text: Julian

text: Roman Emperor

text: Augustus

text: Constantius II

text: Constantine I

text: Fausta

text: Constantine II

text: Constantius II

text: Constans

text: Constantina

text: Crispus

text: Constantius Chlorus

text: Helena

text: Maximian

text: Eutropia

text: Caesar

text: Julius Constantius

text: Basilina

text: Flavia Maximiana Theodora

text: Constantinian dynasty

text: Ammianus Marcellinus

text: consuls

text: Zosimus

text: Alps

text: Eutropius

text: Gaul

text: Gallus

text: barbarian

text: Roman Empire

text: Socrates of Constantinople

text: Magnentius

text: Sozomen

text: Philostorgius

text: Ionia

text: Milan

text: Chronicon Paschale

text: Edward Gibbon

text: miscarriage

text: Rome

text: Eusebia

text: Timothy Barnes

text: allegation

text: poison

text: ancient medicine

text: drug

text: pharmacology

text: panegyric

text: heir presumptive

text: abortifacient

text: Vicennalia

text: Diocletian

text: ceasefire

text: Alamanni

text: Shapur II

text: Sassanid Empire

text: Roman–Persian Wars

text: Petulantes

text: Athens

text: Corinth

text: Rome

text: Sparta

text: gymnasium

text: Via Nomentana

text: Gallus

text: chastity

text: sexual intercourse

text: Plato

text: Sophocles

text: Bacchylides

text: praise

text: Libanius

text: Venus

text: Juno

text: soothsaying

text: hereditary right

text: Phaethon

text: Liber Pontificalis

text: Pope Liberius

text: Christian

text: Nicene Creed

text: Her profile in the "Prosopography"

categories: 4th-century Christians,4th-century Roman women,Flavii,Roman empresses,360 deaths,4th-century Romans,4th-century births,Aurelii,Julian (emperor),Constantinian dynasty

paragraph: Helena (wife of Julian)

paragraph: Helena (died 360) was a Roman Empress by marriage to Julian, Roman Emperor in 360–363. She was briefly his Empress consort when Julian was proclaimed Augustus by his troops in 360. She died prior to the resolution of his conflict with Constantius II.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Helena was a daughter of Constantine I and Fausta. She was sister to Constantine II, Constantius II, Constans and Constantina and half-sister of Crispus.

paragraph: Her paternal grandparents were Constantius Chlorus and Helena. Her maternal grandparents were Maximian and Eutropia.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: On 6 November 355, Julian was declared Caesar by Constantius II. The new Caesar was a paternal first cousin to Helena and her siblings. He was a son of Julius Constantius and his second wife Basilina. His paternal grandparents were Constantius Chlorus and his second wife Flavia Maximiana Theodora. At the time of his declaration Julian was the only viable candidate for this position, at least within the ranks of the Constantinian dynasty. The various other males of the family had died out.

paragraph: The marriage of Helena and Julian took place days after his proclamation. The marriage confirmed the alliance of Julian to her brother. According to Ammianus Marcellinus:"This happened on the sixth of November of the year when Arbetio and Lollianus were consuls. Then, within a few days, Helena, the maiden sister of Constantius, was joined in the bonds of wedlock to the Caesar." Zosimus reports: "Constantius declared him Caesar, gave him in marriage his sister Helena, and sent him beyond the Alps. But being naturally distrustful, he could not believe that Julian would be faithful to him, and therefore sent along with him Marcellus and Sallustius, to whom, and not to Caesar, he committed the entire administration of that government."Eutropius narrates: "Constantius then remained sole ruler and emperor over the Roman dominions. He then sent into Gaul, with the authority of Caesar, his cousin Julian, the brother of Gallus, giving him his sister in marriage, at a time when the barbarians had stormed many towns and were besieging others, when there was everywhere direful devastation, and when the Roman Empire was tottering in evident distress." According to Socrates of Constantinople: "The emperor recalled him [Julian], and after created him Caesar; in addition to this, uniting him in marriage to his own sister Helen, he sent him against the barbarians. For the barbarians whom the Emperor Constantius had engaged as auxiliary forces against the tyrant Magnentius, having proved of no use against the usurper, were beginning to pillage the Roman cities. And inasmuch as he [Julian] was young he [Constantius] ordered him to undertake nothing without consulting the other military chiefs."

paragraph: Sozomen apparently confused Helena with her sister, calling her Constantia He narrates:"Constantius recalled him [Julian], and proclaimed him Caesar, promised him his sister Constantia in marriage, and sent him to Gaul; for the barbarians whose aid had been hired by Constantius previously against Magnentius, finding that their services were not required, had portioned out that country. As Julian was very young, generals, to whom the prudential affairs were turned over, were sent with him; but as these generals abandoned themselves to pleasure, he was present as Caesar, and provided for the war."

paragraph: Philostorgius reports: "He [Constantius] summoned Gallus' brother Julian from Ionia and appointed him Caesar in Milan, giving his own sister Helena to him as his wife and taking oaths with him. He then sent him to Gaul to watch over the realm there.". The marriage is also recorded in the "Chronicon Paschale".

paragraph: None of the primary sources mention the age of Helena at the time of her marriage. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon does comment on her age. "If we recollect that Constantine, the father of Helena, died above eighteen years before, in a mature old age, it will appear probable, that the daughter, though a virgin, could not be very young at the time of her marriage."

paragraph: Constantine I had died in 337. Fausta had died in 326. Which would mean Helena was at least twenty-nine years old at the time of her marriage.

paragraph: Section::::Caesar's wife.

paragraph: Helena seems to have followed her husband to Gaul and is next reported being pregnant with his child. This pregnancy ended in a miscarriage. Ammianus reports on further miscarriages: "Meanwhile Constantius' sister Helena, wife of Julian Caesar, had been brought to Rome under pretence of affection, but the reigning queen, Eusebia, was plotting against her; she herself had been childless all her life, and by her wiles she coaxed Helena to drink a rare potion, so that as often as she was with child she should have a miscarriage. For once before, in Gaul, when she had borne a baby boy, she lost it through machination: a midwife had been bribed with a sum of money, and as soon as the child was born cut the umbilical cord more than was right, and so killed it; such great pains and so much thought were taken that this most valiant man might have no heir." In the historical study "Ammianus Marcellinus and the Representation of Historical Reality" (1998) by Timothy Barnes, the birth of this stillborn son is estimated to 356. The miscarriage in Rome to 357. Barnes considers the story of the potion-induced miscarriages to be an allegation without further reference. Gibbon had not completely dismissed the report:"even the fruits of his [Julian's] marriage-bed were blasted by the jealous artifices of Eusebia herself, who, on this occasion alone, seems to have been unmindful of the tenderness of her sex, and the generosity of her character" ... "For my own part I am inclined to hope that the public malignity imputed the effects of accident as the guilt of Eusebia." He left the question of the existence of such a poison open and to be determined by physicians rather than historians. "A History of Medicine" (1995) by Plinio Prioreschi dismisses the account as an example of a very common error in accounts of ancient medicine, "the attribution to drugs of properties that they could not have". In this case, a potion which is consumed just once and keeps having effect for years. Prioreschi regards it as "an obvious impossibility in the light of modern pharmacology".

paragraph: "The Propaganda of Power: The Role of Panegyric in Late Antiquity" (1998) contains a number of essays on the subject of panegyrics. Among them is "In praise of an Empress:Julian's speech of thanks to Eusebia" by Shaun Tougher, discussing a "Panegyric In Honour Of Eusebia" written by Julian himself. Tougher examines the relationship of Julian and Eusebia, commenting on whether Helena was affected by it. The historian considers that the image of a politically influential but "kind-hearted and philanthropic" Eusebia is directly based on her depiction in the works of Julian. According to Tougher, later historians have tended to accept this depiction with little to no questioning of it. He regards Eusebia to be the greatest threat to Julian for the duration of his term as Caesar. This rank effectively made Julian heir presumptive to the imperial throne. His position as such relied solely on Constantius and Eusebia remaining childless. Had an heir been born to the imperial couple, Julian could find himself outliving his usefulness to his imperial patrons. Tougher follows the example of senior historian Noël Aujoulat in considering the story of Helena's miscarriages being the result of abortifacients to be entirely plausible. Both historians consider Ammianus' allegations, casting Eusebia as the orchestrator of such a plot, should be taken into consideration and "not be lightly dismissed".

paragraph: Whatever the case, "The Cambridge Ancient History" notes that the occasion of her presence in Rome were the Vicennalia of Constantius II, a celebration in honor of completing twenty years on the throne. Constantius and his Milan court moved to Rome for the occasion, marking the first and only known visit of this particular Augustus in the ancient capital of the Roman Empire. Constantius was following the examples of Diocletian and Constantine I who also visited Rome during their own Vicennalia. The presence of Constantius, Eusebia and Helena marked this as a dynastic display.

paragraph: Section::::Empress.

paragraph: By 360, Julian had restored peace to Gaul and reached a ceasefire with the Alamanni in particular. This secured the local borders for a while. Meanwhile, Constantius was involved in a conflict against Shapur II of the Sassanid Empire, another phase of the Roman–Persian Wars. He took advantage of the peace achieved by Julian, sending orders that would transfer many officers and units from Gaul to the Persian borders. The Petulantes, one of the units ordered to the eastern border, revolted and proclaimed Julian to be their Augustus. Soon their cause was joined by the rest of the Gallic troops. Julian accepted his proclamation with some initial reluctance. The exact date of his proclamations in unknown, estimated to February or March, 360. Helena served as his Empress consort. She is mentioned being alive at the time of his proclamation in Julian's "Letter To The Senate And People of Athens".

paragraph: The Letter was written in 361. At the time Julian and his forces were marching east to face Constantius. Julian took the time to write a series of public letters which explained and justified his course of action. These letters were addressed to several cities of the empire which Julian was attempting to win over, including (at least) Athens, Corinth, Rome and Sparta. The letter to Athens happens to be the only one preserved to modern times. Among other subjects, Julian narrates the conditions of his proclamation to the throne by army revolt.

paragraph: Julian was attempting to convince his audience that Constantius was to blame for their conflict, not himself. His narrative suggests Helena was alive early in his new reign, attended by soldiers and in close proximity to her husband at Gaul. As an officer of her guard was able to contact Julian with no prolonged journey mentioned. He does however claim to have slept alone without stating a reason. Her role in the conflict between her husband and brother is left unmentioned.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Helena is next mentioned by Ammianus as already deceased for some time: Julian "being now an Augustus, he celebrated quinquennial games; and he wore a magnificent diadem, set with gleaming gems, whereas at the beginning of his principate he had assumed and worn a cheap crown, like that of the director of a gymnasium attired in purple. While these games were going on, he had sent to Rome the remains of his deceased wife Helena, to be laid to rest in his villa near the city on the Via Nomentana, where also her sister Constantina, formerly the wife of Gallus, was buried." In his assessment of Julian, Ammianus claims Julian practiced chastity and avoided sexual intercourse for the rest of his life. "He was so conspicuous for inviolate chastity that after the loss of his wife it is well known that he never gave a thought to love: bearing in mind what we read in Plato, that Sophocles, the tragic poet, when he was asked, at a great age, whether he still had congress with women, said no, adding that he was glad that he had escaped from this passion as from some mad and cruel aster. Also, to give greater strength to this principle, Julianus often repeated the saying of the lyric poet Bacchylides, whom he delighted to read, who declares that as a skilful painter gives a face beauty, just so chastity gives charm to a life of high aims. This blemish in the mature strength of manhood he avoided with such care, that even his most confidential attendants never (as often happens) accused him even of a suspicion of any lustfulness." Barnes notes that Ammianus offers much praise of both Julian and Eusebia. In contrast, there is no such praise for Helena, nor an actual assessment of her.

paragraph: The "Funeral Oration upon the Emperor Julian" by Libanius elaborates on the subject of Julian's chastity:"This was the pleasure our emperor reaped from the length of the nights, whilst others were following the business of Venus. But he was so far from inquiring where there was a fair daughter, or wife, that had he not once been tied by Juno with the bond of marriage, he would have ended his days knowing nothing of sexual intercourse but by name. But as it was he regretted his wife, yet did not touch another woman, either before or after her; being by his constitution enabled to be continent, and his constant occupation in the art of soothsaying concurring to require this restraint. ... Being exhorted by his relations to marry, that he might get children for heirs to his power, "It was out of fear of this very thing," replied he, "that I have neglected to do so, lest they, succeeding by hereditary right, should turn out bad and ruin the state, experiencing the same fate with Phaethon." Thus did he regard his own want of children as a lighter calamity than the chance of mischief to the provinces."

paragraph: Gibbon notes that Helena's "pregnancy had been several times fruitless, and was at last fatal to herself." Gibbon used as his source another work by Libanius, "a very weak apology, to justify his hero [Julian] from a very absurd charge of poisoning his wife, and rewarding her physician with his mother's jewels." An entry of the Liber Pontificalis, the one covering Pope Liberius, mentions Helena being a devout Christian and an adherent of the Nicene Creed. However, like Sozomen, the entry writer confused her with her sister and calls her "Constantia Augusta".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Her profile in the "Prosopography"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Page mentioning her marriage in Philostorgius' history

paragraph: BULLET::::- Page in "Representation of Historical Reality" mentioning her depiction by Ammianus Marcellinus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Page of "History of Medicine" which mentions Eusebia and Helena

paragraph: BULLET::::- Page of "Propaganda of Power" discussing Helena's miscarriages

paragraph: BULLET::::- Page of the "Cambridge Ancient History" mentioning her visit to Rome

paragraph: BULLET::::- Page of the "Book of Acts" mentioning Julian's letter to Athens

paragraph: BULLET::::- Page of the "Epistle to the Athenians" which mentions her being alive at the proclamation of Julian

description: Roman empress

wikidata_label: Helena

wikipedia_title: Helena (wife of Julian)


text:
Duke of Bar
René of Anjou
Robert I of Bar
Marie Valois
John II of France
Bishop of Poitiers
cardinal
Bishop of Langres
Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne
bishop-administrator of Verdun
Duke of Orleans
Council of Pisa
Guy of Roye
Archbishop of Reims
Peter of Ailly
Bishop of Cambrai
Volti
Gênes
Archbishop of Reims
Benedict XIII of Avignon
Gregory XII of Rome
Pope Alexander V
Great Western Schism
Edward III, Duke of Bar
Battle of Agincourt
Juliers
Berg
Lorraine
Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine
Charles II, Duke of Lorraine
Duchy of Bar

categories: Bishops of Beauvais,15th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Bishops of Verdun,Cardinal-bishops of Porto,14th-century peers of France,Bishops of Châlons-sur-Marne,Bishops of Poitiers,Bishops of Langres,French cardinals

paragraph: Louis I, Duke of Bar

paragraph: Louis I of Bar (between 1370 and 1375 – 26 June 1430) was a French bishop of the 15th century and the "de jure" Duke of Bar from 1415 to 1430, ruling from the 1420s alongside his grand-nephew René of Anjou.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was a son of Robert I of Bar and his wife Marie Valois, (daughter of John II of France). As the couple's fifth son, he was destined for a career in the church. He was Bishop of Poitiers from 1391 to 1395 (also being made a cardinal in 1391) before becoming Bishop of Langres (1397–1413), and then Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne (1413–30). At the same time, he acted as bishop-administrator of Verdun (1419–23 and 1424–30).

paragraph: He played an important role in French politics after the assassination of the Duke of Orleans in 1407. In 1409, he attended the Council of Pisa with Guy of Roye, Archbishop of Reims, and Peter of Ailly, Bishop of Cambrai. At Volti, near Gênes, a quarrel between the marshals of the town and the Archbishop of Reims degenerated into a riot, with the archbishop being killed and Louis missing-presumed dead. The cardinals, arriving at Pisa, pronounced the decline of popes Benedict XIII of Avignon and Gregory XII of Rome, and elected Pope Alexander V, putting an end to the Great Western Schism.

paragraph: On the death of his brother Edward III, Duke of Bar at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, Louis inherited the dukedom and successfully defended his claim to it against that of his brother-in-law Adolphe, Duke of Juliers and of Berg, who felt that, as a clergyman, Louis was not suited to inherit the dukedom and its revenues. In 1419, in order to put an end to the differences that had existed for several centuries between the dukes of Bar and Lorraine, Louis negotiated the marriage of his grand-nephew René of Anjou to Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine (daughter and heiress of Charles II, Duke of Lorraine), and entrusted them with ruling the Duchy of Bar in the 1420s.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georges Poull, "La Maison souveraine et ducale de Bar", 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- D. De Smyttère, "Enfants du duc de Bar Robert et de la princesse Marie," in:

description: French priest

wikidata_label: Louis I, Duke of Bar

wikipedia_title: Louis I, Duke of Bar


text: Marquisate of Namur

text: William I

text: Louis II of Savoy

text: John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy

text: William IV, Count of Hainaut

text: Louis VII, Duke of Bavaria

text: Robert I, Duke of Bar

text: Marie of Valois (1344-1404)

text: John VI, Count of Harcourt

text: John III

categories: Margraves of Namur,1418 deaths,1355 births

paragraph: William II, Marquis of Namur

paragraph: William II, Marquis of Namur (22 January 1355 – 10 January 1418) inherited the Marquisate of Namur from his father William I in 1391 and held it until his own death.

paragraph: His mother was Catherine of Savoy († 1388), daughter of Louis II of Savoy, baron of Vaud, and Isabella of Châlon. His rule as marquis of Namur was a peaceful one, in which he devoted himself to encouraging commerce, industry and the building of fortifications. He did participate in 1408 in the suppression of a revolt by the people of Liège, together with John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy , William IV, Count of Hainaut and Louis VII, Duke of Bavaria.

paragraph: His first wife was Marie de Bar, daughter of Robert I, Duke of Bar and Marie of Valois (1344-1404).br

paragraph: In 1393, he remarried with Jeanne d'Harcourt (1372–1456), daughter of John VI, Count of Harcourt and Catherine of Bourbon.br

paragraph: He had no surviving children and so on his death William II was succeeded as Marquis by his brother John III.

description: Marquis of Namur

wikidata_label: William II, Marquis of Namur

wikipedia_title: William II, Marquis of Namur


text:
Charles II of Navarre
Philip III of Navarre
Joan II of Navarre
House of Capet
Henry IV of Bar
Charles II of Navarre
Duke of Brittany
Louis of Navarre
John II of France
Charles de la Cerda
Constable of France
Normandy
John, Count of Harcourt
Bascon de Mareuil
Rabigot Dury
Treaty of Mantes
Rouen
Evreux
Cotentin
Cherbourg
Martin Henriques
Pedro Remirez
Louis
Spain
Avignon
Henry, Duke of Lancaster
Brittany
Robert Knolles
Montebourg
Pont-Audemer
Conches-en-Ouche
Breteuil
Verneuil
Chancellor
Thomas de Ladit
Clarendon
Wiltshire
écu
Battle of Poitiers
Dauphin
Avranches
Saint-Lô
Île de France
Richard Totesham
Bessin
Bayeux
Chartres
Godfrey of Harcourt
Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte
Etienne Marcel
Hugh Calveley
John Fotheringhay
Saint-Denis
Saint-Denis
Porte Saint-Antoine
Mantes
Saint-Valéry
Treaty of Brétigny
routiers
Bertrand du Guesclin

categories: Navarrese infantes,1363 deaths,1336 births

paragraph: Philip, Count of Longueville

paragraph: Philip of Navarre, Count of Longueville (1336–1363) was a younger brother and supporter of Charles II of Navarre, a claimant to the French throne. The son of Philip III of Navarre and Joan II of Navarre, he married Yolande of Flanders in 1353. She was the daughter of Robert of Flanders and Joan of Brittany (from the House of Capet) and the widow of Henry IV of Bar. The marriage was childless, though by his mistress Jeannette d'Aisy Philip had two illegitimate children - Lancelot (who was granted Longueville as a gift in 1371 by his uncle Charles II of Navarre so long as he served in the company of the Duke of Brittany) and Robine (granted Longueville by her uncle Louis of Navarre in 1367). Philip and his brother Charles fought against John II of France in 1353.

paragraph: Section::::Murder of Charles de la Cerda.

paragraph: Christmas 1353 he followed his brother Charles to Paris where they intended to pick a quarrel. On arrival they exchanged insults with Charles de la Cerda (also known as Charles of Spain), the Constable of France, in the king's presence, Philip even going so far a drawing his dagger.

paragraph: Two weeks later Charles de la Cerda was travelling unescorted through Normandy when on 7 January 1354 Philip with a band of Norman and Navarrese followers including John, Count of Harcourt, the Bascon de Mareuil and Rabigot Dury, came to the village of l'Aigle and inn where Charles was spending the night. After surrounding the inn Philip stormed into Charles bedroom saying “Charles of Spain, I am Philip, son of a King, whom you have foully slandered.” According to one account Charles begged for his life and promised to leave France forever, but the Bascon de Mareuil and Rabigot Dury fell upon him with four other troopers and stabbed him to death. In all eighty wounds was found on the body of Charles of Spain. The murder of Charles of Spain brought about a break in relations between the King of Navarre and the King of France and occasioned the first of Charles of Navarre's many rapprochements with the English. This time it was not to last long. Already in February Philips brother was, formally at least, reconcile to King John II. In the Treaty of Mantes concluded 22 February Charles of Navarre gained considerable territories in Lower Normandy as well as promises of pardons for Charles, his brothers and confederates for the murder of Charles of Spain.

paragraph: Section::::Alliance with England.

paragraph: On 5 April 1356, John II unexpectedly, and to contemporaries quite shockingly, personally had Charles II arrested while he was attended a council of the leading noblemen of Normandy at Rouen. And so open war broke out between the Houses of Evreux and Valois as the King of France's armies lay siege to Evreux, Charles' administrative seat in Normandy. It fell to Philip to defend his imprisoned brother's interests in Normandy. After a brief attempt to negotiate with John II he withdrew to the Cotentin where he set up headquarters at Cherbourg and proclaimed himself his brother's lieutenant in France. Though the region had a long tradition of opposition to the French Crown the local nobility were reluctant to throw in their support as the Navarrese caused appeared doomed to fail. Philip sent his chief lieutenants Martin Henriques and Pedro Remirez back to Navarre to raise troops. There Louis, the youngest of the three brothers, was already busy raising money and seeking allies in Spain and at Avignon. However Philip knew that the resources of Navarre alone could never be enough to sustain a war against France and by the end of April he had sent to emissaries to England to seek an alliance. Though initially sceptical by 4 May the English government had decided to divert Henry, Duke of Lancaster's planned invasion of Brittany to Normandy. On 28 May Philip formally renounced his homage to the King of France and declared war on his former liege.

paragraph: Henry of Lancaster arrived in the Contentin 1 June 1356 bringing with him some 1300 men. To this Philip added 300 of his own retainers. They were also joined by Robert Knolles bringing with him 800 men from the English garrisons in Brittany. The small but all mounted army rode out from Montebourg on 22 June. They were too late to save Evereux, but arrived in time to relieve and reinforce the Navarrese garrison at Pont-Audemer. From there they moved south reaching Conches-en-Ouche on 3 July only to find that the place had just fallen to the French. Driving off a small French army outside the walls of Breteuil they went to capture Verneuil by storm before turning west again on 8 July. By 13 July the army was back at Montebourg. They had failed to relieve Evreux, but brought back considerable booty making the short campaign a profitable venture for the participants. The raid also caused John II to be caught in a pointless siege of Breteuil instead of focusing on the threatening events taking place to the south. On 20 August he paid the garrison an enormous sum for surrendering the castle and rejoin Philip in the Cotentin.

paragraph: The rest of the year Philip spent in England together with his Chancellor Thomas de Ladit to settle the terms of his alliance with Edward III. Philip did homage to Edward III as King of France and Duke of Normandy and promised to serve Edward against anyone except his own brothers. The formal agreement was concluded at the king's hunting lodge at Clarendon in Wiltshire. Philip was to have possession of anything own by him or his brother and keep all his conquests up to a value of 60 000 écus, a considerable sum. Edward was to have the demesne lands of the dukes of Normandy and anything else Philip might conquer. Philip was also required to surrender any place of special military or political value. Well satisfied Philip left England in early December with letters appointing him Edward III's Lieutenant in Normandy.

paragraph: The capture of John II in the Battle of Poitiers on 17 September threw the French government, now headed by the Dauphin, into disarray. This allowed Philip reinforced with several shiploads of fresh soldiers from Navarre, to go on the offensive. Avranches was captured early December, by the end of 1356 Saint-Lô was the only significant place in the Cotentin holding out for the Dauphin.

paragraph: In 1357, the English and Navarrese began spilling out from Normandy into Île de France. In January that year Philip rode out of the Cotentin with a mounted force of 700 of his own Navarrese and Norman retainers reinforced by a 100 English and German men-at-arms under the English captain Sir Richard Totesham. Travelling east into the Bessin they occupied several castles east of Bayeux before setting out towards Paris causing considerable panic. Passing Chartres they came within 8 miles from Paris before returning home.

paragraph: Philip returned home to discover that the Duke of Lancaster had taken over control of Avranches and installed an English garrison there. Outraged Philip went to Lancaster's camp outside Rennes to complain. Though Lancaster agreed to reinstate the Navarrese garrison his captains remained in possession. Philip also became embroiled in another dispute with the English government. When the heirless Norman nobleman Godfrey of Harcourt fell in battle against the French in November 1356 Philip had taken possession of his castle, Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte, one of strongest and most valuable in the region. However Edward III sent his own men to take over the castle, citing a previous agreement with Godfrey of Harcourt had gifted the castle to the English King. Philip sent his Chancellor to Westminster to protest, but was overruled.

paragraph: Section::::Revolution in Paris.

paragraph: September 1357 negotiations began in London between the English government and King John II, who was still a prisoner. Philip had attempted to persuade Edward that the release of his brother Charles should be one of the conditions for a truce with France, but met only evasions. 9 November 1357 Charles of Navarre escaped from his prison at Arleux, three weeks later he was received as a hero returned by a Paris increasingly hostile to the Dauphin's government. This sped up the proceedings considerably and the kings agreed to a draft treaty, which among other things, provided that Philip of Navarre should be restored to all that he had held in France before the outbreak of the civil war. Peace between France and England was however not in the interest of the King of Navarre who relied on the continued political instability to achieve his political ambitions.

paragraph: In December Charles left Paris for Normandy to build up his strength before his final showdown with the Dauphin. He returned to Paris in February 1358 where he allied with the Provost of the Merchants, Etienne Marcel. However, by July the Dauphin had gained the advantage in the power struggle; he had the support of the French aristocracy, the Parisians, provoked by the presence of English and Navarrese guards within the city, were also increasingly sympathetic to his cause. Philip answered Charles’ call for reinforcements by assembling a considerable force drawn from the garrisons of Normandy and Brittany. Composed mainly of Englishmen the army also included such veteran captains as Robert Knolles and Hugh Calveley and Philip's marshal John Fotheringhay. Before Philip could arrive the mood of the city had completely turned against the King of Navarre who had been forced to barricade himself in Saint-Denis with his guards. On 31 July Paris rose up against and destroyed the regime of Etienne Marcel, the Provost himself was killed by the mob. Charles now resolved upon a full alliance with Edward III. On 2 August Charles and Philip led their army to the north side of the city where they occupied the abbey and suburb of Saint-Denis, apparently preparing to take the city by assault. However evening the same day the Dauphin entered Paris by the Porte Saint-Antoine. All hopes of capturing Paris now lost; the Navarrese army withdrew to Mantes.

paragraph: Spring 1359 he led a mainly English army out of Mantes to relieve the garrison of Saint-Valéry. The garrison surrendered 21 April before Philip could arrive. He instead led his army into western Champagne where he sustained himself for six weeks while evading the counterattacks of the Constable and Admiral of France, returning to Normandy in early June having achieved little of lasting value. On 20 August 1359 Charles of Navarre made his peace with the Dauphin. Philip however chose to continue in the service of the King of England as did many of the Navarrese garrisons in Normandy.

paragraph: Section::::Peace and death.

paragraph: In 1360 England and France concluded the Treaty of Brétigny bringing the war to an end, for now. Later the same year Charles of Navarre signed a separate treaty with John II. But though the kings were no longer at war, peace proved elusive. The countless mercenary bands, "routiers", whose loyalty to the English government had never been anything but nominal, continued to pillage and extract ransom. Philip was however able to retain some control of the Navarrese troops in the region. In summer 1363 he joined Bertrand du Guesclin in a campaign against the routier garrisons around Bayeux and Caen. Towards the end of this campaign Philip caught a chill and died August 1363.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sumption, Jonathan, "The Hundred Years War II: Trial by Fire", University of Pennsylvania Press, October 2001,

description: Navarrese infante

wikidata_label: Philip, Count of Longueville

wikipedia_title: Philip, Count of Longueville


text: "Dom"

text: Duchess of Aveiro

text: Portugal

text: Charles II

text: Catalonia

text: Flanders

text: Count of Santa Cruz

text: Marquis of Gouveia

text: Álvaro and Juliana of Lencastre

text: Duke of Aveiro

text: Duke of Torres Novas

text: Marquis of Torres Novas

categories: Dukes of Aveiro,Portuguese nobility,1667 births

paragraph: His full name was Gabriel de Lencastre Ponce de León Manrique de Lara Cádenas Girón y Aragon (1667–1745), known as "Dom" Gabriel of Lencastre.

paragraph: He was the 2nd son of Manuel Ponce de León, 6th Duke of Los Arcos, in Spain, and Maria de Guadalupe of Lencastre, 6th Duchess of Aveiro.

paragraph: His mother was recognised by the Portuguese King, as Duchess of Aveiro, in 1679, on the condition she would return to Portugal. Due to her husband's opposition, she divorced him, returned to her homeland and regained the House of Aveiro and their estates.

paragraph: Their elder son, Don Joaquín, would inherited the Spanish House of the Dukes of Los Arcos, while the younger, Dom Gabriel, would inherited the Portuguese House of the Dukes of Aveiro.

paragraph: Only after his mother's death (1715), he came to Portugal. While he lived in Spain, King Charles II granted him the title of Duke of Baños, and he served in the Spanish army, both in the Catalonia and in the Flanders campaigns.

paragraph: He died single without issue.

paragraph: After his death the Duchy was claimed by his nephew, António de Lencastre Ponce de León (son of Joaquin 7th Duke of Los Arcos), and by José de Mascarenhas, 8th Count of Santa Cruz and 5th Marquis of Gouveia (descending from Álvaro and Juliana of Lencastre through female line).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duke of Aveiro

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duke of Torres Novas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marquis of Torres Novas

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogy of Gabriel of Lencastre, 7th Duke of Aveiro, in Portuguese

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: ”Nobreza de Portugal e do Brasil” – Vol. II, pages 346. Published by Zairol Lda., Lisbon 1989.

description: Portuguese noble


text: Kings of Leinster

text: Gaelic

text: Hiberno-Norman

text: Richard II of England

text: amnesty

text: Elizabeth le Veel

text: Clane

text: Anglo-Norman

text: barony of Norragh

text: Statutes of Kilkenny

text: Ferns

text: Clane

text: Duke of Wellington

text: New Ross

text: Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh

text: Irish kings

text: Kings of Leinster

text: Annals of the Four Masters

text: online

categories: 14th-century Irish monarchs,1417 deaths,People from County Wexford,Kings of Leinster,15th-century Irish monarchs,MacMorrough Kavanagh dynasty,1357 births

paragraph: Art Óg mac Murchadha Caomhánach

paragraph: Art Óg Mac Murchadha Caomhánach (anglicized Art MacMurrough-Kavanagh, Art MacMorrough, Art MacMorrow-Kavanagh, or Art MacMorrow; 1357 1417) was an Irish king who is generally regarded as the most formidable of the later Kings of Leinster. He revived not only the royal family's prerogatives, but also their lands and power. During his 42-year reign, he dominated the Anglo-Norman settlers of Leinster.

paragraph: MacMurrough-Kavanagh's dominance of the province and its inhabitants, both Gaelic and Hiberno-Norman, was deemed sufficiently detrimental to the colony that Richard II of England spent much of the years 1394 and 1395 sparring with him. While MacMurrough-Kavanagh did eventually submit to Richard, he renounced this fealty on Richard's departure and made much of his kingdom a death trap for any invading English or Anglo-Irish forces. The Crown accordingly dealt with him cautiously and he was granted an amnesty in 1409.

paragraph: MacMurrough-Kavanagh married Elizabeth le Veel, widow of Sir John Staunton of Clane. She was the only daughter of Sir Robert le Veel, and through her father the heiress of the Anglo-Norman barony of Norragh. Such a racial intermarriage violated the Statutes of Kilkenny and the Crown thus forfeited Elizabeth's lands, which later became one of the causes of her husband's enmity to the English. They had three sons: Donnchadh, King of Leinster, Diarmuid Lamhdearg, and Gerald, Lord of Ferns. Elizabeth's estates later passed to the Wellesley family, who were descendants of her daughter, Elizabeth, by her first husband, Sir John Staunton of Clane; the Wellesleys were ancestors of the Duke of Wellington.

paragraph: MacMurrough-Kavanagh died soon after Christmas 1417, perhaps in his bed in Ferns, or perhaps was poisoned in New Rossaccounts differ.

paragraph: MacMurrough-Kavanagh's descendants include 19th century Irish politician Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh.

paragraph: The 1885 historical novel "Art M'Morrough O'Cavanagh, Prince of Leinster: An Historical Romance of the Fourteenth Century" by M. L. O'Byrne is a loosely biographical account of his life, written from a nationalist perspective.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irish kings

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kings of Leinster

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Annals of the Four Masters" online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francis John Bryne, "Irish Kings and High Kings" (Dublin, 1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emmett O'Byrne, "War, Politics and the Irish of Leinster 1156-1606" (Dublin, 2003)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ireland's Wars, How Art MacMurragh Brought Down The English Monarchy at Never Felt Better

description: Irish king

wikidata_label: Art Mór Mac Murchadha Caomhánach

wikipedia_title: Art Óg mac Murchadha Caomhánach


text: Bonheiden

text: Belgian

text: race car

text: driver

text: karting

text: Formula Ford

text: Benelux

text: Formula Opel Euroseries

text: British Formula 3 Championship

text: international Formula Three

text: Zandvoort

text: Formula 3000

text: Peugeot

text: Belgian Pro Car Series

text: FIA GT Championship

text: Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0

text: European Touring Car Championship

categories: Formula Ford drivers,British Formula Three Championship drivers,European Le Mans Series drivers,European Touring Car Championship drivers,Living people,International Formula 3000 drivers,People from Bonheiden,1973 births,Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 teams,Belgian racing drivers,EFDA Nations Cup drivers,Formula 3.5 V8 teams

paragraph: Kurt Mollekens

paragraph: Kurt Mollekens (born 8 March 1973 in Bonheiden) is a Belgian race car driver and team owner.

paragraph: Mollekens debuted as a driver in top-level karting during 1990, staying there until 1992 when he moved up to Formula Ford. His debut Formula Ford year was successful, him winning all three titles he challenged for – Benelux Formula Ford, Dutch Formula Ford and Belgian Formula Ford.

paragraph: Mollekens also achieved success in the 1993 British Formula Ford season, which helped him into Formula Opel Euroseries (1994) and the British Formula 3 Championship (1995). He stayed in the latter during 1996, at which time he won the international Formula Three race at Zandvoort, his biggest win. Mollekens joined Formula 3000 in 1997 and spent two years there with the KTR team, which he owned. In 1999 he continued to run the team without driving, instead driving for Peugeot in the Belgian Pro Car Series.

paragraph: He continued as an F3000 team owner until 2001, and after a hiatus as a driver in 2000, returned as a competitor in some races of the FIA GT Championship of 2001 and 2002. In 2002 his team left Formula 3000, moving to the lesser-known World Series by Nissan, and latterly, World Series by Renault, in which the team competed until 2008. After a hiatus KTR planned to return to racing in 2009 in the Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0. In 2004, Mollekens continued as a driver in part of the European Touring Car Championship.

description: auto racer

wikidata_label: Kurt Mollekens

wikipedia_title: Kurt Mollekens


text:
Paloumba
Theodoros Kolokotronis
Greek War of Independence
Napoleon I of France
Sicily
Napoleonic Wars

categories: People of the Greek War of Independence,1787 births,1865 deaths,People from Arcadia,Greek revolutionaries

paragraph: Panourgias Eliopoulos

paragraph: Panourgias Eliopoulos, or Panourgias Iliopoulos () was born in Paloumba in 1787. He was among the first soldiers of Theodoros Kolokotronis during the Greek War of Independence. He took part in the war against Napoleon I of France in Sicily during the Napoleonic Wars. He died in 1865 in Paloumba village.

paragraph: source: http://www.papyrosonline.gr/frontoffice/portal.asp?cpage=NODE&cnode=1 (printed edition)

description: Greek revolutionary

wikidata_label: Panourgias Eliopoulos

wikipedia_title: Panourgias Eliopoulos


text:
Australia
singer
songwriter
guitarist
Charles Blackman
eastern
Sydney
Bondi
Paddington
International Grammar School
African percussion
Something for Kate
Ben Lee
Alex Lloyd
Hey, Hey, It's Esther Blueburger
Paul Mac
Triple J
Paul McKercher
Augie March
Little Birdy
Goldfrapp
Gwen Stefani
Francois Tetaz
Architecture in Helsinki
Gotye
Triple J
Nova
MGM Distribution
ARIA
AIR Awards
Peek-a-Boo
Siouxsie and the Banshees

categories: Place of birth missing (living people),Australian singer-songwriters,ARIA Award winners,Living people,1982 births

paragraph: Bertie Blackman

paragraph: Beatrice "Bertie" Blackman (born 1982) is an Independent Australian singer, songwriter and guitarist. She rose to fame with her debut album in 2004, entitled "Headway" which came after years of prolific performances around Sydney's Inner city venues, where she developed a dedicated following.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and influences.

paragraph: Bertie is the daughter of late renowned Australian artist Charles Blackman and grew up in the eastern Sydney suburbs of Bondi and Paddington. She attended International Grammar School in Ultimo. She began playing African percussion at the age of twelve and guitar at the age of fifteen.

paragraph: Section::::Career achievements.

paragraph: Bertie appeared on the Australian music scene in 2004 with the single "Favourite Jeans" taken from her debut album, "Headway" (2004) a folk-inspired acoustic album featuring musicians Cameron Deyell, Laurence Pike and Cameron Undy and was co-produced by Richard Belkner. This album established her as an Australian headline alongside contemporaries Something for Kate, Ben Lee and Alex Lloyd. She wrote music for Australian films including the title track to the 2008 production "Hey, Hey, It's Esther Blueburger" which saw her collaborate with prodigious Australian producer Paul Mac.

paragraph: After forming a new band with Neal Sutherland, Evan Mannell and Cameron Deyell, she made her second album "Black" (2006) and received positive reviews and high rotation on Triple J and demonstrated Blackman's move away from folk music to a focus on rock. This album was produced by well-known Australian producer, Paul McKercher (Augie March, Little Birdy)

paragraph: In 2008, Bertie signed with newly formed Australian management company Forum 5 and began working on her third studio album, entitled "Secrets and Lies" which was recorded between Sydney and Melbourne. Musicians involved included Neal Sutherland, Evan Mannell and Ben Hauptmann with producers Lee Groves (Goldfrapp, Gwen Stefani) and Francois Tetaz (Architecture in Helsinki, Gotye)

paragraph: Her first single from the album, "Heart" was released on 10 April 2009. The song was added on high rotation on Australian radio station Triple J and nationwide on commercial radio network Nova as well as on regional and community stations across the country. Altogether "Heart" was the 4th most added song on radio in the week of its release and entered the Australian radio airplay charts at #67.

paragraph: The album "Secrets and Lies" was the Triple J Feature Album for the week commencing Monday 27 April 2009 and was officially released on 8 May 2009 on Forum 5 Recordings with distribution through MGM Distribution.

paragraph: "Secrets and Lies" entered the ARIA album charts at No. 72 and peaked at No. 49.

paragraph: At the fourth annual AIR Awards, held on 22 November 2009, Bertie Blackman received four nominations for 'Best Independent Single or EP', 'Breakthrough Independent Artist of the Year', 'Best Independent Album' and 'Best Independent Artist', winning 'Breakthrough Independent Artist of the Year'.

paragraph: At the 2009 ARIA Music Awards, she was nominated for 'Best Independent Release', which she ended up winning. In 2010, she released as a single a cover version of "Peek-a-Boo" from Siouxsie and the Banshees

description: Australian singer

wikidata_label: Bertie Blackman

wikipedia_title: Bertie Blackman


text: Valladolid

text: Spanish

text: noble

text: Kingdom of Castile

text: Infante de Castilla

text: Sancho IV de Castilla

text: King of Castile

text: María de Molina

text: Sancho IV of Castile

text: María de Molina

text: Alfonso X of Castile

text: Violant of Hungary

text: James I of Aragon

text: Alfonso de Molina

text: Alfonso IX of Leon

text: Mayor Alfonso de Meneses

text: Ferdinand IV of Castile

text: Pedro de Castilla y Molina

text: Felipe

text: Enrique de Castilla y Molina

text: Beatriz

text: Isabella

text: Valladolid

text: Sancho IV of Castile

text: Juan Núñez I de Lara

text: House of Lara

text: betroth

text: Juana Núñez de Lara

text: San Pablo Church

text: Dominican Order

text: Museo de Valladolid

text: Palacio de Fabio Nelli

categories: People from Valladolid,Castilian infantes,1286 births,1291 deaths

paragraph: Alfonso de Castilla y Molina

paragraph: Alfonso de Castilla y Molina (1286 in Valladolid – 1291 in Valladolid) was a Spanish noble in the service of the Kingdom of Castile. He was an Infante de Castilla, son of King Sancho IV de Castilla, King of Castile and of his wife, the Queen María de Molina.

paragraph: Section::::Family Origins.

paragraph: Alfonso was the son of King Sancho IV of Castile and his wife the queen, María de Molina. His paternal grandparents were Alfonso X of Castile and his wife, Violant of Hungary, herself the daughter of James I of Aragon. His maternal grandparents were the infante Alfonso de Molina, son of Alfonso IX of Leon and his third wife, Mayor Alfonso de Meneses. He was the brother of Ferdinand IV of Castile Pedro de Castilla y Molina, Felipe, Enrique de Castilla y Molina, Beatriz and Isabella, amongst others.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Alfonso was born in Valladolid in 1286.

paragraph: Towards the end of 1291, King Sancho IV of Castile and Juan Núñez I de Lara, head of the House of Lara, in the effort to forge a political alliance, decided to betroth Alfonso to Juana Núñez de Lara, Juan Núñez I's eldest daughter. He was 5 years old at the time. Alfonso did not survive the year however and the subsequent political alliance fell apart as Juan Núñez I went into self-imposed exile and rebellion against Sancho IV. Alfonso de Castilla y Molina died in Valladolid in 1291 at five years of age.

paragraph: Section::::Death, Burial and Legacy.

paragraph: After his death, Alfonso's body was sepulchered at the San Pablo Church of Valladolid, one of the churches of the Dominican Order. In the Museo de Valladolid, located in the Palacio de Fabio Nelli. On display is the actual sepulcher and the clothes that the infante was buried in.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ficha genealógica del infante Alfonso de Castilla. Fundación Casa ducal de Medinaceli

description: Castilian noble (1286-1291)

wikidata_label: Alfonso de Castilla

wikipedia_title: Alfonso de Castilla y Molina


text:
Oslo
Norwegian
trombonist
Jaga Jazzist
Trondheim Jazz Orchestra
Loud Jazz Band
Lord Kelvin
Funky Hot Grits
Ensemble Denada
Magic Pocket
Lambertseter
Trondheim Musikkonservatorium
University of Oslo
Ensemble Denada
Joshua Redman
Trondheim Jazzorkester
Eirik Hegdal
Terje Rypdal
Jon Balke
Erlend Skomsvoll
Maria Kannegaard
Spellemannprisen
One-Armed Bandit
Kjellerbandet
Dum Dum Boys
Maria Mena
Martin Hagfors
Jens Carelius
Jon Rune Power
Frode Gjerstad Trio
Erik Nylander
Spellemannprisen
One-Armed Bandit
Jonas Alaska
Dum Dum Boys
Martin Hagfors
Thom Hell
Jaga Jazzist
Lord Kelvin
Loud Jazz Band
Magic Pocket
Morten Qvenild
Raga Rockers
Susanne Sundfør
Trondheim Jazz Orchestra
Eirik Hegdal
Joshua Redman
Magic Pocket
The Cheaters
John Heitman & Marc Gregory
Terje Nordgarden
Maria Mena
Helge Sunde
Ensemble Denada
Dan Kristofferson
Lindstrøm
Christabelle
John Olav Nilsen & Gjengen
Jens Carelius
Synne Sanden

categories: Norwegian jazz trombonists,Musicians from Oslo,20th-century Norwegian trombonists,21st-century Norwegian trombonists,Trondheim Jazz Orchestra members,1975 births,Magic Pocket members,21st-century trombonists,Male trombonists,Ensemble Denada members,Male jazz musicians,Living people,Spellemannprisen winners

paragraph: Erik Johannessen (musician)

paragraph: Erik Johannessen (born 22 July 1975 in Oslo) is a Norwegian trombonist) and composer, who has played in bands like Jaga Jazzist, Trondheim Jazz Orchestra, Loud Jazz Band, Lord Kelvin, Funky Hot Grits, Ensemble Denada and Magic Pocket.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Johannessen grew up at Lambertseter and was educated in jazz at Trondheim Musikkonservatorium and the University of Oslo. He mainly plays jazz and pop music and works with music in many context. He has toured extensively in Europe and the rest of the world with Jaga Jazzist and Ensemble Denada, in Poland with Loud Jazz Band, and in Norway with other bands.

paragraph: He has played with Joshua Redman and Trondheim Jazzorkester, Eirik Hegdal, Terje Rypdal, Jon Balke, Erlend Skomsvoll, Maria Kannegaard, and his own band, Magic Pocket. He has also released albums with Lord Kelvin and Magic Pocket. He received the Sparebank1 Midtnorges JazZtipendiat 2009/10 with Magic Pocket and was awarded the Spellemannprisen 2010 in open class for the album "One-Armed Bandit" with Jaga Jazzist.

paragraph: He has conducted, arranged, and composed for bands such as Kjellerbandet, Midtnorsk Ungdomstorband, Follo Big Band, Orkdal Storband, Kristiansund Storband, Vollen Big Band, Travelin' Storband and Sintefstorbandet. He has worked with Dum Dum Boys, Maria Mena, Martin Hagfors, and Jens Carelius.

paragraph: Johannessen's first solo album "Inkblots" (2012) is free improvisation accompanied by bassist Jon Rune Power from the Frode Gjerstad Trio and Magic Pocket drummer Erik Nylander.

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spellemannprisen 2010 in open class, for the album "One-Armed Bandit" with Jaga Jazzist

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As leader.

paragraph: "Inkblots" (2012)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As sideman.

paragraph: With Jonas Alaska

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jonas Alaska" (2011)

paragraph: With Svigermors Drøm

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fri" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Fyr og Flammer" (1994)

paragraph: With Dum Dum Boys

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gravitasjon" (2006)

paragraph: With Martin Hagfors

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Men and Flies" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I LIke You" (2011)

paragraph: With Thom Hell

paragraph: BULLET::::- "God If I Saw Her Now" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "All Good Things" (2010)

paragraph: With Jaga Jazzist

paragraph: BULLET::::- "One-Armed Bandit" (2010)

paragraph: With Lord Kelvin

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dances in the Smoke" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Radio Has No Future" (2011)

paragraph: With the Loud Jazz Band

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don't Stop the Train" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Way To Salina" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Passing" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Living Windows" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Silence" (2010)

paragraph: With Magic Pocket & Morten Qvenild

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Katabatic Wind" (2011)

paragraph: With Raga Rockers

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shit Happens" (2010)

paragraph: With Susanne Sundfør

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Brothel" (2010)

paragraph: With Trondheim Jazz Orchestra

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live in Oslo" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wood and Water" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Triads And More" (2010), with Eirik Hegdal & Joshua Redman

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kinetic Music" (2011), with Magic Pocket

paragraph: With others

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Devil's Ride" (2002), with "Tremolo Wankers"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Turn on the Lights" (2003), with "Jumpin'Jerry"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lorenzo is Dead" (2003), with "Lorenzo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Drops of Hope" (2003), with "Seljemark"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "q.s." (2004), with "Acoustic Accident"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mingus Schmingus" (2004), with "Kjellerbandet"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Troll" (2005), with "Lumsk"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Few Words" (2006), with "Hasselgård"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sildsalat" (2006), with "Sintefstorbandet"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Cheaters" (2007), with The Cheaters

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chronicles" (2007), with John Heitman & Marc Gregory

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Path of Love" (2008), with Terje Nordgarden

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cause And Effect" (2008), with Maria Mena

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Plum Album" (2008), with Håkon Ellingsen

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Finding Nymo" (2009), with Helge Sunde & Ensemble Denada

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Night Blooms" (2009), with "The Opium Cartel"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "It's Cold Tonight" (2009), with Dan Kristofferson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Real Life Is No Cool" (2010), with Lindstrøm & Christabelle

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Det Nærmeste Du Kommer" (2011), with John Olav Nilsen & Gjengen

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Migrant" (2011), with "The Captain & Me"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Architect" (2011), with Jens Carelius

paragraph: BULLET::::- "When Nobody's Around" (2011), with Synne Sanden

description: Jazz trombonist

wikidata_label: Erik Johannessen

wikipedia_title: Erik Johannessen (musician)


text: Was Gott tut, das ist wohlgetan

text: Jena

text: Gymnasium

text: Weimar

text: University of Jena

text: Berlin

text: Franziskaner-Klosterkirche

text: Was Gott tut, das ist wohlgetan

text: Severus Gastorius

text: Frederick William III of Prussia

text: Catholic hymnal

text: Protestant hymnal

text: cantatas

text: chorale cantata

text: BWV 12

text: BWV 69a

text: BWV 75

text: BWV 144

text: Theodor Fontane

text: Frau Jenny Treibel

categories: German poets,German Lutheran hymnwriters,1708 deaths,1649 births

paragraph: Samuel Rodigast

paragraph: Samuel Rodigast (19 October 1649 – 19 March 1708) was a German teacher and hymnwriter. He is remembered as the author of the hymn "Was Gott tut, das ist wohlgetan".

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Rodigast was born in Gröben near Jena. After attending the Gymnasium in Weimar, he studied at the University of Jena, where was appointed to an adjunct position in the philosophy faculty in 1676. In 1680 he became vice-rector of the Berlinisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster in Berlin, serving as rector from 1698 until his death. Before becoming rector, he had been offered a professorship in metaphysics and logic in Jena. He is buried in the Franziskaner-Klosterkirche.

paragraph: Section::::Hymn.

paragraph: Rodigast is remembered for the hymn "Was Gott tut, das ist wohlgetan" (What God does, that is done well). He may have written it to console his sick friend, the cantor Severus Gastorius, who may have wished a song for his funeral. Gastorius is supposed to have composed the melody. Scholars disagree on the circumstances surrounding the creation of the song.

paragraph: It was the favourite hymn of King Frederick William III of Prussia and was sung at his funeral. In Germany, it is number 294 in the Catholic hymnal, and number 372 in the Protestant hymnal. The text is based thematically on .

paragraph: Johann Sebastian Bach used the song in several different cantatas. Three of his cantatas begin with the hymn. His 1724 chorale cantata "Was Gott tut, das ist wohlgetan", BWV 99, is based on the complete hymn, with paraphrases of the inner stanzas. In 1726, he composed the cantata "Was Gott tut, das ist wohlgetan", BWV 98, beginning with the first stanza. Between 1732 and 1735 he wrote the cantata "Was Gott tut, das ist wohlgetan", BWV 100, using all six stanzas unchanged. Bach used single stanzas of the hymn additionally in cantatas BWV 12, BWV 69a, BWV 75 and BWV 144,

paragraph: In Theodor Fontane's novel "Frau Jenny Treibel", Rodigast is mentioned as a devout poet and teacher.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eduard Emil Koch: "Geschichte des Kirchenliedes und Kirchengesanges". 3. Aufl., 8 Bde, 1866/76, III, 420 f.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Handbuch z. EKG II/1, 1957, 209; III/2, 1990, 299 ff.; Sonderband, 1958, 467 ff.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reinhold Jauernig, Severus Gastorius, in: 8, 1963, 163 ff.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siegfried Fornaçon, Werke von Severus Gastorius, in: Jahrbuch für Liturgik und Hymnologie 8, 1963, 165-170

description: German poet

wikidata_label: Samuel Rodigast

wikipedia_title: Samuel Rodigast


text:
militia
privateer
American Revolutionary War
prisoner-of-war
Ohio Company of Associates
Ohio Country
Samuel Prescott Hildreth
Marietta, Ohio
Northwest Territory
Mound Cemetery
Washington County

categories: Burials at Mound Cemetery,1823 deaths,1750 births,Massachusetts militiamen in the American Revolution,American Revolutionary War prisoners of war held by Great Britain

paragraph: Samuel Hildreth (American Revolution)

paragraph: Samuel Hildreth (1750–1823) was a surgeon in the Massachusetts militia and aboard Massachusetts naval privateers during the American Revolutionary War, and was subsequently a prisoner-of-war. After the war, he became a shareholder in the Ohio Company of Associates, though he did not move from Massachusetts to the Ohio Country.

paragraph: His son Samuel Prescott Hildreth relocated to Marietta, Ohio, and was a pioneer physician, scientist, and historian of the early days of Ohio and the Northwest Territory. Samuel Hildreth died while visiting his son in Ohio during 1823 and was buried at Mound Cemetery in Marietta, along with many other Revolutionary War soldiers and sailors. His son was later buried nearby within Mound Cemetery.

paragraph: Mound Cemetery reportedly contains the largest number of Revolutionary War officers buried in one location. Samuel Hildreth is one of thirty-seven Revolutionary War veterans at the cemetery noted by the Washington County Historical Society.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Conard, Howard L.: "History of Milwaukee from Its First Settlement to the Year 1895, Volume II", American Biographical Publishing Company (1896).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hawley, Owen: "Mound Cemetery, Marietta, Ohio", Washington County Historical Society, Marietta, Ohio (1996).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hildreth, Samuel P.: "Genealogical and Biographical Sketches of the Hildreth Family" (1840).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ohio Historical Quarterly, Volume 64", Ohio Historical Society (1955).

description: Massachusetts militia, Massachusetts naval privateer, father of Samuel Prescott Hildreth

wikidata_label: Samuel Hildreth

wikipedia_title: Samuel Hildreth (American Revolution)


text:
104th Illinois Infantry
American Civil War
Elk River
Tennessee
Medal of Honor
U.S. military
Battle of Chickamauga
Libby Prison
List of Medal of Honor recipients

categories: 1842 births,People from Grafton County, New Hampshire,1903 deaths,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Union Army soldiers,American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor

paragraph: Richard Gage

paragraph: Richard J. Gage (1842 – April 28, 1903) was a soldier in the 104th Illinois Infantry during the American Civil War. On July 2, 1863 he volunteered for an attack on a blockhouse by the Elk River in Tennessee. On October 30, 1897 he received the Medal of Honor, the highest decoration in the U.S. military, for his participation in this action.

paragraph: Gage joined the 104th Illinois Infantry in August 1862, He was captured at the Battle of Chickamauga, and was incarcerated at Libby Prison for the next 6 months. Gage was discharged in February 1865.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Gage's Medal of Honor citation reads:

paragraph: Voluntarily joined a small party that, under a heavy fire, captured a stockade and saved the bridge.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients

description: Union Army Medal of Honor recipient

wikidata_label: Richard Gage

wikipedia_title: Richard Gage


text: Polish

text: economist

text: statistician

text: politician

text: Polish Underground State

text: Government Delegate

text: Kursk

text: intelligentsia

text: St. Petersburg

text: Poznań

text: Central Statistical Office

text: Polish census of 1921

text: University of Lviv

text: econometrics

text: Polish Statistical Society

text: International Statistical Institute

text: League of Nations

text: Polish People's Party "Piast"

text: People's Party

text: German invasion of Poland

text: People's Party "Roch"

text: Polish Underground State

text: Government Delegate

text: Cyryl Ratajski

text: Żegota

text: Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles

text: the Jews

text: Western Allies

text: the Holocaust

text: Lusatian Neisse

text: Oder

text: Biuletyn Informacyjny

text: Polish Underground State

text: Polish government in exile

text: London

text: Polish Workers Party

text: Jan Stanisław Jankowski

text: Order of the White Eagle

text: Ignacy Weinfeld

text: Edward Szturm de Sztrem

text: Brunon Balukiewicz

text: Janusz Piekałkiewicz

text: Photo of Jan Piekałkiewicz

categories: Polish economists,1943 deaths,Polish People's Party "Piast" politicians,People's Party (Poland) politicians,Polish statisticians,People from Kursk Governorate,Executed people from Kursk Oblast,Polish people executed by Nazi Germany,Polish torture victims,1892 births,Imperial Russian people of Polish descent,People from Kursk

paragraph: Jan Piekałkiewicz

paragraph: Jan Piekałkiewicz (19 September 1892 – 19 February 1943) was a Polish economist and statistician, politician and the Polish Underground State's Government Delegate.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Jan Piekałkiewicz was born on the 19 September 1892 in Kursk, to a Polish intelligentsia family. He studied in St. Petersburg and in Poznań.

paragraph: He was an employee of the Central Statistical Office, and was one of the organizers of the Polish census of 1921. From 1923 to 1924 he was a professor at the University of Lviv. From 1924 to 1939 he lectured in the Main Political School in Warsaw, and published over 50 works on finances, economics (in particular, econometrics) and statistics. He was a member of the Polish Statistical Society, and in 1927 he became a member of the International Statistical Institute. He worked with the Statistical Commission of the League of Nations. He was considered a leading Polish expert on economical statistics.

paragraph: He was a member of the Polish People's Party "Piast" ("PSL "Piast"", from 1926) and People's Party ("Stronnictwo Ludowe", from 1931). From 1938 to 1939 he was a member of the Main Council of the People's Party. Following the German invasion of Poland, from 1940 he was a member of the underground arm of the People's Party, the People's Party "Roch" ("Stronnictwo Ludowe "Roch""). In December 1940 he became Deputy to the Polish Underground State's Government Delegate and on 2 August (or 17 September - sources vary) 1942 he replaced Cyryl Ratajski as Delegate.

paragraph: As Delegate, he confirmed the creation of the Council to Aid Jews Żegota and extension of full aid to Polish political prisoners. He also ordered the full documentation of the Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles and the Jews. He informed the Western Allies about the Holocaust. He supported the studies on the creation of the post-war Polish-German border on Lusatian Neisse and Oder. In his speeches to the nation, published in Biuletyn Informacyjny, he called up everyone to join in the civil struggles and warned collaborators that they faced the death penalty for betraying the Polish nation. He also wanted to establish cooperation between the Polish Underground State, loyal to the Polish government in exile in London, and the communist Polish Workers Party (PPR). As Delegate, he was succeeded by Jan Stanisław Jankowski.

paragraph: He was arrested by the Germans on 19 February 1943, tortured, then murdered on 19 June 1943.

paragraph: In 1995 he was posthumously awarded the Order of the White Eagle.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atlas statystyczny Polski, with Ignacy Weinfeld and Edward Szturm de Sztrem, tome 1 in 1924, tome 2 in 1925

paragraph: BULLET::::- O programie gospodarczym Polski, with Brunon Balukiewicz

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Pologne contemporaine : atlas statistique, 1926

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bilans płatniczy polski = La Balance des payements de la Pologne, 1926

paragraph: BULLET::::- Okrȩgi gospodarcze Polski : Les régions économiques de la Pologne, 1927

paragraph: BULLET::::- Długi samorządu terytorjalnego = Les dettes des administrations autonomes territoriales, 1929

paragraph: BULLET::::- Le service statistique des banques de crédit agricole hypothécaire, 1931

paragraph: BULLET::::- La statistique de l'activité économique des entreprises d'état, 1933

paragraph: BULLET::::- Statistique du crédit hypothécaire, 1933

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sprawozdanie z badań skladu ludności robotniczej w Polsce metoda̜ reprezentacyjna̜, 1934

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janusz Piekałkiewicz, nephew

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janusz Gmitruk, "Jan Piekałkiewicz - bohater zapomniany", Muzeum Historii Polskiego Ruchu Ludowego, 2009,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photo of Jan Piekałkiewicz

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jan Piekałkiewicz (in the middle) on a 1988 Polish stamp

description: Polish mathematician

wikidata_label: Jan Piekałkiewicz

wikipedia_title: Jan Piekałkiewicz


text: Major League Baseball

text: catcher

text: New York Mets

text: at bat

text: hits

text: Kingsport Mets

text: Gulf Coast League

text: home run

text: Columbia Mets

text: Wally Whitehurst

text: D. J. Dozier

text: San Diego Padres

text: Tony Fernández

text: Waterloo Diamonds

text: Rancho Cucamonga Quakes

text: runs batted in

text: California League

text: Memphis Chicks

text: Baseball America

text: Richie Lewis

text: Melvin Nieves

text: Detroit Tigers

text: Sean Bergman

text: Todd Steverson

text: Cade Gaspar

text: Jacksonville Suns

text: Tim Belcher

text: Kansas City Royals

text: Kevin Appier

text: Matt Walbeck

text: Toledo Mud Hens

text: Lakeland

text: free agency

text: Colorado Rockies

text: Milwaukee Brewers

text: Henry Blanco

text: Tyler Houston

text: grand slams

text: Indianapolis Indians

text: Baltimore Orioles

text: Colorado Springs Sky Sox

text: Ottawa Lynx

text: Boston Red Sox

text: Pawtucket Red Sox

text: Omaha Royals

text: Chicago White Sox

text: Charlotte Knights

text: Oakland Athletics

text: Stockton Ports

text: Midland RockHounds

text: Sacramento River Cats

text: spring training

text: Tampa Bay Devil Rays

text: Durham Bulls

text: Dioner Navarro

text: slugging percentage

text: left-handed

text: Shea Stadium

text: Atlanta Braves

text: John Smoltz

text: The Sports Network

categories: Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico,New York Mets players,Indianapolis Indians players,Chicago White Sox players,Colorado Springs Sky Sox players,New Orleans Zephyrs players,Detroit Tigers players,Gulf Coast Tigers players,Omaha Royals players,Pawtucket Red Sox players,Tampa Bay Devil Rays players,Charlotte Knights players,Major League Baseball catchers,1972 births,Águilas Cibaeñas players,Durham Bulls players,Milwaukee Brewers players,People from Humacao, Puerto Rico,Living people,Baltimore Orioles players,Sacramento River Cats players,Ottawa Lynx players,Puerto Rican expatriate baseball players in Canada

paragraph: Raúl Casanova

paragraph: Raúl Casanova (born August 23, 1972) is a Puerto Rican retired Major League Baseball player who was a catcher from 1996 to 2008 with the exception of 1999, 2003, 2004, and 2006.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Casanova attended Ponce High School in Puerto Rico.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Minor leagues.

paragraph: He was drafted 220th overall, in the eighth round of the 1990 draft by the New York Mets.

paragraph: His professional career started off that year. In 65 at bats, he collected only five hits for a .077 batting average. In his 1991 season he had 18 at-bats with the Kingsport Mets, he collected one hit for a .056 batting average. In 32 games with the Gulf Coast League Mets that year, he hit .243.

paragraph: His 1992 season was an improvement; in 137 at-bats with Kingsport that year, not only did he hit his first professional home run, but he also hit .270. He hit only .167 in 18 at bats with the Columbia Mets that year though.

paragraph: After the 1992 season, he was traded with Wally Whitehurst and D. J. Dozier to the San Diego Padres for Tony Fernández.

paragraph: He spent the whole of 1993 with the Waterloo Diamonds, and he hit .256 with six home runs in 76 games.

paragraph: Then, in 1994, he had the best season of his professional career. Playing for the Rancho Cucamonga Quakes, his batting average rose to .340, and he also hit 23 home runs and had 120 runs batted in (RBIs). Because of his outstanding performance, he was named the Padres Minor League Player of the Year. He was also a California League All-Star.

paragraph: In 1995, Casanova saw his average drop to .271, but he did hit 12 home runs while with the Memphis Chicks. He was playing in Double-A baseball, higher than he had ever played before. According to Baseball America, he was the 60th best prospect in 1995.

paragraph: After the 1995 season, he was traded with Richie Lewis and Melvin Nieves to the Detroit Tigers for Sean Bergman, Todd Steverson and minor leaguer Cade Gaspar.

paragraph: He started 1996 off strong, hitting .333 in 30 at bats with the Jacksonville Suns. That prompted his promotion to Triple-A, where he hit .273 in 49 games.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Major leagues.

paragraph: He made his major league debut on May 24 of that year at the age of 23, going 0-for-4 in his debut game. He collected his first hit on May 27 off pitcher Tim Belcher of the Kansas City Royals. Two days later in his very next game, he hit his first career home run, a solo shot off Kevin Appier. Overall, he played 25 games for the Tigers that year, hitting .188 with four home runs and nine RBIs. In 1996, he hit home runs from both sides of the plate in one game.

paragraph: He was the team's main starting catcher in 1997, although Matt Walbeck also got a fairly large amount of playing time. In 101 games with Detroit that year, he hit .243 with five home runs and 24 RBIs. Of all the players on the team who appeared in over 100 games, he was the only one not to collect 40 or more RBIs. He also spent some time in the minors, hitting .195 in 12 games with the Toledo Mud Hens.

paragraph: He started 1998 as the team's starting catcher, but after collecting only two hits in his first 13 games, he was sent down to Toledo. In 50 games with Toledo that year, he hit .257. He was recalled back to the Majors in July of that year, but only played three more games in the big leagues. Overall, he hit only .143 in 16 games with the Tigers that year.

paragraph: He spent all of 1999 in the minor leagues, playing as low as Rookie League baseball. In two games with the GCL Tigers that year, he collected four hits (including a home run) in five at-bats. In 12 at-bats with Single-A Advanced Lakeland, he hit .500, hitting another home run. He really struggled while with Triple-A Toledo-he spent 44 games with them and hit only .206.

paragraph: He was granted free agency after the 1999 season and was signed by the Colorado Rockies. He was released by them before the beginning of the season and was then picked up by the Milwaukee Brewers. Casanova, Henry Blanco and Tyler Houston all spent time catching for the Brewers in 2000. He hit .247 with six home runs (including two grand slams) and 36 RBIs for the Brewers that year. He also hit .288 in 20 games with the Indianapolis Indians that season.

paragraph: He was the team's main backup catcher in 2001, backing up Blanco. He had a career year that year, belting a career high 11 home runs and hitting a career high .260 in 71 games. Also, for the first time in his career, he did not spent any time in the minors that season.

paragraph: 2002 was a bad season for Casanova. He started off with the Brewers, but after hitting only .184 in 31 games with them he was released and quickly signed by the Baltimore Orioles. He only played two games with them that year, collecting no hits in one at bat. Overall, he hit .182 that year, with one home run and eight RBIs. He spent 14 games with Indianapolis that year as well-he hit .279 with them.

paragraph: He played in five different farm systems between 2003 and 2005, playing well. He played for the Colorado Springs Sky Sox and Ottawa Lynx in 2003, hitting .301 while with the Sky Sox, who are in the Colorado Rockies farm system, and .286 with the Lynx, who are in the Orioles farm system.

paragraph: Signed as a free agent by the Boston Red Sox in 2004, he hit .270 in 23 games with their Triple-A team, the Pawtucket Red Sox before being sent to the Kansas City Royals as part of a conditional deal. In 58 games with their Triple-A team, the Omaha Royals, he hit .323 with 10 home runs.

paragraph: Even after a great performance in their system, Casanova was released by the Royals and then signed by the Chicago White Sox. He spent 70 games with their Triple-A team, the Charlotte Knights, before getting called up to the Majors in the latter part of the season. In six games with the White Sox that year, he collected one hit in five at-bats.

paragraph: He was granted free agency after the 2005 season and was signed by the Oakland Athletics. He played in a total of eight minor league games in 2006, hitting .265 in 34 at-bats. He spent time with three teams in 2006 – he played two games with the Stockton Ports, two games with the Midland RockHounds and four games with the Sacramento River Cats.

paragraph: He was a non-roster invitee to spring training in 2007 for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays. He was assigned to the Triple-A Durham Bulls. In June 2007, Casanova was called up to back up Dioner Navarro in the major leagues. In 29 big league games in 2007, Casanova hit .253 with six home runs and 11 RBIs. His slugging percentage was .519. In 44 games with the Bulls, he hit .291 with five home runs and 21 RBIs. On December 12, 2007, Casanova signed a minor league contract with the New York Mets.

paragraph: On April 27, 2008, Casanova hit his first home run as a New York Mets player. Batting left-handed, he hit the home run to right-center field at Shea Stadium against Atlanta Braves pitcher John Smoltz.

paragraph: Casanova was placed on the bereavement list on June 4, 2008, after the death of his father. After returning to the team a few days later, he was designated for assignment on June 10. He became a free agent at the end of the season.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Sports Network

description: Puerto Rican baseball player

wikidata_label: Raúl Casanova

wikipedia_title: Raúl Casanova


text:
astronomer
double stars
asteroids
comets
Ghent
1st degree
civil engineer
Brussels
Royal Observatory of Belgium
Uccle
Ghent University
Heidelberg Observatory
Potsdam Observatory
Max Wolf
Karl Schwarzschild
World War I
Yerkes Observatory
double star
comet
asteroid
variable star
McDonald Observatory
Khartoum
Sudan
Einstein's Theory of Relativity
Sun
total eclipse
Sudan
Time Magazine
53P/Van Biesbroeck
asteroid
double stars
Van Biesbroeck's star catalog
red dwarf
VB 10
Gliese (GJ) 752B
Wolf 1055
Gliese (GJ) 752A
absolute magnitude
VB 10
Van Biesbroeck's Star
double stars
Lunar and Planetary Laboratory
University of Arizona
Tucson Arizona
Gerard Kuiper
land surveyor
Catalina Station
Steward Observatory
Astronomical Society of the Pacific
Valz Prize
French Academy of Sciences
National Geographic Society
James Craig Watson Medal
1781 Van Biesbroeck
Van Biesbroeck
McDonald Observatory
Van Briesboeck's Star
VB 10
George Van Biesbroeck Prize
American Astronomical Society

categories: 1974 deaths,American astronomers,Discoverers of asteroids,20th-century astronomers,Belgian scientists,Discoverers of comets,Belgian astronomers,American people of Flemish descent,1880 births

paragraph: George Van Biesbroeck

paragraph: George A. Van Biesbroeck (or Georges-Achille Van Biesbroeck, , January 21, 1880 – February 23, 1974) was a Belgian–American astronomer. He worked at observatories in Belgium, Germany and the United States. He specialized in the observation of double stars, asteroids and comets. He is notable for his long career as an observational astronomer.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in Ghent, Belgium on January 21, 1880 to a family of artists. At his father's request he pursued, and in 1902, he received, the 1st degree of Civil Engineering Construction and began work as a civil engineer for the Brussels Department of Roads and Bridges. But his true vocation is not there, it was astronomy, and while performing his official duties as a civil engineer he joined volunteers at the Uccle Observatory. In 1904 he left civil engineering behind and joined the staff at the Royal Observatory of Belgium at Uccle.

paragraph: He then enrolled at Ghent University and obtained a degree in theoretical astronomy. He worked at the Heidelberg Observatory, then at the Potsdam Observatory under the direction of Max Wolf, Karl Schwarzschild and others.

paragraph: In 1915, as World War I was raging, he was invited to come to work at Yerkes Observatory. He and his family made the dangerous trip across wartime Europe and settled permanently in the United States. He became a U.S citizen in 1922. He then began his work on double stars, comets, asteroids, and variable stars. In 1945 he was forced into retirement at Yerkes at the age of 65. Relieved of administrative duties, he became an even more active observer at Yerkes and at the McDonald Observatory. He made the frequent automobile trips between the observatories in Wisconsin and Texas without complaint.

paragraph: He participated in numerous physically grueling astronomical expeditions to remote parts of the world throughout the late 1940s and 1950s. In 1952, at age 72, he traveled to Khartoum in Sudan and set up a 20' telescope to confirm Einstein's Theory of Relativity by noting the change in positions of the stars around the Sun during a total eclipse that year. His measurements were in agreement with Einstein's predictions. His travels to Sudan were the subject of a Time Magazine article.

paragraph: Section::::Discoveries.

paragraph: He discovered the periodic comet 53P/Van Biesbroeck, as well as two non-periodic comets: C/1925 W1 (Van Biesbroeck 1) and C/1935 Q1 (Van Biesbroeck 2).

paragraph: He also discovered sixteen asteroids between 1922 and 1939 "(see adjunct table)", and 43 double stars.

paragraph: In 1961 he published the Van Biesbroeck's star catalog. In this he cataloged a number of very faint stars, known by the "VB" numbers he assigned to them upon discovery. One notable star he discovered was the very small red dwarf secondary star, "VB 10", also known as Gliese (GJ) 752B, of the primary star, Wolf 1055 (Gliese (GJ) 752A). This star was unique in that its absolute magnitude of 19 was the lowest of any star then known and still thought to be the lowest possible for any star. "VB 10" was given the designation of "Van Biesbroeck's Star" to honor him for this work and his work with double stars.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and death.

paragraph: In 1963 he came to the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory of the University of Arizona in Tucson Arizona to work under Gerard Kuiper. There he used his practical skills as a land surveyor to site the new Catalina Station now under the direction of Steward Observatory and that now houses the 1.6m Kuiper Telescope. He continued to observe and make contributions to astronomy up to a few months before his death. New scientific papers continued to be published under his name for several years afterward. He died on February 23, 1974 at the age of 94.

paragraph: Section::::Honors and awards.

paragraph: Throughout his long and productive life he received may honors. This is a partial list.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold Medal of the Royal Danish Society of Sciences (1910)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Donohe Comet Medal of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Valz Prize of the French Academy of Sciences (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burr Prize from the National Geographic Society (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Price Valzer de l'Académie des Sciences Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Craig Watson Medal (1957)

paragraph: Section::::Honors and awards.:Objects named for Van Biesbroeck.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The main-belt asteroid 1781 Van Biesbroeck

paragraph: BULLET::::- The lunar crater "Van Biesbroeck"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The mountain Mount Van Biesbroeck near the McDonald Observatory

paragraph: BULLET::::- The star Van Briesboeck's Star, VB 10, from his catalog

paragraph: Section::::Honors and awards.:The George Van Biesbroeck Prize.

paragraph: The George Van Biesbroeck Prize, awarded by the American Astronomical Society, is named in his honor. The prize is a lifetime achievement award given to astronomers who have contributed long-term extraordinary or unselfish service to astronomy.

description: astronomer

wikidata_label: George Van Biesbroeck

wikipedia_title: George Van Biesbroeck


text:
freestyle skier
World Championships 2017
2018 Winter Olympics

categories: Swiss female freestyle skiers,Olympic silver medalists for Switzerland,Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics,2000 births,Competitors at the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics,Olympic freestyle skiers of Switzerland,Olympic medalists in freestyle skiing,Freestyle skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics,Living people

paragraph: Mathilde Gremaud

paragraph: Mathilde Gremaud (born 8 February 2000) is a Swiss freestyle skier who competes internationally.

paragraph: She competed in the World Championships 2017. She participated at the 2018 Winter Olympics, and took the silver medal in women's slopestyle.

paragraph: She won gold at the Winter X Games in 2019 in big air.

wikidata_label: Mathilde Gremaud

wikipedia_title: Mathilde Gremaud


text:
biathlete
2018 Winter Olympics
International Biathlon Union

categories: French male biathletes,University of Savoy alumni,People from Grenoble,Living people,Biathletes at the 2018 Winter Olympics,Olympic biathletes of France,1995 births,Sportspeople from Isère

paragraph: Émilien Jacquelin

paragraph: Émilien Jacquelin (born 11 July 1995) is a French biathlete. He competed in the 2018 Winter Olympics.

paragraph: Section::::Biathlon results.

paragraph: All results are sourced from the International Biathlon Union.

paragraph: Section::::Biathlon results.:Olympic Games.

paragraph: "0 medal"

paragraph: Section::::Biathlon results.:World Championships.

paragraph: "0 medal"

description: french biathlete

wikidata_label: Emilien Jacquelin

wikipedia_title: Émilien Jacquelin


text: M.D.

text: LL.D

text: Lafayette College

text: Easton, Pennsylvania

text: University of Pennsylvania

text: dispensary

text: Lafayette College

text: Marshall College

text: James Henry Coffin

text: meteorology

text: William Cassady Cattell

text: Easton Area School District

text: Easton Cemetery Company

text: Harrisburg Hospital

text: American Academy of Medicine

text: American Medical Association

text: College of Physicians of Philadelphia

text: Master of Arts

text: Rutgers University

text: Legum Doctor

text: Washington and Jefferson College

categories: Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni,19th-century American physicians,1815 births,1897 deaths,Franklin and Marshall College faculty,Lafayette College faculty,People from Easton, Pennsylvania,Presidents of Lafayette College,Lafayette College trustees

paragraph: Traill Green

paragraph: Dr. Traill Green M.D., LL.D (May 25, 1813 – April 29, 1897) was a medical doctor, scientist, and educator. Having lived in Easton most of his life Green was actively engaged with the early years of Lafayette College, serving at various times as a professor, trustee, and acting president.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Green was born in Easton, Pennsylvania in 1813 to Benjamin and Elizabeth Green who instilled upon him an interest in nature and science. This led to Green pursuing education in medicine, attending the University of Pennsylvania medical program where he graduated in 1835.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Immediately following his graduation, Green was appointed to the Philadelphia dispensary where he worked for one year before opening up his own medical practice in Easton. Knowledgeable in the field of medicine, Green was asked in 1837 by the newly-formed Lafayette College if he would become the school's professor of chemistry, a role in which he taught for another four years. Following this stint with Lafayette, Green served on the chair of natural sciences at Marshall College.

paragraph: In 1848, Green returned to Easton where he resumed his medical practice and his relationship with Lafayette as a trustee to the school. In 1849 he was again named head of the department of chemistry, a position he held until his death in 1897. While at the school, Green worked alongside James Henry Coffin, an individual also interested in the sciences, and more specifically, meteorology. Green, who owned his own telescope, took it upon himself to incorporate meteorology into the curriculum at Lafayette, and in 1864 donated $15,000 towards the creation of a building which would be used to house this telescope. This building, colloquially known as the "Star Barn" on campus, was eventually moved to make way for a chapel, and later dismantled to make way for a new mining and metallurgical building on campus; its stones used to build a new gateway for the school, its monolithic telescope base as the cornerstone for the new gymnasium, and its inscribed stone tablet placed on the chapel where the observatory had originally stood.

paragraph: Upon the donation of this astronomy building, Green asked then-president William Cassady Cattell that his name not be mentioned upon the laying of the cornerstone. Cattell honored this wish, yet loosely hinted at the building's donor in his dedication saying, "The donor was too modest to allow his name to be mentioned...whoever he was, his name would be green in the memories of all true lovers of Lafayette."

paragraph: Green also took an active role in the town of Easton, acting as president of the board of the Easton Area School District, president of the Easton Cemetery Company, and director of the Easton Gas Company, among others. In medicine, he was a trustee of the Harrisburg Hospital, first president of the American Academy of Medicine, founding member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a presiding member for many Pennsylvania medical societies affiliated with the American Medical Association. He was also elected an Associate Fellow of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia.

paragraph: As one of his final roles in life, Green served as the acting president of Lafayette college from 1890 to 1891.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Green married Harriet Moore in 1844, and together they had three children.

paragraph: In 1841 he received the honorary degree of Master of Arts from Rutgers University, and in 1866 received the honorary degree of Legum Doctor from Washington and Jefferson College.

paragraph: He died on April 29, 1897 in his home town of Easton.

description: American physician, chemist, botanist

wikidata_label: Traill Green

wikipedia_title: Traill Green


text:
Medal of Honor
American Civil War
Peoria County, Illinois
Corporal
8th Missouri Volunteer Infantry
Union Army
Vicksburg, Mississippi
Washington
Bellingham, Washington

categories: People from Peoria County, Illinois,People of Missouri in the American Civil War,People of Illinois in the American Civil War,1839 births,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Union Army soldiers,1918 deaths,People from Bellingham, Washington,American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor

paragraph: Matthew Bickford

paragraph: Matthew Bickford (1839–1918) received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the American Civil War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Peoria County, Illinois in 1839. He entered service at "Trivolia", Peoria County, Illinois. He was a Corporal, in Company G, 8th Missouri Volunteer Infantry, Union Army. He received the Medal of Honor for Gallantry in the charge of the "volunteer storming party" at Vicksburg, Mississippi, May 22, 1863.

paragraph: Bickford moved to Washington state around 1907. He died in 1918, and is buried in Bayview Cemetery in Bellingham, Washington.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rank and organization: Corporal, Company G, 8th Missouri Infantry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Place and date: At Vicksburg, Miss., May 22, 1863.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Entered service at: Trivolia, Peoria County, Ill.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Birth: Peoria County, Ill.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Date of issue: August 31, 1894.

paragraph: Citation:

paragraph: Gallantry in the charge of the "volunteer storming party."

wikidata_label: Matthew Bickford

wikipedia_title: Matthew Bickford