text:
Old Persian
Median
Achaemenid
Darius I
satrap
Lydia
Sardis
Ionian Revolt
Darius I
Asia Minor
Sardis
Athens
Cleisthenes
Sparta
Earth and Water
tyrant
Hippias
Siege of Naxos (499 BC)
Milesian
Aristagoras
Naxos
Persian Empire
Megabates
Greco-Persian Wars
Ionian Revolt
Ionian Revolt
Eretria
Ephesus
Siege of Sardis (498 BC)
Miletus
Battle of Lade
Samos
Lesbos
parasang
Herodotus
Hecataeus
Histiaeus
Harpagus
Susa
Darius
Mardonius
Diod. Sic.
son
Datis
expedition
Eretria
Lydia
Mysia
Aeschylus
Persae
Aeschylus
Middle Persian
Ardabil
Artabanus
Ordibehesht
Achaemenid
Farnah
Vedic
Sanskrit

categories: Persian people of the Greco-Persian Wars,5th-century BC Iranian people,Officials of Darius I,Military leaders of the Achaemenid Empire,Year of birth unknown,Achaemenid satraps of Lydia,Ionian Revolt,Year of death unknown

paragraph: Artaphernes

paragraph: Artaphernes (, Old Persian: Artafarna, from Median "Rtafarnah"), flourished circa 513–492 BC, was a brother of the Achaemenid king of Persia, Darius I, satrap of Lydia from the capital of Sardis, and a Persian general. In his position he had numerous contacts with the Greeks, and played an important role in suppressing the Ionian Revolt.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:First contacts with Athens (507 BC).

paragraph: In 507 BC, Artaphernes, as brother of Darius I and Satrap of Asia Minor in his capital Sardis, received an embassy from Athens, probably sent by Cleisthenes, which was looking for Persian assistance in order to resist the threats from Sparta. Artaphernes asked the Athenians for "Earth and Water", a symbol of submission, if they wanted help from the Achaemenid king. The Athenians ambassadors apparently accepted to comply, and to give "Earth and Water". Artaphernes also advised the Athenians that they should receive back the Athenian tyrant Hippias. The Persians threatened to attack Athens if they did not accept Hippias.

paragraph: Nevertheless, the Athenians preferred to remain democratic despite the danger from Persia, and the ambassadors were disavowed and censured upon they return to Athens. There is a possibility though that the Achaemenid ruler now saw the Athenians as subjects who had solemnly promissed submission through the gift of "Earth and Water", and that subsequent actions by the Athenians were perceived as a break of oath, and a rebellion to the central authority of the Achaemenid ruler.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Siege of Naxos (499 BC).

paragraph: The Siege of Naxos (499 BC), a failed attempt by the Milesian tyrant Aristagoras, to conquer the island of Naxos in the name of the Persian Empire, was supported by Artaphernes who assisted in the assembly of a force of 200 triremes under the command of Megabates. This was the opening act of the Greco-Persian Wars, which would ultimately last for 50 years.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Ionian revolt (499-494 BC).

paragraph: Soon after this, the Ionian Revolt began, at the instigation of Aristagoras who thus tried to escape punishment for his failure at the Siege of Naxos. Subsequently, Artaphernes played an important role in suppressing the Ionian Revolt.

paragraph: Athens and Eretria responded to the Ionian Greeks’ plea for help against Persia and sent troops. Athenian and Eretrian ships transported the Athenian troops to the Ionian city of Ephesus. There they were joined by a force of Ionians and they marched upon Sardis, leading to the Siege of Sardis (498 BC).

paragraph: Artaphernes, who had sent most of his troops to besiege Miletus, was taken by surprise. However, Artaphernes was able to retreat to the citadel and hold it. Although the Greeks were unable to take the citadel, they pillaged the town and set fires that burnt Sardis to the ground. Returning to the coast, the Greek forces were met by the Persians, led by Artaphernes, who overpowered the Greeks.

paragraph: Having successfully captured several of the revolting Greek city-states, the Persians under Artaphernes laid siege to Miletus. The decisive Battle of Lade was fought in 494 BC close to the island of Lade, near Miletus' port. Although out-numbered, the Greek fleet appeared to be winning the battle until the ships from Samos and Lesbos retreated. The sudden defection turned the tide of battle, and the remaining Greek fleet was completely destroyed. Miletus surrendered shortly thereafter and the Ionian Revolt effectively came to an end.

paragraph: After the revolt was put down, Artaphernes forced the Ionian cities to agree to arrangements under which all property differences were to be settled through references to him. Artaphernes reorganized the land register by measured out their territories in parasangs and assessed their tributes accordingly (Herodotus vi. 42). The Milesian historian and geographer Hecataeus advised him to be lenient so as not to create feelings of resentment amongst the Ionians. It seems that Artaphernes took this advice and was reasonable and merciful to those who had recently revolted against the Persians.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Execution of Histiaeus

paragraph: Histiaeus, who had been an instigator of the Ionian revolt, was captured by the Persian general, Harpagus in 493 BC, as he was attempting to land on the mainland to attack the Persians. Artaphernes did not want to send him back to Susa, where he suspected that Darius would pardon him, so he executed him by impalling him, and sent his head to Darius. According to Herodotus, Darius still did not believe Histiaeus was a traitor and gave his head an honourable burial.

paragraph: In 492 BC Artaphernes was replaced in his satrapy by Mardonius (Herodotus V. 25, 30-32, 35, &c.; Diod. Sic. x. 25).

paragraph: His son of the same name was appointed, together with Datis, to take command of the expedition sent by Darius to punish Athens and Eretria for their roles in the Ionian revolt. Ten years later, he was in command of the Lydians and Mysians (Herod. vi. 94, 119; Vu. 4, sch. "Persae", 21).

paragraph: Aeschylus, in his list of Persian kings ("Persae", 775 ff.), which is quite unhistorical, mentions two kings with the name Artarenes. Aeschylus may actually be referring to both Artaphernes and his son of the same name.

paragraph: Section::::Etymology.

paragraph: Artaphernes derives from the Median: "Rta + Farnah" (endowed with the Glory of Righteousness). The equivalent to Rta in Middle Persian is Arda-/Ard-/Ord- as seen in names such as Ardabil (Arta vila or Arta city), Artabanus (protected or protecting Arta) and Ordibehesht (the best Arta). Arta is a common prefix for Achaemenid names and means correctness, righteousness and ultimate (divine) truth. Farnah is the Median cognate of Avestan Xvarənah meaning "splendour, glory". Farnah is an important concept to pre-Islamic Persians as it signifies a mystic, divine force that is carried by some important or great individuals. So Artafarnah can be said to mean "splendid truth". The concept of "arta" is also mirrored in the Vedic civilization through the Sanskrit word "ŗtá", or righteousness.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pierre Briant, "From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire" (Eisenbrauns, 2002)

description: Persian Satrap

wikidata_label: Artaphernes

wikipedia_title: Artaphernes


text: Oudemirdum

text: Friesland

text: Leeuwarden

text: Franeker

text: Nicolaas Ypeij

text: Antonius Brugmans

text: Jan van der Bildt

text: Wytze Foppes

text: Dongjum

text: Amsterdam

text: Nieuwland

text: Leiden

text: Felix Meritis

text: Jan Hendrik van Swinden

text: metric system

text: 's Gravenhage

text: Maatschappij Tot Nut van 't Algemeen

text: Haarlem

text: Rotterdam

text: The Hague

categories: Dutch scientists,Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences,1810 deaths,1743 births

paragraph: Henricus Aeneae

paragraph: Henricus Aeneae (born Henricus Aenee, 19 August 1743 – 1 November 1810) was a Dutch scientist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Henricus Aeneae was born 19 August 1743 at Oudemirdum, Friesland, where his father Eduard Schultetus Aenee was a minister. The son, on the advice of the rector of the Latin schools, added a Latin ending to his name and called himself from then on Aeneae, was initially prepared to become a teacher, visiting the Latin schools in Leeuwarden and the college of Franeker. At the latter location, he studied mathematics and physics with the professors Nicolaas Ypeij and Antonius Brugmans; he enjoyed these sciences so much that he decided to devote himself to them. Guided by the famous Jan van der Bildt, who was at the time partly living in Franeker, and by Wytze Foppes, who lived in Dongjum, half an hour away from Franeker, he practised making binoculars and telescopes, driven as he was by his interest in optics.

paragraph: Because he was meanwhile married and thus needed some means of living, he went in 1767 to Amsterdam, where he taught mathematics, with among his pupils the great Nieuwland. Two years after his arrival in Amsterdam, he was promoted to Master in the Free Arts and Doctor in Philosophy in Leiden, with a dissertation on frost.

paragraph: In 1778, the company Felix Meritis made him an honorary member and their Lector or Physics because of his capacities and ever increasing fame: because Aeneae not only became famous by his great progress in physics and mathematics and especially in optics and mechanics, but especially by his methods of teaching. In this he was truly unique and his merits where above all praise. With the utmost clarity and simplicity and in an enjoyable manner he taught physics, while a more than normal dexterity made his experiments extremely important.

paragraph: Until the revolution of 1795, Aeneae only occupied himself with teaching his beloved sciences, but then he was swiftly called to aid his country with his capacities. Immediately after the revolution, he became a member of the Committee of the Marine, and not long thereafter he was given, together with the captains Story and Lucas and ship builder Glavimans, the honorable task of inspecting all warships in these countries on their ability of being brought into service. Even more all encompassing was the job he was called to in 1798, when he received the honour to go together with professor Jan Hendrik van Swinden to Paris, to deliberate about the metric system of measures and weights together with the most prominent French and other scientists, which was eventually mostly brought to its current perfection by these two Dutchmen.

paragraph: After being remade a member of the Marine in 1801, and later Advisor in mathematics, physics, chemistry and mechanics, Inspector of measures and weights, and member of the Central Committee of the Marine, he died in 's Gravenhage on November 1, 1810.

paragraph: Among his works are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wiskundige Beschouwing van een hellend waterscheprad, door A.G. Eckhardt uitgevonden", Amsterdam 1775, 8o. 2 parts, illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Verhandeling over de Molenwieken in het algemeen en over die, welke eene schroefwijze gedaante hebben, volgens de uitvinding van Jan van Deyl en Zoon", Amsterdam 1785, 8o.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rekenboek voor de Nederlandsche jeugd, uitgegeven door de Maatschappij Tot Nut van 't Algemeen", Amsterdam 1792, 2 parts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Iets over de waterweegkunde", Amsterdam 1808.

paragraph: Aeneae was a member of all learned societies in the Netherlands which only present membership as an appreciation of merit. The first to bring this honour were the Zeeuws and Provinciaal Utrechts Genootschap, followed by the Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen in Haarlem and the Genootschap der Proefondervindelijke Wijsbegeerte in Rotterdam. He was a contributing member of the Genoolschap der Proefondervindelijke Natuurkunde at The Hague since 1800, and he was one of the first members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

alias:
Hendrick Aeneae
Hendrik Aeneae

description: Dutch scientist

wikidata_label: Henricus Aeneae

wikipedia_title: Henricus Aeneae


text:
1952 Olympics
Ričardas Tamulis
Jonas Čepulis
Petrašiūnai Cemetery

categories: Lithuanian Sportsperson of the Year winners,Lithuanian male boxers,Recipients of the Order of Lenin,2012 deaths,Boxers at the 1952 Summer Olympics,1928 births,Soviet male boxers,Honoured Masters of Sport of the USSR,Merited Coaches of the Soviet Union,Olympic boxers of the Soviet Union

paragraph: Algirdas Šocikas

paragraph: Algirdas Šocikas (14 May 1928 – 21 November 2012) was a Lithuanian amateur heavyweight boxer who won the European title in 1953 and 1955 and finished fifth at the 1952 Olympics. He won six Soviet (1950–1954, 1956), six Lithuanian (1947–1948, 1951–1953, 1956) and three Baltic championships (1948, 1950, 1952). After retiring in 1957 he worked as a boxing coach in Kaunas and raised the Olympic medalists Ričardas Tamulis and Jonas Čepulis, among others. He died in Kaunas, aged 84, and was buried in Petrašiūnai Cemetery.

description: Soviet Lithuanian boxer

wikidata_label: Algirdas Šocikas

wikipedia_title: Algirdas Šocikas


text: Late

text: Roman Empire

text: Syria

text: Sidyma

text: Antonius Tatianus

text: Caria

text: Proculus

text: Thebaid

text: praefectus augustalis

text: Egypt

text: comes sacrarum largitionum

text: Theodosius I

text: Lycia

text: Magnus Maximus

text: Theodosius I

text: Praetorian prefect of the East

text: Maternus Cynegius

text: Lycia

text: Proculus

text: praefectus urbi

text: Constantinople

text: Quintus Aurelius Symmachus

text: Rufinus

text: Proculus

text: damnatio memoriae

text: Zosimus

text: Martindale, John Robert

text: Charlotte Roueché

text: PDF

categories: Praetorian prefects of the East,Roman governors of Egypt,Flavii,Comites,4th-century Romans,Byzantine governors,Imperial Roman consuls

paragraph: Eutolmius Tatianus

paragraph: Flavius Eutolmius Tatianus (, "Flavios Eutolmios Tatianos"; "fl". 357–392) was a politician of the Late Roman Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Initial career.

paragraph: The family of Eutolmii originated in Syria; Tatian was born in Sidyma, son of Antonius Tatianus, "praeses" (governor) of Caria from c. 360 to 364. He had a son, Proculus, who followed his footsteps into a political career.

paragraph: Tatianus began his career during the governorship of his father. Around 357 he was a lawyer, then he was "assessor" (legal counsel) of a governor, a "vicarius", a proconsul and twice prefect. In the 360s he was "praeses Thebaidos" (governor of the Thebaid); between 367 and 370 he was "praefectus augustalis" in Egypt; from 370 to 374 he administered the Diocese of the East as "comes Orientis" and from 374-380 he held the office of "comes sacrarum largitionum" in the imperial financial administration. After working for a year under Theodosius I, Tatianus left his place to retire for the next eight years in Lycia; it is not clear whether it was due to the pressure of imperial favourites, brought by the new Emperor from the West.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Praetorian prefect of the East.

paragraph: On 16 June 388, shortly before his departure for the campaign against the usurper Magnus Maximus, Theodosius I appointed Tatianus Praetorian prefect of the East, succeeding Maternus Cynegius, a Spaniard like Theodosius, who had died recently; after having sent the insignia of power to Tatianus in Lycia, the Emperor appointed Proculus "praefectus urbi" of Constantinople.

paragraph: Some laws of this period have been preserved, which Tatianus would abide in the absence of Theodosius (the Emperor returned to the East only in the autumn of 391) to pursue his own policy, somewhat anti-clerical; nonetheless, it is not possible to speak of a change of policy in favour of the Pagans. It should however be considered that in 391 Tatianus was consul together with Quintus Aurelius Symmachus, another member of the Pagan aristocracy.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Fall.

paragraph: Tatian's fall was caused by his conflict with the powerful general and politician Rufinus. Rufinus, consul in 392, feared the power of Tatianus and his son Proculus, as the two of them held both the Praetorian prefecture of the East and the urban prefecture: such concentration of power in the hands of father and son caused the envy of powerful men. Rufinus took advantage of some mistakes of Tatianus in the administration of finances, to depose and arrest him and to succeed him as prefect (September 392). Tatianus was later sent into exile, probably in Lycia, and he was hit by "damnatio memoriae"; the fall of Tatian also involved his son Proculus, who was sent to death.

paragraph: The last years of the reign of Theodosius were characterized by a growing intolerance against Paganism; perhaps the fall of Tatian is to be interpreted in this context.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zosimus, "Historia nea", iv.45.1, iv.52.1—4.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martindale, John Robert, "Tatianus 5", "The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire", vol. I, Cambridge 1971, pp. 876–878.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charlotte Roueché, "Aphrodisias in Late Antiquity: The Late Roman and Byzantine Inscriptions", King's College London , iii.25—30.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scharf, Ralf, "Die Familie des Fl. Eutolmius Tatianus", "Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik", num. 85, 1991, pp. 223–231 (PDF).

description: politician

wikidata_label: Eutolmius Tatianus

wikipedia_title: Eutolmius Tatianus


text: Cologne, Germany

text: Germany

text: Rhineland

text: Waldorf school

text: Elly-Heuss-Knapp Schule

text: Brussels

text: Belgium

text: Institut Français de la Mode

text: Stephen Jones

text: Yohji Yamamoto

text: John Galliano

text: Hermès

text: World Cup 2006

text: Bundesregierung

text: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung

text: Novotel

text: collections

text: Eva Gronbach

text: german jeans

text: Museum of Applied Arts Cologne

text: Goethe Institute Berlin

text: Haus der Geschichte

text: Bonn

text: Jewish Museum Berlin

text: European Art Biennale

text: Federal Agency for Civic Education

text: Federal Ministry of the Interior

text: German unity

text: Radialysystem V

text: Berlin Academy of Arts

text: "Kinder zum Olymp!“

text: Köln International School of Design

text: Ruhr

text: North Rhine-Westphalia

text: ESMOD

text: video

text: Bayer MaterialScience

text: Ruhr

text: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: Thalys

text: Novotel

text: Eva Gronbach Homepage

text: Zeche Zollverein

text: Berliner Akademie der Künste

categories: German fashion designers,People from Cologne,Living people,1971 births

paragraph: Eva Gronbach

paragraph: Eva Gronbach (born 1971, Cologne, Germany) is a German fashion designer.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Gronbach grew up in Germany‘s Rhineland, between Cologne and Bonn. After High-School (Waldorf school) she started out as a trainee ladies' tailor at Elly-Heuss-Knapp Schule in Düsseldorf before she studied at the Institut supérieur des arts visuels La Cambre in Brussels, Belgium. In 2000, Gronbach received a diploma in "Stylisme et Création de la Mode". As an exchange student at the Paris Institut Français de la Mode (IFM) she received the Master of Arts. Gronbach lives in Berlin.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Engagement and Commissioned Work.

paragraph: During her studies, Gronbach worked for various designers like Stephen Jones, Yohji Yamamoto, John Galliano and Hermès. For the soccer World Cup 2006 she produced the official fan shirt on behalf of the initiative Deutschland – Land der Ideen (“Germany: Land of Ideas”), initiated by the Bundesregierung (federal government) and the German industry, represented by the Federation of German Industries (BDI). In the same year, Gronbach designed a shoe collection for the sport shoe producer Möbus. In 2008, the Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (Federal Agency for Civic Education) contracted her for the design of accessories for the theater festival „ECHT! - Politik im freien Theater“ ("REAL! - Politics at the Free Theater"). At the same time, Gronbach was commissioned to design uniforms for the international hotel chain Novotel. She also created the "KölnShirt" in cooperation with "Köln Tourismus", which is made of bio cotton and shows the cathedral in Cologne before nightfall.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Labels and Collections.

paragraph: Gronbach's collections with mostly linear cut and clear forms address current political and social issues such as national identity, femininity, and sustainability. Her work is sold in Europe, Asia, and the USA.

paragraph: Gronbach has founded the labels „Eva Gronbach“ and „german jeans“. "german jeans" is a basic collection for women and men, offered next to her Couture collection "Eva Gronbach". "german jeans" is inspired by coal miners. The clothes are produced of used coal miners' work wear, which is grey-beige and has obvious stains. The brand mark of Gronbach is a stylized eagle (similar to Germany's national eagle), which is stamped with her name on many of her pieces.

paragraph: The designer first gained international recognition in 2000 with her collection „Déclaration d’amour à l’Allemagne“. The motif of the stylized eagle, the use of the Germany's national colors black, red and gold and of the letter "D" caused a sensation and evoked heated debates.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Exhibitions and Fashion Shows.

paragraph: Gronbach's work is presented internationally. Her fashion is shown at museums, fashion weeks, exhibitions, and public institutions. The designer has also worked as a curator for various institutions.

paragraph: In 2003, she worked as guest curator for the exhibition „In. Femme Fashion – 1780-2004“ at the Museum of Applied Arts Cologne (MAKK). The subject was the modeling of femininity over time. Afterwards the museum decided to buy some pieces of Gronbach's collection.

paragraph: In 2004, Gronbach presented her work at Goethe Institute Berlin. A year later, she curated the exhibition "The Fashion Generation" for the Stadtmuseum Düsseldorf. For this exhibition Gronbach travelled to the world's most renowned art schools in over thirty countries and chose from fifty schools the most interesting ideas. The designer visited schools in Tokyo, New York, Paris, and London, but also schools in upcoming fashion cities like Ulan Bator in Mongolia, Tashkent in Uzbekistan, Cape Town, Dakar, Kingston in Jamaika, Caracas, Reykjavik, Shanghai, Auckland etc.

paragraph: From 2008-2010, Gronbach had opened a fashion store in Cologne's hip Belgian quarter. In 2009, young Belgian designers were invited to present their work at this store for a few weeks. The goal of this event, organized together with the Belgian House in Cologne, was to deepen the relationship between Brussels and Cologne.

paragraph: Single pieces of Gronbach's collection were bought by the Haus der Geschichte ("House of the History of the Federal Republic of Germany"). They are presented at the museum in Bonn. The Museum of Industry (LWL) in Dortmund bought some pieces of Gronbach's "german jeans" collection. In 2011, the Jewish Museum Berlin invited the artist to show her work from the past ten years at the exhibition "how german is it?". In 2012, Gronbach participated in the MANIFESTA 09 European Art Biennale.

paragraph: In September 2015, Gronbach presents her work of the past 15 years at the show "Relight - Best of Eva Gronbach" in the context of the Futur25 Festival. The Futur25 Festival is organized by the Federal Agency for Civic Education and the Federal Ministry of the Interior in celebration of the 25th jubilee of the German unity. It takes place at Radialysystem V in Berlin.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Fashion Classes at Schools and Universities.

paragraph: Gronbach works with children and young adults. She initiates and teaches fashion design classes at schools in Germany. She also gives presentations at conferences, e.g. at the Berlin Academy of Arts and at "Kinder zum Olymp!“ and participates in TV shows. Since May 2008, Gronbach is a guest lecturer at the Köln International School of Design (KISD). Focusing on transformation processes in fashion design she discusses the meaning of fashion with her students. In 2009, she led the designer workshops for students in the Ruhr area, sponsored by the region North Rhine-Westphalia. The developed designs were presented at RUHR.2010. Since 2014, Gronbach works as a lecturer at the international fashion school (ESMOD) in Berlin.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: In 2004, Gronbach received the "T-com inspire!" award for her collection "Déclaration d'amour à l'Allemagne".

paragraph: In 2010, Gronbach's video was awarded with the GERMAN FASHION FILM AWARD in the category men's fashion (video).

paragraph: Section::::Collections (excerpt).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000/01: „Déclaration d`amour à l’Allemagne“ ("fashion love declaration to Germany")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: „Liebeserklärung an Deutschland“ ("fashion love declaration to Germany"): elegant line in black and white with applications in Germany's national colors black, red, gold.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: „mutter erde vater land“: sweatshirts and jackets with applications of the eagle‘s wings (Germany's national eagle); Germany's national colors black, red, gold are used visibly; some designs have printed wordings like „Heimat ist Heimat“ ("homeland is homeland"), „schwarz rot gold“ (black, red, gold) or „mutter erde vater land“ (mother earth father land); most models were of mixed German and African or Asian background

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004/2005: „my new police dress uniform“: comfortable leisure look in dark blue; national eagle and colors are used

paragraph: BULLET::::- Autumn/Winter 2005/06: „myfile – mein Profil“: fashion as a statement about the self; in cooperation with Bayer MaterialScience; the collection symbolizes transparency, open-mindedness and peacefulness

paragraph: BULLET::::- Summer 2006: „Glück auf“: made of former coal miner's working clothes symbolizing the coal workers' culture in the Ruhr area.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Autumn/Winter 2006/07: „the sacrosanct“: fashion about human rights; jackets and shirts carry a silhouette of a kneeing prisoner or the wording of the human rights; some pieces were in the symbolic color orange which is known from press pictures of Guantanamo Bay Naval Base prisoners

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spring/Summer 2007: clear cut collection dedicated to Karl Valentin (1882–1948).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: uniform collection for the staff of the high speed train Thalys

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: uniform collection for the international hotel chain Novotel

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patricia Brattig (Hrsg.): Ausstellungskatalog, In: femme fashion 1780-2004: die Modellierung des Weiblichen in der Mode, Arnoldsche Verlagsanstalt, Stuttgart 2003,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eva Gronbach und Susanne Anna: Generation Mode (the Fashion Generation), Hatje Cantz Verlag, Ostfildern 2005,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eva Gronbach Homepage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Goethe Institute: [Versatile and Political – Eva Gronbach and her Collections]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zeche Zollverein

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eva Gronbach as the fashion design referee at the Berliner Akademie der Künste. Fashion@society - fashion design, youth culture, social identity. Organized by Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung

description: German fashion designer

wikidata_label: Eva Gronbach

wikipedia_title: Eva Gronbach


text:
Bogotá
Adolf Hitler
Art Students League of New York
Académie de la Grande Chaumière
Ossip Zadkine
César Baldaccini
César Baldaccini
Gabriel García Márquez
Alejandro Obregón
Álvaro Cepeda Samudio
Santiago García
Colombian Ministry of Culture
National Museum of Colombia
kinetic art
contemporary art
Museo de Arte Moderno de Bogotá,
Jewish
La Tertulia Museum

categories: 20th-century Colombian sculptors,Colombian women sculptors,Alumni of the Académie de la Grande Chaumière,1933 births,20th-century women artists,1982 deaths,Art Students League of New York alumni

paragraph: Feliza Bursztyn

paragraph: Feliza Bursztyn (8 September 1933 – 8 January 1982) was a Colombian sculptor.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Feliza Bursztyn was born in Bogotá, Colombia in 1933 to Polish Jewish immigrants. Her parents had just been visiting Bogotá at the time of her birth in 1933. When they received news of Adolf Hitler's election to the German Chancellorship, they decided to remain in Colombia, where her father founded a small textile factory.

paragraph: Bursztyn's father managed a prosperous textile factory and the family rose to the elite ranks of industrialists in a nation that underwent a swift process of modernisation. Her father's textile factory allowed her to pursue studies in Bogotá, then at the Art Students League of New York to study painting, and lastly the Académie de la Grande Chaumière in Paris to study sculptures. At the Academia Grande Chaumière, she was taught by the cubist sculptor Ossip Zadkine. On her second trip to Europe she learned to melt and work scrap metal with the sculptor César Baldaccini.

paragraph: Bursztyn wasn't as enthusiastic, however, about the country's dynamic transformation because of her observation that the process further deepened the nation's social and economic divisions. In 1960 she converted a section of her father's factory into an art studio. She explored the use of materials and was influenced by the work of the French artist César Baldaccini, and after 1961 she started using scrap metal within her works. Bursztyn was part of a generation that changed the definition of sculpture in Colombian culture.

paragraph: Bursztyn's workshop in Bogotá was a gathering place for many writers, artists, and intellectuals including Gabriel García Márquez, Alejandro Obregón, Marta Traba, Álvaro Cepeda Samudio, Santiago García, Jorge Gaitán Durán, Fernando Martínez Sanabria, and Hernando Valencia Goelkel. She took exile in Mexico in 1981 due to the political and social problems in Colombia.

paragraph: Bursztyn married Lawrence Fleischer on December 6, 1952 and together had three daughters, Jannette, Bethina, and Michelle. On December 6, 1982 Michelle gave birth to a daughter and named her Feliza. Bursztyn died in exile in Paris on 8 January 1982, leaving many of her works to the Colombian Ministry of Culture and the National Museum of Colombia.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Life as an artist.

paragraph: Feliza Bursztyn was a Colombian artist who evolved her own original path of kinetic art. Her later sculptures took a more direct approach to the critique of political and religious elites. Bursztyn never shied from her support of leftist opposition movements. After a trip to Cuba, she found Colombia's political police in her flat, who accused her of smuggling weapons to the partisans through her studio. Bursztyn gained political asylum in Mexico, then later emigrated to Paris. She died from a heart attack a short time later.

paragraph: Bursztyn has been one of the artists who have most marked the contemporary art of Colombia and Latin America, but she is little recognized by history. Perhaps, many prefer to ignore her because she devoted herself, both in her artistic career and in her personal life, to breaking the rules.

paragraph: Bursztyn entered the canon of Colombian art history as a key modern artist, but to place emphasis primarily on her formal innovations as they contributed to the development of modern, autonomous art in Colombia is to risk minimizing the ways in which her work challenged cultural hegemony and European-American discourses of modernity. Her art can be interpreted as problematizing the assumption that "development" is the answer to "underdevelopment," that modernity can be universally beneficial. In their confrontations with dominant power structures in Colombia that sought to control class and gender relations and morality, Bursztyn's work exposed modernity's dark side, coloniality.

paragraph: Section::::Timeline.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1961, Bursztyn presented her first of eleven "chatarras" (sculptures made from scraps) in which received negative backlash and a harsh review from even Colombia's leading art critic, Walter Engel.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962: Exhibits at the Besalel Museum in Jerusalem and participates in the XIV Colombian Artists Salon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963: Participates in the XV Salon of Colombian Artists in the National Museum of Bogotá.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964: Win the First Prize in Sculpture at the I Intercol Salon, at the Museum of Modern Art in Bogotá.

paragraph: BULLET::::- By 1964, and around the time of her second solo art show, art critics, much like Walter Engel, decided to reconsider the possibilities of "junk" as "art."

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1965, Bursztyn won first prize in sculpture at the 17th Salón Nacional, and in 1967 she unveiled a new body of work, made of stainless steel with a kinetic component, which she titled Las histéricas (The hysterical ones).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965: Win the First Prize in sculpture at the XVII Colombian Artists Salon with the sculpture "Mirando al Norte".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966: Part of Six Colombian Sculptors exhibition of the Luis Angel Arango Library and participates in the XVIII National Artists Hall in the same institution.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967: Win the Third Prize at the XIX Salon of National Artists, at the Luis Ángel Arango Library, Bogotá. That same year authorities detained Bursztyn at El Dorado airport by military authorities during her arrival on a trip to Europe, Cuba and Israel.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968: Exhibits "Las Histéricas" at the Museum of Modern Art in Bogotá. The same series is also presented in Buenos Aires, San Francisco and Havana.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the 1970s, two important works -- the series Las camas (The beds, 1974) and La baila mecánica (The mechanical dance, 1979) -- fully embraces the possibilities of kinetic art in a multimedia setting. In 1974, at the Museo de Arte Moderno de Bogotá, Las camas consisted of thirteen moterized beds with stranges shapes moving suggestively underneath satin sheets to a sound track composed by experimental musician Jacqueline Nava. Similarly, for la baila mechanica, Bursztyn built seven large upright covered sculptures resembling bodies. As with the beds, the figures would "dance" to music with dramatic lighting to complete the stagelike presentation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971: Makes the sculpture "Tribute to Gandhi" which is located in Carrera 7 with 100th Street in Bogotá and participates in Ten Years of Colombian Art and in the XXII National Artists Hall in the National Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972: Participates in the III Biennial of Coltejer in Medellín and in the 1st National Exhibition of Plastic Arts of the Jorge Tadeo Lozano University. There she obtains the Special Prize Paz del Río for "Cama".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973: Designs the offices of Par Publicidad in Medellín commissioned by Luis de Zuleta and Amílcar Osorio.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974: Presents "Camas" with mechanical movement in the Museum of Modern Art of Bogotá and the Museum of Modern Art La Tertulia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975: Executes one of her "Lacework" as a mural on the façade of the Banco del Comercio in Bogotá and exhibits "Beds with music and movement" in the Museum of the University City of Mexico.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976: The "Last Supper" mural is finished, made with 12 thousand silverware, for the Hotel Center of the Seine, Bogotá.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977: Exhibits her "Miniesculturas" at the San Diego Gallery in Bogotá.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979: Exhibits the exhibition "Baila Mecánica" at the Garcés Velásquez Gallery, the La Tertulia Museum of Modern Art, Warsaw, Kraków and Havana.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980: Participates in an exhibition of Colombian Artists in Casa de las Américas, in Havana.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1981, Detained and questioned for two days by the military after her two trips to Cuba.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1982, Died of a heart attack at the age of forty-nine in Paris, on 8 January.

paragraph: Section::::Artworks.

paragraph: Although her artwork is abstract, through its material of "the new reality" and its new relationship to viewers, it can be linked to social issues. From her comfortable yet "outsider" position as a Jewish woman, daughter of immigrant industrialists, living next to a factory, she was able to flourish as an innovative artist with radical views.

paragraph: Unlike other Latin American artists working in abstract art, Bursztyn's pursuit was never focused on rules on how reality should be experienced. On the contrary, she used it as a medium for politicized content relating to women's rights in a post-colonial society, revealing the troublesome face of modernization while putting forth a critique of authoritarian rule. There is a special place for Bursztyn among the company of artists working in the field of kinetic art. For her, the movement was never a source of fascination. Rather, it was a way of conjuring up a feeling of discomfort in the viewer. The kinetic art created by Bursztyn wasn't so much a research tool as a method of depicting that which wasn't supposed to be spoken of. Eventually, she evolved her own original path of kinetic art.

paragraph: Section::::Artworks.:"Chatarras".

paragraph: In 1961, Bursztyn unveiled her first eleven "chatarras", relatively simple and flat compositions of rustic mechanical fragments such as wheels hoops, nuts, bolts, spark plugs, gears, wires, etc.

paragraph: Bursztyn's first sculptures (Chatarras – assemblages) were made of junkyard scraps – discarded fragments of machines, tires, cables, bolts and other metal bits. Hers was an undaunted critique of industrialism and ensuing rise of consumerism, and it wasn't welcomed with open arms by the nation's art institutions and critics, who generally believed that artists should be supportive of Colombia's progress.

paragraph: Section::::Artworks.:"Las histéricas".

paragraph: "Las histericas" was Bursztyn's break with common preconceptions and social naturalizations. She used materials, forms, movements and mechanical noises, she created art that was rough and shocking. She put the junkyard scraps away in favor of discarded parts from a radiator manufacturing plant. She attached a small electrical motor to the long, spiraling strips of aluminum, which came together as abstract forms set into a noisy, vibrating motion that were experienced by the viewer through several senses at once. Bursztyn expressed interest in using the exhibition space as an experiential space. Her sculptures took up all the walls and floors, some of them hung from the ceiling in entirely blacked-out rooms, with a single spotlight directed at a particular work constantly in motion.

paragraph: "The hysterics" , made of scrap stainless steel, were exhibited in 1968 at the Museum of Modern Art in Bogotá, which in those years was based at the National University. With that work, she won that year's XIX National Salon of Artists. In 1969, the series paired with the film Hoy Felisa by experimental director Luis Ernesto Arocha, which, in turn, featured the mobile forms of Las histéricas woven through with the images of pop culture idols like Bette Davis and Marlon Brando.

paragraph: Section::::Artworks.:"Las camas".

paragraph: In "Las camas", 1974, she took 13 beds and in each of them she placed an enigmatic form covered in multi-coloured fabrics, along with an electric motor that set the entire piece in a vibrating motion. In the "Mechanical Dance," several characters coexisted completing themselves, providing depth and even from different points of view. However, a degree of sadness and bad omen prevailed in space. If we take into account the events that led to Bursztyn's exile, each character under the "Baila" fabrics was a hint of what would happen during those years with many Colombians blindfolded and interrogated, subjected to an absurd and endless mechanism. From this perspective, the exhibition space was social and political: the victims were on a platform to be observed by the public with attention and indifference.

paragraph: Section::::Artworks.:"La baila mechanica".

paragraph: In her "Mechanical Ballet", 1979, Bursztyn used linen, steel, motors and wheels to create a stage and arranged seven abstract figures upon it, which hung from the ceiling and performed an awkward, uncoordinated mechanical dance.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.:Selected solo exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958 Galería el Callejón, Bogotá

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964 Museo de Arte Moderno de Bogotá

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974 "Las camas," La Tertulia Museum, Cali, Colombia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 "La baila mecánica," Galería Garcés Velásquez, Bogotá

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 "Feliza Bursztyn: Elogio de la chatarra," Museo Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 "Leon Tovar Gallery at ARCOmadrid" 2015 Leon Tovar Gallery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 "Galería la Cometa at ARTBO 2016" Galería La Cometa

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 "Leon Tovar Gallery at ARCOmadrid 2017" Leon Tovar Gallery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 "Leon Tovar Gallery at ARTBO 2018" Leon Tovar Gallery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2019 "Leon Tovar Gallery at ARCOmadrid 2019" Leon Tovar Gallery.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.:Past exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 "Folding: Line, Space & Body/ Latin American Women Artists Working Around Abstraction," Henrique Faria, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 "2016 - Pensamiento escultórico," Galeria Casas Reigner

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 "Radical Women in Latin American Art, 1960-1985," Hammer Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 "Edges and Angles," Leon Tovar Gallery, New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 "The Other Trans-Atlantic. Kinetic and Op Art in Eastern Europe and Latin," Garage Museum of Contemporary Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 "Radical Women Latin American Art, 1960-1985," Brooklyn Museum of Art

paragraph: Section::::Collections.

paragraph: Feliza Bursztyn's art work has been collected privately and also by public institutions, such as the Museo de arte Moderno, Museo Nacional de Colombia, and Banco de la Republica, all in Bogotá, and Tate Modern London.

paragraph: Section::::Honors & awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965: First prize for Sculptures, XVII National Salon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967: Third prize at the XIX Salon of National Artists.

description: Colombian artist

wikidata_label: Feliza Bursztyn

wikipedia_title: Feliza Bursztyn


text:
Argentine
football
coach
Quilmes
forward
Quilmes
Independiente
Chacarita Juniors
Estudiantes
Jalisco
K.S.V. Oudenaarde
Lugano
Everton
Estudiantes de La Plata
Copa Libertadores
1968 Intercontinental Cup
Manchester United
Unión de Santa Fe
Marcos Conigliaro

categories: Estudiantes de La Plata footballers,Argentine expatriate footballers,1942 births,Everton de Viña del Mar players,Expatriate footballers in Belgium,FC Lugano players,Argentine football managers,Argentine Primera División players,Liga MX players,Argentine footballers,Expatriate footballers in Mexico,Expatriate footballers in Chile,Quilmes footballers,Living people,Chacarita Juniors footballers,Expatriate footballers in Switzerland

paragraph: Marcos Conigliaro

paragraph: Marcos Norberto Conigliaro (born December 9, 1942) is an Argentine football coach and former professional player.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Conigliaro was born in Quilmes. As a player, he was a forward renowned for his technical ability. He played for many clubs in Argentina and abroad. His debut in Argentina was with Quilmes at the age of 15. He then played for Independiente, Chacarita Juniors, Estudiantes, Jalisco, K.S.V. Oudenaarde, Lugano, and Everton. In 1965, he arrived to Estudiantes de La Plata, who were a dominant force in Argentine and South American football during the late 1960s. During his time in Estudiantes, Conigliaro won three Copa Libertadores and the 1968 Intercontinental Cup. In the first game of the Intercontinental Cup, he scored the winning and only goal against Manchester United.

paragraph: Overall, Conigliaro played in 277 games, scoring 65 goals.

paragraph: As a player, he won seven championships: six playing for Estudiantes (1967 Metropolitano, 1968-1970 Copa Libertadores, 1968 Intercontinental Cup, and 1969 Interamericana Cup ) and one playing for Independiente (1963 AFA Championship).

paragraph: After he retired from soccer, Conigliaro became a coach. He coached Unión de Santa Fe in the Argentine first division. Since 1996, he has been coaching Atlético San Jorge de Santa Fe, which plays in the Argentino B division.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marcos Conigliaro at BDFA.com.ar

description: Argentine footballer and manager

wikidata_label: Marcos Conigliaro

wikipedia_title: Marcos Conigliaro


text: House of Commons

text: Charlecote

text: Grey's Inn

text: J.P.

text: Member of Parliament

text: Warwickshire

text: High Sheriff of Warwickshire

text: West Looe

text: Margaret Greville

text: Sir Fulke Greville

text: Baron Willoughby de Broke

text: Greville Verney

categories: 1563 births,1630 deaths,Members of Gray's Inn,High Sheriffs of Warwickshire,English MPs 1589,English MPs 1604–1611,People of the Stuart period,Members of the pre-1707 English Parliament for constituencies in Cornwall,English MPs 1614,English MPs 1601,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Richard Verney

paragraph: Sir Richard Verney (1563 – 7 August 1630) was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1589 and 1614.

paragraph: Verney was the eldest son of George Verney of Compton, Warwickshire and his wife Jane Lucy, daughter of William Lucy of Charlecote. He was eleven when his father died in 1574. He entered Grey's Inn in 1582 and was J.P. from about.1584 when he came of age. In 1589, he was elected Member of Parliament for Warwickshire. He was High Sheriff of Warwickshire from 1590 to 1591, during which time he became liable for a penalty of £1,000 because of the escape of an important prisoner. He was commissioner for musters by 1597. In 1601 he was elected MP for West Looe. He was knighted in 1603 and was High Sheriff of Warwickshire again from 1604 to 1605. He may have been MP for Warwickshire again during the 1604 to 1611 parliament, and was elected MP for Warwickshire in 1614.

paragraph: Verney died at the age of 66 after a short illness and was buried in the church at Compton.

paragraph: Verney married Margaret Greville, daughter of Sir Fulke Greville of Beauchamp Court, on 29 October 1582 at Alcester . They had four sons and four daughters. Verney was said to be an affectionate family man and a good friend and spent much of his time in the social round of visits and entertainments. He was often at Beauchamp Court, the home of his brother in law Sir Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke and 5th Baron Willoughby de Broke. On the death of his wife on 26 March 1631 the Baron Willoughby de Broke title passed to their son Greville Verney.

description: English politician

wikidata_label: Richard Verney

wikipedia_title: Richard Verney


text: Syria

text: human rights

text: lawyer

text: activist

text: Syrian uprising

text: human rights in Syria

text: Local Coordination Committees of Syria

text: Jaysh al-Islam

text: lawyer

text: Syria

text: Local Coordination Committees of Syria

text: Sakharov Prize

text: Anna Politkovskaya Award

text: International Women of Courage Award

text: Samira Khalil

text: Douma

text: Damascus

text: Army of Islam

text: Associated Press

text: Jaysh al-Islam

text: IP address

text: Anna Politkovskaya

text: Ibn Rushd Prize for Freedom of Thought

text: Profile

text: Huffington Post

categories: Syrian women lawyers,Syrian human rights activists,Recipients of the Sakharov Prize,Syrian women activists,Syrian dissidents,1977 births,Kidnapped Syrian people,Syrian activists,People of the Syrian Civil War,Living people,Syrian feminists

paragraph: Razan Zaitouneh

paragraph: Razan Zaitouneh (or Zeitunah; ; born 29 April 1977) is a Syrian human rights lawyer and civil society activist. Actively involved in the Syrian uprising, she went into hiding after being accused by the government of being a foreign agent and her husband was arrested. Zaitouneh has documented human rights in Syria for the Local Coordination Committees of Syria. Zaitouneh was kidnapped on 9 December 2013, most likely by Jaysh al-Islam. , her fate remained unknown. It was suspected that she had been killed.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Zaitouneh graduated from law school in 1999 and in 2001 started her work as lawyer.

paragraph: Section::::Legal and human rights activism.

paragraph: She has been a member of the team of lawyers for defense of political prisoners since 2001. In the same year, Razan was one of the founders of the Human Rights Association in Syria (HRAS). In 2005, Razan Zaitouneh established SHRIL (the Syrian Human Rights Information Link), through which she continues to report about human rights violations in Syria. From 2005 through to her 2013 disappearance, Razan Zaitouneh was an active member of the Committee to Support Families of Political Prisoners in Syria.

paragraph: Syrian State television aired announcement that Razan Zaitouneh was a foreign agent on 23 March 2011, after which she went into hiding while continuing her legal and human rights work, in order to avoid being arrested.

paragraph: Zaitouneh founded the Violations Documentation Center in Syria in April 2011 to document human rights violations and abuses in the country by all sides. She also contributed to human rights violations reports circulated by the Local Coordination Committees of Syria, of which she was one of the founders.

paragraph: Her husband, Wael Hamadeh (or Wael Hamada, or Wa'el Hammada) was arrested on 12 May 2011. His brother 'Abd al-Rahman Hammada was also arrested. Wael Hamadeh was questioned in prison about his wife's human rights work, then Wael Hamadeh released on 1 August 2011.

paragraph: On 27 October 2011, she was awarded the 2011 Sakharov Prize for Freedom of thought, jointly with four other Arabs. She was previously awarded the Anna Politkovskaya Award by Reach All Women in War. In 2013 Razan Zaitouneh was granted the International Women of Courage Award.

paragraph: Section::::2013 disappearance.

paragraph: Pro-opposition websites reported that on 9 December 2013 Zaitouneh had been kidnapped along with her husband, Wael Hamadeh, and two colleagues, Samira Khalil and Nazem Hammadi, in the opposition-held town of Douma to the north of Damascus. As of December 2015, their whereabouts were still unknown and the identity of the kidnappers uncertain, although it was suspected that the Islamist Salafi rebel group Army of Islam was responsible.

paragraph: , "Associated Press" (AP) was unaware of significant evidence for Zaitouneh's fate. AP stated clues suggesting that Jaysh al-Islam (Army of Islam) had detained Zaitouneh and held her in Tawbeh Prison. Jaysh al-Islam denied the claim. One clue was graffiti seen by several witnesses on a prison cell wall stating, "I miss my mother — Razan Zaitouneh, 2016." Another clue was the use of one of the Violations Documentation Center computers, taken together with Zaitouneh in the December 2013 kidnapping, from a Jaysh al-Islam IP address at Tawbeh Prison. Another opposition activist, Mazen Darwish, stated that Zaitouneh was held by Jaysh al-Islam until early 2017. AP judged it likely that Zaitouneh had been killed.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought 2011.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The 2011 Anna Politkovskaya Award.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Ibn Rushd Prize for Freedom of Thought for the year 2012 in Berlin.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at Huffington Post

description: Syrian human rights lawyer

wikidata_label: Razan Zaitouneh

wikipedia_title: Razan Zaitouneh


text: Serbian Cyrillic

text: Grand Prince of Serbia

text: King of Serbia

text: Rascian

text: Serbian Grand Principality

text: a kingdom

text: Saint Sava

text: Serbian Church

text: Nemanjić dynasty

text: Grand Prince

text: Stefan Nemanja

text: Anastasija

text: Vukan

text: Zeta

text: Rastko

text: Hum

text: South Morava

text: Isaac II Angelus

text: Eudokia Angelina

text: sebastokrator

text: Kotor

text: Duklja

text: Dalmatia

text: Travunia

text: Toplica

text: Hvosno

text: primogeniture

text: Church of Saints Peter and Paul

text: Studenica monastery

text: Kuršumlija

text: Mount Athos

text: Vatopedi monastery

text: Hilandar

text: Emeric

text: Second Bulgarian Empire

text: Serbian land

text: Zeta

text: Nišava

text: Bulgarian

text: Niš

text: Bishop Sava

text: Žiča monastery

text: Đorđe

text: Boril

text: Alexius Slav

text: Ivan Asen II

text: Strez

text: Belgrade

text: Braničevo

text: Prizren

text: at Plovdiv

text: blood brother

text: Andrija Mirosavljević

text: Miroslav of Hum

text: Petar

text: Ban Kulin

text: Popovo field

text: Andrew II of Hungary

text: Ston

text: Fourth Crusade

text: Ragusa

text: Dimitri

text: Kruja

text: Komnena

text: Epirote Despot

text: Michael I Komnenos Doukas

text: Greek-Albanian

text: Gregorios Kamonas

text: Scutari

text: Stefan Radoslav

text: Skadar

text: Theodore Komnenos Doukas

text: Stefan Radoslav

text: Anna Doukaina Angelina

text: Domentian

text: Theodosius the Hilandarian

text: Eudokia Angelina

text: Alexius Angelus

text: Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamaterina

text: Byzantine Emperor

text: Isaac II Angelus

text: Greek

text: Nicetas Choniates

text: Stefan Radoslav

text: Stefan Vladislav I

text: Sava II

text: Saint

text: Komnena Nemanjić

text: Kruja

text: Anna Dandolo

text: Enrico Dandolo

text: Stefan Uroš I

text: Maglič

text: Budva

text: Petrovac

text: Assumption of Mary

text: Reževići Monastery

text: List of Serbian monarchs

text: Nemanjić family tree

text: Vladimir Ćorović

text: Serbian

text: The Holy bloodline

text: of Stephen Nemanya

text: Željko Fajfrić

text: Serbian

categories: 13th-century writers,Eastern Orthodox monarchs,1228 deaths,Ktetors,Founders of Christian monasteries,Sebastokrators,Medieval Serbian writers,Year of birth unknown,12th-century Serbian monarchs,Burials at Serbian Orthodox monasteries and churches,Medieval Serbian Orthodox clergy,Nemanjić dynasty,13th-century Serbian monarchs,Founding monarchs

paragraph: Stefan the First-Crowned

paragraph: Stefan Nemanjić (Serbian Cyrillic: Стефан Немањић, ) or Stefan the First-Crowned ( / Stefan Prvovenčani, ; around 1165 – 24 September 1228) was Grand Prince of Serbia from 1196, and the King of Serbia from 1217 until his death in 1228. He was the first Rascian king, and through his promotion of the Serbian Grand Principality into a kingdom and helping his brother Saint Sava in establishing the Serbian Church, he is regarded one of the most important of the Nemanjić dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Stefan Nemanjić was the second-eldest son of Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja and Anastasija. His older brother and heir apparent, Vukan, ruled over Zeta and the neighbouring provinces (the highest appanage) while his younger brother Rastko (later known as "Saint Sava") ruled over Hum.

paragraph: The Byzantines attacked Serbia in 1191, raiding the banks of South Morava. Nemanja had a tactical advantage, and began to raid the Byzantine armies. Isaac II Angelus summoned a peace treaty, and the marriage of Nemanja's son Stefan to Eudokia Angelina, the niece of Isaac II, was confirmed. Stefan Nemanjić received the title of "sebastokrator".

paragraph: Section::::Conflict over succession.

paragraph: In an inscription dated 1195 in the church of St. Luke in Kotor, Vukan is titled as "King of Duklja, Dalmatia, Travunia, Toplica and Hvosno".

paragraph: Although Vukan was Nemanja's eldest son, Nemanja preferred to see Stefan II on the Serbian throne mostly because Stefan was married to Byzantine princess Eudokia. It seems that Vukan reacted to this change in succession by declaring himself "King of Duklja". Although he assumed a "sovereign" royal title, Vukan remained under his father's authority. On 25 March 1196, Stefan Nemanja summoned a Council in Ras, where he officially abdicated in favour of his second son, Stefan, to whom he bequeathed all his earthly possessions. This decision was not in accordance with the traditional right of primogeniture, according to which Vukan would have inherited the throne, and it was not accepted lightly by Vukan. Nemanja took monastic vows in the Church of Saints Peter and Paul and adopted the monastic name of Simeon. Simeon subsequently retired to his Studenica monastery and Anastasia retired to the Monastery of the Mother of Christ in Kuršumlija. After numerous pleas by Sava (originally Rastko), Simeon went to Mount Athos and joined Sava in 1197 in the Vatopedi monastery. In 1199, the two together rebuilt the ruined Eastern Orthodox Monastery of Hilandar given to the Serbian people by the Byzantine Emperor, which became the heart of Serbian spiritual culture. Simeon died on 13 February 1199.

paragraph: While Nemanja was alive Vukan did not oppose Stefan's rule, but as soon as Nemanja died, he started to plot against him in order to become Grand Prince. He found aid in Hungarian king Emeric (1196–1204), who at the time was fighting against the Second Bulgarian Empire and wanted assistance. With the help of Hungarian troops, in 1202 Vukan managed to overthrow Stefan, who fled into Bulgaria. Vukan was left to rule Serbia. In an inscription dating to 1202–1203, Vukan is titled as "Grand Župan Vukan, Ruler of all Serbian land, Zeta, maritime towns and land of Nišava".

paragraph: In return for Hungarian help, Vukan became a Hungarian vassal and promised that he would convert to Catholicism if the Pope would give him the title of King. However, as a Hungarian vassal, Vukan soon got involved in the conflict with Bulgaria. In 1203 the Bulgarian army attacked Vukan, annexing Niš. In the chaos that followed, and using Vukan's sympathies for Catholicism against him, Stefan managed to return to Serbia and overthrow Vukan in 1204, becoming ruler again. Vukan was pushed into his holdings of Zeta.

paragraph: In the meantime, Bishop Sava (the youngest brother) had success on Mount Athos, founding the cradle of Serbian Christianity. Sava returned to Serbia in the winter of 1205–06 or 1206–07, and intervened and reconciled his two brothers, taking the remains of his father with him, which he relocated to the Studenica monastery. Stefan II asked him to remain in Serbia with his clergy, which he did, starting a widespread pastoral and educational duty to the people of Serbia. He and Sava founded several churches and monasteries, among them the Žiča monastery.

paragraph: Vukan continued to rule as titular King in Zeta, and abdicated in ca 1208, when his son Đorđe is mentioned as titular King of Zeta, although in edicts from Studenica dated 1209, he is mentioned only as Great Prince. Vukan seems to have died in 1209 or shortly thereafter.

paragraph: Section::::Later rule.

paragraph: After the death of Kaloyan, there was a succession war in Bulgaria. Tsar Boril, the most ambitious of the nobles, took the throne and exiled Alexius Slav, Ivan Asen II and Strez (of the Asen family). Strez, the first cousin or brother of Boril, took refuge in Serbia, and was warmly welcomed at the court of Stefan II. Even though Boril requested the extradition of Strez to Bulgaria with gifts and bribes, Stefan II refused. Kaloyan had conquered Belgrade, Braničevo, Niš and Prizren, all of which were claimed by Serbia. At the same time, Boril was unable to take military action against Strez and his Serbian patron, as he had suffered a major defeat at the hands of the Latins at Plovdiv. Stefan went as far as to become a blood brother with Strez, in order to assure him of his continued favor.

paragraph: Andrija Mirosavljević was entitled to the governance of Hum, as the heir of Miroslav of Hum, the uncle of Stefan II, but the Hum nobles chose his brother Petar as Prince of Hum. Petar exiled Andrija and Miroslav's widow (the sister of Ban Kulin of Bosnia), and Andrija fled to Rascia, to the court of Stefan II. In the meantime, Petar fought successfully with neighbouring Bosnia and Croatia. Stefan sided with Andrija and went to war and secured Hum and Popovo field for Andrija sometime after his accession. Petar was defeated and crossed the Neretva, continuing to rule the west and north of the Neretva, which had in 1203 been briefly occupied by Andrew II of Hungary. Stefan gave the titular and supreme rule of Hum to his son Radoslav, while Andrija held the district of Popovo with the coastal lands of Hum, including Ston. By agreement, when Radoslav died, the lands were bound to Andrija.

paragraph: Đorđe of Zeta, in order to secure his lands from Stefan, accepted Venetian suzerainty, possibly in 1208. Đorđe may have done this due to tensions between the two, although this must not be the case. Venice, after the Fourth Crusade, tried to exert control of the Dalmatian ports, and managed in 1205 to submit Ragusa – Đorđe submitted to prevent that Venice claimed his ports of southern Dalmatia.

paragraph: Đorđe promised Venice military aid in case of a revolt by another theoretical Venetian vassal, Dimitri, an Albanian "Lord of Kruja". This was likely related to the Rascia-Zeta conflict. Stefan II married off his daughter, Komnena, to Dimitri in 1208. The marriage resulted in close ties and an alliance between Stefan and Dimitri amidst these conflicts. Kruja is conquered by Epirote Despot Michael I Komnenos Doukas, and Dimitri is not heard of in any surviving sources. After Dimitri's death, the lands are left to Komnena, who soon married Greek-Albanian Gregorios Kamonas, who took power of Kruja, strengthening relations with Serbia, which had after a Serbian assault on Scutari been weakened. Đorđe disappears from sources, and Stefan II controls Zeta by 1216, probably through military action. Stefan either put Zeta under his personal rule, or assigned it to his son Stefan Radoslav. Zeta would from now on have no special status, and would be given to the heir apparent.

paragraph: Despot Michael I of Epirus conquered Skadar, and tried to press beyond, but was stopped by the Serbs and his murder by one of his servants in 1214 or 1215. He was succeeded by his half-brother Theodore Komnenos Doukas. Theodore took on a policy of aggressive expansion, and allied himself with Stefan II. Stefan Radoslav married Anna Doukaina Angelina, the daughter of Theodore.

paragraph: Section::::Coronation and autocephaly.

paragraph: Having long wanted to call himself king, Stefan set about procuring a royal crown from the papacy. It is not clear what Stefan promised in regard to the status of the Catholic Church, which had numerous adherents in the western and coastal parts of his realm, but a papal legate finally arrived in 1217 and crowned Stefan. The advance of the Catholic Church in Serbia did not last long but angered Serbian clergy. Many opposed Stefan's coronation, with Sava protesting by leaving Serbia and returning to Mount Athos. Later Serbian churchmen were also bothered by Stefan's relations with the papacy; while Stefan and Sava's contemporary Domentian wrote that the coronation was performed by a papal legate, a century later Theodosius the Hilandarian claimed that Stefan was crowned by Sava. The contradiction led some Serbian historians to conclude that Stefan underwent two coronations, first by the legate and in 1219 by Sava, but modern scholars tend to agree that only the former took place.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage, monastic vows, and death.

paragraph: Stefan was married, around 1186, to Eudokia Angelina, the youngest daughter of Alexius Angelus and Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamaterina. Eudokia was the niece of the current Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelus. Isaac II arranged the marriage. According to the Greek historian Nicetas Choniates, Stefan and Eudocia quarreled and separated, accusing one another of adultery, after June 1198. They had three sons and two daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "King" Stefan Radoslav, ruled 1228–1233

paragraph: BULLET::::- "King" Stefan Vladislav I, ruled 1233–1243

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Archbishop" Sava II (born "Predislav", proclaimed Saint)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Countess" Komnena Nemanjić of Kruja

paragraph: Stefan remarried in 1207/1208, his second wife was Anna Dandolo, granddaughter of Venetian doge Enrico Dandolo. They had one son and one daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "King" Stefan Uroš I, ruled 1243–1276

paragraph: He built many fortresses including Maglič. At the end of his life, Stefan took the monastic vow under the name Symeon and died soon after. He was canonized as his father was.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: According to the legend there was a guest house on the road between Budva and Petrovac and a column in front of it with a wine vessel for thirsty passengers. According to this legend Stefan drank from this wine vessel during his visit to his cousin, Venetian Doge Dandolo. Later, in 1223 or 1226, he allegedly built the Church of the Assumption of Mary (), thereby founding the Reževići Monastery.

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 TV series ""Nemanjići - rađanje kraljevine"" ("Nemanjić dynasty - Birth of a Kingdom") features King Stefan First-Crowned as the main protagonist.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Serbian monarchs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nemanjić family tree

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the Serb People – the Latin Empire and the creation of the Serb Kingdom by Vladimir Ćorović (in Serbian)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Holy bloodline of Stephen Nemanya by Željko Fajfrić (in Serbian)

alias:
Stefan the First Crowned
Stephen
Stefan Prvovencani
Stephen Nemanjić
Stefan Nemanjić
Stepan Prvovencani
Stefan II Nemanjić of Serbia
Steven the First-Crowned
Stefan II of Serbia
Stephen II Nemanjić
Stefan Prvovenčani
Stephen II of Serbia
Stefan II Nemanjić
Stefan Prvovenčani of Serbia
Stefan the Firstcrowned

description: King of Serbia

wikidata_label: Stefan the First-Crowned

wikipedia_title: Stefan the First-Crowned


text:
Greek
Greco-Bactrian
Bactria
Paropamisade
Eucratides the Great
Indo-Greek era
Bopearachchi
Ai Khanoum
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
Seleucid Empire
Greco-Buddhism
Indo-Scythians
Indo-Parthian Kingdom
Kushan Empire

categories: 2nd-century BC rulers in Asia,Greco-Bactrian kings,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Plato of Bactria

paragraph: Plato (Greek: ) was a Greco-Bactrian king who reigned for a short time in southern Bactria or the Paropamisade during the mid 2nd century BCE. The style of Plato's coins suggests that he was a relative — most likely a brother since Plato is a middle-aged man on his coins — of Eucratides the Great, whose rise to power is dated to around 170–165 BCE.

paragraph: Some of Plato's coins have inscriptions which may possibly be interpreted as dates using the Indo-Greek era which started around 186 BCE. In that case Plato ruled around 140 BCE. This matches the dating given by numismatician Bopearachchi, who places Plato between 145–140 BCE, since his coins are not found in the ruins of Ai Khanoum, a Bactrian city which was destroyed during the reign of Eucratides.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Bactrian Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seleucid Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Buddhism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Scythians

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Parthian Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kushan Empire

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Shape of Ancient Thought. Comparative studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies" by Thomas McEvilley (Allworth Press and the School of Visual Arts, 2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Buddhism in Central Asia" by B. N. Puri (Motilal Banarsidass Pub, January 1, 2000)

description: Bactrian king

wikidata_label: Plato of Bactria

wikipedia_title: Plato of Bactria


text:
Greek
Greco-Bactrian
Eucratides I
Heliocles I
Yuezhi
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
Seleucid Empire
Greco-Buddhism
Indo-Scythians
Indo-Parthian Kingdom
Kushan Empire

categories: Greco-Bactrian kings,Year of death unknown,2nd-century BC rulers in Asia

paragraph: Eucratides II

paragraph: Eucratides II or Eukratides II (Greek: ) was a Greco-Bactrian king who was a successor and probably a son of Eucratides I.

paragraph: It seems likely that Eucratides II ruled for a relatively short time after the murder of his namesake, until he was dethroned in the dynastic civil war caused by the same murder:

paragraph: During his earlier years, Eucratides II may have been a co-regent of his father: on his later coins he adds the title "Soter" (Saviour), which could be an indication that he now ruled in his own right.

paragraph: Soon after Eucratides' II death, the last Bactrian king Heliocles I (probably another member of the same dynasty) was defeated by the Yuezhi tribes, who expelled the Greek kings from Bactria.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Bactrian Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seleucid Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Buddhism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Scythians

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Parthian Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kushan Empire

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Greeks in Bactria and India" by W.W. Tarn, Cambridge University Press.

wikidata_label: Eucratides II

wikipedia_title: Eucratides II


text:
Count of Jülich
William II
Waleran III, Duke of Limburg
Fifth Crusade
William IV
Albigensian Crusade
Engelbert II of Berg
Adolf III, Count of Berg
Leopold VI, Duke of Austria

categories: Counts of Jülich,13th-century German people

paragraph: William III, Count of Jülich

paragraph: William was Count of Jülich from 1207 to 1219. He was a nephew of the previous Count, William II. He married Mathilde, daughter of Waleran III, Duke of Limburg. He died in 1219 during the Fifth Crusade in Egypt, and was succeeded by his son William IV.

paragraph: He is known for having taken part in the Albigensian Crusade as part of a German contingent headed west, along with the at the time Provost of Cologne, Engelbert II of Berg, his oldest brother Adolf III, Count of Berg and Leopold VI, Duke of Austria.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- VC:

wikidata_label: William III, Count of Jülich

wikipedia_title: William III, Count of Jülich


text:
child saint
Charlemagne
Massacre of the Innocents
Herod the Great
Bethlehem
Jesus
Brantôme, Dordogne
Saint Helen
Holy Land
Charlemagne
Pippin I of Aquitaine
bishop of Laon
Sabine Baring-Gould
Christianity
cut-throat
assassin
St. Memorius
translated
Périgueux
St. Peter's Basilica
Rome

paragraph: Sicarius of Brantôme

paragraph: Sicarius of Brantôme or Sicarius of Bethlehem ("Sicaire de Brantôme", "Sicaire de Bethléem") was a child saint who was venerated from the time of Charlemagne onwards as one of the victims of the Massacre of the Innocents by Herod the Great, said to have occurred in Bethlehem at the time of the birth of Jesus. His remains are housed in the Abbey of Saint-Pierre in Brantôme, Dordogne, France.

paragraph: Section::::Relics.

paragraph: Saint Helen is said to have recovered the relics from the Holy Land in 328 AD. The relics were then brought to the Abbey of Saint-Pierre in Brantôme, Dordogne, by Charlemagne. Saint-Pierre had been founded by Pippin I of Aquitaine. Sicarius' remains are stored in a small glass-and-bronze reliquary mounted on the church wall.

paragraph: Section::::Relics.:Authenticity.

paragraph: According to Wasyliw, the bones may simply be those of a child who had been named after a bishop of Laon. In the 19th century, Sabine Baring-Gould was skeptical and wrote that "how the infant of a Hebrew mother acquired a Latin name has not been attempted to be explained". This sentiment was echoed in 2014 by Kristan Lawson and Anneli Rufus:The massacre happened a long time ago when Jesus, still a baby himself, hadn't yet developed the following that would turn into Christianity. (Thus, you might wonder, how did anyone have the foresight to scoop up this dead baby? Ask not, friend.)

paragraph: The inscription of the tomb, dedicated to an "innocent" child, may have caused the confusion and the subsequent veneration as a Holy Innocent. Sicarius represents an "impulse to personify the supposedly ancient relic with names may imply a heightened sympathy for the sufferings of the infants, and perhaps for their grieving families as well".

paragraph: Sicarius' name is odd; it means "cut-throat" or "assassin".

paragraph: St. Memorius ("Mémoire") was another child martyr and purported Holy Innocent whose relics were translated during the reign of Charlemagne; they were taken to the Cathedral of St. Front in Périgueux from St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.

paragraph: A fountain near the monastery of Brantôme is named after Sicarius.

wikidata_label: Sicarius of Brantôme

wikipedia_title: Sicarius of Brantôme


text:
Tang dynasty
Luo Binwang
Lu Zhaolin
Wang Bo
Four Paragons of the Early Tang
"fu" (rhapsody)
Huayin
Shaanxi
Chang'an
Old Book of Tang
New Book of Tang
Northern Song
shi
"fu" (rhapsody)
Ullambana
Wang Bo
Lu Zhaolin

categories: Tang dynasty poets,650 births,690s deaths,Writers from Weinan,7th-century Chinese poets

paragraph: Yang Jiong

paragraph: Yang Jiong (; 650–695?) was a Tang dynasty Chinese poet, traditionally grouped together with Luo Binwang, Lu Zhaolin, and Wang Bo as the Four Paragons of the Early Tang. Known for his eight extant "fu" (rhapsody) poems, he also wrote an influential preface to the collected works of Wang Bo, in which he criticized the excessive formality of the court poetry of the preceding generation, and lauded the classical style of Wang Bo and Lu Zhaolin.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Yang Jiong was born in Huayin in today's Shaanxi province. A child prodigy, Yang Jiong passed the special civil service examination for boys and was awarded with an official appointment to the prestigious Hongwen College in 659, when he was only nine years old. Unlike the other three "paragons", He spent most of his life serving at the imperial court in the capital Chang'an. He later served as the magistrate of Yingchuan County, and became commonly known as Yang Yingchuan (楊盈川). He died under unremarkable circumstances while in office, the only one of the "Four Paragons" to do so.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: The imperial bibliographies of the "Old Book of Tang" and the "New Book of Tang" both recorded 30 "juan" (scrolls) of Yang Jiong's collected works. However, the "Chongwen Catalog" of the Northern Song dynasty recorded 20 "juan".

paragraph: Yang Jiong's "shi" poems are not exceptional, but he is best known for his eight extant "fu" (rhapsody) poems, most prominently "The Enveloping Sky", "The Old Man Star", and "Ullambana". His "fu" are described as "rich confections of scholarly lore and wordplay", some of which provide insight into the astral beliefs of the Tang dynasty.

paragraph: Yang Jiong also wrote the preface for the collected works of Wang Bo, published after Wang's premature death. Yang criticized the "aberrant style" of the preceding generation of poetry, which became widely accepted by traditional scholars. In contrast, he lauded Wang Bo's classical style and praised Lu Zhaolin for checking the excessive formality of the court poetry.

description: Tang dynasty Chinese poet

wikidata_label: Yang Jiong

wikipedia_title: Yang Jiong


text:
hedge fund
heir
Laird of Glen Affric
Pippa Middleton
Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge
Eden Rock, St Barths
laird
Glen Affric
Slade School of Art
Spencer Matthews
Made in Chelsea
Caunton
manor house
Nottinghamshire
Eden Rock, St Barths
Saint Barthélemy
Glen Affric Estate
Scotland
Mount Everest
Uppingham School
Eton
securities trader
Spear, Leeds & Kellogg
Goldman Sachs
British Formula 3 Championship
British Formula Renault Championship
Manor Motorsport
Eurocup Formula Renault
Glen Affric Estate
Highlands
courtesy title
Laird of Glen Affric
title
the younger
James Middleton
The Times
deer stalking
Glen Affric Estate
heir
Laird
Glen Affric
James
Pippa Middleton
Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge
St Mary's Hospital, London
Career statistics from Driver Database

categories: People from Saint Barthélemy,British Formula Renault 2.0 drivers,British Formula Three Championship drivers,People from Newark and Sherwood (district),24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,McLaren Autosport BRDC Award nominees,1975 births,People educated at Uppingham School,British racing drivers,Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 drivers,Living people,Karting World Championship drivers

paragraph: James Matthews (racing driver)

paragraph: James Spencer Matthews (born 21 August 1975) is a British former professional racing driver, hedge fund manager, and heir to the Scottish feudal title of Laird of Glen Affric. In 2017, he married Pippa Middleton, younger sister of Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Matthews is the eldest son of David Matthews, the son of a coal miner who made a fortune as a car dealer before going into the luxury hotel business. James's father also owns the resort Eden Rock, St Barths and is also laird of a 10,000 acre Scottish estate, Glen Affric. James's mother is artist Jane Matthews ("" Jane Spencer Parker), whose father was architect Robert Spencer 'Spenny' Parker. Jane Matthews was educated at London's Slade School of Art. James is the older brother of Spencer Matthews, an actor on the scripted reality TV show "Made in Chelsea".

paragraph: The childhood of Matthews and his two brothers, Spencer and Michael, was split between Caunton Manor, the 18th-century manor house on his family's 30-acre estate in Nottinghamshire, and Eden Rock, St Barths, the family's luxury hotel on the French Caribbean island of Saint Barthélemy. Another privately-owned home enjoyed by his family is the "castle-like" hunting lodge on their 10,000-acre Glen Affric Estate in Scotland. Matthews's brother, Michael, died in 1999 in a mountaineering accident on Mount Everest, hours after becoming the youngest Briton to conquer the peak. Matthews and his brother Michael both boarded at Uppingham School, in Rutland, whereas Spencer boarded at Eton. James, however, skipped higher education to train as a securities trader at Spear, Leeds & Kellogg, now part of Goldman Sachs. In 1997 James Matthews moved to a finance house called Nordic Options Ltd, which de-merged from Spear, where he became a senior equity options trader.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Racing.

paragraph: As a racing driver he has competed in such series as the British Formula 3 Championship. He won the British Formula Renault Championship in 1994 for Manor Motorsport. He followed that up by winning the Eurocup Formula Renault in the same year.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:City career.

paragraph: Matthews became a City of London trader in 1995 and in 2001 was co-founder of Eden Rock Capital Management (named after his father's Eden Rock hotel), of which he is now Chief Executive. By 2007 the firm was reported to be managing over £1 billion in assets, and in 2017 David Friedman estimated that Matthews was "a demi-billionaire or close to a billionaire on his own merits".

paragraph: It was reported in July 2016 that Matthews's Eden Rock Capital Management fund was a major investor in a collapsed Scottish company at the heart of a £90 million fraud investigation.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Glen Affric.

paragraph: According to documents lodged with Companies House, James Matthews has been, since 2007, the "solitary managing director of Beaufort Glen Affric Ltd". The Glen Affric Estate is in the Scottish Highlands. As eldest son, upon his father's death, James Matthews will inherit the courtesy title of Laird of Glen Affric. Until that time he is able to use, should he choose to do so, the title, James Matthews of Glen Affric the younger.

paragraph: Matthews's brother-in-law, James Middleton was reported in "The Times" in 2018 as hosting deer stalking parties at Glen Affric Estate. Although Matthews is the heir to the title Laird of Glen Affric, it is his wife's brother, James, who was described by Matthews himself as being "a much better host than I am".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In July 2016, it was reported that Matthews had become engaged to socialite and columnist Pippa Middleton, sister to Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge. Matthews and Middleton were married on 20 May 2017.

paragraph: In June 2018, the couple announced that they were expecting their first child. Their son Arthur Michael William was born on 15 October 2018, at St Mary's Hospital, London.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Career statistics from Driver Database

description: British former professional racing driver, hedge fund manager, and heir to the Scottish title of Laird of Glen Affric

wikidata_label: James Matthews

wikipedia_title: James Matthews (racing driver)


text:
English
actor
theatre manager
colonial United States
King John
North America
Lewis Hallam
Jamaica
Old American Company
John Street Theatre
New York City
New York
The Contrast
Royall Tyler
John Street Theatre
William Dunlap
American Company
Chestnut Street Theatre
Ann Brunton Merry
Episcopal Church of St. Peter

categories: Male actors from New York City,British theatre directors,Kingdom of England emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies,1753 births,American theatre directors,18th-century American male actors,American male stage actors,1803 deaths,Male actors from Philadelphia

paragraph: Thomas Wignell

paragraph: Thomas Wignell (1753 – 21 February 1803) was an English-born actor and theatre manager in colonial United States.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Thomas Wignell was born into a working theatre family. He was born in England to his parents John and Henrietta Wignell in 1753. His father John Wignell worked at The Covent Garden Theatre. His first appearance was at The Covent Garden in 1766 where he played Prince Arthur in "King John". He was originally apprenticed as a seal cutter but eventually left to become an actor. While acting in England, he was a member of Garrick's Company. Right before the Revolutionary War he came to North America in 1774 with his cousin Lewis Hallam. Wignell and the Hallam Company then left for Jamaica Where they stayed until 1785.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After performing in The Convent Garden and then later in Jamaica he returned newly independent America. He then worked with the Old American Company at the John Street Theatre in New York City, New York; with Hallam.

paragraph: He did quite a few shows at this venue and traveled with them often. But debatably the most important point of his career happened in 16 April 1787 in New York. It was the opening of the play "The Contrast" by Royall Tyler. "The Contrast" was a five-act comedy of manners. The play was the first play to be written by an American citizen and then professionally produced. One of the reasons for the plays success was because of Thomas Wignell in the role of Johnathan, the first stage yankee. The stage yankee became the first American stock character. He had American pride, twangy speech, terrible sense of fashion, and was ignorant to a lot of things the other characters in the play found important. There is a scene in the play that is famous for Johnathan describing the John Street Theatre, the theater that the play was being performed in at that time.

paragraph: Wignell had other roles he was successful in; Darby in O'Keefe's farce "The Poor Soldier" was another comedic part Thomas became praised for. President George Washington even came to see "The Poor Soldier" in May 1787. William Dunlap, the most prolific writer of his time, wrote a short comic sketch entitled "Darby's Return" for Wignell to perform for his benefit performance. With Wignell in the title role, this sketch was a spin-off of O'Keefe's "The Poor Soldier".

paragraph: After separating from the American Company in 1793, Wignell teamed up with Alexander Reinagle and began to fund the building of a new theatre. Reinagle, a prominent musician at the time, started a fund-raising campaign to build this first class theatre located west of sixth and Chestnut Street to be named The Chestnut Theatre. The founding of the Chestnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia created opportunities for many new plays to take off.

paragraph: Philadelphia became a capital for American theatre for many years. The Chestnut Street Theatre became Philadelphia's main playhouse and the first American theatre to be lit by gas. In the early 19th century, this theatre was where "many of the most important American plays…received their world premieres". Which under Wignell's and Reinalge's management, Philadelphia became the reigning theatrical capital in the United States for at least a decade. And with the help of Wignell, and the Chestnut Street Theatre, the city of Philadelphia would remain in competition with New York until at least 1826.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: In Wignell's later years he stopped acting and devoted his time to managing a number of different theatres. While back in London, Wignell married the popular female actress Ann Brunton Merry, who was popular at the Covent Garden, until she came to Philadelphia with Wignell. His marriage was short lived, unfortunately because Wignell died about seven weeks after the marriage due to an infected arm. The city of Philadelphia then gave him an excellent burial at the Episcopal Church of St. Peter.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hughes, Glenn. "A History of the American Theatre: 1700-1950." New York, NY: French, 1951. Print.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quinn, Arthur Hobson. "A History of the American Drama, from the Beginning to the Civil War". Second ed. New York: F.S. Crofts, 1943. 76-77,82,134-135+. Print.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Witham, Barry. "Theatre in the United States: A Documentary History". Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996. Print.

description: American actor

wikidata_label: Thomas Wignell

wikipedia_title: Thomas Wignell