text: Lord of Coucy

text: King Edward III of England

text: Isabella of England

text: Earl of Bedford

text: Battle of Nicopolis

text: Ottoman Empire

text: bubonic plague

text: Bursa

text: crown lands of France

text: Enguerrand VI, Lord of Coucy

text: Battle of Crécy

text: Marle

text: Catherine of Austria

text: Leopold I, Duke of Austria

text: Black Death

text: Picardy

text: Moreau de Fiennes

text: Jacquerie

text: John II of France

text: Treaty of Bretigny

text: Jean Froissart

text: Isabella of England

text: Yorkshire

text: Lancaster

text: Westmorland

text: Cumberland

text: Marie de Coucy

text: Coucy

text: Earl of Bedford

text: Order of the Garter

text: Philippa de Coucy

text: Count of Soissons

text: Governor of Brittany

text: Grand Butler of France

text: Constable of France

text: Hundred Years' War

text: Richard II

text: Owain Lawgoch

text: Gugler War

text: John I, Duke of Lorraine

text: Barbary Crusade

text: Ottoman Empire

text: crusade

text: Bayezid I

text: Battle of Nicopolis

text: Gallipoli

text: bubonic plague

text: Turks

text: Soissons

text: Isabella of England

text: Marie de Coucy, Countess of Soissons

text: Henry of Bar

text: Philippa de Coucy

text: Robert de Vere, 9th Earl of Oxford

text: John I, Duke of Lorraine

text: Philip II, Count of Nevers

text: Jacquerie

text: Gugler

text: Hundred Years War

text: Suppression of Flemish uprising

text: invasion of England

text: Guelders

text: Barbary Crusade

text: Genoa

text: Battle of Nicopolis

text: castle

text: Château de Coucy

text: Coucy Le Château Auffrique

text: Aisne

text: Charles VI

text: Marie de Bar

text: Eugène Viollet-le-Duc

text: Erich Ludendorff

text: Rupprecht of Bavaria

text: Molly Costain Haycraft

text: historical fiction

text: The First Princess of Wales

text: Karen Harper

text: Barbara Tuchman

categories: Earls of Bedford,14th-century French people,1397 deaths,Christians of the Mahdian Crusade,1340 births,Peers created by Edward III,Christians of the Crusade of Nicopolis,14th-century deaths from plague (disease)

paragraph: Enguerrand VII, Lord of Coucy

paragraph: Enguerrand VII de Coucy, (1340 – 18 February 1397), also known as Ingelram de Coucy, was a medieval French nobleman, and the last Lord of Coucy. He became son-in-law of King Edward III of England following his marriage to the king's daughter, Isabella of England, and the couple was subsequently granted by the king several English estates, among them the title Earl of Bedford. Coucy fought in the Battle of Nicopolis (1396) as part of a failed crusade against the Ottoman Empire, and was taken prisoner. Having contracted the bubonic plague, he died in captivity at Bursa, Ottoman Empire.

paragraph: Coucy had no surviving sons. Fierce legal disputes were fought over the succession of his lordship of Coucy, which, as a result, passed to the crown lands of France.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Coucy became Lord of Coucy at the death of his father, Enguerrand VI, Lord of Coucy, during the sequence of battles ending with the Battle of Crécy in 1346. He also gained the titles of 4th Lord Gynes, Sire d' Oisy, in the district of Marle, and the Sire de La Fère. His mother, Catherine of Austria, oldest daughter of Leopold I, Duke of Austria, had died in 1349, during a wave of the Black Death. Coucy first became involved in the war against England at the age of fifteen, serving among the barons of Picardy in the battalion of Moreau de Fiennes. In 1358, at the age of eighteen, Coucy acted as a leader during the suppression of the peasant revolt known as the Jacquerie.

paragraph: Section::::Between England and France.

paragraph: Young Coucy first met King Edward III of England in 1359, as one of forty royal and noble hostages exchanged for the future release of the captured King John II of France. He was retained as a hostage in 1360, when the Treaty of Bretigny established territorial adjustments between the two countries, and set the monetary payments for King John's release. The hostages finally arrived in England in November 1360. Coucy was to spend the next five years as a guest of the Royal Court. Chronicler Jean Froissart records that, ""...the young lord de Coucy shined in dancing and caroling whenever it was his turn. He was in great favor with both the French and English...""

paragraph: In 1365, the wealthy Coucy was betrothed and married to the 33-year-old Isabella of England, who has been described as an over-indulged, willful, and wildly extravagant princess. To care for her personal needs, her father settled a substantial annual income on her for life, as well as gifts of costly jewelry, and properties that included manors, castles, and priories. Coucy was her choice as a husband, as she wished to marry for love after the failure of previous betrothal negotiations with several noble houses of Europe. Coucy received, as part of the marriage settlement, the restoration of former Coucy lands in Yorkshire, Lancaster, Westmorland, and Cumberland, England. He was also released as a hostage for the French treaty requirements, with no payment of ransom. In November 1365, after their marriage on 27 July, the couple was given leave to travel to France. Their daughter, Marie de Coucy, was born in April 1366 at Coucy in Picardy, France. During a subsequent visit to England with his new family, Coucy was created as Earl of Bedford, and was inducted into the Order of the Garter. In 1367, Coucy's second daughter, Philippa de Coucy, was born in England. At this time, Coucy was presented with additional French lands, receiving the title Count of Soissons, which had come to King Edward III through the payment of ransom.

paragraph: Coucy and his English wife spent much of their lives on their northern French estate, although Isabella made frequent trips to England, particularly while Coucy was away in the service of France. He held the office of Governor of Brittany in 1380. He also held the offices of Grand Butler of France and Marshal of France. Considered among the most skilled and experienced of all the knights of France, Coucy twice refused the position of Constable of France, the kingdom's highest and most lucrative military office.

paragraph: Always diplomatic, Coucy managed to maintain both his allegiance to the King of France and to his English father-in-law during the period of intermittent armed conflict between England and France known as the Hundred Years' War. At various times, he acted as a captain, envoy, councillor and mediator during the conflict. However, Coucy resigned all of his English honours on the accession of King Richard II on 26 August 1377.

paragraph: Section::::French Sire.

paragraph: In the autumn of 1375 Coucy engaged a number of Free Companies, including one led by Owain Lawgoch, to seize some Habsburg lands which he claimed through his mother. However, in the resulting Gugler War Coucy's troops were attacked when passing through Switzerland, and after a number of reverses the expedition had to be abandoned.

paragraph: In 1380, after the death of Isabella of England, Coucy married Isabelle, daughter of John I, Duke of Lorraine and Sophie von Württemberg; they had one daughter, Isabel de Coucy (date of birth unknown; died 1411).

paragraph: The 1390 Barbary Crusade saw Coucy as a participant.

paragraph: Coucy died at age 56, on 18 February 1397, at Bursa, Ottoman Empire after participating in the last medieval crusade against the Ottoman army of Bayezid I and his allies. The crusade climaxed with the calamitous Battle of Nicopolis on 28 September 1396, one of the most crushing military defeats in medieval European history. After a successful initial engagement against part of the Ottoman force, Coucy and other senior knights recommended a pause to regroup, but they were overruled by the impetuous younger knights, who wrongly believed they had just defeated the main force of Bayezid's army. Eager for glory, these knights then led their forces in a reckless pursuit of the fleeing Turks, only to run up against a fresh corps of Turkish "sipahis" that Bayezid had kept in reserve. A desperate battle ensued, but at the height of the fighting Bayezid's Serbian ally arrived with reinforcements, turning the tide in the Turks' favour. The European forces were utterly routed, thousands of Crusader soldiers were killed on the field, and nearly all the knights commanding the Crusader army, including Coucy, were either dead or captured.

paragraph: Coucy and many other leading nobles were taken prisoner, and the next day Bayezid forced the knights to watch the day-long mass beheading of hundreds (and possibly as many as 3000) Crusader soldiers who had been captured by the Turks. The prisoners were then stripped of most of their clothing and in most cases even their shoes, and force-marched 350km to Gallipoli. During the march, Coucy reportedly came close to death from exposure but was saved by another captive, who gave him his coat. From Gallipoli the prisoners were then transported to Turkey and held prisoner, awaiting the payment of ransoms. Although strenuous efforts were made in France over the next few months to arrange the release of the captives, Coucy died before his bounty could be paid, due to an outbreak of the bubonic plague among the Turks, although it is likely that he had already been greatly weakened by the wounds he suffered at Nicopolis, and the hardships of the subsequent forced march. His body was returned to Europe and he was buried at Abbey of Villeneuve, near Soissons, France.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Coucy married as his first wife, Isabella of England, and had the following children by her:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie de Coucy, Countess of Soissons (1366-1405), married Henry of Bar, Marquis de Pont-à-Mousson and Lord of Marle.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philippa de Coucy (1367-1411), married Robert de Vere, 9th Earl of Oxford.

paragraph: Coucy married at his second wife, Isabelle of Lorraine, daughter of John I, Duke of Lorraine and Sophie of Württemberg, and had one child by her:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabelle de Coucy (1386-1411), married Philip II, Count of Nevers.

paragraph: Section::::Coucy's campaigns.

paragraph: Enguerrand participated in the following campaigns:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1358 Suppression of the Jacquerie

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1369 Alsace campaign

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1372-3 Papal Visconti campaign

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1375 Gugler war

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1378 Normandy campaign, Hundred Years War (HYW)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1379 Defense of the Picardy, (HYW)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1382 Suppression of Flemish uprising

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1384 Italian campaign

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1386 Preparation for invasion of England, (HYW)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1388 Guelders campaign

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1390 Barbary Crusade

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1395 Campaign against Genoa

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1396 Battle of Nicopolis

paragraph: Section::::Coucy estate.

paragraph: Coucy inherited the most awesome fortress in Europe at the death of his father, Enguerrand VI in 1346. The castle is known as the Château de Coucy and is considered a spectacular architectural achievement for its time. Coucy was responsible for the maintenance of the castle and additional construction on his familial estates, which consisted of the fortress, 150 towns and villages, famous forests and ponds, along with significant revenue. The estate was centered in the commune of Coucy Le Château Auffrique, in the modern Department of Aisne, France.

paragraph: Coucy found his estate in difficult economic and social circumstances when he returned from England in 1366. During his absence, facilities and agricultural properties in the estate communities had been damaged by both armies engaged in the war. Mills, granaries, breweries and other structures had to be rebuilt. Hired labor was in short supply, due both to the Black Death and war casualties. In addition, serfs permanently attached to the estate had fled to outlying communities, seeking work and security. In August 1368, Coucy issued a collective grant of freedom to 22 towns and villages under his control. He noted in the charter that his late father had intended to grant his subjects their freedom, but that the action was prevented by his premature death. Coucy established a system of rents and revenues intended to return the estate to prosperity and attract workers.

paragraph: After the death of Coucy, his former squire and first cousin Aubert, an illegitimate son of his father's brother, was legitimized by Charles VI. Aubert de Coucy, however, was not involved in a prolonged dispute over the Coucy estate between Coucy's eldest daughter, Marie de Bar, and his second wife, Isabelle of Lorraine (d. 1423). Upon Marie's sudden death in 1405, the vast Coucy lands became part of the royal estates of France.

paragraph: The famous castle was renovated by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc in the 19th century. However, in 1917 it was deliberately blown up with 28 tons of explosives at the order of German General Erich Ludendorff. This apparently was done for no other reason than to spite Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria who had asked Ludendorff to protect the castle from war damage.

paragraph: Section::::In later culture.

paragraph: The courtship of Coucy and his first wife comprises a large portion of the plot of "The Lady Royal", a novel by Molly Costain Haycraft. A fictionalized account of the life of Princess Isabella of England, it paints an extremely romantic portrait of the couple. Coucy and his first wife Isabella of England are supporting characters in the historical fiction novel "The First Princess of Wales", by Karen Harper. Coucy's life is the central theme to Barbara Tuchman's 1978 history "A Distant Mirror: The calamitous 14th century".

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tuchman B., Penguin Books “A Distant Mirror . The Calamitous 14th Century”

description: 14th-century French nobleman

wikidata_label: Enguerrand VII, Lord of Coucy

wikipedia_title: Enguerrand VII, Lord of Coucy


text: Major League Baseball

text: Detroit Tigers

text: St. Louis Cardinals

text: Chicago Cubs

text: Cincinnati Reds

text: Cincinnati Woodward High School

text: home run

text: 1976 amateur draft

text: St. Louis Cardinals

text: Bruce Sutter

text: Silver Slugger Award

text: Bob Dernier

text: Gary Matthews

text: Keith Moreland

text: Bill Buckner

text: Dennis Eckersley

text: 1984 NLCS

text: Mark Grace

text: Cincinnati Reds

text: Pat Perry

text: Chicago Cubs

text: San Diego Padres

text: Tim Flannery

text: Rick Sutcliffe

text: Alan Wiggins

text: Tony Gwynn

text: Steve Garvey

text: Graig Nettles

text: Terry Kennedy

text: Carmelo Martínez

text: Garry Templeton

text: Gatorade

text: goat

text: Bartman

text: Bill Buckner

text: 1986 World Series

text: Boston Red Sox

text: Dennis Eckersley

text: World Series

text: League Championship Series

text: Northern League

text: Saint Paul Saints

text: Detroit Tigers

text: Triple-A

text: Toledo Mud Hens

text: Minnesota Twins

text: Little Big League

text: Ferris Bueller's Day Off

text: Claudell Washington

text: Bull Durham

text: Durham Bulls

categories: Louisville Redbirds players,1957 births,Cincinnati Reds players,Reales de San Luis Potosí players,National League All-Stars,Major League Baseball first basemen,American expatriate baseball players in Mexico,Mexican League baseball players,Baseball players from Ohio,St. Petersburg Cardinals players,Sportspeople from Cincinnati,St. Louis Cardinals players,American sportspeople in doping cases,African-American baseball players,Gulf Coast Cardinals players,Detroit Tigers coaches,Chicago Cubs players,Springfield Redbirds players,Gastonia Cardinals players,Living people,American expatriate baseball players in Canada,St. Paul Saints players,African-American baseball coaches,Olmecas de Tabasco players,Silver Slugger Award winners,Arkansas Travelers players,Salinas Spurs players,Baseball players suspended for drug offenses

paragraph: Leon Durham

paragraph: Leon "Bull" Durham (born July 31, 1957) is a former first baseman and outfielder in Major League Baseball who played for 10 seasons. Durham was a longtime minor league hitting coach, and most recently served as the assistant hitting coach for the Detroit Tigers during the 2017 season. Durham played with the St. Louis Cardinals (1980, 1989), Chicago Cubs (1981–1988), and Cincinnati Reds (1988). Durham batted and threw left-handed.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Durham graduated from Cincinnati Woodward High School in 1976 where he was a high school All-American selection his senior year, posting a .385 batting average with 16 home runs and an 11-3 record as a pitcher.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Durham was selected by the St. Louis Cardinals in the 1976 amateur draft in the first round and 15th overall.

paragraph: Durham made his major league debut on May 27, 1980 with the St. Louis Cardinals. He was traded that off-season to the Cubs for Bruce Sutter, and his career took off. He hit 10 home runs and drove in 55 runs in a strike-shortened 1981 season, then followed that with a stellar 1982 season in which he had a .312 batting average with 22 homers, 90 RBI, and 28 stolen bases. He won the Silver Slugger Award as the Cubs' left fielder and made the All-Star team. He followed that with a hot first half in 1983 of 12 homers and 55 RBI and another All-Star Game appearance, but was injured shortly after the break and missed the rest of the season.

paragraph: In 1984, the Cubs made several team-improving deals. They acquired Bob Dernier and Gary Matthews from the Phillies, moved Keith Moreland to right field, and Durham to first base. Durham essentially supplanted Bill Buckner, who was then dealt to the Red Sox for Dennis Eckersley. Durham responded with another stellar year by hitting .279 with 23 homers and 96 RBIs as the Cubs won the National League East. For good measure, Durham homered in both Games 4 and 5 of the 1984 NLCS. Durham would follow that season with three more consecutive 20-homer seasons, including a career-high 27 in 1987. However, his RBI totals decreased from 96 in 1984 to 75, 65, and 63, respectively.

paragraph: In 1988, Durham got off to a miserable start, hitting only .218 with 3 homers after 21 games. Mark Grace began to see more time at first, and the Cubs traded Durham to the Cincinnati Reds for Pat Perry amid rumors of drug use. Durham played in only 21 games for the Reds that season before entering into drug and alcohol rehabilitation. He tried a comeback with the Cardinals the next season, but only went 1 for 18 before retiring.

paragraph: In a 10-year Major League career, Durham compiled a lifetime batting average of .277, hitting 147 home runs and driving in 530 runs.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:1984 National League Championship Series.

paragraph: Leon Durham is widely remembered for an error that he made at first base during the 1984 National League Championship Series. In the bottom of the seventh inning in the decisive fifth game between Durham's Chicago Cubs and the San Diego Padres, the Padres sent pinch-hitter Tim Flannery to face the Cubs' ace pitcher Rick Sutcliffe.

paragraph: Through the top of the sixth inning, the Cubs had a 3-0 lead. In the bottom of the sixth inning, the Padres cut the Cubs' lead to 3-2 with a pair of singles by Alan Wiggins and Tony Gwynn, a walk to Steve Garvey, and sacrifice flies by Graig Nettles and Terry Kennedy. The bottom of the seventh inning kicked off with Carmelo Martínez walking on four pitches from Sutcliffe. Garry Templeton then sacrificed Martínez to second, setting things up for Tim Flannery. Martinez would then score when Flannery hit a sharp grounder that trickled through Leon Durham's legs for an error.

paragraph: The error became known as the "Gatorade Glove Play" because before taking his position in the field that inning, Gatorade was spilled on Durham's glove. Some Cub fans believe the Gatorade spilled on Durham's glove amounted to a curse, similar to the goat and Bartman curses of Cub lore.

paragraph: The play would also turn out to be very similar, in style and effect, to Bill Buckner's much-discussed error in the 1986 World Series. The coincidental connection between these two events is that Durham had been moved from the outfield to first base during the 1984 season, replacing Buckner after the Cubs traded him to the Boston Red Sox for pitcher Dennis Eckersley. Buckner's error, like Durham's, would be seen as turning a post-season series around. The same joke even circulated for both incidents: That they had been despondent, jumped in front of a moving truck, and "the truck went between their legs".

paragraph: The Padres wound up winning the game 6-3 to reach the World Series for the first time ever. The Cubs had won the first 2 games of the series (1984 marked the last time that the League Championship Series was a best-of-five series) over the Padres.

paragraph: In 1993, Durham played for the then Northern League's Saint Paul Saints.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: Durham previously served as the hitting coach for the Detroit Tigers' Triple-A affiliate the Toledo Mud Hens. On October 21, 2016, he was named the assistant hitting coach of the Detroit Tigers, after 17 seasons as a coach with the Mud Hens.Durham is presently in his second year as the hitting coach for the Louisville Bats the Triple-A affiliate of the Cincinnati Reds

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Durham has been married for more than 30 years to his wife Angela; they have 3 children: Ashley Lauren, Ian, and Lance. They have three granddaughters and one grandson. Durham and his wife currently reside in Cincinnati, Ohio.

paragraph: Section::::In other media.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Durham had a supporting role as Leon Alexander, a member of the Minnesota Twins, in the film "Little Big League".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Durham appears briefly in the movie "Ferris Bueller's Day Off". He is the first baseman in the sequence where Braves outfielder Claudell Washington hits a foul ball caught by the eponymous character.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The film "Bull Durham", a film featuring the Durham Bulls, references Durham's nickname in its title.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Leon Durham

wikipedia_title: Leon Durham


text:
Christian metal
Stryper
Volga Germans
Sunset Strip
Stormer
Michael Sweet
Robert Sweet
The Yellow and Black Attack
Soldiers Under Command
To Hell with the Devil
In God We Trust
Against the Law
Earth, Wind & Fire
Randy Jackson
Soldiers Under Command
Rex Carroll
King James
Robert Sweet
Tourniquet
Crawl to China
SinDizzy
Oz Fox
Puerto Rico
Richard Marx
Tourniquet
Flevo Festival
The Yellow and Black Attack
Soldiers Under Command
To Hell with the Devil
Against the Law
Can't Stop the Rock
The Covering
Second Coming
No More Hell to Pay
Fallen
Crawl to China
Tourniquet
Bryan Duncan
Dez Dickerson
Liberty N' Justice
I'm Not Your Suicide
Michael Sweet
South of Heaven
King James
SinDizzy

categories: Place of birth missing (living people),American heavy metal singers,American performers of Christian music,Musicians from Portland, Oregon,American people of German-Russian descent,American male bass guitarists,American heavy metal bass guitarists,20th-century American bass guitarists,1962 births,People from the San Gabriel Valley,Stryper members,Living people

paragraph: Tim Gaines

paragraph: Timothy "Tim" Gaines (born Timothy Hagelganz; December 15, 1962) is an American bass guitarist best-known as the long-time bassist for the Christian metal band Stryper until his departure in 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Gaines was born in Portland, Oregon, into a German family, whose ancestry was that of the Volga Germans. When Gaines was four years old, he and his family moved to Arcadia, California, where he later attended Arcadia High School. When he was young, he was bullied by classmates at school because of his unique and often mispronounced last name, Hagelganz, and for being the son of Arcadia Presbyterian Church's pastor. He later adopted the stage name Gaines in the likeness of his uncles Reuben, a radio announcer, and Ronnie, a jazz nightclub performer, who also used the name professionally.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:With Stormer.

paragraph: After Arcadia High School, Gaines joined the band Stormer, with whom he recorded a demo and toured extensively in Los Angeles and Hollywood's Sunset Strip.

paragraph: At the time Gaines joined Stormer, they had already been a popular band for 10 years in the Los Angeles area. The lineup at the time consisted of Tom Hardy on vocals; Steve Hall on drums; Stephan Shawn on guitar, keys, and vocals; and Donny Simmons on lead guitar and vocals.

paragraph: In an interview about Stormer, Gaines recalled, "We signed a deal with an indie label called Rockwoodz music out of Phoenix, Arizona, and they put us in the studio to record an album and a Christmas single. Well, the single was the only thing that ever made it to vinyl and 500 singles were sent out all over the U.S. to radio. We got some good reviews for the single in some trade magazines but nothing ever happened with the band. For whatever reason, Rockwoodz went belly up and the album was never released. We did some small tours around the southwest but eventually I was to leave the group."

paragraph: In 2008, when asked if the demos will be remastered and made public, Gaines replied, "I doubt if anyone can find the Masters. We are talking of having a Stormer reunion in the near future. We may decide to record it." Gaines occasionally collaborated with Donny Simmons and Tom Hardy when he was not working with Stryper.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:With Stryper.

paragraph: Being a Sunset Strip regular, in 1983, Gaines joined up with Michael Sweet, Robert Sweet, and Oz Fox, all of whom had already formed Roxx Regime, which they would later change to Stryper. Gaines quickly rounded out the quartet's sound with his bass, background vocal, and keyboard skills. Gaines recorded the band's debut EP "The Yellow and Black Attack" and their follow-up full-length album, "Soldiers Under Command", in 1985.

paragraph: Gaines briefly left the band during the pre-production period of the band's Platinum-selling album "To Hell with the Devil" but rejoined the band after the sessions were concluded to tour. Gaines did not play on the band's follow up, "In God We Trust", but toured in support of the album.

paragraph: Gaines's contributions to the band's next release, "Against the Law", were evident in his playing throughout the album, but he did not play on the band's cover of Earth, Wind & Fire's "Shining Star," which featured bassist Randy Jackson).

paragraph: With Stryper, Gaines has contributed to 17 albums, including live performances and studio albums. Soldiers Under Command was certified Gold and "To Hell with the Devil" was certified Platinum.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:Post-Stryper.

paragraph: After Stryper, Gaines played in Rex Carroll's project King James along with Stryper alum Robert Sweet. He also recorded with Tourniquet on "Crawl to China". Afterward, he formed SinDizzy with Stryper guitarist Oz Fox and released one album, "He's Not Dead".

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:Stryper reunion.

paragraph: Gaines's involvement with Fox in SinDizzy led to a partial Stryper reunion in 1999 at a concert in Puerto Rico, to which both SinDizzy and former Stryper frontman Michael Sweet were invited. Later, all former bandmates played a show in Central America, leading to a full-blown reunion in 2000. These appearances led to a 2003 reunion tour and a new compilation release, "". Gaines spent April and May 2007 supporting Richard Marx on bass, touring the U.S., the Dominican Republic, and Trinidad. Gaines joined Tourniquet on stage at Flevo Festival in 2008.

paragraph: In fall 2009, Gaines released his first solo effort titled "Breakfast @ Timothy's".

paragraph: On September 6, 2011, Gaines began endorsing Overture Guitars with a signature model, the Overture Stronghold TG Bass.

paragraph: In September 2016, Stryper frontman Michael Sweet announced the band will be going on hiatus due to personal issues affecting bassist Timothy Gaines. The hiatus will begin once the band has completed the To Hell With the Devil 30th Anniversary Tour. Sweet stated they will not continue without Gaines as the band made a pact to only stay together as they are. During the hiatus the band members will pray about the direction of the band going forward. Later Sweet stated that Gaines was moving on from the personal issues and will take time to decide what he wants to do with the band. While Sweet disliked the idea of continuing without Gaines, he is open to filling the position of bassist with the right person if it came to that. Gaines then confirmed that he was no longer a member of the band.

paragraph: Following the hiatus, the band issued a statement advising that Gaines had been fired from the band, removing him from the roster on the band's website. Gaines claimed that he was kicked out after he was given an ultimatum by the band.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Stryper.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Yellow and Black Attack" (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Soldiers Under Command" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "To Hell with the Devil" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Against the Law" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Can't Stop the Rock" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Covering" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Second Coming" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No More Hell to Pay" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live at the Whisky" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fallen" (2015)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Breakfast At Timothy's" (2009)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Guest appearances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crawl to China", Tourniquet (bass on "Claustrospelunker") (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Music City Live", Bryan Duncan & The NehoSoul Band (bass on "Blue Skies") (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rock Of Ages - Where Classic Hymns Meets Classic Rock", Dez Dickerson (bass on "Amazing Grace" and "Fairest Lord Jesus") (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Soundtrack Of A Soul", Liberty N' Justice (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I'm Not Your Suicide", Michael Sweet (bass on "How To Live") (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Homo Homini Lupus", Pÿlon (bass on "South of Heaven") (2014)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Other works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "King James", King James (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "SinDizzy", SinDizzy (1998)

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Tim Gaines

wikipedia_title: Tim Gaines


text:
American football
running back
National Football League
San Diego Chargers
2004 NFL Draft
Atlanta Falcons
college football
Northern Illinois
North Chicago Community High School
North Chicago, Illinois
Zion-Benton
touchdowns
lettered
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restricted free agent
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Carolina Panthers
Jamal Anderson
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Roddy White
Roddy White
Eric Weems
Ovie Mughelli
Brent Grimes
Tony Gonzalez
John Abraham
Tyson Clabo
Matt Ryan
2011 Pro Bowl
Gerald Riggs
Atlanta Falcons bio

categories: Atlanta Falcons players,San Diego Chargers players,American football return specialists,Players of American football from Illinois,National Conference Pro Bowl players,Northern Illinois Huskies football players,People from Waukegan, Illinois,American football running backs,Living people,1982 births

paragraph: Michael Turner (American football)

paragraph: Michael Turner (born February 13, 1982) is a former American football running back who played in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the San Diego Chargers in the fifth round of the 2004 NFL Draft and also played for the Atlanta Falcons. He played college football at Northern Illinois.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Turner attended North Chicago Community High School in North Chicago, Illinois. In 1999, he led his team to a 6-4 mark and the first playoff bid in 8 years by rushing for 1,392 yards and 14 touchdowns (10.5 average). His biggest game was for 295 yards on 19 carries including touchdown runs of 67 and school-record 90 yards in a win over Zion-Benton. He was named the Offensive Player of the Year and was a unanimous first team All-North Suburban Conference player. He finished his high school career with 2,732 rushing yards and 26 total touchdowns. Turner also lettered in track & field at North Chicago, where he was a sectional 100-meter dash champion with a time of 11.15 seconds.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: He attended Northern Illinois University, and played for the Northern Illinois Huskies football team. As a junior, he finished second in the nation with 1,915 yards, including five 200+ yd games and two games with five touchdowns. In 2003, he finished second in the NCAA in rushing, behind his future NFL teammate Darren Sproles, with 1,648 yards. He left NIU with the school records for rushing yards (4,941), touchdowns (43) and all-purpose yards (5,392). Since his departure from NIU, two records (rushing yards and touchdowns) have been broken by Garrett Wolfe.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:San Diego Chargers.

paragraph: Turner was drafted by the Chargers in the fifth round (154th overall) of the 2004 NFL Draft. As a rookie, Turner played mostly on special teams, but started and ran for 87 yards in the regular-season finale against the Kansas City Chiefs.

paragraph: Turner had again spent most of 2005 on the bench as backup to Pro Bowl starter LaDainian Tomlinson. But in the December 18 game against the undefeated Indianapolis Colts, Turner came off the bench to run for 113 yards, including a game-clinching 83-yard touchdown.

paragraph: During the 2007 off season, Chargers' General Manager A.J. Smith stated that the Chargers would be willing to trade Turner in exchange for both a first and third round draft pick. However, a day after 2007 NFL Draft concluded, A.J. Smith stated that Michael Turner would remain a Charger for the 2007 season. He would no longer be accepting trade offers from other NFL teams for Turner.

paragraph: On April 26, 2007, Turner signed the $2.35 million, one-year tender he received from the Chargers after becoming a restricted free agent.

paragraph: On January 13, 2008, Turner gained attention when he filled in ably for the Chargers' injured starter Tomlinson early in an AFC Divisional playoff game against the Indianapolis Colts, gaining 71 yards on 17 carries, including several key runs.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Atlanta Falcons.

paragraph: On March 2, 2008, the Atlanta Falcons signed Turner to a six-year, $34.5 million contract with $15 million guaranteed. He was represented by agent James "Bus" Cook.

paragraph: In his Falcon debut, Turner broke the Falcons' single game rushing record against the Detroit Lions on September 7, 2008, rushing for 220 yards on 22 carries with 2 touchdowns. His 220 yards against the Lions marked the third-highest opening day rushing total behind O.J. Simpson’s 250 yards in 1973 and Arian Foster's 231 yards in 2010 and his rushing total is also the most in NFL annals by a player in his first game with a new team and surpassed the previous mark of 202 yards setting by running back Gerald Riggs on September 2, 1984. Coincidentally, Turner became the first Falcons offensive player of the week following an NFL season opening weekend since Riggs earned the honor after setting his record in 1984. He was named NFC Offensive Player of the week for this performance. On November 23, 2008, he set a personal record with 4 rushing TDs in a victory over the Carolina Panthers. He compiled 117 yards rushing during that same game. His seventeen rushing touchdowns during the 2008 season broke the Atlanta Falcons' single season record of 14 set by Jamal Anderson in 1998, it is also the second-most in NFL history for a first season with a team behind only Eric Dickerson (18). He finished the year with 1,699 yards (a 4.5 ypc avg) and 17 rushing touchdowns. He is the first Atlanta Falcon in history to start and finish a season with 200 yard rushing performances (220 against Detroit week 1 and 208 against St. Louis week 17).

paragraph: On December 16, 2008, Turner was named to the 2009 Pro Bowl, along with fellow Falcon WR Roddy White.

paragraph: Turner and teammates Roddy White, Eric Weems, Ovie Mughelli, Brent Grimes, Tony Gonzalez, John Abraham, Tyson Clabo, and Matt Ryan were voted to the 2011 Pro Bowl.

paragraph: On January 1, 2012, Turner broke Gerald Riggs's franchise rushing touchdown record against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Turner rushed for 2 touchdowns, bringing his total rushing touchdowns as a Falcon to 60.

paragraph: On March 1, 2013, Turner was released by the Falcons after failing a physical, saving the team $6.9 million in salary-cap space.

paragraph: After his release from the Falcons, Turner would not sign with another NFL team.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Falcons franchise records.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most career rushing touchdowns (60)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most rushing touchdowns in a season: 17 (2008)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atlanta Falcons bio

alias:
Turner the Burner
Michael Turner the Burner

description: American football player, running back

wikidata_label: Michael Turner

wikipedia_title: Michael Turner (American football)


text:
American football
quarterback
college football
University of Wisconsin
Indianapolis Colts
2004 NFL Draft
Peyton Manning
Super Bowl XLI
Chicago Bears
New York Giants
Eli Manning
Fraser, Michigan
letterwinner
basketball
baseball
USA Today
college football
Wisconsin Badgers
Reynolds–Sorgi incident
2004 NFL Draft
Peyton Manning
Denver Broncos
2005 NFL season
Seattle Seahawks
2008 season
New York Giants
Eli Manning
New York Jets
Danville, Indiana
Bob Lamey

categories: Wisconsin Badgers football players,1980 births,High school football announcers in the United States,Indianapolis Colts broadcasters,Super Bowl champions,American football quarterbacks,People from Avon, Indiana,People from Fraser, Michigan,Indianapolis Colts players,New York Giants players,Living people,Players of American football from Michigan,National Football League announcers

paragraph: Jim Sorgi

paragraph: James Joseph Sorgi Jr. (born December 3, 1980) is a former American football quarterback. He played college football at the University of Wisconsin and was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the sixth round of the 2004 NFL Draft. Sorgi served as the backup to Peyton Manning for several years, and won a ring when the Colts won Super Bowl XLI against the Chicago Bears. Once he was released by the Colts, he signed with the New York Giants to compete for the backup job to Eli Manning, but lost, and he was released that offseason.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Sorgi attended Fraser High School in Fraser, Michigan and was a letterwinner in football, basketball, and baseball. In football, he was the two-time Team Most Valuable Player, and as a senior, he garnered All-League honors, All-County honors, and All-State honors, and was a "USA Today" Honorable Mention All-USA selection. In baseball, he posted a batting average of .450 as a senior.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Sorgi played college football for the Wisconsin Badgers. Sorgi was Wisconsin's career pass efficiency leader (141.2), co-holder of most passing touchdowns in one game (five) and sixth in career passing yards in Wisconsin history.

paragraph: In an incident on October 11, 2003 referred to as the Reynolds–Sorgi incident, Ohio State linebacker Robert Reynolds intentionally choked Sorgi, injuring Sorgi's trachea, after the play had been whistled dead. Sorgi was unable to play for the remainder of the game, struggling to breathe and unable to speak. On October 28, 2011, Reynolds made a public apology for the incident, citing his wife and four children as the reason he wanted to clear his reputation and be accountable for his actions. Reynolds also stated that he and Sorgi had made amends years prior to the interview.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000: 45/67 for 592 yards with 6 touchdowns vs 1 interception.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: 64/132 for 1,096 yards with 9 touchdowns vs 8 interception. 30 carries for 34 yards and 2 touchdowns.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: 38/70 for 536 yards with 1 touchdown vs 2 interception.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: 140/248 for 2,251 yards with 17 touchdown vs 9 interception.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Indianapolis Colts.

paragraph: Sorgi was drafted in the sixth round in the 2004 NFL Draft by the Indianapolis Colts. While there, Sorgi proved to be an adequate back-up to starting quarterback Peyton Manning. In his first season, Sorgi played against the Denver Broncos, throwing for 175 yards and 2 touchdowns. That was his only appearance that season. In the 2005 NFL season, he gained slightly more playing time, and completed 42 of 61 attempts for 444 yards. The bulk of his playing time in 2005 came against the Seattle Seahawks at the end of the regular season.

paragraph: In the 2008 season, he did not take the field until the final regular-season game. He had a majority of the playing time in the 2008 preseason, as Manning was recovering from knee surgery. As of the end of the 2008 regular season, he had six career touchdown passes and one interception. On December 9, 2009, Sorgi was placed on injured reserve due to a torn labrum in his right shoulder. Sorgi was released by Indianapolis on March 5, 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New York Giants.

paragraph: Sorgi signed with the New York Giants on March 9, 2010. Entering camp, Sorgi was expected to back up starting quarterback Eli Manning, but in a preseason game against the New York Jets, Sorgi tore the capsule in his right shoulder, and was later placed on season-ending Injured Reserve. Following the season, he became an unrestricted free agent.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Sorgi currently resides in Danville, Indiana with his wife Lana and sons, Jimmy III and Jackson. He does color commentary for the local high school television broadcasts on WNDY and has been color commentating the NFL season for the Indianapolis Colts with Bob Lamey since 2013.

paragraph: Jim Sorgi was honored with the designation of Badger of the Year by the Wisconsin Alumni Association - Indianapolis Chapter on May 5, 2015.

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Jim Sorgi

wikipedia_title: Jim Sorgi


text: Daoist

text: Liezi

text: Chinese character

text: "Zhuangzi"

text: State of Zheng

text: Zhengzhou

text: Henan Province

text: Hundred Schools of Thought

text: Warring States period

text: Qin Shi Huang

text: Frederic H. Balfour

text: Lionel Giles

text: Chêng State

text: Chuang Tzu

text: Ssu-ma Ch'ien

text: Sung dynasty

text: Catalogue

text: Ch'ien Lung

text: Herbert Allen Giles

text: Han dynasty

text: Balfour, Frederic H

text: Giles, Lionel

text: Lieh-tzu: A Biographical Note

categories: Zhou dynasty Taoists,Zhou dynasty philosophers,4th-century BC Chinese people

paragraph: Lie Yukou

paragraph: Lie Yukou (; fl. ca. 400 BCE) is considered the author of the Daoist book "Liezi", which uses his honorific name Liezi (). The second Chinese character in Yukou is written "kou" 寇 "bandit; enemy"; the first is written "yu" 圄 "imprison", "yu" 禦 "resist; ward off", or occasionally "yu" 御 "drive (carriage); ride (horse); control" (the "Zhuangzi" claims Liezi could "yufeng" 御風 "ride the wind"). Lie Yukou was born in the State of Zheng, near today's Zhengzhou, Henan Province.

paragraph: There is little historical evidence of Lie Yukou as a Hundred Schools of Thought philosopher during the Warring States period. This could be due to the burning of books and burying of scholars which occurred during the reign of Qin Shi Huang. However, some scholars believe that the "Zhuangzi" invented him as a Daoist exemplar. Frederic H. Balfour, who translated several Daoist texts, called Liezi "a philosopher who never lived" (1887:?) Lionel Giles expresses doubt in his Introduction: Very little is known of our author beyond what he tells us himself. His full name was Lieh Yü-k'ou, and it appears that he was living in the Chêng State not long before the year 398 BC, when the Prime Minister Tzu Yang was killed in a revolution. He figures prominently in the pages of Chuang Tzu, from whom we learn that he could 'ride upon the wind'. On the insufficient ground that he is not mentioned by the historian Ssu-ma Ch'ien, a certain critic of the Sung dynasty was led to declare that Lieh Tzu was only a fictitious personage invented by Chuang Tzu, and that the treatise which passes under his name was a forgery of later times. This theory is rejected by the compilers of the great Catalogue of Ch'ien Lung's Library, who represent the cream of Chinese scholarship in the eighteenth century.

paragraph: It may also be interesting to note that in the above quote Mr. Lionel Giles may have been refuting his father Herbert Allen Giles, who wrote of Lie Yukou or Lieh-Tzu in his translation of Chuang Tzu. Here is his quote which runs as follows:

paragraph: The extent of the actual mischief done by this " Burning of the Books " has been greatly exaggerated. Still, the mere attempt at such a holocaust gave a fine chance to the scholars of the later Han dynasty (A.D. 25-221), who seem to have enjoyed nothing so much as forging, if not the whole, at any rate portions, of the works of ancient authors. Some one even produced a treatise under the name of Lieh Tzu, a philosopher mentioned by Chuang Tzu, not seeing that the individual in question was a creation of Chuang Tzu's brain!

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Balfour, Frederic H. "Leaves from my Chinese Scrapbook". London: Trubner. 1887. Reprint. 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giles, Lionel, tr. "Taoist Teachings from the Book of Lieh-Tzŭ". London: Wisdom of the East. 1912.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giles, Herbert A., tr. "Chuang Tzu: Mystic, Moralist and Social Reformer". London: Bernard Quaritch 1889.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lieh-tzu: A Biographical Note, Taoism Initiation Page

paragraph: BULLET::::- "", Giles' translation at Wikisource

description: classical Chinese philosopher

wikidata_label: Lie Yukou

wikipedia_title: Lie Yukou


text:
Portuguese
São Tomé
Annobon
Príncipe
João de Santarém
Diogo Cão
Vasco da Gama
India
Pedro Álvares Cabral
Fernão Gomes
Elmina

categories: 15th-century Portuguese people,Portuguese explorers of South America,15th-century explorers of Africa,History of São Tomé and Príncipe,Maritime history of Portugal,Portuguese explorers

paragraph: Pêro Escobar

paragraph: Pedro Escobar, also known as Pêro Escobar, was a 15th-century Portuguese navigator who discovered São Tomé (December 21, 1471), Annobon (January 1, 1472), Príncipe (January 17, 1472) islands, together with João de Santarém c. 1470. He is then recorded sailing with Diogo Cão on his first voyage in 1482, and as the pilot of the famous Bérrio caravel on Vasco da Gama’s first expedition in 1497 to sail directly from Europe to India. He was also on Pedro Álvares Cabral’s discovery of Brazil in 1500.

paragraph: In 1471, working in the service of Lisbon merchant Fernão Gomes, who had a concession for the exploration and trade in the Gulf of Guinea, Pedro Escobar helped to discover the gold industry that would grow around Elmina in 1471.

description: Portuguese navigator

wikidata_label: Pêro Escobar

wikipedia_title: Pêro Escobar


text: Portuguese

text: Order of Christ

text: Formigas

text: Santa Maria

text: São Miguel

text: Azores

text: Age of Discovery

text: Fernão Velho

text: Alcaide

text: Pedro Álvares Cabral

text: Azores

text: Prince Henry

text: Order of Christ

text: Sagres

text: caravel

text: Diogo de Silves

text: Gaspar Frutuoso

text: Formigas

text: D. Duarte

text: D. Henrique

text: Sagres

text: Virgin Mary

text: Pillars of Hercules

text: Crow's nest

text: Ave Maria

text: Santa Maria

text: Eared seal

text: fief

text: Afonso V of Portugal

text: archangel Michael

text: São Miguel

text: Donatary-Captain

text: Rui Gonçalves da Câmara

text: João Soares

text: physician

categories: 15th-century Portuguese people,1400s births,1460s deaths,Donatary-Captains of the Azores,Roman Catholic monks,15th-century explorers,Maritime history of Portugal,Portuguese explorers

paragraph: Gonçalo Velho Cabral

paragraph: Gonçalo Velho Cabral ( 1400 – c. 1460) was a Portuguese monk and Commander in the Order of Christ, explorer (credited with the discovery of the Formigas, the re-discovery of the islands of Santa Maria and São Miguel in the Azores) and hereditary landowner responsible for administering Crown lands on the same islands, during the Portuguese Age of Discovery.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: He was son of Fernão Velho, Lord and "Alcaide" of Veleda, and his wife Maria Álvares Cabral (great-aunt of Pedro Álvares Cabral). His siblings Álvaro Velho Cabral, Teresa Velho Cabral, wife of Fernão Soares de Albergaria, and Violante Velho Cabral, wife of Diogo Gonçalves de Travassos also established settlements in the Azores with their families. Although referenced as "Gonçalo Velho Cabral" in most modern biographies, he is generally referred to as Gonçalo Velho in historical documents.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Explorer.

paragraph: In 1431, Gonçalo Velho was in the Vila de Tancos, along the Tagus River, when he received a summons from the Prince Henry, Governor of the Order of Christ, who ordered him to depart from Sagres in a caravel, with instructions to navigate to the western sea, and to "discover some land, [and] return with notice". This first voyage was made to determine the location of "islands" first identified by the Portuguese pilot Diogo de Silves, in 1427. Although the noted chronicler Gaspar Frutuoso has attributed to Gonçalo Velho Cabral the discovery of the seven islands of the Azores, modern historiographer contest this record, limiting his discoveries to the eastern islands alone. In 1431, with less than a few days of travel, Gonçalo Velho discovered a scattering of rocky outcroppings, which he examined and were later named the ""Formigas"". He quickly returned to Sagres, probably due to bad weather.

paragraph: The following year, and during the reign of his brother (King D. Duarte) the Infante, D. Henrique, founded a nautical school in the provincial village of Sagres. Gonçalo Velho Cabral was one of the mariners and monks, in the devotion to the Virgin Mary that worked for the Infante. On his orders, Cabral was sent, once again, to search the "Ocean Sea" to discover new territories for the Portuguese Crown, promising to name the first island to the Virgin. Gonçalo Velho Cabral scanned maps and nautical charts for days while at sea, noting the currents and wind directions, during several nights, through storms and gales in search of these "mythical lands" identified by the Greeks outside the Pillars of Hercules.

paragraph: Finally, on the morning of 15 August (the Feast day of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary), a supposedly calm, warm and clear day, the mariners and seamen could see for large distances. In the distance, though, the mate in the Crow's nest could see along the horizon a cloudy form, which progressively grew in dimensions and darkened, taken on a distinctive form. Finally, when the seaman realized beyond doubt, he yelled down to the crew, "Terra à vista!" ("Land in sight!"). As was the custom, Gonçalo Velho Cabral and his crew began their day with morning mass, benedictions and oratory to God and the Virgin Mary, to help them on their journey and to request their assistance in finding land. As the legend suggests, the seaman yelled out his discovery the crew was saying the "Ave Maria" and were just pronouncing ""Santa Maria"" when the cry was heard. The commander considered it a miracle and, remembering the promise he had made, named the island as Santa Maria.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Donatary-Captain.

paragraph: With his crew he disembarked on a small beach in the north-western part of the island, which he named "Lobos" (later known as Ponte dos Cabestrantes) owing to the existence of many Eared seals (from the Portuguese for "lobos-marinhos"). As was the obligation, the Captain ordered the release of herd animals on the island for future colonization, a point that was later repeated in successive voyages through the archipelago's islands. His group circled and explored the island, examining the forested interior, before finally returning to continental Portugal. Cabral sent with him various canisters of earth and water to give the Infante, including examples of the woods unfamiliar to them in Europe.

paragraph: The Infante received these "gifts" in 1432, and immediately ordered that herds be sent to the island, while he organized a plan. For his discovery, Gonçalo Velho was given the hereditary fief () of the island of Santa Maria. In 1432, the Infante Henry, upon receiving notice of a mystical island to the north of Santa Maria, sent orders to Gonçalo Velho to explore the waters and relate any discovery. On 3 April 1443, King Afonso V of Portugal, on the request of the Henry the Navigator, had bestowed on Gonçalo Velho the title of Commander of the Islands of the Azores. Cabral had organized a settlement of essentially familial relations, who would arrive on the island of Santa Maria in the summer of 1435. It was during Henry's encounter with Velho Cabral that notice of the discovery to the north of Santa Maria was transmitted to the Prince.

paragraph: On his return, Gonçalo Velho and his crew made port in "Praia dos Lobos" on Santa Maria before embarking; Cabral and his Algarvean sailors eventually discovered a large island on 8 May 1444. On this first expedition, the crew ported in the small islet (today near Vila Franca do Campo) naming the large island in honour of the apparition of the archangel Michael (or "São Miguel". In a secondary expedition the captain investigated the northern coast of the island, before landing at the mouth of a large ravine in the southeast corner of the island, that settlers would eventually name "Povoação Velha" ("old settlement"). As with Santa Maria, he deposited herd animals on the island, and sent to Portugal tree branches, pigeons, a box of dirt and other signs of the new land. Settlement of Santa Maria and São Miguel began in earnest, and Gonçalo Velho became the Donatary-Captain of both islands (Santa Maria was settled in 1439, and colonists started arriving on São Miguel in 1444). During this period, he ordered the burning/clearing of lands and donated vast tracts of lands to family members and loyal servants, who began to cultivate wheat, raised honey-bees and planted grapevines from Crete. At the same time the Infante Henry had ordered Moorish peoples () with Cabral to immediately settle the newly discovered lands of São Miguel, who found signs of attempted earlier settlement of the island. In 1445, Cabral returned to the waters of São Miguel with nobles and settlers (bringing with them herd animals, birds, wheat and vegetables) in order to settle the island. Arriving in a period of seismic activity, his crew discovered floating pumice stone and tree trunks as arrived closer to their port. Making landfall on 29 September they encountered the Moorish settlers who, over time "persihed" (but likely became intermingled in the ensuing population).

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Under his administration, São Miguel and Santa Maria remained a single Captaincy until 1474, when Velho Cabral sold São Miguel to Rui Gonçalves da Câmara. His sister Teresa's only child João Soares, a physician by profession, succeeded Gonçalo Velho Cabral as second Donatary-Captain of Santa Maria and São Miguel; João Soares was married twice: to Brites Godins (d. 1474), with whom they had no heirs, and later Branca de Sousa Falcão (daughter of João de Sousa Falcão, Lord de Figueiredo and Lord of the Manor de Fataúnços) whose son inherited the "Captaincy" of Santa Maria.

description: Portuguese explorer

wikidata_label: Gonçalo Velho

wikipedia_title: Gonçalo Velho Cabral


text:
English
high sheriff
Dartington Hall
Devon
England
Anglo-Norman
Cambernon
Normandy
Norman Conquest
English during the 16th century
surnames
court
Lady Kat Ashley
Elizabeth I
Sir Walter Raleigh
Sir Humphrey Gilbert
Sir Arthur Champernowne
emissary
Modbury
Siege of Boulougne
Latin
Bible
Cornwall
Cornish language
Member of Parliament
Barnstaple
Plympton Erle
Plymouth
Totnes
Sir George Carew
Henry Norris
Anne Boleyn
Thomas Aylworth, Lord of Dartington
Dartington Hall
Vice-Admiral of the Devon Coasts
Sir Edward Seymour, 1st Baronet
Edward Horsey
Duke of Alva
reales
Amsterdam
protestantism
Gabriel, Count of Montgomery
Huguenot
Scots Guards
Lord Burghley
massacre of St Bartholomew’s Eve
Dartington Hall
Queen Elizabeth

categories: English MPs 1559,English MPs 1547–1552,English MPs 1555,1578 deaths,1524 births,English admirals,English knights,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Arthur Champernowne

paragraph: Sir Arthur Champernowne (c.1524 – 29 March 1578) was an English politician, high sheriff and soldier who lived at Dartington Hall in Devon, England.

paragraph: Champernowne belonged to a large Anglo-Norman family that originated from Cambernon, in Normandy. Following the Norman Conquest of the 11th century, members of the family acquired estates in Devon. Their surname was originally spelt Champernon, and Sir Arthur Champernowne has sometimes been referred to by that spelling; he was also known by at least three other surnames: Chamborne, Chapman, and Chamberlain. (These variations may reflect, at least in part, a state of flux in English during the 16th century, including variations in the spelling and usage of surnames by individuals.)

paragraph: Other members of the Champernowne family were prominent in (royal) court, political and military circles during the 16th century: Arthur Champernowne's aunt Lady Kat Ashley (or Astley; née Champernowne) was governess to Queen Elizabeth I, and Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Humphrey Gilbert were his nephews.

paragraph: Champernowne is sometimes confused with several relatives also christened Arthur, especially Sir Arthur Champernowne (also Champernon; born c. 1562), an emissary of Elizabeth I during the 1580s.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Champernowne was the second son of Sir Philip Champernowne of Modbury, Devon. When England was alerted to a possible invasion, he served in the English army at the Siege of Boulougne.

paragraph: In 1549, Champernowne helped subdue a rebellion that sought to have the Latin "Bible" restored to a position of authority over the English-language version. The rebellion began in Cornwall, where the Cornish language was still widely spoken and English was regarded as a foreign language. He was knighted on 10 November 1549 for his part in crushing the western rebellion.

paragraph: Champernowne was an ardent protestant. He flirted with the conspiracy of cousin, Sir Peter Carew to support the claim of Lady Jane Grey, but wisely settled for accepting Mary Tudor. Champernowne was installed as Member of Parliament for Barnstaple in 1552 (replacing the elected MP, Sir James Wilford, who had died).

paragraph: He spent early 1554 in the Tower, but was released on recognizance of a fine of £1000, and allowed to return to Devon. Although excluded from office by the Marian regime, he was chosen a local JP in 1555. They elected him in turn for Plympton Erle in 1555, Plymouth in 1559 and Totnes in 1563.

paragraph: In 1546 Sir Arthur married Mary Norreys, widow of Sir George Carew, whose father Sir Henry Norris had been implicated in the fall of Anne Boleyn and was beheaded. In 1554 he exchanged with Thomas Aylworth, Lord of Dartington, the mansion house at Polsoe, Exeter for the Dartington estate, which contained the medieval Dartington Hall. By 1560 the construction of a new Elizabethan front on the foundation of the older buildings was underway and this continued for several years. His descendants continued to live in Dartington Hall until it became partly derelict and was sold in 1925.

paragraph: Official Posts:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1552 - MP for Barnstaple

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1555 – MP for Plympton

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1559 - MP for Plymouth

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1559 – Sheriff of Devon

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1562 – Vice-Admiral of the Devon Coasts, a post he held for life.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1563 – MP for Totnes.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gawine

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth, who married Sir Edward Seymour, 1st Baronet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward

paragraph: BULLET::::- George

paragraph: On the accession of Elizabeth I he developed his maritime interests: from being Sheriff of Devon in 1559-60, he put to sea. As vice-admiral appointed in 1563, his service against French pirates was noted: constant harassment along the western approaches. However, from time to time he co-operated with the privateers of Jeanne d'Albet, Queen of Navarre, against Catholic Spain. In December 1568, many of these ships were driven up the channel and into Southampton and Portsmouth to be received by Sir Arthur and Edward Horsey, in the name of the Queen of England. In 1568 he had organised the robbery of the Spanish treasure fleet which was taking money to the Duke of Alva, Regent of the Netherlands. Champernowne personally delivered 64 boxes of treasure weighing some 8 tonnes safely to the tower of London, worth some 2 million "reales". Over half of the money was used by Queen Elizabeth to fund her navy, the remainder she sent on to Amsterdam.

paragraph: He was a prominent supporter of protestantism and in 1572, his son Gawen married the daughter of Gabriel, Count of Montgomery, a Huguenot. The Count, whose immediate forebears were Scots, was Captain of the Scots Guards. Champernowne was at Dwercy, France for the marriage and reported back to Lord Burghley on the conditions in France. Following the massacre of St Bartholomew’s Eve, the Count escaped France and was given refuge at Dartington Hall. Champernowne wrote to Queen Elizabeth proposing the raising of an army to provide relief for the protestants in France.

paragraph: In 1574 he led a relief expedition which went spectacularly wrong. Montgomery had already been captured and executed in Normandy, and the English fleet could only aid the Huguenot captains of La Rochelle. Sir Arthur's daughter Elizabeth married Sir Edward Seymour of Berry Pomeroy in 1576. Champernowne was continuing to support the naval exploits against France, when he wrote his will in March 1578. He died at Dartington Hall on 1 April.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Parliament, House of Commons, 1509–58, 1.620-1.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Parliament, House of Commons, 1558-1603, 1.592-3.

paragraph: BULLET::::- D M Loades, "Two Tudor Conspiracies" (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- G D Ramsay, "The queen's merchants and the revolt of the Netherlands" (1986).

description: 16thC English politician

wikidata_label: Arthur Champernowne

wikipedia_title: Arthur Champernowne


text: Major League

text: baseball

text: switch hitter

text: Colorado Rockies

text: Kansas City Royals

text: San Francisco Giants

text: Chicago Cubs

text: Detroit Tigers

text: Colorado Rockies

text: Gold Glove

text: Kansas City Royals

text: San Francisco Giants

text: Chicago Cubs

text: Detroit Tigers

text: double play

text: Justin Verlander

text: no-hitter

text: Dominican Republic

text: Colorado Rockies

text: free agent

text: Bend Rockies

text: batting average

text: stole

text: Central Valley Rockies

text: unassisted triple play

text: California League

text: Bakersfield Blaze

text: Dick Balderson

text: New Haven Ravens

text: shortstop

text: Colorado Springs Sky Sox

text: spring training

text: Don Baylor

text: Jason Bates

text: Walt Weiss

text: Gold Glove

text: hit for the cycle

text: St. Louis Cardinals

text: Bobby Abreu

text: José Offerman

text: arbitration

text: Kansas City Royals

text: Jermaine Dye

text: Oakland Athletics

text: Mario Encarnación

text: José Ortiz

text: Todd Belitz

text: Denver Post

text: Woody Paige

text: National League

text: Kansas City

text: Coors Field

text: Tony Peña

text: San Francisco Giants

text: José Cruz, Jr.

text: Deivi Cruz

text: Felipe Alou

text: Chicago Cubs

text: Iowa Cubs

text: Nomar Garciaparra

text: Dusty Baker

text: Ronny Cedeño

text: Todd Walker

text: on-base percentage

text: Detroit Tigers

text: Chris Robinson

text: second baseman

text: Plácido Polanco

text: 2006 World Series

text: St. Louis Cardinals

text: Jim Leyland

text: Omar Infante

text: Justin Verlander

text: no-hitter

text: Milwaukee Brewers

text: double play

text: free agency

text: Clint Hurdle

text: Caribbean Series

text: Caribbean Baseball Hall of Fame

text: Dominican Professional Baseball League

text: Leones del Escogido

text: Nate Silver

text: value over replacement player

text: Bruce Miles

text: List of Colorado Rockies team records

categories: Major League Baseball players suspended for drug offenses,Colorado Rockies players,Bend Rockies players,1973 births,Major League Baseball shortstops,Caribbean Baseball Hall of Fame inductees,Colorado Springs Sky Sox players,Detroit Tigers players,Dominican Republic sportspeople in doping cases,New Haven Ravens players,Kansas City Royals players,Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic,People from Santo Domingo Norte,Chicago Cubs players,Dominican Republic people of African descent,Central Valley Rockies players,Caribbean Series players,Living people,Iowa Cubs players,Gold Glove Award winners,Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States,Baseball players suspended for drug offenses,Major League Baseball second basemen

paragraph: Neifi Pérez

paragraph: Neifi Neftali Pérez (; ; born June 2, 1973) is a former Major League baseball player. He was a switch hitter who threw right-handed. During his career, he played with the Colorado Rockies, Kansas City Royals, San Francisco Giants, Chicago Cubs, and Detroit Tigers.

paragraph: Pérez was originally signed by the Colorado Rockies in 1992. Frequently praised for his defensive skills, Pérez reached the major leagues in 1996 and become the Rockies' shortstop for good in 1997. Over the next three years, he scarcely missed a game and won a Gold Glove in 2000. During 2001, he was traded to the Kansas City Royals, where he also played in 2002. The trade proved to be unpopular with both teams, and Pérez joined the San Francisco Giants for 2003 and 2004. He lost his starting job during the 2004 season and was released during that year. Pérez then signed with the Chicago Cubs, whom he finished the season with and spent most of the next two years with. He was the Cubs' starting shortstop in 2005 but was used as a reserve player in 2006 before getting traded to the Detroit Tigers during the year. He finished his career in 2007 with the Tigers. As a Tiger, he turned a double play which saved Justin Verlander's no-hitter, but he also had a series of positive tests for amphetamines which effectively ended his career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Colorado Rockies.

paragraph: As a child, Pérez played for Liga Mercedes in the Dominican Republic. The Colorado Rockies signed him as an undrafted free agent in 1992 at the age of 18. Assigned to the single-A Bend Rockies for the 1993 season, Pérez posted a .260 batting average and stole 19 bases. The Rockies, confident in Pérez's potential, promoted him to the single-A Central Valley Rockies. Pérez exhibited strong defensive skills, executing the first unassisted triple play in the history of the California League in a game against the Bakersfield Blaze. Pérez batted just .239 on the year but made the California League All-Star game and was considered to be one of the Rockies' top prospects on the basis of his defense. Rockies player development chief Dick Balderson expressed confidence that Pérez's hitting would improve: "He's got all the skills...He's just in a rush right now, like most young guys."

paragraph: Pérez moved up to the double-AA New Haven Ravens where he batted .253 and improved his fielding percentage to .967 and was considered the Rockies' top prospect at shortstop. The Rockies promoted Pérez to triple-A Colorado Springs Sky Sox at the end of the 1995 season with the intention of bringing him up to the major leagues the next year. In fact, although Pérez was invited to 1996 spring training, he spent most of year with the Sky Sox and was not called up until the end of August, making his major league debut on August 31. In his season with the Sky Sox, his batting average had improved to .316. Commented Rockies manager Don Baylor: "He is the guy who had the year that traditionally earns a call up. I want to see what he can do." Pérez hit .156 over 17 games and returned to the Sky Sox for the beginning of the 1997 season.

paragraph: Although invited to 1997 spring training Pérez did not make the 25-man roster and once again returned to the Sky Sox for the first half of the season, where he batted .363 with a .975 fielding percentage. In mid-June the Rockies summoned him in place of Jason Bates, this time for good. Pérez batted .291 on the year and gradually replaced Walt Weiss as the starting shortstop. Pérez remained Colorado's primary shortstop for the next three seasons (1998–2000), appearing in all but five games. His batting average hovered around .280 (.274, .280, .287) and he averaged thirty doubles a year. His fielding percentage never dropped below .975 and he won a Gold Glove for the 2000 season. Despite his later reputation for anemic hitting, Pérez managed several offensive feats with the Rockies. On July 25, 1998, he hit for the cycle against the St. Louis Cardinals. In 1999 he tied Bobby Abreu and José Offerman for the most triples in Major League Baseball with 11. Pérez got off to a strong start in 2001 but there was doubt over his future with Colorado. The Rockies had offered him a 4-year, $17 million contract which he had rejected; accepting a 1-year $3.55 million deal via arbitration. In the end the Rockies dealt Pérez to the Kansas City Royals as part of a three-way deal in which the Royals sent Jermaine Dye to the Oakland Athletics who then sent Mario Encarnación, José Ortiz and Todd Belitz to Colorado. "Denver Post" sportswriter Woody Paige criticized the move, calling Pérez "the best shortstop in the National League" who was "an extraordinary defensive player, a capable offensive player and a classy team player."

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Kansas City Royals.

paragraph: Pérez arrived in Kansas City amid widespread anger over the departure of fan-favorite Dye. Facing off against Dye in one of his first games as a Royal, Pérez took the low-key approach: "I'm just going to play my game." Pérez finished out the 2001 season in Kansas City, batting .241 over 49 games. Pérez started at shortstop for the 2002 season but his batting average sank to .236, leading sportswriters to question whether the rarefied air at Coors Field had inflated Pérez's numbers. Pérez also may have sealed his fate by refusing to enter a late-season game at the request of manager Tony Peña. At the end of the year the Royals were looking to move Pérez and his $4.1 million salary; he was eventually claimed off waivers by the San Francisco Giants and signed a two-year, $4.25 million contract.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:San Francisco Giants.

paragraph: At the Giants Pérez hoped for a fresh start; rumors had swirled in Kansas City about problems in the clubhouse, and it was no secret that the trade had been deeply unpopular in both Denver and Kansas City. Commented Pérez: "I feel happy here. I like the National League. I was happy in Colorado and I am happy here." Pérez hit .256 over the course of the 2003 season; an improvement on his previous season but a far cry from the Colorado days. Pérez returned for the 2004 season, but the situation in San Francisco had become uncomfortable. Although signed as a starter at second base, he quickly became backup to José Cruz, Jr., while he lost out at shortstop to Deivi Cruz. His batting average slumped to .232. He had a staunch defender in manager Felipe Alou, but in the end he was the "odd man out" and the Giants released him on August 14, 2004. Almost immediately the Chicago Cubs signed Pérez to a minor-league contract.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Chicago Cubs.

paragraph: The Cubs assigned Pérez to the triple-A Iowa Cubs, but he played only ten games before being called up to the expanded roster on September 1. Pérez became a much needed spark plug in the lineup, going 6 for 6 in his first 6 at-bats as a Cub and providing a needed backup to the ailing Nomar Garciaparra. In 23 games with the Cubs he hit .371. The Cubs re-signed Pérez to a one-year contract worth $1 million, with up to an additional $1.5 million in bonuses.

paragraph: Manager Dusty Baker made Pérez the everyday shortstop in 2005 to replace Garciaparra, mainly on the strength of his defensive skills. His impatience at the plate led to a walk percentage of 3.1%, the worst in the National League. Pérez finished the season batting .274, and his play at short won rave reviews from Baker: "It's hard to play better shortstop defensively than Neifi has." In the off-season the Cubs signed Pérez to a two-year, $5 million contract.

paragraph: For the 2006 season Pérez lost the starting job at shortstop to Ronny Cedeño, and found himself playing a mixture of second base and short behind Cedeno and Todd Walker. Meanwhile, Pérez's batting average sagged to .254, while his on-base percentage, never high, had fallen to .266. In late August the Cubs traded him to the Detroit Tigers for minor-league catcher Chris Robinson. The Tigers were seeking a replacement for their injured second baseman, Plácido Polanco, who had separated his shoulder.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Detroit Tigers.

paragraph: Pérez arrived in Detroit during the pennant chase which ended with their loss in the 2006 World Series to the St. Louis Cardinals. Pérez faced almost immediate criticism from fans after getting off to a .157 start, and manager Jim Leyland felt obliged to come to his defense: "These guys making a big deal about Neifi Pérez and Omar Infante don't know what they're talking about. They got no clue." Pérez made 21 appearances during the regular season, with a batting average of .200 and an OBP of .235. He appeared in three games during the playoffs but never reached base.

paragraph: The Tigers retained Pérez for the 2007 season, although Leyland acknowledged that Pérez would have to improve his play: "I recommended that we trade for him. I take responsibility. I don't want people to get the wrong impression. I like Neifi Pérez, but he did not perform well. It's that simple." Pérez, however, continued to struggle, posting a .172 batting average over the 33 games he played in a Tigers' uniform. One bright spot came on June 12, 2007, when he saved Justin Verlander's no-hitter against the Milwaukee Brewers by turning a possible base hit into an inning-ending double play.

paragraph: On July 6, 2007, Pérez was suspended 25 games by MLB for a second positive test for amphetamines; on August 3 he was suspended an additional 80 games for a third positive test. On October 31, 2007, Pérez filed for free agency, ending his association with Detroit.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Possible comeback.

paragraph: In February 2008 there was talk of the Colorado Rockies signing Pérez to a minor league contract worth $750,000, which manager Clint Hurdle characterized as a "lifeline." In the end Colorado backed out, citing younger players competing for the same position.

paragraph: Section::::Foreign.

paragraph: Pérez has also had a significant foreign career. He participated in the Caribbean Series and was named the Series MVP in 1998 and 1999. In 2012, he was inducted into the Caribbean Baseball Hall of Fame. He played in the Dominican Professional Baseball League for Leones del Escogido with personal success, batting over .300. In 2004, he helped Escogido score 18 runs in an inning. In 2006, he played in the Dominican Republic-Puerto Rico All-Star Game.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Pérez's poor offense after Colorado traded him to the Royals overshadowed his defensive skills. He was widely criticized because of his low on-base percentage (career .297) and lack of power. Nate Silver, a baseball statistician who analyzed Pérez's statistics (specifically value over replacement player (VORP)), concluded that Pérez had a negative impact on the teams he played for. Chicago sportswriter Bruce Miles called Pérez "one of the worst offensive players in baseball history."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Colorado Rockies team records

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offences

description: baseball player

wikidata_label: Neifi Pérez

wikipedia_title: Neifi Pérez


text:
Quilombo dos Palmares
Alagoas
Brazil
slave
Kikongo
University of Coimbra
Kimbundu
Kongo
Battle of Mbwila
Captaincy of Pernambuco
controlled by the Dutch
quilombo
mocambo
Angola
Democratic Republic of Congo
Congo-Brazzaville
Pernambuco
maroon
Zumbi
Andalaquituche
Pernambuco
Cucaú Valley
Zumbi
Ganga Zumba
military coup in Brazil in 1964
João Felício dos Santo's
List of slaves
Carlos Diegues
Quilombo
Carlos Diegues
Palmares

categories: 17th-century Brazilian people,Brazilian people of Angolan descent,1678 deaths,17th-century births,Titles of national or ethnic leadership

paragraph: Ganga Zumba

paragraph: Nganga Nzumbi () was the first leader of the massive runaway slave settlement of Quilombo dos Palmares, or Angola Janga, in the present-day state of Alagoas, Brazil. Zumba was a slave who escaped bondage on a sugar plantation and eventually rose to the position of highest authority within the kingdom of Palmares, and the corresponding title of "Ganga Zumba". Although some Portuguese documents regard Ganga Zumba as his proper name, and this name is widely used today, the most important of the documents translates the name as "Great Lord." In Kikongo , "nganga a nzumbi" was "the priest responsible for the spiritual defense of the community" which was a "kilombo" or military settlement made up multiple groups. A letter written to him by the governor of Pernambuco in 1678 and now found in the Archives of the University of Coimbra, calls him "Ganazumba," which is a better translation of "Great Lord" (in Kimbundu).

paragraph: Ganga is said to have been the son of princess Aqualtune, daughter of an unknown king of Kongo. She led a battalion at the Battle of Mbwila. The Portuguese won the battle, eventually killing 5,000 men and capturing the king, his two sons, his two nephews, four governors, various court officials, 95 title holders and 400 other nobles, who were put on ships and sold as slaves in the Americas. It's likely that Ganga was among these captives. The whereabouts of the rest of them is unknown. Some are believed to have been sent to Spanish America, but Ganga Zumba, his Brother Zona and his sister Sabina (mother of Zumbi dos Palmares, his nephew and successor) were made slaves at the plantation of Santa Rita in the Portuguese Captaincy of Pernambuco in what is now northeast Brazil, which at the time was controlled by the Dutch. From there they escaped to Palmares.

paragraph: A "quilombo" or "mocambo" was a refuge of runaway slaves who were forcibly brought to Brazil (from present day Angola , Democratic Republic of Congo and Congo-Brazzaville ) that escaped their bondage and fled into the interior of Brazil to the mountainous region of Pernambuco. As their numbers increased, they formed maroon settlements.

paragraph: Gradually as many as ten separate mocambos had formed and ultimately coalesced into a confederation called the Quilombo of Palmares, or Angola Janga, under a king, Ganga Zumba or Ganazumba, who may have been elected by the leaders of the constituent mocambos. Ganga Zumba, who ruled the biggest of the villages, Cerro dos Macacos, presided the mocambo's chief council and was considered the King of Palmares. The nine other settlements were headed by brothers, sons, or nephews of Gunga Zumba. Zumbi was chief of one community and his brother, Andalaquituche, headed another.

paragraph: By the 1670s, Ganga Zumba had a palace, three wives, guards, ministers, and devoted subjects at his royal compound called "Macaco". "Macaco" comes from the name of an animal (monkey) that was killed on the site. The compound consisted of 1,500 houses which housed his family, guards, and officials, all of which were considered royalty. He was given the respect of a Monarch and the honor of a Lord.

paragraph: In 1678 Zumba accepted a peace treaty offered by the Portuguese Governor of Pernambuco, which required that the Palmarinos relocate to Cucaú Valley. The treaty was challenged by Zumbi, one of Ganga Zumba's nephews, who led a revolt against him. In the confusion that followed, Ganga Zumba was poisoned, most likely by one of his own relatives for entering into a treaty with the Portuguese. And many of his followers who had moved to the Cucaú Valley were re-enslaved by the Portuguese. Resistance to the Portuguese then continued under Zumbi.

paragraph: The Brazilian film "Ganga Zumba" was made in 1963 but was not released until 1972 because there was a military coup in Brazil in 1964, and films about revolutions, even those taking place in the 17th century, were considered politically dangerous. The film is based on João Felício dos Santo's novel, and focuses on a black slave who ends up in Palmares. The film is about black liberation and keeps a black racial perspective.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of slaves

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ganga Zumba", 1963, film by Carlos Diegues

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quilombo", 1984, film by Carlos Diegues about Palmares, ASIN B0009WIE8E

description: Brazilian rebel leader

wikidata_label: Ganga Zumba

wikipedia_title: Ganga Zumba


text:
mountain biker
Cassidy, British Columbia
Union Cycliste Internationale
enduro motorcycle
Nanaimo
British Columbia

categories: Canadian mountain bikers,Sport deaths in Canada,Canadian male cyclists,2016 deaths,1989 births,Motorcycle racers killed while racing

paragraph: Steve Smith (cyclist)

paragraph: Steve Smith (25 November 1989 – 10 May 2016) was a Canadian professional downhill mountain biker.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Cassidy, British Columbia, Smith was (as of September 2013) 2nd in the world rankings on the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) Downhill Mountain Bike circuit. In the 2013 Steve Smith secured his first overall victory in the UCI DHI World Cup by winning the last race in Leogang, Austria.

paragraph: On 10 May 2016, Smith died after suffering a massive brain injury resulting from an enduro motorcycle accident in his hometown of Nanaimo, British Columbia.

description: Canadian cyclist

wikidata_label: Steve Smith

wikipedia_title: Steve Smith (cyclist)


text:
Montauk
New York
Puerto Rico
Volcom

categories: Female surfers,1995 births,American surfers,People from Montauk, New York,Living people,Sportspeople from Suffolk County, New York

paragraph: Quincy Davis (surfer)

paragraph: Quincy Rose Davis (born May 18, 1995) is a surfer born in Montauk, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Davis was born in Montauk, New York. She started surfing when she was seven years old.(Some of her relatives are the Guido's, D'Onofrio's, Schaefer's, and Franza's) With the shore as her backyard, Davis spent long summer days at the beach with her family who were always surfing. After becoming bored of swimming and running around she decided to give surfing a try.

paragraph: Davis started attending local surf events with older friends and would sometimes compete herself, but always against the boys because there weren't any other girls in her age division. Her amateur career started when she came home with trophies and her mother decided to enter her into more events. Davis credits her family and friends for her constant surfing inspiration and support. Her family has a home in Rincon, Puerto Rico where they spend their winters.

paragraph: Davis has passions outside of the surf world that include music, Christmas movies and fashion. In 2013, Davis collaborated with her sponsor Volcom, inspiring and designing a clothing collection for Spring and Fall.

paragraph: Section::::Career Highlights.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: 1st NSSA Championships, Open Women

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: 1st, Volcom Qualifying Series (Girls) – Long Beach, N.Y.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: 1st Corona Extra Pro Surf Circuit –Puerto Rico

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: 1st, Corona Extra Pro Surf Circuit – Puerto Rico

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: 3rd, Oakley World Pro Junior – Bali, Indonesia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: 3rd, U.S. Open, Pro Junior

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: 1st, Corona Extra Pro Surf Circuit - Puerto Rico

description: American surfer

wikidata_label: Quincy Davis

wikipedia_title: Quincy Davis (surfer)


text:
Italian footballer
Serie C
Sambenedettese
Villaricca
Pescara
Mantova
2005–06 Serie B
Michele Tardioli
2006–07 Serie B
Vitangelo Spadavecchia
Pro Vasto
2006–07 Serie C2
2007–08 Serie C1
Lanciano
2011–12 Lega Pro Prima Divisione
Nicola Leali
Luigi Sepe
2012–13
2013–14 Serie B
2013–14 Coppa Italia
Angelo Casadei
Lega Serie B profile

categories: Vastese Calcio 1902 players,People from the Province of Naples,Serie B players,Delfino Pescara 1936 players,S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924 players,Italian footballers,1985 births,S.S. Sambenedettese Calcio players,Sportspeople from Campania,Living people,Association football goalkeepers

paragraph: Vincenzo Aridità

paragraph: Vincenzo Aridità (born 20 July 1985) is an Italian footballer who most recently played for Italian Serie C club Sambenedettese.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Villaricca, the Province of Naples, Campania, Aridità started his career at Abruzzo club Pescara. He made his Serie B debut on 28 May 2006, against Mantova. That match, the last round of 2005–06 Serie B, Aridità replaced Michele Tardioli in the second half. In 2006–07 Serie B Aridità selected no.22 shirt, due to the club retired his old number no.12. On 25 August 2006 Pescara signed Vitangelo Spadavecchia in temporary deal, thus Aridità left for Pro Vasto also in temporary deal on the same day. Aridità played all the game of 2006–07 Serie C2. Both Pescara and Pro Vasto were relegated, to Serie C1 and Serie D respectively. Aridità became the backup keeper of Pescara again but in 2007–08 Serie C1.

paragraph: On 8 September 2008 Aridità left for Lanciano initially in 2-year contract. He was one of the protagonist in 2011–12 Lega Pro Prima Divisione which the club won the playoffs for promotion. Aridità was one of the backup for Nicola Leali and then Luigi Sepe in 2012–13 and 2013–14 Serie B respectively. Despite Aridità wore no.1 shirt, he was the second keeper in the 2013–14 Coppa Italia and then became third in the opening game of 2013–14 Serie B (Angelo Casadei was the starting keeper in round 1 as Sepe injured and from round 2 (as of round 4) Casadei was on the bench).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lega Serie B profile

description: Italian footballer

wikidata_label: Vincenzo Aridità

wikipedia_title: Vincenzo Aridità


href: Gupta%20Empire North%20India Purugupta Budhagupta Yasodharman Malwa Alchon%20Huns Xuanzang Mihirakula Magadha Kashmir Malwa Bhanugupta Brahmanical Paramartha Mahayanist Vasubandhu vihara Bodhi%20tree Manjushrimulakalpa Dhy%C4%81na%20in%20Buddhism Nalanda Kumaragupta%20III

text:
Gupta Empire
North India
Purugupta
Budhagupta
Yasodharman
Malwa
Alchon Huns
Xuanzang
Mihirakula
Magadha
Kashmir
Malwa
Bhanugupta
Brahmanical
Paramartha
Mahayanist
Vasubandhu
vihara
Bodhi tree
Manjushrimulakalpa
Dhyana
Nalanda
Kumaragupta III

categories: 5th-century Indian monarchs,Gupta Empire

paragraph: Narasimhagupta

paragraph: Narasimhagupta Baladitya was an emperor of the Gupta Empire of North India. He was son of Purugupta and probably the successor of Budhagupta.

paragraph: Section::::Defeat of the Hunas.

paragraph: Baladitya along with Yasodharman of Malwa is credited with driving the Alchon Huns from the plains of North India according to the Chinese monk Xuanzang. In a fanciful account, Xuanzang, who wrote a century later in 630 CE, reported that Mihirakula had conquered all India except for an island where the king of Magadha named Balditya (who could be Gupta ruler Narasimhagupta Baladitya) took refuge, but that Mihirakula was finally captured by the Indian king, who later spared his life. Mihirakula is then said to have returned to Kashmir to retake the throne.

paragraph: Narasimhagupta's governor in Malwa, Bhanugupta may also have been involved in this conflict.

paragraph: Section::::Buddhism.

paragraph: The Guptas were traditionally a Brahmanical dynasty. Narasimhagupta Baladitya however, according to contemporary writer Paramartha, was brought up under the influence of the Mahayanist philosopher, Vasubandhu. He built a sangharama at Nalanda and also a high vihara with a Buddha statue within which, according to Xuanzang, resembled the "great Vihara built under the Bodhi tree". According to the "Manjushrimulakalpa" (c. 800 CE), king Narasimhsagupta became a Buddhist monk, and left the world through meditation (Dhyana).

paragraph: The Chinese monk Xuanzang also noted that Baladitya's son, Vajra, who commissioned a sangharama as well, "possessed a heart firm in faith".

paragraph: His clay sealing has been found in Nalanda. The name of his queen mentioned in the Nalanda sealing is Shrimitradevi. He was succeeded by his son Kumaragupta III.

wikidata_label: Narasimhagupta

wikipedia_title: Narasimhagupta