text:
Baltic German
chess master
Adolf Anderssen
The Immortal Game
Dorpat
Livonia
Russian Empire
Baltic German
University of Dorpat
correspondence
Carl Jaenisch
Louis de la Bourdonnais
Pierre Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant
Boncourt
Howard Staunton
chess theory
Ignazio Calvi
Bernhard Horwitz
Daniel Harrwitz
tournament
London 1851 tournament
Adolf Anderssen
blunder
The Immortal Game
three-dimensional chess
Dr. Ferdinand Maack
Raumschach
narcissistic
Schulten
combination
Immortal Game
Bishop's Opening, Berlin Defense
Boden–Kieseritzky Gambit
Kieseritzky Gambit
List of chess games
"Immortal Loser" by Marek Soszynski
The Kieseritzky Family

categories: 1806 births,French chess players,19th-century Estonian people,Estonian chess players,Baltic-German people,Sportspeople from Tartu,People from the Governorate of Livonia,Writers from Paris,French male non-fiction writers,Sportspeople from Paris,1853 deaths,University of Tartu alumni,German chess players,French chess writers

paragraph: Lionel Kieseritzky

paragraph: Lionel Adalbert Bagration Felix Kieseritzky (; – ) was a Baltic German chess master, famous primarily for a game he lost against Adolf Anderssen, which because of its brilliance was named "The Immortal Game".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Kieseritzky was born in Dorpat (now Tartu), Livonia, Russian Empire into a Baltic German family. From 1825 to 1829 he studied at the University of Dorpat, and then worked as a mathematics teacher, like Anderssen. From 1838 to 1839, he played a correspondence match against Carl Jaenisch – unfinished, because Kieseritzky had to leave for Paris. In Paris he became a chess professional, giving lessons or playing games for five francs an hour, and editing a chess magazine.

paragraph: Section::::Chess career.

paragraph: Kieseritzky became one of the four leading French masters of the time, alongside Louis de la Bourdonnais, Pierre Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant, and Boncourt, and for the few years before his death was among the top several players in the world along with Howard Staunton. His knowledge of the game was significant and he made contributions to chess theory of his own, but his career was somewhat blighted by misfortune and a passion for the unsound. In 1842 he tied a match with Ignazio Calvi (+7−7=1). In 1846 he won matches against the German masters Bernhard Horwitz (+7−4=1) and Daniel Harrwitz (+11−5=2). He enjoyed a number of other magnificent victories across his career, but his nerve was lacking when it came to tournament play.

paragraph: He was invited to play in the first international chess tournament, the London 1851 tournament, where he scored ½–2½ and was defeated in the first round by the eventual winner Adolf Anderssen. One of the games was finished in a mere 20 minutes after a horrific blunder Staunton described as having been "never equalled even among beginners of the game". The other loss was equally one-sided. During his time in London however, Kieseritzky also played an offhand game against Anderssen which has so thrilled generations of chess players that it has been dubbed "The Immortal Game". Despite losing, it was in fact Kieseritzky who recorded and published the game during his period as editor of "La Regence".

paragraph: Kieseritzky is credited with invention of the first three-dimensional chess, Kubicschach ("Cubic Chess") in 1851, but failed to attract adherents. The 8×8×8 cube format was later picked up by Dr. Ferdinand Maack in 1907 when developing Raumschach ("Space Chess").

paragraph: Kieseritzky was never a popular man owing to his narcissistic character—considering himself the "Chess Messiah"—and on May 18, 1853, he died unmourned in Paris, France. He was buried in a pauper's grave in the city.

paragraph: Section::::Notable games.

paragraph: The following game against Schulten represents probably his finest combination and bears a similarity to the famous "Immortal Game" he was to lose seven months later:

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bishop's Opening, Berlin Defense

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boden–Kieseritzky Gambit

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kieseritzky Gambit

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of chess games

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Bibliography

paragraph: BULLET::::- G.H. Diggle (Nov. 1976) "Chess Characters: Reminiscences of a Badmaster". "British Chess Federation"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zagadka Kieseritzky'ego" by Tomasz Lissowski and Bartlomiej Macieja, Warsaw 1996

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Immortal Loser" by Marek Soszynski.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Kieseritzky Family

description: Estonian chess master

wikidata_label: Lionel Kieseritzky

wikipedia_title: Lionel Kieseritzky


text:
House of Poitiers
king
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
Queen Isabella
House of Poitiers
Bohemond IV
Norman
Principality of Antioch
County of Tripoli
Genoese
Embriaco family
Raymond-Roupen
War of the Antiochene Succession
Constantine of Baberon
regent
Armenian Apostolic Church
Armenian Apostolic Church
Seljuk Turks
crown jewels
Partzerpert
Sis
poisoned
Ayyubids

categories: House of Poitiers,Kings of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia,1226 deaths,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Philip of Antioch

paragraph: Philip of Antioch (, ; died 1225), also called Philip of Tripoli, was a member of the House of Poitiers who ruled as king of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia from 1222 to 1224 as the first husband of Queen Isabella.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage negotiations.

paragraph: A member of the House of Poitiers, Philip was one of the younger sons of Bohemond IV, a Norman who ruled the Principality of Antioch and the County of Tripoli, and his first wife, Plaisance of the Genoese Embriaco family.

paragraph: Raymond-Roupen, Philip's first cousin who had waged the War of the Antiochene Succession with Philip's father for many years, also claimed the throne of Cilicia as the former heir designate of King Leo I. Upon his defeat and imprisonment by Constantine of Baberon, regent on behalf of Leo's daughter Isabella, the Armenians wanted to renew their alliance with Antioch. They requested that Bohemond IV send a husband to their young queen, and Bohemond offered Philip. Since Philip was Bohemond's fourth son, who could not be expected to inherit Antioch, the Armenians accepted. They made the union conditional upon Philip joining the Armenian Apostolic Church, to which Bohemond agreed.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Philip's marriage to Isabella was celebrated in June 1222. Before his coronation as king, Philip swore to uphold the rites of the Armenian Apostolic Church and Armenian customs.

paragraph: Philip's victory over the attacking Seljuk Turks made a good initial impression upon his subjects. Their hopes that Philip would become a good Armenian, however, were frustrated, as he had "incorrigibly Latin tastes". Philip spent as much time as he could in Antioch, showed favoritism towards his French advisors, and refused to adhere to Armenian Apostolic rites. This instigated a revolt by the Armenians. In late 1224, Philip was arrested during a night journey to Antioch. He was accused of stealing the crown jewels of Cilicia and sending them to Antioch. He spent months imprisoned in the fortress of Partzerpert near Sis, the Cilician capital, while his father appealed to Constantine. The negotiations were in vain, and Philip was poisoned in prison in 1225. Bohemond planned to avenge his son's death, but was prevented when his allies, the Ayyubids, switched to the side of the Armenians.

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: Cilicia king consort

wikidata_label: Philip of Antioch

wikipedia_title: Philip of Antioch


text:
Trencavel
Viscount of Carcassonne
Béziers
Razès
Albi
proconsul
Crown of Aragon
seneschal
Catharism
Raymond I Trencavel
Ermengard of Narbonne
Raymond V of Toulouse
Roger-Bernard I of Foix
Narbonne
Béziers
Aragon
Catalonia
Alfonso II of Aragon
Adalais
Minerve
King of France
Mèze
cartulary
Ermengard of Narbonne
William VIII of Montpellier
Gerard
bishop of Albi
William of Dourgne
Henry of Marcy
papal legation
Albi
Ambialet
Castres
Pons d'Arsac
Third Lateran Council
Ad abolendam
Pope Lucius III
routiers
Lavaur
Provence
Aix
Najac
Richard the Lionheart
Valencia
Alfonso II of Provence
Raymond Roger
Pyrenees
Razès
Raimond-Roger of Foix

categories: Viscounts of Albi,Viscounts of Carcassonne,12th-century births,Viscounts of Béziers,1194 deaths,Viscounts of Razès,Trencavel

paragraph: Roger II Trencavel

paragraph: Roger II Trencavel (died March 1194) was the Viscount of Carcassonne, Béziers, Razès, and Albi from 1167 or 1171 until his death. Until 1177 he used the title proconsul, usually as "proconsul de Bitteris" (of Béziers), but he abandoned the usage when he became a vassal of the Crown of Aragon. His government of his lands was characterised by increasing complexity, such as the development of the offices of seneschal and sub-vicar, but his later years are characterised by financial troubles and a "general malaise" perhaps brought about by his poor relations with the Church hierarchy in light of his favourable attitude towards Catharism.

paragraph: Roger was the elder of two sons of Raymond I Trencavel and Saure. As a child in 1153 he was placed in the "custody and service" of Ermengard of Narbonne. Eventually he inherited all four of Raymond's viscounties on his death in 1167. However, Raymond V of Toulouse objected to the young Roger and instead enfeoffed Roger-Bernard I of Foix with the viscounties in December 1167 at Narbonne. Roger rebelled. He retook Béziers in 1169 with the assistance of troops from Aragon and Catalonia. After taking the city, Roger brought the Aragonese inside to murder the citizens who had handed the city over to his rival. However, in November 1171, Raymond drew Roger away from Alfonso II of Aragon by enfeoffing him with the viscounties and depriving the count of Foix.

paragraph: Roger married the young Adalais, daughter of Raymond of Toulouse, in 1171. It opened the only (brief) period of alliance between Roger and Raymond. Adalais' dowry was the town of Minerve, a fief of the King of France. In 1176, Roger held a public inquiry to prove his lordship of the village of Mèze. About the same time (c. 1175), Alfonso of Aragon held a public inquiry to prove that Carcassonne was his possession and that Roger II merely held it from him at his pleasure. In the late 1180s, Roger began the compilation of a cartulary to collect the charter evidence for his rule. The cartulary contained 248 folios and was written in proto-Gothic script.

paragraph: Roger was a close ally of Ermengard of Narbonne from 1171 onwards, when the viscount and viscountess swore oaths of mutual alliance. In 1177, he joined an alliance with Ermengard and William VIII of Montpellier to prevent Raymond from seizing Narbonne. In 1179, he was forced to forswear his former alliance with Raymond of Toulouse and return to the fold of Alfonso of Aragon. He recognised that he held his fiefs from Alfonso. Roger agreed to hold Minerve from the king of Aragon instead of the king of France, significant of a realignment in the politics of the lords of Languedoc with respect to central authority. Some have suggested that Roger was driven to the side of Alfonso by the results of the Third Lateran Council and by Raymond of Toulouse' request for assistance in dealing with heresy in his domains. Roger appears therefore as lenient towards heretics.

paragraph: Around 1175, Roger imprisoned Gerard, the bishop of Albi, probably over the disputed lordship of Albi. Roger succeeded in establishing a vicar (Pierre Raimond d'Hautpoul) in Albi between 1175 and 1177, but he was forced to come to humiliating terms with the bishop William of Dourgne in 1193. In 1178 Henry of Marcy, who was leading a papal legation in the region, marched on Albi, whence Roger fled to Ambialet, and the on Castres, where they declared him a heretic and excommunicated him after releasing the bishop Gerard. In 1179, he was excommunicated again by Pons d'Arsac for his "conspicuous lack of enthusiasm for the extirpation of heresy" under the twenty-seventh canon of the Third Lateran Council and the decretal "Ad abolendam" of Pope Lucius III. He was also accused of hiring routiers. In 1181, Henry of Marcy returned to the south of France and besieged Roger and his wife in Lavaur, which was promptly surrendered.

paragraph: In 1185, Alfonso was making war on Raymond over the possession of Provence. From Aix he travelled to Najac, where, probably in April, he made a treaty with Richard the Lionheart and with Roger against Raymond of Toulouse. Roger in gratitude followed Alfonso into Spain and to the siege of Valencia, where, in June, he adopted the king's son Alfonso II of Provence as his heir, even though his wife was expecting. Perhaps the adoption was cautionary in case the child of Adalais was a girl. Alfonso of Provence did not succeed Roger, rather that child, which was a boy named Raymond Roger, did. In 1188, Alfonso of Aragon came north of the Pyrenees again to defend Roger at Carcassonne, but he also granted away that viscounty as well as the Razès to Raimond-Roger of Foix in a move to dispossess the Trencavels entirely.

paragraph: In 1189, Roger fell seriously ill and made his will. After his recovery in 1191, however, he gathered his vassals and made them swear fealty to his son, which they did.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cheyette, Fredric L. "Ermengard of Narbonne and the World of the Troubadours". Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Graham-Leigh, Elaine. "The Southern French Nobility and the Albigensian Crusade". Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2005.

wikidata_label: Roger II Trencavel

wikipedia_title: Roger II Trencavel


text: American

text: prelate

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: bishop

text: Diocese of Duluth

text: Minnesota

text: Saint Paul, Minnesota

text: Academy of Holy Angels

text: Saint Paul Seminary

text: Saint Paul and Minneapolis

text: Alexandria, Virginia

text: Saint John Vianney

text: vicar general

text: Pope Benedict XVI

text: Archbishop

text: Dennis Schnurr

text: Coadjutor Archbishop

text: Cincinnati

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

categories: 1960 births,21st-century Roman Catholic bishops,Living people,Roman Catholic bishops of Duluth,Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis

paragraph: Paul Sirba

paragraph: Paul David Sirba (born September 2, 1960) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church serving as bishop of the Diocese of Duluth, Minnesota since 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and education.

paragraph: Sirba was born in the city of Saint Paul, Minnesota. He graduated from the Academy of Holy Angels in Richfield, Minnesota. He completed his studies at the Saint Paul Seminary in the Saint Paul and Minneapolis and at the Notre Dame Institute for Catechetics in Alexandria, Virginia.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Ordination and ministry.

paragraph: Sirba was ordained a priest May 31, 1986 for the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis. He served in the following positions: assistant priest of the Saint Olaf Parish in Minneapolis (1986–1990) and Saint John the Baptist Parish (1990–1991), Spiritual Director of the Seminary of Saint John Vianney (1991–2000), pastor of the Maternity of Mary Parish, Saint Paul (2001–2006), Director of Spiritual Formation in the Saint Paul Seminary, Saint Paul (2006–2009), vicar general of the same archdiocese since June 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Bishop of Duluth, Minnesota.

paragraph: Pope Benedict XVI appointed him to fill the vacancy as bishop of Duluth succeeding Archbishop Dennis Schnurr, who was named Coadjutor Archbishop of Cincinnati in October 2008. Sirba was consecrated and installed as the bishop of Duluth on December 14, 2009.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Diocese of Duluth Official Site

description: American bishop

wikidata_label: Paul Sirba

wikipedia_title: Paul Sirba


text:
Russia
football
FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi
Soviet Second League B
Russian First League
Russian Top League
Career summary by KLISF

categories: 1941 births,FC Köpetdag Aşgabat managers,Association footballers not categorized by position,Soviet footballers,FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk managers,Soviet football managers,2010 deaths,FC SKA Rostov-on-Don managers,Russian Jews,FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi managers,Soviet Jews,Sportspeople from Almaty,Russian Premier League managers,Russian football managers

paragraph: Arsen Naydyonov

paragraph: Arseniy Yudilyevich Naydyonov () (August 12, 1941 – June 7, 2010), commonly known as Arsen Naydyonov, was a Russian professional football coach. He was born as Arseniy Rozman and took his wife's last name after the wedding, deciding his original Jewish last name would not help him in his career.

paragraph: As a head coach of FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi he won zonal tournament of the Soviet Second League B (1991) and zonal tournament of the Russian First League (1992), than spent five seasons (1993–97) in the Russian Top League.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Career summary by KLISF

description: Russian footballer

wikidata_label: Arsen Naydyonov

wikipedia_title: Arsen Naydyonov


text: Castelraimondo

text: agronomist

text: plant breeder

text: Green Revolution

text: t

text: ha

text: hybridization

text: wheat

text: agriculture

text: University of Pisa

text: University of Camerino

text: Reggio Calabria

text: hybridization

text: wheat

text: Gregor Mendel

text: chair

text: Rieti

text: cereal crop

text: Senator of the Kingdom

text: Sonora

text: Mexico

text: Lonigo

text: Vicenza

text: Tito Vezio Zapparoli

text: Girolamo Caruso

text: Storia di Nazareno Strampelli

text: Rieti scuola

text: Agricoltura italiana

text: Scheda

text: Archivio Storico del Senato

text: I Senatori d'Italia

paragraph: Nazareno Strampelli

paragraph: Nazareno Strampelli (May 29, 1866 in Castelraimondo, Italy – January 23, 1942) was an Italian agronomist and plant breeder. He was the forerunner of what became known as the Green Revolution of the late 1960s. Strampelli's work allowed Italy to become almost self-sufficient in bread wheat production, relative to Italy's contemporaneous population and consumption patterns, increasing area-based agricultural intensity from an average yield of 1.0 t/ha at the beginning of the 19th century to about 1.5 t/ha in the 1930s, through the hybridization of wheat into high-yield varietals.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: After graduating in agriculture at the University of Pisa, he taught for a few years at the University of Camerino and in Reggio Calabria.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1900, while in Camerino, he started his research on the hybridization of wheat, although he was unaware of the concurrent work of Gregor Mendel. In 1903 he was chair of agriculture in Rieti, while there he continued to cross wheat varieties and within a few years developed new high-performing hybrid combinations. From 1907 he was in charge of the "Wheat experimental station".

paragraph: His wheat breeding programs achieved the shortening of the growing phase and increasing of the disease tolerance through the reduction of the stem size. Strampelli's best performing varieties were named "Gregorio Mendel", "Luigia", "Varrone", followed by small sized and high baking varieties such as "Villagloria", "Ardito" (the result of crossing local wheat with Japanese "Akagomugi"), "Mentana", "Edda", "Balilla" and "Fanfulla". In order to disseminate the results of his studies, he established a farmers' association in Rieti.

paragraph: In 1919 a national cereal crop breeding institute was established in Rome, and Strampelli was appointed as director. Starting in 1925 he was in charge of a major national program, "La battaglia del grano", supporting the increase of wheat production and yield, aimed at ensuring Italian food security and self-sufficiency. In 1929 he was nominated Senator of the Kingdom for his scientific achievements.

paragraph: Section::::Final years.

paragraph: In his final years, he created three new high-yielding and small sized varieties of wheat: "S. Pastore", "Velino" and "Turano". The "Mentana" variety was exported and cropped in Sonora, Mexico, and became the source of a new generation of high-yielding, small size wheat varieties. The "Istituto Sperimentale di Genetica "Nazareno Strampelli"" in Lonigo, Vicenza, is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tito Vezio Zapparoli

paragraph: BULLET::::- Girolamo Caruso

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Viaggio nella genetica di Nazareno Strampelli", Sergio Salvi

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quattro passi nella scienza di Nazareno Strampelli", Sergio Salvi

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The contribution of Italian wheat geneticists: From Nazareno Strampelli to Francesco D’Amato

paragraph: BULLET::::- Storia di Nazareno Strampelli

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rieti scuola

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agricoltura italiana

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scheda sul database dell'Archivio Storico del Senato, I Senatori d'Italia.

description: Italian agronomist

wikidata_label: Nazareno Strampelli

wikipedia_title: Nazareno Strampelli


text:
Norse
King of Northumbria
Numismatic
Siefredus
Cuerdale Hoard
Cuerdale
Lancashire
Northumbria
Viking
King of Northumbria
Alfred the Great
Siefredus
Guthfrith
Alfred Smyth
Norse saga
Cannon and Hargreaves

paragraph: Cnut of Northumbria

paragraph: Cnut (, ) was a Norse King of Northumbria. Numismatic evidence suggests he ruled from around 900 until 905, succeeding Siefredus.

paragraph: Section::::Discovery.

paragraph: In 1840 a hoard of over 8,000 items (known as the Cuerdale Hoard) was found in Cuerdale, Lancashire, England. Around 3,000 Northumbrian silver coins bearing the inscription (King Cnut) were found as part of this hoard, indicating the existence of a previously unknown Viking King of Northumbria. A number of different inscriptions appeared on the reverses of these coins, including the inscription (King Alfred), indicating Cnut must have been contemporary with Alfred the Great. The name of another previously-unknown king, Siefredus, also appears on coins found in the Cuerdale Hoard. The sequence of coin issues indicates that Cnut ruled after Siefredus, from around 900 until 905. It also suggests Siefredus succeeded Guthfrith and ruled from about 895 until 900. The names of both Cnut and Siefredus appear on some coins, perhaps indicating they were co-rulers for a period of time.

paragraph: Section::::Identity.

paragraph: It is difficult to establish Cnut's identity or identify any biographical details since he is not mentioned in any contemporary source. The historian Alfred Smyth has proposed that Cnut may be identifiable with a Cnut who is mentioned in Norse sagas of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. This Cnut is said to be a Danish king active in Northumbria. It has also been suggested that Cnut may be another name for Guthfrith, ruler of Northumbria from 883 to 895, for whom no coins exist. Another suggestion put forward by Cannon and Hargreaves is that Cnut is identical to Siefredus.

description: 10th-century Norse King of Northumbria

wikidata_label: Cnut of Northumbria

wikipedia_title: Cnut of Northumbria


text:
American football
cornerback
Buffalo Bills
National Football League
Coastal Carolina
Philadelphia Eagles
Houston Texans
Indianapolis Colts
Cleveland Browns
Buffalo Bills
Philadelphia Eagles profile
Coastal Carolina profile

categories: Houston Texans players,1993 births,Cleveland Browns players,Philadelphia Eagles players,Living people,American football cornerbacks,Indianapolis Colts players,Coastal Carolina Chanticleers football players,Sportspeople from Winston-Salem, North Carolina,Buffalo Bills players,Players of American football from North Carolina

paragraph: Denzel Rice

paragraph: Denzel Rice (born March 31, 1993) is an American football cornerback for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Coastal Carolina.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Eagles.

paragraph: Rice was signed by the Philadelphia Eagles as an undrafted free agent in 2015. On August 28, 2016, Rice was waived by the Eagles.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Houston Texans.

paragraph: On October 19, 2016 Rice was signed to the Houston Texans' practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on December 10, 2016.

paragraph: On September 2, 2017, Rice was waived/injured by the Texans and placed on injured reserve. He was released on September 8, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Indianapolis Colts.

paragraph: On November 6, 2017, Rice was signed to the Indianapolis Colts' practice squad.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cleveland Browns.

paragraph: On January 31, 2018, Rice signed a reserve/future contract with the Cleveland Browns. He made the Browns final roster, playing in eight games before being waived on November 7, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Buffalo Bills.

paragraph: On November 13, 2018, Rice was signed to the Buffalo Bills practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on December 4, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philadelphia Eagles profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coastal Carolina profile

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Denzel Rice

wikipedia_title: Denzel Rice


text:
Norse
King of Northumbria
Numismatic
Guthfrith
Cuerdale Hoard
Cuerdale
Lancashire
Northumbria
Cnut
Guthfrith
Alfred Smyth
Wessex
Sichfrith
Kingdom of Dublin
Viking
Smyth
Annals of Ulster
Angus
England
Æthelweard
Cannon and Hargreaves

paragraph: Siefredus of Northumbria

paragraph: Siefredus () was a Norse King of Northumbria. Numismatic evidence suggests he ruled from around 895 until 900, succeeding Guthfrith.

paragraph: Section::::Discovery.

paragraph: In 1840 a hoard of over 8,000 items (known as the Cuerdale Hoard) was found in Cuerdale, Lancashire, England. A number of Northumbrian silver coins bearing the inscription (King Siefredus) were found as part of this hoard, indicating the existence of a previously unknown king. The name of another previously-unknown king, Cnut, also appears on coins found in the Cuerdale Hoard. The sequence of coin issues indicates that Cnut ruled after Siefredus, from around 900 until 905. It also suggests Siefredus succeeded Guthfrith and ruled from about 895 until 900. The names of both Cnut and Siefredus appear on some coins, perhaps indicating they were co-rulers for a period of time.

paragraph: Section::::Identity.

paragraph: The historian Alfred Smyth and others have proposed that Siefredus may be the same person as the Sigfrith that led a Viking fleet against Wessex in 893. Moreover, it is suggested that he is the same as the Sichfrith who claimed the Kingdom of Dublin in that same year. Though there is no way to know for sure if this Sichfrith and the one mentioned in the Irish Annals are the same, it is certainly plausible, and it is likely that there was contact between the Viking kingdoms of Northumbria and Dublin during this period. Two competing theories have been put forward for Siefredus's origins. Smyth has proposed Siefredus was a Northumbrian who sailed to Dublin after his fleet landed troops in Wessex. According to this theory Siefredus failed to take the city and caused the strife among the Vikings of Dublin noted by the "Annals of Ulster". Angus instead proposes that Siefredus was a Dubliner who left for England after he failed to take the throne. Smyth's explanation is considered more likely since Æthelweard in his "Chronicon" implies Sichfrith was a Northumbrian. An altogether different suggestion, put forward by Cannon and Hargreaves, is that Siefredus is identical to his successor, Cnut.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- in

wikidata_label: Siefredus of Northumbria

wikipedia_title: Siefredus of Northumbria


text:
American football
fullback
Green Bay Packers
National Football League
Cleveland Browns
2015 NFL Draft
college football
Mississippi State
Tuscaloosa, Alabama
Northridge High School
basketball
tight end
wide receiver
receptions
touchdown
rushing
passing
Rivals.com
ESPN
state
Alabama
Birmingham, Alabama
Atlanta
Georgia
Mississippi State University
redshirted
wingback
slotback
Music City Bowl
Southeastern Conference
pectoral
Tennessee Volunteers
training camp
first downs
Kentucky Wildcats
Alabama Crimson Tide
Auburn Tigers
Associated Press coaches football poll
2014 Orange Bowl
bachelor's degree
master's degree
The Birmingham News
Cleveland Browns
2015 NFL Draft
Donald Lee
Seattle Seahawks
San Francisco 49ers
Green Bay Packers
Mississippi State Bulldogs bio

categories: American football fullbacks,Mississippi State Bulldogs football players,Seattle Seahawks players,San Francisco 49ers players,Cleveland Browns players,1992 births,American football tight ends,Players of American football from Alabama,Sportspeople from Tuscaloosa, Alabama,Living people

paragraph: Malcolm Johnson (fullback)

paragraph: Malcolm Jamaine Johnson (born August 11, 1992) is an American football fullback for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). He has drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the sixth round of the 2015 NFL Draft. He played college football at Mississippi State.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and high school career.

paragraph: Malcolm Johnson was born August 11, 1992, to James and Genesis Johnson. He was raised in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.

paragraph: He enrolled at Northridge High School in Tuscaloosa, where he was a standout basketball player in his sophomore (2007–2008) and junior (2008–2009) years. But his best sport was football, where he played both tight end and wide receiver. In his junior year season (2009), he caught 41 receptions (nine of them for touchdowns) for . He nearly equalled this mark in the 2010 season, catching 39 receptions (eight for touchdowns) for . He also added a ground attack, rushing for on 30 carries and passing three time (twice for completions).

paragraph: Both Rivals.com and ESPN ranked him as a three-star prospect (out of four star). ESPN ranked him the 75th best high school wide receiver in the nation, and Rivals.com ranked him the 33rd best college recruit in the state of Alabama regardless of position. He participated in the Rivals.com football recruiting camps in Birmingham, Alabama, and Atlanta, Georgia, and received Most Valuable Player honors at each camp. After graduating from high school, he committed to play at Mississippi State University in July 2009.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Johnson was redshirted at Mississippi State, attending classes, practicing with the football team, and dressing for play but not competing in games.

paragraph: Beginning with his sophomore year, Johnson was a starter for Mississippi State at tight end. His role on the team was not a traditional one, as he often played the role of a wingback or slotback. He started in 11 of the team's 12 games that year, but did not catch a pass until the sixth game of the season. In his second game, he had a season-high receiving yards, and in his third caught a season-high three passes (including one for a touchdown). His career-best catch of came in the Music City Bowl on December 30. He finished the year with 11 receptions for (three for touchdowns), leading all Southeastern Conference (SEC) freshmen tight ends in both receptions and receiving yards, and tying for the most touchdowns, which led him to be named to the All-SEC Freshman Team.

paragraph: Johnson suffered a torn pectoral muscle during pre-season practice in August 2012, which caused him to miss the first five games. He started in the last eight games of the season, and in his season debut game against the Tennessee Volunteers he made a one-handed touchdown reception on fourth-and-goal with nine seconds left to win the game.

paragraph: In his senior year in the 2013 season, Johnson started the year with an undisclosed injury he received in training camp. By the time the season began, however, he had recovered and had an outstanding season—catching 30 receptions for (two for touchdowns), averaging about per catch. He had the third most receiving yards for Mississippi State that year, and was tied for second on the team with 19 receptions for first downs. He had a college-career longest reception of against the Kentucky Wildcats on October 24, his first touchdown reception of the year. He had a college career best game against the Alabama Crimson Tide on November 16, catching six receptions for , including two of or more. He was named to the All-SEC second team for his efforts.

paragraph: As a fifth-year senior in the 2014 season, Johnson was named team co-captain, and played in all 13 games (starting in 12 of them). Although he was only the team's fourth-leading receiver, he was the top tight end—catching 28 passes for (three for touchdowns). During the game against the Auburn Tigers on October 11, he caught five passes (more than any other teammember in a single game that year) for . Defeating Auburn, then the second-ranked team in the nation, propelled Mississippi State to number one in the Associated Press coaches football poll. The team went from unranked to Number 1 in just five weeks, the fastest rise in the poll's history. Mississippi State played in the 2014 Orange Bowl, where Johnson caught three receptions for . His efforts on the field won him a position on the All-SEC second team once more.

paragraph: By the end of his college career, Johnson had played in 45 games, 23 of them as a starter. He caught a total of 79 passes for and 10 touchdowns.

paragraph: Johnson received his bachelor's degree from Mississippi State in December 2014. He then enrolled in a master's degree in workforce education, with an expected graduation date of May 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Sportswriter Joel A. Erickson, writing in "The Birmingham News" in September 2013, called Johnson's college career "somewhat spotty", noting that his best year for receptions was his freshman year. Amid worries that he might not be picked at all, Johnson was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the sixth round of the 2015 NFL Draft. He was the first tight end from Mississippi State to be drafted since Donald Lee in 2003.

paragraph: On May 11, 2015, Johnson signed a four-year contract with the Browns worth $2.39 million. He played in 12 regular season games as a fullback that fall, starting five, and had no rushing attempts but caught four passes for 15 yards. The following season, he played in seven games, starting one, had one run for two yards but fumbled, and caught five passes for 44 yards. Johnson was waived by the Browns on October 24, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Seattle Seahawks.

paragraph: On November 23, 2016, Johnson was signed to the Seattle Seahawks' practice squad. He was released on November 29, 2016. He was re-signed on December 20, 2016. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Seahawks on January 16, 2017.

paragraph: On May 11, 2017, Johnson was waived/injured by the Seahawks and placed on injured reserve. He was waived from injured reserve on June 19, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:San Francisco 49ers.

paragraph: On January 2, 2018, Johnson signed a reserve/future contract with the San Francisco 49ers. He was waived on September 1, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Green Bay Packers.

paragraph: On November 28, 2018, Johnson was signed to the Green Bay Packers practice squad. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Packers on December 31, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mississippi State Bulldogs bio

description: American gridiron football player

wikidata_label: Malcolm Johnson

wikipedia_title: Malcolm Johnson (fullback)


text:
Blessed
Italian
Roman Catholic
Bishop of Susa
Saint Giovanni Bosco's
Pope John Paul II
baptized
Susa Cathedral
French Revolution
Po River
Turin
Third Order of Saint Francis
Nice
France
ordained
priesthood
Saint Giovanni Bosco
seminarians
Pope Pius IX
Bishop of Susa
Archbishop of Turin
episcopal consecration
Giacomo Antonelli
canon law
catechism
Conventual Franciscans
Salesians
Novalesa
Savona
Saint Maria Giuseppa Rossello
Milan
Rome
Holy Shroud
Order of Friars Minor Capuchin
Pope Pius XI
Pope Pius XII
Albania
Switzerland
Servant of God
heroic virtue
Pope John Paul II
Venerable
Hagiography Circle
Saints SQPN
Catholic Hierarchy
Franciscan Mission Sisters of Susa

categories: 19th-century Roman Catholics,Italian beatified people,20th-century Roman Catholics,20th-century Italian people,19th-century venerated Christians,20th-century venerated Christians,People from Susa, Piedmont,1903 deaths,19th-century Italian people,20th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Italian clergy,1830 births,19th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Italian Roman Catholic bishops,Beatifications by Pope John Paul II,Members of the Third Order of Saint Francis,Founders of Catholic religious communities

paragraph: Edoardo Giuseppe Rosaz

paragraph: Blessed Edoardo Giuseppe Rosaz (15 February 1830 – 3 May 1903) was an Italian Roman Catholic prelate who served as the Bishop of Susa from 1877 until his death and was the founder of the Franciscan Mission Sisters of Susa. He served as a simple priest before his episcopal appointment was announced - at Saint Giovanni Bosco's suggestion - and his apostolic zeal became even greater as a bishop when he tended to abandoned people in the peripheries and encouraged the work of a range of different religious orders.

paragraph: Pope John Paul II beatified him in 1991.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Edoardo Giuseppe Rosaz was born on 15 February 1830 as the fifth of seven children to refugees in Susa; he was baptized in the Susa Cathedral on 16 February. His parents were refugees due to the French Revolution. His father was to commit suicide in the Po River in 1845 and his brother Carlo Vittorio died sometime after in a mental hospital. His sister Clotilde also suffered from epileptic episodes which made life difficult for him and those around him.

paragraph: He was tutored at home until 1840 when he attended the Gianotti di Saluzzo school in Turin from 1840 to 1845. Rosaz became a member of the Third Order of Saint Francis in 1853 and began his ecclesial studies in 1847 which completed his studies in Nice in France where he was ordained to the priesthood. Rosaz began to serve as a chaplain in prisons and he also opened a retreat for girls in 1862 while later befriending Saint Giovanni Bosco; this friendship later saw him appointed as the rector of seminarians in Susa from 1874 to 1877. Pope Pius IX appointed him as the Bishop of Susa on 31 December 1877 - at Bosco's suggestion - and the Archbishop of Turin Lorenzo Gastaldi granted him his episcopal consecration in 1878 in the Susa Cathedral. He wept upon learning he was to be made a bishop and sent a letter to Cardinal Giacomo Antonelli protesting the appointment in spite of his lack of theological or canon law doctorates.

paragraph: He founded the Franciscan Mission Sisters on 4 October 1882 for women and at some stage issued a catechism. He encouraged religious orders (such as the Conventual Franciscans and the Salesians) in his diocese and founded a diocesan newspaper in 1897 titled "Il Rocciamelone".

paragraph: Rosaz made a pilgrimage to Novalesa on 13 March 1862 and in 1872 travelled to Savona to collaborate with Saint Maria Giuseppa Rossello in the foundations of her new religious order. In January 1888 he was at Bosco's deathbed in Turin and attended the saint's funeral while in 1894 taking part in the Eucharistic Congress in Turin and another in Milan in 1895. In 1898 he led diocesan pilgrimages to Rome and to Turin for the exposition of the Holy Shroud.

paragraph: Rosaz died on the morning of 3 May 1903; he had been struck with an illness on 12 January that had forced him to his bed. His remains were later relocated in 1919 to the motherhouse of his order. His order received diocesan approval on 2 February 1903 while being aggregated to the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin on 9 March 1906. It received the decree of praise from Pope Pius XI on 10 July 1934 and papal approval from Pope Pius XII on 27 July 1942. In 2005 there were 139 religious in 25 houses in places such as Albania and Switzerland.

paragraph: Section::::Beatification.

paragraph: The sainthood cause opened under Pius XII on 26 July 1953 and Rosaz became titled as a Servant of God. The confirmation of his heroic virtue led Pope John Paul II to name him as Venerable on 22 March 1986; the same pope beatified Rosaz on his pastoral visit to Susa on 14 July 1991.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hagiography Circle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saints SQPN

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franciscan Mission Sisters of Susa

description: Italian Roman Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Edoardo Giuseppe Rosaz

wikipedia_title: Edoardo Giuseppe Rosaz


text:
glaciologist
Arjuna Award
Government of India
Padma Shri
Jammu and Kashmir
Geological Survey of India
Ministry of Mines (India)
Government of India
Padma Shri
Arjuna Award
Sports Authority of India
Chandigarh
Mountaineering in India
Geological Survey of India

categories: Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports,Recipients of the Arjuna Award,20th-century Indian earth scientists,Date of birth missing,Indian summiters of Mount Everest,Mountain climbers from Jammu and Kashmir,Indian mountain climbers,Indian geologists,Indian glaciologists

paragraph: Chandra Prakash Vohra

paragraph: Chandra Prakash Vohra is an Indian geologist, glaciologist and mountaineer who scaled Mount Everest, the highest peak in the world, in 1965. He was the first Indian civilian to scale the peak a feat he accomplished on 24 May 1965. A winner of the Arjuna Award (1965) and the National Mineral Award, Vohra was honoured by the Government of India in 1965, with the award of Padma Shri, the fourth highest Indian civilian award.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Chandra Prakash Singh Vohra did his schooling in Jammu and Kashmir and started his career with the Geological Survey of India (GSI). He spent his entire career with GSI becoming the first director of the "Division for Snow, Ice and Glacier Studies" and retired in 1994 as its Director General. A geologist by profession, he carried out several geological expeditions and is known to have visited many glaciers around the world. He participated in three Everest expeditions and summitted the peak in 1965, becoming the first Indian civilian achieve the feat. In 1973, he was part of a team that explored Antarctica and was successful in camping at the southern tip of the continent. He was the leader of the landing group of the First Indian Expedition to Antarctica in 1981.

paragraph: Vohra is a recipient of the National Mineral Award of the Ministry of Mines (India). The Government of India awarded him the civilian honour of Padma Shri in 1965 and he received the Arjuna Award, the second highest Indian sports award from the Sports Authority of India the same year. In 1996, in the golden jubilee year of Indian independence, Vohra was officially included in the list of the most outstanding geoscientists of Independent India. The Indian Mountaineering Foundation awarded him their "Nain Singh-Kishen Singh Lifetime Achievement Award" in 2010.

paragraph: Chandra Prakash Vohra, post retirement from government service, is settled in Chandigarh, with his wife Satinder Vohra.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mountaineering in India

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geological Survey of India

wikidata_label: Chandra Prakash Vohra

wikipedia_title: Chandra Prakash Vohra


text: rugby union

text: Leicester Tigers

text: Premiership Rugby

text: prop

text: Bristol

text: Bristol

text: Knowle West

text: John Cabot Academy

text: Old Redcliffians

text: back row

text: Hartpury College

text: rugby team

text: Bristol

text: prop

text: British and Irish Cup

text: Scottish

text: Gala

text: RFU Championship

text: London Scottish

text: Richard Cockerill

text: Leicester Tigers

text: Wasps

text: Marcos Ayerza

text: Bath

text: the Rec

text: Twickenham

text: 2017 Six Nations Championship

text: Premiership Rugby

text: 2 test tour of Argentina

text: Barbarians

text: 2017 Autumn Internationals

text: Premiership Rugby

text: Wasps

text: Bath

text: Twickenham

text: Marcos Ayerza

text: Dan Cole

categories: Bristol Bears players,English rugby union players,England international rugby union players,1995 births,Living people,Leicester Tigers players

paragraph: Ellis Genge

paragraph: Ellis Genge (born 16 February 1995) is an English rugby union player for Leicester Tigers in Premiership Rugby, he made his international debut for in 2016 and has won eight caps. His position is prop. Genge played 26 times for Bristol between 2013–2016. He is known for his aggressive ball carrying.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Bristol Genge grew up on the Knowle West council estate, and was educated at John Cabot Academy. He started playing rugby aged 12 at Old Redcliffians playing in the back row. At 16 Genge moved to Hartpury College and captained their rugby team to victory in the AASE league.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Bristol.

paragraph: Genge joined Bristol at 18 and was convinced to change position to prop by the offer of a two-year contract if he changed position.

paragraph: Genge made his professional debut for Bristol on 8 December 2013 in the British and Irish Cup against Scottish side Gala, scoring a try in a 62-7 win. His first league game in the RFU Championship came against London Scottish on 26 September 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2015–16 season.

paragraph: Genge gained the attention of Richard Cockerill, moving to Leicester Tigers on loan in February 2016. The move was, in part, due to off-field issues, including being arrested after an away game against Ulster in 2015. He made his Leicester debut as substitute against Wasps on 12 March 2016, replacing Marcos Ayerza, and his first start came on 7 May 2016 against Bath at the Rec. The move to Leicester was made permanent on 26 May 2016.

paragraph: On 28 May 2016 he received his first call up to the squad after only one start for Leicester Tigers. He made his international debut on 29 May 2016 at Twickenham as a 66th-minute substitute in a 27 – 13 win against . Genge traveled on the 2016 England rugby union tour of Australia but was not used in any of the matches.

paragraph: Genge became a regular for Leicester in the 2016–17 season playing a club-leading 31 matches in the season. After missing out on selection for the 2016 Autumn Internationals, he was recalled to the England squad for the 2017 Six Nations Championship. The season ended with him named the club's young player of the year and winning the Premiership Rugby Discovery of the Season Award.

paragraph: With many key players missing due to the 2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand, Genge was called up to the England squad for the 2 test tour of Argentina, starting both games, and also featuring in the warm-up game against the Barbarians.

paragraph: Following a strong start to the 2017–18 season Genge was named in England's squad for the 2017 Autumn Internationals and played against and . On 2 December 2017 Genge suffered a shoulder injury in a Premiership Rugby match against Wasps. After four months injured Genge returned to the starting line up on 7 April 2018 against Bath in a match at Twickenham.

paragraph: Section::::Style of play.

paragraph: Genge's scrummaging has benefited from the tutelage of veteran internationals Marcos Ayerza and Dan Cole. He is known for his very powerful ball-carrying skills, aggression and work-rate.

description: English rugby union player

wikidata_label: Ellis Genge

wikipedia_title: Ellis Genge


text: 2016 Porsche Carrera Cup Australia

text: 2017 Porsche Supercup

text: Dempsey-Proton Racing

text: FIA World Endurance Championship

text: Porsche 911 RSR

text: 2018 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: Porsche 911 GT3 R

text: Supercars

text: Todd Kelly

text: Pirtek Enduro Cup

text: Shane van Gisbergen

text: Triple Eight Race Engineering

text: Porsche GT3 Cup Challenge Australia

text: Porsche Supercup

text: Dempsey

text: Proton Racing

text: 2018 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: 2018 6 Hours of Silverstone

wikipedia_title: 2015 Australian Carrera Cup Championship

categories: Living people,FIA World Endurance Championship drivers,Supercars Championship drivers,1995 births,Australian racing drivers,24 Hours of Daytona drivers

paragraph: Matt Campbell (racing driver)

paragraph: Matt Campbell (born 17 February 1995) is an Australian racing car driver, specialising in sports car racing. Campbell won the 2016 Porsche Carrera Cup Australia driving for McElrea Racing. Campbell moved to Germany in 2017 and was third in the 2017 Porsche Supercup. Campbell is currently driving for Dempsey-Proton Racing in the FIA World Endurance Championship in the LMGTE Am class driving a Porsche 911 RSR and has taken three victories including at the 2018 24 Hours of Le Mans. Campbell also won the 2019 Bathurst 12 Hour driving a Porsche 911 GT3 R for Earl Bamber Motorsport.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:Supercars.

paragraph: Campbell made his Supercars debut for Nissan Motorsport in 2016, co-driving with Todd Kelly in the Pirtek Enduro Cup. In 2017, Campbell joined defending champion Shane van Gisbergen at Triple Eight Race Engineering.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:Sports cars.

paragraph: In 2014, Campbell competed in the Porsche GT3 Cup Challenge Australia. He moved up to the Porsche Carrera Cup Australia Championship in 2015, finishing third in the series, and then won the 2016 series.

paragraph: In 2017, he drove for Fach Auto Tech in the Porsche Supercup, finishing third overall. This led to a drive for Dempsey-Proton Racing in the LMGTE Am class of the 2018–19 FIA World Endurance Championship. He won the class at the second round of the series, the 2018 24 Hours of Le Mans, driving with Christian Ried and Julien Andlauer. The same driver combination also took victory in the third round, the 2018 6 Hours of Silverstone.

paragraph: Section::::Career results.

paragraph: Season still in progress.

paragraph: Section::::Career results.:Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- – All points earned by the team prior to the Shanghai round were nullified.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Season still in progress.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matt Campbell profile on US Racing Reference

wikidata_label: Matt Campbell

wikipedia_title: Matt Campbell (racing driver)


text: nihilism

text: existentialism

text: psychoanalytic theory

text: postmodernism

text: individualist anarchism

text: The Ego and Its Own

text: Leipzig

text: Bayreuth

text: Bavaria

text: John Henry Mackay

text: tuberculosis

text: pharmacist

text: West Prussia

text: Chełmno

text: University of Berlin

text: philology

text: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

text: University of Erlangen

text: Ludwig Feuerbach

text: Die Freien

text: Young Hegelians

text: philosophy

text: Karl Marx

text: Bruno Bauer

text: Arnold Ruge

text: wine bar

text: Friedrichstraße

text: The Ego and Its Own

text: polemic

text: communists

text: Wilhelm Weitling

text: anarchist

text: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

text: Marie Dähnhardt

text: Catholicism

text: Adam Smith

text: The Wealth of Nations

text: Jean-Baptiste Say

text: Bruno Bauer

text: Friedhof II der Sophiengemeinde Berlin

text: nihilism

text: existentialism

text: post-modernism

text: individualist anarchism

text: post-anarchism

text: post-left anarchy

text: The Ego and Its Own

text: psychological egoism

text: ethical egoism

text: egoism

text: law

text: right

text: morality

text: religion

text: property

text: state

text: property as a right

text: society

text: Unions of egoists

text: state

text: conscious egoism

text: authority

text: community

text: collective

text: revolution

text: social movement

text: Lawrence Stepelevich

text: G. W. F. Hegel

text: Douglas Moggach

text: Ludwig Feuerbach

text: Bruno Bauer

text: The False Principle of Our Education

text: Rheinische Zeitung

text: Rheinische Zeitung

text: The Ego and Its Own

text: Leipzig

text: anti-authoritarian

text: Prussia

text: liberalism

text: humanism

text: nationalism

text: statism

text: capitalism

text: socialism

text: communism

text: Moses Hess

text: Bruno Bauer

text: Ludwig Feuerbach

text: Adam Smith

text: Jean-Baptiste Say

text: Kuno Fischer

text: Edmund Burke

text: Auguste Comte

text: revolution

text: humanism

text: Moses Hess

text: The German Ideology

text: Marxist

text: Friedrich Albert Lange

text: Friedrich Nietzsche

text: relationship between Nietzsche and Stirner

text: his philosophy

text: individualist anarchism

text: Edmund Husserl

text: Herbert Read

text: The Ego and Its Own

text: Rudolf Steiner

text: Gustav Landauer

text: Victor Serge

text: Carl Schmitt

text: Jürgen Habermas

text: Ernst Jünger

text: Eumeswil

text: Albert Camus

text: The Rebel

text: Penguin

text: Benjamin Tucker

text: James Huneker

text: Dora Marsden

text: Renzo Novatore

text: Emma Goldman

text: Georg Brandes

text: John Cowper Powys

text: Martin Buber

text: Sidney Hook

text: Robert Anton Wilson

text: Horst Matthai

text: Frank Brand

text: Marcel Duchamp

text: Situationist International

text: Raoul Vaneigem

text: Max Ernst

text: Oscar Wilde

text: post-left anarchy

text: individualism

text: post-anarchism

text: Saul Newman

text: essentialism

text: Friedrich Engels

text: Die Freien

text: Karl Marx

text: Cologne

text: The German Ideology

text: Isaiah Berlin

text: polemic

text: idealism

text: materialism

text: historical materialism

text: Specters of Marx

text: poststructuralist

text: Jacques Derrida

text: Gilles Deleuze

text: The Logic of Sense

text: Saul Newman

text: poststructuralist

text: Foucault

text: Lacan

text: Deleuze

text: Derrida

text: non-essentialist

text: Friedrich Nietzsche

text: Arthur Schopenhauer

text: Friedrich Albert Lange's

text: Karl Robert Eduard von Hartmann

text: Rudolf Steiner

text: theosophy

text: individualist anarchism

text: egoist anarchism

text: individualist anarchism

text: social anarchists

text: anarcha-feminist

text: Emma Goldman

text: Federica Montseny

text: European individualist anarchism

text: Émile Armand

text: Han Ryner

text: Renzo Novatore

text: John Henry Mackay

text: Miguel Giménez Igualada

text: Lev Chernyi

text: Benjamin Tucker

text: Liberty

text: Clarence Lee Swartz

text: J. William Lloyd

text: Der Eigene

text: Adolf Brand

text: James L. Walker

text: Steven T. Byington

text: Herbert Read

text: existentialism

text: existentialist anarchism

text: Daniel Guérin

text: Situationist

text: post-left anarchy

text: Bob Black

text: post-structuralism

text: post-anarchism

text: Saul Newman

text: Insurrectionary anarchism

text: Alfredo Bonanno

text: Adolf Brand

text: Der Eigene

text: self-ownership

text: John Henry Mackay

text: Dora Marsden

text: The Freewoman

text: The New Freewoman

text: Emma Goldman

text: free love

text: polyamory

text: Émile Armand

text: French individualist anarchism

text: naturism

text: unions of egoists

text: Egoist anarchism

text: Individualist anarchism in Europe

text: Philosophy of Max Stirner

text: Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner

text: The Ego and Its Own

text: Marshall, Peter H.

text: Newman, Saul (ed.)

text: Newman, Saul

wikipedia_title: Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner

categories: People from West Prussia,Continental philosophers,1806 births,Deaths due to insect bites and stings,Egoist anarchists,Critics of religions,Philosophers of nihilism,Max Stirner,19th-century German people,German atheists,People from Chełmno,1856 deaths,19th-century philosophers,People from Bayreuth,German anarchists,19th-century German philosophers,Individualist anarchists,Atheist writers,19th-century atheists,Critics of work and the work ethic,Humboldt University of Berlin alumni,German atheism activists,Atheist philosophers,Pseudonymous writers,People from the Kingdom of Bavaria

paragraph: Max Stirner

paragraph: Johann Kaspar Schmidt (25 October 1806 – 26 June 1856), better known as Max Stirner, was a German philosopher who is often seen as one of the forerunners of nihilism, existentialism, psychoanalytic theory, postmodernism, and individualist anarchism. Stirner's main work, "The Ego and Its Own", also known as "The Unique And Its Property", or, literally, "The Individual and His Property", was first published in 1845 in Leipzig and has since appeared in numerous editions and translations.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Stirner was born in Bayreuth, Bavaria. What little is known of his life is mostly due to the Scottish-born German writer John Henry Mackay, who wrote a biography of Stirner ("Max Stirner – sein Leben und sein Werk"), published in German in 1898 (enlarged 1910, 1914) and translated into English in 2005. Stirner was the only child of Albert Christian Heinrich Schmidt (1769–1807) and Sophia Elenora Reinlein (1778–1839). His father died of tuberculosis on 19 April 1807 at the age of 37. In 1809, his mother remarried to Heinrich Ballerstedt (a pharmacist) and settled in West Prussian Kulm (now Chełmno, Poland). When Stirner turned 20, he attended the University of Berlin, where he studied philology, philosophy and theology. He attended the lectures of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, who was to become a source of inspiration for his thinking. He attended Hegel's lectures on the history of philosophy, the philosophy of religion and the subjective spirit. Stirner then moved to the University of Erlangen, which he attended at the same time as Ludwig Feuerbach.

paragraph: Stirner returned to Berlin and obtained a teaching certificate, but he was unable to obtain a full-time teaching post from the Prussian government. While in Berlin in 1841, Stirner participated in discussions with a group of young philosophers called "Die Freien" (The Free Ones) and whom historians have subsequently categorized as the Young Hegelians. Some of the best known names in 19th century literature and philosophy were involved with this group, including Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Bruno Bauer and Arnold Ruge. Contrary to popular belief, Feuerbach was not a member of "Die Freien", although he was heavily involved in Young Hegelian discourse. While some of the Young Hegelians were eager subscribers to Hegel's dialectical method and attempted to apply dialectical approaches to Hegel's conclusions, the left-wing members of the group broke with Hegel. Feuerbach and Bauer led this charge.

paragraph: Frequently the debates would take place at Hippel's, a wine bar in Friedrichstraße, attended by among others Marx and Engels, who were both adherents of Feuerbach at the time. Stirner met with Engels many times and Engels even recalled that they were "great friends", but it is still unclear whether Marx and Stirner ever met. It does not appear that Stirner contributed much to the discussions, but he was a faithful member of the club and an attentive listener. The most-often reproduced portrait of Stirner is a cartoon by Engels, drawn forty years later from memory at biographer Mackay's request. It is highly likely that this and the group sketch of "Die Freien" at Hippel's are the only firsthand images of Stirner. Stirner worked as a teacher in a school for young girls owned by Madame Gropius when he wrote his major work, "The Ego and Its Own", which in part is a polemic against Feuerbach and Bauer, but also against communists such as Wilhelm Weitling and the anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. He resigned from his teaching position in anticipation of controversy from this work's publication in October 1844.

paragraph: Stirner married twice. His first wife was Agnes Burtz (1815–1838), the daughter of his landlady, whom he married on 12 December 1837. However, she died from complications with pregnancy in 1838. In 1843, he married Marie Dähnhardt, an intellectual associated with "Die Freien". They divorced in 1846. "The Ego and Its Own" was dedicated "to my sweetheart Marie Dähnhardt". Marie later converted to Catholicism and died in 1902 in London.

paragraph: After "The Ego and Its Own", Stirner wrote "Stirner's Critics" and translated Adam Smith's "The Wealth of Nations" and Jean-Baptiste Say's "Traite d'Economie Politique" into German to little financial gain. He also wrote a compilation of texts titled "History of Reaction" in 1852. Stirner died in 1856 in Berlin from an infected insect bite and it is said that Bruno Bauer was the only Young Hegelian present at his funeral, held at the Friedhof II der Sophiengemeinde Berlin.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.

paragraph: The philosophy of Stirner is credited as a major influence in the development of nihilism, existentialism and post-modernism as well as individualist anarchism, post-anarchism and post-left anarchy. Stirner's main philosophical work was "The Ego and Its Own".

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Egoism.

paragraph: Stirner argues that individuals are impossible to fully comprehend. All mere concepts of the self will always be inadequate to fully describe the nature of our experience. Stirner has been broadly understood as a proponent of both psychological egoism and ethical egoism, although the latter position can be disputed as there is no claim in Stirner's writing in which one ought to pursue one's own interest and further claiming any ought could be seen as a new fixed idea. Stirner may be understood as a rational egoist in the sense that he considered it irrational not to act in one's self-interest. However, how this self-interest is defined is necessarily subjective, allowing both selfish and altruistic normative claims to be included. Individual self-realization rests on each individual's desire to fulfill their egoism. The difference between an unwilling and a willing egoist is that the former will be possessed by an "empty idea" and believe that they are fulfilling a higher cause, but usually being unaware that they are only fulfilling their own desires to be happy or secure; and in contrast the latter will be a person that is able to freely choose its actions, fully aware that they are only fulfilling individual desires as stated by Stirner:

paragraph: The contrast is also expressed in terms of the difference between the voluntary egoist being the possessor of his concepts as opposed to being possessed. Only when one realizes that all sacred truths such as law, right, morality, religion and so on are nothing other than artificial concepts—and not to be obeyed—can one act freely. For Stirner, to be free is to be both one's own "creature" (in the sense of creation) and one's own "creator" (dislocating the traditional role assigned to the gods). To Stirner, power is the method of egoism—it is the only justified method of gaining property.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Anarchism.

paragraph: Stirner proposes that most commonly accepted social institutions—including the notion of state, property as a right, natural rights in general and the very notion of society—were mere illusions, "spooks" or ghosts in the mind. He advocated egoism and a form of amoralism in which individuals would unite in Unions of egoists only when it was in their self-interest to do so. For him, property simply comes about through might, saying: "Whoever knows how to take, to defend, the thing, to him belongs property. [...] What I have in my power, that is my own. So long as I assert myself as holder, I am the proprietor of the thing". He adds that "I do not step shyly back from your property, but look upon it always as my property, in which I respect nothing. Pray do the like with what you call my property!". Stirner considers the world and everything in it, including other persons, available to one's taking or use without moral constraint and that rights do not exist in regard to objects and people at all. He sees no rationality in taking the interests of others into account unless doing so furthers one's self-interest, which he believes is the only legitimate reason for acting. He denies society as being an actual entity, calling society a "spook" and that "the individuals are its reality" ("The Ego and Its Own").

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Anarchism.:Union of egoists.

paragraph: Stirner's idea of the Union of egoists was first expounded in "The Ego and Its Own". The Union is understood as a non-systematic association, which Stirner proposed in contradistinction to the state. Unlike a "community" in which individuals are obliged to participate, Stirner's suggested Union would be voluntary and instrumental under which individuals would freely associate insofar as others within the Union remain useful to each constituent individual. The Union relation between egoists is continually renewed by all parties' support through an act of will. The Union requires that all parties participate out of a conscious egoism. If one party silently finds themselves to be suffering, but puts up and keeps the appearance, the Union has degenerated into something else. This Union is not seen as an authority above a person's own will. Stirner's hyperindividualism puts him outside mainstream anarchist philosophy which emphasizes community and collective organization.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Anarchism.:Revolution.

paragraph: Stirner criticizes conventional notions of revolution, arguing that social movements aimed at overturning the state are tacitly statist because they are implicitly aimed at the establishment of a new state thereafter.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Hegel's possible influence.

paragraph: Scholar Lawrence Stepelevich argues that G. W. F. Hegel was a major influence on "The Ego and Its Own". While the latter has an "un-Hegelian structure and tone" on the whole and is hostile to Hegel's conclusions about the self and the world, Stepelevich argues that Stirner's work is best understood as answering Hegel's question of the role of consciousness after it has contemplated "untrue knowledge" and become "absolute knowledge". Stepelevich concludes that Stirner presents the consequences of the rediscovering one's self-consciousness after realizing self-determination.

paragraph: Scholars such as Douglas Moggach and Widukind De Ridder have argued that Stirner was obviously a student of Hegel, like his contemporaries Ludwig Feuerbach and Bruno Bauer, but this does not necessarily make him an Hegelian. Contrary to the Young Hegelians, Stirner scorned all attempts at an immanent critique of Hegel and the Enlightenment and renounced Bauer and Feuerbach's emancipatory claims as well. Contrary to Hegel, who considered the given as an inadequate embodiment of rationality, Stirner leaves the given intact by considering it a mere object, not of transformation, but of enjoyment and consumption ("His Own"). According to Moggach, Stirner does not go beyond Hegel, but in fact leaves the domain of philosophy in its entirety:

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"The False Principle of Our Education".

paragraph: In 1842, "The False Principle of Our Education" ("Das unwahre Prinzip unserer Erziehung") was published in "Rheinische Zeitung", which was edited by Marx at the time. Written as a reaction to Otto Friedrich Theodor Heinsius' treatise "Humanism vs. Realism", Stirner explains that education in either the classical humanist method or the practical realist method still lacks true value. Education is therefore fulfilled in aiding the individual in becoming an individual.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"Art and Religion".

paragraph: "Art and Religion" ("Kunst und Religion") was also published in Rheinische Zeitung on 14 June 1842. It addresses Bruno Bauer and his publication against Hegel called "Hegel's Doctrine of Religion and Art Judged From the Standpoint of Faith". Bauer had inverted Hegel's relation between "Art and Religion" by claiming that Art was much more closely related to Philosophy than Religion, based on their shared determinacy and clarity, and a common ethical root. However, Stirner went beyond both Hegel and Bauer's criticism by asserting that Art rather created an object for Religion and could thus by no means be related to what Stirner considered—in opposition with Hegel and Bauer—to be Philosophy, saying:

paragraph: Stirner deliberately left Philosophy out of the dialectical triad (Art–Religion–Philosophy) by claiming that Philosophy "doesn't bother itself with objects" (Religion), nor does it "make an object" (Art). In Stirner's account, Philosophy was in fact indifferent towards both Art and Religion. Stirner thus mocked and radicalised Bauer's criticism of religion.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"The Ego and Its Own".

paragraph: Stirner's main work is "The Ego and Its Own" ("Der Einzige und sein Eigenthum"), which appeared in Leipzig in October 1844, with as year of publication mentioned 1845. In "The Ego And Its Own", Stirner launches a radical anti-authoritarian and individualist critique of contemporary Prussian society and modern western society as such. He offers an approach to human existence in which he depicts himself as "the unique one", a "creative nothing", beyond the ability of language to fully express:

paragraph: The book proclaims that all religions and ideologies rest on empty concepts. The same holds true for society's institutions that claim authority over the individual, be it the state, legislation, the church, or the systems of education such as universities.

paragraph: Stirner's argument explores and extends the limits of criticism, aiming his critique especially at those of his contemporaries, particularly Ludwig Feuerbach and Bruno Bauer; and at popular ideologies, including religion, liberalism and humanism (which he regarded as analogous to religion with the abstract Man or humanity as the supreme being), nationalism, statism, capitalism, socialism and communism:

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"Stirner's Critics".

paragraph: "Stirner's Critics" ("Recensenten Stirners") was published in September 1845 in "Wigands Vierteljahrsschrift". It is a response in which Stirner refers to himself in the third-person to three critical reviews of "The Ego and its Own" by Moses Hess in "Die letzten Philosophen" ("The Last Philosophers"), by a certain Szeliga (alias of an adherent of Bruno Bauer) in an article in the journal "Norddeutsche Blätter" and by Ludwig Feuerbach anonymously in an article called "On 'The Essence of Christianity' in Relation to Stirner's 'The Ego and its Own"' ("Über 'Das Wesen des Christentums' in Beziehung auf Stirners 'Der Einzige und sein Eigentum'") in "Wigands Vierteljahrsschrift".

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"The Philosophical Reactionaries".

paragraph: "The Philosophical Reactionaries" ("Die Philosophischen Reactionäre") was published in 1847 in "Die Epigonen", a journal edited by Otto Wigand from Leipzig. At the time, Wigand had already published "The Ego and Its Own" and was about to finish the publication of Stirner's translations of Adam Smith and Jean-Baptiste Say. As the subtitle indicates, "The Philosophiscal Reactionaries" was written in response to a 1847 article by Kuno Fischer (1824–1907) entitled "The Modern Soliphist" ("Die Moderne Sophisten"). The article was signed G. Edward and its authorship has been disputed ever since John Henry Mackay "cautiously" attributed it to Stirner and included it in his collection of Stirner's lesser writings. It was first translated into English in 2011 and the introductory note explains:

paragraph: The majority of the text deals with Kuno Fischer's definition of sophism. With much wit, the self-contradictory nature of Fischer's criticism of sophism is exposed. Fischer had made a sharp distinction between sophism and philosophy while at the same time considering it as the "mirror image of philosophy". The sophists breathe "philosophical air" and were "dialectically inspired to a formal volubility". Stirner's answer is striking:

paragraph: Looking back on "The Ego and Its Own", Stirner claims:

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"History of Reaction".

paragraph: "History of Reaction" ("Geschichte der Reaktion") was published in two volumes in 1851 by Allgemeine Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt and immediately banned in Austria. It was written in the context of the recent 1848 revolutions in German states and is mainly a collection of the works of others selected and translated by Stirner. The introduction and some additional passages were Stirner's work. Edmund Burke and Auguste Comte are quoted to show two opposing views of revolution.

paragraph: Section::::Critical reception.

paragraph: Stirner's work did not go unnoticed among his contemporaries. Stirner's attacks on ideology—in particular Feuerbach's humanism—forced Feuerbach into print. Moses Hess (at that time close to Marx) and Szeliga (pseudonym of Franz Zychlin von Zychlinski, an adherent of Bruno Bauer) also replied to Stirner, who answered the criticism in a German periodical in the September 1845 article "Stirner's Critics" ("Recensenten Stirners"), which clarifies several points of interest to readers of the book—especially in relation to Feuerbach.

paragraph: While Marx's "Saint Max" ("Sankt Max"), a large part of "The German Ideology" ("Die Deutsche Ideologie"), was not published until 1932 and thus assured "The Ego and Its Own" a place of curious interest among Marxist readers, Marx's ridicule of Stirner has played a significant role in the preservation of Stirner's work in popular and academic discourse despite lacking mainstream popularity.

paragraph: Section::::Comments by contemporaries.

paragraph: Twenty years after the appearance of Stirner's book, the author Friedrich Albert Lange wrote the following:

paragraph: Some people believe that in a sense a "second positive part" was soon to be added, though not by Stirner, but by Friedrich Nietzsche. The relationship between Nietzsche and Stirner seems to be much more complicated. According to George J. Stack's "Lange and Nietzsche", Nietzsche read Lange's "History of Materialism" "again and again" and was therefore very familiar with the passage regarding Stirner.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: While "Der Einzige" was a critical success and attracted much reaction from famous philosophers after publication, it was out of print and the notoriety that it had provoked had faded many years before Stirner's death. Stirner had a destructive impact on left-Hegelianism, but his philosophy was a significant influence on Marx and his magnum opus became a founding text of individualist anarchism. Edmund Husserl once warned a small audience about the "seducing power" of "Der Einzige", but he never mentioned it in his writing. As the art critic and Stirner admirer Herbert Read observed, the book has remained "stuck in the gizzard" of Western culture since it first appeared.

paragraph: Many thinkers have read and been affected by "The Ego and Its Own" in their youth including Rudolf Steiner, Gustav Landauer, Victor Serge, Carl Schmitt and Jürgen Habermas. Few openly admit any influence on their own thinking. Ernst Jünger's book "Eumeswil", had the character of the Anarch, based on Stirner's Einzige. Several other authors, philosophers and artists have cited, quoted or otherwise referred to Max Stirner. They include Albert Camus in "The Rebel" (the section on Stirner is omitted from the majority of English editions including Penguin's), Benjamin Tucker, James Huneker, Dora Marsden, Renzo Novatore, Emma Goldman, Georg Brandes, John Cowper Powys, Martin Buber, Sidney Hook, Robert Anton Wilson, Horst Matthai, Frank Brand, Marcel Duchamp, several writers of the Situationist International including Raoul Vaneigem and Max Ernst. Oscar Wilde's "The Soul of Man Under Socialism" has caused some historians to speculate that Wilde (who could read German) was familiar with the book.

paragraph: Since its appearance in 1844, "The Ego and Its Own" has seen periodic revivals of popular, political and academic interest based around widely divergent translations and interpretations—some psychological, others political in their emphasis. Today, many ideas associated with post-left anarchy's criticism of ideology and uncompromising individualism are clearly related to Stirner's. His ideas were also adopted by post-anarchism, with Saul Newman largely in agreement with many of Stirner's criticisms of classical anarchism, including his rejection of revolution and essentialism.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.:Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

paragraph: Friedrich Engels commented on Stirner in poetry at the time of "Die Freien":

paragraph: Engels once even recalled at how they were "great friends" ("Duzbrüder"). In November 1844, Engels wrote a letter to Karl Marx in which he first reported a visit to Moses Hess in Cologne and then went on to note that during this visit Hess had given him a press copy of a new book by Stirner, "The Ego and Its Own". In his letter to Marx, Engels promised to send a copy of the book to him, for it certainly deserved their attention as Stirner "had obviously, among the 'Free Ones', the most talent, independence and diligence". To begin with, Engels was enthusiastic about the book and expressed his opinions freely in letters to Marx:

paragraph: Later, Marx and Engels wrote a major criticism of Stirner's work. The number of pages Marx and Engels devote to attacking Stirner in the unexpurgated text of "The German Ideology" in which they derided him as "Sankt Max" (Saint Max) exceeds the total of Stirner's written works. As Isaiah Berlin has described it, Stirner "is pursued through five hundred pages of heavy-handed mockery and insult". The book was written in 1845–1846, but it was not published until 1932. Marx's lengthy ferocious polemic against Stirner has since been considered an important turning point in Marx's intellectual development from idealism to materialism. It has been argued that historical materialism was Marx's method of reconciling communism with a Stirnerite rejection of morality.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.:Stirner and post-structuralism.

paragraph: In his book "Specters of Marx", influential French poststructuralist thinker Jacques Derrida dealt with Stirner and his relationship with Marx while also analysing Stirner's concept of "specters" or "spooks". Gilles Deleuze, another key thinker associated with post-structuralism, mentions Stirner briefly in his book "The Logic of Sense". Saul Newman calls Stirner a proto-poststructuralist who on the one hand had essentially anticipated modern post-structuralists such as Foucault, Lacan, Deleuze and Derrida, but on the other had already transcended them, thus providing what they were unable to—i.e. a ground for a non-essentialist critique of present liberal capitalist society. This is particularly evident in Stirner's identification of the self with a "creative nothing", a thing that cannot be bound by ideology, inaccessible to representation in language.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.:Possible influence on Friedrich Nietzsche.

paragraph: The ideas of Stirner and Friedrich Nietzsche have often been compared and many authors have discussed apparent similarities in their writings, sometimes raising the question of influence. During the early years of Nietzsche's emergence as a well-known figure in Germany, the only thinker discussed in connection with his ideas more often than Stirner was Arthur Schopenhauer. It is certain that Nietzsche read about "The Ego and Its Own", which was mentioned in Friedrich Albert Lange's "History of Materialism" and Karl Robert Eduard von Hartmann's "Philosophy of the Unconscious", both of which Nietzsche knew well. However, there is no indication that he actually read it as no mention of Stirner is known to exist anywhere in Nietzsche's publications, papers or correspondence. In 2002, a biographical discovery revealed it is probable that Nietzsche had encountered Stirner's ideas before he read Hartmann and Lange in October 1865, when he met with Eduard Mushacke, an old friend of Stirner's during the 1840s.

paragraph: Yet as soon as Nietzsche's work began to reach a wider audience, the question of whether he owed a debt of influence to Stirner was raised. As early as 1891 when Nietzsche was still alive, though incapacitated by mental illness, Hartmann went so far as to suggest that he had plagiarized Stirner. By the turn of the century, the belief that Nietzsche had been influenced by Stirner was so widespread that it became something of a commonplace at least in Germany, prompting one observer to note in 1907 that "Stirner's influence in modern Germany has assumed astonishing proportions, and moves in general parallel with that of Nietzsche. The two thinkers are regarded as exponents of essentially the same philosophy".

paragraph: From the beginning of what was characterized as "great debate" regarding Stirner's possible positive influence on Nietzsche, serious problems with the idea were nonetheless noted. By the middle of the 20th century, if Stirner was mentioned at all in works on Nietzsche, the idea of influence was often dismissed outright or abandoned as unanswerable.

paragraph: However, the idea that Nietzsche was influenced in some way by Stirner continues to attract a significant minority, perhaps because it seems necessary to explain the oft-noted (though arguably superficial) similarities in their writings. In any case, the most significant problems with the theory of possible Stirner influence on Nietzsche are not limited to the difficulty in establishing whether the one man knew of or read the other. They also consist in determining if Stirner in particular might have been a meaningful influence on a man as widely read as Nietzsche.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.:Rudolf Steiner.

paragraph: The individualist-anarchist orientation of Rudolf Steiner's early philosophy—before he turned to theosophy around 1900—has strong parallels to and was admittedly influenced by Stirner's conception of the ego, for which Steiner claimed to have provided a philosophical foundation.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.:Anarchism.

paragraph: Stirner's philosophy was important in the development of modern anarchist thought, particularly individualist anarchism and egoist anarchism. Although Stirner is usually associated with individualist anarchism, he was influential to many social anarchists such as anarcha-feminists Emma Goldman and Federica Montseny. In European individualist anarchism, he influenced its major proponents after him such as Émile Armand, Han Ryner, Renzo Novatore, John Henry Mackay, Miguel Giménez Igualada and Lev Chernyi.

paragraph: In American individualist anarchism, he found adherence in Benjamin Tucker and his magazine "Liberty" while these abandoned natural rights positions for egoism. Several periodicals "were undoubtedly influenced by "Liberty"'s presentation of egoism". They included "I", published by Clarence Lee Swartz and edited by William Walstein Gordak and J. William Lloyd (all associates of "Liberty"); and "The Ego and The Egoist", both of which were edited by Edward H. Fulton. Among the egoist papers that Tucker followed, there were the German "Der Eigene", edited by Adolf Brand; and "The Eagle and The Serpent", issued from London. The latter, the most prominent English-language egoist journal, was published from 1898 to 1900 with the subtitle "A Journal of Egoistic Philosophy and Sociology". Other American egoist anarchists around the early 20th century include James L. Walker, George Schumm, John Beverley Robinson, Steven T. Byington and Edward H. Fulton.

paragraph: In the United Kingdom, Herbert Read was influenced by Stirner and noted the closeness of Stirner's egoism to existentialism (see existentialist anarchism). Later in the 1960s, Daniel Guérin says in "Anarchism: From Theory to Practice" that Stirner "rehabilitated the individual at a time when the philosophical field was dominated by Hegelian anti-individualism and most reformers in the social field had been led by the misdeeds of bourgeois egotism to stress its opposite" and pointed to "the boldness and scope of his thought". In the 1970s, an American Situationist collective called For Ourselves published a book called "" in which they advocate a "communist egoism" basing themselves on Stirner.

paragraph: Later in the United States, it emerged the tendency of post-left anarchy which was influenced profoundly by Stirner in aspects such as the critique of ideology. Jason McQuinn says that "when I (and other anti-ideological anarchists) criticize ideology, it is always from a specifically critical, anarchist perspective rooted in both the skeptical, individualist-anarchist philosophy of Max Stirner". Bob Black and Feral Faun/Wolfi Landstreicher strongly adhere to Stirnerist egoism. In the hybrid of post-structuralism and anarchism called post-anarchism, Saul Newman has written on Stirner and his similarities to post-structuralism. Insurrectionary anarchism also has an important relationship with Stirner as can be seen in the work of Wolfi Landstreicher and Alfredo Bonanno who has also written on him in works such as "Max Stirner" and "Max Stirner and Anarchism".

paragraph: Section::::Influence.:Free love, homosexuals and feminists.

paragraph: German Stirnerist Adolf Brand produced the homosexual periodical "Der Eigene" in 1896. This was the first ongoing homosexual publication in the world and ran until 1931. The name was taken from the writings of Stirner (who had greatly influenced the young Brand) and refers to Stirner's concept of "self-ownership" of the individual. Another early homosexual activist influenced by Stirner was John Henry Mackay. Feminists influenced by Stirner include Dora Marsden who edited the journals "The Freewoman" and "The New Freewoman" and anarchist Emma Goldman. Stirner also influenced free love and polyamory propagandist Émile Armand in the context of French individualist anarchism of the early 20th century which is known for "[t]he call of nudist naturism, the strong defense of birth control methods, the idea of "unions of egoists" with the sole justification of sexual practices".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Egoist anarchism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Individualist anarchism in Europe

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philosophy of Max Stirner

paragraph: BULLET::::- Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stirner, Max: "Der Einzige und sein Eigentum" (1845 [October 1844]). Stuttgart: Reclam-Verlag, 1972ff; English translation "The Ego and Its Own" (1907), ed. David Leopold, Cambridge/ New York: CUP 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stirner, Max: "Recensenten Stirners" (September 1845). In: "Parerga, Kritiken, Repliken", Bernd A. Laska, ed., Nürnberg: LSR-Verlag, 1986; English translation "Stirner's Critics" (abridged), see below.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Max Stirner, Political Liberalism (1845).

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Max Stirner's 'Der Einzige und sein Eigentum' im Spiegel der zeitgenössischen deutschen Kritik. Eine Textauswahl (1844–1856). Hg. Kurt W. Fleming. Leipzig: Verlag Max-Stirner-Archiv 2001 (Stirneriana).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arena, Leonardo V., Note ai margini del nulla, ebook, 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arvon, Henri, Aux Sources de l'existentialisme, Paris: P.U.F. 1954.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Essbach, Wolfgang, Gegenzüge. Der Materialismus des Selbst. Eine Studie über die Kontroverse zwischen Max Stirner und Karl Marx. Frankfurt: Materialis 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helms, Hans G, Die Ideologie der anonymen Gesellschaft. Max Stirner 'Einziger' und der Fortschritt des demokratischen Selbstbewusstseins vom Vormärz bis zur Bundesrepublik, Köln: Du Mont Schauberg, 1966.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Koch, Andrew M., "Max Stirner: The Last Hegelian or the First Poststructuralist". In: Anarchist Studies, vol. 5 (1997) pp. 95–108.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laska, Bernd A., Ein dauerhafter Dissident. Eine Wirkungsgeschichte des Einzigen, Nürnberg: LSR-Verlag 1996 (TOC, index).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laska, Bernd A., Ein heimlicher Hit. Editionsgeschichte des "Einzigen". Nürnberg: LSR-Verlag 1994 (abstract).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marshall, Peter H. "Max Stirner" in " "(London: HarperCollins, 1992).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moggach, Douglas; De Ridder, Widukind, "Hegelianism in Restoration Prussia,1841–1848: Freedom, Humanism and 'Anti-Humanism' in Young Hegelian Thought". In: Herzog, Lisa (ed.): Hegel's Thought in Europe: Currents, Crosscurrents and Undercurrents. Basingstoke and New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, pp. 71–92 (Google Books).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Newman, Saul (ed.), Max Stirner (Critical Explorations in Contemporary Political Thought), Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011 (full book).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Newman, Saul, Power and Politics in Poststructural Thought. London and New York: Routledge 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parvulescu, C. "The Individualist Anarchist Discourse of Early Interwar Germany". Cluj University Press, 2018 (full book).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paterson, R. W. K., The Nihilistic Egoist: Max Stirner, Oxford: Oxford University Press 1971.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spiessens, Jeff. "The Radicalism of Departure. A Reassessment of Max Stirner's Hegelianism", Cambridge Scholars Publishing: Newcastle upon Tyne, 2018.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stepelevich, Lawrence S., Ein Menschenleben. Hegel and Stirner". In: Moggach, Douglas (ed.): The New Hegelians. Philosophy and Politics in the Hegelian School. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 166–176.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Welsh, John F. "Max Stirner's Dialectical Egoism: A New Interpretation." Lexington Books. 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Di Mascio, Carlo, "Stirner Giuspositivista. Rileggendo l'Unico e la sua proprietà", 2 ed., Edizioni Del Faro, Trento, 2015, p. 253, .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: Section::::External links.:General.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , an extensive introduction

paragraph: BULLET::::- Svein Olav Nybergs website on Max Stirner, with extensive links to texts and references

paragraph: BULLET::::- Max Stirner within the LSR project (English section)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Max Stirner Project by H. Ibrahim Türkdogan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archive of texts on Stirner at the Anarchist Library

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Relationship with other philosophers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Max Stirner, a durable dissident -- in a nutshell -- 'How Marx and Nietzsche suppressed their colleague Max Stirner and why he has intellectually survived them'

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stirner Delighted in His Construction" – "loves miracles, but can only perform a logical miracle", by Karl Marx

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nietzsche's initial crisis due to an encounter with Stirner's "The Ego", by Bernd A. Laska (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "At the End of the Path of Doubt: Max Stirner", By Lawrence S. Stepelevich (Owl of Minerva 41:1–2 (2009–2010) pp. 85–106)

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Texts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online book "Der Einzige und sein Eigentum"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The complete original text in German of "Der Einzige und sein Eigentum"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The complete English edition of "The Ego and his Own", in the translation of Steven T. Byington.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Some of Stirner's illuminating "Shorter Essays", translated into English

paragraph: BULLET::::- Recensenten Stirners / Stirner's Critics bilingual: full text in German / abridged text in English (trans. Frederick M. Gordon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stirner's Critics by Max Stirner translated by Wolfi Landstreicher, with an introduction by Jason McQuinn (2013 revision of the only full-text English translation of both "Stirner's Critics" and "The Philosophical Reactionaries" by Wolfi Landstreicher published by CAL Press)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archive of the 4 works of Stirner translated into English including a 2011 complete translation of "Stirner´s Critics" (translated by Wolfi Landstreicher at the Anarchist Library)

description: German philosopher

enwikiquote_title: Max Stirner

wikidata_label: Max Stirner

wikipedia_title: Max Stirner


text: Italian Renaissance

text: Raffaello da Montelupo

text: Vasari

text: Montelupo Fiorentino

text: Florence

text: Bertoldo di Giovanni

text: Lorenzo de' Medici

text: Michelangelo

text: Giovanni Francesco Rustici

text: Jacopo Sansovino

text: Basilica of San Domenico

text: Bologna

text: Basilica di San Lorenzo

text: San Marco

text: Arezzo

text: Lastra a Signa

text: Apostles

text: Ferrara

text: San Godenzo

text: Orsanmichele

text: Orsanmichele

text: Donatello

text: Lorenzo Ghiberti

text: Nanni di Banco

text: Colle di Val d'Elsa

text: Lucca

text: Segromigno

text: San Michele in Foro

text: Museo di Villa Guinigi

text: Santa Maria dei Servi

categories: 1523 deaths,15th-century Italian sculptors,Renaissance sculptors,Italian male sculptors,1469 births,People from Montelupo Fiorentino

paragraph: Baccio da Montelupo

paragraph: Baccio da Montelupo (1469–1523(?)), born Bartolomeo di Giovanni d'Astore dei Sinibaldi, was a sculptor of the Italian Renaissance. He is the father of another Italian sculptor, Raffaello da Montelupo. Both father and son are profiled in Vasari's "Le Vite delle più eccellenti pittori, scultori, ed architettori" (or, in English, "Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects").

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born into a family of modest social conditions in Montelupo Fiorentino, he moved at eighteen to Florence and pursued the study of sculpture, attending the "scuola" of Bertoldo di Giovanni, founded in the gardens of Lorenzo de' Medici and attended by other young sculptors including Michelangelo, Giovanni Francesco Rustici, and Jacopo Sansovino.

paragraph: Baccio received his first important commission from the friars of the Basilica of San Domenico in Bologna, for a "Compianto" (lamentation scene), a series of terracotta statues (c. 1495). He then returned to Florence where he created several wooden Crucifixes: at the Basilica di San Lorenzo and San Marco, both in Florence, the Badia di SS. Flora e Lucilla in nearby Arezzo, and the church of San Martino in the Florentine municipality of Lastra a Signa.

paragraph: In Bologna, Baccio created 12 busts of the Apostles in terracotta (now in the Cathedral of Ferrara).

paragraph: In 1506, Baccio received a commission for several sculptures for the Benedictine abbey of San Godenzo, of which today only the "San Sebastiano" survives.

paragraph: The crowning moment of his career perhaps came with the commission in 1514 from a competition sponsored by the Florence silk merchants guild to create a statue in bronze for one of the remaining empty niches on the facade of Orsanmichele. Vasari writes:

paragraph: It is said that when he had made the figure in clay, all who saw the arrangement of the armatures, and the moulds laid upon them, held it to be a beautiful piece of work, recognizing the rare ingenuity of Baccio in such an enterprise; and when they had seen it cast with the utmost facility, they gave Baccio credit for having shown supreme mastery, and having made a solid and beautiful casting. These labors endured in that profession, brought him the name of a good and even excellent master; and that figure is esteemed more than ever at the present day by all craftsmen, who hold it to be most beautiful.

paragraph: Baccio's bronze "St. John the Evangelist" took its place on the exterior of Orsanmichele beside works by Italian notables of the preceding century: Donatello, Lorenzo Ghiberti, and Nanni di Banco.

paragraph: In 1515 he created a marble "edicola" surrounding a fresco of the Virgin Mary in the church of Sant'Agostino at Colle di Val d'Elsa. Toward the end of the decade, he worked primarily in the area of Lucca, completing a marble "Pietà" for the church of Segromigno (1518). He then worked on a series of funeral monuments including "Tomba del vescovo Silvestro Gigli" (San Michele in Foro in Lucca, with his son Raffaello; "Monumento di San Silao" (now at Museo di Villa Guinigi, Lucca); and "Monumento a Giano Grillo" (Santa Maria dei Servi, Bologna).

paragraph: Baccio died around 1523, in Lucca.

alias: Bartolomeo di Giovanni d'Astore Sinibaldi

description: Italian artist

wikidata_label: Baccio da Montelupo

wikipedia_title: Baccio da Montelupo