text: Italian

text: painter

text: sculptor

text: engraver

text: goldsmith

text: Italian Renaissance

text: Florence

text: Piero

text: classical

text: human anatomy

text: dissection

text: Italian

text: Andrea del Castagno

text: Bartoluccio di Michele

text: Lorenzo Ghiberti

text: Saint Sebastian

text: SS. Annunziata

text: Florence

text: Romulus and Remus

text: she-wolf

text: engraving

text: Battle of the Nude Men

text: print

text: Rome

text: Pope Sixtus IV

text: St. Peter's

text: Santo Spirito

text: Pope Innocent VIII

text: San Pietro in Vincoli

text: Sandro Botticelli

text: Portrait of a Young Woman

text: The Saints Vincent, James and Eustace

text: Apollo and Daphne

text: Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian

text: Portrait of a Young Woman

text: Hercules and the Hydra

text: Hercules and Antaeus

text: Portrait of a Girl

text: Hercules and Deianira

text: "Tomb of Pope Sixtus IV"

text: "Leonardo da Vinci, Master Draftsman"

categories: 15th-century births,Nude art,1498 deaths,Italian Renaissance painters,Italian Renaissance sculptors,Burials at San Pietro in Vincoli,Italian male sculptors,Florentine sculptors,Italian printmakers,Florentine painters,15th-century Italian painters,15th-century Italian sculptors,Quattrocento painters,15th-century people of the Republic of Florence,Italian goldsmiths

paragraph: Antonio del Pollaiolo

paragraph: Antonio del Pollaiuolo ( , , ; 17 January 1429/14334 February 1498), also known as Antonio di Jacopo Pollaiuolo or Antonio Pollaiuolo (also spelled Pollaiolo), was an Italian painter, sculptor, engraver and goldsmith during the Italian Renaissance.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Florence. His brother, Piero, was also an artist, and the two frequently worked together. Their work shows both classical influences and an interest in human anatomy; reportedly, the brothers carried out dissections to improve their knowledge of the subject. They took their nickname from the trade of their father, who in fact sold poultry ("pollaio" meaning "hen coop" in Italian). Antonio's first studies of goldsmithing and metalworking were under either his father or Andrea del Castagno: the latter probably taught him also in painting. Other sources relate that he worked in the Florence workshop of Bartoluccio di Michele, where Lorenzo Ghiberti also received his training. During this time, he also took an interest in engraving.

paragraph: Some of Pollaiuolo's painting exhibits strong brutality, of which the characteristics can be studied in his portrayal of Saint Sebastian, painted in 1473–1475 for the Pucci Chapel of the SS. Annunziata of Florence. However, in contrast, his female portraits exhibit a calmness and a meticulous attention to detail of fashion, as was the norm in late 15th century portraiture.

paragraph: He achieved his greatest successes as a sculptor and metal-worker. The exact ascription of his works is doubtful, as his brother Piero did much in collaboration with him. The fifteenth-century addition of the infant twins Romulus and Remus to an existing bronze sculpture of the Ancient Roman mythological she-wolf who nursed them has been attributed by some to him.

paragraph: He only produced one surviving engraving, the "Battle of the Nude Men", but both in its size and sophistication this took the Italian print to new levels, and remains one of the most famous prints of the Renaissance.

paragraph: In 1484 Antonio took up his residence in Rome, where he executed the tomb of Pope Sixtus IV, now in the Museum of St. Peter's (finished in 1493), a composition in which he again manifested the quality of exaggeration in the anatomical features of the figures. In 1496 he went to Florence in order to put the finishing touches to the work already begun in the sacristy of Santo Spirito.

paragraph: He died in Rome as a rich man, having just finished his mausoleum of Pope Innocent VIII, also in St. Peter's, and was buried in the church of San Pietro in Vincoli, where a monument was raised to him near that of his brother.

paragraph: His main contribution to Florentine painting lay in his analysis of the human body in movement or under conditions of strain, but he is also important for his pioneering interest in landscape. His students included Sandro Botticelli.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.:Paintings.

paragraph: The above "Profile of a Woman" is a work of Piero del Pollaiolo, the brother of Antonio del Pollaiolo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Altarpiece for the Chapel of the Cardinal of Portugal (1467)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Portrait of a Young Woman" (c. 1465)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Saints Vincent, James and Eustace" (1468)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Apollo and Daphne" (1470–1480)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian" (1473–1475)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Portrait of a Young Woman" (c. 1475)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hercules and the Hydra" (c. 1475)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hercules and Antaeus" (c. 1478)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Portrait of a Girl"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hercules and Deianira"

paragraph: Section::::Major works.:Sculptures.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St Christopher and the Infant Christ (Pollaiolo)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hercules" (1475)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tomb of Pope Sixtus IV" (1493) – Saint Peter's Basilica

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giorgio Vasari includes a biography of Pollaiuolo in his "Lives of the Artists".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leonardo da Vinci, Master Draftsman", exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Antonio del Pollaiolo (see index)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Gubbio Studiolo and its conservation, volumes 1 & 2, from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Antonio del Pollaiolo (see index)

alias: Antonio di Jacopo d'Antonio Benci del Pollagiolo

alias: Antonio Di Jacopo D'Antonio Benci Del Pollaiuolo

alias: Antonio di Jacopo d'Antonio Benci del Pollaiuolo

alias: Antonio Di Jacopo D'Antonio Benci Del Pollagiolo

alias: Antonio di Jacopo d'Antonio Benci del Pollajuolo

description: Italian painter, sculptor and engraver

wikidata_label: Antonio del Pollaiolo

wikipedia_title: Antonio del Pollaiolo


text:
Ham
Picardy
France
Francis, Count of Vendôme
Marie of Luxembourg
James V of Scotland

categories: House of Bourbon-Vendôme,1557 deaths,1493 births,16th-century French people,Bishops of Laon,People from Ham, Somme,French cardinals

paragraph: Louis de Bourbon de Vendôme

paragraph: Louis de Bourbon-Vendôme, (2 January 1493, Ham, Picardy, France - 13 March 1557), son of Francis, Count of Vendôme and Marie of Luxembourg.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was the third son of François de Bourbon and Marie de Luxembourg, Countess of St. Pol, he was raised largely in the castle of La Fere, where his mother had come to reside after being widowed. He was godfather to Louis de Bourbon, Prince de la Roche-sur-Yon. He is sometimes called Francois-Louis, with Vendome Latinised as "Vendocimo".

paragraph: He was the nephew of Cardinal Philippe de Luxembourg (1495) and Charles II of Bourbon (1476). He was the uncle of Cardinal Charles II of Bourbon (1548), and great-uncle of Cardinal Charles III of Bourbon (1583).

paragraph: He studied at the College of Navarre, and became doctor of theology at the Sorbonne, he had become headmaster during the reign of Henry II. He was ordained priest in Faremoutiers by Cardinal Georges d'Amboise, Legate of France.

paragraph: Elected Bishop of Laon 24 April 1510 with an exemption because he had not reached the canonical age, he took his vows in front of King Francis I 9 June 1517 and was elevated to cardinal in the consistory of 1 July 1517 ; he was appointed as the first abbot of St. Denis in 1529, Archbishop of Sens in 1535, Father, Lord of Conde. He raised his nephew, Louis I de Bourbon, Prince de Conde.

paragraph: He rebuilt the castle Anizy-le-Chateau, and build the Palais Bourbon. He was present at the coronation of Queen Claude of France in the abbey of Saint-Denis (10 May 1517), signed the marriage contract of Dauphin Francis with Mary of England.

paragraph: He baptized Prince Francis (Fontainebleau, 2 February 1542) and Henry of Navarre (1554), celebrated the marriage of Madeleine of France (1520–1537) with James V of Scotland (Notre-Dame de Paris, 1 January 1536). He presided over the funeral of Louise of Savoy (18 August 1530) and of the king in the Abbey of St. Denis 23 May 1547. He crowned the queen Eleanor of Austria (5 March 1531) and Catherine de Medicis (Abbey of St. Denis, 10 June 1549).

paragraph: He stood away from the election of Adrian VI (1521–22), Clement VII (1523) and Julius III (1549–1550), but was present at the election of Pope Paul III (1534) Marcellus II (1555) and Paul IV (1555). He took part in the war council of 18 February 1536 decided that the resumption of hostilities with Emperor Charles V. He presided over the convocation at Melun in 1548. In 1551 Henry II appointed him military governor of Picardy, and in 1552 Paris and the Ile-de-France.

paragraph: He is buried in the chancel of the cathedral of Laon. Pierre Jumel pronounced his funeral oration.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20100124103037/http://membres.multimania.fr/heratlas/Rodumna/bourbonnais/familles/Bourbon-Vendome.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.thepeerage.com/p11371.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1517-ii.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.francebalade.com/vendome/bouvendom.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bbouven.html

description: French cardinal

wikidata_label: Louis de Bourbon de Vendôme

wikipedia_title: Louis de Bourbon de Vendôme


text:
Julia Crawford Ivers
American Society of Cinematographers
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
The Wild Olive
The Code of Marcia Gray
David Garrick
The Shuttle
Sauce for the Goose
Mrs. Leffingwell's Boots
Widow by Proxy
Happiness a la Mode
The Thirteenth Commandment
Judy of Rogue's Harbor
Jenny Be Good
The Furnace
Sacred and Profane Love
Wealth
The Young Rajah
The White Flower
Lilies of the Field
Single Wives
Fifth Avenue
The Prince of Pilsen
Don Juan's Three Nights
Midnight Lovers
The Prince of Headwaiters
The Noose
Sinner's Parade
The Whip
The Lone Wolf's Daughter
So Long Letty
The Green Goddess
The Man from Blankley's
Viennese Nights
Star Witness
Heroes for Sale
Midnight Mary
Baby Face
The Girl from 10th Avenue
The Bishop Misbehaves
Shanghai
Palm Springs
The Gorilla Man
Nine Girls
1961 audio interview
ASC

paragraph: James Van Trees

paragraph: James Van Trees (August 13, 1890 – April 11, 1973) born James Crawford Van Trees was an American cinematographer in Hollywood whose career spans the silent and sound eras.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: His father was Franklin S. Van Trees (aka Frank Van Trees 1866-1914), a society architect, best known for his mansions in the Pacific Heights area of San Francisco, such as the Baron Edward S. Rothschild house on Jackson Street. His mother was silent era scriptwriter Julia Crawford Ivers. Mother and son worked together on a few films more than likely becoming the first mother and son to direct and photograph productions.

paragraph: Van Trees was the President of the American Society of Cinematographers (ASC) during 1923-1924. His son James Van Trees, Jr. was a cameraman and worked for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer with his father.

paragraph: Section::::Partial filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wild Olive" (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Code of Marcia Gray" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "David Garrick" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Shuttle" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sauce for the Goose" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mrs. Leffingwell's Boots" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Widow by Proxy" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Happiness a la Mode" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Thirteenth Commandment" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Judy of Rogue's Harbor" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jenny Be Good" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Furnace" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sacred and Profane Love" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wealth" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Young Rajah" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The White Flower" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lilies of the Field" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Single Wives" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fifth Avenue" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Prince of Pilsen" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don Juan's Three Nights" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Midnight Lovers" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Prince of Headwaiters" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Noose" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sinner's Parade" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Whip" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lone Wolf's Daughter" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "So Long Letty" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Green Goddess" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Man from Blankley's" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Viennese Nights" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Star Witness" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heroes for Sale" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Midnight Mary" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Baby Face" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Girl from 10th Avenue" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bishop Misbehaves" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shanghai" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Palm Springs" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Gorilla Man" (1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nine Girls" (1944)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961 audio interview for the ASC

description: American cinematographer

wikidata_label: James Van Trees

wikipedia_title: James Van Trees


text: Copenhagen

text: organist

text: Bent Fabricius Bjerre

text: opera

text: Otto Fabricius

text: Greenland

text: Royal Danish

text: Royal Swedish Ballet

text: slipped disc

text: spinal fracture

text: New York City

text: Williamsburg

text: Brooklyn

text: Fauna

text: eponymous follow-up album

text: Dan Carey

text: Dave McCracken

text: Lester Mendez

text: Danish Albums Chart

text: Epic Records

text: "Billboard" 200

text: NewNowNext Awards

text: Late Show with David Letterman

text: Jimmy Kimmel Live!

text: The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson

text: Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark

text: Sia

text: We Are Born

text: Katy Perry

text: California Dreams Tour

text: Rita

text: Wish Bone

text: Dave Sitek

text: Earth Sick

text: The Salvation

text: Mads Mikkelsen

text: Eva Green

text: Eric Cantona

text: crowdfunded

text: PledgeMusic

text: Greenpeace

text: Save the Arctic

text: Earth Sick

text: Voice Junior

text: Nylon

text: pantomime

text: Cinderella

text: Tivoli Pantomime Theatre

text: Margrethe II

text: scenographer

text: choreographer

text: Nikolaj Kunsthal

text: Watermusic

text: Denmak Anthem

text: The Rain

text: Danish Crown Prince

text: livgarden

text: WWF

text: Kenya

text: Eske Kath

text: Søborg

text: Fauna

text: Oh Land

text: Wish Bone

text: Earth Sick

text: Family Tree

categories: Feminist musicians,Danish expatriates in the United States,Epic Records artists,1985 births,Synthpop singers,Danish ballerinas,Danish electronic musicians,Danish pop singers,English-language singers from Denmark,21st-century Danish singers,Royal Swedish Ballet dancers,Danish female singers,Royal Danish Ballet dancers,21st-century women singers,People from Williamsburg, Brooklyn,Living people,Women in electronic music,Singers from New York City,Danish singer-songwriters,Musicians from Copenhagen,Danish dance musicians

paragraph: Oh Land

paragraph: Nanna Øland Fabricius (born 2 May 1985), better known by her stage name Oh Land, is a Danish musician, singer, songwriter, dancer and recording artist.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Oh Land was born in Copenhagen, the daughter of Bendt Fabricius, an organist (not to be confused with the composer Bent Fabricius Bjerre), and Bodil Øland, an opera singer. She is the great-great-grandchild of Lutheran missionary and ethnographer Otto Fabricius, who published "Fauna Groenlandica" in 1780, the first zoological observations of Greenland. She is a former student of the Royal Danish and Royal Swedish Ballet schools. However, an injury caused by a slipped disc and spinal fracture put an end to her dancing career, which eventually led her to start making music. She moved to New York City in January 2010 where she lived in the Williamsburg neighbourhood of Brooklyn.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2008–11: Debut, "Fauna" and "Oh Land".

paragraph: Oh Land's debut album, "Fauna", was released in her native Denmark on 10 November 2008 by Danish independent label Fake Diamond Records. For her eponymous follow-up album, she worked with producers Dan Carey, Dave McCracken and Lester Mendez. The album was released on 14 March 2011 and peaked at number five on the Danish Albums Chart. It also served as her debut in the United States, where it was released on 15 March 2011 by Epic Records, reaching number 184 on the "Billboard" 200 chart. An EP with the same name was previously released on 19 October 2010, containing four tracks from the full-length album. On 7 April 2011, she was given the Brink of Fame: Music Artist award at the 2011 NewNowNext Awards.

paragraph: Oh Land made her US television debut performance on "Late Show with David Letterman" on 2 March 2011 performing her single "Sun of a Gun". She also performed it on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" on 24 March 2011 and on "The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson" on 25 May. Oh Land toured North America as the supporting act for Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark in March 2011, and supported Sia on North American dates of her We Are Born tour in July and August 2011. She also opened for Katy Perry on select US dates of her California Dreams Tour in August 2011, and joined Perry again in October and November on the tour's second leg in the UK and Ireland. As an actress, Oh Land had a supporting role as Sara in the 2007 Danish psychological drama film "Hvid nat". Her song 'Speak Out Now' was used as the theme for the TV series Rita starting in 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2012–13: "Wish Bone".

paragraph: On 20 May 2013, "Renaissance Girls" was released as the lead single from Oh Land's third studio album, "Wish Bone". The album was released in Denmark on 16 September 2013, and will be released in the United States on 24 September via Dave Sitek's boutique label Federal Prism. The second single "Pyromaniac" was released on 2 September 2013. On 20 September Oh Land kicked off her Wish Bone tour at the Music Hall of Williamsburg. The show featured special guests Sun Rai and (Who Is) Anastasia, who will both also appear with her at Gramercy Theatre on 24 September.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2014: Acting, "Voice Junior" and "Earth Sick".

paragraph: Oh Land also stars in the 2014 Danish western, "The Salvation", as Marie, alongside Mads Mikkelsen, Eva Green and Eric Cantona, which premiered at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival on 17 May 2014.

paragraph: On 28 June 2014, Oh Land revealed plans for her fourth record, which would be recorded in her Brooklyn apartment and crowdfunded in collaboration with PledgeMusic; part of the proceeds would also be donated to Greenpeace's Save the Arctic campaign. The album was ultimately titled "Earth Sick", and its lead single "Head Up High" was released on 6 October 2014. Oh Land debuted "Head Up High" live on 23 September 2014 on Denmark's "Voice Junior", for which she serves as a coach. The music video for "Head Up High" was released on 20 October 2014, with a world premiere on the "Nylon" website, which described it as "a victorious electro-jam smattered with twinkling bells and grounding percussion" and while that could be used to describe other songs, they felt the new track still demonstrated Oh Land's evolution and maturation as an artist. "Nylon" also announced that "Earth Sick" would be released on 11 November 2014 on Oh Land's Tusk or Tooth label. On 27 October, the title track from the album was made available to download for people who had pre-ordered the album on her pledge site, and the following day it was released as the instant download track on other retailers.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2015–present: Soundtracks and "Family Tree".

paragraph: On 23 November 2015, Oh Land was announced as composer for the pantomime of Cinderella on Tivoli Pantomime Theatre, royal ballet with the queen Margrethe II as scenographer and the award-winning Russian choreographer Yuri Possokhovs. On 4 November 2016, Oh Land first soundtrack album, "Askepot (Musikken fra forestllingen i Tivolis Pantomime teater)", was released digitally.

paragraph: On 2017 Oh Land collaborated with her husband, visual artist Eske Kath, in the interactive art exposition "SKIBET", available at Nikolaj Kunsthal from August 23, 2017 until January 7, 2018. On 30 March 2018 she released the soundtrack album from the exhibition, "Watermusic". On 2018 Oh Land recorded a modified version of Denmak Anthem as Netflix series The Rain theme, "Der Var Et Yndigt Land".

paragraph: On 27 May 2018 Oh Land performed at 50º Danish Crown Prince’s birthday celebration on live tv. She played with the DR symphony orchestra , livgarden, the DR junior choir and 25 dancers as well as musicians Adi Zukanovic and Hans Hvidberg at the Danish Royal Arena in Copenhagen. On July 2018 she become ambassador from WWF´s Wild Schoolprojekt and travelled to Kenya to an action from the project.

paragraph: On 11 February 2019 she released the single "Human Error" and announced her new album "Family Tree" to be released 3 May 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 2016, Oh Land moved back to Denmark. She married artist and designer Eske Kath in 2013 at a zoo in Denmark. On 14 February 2016 she gave birth to her first son Svend in New York. The family moved to Søborg, a northern suburb of Copenhagen after Sven was born. A separation permit for the couple was issued on the 23rd of October 2018 by the Danish government. She has a small dog named Ujan that travels with her sometimes.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fauna" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oh Land" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wish Bone" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Earth Sick" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Family Tree" (2019)

description: Danish singer-songwriter and record producer

wikidata_label: Oh Land

wikipedia_title: Oh Land


text:
William II, Duke of Jülich
Maria of Guelders
Reinald II, Duke of Guelders
William's
Wittelsbach
Holland
Hainaut
Zeeland
Burgundy
Rupert, King of Germany
House of Orléans
Gorinchem
Duke of Cleves
Arkel
John VI, Count of Harcourt
Adolf, Duke of Berg
William VII of Jülich, 1st Duke of Berg
Gerhard
Arnold of Egmond
Genealogie-Mittelalter.de
Lower Rhine Nobility

categories: 1423 deaths,Dukes of Guelders,1365 births

paragraph: Reinald IV, Duke of Guelders and Jülich

paragraph: Reinald IV, Duke of Guelders and Jülich aka Reginald IV ( – 25 June 1423) was the son of William II, Duke of Jülich and Maria of Guelders, daughter of Reinald II, Duke of Guelders.

paragraph: Reinald IV became the second Duke of Guelders and Jülich upon his brother William's death in 1402 without heirs. Reinald, in conjunction with the Wittelsbach Counts of Holland, Hainaut and Zeeland, tried in vain to slow the emergence of Burgundy in the Netherlands area and in 1406 was unable to enforce old claims against Burgundy to Brabant-Limburg. He allied himself with Rupert, King of Germany, supporting his coronation in Aachen and remained closely connected with the House of Orléans. In 1407, Reinald supported his brother-in-law, John of Arkel, against the Dutch and in 1409 received the city of Gorinchem from John. This started a new feud with Holland which ended in 1412 when Reinald ceded Gorinchem for a large sum of money. He also conceded the city of Emmerich as a result of an earlier promise to the Duke of Cleves. Reinald led the traditional feuds of his House, particularly those against the Bishops of Utrecht and against Holland and Friesland. He occupied Arkel, but in 1422 he was forced to seek peace and return all of his conquests. Reinald also stood against the House of Cleves in the Niederrhein area and maintained a lot of influence over Guelders.

paragraph: On 5 May 1405, Reinald married Marie of Harcourt, daughter of John VI, Count of Harcourt.

paragraph: Reinald died near Arnhem on 25 June 1423 and was buried at Kloster Monkhuizen.

paragraph: As Reinald died without legitimate issue, the Duchy of Jülich descended to Adolf, Duke of Berg, son of Reinald's cousin William VII of Jülich, 1st Duke of Berg. In 1426, Reinald's widow married Adolf's son Rupert, but he died in 1431 without heirs and the Duchy of Jülich-Berg then descended to Adolf's nephew Gerhard.

paragraph: The Duchy of Guelders descended to Reinald's great-nephew, Arnold of Egmond, although the House of Jülich fought unsuccessfully against the House of Egmond for this title.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogie-Mittelalter.de

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lower Rhine Nobility

description: Duke of Guelders and Jülich

wikidata_label: Reinald IV, Duke of Guelders and Jülich

wikipedia_title: Reinald IV, Duke of Guelders and Jülich


text:
William VII of Jülich, 1st Duke of Berg
Adolf
Paderborn
Pope Boniface IX
Rupert, King of Germany
Prince-Bishop
Gerhard
Bernard II, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
genealogie-mittelalter.de

categories: 1428 deaths,Roman Catholic bishops of Paderborn,Counts of Ravensberg,Year of birth uncertain

paragraph: William VIII of Jülich, Count of Ravensberg ( – 22 November 1428) was the youngest son of William VII of Jülich, 1st Duke of Berg and Anna of the Palatinate.

paragraph: Along with his brother, Adolf, William rebelled against his father but surrendered in 1404 and received his father's title as Count of Ravensberg which he held until his death in 1428.

paragraph: In 1401, William was appointed Bishop of Paderborn by Pope Boniface IX through the influence of his uncle, Rupert, King of Germany. William's elder brother Rupert had held the same post from 1389–1394. Like his uncle, King Rupert, William was a follower of the Roman Popes. As Prince-Bishop, William aroused heavy unrest with his ecclesiastical reform effort and quarreled with Waldeck and Lippe, compelling acknowledgement of Paderborn's sovereignty over parts of Lippe. Despite territorial policy successes, he faced opposition and renounced Paderborn in 1414. He attempted to become Archbishop of Cologne but failed against Dietrich of Moers who also replaced William as Bishop of Paderborn. William then married Dietrich's niece, Adelheid of Tecklenburg, and became the father of the new line of the Dukes of Jülich-Berg and Counts of Ravensberg, when his brother Adolf died without an heir. William and Adelheid are buried in the Stiftskirche in Bielefeld.

paragraph: Section::::Family and children.

paragraph: On 19 February 1416, William married Adelheid of Tecklenburg, daughter of Nicholas II, Count of Tecklenburg and Elisabeth of Moers. They had one son:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Gerhard (c. 1416–1475), married Sophie of Saxe-Lauenburg, daughter of Bernard II, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- genealogie-mittelalter.de

description: bishop and count from Germany


text: Jülich

text: Margaret

text: Wenzel

text: Adolf IV, Count of Kleve-Mark

text: Rupert, King of Germany

text: Rupert II, Elector Palatine

text: Beatrice of Sicily

text: Beatrice

text: Rupert I, Elector Palatine

text: Rupert

text: Paderborn

text: Adolf

text: William

text: genealogie-mittelalter.de

categories: 1408 deaths,1348 births,Dukes of Berg,Lords of Ravenstein,People from Jülich,Year of birth uncertain,Counts of Ravensberg,Counts of Berg

paragraph: William VII of Jülich, 1st Duke of Berg

paragraph: William VII of Jülich, 1st Duke of Berg ( – 25 June 1408) was born in Jülich, as the son of Gerhard VI of Jülich, Count of Berg and Ravensberg, and Margaret, daughter and heiress of Otto IV, Count of Ravensberg, and Margaret of Berg.

paragraph: Upon his father's death in 1360, William became Count of Berg and Ravensberg, a title that his father had gained by marrying the heiress of Berg and Ravensberg. In 1380, King Wenzel elevated him to the rank of Duke, thus becoming the first Duke of Berg.

paragraph: William fought the counties of Mark and Cleves to prevent them from combining but in 1397 he was taken prisoner in the battle of Kleverhamm. He lost Remagen, Kaiserwerth and Sinzig to his nephew Adolf IV, Count of Kleve-Mark and due to these losses, his sons turned against him and imprisoned him in 1403/04. He ultimately forced them to submit and later supported his brother-in-law Rupert, King of Germany against Guelders-Jülich and won the county of Blankenburg. William died on 25 June 1408 and is buried in the Abteikirche in Altenberg.

paragraph: Section::::Family and children.

paragraph: On 28 September 1363, William married Anna of the Palatinate (1346 – 30 November 1415), daughter of Rupert II, Elector Palatine and Beatrice of Sicily. They had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Beatrice (c. 1364 – 16 May 1395), married in 1385 Rupert I, Elector Palatine, his second wife, no issue

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Margarete (c. 1364 – 18 July 1442), married in 1379 Otto I (the Evil), Duke of Brunswick-Göttingen (died 13 December 1394)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Rupert (died 29 July 1394), Bishop of Passau and Paderborn

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Adolf (died 14 July 1437), married Yolande de Bar and Elisabeth of Bavaria, ruled Ravensburg (1395-1403) and Berg (1408-1437)

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Gerhard (died 22 October 1435), Archdeacon of Cologne

paragraph: BULLET::::6. William (c. 1382–1428), married Adelheid of Tecklenburg, ruled Ravensberg (1403-1428)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- genealogie-mittelalter.de

description: Count of Berg, elevated to Duke of Berg

wikidata_label: William VII of Jülich, 1st Duke of Berg

wikipedia_title: William VII of Jülich, 1st Duke of Berg


text:
Rainald II of Guelders
Eleanor of Woodstock
Edward II of England
Rainald III
Duchy of Guelders
William II, Duke of Jülich
Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg
Battle of Baesweiler
John II, Count of Blois
Emperor Charles IV
William of Jülich
Katherine of Bavaria
Albert I, Duke of Bavaria
Margaret of Brieg
William of Jülich
Genealogie-Mittelalter.de

categories: Dukes of Guelders,1336 births,Counts of Zutphen,1371 deaths

paragraph: Edward, Duke of Guelders

paragraph: Edward, Duke of Guelders (12 March 1336 – 24 August 1371), Duke of Guelders and Count of Zutphen (1361–1371) was the youngest son of Rainald II of Guelders and his second wife, Eleanor of Woodstock, daughter of Edward II of England.

paragraph: In 1350, with encouragement from his mother, Edward began a devastating civil war against his brother Rainald III for control of the Duchy of Guelders. Edward led the Bronkhorster (civil) faction which in 1361 in a battle at Tiel defeated the Heekeren (aristocratic) faction, led by Edward's incapable brother who was captured and imprisoned. Edward governed well and powerfully, despite the conditions against him. He allied himself with the Bishops of Lüttich and with Jülich and Kleve. In 1371, his brother-in-law and supporter, William II, Duke of Jülich, got into a dispute with Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg. The dispute culminated in the Battle of Baesweiler in which William defeated Wenceslaus, but Edward was mortally wounded in the battle and died on 24 August 1371. He is buried in the Kloster Graefenthal. Upon Edward's death, his brother Rainald regained the Duchy of Guelders but Rainald died shortly afterwards, on 4 December 1371. As neither Edward nor Rainald had children, another war of succession for Guelders began, with the Bronkhorster faction supporting Edward and Rainald's half-sister Maria, wife of William II of Jülich and the Heerkeren faction supporting their half-sister Mathilde, wife of John II, Count of Blois. In 1377, Emperor Charles IV awarded the Duchy of Guelders and the County of Zutphen to Maria's son William of Jülich. After her total defeat in the Battle of Hönnepel on 24 March 1379, Mathilde renounced her claim to Guelders and Zutphen.

paragraph: Edward was betrothed in 1368 to Katherine of Bavaria (30 May 1361 – 10 November 1400, buried Kloster Monkhuizen), daughter of Albert I, Duke of Bavaria and Margaret of Brieg. Edward died when she was only 10 years old and Katherine subsequently married in 1379 to Edward's nephew, William of Jülich.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogie-Mittelalter.de

description: Duke of Guelders

wikidata_label: Edward, Duke of Guelders

wikipedia_title: Edward, Duke of Guelders


text: William V, Duke of Jülich

text: Joanna of Hainaut

text: Rainald II of Guelders

text: County of Ravensberg

text: Adolf IX of Berg

text: house of Jülich

text: house of Cleves

text: Archbishop of Cologne

text: Altenberg Abbey

text: Margaret of Ravensberg

text: Henry VI, Count of Waldeck

text: William

text: Margaret

text: Adolph I of Cleves-Mark

text: Lower Rhine Nobility

text: Genealogie-Mittelalder.de

categories: 1360 deaths,Year of birth uncertain,1325 births,Counts of Ravensberg,Counts of Berg

paragraph: Gerhard VI of Jülich, Count of Berg and Ravensberg ( – 18 May 1360) was the son of William V, Duke of Jülich and Joanna of Hainaut.

paragraph: Gerhard was betrothed in 1333 (renewed 1342) to Margaret of Guelders, daughter of Rainald II of Guelders and Sophia Betrout. However, this marriage was never consummated, likely due either to Rainald's death in 1343 or Margaret's death in 1344. Gerhard was subsequently married about 1344 to Margaret of Ravensberg, heiress of Berg and Ravensberg (died 13/19 February 1389), daughter of Otto IV, Count of Ravensberg and Margaret of Berg. Margaret's father Otto had no sons so at his death in 1328, the County of Ravensberg went to his brother Bernhard. However, when Bernhard died in 1346 without issue, Margaret became the heir of Ravensberg, her elder sister Hedwig having died in 1336.br

paragraph: Then, when Margaret's uncle, Count Adolf IX of Berg, died in 1348 without issue, Margaret also inherited Berg by right of her mother. Thus, the titles to Berg and Ravensberg came into the house of Jülich where they remained until 1511 when they passed into the house of Cleves.

paragraph: Gerhard completed several ineffective protective alliances and stood against the Archbishop of Cologne. He won Hardenberg, Neviges, Langenberg, Remangen and Kaiserswerth, among others.

paragraph: Gerhard died 18 May 1360 in a tournament in Düsseldorf and is buried with his wife in the Altenberg Abbey.

paragraph: Section::::Family and children.

paragraph: Gerhard and his wife Margaret of Ravensberg had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Elisabeth (c. 1346 – aft. 1388), married Henry VI, Count of Waldeck

paragraph: BULLET::::2. William (c. 1348 – 1408), his successor

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Margaret (c. 1350 – 1425/29), married Adolph I of Cleves-Mark

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lower Rhine Nobility

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogie-Mittelalder.de

description: Count jure uxoris of Berg and Ravensberg


text:
Archbishop-Elector of Cologne
Prince-Bishop of Liège
Engelbert II
Mark
Adolph II of the Marck, Bishop of Liège
Cologne
Pope Clement VI
Adolph III
Pope Urban V
archdiocese
Archbishop-Elector of Trier
Kuno II of Falkenstein

categories: 1368 deaths,Burials at Cologne Cathedral,Dukes of Westphalia,14th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Archbishop-Electors of Cologne,1304 births,House of La Marck

paragraph: Engelbert III of the Marck, Archbishop of Cologne

paragraph: Engelbert III von der Mark (English: Engelbert III of the Mark) (1304 – 25 August 1368) was the Archbishop-Elector of Cologne from 1364 until 1368 and the Prince-Bishop of Liège (as Engelbert) from 1345 until 1364.

paragraph: Engelbert was the second son of Count Engelbert II of the Mark. Through the influence of his uncle Adolph II of the Marck, Bishop of Liège, he became the Provost of Liège in 1332. Later he was also mentioned as being a Provost in Cologne.

paragraph: After the death of his uncle, he was appointed Prince-Bishop of Liège by Pope Clement VI. In 1362 he applied to become the Archbishop-Elector of Cologne, but his nephew Adolph III gained it in 1363. Nevertheless, after Adolph abdicated in the following year he was appointed Archbishop-Elector in 1364 by Pope Urban V and resigned the Prince-Bishopric of Liège. Engelbert was beset by health problems soon after taking office. In 1366 he accepted coadjutors to assist in the running of the archdiocese, and the Archbishop-Elector of Trier Kuno II of Falkenstein was selected.

paragraph: Engelbert died in 1368 and was buried in Cologne Cathedral.

description: Roman Catholic Bishop


text:
William IV, Count of Jülich
Gerard III, Count of Guelders
Walram
King Adolf
Battle of Göllheim
King Albert I
Rhenish
Ludwig IV
Godfrey of Brabant
William
Walram
Dietrich VIII, Count of Cleves
Otto IV, Duke of Lower Bavaria
Genealogie-Mittelalter.de
Lower Rhine Nobility

paragraph: Gerhard V of Jülich

paragraph: Gerhard V of Jülich (before 1250 – 29 July 1328), Count of Jülich (1297–1328), was the youngest son of William IV, Count of Jülich and Richardis of Guelders, daughter of Gerard III, Count of Guelders.

paragraph: Gerhard succeeded his brother Walram as Count of Jülich in 1297. He supported King Adolf in the Battle of Göllheim in 1298, but when Adolf was killed by King Albert I, Gerhard submitted to Albert and was allowed to keep his imperial fief. He helped Albert against the Rhenish electors in 1300, which confirmed his interests with respect to Cologne. Gerhard also won the river duties of Kaiserswerth, Mönchen-Gladbach, Kessel-Grevenbroich, Rheydt, Münstereifel/Bergheim and Müllenark, among others. In 1313, Gerhard supported Ludwig IV in the succession war for the throne of Germany and allowed Ludwig's coronation in Aachen against the will of the Archbishop of Cologne.

paragraph: Section::::Family and children.

paragraph: Gerhard married before 13 December 1299 Elisabeth of Brabant-Aarschot (c. 1280 – 1350/55), daughter of Godfrey of Brabant and Jeanne, dame de Vierzon. Elisabeth's sister Marie had married Gerhard's brother Walram. Gerhard and Elisabeth has the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. William (c. 1300 – 1361)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Ludwig (died after 1311)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Gottfried (died 1335), married Elisabeth of Cleves

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Walram (1303/04 – 14 August 1349), Archbishop of Cologne (1332–1349)

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Henry, Provost of St. Andreas, Cologne (1319–1334)

paragraph: BULLET::::6. John (died after 1327), Canon at Liège St. Jean

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Maria (died c. 1353), married Henry II of Virneberg, Dietrich VIII, Count of Cleves and Conrad II of Saffenberg

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Elisabeth, married John II, Count of Sayn and Gottfried of Hatzfeld

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Richardis (7 March 1314 – 7 March 1360), married 1330 Otto IV, Duke of Lower Bavaria

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogie-Mittelalter.de

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lower Rhine Nobility

description: German noble

wikidata_label: Gerhard V of Jülich

wikipedia_title: Gerhard V of Jülich


text:
William III of Jülich
Limburg
Waleran III, Duke of Limburg
Crusades
Siege of Damietta
Count of Jülich
Hengenbach
Altenesch
Stedingers
Konzen
Aachen
Kornelimünster
Essen Abbey
Rhine
Sinzig
Heimbach
Merzenich
Thürnich
Düren
Bardenberg
House of Hohenstaufen
Konrad von Hochstaden
Hochstander
Münstereifel
Lövenich
Engelbert I, Count of the Mark
Teutonic Knights
Siege of Königsberg
Zülpich
Engelbert II of Falkenburg
Nideggen
Pope Clement IV
Richard of Cornwall
King of the Romans
Kingdom of France
Alfonso X of Castile
Guelders
Cleves
Heinsberg
Rudolph I of Germany
Gerard III, Count of Guelders
Guy, Count of Flanders
William the younger
Walram
Gerhard
Genealogie-Mittelalter.de
Lower Rhine Nobility

categories: 1278 deaths,Counts of Jülich,13th-century German people,Christians of the Prussian Crusade

paragraph: William IV, Count of Jülich

paragraph: William IV, Count of Jülich (c. 1210 – 16 March 1278) was the son and heir of William III of Jülich and Mathilde of Limburg, daughter of Waleran III, Duke of Limburg.

paragraph: William's father joined the Crusades in 1217 and died in the Siege of Damietta in 1218. William succeeded his father as Count of Jülich under the guardianship of his uncle, Eberhard of Hengenbach. In the 1220s and early 1230s William greatly expanded his territory. In 1234 he fought in the battle of Altenesch against the Stedingers and was made imperial administrator of Konzen and Aachen, guardian of Kornelimünster and over the possessions of Essen Abbey on the left bank of the Rhine river. He also won the imperial fiefdoms of Sinzig, Hengenbach-Heimbach, Merzenich, Thürnich, Düren and Bardenberg, thus doubling the possessions of the Counts of Jülich.

paragraph: By 1240 William's territorial expansion created conflict on the eastern side of his territory with the Archbishop of Cologne. William was a loyal supporter of the House of Hohenstaufen which made him a rugged opponent of Cologne Archbishop Konrad von Hochstaden, under whose rule more disputes with William broke out. As a result of the Hochstander inheritance, William gained parts of Münstereifel, which moved him even closer to his opponent. In 1242 in the battle of Lövenich, William captured Konrad and forced him to renew all of William's Cologne fiefs. In 1262 William and Engelbert I, Count of the Mark, came to the assistance of the Teutonic Knights during the Siege of Königsberg. In the battle of Zülpich in 1267, William captured Engelbert II of Falkenburg, Archbishop of Cologne, and held him captive in the castle of Nideggen until 1270/71, again forcing the Archbishop to recognize all of William's Cologne fiefs. As a result of this action, William was excommunicated by Pope Clement IV from 1268 to 1270.

paragraph: William supported Richard of Cornwall as King of the Romans and Richard confirmed all of William's imperial fiefs. William also supported the Kingdom of France against King Alfonso X of Castile in 1267/77. He stood against Guelders, Cleves and Heinsberg because of their similar interests.

paragraph: On the night of 16 March 1278, which has become known as Gertrudisnacht (Night of St. Gertrude), William, along with his sons William and Roland (and according to some sources, a third son), entered the town of Aachen to collect taxes for King Rudolph I of Germany. There was a riot and William and his sons were killed. The city of Aachen was later ordered to pay a high compensation to William's widow Richardis on account of his murder.

paragraph: Section::::Family and children.

paragraph: By contract on 12 March 1237, William was betrothed to Margaret of Guelders, daughter of Gerard III, Count of Guelders and Margaret of Brabant. Most sources accept Margaret as the mother of William's elder children but there is no evidence that this marriage was ever consummated. Further, William is known to have married Margaret's sister, Richardis of Guelders (c. 1215 – 1293/98), prior to January 1250 but there is no evidence of a papal dispensation which would have been required for William to marry the sister of his first wife. Thus, it's possible that Richardis was the mother of all of William's children. William had eleven children, as well as a natural son Roland (and possibly a second natural son) who died with him in the riot at Aachen.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Matilda (c. 1238 – bef. 1279), married 1258 John, Count of Looz

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Margaret (c. 1240 – 12 October 1292/93), married 1261 Dieter III, Count of Katzenelnbogen

paragraph: BULLET::::3. William (c. 1240 – 16 March 1278), died with his father in the riot at Aachen. Married Marie of Flanders, daughter of Guy, Count of Flanders and Matilda of Bethune. They had one son, William the younger.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Richardis (c. 1243 – after 1291), married before 1265 William, Count of Salm

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Walram (1240/45 – 1297)

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Otto (c. 1245 – after 1283), Archdeacon at Liege from 1282

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Gerhard (before 1250 – 1328)

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Catharine (c. 1250 – after 1287), married before 1273 John of Arberg

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Petronilla (c. 1255 – after 1300), married before 1276 Ludwig, Count of Arnsberg

paragraph: BULLET::::10. Blancheflor (c. 1255 – after 1330), married before 1277 Henry, Count of Sponheim

paragraph: BULLET::::11. Mechtild (c. 1255 – aft. 1287)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogie-Mittelalter.de

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lower Rhine Nobility

description: Count of Julich

wikidata_label: William IV, Count of Jülich

wikipedia_title: William IV, Count of Jülich


text:
Witbank
University of the Witwatersrand
University of Pretoria
Rhodes University
University of Johannesburg
Francisco de Goya
KKNK
Innibos
Aardklop
Civic Theatre
L'Atelier Award
"DESIGN ART"
Davidkrut.com
Grinnell.edu
Art.co.za

categories: People from Witbank,1964 births,South African contemporary artists,South African women artists,Rhodes University academics,University of Pretoria faculty,20th-century women artists,21st-century South African artists,University of the Witwatersrand academics,University of the Witwatersrand alumni,21st-century women artists,Living people,20th-century South African artists

paragraph: Diane Victor

paragraph: Diane Victor, (born 1964, Witbank, RSA) is a South African artist and printmaker, known for her satirical and social commentary of contemporary South African politics.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Victor was born in Witbank, South Africa. She received her BA Fine Arts Degree from the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, in 1986.

paragraph: From 1990 to the present, Victor has lectured part-time, teaching drawing and printmaking at various South African institutions including the University of Pretoria, Wits Technikon, Pretoria Technikon, Open Window Academy, Vaal Triangle Technikon, the University of the Witwatersrand, Rhodes University and the University of Johannesburg.

paragraph: Section::::Artwork.

paragraph: Victor's work uses the figure, often her own self-portrait, to create complex narratives relating to contemporary South Africa and to the more global crisis of war, corruption and violence in both the public, political and in private life. According to Virginia Mackenny, Victor's work challenges the viewer "to scour her heavily packed images, densely rich in individual detail, to discover their levels of irony and action. Singularly devoid of any classicising hope of order, these images recall Breugal or Bosch in their pessimistic view of the world and the heaping of one folly on top of another". Victor depicts reality fraught with injustice, revealing the complexity of contemporary existence. Her "ability to present her themes and subjects in a manner that all but forces our identification with them ejects us out of our complacent stupors, whether we wish it or not."

paragraph: In her portfolio of prints, "Birth of a Nation" (2009), published by David Krut Projects, Victor explores the history of colonial engagement in Africa in the context of contemporary corruption and imperialism. She uses historical and mythological references as a platform to insert South African narratives, fusing a recognisable storyline with new characters and South African subjects.

paragraph: In "Disasters of Peace," Victor directly references Francisco de Goya's "Disasters of War." In this series, Victor evokes Goya's criticism of the atrocities of war while demonstrating the continuation of violence after war, and in the case of South Africa, after the end of apartheid. Highlighting overlooked and everyday violence, this series draws attention to this contemporary desensitised gaze or tolerance of violence. To Victor: "The images I am working with are taken from our daily media coverage of recent and almost commonplace happenings in newspapers, on TV and on radio of social and criminal acts of violence and ongoing unnecessary deaths – occurrences so frequent that they no longer raise an outcry from our public, yet they still constitute disaster in peacetime."

paragraph: Section::::Artwork.:Smoke drawings.

paragraph: Victor's smoke portraits explore subjects often overlooked, for example South African prisoners awaiting trial and missing children. These portraits capture individuals caught in a vulnerable moment, an idea reinforced through the impermanent nature of the medium used. Victor uses drawing media to capture both the subject's portrait and vulnerable condition that is somehow in-between presence and absence. Victor is attracted to the direct correlation between the fragility of human life and the susceptibility of the physical image. For Victor, "the portraits are made with the deposits of carbon from candle smoke on white paper. They are exceedingly fragile and can be easily damaged, disintegrating with physical contact as the carbon soot is dislodged from the paper. I was interested in the extremely fragile nature of these human lives and of all human life, attempting to translate this fragility into portraits made from a medium as impermanent as smoke itself"'

paragraph: Section::::Solo exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 "Showing Truth to Power" at David Krut Projects in New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 "The Needle and the Damage Done" at David Krut Projects in Cape Town

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 "No Country for old women" KKNK Festival artist exhibition in Oudtshoorn

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 "Ashes to Ashes and Smoke to Dust", University of Johannesburg Art Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 "Fables and Folly: Diane Victor, Recent Work" at the Faulconer Gallery at Grinnell College

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 Innibos Festival artist exhibition in Nelspruit

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 "Smoke Screen: Frailty and Failing" at David Krut Projects in New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 "Transcend" at Goodman Gallery in Johannesburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 Aardklop Festival artist exhibition in Potchefstroom

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 "Smoke Drawings" at Michael Stevenson Gallery in Cape Town

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 Goodman Gallery in Johannesburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 Civic Theatre commission, Tesson Theatre, Johannesburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 Goodman Gallery in Johannesburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 South African Arts Association, Pretoria Gallery on the Market, Johannesburg

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bronwyn Law-Viljoen, Juliet White, Karen von Veh and Luke Crossley "Diane Victor – Burning the Candle at Both Ends" Parkwood: 2012, David Krut Publishing

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rankin, Elizabeth and Karen von Veh. "TAXI-013: Diane Victor." Parkwood: 2008, David Krut Publishing Taxi Art Book.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perryer, Sophie,ed. 10 years 100 Artists: Art in a Democratic South Africa, 2004.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 Finalist in Sasol Wax award

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 Gold Medal Award for Visual Art, South African Academy of Arts and Sciences

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 Vermont Study Center Residency, Vermont

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 UNESCO Residency, Vienna, Austria

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 Ampersand Foundation Fellowship, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 Joint second place, Kempton Park Art Competition

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988 Winner of the Volkskas L'Atelier Award

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 Winner of the Sasol New Signatures Award

paragraph: Section::::Press reviews.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herlo van Rensburg, "An interview with Diane Victor." "Image and Text". No.5, p. 27–31, August 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herlo van Rensburg, "Purging in the work of Diane Victor: Contradiction and Convergence", June 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chris Roper, "Each to his/her own", Mail & Guardian, 8 May 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brenda Atkinson, "Some gems at the end of the rainbow", Mail & Guardian,8 April 1999 (Review of Winsor and Newton Millennium Painting Competition)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brenda Atkinson, "Clean: An Exhibition of De-saturated Contemporary Art", ArtThrob, November 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daniel Thöle, "Social statements cross boundaries", Business Day, Tuesday, 9 April 2002 (Review of 'Transmigrations' at Pretoria Art Museum)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sue Williamson, "Grime' at Bell-Roberts Art Gallery", ArtThrob, July 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrea Jonker-Bryce, "More than meets the eye", Dispatch Online, Thursday, 21 November 2002 (Review of 'Transmigrations' at Ann Bryant Art Gallery)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gordon Fraud, "Dianne Victor". "DESIGN ART". No 2, December 2010, p. 63–73

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Davidkrut.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grinnell.edu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art.co.za

description: South African artist

wikidata_label: Diane Victor

wikipedia_title: Diane Victor


text:
Dover, New Hampshire
Thomas Westbrook Waldron
Dover, New Hampshire
Wilkes Expedition
Washington, District of Columbia
one
Hong Kong
Portsmouth, New Hampshire
Strafford County, New Hampshire
Cochecho River
Richard Waldron
Colonel Richard Waldron
Secretary Richard Waldron
Thomas Westbrook Waldron

categories: 1821 deaths,People from Dover, New Hampshire,1775 births

paragraph: Daniel Waldron

paragraph: Daniel Waldron was the fifth and last generation of his family to hold the substantial Waldron estate in Dover, New Hampshire. With his bankruptcy Dover realized a new life and economy as a center of textile manufacturing.

paragraph: Section::::Birth and inheritance.

paragraph: Daniel was born November 9, 1775, the youngest son of Thomas Westbrook Waldron and Constance Davis. At the age of three he was designated one

paragraph: of two co heirs to the majority of the family property in downtown Dover, New Hampshire, passing over oldest brother William. "By the death of his brother Charles

paragraph: (in 1791) he became, under the terms of their father's will, sole owner of the bulk of the Dover property."

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: "Daniel married 5 June 1802, Olive Rindge Sheafe, who was born 24 May 1777 and who died Sept 1845". They had nine children, two of whom were in the Wilkes Expedition and enjoyed some favour in Washington, District of Columbia before one attained a consular position in Hong Kong. Another was a major in the U.S. Marines, and another a Catholic priest and principal of a college.

paragraph: Section::::Portsmouth.

paragraph: At the death of his father the heirs were taken to Portsmouth, New Hampshire where Daniel remained until 1811. He was

paragraph: in business in Portsmouth, including overseas trade. Daniel and others made an insurance claim in 1804

paragraph: after a ship Narcissa was "struck by a squall and took on water. Lost deckload of cattle and cargo ruined. Mate and two sailors

paragraph: drowned. Drifted forty days."

paragraph: Section::::Dover.

paragraph: He returned to Dover on 11 November 1811. "Daniel lived in the old house" built by his father. In 1815 he became a Justice of the Peace for Strafford County, New Hampshire

paragraph: Section::::Waldron lands ideal for textile milling.

paragraph: One of the enterprises that the Waldron name is not connected to is textile milling. Yet "[t]here were several advantageous physical conditions in Dover that made the goal of manufacturing cloth seem attainable. The town had water power, humidity in the atmosphere, pure water in the streams for bleaching, millsites in close proximity to the sea, an ample population, and a good transportation system in place. [Textile entrepreneurs] W&W (as Williams and Wendell came to be known) initially sought to purchase land at the First Falls of the Cochecho River (near the present Central Ave. bridge) but owner Daniel Waldron would not sell."

paragraph: Section::::Mortgage and loss of Waldron lands.

paragraph: ... "[But] in 1819, Daniel Waldron went bankrupt, and the land that W&W originally coveted at the First Falls (downtown Dover) suddenly became available."

paragraph: This came about after Daniel "mortgaged, by deeds dated 29 April 1811, and 18 Dec. 1815 the falls and all the land on the north side of the river, excepting the small lot then in possession of [his sister] Abigail Boardman ...to the New Hampshire Strafford Bank; the Bank came into possession 31 January 1820, and conveyed the whole to William Payne of Boston 23 April 1821 ... Thus passed out of the Waldron possession the lands lying north of the river and west of Main street, a tract bounded on the south by a line striking from Main Street to the river as the north boundary of the "Horne lot" goes, then following up the river half the way to Whittier's fall till it met the Horne Property, then running a little east of north till it met the John Waldron property, thence east of the road, and so down the road to the west side of the Main street again. This did not include their property on the east of Main street nor south of the river."

paragraph: Section::::Last holder of the Waldron lands.

paragraph: "Daniel was the last owner of the extensive Waldron real estate in Dover. It probably came into the family in 1642, when the mill privilege in the centre of our city was granted to Major Richard Waldron, from whom it descended to his son Colonel Richard Waldron in 1689; who bequeathed it to his son Secretary Richard Waldron in 1730; from whom it descended in 1753 to his son Thomas Westbrook Waldron (he purchasing certain rights of his brother George,) who bequeathed it to Daniel Waldron by will proved in 1785.

paragraph: "The property at the present time [1850-1888] is immensely valuable but its value has been mainly created by the manufacturing establishments erected upon it. When the eyes of some manufacturers were bent upon the water power, they obtained possession of the bulk of the estate, which passed out of the hands of Daniel Waldron 31 January 1820. Upon that day an uninterrupted family ownership of one hundred and seventy-eight years terminated. With the disappearance of an old and illustrious family, the release of a third of our central territory to the use of a new population and the whirl of machinery, old Dover passed away and new Dover began its life."

description: American businessman

wikidata_label: Daniel Waldron

wikipedia_title: Daniel Waldron


text:
Florence
republican
de Medici
Niccolò Machiavelli
The Prince
Italian

categories: Italian politicians,Italian historians,Italian Renaissance writers,1474 births,People from Florence,Italian diplomats,1539 deaths

paragraph: Francesco Vettori

paragraph: Francesco Vettori (1474–1539) was an Italian diplomat, politician and writer from Florence. He served his city during both the republican and the de Medici regimes. He is remembered chiefly as one of the main personal correspondents of Niccolò Machiavelli, but he also published some small works himself in the same period.

paragraph: Vettori's correspondence with Machiavelli includes some of the only surviving written discussions about the writing of Machiavelli's "little work", which was to become "The Prince". The correspondence is considered to be amongst the most well known in Italian.

paragraph: Other works by Vettori are a "Sommario della istoria d'Italia" ("Summary of the History of Italy") and a collection of stories called "Viaggio in Alamagna" ("Journey in Germany").

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- . Translated and edited by James B. Atkinson and David Sices.

description: Italian diplomat

wikidata_label: Francesco Vettori

wikipedia_title: Francesco Vettori


text:
leprosy
Tokyo
Japan
Kingston, New York
American Civil War
American Presbyterian Church
Meguro, Tokyo
Kitasato Shibasaburō
Tama Zenshoen Sanatorium

categories: American expatriates in Japan,People from Kingston, New York,Japanese leper hospital administrators,1841 births,Leprosy nurses and caregivers,1910 deaths,American Presbyterian missionaries,Christian medical missionaries,Presbyterian missionaries in Japan

paragraph: Kate Youngman

paragraph: Kate M. Youngman (December 17, 1841 – September 29, 1910) was an American missionary who established the Ihaien leprosy hospital in Tokyo, Japan, in 1894. It was active from 1894 until 1942.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Kate M. Youngman was born in Kingston, New York, on December 17, 1841. Her mother died when she was 14 and her father died when she was 17. Her fiancé died in the American Civil War when she was 21. She was dispatched to Japan as a missionary in 1873 by the American Presbyterian Church, when the freedom of faith was ascertained in Japan. She worked as a teacher and missionary at Shin-ei Girls' School. In 1877, she established the "Kohzensha", a Christian organization which was dedicated to the propagation of Christianity, education, and charity. In 1892, Youngman found that a Christian developed leprosy and escaped from a Catholic leprosy hospital because of difference of religion. Youngman proposed that another facility be made for leprosy patients to live without fear of spiritual conflict, but The Presbyterian Church rejected her proposal for funding the project. However, in 1894, the Mission to Lepers began funding her organization. In October 1894, Ihaien was started on 4,950 square meters of land at Meguro, Tokyo. Kitasato Shibasaburō proposed to send doctors and supplies if Ihaien would change to a hospital which was accomplished in 1899.

paragraph: Youngman herself was reluctant to the hospitalization of the organization, and lost interest in the project. In 1910, she left the Kohzensha and died on September 29, 1910 after 12 days in bed. Her monument is in Somei, Tokyo.

paragraph: Section::::Ihaien Hospital.

paragraph: The original idea of the Ihaien was to house people with leprosy and let them live with spiritual comfort. Kitasato Shibasaburo, a famous doctor at the Institute of Infectious Diseases belonging to the Interior Ministry, sent a doctor and also patients in 1899 when it was changed to a hospital. The hospital's patients numbered about 50 and were also quite poor. In addition to them, the government sent patients called Seikan (government patients) which sometimes led to strife between them and the already established patients. The Ihaien Hospital was closed in 1942 because of financial difficulties, and 55 patients were transferred to Tama Zenshoen Sanatorium.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "History of leprosy in Japan" Shun-ichi Yamamoto. University of Tokyo Press, 1993. C3047

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Even their footsteps have disappeared. Christians in the history of leprosy in Japan." Mikiro Mori, Yorudan-sha. C0036

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Modernization of medicine and foreigners." Hajima Muneta. Sekai Hoken Tsushinsha. C0047

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Japan Christianity History Encyclopedia" Kyobunkan, 1988

paragraph: BULLET::::- " The Ihaien and the Ihaien and "Seikan"", Hirai Y: National Hansen's Disease Museum Research Bulletin No.1 p30-43, 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aru Gunzo, 100 Years of Kohzensha" Kohzensha, 1978.

description: American missionary

wikidata_label: Kate Youngman

wikipedia_title: Kate Youngman


text:
basketball
Duke University
1986 team
NCAA Final Four
Louisville
University of Delaware
Mike Krzyzewski
shooting guard
Johnny Dawkins
Washington Bullets
1986 NBA draft
CBA
Philadelphia 76ers
1987–88 NBA season
Hapoel Tel Aviv
Maccabi Rishon LeZion
Hapoel Holon
Maccabi Ramat Gan
Turkish
Galatasaray Café Crown
College and NBA stats
Basketpedya.com profile

categories: African-American basketball coaches,Rapid City Thrillers players,People from Henderson, North Carolina,African-American basketball players,Israeli Basketball Super League players,Basketball players from North Carolina,Hapoel Holon players,Washington Bullets draft picks,Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens men's basketball coaches,American expatriate basketball people in France,Basketball players at the 1986 NCAA Men's Division I Final Four,American expatriate basketball people in Israel,College men's basketball head coaches in the United States,Albany Patroons players,Duke Blue Devils men's basketball players,Duke Blue Devils men's basketball coaches,American expatriate basketball people in Turkey,Galatasaray S.K. (men's basketball) players,Living people,1964 births,La Crosse Catbirds players,Charleston Gunners players,Hapoel Tel Aviv B.C. players,Shooting guards,Ironi Ramat Gan players,Philadelphia 76ers players,American expatriate basketball people in Canada

paragraph: David Henderson (basketball)

paragraph: David McKinley Henderson (born July 21, 1964) is a retired American basketball player and coach. At 6'5", 195 lb, he is most notable because of his college career at Duke University, where he was team co-captain on the 1986 team that reached the NCAA Final Four, and lost in the final game to Louisville. Henderson later played in Europe, notably in Israel, France and Turkey, before assuming the assistant-coaching position at his alma mater. In July 2000 he was appointed as the head coach of the University of Delaware men's team. In March 2006 he was fired after concluding a three-season losing span.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: After finishing Warren County High School, Henderson enrolled at Duke, where he played for four successful years (1983–1986), under Mike Krzyzewski's coaching. He was the starting shooting guard in his first year, moved to the bench as the sixth man the following two seasons, and finally finished his college career starting in all 39 games as a senior (averaging 14.2 points per game), and, as co-captain together with leading scorer Johnny Dawkins, led the team to the championship game of the NCAA tournament, only to lose to Louisville.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: After being drafted by the Washington Bullets only in the third round of the 1986 NBA draft and not receiving a contract Henderson started his professional career in the CBA, and after a year he signed with the Philadelphia 76ers. Henderson played only 22 games in the 1987–88 NBA season, averaging just 5.7 points per game, so he moved to France where he played for two seasons.

paragraph: In 1990, he moved to Israel, where he had a successful span with teams like Hapoel Tel Aviv, Maccabi Rishon LeZion, Hapoel Holon and Maccabi Ramat Gan. Henderson also played for Turkish team Galatasaray Café Crown.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: Immediately after retiring Henderson assumed the assistant-coaching position at Duke, where he served for four seasons. In 2000, he received his first head coach position, in the University of Delaware men's team. On March 13, 2006 he was fired after the team suffered a 9–21 losing season.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- College and NBA stats @ basketballreference.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Basketpedya.com profile

description: American basketball player and coach

wikidata_label: David Henderson

wikipedia_title: David Henderson (basketball)


text: East German

text: luge

text: 1972 Winter Olympics

text: Sapporo

text: FIL World Luge Championships

text: FIL European Luge Championships

text: cancer

text: Ilmenau

text: List of European luge champions

categories: Olympic medalists in luge,German male lugers,Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in bronze,Sportspeople from Thuringia,Olympic bronze medalists for East Germany,Deaths from cancer in East Germany,1951 births,People from Ilmenau,Medalists at the 1972 Winter Olympics,1988 deaths,Olympic lugers of East Germany,Lugers at the 1972 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Wolfram Fiedler

paragraph: Wolfram Fiedler (29 September 1951 – 11 April 1988) was an East German luger who competed from the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s. He won two bronze medals at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo, earning them in the men's singles and men's doubles event, respectively.

paragraph: Fiedler also won two medals in the men's singles event at the FIL World Luge Championships with a gold in 1975 and a silver in 1973.

paragraph: He also won three medals in the men's singles event at the FIL European Luge Championships with two golds (1972, 1976) and one silver (1975).

paragraph: Fiedler died of cancer in 1988. The summer luge track in his hometown of Ilmenau was named in his honor the following year.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ilmenau information on Fiedler, shown as W. Fiedler

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of European luge champions

description: East German luger

wikidata_label: Wolfram Fiedler

wikipedia_title: Wolfram Fiedler


text: Italian

text: Cardinal

text: Catholic Church

text: Prefect

text: Apostolic Signatura

text: cardinalate

text: Pope Pius XII

text: Amleto Giovanni Cicognani

text: College of Cardinals

text: Brisighella

text: Amleto

text: widow

text: general store

text: seminary

text: Faenza

text: ordained

text: priesthood

text: Gioacchino Cantagalli

text: Rome

text: Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy

text: Roman Rota

text: Apostolic Signatura

text: Pontifical Roman Seminary

text: Secretariat of State

text: secretary

text: Spanish

text: nunciature

text: Privy Chamberlain of His Holiness

text: auditor

text: Belgium

text: Nuncio

text: Bolivia

text: Titular Archbishop

text: episcopal consecration

text: Pietro Gasparri

text: OCD

text: co-consecrators

text: chapel

text: Collegio Pio-Latinoamericano

text: Apostolic Nuncio to Peru

text: Austria

text: Spain

text: Pope Pius XII

text: Cardinal-Priest

text: Santa Cecilia

text: consistory

text: Roman Curia

text: Prefect

text: Congregation of Rites

text: cardinal electors

text: 1958 papal conclave

text: Pope John XXIII

text: dispensation

text: canon law

text: College of Cardinals

text: Cardinal Bishop of Frascati

text: collegiate church

text: Apostolic Delegate to the United States

text: Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

text: Catholic-Hierarchy

categories: Diplomats of the Holy See,Cardinals created by Pope Pius XII,Cardinal-bishops of Frascati,1962 deaths,Italian cardinals,Members of the Sacred Congregation for Rites,Apostolic Nuncios to Bolivia,1881 births,Apostolic Nuncios to Austria,Apostolic Nuncios to Peru,Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy alumni

paragraph: Gaetano Cicognani

paragraph: Gaetano Cicognani (26 November 1881 – 5 February 1962) was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura from 1954 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1953 by Pope Pius XII. To date, he and his brother, Amleto Giovanni Cicognani, are the last pair of brothers to serve simultaneously in the College of Cardinals.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Cicognani was born in Brisighella to Guglielmo Cicognani and his wife Anna Ceroni. His brother, Amleto, was born over a year later in 1883. To support Gaetano and his brother, their widowed mother ran a general store. Cicognani studied at the seminary in Faenza, and was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Gioacchino Cantagalli on 24 September 1904. He then went to Rome to attend the Pontifical Roman Athenaeum "S. Apollinare" and was, like his brother, summoned to the elite Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy.

paragraph: After working in the Roman Rota and Apostolic Signatura, Cicognani taught at the Pontifical Roman Seminary and later entered the Secretariat of State in 1915. He became secretary of the Spanish nunciature on 1 February 1916, and a Privy Chamberlain of His Holiness on 9 March 1916. He was made auditor of the nunciature to Belgium on 3 February 1920.

paragraph: On 11 January 1925 Cicognani was appointed Nuncio to Bolivia and Titular Archbishop of "Ancyra". He received his episcopal consecration on the following 1 February from Cardinal Pietro Gasparri, with Archbishops Rafaello Rossi, OCD, and Giovanni Zonghi serving as co-consecrators, in the chapel of the Pontifical "Collegio Pio-Latinoamericano" in Rome. Archbishop Cicognani was later named Apostolic Nuncio to Peru on 15 June 1928, to Austria on 13 June 1936, and to Spain on 16 May 1938.

paragraph: Pope Pius XII created him Cardinal-Priest of "Santa Cecilia" in his second and last consistory of 12 January 1953. Cardinal Cicognani returned to work in the Roman Curia upon his appointment as Prefect of the Congregation of Rites on 7 December of that same year. He was appointed as prefect of the Apostolic Signatura on 18 November 1954 and was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 1958 papal conclave that selected Pope John XXIII. That December, his brother Amleto, by a special dispensation of canon law, was also elevated to the College of Cardinals. This law had so distressed Gaetano, as he felt it curbed his brother's career, that he once came close to tears when someone jokingly said "Because of you, your brother cannot become cardinal". On 14 December 1959 he was named Cardinal Bishop of Frascati by Pope John.

paragraph: He died in Rome, at age 80, and is buried in the collegiate church of "S. Michele" in his native Brisighella.

paragraph: In April 1934 Archbishop Cicognani, then Nuncio to Peru, visited his brother, the Apostolic Delegate to the United States, whom Gaetano had not seen in seven years.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic-Hierarchy

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Gaetano Cicognani

wikipedia_title: Gaetano Cicognani


href: Huns Attila East%20Germanic%20languages Goths Priscus Epistaxis Kinship Gudrun

text:
Hunnic
Attila
East Germanic
Gothic
Priscus
nosebleed
kinsman
Gudrun

categories: Gothic women,Year of birth unknown,Attila the Hun,5th-century Gothic people

paragraph: Ildico

paragraph: Ildikó ("fl." AD 453) was the last wife of the Hunnic ruler Attila. Her name is East Germanic and suggests a Gothic origin. According to Priscus, Attila died after the feast celebrating their marriage in 453 AD, in which he suffered a severe nosebleed and choked to death in a stupor.

paragraph: "Shortly before he died, as the historian Priscus relates, he took in marriage a very beautiful girl named Ildico, after countless other wives, as was the custom of his race. He had given himself up to excessive joy at his wedding, and as he lay on his back, heavy with wine and sleep, a rush of superfluous blood, which would ordinarily have flowed from his nose, streamed in deadly course down his throat and killed him, since it was hindered in the usual passages. Thus did drunkenness put a disgraceful end to a king renowned in war. On the following day, when a great part of the morning was spent, the royal attendants suspected some ill and, after a great uproar, broke in the doors. There they found the death of Attila accomplished by an effusion of blood, without any wound, and the girl with downcast face weeping beneath her veil."

paragraph: Some writers have suggested that Idilco deliberately killed Attilla, in revenge for the death of her kinsman.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gudrun

description: Attila the Hun wife

wikidata_label: Ildico

wikipedia_title: Ildico


text: neurologist

text: cardiology

text: neurology

text: tuberculosis

text: London Medical Society

text: Clinical Society of London

text: Queen Victoria

text: King Edward VII

text: Prince of Wales

text: Lindley

text: Huddersfield

text: Wesleyan

text: Huddersfield College

text: Owens College

text: Manchester

text: St Mary's Hospital, London

text: London Fever Hospital

text: George V

text: Thomas Neill Cream

text: Queen Victoria

text: King Edward VII

text: Prince of Wales

text: Edinburgh

text: St. Andrews

text: Leeds

text: McGill

text: Toronto

text: baronet

text: John Francis Harpin

text: Walter

text: cerebral

text: ventricular system

text: Broadbent sign

text: pericardium

text: Walter Broadbent

text: Broadbent inverted sign

text: systole

text: left atrium

text: paralysis

text: Biography of Willam Henry Broadbent

categories: British cardiologists,People educated at Huddersfield New College,1835 births,British neurologists,Fellows of the Royal Society,People from Huddersfield,Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom,Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order,1907 deaths,Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians,Physicians-in-Ordinary

paragraph: William Broadbent

paragraph: Sir William Henry Broadbent, 1st Baronet (23 January 1835 – 10 July 1907) was an English neurologist who was a leading British authority in the field of cardiology as well as neurology. He also performed research involving diseases such as tuberculosis and cancer. In 1881 he was elected President of the London Medical Society and in 1887 President of the Clinical Society of London.

paragraph: Broadbent was a Physician-Extraordinary to Queen Victoria and Physician-in-Ordinary to King Edward VII and the Prince of Wales.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Broadbent was born at Longwood Edge in Lindley, now part of Huddersfield, West Yorkshire. He was the eldest of seven children born to John Broadbent, a wool manufacturer and prominent Wesleyan, and Esther ("née" Butterworth). His younger brother was Colonel John Edward Broadbent .

paragraph: He was educated at Huddersfield College before he decided to study medicine. He was apprenticed to a doctor in Manchester before studying medicine at Owens College, and the Royal School of Medicine in Manchester. He studied in Paris in 1857 and returned in 1858 to pass the M.B. examination at Manchester.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1859, Broadbent took up a junior post at St Mary's Hospital, London, with which he was associated for much of his career (1859–1896). The next year he was elected physician to the London Fever Hospital. In 1865, he was promoted to physician in charge of patients at St. Mary's, and full physician in 1871.

paragraph: It was through his work at St. Mary's that Broadbent earned his reputation as an expert pathologist and outstanding clinical teacher. His areas of expertise included neurology and cardiology, as well as cancer and typhoid.

paragraph: The months of November 1891 to October 1892 were critically important to Broadbent and his career, and gave him a narrow involvement in a notorious series of crimes. In November to December 1891 Broadbent was involved in saving the life of Prince George (the future King George V) from typhoid fever. At about the same time that he was involved in this he was sent a mysterious letter accusing him of murdering a prostitute named Matilda Clover the previous October with poison. This letter demanded a huge blackmail amount to avoid ruin. Broadbent wisely sent the letter to Scotland Yard. In January 1892, he was sent for by the Royal Family in an attempt to save Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale the older son of the Prince and Princess of Wales and "heir presumptive" to the throne of England. The Prince, known as "Prince Eddy" to the public (and nicknamed "Collars and Cuffs" due to some wardrobe choices he made) had caught a virulent strain of influenza. Broadbent tried everything he could to save the Duke, but on 14 January 1892 the Duke died. However, the Prince of Wales sent Broadbent a letter thanking him for his endeavours, that preserved for him and his wife one of their sons.

paragraph: Then, in the late spring, Broadbent was informed of a police investigation into the deaths of a series of prostitutes in the Stepney and Lambeth areas of London that began in October 1891 and continued until April 1892. One of the victims was Matilda Clover, who had been classified as having died of natural causes, but the letter from the blackmailer to Broadbent gave details showing the woman had been poisoned. An arrest was made in June 1892 of Dr. Thomas Neill Cream for blackmailing another physician named Harper. Subsequently this was changed to a charge of murder for the poisoning of Matilda Clover. The trial of the defendant occurred in October 1892, with the charges including the attempted blackmail of Broadbent, and Broadbent's appearance as a witness. Cream was found guilty and sentenced to death, being hanged in November 1892.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Broadbent received honorary doctorates from the universities of Edinburgh, St. Andrews, Leeds, McGill and Toronto.

paragraph: Broadbent was created a baronet, of Brook Street and Longwood, in 1893. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in March 1901.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Broadbent married Eliza Harpin in 1863, and had three sons and three daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Ethel (1864 – 10 March 1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Francis Harpin (16 October 1865 – 27 January 1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Herbert (10 April 1867 – 17 May 1867)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walter (4 August 1868 – 17 October 1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gertrude (1870 – 2 August 1905)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eliza Madeleine (1872 – 17 December 1949)

paragraph: His sons John and Walter also became physicians.

paragraph: He died at his home in London in 1907, following an eighth-month illness that began with pneumonia. His eldest son succeeded him in the baronetcy.

paragraph: Section::::Associated eponyms.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Broadbent apoplexy": A type of stroke caused by a cerebral haemorrhage into the ventricular system.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Broadbent sign": Recession of the intercostal spaces (near the eleventh and twelfth ribs on the left side of the back) as a sign of adherent pericardium (this sign was first described by his son, Walter Broadbent, in 1895).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Broadbent inverted sign": Pulsations synchronising with ventricular systole on the posterior lateral wall of the chest in gross of the left atrium.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Broadbent law": Medical law that states "lesions of the upper segment of the motor tract cause less marked paralysis of muscles that habitually produce bilateral movements than of those that commonly act independently of the opposite side".

paragraph: Section::::Selected writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cancer: A New Method of Treatment" (London, 1866)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Practice of Medicine", (revised by Sir William Broadbent; 7th ed., London 1875)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Pulse" (largely a reproduction of the Croonian Lectures, 1887), (London, 1890)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heart Disease, With Special Reference to Prognosis and Treatment", (with John Francis Harpin Broadbent), (London, 1897)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Willam Henry Broadbent

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bloomfield, Jeffrey "The Doctor Wrote Some Letters", R. W. Stone, Q.P.M. (ed.) THE CRIMINOLOGIST (Winter 1991: Volume 15, Number 4) (p. 224 – 244).

description: English neurologist

wikidata_label: William Broadbent

wikipedia_title: William Broadbent


text: Halifax

text: Yorkshire

text: England

text: hot bulb engine

text: heavy oil engine

text: Australia

text: Newbury Grammar School

text: St. Bartholomew's School

text: Finsbury Technical College

text: London

text: paraffin oil

text: tin

text: paraffin lamp

text: diesel

text: petrol

text: volatility

text: Richard Hornsby and Sons

text: Grantham

text: Lincolnshire

text: Richard Hornsby and Sons

text: fuel injection

text: railway locomotive

text: LACHESIS

text: Royal Arsenal

text: Woolwich

text: Sweden

text: canal boat

text: De La Vergne Company

text: New York City

text: modern refrigerator

text: Diesel engine

text: thermal efficiency

text: PSI

text: Rudolf Diesel

text: isobarically

text: George Brayton

text: carburettor

text: isochoric

text: Thomas Henry Barton

text: Barton Transport

text: cylinder head

text: compression ratio

text: thermodynamics

text: Yorkshire

text: England

text: throat cancer

text: All Souls church

text: Boothtown

text: Halifax

text: University of Nottingham

text: Sir Frank Whittle

text: Institution of Mechanical Engineers

text: Royal Aeronautical Society

text: Institute of Marine Engineering

text: Biography

text: History of his Oil Engine

text: Anson Engine Museum

text: IMechE Herbert Akroyd Prize ("sic")

text: All Souls Church, Halifax

text: US Patent 845140

text: US Patent 502837

text: US Patent 439702

categories: 1864 births,Stationary engines,People from Halifax, West Yorkshire,1927 deaths,British mechanical engineers,Academics of the University of Nottingham,People associated with the internal combustion engine

paragraph: Herbert Akroyd Stuart

paragraph: Herbert Akroyd-Stuart (28 January 1864, Halifax, Yorkshire, England – 19 February 1927, Halifax) was an English inventor who is noted for his invention of the hot bulb engine, or heavy oil engine.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Akroyd-Stuart had lived in Australia in his early years. He was educated at Newbury Grammar School (now St. Bartholomew's School) and Finsbury Technical College in London. He was the son of Charles Stuart, founder of the Bletchley Iron and Tinplate Works, joining his father in the business in 1887.

paragraph: Section::::Oil engines.

paragraph: In 1885, Akroyd Stuart accidentally spilt paraffin oil (kerosene) into a pot of molten tin. The paraffin oil vaporised and caught fire when in contact with a paraffin lamp. This gave him an idea to pursue the possibility of using paraffin oil (very similar to modern-day diesel) for an engine, which unlike petrol would be difficult to be vaporised in a carburettor as its volatility is not sufficient to allow this.

paragraph: His first prototype engines were built in 1886. In 1890, in collaboration with Charles Richard Binney, he filed Patent 7146 for Richard Hornsby and Sons of Grantham, Lincolnshire, England. The patent was entitled: ""Improvements in Engines Operated by the Explosion of Mixtures of Combustible Vapour or Gas and Air"". One such engine was sold to Newport Sanitary Authority, but the compression ratio was too low to get it started from cold, and it needed a heat poultice to get it going.

paragraph: Section::::Oil engines.:Hornsby-Akroyd engine.

paragraph: Akroyd-Stuart's engines were built from 26 June 1891 by Richard Hornsby and Sons as the "Hornsby Akroyd Patent Oil Engine" under licence and were first sold commercially on 8 July 1892. It was the first internal combustion engine to use a pressurised fuel injection system.

paragraph: The Hornsby-Akroyd engine used a comparatively low compression ratio, so that the temperature of the air compressed in the combustion chamber at the end of the compression stroke was not high enough to initiate combustion. Combustion instead took place in a separated combustion chamber, the "vaporizer" (also called the "hot bulb") mounted on the cylinder head, into which fuel was sprayed. It was connected to the cylinder by a narrow passage and was heated either by the cylinder's coolant or by exhaust gases while running; an external flame such as a blowtorch was used for starting. Self-ignition occurred from contact between the fuel-air mixture and the hot walls of the vaporizer. By contracting the bulb to a very narrow neck where it attached to the cylinder, a high degree of turbulence was set up as the ignited gases flashed through the neck into the cylinder, where combustion was completed. As the engine's load increased, so did the temperature of the bulb, causing the ignition period to advance; to counteract pre-ignition, water was dripped into the air intake.

paragraph: Hot bulb engines were produced until the late 1920s, often being called "semi-diesels", even though they were not as efficient as compression ignition engines. They had the advantage of comparative simplicity, since they did not require the air compressor used by early Diesel engines; fuel was injected mechanically (solid injection) near the start of the compression stroke, at a much lower pressure than that of Diesel engines.

paragraph: Section::::Oil engines.:Oil-engined locomotive.

paragraph: Richard Hornsby and Sons built the world's first oil-engined railway locomotive LACHESIS for the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, England, in 1896. They also built the first compression-ignition powered automobile.

paragraph: Section::::Oil engines.:Oil engines outside the UK.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sweden

paragraph: Similar engines were built by Bolinder in Sweden and some of these still survive in canal boats.

paragraph: BULLET::::- United States

paragraph: Hot bulb engines were built in the USA by the De La Vergne Company of New York City, later the New York Refrigerating Company - inventing the modern refrigerator in 1930, who purchased a licence in 1893.

paragraph: Section::::Oil engines.:Patent dispute with Rudolf Diesel.

paragraph: The modern Diesel engine is a hybrid incorporating the features of direct (airless) injection and compression-ignition, both patented (No. 7146) as "Improvements in Engines Operated by the Explosion of Mixtures of Combustible Vapour or Gas and Air" by Akroyd-Stuart and Charles Richard Binney in May 1890. Another patent (No. 15,994) was taken out on 8 October 1890, which details the working of a complete engine where air and fuel are introduced separately. But such a system was not feasible for the essential vaporization of heavier fuels for combustion in an engine and moreover the modern diesel engine operation is based on vaporization by the fuel delivery system and not by internal thermal vaporization as in hot bulb which bears more similarity to original solution of Rudolph Diesel by employing injection and vaporization through air blast system which was the only technology available at that time capable of vaporizing and introducing heavier fuel at high pressure in the cylinder.

paragraph: In 1890, Akroyd-Stuart patented the hot-bulb engine which had only about a 12% thermal efficiency. The reason for this, which he was not able to identify, was due to the lower pressures used (around 90 PSI) as opposed to the Diesel engine's c. 500 PSI).

paragraph: Rudolf Diesel patented the compression-ignition engine in 1892; however his injection system, where combustion was produced isobarically (the technique having been patented by George Brayton in 1874 for his carburettor), was not subsumed into later engines, Akroyd-Stuart's injection system with isochoric combustion developed at Hornsbys being preferred. However the airblast method was the only capable technique for introducing and vaporizing heavier fuel in the cylinder until diesel injection systems were developed by Bosch, and although similar in mechanism to modern diesel injection system the fuel delivery system in hot oil engines did not vaporize oil so in essence Rudolph Diesel's solution is the forerunner of modern diesel engines where fuel is vaporized as well as pressurized by the fuel delivery system and not by thermal vaporization in an internal hot chamber.

paragraph: In 1892, Akroyd-Stuart patented a water-jacketed vaporiser to allow compression ratios to be increased. In the same year, Thomas Henry Barton (who later founded Barton Transport) at Hornsbys built a working high-compression version for experimental purposes, whereby the vaporiser was replaced with a cylinder head, therefore not relying on air being preheated, but by combustion through higher compression ratios. It ran for six hours - the first time automatic ignition was produced by compression alone. However such an engine would have required fuel to be injected at the end of compression stroke while the original hot bulb engine design had fuel introduced at the intake stroke although separately from air. So the success of such an engine with respect to performance and efficiency is not known and such a success would have overshadowed Rudolph Diesel's efforts and thus seems doubtful. Moreover since the fuel system of hot bulb engine did not vaporize the fuel so it is not viable to remove the hot bulb since heavier fuel do not burn at high pressures without sufficient vapours.

paragraph: On the other hand, Diesel understood thermodynamics and the theoretical and practical constraints on fuel efficiency. He knew that as much as 90% of the energy available in the fuel is wasted in a steam engine, and began to focus on designs that will achieve higher efficiency ratios. From 1893 to 1897, Rudolf Diesel continued to develop and improve his designs. He first experimented with a Carnot Cycle engine, and then developed his own approach. In his engine, fuel was injected at the end of compression and the fuel was ignited by the high temperature resulting from compression. This led to his design of the well-known high-compression prototype which was patented in 1897 in Germany and other countries, including the U.S. ( and ).

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In 1900, he moved to Australia and set up a company Sanders & Stuart with his brother Charles, late in life moving back to Yorkshire, England. He died on 19 February 1927 of throat cancer and was buried in All Souls church in Boothtown, Halifax.

paragraph: The University of Nottingham has hosted the Akroyd-Stuart Memorial Lecture on occasional years in his memory since 1928. One was presented by Sir Frank Whittle in 1946. Akroyd Stuart had worked with Professor William Robinson in the late 19th century, who was professor of engineering from 1890 to 1924 at University College Nottingham.

paragraph: Akroyd-Stuart also left money to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Royal Aeronautical Society and Institute of Marine Engineering, which provided for their respective bi-annual Akroyd-Stuart Prizes.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the internal combustion engine

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Relation to the Ruston and Hornsby history.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of his Oil Engine at the Anson Engine Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- De La Vergne Oil Engine used for Marconi's first broadcast

paragraph: BULLET::::- IMechE Herbert Akroyd Prize ("sic")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Immortalised by naming a range of bollards after him

paragraph: BULLET::::- All Souls Church, Halifax

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Patents.

paragraph: BULLET::::- US Patent 845140 Combustion Engine, dated 26 February 1907.

paragraph: BULLET::::- US Patent 502837 Engine operated by the explosion of mixtures of gas or hydrocarbon vapor and air, dated 8 August 1893.

paragraph: BULLET::::- US Patent 439702 Petroleum Engine or Motor, dated 4 November 1890.

description: British engineer

wikidata_label: Herbert Akroyd Stuart

wikipedia_title: Herbert Akroyd Stuart