text:
Greek
pharaoh
Fifth Dynasty of Egypt
25th century
24th century BC
Old Kingdom
Menkauhor Kaiu
Unas
Userkaf
Ra
Osiris
Egyptian pantheon
funerary cults
necropolis
Abusir
priesthood
Sinai
copper
turquoise
Nubia
diorite
Land of Punt
incense
oracular
divination
Levant
Canaan
pyramid
Saqqara
Nefer Djedkare
ruin
mummy
Sixth Dynasty
New Kingdom
Vizier
Ptahhotep
The Maxims of Ptahhotep
wisdom literature
modern Egyptology
Naguib Kanawati
First Intermediate Period
Saqqara
Abusir
Abusir papyri
Neferirkare Kakai
Neferefre
Khentkaus II
New Kingdom
Karnak king list
Thutmose III
prenomen
Abydos King List
Seti I
Saqqara Tablet
Turin canon
Ramses II
Prisse Papyrus
12th Dynasty
The Maxims of Ptahhotep
nomen
vizier
Ptahhotep
Aegyptiaca
Ptolemy II
Manetho
Sextus Julius Africanus
Eusebius
Ancient Greek
Hellenized
Menkauhor Kaiu
Nyuserre Ini
Setibhor
Unas
Michel Baud
Meresankh IV
Neserkauhor
Iry-pat
Raemka
Kaemtjenent
Isesi-ankh
Kekheretnebti
Meret-Isesi
Hedjetnebu
Nebtyemneferes
Senedjemib Mehi
"sed" festival
Senedjemib Inti
Akhet
sun temple
Userkaf
Osiris
Ra
Pyramid Texts
pyramid of Unas
Abydos
Sahure
Haty-a
Seshemnefer III
Memphite
Teti
nomarch
cubits
Hathor
Wadi Maghareh
Fourth
Sixth Dynasty
turquoise
cattle count
temple Nekhenre
divination
Ain Sukhna
Gulf of Suez
Tell Edfu
diorite
Abu Simbel
Eastern Desert
Nubia
Anatolia
cylinder seal
serekh
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Pactolus river
Byblos
Lebanon
Land of Punt
Pepi II Neferkare
graffito
Aswan
21st nome of Upper Egypt
Canaan
Tura
sarcophagus
canopic chest
pylon
Joyce Tyldesley
Nicolas Grimal
Naguib Kanawati
Heqa
Seshat
Ka
Bastet
Horus
Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
South Saqqara Stone
First Intermediate
Middle Kingdom
20th Dynasty
Djoser
Sekhemket
Third Dynasty
Shepseskare
Northeast Africa

categories: 24th-century BC Pharaohs,Pharaohs of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt,25th-century BC Pharaohs

paragraph: Djedkare Isesi

paragraph: Djedkare Isesi (known in Greek as Tancheres) was a pharaoh, the eighth and penultimate ruler of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt in the late 25th century to mid-24th century BC, during the Old Kingdom. Djedkare succeeded Menkauhor Kaiu and was in turn succeeded by Unas. His relations to both of these pharaohs remain uncertain, although it is often conjectured that Unas was Djedkare's son, owing to the smooth transition between the two.

paragraph: Djedkare likely enjoyed a reign of more than 40 years, which heralded a new period in the history of the Old Kingdom. Breaking with a tradition followed by his predecessors since the time of Userkaf, Djedkare did not build a temple to the sun god Ra, possibly reflecting the rise of Osiris in the Egyptian pantheon. More significantly, Djedkare effected comprehensive reforms of the Egyptian state administration, the first undertaken since the inception of the system of ranking titles. He also reorganised the funerary cults of his forebears buried in the necropolis of Abusir and reformed the corresponding priesthood.

paragraph: Djedkare commissioned expeditions to Sinai to procure copper and turquoise, to Nubia for its gold and diorite and to the fabled Land of Punt for its incense. One such expedition had what could be the earliest recorded instance of oracular divination undertaken to ensure an expedition's success. The word "Nub", meaning gold, to designate Nubia is first recorded during Djedkare's reign. Under his rule, Egypt also entertained continuing trade relations with the Levantine coast and made punitive raids in Canaan. In particular, one of the earliest depictions of a battle or siege scene was found in the tomb of one of Djedkare's subjects.

paragraph: Djedkare was buried in a pyramid in Saqqara named Nefer Djedkare ("Djedkare is perfect"), which is now ruined owing to theft of stone from its outer casing during antiquity. The burial chamber still held Djedkare's mummy when it was excavated in the 1940s. Examinations of the mummy revealed that he died in his fifties. Following his death, Djedkare was the object of a cult that lasted at least until the end of the Old Kingdom. He seemed to have been held in particularly high esteem during the mid-Sixth Dynasty, whose pharaohs lavished rich offerings on his cult. Archaeological evidence suggests the continuing existence of this funerary cult throughout the much later New Kingdom (c. 1550–1077 BC). Djedkare was also remembered by the ancient Egyptians as the Pharaoh of Vizier Ptahhotep, the purported author of "The Maxims of Ptahhotep", one of the earliest pieces of philosophic wisdom literature.

paragraph: The reforms implemented by Djedkare are generally assessed negatively in modern Egyptology as his policy of decentralization created a virtual feudal system that transferred much power to the high and provincial administrations. Some Egyptologists such as Naguib Kanawati argue that this contributed heavily to the collapse of the Egyptian state during the First Intermediate Period, c. 200 years later. These conclusions are rejected by Nigel Strudwick, who says that in spite of Djedkare's reforms, Ancient Egyptian officials never amassed enough power to rival that of the king.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.:Contemporaneous sources.

paragraph: Djedkare is well attested in sources contemporaneous with his reign. The tombs of many of his courtiers and family members have been discovered in Giza, Saqqara and Abusir. They give insights into the administrative reforms that Djedkare conducted during his reign and, in a few cases, even record letters that the king sent to his officials. These letters, inscribed on the walls of tombs, typically present royal praises for the tomb owner.

paragraph: Another important source of information about Egypt during the reign of Djedkare is the Abusir papyri. These are administrative documents, covering a period of 24 years during Djedkare's reign; they were discovered in the mortuary temples of pharaohs Neferirkare Kakai, Neferefre and queen Khentkaus II. In addition to these texts, the earliest letters on papyrus preserved to the present day also date to Djedkare's reign, dealing with administrative or private matters.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.:Historical sources.

paragraph: Djedkare is attested in four ancient Egyptian king lists, all dating to the New Kingdom. The earliest of these is the Karnak king list, dating to the reign of Thutmose III (1479–1425 BC), where Djedkare is mentioned on the fifth entry. Djedkare's prenomen occupies the 32nd entry of the Abydos King List, which was written during the reign of Seti I (1290–1279 BC). Djedkare is also present on the Saqqara Tablet (31st entry) where he is listed under the name "Maatkare", probably because of a scribal error. Djedkare's prenomen is given as "Djed" on the Turin canon (third column, 24th row), probably because of a lacuna affecting the original document from which the canon was copied during the reign of Ramses II (1279–1213 BC). The Turin canon credits Djedkare with 28 years of reign.

paragraph: In addition to these sources, Djedkare is mentioned on the Prisse Papyrus dating to the 12th Dynasty (c. 1990–1800 BC). The papyrus records "The Maxims of Ptahhotep" and gives Djedkare's nomen "Isesi" to name the pharaoh whom the purported authors of the maxims, vizier Ptahhotep, served.

paragraph: Djedkare was also probably mentioned in the "Aegyptiaca", a history of Egypt written in the 3rd century BC during the reign of Ptolemy II (283–246 BC) by the Egyptian priest Manetho. No copies of the "Aegyptiaca" have survived to this day and it is known to us only through later writings by Sextus Julius Africanus and Eusebius. Africanus relates that a pharaoh Tancheres (Ancient Greek Τανχέρης) reigned for 44 years as the eighth and penultimate king of the Fifth Dynasty. Given its position within the dynasty, Tancheres is believed to be his Hellenized name.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Section::::Family.:Parents.

paragraph: Djedkare's parentage is unknown; in particular his relation with his predecessors Menkauhor Kaiu and Nyuserre Ini cannot be ascertained. Djedkare is generally thought to have been the son of Menkauhor Kaiu, but the two might instead have been brothers and sons of Nyuserre Ini. Another hypothesis suggests that Djedkare and Menkauhor could have been cousins, being sons of Nyuserre and Neferefre respectively.

paragraph: The identity of Djedkare's mother is similarly unknown.

paragraph: Section::::Family.:Queens.

paragraph: The name of Djedkare's principal wife was Setibhor. This important queen consort whose name was lost but found in 2019 was the owner of a large pyramid complex located to the northeast of Djedkare's pyramid in Saqqara. This could indicate that she was the mother of Djedkare's successor, Unas, or that Djedkare owed the throne to her. The very high status of this queen is suggested by some features of her funerary complex that are otherwise reserved to kings: her pyramid has its own satellite pyramid, has a causeway leading from a valley temple up to a mortuary temple devoted to the cult of the queen and had an entrance hall "pr-wrw", an open courtyard and a square antechamber. Furthermore, some reliefs showing the queen had been reworked with royal insignia and vultures added above her head. Since the construction of the queen's pyramid was apparently undertaken after the planning of Djedkare's pyramid and her relief had been reworked, the Egyptologist Klaus Baer suggests that this queen may have ruled after the death of Djedkare, playing an important role in his succession. This is rejected by other Egyptologists, such as Michel Baud, owing to the lack of evidence for a regency or interregnum between Djedkare and Unas.

paragraph: The Egyptologist Wilfried Seipel has proposed that this pyramid was initially intended for queen Meresankh IV, whom he and Verner see as a wife of Djedkare. Seipel contends that Meresankh was finally buried in a smaller mastaba in Saqqara North after she fell into disgrace. Alternatively, Aidan Dodson and Dyan Hilton have proposed that she was a wife of the preceding king, Menkauhor Kaiu.

paragraph: Section::::Family.:Sons.

paragraph: Only one son of Djedkare has been identified for certain, Neserkauhor, who bore the title of "eldest beloved king's son of his body". Neserkauhor also bore the title of Iry-pat, showing that he was an important member of the royal court, as well as a priestly title "Greatest of the Five in the temple of Thot", suggesting that he may have been a vizier or had similar occupations.

paragraph: As well as Neserkauhor, there is indirect evidence that princes Raemka and Kaemtjenent are sons of Djedkare based on the dating and general location of their tombs in Saqqara. For example, the tomb of Kaemtjenent mentions vizier Rashepses, who served during the reign of Djedkare. Raemka also bore the title of "king's son of his body", almost exclusively reserved to true princes of royal blood. The locations of Raemka's and Kaemtjenent's tombs have led some Egyptologists to believe that both princes are sons of queen Meresankh IV buried nearby, who would thus be one of Djedkare's wives. These conclusions are debated, in particular in the case of Kaemtjenent, whose title of "king's son" may have been purely honorific.

paragraph: A high official named Isesi-ankh could have been yet another son of Djedkare, as suggested by his name meaning "Isesi lives". Yet, similarities in the titles and locations of the tombs of Isesi-ankh and Kaemtjenent have led Egyptologists to propose that they could instead be brothers and sons of Meresankh IV, or that the former is a son of the latter. Even though Isesi-ankh bore the title of "king's son", the Egyptologists Michel Baud and Bettina Schmitz argue that this filiation was fictitious, being only an honorary title.

paragraph: Finally, the successor of Djedkare, Unas, is thought to have been his son in spite of the complete lack of evidence bearing on the question. The main argument in favor of this filiation is that the succession from Djedkare to Unas seems to have been smooth, as suggested indirectly, for example, by the Abusir papyri. Indirect evidence also comes from the reliefs of Unas' causeway, which show many officials bearing names incorporating "Isesi", suggesting at the very least that Unas did not perceive Djedkare as an antagonist.

paragraph: Section::::Family.:Daughters.

paragraph: Several daughters of Djedkare have been identified by the title of "king's daughter of his body" and the general date of their tomb. These include Kekheretnebti, whose filiation is clearly indicated by her other title of "Beloved of Isesi", Meret-Isesi, Hedjetnebu, and Nebtyemneferes. Less certain is the filiation of Kentkhaus III, wife of vizier Senedjemib Mehi, who bore the title of "king's daughter of his body". It is debated whether this title indicates a true filiation or if it is only honorary.

paragraph: Section::::Chronology.

paragraph: The relative chronological position of Djedkare as the eighth and penultimate ruler of the Fifth Dynasty, succeeding Menkauhor Kaiu and preceding Unas on the throne, is well established by historical sources and confirmed by archaeological evidence.

paragraph: The duration of Djedkare's reign is much less certain. Djedkare's time on the throne is well documented by the Abusir papyri, numerous royal seals and contemporary inscriptions; taken together, they indicate a fairly long rule for this king. While the Turin canon credits him with 28 years of reign, there is direct evidence for an even longer reign. Several artefacts and inscriptions have been uncovered relating to Djedkare's rejuvenation or "sed" festival, normally celebrated only after 30 years of reign. For example, the tomb of one of Djedkare's viziers, Senedjemib Inti, relates construction works undertaken during the year of the 16th cattle count in preparation for the festival ceremonies. An alabaster vase now on display at the Louvre museum bears an inscription celebrating Djedkare's first sed festival, indicating in all likelihood that he reigned beyond his 30th year on the throne.

paragraph: One of the Abusir papyri was found to be dated to the "Year of the 22nd Count, IV Akhet day 12", constituting Djedkare's latest known date. This date might correspond to any time from the 32nd year of Djedkare's reign up to his 44th year on the throne, depending on whether the cattle count was once every two years or once every year and a half. The higher estimate is close to Manetho's 44-year figure credited to Tancheres, the Hellenized name of Djedkare, although this may just be coincidental. Modern estimates thus put Djedkare's reign length as certainly more than 33 years and, if the cattle count was regularly biennial, at least 42 to 44 years. This makes Djedkare the longest reigning king of the Fifth Dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: The reign of Djedkare heralded a new period in the history of the Old Kingdom. First, he did not build a sun temple, as his predecessors had done since the time of Userkaf, some 80 years earlier. This may be a result of the increased prominence of Osiris compared with the sun god Ra during the late Fifth Dynasty. The rise of Osiris corresponds to changes in the role of the king with respect to the wider Egyptian society. In particular, the king loses his role as the sole guarantor of the afterlife, which now becomes available beyond the immediate royal circle. These changes demythologise the king's position and, as the Egyptologist Hans Goedicke writes, make him fully human yet still socially dominant.

paragraph: The importance of the cult of Osiris becomes manifest when the Pyramid Texts of the pyramid of Unas are inscribed a few decades later. In this context, it is perhaps noteworthy that the only known statue of Djedkare was discovered in the ruins of the temple of Osiris, in Abydos. Another manifestation of the winds of change during Djedkare's time on the throne is the confirmation of the relocation of the royal necropolis from Abusir, where it had been since the reign of Sahure, to Saqqara, where Menkauhor Kaiu, Djedkare and his successor, Unas, built their pyramids. Abusir may have become overcrowded by the time of Menkauhor's accession and the capital may have been shifted south to Saqqara, along with the royal necropolis, around the same time. The abandonment of Abusir as a royal necropolis and the termination of sun temple building are possibly related, given the close association between the two since the reign of Userkaf.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Domestic reforms.

paragraph: During his reign Djedkare effected significant reforms of the state administration and priesthood, in particular that pertaining to the funerary cults in the necropolis of Abusir.

paragraph: These evolutions are witnessed by changes in priestly titles and more broadly, in the system of ranking titles of high officials, which was modified for the first time in its existence. For example, the priesthood of the royal pyramids was reorganized, with Djedkare possibly changing the titles and functions of the priests from "priest of king" to "priest of the pyramid", although this change may have happened earlier, under Nyuserre Ini.

paragraph: Princes of royal blood could once more hold administrative titles, a prerogative they had lost during the early Fifth Dynasty. At the same time, viziers could now hold the prestigious titles of "Iry-pat" and "Haty-a" and, as "overseer of the royal scribes", became the head of the scribal administration. At least one vizier, Seshemnefer III, even bore the title of "king's son of his body", one of the most distinguished titles at the time and normally reserved to princes of royal blood. Yet neither Seshemnefer III's father nor his mother seems to have belonged to the royal family. For the period spanning the reign of Djedkare until that of Teti, viziers were furthermore responsible for the weaponry of the state, both for military and other purposes. Following the reforms undertaken by Djedkare, three viziers would be in office at the same time: two in the Memphite region and a Southern one, the "governor of Upper Egypt", with a seat at Abydos. In total six viziers were appointed during Djedkare's reign.

paragraph: Lower ranking officials lost power during the late Fifth Dynasty and were frequently limited to holding only one high title, a departure from the preceding period. Such functions as "overseer of the granary" and "overseer of the treasury" disappear from the record some time between Djedkare's reign and that of Teti, while men of lower status became head of the legal administration. Consequently, the viziers concentrated more power than before while lower echelons of the state administration were reduced. At the same time, the size of the provincial administration was increased, and it also became more autonomous from the central government. In particular, the nomarchs were responsible in their provinces for performing works hitherto conducted by Memphite officials.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Building activities.

paragraph: The main building activity undertaken during the reign of Djedkare was the construction of his pyramid complex in Saqqara. Djedkare also either completed or undertook restoration works in the funerary complex of Nyuserre Ini in Abusir, as indicated by a now damaged inscription, which must have detailed Djedkare's activities on the site. Further building works took place in Abusir during the second half of Djedkare's reign following the curious decision by members of the royal family to be buried there rather than next to Djedkare's pyramid in Saqqara. A group of mastabas was thus constructed for princess Kekheretnebti and her daughter Tisethor, princess Hedjetnebu, the courtiers Mernefu and Idu, who was buried with his wife Khenit, and prince Neserkauhor.

paragraph: Djedkare also undertook building activities in relation with his "sed" festival as indicated by a decree that he sent to his vizier Senedjemib Inti on the year of the 16th cattle count, praising him for his work. The decree mentions the construction of a broad rectangular court or artificial lake for the jubilee of the king, some 1000 cubits long and 400 cubits wide, amounting to c. . The court was located within the precincts of a palace built for the ceremonies of the "sed" festival, which was probably located in the vicinity of his pyramid. Another decree addressed to Senedjemib Inti and later inscribed on the walls of his mastaba records the decoration of a chapel of Hathor in the palace of the king. This chapel was most likely built during his reign.

paragraph: Djedkare may have left some of his monuments unfinished at his death, as suggested by several relief-bearing blocks inscribed with his name and which were found reused in the pyramid of king Unas. Their original setting remains unknown.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Activities outside Egypt.:Expeditions to mines and quarries.

paragraph: Three or four rock inscriptions dating to Djedkare's reign have been found in the Wadi Maghareh in Sinai, where mines of copper and semi-precious stones were exploited throughout the Old Kingdom, from the Fourth until the Sixth Dynasty. These inscriptions record three expeditions sent to look for turquoise: the earliest one, dated to the third or fourth cattle count–possibly corresponding to the sixth or eighth year of Dejdkare's reign–explicitly recalls the arrival of the mining party to the "hills of the turquoise" after being given "divine authority for the finding of semi-precious stones in the writing of the god himself, [as was enacted] in the broad court of the temple Nekhenre". This sentence could indicate the earliest known record of an oracular divination undertaken in order to ensure the success of the expedition prior to its departure, Nekhenre being the sun temple of Userkaf.

paragraph: Another inscription dating to the year of the ninth cattle count–possibly Djedkare's 18th year on the throne – shows the king "subduing all foreign lands. Smiting the chief of the foreign land". The expedition that left this inscription comprised over 1400 men and administration officials. Some Egyptologists have proposed that these men were also sent to mine copper.

paragraph: These expeditions departed Egypt from the port of Ain Sukhna, on the western shore of the Gulf of Suez, as revealed by papyri and seals bearing Djedkare's name found on the site. The port comprised large galleries carved into the sandstone serving as living quarters and storage places. The wall of one such gallery was inscribed with a text mentioning yet another expedition to the hills of turquoise in the year of the seventh cattle count–possibly Djedkare's 14th year on the throne. In early 2018, more than 220 clay seals bearing the serekh of Djedkare were uncovered in Tell Edfu in the south of Upper Egypt. These seals have been found in close association with copper ore, Nubian potery, the remains of two large buildings and a settlement. Edfu, called Behdet by the ancient Egyptians, was likely the place of departure for the mining expeditions sent to the Eastern desert and the Red Sea during Djedkare's reign. These expeditions were undertaken by a special group of prospectors, called the "sementiu", who were under the orders of an administration official sent by the king from Memphis to Edfu.

paragraph: South of Egypt, Djedkare dispatched at least one expedition to the diorite quarries located north-west of Abu Simbel. Djedkare was not the first king to do so, as these quarries were already exploited during the Fourth Dynasty and continued to be so during the Sixth Dynasty and later, in the Middle Kingdom period (c. 2055 BE – c. 1650 BC).

paragraph: Djedkare probably also exploited gold mines in the Eastern Desert and in Nubia: indeed, the earliest mention of the "land of gold" – an Ancient Egyptian term for Nubia – is found in an inscription from the mortuary temple of Djedkare.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Activities outside Egypt.:Trade relations.

paragraph: Egypt entertained continuing trade relations with the Levant during Djedkare's reign, possibly as far north as Anatolia. A gold cylinder seal bearing the serekh of Djedkare together with the cartouche of Menkauhor Kaiu is now on display at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. The seal, whose gold may originate from the Pactolus river valley in western Anatolia, could attest to wide-ranging trade-contacts during the later Fifth Dynasty, but its provenance remains unverifiable.

paragraph: Trade contacts with Byblos, on the coast of modern-day Lebanon, are suggested by a fragmentary stone vessel unearthed in the city and bearing the inscription "King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Djedkare [living] forever". A biographical inscription discovered in the tomb of Iny, a Sixth Dynasty official, provides further evidence for an Egyptian expedition to Byblos during Djedkare's reign. Iny's inscription relates his travels to procure lapis lazuli and lead or tin for pharaoh Merenre, but starts by recounting what must have been similar events taking place under Djedkare.

paragraph: To the south of Egypt, Djedkare also sent an expedition to the fabled Land of Punt to procure the myrrh used as incense in the Egyptian temples. The expedition to Punt is referred to in the letter from Pepi II Neferkare to Harkuf some 100 years later. Harkuf had reported that he would bring back a "dwarf of the god's dancers from the land of the horizon dwellers". Pepi mentions that the god's sealbearer Werdjededkhnum had returned from Punt with a dwarf during the reign of Djedkare and had been richly rewarded. The decree mentions that "My Majesty will do for you something greater than what was done for the god's sealbearer Werdjededkhnum in the reign of Isesi, reflecting my majesty's yearning to see this dwarf".

paragraph: Djedkare's expedition to Punt is also mentioned in a contemporaneous graffito found in Tumas, a locality of Lower Nubia some south of Aswan, where Isesi's cartouche was discovered.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Activities outside Egypt.:Warfare.

paragraph: Not all relations between Egypt and its neighbors were peaceful during Djedkare's reign. In particular, one of the earliest known depictions of a battle or a city being besieged is found in the tomb of Inti, an official from the 21st nome of Upper Egypt, who lived during the late Fifth Dynasty. The scene shows Egyptian soldiers scaling the walls of a Near Eastern fortress on ladders. More generally, ancient Egyptians seem to have regularly organised punitive raids in Canaan during the later Old Kingdom period but did not attempt to establish a permanent dominion there.

paragraph: Section::::Pyramid.

paragraph: Djedkare built his pyramid in South Saqqara. It was called "Nefer Isesi" or "Nefer Djedkare" in Ancient Egyptian, variously translated as "Isesi/Djedkare is beautiful" or "Isesi/Djedkare is perfect". It is known today as "Haram el-Shawwâf" (), because it stands on the edge of the Nile valley.

paragraph: The pyramid originally comprised six or seven steps made of irregular and roughly hewn limestone blocks and mortar, of which only three survive. This core was overlaid by casing stones of white Tura limestone, which were stolen in antiquity. At the time of its construction the pyramid stood high, with a base length of and an inclination angle of 52°.

paragraph: In the interior of the pyramid a descending passage led, behind three granite portcullises, to an antechamber, three magazine rooms and the burial chamber. In the burial chamber, pieces of alabaster and a faience bead on a gold thread were discovered, as well as many fragments of what was originally a large sarcophagus of dark grey basalt. The sarcophagus was sunk into the floor of the burial chamber and there was a niche for the canopic chest of the king to its north-east. An almost complete mummy was discovered in the remnants of the sarcophagus. An examination by Ahmed Batrawi of these skeletal remains, excavated in the mid-1940s under the direction of Abdel-Salam Hussein, suggests that Djedkare died at the age of 50 to 60 years.

paragraph: To the east of the pyramid, Djedkare's mortuary temple was laid out. Its eastern façade was flanked by two massive stone structures, which resemble the later pylons. The mortuary temple is connected via a yet unexcavated causeway to a valley temple.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Impact of the reforms.

paragraph: For Nigel Strudwick, the reforms of Djedkare were undertaken as a reaction to the rapid growth of the central administration in the first part of the Fifth Dynasty which, Baer adds, had amassed too much political or economic power in the eyes of the king. Joyce Tyldesley sees the reign of Djedkare as the very beginning of a decline in the importance of the king, in conjunction with the gradual rise of the power wielded by the high and provincial administration. Concurrent with this trend is a process of decentralization, with local loyalties slowly superseding allegiance to the central state. Since offices and the vizierate in particular could be inherited, the reforms of Djedkare created a "virtual feudal system" as Nicolas Grimal writes, with much power in the hands of a few puissant officials. This is best witnessed by the large, magnificent mastaba tombs that Djedkare's viziers built. In this context, Djedkare's reforms of the ranking system might have been an attempt at maintaining a sprawling administration under control, yet ultimately failed. For some Egyptologists, such as Naguib Kanawati, this failure contributed in no small part to the fall of the Old Kingdom, but others, including Strudwick, believe the reasons of the collapse must be sought elsewhere as the power of an administration official never approached that of the king.

paragraph: The reforms of Djedkare played an important role in flourishing of the arts during the later Old Kingdom, as artisans and craftsmen could now find many wealthy patrons beyond the king. This created a surge in the number of commissions leading to a general improvement of the artistic works. This also provided the artisans with a new wealth, which they used to build their own large funerary complexes.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Funerary cult.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Funerary cult.:Old Kingdom.

paragraph: Djedkare was the object of a funerary cult established at his death and which lasted until the end of the Old Kingdom nearly 200 years later. Provisions for this cult were produced in several agricultural estates set up during Djedkare's reign. The names of some of these estates have been found inscribed on the walls of the tombs of his courtiers: "Ra desires that Isesi lives", "Heqa desires that Izezi live", "Perfect of emulation is Isesi", "The mnza-vessel of Djedkare", "Perfect of favors is Isesi", "Seshat makes Isesi live", "The Ka of Isesi is foremost", "Dominion belongs to Izezi", "Work of the command of Izezi", "Bastet wishes that Izezi lives", "Horus perpetuates Izezi", "The offerings of Izezi", and "Izezi is one who loves life".

paragraph: Djedkare seems to have been held in high esteem during the Sixth Dynasty. For example, Merenre Nemtyemsaf I chose to place his pyramid complex close to that of Djedkare. In addition, the South Saqqara Stone, a royal annal dating to the reign of Merenre or of his successor Pepi II, records rich offerings being made to Djedkare on behalf of the king. An estimated 92% of the text inscribed on the stone was lost when it was roughly polished to be reused as a sarcophagus lid, possibly in the late First Intermediate (c. 2160–2055 BC) to early Middle Kingdom period (c. 2055–1650 BC).

paragraph: More generally, an historical or literary tradition concerning events in the time of Djedkare seems to have flourished toward the end of Old Kingdom as can be inferred from the tombs of Harkuf and Iny. These two officials were in charge of expeditions to foreign lands–Punt and Byblos– under Merenre I and Pepi II and both relate similar expeditions that took place during the time of Djedkare.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Funerary cult.:New Kingdom.

paragraph: The funerary cult of Djedkare enjoyed a revival during the New Kingdom (c. 1550–1077 BC). For the early part of this period, this is best attested by the Karnak king list, a list of kings commissioned by pharaoh Thutmose III. The list was not meant to be exhaustive, rather it gave the names of Thutmose's forefathers whom he wanted to honor by dedicating offerings.

paragraph: For the later New Kingdom, a relief from the Saqqara tomb of the priest Mehu, dating to the 19th or 20th Dynasty shows three gods faced by several deceased pharaohs. These are Djoser and Sekhemket, of the Third Dynasty and Userkaf, founder of the Fifth Dynasty. He is followed by a fourth king whose name is damaged but which is often read "Djedkare" or, much less likely, "Shepseskare". The relief is an expression of personal piety on Mehu's behalf, who prayed to the ancient kings for them to recommend him to the gods.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Northeast Africa

wikipedia_title: Djedkare Isesi


text:
Okehampton
Devon
Ottery St. Mary
Eton College
King's College, Cambridge
Lambeth
John Moore
Earl of Dalkeith
St. George's, Bloomsbury
dean of Gloucester
Taynton
St. Andrew's, Holborn
bishop of Bristol
bishop of Hereford
bishop of St Asaph
archdeaconry of St Asaph
Edward Barnard
Charles Scott Luxmoore

categories: People educated at Eton College,Deans of Gloucester,1830 deaths,Alumni of King's College, Cambridge,19th-century Anglican bishops,1766 births,Bishops of St Asaph,Bishops of Bristol,English sermon writers,Bishops of Hereford

paragraph: John Luxmoore

paragraph: John Luxmoore or Luxmore (1766–1830) was an English bishop of three sees.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The son of John Luxmoore of Okehampton, Devon, he was born there. He was educated at Ottery St. Mary school and at Eton College, going as scholar in 1775 to King's College, Cambridge. He graduated B.A. in 1780, and proceeded M.A. in 1783.

paragraph: On 30 June 1795 he was created D.D. at Lambeth by Archbishop John Moore. He became fellow of his college, and having been tutor to the Earl of Dalkeith, he obtained preferment. He was made rector of St. George's, Bloomsbury, in 1782, prebendary of Canterbury in 1703, dean of Gloucester in 1799, and rector of Taynton in 1800. In 1806 he exchanged St. George's, Bloomsbury, for St. Andrew's, Holborn. In 1807 he became bishop of Bristol, in 1808 he was translated as bishop of Hereford, and in 1815 to bishop of St Asaph. In 1808 he resigned the deanery of Gloucester, and in 1816 the benefice of St. Andrew's, Holborn. Luxmoore held, as was usual, the archdeaconry of St Asaph at the same time as the bishopric, and had other preferments. He died at the palace, St Asaph, on 31 January 1830. He published a few charges and sermons.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Luxmoore married a Miss Barnard, niece of Edward Barnard, provost of Eton, and left a large family. The eldest son, Charles Scott Luxmoore was himself an eminent clergyman

description: British bishop

wikidata_label: John Luxmoore

wikipedia_title: John Luxmoore


text:
India
Bundeli
Chhatrasal
Maratha
Shivaji
Brajbhasha
Sanskrit
Arabic
Persian
Tikwapur
Ghatampur
Kanpur district
Uttar Pradesh
Chitrakoot
Shivaji
Agra
Aurangzeb
Varanasi
Maratha Kingdom
durbar (court)
Alankar
Poems of Kavi Bhusan

categories: Indian male poets,Poets from Uttar Pradesh,Year of birth unknown,17th-century male writers,17th-century Indian poets,Year of death unknown

paragraph: Kavi Bhushan

paragraph: Kavi Bhushan (c. 1613–1712) was an Indian poet in the courts of the Bundeli king Chhatrasal and the Maratha king Shivaji. He mainly wrote in Brajbhasha interspersed with words from Sanskrit, Arabic and Persian languages.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Bhushan originally resided in the Tikwapur village in present-day Ghatampur tehsil, Kanpur district of Uttar Pradesh. He was the brother of the poets Chintamani and Matiram. Bhushan's original name is unknown. "Kavi Bhushan" ("Precious Poet") was a title given to him by the Rudra Pratap of Chitrakoot.

paragraph: Section::::Shivaji.

paragraph: He first met Shivaji when the latter visited Agra to meet the emperor Aurangzeb; thereafter, Bhushan became a supporter of Shivaji. Bhushan later moved from Varanasi to Maratha Kingdom in the 1670s, and visited Shivaji's durbar (court).

paragraph: Bhushan presented many of his poems on the occasion of the grand coronation of Shivaji; many of these poems are still remembered in Maharashtra. One such poem is "Shivbavani", which was written about Shivaji. He was a great poet of Anupras and Shlesh Alankar.

paragraph: Section::::Literary works.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Shivaa Bhushan

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Shivabavani

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Chatrashaal Dashak.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Saaransh ki khani

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poems of Kavi Bhusan

description: poet

wikidata_label: Kavi Bhushan

wikipedia_title: Kavi Bhushan


text:
freedman
Roman emperor
Nero
Britain
Boudica
governor
Gaius Suetonius Paulinus
Publius Petronius Turpilianus
Galba

categories: Ancient Romans in Britain,Year of birth unknown,1st-century Romans,Emperor's slaves and freedmen,68 deaths,People executed by the Roman Empire

paragraph: Polyclitus (freedman)

paragraph: Polyclitus was an influential freedman in the court of the Roman emperor Nero. He was sent to Britain in 60 or 61 AD to head an enquiry in the aftermath of the rebellion of Boudica. As a result the governor, Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, was relieved of his command and replaced by Publius Petronius Turpilianus.

paragraph: Polyclitus was put to death by Galba in 68.

description: Roman freedman

wikidata_label: Polyclitus

wikipedia_title: Polyclitus (freedman)


text: composer

text: virtuoso

text: Concierto de Aranjuez

text: Spanish music

text: Sagunto

text: Valencia

text: diphtheria

text: solfège

text: Braille

text: transcribed

text: Valencia

text: Paul Dukas

text: Paris

text: musicology

text: Maurice Emmanuel

text: André Pirro

text: Ricardo Viñes

text: music history

text: Manuel de Falla

text: Complutense University of Madrid

text: Yüksel Koptagel

text: Concierto de Aranjuez

text: Regino Sainz de la Maza

text: concerto

text: adagio

text: cor anglais

text: Gil Evans

text: Miles Davis

text: Sketches of Spain

text: Nicanor Zabaleta

text: Concierto serenata

text: Julian Lloyd Webber

text: Concierto como un divertimento

text: James Galway

text: Fantasía para un gentilhombre

text: Andrés Segovia

text: Celedonio Romero

text: Premio Nacional de Música

text: Spanish nobility

text: King Juan Carlos I

text: Marqués de los Jardines de Aranjuez

text: English

text: Prince of Asturias Award

text: Order of Arts and Letters

text: French

text: Victoria Kamhi

text: Turkish

text: Madrid

text: Aranjuez

text: José Manuel Izquierdo

text: Orquesta de Cámara Joaquín Rodrigo

text: Orquesta Femenina de París

text: Jane Evrard

text: Hans von Benda

text: Houston Symphony

text: United States Bicentennial

text: American Wind Symphony Orchestra

text: Robert Austin Boudreau

text: Juan Ruiz Casaux

text: Gaspar Cassadó

text: Ataulfo Argenta

text: Concierto como un divertimento

text: Concierto pastoral

text: Concierto de Aranjuez

text: Fantasía para un gentilhombre

text: Concierto madrigal

text: Alexandre Lagoya

text: Ida Presti

text: Angel Romero

text: Pepe Romero

text: Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos

text: Concierto Andaluz

text: Concierto para una fiesta

text: Lincoln Center

text: Concierto serenata

text: Marisa Robles

text: Concierto heroico

text: José Manuel Izquierdo

text: Enrique Iniesta

text: Bartolomé Pérez Casas

text: Carlos Prieto

text: Joaquín Nin-Culmell

text: Marcin Dylla

text: Regino Sainz de la Maza

text: Regino Sainz de la Maza

text: Andrés Segovia

text: Nicolás Alfonso

text: Manuel López Ramos

text: Luise Walker

text: Ida Presti

text: Alexandre Lagoya

text: Siegfrid Behrend

text: Renata Tarragó

text: Alirio Díaz

text: Château de la Brède

text: Office de Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française

text: Sonata a la Española

text: Angelo Gilardino

text: Christopher Parkening

text: Celedonio Romero

text: Wolfgang Lendle

text: Alexandre Lagoya

text: Randy Pile

text: Sherri Rottersman

text: Madrid

text: Mariá Esther Guzmán

text: Ana María Martini Gil

text: Enrique Iniesta

text: Complete catalogue of Rodrigo's compositions

text: Joaquín Rodrigo website

text: Joaquín Rodrigo website

text: "MUSIC; A Composer Who Found Strength in an Inner Vision"

text: SEATTLE LATINO FILM FESTIVAL COMES TO SEATTLE U

text: "Rodrigo interpreta a Rodrigo"

text: "Grandes personajes, a fondo. Vol. 7"

text: Television Productions

text: "The Rodrigo Collection"

text: "Concierto De Aranjuez: El Siglo De Joaquín Rodrigo"

text: Joaquín Rodrigo - Concierto de Aranjuez by Narciso Yepes

categories: 20th-century classical composers,1901 births,Blind people from Spain,1999 deaths,Spanish male classical composers,École Normale de Musique de Paris alumni,Composers for the classical guitar,Blind classical musicians,Spanish classical composers,Valencian composers,Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres,20th-century Spanish musicians,People from Sagunto

paragraph: Joaquín Rodrigo

paragraph: Joaquín Rodrigo Vidre, 1st Marquis of the Gardens of Aranjuez (; 22 November 1901 – 6 July 1999), was a Spanish composer and a virtuoso pianist.

paragraph: Rodrigo's music is among the most popular music of the 20th century. In particular, his "Concierto de Aranjuez" is considered one of the pinnacles of Spanish music and of the guitar concerto repertoire.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Rodrigo was born in Sagunto (Valencia), and completely lost his sight at the age of three after contracting diphtheria. He began to study solfège, piano and violin at the age of eight; harmony and composition from the age of 16. Although distinguished by having raised the Spanish guitar to dignity as a universal concert instrument and best known for his guitar music, he never mastered the instrument himself. He wrote his compositions in Braille, and they were transcribed for publication.

paragraph: Rodrigo studied music under Francisco Antich in Valencia and under Paul Dukas at the École Normale de Musique in Paris. After briefly returning to Spain, he went to Paris again to study musicology, first under Maurice Emmanuel and then under André Pirro. His first published compositions date from 1923. In 1943 he received Spain's National Prize for Orchestra for "Cinco piezas infantiles" ("Five Children's Pieces"), based on his earlier composition of the same piece for two pianos, premiered by Ricardo Viñes. From 1947 Rodrigo was a professor of music history, holding the Manuel de Falla Chair of Music in the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, at Complutense University of Madrid. Notable students include Yüksel Koptagel, Turkish composer and pianist.

paragraph: His most famous work, "Concierto de Aranjuez", was composed in 1939 in Paris for the guitarist Regino Sainz de la Maza. In later life he and his wife declared that it was written as a response to the miscarriage of their first child. It is a "concerto" for guitar and orchestra. The central adagio movement is one of the most recognizable in 20th-century classical music, featuring the interplay of guitar with "cor anglais". This movement was later adapted by the jazz arranger Gil Evans for Miles Davis' 1960 album "Sketches of Spain". The Concerto was adapted by the composer himself for Harp and Orchestra at the request of Nicanor Zabaleta and dedicated to Zabaleta.

paragraph: The success of this concerto led to commissions from a number of prominent soloists, including Nicanor Zabaleta, for whom Rodrigo dedicated his "Concierto serenata" for Harp and Orchestra, Julian Lloyd Webber, for whom Rodrigo composed his "Concierto como un divertimento" for cello and orchestra, and James Galway, for whom Rodrigo composed his "Concierto pastoral" for flute and orchestra. In 1954 Rodrigo composed "Fantasía para un gentilhombre" at the request of Andrés Segovia. His "Concierto Andaluz", for four guitars and orchestra, was commissioned by Celedonio Romero for himself and his three sons.

paragraph: None of Rodrigo's works, however, achieved the popular and critical success of the "Concierto de Aranjuez" and the "Fantasia para un gentilhombre". These two works are very often paired in recordings.

paragraph: He was awarded Spain's highest award for composition, the Premio Nacional de Música, in 1983. On 30 December 1991 Rodrigo was raised into the Spanish nobility by King Juan Carlos I with the hereditary title of Marqués de los Jardines de Aranjuez (English: Marquis of the Gardens of Aranjuez). He received the prestigious Prince of Asturias Award—Spain's highest civilian honor—in 1996. He was named Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters by the French government in 1998.

paragraph: He married Victoria Kamhi, a Turkish-born pianist whom he had met in Paris, on 19 January 1933, in Valencia. Their daughter, Cecilia, was born on 27 January 1941. Rodrigo died in 1999 in Madrid at the age of 97, and his daughter succeeded him as Marquesa de los Jardines de Aranjuez. Joaquín Rodrigo and his wife Victoria are buried at the cemetery at Aranjuez.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Orchestral.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Orchestra

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Juglares" (1923); first public performance: 1924, Valencia

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cinco Piezas Infantiles" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tres viejos aires de danza" (1929; first performance on 20 January 1930 by the Orquesta Sinfónica de Valencia conducted by José Manuel Izquierdo)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dos miniaturas andaluzas" (1929; first performance on 22 November 1999 at the "Palau de la Música de Valencia", Spain, by the "Orquesta de Cámara Joaquín Rodrigo")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zarabanda lejana y Villancico" (1930; first performance on 9 March 1931 at the "Ecole Normale de Musique" in Paris, by the "Orquesta Femenina de París", conducted by Jane Evrard)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Per la flor del Lliri Blau", symphonic poem (1934; First Prize, "Círculo de Bellas Artes")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Soleriana" (first performance by the Berlin Philharmonic conducted by Hans von Benda, on 22 August 1953 in Berlin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pavana Real" (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Música para un jardín" (1957) [Orchestration of his two piano Berceuses]

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A la busca del más allá" (1976; commissioned by the Houston Symphony for the United States Bicentennial, Rodrigo was inspired by the thought of space exploration)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Palillos y panderetas" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rondalla"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Estudiantina" (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symphonic Wind Ensemble

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Homenaje a la Tempranica" (1939; first performance, 1939, in Paris by the "Orquesta Femenina de París", conducted by Jane Evrard)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Homenaje a Sagunto" (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adagio Para Orquesta de Instrumentos de Viento" (1966; first performance in June 1966 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, by the American Wind Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Robert Austin Boudreau)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pasodoble para Paco Alcalde" (1975)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Concertante.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cello

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dos piezas caballerescas" for four-piece cello orchestra (1945; first performance on 27 May 1945 in Madrid by cello ensemble students of Juan Ruiz Casaux) - later transcribed for four guitars by Peter Jermer

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Concierto en modo galante" (1949; first performance on 4 November 1949 in Madrid by Gaspar Cassadó, with the "Orquesta Nacional de España", conducted by Ataulfo Argenta)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Concierto como un divertimento" (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flute

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aria antigua" (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Concierto pastoral" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guitar

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Concierto de Aranjuez" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fantasía para un gentilhombre" (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Concierto madrigal" for two guitars (1966; commissioned by Alexandre Lagoya and Ida Presti; first performance on 30 July 1967 at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles, CA, by Angel Romero and Pepe Romero, with the Los Angeles Symphony conducted by Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Concierto Andaluz" for four guitars (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Concierto para una fiesta" (1982; first performance on 5 March 1983 at the Ridglea Country Club in Fort Worth, TX, by Pepe Romero, with the Texas Little Symphony conducted by John Giordano)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rincones de España" (1990; first performance by Angel Romero on 7 March 1991 at New York's Lincoln Center)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harp

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Concierto serenata" (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sones en la Giralda" (1963; written as a wedding present for the harpist Marisa Robles) - later transcribed for guitar and orchestra by Pepe Romero

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piano

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Concierto heroico" (1943) (revised by the composer as "Piano Concerto" (1995) and first performed in 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Violin

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dos esbozos" for violin and piano (1923; Rodrigo's "Opus 1")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cançoneta" for violin and string orchestra (1923; first performance in 1923 in Valencia, Spain, by the "Orquesta Sinfónica de Valencia", conducted by José Manuel Izquierdo)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Concierto de estío" (1944; first performance on 16 April 1944 by Enrique Iniesta, at the "Teatro San Carlos" in Lisbon, Portugal, with the "Orquesta Nacional de España", conducted by Bartolomé Pérez Casas)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Set Cançons Valencianes" for violin and piano (1982)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Instrumental.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bandoneón

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Motu perpetuo" (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cello

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Como una fantasía" (1979; first performance on 17 March 1981 by Carlos Prieto, in Mexico City)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guitar

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zarabanda lejana" (1926; first performance by Joaquín Nin-Culmell, in Paris)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Toccata para guitarra" (1933; first performance on 1 June 2006 by Marcin Dylla, in Madrid)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "En Los Trigales" (1938; first performance by Regino Sainz de la Maza; later published as part of "Por los campos de España")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tiento Antiguo" (1942; first performance in 1942 by Regino Sainz de la Maza)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Three Spanish Pieces - "Tres Piezas Españolas (Fandango, Passacaglia, Zapateado") (1954; dedicated to Andrés Segovia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bajando de la meseta" (1954; first performance by Nicolás Alfonso in Brussels; later published as part of "Por los campos de España")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Entre olivares" (1956; dedicated to Manuel López Ramos; later published as part of "Por los campos de España")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "En tierras de Jerez" (1957; dedicated to Luise Walker)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tonadilla" (1959; first performance by the guitar duo of Ida Presti and Alexandre Lagoya)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Junto al Generalife" (1959; first performance by Siegfrid Behrend)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sonata Giocosa" (1960; dedicated to Renata Tarragó)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Invocación y danza" (1961; first performance on 12 May 1962 by Alirio Díaz at the Château de la Brède near Bordeaux, France—First prize, "Coupe International de Guitare," awarded by "Office de Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française" [ORTF])

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sonata a la Española" (1963; dedicated to Ernesto Bitetti)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tres pequeñas piezas (Ya se van los pastores, Por caminos de Santiago, Pequeña Sevillana)" (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Elogio de la guitarra" (1971; written for the guitarist Angelo Gilardino, who gave the first performance)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pajaros de primavera" (1972; commissioned by Dr. Isao Takahashi, a promoter of classical guitar in Japan, for his wife Take Takahashi; first performed in 1972 at the hospital bedside of Take Takahashi in Japan, "interpreted by a guitarist friend," as she was dying of cancer—Christopher Parkening gave the first public performance, also in Japan)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dos preludios" (1976; first performance in 1989 by Celedonio Romero in Los Angeles, CA, and first recording by Wolfgang Lendle)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tríptico" (1978; first performance in 1978 by Alexandre Lagoya at the Château de Rougerie in France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Un tiempo fue Itálica famosa" (1981; first performance in 1989 by Randy Pile in San Diego, CA)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ecos de Sefarad" (1987; first performance in 1989 by Sherri Rottersman at the Círculo Medina in Madrid)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "¡Qué buen caminito!" (1987; first performance in 1987 by Mariá Esther Guzmán at the Conservatorio de Música de Sevilla)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harp

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Impromptu (1959; first performance by Ana María Martini Gil)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piano (solo), and harpsichord

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Suite pour piano" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Berceuse d'automne" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Preludio al Gallo mañanero" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zarabanda lejana" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pastorale" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bagatela" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Berceuse de printemps" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Air de Ballet sur le nom d'une Jeune Fille" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Serenata Española" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sonada de adiós ('Homenaje a Paul Dukas')" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cuatro Piezas (Caleseras, Fandango del ventorrillo, Prayer of the Princess of Castile, Danza Valenciana)" (1936-1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tres Danzas de España (Rústica, Danza de los tres doncellas, Serrana)" (1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A l'ombre de Torre Bermeja" (1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cuatro Estampas Andaluzas" (1946-1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El Album de Cecilia (María de los Reyes, Jota de las Palomas, Canción del Hada rubia, Canción del Hada morena, El negrito Pepo, Borriquillos a Belén)" (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cinco Sonatas de Castilla, con Toccata a modo de Pregón" (1950-1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aranjuez ma pensée" (1968) (arranged by the composer from his 'Concierto de Aranjuez')

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Danza de la Amapola" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Preludio y Ritornello" (1979) (for HARPSICHORD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tres Evocaciones (Tarde en el parque, Noche en el Guadalquivir, Triana)" (1980-1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Preludio de Añoranza" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piano (duet and two pianos)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Juglares" (1923) (PIANO DUET) (arranged by the composer from his first work for orchestra)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cinco Piezas Infantiles (Son chicos que pasan, Después de un cuento, Mazurka, Plegaria, Gritería)" (1924) (TWO PIANOS) (arranged by the composer from his second work for orchestra)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gran Marcha de los Subsecretarios" (1941) (PIANO DUET)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Atardecer" (1975) (PIANO DUET)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sonatina para dos Muñecas" (1977) (PIANO DUET)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Violin

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Capriccio" (1944; first performance on 8 January 1946 by Enrique Iniesta in Madrid)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Vocal/choral.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ave Maria" for unaccompanied choir (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ausencias de Dulcinea" (1948); First prize, Cervantes Competition

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cuatro Madrigales Amatorios" (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De las doce canciones españolas (Textos populares adaptados por Victoria Kamhi)" (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Villancicos y canciones de navidad" (1952); "Ateneo de Madrid" Prize

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cuatro canciones sefardíes" (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El Hijo Fingido", Zarzuela

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Porque toco el pandero"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cántico de San Francisco de Asís" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tres canciones"

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Guitar and voice.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Coplas del Pastor Enamorado" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tres Canciones Españolas" (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tres Villancicos" (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Romance de Durante" (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Folías Canarias" (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aranjuez, ma pensée" (1988)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (archive available on 2015-12-24 at

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Complete catalogue of Rodrigo's compositions

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joaquín Rodrigo website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joaquín Rodrigo website

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "MUSIC; A Composer Who Found Strength in an Inner Vision" (Pablo Zinger, August 1999, NY Times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Century of Joaquin Rodrigo: SEATTLE LATINO FILM FESTIVAL COMES TO SEATTLE U

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Recordings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rodrigo interpreta a Rodrigo" ()

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Videos.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grandes personajes, a fondo. Vol. 7"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Television Productions Rodrigo: Pasos y huellas en la oscuridad

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Rodrigo Collection" -

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Concierto De Aranjuez: El Siglo De Joaquín Rodrigo" (Diagonal TV!)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joaquín Rodrigo - Concierto de Aranjuez by Narciso Yepes

description: Spanish composer and pianist

wikidata_label: Joaquín Rodrigo

wikipedia_title: Joaquín Rodrigo


text:
Belgian
Spa 24 Hours
Jean-Michel Martin
FIA World Endurance Championship
Aston Martin Racing
BMW
American Le Mans Series
RLL
Uccle
Formula Renault
Eurocup Mégane Trophy
Renault Clio Cup
FIA GT3 European Championship
Morgan Aero 8
Silverstone
FIA GT1 World Championship
Marc VDS Racing Team
Ford GT
Bas Leinders
Frédéric Makowiecki
Ordos
Blancpain Endurance Series
BMW Z4 GT3
Marc VDS Racing Team
Bas Leinders
Markus Palttala
DTM
BMW
Moscow Raceway
Belgian
Nürburgring
Spa 24 Hours
Alexander Sims
Philipp Eng
BMW M6 GT3
Jean-Michel Martin
BMW
Aston Martin Racing
2018 FIA World Endurance Championship

categories: Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters drivers,FIA World Endurance Championship drivers,24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,Eurocup Mégane Trophy drivers,24 Hours of Spa drivers,1986 births,American Le Mans Series drivers,Rolex Sports Car Series drivers,International GT Open drivers,United SportsCar Championship drivers,FIA GT1 World Championship drivers,Living people,24 Hours of Daytona drivers,Blancpain Endurance Series drivers,People from Uccle,ADAC GT Masters drivers,French Formula Renault 2.0 drivers,FIA GT Championship drivers,Belgian racing drivers

paragraph: Maxime Martin

paragraph: Maxime Martin (born 20 March 1986) is a Belgian professional racing driver and son of four-time Spa 24 Hours winner Jean-Michel Martin. He competes in the FIA World Endurance Championship with Aston Martin Racing. Martin had been a BMW factory driver since 2013, racing full-time in the American Le Mans Series for BMW Team RLL that season, as well as acting as BMW's DTM test and reserve driver. In late 2013 at BMW Motorsport's yearly review, Martin was confirmed as a full-time BMW DTM driver for the 2014 season.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Born in Uccle, Martin finished fourth in 2006 in the Formula Renault 1.6 Belgium series. In 2007 he began racing in the Eurocup Mégane Trophy, finishing third overall with one victory. The following year he finished as runner-up, with six wins. He also won the French Renault Clio Cup title. In 2009 he raced mainly in the FIA GT3 European Championship for AutoGT Racing in a Morgan Aero 8, winning at Silverstone.

paragraph: For 2010 Martin began racing in the new FIA GT1 World Championship for the Marc VDS Racing Team in a Ford GT. Along with teammate Bas Leinders he scored two podium finishes and ended the season 14th in the standings. In 2011, Martin teamed with Frédéric Makowiecki to win 4 races, including both rounds at Ordos. Between 2011 and 2013 Martin raced in the Blancpain Endurance Series mainly driving a BMW Z4 GT3 also for the Marc VDS Racing Team. His best result came in 2012, where he finished runner-up together with his teammates Bas Leinders and Markus Palttala.

paragraph: In 2014 Martin made his debut in the DTM championship for BMW. He won a race at the Moscow Raceway, the first victory for a Belgian in the DTM. In 2015, he won another race, this time at the Nürburgring. In 2016, he only managed to finish twice on the podium, and ended the year winless. 2017 was his most successful season yet in the DTM, ending the season with one victory and four podiums.

paragraph: In 2016 Martin won the Spa 24 Hours together with Alexander Sims and Philipp Eng, driving a BMW M6 GT3. By winning this race, he followed in the footsteps of his father Jean-Michel Martin, who won the race four times.

paragraph: In late 2017 Martin announced he would leave BMW after 5 years as a factory driver. He later announced he would join Aston Martin Racing as a factory driver to race in the 2018 FIA World Endurance Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Complete FIA GT Series results.

paragraph: As Martin was a guest driver, he was ineligible for championship points.

description: Belgian racecar driver

wikidata_label: Maxime Martin

wikipedia_title: Maxime Martin


text:
Persis
Frataraka
Vahbarz
Bagadates
Seleucid
Parthian
Arsacid
Mithridates I
List of rulers of Parthian sub-kingdoms

categories: 3rd-century Iranian people,History of Fars Province

paragraph: Vadfradad I

paragraph: Vādfradād I (Persian: "wtprdt") or Autophradates I (), was a ruler of Persis, and a member of the "Frataraka" dynasty. He was the son of Vahbarz and grandson of Bagadates.

paragraph: Traditionally, the Frataraka rulers used to be considered as independent, anti-Seleucid rulers, but now they are considered as ruling as representatives of the Seleucids. Either Vahbarz or Vādfradād obtained independence around the middle of the 2nd century BC, when Seleucid power waned in the areas of southwestern Persia and the Persian Gulf.

paragraph: When the Parthian Arsacid king Mithridates I (ca. 171-138 BCE) took control of Persis, he left the Persian dynasts in office and they were allowed to continue minting coins.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of rulers of Parthian sub-kingdoms

description: king of Persis

wikidata_label: Vadfradad I

wikipedia_title: Wadfradad I

wikipedia_title: Vadfradad I


text: Gallo-Roman

text: statesman

text: commander

text: magnate

text: Gaul

text: duke

text: Melun

text: Clovis I

text: Syagrius

text: Battle of Soissons

text: Burgundian

text: Clotilde

text: pilgrim

text: Battle of Tolbiac

text: cognomen

text: Roman Gaul

text: Historia Francorum

text: Gregory of Tours

text: Liber Historiae Francorum

text: Fredegar

text: Hincmar

text: Godefroid Kurth

text: Laurent Theis

text: Burgundian

text: Gundobad

text: Avitus of Vienne

text: Martin Heinzelmann

text: PLRE

text: Orléans

text: Nicolas-Claude-Joseph Godelle

text: Ressons-le-Long

text: Soissons

text: Abbey of Saint-Pierre-le-Vif

text: Nicole Gilles

text: Grand Chamberlain

text: anachronism

text: Pierre Bardin

text: Philippe Labbe

text: Grand Chancellor

text: Keeper of the Seals

text: Grandes Chroniques de France

text: Robert de Lenoncourt

text: Abbey of Saint-Remi

text: baptism of Clovis

text: Reims

text: fleur-de-lis

text: coronation ceremony

text: stained glass

text: woodcut

text: Bibliothèque nationale de France

text: Versailles

text: Panthéon

text: Joseph Blanc

text: Léon Gambetta

paragraph: Aurelianus (Gallo-Roman)

paragraph: Aurelianus was a Gallo-Roman statesman, commander and magnate in the late 5th-century Gaul. He was also a duke of Melun, but most importantly, the chief advisor of Clovis I.

paragraph: After the defeat Syagrius in 486 at the Battle of Soissons, Aurelianus defected to the side of Clovis and aided him in the stabilisation of the domain.

paragraph: In 493, Clovis sent him on a secret mission to arrange a marriage with a Burgundian princess, Clotilde. At night, while pretending to be a pilgrim, Clotilde welcomed him. While washing his feet, Aurelianus revealed the identity of her suitor and delivered her a ring of Clovis.

paragraph: During the Battle of Tolbiac Aurelianus urged Clovis to convert to Christianity. Eventually Clovis gifted Melun to Aurelianus.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Known only by a "cognomen" common in Roman Gaul, Aurelianus is mentioned in the "Historia Francorum" written by Gregory of Tours, although this may be another person of the same name. The anecdotes concerning Aurelianus are mainly the product of later second-hand works of the 7th century, such as the "Liber", "Liber Historiae Francorum" and "Historia Francorum epitomata", written by Fredegar, but also of the 9th century, like the work of Hincmar, "Vita Remigii". He was first regarded as a real historical figure towards the end of the 19th century by Godefroid Kurth. More recently, the medieval history specialist Laurent Theis does not rule out the historicity of Aurelianus, although he states that the 'loyal Aurelianus' may be an archetype of the wise Roman Christian, like Aredius, advisor of the Burgundian king Gundobad. An "Aurelianus, vir illustris" is noted among the correspondents of Avitus of Vienne, but Martin Heinzelmann, contrary to what is written in the "PLRE", states that this Aurelianus is another person of the same name.

paragraph: According to the "Liber historiæ" and Fredegar, Clovis used Aurelianus as an intermediary to secretly arrange his marriage with Clotilde. The details of the secret meeting between Clotilde and Aurelianus, according to which he was disguised as a pilgrim, is more likely to be a myth than a historical fact. He was present at the Battle of Tolbiac, where he advised Clovis to put his faith in the God of Clotilde and convert to Christianity.

paragraph: Again according to the "Liber historiæ", Clovis rewarded Aurelianus for his services by giving him the title of Duke of Melun. This, according to Kurth, is a confusion with another person of the same name.

paragraph: Some late speculations considered Aurelianus to be a native of Orléans, as "Aurelianum" was the Roman name of the city. In the 19th century, Nicolas-Claude-Joseph Godelle suggested that the name of Arlaines, a hamlet of the commune of Ressons-le-Long where ruins were discovered in 1810, could come from an "Aureliana villa", belonging to Aurelianus, making him a native of Soissons. This etymological hypothesis, however, is not supported by any findings or documents, the archeological excavation establishing that it was a Roman camp of the 1st century.

paragraph: "Aurelianus, consiliarus regis", is among the signatories of Clovis's charter establishing the Abbey of Saint-Pierre-le-Vif. However, the document – purportedly from 504 – is a forgery created in the 10th or 11th century.

paragraph: In a book published in the 16th century, Nicole Gilles describes Aurelianus as the Grand Chamberlain of the king, but this anachronism is corrected in 1623 by Pierre Bardin. A few years after Bardin, Philippe Labbe also expressed doubts on whether Aurelianus was also Grand Chancellor and Keeper of the Seals, offices that were mis-attributed to him by earlier authors, who misinterpreted the ring Aurelianus gave to Clotilde as Clovis's seal.

paragraph: Section::::Depictions.

paragraph: Inspired by the "Grandes Chroniques de France", two of the tapestries that were ordered in the 16th century by Robert de Lenoncourt, destined to be displayed in the Abbey of Saint-Remi, portray Aurelianus. One of them depicts his meeting with Clotilde and the other depicts him first at Tolbiac pressuring Clovis to convert by saying to him ""Croy au dieu auquel croyt ta femme"" (believe in the god in whom your wife believes), and then witnessing the baptism of Clovis in Reims. In this scene, Aurelianus is wearing a coat decorated with a "fleur-de-lis" pattern, inspired by the coronation ceremony which itself was inspired by the baptism of Clovis during the Middle Ages.

paragraph: In the collegiate church of Notre-Dame des Andelys, a stained glass window depicts the meeting of Clotilde and Aurelianus.

paragraph: The woodcut department of the Bibliothèque nationale de France possesses two engravings, made in a 16th- to 17th-century style, depicting ""Aurelian, grand conseiller de Clovis et chancelier de France"" (Aurelian, chief advisor of Clovis and chancellor of France). Portrayed with a long beard, Aurelianus holds a ring, a reference to the meeting with Clotilde. Another copy of the engraving is kept in Versailles.

paragraph: In 1881, while decorating the Panthéon, Joseph Blanc painted Aurelianus in the central part of the "Triomphe de Clovis" (Triumph of Clovis), in which historical characters are represented with the traits of contemporaries of the artist. Aurelianus is depicted in this work with the traits of Léon Gambetta, then President of the National Assembly of France. Blanc may have chosen Gambetta due to his Italian origins.

alias: Aurelianus Aurilianus

description: advisor to Clovis I

wikidata_label: Aurelian

wikipedia_title: Aurelianus (Gallo-Roman)


text:
British
Whig
Member of Parliament
Wigan
1837 general election
election petition
Thomas Bright Crosse

categories: Whig (British political party) MPs for English constituencies,1790 births,UK MPs 1841–1847,UK MPs 1837–1841

paragraph: Charles Strickland Standish

paragraph: Charles Strickland Standish (March 1790 – 10 June 1863) was a British Whig politician.

paragraph: Standish was first elected a Whig Member of Parliament for Wigan at the 1837 general election, and held the seat until 1841 when he was defeated. However, after an election petition unseated Thomas Bright Crosse, he was again returned for the seat, holding it until 1847 when he did not seek re-election.

description: politician

wikidata_label: Charles Standish

wikipedia_title: Charles Strickland Standish


text: O.P.

text: Roman Catholic

text: religious sister

text: social worker

text: foundress

text: Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne

text: Lenox, Massachusetts

text: Nathaniel Hawthorne

text: Sophia Peabody

text: Nathaniel Peabody

text: Horatio Bridge

text: West Newton, Massachusetts

text: Julian

text: Franklin Benjamin Sanborn

text: Ellery Channing

text: Diocletian Lewis

text: Lexington, Massachusetts

text: George Parsons Lathrop

text: The Wayside

text: diphtheria

text: New London, Connecticut

text: Georgetown Visitation Convent

text: Roman Catholicism

text: Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts

text: Emma Lazarus

text: New York Cancer Hospital

text: Rose of Lima

text: Lower East Side

text: Dominican

text: priest

text: tertiaries

text: Michael A. Corrigan

text: Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne

text: Cherry Street

text: Woodrow Wilson

text: Master of Arts

text: Bowdoin College

text: Rotary Club

text: Cause for Canonization

text: Edward Egan

text: Archdiocese of New York

text: Servant of God

text: Rosary Hill Home

categories: Converts to Roman Catholicism,19th-century American women writers,Writers from New York City,Poets from New York (state),Religious leaders from Massachusetts,American women poets,20th-century Christian nuns,People from Lenox, Massachusetts,Dominican Sisters,1851 births,American Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns,1926 deaths,American Servants of God,19th-century American poets,Poets from Massachusetts,Founders of Catholic religious communities

paragraph: Mother Mary Alphonsa

paragraph: Rose Hawthorne Lathrop, O.P., (May 20, 1851 – July 9, 1926) was an American writer and religious leader. As Mother Mary Alphonsa, she was a Roman Catholic religious sister, social worker, and foundress of the Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early years and marriage.

paragraph: Rose Hawthorne was born on May 20, 1851, in Lenox, Massachusetts, to Nathaniel Hawthorne and his wife Sophia Peabody. Sophia was assisted in the birth by her father, Nathaniel Peabody. Hawthorne wrote about the infant Rose to his friend, Horatio Bridge, comparing her birth to the publication of a book: "Mrs. Hawthorne published a little work, two months ago, which still lies in sheets; but, I assure you, it makes some noise in the world, both by day and night. In plain English, we have another little red-headed daughter—a very bright, strong, and healthy imp, but, at present, with no pretentions to beauty." Rose and her siblings were raised in a positive environment and their parents did not believe in harsh discipline or physical punishment.

paragraph: On July 28, 1851, Sophia took Rose and her older sister, Una, to visit relatives in West Newton, Massachusetts. Growing up, Rose lived in Massachusetts, Liverpool, London, Paris, Rome, and Florence. The family returned to Concord, Massachusetts, in 1860. There, her older brother Julian was enrolled in a co-educational school run by Franklin Benjamin Sanborn. Though their friend, the poet Ellery Channing, recommended the Hawthorne girls attend the same school, neither was enrolled. Sophia wrote: "We entirely disapprove of this commingling of youths and maidens at the electric age in school. I find no end of ill effect from it, and this is why I do not send Una and Rose to your school." Two years after Nathaniel's death in 1864, Rose was enrolled at a boarding school run by Diocletian Lewis in nearby Lexington, Massachusetts; she disliked the experience.

paragraph: After Nathaniel's death, the family moved to Germany and then to England. Sophia and Una died there in 1871 and 1877, respectively.

paragraph: Rose married author George Parsons Lathrop in 1871. Prior to the marriage, Lathrop had shown romantic interest in Rose's sister Una. Their brother Julian Hawthorne used the love triangle as an inspiration for his first novel, "Bressant", in 1873. In 1876, the Lathrops had a son, Francis. Rose tried to become an author in her own right, much like her husband, father, and brother. She serialized her novel "Miss Dilletante" in the Boston "Courier" under George's editorship in 1878 and published a book of poems, "Along the Shore", in 1888.

paragraph: In the spring of 1879, the Rose and her husband purchased her family's former home in Concord, The Wayside, with borrowed funds. They moved out on the day Francis died of diphtheria at the age of five. They returned to New York City but moved to New London, Connecticut, in 1877 for George's health. There, they became involved with the Catholic summer school movement and collaborated on a book, "A Story of Courage: A History of the Georgetown Visitation Convent".

paragraph: Both she and George converted to Roman Catholicism in 1891. Though "To many of their old friends this conversion came as a shock", Rose's journey to Catholicism had been years in the making. "Their travels through England, Portugal, France and Italy [had] exposed the Hawthornes to the “Roman Church,” often misunderstood in the Protestant circles of New England...Rose would write of her experience at the age of seven of seeing Pope Pius IX during Holy Week from his balcony: “I became eloquent about the Pope, and was rewarded by a gift from my mother of a little medallion of him and a gold scudo with an excellent likeness thereon, both always tenderly reverenced by me.”

paragraph: Following Francis' death he had become an alcoholic and was increasingly unstable. Una suspected he abused Rose. George also competed with Rose's brother Julian for control of Nathaniel Hawthorne's legacy. In 1883, Julian planned to publish "Dr. Grimshawe's Secret", a manuscript left unfinished by their father, but Rose did not believe in its existence and suspected him of forgery or perpetrating a hoax. After Francis's death, Rose and Julian tried to end their quarreling and the Lathrops visited him in England in 1881. During that trip, however, they spent more and more time apart. They separated permanently in 1895; George died of cirrhosis three years later.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Charity work and religious vocation.

paragraph: Lathrop sought greater purpose in her life and spent time with the Sisters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul in Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts, and was inspired by their motto, "I am for God and for the poor." She was further inspired by the death of Emma Lazarus, whom she befriended in 1881. After Lazarus's death from cancer at age 38, Rose recalled that she was at least comfortable, unlike others who were poor. She wrote later, "Though I grieved deeply for her, I would not pity her, for she never knew unaided suffering, but every amelioration." As a source for her motivation to work with incurable impoverished people, she cited the story of a young seamstress who was too poor to afford medical treatment and instead had herself admitted to an institution for the insane on Blackwell's Island.

paragraph: In the summer of 1896, Lathrop trained as a nurse at the then–New York Cancer Hospital, the first institution in the United States to provide training in treating cancer while general hospitals in the city did not admit patients with cancer. Later that year, she founded a charitable organization named after Saint Rose of Lima, Sister Rose's Free Home, to care for impoverished cancer patients. At first, she visited patients at home. In October 1896, she rented three rooms in a tenement on Scammel Street on the Lower East Side, a poor immigrant neighborhood, with the help of an assistant named Alice Huber. A Dominican priest, Father Clement Thuente, O.P., witnessed their work in February 1899 and encouraged them to join the Dominican order as tertiaries (Third Order Dominicans).

paragraph: On December 8, 1900, Lathrop founded a new religious order, with the approval of Archbishop Michael A. Corrigan of New York. The order was named the Servants of Relief for Incurable Cancer; Lathrop became its first Mother Superior, with the name Mother Mary Alphonsa. Alice became known as Mother Rose. The order—now known as the Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne—opened a facility called St. Rose's Home on Water Street in Manhattan; it then moved to Cherry Street, before settling north of New York City in what is now Rosary Hill Home in Hawthorne.

paragraph: Lathrop's brother, Julian, considered her decision to be a martyrdom, writing, "Nothing less than the extreme would satisfy her thirst for self-sacrifice." When he was imprisoned for mail fraud, she traveled to Washington, D.C., on April 3, 1913, to ask President Woodrow Wilson to pardon him. Julian was angered by her intervention, and no pardon was granted.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death and legacy.

paragraph: On July 8, 1926, Lathrop wrote various letters asking for donations until nearly 10 o'clock before going to bed. She died in her sleep on July 9, the day that would have been her parents' 84th wedding anniversary. She was buried on the grounds of the Motherhouse of the Dominican Sisters in Hawthorne, N.Y.

paragraph: Lathrop received a medal from the National Institute of Social Sciences for "notable achievement" in 1914. In 1925, she was awarded an honorary Master of Arts from Bowdoin College. On April 18, 1926, the Rotary Club of New York presented her with a service medal as "soldier of love, a friend of the poor, organizer of rare ability, hope of the hopeless".

paragraph: The Rose Hawthorne Guild was established to promote Mother Mary Alphonsa's Cause for Canonization. In 2003, Cardinal Edward Egan, Archbishop of the Archdiocese of New York, approved the movement for Lathrop's canonization. She now has the title "Servant of God" in the Catholic Church.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sources

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ibiblio: Rose Hawthorne Lathrop / Mother Alphonsa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rosary Hill Home official website

alias:
Rose Hawthorne Lathrop
Rose Hawthorne

description: American writer 1800s; Roman Catholic sister and social worker 1900s

wikidata_label: Mother Mary Alphonsa

wikipedia_title: Mother Mary Alphonsa


text:
Old Norse
Icelandic
Swedish
Danish
Medieval Latin
Norse
Ragnar Lodbrok
legendary king of Sweden
Swedish
Munsö dynasty
Munsö
barrow
Erik Björnsson
Björn at Haugi
"Berno"
Viking
Annales Bertiniani
Chronicon Fontanellense
William of Jumièges
Lodbrok
West Francia
Seine
Champagne
Charles the Bald
Paris
Oissel
Rouen
Verberie
Louis the German
East Francia
Veland
Somme
Bretagne
Mediterranean
Iberian
Pisa
Sicily
Straits of Gibraltar
Medina-Sidonia
Andalusian
Fragmentary Annals of Ireland
Lochlann
Orkney Islands
Hastein
France
Mediterranean
Luni
Rome
Frisia
Saracens
Ragnar Lodbrok
Tale of Ragnar's Sons
Ragnarssona þáttr
Fornaldar Saga
Aslaug
Hvitserk
Ivar the Boneless
Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye
Zealand
Reidgotaland
Jutland
Gotland
Öland
Lejre
Mälaren
Eysteinn
Uppsala öd
wergild
Zealand
tafl
Ælla
blood eagle
Normandy
Lombardy
Luna
Uppsala
Saxo Grammaticus
Gesta Danorum
Swedes
Ubbe
Ella
Slesvig
Hervarar saga
Eysteinn Beli
Refil
Erik Björnsson
Saga of Erik the Red
Asleik
Thorfinn Karlsefni
Ingvar
Ubbe
Halfdan
Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib
Schelde
Vikings
Nathan O'Toole
Alexander Ludwig
Lagertha
Aslaug
Early Swedish History
House of Munsö

categories: Viking Age in France,Semi-legendary kings of Sweden,9th-century Swedish people,9th-century rulers in Europe,Heroes in Norse myths and legends,House of Munsö

paragraph: Björn Ironside

paragraph: Björn Ironside (Old Norse: "Bjǫrn Járnsíða", Icelandic: "Björn Járnsíða", Swedish: "Björn Järnsida," Danish: "Bjørn Jernside"; Medieval Latin: "Bier Costae ferreae") was a historical Norse, Viking chief who also figures in late sources as a son of Ragnar Lodbrok and a legendary king of Sweden. He lived in the 9th century, being securely dated between 855 and 858. Björn Ironside is said to have been the first ruler of the Swedish Munsö dynasty. In the early 18th century, a barrow on the island of Munsö was claimed by antiquarians to be "Björn Järnsidas hög" or Björn Ironside's barrow.

paragraph: Medieval sources refer to Björn Ironside's potential sons and grandsons, including Erik Björnsson and Björn at Haugi. His descendants in the male line supposedly ruled over the Swedes until c. 1060.

paragraph: Section::::Björn in Frankish sources.

paragraph: "Berno" was a powerful Viking chieftain and naval commander. He appears in contemporary sources such as "Annales Bertiniani" and the "Chronicon Fontanellense". He is first mentioned in the summer of 855. The oldest text that details his origins is the Norman history of William of Jumièges (c. 1070). According to William, the Danish kings had the custom to expel the younger sons from the kingdom to have them out of the way. After King Lodbrok succeeded his father, he remembered this regulation and ordered his junior son Björn to leave his realm. Björn thus left Denmark with a considerable fleet and started to ravage in West Francia. The contemporary annals show that he cooperated with another Viking called Sigtrygg and sailed up the Seine in 855, from which his and Sigtrygg's forces raided the inland. Their combined forces were beaten in Champagne by Charles the Bald of West Francia in the same year, but not decisively. Sigtrygg withdrew in the next year, but Björn received reinforcement from another Viking army and could not be expelled from the Seine area. He and his men took up winter quarters at the so-called Givold's Grave, which served as base for an assault against Paris which was plundered around the new year 856-857. Björn constructed a fortification on the island Oissel above Rouen which he kept as his stronghold for years. He certainly swore fealty to Charles the Bald in Verberie in 858 but it is not clear if he kept his pledge. King Charles eventually resolved to meet the unruly Seine Vikings with all his available forces and besieged Oissel in July. The siege failed badly, for the pirates defended the fortification with vigour. Moreover, Charles's brother Louis the German of East Francia invaded his lands and many vassals fell from him. Thus the siege was broken off in September.

paragraph: After Björn's meeting with Charles in Verberie we don't find his name in contemporary sources. However, the Viking warriors in the Seine continued their raids during the following years and even plundered Paris again in 861. In his despair Charles the Bald tried to use another Viking chief, Veland, whose men operated in the Somme region, to attack the Seine Vikings at Oissel. However, this scheme backfired since the two Viking armies made a deal and united their forces. The Norsemen were encamped by the lower Seine in 861-862, but then split again. Veland agreed to become a Christian and joined royal service, while the Seine Vikings went at sea. Some of them joined the fighting between the ruler of Bretagne and some Frankish counts.

paragraph: Section::::Expedition to the Mediterranean.

paragraph: The complicity of Björn in all this is unclear. However, a number of Frankish, Arab and Irish sources mention a large Viking raid into the Mediterranean in 859-861 where he was supposedly involved. After raiding down the Iberian coast and fighting their way through Gibraltar, the Norsemen pillaged the south of France, where the fleet stayed over winter, before landing in Italy where they captured the city of Pisa. Flush with this victory and others around the Mediterranean (including in Sicily and North Africa) during the Mediterranean expedition, the Vikings are recorded to have lost 40 ships to a storm. They returned to the Straits of Gibraltar and, at the coast of Medina-Sidonia, lost 2 ships to fire catapults in a surprise raid by Andalusian forces, leaving only 20 ships intact. The remnants of the fleet came back to French waters in 862. Björn Ironside was the leader of the expedition according to the later chronicle of William of Jumièges. The "Fragmentary Annals of Ireland" say that two sons of Ragnall mac Albdan (Ragnar Lodbrok?), a chief who has been expelled from Lochlann by his brothers and stayed in the Orkney Islands, headed the enterprise.

paragraph: William of Jumièges refers to Björn as "Bier Costae ferreae" (Ironside) who was "Lotbroci regis filio" (son of King Lodbrok). William's circumstantial account of the Mediterranean expedition centers around Björn's foster-father Hastein. The two Vikings conducted many (mostly successful) raids in France. Later on Hastein got the idea to make Björn the new Roman Emperor and led a large Viking raid into the Mediterranean together with his protegée. They proceeded inland to the town of Luni, which they believed to be Rome at the time, but were unable to breach the town walls. To gain entry a tricky plan was devised: Hastein sent messengers to the bishop to say that, being deathly ill, he had a deathbed conversion and wished to receive Christian sacraments and/or to be buried on consecrated ground within their church. He was brought into the chapel with a small honor guard, then surprised the dismayed clerics by leaping from his stretcher. The Viking party then hacked its way to the town gates, which were promptly opened letting the rest of the army in. When they realised that Luni was not Rome, Björn and Hastein wished to invest this city but changed their minds when they heard that the Romans were well prepared for defense. After returning to West Europe, the two men parted company. Björn was shipwrecked at the English coast and barely survived. He then went to Frisia where he died. There are some historical problems with this account. Hastein appears in the contemporary sources later than Björn and could hardly, for chronological reasons, be his foster-father. Moreover, Luni is known to have been plundered by Saracens rather than by Vikings.

paragraph: Section::::"Tale of Ragnar's Sons".

paragraph: The story of Björn and his brothers, the sons of the Scandinavian king Ragnar Lodbrok, was retold in different versions throughout the Middle Ages. The "Tale of Ragnar's Sons" ("Ragnarssona þáttr") is an Icelandic Fornaldar Saga from about the 14th century that combines a number of legendary and semi-historical themes. It states that Björn was the son of Ragnar and Aslaug and that his brothers were Hvitserk, Ivar the Boneless, and Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye. The tale also tells of Björn's half-brothers Eric and Agnar.

paragraph: The saga portrays Ragnar as the overlord of large parts of Sweden and Denmark. While he was still alive, Björn and his brothers left Sweden to conquer Zealand, Reidgotaland (here Jutland), Gotland, Öland and all the minor islands. They then settled at Lejre in Zealand, Denmark with Ivar the Boneless as their leader.

paragraph: Ragnar's sons Eric and Agnar then sailed into Lake Mälaren and sent a message to the Swedish King Eysteinn, a vassal of Ragnar, that they wanted him to submit to Ragnar's sons. Moreover, Eric said that he wanted Eysteinn's daughter Borghild as wife. Eysteinn said that he first wanted to consult the Swedish chieftains. The chieftains said no to the offer, and ordered an attack on the rebellious sons. A battle ensued and Eric and Agnar were overwhelmed by the Swedish forces, whereupon Agnar died and Eric was taken prisoner.

paragraph: Eysteinn offered Eric as much of Uppsala öd as he wanted, and Borghild, in wergild for Agnar. Eric proclaimed that after such a defeat he wanted nothing but to choose the day of his own death. Eric asked to be impaled on spears that raised him above the dead and his wish was granted. In Zealand, Björn, Aslaug and Hvitserk, who had been playing tafl, became upset and sailed to Sweden with a large army. Aslaug rode with cavalry across the land. In a great battle they killed Eysteinn.

paragraph: According to the saga, their father Ragnar was captured and killed by King Ælla in England after a foolhardy invasion attempt. Björn and his brothers, seeking revenge, attacked Ælla but were beaten back. As Ivar realised that the English king could not be defeated right away, he sought reconciliation. He only asked for as much land as he could cover with an ox's hide and swore never to wage war against Ælla. Then Ivar cut the ox's hide into such fine strands that he could envelop a large fortress (in an older saga it was York and according to a younger saga it was London) which he could take as his own. Ivar made himself popular in England and asked his brothers to attack again. During the battle Ivar sided with his brothers and so did many of the English chieftains with their people, in loyalty to Ivar. Ælla was taken captive and in revenge they carved the blood eagle on him.

paragraph: Later Björn and his brothers pillaged in England, Normandy, France, and Lombardy, until they came to the town Luna in Italy. When they came back to Scandinavia, they divided the kingdom so that Björn Ironside took Uppsala and Sweden.

paragraph: Section::::Other sources.

paragraph: The partly legendary Danish chronicle of Saxo Grammaticus, "Gesta Danorum" (c. 1200), is the first text to mention Björn Ironside as a King of Sweden. According to Saxo, Ragnar Lodbrok had a quarrel with the recently elevated ruler of the Swedes, Sörle. He therefore invaded the Swedish lands in company with his sons Björn, Fridleif and Radbard. Before battle had broken out, the opposing sides agreed to settle the matter through a combat. Ragnar and his three sons met the renowned champion Starkad and his seven sons in the sight of the two armies. "Björn, having inflicted great slaughter on the foe without hurt to himself, gained from the strength of his sides, which were like iron, a perpetual name [i.e., Ironside]". Ragnar and his sons slew their eight opponents, after which their troops fell on Sörle and his army and annihilated them. Ragnar then "presented Björn with the lordship of Sweden for his conspicuous bravery and service." Later on, another son of Ragnar, Ubbe, colluded with his maternal grandfather Esbjörn and conspired against Ragnar. Esbjörn sent envoys to Björn in Sweden to drum up support for a rebellion, but Björn refused to listen. Instead, he hanged the envoys while their party were slaughtered by the Swedes. Shortly afterwards Esbjörn was slain in a sea battle, and Ubbe was captured after a heroic resistance. After the death of Ragnar, Björn and his brothers attacked Ella in England with 400 ships and killed him. He then went back to his Swedish kingdom, but intervened in Denmark when the Danes rose against the rule of Ragnar's sons. With a fleet of 1,700 ships, he and his brothers crushed the insurgents at Slesvig. This is the last we hear about Björn Ironside in the "Gesta Danorum".

paragraph: The "Hervarar saga" from the 13th century tells that Eysteinn Beli was killed by Björn and his brothers as told in "Ragnar Lodbrok's saga", and they conquered all of Sweden. When Ragnar died Björn Ironside inherited Sweden. He had two sons, Refil and Erik Björnsson, who became the next king of Sweden. According to the "Saga of Erik the Red", Björn had a son named Asleik (Aslak), who was the ancestor of Thorfinn Karlsefni.

paragraph: Anglo-Saxon and Irish sources suggest that the Danish invasion of England after 865 was led by three brothers called Ingvar (i.e. Ivar), Ubbe and Halfdan who, judging from the Irish "Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib", were sons of a Ragnall (Ragnar or a similar name). Björn is not mentioned in this context, but later Norman tradition suggests that he may have been a brother. According to William of Jumièges he died in Frisia, which also had an association with the invaders of England. Ubbe is sometimes labeled the "Frisian Jarl" and the invaders are occasionally called Scaldingi (men from Schelde). The Swedish kingship of Björn is historically problematic since it is not supported by older sources and presents insurmountable chronological inconsistencies.

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.

paragraph: A principal character in the television series "Vikings", played as a young boy by Nathan O'Toole and through adulthood by Alexander Ludwig, is loosely based on the historical character and portrayed as the son of Lagertha, rather than of Aslaug. According to the lore Bj"ö"rn is not the eldest son.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Early Swedish History

paragraph: BULLET::::- House of Munsö

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lagerquist, Lars O. (1997). "Sveriges Regenter, från forntid till nutid". Norstedts, Stockholm.

alias:
Björn Járnsíða
Björn Ragnarsson
Björn Járnsíð
Bjorn Jarnsid
Bielmonte di Ragnar

description: semi-legendary Swedish king

wikidata_label: Björn Ironside

wikipedia_title: Björn Ironside