text: courtesy name

text: Shu Han

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Chancellor

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Li Yan

text: Cao Wei

text: Jiang Wei

text: Deng Ai

text: Chengdu

text: Luoyang

text: Chen Shou

text: Records of Three Kingdoms

text: Liu Bei

text: Lady Gan

text: Cao Cao

text: Jing Province

text: Hubei

text: Hunan

text: Battle of Changban

text: Zhao Yun

text: Lady Sun

text: A Brief History of Wei

text: Yu Huan

text: Pei County

text: Jiangsu

text: Hanzhong

text: Pei Songzhi

text: Shu Han

text: Chengdu

text: Sun Quan

text: Lü Meng

text: invade and seize Jing Province

text: Battle of Xiaoting

text: Baidicheng

text: chancellor

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Fei Yi

text: Dong Yun

text: Guo Youzhi

text: Xiang Chong

text: Eastern Wu

text: Cao Wei

text: Zhang Fei

text: Empress Zhang

text: Nanman

text: headed south

text: Northern Expeditions

text: Li Yan

text: Jiang Wan

text: Hanzhong

text: Mianyang

text: Sichuan

text: Empress Zhang

text: Dong Yun

text: Cao Shuang

text: Battle of Xingshi

text: Huang Hao

text: Jiang Wei

text: campaigns against Wei

text: Sima Shi

text: Sima Zhao

text: Zhuge Ke

text: Battle of Didao

text: Dingxi

text: Gansu

text: Deng Ai

text: Dong Jue

text: Zhuge Zhan

text: Yan Yu

text: Zhugqu County

text: Gansu

text: Xue Xu

text: Sun Xiu

text: Jiang Wei

text: Deng Ai

text: Zhuge Xu

text: Zhong Hui

text: Huang Hao

text: Hanzhong

text: Shaanxi

text: Mianyang

text: Sichuan

text: Zhuge Zhan

text: Chengdu

text: Qiao Zhou

text: attempt to seize power

text: Liu Xuan

text: Luoyang

text: 二王三恪

text: Spring and Autumn Annals of Han and Jin

text: Xi Zuochi

text: Sima Zhao

text: Chinese idiom

text: Jin Dynasty

text: Wu Hu

text: Liu Yuan

text: Han Zhao

text: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Luo Guanzhong

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Huang Hao

text: Battle of Changban#In fiction

text: seventh instalment

text: Koei

text: Dynasty Warriors

text: List of Chinese monarchs

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Luo, Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

categories: Liu Bei and immediate family,Jin Dynasty (265–420) people related to the Three Kingdoms,207 births,Shu Han emperors,271 deaths,People from Xiangyang

paragraph: Liu Shan

paragraph: Liu Shan () (207–271), courtesy name Gongsi, was the second and last emperor of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. As he ascended the throne at the age of 16, Liu Shan was entrusted to the care of the Chancellor Zhuge Liang and Imperial Secretariat Li Yan. His reign of 40 years was the longest of all in the Three Kingdoms era. During Liu Shan's reign, many campaigns were led against the rival state of Cao Wei, primarily by Zhuge Liang and his successor Jiang Wei, but to little avail. Liu Shan eventually surrendered to Wei in 263 after Deng Ai led a surprise attack on the Shu capital Chengdu. He was quickly relocated to Luoyang, capital of Wei, and enfeoffed as "Duke Anle". There he enjoyed his last years peacefully before dying, most probably of natural causes, in 271.

paragraph: Widely known by his infant name "Adou / Edou" (阿斗), Liu Shan was commonly perceived as an incapable, even mentally handicapped ruler. He was also accused of indulging in pleasures while neglecting state affairs. However, some modern scholars have taken a different opinions on Liu Shan's capability, as Liu Shan's reign in Shu Han was free of bloody court coups and bloodshed and was the only court in the Three Kingdoms era to remain relatively bloodless. Nevertheless, the name "Adou" is today still commonly used in Chinese to describe incapable people who would not achieve anything even with significant assistance.

paragraph: As Chen Shou, the author of "Records of Three Kingdoms", noted, contrary to tradition, Zhuge Liang banned official historians at Liu Shan's court, and after Zhuge's death, it appeared Liu did not revive that post. Therefore, many of the events during his reign were unrecorded, causing limited details about Liu Shan's reign in historical records.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Liu Shan was the eldest son of the warlord Liu Bei and was born to Liu Bei's concubine Lady Gan. In 208, Liu Bei's rival Cao Cao, who had by then occupied most of northern China, launched a campaign on Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan). During his retreat south, Liu Bei was caught up by an elite cavalry force led by Cao Cao at the Battle of Changban, and forced to leave behind Lady Gan and Liu Shan to resume his escape. Liu Bei's general Zhao Yun stayed behind to protect the family members of Liu Bei. Holding the infant Liu Shan in his arms, Zhao Yun led the mother and child to safety. (It appears likely that Lady Gan had died sometime before 209, because when Liu Bei's wife Lady Sun effectively divorced Liu Bei in 211, Liu Shan was in her custody.)

paragraph: An alternative story of Liu Shan's early life was given in "A Brief History of Wei" by Yu Huan. It was said that Liu Shan, then already several years old, was separated from Liu Bei when the latter was attacked by Cao Cao in Xiaopei (小沛; present-day Pei County, Jiangsu) in 200. He somehow landed in Hanzhong and was sold by human traffickers. Only when Liu Bei declared himself emperor in 221 was Liu Shan reunited with his father. However, this story was rejected by Pei Songzhi, who made annotations to "Records of the Three Kingdoms", taking into account various other sources.

paragraph: After Liu Bei declared himself emperor of Shu Han in 221, Liu Shan was formally made the crown prince. In the following year, Liu Bei left the capital Chengdu on a campaign against Sun Quan, who had sent his general Lü Meng to invade and seize Jing Province from Liu Bei in 219. Liu Bei was defeated at the Battle of Xiaoting and, having retreated to the city of Baidicheng, eventually died in 223. Before his death, Liu Bei entrusted the young Liu Shan to the care of his chancellor Zhuge Liang. Liu Bei even told Zhuge Liang to take the throne if Liu Shan proved to be incapable.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Zhuge Liang's regency.

paragraph: During the early years of his reign, Liu Shan was not an unwise ruler. While Zhuge Liang was alive, Liu Shan treated him as a father figure, allowing Zhuge to handle all state affairs. Zhuge Liang recommended many trusted officials, including Fei Yi, Dong Yun, Guo Youzhi and Xiang Chong into key positions. Under Zhuge Liang's advice, Liu Shan entered into an alliance with the state of Eastern Wu, helping both states to survive against the much larger state of Cao Wei. During Zhuge Liang's regency, the government was largely efficient and not corrupt, allowing the relatively small state of Shu to prepare itself for military campaigns.

paragraph: In 223, Liu Shan married Zhang Fei's daughter, Empress Zhang.

paragraph: In the aftermath of Liu Bei's death, the southern Nanman tribes had peeled away from Shu dominion. In 225, Zhuge Liang headed south and was able to, by both military victories and persuasion, reintegrate the southern region into the empire. For the rest of Zhuge Liang's regency, the southern Nanman people would be key contributors to Shu's campaigns against Wei.

paragraph: Starting in 227, Zhuge Liang launched his five Northern Expeditions against Wei, but all except one were military failures (albeit not military disasters) in that his forces ran out of food before they were able to inflict significant damage on Wei and therefore were forced to withdraw. It was during one of Zhuge Liang's campaigns that the only real political crisis during Zhuge's regency would occur. In 231, unable to supply the troops sufficiently, Zhuge Liang's co-regent Li Yan forged an edict by Liu Shan, ordering Zhuge Liang to retreat. When Zhuge Liang discovered this, he recommended that Li Yan be removed from his office and put under house arrest, and Liu Shan accepted the recommendation.

paragraph: In 234, while Zhuge Liang was on his final campaign against Wei, he grew seriously ill. Hearing about Zhuge's illness, Liu Shan sent his secretary Li Fu (李福) to the front line to visit Zhuge Liang and to request Zhuge to leave instructions on important state matters. Among other things, Zhuge Liang recommended that Jiang Wan succeed him, and that Fei Yi succeed Jiang Wan. Zhuge Liang refused to answer Li Fu's next question — who should succeed Fei Yi. Zhuge Liang died soon thereafter. Liu Shan followed Zhuge's instructions and installed Jiang Wan as the new regent.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Jiang Wan's regency.

paragraph: Jiang Wan was a capable administrator, and he continued Zhuge Liang's domestic policies, leaving the government largely efficient. He was also known for his tolerance of dissension and his humility. Not having much military aptitude, however, he soon abandoned Zhuge Liang's aggressive foreign policy towards Wei, and indeed in 241 withdrew most of the troops from the important border city of Hanzhong to Fu County (涪縣; in present-day Mianyang, Sichuan). From that point on, Shu was generally in a defensive posture and no longer posed a threat to Wei. (This was in fact misinterpreted by many Wu officials as a sign that Shu was abandoning the alliance and entering into a treaty with Wei, but was correctly read by Wu's emperor Sun Quan as merely a sign of weakness, not an abandonment of the alliance.)

paragraph: In 237, Empress Zhang died. That year, Liu Shan took her younger sister as a consort, and in 238 created her empress. Her title remained the same as her sister, Empress Zhang.

paragraph: In 243, Jiang Wan grew ill and transferred most of his authority to Fei Yi and Fei's assistant Dong Yun. In 244, when Wei's regent Cao Shuang attacked Hanzhong, it was Fei Yi who led the troops against Cao Shuang and dealt Wei a major defeat in the Battle of Xingshi. Jiang Wan, however, remained influential until his death in 245. Soon after Jiang Wan's death, Dong Yun also died — allowing the eunuch Huang Hao, a favourite of Liu Shan's, whose power Dong Yun had curbed, to start aggrandising his power. Huang Hao was viewed as corrupt and highly manipulative in domestic matters, and the governmental efficiency that was achieved during Zhuge Liang's and Jiang Wan's regencies began to deteriorate.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Fei Yi's regency.

paragraph: After Jiang Wan and Dong Yun's deaths, Liu Shan named Jiang Wei as Fei Yi's assistant, but both were largely involved only in military matters, as Liu Shan gradually became more self-assertive in non-military matters. It was also around this time that he became more interested in touring the countryside and increasing the use of luxury items, both of which added stress on the treasury, albeit not cripplingly so. Jiang Wei was interested in resuming Zhuge Liang's policies of attacking Wei aggressively, a strategy that Fei Yi partially agreed with — as he allowed Jiang Wei to make raids on Wei's borders, but never gave him a large number of troops, reasoning that Shu was in no position for a major military confrontation with Wei.

paragraph: In 253, Fei Yi was assassinated by the general Guo Xun (郭循) -- a former Wei general who had been forced to surrender but who secretly maintained his loyalty to Wei. Fei Yi's death left Jiang Wei as the "de facto" regent, but with a power vacuum in domestic affairs, as Jiang Wei continued to be on the borders, conducting campaigns against Wei. Huang Hao's influence increased greatly as a result.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Jiang Wei's semi-regency.

paragraph: After Fei Yi's death, Jiang Wei assumed command of Shu's troops and began a number of campaigns against Wei—but while they were troubling to the Wei regents Sima Shi and Sima Zhao, the attacks largely inflicted no real damage against Wei, as Jiang Wei's campaigns were plagued by one problem that had plagued Zhuge Liang's -- the lack of adequate food supply—and largely had to be terminated after a short duration. These campaigns instead had a detrimental effect on Shu, whose government no longer had the efficiency that it had during Zhuge Liang's and Jiang Wan's regencies, and therefore was unable to cope with the drain of resources that Jiang Wei's campaigns were having.

paragraph: In 253, Jiang Wei made a coordinated attack on Wei, along with Wu's regent Zhuge Ke, but was eventually forced to withdraw after his troops ran out of food supplies — allowing Sima Shi to concentrate against Zhuge Ke, dealing Wu forces a devastating defeat that eventually caused so much resentment that Zhuge Ke was assassinated. This was the last of the coordinated attacks by Shu and Wu on Wei in the duration of the Shu-Wu alliance.

paragraph: In 255, on one of Jiang Wei's campaigns, he dealt Wei forces a major defeat in the Battle of Didao, nearly capturing the important Wei border city Didao (狄道; in present-day Dingxi, Gansu), but in 256, as he tried to again confront the Wei forces, he was instead dealt a defeat by Deng Ai, and this was a fairly devastating loss that left Jiang Wei with a weakened standing with the people. Many officials now openly questioned Jiang Wei's strategy, but Liu Shan took no actions to stop Jiang. Further, in 259, under Jiang Wei's suggestion, Liu Shan approved a plan where the main troops were withdrawn from major border cities to try to induce a Wei attack, with troops positioned in such a way as to intend a trapping of the Wei troops — a strategy that would be used several years later, in 263, when Wei did attack, but which would prove to be a failure.

paragraph: By 261, Huang Hao's power appeared paramount. Among the key domestic officials, only Dong Jue and Zhuge Liang's son Zhuge Zhan were able to maintain their posts without flattering Huang Hao. In 262, Huang Hao would in fact try to remove Jiang Wei and replace him with his friend Yan Yu (閻宇). Upon hearing this, Jiang Wei advised Liu Shan to execute Huang Hao, but the emperor denied the request, saying that the eunuch was but a servant who ran errands. Fearing retaliation, Jiang Wei left Chengdu to garrison troops at Tazhong (沓中; northwest of present-day Zhugqu County, Gansu).

paragraph: According to the Wu ambassador Xue Xu, who visited Shu in 261 at the order of the Wu emperor Sun Xiu, the status that Shu was in at this point was:

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Fall of Shu.

paragraph: In 262, aggravated by Jiang Wei's constant attacks, Wei's regent Sima Zhao planned to carry out a major campaign to terminate the Shu threat once and for all. Upon hearing rumours of this plan, Jiang Wei submitted a request to Liu Shan, warning him about the mustering of Wei troops under the generals Deng Ai, Zhuge Xu, and Zhong Hui near the border. However, Huang Hao persuaded Liu Shan with fortunetelling to take no action on Jiang Wei's requests for war preparations.

paragraph: In 263, Sima Zhao launched his attacks, led by Deng Ai, Zhuge Xu, and Zhong Hui. Liu Shan followed Jiang Wei's previous plans and ordered the border troops to withdraw and prepare to trap Wei forces, rather than to confront them directly. The plan, however, had a fatal flaw — it assumed that Wei forces would siege the border cities, which, instead, Deng Ai and Zhong Hui ignored, and they advanced instead on Yang'an Pass (陽安關; in present-day Hanzhong, Shaanxi), capturing it. Jiang Wei was able to meet their troops and initially repel them, but Deng Ai led his army through a treacherous mountain pass and deep into Shu territory. There he launched a surprise attack on Jiangyou (江油; in present-day Mianyang, Sichuan). After defeating Zhuge Zhan there, Deng Ai had virtually no Shu troops left between his army and the Shu capital Chengdu. Faced with the prospect of defending Chengdu against Deng Ai's troops with no defences, Liu Shan took the advice of Secretary Qiao Zhou and promptly surrendered. While the surrender was criticised by many, the historian Wang Yin (王隱), in his "Records of Shu" (蜀記), described the move as a policy that placed the welfare of the people on top.

paragraph: In 264, Zhong Hui would carry out an attempt to seize power — which Jiang Wei, who had surrendered to Zhong Hui, tried to take advantage of to revive Shu. He advised Zhong Hui to falsely accuse Deng Ai of treason and arrest him, and, with their combined troops, rebel against Sima Zhao. Zhong Hui did so, and Jiang Wei planned to next kill Zhong Hui and his followers, and then redeclare Shu's independence under emperor Liu Shan, and had in fact written to Liu Shan to inform him of those plans. However, Zhong Hui's troops rebelled against him, and both Jiang Wei and Zhong Hui were killed in battle. Liu Shan himself was not harmed in the disturbance, although his crown prince Liu Xuan was killed in the confusion.

paragraph: Section::::Life after the fall of Shu.

paragraph: In 264, Liu Shan and his entire family was relocated to the Wei capital Luoyang. On 11 April 264, he was enfeoffed as the "Duke of Anle" (安樂公; literally meaning "duke of peace and comfort") while his sons and grandsons became marquises. This practice was referred to as "er wang san ke" (二王三恪). According to the "Spring and Autumn Annals of Han and Jin" (漢晉春秋) by Xi Zuochi, one day, the Wei regent Sima Zhao invited Liu Shan and his followers to a feast, during which Sima Zhao arranged to have entertainers perform traditional Shu music and dance. The former Shu officials present were all saddened, but Liu Shan was visibly unmoved. When asked by Sima Zhao if he missed his former state, Liu Shan replied:

paragraph: I enjoy life here and do not think of Shu at all. (此間樂，不思蜀)

paragraph: This phrase became a Chinese idiom - "le bu si shu" (樂不思蜀; literally meaning "too joyful to think about home", but often with a negative implication). This was noted by Sima Zhao as a sign that Liu Shan was an incompetent fool; however, some later historians believed that it showed Liu Shan's wisdom in intentionally displaying a lack of ambition so that Sima Zhao would not view him as a threat.

paragraph: Liu Shan died in 271 in Luoyang, and was given the posthumous name "Duke Si of Anle" (安樂思公; literally "the deep-thinking duke of Anle"). His dukedom lasted several generations during Wei's successor state, the Jin Dynasty, before being extinguished in the turmoils caused by the Wu Hu. Liu Yuan, the founder of Han Zhao, one of the states in the Sixteen Kingdoms, claimed to be a legitimate successor of the Han Dynasty. He gave Liu Shan the posthumous name "Emperor Xiaohuai" (孝懷皇帝; literally: "the filial and kind emperor").

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: Liu Shan appears as a character in the historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" by Luo Guanzhong, which romanticises the historical events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. In the novel, Liu Shan is generally portrayed as an incapable ruler who was easily swayed by words, especially those from the eunuch Huang Hao, whom he favoured.

paragraph: See the following for some fictitious stories in "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" involving Liu Shan:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Changban#In fiction

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Liu Shan is first introduced as a playable character in the seventh instalment of Koei's "Dynasty Warriors" video game series.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Chinese monarchs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguo Yanyi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). "Zizhi Tongjian".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Translation of the biography of Liu Shan in the "Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms" at Empire Divided

alias:
Lau Sim
Hou Zhu

description: Chinese emperor

wikidata_label: Liu Shan

wikipedia_title: Liu Shan


text: businessman

text: Italy

text: San Marino

text: United States Marine Corps

text: Michigan State University

text: economics

text: Republican Party in Michigan

text: Kent County, Michigan

text: Republican National Committee

text: Grand Rapids, Michigan

text: George Bush

text: Dole

text: Universal Forest Products

text: Mexico

text: Canada

text: River City Food Company

text: Michigan

text: Pennsylvania

text: Maryland

text: John Engler

text: Cavaliere di Gran Croce

text: Department of State

text: Italy-USA Foundation

text: John Cabot University

text: Rome

text: National Italian American Foundation

text: Order of Sons of Italy in America

text: Festa Italiana

text: women's' softball team

text: Old College Field

text: MSU College of Human Medicine

text: Grand Rapids Medical Mile

categories: 1937 births,Living people,Ambassadors of the United States to Italy,Michigan State University alumni,Michigan Republicans,American people of Italian descent,Rice University people

paragraph: Peter F. Secchia

paragraph: Peter F. Secchia (born April 15, 1937) is a retired American businessman. Secchia served as the United States Ambassador to Italy and San Marino from 1989 to 1993.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Secchia served in the United States Marine Corps from 1956 to 1959 and graduated from Michigan State University in 1963 with a degree in economics.

paragraph: Secchia is a fund-raiser in the Republican Party in Michigan. He started as chairman of the Kent County, Michigan Republican Committee and later became the chairman of the 5th Congressional District of Michigan committee. He was elected to be Michigan's Republican National Committeeman in 1980, 1984, and 1988.

paragraph: Secchia was a Vice Chairman of the Republican National Committee and headed its Midwest Region. He was host chairman of the 1985 RNC Midwest Leadership Conference in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

paragraph: Secchia was on the national advisory committee of the 1988 George Bush for President Committee. Secchia also founded the Lake Michigan Conference, and was a National Co-Chair of the Dole for President Campaign.

paragraph: From 1989 to 1993 Secchia served as the United States Ambassador to Italy and San Marino.

paragraph: Secchia has served as the CEO and Chairman of the Board of Universal Forest Products, a company that manufactures engineered wood components and operates manufacturing plants and distribution centers in the United States (98), Mexico (2), and Canada (2). He has served as Chairman of the River City Food Company which has 29 restaurants, catering facilities, and banquet locations in the states of Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Maryland.

paragraph: In 1994 he was appointed to chair the Secchia Commission I by Governor John Engler of Michigan which was focused on improving government services. Secchia Commission II focused on public sector pensions.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He received the Cavaliere di Gran Croce (The Knight of the Great Cross).

paragraph: BULLET::::- He also was awarded the Department of State Distinguished Honor Award during his service as the United States of America's ambassador to Italy, an award given to serving ambassadors and to non-career ambassadors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secchia was honored in 1994 as the Master Entrepreneur of the Year for Michigan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1995 as the Businessman of the Year and has been involved with civic organizations promoting economics and assisting underprivileged youth.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He received the "America Award" of the Italy-USA Foundation in 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Memberships.

paragraph: Secchia served for twelve years on the board for John Cabot University in Rome.

paragraph: Secchia is a member of the National Italian American Foundation Council of 1000. He was founding president of the West Michigan Lodge of the Order of Sons of Italy in America (OSIA); he inaugurated the Festa Italiana, the region’s largest annual ethnic festival and has participated in and sponsored many Italian-American events. He was awarded the NIAF Special Achievement Award for International Affairs, and lent his name to The Founding Values Initiative Award... the "Secchia Award for Heartfelt Commitment."

paragraph: Section::::Philanthropy.

paragraph: Section::::Philanthropy.:Secchia Stadium.

paragraph: In September 2010, Secchia made a $1 million outright donation to his alma mater, Michigan State University to be used to build a new stadium for the women's' softball team, named Secchia Stadium. It was built at Old College Field and the first game was played in the 2011 season.

paragraph: Section::::Philanthropy.:Secchia Center.

paragraph: A building on the MSU College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids campus was named after Secchia. The building is part of the Grand Rapids Medical Mile.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Secchia provides naming gift for new MSU softball stadium", "Michigan State University News"

description: American diplomat

wikidata_label: Peter F. Secchia

wikipedia_title: Peter F. Secchia


text: Swiss

text: Reformed

text: Fraumünster

text: "Carolinum" in Zürich

text: Heinrich Bullinger

text: Rudolf Gwalther

text: Thomas Erastus

text: Zwinglian

text: Electorate of the Palatinate

text: Johann Wilhelm Stucki

text: Works of Johann Wolf at the e-rara.ch

categories: 16th-century Swiss people,Swiss Calvinist and Reformed theologians,Year of birth uncertain,16th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians,1571 deaths,Swiss Protestants

paragraph: Johannes Wolf

paragraph: Johannes Wolf (c.1521–1572) was a Swiss Reformed theologian

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Johannes Wolf was born in Zurich around the year 1521. He became the chaplain of the Zurich hospital in 1544. He received a ministerial position of at the Fraumünster in 1551. In 1565 He became theology professor at the "Carolinum" in Zürich, also known as the "Zurich Academy" or "Lectorium". He died in 1572.

paragraph: Wolf was an important acolyte of Heinrich Bullinger in the 1550s and 1560s. With Bullinger and Rudolf Gwalther he intervened unsuccessfully on behalf of Thomas Erastus and the general Zwinglian conception of church-state relations in the Electorate of the Palatinate church discipline controversy of the late 1560s.

paragraph: Wolf's colleague Johann Wilhelm Stucki composed a biography of him upon his death.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tabulae chronologicae in Nehemiam et Esdram" (Zürich 1570)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Considerationes in aliquot libros veteris testamenti"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fundamentum Lutheranae doctrinae de ubiquitate corporis Christi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Index graecorum nominum, quae ad geographiam pertinent"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De conferendis bibliorum translationibus"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De conficiendis succinctis commentariis in biblia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De christiana perseverantia, commentat. consolatoriae ad fratres captivos" (Zürich 1578)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Esrae Librum prim. Commentarior. Libri III" (Zürich 1584)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Deuteronomium Sermonum Libri IV" (Zürich 1585)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In historiam Josuae de occupatione et divisione Terrae Sanctae Liber" (Zürich 1592)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Responsio ad Andr. Dudithii quaestionem: ubi vera et catholica ecclesia invenienda sit"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "de ecclesia militante"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "de constitutione scholae Tigurinae"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gebetbuch vom Reich Messiä"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Christen Sabbath

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Petri Glaube"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "de petra salutis"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Links to Wolf's works at the Post-Reformation Digital Library/a

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works of Johann Wolf at the Munich Digitization Center/a

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works of Johann Wolf at the e-rara.ch/a

description: Reformed Theologian

wikidata_label: Johannes Wolf

wikipedia_title: Johannes Wolf


text: University of Cambridge

text: Ravensworth

text: North Riding of Yorkshire

text: Trinity College

text: Bachelor of Arts

text: Senior Wrangler

text: Smith's Prize

text: fellow

text: Master of Arts

text: Marsworth

text: Buckinghamshire

text: St Ippolyts

text: Hitchin

text: Hertfordshire

text: observatory

text: Nautical Almanac

text: Andrew Amos

text: Sheldon Amos

text: Maurice Amos

text: Ravensworth

text: Richmond

text: North Riding of Yorkshire

text: Burneston

text: Latin

text: Greek

text: English language

text: arithmetic

text: sizar

text: Trinity College

text: Cambridge University

text: gentleman

text: pensioners

text: matriculated

text: Michaelmas term

text: John Pond

text: Astronomer Royal

text: John Cranke

text: tutor

text: in loco parentis

text: Bachelor of Arts

text: Senior Wrangler

text: Smith's Prize

text: curate

text: Tideswell

text: Peak District

text: Derbyshire

text: stipend

text: fellow

text: ordained

text: minister

text: Peterborough

text: Master of Arts

text: Greg Dening

text: taxor

text: John Smith

text: sinecure

text: John Herschel

text: Adam Sedgwick

text: George Biddell Airy

text: logician

text: Middle Ages

text: Newtonian mathematics

text: Georgian era

text: George Peacock

text: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Joseph Louis Lagrange

text: Senate House Examinations

text: d's

text: Wood

text: Vince

text: Milner

text: Cambridge Observatory

text: bequest

text: Thomas Lowndes

text: Dean of Ely

text: Fellow of the Royal Society

text: Astronomer Royal

text: Nevil Maskelyne

text: Anthony Shepherd

text: Richard Farmer

text: William Wales

text: Joseph Banks

text: Charles Hutton

text: Samuel Vince

text: Thomas Mudge

text: Society

text: Philosophical Transactions

text: Abraham Rees

text: Philosophical Magazine

text: Henry Cavendish

text: Edinburgh Encyclopedia

text: Mr. Troughton

text: Duke of Chaulnes

text: Georges-Louis Le Sage

text: British Critic

text: Euclid's "Elements"

text: Board of Longitude

text: longitude

text: latitude

text: The Nautical Magazine

text: Nevil Maskelyne

text: John Harrison

text: lunar distance method

text: Edward Sabine

text: Eva Germaine Rimington Taylor

text: Marsworth

text: Buckinghamshire

text: squarson

text: Great Wymondley

text: St Ippolyts

text: Hitchin

text: Hertfordshire

text: observatory

text: Isaac Newton

text: Charles Hutton

text: The Backs

text: Trinity College Bridge

text: dam

text: springs

text: ice skating

text: Gilling West

text: Hartforth

text: lord of the manor

text: Robert Woodhouse

text: Henry Coddington

text: Herbert Marsh

text: John Bell

text: Whig

text: John Romilly, 1st Baron Romilly

text: coat of arms

text: gentleman

text: shorthorn cattle

text: Chief Constable

text: wapentake

text: Gilling West

text: The Gentleman's Magazine

text: Andrew Amos

text: Sheldon Amos

text: Maurice Amos

categories: 18th-century English Anglican priests,19th-century English mathematicians,English astronomers,Senior Wranglers,Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,18th-century English mathematicians,19th-century English Anglican priests,Fellows of the Royal Society,1836 deaths,19th-century astronomers,1761 births,18th-century astronomers,Cambridge mathematicians,Lowndean Professors of Astronomy and Geometry,Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge

paragraph: William Lax

paragraph: William Lax (1761 – 29 October 1836) was an English astronomer and mathematician who served as Lowndean Professor of Astronomy and Geometry at the University of Cambridge for 41 years.

paragraph: Lax was born in Ravensworth in the North Riding of Yorkshire. He attended Trinity College, Cambridge and graduated Bachelor of Arts as the Senior Wrangler and first Smith's Prizeman of his year. He was elected a fellow of Trinity College, ordained as a minister, and received his Master of Arts. Lax was granted the livings of vicar of Marsworth, Buckinghamshire and of St Ippolyts near Hitchin, Hertfordshire, where he erected an observatory.

paragraph: Lax was best known for his "Remarks on a Supposed Error in the Elements of Euclid" (1807) and his work regarding the "Nautical Almanac", which was an important reference for navigation in the period. An obituary claimed that "To whatever Professor Lax applied, he made himself completely master of it". His daughter married Andrew Amos and through that line Lax is the grandfather of Sheldon Amos and the great grandfather of Maurice Amos, a notable legal dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Lax was born in the village of Ravensworth, near Richmond in the North Riding of Yorkshire, England, the son of William (1731 – 19 August 1812) also born in Ravensworth, and Hannah Lax (1738 – 10 June 1811). He was christened on 27 October 1761 in Burneston. He was educated at the Kirby Ravensworth Free Grammar School, where he learned Latin (in which he became fluent) and Greek as well as English language, arithmetic and mathematics. Although the school was subsidised by a charitable trust, "Free" in the context of the school's name meant free from all authority save for the Crown.

paragraph: Lax was admitted as a sizar to Trinity College, Cambridge University on 22 November 1780 at the age of 19. Trinity was at the time the richest college at Cambridge. Sizars were students who were not of the gentlemanly class, who were charged lower fees and obtained free food and/or lodging and other assistance during their period of study in exchange for performing work at their colleges. By the eighteenth century, sizars were fully integrated members of the community, who were as likely to be employed by Fellow commoners as companions rather than servants. They were expected to wait at table (as were pensioners and scholars), but by the eighteenth century they had their own gyps (servants) and bedmakers.

paragraph: Lax matriculated in the Michaelmas term of 1781 and became a private tutor to John Pond, later Astronomer Royal. Lax was elected a scholar (i.e. one on a scholarship) of Trinity in 1784; John Cranke and Henry Therond were his tutors, a role which would have seen them not only teaching Lax, but also acting in the role of "in loco parentis". Lax was conferred a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) in 1785 and graduated as the Senior Wrangler and was awarded the first Smith's Prize of his year. Until 1790, all examinations at Trinity were written in Latin.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early career.

paragraph: In 1785 Lax was appointed curate of Tideswell in the Peak District of Derbyshire with an annual stipend of £35. In 1786, as was essentially the due of Senior Wranglers, he was elected a fellow of Trinity College. According to Peter Linehan, fellows at this time, "were becoming richer, living and behaving more like gentlemen". He was ordained as a minister in 1787 at Peterborough and received his Master of Arts (M.A.) in 1788. He was a moderator from 1789 to 1791 which entailed him presiding over oral examinations which were then necessary for the B.A. to be awarded. As a moderator Lax was responsible for the introduction of "very high flown compliments, and at the same time extending the disputations to double the usual length, which was around one hour and ten minutes" which "sent a ripple through tradition" according to Greg Dening. Dening argues that this was, "Lax's way of getting into the act and making Acts flourish". In 1791 he was appointed as a taxor by the University. Lax was an assistant tutor from 1797 until 1801, but resigned when he married Margaret Cradock, as College fellows were not permitted to marry.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Lowndean Chair.

paragraph: In 1795 Lax was appointed Lowndean Professor of Astronomy and Geometry in succession to John Smith. The position was a sinecure with an annual salary initially of around £300, later rising to around £500 per annum by 1821. Cambridge had two astronomical chairs, and the Lowndean was seen as the more theoretical and less experimental of the two. During Lax's tenure a mathematical chair was seen as "a prize or a means of securing leisure, and at best, merely as offering a position where a man could pursue his own researches undisturbed by other duties". In 1816 Lax was described as holding the professorship with "great reputation". The sole duty of Lax's professorship was that he was required to examine students annually for the Smith's Prize, including John Herschel, Adam Sedgwick, George Biddell Airy and William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire.

paragraph: During Lax's time at Cambridge: "the mathematicians were in the saddle, and it would be difficult to dispute the judgement that they controlled Cambridge studies almost as completely as the logicians had done in the Middle Ages." In early nineteenth century Cambridge "the discipline of mathematics was at the very heart". Newtonian mathematics teaching as exemplified by "Cambridge traditionalists" such as Lax and his generation began to wane as the Georgian era drew to a close. In 1817 George Peacock successfully introduced the new French mathematics (such as Pierre-Simon Laplace and Joseph Louis Lagrange) into the Senate House Examinations. Peacock reported to Herschel, "The introduction of d's into the papers excited much remark. Wood, Vince, Lax & Milner were very angry & threatened to protest against [the infiltration of] French mathematics." For the traditionalists the struggle was more than one of intellectual difference as for them, "Newton's rational mechanics, fluxions, and experimental philosophy were an excellent antidote against materialism and atheism." However, from 1816 to 1824 Lax continued to sit on the Peacock-led board that established Cambridge Observatory.

paragraph: Lax did encounter some criticism during his tenure. Whilst at the university he "never, as far as is known, delivered a single lecture", despite his chair's bequest that the holder deliver forty lectures each year, although his predecessor had not given any lectures either. The excuse was made that there was already an astronomical chair at Cambridge established before the Lowndean that already gave lectures. By the 1820s it was no longer acceptable to consider chairs as sinecures, and Lax received criticism from a living descendent of the original benefactor, Thomas Lowndes, for being remiss in his duties. His successor to the Lowndean chair George Peacock promised "to do his duty in a less lax manner than his predecessor", and although he struggled to get anyone to attend his lectures on pure mathematics, his lectures on practical astronomy were well attended. However, Peacock's translation as Dean of Ely three years later meant that he was largely absent from his chair, which he was severely criticised for retaining.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Fellow of the Royal Society.

paragraph: Lax was admitted a Fellow of the Royal Society on 5 April 1796. He was nominated by the Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne, Anthony Shepherd, Richard Farmer and William Wales. However, due to an enmity of the President Joseph Banks, friends of Charles Hutton and Maskelyne, such as Lax, Samuel Vince and Thomas Mudge, frequently saw their submissions for publications overlooked. If any of them submitted papers to the Society: they had the honour of having them carefully lodged in the archives of the Society, where the world in general, or even the members of the Society, would derive no more benefit from them than if they were deposited at the centre of the earth.

paragraph: Lax delivered two papers to the Royal Society which were published in "Philosophical Transactions". In 1799 he delivered "A Method of finding the Latitude of a place, by Means of two Altitudes of the Sun and the Time elapsed betwixt the Observations". It was described as "a very valuable paper" by Abraham Rees, and apparently contained "several valuable remarks", but it was criticised as "a subject of no great importance" by the "Philosophical Magazine". In his 1809 work "On A Method of Examining the Divisions of Astronomical Instruments" Lax wrote that no instrument was to be trusted without "previous examination". This argument had an influence on scientists such as Henry Cavendish and was described as an "ingenious...examination" in the "Edinburgh Encyclopedia". However the method described by Lax "though very ingenious, requires great labour and time, and is inferior in accuracy and efficiency to that which was adopted by Mr. Troughton for tabulating the errors of the primary divisions of circular instruments." It was also criticised for "greatly resembl[ing]" a method first explicated by the Duke of Chaulnes. In 1807 Lax delivered "Remarks on a Supposed Error in the Elements of Euclid" to the Royal Society, however it was not published in "Philosophical Transactions", but was eventually published independently. In it Lax defended the Greek mathematician against a charge levied at him by Georges-Louis Le Sage in 1756. Lax's defence was applauded by the "British Critic" as 'perfectly sound'. Lax also espoused the worth of Euclid's "Elements" in the work, which he considered to reflect "the highest honour upon the human intellect".

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Board of Longitude.

paragraph: Lax was elected to the Board of Longitude after he was nominated to the Lowndean chair in 1795, and remained on the board until it was dissolved in 1828. The Board was a governmental body charged with administering a scheme of prizes intended to encourage innovators to solve the problem of finding longitude at sea, which was vital for accurate navigation. Lax published a set of tables for use with the "Nautical Almanac" for finding latitude and longitude; these were published by the Board of Longitude in 1821, and whilst they were not considered to be of much practical use for seamen, they were described by "The Nautical Magazine" as a "very meritorious attempt to solve the problems of nautical astronomy by one uniform system." In 1821, the Board awarded Lax £1050 for his tables, which were intended to replace Nevil Maskelyne's "Requisite Tables". However, the extraordinarily accurate chronometers of John Harrison were generally available from the 1820s onwards, rendering the lunar distance method, which Lax had used to create the tables, immaterial. Meanwhile, Edward Sabine criticised errors in Lax's work.

paragraph: As a scientific member of the Board, Lax was one of eighteen men who were, according to Edmund Dews, "ultimately responsible for the form and contents of the "Nautical Almanac". It would have been difficult in these years to select another group equally eminent in their field." Lax was notable for his strong attendance record at the quarterly meetings, not missing a single meeting between 1822 – 25, a record equalled by only three other members, although non-attendance of meetings would have resulted in his not being paid his annual salary of £100. In 1828 Lax appended "An easy method of correcting the lunar distance, on account of the spheroidal figure of the earth" to the "Nautical Almanac". After the Board was dissolved in 1828 Lax unsuccessfully attempted to convince George Biddell Airy to aid in a campaign for its restoration. In 1834 a new edition of his nautical tables was published posthumously. Eva Germaine Rimington Taylor later concluded that all of Lax's works were "of value to the art of navigation".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: On 28 February 1801 Lax was granted the livings as vicar of Marsworth, Buckinghamshire and squarson of Great Wymondley with St Ippolyts near Hitchin, Hertfordshire "after some years of teaching work". He lived at St Ippolyts where he erected a private observatory which he had transported from Cambridge and had originally belonged to Isaac Newton. Charles Hutton's 1815 list of England's 20 most notable private observatories (excluding the King's private observatory) included Professor Lax's. Lax spent the last thirty years of his life occupied with "studies and pursuits connected with the advancement of astronomy."

paragraph: When he arrived at St Ippolyts Lax had trees planted in the vicarage grounds in the form of his initials "W L". That same year he created a park opposite to the vicarage similar to The Backs of Cambridge, built a replica of Trinity College Bridge, dammed the stream and opened springs to form a lake which was used for ice skating in the winter. In September 1801 he married Margaret Cradock (11 June 1776 – 20 January 1854) at the church in Gilling West in the North Riding of Yorkshire. Margaret was the eldest daughter of Sheldon Cradock of Hartforth who was the lord of the manor of Lax's home village of Ravensworth. Lax was a proposer of Robert Woodhouse, Henry Coddington, Herbert Marsh and John Bell for Royal Society fellowship, the latter being one of Lax's closest friends, and he was a keen supporter of George Biddell Airy throughout Airy's career. Lax was a chief supporter of the Whig John Romilly, 1st Baron Romilly's parliamentary bid. In 1824 Lax purchased a coat of arms for himself.

paragraph: His brother Thomas Lax (1770 – 1 Apr 1851) lived in Ravensworth. He was a gentleman farmer who became a record holding breeder of shorthorn cattle and at one point was credited with the best shorthorn herd in the country. He was "unquestionably a great breeder". He also acted as Chief Constable of the wapentake of Gilling West. The Kirkby Ravensworth parish church has a memorial dedicated to Thomas Lax, as well as a memorial dedicated to the mother of the two brothers.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On 1 December 1834, Lax reported that he had been "of late in a very weak state of health". He died "suddenly" on 28 October 1836 at his home in St Ippolyts. His obituary in "The Gentleman's Magazine" reported that "his constitution was broken in early life [which] made his last years a period of weakness and suffering, so that his physical strength was unequal to the workings of his active mind. To whatever Professor Lax applied, he made himself completely master of it...[a] most excellent and amiable man." He left behind a widow and two daughters, the eldest Margaret and the younger Marian or Marianne (died 21 June 1873). In 1826 Margaret was married to Andrew Amos at St Ippolyts Church, and via that line Lax is the grandfather of Sheldon Amos and the great grandfather of Maurice Amos.

description: astronomer

wikidata_label: William Lax

wikipedia_title: William Lax


text: Italian

text: Benedetto Accolti

text: jurisprudence

text: Bologna

text: Ferrara

text: Siena

text: Pisa

text: Sixtus IV

text: Chrysostom

text: Accolti

text: Francesco Accolti works

text: Somni

text: Epistole di Phalari

categories: People from Arezzo,1416 births,Italian jurists,15th-century jurists,15th-century Italian people,Italian lawyers,1488 deaths

paragraph: Francesco Accolti

paragraph: Francesco Accolti (c. 1416 – 1488), also called Francesco d'Arezzo, was an Italian jurist. The brother of Benedetto Accolti, he professed jurisprudence at Bologna from 1440 to 1445, and afterwards at Ferrara, Siena, and Pisa.

paragraph: He possessed a strong understanding and powerful eloquence. The distinction which he acquired was so great, that he flattered himself with the expectation of obtaining a cardinal's hat, on the accession of Sixtus IV to the pontifical throne; and when it was refused him, the pope though it necessary to accompany the refusal with this complimentary apology: "I would gladly have granted you the honor, had I not feared, that your preferment, by removing you from your school, would have hindered the progress of science." The reputation of Accolti was tarnished by the parsimony with which he amassed vast treasures. He wrote several treatises on law, and translated some of the writings of Chrysostom.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Accolti, other members of the family

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francesco Accolti works at Somni

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francisci Aretini in Phalaridis tyranni agrigentini Epistolas, digitized manuscript.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Epistole di Phalari, digitized manuscript.

description: Italian lawyer

wikidata_label: Francesco Accolti

wikipedia_title: Francesco Accolti


text: Telavi

text: Tbilisi

text: Georgian

text: football defender

text: Dinamo Tbilisi

text: Master of Sport of the USSR

text: Soviet Union national team

text: 1962 FIFA World Cup

text: Anatoli Maslyonkin

text: Anatoly Krutikov

text: Telavi's Municipal Stadium

text: Imedi: On the 70th Birthday of Chokheli

text: RussiaTeam biography

categories: Soviet footballers,1937 births,Soviet football managers,Association football defenders,1960 European Nations' Cup players,Soviet Union international footballers,FC Dinamo Tbilisi managers,Football managers from Georgia (country),1994 deaths,UEFA European Championship-winning players,Footballers from Georgia (country),Honoured Masters of Sport of the USSR,People from Telavi,1962 FIFA World Cup players,FC Dinamo Tbilisi players

paragraph: Givi Chokheli

paragraph: Givi Dmitriyevich Chokheli (; ) (27 June 1937 in Telavi - 25 February 1994 in Tbilisi) was a Georgian football defender.

paragraph: Chokheli played most of his career for Dinamo Tbilisi. After ending his playing career he worked in various coaching positions for Dinamo Tbilisi and in 1969-1970 and 1974 was a head coach. He was classified as a Master of Sport of the USSR in 1959.

paragraph: He played for Soviet Union national team (19 matches), and was a participant at the 1962 FIFA World Cup and at the 1960 UEFA European Football Championship, where the Soviet Union won the gold medal. The Soviet back line was anchored by the famous trio of Chokheli, Anatoli Maslyonkin, and Anatoly Krutikov in the early 1960s.

paragraph: Telavi's Municipal Stadium features a statue of Chokheli in front of it.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imedi: On the 70th Birthday of Chokheli

paragraph: BULLET::::- RussiaTeam biography

description: Soviet footballer

wikidata_label: Givi Chokheli

wikipedia_title: Givi Chokheli


text:
Istanbul
Armenian Genocide
Rhode Island School of Design
Art Students League of New York
United States Marine Corps
U. S. Marine Corps
Edwin North McClellan
Honolulu Star-Bulletin
Paradise of the Pacific
Honolulu Museum of Art
Bishop Museum
Honolulu Museum of Art
Honolulu Museum of Art
Honolulu Museum of Art

categories: 20th-century American painters,1931 deaths,Armenian painters,Artists from Hawaii,Artists from Istanbul,American muralists,Ottoman emigrants to the United States,Art Students League of New York alumni,Painters from Hawaii,Armenians of the Ottoman Empire,1904 births,United States Marines,Artists who committed suicide,American people of Armenian descent

paragraph: Arman Manookian

paragraph: Arman Tateos Manookian (; May 15, 1904 – May 10, 1931) was an Armenian-American painter best known for his works depicting Hawaiian scenes.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Manookian was the oldest of three children born to a Christian Armenian family in Istanbul. As a teenager, he survived the Armenian Genocide. Manookian immigrated to the United States in 1920. At the age of 16 he studied illustration at the Rhode Island School of Design. Later he took classes at the Art Students League of New York before enlisting in the United States Marine Corps in 1923. While serving in the U. S. Marine Corps he was assigned as a clerk to the author and historian, Major Edwin North McClellan.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1927, Manookian was honorably discharged from the Marine Corps, but remained in Hawaii. He worked for the Honolulu Star-Bulletin and for "Paradise of the Pacific". While in the Marines, Manookian had supplied illustrations for Leatherneck Magazine and produced about 75 ink drawings for McClellan’s history of the United States Marine Corps, which was never published. These drawings are now in the collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art. His oil paintings are rare and highly valued based on their almost iconic status and scarcity due to his early death, by suicide, in 1931. Only 31 of his oil paintings are known to exist. The Honolulu Academy of Arts held a memorial exhibition shortly after Manookian’s death and a retrospective exhibition titled "Meaning in Color/Expression in Line: Arman Manookian’s Modernism" Nov. 4, 2010 through April 24, 2011. The Bishop Museum and the Honolulu Museum of Art are among the public collections holding works by Arman T. Manookian. According to the State of Hawaii's House of Representatives, he is "known as Hawaii's Van Gogh".

paragraph: In early 2010 a group of seven Manookian paintings owned by the Hotel Hana-Maui were removed from public display. They were the only Manookian oil paintings known to be on public display anywhere in the world. Two of the murals, "Red Sails" and "Hawaiian Boy and Girl", are now on long-term loan to the Honolulu Museum of Art.

paragraph: From July 3, 2014, to January 11, 2015, a number of Manookian paintings were on display at the Honolulu Museum of Art including "Red Sails," "Hawaiian Boy and Girl," "Breadfruit," "Pele," and "Weaver."

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Forbes, David W., "Encounters with Paradise: Views of Hawaii and its People, 1778-1941", Honolulu Academy of Arts, 1992, 212-256.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gard, Rowan, “Escape into Color”, "Innov8", Mar/April 2011, pp. 36–39.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papanikolas, Theresa, "Meaning in Color/ Expression in Line: Arman Manookian’s Modernism", "Honolulu Academy of Arts", Vol. 82, No. 6, Nov/Dec 2010, pp. 4–5.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papanikolas, Theresa and DeSoto Brown, "Art Deco Hawai'i", Honolulu, Honolulu Museum of Art, 2014, , pp. 86–93

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sandulli, Justin M., "Troubled Paradise: Madge Tennent at a Hawaiian Crossroads", Durham, NC: Duke University, 2016.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seed, John,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seed, John

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seed, John A., "Arman Manookian: An Armenian Artist in Hawai'i", Published by blurb.com, 2011, 36.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Severson, Don R., "Finding Paradise, Island Art in Private Collections", University of Hawaii Press, 2002, 124.

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Arman Manookian

wikipedia_title: Arman Manookian


text:
American football
linebacker
New England Patriots
Chicago Bears
Super Bowl XX
Pro Bowl
Edward Waters College
Jacksonville, Florida
NFL

categories: Players of American football from Mississippi,People from Hollandale, Mississippi,1961 births,Clemson Tigers football players,Edward Waters Tigers athletic directors,American football linebackers,New England Patriots players,Living people,American Conference Pro Bowl players

paragraph: Johnny Rembert

paragraph: Johnny Lee Rembert (born January 19, 1961) is a former professional American football player who played linebacker for ten seasons for the New England Patriots. Rembert was a key member of the 1985 AFC champions who played the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX in New Orleans. He was also selected to the AFC Pro Bowl team twice (1988 and 1989). He has recently retired as the Director of Athletics at Edward Waters College in Jacksonville, Florida and also the Quality Control Representative for the NFL.

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Johnny Rembert

wikipedia_title: Johnny Rembert


text:
Catholic Church
Apostolic Nuncio
Atessa
Chieti
canon law
Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy
Holy See
papal diplomatic missions
Secretariat of State
Nunciature
Pope Benedict XVI
Apostolic Nuncio to Bolivia
titular archbishop
Amiternum
Tarcisio Cardinal Bertone
Giambattista Diquattro
La Paz
Secretariat of State
Pope Francis
Serbia

categories: 1957 births,Apostolic Nuncios to Bolivia,Italian titular archbishops,People from Atessa,Living people,Apostolic Nuncios to Serbia

paragraph: Luciano Suriani

paragraph: Luciano Suriani (born 11 January 1957) is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who has served as Apostolic Nuncio to Serbia since 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Suriani was born in 1957 in Atessa, Chieti. He was ordained a priest on 5 August 1981. He was incardinated in the diocese of Chieti-Vasto. He earned a doctorate in canon law from the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy.

paragraph: He entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See on 1 June 1990, and worked in the papal diplomatic missions to Ivory Coast, Switzerland, the Section for Relations with States at the Secretariat of State, and the Nunciature to Italy, by which time he held the rank of counselor.

paragraph: Apart from Italian, he knows Spanish, French and English.

paragraph: On 22 February 2008 by Pope Benedict XVI appointed him Apostolic Nuncio to Bolivia and titular archbishop of Amiternum, On 26 April 2008 he was ordained a bishop by Tarcisio Cardinal Bertone.

paragraph: He was replaced as Nuncio to Bolivia after nine months on 22 September by Giambattista Diquattro.

paragraph: Suriani had requested a new assignment because of health problems associated with high altitudes. La Paz is located 3,640 metres above sea level.

paragraph: On 24 September 2009 Suriani was appointed to a senior position as the Secretariat of State. As Delegate for Papal Representatives he has responsibility for coordinating the affairs of the Holy See's diplomats.

paragraph: On 7 December 2015 Pope Francis appointed him nuncio to Serbia.

description: Vatican archbishop and diplomat

wikidata_label: Luciano Suriani

wikipedia_title: Luciano Suriani


text: grime

text: Tottenham

text: North London

text: Jme

text: Roll Deep

text: Boy Better Know

text: Boy Better Know

text: clashed

text: Greatest Hits

text: Microphone Champion

text: Doin' It Again

text: AATW

text: Konnichiwa

text: Mercury Prize

text: British popular culture

text: Debrett's

text: Boy Better Know

text: Jme

text: Ignorance Is Bliss

text: Tottenham

text: North London

text: Nigeria

text: Jme

text: Julie Adenuga

text: Jme

text: Roll Deep

text: Boy Better Know

text: Boy Better Know

text: clashed

text: mixtape

text: Greatest Hits

text: Boy Better Know

text: Rolex Sweep

text: UK Singles Chart

text: Microphone Champion

text: Frisco

text: Doin' It Again

text: Bad Boy

text: Rescue Me

text: Cross My Heart

text: Preeya Kalidas

text: So Alive

text: Amnesia

text: Hello Good Morning

text: UK Singles Chart

text: Rescue Me

text: hardcore

text: Hold On

text: Make Peace Not War

text: Meridian Dan

text: That's Not Me

text: Jme

text: MOBO Awards

text: Flatbush Zombies

text: Ojuelegba

text: Wizkid

text: Drake

text: Kanye West

text: GQ

text: Anti-Social

text: Ladies Hit Squad

text: A$AP Nast

text: A$AP Mob

text: Konnichiwa

text: That's Not Me"

text: Shutdown

text: Man

text: Boiler Room

text: Kohh

text: A$AP Rocky

text: Lil B

text: Section Boyz

text: Goldie

text: Pure Water

text: Energy (Stay Far Away)

text: Wizkid

text: Ogun State

text: chieftaincy

text: Instagram

text: Greaze Mode

text: Greatest Hits

text: Microphone Champion

text: Doin' It Again

text: Konnichiwa

text: Ignorance Is Bliss

categories: English male rappers,Yoruba musicians,British male rappers,Black British musicians,Grime music artists,English people of Yoruba descent,English people of Nigerian descent,NME Awards winners,Black British male rappers,Living people,1982 births

paragraph: Skepta

paragraph: Joseph Junior Adenuga Jr. (born 19 September 1982), better known by his stage name Skepta, is a British grime MC, rapper, songwriter, record producer and music video director from Tottenham, North London. Skepta, alongside his younger brother Jme, joined Roll Deep for a short period of time before becoming founding members of Boy Better Know in 2006.

paragraph: With Boy Better Know, Skepta clashed with fellow MC Devilman for the video release "Lord of the Mics 2", in what is remembered as one of the biggest clashes in grime history. Skepta released his debut studio album "Greatest Hits" in 2007 and his second album, "Microphone Champion" in 2009, both independently; while his third studio album "Doin' It Again" was released in 2011 by AATW. Skepta's fourth studio album, "Konnichiwa", was released on 6 May 2016 to critical acclaim, winning that year's Mercury Prize.

paragraph: His influence on contemporary British popular culture as a key figure in the grime scene saw him appear on Debrett's 2017 list of the most influential people in the UK. Skepta's younger brother, and Boy Better Know labelmate, is the grime artist Jme. They have collaborated many times, most recently on his album "Ignorance Is Bliss".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Skepta was born on 19 September 1982 in Tottenham, North London to immigrant parents from Nigeria. He is the oldest of four siblings, and grew up with his family on the Meridian Walk Estate. He is the brother of fellow musician Jme and radio presenter Julie Adenuga.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2003–06: Career beginnings and "Greatest Hits".

paragraph: Skepta was originally a DJ from Tottenham-based grime collective Meridian Crew. Early in his career, Skepta released a number of instrumentals, the most notable being ""DTI (Pirate Station Anthem)"" and ""Private Caller"", the latter of which was released as a single and vocaled by various other members of Meridian Crew.

paragraph: Skepta began MCing shortly before Meridian Crew disbanded in 2005, after which Skepta, alongside his brother Jme, joined Roll Deep for a short period of time before becoming founding members of Boy Better Know in 2006. Following the formation of Boy Better Know, Skepta clashed with fellow MC Devilman for the DVD Lord of the Mics 2, in what is remembered as one of the biggest clashes in grime history. Shortly after the clash, Skepta released a mixtape entitled ""Joseph Junior Adenuga"". Skepta publicly released his debut album "Greatest Hits" on 17 September 2007, on his label Boy Better Know.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2008–11: "Microphone Champion" and "Doin' it Again".

paragraph: Skepta self-released the first single "Rolex Sweep" in September 2008 and reached number 89 on the UK Singles Chart. Skepta then released the album "Microphone Champion" on 1 June 2009. He then also released single "Too Many Man" with Jme, Wiley, Frisco and Shorty, which went to chart at number 79. Skepta has released five singles off his third studio album "Doin' It Again" (first with a major label), titled "Bad Boy", "Rescue Me", "Cross My Heart" featuring Preeya Kalidas, "So Alive" and "Amnesia", as well as a video for the Hello Good Morning (Grime Remix). Three singles charted in the Top 40 of the UK Singles Chart, with "Rescue Me" being the most successful at number 14. "Cross My Heart" came in at number 31 and dropped out of the Top 40 a week later. "Doin' it Again" spent 3 weeks in the top 100 album charts and debuted and peaked at number 19 on its first week of release. In 2011 Skepta caused a big controversy by releasing a hardcore music video of his single "All over the house".

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2012–present: "Blacklisted" and "Konnichiwa".

paragraph: In 2012, Skepta released two singles from his fourth forthcoming album. Both "Hold On" and "Make Peace Not War" were Top 40 charting singles in the UK but were a departure from Skepta's usual sound. Skepta's second major label album was intended to be released in the fourth quarter of 2011, entitled "The Honeymoon" but was delayed till 2012. After a disappointing response from the first two singles Skepta decided to release a purchasable mixtape, titled "Blacklisted". It was released on 2 December 2012 along with music videos to support the release prior to the release.

paragraph: In March 2014, Skepta provided a verse for the remix of "German Whip" by Meridian Dan, and in the same month, he released his new single, "That's Not Me", featuring his brother Jme, peaking at number 21 on the UK charts. The single's music video won the award for Best Video at the 2014 MOBO Awards. Upon receiving the award, Skepta stated that the video cost him £80. In late 2014, Skepta released another single titled "It Ain't Safe" featuring A$AP Bari. This was followed in early 2015 with "Shutdown", as well as features on "Red Eye to Paris" by Flatbush Zombies and the remix of "Ojuelegba" by Wizkid, also featuring Drake. Skepta and others joined Kanye West at a surprise show in London, performing numerous songs together during a shared set. He was also named one of "GQ"s 50 best dressed British men in 2015.

paragraph: In an interview it stated that Skepta's making his acting debut in 2015 film "Anti-Social", released initially in May. On 14 February 2016 Skepta released "Ladies Hit Squad" featuring grime artist D Double E and American rapper A$AP Nast, of the New York-based A$AP Mob. Through a post on Instagram, Skepta announced that his album, "Konnichiwa" was due to be released on 6 May 2016. "Konnichiwa" was released to critical acclaim and became Grime's highest charting album, peaking at number 2 in the UK music charts. Konnichiwa features songs such as "That's Not Me", "Shutdown" and "Man". The release of "Konnichiwa" was celebrated with a launch party on 5 May 2016 held in Tokyo and live streamed on Boiler Room, featuring a live performance of the entire album by Skepta and supporting performances from Japanese trap artists Kohh, Dutch Montana, Loota, and DJ Riki.

paragraph: Skepta began his "Banned From America" two-part, 14-show tour on 16 April 2017 at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, which covered cities throughout the United States and Europe. The tour was named as such in reference to Skepta's forced cancellation of his 2016 "No Fear" American tour in support of "Konnichiwa", when his application for a visa to enter the United States was denied.

paragraph: Skepta released his "Vicious EP" on 31 October 2017, with songs featuring A$AP Rocky, Lil B, and Section Boyz. In the summer of 2017, rumours on the underground dance scene suggested an imminent collaboration between Skepta and drum'n'bass pioneer Goldie. This was confirmed in Goldie's 2017 memoir "All Things Remembered", which refers to him having done a track with Skepta. It has not yet been released.

paragraph: Skepta features on A$AP Rocky's hit "Praise the Lord (Da Shine)", which was released in May 2018. The single charted on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Also in May, Skepta released his single "Pure Water", which peaked at number 78 in the UK. He followed this in June with "Energy (Stay Far Away)" with Wizkid, which reached number 59.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: On 4 April 2018, he was installed as a chief in his Nigerian hometown in Ogun State, receiving the

paragraph: chieftaincy title of the Amuludun of Odo-Aje.

paragraph: In July 2018, Skepta revealed he was going to become a father for the first time, via his Instagram account, and posted a picture of an ultrasound scan. In December he posted a photo of him bottle-feeding the infant. The next month, he posted a photo of his baby daughter. On 9 May 2019, the name of Skepta's daughter was confirmed to be "River" via one of the lyrics on the song "Greaze Mode" , which was released on this day:"Rivers' dad, super swag (Yeah)"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Studio albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Greatest Hits" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Microphone Champion" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Doin' It Again" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Konnichiwa" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ignorance Is Bliss" (2019)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Mixtapes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Joseph Junior Adenuga" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Been There Done That" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Community Payback" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blacklisted" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tim Westwood Mix" (2015)

description: English Grime artist, songwriter and record producer

wikidata_label: Skepta

wikipedia_title: Skepta


text: KG

text: PC

text: FRS

text: Lord Palmerston

text: Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster

text: Lord Privy Seal

text: Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby

text: Christ Church, Oxford

text: Staffordshire Yeomanry

text: Tiverton

text: Liverpool

text: Lord of the Admiralty

text: Secretary to the Board of Control

text: Lord Grey

text: Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster

text: Lord Palmerston

text: Privy Counsellor

text: Lord Privy Seal

text: Knight of the Garter

text: Royal Statistical Society

text: Church of England

text: John Stuart, 1st Marquess of Bute

text: Sandon Hall

text: Dudley

categories: UK MPs 1832–1835,1882 deaths,Presidents of the Royal Statistical Society,UK MPs 1837–1841,UK MPs 1826–1830,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,1798 births,Staffordshire Yeomanry officers,Fellows of the Royal Society,UK MPs 1820–1826,UK MPs 1835–1837,UK MPs 1818–1820,UK MPs 1830–1831,UK MPs 1841–1847,Lords Privy Seal,UK MPs 1831–1832,Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster,Knights of the Garter,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom

paragraph: Dudley Ryder, 2nd Earl of Harrowby

paragraph: Dudley Ryder, 2nd Earl of Harrowby KG, PC, FRS (19 May 179819 November 1882), styled Viscount Sandon between 1809 and 1847, was a British politician. He held office under Lord Palmerston as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in 1855 and as Lord Privy Seal between 1855 and 1858.

paragraph: Section::::Background and education.

paragraph: Harrowby was born in London, the son of Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby, and Lady Susan (d. 1838), daughter of Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford. He was an officer of the Staffordshire Yeomanry, resigning his captain's commission in March 1831.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Harrowby was elected Member of Parliament for Tiverton in 1819, a seat he held until 1831 before switching to represent Liverpool until 1847. He served as a Lord of the Admiralty in 1827 and as Secretary to the Board of Control under Lord Grey between 1830 and 1831. He remained out of office for a long time, but in 1855, eight years after he had succeeded his father as Earl of Harrowby, he was appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster by Lord Palmerston, becoming a Privy Counsellor at the same time. In a few months he was transferred to the office of Lord Privy Seal, a position which he resigned in 1858. He was made a Knight of the Garter in 1859.

paragraph: Harrowby was also three times President of the Royal Statistical Society (1840–1842, 1849–1851, 1855–1857), chairman of the Maynooth commission and a member of other important royal commissions. He was regarded as among the most stalwart and prominent defenders of the Church of England.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Lord Harrowby married Lady Frances, daughter of John Stuart, 1st Marquess of Bute, in 1823. She died in March 1859. Harrowby remained a widower until his death at Sandon Hall on 19 November 1882, aged 84. He was succeeded in the earldom by his eldest son, Dudley.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Dudley Ryder, 2nd Earl of Harrowby

wikipedia_title: Dudley Ryder, 2nd Earl of Harrowby


text: King

text: Vandal Kingdom

text: Genseric

text: Eudocia

text: western Roman Emperor

text: Valentinian III

text: Licinia Eudoxia

text: Hilderic

text: Alans

text: Genseric

text: Eudocia

text: Valentinian III

text: Arianism

text: Eastern Roman Empire

text: Carthage

text: Roman Catholics

text: Eugenius

text: Eastern Roman

text: Corsica

text: proconsul

text: Hadrumetum

text: Vigilius

text: Thapsus

text: Hasdingi

text: Manichaeans

text: Moors

text: Aurès Mountains

text: Algeria

text: Gunthamund

text: Hunericopolis

categories: 5th-century Arian Christians,5th-century monarchs in Africa,484 deaths,Christian monarchs,Christian anti-Gnosticism,Kings of the Vandals

paragraph: Huneric

paragraph: Huneric or Hunneric or Honeric (died December 23, 484) was King of the (North African) Vandal Kingdom (477–484) and the oldest son of Genseric. He abandoned the imperial politics of his father and concentrated mainly on internal affairs. He was married to Eudocia, daughter of western Roman Emperor Valentinian III (419–455) and Licinia Eudoxia. The couple had one child, a son named Hilderic.

paragraph: Huneric was the first Vandal king who used the title "King of the Vandals and Alans". Despite adopting this style, and that the Vandals maintained their sea-power and their hold on the islands of the western Mediterranean, Huneric did not have the prestige that his father Genseric had enjoyed with other states.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Huneric was a son of King Genseric (or Gaiseric), and was sent to Italy as a hostage in 435, when his father made a treaty with the Western emperor Valentinian III. Huneric became king of the Vandals on his father's death on 25 January 477. Like Gaiseric he was an Arian, and his reign is chiefly memorable for his persecution of members of the orthodox Christian Church in his dominions. Eudocia, daughter of Valentinian III, was Huneric's wife.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:His reign.

paragraph: Huneric was a fervent adherent to Arianism. Yet his reign opened with making a number of positive overtures towards the local Roman population. Following the visit of a diplomatic mission from the Eastern Roman Empire led by Alexander, Huneric restored properties seized by his father from the merchants of Carthage. He also lifted the policy of persecuting the local Roman Catholics, allowing them to hold a synod wherein they elected a new Catholic bishop of Carthage, Eugenius, after a vacancy of 24 years.

paragraph: However, not long after the ordination of Eugenius, Huneric reversed himself and began to once again persecute Catholics. Furthermore, he tried to make Catholic property fall to the state, but when this caused too much protest from the Eastern Roman Emperor, he chose to banish a number of Catholics to a faraway province instead. On February 1, 484 he organized a meeting of Catholic bishops with Arian bishops, but on February 24, 484 he forcibly removed the Catholic bishops from their offices and banished some to Corsica. A few were executed, including the former proconsul Victorian along with Frumentius and other wealthy merchants, who were killed at Hadrumetum after refusing to become Arians. Among those exiled was Vigilius, bishop of Thapsus, who published a theological treatise against Arianism.

paragraph: Additionally, Huneric murdered many members of the Hasdingi dynasty and also persecuted Manichaeans.

paragraph: Towards the end of his reign, the Moors in the Aurès Mountains (in modern-day Algeria) successfully rebelled from Vandal rule.

paragraph: Upon his death on December 23, 484, Huneric was succeeded by his nephew Gunthamund (reigned 484–496).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hunericopolis, the Catholic Metropolitan Archbishopric Hadrumetum renamed after him

description: King of the Vandals

wikidata_label: Huneric

wikipedia_title: Huneric


text: Volhynian Governorate

text: Zhytomyr Oblast

text: forester

text: Nova Borova

text: Shanyavsky Moscow People's University

text: matura

text: South Western Front

text: World War I

text: February Revolution

text: Land Committee

text: Ukrainian Central Council

text: Ukrainian Constituent Assembly

text: Volhynian Governorate

text: Ukrainian Central Council

text: January Uprising

text: Hetman

text: Pavlo Skoropadskyi

text: Direktoria

text: Borotbists

text: Bolsheviks

text: Communist International

text: Lenin

text: Soviet regime

text: Hnat Mykhailychenko

text: Armed Forces of South Russia

text: Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik)

text: revkom

text: Revolutionary Military Council

text: 12th Army

text: Pyotr Vrangel

text: Riga talks with Poland

text: Soviet Union

text: show trials

text: Kharkiv

text: Ukrainian Central Executive Committee

text: Kharkiv

text: Chervonyi Shlyakh

text: Korenizatsiya

text: Mykola Khvylyovy

text: Lazar Kaganovich

text: Vlas Chubar

text: Joseph Stalin

text: national deviation

text: Communist Party of Western Ukraine

text: UVO case

text: NKVD

text: Krasnoyarsk

text: hunger strike

text: Borotbists

text: Krasnoyarsk

text: Joseph Stalin

text: Soviet Union

text: Russian people

text: Little Russians

text: Ministry of State Security

text: Joseph Stalin

categories: Ukrainian people in the Russian Empire,Ambassadors of Ukraine to Poland,Members of the Central Executive Committee of Ukraine,1946 deaths,Borotbists,Inmates of Solovki prison camp,Deputies to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly,Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War,People from Volhynian Governorate,Prisoners sentenced to death by Ukraine,Russian military personnel of World War I,People murdered in the Soviet Union,Prisoners and detainees of Russia,Prisoners and detainees of Ukraine,Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine members,Education ministers of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic,Hunger strikes,Soviet people of the Ukrainian–Soviet War,Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party politicians,Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine members,Members of the Central Council of Ukraine,People from Khoroshiv Raion,Ukrainian people executed by the Soviet Union,Ukrainian exiles,1890 births

paragraph: Alexander Shumsky

paragraph: Alexander Shumsky or Oleksandr Shumskyi (, ) was a popular Ukrainian-Soviet politician and activist of the 1920s.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Earlier period and 1905 Revolution.

paragraph: Shumsky was born in the village of Turchynka, Volhynian Governorate (today Zhytomyr Oblast) in a family of foresters. Himself, Shumsky wrote that he was born in a family of "batrak" (poor farmer-serf). In his article Yuriy Shapoval indicates that Shumnsky was not fully truthful about his origin possibly due to the practice of posing oneself in early Soviet history as of lower class. In reality father of Shumsky Yakiv Danylovych worked as a forester for big landowner Mikhail Muravyov. Muravyov was the one who established the train station in Nova Borova which originally was known as Turchynka. The State Archives of Zhytomyr Oblast showed that Yakiv Danylovych was married to his wife Yeva. Further study of archives discovered that his grandfather Danylo Yakovych was a second generation of priests and in 1862 he was specifically assigned to the village of Turchynka.

paragraph: In 1906 he finished a five-year public school in a village Saly. There is also information that Shumsky finished only two-year church parish school. After the school, he worked at sawmills, in land improvement (amelioration), as a surveyor assistant. In 1908 he joined workers' movement and the Ukrainian Social Democratic League ("Spilka"). In 1909 he participated in a strike at local sawmill. Since 1911 Shumsky attended the Shanyavsky Moscow People's University, but never finished. During that period he joined the Ukrainian socialist club in Moscow. In 1915 Shumsky received the certificate of matura through expedited testing and enrolled in the Moscow veterinary school. Since 1914 he already was a member of the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries (UPSR) and participated in "revolutionary activities". In 1916 Shumsky was arrested for spreading "revolutionary literature" and sent to serve military duty at the South Western Front (World War I).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Ukrainian revolution and war with Soviet Russia.

paragraph: At the frontlines Shumsky continued his revolutionary activity and after the 1917 February Revolution in Russia, he was elected as a delegate of soldiers' congress at various levels, corps, army, and front. In April 1917 Shumsky already was in Kiev where he became a member of the Kiev Governorate Land Committee (in preparation to upcoming land reform). At the 3rd Congress of UPSR (November 1917), he was coopted to the Central Committee of UPSR as one of leaders of the party's left wing and on the party list of UPSR he entered the Ukrainian Central Council (Ukrainian parliament). In the parliament he advocated left radical views on social and agrarian matters similar to those of the Bolsheviks.

paragraph: In 1918 Shumsky was elected to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly from the Volhynian Governorate. He also became one of authors of the Law of Ukraine about land adopted by the Ukrainian Central Council on 18 January 1918. On Shumsky was arrested after he with a group of left Ukrainian SRs and Social-Democrats attempted a coup-d'état to dissolve the parliament (see January Uprising), but was freed by advancing Red Russian detachments of the Muravyov's troops which eventually sacked Kiev.

paragraph: At the 4th Congress of UPSR (May 1918) after his active support, the party's left wing announced liquidation of the party and transferring it underground. Shumsky defended the course to unfold the struggle against Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi, and later the Direktoria, rapprochement with Bolsheviks, establishing in Ukraine Soviet in its form, but nationalist in its composition state. During 1918 he headed Volhynian Governorate Land Committee, member of the UPSR gubernatorial committee, member of underground revolutionary committee that was preparing anti-Hetman uprising in Zhytomyr. In the beginning of 1919 after his speech at the Labor Congress of Ukraine, Shumsky was arrested again, sentenced to death, but escaped out of escort.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Soviet regime and Russian civil war.

paragraph: From Spring of 1919 to March 1920 Shumsky was a leader of the Ukrainian Communist Party (Borotbists). His initiated attempt to created national communist party that would have been associated with Russian Bolsheviks through Communist International and become alternative to Party-Soviet system that was developing, failed because of its rejection by leadership of RKP(b) and personally by Lenin.

paragraph: Following establishment of the Soviet regime in Ukraine, Shumsky was added to collegium of People's Commissariat of Education of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic (headed by Hnat Mykhailychenko). Soon in the summer of 1919 after the occupation of Ukraine by the Armed Forces of South Russia he had taken part in underground struggle against the Russian Whites and was a member of Galician Bureau at the Central Committee of the Communist Party (of Bolsheviks) of Ukraine. From under the pressure of Bolsheviks, the Ukrainian Communist Party (Borotbists) was dissolved and in March 1920 Shumsky was added to the Central Committee of the Communist Party (of Bolsheviks) of Ukraine as well as its Political and Organizational bureaus where he headed department in people relations with rural areas. In March 1920 he also was added to the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik). In May – June 1920 Shumsky was a governor of Poltava region (head of Poltava gubernatorial committee and presidium of Poltava gubernatorial executive committee), in July – August 1920 he was a head of Odessa gubernatorial revkom. In September 1920 Shumsky was in political administration and the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army. After defeat of Pyotr Vrangel, Shumsky was a head of Kiev gubernatorial revkom, member of the Soviet delegation at the Riga talks with Poland.

paragraph: In April 1921 – February 1923 he was plenipotentiary representative of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic to Poland (he left for Warsaw in October 1921). At that position Shumsky was actively requesting liquidation of Ukrainian emigrant organizations and internment camps for the Ukrainian People's Republic Army detachments. He was let go after separate embassies of Ukraine were replaced with one of the Soviet Union. Soon after being appointed to the position of ambassador, in May 1921 Shumsky also participated in show trials that took place in Kharkiv against the Central Committee of Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries where he served as a witness. Since 1922 Shumsky was a member of the Ukrainian Central Executive Committee.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Commissar of Education and conflict with Kaganovich.

paragraph: Following return to Kharkiv (then, capital of Ukraine), Shumsky is at party work and at trade union work. In 29 September 1924 – February 1927 he served as People's Commissar of Education of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic. About that time he also served as a chief editor of a political magazine Chervonyi Shlyakh. At his commissariat position he actively was implementing reform of system of education institutions, policy of revival of national culture (Soviet policy of "Korenizatsiya") in educational institutions and state offices, supported development of Ukrainian culture and literature, particularly writer Mykola Khvylyovy. On the issue there took place a conflict with general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine Lazar Kaganovich who was appointed back in April 1925; Shumsky was requesting to replace him with Vlas Chubar. The argument was intervened by general secretary of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Joseph Stalin who in his letter to members of Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine laying on Shumsky responsibility for spreading anti-Russian sentiments in Ukraine. In May 1926 at a plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine, Shumsky was forced officially recognize his mistake, but it did not save him. In 1927 he was removed from office in accusation of disruptive activities in the People's Commissariat of Education of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic. In February–March 1927 the plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine ascertained existence of the Shumsky's "national deviation" (Shumkism). In protection of Shumsky reacted leading representatives of the Communist Party of Western Ukraine which led to the party's split and later its liquidation. After that, Shumsky was forced to leave Ukraine.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Exile and further persecution.

paragraph: In 1927–33 he was a rector of the Leningrad Institute of National Economy, Leningrad Polytechnic Institute, a deputy head of mass agitation department of the Central Committee of All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), a head of the Central Committee of Trade Union of Education officials, a Presidium member of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. Shumsky expected to return to Ukraine, but in Ukraine he continued to be persecuted; in 1930 at the 11th Congress of CP(b)U it was mentioned about defeat of Shumskism, in November 1933 at plenum it was talked about anti-party Shumsky group and "counterrevolutionary" essence of its national deviation. On 13 May 1933 he was arrested on charges in fabricated "UVO case" and sentenced to 10 years in prison. After spending 2 years in Solovki prison camp of special assignment by decision of Special meeting at the NKVD of the Soviet Union on 10 December 1935 he was sentenced on charges in leadership of "counterrevolutionary borotbist organization" to 10 years exile to Krasnoyarsk. In 1936, demanding acquittal, Shumsky announced a hunger strike. In October 1937 he was accused in belonging to another nationalist organization of former Borotbists and was arrested in place of exile. Only in November 1939 the case due to lack of evidences was closed which did not become a reason for his acquittal. After the end of his sentence term (13 May 1943), Shumsky was left in Krasnoyarsk "on a treatment". Throughout his time of imprisonment, he did not stop fighting for his public rehabilitation, did not admit to any of allegations, repeatedly was appealing to the Central Committee of VKP(b). In his letter to Joseph Stalin on 18 October 1945 Shumsky sharply criticized the national policy of the Soviet Union, in particular exaltation of the Russian people as "senior brother".

paragraph: In the exile he was writing a monograph "Malorosy" ("Little Russians"), but destroyed it because of the impossibility of publishing.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:After release.

paragraph: In 1946 Shumsky twice unsuccessfully tried to end his life in suicide. In September 1946 on his way to Ukraine, he was killed by special group of the Ministry of State Security of the Soviet Union on personal order of Joseph Stalin.

paragraph: On 11 September 1958 Shumsky was rehabilitated.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Shumsky (Шумский Александр Яковлевич).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papakin, H. "Alexander Shumsky (ШУМСЬКИЙ ОЛЕКСАНДР ЯКОВИЧ)". Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine.

wikidata_label: Olexandr Shumsky

wikipedia_title: Alexander Shumsky


text:
Colombia
classical
jazz
Carnegie Hall
Ostrogskich-Chopin Hall
United Nations
Cleveland
Hungarian
Franz Liszt
Bela Bartok
United Nations
1956 Hungarian Revolution
Official website
Dieppa's discography
AllMusic

categories: Colombian composers,Colombian classical musicians,21st-century pianists,Colombian pianists,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Roberto McCausland Dieppa

paragraph: Roberto McCausland-Dieppa, sometimes known as "Dieppa", is a Colombian pianist, composer, and conductor, specializing in classical, jazz and Hungarian music. "Dieppa" helped start the Santa Fe-Barlovento Orchestra, he is the conductor of Sinfonía Latina"." His performances at various venues across the United States, Asia, Australia, and Europe, are noted such as Carnegie Hall, Ostrogskich-Chopin Hall, and the United Nations.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: In 2002, "Dieppa" was awarded the Merrill Lynch Prize for teaching piano while instructing at the School of Fine Arts in Cleveland.

paragraph: In 2006, he was awarded the Pro-Arte Hungarica prize by the Hungarian government's Ministry of Culture for his work and performances of Hungarian composers Franz Liszt and Bela Bartok.

paragraph: In 2006, "Dieppa" was invited by the United Nations to perform at commemorative event marking the 50th anniversary of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dieppa's discography at AllMusic

wikidata_label: Roberto McCausland Dieppa

wikipedia_title: Roberto McCausland Dieppa


text:
professional baseball
pitcher
Philadelphia Phillies
Major League Baseball
shortstop
free agent
Philadelphia Phillies
DSL Phillies
Gulf Coast Phillies
Lakewood BlueClaws
Clearwater Threshers
Reading Fightin Phils
Lehigh Valley IronPigs
Eastern League
Estrellas Orientales
Dominican Winter League
40-man roster
slider

categories: Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic,Lakewood BlueClaws players,Lehigh Valley IronPigs players,Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States,1996 births,Clearwater Threshers players,Philadelphia Phillies players,Major League Baseball pitchers,Dominican Summer League Phillies players,Reading Fightin Phils players,Gulf Coast Phillies players

paragraph: Édgar García (baseball, born 1996)

paragraph: Édgar Ernesto García (born October 4, 1996) is a Dominican professional baseball pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball (MLB). He made his major league debut in 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: García worked out as a shortstop for Phillies scouts initially in the Dominican Republic, but though his batting skills did not impress the scouts they liked his arm. He was signed as an international free agent as a pitcher by the Philadelphia Phillies on May 29, 2014, for $30,000.

paragraph: He made his professional debut in 2014 with the DSL Phillies, going 2–0 with a 2.10 ERA in 25.2 innings. García played for the Gulf Coast Phillies in 2015, going 1–2 with a 3.31 ERA and 34 strikeouts in 32.2 innings.

paragraph: García played for the Lakewood BlueClaws in 2016, going 4–1 with a 2.80 ERA in 61 innings. He played for the Clearwater Threshers in 2017, going 3–4 with a 4.47 ERA and 89 strikeouts in 88.2 innings.

paragraph: In 2018, García split the season between the Reading Fightin Phils and the Lehigh Valley IronPigs, he was 7–2 with a 3.64 ERA, and 72 strikeouts in 64.1 innings. He was an Eastern League Mid-season All Star, was 4th in the league in appearances with 47, and among qualifying league relief pitchers he had the 4th-best opposing batting average, at .204, and the 5th-best SO/9.0 IP rate, at 10.26. He then pitched for Estrellas Orientales of the Dominican Winter League during the 2018 offseason. The Phillies added him to their 40-man roster after the 2018 season.

paragraph: He opened the 2019 season back with Lehigh Valley, and before García was called up he was 1-1 with a 1.65 ERA and 23 strikeouts in 16.1 innings. On May 6, he was called to the major league roster and made his major league debut that night.

paragraph: García is known for an excellent slider that has hard, downward action.

alias:
Edgar Ernesto Garcia
Edgar Garcia
Édgar García

description: Baseball Player

wikidata_label: Edgar García

wikipedia_title: Édgar García (baseball, born 1996)


text:
rallying
Norway
Mads Østberg
Citroën
World Rally Championship
rally
co-driving
Frank Tore Larsen
2011 Rally Finland
WRC
2017 Rally Finland
2017 Rally Catalunya
Mads Østberg
2018
Citroën
2018 Rally Finland
Citroën C3 WRC
Torstein Eriksen

categories: Norwegian rally co-drivers,1990 births,Living people

paragraph: Torstein Eriksen

paragraph: Torstein Eriksen (born 29 April 1990) is a rallying co-driver from Norway. He is currently teamed with Mads Østberg and is competing for Citroën in the World Rally Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Rally career.

paragraph: Torstein Eriksen began his rally rally career in 2009, co-driving for Frank Tore Larsen. In 2011 Rally Finland, he made his WRC debut but retired from the rally due to mechanical issue.

paragraph: In the 2017 Rally Finland and 2017 Rally Catalunya, he partnered Mads Østberg and scored his first WRC points in Finland, where they finished tenth.

paragraph: In 2018, the Norwegian crew were signed by Citroën for selected events. In the 2018 Rally Finland, Eriksen acheieved his first WRC podium，where he finished second overall in a Citroën C3 WRC.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Torstein Eriksen's e-wrc profile

description: Norwegian rally co-driver

wikidata_label: Torstein Eriksen

wikipedia_title: Torstein Eriksen


text:
organs
tuberculosis
Stockholm
Uppsala University

categories: 1885 births,20th-century Swedish physicians,Date of birth missing,Place of death missing,Date of death missing,1965 deaths,Place of birth missing,20th-century Swedish photographers

paragraph: Einar Erici

paragraph: Einar Erici (1885–1965) was a Swedish doctor, researcher of musical organs and amateur photographer. He worked at a tuberculosis hospital in Stockholm and ran a private medical practice. He became an expert on church organs and organ builders. He conducted archive investigation on the topic and established an inventory of Swedish organs from before 1850. His collection of photographs of church organs has been archived as well as his photographs of people in nature, or at work.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: 1947 - Corresponding member of the Royal Danish History of History and the Antiquity Academy

paragraph: 1950 - Associate no. 199 by the Royal Academy of Music

paragraph: 1959 - The Medal for the Tone Art Promotion

paragraph: 1962 - Philosophy of Honorary Doctor at Uppsala University

description: Swedish photographer and physician

wikidata_label: Einar Erici

wikipedia_title: Einar Erici