text: Paris

text: Poland

text: Górki Wielkie

text: World War II

text: Zofia Kossak-Szczucka

text: Juliusz Kossak

text: Wojciech Kossak

text: Warsaw

text: Kraków

text: the Imperial Russian

text: the foreign occupation of Poland

text: World War I

text: Polish Corps

text: Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki

text: Kresy Wschodnie

text: Górki Wielkie

text: Cieszyn

text: Silesia

text: Jan Parandowski

text: Maria Dąbrowska

text: Jan Sztaudynger

text: Melchior Wańkowicz

text: Wojciech Kossak

text: Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska

text: Magdalena Samozwaniec

text: Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz

text: war against The Bolsheviks

categories: 1857 births,1935 deaths,Polish activists

paragraph: Tadeusz Kossak

paragraph: Tadeusz Kossak (1 January 1857 in Paris – 3 July 1935 in Poland), was born into a noted Polish family of artists and writers. He was an officer in the Polish Army, a freedom fighter, and owner of a country estate in Górki Wielkie, that became a mecca for intellectuals of the era. He was the father of writer, and World War II activist and resistance fighter, Zofia Kossak-Szczucka.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the son of the celebrated painter, Juliusz Kossak and twin of another noted painter, Wojciech Kossak. After the family's return to Poland from France, where he was born, Kossak attended school first in Warsaw and later in Kraków. He came to prominence in 1907 when he was arrested for political activism against the Imperial Russian authorities and the foreign occupation of Poland. During World War I, in 1917, he joined the Polish Corps of Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki fighting for Polish independence.

paragraph: In 1922 with his wife, Anna née Kisielnicka, he moved from Kresy Wschodnie in Eastern Poland to Górki Wielkie near Cieszyn in Silesia. There they bought a country estate where they hosted many intellectuals of the period, including, Jan Parandowski, Maria Dąbrowska, Jan Sztaudynger, Melchior Wańkowicz, Wojciech Kossak, Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska, Magdalena Samozwaniec, Jadwiga Witkiewicz and her husband, Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz.

paragraph: In 1925 Kossak published his war memoires, "Wspomnienia wojenne (1918-1920)" about the war against The Bolsheviks. He was also the author of a book entitled "Jak to było w armii austriackiej" - 'How it was in the Austrian Army' - published in 1927. He died in July 1935 and was buried on his estate.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ZKS Fundacja im. Zofii Kossak, Historia dworu Kossaków ("History of the Kossak Manor") official webpage of the Foundation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kalendarium Niepospolitego Rodu Kossaków, Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Ziemi Poryckiej

description: Polish social activist, major in the Polish Army

wikidata_label: Tadeusz Kossak

wikipedia_title: Tadeusz Kossak


text:
composer
pianist
Flemish
Antwerp
Frans Aerts
Joseph Callaerts
Peter Benoît
Antwerp Conservatory
Carl Reinecke
Leipzig
Vlaamse Opera
bankruptcy
Paris
opera
ballet
pantomime
overture
Biography by J. Dewilde at SVM

categories: 19th-century classical composers,20th-century classical composers,Belgian classical composers,Belgian classical pianists,Belgian opera composers,Male pianists,20th-century classical pianists,19th-century classical pianists,1851 births,People from Antwerp,Romantic composers,Belgian male classical composers,1912 deaths,19th-century male musicians,Male opera composers,20th-century male musicians

paragraph: Jan Blockx

paragraph: Jan Blockx (25 January 1851 – 26 May 1912) was a Belgian composer, pianist and teacher. He was a leader of the Flemish nationalist school in music.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Antwerp, Blockx studied the piano with Frans Aerts, the organ with Joseph Callaerts and composition with Peter Benoît at the Antwerp Conservatory. When he was still a student he wrote some songs, in Flemish, which became popular. However, his musical education studies were quite irregular, and he was essentially self-taught person. Later he studied with Carl Reinecke at Leipzig. Despite the fact that he was Benoits favorite pupil, Blockx wanted to make his own way in life, independent of his teacher and the Flemish Movement. Unlike Benoit, Blockx never intended his works to have the educational, uplifting effect that was typical for the Flemish Movement.

paragraph: This caused tensions between student and master: despite the fact that Blockx’s work helped to spread Flemish music across the Belgian borders and even saved the "Vlaamse Opera" from bankruptcy, Blockx received a lot of complaints from his fellow Flemish composers for publishing his works in French and through the Parisian music publisher Heugel.

paragraph: In 1886 Blockx became a teacher at his Antwerp "alma mater"; and when Benoît died in 1901, Blockx succeeded him as director (a decision that was much contested by his colleagues despite his international reputation). He died of a stroke in Kapellenbos, near Antwerp, in 1912.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Blockx wrote operas called "Iets Vergeten", "Maître Martin", "Rita", "De Herbergprinses", "Thyl Uylenspiegel", "De Bruid der Zee", "De Kapel" and "Baldie". Later he rewrote "Baldie" and called it "Liefdelied". He also wrote a ballet called "Milenka", a pantomime called "St Nicholas", an overture called "Rubens", and many other works. Among his other works are the cantatas "Jubelgam", "De Klokke Roelandt", "Het Vaderland", "Die Scheldezang", "Feest in der Lande", "Vredesang", "Op den Stroom", "Het Droom van't Paradies", the symphonic poem "Kermisdag" and "Symfonisch Drieluik".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Music and Musicians (1900) p 71

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Days of Scharwenka and Moszkowski, Harcourt, Brace and Company (1936) p 77

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography by J. Dewilde at SVM

description: Belgian composer, pianist and teacher

wikidata_label: Jan Blockx

wikipedia_title: Jan Blockx


text: Order of Railway Conductors

text: Interstate Commerce Commission

text: Lima, New York

text: Genessee Wesleyan Seminary

text: Austin, Minnesota

text: Williams College

text: Ogden, Utah

text: Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad

text: railroad conductor

text: Order of Railway Conductors

text: Denver

text: Austin B. Garretson

text: Theodore Roosevelt

text: Hepburn Act

text: recess appointment

text: William Howard Taft

text: Woodrow Wilson

text: Franklin Knight Lane

text: Secretary of the Interior

text: Monrovia, California

categories: People of the Interstate Commerce Commission,Labor unionists from New York (state),Williams College alumni,1856 births,Presidents of the Order of Railway Conductors,1930 deaths,People from Dupont Circle

paragraph: Edgar E. Clark

paragraph: Edgar Erastus Clark (February 18, 1856 – December 1, 1930) was an American attorney, railway union official, and government employee. The chief executive of the Order of Railway Conductors for more than 15 years, Clark served on the Interstate Commerce Commission from 1906 to 1921, and was its chairman from 1913 to 1914 and 1918 to 1921.

paragraph: Section::::Railway career.

paragraph: Edgar E. Clark was born in Lima, New York on February 18, 1856. His father died when he was six, leaving him to be raised by his mother.

paragraph: Clark attended school at the Genessee Wesleyan Seminary, remaining there until 1872. After leaving school, Clark headed west in search of work and adventure, landing in Austin, Minnesota, where he found a job as a brakeman on the Burlington, Cedar Rapids, and Northern Railway.

paragraph: Clark attended Williams College. He would later receive a law degree.

paragraph: In 1876 he moved along to points still further west, settling in Ogden, Utah, which would become his hometown.

paragraph: Clark married the former Lavinia Jenkins, of Ogden, Utah, in September 1880. The couple would have four children during their first ten years of marriage, two girls and two boys. Clark took a position on the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, winning promotion from brakeman to railroad conductor in 1884.

paragraph: Clark became active in the Order of Railway Conductors (ORC), the fraternal benefit society of conductors, and was elected Grand Senior Conductor of the ORC at its annual convention in Denver in 1888. In 1890 became Grand Chief Conductor, the chief executive of the Order. Clark would hold that position until 1906.

paragraph: He was succeeded as president on September 1, 1906, by Austin B. Garretson.

paragraph: Section::::Governmental career.

paragraph: Clark involved himself in lobbying, and received credit for the 1898 enactment of a Mediation and Arbitration Act, which provided for a permanent board to settle disputes between railways and their employees. In 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt, apparently impressed by a speech he had given to a railwaymen's convention which Roosevelt had attended, named Clark (a Republican in politics) to the Coal Arbitration Commission to settle an ongoing strike, an appointment which excited considerable comment.

paragraph: In 1906, Roosevelt nominated Clark to one of two new seats on the Interstate Commerce Commission created by the Hepburn Act. Clark received a recess appointment from Roosevelt and was sworn in on July 31, 1906. He was confirmed by the Senate on December 13, 1906. President William Howard Taft attempted to reappoint Clark, but his confirmation was held up in a dispute between the lame-duck President and Congress after the 1912 elections, with the Senate determined to deny Taft any further appointments. Nonetheless, Clark was immediately reappointed as Commissioner by the new President, Woodrow Wilson, on March 5, 1913, and was confirmed by the Senate the same day. The following day, the ICC commissioners elected Clark as chairman, filling out the remainder of the one-year term which had been left vacant by the resignation of ICC Chairman Franklin Knight Lane, who had been confirmed as Secretary of the Interior.

paragraph: In 1918, Clark was again elected Commission chairman. While the chairmanship had been rotating, in view of Clark's long service, the practice was abandoned, and Clark remained chairman until his 1921 resignation.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: In 1921, Clark resigned from the Commission to enter the practice of commercial law. It was stated that the reasons for his resignation were to alleviate the stress of his position, and to make provision for his family.

paragraph: In 1929, Clark retired from the firm of Clark & Laroe and in June moved to Monrovia, California, where he died on December 1, 1930, leaving a widow, Agnes Clark, and three sons and three daughters.

description: American lawyer and government official

wikidata_label: Edgar Erastus Clark

wikipedia_title: Edgar E. Clark


text:
Slovenia
literary historian
ethnologist
Carinthian Slovene
Hermagor
Carinthia
Austria
Slovene
Slovene ethnic territory
Franc Grafenauer
Slovene
Austrian Imperial Council
Villach
University of Vienna
philology
Kranj
Ljubljana
University of Vienna
University of Zagreb
World War I
World War II
Slovene Lands
Freising manuscripts
Dom in svet
Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Ljubljana
Bogo Grafenauer
Marija Grafenauer Vogelnik

categories: People from the Duchy of Carinthia,Slovenian ethnologists,Slovenian Roman Catholics,Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb alumni,1964 deaths,University of Vienna alumni,Members of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts,Slovenian philologists,Slovenian literary historians,1880 births,People from Hermagor District

paragraph: Ivan Grafenauer

paragraph: Ivan Grafenauer (7 March 1880 – 29 December 1964) was a Slovenian literary historian and ethnologist of Carinthian Slovene origin.

paragraph: He was born as Johann Grafenauer, as an illegitimate child of Michael Grafenauer and Elisabeth Flaschberger, in the village of Micheldorf () near Hermagor in Carinthia, now part of Austria. At that time, Micheldorf was the westernmost Slovene-inhabited village, not only in Carinthia, but in all the Slovene ethnic territory. His father was a local Slovene cultural activist, and his uncle, Franc Grafenauer, was a Slovene politician and member of the Austrian Imperial Council. After finishing high school in Villach in 1900, he enrolled at the University of Vienna, where he studied Slavic and German philology. Between 1904 and 1908, he taught at the high school in Kranj and from 1908 in Ljubljana. He obtained a PhD at the University of Vienna in 1917 and a habilitation at the University of Zagreb in 1919.

paragraph: Grafenauer published most of his works in the period between World War I and World War II. He mostly researched the medieval literature in the Slovene Lands, advancing a thesis on an uninterrupted tradition of vernacular literature in Slovene during this period. Among his most important works is a thorough analysis of the Freising manuscripts. After 1940, he dedicated himself almost exclusively to the research of Slovene folk poetry. Many of his articles were published in the prestigious Catholic cultural magazine "Dom in svet". In 1940, he became a member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

paragraph: He died in Ljubljana.

paragraph: He was the father of the historian Bogo Grafenauer and the designer Marija Grafenauer Vogelnik.

description: historian

wikidata_label: Ivan Grafenauer

wikipedia_title: Ivan Grafenauer


text: James Mor Stewart

text: Ireland

text: Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany

text: James I of Scotland

text: Stewarts of Ardvorlich

text: Lochearnside

text: Sir Walter Scott

text: A Legend of Montrose

text: Beag

text: James Mor Stewart

text: James I of Scotland

text: Ireland

text: Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany

text: Andrew Stewart, 1st Lord Avondale

text: Lord Chancellor of Scotland

text: James III of Scotland

text: Lochearnside

text: Sir Walter Scott

text: A Legend of Montrose

text: Lochechray

text: Laird of Buchanan

text: Stirlingshire

text: William Stewart

text: Baillie

text: Balquhidder

text: Stewart of Balquhidder

categories: Stewart of Balquhidder,15th-century Scottish people,Medieval Gaels from Scotland,House of Stuart,1470 deaths

paragraph: James "Beg" Stewart

paragraph: James "Beag" Stewart (c1424-1470) of Baldorran was the seventh illegitimate son of James Mor Stewart (known as "James the Fat"), who fled into exile in Ireland when his father Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany was executed for treason by James I of Scotland in 1425. James the Fat would never return to Scotland, and he was unable to inherit the Albany estates, but James "Beag" Stewart was able to secure a royal pardon and return to Scotland. He is the ancestor of the Stewarts of Ardvorlich on Lochearnside, whose family history is recounted by Sir Walter Scott in A Legend of Montrose.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: James "Beag" Stewart's exact birthdate is unknown. It seems likely he was born in Scotland some time before his father's exile to Ireland. "Beag" means small; literally "Little Stewart".

paragraph: James was the eldest son of James Mor Stewart (known as "James the Fat"), who led an unsuccessful rebellion against King James I of Scotland and fled into exile in Ireland in 1425 when his father Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany and two of his brothers were executed for treason by King James in 1425. James the Fat would never return to Scotland, and he was unable to inherit the Albany estates, which were forfeited following his father's trial and execution. He died in Ireland in 1429.

paragraph: James Beag Stewart was born into a large family with many siblings:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Murdoch Stewart, born c.1427 in Antrim, Ireland.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur Stewart, born c.1429 in Antrim, Ireland.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Stewart, born c.1433 in Antrim, Ireland.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matilda Stewart, born c.1435 in Antrim, Ireland.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Stewart, born c.1437 in Antrim, Ireland.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrew Stewart, 1st Lord Avondale. Born c.1438 in Antrim, Ireland. He became Lord of Avondale in 1459, and Lord Chancellor of Scotland in the same year, becoming one of the leading servants of King James III of Scotland. He held the office of Chancellor for 25 years, dying in 1488. He had no children.

paragraph: Section::::Return to Scotland.

paragraph: Although James "Beag" Stewart was illegitimate, he nonetheless stood to inherit, in theory at least, his father's claim to the throne of Scotland. However, unlike his father, James Beag Stewart did not assert this claim and he was eventually able to secure a royal pardon and return to Scotland, becoming a loyal servant of the crown. He is the ancestor of the Stewarts of Ardvorlich on Lochearnside, whose family history is recounted by Sir Walter Scott in A Legend of Montrose.

paragraph: Stewart had a small hunting lodge on the small island at the west end of Lochechray, "to which he resorted on any sudden emergency as a place of safety". Alexander Campbell, writing in 1812, tells the following story:

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: James Stewart married Annabel Buchanan, daughter of Patrick, 14th Laird of Buchanan, and was granted the estate of Baldorran, (aka "Balindoran"), Stirlingshire, by his cousin John Stewart of Damby in 1457. They had six children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Stewart, born c 1450. Died in childhood.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matilda Stewart, born c1452.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Stewart, born c 1455. Appointed Baillie of the Crown Lands of Balquhidder in around 1504. He married twice and had five children. The Stewarts of Ardvorlich, Glen Buckie, Gartnafuaran and Annat and their cadet families are all descended from him.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrew Stewart, 1st Laird Of Gartnafuaran, born c1458

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Stewart, 1st Laird Of Garroquhill, born c1460

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patrick Stewart of Ardkinknockane in Strathgartney, born c1462

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stewart of Balquhidder

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Miscellanea Scotica: Memoirs of the ancient alliance between France and Scotland" p.188, by Anonymous Retrieved November 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- Campbell, Alexander, p.108, "A journey from Edinburgh through parts of North Britain: Containing Remarks On Scottish Landscape; and Observations On Rural Economy, Natural History, Manufactures, Trade, and Commerce" (1812) Retrieved November 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Clan Steuart. Nelker, Gladys P, 1970

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Link to Clan history at www.electricscotland.com Retrieved November 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- Descendants of the Duke of Albany at www.chuckspeed.com Retrieved November 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Beag Stewart at Stewarts of Balquhidder official website Retrieved November 2010

description: Scottish aristocrat

wikidata_label: James "Beg" Stewart

wikipedia_title: James "Beg" Stewart


text:
boxer
Nigeria
1972 Summer Olympics
1973 All-Africa Games

categories: Commonwealth Games medallists in boxing,Competitors at the 1973 All-Africa Games,Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Nigeria,1947 births,Boxers at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games,Olympic boxers of Nigeria,Olympic medalists in boxing,Boxers at the 1972 Summer Olympics,Boxers at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games,Olympic bronze medalists for Nigeria,Nigerian male boxers,Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics,African Games gold medalists for Nigeria,African Games medalists in boxing,Light-heavyweight boxers,Living people

paragraph: Isaac Ikhouria

paragraph: Isaac Ikhouria (born October 9, 1947) is a retired light-heavyweight boxer from Nigeria who won a bronze medal at the 1972 Summer Olympics. A year later he won a gold medal at the 1973 All-Africa Games.

description: boxer

wikidata_label: Isaac Ikhouria

wikipedia_title: Isaac Ikhouria


text: Soviet Jews

text: Union of Councils for Soviet Jews

text: Lewis Research Center

text: Yeshivah of Flatbush NY

text: Brooklyn College

text: Battle of Okinawa

text: Ohio State University

text: Pete Seeger

text: NASA Lewis Research Center

text: Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel

text: samizdat

text: Nathan Lewin

text: Charles Vanik

text: Richard Perle

text: Senator Jackson

text: Leonard Garment

wikipedia_title:
Soviet Jewry Movement
Union of Councils for Soviet Jews
NASA
Glenn Research Center
Yeshivah of Flatbush
Brooklyn College
Battle of Okinawa
Ohio State University
Pete Seeger
Glenn Research Center
Soviet Jewry Movement
Union of Councils for Soviet Jews
Abraham Joshua Heschel
Samizdat
Nathan Lewin
Charles Vanik
Richard Perle
Henry M. Jackson
Leonard Garment
Western Reserve Historical Society

categories: People from Flatbush, Brooklyn,American army personnel of World War II,American military personnel who served in the Pacific theatre of World War II,20th-century American chemists,Ohio State University alumni,2019 deaths,Brooklyn College alumni,1923 births

paragraph: Louis Rosenblum

paragraph: Louis Rosenblum (15 November 1923 – 4 April 2019) was a pioneer in the movement for freedom of emigration for the Jews of the Soviet Union, was a founder of the first organization to advocate for the freedom of Soviet Jews, the Cleveland Council on Soviet Anti-Semitism, founding president of the Union of Councils for Soviet Jews, and a research scientist at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Lewis Research Center (now known as the John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Lou Rosenblum attended the Yeshivah of Flatbush NY and began his higher education at Brooklyn College in 1941. After enlisting he served in the U.S. Army Infantry from 1943 to 1946 in the Pacific Theater, fought in the Battle of Okinawa, was awarded the bronze star and, at the conclusion of hostilities, served in the army of occupation in Japan. In 1948 he graduated from Brooklyn College with a B.S. in Chemistry and continued to Ohio State University where, in 1952, he earned a Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry. A lifelong folk dancer and teacher, he appeared in the 1947 film “To Hear Your Banjo Play” as the dance partner of Margot Mayo, with a young Pete Seeger on banjo.

paragraph: Section::::Career at NASA.

paragraph: From 1952 to 1981, Rosenblum worked for the NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, as research scientist and technical manager in fields of high energy fuels for jet aircraft, high temperature materials, liquid metal corrosion, environmental monitoring systems, and solar photovoltaic and electrochemical energy systems. During the 1960’s he served as Chief of the Liquid Metals Branch. During that time he led a "Fair Housing Drive" to fight discrimination against African American employees who were unable to buy or rent property in proximity to their work at NASA. In 1969 Rosenblum was appointed Chief of the Direct Energy Conversion Division responsible for research and development activities in thermionics, photovoltaics and electrochemistry. In 1977 he was appointed Chief of the Solar and Electrochemistry Division responsible for 1) research and development of space related photovoltaics and energy storage and 2) U.S. and international demonstration projects for terrestrial application of photovoltaic and electrochemical storage systems. Under Rosenblum the first nickel-zinc battery suitable for a commercial electric cars was developed in 1978. The photovoltaic demonstration work was deployed in remote villages in the US and across the globe. He was appointed to the Federal Senior Executive Service in 1979 and retired from NASA in 1981. From 1982-1988, Rosenblum worked as a private consultant in photovoltaic and renewable energy systems for several U.S. and international clients, including the University of Michigan, the U.S. Department of Justice, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service and the United Nations Development Program.

paragraph: Section::::Fight for freedom of emigration of Soviet Jews.:Creation of the first public Soviet Jewry organization.

paragraph: In 1963, Rosenblum and fellow members of Beth Israel-The West Temple, a Cleveland synagogue, founded the Cleveland Council on Soviet Anti-Semitism (CCSA)— the first public organization dedicated to helping Soviet Jews. Its success was recognized nationally and became a model for other local groups. In 1970, Rosenblum’s multi-year effort led to the CCSA joining with five other grass-root councils to create a national activist and advocacy organization, the Union of Councils for Soviet Jews (UCSJ). Rosenblum served as the first president of the UCSJ from 1970-1973. By 1978, the UCSJ had grown to 22 member councils across North America, and by 1985, 32, making it the largest independent Soviet Jewry organization in the world.

paragraph: Rosenblum originated a number of grass roots projects and techniques that were widely used by organizations working for freedom of emigration.

paragraph: Section::::Fight for freedom of emigration of Soviet Jews.:Media projects.

paragraph: Soon after the founding of the CCSA, Rosenblum became aware of the need for resources and educational materials for Soviet Jewry advocates in North America. In 1965 he published his first "Hear the Cry of the Oppressed: Handbook for Community Action on Soviet Anti-Semitism". The Handbook was republished in two later editions – 1966 and 1970, and contained suggestions for action programs; material for talks and sermons; dramatic readings, songs and plays; teacher guides and teaching units for use in school; and reports, articles, and other factual background on Soviet Jewry.

paragraph: Rosenblum created postage stamp-sized "protest seals" that became a symbol of the Soviet Jewry movement with a design by Cleveland artist Mort Epstein (see external link below) set on a deep red background. Between 1967 and 1978 the CCSA sold 20,750,000 stamps to individuals and Soviet Jewry organizations across North America. By placing the stamps on regular correspondence the project sought to increase public awareness of the treatment of Soviet Jews. (see external link below)

paragraph: In 1968, Rosenblum produced and globally distributed “Before Our Eyes,” a 13 1/2 minute film documenting the historic and current problems of Jews in the Soviet Union (see external link below).  The title came from a remark by Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel in the movie that “Before our eyes a people and a culture are being made to vanish.”

paragraph: Based on microfilm smuggled out of the Soviet Union in 1974, Rosenblum edited and published the 54-page samizdat document, The White Book of Exodus, No. 2, an account by Moscow Jewish activists of the arrests and military conscription of young Jewish activists in order to prevent demonstrations during the visit of President Nixon for a Moscow summit meeting with Leonid Brezhnev.

paragraph: Section::::Fight for freedom of emigration of Soviet Jews.:People to people projects.

paragraph: With the formation of the UCSJ in 1970 “Rosenblum began looking for…’people to people’ opportunities, ways that American Jews could communicate with Soviet Jews, humanizing the cause.” Rosenblum became “one of the primary architects of the American [Soviet Jewry Movement] campaign’s shift to “people-to-people” tactics to directly connect individual Jews in the United States and the USSR with one another.”

paragraph: Armed with the names and addresses of Jews living in the USSR who had signed petitions, Rosenblum designed and distributed holiday greeting cards for American Jews to send to their Soviet Jewish counterparts, a program which spread across North America. Shortly thereafter, Rosenblum further broke the barrier of direct communication between the two communities when he began a campaign to place phone calls, via the US and Soviet international operators, to Jewish activists in the USSR. These phone conversations became a major source of information about the Jewish emigration movement in the former Soviet Union (phone transcripts available from the Western Reserve Historical Society). In 1971 Rosenblum published a “how-to manual on sending parcels to Soviet Jewish prisoners of conscience” and a pamphlet describing conditions for Jewish prisoners in the Potma labor camp in Mordovia, further bridging the divide.

paragraph: During telephone conversations in 1971 with Soviet Jewish activists, Rosenblum became aware that Soviet Jews intent on learning Hebrew were holding classes in private homes with underground teachers who were facing arrest due to lacking teaching certificates. Subsequently, Rosenblum established Project Sefer (see external link below) to meet the needs of the Hebrew learning groups throughout the Soviet Union and included the mailing of Hebrew textbooks and the production of special recorded language tapes and materials for the self-study of Hebrew. In 1973 after Soviet authorities announced that teaching without certification was illegal, Rosenblum developed a program, working with Cleveland Jewish educators, to test and certify Hebrew teachers in the Soviet Union.

paragraph: During the Brezhnev era, Rosenblum and other Soviet Jewry activist leaders provided detailed briefings to tourists visiting the former Soviet Union to enable them to visit Soviet Jewish activists for the purpose of establishing meaningful people-to-people contacts, delivering Hebrew educational materials and serving as communication links with activists in the West.

paragraph: “The effectiveness of people-to-people contact was clear…and did more for the movement than any policy paper or rally. Understanding this was Rosenblum’s genius.”

paragraph: Section::::Fight for freedom of emigration of Soviet Jews.:Political activism.

paragraph: The idea of connecting trade relations with Soviet Jewish freedom of emigration was conceived by Rosenblum in 1969 and later studied by a Jewish policy group in 1971. That year Rosenblum “mapped out strategy for a freedom-of-emigration bill” in Congress working with attorney Nathan Lewin and Harvey Lieber of American University that resulted in a proposed amendment to the Export Administration Act of 1969. This work to develop a freedom of emigration bill became the precursor of the Jackson-Vanik Amendment to the Trade Act of 1974. During the development of the Jackson-Vanik amendment, Rosenblum met frequently with Mark Talisman, Administrative Assistant to his congressman, Charles Vanik, and Richard Perle, senior aide to Senator Jackson. He also met with Leonard Garment, Special Counsel to President Richard Nixon, as an adviser on human rights in the Soviet Union and to press for adoption of the Jackson-Vanik strategy. During the lead-up to the congressional vote on Jackson-Vanik, when American Jewish leaders and the National Conference on Soviet Jewry were wavering in their support of the legislation, Rosenblum remained in close touch with Moscow Jewish activists to encourage them to make their support of the amendment known. The resulting appeal from one hundred Soviet Jewish activists was one of the factors that led to the amendment's passage.

paragraph: The Louis Rosenblum papers, containing extensive documentation of his work in the Soviet human rights movement, are available in the Western Reserve Historical Society archives.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Film: “To Hear Your Banjo Play”

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margot Mayo American Square Dance Group

paragraph: BULLET::::- Film Description: “Before Our Eyes,”

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Soviet Jewry protest seals"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Description of Artist: Mort Epstein

paragraph: BULLET::::- Project Sefer (sending books to Hebrew teachers in the Former Soviet Union)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Louis Rosenblum Archives at the Western Reserve Historical Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guide to The Louis Rosenblum papers

description: American chemist and activist

wikidata_label: Louis Rosenblum

wikipedia_title: Louis Rosenblum


text:
American football
defensive tackle
Los Angeles Chargers
NFL
college football
San Diego State University
New Orleans Saints
Dallas Cowboys
St. Louis Rams
San Diego
California
Point Loma High School
Bennie Edens
J. J. Stokes
fumble
fumble
defensive lineman
All-America
Point Loma High School
Eric Allen
San Diego State University
SDSU
Western Athletic Conference
East–West Shrine Game
Western Athletic Conference
Western Athletic Conference
sacks
1996 NFL Draft
Minnesota Vikings
Seattle Seahawks
Barcelona Dragons
World League of American Football
World Bowl '97
New Orleans Saints
1997
1998
1999
Mike Ditka
Jim Haslett
2000
tackle
NFL
San Diego Chargers
Ryan Leaf
4th
Dallas Cowboys
NFL
Pro Bowl
2002
2005
All-Pro
2002
2003
2005
3-4 alignment
Jason Ferguson
salary cap
free agent
Pro Bowl
2006
St. Louis Rams
Jim Haslett
2007
2009
National Football League
Pro Bowl
2010
St. Louis Rams
KNSD

wikipedia_title:
American football
Defensive tackle
Los Angeles Chargers
National Football League
San Diego State Aztecs football
San Diego State University
New Orleans Saints
Dallas Cowboys
History of the St. Louis Rams
San Diego
California
Point Loma High School
Bennie Edens
J. J. Stokes
Fumble
Fumble
Lineman (gridiron football)
All-America
Point Loma High School
Eric Allen
San Diego State University
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1996 NFL Draft
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Barcelona Dragons
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1997 New Orleans Saints season
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Mike Ditka
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2000 NFL season
Defensive tackle
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2000 San Diego Chargers season
Ryan Leaf
Down (gridiron football)
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National Football League
Pro Bowl
2002 Pro Bowl
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All-Pro
2002 All-Pro Team
2003 All-Pro Team
2005 NFL season
3–4 defense
Jason Ferguson
Salary cap
Free agent
Pro Bowl
2006 NFL season
History of the St. Louis Rams
Jim Haslett
2007 NFL season
2009 NFL season
National Football League
Pro Bowl
2010 NFL season
History of the St. Louis Rams
KNSD

categories: Barcelona Dragons players,San Diego State Aztecs football players,Players of American football from California,Dallas Cowboys players,Living people,Sportspeople from San Diego,American football defensive tackles,Oakland Raiders players,National Conference Pro Bowl players,Point Loma High School alumni,New Orleans Saints players,1974 births

paragraph: La'Roi Glover

paragraph: La'Roi Damon Glover (; born July 4, 1974) is a former American football defensive tackle and current assistant defensive line coach for the Los Angeles Chargers of the NFL. He played college football at San Diego State University. Glover enjoyed a 13-year career in which he made six-consecutive Pro Bowls and was a four-time All-Pro selection. He spent five seasons with the New Orleans Saints (1997-2001), four seasons with the Dallas Cowboys (2002–2005) and finished his playing career with the St. Louis Rams (2006–2008).

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Born in San Diego, California, Glover graduated from Point Loma High School of San Diego in 1992. At Point Loma, Glover lettered in football, wrestling, and track, and he earned awards in all three sports. Under coach Bennie Edens, he was part of the 1990 Pointers team that included Dan White and J. J. Stokes. During the 1990 season, Glover totaled 77 tackles, 17.5 sacks, six fumble recoveries and six forced fumbles, earning the honor of San Diego Co-Player of the Year. In 1991 as a senior defensive lineman, he was named San Diego section co-Player of the Year, USA Today second-team All-America and CIF Player of the Year, Cal-Hi Sports first-team, the Los Angeles Times Lineman of the Year.

paragraph: He is the third player from Point Loma High School to have his jersey (No. 76) retired along with Marcel Brown (No. 22) and Eric Allen (No. 25).

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Although he had various college offers, he chose to follow his older brother Darcel Glover to San Diego State University and remain close to home.

paragraph: While attending SDSU, Glover was a four-year starter in football. As a senior, he had 4.5 sacks and 36 tackles, was a defensive captain, won Aztec Outstanding Defensive Lineman honors, an All-Western Athletic Conference second team selection, and was chosen to play for the West squad in the East–West Shrine Game. As a sophomore, he was a second team All-Western Athletic Conference selection. As a freshman, he won All-Western Athletic Conference honorable mention honors. He graduated from San Diego State in 1999 with double major in public administration and sociology.

paragraph: In 2010, San Diego State athletics inducted Glover to the Aztec Hall of Fame. As of 2010, Glover ranked third all-time at San Diego State with 44.5 tackles for loss and fourth all-time in sacks (18.5).

paragraph: Section::::Professional playing career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional playing career.:Oakland Raiders (1996).

paragraph: The Oakland Raiders drafted Glover with the 34th pick in the fifth round of the 1996 NFL Draft. In his NFL debut on November 19, Glover made two tackles against the Minnesota Vikings. His only other game in the season was next week on November 26 against the Seattle Seahawks on defensive line and special teams.

paragraph: Section::::Professional playing career.:Barcelona Dragons (1997).

paragraph: In the spring of 1997, Glover played for the Barcelona Dragons of the World League of American Football. Earning all-league honors, Glover helped the Dragons win World Bowl '97 and ranked third in the league with 6.5 sacks and adding 36 tackles.

paragraph: Section::::Professional playing career.:New Orleans Saints (1997–2001).

paragraph: The day after the Raiders waived him, Glover signed with the New Orleans Saints on August 25, 1997. Although he started only 2 of 15 games played in 1997, Glover recorded 6.5 sacks, one forced fumble, a recovered fumble, and 24 tackles. In 1998, Glover started 15 of 16 games and had 59 tackles, 10 sacks, three forced fumbles, and an interception. Glover then made 8.5 sacks, 46 tackles, a forced fumble, and a fumble recovery in 1999.

paragraph: "Glover proved everybody wrong, especially our defensive coaches in New Orleans who initially thought he was too small to play in the middle of our 4-3," said former Saints president/general manager Bill Kuharich who gives credit to pro personnel man Chet Franklin for spotting Glover. "He turned out to be the greatest waiver claim in the history of the Saints."

paragraph: He was a solid starter during his three seasons with Mike Ditka, but his career blossomed when Jim Haslett was hired as the Saints coach in 2000 and decided to move him to the three-technique tackle within a great front four group.

paragraph: That season, he led the NFL with 17 sacks – a rare feat and second most ever by a defensive tackle – and was named NFC Defensive Player of the Year. He also became a unanimous first-team All-Pro selection and earned a Pro Bowl berth as he helped lead the Saints to a division championship and first-ever playoff win. He was also voted the New Orleans Saints defensive MVP. Amidst his accolades, Glover boasted 53 tackles, three forced fumbles, and a fumble recovery. In the Saints' come-from-behind 28-27 victory over the San Diego Chargers in Week 2 (September 10), Glover twice sacked Chargers quarterback Ryan Leaf and forced 4th-and-22 in the Chargers' final drive.

paragraph: During his tenure in New Orleans, he was also a recipient of the Saints “Man of the Year” and "Unsung Hero" awards. In 2013, the team elected Glover to the Saints Hall of Fame for the Class of 2013. Glover was the lone choice of the Saints Hall of Fame Media Selection Committee.

paragraph: Section::::Professional playing career.:Dallas Cowboys (2002–2005).

paragraph: Following an impressive five-year run with the Saints, the Dallas Cowboys quickly swooped in and signed Glover to a multi-year deal. At the time, the team had endured back-to-back 5-11 seasons.

paragraph: During his time with the Cowboys, Glover solidified his place as one of the best defensive tackles in the NFL. He also provided a veteran locker room presence, helped anchor a young defensive line and was an integral part of the transformation from a losing team into one that returned to the playoffs. While in Dallas, he earned four consecutive Pro Bowl nominations (2002-2005) and was named All-Pro in 2002 and 2003. He played in all 64 games during his four seasons with the Cowboys, registered 21.5 sacks and forced five fumbles.

paragraph: His last season with the team in 2005, the defense switched to a 3-4 alignment, where he started splitting playing time with Jason Ferguson and was eventually relegated to a backup role in early December. He was released at the end of the year, because he wasn't seen as a good fit for the new defense and salary cap considerations.

paragraph: Glover made the most of his relatively brief stay, leaving as one of the best players in franchise history and one of its best free agent signings. He is the only Cowboys player to make the Pro Bowl in his first four seasons with the team.

paragraph: Section::::Professional playing career.:St. Louis Rams (2006–2008).

paragraph: In 2006, Glover signed as a free agent with the St. Louis Rams, reuniting him with Jim Haslett. He was the Rams 2007 Walter Payton Man of the Year.

paragraph: On June 22, 2009, Glover officially announced his retirement from the National Football League. After a decorated professional career, he was named to the NFL 2000s All-Decade team.

paragraph: During his career, he played 13 seasons, went to six straight Pro Bowls, had 433 tackles and 83.5 sacks, eight forced fumbles and two interceptions. He was an extremely durable player and compensated for a lack of size with great tenacity and textbook technique.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He is married to Spring, and they have three children: La’Roi Jr., Noemie and Sophia. Glover earned a Master of Business Administration degree from Fontbonne University in St. Louis, Mo. in 2012.

paragraph: In 2010, the St. Louis Rams hired Glover as the Director of Player Engagement, where he helps players make the transition to pro football and assist them with various off-field matters.

paragraph: Glover is a guest member on the Football Night sportscaster team of San Diego television station KNSD (NBC 7/39).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dallas Cowboys Top 50 players

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rams Player Bio for 1996 to 2007 seasons

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dallas Cowboys bio for 1996 to 2001 season (more in depth)

wikidata_label: La'Roi Glover

wikipedia_title: La'Roi Glover


text: Newnham

text: Plympton St Mary

text: Member of Parliament

text: Devon

text: Plympton Erle

text: Plymouth

text: High Sheriff of Devon

text: Deputy Lieutenant

text: Richard Strode

text: Newnham, Plympton St Mary

text: Edward VI

text: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

text: Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex

text: Henry VIII

text: Elizabeth Seymour

text: Jane Seymour

text: Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset

text: Lord Protector

text: Inner Temple

text: Spanish Armada

text: stannary

text: JP

text: High Sheriff of Devon

text: Sir Francis Drake

text: Member of Parliament

text: Devon

text: Deputy Lieutenant

text: Plympton Erle

text: Thomas Southcote

text: Bovey Tracey

text: Richard Strode

text: William Strode

text: Five Members

text: House of Commons of England

text: Civil War

text: Sir George Chudleigh, 1st Baronet

text: Sir Francis Drake, 1st Baronet

text: John III Chichester

text: Hall, Bishop's Tawton

text: prie dieu

text: lozenge

text: dexter

text: sinister

text: impaling

text: Sir John Davie, 1st Baronet

text: Creedy, Sandford

text: Crediton

text: Humphrey Speccot

text: Speccot

text: Merton

text: Sir John Glanville

text: Meavy

text: William Strode

text: prie dieu

text: Pleiades

text: quarterings

text: torteaux

text: label

text: plates

text: difference

text: Meavy

text: William Pole

text: Meavy

text: Tristram Risdon

text: Brixham

text: Lupton House

text: monumental brass

text: Visitation of the County of Devon

categories: English MPs 1597–1598,People of the Tudor period,English MPs 1624–1625,1637 deaths,English MPs 1625,English MPs 1604–1611,Members of the Inner Temple,People of the Stuart period,1562 births,English military engineers,English MPs 1601,English MPs 1621–1622

paragraph: William Strode (1562–1637)

paragraph: Sir William Strode (1562–1637) of Newnham in the parish of Plympton St Mary, Devon, England, was a member of the Devon landed gentry, a military engineer and seven times a Member of Parliament elected for Devon in 1597 and 1624, for Plympton Erle in 1601, 1604, 1621 and 1625, and for Plymouth in 1614. He was High Sheriff of Devon from 1593 to 1594 and was knighted in 1598. In 1599 he was appointed Deputy Lieutenant of Devon. His monument with effigy exists in Plympton St Mary Church.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: Strode was the eldest son of Richard Strode (died 1581) of Newnham, Plympton St Mary, by his wife Frances Cromwell, first cousin of King Edward VI (1547–1553). Frances was a daughter of Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell (c. 1520 - 1551) (only son of Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex (c. 1485 – 1540), chief minister of King Henry VIII) by his wife Elizabeth Seymour, sister of Queen Jane Seymour and sister of Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (c. 1500 - 1552) uncle and Lord Protector of King Edward VI.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He entered Inner Temple in 1580. In 1581, he succeeded to the estates of his father.

paragraph: At the time of the Spanish Armada (1588) he became a colonel of the stannary of Plympton, in command of one hundred men. He was a JP for Devon from about 1592. In 1593 he came into possession of the family tin-mining interests which were previously managed by his uncle, Philip Strode and was appointed High Sheriff of Devon for 1593-94. In 1595 he was in charge of construction works on Plymouth fort. He was a close friend of Admiral Sir Francis Drake (died 1596) and was one of the executors of Drake’s will.

paragraph: In 1597, Strode was elected Member of Parliament for Devon. He was appointed surveyor of the house and castle of Templeton, Devon for life. In 1599 he became Deputy Lieutenant. He was elected MP for Plympton Erle in 1601 and was re-elected for the seat in 1604. In 1606 he was appointed surveyor of Devon for life. He was re-elected MP for Plympton Erle in 1614 and in 1621. In 1624, he was elected MP for Devon. He was elected MP for Plympton Erle again in 1625 and 1626.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and progeny.

paragraph: Strode married twice:

paragraph: Firstly in 1581 he married Mary Southcote (died 1618) daughter of Thomas Southcote (died 1600), MP, of Bovey Tracey, by whom he had three sons and seven daughters:

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and progeny.:First marriage.:Sons.:Sir Richard Strode (died 1669).

paragraph: Sir Richard Strode (1584–1669), MP, eldest son and heir.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and progeny.:First marriage.:Sons.:William Strode (1594-1645).

paragraph: William Strode (1594–1645), MP, 2nd son, one of the Five Members whose attempted arrest in the House of Commons of England by King Charles I in 1642 sparked the Civil War.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and progeny.:First marriage.:Sons.:John Strode of Tavistock.

paragraph: John Strode, 3rd son, of Tavistock, who died at some time after 1644.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and progeny.:First marriage.:Daughters.:Mary Strode (born 1586).

paragraph: Mary Strode (born 1586), eldest daughter, married Sir George Chudleigh, 1st Baronet (1582–1656), of Atherington. She predeceased her husband and was buried in Ashton Church.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and progeny.:First marriage.:Daughters.:Joanna Strode.

paragraph: Joanna Strode, 2nd daughter, married in 1615 as his 2nd wife, Sir Francis Drake, 1st Baronet (1588 - c. 1637), of Buckland, nephew of his namesake the great Admiral. She married secondly in 1639 at Bere Ferrers (or Buckland Monachorum) to John Trefusis of Milor (or of Trefusis), Cornwall.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and progeny.:First marriage.:Daughters.:Ursula Strode (died 1635).

paragraph: Ursula Strode (died 1635), his 3rd daughter, married Sir John III Chichester (1598–1669), MP, of Hall, Bishop's Tawton. Her mural monument exists in Bishops Tawton Church, showing her effigy kneeling at a prie dieu with two babies side-by-side wrapped in swaddling clothes in front of her. At the top within an elaborate gilded frame within a broken pediment is a lozenge showing the arms of Strode. On the arch above her is shown on the dexter the arms of Chichester and on the sinister the arms of Strode. Below underneath an inscribed tablet is a cartouche bearing the arms of Chichester impaling Strode. The tablet is inscribed as follows:

paragraph: To the memorie of the truly vertuous and religious the Lady Ursula Chichester daughter to Sr. William Strode of Newingeam, Knight, and wife to Sr. John Chichester of Hall, Knight, by whome she had issue seven sonnes and two daughters whereof survive fower sonnes, two sonnes & one daught. heere buried. She departed this life in the true faith of Christ Jesus and was heere enterred the 6th (5th?) day of July Anno D(omi)ni 1635 aetat(is) suae (47?).

paragraph: Fayre virtuous sainct injoy thy peacefull sleepe,

paragraph: While wee that live employ our foes to weepe,

paragraph: But when thou wak'st let glory shew thy grace,

paragraph: Let Heav'n, which only can, enrich thy face.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and progeny.:First marriage.:Daughters.:Frances Strode.

paragraph: Frances Strode, 4th daughter, married in 1606/7 Sir Samuel Somaster, Knight (born 1692), of Painsford, Ashprington.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and progeny.:First marriage.:Daughters.:Juliana Strode.

paragraph: Juliana Strode (d.1627), his 5th daughter married Sir John Davie, 1st Baronet (died 1654), of Creedy, Sandford, near Crediton, Devon. A mural monument to her survives in Sandford Church, inscribed in verse as follows:

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and progeny.:First marriage.:Daughters.:Margaret Strode.

paragraph: Margaret Strode, 6th daughter, married Sir John Younge of Stetscome.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and progeny.:First marriage.:Daughters.:Elizabeth Strode.

paragraph: Elizabeth Strode, 7th daughter, married Edmond Speccot (died 1620) of Anderdon, Cornwall, 2nd son of Humphrey Speccot, MP, of Speccot, in the parish of Merton, Devon.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and progeny.:Second marriage.

paragraph: Secondly in 1624 he married (as her 3rd husband) Dunes (or "Dewnes", Latinised to "Dyonisia", perhaps the modern "Denise") Glanville (died 1635) daughter of Nicholas Glanville, who was brother to Sir Sir John Glanville (1542–1600), of Kilworthy, Tavistock, Devon, Member of Parliament and a judge. The marriage was without issue.

paragraph: Section::::Residences.

paragraph: As well as Newnham, Strode also had a residence at Meavy, about 6 miles to the north, which was later the residence of his 2nd son William Strode (1594–1645), MP. His great-grandfather Richard IV Strode (died 1552) had married Agnes Milliton, daughter of John Milliton of Meavy.

paragraph: Section::::Death and burial.

paragraph: Strode died in 1637 and was buried in the church of St Mary's Plympton, where exists his monument. His will was proved in February 1639.

paragraph: Section::::Monument.

paragraph: On the north wall of the Strode Chapel in the church of St Mary's Plympton, is the monument of Sir William Strode (died 1637). In the centre kneels his effigy in armour with hand on sword. On either side of him are female effigies kneeling each at a prie dieu, to the left his first wife Mary Southcott, who died in 1617, and to the right Dunes ("Dewnes" or "Dyonisia") the second Lady Strode. On a panel beneath Mary Southcott are low-relief sculpted figures of her seven daughters and three sons. Underneath the effigy of Dunes is a representation of Death cutting with his sickle a flower then grasped by the hand of God appearing out of a cloud above. Beneath the effigy of Sir William is the following Latin inscription:

paragraph: "Cubiculum Guilielmi Strode, Equitis Aurati et in isto ordine tandem antiquisimi: Familia satis clari Sed Religione integritate morum consilio Justica Publica Generosa hospitalitate rebus probe et faeliciter gestis longe clarioris Qui et septem filiarum (quinq: nuptarum Equitibus...)?... nexu lugali Et arctiori nexu plurium virtutum Devoniæ suae gluten, et Oraculum diu substitit Is duarum uxorum unanimi fretus consortio, Mariæ ac Dionysiæ Quarum ex altera decem suscepit liberos ex altera senii solamen dierum et operum satur obdormivit In gremio Terre Matris cum sorore vermicula, et ultima propinquitate nature decumbens conquerentibus amicis IN TE OCCIDIT SPES OMNES ET FORTUNA NOSTRI NOMINIS donec nominis generisq: discrimen Communi gloria Resurrectionis et solius affinitate Christi evanescat. Occidit Junii 27, 1637 aetat(is) suæ 76. Patri Guilielmo, matri Mariæ et Dionysiæ quasi matri Monumentum hoc posuit Guilielmus Strode" ("The resting place of William Strode at length in this order of the most ancient Golden Knight. In his familial ancestry famous enough, but in religion, integrity, morals, counsel, justice, public works, hospitality, in business matters honestly and well managed, more famous by far. Who and of 7 daughters (of whom 5 were married to knights)...He long stood firm as the glue and oracle of his Devon. He, strengthened by the unanimous fellowship of two wives of one mind, Mary and Dionise, of whom from the one he received 10 children, from the other the comfort of his old age, sated with days and good works fell asleep, in a groan of Mother Earth, with his playmates the worms in a last closeness with nature, lying down with his friends bewailing. IN THEE DIED ALL HOPE AND FORTUNE OF OUR NAME until an interval of our family and name. He passed away in the glory of the Common Resurrection and in affinity of Christ. He died on the 27th of June 1637, of his age 76. To his father William, to his mother Mary and to Dionise, virtually a mother to him, William Strode placed this monument".)

paragraph: Above the effigy of Sir William is the following inscription in verse:

paragraph: ""Treade soft for if you wake this knight alone,"

paragraph: "You rayse an hoast, Religion's champion,"

paragraph: "His country's staff, Right's bold distributer,"

paragraph: "His neighbour's guard, the poore man's almoner."

paragraph: "Who dies with workes about him, as did hee,"

paragraph: "Shall rise attended most triumphantlie""

paragraph: Above the effigy of Mary Southcott (left) is the following inscription in verse:

paragraph: ""Mary incarnate vertue, soule and skin"

paragraph: "Both pure, whom death, not life, convinced of sin,"

paragraph: "Had daughters like seaven Pleiades but shee,"

paragraph: "Was a prime star of greatest claritie""

paragraph: Above the effigy of Dunes (right) is the following inscription in verse:

paragraph: ""Dewnes hath merited no slender prayse,"

paragraph: "In that shee well supplyd the former's dayes,"

paragraph: "Conceave how good shee was whose very worst,"

paragraph: "Unto her knight was this, that shee died first""

paragraph: Section::::Monument.:Heraldic quarterings.

paragraph: An escutcheon on top of the monument to Sir William Strode shows the following eight quarterings:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st: "Argent, a chevron between three conies sable" (Strode);

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd: "Or, three torteaux a label of three points azure each charged with three plates a crescent gules for difference" (Courtenay of Loughtor);

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3rd: "Gules, a chevron argent between three millets hauriant or" ("Militon of Mewy" (i.e. Meavy), per Sir William Pole (died 1635), p. 493, with tinctures for chevron & millets reversed). Sir William Strode held the manor of Meavy in the time of Tristram Risdon (died 1640).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 4th: "Argent, on a chevron azure three fishes or" ("Peniles of Luckton" ("sic") per Pole, p. 496). "Luckton" ("sic") is in the parish of Brixham (Pole, p. 283), apparently today's "Lupton House" (Risdon, p. 158). The "Peverell" (Risdon, p. 158) family of Lupton were also known as "Peniles" (Pole, p. 283), or "Pennells" (Vivian, p. 743) whose heirs were the Upton family;

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5th: "Azure, a bend engrailed argent cotised or a crescent gules for difference" (Fortescue of Wood in the parish of Woodleigh);

paragraph: BULLET::::- 6th: "Argent, a chief sable three lances palewise counterchanged" (Pole, p. 472, amended, "Burley of Clanacomb"). Clanacombe House, in the parish of Thurlestone, Devon, survives today as a 17th-century mansion. The manor of "Thurleston" was held by the Courtenay family (Risdon, p. 177). These arms of Burley are also visible on the 16th-century monumental brass of William Barker in Sonning Church, Berkshire;

paragraph: BULLET::::- 7th: "Or, three bendlets sable" (unknown);

paragraph: BULLET::::- 8th: "Argent, three eaglets displayed gules" (Newnham of Newnham, per Pole, p. 494).

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hasler, P. W., biography of Sir William Strode published in History of Parliament: House of Commons 1558-1603, ed. P.W. Hasler, 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vivian, Lt.Col. J.L., (Ed.) The Visitation of the County of Devon: Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564 & 1620, Exeter, 1895, pp. 718–720, pedigree of Strode

description: English politician (1562–1637)

wikidata_label: William Strode

wikipedia_title: William Strode (1562–1637)


text: French

text: occitan language

text: Millau

text: Rouergue

text: Villefranche-de-Rouergue

text: Rodez

text: Peyrot's work on Google books

categories: Occitan-language writers,People from Millau,1709 births

paragraph: Joan Claudi Peiròt

paragraph: Joan Claudi Peiròt (in French "Jean-Claude Peyrot", September 3, 1709 – April 3, 1795) was an occitan language writer from Millau in the province of Rouergue.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poésies diverses, patoises et françaises". 1774.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les quatre Saisons". Villefranche-de-Rouergue, 1781

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Œuvres diverses". Villefranche-sur-Rouergue, 1788.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Œuvres patoises et françaises, 3e édition", Millau, 1810.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Œuvres patoises complètes, 4e édition", Millau, 1823.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Œuvres patoises complètes, 5e édition", Millau, 1855.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Œuvres patoises complètes", Millau, 1886.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Quatre Saisons", Rodez, 1906.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poésies Rouergates & Françaises", Millau, 1909.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peyrot's work on Google books

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Las sasons" a French translation Google books

description: Occitan-language writer

wikidata_label: Joan Claudi Peiròt

wikipedia_title: Joan Claudi Peiròt


text:
Braniewo
Polish
Zagłębie Lubin
Ekstraklasa
Jagiellonia Białystok

categories: Association football goalkeepers,Polish footballers,Stomil Olsztyn players,Zagłębie Lubin players,1992 births,Ekstraklasa players,Sportspeople from Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship,People from Braniewo,Motor Lublin players,Living people,Jagiellonia Białystok players

paragraph: Tomasz Ptak

paragraph: Tomasz Ptak (born February 9, 1992 in Braniewo) is a Polish footballer who currently plays for Zagłębie Lubin in the Polish Ekstraklasa.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Club.

paragraph: In February 2011, he joined Jagiellonia Białystok on a four-year contract.

description: Footballer

wikidata_label: Tomasz Ptak

wikipedia_title: Tomasz Ptak


text: Earl

text: Lade

text: Norway

text: Northumbria

text: Hákon Sigurðarson

text: Aud Haakonsdottir of Lade

text: Battle of Hjörungavágr

text: Battle of Svolder

text: England

text: Canute the Great

text: Latin

text: Old English

text: Old Norse

text: normalized orthography

text: patronym

text: Norwegian

text: Hákon Sigurðarson

text: Oppland

text: Eyjólfr dáðaskáld

text: Harald Bluetooth

text: Romerike

text: Vingulmark

text: Battle of Hjörungavágr

text: kings' sagas

text: Heimskringla

text: Jómsvíkinga saga

text: Saxo Grammaticus

text: Gesta Danorum

text: skaldic poetry

text: Þórðr Kolbeinsson

text: Tindr Hallkelsson

text: Old Norse

text: Harald Bluetooth

text: Christianity

text: Jomsvikings

text: Vagn Ákason

text: Óláfr Tryggvason

text: Sweden

text: Olof of Sweden

text: Vladimir I of Kiev

text: Staraya Ladoga

text: Soviet

text: archaeologists

text: Estonia

text: Saaremaa

text: Östergötland

text: Battle of Svolder

text: Baltic

text: Rügen

text: Jarl Sigvaldi

text: Jomsvikings

text: Long Serpent

text: hauberk

text: Halldórr ókristni

text: Sveinn Hákonarson

text: Hákon Eiríksson

text: Einarr Þambarskelfir

text: Erlingr Skjálgsson

text: Grettis saga

text: duelling

text: berserk

text: Canute the Great

text: Þórðr Kolbeinsson

text: Frank Stenton

text: Sandwich

text: Wessex

text: Dorset

text: Wiltshire

text: Somerset

text: Eadric Streona

text: Thames

text: Mercia

text: Prince Edmund

text: Northumbria

text: Uhtred the Bold

text: earl of Northumbria

text: London

text: Ethelred the Unready

text: Edmund Ironside

text: Legendary Saga of St. Olaf

text: Þórðr

text: Ulfcytel Snillingr

text: Wessex

text: Northumbria

text: East Anglia

text: Thorkell the Tall

text: Mercia

text: Eadric Streona

text: Scots

text: Britons

text: Strathclyde

text: Siward

text: uvula cut

text: medieval medicine

text: Theodoricus monachus

text: Christianity

text: Oddr Snorrason

text: Thor

text: kenning

text: Þórðr Kolbeinsson

text: Historia Norwegiae

text: Ágrip

text: Kings' Sagas

text: Heimskringla

text: Fagrskinna

text: Ágrip

text: Knýtlinga saga

text: Historia Norvegiæ

text: Legendary Saga of St. Olaf

text: Oddr Snorrason

text: Theodoricus monachus

text: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

text: Encomium Emmae

text: Florence of Worcester

text: William of Malmesbury

text: Henry of Huntingdon

text: skalds

text: Eyjólfr dáðaskáld

text: Halldórr ókristni

text: Þórðr Kolbeinsson

text: Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld

text: Gunnlaugr ormstunga

text: Hrafn Önundarson

text: Skúli Þorsteinsson

text: Þórðr Sjáreksson

text: Hermann Pálsson

text: Jónsson, Finnur

text: "Olafs saga hins helga".

text: Snorri Sturluson

text: Lee M. Hollander

text: University of Texas Press

text: Stenton, Frank M.

text: Theodoricus monachus

text: Peter Foote

categories: Regents,Ladejarl dynasty,Norwegian military leaders,Earls and ealdormen of York,1020s deaths,960s births,Norwegian earls,Viking warriors

paragraph: Eiríkr Hákonarson

paragraph: Eric Håkonsson (, 960s – 1020s) was Earl of Lade, Governor of Norway and Earl of Northumbria. He was the son of Earl Hákon Sigurðarson and brother of the legendary Aud Haakonsdottir of Lade. He participated in the Battle of Hjörungavágr, the Battle of Svolder and the conquest of England by King Canute the Great.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: Eric is referred to in various ways in the medieval sources and by modern scholars. He most commonly witnessed charters as "Yric dux" ("Duke Eric") but his name is also spelled "Yric", "Yrric", "Iric", "Eiric" or "Eric" in 11th-century Latin and Old English sources. In Old Norse sources, using normalized orthography, he is most commonly "Eiríkr jarl" ("Earl Eric") or "Eiríkr jarl Hákonarson", but sometimes as "Eirekr". Modern historians usually use a variant of Eiríkr/Eirik/Eric and his patronym, Hákonarson/Hakonarson/Hakonson, meaning "son of Haakon". In modern Norwegian, it would be "Eirik Håkonsson". Some English works prefer Eric of Hlathir, referring to his Norse earldom, or Eric of Norway.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Principal sources on Eric's youth are "Fagrskinna" and "Heimskringla". They relate that Eric was the son of Hákon Sigurðarson and a woman of low birth whom Hákon bedded during a sojourn in Oppland. Hákon cared little for the boy and gave him to a friend of his to raise. On one occasion when Eric was eleven or twelve years old he and his foster father had harboured their ship right next to earl Hákon. Then Hákon's closest friend, Skopti, arrived and asked Eric to move away so that he could harbour next to Hákon as he was used to. When Eric refused, Hákon was infuriated by the boy's pride and sternly ordered him away. Humiliated, Eric had no choice but to obey. In the following winter he avenged the humiliation by chasing down Skopti's ship and killing him. This was Eric's first exploit, as commemorated by his skald Eyjólfr dáðaskáld who mentions the incident in his "Bandadrápa".

paragraph: The sagas say that after killing Skopti, Eric sailed south to Denmark where he was received by king Harald Bluetooth. After a winter's stay in Denmark, Harald granted Eric earldom over Romerike and Vingulmark - areas in the south of Norway long under Danish influence. In "Heimskringla" this information is supported with a somewhat vague verse from "Bandadrápa".

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Hjörungavágr.

paragraph: The Battle of Hjörungavágr was Eric's first major confrontation. The battle was fought at sea, between the earls of Lade and a Danish invasion fleet. The battle is described in the Norse kings' sagas—such as "Heimskringla"—as well as in "Jómsvíkinga saga" and Saxo Grammaticus' "Gesta Danorum". Those late literary accounts are fanciful but historians believe that they contain a kernel of truth. Some contemporary skaldic poetry alludes to the battle, including verses by Þórðr Kolbeinsson and Tindr Hallkelsson.

paragraph: Hákon Sigurðarson was a strong believer in the Old Norse gods, and when King Harald Bluetooth attempted to force Christianity upon him, Haakon broke his allegiance to Denmark. A Danish invasion force was defeated at the battle of Hjörungavágr in 986. According to "Heimskringla", Eric, apparently reconciled with his father, commanded 60 ships in the battle and emerged victorious. After the battle he gave quarter to many of the Jomsvikings, including Vagn Ákason.

paragraph: Section::::Exile.

paragraph: In 995, as Óláfr Tryggvason seized power as King of Norway, Eric was forced into exile in Sweden. He allied himself with King Olof of Sweden and King Sweyn whose daughter, Gyða, he married. Using Sweden as his base he launched a series of raiding expeditions into the east. Harrying the lands of King Vladimir I of Kiev, Eric looted and burned down the town of Staraya Ladoga (Old Norse "Aldeigja"). There are no written continental sources to confirm or refute this but in the 1980s, Soviet archaeologists unearthed evidence which showed a burning of Ladoga in the late 10th century.

paragraph: Eric also plundered in western Estonia (ON "Aðalsýsla") and the island of Saaremaa (ON "Eysýsla"). According to the "Fagrskinna" summary of "Bandadrápa" he fought Vikings in the Baltic and raided Östergötland during the same time.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Svolder.

paragraph: In the Battle of Svolder in 1000, Eric, Sweyn and Olof, ambushed king Óláfr Tryggvason by the island of Svolder. The place cannot now be identified, as the formation of the Baltic coast has been much modified in the course of subsequent centuries. Svolder was an island probably on the North German coast, near Rügen.

paragraph: During the summer, King Olaf had been in the eastern Baltic. The allies lay in wait for him at the island of Svolder on his way home. The Norwegian king had with him seventy-one vessels, but part of them belonged to an associate, Jarl Sigvaldi, a chief of the Jomsvikings, who was an agent of his enemies, and who deserted him. Olaf's own ships went past the anchorage of Eric and his allies in a long column without order, as no attack was expected. The king was in the rear of the whole of his best vessels. The allies allowed the bulk of the Norwegian ships to pass, and then stood out to attack Olaf.

paragraph: Olaf refused to flee, and turned to give battle with the eleven ships immediately about him. The disposition adopted was one which is found recurring in many sea-fights of the Middle Ages where a fleet had to fight on the defensive. Olaf lashed his ships side to side, his own, the "Long Serpent", the finest war-vessel as yet built in the north, being in the middle of the line, where her bows projected beyond the others. The advantage of this arrangement was that it left all hands free to fight, a barrier could be formed with the oars and yards, and the enemy's chance of making use of his superior numbers to attack on both sides would be, as far as possible, limited — a great point when all fighting was with the sword, or with such feeble missile weapons as bows and javelins. Olaf, in fact, turned his eleven ships into a floating fort.

paragraph: Norse writers, who are the main authorities, gave all the credit to the Norwegians, and according to them all the intelligence of Olaf's enemies, and most of their valour, were to be found in Eric. They say that the Danes and Swedes rushed at the front of Olaf's line without success. Eric attacked the flank. His vessel, the "Iron Ram" (ON "Járnbarðinn"), was "bearded", that is to say, strengthened across the bows by bands of iron, and he forced her between the last but one of Olaf's line. In this way the Norwegian ships were carried one by one, till the "Long Serpent" alone was left. At last she too was overpowered. Olaf leapt into the sea holding his shield edgeways, so that he sank at once and the weight of his hauberk dragged him down. Eric captured Olaf's ship, the "Long Serpent", and steered it from the battle, an event dwelled upon by his court poet Halldórr ókristni.

paragraph: Section::::Rule of Norway.

paragraph: After the battle of Svolder, together with his brother Sveinn Hákonarson, Eric became governor of Norway under Sweyn Forkbeard from 1000 to 1012. Eric's son, Hákon Eiríksson, continued in this position until 1015. Eric and Sveinn consolidated their rule by marrying their sister Bergljót to Einarr Þambarskelfir, gaining a valuable advisor and ally.

paragraph: "Fagrskinna" relates that "there was good peace at this time and very prosperous seasons. The jarls maintained the laws well and were stern in punishing offences."

paragraph: During his rule of Norway, Eric's only serious rival was Erlingr Skjálgsson. Too powerful and cautious to touch but not powerful enough to seek open confrontation he maintained an uneasy peace and alliance with the earls throughout their rule.

paragraph: According to "Grettis saga", Eric forbade duelling by law and exiled berserks shortly before his expedition to England.

paragraph: Section::::Conquest of England.

paragraph: In 1014 or 1015 Eric left Norway and joined Canute the Great for his campaign in England. Judging from Þórðr Kolbeinsson's "Eiríksdrápa" their fleets met off the English coast (in 1015) but the chronology of the various sources is difficult to reconcile and some scholars prefer placing their meeting in 1014 in Denmark. At that time Canute was young and inexperienced but Eric was "an experienced warrior of tested intelligence and fortune" ("Fagrskinna") and, in the opinion of Frank Stenton, "the best adviser that could have been found for a young prince setting out on a career of conquest".

paragraph: The Scandinavian invasion fleet landed at Sandwich in midsummer 1015 where it met little resistance. Canute's forces moved into Wessex and plundered in Dorset, Wiltshire and Somerset. Alderman Eadric Streona assembled an English force of 40 ships and submitted to Canute. The "Encomium Emmae" is the only English source which gives any information on Eric's actions at this time but its account of his supposed independent raids is vague and does not fit well with other sources.

paragraph: In early 1016, the Scandinavian army moved over the Thames into Mercia, plundering as it went. Prince Edmund attempted to muster an army to resist the invasion but his efforts were not successful and Canute's forces continued unhindered into Northumbria where Uhtred the Bold, earl of Northumbria, was murdered. The great north English earldom was given by Canute to Eric after he had won control of the north. After conquering Northumbria, the invading army turned south again towards London. Before they arrived King Ethelred the Unready died (on April 23) and Edmund Ironside was chosen king.

paragraph: Following Ethelred's death, the Scandinavian forces besieged London. According to the "Encomium Emmae" the siege was overseen by Eric and this may well be accurate. The "Legendary Saga of St. Olaf" indicates that Eric was present at the siege of London and a verse by Þórðr says that Eric fought "west of London" with Ulfcytel Snillingr.

paragraph: After several battles, Canute and Edmund reached an agreement to divide the kingdom but Edmund died a few months later. By 1017, Canute was undisputed king of all England. He divided the kingdom into four parts; Wessex he kept for himself, he gave Northumbria to Eric, East Anglia to Thorkell the Tall, and Mercia to Eadric Streona. Later the same year Canute had Eadric executed as a traitor. According to the "Encomium Emmae", he ordered Eric to "pay this man what we owe him" and he chopped off his head with his axe.

paragraph: Eric remained as earl of Northumbria until his death. His earlship is primarily notable in that it is never recorded that he ever fought with the Scots or the Britons of Strathclyde, who were usually constantly threatening Northumbria. Eric is not mentioned in English documents after 1023. According to English sources he was exiled by Canute and returned to Norway. This is very unlikely as there are no Norse records of his supposed return. Eric's successor as earl, Siward, cannot be confirmed as being earl of Northumbria until 1033 so Eric's death can not strictly be placed more precisely than between 1023 and 1033. According to the Norse sources he died of a hemorrhage after having his uvula cut (a procedure in medieval medicine) either just before or just after a pilgrimage to Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Religion.

paragraph: According to Theodoricus monachus, Eric pledged to adopt Christianity if he emerged victorious from the battle of Svolder. Oddr Snorrason's "Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar" has a more elaborate version of the story where Eric replaces an image of Thor on the prow of his ship with a Christian cross. There is no skaldic poetry to substantiate this but most of the sagas agree that Eric and Sveinn adopted Christianity, at least formally. "Fagrskinna" says:

paragraph: "These jarls had had themselves baptised, and remained Christian, but they forced no man to Christianity, but allowed each to do as he wished, and in their day Christianity was greatly harmed, so that throughout Upplönd and in over Þrándheimr almost everything was heathen, though Christianity was maintained along the coast."

paragraph: Adopting Christianity was no doubt a politically advantageous move for the earls since they were allied with the Christian rulers of Sweden and Denmark. Instituting freedom of religion was also a shrewd political move after Óláfr Tryggvason's violent missionary activity. Eric's religious conviction as a Christian was probably not strong. While the court poets of Eric's rivals, Óláfr Tryggvason and Óláfr Haraldsson, censored heathen kennings from their poetry and praised their lord as a Christian ruler, all surviving court poetry devoted to Eric is entirely traditional. The "Bandadrápa", composed sometime after 1000, is explicitly pagan - its refrain says that Eric conquers lands according to the will of the heathen gods. Even the poetry of Þórðr Kolbeinsson, composed no earlier than 1016, has no indication of Christian influence. According to "Historia Norwegiae" and "Ágrip", Eiríkr actively worked to uproot Christianity in Norway but this is not corroborated by other sources.

paragraph: Section::::Works that mention Eric.

paragraph: The most important historical sources on Eric are the 12th and 13th century the "Kings' Sagas", including "Heimskringla", "Fagrskinna", "Ágrip", "Knýtlinga saga", "Historia Norvegiæ", the "Legendary Saga of St. Olaf" and the works of Oddr Snorrason and Theodoricus monachus. The Anglo-Saxon sources are scant but valuable as they represent contemporary evidence. The most important are the 11th-century "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" and the "Encomium Emmae" but Eric is also mentioned by the 12th-century historians Florence of Worcester, William of Malmesbury and Henry of Huntingdon.

paragraph: A significant amount of poetry by Eric's skalds is preserved in the "Kings' Sagas" and represents contemporary evidence. The most important are the "Bandadrápa" of Eyjólfr dáðaskáld and the works of Halldórr ókristni and Þórðr Kolbeinsson. Other skalds known to have composed on Eric are Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld, Gunnlaugr ormstunga, Hrafn Önundarson, Skúli Þorsteinsson and Þórðr Sjáreksson.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Campbell, Alistar (editor and translator) and Simon Keynes (supplementary introduction) (1998). "Encomium Emmae Reginae". Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christiansen, Eric (2002). "The Norsemen in the Viking Age". Blackwell Publishing.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Driscoll, M. J. (editor) (1995). "Ágrip af Nóregskonungasǫgum". Viking Society for Northern Research.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ekrem, Inger (editor), Lars Boje Mortensen (editor) and Peter Fisher (translator) (2003). "Historia Norwegie". Museum Tusculanum Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Faulkes, Anthony (editor) (1978). "Two Icelandic Stories : Hreiðars þáttr : Orms þáttr". Viking Society for Northern Research.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finlay, Alison (editor and translator) (2004). "Fagrskinna, a Catalogue of the Kings of Norway". Brill Academic Publishers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fox, Denton and Hermann Pálsson (translators) (2001). "Grettir's Saga". University of Toronto Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry of Huntingdon (translated by Diana Greenway) (2002). "The History of the English People, 1000-1154".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jackson, Tatiana (Татьяна Николаевна Джаксон). "Austr í Görðum: древнерусские топонимы в древнескандинавских источниках." Moscow, Yazyki Slavyanskoi Kultury, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jónsson, Finnur (1924). "Den oldnorske og oldislandske litteraturs historie". G. E. C. Gad.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keyser, Rudolph and Carl Rikard Unger (eds.) (1849). "Olafs saga hins helga". Feilberg & Landmark.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oddr Snorrason (translated by Theodore M. Andersson) (2003). "The Saga of Olaf Tryggvason". Cornell University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Snorri Sturluson (translated by Lee M. Hollander). (1991). "Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway". University of Texas Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stenton, Frank M. (2001). "Anglo-Saxon England". Oxford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theodoricus monachus (translated and annotated by David and Ian McDougall with an introduction by Peter Foote) (1998). "The Ancient History of the Norwegian Kings". Viking Society for Northern Research.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: br

paragraph: BR

alias:
Eiríkr Hákonarson
Eirik Håkonsson
Eric of Norway
Eric of Hlathir
Eirikr Hakonarson

description: earl of Lade, ruler of Norway and earl of Northumbria

wikidata_label: Eric Haakonsson

wikipedia_title: Eiríkr Hákonarson


text: Sablé

text: Knights Templar

text: Cyprus

text: Anjou

text: King

text: River Sarthe

text: Marguerite de Sablé

text: William des Roches

text: Third Crusade

text: Henry the Young King

text: Henry II

text: Revolt of 1173-1174

text: Reconquista

text: Third Crusade

text: Acre

text: fortress

text: Levant

text: Battle of Arsuf

text: Saladin

text: Knights Hospitaller

text: Maine

text: Brittany

text: Cyprus

text: Byzantine

text: Isaac Comnenus of Cyprus

text: Hospitallers

text: Rhodes

text: Malta

text: Guy de Lusignan

text: King of Jerusalem

text: Saint-Jean d'Acre

text: Gerard de Ridefort

text: Assassin's Creed

text: Knights Templar

text: Al Mualim

text: Altaïr

text: battle of Arsuf

categories: 1193 deaths,People from Anjou,12th-century French people,Year of birth unknown,House of Sablé,Christians of the Third Crusade,Grand Masters of the Knights Templar

paragraph: Robert IV of Sablé

paragraph: Robert IV de Sablé (1150 − 23 September 1193) was Lord of Sablé, the eleventh Grand Master of the Knights Templar from 1191 to 1192 and Lord of Cyprus from 1191 to 1192. He was known of as the Grand Master of the Knights Templars and the Grand Master of the Holy and Valiant Order of Knights Templars.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He was born to a respected military family in Anjou and was "a leading Angevin vassal of the King". His lordship was based in a cluster of lands in the River Sarthe valley, which he inherited in the 1160s. He married Clemence de Mayenne (died before 1209). He was succeeded in Anjou by his daughter Marguerite de Sablé, who by marriage passed the entire estate to William des Roches, also a knight of the Third Crusade. Robert died in the Holy Land on 23 September 1193. Although there are no exact records of his birth date, it is believed that he was relatively old at the time of his death compared to the average life expectancy of the 12th century.

paragraph: Section::::Military record.

paragraph: Section::::Military record.:Angevin Civil War.

paragraph: In 1173, Sablé supported Henry the Young King, heir apparent to the throne of the Kingdom of England and duchy of Normandy, in a revolt against his father Henry II during the Revolt of 1173-1174. The uprising was crushed but Robert must have remained in favour with the Angevin Kings, as Richard would later be instrumental in his appointment as Grand Master. He contributed money to French monastic houses in 1190 as a way of making amends.

paragraph: Section::::Military record.:Third Crusade.

paragraph: Despite only having a short tenure, Sablé's reign was filled with successful campaigning. Before his election as Grand Master, he led King Richard I's navy from England and Normandy to the Mediterranean, getting involved in the Reconquista in passage. The combined might of Richard the Lionheart's strategy, seasoned troops, and the elite Templar knights scored many victories. During the Third Crusade, they laid siege to the city of Acre, which soon fell. Throughout August 1191, they also recaptured many fortresses and cities along the Levantine coast in the Eastern Mediterranean, which had been lost previously.

paragraph: The new coalition's finest hour was the Battle of Arsuf, on 7 September 1191. Saladin's Muslim forces appeared to have become far stronger than the Christians, and a decisive victory was desperately needed. Pooling all of the crusaders' strength, the Knights Hospitaller joined the ranks, plus many knights from Sablé's native Anjou, Maine, and Brittany. They met Saladin's troops on the dry plains and soon broke his ranks. Those who stayed to fight were killed, and the remaining Islamic troops were forced to retreat.

paragraph: Section::::Acquisition of Cyprus.

paragraph: At the end of 1191, Richard the Lionheart agreed to sell Cyprus to the Templars for 25,000 pieces of silver. Richard had plundered the island from the Byzantine forces of the tyrant Isaac Comnenus of Cyprus some months earlier and had no real use for it. The Hospitallers would later establish solid bases on the islands of Rhodes and Malta, but Sablé failed to do the same with the island of Cyprus. He was lord for two years, until he gave (or sold) the island to Guy de Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, as he was without a kingdom.

paragraph: Sablé did manage to establish a Chieftain House of the Order in Saint-Jean d'Acre, which remained for almost a century.

paragraph: Section::::Delayed election.

paragraph: Sablé was lucky to have been Grand Master at all, as at the time of Gerard de Ridefort's death, he was not even a member of the Templar Order. However, the senior knights had become increasingly opposed to Masters fighting on the front line, and the capture and beheading of Grand Master Gerard de Ridefort became the final straw. They delayed elections for over a year so that the rules regarding active service of Grand Masters could be reviewed. During this hiatus, Sablé did join the order, just in time to be considered for election. When he was made Grand Master, he had been a Templar knight for less than a year. He died in 1193.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Robert de Sablé is a character in the 2007 video game "Assassin's Creed". He is presented as the leader of the Knights Templar within the game's story and a loyal to King Richard. Al Mualim ordered Altaïr to kill Robert, who died in 1191 at the battle of Arsuf. He wanted to obtain the Piece of Eden. Maria Thorpe was his former stewardess, who was captured as prisoner by Altaïr in "", and later revealed to have become Altaïr's wife.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert-De-Sable 161, the name lives on in the form of a Knights Templar preceptory in the United Kingdom of Great Britain. Freemasonry being the continuation of the original order. See sworn in secret for further reading.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Masters of the Templar Order: Robert de Sable

description: Grand Master of the Knights Templar

wikidata_label: Robert de Sablé

wikipedia_title: Robert IV of Sablé


text: German

text: harpsichord

text: organist

text: Baroque

text: Classical

text: Goldberg Variations

text: J.S. Bach

text: Danzig

text: Royal Prussia

text: Crown of Poland

text: baptized

text: St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk

text: Hermann Karl von Keyserlingk

text: Russian

text: Saxony

text: Wilhelm Friedemann Bach

text: Dresden

text: Johann Nikolaus Forkel

text: variations

text: insomnia

text: Leipzig

text: W.F. Bach

text: Heinrich von Brühl

text: galant

text: Carl Philipp Emanuel

text: Heinrich von Brühl

text: Syncopation

text: chromaticism

text: cantata

text: Durch die herzliche Barmherzigkeit

text: trio sonata

text: polonaise

text: concerto

text: chorale prelude

text: New Grove

text: Ralph Kirkpatrick

text: Goldberg Variations

categories: German Christians,Pupils of Johann Sebastian Bach,German harpsichordists,German classical composers,German male composers,18th-century classical composers,1756 deaths,1727 births,People from Royal Prussia,People from Gdańsk,German Baroque composers,Child classical musicians

paragraph: Johann Gottlieb Goldberg

paragraph: Johann Gottlieb Goldberg (; baptized 14 March 1727 – 13 April 1756) was a German virtuoso harpsichordist, organist, and composer of the late Baroque and early Classical period. He is best known for lending his name, as the probable original performer, to the renowned "Goldberg Variations" of J.S. Bach.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Goldberg was born in Danzig (Gdańsk), Royal Prussia (a part of the Crown of Poland), and was baptized there on March 14, 1727 at St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk. Little is known for certain about his childhood, other than that he was an exceptionally talented performer, attracting the attention of Hermann Karl von Keyserlingk, the Russian ambassador to Saxony, around 1737. Goldberg was reported to have studied with both J.S. Bach and Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, J.S. Bach's eldest son, though the periods of study are not known; Goldberg may have studied with J.S. Bach as early as 1737, shortly after Keyserlingk recognized his talent in Danzig, and Goldberg may have studied with W.F. Bach at any time before 1745, since W.F. Bach was in Dresden throughout Keyserlingk's tenure there as ambassador.

paragraph: The most famous part of Goldberg's life is the portion, probably in 1741, recounted by J.S. Bach's biographer Johann Nikolaus Forkel, which involved the composition of a set of variations by Bach to help the insomniac Count Keyserlingk pass sleepless nights. Keyserlingk's favorite chamber harpsichordist was the 14-year-old Goldberg, whose technical accomplishments were so spectacular that they made it possible for him to perform a work of such extraordinary difficulty. According to Forkel, writing in 1802, sixty years after the event:

paragraph: The accuracy of the story recounted by Forkel has often been questioned, and indeed may have been embellished by Bach's enthusiastic biographer. However Goldberg was known as a virtuoso performer at the time, was in the employ of Keyserlingk at the right time, and was also most likely in Leipzig, based on the similarity of the cantatas he composed to those by Bach; a teacher-student relationship has been suggested by many scholars on the similarity of the cantatas alone.

paragraph: Goldberg's presence in Leipzig can also be ascertained because of the presence of performance parts for one of his cantatas, .

paragraph: Goldberg remained with Count Keyserlingk until around 1745, and disappears from the record until around 1750, when he was included in a concert described by W.F. Bach in a letter of 1767. In 1751 Goldberg was hired by Count Heinrich von Brühl, and he remained in the employ of Brühl for the rest of his short life. He died of tuberculosis at the age of 29 and was buried in Dresden on 15 April 1756.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Goldberg's works, while much less famous than the composition by Bach that used his name, varied widely in style, showing influences from most of the musical trends during that transitional period in music history. His earlier works are similar to those of J.S. Bach, and suggest that the story he studied with the famous composer may be true; his later works show that he was sensitive to the popular tastes of the Dresden court, especially in his use of the galant style. Some of his last works, especially the concertos, use a sophisticated harmonic language akin to that of Bach's son Carl Philipp Emanuel, and were probably written for the musicians of Heinrich von Brühl. Syncopation, chromaticism, and melodies with a wide range are characteristic of these later works.

paragraph: He wrote cantatas while a student of Bach, for instance, around 1745–46, "Durch die herzliche Barmherzigkeit", a church cantata for the feast of St. John the Baptist. His output further includes five trio sonatas; keyboard music, including 24 polonaises, one in each of the major and minor keys; concertos for harpsichord; and a set of chorale preludes which has been lost.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norman Rubin, "Johann Gottlieb Goldberg". "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians", ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. (Note: this article is identical to that in the current online version of the New Grove)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Entry on Johann Gottlieb Goldberg in "The Concise Edition of Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians", 8th ed. Revised by Nicolas Slonimsky. New York, Schirmer Books, 1993.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ralph Kirkpatrick. Edited score to the "Goldberg Variations". New York/London: G. Schirmer, 1938. Contains an extensive preface by the editor and a facsimile of the original title page.

description: German musician

wikidata_label: Johann Gottlieb Goldberg

wikipedia_title: Johann Gottlieb Goldberg


text:
count of Luxembourg
duke of Bavaria
Frederick of Luxembourg
Mosel
Gleiberg
Henry I
Saint-Maximin
Trier
Saint-Willibrord
Echternach
Emperor Henry III
Samuel Aba
king of Hungary
Giselbert
escheat
Cuno

categories: House of Ardennes,1047 deaths,Dukes of Bavaria,Counts of Luxembourg

paragraph: Henry VII, Duke of Bavaria

paragraph: Henry VII (died 16 October 1047) was the count of Luxembourg (as Henry II) from 1026 and duke of Bavaria from 1042 until his death. He was a son of Frederick of Luxembourg, count of Moselgau, and possibly Ermentrude of Gleiberg.

paragraph: In 1026, he inherited Luxembourg from his uncle Henry I. This included charge of the abbeys of Saint-Maximin in Trier and Saint-Willibrord in Echternach. In 1042, he was given Bavaria by the Emperor Henry III, who had hitherto held it, but who needed a resident duke to deal with the raids of Samuel Aba, king of Hungary.

paragraph: He never married. His brother Giselbert succeeded him in Luxembourg, while Bavaria escheated to the emperor, who gave it to Cuno.

wikidata_label: Henry VII, Duke of Bavaria

wikipedia_title: Henry VII, Duke of Bavaria


text: bishop of Nin

text: Pope

text: the Church

text: national language

text: historiography

text: Latin

text: Great Schism

text: Croatian kingdom

text: bishop of Nin

text: Tomislav

text: Split

text: first Synod

text: Ivan Meštrović

text: Split

text: Diocletian's Palace

text: Nin, Croatia

text: Varaždin

text: Croatia

text: History of Croatia

text: History of Dalmatia

text: Andre Vauchez

text: Richard Barrie Dobson

text: Adrian Walford

text: Michael Lapidge

text: "Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages"

categories: 10th-century bishops,Roman Catholic bishops in Croatia,Year of birth unknown,History of Dalmatia,10th-century Croatian people

paragraph: Gregory of Nin

paragraph: Gregory of Nin ( ; ) was a medieval Croatian bishop of Nin who strongly opposed the Pope and official circles of the Church and introduced the national language in the religious services after the Great Assembly in 926, according to traditional Croatian historiography. Until that time, services were held only in Latin (being under the jurisdiction of Roman influence before the Great Schism), not being understandable to a majority of the population. Not only was this important for Croatian language and culture, but it also made Christianity stronger within the Croatian kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Historical facts.

paragraph: Gregory was the bishop of Nin and as such was under strong protection of King Tomislav. At the Synod in 925, held in Split, Gregory lost to the Archbishop of Split, he was offered the Sisak Bishopric, but he refused. After the conclusions of the first Synod Gregory complained again in 927/8 but was rejected and his Nin Bishopric was abolished, Gregory himself being sent off to the Skradin Bishopric, after which he disappears from the annals of history.

paragraph: Section::::The statue.

paragraph: The tall statue of Gregory of Nin by Ivan Meštrović in Split is a busy tourist site in the town, which the toe of the statue shows. Rubbing the statue's toe is said to bring good luck. The toe has been worn smooth and shiny as a result.

paragraph: The statue was erected in September 1929 in the Peristyle of Diocletian's Palace and can be seen in postcards of the pre-World War II period. In 1941, the statue was moved outside the city by Italian occupying forces. In 1954, it was re-erected in a different location, to the north of the Palace and Old Town of Split, just outside the Golden Gate, where it currently sits. A major restoration of the monument took place between 2013 and 2015.

paragraph: There are also statues of Gregory of Nin in the cities of Nin, Croatia and Varaždin, Croatia.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Croatia

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Dalmatia

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Van Antwerp Fine, John V. A. Fine, Jr., "The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century", University of Michigan Press, 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- Florin Curta, Paul Stephenson, "Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250", Cambridge University Press, 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andre Vauchez, Richard Barrie Dobson, Adrian Walford, Michael Lapidge, "Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages", Routledge, 2000

description: Croatian bishop

wikidata_label: Gregory of Nin

wikipedia_title: Gregory of Nin


text:
Irish
chieftain
monk
chapel
Dryburgh
Scotland
monastery
Dryburgh Abbey
Celtic church
Falkirk
Stirling
Forth
abbot
hermit
Dumbarton
relics
enshrined
Rosneath
Catholic Online entry
Another entry

categories: History of Argyll and Bute,Irish Christian monks,History of Stirling (council area),History of the Scottish Borders,Medieval Irish saints,Scottish clergy,6th-century Irish people,History of West Dunbartonshire,6th-century Christian saints,Year of birth unknown,Medieval Scottish saints,History of Falkirk (council area),6th-century deaths

paragraph: Saint Modan

paragraph: St Modan was the son of an Irish chieftain. He became a monk and built a chapel at Dryburgh, Scotland, in 522 which he used as a base for several years. This later became the site of a monastery: Dryburgh Abbey.

paragraph: He actively proselytised on behalf of the Celtic church in the Falkirk and Stirling areas, and along the Forth, continuing until he was elected abbot, a post which he accepted reluctantly. After a number of years he resigned and became a hermit, settling in the Dumbarton area, where he would die. His relics were enshrined at Saint Modan's church, Rosneath.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Online entry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Another entry

description: Irish chieftain and saint

wikidata_label: Saint Modan

wikipedia_title: Saint Modan