text: Döbeln

text: Radolfzell

text: German

text: painter

text: printmaker

text: Die Brücke

text: Döbeln

text: Saxony

text: Chemnitz

text: Ernst Ludwig Kirchner

text: Karl Schmidt-Rotluff

text: Fritz Bleyl

text: Max Seifert

text: Franz Marc

text: Blaue Reiter

text: Dresdner Neueste Nachrichten

text: Löbtau

text: Wassily Kandinsky

text: Edvard Munch

text: neo-romantic

text: expressionist

text: Angermuseum

text: German Expressionism

text: Nazi Party

text: degenerate

text: World War II

text: Gaienhofen

text: Lake Constance

text: Karlsruhe Academy

text: Radolfzell

text: catalogues raisonné

text: woodcut

text: etching

text: lithograph

text: Brücke Museum

text: Berlin

text: Sotheby's

text: David Bowie

text: "Heroes"

text: Iggy Pop's

text: The Idiot

text: Heckel - "Fränzi reclining"

text: Erich Heckel's 1920s work at the Brücke

text: Available Works & Biography

categories: German male painters,Expressionism,People from Döbeln,1970 deaths,Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class),20th-century German painters,1883 births,People from the Kingdom of Saxony

paragraph: Erich Heckel

paragraph: Erich Heckel (31 July 1883 in Döbeln – 27 January 1970 in Radolfzell) was a German painter and printmaker, and a founding member of the group "Die Brücke" ("The Bridge") which existed 1905-1913.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Heckel was born in Döbeln, Saxony, the son of a railway engineer. Between 1897 and 1904 he attended the Realgymnasium in Chemnitz, before studying architecture in Dresden. He left after three terms, shortly after the foundation of "Die Brücke", an artists' group of which he was secretary and treasurer. The other founder-members, also architectural students, were Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Karl Schmidt-Rotluff and Fritz Bleyl. He worked in the office of the architect Wilhelm Kreis until July 1907, when he resigned to become a full-time artist.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Heckel met the other founding members of Die Brücke, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Karl Schmidt-Rotluff, and Fritz Bleyl, while studying architecture in Dresden. The foursome equally regarded pursuing a degree in architecture as a compromise with their respectable middle-class parents who would have never supported them, had they wanted to study art.

paragraph: Heckel attended the Dresden Polytechnic Institute for only eighteen months, after which time he accepted a job as a draughtsman at Wilhem Kreis's architectural studio. He was able to use the position for the benefit of the Brücke. When the firm was asked to design an exhibition room for the lamp manufacturer Max Seifert, Heckel was able to persuade the industrialist that it was worthwhile giving wall space and displays to the Brucke for an exhibition.

paragraph: Section::::Art.

paragraph: As a member of Die Brücke, Heckel often filled the role of business manager, which allowed the collective to network with other upcoming artists at the time, such as the Munich-based Franz Marc. This subsequently led to greater publicity for the collective, such as their mention in the almanac of Franz Marc's own artistic coalition, the Blaue Reiter.

paragraph: It is worthwhile to note that with the exception of one favorable review by Paul Fetcher in the leading Dresden newspaper Dresdner Neueste Nachrichten, the exhibition in Löbtau at the factory of the lamp manufacturer Max Seifert was considered to be a flop. In addition, Heckel's poster, no longer extant, had been barred from public display by the Dresden police.

paragraph: In 1906 and 1907 the Die Brücke had another exhibition in Löbtau, devoted exclusively to graphics and including a group of woodcuts by Wassily Kandinsky. Unfortunately, the group once again failed to strike a chord with the public.

paragraph: However, much more noteworthy and ironically also notorious, were the next three annual shows by the Die Brücke, this time held in the fashionable Emil Richter Gallery. In large, silent rooms, expensively furnished and smothered with lush carpets, the group's unconventional paintings and prints struck a foreseeably strident chord, amongst them notably a nude poster of a woman that ruffled many a complacent Dresdener.

paragraph: Heckel and other members of "Die Brücke" greatly admired the work of Edvard Munch, and aimed to make a "bridge" between traditional neo-romantic German painting and modern expressionist painting. The four founding members made much use of the print as a cheap and quick medium with which to produce affordable art.

paragraph: Primitive art was also an inspiration to the members of the Die Brücke. It was Heckel's brother who introduced the group to African sculpture, and it is noted that their acceptance of primitive art, which was to fortify decisively the expressive yearnings of European artists- Was unequivocal. It is through this style that they found a source of strength in the barbaric figures.

paragraph: Section::::World War I and II.

paragraph: In December 1911, Erich Heckel moved from Dresden to Berlin. "Die Brücke" was dissolved in 1913. He was classified as unfit for active service during the First World War, but volunteered to serve in an ambulance unit stationed in Belgium. He managed to continue to produce work throughout the war.

paragraph: Between 1922 and 1924 Heckel painted one small, arched room at the invitation of the Angermuseum on the ground floor of the museum. It is now called the "Heckelraum". The mural paintings, which were subsequently given the title "Lebenstufen" (in English: "Stages in Life"), are considered to be the most important surviving wall paintings of German Expressionism.

paragraph: In 1937 the Nazi Party declared his work "degenerate"; it forbade him to show his work in public, and more than 700 items of his art were confiscated from German museums. By 1944 all of his woodcut blocks and print plates had been destroyed.

paragraph: After World War II Heckel lived at Gaienhofen near Lake Constance, teaching at the Karlsruhe Academy until 1955. He continued painting until his death at Radolfzell in 1970.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Like most members of "Die Brücke", he was a prolific printmaker: Dube's "catalogues raisonné" describe with 465 woodcuts, 375 etchings, and 400 lithographs. More than 200 of them, mostly etchings, are from the last seven years of his life.

paragraph: A major retrospective exhibition, "Erich Heckel – His Work in the 1920s", was held October 2004 – February 2005 at the Brücke Museum in Berlin.

paragraph: In 2000, Heckel's "Dangaster Dorflandschaft (Dangast village landscape)" (1909) was sold for £1.21 million at Sotheby's in London.

paragraph: David Bowie based the cover of his 1977 album ""Heroes"" on Heckel's painting "Roquairol". The same painting also provided the basis for the cover of Iggy Pop's 1977 album "The Idiot".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Critical reception.

paragraph: The critic James Auer has said that Heckel's "Franzi Standing" ...

paragraph: ...in many ways encapsulates the principal virtues of the entire Expressionist movement. At once frank and respectful, daring and compassionate, it depicts a girl-woman on the cusp of adolescence, innocent and free yet, at the same time, curious and knowing.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heckel - "Fränzi reclining"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Erich Heckel's 1920s work at the Brücke

paragraph: BULLET::::- works of the artist at "Museumsportal Schleswig-Holstein"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Available Works & Biography Galerie Ludorff, Düsseldorf, Germany

alias:
Heckel
E. Heckel

description: German artist

enwikiquote_title: Erich Heckel

wikidata_label: Erich Heckel

wikipedia_title: Erich Heckel


text:
Richard Greenblatt
hacker
Lisp
model rocket
MIT
bachelor's degree
John McCarthy
MIT AI Lab
HAKMEM
Maclisp
Macsyma
Project MAC
Symbolics
Macsyma, Inc.
Stanford University
Donald Knuth
Xerox PARC
Symbolics
Wolfram Research
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
Macsyma Inc.
Game of Life
John Horton Conway
glider gun
Hashlife
packing problem
symbolic computation
continued fraction
Gosper's algorithm
hypergeometric
pi
chronology of computation of π
Gosper curve
Bill Gosper's webpage
Biography
Bill Gosper's Graphics
Twubblesome Twelve

categories: 1943 births,21st-century American mathematicians,Cellular automatists,20th-century American mathematicians,Recreational mathematicians,American computer businesspeople,Number theorists,Lisp people,Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni,People from Pennsauken Township, New Jersey,Living people

paragraph: Bill Gosper

paragraph: Ralph William Gosper Jr. (born April 26, 1943), known as Bill Gosper, is an American mathematician and programmer. Along with Richard Greenblatt, he may be considered to have founded the hacker community, and he holds a place of pride in the Lisp community.

paragraph: Section::::Becoming a hacker.

paragraph: In high school, Gosper was interested in model rockets until one of his friends was injured in a rocketry accident and contracted a fatal brain infection. Gosper enrolled in MIT in 1961, and he received his bachelor's degree in mathematics from MIT in 1965 despite becoming disaffected with the mathematics department because of their anti-computer attitude.

paragraph: In his second year at MIT, Gosper took a programming course from John McCarthy and became affiliated with the MIT AI Lab.

paragraph: His contributions to computational mathematics include HAKMEM and the MIT Maclisp system. He made major contributions to Macsyma, Project MAC's computer algebra system. Gosper later worked with Symbolics and Macsyma, Inc. on commercial versions of Macsyma.

paragraph: In 1974, he moved to Stanford University, where he lectured and worked with Donald Knuth.

paragraph: Since that time, he has worked at or consulted for Xerox PARC, Symbolics, Wolfram Research, the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, and Macsyma Inc.

paragraph: Section::::Key contributions.

paragraph: Section::::Key contributions.:Conway's Game of Life.

paragraph: He became intensely interested in the Game of Life shortly after John Horton Conway had proposed it. Conway conjectured the existence of infinitely growing patterns, and offered a reward for an example. Gosper was the first to find such a pattern, the glider gun, and won the prize. Gosper was also the originator of the Hashlife algorithm that can speed up the computation of Life patterns by many orders of magnitude.

paragraph: Section::::Key contributions.:Packing problems.

paragraph: Gosper has created numerous packing problem puzzles, such as "Twubblesome Twelve".

paragraph: Section::::Key contributions.:Symbolic computation.

paragraph: Gosper was the first person to realize the possibilities of symbolic computation on a computer as a mathematics research tool, whereas computer methods were previously limited to purely numerical methods. In particular, this research resulted in his work on continued fraction representations of real numbers and Gosper's algorithm for finding closed form hypergeometric identities.

paragraph: In 1985 Gosper briefly held the world record for computing the most digits of pi with 17 million digits. See chronology of computation of π.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gosper curve

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bill Gosper's webpage which contains a Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bill Gosper's Graphics

paragraph: BULLET::::- Twubblesome Twelve Puzzle - version for the free Mathematica Player

description: American mathematician, programmer/hacker

wikidata_label: Bill Gosper

wikipedia_title: Bill Gosper


text: Austria

text: Hahnenkamm, Kitzbühel

text: World Cup

text: downhill

text: Chamonix

text: France

text: downhill

text: Innsbruck Winter Olympics

text: 1968 Winter Olympics

text: Grenoble, France

text: Josef Feistmantl

text: 1976 Winter Olympics

text: Mediterranean Sea

text: Antalya

text: Turkey

categories: 1943 births,Olympic medalists in alpine skiing,Medalists at the 1968 Winter Olympics,Olympic alpine skiers of Austria,Olympic gold medalists for Austria,Deaths by drowning,Medalists at the 1964 Winter Olympics,2001 deaths,Austrian female alpine skiers,Olympic cauldron lighters,Accidental deaths in Turkey,Alpine skiers at the 1968 Winter Olympics,Sportspeople from Tyrol (state),Olympic bronze medalists for Austria,Alpine skiers at the 1964 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Christl Haas

paragraph: Christl Haas (19 September 1943 – 8 July 2001) was an Austrian Alpine skier. She competed at the 1964 and 1968 Winter Olympics and won a gold and a bronze medal, respectively.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Haas grew up in Hahnenkamm, Kitzbühel, known for its alpine skiing courses. At the World Cup she won four downhill competitions in total. At the Alpine skiing World Championship 1962 in Chamonix, France, she won gold in the downhill competition.

paragraph: Haas became a national hero as a twenty-year-old Olympic champion in the downhill event at the first Innsbruck Winter Olympics. She became an instant superstar in her homeland as she won the gold medal in her home nation. Haas followed up her success at Innsbruck with a bronze medal at the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France.

paragraph: After retiring from competitions Haas became a ski instructor and opened a sporting goods store in Sankt Johann. As an Austrian gold medalist, Haas was selected with luger Josef Feistmantl to light the Olympic torch for the opening of the 1976 Winter Olympics on 4 February 1976. In 2001, she had a heart attack while swimming in the Mediterranean Sea at Antalya, Turkey and died as a result.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Short biography from the Austrian Olympic Committee

description: Austrian alpine skier

wikidata_label: Christl Haas

wikipedia_title: Christl Haas


text:
Catalan
Count of Urgell
Àger
Antillón
Alcolea de Cinca
Fraga
House of Barcelona
House of Trastámara
Crown of Aragon
Balaguer
Peter II of Urgell
Valencia
Isabella
Peter IV of Aragon
Martin the Humane
lieutenant
Kingdom of Aragon
Martin the Younger
governor-general
James I of Aragon
Compromise of Caspe
Ferdinand of Antequera
Antón de Luna
Castefrorite
Montearagón
Teruel
Xàtiva
Isabella
Peter, Duke of Coimbra
Raimon Orsini
John I, Count of Foix
Joan Ramon Folc III de Cardona

categories: 1433 deaths,Aragonese infantes,1380 births,Counts of Urgell

paragraph: James II, Count of Urgell

paragraph: James II (in Catalan "Jaume II d'Urgell" or "Jaume el Dissortat" "James the Unfortunate", in Spanish "Jayme II de Urgel") (1380 – 1 June 1433) was the Count of Urgell (1408–1413), Viscount of Àger, and lord of Antillón, Alcolea de Cinca, and Fraga. Scion of a younger branch of the House of Barcelona and its last male member, he was the centre of opposition to the House of Trastámara after its succeeded to the Crown of Aragon in 1412.

paragraph: Born at Balaguer to Peter II of Urgell and Margaret Palaiologue of Montferrat, he inherited the county of Urgell from his father in 1408. In Valencia on 29 June 1407, he had married Isabella, daughter of Peter IV of Aragon and sister of Martin the Humane, who appointed him lieutenant of the Kingdom of Aragon in 1408.

paragraph: Following the death in 1409 of Martin the Younger, heir to the Aragonese Crown, the king appointed James governor-general, an act interpreted by James as implying his heirdom. Following the death of the king in 1410, however, James was one of the six candidates who claimed the throne. Succession through the male line, as ordained in the will of James I of Aragon, would have given him the crown, but through the Compromise of Caspe, Ferdinand of Antequera was elected instead.

paragraph: Influenced by his mother, Margaret of Montferrat, and by Antón de Luna, James II of Urgell refused to recognise Ferdinand as king and took up arms against him. Defeated at Castefrorite and Montearagón, James took refuge in the castle of Balaguer which was under siege by the royal troops. He surrendered on the 31 October 1413 and was imprisoned in Teruel and then Xàtiva where he died twenty years later.

paragraph: James had four daughters and one son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- his eldest child, Isabella (1409–1430), married Peter, Duke of Coimbra, in 1428;

paragraph: BULLET::::- his second child, Eleanor (1414–1438), married Raimon Orsini in 1436;

paragraph: BULLET::::- his third child, Joanna (1415–1445), married John I, Count of Foix in 1435 and, then, remarried Joan Ramon Folc III de Cardona in 1445;

paragraph: BULLET::::- his only son, the fourth child, was Philip, who died around 1422 while still young;

paragraph: BULLET::::- his youngest child, Catherine, who also died young not long after Philip (c.1424).

description: Infante of Aragon

wikidata_label: James II, Count of Urgell

wikipedia_title: James II, Count of Urgell


text: Serbia

categories: Wrestlers at the 1956 Summer Olympics,Olympic bronze medalists for Yugoslavia,Wrestlers at the 1968 Summer Olympics,Mediterranean Games medalists in wrestling,World Wrestling Championships medalists,1935 births,Serbian male sport wrestlers,Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics,Wrestlers at the 1964 Summer Olympics,Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Yugoslavia,Competitors at the 1967 Mediterranean Games,People from Gornja Rogatica,Yugoslav male sport wrestlers,Olympic gold medalists for Yugoslavia,Olympic wrestlers of Yugoslavia,Olympic medalists in wrestling,Living people,Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Branislav Simić

paragraph: Branislav Simić (born 21 March 1935) is a retired Greco-Roman wrestler from Serbia. He competed at the 1956, 1964 and 1968 Olympics in the middleweight category (−87 kg), and won a gold medal in 1964 and a bronze in 1968.

description: Olympic wrestler

wikidata_label: Branislav Simić

wikipedia_title: Branislav Simić


text:
Roman Catholic
Sauerländer Heimatbund
Festspiele Balver Höhle
Ramsbeck
priest
Hähling von Lanzenauer
Theodor Pröpper

categories: 1898 births,1943 deaths,Westphalia culture,People from Hochsauerlandkreis,German Roman Catholic priests

paragraph: Franz Hoffmeister

paragraph: Franz Hoffmeister (22 March 1898 – 27 March 1943) was a German Roman Catholic priest and the founder of the Sauerländer Heimatbund and Festspiele Balver Höhle.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Hoffmeister was born in Ramsbeck. He was consecrated to a Roman Catholic priest by bishop Hähling von Lanzenauer in 1924.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:In German.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theodor Pröpper, "Franz Hoffmeister. Leben und Werk", Verlag Bonifatius Druckerei, Paderborn 1949

description: German priest

wikidata_label: Franz Hoffmeister

wikipedia_title: Franz Hoffmeister


text:
FC Carl Zeiss Jena
Oberliga
East Germany
1976 Olympics
East German Footballer of the Year
databaseOlympics

categories: 1943 births,Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics,East Germany international footballers,German footballers,DDR-Oberliga players,FC Carl Zeiss Jena players,Footballers at the 1976 Summer Olympics,East German footballers,Olympic gold medalists for East Germany,Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in bronze,Footballers from Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,Olympic medalists in football,Olympic footballers of East Germany,People from Wolgast,People from the Province of Pomerania,Living people,Association football goalkeepers

paragraph: Hans-Ulrich Grapenthin

paragraph: Hans-Ulrich Grapenthin (also spelled Hans-Ullrich Grapenthin, born 2 September 1943) is a German former footballer who played as a goalkeeper for FC Carl Zeiss Jena in 308 Oberliga matches. He was an East Germany international between 1975 and 1981, winning 21 caps, and was part of the gold-medal winning squad at the 1976 Olympics. He was East German Footballer of the Year in 1980 and 1981.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- databaseOlympics

description: East German footballer

wikidata_label: Hans-Ulrich Grapenthin

wikipedia_title: Hans-Ulrich Grapenthin


text: French poet

text: playwright

text: Mathurin Régnier

text: Salvator Rosa

text: Chartres

text: Paris Foreign Missions Society

text: rue du Bac

text: Henri-Joseph Dugué de La Fauconnerie

text: Concours général

text: Adelphe Chasles

text: Salvator Rosa

text: William Shakespeare

text: Battle of Waterloo

text: World War I

text: Franco-Prussian War

text: vaudeville

text: Ubu Roi

text: World War II

text: Theatre of the Absurd

text: Mainvilliers, Eure-et-Loir

text: Émile Loubet

text: Le Gaulois

text: Mathurin Régnier

text: Eugène Renduel

text: acts

text: tableaux

text: Adolphe d'Ennery

text: extravaganza

text: Auguste Anicet-Bourgeois

text: Salvator Rosa

text: Pierre Larousse

text: Ferdinand Dugué

text: Books by Ferdinand Dugué

categories: 19th-century French poets,19th-century French dramatists and playwrights,Births in Chartres,1816 births,Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur

paragraph: Ferdinand Dugué

paragraph: Ferdinand Dugué (18 February 1816 – 5 December 1913) was a 19th-century French poet and playwright. He wrote poetry and both comic and dramatic plays, some of them in collaboration. He also authored studies about historic personalities such as Mathurin Régnier and Salvator Rosa.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Family.

paragraph: Dugué was born in Chartres, the son of Pierre-Joseph Dugué de La Fauconnerie, a lawyer, and Barbe Victoire Thérèse Feron.

paragraph: On 20 November 1840, he married Henriette Joséphine Béguin, daughter of a naval officer, with whom he would celebrate their 70th anniversary of marriage in 1910. The bridal blessing took place in the chapel of the Paris Foreign Missions Society, rue du Bac.

paragraph: The politician Henri-Joseph Dugué de La Fauconnerie was his nephew.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Youth.

paragraph: He grew up in a house in the cloister Notre-Dame à Chartres. After attending college in that city, he continued his studies in Paris, hosted by the Pension Landry, where he earned a mention at the Concours général in 1830. The City of Chartres held a ceremony in his honor at the Hotel de Ville on 12 September 1830 in the presence of mayor Adelphe Chasles, who crowned him with golden crown of oak, and the College of Chartres principal, abbot Calluet.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career.

paragraph: One of Dugué's best known works was his romantic drama about the Italian painter Salvator Rosa; this was well-received when performed at the Théâtre de Porte-Saint-Martin in 1851 and was revived several times. Another work was his 1857 play about William Shakespeare; drawing on the rather meagre historical facts available, this play brought the playwright to life, creating an easily believable portrait of what he might have been like.

paragraph: Dugué was vice-president of the Société des Auteurs et Compositeurs Dramatiques. In 1870, he was appointed chief patriot of the National Defence for the north canton of Chartres. Born the year after the Battle of Waterloo and died the year before the beginning of World War I, Duguée's life spanned a major part of the history of France since he also witnessed the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. When he died aged 97, the French theater era of vaudevilles and conventional comedies was getting very near its end. He lived long enough to see the emergence of modern genres of theater, starting with "Ubu Roi" in 1896, which would eventually lead to the post World War II Theatre of the Absurd.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Events.

paragraph: In 1870, Dugué confronted the Prussian army and told with humour this episode:

paragraph: On October 21, 1870, the Prussians reached Mainvilliers and soon a rain of shells and shrapnel fell on the village. The shells searched my small park with mathematical precision and they spared my house, it was probably because a high forest of oak masked the enemies pointers. I had with me forty national Mainvilliers guards. We heard several times over our heads quick whistles and violent cracking of whips. Never mind, can't I help but say, laughing at one of my neighbors, they "obusent" the situation. Suddenly the earth flew near me, and I felt a strong shock, "Sir", quietly shouted our bugle, "it's just sank into the carrot field". We had to leave Mainvilliers, the Germans, when they entered my house, riddled my portrait with bayonets; it is always in my living room, decorated with these moles. A few days later, I read in a Prussian paper: "Our glorious army entered Chartres after taking the "Mainvilliers fort"". My house, a fort! It is a fort almost like it's a castle!

paragraph: On 20 September 1900, at the request of local authorities, he hosted a country breakfast held in the park of his castle of Mainvilliers, Eure-et-Loir, for the president Émile Loubet, who had come to attend a military review.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Quote.

paragraph: Asked in 1910 by the newspaper "Le Gaulois" on what he thought of contemporary theater movement, Dugué replied: "Only one thing surprises me it is that theater has not succumbed already under the onslaught of its three mortal enemies, pornography, music hall and cinema."

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1836: "Les horizons de la poésie", (his first published work)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les gouttes de rosée" (poetry)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Oasis" (poetry)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mathurin Regnier", study on Mathurin Régnier

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Misère"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rauquelaure"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1836: "Geoffroy Rudel, roman en deux volumes" (novel in two volumes).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1839: "Le Vol des heures", poetry, Eugène Renduel, printer in Paris.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1854: "Le Juif de Venise", drama in 5 acts and 7 tableaux

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1854: "Les Amours maudits", drama in 5 acts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1855: "André le mineur", drama in 5 acts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1856: "Le Paradis perdu", drama in 5 acts and 12 tableaux, (with Adolphe d'Ennery).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1859: "Cartouche, drame nouveau" in five acts (eight tableaux),

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1859: "La Fille du Tintoret", drama in five acts and six tableaux,

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1859: "Les Pirates de la Savane", drama extravaganza in five acts and six tableaux, (with Auguste Anicet-Bourgeois).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1861: "La Fille des chiffonniers", drama in 5 acts and 8 tableaux, (with Anicet-Bourgeois)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1862: "La Bouquetière des Innocents", drama in 5 acts and 11 tableaux, (with Anicet-Bourgeois)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1863: "France de Simiers", drama in 5 acts, in verse

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1864: "Le Château de Pontalec", (with Adolphe d'Ennery and Emile Abraham)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1865: "Marie de Mancini", drama in 5 acts and 8 tableaux, (with Adolphe d'Ennery)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1866: "Salvator Rosa", study on Salvator Rosa

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1867: "Maximilien, poésie"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1871: "Les Éclats d'obus", E. Dentu, éditeur à Paris, 1871.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1873: "Ismène", comedy in three acts and in verse

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1875: "Les Fugitifs", (with Auguste Anicet-Bourgeois)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1881: "Les Épaves", E. Dentu, éditeur à Paris.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1891: "Théâtre complet", 5 volumes, Calmann-Lévy, éditeur à Paris, 1891.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Published in 1853, la "Prière des Naufragés" :« J’ai besoin par instant de rugir comme les bêtes féroces et de bondir comme les flots de l’Océan.– J’étouffe ici ! »("I sometimes need to roar like wild beasts and leap like the waves of the Océan.- I suffocate here!") (adapted into English under names including "The Sea of Ice")

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dugué (Ferdinand), in Pierre Larousse, "Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle", 15 vol., 1863–1890.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferdinand Dugué on with a caricature of the author.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Books by Ferdinand Dugué

description: French poet

wikidata_label: Ferdinand Dugué

wikipedia_title: Ferdinand Dugué


text:
Kgosi
Bamangwato
Botswana
Boer
Banpolai
1893 Matabele War
Derick Samamorobe
Anglo-Boer war
Union of South Africa
Malope
Bakwena
Transvaal
South Africa
Botswana
chieftainship
Bamangwato
Rhodesia
Lutheran church
London Missionary Society
circumcision
ritual slaying
Shoshong
Mahalapye
polygamy
sorcery
Serowe
Tshekedi
plow
Sekgoma
Kgamane
Zimbabwe
German
colonialists
Christianity
John Mackenzie
Cecil Rhodes
Molopo River
Bechuanaland
Cape Colony
South Africa
Bathoen I
Sebele I
Jameson Raid
Sekgoma II
Seretse
Semane
Tshekedi
Sekgoma II
Bamangwato
Botswana Democratic Party
Three Dikgosi Monument
Seretse Khama
Seretse Khama
Bamangwato
Botswana Defence Force
Seretse Khama Ian Khama
Vice-President of Botswana
President of Botswana
Tshekedi Khama II
Seretse Khama Ian Khama
Serowe
Seretse Khama Ian Khama
Royal Bafokeng
kgosi
Royal Bafokeng Nation
Leruo Molotlegi
Semane Molotlegi
Chirenje, J. Mutero

paragraph: Khama III

paragraph: Khama III (1837?–1923), referred to by missionaries as Khama the Good, was the "Kgosi" (meaning chief) of the Bamangwato people of Botswana, who made his country a protectorate of Great Britain to ensure its survival against Boer and Banpolai encroachments. One successful goal was to stop the westward expansion of the Transvaal. He fought on the British side in the 1893 Matabele War. He gained some disputed territory as a result. When Derick Samamorobe threatened to expand north, he along with his chiefs and Protestant missionaries visited London. He was treated as a hero by evangelicals, and was received by Queen Victoria. He was guaranteed further protection. During the Anglo-Boer war of 1899-1902, he guarded British communication lines. He blocked incorporation into the white-run Union of South Africa in 1910. He built a well-organized, well-funded government with a bureaucracy dominated by Christian converts.

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry and Youth.

paragraph: During the 18th century, Malope, chief of the Bakwena tribe, led his people from the Transvaal region of South Africa into the southeast territory of Botswana. Malope had three sons – Kwena, Ngwato, and Ngwaketse – each of whom would eventually break away from their father (as well as from each other) and form new tribes in neighboring territories. This type of familial break between father and sons (and then between sons) was historically how tribes proliferated throughout the southern African region.

paragraph: In this particular instance, the break between Malope and sons was precipitated by a series of events – the death of Malope, Kwena's subsequent assumption of the Bakwena chieftainship, and ultimately a dispute between Kwena and Ngwato over a lost cow. Shortly after the lost-cow incident, Ngwato and his followers secretly left Kwena's village under the cover of darkness and established a new village to the north. Ngwaketse similarly moved south.

paragraph: Kwena warriors attacked Ngwato's village three times, each time pushing Ngwato and his tribe of followers (now known as the Bamangwato) further northward. Somehow (this episode is not explained by Bessie), they held on, and by the time of Chief Khama III's reign (between the years 1875–1923), the Bamangwato had grown (both through natural population increase and the influx of refugee tribes from the South Africa and Rhodesia) to become the region's largest tribe.

paragraph: Section::::Baptism and conflict with Sekgoma.

paragraph: Following the opening up of the Kalahari by David Livingstone in 1849, a large hunting-trading boom arose that lasted into the late 1870s. This trade was controlled by the Bakwena, Bangwato, Bangwaketse, and Batawana, who were all part of a loose alliance. All four of these Tswana-speaking groups organized private and regimental hunting groups using horses and guns, in addition to using the unfree labor or desert-dwellers who they subjugated or otherwise forced to pay annual tribute in the form of hunting products. The young Khama was at the forefront of this transition to global commerce, and as a young man owned considerable numbers of horses, guns, and ox-wagons. He was well-travelled and spoke fluent Dutch, the lingua franca of the period. By all accounts he was popular with visiting hunters (who came from South Africa and across the globe), who needed permission to travel and hunt on Ngwato territory. Although he was often portrayed by his missionary patrons as being primarily motivated by religious concerns, Khama was at the center of not only reshaping the Ngwato economy, but also of extending its power over a host of subject peoples.

paragraph: Despite his considerable influence as an economic actor, Khama is best known as the founder of a Christian state. In his early twenties, Khama was baptized into the Lutheran church via the London Missionary Society (LMS) along with five of his younger brothers. The brothers were some of the first members of the tribe to take this step; a step that would soon be joined by a fairly large percentage of Khama's followers. It was no small step for Khama. By this time in his life he had already gone through bogwera (the tribe's traditional initiation ceremony into manhood) with members of his mephato (age regiment). Historically, bogwera entailed rigorous endurance tests, which included circumcision. The ceremony culminated in the ritual slaying of one of the mephato's members as a kind of ritual purification including strengthening of youngsters (teenage boys).

paragraph: Initially, Khama's father, Chief Sekgoma I, grudgingly accepted his son's affiliation with the church, although he did not embrace church doctrine himself. Eventually their divergent beliefs and values brought Sekgoma and Khama into open conflict. At the time, the tribe was based in the village of Shoshong, which is located near present-day Mahalapye.

paragraph: The conflict included its share of intrigue – an attempted assassination (of Khama by Sekgoma), Khama's marriage to a Christian woman named Mma Bessie and his subsequent refusal to take a second wife according to the custom of polygamy, Khama's withstanding of Sekgoma's sorcery, Khama's forced exile with the tribe's Christian followers into the hills surrounding the village of Shoshong, and finally Khama's return to Shoshong after Sekgoma's second botched assassination attempt and the concomitant installing of Sekgoma's brother, Macheng, as the new chief of the beleaguered tribe (Sekgoma headed into exile).

paragraph: It was not long before Macheng and Khama clashed as well, leading Macheng to attempt his own assassination of Khama, which likewise failed miserably. Khama then ousted Macheng and, in what was either a selfless gesture of goodwill or simply a dogged adherence to tribal custom, re-installed his father, Sekgoma, as Chief of the Bamangwato. Unfortunately, the truce between father and son would again falter after a few short months.

paragraph: This time Khama and his followers, who now represented the majority of the tribe in Shoshong, relocated northward to the tiny village of Serowe and prepared for war with Sekgoma. The war lasted one month, culminating in Sekgoma's defeat and Khama's ascension of the chieftainship. Khama was now free to leave his mark on the history of the tribe.

paragraph: Section::::Chieftainship.

paragraph: Khama is probably best remembered for having made three crucial decisions during his tenure as chief. First, although he abolished the bogwera ceremony itself, Khama retained the mephato regiments as a source of free labor for a variety of economic and religious purposes. The scope of a mephato's work responsibilities would later expand considerably under the rule of Khama's son Tshekedi into the building of primary schools, grain silos, water reticulation systems, and even a college named Moeng located on the outskirts of Serowe, which under Khama's reign had become the Bamangwato capital. In concert with the mephato, Khama introduced a host of European technological improvements in Bamangwato territory, including the mogoma, or oxen-drawn moldboard plow (in place of the hand hoe) and wagons for transport (in place of sledges).

paragraph: In today's world the mephato might be considered an exploitative form of community self-help. Bangwato men and women were required to participate in assigned work projects when their regiments were called to service. And called they were, in the literal sense of the word. An appointed person from the village would climb to the top of Serowe Hill and literally yell out the name of the mephato that was scheduled to begin work. All members of the mephato would drop whatever they were doing and begin their six-month tour of duty, without any material support from the village (in particular without any organized contribution of food). The mephato was generally expected to fend for itself during its work assignment.

paragraph: After Khama became king in 1875, after overthrowing his father Sekgoma and elbowing away his brother Kgamane his ascension came at a time of great dangers and opportunities. Ndebele incursions from the north (from what is now Zimbabwe), Boer and "mixed" trekkers from the south, and German colonialists from the West, all hoping to the seize his territory and its hinterlands. He answered these challenges by aligning his state with the administrative aims of the British, which provided him with cover and support, and, relatedly, by energetically expanding his own control over a much wider area than any "kgosi" before him. Khama converted to Christianity, which moved him to criminalize sectarianism and to deprecate the institutions favored by traditionalists. At Khama's request stringent laws were passed against the importation of alcohol.

paragraph: The British government itself was of two minds as to what to do with the territory. One faction, supported by a local missionary named John Mackenzie, advocated the establishment of a protectorate, while another faction, headed by Cecil Rhodes, adopted an imperialist stance and demanded that the country be opened up to white settlement and economic exploitation. The resolution came in 1885, when the territory south of the Molopo River became the colony of British Bechuanaland, while the territory north of the river became the Bechuanaland Protectorate. The colony was eventually incorporated into Britain's Cape Colony and is now part of South Africa.

paragraph: Rhodes continued his campaign to pressure the British government to annex what remained of Khama's territory. In 1895, with two other chiefs from neighboring tribes, Bathoen I and Sebele I, Khama traveled to Britain to lobby the Queen for protection from the dual pressures of Cecil Rhodes' British South African Company – located in what was later to become Rhodesia to the north – and the Afrikaner settlers creeping up from the south. Because the trip was missionary-organized, Khama's Christianity was made the centerpiece of the campaign. The Chiefs traveled widely across Britain speaking to large evangelical audiences. Not only was Khama's biography written at this time, but he received large amounts of other press that cemented his legend as an African Christian. The journey to Britain by the three Tswana kings eventually proved successful following the ill-fated Jameson Raid of 1896, when Rhodes' reputation was ruined. Had Khama and his compatriots been unable to convince the British authorities of the need to "protect" the Bamangwato prior to this Jameson Raid fiasco, it is very likely that much of what is today Botswana would have been absorbed into Rhodesia and South Africa.

paragraph: Khama III was steadfast in imposing his Christianized will on the tribe. He promoted schools and gave preference to hiring educated Christians. He banned alcohol from tribal lands (with varying success), put moratoriums on the sale of cattle outside the Bamangwato territory and tribal land as concessions to foreign mining and cattle interests, and abolished polygamy. The abolishment of polygamy was perhaps his most controversial move. Some argue that as Christianity later spread among the other tribes of the protectorate and polygamy was universally abolished, the societal 'glue' that kept families together (extended as they were through polygamy) dried up.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Khama's eldest son from his marriage with Mma Bessie was named Sekgoma II, who became chief of the Bamangwato upon Khama's death in 1923. Sekgoma II's eldest son was named Seretse. Throughout his life Khama took several wives (each after the death of the former one). One of his wives, Semane, birthed a son named Tshekedi.

paragraph: Sekgoma II's reign lasted only a year or so, leaving his son Seretse, who at the time was an infant, as the rightful heir to the chieftainship (Tshekedi was not in line to be chief since he did not descend from Khama's oldest son Sekgoma II). So in keeping with tradition, Tshekedi acted as regent of the tribe until Seretse was old enough to assume the chieftainship. The transfer of responsibility from Tshekedi to Seretse was planned to occur after Seretse had returned from his law studies overseas in Britain.

paragraph: Tshekedi Khama's regency as acting chief of the Bamangwato is best remembered for his expansion of the mephato regiments for the building of primary schools, grain silos, and water reticulation systems; for his frequent confrontations with the British colonial authorities over the administration of justice in Ngwato country; and for his efforts to deal with a major split in the tribe after Seretse married a white woman, Ruth Williams, while studying law in Britain.

paragraph: Tshekedi opposed the marriage on the grounds that under Tswana custom a chief could not marry simply as he pleased. He was a servant of the people; the chieftaincy itself was at stake. Seretse would not budge in his desire to marry Ruth (which he did while exiled in Britain in 1948), and tribal opinion about the marriage basically split evenly along demographic lines – older people went with Tshekedi, the younger with Seretse. In the end, British authorities exiled both men (Tshekedi from the Bamangwato territory, Seretse from the Protectorate altogether). Rioting broke out and a number of people were killed.

paragraph: Eventually, once emotions had had enough time to subside, Seretse and Ruth were allowed to return to the Protectorate and Seretse and Tshekedi were able to patch things up a bit between themselves. By now though, Seretse saw his destiny not as chief of the Bamangwato tribe, but rather as leader of the Botswana Democratic Party and as President of the soon-to-be independent nation of Botswana in 1966. He would remain Botswana's President until his death from pancreatic cancer in 1980.

paragraph: The Three Dikgosi Monument features Khama III along with two other kgosi for their work in establishing Botswana's independence.

paragraph: Section::::Current descendants.

paragraph: The Bechuanaland Protectorate maintained its semi-independent status until 1966, when it gained full independence as the Republic of Botswana. The first president, Sir Seretse Khama, was the grandson and heir of Khama III and his first son from Ruth Khama, Seretse Khama Ian Khama, would succeed Seretse Khama as the paramount chief of the Bamangwato and go on to become the commander of the Botswana Defence Force, as a lieutenant general. On April 1, 2008, Seretse Khama Ian Khama, son of Sir Seretse Khama, and former Vice-President of Botswana, was sworn in as the fourth President of Botswana. Tshekedi Khama II, the brother of Seretse Khama Ian Khama, had also entered the political fray by taking over the parliamentary seat of his brother in Serowe. Ndelu Seretse, a cousin of President Seretse Khama Ian Khama, is the current Minister of Justice, Defense and Security in the Government of Botswana. Sheila Khama, a distant relative of Seretse Khama Ian Khama, is the CEO of De Beers Botswana, the largest mining company in Botswana, and part of the largest mineral mining company in the world. President Seretse Khama Ian Khama was elected for a full term as President of Botswana on October 16, 2009. Hence, the "House of Khama" is still prominent in Botswana society. In the neighboring country of South Africa, Queen Semane Khama Molotlegi, Queen Mother of the Royal Bafokeng Nation, is the granddaughter of Khama III. The 36th kgosi of the Royal Bafokeng Nation, Kgosi (King) Leruo Molotlegi, is the eldest living son of Queen Mother Semane Molotlegi and is therefore a great-grandson of Khama III.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chirenje, J. Mutero. "Chief Kgama and His Times c. 1835–1923: The Story of a Southern African Ruler" (R. Collings, 1978).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chirenje, J. Mutero. "Church, State, and Education in Bechuanaland in the Nineteenth Century". "International Journal of African Historical Studies" 9.3 (1976): 401–418.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parsons, N. "King Khama, Emperor Joe, and the Great White Queen: Victorian Britain Through African Eyes" (University of Chicago Press, 1998)

description: Kgosi of Bechuanaland

wikidata_label: Khama III

wikipedia_title: Khama III


text:
Jack & Bobby
Drive Me Crazy
Concord, New Hampshire
Pinkerton Academy
Boston
Hampstead, New Hampshire
Broadway Dance Center
Miss New Hampshire Teen USA
Miss Teen USA 1994
ER
House
Bones
Veronica Mars
Nip/Tuck
7th Heaven
That '70s Show
Sabrina the Teenage Witch
ABC
Brothers & Sisters
Calista Flockhart
Josh Hopkins
I Hope They Serve Beer In Hell
Cat Grant
Smallville
webseries

categories: 1978 births,20th-century American actresses,American television actresses,Actresses from New Hampshire,American film actresses,21st-century American actresses,Miss Teen USA 1994 delegates,Living people

paragraph: Keri Lynn Pratt

paragraph: Keri Lynn Pratt (born September 23, 1978) is an American actress of film and television. She is best known for her role of Missy Belknap on "Jack & Bobby" and as Dee Vine in the film "Drive Me Crazy", which was her debut role.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Pratt, who was born in Concord, New Hampshire, graduated from Pinkerton Academy in Derry and in Boston. She married John Barneson in October 2011 at Hampstead Congregational Church in Hampstead, New Hampshire.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Pratt was a student at the Hampstead Dance Academy, and after graduation began her career at the Broadway Dance Center. She was Miss New Hampshire Teen USA 1994 and competed in the Miss Teen USA 1994 pageant. She has guest starred on such series as "", "ER", "House", "Bones", "Veronica Mars", "", "Nip/Tuck", "7th Heaven", "That '70s Show", and "Sabrina the Teenage Witch". In 2005, she portrayed a 16 year-old girl named Lauren Westley on "", even though Pratt was 27 at the time.

paragraph: In 2006 she appeared in four episodes of the ABC's television series "Brothers & Sisters", as an intern to Calista Flockhart and Josh Hopkins's characters. In July 2008, Pratt was cast as Kristy in the 2009 film "I Hope They Serve Beer In Hell". Between 2010 and 2011, she played reporter Cat Grant in four episodes of "Smallville". Not as active since 2012, Pratt appeared in the 2014 webseries of four, two-minute long, webisodes "".

description: American actress

wikidata_label: Keri Lynn Pratt

wikipedia_title: Keri Lynn Pratt


text:
Emperor Henry VII
Frederick the Fair
Minnesang
Codex Manesse
Homberg
battle of Schosshalde
Frohburg
Elisabeth von Rapperswil
Count of Rapperswil
Oetenbach nunnery
canton of Schwyz
Albert I of Germany
Liestal
bishop of Basel
Livonian crusade
Teutonic order
Minnelieder
reeve
emperor Henry
in Milan
Lombardy
Flüelen
king Frederick
Morgarten war
Ghibelline
Genoa
Codex Manesse

categories: Minnesingers,14th-century Swiss people,1284 births,14th-century German writers,1320 deaths,Medieval Swiss nobility,Military personnel of the Holy Roman Empire,House of Rapperswil,People from Rapperswil-Jona

paragraph: Wernher von Homberg

paragraph: Wernher von Homberg (also "Werner"; "Hohenberg", 1284 – 21 March 1320) was a knight in the service Emperor Henry VII, and later of Frederick the Fair. His Minnesang poems are recorded in the "Codex Manesse".

paragraph: Wernher's father was Ludwig of Homberg (d. 1289 in the battle of Schosshalde, the son of Hermann IV of Frohburg), and his mother was Elisabeth von Rapperswil (d. 1309), the heiress of Rudolf, Count of Rapperswil. At the death of her husband, Elisabeth gave her estates in Rapperswil to her children. Elisabeth, like her mother and father before, was an ally of the city of Zürich, held citizenship ("Burgrecht") there. She was patron of the Oetenbach nunnery, and Wernher's sister, Cecilia von Homberg became the prioress there.

paragraph: Wernher inherited territories that today form the northern part of the canton of Schwyz. Beginning in 1302, king Albert I of Germany laid claim to these territories, prompting Wernher to enter a pact with the people of Schwyz. In 1303, Wernher sold Homberg castle and the city of Liestal to the bishop of Basel. In 1304/5 he joined the Livonian crusade of the Teutonic order. His eight extant Minnelieder were composed during this time.

paragraph: In 1309, Wernher was given the position of reeve of Schwyz. He participated in the Italian campaign of emperor Henry during 1310 – 1313. For his service in Milan, he received the title of lieutenant general of Lombardy as well as the right to collect the imperial tax at Flüelen. He entered the service of king Frederick in 1314. In the Morgarten war of 1315, he attempted to mediate between the parties, and does not appear to have participated as combatant.

paragraph: In 1315, he married the widow of his step-father, Maria von Oettingen (d. 1369). In 1319 he went to support the Ghibelline siege of Genoa, and most likely died on this campaign. The "Our Lady Chapel" at Oetenbach, where Wernher's sister Cecilia was prioress, was donated in Wernher's name in 1320.

paragraph: Section::::Poems.

paragraph: Eight Minnelieder are attributed to Wernher in "Codex Manesse", with the following incipits:

description: Swiss Minnesinger

wikidata_label: Wernher von Homberg

wikipedia_title: Wernher von Homberg


text:
Rome
Università degli Studi Niccolò Cusano
Lamberto Dini
Università degli Studi Niccolò Cusano
Università degli Studi Niccolò Cusano
Fondazione Niccolò Cusano
University Niccolò Cusano

categories: Università degli Studi Niccolò Cusano rectors,Italian politicians,Italian male writers,1944 births,Living people

paragraph: Giovanni Puoti

paragraph: Giovanni Puoti (born Rome 1944) is an Italian rector and politician.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: From November 2010 to September 2013 he was rector of the Università degli Studi Niccolò Cusano.

paragraph: He was deputy minister in the government of Lamberto Dini.

paragraph: From 2015 che is presidente of the Università degli Studi Niccolò Cusano.

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Il lavoro dipendente nel diritto tributario, Franco Angeli,1975.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Istruzione e prova nel procedimento d'imposizione, Veutro Editore, Roma, 1979.

paragraph: BULLET::::- I tributi locali.Procedimenti sanzonatori e di riscossione coattiva. Impugnazione degli atti ed opposizioni, CEDAM, 2005 (with F.Simonelli, B.Cucchi).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diritto dell'esecuzione tributaria, CEDAM, 2007 (with B.Cucchi).

paragraph: BULLET::::- I reati tributari, CEDAM, 2008 (with F.Simonelli).

paragraph: BULLET::::- La nuova riscossione tributaria. Procedure esecutive e di notificazione, CEDAM, 2012 (with F.Simonelli, B.Cucchi) .

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Università degli Studi Niccolò Cusano

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fondazione Niccolò Cusano

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- University Niccolò Cusano

description: Italian politician

wikidata_label: Giovanni Puoti

wikipedia_title: Giovanni Puoti


text:
imperial China
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
Zhao Kuangyin
Song Dynasty
Zhao Kuangyi
emperor
Zhuangzong of Later Tang
horse archer
Wang Rong
de facto
Zhao
Li Cunxu
Later Liang
Empress Dowager Zhaoxian
Zhao Kuangyin
Zhao Jiong

categories: Later Zhou people,956 deaths,Later Han (Five Dynasties) people,Year of birth unknown,899 births

paragraph: Zhao Hongyin

paragraph: Zhao Hongyin (趙弘殷) (899-956) was a military general in imperial China's Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

paragraph: After his death, his son Zhao Kuangyin founded the Song Dynasty in 960. Another son Zhao Kuangyi would also become a Song emperor. For this reason, Zhao Hongyin is posthumously honored as "Emperor Xuanzu (宣祖) of Song". All emperors of the Song dynasty were his descendants via either Emperor Taizu (most emperors of the Southern Song) or Emperor Taizong (most emperors of the Northern Song).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Zhao Hongyin decided against a civil career and became a military officer instead under Zhuangzong of Later Tang: he knew that in times of disunity it would be a military career that would lead to success.

paragraph: The young Zhao Hongyin was a skilled horse archer. He originally served the warlord Wang Rong for the de facto independent Zhao State, and was once ordered by Wang to lead 500 cavalries to assist their ally Li Cunxu in battles, presumably against the Later Liang. Impressed by his bravery, Li kept Zhao as part of his imperial army after the fall of Zhao in 921.

paragraph: It was also around this period that he married Lady Du who was 3 years his junior. According to popular rumour a few decades after his death, when Zhao Hongyin first came to the area by himself, he encountered a snowstorm and had to beg for food from servants in official Du Shuang's (杜爽) house. After a few days, the servants noticed that he was hardworking and persuaded Du to keep him in the house. A few months later, the family arranged for him to marry their eldest daughter.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parents:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhao Jing, Yizu (; 872–933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Jianmu, of the Liu clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consorts and Issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Dowager Zhaoxian, of the Du clan (; 902–961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zhao Guangji, Prince Yong" (), first son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Princess Gongxian" (), first daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhao Kuangyin, Taizu (; 927–976), second son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Gongyi (; d. 973), second daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Gao Huaide (; 926–982) in 960, and had issue (one daughter)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhao Jiong, Taizong (; 939–997), third son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zhao Guangzan, Prince Qi" (), fifth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Geng clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhao Tingmei, Prince Fudao (; 947–984), fourth son

description: Chinese emperor's father

wikidata_label: Zhao Hongyin

wikipedia_title: Zhao Hongyin


text:
American football
guard
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
National Football League
college football
James Madison
Arizona Cardinals
2013 NFL Draft
Simon Gratz High School
high school football
Mickey Matthews
James Madison University
Harrisonburg, Virginia
James Madison Dukes football
Colonial Athletic Association
2013 East–West Shrine Game
Atlanta Falcons'
Jerry Glanville's
NFL Scouting Combine
Indianapolis, Indiana
40-yard dash
Philadelphia Eagles
Cleveland Browns
Arizona Cardinals
Arizona Cardinals
2013 NFL Draft
NFL Draft
North Carolina's
Jonathan Cooper
$
Chilo Rachal
Daryn Colledge
Jonathan Cooper
Paul Fanaika
Mike Gibson
Senio Kelemete
Bruce Arians
Miami Dolphins
Paul Fanaika
Ted Larsen
Arizona Cardinals'
New York Giants
NFC West
Carolina Panthers
Paul Fanaika
Mike Iupati
Jonathan Cooper
Bradley Sowell
Bobby Massie
Super Bowl
Arizona Cardinals'
New Orleans Saints
Evan Mathis
Mike Iupati
Cole Toner
Bruce Arians
Buffalo Bills
New York Jets
Jacksonville Jaguars
signing bonus
A. J. Cann
Patrick Omameh
Doug Marrone
A. J. Cann
Patrick Omameh
Mike Iupati
Alex Boone
Pro Football Focus
Chicago Bears
Cleveland Browns
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
James Madison Dukes bio

categories: Cleveland Browns players,Chicago Bears players,1990 births,Sportspeople from Philadelphia,Jacksonville Jaguars players,James Madison Dukes football players,Players of American football from Pennsylvania,Arizona Cardinals players,Living people,American football offensive guards,American football offensive tackles

paragraph: Earl Watford

paragraph: Earl Watford (born June 24, 1990) is an American football guard for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at James Madison, and was drafted by the Arizona Cardinals in the fourth round of the 2013 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::High school career.

paragraph: He attended Simon Gratz High School in Philadelphia, and played high school football for the Gratz Bulldogs. He was a first-team all-city selection as a senior, and was named to the second-team All-Decade Public Team on the defensive line by the "Philadelphia News". Watford did not begin playing football until his junior year and played defensive end for Simon Gratz High School.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Head coach Mickey Matthews stated that the main reason they recruited Watford was his large size. He was originally recruited as a defensive end, but the coaching staff realized he would be better suited to be an offensive linemen.

paragraph: Watford attended James Madison University in Harrisonburg, Virginia, where he played for the James Madison Dukes football team from 2008 to 2012. He started in 37 games over his college career, and was a first-team All-Colonial Athletic Association (CAA) selection as a junior in 2011, and again as a senior in 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: On January 8, 2013, it was announced that Watford had accepted his invitation to play in the 2013 East–West Shrine Game. On January 19, 2013, Watford played for former Atlanta Falcons' head coach Jerry Glanville's East team that lost 28-13 to the West. Watford was one of 57 collegiate offensive linemen to attend the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis, Indiana. He completed all of the combine drills and finished fifth among all offensive linemen in the vertical and ninth in the 40-yard dash. On March 18, 2013, Watford attended James Madison's pro day, but chose to stand on his combine numbers and only perform positional and blocking drills. During the draft process, attended private workouts and meetings with a few teams, including the Philadelphia Eagles, Cleveland Browns, and Arizona Cardinals. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, NFL draft experts and scouts projected Watford would be a fourth or fifth round pick. He was ranked the seventh best offensive guard in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com.

paragraph: The Arizona Cardinals selected Watford in the fourth round (116th overall) of the 2013 NFL Draft. Watford was the 14th player ever selected in the NFL Draft from James Madison. He also became the fourth highest selection in the school's history. Earlier in the draft, the Arizona Cardinals also selected North Carolina's guard Jonathan Cooper in the first round (seventh overall).

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Cardinals.:2013.

paragraph: On June 4, 2013, the Arizona Cardinals signed Watford to a four-year, $2.59 million contract.

paragraph: Throughout training camp, Watford competed against Chilo Rachal, Daryn Colledge, Jonathan Cooper, Paul Fanaika, Mike Gibson, and Senio Kelemete for the starting offensive guard role. Head coach Bruce Arians named Watford the backup offensive guard behind starters Daryn College and Paul Fanaika to begin the regular season. Watford spent the entire season in the bench and was inactive for all 16 regular season games.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Cardinals.:2014.

paragraph: The following season, Watford competed against Jonathan Cooper for the vacant starting left guard role after the departure of Daryn College to the Miami Dolphins in free agency. Watford and Cooper were named the backup offensive guards behind starters Paul Fanaika and Ted Larsen to start the regular season.

paragraph: On September 18, 2014, he made his professional regular season debut during the Arizona Cardinals' 25-14 victory at the New York Giants. He missed five games during the season (Weeks 8-12) after suffering a high ankle sprain. He finished the season with ten games and zero starts as the Arizona Cardinals finished second in the NFC West with an 11-5 record. On January 3, 2015, Watford played in his first career playoff game as the Arizona Cardinals lost to the Carolina Panthers 27-16 in the NFC Wildcard game.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Cardinals.:2015.

paragraph: During the off season, the Arizona Cardinals saw the departure of Paul Fanaika, signed free agent guard Mike Iupati, and moved Ted Larsen to center. With Iupati slated as the starting right guard, Watford competed against Jonathan Cooper for the vacant starting left guard position. In an unexpected move, the Arizona Cardinals named Watford the starting right tackle, ahead of Bradley Sowell. He would replace Bobby Massie who was in the midst of serving a two-game suspension after an incident during the week of the Super Bowl.

paragraph: He made his first career start in the Arizona Cardinals' season-opening 31-19 victory over the New Orleans Saints. On December 8, 2015, the Atizona Cardinals placed Watford on injured/reserve after he suffered a hand injury, effectively ending his season. He finished the season with two starts and appeared in eight games. Watford also missed three games during the season (Weeks 6-8).

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Cardinals.:2016.

paragraph: The Arizona Cardinals signed Evan Mathis to be the starting offensive guard opposite Mike Iupati. Watford competed for a backup guard role against Cole Toner. Head coach Bruce Arians named him the backup left guard to Iupati to start the regular season.

paragraph: After starting the season in a reserve role, Watford was named the starting right guard for a Week 3 loss at the Buffalo Bills. Evan Mathis was inactive after suffering a foot injury. Watford was named the starting right guard for the rest of the season prior to the Arizona Cardinals' Week 6 victory over the New York Jets. He replaced Evan Mathis in the lineup after Mathis suffered an ankle injury and was placed on injured/reserve for the remainder of the season. He finished the 2016 season with ten starts in 15 games.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Jacksonville Jaguars.

paragraph: On March 11, 2017, the Jacksonville Jaguars signed Watford to a two-year, $6 million contract that included $750,000 guaranteed and a signing bonus of $250,000.

paragraph: Throughout training camp, he competed against A. J. Cann and Patrick Omameh for one of the starting guard jobs. Head coach Doug Marrone named Watford the backup to A. J. Cann and Patrick Omameh to start the regular season.

paragraph: He was released on September 8, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Cardinals (second stint).

paragraph: On October 2, 2017, the Arizona Cardinals signed Watford after starting left guard Mike Iupati suffered a triceps injury and was placed on injured reserve. The terms of his contract were for one-year and $775,000. Upon arrival, he was named the starting right guard with Alex Boone moving to the left. He started Weeks 5-14, was inactive for 15-16, before returning for the season finale. He finished with a total of ten games and nine starts. Pro Football Focus gave him a 36.7 overall grade, but gave him "high quality" marks for run and pass blocking.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Chicago Bears.

paragraph: On April 3, 2018, Watford signed a one-year contract with the Chicago Bears. He was released on August 26, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cleveland Browns.

paragraph: On August 28, 2018, Watford was signed by the Cleveland Browns.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

paragraph: On March 15, 2019, Watford signed a one-year contract with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Madison Dukes bio

description: American football player, offensive lineman

wikidata_label: Earl Watford

wikipedia_title: Earl Watford


text: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dubuque

text: Pope Francis

text: Des Moines

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

categories: 1960 births,Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dubuque,Living people,American Roman Catholic priests,People from Waterloo, Iowa

paragraph: William Michael Joensen

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: On June 24, 1989, Joensen was ordained to the priesthood for the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dubuque. Pope Francis appointed Joensen bishop for the Diocese of Des Moines on July 18, 2019. His consecration is scheduled for September 27, 2019.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Diocese of Des Moines Official Site

wikidata_label: William M. Joensen

wikipedia_title: William Michael Joensen


text:
music producer
Brazilian
Rosa de Saron
Oficina G3
Som Livre
Íngreme
Rosa de Saron
Depois do Inverno
Casa dos Espelhos
Acústico
Acústico e Ao Vivo
Horizonte Distante
Horizonte Vivo Distante
Siete Camiños
O Agora e o Eterno
Latitude, Longitude
Cartas ao Remetente
Acústico e Ao Vivo 2/3

categories: 1980 births,21st-century Brazilian singers,Brazilian Roman Catholics,Portuguese-language singers,Brazilian Roman Catholic singers,Musicians from São Paulo (state),Brazilian rock singers,Living people,21st-century male singers

paragraph: Guilherme de Sá

paragraph: Guilherme de Sá (December 10, 1980) is a singer, songwriter, writer, poet, music producer and Brazilian arranger, best known for being the vocalist of the Christian rock band Rosa de Saron from 2001 to 2019, making his last presentation with the group on February 10 of that year, in São Paulo – SP

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The musician joined the band in 2001 and made his debut on the album Depois do Inverno in 2002. Since the album Casa dos Espelhos, released in 2005, Sá was responsible for the musical production of the albums of the set. In addition, he was also the main composer of Rosa de Saron. For his performances in the band, it won several times the Trophy Louvemos ao Senhor in the category better singer.

paragraph: Starting in 2015, he started to perform as a solo artist alongside Mauro Henrique, lead singer of Oficina G3, and singer Leonardo Gonçalves. The three formed the project Loop Session + Friends, whose presentations were given in several theaters of the country..

paragraph: In 2017, Sá announced the release of his first solo album, titled Íngreme, distributed by the record company Som Livre. The single "Ágora" was released in the digital platforms in February of the same year.

paragraph: On November 13, 2018, Guilherme de Sá announced his departure from Rosa de Saron, through a video in the account of the band on Facebook.

paragraph: On November 14, 2018, he released the single "A Última Canção" on the digital platforms and also his music video on YouTube.

paragraph: In 2019 after the last show with the band Rosa de Saron, he moves to Italy, to the city of Florence with his family. He currently lives with his family in the city of York in England.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: "Íngreme"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Rosa de Saron

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: "Depois do Inverno"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: "Casa dos Espelhos"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: "Acústico"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: "Acústico e Ao Vivo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "Horizonte Distante"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "Horizonte Vivo Distante"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "Siete Camiños"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "O Agora e o Eterno"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "Latitude, Longitude"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "Cartas ao Remetente"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "Acústico e Ao Vivo 2/3"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: "Essencial"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: Gran Paradiso

wikidata_label: Guilherme de Sá

wikipedia_title: Guilherme de Sá


text:
French Third Republic
Corte
Second French Empire
Aisne
Pyrénées-Orientales
16 May 1877 crisis
Legion of Honour
Manche
Loire
Cochinchina
Charles Thomson
Charles Auguste Frédéric Bégin
Norodom of Cambodia
Saigon
Noël Pardon
catafalque

paragraph: Ange Michel Filippini

paragraph: Ange Michel Filippini (24 October 1834 – 22 October 1887) was a French lawyer who became a career public servant in the early years of the French Third Republic.

paragraph: He served as Prefect of several French departments.

paragraph: He was briefly Governor of Cochinchina in 1886–87, where he helped bring a rebellion in the protectorate of Cambodia to a conclusion.

paragraph: Section::::Early years (1834–70).

paragraph: Ange Michel Filippini was born in Corte, Corsica, on 24 October 1834.

paragraph: His parents were Horace Hyacinthe Filippini, a merchant and proprietor, and Appoline Gaffori.

paragraph: He obtained his degree in Law and became a lawyer in 1855.

paragraph: Under the Second French Empire he was part of the Republican opposition.

paragraph: He joined the Republican party in 1860.

paragraph: Section::::Civil Servant (1871–86).

paragraph: Filippini became a municipal councillor on 6 August 1870, and after the fall of the empire became acting Mayor of Corte on 12 September 1870.

paragraph: He was appointed sub-prefect of Corte as of 23 September 1870.

paragraph: In 1871 Filippini was elected to the General Council of Corsica.

paragraph: He was mayor of Corte from 1871 to 1872.

paragraph: He was appointed Secretary General of the Prefecture of Corsica as of 29 April 1871, and Secretary General of Aisne as of 1 March 1873, holding office until 18 June 1873.

paragraph: Filippini was appointed Secretary General of Pyrénées-Orientales as of 1 June 1876.

paragraph: After the 16 May 1877 crisis he had to resign on 24 May 1877.

paragraph: His resignation was revoked on 18 June 1877.

paragraph: In 1877 he was assigned to a diplomatic post in Egypt.

paragraph: He was appointed Prefect of Pyrénées-Orientales as of 1 January 1878.

paragraph: He became a Knight of the Legion of Honour on 18 September 1879.

paragraph: On 25 December 1879 Filippini married Françoise Sebastiani de La Porta (1845–1915), daughter of Hyacinthe Louis, Count of La Porta (1809–95).

paragraph: They had two children.

paragraph: He became Prefect of Manche as of 25 January 1880.

paragraph: He was promoted to Officer of the Legion of Honour on 11 July 1882.

paragraph: Filippini was Prefect of the Loire department from 25 April 1885 to 6 March 1886.

paragraph: Section::::Governor of Cochinchina (1886–87).

paragraph: From 1884 the French were engaged in a war of pacification in the protectorate of Cambodia, to the north of the colony of Cochinchina.

paragraph: The climate is harsh, with torrential rainfall from May to October, and diseases such as dysentery, cholera and malaria were endemic.

paragraph: Filippini's predecessors had allowed the troops to rape, loot and kill peasants whom they suspected of supporting the rebels, and had sanctioned collective punishments and summary executions.

paragraph: The whole population had been turned against the French occupiers.

paragraph: Filippini was appointed to implement a less brutal policy.

paragraph: Filippini was civilian Governor of Cochinchina from 19 June 1886 to 22 October 1887.

paragraph: He was sent to replace Charles Thomson, who had been succeeded by Charles Auguste Frédéric Bégin as acting governor.

paragraph: Filippini obtained permission from his superiors to negotiate a settlement with King Norodom of Cambodia in which the French respected the autonomy of the king's administration and cut back the number of French officials in the kingdom.

paragraph: In return, Norodom called for a ceasefire and arranged a general amnesty for the rebels.

paragraph: The main rebel commanders had ceased fighting by the end of the year.

paragraph: Filippini managed to restore some of France's influence in Cambodia.

paragraph: The Indo-Chinese Union was established by the decrees of October 1887.

paragraph: The colony of Cochinchina and the protectorates of Cambodia, Tonkin and Annam now came under the overall authority of the Governor-General of Indo-China.

paragraph: The climate had proved too much for Filippini.

paragraph: He died in Saigon, Cochinchina, on 22 October 1887.

paragraph: He was 52 years old.

paragraph: On 23 October 1887 he was replaced by Noël Pardon as Acting Governor.

paragraph: Filippini's body was returned to Corte and placed in a catafalque within an imposing tomb erected after a national subscription.

paragraph: It was discovered in 1989 that the coffin and Filippini's body had been completely destroyed by fire, and only the medallion on the coffin remained.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: Publications by Filippini include:

description: French official

wikidata_label: Ange Filippini

wikipedia_title: Ange Michel Filippini


text:
guerrilla fighter
Peninsular War
Valdepeñas
Battle of Valdepeñas
Napoleon
cast-iron stew pan
la Mancha
Battle of Bailén
Valdepeñas
Agustina de Aragón
María Pita

categories: 1787 births,Women in war in Spain,1812 deaths,Women in 19th-century warfare

paragraph: Juana Galán

paragraph: Juana Galán (1787–1812), nicknamed La Galana, was a guerrilla fighter of the Peninsular War (1808–1814) who took to the street to fight against the French cavalry that tried to pass through the town of Valdepeñas. At twenty years old, she was considered the best informed woman of the village, because she worked in a strategic location, the first tavern in the village.

paragraph: On June 6, 1808, in the Battle of Valdepeñas against Napoleon's troops, there was a lack of sufficient men to defend the village, so she encouraged women to go out and fight. Although Galán is usually depicted armed with a baton, one version has it that she smashed in the heads of the soldiers with her cast-iron stew pan. The other women poured hot water through the windows and boiling hot oil on the road. This battle led, in part, to the French army abandoning the region of la Mancha, which in turn led to the decisive victory for the Spaniards at the Battle of Bailén. This town was granted the title "very heroic".

paragraph: Galán married Bartolomé Ruiz de Lerma of Valdepeñas on May 2, 1810, with whom she had two daughters. She died during her second daughter's birth on September 24, 1812, the same day la Mancha was released by the troops of Napoleon.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agustina de Aragón

paragraph: BULLET::::- María Pita

alias:
La Galana
Juana Galan

description: Spanish guerilla fighter

wikidata_label: Juana Galán

wikipedia_title: Juana Galán


text:
Tatar
khan
Qasim Khanate
Khanate of Kazan
Qasim Khanate
Khanate of Kazan
Ahmed Khan bin Küchük
Söyembikä of Kazan
Sain Bulat
Jan Ali
Sahib I Giray
Mehmed I Giray
Sigismund von Herberstein
Belozersk
Anthony Jenkinson
Livonian War
Narva
Pärnu
Polock
Velikie Luki
List of Kazan khans
List of Qasim khans

categories: 1567 deaths,16th-century Russian people,Qasim Khanate,16th-century monarchs in Europe,1505 births

paragraph: Shahghali

paragraph: Shahghali also Shah Ali or Shah Ghaly, (Tatar: "Şahğäli", pronounced , or "Şäyex Ğäli", ) (1505–1567) was khan of the Qasim Khanate and the Khanate of Kazan

paragraph: He ruled the Qasim Khanate for much of his life and three times tried to rule the Khanate of Kazan. As ruler of Kasimov he was a Russian vassal. Kazan was an independent khanate until Russia conquered it during his lifetime (1552). He was the son of the Qasim Khan Sheikh Auliyar (r. 1512-16) and grandson of Bakhtiar Sultan, a brother of Ahmed Khan bin Küchük (the Golden Horde ruler who lost control of Russia). One of his wives was the unfortunate Söyembikä of Kazan. He died childless in 1567 and was followed by Sain Bulat. He is described as physically repulsive and too fat to be a soldier, but a man of sound judgemnt.

paragraph: 1516-19: First Kasimov: At age 11 he came to the throne at his father’s death. There is little information about this period. When he moved to Kazan his brother Jan Ali became khan of Kasimov.

paragraph: 1519-21: First Kazan. The house of Ulugh Mohammad having died out, there was talk of bringing in someone from the Crimean Khanate, but Russia managed to impose their vassal Shah Ali. He was disliked as a Russian vassal and his violence toward his opponents only made things worse. An embassy went to Crimea and brought back Sahib I Giray (r. 1521-25), the brother of Crimean khan Mehmed I Giray. He entered Kazan with no difficulty and Shah Ali was arrested. He was soon released, but given few provisions and had difficulty making his way to Russian territory.

paragraph: 1521- 47: Russian exile: When he reached Russia he was kept in honorable exile and his brother Jan Ali retained Kasimov. Sigismund von Herberstein met him in 1526. In 1533 he was accused of intrigue with Kazan and exiled to Belozersk and released in 1535.

paragraph: 1537-46: Second Kasimov: There is little documentation for this period.

paragraph: 1546: Second Kazan: in 1546 Russia defeated Kazan, khan Safa Girai fled, and the peace party accepted Shah Ali as khan. He arrived with 3000 Kasimov troops and several Russian princes. Within a few weeks his troops were massacered and it was clear that he was a prisoner in his own palace, although there was no attempt to dethrone him. After some weeks of this he held a banquet, got everyone drunk and slipped out of the palace before anyone knew he was gone. The man who helped him escape was executed.

paragraph: 1546-51 Third Kasimov: he returned to Kasimov and in 1547-51 was involved in several attacks on Kazan.

paragraph: 1551-52 Third Kazan: Now greatly weakened, Kazan accepted Shah Ali as khan. The previous Khan's widow (Soyembika) and her son were turned over to the Russians and thousands of Russian captives were released. The people would not accept their near-conquest and he could not manage the conflict between his position as both a Russian vassal and ruler of an independent khanate. He killed some three thousand of his opponents, but this made things worse. Russia sent an ambassador suggesting that Russian troops enter the town to restore order, but he refused to surrender his city to unbelievers. A second embassy demanded his deposition. Instead he fled the town for a third time and returned to Kasimov.

paragraph: 1552-67 Fourth Kasimov. He took part in the final Russian conquest of Kazan in 1552. He was visited by Anthony Jenkinson in 1558.

paragraph: In 1559 he participated in the Livonian War as commander of the Russian avant-garde, and besieged Narva and Pärnu.

paragraph: In 1562 he defended Polock and in 1564-1565 defended Velikie Luki on the Russian border. He died childless in 1567.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Kazan khans

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Qasim khans

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Hoyle Howorth, History of the Mongols, 1880, Part 2, pp 433-35(Kasimov); pp 385-86, 403-405, 410-412 (Kazan)

description: Khan of Qasim and of Kazan

wikidata_label: Shahghali

wikipedia_title: Shahghali


text:
dug-out canoe
Tilikum
Chinook jargon
Cape Horn
Norman Luxton
John Claus Voss

categories: 1922 deaths,Canadian non-fiction writers,Canadian sailors,1858 births,Maritime writers

paragraph: John Voss (sailor)

paragraph: John (sometimes "Jack") Claus Voss (born Johannes Claus Voss; 1858–1922) was a German-Canadian sailor best known for sailing around the world in a modified dug-out canoe he named Tilikum ("Friend" in Chinook jargon). Initially a carpenter, Voss apprenticed on a ship voyaging around Cape Horn and thereafter lived primarily as a sailor.

paragraph: In 1901 Voss began his most noteworthy voyage with his friend Norman Luxton and ending alone in 1904. He chronicled this and other notable voyages in "The Venturesome Voyages of Captain Voss".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Claus Voss (spanish)

description: Canadian writer

wikidata_label: John Voss

wikipedia_title: John Voss (sailor)


text:
samurai
Edo
Sano Domain
han
Sakura Domain
Hotta clan
Kanō school
lithographs
Bakumatsu period
Bansho Shirabesho
Tokugawa shogunate
oil painting
Yokohama
Charles Wirgman
Paris World Exhibition
Meiji Restoration
Meiji government
foreign advisor
Antonio Fontanesi
Meiji government
Kotohira-gū
Shikoku
Genrōin
court painter
Emperor Meiji
Mishima Michitsune
public works
Yamagata prefecture
portraiture
landscape painting
still life
salmon
Agency for Cultural Affairs
Important Cultural Property of Japan

categories: 1894 deaths,People of Meiji-period Japan,Yōga painters,19th-century Japanese painters,Court painters,1828 births,Japanese portrait painters

paragraph: Takahashi Yuichi

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Takahashi was born to an "samurai" class household at the Edo residence of Sano Domain, a subsidiary han of Sakura Domain, where his father was a retainer of the Hotta clan. Interested in art from childhood, he apprenticed to the Kanō school, but later became fascinated with western-style art through lithographs which were being available in Japan during the Bakumatsu period. In 1862, he obtained a position at arts department the "Bansho Shirabesho", the Tokugawa shogunate’s research institute in western learning, where he studied under Kawakami Togai, and where he began experimentation with oil painting. In 1866, he went to Yokohama to study under the English artist and cartoonist Charles Wirgman, who was so impressed with his talent that he sponsored his participation in the Paris World Exhibition of 1867.

paragraph: After the Meiji Restoration, despite his largely self-taught credentials, he was appointed a professor of art at the "Kobubijutsu Gakkō" (the Technical Fine Arts School) by the new Meiji government, and was a student and an assistant for the Italian foreign advisor Antonio Fontanesi, who had been hired by the Meiji government in the late 1870s to introduce western oil painting to Japan.

paragraph: In 1879, he entered a contest sponsored by the Kotohira-gū shrine in Shikoku for ceiling panel paintings, donating all of the paintings to the shrine after the contest. The shrine still displays a collection of 27 of his paintings. Also in 1879, Takahashi was recommended by the "Genrōin" to become a court painter, and was allowed to paint a portrait of Emperor Meiji.

paragraph: In 1881, he received a large commission from Viscount Mishima Michitsune to paint scenes of public works projects in Yamagata prefecture.

paragraph: Although Takahashi produced mostly portraiture and landscape paintings, he best-known work is a still life of a salmon, which has been recognized by the Agency for Cultural Affairs of the Japanese government as an Important Cultural Property of Japan.

paragraph: Section::::Noted works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , 1872, Tokyo University of the Arts, National Important Cultural Property

paragraph: BULLET::::- , 1877, Tokyo University of the Arts, National Important Cultural Property

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keene, Donald. "Dawn to the West". Columbia University Press; (1998).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mason, Penelope. "History of Japanese Art ". Prentice Hall (2005).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miyoshi, Masao. "Postmodernism and Japan". Duke University Press (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sadao, Tsuneko. "Discovering the Arts of Japan: A Historical Overview". Kodansha International (2003).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schaarschmidt Richte. "Japanese Modern Art Painting From 1910 ". Edition Stemmle.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Weisenfeld, Gennifer. "MAVO: Japanese Artists and the Avant-Garde, 1905–1931". University of California Press (2001).

alias:
Ransen
Kain Itsujin
Takahashi Yūichi

description: Japanese artist

wikidata_label: Takahashi Yuichi

wikipedia_title: Takahashi Yuichi