text: Count of Meulan

text: Earl of Worcester

text: Preaux

text: Elizabeth de Vermandois

text: Henry I of England

text: Meulan

text: Beaumont-le-Roger

text: Pont Audemer

text: Vatteville

text: Seine

text: Sturminster Marshall

text: Amaury III of Montfort

text: William Clito

text: Robert Curthose

text: Montfort-sur-Risle

text: Brionne

text: Vatteville

text: Battle of Bourgthéroulde

text: Bridgnorth

text: Wallingford Castle

text: Stephen

text: Geoffrey of Anjou

text: Empress Matilda

text: Roger de Toeni

text: Robert of Gloucester

text: Louis VII of France

text: Roger of Salisbury

text: Sudeley

text: Tewkesbury

text: Battle of Lincoln

text: Bristol

text: Herefordshire Beacon

text: Emendreville

text: Robert du Neubourg

text: Vézelay

text: Second Crusade

text: Paris

text: Worms

text: Cistercians

text: Vermandois

text: Stephen of Rouen

text: Geoffrey of Monmouth

text: Bordesley

text: abbey of Bec-Hellouin

text: King Stephen of England

text: Matilda of Boulogne

text: Amaury III de Montfort

text: Robert de Beaumont, Count of Meulan

text: Isabelle de Meulan

text: Mayenne

text: Maurice II

text: Craon

text: The Anarchy

text: Detailed Biography at thePeerage.com

categories: Anglo-Normans,Counts of Meulan,1166 deaths,Earls of Worcester,1104 births,Twin people from England,Beaumont family

paragraph: Waleran de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Worcester

paragraph: Waleran de Beaumont, Count of Meulan, 1st Earl of Worcester (1104 – 9 April 1166, Preaux), was the son of Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester and Elizabeth de Vermandois, and the twin brother of Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester. He is not referred to by any surname in a contemporary document other than 'Waleran son of Count Robert'.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Waleran was born in 1104, the elder of twin sons of Robert de Beaumont, count of Meulan, who was also to become earl of Leicester in 1107. On their father's death in June 1118, the boys came into the wardship of King Henry I of England. They remained in his care till late in 1120 when they were declared adult and allowed to succeed to their father's lands by a division already arranged between the king and their father before his death. By the arrangement, Waleran succeeded to the county of Meulan upriver on the Seine from the Norman border, and the principal family Norman honors of Beaumont-le-Roger and Pont Audemer. His great possessions included the forest of Brotonne, which was centred on his castle of Vatteville on the left bank of the Seine. As part of the family arrangement, Waleran also received a large estate in Dorset centred on the manor of Sturminster Marshall.

paragraph: Section::::Rebellion and Imprisonment.

paragraph: Late in 1122 Waleran was drawn into a conspiracy with Amaury III of Montfort, count of Évreux, in support of the claimant to Normandy, William Clito, son of Robert Curthose. The king however detected the conspiracy, and Waleran and his young colleagues were caught unawares by a preemptive strike by the king's army against the rebel centre of Montfort-sur-Risle. Waleran rallied and based his resistance to the king at his castle of Brionne. In October 1123 he lost his fortress of Pont Audemer on the Norman coast to a siege, despite calling in military help from his French relations and allies. After a winter of raiding, on 25 March 1124, Waleran proceeded to the relief of his castle of Vatteville, with his three brothers-in-law, Hugh de Châteauneuf, Hugh de Montfort and William, Lord of Bréval. The returning column was intercepted by a force of knights and soldiers of Henry I's household between Bourgtheroulde and Boissy-le-Châtel, the royal commander being given variously as William de Tancarville or Odo Borleng. The royal household troops decisively defeated Waleran in the Battle of Bourgthéroulde when he attempted a mounted charge at the head of his men, shooting their horses from under them. Waleran's remaining castles continued to resist until 16 April 1124 when Waleran was forced by the king to order his seneschal Morin du Pin to surrender them. Waleran's lands were seized and he was imprisoned first at Rouen, then at Bridgnorth in Shropshire and finally at Wallingford Castle.

paragraph: Waleran was released for unknown reasons in 1129. He resumed an active role at court and he and his twin brother were both present at Henry's deathbed. He was probably involved in the discussions of the Norman magnates in December 1135 as to who should succeed to Normandy and England.

paragraph: Section::::Lieutenant of Normandy.

paragraph: The accession of Stephen may have taken him by surprise but he had already offered his allegiance to the new king before Easter 1136. At the court he was betrothed to the king's infant daughter, Matilda, and received the city and county of Worcester as her marriage portion. After Easter he went to Normandy taking authority from the king to act as his lieutenant in the duchy. In September he commanded the army of Norman magnates which repelled the invasion by Geoffrey of Anjou, husband of the Empress Matilda, daughter of Henry I. He was also able to capture the chief rebel Roger de Toeni. He remained there until the following spring and then returned to England.

paragraph: The next year he attended the king on his tour of Normandy, crossed back to England with him at the end of the year, by which time he was beginning to undermine the previous ascendancy at court of the bishops of Winchester and Salisbury. He and his family began to monopolise favour and patronage at Stephen's court and they alienated the faction headed by Earl Robert of Gloucester, who in retaliation adopted the cause of his half-sister, the Empress. In June 1138, Waleran was in Normandy to confront successfully again an invading Angevin army. Waleran used his extensive connections at the French court to mobilize a large force of French knights to assist him. It was probably in 1138 that he received the second title of Earl of Worcester. He founded the Cistercian abbey of Bordesley at the end of that year to mark his arrival in the county. The same year his youngest brother Hugh received the earldom of Bedford and other relations were similarly honoured.

paragraph: Before Easter 1139 Waleran was in Paris on an embassy to his cousin, the new King Louis VII of France. On his return he was the motivating force behind the overthrow of the court faction headed by the justiciar, Bishop Roger of Salisbury. The bishop and his family were arrested in June, and their wealth and many of their possessions confiscated.

paragraph: Section::::Civil war.

paragraph: With the arrival of Robert of Gloucester in England in September 1139, the civil war between Stephen and Matilda's supporters got under way. One of the first attacks Gloucester sponsored was an assault on Waleran's English base at Worcester. The city was attacked and sacked on 7 November 1139. Waleran retaliated savagely against the rebel centers of Sudeley and Tewkesbury.

paragraph: Waleran was present at the Battle of Lincoln in 1141. He was one of the royalist earls who fled when they saw that the battle was lost. Waleran escaped, but the king was captured and imprisoned at Bristol. Waleran fought on for several months, probably basing himself at Worcester, where he had to deal with the defection of his sheriff, William de Beauchamp. It may have been at this time that he seized and fortified the Herefordshire Beacon for the bishop of Hereford complained of his lordship of this castle in 1148.

paragraph: At last late in the summer of 1141 Waleran gave up the struggle as news reached him that his Norman lands were being taken over by the invading Angevin army. He surrendered to the Empress Matilda, and had to accept her appropriation of the abbey of Bordesley as it had been founded on a royal estate. However, once in Normandy, Waleran was accepted at the court of Geoffrey of Anjou, and his lands in England and Normandy were confirmed to him. His first marriage, to the king's daughter Matilda, had ended with the child's death in London in 1137. Around the end of 1142, Waleran married Agnes, daughter of Amaury de Montfort, count of Évreux. As a result of the marriage he obtained estates in the Pays de Caux and the lordship of Gournay-sur-Marne in the Ile de France. Waleran had already obtained his mother's marriage portion of the honor of Elbeuf on the Seine on her death in or around 1139. Despite the political reverses on 1141, Waleran was considerably wealthier at the end of the year than he had been at the beginning.

paragraph: Waleran served with Geoffrey of Anjou at the siege of Rouen in 1143/4. During it he captured and burnt the suburb of Emendreville and the Church of St. Sever, where many of both sexes perished in the flames. He consolidated his position as leader of the Norman nobility by a formal treaty with his cousin Robert du Neubourg, seneschal of Normandy. However, Waleran seems to have turned his mind to the French court at this time. In Easter 1146 he was at Vézelay for the preaching of the Second Crusade and attended the great assembly of magnates at Paris from April to June 1147 to meet the pope and Louis VII. On 29 June he was joint leader of the Anglo-Norman crusaders on their rendezvous with Louis VII at Worms. He accompanied the crusade to Syria and its unfortunate conclusion before Damascus. He seems to have left Palestine before King Louis, taking the sea voyage home. He was shipwrecked somewhere on his return, perhaps on the coast of Provence. He promised to build an abbey of Cistercians if he survived the wreck, and in due course he built the abbey of St Mary de Voto (of the Vow) or Le Valasse in fulfilment of his vow.

paragraph: Section::::Political Decline.

paragraph: Waleran's great influence in Normandy survived till 1151, but the new regime of Duke Henry was not sympathetic to him. He made the fatal error of temporising with the Capetian court and assisting the campaigns of Louis VII, his overlord for Meulan. Though his support gained Waleran the hugely profitable wardship of the great county of Vermandois during the minority of his young cousin Count Ralph II, it also led to his downfall. In the second half of 1153 he was ambushed by his nephew and enemy Robert de Montfort, who held him captive while his Norman and English estates were stripped from Waleran by Duke Henry's friends and officers. The earldom of Worcester was suppressed and his Worcestershire castles destroyed in 1155.

paragraph: Although Waleran was released, his power in Normandy was broken, and an attempt to reclaim Montfort-sur-Risle from his nephew was a humiliating failure. Waleran was an outsider at the court of Henry II, and between 1160 and 1162 lost his Norman lands and castles when he supported Louis VII against Henry II. His last years were eked out as a landowner and justice in the duchy. The last notice of his activities is a settlement of his affairs relating to his priory of Gournay-sur-Marne around the end of 1165. Twenty days before his death he entered the abbey of St Peter of Préaux, the ancestral abbey of his family south of Pont Audemer in Normandy, and died as a monk there on 9 or 10 April 1166. He was buried in its chapter house alongside several other members of his dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Aristocrat and humanist.

paragraph: Waleran was an important twelfth-century character in ways other than political. He was a literate man educated in the liberal arts and philosophy. The elegy to him by Stephen of Rouen, monk of Bec-Hellouin, reveals that he composed Latin verse. In 1142 he tells us that he personally researched the deeds in the archive of Meulan priory before confirming its possessions. Like his twin brother, he also seems to have been an assiduous writer of letters and a number of them survive. He was also a literary patron, as Geoffrey of Monmouth dedicated the earliest edition of his "History of the Kings of Britain" to him in 1136.

paragraph: Waleran founded Cistercian abbeys at Bordesley, Worcestershire (1139), and Le Valasse, Normandy (c.1150), though in both cases the abbeys were taken over by the king. He was a generous patron of the two ancestral Benedictine monasteries of Préaux (St Peter for men and St Leger for women). He was besides accepted as advocate of the abbey of Bec-Hellouin, and was patron of its priory at Meulan, founding another at Beaumont-le-Roger. He founded a Benedictine priory at Gournay-sur-Marne. He endowed a major hospital at Pont Audemer, which still survives.

paragraph: Section::::Family and children.

paragraph: He married, firstly, Matilda, daughter of King Stephen of England and Matilda of Boulogne, Countess de Boulogne, circa March 1136. She died in 1137 aged only four. He married, secondly, Agnes de Montfort, daughter of Amaury III de Montfort, Count of Évreux, and Agnes de Garlande, c. 1141.

paragraph: He had children with Agnes de Montfort (the boys as they appear in order in his 1165 charter to Gournay priory):

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Robert de Beaumont, Count of Meulan.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Isabelle de Meulan (d. 10 May 1220), married twice:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. ca 1161 Geoffroy, lord of Mayenne;

paragraph: BULLET::::2. ca 1170 Maurice II, lord of Craon.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Waleran de Meulan

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Amaury de Meulan, lord of Gournay-sur-Marne.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Roger de Meulan or Beaumont, viscount of Évreux.

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Raoul (Ralph) de Meulan.

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Etienne (Stephen) de Meulan.

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Mary de Meulan.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Anarchy

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cokayne, G.E.; Vicary Gibbs, H.A. Doubleday, Geoffrey H. White, Duncan Warrand and Lord Howard de Walden, editors. "The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, new ed." 13 volumes in 14. 1910-1959. Reprint in 6 volumes, Gloucester, UK: Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward T. Beaumont, J.P. "The Beaumonts in History. A.D. 850-1850". Oxford.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crouch, D. "The Beaumont Twins: The Roots and Branches of Power in the Twelfth Century" (Cambridge, 1986).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crouch, D. "The Reign of King Stephen, 1135-1154" (London, 2000).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Houth, E. 'Galeran II, comte de Meulan, catalogue de ses actes precédé d'une étude biographique', "Bullétin Philologique et Historique" (1961).

paragraph: BULLET::::- King, E. 'Waleran, count of Meulan, earl of Worcester, 1104-1166', in, "Tradition and Change: Essays in Honour of Marjorie Chibnall", ed. D. Greenway and others (Cambridge, 1985), 115-130.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Remfry, P.M., 'The Herefordshire Beacon and the families of King Harold II and the Earls of Hereford and Worcester' [Malvern, 2008].

paragraph: BULLET::::- White, Geoffrey H. 'King Stephen's Earldoms', "Transactions of the Royal Historical Society", Fourth Series, Vol. 13 (1930), pp. 51-82.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Detailed Biography at thePeerage.com

description: British Earl


text:
antipope
Avignon
Teruel
Avignon Pope Benedict XIII
Valencia
Spanish
cardinals
Benedict XIV
excommunicate
Alfonso V
Aragon
Naples
Maria of Castile
Martin V
Republic of Siena
Pavia
Martin V
Pierre de Foix
Callixtus III
apostolic succession
Bishopric of Mallorca
Papal selection before 1059
Papal conclave

paragraph: Antipope Clement VIII

paragraph: Gil Sánchez Muñoz y Carbón, was one of the antipopes of the Avignon line, reigning from 10 June 1423 to 26 July 1429 as "Clement VIII". He was born in Teruel between 1369–1370 and died on 28 December 1446.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was a friend and advisor of the future Avignon Pope Benedict XIII, and member of the Avignon curia. In 1396 he was an envoy to the Bishop of Valencia to get Spanish support. Benedict had appointed four cardinals, and on his death, three of them, on 10 June 1423, elected Sanchez Muñoz as Pope. The fourth, Jean Carrier, absent at the time, declared the election invalid, and elected his own antipope in turn, who took the name Benedict XIV. Consequently, Jean Carrier was excommunicated by Clement VIII.

paragraph: Clement VIII's fate was bound up with the ambitions of Alfonso V of Aragon. Alfonso wished to negotiate for Naples, and so gave Clement support; his queen Maria of Castile, and the Aragonese bishops supported Martin V. In the summer of 1423 Alfonso persuaded the Republic of Siena to acknowledge Clement VIII, thus securing recognition for the pope of the Avignon line in the very city, Pavia, which was part of the Republic of Siena, where the Roman pope Martin V had convened an ecumenical council of the Church.

paragraph: However, through the exertions of Cardinal Pierre de Foix, an able diplomat and relation of the king’s, an agreement was reached between Alfonso and the Pope. Alfonso then sent a delegation in 1428 (headed by Alfonso de Borgia, the future Callixtus III), to persuade Clement to recognise Martin. Clement declared his abdication on 26 July 1429 and had his cardinals elect Oddo di Colonna (Martin V) his successor, a formal act precluding future doubts concerning apostolic succession. His abdication was confirmed in mid-August. Clement had to make a penitential submission "in forma" to Martin V, and when this was done Martin granted Sanchez Muñoz the Bishopric of Mallorca. Sanchez Muñoz died on 28 December 1446.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papal selection before 1059

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papal conclave (since 1274)

description: Antipope of the Avignon line

wikidata_label: Antipope Clement VIII

wikipedia_title: Antipope Clement VIII


text: prelate

text: archbishop of Ravenna

text: Pope Gregory VII

text: ecclesiastical

text: Holy Roman Emperor

text: Investiture Controversy

text: excommunicated

text: Henry IV

text: Synod of Brixen

text: Gregory VII

text: Victor III

text: Urban II

text: Paschal II

text: Civita Castellana

text: anti-pope

text: Margrave

text: Canossa

text: Imperial chancellorship

text: Italy

text: Empress Agnes

text: Pope Nicholas II

text: Antipope Honorius II

text: Pope Alexander II

text: Archbishop Anno of Cologne

text: Peter Damian

text: Emperor Henry IV

text: Ravenna

text: Hildebrand

text: Lent

text: Synod

text: simony

text: Gregorian reforms

text: synod of Worms

text: Pavia

text: Milan

text: Brixen

text: Rudolph of Swabia

text: Battle of Mersburg

text: Castel Sant'Angelo

text: St. John Lateran

text: Norman

text: Robert Guiscard

text: Duke of Apulia and Calabria

text: Matilda of Tuscany

text: Tuscany

text: Monte Cassino

text: Salerno

text: episcopate

text: Quedlinburg

text: Mainz

text: Pope Victor III

text: Pope Urban II

text: Pope Paschal II

text: Hugh of Vermandois

text: King of France

text: Albano

text: Civita Castellana

text: Antipope Theodoric

text: Concordat of Worms

text: First Council of the Lateran

text: Papal selection before 1059

categories: 11th-century antipopes,1020s births,1100 deaths,Year of birth uncertain,Year of death uncertain,11th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Antipopes

paragraph: Antipope Clement III

paragraph: Guibert or Wibert of Ravenna ( 1029 – 8 September 1100) was an Italian prelate, archbishop of Ravenna, who was elected pope in 1080 in opposition to Pope Gregory VII and took the name Clement III. Gregory was the leader of the movement in the church which opposed the traditional claim of European monarchs to control ecclesiastical appointments, and this was opposed by supporters of monarchical rights led by the Holy Roman Emperor. This led to the conflict known as the Investiture Controversy. Gregory was felt by many to have gone too far when he excommunicated the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and supported a rival claimant as emperor, and in 1080 the pro-imperial Synod of Brixen pronounced that Gregory was deposed and replaced as pope by Guibert.

paragraph: Consecrated as Pope Clement III in Rome in March 1084, he commanded a significant following in Rome and elsewhere, especially during the first half of his pontificate, and reigned in opposition to four successive popes in the anti-imperial line: Gregory VII, Victor III, Urban II, and Paschal II. After his death and burial at Civita Castellana in 1100 he was celebrated locally as a miracle-working saint, but Paschal II and the anti-imperial party soon subjected him to a thorough "deletio" and "damnatio memoriae", which included the exhuming and dumping of his remains in the Tiber. He is considered an anti-pope by the Roman Catholic Church.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born into the noble family of the Correggio, probably between 1020 and 1030. He had family connections to the Margraves of Canossa. A cleric, he was appointed to the Imperial chancellorship for Italy by the Empress Agnes in 1058, which position he held until 1063. In 1058 he participated in the election of Pope Nicholas II but on his death in 1061, he sided with the imperial party to elect Cadalous of Parma as Antipope Honorius II against Pope Alexander II. Owing to the active support of Duke Godfrey of Lorraine, of Archbishop Anno of Cologne, and especially of Peter Damian, Alexander was soon recognized even in Germany and by the Empress Agnes which may have been the reason of Guibert's dismissal in 1063 from the chancellorship.

paragraph: Guibert apparently continued to cultivate his contacts within the German court, for in 1072, Emperor Henry IV named him Archbishop of the vacant see of Ravenna. And, although Pope Alexander II was reluctant to confirm this appointment, he was persuaded by Hildebrand to do so, perhaps as a compromise for peace. Guibert then took an oath of allegiance to the pope and his successors and was installed at Ravenna in 1073.

paragraph: Section::::Quarrels with Pope Gregory.

paragraph: Shortly after Pope Alexander II died Hildebrand was proclaimed the next pope, being installed as Pope Gregory VII on 29 April 1073. Guibert attended the first Lenten Synods of Pope Gregory in March 1074 in Rome at which important laws were passed against simony and the incontinence of the clergy, but he soon emerged as one of the most visible leaders of opposition to the Gregorian reforms. Having attended Gregory's first Lenten Synods, Guibert refused to attend the next, the Lenten Synod of 1075, although he was bound by oath to obey the summons to attend. Guibert was unsympathetic to Gregory's opposition to the Imperial Court, which Guibert had served as Chancellor of Italy. By his absence Guibert demonstrated his opposition to Gregory VII, who now suspended him for his refusal to attend the synod.

paragraph: It was in this same year that Emperor Henry IV began his open conflict with Gregory. At the synod of Worms in January 1076, a resolution was adopted deposing Gregory, and in this decision the pro-imperial bishops of Transpadine Italy joined. Among these must have been Guibert, for he shared in the sentence of excommunication and interdiction which Gregory VII pronounced against the guilty Transpadine bishops at the Lenten Synod of 1076.

paragraph: Shortly after, in April 1076, bishops and abbots of the imperial Transpadine party convened at Pavia under the presidency of Guibert and proclaimed the excommunication of Gregory VII; a messenger, bearing a caustic personal letter from Henry, was dispatched with the Pavian reply to the pope. In response, Gregory resorted to still stronger measures with regard to Guibert; he excommunicated Guibert by name at the Lenten Synod of February 1078 and with him his main accomplice Archbishop Tebaldo of Milan.

paragraph: In response to the action of Henry's 1076 Synod of Worms against Gregory, Gregory excommunicated Henry IV.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as Imperial Opposition Pope.

paragraph: During the next four years, the Emperor and the Pope reconciled but then quarreled again, and, facing a rebellion among the German nobles, Emperor Henry threatened to depose Pope Gregory. Carrying out his threats, Henry summoned his German and Transpadine partisans to a Synod at Brixen in June, 1080, which drew up a new decree purporting to depose Pope Gregory VII, and which Henry himself also signed, and then proceeded to elect Guibert, the excommunicated Archbishop of Ravenna, as pope in opposition to Pope Gregory, whom the Synod considered deposed; Guibert took the name Clement III. Henry recognized Guibert as pope, swearing that he would lead him to Rome, and there receive from his hands the imperial crown.

paragraph: With Rudolph of Swabia, leader of the rebellious nobles, having fallen mortally wounded at the Battle of Mersburg in 1080, Henry could concentrate all his forces against Gregory.

paragraph: In 1081, he marched on Rome, but failed to force his way into the city, which he finally accomplished only in 1084.

paragraph: Gregory took refuge in Castel Sant'Angelo, and refused to entertain Henry's overtures, although the latter promised to hand over Guibert as a prisoner if the Pope would consent to crown him Emperor. Gregory, however, insisted as a necessary preliminary that Henry should appear before a council and do penance. The Emperor, while pretending to submit to these terms, tried hard to prevent the meeting of the bishops. A small number however assembled, and, in accordance with their wishes, Gregory again excommunicated Henry.

paragraph: The latter on receipt of this news again entered Rome on 21 March 1084, and succeeded in gaining possession of the greater part of the city and besieged the Pope in the Castle of Sant' Angelo, while, on 24 March, Guibert was enthroned as pope in the church of St. John Lateran as Clement III, and on 31 March Guibert crowned Henry IV as Emperor at St. Peter's. However, when the news was brought that Gregory's Norman ally, Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia and Calabria, was hastening to his aid, Henry fled Rome with Guibert and, in revenge for Matilda of Tuscany's staunch support for Gregory and the reform party, ravaged her possessions in Tuscany. Pope Gregory was liberated, but the people were incensed by the excesses of his Norman allies, and he was compelled to leave Rome. Disappointed and sorrowing he withdrew to Monte Cassino, and later to the castle of Salerno by the sea, in 1084, where he died in the following year, 25 May 1085.

paragraph: Three days before his death he withdrew all the censures of excommunication that he had pronounced, except those against the two chief offenders Henry and Guibert. His last words were: "I have loved justice and hated iniquity, therefore I die in exile."

paragraph: The German episcopate stood divided. While bishops of Gregory VII's party held a Synod in Quedlinburg, at which they denounced and condemned Guibert, partisans of Henry held a rival Synod at Mainz in 1085, where they approved the deposition of Gregory and the elevation of Guibert.

paragraph: This conflict continued even after the death of Gregory, during the entire reigns of whose successors, Pope Victor III, Pope Urban II, and Pope Paschal II, Guibert continued to be regarded as pope by Henry and his party.

paragraph: Victor III, who was elected after a prolonged vacancy caused by the critical position of the Church in Rome, was compelled, eight days after his coronation in St. Peter's on 3 May 1087, to flee Rome before the partisans of Guibert. The latter were in turn assailed by the troops of Countess Matilda, and entrenched themselves in the Pantheon.

paragraph: The succeeding pope, Urban II (1088–1099), spent most of the first half of his pontificate in exile, in southern Italy and in France. Late in 1093 he managed to obtain a foothold in Rome, with help from the Frangipane family, and gradually expanded his power there.

paragraph: In June, 1089, at a Synod held in Rome, Clement III declared invalid the decree of excommunication launched against Henry, and various charges were made against the supporters of Urban II, the pope of the anti-imperial party.

paragraph: Still, the years which followed brought to Urban ever-increasing prestige, while Henry IV's power and influence were more and more on the wane.

paragraph: The greater part of the city of Rome was captured by an army under Count Hugh of Vermandois, brother of the King of France. The party of Guibert retained only the Castle of Sant' Angelo, and even this in 1098 fell into the hands of Vermandois.

paragraph: Guibert's influence, after Henry IV's withdrawal from Italy, was largely concentrated in Ravenna and a few other districts of Northern Italy, but he also retained some support in Rome.

paragraph: In 1099, he repaired to Albano after the accession of Paschal II (1099–1118), hoping again to become master of Rome, but he was compelled to withdraw. He reached Civita Castellana, where he died 8 September 1100. His followers elected a successor to Guibert, the Antipope Theodoric, who, however, was not a serious threat to the popes of the anti-imperial line, now considered canonical.

paragraph: The elevation of Guibert has to be seen in the wider context of the time: there had been several papal schisms in the recent past, there were political struggles within the Empire, which included the controversy over episcopal investitures.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concordat of Worms

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Council of the Lateran

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papal selection before 1059

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coulombe, Charles A., "Vicars of Christ: A History of the Popes", (Kensington Publishing Corp.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tommaso di Carpegna Falconieri, "Popes Through the Looking Glass, or "«Ceci n'est pas un pape»"," "Reti Medievali Rivista" 13/1 (2012).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Umberto Longo, "A Saint of Damned Memory. Clement III, (Anti)Pope," "Reti Medievali Rivista", 13/1 (2012).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kai-Michael Sprenger, "The Tiara in the Tiber. An Essay on the damnatio in memoria of Clement III (1084–1100) and Rome’s River as a Place of Oblivion and Memory," "Reti Medievali Rivista", 13/1 (2012).

description: Antipope

wikidata_label: Antipope Clement III

wikipedia_title: Antipope Clement III


text:
PC
British
Conservative Party
Member of Parliament
Battersea Polytechnic
World War II
India
Royal Army Ordnance Corps
St Kitts
Belize
Tate&Lyle
Wandsworth Borough Council
London County Council
1955 general election
Northampton
Nottingham South
East Surrey
Croydon South
Common Market
Margaret Thatcher
knighted
1990
Privy Counsellor
life peer
Bedfordshire
House of Lords
Obituary: Lord Clark of Kempston

categories: UK MPs 1974–1979,UK MPs 1959–1964,UK MPs 1979–1983,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,Politics of the London Borough of Croydon,UK MPs 1983–1987,Alumni of the University of Surrey,Royal Army Ordnance Corps officers,2004 deaths,1917 births,Councillors in Greater London,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,Conservative Party (UK) life peers,UK MPs 1970–1974,UK MPs 1974,Knights Bachelor,UK MPs 1987–1992,UK MPs 1964–1966

paragraph: William Clark, Baron Clark of Kempston

paragraph: William Gibson Haig Clark, Baron Clark of Kempston, PC (18 October 1917 – 6 October 2004) was a British Conservative Party politician who sat for a total of 29 years as a Member of Parliament for three constituencies.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Clark was educated at Battersea Polytechnic, qualifying in accountancy in 1941. From 1941 to 1946 he served in World War II in Britain and India in the Royal Army Ordnance Corps, gaining the rank of major. He became involved in business, particularly investing in cane sugar production, with interests in St Kitts and Belize, and in property in the UK. He was also a consultant to Tate&Lyle.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: In 1949, Clark was elected to Wandsworth Borough Council, serving until 1953. He was unsuccessful in his attempt to win a seat on the London County Council and stood without success in the 1955 general election in Northampton.

paragraph: Clark was elected to Parliament for Nottingham South in 1959, serving on the opposition front bench from 1964 to 1966, the only period in his career. He lost his seat in 1966.

paragraph: He returned to Parliament as the MP for East Surrey in 1970, and from 1974 until he retired in 1992 for its largely successor seat after boundary changes, Croydon South. He was active in the 1970s in restoring Conservative Party finances to a sustainable levels. He identified with the right wing of the party and voted against British membership of the Common Market in 1971. He chaired the Conservative backbench Finance Committee from 1979 until 1992, encouraging Margaret Thatcher to pursue financial stability and free enterprise and defending her policies on television and radio. He was knighted in 1980 and in 1990 he was made a Privy Counsellor.

paragraph: Following his retirement Clark received a life peerage as Baron Clark of Kempston in the County of Bedfordshire, and was an active contributor to House of Lords debates.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Clark was married to Irene Rands and had three sons and a daughter.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary: Lord Clark of Kempston The Guardian, 8 October 2004

description: British Conservative politician

wikidata_label: William Clark, Baron Clark of Kempston

wikipedia_title: William Clark, Baron Clark of Kempston


text: London

text: underworld

text: Thief-Taker General

text: Jack Sheppard

text: Tyburn

text: Walpole

text: Wolverhampton

text: Shropshire

text: Boningale

text: St. Peter's Collegiate Church, Wolverhampton

text: Staffordshire

text: City of London

text: Wood Street Counter

text: debtor's prison

text: City of London

text: Mary Milliner

text: Daniel Defoe

text: Act of Parliament

text: Covent Garden

text: fence

text: Charles Hitchen

text: thief-taker

text: molly house

text: testimony

text: Board of Aldermen

text: Wood Street Compter

text: Jack Sheppard

text: Mohocks

text: War of the Spanish Succession

text: fencing

text: pickpocketing

text: Charles Hitchen

text: molly house

text: double cross

text: Old Bailey

text: Privy Council

text: Whig

text: Tory

text: Daily Post

text: Henry Fielding

text: The Life and Death of Jonathan Wild, the Great

text: guinea

text: South Sea Bubble

text: Jack Sheppard

text: St Giles's Roundhouse

text: Soho

text: New Prison

text: Clerkenwell

text: Temple Bar

text: Quilt Arnold

text: Newgate Prison

text: cockney

text: Finchley Common

text: Joseph "Blueskin" Blake

text: Daniel Defoe

text: James Thornhill

text: Tyburn

text: Quilt Arnold

text: Knights of the Garter

text: Lord Chancellor

text: Thomas Parker, 1st Earl of Macclesfield

text: Tyburn

text: Henry Fielding

text: Richard Arnet

text: St Pancras Old Church

text: Royal College of Surgeons

text: Hunterian Museum

text: Lincoln's Inn Fields

text: Daniel Defoe

text: Charles Cotton

text: Moll Flanders

text: Jack Sheppard

text: Moll King

text: Robert Walpole

text: Tory

text: John Gay

text: The Beggar's Opera

text: South Sea Company

text: British House of Commons

text: House of Lords

text: Whig

text: Henry Fielding

text: cant

text: Bertolt Brecht

text: The Threepenny Opera

text: Mack the Knife

text: Arthur Conan Doyle

text: Sherlock Holmes

text: The Valley of Fear

text: Professor Moriarty

text: Where's Jack?

text: Jimmy Webb

text: Highwayman

text: The Highwaymen

text: Hot Country Songs

text: "Billboard"

text: chart

text: David Liss

text: A Conspiracy of Paper

text: Phantom

text: Paul Tobin (author)

text: I Was the Cat

text: Jake Arnott

text: The Hanging Tree

text: Ben Aaronovitch

text: Rivers of London series

text: Isaac Newton

text: Liberty of the Mint

text: Jonathan Wild

text: Jonathan Wild

text: Account of Wild's trial from "The Complete Newgate Calendar" via U. Texas

text: Project Gutenberg edition of Fielding's "Life of Jonathan Wild the Great"

text: Cambridge Literary History discussion of Fielding's treatment of Wild

text: Wild's skeleton

text: BBC

text: Jonathan Wild's memorial page on Find A Grave

text: "Jack Sheppard, Jail-Breaker"

categories: 1725 deaths,People imprisoned for debt,Crime in London,1714 crimes,1682 births,People from Wolverhampton,People executed for theft,Burials at St Pancras Old Church,People executed by the Kingdom of Great Britain,People executed by England and Wales by hanging,People executed at Tyburn,English mobsters,Executed people from the West Midlands (county)

paragraph: Jonathan Wild

paragraph: Jonathan Wild, also spelled Wilde (1682 or 1683 – 24 May 1725), was a London underworld figure notable for operating on both sides of the law, posing as a public-spirited crimefighter entitled the ""Thief-Taker General"".

paragraph: Wild was exploiting a strong public demand for action during a major London crime wave in the absence of any effective police force. As a powerful gang-leader himself, he became a master manipulator of legal systems, collecting the rewards offered for valuables which he had stolen himself, bribing prison-guards to release his colleagues, and blackmailing any who crossed him. He was responsible for the arrest and execution of Jack Sheppard, a petty thief and burglar who had won the public's affection as a lovable rogue. However, Wild's duplicity became known, and his men began to give evidence against him. After a suicide attempt, he was hanged at Tyburn before a massive crowd.

paragraph: He was featured in novels, poems, and plays, some of them noting parallels between Wild and the contemporaneous Prime Minister Walpole, known as ""The Great Corrupter"".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Though his exact birth date is unknown, Jonathan Wild was born in Wolverhampton in either 1682 or 1683 – although he was also alleged to have been born in the nearby Shropshire village of Boningale – as the first of five children in a poor family. He was baptised at St. Peter's Collegiate Church, Wolverhampton. His father, John Wild, was a carpenter, and his mother sold herbs and fruits in the local market. At that time, Wolverhampton was the second-largest town in Staffordshire, with a population of around 6,000, many involved in iron-working and related trades.

paragraph: Jonathan Wild attended the Free School in St John's Lane, and was apprenticed to a local buckle-maker. He married and had a son, but came to London in 1704 as a servant. After being dismissed by his master, he returned to Wolverhampton, before coming back to London in 1708. London was by far the largest city in England, with a population of around 600,000, of whom around 70,000 lived within the ancient city walls of the City of London.

paragraph: Little is known of Wild's first two years in London, but he was arrested for debt in March 1710, and sent to Wood Street Counter, one of the debtor's prisons in the City of London. The prisons were notoriously corrupt, with gaolers demanding a bribe, or "garnish", for any minor comfort. Wild became popular, running errands for the gaolers and eventually earning enough to repay his original debts and the cost of being imprisoned, and even lend money to other prisoners. He received "the liberty of the gate", meaning that he was allowed out at night to aid in the arrest of thieves. There, he met one Mary Milliner (or Mary Mollineaux), a prostitute who began to teach Wild criminal ways and, according to Daniel Defoe, "brought him into her own gang, whether of thieves or whores, or of both, is not much material". He was also introduced to a wide range of London's criminal underclass. With his new skills and contacts, Wild was released in 1712 under an Act of Parliament passed earlier that year for the relief of insolvent debtors.

paragraph: Upon release, Wild began to live with Mary Milliner as her husband in Lewkenor's Land (now Macklin Street) in Covent Garden, despite both of them having prior marriages. Wild apparently served as Milliner's tough when she went night-walking. Soon Wild was thoroughly acquainted with the underworld, with both its methods and its inhabitants. At some point during this period, Milliner had begun to act as something of a madam to other prostitutes, and Wild as a fence, or receiver of stolen goods. Wild began, slowly at first, to dispose of stolen goods and to pay bribes to get thieves out of prison.

paragraph: He later parted with Milliner, cutting off her ear to mark her as a prostitute.

paragraph: Section::::Coming into his own.

paragraph: Crime had risen dramatically in London beginning in 1680, and property crime, in particular, rose sharply as London grew in importance as a commercial hub. In 1712 Charles Hitchen, Wild's forerunner and future rival as thief-taker, said that he personally knew 2,000 people in London who made their living solely by theft. In 1711 Hitchen had obtained public office as the City's Under Marshal, effectively its top policeman, paying £700 (£ in 2020) for the appointment. He abused his office, however, by practising extortion on an extravagant scale, both from thieves and from their potential victims. Hitchen would accept bribes to let thieves out of jail, selectively arrest criminals, and coerce sexual services from molly houses. His testimony about the rise of crime was given during an investigation of these activities by the London Board of Aldermen, who suspended him from the Under Marshal position in 1713.

paragraph: In around 1713, Wild was approached by Hitchen to become one of his assistants in thief-taking, a profitable activity on account of the £40 reward (£ in 2020) paid by the government for catching a felon. Wild may have become known to Hitchen's associates, known as his "Mathematicians", during his lengthy stay in Wood Street Compter; certainly one, William Field, later worked for Wild.

paragraph: The advent of daily newspapers had led to a rising interest in crime and criminals. As the papers reported notable crimes and ingenious attacks, the public worried more and more about property crime and grew more and more interested in the issues of criminals and policing. London depended entirely upon localised policing and had no citywide police force. Unease with crime was at a feverish high. The public was eager to embrace both colourful criminals (e.g. Jack Sheppard and the entirely upper-class gang called the "Mohocks" in 1712) and valiant crime-fighters. The city's population had more than doubled, and there was no effective means of controlling crime. London saw a rise not only in thievery, but in organised crime during the period.

paragraph: The ending of the War of the Spanish Succession meant a further increase in crime as demobilised soldiers were on the streets. By this time, 1714, Hitchen was restored to his office, but Wild went his own way, and he opened a small office in the Blue Boar tavern, run by Mrs Seagoe in Little Old Bailey. He continued to call himself Hitchen's "Deputy", entirely without any official standing, and took to carrying a sword as a mark of his supposed authority, also alluding to pretensions of gentility.

paragraph: Section::::Wild's public career as "Thief-Taker General".

paragraph: Wild's method of illegally amassing riches while appearing to be on the side of the law was ingenious. He ran a gang of thieves, kept the stolen goods, and waited for the crime and theft to be announced in the newspapers. At this point, he would claim that his "thief taking agents" (police) had "found" the stolen merchandise, and he would return it to its rightful owners for a reward (to cover the expenses of running his agents). In some cases, if the stolen items or circumstances allowed for blackmail, he did not wait for the theft to be announced. As well as "recovering" these stolen goods, he would offer the police aid in finding the thieves. The thieves that Wild would help to "discover", however, were rivals or members of his own gang who had refused to cooperate with his taking the majority of the money.

paragraph: Wild's ability to hold his gang together, and indeed the majority of his scheme, relied upon the fear of theft and the nation's reaction to theft.

paragraph: The crime of selling stolen goods became increasingly dangerous in the period from 1700 to 1720, such that low-level thieves ran a great risk in fencing their goods. Wild avoided this danger and exploited it simultaneously by having his gang steal, either through pickpocketing or, more often, mugging, and then by "recovering" the goods. He never sold the goods back, explicitly, nor ever pretended that they were not stolen. He claimed at all times that he found the goods by policing and avowed hatred of thieves. That very penalty for selling stolen goods, however, allowed Wild to control his gang very effectively, for he could turn in any of his thieves to the authorities at any time. By giving the goods to him for a cut of the profits, Wild's thieves were selling stolen goods. If they did not give their take to him, Wild would simply apprehend them as thieves. However, what Wild chiefly did was use his thieves and ruffians to "apprehend" rival gangs.

paragraph: Jonathan Wild was not the first thief-taker who was actually a thief himself. Charles Hitchen had used his position as Under-Marshal to practice extortion. He had pressured brothels and pickpockets to pay him off or give him the stolen goods since purchasing the position in 1712, and the extortion was already an established practice at that time. When Hitchen was suspended from his duties for corruption in that year, he engaged Jonathan Wild to keep his business of extortion going in his absence. Hitchen was re-instated in 1714, and found that Wild was now a rival, and one of Wild's first acts of gang warfare was to eliminate as many of the thieves in Hitchen's control as he could. In 1718, Hitchen attempted to expose Wild with his "A True Discovery of the Conduct of Receivers and Thief-Takers in and about the City of London." There he named Wild as a manager and source of crime.

paragraph: Wild replied with "An Answer to a Late Insolent Libel" and there explained that Hitchen was a homosexual who visited "molly houses" (homosexual brothels). Hitchen attempted to further combat Wild with a pamphlet entitled "The Regulator," which was his characterization of Wild, but Hitchen's prior suspensions from duties and the shocking (at that time) charge of homosexuality virtually eliminated him as a threat to Wild.

paragraph: Wild held a virtual monopoly on crime in London.

paragraph: Legends arose surrounding his management of his "empire."

paragraph: One held that he kept records of all thieves in his employ, and when they had outlived their usefulness, Wild sold them to the gallows for the £40 reward.

paragraph: This supposed system inspired a fake or folk etymology of the phrase "double cross."

paragraph: It is alleged that, when a thief vexed Wild in some way, he put a cross by the thief's name; a second cross condemned the man to be sold to the Crown for hanging. (This fabulous story is contradicted by the fact that the noun "double cross" did not enter English usage until 1834.)

paragraph: In public, Wild presented an heroic face. He was the man who returned stolen goods. He was the man who caught criminals. In 1718, Wild called himself "Thief Taker General of Great Britain and Ireland". By his testimony, over sixty thieves were sent to the gallows. His "finding" of lost merchandise was private, but his efforts at finding thieves were public. Wild's office in the Old Bailey was a busy spot. Victims of crime would come by, even before announcing their losses, and discover that Wild's agents had "found" the missing items, and Wild would offer to help find the criminals for an extra fee. However, while fictional treatments made use of the device, it is not known whether or not Wild ever actually turned in one of his own gang for a private fee.

paragraph: In 1720, Wild's fame was such that the Privy Council consulted with him on methods of controlling crime. Wild's recommendation was, unsurprisingly, that the rewards for evidence against thieves be raised.

paragraph: Indeed, the reward for capturing a thief went from £40 to £140 within the year.

paragraph: This amounted to a significant pay increase for Wild.

paragraph: There is some evidence that Wild was favoured, or at least ignored, by the Whig politicians and opposed by the Tory politicians.

paragraph: In 1718, a Tory group had succeeded in having the laws against receiving stolen property tightened, primarily with Wild's activities in mind.

paragraph: Ironically, this strengthened Wild's hand, rather than weakening it, for it made it more difficult for thieves to fence their goods "except" through Wild.

paragraph: Wild's battles with thieves made excellent press.

paragraph: Wild himself would approach the papers with accounts of his derring-do, and the papers passed these on to a concerned public.

paragraph: Thus, in July to August 1724, the papers carried accounts of Wild's heroic efforts in collecting twenty-one members of the Carrick Gang (with a £800 reward — approximately £ in 2020). When one of the members of the gang was released, Wild pursued him and had him arrested on "further information". To the public, this seemed like a relentless defence of order.

paragraph: In reality, it was gang warfare disguised as a national service.

paragraph: When Wild solicited for a finder's fee, he usually held all the power in the transaction.

paragraph: For example, David Nokes quotes (based on Howson) the following advertisement from the "Daily Post" in 1724 in his edition of Henry Fielding's "The Life and Death of Jonathan Wild, the Great":

paragraph: The advertisement is extortion. The "notes of hand" (agreements of debt) mean signatures, so Wild already knows the name of the book's owner. Furthermore, Wild tells the owner through the ad that he knows what its owner was doing at the time, since the Fountain Tavern was a brothel. The real purpose of the ad is to threaten the notebook's owner with announcing his visit to a bordello, either to the debtors or the public, and it even names a price for silence (a guinea, or one pound and one shilling).

paragraph: Section::::The Jack Sheppard struggle and downfall.

paragraph: By 1724, London political life was experiencing a crisis of public confidence. In 1720, the South Sea Bubble had burst, and the public was growing restive about corruption. Authority figures were beginning to be viewed with scepticism.

paragraph: In late April 1724, the most famous housebreaker of the era, Jack Sheppard, was apprehended by one of Wild's men, James "Hell-and-Fury" Sykes, for a burglary Sheppard had committed in Clare Market on 5 February. Sheppard had worked with Wild in the past, though he had struck out on his own. Consequently, as with other arrests, Wild's interests in saving the public from Sheppard were personal.

paragraph: Sheppard was imprisoned in St Giles's Roundhouse, but escaped within three hours. On 19 May, Wild again had Sheppard arrested for pickpocketing, and this time he was put in St. Ann's Roundhouse in Soho, where he was visited by Elizabeth "Edgworth Bess" Lyon the next day; she too was locked up with him, and, being recognised as man and wife, they were sent to the New Prison at Clerkenwell. They both escaped on 25 May. In July, Field informed Wild about Sheppard, so Wild sought for Lyon on 22 July and plied her with drinks at Temple Bar until she betrayed Sheppard.

paragraph: The following day, Wild sent another one of his men, Quilt Arnold, and had Sheppard arrested a third time and put into Newgate Prison to await trial. On 13 August he was tried on three charges of burglary, but was acquitted of the first two due to lack of evidence. However, Wild, along with Field and William Kneebone, Sheppard's former master, presented evidence against him on the final charge of the burglary of Kneebone's house on 12 July; and Sheppard was convicted, sentenced to death, and put in the condemned hold of Newgate Prison.

paragraph: On the night that the death warrant arrived, 31 August, Sheppard, once again, escaped. By this point, Sheppard was a working class hero for apprentices (being a cockney apprentice in love, non-violent, and handsome). On 9 September, Sheppard avoided capture by Wild's men, but he was caught for a fourth time by a posse from Newgate as he hid out on Finchley Common, and Sheppard was placed in the most secure room of Newgate. Further, Sheppard was put in shackles "and" chained to the floor.

paragraph: Meanwhile, on 9 October, Wild and his men arrested Joseph "Blueskin" Blake, a highwayman and Sheppard's partner-in-crime. On 15 October Blueskin was tried for the same act of burglary committed on 12 July, with Wild, Field, and his men giving evidence. Their accounts were not consistent with the evidence given at Sheppard's trial, but Blueskin was convicted and sentenced to death anyway. After the trial, Blueskin pleaded with Wild in the courtroom to have his sentence commuted from hanging to transportation (since he had worked with Wild before), but Wild refused. Enraged, Blueskin attempted to murder Wild, slashing his throat in the process and causing an uproar, and Wild collapsed and was taken to a surgeon for treatment.

paragraph: Taking advantage of the disturbance that spread to Newgate next door and continued into the night, Sheppard escaped yet again in early 16 October. Sheppard had broken the chains, padlocks, and six iron-barred doors. This escape astonished everyone, and Daniel Defoe, working as a journalist, wrote an account. In the early morning on 1 November, Sheppard was found for a fifth and final time by a constable and arrested. This time, Sheppard was placed in the centre of Newgate, where he could be observed at all times, and loaded with three hundred pounds of iron weights. He was so celebrated that the gaolers charged high society visitors to see him, and James Thornhill painted his portrait.

paragraph: On 11 November, Blueskin was hanged. Five days later Sheppard was similarly hanged at Tyburn. Wild missed out on the hangings while he was confined to his bed for several weeks while the injury to his throat was healing.

paragraph: During the pursuit of Sheppard, Wild appeared as much to disadvantage in the press as Sheppard did to advantage. Wild was now despised. When, after his recovery, Wild used violence to perform a jail break for one of his gang members, he was being sought out and went into hiding for several weeks, and returned to business when he thought the affair had blown over. On 6 February 1725, he was summoned to Leicester house, where he failed to recover a gold watch for one of his attendants because of the jail break and the incident with Blueskin at the Old Bailey.

paragraph: Section::::Arrest, trial and execution.

paragraph: On 15 February Wild and Quilt Arnold were arrested for helping one of his men in a jailbreak. Wild was placed in Newgate, where he continued to attempt to run his business. In the illustration from the "True Effigy" (top of page), Wild is pictured in Newgate, still with notebook in hand to account for goods coming in and going out of his office. Evidence was presented against Wild for the violent jailbreak and for having stolen jewels during the previous August's installation of Knights of the Garter.

paragraph: The public's mood had shifted; they supported the average man and resented authority figures. Wild's trial occurred at the same time as that of the Lord Chancellor, Lord Thomas Parker, 1st Earl of Macclesfield, for taking £100,000 in bribes. With the changing tide, it appeared at last to Wild's gang that their leader would not escape, and they began to come forward. Slowly, gang members began to turn evidence on him, until all of his activities, including his grand scheme of running and then hanging thieves, became known. Additionally, evidence was offered as to Wild's frequent bribery of public officers.

paragraph: Wild's final trial occurred at the Old Bailey on 15 May. He was tried on two indictments of privately stealing of lace from Catherine Statham (a lace-seller who had visited him in prison on 10 March) at Holborn on 22 January. He was acquitted of the first charge, but with Statham's evidence presented against him on the second charge, he was convicted and sentenced to death. Terrified, Wild asked for a reprieve but was refused. He could not eat or go to church, and suffered from insanity and gout. On the morning of his execution, in fear of death, he attempted suicide by drinking a large dose of laudanum, but because he was weakened by fasting, he vomited violently and sank into a coma from which he would not awaken.

paragraph: When Wild was taken to the gallows at Tyburn on 24 May 1725, Daniel Defoe said that the crowd was far larger than any they had seen before and that, instead of any celebration or commiseration with the condemned,

paragraph: Wild's hanging was a great event, and tickets were sold in advance for the best vantage points (see the reproduction of the gallows ticket). Even in a year with a great many macabre spectacles, Wild drew an especially large and boisterous crowd. Eighteen-year-old Henry Fielding was in attendance. Wild was accompanied by William Sperry and the two Roberts: Sanford and Harpham; three of the four prisoners who had been condemned to die with Wild a few days before. Because he was heavily drugged, he was the last to die after the three of them, without any difficulty that had happened at Sheppard's execution. The hangman, Richard Arnet, had been a guest at Wild's wedding.

paragraph: In the dead of night, Wild's body was buried in secret at the churchyard of St Pancras Old Church next to Elizabeth Mann, his third wife and one of his many lovers (who had died in about 1718), as he had wished. His burial was only temporary. In the 18th century, autopsies and dissections were performed on the most notorious criminals, and consequently Wild's body was exhumed and sold to the Royal College of Surgeons for dissection. His skeletal remains are on public display in the Royal College's Hunterian Museum in Lincoln's Inn Fields.

paragraph: Section::::Literary treatments.

paragraph: Jonathan Wild is famous today not so much for setting the example for organised crime as for the uses satirists made of his story.

paragraph: When Wild was hanged, the papers were filled with accounts of his life, collections of his sayings, farewell speeches and the like. Daniel Defoe wrote one narrative for "Applebee's Journal" in May and then had published "True and Genuine Account of the Life and Actions of the Late Jonathan Wild" in June 1725. This work competed with another that claimed to have excerpts from Wild's diaries. The illustration above is from the frontispiece to the "True Effigy of Mr. Jonathan Wild," a companion piece to one of the pamphlets purporting to offer the thief-taker's biography.

paragraph: Criminal biography was a genre. These works offered a touching account of need, a fall from innocence, sex, violence and then repentance or a tearful end. Public fascination with the dark side of human nature and with the causes of evil, has never waned and the market for mass-produced accounts was large.

paragraph: By 1701, there had been a "Lives of the Gamesters" (often appended to Charles Cotton's "The Compleat Gamester"), about notorious gamblers. In 1714 Captain Alexander Smith had written the best-selling "Complete Lives of the Most Notorious Highwaymen". Defoe himself was no stranger to this market: his "Moll Flanders" was published in 1722. By 1725, Defoe had written a "History" and a "Narrative" of the life of Jack Sheppard (see above). "Moll Flanders" may be based on the life of one Moll King, who lived with Mary Mollineaux/Milliner, Wild's first mistress.

paragraph: What differs about the case of Jonathan Wild is that it was not simply a crime story. Parallels between Wild and Robert Walpole were instantly drawn, especially by the Tory authors of the day. "Mist's Weekly Journal" (one of the more rough-speaking Tory journals) drew a parallel between the figures in May 1725, when the hanging was still in the news.

paragraph: The parallel is most important for John Gay's "The Beggar's Opera" in 1728. The main story of the "Beggar's Opera" focuses on the episodes between Wild and Sheppard. In the opera, the character of Peachum stands in for Wild (who stands in for Walpole), while the figure of Macheath stands in for Sheppard (who stands in for Wild and/or the chief officers of the South Sea Company). Robert Walpole himself saw and enjoyed "Beggar's Opera" without realising that he was its intended target. Once he did realise it, he banned the sequel opera, "Polly", without staging. This prompted Gay to write to a friend, "For writing in the cause of virtue and against the fashionable vices, I have become the most hated man in England almost."

paragraph: In 1742, Robert Walpole lost his position of power in the British House of Commons. He was created a peer and moved to the House of Lords, from where he still directed the Whig majority in Commons for years. In 1743, Henry Fielding's "The Life and Death of Jonathan Wild, the Great" appeared in the third volume of "Miscellanies".

paragraph: Fielding is merciless in his attack on Walpole. In his work, Wild stands in for Walpole directly, and, in particular, he invokes the Walpolean language of the "Great Man". Walpole had come to be described by both the Whig and then, satirically, by the Tory political writers as the "Great Man", and Fielding has his Wild constantly striving, with stupid violence, to be "Great". "Greatness," according to Fielding, is only attained by mounting to the top stair (of the gallows). Fielding's satire also consistently attacks the Whig party by having Wild choose, among all the thieves cant terms (several lexicons of which were printed with the "Lives" of Wild in 1725), "" to refer to the profession of burglary. Fielding suggests that Wild becoming a Great Prig was the same as Walpole becoming a Great Whig: theft and the Whig party were never so directly linked.

paragraph: The figures of Peachum and Macheath were picked up by Bertolt Brecht for his updating of Gay's opera as "The Threepenny Opera". The Sheppard character, Macheath, is the "hero" of the song "Mack the Knife".

paragraph: In Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes novel, The Valley of Fear, the arch-villain Professor Moriarty is referred to as a latter-day Jonathan Wild by Holmes:

paragraph: In 1969, James Clavell's screenplay for the film "Where's Jack?" told the story of Jack Shepherd (played in the film by the pop singer Tommy Steele) with Wild (played by Stanley Baker) as a suave and sinister criminal mastermind.

paragraph: Songwriter Jimmy Webb describes Wild's life and subsequent hanging in the 1977 song "Highwayman". A 1985 recording by the country music supergroup The Highwaymen entered the Hot Country Songs "Billboard" chart on 18 May 1985, rising to number 1, and spending 20 weeks total on the chart. Webb had a dream that he was a highwayman, which initially inspired the writing of the song. The first verse describes the life of a character who, like Wild, was executed in "the spring of twenty-five":

paragraph: In 2000, Jonathan Wild appeared as a character in the David Liss novel "A Conspiracy of Paper", . Jonathan Wild is also the title character in the 2005–2006 "Phantom" stories "Jonathan Wild: King of Thieves" and "Jonathan Wild: Double Cross".

paragraph: In 2014, author Aaron Skirboll released "The Thief-Taker Hangings: How Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Wild, and Jack Sheppard Captivated London and Created the Celebrity Criminal."

paragraph: In 2015, Jonathan Wild appeared as a character in the Paul Tobin (author) Eisner nominated (2015) graphic novel I Was the Cat, drawn by Benjamin Dewey.

paragraph: Jake Arnott featured him as one of the main characters in his 2017 novel The Fatal Tree.

paragraph: Jonathan Wild has an important role in the background to the fantasy novel "The Hanging Tree", the sixth part of Ben Aaronovitch's Rivers of London series. Much of the book's plot revolves around a secret magical treatise by Isaac Newton, which was stolen by Jonathan Wild and disappeared for centuries, only to reappear in the underworld of 21st Century London.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liberty of the Mint for more background on "anomalous districts" of lawlessness.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: There are a few treatments of Wild that attempt to dramatise his life, but there remains only one full length non-fiction biography on Wild:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Howson, Gerald. "Thief-Taker General: Jonathan Wild and the Emergence of Crime and Corruption as a Way of Life in Eighteenth-Century England." New Brunswick, NJ and Oxford, UK: 1970.

paragraph: Other 20th century sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brief discussions of Jonathan Wild may be found in editions of the "Beggar's Opera", the "Works of John Gay", the "Works of Henry Fielding", editions of Fielding's "Jonathan Wild", the "Works of Daniel Defoe", and biographies of Defoe, such as the one by Paula Backschieder. All of these are prefatory and explanatory material. Most of these derive either from the "Dictionary of National Biography" or from Gerald Howson.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lyons, Frederick J. "Jonathan Wild, Prince of Robbers". 1936.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moore, Lucy. "The Thieves' Opera". 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Woodhall, Edwin T. "Jonathan Wild, Old Time Ace Receiver". 1937.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hendrickson, Robert "Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins". 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mullan, John, and Christopher Reid. "Eighteenth-Century Popular Culture: A Selection." Oxford University Press, 2000. .

paragraph: 18th century sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Authentic Narrative of the Parentage, Birth, Education and Practices of Jonathan Wild, Citizen and Thief Taker of London", broadsheet, 1725.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jonathan Wild's Last Farewell to the World". Anonymous ballad.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "H.D., Clerk of Justice." "The Life of Jonathan Wild, from his Birth to his Death." 1725. (Possibly by Daniel Defoe.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Defoe, Daniel ? "A True & Genuine Account of the Life and Actions of the late Jonathan Wild, Not made up of Fictions and Fable, but taken from his Own Mouth and collected from PAPERS of his Own Writing". June, 1725.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Defoe, Daniel. "A True & Genuine Account of the Life and Death of the Late Jonathan Wild." 1725. (Reprinted in various editions of Defoe's works and some editions of Henry Fielding's "Jonathan Wild.")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, Captain Alexander. "The Memoirs of the Life & Times of the famous Jonathan Wild, together with the History & Lives of Modern Rogues." 1726.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Account of Wild's trial from "The Complete Newgate Calendar" via U. Texas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Project Gutenberg edition of Fielding's "Life of Jonathan Wild the Great"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cambridge Literary History discussion of Fielding's treatment of Wild

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wild's skeleton (BBC, 11 February 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jonathan Wild's memorial page on Find A Grave

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jack Sheppard, Jail-Breaker" from "Early Eighteenth-Century Newspaper Reports: A Sourcebook". Retrieved on 19 January 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Thief-Taker Hangings: How Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Wild, and Jack Sheppard Captivated London and Created the Celebrity Criminal" by Aaron Skirboll

description: 18th century English criminal

wikidata_label: Jonathan Wild

wikipedia_title: Jonathan Wild


text: Osage Nation

text: University of Oklahoma

text: Oxford University

text: University of Geneva

text: World War I

text: Book-of-the-Month Club

text: E. W. Marland

text: Pawhuska, Oklahoma

text: "Old Bill" Williams

text: Mountain Man

text: University of Oklahoma

text: Oxford University

text: University of Geneva

text: Book-of-the-Month Club

text: Sundown

text: novel

text: University of Oklahoma

text: Oklahoma

text: murders of Osage

text: Great Depression

text: Indian Reorganization Act

text: Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act

text: Michoacan, Mexico

text: Guggenheim Fellowship

text: Henry David Thoreau

text: E. W. Marland

text: Native American Authors Project

text: Western Writers of America

text: "John Joseph Mathews"

text: Guy Logsdon, "John Joseph Mathews"

text: John Joseph Mathews

categories: People from Pawhuska, Oklahoma,1979 deaths,Alumni of the University of Oxford,American military personnel of World War I,University of Geneva alumni,Guggenheim Fellows,Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies alumni,20th-century American novelists,Osage people,American male novelists,University of Oklahoma alumni,Native American novelists,1894 births

paragraph: John Joseph Mathews

paragraph: John Joseph Mathews (November 16, 1894 – June 16, 1979) became one of the Osage Nation's most important spokespeople and writers, and served on the Osage Tribal Council during the 1930s. He studied at the University of Oklahoma, Oxford University and the University of Geneva after serving as a flight instructor during World War I.

paragraph: Mathews' first book was a history, "Wah'kon-tah: The Osage and The White Man's Road" (1929), which was selected by the Book-of-the-Month Club as their first by an academic press; it became a bestseller. His book "The Osages: Children of the Middle Waters" (1961) was a life work, preserving many collected stories and the oral history of the Osage. He also wrote a biography of E. W. Marland, noted oilman and governor of Oklahoma in the 1930s.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Mathews was born at Pawhuska, Oklahoma as the only son among five children of William Shirley and Eugenia (Girard) Mathews. His banker father was the son of John Allan Mathews, a noted trader, and Sarah Williams, the mixed-race daughter of "A-Ci'n-Ga," a full-blood Osage, and "Old Bill" Williams, a noted missionary and later Mountain Man who lived with the Osage. Mathews grandparents had met in Kentucky where "Old Bill" Williams had sent his daughters for school after A-Ci'n-Ga had died. John Joseph Mathews' mother was Pauline Eugenia Girard, whose family had emigrated from France. One-eighth Osage by ancestry, as well as Anglo-Scots-Irish and French, the Mathews children all attended local schools in Pawhuska.

paragraph: Service in World War I came before college, and John Mathews became a flight instructor and second lieutenant after time in the cavalry. Afterward, he went on to the University of Oklahoma, then studied at his own expense at Oxford University in England, graduating in 1923. He studied international relations at the University of Geneva and the Graduate Institute of International Studies and traveled in Africa before returning to the United States, determined to study the culture and traditions of the Osage.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.

paragraph: John had three sisters and one brother. Two of his sisters, Lillian and Marie Mathews, remained unmarried and lived in the family home at 911 Grandview Avenue in Pawhuska, Oklahoma, until their deaths. His brother was killed as a child by a mountain lion steps from the family home. He has five surviving great nieces and nephews: Fleur Feighan, William Feighan, Major (U.S. Army, Retired) Howard J. Schellenberg, III, Jeanne Hulse, and Maria Schellenberg.

paragraph: In 1924 in Geneva, Mathews married Virginia Winslow Hopper. They first settled in California, where they had two children, John and Virginia. The couple divorced.

paragraph: Mathews returned to Oklahoma, where he stayed the rest of his life. Years later in 1945 he married Elizabeth Hunt. She worked with him on much of his research related to the Osage and their forced migration from Missouri to Oklahoma. He considered her son John Hunt a stepson.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After his return to Oklahoma, Mathews began writing in the late 1920s and published his first book, a work of literary non-fiction, "Wah'kon-tah: The Osage and The White Man's Road" (1932), with the University of Oklahoma Press. The first work by an academic press to be selected by the new Book-of-the-Month Club, the book became a bestseller through that secondary publication.

paragraph: His most famous work is "Sundown" (1934), his only novel. The semi-autobiographical work is about Challenge "Chal" Windzer, a young Osage. After leaving home to study at the University of Oklahoma and serve in the military, Chal feels estranged when he returns to his tribal community. He suffers from alienation and hopelessness as his life takes a downward swerve. The novel is set during the turbulence of the oil boom that took place on Osage land in Oklahoma beginning in the first two decades of the 20th century, bringing great wealth to the people who had headrights. It depicts the frictions within the tribal community resulting from the bonanza, as well as the swindles and numerous murders of Osage during the 1920s as white opportunists tried to get control of the Osage headrights.

paragraph: During the 1930s and the Great Depression, Mathews was politically active within the Osage Nation. As the people took advantage of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 and the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act, Mathews helped the Osage Nation restore its self-government. He was elected to the Tribal Council, serving from 1934 to 1942. He helped found the Osage Tribal Museum, which opened in 1938 in Pawhuska.

paragraph: In 1940, Mathews served as the United States representative to the "Indians of the Americas Conference" at Michoacan, Mexico. From 1939 to 1940 he lived and studied in Mexico on a Guggenheim Fellowship.

paragraph: Later, he concentrated again on his writing. His work "Talking to the Moon" (1945) is a narrative of the ten years he spent in the "blackjacks" of his homeland, observing nature and reflecting on the influence of the environment on Osage culture. It is a combination of autobiography, philosophical treatise and the work of an amateur naturalist. Some critics compared it to Henry David Thoreau's "Walden" among that author's works.

paragraph: In "The Osages: Children of the Middle Waters" (1961), Mathews combined his research with many oral histories collected from his people, as a way of preserving and interpreting their common culture. His "Life and Death of an Oilman: The Career of E. W. Marland" (1951) was his only biography; it recounts the life of a multi-millionaire oilman and politician, who also served as governor of the state in the 1930s.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wah'kon-tah: The Osage and The White Man's Road" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sundown" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Talking to the Moon" (1945),

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Life and Death of an Oilman: The Career of E. W. Marland" (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Osages: Children of the Middle Waters" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Twenty Thousand Mornings" (2011)

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996, Oklahoma Historians Hall of Fame - posthumous induction

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , November 2005, Air Force Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Native American Authors Project, "Internet Public Library" (accessed 6 March 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fredrick W. Boling, "Tribute to John Joseph Mathews: Osage Writer", "Western Writers of America ROUNDUP Magazine," at Frederick Boling's website(accessed 6 March 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "John Joseph Mathews", Enotes.com (accessed 6 March 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guy Logsdon, "John Joseph Mathews", Oklahoma Historical Society's "Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture" (accessed 6 March 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of John Joseph Mathews Published by University of Oklahoma Press 10 May 2017

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Snyder, "John Joseph Mathews: Life of an Osage Writer," University of Oklahoma Press, 2017,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bob L. Blackburn, "Oklahoma Historians Hall of Fame John Joseph Mathews," "The Chronicles of Oklahoma" 74 (Fall 1996).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bob Foreman, "Mathews' New Book Will Be Whopper," "Tulsa (Oklahoma) Tribune," 3 November 1958.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guy Logsdon, "John Joseph Mathews: A Conversation," "Nimrod" 16 (Spring/Summer 1972).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Snyder, "Friends of the Osages: John Joseph Mathews's 'Wah'Kon-Tah' and Osage-Quaker Cross-Cultural Collaboration," "The Chronicles of Oklahoma" 88.4 (Winter 2012-11).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: Western American Literature Research: John Joseph Mathews

description: American writer

wikidata_label: John Joseph Mathews

wikipedia_title: John Joseph Mathews


text:
Ancient Egypt
Great Royal Wife
Thutmose III
Ipu
Ahmose Pen-Nekhebet
Amenemhat
Merytre-Hatshepsut
Abydos
Monthu
El-Tod
Merytre-Hatshepsut
Thutmose III
KV34
Nebtu
Karnak
Queen Sitiah (website by A. Bart)

categories: 15th-century BC women,Queens consort of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt

paragraph: Satiah

paragraph: Satiah (also, "Sitiah, Sitioh;" “Daughter of the Moon”) was an Ancient Egyptian queen, the Great Royal Wife of Thutmose III.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Satiah was the daughter of the royal nurse Ipu. It is possible that her father was the important official Ahmose Pen-Nekhebet. No children of Satiah are known, though there is a possibility that Prince Amenemhat – Thutmose's eldest son, who died during 35 years reign of his father – was her son.

paragraph: Satiah died during her husband's 24 years reign and Thutmose's next Great Royal Wife was Merytre-Hatshepsut.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Satiah's titles include: King’s Wife (hmt-nisw), Great King’s Wife (hmt-niswt-wrt) and God’s Wife (hmt-ntr).

paragraph: Satiah is attested in several places. In Abydos the text on an offering table mentions her mother, the “nurse of the god” Ipu. The offering table was dedicated by the lector priest Therikiti. A bronze votive axe-head(?) (now in the Cairo Museum), inscribed with the name of Queen Sitiah, was also found in Abydos.

paragraph: At the temple of Monthu at El-Tod a statue of the queen was dedicated by Tuthmose III after her death (the statue is now in the Cairo Museum).

paragraph: Queen Sitiah is depicted behind Queen Merytre-Hatshepsut and Thutmose III on a pillar in the tomb of the king (KV34). Behind Queen Sitiah we see the King's Wife Nebtu and the King's Daughter Nefertari.

paragraph: Satiah is depicted before Tuthmose III in a relief from Karnak.

paragraph: A stela in the Cairo Museum shows Queen Satiah standing behind Tuthmose III.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: Alexandre Herrero Pardo, "Satiah, 1ª Gran Esposa Real; Meritre, 2ª Gran Esposa Real; Isis, la madre del Rey - Las mujeres en la vida de Tutmosis III - Los Nobles de Egipto"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Queen Sitiah (website by A. Bart)

description: Ancient Egyptian queen consort

wikidata_label: Satiah

wikipedia_title: Satiah


text:
Ancient Egypt
Thutmose III
KV34
Great Royal Wives
Merytre-Hatshepsut
Satiah
cartouche
TT24
goddess
desert oasis
Khnum

paragraph: Nebtu

paragraph: Nebtu was an Ancient Egyptian queen, a wife of Thutmose III.

paragraph: She was depicted on a pillar in Thutmose's tomb KV34 where the pharaoh leads a procession of his family members – his two Great Royal Wives Merytre-Hatshepsut and Satiah, his wife Nebtu and his daughter Nefertari. The names of Satiah and Nefertari are followed by "maa kheru," showing that they were already deceased when the tomb was made. Unlike the name of the other two wives, Nebtu's name is not enclosed in a cartouche.

paragraph: She had an estate, the steward of which, Nebamun was buried in TT24.

paragraph: There was also a goddess named Nebtu, who was the deity of the desert oasis and a wife of Khnum.

description: ancient Egyptian queen consort

wikidata_label: Nebtu

wikipedia_title: Nebtu


text:
Viscount of Narbonne
Judge of Arborea
Marianus IV of Arborea
Aimery VI of Narbonne
Marianus V
Eleanor
William I
Leonardo Cubello
Hugh II of Arborea
Martin I of Sicily
Cagliari
Goceano
Viscount of Bas
Oristano
Battle of Sanluri
Genoese crossbowmen
battle
Sanluri
Sardara
Villa di Chiesa
Giovanni di Sena
Sassari
Nicolò Doria
Longosardo
Alghero
Peter Torrelles
malaria
Alfonso V
florin
Battle of Verneuil

categories: Judges (judikes) of Arborea,Viscounts of Narbonne,1424 deaths,1397 births

paragraph: William II of Narbonne

paragraph: William II was Viscount of Narbonne (1397-1424) and the nominal Judge of Arborea (1407-1420).

paragraph: He was the grandson of Beatrice, youngest daughter of Marianus IV of Arborea and Timbra de Rocabertí, and Aimery VI of Narbonne (married 1363). When Marianus V, the youngest son of Beatrice' elder sister Eleanor, died in 1407, Arborea experienced a succession crisis. The late Beatrice had a claim to the judgeship which was picked up by her grandson, son of William I.

paragraph: The real judge from 1407 was Leonardo Cubello, great nephew of Hugh II of Arborea. On 6 October 1408, Martin I of Sicily disembarked at Cagliari with a strong army. On 8 December, William also reached Cagliari. He was crowned "King of Arborea, Count of Goceano, and Viscount of Bas" at Oristano on 13 January 1409.

paragraph: The two forces, of Martin and of William, met at the Battle of Sanluri. The Arborean troops of William, including many Genoese crossbowmen, broke into two battles. The left battle was destroyed in a location called "occidroxiu" (the slaughterhouse). The right battle was broken into two part, the first was being chased to Sanluri and eventually was routed there, and the other one was forced by William to take refuge in the castle of Monreale, in the nearby village of Sardara, and continued the resistant. On 4 July, the Villa di Chiesa surrendered to Giovanni di Sena, which dealt a crippling blow to Arborea even though the Sicilian king had died on 25 July in Cagliari. William returned to France to seek aid, leaving Leonardo Cubello in charge in his absence. Leonardo successfully defended Oristano.

paragraph: William returned to Sardinia in Spring 1410. He reorganised his territories with his capital at Sassari. With the help of Nicolò Doria, he recaptured Longosardo on 9 August. He tried to take Oristano and Alghero, which were defended by Peter Torrelles, who died of malaria in 1411. On 5 and 6 May 1412, he entered Alghero, but was driven off by the citizenry.

paragraph: With the chances of victory turned out to be grim, William reluctantly surrendered and sold Arborea to Alfonso V on 17 August 1420 for 100,000 gold florins. He was killed in 1424 in the Battle of Verneuil

alias:
William III of Narbonne
Guillaume II de Narbonne
Guillaume II of Narbonne
Guillaume III of Narbonne

description: viscount of Narbonne, King/Judge of Arborea

wikidata_label: William II of Narbonne

wikipedia_title: William II of Narbonne