhashanangal എം.എൻ. വിജയന്റെ പ്രഭാഷണങ്ങൾ" (M.N. Vijayan's Speeches)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Samskaravum Swathanthriavum സംസ്കാരവും സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യവും" (The Culture and the Freedom)

paragraph: Section::::Intellectual mentor and counselor.

paragraph: Though not a qualified medical practitioner, Vijayan worked for many years as a pro bono counsellor, using Freudian techniques. Many writers, intellectuals, journalists and political activists have described him as an intellectual mentor. The November 2007 issue of "Samayam Masika" was devoted to articles by a variety of public figures about Vijayan and his influence, both on them personally and upon others, including M. T. Vasudevan Nair (writer, film director, Jnanpith Award winner), N .Prabhakaran (writer, academic), Mohanan Cherukadu (writer), Appukkuttan Vallikkunnu (journalist), P. Surendran (writer), Dr. Abdul Azeez (Doctor), Kunhappa Pattanoor (poet), Umesh Babu K.C. (Poet and political activist), A. V. Pavitran (writer), Anil Kumar A. V. (journalist, political activist), Vatsalan Vatuseeri (writer), Prabhakaran Pazhassi (writer, Professor), Choorayi Chandran (Political activist, Educationalist), N. Shasidharan (writer).

paragraph: His studies on Vailoppilli, a well known Malayalam poet, and especially the poems "Mampazham" and "Sahyante makan", using Freudian techniques attained wide acclaim. He was a staunch critic of communal organisations and he used a significant part of his oratory and writings to back Communist Party of India (Marx) in their ideological and material resistance against the invasion of fascist forces with venomous separatist aims in Tellicherry and Kerala. M.N.Vijayan, his wife and his residence at Dharmadam, Thalassey, provided a haven for people who faced psychological problems. With utmost affection Vijayan mash and his wife served them. He is the general editor of Nammute Sahityam Nammute Samooham (Our Society Our Literature), a four volume research book on literature and society of Kerala.

paragraph: Vijayan became a mentor for many writers, leftist politicians and journalists. He was a critic of NGOs like Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad which polluted the sensibilities of Malayalees. Vijayan died while he was addressing a press conference in Thrissur, explaining how non- governmentally funded organisations like Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad function in Kerala, camouflaging their imperialist agenda by wearing a leftist mask. Parishath and its activities lost credibility when Ernakulam Chief Judicial Magistrate dismissed the defamation case filed against Paatom, a magazine which exposed the fishy trails of such organisations. "You are selling your credibility... It is hijacking democracy ...", Vijayan said about Parishath and its supporters in the last press conference. Thrissur Current Books and Akam Samithi Thalassey published the early works of M.N.Vijayan. Thrissur Current Books published the Complete Works of M.N. Vijayan in ten volumes under different titles, like literature, politics, culture, interviews, speeches, biography, memoirs, etc. The first M.N.Vijayan library was inaugurated at Kannur. Govt. Brennen College Malayalam department has constituted the M.N.Vijayan endowment in 2010 for outstanding students of Malayalam literature.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Website in the name of Prof. M.N.Vijayan run by M N Vijyan Center for Study and Research, Thrichur, Kerala.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Speech by M.N.Vijayan

description: Indian academic

wikidata_label: M. N. Vijayan

wikipedia_title: M. N. Vijayan


text:
Japanese
baseball
infielder
Saitama Seibu Lions
Japan
Nippon Professional Baseball
Japan national baseball team
2018 MLB Japan All-Star Series
NPB.com

categories: Japanese baseball players,Nippon Professional Baseball outfielders,Sportspeople from Aomori Prefecture,Nippon Professional Baseball infielders,1992 births,Saitama Seibu Lions players,Living people

paragraph: Shuta Tonosaki

paragraph: , nicknamed "Apple Punch", is a Japanese professional baseball infielder for the Saitama Seibu Lions in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball.

paragraph: He was selected . On October 10, 2018, he was selected Japan national baseball team at the 2018 MLB Japan All-Star Series.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NPB.com

description: Japanese baseball player (1992-)

wikidata_label: Shuta Tonosaki

wikipedia_title: Shuta Tonosaki


text:
Renaissance
Aristotelian
University of Padua
Giacomo Zabarella

categories: 16th-century philosophers,1491 births,Italian philosophers,Aristotelian philosophers,1563 deaths

paragraph: Marcantonio Genua

paragraph: Marcantonio Genua (born Marco Antonio Passeri; 1491–1563) was a Renaissance Aristotelian philosopher who taught at the University of Padua.

paragraph: He was a teacher and uncle of the great Renaissance philosopher Giacomo Zabarella.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nadler, Steven M., "A Companion to Early Modern Philosophy ", Blackwell 2002.

description: Italian philosopher

wikidata_label: Marcantonio Genua

wikipedia_title: Marcantonio Genua


text:
Marshal of France
baron
Sévérac
Flanders
John III of Armagnac
Aragon
Battle of Navata
ransom
Grandes Compagnies de France
Lombardy
Battle of Alessandria
Gian Galeazzo Visconti
Italy
Florentine
bishop of Valencia
Prince of Orange
Écorcheurs
iron mine
fair
Armagnac
Burgundians
Battle of Cravant
Anglo
Burgundians
Marshal of France
Lyon
Mâcon
Charolais

categories: People of the Hundred Years' War,French prisoners of war in the 14th century,Marshals of France

paragraph: Amaury de Sévérac

paragraph: Amaury, lord of Sévérac-le-Château, and Beaucaire of Chaudes-Aigues, was Marshal of France from 1422-1427.

paragraph: He was the last of the first creation of the barons of Sévérac. He began a military career in Flanders under the command of his lord Count John III of Armagnac. In 1389 he then followed John who claimed the title of king of Majorca in Aragon where he was taken prisoner at the Battle of Navata.

paragraph: After paying his ransom in 1390, Amaury re-established his position with John III of Armagnac and, with Francois d'Albret, led columns of the forces of the Grandes Compagnies de France (mercenary bands of brigands) in Lombardy. In July 1391 he was with John III at the Battle of Alessandria, when they unsuccessfully fought alongside his brother-in-law, Carlo Visconti, Count of Parma against a Milanese army sent by his ambitious cousin, the Duke of Milan, Gian Galeazzo Visconti.

paragraph: Despite the death of John III in the battle Amaury stayed on to wage war in northern Italy on behalf of Parma and Florentines until 1395, when the Duke of Milan decided to pay him to leave. On his return to France, Amauy he joined and army gathered by the count of Valentinois, the bishop of Valencia and the Prince of Orange to exterminate surviving bands of Écorcheurs, armed ex-soldiers who lived by pillaging.

paragraph: Returning to Rouergue, Amaury tried to develop the local economy, starting the iron mine of Espeyrac, starting fairs and while taking part in the infighting between the Armagnac and Burgundians. He commanded the royal army at the Battle of Cravant in 1423, where he was defeated by the Anglo-Burgundians.

paragraph: Raised to the rank of Marshal of France in 1424, he was appointed captain general for Lyonnais, Mâconnais and the Charolais. He had made a will in 1425 for the Count of Armagnac.

wikidata_label: Amaury de Sévérac

wikipedia_title: Amaury de Sévérac


text: South Africa

text: swimmer

text: backstroke

text: British Empire Games

text: International Swimming Hall of Fame

categories: Olympic swimmers of South Africa,Commonwealth Games silver medallists for South Africa,Female backstroke swimmers,Swimmers at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games,Swimmers at the 1950 British Empire Games,Olympic gold medalists for South Africa,1935 births,Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics,Commonwealth Games gold medallists for South Africa,Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming,Olympic gold medalists in swimming,Female freestyle swimmers,Swimmers at the 1952 Summer Olympics,South African female swimmers,Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for South Africa,Sportspeople from East London, Eastern Cape,Living people,South African people of British descent

paragraph: Joan Harrison (swimmer)

paragraph: Joan Cynthia Harrison (later "Breetzke", born 29 November 1935) is a retired South African swimmer who won the 100 m backstroke event at the 1952 Olympics.

paragraph: Harrison's mother was a swimmer and her father played rugby. Joan went to Clarendon High School for girls in East London. At age 13, she held three junior and two senior national records, and two national senior swimming titles. In 1950, aged 14, she won the 440 yd freestyle at the British Empire Games, beating the previous games record by 13 seconds and finishing 7 seconds ahead of other competitors, and was declared the outstanding woman swimmer of the games. She won two more gold medals at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games. In 1982 she was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame

description: South African swimmer

wikidata_label: Joan Harrison

wikipedia_title: Joan Harrison (swimmer)


text: Italian

text: bobsled

text: 1948 Winter Olympics

text: St. Moritz

text: 1948 bobsleigh four-man results

categories: Italian male bobsledders,Bobsledders at the 1948 Winter Olympics,1990 deaths,1917 births,Olympic bobsledders of Italy

paragraph: Nino Rovelli

paragraph: Angelo "Nino" Rovelli (June 10, 1917 – December 30, 1990) was an Italian bobsledder who competed in the late 1940s. He finished 11th in the four-man event at the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1948 bobsleigh four-man results

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nino Rovelli's profile at Sports Reference.com

description: Italian bobsledder

wikidata_label: Nino Rovelli

wikipedia_title: Nino Rovelli


text:
Wimbledon
pop rock
the Fixx
Tina Turner
Better Be Good to Me
Private Dancer
Nick Harper
Midge Ure
Love Hope Strength Foundation
Loire Valley
One World One Voice
Love Hope Strength
Mike Peters
The Alarm
Glenn Tilbrook
Squeeze
Slim Jim Phantom
Stray Cats
Mount Everest
Machu Picchu
Pike's Peak
Mount Kilimanjaro
Cy Curnin Radio Interview
Love Hope Strength Foundation

categories: The Fixx members,People from Wimbledon, London,English rock keyboardists,1957 births,English new wave musicians,English male singers,20th-century male singers,English rock singers,20th-century English singers,21st-century English singers,Living people

paragraph: Cy Curnin

paragraph: Cyril John Curnin (born 12 December 1957, Wimbledon, England) is a singer/songwriter and musician and is the lead vocalist for the pop rock music group, the Fixx. As a songwriter, he has co-written over a dozen songs that have appeared on the Billboard charts. He is also known for his solo career, with four albums to date, "Mayfly" in 2005, "The Returning Sun" in 2007, "Solar Minimum" in 2009, and "The Horse's Mouth" in 2013. He also released an EP of ambient music with no vocals called "Cinema for the Blind" in 2012.

paragraph: He appeared in the Tina Turner music video "Better Be Good to Me" along with Fixx guitarist Jamie West-Oram. They both appeared on the "Private Dancer" album.

paragraph: In addition to singing lead vocals, Curnin has occasionally played piano or guitar on various Fixx albums.

paragraph: While Curnin tours regularly with The Fixx, he has also toured as a solo performer in the U.S. and in Europe. On occasion he has been joined by English singer/songwriter/guitarist Nick Harper. Recently, he was the special guest of Midge Ure for gigs in Europe.

paragraph: Curnin supports the music-based cancer charity, Love Hope Strength Foundation. With them, he has participated in treks to the base camp of Mt. Everest, Kilimanjaro, Machu Picchu, and Pikes Peak to raise awareness and funds for cancer treatment facilities in remote areas of the world.

paragraph: When not touring the world, Curnin lives with his family in the Loire Valley of France, where he owns an organic farm and bed-and-breakfast hotel. He is fluent in the French language.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: At age of 16, Curnin graduated from high school at the Wimbledon College. He then began participating in drama in college, where he studied with Fixx drummer Adam Woods.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Participations.

paragraph: In 1990, Curnin participated with Rupert Hine and many other artists in the world music album "One World One Voice". He played piano and sang with many artists.

paragraph: In October 2007, Curnin began an association with the Love Hope Strength Foundation (LHSF), a music-centric cancer charity. Cy participated with Mike Peters from The Alarm, Glenn Tilbrook from Squeeze, and Slim Jim Phantom from Stray Cats in a trek to perform at the base camp of Mount Everest in Nepal. Curnin has since participated in other LHSF treks to Machu Picchu, Pike's Peak, Mount Kilimanjaro and in December 2012, Curnin returned to Everest with the organization.

paragraph: Section::::Solo discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 - "Mayfly"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 - "The Returning Sun"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 - "Solar Minimum"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 - "Cinema for the Blind - EP"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 - "The Horse's Mouth"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cy Curnin Radio Interview

paragraph: BULLET::::- Love Hope Strength Foundation

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Cy Curnin

wikipedia_title: Cy Curnin


text: American

text: prelate

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Bishop of Saint Thomas

text: United States Virgin Islands

text: Presbyterian

text: Archdiocese of Philadelphia

text: monsignor

text: Philadelphia

text: episcopal vicar

text: Pope Benedict XVI

text: Archbishop

text: Donald Wuerl

text: Washington

text: Joseph Kurtz

text: Archdiocese of Louisville

text: Daniel Edward Thomas

text: auxiliary bishop

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

text: Diocese of St. Thomas in Virgin Islands

text: Bishop Hebert Armstrong Bevard

categories: Living people,American Roman Catholic bishops,21st-century Roman Catholic bishops,1946 births,Roman Catholic bishops of Saint Thomas,Converts to Roman Catholicism from Calvinism

paragraph: Herbert Bevard

paragraph: Herbert Armstrong Bevard (born February 24, 1946) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who has served as the Bishop of Saint Thomas in the United States Virgin Islands since 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: After converting from Presbyterianism in 1964, Bevard was ordained to the priesthood for the Archdiocese of Philadelphia in 1972. He was created monsignor in 2003. He was stationed in Philadelphia as episcopal vicar for the city’s northern half.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Bishop of Saint Thomas.

paragraph: Bevard was appointed bishop of Saint Thomas in the Virgin Islands on 7 July 2008 by Pope Benedict XVI and was consecrated on 3 September by Archbishop Donald Wuerl of Washington as the Metropolitan of Saint Thomas, with the principal co-consecrators being Archbishop Joseph Kurtz of the Archdiocese of Louisville and Bishop Daniel Edward Thomas, auxiliary bishop of Philadelphia.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diocese of St. Thomas in Virgin Islands

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bishop Hebert Armstrong Bevard at Catholic-Hierarchy.org

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Herbert Bevard

wikipedia_title: Herbert Bevard


paragraph: Sagara Haruhiro

description: Daimyo  who ruled a region in Higo Province

wikidata_label: Sagara Haruhiro

wikipedia_title: Sagara Haruhiro


text: S.C.I.

text: Rollingergrund

text: Superior general

text: Priests of the Sacred Heart

text: Pope Pius XI

text: titular bishop

text: Tinum

text: coadjutor bishop

text: Pierre Nommesch

text: Spiritual Exercises

text: Fortress of Luxembourg

text: Léon Lommel

text: Entry on catholic-hierarchy.org

categories: 1956 deaths,1877 births,Luxembourgian Roman Catholic bishops

paragraph: Joseph Laurent Philippe

paragraph: Joseph Laurent Philippe S.C.I. (3 April 1877 – 21 October 1956) was Bishop of Luxembourg from 1935 to 1956.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Rollingergrund in 1877, Joseph Laurent Philippe was ordained a priest on 28 May 1904. On 20 January 1926 he was made Superior general of the Priests of the Sacred Heart.

paragraph: On 25 April 1935, Pope Pius XI appointed him titular bishop of Tinum and coadjutor bishop of Luxembourg. His consecration took place on 9 June in Rome, by Francesco Cardinal Marchetti Selvaggiani. On 9 September 1935 he became Bishop of Luxembourg, succeeding Pierre Nommesch, who died in office. As Bishop, he argued for a revival of the Spiritual Exercises, and of religious traditions. He was also the first of the Bishops of Luxembourg to live in the "Avenue Marie-Thérèse", on the land of the old Fort Maria Rheinsheim (part of the Fortress of Luxembourg), where his successor would build the episcopal palace of today in 1957.

paragraph: His time in office saw the expansion of the cathedral from 1935 to 1938 and the German occupation of Luxembourg in World War II. A third of the churches and chapels in the diocese were destroyed in the war, especially from 1944 to 1945. Personally, Philippe did not confront the German occupiers, so as not to endanger religious and the activity of the church, which could already only exercise its functions to a limited extent. However, he avoided all contact with the German authorities, and made preparations in case the diocese became leaderless. The church was progressively forced out of public life by the German authorities; Christian organisations were forcibly dissolved, religious education was banned from the schools, the monasteries were abolished, and active religious communities were deprived of their property. The diocesan administration, on the other hand, remained the only intact Luxembourgish institution during World War II.

paragraph: After the liberation of Luxembourg, Philippe set out rebuilding the church institutions. From 14 May 1949, he was assisted by a coadjutor bishop, in the form of Léon Lommel.

paragraph: He died in Luxembourg city in 1956, and was succeeded by Lommel.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Joseph Philippe (1935-1956)", biography on the Catholic Church in Luxembourg's website (German)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Entry on catholic-hierarchy.org

description: Luxembourgian bishop

wikidata_label: Joseph Laurent Philippe

wikipedia_title: Joseph Laurent Philippe


text:
Bishop of Luxembourg
Sebastiano Nicotra
sede vacante
World War I
veneration of the Virgin Mary
Sacred Heart
Catholic Action

categories: 1864 births,Luxembourgian Roman Catholic bishops,1935 deaths,20th-century Roman Catholic bishops

paragraph: Pierre Nommesch

paragraph: Pierre Nommesch (16 December 1864 – 9 October 1935) was the Bishop of Luxembourg from 1920 to 1935.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: At the age of 26, on 28 October 1890 Nommesch was ordained a priest. On 8 March 1920 he was appointed Bishop of Luxembourg and on 25 March 1920 was consecrated by Sebastiano Nicotra. He remained in office until his death.

paragraph: He became bishop after a long period of "sede vacante", which was due to challenges to Luxembourg's national sovereignty after the Armistice of World War I.

paragraph: His time in office was one of reconciliation and understanding between state and the church: The conflict around schools received a compromise solution in 1921, so that religious education, relegated to the church parishes since 1912, now once again had a place in public education. Under his episcopate, loyalty to the monarchy and to Luxembourgish traditions, closeness to Rome (with pilgrimages to the "holy city", and celebration of the papal coronation anniversaries) and veneration of the Virgin Mary (expansion of the cathedral, started in 1935) remained important facets of Luxembourgish Catholicism.

paragraph: Further religious-pastoral high points of his time in office were the Eucharistic National Congress in 1924, increased devotion to the Sacred Heart, the rebuilding of the seminary at Limpertsberg in 1930, and a consolidation of associations in the Belgian-inspired Catholic Action after 1930.

description: Luxembourgish priest

wikidata_label: Pierre Nommesch

wikipedia_title: Pierre Nommesch


text: South Korea

text: Gokseong County

text: Jeollanam-do

text: Seoul National University

text: Hankook Ilbo

text: University of Hawaii at Manoa

text: East–West Center

text: Kim Dae-jung

text: U.S. Department of State

text: University of Kentucky

text: April Revolution

text: Syngman Rhee

text: May 16 coup

text: Park Chung-hee

text: Eastern Kentucky University

text: Richmond

text: Northwestern University

text: Evanston, Illinois

text: Indiana University

text: Bloomington

text: Pembroke State University

text: Pembroke, North Carolina

text: Seoul National University

text: Kyung Hee University

text: 1996 elections

text: Jeollanam-do

text: National Congress for New Politics

text: Han Hwa-gap

text: Inter-Korean summit

text: Stratfor

text: Beijing

text: Sunshine Policy

text: Han Sung-joo

text: Korea University

categories: Ambassadors of South Korea to the United States,Members of the National Assembly (South Korea),People from South Jeolla Province,People who lost United States citizenship,University of Hawaii at Manoa alumni,Korea University faculty,1939 births,Living people,Seoul National University alumni

paragraph: Yang Sung-chul

paragraph: Yang Sung-chul (born 20 November 1939) is a South Korean political scientist, politician, and diplomat.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Yang was born in Gokseong County, Jeollanam-do in 1939. He did his undergraduate studies at Seoul National University's Department of Political Science. While in college, he volunteered to serve in the Korean Army from 1960-1962 as a student draftee. He began working at the "Hankook Ilbo" as a reporter in October 1963, but received a scholarship in 1965 to study at the University of Hawaii at Manoa's East–West Center for his master's degree. It was there that he first met Kim Dae-jung, of whom he would go on to become a political supporter; Kim was visiting Hawaii at the time at the invitation of the U.S. Department of State. He went on to the University of Kentucky for his doctoral studies, where he defended a dissertation comparing the South Korean April Revolution of 1960 which led to the resignation of Syngman Rhee and the May 16 coup the following year which brought Park Chung-hee to power.

paragraph: Upon receiving his Ph.D., he taught at the Eastern Kentucky University in Richmond for four years and returned to the University of Kentucky system in 1975 to 1987 where he was a full professor and a member of the University of Kentucky graduate faculty. He also taught at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, Indiana University in Bloomington, and Pembroke State University in Pembroke, North Carolina. While in the United States, he was one of the founding members of the Association of the Korean Political Scientists in North America and served as its Secretary-General. Yang married after moving to the United States, and had two children there. He naturalised as a U.S. citizen in 1977.

paragraph: Yang returned to South Korea in 1986 as a visiting professor at Seoul National University. Later that same year, he accepted a professorship at the Graduate Institute of Peace Studies at Kyung Hee University, where he was an academic dean until 1996. He gave up U.S. citizenship in 1989.

paragraph: Section::::In the National Assembly.

paragraph: Yang was elected to the 15th National Assembly in the 1996 elections. He served on the National Assembly's Foreign Affairs and Unification Committee. In 1998, he became acting head of the Jeollanam-do branch of the National Congress for New Politics, replacing Han Hwa-gap ().

paragraph: Section::::Ambassadorship.

paragraph: In May 2000, just in advance of the first Inter-Korean summit, South Korean newspapers began to report that Yang had been chosen as Seoul's next ambassador to the United States. Yang's appointment was a surprise due to his relative lack of political and diplomatic experience. Stratfor analysed Kim's choice to nominate Yang, along with the naming of four-decade career diplomat and trade expert Hong Soong-young as ambassador to Beijing, as part of an effort to push forward the Sunshine Policy: the posting to Washington of Yang, an expert on North Korean affairs, symbolised the autonomy of Seoul's policies towards Pyongyang, while Hong's role was to improve relations with Beijing and ensure its support for inter-Korean reconciliation. Yang's term as ambassador came to an end in April 2003, when he was succeeded by Han Sung-joo.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: After leaving his ambassadorial post, Yang and his wife returned to South Korea. He went on to become a professor at Korea University's Graduate School of International Studies. He also served as the chairperson of the Kim Dae-jung Peace Foundation Advisory Committee from August 2007 to 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- English

paragraph: BULLET::::- As editor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- With James Lilley et al.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Korean

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Pak Han-sik et al.

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Park Sung-Jo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Co-edited with Kang Sung-hak.

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Lee Yong-pil.

paragraph: BULLET::::- With 이정복.

paragraph: BULLET::::- With 이상근

paragraph: Section::::Honors and awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Distinguished Alumni Award on the Gokseong Elementary School's Centennial, 2012, Gokseong County

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hall of Distinguished Alumni, University of Kentucky 2010, Lexington, Kentucky

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fifty Years, Fifty Stories, East-West Center, 2010, in commemoration of the East-West Center's 50th Anniversary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Person of the Year 2000 for Gokseong County, South Cholla Province, Korea

paragraph: BULLET::::- 건국 포장(ROK Presidential Award) On the Occasion of the 3rd Anniversary of the April Student Revolution, 1963

description: Korean politician

wikidata_label: Yang Sung-chul

wikipedia_title: Yang Sung-chul


text: Yorktown

text: Virginia

text: Elizabeth City County

text: Elizabeth

text: John Holt

text: Williamsburg

text: William Parks

text: House of Burgesses

text: Joseph Royle

text: Virginia Gazette

text: Benjamin Franklin

text: Annapolis

text: Maryland

text: George Washington

text: Alexander Purdie (publisher)

text: Joseph Royle (publisher)

text: Isaac Collins (printer)

text: David Hall (publisher)

text: John Holt (publisher)

text: Elizabeth Timothy

text: Louis Timothee

text: Jane Aitken

categories: Virginia colonial people,18th-century publishers (people),1761 deaths,American publishers (people),American postmasters,Colonial Williamsburg,18th-century births

paragraph: William Hunter (publisher)

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Hunter was born in Yorktown, Virginia at an unknown date in the early eighteenth century. His parents were William Hunter Sr. (d. 1742), a merchant of Elizabeth City County, and Mary Ann Hunter (d. 1743). Shortly after the deaths of Hunter's parents, his sister Elizabeth married John Holt, a merchant, printer, and the mayor of Williamsburg (1752—1753). Since all of Hunter's sisters were minor children and had no parents, they moved in with Elizabeth and her new husband at his house. Hunter and his sisters lived in the large house of the "Ravenscroft property" (two half-acre lots) owned by Holt from 1745 to 1754 at the corner of Nicholson and Botetourt Streets in Williamsburg. Hunter was then the owner of the property after Holt's death in 1754, until his death in 1761.

paragraph: Hunter was a journeyman apprentice under Virginia's first "public printer" ("printer to the public") William Parks. He was an adult in 1749 and was the foreman of Parks' print shop. Upon Parks’ death in 1750, Hunter took over his position as the official government "public printer" for the colony of Virginia. He was the "public printer" for the House of Burgesses in the colony of Virginia from 1751 to 1761. Hunter's salary was increased from Parks' last salary of £280 per year to a yearly salary of £300 when he became the official "public printer" for Virginia in 1751. His salary was increased to £350 per year in 1759. Hunter's print shop foreman was Joseph Royle.

paragraph: The print shop where Hunter did his daily work for Parks on Duke of Gloucester Street was only about a block away from where he lived at the "Ravenscroft property" at the time he was an apprentice working for Parks. Hunter did the printing of the "Virginia Gazette" and took over the newspaper upon Parks' death on April 1, 1750. He remained publisher of the "Virginia Gazette" from January 3, 1751 until his death in April 1761. Hunter started his own identity of the "Gazette" with "no. 1" in February 1751. It contained news of the Virginia colony, neighboring colonies, and news from England and parts of Europe. Hunter bought out Parks' print shop in 1753 for £288 for the printing presses and associated equipment.

paragraph: Hunter was a close friend of Benjamin Franklin. In 1753, he and Franklin were appointed deputy postmaster general as co-directors of the colonies. Franklin was responsible for the northern areas and Hunter was responsible for areas south of Annapolis, Maryland, a position Hunter held until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Hunter's main work consisted of printing the laws of Virginia, the publication of the "Virginia Gazette" newspaper, and maintaining a bookstore. In 1754, Hunter printed George Washington's first official report, "The Journal of Major George Washington: An Account of His First Official Mission, Made as Emissary from the Governor of Virginia to the Commandant of the French Forces on the Ohio, October 1753-January 1754".

paragraph: Printed cover page samples of Hunter's publications:

paragraph: Some additional publications credited to Hunter are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 10 editions of "The journal of the House of Burgesses" from 1752 into 1761.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5 editions of " The speech of the Honorable Robert Dinwiddie, Esq; His Majesty's lieutenant-governor, and commander in chief, of the colony and dominion of Virginia; to the General Assembly." from 1755 into 1757.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 4 editions of " Acts of Assembly passed at a General Assembly, begun and held at the capitol, in the city of Williamsburg" from 1732 into 1754.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3 editions of " A letter to the Right Reverend Father in God the Lord-B-----p of L------n. Occasioned by a letter of His Lordship's to the L--ds of Trade, on the subject of the act of Assembly passed in the year 1758, intituled, An act to enable the inhabitants of this colony to discharge their publick dues, &c. in money for the ensuing year, from Virginia " of 1759.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3 editions of " Anno regni Georgii II. Regis Magnae Britanniae, Franciae, & Hiberniae, tricesimo tertio " of 1759 into 1760.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3 editions of " Anno regni Georgii II, Regis Magnae Britanniae, Franciae, & Hiberniae, tricesimo secundo " of 1758 into 1759.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3 editions of " Anno regni Georgii II, Regis Magnae Britanniae, Franciae, & Hiberniae, vicesimo nono " of 1755 into 1756.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2 editions of " The duty of living peaceably with all men recommended, in a sermon (on Romans XII. v. 18.) preached at Williamsburg, November 11th 1759. Before the General Assembly of Virginia. By the Revd William Giberne, Rector of Hanover Parish, King-George County. ; Printed at the request of the worshipful the House of Burgesses " of 1759.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2 editions of "Anno regni Georgii III. Regis Magnae-Britanniae, Franciae & Hiberniae, secundo" of 1761.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1 editions of " The speech of the Honourable Francis Fauquier, Esq; His Majesty's lieutenant-governour, and commander in chief, of the colony and dominion of Virginia, to the General Assembly " of 1760.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Purdie (publisher)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Royle (publisher)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isaac Collins (printer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Hall (publisher)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Holt (publisher)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Timothy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis Timothee

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jane Aitken

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inventory of Estate of William Hunter 1761

description: Publisher in Colonial America

wikidata_label: William Hunter

wikipedia_title: William Hunter (publisher)


text:
Major League Baseball
New York Giants
National League

categories: Major League Baseball second basemen,Sportspeople from New York City,Newark Trunkmakers players,Baseball players from New York (state),Allentown Peanut Eaters players,19th-century baseball players,New York Giants (NL) players,Scranton Indians players,Kansas City Cowboys (minor league) players,London Tecumsehs (baseball) players

paragraph: Shorty Howe

paragraph: John Howe was a Major League Baseball player. He played for the New York Giants of the National League in 1890 and 1893.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Shorty Howe

wikipedia_title: Shorty Howe


categories: 1863 births,Phillipsburg Burgers players,1920 deaths,Major League Baseball players from Canada,Canadian expatriate baseball players in the United States,Evansville Hoosiers players,Toronto Canucks players,Canton Deubers players,19th-century baseball players,New York Giants (NL) players,Major League Baseball outfielders,Duluth Freezers players,Terre Haute Hottentots players,Lima Lushers players,Duluth Jayhawks players

paragraph: George McMillan (baseball)

paragraph: George A. McMillan (1863–1920) was a Major League Baseball player. He played for the New York Giants of the National League in ten games during the 1890 season.

description: Canadian baseball player

wikidata_label: George McMillan

wikipedia_title: George McMillan (baseball)


text: British Prime Minister

text: David Lloyd George

text: London

text: Lowland Scottish

text: Clapham

text: Royal Holloway College

text: Classics

text: Chancellor of the Exchequer

text: Megan

text: 1918 New Year Honours

text: Paris Peace Conference

text: Bron-y-de

text: Churt

text: Surrey

text: abortion

text: Thomas Tweed

text: Margaret

text: Campbell, John

text: Hague, Ffion

text: A.J.P. Taylor

text: London

text: London

text: Leominster

categories: Women diarists,Private secretaries in the British Civil Service,British countesses,People from Clapham,English diarists,Spouses of British politicians,Commanders of the Order of the British Empire,David Lloyd George,1888 births,1972 deaths,Alumni of Royal Holloway, University of London

paragraph: Frances Lloyd George, Countess Lloyd-George of Dwyfor, (7 October 1888 – 5 December 1972) was the mistress, personal secretary, confidante and second wife of British Prime Minister David Lloyd George.

paragraph: Frances Louise Stevenson was born in London. She was the daughter of a Lowland Scottish father and a mother of mixed French and Italian extraction. She was educated at Clapham High School, where in the fifth form she had made friends with Mair, Lloyd George's oldest daughter, and then at Royal Holloway College where she studied Classics.

paragraph: In July 1911 Lloyd George, then Chancellor of the Exchequer, hired Stevenson as a governess for his youngest daughter Megan. Lloyd George and Stevenson were soon attracted to each other. Although Stevenson, who wanted a conventional marriage and many children, hesitated about becoming the mistress of a married man, she agreed to become Lloyd George's personal secretary on his terms, which included a sexual relationship, in 1913.

paragraph: She was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1918 New Year Honours and accompanied Lloyd George to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. The delegates were under the impression she was still just his secretary. Stevenson chose the location and supervised the construction of Lloyd George's house Bron-y-de in Churt, Surrey.

paragraph: She also arranged and collated Lloyd George's extensive archive of personal and political papers so that he could write his "War Memoirs". After having had two abortions,

paragraph: Stevenson gave birth to a daughter, Jennifer, in 1929. Stevenson had been having an affair with Thomas Tweed, a novelist and Liberal Party official. Stevenson allowed Lloyd George to believe the child was his, but it is more likely that she was Tweed's.

paragraph: Two years after the death of Lloyd George's wife Margaret, Stevenson married Lloyd George on 23 October 1943 despite the disapproval of Lloyd George's children from his first marriage. Less than 18 months later, Lloyd George died on 26 March 1945.

paragraph: As Dowager Countess Lloyd-George of Dwyfor, she lived at Churt for the rest of her life, devoting her time to her family, charitable activities, perpetuating the memory of Lloyd George and writing. Her memoir "The Years That Are Past" was published in 1967, and her diary of her life with Lloyd George was published in 1971.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Campbell, John, "If Love Were All: The Story of Frances Stevenson and David Lloyd George", London: Jonathan Cape, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hague, Ffion, "The Pain and the Privilege: The Women in Lloyd George's Life", London: HarperPress, 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lloyd George, David and Frances, "My Darling Pussy: The Letters of Lloyd George and Frances Stevenson, 1913–41", A.J.P. Taylor (editor), London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson Publishers, 1975,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lloyd George, Frances, "Lloyd George: A Diary", A. J. P. Taylor (editor), London: Hutchinson, 1971,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Longford, Ruth (granddaughter of Frances Stevenson), "Frances, Countess Lloyd George: More Than a Mistress", Leominster: Gracewing, 1996,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Lloyd George Exhibition, National Library of Wales]

wikipedia_title: Frances Stevenson


text: Anglo-Irish

text: Conservative

text: Robert Jocelyn, Viscount Jocelyn

text: Robert Jocelyn, 3rd Earl of Roden

text: Frances Elizabeth Clavering-Cowper

text: Peter Clavering-Cowper, 5th Earl Cowper

text: Eton College

text: Trinity College, Cambridge

text: courtesy title

text: Lord-in-waiting

text: House of Lords

text: Conservative administration

text: Benjamin Disraeli

categories: People educated at Eton College,1846 births,1880 deaths

paragraph: Robert Jocelyn, 4th Earl of Roden

paragraph: Robert Jocelyn, 4th Earl of Roden (22 November 1846 – 10 January 1880), styled The Honourable Robert Jocelyn until 1854 and Viscount Jocelyn from 1854 to 1870, was an Anglo-Irish Conservative politician.

paragraph: Roden was the eldest son of Robert Jocelyn, Viscount Jocelyn, eldest son of Robert Jocelyn, 3rd Earl of Roden. His mother was Lady Frances Elizabeth Clavering-Cowper, daughter of Peter Clavering-Cowper, 5th Earl Cowper. He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating B.A. in 1868. He gained the courtesy title of Viscount Jocelyn on his father's death in 1854.

paragraph: By 1876, as reported in his Vanity Fair Caricature text he had already retired from the Life Guards.

paragraph: Jocelyn succeeded his grandfather in the earldom in 1870. In 1874 he was appointed a Lord-in-waiting (government whip in the House of Lords) in the second Conservative administration of Benjamin Disraeli, a post he held until 1880.

paragraph: Lord Roden died in office in January 1880, aged only 33. He was unmarried and was succeeded in the earldom by his uncle, the Honourable John Strange Jocelyn.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). "Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage" (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vanity fair caricature of Lord Roden at the National Portrait Gallery

description: Irish Earl

wikidata_label: Robert Jocelyn, 4th Earl of Roden

wikipedia_title: Robert Jocelyn, 4th Earl of Roden


text: Philadelphia

text: Thomas Meehan

text: Louis Prang

categories: Austrian male painters,1840 births,Botanical illustrators,19th-century male artists,19th-century Austrian painters,Year of death missing

paragraph: Alois Lunzer

paragraph: Alois Lunzer (1840–??), was an Austrian-born watercolour painter, who emigrated to Philadelphia and specialised in doing botanical illustrations.

paragraph: Lunzer collaborated with Thomas Meehan, botanist and author, and Louis Prang, publisher, in producing "“The Native Flowers and Ferns of the United States"” (1879).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "“The Native Flowers and Ferns of the United States”"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brown Brothers Company; Lunzer, Alois (Ill.): "Trees and plants for the world out of doors", 1909

description: Austrian artist

wikidata_label: Alois Lunzer

wikipedia_title: Alois Lunzer


text:
Greek
weightlifter
1904 Summer Olympics
1906 Summer Olympics
two hand lift competition
Intercalated Games
profile

categories: Olympic weightlifters of Greece,Olympic gold medalists for Greece,Greek male weightlifters,1879 births,Weightlifters at the 1904 Summer Olympics,Weightlifters at the 1906 Intercalated Games,Medalists at the 1904 Summer Olympics,Year of death missing,Olympic medalists in weightlifting

paragraph: Perikles Kakousis

paragraph: Perikles Kakousis (, born 1879, date of death unknown) was a Greek weightlifter who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics and in the 1906 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: In the 1904 Olympics he won a gold medal in a two hand lift event.

paragraph: Two years later he finished sixth in the two hand lift competition at the 1906 Intercalated Games.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- profile

description: weightlifter

wikidata_label: Perikles Kakousis

wikipedia_title: Perikles Kakousis