text:
hard rock
AC/DC
Mark Evans
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Chris Slade
Head Job
Melbourne
Buster Brown
Rose Tattoo
Angry Anderson
Lobby Loyde
Bon Scott
Powerage
Western Australia
State Library of Western Australia
Brian Johnson
Back in Black
Flick of the Switch
Malcolm Young
B.J. Wilson
Simon Wright
videos
Tauranga
New Zealand
helicopter
Circus Magazine
Angus Young
Hit Parader
Razors Edge
Big Gun
Last Action Hero
Chris Slade
Ballbreaker
Stiff Upper Lip
Black Ice
Rock or Bust
For Those About to Rock We Salute You
Head Job
marijuana
Tauranga
methamphetamine
cannabis
Chris Slade
Rock or Bust World Tour
Angus Young
Rock or Bust
home detention
High Court
Oslo
Phil's Place

categories: AC/DC members,Australian people of German descent,Australian expatriates in the United Kingdom,Australian people of Irish descent,Australian heavy metal drummers,Male drummers,Australian rock drummers,Australian drummers,1954 births,Living people,Australian expatriates in New Zealand

paragraph: Phil Rudd

paragraph: Phillip Hugh Norman Rudd (born Phillip Hugh Norman Witschke Rudzevecuis, 19 May 1954) is an Australian drummer, best known for his membership in Australian hard rock band AC/DC from 1975 through 1983, and again from 1994 to 2015. Upon the 1977 departure of bass guitarist Mark Evans from AC/DC, Rudd became the only Australian-born member of the band. In 2003, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame along with the other members of AC/DC. Due to ongoing legal problems in New Zealand, Rudd was unable to join the band for the 2015 "Rock or Bust" tour and was replaced by Chris Slade. In 2014, Rudd released his first solo album, "Head Job".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born on 19 May 1954 in Melbourne, Rudd came from a German and Irish background, although his stepfather was Lithuanian. He began playing drums in his teens and became serious about pursuing a career in music. He played in several bands in Melbourne before joining Buster Brown with future Rose Tattoo vocalist Angry Anderson. They went on to release one album, "Something To Say", in 1974, before Rudd left to join the Coloured Balls with Lobby Loyde.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:AC/DC.

paragraph: In 1974 Rudd was told about AC/DC's rhythm section auditions by his former Coloured Balls bandmate Trevor Young (no relation to AC/DC's Young brothers). Rudd asked Buster Brown bassist Geordie Leach to accompany him to the auditions, but Leach refused due to other commitments. Rudd auditioned and was hired immediately. Rudd's drumming style suited the band's style of music and became an integral part of AC/DC's sound from 1975 to 1983. The band relocated to the United Kingdom in 1976 and followed a heavy schedule of international touring and recording.

paragraph: A letter written by AC/DC vocalist Bon Scott to his sister Valerie during the 1978 "Powerage" tour claims Rudd suffered “a bit of a nervous breakdown & had to spend a lot of time with a shrink. It was really bad but luckily he got over it quickly enough not to upset the band. We had to treat him with kid gloves for a bit but he's ok now.” The letter was later purchased at an auction by the Western Australian government in 2019, which intended to display the letter at the State Library of Western Australia.

paragraph: In 1980, Scott died. The band continued on, recruiting new vocalist Brian Johnson and subsequently recording their most successful album, 1980's "Back in Black". Having been good friends, Rudd took Scott's death badly, but continued on with AC/DC until he was fired from the band during the recording of the "Flick of the Switch" album in 1983. Rudd's sacking from AC/DC was partly the result of his own personal problems as well as a conflict with the band's rhythm guitarist and founder Malcolm Young, which allegedly escalated to become physical. Rudd had completed his contributions to the album, and although session drummer B.J. Wilson was recruited to help complete the recording, Wilson's drum parts were ultimately not used. Simon Wright was soon hired as Rudd's permanent replacement, and featured in the videos that accompanied the singles released from the album.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:First dismissal from AC/DC and hiatus from music.

paragraph: Following his firing, Rudd retired to Tauranga, New Zealand where he purchased a helicopter company. Rudd's departure from AC/DC didn't become widely known until the eve of their US and Canada tour in 1983. In the last few pages of "Circus Magazine"'s October 1983 edition it stated "Phil Rudd exits AC/DC...to spend more time with his family and his cars". Rudd married a New Zealander in 1983. Guitarist Angus Young was quoted in the same article as saying "We're a rowdy bunch, but we don't fight with each other". Vocalist Brian Johnson added in a "Hit Parader" interview from the same period that "You couldn't find a more solid person or drummer than Phil Rudd. None of us would have to work if we didn't want to...Phil chose that option".

paragraph: On his years away from AC/DC, Rudd has said, "I raced cars, flew helicopters, became a farmer and planted some crops. I lived in New Zealand which was great; nice and quiet with nobody bothering me." Rudd also continued to play drums, "when I wanted to rather than when I had to", and built his own recording studio.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Rejoining AC/DC.

paragraph: When AC/DC toured New Zealand in 1991 in support of their "Razors Edge" album, they called Rudd to see if he would be interested in joining them for a casual jam session. Rudd accepted their offer. Though there was no discussion of him rejoining the group at the time, Rudd was invited to permanently rejoin AC/DC in late 1993 following the recording of the "Big Gun" single for the "Last Action Hero" movie soundtrack.

paragraph: AC/DC welcomed Rudd back following Chris Slade's term as the band's drummer. The band praised Slade for his performance and technical ability, but maintained that a certain groove had been missing from AC/DC's music since Rudd's departure in 1983. After rejoining the band, he performed on four AC/DC studio albums, "Ballbreaker", "Stiff Upper Lip", "Black Ice", and "Rock or Bust", with "Black Ice" being the band's biggest hit on the charts since "For Those About to Rock We Salute You" in 1981.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Solo album.

paragraph: Rudd's first solo album, "Head Job", was released on 29 August 2014. New Zealand musicians Allan Badger (bass guitar and vocals) and Geoffrey Martin (guitar) performed on the album alongside Rudd.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Drug conviction and appeal.

paragraph: On 1 December 2010, Rudd was convicted of possessing 25g of marijuana on his boat in Tauranga, New Zealand, but later had his cannabis conviction quashed on the grounds that it would have stopped him from continuing to tour with AC/DC.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Restaurant.

paragraph: On 30 July 2011, it was announced that the drummer had purchased and would open a marina restaurant at Bridge Marina in Tauranga, where he resides. He named it "Phil's Place", and planned to sell seafood and steak. The restaurant closed temporarily in July 2012, and reopened on 10 April 2013. In 2014 Rudd was ordered to pay more than $70,000 to three former employees for unjustified dismissal.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Threatening to kill and drug charges.

paragraph: On 6 November 2014 Rudd was arrested and charged with attempting to procure a murder, threatening to kill, possession of methamphetamine and possession of cannabis, following a police raid on his home. The charge of attempting to procure a murder was withdrawn the following day. On 21 April 2015 he pleaded guilty to the remaining charges, with the exception of one of the two threatening to kill charges, which was dropped.

paragraph: His ongoing legal problems led to the recruitment of AC/DC's former drummer Chris Slade in time for the band's Rock or Bust World Tour. In an interview on 13 November 2014, Angus Young had stated that AC/DC had experienced problems with Rudd earlier in the year when recording "Rock or Bust", and that his situation had taken the band by surprise. Rudd had also missed video and photo shoots. Young said, "He's got to sort himself out I think... At this point it's kind of a question mark. But if we're touring, there will be a drummer in place, put it that way." In the same interview, Young also said, "Phil created his own situation. It's a hard thing to say about the guy. He's a great drummer, and he's done a lot of stuff for us. But he seems to have let himself go. He's not the Phil we've known from the past." In May 2015, Rudd stated that he hoped to return, but said that he had no contact from the band, adding, "I'm sure they're having a great old time... I've seen the error of my ways... It's onward and upward from here."

paragraph: On 9 July 2015, Rudd was sentenced to eight months' home detention and ordered to pay NZ$120,000 in reparation. His appeal to be discharged without conviction was rejected. A subsequent appeal of the sentence to the High Court was dismissed. In a 2016 interview, Rudd said that since completing his home detention that March, he was seeing a psychiatrist weekly and had given up the "crazy shit". He also revealed he planned to tour Europe to promote his album "Head Job".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:"Head Job" European tour 2017.

paragraph: Rudd started a tour of Europe in 2017 with the Phil Rudd Band that included Badger, Martin with British bass guitarist John Proctor and New Zealand guitarist Mike "Mutt" Furness. The tour began in Oslo, Norway on 31 March 2017 and visited Sweden, the UK, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The latter part of the tour was rescheduled for 2018 and then cancelled.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Rudd married New Zealander Lisa O'Brien in 1983. They have five children. The pair separated in 2006.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Circus Magazine", October 1983: 'Phil Rudd Exits AC/DC'

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hit Parader", November 1983: 'AC/DC – To Hell And Back'

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phil's Place

description: Australian rock drummer

wikidata_label: Phil Rudd

wikipedia_title: Phil Rudd


text:
basketball
Oakland, California
Alameda
Encinal High School
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
UNLV
National Basketball Association
Encinal High School
Alameda, California
Oakland
junior college
Allen County Community College
Iola, Kansas
Antelope Valley College
Associated Press
plea bargain
Final Four
University of Texas-Pan American
Greg Guy
All-American
Big West Conference
NCAA
National Invitation Tournament
1993 NBA draft
1993–94 season
Portland
Bill Curley
James Robinson
Atlanta Hawks
Steve Smith
Jim Jackson
Lenny Wilkens
Lakers
2000–01 season
Greg Foster
Devean George
2001–02 season
Denver Nuggets
cocaine
Yahoo! Sports
coma
B-Ball's Best Kept Secret
Gary Payton
Jason Kidd
Brian Shaw
Chris Mills
J.R. Rider's Official NBA Player File

categories: African-American basketball players,American sportspeople convicted of crimes,American people convicted of drug offenses,Sportspeople from Oakland, California,All-American college men's basketball players,American people convicted of assault,Small forwards,Basketball players from California,Atlanta Hawks players,Denver Nuggets players,1971 births,Los Angeles Lakers players,Living people,American men's basketball players,Allen Red Devils men's basketball players,Shooting guards,People convicted of battery,Portland Trail Blazers players,Minnesota Timberwolves players,Minnesota Timberwolves draft picks,Antelope Valley Marauders men's basketball players

paragraph: Isaiah Rider

paragraph: Isaiah Rider Jr., nicknamed J.R. (born March 12, 1971), is an American former professional basketball player.

paragraph: Rider was born in Oakland, California, and was raised in nearby Alameda. He starred in both baseball and basketball at Encinal High School before going on to a college career with the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), and a professional career in the National Basketball Association.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and college career.

paragraph: The 6'5" (1.96 m) Rider was a prep star at Encinal High School in Alameda, California (just outside Oakland) and was one of the top rated players in the state. Rider attended two junior colleges, Allen County Community College in Iola, Kansas, where he averaged just over 30 points per game; and Antelope Valley College in Lancaster, California (33 points per game), before finding a home at UNLV.

paragraph: During the 1991–1992 season, Rider led the Runnin' Rebels to a 26-2 record (18-0 in conference) and a number 7 ranking in the final Associated Press regular season poll while averaging over 21 points per game, but wasn't seen on national television because UNLV was serving an NCAA-imposed punishment that stemmed from previous infractions. (In a "plea bargain" of sorts, UNLV was allowed to defend its NCAA title the previous year – they lost to Duke in the Final Four. In exchange, the Rebels were barred from postseason play and national television for the 1991–92 season.) He finally got the nation's eyes to watch him in his senior year, where he averaged 29.1 points per game (2nd in the country behind University of Texas-Pan American's Greg Guy), was named the Big West Conference Player of the Year and garnered 2nd-Team All-American honors. UNLV finished 21-8 (13-5 in Big West Conference), lost the regular season conference title to New Mexico State and failed to make the NCAA's 64-team Tournament field. The Rebels did earn a spot in the National Invitation Tournament, but Rider was suspended for the NIT due to academic issues surrounding allegations that he had someone cheating for him on some of his college classwork. Without their star player on the court, the Runnin' Rebels were knocked out of the NIT in the 1st round 90-73 to Southern California.

paragraph: Section::::NBA career.

paragraph: Section::::NBA career.:Minnesota Timberwolves.

paragraph: Rider was chosen with the 5th overall pick of the 1993 NBA draft by the Minnesota Timberwolves. Rider started his NBA career strong, finishing the 1993–94 season as a member of the NBA's All-Rookie First Team. He won the 1994 NBA Slam Dunk Contest (he brashly predicted that he would win on draft day) with a dunk that he called "The East Bay Funk Dunk."

paragraph: While Rider averaged 19 points per game in his three years with the Timberwolves, his play slipped after his rookie season. By 1996, Minnesota dealt him to Portland in return for Bill Curley, James Robinson and a conditional first round draft pick in 1997 or 1998.

paragraph: Section::::NBA career.:Portland Trail Blazers.

paragraph: In the 1997–98 season, Rider led the Blazers in scoring (19.7 points per game, 15th in the NBA) and three-pointers made (135, 8th) and attempted (420). Rider tallied a season-high 38 points (15-25 FG), along with 5 rebounds and 4 assists, against the Toronto Raptors on February 1, 1998.

paragraph: In the 1998–99 season, Rider averaged 13.9 points per game and led the team in scoring 13 times.

paragraph: Section::::NBA career.:Atlanta Hawks.

paragraph: Following the 1998–99 season, Rider was traded to the Atlanta Hawks in a trade that sent Steve Smith to the Blazers. The Hawks had finished fourth in the Eastern Conference in the lockout-shortened season, and thought Rider was the final piece in the puzzle. So they sent Smith to the Blazers for Rider and Jim Jackson, another talent who had not quite reached his potential. The trade didn't sit well with Hawks fans, since Smith had been one of the most popular players on the team. Coach Lenny Wilkens didn't want the trade either, but tried to fit Rider into the system.

paragraph: Section::::NBA career.:Los Angeles Lakers.

paragraph: Rider played in 67 games with the Lakers during the 2000–01 season, leading their bench in scoring with a 7.6 average. Though left off the playoff roster in favor of Greg Foster and Devean George, Rider was awarded a championship ring by the franchise against the Indiana Pacers. After the season, Rider stated that he wanted to return to the Lakers.

paragraph: Section::::NBA career.:Denver Nuggets.

paragraph: Prior to the 2001–02 season, the Denver Nuggets signed Rider to help resuscitate their moribund offense, but Rider's stint in the Mile High City was limited to just 10 games before he was waived on November 20, 2001. Rider refused to term it "retirement" at the time, however, insisting that he could still play if given the chance.

paragraph: Section::::NBA career.:NBA career stats.

paragraph: In 563 NBA games, (424 starts), Rider averaged 16.7 points, 3.8 rebounds, 2.7 assists, and 31:42 of floor time per game. Rider totaled 9,405 points in his 9-year NBA career.

paragraph: Section::::Off the court.

paragraph: During his NBA career and in subsequent years, Rider was dogged by a variety of personal problems, including accusations of drug use and assault. In 2007, he was sentenced to seven months in jail after pleading guilty to cocaine possession, evading the police, and battery, though he only served about half of that time. "It was the ultimate low point of my life [...] There were no visitors. No one down for me. No letters. I had fake friends. They left me for dead", Rider told Yahoo! Sports. At the time of his sentencing, Rider's mother was in a coma, which weighed heavily on his mind.

paragraph: In 2012, Rider announced he was planning to release a documentary about his life, called "My Testimony: Raw and Uncut". Rider has also established a charitable organization for children called the Sky Rider Foundation. "I just want to help kids. With today's economy some parents cannot afford to send their kids to the extracurricular activities. It's very costly, there's registration fees, equipment, uniforms and shoe costs. If a kid has dreams to be somebody, I want to help", he said in an interview.

paragraph: Section::::Off the court.:Rap career.

paragraph: On a 1994 album titled "B-Ball's Best Kept Secret" which featured songs performed by NBA players ranging from Gary Payton and Jason Kidd to Brian Shaw and Chris Mills, Rider (credited as J.R. on the album) provided the track "Funk in the Trunk."

paragraph: Section::::Off the court.:Personal life.

paragraph: Rider has a son named Isaiah Rider III.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J.R. Rider's Official NBA Player File

wikidata_label: Isaiah Rider

wikipedia_title: Isaiah Rider


text:
Umayyad
emir of Córdoba
Al-Andalus
Moorish
Iberia
Córdoba
Muladi
Mozarab
Banu Qasi
Musa ibn Musa
Kingdom of Navarre
Ordoño I of Asturias
Ibn Marwan
Mérida
Badajoz
Extremadura
Toledo
Umar ibn Hafsun
Abd ar-Rahman III ibn Muhammad
al-Mundhir ibn Muhammad I

categories: People from Córdoba, Andalusia,823 births,886 deaths,Emirs of Córdoba,9th-century rulers in Europe

paragraph: Muhammad I of Córdoba

paragraph: Muhammad I (823–886) ()was the Umayyad emir of Córdoba from 852 to 886 in the Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberia).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Muhammad was born in Córdoba. His reign was marked by several revolts and separatists movements of the Muladi (Muslims of ethnic Iberian origin) and Mozarabs (Christians living in the Muslim controlled areas).

paragraph: The Banu Qasi Muladi family, led by Musa ibn Musa, allied with the Arista family of the Kingdom of Navarre, and rebelled, proclaiming himself "third king of Spain" (after Muhammad and Ordoño I of Asturias). The rebel Umayyad officer Ibn Marwan returned to Mérida and also rebelled against the emir who, unable to quench the revolt, allowed him to found a free city (Badajoz, in what is now the Spanish region of Extremadura) in 875. Finally, Toledo rebelled with the support of Ordoño I, but was defeated in the battle of Guazalete.

paragraph: In 880 Umar ibn Hafsun, a man of probable Visigothic origin, started also a revolt which was finally suppressed only in 928, under Abd ar-Rahman III ibn Muhammad.

paragraph: Muhammad I died in 886, being succeeded by his son al-Mundhir ibn Muhammad I.

description: Umayyad emir

wikidata_label: Muhammad I of Córdoba

wikipedia_title: Muhammad I of Córdoba


text:
Al-Hakam II
Subh of Cordoba
Umayyad Caliph
Al-Andalus
Al-Hakam II
Caliph of Cordoba
Subh
Jafar al-Mushafi
al-Mansur ibn Abi Aamir
Ghalib al-Siklabi
Al-Hakam II
Al-Mansur ibn Abi Amir
Caliph of Cordoba
Galician
Santiago de Compostela
Almanzor
Caliphate of Córdoba
Islamic Iberian history
Abd al-Malik
Navarre
Barcelona
Abd ur-Rahman Sangul
Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar
Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo
Alfonso V
León
Muhammad II al-Mahdi
Cordoba
Muhammad II al-Mahdi
Sulayman ibn al-Hakam
Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar
Toledo
Muhammad II al-Mahdi
Sulayman ibn al-Hakam
Muhammad II al-Mahdi
harem
taifa
Taifa of Seville
Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn Abbad
Abbad II al-Mu'tadid
Taifa of Zaragoza
Jacob ibn Jau
Al-Andalus: the art of Islamic Spain

categories: 1013 deaths,Medieval child rulers,10th-century caliphs of Córdoba,Gay royalty,LGBT Muslims,LGBT heads of state,Medieval LGBT people,11th-century caliphs of Córdoba,966 births

paragraph: Hisham II

paragraph: Abu'l-Walid Hisham II al-Mu'ayyad bi-llah ()(Abū'l-Walīd Hishām al-Muʾayyad bi-ʾllāh) (son of Al-Hakam II and Subh of Cordoba) was the third Umayyad Caliph of Spain, in Al-Andalus from 976–1009, and 1010–13.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: In 976, at the age of 11, Hisham II succeeded his father Al-Hakam II as Caliph of Cordoba. Hisham II was a minor at the time of his accession and therefore was unfit to rule. In order to benefit the Caliphate, his mother Subh was aided by first minister Jafar al-Mushafi to act as regents with al-Mansur ibn Abi Aamir (better known as "Almanzor") as her steward. In 978 Almanzor manipulated his way into the position of royal chamberlain. In an attempt to position himself as a prospective ruler of the Caliphate, Almanzor and General Ghalib al-Siklabi sabotaged the brother of Al-Hakam II who was set to succeed his brother and become the next Caliph of Cordoba. Too young to rule, Hisham II handed his political reins of power over to Almanzor in 981 who became the "de facto" leader of the Caliphate until his death in 1002. Al-Mansur ibn Abi Amir perpetuated his position as the omnipotent ruler in charge of the empire while he exiled Hisham II and essentially kept him prisoner leaving him impotent for most of his reign as the third Caliph of Cordoba. With his countless successful campaigns against Christian powers in the Spanish North such as Barcelona in 985, León in 988, as well as a major strike on the church of St. James in the Galician city of Santiago de Compostela in 998, Almanzor is known for bringing the Caliphate of Córdoba to its apex of power in Islamic Iberian history.

paragraph: In 1002, after the death of his father (Almanzor), Abd al-Malik (1002–1008) became the ruler of the Caliphate and led successful campaigns against Navarre and Barcelona. In 1008 Abd ur-Rahman Sangul (1008–1009) is said to have poisoned his brother (Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar) which led to his death in October 1008. In 1009, while Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo was waging war against Alfonso V in León, Muhammad II al-Mahdi usurped the throne from Hisham II then held him hostage in Cordoba. In November of the same year, just months after initiating his control as the ruler of the Caliphate, Muhammad II al-Mahdi was overthrown by a primarily Berber army (that he had previously commanded, but by which he was later abandoned) which was led by Sulayman ibn al-Hakam in the battle of Alcolea. After the battle, Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar was exiled to Toledo at which point Sulayman laid siege to Cordoba freeing Hisham II from the imprisonment that took place under the rule of Muhammad II al-Mahdi. Sulayman ibn al-Hakam was appointed to Caliph by his Berber army and maintained that position until Muhammad II al-Mahdi re-conquered the territory in May, 1010. Finally the Slavic troops of the Caliphate under al-Wahdid restored Hisham II as Caliph (1010–1013).

paragraph: Hisham II was now under the influence of al-Wahdid, who was nevertheless unable to gain control of the Berber troops - these still supported Sulayman, and the civil war continued. It is known that Hisham "openly kept a male harem." In 1013 the Berbers took Cordoba with much plundering and destruction. What happened to Hisham after that is uncertain – supposedly he was killed on 19 April 1013 by the Berbers. In any case, Sulayman al-Mustain (1013–1016) became Caliph.

paragraph: Section::::Revival under the taifa kings.

paragraph: Due to his disappearance, and hence his possible survival, Hisham II was revived as a symbol of legitimacy by the taifa kings who appeared following the definitive collapse of the caliphate: in 1035, the ruler of the Taifa of Seville, Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn Abbad, announced that Hisham had reappeared, and declared his allegiance to him. Other taifas falling under Seville's sway during the following years followed suit. It was not until 1060 that the Sevillan ruler Abbad II al-Mu'tadid acknowledged that this supposed Hisham had died in 1044 without a successor, but the "convenient fiction" of his survival lasted until at least 1082/83, when his name still appears in the coins of the Taifa of Zaragoza.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacob ibn Jau

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al-Andalus: the art of Islamic Spain, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Hisham II (see index)

wikidata_label: Hisham II

wikipedia_title: Hisham II


text:
jazz
Esbjörn Svensson Trio
scuba diving
classical music
jazz
rock music
garage
Royal College of Music, Stockholm
Magnus Öström
Dan Berglund
Good Morning Susie Soho
Strange Place for Snow
Seven Days of Falling
Down Beat
Hamburg
Tchaikovsky Hall
Nils Landgren
Lina Nyberg
Viktoria Tolstoy
Ingarö
Stockholm
Karolinska University Hospital
Dragon
Winter in Venice
Good Morning Susie Soho
Strange Place for Snow
Seven Days of Falling
Tuesday Wonderland
Leucocyte
Studios 301
301
ACT Music + Vision
E.S.T. Live in London
Obituary in "The Guardian"
Obituary in "The Daily Telegraph"
Photos of Esbjörn Svensson Trio
Luca D'Agostino
Photos of Esbjörn Svensson Trio
Emre Boyar

categories: People from Västerås,1964 births,2008 deaths,Accidental deaths in Sweden,Swedish jazz pianists,Royal College of Music, Stockholm alumni,ACT Music artists,Underwater diving deaths,20th-century pianists

paragraph: Esbjörn Svensson

paragraph: Bror Fredrik "Esbjörn" Svensson (16 April 1964 – 14 June 2008) was a Swedish jazz pianist and founder of the jazz group Esbjörn Svensson Trio, commonly known as e.s.t.

paragraph: Svensson became one of Europe's most successful jazz musicians at the turn of the 21st century before dying, at the age of 44, in a scuba diving accident.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and work.

paragraph: Svensson was introduced to both classical music and jazz very early in life through his mother, a classical pianist, and his father, a jazz enthusiast, and first showed interest in classical music. In his teenage years, he developed an interest in rock music and started a few garage bands with classmates, before going back to classical music and finally making his way towards jazz. At the age of 16, Svensson went to a music college, where he took piano lessons. He later studied at the Royal College of Music, Stockholm, for four years.

paragraph: In 1990 Svensson started his own jazz combo with his childhood friend Magnus Öström on percussion. Both had made their first appearances on stage as sidemen in the Swedish and Danish jazz scene during the 1980s. In 1993 bassist Dan Berglund joined the duo, and the Esbjörn Svensson Trio was born. The trio released its debut album, "When Everyone Has Gone", in 1993, and in the following years established itself in the Nordic jazz scene. Svensson was nominated for Swedish Jazz Musician of the Year in 1995 and 1996.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to prominence, success, and death.

paragraph: The trio's international breakthrough came with their 1999 album "From Gagarin’s Point Of View", their first album to be released outside Scandinavia. With the release of their albums "Good Morning Susie Soho" (2000) and "Strange Place for Snow" (2002), the trio drew the attention of United States audiences. In 2002, they went on a 9-month tour through Europe, the U.S. and Japan. Their subsequent albums, "Seven Days of Falling" (2003), "Viaticum" (2005), and "Tuesday Wonderland" (2006), were equally well received by critics and fans and resulted in several music industry award nominations as well as making the jazz and pop charts.

paragraph: e.s.t. was the first European jazz combo to make the front page of the American jazz magazine "Down Beat" (May 2006 issue). Their last live album, "e.s.t. Live in Hamburg", a recording of their fall 2006 concert in Hamburg, Germany, as part of the Tuesday Wonderland Tour, was released in November 2007. Before Svensson's death, the trio had already finished the work for their then final album "Leucocyte", which was posthumously released in September 2008. The music to the album was recorded during a 9-hour jam at 301 studios in Sydney and in 2012 another album was released with music from that same recording named "301". e.s.t.'s last performance took place in Moscow, Russia, at the Tchaikovsky Hall, on 30 May 2008. In addition to his work with e.s.t., Svensson recorded albums with Nils Landgren, Lina Nyberg and Viktoria Tolstoy.

paragraph: On 14 June 2008, Svensson went missing during a scuba diving session on Ingarö outside Stockholm, Sweden. His diving companions, including an instructor and his then 14-year-old son, eventually found him lying unconscious on the seabed. Having sustained serious injuries, he was rushed to Karolinska University Hospital by helicopter, but could not be saved. He was 44 years old, married and the father of two sons.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As leader/co-leader.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Studio albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- "When Everyone Has Gone" (1993) Dragon

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Winter in Venice" (1997) Superstudio GUL

paragraph: BULLET::::- "EST plays Monk" (1996) Superstudio GUL

paragraph: BULLET::::- "From Gagarin's Point of View" (1999) Superstudio GUL

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Good Morning Susie Soho" (2000) Superstudio GUL

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Strange Place for Snow" (2002) Superstudio GUL

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seven Days of Falling" (2003) Superstudio GUL

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Viaticum" (2005) Spamboolimbo

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tuesday Wonderland" (2006, Recorded and mixed by Åke Linton at Bohus Sound Recording Studios, Gothenburg, Sweden, in March 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leucocyte" (2008, recorded by Åke Linton at Studios 301, Sydney, Australia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "301" (2012, recorded in January 2007 at Studio 301, Sydney, Australia) ACT

paragraph: BULLET::::- Live albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- "E.S.T. Live '95" (1995, released in Sweden as "Mr. & Mrs. Handkerchief") ACT Music + Vision

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live in Stockholm" (2003) DVD, recorded 10 December 2000 – including videos and an interview

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live in Hamburg" (2007, recorded 22 November 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "E.S.T. Live in London" (2018, recorded 20 May 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Compilation albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Somewhere Else Before" (U.S. compilation from "From Gagarin's Point of View" and "Good Morning Susie Soho", 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Retrospective - The Very Best of E.S.T." (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Compilation with other artists

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Solo Flights" (Solo performances by Steve Dobrogosz (3 tracks), Bobo Stenson (2 tracks), Anders Widmark (5 tracks), Esbjörn Svensson (4 tracks). Scandinavian Songs Music Group, 1997)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As sideman.

paragraph: With Lasse Lindgren

paragraph: BULLET::::- "To My Friends" (Dragon, 1992)

paragraph: With Lina Nyberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Close" (Prophone Records, 1993)

paragraph: With Nils Landgren

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Swedish Folk Modern" (ACT Music, 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Layers of Light" (ACT Music, 2004)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary in "The Guardian"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary in "The Daily Telegraph"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photos of Esbjörn Svensson Trio by Luca D'Agostino, 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photos of Esbjörn Svensson Trio by Emre Boyar, 2005

description: Swedish jazz pianist

wikidata_label: Esbjörn Svensson

wikipedia_title: Esbjörn Svensson


text:
Vantaa
Finland
keyboard
Lordi
Dolchamar
Vantaa
piano
synthesizer
Finnish
Esperanto
Dolchamar
Lordi
Kita
Enary
persona
Vampire
Countess
British
Daily Mail
Dingo
Rat
Lordi
Lordi
The Arockalypse
Deadache
Babez For Breakfast
Lordi
Hard Rock Hallelujah
Who's Your Daddy?
Would You Love A Monsterman?
It Snows In Hell
They Only Come Out at Night
Bite It Like A Bulldog
Deadache
This Is Heavy Metal
Dingo
Dingo
Tähtenä taivaalla
..::DOLCHAMAR::..
Lordi - The Official Website

categories: Finnish female musicians,Living people,Finnish heavy metal keyboardists,Lordi members,1979 births,People from Vantaa,Finnish songwriters,Finnish rock musicians

paragraph: Leena Peisa

paragraph: Leena Maria "Awa" Peisa (born 16 March 1979 in Vantaa, Finland) is a keyboard player. Peisa's former bands include Lordi, Punaiset Messiaat and Dolchamar. Currently she plays in Lordi's ex-drummer's Kita's band "Sampsa Astala & Qma".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Leena Maria Peisa was born in Vantaa although she spent her teenage years in Porvoo. She has been playing the piano since she was six years old. She took to playing the synthesizer in her teens. Her first band was Punaiset Messiaat which she joined in autumn 1994. While in Punaiset Messiaat she used the stage name "Lende Mielihyvä". Mielihyvä is the Finnish word for pleasure. After Punaiset Messiaat disbanded in 1998, Peisa concentrated on her education and studied Social Studies at the University of Helsinki.

paragraph: In 2003, she joined the Esperanto band Dolchamar, and in 2005 was invited to join Lordi by drummer Kita to replace the keyboardist Enary. In Lordi, she takes on the persona of an unearthly Vampire Countess. The name "Awa" comes from "Be Aware". On the band's website she is said to have many other names. The British newspaper the Daily Mail wrongly credited a photo of a woman without make-up as being Awa. Dolchamar removed all Peisa's photos from their website; it is unknown whether this is a coincidence, or whether it's to play along with her monster image. Some Greek television channels claim to have videos and photos of the band without stage make-up.

paragraph: On 25 July it was announced through the band's website that she is leaving the band after their concert on 11 August 2012.

paragraph: In February 2018, Leena joined the Finnish rock band Dingo, replacing former keyboardist Pete Nuotio.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Punaiset Messiaat.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Back In Bu$ine$$" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lemmentykki" ('Cannon of Love') (1996) Highest position #26 in the Finnish Official Top 40.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Älä osta; varasta" ('Don't buy; steal') (1997)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Punaiset Messiaat.:EPs.

paragraph: "Punainen Iktivisto" (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Punk on pop" ('Punk Is Hip') (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tuu mun luo" ('Come to Me') (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hornan hovin häät" ('A Wedding at the Abode of Evil Spirits') (1997; includes a horror comic book.)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Punaiset Messiaat.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Onko tää rakkautta?!" ('Is This Love?!') (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oma rotta" ('My Own Rat') (1996) A gold-selling single record in 1997.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Dolchamar.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Dolchamar.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (The Rebel Sound) (2005)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Lordi.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Lordi.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Arockalypse" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deadache" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Babez For Breakfast" (2010)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Lordi.:Singles and EPs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hard Rock Hallelujah" (2006) FIN #1, GER #5, UK #25, IRL #4

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who's Your Daddy?" (2006) FIN #1, GER #33

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Would You Love A Monsterman? (2006)" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "It Snows In Hell" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "They Only Come Out at Night" (2007) FIN #6

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beast Loose In Paradise" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bite It Like A Bulldog" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deadache" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This Is Heavy Metal" (2010)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Dingo.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Dingo.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tähtenä taivaalla" (2018)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ..::DOLCHAMAR::.. official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lordi - The Official Website

description: Finnish musician

wikidata_label: Leena Peisa

wikipedia_title: Leena Peisa


text: Godfrey de Heinsberg, Count of Looz

text: William V, Duke of Jülich

text: Joanna of Hainaut

text: Arnold of Rumingy

text: Solms-Braunfels

text: Solms

text: Nassau-Saarbrücken

text: Gerard I, Count of Durbuy

text: John of Heinsberg

text: Bishop of Liège

text: Maria of Loon-Heinsberg

text: John IV, Count of Nassau

text: Jacoba of Loon-Heinsberg

text: Abbess of Thorn

text: Juliane of Nassau-Dillenburg

text: William the Silent, Prince of Orange

text: Medieval Lands Project, Herren von Heinsberg (Sponheim)

paragraph: John II of Loon

paragraph: John II (Johann II), (d. 1438), Lord of Jülich, Heinsberg and Löwenberg ("Herr zu Julich und Heinsberg"), son of Godfrey de Heinsberg, Count of Looz, and Philippa of Jülich, daughter of William V, Duke of Jülich, and Joanna of Hainaut. Although John was the first son of Godfrey, he did not inherit the countship of Looz, the title instead going to Arnold of Rumingy.

paragraph: John married first Margaret (Margareta van Gennep, d. 1419), Countess of Solms-Braunfels, and second Anna of Solms (d. 1433). John and Margaret had four children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johann III (d. before 1441), married Walpurg von Mörs. Their granddaughter Johanna was the Countess of Nassau-Saarbrücken.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilhelm I (d. 24 April 1439), married Elizabeth von Blankenheim, daughter of Gerhard IX, Count of Blankenheim, great-great-grandson of Gerard I, Count of Durbuy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John of Heinsberg (d. 1459), Bishop of Liège (1419-1455)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philippa (d. 1464), married Wilhelm von Wied-Isenburg.

paragraph: John and Anna had two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria of Loon-Heinsberg, married John IV, Count of Nassau

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacoba of Loon-Heinsberg (d. 1466), Abbess of Thorn.

paragraph: Among the descendants of John (through Maria of Loon-Heinsberg) were Juliane of Nassau-Dillenburg and William the Silent, Prince of Orange.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Arlette Laret-Kayser, "Entre Bar et Luxembourg : Le Comté de Chiny des Origines à 1300", Bruxelles (éditions du Crédit Communal, Collection Histoire, série in-8°, n° 72), 1986

paragraph: Marchandisse, Alain, "La fonction épiscopale à Liège aux xiiie et xive siècles: étude de politologie historique", Bibliothèque de la Faculté de Philosophie et de Lettres de l'Université de Liège, 1998

wikidata_label: John II of Loon

wikipedia_title: John II of Loon


text:
Fool of Christ
Catherine the Great

categories: 1758 births,1855 deaths,Russian ladies-in-waiting,18th-century Russian people

paragraph: Euphrosinia Kolyupanovskaya

paragraph: Euphrosinia Kolyupanovskaya (1758–1855), was a Russian courtier, Fool of Christ, hermit and Orthodox saint. Originally a lady-in-waiting to Empress Catherine the Great, she left the court to become a hermit. She was canonized a saint in 1988.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Суриков И. М. Жизнеописание подвижницы и прозорливицы блаженной старицы Евфросинии, Христа ради юродивой, княжны Вяземской, фрейлины императрицы Екатерины II. — Сергиев Посад, 1911. — 87 с.

wikidata_label: Euphrosinia Kolyupanovskaya

wikipedia_title: Euphrosinia Kolyupanovskaya


text:
motorcycle racer
wild-card
BMW S1000rr
Profile on MotoGP.com
Profile on WorldSBK.com
Profile on BritishSuperbike.com

categories: 125cc World Championship riders,1994 births,Living people,Motorcycle racers from Northern Ireland

paragraph: Andrew Reid (motorcyclist)

paragraph: Andrew Reid (born 15 March 1994) is an Irish motorcycle racer. In 2010 he participated for the first time in a 125cc World Championship event, as a wild-card rider in the British round at Silverstone but failed to qualify for the race. He made his Grand Prix debut under the Irish flag. He currently competes in the British National Superstock 1000 Championship, aboard a BMW S1000rr.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on MotoGP.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on WorldSBK.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on BritishSuperbike.com

description: British motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Andrew Reid

wikipedia_title: Andrew Reid (motorcyclist)


text: Tenshō Shūbun

text: suiboku

text: Japan

text: Sōtan

text: Meiji Restoration

text: Kanō Motonobu

text: Higashiyama Bunka

text: Muromachi period

categories: 1430s births,Kanō school,16th-century Japanese painters,1530s deaths,15th-century Japanese painters

paragraph: Kanō Masanobu

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Masanobu's father had been a samurai and amateur artist named Kanō Kagenobu. Masanobu would start the line of professional artists of the family. As an artist Masanobu, like many in his day, was influenced by the priest-painter Tenshō Shūbun, and some sources indicate that he may have received the bulk of his artistic education under Shubun. Masanobu worked in the "suiboku" style, derived from Chinese painting, but added a Japanese touch to the style with more defined forms. Very few of his works survive with "Zhou Maoshu Appreciating Lotuses" being an exception.

paragraph: Kanō Masanobu would serve the Muromachi government as an official painter (御用絵師, "goyō eshi"), succeeding Sōtan to the post. Although Masanobu's father was samurai the family was provincial and therefore he did not have rank at court. Instead of rank he had gained his position in service due to a mix of achievement and social capital. This led to some criticism as aristocrat Shūzan Tōki expressed disdain toward Masanobu stating he was not a "born court painter."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: As a style of painting the Kanō school would maintain dominance over 400 years from Masanobu's time up through the Meiji Restoration (1868). That stated the school's style is neither purely nor mainly Masanobu's legacy as the distinct Kanō style is linked more to Masanobu's son Kanō Motonobu who took over as head of the school after Masanobu.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Higashiyama Bunka in Muromachi period

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bridge of dreams: the Mary Griggs Burke collection of Japanese art, a catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Kanō Masanobu (see index)

alias:
Masanobu
Hakushin
Shōgen
Yūsei
Kano Masanobu
Kanou Masanobu

description: Japanese painter

wikidata_label: Kanō Masanobu

wikipedia_title: Kanō Masanobu


text:
11-11-11
Sex and the City
NBC
Father Murphy
Chad Everett's
The Rousters
Another World
Gary Sinclair
Santa Barbara
Emmy
Kevin Buchanan
One Life to Live
Max Payne
Sam Lake
Barcelona
Spain
Los Angeles, California
I/Nation
Sidney "Sid" Porter
Sant Cugat del Valles
I/Nation
Tasting Menu
11-11-11
Sex and the City
One Life to Live
Another World
Santa Barbara
Father Dowling Mysteries
Growing Pains
The Kindred
The Deliberate Stranger
Just Between Friends
The Jeffersons
The Alchemy Company
Gibbs & Son

categories: American male screenwriters,Male actors from California,American male soap opera actors,Film directors from California,1967 births,American male television actors,American male child actors,Film producers from California,People from Calabasas, California,Living people

paragraph: Timothy Gibbs

paragraph: Timothy Brian Gibbs (born April 17, 1967) is an American director, actor, producer, and screenwriter who has starred in films, such as "11-11-11" as Joseph Crone and "The Kings of Brooklyn" as Maximilian Sentor and television programs, such as "Sex and the City" as Detective Stevens.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Gibbs was born in Calabasas, California. He began his acting career at age 10 in commercials and later guest starring in television series before getting his first prominent roles was that of 'Will Adams' in the NBC drama series "Father Murphy" which ran from 1981 to 1983. He also played Chad Everett's son on the short-lived series The Rousters.

paragraph: He is perhaps best known for starring in soap operas such as "Another World" as Gary Sinclair from 1995 to 1998 and "Santa Barbara" as Dash Nichols from 1990 to 1992.

paragraph: In 2000, Gibbs was nominated for an Emmy award for his portrayal of the fictional character Kevin Buchanan (from 1998 to 2001) on the television series "One Life to Live".

paragraph: In 2003, Gibbs was used as a model for the designing of the video game character Max Payne in the sequel "". In the first Max Payne game, the character was originally modeled after the writer of the series, Sam Lake.

paragraph: Gibbs co-founded the Alkeme Company, a media firm based in Barcelona, Spain and Los Angeles, California.

paragraph: In 2013, Gibbs created and produced the CIA procedural drama "I/Nation", a television series in which he portrays Sidney "Sid" Porter, a self-destructive CIA agent. Gibbs wrote each of the thirteen episodes which make up the show's premier season and directed the series pilot.

paragraph: In 2015, Gibbs, a lifelong collector, founded Gibbs & Son Ltd, a vintage furniture showroom located in Sant Cugat del Valles, Spain.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I/Nation" (2013) – Sidney Porter

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tasting Menu" (2012) – Daniel Duncan

paragraph: BULLET::::- "11-11-11" (2011) – Joseph Crone

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Kings of Brooklyn" (2004) – Sentor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Season of the Hunted" (2003) – Steve

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sex and the City" (2000) – Detective Stevens

paragraph: BULLET::::- "One Life to Live" (1998–2001) – Lt. Governor Kevin Lord Riley Buchanan

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Another World" (1995–1998) – Gary Sinclair

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1993) – Mitch

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Secrets" (1992) TV mini-series ... Claude Rodier

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Santa Barbara" (1990 to 1992) – Dash Nichols

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Father Dowling Mysteries" (1990) – Rick McMasters

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Police Story: The Watch Commander" (1988) – Off. John Reynolds

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Growing Pains" (1987) – Jerry Delish

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Kindred" (1987) - Hart Phillips

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Deliberate Stranger" (1986) – John

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Just Between Friends" (1986) – Jeff Davis

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Get-Along Gang" (1984) – Catchum Crocodile

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Rousters" (1983) – Michael Earp

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Father Murphy" (1981–1983) – Will Adams

paragraph: BULLET::::- Goldie and the Boxer Go to Hollywood (1981) – Artie

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Jeffersons" (1979) – Binky

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Alchemy Company

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gibbs & Son

description: American actor

wikidata_label: Timothy Gibbs

wikipedia_title: Timothy Gibbs


text: Berlin

text: curator

text: professor

text: the history and theory of color

text: Geometric abstraction

text: Hunter College

text: American Abstract Artists

text: New York

text: Doug Ohlson

text: Robert Swain

text: Joanna Pousette-Dart

text: parallax

text: oscillation

text: oscillation

text: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

text: Brooklyn Museum

text: New York

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: New York

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: New York

text: The New York Public Library

text: New York

text: The Princeton University Library

text: New York

text: Whitney Museum of American Art

text: New York

text: The British Museum

text: Osthaus Museum Hagen

text: Wilhelm Hack Museum

text: Greenport

text: New York

text: New York

text: New York

text: New York

text: New York

text: Massey University

text: RMIT University

text: New York

text: American Abstract Artists

text: Deutscher Künstlerbund

text: Mies van der Rohe Haus

text: The Patricia & Phillip Frost Art Museum

text: Visual Arts Center of New Jersey

text: New York

text: New York

text: Louisiana State University

text: New York

text: New York

text: New York

text: New York

text: University of Tennessee

text: Murray State University

text: University of Alabama

text: Gabriele Evertz at artfacts.net

text: Collection of Gabriele Evertz's works

categories: 21st-century American painters,American women painters,American abstract artists,Artists from New York City,1945 births,People from Berlin,Hunter College faculty,Living people

paragraph: Gabriele Evertz

paragraph: Gabriele Evertz (born 1945 in Berlin) is an American painter, curator and professor who is applying the history and theory of color in her work. She is known for abstract color painting and Geometric abstraction.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Gabriele Evertz emigrated to the United States at the age of 19. She holds an M.F.A. in painting and a B.A. in art history, both from Hunter College where she is teaching since 1998. She is a member of the American Abstract Artists. Gabriele Evertz lives and works in New York. 2012 she received the "Basil H. Alkazzi Award for Excellence in Painting".

paragraph: Evertz is considered a longtime member of the "Hunter Color School", along with Doug Ohlson, Robert Swain, Vincent Longo, Joanna Pousette-Dart, and Sanford Wurmfeld. Although all artists have found their own individual means of expression, they are united in their exploration of the phenomenology of color in order to initiate a "transformative effect" on the viewer.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Evertz's paintings consist of vertical lines, for which she uses all colors of the color circle. In her latest compositions she turns to the color grey and its effects on surrounding colors. Occasionally, she also uses metallic colors, as these can reflect the light and set additional color impulses. She often repeats certain color constellations within an artwork.

paragraph: While viewing the painting, the mind's eye constantly swings between perceiving the entire picture and the concentration on individual aspects of the work. The viewer thus perceives a kind of vibration of the color: "The resulting paintings present a barrage of visual information that moves color and form in and out of sequence and symmetry causing the eye to move through undulating, pulsating spaces." This becomes particularly evident when the viewer takes different distances from the picture. The resulting parallax intensifies the experience of the vibration and oscillation of the color.

paragraph: It is solely through the viewers' perception of the composition, through their movement in the room and the resulting different perception of closeness and distance, that oscillation and vibration arise, which turns the viewing of the works into an individual and possibly even spiritual experience: "People think geometry is very static, but it isn't. It's moving all the time. I'm keeping the same color sequence but changing the background. so as you engage in it, it changes. The colors are the actors. These are really vessels of contemplation.

paragraph: Section::::Videography (Selection).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: Michael Feldmann: "Gabriele Evertz Paints a Color Study", 09′ 05″

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: Michael Feldmann: "Gabriele Evertz Documentary", 03′ 21″

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: Macbamuseo: "Geometric Obsession. American School 1965–2015" 01′ 54″

paragraph: Section::::Works in Collections (Selection).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Columbus Museum of Art, Ohio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brooklyn Museum, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harvard University Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hallmark Collection, Kansas City, Missouri

paragraph: BULLET::::- Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum of Modern Art, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- The New York Public Library, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Jersey State Museum, Trenton, New Jersey

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Princeton University Library, Princeton, New Jersey

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Lawrence University Art Museum, Canton, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- Whitney Museum of American Art, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- The British Museum, London, England

paragraph: BULLET::::- Osthaus Museum Hagen, Hagen, Germany

paragraph: BULLET::::- MACBA Museum of Contemporary Art in Buenos Aires, Argentina

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilhelm Hack Museum, Ludwigshafen, Germany

paragraph: Section::::Solo Exhibitions (Selection).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: LIV, Benton Nyce Gallery, Greenport, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "Gabriele Evertz – Rapture", Minus Space, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Gabriele Evertz – Optic Drive", David Richard Gallery, Santa Fe, New Mexico

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Gabriele Evertz – The Geometry of Color", Art Sites Gallery, Riverhead, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "The Gray Question", Minus Space, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: "Gabriele Evertz – Color Relativity", 499 Park Ave Lobby Gallery, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: "Flagge zeigen – Gabriele Evertz", Radevormwald, Germany

paragraph: Section::::Group Exhibitions (Selection).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "Escape from New York", Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "Escape from New York", Project Space Spare Room, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "Pointing a Telescope at the Sun", Minus Space, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: American Abstract Artists International,Deutscher Künstlerbund, Berlin, Germany

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Minus Space", The Suburban Gallery, Chicago, Illinois (with Mark Dagley und Gilbert Hsiao)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Buzz", Galeria Nara Roesler, Sao Paulo, Brazil

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Seeing Red. A Group Exhibition", David Richard Gallery, Santa Fe, New Mexico

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "Hauptsache Grau",Mies van der Rohe Haus, Berlin, Germany

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "A Global Exchange: Geometric Abstraction Since 1950", The Patricia & Phillip Frost Art Museum, Miami, Florida

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "Doppler Shift", Visual Arts Center of New Jersey, Summit, New Jersey

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "Intervention. Flagge zeigen", Banner Projekt, Radevormwald, Germany

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "Hard Edge Abstraction: Paintings and Works on Paper", St. Lawrence University, Canton, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "Territory of Abstraction", Pentimenti Gallery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "Breaking Pattern", Minus Space, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "Geometric Obsession. American School 1965–2015", Museum de Arte Contemporaneo Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "Op Infinitum: 'The Responsive Eye' Fifty Years After", David Richard Gallery, Santa Fe, New Mexico

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: "Painting Color", Glassell Gallery at the Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: "Color", Philip Slein Gallery, St. Louis, Missouri

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: "Polychromy: Gabriele Evertz and Sanford Wurmfeld", Minus Space, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: "Extended Progress", Saturation Point Projects, London, England

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: "Radiant Energy", Visual Art Center of New Jersey, Summit, New Jersey

paragraph: Section::::Curatorial work (Selection).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: "Seeing Red: Contemporary Nonobjective Painting", (curated together with Michael Fehr) Hunter College/Times Square Gallery, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "Presentational Painting III", Hunter College/Times Square Gallery, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "Color Exchange Berlin-New York", Galerie Parterre, Berlin, Germany (the exhibition travelled later to the gallery Metaphor Contemporary Art), New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "Visual Sensations, The Paintings of Robert Swain: 1967–2010", Hunter College/Times Square Gallery, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: "Dual Current: Inseparable Elements in Painting and Architecture", University of Tennessee, Knoxville, (later the exhibition travelled to the Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky and to the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gabriele Evertz at artfacts.net

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geoform.net – Online scholarly resource for geometric art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collection of Gabriele Evertz's works

description: German-born American painter

wikidata_label: Gabriele Evertz

wikipedia_title: Gabriele Evertz


text:
Bachelor of Fine Arts
Miami University
Master of Fine Arts
University of California, Davis
Stanford University
San Francisco Recology's
Art At The Dump

categories: Miami University alumni,Artists from Cincinnati,1972 births,University of California, Davis alumni,Living people,Stanford University Department of Art and Art History faculty,Sculptors from Ohio

paragraph: Terry Berlier

paragraph: Terry Berlier (born 1972, in Cincinnati, Ohio) is an artist and sculptor whose work addresses themes of the environment and queer practice.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Berlier holds a Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) from Miami University in Ohio and a Master of Fine Arts (MFA) from the University of California, Davis in 2003.

paragraph: She has taught in the Stanford University Department of Art and Art History since 2007, and currently serves as an Associate Professor and the Director of the Sculpture Lab.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Her sculptures, which frequently incorporate elements of sound and interactivity, have been described as "cumbersome, mildly comical contraptions."

paragraph: In 2012, she participated as an artist-in-residence at San Francisco Recology's Art At The Dump program, and since 2013 has served on its board. During her time as artist-in-residence at Recology, Berlier obtained raw material for her work from the dump. Though not all of her materials are found objects, she said that, "appropriated objects have had an ongoing presence in my work. The found object has had a long history in art and I had actually found myself moving away from it in projects prior to the Recology residency."

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Terry Berlier

wikipedia_title: Terry Berlier


text: Kingdom of the Isles

text: Crovan dynasty

text: Óláfr

text: Clann Somhairle

text: Lewis and Harris

text: Páll Bálkason

text: Skye

text: blinded

text: castrated

text: Alan fitz Roland, Lord of Galloway

text: Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway

text: Óspakr

text: Hebridean

text: Haraldr

text: Crovan dynasty

text: Chronicle of Mann

text: Kintyre

text: Affrica

text: Óláfr

text: Lewis

text: Outer Hebridean

text: Lewis and Harris

text: Harris

text: William I, King of Scotland

text: pilgrimage

text: Santiago de Compostela

text: Icelandic annals

text: Iona

text: Bǫglunga sǫgur

text: Birkibeinar

text: Baglar

text: Ingi Bárðarson, King of Norway

text: fief

text: Reginaldus, Bishop of the Isles

text: synod

text: prohibited degree of kinship

text: Fearchar mac an tSagairt, Earl of Ross

text: Ross

text: Páll Bálkason

text: St Columba

text: Kilmuir

text: loch

text: meadow

text: causeway

text: blinded

text: castrated

text: Sleat History

text: High Middle Ages

text: Alan fitz Roland, Lord of Galloway

text: Thomas

text: teenager

text: Thomas fitz Roland

text: Tynwald

text: Chronicle of Lanercost

text: Gallovidian

text: Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway

text: Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar

text: Donnchadh mac Dubhghaill

text: Óspakr

text: Eirspennill

text: Flateyjarbók

text: Frísbók

text: Skálholtsbók

text: Islay

text: Ayr

text: Mull of Kintyre

text: Firth of Clyde

text: Bute

text: Rothesay Castle

text: Argyll

text: Inner Hebrides

text: Haraldr

text: Rǫgnvaldr

text: Haraldr

text: Magnús

categories: 13th-century Manx people,1231 deaths,13th-century Scottish people,Blind royalty and nobility,Castrated people,Crovan dynasty,13th-century rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles

paragraph: Guðrøðr Rǫgnvaldsson

paragraph: Guðrøðr Rǫgnvaldsson (died 1231), also known as Guðrøðr Dond, was a thirteenth-century ruler of the Kingdom of the Isles. He was a member of the Crovan dynasty, and a son of Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles, the eldest son of Guðrøðr Óláfsson, King of Dublin and the Isles. Although the latter may have intended for his younger son, Óláfr, to succeed to the kingship, the Islesmen instead settled upon Rǫgnvaldr, who went on to rule the Kingdom of the Isles for almost forty years. The bitterly disputed royal succession divided the Crovan dynasty for three generations, and played a central role in Guðrøðr's recorded life.

paragraph: Guðrøðr's mother was Rǫgnvaldr's wife. Whilst the name of this woman is unknown, she appears to have been a member of the Clann Somhairle kindred. Although Rǫgnvaldr was able to orchestrate a marriage between Óláfr and her sister, Óláfr was able to oversee the nullification this alliance and proceeded to marry the daughter of a leading Scottish magnate. In consequence, Guðrøðr's mother ordered her son to attack Óláfr. Although Guðrøðr is recorded to have ravaged Óláfr's lands on Lewis and Harris, the latter was able to escape to the protection of his father-in-law on the Scottish mainland. In about 1223, Óláfr, and his adherent Páll Bálkason, invaded Skye, defeated Guðrøðr, and blinded and castrated him.

paragraph: Guðrøðr's maiming marks a turning point in the feud between Rǫgnvaldr and Óláfr. With the escalation of hostilities, Rǫgnvaldr bound himself to Alan fitz Roland, Lord of Galloway. Although Rǫgnvaldr was greatly aided by Alan's military might, Óláfr eventually gained the upper-hand, and Rǫgnvaldr was slain in 1229. Afterwards, Alan and his Clann Somhairle allies continued to pressure Óláfr, forcing him from the Isles to Norway where news of the continual warfare had already reached Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway. As a result, Hákon elevated an apparent Clann Somhairle dynast, a certain Óspakr, as King of the Isles, and outfitted him with a fleet to secure control of the Isles.

paragraph: Guðrøðr seems to have been one of Óspakr's principal supporters, and accompanied him in the ensuing campaign that reached the Isles in 1230. Óspakr seems to succumbed to injuries suffered in the midst of the operation after which command fell to Óláfr. Although the latter proceeded to divert the fleet to Mann where he was reinstalled as king, Guðrøðr was recognised as king of the Hebridean portion of the realm. The following year, after the Norwegians vacated the Isles, both Guðrøðr and Páll are reported to have been killed. Although Óláfr consolidated control of the entirety of the Crovan dynasty's realm, ruling it for the rest of his life, Guðrøðr's son, Haraldr, continued the dynastic feud with Óláfr's successors, and temporarily held the kingship at the midpoint of the century.

paragraph: Section::::Antecessors.

paragraph: Guðrøðr was a son of Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles, and a member of the Crovan dynasty. Guðrøðr's mother was Rǫgnvaldr's wife, a woman who is styled Queen of the Isles by the thirteenth- to fourteenth-century "Chronicle of Mann". Although her parentage is unknown, the chronicle describes her father as a nobleman from Kintyre, which suggests that he was a member of Clann Somhairle. Rǫgnvaldr was a son of Guðrøðr Óláfsson, King of Dublin and the Isles. Other children of this ruler were Affrica, Ívarr, and Óláfr.

paragraph: Whilst Óláfr's mother was Fionnghuala Nic Lochlainn, an Irishwoman whose marriage to Guðrøðr Óláfsson was formalised (at about the time of Óláfr's birth) in 1176/1177, Rǫgnvaldr's mother appears to have been another Irishwoman named Sadb. When Guðrøðr Óláfsson died in 1187, the chronicle reports that he left instructions for Óláfr to succeed to the kingship since the latter had been born "in lawful wedlock". Whether this is an accurate record of events is uncertain, as the Islesmen are stated to have chosen Rǫgnvaldr to rule instead, because unlike Óláfr, who was only a child at the time, Rǫgnvaldr was a hardy young man fully capable to reign as king. The fact that Rǫgnvaldr and Óláfr had different mothers may well explain the intense conflict between the two men in the years that followed. This continuing kin-strife is one of the main themes of Rǫgnvaldr's long reign.

paragraph: At some point after assuming control of the kingdom, the chronicle reports that Rǫgnvaldr gave Óláfr possession of a certain island called """". Whilst the name of this island appears to refer to Lewis—the northerly half of the Outer Hebridean island of Lewis and Harris—the chronicle's text seems to instead refer to Harris—the southerly half. In any case, the chronicle further relates that Óláfr later confronted Rǫgnvaldr for a larger share of the realm, after which Rǫgnvaldr had him seized and sent to William I, King of Scotland, who kept him imprisoned for almost seven years until about the time of the latter's death in 1214. Since William died in December 1214, Óláfr's incarceration appears to have spanned between about 1207/1208 and 1214/1215. Upon Óláfr's release, the chronicle reveals that the half-brothers met on Mann, after which Óláfr set off on a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela.

paragraph: Section::::Scandinavian sojourn.

paragraph: In 1210, Rǫgnvaldr appears to have found himself the target of renewed Norwegian hegemony in the Isles. Specifically, the Icelandic annals reveal that a military expedition from Norway to the Isles was in preparation in 1209. The following year, the same source makes note of "warfare" in the Isles, and specifies that the holy island of Iona was pillaged. These reports are corroborated by "Bǫglunga sǫgur", a thirteenth-century saga-collection that survives in two versions. Both versions reveal that a fleet of Norwegians plundered in the Isles, and the shorter version notes how men of the Birkibeinar and the Baglar—two competing sides of the Norwegian civil war—decided to recoup their financial losses with a twelve-ship raiding expedition into the Isles. The longer version states that "'" (styled "'") and "'" (styled "'") had not paid their taxes due to the Norwegian kings. In consequence, the source records that the Isles were ravaged until the two travelled to Norway and reconciled themselves with Ingi Bárðarson, King of Norway, whereupon the two took their lands from Ingi as a "" (fief).

paragraph: The two submitting monarchs of the saga most likely represent Rǫgnvaldr and Guðrøðr. Their submission appears to have been undertaken in the context facing the strengthening position of the Norwegian Crown following the settlement between the Birkibeinar and Baglar, and the simultaneous weakening of the Crovan dynasty due to internal infighting. The destructive Norwegian activity in the Isles may have been some sort of officially sanctioned punishment from Norway due to Rǫgnvaldr's recalcitrance in terms of, not only his Norwegian obligations, but his recent reorientation towards the English Crown. The fact that Ingi turned his attention to the Isles so soon after peace was brokered in Norway may well indicate the importance that he placed on his relations with Rǫgnvaldr and his contemporaries in the Isles. There is reason to suspect that Óláfr had earlier approached Ingi in an attempt to garner support in gaining his perceived birthright before Rǫgnvaldr was able to have Óláfr imprisoned by the Scots. With Óláfr thus neutralised, Rǫgnvaldr could well have submitted to the Norwegian Crown in the context of further securing his hold of the kingship. In any event, the albeit confused titles accorded to Rǫgnvaldr and Guðrøðr by the saga seem to reveal that Guðrøðr possessed some degree of power in the Isles by the early thirteenth century.

paragraph: Section::::Kin-strife.

paragraph: Upon Óláfr's return from his pilgrimage, the chronicle records that Rǫgnvaldr had Óláfr marry """, the sister of his own wife. Rǫgnvaldr then granted back to Óláfr, where the newly-weds proceeded to live until the arrival of Reginaldus, Bishop of the Isles. The chronicle claims that the bishop disapproved of the marriage on the grounds that Óláfr had formerly had a concubine who was a cousin of Lauon. A synod was then assembled, after which the marriage is stated to have been nullified. Although the chronicle alleges that Óláfr's marriage was doomed for being within a prohibited degree of kinship, there is reason to suspect that the real reason for its demise was the animosity between the half-brothers. Once freed from his arranged marriage, Óláfr proceeded to marry Cairistíona, daughter of Fearchar mac an tSagairt, Earl of Ross.

paragraph: If the chronicle is to be believed, Óláfr's separation from Lauon enraged her sister—the wife of Rǫgnvaldr and mother of Guðrøðr—who surreptitiously tricked Guðrøðr into attacking Óláfr in 1223. Following what he thought were his father's orders, Guðrøðr gathered a force on Skye—where he was evidently based—and proceeded to , where he is reported to have laid waste to most of the island. Óláfr is said to have only narrowly escaped with a few men, and to have fled to the protection of his father-in-law on the mainland in Ross. Óláfr is stated to have been followed into exile by Páll Bálkason, a "" on Skye who refused to take up arms against him. At a later date, Óláfr and Páll are reported to have returned to Skye and defeated Guðrøðr in battle.

paragraph: The chronicle specifies that Guðrøðr was overcome on "a certain island called the isle of St Columba". This location may be identical to Skeabost Island in the mouth of the river Snizort (). Another possibility is that the isle in question is the now-landlocked island of Eilean Chaluim Chille in the Kilmuir district (). This island once sat in Loch Chaluim Chille before the loch was drained of water and turned into a meadow. There is archaeological evidence to suggest that a fortified site sat on another island in the loch, and that this islet was connected to the monastic island by a causeway. If correct, the fortification could account for Guðrøðr's presence near an ecclesiastical site. According to the chronicle, Óláfr's forces consisted of five boats, and encircled the island after having launched from the opposite shore two from it. This distance, about , suggests that the island is more likely Eilean Chaluim Chille than Skeabost Island, as the former appears to have sat between and from the surrounding shores of Loch Chaluim Chille. In any case, in consequence of the defeat, Guðrøðr's captured followers were put to death, whilst Guðrøðr himself was blinded and castrated. It is possible that Óláfr was aided by Fearchar in the strike against Guðrøðr. Certainly, the chronicle's account seems to suggest that Óláfr accumulated his forces whilst sheltering in Ross. Although the chronicle maintains that Óláfr was unable to prevent this torture, and specifically identifies Páll as the instigator of the act, the Icelandic annals record that Óláfr was indeed responsible for his nephew's plight, and make no mention of Páll. Another source that makes note of Guðrøðr's defeat to Óláfr and Páll is the seventeenth-century "Sleat History".

paragraph: The mutilation and killing of high status kinsmen during power-struggles was not an unknown phenomenon in the peripheral-regions of the British Isles during the High Middle Ages. For instance, in only the century-and-a-half of its existence, at least nine members of the Crovan dynasty perished from mutilation or assassination. To contemporaries, the tortures of blinding and emasculation were a means of depriving power from a political opponent. Not only would the punishment deny the man the ability to sire descendants, it would divest him of personal power, limiting his ability to attract supporters, and further offset the threat of future vengeance. The maiming inflicted upon Guðrøðr seems to exemplify Óláfr's intent to wrest his perceived birthright from Rǫgnvaldr's bloodline. It is unknown why Rǫgnvaldr did not similarly neutralise Óláfr when he had the chance years before, although it may have had something to do with the preservation of international relations. For example, it is possible that his act of showing leniency to Óláfr had garnered Scottish support against the threat of Norwegian overlordship. In any case, the neutralisation of Guðrøðr appears to mark a turning point in the struggle between the Óláfr and Rǫgnvaldr.

paragraph: Section::::Escalation of warfare.

paragraph: In 1224, the year following Guðrøðr's defeat, the chronicle reveals that Óláfr took hostages from the leading men of the Hebridean portion of the realm, and confronted Rǫgnvaldr on Mann directly. It was then agreed that the kingdom would be split between the two: with Rǫgnvaldr keeping Mann itself along with the title of king, and Óláfr retaining the a share in the Hebrides. With Óláfr's rise at Rǫgnvaldr expense, the latter turned to Alan fitz Roland, Lord of Galloway, one of Scotland's most powerful magnates. Whilst the pair are elsewhere stated to have campaigned in the Hebrides, the chronicle recounts that their operations came to nought because the Manx were unwilling to battle against Óláfr and the Hebrideans.

paragraph: A short time later, perhaps in about 1225 or 1226, the chronicle reveals that Rǫgnvaldr oversaw the marriage of a daughter of his to Alan's young illegitimate son, Thomas. Unfortunately for Rǫgnvaldr, this marital alliance appears to have cost him the kingship, since the Manxmen are further reported to have had him removed from power and replaced with Óláfr. The recorded resentment of the union could indicate that Alan's son was intended to eventually succeed Rǫgnvaldr, who had reigned for almost forty years and was perhaps about sixty years-old at the time, and whose grandchildren were presumably still very young. In fact, it is possible that, in light of Rǫgnvaldr's advanced age and Guðrøðr's maiming, a significant number of the Islesmen regarded Óláfr as the rightful heir. Such an observation could well account for the lack of enthusiasm that the Manxmen had for Alan and Rǫgnvaldr's campaign in the Hebrides. Since Thomas was likely little more than a teenager at the time, it may well have been obvious to contemporary observers that Alan was the one who would hold the real power in the kingdom.

paragraph: At this low point of his career, the deposed Rǫgnvaldr appears to have gone into exile at Alan's court in Galloway. In 1228, whilst Óláfr and his chieftains were absent in Hebrides, Rǫgnvaldr, Alan, and (Alan's brother) Thomas fitz Roland seized control of Mann. Suffering serious setbacks at the hands of his opponents, Óláfr reached out for English assistance against his half-brother, and eventually regained possession of the island. In what was likely early January 1229, Rǫgnvaldr successfully invaded Mann. According to the chronicle, Rǫgnvaldr and Óláfr led their armies to Tynwald, where Rǫgnvaldr's forces were routed with Rǫgnvaldr amongst the slain. Although the latter's fall is laconically corroborated by the Icelandic annals, other sources appear to suggest that his death was due to treachery. The fourteenth-century "Chronicle of Lanercost", for example, states that Rǫgnvaldr "fell a victim to the arms of the wicked"; whilst the "Chronicle of Mann" notes that, although Óláfr grieved at his half-brother's death, he never exacted vengeance upon his killers. Although the chronicle's accounts of Guðrøðr's maiming and Rǫgnvaldr's death could be evidence that Óláfr was unable to control his supporters during these historical episodes, it is also possible that the compilers of this source sought to disassociate Óláfr from these acts of violence against his kin.

paragraph: Section::::Invasion of the Isles.

paragraph: The death of Alan's ally did not deter Gallovidian interests in the Isles. In fact, it is apparent that Alan and members of the Clann Dubhghaill branch of Clann Somhairle upheld pressure upon Óláfr. Reports of open warfare in the Isles reached the royal court of Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway in the summer of 1229. The thirteenth-century "Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar" specifically singles out Alan as one of the principal perpetrators of unrest in the Isles, along with several members of Clann Somhairle: Dubhghall mac Dubhghaill, Donnchadh mac Dubhghaill, and a certain Somhairle. Although Óláfr arrived at the Norwegian court early in 1230, having been forced from the Isles by Alan and his allies, it is evident that Hákon had already decided upon a course of action.

paragraph: The Icelandic annals, the "Chronicle of Mann", the saga, and the "Chronicle of Lanercost" all reveal that Hákon handed over the kingship of the Isles to Óspakr, an apparent member of Clann Dubhghaill who had long served outwith the Isles in Norway. Other Islesmen in Norway before Óláfr's arrival were Páll and Guðrøðr, the latter who seems to have been one of Óspakr's principal supporters. According to saga, Hákon not only granted Óspakr the kingship, but also gave him command of the Norwegian fleet tasked with restoring peace in the Isles. Within days of Óláfr's arrival in Norway, the saga reveals that Óspakr's fleet set sail for the Isles, and swelled in number after reaching Orkney. Whilst the "Eirspennill" version of the saga numbers the fleet in Norway at twelve ships, the "Flateyjarbók", "Frísbók", and "Skálholtsbók" versions give the number eleven; and whilst the former version relates that the fleet gained twenty ships from Orkney, the latter three versions state that the fleet numbered twenty when it left Orkney. Once in the Isles, the fleet linked up with three leading members of Clann Somhairle on Islay.

paragraph: News of the gathering Norwegian fleet soon reached Alexander II, who appears to have made straight for the western coast, diverting his attention to the now rapidly developing crisis. On 28 May, Alan is recorded in Alexander II's presence at Ayr, where the Scottish royal forces appear to have assembled. It was probably May or June when Óspakr's fleet rounded the Mull of Kintyre, entered the Firth of Clyde, and made landfall on Bute, where his forces successfully stormed and captured a fortress that is almost certainly identical to Rothesay Castle. The "Flateyjarbók", "Frísbók", and "Skálholtsbók" versions of the saga specify that the castle fell after three days of battle, and that three hundred Norwegians and Islesmen fell in the assault. By this stage in the campaign, the fleet is stated to have reached a size of eighty ships, a tally which may indicate that Óspakr's fighting-force numbered over three thousand men. Reports that Alan was in the vicinity, at the command of a massive fleet, are stated to have forced the Norwegians to withdraw to Kintyre. Whilst the "Eirspennill" version of the saga numbers Alan's fleet at almost two hundred ships, the "Flateyjarbók", "Frísbók", and "Skálholtsbók" versions give a tally of one hundred and fifty. These totals suggest that Alan commanded a force of two thousand or three thousand men.

paragraph: Having withdrawn his fleet to Kintyre, Óspakr took ill and died, presumably succumbing to injuries sustained from the assault on Bute. According to the saga, the king's death was bitterly lamented amongst his followers. In consequence of Óspakr's fall, the "Chronicle of Lanercost", the "Chronicle of Mann", and the saga reveal that command of the fleet was assumed by Óláfr, who successfully eluded Alan's forces, and capitalised upon the situation by diverting the armada to Mann. Although Óláfr succeeded in being reinstated as king after overwhelming some initial opposition, he was nevertheless forced to partition the realm with Guðrøðr, who took up kingship in the Hebrides.

paragraph: Despite Óspakr's elevation as king, it is uncertain how Hákon envisioned the governance of the Kingdom of the Isles. On one hand, it is possible that Hákon intended for Óspakr and Guðrøðr to divide the kingdom at Óláfr's expense. On the other hand, the fact that Óláfr's struggle against Alan and Clann Somhairle is acclaimed by the saga could be evidence that Hákon did not intend to replace Óláfr with Óspakr. Instead, Hákon may have planned for Óspakr to reign over the sprawling domain of Clann Somhairle as a way to ensure the kindred's obedience. Óspakr's prospective realm, therefore, seems to have comprised Argyll, Kintyre, and the Inner Hebrides. If correct, the fleet's primary design would appear to have been the procurement of Óspakr's domain, whilst the secondary objective seems to have been the restoration of Óláfr on Mann.

paragraph: It is also possible that Hákon originally promised to lend support to Óláfr's cause on the condition of a concession of authority to Guðrøðr, who—like Óspakr—could have been recognised as king by the Norwegian Crown. An accommodation between Óláfr and Guðrøðr could well have benefited both men, as it would have safeguarded their kindred against the dynastic ambitions of Alan, offsetting the royal marriage between this man's son and Guðrøðr's sister. In any case, the "Chronicle of Mann" and the saga reveal that the Norwegian forces left Mann for home in the following spring, and established Guðrøðr in the Hebrides. Before the end of 1231, both Páll and Guðrøðr are reported to have been killed. Whilst the saga merely locates Guðrøðr's death to the ""—an Old Norse term roughly equating to the Hebrides and Mann—the chronicle specifically locates the incident on .

paragraph: Upon the homeward return of the Norwegians, the saga declares that Hákon's "honours had been won" as a result of the expedition, and that he himself heartily thanked the men for their service. The operation itself seems to mark a turning point in the history of the Kingdom of the Isles. Although the kings that ruled the realm before Rǫgnvaldr could afford to ignore Norwegian royal authority, it is apparent that those who ruled after him required a closer relationship with the Norwegian Crown. Óláfr went on to rule the realm until his death in 1237. Although Scottish sources fail to note the Norwegian campaign, its magnitude is revealed by English sources such as the "Chronicle of Lanercost", and the thirteenth-century "Annales de Dunstaplia", with the latter reporting that the campaigning Norwegians and Islesmen were only overcome with much labour after they had invaded Scotland and Mann and inflicted considerable casualties.

paragraph: The context of Guðrøðr's final fall suggests that, despite his injuries and impairment, he was able to swiftly assert his authority and eliminate Páll. Although the Norwegians' presence may have temporarily constrained the implacable animosities of the Islesmen, the fleet's departure appears to have been the catalyst of renewed conflict. Evidently still an adherent of Óláfr—certainly, the two are reported to have sailed on the same ship on the outset of Óspakr's campaign—Páll's annihilation suggests that Guðrøðr avenged his father's destruction and his own mutilation. The fact that Óláfr was able to regain and retain control of the realm after Guðrøðr's demise suggests that Óláfr may have moved against him once the Norwegians left the region.

paragraph: Óláfr was succeeded by his son, Haraldr, who was in turn succeeded by another son, Rǫgnvaldr. This monarch was slain in 1249, seemingly by an associate of Guðrøðr's son, Haraldr, whereupon the latter assumed the kingship. This abrupt seizure of royal power by Guðrøðr's son—almost twenty years after Guðrøðr's death—exposes the fact that the inter-dynastic strife between lines of (Guðrøðr's father) Rǫgnvaldr and Óláfr carried on for yet another generation. The infighting only came to an end in the reign of the dynasty's final monarch, Óláfr's son, Magnús.

alias:
Godfrey
Godred
Guðrøð
Guðrǫðr
Guðrøðr
Godfrey Dond
Godfrey Donn
Godred Don
Godred don
Godred Dond
Godred the Brown-haired
Guðrøð the Black
Guðrøðr Don
Guðrøðr Dond
Godred Ranaldson
Godred Rognvaldsson
Guðrøð Rǫgnvaldsson
Guðrøðr Rögnvaldarson
Guðrǫðr Rǫgnvaldsson
Gofraid
Gofraid Donn
Godfrey the Black
Guðrøðr 'Don'

description: King of the Isles

wikidata_label: Guðrøðr Rǫgnvaldsson

wikipedia_title: Guðrøðr Rǫgnvaldsson