text:
hellenized
pharaoh
Fifth Dynasty of Egypt
Old Kingdom
24th century BC
Djedkare Isesi
Levant
Nubia
Canaan
pyramid
Saqqara
pyramids
Pyramid Texts
First Intermediate Period
Ra
Osiris
Manetho
Ptolemaic Kingdom
Teti
Sixth Dynasty
funerary cult
Middle Kingdom
Amenemhat I
Senusret I
Late Period
New Kingdom
Abydos King List
Seti I
Saqqara Tablet
Turin canon
Ramses II
Djedkare Isesi
Teti
Aegyptiaca
Ptolemy II
Manetho
Sextus Julius Africanus
Eusebius
hellenized
Abusir
Elephantine
First Cataract
Nubia
Byblos
National Museum of Beirut
National Archaeological Museum
Florence
Louvre Museum
uraei
Brooklyn Museum
Petrie Museum
Nebet
Khenut
Maat
overseer of Upper Egypt
Iput
Flinders Petrie
William C. Hayes
Sed festival
Sahure
Jürgen von Beckerath
Erik Hornung
Egyptian chronology
Miroslav Verner
Fourth
Naguib Kanawati
cattle count
Middle Kingdom
Levant
Shasu
that of Sahure
autobiography of Weni
Nicolas Grimal
Baud
Memphis
Kagemni
Edfu
Ancient Egyptian religion
Horus name
Osiris
Hartwig Altenmüller
Ra
sun temple
Userkaf
Saqqara
pyramid of Sekhemkhet
pyramid complex of Djoser
pyramid of Userkaf
Second Dynasty
Hotepsekhemwy
Khufu
Gaston Maspero
Pyramid Texts
Ra
Ba
Duat
Akhet
Cannibal Hymn
Pepi II
First Intermediate Period
12th Dynasty
Amenemhat I
Senusret I
Late Period
Khaemweset
Ramesses II

paragraph: Unas

paragraph: Unas or Wenis, also spelled Unis (, hellenized form Oenas or Onnos), was a pharaoh, the ninth and last ruler of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt during the Old Kingdom. Unas reigned for 15 to 30 years in the mid-24th century BC ( circa 2345-2315 BC ), succeeding Djedkare Isesi, who might have been his father.

paragraph: Little is known of Unas' activities during his reign, which was a time of economic decline. Egypt maintained trade relations with the Levantine coast and Nubia, and military action may have taken place in southern Canaan. The growth and decentralization of the administration in conjunction with the lessening of the king's power continued under Unas, ultimately contributing to the collapse of the Old Kingdom some 200 years later.

paragraph: Unas built a pyramid in Saqqara, the smallest of the royal pyramids completed during the Old Kingdom. The accompanying mortuary complex with its high and valley temples linked by a causeway was lavishly decorated with painted reliefs, whose quality and variety surpass the usual royal iconography. Furthermore, Unas was the first pharaoh to have the "Pyramid Texts" carved and painted on the walls of the chambers of his pyramid, a major innovation that was followed by his successors until the First Intermediate Period (c. 2160–c. 2050 BC). These texts identify the king with Ra and with Osiris, whose cult was on the rise in Unas' time, and were meant to help the king reach the afterlife.

paragraph: Unas had several daughters and possibly one or two sons who are believed to have predeceased him. Manetho, a third century BC Egyptian priest of the Ptolemaic Kingdom and author of the first history of Egypt, claims that with Unas' death the Fifth Dynasty came to an end. Unas was succeeded by Teti, the first pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty, possibly after a short crisis. However, the archaeological evidence suggests that the Egyptians at the time made no conscious break with the preceding dynasty and the distinction between the Fifth and Sixth dynasties might be illusory.

paragraph: The funerary cult of Unas established at his death continued until the end of the Old Kingdom and may have survived during the chaotic First Intermediate Period. The cult was still in existence or revived during the later Middle Kingdom (c. 2050–c. 1650 BC). This did not prevent Amenemhat I and Senusret I (c. 1990–c. 1930 BC) from partially dismantling the mortuary complex of Unas for its materials.

paragraph: In parallel to the official cult, Unas may have received popular veneration as a local god of Saqqara until as late as the Late Period (664–332 BC), nearly 2000 years after his death.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.:Historical sources.

paragraph: Unas is well attested by historical sources with three ancient Egyptian king lists dating to the New Kingdom period mentioning him. Unas occupies the 33rd entry of the Abydos King List, which was written during the reign of Seti I (1290–1279 BC). Unas' name is also present on the Saqqara Tablet (32nd entry) and on the Turin canon (third column, 25th row), both of which were written during the reign of Ramses II (1279–1213 BC). The Turin canon further credits Unas with 30 years of reign. These sources all place Unas as the ninth and final ruler of the Fifth Dynasty, succeeding Djedkare Isesi and preceding Teti on the throne. This relative chronology is corroborated by archaeological evidence, for example in the tomb of officials serving under these kings.

paragraph: In addition to these sources, Unas was also likely mentioned in the "Aegyptiaca", a history of Egypt written in the 3rd century BC during the reign of Ptolemy II (283–246 BC) by the Egyptian priest Manetho. No copies of the "Aegyptiaca" have survived to this day and it is known to us only through later writings by Sextus Julius Africanus and Eusebius. Africanus relates that the "Aegyptiaca" mentioned a pharaoh "Onnos" reigning for 33 years at the end of the Fifth Dynasty. Onnos is believed to be the hellenized form for Unas, and Africanus' 33-year figure fits well with the 30 years of reign given to Unas on the Turin canon.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.:Contemporaneous sources.

paragraph: The primary contemporaneous sources attesting to Unas' activities are the many reliefs from his pyramid complex.

paragraph: Excluding these, surprisingly few documents dating to Unas' reign have survived to this day, considering the 30-year length that later records give for his reign. Excavations at Abusir, the royal necropolis of the Fifth Dynasty, have produced only four dated inscriptions safely attributable to Unas. They explicitly mention his third, fourth, sixth and eighth years on the throne. Unas also left a rock inscription on the island of Elephantine, next to the First Cataract of the Nile in Nubia.

paragraph: In addition, several alabaster vases bearing Unas' cartouche are known. A complete vessel and additional fragments originating from Byblos on the Levantine coast are now in the National Museum of Beirut. A vase of unknown provenance is located in the National Archaeological Museum of Florence and reads "Horus Wadjtawy, living eternally, king of Upper and Lower Egypt, son of Ra, Unas, living eternally". Another vessel, of unknown origins, is on display at the Louvre Museum. It is a , globular alabaster vase finely decorated with a falcon with outstretched wings and two uraei, or rearing cobras, holding ankh signs surrounding Unas' cartouche. An ointment jar bearing Unas' cartouche and Horus name is in the Brooklyn Museum. Finally, a fragment of a calcite vase rim bearing two cartouches of Unas is on display in the Petrie Museum.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Family.

paragraph: Unas assumed the throne at the death of his predecessor Djedkare Isesi. Djedkare is thought to have been Unas' father, in spite of the complete lack of evidence bearing on the question. The succession from Djedkare Isesi to Unas seems to have been smooth.

paragraph: Unas had at least two queens, Nebet and Khenut, who were buried in a large double mastaba adjacent to their husband's pyramid. Unas and Nebet possibly had a son, the "king's son", "royal chamberlain", "priest of Maat" and "overseer of Upper Egypt" Unas-Ankh, who died about 10 years into Unas' reign. The filiation of Unas-Ankh is indirectly hinted at by his name and titles and by the presence of his tomb near those of Nebet and Unas but is not universally accepted. Two other sons have been proposed, Nebkauhor and Shepsespuptah, but these filiations are conjectural and contested. Unas likely died without a male heir.

paragraph: Unas had at least five daughters named Hemetre Hemi, Khentkaues, Neferut, Nefertkaues Iku, and Sesheshet Idut. The status of another possible daughter, Iput, is uncertain.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Duration.

paragraph: The duration of Unas' reign is uncertain. As indicated above, historical sources credit him with 30 and 33 years on the throne, figures that have been adopted by many Egyptologists, including Flinders Petrie, William C. Hayes, Darrell Baker, Peter Munro, and Jaromir Malek. In favor of such a long reign are scenes of a Sed festival found in Unas' mortuary temple. This festival was normally celebrated only after 30 years of reign and was meant to rejuvenate the pharaoh's strength and power. Mere depictions of the festival do not necessarily imply a long reign, however. For example, a relief showing pharaoh Sahure in the tunic of the Sed festival has been found in his mortuary temple, although both historical sources and archeological evidence agree that he ruled Egypt for less than 14 full years.

paragraph: Other Egyptologists suspect a reign of less than 30 years for Unas owing to the scarcity of artefacts datable to his reign as well as the lack of documents dated to beyond his eighth year on the throne. Hence, Jürgen von Beckerath believes that Unas ruled Egypt for 20 years while Rolf Krauss, David Warburton and Erik Hornung shortened this number to 15 years in their 2012 study of Egyptian chronology. Krauss and Miroslav Verner further question the credibility of the Turin Canon concerning the Fourth and Fifth Dynasties, so that the 30-year figure credited to Unas by the canon might not be reliable.

paragraph: Excavations of the tomb of Nikau-Isesi under the direction of Naguib Kanawati at Saqqara have yielded evidence in support of a shorter reign. Nikau-Isesi was an official who started his career during the reign of Djedkare Isesi, lived through that of Unas and died as overseer of Upper-Egypt under Unas' successor Teti. Nikau-Isesi is known to have died on the year of the eleventh cattle count during Teti's reign, an event consisting of counting the livestock throughout the country to evaluate the amount of taxes to be levied. It is traditionally believed that such counts occurred every two years during the Old Kingdom and every year during the later Middle Kingdom (c.2055–c.1650 BC). Thus Nikau-Isesi would have lived for 22 years after Teti took the throne and together with the 30 years of reign credited to Unas, would have died past 70 years old. However, forensic examination of his mummy yielded an age at death of no more than 45 years old. This suggests that the cattle count occurred more than once every two years during Unas and Teti's time, possibly irregularly. If so, Unas' 30-year figure on the Turin canon, understood to mean 15 cattle counts, could translate into as little as 15 years, which together with just 11 years during Teti's reign would account for Nikau-Isesi's death at around 40 to 45 years of age.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Activities.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trade and warfare

paragraph: Owing to the scarcity of evidence dating to Unas' reign, we know very little about his activities. Existing trade relations with foreign countries and cities, in particular Byblos, seem to have continued during Unas' time on the throne. Reliefs from the causeway of his pyramid complex show two large seagoing ships coming back from an expedition to the Levantine coast with Syro-Canaanite men, who were either the boat crews or slaves. Another relief depicts a military campaign, Egyptians armed with bows and daggers attacking Canaanite nomads called the Shasu. Similar reliefs have been found in preceding pyramid complexes, such as that of Sahure, and they may thus be standard themes rather than depictions of actual events. Other sources tend to confirm the accuracy of these depictions; for example, the autobiography of Weni relates many punitive raids against Canaanite nomads in the early Sixth Dynasty.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Domestic

paragraph: Unas' reign was a time of economic decline although, as the French Egyptologist Nicolas Grimal writes, it was "by no means a time of decadence". Indeed, the Egyptian state was still capable of mounting important expeditions to provide building stones for the king's pyramid complex. These expeditions are depicted on unique reliefs found in Unas' causeway and are also referred to in the autobiographical stela of an administration official. This official reports the transport of palmiform columns of red granite from Elephantine to Saqqara in only four days, a feat for which he was praised by the king. In addition to the important construction works undertaken in Saqqara for the construction of his pyramid complex, building activities also took place on Elephantine.

paragraph: Until 1996, the domestic situation during Unas' reign was thought to have been disastrous, based on reliefs from the causeway of his pyramid complex showing emaciated people and thus suggesting times of famine. This changed when excavations at Abusir in 1996 yielded similar reliefs in the mortuary complex of Sahure, who reigned at a prosperous time in the early Fifth Dynasty. In addition, research showed that the starving people are likely to be desert dwellers, nomads distinguished by their specific hair-style, rather than Egyptians. Thus, these reliefs are now understood to be standard representations of the generosity of the king towards the destitute and of the hardships of life in the desert regions bordering Egypt rather than referring to actual events.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Death and end of a dynasty.

paragraph: In his history of Egypt Manetho states that with the death of Unas the Fifth Dynasty came to an end. This may be because Unas died without a male heir, his probable son Unas-Ankh having predeceased him. This might have caused a succession crisis hinted at by the personal name chosen by Teti upon his accession to the throne: "Seheteptawy" meaning "He who reconciles/pacifies the two lands". Teti's claim to the throne could have relied on his marriage to Iput, who may have been a daughter of Unas. This possibility is heavily debated, as the interpretation of Iput's titles that would indicate that she was the daughter of a king is uncertain. Furthermore, the idea that Teti could legitimate his claim by marrying into the royal family is rejected by many Egyptologists, including Munro, Dobrev, Baud, Mertz, Pirenne, and Robin, who do not think that the right to the pharaonic throne passed through the female line.

paragraph: In addition to Manetho's statement, the Turin king list presents a special break point between Unas and his successor Teti.

paragraph: Although the king list is not organized in dynasties–which were invented by Manetho–the Egyptologist Jaromir Malek explains that "the criterion for such divisions in the Turin Canon invariably was the change of location of the capital and royal residence." Malek thus suggests that the capital of Egypt, then known as Inbu-Hedj, was indeed supplanted at the time by settlements located to the South, East of South Saqqara, where Unas' palace may have been located. In the second millennium BC these cities finally merged and gave rise to Memphis.

paragraph: Whatever the basis for Manetho's choice to end the Fifth Dynasty with Unas, Egyptians living at the time probably perceived no particular change from one dynasty to the next. The administration of the state shows no evidence of disturbances, with many officials continuing their careers from Unas' onto Teti's reign. These include the viziers Mehu, Kagemni and Nikau-Isesi and the overseer of the province of Edfu Isi. Given that the Egyptians of the Old Kingdom might not have conceived of dynasties, the distinction between the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties might be illusory.

paragraph: Section::::Evolution of religion and kingship.

paragraph: The reigns of Djedkare Isesi and of Unas were a time of changes in Ancient Egyptian religion and in the ideology of kingship, changes that are first demonstrable under Unas. A statistical analysis of clay seal fragments bearing Horus names of pharaohs of the Fifth Dynasty points to a marked decline of the cult of the king during Unas' time on the throne. This continued under Unas' successor Teti, for whom we know only two seals bearing his Horus name. This trend reflects the lessening of the king's power in conjunction with the growth of the administration and priesthood.

paragraph: Meanwhile, the cult of Osiris was becoming more important with this god replacing the king as the guarantor of life after death for the pharaoh's subjects. The German Egyptologist Hartwig Altenmüller writes that for an Egyptian of the time "the [...] afterlife no longer depends on the relationship between the individual mortal and the king, [...] instead it is linked to his ethical position in direct relation to Osiris". In contrast, the cult of the sun god Ra was in apparent decline, even though Ra was still the most important deity of the Egyptian pantheon. Thus, Djedkare Isesi and Unas did not build a sun temple in contrast with most of their Fifth Dynasty predecessors. In addition, the names of Menkauhor Kaiu and Unas do not incorporate any reference to Ra, in rupture with a tradition which held since the reign of Userkaf, about a century earlier. The "Pyramid Texts" found in Unas' pyramid demonstrate the importance of Osiris and Ra in ancient Egyptian religion at the time. Both gods were believed to play the key roles in accessing the afterlife, with Ra as the source of life and Osiris as the force through which the next life would be attained.

paragraph: Section::::Pyramid Complex.

paragraph: Unas had a pyramid built for himself in North Saqqara, between the pyramid of Sekhemkhet and the southwestern corner of the pyramid complex of Djoser, in symmetry with the pyramid of Userkaf located at the northeastern corner. In the process, workers leveled and covered older tombs located in the area, most notably the tomb of the Second Dynasty pharaoh Hotepsekhemwy (c. 2890 BC).

paragraph: The original Egyptian name of the pyramid was "Nefer Isut Unas", meaning "Beautiful are the places of Unas". The pyramid of Unas is the smallest of the pyramids completed during the Old Kingdom, having a square base of for a height of .

paragraph: Section::::Pyramid Complex.:Mortuary complex.

paragraph: The pyramid of Unas is part of a larger mortuary complex built around it. It was approached via an ancient lake on the shores of which Unas' valley temple was located. This temple received the provisions for the cult of the king and the offerings to be made were prepared there. At the back of the valley temple was the beginning of a causeway, equaled only by that of Khufu, and leading to an upper temple adjacent to the pyramid. A thin slit in the roof of the causeway allowed the light to illuminate its walls covered for their entire length in painted reliefs. These depicted the Egyptian seasons, processions of people from the nomes of Egypt, craftsmen at work, offerings bearers, battle scenes and the transport of granite columns for the construction of the pyramid complex.

paragraph: At the end of the causeway was a large hall leading to a pillared open court surrounded by magazine chambers. The court led into the mortuary temple proper which housed statues of the king and where the offerings to the deceased took place. This was immediately adjacent to the eastern side of the pyramid, which was surrounded by an enclosure wall defining the sacred space. At the southeast corner of the enclosure was a small satellite pyramid for the Ka of the king. The internal chambers of the pyramid were entered in 1881 by Gaston Maspero, who thus discovered the pyramid texts. The burial chamber housed nothing but a black greywacke sarcophagus sunk into the floor and a canopic chest. The sarcophagus proved to contain scattered bones, which may belong to Unas.

paragraph: Section::::Pyramid Complex.:"Pyramid Texts".

paragraph: The main innovation of the pyramid of Unas is the first appearance of the "Pyramid Texts", one of the oldest religious texts in Egypt to have survived to this day. In doing so, Unas initiated a tradition that would be followed in the pyramid of the kings and queens of the Sixth to Eighth Dynasties, until the end of the Old Kingdom circa 200 years later.

paragraph: In total 283 magical spells, also known as utterances, were carved and the signs painted blue on the walls of the corridor, antechamber, and burial chamber of Unas' pyramid. They constitute the most complete rendition of the "Pyramid Texts" existing today. These spells were intended to help the king in overcoming hostile forces and powers in the Underworld and thus join with the sun god Ra, his divine father in the afterlife. By writing the texts on the walls of the pyramid internal chambers, the architects of Unas' pyramid ensured that the king would benefit from their potency even if the funerary cult was to cease.

paragraph: Hence, the "Pyramid Texts" of the pyramid of Unas incorporate instructions for ritual actions and words to be spoken, suggesting that they were precisely those performed and recited during the cult of the king in his mortuary temple.

paragraph: The good preservation of the texts in Unas' pyramid shows that they were arranged so as to be read by the Ba of Unas, as it arose from the sarcophagus thanks to resurrection utterances and surrounded by protective spells and ritual offerings. The Ba would then leave the burial chamber, which incorporates texts identifying the king with Osiris in the Duat, and would move to the antechamber symbolizing the Akhet. Included in the spells written on the walls of the antechamber of Unas are two utterances known as the Cannibal Hymn, which portrays the pharaoh as flying to heaven through a stormy sky and eating both gods and men. In doing so the king would receive the life force of the gods. At this point the Ba of Unas would face east, the direction of the sunrise, and beyond the pyramid masonry, the false door of the mortuary temple where funerary rituals were performed. Finally, turning left the Ba would join Ra in the sky by passing through the pyramid corridor.

paragraph: An example of a spell from the pyramid of Unas is Utterance 217:Re-Atum, this Unas comes to youbrA spirit indestructiblebrYour son comes to youbr This Unas comes to youbr May you cross the sky united in the darkbr May you rise in lightland, the place in which you shine!

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Unas' most immediate legacy is his funerary cult, which continued at least until the end of the Old Kingdom. This cult is attested by the tombs at Saqqara of seven priests responsible for the religious duties to be performed in the funerary complex. Three of these tombs date to the early Sixth Dynasty in the time following the death of Pepi I. Three more tombs date to the reign of Pepi II and the last one dates to the very end of the Old Kingdom (c. 2180 BC). The priests of the cult of Unas adopted basilophorous names, incorporating that of the king, possibly upon taking office.

paragraph: Unas' funerary cult appears to have survived during the chaotic First Intermediate Period until the Middle Kingdom. By the time of the 12th Dynasty (c. 1990–c. 1800 BC), the lector-priest Unasemsaf and his family were involved in the cult of Unas. In spite of this, Unas' funerary complex was partially dismantled and its materials reemployed for the construction of Amenemhat I and Senusret I own pyramid complexes.

paragraph: In addition to his official cult, Unas was deified and became a local god of the Saqqara necropolis. Grimal attributes this directly to the grandeur of his funerary complex. Malek doubts the existence of a popular cult of Unas during the Old Kingdom but acknowledges it from the Middle Kingdom onwards. He attributes this Middle Kingdom revival to the geographic position of Unas' complex making it a natural gateway to the Saqqara necropolis. The popular cult of the deified Unas continued for nearly 2,000 years as shown by the numerous scarabs bearing Unas' name found in Saqqara and dated from the New Kingdom (c.1550–c.1077 BC) until the Late Period (664–332 BC). The epicenter of this cult was not the pyramid of Unas nor the associated mortuary temple but rather the statues of the king in the valley temple.

paragraph: This activity could explain why the pyramid complex of Unas was the object of restoration works under the impulse of Prince Khaemweset, a son of Ramesses II (1279–1213 BC).

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Unas

wikipedia_title: Unas


text:
Bishop
Roman Catholic Diocese of Nantes
Châteaugiron
Duchy of Brittany
Jean de Châteaugiron
Malestroit
Largoët
Combourg
Thibaud Malestroit
bishop of Tréguier
Quimper
Archdeacon
Diocese of Nantes
John VI, Duke of Brittany
Brittany
Chancellor
Duchy of Brittany
St. Peter and St. Paul Cathedral
John VI
Château-Gaillard (Vannes)
ecclesiastical
Gilles de Rais
Nantes
antipope
Felix V
cardinal
nephew
William
William of Malestroit
dean
Saint-Malo

paragraph: Jean de Malestroit

paragraph: Jean de Malestroit was Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Nantes from 17 July 1419 until 1443 AD when he resigned, and he was a pseudo-cardinal, during the fifteenth century.

paragraph: Born in 1375 in Châteaugiron in the Duchy of Brittany, Jean de Malestroit was the sixth known son of Jean de Châteaugiron, lord of Malestroit and Largoët who died in 1374 and his second wife Jeanne Dol Dame de Combourg. He is also the half-brother Thibaud Malestroit (died 1408), who was bishop of Tréguier in 1378 and Quimper in 1383 AD.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Jean Malestroit was Archdeacon of the Diocese of Nantes. He was elected bishop of Saint Brieuc in 1405 and then joined the Privy Council of John VI, Duke of Brittany and became Governor General of Brittany's finances in 1406. He was First President of the Chamber of Accounts for Brittany at the beginning of 1408, then Chancellor, Duke and Treasurer Receiver General of the Duchy of Brittany a few months later. He was transferred to the diocese of Nantes 17 July 1419.

paragraph: As bishop of Nantes, he launched with the Duke Jean V, on the construction site of the current St. Peter and St. Paul Cathedral. The Duke's son John VI and the bishop laid the first stone 14 April 1434. He also built Château-Gaillard (Vannes)

paragraph: Subsequently, he chaired the ecclesiastical trial of Gilles de Rais in October 1440 in Nantes.

paragraph: Section::::Anti Cardinal.

paragraph: The antipope Felix V created him a cardinal on 12 November 1440 and he died on 13 September 1443.

paragraph: Section::::Successor.

paragraph: He was succeeded by his nephew William, who was bishop from 14 June 1443 till 1461. William was

paragraph: the son of Jean's brother William of Malestroit and his wife Margaret of Quintin. William had been dean of Saint-Malo, when he succeeded his uncle but was considered authoritarian and awkward. He resigned his post at the end of the year 1461 and became Archbishop of Thessalonica, due it is claimed to his refusal to make the oath of allegiance to the Duke. He died on 17 August 1491.

wikidata_label: Jean de Malestroit

wikipedia_title: Jean de Malestroit


text:
Bishop of Novara
Pope Innocent XI
Servant of God
Como
Pope Innocent XI
Carlo Odescalchi
Servant of God
Pope Alexander VII
Odescalchi

categories: Italian Servants of God,1666 deaths,1612 births,People from Como,Bishops of Novara,17th-century venerated Christians

paragraph: Giulio Maria Odescalchi

paragraph: Giulio Maria Odescalchi (1612 – 28 August 1666) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop who served as the Bishop of Novara. He was the brother of Pope Innocent XI.

paragraph: Innocent XI opened his sainthood cause and this has allowed for him to be known as a Servant of God.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Giulio Maria Odescalchi was born in 1612 in Como to Livio Odescalchi and Paola Castelli Giovanelli. His siblings were Carlo, Lucrezia, Constantino, Nicola and Paolo. His other brother was Benedetto, the future Pope Innocent XI. He is also a relative of Carlo Odescalchi - future Servant of God. His father died in 1626 and his mother died of the plague in 1630.

paragraph: Pope Alexander VII appointed him as the Bishop of Novara at the behest of Benedetto, who had resigned from that post. Odescalchi served as bishop until his death at the age of 54 in 1666.

paragraph: Benedetto, elected as Pope Innocent XI, opened the sainthood process for his late brother. This conferred the title of Servant of God upon him.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Odescalchi

paragraph: Section::::External links and additional sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

description: Italian Roman Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Giulio Maria Odescalchi

wikipedia_title: Giulio Maria Odescalchi


text:
East Anglia
coin
Alberht
Hun
Mercia
chronicle
economic
linguistic
Northumbria
Mercia
Wessex
Barbara Yorke
monasteries
sees
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Historia Regum
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The Flowers of History
Matthew Paris
H. M. Chadwick
Dorothy Whitelock
scribal
Æthelberht II
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geminate
bishop
Helmham
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Hunston, West Sussex
Hunston, Suffolk
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Latin
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Charles Oman
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pennies
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Search result for 'Beonna'
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paragraph: Beonna of East Anglia

paragraph: Beonna (also known as Beorna) was King of East Anglia from 749. He is notable for being the first East Anglian king whose coinage included both the ruler's name and his title. The end-date of Beonna's reign is not known, but may have been around 760. It is thought that he shared the kingdom with another ruler called Alberht and possibly with a third man, named Hun. Not all experts agree with these regnal dates, or the nature of his kingship: it has been suggested that he may have ruled alone (and free of Mercian domination) from around 758.

paragraph: Little is known of Beonna's life or his reign, as nothing in written form has survived from this period of East Anglian history. The very few primary sources for Beonna consist of bare references to his accession or rule written by late chroniclers, that until quite recently were impossible to verify. Since 1980, a sufficient number of coins have been found to show that he was indeed a historical figure. They have allowed scholars to make deductions about economic and linguistic links that existed between East Anglia and other parts of both England and northern Europe during his reign, as well as aspects of his own identity and rule.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: In contrast to the kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia and Wessex, little reliable evidence about the kingdom of the East Angles has survived. The historian Barbara Yorke has maintained that this is due to the destruction of the kingdom's monasteries and the disappearance of both of the East Anglian Episcopal sees, which were caused by Viking raids and later settlement.

paragraph: Ælfwald of East Anglia died in 749 after ruling for thirty-six years. During Ælfwald's rule, his kingdom enjoyed sustained growth and stability, albeit under the senior authority of the Mercian king Æthelbald, who ruled his kingdom from 716 until he was murdered by his own men in 757. Ælfwald was the last of the Wuffingas dynasty, who had ruled East Anglia since the 6th century. A pedigree in the "Anglian collection" that lists Ælfwald and his descendants, includes many earlier Wuffingas kings.

paragraph: Section::::Identity and joint rule.

paragraph: The identification of Beonna as a king of the East Angles is based upon a few written sources. One source is a statement in the twelfth century "Historia Regum", that after Ælfwald's death, ""regnum ...  ... hunbeanna et alberht sibi diviserunt"" ('Hunbeanna and Alberht divided the kingdom of the East Angles between themselves'). The "Historia Regum" is believed to have been compiled by Symeon of Durham, but it is now generally accepted that much of it was written by Byrhtferth of Ramsey around the end of the 10th century. Another source is a passage in the 12th century "Chronicon ex chronicis", once thought to have been written by Florence of Worcester, which stated that "Beornus" was king of the East Angles.

paragraph: A third source is a regnal list in the "Chronicon ex chronicis" which states that ""Regnante autem Merciorum rege Offa, Beonna regnavit in East-Anglia, et post illum Æthelredus"" ('During the reign of Offa, king of the Mercians, Beonna reigned in East-Anglia, and after him Æthelred ...').

paragraph: The annal for 749 in "The Flowers of History", written by the chronicler Matthew Paris in the 13th-century, also relates that "Ethelwold, king of the East Angles, died, and Beonna and Ethelbert divided his dominions between them". The historians H. M. Chadwick and Dorothy Whitelock both suggested that the name "Hunbeanna" should be divided into two names, "Hun" and "Beanna", and that a tripartite division of the kingdom might have existed. According to Steven Plunkett, the name "Hunbanna" may have been created by means of a scribal error.

paragraph: The kingdom might never have been ruled jointly by Alberht and Beonna. It is generally accepted that Alberht and the later Æthelberht II, who ruled East Anglia until his death in 794, are different kings, but the historian D. P. Kirby has identified them as being one person. According to Kirby, Beonna might have ascended the throne in around 758 and the issuing of his coins could indicate that East Anglia broke free of Mercian domination for a time, so linking Beonna's reign with the eventual disintegration of Mercian hegemony that occurred after Æthelbald's death.

paragraph: Section::::Identity and joint rule.:The diathematic element" 'Hun' ".

paragraph: The recognition of Beonna as a historical figure leaves the 'Hun' element in the word "Hunbeanna" detached. "Beanna" is itself a hypocoristic form of a two-part name, and the 'nn' in the name has been interpreted as representing a geminate consonant.

paragraph: "Hun" is familiar in 8th and 9th century England, for instance as part of a name with two elements. During the 9th century there were East Anglian bishops of Helmham named Ælfhun, Hunferthus and Hunbeorht and a bishop of Worcester called Æthelhun. "Hun" also occurred as part of a moneyer's name. There are several placenames in England that contain the term as a personal name element, such as Hunsdon, Hertfordshire and Hunston, West Sussex (but not Hunston, Suffolk). It is possible that Hun was a historical figure, whose name was run together with Beonna's by a scribe.

paragraph: An alternative theory is that the Latin annal that mentioned "Hunbeanna" was derived from an Old English source and that the translator scribe misread the opening word "here" for part of the name of Beonna. " "Her" " - 'in this year' - is the usual opening for an Old English annal and the typical form of the letter 'r' might easily be misread for an 'n'.

paragraph: Section::::Identity and joint rule.:Beornred of Mercia.

paragraph: Charles Oman proposed that Beornred, who in 757 emerged for a short time as ruler of Mercia before being driven out by Offa, could be the same person as Beonna. An alternative theory suggests that Beonna and Beornred may perhaps have been kinsmen from the same dynasty with ambitions to rule in both Mercia and East Anglia. No known member of the Wuffingas dynasty had a name commencing with B, but several Mercian rulers, including Beornred, used the letter.

paragraph: In 1996, Marion Archibald and Valerie Fenwick proposed an alternative hypothesis, based on the evidence of East Anglian coins and post-Conquest documents. Acknowledging that Beonna and Beornred were the same person, they suggested that after Ælfwald's death in 749, Æthelwald of Mercia installed Beornred/Beonna to rule northern East Anglia and Alberht (who probably belonged to the Wuffingas dynasty) to rule in the south. According to Archibald and Fenwick, after Æthelbald was murdered in 757, Beornred/Beonna became king of Mercia, during which his coinage was increased in East Anglia, perhaps to meet “military requirements”. Then, after a reign of only a few months, he was deposed by Offa and forced to flee from him back into East Anglia. Alberht, who had attempted to re-establish East Anglia as an independent kingdom and rule alone, and had succeeded for a short time, was deposed by Beornred/Beonna when he arrived as an exile in about 760. Soon afterwards, Offa asserted his authority over the East Angles in around 760-5 and removed Beonna.

paragraph: Section::::Coinage.

paragraph: Anglo-Saxons kings produced coins from the 620s onwards, initially in gold, but then in electrum (an alloy of gold and silver) and eventually pure silver. Little is known of the organisation of coinage during the reign of Beonna, but it can be presumed that the moneyers who struck coins during this period acted under the auspices of the king, who would to some extent have supervised the design of his coins. A growing shortage of available bullion in north-western Europe during the first half of the 8th century was probably the main cause for a deterioration in the proportion of precious metal found in locally produced sceattas. In around 740, Eadberht of Northumbria became the first king to respond to this crisis by issuing a remodelled coinage, of a consistent weight and a high proportion of silver, which eventually replaced the debased currency. Other kings followed his example, including Beonna and the Frankish king Pepin the Short, who appears to have been strongly influenced by the newly introduced coins of both Beonna and Eadberht.

paragraph: Examples of Beonna's coins are known from two separate hoards, as well as from a number of individual finds. Until 1968, only five of his coins were known. Several more coins came to light over the next decade, before a hoard of sceattas and other coins were discovered in 1980 at Middle Harling, north-east of Thetford and close to the border between the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. In all, fifty-eight coins have been excavated from Middle Harling, fourteen were found at Burrow Hill (Suffolk) and thirty-five from other places in East Anglia and elsewhere. Over a hundred 'Beonnas' are now known: most of them have been acquired by the British Museum.

paragraph: Beonna was the first of the East Anglian kings whose coinage named both the ruler and his title. His coins are larger than the earlier sceattas, but are small when compared with the pennies produced in Anglo-Saxon England several decades later. As a whole, they provide an important dateable runic corpus and may reflect a distinctive East Anglian preference for runic lettering. Beonna had three moneyers whose names are known: Werferth, Efe and Wilred. The coins struck by Werferth are considered to be the earliest. His coins and those struck under the authority of Eadberht of Northumbria both contained 70% silver and were similar in type and detail, which suggests the possibility of producing a chronology for Beonna's coins, using the established sequence for the Northumbrian coins of Eadberht. However, as Eadberht's reign began in 738, several years before Beonna became king in East Anglia, the coins cannot be related to each other closely enough to construct a reliable chronology.

paragraph: Produced later than Werferth's coins are those by Efe: these, by far the most numerous, have dies which change in time. Distribution analysis suggests that Efe's mint was possibly located in northern Suffolk or southern Norfolk. It is possible that the name of the village of Euston, Suffolk, a little southeast of Thetford, is derived from "Efe".

paragraph: Efe's obverse dies show the king's name and title, usually spelt with a mixture of runes and Latin script, with some aspects of the coins occasionally ill-drawn or omitted altogether. The king's name is generally arranged around the central motif of a pellet (or a cross) within a circle of pellets: this layout probably derived from Northumbrian coins. The reverse dies consisted of a cross and the letters E F E, placed in four sectors that were divided off by lines. It can be shown that Efe did not use his dies in any particular or consistent order. Calculations have been made that suggest that few of his dies remain undiscovered.

paragraph: The coins struck by Beonna's last known moneyer, Wilred, are so different from Efe's that it is highly unlikely that they were produced at the same mint or at the same time. It can also be assumed that Wilred is the same moneyer who struck coins for Offa of Mercia, possibly at Ipswich. Wilred's coins can be used to demonstrate that Offa's influence over the East Angles occurred at an earlier date than has previously been supposed, but are of little use in determining a secure chronology for Beonna's reign. Wilred's name is always depicted in runes. Nearly all his reverse dies have two crosses placed between the elements of his name ("+ wil + red"): most of the obverse dies show crosses and the king's name in a similar design, but also include an extra rune. This unique rune, similar to ᚹ, possibly meant "walda" ('ruler').

paragraph: One type of coin for Beonna has no named moneyer and depicts an interlace motif on its reverse. A specimen of this type (now lost) was found at Dorestad, which was during Beonna's time an important trading centre: these coins resemble Frankish or Frisian deniers that were issued from the Maastricht area during this period.

paragraph: Beonna's rule coincided with the anointing of Pippin III as king of the Franks after 742 and the subsequent disempowerment of the Merovingian dynasty, and also with the martyrdom of Saint Boniface and his followers in Frisia in 754. Two coins use a runic 'a' in the name "Beonna"; the runic 'a' has only been found elsewhere in Frisia, suggesting that there were both trading and language links between Frisia and East Anglia during the 8th century.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ; see also

paragraph: BULLET::::- Search result for 'Beonna' in the British Museum's collection database.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Searchable database of the Corpus of Early Mediaeval Coin Finds, and Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles (Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uploaded image of an Interlace coin on Flickr.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parker Library on the Web - an interactive web site in which many of the manuscripts in the Parker Library at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge - including the "Historia Regum" - can be viewed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Early Manuscripts at Oxford - a resource containing high quality images of over 80 mediaeval manuscripts.

wikidata_label: Beonna of East Anglia

wikipedia_title: Beonna of East Anglia


text:
Prince
Voivode
Moldavia
Stephen II
Alexandru cel Bun
Ana Neacşa
vassalage
Władysław II Jagiełło
Jagiellon King
Poland
Olshanski
Lithuanian nobility
Ivan Olshanski
Sophia of Halshany
Roman II
Alexăndrel
boyar
Prince
Vlad II Dracul
Wallachia
Władysław III
Drăguşeni
Tecuci
Kilia
Vaslui
Covurlui
Suceava
tribute
silk
sturgeon
Khotyn
Pokuttya
Roman
Alexăndrel
Bucharest
A. D. Xenopol
Iaşi

paragraph: Iliaș of Moldavia

paragraph: Iliaş or Ilie I was Prince (Voivode) of Moldavia twice: from January 1432 to October 1433 and with his brother Stephen II from August 1435 to May 1443.

paragraph: The son of Prince Alexandru cel Bun and Ana Neacşa, he was designated co-ruler and nominated successor by his father. In 1433, Iliaş pledged his vassalage to Władysław II Jagiełło, Jagiellon King of Poland. He married Maria, a scion of the Olshanski family of Lithuanian nobility (granddaughter of Ivan Olshanski and sister of Władysław II's wife, Sophia of Halshany). Iliaş and Maria had at least two sons, Roman II and Alexăndrel.

paragraph: Iliaş faced the rebellion of his brother Stephen and several boyars, who, helped by Prince Vlad II Dracul of neighboring Wallachia, managed to dethrone him. Iliaş enlisted the help of Władysław II, but he was defeated by the new prince and escaped to Poland. After Stephen pledged allegiance to the Poles, the latter imprisoned Iliaş until the ascension of Władysław III. In 1434, Iliaş' Polish supporters facilitated his freedom and convinced the king to consider withdrawing his support for Stephen.

paragraph: After an indecisive battle in 1435 (at "Podraga" or "Podagra", the present-day village of Podriga in Drăguşeni), Władysław III intervened to appease the conflict and helped institute a shared rule of the two brothers over Moldavia (with Iliaş as nominal ruler and with Stephen as lord over the southeastern part of the country—in Tecuci, Kilia, Vaslui, and Covurlui—although both shared residence in Suceava). In return, Iliaş agreed to pay an annual tribute to Poland (100 horses, 400 silk sheets, 400 oxen, 300 cartfuls of sturgeon) and to concede rule over Khotyn and Pokuttya.

paragraph: A decrease in Poland's interest in the region led Stephen to rebel. Again deposed, Iliaş was blinded (as custom prevented disabled people from ascending to the throne) and thrown in jail. He died there at an unknown time.

paragraph: His wife Maria fled to Poland with her sons, where she took over rule over Pokuttya—defending it against the armies of Stephen. Roman, Iliaş and Maria's son, remained ruler of the region, titling himself Prince of Moldavia and vassal to Władysław III; he was to be recognized as co-ruler by Stephen, and would eventually depose him. His other son was Alexăndrel.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ştefan Ştefănescu, "Istoria medie a României", Bucharest, Vol. I, 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. D. Xenopol, "Istoria romînilor din Dacia Traiană", Vol. III, cap. 3, Iaşi, 1896

description: Prince of Moldavia

wikidata_label: Iliaș I of Moldavia

wikipedia_title: Iliaș of Moldavia


text:
Khenifra
Berber
Morocco
Qaid
Zayanes
Khénifra
Sultan
Moulay Hassan I
Qaid
Algeciras Conference
French Protectorate
Zayanes
Zaian War
Berber
Middle Atlas
battle of Elhri
Hassan
General Poeymirau
Pasha
High Atlas
Ksour
Khénifra
Princess "Lalla" Latifa Hammou
tomb of Moha ou Saïd in Ben Cherro

categories: Moroccan military leaders,Moroccan rebels,Moroccan Caids,Berber Moroccans,20th-century Moroccan people,Berber rebels,1921 deaths,1863 births

paragraph: Mouha ou Hammou Zayani

paragraph: Mouha Ou Hammou Zayani, by his full name: Mohammed ou Hammou ben Akka ben Ahmed, also known as Amahzoune ben Moussa (1863 – in Khenifra- Died 27 March 1921) was a Berber military figure who played an important role in the history of Morocco. He was the leader (Qaid) of the Zayanes people of Khénifra region.

paragraph: Sultan Moulay Hassan I gave Zayani the title of Qaid in 1886. After the Algeciras Conference (1906), which put Morocco under the French Protectorate, Zayani, at the head of the Zayanes tribe, started a guerrilla war, known as the Zaian War. He managed to unite several Berber tribes of the Middle Atlas and fought smaller battles. The town of Khénifra was lost to the advancing French forces in June 1914, but in November of the same year, the battle of Elhri took place and Zayani inflicted heavy losses (around 600 casualties) upon the French military. The battle was later dubbed the 'Moroccan Dien Bien Phu'. Despite the victory, Zayani could not secure Khénifra and retired into the mountains. In 1920, his son Hassan, who then led the Zayan tribe, surrendered to General Poeymirau and was titled Pasha. Thus, one of the last pockets of resistance in Morocco was pacified. Fighting went on, however, until 1932 in the southern High Atlas.

paragraph: Sometimes also the name Moha/Hammou Ousaid is used (instead of Mouha ou Hamou). He has Ksour named after him in the town of Khénifra and the village Ait Hammou ou Said and a college at the village El Ksiba. His tomb is in Ben Cherro.

paragraph: His relative is Princess "Lalla" Latifa Hammou.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- tomb of Moha ou Saïd in Ben Cherro

alias:
Mohammed ou Hammou ben Akka ben Ahmed
Amahzoune ben Moussa

description: Caïd of the Zayanes in Khénifra

wikidata_label: Mouha Ou Hammou Zayani

wikipedia_title: Mouha ou Hammou Zayani


text:
Arabic
Mongol
Western Asia
Tolui
Keraite
Sorghaghtani Beki
Genghis Khan
Ariq Böke
Möngke Khan
Kublai Khan
Mongol Empire
Ilkhanate
Persia
Safavid dynasty
Iran
siege of Baghdad (1258)
Damascus
Mamluk Sultanate
Cairo
Abbasid Dynasty
Tolui
Sorghaghtani Beki
Keraite
Christian
Church of the East
Christianity
Doquz Khatun
Kitbuqa
Buddhism
Abaqa Khan
Tekuder
Ilkhan
Iran
Baydu
Mīr-Khvānd
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Diyarbakır
Iraq
Absh Khatun
Shiraz
Möngke Khan
Lurs
Assassins
Abbasid Caliphate
Baghdad
Ayyubid states
Syria
Damascus
Bahri
Mamluke Sultanate
Alamut
Al-Musta'sim
Guo Kan
Grand Library of Baghdad
Tigris
Il Milione
Venetian
Marco Polo
Syria
Gaza
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
Hethum I, King of Armenia
Bohemond VI of Antioch
siege
Kitbuqa
Damascus
Umayyad Mosque
David Morgan
Levant
Egypt
Arabian Peninsula
An-Nasir Yusuf
Palestine
Baibars
Battle of Ain Jalut
Kublai Khan
Batu Khan
Berke
Nogai Khan
Caucasus
Franco-Mongol alliance
Rychaldus
Manfred, King of Sicily
Mamluk Sultanate
Pope Urban IV
John the Hungarian
Louis IX of France
Vienna
Arghun
Ghazan
Dokuz Khatun
Cathay
Cathay
Abaqa
Tekuder
Genghis Khan
Shahi Island
Lake Urmia
human sacrifice
Abaqa Khan
Ilkhanate
Safavid dynastic
Iran
A long article
Baghdad
Ian Frazier
The New Yorker
An Osama bin Laden tape
Osama bin Laden
Dick Cheney
Colin Powell
Baghdad
"Hulegu the Mongol"

categories: Buddhist monarchs,Il-Khan emperors,Year of birth unknown,13th-century monarchs in Asia,1265 deaths,13th-century crusades,1218 births,13th-century Buddhists

paragraph: Hulagu Khan

paragraph: Hulagu Khan, also known as Hülegü or Hulegu (; ; , "Hulâgu xân"; Arabic: هولاكو خان/ هَلَاوُن; ; 8 February 1265), was a Mongol ruler who conquered much of Western Asia. Son of Tolui and the Keraite princess Sorghaghtani Beki, he was a grandson of Genghis Khan and brother of Ariq Böke, Möngke Khan, and Kublai Khan.

paragraph: Hulagu's army greatly expanded the southwestern portion of the Mongol Empire, founding the Ilkhanate of Persia, a precursor to the eventual Safavid dynasty, and then the modern state of Iran. Under Hulagu's leadership, the siege of Baghdad (1258) destroyed Baghdad's standing in the Islamic world and weakened Damascus, causing a shift of Islamic influence to the Mamluk Sultanate in Cairo and ended the Abbasid Dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Hulagu was born to Tolui, one of Genghis Khan's sons, and Sorghaghtani Beki, an influential Keraite princess. Sorghaghtani successfully navigated Mongol politics, arranging for all of her sons to become Mongol leaders. She was a Christian of the Church of the East (often referred to as "Nestorianism") and Hulagu was friendly to Christianity. Hulagu's favorite wife, Doquz Khatun, was also a Christian, as was his closest friend and general, Kitbuqa. It is recorded however that he converted to Buddhism as he neared death, against the will of Doquz Khatun. The erection of a Buddhist temple at Ḵoy testifies his interest in that religion.

paragraph: Hulagu had at least three children: Abaqa Khan, Tekuder, and Taraqai. Abaqa was second Ilkhan of Iran from 1265–82, Teguder Ahmad was third Ilkhan from 1282–84, and Taraqai's son Baydu became Ilkhan in 1295. Mīr-Khvānd mentions two more children, given as Hyaxemet and Tandon in an early translation; Hyaxemet initially served as governor of Armenia and Azerbaijan, while Tandon was given Diyarbakır and Iraq. The order of birth is listed as Abaqa, Hyaxemet, Tandon, Teguder, then Taraqai. His daughter-in-law, Absh Khatun, was sent to Shiraz to reign in 1263.

paragraph: Section::::Military campaigns.

paragraph: Hulagu's brother Möngke Khan had been installed as Great Khan in 1251. In 1255, Möngke charged Hulagu with leading a massive Mongol army to conquer or destroy the remaining Muslim states in southwestern Asia. Hulagu's campaign sought the subjugation of the Lurs of southern Iran, the destruction of the Assassins, the submission or destruction of the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad, the submission or destruction of the Ayyubid states in Syria based in Damascus, and finally, the submission or destruction of the Bahri Mamluke Sultanate of Egypt. Möngke ordered Hulagu to treat kindly those who submitted and utterly destroy those who did not. Hulagu vigorously carried out the latter part of these instructions.

paragraph: Hulagu marched out with perhaps the largest Mongol army ever assembled – by order of Möngke, two-tenths of the empire's fighting men were gathered for Hulagu's army. He easily destroyed the Lurs, and the Assassins surrendered their impregnable fortress of Alamut without a fight, accepting a deal that spared the lives of their people.

paragraph: Section::::Siege of Baghdad.

paragraph: Hulagu's Mongol army set out for Baghdad in November 1257. Once near the city he divided his forces to threaten the city on both the east and west banks of the Tigris. Hulagu demanded surrender, but the caliph, Al-Musta'sim, refused. Due to the treason of Abu Alquma, an advisor to Al-Muta'sim, an uprising in the Baghdad army took place and Siege of Baghdad began. The attacking Mongols broke dikes and flooded the ground behind the caliph's army, trapping them. Much of the army was slaughtered or drowned.

paragraph: The Mongols under Chinese general Guo Kan laid siege to the city on January 29, 1258, constructing a palisade and a ditch and wheeling up siege engines and catapults. The battle was short by siege standards. By February 5 the Mongols controlled a stretch of the wall. The caliph tried to negotiate but was refused. On February 10 Baghdad surrendered. The Mongols swept into the city on February 13 and began a week of destruction. The Grand Library of Baghdad, containing countless precious historical documents and books on subjects ranging from medicine to astronomy, was destroyed. Survivors said that the waters of the Tigris ran black with ink from the enormous quantity of books flung into the river. Citizens attempted to flee but were intercepted by Mongol soldiers.

paragraph: Death counts vary widely and cannot be easily substantiated: A low estimate is about 90,000 dead; higher estimates range from 200,000 to a million. The Mongols looted and then destroyed. Mosques, palaces, libraries, hospitals — grand buildings that had been the work of generations — were burned to the ground. The caliph was captured and forced to watch as his citizens were murdered and his treasury plundered. "Il Milione", a book on the travels of Venetian merchant Marco Polo, states that Hulagu starved the caliph to death, but there is no corroborating evidence for that. Most historians believe the Mongol and Muslim accounts that the caliph was rolled up in a rug and the Mongols rode their horses over him, as they believed that the earth would be offended if touched by royal blood. All but one of his sons were killed. Baghdad was a depopulated, ruined city for several centuries. Smaller states in the region hastened to reassure Hulagu of their loyalty, and the Mongols turned to Syria in 1259, conquering the Ayyubid dynasty and sending advance patrols as far ahead as Gaza.

paragraph: A thousand squads of northern Chinese sappers accompanied the Mongol Khan Hulagu during his conquest of the Middle East.

paragraph: Section::::Conquest of Syria (1260).

paragraph: In 1260 Mongol forces combined with those of their Christian vassals in the region, including the army of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia under Hethum I, King of Armenia and the Franks of Bohemond VI of Antioch. This force conquered Muslim Syria, a domain of the Ayyubid dynasty. They captured Aleppo by siege and, under the Christian general Kitbuqa, seized Damascus on March 1, 1260. A Christian Mass was celebrated in the Umayyad Mosque and numerous mosques were profaned. Many historical accounts describe the three Christian rulers Hetum, Bohemond, and Kitbuqa entering the city of Damascus together in triumph, though some modern historians such as David Morgan have questioned this story as apocryphal.

paragraph: The invasion effectively destroyed the Ayyubids, which was until then a powerful dynasty that had ruled large parts of the Levant, Egypt, and the Arabian Peninsula. The last Ayyubid king, An-Nasir Yusuf, was killed by Hulagu in 1260. With Baghdad ravaged and Damascus weakened, the center of Islamic power shifted to the Mamluk Sultans' capital of Cairo.

paragraph: Hulagu intended to continue southward through Palestine towards Cairo to fight the Mamluks. He sent a threatening letter to the Mamluk Sultan Qutuz in Cairo. He demanded that Qutuz open Cairo or it would be destroyed like Baghdad. At that moment Mongke Khan died, so Hulagu, as an heir and potential Great Khan, was obliged to return to Mongolia for the election of a new Khan. Hulagu left behind only two tumens (20,000 men) under the leadership of his favorite general Naiman Kitbuqa Noyan, a Nestorian Christian. Upon receiving news of Hulagu's departure, Qutuz quickly assembled a large army at Cairo and invaded Palestine. Qutuz allied himself with a fellow Mamluk, Baibars, who wanted to avenge for Islam the Mongols' capture of Damascus, their looting of Baghdad and their conquest of Syria.

paragraph: The Mongols, for their part, attempted to form a Frankish-Mongol alliance with (or at least, demand the submission of) the remnant of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, now centered on Acre, but Pope Alexander IV had forbidden such an alliance. Tensions between Franks and Mongols also increased when Julian of Sidon caused an incident resulting in the death of one of Kitbuqa's grandsons. Angered, Kitbuqa had sacked Sidon. The Barons of Acre, contacted by the Mongols, had also been approached by the Mamluks, seeking military assistance against the Mongols. Although the Mamluks were traditional enemies of the Franks, the Barons of Acre recognized the Mongols as the more immediate menace. Instead of taking sides, the Crusaders opted for a position of cautious neutrality between the two forces. In an unusual move, however, they allowed the Egyptian Mamluks to march northward without hindrance through Crusader territory and even let them camp near Acre to resupply.

paragraph: Section::::Conquest of Syria (1260).:Battle of Ain Jalut.

paragraph: When news arrived that the Mongols had crossed the Jordan River in 1260, Sultan Qutuz and his forces, mainly Egyptians, proceeded southeast toward the 'Spring Of Goliath' at Ain Jalut in the Jezreel Valley. They met the Mongol army of about 20,000 in the Battle of Ain Jalut and fought relentlessly for many hours. The Mamluk leader Baibars mostly implemented hit-and-run tactics in an attempt to lure the Mongol forces into chasing him. Baibars and Qutuz had hidden the bulk of their forces in the hills to wait in ambush for the Mongols to come into range. The Mongol leader Kitbuqa, already provoked by the constant fleeing of Baibars and his troops, decided to march forwards with all his troops on the trail of the fleeing Egyptians. When the Mongols reached the highlands, Egyptians appeared from hiding, and the Mongols found themselves surrounded by enemy forces as the hidden troops hit them from the sides and Qutuz attacked the Mongol rear. Estimates of the size of the Egyptian army range from 24,000 to 120,000. The Mongols broke free of the trap and even mounted a temporarily successful counterattack, but their numbers had been depleted to the point that the outcome was inevitable. When the battle finally ended, the Egyptian army had accomplished what had never been done before, defeating a Mongol army in close combat. Almost the whole Mongol army that had remained in the region, including Kitbuqa, were either killed or captured that day. The battle of Ain Jalut established a low-water mark for the Mongol conquest. The Mongol invasion east and south came to a stop after Ain Jalut.

paragraph: Section::::Civil War.

paragraph: After the succession was settled and his brother Kublai Khan was established as Great Khan,

paragraph: Hulagu returned to his lands by 1262. When he massed his armies to attack the Mamluks and avenge the defeat at Ayn Jalut, however, he was instead drawn into civil war with Batu Khan's brother Berke. Berke Khan, a Muslim convert and the grandson of Genghis Khan, had promised retribution in his rage after Hulagu's sack of Baghdad and allied himself with the Mamluks. He initiated a large series of raids on Hulagu's territories, led by Nogai Khan. Hulagu suffered a severe defeat in an attempted invasion north of the Caucasus in 1263. This was the first open war between Mongols and signaled the end of the unified empire.

paragraph: Even while Berke was Muslim he was at first desisting from the idea of fighting Hulagu out of Mongol brotherhood, he said "Mongols are killed by Mongol swords. If we were united, then we would have conquered all of the world." but the economic situation of the Golden Horde due to the actions of the Ilkhanate led him to declare jihad because the Ilkhanids were hogging the wealth of North Iran and the Ilkhanate's demands for the Golden Horde to not sell slaves to the Mamluks.

paragraph: Section::::Communications with Europe.

paragraph: Hulagu sent multiple communications to Europe in an attempt to establish a Franco-Mongol alliance against the Muslims. In 1262, he sent his secretary Rychaldus and an embassy to "all kings and princes overseas". The embassy was apparently intercepted in Sicily by Manfred, King of Sicily, who was allied with the Mamluk Sultanate and in conflict with Pope Urban IV, and Rychaldus was returned by ship.

paragraph: On April 10, 1262, Hulagu sent a letter, through John the Hungarian, to Louis IX of France, offering an alliance. It is unclear whether the letter ever reached Louis IX in Paris — the only manuscript known to have survived was in Vienna, Austria. The letter stated Hulagu's intention to capture Jerusalem for the benefit of the Pope and asked for Louis to send a fleet against Egypt:

paragraph: Despite many attempts, neither Hulagu nor his successors were able to form an alliance with Europe, although Mongol culture in the West was in vogue in the 13th century. Many new-born children in Italy were named after Mongol rulers, including Hulagu: names such as Can Grande ("Great Khan"), Alaone (Hulagu), Argone (Arghun), and Cassano (Ghazan) are recorded.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Hulagu had fourteen consorts:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guyuk Khatun, daughter of Toralchi Kurkan of the Oyirat tribe and Chahchayigan Khatun;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Qutui Khatun, a lady from the Qonqirut tribe;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yesuchin Khatun, a lady from the Suldus tribe;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dokuz Khatun, daughter of Abaqu, and widow of Tului Khan;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tuqtani Khatun, granddaughter of Abaqu;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uljai Khatun, daughter of Turalchi Kurkan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nogachin Aghchi, a lady from Cathay;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boraqchin Agachi, mother of Taragai;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arighan Agachi, daughter of Tanggiz Kurkan;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ajuja Agachi, a lady from Cathay;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yeshichin Agachi, a lady from the Qorluut tribe;

paragraph: BULLET::::- El Agachi, a lady from the Qonqirut tribe;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irqan Agachi, mother of Taraqai Khatun;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mangligach Agachi, mother of Qutluqqan Khatun;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sons

paragraph: Hulagu had fourteen sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jumghur - with Guyuk Khatun

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abaqa Khan - with Yesuchin Khatun;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yoshmut - with Nogachin Agachi;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tubshin - with Nocachin Agachi;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Takshin - with Qutui Khatun;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tekuder Khan - with Qutui Khatun;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taragai - with Boraqchin Agachi;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ajai - with Arighan Agachi;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Qonqurtai - with Ajuja Agachi;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yesudar - with Yeshichin Agachi;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mengu Timur - with Oljai Khatun;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hulachu - with El Agachi;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shibaauchi - with El Agachi;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taghai Timur;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughters

paragraph: Hulagu had seven daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bulughan Aqa Khatun - with Guyuk Khatun, married Joma Kurkan, son of Jochi a Tatar and Chechagan Khatun, daughter of Otchi Noyan;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jamai Khatun - with Oljai Khatun, married Joma Kurkan, son of Jochi a Tatar and Chechagan Khatun, daughter of Otchi Noyan;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manggugan Khatun - with Oljai Khatun, married firstly to Jaqir Kurkan, son of Buqa Timur, married secondly to Taraqai, son of Buqa Timur;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baba Khatun - with Oljai Khatun, married to Lagzi Kurkan, son of Arghun Aqa of the Oyirat tribe;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Todogaj Khatun, married to Tanggiz Kurkan, married secondly to Sulamish, son of Tanggiz Kurkan, married thirdly to Chichak, son of Tanggiz Kurkan;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taraqai Khatun - with Irqan Agachi, married to Taghai Timur, son of Shinggu Kurkan and Tumulun Khatun, daughter of Genghis Khan;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Qutluqqan Khatun - with Mangligach Agachi, married firstly to Yesu Buqa Kurkan, son of Urughtu Noyan of the Dorban tribe, married secondly Tukel, son of Yesu Buqa;

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Hulagu Khan died in 1265 and was buried on Shahi Island in Lake Urmia. His funeral was the only Ilkhanate funeral to feature human sacrifice. He was succeeded by his son Abaqa Khan, thus establishing his line.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Hulagu Khan laid the foundations of the Ilkhanate and thus paved the way for the later Safavid dynastic state, and ultimately the modern country of Iran. Hulagu's conquests also opened Iran to both European influence from the west and Chinese influence from the east. This, combined with patronage from his successors, would develop Iran's distinctive excellence in architecture. Under Hulagu's dynasty, Iranian historians began writing in Persian rather than Arabic.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.:Works cited.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). "The Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire". Facts on File, Inc. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boyle, J.A., (Editor). "The Cambridge History of Iran: Volume 5, The Saljuq and Mongol Periods". Cambridge University Press; Reissue edition (January 1, 1968). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morgan, David. "The Mongols". Blackwell Publishers; Reprint edition, April 1990. . Best for an overview of the wider context of medieval Mongol history and culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robinson, Francis. "The Mughal Emperors And the Islamic Dynasties of India, Iran and Central Asia". Thames and Hudson Limited; 2007.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A long article about Hulagu's conquest of Baghdad, written by Ian Frazier, appeared in the April 25, 2005 issue of "The New Yorker".

paragraph: BULLET::::- An Osama bin Laden tape in which Osama bin Laden compares Vice President Dick Cheney and Secretary of State Colin Powell to Hulagu and his attack on Baghdad. Dated November 12, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hulegu the Mongol", by Nicolas Kinloch, published in History Today, Volume 67 Issue 6 June 2017.

alias: Xuliewu Suregu

description: Il-Khan emperor

wikidata_label: Hulagu Khan

wikipedia_title: Hulagu Khan


text:
Senegal international
footballer
left-back
Villepinte, Seine-Saint-Denis
Paris Saint-Germain F.C.
Paris Saint-Germain F.C.
Ligue 1
RC Strasbourg
2005–06
the following
capital
Paris Saint-Germain
first divisioner
FC Sochaux-Montbéliard
his first campaign
PSG
Spanish second division
Real Sociedad
Gimnàstic de Tarragona
the season
Birmingham City
FC Sochaux-Montbéliard
FC Sochaux-Montbéliard
Beşiktaş J.K.
Trabzonspor
U.S. Lecce
VfB Stuttgart
Newcastle United
Leeds United
FC Sochaux
ChievoVerona
Sub-Saharan African community of Paris

categories: Ligue 1 players,1985 births,Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players,FC Sochaux-Montbéliard players,French people of Senegalese descent,Real Sociedad footballers,Senegalese expatriate footballers,A.C. ChievoVerona players,French footballers,S.P.A.L. players,Atalanta B.C. players,Expatriate footballers in Spain,Living people,Senegal international footballers,Serie A players,Association football defenders,Expatriate footballers in Italy,People from Villepinte, Seine-Saint-Denis,Senegalese footballers

paragraph: Boukary Dramé

paragraph: Boukary Dramé (born 22 July 1985) is a Senegal international footballer who plays as a left-back.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:PSG.

paragraph: Born in Villepinte, Seine-Saint-Denis, Dramé began playing football at CSL Aulnay-sous-Bois before joining the centre of pre-training of Paris Saint-Germain F.C. at Verneuil. Having come through the Paris Saint-Germain F.C. youth ranks, he was promoted to the first team in 2005 and played his first game in Ligue 1 on 11 September 2005 against RC Strasbourg. He went on to spend two years in the first team, with different outcomes: four matches in 2005–06, 20 in the following, with the capital outfit barely avoiding relegation in the latter.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:FC Sochaux.

paragraph: In July 2007, after refusing the extension of his contract with Paris Saint-Germain in August 2007, Dramé signed a four-year deal at fellow first divisioner FC Sochaux-Montbéliard. At Sochaux, he appeared scarcely throughout his first campaign. He picked up a serious ankle sprain on his debut against former club PSG.

paragraph: On 1 September 2008, Dramé joined Spanish second division's Real Sociedad on a season-long loan. He made his debut in a 2–1 win at Gimnàstic de Tarragona, his only appearance of the season. In 2009, he joined Birmingham City on trial, and was keen on a switch to the English Premier League, but did not earn himself a contract.

paragraph: During the 2010–11 season Drame played 26 games for FC Sochaux-Montbéliard and scored two goals. He was sidelined with knee surgery from January for a few weeks. With his contract due to expire at the end of the season, FC Sochaux-Montbéliard offered him a new deal they failed to meet Drame's wage demands. His contract expired at the end of the 2011 season and he became a free agent. Clubs like Beşiktaş J.K., Trabzonspor, U.S. Lecce and VfB Stuttgart showed interest in the player after his release. In June 2011 Drame was linked with a move to Newcastle United.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Chievo.

paragraph: In August 2011, it was reported that Drame had joined Leeds United on trial. On 23 August, he was transferred from FC Sochaux to ChievoVerona on a free transfer.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sub-Saharan African community of Paris

description: footballer

wikidata_label: Boukary Dramé

wikipedia_title: Boukary Dramé


text:
New York, New York
cornerback
National Football League
Super Bowls
Miami Dolphins
wide receiver
Ryan Lankford
CFL's
Winnipeg Blue Bombers
Paul Lankford

categories: Sportspeople from New York City,1958 births,Penn State Nittany Lions football players,Miami Dolphins players,American football cornerbacks,Living people

paragraph: Paul Lankford

paragraph: Paul Lankford (born June 15, 1958 in New York, New York) was a cornerback who played ten seasons in the National Football League. He played in two Super Bowls for the Miami Dolphins. He played collegiately at Penn State and is the father of former Illinois wide receiver Ryan Lankford, who signed with the Dolphins in 2014. Ryan currently plays for the CFL's Winnipeg Blue Bombers.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Lankford on Pro Football Reference

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Paul Lankford

wikipedia_title: Paul Lankford


text:
Prince
House of Saud
Thoroughbred horse racing
Riyadh
Salman bin Abdulaziz
King of Saudi Arabia
Asir
Prince Fahd
Prince Sultan
Prince Abdulaziz
Prince Faisal
Colorado School of Mines
Wentworth Military Academy
University of California, Irvine
Saudi Research and Marketing Group
Riyadh
Jeddah
London
Washington D.C.
Asharq Al Awsat
Middle East
$
Prince Faisal
horse trainer
the Thoroughbred Corporation
The Derby
Oath
Point Given
Kentucky Derby
War Emblem
the Illinois Derby
$
John W. Galbreath
Michael Tabor
Paul Mellon
Fahd bin Salman
Mishaal bin Saud Al Saud
heart failure
Al Oud cemetery
Abdullah bin Faisal
Faisal bin Salman
Gerald Posner
al-Qaeda
September 11, 2001 attacks
CIA
Bradbury, California
Posner, Gerald L.
Random House
Scribner

categories: Saudi Arabian racehorse owners and breeders,Burials at Al Oud cemetery,Grandsons of Ibn Saud,2002 deaths,University of California, Irvine alumni,1958 births,Wentworth Military Academy and College alumni,Saudi Arabian military personnel,Owners of Epsom Derby winners,Saudi Arabian corporate directors,Saudi Arabian businesspeople

paragraph: Ahmed bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

paragraph: Prince Ahmed bin Salman al-Saud (17 November 1958 – 22 July 2002) was a member of the House of Saud and a media executive who was also a major figure in international Thoroughbred horse racing.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Prince Ahmed was born in Riyadh on 17 November 1958. He was the third eldest son of Salman bin Abdulaziz, King of Saudi Arabia, and Sultana bin Turki Al Sudairi who died in July 2011. She was a daughter of Prince Salman's uncle, Turki bin Ahmed al Sudairi, a former governor of Asir. Ahmed bin Salman is full brother of Prince Fahd, Prince Sultan, Prince Abdulaziz, Prince Faisal and Princess Hassa.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Prince Ahmed first studied at Colorado School of Mines. He then graduated from Wentworth Military Academy. After graduation, he returned to Saudi Arabia and joined the Saudi Air Force.

paragraph: Later, Ahmed bin Salman continued his studies in the US and attended University of California, Irvine. He studied comparative culture and graduated from the university in the early 1980s.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In Saudi Arabia Ahmed bin Salman joined armed forces before dealing with business. After leaving armed forces in 1985 he established ASAS, a company which specialized in maintenance and contracting. He became chairman of Saudi Research and Marketing Group (SRMG) in 1989, a media company with offices in Riyadh and Jeddah as well as in London and Washington D.C. Prince Ahmed also bought 80% of the daily, "Asharq Al Awsat", which is a publication of the SRMG.

paragraph: SRMG is reported to be the largest media company in the Middle East. However, the business was worth $90 million when Prince Ahmed took over the company. Its assets were worth nearly $533 million at the period when he died. After his death his full brother Prince Faisal became the chairman of SRMG.

paragraph: Section::::Involvement in horse racing.

paragraph: Ahmed bin Salman began horseracing activity with his college friend Richard Mulhall as his horse trainer and eventually his manager of racing operations. First he bought a gray stallion named Jumping Hill. Then, Prince Ahmed began racing under the name Universal Stable until 1994. Later, he created the Thoroughbred Corporation and became the principal partner of this company. In 1999 Ahmed bin Salman won The Derby with Oath. He also won the Preakness and Belmont Stakes with the 2001 horse of the year, Point Given. He also achieved another dream by winning the Kentucky Derby with War Emblem in May 2002, making him the first Arab horse owner to win this race. War Emblem was sold to Prince Ahmed just three weeks before the race after the horse won the Illinois Derby. The price of the horse was $900,000. Prince Faisal, his brother, succeeded him as the head of the Thoroughbred Corporation after his death in 2002.

paragraph: Ahmed bin Salman also owned Spain, horse racing's all-time female money-winner. He is one of only four men to have raced both a Kentucky Derby winner and an Epsom Derby winner. The others are John W. Galbreath, Michael Tabor, and Paul Mellon.

paragraph: Section::::Other positions.

paragraph: Ahmed bin Salman was appointed secretary-general of the Prince Fahd bin Salman Charitable Association for Kidney Patients and a member of the charity’s board of directors following the death of his elder brother Fahd bin Salman in 2001.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Prince Ahmed is survived by his wife, Lamia bint Mishaal, daughter of Mishaal bin Saud Al Saud. He had four daughters and a son. His family owns three percent of Saudi Research and Marketing Group.

paragraph: Section::::Death and funeral.

paragraph: Ahmed bin Salman died of heart failure at age 43 in Riyadh on 22 July 2002. He was buried in Al Oud cemetery on 23 July 2002 after funeral prayers at the Imam Turki bin Abdullah mosque in Riyadh. His cousin, Sultan bin Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah, brother of Abdullah bin Faisal, was coming to Riyadh to participate in funeral prayers for Prince Ahmed when he was killed in a car crash. The cousins were buried together.

paragraph: Section::::War Emblem's win in the Preakness.

paragraph: With his college friend Richard Mulhall as trainer, he got into the racing business initially as Universal Stable. In 1994 when the operation resurfaced as The Thoroughbred Corporation, with Mulhall retiring as a trainer and taking on the job of racing manager. Mulhall is currently the president of the operation. The pair would go on to racing greatness, both with sales purchases and homebreds. The Thoroughbred Corp.'s roster reads like a who's who of racing in the past decade, with such greats as Sharp Cat, Lear Fan, Jewel Princess, Windsharp, Military, Royal Anthem, Anees, Officer, Habibti, Spain, 2001 Horse of the Year Point Given, and this year's dual classic winner War Emblem. Currently Thoroughbred Corp. has approximately 60 horses in training mostly stabled with Bob Baffert, D. Wayne Lukas, and John Shireffs, along with 45 broodmares, mostly at Mill Ridge Farm in Lexington. His name will always be associated with War Emblem, his one Kentucky Derby winner, which he quipped was "one of the best investments I ever made in my life, besides buying oil in Saudi Arabia," after he won the Preakness. He bought a 90% share in the colt just three weeks before the Derby, and with the win, became the first Arab owner to capture the Roses.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Faisal bin Salman announced in 2004 that Prince Ahmad bin Salman Institute for Applied Media Training would be established to train journalists.

paragraph: Section::::Alleged involvement in 9/11 attacks.

paragraph: In "Why America Slept" (2003), Gerald Posner claimed that Ahmed bin Salman (along with Sultan bin Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah and Prince Fahd bin Turki bin Saud al-Kabir) had had ties to al-Qaeda and had advance knowledge of the September 11, 2001 attacks. All three died within days of each other, and soon after the CIA inquired about their possible connection to the attacks. The story was strongly denied by his family, who claimed that he admired the United States, spent a great deal of time at his home there in Bradbury, California, and invested heavily in the American horse racing industry. His friends in American racing stated their knowledge of him and his attitudes made it impossible to believe the allegations.

paragraph: Section::::Other sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Posner, Gerald L. "Why America Slept" (2003) Random House

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unger, Craig "House of Bush, House of Saud" (2004) Scribner

description: Media executive

wikidata_label: Ahmed bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

wikipedia_title: Ahmed bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud


text:
O.S.B.
saint
Catholic Church
Old Catholic Church
patron saint
Irish
Benedictine
monk
Rome
Wiro and Otger
Northumbria
Kingdom of Frisia
St. Odiliënberg
canonized
Pope Agapetus II
Basilica of St. Plechelm
Oldenzaal
Catholic Saints
Catholic Forum

categories: 730 deaths,Christian missionaries in England,Irish Roman Catholic priests,Irish Benedictines,Benedictine saints,8th-century Irish people,Year of birth unknown,Irish Roman Catholic saints,People from Leinster,8th-century Christian clergy,Burials in Overijssel,Christian missionaries in the Netherlands,Irish Christian missionaries,8th-century Christian saints,Dutch Roman Catholic saints

paragraph: Plechelm

paragraph: Plechelm, O.S.B. (Plechelm of Guelderland, Plechelm, also Pleghelm or Plechelmus; died 730), is honoured as a saint in both the Catholic Church and the Old Catholic Church as a patron saint of the Netherlands.

paragraph: Plechelm was an Irish Benedictine monk who traveled to Rome with two fellow monks, Saints Wiro and Otger. He became a missionary first in Northumbria, England, and then in the Kingdom of Frisia, now the Netherlands. He died in St. Odiliënberg.

paragraph: Plechem was canonized by Pope Agapetus II about 950. As a result, the Basilica of St. Plechelm in Oldenzaal was built to enshrine his remains in 954.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Saints

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Forum

description: Irish Benedictine monk, missionary and saint

wikidata_label: Plechelm

wikipedia_title: Plechelm


text:
footballer
striker
Angoulême
Lille
2003–04 season
Rouen
Brest
Utrecht
AS Nancy
West Bromwich Albion
2009–10 season
Celtic
Doncaster Rovers
Wigan Athletic
Coventry City
Southend United
Chesterfield
basketball
trial
Rennes
Angoulême
Championnat de France amateur
Championnat National
Ligue 1
Lille
Ligue 2
Rouen
Stade Brest
Coupe de France
Eredivisie
FC Utrecht
FC Utrecht
Dutch
David Di Tommaso
Coupe de la Ligue
Nancy
Tomblaine
2007–08 season
Stade Marcel Picot
transfer window
2008–09
Uruguay
Pablo Correa
Premier League
West Bromwich Albion
Premier League
Middlesbrough
Robert Koren
Celtic
St Johnstone
Celtic Park
Rapid Vienna
Europa League
Tony Mowbray
Celtic
Neil Lennon
FC Utrecht
Europa League
The Hawthorns
Fulham
Wigan Athletic
Doncaster Rovers
Swansea City
Doncaster Rovers
Billy Sharp
Birmingham City
FA Cup
Wigan Athletic
Shaun Maloney
Yeovil Town
Huish Park
Leyton Orient
EFL Trophy
Grimsby Town
Chesterfield
Ebbsfleet United
2014 Caribbean Cup
Profile – Marc-Antoine Fortuné

categories: FC Utrecht players,Chesterfield F.C. players,Doncaster Rovers F.C. players,Lille OSC players,Ligue 1 players,English Football League players,AS Nancy players,Celtic F.C. players,1981 births,Ligue 2 players,Angoulême CFC players,Premier League players,Expatriate footballers in England,Stade Brestois 29 players,French footballers,French expatriate sportspeople in Scotland,Expatriate footballers in Scotland,Eredivisie players,Wigan Athletic F.C. players,French Guianan footballers,People from Cayenne,French Guianan expatriate footballers,West Bromwich Albion F.C. players,French expatriate footballers,FC Rouen players,French people of French Guianan descent,Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands,Living people,French expatriate sportspeople in England,Southend United F.C. players,Scottish Premier League players,Coventry City F.C. players,Association football forwards

paragraph: Marc-Antoine Fortuné

paragraph: Marc-Antoine Fortuné (born 2 July 1981) is a French professional footballer who plays as a striker.

paragraph: Fortuné started his professional career at Angoulême in 1998, switching to Lille in 2002. He spent the 2003–04 season on loan to Rouen and switched permanently to Brest in July 2004. A year later he moved to Dutch club Utrecht. He joined AS Nancy in January 2007, also spending a six-month loan spell at West Bromwich Albion from January 2009 until the end of the 2009–10 season. Fortuné signed for Celtic in July 2009 before returning to West Brom in August 2010, this time on a permanent deal. He later played for Doncaster Rovers, Wigan Athletic, Coventry City, Southend United and Chesterfield

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: As a child, Fortuné played both football and basketball, but gave the latter up at the age of 12 due to scheduling conflicts.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Angoulême.

paragraph: At age 16 Fortuné was given a trial by the French club Rennes. He was not offered a contract, but instead signed for lower-league team Angoulême. He broke into the Angoulême side in the 1999–2000 season and had a successful start, scoring three goals in ten appearances before the end of the campaign. At the end of the 2000–01 season, Fortuné propelled the club out of the Championnat de France amateur and into the Championnat National, the third tier of French football. His continued goalscoring form and overall performance during this and the following season caused much speculation over his future with media reports constantly linking him with many Ligue 1 clubs. In the following summer, Fortuné joined Ligue 1 side Lille. In all, Fortuné made a total of 63 league appearances for Angoulême, scoring 18 goals.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Lille OSC.

paragraph: Upon joining Lille, the then 21-year-old struggled, finding himself playing on the left of midfield. This coupled with a constant series of injuries lead to dips in form and a low point in Fortuné's career. He was injured on his second appearance for the club and was ruled out for a month. Upon his return to action, he picked up another injury. This new injury caused Fortuné to be out of action for a further six weeks. In his first and only season for Lille, he started just seven times and only made a further nine appearances from the substitutes bench. During this season he was unable to score a single goal.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Rouen.

paragraph: Fortuné joined Ligue 2 club Rouen on loan in the summer of 2003 with an option to make the move permanent. With this fresh start for the young player, Fortuné saw a return to form. Playing from right-midfield he managed to score goals in his first three appearances which earned him a role back to his preferred role of striker. A successful season at Rouen ended with ten Ligue 2 goals in 34 appearances. His good form for Rouen earned him a move to Stade Brest.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Stade Brest.

paragraph: Fortuné signed for Ligue 2 side Stade Brest in July 2004, making it his third new club in three successive seasons. It turned out to be another successful move for Fortuné. He started the season playing wide on the right side of a front three. This led to a league position of 9th and a good run in the Coupe de France ending in the quarter-final stage. He scored 10 goals in 33 Ligue 2 appearances and started to draw attention from bigger clubs around Europe including Eredivisie side FC Utrecht.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Utrecht.

paragraph: In 2005 Fortuné moved to FC Utrecht in the Dutch Eredivisie. Finding himself back in the winger role he enjoyed a successful time at the club but struggled after the death of his friend, neighbour and teammate David Di Tommaso. During his time at Utrecht, Fortuné scored a total of 13 goals in 56 league and cup appearances for Utrecht. During the January transfer window of the following season he looked for a move back to France after an unsettling period in the Netherlands. He secured a move back before the transfer deadline and was signed by Coupe de la Ligue winners and Ligue 1 side Nancy.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Nancy.

paragraph: Fortuné returned to France in January 2007, this becoming his fifth move in as many years, with Tomblaine club AS Nancy. He started off his first season back in France well, scoring six goals in 17 Ligue 1 appearances. The 2007–08 season saw Fortuné struggling for form and failing to score a goal. This caused him to take on the role of a substitute for most of the season. He finished the 2007–08 campaign with just seven goals in 38 appearances, with most of them being from the bench. His third season back in France with Nancy saw much of the same as the previous. Fortuné made just 24 appearances with most of them as a second-half substitute. This season was even less successful as Fortuné netted only two goals during the Ligue 1 season. He became unsettled at Nancy but was unable to secure a move away from the Stade Marcel Picot during the summer transfer window. During the first half of the 2008–09 he was once again mainly used by Uruguayan coach Pablo Correa as a substitute with several clubs from the Premier League tracking his progress.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:West Bromwich Albion.

paragraph: Fortuné moved to West Bromwich Albion in the January 2009 transfer window, joining on loan for the remainder of the 2008–09 season. He made his début for West Bromwich Albion in their 3–0 Premier League home win over Middlesbrough and scored by deflecting teammate Robert Koren's shot into the net. In just five months with the club, he became a fan favourite of the supporters, scoring five goals in eighteen appearances as well as creating other goals. He won the West Bromwich Albion Supporters' Player of the Year despite only joining the club in January.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Celtic.

paragraph: On 9 July 2009, Fortuné signed for Celtic in a deal worth £3.8 million. He scored his first league goals on 22 August in a 5–2 win against St Johnstone at Celtic Park and his first European goals on 18 December in a 3–3 draw against Rapid Vienna in the Europa League. Overall Fortuné's time at Celtic wasn't successful. Due to his big price tag and unimpressive goalscoring record, the player's stay at the Glasgow club was seen as a summation of the manager Tony Mowbray's ill-fated reign. The new Celtic manager, Neil Lennon didn't include Fortuné in his plans and thus the striker made his last appearance for the club against his former side FC Utrecht in the Europa League.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Return to West Bromwich Albion.

paragraph: On 27 August 2010, Fortuné completed a whirlwind return to The Hawthorns on a permanent basis after the striker joined West Bromwich Albion from Celtic for an undisclosed fee. He scored the first goal of his second spell with the club on 23 October 2010 in a 2–1 win over Fulham. Fortuné also scored the equalising goal, in a 2–2 draw at home, against Wigan Athletic on 1 February 2011. After his loan return from Doncaster Rovers, he began to make appearances for West Brom in 2012. On 4 February 2012, he started the game and scored the opening goal in a 2–1 defeat at home to Swansea City. This was just his 3rd goal for the Baggies.

paragraph: He was released by West Brom at the end of the 2012–2013 season

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Doncaster Rovers (loan).

paragraph: In November 2011, Fortuné signed a loan deal with Doncaster Rovers. He made his début for the club in the 0–0 draw against Watford at the Keepmoat Stadium. He got his first assist for the club a week later, setting up Billy Sharp to score the winner against top of the table Southampton, again in front of the home fans. He scored his first goal for Doncaster in their 2–1 loss away at Birmingham City. However, on 20 December 2011, WBA recalled Fortuné along with two other loaned players due to an injury crisis.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Wigan Athletic.

paragraph: Fortuné signed for FA Cup holders Wigan Athletic on 5 July 2013. He signed on a two-year contract, on a free transfer. Fortuné made his début for The Latics away to Barnsley as a 74th-minute substitute on 3 August 2013, where he made two assists, including one to set up Shaun Maloney for Wigan's fourth goal in a 4–0 win at Oakwell. Fortuné scored his first goal for Wigan in a 1–0 victory away to Yeovil Town at Huish Park on 10 November 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Coventry City.

paragraph: Fortuné joined Coventry in September 2015, signing a one-year contract.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Southend United.

paragraph: It was announced officially on 16 January 2017 that he has signed a new contract extension until the end of the 2017–18 season. Previously, on 29 September 2016, Fortunè signed a four-month contract at Southend United following a successful trial.

paragraph: Fortunè scored his first goal for Southend on Tuesday 4 October 2016 in a 1–0 victory over Leyton Orient in an EFL Trophy match. Following his release by Southend he was reportedly on trial with Grimsby Town

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Chesterfield.

paragraph: On 3 August 2018 it was announced that Fortuné had joined National League side Chesterfield. He took the squad number 32, making his début the following day as a second-half substitute in a 1–0 win at Ebbsfleet United. Fortuné was released by the club at the end of the season, having scored 7 goals in 29 appearances.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: In August 2014, Fortuné was called up by French Guiana for the first time, to play in the qualifiers for the 2014 Caribbean Cup.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile – Marc-Antoine Fortuné West Bromwich Albion FC

description: French association football player

wikidata_label: Marc-Antoine Fortuné

wikipedia_title: Marc-Antoine Fortuné


text:
Portuguese
humanist
grammar of the Portuguese language
Aveiro
Dominican
Évora
André de Resende
John III of Portugal
London
Henry VIII of England
Portuguese Inquisition
reviewer
University of Coimbra
Sebastian of Portugal
nau

wikipedia_title:
Portuguese people
Renaissance humanism
Portuguese grammar
Aveiro, Portugal
Dominican Order
Évora
André de Resende
John III of Portugal
London
Henry VIII of England
Portuguese Inquisition
Review
University of Coimbra
Sebastian of Portugal
Carrack

categories: Portuguese historians,Grammarians from Portugal,1507 births,1581 deaths,Linguists from Portugal,Maritime history of Portugal,University of Coimbra,Portuguese Renaissance writers,Portuguese Renaissance humanists,16th-century Portuguese people,People from Aveiro, Portugal,Portuguese Roman Catholics

paragraph: Fernão de Oliveira

paragraph: Fernão de Oliveira (1507 – c.1581), sometimes named Fernando de Oliveira, was a Portuguese grammarian, Dominican friar, historian, cartographer, naval pilot and theorist on naval warfare and shipbuilding. An adventurous humanist and renaissance man, he studied and published the first grammar of the Portuguese language, the "Grammatica da lingoagem portuguesa", in 1536.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Fernão de Oliveira was born in Aveiro in 1507, the son of a judge. Starting in 1520, he studied at the Dominican Convent of Évora, where he was a disciple of André de Resende, but later left for Spain. In 1536 he was in Lisbon, when he published his Grammar, the first for the Portuguese Language.

paragraph: He had a troubled adventurous life, engaging in secret religious missions in Italy, perhaps for king John III of Portugal. In 1545 he enlisted as pilot on a French ship, under command of the Baron Saint Blancard. Soon afterwards, they were arrested by an English fleet. While in London he attended the court of Henry VIII of England. Having returned to Portugal in 1547, he was arrested by the Portuguese Inquisition due to his religious opinions, having been freed in 1551, through the intervention of Cardinal Henrique.

paragraph: In 1552, he became royal chaplain. Engaging in an expedition organized by king John III in North Africa, he was made prisoner for one year. In 1554, D. John III appointed him typographical reviewer of the University of Coimbra, where he also taught rhetorics. From 1555 to 1557, he was imprisoned again. From this on, his life has become uncertain, it is known that in 1565, he received a pension by king Sebastian of Portugal, having died c. 1581.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Fernão de Oliveira wrote, among other:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grammatica da lingoagem portuguesa" (Grammar of the Portuguese Language), 1536, printed in Lisbon by Germão Galharde (2ª ed. em 1871; 3ª ed. em 1936; 4ª ed. em 1975; 5ª ed. em 1981; 6ª ed. em 1988; 7ª ed. em 2000);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Livro da Fabrica das Naos" (Book of naus' shipbuilding), c. 1580, manuscript in the National Portuguese Library (published by Henrique Lopes de Mendonça in 1898; 2ª ed. em 1991; 3ª ed. em 1995);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arte da guerra do mar" (The art of sea warfare), printed in Coimbra in 1555 (2ª ed. em 1937; 3ª ed. em 1969; 4ª ed. em 1983),

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ars nautica", (Nautical art) c. 1570, manuscript in Leiden Library,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historea de Portugal", (History of Portugal), after 1581 (texto apresentado por Pierre Valere, publ. in Nantes 1975).

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Viage de Fernão de Magalhães, escripta p hu homem q foy na copanhia, c. 1570, ms. in Leiden Library,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livro da Antiguidade, Nobreza, Liberdade e Imunidade do Reino de Portugal (c. 1579/80, ms. in BNParis)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historia de Portugal de Fernando Oliveira (copiada em 1831 por António Nunes de Carvalho; in Fundo da Biblioteca da Univ. Católica Portuguesa)

description: Priest and grammarian

wikidata_label: Fernão de Oliveira

wikipedia_title: Fernão de Oliveira