text:
flamenco
guitarist
compás
gypsy
Sète
France
Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer
Camargue
Deben Bhattacharya
Django Reinhardt
Jean Cocteau
Arles
Pablo Picasso
Lucien Clergue
Arles
Phillips
Connoisseur Society
Carnegie Hall
Royal Variety Performance
José Reyes
Catalan Rumba
Gipsy Kings
Chris Freeman
Philips
Romani people in Spain
Los Niños de Sara
Profile

categories: Philips Records artists,People from Sète,Romani guitarists,20th-century French musicians,2014 deaths,Flamenco guitarists,1921 births,Male guitarists,French guitarists,Columbia Records artists,20th-century guitarists,French Romani people

paragraph: Manitas de Plata

paragraph: Manitas de Plata (born Ricardo Baliardo; 7 August 1921 – 5 November 2014) was a flamenco guitarist born in Southern France. Despite achieving worldwide fame, he was criticized for not following certain rhythmic rules ("compás") that are traditional in flamenco.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Ricardo Baliardo was born in a gypsy caravan in Sète in southern France. He became famous by playing each year at the Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer gypsy pilgrimage in Camargue, where he was recorded live by Deben Bhattacharya.

paragraph: Manitas de Plata ("Little Hands of Silver" in Spanish) only agreed to play in public ten years after the death of Django Reinhardt, unanimously considered the king of gypsy guitarists. One of his recordings earned him a letter from Jean Cocteau acclaiming him as a creator.

paragraph: Upon hearing him play at Arles in 1964, Pablo Picasso is said to have exclaimed "that man is of greater worth than I am!" and proceeded to draw on the guitar.

paragraph: Manitas de Plata garnered fame in the United States only after a photography exhibition in New York, organized by his friend Lucien Clergue. He had recorded his first official album in the chapel of Arles in France, in 1963, for the Phillips label. It was later re-released, in 1967, by the Connoisseur Society label and sold through the Book of the Month Club. This was a popular LP that brought him to the attention of an American audience. An American manager obtained a booking for him to play a concert in Carnegie Hall in New York on November 24, 1965.

paragraph: He toured the world from 1967, and recorded discs. He played with the dancer Nina Corti. In 1968 he played at the Royal Variety Performance in London.

paragraph: He toured Australia in September 1972 supported by Los Baliardos (Hippolyte Baliardo, Manero Baliardo, José Reyes, Ricardo Bissaro).

paragraph: Manitas de Plata was the father of Jacques, Maurice, and Tonino Baliardo and uncle to Paul, François (Canut), Patchaï, Nicolas and André Reyes (the sons of his cousin, flamenco artist José Reyes (1928-1979), all members of the Catalan Rumba band Gipsy Kings. Australian multi-instrumentalist Chris Freeman, his student in 1971, acknowledged de Plata's influence and teachings.

paragraph: Manitas de Plata died in a retirement home in Montpellier on 6 November 2014. The cause of death was not disclosed, although it was reported that de Plata had been in poor health since suffering a severe heart attack in April 2013.

paragraph: Many members of his own family were also well known flamenco musicians, including his younger brother Hippolyte Baliardo (1928-2009), and his eldest son Manero Baliardo (1940-2012). Another son, Bambo Baliardo, is still an active musician and performer as of 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Selected albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Juerga!" (1963, Philips, 844 535 PY)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flamenco Guitar" (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flamenco Guitar"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Manitas de Plata - The world's greatest living flamenco artist" (1966, Phillips, BL 7787)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Manitas et les siens" (1967, Columbia Records, FL 363)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flamenco Magic" (1967, Columbia Records, CS 9558)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flamenco!! (L'Espagne De Manitas)" (1968, CBS, 63449)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Art of the Guitar" (1968, Everest Records, SDBR 3201)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La guitare d'or de Manitas" (1970, Columbia Records, S 63915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Et Ses Guitares Gitanes" (1972, CBS, S65020)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Excitement of Manitas De Plata" (1973, RCA Camden, CDS 1139)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hommages" (1973, Embassy Records, S EMB 31003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Soleil des Saintes-Maries (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Feria Gitane" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Olé" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Manitas de Plata at Carnegie Hall" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flaming Flamenco" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Manitas de Plata" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Camargue de Manitas" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guitare D'Or Manitas de Plata" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flores de mi corazon" (1999, Troubadour Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guitarra Flamenco" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Manitas de Plata y los Plateros" (2004)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gitanos", Romani people in Spain

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los Niños de Sara

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile, Foroflamenco.com; accessed 6 November 2014

description: French Gitano flamenco guitarist

wikidata_label: Manitas de Plata

wikipedia_title: Manitas de Plata


text:
House of Saud
executed
gunshot
Muhammad bin Abdulaziz
King Khalid
King Abdulaziz
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Lebanon
Jeddah
Wahhabi
adultery
Sharia
Jeddah
Jeddah
Deera Square
Antony Thomas
Saudi Arabia
documentary
Death of a Princess
ITV
PBS
United States
diplomatic
King Khalid
ambassador
PBS
Mobil Oil Corporation
The New York Times
South Carolina
John C. West
Governor
docudrama
United States
PBS
Frontline
King Khalid
King
film
Executions in Saudi Arabia
2011 Saudi Arabian protests
Dina Ali
Sara bint Talal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
Samar Badawi
Hamza Kashgari
Manal al-Sharif
The Qatar Diary - Death of a Princess
Princess executed for eloping

categories: Executed royalty,People executed by Saudi Arabia by firearm,People executed for adultery,1958 births,Saudi Arabian women,Violence against women in Saudi Arabia,Executed Saudi Arabian people,Saudi Arabian princesses,Executed women,1977 deaths

paragraph: Mishaal bint Fahd bin Mohammed Al Saud

paragraph: Princess Mashaal bint Fahd al Saud (1958 – 15 July 1977; ) was a member of the House of Saud who was executed by gunshot for commiting adultery in 1977, at the age of 19. She was a daughter of Fahd bin Muhammed bin Abdulaziz Al Saud and a granddaughter of Prince Muhammad bin Abdulaziz, who was an older brother of King Khalid (the then-Saudi king) and a son of King Abdulaziz, the founder of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Her family sent Princess Mishaal bint Fahd, at her own request, to Lebanon to attend school. While there, she fell in love with a man, Khaled al-Sha'er Mulhallal, the nephew of Ali Hassan al-Shaer, the Saudi ambassador in Lebanon, and they began an affair. Upon their return to Saudi Arabia, it emerged that they had conspired to meet alone on several occasions and a charge of adultery was brought against them. She attempted to fake her own drowning and was caught trying to escape from Saudi Arabia with Khaled. Although the Princess was disguised as a man, she was recognized by a passport examiner at Jeddah airport. She was subsequently returned to her family. Under the Wahhabi Sharia law current in Saudi Arabia, a person can only be convicted of adultery by the testimony of four adult male witnesses to the act of sexual penetration, or by their own admission of guilt, stating three times in court "I have committed adultery." (Other Schools of Islamic Jurisprudence or Sharia have different views and legal practice than this.) Her family urged her not to confess, but instead to merely promise never to see her lover again. On her return to the courtroom, she repeated her confession: "I have committed adultery. I have committed adultery. I have committed adultery."

paragraph: Section::::Execution.

paragraph: On 15 July 1977, both were publicly executed in Jeddah by the side of the Queen's Building in the park. She was blindfolded, made to kneel, and executed on the explicit instructions of her grandfather, a senior member of the royal family, for the dishonor she brought on her clan. Khaled, after being forced to watch her execution, was beheaded with a sword by, it is believed, one of the princess' male relatives. It took five blows to sever his head, which was not the work of a professional executioner. Both executions were conducted near the palace in Jeddah, not in Deera Square.

paragraph: Section::::Controversy.

paragraph: Independent film producer Antony Thomas came to Saudi Arabia and interviewed numerous people about the princess's story. He was met by conflicting stories, which later became the subject matter of a British documentary, "Death of a Princess". The movie was scheduled to show on 9 April 1980 on the ITV television network and then a month later on the public television network PBS in the United States. Both broadcasts were met with livid protests followed by strong diplomatic, economic and political pressure from the Saudis to cancel these broadcasts. After having failed to get the British broadcast cancelled, King Khalid expelled the British ambassador from Saudi Arabia.

paragraph: In May 1980, attention then shifted to PBS, where their officials endured a month of mounting pressure from corporations and politicians. A major PBS sponsor, the Mobil Oil Corporation, took out a full-page ad in "The New York Times" op-ed page opposing the film and declaring it jeopardized U.S.-Saudi relations. After some stalling, it was eventually broadcast by the PBS program World in most of the US on 12 May 1980, although some PBS stations did not do so. For example, in South Carolina, the PBS affiliate cancelled broadcast of the film, a decision influenced by fact that the then US Ambassador to Saudi Arabia, John C. West, had formerly been the state's Governor. The docudrama was aired in the United States as part of a weekly PBS program called "World". That program later became known as PBS "Frontline". "Death Of A Princess" aired again on "Frontline" in 2005, to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the original broadcast.

paragraph: King Khalid, Saudi Arabia's King at the time, was said to have offered $11 million to the network to suppress the film.

paragraph: According to Director Antony Thomas, there was no trial nor was there an official execution:

paragraph: David Fanning, co-writer and executive producer of "Death of a Princess", added:

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Executions in Saudi Arabia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 Saudi Arabian protests

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dina Ali

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sara bint Talal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

paragraph: BULLET::::- Samar Badawi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hamza Kashgari

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manal al-Sharif

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Qatar Diary - Death of a Princess - 10/08/05

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess executed for eloping Article in The Observer, 22 January 1978

description: Saudi royal

wikidata_label: Misha'al bint Fahd al Saud

wikipedia_title: Mishaal bint Fahd bin Mohammed Al Saud


text:
Sengoku period
daimyō
Azai Nagamasa
Oichi
Oda Nobunaga
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Ohatsu
Kyōgoku Takatsugu
Kyōgoku Tadataka
Oeyo
Tokugawa Hidetada
Tokugawa Iemitsu
Odani Castle
Battle of Shizugatake
Toyotomi Hidenaga
Osaka
Kyoto city
Nene
Hideyori
Fushimi Castle
Osaka Castle
Ishida Mitsunari
Battle of Sekigahara
Council of Five elders
Princess Senhime
Tokugawa Hidetada
Edo Shogunate
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Siege to Osaka Castle
Lady Acha
Honda Masazumi
Ohatsu
Azai Nagamasa
Oichi
Nene
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Toyotomi Hideyori
Toyotomi Sadako
Oeyo
Kujō Yukiie
James Clavell
Shōgun
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Nene
Toyotomi Hideyori
Goemon
Ryōko Hirosue
Ishikawa Goemon
Robin Hood
Ned Kelly
Taiga drama
"Gō: Hime-tachi no Sengoku"
Rie Miyazawa
Hikaru Yamamoto
Capcom
Onimusha
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Ohatsu
Fate/Grand Order
Nioh
board games
Samurai Sword
Emiliano Sciarra
"Japan's Golden Age: Momoyama."
Yale University Press
OCLC 34564921
biography

categories: 17th-century Japanese women,16th-century women rulers,Samurai,16th-century Japanese women,17th-century Japanese people,1615 deaths,People of Azuchi–Momoyama-period Japan,Japanese women in warfare,Suicides by sharp instrument in Japan,Japanese Buddhist monks,1560s births,Japanese concubines,People of Edo-period Japan,Women in 17th-century warfare,16th-century Japanese people,People of Muromachi-period Japan

paragraph: Yodo-dono

paragraph: The great wealth and changing fortunes of her husband and son affected Yodo-dono's life as well. Surviving record books from luxury goods merchants provide insight into patterns of patronage and taste amongst the privileged class of women like Yodo-dono and her sisters.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: Yodo-dono, also called in her youth, was the eldest of three daughters of the Sengoku period "daimyō" Azai Nagamasa. Her mother, Oichi was the younger sister of Oda Nobunaga.

paragraph: After Nagamasa's death, Toyotomi Hideyoshi became the adoptive father and protector of Chacha. Her status changed once when she became his concubine, and once again when she became the mother of his heir.

paragraph: Yodo-dono's middle sister, Ohatsu, was the wife of Kyōgoku Takatsugu and the mother of Kyōgoku Tadataka.

paragraph: Yodo-dono's youngest sister, Oeyo, also known as Ogō, was the principal wife of Shōgun Tokugawa Hidetada and the mother of his successor Tokugawa Iemitsu.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: In 1570, Chacha's father, Nagamasa, broke his alliance with Oda Nobunaga and there was a three-year period of fighting until 1573 when Nobunaga's army surrounded Nagamasa at Odani Castle. Nobunaga, however, requested the safe return of his sister, Oichi. Chacha, along with her mother and her two sisters, left the castle with her. Odani castle fell, and amongst those who died were Nagamasa and Manpukumaru, Chacha's only brother.

paragraph: Nobunaga's death in 1582 caused open hostilities between Shibata Katsuie and Hashiba Hideyoshi over the issue of succession. Katsuie's forces were defeated at the Battle of Shizugatake, and he was forced retreat to Kitanosho castle. With Hideyoshi's army laying siege to his home, Katsuie set the castle ablaze; he and Oichi perished in it.

paragraph: However, before Oichi died, she passed Chacha, Oeyo, and Ohatsu to the care and protection of Hideyoshi. She was skilled with Waka poetry and was regarded as the highest ranked princess of the Azai family. She treated her sisters and other relatives well though it is said that she was also a passionate speaker regarding the Toyotomi's future.

paragraph: Section::::Concubine of Hideyoshi.

paragraph: In 1588, Yodogimi became pregnant, and Hideyoshi who did not have his son yet greatly pleased it. Hideyoshi's younger brother Toyotomi Hidenaga remodeled the Yodo castle in March 1589. After this, Hideyoshi gave Yodo castle to Chacha, probably to appeal the existence of his son to the retainers who passes between Osaka and Kyoto city. Hideyoshi's wife, Nene, was said to have been unable to conceive; and thus Lady Yodo inherited many of her privileges. She had two sons with Hideyoshi, Tsurumatsu, who died young, and Hideyori, born in 1593, who became Hideyoshi's designated successor. Hideyoshi was also the enemy of her parents, first her father, then her step-father and mother.

paragraph: In 1594, the family moved to Fushimi Castle, but tragedy befell when Hideyoshi died in 1598 and the Toyotomi clan lost much of its influence and importance. She founded the temple Yogen-in (養源院) in memory of her father Azai Nagamasa and her mother Oichi.

paragraph: Yodo-dono moved to Osaka Castle with her son Hideyori and plotted the restoration of the Toyotomi clan. She intervened in politics as Hideyori's guardian and became the true head of Osaka Castle.

paragraph: Section::::Sekigahara campaign.

paragraph: After the death of Hideyoshi in 1598, Hideyori became the successor of Hideyoshi and Chacha became the mother of paramount. But Hideyori still was a child and could not manage the retainer, and conflict of front generals and administrative staff became serious. Tokugawa Ieyasu who was the largest lord under Toyotomi government aimed at next hegemony, stirred up the conflict of both party and supported front generals.

paragraph: Ishida Mitsunari (1560-1600), the chief administrative staff of Toyotomi government, raised his army to stop the ambition of Ieyasu, but was defeated at the Battle of Sekigahara and was executed. After the defeat of the Western Army, the Toyotomi clan lost much of its sovereignty, even though Yodo-dono did not actively participate in the Battle of Sekigahara it is said that more than 2,000 Toyotomi vassals participated in the battle and relations between Tokugawa-Toyotomi declined.

paragraph: Ieyasu distributes the Toyotomi family area as a prize for the Sekigahara, and the Toyotomi family will have less control. As Hideyori's guardian, Yodo-dono has the leadership of Osaka Castle, after Ieyasu ends the Council of Five elders.

paragraph: In 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu was named as Shogun by the emperor, Yodo-dono began to actively resist the Tokugawa. Hideyori still kept Osaka castle and married with Princess Senhime, the daughter of Tokugawa Hidetada who was the son of Ieyasu, there was no room for two rulers. Even though having secured the Osaka castle and inherited huge amount of property from Hideyoshi, former retainers of Hideyori now supported Edo Shogunate and Hideyori’s position became quite weak. But Yodo-dono was proud of her blood, and also her status as a mother of paramount. It is said that at first Ieyasu tried to conciliate Yodo-dono and Hideyori to become subordinates to Ieyasu, but she declined.

paragraph: Section::::Siege of Osaka.

paragraph: Tokugawa Ieyasu, who seized control from Hideyori after the death of Hideyoshi, now viewed Hideyori as an obstacle to his unification of Japan. In 1614, Ieyasu laid Siege to Osaka Castle. Yodo-dono defended the castle alongside her son, she actively participated in the siege. When the Tokugawa army bombarded her room killing two of her maids, Yodo-Dono went with three or four armed women dressed in armor and told the warriors to make a peace treaty. She met with Lady Acha which was accompanied by Honda Masazumi and Ohatsu (Yodo-dono younger sister), the treaty was accepted by both sides.

paragraph: However, in 1615, Ieyasu broke the truce and once again attacked Osaka Castle. Subsequently, Yodo-dono and her son Hideyori committed suicide in the flames of Osaka castle, ending the Toyotomi legacy.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Azai Nagamasa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Oichi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adopted mother: Nene

paragraph: BULLET::::- Husband: Toyotomi Hideyoshi (Hideyoshi also is her adopted father)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toyotomi Tsurumatsu (1589–1591)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toyotomi Hideyori

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adopted Daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toyotomi Sadako (1592–1658), daughter of Oeyo later married Kujō Yukiie

paragraph: Section::::Cultural references.

paragraph: A fictional character based on Yodo-dono appears in James Clavell's "Shōgun". This contrived protagonist is "Lady Ochiba", who dislikes Toranaga (Tokugawa Ieyasu) because he presumably suspected her son was not fathered by the Taikō (Toyotomi Hideyoshi). However, she admires and trusts the Taikō's widow, Yodoko (Nene), who urges both her and Toranaga to marry so that Japan would remain united, and when the heir, Yaemon (Toyotomi Hideyori) comes of age, he can safely take control. In James Clavell's later novels it is revealed that, just as in real history, Toranaga eventually besieged Ochiba and Yaemon in their castle, prompting them to commit suicide.

paragraph: In the 2009 film "Goemon" (五右衛門), Cha-Cha is portrayed by Ryōko Hirosue, and is depicted as being in love with Ishikawa Goemon (the equivalent of Robin Hood or Ned Kelly). She is eventually forced to marry Hideyoshi, though Goemon attempts to save Cha-Cha to no avail, dying in the attempt.

paragraph: In the 2011 Taiga drama, "Gō: Hime-tachi no Sengoku", Cha-cha was portrayed by Japanese actress Rie Miyazawa. In the drama series "Nobunaga no Chef" (2013) - Episode 5, Chacha makes her appearance as a child by her parents' side. A great part of this episode revolves around her and the fact that she would not eat meat. Out of her mother's concern, the main character of this series is asked (or rather forced, else he would face death) to make a dish that will make Chacha like meat. She eternized in the book "The Yodo Castle"

paragraph: In "", Cha-Cha (portrayed by Hikaru Yamamoto) appears in Gaim's portion of the film, in the World of the Sengoku Period.

paragraph: Among video games, she appears in Capcom's most recent addition of the "Onimusha" series, "", as Toyotomi Hideyoshi's concubine and sister to playable character Ohatsu, who affectionately calls Yodo by her childhood name, "Cha-Cha". She also appears as a playable character in "". She also appears under the name Chacha, a Berserker-class Servant in "Fate/Grand Order". Yodo-dono also appears as a main antagonist and final boss in "Nioh"'s final DLC "Bloodshed's End".

paragraph: In board games, she appears as one of the characters of the expansion "Rising Sun" of the card game Samurai Sword by Emiliano Sciarra.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hickman, Money L., John T. Carpenter and Bruce A. Coats. (2002). "Japan's Golden Age: Momoyama." New Haven: Yale University Press. ; OCLC 34564921

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sengoku Expo: biography

alias:
Lady Chacha
Yodogimi
Chacha
Yododono

description: prominently-placed figure in late-Sengoku period

wikidata_label: Yodo-dono

wikipedia_title: Yodo-dono


text:
Mexico City
Julián Carrillo Trujillo
Antonio Carrillo Flores
Mexico City
New York City
Mexico
UNAM
Guggenheim Fellowship
UNAM
United Nations
UNAM
Ciudad Universitaria
Van de Graaff
Mexico
France
Panteón de Dolores
crater
Carrillo

categories: Harvard University alumni,People from Mexico City,Guggenheim Fellows,Mexican nuclear physicists,National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni,1911 births,Mexican physicists,1967 deaths

paragraph: Nabor Carrillo Flores

paragraph: Nabor Carrillo Flores (1911, in Mexico City – 1967) is the third son of Mexican composer Julián Carrillo Trujillo, and younger brother of Antonio Carrillo Flores. He did his first studies in Mexico City and he continued them in New York City. On his return to Mexico, he made his studies of preparatory and those of civil engineering at the National University (UNAM), where he graduated in 1939. He received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1940, and his PhD from Harvard University, where he had also received his MSc in 1941. He taught and did scientific research at UNAM. He represented Mexico in the atomic test of the atoll of Bikini in 1946. He was named technical advisor of the Mexican delegation in the Commission on Atomic Energy of the United Nations for the pacific use of atomic energy.

paragraph: He was Rector of the UNAM from February 14, 1953 to February 13, 1957 and reelected for a second period, the first reelection in UNAM's history, from that same date to January 13, 1961. During his administration the transfer of the University that was scattered around the city to Ciudad Universitaria CU (University City) was carried out, acquired the Van de Graaff equipment, the first one in Latin America for atomic studies, and the publication of the Newspaper of the University began.

paragraph: He promoted the Nuclear Center of Mexico that would be inaugurated after his death. Executive Advisor of the National Commission of Nuclear Energy. From 1943 it was dedicated to the study of the scientific problems of the movements of the subsoil in the Valley of Mexico. He received the National Prize of Sciences in 1957 and among other foreign distinctions, the Legion of Honor of France. He received Doctor Honoris Causa by several national and foreign universities.

paragraph: Nabor Carrillo died in Mexico City on 1967. His body was placed next to his father's, in the Rotonda de los Hombres Ilustres (the Rotunda of the Illustrious) of the Panteón de Dolores in Mexico City.

paragraph: The lunar crater Carrillo is named after him.

description: Mexican scientist and engineer

wikidata_label: Nabor Carrillo Flores

wikipedia_title: Nabor Carrillo Flores


text:
Bagrationi dynasty
King
Georgia
Byzantine
Seljuqid
vassal
Liparitid
Lorri
Kakheti
emir of Tbilisi
Caucasian
nobelissimos
curopalates
sebastos
George I
Mariam of Vaspurakan
was surrendered
Byzantine emperor
Basil II
war with the Byzantines
Constantinople
Constantine VIII
Queen Dowager
regent
Liparit IV, Duke of Trialeti
Ivane, Duke of Kartli
Kutaisi
Kingdom of Abkhazia
Iberia
Kartli
Tao
Tayk
Muslim
emir
Tbilisi
kings
Kakheti
Seljuq Turks
Ardanuç
Turkey
Gurgen of Klarjeti
Bagrat III
Romanos III
peace treaty
curopalates
Helena Argyre
Basil Argyros
Kutaisi
Borena
Alania
North Caucasus
Demetre
Alda of Alania
Anacopia
Abkhazia
magistros
Liparit IV
Liparitid
Trialeti
Shaddadid
Arran
Tbilisi
Muslim stronghold
David I of Lorri
Sasireti
Anatolia
Battle of Kapetrou
George
Lorri
Kakheti
Seljuks
Alp Arslan
Mart’a (Maria)
Michael VII Ducas
Kartli
Argveti
Al-Fadl I b. Muhammad
Isani
Mtkvari
Aghsartan
Iori River
David Marshall Lang
Battle of Manzikert
Romanos IV
Chkondidi Monastery
Bagrat III of Klarjeti

categories: Medieval child rulers,1018 births,1072 deaths,Nobilissimi,Kings of Georgia,Bagrationi dynasty of the Kingdom of Georgia,Eastern Orthodox monarchs,Sebastoi

paragraph: Bagrat IV of Georgia

paragraph: Bagrat IV () (1018 – 24 November 1072), of the Bagrationi dynasty, was the King of Georgia from 1027 to 1072. During his long and eventful reign, Bagrat sought to repress the great nobility and to secure Georgia's sovereignty from the Byzantine and Seljuqid empires. In a series of intermingled conflicts, Bagrat succeeded in defeating his most powerful vassals and rivals of the Liparitid family, bringing several feudal enclaves under his control, and reducing the kings of Lorri and Kakheti, as well as the emir of Tbilisi to vassalage. Like many medieval Caucasian rulers, he bore several Byzantine titles, particularly those of "nobelissimos", "curopalates", and "sebastos".

paragraph: Section::::Early reign.

paragraph: Bagrat was the son of the king George I () by his first wife Mariam of Vaspurakan. At the age of three, Bagrat was surrendered by his father as a hostage to the Byzantine emperor Basil II () as a price for George's defeat in the 1022 war with the Byzantines. The young child Bagrat spent the next three years in the imperial capital of Constantinople and was released in 1025. He was still in Byzantine territory when Basil died and was succeeded by his brother Constantine VIII (). Constantine ordered the retrieval of the young prince, but the imperial courier was unable to overtake Bagrat – he was already in the Georgian kingdom.

paragraph: After George I died in 1027, Bagrat, aged eight, succeeded to the throne. Queen Dowager Mariam then returned to prominence and became a regent for her underage son. She shared the regency with the grandees, particularly Liparit IV, Duke of Trialeti, and Ivane, Duke of Kartli.

paragraph: By the time Bagrat became king, the Bagratids’ drive to complete the unification of all Georgian lands had gained irreversible momentum. The kings of Georgia sat at Kutaisi in western Georgia from which they ran all of what had been the Kingdom of Abkhazia and a greater portion of Iberia/Kartli; Tao/Tayk had been lost to the Byzantines while a Muslim emir remained in Tbilisi and the kings of Kakheti obstinately defended their autonomy in easternmost Georgia. Furthermore, the loyalty of great nobles to the Georgian crown was far from stable. During Bagrat's minority, the regency had advanced the positions of the high nobility whose influence he subsequently tried to limit when he assumed full ruling powers. Simultaneously, the Georgian crown was confronted with two formidable external foes: the Byzantine Empire and the rising Seljuq Turks. Although the Byzantine Empire and Georgia had centuries-long cultural and religious ties, and the Seljuqs posed a substantial threat to the empire itself, Constantinople's aggressiveness on the Caucasian political scene contributed to an atmosphere of distrust and recrimination, and prevented the two Christian nations from effective cooperation against the common threat. With assertion of the Georgian Bagratid hegemony in the Caucasus being the cornerstone of Bagrat's reign, his policy can be understood as the attempt to play the Seljuqs and Byzantines off against one another.

paragraph: Section::::Dynastic wars.

paragraph: Shortly after Bagrat's ascension to the throne, Constantine VIII sent in an army to take over the key city-fortress of Artanuji (modern Ardanuç, Turkey) on behalf of the Georgian Bagratid prince Demetre, son of Gurgen of Klarjeti, who had been dispossessed by Bagrat IV's grandfather, Bagrat III, of his patrimonial fief at Artanuji early in the 1010s. Several Georgians nobles defected to the Byzantines, but Bagrat's loyal subjects put up a stubborn fight.

paragraph: Constantine's death in 1028 rendered the Byzantine invasion abortive, and, in 1030, Queen Mariam paid a visit to the new emperor Romanos III (). She negotiated a peace treaty, and returned with the high Byzantine title of "curopalates" for her son in 1032. Mariam also brought him the Byzantine princess Helena Argyre as wife. Helena was a daughter of Basil Argyros, brother of Emperor Romanos, and the marriage was a diplomatic effort to establish a strategic association. However, Helena's death shortly afterwards at Kutaisi presented the Georgian court with the opportunity to pursue yet another diplomatic initiative through Bagrat's marriage with Borena, daughter of the king of Alania, a Christian country in the North Caucasus.

paragraph: In 1033, the royal court faced another dynastic trouble, this time with Bagrat's half-brother Demetre, a son of George I of his second marriage with Alda of Alania. Demetre and Alda lived in Anacopia, a fortress in Abkhazia, which had been bequeathed to them by the late king George I. Although an attempt by some great nobles to exploit Demetre's possible aspirations to the throne in their opposition to Bagrat's rule failed, the Georgian court's efforts to win his loyalty also went in vain. Threatened by Bagrat, the dowager queen Alda defected to the Byzantines and surrendered Anacopia to the emperor Romanos III who honored her son Demetre with the rank of "magistros".

paragraph: In 1039, Demetre returned to Georgia with Byzantine troops. This time, he was supported by Liparit IV, of the Liparitid clan, the most powerful noble in Georgia.

paragraph: Liparit, as duke of the district of Trialeti and later as a commander-in-chief of the royal armies, had appeared as the defender of a boy-king Bagrat early in the 1030s. Liparit's military prowess had been demonstrated once again in 1034 when, at the head of a combined Georgian-Armenian army, he defeated a Shaddadid troops in Arran. In 1038, Liparit was on the verge of capturing the ancient Georgian capital of Tbilisi, which had been a Muslim stronghold since the 8th century. Fearing his growing power, the Georgian nobles persuaded Bagrat to withdraw Liparit's army and thus thwarted the plan. As a result, Liparit became a sworn enemy of the king and began actively cooperating with the Byzantines for vengeance on Bagrat and his nobles.

paragraph: On behalf of the pretender Demetre, Liparit enjoyed a series of successes against Bagrat. In spite of Demetre's death in 1042, Liparit continued his struggle in alliance with the Byzantines and David I of Lorri. After the defeat at Sasireti, Bagrat was left with the western provinces only. During the Seljuk campaigns in Anatolia in 1048, Liparit, who had been fighting on the Byzantine side, was captured at the Battle of Kapetrou. Bagrat took advantage of this, and returned to his eastern possessions. The king's fortunes were quickly reversed, however, upon Liparit's return from captivity. The rebellious duke forced Bagrat to flee to Constantinople where he was kept, as a result of Liparit's intrigues, for three years. In the absence of Bagrat (1050–1053), Liparit was an effective ruler of Georgia; he even installed Bagrat's son George as king and declared himself a regent. After Bagrat's return, Liparit again warred against him. Eventually in 1060 his followers conspired and surrendered the duke to King Bagrat, who forced him into a monastery. Now, Bagrat gained a momentum to restrict the power of dynastic princes, reduced the kings of Lorri and Kakheti to impotence, and briefly held Tbilisi.

paragraph: Section::::Seljuk attacks.

paragraph: In the 1060s, Bagrat faced with an even greater problem: the Seljuks under Alp Arslan started to penetrate the frontier regions of Georgia. Bagrat had to buy peace through marrying his niece off to Alp Arslan.

paragraph: The Seljuk threat prompted the Georgian and Byzantine governments to seek a closer cooperation. To secure the alliance, Bagrat's daughter Mart’a (Maria) married, at some point between 1066 and 1071, the Byzantine co-emperor Michael VII Ducas. The choice of a Georgian princess was unprecedented, and it was seen in Georgia as a diplomatic success on Bagrat's side.

paragraph: On 10 December 1068, Alp Arslan accompanied by the kings of Lorri and Kakheti as well as the emir of Tbilisi again marched against Bagrat. The provinces of Kartli and Argveti were occupied and pillaged. Bagrat's long-time rivals, the Shaddadids of Arran, were given compensation: the fortresses of Tbilisi and Rustavi. After Alp Arslan left Georgia, Bagrat recovered Kartli in July 1068. Al-Fadl I b. Muhammad, of the Shaddadids, encamped at Isani (a suburb of Tbilisi on the left bank of the Mtkvari) and with 33,000 men ravaged the countryside. Bagrat defeated him, however, and forced the Shaddadid troops to flight. On the road through Kakheti, Fadl was taken prisoner by the local ruler Aghsartan. At the price of conceding several fortresses on the Iori River, Bagrat ransomed Fadl and received from him the surrender of Tbilisi where he reinstated a local emir on the terms of vassalage.

paragraph: The last years of Bagrat's reign coincided with what Professor David Marshall Lang described as "the final débacle of eastern Christendom" — the Battle of Manzikert — in which Alp Arslan dealt a crushing defeat to the Byzantine army, capturing the emperor Romanos IV, who soon died in misery. Bagrat IV died the following year, on 24 November 1072, and was buried at the Chkondidi Monastery. The suzerainty over the troubled kingdom of Georgia passed to his son George II.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bagrat III of Klarjeti

description: King of Georgia

wikidata_label: Bagrat IV of Georgia

wikipedia_title: Bagrat IV of Georgia


text: The Young Visiters

text: novella

text: upper class

text: Petersham

text: Lewes

text: Bexhill

text: Dover

text: Reepham

text: Earlham Road Cemetery, Norwich

text: Edmund Wilson

text: This Side of Paradise

text: F. Scott Fitzgerald

text: Child prodigy

text: The New York Times Book Review

wikipedia_title:
The Young Visiters
Novella
Upper class
Petersham, London
Lewes
Bexhill-on-Sea
Dover
Reepham, Norfolk
Earlham Road Cemetery, Norwich
Edmund Wilson
This Side of Paradise
F. Scott Fitzgerald
The Young Visiters
Child prodigy
The New York Times Book Review

categories: People from Surrey (before 1889),English women novelists,20th-century English novelists,20th-century British women writers,1881 births,British child writers,1972 deaths

paragraph: Daisy Ashford

paragraph: Margaret Mary Julia Devlin (née Ashford; 3 April 1881 – 15 January 1972), known as Daisy Ashford, was an English writer who is most famous for writing "The Young Visiters", a novella concerning the upper class society of late 19th century England, when she was just nine years old. The novella was published in 1919, preserving her juvenile spelling and punctuation. She wrote the title as "Viseters" in her manuscript, but it was published as "Visiters".

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life and education.

paragraph: Daisy Ashford was born on 3 April 1881 in Petersham, Surrey, the eldest of three daughters born to Emma Georgina Walker and William Henry Roxburgh Ashford. She was largely educated at home with her sisters Maria Veronica 'Vera' (born 1882) and Angela Mary 'Angie' (born 1884).

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Career.

paragraph: At the age of four Daisy dictated her first story, "The Life of Father McSwiney", to her father; it was published in 1983. From 1889 to 1896 she and her family lived at 44 St Anne's Crescent, Lewes, where she wrote "The Young Visiters". She wrote several other stories; a play, "A Woman's Crime"; and one other short novel, "The Hangman's Daughter", which she considered to be her best work. Some stories written by Ashford are lost.

paragraph: She stopped writing during her teens. In 1896 the family moved to the Wallands area of Lewes, and in 1904 she moved with her family to Bexhill, and then to London where she worked as a secretary. She also ran a canteen in Dover during the First World War. When published in 1919, "The Young Visiters" was an immediate success, and several of her other stories were published in 1920. She did not write in later years, although in old age she did begin an autobiography which she later destroyed.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Personal life.

paragraph: In 1920, at the age of 37, Ashford married James Devlin with whom she had four children. They ran a flower-growing business near Norwich and later the King's Arms Hotel in Reepham for a year. James Devlin died in 1956.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Death.

paragraph: She died on 15 January 1972 in Norwich, England and was buried at Earlham Road Cemetery, Norwich, England.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Ashford was sometimes invoked as a way to criticize adult authors of the 1920s if their style was deemed too childish or naïve: Edmund Wilson referred to the novel "This Side of Paradise" by his friend F. Scott Fitzgerald as "a classic in a class with "The Young Visiters"."

paragraph: Section::::Published writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Young Visiters, or, Mr Salteena's Plan". London: Chatto and Windus, 1919

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Daisy Ashford: Her Book: A Collection of the Remaining Novels". London: George H. Doran and Company, 1920

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love and Marriage: Three Stories". London: Hart-Davis, 1965

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Where Love Lies Deepest". London: Hart-Davis, 1966

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Hangman's Daughter and Other Stories". Oxford University Press 1983 (Includes "The Life of Father McSwiney")

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Child prodigy

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Malcomson, R. M. (1984). "Daisy Ashford: Her Life". Hogarth Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ashford [married name Devlin], Margaret Mary Julia [Daisy] (1881–1972), child writer". "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Retrieved 9 Jul. 2019, from https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-30769.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Daisy Ashford a Very Real Young Lady", 31 August 1919, "The New York Times Book Review", Page 74

alias:
Margaret Ashford
Margaret Mary Julia Ashford
Daisy Devlin

description: English writer

enwikiquote_title: Daisy Ashford

wikidata_label: Daisy Ashford

wikipedia_title: Daisy Ashford


text: opera

text: baritone

text: Lyric Opera of Chicago

text: Light Opera Works

text: light opera

text: Gilbert and Sullivan

text: Northwestern University

text: Walter Carringer

text: Margaret Hillis

text: Boris Goldovsky

text: Sir Michael Tippett

text: Benjamin Britten

text: Albert Herring

text: Gianni Schicchi

text: Chicago Symphony Orchestra

text: Handel

text: Beethoven

text: Fidelio

text: Sir Georg Solti

text: Haydn

text: Elgar

text: The Kingdom

text: Leonard Slatkin

text: Cleveland Orchestra

text: Dallas Symphony

text: Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra

text: Erich Leinsdorf

text: Eduardo Mata

text: Zdeněk Mácal

text: Andrew Davis

text: James Conlon

text: David Zinman

text: Claudio Abbado

text: James Levine

text: Lukas Foss

text: Mark Elder

text: Anton Coppola

text: Marin Alsop

text: Oak Park, Illinois

text: Boulder, Colorado

text: Felix Mendelssohn

text: Elijah

text: Lyric Opera of Chicago

text: La fanciulla del West

text: The Marriage of Figaro

text: The Bartered Bride

text: La bohème

text: Tosca

text: Susannah

text: Candide

text: Gianni Schicchi

text: Tristan und Isolde

text: Jenůfa

text: Street Scene

text: Billy Budd

text: La Traviata

text: The Cunning Little Vixen

text: The Mikado

text: The Wall Street Journal

text: Verdi

text: Rigoletto

text: Minnesota Opera

text: Cleveland Opera

text: Los Angeles Opera

text: Renée Fleming

text: Antonio Salieri

text: Rimsky-Korsakov

text: Mozart and Salieri

text: Light Opera Works

text: Orpheus in the Underworld

text: Naughty Marietta

text: Utopia, Limited

text: The Gypsy Baron

text: The Grand Duke

text: The Grand Duchess of Gerolstein

text: Die Fledermaus

text: The Chocolate Soldier

text: Wiener Blut

text: Babes in Toyland

text: La Vie parisienne

text: The Golden Apple

text: Emmerich Kalman

text: The Duchess of Chicago

text: Kurt Weill

text: Lady in the Dark

text: Knickerbocker Holiday

text: One Touch of Venus

text: comic opera

text: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: L'Italiana in Algeri

text: The Merry Widow

text: The Daughter of the Regiment

text: Die Fledermaus

text: The Magic Flute

text: Madama Butterfly

text: Wisconsin Public Television

text: Poulenc

text: Mozart

text: Patience

text: Oscar Straus

text: The Chocolate Soldier

text: A Waltz Dream

text: La Serva Padrona

text: Orpheus in the Underworld

text: Gianni Schicchi

text: Suor Angelica

text: The Coronation of Poppea

text: The Land of Smiles

text: De Paul University

text: Roosevelt University

text: Official Philip Kraus Website

text: Chicago Concert Artists Website

text: Profile of Kraus from Los Angeles Opera

categories: 21st-century American conductors (music),American male conductors (music),Music directors (opera),Classical musicians from Illinois,American operatic baritones,Singers from Chicago,1950 births,Northwestern University alumni,People from New York City,Living people

paragraph: Philip Kraus

paragraph: Philip Kraus (born November 17, 1950) is an American operatic baritone and stage director known for his performances with the Lyric Opera of Chicago, starting in 1991, and for his co-founding of Light Opera Works, a professional light opera company in Chicago, in 1980.

paragraph: Section::::Early training.

paragraph: Kraus was born in New York City where he received early musical training. As a child, he developed a keen interest in the works of Gilbert and Sullivan. In addition to singing, he also composed music and conducted choirs.

paragraph: Kraus studied music education at Northwestern University and eventually earned a Doctor of Music in Applied Voice from that institution in 1986. He studied voice with tenor Walter Carringer, choral music with Margaret Hillis, and opera with Robert Gay, a disciple of Boris Goldovsky. He participated in the 1974 American premiere of Sir Michael Tippett's "The Knot Garden" at Northwestern, singing the role of Mangus.

paragraph: Section::::Operatic and concert career.

paragraph: In 1979, Kraus made his professional debut singing the role of the Vicar in Benjamin Britten's "Albert Herring" with the Chicago Opera Theater. He later played the title role in "Gianni Schicchi" with the company. With the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, in 1979, he sang in Handel's "Dettingen Te Deum" and the Chicago premiere of American composer Russell Woollen's "In Martyrium Memoriam". Also in 1979, he recorded the role of Zweiter Gefangene in Beethoven's "Fidelio" with the CSO, conducted by Sir Georg Solti.

paragraph: Kraus began a long association as soloist with the Grant Park Concerts in Chicago in 1979, performing Haydn's "Mass in Time of War" under conductor Thomas Peck. He followed this singing Elgar's "The Kingdom", under Leonard Slatkin, in 1981. Kraus went on to sing with other American orchestras, including the Cleveland Orchestra,Dallas Symphony, Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra, and many others, working with conductors Erich Leinsdorf, Eduardo Mata, Bruno Bartoletti, Zdeněk Mácal, Andrew Davis, James Conlon, David Zinman, Claudio Abbado, James Levine, Lukas Foss, Mark Elder, Anton Coppola, Gisele Ben-Dor, and Marin Alsop. He has been a soloist at the Handel Week Festival in Oak Park, Illinois several times, at Mahlerfest in Boulder, Colorado (2001), and sang Felix Mendelssohn's "Elijah" in 1996 with New Oratorio Singers.

paragraph: Kraus joined the roster of the Lyric Opera of Chicago for the 1990 season and has remained with the company for many seasons. His roles with the company include Jose Castro in "La fanciulla del West" (1991), Antonio in "The Marriage of Figaro" (1992), Micah in "The Bartered Bride" (1993), Alcindoro in "La bohème" (1993), the Sacristan in "Tosca" (1994), Elder MacLean in "Susannah" (1994), various supporting roles in "Candide" (1994), Amantio di Nicolao in "Gianni Schicchi" (1996), Southern Senator in "Amistad" (1997; world premiere, by composer Anthony Davies), Helmsman in "Tristan und Isolde" (1999), Meyer Wolfshiem in "The Great Gatsby" (2000), the Mayor in "Jenůfa" (2000), Abe Kaplan in "Street Scene" (2001), Ratcliffe in "Billy Budd" (2002), Baron Douphol in "La Traviata" (2003), Benoit/Antonio in "The Marriage of Figaro" (2003), and Harashta in "The Cunning Little Vixen" (2004). In the company's 2007-08 season, he played Baron Douphol in "La Traviata". In 2010, he played Pish-Tush in "The Mikado". "The Wall Street Journal" said that he brought "appropriate snark" to the role.

paragraph: In 1995, he sang the title role in Verdi's "Rigoletto" with Minnesota Opera, and in 1994 sang the Vicar in "Albert Herring" with Cleveland Opera. He also sang the Sacristan in "Tosca" with that company in 2002 Recently he joined the roster of the Los Angeles Opera in 2006 singing Baron Duphol in "La Traviata" in a cast that included Renée Fleming. The production was broadcast by radio station WFMT in Los Angeles. In 2007, Kraus portrayed the composer "Antonio Salieri" in a concert production of Rimsky-Korsakov's "Mozart and Salieri".

paragraph: Section::::Light Opera Works.

paragraph: Kraus, after having been involved with the Northwestern University Gilbert and Sullivan Guild as director, co-founded Light Opera Works in 1980, one of only a few professional companies devoted to the operetta genre in the United States. He served as Artistic Director for 19 seasons directing 38 mainstage productions. Under his artistic direction the company produced Chicago premieres and revivals of "Orpheus in the Underworld" (1881), "The Beautiful Galatea" (1982), "Naughty Marietta" (1983), "Utopia, Limited" (1984), "The Gypsy Baron" (1985), "The Grand Duke" (1992), "The Grand Duchess of Gerolstein" (1986), "Die Fledermaus" (1986, 1995), "The Chocolate Soldier" (1987), "Wiener Blut" (1989), "Babes in Toyland" (1993), "La Vie parisienne" (1984), "The Golden Apple" (1995), "The Czardas Princess" (1990) and Emmerich Kalman's little-known "The Duchess of Chicago" (1998). While Kraus was artistic director, the company also produced stage works of Kurt Weill, including "Lady in the Dark" (1989), "Knickerbocker Holiday (1992)", and "One Touch of Venus (1997)", some of which had been little seen by modern audiences. He also produced all 13 extant Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas during his tenure with company.

paragraph: Section::::Director, translator and educator.

paragraph: Kraus served as resident stage director for the Pamiro Opera in Green Bay, Wisconsin from 1988 to 1996, directing productions of "L'Italiana in Algeri" (1988), "The Merry Widow" (1989), "The Daughter of the Regiment" (1990),"Die Fledermaus" (1991), "The Magic Flute" (1992), "La Traviata" (1993), "Madama Butterfly" (1994), "Rigoletto" (1995), and the world premiere of Gordon Parmentier's "The Lost Dauphin" (2000), which was videotaped by Wisconsin Public Television for broadcast.

paragraph: For the Chicago Cultural Center, he directed Poulenc's "The Breasts of Tiresias" in 2000 and Mozart's "The Impresario" in 2001 for which he prepared the English translation. At the Lyric Opera Cleveland, he directed "Patience", by Gilbert and Sullivan, in 2002, and "The Mikado" in 2004, in his 1986 Elizabethan concept.

paragraph: Kraus has prepared several English singing translations of operas and operettas in collaboration with lyricist Gregory Opelka. These include Oscar Straus' "The Chocolate Soldier" and "A Waltz Dream" and Kalman's "The Duchess of Chicago". Other translations include "La Serva Padrona", "Orpheus in the Underworld", "Gianni Schicchi", "Suor Angelica", "The Coronation of Poppea" and "The Land of Smiles".

paragraph: From 1982 to 1987, Kraus served as the Director of the De Paul University Opera Theater in Chicago. He then taught applied voice at De Paul from 1993 to 1999. From 1999-2002 Kraus served as the Director of Opera at Roosevelt University in Chicago. Kraus has been a Lecturer at Northwestern University School of music in the opera program since 2005, and he teaches at North Park University in Chicago as well.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "International Who's Who in Music and Musicians Directory, 1990-1991", Twelfth Edition, edited by David M. Cummings and Dennis K. McIntire; p. 475.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Philip Kraus Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Light Opera Works: A Historical Retrospective 1981-1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chicago Concert Artists Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile of Kraus from Los Angeles Opera

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 profile of Kraus from Handel Week Festival

description: American opera singer and director

wikidata_label: Philip Kraus

wikipedia_title: Philip Kraus


text:
Persian
Shi'ite
Islamic scholar
Man la yahduruhu al-Faqih
The Four Books
Shi'ite
Hadith collection
patronymic
Persian
Shi'ite
Ali ibn Babawayh Qummi
Islamic scholars
Qom
Qom
Tehran
Iran
Qom
Baghdad
al-Shaykh al-Mufid
Muhammad ibn Al-Hasan al-Tusi
al-Najashi
Ray
Rukn al-Dawla
Buyid
ibn 'Abbad
Ebn-e Babooyeh
Persia
Iran
"al-din"
shari'a
Man la yahduruhu al-Faqih
Edward Granville Browne
Balkh
Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi
Fiqh
halal
haram
Isnad
pilgrimage
Ja'far al-Sadiq
Ali Al-Ridha
Muhammad al-Jawad
al-Hadi
Risala
Mahdi
The Occultation
Quran
Oyoun Akhbar Al-Ridha
Buyid family
Imam Rida
Al-Khisal
Al-Amali
Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya
Ibn Babawayh Cemetery
Shaykh Mufid
Shaykh Murtaza
Syed Razi
The Four Books
List of Shi'a books
On the Commemoration of Shaikh Saduq

categories: 10th-century Iranian people,Shia Muslim scholars,Iranian Shia Muslims,People from Qom

paragraph: Ibn Babawayh

paragraph: Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn 'Ali ibn Babawayh al-Qummi (; –991 ), commonly referred to as Ibn Babawayh or al-Shaykh al-Saduq (the truthful scholar) was a Persian Shi'ite Islamic scholar whose work, entitled "Man la yahduruhu al-Faqih", forms part of The Four Books of the Shi'ite Hadith collection.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The patronymic, "Ibn Babawayh" indicates a Persian origin, as "Babawayh" is an Arabic form of the Persian name "Babuyah". For some length of time, unknown, the family had been devout adherents of Shi'ite Islam. Ibn Babawayh's father, Ali ibn Babawayh Qummi (d. 939 CE) was a leading figure among the Islamic scholars of Qom.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Birth.

paragraph: The exact date of Ibn Babawayh's birth is not known. Shi'ite scholars consider his birth to be after the year 305 A.H. (probably 306 A.H.) He was born and raised in Qom, a town about south west of Tehran in modern-day Iran. Ibn Babawayh was educated by his father. He was taught by local scholars of Shi'ite Islam. Qom was a centre of study of Shi'ite traditions and it was this form of religious learning to which Ibn Babawayh adhered.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Middle Years.

paragraph: In 966 CE, Ibn Babawayh left Qom for Baghdad. He travelled widely, learning about the tradition of Islam. Ibn Babawayh later emphasized the importance of tradition over speculative theology. His works reflect this interest in traditions and nearly all of them take the form of compilations of traditions. However, Ibn Babawayh did write a creed of Shi'ite Islam "al-I'tiqadat". His pupil, the al-Shaykh al-Mufid, revised this creed in "Tashih al-i'tiqad", critiquing several points.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Works.

paragraph: Ibn Babawayh was a prolific scholar. Muhammad ibn Al-Hasan al-Tusi (d. 1067 CE) numbered Ibn Babawayh's works at over 300 but counted only 43 in his immediate possession. al-Najashi (d. 1058 AD) listed 193 works but does not mention Ibn Babawayh's sentinel work, "Man la yahduruhu al-faqih." Many of Ibn Babawayh's works are considered lost but some do survive. Some have been published and others survive in manuscript form.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Later years.

paragraph: During the last years of his life al Shaykh' al-Saduq lived in Ray. He had been invited there by Rukn al-Dawla of the Buyid family. Although he was treated well, his teaching was then restricted by the Buyid family "wazir" (official), ibn 'Abbad. The attack appears to have been aimed at traditionalists in general as several Sunni traditionists suffered similar restrictions.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Death.

paragraph: Ibn Babawayh died in Ray in 381 A.H. He was probably more than 70 years of age. He is buried at Ebn-e Babooyeh in Persia (modern day Iran.

paragraph: Section::::"Man la yahduruhu al-faqih".

paragraph: "Man la yahduruhu al-faqih" a component of the group of four major books about the traditions of Shi'ite Islam. Despite the fact that many of Ibn Babawayh's other works are extremely important, this book is probably the most famous of his extant writings. However, some authorities maintain that there were five major books of traditions that included another of Ibn Babawayh's works, "Madinat al-'ilm". Al-Tusi mentions that the latter work was bigger than "Man la yahduruhu al-faqih" but may no longer exist. "Madinat al-'ilm" was likely concerned with "al-din" (the principles of religion) rather than "furu"', the practical regulations for carrying out the "shari'a" (Islamic law).

paragraph: Section::::"Man la yahduruhu al-faqih".:Purpose.

paragraph: "Man la yahduruhu al-Faqih" (literally, "for him who is not in the presence of a jurisprudent") is concerned with "furu"' (jurisprudence). The title has been neatly translated by Edward Granville Browne as "Every man his own lawyer". In his introduction to the book, Ibn Babawayh explains the circumstances of its composition and the reason for its title. When he was at Ilaq near Balkh, he met Sharif al-Din Abu 'Abd Allah. Ibn Babawayh was delighted with Sharif al-Din Abu 'Abd Allah's discourses with him and his gentleness, kindness, dignity and interest in religion. Sharif al-Din Abu 'Abd Allah showed Ibn Babawayh a book compiled by Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi entitled "Man la yahduruhu al-Tabib" or "Every man his own doctor". Sharif al-Din Abu 'Abd Allah, then asked Ibn Babawayh to compile a similar work of reference on "Fiqh" (jurisprudence), "al-halal wa al-haram" (the permitted and prohibited), and "al-shara-i' wa-'l-ahkam" (revealed law and ordinary laws).

paragraph: "Man la yahduruh al-faqih" represents a synopsis of all the traditions that Ibn Babawayh had collected, while his prior works, for example, "Kitab al-nikah" (the book of marriage) and "Kitab al-hajj" (the book of pilgrimage) are each a treatise on different aspect of furu'. Further, "Man la yahduruhu al-Faqih" was intended as a reference for the ordinary man in that the "Isnads" are not recorded. The "isnads" are the chain of authorities through which the traditions were received from the Prophet or one of the Imams. In the science of traditions, this providence is all important. A scholar would expect the "isnads" to be present for examination.

paragraph: Ibn Babawayh said he wrote the synopsis: "... because I found it appropriate to do so. I compiled the book without isnads (asanid) so that the chains (of authority) should not be too many (-and make the book too long-) and so that the book's advantages might be abundant. I did not have the usual intention of compilers (of books of traditions) to put forward everything which they (could) narrate but my intention was to put forward those things by which I gave legal opinions and which I judged to be correct.

paragraph: Section::::"Man la yahduruhu al-faqih".:Contents.

paragraph: Ibn Babawayh not only records the traditions but also gives interpretation. For instance, in a summary of the various traditions of the pilgrimage, he gives a long outline of all the rituals which should be performed by the faithful, with very few traditions interrupting his description. The book is not arranged in "kutub" (chapters) but in "abwab" (sections).

paragraph: Section::::"Man la yahduruhu al-faqih".:Sources.

paragraph: In "Man la yahduruhu al-faqih", Babawayh discusses his sources. These include the works of Hariz ibn 'Abd Allah al-Sijistani and 'Ubaid Allah ibn 'Ali al-Halabi who were contemporaries of the Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq. They also included the works of Ali ibn Mahziyar; al-Husayn ibn Sa'id; and Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn 'Isa (died 297 A.H.) who all heard the traditions of the Imams Ali Al-Ridha, Muhammad al-Jawad and al-Hadi. Other sources were the works of Muhammad ibn Yahya ibn 'Imran al-Ash'ari, Sa'd ibn 'Abd Allah (died about 300 A.H.) and Muhammad ibn al-Hasan (died 343 A.H.) Ibn Babawayh was taught by the latter. The sources also included the works of Muhammad b. Abi 'Umayr (died 218 A.H.), Ahmad ibn Abi 'Abd Allah al-Barqi (died in 274 or 280 A.H.) and the "Risala" which Ibn Babawayh's father had written to him. Ibn Babawayh also cites his own works.

paragraph: Section::::"Man la yahduruhu al-faqih".:Critiques.

paragraph: "Man la yahduruhu al-faqih"' has been the subject of many critiques. These include commentaries by Zain al-'Abidin al-'Alawi al-'Amili (died 1060 A.H.) and Muhammad Taqi al-Majlisi al-Awwal (died 1070 A H ).

paragraph: Section::::Other works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kamal al-din wa tamam al-ni'mah" meaning "the perfection of the religion and the end of the blessings" is about "Mahdi", the prophesied redeemer. It includes questions and answers about The Occultation, the event when the Mahdi appears.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ma'ani al-Akhbar" explains the complexities of traditions and the Quranic verses.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oyoun Akhbar Al-Ridha", dedicated to Ibn-e Ebad, the minister of the Buyid family, includes some of the Imam Rida's traditions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Al-Khisal" is about moral instruction and their scientific, historical and legal origins.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Al-Amali" is a collection of Ibn Babawayh's lectures.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ilal al-shara'i" (meaning "the cause of situations") explores the philosophy of the Islamic ordinances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya" (meaning "creeds of Shia") presents a summary of the core tenets of the Shi'ite creed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Man la yahduruhu al-faqih, Ilal Al-Shara'i, Kamal al-din, Al-Khisal, Ma'ani al-Akhbar, Al-Tauheed" and "Sawab ul Amal wa Aqab ul Amal" have been translated in Urdu language by Al-Kisa Publishers"."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ibn Babawayh Cemetery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shaykh Mufid

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shaykh Murtaza

paragraph: BULLET::::- Syed Razi

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Four Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Shi'a books

paragraph: BULLET::::- On the Commemoration of Shaikh Saduq Irib.ir.

alias: Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn 'Ali ibn Babawaih al-Qummi

description: Buyid shiite scholar

wikidata_label: Shaykh Saduq

wikipedia_title: Ibn Babawayh


text:
Rear-Admiral
VC
DSO
English
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
Clifton, Bristol
Clifton College
World War I
commander
Royal Navy
North Russia Relief Force
Kronstadt
Russia
Coastal Motor Boat
"Andrei Pervozvanny"
Russell Hamilton McBean
National Maritime Museum
Greenwich
Gordon Charles Steele
Augustus Agar
Russell Hamilton McBean
Monuments to Courage
The Register of the Victoria Cross
Location of grave and VC medal

categories: British recipients of the Victoria Cross,1885 births,Royal Navy recipients of the Victoria Cross,Royal Navy officers of World War I,People educated at Clifton College,Companions of the Distinguished Service Order,Royal Navy admirals,Royal Navy submariners,1940 deaths,Burials in Kent,Royal Navy personnel of the Russian Civil War

paragraph: Claude Congreve Dobson

paragraph: Rear-Admiral Claude Congreve Dobson VC, DSO (1 January 1885 – 26 June 1940) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Dobson was born in Clifton, Bristol and was educated at Clifton College. He was an experienced submariner and small motor boat captain who served in World War I. He was 34 years old, and a commander in the Royal Navy serving with the North Russia Relief Force when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC:

paragraph: On 18 August 1919 at Kronstadt, Russia, Commander Dobson was in command of the Coastal Motor Boat Flotilla which he led through the chain of forts to the entrance to Kronstadt harbour. CMB 31BD, a 55 ft boat, from which he directed the general operations then passed in under heavy machine-gun fire and hit the battleship "Andrei Pervozvanny" with both torpedoes, subsequently returning through heavy fire to the open sea. CMB 31BD was commanded and helmed by Lieutenant Russell Hamilton McBean.

paragraph: His VC is currently displayed at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gordon Charles Steele - awarded VC in same action

paragraph: BULLET::::- Augustus Agar - took part in the operation, awarded VC for an early action in a CMB and precluded from the main operation because of his special work for the secret services.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Russell Hamilton McBean - awarded DSO in same action

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Valiant Hearts, Atlantic Canada and the Victoria Cross", by John Boileau, 2005, publishers Nimbus Publishing ltd.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(Kent)"

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Claude Congreve Dobson

wikipedia_title: Claude Congreve Dobson


text:
VC
Irish
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
captain
Royal Northumberland Fusiliers
70th Division
Second World War
Operation Crusader
London Gazette
alma mater
Stonyhurst College
The Register of the Victoria Cross
Ireland's VCs
Monuments to Courage
Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross
Captain J.B. Jackman
UK National Archives

categories: 1941 deaths,British military personnel killed in World War II,Irish officers in the British Army,Royal Northumberland Fusiliers officers,People educated at Stonyhurst College,Irish World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross,People from Dublin (city),British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross,1916 births,British Army personnel of World War II

paragraph: James Jackman

paragraph: James Joseph Bernard Jackman VC (19 March 1916 – 26 November 1941), was an Irish posthumous recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of an enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Details.

paragraph: Jackman was 25 years old, and a captain commanding Z Company of the 1st Royal Northumberland Fusiliers, part of the 70th Division, during the Second World War when the following deed took place during Operation Crusader for which he was awarded the VC. His citation in the London Gazette reads:

paragraph: Section::::The medal.

paragraph: Jackman's Cross found its final home at his alma mater, Stonyhurst College, on permanent loan from his late sister's family.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Listed in order of publication year

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Register of the Victoria Cross" (1981, 1988 and 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ireland's VCs" (Dept of Economic Development, 1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monuments to Courage" (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross" (Richard Doherty & David Truesdale, 2000)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Captain J.B. Jackman in "The Art of War" exhibition at the UK National Archives

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: James Jackman

wikipedia_title: James Jackman


text:
VC
Miles Platting
Manchester
English
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
Lancashire Fusilier Volunteers
territorial
Manchester Regiment
France
Mesopotamia
Battle of Es Sinn
Indian Army
Kut-el-Amara
London Gazette
Mentioned in Despatches
Serbia
Miloš Obilić Gold Medal for Bravery
enteric fever
Jaundice
Oldham
Philips Park Cemetery
William Jones VC
Ashton-under-Lyne
Greater Manchester
Mesopotamian campaign
Battle of Ctesiphon
Monuments to Courage
The Register of the Victoria Cross
Location of grave and VC medal
Manchester Regiment Museum
Jullundur Association

categories: 1957 deaths,Manchester Regiment soldiers,British Army personnel of World War I,1889 births,British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross,People from Newton Heath,Recipients of the Medal for Bravery (Serbia)

paragraph: George Stringer

paragraph: George Stringer VC (24 July 1889 – 22 November 1957) from Miles Platting, Manchester was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Upon leaving school, George working for a local cloth dyer and bleacher. In 1905 he went on to join the Lancashire Fusilier Volunteers, a militia unit, and just before the outbreak of World War I he joined a territorial unit of the Manchester Regiment, then went on active duty with the 1st Battalion.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: His unit fought in France until December 1915, then was posted to Mesopotamia in January 1916. He was awarded the VC for heroic actions during the Battle of Es Sinn on 8 March 1916. During the effort to relieve the besieged garrison of British and Indian Army troops at Kut-el-Amara.

paragraph: His citation in the London Gazette read:

paragraph: Three days later he saved the lives of two officers, for which he was Mentioned in Despatches and Serbia awarded him the Miloš Obilić Gold Medal for Bravery. Some time after this he was wounded and developed enteric fever and Jaundice and was returned to the UK in June 1917.

paragraph: As a result of his wounds he was given a disability pension and a job as a doorkeeper with the Manchester Assistance Board which he kept until he retired at age 62, with time out during World War II for a stint as a munitions worker. At the age of 68 he died in the town of Oldham and later buried in Philips Park Cemetery, close to William Jones VC.

paragraph: His medals are in the collection of the Museum Of The Manchester Regiment, Ashton-under-Lyne, Greater Manchester.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mesopotamian campaign

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Ctesiphon

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manchester Regiment Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jullundur Association

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: George Stringer

wikipedia_title: George Stringer


text: Africa

text: abolitionist

text: natural rights

text: philosopher

text: England

text: Grenada

text: Lesser Antilles

text: Somersett Case

text: Richard

text: Maria Cosway

text: Sons of Africa

text: Ajumako

text: Ghana

text: Fanti

text: Grenada

text: English

text: Somersett Case

text: Richard Cosway

text: Maria

text: William Blake

text: Prince of Wales

text: Olaudah Equiano

text: Sons of Africa

text: Henry Demane

text: Granville Sharp

text: Olaudah Equiano

text: Christian

text: emancipation

text: King George III

text: Edmund Burke

text: royal family

text: slave trade

text: Sierra Leone

text: Black Loyalists

text: Resources for the study of Cugoano

categories: British abolitionists,African slave trade,Ghanaian abolitionists,English people of Ghanaian descent,18th-century British writers,Black British former slaves,Abolitionism in the United Kingdom,Ghanaian writers,1757 births,Year of death missing,Black British writers,Black British activists

paragraph: Ottobah Cugoano

paragraph: Ottobah Cugoano, also known as John Stuart (c. 1757 – after 1791), was an African abolitionist and natural rights philosopher from Ghana who was active in England in the latter half of the eighteenth century. Captured in present-day Ghana and sold into slavery at the age of 13, he was shipped to Grenada in the Lesser Antilles, where he worked on a plantation. In 1772 he was purchased by an English merchant who took him to England, where he was taught to read and write, and was freed following the ruling in the "Somersett Case" (1772). Later working for artists Richard and Maria Cosway, he became acquainted with British political and cultural figures. He joined the Sons of Africa, African abolitionists in England.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born Quobna Ottobah Cugoano in 1757 near Ajumako, in modern-day Ghana. He was a Fanti. His family was friends with the local chief.

paragraph: At the age of 13, Cuguano was sold into slavery and transported to Grenada to work on an island plantation. He worked in the Lesser Antilles until he was purchased in 1772 by an English merchant, who took him to England. That year, the merchant had Cuguano baptized as John Stuart; he was given his freedom in England following the decision in the "Somersett Case" (1772), which ruled there was no basis for slavery in English common law.

paragraph: Section::::Abolitionist.

paragraph: In 1784, Stuart was employed as a servant by the artists Richard Cosway and his wife, Maria. Through the Cosways, he came to the attention of leading British political and cultural figures of the time, including the poet William Blake and the Prince of Wales. Together with Olaudah Equiano and other educated Africans living in Britain, Stuart became active in the Sons of Africa, an abolitionist group whose members wrote frequently to the newspapers of the day, condemning the practice of slavery.

paragraph: In 1786 he played a key role in the case of Henry Demane, a kidnapped black man who was to be shipped back to the West Indies. Cugoano contacted Granville Sharp, a well-known abolitionist, who was able to have Demane removed from the ship before it sailed.

paragraph: In 1787, possibly with the help of his friend Olaudah Equiano, Cugoano published an attack on slavery entitled "Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil and Wicked Traffic of the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species" (1787). By now a devout Christian, he wrote work informed by that religion. His writing called for the abolition of slavery and immediate emancipation of all slaves. It argues that the slave's duty is to escape from slavery, and that force should be used to prevent further enslavement. The narrative was sent to King George III, the Prince of Wales and to Edmund Burke, a leading politician. George III, along with much of the royal family, remained opposed to abolition of the slave trade.

paragraph: Four years later, in 1791, Cugoano published a shorter version of his book, addressed to the "Sons of Africa". In it, he expressed qualified support for the failed British efforts to establish a colony in Sierra Leone for London's Poor Blacks (mostly freed African-American slaves who had been relocated to London after the American Revolutionary War. Other early settlers were Black Loyalists, also former American slaves, from Nova Scotia, who chose to move to Sierra Leone.) Cugoano called for the establishment of schools in Britain especially for African students.

paragraph: Nothing is known of Cugoano after the release of his book.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thoughts and sentiments on the evil and wicked traffic of the slavery"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Narrative of the Enslavement of Ottobah Cugoano, a Native of Africa", London: Printed for the Author and Sold by Hatchard and Co., 1825, online text at "Documenting the American South", University of North Carolina.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Resources for the study of Cugoano, Brycchan Carey Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adam Hochschild, "The Unsung Heroes of Abolition", History, BBC, page includes engraving by Richard Cosway, possibly of Cugoano

paragraph: BULLET::::- Selected Passages from "Narrative of the Enslavement of a Native of Africa", Spartacus Educational

alias:
John Stuart
Quobna Ottobah Cugoano

description: African abolitionist in England

wikidata_label: Ottobah Cugoano

wikipedia_title: Ottobah Cugoano


text:
VC
English
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
bugler
King's Royal Rifle Corps
British Army
Indian Mutiny
Delhi
India
Victoria Cross
Royal Green Jackets (Rifles) Museum
Winchester
Monuments to Courage
The Register of the Victoria Cross
Location of grave and VC medal

categories: British recipients of the Victoria Cross,Indian Rebellion of 1857 recipients of the Victoria Cross,King's Royal Rifle Corps soldiers,British military musicians,1830 births,1888 deaths,People from Tonbridge and Malling (district)

paragraph: William Sutton (VC)

paragraph: William Sutton VC (1830 – 16 February 1888) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Details.

paragraph: Sutton was about 27 years old, and a bugler in the 1st Battalion, 60th Rifles (later The King's Royal Rifle Corps), British Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place on 13 September 1857 at Delhi, India for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross.

paragraph: There is a plaque in his memory in St Peter's Church, Ightham, where he is buried in an unmarked grave.

paragraph: Section::::The medal.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Green Jackets (Rifles) Museum, Winchester, England.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(Kent)"

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: William Sutton

wikipedia_title: William Sutton (VC)


text:
American
ice hockey
defenseman
HIFK
Liiga
Washington Capitals
2005 NHL Entry Draft
Lalli Partinen
HIFK (ice hockey)
2009–10
Gwinnett Gladiators
2012–13
Hamilton Bulldogs
2014–15
Minnesota Wild
2015–16
Joe Finley's profile

categories: Buffalo Sabres players,National Hockey League first round draft picks,Hamilton Bulldogs (AHL) players,1987 births,Bridgeport Sound Tigers players,New York Islanders players,Hershey Bears players,Iowa Wild players,North Dakota Fighting Hawks men's ice hockey players,Ice hockey people from Minnesota,Sioux Falls Stampede players,South Carolina Stingrays players,Sportspeople from Edina, Minnesota,Living people,American ice hockey defensemen,Rochester Americans players

paragraph: Joe Finley

paragraph: Joseph Scott Finley (born June 29, 1987) is an American ice hockey defenseman. He is currently playing for HIFK in the Finnish Liiga. Finley was selected by the Washington Capitals in the 1st round (27th overall) of the 2005 NHL Entry Draft. Before Finley had arrived to Helsinki in 2016 he already got a nickname, "The Red #3" after Lalli Partinen, a former defensman who played for HIFK (ice hockey) in 1969–1977.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Finley played for the Edina Peewee A state championship team in 1999–2000.

paragraph: Finley missed the majority of the 2009–10 season on injured reserve when on November 21, 2009, in a game with the Stingrays against the Gwinnett Gladiators, he ruptured an artery in his hand which required surgery.

paragraph: On September 18, 2011, Finley accepted an invitation to training camp by the Buffalo Sabres. He impressed enough that he was signed to an AHL contract, and assigned to the Rochester Americans. Through the first quarter of the season, Finley was impressive as one half of the Americans shut-down defensive pairing. He led the Amerks in +/- with a +10. The Sabres and Finley reached a three-year contract on November 28, 2011, that will allow Finley to be called up by Sabres organization.

paragraph: Two days after the deal was completed, Finley was called up by the Sabres where he made his NHL debut against the Red Wings on December 2, 2011. Finley was the 475th player to play in the NHL after starting his career in the ECHL.

paragraph: Prior to the lockout shortened 2012–13 NHL season, Finley was claimed off waivers from the Sabres by the New York Islanders on January 14, 2013.

paragraph: On July 29, 2014, Finley signed as a free agent to a one-year AHL contract with the Hamilton Bulldogs. In the 2014–15 season, Finley appeared in 54 games with the Bulldogs, contributing with 3 assists and 132 penalty minutes.

paragraph: On October 8, 2015, Finley continued in the AHL, signing a one-year AHL deal with the Iowa Wild, an affiliate to the Minnesota Wild. In the 2015–16 season, Finley appeared in 56 games with Iowa, recording a professional high of 5 goals from the blueline.

paragraph: On June 21, 2016, Finley opted to pursue a career abroad, agreeing to a one-year deal with Finnish club, HIFK, of the Liiga.

paragraph: On February 3, 2017, HIFK announced a two-year contract extension with Finley.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joe Finley's profile at Fightingsioux.com

description: American ice hockey defenceman

wikidata_label: Joe Finley

wikipedia_title: Joe Finley


text:
Akkadian Empire
Sargon of Akkad
Tashlultum
Manishtushu
Naram-Sin of Akkad
Ur
Umma
Adab
Lagash
Der
Kazallu
ensis
Elam
Barakhshe
Sumerian King List
Adab
Bārûtu
extispicy
Manishtushu
Mario Liverani
History of Sumer

categories: 3rd-millennium BC births,Sumerian rulers,3rd-millennium BC deaths,Akkadian people

paragraph: Rimush

paragraph: Rimush (or Rimuš, 𒌷𒈬𒍑 "Ri-mu-uš") was the second king of the Akkadian Empire. He was the son of Sargon of Akkad and Queen Tashlultum. He was succeeded by his brother Manishtushu, and was an uncle of Naram-Sin of Akkad.

paragraph: According to his inscriptions, he faced widespread revolts, and had to reconquer the cities of Ur, Umma, Adab, Lagash, Der, and Kazallu from rebellious "ensis". There are also records of victorious campaigns against Elam and Barakhshe. A number of his votive offerings have been found in excavated temples in several Mesopotamian cities.

paragraph: According to the "Sumerian King List", his reign lasted 9 years (though variant copies read 7 or 15 years.) There is one surviving year-name for an unknown year in his reign: "Year in which Adab was destroyed". Tradition gives that he was assassinated, as the Bārûtu, “art of the diviner”, a first millennium compendium of extispicy, records “Omen of king Rimuš, whom his courtiers killed with their seals”. He was succeeded by his "elder" brother Manishtushu, leading to speculation by Mario Liverani that the two were twins, as in: "man ištuśu? rïmuš!" “Who is with him? His beloved!”, as apparently the second born was thought to be the first conceived.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Sumer

description: Akkadian king, son of Sargon the Great

wikidata_label: Rimush

wikipedia_title: Rimush


text: Rome

text: Italian

text: hurdler

text: International athletics competitions

text: 1982 European Athletics Championships

text: Athens

text: 1984 Olympic Games

text: Los Angeles

text: Marisa Masullo

text: 400 metres hurdles

text: Catania

text: national team

text: national championship

text: 400 metres hurdles

text: 400 metres

text: 800 metres

text: Italy national relay team

categories: Competitors at the 1983 Mediterranean Games,1959 births,Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Italy,Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Italy,Olympic athletes of Italy,Sportspeople from Rome,Competitors at the 1987 Mediterranean Games,Italian female hurdlers,World Championships in Athletics athletes for Italy,Living people,Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Giuseppina Cirulli

paragraph: Giuseppina Cirulli (born 9 March 1959 in Rome) is an Italian hurdler. She won three medals, to individual level, at the International athletics competitions.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: She was semifinalist at 1982 European Athletics Championships in Athens, in the 400 m hurdles. At the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles, she reached the semi-finals of the 400 m hurdles. She also ran in the heats of the 4 × 400 m relay, before being replaced by Marisa Masullo for the final. Her personal best, on 400 metres hurdles, is 56"44 set in 1984 in Catania. She has 47 caps in national team from 1975 to 1988.

paragraph: Section::::National titles.

paragraph: Giuseppina Cirulli has won 13 times the individual national championship.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 11 wins in the 400 metres hurdles (1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1 win in the 400 metres indoor (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1 win in the 800 metres indoor (1985)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Italy national relay team

paragraph: BULLET::::- Italian all-time lists - 400 metres hurdles

description: Italian hurdler

wikidata_label: Giuseppina Cirulli

wikipedia_title: Giuseppina Cirulli


text: The Birth of a Race

text: Standing Liberty quarter

text: Hermon Atkins MacNeil

text: Pulitzer Fountain

text: Karl Bitter

text: Isidore Konti

text: Plaza Hotel

text: New York City

text: physical therapist

text: 42nd Street (Manhattan)

text: New York World

text: New York City

text: John Lindsay

text: Queens, New York

text: Farmington, New York

text: Whitestone, New York

text: The Numismatist

text: Standing Liberty Quarter pictures

text: Reference to Coin World article

categories: 1970 deaths,1882 births,American silent film actresses,American artists' models

paragraph: Doris Doscher

paragraph: Doris Doscher (January 24, 1882 – March 9, 1970) was an American actress and model who appeared in the movie "The Birth of a Race" (1915), playing the role of "Eve." She posed as Liberty for the Standing Liberty quarter (1916–1930) by Hermon Atkins MacNeil. She was also the model for the Pulitzer Fountain of Abundance by Karl Bitter (completed by Isidore Konti and Karl Gruppe in 1915) in front of the Plaza Hotel in New York City.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Doscher was a silent film actress who later acted under the name Doris Doree. Doscher wed Dr. H. William Baum, a physical therapist, who had offices at 130 West 42nd Street (Manhattan). When she was chosen by MacNeil to pose for the quarter, she exemplified the "highest type of American womanhood." After her career as a professional model, she worked as a newspaper columnist and a radio broadcaster. Beginning in the late 1920s, Doscher wrote a daily column on health and beauty for the "New York World". She lectured for years on similar topics.

paragraph: Section::::Later years and death.

paragraph: In 1966 Doscher joined New York City mayor John Lindsay in a ceremony to rename a Queens, New York park after MacNeil. She served as president of the women's auxiliary of the

paragraph: American Naturopathic Association.

paragraph: Doscher died at a Farmington, New York nursing home in 1970, at the age of 88. Her residence had been 10-27 147th Street, Whitestone, New York. She was survived by her husband, a daughter, and seven grandchildren.

paragraph: In 1972, however, two years after her death, newspapers reported that the actual model was Broadway actress Irene MacDowell, then aged 92 (she died the following year) whose name was said to have been concealed because her husband (one of MacNeil's tennis partners) disapproved. In an article in the December 2003 edition of "The Numismatist", Timothy B. Benford Jr. suggests that the supposed deception was to fool MacNeil's wife, who saw MacDowell as a potential romantic rival. In 1982, however, Doscher's widower stated that despite the MacDowell claim, his wife had posed for the quarter.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- US Standing Liberty Quarter by year and type. Histories, photos, and more.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Standing Liberty Quarter pictures

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reference to Coin World article

paragraph: BULLET::::- A History of Doris Doscher as the Model for the Standing Liberty Quarter

description: American actress

wikidata_label: Doris Doscher

wikipedia_title: Doris Doscher


text:
Saint-Seine-l'Abbaye
Bourgogne
Rennes
école des Beaux-Arts
mayor of Rennes
Les Halles
Victor Baltard
granite
tufa
brick
Plénée-Jugon
Lourmais
château de Bonnefontaine
Antrain
Plédran

categories: 1828 births,19th-century French architects,1926 deaths

paragraph: Jean-Baptiste Martenot

paragraph: Jean-Baptiste Martenot (Saint-Seine-l'Abbaye Côte-d’Or 26 July 1828 - 30 March 1906 Rennes), was a French architect, born in Bourgogne, in the city of Rennes. The Halles Martenot and the Préfecture Martenot are names in his honour. He is a former student of the école des Beaux-Arts.

paragraph: From humble beginnings, he obtained a departmental pension to study at the École nationale des Beaux-Arts in Paris, which he attended until 1850. He won the prix Muller Sœhnée.

paragraph: At 26, Martenot was named inspector of the Palais du Louvre.

paragraph: In 1858, the mayor of Rennes Léon des Ormeaux appointed him to the post of chief architect of the city of Rennes, a post he held until 1895.

paragraph: Section::::His works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- His work in Rennes is important. He built a number of communal buildings, schools, markets, the belfry of the town hall, the chamber of commers, the bank, the buildings of the park, parts of the school of medicine and faculty of sciences, and the church Saint-Aubin-en-Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle, in Place Sainte-Anne (1884–1904).

paragraph: BULLET::::- He is the one who addressed the general plan for the viability of the municipal canalisation of drinking water.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The two Lices pavilions were built in 1868 and 1871 in the same style as the old Les Halles by Victor Baltard. The halles de Rennes were rare metal buildings, in a city principally built of wood and stone.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The collège-lycée Émile-Zola was built in a style combining granite, tufa and brick.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He also had a number of private clients, in particular, a number of hotels (hôtel Claudet, hôtel Léofanti, hôtel des Nétumières, hôtel de Léon...) and châteaux (château à Plénée-Jugon (attributed, around 1860), château du Breil à Lourmais (1862, château de Bonnefontaine à Antrain, restoration of château de Craffault (1899–1902) and gallery, North pavilion (1902) à Plédran, Côtes-d’Armor). He also built industrial establishments, such as the Imprimerie Oberthür (1870).

description: French architect

wikidata_label: Jean-Baptiste Martenot

wikipedia_title: Jean-Baptiste Martenot


text:
Livy
Roman dictator
Battle of Lake Regillus
coins
Postumii Albi
Castor and Pollux
temple to Castor and Pollux
Roman Forum
consul
annal
Dionysius
Niebuhr
Claudii
Scipio Africanus
victory
Sabine
Spurius Postumius Albus Regillensis
Aulus Postumius Albus Regillensis
Postumia (gens)

categories: Roman Republican consuls,Year of birth unknown,Postumii,5th-century BC Romans,Albini,5th-century BC deaths

paragraph: Aulus Postumius Albus Regillensis

paragraph: Aulus Postumius Albus Regillensis was an ancient Roman who, according to Livy, was Roman dictator in 498 or 496 BC, when he conquered the Latins in the great Battle of Lake Regillus and subsequently celebrated a triumph. Many of the coins of the Postumii Albi commemorate this victory of their ancestor, as in the one pictured. Roman folklore related that Castor and Pollux were seen fighting in this battle on the side of the Romans, whence the dictator afterwards promised a temple to Castor and Pollux in the Roman Forum.

paragraph: He was consul in 496 BC, in which year some of the annals, according to Livy, placed the battle of Lake Regillus; and it is to this year that Dionysius assigns it. The name "Regillensis" is usually supposed to have been derived from this battle; but Niebuhr thinks that it was taken from a place of residence, just as the Claudii bore the same name, and that the later annalists only spoke of Postumius as commander in consequence of the name. Livy states expressly, that Scipio Africanus was the first Roman who obtained a surname from his conquests.

paragraph: In 495 BC. Postumius was chosen at short notice by the Romans to lead the cavalry to victory against a Sabine invading force.

paragraph: He was, according to some genealogies, the father of Spurius Postumius Albus Regillensis and Aulus Postumius Albus Regillensis.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Postumia (gens)

description: Roman consul

wikidata_label: Aulus Postumius Albus Regillensis

wikipedia_title: Aulus Postumius Albus Regillensis


text: Catania

text: Catania

text: Risorgimento

text: Scapigliatura

text: laurea

text: Saint Agatha

text: Florence

text: Giovanni Prati

text: Niccolò Tommaseo

text: Atto Vannucci

text: Pietro Fanfani

text: Andrea Maffei

text: Giuseppe Regaldi

text: Erminia

text: Arnaldo Fusinato

text: Francesco Dall'Ongaro

text: Terenzio Mamiani

text: Victor Hugo

text: University of Catania

text: Don Pedro II

text: Dante

text: De Monarchia

text: Giosuè Carducci

text: Filippo Tommaso Marinetti

text: Tunisia

text: Catullo

text: Lesbia

text: Rationalism

text: Transcendence

text: Lucretius

text: De rerum natura

text: "Giobbe"

text: pantheist

text: Venice

text: Catullus

text: Percy Bysshe Shelley

text: Prometheus Unbound

text: Odes

text: Horace

text: Italian WikiSource

text: Mario Rapisardi

text: Italian WikiQuote

text: Mario Rapisardi

text: Letter to Francesco Paolo Frontini

text: Letter to Francesco Paolo Frontini

text: Epitaph of Mario Rapisardi

text: Works citing Mario Rapisardi

text: Life and works of Mario Rapisardi

categories: Italian republicans,Italian people of the Italian unification,Italian poets,1844 births,People from Catania,1912 deaths,Italian male poets

paragraph: Mario Rapisardi

paragraph: Mario Rapisardi (25 February 1844, Catania – 4 January 1912, Catania) was an Italian poet, supporter of Risorgimento and member of the Scapigliatura (definition but refused).

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: As a boy, he was taught "grammar, rhetoric and the Latin language" by two priests and "a "psicontologico" mixture that he thought was philosophy" by a friar. To please his father, he then unwillingly took the usual course in jurisprudence, but never wanted to take the laurea in that or any other faculty. He wrote at this time "there is nothing noteworthy in my life, unless it is this, that - for good or ill - it formed me, destroying the wretched and false education I had received [up to then] and instructing and educating me, in my own way, to be outside whatever school, whatever sect, scornful of systems and prejudices".

paragraph: He began his poetic career at fourteen with an ode to Saint Agatha, in which he dared to recommend the freedom of his fatherland (then under the Bourbon regime), and in 1863 published a volume of verses under the title "Canti". In 1865 he came to Florence for the first time, returning there often later in his life. There he got to know Giovanni Prati, Niccolò Tommaseo, Atto Vannucci, Pietro Fanfani, Andrea Maffei, Giuseppe Regaldi, Erminia, Arnaldo Fusinato, Francesco Dall'Ongaro, Terenzio Mamiani and other "illustri e buoni", as he later called them. Also in Florence he published his "La Palingenesi" in 1868, recommending a religious revival for humanity. It got good reviews, and Victor Hugo read it and wrote to Rapisardi, saying "...[it is a] noble poem. You are a forerunner".

paragraph: In 1870 he received a teaching post at the University of Catania. Don Pedro II, emperor of Brazil, attended one of his lessons in 1876 and recommended him to the last book of Dante's "De Monarchia". Rapisardi was made "ordinario" of Italian literature at the university in 1878, and presented the inaugural lecture of the academic year there in 1879. His topic was "The new scientific concept", one he saw as brave seeing as he was delivering the lecture "before the authorities, in "this" country and on "this" solemn occasion".

paragraph: In 1881 he began a controversy with Giosuè Carducci. In 1885 the Florentine Amelia Poniatowski Sabernich became his lover, remaining so until his death. In 1886, he was in Rome on the board to discuss universities, and wrote to her "Di Roma non mi piacciono che alcuni ruderi, pochi, non tutti quelli che guardano a bocca aperta i forestieri; le chiese splendide tutte mi fanno rabbia: sono reggie, non tempi. (O Santa Maria del Fiore! Quella sì che è la casa del Dio Ignoto, e tale da fare raccogliere l'animo più incredulo in meditazioni sublimi)". He refused the nomination offered to him by the constituency of Trapani well 6200 votes, a figure so extraordinary, blaming his failing health, the failure of his studies and the nature "devoid of political stores."

paragraph: Mario Rapisardi (1844-1912) Italian poet and literary opponent of Carducci. As a professor in Catania, he wrote a poetic history of humanity called Luzifero. Also wrote Giobbe and Atlantide. He was a Mason (as was Carducci) and a chapter of the higher degrees is named after him.

paragraph: In 1894 he was attacked by some socialists for adivising calm during the famous "moti di Sicilia", to which he replied that such events seemed "untimely" and lacked "a common programme" and effective leaders, and that he had been made a "moderator" not a "peacemaker". In 1897 he answered an invitation to collaborate on the magazine "L'Università", excusing himself as not having enough time or the right attitude to write for the newspapers and trying to dissuade the editors from getting him to contribute anything political in character. In 1905 a proposal to dismiss him from the university caused protests from students in several Italian universities, and in 1909 he replied to an invitation by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti by writing that "the obligation on poets is not to found new schools or aggrandise the ancients; his duty is to express things as they are and represent reality as he sees and feels it, with complete sincerity, with heat and with the colour of his soul (...)

paragraph: He died in Catania in 1912, and Catania went into official mourning for three days, with his funeral attracting over 150,000 people (including official representatives sent from Tunisia to attend). However, due to opposition from the church authorities, his body remained unburied in a storage area at the town cemetery for ten days.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1858 - Ode to sant'Agata

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1863 - "Canti", a volume of verses

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1872, Pisa - "Le ricordanze", collection of lyric verses

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1875, Florence - "Catullo e Lesbia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1877, Milan - "Lucifero", praising Rationalism's triumph over Transcendence.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1879, Milan - Translation of Lucretius's "De rerum natura"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1885, Catania - "Giustizia", collection of social-reform poetry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1884, Catania - "Giobbe", poem expressing the accents of human pain.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1887, Catania - "Le poesie religiose", advocating religion of a pantheistic mould.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1888 - "Duetto", a social-reform poem for which he was tried by the magistrate of Venice.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1889, Naples - Translation of the works of Catullus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1892, Palermo - Translation of Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Prometheus Unbound".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1894 - The poem "Atlantide", a biting satire and work of caricature about the literati of the day.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1897 - Translation of the "Odes" of Horace.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1902 - "L'asceta" and other poems.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mario Rapisardi", atti del convegno a cura di Sarah Zappulla Muscarà, Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania 1991

paragraph: Section::::Other projects.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Italian WikiSource has material related to Mario Rapisardi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Italian WikiQuote has material related to Mario Rapisardi

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Letter to Francesco Paolo Frontini, from Mario Rapisardi, on the occasion of the publication of the Romanza Lauda di Suora (1889)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Letter to Francesco Paolo Frontini, from Mario Rapisardi (1906)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Epitaph of Mario Rapisardi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works citing Mario Rapisardi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francesco Paolo Frontini and Mario Rapisardi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Life and works of Mario Rapisardi

description: Italian poet

wikidata_label: Mario Rapisardi

wikipedia_title: Mario Rapisardi