text:
Doge of Venice
Venetian
Republic of Venice
Byzantine Empire
Holy Roman Empire
Roman Catholic Church
Alexios I Komnenos
Golden Bull
St Mark's Basilica
forced abdications
electorate
Pietro II Candiano
Pietro III Candiano
Pietro IV Candiano
Tribuno Memmo
Pietro II Orseolo
Balkan Peninsula
Dalmatia
Sicily
Northern Africa
Byzantine Emperor
Basil II
tariff
international market
Holy Roman Emperor
Otto III
hereditary monarchy
Otto Orseolo
nepotism
Constantinople
Pietro Barbolano
Domenico Flabanico
Domenico Contarini
Kingdom of Croatia
patrician
sestiere
Dorsoduro
ancient Roman
tribune
Holy Roman Emperor
Henry III
Domenico Contarini
tyrannies
Domenico Contarini
Lido
Venetian Lagoon
St Mark's Basilica
gondola
galley
bishop
St Mark's Basilica
God
Domenico Contarini
Orseolo
Emperor Henry IV
Holy Roman Emperor
Pope
Investiture Controversy
Pope Gregory VII
Roman Catholicism
Eastern Orthodoxy
excommunicate
interdict
Theodora Doukas
Constantine X
Michael VII
Italy
Duke of Apulia and Calabria
Robert Guiscard
Norman
lo Stivale
Ionian
Adriatic
lay siege
Durazzo
Via Egnatia
Alexios I Komnenos
warship
Strait of Otranto
Golden Bull
siege of Durazzo
Corfu
war
fleet
Vitale Faliero
loggia
St. Mark's Basilica
Golden Horn
Constantinople
Southern Europe
mosaic
classical republic
LCC
Hazlitt, W. Carew
LCC
Komnene, Anna
The Alexiad
LCC
Horatio F. Brown
LCC
Munk, Judith
Munk, Walter
Norwich, John Julius
LCC

categories: 11th-century Italian people,1087 deaths,11th-century Doges of Venice,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Domenico Selvo

paragraph: Domenico Selvo (died 1087) was the 31st Doge of Venice, serving from 1071 to 1084. During his reign as Doge, his domestic policies, the alliances that he forged, and the battles that the Venetian military won and lost laid the foundations for much of the subsequent foreign and domestic policy of the Republic of Venice. He avoided confrontations with the Byzantine Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Roman Catholic Church at a time in European history when conflict threatened to upset the balance of power. At the same time, he forged new agreements with the major nations that would set up a long period of prosperity for the Republic of Venice. Through his military alliance with the Byzantine Empire, Emperor Alexios I Komnenos awarded Venice economic favors with the declaration of a Golden Bull that would allow for the development of the republic's international trade over the next few centuries.

paragraph: Within the city itself, he supervised a longer period of the construction of the modern St Mark's Basilica than any other Doge. The basilica's complex architecture and expensive decorations stand as a testament to the prosperity of Venetian traders during this period. The essentially democratic way in which he not only was elected but also removed from power was part of an important transition of Venetian political philosophy. The overthrow of his rule in 1084 was one of many forced abdications in the early history of the republic that further blurred the lines between the powers of the Doge, the common electorate, and the nobility.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Beginning with the reign of Pietro II Candiano in 932, Venice saw a string of inept leaders such as Pietro III Candiano, Pietro IV Candiano, and Tribuno Memmo. The reputed arrogance and ambition of these Doges caused the deterioration of the relationship with the Holy Roman Empire in the west, the stagnancy of the relationship with the Byzantine Empire in the east, and discord at home in the Republic. However, in 991, Pietro II Orseolo became the Doge and spent his reign pushing the boundaries of the Republic further east down the western coast of the Balkan Peninsula with his conquests in Dalmatia in 1000. This strengthened the commercial bonds with the empires of the east, Sicily, Northern Africa, and the Holy Roman Empire, and put an end to the infighting among the citizens of Venice. Pietro II's negotiations with Byzantine Emperor Basil II to decrease tariffs on Venetian-produced goods helped foster a new age of prosperity in the Republic as Venetian merchants could undercut the competition in the international markets of the Byzantine Empire. Similarly, Pietro II had success developing a new relationship with Holy Roman Emperor Otto III, who displayed his friendship to him by restoring previously seized lands to Venice, opening up routes of free trade between the two states, and exempting all Venetians from taxes in the Holy Roman Empire.

paragraph: As the power and reputation of Pietro II grew, the Venetian people began to wonder if he was secretly planning to establish a hereditary monarchy. Their fears were confirmed when his son, Otto Orseolo (named after Otto III), assumed the title of Doge upon Pietro II's death in 1009, thereby becoming the youngest Doge in Venetian history at the age of 16. Scandal marked much of Otto's reign as he showed a clear inclination toward nepotism by elevating several relatives to positions of power. In 1026, he was deposed by his enemies and exiled to Constantinople, but his successor, Pietro Barbolano, had such difficulty in attempting to unite the city that it seemed infighting would once again seize Venice.

paragraph: In 1032, Barbolano himself was deposed by those who wished to restore power to Otto Orseolo, but the former Doge lay dying in Constantinople and was unable to return from exile. Domenico Orseolo, a younger brother of Otto and a rather unpopular figure in Venice, attempted to seize the throne without waiting for the formality of an election, but as soon as he tried this, his many enemies, including those who pushed for the reinstatement of Otto, grew outraged that an Orseolo would assume the throne simply because he was the son of Pietro II. The power of the Doge was severely checked, and Domenico Flabanico, a successful merchant, was called by the people to the position of Doge. During his 11-year reign Flabanico enacted several key reforms that would restrict the power of future Doges, including a law forbidding the election of a son of a Doge.

paragraph: Doge Domenico Contarini (1043–1071) had a relatively uneventful reign, healing the rift between the Doge and his subjects and regaining territory that had been lost in the east to the Kingdom of Croatia in the years following the deposition of Otto Orseolo. However, one fact remained: based on their actions in the first half of the 11th century, the majority of the people of Venice were clearly not in favor of having a royal hereditary class. This reality, coupled with the fresh memories of power-hungry Doges, set the stage for Domenico Selvo.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Life before Dogeship.

paragraph: What little is known of Selvo's past is based mostly on accounts of his reputation when he entered his Dogeship. Details of his family origins and even the year of his birth are unknown, but it can be assumed that he was a Venetian noble because, with the rare exception of Domenico Flabanico, only members of this class were elected to the position of Doge at this point in the Republic's history. Selvo supposedly belonged to a family in the patrician class from the sestiere of Dorsoduro who were allegedly of ancient Roman origin, possibly from one of the tribunes. He had also apparently been an ambassador to Holy Roman Emperor Henry III and he was certainly ducal counselor to Domenico Contarini prior to his election as Doge. Being connected to the relatively popular Doge might have been one of the causes for his own apparent initial popularity.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Election as Doge.

paragraph: Selvo is notable for being the first Doge in the history of Venice whose election was recorded by an eyewitness, a parish priest of the church of San Michele Archangelo by the name of Domenico Tino. The account gives historians a valuable glimpse of the power of the popular will of the Venetian people. Over the previous two centuries, the rule of quasi-tyrannies had plagued the popular belief that Venetians held democratic control over their leaders. The events of Selvo's election occurred in the spring of 1071, when the nearly thirty-year reign of Doge Domenico Contarini came to an end upon his death.

paragraph: According to Tino's account, on the day of the election, Selvo was attending mass for the funeral of the late Doge at the new monastery church of San Nicolò built under Domenico Contarini on Lido, an island in the Venetian Lagoon. The location was ideal for the funeral of a Doge not only because St Mark's Basilica was under construction at the time, but the new church was also spacious enough to hold a fairly large number of people. The location also proved ideal for the election of a new Doge for the very same reasons.

paragraph: After the funeral, a large crowd assembled in their gondolas and armed galleys. Domenico Tino says "an innumerable multitude of people, virtually all Venice" was there to voice their opinion on the selection of a new Doge. After the bishop of Venice asked "who would be worthy of his nation," the crowds chanted, "Domenicum Silvium volumus et laudamus" (We want Domenico Selvo and we praise him). The people, according to the account, had clearly spoken, and with these cries, the election was over. A group of more distinguished citizens then lifted the Doge-elect above the roaring crowd, and he was transported as such back to the city. Barefoot, in accordance with tradition, Selvo was led into St Mark's Basilica where, amidst the construction materials and scaffolding, he prayed to God, received his staff of office, heard the oaths of fidelity from his subjects, and was legally sworn in as the 31st Doge of Venice.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Peace and prosperity (1071–1080).

paragraph: During the first decade of his rule, Selvo's policies were largely a continuation of those of Domenico Contarini. There were few armed conflicts at home or abroad, and the Doge enjoyed a period of popularity due to the prosperous economic conditions. The relations with the Holy Roman Empire were gradually strengthened to a level unknown since the reign of the last Orseolo through relatively free trade and the good relationship that Selvo maintained with Emperor Henry IV. The importance of the economic alliance between the two nations became increasingly crucial when the historically shared power of the Holy Roman Emperor and the Pope was challenged by the Investiture Controversy between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII. Selvo had to walk an extremely tight line of competing priorities. On the one hand, he wanted to maintain the trade agreement Venice had with the lands occupied by Henry IV, but on the other hand, Venetians were religiously loyal to Roman Catholicism as opposed to the Eastern Orthodoxy. At the height of the controversy, Pope Gregory VII privately threatened to excommunicate Selvo and put an interdict on the Venetian Republic, but Selvo was able to narrowly escape this by diplomatically asserting Venice's religious power as the reputed holders of the remains of St Mark.

paragraph: In the east, Selvo not only maintained good trade relations with the Byzantine Empire, but also married into their royal family to consolidate the alliance that had existed for many years between the two nations. In 1075, Selvo married Theodora Doukas, daughter of Constantine X and sister of the reigning emperor, Michael VII. Though Venetians, especially the nobles, were wary of the pageantry that accompanied the marriage and the royal bride, the strengthened alliance meant even greater mobility for Venetian merchants in the east. Though the popularity of the new dogaressa was not great, Selvo was the hero of the merchant class that had had even greater political sway since the depositions of the Orseoli.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Victory (1081–1083).

paragraph: Despite the relative peace of the early years of Selvo's reign, the forces that would eventually lead to his deposition had already swung into action. In southern Italy, the Duke of Apulia and Calabria, Robert Guiscard, had spent the majority of his reign consolidating Norman power along the heel and toe of "lo Stivale" by expelling the Byzantine armies. Guiscard was pushing north toward the Papal States (to which the Duchy of Apulia and Calabria was allied), and was threatening Byzantine control of cities along the Ionian and Adriatic seas. In May 1081, Guiscard led his army and navy across the sea to lay siege to the port city of Durazzo, as it was one end of the famous Via Egnatia, a direct route to the Byzantine capital of Constantinople. Alexios I Komnenos, the newly crowned Byzantine Emperor, dispatched an urgent message to Selvo asking for the mobilization of the Venetian fleet in defense of Durazzo in return for great rewards. The Doge wasted no time in setting sail for the besieged city in charge of his fleet of 14 warships and 45 other vessels. Selvo was motivated not only by his familial ties and the promise of reward, but also the realization that Norman control over the Strait of Otranto would be just as great of a threat to Venetian power in the region as it would be to their ally in the east.

paragraph: When Selvo approached the city, Guiscard's ships had already anchored in the harbor at Durazzo. Though the battle was fierce, superior tactics by the skilled Venetian fleet overpowered the inexperienced Normans who were mostly used to land battles. The battered fleet led by Guiscard retreated into the harbor after losing many ships. Victorious at sea, Selvo left the fleet under the command of his son and returned to Venice a hero. Because of the help given to the Byzantine Empire, the Republic of Venice was awarded a Golden Bull: a decree by Emperor Alexios I Komnenos granting Venice many privileges, including a tax exemption for Venetian merchants, that would be crucial for the future economic and political expansion of Venice in the eastern Mediterranean.

paragraph: The defeat off the coast of Durazzo, though devastating to Guiscard's fleet, had inflicted little damage to his army as the majority of it had disembarked before the battle in preparation of the siege of Durazzo. In the coming months, Guiscard would regroup his forces and defeat a large Byzantine army led by Alexios I himself. In 1082, Guiscard took the city of Durazzo, and as the Venetian sailors were forced out of the city and their ships vacated the harbor of Durazzo, the first victory by Venice against the Norman fleet appeared just a temporary setback for the Normans. Due to the new trade privileges and the fact that virtually no damage was inflicted on the Venetians during this siege, Selvo remained very popular in Venice. Meanwhile, Guiscard advanced rapidly across the Balkan Peninsula, but his march was halted by an urgent dispatch and a call for help from his greatest ally, Pope Gregory VII. Guiscard responded by returning to Italy and marching on Rome to temporarily expel Henry IV, but in the process, he lost almost all the territories he had gained in the Balkans. Knowing that Guiscard was gone, in 1083, Selvo sent the Venetian fleet to recapture both Durazzo and the island of Corfu to the south.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Defeat and deposition (1084).

paragraph: In 1084, Guiscard returned to the Balkans and planned a new offensive against Corfu, where a combined Greek-Venetian fleet, commanded by Selvo, awaited his arrival. When the Normans approached the island, the combined fleets dealt Guiscard an even greater defeat than he had received in the naval battle at Durazzo. Guiscard ordered another attack three days later, but the results were still more disastrous for the Normans. Selvo was completely convinced of his fleet's victory and sent all damaged ships north to Venice for repairs, to free them for other uses, and to report of their victory. The Doge then retired with the remaining ships to the Albanian coast to await the departure of the Normans. Acting on the Doge's belief that a third attack would be unlikely and that the presence of a slightly depleted Venetian fleet meant greater odds for victory, Guiscard summoned every floating vessel he could find and led the Normans into a surprise attack. His strategy, though perhaps risky, was ultimately well-calculated as it caused mass confusion among the Venetians, who were overwhelmed on all flanks, while the Greeks fled what they assumed to be a losing battle. Selvo barely managed to retreat with the remainder of his fleet, but not before 3,000 Venetians died and another 2,500 were taken prisoner. The Venetians also lost 9 great galleys, the largest and most heavily armed ships in their war fleet.

paragraph: When the battered fleet returned to Venice, news of the defeat spread throughout the city to mixed reactions. Though some were willing to forgive the defeat considering the circumstances, many others needed someone to blame for the loss that was considerable not only in human and material terms, but also symbolically. The people of Venice had been humiliated by an upstart nation with practically no naval experience. Though Guiscard would die the next year and the Norman threat would quickly disappear, a scapegoat was needed at that moment. A faction of influential Venetians, possibly led by Vitale Faliero based on later writings, led a popular revolt to depose Selvo, and in December 1084 they succeeded. Selvo apparently did not make a great effort to defend himself and was sent off to a monastery. He died three years later in 1087, and was buried in the loggiato of St. Mark's Basilica.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: After Selvo was deposed, it took several years for Venice to recover from the defeat at Corfu and for the Venetians to fully realize the immediate impact of his actions as Doge. When Venice provided military aid to the Byzantine Empire, they were awarded a Golden Bull by Emperor Alexios I that would provide the Venetians a great economic and strategic advantage throughout the eastern empire for centuries. According to the terms of the decree, annual grants were awarded to all the churches in Venice (including a special gift to the coffers of St Mark's), the Republic was granted whole sections of the Golden Horn in Constantinople, and Venetian merchants were given a full exemption from all taxes and duties throughout the territories of the Byzantine Empire. Not only did this aid the rapid economic growth of Venice in the next few centuries by giving Venetian goods a significant price advantage over other foreign goods, but it initiated a long period of artistic, cultural, and military relationships between Venice and Byzantium. This combination of eastern and western cultural influences made Venice a symbolic gateway between the east and the west in Southern Europe.

paragraph: At the beginning of Selvo's rule, he took over responsibility for the third construction of St. Mark's Basilica. This final and most famous version of the church, whose construction was begun by Domenico Contarini and finished by Vitale Faliero in 1094, remains an important symbol of the long periods of medieval Venetian wealth and power. The church is also a monument to the great Byzantine influence on Venetian art and culture throughout its history, but particularly in the 11th century. Though Selvo did not oversee the beginning or completion of St Mark's Basilica, his rule covered a longer period of its construction than the other two Doges who oversaw the project.

paragraph: The Doge decreed that all Venetian merchants returning from the east had to bring back marbles or fine carvings to decorate St Mark's. The first mosaics were started in the basilica under the supervision of Selvo.

paragraph: By gaining power through a vote of confidence from the people and then willingly surrendering power, Selvo, like many other Doges who underwent similar transitions, left a long-term impact on the succession process that would eventually become a model for peaceful, anti-nepotistic transitions of power in a classical republic. Although his deposition did not immediately change the system, it was one of many important changes of power in a society that was in the process of moving away from a monarchy and toward a government led by an elected official. Following the battles at Corfu, Selvo was seen by many as inept and incapable of handling the duties that a Doge must perform. His apparent squandering of nearly the entire fleet coupled with a decade-long distrust for his royal wife caused Selvo to become unpopular in Venice. By responding to the will of the people, Selvo helped shape a society that would eventually create a complicated system to check the power of its most influential members, create cooperative governmental branches that checked each other's power, and fuse the nation into a classical republic.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gallicciolli, Giovanni Battista. (1795). "Delle memorie venete antiche", Venezia: D. Fracasso, Vol. VI. LCC DG676.3 .G3 Pre-1801 Coll.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hazlitt, W. Carew. (1915). "The Venetian Republic: Its Rise, its Growth, and its Fall. A.D. 409–1797", London: Adam and Charles Black. LCC DG676 .H43 1915.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Komnene, Anna. (1148). "The Alexiad", London: Penguin Classics. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- McClellan, George B. (1904). "The Oligarchy of Venice", Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company. LCC DG677 .M13.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Molmenti, Pompeo. (1906). "Venice: its Individual Growth from the Earliest Beginnings to the Fall of the Republic. The Middle Ages: Part I." Translated by Horatio F. Brown. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, W. LCC DG676 .M7.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muir, Edward. (1986). "Civic Ritual in Renaissance Venice", Princeton: Princeton University Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Munk, Judith; Munk, Walter. "Venice hologram". "Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society", Vol. 116, No. 5. (October 13, 1972).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicol, Donald M. (1988). "Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norwich, John Julius. (1989). "A History of Venice", New York: Vintage Books. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rendina, Claudio. (2003). "I dogi: Storia e segreti", Rome: Newton Compton. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sansovino, Francesco. (1581) "Venetia, citta nobilissima et singolare, descritta...", lib. xii, Bergamo: Leading. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skinner, Patricia. (2003). "Family Power in Southern Italy", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Staley, Edgcumbe. (1910). "The Dogaressas of Venice (the wives of the Doges)", New York: C. Scribner's sons. LCC DG671.5 .S7.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wiel, Alethea. (1894). "Venice", New York: G.P. Putnam's sons. .

description: Doge of Venice

wikidata_label: Domenico Selvo

wikipedia_title: Domenico Selvo


text:
Doge of Venice
Fano
minor consiglio
Domenico Selvo
St. Mark's Basilica
Byzantine Empire
Normans
Robert Guiscard
Siege of Durazzo
Albania
Emperor Henry IV
Investiture Controversy
Ordelafo

categories: Burials at St Mark's Basilica,11th-century births,11th-century Italian people,1095 deaths

paragraph: Vitale Faliero

paragraph: Vitale Faliero Dodoni (also known as Falier de' Doni) and usually known in English as Vitale Falier was the 32nd Doge of Venice from 1084 until his death in 1095.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was a member of a noble Venetian family, probably from Fano. A member of the "minor consiglio" (the council of doge's advisers), he was elected Doge in the revolt that overthrew Domenico Selvo in December 1084, probably initiated by Faliero himself, among others. He is the first Doge whose image is known, being allegedly portrayed next to the high altar of St. Mark's Basilica.

paragraph: When he became Doge, Venice was supporting the Byzantine Empire in the war against the Normans under Robert Guiscard (see Siege of Durazzo). In the spring of 1095, the Venetian fleet obtained a great naval victory at Butrinthos (in modern-day Albania) that avenged Selvo's defeat at Corfu. The recovery in the prestige of the city is testified by the visit of Emperor Henry IV, to whom it was allied during the Investiture Controversy against the pope, for the consecration of St. Mark's church, the rebuilding of which was completed at this time.

paragraph: During the latter part of his reign the city was hit by an earthquake, a seastorm, and a heavy famine.

paragraph: Faliero died in December 1095. He was married to Cornella Bembo. His son Ordelafo became a subsequent Doge.

description: Doge of Venice

wikidata_label: Vitale Faliero

wikipedia_title: Vitale Faliero


text:
Viceroyalty of Peru
Tudela, Navarre
Aragonese
Río de la Plata
Cádiz
leather
Buenos Aires Province
carriage
Avenida Rivadavia
Monserrat
Retiro area
Thomas Dover
South Sea Company
Plaza San Martín
Agustín de Robles Lorenzana
Fort of Buenos Aires
María de los Remedios de Escalada
José de San Martín
Order of Santiago
familysearch.org
www.euskonews.com
www.genealogiafamiliar.net

categories: Navarrese people,1649 births,17th-century Spanish businesspeople,18th-century Argentine people,1719 deaths,18th-century Spanish businesspeople,Spanish colonial governors and administrators,Mayors of Buenos Aires

paragraph: Miguel de Riglos Bástida

paragraph: Miguel de Riglos y de la Bastida (1649-1719) was a Spanish military, politician and merchant, who served during the Viceroyalty of Peru as alcalde of Buenos Aires.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Tudela, Navarre, the son of Juan de Riglos and Fermina de la Bastida, belonging to a noble family of Aragonese roots. He arrived in the Río de la Plata from Cádiz in 1670, aboard the ship "San Hermenegildo".

paragraph: Riglos was one of the richest men in the Río de la Plata to early 18th century. Installed in Buenos Aires he dedicated himself to the trade and import of leather, being in charge of the business of cimarron cattle of Buenos Aires Province. He had among his possessions a luxurious carriage with golden studs, and a stained glass window inside. He also built a luxurious house known as the "Altos de Riglos", the first house on two floors of Buenos Aires, located at the current corner Bolivar and Avenida Rivadavia, neighborhood Monserrat.

paragraph: Riglos also owned a sumptuous residence ("la Mesón del Retiro") in the Retiro area. This residence was rented in 1703 to the , a French "company" that had operated in Buenos Aires until 1712. Years later in 1718 Riglos sold his property to Thomas Dover, president of the South Sea Company in Buenos Aires.

paragraph: "La Casa del Retiro" was located in the current Plaza San Martín, and his first owner was the Governor of Buenos Aires Don Agustín de Robles Lorenzana, who had sold it to Miguel de Riglos around 1700.

paragraph: In addition to having served as commander of the Fort of Buenos Aires, he held honorary offices in the city of Buenos Aires, serving as regidor and mayor of second vote in 1682 and 1708.

paragraph: Miguel de Riglos was the ancestor of María de los Remedios de Escalada, the wife of General don José de San Martín. His grandson Miguel Fermín de Riglos was a knight of the Order of Santiago.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- familysearch.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.euskonews.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.genealogiafamiliar.net

description: politician

wikidata_label: Miguel de Riglos Bástida

wikipedia_title: Miguel de Riglos Bástida


text:
Bishop of Killaloe
Tuam Diocese
St. Jarlath's College
Tullamore
Maynooth College
St. Jarlath's College
Tuam Diocese
Ennis Cathedral

categories: Alumni of NUI Galway,1967 births,Irish Roman Catholic bishops,Post-Reformation Roman Catholic bishops in Ireland,Alumni of St Patrick's College, Maynooth,Living people,People from Tullamore, County Offaly

paragraph: Fintan Monahan

paragraph: Fintan Monahan (born 23 January 1967) is the Roman Catholic Bishop of Killaloe, who previously served as a priest in the Tuam Diocese and worked as a teacher in St. Jarlath's College, Galway.

paragraph: Monahan was born in Tullamore, Co. Offaly, in 1967 to Tom and Peg Monahan and he has one brother and one sister.

paragraph: He began studies for the priesthood at Maynooth College in 1984. He completed a B.Sc. (NUI) in 1987, a B.D. (Maynooth Pontifical University) in 1990, an S.T.L. in Biblical Theology in 1992 and a H.Dip. in Education (NUI Galway) in 1993.

paragraph: Monahan was ordained to the priesthood in 1991 and served as a curate in Conamara, County Galway, before beginning a teaching and chaplaincy post at St. Jarlath's College, Tuam, Co. Galway.

paragraph: Whilst at St. Jarlath's College he taught science, religion and Irish in addition to coaching basketball and hurling. He also served as Secretary of the Tuam Diocese.

paragraph: The Holy See announced Fr. Monahan's appointment as Bishop of Killaloe in July 2016 and he was consecrated in Ennis Cathedral on 25 September 2016.

wikidata_label: Fintan Monahan

wikipedia_title: Fintan Monahan


text: bibliographer

text: Légion d’honneur

text: Adolphe Bitard

text: Eugène Hatin

text: data.bnf.fr

text: Eugène Hatin

categories: 1893 deaths,1809 births,French male journalists,19th-century French historians,19th-century French journalists,French bibliographers,People from Auxerre,Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur

paragraph: Eugène Hatin

paragraph: Eugène Louis Hatin (8 September 1809 – 16 September 1893) was a 19th-century French historian, journalist and bibliographer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Hatin was educated at the college of his native city and then went to Paris where he devoted himself to various anonymous work of library, while filling the position of proofreader.

paragraph: The first books he published, on subjects of history and geography, had only a mediocre success and would certainly not have been enough to make his name remembered. In 1846 he published his first work on journalism. His extensive work "Histoire politique et littéraire de la presse en France" was considered to have no equivalent abroad. His "Bibliographie de la presse" is a valuable collection abondant with curious information.

paragraph: Hatin also collaborated with the "Dictionnaire des Dates", the "Histoire des villes de France", the "Complément de l’Encyclopédie du XIXe", etc., and created the first political newspaper to fivee centimes "la Seine" and, in 1854, the périodical "l’Union littéraire" later renamed "Bulletin des sociétés savantes".

paragraph: Eugène Hatin was made a chevalier of the Légion d’honneur in 1867.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire pittoresque de l’Algérie" (1840, in-8°) ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Loire et, ses bords, guide pittoresque" (1843, in-18) ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire pittoresque des voyages dans les cinq parties du monde" (1843–47, 5 vol. in-8) ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire du journal en France (1631-1846)" (1846, in-16, 2nd edition, significantly developed and continued until 1853, in-16) ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire politique et littéraire de la presse en France (1859-1861)", 8 vol. in-8 ou 8 vol. in-12 ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Gazettes de Hollande et la presse clandestine aux XVlle et XVIlle", (1865, in-8) ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Presse périodique dans les deux mondes; essai historique et statistique sur les origines du journal" (1866, in-8°) ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bibliographie historique et critique de la presse périodique française" (1860, in-8°) ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Manuel théorique et pratique de la liberté de la presse. Histoire, législation, doctrine et jurisprudence" (1868, 2 vol. in-8°) ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Journal" (1881, in-32) ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Théophraste Renaudot et ses innocentes inventions" (1883, in-12) ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "À propos de Théophraste Renaudot. L’histoire, la fantaisie et la fatalité" (1884, in-8°) ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Maison du Grand-Coq et le Bureau d’adresses, berceau de notre premier journal" (1885, in-12).

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polybiblion, "Revue bibliographique universelle", Paris, Aux bureaux du Polybiblion, 1893.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adolphe Bitard, "Dictionnaire général de biographie contemporaine française et étrangère", Paris, Maurice Dreyfous, 1878, (p. 635).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eugène Hatin on data.bnf.fr

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eugène Hatin on wikisource

description: French journalist

wikidata_label: Eugène Hatin

wikipedia_title: Eugène Hatin


text:
heir presumptive
Navarre
Charles III of Navarre
Eleanor
Henry II of Castile
House of Évreux
Blanche I of Navarre
Beatrix, Countess of La Marche
Isabella, Countess of Armagnac
Martin I of Sicily
Aragón
Maria of Sicily
Olite
John, Viscount of Castellbò
County of Foix
heir presumptive
Estates of Navarre
smallpox
Countess of Foix
Principality of Béarn

categories: 1382 births,15th-century French women,Navarrese infantas,14th-century French people,Countesses of Foix,1413 deaths,14th-century Spanish women,House of Évreux,15th-century women rulers,14th-century people from the Kingdom of Navarre,14th-century French women,15th-century Spanish women,15th-century French people

paragraph: Joan of Navarre (regent)

paragraph: Joan of Navarre (, ; 1382 – July 1413) was the heir presumptive to the throne of Navarre in 1402–1413, and regent of Navarre in the absence of her father in 1409–1411. She was the eldest child of King Charles III of Navarre by his wife Eleanor, daughter of King Henry II of Castile.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Joan was a member of the French House of Évreux. She was an elder sister to Blanche I of Navarre, Beatrix, Countess of La Marche, and Isabella, Countess of Armagnac.

paragraph: Joan was originally betrothed in 1401 to Martin I of Sicily, the heir to the throne of Aragón. He was widower of Maria of Sicily, who had not given him surviving children. Plans were however changed and Martin married Joan's sister Blanche. Joan herself married at Olite on 12 November 1402 to John, Viscount of Castellbò, the heir to the County of Foix in France. The couple were married for eleven years but failed to produce any children. A month after her wedding, Joan was recognized as heir presumptive to the throne of Navarre at Olite on 3 December 1402. There the Estates of Navarre swore an oath to Joan and John as their future sovereigns. This was after the early death of Joan's only brothers, Charles and Louis, in quick succession earlier in the year.

paragraph: In 1404, Joan contracted smallpox and was treated by the Jewish doctor Abraham Comineto. During her regency she had her own personal salaried doctor, Salomon Gotheynno, also a Jew.

paragraph: Joan governed Navarre in the name of her father while he was in Paris between 1409 and 1411. In 1412 she became Countess of Foix when her husband succeeded his father in the county. She died in the Principality of Béarn in July 1413, childless. Her younger sister Blanche became heir presumptive to the throne of Navarre, and succeeded their father Charles III on 8 September 1425.

description: Regent, also heir presumptive to the throne of Navarre (1402–1413)

wikidata_label: Joan of Navarre

wikipedia_title: Joan of Navarre (regent)


text:
Hungarian
Minister of Agriculture
Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon

categories: Agriculture ministers of Hungary,1925 deaths,1859 births

paragraph: Artúr Feilitzsch

paragraph: Baron Artúr Feilitzsch (18 February 1859 – 15 June 1925) was a Hungarian politician, who served as Minister of Agriculture between 1905 and 1906.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon

description: Hungarian politician

wikidata_label: Artúr Feilitzsch

wikipedia_title: Artúr Feilitzsch


text: English

text: peer

text: Henry Cromwell, 2nd Baron Cromwell

text: Mary

text: John Paulet, 2nd Marquess of Winchester

text: Gregory

text: Thomas Cromwell

text: Jesus College, Cambridge

text: Richard Bancroft

text: M.A.

text: Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex

text: Henry IV of France

text: Normandy

text: Spain

text: Brill

text: knight

text: Essex's rebellion

text: Tower

text: Charles Danvers

text: William Sandys, 3rd Baron Sandys

text: Westminster Hall

text: pardon

text: Elizabeth I

text: James I

text: privy council

text: Charles Blount, lord Mountjoy

text: Lecale

text: Downpatrick

text: Launde Abbey

text: Puslinch

text: Shelton

text: Felmingham

text: Robert Townshend

text: Justice

text: Chester

text: Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Ardglass

text: Ilam, Staffordshire

text: Tickencote

text: High Sheriff of Rutland

text: County Wicklow

text: Down Cathedral

text: Sir Arthur Chichester

text: Thomas

text: Oakham Castle

text: Tickencote

text: Rutland

text: Edward Cromwell

categories: Barons in the Peerage of England,Cromwell family,16th-century English soldiers,English soldiers,17th-century soldiers,1607 deaths,English knights,People of the Stuart period,17th-century English nobility,1560 births,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Edward Cromwell, 3rd Baron Cromwell

paragraph: Edward Cromwell, 3rd Baron Cromwell (c. 1560 – 27 April 1607) was an English peer. He was the son of Henry Cromwell, 2nd Baron Cromwell by his wife Mary, daughter of John Paulet, 2nd Marquess of Winchester and his first wife Elizabeth Willoughby. His grandfather, Gregory, son of Thomas Cromwell, chief minister to Henry VIII, was created Baron Cromwell on 18 December 1540.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Cromwell spent some time at Jesus College, Cambridge, as the pupil of Richard Bancroft, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury, but did not matriculate. He was created M.A. at a special congregation in 1594. In 1591 he acted as colonel in the English army under Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, sent to aid Henry IV of France in Normandy, and on his father's death in 1592 succeeded to his peerage.

paragraph: He served as a volunteer in the naval expedition against Spain of 1597 and "sued hard ... for the government of the Brill" in 1598. He served in the expedition against Spain with Essex and was knighted by him in 1599, however, his hopes of becoming marshall of the army there were in vain. In August 1599 it was reported that he had defeated a rebel force of six thousand men, but by the end of the month he was in London again.

paragraph: Edward Cromwell was caught up in Essex's rebellion, a futile attempt by the Earl of Essex, in January 1600 – 1601, to raise an insurrection in London. He was arrested for his role and sent to the Tower on 9 February 1601. Cromwell "protesteth ignorance of the attempt, and that he casually fell into the Earl of Essex's company, nor was he any way partaker of any plot; which thing he protesteth may be proved by his dealing with the Lord Mayor’s."

paragraph: Cromwell’s wife "made humble suit to the council on behalf of her Lord that is a prisoner in the Tower, in regard that he is corpulent and sickly he may take the air." Her wish was granted permitting her husband, "from time to time to take the air, but only in the company of the Lieutenant and his deputy." Sir Charles Danvers, a key figure among the Essex intimates during the planning and execution of the rebellion, did not include Cromwell among "the names of such that manifested themselves in the action" that he gave to the Privy Council. Cromwell and William Sandys, 3rd Baron Sandys (d. 1623) were brought for trial to Westminster Hall on 5 March 1601. Cromwell confessed his guilt, was fined £3,000 and imprisoned for several months, but received a special pardon from Elizabeth I on 2 July and was released on 9 July 1601.

paragraph: Having fallen into royal disfavour, faced with mounting debts, and troubled by lawsuits, Cromwell was having to sell off part of his lands. Though not debarred from taking his seat in Parliament, he was advised on the 23 September 1601 by the privy council that it "is thought by her Majesty more convenient that you forbeare your comminge to the Parliament." Cromwell frequently petitioned Sir Robert Cecil in an attempt to get himself reconciled with the Queen. "To whom shall I complain, whose crimes have deprived me of everything- friends, allies, means. Alas, I know not, if God, her Majesty and you shall forsake me... I entreat you to read my petition and relieve my overthrown fortunes."

paragraph: On James I's accession, Cromwell was sworn of the privy council. The king "was daily troubled with the poor Lord Cromwell's begging leave to sell the last pieces of his land, who had valiantly served the State in the wars." Cromwell alienated all of his English property to Charles Blount, lord Mountjoy, and settled in Ireland. On 13 September 1605 Cromwell made an agreement with an Irish chief, Phelim McCartan, to receive a large part of the McCartan's territory in County Down on condition that he educated and provided for McCartan's son in his household. On 4 October 1605, McCartan and Cromwell, by arrangement, resigned their estates to the king, who formally regranted them to the owners, and Cromwell was at the same time made governor of Lecale. He purchased the Barony of Lecale in 1606 and built an "imposing house" in Downpatrick, County Down.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and issue.

paragraph: Edward Cromwell married firstly in 1581, Elizabeth Upton (died 5 January 1592/1593, buried Launde Abbey, Leicestershire), daughter of William Upton of Puslinch, Devon, and Mary Kirkham, and had an only daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Cromwell, who married in 1597 Sir John Shelton of Shelton, Norfolk (21 December 1559 – bef. 1606), and later Thomas Fitzhughes of Oxfordshire.

paragraph: He married secondly c. 1593 Frances Rugge (or Repps), (died before 30 November 1631), daughter of William Rugge, of Felmingham, Norfolk, and Thomasine Townshend, daughter of Sir Robert Townshend, Justice of Chester, and by her had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Ardglass, (11 June 1594 – 1653) married Elizabeth, daughter of Robert Meverell of Throwleigh and Ilam, Staffordshire.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frances Cromwell (1595 – 25 June 1662), married 30 January 1619 Sir John Wingfield of Tickencote, Rutland. (c. 1595 – 25 December 1631), widower of Jane Turpin, daughter of Sir William Turpin, and High Sheriff of Rutland, and had eight children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne Cromwell (c. 15 March 1597 – 11 July 1636), married Sir Edward Wingfield (died 1638), son of Richard Wingfield of Powerscourt, County Wicklow, and Honora O'Brien. He inherited the estates of his cousin, Richard Wingfield, Viscount Powerscourt, who died without issue in 1634. The couple had six sons and a daughter.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Cromwell died at his home in Downpatrick on 27 April, and was buried in the "ruined chancel" of Down Cathedral, on 24 September 1607. Sir Arthur Chichester, when writing of his death to the council, 29 September 1607, expressed regret at his loss, "both for his majesty's service and for the poor estate wherein he left his wife and children." He was succeeded by his son, Thomas, as 4th Baron Cromwell, later 1st Viscount Lecale who was created Earl of Ardglass in the Irish peerage on 15 April 1645. The Barony of Cromwell was held by the 1st Viscount Lecale from 22 November 1624 and by the Earls of Ardglass from 15 April 1645 until 26 November 1687, when, on the death of Vere Essex Cromwell, 4th Earl of Ardglass and 7th Baron Cromwell, both titles became extinct. His widow, Frances, later married Richard Wingfield, 1st Viscount Powerscourt. She died before 30 November 1631.

paragraph: Edward Cromwell’s son, Thomas visited his father’s former manor of Oakham in 1631 where he partook of the ancient tradition of forfeiting a horseshoe in homage to the Lord of the Castle and manor of Oakham. This shoe can be seen on display in the great hall of Oakham Castle today, among others forfeited by Royalty and members of the nobility. Thomas Cromwell died in 1653 and is buried at Tickencote, Rutland. His son Oliver, erected a memorial that can be seen in the porch of Down Cathedral today, close to where his grandfather is buried.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Cromwell Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cromwell Memorial: Edward Cromwell, 3rd Baron Cromwell Cromwell memorial plaque in the porch of Down Cathedral

description: Governor of Lecale

wikidata_label: Edward Cromwell, 3rd Baron Cromwell

wikipedia_title: Edward Cromwell, 3rd Baron Cromwell


text: Jesuit

text: missionary

text: Minnesota

text: Langeac

text: Auvergne

text: Diocese

text: Le Puy-en-Velay

text: clerical tonsure

text: minor orders

text: subdeacon

text: "Grand séminaire"

text: Mathias Loras

text: Vicar general

text: Joseph Crétin

text: Reverend Pelamourgues

text: Lucien Galtier

text: Jesuit missionaries

text: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dubuque

text: Le Havre

text: brigantine

text: New York Harbor

text: Mount St. Mary's University

text: Emmitsburg, Maryland

text: Dubuque

text: ordained

text: Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin

text: baptized

text: Minnesota Territory

text: Mendota

text: Traverse des Sioux

text: Dakota language

text: Louis Provencal

text: Lac qui Parle

text: Jean-Baptiste Faribault

text: French Canadian

text: trader

text: Chaska

text: proselytizer

text: prayer book

text: printing press

text: Alexander Faribault

text: sede vacante

text: Minnesota Territory

text: Bishop Kenrick

text: Archdiocese of St. Louis

text: Bishop Grace

text: Brigadier General

text: Henry Hastings Sibley

text: baptize

text: Dakota War of 1862

text: hung

text: Chief Shakopee

text: Manitoba

text: Last Rites

text: St. Joseph's Hospital

text: Vicar general

categories: 1815 births,Pre-statehood history of Minnesota,French expatriates in the United States,Roman Catholic missionaries in the United States,French Roman Catholic missionaries,20th-century French Jesuits,19th-century French Jesuits,People from Haute-Loire,History of Saint Paul, Minnesota,1906 deaths

paragraph: Augustin Ravoux

paragraph: Augustin Ravoux ( – ) was a French Jesuit priest and missionary who served in the area preceding Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis, in Minnesota.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ravoux was born in Langeac, Auvergne, France. He left his hometown for the Diocese in nearby Le Puy-en-Velay, and was inducted into the clergy via clerical tonsure on . He received his minor orders nearly a year later on , and became a subdeacon a year after that on . While a subdeacon at the "Grand séminaire" in Le Puy-en-Velay, Ravoux was recruited by Bishop Mathias Loras, along with Vicar general Joseph Crétin, Reverend Pelamourgues, and fellow subdeacons Lucien Galtier, Remigius Petiot, and James Causse, to work as Jesuit missionaries out of the newly established Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dubuque.

paragraph: The group departed Le Havre on aboard the American brigantine "Lion" until their arrival in New York Harbor forty-four days later. Ravoux started learning the English language while "en route" and then formally afterwards at Mount St. Mary's University in Emmitsburg, Maryland. Traveled to Dubuque, where he was ordained along with Galtier on .

paragraph: Although recruited to act as a missionary to the Dakota, Ravoux began his career in the Americas at St. Gabriel's Parish in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, serving as its first regular pastor. It was at St. Gabriel's where Ravoux baptized his first Native American, in March 1840. He left Prairie du Chien to serve as a missionary in the Minnesota Territory in September 1841.

paragraph: Upon arrival in the Minnesota Territory, Ravoux spent a few days with Galtier in Mendota before then setting out on his travels. He reached Traverse des Sioux after four days where he began his study of the Dakota language with Louis Provencal, a Frenchman who had been trading in the area for forty-five years. After a brief stop at Little Rock, Ravoux traveled to Lac qui Parle in January 1842. Early that spring, he returned to Mendota for the summer.Jean-Baptiste Faribault, a prolific and influential French Canadian trader with an established trading post in Little Prairie (present day Chaska), was an ardent proselytizer and invited Ravoux to his post to continue his linguistic studies.

paragraph: In 1843, Ravoux journeyed to Dubuque for encouragement from Loras and then to Prairie du Chien for a few months. There he authored the "Wakantanka ti ki Chanku" (The Path to the House of God), a prayer book intended to explore the beautiful vocal abilities of the Dakota. The book was printed on a printing press belonging to Crétin, and translated from the French to Dakota by Alexander Faribault and his brother Oliver and David.

paragraph: Upon Crétin's death on , Ravoux was named in "sede vacante" the sole administrator of the diocese of the Minnesota Territory by Bishop Kenrick of the Archdiocese of St. Louis, a position he served until the installment of Bishop Grace in 1859.

paragraph: Brigadier General Henry Hastings Sibley, aware of Ravoux's favorable reputation among the Dakota, recommended him to baptize the Dakota involved in the Dakota War of 1862. Of the thirty-eight that were hung on , Ravoux personally baptized 33. When Chief Shakopee and Medicine Bottle were captured in Manitoba, Ravoux baptized them and administered their Last Rites, accompanying them up until their final moments on .

paragraph: The final fifteen years of his life he spent incapacitated at St. Joseph's Hospital, where he died at the age of 91 on . Upon his death he had been a Vicar general for the diocese for 42 years, and a prelate in the Roman Catholic Church for 19 years.

description: Jesuit missionary to the Dakota

wikidata_label: Augustin Ravoux

wikipedia_title: Augustin Ravoux


text: Kingston Russell

text: Dyrham

text: Knight of the Shire

text: Gloucestershire

text: Sheriff of Gloucestershire

text: York Herald

text: William Le Neve

text: Kingston Russell

text: Sir John Russell

text: serjeanty

text: buttery

text: Allington

text: Turstin FitzRolf

text: Corfe Castle

text: Sherborne Castle

text: North Cadbury

text: Nicholas de Moels

text: barony

text: Turstin FitzRolf

text: Wynebald de Ballon

text: North Cadbury

text: Upton “Moels”

text: Dyrham

text: Aust

text: Horsington

text: Upton “Russell”

text: Hardwick

text: Kimble

text: Gorges family

text: demesne

text: Ralph de Gorges, 1st Baron Gorges

text: Gorges family

text: Ferdinando Gorges

text: Siege of Calais

text: Tamerton Foliot

text: Carisbrooke Castle

text: Childrey

text: Nicholas de Moels

text: Dyrham

text: West Hagbourne

text: Childrey

text: South Fawley

text: Whityngton

text: Upton “Russell”

text: William of Wykeham

text: Treasurer of the Exchequer

text: Bradpole

text: Redhone and Beaminster Forum

text: Litton

text: Hardwick

text: William of Wykeham

text: New College, Oxford

text: Aust

text: Allington

text: Bridport

text: Bryanston

text: Richard le Scrope, 1st Earl of Wiltshire

text: Henry Bolingbroke

text: Owen Glendower

text: East Quantoxhead

text: Sir Walter Hungerford

text: recognizance

text: Thomas Arundel

text: Gloucestershire (UK Parliament constituency)

text: Oyer and Terminer

text: "Novel Disseisin"

text: Lords Appellant

text: Dauntsey

text: Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence

text: Glamorgan

text: Tenant-in-chief

text: Gilbert Denys

text: St Donat's Castle

text: Dauntsey

text: Gilbert Denys

text: Siston

text: William le Scrope, 1st Earl of Wiltshire

text: Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Lancaster

text: Tormarton

text: Acton Turville

text: Nuneham Courtenay

text: Thomas Chaucer

text: Geoffrey Chaucer

text: Nuneham Courtenay

text: John Wenlock, 1st Baron Wenlock

text: William Hankeford

text: Iron Acton

text: Olveston

text: Siston Court

text: monumental brass

text: leonine verse

text: Robert Hallam

text: Constance Cathedral

text: Sir Peter Courtenay

text: Exeter Cathedral

text: Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley

text: Wotton-under-Edge

text: Peter Courtenay

text: Exeter Cathedral

text: bascinet helmet

text: camail

text: chain-mail

text: jupon

text: baldric

text: misericorde

text: basilard

text: spur

text: Wiffen, Jeremiah Holmes

categories: Russell of Dyrham family,Medieval English knights,1356 births,1416 deaths,High Sheriffs of Gloucestershire

paragraph: Maurice Russell, knight

paragraph: Sir Maurice Russell (2 February 1356 – 27 June 1416) of Kingston Russell, Dorset and Dyrham, Glos. was an English nobleman and knight. He was a prominent member of the Gloucestershire gentry. He was the third but eldest surviving son and heir of Sir Ralph Russell (1319–1375) and his wife Alice (died 1388). He was knighted between June and December 1385 and served twice as Knight of the Shire for Gloucestershire in 1402 and 1404. He held the post of Sheriff of Gloucestershire four times, and was Coroner and Justice of the Peace, Tax Collector and Commissioner of Enquiry. His land holdings were extensive in Gloucestershire, Somerset, Dorset, Berkshire and Buckinghamshire. He was descended from an ancient line which can be traced back to 1210, which ended on the death of his son Thomas, from his second marriage, as a young man without male issue. Most of his estates, despite having been entailed, passed at his death into the families of his two daughters from his first marriage.

paragraph: Section::::Family background.

paragraph: In 1626 the York Herald, William Le Neve, claimed descent for the family of Russell of Kingston Russell from a certain Norman knight, "Hugo de Rosel", but this has since been shown to be fanciful, and in fact the family's earliest verifiable ancestor was living about 1200. The family was established at Kingston Russell in the parish of Long Bredy, near Swyre, in Dorset, at the start of the 13th century. About 1210 Sir John Russell (died c. 1224) held Kingston from King John (1199–1216) as half a hide by the serjeanty of being a marshal of the King's buttery on Christmas Day and at Whitsuntide, a service which had originated in the time of William the Conqueror. The tenure was later said to be that of telling out the King's chessmen and putting them away when the King had finished his game. Members of the family also held nearby Allington in Dorset from an early date, by serjeanty of presenting to the King a cup of wine at Christmas, yet it appears in fact to have been part of the Domesday fief of Turstin FitzRolf, which later became the barony of Newmarch. John Russell was Governor of Corfe Castle in Dorset in 1220/1 and sometime Constable of Sherborne Castle, Dorset. He married Rose Bardolph, a daughter of Thomas Bardolph and Adela (or Sybil) Corbet.

paragraph: Section::::Family background.:Newmarch Inheritance.

paragraph: On the death in 1216 of his near neighbour in Dorset, James of Newmarch, of North Cadbury in Dorset, last of that family, John Russell had purchased the wardship of his two daughters and co-heiresses, Isabel and Hawise, which transaction received the approval of King Henry III in 1224. Isabel, the elder, he married to his son Ralph Russell in 1219, whilst he sold the marriage of Hawise to John de Bottrell. On the death of Bottrell, Hawise married secondly Nicholas de Moels, to whom her moiety of the property descended. Thus were the lands of the extensive Newmarch barony, originally the Domesday Book fiefdom of Turstin FitzRolf, standard bearer to William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings, then the fief of Wynebald de Ballon, a soldier friend of King William II, split in two between the husbands of the two co-heirs. To Moels went North Cadbury and Upton “Moels” (Berks., now Oxon.), whilst to Ralph Russell went Dyrham and a moiety of Aust, (Glos.), Horsington (Som.), Upton “Russell” (Berks., now Oxon.), Hardwick & Kimble (Bucks.) & other estates in Wiltshire. The Testa de Nevill entry for Dyrham was : “Jame de Novo Mercato tenet in Dorham cum pertinenciis duos milites et dimidium” (James of Newmarch held in Dyrham with appurtenances 2 ½ knights' fees).

paragraph: Section::::Family background.:Gorges Inheritance.

paragraph: "(See main article: Gorges family)"

paragraph: Ralph Russell's and Isabel's son Sir William Russell died as a young man in 1310/11, but not without having inherited in 1298 the lands of his two elder brothers, James (who had a son Ralph, d. 1295, s.p.) and Robert (died s.p. 1298). The Russell lands at Dyrham were in 1311 one of the largest arable demesnes in Gloucestershire, that is lands farmed "in-hand", not let out to tenants, comprising 420 acres arable and 60 acres of meadow. William produced a male heir, Theobald (1303–1349), by his wife Jane Peverell (or poss. Katherine de Aula from which family the Russells inherited Yaverland, Isle of Wight). Thus, the infant Theobald, having lost father and grandfather, was granted by King Edward II in wardship to Ralph de Gorges, 1st Baron Gorges of Wraxall & Bradpole (Som.), Knighton (IoW), Tothill (Lincolnshire). In 1316, Theobald Russell, as a minor, was recorded as holding 8 manors; 2 in Glos., 1 in Wilts., 1 in Som. & 4 elsewhere. Gorges had a son, Ralph, 2nd Baron Gorges, and 3 daughters, Elizabeth, Eleanor, and Joan. He appears to have married his second daughter Eleanor to the young Theobald Russell. Before the death of the 2nd Baron without issue shortly after his father, clearly keen to see his family name and armorials continue, he formed the plan of bequeathing the Gorges estates to the younger son of his sister Eleanor Russell, on condition, apparently, that he should adopt the name and arms of Gorges. This is precisely what occurred when Theobald Russell II, 3rd son of Theobald and Eleanor, his 2nd elder brother William having died, adopted the name Gorges, and founded a revived Gorges line, which flourished, based at Wraxall, Somerset. (see Gorges family and Ferdinando Gorges). When, however, Theobald “Gorges” tried to adopt the Gorges arms, taken from the Morville heiress who had brought them Wraxall, he was challenged by the Warburton (or Warbleton) knight of Cheshire who happened to be serving with him at the Siege of Calais in 1346, who noticed they both bore the same arms on their shields, "Lozengy or and azure". The case was brought before the Earl Marshal, who adjudged on 19 July 1347 in favour of Warburton and forced Theobald Russell "Gorges" to add a "chevron gules" to the Morville arms as a difference. Thus the new Gorges arms became "Lozengy or and azure, a chevron gules", and one of the more celebrated and historic cases heard in the Earl Marshal's court was recorded. The ancient Gorges canting arms of "Argent, a gurges azure", "gurges" signifying, in Latin, a whirlpool, had been retained some generations before by the senior Gorges line seated at Tamerton Foliot, Devon, the cadet line having married the de Morville heiress. The eldest son of Theobald I, described as of Carisbrooke Castle, Isle of Wight, and Eleanor was Ralph Russell (died 13 February 1375), described as “of the Isle of Wight”, the father of Sir Maurice Russell, the subject of the present article.

paragraph: Section::::First marriage to Isabel Childrey.

paragraph: Maurice Russell, aged just 13, was married firstly in June 1369, to Isabel Childrey, daughter of Sir Edmund Childrey (died 1372)(or Chelrey) of Frethornes Manor in the parish of Childrey, Berkshire. Frethornes was a manor anciently held from the Newmarch family, and its tenant prior to Edmund was the “de Frethorne” family, which held other Newmarch lands in Gloucestershire and Somerset. Certainly Frethornes was part of the Newmarch moiety which had gone to the husband of Hawise, since the Bottreaux family, eventual heirs of Nicholas de Moels, were the overlords to Edmund. Sir Edmund was from a relatively new gentry family, though long resident within the parish of Childrey, which rose rapidly in his own person, from his profession as a lawyer. His armorials in 1368, even at the height of his career, were stated in contemporary documents to be “unknown”, pointing to his family's lowly origins. These armorials can be seen on the funerary brass in Dyrham church, above Isabel's figure (see illustration). He began his public career in 1343. In 1348, he was a Commissioner of the Peace for Berkshire. In 1362, he was appointed a King's Serjeant-at-Law, rising to Justice of King's Bench in 1371, whereupon he was knighted. In 1355, he had begun to acquire property in Berkshire, at Watlingtons manor in West Hagbourne, Frethornes manor in Childrey Parish, South Fawley, Letcomb Bassett (Berks.) and Balsdon. On the marriage of Maurice Russell and Isabel, his father, Ralph Russell, settled upon them the manor of Dyrham. His lands in the Isle of Wight, comprising three manors, apparently were settled on the two elder brothers of Maurice who died without male issue, but do not appear to have descended to Maurice. Edmund Childrey's connection with Gloucestershire, and thus with Maurice Russell's father, may have developed as a result of his having been granted, in 1362, the wardship of the lands of William FitzWarin at Whityngton, Glos. In 1388, Sir Maurice Russell sold his ex-Newmarch Berkshire manor of Upton “Russell” to John Latton, who sold it in 1401 to Thomas Childrey (c. 1350-1407), MP for Berkshire in 1390 and 1406, brother-in-law to Maurice Russell and steward of the estates of Bishop William of Wykeham of Winchester .

paragraph: Section::::Becomes Ward on Father's Death.

paragraph: Maurice's father, Ralph Russell, died on 13 February 1375, while Maurice was still a minor, aged 19, two years from his majority. He was granted in wardship to Sir Robert Assheton (died 1384), his father's cousin, soon to be appointed Treasurer of the Exchequer. Having reached his majority, in December 1377, Maurice took possession of his inheritance, following the early deaths of his two elder brothers, Theobald and John(both fl. 1341), excepting the customary 1/3 dower share retained by his mother Alice, whose family name is unknown, apparently resident at Kingston Russell, who died on 16 March 1388. In 1382, Maurice leased the reversion of Kingston Russell, from his mother's death, to Walter Clopton for 20 marks p.a. Maurice also had a sister, Alice, who married into the Haket family, producing a son John Haket (died 1498).

paragraph: Section::::Inherits Assheton Lands.

paragraph: Sir Robert Assheton (senior) of Pitney, Somerset, had married Elizabeth de Gorges, eldest daughter of the first Baron Gorges. On the death of their son, Sir Robert Assheton (junior) , without issue, in 1384, Maurice Russell inherited the former Gorges manors of Bradpole, and the hundred courts of Redhone and Beaminster Forum, in Dorset. Assheton's manor of Litton and Combe in Dorset were split, after some argument, between Russell and Sir Ralph Cheyne (died 1400), of Brooke in Westbury, Wilts., whose father, Sir William Cheyne, of Poyntington, Somerset, had married, as his second wife, Joan Gorges, the youngest daughter of the 1st Baron Gorges.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Maurice Russell's career began in December 1385 in connection with the administration of Gloucestershire, when he was appointed, aged 29, tax collector for Glos., and again in March 1388.

paragraph: In the same year of 1385 he sold the former Newmarch manor of Hardwick, Bucks. to William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester, for the purpose of the founding of New College, Oxford, and also granted the Bishop an annual rent of £10 from the manor of Aust, Glos., during his wife's lifetime. Later, in 1400, his brother-in-law Thomas Childrey would become steward to the estates of Wykeham. He also sold the ancient Russell manor of Allington to John Roger I (died 1441), of Bridport and Bryanston, Dorset. Russell remained a very wealthy man as the assessments made in 1412 for the purposes of taxation make clear. His estates in Hampshire, Somerset, and Gloucesterhire were then said to be severally worth £40 p.a., whilst those in Dorset apparently gave him an annual income of £122 5s, making a total, no doubt under-declared, of over £242. In 1394, he was removed from the post of Coroner of Glos. for the reason that “He dwells not in the county”, although most of his official positions related to that county. He made a loan of £40 to King Richard II in August 1397. He was clearly a supporter of King Richard, as he had married off his younger daughter to Richard le Scrope, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, one of the King's staunchest supporters, who was beheaded at Bristol, only 7 miles from Dyrham, by Henry Bolingbroke, in 1399. Russell, however, continued to serve in official positions in Gloucestershire after the usurpation of the throne, in 1399, by Henry IV. Indeed, he served as Knight of the Shire in 1402 and 1404. In 1403, he was among the prominent figures of Gloucestershire commissioned by the new King to select the best fighting men of the region to join the royal army in fighting the Welsh rebels under Owen Glendower, and, in the same year, he was appointed feoffee, by Sir John Luttrell, of the Somerset manor of East Quantoxhead. In 1408, he was involved in a dispute, of unknown cause, with the influential Sir Walter Hungerford, as a result of which both men were required to enter into recognizances for 1,000 marks each as surety that they would abide by the award of the Chancellor Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Tax Collector, Gloucestershire.

paragraph: BULLET::::- December 1385

paragraph: BULLET::::- March 1388

paragraph: Section::::Career.:High Sheriff of Gloucestershire.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 7 November 1390 – 21 October 1391

paragraph: BULLET::::- 9 November 1395 – 1 December 1396

paragraph: BULLET::::- 10 July 1400 – 8 November 1401

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5 November 1406 – 23 November 1407 (Duties included holding in Gloucester the Gloucestershire elections to Parliament of 1407)

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Coroner of Gloucestershire.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1 February 1392 – 6 February 1394

paragraph: BULLET::::- before 14 February 1397

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Knight of the Shire, Gloucestershire.

paragraph: Gloucestershire (UK Parliament constituency)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1402

paragraph: BULLET::::- January 1404

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Justice of the Peace, Gloucestershire.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 18 June 1394 – February 1406

paragraph: BULLET::::- 4 July 1406 – February 1407

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Commissioner of Enquiry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- May 1389, Concealments; Bristol, Devon, Glos., Som.

paragraph: BULLET::::- May 1393, Disseisin, Glos.

paragraph: BULLET::::- November 1398, Intimidation of a Jury

paragraph: BULLET::::- June 1399, Eviction

paragraph: BULLET::::- May, Nov. 1400, Trespass

paragraph: BULLET::::- July 1401, Disseisin

paragraph: BULLET::::- July 1403, Wastes

paragraph: BULLET::::- February 1406, Disseisin

paragraph: BULLET::::- March 1406, Obstruction of a road

paragraph: BULLET::::- July 1392, Arrest

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mar 1394, Oyer and Terminer, Bristol

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mar 1401, Oyer & Terminer, Glos., Worcs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- May 1395 & Jan 1396, to take Assizes of "Novel Disseisin", Glos., Som.

paragraph: BULLET::::- October 1398, Survey estates of Lords Appellant of 1387-8, Berks., Glos., Oxon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- December 1399 & Sept., Nov. 1403, Array, Glos.

paragraph: BULLET::::- December 1401, Collection of Aid

paragraph: BULLET::::- May 1402, to make proclamation of Henry IV's "Intention to Govern Well"

paragraph: BULLET::::- September 1405, to raise royal loans

paragraph: Section::::Second marriage to Joan Dauntsey.

paragraph: Before 1412, aged 56, Russell married 17-year-old Joan Dauntsey (c. 1395-1457), daughter of Sir John Dauntsey of Dauntsey, Wilts., by Elizabeth daughter and co-heiress of John Beverley of London, sister and eventual heiress of Sir Walter Dauntsey. Isabel Childrey had produced only 2 daughters for Russell, but now Joan produced a son and heir, Thomas (1412–1431). Thomas was aged only 4 at most when his father died in 1416, and was granted by King Henry V (1413–1422) in wardship to Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence (1387–1421), the King's eldest brother. Thomas married young, no doubt at the direction of Clarence, and had a daughter Margery Russell, but father and daughter both died, in mysterious circumstances, in 1431, Thomas aged about 18, certainly still a minor. The elderly Sir John Stradling (died 1435) of Glamorgan, Wales, obtained the marriage of Joan the young widow, yet omitted to obtain royal licence to marry a widow of a King's Tenant-in-chief, which Russell was regarding Dyrham and other manors, and was fined heavily in 1418 for his error. The marriage occurred possibly as a result of Stradling's connection to Sir Gilbert Denys, Russell's son-in-law originally from Glamorgan. On Denys's death in 1422, the wardship of his son and heir Maurice Denys, Russell's grandson, was granted to Sir Edward Stradling (died 1453) of St Donat's Castle, Glamorgan, nephew of Sir John Stradling. Joan married thirdly, after 1435, John Dewall, next to whom she was buried in Dauntsey church in 1457.

paragraph: Section::::Succession.

paragraph: By 1st wife Isabel Childrey, on marriage to whom, in 1369, Dyrham and other estates were entailed to the progeny of the marriage:

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1) Margaret Russell (born c. 1375, died 1460) married twice:

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1) c. 1404 as his 2nd wife, Sir Gilbert Denys (died 1422) of Siston, Gloucestershire. They had 3 sons, 2 daughters, including Maurice Denys (1409–1466).

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2) John Kemys (died 1477).

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2) Isabel Russell (died 1437) married 4 times:

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1) William le Scrope, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, beheaded 1399 at Bristol by Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Lancaster. He was a staunch adherent to Richard II, and a zealous treasurer of the Exchequer. They had no issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2) Sir Thomas de la River (died 1406) of Tormarton & Acton Turville, Gloucestershire. They had one son, Maurice de la River, who inherited the Gorges manor of Bradpole, Dorset, which he sold in 1457 to the Earl of Ormonde.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (3) Sir John Drayton (died 1417) of Nuneham Courtenay. They had two daughters, Joan Drayton, who married Drew Barantyne, her marriage having been purchased by Thomas Chaucer, 5 times Speaker of the House of Commons & son of the great poet Geoffrey Chaucer. Hatfield & Isabel had sold the reversion of Drayton's manor of Nuneham Courtenay to Thomas Chaucer; and Elizabeth Drayton, who married 1stly Christopher Preston of Slapton, Northamptonshire, and 2ndly by 1437 John Wenlock, 1st Baron Wenlock, future Speaker of the House of Commons.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (4) Stephen Hatfield (died 1461), Esquire.

paragraph: Isabel and Drayton sold their share in the Russell lands to Margaret and her husband Sir Gilbert Denys, whose family retained Kingston Russell until 1543, Dyrham until 1571 and Aust until after 1600.

paragraph: By 2nd wife Joan Dauntsey (c. 1395-1457):

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Russell (born c. 1412, died 1431), ward of Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, married, wife's name unknown, at unknown date, had 1 daughter, Margery (died 1431/2). Before his death in 1416 Sir Maurice Russell had placed the bulk of his lands into the hands of feoffees to act as trustees for his son Thomas during his minority. These feoffees included Sir William Hankeford, Chief Justice; Robert Hill, Justice of the Common Pleas; Sir William Cheyne (died 1420) of Brooke, Wilts, son of Sir Ralph (died 1400) a cousin of Ralph Russell, Maurice's father; Robert Poyntz of Iron Acton & Robert Stanshawe, Glos. Gentry. On Thomas's death in 1431, much of the Russell lands descended to his half-sisters Margaret and Isabel and their families, mainly passing into the Denys family, which long continued to quarter the Russell arms, for example on the 1506 Denys brass at Olveston Church, Glos. and on the facade of Siston Court, Glos., c. 1550. Some of Thomas's lands, especially those in the Isle of Wight, were inherited by John Haket (died 1498), his first cousin, son of Alice Russell, his aunt. The Haket family seem to have been connected with Wolverton Manor within Brading parish, Isle of Wight. On the death of John Haket, his heir was his daughter Joan's husband, John Gilbert.

paragraph: Section::::Dyrham Brass.

paragraph: The monumental brass created post 1416 of Sir Maurice Russell and his 1st wife Isabel Childrey is in the south chapel of St Peter's Church, Dyrham. It is over life-size, measuring 7 ft. 6in. by 3 ft. 11in., set into a surviving section of floor covered with mediaeval tiles.

paragraph: Section::::Dyrham Brass.:Verse.

paragraph: It contains the following leonine verse below the feet of the subjects:

paragraph: Miles privatus, vita jacet hic tumulatus

paragraph: Sub petra stratus, Morys Russell vocitatus

paragraph: Isobel spousa, fuit huius militis ista

paragraph: Que jacet absconsa, sub marmorea modo cista

paragraph: Celi solamen, Trinitas his conferat amen

paragraph: Qui fuit et erit, concito morte perit

paragraph: The coupling of "stratus" and "vocitatus" also feature on the tombstone of English design of Robert Hallam (died 1416), Bishop of Salisbury, at Constance Cathedral, Germany. Similar verse is shown on the contemporary brass of Sir Peter Courtenay (died 1405) at Exeter Cathedral, whose armoured figure is very similar to Russell's, which commences: "Devoniae natus comes Petrusque vocatus". At least two renderings into English have been made of these verses, firstly by C. T. Davis, Monumental Brasses of Gloucestershire, 1899:

paragraph: Entomb-ed here bereft of life,

paragraph: Behold a noble knight,

paragraph: Beneath this stone he lieth prone,

paragraph: Once Maurice Russell knight.

paragraph: And Isabel his loving spouse,

paragraph: In marble rare enclosed,

paragraph: Hidden from sight of earthly wight,

paragraph: Hath here her limbs reposed.

paragraph: The joy of Heaven bestow on these,

paragraph: Blest Trinity of grace,

paragraph: Past present future death shall seize,

paragraph: Who are of mortal race.

paragraph: A second rendering was made by Raymond Gorges, History of the Family of Gorges, 1944:

paragraph: Bereft of life a knight lies here,

paragraph: Stark stark beneath this stone lies he,

paragraph: Sir Maurice Russell chevalier.

paragraph: And by his side rests Isabel,

paragraph: His wife in marble cold and drear.

paragraph: Their span is o'er Blest Trinity

paragraph: Celestial joys on them bestow,

paragraph: Death called them as he calleth all

paragraph: And when Death summons each must go.

paragraph: A literal translation is as follows:

paragraph: A knight deprived of life lies here buried,

paragraph: Under a stone prostrate, Maurice Russell called.

paragraph: That Isobel was wife of this knight,

paragraph: Who lies concealed in a marble casket.

paragraph: May the Trinity confer on these the comfort of Heaven Amen,

paragraph: Who was is and will be perishes with death having been spurred on.

paragraph: Section::::Dyrham Brass.:Description.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Maurice wears armour similar to that shown in the brasses of Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley (died 1417) at Wotton-under-Edge and of Sir Peter Courtenay (d.1405), KG, in Exeter Cathedral. The following description of the Dyrham brass is contained in Davis, C.T., op.cit.: He wears a bascinet helmet, camail and a habergeon of chain-mail, with back and breast plates and a jupon with a straight edge with plate armour over the arms and legs. The hands are protected by gauntlets which are plain at the wrists, where the lining is visible, and they are armed with only one row of gadlings. He wears no collar (i.e. Lancastrian et. alia). Gussets of mail are shown at the armpits, elbow joints, knees and feet. The jupon is confined to the hips by a horizontal baldric of square plates of metal richly chased and linked together, to which are attached the sword and "misericorde". The "misericorde", also called "dagger of mercy" or basilard, was used to give the "coup de grace". It was a short dagger without a crossguard, worn on the right side, attached to the baldrick by a short cord or chain. The upper part of the sheath of the sword is ornamented with a rich tracery. The rowels of the spurs are clearly shown, his feet resting on a lion.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Russell wears the nebule head-dress, consisting of a caul of netting arranged in 3 rows on top of her head. Under the caul is a close-fitting embroidered cap, keeping the hair off the forehead. The head-dress conceals the ears and falls in a wavy line upon the shoulders, where the netting appears again. She is clothed in a mantle fastened by a cord. Above the hands are shown 5 buttons of the gown, cut higher than that of Lady Berkeley at Wotton. At her feet lies a little lap-dog with a collar of bells. The brasses are of fine quality and remain in excellent condition, the lack of wear due to years of protection from parishioners feet!

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roskell, J.S. (ed.) et alia, The History of Parliament: The House of Commons 1386-1421, 4 vols., Stroud, 1992. Vol. 4, pp. 251–253, Russell, Sir Maurice, biography by L.S.Woodger.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scott-Thomson, Gladys. Two Centuries of Family History, London, 1930. Appendix D, pp. 324–328, Pedigree of Russell of Kingston Russell.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gorges, Raymond & Brown, Frederick, Rev., FSA. The Story of a Family through Eleven Centuries, Illustrated by Portraits and Pedigrees: Being a History of the Family of Gorges. Boston, USA, (Merrymount Press privately published), 1944.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wiffen, Jeremiah Holmes "Historical Memoirs of the House of Russell", (2 Vols.), vol. 1, London, 1833, Russell of Dyrham, pp.142-155 (contains much inaccuracy)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Round, J. Horace. Studies in Peerage and Family History, Vol. 2, London, 1901, pp.250-279, The Origin of the Russells (a severe critique of Wiffen's work)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Davis Cecil T., The Monumental Brasses of Gloucestershire, London, 1899, reprinted Bath, 1969, pp. 25–28.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jefferies, P.J. Social Mobility in the Fourteenth Century: The Example of the Chelreys of Berkshire. Oxoniensia, Vol. 41, 1976, pp. 324–336.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victoria County History, Berkshire, 1923, Vol.3: Parishes of Blewbury with Upton and Aston Upthorpe: Upton, pp. 280–291.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victoria County History, Somerset (On-line texts in progress, Univ. of London, April 2007), North Cadbury.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victoria County History, Somerset, 1999, vol.7: Bruton, Horethorne & Norton Ferris Hundreds: Horsington, pp. 119–131

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sanders, English Baronies, p. 68. (Newmarch)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saul, Nigel. Knights and Esquires: The Gloucestershire Gentry in the Fourteenth Century, Oxford, 1981

description: Knight of the Shire for Gloucestershire in 1402 and 1404, and four times High Sheriff of Gloucestershire

wikidata_label: Maurice Russell, knight

wikipedia_title: Maurice Russell, knight


text: painter

text: woodcut

text: printmaker

text: Augsburg

text: Thomas Burgkmair

text: Martin Schongauer

text: Colmar

text: woodcut

text: Maximilian I

text: Jost de Negker

text: chiaroscuro woodcut

text: Baldung

text: Cranach

text: engraving

text: Schongauer

text: Munich

text: Vienna

text: German Renaissance

text: Burgkmair's Flodden woodcut

categories: German male painters,German printmakers,Woodcut designers,15th-century German painters,People from Augsburg,1531 deaths,16th-century German painters,1473 births

paragraph: Hans Burgkmair

paragraph: Hans Burgkmair the Elder (1473–1531) was a German painter and woodcut printmaker.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Hans Burgkmair was born in Augsburg, the son of painter Thomas Burgkmair. His own son, Hans the Younger, later became a painter as well. From 1488, Burgkmair was a pupil of Martin Schongauer in Colmar. Schongauer died in 1491, before Burgkmair was able to complete the normal period of training. He may have visited Italy at this time, and certainly did so in 1507, which greatly influenced his style. From 1491, he worked in Augsburg, where he became a master and eventually opened his own workshop in 1498.

paragraph: German art historian Friedrich Wilhelm Hollstein ascribes 834 woodcuts to Burgkmair, the majority of which were intended for book illustrations. Slightly more than a hundred are “single-leaf” prints which were not intended for books. His work shows a talent for striking compositions which blend Italian Renaissance forms with the established German style.

paragraph: From about 1508, Burgkmair spent much of his time working on the woodcut projects of Maximilian I until the Emperor's death in 1519. He was responsible for nearly half of the 135 prints in the "Triumphs of Maximilian", which are large and full of character. He also did most of the illustrations for "Weiss Kunig" and much of "Theurdank". He worked closely with the leading blockcutter Jost de Negker, who became in effect his publisher.

paragraph: He was an important innovator of the chiaroscuro woodcut, and seems to have been the first to use a tone block, in a print of 1508. His "" (1510) is the first chiaroscuro print to use three blocks, and also the first print that was designed to be printed only in colour, as the line block by itself would not make a satisfactory image. Other chiaroscuro prints from around this date by Baldung and Cranach had line blocks that could be and were printed by themselves. He produced one etching, "Venus and Mercury" (c1520), etched on a steel plate, but never tried engraving, despite his training with Schongauer.

paragraph: Burgkmair was also a successful painter, mainly of religious scenes, portraits of Augsburg citizens, and members of the Emperor's court. Many examples of his work are in the galleries of Munich, Vienna and elsewhere.

paragraph: Burgkmair died at Augsburg in 1531.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- German Renaissance

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burgkmair's Flodden woodcut

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Burgkmair (see index)

alias:
Hans Burgkmair
Hans The Elder Burgkmair
Joh. Burgmayr
Hans, I Burgkmair
H. B.
Hans Burgmair
Johann Burgkmair
Hans Purchmejer
Hans Burkmair
Johann Buigkmair
Hans Burgman
Hans Burgmayr
Hans, the elder Burgkmair
Hans (The Elder) Burgkmair
Hans Burgkmair d. Ä.
Hans, Germ. Burgmair
Bourgmaiern
Johann. Burgkmair
hans burgkmair d. a.
Hans Burgkmair der Ältere
Johann. Buigkmair
hans burgkmair
burgkmair d. a.
Burgmair
Purchmejer
hans burckmair d. altere
Joan Burgmaijer
Hans Burgkmair st.
I, Hans Burgkmair
Hans Burgkmair the Elder
Hans Burgkmair I.
Hans (the Elder) Burgkmair

description: German painter

wikidata_label: Hans Burgkmair the Elder

wikipedia_title: Hans Burgkmair


text: chronicler

text: Spanish Empire

text: Viceroyalty of Peru

text: mestizo

text: conquistador

text: Inca

text: Inca

text: De Soto

text: Cuzco, Peru

text: encomendero

text: conquistador

text: Sebastián Garcilaso de la Vega y Vargas

text: Palla Chimpu Ocllo

text: Isabel Suárez Chimpu Ocllo

text: Túpac Huallpa

text: Tupac Yupanqui

text: criollo

text: mestizo

text: Juan de Pedroche

text: Alonso Márquez de Figueroa

text: Quecha

text: Spanish

text: Montilla

text: Peru

text: Álvaro de Mendaña

text: Solomon Islands

text: Alpujarras

text: Moors

text: Morisco Revolt

text: Roman Catholic

text: Incan religion

text: Hernando de Soto

text: Lisbon

text: Catholic

text: Native Americans

text: Jerald T. Milanich

text: Charles M. Hudson

text: legend narratives

text: Library of Congress

text: Comentarios Reales de los Incas

text: Spanish conquest of Peru

text: Tupac Amaru II

text: Charles III of Spain

text: Quechua language

text: Lima

text: Cusco

text: Estadio Garcilaso de la Vega

text: Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega

text: Lima, Peru

text: Brading, D.A.

text: Fray Martín de Murúa

text: Guaman Poma

text: Blas Valera

text: Diego Fernández

text: Library of Congress

text: Library of Congress

text: Garcilaso Inca de la Vega Biography

text: Internet Archive

categories: 1616 deaths,Spanish historians,History of Peru,People from Cusco,17th-century historians,Spanish chroniclers,History of South America,Peruvian politicians of Quechua descent,Italian–Spanish translators,Peruvian Roman Catholics,Peruvian people of Spanish descent,Spanish colonization of the Americas,Indigenous writers of the Americas,Spanish Roman Catholics,Mestizo writers,Peruvian male writers,1530s births

paragraph: Inca Garcilaso de la Vega

paragraph: Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (12 April 1539 – 23 April 1616), born Gómez Suárez de Figueroa and known as El Inca, was a chronicler and writer born in the Spanish Empire's Viceroyalty of Peru. He is considered the earliest known mestizo ("mixed-race") person in the history of America. Sailing to Spain at 21, he was educated informally there, where he lived and worked the rest of his life. The natural son of a Spanish conquistador and an Inca noblewoman born in the early years of the conquest, he is known primarily for his chronicles of Inca history, culture, and society. His work was widely read in Europe, influential and well received. It was the first literature by an author born in the Americas to enter the western canon.

paragraph: After his father's death in 1559, Vega moved to Spain in 1561, seeking official acknowledgement as his father's son. His paternal uncle became a protector, and he lived in Spain for the rest of his life, where he wrote his histories of the Inca culture and Spanish conquest, as well as an account of De Soto's expedition in Florida.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born Gómez Suárez de Figueroa, in Cuzco, Peru, in 1539, he was the natural son of a Spanish conqueror and encomendero and a royal Inca mother. He was born during the early years of the Spanish conquest. His father was Spanish captain and conquistador Sebastián Garcilaso de la Vega y Vargas (d. 1559). His mother was an elite Inca woman, Palla Chimpu Ocllo, who was baptized after the fall of Cuzco as Isabel Suárez Chimpu Ocllo. She was descended from Inca nobility, a daughter of Túpac Huallpa and a granddaughter (not a niece) of the powerful Inca Tupac Yupanqui. Because his parents were not married in the Catholic Church, he was illegitimate and the boy was given only his mother's surname. Under the Spanish system of caste that developed, he would have been classified as a criollo (for being of Spanish descent, born in South America) and mestizo (for his mixed parents).

paragraph: When Gómez was young, his father abandoned his mother and married a much younger Spanish woman. As such, Gómez lived with his mother, her husband Juan de Pedroche, her Inca family and had two daughters, De la Vega's half-sisters Ana Ruíz, who went on to marry Martín de Bustinza, and Luisa de Herrera, who married Pedro Márquez de Galeoto (one of their children was Alonso Márquez de Figueroa). His first language was Quecha, but he also learned Spanish from early boyhood. He lived with his mother's family for the first ten years of his life before his father took the boy into his household and gave him an education. Garcilaso received an inheritance when his father died in 1559. The next year, at the age of 21, he left Peru for Spain.

paragraph: Section::::Travel to Spain.

paragraph: Suárez de Figueroa reached Spain in 1561 while there was still fighting in his native country under the conquest. The Spanish did not achieve their final victory until 1572. He traveled to Montilla, where he met his father's brother, Alonso de Vargas, who acted as the young man's protector and helped him make his way. The younger man soon traveled to Madrid to seek official acknowledgement as his father's son from the Crown, and he was allowed to take the name of Garcilaso de la Vega. Also referred to as ""El Inca"" or "Inca Garcilaso de la Vega", he received an informal education in Spain. Together with his uncle's support, gaining his father's name helped him integrate into Spanish society.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: He remained in Spain and did not return to his native country, now Peru. As warfare continued in the conquest, he was at political and even physical risk there because of his royal Inca lineage. It is recorded that he died in Córdoba on 23 April 1616, but it could have been up to two days earlier because of the inaccuracy of the existing documents.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He had at least two sons, born of relationships with different servants. One son was recorded as being born in 1570; he might have died at a very young age. With another servant, Garcilaso had a second son, Diego de Vargas, born in 1590, who helped his father copy the "Royal Commentaries" and survived him until at least 1651.

paragraph: It is possible that his eldest son was the 'Admiral' Lope de Vega, who commanded a ship in the fleet of Álvaro de Mendaña, on his 1595 expedition to the Solomon Islands. Lope de Vega was lost at sea when his ship parted from Mendaña's fleet in a fog.

paragraph: Section::::Military service.

paragraph: De la Vega entered Spanish military service in 1570 and fought in the Alpujarras against the Moors after the Morisco Revolt. He received the rank of captain for his services to the Crown.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: He received a first-rate but informal European education in Spain after he moved there at age 21. His works are considered to have great literary value and are not simple historical chronicles. He wrote from an important perspective, as his maternal family were the ruling Inca. He portrays the Inca as benevolent rulers who governed a country where everybody was well-fed and happy before the Spanish came. Having learned first-hand about daily Inca life from his maternal relatives, he was able to convey that in his writings. As an adult, he also gained the perspective to describe accurately the political system of tribute and labor enforced by the Incas from the subsidiary tribes in their empire.

paragraph: Baptized and reared as Roman Catholic, he portrayed Incan religion and the expansion of its empire from a viewpoint influenced by his upbringing. He did not acknowledge or discuss the human sacrifices that are now known to have been part of Inca practice. It is unknown whether that was an effort to portray his Inca ancestors in a more positive light to a Spanish audience or his ignorance of the practice having lived most of his life in Spain.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.:"Historia de la Florida".

paragraph: De la Vega's first work was "La Florida del Inca", an account of Hernando de Soto's expedition and journey in Florida. The work was published in Lisbon in 1605 and became popular. It describes the expedition according to its own records and information Garcilaso gathered during the years. He defended the legitimacy of imposing the Spanish sovereignty in conquered territories and submitting them to Catholic jurisdiction. At the same time, he expresses and defends the dignity, the courage, and the rationality of the Native Americans. It was translated and published in English in 1951.

paragraph: Historians have identified problems with using "La Florida" as an historical account. Jerald T. Milanich and Charles M. Hudson warn against relying on Garcilaso, noting serious problems with the sequence of events and location of towns in his narrative. They say that "some historians regard Garcilaso's "La Florida" to be more a work of literature than a work of history." Lankford characterizes Garcilaso's "La Florida" as a collection of "legend narratives," derived from a much-retold oral tradition of the survivors of the expedition. The Library of Congress in Washington, DC, has these two volumes online, scanned from an historic French-language edition published long before English editions.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.:"Comentarios Reales de los Incas".

paragraph: While in Spain, Garcilaso wrote his best-known work, "Comentarios Reales de los Incas", published in Lisbon in 1609. It was based on stories and oral histories told by his Inca relatives when he was a child in Cusco. The "Comentarios" have two sections and volumes. The first was primarily about Inca life. The second, about the Spanish conquest of Peru, was published in 1617. It was first published in English in London in 1685, translated by Sir Paul Rycaut and titled "The Royal Commentaries of Peru."

paragraph: More than a century and a half later, in 1758 when the uprising against colonial oppression led by Tupac Amaru II gained momentum, Charles III of Spain banned the "Comentarios" from being published in the Quechua language in Lima or distributed there on account of its "dangerous" content.

paragraph: The book was not printed again in the Americas until 1918, but copies continued to be circulated secretly. It was translated and printed in English in 1961 in the United States as "The Incas," and in another edition in 1965 as "Royal Commentaries of the Incas". (See below)

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1950, Cusco's main stadium, Estadio Garcilaso de la Vega, was named after him.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965, Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega in Lima, Peru, was named in his honor

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Garcilaso de la Vega, "The Florida of the Inca", trans. John and Jeannette Varner. 1951.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Garcilaso de la Vega, "Royal Commentaries of the Incas", trans. Harold V. Livermore. 1965.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Secondary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brading, D.A.. "Inca Humanist" in "The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State". New York: Cambridge University Press 1991, pp. 255-71.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schreffler, Michael J. and Jessica Welton. "Garcilaso de la Vega and the 'New Peruvian Man': José Sabogal's frescoes at the Hotel Cusco," "Art History" 33, (January/February 2010): 124-149.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fray Martín de Murúa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guaman Poma

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blas Valera

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diego Fernández

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Volume 1: Histoire de la conquete de la Floride", From the Collections at the Library of Congress

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Volume 2: Histoire de la conquete de la Floride", From the Collections at the Library of Congress

paragraph: BULLET::::- Garcilaso Inca de la Vega Biography, (Dept. of Special Collections, University of Notre Dame)

paragraph: BULLET::::- , "4th Centennial of Garcilaso de la Vega". "CHASQUI/Peruvian Mail. Cultural Bulletin of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs", vol. 14, number 28, 2016

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fully digitized works by Garcilaso de la Vega at Internet Archive

alias:
El Inca
Inka Garcilaso de la Vega
Garzilasso de la Vega
Garcilaso Inca de la Vega
Inka Garcilaso
Garcilaso Inca De la Vega
Garci Laso de La Vega
Garcilaso de La Vega
Inca Garcilaso
el Inca Garcilasso de La Vega
Ynca Garcilasso de La Vega
Ynca Garcillasso de la Vega
Garcilaso Inca
Inca Garcilaso de la Vega
Garcilasso Inca de la Vega
el Inca
Inca Garcillasso de la Vega
Ynca Garcillasso De la Vega
el Inca Garcilaso de La Vega
Garcilaso De la Vega
Garci Laso de la Vega
García Laso de la Vega
Ynca Garcilasso De la Vega
García Laso de La Vega
El Inca Garcilaso
Garcilasso de la Vega
Gómez Suárez de Figueroa
Inka Garsilaso de la Vega
El Ynca
Garcillasso de La Vega
García Lasso de la Vega
Inca Garsilaso de la Vega
El Inca Garcilaso De La Vega
Garcillasso de la Vega
García Laso De la Vega

description: Spanish chronicler

wikidata_label: Garcilaso de la Vega

wikipedia_title: Inca Garcilaso de la Vega