text: Go

text: players

text: Edo period

text: Hon'inbō

text: four great schools

text: Buddhist

text: Nichiren sect

text: dharma name

text: Kyōto

text: monk

text: Jakkōji

text: daimyō

text: Oda Nobunaga

text: Toyotomi Hideyoshi

text: Tokugawa Ieyasu

text: feudal Japan

text: dan

text: Meijin

text: Honnōji Temple

text: Kashio Rigen

text: Incident at Honnōji

text: seppuku

text: triple ko

text: game record

text: kampaku

text: Go-dokoro

text: koku

text: rice

text: Gon-no-Daisoku

text: Go-Yōzei

text: Tokugawa bakufu

text: Nichiei

text: shogi

text: shogi

text: oshirogo

text: Meijin

text: History of shogi § Modern shogi

text: Meiji Restoration

text: oshirogo

text: Edo

text: Nihonbashi

text: Hon'inbō Dōsaku

text: Hon'inbō San'etsu

text: Kisei

text: Nihon Ki-in

text: Inoue

text: Yasui

text: Hon'inbō Shūsai

text: Honinbō Tournament

text: manga

text: Hikaru no Go

text: Monthly Go Review

text: Homepage of the Jakkoin Temple

categories: Japanese Go players,Deceased professional shogi players,1623 deaths,Japanese Buddhists,Japanese shogi players,1559 births,Nichiren Buddhism,Japanese Buddhist monks,Nichiren Buddhist monks,People from Kyoto

paragraph: Hon'inbō Sansa

paragraph: Hon'inbō Sansa (本因坊 算砂, 1559 – June 13, 1623) was the assumed name of Kanō Yosaburō (加納 與三郎), one of the strongest Japanese Go players of the Edo period (1603–1867), and founder of the house of Hon'inbō, first among the four great schools of Go in Japan. He was a Buddhist priest of the Nichiren sect, and his original dharma name was Nikkai (日海).

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Nikkai was born in Kyōto and became a monk at age nine. The name "Hon'inbō", (originally pronounced "Honninbō"), comes from a sub-temple of the Jakkōji temple complex in Kyōto where Nikkai, the first "Hon'inbō", resided.

paragraph: Among his students were the "daimyōs" Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu, the three great "unifiers" of feudal Japan. Nikkai considered the three generals to be "fifth-degree" players (五子, comparable to amateur 4 or 5 dan), but "diplomacy" was likely a factor in Nikkai's even-handed assessment of these imposing figures.

paragraph: It was Nobunaga who, in 1578, recognized twenty-year-old Nikkai as the first "Meijin" of Go. In 1582, Nikkai, at the behest of Nobunaga, was involved in a notorious game at the Honnōji Temple against his rival, another Nichiren priest, Kashio Rigen (鹿塩 利玄 b. 1565). (Apparently, there is a theory that "Kashio" and "Rigen" were two different people. See the Japanese version of this article.) The game is traditionally held to have taken place on the eve of the treacherous Incident at Honnōji, (in which Nobunaga was forced to commit seppuku), and is said to have ended in a "triple ko". Hence the notion of triple ko as bad omen. There is a game record, but typical for the period, it is incomplete. The triple ko may have occurred, somewhat implausibly, in unrecorded remaining plays, or in another game that day, but in the end, there is no evidence that this is more than a good story.

paragraph: In 1587, Nobunaga's successor, the regent ("kampaku") Hideyoshi gave Nikkai an official position, (forerunner to the office of "Go-dokoro"), granting his temple an annual four "koku" of rice and setting up a tournament that he attended in person. In 1592, Nikkai was given the rank of "Gon-no-Daisoku" by the Go-Yōzei Emperor.

paragraph: In 1603, the Go-Yōzei Emperor recognized sixty-year-old Tokugawa Ieyasu as "shōgun", inaugurating the 250-year rule of the Tokugawa bakufu. At the direction of Ieyasu, Nikkai turned priestly duties at Jakkoji over to his younger brother Nichiei and became the first "go-dokoro", in which office Nikkai was provided fifty "koku" of rice and five servants. Also around this time (), Nikkai took the name "Hon'inbō Sansa" ("Sansa" written 算砂: the characters for "calculating" and "sand").

paragraph: Sansa was also a strong "shogi" player, but in the Tokugawa period, go was organised into four "houses" (or "academies"), and shogi into three, which would compete in "oshirogo" "Castle Go" (and "Castle shogi") tournaments for the title "Meijin". (See more at "History of shogi § Modern shogi".) The official nature of these arrangements meant that go and shogi masters held different offices. In 1612, eight go and shogi players were given individual state support. This system persisted over two and a half centuries, until the collapse of the Tokugawa government itself in the Meiji Restoration.

paragraph: The beginning of the "oshirogo" matches in Edo, seat of the Tokugawa government, meant that at the end of each year, Sansa had to travel east for a month. He is said to have turned down an official residence in Edo's early Nihonbashi district, but was given other accommodations. (It was the unrivaled fourth Hon'inbō, Hon'inbō Dōsaku (1645–1702) who finally moved the school to Edo.) Sansa died in Edo at the age of 65.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Honinbō Sansa was succeeded by a youth named Sugimura, who due to his age, had to wait several years after Sansa's death to re-establish the Hon'inbō house as Hon'inbō San'etsu when he turned twenty. However, the title of "Meijin" was regained by the third head of Hon'inbō, and altogether, seven of the ten generations of historic "Meijin" were Hon'inbō. In addition, all three traditional "Kisei" ("Go Sages") were Hon'inbō masters. (Both "Meijin" and "Kisei" are now titles administered by the Nihon Ki-in.)

paragraph: The school established by Hon'inbō Sansa, along with the Inoue and Yasui schools, lasted into the 20th century, but struggled without government backing. In 1936, the last Hon'inbō master, the controversial Hon'inbō Shūsai, turned selection of the Hon'inbō title over to the Nihon Ki-in. (See Honinbō Tournament.)

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: He has been featured in the Japanese manga Hikaru no Go.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Life of the first "Hon-in-bo"", Takeshi Ishikawa, Monthly Go Review 1961/7

paragraph: BULLET::::- Homepage of the Jakkoin Temple

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nihon Ki-in History of Go for Kids (Azuchi–Momoyama and Edo Periods)

alias:
加納與三郎
日海
本因坊算砂
Honninbo Sansa
Honninbou Sansa

description: go player, founder of the prestigious Hon'inbō school

enwikiquote_title: Honinbo Sansa

wikidata_label: Honninbō Sansa

wikipedia_title: Hon'inbō Sansa


text: ice hockey

text: HC Lugano

text: Yale Bulldogs

text: Choate Rosemary Hall

text: Wallingford, Connecticut

text: Yale Bulldogs women's ice hockey

text: Winter Olympics

text: Lara Stalder

text: Minnesota-Duluth Bulldogs

categories: Ice hockey players at the 2014 Winter Olympics,Olympic ice hockey players of Switzerland,Yale Bulldogs women's ice hockey players,Ice hockey players at the 2018 Winter Olympics,Swiss women's ice hockey players,Olympic bronze medalists for Switzerland,Swiss expatriate sportspeople in Sweden,1994 births,Choate Rosemary Hall alumni,Olympic medalists in ice hockey,Swiss expatriate ice hockey people,Swiss expatriate sportspeople in the United States,Living people,Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Phoebe Stänz

paragraph: Phoebe Stänz (born 7 January 1994) is a Swiss ice hockey forward for HC Lugano and the Switzerland women's national ice hockey team, and in US Collegiate (NCAA) competition for the Yale Bulldogs.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Stänz attended Choate Rosemary Hall Preparatory School in Wallingford, Connecticut, where she was the Ice Hockey MVP of the Prep School league. She was honored as a 2013 Boston Globe All-Scholastic pick. She also played club hockey with Assabet Valley, winning the 2013 National Championship with them.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Yale Bulldogs.

paragraph: She plays for the Yale Bulldogs women's ice hockey team. In four years of NCAA play, she has won numerous awards, including USCO Rookie of the Year in 2014, and a selection to the All-ECAC Third Team.

paragraph: Phoebe is currently a Senior studying at Yale University, majoring in the field of Mathematics and Economics. She works in marketing for the Swiss Ice Hockey Federation during the summer months. She is also an accomplished musician.

paragraph: Section::::Swiss National Team.

paragraph: Section::::Swiss National Team.:U18 World Competition.

paragraph: Stänz played for the Swiss National U18 team for the IIHF World Championships in 2011 (Sweden), 2012 (Czech Republic) and the 2013 Qualifying Tournament in Switzerland.

paragraph: Section::::Swiss National Team.:2014 Olympics (Sochi, Russia).

paragraph: Phoebe Stänz was chosen to play with the Swiss National Team at the Winter Olympics in 2014. During the Bronze medal game, she scored the game-tying goal against Sweden, allowing Switzerland a 4–3 victory, and the medal.

paragraph: Section::::Swiss National Team.:IIHF Teams.

paragraph: Stänz continues to play for the Swiss team. She was a member of the 2016 IIHF Olympic qualifying tournament. Switzerland won a spot in the 2018 Olympics in Korea. The Swiss National Team is currently ranked 6th worldwide.

paragraph: She is a longtime teammate of Lara Stalder, who plays NCAA Hockey for the Minnesota-Duluth Bulldogs.

description: American ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Phoebe Stänz

wikipedia_title: Phoebe Stänz


text:
Māori
Te Āti Awa
First Taranaki War
Te Rere-tā-whangawhanga
Te Kehu
Musket Wars
Te Rauparaha
Waitara
William Wakefield
New Zealand Company
Pākehā
Treaty of Waitangi
New Plymouth
Robert FitzRoy
Waikanae
Thomas Gore Browne
Octavius Hadfield
William Martin
First Taranaki War
Pākehā
George Grey
Parihaka
Te Whiti o Rongomai
New Zealand wars
Te Ara's article on Wiremu Kīngi

categories: 1882 deaths,People from Taranaki,Military leaders of the New Zealand Wars,1795 births,Te Āti Awa,Musket Wars

paragraph: Wiremu Kīngi

paragraph: Wiremu Kīngi Te Rangitāke (c. 1795 – 13 January 1882), Māori Chief of the Te Āti Awa Tribe, was leader of the Māori forces in the First Taranaki War.

paragraph: He was born in 1795-1800 in Manukorihi pa, near Waitara. He was one of the 3 sons of Te Rere-tā-whangawhanga and Te Kehu. He and his father Te Rere-tā-whangawhanga were involved in the major disturbances and migrations caused by the Musket Wars. They were probably involved in the sieges of Pukerangiora and Otaka in 1832. They also probably fought alongside Te Rauparaha during his tribe's journey from Kawhia to Waikanae in 1822. He returned in 1824, and led the tribe to settle in Waikanae in 1834. However, he is mainly associated with Waitara in Northern Taranaki.

paragraph: In 1839 Colonel William Wakefield toured the area and persuaded the Māori chiefs to sign various deeds that transferred ownership of most of the tribal land to the New Zealand Company. The transaction was to cause a great deal of trouble and eventually was a factor that led to war.

paragraph: Te Āti Awa initially accepted the changes brought about by the arrival of the Pākehā and their new government. In May 1840 their chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi and in 1843–1844 they built a large and beautiful church for the missionaries. On 31 January 1842 the whole of Northern Taranaki from Cape Egmont northwards to the Tongaporutu River was purchased by the crown from Kati Te Wherowhero, who later became the first Maori king. The deed was printed in both English and Maori. The price paid was 150 pounds, 2 horses, 2 saddles, 2 bridles and 100 blankets. The land sold to the government included all the land around Waitara which was under the mana of Te Wherowhero. However, disenchantment began when the Land Commissioner, William Spain, awarded the New Plymouth settlers 200 km² of tribal land around New Plymouth. Wiremu Kīngi wrote to Governor Robert FitzRoy making it clear that they would not yield their tribal lands, particularly around Waitara. Their case was weakened in the minds of settlers because the bulk of the tribe were then living around Waikanae about 250 km to the south since 1822-23. However, despite opposition from the Government, they returned to Taranaki 25 years later, in 1848 and settled around Waitara. Grey recognised that Te Atiawa's Wiremu Kīngi had been a valued ally in the 1846 war in Wellington where he had sided with the government forces. Grey was reluctant to take action against someone who had shown his loyalty to the crown.

paragraph: Over the next 11 years the government and settlers made numerous attempts to acquire more of the tribal land, but were restricted to about 20 km² around New Plymouth. Wiremu Kīngi remained firm in his refusal to part with any of the tribal land. Gradually relations between the two peoples deteriorated. However, despite his concern with retaining land Kīngi did not support the largely Waikato centred King movement.

paragraph: In 1859 a minor tribal chief, Teira, who was feuding with Kīngi, made an offer of some land directly to Governor Thomas Gore Browne. The government accepted the offer despite warnings from many influential missionaries such as Octavius Hadfield and a previous Chief Justice, William Martin, that the purchase was illegal.

paragraph: The stakes grew as Kīngi refused to budge. Prominent settlers called for him to be surrounded, deported and, if he fired one shot, hanged. The Government pressed ahead and sent in surveyors, declaring that once the survey was complete, the land would be occupied by the military to prevent any Māori occupation. They were blocked by the Te Atiawa people, so the army was sent in. The first shots of the First Taranaki War were fired on 17 March 1860. The war lasted a year and decided nothing except that the Māori were better tacticians than the Pākehā. There followed an uneasy truce when the government agreed to re-examine the question and, three years later, Governor George Grey renounced the purchase.

paragraph: After the war Kīngi withdrew inland beyond the areas influenced by the Pākehā with the people of Ngati Maru at Manutangihia, in the upper reaches of the Waitara River. In 1863 Kīngi went to the Waikato to take part in this campaign. He was at Rangiriri Pa after the defeat at Mere mere by General Cameron. Like many of the leaders he found a reason to leave Rangiriri as the British army, supported by militia and kupapa (loyal) Maori closed in. When the British gunboats appeared Wiremu Kīngi left After 12 years he returned to New Plymouth to make his peace with the Pākehā government and later retired to Parihaka where he lived with the prophet Te Whiti o Rongomai for several years. His last years were spent at Kaingaru near Waitara where he died on 13 January 1882.

paragraph: In 2004, the New Plymouth District Council resolved to sell 146 ha of land at Waitara to the Crown on condition that it was used in settlement of Te Atiawa claims under the Treaty of Waitangi. Leaseholders mounted unsuccessful legal opposition in 2008 and 2011.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Zealand wars

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Te Ara's article on Wiremu Kīngi

description: Maori military leader

wikidata_label: Wiremu Kingi

wikipedia_title: Wiremu Kīngi


text: Frévent

text: Pas-de-Calais

text: Saint-Just

text: National Convention

text: Montagnards

text: Louis XVI

text: Duquesnoy

text: armée du Nord

text: Richardot

text: O'Moran

text: Committee of General Security

text: Robespierre

text: Couthon

text: Saint-Just

text: Wissembourg

text: Committee of Public Safety

text: Wattignies

text: Fleurus

text: École Militaire

text: Augustin Robespierre

text: Committee of General Security

text: Conciergerie

text: Hôtel de Ville

text: 9 Thermidor

text: Barras

text: Léonard Bourdon

text: Maurice Duplay

text: Philippe Le Bas

text: Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte

text: Sorbonne

text: Institut de France

categories: People from Pas-de-Calais,French lawyers,Regicides of Louis XVI,1794 deaths,Deputies to the French National Convention,Suicides by firearm in France,French politicians who committed suicide,People on the Committee of Public Safety,Jacobins,People of the Reign of Terror,1762 births

paragraph: Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas

paragraph: Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas (4 November 1762, Frévent, Pas-de-Calais – 28 July 1794, Paris) was a French politician.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The son of a notary, intendant to the prince de Rache, avocat to the parliament of 1789, companion and collaborator of Saint-Just, Le Bas was elected député to the National Convention for the Pas-de-Calais in 1792, sitting among the Montagnards. A discreet, cold, and loyal representative, he voted for King Louis XVI's death and against the sentence at his trial (i.e., against the people's appeal). Le Bas and Duquesnoy were delegated to the armée du Nord in August 1793, and Le Bas proceeded with the arrest of generals Richardot and O'Moran for inability. A member of the Committee of General Security, he was among those close to Robespierre, Couthon, and Saint-Just, who had a brief and discreet relation with his sister Henriette.

paragraph: He and Saint-Just were made the Convention's commissioners to the armies and set out on this mission to eastern France, where he reorganized the army after its reverses at Wissembourg. Saint-Just and Le Bas were also later sent to reorganize the armée du Nord by the Committee of Public Safety in the face of an attempted return by Austrian forces after Wattignies - it was this reorganisation that made possible the victory at Fleurus. Since 1 June he was appointed as the director of the "École de Mars", formerly known as the École Militaire.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: Faithful to Robespierre, Augustin Robespierre and Le Bas demanded to share his fate. The five deputies were taken to the Committee of General Security, questioned and then escorted to different prisons; LeBas to the Conciergerie. The mayor of the Commune ordered the janitors to refuse any member of the Convention. LeBas, as well as the others gathered in the Hôtel de Ville on 9 Thermidor. When the anti-Robespierristes under Barras and Léonard Bourdon broke into the main room of the townhall (where Le Bas had taken refuge with Maximilien Robespierre, Augustin Robespierre, St-Just and Couthon) LeBas committed suicide by pistol in the early morning of 10 Thermidor.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: He married Elisabeth Duplay, daughter of Maurice Duplay, Robespierre's landlord in Paris, and their son was Philippe Le Bas (1794–1860), who would be Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte's preceptor until 1827 then director of the library of the Sorbonne (from 1844 to 1860), a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (1838–60) and president of the Institut de France (from 1858).

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stéfane-Pol, Elisabeth Duplay Le Bas, "Autour de Robespierre: Le conventionnel Le Bas, d'après des documents inédits et les mémoires de sa veuve", E. Flammarion, 1901, 340 pages

description: French revolutionary

wikidata_label: Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas

wikipedia_title: Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas


text:
Alençon
Breslau
French Revolution
National Constituent Assembly
Commune de Paris
Orleans
Council of State
Court of Cassation
letters patent
Société Royale d'Émulation
Estates General of 1789
Jacobin
attempted flight attempt of Louis XVI
the Terror
Robespierre
Thermidor Reaction
fortress of Ham
Toulon
Grand Arm"ée"
Wrocław

categories: People of the French Revolution,1754 births,1807 deaths,People from Alençon

paragraph: Léonard Bourdon

paragraph: Louis Jean Joseph Léonard Bourdon de la Cronière (6 November 1754, Alençon – 29 May 1807, Breslau) was a French politician of the French Revolution. He was president of the National Constituent Assembly and substitute for the procureur of the Commune de Paris.

paragraph: Despite his depiction in the traditional historiography, where he is presented as "a fanatical Montagnard, a fierce terrorist, a violent man, thirsty for blood, corrupt and decadent", he is depicted more sympathetically by modern historians.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in 1754 in Alençon, Normandy, in the large family of a wealthy administrative officer who was among the king's advisers. He studied law in Orleans and in 1779 achieved the position of "avocat aux conseils," a lawyer with the right of representing litigants before the Council of State and Court of Cassation. In 1785, he settled in the Faubourg Saint-Marcel quarter of Paris, ceasing any activity as a lawyer.

paragraph: In 1788 he publishes a pamphlet called "Plan d’un établissement d’éducation nationale," which lays out his plans for various educational reforms. This made him the recipient of the royal letters patent placing him in charge of a new learning institution, the Société Royale d'Émulation, which closed down after only two years.

paragraph: He was elected to the Estates General of 1789, where he continued his educational proselytism, proposing a national education plan, both in the Paris department and in the new legislative assembly.

paragraph: A member of the Jacobin club, he became more involved in politics after the attempted flight attempt of Louis XVI, in June 1791. His activist fervor gained him a gruesome reputation for the coldness with which he would oversee massacres and executions during the Terror. At the same time, he also opened up a new school, named "Société des Jeunes Français". In the committee of public education he supported a new plan of national public instruction. He also submitted an economic project of "granaries of plenty", to fight against food scarcity and speculation on the grain and flour trade.

paragraph: As the tension within the Jacobins mounted towards height of the Reign of Terror, he fell out of grace with Robespierre, who denounced him as an "intriguer despised by all".

paragraph: During the Thermidor Reaction, he joined in the actions that lead to the arrest and execution of Robespierre, but this crisis was also the beginning of his political career. In April 1795 he was arrested as a conspirator and imprisoned in the fortress of Ham. He was released in October 1795, as part of an amnesty.

paragraph: For the next few years, he would be entrusted several small administrative or diplomatic jobs, while he was still trying to propose a reform of education. Finally, in 1800 he abandoned these plans and managed to join the board of directors of the Toulon military hospital.

paragraph: This position led him in the wake of the Grand Arm"ée", as director of military hospitals, to Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland), where he died on May 29th 1807.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael J. Sydenham, Leonard Bourdon. "The Career of a Revolutionary. 1754‑1807", Waterloo (Ontario), Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1999.

description: French politician

wikidata_label: Léonard Bourdon

wikipedia_title: Léonard Bourdon


text:
pitcher
Major League Baseball
New York Giants
Brooklyn Gladiators

categories: Brooklyn Gladiators players,Albany Senators players,Baseball players from New York (state),19th-century baseball players,1866 births,New York Giants (NL) players,Major League Baseball pitchers,1904 deaths

paragraph: Bob Murphy (baseball)

paragraph: Robert J. Murphy (December 26, 1866 – December 13, 1904) was a pitcher in Major League Baseball in 1890 for the New York Giants and Brooklyn Gladiators.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Bob Murphy

wikipedia_title: Bob Murphy (baseball)


text:
Bishop of Exeter
Finchley
Middlesex
City of London
Hamstall Ridware
Staffordshire
Sir Robert Cotton, 1st Baronet
Conington
Cottonian Library
pellets
Queens' College, Cambridge
Archdeacon of Lewes
Bishop of Exeter
Puritan
John Hazard
John Traske
seventh-day Sabbatarian
George Abbot
Archbishop of Canterbury
City of London
William Cotton
Silverton
Archdeacon of Totnes
Botreaux Castle
Edward Cotton
Shobrooke
Archdeacon of Totnes
Heavitree

categories: People educated at Royal Grammar School, Guildford,17th-century English clergy,1621 deaths,16th-century English bishops,Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge,16th-century births,Archdeacons of Lewes,People from Finchley,Bishops of Exeter

paragraph: William Cotton (bishop)

paragraph: William Cotton (died 1621) was Bishop of Exeter, in Devon, from 1598 to his death in 1621.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: William Cotton was brought up in Finchley, Middlesex. He was the eldest son of John Cotton, a Citizen of the City of London by his wife Pery Cheyne. John Cotton was the third son of Richard Cotton (died 1534) of Hamstall Ridware in Staffordshire, descended from William Cotton (fl.1378,1400) lord of the manor of Cotton in Cheshire, by his wife Agnes de Ridware, daughter and heiress of Walter de Ridware, lord of the manor of Hamstall Ridware. The junior branch of the Cotton family descended from Agnes de Ridware adopted the armorials of Ridware ("Azure, an eagle displayed argent") in lieu of their paternal arms of Cotton, which junior branch included Sir Robert Cotton, 1st Baronet (1570–1631) of Conington in Huntingdonshire, founder of the Cottonian Library. The senior branch, of which Bishop Cotton was a member, retained the ancient arms of Cotton ("Argent, a bend sable between three pellets"), as is visible on the monuments in Exeter Cathedral to Bishop William Cotton himself and on that of his grandson Edward Cotton (died 1675), Treasurer of Exeter Cathedral.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He graduated M.A. at Queens' College, Cambridge in 1575. He was Archdeacon of Lewes, in Sussex, from 1578 to 1598, when he became Bishop of Exeter.

paragraph: He was confrontational in his relationship with the Puritans of his diocese. He objected strongly to the nomination of John Hazard as Bodley lecturer. Cotton suspected Hazard of "false doctrine", of intrusion into congregations that already had preachers, and association with John Traske, the seventh-day Sabbatarian, which Hazard denied. George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury, had licensed Hazard to preach, but Cotton was not satisfied with that.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: He married Mary Hulme, a daughter of Thomas Hulme of Cheshire and widow of William Cutler, a Citizen of the City of London. By his wife he had children as follows:

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Cotton (died 1656), eldest son and heir, Rector of Silverton, Archdeacon of Totnes, and Precentor of Exeter Cathedral, all in Devon. He married Elizabeth Hender, a daughter and co-heiress of John Hender of Botreaux Castle, Cornwall.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Cotton (died 1647), Rector of Shobrooke and Archdeacon of Totnes, both in Devon. He married Margaret Bruton ("alias" Breton) daughter of William Bruton of Heavitree, near Exeter. His monument survives in Shobrooke Church.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Judith Cotton, wife firstly of Freeman Page of Finchley in Middlesex, secondly of Roger Coniers of Finchley, Hertfordshire (sic).

paragraph: Section::::Death and burial.

paragraph: He died on 6 August 1621 and was buried in Exeter Cathedral where his fine monument with recumbent effigy survives.

description: English bishop

wikidata_label: William Cotton

wikipedia_title: William Cotton (bishop)


text: rhythmic gymnast

categories: Belarusian rhythmic gymnasts,Sportspeople from Minsk,1964 births,Soviet rhythmic gymnasts,Living people

paragraph: Inessa Lisovskaya

paragraph: Inessa Lisovskaya (also Lissovskaya; ; (; born 1964) is a retired Soviet individual rhythmic gymnast. She won a silver medal in the team exercise at the 1981 World Championships in Munich and three bronze medals at the 1980 European Championships in Amsterdam.

alias:
Inessa Lisowskaya
Inessa Lisouskaya

description: Soviet rhythmic gymnast

wikidata_label: Inessa Lisovskaya

wikipedia_title: Inessa Lisovskaya


text:
Plymouth
United Kingdom
British Film Institute
Slade School of Art
London Film-Makers' Co-op
Saint Martin's School of Art
Goldsmith's College
British Film Institute
Documenta 6
Museum of Modern Art
Fundació Joan Miró
Museum of Modern Art
Louvre Museum
Tate Modern
Tate Britain
Studio International
University of the Arts London

wikipedia_title:
Plymouth
United Kingdom
British Film Institute
Slade School of Fine Art
London Film-Makers' Co-op
Saint Martin's School of Art
Goldsmiths, University of London
British Film Institute
Documenta 6
Mumok
Fundació Joan Miró
Museum of Modern Art
Louvre
Tate Modern
Tate Britain
Studio International
University of the Arts London

categories: 1940 births,Living people,English film directors,British experimental filmmakers,People from Plymouth

paragraph: Malcolm Le Grice

paragraph: Malcolm Le Grice (born May 1940, Plymouth, United Kingdom) is a British artist known for his avant-garde film work.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The British Film Institute claims that he "is probably the most influential modernist filmmaker in British cinema".

paragraph: Le Grice was born in 1940, and studied at Slade School of Art, London. He founded the London Film-Makers' Co-op workshop in the late 1960s, at the same time introducing film to fine art students at Saint Martin's School of Art and Goldsmith's College, London. He has balanced his continuing practice as a filmmaking artist with campaigning for the artform in print, in higher education, and in committees at the British Film Institute and the Arts Council.

paragraph: Le Grice started as a painter but began to make film and computer works in the mid 1960s. Since then he has shown regularly in Europe and the USA and his work has been screened in many international film festivals, including recent retrospectives at Media City Film Festival (2015) and RedCat in Los Angeles (2019). He has also shown in major art exhibitions like the Paris Biennale No.8, Arte Inglese Oggi, Milan, Une Histoire du Cinema, Paris, Documenta 6, Kassel, X-Screen at the Museum of Modern Art, Vienna, and Behind the Facts at the Fundació Joan Miró, Barcelona.

paragraph: His work has been screened at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, the Louvre Museum in Paris and the Tate Modern and Tate Britain in London and is in permanent collections including: the Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris; the Royal Belgian Film Archive, Brussels; the National Film Library of Australia, Canberra; German Cinamatheque Archive, Berlin; Canadian Distribution Centre, Montreal and Archives du Film Experimental D'Avignon. A number of longer films have been transmitted on British TV, including 'Finnegans Chin', 'Sketches for a Sensual Philosophy' and 'Chronos Fragmented'. His main work since the mid 1980s is in video and digital media and includes the multi-projection video installation works 'The Cyclops Cycle' and 'Treatise'.

paragraph: Le Grice has written critical and theoretical work including a history of experimental cinema 'Abstract Film and Beyond' (1977, Studio Vista and MIT). For three years in the 1970s he wrote a regular column for the art monthly Studio International and has published numerous other articles on film, video and digital media. Many of these were collected and published under the title 'Experimental Cinema in the Digital Age' by the British Film Institute (2001). Le Grice is a Professor Emeritus of the University of the Arts London.

description: film director

wikidata_label: Malcolm Le Grice

wikipedia_title: Malcolm Le Grice


text:
Bermondsey
Southwark
London
Surrey
The Hendre
Llangattock-Vibon-Avel
Monmouth
Monmouthshire
Rolls-Royce Limited
Justice of the Peace
John Rolls
Sarah Coysh Rolls
Camberwell
London Gazette
Westminster
John Etherington Welch Rolls
Alexander Rolls
Leckhampton
Cheltenham
Gloucestershire
Mayor of Monmouth
Member of Parliament
Buckinghamshire
Paris
Bryanston Square
George Vaughan Maddox
John Allan Rolls
Thomas Henry Wyatt
Aston Webb
Buckingham Palace
grade II* listed

wikipedia_title:
Bermondsey (parish)
Southwark
London
Surrey
The Hendre
Llangattock-Vibon-Avel
Monmouth
Monmouthshire
Rolls-Royce Limited
Justice of the peace
John Rolls
Sarah Coysh
Camberwell
The London Gazette
City of Westminster
John Etherington Welch Rolls
Alexander Rolls
Leckhampton
Cheltenham
Gloucestershire
Mayor of Monmouth
Member of parliament
Buckinghamshire
Paris
Bryanston Square
George Vaughan Maddox
John Rolls, 1st Baron Llangattock
Thomas Henry Wyatt
Aston Webb
Buckingham Palace
Listed building

categories: Monmouth, Wales,1837 deaths,People from Bermondsey,1776 births

paragraph: John Rolls of The Hendre

paragraph: John Rolls of The Hendre (20 October 1776 – 31 January 1837) was a native of Bermondsey, in Southwark, London, Surrey, England. A member of the renowned Rolls family of The Hendre at Llangattock-Vibon-Avel near Monmouth, Monmouthshire, Wales, he undertook the first of several expansions of the mansion. The Hendre was also the childhood home of his great-grandson Charles Stewart Rolls, aviation pioneer and co-founder of Rolls-Royce Limited. John Rolls was a Justice of the Peace, as well as a Lieutenant Colonel of the Loyal Southwark Volunteer Infantry.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: John Rolls, son of John Rolls (1735 – 8 September 1801) and his wife Sarah Coysh Rolls (d. 7 September 1801), was born on 20 October 1776 at The Grange in the parish of Bermondsey, borough of Southwark. He was baptized on 17 November 1776 at St Mary Magdalen, Bermondsey. His mother Sarah was the second daughter of Thomas Coysh of Camberwell and an heiress. Sarah succeeded her brother Richard Coysh, and eventually was the only remaining heir of the estates of the Coysh, Allen, and James families. Upon Sarah's marriage to John Rolls, she brought a substantial amount of property in Monmouthshire and London. Their son John Rolls inherited the estate upon the deaths of both of his parents in September 1801, his father dying the day after his mother. While John Rolls was the only surviving son, he had at least one older brother, Henry Allen Rolls, who was born on 22 May 1772 and baptized on 18 June 1772 at St Mary Magdalen, Bermondsey. On both baptismal records, for John and Henry Allen, their father's occupation was recorded as "cow keeper."

paragraph: Rolls was a justice of the peace. In addition, the London Gazette of 6 September 1803 reported that John Rolls, Esquire had been appointed Lieutenant Colonel of the Loyal Southwark Volunteer Infantry. Earlier that year, on 27 January 1803, at St Marylebone, Westminster, London, John Rolls married Martha Barnet, only daughter and heiress of Jacob Barnet. They had five children: John Etherington Welch Rolls, Alexander Rolls, Martha Sarah Rolls Macready, Jessy Rolls Harcourt, and Louisa Elizabeth Rolls Vaughan. John Rolls of The Hendre died on 31 January 1837. His widow Martha Barnet Rolls died on 28 October 1858 at Park Villa, Leckhampton, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire.

paragraph: Their son John E. W. Rolls was the grandfather of Charles Stewart Rolls, aviation pioneer and co-founder of Rolls-Royce. The Hendre was his childhood home. Alexander Rolls was Mayor of Monmouth for four terms. Their oldest daughter Martha, born 15 December 1804, married Major Edward Nevill Macready of the 30th Regiment on 1 August 1840. She was widowed in 1848, and died on 7 August 1887 at Park Villa, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire. Their second daughter Jessy was born on 25 June 1809, and married George Simon Harcourt on 24 June 1833. Harcourt was a Member of Parliament and resided at Ankerwycke House in Buckinghamshire. Jessy died in Paris on 29 July 1842. Youngest daughter Louisa was born in 1810, and became the wife of John Francis Vaughan, eldest son of William Vaughan of Courtfield, on 12 July 1830. Louisa "Eliza" died in 1853. Daughters Jessy and Louisa both had children.

paragraph: Section::::Residences.

paragraph: The residences of John Rolls included Bryanston Square, London; The Grange, Surrey; and The Hendre, Monmouthshire. The Bryanston Square home was at 3 Bryanston Square, Marylebone, Westminster, London. The Grange was in Bermondsey parish, Southwark, London. The Hendre estate was at Llangattock-Vibon-Avel, near Monmouth, Monmouthshire. It was initially the property of the Allen family, and was inherited by his mother, Sarah Coysh Rolls, the niece and heiress of Henry Allen (1691 – 1767). The Hendre was originally a hunting lodge. In 1830, the first of several expansions of The Hendre was undertaken. This was performed by architect George Vaughan Maddox, under the direction of John Rolls. The mansion's development primarily involved reconstruction of the south wing of the building.

paragraph: The second and third expansions of The Hendre were undertaken by his oldest son and successor John Etherington Welch Rolls, and grandson John Allan Rolls, respectively. Both men used the services of architect Thomas Henry Wyatt. Between 1837 and 1858, Wyatt built the great hall, made improvements to the grounds, and further increased the size of the south wing for John E W Rolls. In 1872, Wyatt took down the old stables

paragraph: for John A Rolls, building larger stables. He not only added a coach house, but also rooms for billiards, smoking, and dining. A fourth enlargement of the mansion was performed in 1896, again for John A Rolls, then Lord Llangattock, with the addition of the library wing. The architect was Aston Webb (1849 – 1930), renowned for his work on Buckingham Palace, including its east facade. The Hendre at Llangattock-Vibon-Avel was grade II* listed on 4 November 1985. The Hendre estate remained in the Rolls family until 1987, and is now The Rolls of Monmouth Golf Club.

paragraph: Section::::Family tree.

paragraph: Sources

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hendre, now The Rolls of Monmouth Golf Club

description: British judge

wikidata_label: John Rolls of The Hendre

wikipedia_title: John Rolls of The Hendre


text:
Waterbury, Connecticut
Reval
Russian Empire
balloonist
parachutist
Reval
Tallinn
Estonia
Maarjamäe
Waterbury, Connecticut
Berlin
Bremen
Moscow
St. Petersburg
o.s.
lighting gas
Tallinn Bay
Abraham Lincoln
Sarah Lincoln Grigsby
Kopli cemetery

categories: Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents,History of Tallinn,Burials in Estonia,1889 deaths,Parachuting deaths,Deaths by drowning,People from Waterbury, Connecticut,Accidental deaths in Estonia,American skydivers,1856 births,American balloonists

paragraph: Charles Leroux

paragraph: Charles Leroux (born as Joseph Johnson; 31 October 1856 in Waterbury, Connecticut, United States – in Reval, Russian Empire) was an American balloonist and parachutist.

paragraph: He died on his 239th jump after a water landing in the city bay of Reval (now Tallinn, Estonia). A monument to Charles Leroux is located on Pirita road near Maarjamäe, Tallinn.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Charles Leroux was born in the town of Waterbury, Connecticut, United States. He came to Europe in 1889 in order to demonstrate his skill in flying balloons and parachuting from them. He is known to have performed exhibition jumps in Germany (Berlin and Bremen) and Russia (Moscow, St. Petersburg). He was to conclude his European tour in Tallinn.

paragraph: Leroux's parachute jump in Tallinn, initially scheduled for 10 September was postponed for two days on account of high winds. On 12 September (o.s.), however, the weather showed little improvement. Variable winds were accompanied with fine rain every now and then. After an angry argument with his manager Leroux decided to go up.

paragraph: The balloon was inflated with lighting gas supplied by the local gas factory and it took off at 5 PM from a small elevation, a former bastion called Harjumägi in the centre of the town. Winds overpowered the balloon at once and quickly drove it towards the Tallinn Bay. Above the last houses of the town the balloonist dropped himself down from the suspended seat and began to descend under a properly inflated canopy. The winds, however, rocked the parachute violently and carried it farther out to sea. About a mile and quarter away from the coast the heavily oscillating parachute dropped into the sea. Leroux made no attempt to unharness himself from the parachute and almost immediately disappeared under water. Some observers thought that they saw him once or twice to rise to the surface. No safety precautions had been taken, and the life-boats that reached the place of disaster ten minutes later found no trace of the balloonist. Two days passed before Leroux's body was recovered by local people. A medical commission came to conclusion that he had drowned.

paragraph: Charles Leroux was an inventor at heart who did much to improve his balloon and parachute. The performance in Tallinn not only aroused general interest in aviation in Estonia, it also became a kind of milestone for several young men whose dreams and ambitions already moved in the same direction. Estonian sports aviators highly appreciate Leroux for his charismatic role in aeronautics and regard the perpetuation of his memory as a matter of honour.

paragraph: It is rumoured in Estonia that Leroux was the nephew of Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States. That is not possible because Lincoln's only sister Sarah Lincoln Grigsby died in 1828 and his only brother Thomas Lincoln Jr. in 1812, when 3 days old.

paragraph: He was buried at the Kopli cemetery in Tallinn. The cemetery was completely flattened and destroyed by the Soviet occupation authorities in 1950, governing the country at the time.

description: American balloonist and parachutist

wikidata_label: Charles Leroux

wikipedia_title: Charles Leroux


text:
Jefferson Davis
Confederate States of America
Varina (Howell) Davis
American Civil War
White House of the Confederacy
Richmond, Virginia
Varina Banks (Howell) Davis
Fort Monroe
Karlsruhe
Beauvoir
Biloxi, Mississippi
Sarah Anne Ellis Dorsey
West Point, Georgia
Lost Cause
John Brown Gordon
United Daughters of the Confederacy
Robert Emmet
Verner Moore White
Syracuse
abolitionist
South
Richmond, Virginia
New York World
Joseph Pulitzer
The Ladies Home Journal
Atlanta, Georgia
Narragansett Pier, Rhode Island
gastritis
Hollywood Cemetery
Colorado Springs, Colorado
Gerald Bertram Webb
Mary Craig Sinclair

categories: Writers from Richmond, Virginia,Journalists from Virginia,American women novelists,1864 births,Jefferson Davis family,Lost Cause of the Confederacy,1898 deaths,19th-century American journalists,American people of Welsh descent,Deaths from gastritis,19th-century American women writers,Women columnists,Novelists from Virginia,Burials at Hollywood Cemetery (Richmond, Virginia),American women journalists,American people of English descent,American columnists,19th-century American novelists,Journalists from Mississippi

paragraph: Varina Anne Davis

paragraph: Varina Anne "Winnie" Davis (June 27, 1864 – September 18, 1898) was an American author who was most known as the youngest daughter of President Jefferson Davis of the Confederate States of America and Varina (Howell) Davis. Born in the last year of the war, by the late 1880s she became known as the "Daughter of the Confederacy". Images of her were widely circulated when she was young, helping morale. Later in the 1880s, she appeared with her father on behalf of Confederate veterans' groups. After his death, she and her mother moved in 1891 to New York City, where they both worked as writers. She published a biography and two novels, in addition to numerous articles. Davis died young from infectious disease.

paragraph: Section::::Childhood.

paragraph: Varina Anne "Winnie" Davis was born one year before the end of the American Civil War in the White House of the Confederacy in Richmond, Virginia. She was the second daughter and the sixth child of Varina Banks (Howell) Davis and Jefferson F. Davis. The youngest, she was the only child of the family who was allowed to visit her father in Fort Monroe with her mother during his two years of imprisonment that followed the Civil War. They were eventually given an apartment in the officers' quarters to use.

paragraph: Winnie was home-educated by her parents in her early years. She later accompanied her parents on their numerous journeys. At the age of thirteen, she was sent to the "Misses Friedländers School" in Karlsruhe, Germany. She studied for five years in the renowned boarding school, in that time acquiring a slight German accent. Later, she studied in Paris for a short while before returning to the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Daughter of the Confederacy.

paragraph: During the 1880s, Winnie lived with her parents at Beauvoir, their Gulf Coast estate near Biloxi, Mississippi. It was bequeathed to Jefferson Davis in 1878 by Sarah Anne Ellis Dorsey, a wealthy widow and supporter of the Confederacy. In 1886, Winnie and her aging father visited West Point, Georgia on a tour of the South promoting his books and the Lost Cause of the Confederacy.

paragraph: On April 24, 1886, Governor John Brown Gordon called Davis "The Daughter of the Confederacy". This title stuck, and Winnie became an icon for Confederate veteran groups and an inspiration for the United Daughters of the Confederacy, which formed in 1894. Together with her father, she made public appearances and speeches, and acted more and more as his representative. Confederate groups, including women's associations, worked to fund and organize cemeteries, memorialize the war and its soldiers, and honor the "Lost Cause" of the South.

paragraph: In 1888, Winnie published her first book, a monograph of Irish revolutionary Robert Emmet entitled "An Irish Knight of the 19th Century."

paragraph: Davis was involved in a few well-known romantic relationships, but she never married. In 1885–1886, she may have been courted by the noted landscape and portrait artist Verner Moore White, but the relationship supposedly ended when White moved to Europe to further his studies in art. This relationship has never been completely verified.

paragraph: In 1887, Davis developed a more serious relationship with Alfred Wilkinson, a successful New York attorney, whom she met while staying with family friends in Syracuse during the late fall of 1886. Her mother met Wilkinson and initially approved the match, but her father disapproved, based on Wilkinson being from the North and his grandfather having been an abolitionist. Davis reconsidered his disapproval after meeting Wilkinson, and the engagement of the couple was announced in 1889. Northern papers publicized it as healing the wounds of the Civil War. However, an outcry against it in the South burdened the romance, for some dreamed that the young Davis would marry a prominent Southerner, preferably a descendant of one of the generals.

paragraph: Jefferson Davis died shortly before the announced wedding date, and mourning custom required postponing the nuptials for a year. During this time, Wilkinson's house burned down. Winnie's mother Varina became opposed to the marriage. Her Southern friends considered the relationship an insult to the Davis legacy. More importantly, her husband had left the widowed Varina in financial difficulties, and she worried that Wilkinson would be unable to support Winnie. This concern was incorrect, but the damage was done. The engagement was ended in October 1890.

paragraph: By 1891, Varina Davis moved with her daughter to New York City, deeming the climate of Mississippi unhealthy. Richmond, Virginia had also offered them a home, but both women realized they needed to work to support themselves financially. The widowed Varina had no pension, nor signing authority with respect to what remained of Davis's estate. Mother and daughter both became correspondents for the "New York World", a newspaper owned by Joseph Pulitzer, a good friend of the Davis family who was married to Kate Pulitzer, a distant Davis cousin and friend of Varina. The Davis women lived in a series of residential hotels, eventually settling at the Gerard Hotel in what is now the theater district.

paragraph: During this time, Davis also wrote for national magazines, such as "The Ladies Home Journal". She published two novels: "The Veiled Doctor: A Novel" (reprinted 2015) and a "A Romance of Summer Seas" (1898, reprinted 2009). Both books were moderately successful.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In July 1898, Winnie Davis became deathly ill. She had been soaked in a rainstorm at a Confederate Veterans' Reunion in Atlanta, Georgia, then traveled by train to meet her mother in Narragansett Pier, Rhode Island. They vacationed there annually in the summer at the fashionable Rockingham Hotel. Doctors diagnosed Davis with "malarial gastritis." She had already suffered for years from gastritis. (It has been associated with bacterial infection.) Davis suffered for weeks from fever, chills, and loss of appetite. The Rockingham Hotel closed for the season in early September, but the management allowed Davis and her mother to stay on. Davis died there on September 18, 1898. She was 34 years old.

paragraph: Her mother arranged for her daughter to be buried in Richmond's Hollywood Cemetery, with military honors because of her service to Confederate veterans' groups. She was next to the graves of her father and brothers, who had been reinterred here.

paragraph: Davis was survived by her mother Varina and by her sister Margaret (Davis) Addison Hayes, then living in Colorado Springs, Colorado with her husband Joel Addison Hayes, and her sister's children. Among their several children was a daughter, Varina Howell Davis Hayes. The youngest Varina later married Gerald Bertram Webb. Among their children was a daughter, Varina Margaret Webb.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Foreign Education for American Girls" (1889), monograph

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Romance of Summer Seas" (1898), novel

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Craig Sinclair, "The Romance History of Winnie Davis" (unpublished)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heath Hardage Lee, "Winnie Davis: Daughter of the Lost Cause", University of Nebraska Press, Potomac Press: 2014

description: American writer

wikidata_label: Varina Anne Davis

wikipedia_title: Varina Anne Davis


text:
Flying Officer
DFC
RAF Bomber Command
World War II
Bristol Blenheim
No. 139 Squadron RAF
Germany
Germany
Schillig Roads
Wilhelmshaven
RAF Wyton
"Admiral Scheer"
"Emden"
No. 107 Squadron
No. 110 Squadron
DFCs
King George VI
Messerschmitt Bf 109
Lanaken
Belgium
Heverlee War Cemetery
Leuven
Elizabeth Janet MacGregor

categories: British military personnel killed in World War II,People from Glasgow,1940 deaths,1918 births,Royal Air Force officers,Aviators killed by being shot down,Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom),British World War II pilots,British World War II bomber pilots

paragraph: Andrew McPherson (RAF officer)

paragraph: Flying Officer Andrew McPherson DFC (1918–1940) was a pilot with RAF Bomber Command in World War II.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He is notable for being the pilot of Bristol Blenheim bomber N6125 of No. 139 Squadron RAF, which was the first British aircraft to cross the German coast after Britain had declared war on Germany. His mission on 3 September 1939 was to look for potential targets in North Germany and the German fleet on the Schillig Roads near the port of Wilhelmshaven from an altitude of 24,000 feet. He took off from RAF Wyton in cold, cloudy weather and experienced severe icing on the aircraft. Amongst the ships he and his crew observed were the cruisers "Admiral Scheer" and "Emden".

paragraph: Their sightings were reported upon their return to base as the aircraft wireless transmissions failed. An air raid was then ordered on the ships by 15 Blenheims from No. 107 Squadron, No. 110 Squadron, and No. 139 Squadron RAF. The weather conditions were very bad when they set off on their bombing mission the next morning, many bombs did not detonate and four aircraft from 107 Squadron were shot down, with two survivors becoming the first Bomber Command airmen to be taken prisoner in World War II. An aircraft from No. 110 Squadron was also shot down and crashed into the bow of the cruiser "Emden" (curiously the pilot killed in the crash was also named Emden).

paragraph: For his role in the action Flying Officer McPherson was presented with one of the first two DFCs of the war by King George VI himself. On 12 May 1940 he was killed when his Blenheim was shot down by German Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters near Lanaken, Belgium whilst on a mission to bomb armoured columns. McPherson is buried at the Heverlee War Cemetery in Leuven, Belgium.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: His sister Elizabeth Janet MacGregor pioneered cervical cancer screening trials in the United Kingdom.

description: RAF officer

wikidata_label: Andrew McPherson

wikipedia_title: Andrew McPherson (RAF officer)


text:
Gjon Kastrioti
Albanian
George Kastrioti "Skanderbeg"
Serbian
Branković dynasty
Marin Barleti
Debar
"Triballians" (Triballoi)
exonym
Serbs
Gjon Muzaka
Muzaka family
W. Miller
next section
Johann Georg von Hahn
Vrana Konti
Karl Hopf
William Miller
Vasil Zlatarski
Strashimir Dimitrov
boyar
Fan S. Noli
Harry Hodgkinson
archival research
Branković family
Grgur Branković
Vuk Branković
Oliver Schmitt
Vienna University
Mara Branković
Robert Elsie
Gjon Kastrioti
Stefan Crnojević
George "Skanderbeg"
League of Lezhe
Pavle Balšić
Musachio Thopia
Gjergj Arianiti
Ghin Musachi
Stefan Strez Balšić
Ivan
Gojko

categories: 14th-century births,15th-century women,House of Kastrioti,15th-century Albanian people,15th-century Serbian people

paragraph: Voisava

paragraph: Voisava ( 1402–05) was the wife of Gjon Kastrioti ( 1386–d. 1437), a nobleman with whom she had nine children, one of whom was the most powerful Albanian nobleman in history, regarded a national hero, George Kastrioti "Skanderbeg" (1405–1468). She is mentioned in passing in two sources from the start of the 16th century. The first source, a biography on her son, mentions her as the daughter of a "Triballian nobleman", which is interpreted as her being Serbian, modern scholars pointing to the Branković dynasty. Her name is Slavic, as are several of her children's names.

paragraph: Section::::Early sources.

paragraph: The earliest works mentioning Voisava are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marin Barleti (1450–1513), the Albanian-Venetian historian, wrote in his biography of Skanderbeg (published between 1508–10), that her "father was a Triballian nobleman" ("pater nobilissimus Triballorum princeps"). In another chapter, when talking about the inhabitants of Upper Debar that defended Svetigrad, he calls them "Bulgarians or Triballi" ("Bulgari sive Tribali habitant"). The term "Triballians" (Triballoi) was used in Byzantine works as an exonym for Serbs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gjon Muzaka ( 1515), a member of the Albanian Muzaka family in Italy, mentioned her in his chronicle (published in 1515) as "Voisava Tripalda", "who was of a noble family". Furthermore, in another chapter, Muzaka explains that "Tribali" is another name for Serbs. According to W. Miller, and von Hahn, the surname ("Tripalda") added by Muzaka is a corruption, a derivative from Barleti's quote on the Triballi. In another passage, it is alleged that the "Marquis of Tripalda" was maternally related to the Muzaka, which has led to F. Noli and H. Hodgkinson theorizing that Voisava was a Muzaka (see next section).

paragraph: Section::::Modern sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johann Georg von Hahn (1811–1869), an Austrian expert in Albanian studies, had several theses on the genealogy of Albanian noble families in "Albanesische Studien" (1854). In "Reise durch die Gebiete von Drin und Wardar" (1867/69), he theorized that if one of Vrana Konti's descendants held the title "Marchese di Tripalda", that Vrana and Voisava Tripalda were related by blood.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karl Hopf (1832–1873), a German historian and expert in Byzantine studies, in "Chroniques Greco-romanes" (1873) concluded that Voisava was daughter of a Serbian lord from Polog.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Miller (1864–1945), the English medievalist, said the following, in his review of Athanase Gegaj's work which claimed that Skanderbeg was purely Albanian: "...Skanderbeg's mother had a Slav name, and the epithet 'Tripalda' given to her is a corruption of the tribal name 'Triballi', which the pedantic Byzantine historians applied to the Serbs. Moreover, if he had no connexion with Serbia, why should he have given two villages to Chilindar ... the famous Serbian monastery on Mount Athos, immemorially connected with Serbian kings, medieval and modern?".

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Bulgarian historiography, Vasil Zlatarski (1866–1935), the prominent scholar, mentioned her as the daughter of a Serbian nobleman. Historian Strashimir Dimitrov (1892–1960) said that she was a daughter of a local Bulgarian lord (boyar) from Macedonia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fan S. Noli (1882–1965), an Albanian-American writer, in his biography of Skanderbeg (1947), adopted the view that Vojsava came from the Muzaka family. British Harry Hodgkinson (1913–1994), an Albanophile, too, considered her a member of the Muzaka family. Schmitt refuted this view and notes that Hodgkinson had done no archival research.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boban Petrovski (b. 1972), a Macedonian historian and author of "Voisava Tribalda" (2006), the only work about Voisava and her possible genealogies, concluded that Voisava was of undoubtedly Slavic origin, most likely Serb, as she was the daughter of a lord of the ""Triballians"" (Serbs) in Polog, that had ruled before the Ottoman conquest. He had several theses on the ultimate identity of Voisava's father: "If the Branković family indeed governed Polog in the last decade of the 14th century, it arises the chance that Voisava was a daughter of Grgur Branković or even Vuk Branković."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oliver Schmitt (b. 1973), a professor of South-East European history at Vienna University, in his biography "Skanderbeg: Der neue Alexander auf dem Balkan" (2009) supported that she was a Serbian noblewoman of the Branković family and sister to Mara Branković.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Elsie (born 1950), an Albanologist, mentioned her as "a Slavic woman ... related to the noble Serbian Brankovići family".

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Voisava married Gjon Kastrioti, the "Lord of a part of Albania" (dominus partium Albanie). She bore 9 children with Gjon, 4 sons and 5 daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reposh ( 1426–d. 1431), monk, buried at a monastery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stanisha (fl. 1426–d. 1445), commander.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Konstandin (fl. 1426),

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mara, married Stefan Crnojević, Lord of Zeta (r. 1451–65)

paragraph: BULLET::::- George "Skanderbeg" (1405–1468), Albanian magnate and general; Ottoman "subaşi" of Krujë, "sanjakbey" of Dibra, later organizer of the League of Lezhe, and Napolitan vassal as of 1451

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jelena (or Jela), married Pavle Balšić with whom she had, according to Noli, three sons.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mamica, married Musachio Thopia in 1445

paragraph: BULLET::::- Angelina, married Vladan Arianiti, brother of Gjergj Arianiti.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vlajka, married Ghin Musachi, secondly Stefan Strez Balšić with whom she possibly had sons Ivan and Gojko.

description: Mother of Skanderbeg

wikidata_label: Voisava Tripalda

wikipedia_title: Voisava


text:
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
New York City
Hunter College
Jewish Theological Seminary
Israel
Radcliffe College
Harvard University
UNESCO
Israeli Sociological Association
Israel Prize
Hadassah
Henrietta Szold
List of Israel Prize recipients

categories: Israeli Jews,Israel Prize women recipients,American Jews,Radcliffe College alumni,Israel Prize in social sciences recipients,American emigrants to Israel,Hebrew University of Jerusalem faculty,Living people,1926 births

paragraph: Judith Shuval

paragraph: Judith Shuval (; born 1926) is an Israeli professor emerita of sociology who taught at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, specializing in public health and immigration.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Judith Tannenbaum Shuval was born in 1926 in New York City. She attended Hunter College and later earned a bachelor's degree from the Jewish Theological Seminary. In 1949, she immigrated to Israel and worked at the Israel Institute of Applied Social Research. She completed her Ph.D. in sociology from Radcliffe College at Harvard University in 1955. That same year, she was appointed an adviser on immigrant absorption for UNESCO.

paragraph: Shuval was hired by the Hebrew University in Jerusalem as a lecturer in sociology in 1968. She eventually became the Louis and Pearl Rose Professor of Medical Sociology. During the 1978–1979 academic year, and again in 1981, she was a visiting professor of sociology at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor.

paragraph: She also represented Israel at the European Society for Health and Medical Sociology in 1983 and served as chairwoman of the Israeli Sociological Association from 1986 to 1988.

paragraph: Shuval retired in 1994.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1959, Shuval received the Helen De-Roy prize, given by the Society for the Study of Social Problems.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1965, she was awarded the Israel Prize for sociology.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1995, Hadassah awarded her the Henrietta Szold Award for public medicine and hygiene.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Immigrants on the Threshold" 1963

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dynamics of Transition: Entering Medicine" 1979

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Social Functions of Medical Practice" (with A. Antonovsky and A.M. Davies) 1970

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Newcomers and Colleagues: Soviet Immigrant Physicians in Israel" 1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Immigrant Physicians: Former Soviet Doctors in Israel, Canada and the United States" (with J.H.Bernstein) 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Immigration to Israel: Sociological Perspectives" (with E.Leshem) 1998 [Immigration to Israel: Sociological Perspectives]

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Social Structure and Health in Israel" (with O.Anson) 2000

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Israel Prize recipients

description: Israeli sociologist

wikidata_label: Judith Shuval

wikipedia_title: Judith Shuval


text:
épée
1932 Summer Olympics

categories: Modern pentathletes at the 1932 Summer Olympics,Hungarian male fencers,Fencers at the 1932 Summer Olympics,Olympic fencers of Hungary,1905 births,Olympic modern pentathletes of Hungary,Hungarians in Vojvodina,Sportspeople from Novi Sad,Hungarian male modern pentathletes,1972 deaths

paragraph: Imre Petneházy

paragraph: Imre Petneházy (13 April 1905 – 23 September 1972) was a Hungarian épée fencer and modern pentathlete. He competed in these two events at the 1932 Summer Olympics and placed 19th in the pentathlon.

description: Fencer, modern pentathlete

wikidata_label: Imre Petneházy

wikipedia_title: Imre Petneházy


text: courtesy name

text: Shu Han

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Imperial Chancellor

text: Liu Shan

text: Cao Wei

text: six military campaigns

text: Jiang Wei

text: 11 military campaigns

text: Yan Yu

text: Huang Hao

text: Jin dynasty

text: Chengdu

text: Wei Yan

text: Hanzhong Commandery

text: Qin Mountains

text: Chengdu

text: Zhong Hui

text: Mian County

text: Shaanxi

text: Chenggu County

text: Jiange County

text: Sichuan

text: Deng Ai

text: Huang Quan

text: Mianzhu

text: Zhang Fei

text: Zhuge Shang

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Luo Guanzhong

text: Chengdu

text: Liu Shan

text: Deng Ai

text: Zhuge Shang

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Luo, Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

categories: 227 births,Shu Han generals,263 deaths,Shu Han politicians

paragraph: Zhuge Zhan

paragraph: Zhuge Zhan (227–263), courtesy name Siyuan, was a military general and official of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was a son of Zhuge Liang, the first Imperial Chancellor of Shu.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: When Zhuge Zhan was 16 years old, he married a Shu princess (a daughter of the Shu emperor Liu Shan) and was appointed as a Cavalry Commandant (騎都尉). One year later, he was promoted to a General of the Household (中郎將) in the Yulin (羽林) unit of the Imperial Guards. He subsequently held the following positions in the Shu government: Palace Attendant (侍中), Supervisor of the Masters of Writing (尚書僕射) and Military Adviser-General (軍師將軍).

paragraph: Apart from serving as an official, Zhuge Zhan was also skilled in painting and calligraphy. Since the people of Shu deeply missed Zhuge Liang, who died in 234, they especially liked Zhuge Zhan for his talents because he reminded them of his father. Whenever the Shu government implemented a favourable policy, the people give credit to Zhuge Zhan even though it might have had nothing to do with him. As Zhuge Liang banned the position of official historian in the Shu government, it was hard to distinguish which policies Zhuge Zhan had a role in, although it was clear that Zhuge Zhan's reputation was greater than his actual accomplishments.

paragraph: Section::::Pinnacle of power.

paragraph: Zhuge Zhan's frequent promotions continued until he reached the top of the imperial administrative system – the role of the Imperial Secretariat. At the same time, Zhuge Zhan was appointed as acting Protector-General (都護) and acting General of the Guards (衛將軍).

paragraph: Having seen his father adopt an aggressive foreign policy towards Shu's rival state Cao Wei in the form of six military campaigns between 228 and 234, Zhuge Zhan recognised the inherent dangers of overly using military force, especially for Shu since it was far weaker than Wei in terms of military and economic power. After Jiang Wei became the "de facto" overall commander of the Shu army, Zhuge Zhan attempted to dissuade him from continuing to wage war against Wei but to no avail – Jiang Wei launched a total of 11 military campaigns against Wei between 240 and 262. After Jiang Wei suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Wei forces, Zhuge Zhan wrote to the Shu emperor Liu Shan, asking him to remove Jiang Wei from his military command and replace him with Yan Yu, a friend of the eunuch Huang Hao. Zhuge Zhan's memorial to Liu Shan was preserved and was still available by the time of the Jin dynasty. However, it is not known whether Liu Shan heeded Zhuge Zhan's advice, because Jiang Wei did not return to the Shu capital, Chengdu, after his failure in the last of the 11 campaigns, presumably because he knew that the people of Shu were increasingly resentful of him. Liu Shan also compromised Zhuge Zhan's proposal to switch from an offensive stance against Wei to a defensive one, because he had earlier replaced Wei Yan's tried-and-tested defensive layout with a high-risk-high-reward strategy by Jiang Wei.

paragraph: Previously, the Shu general Wei Yan had invented a defensive strategy to hinder and repel invading forces by setting up "covering camps" on the outskirts and exits of trails leading to Hanzhong Commandery, a strategic location on the road into the Shu heartland. Even after Wei Yan's death, Liu Shan had followed this arrangement, which allowed the Shu forces to successfully keep Wei invaders out every time. However, Jiang Wei argued that Wei Yan's design "could only repel the enemy but not reap big profits." Hoping to score a decisive victory, Jiang Wei proposed to abandon the camps set up by Wei Yan and vacate all the passes in the Qin Mountains, so an invading Wei army could be lured deeper into Hanzhong Commandery, where the weary expedition force could be blocked and rendered vulnerable to a Shu counterattack upon retreat. Jiang Wei claimed his arrangement could achieve a decisive victory previously unimaginable when they had just defended along the Qin Mountains. Since Jiang Wei's analysis had sound logic and merit, Zhuge Zhan did not oppose dismantling Wei Yan's intertwined fortifications.

paragraph: Section::::Futile effort to defend Shu.

paragraph: In early 263, Jiang Wei requested reinforcements from Chengdu after he heard that the Wei government had put the general Zhong Hui in charge of military affairs along the Wei–Shu border. However, Liu Shan believed in Huang Hao's witchcraft, according to which destiny dictated Wei that would not attack. Liu Shan did not inform Zhuge Zhan of Jiang Wei's warnings. Nevertheless, Liu Shan did send reinforcements before the Wei invasion commenced.

paragraph: When the Wei forces started advancing towards Shu in September 263, the first half of Jiang Wei's plan worked – the Wei forces marched unopposed until they reached Han (漢; in present-day Mian County, Shaanxi) and Yue (樂; in present-day Chenggu County, Shaanxi) counties, which served as bait to wear out the enemy. However, Zhong Hui sent two smaller detachments to attack the two counties and led the main Wei army further into Shu territory. In the meantime, Jiang Wei lost to the Wei generals Wang Qi (王欣) and Yang Xin (楊欣) and had to retreat to the highly fortified mountain pass at Jiange (劍閣; in present-day Jiange County, Sichuan). Upon learning that Jiang Wei's plan had failed and sown the seeds of destruction, Zhuge Zhan hastily assembled an army in Chengdu and moved to Fu County to prepare for a final defence.

paragraph: Section::::Futile effort to defend Shu.:Battles with Deng Ai, and death.

paragraph: The aforementioned military movements happened within weeks, and Zhong Hui's rapid advance shocked most of the Shu generals. As they realised the danger of letting the enemy in, Jiang Wei and his comrades were still stuck at Jiange. As he knew that Jiange was well-defended, Zhuge Zhan did not send reinforcements there and instead held his position in Fu County. When the Wei general Deng Ai suddenly appeared in Jiangyou (江由) with his troops after taking a dangerous shortcut across mountainous terrain, the official in charge of Jiangyou surrendered without putting up a fight. Huang Chong, a son of Huang Quan, had urged Zhuge Zhan on numerous occasions to move quickly and seize control of advantageous terrain before Deng Ai did. Zhuge Zhan, however, deemed Huang Chong's plan too ambitious and adopted a more "cautious" approach instead. When Huang Chong repeatedly urged him to attack Deng Ai, Zhuge Zhan relented and tentatively sent a vanguard force to attack the enemy, which defeated them. Zhuge Zhan then left Fu County for the better fortified Mianzhu, where he planned to make a last stand against Deng Ai.

paragraph: When Deng Ai besieged Zhuge Zhan at Mianzhu, he offered the latter a chance to surrender and promised to recommend to the Wei government to enfeoff Zhuge Zhan as the Prince of Langye if he surrendered. However, Zhuge Zhan refused, had Deng Ai's messenger executed, and ordered his troops to prepare for battle outside the pass. He supposedly arranged his troops in the Eight Trigrams Formation invented by his father. At the time, there were other notable Shu figures with Zhuge Zhan at Mianzhu, including Zhang Zun (張遵; a grandson of Zhang Fei), Li Qiu (李球; an imperial guard commander), Huang Chong, as well as Zhuge Zhan's eldest son Zhuge Shang. After Huang Chong gave a speech to the Shu soldiers to boost their morale, both sides engaged in battle. Deng Ai ordered his son Deng Zhong (鄧忠) and another officer Shi Zuan (師纂) to flank Zhuge Zhan's position. They moved to the formation's left and right but the Shu forces intercepted them and drove them back; only Deng Ai's central force remained intact. When Deng Zhong and Shi Zuan complained that there was no way to break the formation and suggested that they retreat, Deng Ai angrily said that they must win if they wanted to live another day, and even threatened to execute anyone who spoke of retreat. Deng Zhong and Shi Zuan then led their men to attack the Shu formation again and succeeded in breaking it. Zhuge Zhan, Zhuge Shang, Zhang Zun, Li Qiu, Huang Chong and other Shu officers were killed in action.

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: In the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", which romanticises the events before and during the Three Kingdoms period, the writer Luo Guanzhong depicts the ill-fated defence of Chengdu in a dramatic fashion. When the Shu emperor Liu Shan sought Zhuge Zhan's opinion on how to drive the Wei invaders, Zhuge Zhan thought of dressing up as his deceased father to scare away the enemy. His ruse worked initially as the Wei soldiers panicked and scattered upon thinking that Zhuge Liang had returned from the dead. However, Deng Ai quickly pointed out that it was someone pretending to be Zhuge Liang and ordered his troops to regroup and attack. Zhuge Zhan died at the Battle of Mianzhu along with his eldest son Zhuge Shang, Huang Chong and others while helplessly outnumbered by Deng Ai's forces.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguo Yanyi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

description: Shu Han general

wikidata_label: Zhuge Zhan

wikipedia_title: Zhuge Zhan


text: Oda Nobunaga

text: Nōhime

text: Saitō Dōsan

text: Taira

text: Fujiwara

text: Mino

text: Azai Nagamasa

text: Yodo-dono

text: Ohatsu

text: Oeyo

text: Odani

text: Toyotomi Hideyoshi

text: Shibata Katsuie

text: Battle of Shizugatake

text: Kitanosho Castle

text: Chacha

text: concubine

text: Hideyori

text: Siege of Osaka

text: Ohatsu

text: Kyōgoku Takatsugu

text: Oeyo

text: Tokugawa Hidetada

text: Iemitsu

text: Kazuko

text: Emperor Go-Mizunoo

text: Empress Meishō

text: Oda Nobuhide

text: Tsuchida Gozen

text: Oda Nobuhiro

text: Oda Nobunaga

text: Oda Nobuyuki

text: Oda Nobukane

text: Oda Nagamasu

text: Oda Nobuharu

text: Oda Nobutoki

text: Oda Nobuoki

text: Oda Hidetaka

text: Oda Hidenari

text: Oda Nobuteru

text: Oda Nagatoshi

text: Oda Nobumitsu

text: Oinu

text: Azai Nagamasa

text: Shibata Katsuie

text: Chacha

text: Hatsu

text: Gö

text: Shibata Katsutoyo

text: Samurai Warriors

text: Kendama

text: Pokémon Conquest

text: Pokémon

text: Jigglypuff

text: Wigglytuff

text: Sengoku Basara

text: "Ogata Kenzan (1663-1743)."

text: OCLC 19111312

text: Yoshikawa, Eiji.

text: Kodansha International

text: OCLC 248372298

text: Biography of Lady Oichi

categories: 1547 births,Oda clan,1583 deaths,16th-century Japanese women,16th-century Japanese people

paragraph: Oichi

paragraph: Oichi was the younger sister of Oda Nobunaga; and she was the sister-in-law of Nōhime, the daughter of Saitō Dōsan. Oichi was equally renowned for her beauty and her resolve. She was descended from the Taira and Fujiwara clans.

paragraph: Section::::Life as a spouse and mother.

paragraph: Following Nobunaga's conquest of Mino in 1567, in an effort to cement an alliance between Nobunaga and rival warlord Azai Nagamasa, Nobunaga arranged for Oichi, then twenty years old, to marry Nagamasa. Their marriage was through political means, ensuring an alliance between the Oda and the Azai clans. She bore Nagamasa one son (Manjumaru) and three daughters – Yodo-dono, Ohatsu and Oeyo.

paragraph: In the summer of 1570, Nagamasa betrayed his alliance with Nobunaga and went to war with him on behalf of the Asakura family. A story relates that Oichi sent her brother a sack of beans tied at both ends, ostensibly as a good-luck charm but in reality a warning that he was about to be attacked from both front and rear by the Asakura and Azai clans. According to the story, Nobunaga understood the message and retreated from his brother-in-law's assault in time.

paragraph: The fighting continued for three years until the Asakura and other anti-Oda forces were destroyed or weakened. Oichi remained with her husband at Odani Castle throughout the conflict, even after Toyotomi Hideyoshi, a trusted vassal of Nobunaga at the time, began laying siege to the castle. When Odani was surrounded, Nobunaga requested that his sister be returned to him before the final attack. Nagamasa agreed, sending out Oichi and her three daughters. Nagamasa had no hope of winning, and chose to commit seppuku.

paragraph: Oichi and her daughters remained in the Oda family's care for the next decade. After Nobunaga was assassinated in 1582, his sons and vassals broke into two major factions, led by two of Nobunaga's favored generals, Shibata Katsuie and Hideyoshi. Nobunaga's third son, Nobutaka, belonged to the former group, and arranged for his aunt Oichi to marry Katsuie in order to ensure his loyalty to the Oda clan. But in 1583, Katsuie was defeated by Hideyoshi in the Battle of Shizugatake, forcing him to retreat to his home at Kitanosho Castle.

paragraph: As Hideyoshi's army lay siege to the castle, Katsuie implored Oichi to flee with her daughters and seek Hideyoshi's protection. Oichi refused, insisting on dying with her husband after their daughters were sent away. "The daughters were taken care of by Hideyoshi."

paragraph: Section::::Oichi's daughters.

paragraph: Oichi's three daughters each went on to become important historical figures in their own right.

paragraph: The eldest and the most famous, Chacha became a concubine to Hideyoshi, whose army had killed not only both her birth parents but also her stepfather. She became known as Yodo-dono or Yodogimi (from Yodo Castle, given to her by Hideyoshi), and she bore him his only two sons, including his heir Hideyori. Yodo-dono and Hideyori later died in the Siege of Osaka, in 1615, the final battle of the Warring States era.

paragraph: The second, Ohatsu, married Kyōgoku Takatsugu, a man from a noble family once served by the Azai clan. The Kyogoku clan sided with Ieyasu after Hideyoshi's death, giving her the means to serve as an intermediary between Ieyasu and Yodo-dono. She worked in vain to end their hostilities, and after Yodo-dono and Hideyori's death, managed to save Hideyori's daughter by putting her in a convent.

paragraph: The youngest, Oeyo (also called Ogō), married Tokugawa Hidetada, Ieyasu's heir and the second Tokugawa Shōgun. They had many children, including the third Shōgun Iemitsu, and Kazuko, consort to Emperor Go-Mizunoo. Kazuko's daughter Okiko became Empress Meishō, thus posthumously making Oichi both a grandmother to a Shōgun and a great-grandmother to an Empress.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Oda Nobuhide (1510–1551)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Tsuchida Gozen (died 1594)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brothers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nobuhiro (died 1574)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nobunaga (1534–1582)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nobuyuki (1536–1557)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nobukane (1548–1614)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nagamasu (1548–1622)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nobuharu (1549–1570)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nobutoki (died 1556)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nobuoki

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Hidetaka (died 1555)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Hidenari

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nobuteru

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nagatoshi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nobumitsu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sister:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oinu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Husbands:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Azai Nagamasa (1564–1573)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shibata Katsuie (1582–1583)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Children (By Nagamasa)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chacha (1569–1615)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hatsu (1570–1633)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gö (1573–1626)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manpukumaru (1563?–1573)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adopted sons (of Katsuie)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shibata Katsutoyo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shibata Katsumasa

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: She's a playable character in the "Samurai Warriors" series of games, armed with Kendama and later changed to Four Bladed Hoops chained to another, where her story is fleshed out. That same version is also in "Pokémon Conquest" (Pokémon + Nobunaga's Ambition in Japan), with her partner Pokémon being Jigglypuff and Wigglytuff.

paragraph: Oichi (under the alias Oyu of Odani) is a playable character in the game "".

paragraph: There's even a version of her in the "Sengoku Basara" series of games, starting with the second one. She is depicted as a tragic, gloomy woman who wrongfully blames herself for everything to the point she is driven mad. Originally fighting with a Nagita, she later uses hands made from a dark aura.

paragraph: Oichi is also the character name of the initial gunner mercenary in the MMORPG Atlantica Online

paragraph: She is also a recurring character in the "Warriors Orochi" series.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilson, Richard L. (1985). "Ogata Kenzan (1663-1743)." Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas (PhD. dissertation manuscript). OCLC 19111312

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yoshikawa, Eiji. (2000). "Taiko: an epic novel of war and glory in feudal Japan" (William Scott Wilson, translator). Tokyo, London: Kodansha International. ; OCLC 248372298

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Lady Oichi

description: historical figure in the late Sengoku period

wikidata_label: Oichi

wikipedia_title: Oichi


text:
Mexican
Hermosillo
Sonora
Zacatecas
El Universal
Mexico City
Ramón López Velarde
Fondo de Cultura Económica
pneumonia
Ricardo Monreal Avila

categories: 1999 deaths,People from Zacatecas,20th-century poets,20th-century Mexican male writers,1913 births,Mexican poets,Male poets

paragraph: Roberto Cabral del Hoyo

paragraph: Roberto Cabral del Hoyo (August 7, 1913 – October 4, 1999) was a Mexican historian and writer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: His father was Don Fernando Cabral Velasco, who worked in Hermosillo, Sonora, as manager of the Banco Nacional de Mexico. His mother, Amalia Rouset Pit, belonged to a family of former miners and ranchers. Robert was born in the city of Zacatecas.

paragraph: In June 1930, Robert participated in a speech contest organized by El Universal. He did well in the qualifying state and had the opportunity to attend the national qualifiers, held in Mexico City. Although he lost, he met several people that were interested in literature like him and gained something more important: a passion for literature revives.

paragraph: Without a father, he took refuge in poetry. Robert was also introduced into the world of letters.

paragraph: In his late teens he attended La Peña Literaria, which was formed in 1931 to celebrate the centenary of Sciences Institute (now University). There, he learned to critically evaluate his own texts and those of Ramón López Velarde. In the same year, Don Roberto suspended his studies and began to work in the State Treasury. He was financially responsible for Marie Louise and her sisters Amalia. Subsequently, he returned to administer the estate, which he could never do.

paragraph: Section::::Literary life.

paragraph: Robert began to write poetry and published his first compositions in 1941. After being published, he became very successful and wrote several books of his own.

paragraph: While in Mexico from 1938 to 1948, he would write, direct and produce radio programs for XEW, XEQ and Radio Mil. In 1948, he published his second book of your love and your Lost and Other Poems.

paragraph: From 1948 to 1949, he was deputy director of Radio Education, SEP, and in 1950 the Editorial STYLO, he published his third book.

paragraph: Roberto masterfully handled sonnets, was smart and sensitive, and made the meter and rhythm combine in poems imbued with intense feeling. His extraordinary literary excellence belonged to the Group of Eight, along with major poets like Alejandro Avila, Efren Hernandez, Dolores Castro and Rosario Castilian. His poetry runs between the different human feelings but also pays tribute to Zacatecas in many of his works.

paragraph: Section::::Literary life.:Career as a public servant.

paragraph: His career in public service included serving as director of federal government tourist services, and deputy director of Radio Education, where he never dropped his commitment to children and youth in Mexico.

paragraph: Robert returned to Zacatecas to spend his last days, always attentive to the institution that bears his name, being in contact with teachers, principals and students.

paragraph: Section::::Literary life.:Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1959, he published his book "Against the Dark Wind" with the JUS Editorial.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1962, the JUS Editorial published his book "Three" of his words.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1964, Editorial Castalia published his book "Word".

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1966, the Editorial Ecuador O. O. O., he published his book "Filly Pearl".

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1968, in the "Journal of Popular Culture", he published his book "To My Roots of the Earth".

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1970, the Fondo de Cultura Económica published it in the Arena Trail.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1971, the Government of the State of Zacatecas, he published June 19.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1980, the Fondo de Cultura Económica published his poetry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1985, Roberto poetic reflections were published in San Angelo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2001, musicians David Soraiz and Edmundo Llamas published "Si usted supiera Don Roberto," an audio CD containing songs with lyrics by Roberto Cabral del Hoyo and music by Soraiz and Llamas.

paragraph: Section::::Literary life.:Death.

paragraph: Robert died of pneumonia on October 4, 1999. His remains were moved to his hometown of Zacatecas, where they were received by the state governor, Ricardo Monreal Avila.

paragraph: Ricardo was paid tribute, first in the central courtyard of the Palacio de Gobierno and later in the LVI Legislature of the state. Robert's body was cremated and his ashes were deposited later by his children, Robert, Marie Louise and Laura. In the library Pit Roberto Cabral leaves his vast legacy. Some of the highlights include, "Of Poetry" (1941), "Of your love and your oblivion and Other Poems" (1948), "On merit grace" (1950), "Romance of Zacatecas" (1952), "Against the Dark Wind" (1959), "Pearl Filly" (1966), "Incomplete Poetry" (1971) and "Poetic Works" (1980).

description: Mexican poet

wikidata_label: Roberto Cabral del Hoyo

wikipedia_title: Roberto Cabral del Hoyo


text:
pop
soul
blues
Don Costa
Justin Stanley
Tokyo
Japan
Don Costa
Don Ho
Tony Renis
Frank Sinatra
White House
(Out Here) On My Own
Fame
Motown
Butterfly Rocket
ARIA Music Awards
Tommy Hilfiger
advertising campaign
Everybody Got Their Something
"Billboard" 200
Britney Spears
Dream Within a Dream Tour
can'tneverdidnothin'
Lenny Kravitz
CBS
Courting Alex
Jenna Elfman
Mark Ronson
Blow
Johnny Depp
All About Steve
Sandra Bullock
Bradley Cooper
Pebble to a Pearl
Grey's Anatomy
The Peanuts Movie
Pebble to a Pearl
Pro Whoa
Eric Clapton
Clapton
Nikka Costa
Butterfly Rocket
Everybody Got Their Something
US
AUS
AUT
SWI
UK
can'tneverdidnothin'
Pebble to a Pearl
Pro Whoa
NED
UK
GER

categories: 1972 births,Singers from Los Angeles,American expatriates in Australia,Child pop musicians,21st-century American singers,21st-century American women singers,People from Beverly Hills, California,20th-century American singers,American soul singers,People from Tokyo,American funk singers,American people of Italian descent,Living people

paragraph: Nikka Costa

paragraph: Domenica "Nikka" Costa (born June 4, 1972) is an Australian-American singer whose music combines elements of pop, soul, and blues. She also had a career as a child singer starting in the early 1980s. She is the daughter of music producer Don Costa and is married to Australian producer/songwriter Justin Stanley.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Nikka Costa was born in Tokyo, Japan. Her father Don Costa was a producer and musician. During her childhood Costa was surrounded by famous musicians and traveled around the world with her father.

paragraph: At age 5 Costa recorded a single with Hawaiian singer Don Ho. Italian producers Danny B. Besquet and Tony Renis were working with her father on the album "Don Costa Plays the Beatles" when they had a brainstorm to produce an album with Nikka singing while her father played acoustic guitar. The album was well received in Europe and Costa became known as a child star. At age 9 Costa sang with Frank Sinatra in an appearance on the lawn of the White House.

paragraph: Costa's career as a recording artist under her own name started in 1981, when she recorded the song "(Out Here) On My Own" (from the movie "Fame"). The single reached #72 in Germany, #7 in Switzerland, #32 in the Netherlands, #13 in the Flanders region of Belgium., and #1 in Italy. The album "Nikka Costa" was released outside the U.S. in 1981. Costa toured the world. Her second album "Fairy Tales (cuentos de hadas)" was released in 1983. Don Costa died of a heart attack shortly after the album was recorded. The pop album "Here I Am... Yes, It's Me" was released to fulfill a contractual obligation in 1989.

paragraph: After graduating from high school, Costa decided to move away from pop and moved toward funk and soul, becoming influenced by Motown artists.

paragraph: Section::::Adult career.

paragraph: While already a music business veteran, in the early 1990s Costa transitioned away from childhood pop to mature soul. She married Australian producer/songwriter Justin Stanley and moved to his country. (Costa and Stanley now have a daughter named Sugar McQueen.) While in Australia, Costa began writing her own songs and formed a "happy funk" band called Little Mona & the Shag Daddies, which broke up after four gigs in Sydney. Costa's next venture was a band called Sugarbone, which toured Australia in 1994. Costa describes the experience as "It was really scary to unveil it but the reaction was good. It helped my confidence." After Sugarbone, she signed to the Mushroom label in Australia. In 1996 Costa released the album "Butterfly Rocket" in Australia. The record led to a nomination for ARIA Music Awards Breakthrough Artist in 1996 and Best Female Artist in 1997.

paragraph: In 2000, Costa's song "Like A Feather" was featured in a Tommy Hilfiger television advertising campaign. That exposure coupled with the track's music video helped launch her U.S. music career. The album "Everybody Got Their Something" was released in 2001 and reached #120 on the "Billboard" 200. The title track and "Like a Feather" were radio hits, although the latter did peak at #53 in the United Kingdom. In 2002, Costa was the opening act for Britney Spears' Dream Within a Dream Tour in the US and Canada. In 2005, Costa released the album "can'tneverdidnothin'". She toured with Lenny Kravitz who also performed on the record. In 2006 she and her husband Justin Stanley recorded and performed the theme to the short-lived CBS sitcom "Courting Alex" starring Jenna Elfman.

paragraph: Costa was a guest singer on Mark Ronson's album "Here Comes the Fuzz". Ronson has produced some of Costa's songs. Her song "Push & Pull" from the album "Everybody Got Their Something" is included in the soundtrack of the 2001 movie "Blow" starring Johnny Depp. Her song "Everybody Got Their Something", was used in the soundtrack of the 2009 movie "All About Steve" starring Sandra Bullock and Bradley Cooper. Her song "Stuck To You" from the album "Pebble to a Pearl" was used in an episode of "Grey's Anatomy" in season five and it was used in The Peanuts Movie.

paragraph: Costa is currently signed with Stax Records. She released the studio album "Pebble to a Pearl" on October 14, 2008. In 2010 she released the single "Ching Ching Ching" in Europe. The song is notable from a genre change from soul/funk to electro-pop. The single reached #69 in Germany, making it Costa's first single to chart in Germany since "On My Own" in 1981. A new EP titled "Pro Whoa" was released in 2011. Costa co-wrote the song "Diamonds Made from Rain" on Eric Clapton's 2010 album "Clapton". The album "Nikka & Strings: Underneath and in Between", consisting of covers of rock standards, was released on June 2, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: As a child artist

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nikka Costa" (1981) – Released in Europe and South America (Platinum certification in Spain).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fairy Tales" aka "Cuentos de Hadas" (1983) – Spanish album, released in Europe and South America

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Here I Am... Yes, It's Me" aka "Loca Tentación" (1989) – English album, released in Europe and South America

paragraph: As an adult artist

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Butterfly Rocket" (1996) – Released only in Australia

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Everybody Got Their Something" (2001) – US #120, AUS #97, AUT #49, SWI #41, UK #109

paragraph: BULLET::::- "can'tneverdidnothin'" (2005) – US #157, SWI #75

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pebble to a Pearl" (2008) – US #157

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pro Whoa" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nikka & Strings, Underneath and in Between" (2017)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Master Blaster" (1996) – AUS #126

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Get Off My Sunshine" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Treat Her Right" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Like a Feather" (2001) – AUS #93, NED #88, UK #53

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ching Ching Ching" (2010) – GER #69

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nothing Compares 2 U" (2017)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Remix albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Return of the Funky White Bitch" (2001) – a promo release featuring remixed versions of songs from "Everybody Got Their Something", with remixes by Mark Ronson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stuck to You" (2008) – Promo remix EP

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Live albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live at the Bridge" (1996) – EP bundled with the re-released version of "Butterfly Rocket"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live in Tokyo" (2001) – promo CDR featuring a performance at Astro Hall

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live at the Roxy" (2005) – DVD sold at concerts

description: Japanese-born American singer, ballet dancer and swimmer

wikidata_label: Nikka Costa

wikipedia_title: Nikka Costa


text: Australian rules football

text: Victorian Football League

text: Bernie Baxter

text: Ken Baxter

text: Blueseum

text: Ken Baxter's obituary

text: "Boyles Football Photos": Ken Baxter.

categories: Carlton Football Club players,1917 births,1959 deaths,Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)

paragraph: Ken Baxter

paragraph: Ken "Fleetwood Smith" Baxter (20 August 1917 – 27 April 1959) was an Australian rules footballer in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: The son of William John Baxter, and Margaret Baxter, née Nihill, Kenneth Matthew Patrick Baxter was born on 20 August 1917.

paragraph: His brother, Bernie Baxter, also played with Carlton.

paragraph: He married Alice Maisie Diggins in 1944.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He died, suddenly, on 27 April 1959.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- World War Two Service Record: Private Kenneth Matthew Patrick Baxter (VX110353): "Department of Veterans' Affairs, Australia".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ken Baxter at Blueseum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ken Baxter's obituary

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Boyles Football Photos": Ken Baxter.

description: Australian rules footballer

wikidata_label: Ken Baxter

wikipedia_title: Ken Baxter