text:
courtesy name
Liang Dynasty
Chinese history
Southern Dynasties
Southern Qi
universities
civil service
poetry
arts
Confucian
Buddhism
India
sacrifice
execution
Hou Jing
Jiankang
Emperor Jianwen
Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song
Han Dynasty
Xiao He
Xiao Daocheng
Southern Qi
concubine
Xiao Xiu
Emperor Wu
Wang Jian
Fan Yun
Shen Yue
crown prince
Xiao Zhaoye
Xiao Luan
Lu'an
Anhui
Northern Wei
Henan
Henan
Hubei
Xiangfan
Hubei
Xiao Baojuan
Hubei
Jiangxi
Fujian
Anhui
Jiankang
Xiao Baorong
Jing Province
Jingzhou
Hubei
Wuhan
Hubei
Empress Dowager Wang Baoming
regent
Xiao Baoyin
nine bestowments
Ma'anshan
Anhui
Liang Dynasty
Xiao Tong
crown prince
Xiao Zhengde
Southern Dynasties
Zhou She
Xu Mian
Yi Province
Sichuan
Chongqing
Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei
Emperor Xiaowen
Xinyang
Henan
Hanzhong
Shaanxi
Bengbu
Anhui
Hefei
Anhui
night terror
Huai River
Zizhi Tongjian
regent
Empress Dowager Hu
Emperor Xiaoming
Buddhist
Confucian
vegetarian
Xuzhou
Jiangsu
eunuch
Taoist
Xu Mian
Erzhu Rong
Empress Dowager Hu
Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei
Yuan Hao
Shangqiu
Henan
Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei
Luoyang
Nirvana Sutra
Bodhisattva
Erzhu Zhao
Erzhu Shilong
Confucian
Xiao Gang
Xiao Cha
Gao Huan
Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei
Dipper
Eastern Wei
Western Wei
détente
Zhu Yi
Hanoi
Vietnam
Lý Bôn
Sima Guang
Gao Cheng
Hou Jing
Yellow River
Yuwen Tai
Chang'an
Emperor Wen of Western Wei
Xiao Yuanming
Bozhou
Anhui
Anhui
Xiao Yi
Henan
Xiao Daqi
Xie Tiao
Xiao Tong
Xiao Gang
Xiao Yi
Xiao Ji
Lady Liu
Xiao Daocheng
Xiao Yan
Juniperus chinensis from Six Dynasties

categories: Murdered Chinese emperors,Liang dynasty Buddhists,Emperors from Nanjing,Southern Qi Buddhists,Liang dynasty emperors,464 births,Southern Qi regents,Viceroys of Liangguang,Usurpers,Politicians from Nanjing,Deaths by starvation,5th-century Chinese poets,Generals from Jiangsu,549 deaths,Southern Qi generals,Chinese Buddhists

paragraph: Emperor Wu of Liang

paragraph: Emperor Wu of Liang (梁武帝) (464–549), personal name Xiao Yan (蕭衍), courtesy name Shuda (叔達), nickname Lian'er (練兒), was the founding emperor of the Liang Dynasty of Chinese history. His reign, until the end, was one of the most stable and prosperous during the Southern Dynasties. He came from the same family that ruled Southern Qi, but from a different branch.

paragraph: Emperor Wu created universities and extending the Confucian civil service exams, demanding that sons of nobles study. He was well read himself and wrote poetry and patronized the arts. Although for governmental affairs he was Confucian in values, he embraced Buddhism as well. He himself was attracted to many Indian traditions. He banned the sacrifice of animals and was against execution. It was said that he received the Buddhist precepts during his reign, earning him the nickname "The Bodhisattva Emperor". The Emperor is the namesake of the "Emperor Liang Jeweled Repentance" (梁皇寳懺), a widely read and major Buddhist text in China and Korea.

paragraph: At the end of his reign, his overly lenient attitude on his clan's and officials' corruption and lack of dedication to the state came at a heavy price; when the general Hou Jing rebelled, few came to his aid, and Hou captured the capital Jiankang, holding Emperor Wu and his successor Emperor Jianwen under close control and plunging the entire Liang state into anarchy. Emperor Liang himself died while under house arrest, with some historians believing that Hou starved him to death.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Xiao Yan was born in 464, during the reign of Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song. His father Xiao Shunzhi (蕭順之), who claimed ancestry from the great Han Dynasty prime minister Xiao He, was a distant cousin of the Liu Song general Xiao Daocheng, and was part of Xiao Daocheng's close circle of advisors in Xiao Daocheng's eventual seizure of the Liu Song throne and establishment of Southern Qi (as its Emperor Gao) in 479. For Xiao Shunzhi's contributions, Xiao Daocheng created him the Marquess of Linxiang and made him a general. Xiao Yan was Xiao Shunzhi's third son, and his mother was Xiao Shunzhi's wife Zhang Zhirou (張至柔), who was also the mother of his older brothers Xiao Yi (蕭懿) and Xiao Fu (蕭敷), his younger brother Xiao Chang (蕭暢), and his younger sister Xiao Linyi (蕭令嫕). Lady Zhang died in 471, predating Xiao Shunzhi's becoming a marquess during Southern Qi.

paragraph: Xiao Yan had six other brothers born of Xiao Shunzhi's concubines. One of them, Xiao Xiu (475–518) is now mainly remembered because of his comparatively well-preserved funerary statuary ensemble near Nanjing.

paragraph: Around 481 or 482, Xiao Yan married Chi Hui (郗徽), the daughter of the Liu Song official Chi Ye (郗燁) and the Princess Xunyang. She bore him three daughters—Xiao Yuyao (蕭玉姚), Xiao Yuwan (蕭玉婉), and Xiao Yuhuan (蕭玉嬛), but no sons.

paragraph: Section::::Career as Southern Qi official and general.

paragraph: Xiao Yan was considered intelligent and handsome in his youth, and he started his career as a Southern Qi official by serving as military assistant for Emperor Wu's son Xiao Zilun (蕭子倫) the Prince of Baling, and later served on the staff of the prime minister Wang Jian. Wang was said to be impressed by Xiao Yan's talents and appearance, and he once said, "Mr. Xiao will be "Shizhong" [侍中, a high-level post] before he turns 30, and his honor will be innumerable after he turns 30." Xiao Yan also associated with Wang's successor as prime minister, Emperor Wu's son Xiao Ziliang (蕭子良) the Prince of Jingling, and became one of eight young officials talented in the literary arts particularly befriended by Xiao Ziliang—along with Fan Yun, Xiao Chen (蕭琛), Ren Fang (任昉), Wang Rong (王融), Xie Tiao (謝朓), Shen Yue, and Lu Chui (陸倕). After his father Xiao Shunzhi died in 490, he temporary left governmental service, but subsequently returned, and by 493 was serving on Xiao Ziliang's staff, but he did not join Wang Rong's plan to start a coup to have Xiao Ziliang made emperor when Emperor Wu grew ill in 493; the throne, instead, went to the crown prince, Emperor Wu's grandson Xiao Zhaoye. Xiao Yan subsequently was invited by the prime minister Xiao Luan to serve on his staff, and when Xiao Luan subsequently overthrew the frivolous Xiao Zhaoye in a coup, Xiao Yan was made a general and ordered to defend the important city Shouyang (壽陽, in modern Lu'an, Anhui). When Xiao Luan later took the throne (as Emperor Ming), Xiao Yan was created the Baron of Jianyang. In 495, when Northern Wei forces invade, Xiao Yan was on the frontline fighting Northern Wei troops, and he distinguished himself under the command of Wang Guangzhi (王廣之). Later that year, when Emperor Ming suspected the general Xiao Chen (蕭諶) of treason and executed him, it was Xiao Yan that he sent to arrest and executed Xiao Chen's brother Xiao Dan (蕭誕) the governor of Si Province (司州, modern southeastern Henan).

paragraph: In 497, with Northern Wei again attacking, Xiao Yan was one of the generals that Emperor Ming sent to aid the embattled Yong Province (雍州, modern southwestern Henan and northwestern Hubei). Even though both he and his commander, Cui Huijing (崔慧景), were subsequently defeated by Northern Wei forces in battle, in 498 Xiao Yan was made the governor of Yong Province and the defender of Yong Province's capital, the important city Xiangyang (襄陽, in modern Xiangfan, Hubei), and he continued in that post after Emperor Ming's death and succession by his son Xiao Baojuan. It was at Xiangyang that Xiao Yan's wife Chi Hui died in 499. Xiao Yan would not take another wife for the rest of his life, although he would have a number of concubines.

paragraph: Section::::Civil war against Xiao Baojuan.

paragraph: When Xiao Baojuan became Southern Qi's emperor in 498 at age 15, his power was initially curbed by several high-level officials that his father Emperor Ming left in charge—including Emperor Ming's cousins Jiang Shi (江祏) and Jiang Si (江祀), Xiao Baojuan's own uncle Liu Xuan (劉暄), Xiao Baojuan's cousin Xiao Yaoguang (蕭遙光) the Prince of Shi'an, the senior official Xu Xiaosi (徐孝嗣), and the general Xiao Tanzhi (蕭坦之). The six officials each handled important matters of state according to their will and paid the young emperor little deference, drawing his ire. Xiao Yan, hearing that the young emperor had a reputation for being violent and frivolous, secretly prepared for eventual civil war at his post at Yong Province, but was unable to persuade his older brother Xiao Yi, who was then the acting governor of Ying Province (郢州, modern eastern Hubei), to do the same.

paragraph: In 499, receiving report that the high-level officials were planning to, on account of his irrational behavior, remove him from the throne, Xiao Baojuan acted first and executed Jiang Shi and Jiang Si. Xiao Yaoguang, who wanted to be emperor himself and feared being the next target, started an unsuccessful coup and was soon defeated and killed. However, despite the contributions of Xiao Tanzhi, Xu Xiaosi, Liu Xuan, and the generals Shen Wenji (沈文季) and Cao Hu (曹虎) in defeating Xiao Yaoguang, Xiao Baojuan soon had all of them killed as well on suspicion of plotting coups, leading to widespread sense of terror among central government officials. This led to a rebellion by the senior general Chen Xianda (陳顯達) from his post at Jiang Province (江州, modern Jiangxi and Fujian), which was quickly defeated as well, fanning Xiao Baojuan's sense of invulnerability. In fear, the general Pei Shuye (裴叔業), who controlled Shouyang as the governor of Yu Province (豫州, modern central Anhui), surrendered Shouyang to Northern Wei in 500, despite Xiao Yan's counsel against it.

paragraph: Xiao Baojuan sent Cui Huijing to try to recapture Shouyang. Cui Huijing, however, as soon as he left the capital Jiankang, turned his army around and marched on the capital, hoping to overthrow Xiao Baojuan and replace him with his brother Xiao Baoxuan (蕭寶玄) the Prince of Jiangxia. Cui was initially successful, surrounding Xiao Baojuan's troops inside the palace complex. However, Xiao Yi, upon hearing news of Cui's rebellion, marched troops under his command to relieve the palace siege. He routed Cui's forces, and Cui was killed while trying to escape. Xiao Baojuan made Xiao Yi the prime minister, but soon killed him as well. Upon hearing of Xiao Yi's death, Xiao Yan announced a rebellion.

paragraph: Xiao Baojuan sent an army commanded by the general Liu Shanyang (劉山陽) against Xiao Yan, but Xiao Yan convinced Xiao Yingzhou (蕭穎冑), the chief of staff of Xiao Baojuan's younger brother Xiao Baorong the Prince of Nankang, who was then governor of Jing Province (荊州, modern central and western Hubei), that Liu was intending to attack both Jing and Yong Province. Xiao Yingzhou therefore entered into an alliance with Xiao Yan, and Xiao Yingzhou surprised and killed Liu, and then declared that his and Xiao Yan's intent was to declare Xiao Baorong emperor, although he did not immediately have Xiao Baorong take imperial title. (Privately, Xiao Yan's staff was distrustful of Xiao Yingzhou and wanted to seize Xiao Baorong by force, but Xiao Yan, not willing to create a division in the coalition at that moment, concentrated on advancing east against Xiao Baojuan rather than to seize Xiao Baorong.)

paragraph: In spring 501, Xiao Yingzhou declared Xiao Baorong emperor (as Emperor He), a declaration that Xiao Yan recognized. Xiao Yingzhou had himself and Xiao Yan given equivalent titles, and Xiao Yingzhou remained at Jiangling (江陵, in modern Jingzhou, Hubei), the capital of Jing Province, with the new emperor, while Xiao Yan continued to advance against the old emperor Xiao Baojuan. With Xiao Baojuan having lost the love of his generals (and having to fight off several more coup attempts within Jiankang itself), Xiao Yan was able to win battle after battle, capturing Yingcheng (郢城, in modern Wuhan, Hubei) in summer 501, and then forcing the surrender of Chen Bozhi (陳伯之), the governor of Jiang Province, in fall 501. In winter 501, he reached Jiankang and quickly captured the outer city, and then put the palace under siege. Meanwhile, Xiao Yingzhou, unable to fend off attacks that the general Xiao Gui (蕭璝), loyal to Xiao Baojuan, was launching from the west, died in anxiety. Xiao Yan's brother Xiao Dan (蕭儋) quickly arrived in Jiangling to take over custody of Emperor He, along with Xiao Yingzhou's lieutenant Xiaohou Xiang (夏侯詳). From that point on, the control of the new emperor was no longer contested.

paragraph: Around the new year 502, Xiao Baojuan's generals Wang Zhenguo (王珍國) and Zhang Ji (張稷), fearful that Xiao Baojuan would kill them because they were unable to lift the siege, assassinated Xiao Baojuan and surrendered. Xiao Yan entered the palace triumphantly, and, making Xiao Zhaoye's mother Empress Dowager Wang Baoming titular regent, he had himself made the supreme commander and the Duke of Jian'an.

paragraph: Section::::Establishment of the Liang dynasty.

paragraph: Xiao Yan soon began to carry out plans to take over imperial title himself. Consulting with his old friends Shen Yue and Fan Yun, he began to put his brothers and associates into important posts, while having Empress Dowager Wang grant him higher and higher honors and titles, while delaying Emperor He's return to the capital. He also began to execute Emperor He's brothers and cousins one by one, to eliminate the possibility of their resisting his moves. (Emperor He's brother Xiao Baoyin the Prince of Poyang, however, would escape to Northern Wei, and for decades would pose a threat as a Northern Wei general.) He had himself created the Duke of Liang, and then the Prince of Liang, and given the nine bestowments, all signs of impending takeover. Only with these preparations in place did he have Emperor He sent back toward the capital. Before Emperor He reached Jiankang, however, in spring 502, while Emperor He had only reached Gushu (姑孰, in modern Ma'anshan, Anhui), Xiao Yan had him issue an edict giving the throne to Xiao Yan, ending Southern Qi and beginning Liang Dynasty (with Xiao Yan as its Emperor Wu). Xiao Yan created Emperor He the Prince of Baling, but soon had him put to death, ending Emperor Ming's line (except for Xiao Baoyin, and Xiao Baoyi who was born disabled), although he treated Emperor Gao's and Emperor Wu's remaining progeny (most of those two emperors' progeny having been slaughtered by Emperor Ming) with honor and respect, making many of them his officials, reasoning that he and Southern Qi's imperial clan had the same origin. Emperor Wu created his infant son Xiao Tong, who was born of his concubine Consort Ding during the war against Xiao Baojuan, crown prince. (He had previously adopted his brother Xiao Hong (蕭宏)'s son Xiao Zhengde as his son, and Xiao Zhengde wanted to be crown prince; instead, after creating Xiao Tong crown prince, Emperor Wu rescinded the adoption and returned Xiao Zhengde to Xiao Hong's household, drawing Xiao Zhengde's resentment.)

paragraph: Section::::Early Reign.

paragraph: The early reign of Emperor Wu was considered to be Liang Dynasty's prime. He was considered diligent and frugal, and he tried to foster willingness for his officials to have different opinions than his. However, an immediate troubling sign for his reign, which would become increasingly serious as time went on, was how he appeared to be willing to tolerate corruption by his own family members, particularly his brother Xiao Hong the Prince of Linchuan, and those high-level officials who he felt contributed to his establishment of Liang.

paragraph: Emperor Wu also became the first emperor in Southern Dynasties' history to explicitly grant prime ministerial authorities to designated officials who were not prime ministers in name. He first granted those authorities to Fan Yun, and after Fan's death in 503, granted those authorities to Zhou She and Xu Mian, even though neither officially carried a high rank until late in their careers.

paragraph: Two immediate threats that Emperor Wu had to deal with upon ascending the throne were rebellions by Chen Bozhi, who did not feel secure in his position despite Emperor Wu's permitting him to remain as the governor of Jiang Province, and Liu Jilian (劉季連) the governor of Yi Province (modern Sichuan and Chongqing), who was similarly apprehensive. By winter 502, however, Chen had been defeated by Emperor Wu's general Wang Mao (王茂) and was forced to flee to Northern Wei. In spring 503, Liu surrendered to Emperor Wu's general Deng Yuanqi (鄧元起), and the realm was pacified.

paragraph: However, in fall 503, Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei, with a mind of having Xiao Baoyin reestablish Southern Qi as a puppet state, commissioned Xiao Baoyin and Chen with armies, and further sent his father Emperor Xiaowen's cousin Yuan Cheng (元澄) the Prince of Rencheng to lead a force to attack Liang, starting a war that lasted several years. Both sides had victories. However, Liang lost the important border city Yiyang (義陽, in modern Xinyang, Henan) in fall 504, and in spring 505, the general Xiahou Daoqian (夏侯道遷) rebelled and surrendered another important border city, Nanzheng (南鄭, in modern Hanzhong, Shaanxi) to Northern Wei. (It was in the aftermaths of Xiahou's rebellion that the first serious instance of Emperor Wu's refusal to punish a family member happened, as his nephew Xiao Yuanzao (蕭淵藻) the Marquess of Xichang, angry that when he rendezvoused with Deng Yuanqi that Deng took the best horses, assassinated Deng and falsely accused Deng of treason. While Emperor Wu discovered that Xiao Yuanzao's accusations were false and posthumously honored Deng, he took no punishment against Xiao Yuanzao other than demoting his rank.) In 505, Emperor Wu launched a major counterattack, commanded by Xiao Hong, with Liang's best troops. However, the apprehensive Xiao Hong stopped his army at Luokou (洛口, in modern Bengbu, Anhui) and refused to advance, despite his generals' urging. Meanwhile, in spring 506, the general Wei Rui (韋叡) was able to capture Hefei (合肥, in modern Hefei, Anhui), taken by Northern Wei when Pei Shuye surrendered Shouyang to Northern Wei. In fall 506, Xiao Hong's army, stationed at Luokou for nearly a year without advancing, had an attack of night terror, and Xiao Hong, in fear, fled, causing his army to collapse without a battle. When Northern Wei forces next attacked the fortress of Zhongli (鍾離, in modern Bengbu as well), however, they were defeated by a Liang army commanded by Wei and Cao Jingzong (曹景宗) in spring 507, allowing Liang to keep Zhongli and effectively ending the war. After the battle of Zhongli, there would continue to be border battles from time to time, but no large scale war for years.

paragraph: In 511, when Emperor Wu received petition from an old peasant, who stopped him on the road when he was in the vicinity of Jiankang to offer sacrifices to heaven, that his criminal laws were too severe for the commoners (in particular, if one person committed a crime, the entire clan is punished), while being overly relaxing for officials and nobles, Emperor Wu considered revisions to the law. However, at the end, all he carried out was that criminals' clan members would not be required to undergo hard labor if they had seniors or children in their household, and he did not further reform his laws.

paragraph: Starting in 514, Emperor Wu started carrying out a major construction project, downstream from Shouyang on the Huai River—a major dam that was intended to create a reservoir to flood Shouyang to allow Liang to capture the city. He started the project despite opposition from his engineers (who believed that the Huai River contained too much dirt in its water for a dam of the size necessary to be built). Despite engineering difficulties, however, the dam was successfully built by the general Kang Xuan (康絢) -- albeit at a major loss of life among the workers, due to the amount of work necessary and the diseases that occurred among them. ("Zizhi Tongjian" described the casualty rate to be at 70% to 80%.) Northern Wei's regent Empress Dowager Hu (who became regent over Emperor Xiaoming after Emperor Xuanwu's death in 515) sent armies commanded by Li Ping (李平) to attack Kang's escort forces, but could not damage the dam, which was finally completed in summer 516. it was described to be four and a half kilometers long, and the army pitched camp on the dam itself. Kang skillfully maintained the dam, and Shouyang began to be flooded. However, Emperor Wu recalled Kang to the capital and put the general Zhang Baozi (張豹子) in charge of the dam. Zhang, far less skillful and attentive than Kang, did not maintain the dam. With Huai River's water level greatly rising in winter 516, the dam collapsed, leading to more than 100,000 deaths downstream, and Shouyang was saved.

paragraph: It is unclear when Emperor Wu began to be a devout Buddhist, but by 517 Buddhist influences on his policies began to be plain. That year, he ordered that imperial textile factories not weave gods and animals on clothes, because when the clothes undergo further manufacturing, the patterns might be damaged, showing disrespect to the gods and hurtfulness to the animals. In a further break from Confucian tradition, he considered making sacrifices to imperial ancestors vegetarian, instead of traditional animal sacrifices of goats, pigs, and cows, and the sacrifices were first changed to using dried meat, and then eventually to mock animals made from flour, vegetables, and fruits, and this change was despite popular opinion that this would bring displeasure from the ancestors.

paragraph: Section::::Middle Reign.

paragraph: In 522, Emperor Wu's nephew Xiao Zhengde—whom he had previously adopted but then unadopted when Xiao Tong was born—resentful that he was not created crown prince, fled to Northern Wei, claiming to be the deposed crown prince and requesting Northern Wei aid. However, Northern Wei did not take his claim seriously, and in 523 Xiao Zhengde fled back to Liang. Instead of punishing Xiao Zhengde, however, Emperor Wu merely rebuked him tearfully, and in fact restored him to his title of Marquess of Xifeng.

paragraph: In winter 523, with his state plagued by forgeries of its copper coins, Emperor Wu abolished copper coins and started minting iron coins. (The actual fiscal impact of this act was unclear, but traditional Chinese historians generally considered iron to be unsuitable to use for coinage.)

paragraph: In 524, Emperor Wu launched a number of attacks on Northern Wei's southern territory, with Northern Wei forces occupied with fighting agrarian rebellions to the north and west. Liang forces largely met little resistance. Further, in spring 525, the Northern Wei general Yuan Faseng (元法僧) surrendered the key city of Pengcheng (彭城, in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu) to Liang. However, in summer 525, Emperor Wu's son Xiao Zong (蕭綜), who suspected that he was actually the son of Southern Qi's emperor Xiao Baojuan (because his mother Consort Wu was formerly Xiao Baojuan's concubine and had given birth to him only seven months after she became Emperor Wu's concubine), in turn surrendered Pengcheng to Northern Wei, ending Liang's advances in the northeast, although in summer 526, Shouyang fell to Liang troops after Emperor Wu successfully reemployed the damming strategy. For the next several years, Liang continued to make minor gains on the borders with Northern Wei.

paragraph: Over the years, Emperor Wu had increasingly given additional authorities to Xiao Tong the Crown Prince, and the relationship between father and son was dear. However, in 526, after the death of Xiao Tong's mother Consort Ding Lingguang (丁令光), the relationship would deteriorate. Xiao Tong sought out an appropriate place to bury Consort Ding, but while he was doing so, a land owner bribed the eunuch Yu Sanfu (俞三副) into convincing Emperor Wu that that piece of land would bring good fortune for the emperor, and so Emperor Wu bought the land and buried Consort Ding there. However, once Consort Ding was buried, a Taoist monk informed Xiao Tong that he believed that the land would bring ill fortune for Consort Ding's oldest son—Xiao Tong. Xiao Tong therefore allowed the monk to bury a few items intended to dissolve the ill fortune, such as wax ducks, at the position reserved for the oldest son. Later on, when one of Xiao Tong's attendants, Bao Miaozhi (鮑邈之), was squeezed out of Xiao Tong's inner circles by another attendant, Wei Ya (魏雅), he, in resentment, reported to Emperor Wu that Wei had carried out sorcery on Xiao Tong's behalf. When Emperor Wu investigated, waxed ducks were found, and Emperor Wu became surprised and angry, and wanted to investigate further. He only stopped the investigation when he was advised to do so by the prime minister Xu Mian, executing only the Taoist monk who had suggested the burial of wax ducks. Xiao Tong became humiliated in the affair, and was never able to clear himself completely in his father's eyes.

paragraph: In 527, Emperor Wu made his first offering of himself to the service of Buddha (捨身, "sheshen") at Tongtai Monastery (同泰寺), spending three days there.

paragraph: In 528, after a coup in Northern Wei, with the warlord Erzhu Rong overthrowing Empress Dowager Hu (after she killed her own son, Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei, with poison), a number of Northern Wei officials, including Yuan Yue (元悅) the Prince of Ru'nan, Yuan Yu (元彧) the Prince of Linhuai, and Yuan Hao the Prince of Beihai, fled to Liang, and a number of other officials surrendered territories they controlled to Liang. In winter 528, Emperor Wu created Yuan Hao the Prince of Wei—intending to have him lay claim to the Northern Wei throne and, if successful, become a Liang vassal—and commissioned his general Chen Qingzhi (陳慶之) with an army to escort Yuan Hao back to Northern Wei. Despite the small size of Chen's army, he won battle after battle, and in spring 529, after Chen captured Suiyang (睢陽, in modern Shangqiu, Henan), Yuan Hao, with Emperor Wu's approval, proclaimed himself the emperor of Northern Wei. In summer 529, with Northern Wei troops unable to stand up to Chen, Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei fled the Northern Wei capital Luoyang, and Yuan Hao took it. However, Yuan Hao secretly wanted to rebel against Liang, and when Chen requested Emperor Wu to send reinforcements, Yuan Hao sent Emperor Wu a submission advising against it, and Emperor Wu, believing Yuan Hao, did not send additional troops. Soon, Erzhu Rong and Emperor Xiaozhuang counterattacked, and Luoyang fell. Yuan Hao fled and was killed in flight, and Chen's own army was destroyed, although Chen himself was able to flee back to Liang. Emperor Wu, realizing the impossibility of the task he gave Chen, nevertheless created Chen the Marquess of Yongxing in recognition of his victories.

paragraph: In fall 529, Emperor Wu made his second offering of himself to the service of Buddha at Tongtai Monastery—but contrary to the first time he did, when he simply spent three days at the monastery, he stripped himself of imperial clothing and wore those of monks, and spent all day carrying out monastic tasks, including daily chores and giving of lectures on the "Nirvana Sutra". He spent 12 days at the monastery, and returned to the palace only after the imperial offices made a huge donation to it—formally, to ransom "the Emperor Bodhisattva."

paragraph: In 530, Emperor Wu made another attempt to establish a vassal regime in Northern Wei—by creating Yuan Yue the Prince of Wei, and commissioning Yuan Yue's uncle Fan Zun (范遵) with an army to escort Yuan Yue back to Northern Wei. Yuan Yue made some advances, particularly in light of the disturbance precipitated soon thereafter when Emperor Xiaozhuang ambushed and killed Erzhu Rong and was in turn overthrown by Erzhu Rong's nephew Erzhu Zhao and cousin Erzhu Shilong. However, Yuan Yue realized that the Erzhus then became firmly in control of Luoyang and that he would be unable to defeat them, and so returned to Liang in winter 530.

paragraph: Section::::Middle Reign.:Xiao Tong's Death.

paragraph: In 531, Xiao Tong who was the Crown Prince at the time died, and Emperor Wu personally attended his wake and buried him in a tomb appropriate for an emperor. He also summoned Xiao Tong's oldest son, Xiao Huan (蕭歡) the Duke of Huarong back to the capital Jiankang, preparing to create Xiao Huan crown prince to replace his father, as would be appropriate under Confucian principles of succession. However, still resentful over the wax duck affair, he hesitated for days without carrying out the creation, and finally did not do so. Instead, against popular opinion, he created Xiao Tong's younger brother, also by Consort Ding, Xiao Gang crown prince. To compensate Xiao Tong's three sons, he created the princes of large commandery—Xiao Huan the Prince of Yuzhang, Xiao Yu (蕭譽) the Prince of Hedong, and Xiao Cha the Prince of Yueyang, but his grandsons continued to resent him.

paragraph: In 532, with Northern Wei again in civil war after the general Gao Huan rose against the Erzhus, Emperor Wu against sent an army to escort Yuan Yue back to Northern Wei, and subsequently, Gao Huan welcomed Yuan Yue, but then decided against making Yuan Yue emperor. Subsequently, Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei, whom Gao made emperor, had Yuan Yue executed.

paragraph: In 534, with Mars seen in the Dipper constellation—traditionally thought to be a sign that the emperor would be forced to leave the palace—Emperor Wu tried to divert the ill fortune by walking barefoot around his palace. However, he soon heard that Northern Wei's Emperor Xiaowu had fled Luoyang in a dispute with Gao splitting Northern Wei into two separate countries. Wu, both glad and embarrassed, stated, "Is it that even barbarians correspond to astrological signs?"

paragraph: Section::::Late Reign.

paragraph: With Northern Wei divided into Eastern Wei and Western Wei in light of Emperor Xiaowu's flight, Emperor Wu initially continued to send his forces to make minor territorial gains on the borders, against both Eastern Wei and Western Wei, for several years. It had been the case throughout Emperor Wu's reign that he was overly lenient to his relatives and high-level officials, but the trend appeared to become more severe late in his reign. His sons, all imperial princes, also grew increasingly disobedient of central authority, often acting as "de facto" emperors within their provincial domains.

paragraph: By 537, Emperor Wu was at a détente with Eastern Wei, and ambassadors from both states often visited the other. While there was no such formal arrangement with Western Wei, there appeared to be few border conflicts after this point. With Eastern Wei and Western Wei locked into war, Liang was largely at peace. With Zhou She having died in 524 and Xu Mian having died in 535, Emperor Wu largely entrusted the government to Zhu Yi and He Jingrong (何敬容). While He was known for integrity, he lacked political skills, and Zhu became the de facto prime minister, wielding great power and amassing wealth. While Zhu was skillful and capable, he was also regarded as corrupt and jealous of others. His hold on power was particularly increased when He was dismissed in 544 over a corruption scandal involving the brother of his concubine.

paragraph: In 539, based on Zhu's recommendation, Emperor Wu carried out a reorganization of the provincial divisions, placing the provinces into five classes based on their sizes and populations. After the reorganization, there were 108 provinces in total (20 of the first class, 10 of the second class, eight of the third class, 23 of the fourth class, and 21 of the fifth class), with the smaller provinces often consisting of single villages in southern and southwestern border regions.

paragraph: In 541, the Vietnamese people of Jiao Province (交州, roughly modern Hanoi, Vietnam), dissatisfied at the cruel rule of the governor Xiao Zi (蕭諮) the Marquess of Wulin (Emperor Wu's nephew), declared a rebellion, led by Lý Bôn. The Liang forces could not put down Lý Bôn's rebellion quickly, and Lý Bôn eventually declared himself emperor of Vietnam in 544, fighting a guerilla war with Liang. Liang forces would not be driven out until 550.

paragraph: In 545, Emperor Wu's official He Chen (賀琛) wrote a submission Emperor Wu to correct four matters—the corruption of officials, the wastefulness in the luxurious style of living among officials and the population at large, the harshness of penal laws, and the overspending on construction projects (mostly temples). Emperor Wu was exceedingly angry and rejected He's suggestions. Commenting on this incident, the historian Sima Guang wrote the following about Emperor Wu:

paragraph: In 546, Emperor Wu made his third offering of himself to the service of the Buddha. He spent more than a month at Tongtai Temple, before a fire that destroyed the temple tower caused him to return to the palace.

paragraph: Section::::The Hou Jing disturbance and death.

paragraph: In 547, Gao Huan died, and was succeeded as the paramount authority in Eastern Wei by his son Gao Cheng. The Eastern Wei general Hou Jing, because he disliked the young Gao Cheng and considered himself superior, rebelled. He first surrendered the 13 provinces that he was in charge—all south of the Yellow River and north of the Huai River, to Western Wei, but believing that he would also not be tolerated by Western Wei's paramount general Yuwen Tai, Hou then surrendered nine of the 13 provinces (minus the four that he had turned over to Western Wei forces in exchange for help) to Liang.

paragraph: Emperor Wu initially hesitated himself at whether to accept Hou's surrender, particularly because a number of his officials, including Xie Ju (謝舉), opposed, citing the long-standing peace with Eastern Wei. Zhu Yi, however, believing that approving of Hou's surrender would please Emperor Wu, argued that Hou should be accepted. Emperor Wu agreed, and he created Hou the Prince of He'nan, with acting imperial powers over the nine provinces. In the midst of this situation, Emperor Wu, while sending troops to aid Hou, offered himself to the service of the Buddha for the fourth time, spending 37 days at Tongtai Temple and only returning to the palace after his officials made another huge donation to Tongtai Temple.

paragraph: Hou, with aid from Western Wei and Liang, initially stood Eastern Wei attacks. However, when Yuwen subsequently demanded that he proceed to the Western Wei capital Chang'an to greet Emperor Wen of Western Wei, Hou turned against Western Wei forces commanded by Wang Sizheng (王思政), although Western Wei largely held the cities that he had turned over. Meanwhile, Emperor Wu also commissioned a large army, commanded by his nephew Xiao Yuanming the Marquess of Zhenyang, to attack Eastern Wei to the east. By Emperor Wu's orders, Xiao Yuanming advanced to Hanshan (寒山), in Pengcheng's vicinity, to build a dam over the Si River (泗水) to use water to attack Pengcheng. Xiao Yuanming's lieutenant, the general Yang Kan (羊侃), quickly completed the dam, but when Yang advised Xiao Yuanming to attack Pengcheng, Xiao Yuanming hesitated. Meanwhile, Eastern Wei forces commanded by Murong Shaozong (慕容紹宗) arrived near Hanshan, and Yang advised Xiao Yuanming to attack them while they were still tired, but Xiao Yuanming failed to. Subsequently, when the armies engaged, the Liang forces were initially successful, but overextended themselves, and the Eastern Wei counterattack nearly destroyed the entire Liang army, capturing Xiao Yuanming and many of his officers.

paragraph: Murong then turned his attention against Hou, meeting Hou at Woyang (渦陽, in modern Bozhou, Anhui). Initially, Hou defeated Murong in battle, forcing him to flee, but Murong then regrouped. Meanwhile, Hou's food supplies began to dwindle. In spring 548, Hou's troops collapsed, and he approached Shouyang. When the Wei An (韋黯), the acting governor of Southern Yu Province (南豫州, modern central Anhui) welcomed Hou, Hou took him by surprise and seized Shouyang. He then sent an apology to Emperor Wu, and Emperor Wu, not having the heart of forcing Hou away from Shouyang, made him the governor of Southern Yu Province.

paragraph: With Eastern Wei having recovered all nine of the provinces that Hou had surrendered to Liang, Gao Cheng now sent overtures to Emperor Wu, requesting that peace be reinstated, offering to return Xiao Yuanming and Hou's relatives. Hou opposed peace, suspecting Gao Cheng's intentions, and he also did not trust Emperor Wu's subsequent guarantees never to betray him. Hou's fears were further increased when Emperor Wu sent ambassadors to mourn Gao Huan. Hou decided to test Emperor Wu by forging a letter from Gao Cheng, offering to swap Xiao Yuanming for Hou—and when Emperor Wu then responded, "If you return Yuanming in the morning, I will return Hou Jing in the evening" against the advice of Fu Qi (傅岐), Hou was outraged. Hou made an overture to Xiao Zhengde, promising to support him as the new emperor, and Xiao Zhengde agreed. Emperor Wu's nephew Xiao Fan (蕭範) the Prince of Poyang, who believed that Hou was about to rebel, suggested a preemptory attack, but Zhu advised against it, and Emperor Wu took no action on Xiao Fan's recommendation. In summer 548, Hou finally declared a rebellion, claiming that his goal was to clear the court of evil officials—Zhu, Xu Lin (徐麟), Lu Yan (陸驗), and Zhou Shizhen (周石珍) -- all corrupt officials that the people hated.

paragraph: Initially, Emperor Wu did not take Hou's rebellion seriously, and he made the comment, "I can break off a tree branch and kill him with it." He sent his son Xiao Guan (蕭綸) the Prince of Shaoling to command a four-pronged army, intending to trap Hou at Shouyang, but Hou, taking decisive action, marched toward Jiankang before Xiao Guan's forces could converge, and within a month, he crossed the Yangtze and approached Jiankang, catching the city unprepared. When Emperor Wu sent Xiao Zhengde to resist Hou, Xiao Zhengde turned against Emperor Wu and served as Hou's guide. Hou quickly surrounded Jiankang, and the populace of Jiankang, unaccustomed to war, panicked and collapsed. Emperor Wu and Xiao Gang put together the imperial guards to defend the palace, and initially, the defenses held, particularly because the key general, Yang Kan, was capable. In winter 548, Hou had Xiao Zhengde declared emperor and married Xiao Zhengde's daughter. When Hou's forces began to run out of food supply, he allowed his soldiers to pillage from the people, and the people began to starve in large numbers. (In the siege, the vegetables that Emperor Wu was accustomed to eat ran out, and Emperor Wu became forced to eat eggs.)

paragraph: The provincial governors, led by Xiao Guan and Xiao Yi the Prince of Xiangdong, meanwhile, were beginning to put a relief force together, and Xiao Guan arrived around the new year 549, but was defeated by Hou and was unable to lift the siege. Meanwhile, Yang died, and the people inside the palace walls grew increasingly desperate. As the siege went on, however, more Liang provincial forces converged, and they supported Liu Zhongli (柳仲禮) the governor of Si Province (司州, modern southern Henan) as their commander. Liu initially had some successes against Hou's forces, but in spring 549, Hou made a surprise attack on Liu's forces, and both sides incurred heavy losses, with Liu himself nearly dying of his injuries—after which, Liu became extremely hesitant to engage Hou. Liu grew very arrogant as well, even treating Xiao Guan was disrespect. Further, Liu's forces were pillaging the people as much as Hou's forces, and therefore the people saw no incentive to assist them.

paragraph: With Hou's forces tired, however, Hou sued for peace, stating that he was willing to return to Shouyang if Emperor Wu was willing to cede four provinces west of the Yangtze River to him and willing to send Xiao Gang's oldest son Xiao Daqi the Prince of Xuancheng as a hostage. Emperor Wu agreed—except for sending Xiao Daqi's younger brother Xiao Dakuan (蕭大款) the Duke of Shicheng instead of Xiao Daqi. Once the relief forces withdrew slightly (under Hou's demand) and Hou's forces had rested about 15 days and obtained some additional food supplies, however, Hou changed his mind and decided not to withdraw after all. He resumed sieging the palace, and yet Liu took no actions. In late spring 549, the palace fell to Hou's toops, and Hou met Emperor Wu, initially acting as if he were willing to remain a faithful subject. Hou remained formally deferential to Emperor Wu and Xiao Gang the Crown Prince, but meanwhile effectively put them under house arrest. He issued an edict in Emperor Wu's name, disbanding Liu's forces, and Liu did so. Hou also deposed Xiao Zhengde.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Emperor Wu continued to resist some of Hou's demands, and when Hou requested that certain of his associates by named to high-level posts, Emperor Wu refused. Hou reacted by reducing Emperor Wu's supplies, and in summer 549, Emperor Wu died. (It is unclear whether he died from illness or from starvation.) It was recorded that as he was dying, his mouth was bitter, and he wanted honey, but no one responded to his request. Hou allowed Xiao Gang to take the throne (as Emperor Jianwen) to succeed him.

paragraph: Section::::Buddhist legends.

paragraph: Emperor Wu is remembered by many Buddhists today for the many contributions he gave to the faith. There are a few stories that revolve around his involvement with Buddhism.

paragraph: Section::::Era names.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tianjian" (天監 tiān jiān) 502-519

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Putong" (普通 pǔ tōng) 520-527

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Datong" (大通 dà tōng) 527-529 (note different tone than below)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zhongdatong" (中大通 zhōng dà tōng) 529-534 (note different tone than below)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Datong" (大同 dà tóng) 535-546 (note different tone than above)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zhongdatong" (中大同 zhōng dà tóng) 546-547 (note different tone than above)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Taiqing" (太清 tài qīng) 547-549

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parents:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Shunzhi, Emperor Wen ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Wenxian, of the Zhang clan (; d. 471), personal name Shangrou ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consorts and Issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Wude, of the Xi clan of Gaoping (; 468–499), personal name Hui ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Yongxing (; d. 529), personal name Yuyao (), first daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Yin Jun ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Yongshi (), personal name Yuwan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Xie Mo of Chen (), a son of Xie Tiao

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Wang Yin of Langya ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Yongkang (), personal name Yuhuan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Dowager Mu, of the Ding clan (; 484–526), personal name Lingguang ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Tong, Emperor Zhaoming (; 501–531), first son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Gang, Emperor Jianwen (; 503–551), third son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Xu, Prince Lulingwei (; 506–547), fifth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Dowager Wenxuan, of the Ruan clan (; 477–542), personal name Lingying ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Yi, Emperor Yuan (; 508–555), seventh son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shuyuan", of the Wu clan (; d. 527), personal name Jinghui ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Zan, Prince Yuzhang (; 502–531), second son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shuyi", of the Dong clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Ji, Prince Nankangjian (; 505–529), fourth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Xiurong", of the Ge clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Ji, Prince Wuling Zhenxian (; 508–553), eighth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chonghua", of the Ding clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Lun, Prince Shaolingxie (; 507–551), sixth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unknown

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Anji (), personal name Yuzhi ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Wang Shi of Langya, Duke Jiancheng ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Fuyangdao (), fourth daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Zhang Zuan of Fanyang (; 499–549), and had issue (two sons, two daughters)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Changcheng (), personal name Yuling ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Liu Yan of Hedong (; d. 550), and had issue (one son, Lady Liu)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Yongjia ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Wang Quan of Langya ()

paragraph: Section::::Family.:Genealogy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Zheng (萧整)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Jun (萧俊)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Lezi (萧乐子)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Chengzhi (萧承之)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Daocheng

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Xia (萧辖)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Fuzi (萧副子)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Daoci (萧道赐)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Shunzhi (萧顺之)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Yan

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juniperus chinensis from Six Dynasties

alias:
Xiao Yan
Shuda
Wu Di

description: Liang Dynasty emperor

wikidata_label: Emperor Wu of Liang

wikipedia_title: Emperor Wu of Liang


text: Sir William Scott

text: Scot's Hall

text: King Henry VIII's

text: Member of Parliament

text: New Romney

text: Reginald Scott

text: The Discoverie of Witchcraft

text: Shakespeare's

text: Macbeth

text: Thomas Keyes

text: Lady Mary Grey

text: John Balliol

text: King Henry VII

text: Sir William Scott

text: Scot's Hall

text: Sir Thomas Lewknor

text: Trotton

text: Sussex

text: Sir William Scott

text: Comptroller of the Household

text: Sir John Scott

text: Comptroller of the Household

text: King Edward IV

text: Constable of Dover Castle

text: Warden of the Cinque Ports

text: Marshal of Calais

text: Emperor Charles V

text: Sir Edward Poynings

text: King Henry VIII

text: Margaret of Austria

text: Regent

text: Low Countries

text: Charles II, Duke of Guelders

text: Member of Parliament

text: New Romney

text: Calais

text: Sussex

text: Field of Cloth of Gold

text: George Nevill, 5th Baron Bergavenny

text: Dover

text: Duke of Suffolk

text: Sheriff of Kent

text: Justice of the Peace

text: Anne Boleyn

text: Nettlestead, Kent

text: Sheriff of Kent

text: Calais

text: Sandgate

text: Sir William Kempe

text: Olantigh

text: Sir Thomas Scott

text: Richard Baker

text: Walter Mayney

text: Sir Brian Tuke

text: Reginald Scott

text: The Discoverie of Witchcraft

text: Leonard Digges

text: Thomas Keyes

text: Lady Mary Grey

text: Sir Henry Crispe

categories: 1533 deaths,1480s births,English knights,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: John Scott (died 1533)

paragraph: Sir John Scott ( – 7 October 1533) was the eldest son of Sir William Scott of Scot's Hall. He served in King Henry VIII's campaigns in France, and was active in local government in Kent and a Member of Parliament for New Romney. He was the grandfather of both Reginald Scott, author of "The Discoverie of Witchcraft", a source for Shakespeare's "Macbeth", and Thomas Keyes, who married Lady Mary Grey.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: According to MacMahon, the Scott family, which claimed descent from John Balliol, was among the leading families in Kent during the reign of King Henry VII.

paragraph: John Scott, born about 1484, was the eldest son of Sir William Scott of Scot's Hall and Sibyl Lewknor (d. 1529), the daughter of Sir Thomas Lewknor of Trotton, Sussex. Scott's father, Sir William Scott, had been Comptroller of the Household to King Henry VII, and Scott's grandfather, Sir John Scott, had been Comptroller of the Household to King Edward IV. Both Scott's father and grandfather had held the offices of Constable of Dover Castle and Warden of the Cinque Ports, and Scott's father had been Marshal of Calais.

paragraph: Scott had a brother, Edward, and three sisters, Anne, who married Sir Edward Boughton; Katherine; and Elizabeth.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: As a young man Scott was knighted by the future Emperor Charles V in 1511 while serving as a senior captain, under his relative Sir Edward Poynings, with the English forces sent by King Henry VIII to aid Margaret of Austria, Regent of the Low Countries, against Charles II, Duke of Guelders. According to MacMahon Henry VIII 'transmuted the honour into a knighthood of the body'. In 1512 he was elected Member of Parliament for New Romney. Scott may have participated in the French campaigns of 1512 and 1513; he was among the forces being marshaled at Calais in 1514 when negotiations for peace between England and France brought the war to a temporary halt. In 1514 and 1515 he was a commissioner for the subsidy in Sussex. In June 1520 he attended Henry VIII at the Field of Cloth of Gold. In 1522 he was in the service of George Nevill, 5th Baron Bergavenny, Constable of Dover Castle, and was placed in charge of transport when the Emperor Charles V landed at Dover on 28 May 1522. In 1523 Scott was with the English forces which invaded northern France under the Duke of Suffolk. In 1523 and 1524 he was a commissioner for the subsidy in Kent. He was Sheriff of Kent in 1527 and 1528, and a Justice of the Peace in that county from 1531 until his death. In May 1533 Scott was summoned to be a servitor at the coronation of Anne Boleyn. He died on 7 October 1533.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Scott married, before 22 November 1506, Anne Pympe, daughter and heiress of Reynold Pympe, esquire, of Nettlestead, Kent, by Elizabeth Pashley, the daughter of John Pashley, esquire.

paragraph: Sir John Scott and Anne Pympe had five sons and seven daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Scott, who died in 1536 without issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Reginald (or Reynold) Scott (1512–15 December 1554), Sheriff of Kent in 1541–42 and Captain of Calais and Sandgate, who married firstly Emeline Kempe, the daughter of Sir William Kempe of Olantigh, Kent, by Eleanor Browne, the daughter of Sir Robert Browne, by whom he was the father of Sir Thomas Scott (1535–30 December 1594) and two daughters, Katherine Scott, who married John Baker (c.1531–1604×6), by whom she was the mother of Richard Baker, and Anne Scott, who married Walter Mayney. Sir Reginald Scott married secondly Mary Tuke, the daughter of Sir Brian Tuke.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir John Scott.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Scott, esquire, the father of Reginald Scott (d. 1599), author of "The Discoverie of Witchcraft".

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Scott.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mildred Scott, who married firstly, John Digges, esquire, the son of James Digges and half brother of Leonard Digges, and secondly, Richard Keyes, gentleman, by whom she was the mother of Thomas Keyes, who married Lady Mary Grey.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katherine Scott, who married Sir Henry Crispe.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel Scott, who married Richard Adams, esquire.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alice Scott.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Scott, who married Nicholas Ballard, gentleman.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Scott.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sibyl Scott, who married Richard Hynde, esquire.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scott, Sir John (1484-1533), History of Parliament

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keyes, Thomas (by 1524-71), History of Parliament

paragraph: BULLET::::- Almond, Philip C., "England's first demonologist: Reginald Scot and 'The Discoverie of Witchcraft'." London, England, U.K.: I.B. Tauris, 2011 Retrieved 16 March 2013

description: English politician died 1533, eldest son of Sir William Scott of Scot's Hall

wikidata_label: John Scott

wikipedia_title: John Scott (died 1533)


text:
Lectoure
Légion d'Honneur
captain
cavalry regiment
French Imperial Guard
Cent-gardes Squadron
Jean Lannes
Carabiniers-à-Cheval
Cuirassier
Chevalier
Queen Victoria
international exhibition of 1855
Imperial Guard
Koh-i-Nor
Dragons Regiment

categories: 1893 deaths,Officiers of the Légion d'honneur,People from Gers,1816 births,French Army officers

paragraph: Arnaud Ernest Junqua

paragraph: Arnaud Ernest Junqua (16 February 1816 in Lectoure – 31 January 1893), was a French officer of the

paragraph: "Légion d'Honneur," captain of the cavalry regiment of the French Imperial Guard and Chief in second of the Cent-gardes Squadron. In the history of the squadron, Captain Junqua is described as an excellent human being, enough to tell true or invented stories, often invented, which were the joy of his comrades.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Arnaud Junqua was born in the family of the Empire marshal Jean Lannes, being him the grandson of Jeanne, marshal's sister. His grandfather Arnaud Junqua (1762-1834) was the first sous-préfet of Lectoure (from 1800 to 1816). He entered service in 1834, being promoted to captain on 19 February 1851. He served in the 1st Carabiniers-à-Cheval Regiment, and then in the Cuirassier Regiment of the Imperial Guard. On 23 May 1855 he became Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur and was promoted to the rank of officer of this legion on 12 April 1864. As Queen Victoria was visiting emperor Napoléon III and the international exhibition of 1855, she stopped before Arnaud Ernest Junqua, then in the Imperial Guard, a very tall man (2,04 meters) and said : "Oh, le bel officier !" "(Oh, the handsome officer!)". After this, the "bel officier", seduced by the queen (she was 36, he was 39 years old), was supposed to be involved for her in a search of the famous diamond Koh-i-Nor. On 14 January 1857 he joined the Cent-gardes as captain, thus becoming the second in command of this elite group. As he was very tall, his own bed followed him in his travels.

paragraph: He was promoted chief of squadrons on 14 March 1859 and shortly after he joined the 12th Dragons Regiment. He retired on 2 August 1870.

description: Solicitor and composer

wikidata_label: Armand Ernest Junqua

wikipedia_title: Arnaud Ernest Junqua


text:
Solovetsky Monastery
Solovetsky Islands
White Sea
hermit
Suma River
Herman
Savvatiy
Bolshoy Solovetsky Island
Eparchy of Novgorod
hegumen
relic
Novgorod Republic
venerated
saint
Russian Orthodox Church

categories: Russian Orthodox monks,1478 deaths,Russian saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church,White Sea,15th-century Christian saints

paragraph: Zosimas of Solovki

paragraph: Zosimas of Solovki (, died 1478) was one of the founders of the Solovetsky Monastery established on the Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea of northern Russia.

paragraph: The origin of Zosima is not exactly clear. By 1436 his parents were both dead, and he decided to live as a hermit. In the mouth of the Suma River he met Herman, a monk, who previously spent several years with Savvatiy on Bolshoy Solovetsky Island. Savvatiy died in 1435, and Herman returned to the continent. Zosima and Herman traveled again to Solovetsky Islands, and soon monks started to arrive there. These monks considered themselves the disciples of Zosima. Soon he had to build a wooden church and to organize the monks into a monastery. The monastery was subordinate to Eparchy of Novgorod. The bishop of Novgorod, Iona, twice appointed hegumens to the monastery, but these hegumens left without being able to bear the conditions of life in a Northern island. Then he appointed Zosima as a hegumen.

paragraph: In 1465, Zosima built a new church and transferred the relics of Savvatiy to this church. He died in 1478. Already during his tenure, Solovetsky Monastery obtained big investments from Novgorod Republic and established itself as one of the richest monasteries in Russia.

paragraph: Since 1547, Zosima is venerated as a saint by the Russian Orthodox Church.

description: monk

wikidata_label: Zosima of Solovki

wikipedia_title: Zosimas of Solovki


text: Kemi

text: sculptor

text: Lapland

text: Finland

text: Helsingin Sanomat

text: Vadsø

text: Norwegian

text: Swedish kings

text: President of Finland

text: Finland

text: Sweden

text: Norway

text: The Finnish Art Academy School

text: Ateneum

text: Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze

text: Vittorio de Sica

text: Rovaniemi

text: Eero Mäntyranta

text: Finnish newspaper articles

text: Finnish Blog

text: Expogafia

paragraph: Ensio Seppänen

paragraph: Kauko Ensio Seppänen (September 7, 1924, in Kemi – June 28, 2008, in Kemi) was a Finnish sculptor, professor (1978) and sculpture pioneer in Lapland. He created a total of 127 public sculptures. On the occasion of his crafting more public sculptures than any other artist in Finland, the September 7, 1984 issue of Finnish newspaper "Helsingin Sanomat" bore the headline "Sculptor Ensio Seppänen, is a Finnish record man".

paragraph: Seppänen was granted an artist's pension in 1985. He belonged to a small group of artists able to provide livelihoods for themselves and their families by their art without grants. He made his last public sculpture at the age of 81, in 2005. Seppänen's parents were the carpenter Kaarlo Seppänen, and Martta Seppänen (née Järvinen). He married Tyyne Seppänen (née Korhonen) in 1958. They have two children, Timo and Keijo.

paragraph: Section::::Production.

paragraph: Seppänen's sculptures are cast in bronze and granite, molded in various ways, and formatted with stainless steel welding. A characteristic feature of the sculptures is that the accessories and tools have a historically correct look. Most of the works are custom orders. In addition to public works, he had made a limited number of tomb sculptures, reliefs, memorial stone plans, portraits, medals, plaques and figurines for individuals, as well as designed sports and NGO flags and hand programs. Many of his sculptures are associated with war memorials and historic events. His memorial sculpture "Kvenmonumentet" (Immigrant's Monument) in Vadsø, Norway, was unveiled in 1977 before three heads of state: the Norwegian and Swedish kings and the President of Finland. Most of Seppänen's monuments are located in the north of Finland, Sweden and Norway.

paragraph: A multi-talented artist, he designed and drew 13 buildings, some of which are located in Sweden, and was involved in the design of the Dunder 2060 snowmobile. He also designed and built his family caravan. In his spare time, he made a variety of furniture and implements as well as a snow tractor. He was Kemi City Theatre's set designer from 1959–1965.

paragraph: Seppänen studied at The Finnish Art Academy School at the Ateneum from 1946–1949 and the Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze in Italy 1956–1957, he also appeared as an assistant in the film "Souvenir d'Italie" (1957), which starred Vittorio de Sica.

paragraph: His debut exhibition was in Rovaniemi in 1950. Ensio Seppänen did not consider it necessary to participate in exhibitions, with the exception of a career in the early stages, due to the large number of commissioned assignments. Among the accolades he received were the 1995 naming of a street in Kemi (Ensio Seppäsen Kuja) and the First Class Knight of the White Rose of Finland in 1998.

paragraph: Section::::Invited competition awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st place Savukoski Statue Competition, 1962

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd place Oulu Oy Statue Competition, 1964

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd place Kaukovainio Shrine Relief Competition, 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st place Rovaniemi Statue Competition, 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st place Kajaani Statue Competition, 1982

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st place Eero Mäntyranta Statue Competition, 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st place Russian Salla Statue Competition, 1998

paragraph: Section::::Artworks in collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Kemi Art Museum's Collections

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Kemi Local History Museum's Collections

paragraph: BULLET::::- The President Urho Kekkonen's Collections, Helsinki

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Aine Art Museum's Collections, Tornio

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Veli Aine Collections, Tornio

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Norbotten Provincial Government Collections, Luleå, Sweden

paragraph: BULLET::::- The LL.M. Kalle Länsitie Collections, Oulu

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Councillor of State Martti Miettunen Collections, Helsinki

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Kemi Volunteer Fire Brigade's Collections, Kemi

paragraph: BULLET::::- The University of Lapland's Collections, Rovaniemi

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Men of Achievement, Cambridge Englanti No 6

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arbeidet memonument searelset gang I 1970, article Finnmarken 18.6.1977, Norway,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Innvandrermonumentet "født i smerte", article Finnmarken 18.6.1977, Norway.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finnish newspaper articles

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ensio Seppänen's cultural heritage on Twitter.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finnish Blog

paragraph: BULLET::::- Expogafia

description: Finnish sculptor and professor

wikidata_label: Ensio Seppänen

wikipedia_title: Ensio Seppänen


text:
UC Berkeley
Nova Express Café
Nova Express Café
Robot Iguana Studio

categories: People from Bakersfield, California,1961 births,Sculptors from California,American conceptual artists,Living people

paragraph: Cary Lewis Long

paragraph: Cary Lewis Long is a sculptor and conceptual artist. He was born in 1961 in Bakersfield, California. He studied art and philosophy at UC Berkeley.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Between 1993 and 2008, Long created and operated Nova Express Café, an outerspace fantasy themed café and art space in Los Angeles. The project mission: "Nova Express is a state-of-the-art, Earth-calibrated hyper dimension of nourishing food, musical amusement and thought forms from outer space all synergized to provide a delightful and luxurious sense of the mystery of life.” Much of the decor was fabricated from found objects and second-hand materials. His approach was to integrate direct experience of art with everyday life gestures as to make art widely accessible and egalitarian. Each seating area was fabricated into an imaginative fantasy zone defined by sculptural art. Many performances by poets, musicians and artists were held there free to the public. The singular appeal of his "walk in sculpture that sells pizza" garnered a devoted interest and following during its existence.

paragraph: After the closure of Nova Express Café, he began work at his Robot Iguana Studio to produce new works and sculptures.

paragraph: He lives in Los Angeles, California.

wikidata_label: Cary Lewis Long

wikipedia_title: Cary Lewis Long


text:
Greek
tsar of Bulgaria
peasant uprising
Byzantines
Mongols
Michael VIII Palaeologus
Marxist historians
hajduk
Mongols
Golden Horde
Nogai Khan
Hranislav
Constantine I
Tarnovo
Michael Asen II
Maria Kantakouzena
Byzantine Emperor
Michael VIII Palaiologos
Ivan Asen III
Bulgaria's ruling dynasty
Maria Kantakouzena
Silistra
Danube
battle of Devina
George Terter I
Nogai Khan
Byzantine Empire
Joan of Arc
Ivaylo Cove
Snow Island
South Shetland Islands
Antarctica
Maria Kantakouzena
Constantinople
Uprising of Ivaylo
Detailed list of Bulgarian rulers

categories: Bulgarian people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars,Murdered Bulgarian monarchs,Eastern Orthodox monarchs,13th-century Bulgarian emperors,1281 deaths,13th-century births

paragraph: Ivaylo of Bulgaria

paragraph: Ivaylo, also spelled Ivailo, (), nicknamed "Bardokva" ("radish" or "lettuce" in Bulgarian) or "Lakhanas" (, "cabbage") in Greek, was a rebel leader and tsar of Bulgaria. In 1277, he spearheaded a peasant uprising and forced the nobles to accept him as emperor. He reigned as emperor from 1278 to 1279, scoring victories against the Byzantines and the Mongols, but beset by foreign and domestic enemies, which included the Bulgarian nobility, he was forced into exile among the Mongols, where he presented himself as a dethroned vassal. The Mongols then killed him in 1280 as an enemy of the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus. His career as a monarch has been used as an example of early, anti-feudal class warfare by Marxist historians and as translated through folk songs, traditions and legends served as inspiration to Bulgarian guerrilla (hajduk) freedom fighters during the Ottoman period of Bulgarian history.

paragraph: Section::::Rule.

paragraph: According to some sources Ivaylo began his life living humbly and herded swine for payment. Other sources indicate he was a peasant farmer with no land of his own. He allegedly saw visions of himself grounded in the medieval Christian tradition, accomplishing great deeds and ridding Bulgaria of its troubles, including above all the frequent incursions by the Mongols of the Golden Horde under Nogai Khan. By 1277, Ivaylo had put his words into actions, and had acquired leadership of an army composed largely of discontented peasants. Among his close associates and military commanders was Hranislav, who later entered Byzantine service after being captured. An attempt to subdue Ivaylo by the Bulgarian monarch Constantine I ended in utter failure, and Ivaylo is credited with killing the tsar in his chariot himself.

paragraph: Although Ivaylo was able to extend his authority across much of the country at the helm of his peasant army, he also met with resistance, and the capital Tarnovo remained under the control of the emperor Michael Asen II and his mother Maria Kantakouzena, which made him need to besiege it and conquer it militarily in 1279. Despite his victory against the Mongols in the North, Ivailo pursued a more conciliatory vassal status when it came to policy-making with the Mongol khaganate.

paragraph: Ivaylo's successes troubled the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, who at first decided to neutralize the potential danger by seeking an alliance with Ivaylo and to offer him his daughter as wife. Later Michael VIII changed his plan, married his eldest daughter Eirene to Ivan Asen III, a descendant of Bulgaria's ruling dynasty living at the Byzantine court, and dispatched troops to place him on the throne.

paragraph: This caused an alliance between Ivaylo and Maria Kantakouzena, and Ivaylo married the widowed empress and was recognized as Bulgarian emperor in 1278, without deposing or disinheriting her minor son Michael Asen III. Although Ivaylo proved to be an abusive husband, physically beating the queen within a year of their marriage, he led a successful defense of the Balkan passes against the Byzantine campaigns to assert Ivan Asen III. Ivaylo had met with success against casual Mongol raids, but a major Mongol army blockaded him in the fortress of Drastar (Silistra) on the Danube for three months in 1279. A rumor of Ivaylo's death caused panic in Tarnovo, where the nobility surrendered to a new Byzantine army and accepted Ivan Asen III as emperor. Ivan Asen III was enthroned, while Maria Kantakouzena and Michael Asen II were sent into exile to Byzantium.

paragraph: Shortly after this, still in 1279, Ivaylo suddenly appeared before Tarnovo with an army, but failed to take the well-fortified city. He nevertheless defeated a larger Byzantine relief force in the battle of Devina and another numbering 5,000 in the Balkan passes. Despairing of relief, Ivan Asen III fled Tarnovo in 1280, while his brother-in-law George Terter I seized the throne. The new ruler temporarily united the factious aristocracy, and Ivaylo gradually lost support. In 1280 or 1281, he traveled to the Mongol chieftain Nogai Khan, accepting his overlordship and seeking his support to recover his throne. Nogai was simultaneously approached by Ivaylo's rival Ivan Asen III, who was seeking his own restoration. Eventually Nogai had Ivaylo murdered, preferring the claim of Ivan Asen III, who was his brother-in-law (both Nogai and Ivan Asen III were married to daughters of Michael VIII of the Byzantine Empire).

paragraph: Ivaylo's rebellion has been hailed as the first great peasant revolt in European history by Marxist historians. While the troubled social conditions in the 1270s certainly contributed to the revolt, Ivaylo's rise to power may be more closely comparable to a nationalist reaction such as that led (albeit with religion as a strong inspiration) by Joan of Arc. Like other charismatic leaders, Ivaylo lived on in popular imagination and there were Pseudo-Ivaylos who appeared (mostly on Byzantine territory) in the late 13th century and early 14th century.

paragraph: Ivaylo Cove on Snow Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Ivaylo.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: By his marriage to Maria Kantakouzena, Ivaylo had one daughter, who is unnamed in the sources. She was not yet born in 1279, when her pregnant mother was captured by the Byzantines and exiled to Constantinople.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uprising of Ivaylo

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John V. A. Fine, Jr., "The Late Medieval Balkans", Ann Arbor, 1987.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Detailed list of Bulgarian rulers

description: Emperor of Bulgaria

wikidata_label: Ivaylo of Bulgaria

wikipedia_title: Ivaylo of Bulgaria


text: Aspen, Colorado

text: Aspen, Colorado

text: Ernemann Real Estate Advisors

text: Snowbasin

text: Park City, Utah

text: U.S. Alpine Ski Team

text: Phi Beta Kappa

text: University of Colorado

text: Denver

text: Stanford University

text: McKinsey & Company's

text: Aspen

text: Snowbasin

text: Park City

text: Utah

text: Snowbasin

text: Park City

text: Utah

text: Steamboat Springs, Colorado

paragraph: Andrew Ernemann

paragraph: Andrew Ernemann (born April 20, 1976 in Aspen, Colorado) is a former alpine ski racer. He is now retired from international competition and lives in Aspen, Colorado. He owns a real estate consulting firm called Ernemann Real Estate Advisors, and is a real estate agent at Aspen Snowmass Sotheby's International Realty in Aspen/Snowmass.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ernemann won the Junior National Overall and Downhill titles in 1995, at the U.S. Alpine Championships in Snowbasin and Park City, Utah.

paragraph: He competed as a member of the U.S. Alpine Ski Team during the 1997-98 season, following a number of years racing for various regional and national development squads. Ernemann competed all over North America, Europe and Australia.

paragraph: Andrew Ernemann went on to graduate Phi Beta Kappa from the University of Colorado in 2000 with a degree in Psychology.

paragraph: After working for Janus Capital in Denver, Ernemann went on to receive a master's degree from Stanford University in 2003 (Civil Engineering - Construction Engineering and Management).

paragraph: Following his graduate studies, he was recruited by McKinsey & Company's Los Angeles office, where he worked from 2004 to 2005. Ernemann returned to Aspen in 2005 and works in the real estate sales, consulting and development field. He is often quoted in various media outlets for his real estate analytics and reports.

paragraph: Andrew currently serves on the board of the Aspen Valley Ski Club, and is a former President of the Aspen Board of Realtors. Andrew was awarded the top honor of Realtor of the Year in 2013 for the Aspen/Snowmass area.

paragraph: He is married to Ashley Cockrill Ernemann (they both attended St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire), and they have two sons, Tillar Haviland Ernemann and Cornell Frederich Ernemann.

paragraph: Section::::Career Highlights.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 U.S. Alpine Championships in Snowbasin and Park City, Utah: 14th in the Downhill (Gold Medal for Juniors)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 U.S. Alpine Championships in Snowbasin and Park City, Utah: Gold Medal, Overall Junior

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 Rocky/Central Junior Olympics in Steamboat Springs, Colorado: Gold Medal in the Downhill and Overall

description: American alpine skier

wikidata_label: Andrew Ernemann

wikipedia_title: Andrew Ernemann


text:
Norwegian
Hamar
Roald Amundsen
Fram
Bay of Whales
South Pole
Northeast Passage
Maud
Ny-Ålesund
flying boat
Richard E. Byrd
Finn Ronne
South Pole Medal

wikipedia_title:
Norwegians
Hamar
Roald Amundsen
Fram
Bay of Whales
South Pole
Northeast Passage
Maud (ship)
Ny-Ålesund
Flying boat
Richard E. Byrd
Finn Ronne
South Pole Medal

categories: Explorers of the Arctic,1932 deaths,1861 births,Explorers of Antarctica,People from Hamar

paragraph: Martin Rønne

paragraph: Martin Richard Rønne (September 15, 1861 – May 15, 1932) was a Norwegian sail maker and polar explorer.

paragraph: Rønne was born in Hamar. He took part in Roald Amundsen's expedition to Antarctica in 1910–1912, where he was one of those that remained behind on the "Fram" while the overwintering group disembarked in the Bay of Whales to prepare for the journey to the South Pole. From 1918 to 1920 he participated in Amundsen's expedition through the Northeast Passage in the "Maud", and in 1925 and 1926 he was in Ny-Ålesund, where he helped Amundsen plan his flying boat expedition. He also participated in Richard E. Byrd's first Antarctic expedition from 1928 to 1930.

paragraph: Rønne was the father of the polar explorer Finn Ronne, who emigrated to the United States in 1923. Rønne was awarded the South Pole Medal.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Fram Museum: Martin Rønne

description: Norwegian sail maker and polar explorer

wikidata_label: Martin Rønne

wikipedia_title: Martin Rønne


text:
ajaw
Maya
Tikal
Lady of Tikal

wikipedia_title:
Ajaw
Maya civilization
Tikal
Lady of Tikal

categories: Date of death unknown,Rulers of Tikal,6th century in the Maya civilization,Date of birth unknown

paragraph: Kaloomteʼ Bahlam

paragraph: Kaloomteʼ Bahlam, also known as Curl Head (died after ), was an "ajaw" or lord of the Maya city of Tikal. He took the throne on . He co-ruled with a Lady of Tikal. The monuments associated with Kaloomteʼ Bahlam are Stelae 10, 12 and 25.

wikidata_label: Kaloomte' Bahlam

wikipedia_title: Kaloomteʼ Bahlam


href: ajaw Maya%20civilization Tikal

text: ajaw Maya Tikal

wikipedia_title:
Ajaw
Maya civilization
Tikal

categories: Rulers of Tikal,6th century in the Maya civilization

paragraph: Bird Claw

paragraph: Bird Claw, also known as Animal Skull I and Ete I (fl. 6th century), was an "ajaw" of the Maya city of Tikal. The monument associated with Bird Claw is Stelae 8. He carried a high-ranking name but no Tikal emblem.

wikidata_label: Bird Claw

wikipedia_title: Bird Claw


text: LVO

text: herald

text: Snawdoun Herald

text: Lyon Clerk

text: Court of the Lord Lyon

text: Russell Hunter (Lyon Clerk)

text: Lt Col.

text: MC

text: London

text: officer of arms

text: Canada

text: Canadian Heraldic Authority

text: Carrick Pursuivant

text: Heraldry Society of Scotland

text: Order of the Thistle

text: The Heraldry Society

text: Heraldry

text: Pursuivant

text: Herald

text: The Court of the Lord Lyon

text: The Heraldry Society of Scotland

categories: Scottish genealogists,1951 births,Scottish officers of arms,Living people,Members of the Royal Victorian Order

paragraph: Elizabeth Roads

paragraph: Elizabeth Ann Roads, LVO (née Bruce; born 1951) is a Scottish herald, currently the Snawdoun Herald; in July 2018 she retired as Lyon Clerk at the Court of the Lord Lyon. in favour of Russell Hunter (Lyon Clerk).

paragraph: Section::::Personal life and education.

paragraph: Elizabeth Roads is the daughter of Lt Col. James Bruce MC and his wife Mary Hope Sinclair. She was born in 1951 and educated at Lansdowne House in Edinburgh, the Cambridgeshire College of Technology, the Study Centre for Fine Art in London, and Edinburgh Napier University (LLB with distinction). She married Christopher Roads in 1983, and they have two sons Timothy and William and a daughter Emily.

paragraph: Section::::Heraldic career.

paragraph: Elizabeth Roads joined the staff of the Court of the Lord Lyon in 1975 and was appointed Lyon Clerk and Keeper of the Records in 1986. In this position, she maintains, among other things, the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland. She was appointed Linlithgow Pursuivant in 1987, becoming the first female officer of arms. This was a temporary appointment, when she represented the Lord Lyon in Canada in the discussions that led to the establishment of the Canadian Heraldic Authority. Roads was appointed Carrick Pursuivant in 1992 and promoted to Snowdoun Herald in 2010. She was appointed Secretary of the Order of the Thistle in 2014. She retired as Lyon Clerk and Keeper of the Records in July 2018.

paragraph: As Elizabeth Bruce, Roads was a founder member of the Heraldry Society of Scotland in 1977. She was Chairman of that Society in the late 1990s and is now a Fellow of the Heraldry Society of Scotland and an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Heraldry Society of Canada. She is an Academician of the Academie Internationale d'Heraldique and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, both honours in recognition of her heraldic expertise. She has published many articles and lectures regularly on heraldic and genealogical subjects.

paragraph: Section::::Honours and appointments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986: Lyon Clerk and Keeper of the Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986: Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987: Linlithgow Pursuivant of Arms Extraordinary

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: Carrick Pursuivant of Arms

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996: Fellow of the Heraldry Society of Scotland (Founding Member 1977, Chairman 1997–2000, Chairman of Heraldic Exhibition "Lions and Thistles" 1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998–2011: Hon. Treasurer, Scottish Record Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: Associate Member, L’Academie Internationale d’Heraldique

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: Honorary Fellow of the Royal Heraldry Society of Canada

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: Council Member, Scottish Records Association

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: Assistant Secretary, Order of the Thistle

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: Academician, L'Academie Internationale d'Heraldique

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: Snawdoun Herald of Arms

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010-date: Chairman, Scottish Records Association

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013-date: President, Old Edinburgh Club

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: Secretary of the Order of the Thistle

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: Fellow of The Heraldry Society

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heraldry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pursuivant

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herald

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Court of the Lord Lyon

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Heraldry Society of Scotland

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Court of the Lord Lyon

description: Scottish genealogist

wikidata_label: Elizabeth Roads

wikipedia_title: Elizabeth Roads


text: William L. Clements Library

text: University of Michigan

text: Ann Arbor, Michigan

text: Michigan Union

text: Chi Psi Fraternity

text: Pittsburgh

text: Bay City, Michigan

text: Panama Canal

text: Fred W. Green

text: American Antiquarian Society

text: Club of Odd Volumes

text: the Grolier Club

text: John Smith

text: Thomas Hariot

text: Villa Farnese

text: Albert Kahn

text: William L. Clements Library

text: Thomas Gage

text: George Germain

text: Regent of the University of Michigan

categories: American book and manuscript collectors,1861 births,People from Ann Arbor, Michigan,1934 deaths,University of Michigan alumni

paragraph: William L. Clements

paragraph: William Lawrence Clements (1861–1934) was an American businessman and collector of historical works; founder, and donor to the William L. Clements Library at the University of Michigan. In addition, Clements donated more than twenty-million-dollars throughout his life to the University, oversaw a successful business career in the manufacturing and banking industry, and served as a regent of the University of Michigan for twenty-four years.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and schooling.

paragraph: William Clements was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan on April 1, 1861 to James and Agnes (Macready) Clements. His father James was a professor at the University of Michigan during a time of great expansion and as such, young William witnessed the University’s early development. James Clements rented the family’s State Street home from the University, which existed next to the Michigan Union. William Clements grew up on the Ann Arbor campus and attended the Ann Arbor public schools. He later matriculated into the University of Michigan in the year 1878 when he was 17. He studied Mechanical Engineering through the College of Literature and Arts due to the fact that the engineering college had not yet been created. Clements also joined Chi Psi Fraternity, Alpha Epsilon chapter at University of Michigan. Clements graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering and was later bestowed with an Honorary Doctorate in Law (LL.D.) in 1934.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Clements was married on February 7, 1887 in Pittsburgh to Jessie N. Young, a daughter of one of the prominent families of that city. Together they had three children—two sons and a daughter. Their eldest son, Wallace William Clements was born on September 2, 1889 and followed his father's footsteps and graduated from the University of Michigan. Their daughter Elizabeth M. Clements born on September 9, 1891 went on to marry Harry S. Finkenstaedt and lived in Detroit. Their last son, James R. Clements, born on November 2, 1897 died in France while serving in the U.S. Air Force during World War I. William Clements additionally had four grandchildren.

paragraph: Clements had one sister, Ida (Clements) Wheat, who later lived in Detroit with her husband. The two went on to have one son, a nephew of William who admired him very much and spoke fondly about William at his funeral.

paragraph: Clements married a second time on April 22, 1931 to Florence Kathryn Fischer and then sailed to and honeymooned for an extended amount of time in Europe shortly before his death.

paragraph: Section::::Business career.

paragraph: Upon his undergraduate graduation in 1882, Clements moved to Bay City, Michigan to work as an engineer with his father who was also a partner at Bay City Industrial Works (now the Industrial Brownhoist Corporation of Bay City), a business that designed and manufactured hoists, cranes, and steam shovels. Although the business wasn’t very successful, Clements worked to improve the efficiency of the products and was awarded several patents for improvements to the railway cranes and steam shovels. In 1886, Clements and an associate bought out the stakeholders, and re-established the business. William Clements eventually became the president of Bay City Industrial Works in 1898. Under his management, Industrial Works became one of the most profitable institutions in Michigan as the company manufactured the construction equipment for the creation of the Panama Canal, and as such the company profits skyrocketed between 1904 and 1915. In addition, Mr. Clements saw a career in the banking industry having served as the president of First National Bank of Bay City. Clements made a fortune throughout his career, which allowed him to fund his personal passion of book collecting.

paragraph: Section::::Affiliations.

paragraph: When Clements was asked what his chief recreation was he simply stated, “book collecting.” As such, he was a member of numerous societies that focused on his passion of historical artifacts and books including his appointment to the Michigan Historical Commission by Michigan Governor Fred W. Green on August 29, 1927. Additionally Clements was a member of the American Antiquarian Society, the American History Association, the Club of Odd Volumes in Boston, the Mississippi Valley Historical Association, the New England Historic Genealogical Society, and the Grolier Club.

paragraph: Section::::Notable collections.

paragraph: By the 1890s, Clements started collecting rare books and works of early Americana. Fortunately, Clements was able to make many of his purchases in the “golden age” for collectors as the decades of the 1880s through the 1920s saw the break up of aristocratic British estates which contained many great libraries. In the United States many large private libraries were also sold which allowed Clements to make a series of major purchases. Among these purchases were the collections of Aaron J. Cooke, a good friend of Clements who sold him over 1,000 volumes of Americana in 1903.

paragraph: Clements concentrated on two periods of early American history— the colonization of America from the 15th through the 17th centuries and the late 18th century colonial period and revolutionary America. Among some of his notable purchases were Christopher Columbus’s letters and reports to the king and queen of Spain describing the first voyage to discover a world that did not then exist on any map. He also purchased John Smith’s “True Relation of Virginia,” one of the six copies of Thomas Hariot’’s “A Briefe and True Report of Virginia of 1588,” and also Jefferson’s notes on the State.

paragraph: Section::::William L. Clements Library.

paragraph: In 1921 Clements started donating his collection to the University of Michigan and started plans to build a library to house his collection. Seeing the opportunity to create a memorial for himself, he envisioned this library to be exclusively for him, his close friends, and the advanced scholars and researchers in the country. This library would rival those on the east coast, which belonged to Ivy League schools, and would be a leading source of history in the Midwest.

paragraph: Clements provided a suitable home for his collections in the style of Italian renaissance, based on Vignola’s casino for the Villa Farnese in Caprarola, Italy. This building, designed by famous architect Albert Kahn for the cost of $200,000, would also serve as the building Kahn wanted most to be remembered for. The Library was officially dedicated the William L. Clements Library on June 15, 1923, and at the time of its completion had over 20,000 volumes of rare books, 2,000 volumes of early newspapers, and several hundred maps.

paragraph: Between 1925 and 1930, William Clements acquired the papers of British generals Thomas Gage and Sir Henry Clinton, Cabinet Minister Lord George Germain, and the Hessian General Von Jungkenn, creating the largest archive in the United States of manuscripts and maps relating to British conduct of the American War. On the American side of the conflict, Clements purchased the papers of Continental Army General Nathanael Greene, as he believed there was value in examining the history of both sides of conflict, and holding the physical documents created much more intellectual value than a copy. Clements also collected song sheets, newspapers, magazines, cookbooks, sermons, school primers, and slave documents, all of which could be examined together to adequately study the past.

paragraph: Section::::University of Michigan Board of Regents (1909-1933).

paragraph: Later in his life, Clements was elected to serve as a Regent of the University of Michigan as a Republican succeeding Frank W. Fletcher of Alpena in 1909. Clements was continuously re-elected until his retirement in 1933. Clements enjoyed golfing with his good friend, fellow University of Michigan regent Junius Beal.

paragraph: During his tenure as a regent, his knowledge of engineering and business made him a leader in rebuilding the central campus as part of the “committee of five.” This committee, composed of President Burton, Professor John Shepard, Regent Benjamin Hanchett, Albert Kahn, and William Clements, oversaw a great expansion to the Michigan campus after World War I. They were appointed to make decisions of all new buildings on campus, most notably the University of Michigan Hospital, the Simpson Memorial Institute for Medical Research, the Museums Building, the Burton Memorial Carillon Tower, and the Clements Library where he additionally served on the Committee of Management for the remainder of his life.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and death.

paragraph: Clements died of a heart attack in his home on Tuesday, November 6, 1934. Fellow University of Michigan graduates and Chi Psi Fraternity brothers served as his pallbearers. They were George Duffy, John Fischer, William Davis, Robert Hill, Donald Nichols, and William Oliver. Clements’s left an estate of about half a million dollars as well as invaluable books, maps, and manuscripts. He was said to have “Unstinted labor, his broad vision and prudent counsel.” Clements is buried at Forest Hills Cemetery in Ann Arbor. The William Clements Library underwent a massive $17.5 million restoration effort beginning in 2015 and reopened in the Spring of 2016.

paragraph: Clements was responsible for the 1922 building of the Bay City Public library, "through both personal donations and activities to obtain supplementary funds from the Carnegie Foundation."

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- DB Clements, William Lawrence, Vertical File Collection, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mixed Material A-Mi, William L. Clements Library Records 1923-1964, Box 1 William L. Clements Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mixed Material Mi-Sw, William L. Clements Library Records 1923-1964, Box 2 William L. Clements Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mixed Material Sw-Z, William L. Clements Library Records 1923-1964, Box 3 William L. Clements Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nesbit, Joanne. "Clements Exhibition Highlights History of Panama Canal."Clements Exhibition Highlights History of Panama Canal. The University Record, 13 Dec. 1999. Web. 05 Apr. 2016.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dann, John C., comp. A Modest Exhibit, Documenting The Growth and Evolution of the Clements Library at the University of Michigan, 1903 to 2007. Ann Arbor, MI: Mosaic Foundation, 2007. 2007. Web.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dann, John C. One Hundred and One Treasures from the Collections of the William L. Clements Library: A Celebration of Seventy-Five Years, 1923-1998. Ann Arbor, Mich: Clements Library, University of Michigan, 1998. Print.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Michigan Technic, Volumes 42-43. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://bay-journal.com/bay/1he/bus/industrialworks.html.

wikidata_label: William L. Clements

wikipedia_title: William L. Clements


text:
Alabama Women's Hall of Fame
Clayton, Alabama
Public Health Service
Century Magazine
George Washington University
Goucher College
Cosmopolitan
Good Housekeeping
McClure's
Collier's
College Humor
magnum opus
Alfred Knopf
New York Herald-Tribune
Margaret Mitchell
Gone with the Wind
Women's National Press Club
Civil War

categories: 20th-century American women writers,1899 births,American women novelists,Novelists from Alabama,1982 deaths,20th-century American novelists,Writers of American Southern literature,Women historical novelists,American historical novelists

paragraph: Lella Warren

paragraph: Lella Warren (March 22, 1899 – 1982) was a novelist and short story writer who is best known for her historical novel "Foundation Stone" chronicling the life of Alabama settlers in the 19th century. She was inducted into the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame in 1987.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Lee Ella 'Lella' Warren was born in 1899, in Clayton, Alabama, to Lee Ella Underwood and Benjamin Smart Warren, a physician who helped to found the U.S. Public Health Service. Warren's family moved around a good deal during her childhood as her father, then in the Marine Hospital Service, was moved from one posting to another. In 1917, she graduated from Western High School in Washington, D.C. By then her writing was developed enough that her writing teacher sent one of her stories to an editor for Century Magazine, who responded encouragingly.

paragraph: Warren started her undergraduate education at George Washington University in 1917, transferred to Goucher College for her sophomore year, and returned to GWU for her last two years, receiving her A.B. degree in 1921.

paragraph: After graduating, she married John Spanogle, and in late 1922 they had a daughter. They divorced in 1930.

paragraph: In 1936, Warren married the journalist Gerald Breckenridge. They divorced four years later.

paragraph: In 1941, she married her third and last husband, Buel W. "Dan" Patch.

paragraph: Section::::Writing.

paragraph: Warren published her first novel, the quasi-autobiographical "A Touch of Earth", in 1926. It was successful enough to prompt an editor for "Cosmopolitan" to put Warren under contract. For the next decade or so, she sold short stories and essays to "Cosmopolitan" and other magazines like "Good Housekeeping", "McClure's", "Collier's", and "College Humor". To support herself following her first divorce, she also undertook various jobs in journalism, public relations, and government service.

paragraph: Warren is best known for the 1940 novel "Foundation Stone", considered her magnum opus. An historical novel about the Whetstone family, it was based on the history of Warren's own ancestors after their arrival on the Alabama frontier in the 1820s. The novel follows three generations of the Whetstone family after they leave a South Carolina plantation with worn-out soil and strike out for the Alabama wilderness. Warren went beyond family history and did extensive research in archival documents such as court records to ensure the accuracy of her narrative.

paragraph: Her publisher, Alfred Knopf, brought "Foundation Stone" out initially as a Borzoi Book in a special limited edition, following up with a trade edition. An overnight success, by the end of the year it was on both the "Publishers Weekly" and the New York Herald-Tribune's lists of bestsellers, reaching no. 2 on the latter. It was translated into Portuguese, Swedish, and Danish within a few years. Key to the novel's success was Warren's focus on the family life of Southern pioneers outside of the plantation world that Margaret Mitchell had popularized and glamorized in "Gone with the Wind" just a few years earlier. The novel's success prompted the Women's National Press Club to select Warren as a Woman of the Year for 1941 (the same year it honored Margaret Mitchell).

paragraph: In 1952, Warren published a sequel to "Foundation Stone", the second in what she planned to make a trilogy. "Whetstone Walls" again featured the Whetstone family, with a central character, Rob Whetstone, based on Warren's father. Picking up after the Civil War (where "Foundation Stone" had left off), it followed the Whetstone family to the end of the century. Warren never completed the third novel in the trilogy, although her manuscript notes suggest she planned to incorporate sections from some of her short stories and unpublished writings into this novel.

paragraph: Warren was still working on her third Whetstone novel when she died of cancer in 1982. Her papers—including correspondence, manuscripts, photographs, and personal memorabilia—are held by Auburn University at Montgomery.

paragraph: In 1987, Warren was inducted into the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame.

paragraph: In 1989, a compendium of her unpublished writing came out under the title "Family Fiction: Unpublished Narratives of Lella Warren".

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anderson, Nancy G. "Lella Warren: Alabama's Margaret Mitchell?" "Alabama Heritage" 7 (Winter 1988): 42-51.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anderson, Nancy G. "Lella Warren's Literary Gift—Alabama." In "Clearings in the Thicket: An Alabama Humanities Reader", Jerry Elijah Brown, ed. Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hughes, Elaine W. "Lella Warren's Use of the Kindermord Motif in "Foundation Stone"." "Alabama English" 2 (Spring 1990): 35-40.

description: American novelist, short story writer

wikidata_label: Lella Warren

wikipedia_title: Lella Warren


text:
Tappan, New York
Frank Zappa
Pat Metheny
Iron Maiden
John Coltrane
Stevie Wonder
Jimmy Hendrix
Emmy Award
"The View"
Erik Blicker
The Nine Lives of Marion Barry
Nyack, New York
"Today Show's"
Joy Bauer
Company Website

categories: American film score composers,1972 births,Living people,Male film score composers,20th-century American drummers,American male drummers,American television composers,21st-century American drummers,20th-century male musicians

paragraph: Glenn Schloss

paragraph: Glenn Schloss (born July 1, 1972) is an American television & film composer, musician, entrepreneur, writer and drum circle facilitator.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Schloss was born and raised in Tappan, New York. He was musically inspired as a child by his parents and older brother. At age 7, he began playing the xylophone followed by the drums and keyboard. His early musical influences were Frank Zappa, Pat Metheny, Iron Maiden, John Coltrane, Stevie Wonder and Jimmy Hendrix.

paragraph: Section::::Television.

paragraph: Schloss composed the theme music for the Emmy Award winning talk show, "The View" with writing and business partner, Erik Blicker. His other television composing credits include: MSNBC's "The McVeigh Tapes: Confessions of an American Terrorist", The History Channel's "Extreme History with Roger Daltrey", MTV's "Catfish: The TV Show", Spike TV's "The Team", BBC's "Never Mind The Buzzcocks", HBO's "30 by 30: Kid Flicks", VH1's "Being", VH1's "Rock Story", VH1's "Rock Across America", VH1's "The Greatest", NYC Media's "The Big Quiz Thing" and ESPN's "Sports Center".

paragraph: Section::::Film.

paragraph: Schloss's film composing credits include HBO's "The Nine Lives of Marion Barry", The Sundance Channel's "Positive Voices: Matthew Cusick", MSNBC's "The Assassination of Dr. Tiller", Synthetic Cinema International's "Dark Haul", Breaking Glass Pictures' "Gone" and New Line Cinema's "We Married Margo".

paragraph: Section::::Entrepreneurship.

paragraph: Schloss formed the television music production company, G&E Music with business partner Erik Blicker in 1997. In 2004, Schloss, Blicker and Brian Quill created Flavorlab, a music production company for television, film, commercials and video games.

paragraph: Section::::Contributing writer.

paragraph: Schloss writes articles for the music production industry website, SonicScoop.com.

paragraph: Section::::Drum circle facilitator.

paragraph: Schloss created "For Vibration", a live drum circle and guided groove meditation in 2012 based in Nyack, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Schloss is married to voice over actress Elena Schloss and they have three children. Schloss is the brother of the "Today Show's" health and nutrition expert, Joy Bauer.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Company Website

wikidata_label: Glenn Schloss

wikipedia_title: Glenn Schloss