text: FRS

text: homotopy theory

text: Woolwich

text: Bedford School

text: Abram Besicovitch

text: algebraic topology

text: Ph.D.

text: University of Cambridge

text: Shaun Wylie

text: Fielden Chair

text: University of Manchester

text: Royal Society

text: mountaineering

text: Whitney

text: Go

text: Brampton, Cambridgeshire

text: Trinity College, Cambridge

text: homotopy theory

text: algebraic topology

text: Henri Cartan

text: Jean-Pierre Serre

text: killing homotopy groups

text: spectral sequence

text: stable homotopy theory

text: Adams spectral sequence

text: Ext group

text: cohomology operation

text: Steenrod algebra

text: spectral sequence

text: Hopf invariant one

text: secondary cohomology operation

text: Adams–Novikov spectral sequence

text: extraordinary cohomology theory

text: K-theory

text: Adams operation

text: exterior power

text: vector fields on spheres

text: Adams conjecture

text: J-homomorphism

text: homotopy groups of spheres

text: Michael F. Atiyah

text: Hopf invariant one

text: Senior Whitehead Prize

text: London Mathematical Society

text: Institute for Advanced Study

text: algebraic topology

text: University of Chicago

text: Alan Turing Building

text: University of Manchester

categories: 20th-century British mathematicians,People educated at Bedford School,Mathematicians from London,Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars,1989 deaths,Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences,1930 births,Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester,Fellows of the Royal Society,English mathematicians,Road incident deaths in England,Academics of the University of Cambridge,Topologists,Lowndean Professors of Astronomy and Geometry,Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge

paragraph: Frank Adams

paragraph: John Frank Adams FRS (5 November 1930 – 7 January 1989) was a British mathematician, one of the major contributors to homotopy theory.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in Woolwich, a suburb in south-east London, and attended Bedford School. He began research as a student of Abram Besicovitch, but soon switched to algebraic topology. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge in 1956. His thesis, written under the direction of Shaun Wylie, was titled "On spectral sequences and self-obstruction invariants". He held the Fielden Chair at the University of Manchester (1964–1970), and became Lowndean Professor of Astronomy and Geometry at the University of Cambridge (1970–1989). He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1964.

paragraph: His interests included mountaineering—he would demonstrate how to climb right round a table at parties (a Whitney traverse)—and the game of Go.

paragraph: He died in a car accident in Brampton, Cambridgeshire. There is a memorial plaque for him in the Chapel of Trinity College, Cambridge.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: In the 1950s, homotopy theory was at an early stage of development, and unsolved problems abounded. Adams made a number of important theoretical advances in algebraic topology, but his innovations were always motivated by specific problems. Influenced by the French school of Henri Cartan and Jean-Pierre Serre, he reformulated and strengthened their method of killing homotopy groups in spectral sequence terms, creating the basic tool of stable homotopy theory now known as the Adams spectral sequence. This begins with Ext groups calculated over the ring of cohomology operations, which is the Steenrod algebra in the classical case. He used this spectral sequence to attack the celebrated Hopf invariant one problem, which he completely solved in a 1960 paper by making a deep analysis of secondary cohomology operations. The Adams–Novikov spectral sequence is an analogue of the Adams spectral sequence using an extraordinary cohomology theory in place of classical cohomology: it is a computational tool of great potential scope.

paragraph: Adams was also a pioneer in the application of K-theory. He invented the Adams operations in K-theory, which are derived from the exterior powers; they are now also widely used in purely algebraic contexts. Adams introduced them in a 1962 paper to solve the famous vector fields on spheres problem. Subsequently he used them to investigate the Adams conjecture which is concerned (in one instance) with the image of the J-homomorphism in the stable homotopy groups of spheres. A later paper of Adams and Michael F. Atiyah uses the Adams operations to give an extremely elegant and much faster version of the above-mentioned Hopf invariant one result.

paragraph: In 1974 Adams became the first recipient of the Senior Whitehead Prize, awarded by the London Mathematical Society. He was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in 1957–58.

paragraph: Adams had many talented students, and was highly influential in the development of algebraic topology in Britain and worldwide. His University of Chicago lectures were published in a 1996 series titled "Chicago Lectures in Mathematics Series", such as "Lectures on Exceptional Lie Groups" and "Stable Homotopy and Generalised Homology" .

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.

paragraph: The main mathematics research seminar room in the Alan Turing Building at the University of Manchester is named in his honour.

alias:
John Frank Adams
J. Frank Adams

description: British mathematician

wikidata_label: Frank Adams

wikipedia_title: Frank Adams


text:
Pori
hammer throw
Finland
Lappeenranta
sports-reference

categories: 1969 births,UTEP Miners men's track and field athletes,Living people,Finnish male hammer throwers,Sportspeople from Pori,Olympic athletes of Finland,Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Marko Wahlman

paragraph: Marko Jaakko Tapani Wahlman (born 6 April 1969 in Pori) is a retired male hammer thrower from Finland. His personal best throw was 78.39 metres, which he achieved in July 1999 in Lappeenranta.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- sports-reference

description: athletics competitor

wikidata_label: Marko Wahlman

wikipedia_title: Marko Wahlman


text: McDowell County, West Virginia

text: Tallahassee, Florida

text: Tallahassee bus boycott

text: Rick Scott

text: Florida State Road 371

text: Florida State Road 373

text: only child

text: Morehouse College

text: Toccoa

text: Augusta, Georgia

text: Montgomery, Alabama

text: Holt Street Baptist Church

text: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

text: Tallahassee bus boycott

text: Montgomery bus boycott

text: Civil Rights Movement

text: America

text: Ku Klux Klan

text: Selma to Montgomery marches

text: Doctor of Humane Letters

text: Leroy Collins

text: Florida Civil Rights Hall of Fame

text: Rick Scott

text: Florida State Road 371

text: Florida State Road 373

text: C. K. Steele, a biography

categories: People from Tallahassee, Florida,1980 deaths,Activists from West Virginia,Baptist ministers from the United States,People from Bluefield, West Virginia,Deaths from multiple myeloma,Activists for African-American civil rights,1914 births

paragraph: Charles Kenzie Steele

paragraph: Charles Kenzie Steele (born in McDowell County, West Virginia; died in Tallahassee, Florida) was a preacher and a civil rights activist. He was one of the main organizers of the 1956 Tallahassee bus boycott, and a prominent member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. On March 23, 2018, Florida Governor Rick Scott signed CS/SB 382 into law, designating portions of Florida State Road 371 and Florida State Road 373 along Orange Avenue in Tallahassee as C.K. Steele Memorial Highway.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Steele was the son of a coal miner, an only child. At a young age, he knew that he wanted to be a preacher, and he started preaching when he was 15 years old. Steele graduated from Morehouse College in 1938. He then began preaching in Toccoa and Augusta, Georgia, then in Montgomery, Alabama, at the Holt Street Baptist Church (1938–1952). In 1952 Steele moved to Tallahassee, where he started preaching at the Bethel Missionary Baptist Church. Steele met Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. when he was on his way to Tallahassee.

paragraph: Section::::Tallahassee bus boycott.

paragraph: The Tallahassee bus boycott began in May, 1956, during the Montgomery bus boycott. Like other bus boycotts during the Civil Rights Movement in America, it started because black people were forced to ride in the back of the bus, and when two students refused to give up their seat to a white woman, they were arrested. An organization was formed to protest and boycott against the city bus system. The organization was called Inter-civic Council and Steele was elected president. Steele and other protesters boycotted the system by starting car pools and the bus system had stopped for the first time in 17 years on July 1. Steele was arrested many times during this period.

paragraph: The people in Tallahassee thought that the protesters' demands were outrageous. Steele and the other protesters met a lot of rich and influential opposition. The Ku Klux Klan burned a cross in front of Steele's church, marched in front of his house, and threw bottles through his windows. The city commissioners were firmly opposed to integration of the buses. The bus system was integrated two years later.

paragraph: He was also the lead plaintiff in the school desegregation suit which led to the desegregation of public schools in Leon County.

paragraph: Steele was also a part of many other protest, marches, and boycotts, where he helped to accomplish integration in many public places. Steele helped Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. organize the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957. He was made the First Vice President under Dr. King at the time of the formation of SCLC.

paragraph: Steele participated in the Selma to Montgomery marches in 1965.

paragraph: Steele died from bone marrow cancer in 1980 at the age of 66 in Tallahassee.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: When the city created a new bus terminal in 1983, it was named after Steele and a statue of him (by sculptor David Lowe) was placed on the NE corner of the terminal.

paragraph: Florida State University conferred on Steele the honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree in 1980—the first to an African American, and the first to be bestowed in fifty-six years from that school.

paragraph: The Bethel Baptist Church in Tallahassee, where Steele was pastor for twenty-eight years, has established a charter school which is named in his and former Governor Leroy Collins' honor: the Steele-Collins Charter School.

paragraph: In 2012 Steele was inducted into the Florida Civil Rights Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Padgett, Gregory B. (1994). C. K. Steele, a biography (Doctoral dissertation). Florida State University Digital Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tallahassee Civil Rights Oral History Collection. Special Collections & Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida.

paragraph: BULLET::::- McMullen, Cary. . Online Available, 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- . Online Available

paragraph: BULLET::::- . Online Available

description: American activist

wikidata_label: Charles Kenzie Steele

wikipedia_title: Charles Kenzie Steele


text:
Schreiberhau
Zürich
entomologist
Lepidoptera
theology
University of Halle
University of Breslau
zoology
Eidgenössische Polytechnikum in Zürich
habilitation
University of Zürich
butterflies
moth
Macrolepidoptera

categories: People from Jelenia Góra County,1854 births,ETH Zurich faculty,University of Halle alumni,University of Breslau alumni,1917 deaths,Swiss entomologists

paragraph: Max Standfuss

paragraph: Maximilian Rudolph Standfuss (6 June 1854, Schreiberhau – 22 January 1917, Zürich) was a German-Swiss entomologist specializing in Lepidoptera.

paragraph: He studied theology at the University of Halle and natural sciences at the University of Breslau, where in 1879 he received his PhD in zoology. For many years, he was curator, and later director, of the collections at the entomological museum of Eidgenössische Polytechnikum in Zürich. In 1892 he obtained his habilitation and he subsequently worked as a lecturer at the Polytechnic and at the University of Zürich. In 1915 he received the title of professor. In 1908–10 he served as president of the Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich.

paragraph: He is best remembered for his breeding experiments with butterflies and moths under artificial conditions; e.g. taking the cocoons of central European butterflies and breeding them at various temperatures. He discovered that when the temperature was very low, the butterfly emerged from the cocoon with a coloration that was different from the central European species, but similar to varieties of that species found in colder climates — when the temperature was high, the same European cocoons produced varieties that were to be found in tropical regions.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lepidopterologisches", 1884 – Lepidopterology.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Handbuch für Sammler der europäischen Grossschmetterlinge", 1891 – Manual for collectors of Macrolepidoptera.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Handbuch der paläarktischen Gross-Schmetterlinge für Forscher und Sammler", 1896 – Manual of Palaearctic Macrolepidoptera for researchers and collectors

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Experimentelle zoologische Studien mit Lepidopteren", 1898 – Experimental zoological studies of Lepidoptera.

wikidata_label: Max Standfuss

wikipedia_title: Max Standfuss


text: swimmer

text: freestyle

text: backstroke

text: 2016 Summer Olympics

text: 4x100-meter medley relay

text: 100-meter backstroke

text: Lilly King

text: Kelsi Worrell

text: Simone Manuel

text: Forsyth Country Day School

text: Winston-Salem

text: Charlotte, North Carolina

text: College of Charleston

text: Charleston, South Carolina

text: Washington and Lee University

text: Crohn's disease

text: University of California, Berkeley

text: Phillips 66 Nationals

text: 2014 Pan Pacifics

text: 200-meter backstroke

text: 2015 World Championships

text: 100-meter backstroke

text: 4x100-meter medley relay

text: 2016 Olympic Trials

text: Rio

text: 100-meter backstroke

text: Katinka Hosszú

text: Lilly King

text: Dana Vollmer

text: Simone Manuel

text: 4x100-meter medley relay

text: 2017 World Championships

text: 100-meter backstroke

text: 200-meter backstroke

text: 4x100-meter medley relay

text: 50-meter backstroke

text: American record

text: Lilly King

text: Kelsi Worrell

text: Simone Manuel

text: world record

text: Missy Franklin

text: Rebecca Soni

text: Dana Vollmer

text: Allison Schmitt

categories: Olympic gold medalists for the United States in swimming,American female freestyle swimmers,Living people,Olympic swimmers of the United States,World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Former world record holders in swimming,California Golden Bears women's swimmers,Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics,1997 births,Sportspeople from Winston-Salem, North Carolina,American female backstroke swimmers,Olympic silver medalists for the United States in swimming

paragraph: Kathleen Baker

paragraph: Kathleen Baker (born February 28, 1997) is an American competition swimmer who specializes in freestyle and backstroke events. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she won a gold medal in the 4x100-meter medley relay and a silver medal in the individual 100-meter backstroke. She is the former world-record holder in 100 meter backstroke, set on July 28, 2018 in 58.00 at the William Woollett Jr. Aquatics Center in Irvine, CA. Baker is also the former world-record holder in the 4x100 meter medley relay with Lilly King, Kelsi Worrell, and Simone Manuel.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Baker attended Forsyth Country Day School until the tenth grade and then was home-schooled, so it would be easy to travel back and forth between Winston-Salem, North Carolina and Charlotte, North Carolina to swim and train with SwimMAC Carolina. Her mother swam for the College of Charleston in Charleston, South Carolina, and her older sister, Rachel, currently swims for Washington and Lee University.

paragraph: In 2010, Baker was diagnosed with Crohn's disease.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:College swimming.

paragraph: Baker attends the University of California, Berkeley, where she competes for the California Golden Bears swimming and diving team.

paragraph: At the 2014 Phillips 66 Nationals, the qualification meet for the 2014 Pan Pacifics, Baker finished second in the 200-meter backstroke and qualified for the team. She finished ninth in the 200-meter backstroke at Pan Pacifics, just outside the final.

paragraph: Baker was also selected to the 2015 World Championships roster in the 100-meter backstroke. She placed eighth in the final of the 100-meter backstroke. She also swam in the prelims for the 4x100-meter medley relay, but did not receive a medal as the final squad finished fourth.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2016 Summer Olympic Games.

paragraph: At the 2016 Olympic Trials, Baker qualified for her first Olympics in the 100-meter backstroke by finishing second with a time of 59.29.

paragraph: In Rio, she won a silver medal in the 100-meter backstroke with a time of 58.75, three tenths behind the winner Katinka Hosszú. She was not considered by many to be a medal threat since she had never broken 59 seconds prior to the Olympics. Baker also won a gold medal alongside Lilly King, Dana Vollmer, and Simone Manuel as the lead off of the 4x100-meter medley relay.

paragraph: At the 2017 World Championships, Baker won three medals. She won silver in the 100-meter backstroke, bronze in the 200-meter backstroke, and gold in the 4x100-meter medley relay. Though she did not medal in the 50-meter backstroke, Baker broke Natalie Coughlin's American record in the event in the semifinals with a time of 27.48. Baker led off the women's 4x100-meter medley relay, with the team winning with a time of 3:51.55. The team of Baker, Lilly King, Kelsi Worrell, and Simone Manuel broke the 2012 world record of 3:52.05 set by Missy Franklin, Rebecca Soni, Dana Vollmer, and Allison Schmitt.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of people diagnosed with Crohn's disease

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: br

description: American swimmer

wikidata_label: Kathleen Baker

wikipedia_title: Kathleen Baker


text: swimmer

text: 2016 Summer Olympics

text: 100 meter breaststroke competition

text: women's 4 × 100 m medley relay

text: world record

text: Evansville, Indiana

text: Indiana State University

text: Eastern Kentucky University

text: Illinois State University

text: University of Michigan

text: FJ Reitz High School

text: Indiana University Bloomington

text: Indiana Hoosiers swimming and diving

text: NCAA finals

text: American

text: 2016 US Olympic trials

text: Omaha

text: 2016 Summer Olympics

text: 100-meter breaststroke

text: Yuliya Yefimova

text: 200-meter breaststroke

text: 2017 US Nationals

text: World Aquatics Championships

text: Budapest

text: 100-meter breaststroke

text: world record

text: Katie Meili

text: List of world records in swimming

categories: Olympic gold medalists for the United States in swimming,Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m),Sportspeople from Evansville, Indiana,Swimmers from Indiana,American female breaststroke swimmers,Olympic swimmers of the United States,World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Indiana Hoosiers women's swimmers,Universiade silver medalists for the United States,Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics,World record holders in swimming,1997 births,Living people,Universiade medalists in swimming

paragraph: Lilly King

paragraph: Lilly King (born February 10, 1997) is an American swimmer. At the 2016 Summer Olympics she won the gold medal in the 100 meter breaststroke competition and also won a gold medal in the women's 4 × 100 m medley relay, in which she swam the breaststroke leg. She is the current world record holder in 100-metre and 50-metre breaststroke (long course).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: King was born and raised in Evansville, Indiana, the daughter of Mark and Ginny King. Mark ran track and cross-country at Indiana State University and Ginny swam for Eastern Kentucky University and Illinois State University. King's younger brother Alex is a walk-on swimmer at the University of Michigan. King attended FJ Reitz High School, where the school's swim team shared Lloyd Pool with five other teams. The lanes at Lloyd Pool were often crowded with swimmers below King's ability, so in order to help compensate, King added several morning practices a week with the local masters team and joined a competitive swim team called the Newburgh Sea Creatures.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:College.

paragraph: King attended Indiana University Bloomington, where she competed for the Indiana Hoosiers swimming and diving team.

paragraph: At the 2016 NCAA finals, her freshman year, she was crowned the NCAA Champion in the 100 yard breaststroke (56.85) and 200 yard breaststroke (2:03.59). The performance established King as one of the best short course yards breaststroke swimmers in history, setting the American, NCAA, NCAA Meet, U.S. Open, Indiana school, Big Ten, and Georgia Tech Pool records in winning the NCAA titles. That same freshman year she was named the Big Ten Swimmer of the Year, earned four All-America honors, First-Team All-Big Ten, and Big Ten Freshman of the Year.

paragraph: At the 2016 US Olympic trials in Omaha, King won both the 100 meter breaststroke and the 200 meter breaststroke, qualifying for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.

paragraph: In the 100-meter breaststroke heats, King finished 1st with a time of 1:05.78 and qualified for the semifinals. There she again finished first with a time of 1:05.70. The next fastest swimmer was Yuliya Yefimova from Russia, the reigning world champion who had previously served a 16-month doping suspension for failing a 2013 drug test. Yefimova also failed a drug test in 2016, but with no research on how long the drug stayed in a person's system, she was not banned or given a suspension. As King looked on from the ready room, where swimmers gather before they race, Yefimova won her semifinal and wagged her index finger. After posting the fastest time in the 100 m breaststroke semifinals, King expressed distaste. In a post-race interview with NBC, King said, "You wave your finger No. 1 and you’ve been caught drug cheating? I’m not a fan." King went on to win the Olympic gold medal in the 100-meter breaststroke, setting an Olympic record of 1:04.93 in the process.

paragraph: In the 200-meter breaststroke heats, King finished 15th with a time of 2:25.89 and qualified for the semifinals. She finished 7th in her semifinal with a time of 2:24.59. She did not qualify for the final.

paragraph: "USA Today" said King and Yefimova's rivalry "was heightened by the backstory, the international rivalry, and the high stakes of a final event. It was the Olympics at its very, very best." "Sporting News" noted the two "joined the list of the hottest U.S.-Soviet/Russian head-to-heads in sports history." As a result of her approach to the 2016 Olympic Games and her rivalry with Yefimova, King developed a reputation as being "friendly but fiery, with no filter and no apologies." Some journalists criticized her treatment of Yefimova.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2017 World Championships.

paragraph: At the 2017 US Nationals, the qualification meet for the World Aquatics Championships in Budapest, King swept the breaststroke events. She won the 50-meter breaststroke with a time of 29.66, the 100-meter breaststroke with 1:04.95, and the 200-meter breaststroke with 2:21.83.

paragraph: In her first event, King won the 100-meter breaststroke with a world record time of 1:04.13. King's American teammate Katie Meili finished second and Yulia Efimova touched third. The race was highly anticipated because Efimova had nearly broken the former world record and mockingly wagged her finger during the semifinal.

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: On September 11, 2018, the city of Evansville approved the new Deaconess Aquatic Center, which is to replace Lloyd Pool, within which the facility's competition pool is to be named in honor of King, who personally pushed for the project.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of world records in swimming

paragraph: BULLET::::- World record progression 50 metres breaststroke

paragraph: BULLET::::- World record progression 100 metres breaststroke

description: American swimmer

wikidata_label: Lilly King

wikipedia_title: Lilly King


text:
Bishop of Jaén
Bishop of Lugo
Pope Pius IV
Bishop of Lugo
Diego Ramírez Sedeño de Fuenleal
Bishop of Pamplona
Luis Suárez
Bishop of Dragonara
Rodrigo Vázquez
Titular Bishop
Pope Pius V
Bishop of Jaén

categories: 15th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Bishops appointed by Pope Pius V,16th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Bishops appointed by Pope Pius IV,1514 births,1576 deaths

paragraph: Francisco Delgado López (bishop)

paragraph: Francisco Delgado López (1514 – 2 October 1576) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Jaén (1566–1576) and Bishop of Lugo (1561–1566).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Francisco Delgado López was born in Villapun in 1514. On 13 June 1561, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Pius IV as Bishop of Lugo. On 11 January 1562, he was consecrated bishop by Diego Ramírez Sedeño de Fuenleal, Bishop of Pamplona, with Luis Suárez, Bishop of Dragonara, and Rodrigo Vázquez, Titular Bishop of "Troas", serving as co-consecrators. On 26 April 1566, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Pius V as Bishop of Jaén. He served as Bishop of Jaén until his death on 2 October 1576.

paragraph: Section::::External links and additional sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

wikidata_label: Francisco Delgado López

wikipedia_title: Francisco Delgado López (bishop)


text:
20th dynasty
Ancient Egypt
Ramesses XI
Richard Parker
Ramesses III
Deir El Medina
Valley of the Kings
Meshwesh
New Kingdom
Nubia
Aniba
KV18
Valley of the Kings
KV18: The Tomb of Ramesses X

categories: 12th-century BC rulers,Pharaohs of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt,Ramesses X,Year of birth unknown,12th-century BC Pharaohs,1107 BC deaths,12th century BC in Egypt

paragraph: Ramesses X

paragraph: Khepermaatre Ramesses X (also written Ramses and Rameses) (ruled c. 1111 BC – 1107 BC) was the ninth pharaoh of the 20th dynasty of Ancient Egypt. His birth name was Amonhirkhepeshef. His "prenomen" or throne name, Khepermaatre, means "The Justice of Re Abides."

paragraph: His accession day fell on 1 "prt" 27 (first month of the Winter season, day 27).

paragraph: His highest attested regnal year is year 3. The highest attested date in his reign is either "year 3, second month of the Inundation season, day 2" or possibly "year 3, month 4 (no day given)".

paragraph: Since Ramesses XI came to the throne on 3 "šmw" 20 (third month of the Summer season, day 20), it automatically follows that Ramesses X must have lived into an as yet unattested regnal year 4.

paragraph: The theory put forward on astronomical grounds by Richard Parker that Ramesses X may have reigned for 9 years, has since been abandoned.

paragraph: Likewise, the suggested ascription of Theban graffito 1860a to a hypothetical year 8 of Ramesses X is no longer supported.

paragraph: The English Egyptologist Aidan Dodson once wrote in a 2004 book:

paragraph: However, Dodson's hypothesis here on Tyti's position must now be discarded since it has been proven in 2010 that Tyti was rather a queen of a previous 20th dynasty pharaoh instead. She is mentioned in the partly fragmented Harris papyrus to be Ramesses III's wife as Dodson himself acknowledges.

paragraph: Ramesses X is a poorly documented king. His year 2 is attested by "Papyrus Turin 1932+1939" while his third year is documented in the Necropolis Journal of the Workmen of Deir El Medina. This diary mentions the general idleness of the necropolis workmen, at least partly due to the threat posed by Libyan marauders in the Valley of the Kings. It records that the Deir El-Medina workmen were absent from work in Year 3 IIIrd Month of Peret (i.e., Winter) days 6, 9, 11, 12, 18, 21 and 24 for fear of the "desert-dwellers" (i.e., the Libyans or Meshwesh) who evidently roamed through Upper Egypt and Thebes at will. This is partly a reflection of the massive Libyan influx into the Western Delta region of Lower Egypt during this time. Ramesses X is also the last New Kingdom king whose rule over Nubia is attested from an inscription at Aniba.

paragraph: His KV18 tomb in the Valley of the Kings was left unfinished. It is uncertain if he was ever buried there, since no remains or fragments of funerary objects were discovered within it.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- KV18: The Tomb of Ramesses X

description: ninth ruler of the 20th dynasty of Ancient Egypt

wikidata_label: Ramesses X

wikipedia_title: Ramesses X


text:
pharaoh
Twentieth dynasty of Egypt
New Kingdom period
Whm Mswt
High Priest of Amun
Piankh
Thebes
Nubia
Shemu
Ramesses X
Tyti
Anthony Harris
Ramesses III
Tentamun
Duathathor-Henuttawy
Pinedjem I
Tentamun
Smendes
Amun
Amenhotep
Pinehesy
Viceroy of Kush
Whm Mswt
"Pap. Mayer A"
Pap. Ambras
Amenhotep
Piankh
Medjay
Mayer A
Pinehesy
Nodjmet
Von Beckerath
Deir El Medina
Tanis
Lower Egypt
Herihor
Upper Egypt
Valley of the Kings
KV4
Memphis
Pinedjem I
Hatshepsut
Thutmose III
Thutmose I
Copts
21st Dynasty
Tanis
High Priests of Amun at Thebes
Christian Cannuyer

categories: 12th-century BC rulers,Pharaohs of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt,Ramesses XI,1070s BC deaths,Year of birth unknown,11th-century BC rulers,11th-century BC Pharaohs,12th-century BC Pharaohs,12th-century BC births,11th century BC in Egypt,12th century BC in Egypt

paragraph: Ramesses XI

paragraph: Menmaatre Ramesses XI (also written Ramses and Rameses) reigned from 1107 BC to 1078 BC or 1077 BC and was the tenth and final pharaoh of the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt and as such, was the last king of the New Kingdom period. He ruled Egypt for at least 29 years although some Egyptologists think he could have ruled for as long as 30. The latter figure would be up to 2 years beyond this king's highest known date of Year 10 of the "Whm Mswt" era or Year 28 of his reign. One scholar, Ad Thijs, has suggested that Ramesses XI could even have reigned as long as 33 years.

paragraph: It is believed that Ramesses ruled into his Year 29 since a graffito records that the general and High Priest of Amun Piankh returned to Thebes from Nubia on III Shemu day 23—or just 3 days into what would have been the start of Ramesses XI's 29th regnal year. Piankh is known to have campaigned in Nubia during Year 28 of Ramesses XI's reign (or Year 10 of the Whm Mswt) and would have returned home to Egypt in the following year.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Ramesses XI was once thought to be the son of Ramesses X by Queen Tyti who was a King's Mother, King's Wife and King's Daughter in her titles. However, recent scholarly research into certain copies of parts of the Harris papyrus (or Papyrus BM EA 10052)--made by Anthony Harris—which discusses a harem conspiracy against Ramesses III reveals that Tyti was rather a queen of pharaoh Ramesses III instead. Hence, Ramesses XI's mother was not Tyti and although he could have been a son of his predecessor, this is not established either. Ramesses XI is believed to have married "Tentamun", the daughter of Nebseny, with whom he is assumed to have fathered Duathathor-Henuttawy—the future wife of the high priest Pinedjem I. Ramesses XI may have had another daughter named Tentamun who became king Smendes' future wife in the next dynasty.

paragraph: Sometime during his reign, the High Priest of Amun, Amenhotep, was ousted from office by Pinehesy, the Viceroy of Kush who for some time took control of the Thebais. Although this “suppression of the High Priest of Amun” used to be dated quite early in the reign (prior to year 9 of the reign), recently the "communis opinio" has changed to the view that it took place only shortly before the start of the Whm Mswt or Renaissance, an era which was inaugurated in regnal Year 19, probably to stress the return of normal conditions following the "coup" of Pinehesy.

paragraph: Section::::The whm-mswt era.

paragraph: Ramesses XI's reign is notable for a large number of important papyri that have been discovered, including the "Adoption Papyrus", which mentions regnal years 1 and 18 of his reign; "Pap. B.M. 10052", "Pap. Mayer A", "Pap. B.M. 10403" and "Pap. B.M. 10383" (the last four containing the accounts of tomb-robbery trials conducted during the first two years of the Whm Mswt); "Pap. Ambras" (containing a list of documents which were repurchased in year 6 of the Whm Mswt, after having been stolen from some temple archive, most probably during the chaotic period of the suppression of the High Priest of Amun Amenhotep); the "Turin Taxation Papyrus", of an unspecified year 12; Pap. B.M. 10068, which includes on its verso two lists, called the "House-list" (from an unspecified year 12) and the Srmt-list (undated, but slightly later than the "Houselist"); Pap. B.M. 9997, of an unspecified year 14 and 15; and an entire series of "Late Ramesside Letters" written by -among others- the scribes of the Necropolis Dhutmose, Butehamun, and the High Priest Piankh. Late Ramesside Letter no. 9 establishes that the Whm Mswt period lasted into a 10th year (which more or less equates year 28 proper of Ramesses XI).

paragraph: Ad Thijs, in a GM 173 paper, notes that the "House-list", which is anonymously dated to Year 12 of Ramesses XI (i.e., the document was compiled in either Year 12 of the pre-Renaissance period or during the "Whm Mswt" era itself), mentions two officials: the Chief Doorkeeper Pnufer, and the Chief Warehouseman Dhutemhab. These individuals were recorded as only an ordinary Doorkeeper and Warehouseman in "Papyri BM 10403" and "BM 10052" respectively, which are explicitly dated to Year 1 and 2 of the "Whm Mswt" period. This would suggest at first glance that the Year 12 "House-list" postdates these two documents and was created in Year 12 of the "Whm Mswt" era instead (or Regnal Year 30 proper of Ramesses XI), which would account for these two individuals' promotions. Thijs proceeds to use several anonymous Year 14 and 15 dates in another papyrus, "BM 9997", to argue that Ramesses XI lived at least into his 32nd and 33rd Regnal Years (or Years 14 and 15 of the "Whm Mswt"). This document mentions a certain Sermont, who was only titled an ordinary "Medjay" (Nubian 'policeman') in the Year 12 "House-list" but is called "Chief of the Medjay" in "Papyrus BM 9997". Sermont's promotion would thus mean that "BM 9997" postdates the "House-list Papyrus" and must be placed late in the Renaissance period. If true, then Ramesses XI should have survived into his 33rd Regnal Year or Year 15 of the "Whm Mswt" era before dying.

paragraph: However, one could argue that there are occasional inconsistencies in the description of an individual's precise title even within the same source document itself: Whereas Papyrus Mayer A several times mentions a “Dhuthope, Chief Doorkeeper of the temple of Amun”, in col. 5, line 15 this same individual is clearly presented as a mere “Doorkeeper”, which would strongly weaken Thijs’ case. On the other hand, as Goelet notes with regard to this last entry: "“instead of recounting the usual beatings and confessions, the record simply states: ‘There was brought the doorkeeper Djehuty-hotep’”".

paragraph: Since there are no further details added, which is an anomaly within the papyrus, this suggests that the pertinent entry was abandoned by the scribe, perhaps because he realised that he had made a mistake. Nevertheless, Thijs' case for a Year 33 proper for Ramesses XI should be treated with caution. Since there are two attested promotions of individuals in 2 separate papyri, however, there is a possibility that Ramesses XI did live into his 33rd regnal Year.

paragraph: Thijs in his GM 173 paper, also demonstrated that the "House-list" and the Turin Taxation papyrus were close in time to each other since both documents mention a year 12 date and name certain individuals such as the chief of the Medjay Nesamun, the herdsman Penhasi and the fisherman Kadore. Due to this connection, Thijs argued that the Taxation Papyrus also belonged to the whm-mswt era. However, this would imply that in year 12 of the whm-mswt the viceroy Pinehesy returned to office to supervise in the collection of taxes in the Theban area, after he had become an enemy of the state earlier in the era, due to his role in temporarily suppressing the High Priest Amenhotep. In P. BM 10383 2, 4-5 (from year 2 of the whm-mswt, although the era is not explicitly mentioned in the heading) a certain Peison states that, sometime earlier, Pinehesy suppressed his (viz., Peison's) superior, which is taken by most Egyptologists as a reference to Pinehesy ousting the High Priest Amenhotep.

paragraph: Pinehesy was subsequently designated as an enemy in several papyri from year 1 and 2 of the whm-mswt (equalling year 19 and 20 proper of Ramesses XI) where his name was consistently associated "by the nDs [or] (‘bad’) bird as its determinative" in these papyri.

paragraph: How exactly the anarchic period of the Suppression was ended and who ultimately forced Pinehesy out of Thebes is unknown, due to a lack of explicit sources. However, it seems that Pinehesy retreated to Nubia and succeeded in maintaining some sort of powerbase there for over a decade.

paragraph: In year 10 of the whm-mswt the then general and High Priest Piankh goes on an expedition to Nubia to "meet Pinehesy".

paragraph: Although it is often postulated that it was the aim of this campaign to fight the former Viceroy, this is by no means certain.

paragraph: The sources are actually ambiguous on this point and the political climate may well have changed over the years. There is some evidence that at this time Piankh may no longer have been a loyal servant of Ramesses XI, which allows for the possibility that he was secretly negotiating with Pinehesy, possibly even plotting against the reigning king.

paragraph: E. Wente wrote: "One has the impression that the viceroy and his Nubian troops were loyalists, for the remarks made by his opponent Piankh in letter No. 301 are quite disparaging of the pharaoh, Ramesses XI." In this letter, better known as LRL no. 21, Piankh remarks:

paragraph: In the same letter and two others (LRL no. 34 and no. 35) Piankh gives the order to the Scribe of the Necropolis Tjaroy (=Dhutmose), the lady Nodjmet and a certain Payshuuben to secretly arrest and question two Medjay policemen about certain things they had apparently said:

paragraph: Whereas Piankh would probably have had the authority to have people executed, it is noteworthy that his correspondents are explicitly urged to keep the matter secret. It has been argued that, given Piankh's supreme position at the time, the secrecy can only have concerned the king. If this is correct, it follows that the political situation of the time must have been very complex, with Piankh possibly acting on some hidden agenda. Unfortunately, due to the very limited nature of the sources, the exact relationships between the three main protagonists, Piankh, Pinehesy and Ramesses XI remain far from clear. Some scholars believe that the Nubian campaign was part of an ongoing power struggle between the High Priest of Amun and the Viceroy of Kush However, it is equally possible that Piankh came to the rescue of Pinehesy against some common enemy. The verb often translated as "to attack (Pinehesy)" only means "to meet/ to go to". In fact, neither the aim of the expedition nor its outcome are beyond doubt.

paragraph: The issue is further complicated by the ongoing debate about [1] the order of High Priests (either Herihor before Piankh or Piankh before Herihor) and [2] the correct ascription (either to the pre-Renaissance period or to the whm-mswt itself) of several documents from the reign of Ramesses XI.

paragraph: At present, Thijs' suggestion that Pinehesy was apparently rehabilitated by Ramesses XI in year 11 or 12 of the whm-mswt has only been explicitly accepted by the Egyptologist A. Dodson.

paragraph: Section::::Length of reign.

paragraph: Neither the length of the Renaissance nor the ascription of certain documents from the reign of Ramesses XI are beyond dispute.

paragraph: At present, Thijs' proposal that Papyrus BM 10054 dates to the Whm-Mswt has been confirmed by other scholars such as Von Beckerath and Annie Gasse—the latter in a JEA 87 (2001) paper which studied several newly discovered fragments belonging to this document. Consequently, it would appear that Ramesses XI's highest undisputed date is presently Year 11 of the Whm-Mswt (or Year 29 proper) of his reign, when Piankh's Nubian campaign terminated which means that the pharaoh had a minimum reign of 29 years when he died—-which can perhaps be extended to 30 years due to the "gap between the beginning of Dynasty 21 and the reign of Ramesses XI." with 33 years being hypothetical. Krauss and Warburton specifically write that due to the existence of this time gap,

paragraph: Aidan Dodson, however, allows for a 'year 15' of the Whm-Mswt on the basis of P. BM 9997.

paragraph: Either during the reign of Ramesses XI or shortly afterwards, the village of Deir El Medina was abandoned, apparently because the Royal Necropolis was shifted northward to Tanis and there was no further need for their services at Thebes.

paragraph: Section::::Late New Kingdom chronology of Ramesses XI.

paragraph: The conventional Egyptian chronology view is that Ramesses XI had an independent reign of between 29 and 30 or 33 full years between Ramesses X and Smendes before dying. Shortly before his death, he transferred Egypt's political capital to Tanis where he died and was buried by Smendes who succeeded him but only ruled Lower Egypt while Herihor ruled Upper Egypt as the High Priest of Egypt at Thebes. Thijs' separate proposal that the first 17 years of Ramesses XI's reign were entirely contemporary with the reigns of Ramesses IX (Years 5-19) and Ramesses X (Years 1-3) is not currently accepted by most Egyptologists except Aidan Dodson in his 2012 book "Afterglow of Empire".

paragraph: Section::::Burial.

paragraph: Sometime during this troubled period, Ramesses XI died under unknown circumstances. While he had a tomb prepared for himself in the Valley of the Kings (KV4), it was left unfinished and only partly decorated since Ramesses XI instead arranged to have himself buried away from Thebes, possibly near Memphis. This pharaoh's tomb, however, includes some unusual features, including four rectangular, rather than square, pillars in its burial chamber and an extremely deep central burial shaft– at over 30 feet or 10 metres long– which was perhaps designed as an additional security device to prevent tomb robbery. During the 21st dynasty, under the reign of the High Priest of Thebes, Pinedjem I, Ramesses XI's tomb was used as a workshop for processing funerary materials from the burials of Hatshepsut, Thutmose III and perhaps Thutmose I. Ramesses XI's tomb has stood open since antiquity and was used as a dwelling by the Copts.

paragraph: Since Ramesses XI had himself buried in Lower Egypt, Smendes rose to the kingship of Egypt, based on the well known custom that he who buried the king inherited the throne. Since Smendes buried Ramesses XI, he could legally assume the crown of Egypt and inaugurate the 21st Dynasty from his hometown at Tanis, even if he did not control Middle and Upper Egypt, which were now effectively in the hands of the High Priests of Amun at Thebes.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Darrell D. Baker, "The Encyclopedia of the Egyptian Pharaohs, Volume I: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty (3300–1069 BC)", Bannerstone Press, London 2008, , S. 334–336.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christian Cannuyer, "Encore la Date de l'accession au Thrône de Ramsès XI", GM 132 (1993), 19-20

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aidan Dodson, "Afterglow of Empire, Egypt from the Fall of the New Kingdom to the Saite Renaissance", AUC Press 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- Klaus Ohlhafer, "Zum Thronbesteigungsdatum Ramses' XI. und zur Abfolge der Grabräuberpapyri aus Jahr 1 und 2 whm-mswt", GM 135 (1993), 59-72

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kim Ridealgh, A Tale of Semantics and Suppressions: Reinterpreting Papyrus Mayer A and the So-called 'War of the High Priest' during the Reign of Ramesses XI, SAK 43 (2014), 359-373

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Wente, "The Suppression of the High Priest Amenhotep", JNES 25 (1966), 73-87

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Ramesses XI

wikipedia_title: Ramesses XI


text:
pharaoh
Twentieth dynasty of Egypt
Ramesses IV
Duatentopet
Amun
temple
Turin 1887
papyrus
Elephantine
Deir el-Medina
KV9
Per
Wilbour Papyrus
Crocodilopolis
Ramessesnakht
Ramesses VI
Akhet
mummy
smallpox

categories: 12th-century BC rulers,Pharaohs of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt,Ancient Egyptian mummies,Year of birth unknown,12th-century BC Pharaohs,Deaths from smallpox,Ramesses V,1145 BC deaths,12th century BC in Egypt

paragraph: Ramesses V

paragraph: Usermaatre Sekheperenre Ramesses V (also written Ramses and Rameses) was the fourth pharaoh of the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt and was the son of Ramesses IV and Queen Duatentopet.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Ramesses V's reign was characterized by the continued growth of the power of the priesthood of Amun, which controlled much of the temple land in the country and the state finances, at the expense of the ruling pharaohs. The Turin 1887 papyrus records a financial scandal during Ramesses' reign that involved the priests of Elephantine. A period of domestic instability also afflicted his reign, as evidenced by the fact that, according to the Turin Papyrus Cat. 2044, the workmen of Deir el-Medina periodically stopped work on Ramesses V's KV9 tomb in this king's first regnal year, out of fear of ""the enemy"", presumably Libyan raiding parties, who had reached the town of Per-Nebyt and ""burnt its people"." Another incursion by these raiders into Thebes is recorded a few days later. This shows that the Egyptian state was having difficulties ensuring the security of its own elite tomb workers, let alone the general populace, during this troubled time.

paragraph: The great Wilbour Papyrus, dating to Year 4 of Ramesses V's reign, was a major land survey and tax assessment document which covered various lands "extending from near Crocodilopolis (Medinet el-Fayyum) southwards to a little short of the modern town of El-Minya, a distance of some 90 miles." It reveals most of Egypt's land was controlled by the Amun temples, which also directed the country's finances. The document highlights the increasing power of the High Priest of Amun Ramessesnakht whose son, a certain Usimare'nakhte, held the office of chief tax master.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: The circumstances of Ramesses V's death are unknown but it is believed he had a reign of almost four full years. It is possible he was dethroned by his paternal uncle and successor, Ramesses VI because Ramesses VI usurped his predecessor's KV9 tomb. An ostracon records that this king was only buried in Year 2 of Ramesses VI, which was highly irregular since Egyptian tradition required a king to be mummified and buried precisely 70 days into the reign of his successor.

paragraph: However, another reason for the much delayed burial of Ramesses V in Year 2, second month of Akhet day 1 of Ramesses VI's reign (see KRI, VI, 343) may have been connected with Ramesses VI's need "to clear out any Libyans [invaders] from Thebes and to provide a temporary tomb for Ramesses V until plans for a double burial within tomb KV9 could be put into effect." Moreover, a Theban work journal ("P. Turin" 1923) dated to Year 2 of Ramesses VI's reign shows that a period of normality had returned to the Theban West Bank by this time.

paragraph: The mummy of Ramesses V was recovered in 1898 and seemed to indicate that he suffered and subsequently died from smallpox, due to lesions found on his face. He was thought to be one of the earliest known victims of the disease. However, a 2016 discovery has found that the shared ancestral form of smallpox dates back to 1580 AD, and therefore could not have been the cause of his death.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A.J. Peden, Where did Ramesses VI bury his nephew?, GM 181 (2001), 83-88

description: pharaoh in the ancient Egypt

wikidata_label: Ramesses V

wikipedia_title: Ramesses V


text: Egypt

text: High Priest of Amun at Thebes

text: Pharaoh

text: Ramesses XI

text: Piankh

text: Lepsius

text: Temple of Khonsu

text: Pinedjem I

text: Pinehesy

text: Nubia

text: Thebes

text: Nodjmet

text: hypostyle

text: vizier

text: report of Wenamun

text: Thebes

text: Wehem Mesut

text: Tanis

text: Libya

text: Shoshenq I

text: Temple of Khonsu

text: mummy

text: Deir el-Bahari

text: Books of the Dead

text: British museum

text: Hrere

text: Champollion

text: Naville

text: High Priest Amenhotep

text: Amenhotep

text: Ramesses IV

text: Karl Jansen-Winkeln

text: Ad Thijs

text: GM

text: GM

text: Ad Thijs

text: Peter James

text: Robert Morkot

text: Ben Haring

text: Steven R. W. Gregory

text: Ad Thijs

text: Steven R. W. Gregory

categories: 1074 BC deaths,People of the Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt,11th-century BC clergy,Ancient Egyptian viziers,Year of birth unknown,Theban High Priests of Amun

paragraph: Herihor

paragraph: Herihor was an Egyptian army officer and High Priest of Amun at Thebes (1080 BC to 1074 BC) during the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses XI.

paragraph: Section::::Chronological and genealogical position.

paragraph: Traditionally his career was placed before that of the High Priest of Amun, Piankh, since it was believed that the latter was his son. However, this filiation was based on an incorrect reconstruction by Lepsius of a scene in the Temple of Khonsu. It is now believed that the partly preserved name of the son of Herihor depicted there was not [Pi]Ankh, but rather Ankh[ef(enmut)].

paragraph: Since then, Karl Jansen-Winkeln has argued that Piankh preceded rather than succeeded Herihor as High Priest at Thebes and that Herihor outlived Ramesses XI before being succeeded in this office by Pinedjem I, Piankh's son.

paragraph: If Jansen-Winkeln is correct, Herihor would have served in office as High Priest, after succeeding Piankh, for longer than just 6 years, as is traditionally believed.

paragraph: The following paragraphs contain several statements based on the traditional order (Herihor before Piankh) and therefore give only one possible reconstruction.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: While his origins are unknown, it is thought that his parents were Libyans. Recent studies by Karl Jansen-Winkeln in ZAS 119 (1992) suggest that Piankh—originally thought to be Herihor's successor—was actually Herihor's predecessor.

paragraph: Herihor advanced through the ranks of the military during the reign of Ramesses XI and was integral to restoring order by ousting Pinehesy, viceroy of Nubia, from Thebes. His wife Nodjmet, may have been Ramesses XI's daughter—and perhaps even Piankh's wife if Piankh was his predecessor as Karl Jansen Winkeln today hypothesizes. At the decoration of the hypostyle hall walls of the temple of Khonsu at Karnak, Herihor served several years under king Ramesses XI since he is shown obediently performing his duties as chief priest under this sovereign. But he assumed more and more titles, from high priest to vizier, before finally openly taking the royal title at Thebes, even if he still nominally recognised the authority of Ramesses XI, the actual king of Egypt. It is disputed today whether or not this 'royal phase' of Herihor's career began during or after Ramesses XI's lifetime.

paragraph: Herihor never really held power outside the environs of Thebes, and Ramesses XI may have outlived him by two years although Jansen-Winkeln argues that Ramesses XI actually died first and only then did Herihor finally assume some form of royal status at Thebes and openly adopted royal titles—but only in a "half-hearted" manner according to Arno Egberts who has adopted Jansen Winkeln's views here. Herihor's usurpation of royal privileges is observed "in the decoration of the court of the Khonsu temple" but his royal datelines "betray nothing of the royal status he enjoyed according to the contemporary scenes and inscriptions of the court of the Khonsu temple." While both Herihor and his wife Nodjmet were given royal cartouches in inscriptions on their funerary equipment, their 'kingship' was limited to a few relatively restricted areas of Thebes whereas Ramesses XI's name was still recorded in official administrative documents throughout the country. Under the Wehem Mesut era, the Theban high priest—Herihor—and Ramesses XI quietly agreed to accept the new political situation where the High Priest was unofficially as powerful as Pharaoh. The report of Wenamun (also known as Wen-Amon) was made in Year 5 of Herihor and Herihor is mentioned in several Year 5 and Year 6 mummy linen graffitos.

paragraph: The de facto split between Ramesses XI and his 21st Dynasty successors with the High Priests of Amun at Thebes (referred to in Ancient Egyptian as Wehem Mesut) or 'Renaissance' resulted in the unofficial political division of Egypt between Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt with the Tanite-based kings ruling Lower Egypt from Tanis. This division was not completely ended until the country was finally reunited with the accession of the Libyan Dynasty 22 king Shoshenq I in 943 BC; Shoshenq was able to appoint his son Iuput to be the new High Priest of Amun at Thebes and thus exercise authority over all of the country.

paragraph: Section::::Herihor and the Nodjmet problem.

paragraph: It is beyond doubt that Herihor had a wife called Nodjmet. She has been attested in the Temple of Khonsu where she is depicted at the head of a procession of children of Herihor, and on Stela Leiden V 65, where she is depicted with Herihor, presented as High Priest without royal overtones, so apparently dating from quite early in his career.

paragraph: Normally, she is identified with the mummy of a Nodjmet which was discovered in the Deir el-Bahari cache (TT320). With this mummy two Books of the Dead were found.

paragraph: One of these, Papyrus BM 10490, now in the British museum, belonged to “the King’s Mother Nodjmet, the daughter of the King’s Mother Hrere”. Whereas the name of Nodjmet was written in a cartouche, the name of Hrere was not. Since mostly this Nodjmet is seen as the wife of the High Priest Herihor, Herere’s title is often interpreted as “King’s Mother-in-law”, although her title “who bore the Strong Bull” suggests that she actually must have given birth to a king.

paragraph: However, recently, the common opinion that there was only one Queen Nodjmet has been challenged and the old view that the mummy found in the Royal Cache was that of the mother of Herihor rather than his wife has been revived.

paragraph: Although it is beyond dispute that Herihor had a queen called Nodjmet (this was already recognised by Champollion), as far back as 1878 Naville postulated that Herihor must have had a mother called Nodjmet. He did so on the basis of Papyrus BM 10541, the other Book of the Dead found with her mummy. As A. Thijs has recently pointed out, it is indeed remarkable that, although Herihor figures in P. BM 10541, Nodjmet nowhere in her two Books of the Dead is designated as “King’s Wife”. All the stress is on her position as “King’s Mother”. This is true for all the sources found in the Royal Cache.

paragraph: The ruling family from the transitional period from the 20th to the 21st dynasty is notorious for the repetitiveness of names, so Herihor having a homonymous wife and mother would in itself not be impossible or even remarkable. If the Nodjmet from the Royal Cache was indeed the mother of Herihor, it follows that Hrere must have been the grandmother of Herihor rather than his mother(-in-law). In this position Hrere could well have been the wife of the High Priest Amenhotep.

paragraph: It has been proposed to refer to the Nodjmet found in the Royal Cache as "Nodjmet A" (=the mother of Herihor) and to the wife of Herihor as "Nodjmet B".

paragraph: Section::::Ethiopian tradition.

paragraph: Traditional Ethiopian kinglists name Herihor, and his successors through Pinudjem II, among the rulers of Saba in the Semitic Agazyan Ethiopian dynasty, and he is considered to have ruled Ethiopia for 16 years in addition to being "de facto" ruler in Egypt. According to Ethiopian historian Tekletsadiq Mekuria, Herihor's father was the former High Priest Amenhotep, and his mother was a daughter of Ramesses IV.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. Gustave Lefebvre, Herihor, Vizir (Statue du Caire, no 42190), ASAE 26 (1926), 63-68

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hermann Kees, Die Hohenpriester des Amun von Karnak von Herihor bis zum Ende der Äthiopenzeit (1964). Leiden: E. J. Brill

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie-Ange Bonhême, Hérihor fut-il effectivement roi?, BIFAO 79 (1979), 267-283

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karl Jansen-Winkeln, Das Ende des Neuen Reiches, Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde ZÄS 119 (1992), 22-37

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dennis C. Forbes, King Herihor, the 'Renaissance' & the 21st Dynasty, KMT 4-3 (1993), 25-41

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ad Thijs, "Two Books for One Lady, The mother of Herihor rediscovered", GM 163 (1998), 101-110

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeremy Goldberg, Was Piankh The Son Of Herihor After All?, GM 174 (2000), 49-58

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ad Thijs, In Search of King Herihor and the Penultimate Ruler of the 20th Dynasty, Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 132 (2005), 73-91

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter James & Robert Morkot, Herihor's Kingship and the High Priest Piankh, JEGH 3.2 (2010), 231-260

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ben Haring, Stela Leiden V 65 and Herihor's "Damnatio Memoriae", Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 41 (2012), 139-152

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steven R. W. Gregory, Piankh and Herihor: Art, Ostraca, and Accession in Perspective, Birmingham Egyptology Journal 1 (2013) 5-18

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ad Thijs, "Nodjmet A, Daughter of Amenhotep, Wife of Piankh and Mother of Herihor", Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 140 (2013), 54-69.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steven R. W. Gregory,Herihor in art and iconography: kingship and the gods in the ritual landscape of Late New Kingdom Thebes, Golden House Publications (2014)

description: Egyptian high priest

wikidata_label: Herihor

wikipedia_title: Herihor


text:
American
racing cyclist
Allen, Texas
Dallas
Rock Racing

categories: American male cyclists,Living people,Giro d'Italia cyclists,1982 births

paragraph: Pat McCarty

paragraph: Jonathan Patrick "Pat" McCarty (born January 24, 1982) is an American former professional racing cyclist.

paragraph: McCarty grew up in Allen, Texas, a suburb of Dallas. When McCarty was 11, his brother went to college and left his bike. Growing up in a cycling family, he started riding .

paragraph: During 2006 McCarty rode the Giro for . After Phonak folded, he was offered a spot on , but his contract was not renewed after the 2008 season.

paragraph: Section::::Major results.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 –

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 –

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 –

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 –

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 –

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 – Rock Racing

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 –

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 –

description: Road bicycle racer

wikidata_label: Jonathan Patrick McCarty

wikipedia_title: Pat McCarty


text:
hermit
saint
Portugal
Roman villa
Kingdom of Portugal
sand dunes
Póvoa de Varzim
Portugal
Mount São Félix
Saint Peter of Rates
Romanesque
Braga Cathedral
Laundos
Póvoa de Varzim

categories: People from Póvoa de Varzim,Portuguese hermits,Portuguese Roman Catholic saints,Portuguese Roman Catholics

paragraph: Felix the Hermit

paragraph: Saint Felix the Hermit () was a 9th-century fisherman and hermit, who is venerated as a saint in Portugal.

paragraph: Section::::Legend.

paragraph: Felix was from Villa Mendo, an actual ancient Roman villa that existed until the early years of the Kingdom of Portugal and rediscovered in the 20th century, having been buried under sand dunes in Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal.

paragraph: Felix could catch no fish, says the local legend, which infuriated his parents. Therefore, he left home and settled on the biggest hill of the area, which is today known as Mount São Félix. During the Middle Ages, the hill was known as "Monte Lanudos".

paragraph: With some frequency, Felix observed a light in the darkness of the night from the hill. One day, curious, he went to investigate and discovered the body of Saint Peter of Rates. He took the body, and in that place, the Romanesque church of Saint Peter of Rates was built. The relics of Saint Peter were kept there up until 1552; in that year the body was transferred to Braga Cathedral, where it is still kept. According to a research, the actual body is of a 9th-century child.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: Saint Felix has a church on the top of São Félix Hill, and his feast is celebrated on the first Sunday of September in the parish of Laundos, where the mountain is located in Póvoa de Varzim.

description: Portuguese hermit and saint

wikidata_label: Felix the Hermit

wikipedia_title: Felix the Hermit


text: relief pitcher

text: Minnesota Twins

text: 1992 MLB draft

text: Junípero Serra High School

text: Salinas High School

text: CIF Central Coast Section

text: 1992 Major League Baseball draft

text: Minnesota Twins

text: Serra High School

text: GCL Twins

text: Fort Wayne Wizards

text: Fort Myers Miracle

text: New Britain Rock Cats

text: Eastern League

text: Salt Lake Buzz

text: Baseball America

text: New York Yankees

text: Chicago Cubs

text: ERA

text: Iowa Cubs

text: San Diego Padres

text: minor league

text: outfielder

text: Las Vegas 51s

text: Pittsburgh Pirates

text: Nashville

text: San Francisco Giants

text: Fresno Grizzlies

text: New York Mets

text: Norfolk Tides

text: Milwaukee Brewers

text: Indianapolis Indians

text: Anaheim Angels

text: St. Louis Cardinals

text: Memphis Redbirds

text: Cincinnati Reds

text: bullpen

text: Chiba Lotte Marines

text: Orix Buffaloes

text: Colorado Springs Sky Sox

text: Major League Baseball

text: Sultanes de Monterrey

text: Mexican League

text: Cañeros de Los Mochis

text: Mexican Pacific League

text: Bridgeport Bluefish

text: Atlantic League

text: Naranjeros de Hermosillo

text: Sparks, Nevada

text: Bar Rescue

text: Serafini Says

text: Throw Like a Pro Baseball Academy

categories: Major League Baseball players suspended for drug offenses,Sportspeople from San Francisco,American expatriate baseball players in Japan,Pittsburgh Pirates players,Colorado Rockies players,Fort Myers Miracle players,Indianapolis Indians players,Tigres de Quintana Roo players,Norfolk Tides players,Tiburones de La Guaira players,Cincinnati Reds players,Chinatrust Whales players,Orix Buffaloes players,Chiba Lotte Marines players,Colorado Springs Sky Sox players,Sultanes de Monterrey players,Gulf Coast Twins players,American expatriate baseball players in Mexico,Baseball players from California,Bridgeport Bluefish players,Yaquis de Obregón players,American sportspeople in doping cases,Memphis Redbirds players,Minnesota Twins players,2009 World Baseball Classic players,Fort Wayne Wizards players,Salt Lake Buzz players,Cañeros de Los Mochis players,Navegantes del Magallanes players,American expatriate baseball players in Taiwan,Chicago Cubs players,Fresno Grizzlies players,Hardware City Rock Cats players,Major League Baseball pitchers,Living people,Iowa Cubs players,Naranjeros de Hermosillo players,Nashville Sounds players,Rieleros de Aguascalientes players,Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers,San Diego Padres players,Mexican League baseball pitchers,American sportspeople of Italian descent,Las Vegas Stars (baseball) players,1974 births

paragraph: Dan Serafini

paragraph: Daniel Joseph Serafini (born January 25, 1974) is an American former left-handed baseball relief pitcher. He was taken in the first round (26th overall) by the Minnesota Twins in the 1992 MLB draft.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Serafini attended Junípero Serra High School. In 1991, in a 7-0 Win over Salinas High School, Serafini pitched a CIF Central Coast Section playoff no-hitter. It remains the only playoff no-hitter in school history.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Draft and minor leagues.

paragraph: Serafini was a first round draft pick in the 1992 Major League Baseball draft when the Minnesota Twins selected him as the 26th overall pick. He was drafted right out of Serra High School.

paragraph: He began his professional career after signing with the Twins when he played for the rookie league team, the GCL Twins. He played in 8 games in 1992 and posted a 1-0 record with a 3.64 ERA. In 1993, he played for the Fort Wayne Wizards, the Twins Single-A team. He made 27 starts and posted a 10-8 record with a 3.65 ERA. He played for the Fort Myers Miracle, the Twins High-A team, in 1994. He made 23 starts and had a 9-9 record with a 4.61 ERA. While with the Double-A New Britain Rock Cats in 1995, he was an All-Star in the Eastern League. Overall while with the Rock Cats, he went 12-9 with a 3.37 ERA. He also made one relief appearance for the Salt Lake Buzz, the Twins Triple-A affiliate, in 1995.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Major league career.

paragraph: In 1996, he was rated by Baseball America as the 76th-ranked prospect in the minor leagues. He made his major league debut on June 25 against the New York Yankees. He started the game and pitched 4.1 innings, gave up 5 runs, and got the loss. It was his only major league game of the year and pitched for the Salt Lake Buzz in the remainder of the 1996 season.

paragraph: He pitched in the major leagues for the Twins in parts of the 1997 and 1998 seasons. His contract was purchased by the Chicago Cubs from the Twins on March 31, 1999. He played for the Cubs for the majority of the season, going 3-2 with a 6.93 ERA in 42 games (4 starts). That year, he also made two starts for the Iowa Cubs, the Cubs' Triple-A team.

paragraph: In the 1999 offseason, on December 22, he was traded to the San Diego Padres for minor league outfielder Brandon Pernell. He pitched in 3 games for the Padres and recorded an 18.00 ERA. He also played for the Triple-A Las Vegas 51s in which he had a 6.88 ERA in 26 games (4 starts). He was then traded to the Pittsburgh Pirates for minor league pitcher Andy Bausher on June 28, 2000, and was assigned to Triple-A Nashville. He made 7 starts for the Nashville Sounds, in which he went 4-3 with a 2.68 ERA. His performance earned him a callup to the Pirates major league club and he pitched in the rotation from August 5 until the end of the season, making 11 starts in which he went 2-5 with a 4.91 ERA.

paragraph: He was released by the Pirates on March 20, 2001. He was signed to a minor league contract by the San Francisco Giants on March 27. He began the year with the Triple-A Fresno Grizzlies, but was released on April 24. He was then signed to a minor league contract on May 8 by the New York Mets. He played for the Triple-A Norfolk Tides before being released on August 5. He signed another minor league contract two days later, this time with the Milwaukee Brewers. He played for the Triple-A Indianapolis Indians for the rest of the 2001 season and was granted free agency on October 15.

paragraph: Serafini signed with the Anaheim Angels on November 3, 2001, but was released on March 28, 2002 before the season began. He did not play in 2002 and signed with the St. Louis Cardinals on November 14, 2002. He began the 2003 season for the Triple-A Memphis Redbirds but was released on April 21, 2003, after going 0-1 with a 9.00 ERA in 3 games (2 starts). He then went to play in the Mexican League. His contract was purchased by the Cincinnati Reds on August 25, 2003 from the Mexican League. He played in his first major game since 2000 when he started a game for the Reds on August 26 against the Milwaukee Brewers. After 4 starts in which he went 0-3 with a 6.27 ERA, he was put into the bullpen for the remainder of the 2003 season. He went 1-3 with a 5.40 ERA in 10 games for the Reds in 2003. Following the season, he was granted free agency on October 4.

paragraph: From 2004 to 2007, Serafini pitched in Japan. He played for the Chiba Lotte Marines in 2004 and 2005, and the Orix Buffaloes in 2006 and 2007.

paragraph: Serafini returned to major league baseball in the United States on July 31, 2007, when he signed a minor league contract with the Colorado Rockies. He was assigned to the Triple-A Colorado Springs Sky Sox. He played in 11 games (3 starts) for the Sky Sox. He went 0-1 with a 3.48 ERA. On September 4, 2007, when rosters expanded, his contract was purchased by the major league club. The next day, he played in his first major league game since 2003, when he came in to pitch against the San Francisco Giants. He was used as a left-handed specialist for the Rockies. He pitched in just 3 games in his callup and had a 54.00 ERA in 1/3 innings. He became a free agent after the 2007 season.

paragraph: On November 27, 2007, Major League Baseball suspended Serafini 50 games for testing positive for a performance-enhancing substance in violation of the league's joint drug prevention and treatment program. Serafini blamed the suspension on taking the substances in Japan for medical reasons as prescribed by Japanese doctors, and states he stopped taking them when he entered the US.

paragraph: Serafini spent the 2008 and 2009 seasons with the Sultanes de Monterrey in the Mexican League.

paragraph: In 2010, Serafini played for the Cañeros de Los Mochis in the Mexican Pacific League, the Bridgeport Bluefish of the Atlantic League, and then appeared for Mexico in the February 2011 Caribbean Series.

paragraph: In 2012, Serafini began the season with the Mexican League, then ended up with the Bridgeport Bluefish of the Atlantic League. With the Bluefish he started 13 games and compiled a 4.02 ERA and 5-3 record. His last game was on August 26, 2012, vs the Sugar Land Skeeters—the day after Roger Clemens' notorious start with the same team. Although still on the Bluefish roster, Perry Miles, the voice of the Bluefish, suggested that was Serafini's last appearance of the season.

paragraph: He then went back to the Mexican League, signing with the Naranjeros de Hermosillo on November 23, 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Current activities.

paragraph: Serafini currently owns the Throw Like a Pro Baseball Academy in the Sparks, Nevada area. He offers baseball players customized personal training, focused on preventing injury and the areas of mechanics, pitching, fielding, and batting.

paragraph: He also owns a bar Oak Tavern (formerly The Bullpen Bar), which was featured on an episode of "Bar Rescue" that aired on June 28, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::WCCO Error.

paragraph: In July 2006, a Cubs fan with a blog entitled Serafini Says was mistaken for the actual Dan Serafini by the radio station which broadcasts Twins games. The station broadcast an extended interview with the blogger without realizing its error.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Throw Like a Pro Baseball Academy

paragraph: BULLET::::- The blogger at "Serafini Says" recounts the story of his radio interview

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coverage of the Serafini impersonation incident from www.deadspin.com

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Dan Serafini

wikipedia_title: Dan Serafini


text: jazz

text: Chichester

text: West Sussex

text: Bengali

text: English-Irish

text: Dhaka

text: Idris

text: Royal Academy of Music

text: St Hugh's College

text: University of Oxford

text: Berklee College of Music

text: Boston

text: Joanne Brackeen

text: Bob Moses

text: Courtney Pine

text: BBC Radio 2

text: BBC Radio 4

text: Woman's Hour

text: BBC London

text: Andrea Oliver

text: Resonance FM

text: Julian Joseph

text: Meridian Television

text: BBC World Service

text: BBC Radio 3

text: The Cynic

text: Melting Pot

text: Mercury Music Prize

text: Parliamentary Jazz Awards

text: Where Rivers Meet

text: Kindred Spirits

text: MOBO Awards

text: George Mraz

text: Unison

text: Courtney Pine

text: Clark Tracey

text: Keziah Jones

text: Mekaal Hasan

text: Boris Vian

text: Reem Kelani

text: Clark Tracey

text: Terry Hall

text: Mushtaq

text: The Hour of Two Lights

text: Cevanne Horrocks-Hopayian

text: Élysée Montmartre

text: North Sea Jazz Festival

text: Molde Jazz Festival

text: Cork Jazz Festival

text: Barbados Jazz Festival

text: Rochester International Jazz Festival

text: Jerry Dammers

text: The Spatial AKA Orchestra

text: Sun Ra

text: Danny Thompson

text: Nick Drake

text: Martha Wainwright

text: Courtney Pine

text: The Observer

text: British Bangladeshi

text: List of British Bangladeshis

text: Review of Zoe Rahman Trio

text: The Guardian

text: BBC Music

text: Zoe Rahman

categories: Women jazz pianists,English women pianists,Alumni of St Hugh's College, Oxford,English jazz pianists,People from Chichester,English people of Irish descent,21st-century women musicians,Berklee College of Music alumni,1971 births,English people of Bangladeshi descent,Living people

paragraph: Zoe Rahman

paragraph: Zoe Rahman (born 20 January 1971) is an English jazz composer and pianist.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Rahman was born and brought up in Chichester, West Sussex, England by a Bengali father, Mizan Rahman, and an English-Irish mother. Her mother was a doctor who grew up in New Zealand. Rahman describes her childhood as being "completely English" and has described herself as culturally "very English". Her father's family is from Dhaka. Her maternal grandmother is from Ireland.

paragraph: Rahman started off playing classical piano when she was about four years old. Her family had a piano that her parents had bought for £10 and Rahman's older sister started to play; her other two siblings and Rahman followed her footsteps. Rahman and her younger brother, Idris, got into listening to jazz when they were teenagers and tried to work out how to play. Rahman had jazz piano lessons with various teachers and found opportunities to gig with other musicians.

paragraph: She studied classical piano at the Royal Academy of Music, received a music degree at St Hugh's College, University of Oxford, and won a scholarship to study jazz performance at Berklee College of Music in Boston, where she had lessons with pianist Joanne Brackeen. While in America she formed her own trio, which featured bassist Joshua Davis and drummer Bob Moses.

paragraph: In 2002, Rahman discovered Bengali music, when her father was hospitalised and she had transferred some of his cassette tapes of 1950s Bengali music to CDs for him to listen to while he recuperated. Rahman became intrigued by the sounds and subsequent trips to Bangladesh allowed Rahman to learn about her background through music.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and career.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and career.:Radio and television appearances.

paragraph: Rahman has been the featured artist on radio and television programmes such as Courtney Pine's "Jazz Crusade" on BBC Radio 2, BBC Radio 4's "Woman's Hour", BBC London's "Now's the Time", Andrea Oliver's "The Selector", Northern Broadcasting Internet Radio, Resonance FM and Julian Joseph's Jazz series for Meridian Television. She has performed live on the BBC World Service and on BBC Radio 3's "In Tune".

paragraph: Section::::Later life and career.:Recording and performances.

paragraph: In 2001, her debut album "The Cynic" was released. In July 2006, her second album "Melting Pot" was released. "Melting Pot" was nominated for the Mercury Music Prize Album of the Year and won Jazz Album of the Year at the Parliamentary Jazz Awards in 2006. In September 2008, her third album "Where Rivers Meet" was released. In May 2009, her fourth album "" was released. In January 2012, her fifth album "Kindred Spirits" was released. "Kindred Spirits" won the Best Jazz Act award at the 2012 MOBO Awards.

paragraph: Rahman was sought out by music producer Paul Vlcek to play with George Mraz. In July 2013, their album "Unison" was released. Rahman's first solo piano album, "Dreamland", was recorded in 2015 and released by Manushi.

paragraph: Aside from working with her own groups, Rahman continues to perform and record (both in the UK and internationally) with a diverse range of other artists. These have included: Courtney Pine; Clark Tracey's New Quintet; Soothsayers; Jerry Dammers' Spatial AKA Orchestra; Keziah Jones (2003/2004 European tours); David Walcott (2003 Festival, Barbados); Mekaal Hasan (2001 tour, Pakistan). She co-wrote a jazz-based theatre show, "I'm a Fool to Want You", about the French writer/musician Boris Vian, with "Told by an Idiot" Theatre Company (UK / South American tours 2003–2005).

paragraph: Other albums or DVDs that she has appeared on include: Courtney Pine's "Song (The Ballad Book)" and "Europa"; Reem Kelani's "Sprinting Gazelle"; the Clark Tracey Quintet's "The Calling" and "The Mighty Sa"; Tony Bianco's "In a Western Sense"; Gary Boyle's "Games"; Soothsayers' "Tangled Roots"; Brigitte Escobar's "Brigitte"; Terry Hall/Mushtaq's "The Hour of Two Lights"; Cevanne Horrocks-Hopayian's "Big Ears"; and Keziah Jones's "Live at the Élysée Montmartre" DVD.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and career.:Tours.

paragraph: Rahman has toured extensively throughout the UK and internationally, including North Sea Jazz Festival, Molde Jazz Festival, Palermo Jazz Festival, Algeria's European Cultural Festival, Cork Jazz Festival, Estonia's Nargen Festival, Barbados Jazz Festival and Rochester International Jazz Festival.

paragraph: From 2009 to 2012, Rahman toured with Jerry Dammers' The Spatial AKA Orchestra, bringing Sun Ra to a new audience. She also worked with bands led by bassist Danny Thompson, exploring the legacy of songwriter Nick Drake; singer Martha Wainwright; and saxophonist Courtney Pine.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and career.:Personal life.

paragraph: Rahman has a son, who was born in 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Reception.

paragraph: Rahman has been described in "The Observer" as "one of the finest young pianists in Europe" and "a remarkable pianist by any standard".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: An asterisk (*) indicates that the year is that of release.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- British Bangladeshi

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of British Bangladeshis

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Griffiths, James (22 February 2005) Review of Zoe Rahman Trio. "The Guardian".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lusk, John (19 September 2008) Zoe & Idris Rahman Where Rivers Meet Review. "BBC Music".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zoe Rahman on BritBangla

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Zoe Rahman

wikipedia_title: Zoe Rahman


text:
Langenburg
Ludwigsruhe
Prince
Hohenlohe-Langenburg
Ludwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
Imperial Prince
Francis I
Gedern
Caroline of Stolberg-Gedern
Frederick Charles of Stolberg-Gedern
Karl Ludwig
Louise Eleonore

categories: 1726 births,Princes of Hohenlohe-Langenburg,1789 deaths,People from Langenburg

paragraph: Christian Albrecht, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg

paragraph: Christian Albrecht, 2nd Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (27 March 1726 in Langenburg – 4 July 1789 in Ludwigsruhe), was the second ruling Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg and a Dutch lieutenant-general.

paragraph: He was the first child of Ludwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg and Countess Eleonore of Nassau-Saarbrücken. On 7 January 1764, his father was elevated to an Imperial Prince by Emperor Francis I.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: On 13 May 1761 in Gedern, he married Princess Caroline of Stolberg-Gedern (1731–1796), daughter of Prince Frederick Charles of Stolberg-Gedern.

paragraph: From their marriage, the couple had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karl Ludwig (born: 10 September 1762; died:4 April 1825)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louise Eleonore (born: 11 August 1763; died: 30 April 1837)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gustav Adolf (born: 9 October 1764, died: 21 July 1796)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christine Caroline (born: 19 November 1765; died: 6 December 1768)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ludwig Wilhelm (born: 16 February 1767; died: 17 December 1768)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christian August (born: 15 March 1768; died: 18 April 1796)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Auguste Karoline (born: 15 November 1769; died: 30 July 1803)

alias: Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg Christian Albrecht

description: Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg and Dutch Lieutenant General

wikidata_label: Christian Albert, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg


text: Costa Rica

text: Chile

text: Repertorio Americano

text: Guatemala

text: Washington D. C.

text: Eunice Odio

text: Repertorio Americano

text: Repertorio Americano

text: Repertorio Americano

text: Repertorio Americano

text: Repertorio Americano

text: Repertorio Americano

text: Repertorio Americano

text: Thomas Mann

text: Marcel Proust

text: Works of Yolanda Oreamuno

text: Yolanda Oreamuno en Latindex UCR

text: Sergio Ramírez

text: Chase, Alfonso

categories: Writers from San José, Costa Rica,1956 deaths,Spanish-language writers,Costa Rican novelists,1916 births,Costa Rican women writers,20th-century novelists

paragraph: Yolanda Oreamuno

paragraph: Yolanda Oreamuno Unger (8 April 1916 – 8 July 1956) was a Costa Rican writer. Her most acclaimed novel is "La Ruta de su Evasión" (1948). Her 40 years of life were markedly divided into two phases: the first 20 years, filled with youth, beauty and happiness, contrasted sharply with the following years of tragedy, loneliness and sickness.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Yolanda Oreamuno was the only child of Carlos Oreamuno Pacheco and Margarita Unger Salazar. Her father died before her first birthday, so she was mainly raised by her maternal grandmother, Eudoxia Salazar Salazar, whose husband Unger was deceased by then. She obtained her secondary education in the Colegio Superior de Señoritas. She then studied bookkeeping and worked at the Costa Rican Post Office headquarters.

paragraph: At the age of 20 she published her first two stories, "La lagartija de la panza blanca" and "Para Revenar, no para Max Jiménez".

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and adult life.

paragraph: She was working in the Chilean embassy when she met the diplomat Jorge Molina Wood. They were married, and moved to that country. She recounted life during that time in her stories "La mareas vuelven de noche" and "Don Junvencio" (which remained unpublished until 1971). Her time in Chile was prolific; her stories appeared in "Repertorio Americano", including "40º sobre cero", "18 de setiembre", "Misa de ocho", "Vela urbana", "El espíritu de mi tierra", " Insomnio" and "El negro, sentido de la alegría". Their marriage, however, fell apart in 1936; her husband, weakened by an incurable disease, committed suicide. She returned to Costa Rica at the end of 1936.

paragraph: In 1937 she married a lawyer, Óscar Barahona Streber, who was involved with the Costa Rican communist movement. They both participated in opposition activities. Their son, Sergio Barahona Oreamuno, was born 8 December 1942. Their marriage did not last; after their divorce, her ex-husband migrated to Guatemala.

paragraph: She wrote her first novel, "Por tierra firme", in 1938. In 1940 she submitted it to a writing contest, winning a three-way first prize. However, she declined to share the honor with the others, and decided against sending the manuscript for publication; eventually the manuscript was lost.

paragraph: Oreamuno moved to Mexico, then decided to become a permanent Guatemalan citizen. However, by 1949 she was gravely ill, and she dwelt four months in a Washington D. C. hospital. She left the hospital to travel to Mexico City, to stay in the house of Costa Rican poet Eunice Odio. She died there in 1956. She was buried in a mausoleum in San Joaquín, D.F. In 1963 her remains were moved to San José. On the 55th anniversary of her death (8 July 2011), a commemorative plaque was installed over her tomb.

paragraph: Section::::Literary work.

paragraph: Section::::Literary work.:Novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Por tierra firme" (text lost)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La ruta de su evasión", first-place winner of the concurso Centroamericano de Novela, hosted by the Guatemalan Ministerio de Educación Pública (1948)

paragraph: Section::::Literary work.:Other works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A lo largo del corto camino", collection of essays, criticisms, and stories, with four chapters of "La ruta de su evasión". Editorial Costa Rica, colección "Biblioteca de Autores Costarricenses" (1961)

paragraph: Section::::Stories or articles published.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vela urbana", "Repertorio Americano", San José (March 1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Misa de ocho", "Repertorio Americano", San José (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "40º sobre cero" (in Panamá), "Repertorio Americano" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La lagartija de la panza blanca (Un cuento para hombres-niños de imaginación grande)", dedicated to the painter Teodorico Quirós

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El espíritu de mi tierra", San José (August 1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Apología del limón dulce y el paisaje", "Repertorio Americano", Bogotá, Colombia (March 1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "México es mío", en "Repertorio Americano", México (December 1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El negro, sentido de la alegría"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dos tormentas y una aurora" (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Casta sombría" (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pasajeros al norte", en "Repertorio Americano", México (September 1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "José de la Cruz recoge su muerte"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Un regalo", "Repertorio Americano", México (July 1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Valle Alto", "Brecha" (December 1958)

paragraph: Section::::Evaluation of her work.

paragraph: Her most renowned novel is La Ruta de su Evasión (1948). Oreamuno draws on narrative techniques that were uncommon in other Costa Rican writers. It is believed that authors like Thomas Mann and Marcel Proust influenced her literary creation. Costa Rican critic Abelardo Bonilla wrote that "In this as in all works of Yolanda Oreamuno there is boldness of conception and form, but there is a lack of internal unity".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yolanda Oreamuno. "La lagartija de la panza blanca", story

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yolanda Oreamuno en la Editorial Costa Rica

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works of Yolanda Oreamuno

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yolanda Oreamuno in the blog "Cosas de Jota"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yolanda Oreamuno en Latindex UCR

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karim Taylhardat. Siluetas americanas, 15. Nácar, todavía, about Yolanda Oreamuno, Centro Virtual Cervantes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benedicto Víquez Guzmán. "'La fugitiva': visión femenina de una época", review of the Sergio Ramírez novel in "El arte literario y su teoría" (5 November 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chase, Alfonso. "Narrativa contemporánea de Costa Rica", Ministerio de Cultura, Juventud y Deportes, San José, 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cortés, Carlos. "La gran novela perdida. Historia personal de la narrativa costarrisible", Ediciones Perro Azul, San José, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cubillo Paniagua, Ruth. "Mujeres e identidades: las escritoras del 'Repertorio Americano' (1919-1959)", Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Garnier, Leonor. "Antología femenina del ensayo". Ministerio de Cultura, Juventud y Deportes, San José, 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kargleder, Charles y Warren H, Mory. "Bibliografía Selectiva de la Literatura Costarricense", Editorial Costa Rica, San José, 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quesada Soto, Álvaro. "Breve historia de la literatura costarricense." Editorial Costa Rica, San José, 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rojas, Margarita y Ovares, Flora. "100 años de literatura costarricense." Ediciones Farben, San José, 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rojas, Margarita, Ovares, Flora y otros. "La casa paterna. Escritura y nación en Costa Rica", Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 1993

paragraph: BULLET::::- Valdeperas, Jorge. " Para una nueva interpretación de la literatura costarricense." Editorial Costa Rica, San José, 1979

description: Costa Rican writer

wikidata_label: Yolanda Oreamuno

wikipedia_title: Yolanda Oreamuno


text:
M.I.A
Radiohead
Modeselektor
Basement Jaxx
Mark Ronson
Underworld
BBC Radio 1
BBC Radio 6 Music
Sampha
DJs
Sbtrkt
Wonder Where We Land
Save Yourself
Sampha
Sinden
Jessie Ware
Sampha
Wildfire
Little Dragon
Drake
Hold On
Ezra Koenig
DRAM
Mabel

categories: Musicians from Cambridgeshire,Post-dubstep musicians,Masked musicians,XL Recordings artists,Living people

paragraph: Sbtrkt

paragraph: Aaron Jerome, known professionally as Sbtrkt, (stylised as SBTRKT; pronounced "subtract") is an English musician and producer. Sbtrkt has remixed songs by artists such as M.I.A, Radiohead, Modeselektor, Basement Jaxx, Mark Ronson, and Underworld, and has released singles, EPs, and two albums. His music has been playlisted by BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 6 Music.

paragraph: Sbtrkt also has performed live with frequent collaborator Sampha. The live show until 2012 consisted of Jerome utilizing synthesisers, keyboards and drum programming with Sampha on vocals.

paragraph: Jerome uses the project's title rather than his own name in order to support the concept of anonymity. Jerome has explained "[I'd] rather not talk about myself as a person, and let the music speak for itself. The name SBTRKT is me taking myself away from that whole process. I'm not a social person, so having to talk to DJs to make them play a record is not something I want to do. It's more about giving them a record as an anonymous person and seeing whether they like it or not. If they play it, they play it."

paragraph: Sbtrkt wears modern interpretations of native society ceremonial masks designed by the anonymous designer "A Hidden Place".

paragraph: In March 2016, Sbtrkt announced a new project described as a 'non album'. The collection of songs and project is designed to bring new tracks to fans sooner than album cycles and also be a continuous ongoing experience.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Studio albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sbtrkt" (27 June 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wonder Where We Land" (7 October 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Save Yourself" (2016)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:EPs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "Musik Lace"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "2020" (Brainmath Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "Step in Shadows"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "Transitions I"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "Transitions II"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "Transitions III"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Other.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "LAIKA" (Brainmath Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "Live" (with Sampha) (live album of SBTRKT's self-titled album)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "IMO" (taken from the Young Turks 2013 Compilation)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "2o15" (free compilation of songs)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: "Save Yourself" (non-album compilation of songs)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Break Off/Evening Glow" (with Sampha) (2010) - Ramp Recordings

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Midnight Marauder" (with Sinden) (2010) - Grizzly

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Soundboy Shift" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nervous" (with Jessie Ware) (2010) - Numbers

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Living Like I Do" (feat. Sampha) (2011, 12" Ltd)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ready Set Loop / Twice Bitten" (2011, 12" Ltd, Gre) - SBTRKT

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wildfire" (feat. Little Dragon and Drake) (2011, 12" Ltd)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pharaohs" (feat. Roses Gabor) (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hold On" (feat. Sampha) (2012, 12" Ltd)

paragraph: BULLET::::- '"Temporary View" (feat. Sampha) (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New Dorp. New York." (feat. Ezra Koenig) (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Feel Your Pain" (feat. DRAM and Mabel) (2016)

paragraph: Section::::Sbtrkt live members.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sbtrkt" - composer, synths, keyboards, drum machines, drums, backing vocals (2010–present)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sampha" - vocals, keyboards, percussion (2010-2013), guest vocalist (2014, 2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jimmy Holdom" - drums (2014-present)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fabiana Palladino" - synths, keyboards, percussion (2014-2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tev'n" - vocals, synths, keyboards, percussion (2015)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- – official site

description: British musician and producer

wikidata_label: SBTRKT

wikipedia_title: Sbtrkt


text:
Archbishop of Mainz
Prince-elector
Holy Roman Empire
reform faction
Count of Henneberg
Philipp I of Nassau-Weilburg
Pope Innocent VIII
Maximilian I
Nicholas of Cusa
Renaissance humanism
Maximilian of Habsburg
King of the Romans
Ewiger Landfriede
feud
Imperial Chamber Court
archchancellor
Reichstag
Emperor Frederick III
Diet of Worms in 1495
Imperial State
Swiss Confederacy
Augsburg
Mainz Cathedral
Berthold of Henneberg

categories: 1442 births,Archbishop-Electors of Mainz,15th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,1504 deaths,House of Henneberg

paragraph: Berthold von Henneberg

paragraph: Bertold von Henneberg-Römhild (1442–1504) was Archbishop of Mainz and Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 1484, imperial chancellor from 1486, and leader of the reform faction within the Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The son of George, Count of Henneberg and Johanna, daughter of Count Philipp I of Nassau-Weilburg entered the ecclesiastical profession and, after passing through its lower stages, from 1472 on was a member of the Mainz cathedral chapter, dean from 1475. On May 20, 1484 he was elected archbishop, confirmed by Pope Innocent VIII on September 20, 1484. He was made imperial chancellor in 1486 in return for supporting the election of Maximilian I.

paragraph: As a follower of Nicholas of Cusa and the ideas of Renaissance humanism, he appears to have been a firm supporter of law and order, an enemy of clerical abuses and a careful administrator of his diocese. Immediately after his election as archbishop he began to take a leading part in the business of the Empire, and in 1486 was very active in securing the election of Maximilian of Habsburg as King of the Romans.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Imperial Reform.

paragraph: Henneberg is most remembered as an advocate of administrative reform in the Empire, including the implementation of the "Ewiger Landfriede" (eternal public peace) to put an end to internal feuds, secured by the jurisdiction of an Imperial Chamber Court. As a member of the electoral college and archchancellor he had brought this question before the "Reichstag" diet during the reign of Emperor Frederick III.

paragraph: At first his proposals came to nothing, but he continued the struggle at a series of diets and after Frederick's death, he was the leader of the party which pressed the necessity for reform upon Frederick's son Maximilian at the Diet of Worms in 1495, where the "Ewiger Landfriede" was declared. He also urged the Imperial States to emulate the courage and union of the Swiss Confederacy and gained a temporary victory when the 1500 "Reichstag" at Augsburg established a council of regency ("Reichsregiment") under his guidance, making the Emperor "no more than an honorary figurehead" while the real power in the Empire was with Henneberg and the other prince-electors. Though he persuaded the electors to form a union to uphold the reforms of 1495 and 1500, the "Reichsregiment" was abolished by Maximilian in 1502, defeating Henneberg's Electoral League, which had not managed to gain the trust of the Empire's other princes. The following year, he returned the imperial seal, signifying his defeat.

paragraph: Henneberg died on December 21, 1504. He is buried at Mainz Cathedral.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Weiss, "Berthold von Henneberg, Erzbischof von Mainz" (Freiburg, 1889).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berthold of Henneberg - Catholic Encyclopedia article

description: Roman Catholic archbishop

wikidata_label: Bertold von Henneberg-Römhild

wikipedia_title: Berthold von Henneberg