text: iceberg theory

text: Oak Park, Illinois

text: The Kansas City Star

text: Italian Front

text: A Farewell to Arms

text: Hadley Richardson

text: Lost Generation

text: The Sun Also Rises

text: Pauline Pfeiffer

text: Spanish Civil War

text: For Whom the Bell Tolls

text: Martha Gellhorn

text: Mary Welsh

text: World War II

text: Normandy landings

text: liberation of Paris

text: The Old Man and the Sea

text: Ketchum, Idaho

text: Oak Park, Illinois

text: Grace Hall Hemingway

text: Frank Lloyd Wright

text: Oscar Wilde

text: The Importance of Being Earnest

text: contrapuntal

text: For Whom the Bell Tolls

text: Windemere

text: Walloon Lake

text: Petoskey, Michigan

text: Northern Michigan

text: Oak Park and River Forest High School

text: Chicago Symphony Orchestra

text: Ring Lardner

text: Chicago Tribune

text: Mark Twain

text: Stephen Crane

text: Theodore Dreiser

text: Sinclair Lewis

text: The Kansas City Star

text: style guide

text: Red Cross

text: Italian Front

text: John Dos Passos

text: Milan

text: Death in the Afternoon

text: Fossalta di Piave

text: Italian Silver Medal of Bravery

text: "Chink" Dorman-Smith

text: foreign service officer

text: Henry Serrano Villard

text: Agnes von Kurowsky

text: Upper Peninsula

text: Big Two-Hearted River

text: semi-autobiographical

text: Nick Adams

text: Toronto

text: Chicago

text: Toronto Star

text: Sherwood Anderson

text: Hadley Richardson

text: Carlos Baker

text: Gertrude Stein

text: James Joyce

text: Ezra Pound

text: Latin Quarter

text: modernism

text: Montparnasse Quarter

text: Lost Generation

text: The Sun Also Rises

text: salon

text: Pablo Picasso

text: Joan Miró

text: Juan Gris

text: Sylvia Beach

text: Shakespeare and Company

text: Greco-Turkish War

text: Smyrna

text: Gare de Lyon

text: Geneva

text: John Hadley Nicanor

text: Three Stories and Ten Poems

text: vignettes

text: corrida

text: Ford Madox Ford

text: The Transatlantic Review

text: John Dos Passos

text: Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven

text: Indian Camp

text: In Our Time

text: F. Scott Fitzgerald

text: The Great Gatsby

text: Hadley

text: San Fermín

text: Pamplona

text: bullfighting

text: Michigan

text: Lady Duff Twysden

text: Harold Loeb

text: The Sun Also Rises

text: Schruns

text: Pauline Pfeiffer

text: Scribner's

text: Max Perkins

text: Arkansas

text: Vogue

text: Le Grau-du-Roi

text: anthrax

text: Men Without Women

text: boxing

text: Fifty Grand

text: Cosmopolitan

text: Ray Long

text: Key West

text: Patrick

text: A Farewell to Arms

text: Scribner's Magazine

text: Death in the Afternoon

text: treatise

text: Billings, Montana

text: Gregory Hancock Hemingway

text: house

text: Sloppy Joe's

text: Waldo Peirce

text: Max Perkins

text: Dry Tortugas

text: Green Hills of Africa

text: The Snows of Kilimanjaro

text: The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber

text: Mombasa

text: Nairobi

text: Machakos

text: Tanganyika Territory

text: Serengeti

text: Lake Manyara

text: Tarangire National Park

text: Philip Percival

text: Theodore Roosevelt

text: amoebic dysentery

text: Pilar

text: Caribbean

text: Bimini

text: To Have and Have Not

text: Spanish Civil War

text: North American Newspaper Alliance

text: Joris Ivens

text: The Spanish Earth

text: Republican

text: John Dos Passos

text: José Robles

text: Frank G. Tinker

text: Robert Hale Merriman

text: Martha Gellhorn

text: The Fifth Column

text: the city was being bombarded

text: Battle of the Ebro

text: Hotel Ambos Mundos

text: Martha Gellhorn

text: Finca Vigía

text: Cheyenne, Wyoming

text: Ketchum, Idaho

text: Sun Valley

text: For Whom the Bell Tolls

text: Collier's

text: PM

text: declaration of war by the United States

text: Time

text: Mary Welsh

text: Normandy Landings

text: landing craft

text: Omaha Beach

text: Collier's

text: Dorothea Dix

text: 22nd Infantry Regiment

text: Charles 'Buck' Lanham

text: Rambouillet

text: Paul Fussell

text: Geneva Convention

text: liberation of Paris

text: Ritz

text: Battle of Hürtgen Forest

text: The Battle of the Bulge

text: Bronze Star

text: ectopic pregnancy

text: William Butler Yeats

text: Ford Madox Ford

text: The Garden of Eden

text: Venice

text: Adriana Ivancich

text: Across the River and into the Trees

text: The Old Man and the Sea

text: Pulitzer Prize

text: Belgian Congo

text: Murchison Falls

text: Entebbe

text: cerebral fluid

text: Venice

text: discs

text: dislocated shoulder

text: Nobel Prize in Literature

text: Carl Sandburg

text: Isak Dinesen

text: Bernard Berenson

text: Stockholm

text: Basque

text: Pio Baroja

text: A Moveable Feast

text: Big Wood River

text: Castro

text: Batista

text: Bay of Pigs Invasion

text: Life

text: A. E. Hotchner

text: The Dangerous Summer

text: J. Edgar Hoover

text: Mayo Clinic

text: hypertension

text: electroconvulsive therapy

text: back in Ketchum

text: hemochromatosis

text: metabolize

text: Leicester

text: Henry Louis Gates

text: iceberg theory

text: In Our Time

text: simple sentence

text: subordination

text: Henry James

text: subordinating conjunctions

text: snapshot

text: collage

text: polysyndeton

text: haiku

text: Saul Bellow

text: objective correlative

text: Proust

text: Remembrance of Things Past

text: American literature

text: Leslie Fiedler

text: American West

text: naturalism

text: The Sun Also Rises

text: Robert Scholes

text: A Very Short Story

text: Indian Camp

text: existentialism

text: bullfighter

text: corrida

text: emancipation

text: misogynistic

text: homophobic

text: homosexuality

text: racism

text: burned

text: J. D. Salinger

text: minor planet

text: Soviet

text: Nikolai Chernykh

text: 3656 Hemingway

text: Ray Bradbury

text: Mount Kilimanjaro

text: Wrestling Ernest Hemingway

text: Robert Duvall

text: Richard Harris

text: Shirley MacLaine

text: Sandra Bullock

text: Piper Laurie

text: Montblanc

text: International Imitation Hemingway Competition

text: Margaux Hemingway

text: Santa Monica

text: supermodel

text: Mariel

text: Lipstick

text: Ernest Hemingway Cottage

text: Ernest Hemingway House

text: Ernest and Mary Hemingway House

text: The Torrents of Spring

text: The Sun Also Rises

text: A Farewell to Arms

text: To Have and Have Not

text: For Whom the Bell Tolls

text: Across the River and into the Trees

text: The Old Man and the Sea

text: "Ernest Hemingway: A Storyteller's Legacy"

text: John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum

text: Fifty Grand

text: Ernest Hemingway A to Z: The Essential Reference to the Life and Work

text: Pizer, Donald

text: Hemingway Archives: John F. Kennedy Library

text: Ernest Hemingway's Collection

text: The University of Texas at Austin

text: Ernest Hemingway In His Time

text: University of Delaware

text: Maurice J. Speiser papers at the University of South Carolina Department of Rare Books and Special Collections

text: The Hemingway Society

text: Ernest Hemingway's journalism at The Archive of American Journalism

text: "The Art of Fiction No. 21

text: FBI Records: The Vault, Subject: Ernest Hemingway

text: Hemingway legal files collection, 1899–1971

text: Western American Literature Journal: Ernest Hemingway

categories: American expatriates in Cuba,Pulitzer Prize for Fiction winners,Catholics from Illinois,1899 births,Converts to Roman Catholicism,Nobel laureates in Literature,Journalists from Illinois,American male short story writers,Operation Overlord people,Bancarella Prize winners,Novelists from Illinois,Modernist writers,American male journalists,People from Ketchum, Idaho,History of Key West, Florida,American essayists,20th-century American journalists,1961 deaths,Writers who committed suicide,American expatriates in Spain,Writers from Chicago,American expatriates in Italy,American fishers,American military personnel of World War I,20th-century American male writers,Journalists who committed suicide,American memoirists,American war correspondents of World War II,American male novelists,American Nobel laureates,Toronto Star people,American people of the Spanish Civil War,Suicides by firearm in Idaho,American anti-fascists,Ernest Hemingway,Male suicides,20th-century American novelists,Hemingway family,Survivors of aviation accidents or incidents,American war novelists,American travel writers,French Resistance members,American hunters,Catholics from Idaho,American expatriates in France,Writers from Oak Park, Illinois,American male essayists,Recipients of the Silver Medal of Military Valor,American war correspondents,American Roman Catholics,American expatriates in Canada,20th-century American short story writers

paragraph: Ernest Hemingway

paragraph: Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American journalist, novelist, short-story writer, and sportsman. His economical and understated style—which he termed the iceberg theory—had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his adventurous lifestyle and his public image brought him admiration from later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and he won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short-story collections, and two non-fiction works. Three of his novels, four short-story collections, and three non-fiction works were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature.

paragraph: Hemingway was raised in Oak Park, Illinois. After high school, he was a reporter for a few months for "The Kansas City Star" before leaving for the Italian Front to enlist as an ambulance driver in World War I. In 1918, he was seriously wounded and returned home. His wartime experiences formed the basis for his novel "A Farewell to Arms" (1929).

paragraph: In 1921, he married Hadley Richardson, the first of four wives. They moved to Paris where he worked as a foreign correspondent and fell under the influence of the modernist writers and artists of the 1920s "Lost Generation" expatriate community. His debut novel "The Sun Also Rises" was published in 1926. He divorced his wife in 1927 and married Pauline Pfeiffer; they divorced after he returned from the Spanish Civil War, where he had been a journalist. He based "For Whom the Bell Tolls" (1940) on his experience there. Martha Gellhorn became his third wife in 1940; they separated after he met Mary Welsh in London during World War II. He was present with the troops as a journalist at the Normandy landings and the liberation of Paris.

paragraph: Hemingway went on safari to Africa shortly after the publication of "The Old Man and the Sea" (1952), where he was almost killed in two successive plane crashes that left him in pain and ill-health for much of the rest of his life. In 1959, he bought a house in Ketchum, Idaho where he ended his own life in mid-1961.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life.

paragraph: Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. His father, Clarence Edmonds Hemingway, was a physician, and his mother, Grace Hall Hemingway, was a musician. Both were well-educated and well-respected in Oak Park, a conservative community about which resident Frank Lloyd Wright said, "So many churches for so many good people to go to." For a short period after their marriage, Clarence and Grace Hemingway lived with Grace's father, Ernest Hall, their first son's namesake. Later, Ernest Hemingway would say that he disliked his name, which he "associated with the naive, even foolish hero of Oscar Wilde's play "The Importance of Being Earnest"". The family eventually moved into a seven-bedroom home in a respectable neighborhood with a music studio for Grace and a medical office for Clarence.

paragraph: Hemingway's mother frequently performed in concerts around the village. As an adult, Hemingway professed to hate his mother, although biographer Michael S. Reynolds points out that Hemingway mirrored her energy and enthusiasm. Her insistence that he learn to play the cello became a "source of conflict", but he later admitted the music lessons were useful to his writing, as is evident in the "contrapuntal structure" of "For Whom the Bell Tolls". The family spent summers at Windemere on Walloon Lake, near Petoskey, Michigan. Hemingway's father taught him to hunt, fish, and camp in the woods and lakes of Northern Michigan as a young boy. These early experiences in nature instilled a passion for outdoor adventure and living in remote or isolated areas.

paragraph: From 1913 until 1917, Hemingway attended Oak Park and River Forest High School. He took part in a number of sports such as boxing, track and field, water polo, and football. He excelled in English classes, and with his sister Marcelline, performed in the school orchestra for two years. During his junior year he had a journalism class, structured "as though the classroom were a newspaper office," with better writers submitting pieces to the school newspaper, "The Trapeze". Hemingway and Marcelline both submitted pieces; Hemingway's first piece, published in January 1916, was about a local performance by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. He edited the "Trapeze" and the "Tabula" (the yearbook), imitating the language of sportswriters, taking the pen name Ring Lardner, Jr.—a nod to Ring Lardner of the "Chicago Tribune" whose byline was "Line O'Type."

paragraph: Like Mark Twain, Stephen Crane, Theodore Dreiser, and Sinclair Lewis, Hemingway was a journalist before becoming a novelist. After leaving high school he went to work for "The Kansas City Star" as a cub reporter. Although he stayed there for only six months, he relied on the "Star"s style guide as a foundation for his writing: "Use short sentences. Use short first paragraphs. Use vigorous English. Be positive, not negative."

paragraph: Section::::Life.:World War I.

paragraph: Early in 1918, after applying to serve with, and being turned down by, the US Army, Navy and Marines because of poor eyesight, Hemingway responded to a Red Cross recruitment effort in Kansas City and signed on to become an ambulance driver in Italy. He left New York in May and arrived in Paris as the city was under bombardment from German artillery. By June, he was at the Italian Front. It was probably around this time that he first met John Dos Passos, with whom he had a rocky relationship for decades. On his first day in Milan, he was sent to the scene of a munitions factory explosion, where rescuers retrieved the shredded remains of female workers. He described the incident in his non-fiction book "Death in the Afternoon": "I remember that after we searched quite thoroughly for the complete dead we collected fragments." A few days later, he was stationed at Fossalta di Piave.

paragraph: On July 8, he was seriously wounded by mortar fire, having just returned from the canteen bringing chocolate and cigarettes for the men at the front line. Despite his wounds, Hemingway assisted Italian soldiers to safety, for which he received the Italian Silver Medal of Bravery. He was still only 18 at the time. Hemingway later said of the incident: "When you go to war as a boy you have a great illusion of immortality. Other people get killed; not you ... Then when you are badly wounded the first time you lose that illusion and you know it can happen to you." He sustained severe shrapnel wounds to both legs, underwent an immediate operation at a distribution center, and spent five days at a field hospital before he was transferred for recuperation to the Red Cross hospital in Milan. He spent six months at the hospital, where he met and formed a strong friendship with "Chink" Dorman-Smith that lasted for decades and shared a room with future American foreign service officer, ambassador, and author Henry Serrano Villard.

paragraph: While recuperating, he fell in love for the first time with Agnes von Kurowsky, a Red Cross nurse seven years his senior. By the time of his release and return to the United States in January 1919, Agnes and Hemingway had decided to marry within a few months in America. However, in March, she wrote that she had become engaged to an Italian officer. Biographer Jeffrey Meyers states in his book "Hemingway: A Biography" that Hemingway was devastated by Agnes's rejection, and in future relationships, he followed a pattern of abandoning a wife before she abandoned him.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Toronto and Chicago.

paragraph: Hemingway returned home early in 1919 to a time of readjustment. Before the age of 20, he had gained from the war a maturity that was at odds with living at home without a job and with the need for recuperation. As Reynolds explains, "Hemingway could not really tell his parents what he thought when he saw his bloody knee." He was not able to tell them how scared he had been "in another country with surgeons who could not tell him in English if his leg was coming off or not."

paragraph: In September, he took a fishing and camping trip with high school friends to the back-country of Michigan's Upper Peninsula. The trip became the inspiration for his short story "Big Two-Hearted River", in which the semi-autobiographical character Nick Adams takes to the country to find solitude after returning from war. A family friend offered him a job in Toronto, and with nothing else to do, he accepted. Late that year he began as a freelancer and staff writer for the "Toronto Star Weekly". He returned to Michigan the following June and then moved to Chicago in September 1920 to live with friends, while still filing stories for the "Toronto Star". In Chicago, he worked as an associate editor of the monthly journal "Cooperative Commonwealth", where he met novelist Sherwood Anderson.

paragraph: When St. Louis native Hadley Richardson came to Chicago to visit the sister of Hemingway's roommate, Hemingway became infatuated. He later claimed, "I knew she was the girl I was going to marry." Hadley, red-haired, with a "nurturing instinct," was eight years older than Hemingway. Despite the age difference, Hadley, who had grown up with an overprotective mother, seemed less mature than usual for a young woman her age. Bernice Kert, author of "The Hemingway Women", claims Hadley was "evocative" of Agnes, but that Hadley had a childishness that Agnes lacked. The two corresponded for a few months and then decided to marry and travel to Europe. They wanted to visit Rome, but Sherwood Anderson convinced them to visit Paris instead, writing letters of introduction for the young couple. They were married on September 3, 1921; two months later, Hemingway was hired as foreign correspondent for the "Toronto Star", and the couple left for Paris. Of Hemingway's marriage to Hadley, Meyers claims: "With Hadley, Hemingway achieved everything he had hoped for with Agnes: the love of a beautiful woman, a comfortable income, a life in Europe."

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Paris.

paragraph: Carlos Baker, Hemingway's first biographer, believes that while Anderson suggested Paris because "the monetary exchange rate" made it an inexpensive place to live, more importantly it was where "the most interesting people in the world" lived. In Paris, Hemingway met American writer and art collector Gertrude Stein, Irish novelist James Joyce, American poet Ezra Pound (who "could help a young writer up the rungs of a career") and other writers.

paragraph: The Hemingway of the early Paris years was a "tall, handsome, muscular, broad-shouldered, brown-eyed, rosy-cheeked, square-jawed, soft-voiced young man." He and Hadley lived in a small walk-up at 74 rue du Cardinal Lemoine in the Latin Quarter, and he worked in a rented room in a nearby building. Stein, who was the bastion of modernism in Paris, became Hemingway's mentor and godmother to his son Jack; she introduced him to the expatriate artists and writers of the Montparnasse Quarter, whom she referred to as the "Lost Generation"—a term Hemingway popularized with the publication of "The Sun Also Rises". A regular at Stein's salon, Hemingway met influential painters such as Pablo Picasso, Joan Miró, and Juan Gris. He eventually withdrew from Stein's influence and their relationship deteriorated into a literary quarrel that spanned decades. Ezra Pound met Hemingway by chance at Sylvia Beach's bookshop Shakespeare and Company in 1922. The two toured Italy in 1923 and lived on the same street in 1924. They forged a strong friendship, and in Hemingway, Pound recognized and fostered a young talent. Pound introduced Hemingway to James Joyce, with whom Hemingway frequently embarked on "alcoholic sprees".

paragraph: During his first 20 months in Paris, Hemingway filed 88 stories for the "Toronto Star" newspaper. He covered the Greco-Turkish War, where he witnessed the burning of Smyrna, and wrote travel pieces such as "Tuna Fishing in Spain" and "Trout Fishing All Across Europe: Spain Has the Best, Then Germany". Hemingway was devastated on learning that Hadley had lost a suitcase filled with his manuscripts at the Gare de Lyon as she was traveling to Geneva to meet him in December 1922. The following September, the couple returned to Toronto, where their son John Hadley Nicanor was born on October 10, 1923. During their absence, Hemingway's first book, "Three Stories and Ten Poems", was published. Two of the stories it contained were all that remained after the loss of the suitcase, and the third had been written early the previous year in Italy. Within months a second volume, "in our time" (without capitals), was published. The small volume included six vignettes and a dozen stories Hemingway had written the previous summer during his first visit to Spain, where he discovered the thrill of the "corrida". He missed Paris, considered Toronto boring, and wanted to return to the life of a writer, rather than live the life of a journalist.

paragraph: Hemingway, Hadley and their son (nicknamed Bumby) returned to Paris in January 1924 and moved into a new apartment on the rue Notre-Dame des Champs. Hemingway helped Ford Madox Ford edit "The Transatlantic Review", which published works by Pound, John Dos Passos, Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven, and Stein, as well as some of Hemingway's own early stories such as "Indian Camp". When "In Our Time" was published in 1925, the dust jacket bore comments from Ford. "Indian Camp" received considerable praise; Ford saw it as an important early story by a young writer, and critics in the United States praised Hemingway for reinvigorating the short story genre with his crisp style and use of declarative sentences. Six months earlier, Hemingway had met F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the pair formed a friendship of "admiration and hostility". Fitzgerald had published "The Great Gatsby" the same year: Hemingway read it, liked it, and decided his next work had to be a novel.

paragraph: With his wife Hadley, Hemingway first visited the Festival of San Fermín in Pamplona, Spain, in 1923, where he became fascinated by bullfighting. It is at this time that he began to be referred to as "Papa", even by much older friends. Hadley would much later recall that Hemingway had his own nicknames for everyone, and that he often did things for his friends; she suggested that he liked to be looked up to. She didn't remember precisely how the nickname came into being; however, it certainly stuck. The Hemingways returned to Pamplona in 1924 and a third time in June 1925; that year they brought with them a group of American and British expatriates: Hemingway's Michigan boyhood friend Bill Smith, Donald Ogden Stewart, Lady Duff Twysden (recently divorced), her lover Pat Guthrie, and Harold Loeb. A few days after the fiesta ended, on his birthday (July 21), he began to write the draft of what would become "The Sun Also Rises", finishing eight weeks later. A few months later, in December 1925, the Hemingways left to spend the winter in Schruns, Austria, where Hemingway began revising the manuscript extensively. Pauline Pfeiffer joined them in January and against Hadley's advice, urged Hemingway to sign a contract with Scribner's. He left Austria for a quick trip to New York to meet with the publishers, and on his return, during a stop in Paris, began an affair with Pfeiffer, before returning to Schruns to finish the revisions in March. The manuscript arrived in New York in April; he corrected the final proof in Paris in August 1926, and Scribner's published the novel in October.

paragraph: "The Sun Also Rises" epitomized the post-war expatriate generation, received good reviews, and is "recognized as Hemingway's greatest work". Hemingway himself later wrote to his editor Max Perkins that the "point of the book" was not so much about a generation being lost, but that "the earth abideth forever"; he believed the characters in "The Sun Also Rises" may have been "battered" but were not lost.

paragraph: Hemingway's marriage to Hadley deteriorated as he was working on "The Sun Also Rises". In early 1926, Hadley became aware of his affair with Pfeiffer, who came to Pamplona with them that July. On their return to Paris, Hadley asked for a separation; in November she formally requested a divorce. They split their possessions while Hadley accepted Hemingway's offer of the proceeds from "The Sun Also Rises". The couple were divorced in January 1927, and Hemingway married Pfeiffer in May.

paragraph: Pfeiffer, who was from a wealthy Catholic Arkansas family, had moved to Paris to work for "Vogue" magazine. Before their marriage, Hemingway converted to Catholicism. They honeymooned in Le Grau-du-Roi, where he contracted anthrax, and he planned his next collection of short stories, "Men Without Women", which was published in October 1927, and included his boxing story "Fifty Grand". "Cosmopolitan" magazine editor-in-chief Ray Long praised "Fifty Grand", calling it, "one of the best short stories that ever came to my hands ... the best prize-fight story I ever read ... a remarkable piece of realism."

paragraph: By the end of the year Pauline, who was pregnant, wanted to move back to America. John Dos Passos recommended Key West, and they left Paris in March 1928. Hemingway suffered a severe injury in their Paris bathroom when he pulled a skylight down on his head thinking he was pulling on a toilet chain. This left him with a prominent forehead scar, which he carried for the rest of his life. When Hemingway was asked about the scar, he was reluctant to answer. After his departure from Paris, Hemingway "never again lived in a big city".

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Key West and the Caribbean.

paragraph: Hemingway and Pauline traveled to Kansas City, where their son Patrick was born on June 28, 1928. Pauline had a difficult delivery; Hemingway fictionalized a version of the event as a part of "A Farewell to Arms". After Patrick's birth, Pauline and Hemingway traveled to Wyoming, Massachusetts, and New York. In the winter, he was in New York with Bumby, about to board a train to Florida, when he received a cable telling him that his father had killed himself. Hemingway was devastated, having earlier written to his father telling him not to worry about financial difficulties; the letter arrived minutes after the suicide. He realized how Hadley must have felt after her own father's suicide in 1903, and he commented, "I'll probably go the same way."

paragraph: Upon his return to Key West in December, Hemingway worked on the draft of "A Farewell to Arms" before leaving for France in January. He had finished it in August but delayed the revision. The serialization in "Scribner's Magazine" was scheduled to begin in May, but as late as April, Hemingway was still working on the ending, which he may have rewritten as many as seventeen times. The completed novel was published on September 27. Biographer James Mellow believes "A Farewell to Arms" established Hemingway's stature as a major American writer and displayed a level of complexity not apparent in "The Sun Also Rises". In Spain in mid-1929, Hemingway researched his next work, "Death in the Afternoon". He wanted to write a comprehensive treatise on bullfighting, explaining the "toreros" and "corridas" complete with glossaries and appendices, because he believed bullfighting was "of great tragic interest, being literally of life and death."

paragraph: During the early 1930s, Hemingway spent his winters in Key West and summers in Wyoming, where he found "the most beautiful country he had seen in the American West" and hunted deer, elk, and grizzly bear. He was joined there by Dos Passos and in November 1930, after bringing Dos Passos to the train station in Billings, Montana, Hemingway broke his arm in a car accident. The surgeon tended the compound spiral fracture and bound the bone with kangaroo tendon. Hemingway was hospitalized for seven weeks, with Pauline tending to him; the nerves in his writing hand took as long as a year to heal, during which time he suffered intense pain.

paragraph: His third son, Gregory Hancock Hemingway, was born a year later on November 12, 1931, in Kansas City. Pauline's uncle bought the couple a house in Key West with a carriage house, the second floor of which was converted into a writing studio. While in Key West, Hemingway frequented the local bar Sloppy Joe's. He invited friends—including Waldo Peirce, Dos Passos, and Max Perkins—to join him on fishing trips and on an all-male expedition to the Dry Tortugas. Meanwhile, he continued to travel to Europe and to Cuba, and—although in 1933 he wrote of Key West, "We have a fine house here, and kids are all well"—Mellow believes he "was plainly restless".

paragraph: In 1933, Hemingway and Pauline went on safari to East Africa. The 10-week trip provided material for "Green Hills of Africa", as well as for the short stories "The Snows of Kilimanjaro" and "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber". The couple visited Mombasa, Nairobi, and Machakos in Kenya; then moved on to Tanganyika Territory, where they hunted in the Serengeti, around Lake Manyara, and west and southeast of present-day Tarangire National Park. Their guide was the noted "white hunter" Philip Percival who had guided Theodore Roosevelt on his 1909 safari. During these travels, Hemingway contracted amoebic dysentery that caused a prolapsed intestine, and he was evacuated by plane to Nairobi, an experience reflected in "The Snows of Kilimanjaro". On Hemingway's return to Key West in early 1934, he began work on "Green Hills of Africa", which he published in 1935 to mixed reviews.

paragraph: Hemingway bought a boat in 1934, named it the "Pilar", and began sailing the Caribbean. In 1935 he first arrived at Bimini, where he spent a considerable amount of time. During this period he also worked on "To Have and Have Not", published in 1937 while he was in Spain, the only novel he wrote during the 1930s.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Spanish Civil War.

paragraph: In 1937, Hemingway agreed to report on the Spanish Civil War for the North American Newspaper Alliance (NANA), arriving in Spain in March with Dutch filmmaker Joris Ivens. Ivens was filming "The Spanish Earth", a propaganda film in support of the Republican side. He wanted Hemingway to replace John Dos Passos as screenwriter, since Dos Passos had left the project when his friend José Robles was arrested and later executed. The incident changed Dos Passos' initially positive opinion of the leftist republicans, creating a rift between him and Hemingway, who later spread a rumor that Dos Passos left Spain out of cowardice. He also rubbed shoulders with US volunteers fighting on the Republican side, including the ace fighter pilot Frank G. Tinker and Robert Hale Merriman, leader of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade.

paragraph: Journalist and writer Martha Gellhorn, whom Hemingway had met in Key West the previous Christmas (1936), joined him in Spain. Like Hadley, Martha was a St. Louis native, and like Pauline, she had worked for "Vogue" in Paris. Of Martha, Kert explains, "she never catered to him the way other women did". Late in 1937, while in Madrid with Martha, Hemingway wrote his only play, "The Fifth Column", as the city was being bombarded by Francoist forces. He returned to Key West for a few months, then back to Spain twice in 1938, where he was present at the Battle of the Ebro, the last republican stand, and he was among the British and American journalists who were some of the last to leave the battle as they crossed the river.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Cuba.

paragraph: In early 1939, Hemingway crossed to Cuba in his boat to live in the Hotel Ambos Mundos in Havana. This was the separation phase of a slow and painful split from Pauline, which began when Hemingway met Martha Gellhorn. Martha soon joined him in Cuba, and they rented "Finca Vigía" ("Lookout Farm"), a property from Havana. Pauline and the children left Hemingway that summer, after the family was reunited during a visit to Wyoming; when his divorce from Pauline was finalized, he and Martha were married on November 20, 1940 in Cheyenne, Wyoming.

paragraph: Hemingway moved his primary summer residence to Ketchum, Idaho, just outside the newly built resort of Sun Valley, and moved his winter residence to Cuba. He had been disgusted when a Parisian friend allowed his cats to eat from the table, but he became enamored of cats in Cuba and kept dozens of them on the property.

paragraph: Gellhorn inspired him to write his most famous novel "For Whom the Bell Tolls", which he started in March 1939 and finished in July 1940. It was published in October 1940. His pattern was to move around while working on a manuscript, and he wrote "For Whom the Bell Tolls" in Cuba, Wyoming, and Sun Valley. It became a Book-of-the-Month Club choice, sold half a million copies within months, was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, and "triumphantly re-established Hemingway's literary reputation" in the words of Meyers.

paragraph: In January 1941, Martha was sent to China on assignment for "Collier's" magazine. Hemingway went with her, sending in dispatches for the newspaper "PM", but in general he disliked China. A 2009 book suggests during that period he may have been recruited to work for Soviet intelligence agents under the name "Agent Argo". They returned to Cuba before the declaration of war by the United States that December, when he convinced the Cuban government to help him refit the "Pilar", which he intended to use to ambush German submarines off the coast of Cuba.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:World War II.

paragraph: Hemingway was in Europe from May 1944 to March 1945. When he arrived in London, he met "Time" magazine correspondent Mary Welsh, with whom he became infatuated. Martha had been forced to cross the Atlantic in a ship filled with explosives because Hemingway refused to help her get a press pass on a plane, and she arrived in London to find him hospitalized with a concussion from a car accident. She was unsympathetic to his plight; she accused him of being a bully and told him that she was "through, absolutely finished". The last time that Hemingway saw Martha was in March 1945 as he was preparing to return to Cuba, and their divorce was finalized later that year. Meanwhile, he had asked Mary Welsh to marry him on their third meeting.

paragraph: Hemingway accompanied the troops to the Normandy Landings wearing a large head bandage, according to Meyers, but he was considered "precious cargo" and not allowed ashore. The landing craft came within sight of Omaha Beach before coming under enemy fire and turning back. Hemingway later wrote in "Collier's" that he could see "the first, second, third, fourth and fifth waves of [landing troops] lay where they had fallen, looking like so many heavily laden bundles on the flat pebbly stretch between the sea and first cover". Mellow explains that, on that first day, none of the correspondents were allowed to land and Hemingway was returned to the "Dorothea Dix".

paragraph: Late in July, he attached himself to "the 22nd Infantry Regiment commanded by Col. Charles 'Buck' Lanham, as it drove toward Paris", and Hemingway became de facto leader to a small band of village militia in Rambouillet outside of Paris. Paul Fussell remarks: "Hemingway got into considerable trouble playing infantry captain to a group of Resistance people that he gathered because a correspondent is not supposed to lead troops, even if he does it well." This was in fact in contravention of the Geneva Convention, and Hemingway was brought up on formal charges; he said that he "beat the rap" by claiming that he only offered advice.

paragraph: On August 25, he was present at the liberation of Paris as a journalist; contrary to the Hemingway legend, he was not the first into the city, nor did he liberate the Ritz. In Paris, he visited Sylvia Beach and Pablo Picasso with Mary Welsh, who joined him there; in a spirit of happiness, he forgave Gertrude Stein. Later that year, he observed heavy fighting in the Battle of Hürtgen Forest. On December 17, 1944, he had himself driven to Luxembourg in spite of illness to cover The Battle of the Bulge. As soon as he arrived, however, Lanham handed him to the doctors, who hospitalized him with pneumonia; he recovered a week later, but most of the fighting was over.

paragraph: In 1947, Hemingway was awarded a Bronze Star for his bravery during World War II. He was recognized for having been "under fire in combat areas in order to obtain an accurate picture of conditions", with the commendation that "through his talent of expression, Mr. Hemingway enabled readers to obtain a vivid picture of the difficulties and triumphs of the front-line soldier and his organization in combat".

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Cuba and the Nobel Prize.

paragraph: Hemingway said he "was out of business as a writer" from 1942 to 1945 during his residence in Cuba. In 1946 he married Mary, who had an ectopic pregnancy five months later. The Hemingway family suffered a series of accidents and health problems in the years following the war: in a 1945 car accident, he "smashed his knee" and sustained another "deep wound on his forehead"; Mary broke first her right ankle and then her left in successive skiing accidents. A 1947 car accident left Patrick with a head wound and severely ill. Hemingway sank into depression as his literary friends began to die: in 1939 William Butler Yeats and Ford Madox Ford; in 1940 Scott Fitzgerald; in 1941 Sherwood Anderson and James Joyce; in 1946 Gertrude Stein; and the following year in 1947, Max Perkins, Hemingway's long-time Scribner's editor and friend. During this period, he suffered from severe headaches, high blood pressure, weight problems, and eventually diabetes—much of which was the result of previous accidents and many years of heavy drinking. Nonetheless, in January 1946, he began work on "The Garden of Eden", finishing 800 pages by June. During the post-war years, he also began work on a trilogy tentatively titled "The Land", "The Sea" and "The Air", which he wanted to combine in one novel titled "The Sea Book". However, both projects stalled, and Mellow says that Hemingway's inability to continue was "a symptom of his troubles" during these years.

paragraph: In 1948, Hemingway and Mary traveled to Europe, staying in Venice for several months. While there, Hemingway fell in love with the then 19-year-old Adriana Ivancich. The platonic love affair inspired the novel "Across the River and into the Trees", written in Cuba during a time of strife with Mary, and published in 1950 to negative reviews. The following year, furious at the critical reception of "Across the River and Into the Trees", he wrote the draft of "The Old Man and the Sea" in eight weeks, saying that it was "the best I can write ever for all of my life". "The Old Man and the Sea" became a book-of-the-month selection, made Hemingway an international celebrity, and won the Pulitzer Prize in May 1952, a month before he left for his second trip to Africa.

paragraph: In 1954, while in Africa, Hemingway was almost fatally injured in two successive plane crashes. He chartered a sightseeing flight over the Belgian Congo as a Christmas present to Mary. On their way to photograph Murchison Falls from the air, the plane struck an abandoned utility pole and "crash landed in heavy brush". Hemingway's injuries included a head wound, while Mary broke two ribs. The next day, attempting to reach medical care in Entebbe, they boarded a second plane that exploded at take-off, with Hemingway suffering burns and another concussion, this one serious enough to cause leaking of cerebral fluid. They eventually arrived in Entebbe to find reporters covering the story of Hemingway's death. He briefed the reporters and spent the next few weeks recuperating and reading his erroneous obituaries. Despite his injuries, Hemingway accompanied Patrick and his wife on a planned fishing expedition in February, but pain caused him to be irascible and difficult to get along with. When a bushfire broke out, he was again injured, sustaining second degree burns on his legs, front torso, lips, left hand and right forearm. Months later in Venice, Mary reported to friends the full extent of Hemingway's injuries: two cracked discs, a kidney and liver rupture, a dislocated shoulder and a broken skull. The accidents may have precipitated the physical deterioration that was to follow. After the plane crashes, Hemingway, who had been "a thinly controlled alcoholic throughout much of his life, drank more heavily than usual to combat the pain of his injuries."

paragraph: In October 1954, Hemingway received the Nobel Prize in Literature. He modestly told the press that Carl Sandburg, Isak Dinesen and Bernard Berenson deserved the prize, but he gladly accepted the prize money. Mellow says Hemingway "had coveted the Nobel Prize", but when he won it, months after his plane accidents and the ensuing worldwide press coverage, "there must have been a lingering suspicion in Hemingway's mind that his obituary notices had played a part in the academy's decision." Because he was suffering pain from the African accidents, he decided against traveling to Stockholm. Instead he sent a speech to be read, defining the writer's life:

paragraph: From the end of the year in 1955 to early 1956, Hemingway was bedridden. He was told to stop drinking to mitigate liver damage, advice he initially followed but then disregarded. In October 1956, he returned to Europe and met Basque writer Pio Baroja, who was seriously ill and died weeks later. During the trip, Hemingway became sick again and was treated for "high blood pressure, liver disease, and arteriosclerosis".

paragraph: In November 1956, while staying in Paris, he was reminded of trunks he had stored in the Ritz Hotel in 1928 and never retrieved. Upon re-claiming and opening the trunks, Hemingway discovered they were filled with notebooks and writing from his Paris years. Excited about the discovery, when he returned to Cuba in early 1957, he began to shape the recovered work into his memoir "A Moveable Feast". By 1959 he ended a period of intense activity: he finished "A Moveable Feast" (scheduled to be released the following year); brought "True at First Light" to 200,000 words; added chapters to "The Garden of Eden"; and worked on "Islands in the Stream". The last three were stored in a safe deposit box in Havana, as he focused on the finishing touches for "A Moveable Feast". Author Michael Reynolds claims it was during this period that Hemingway slid into depression, from which he was unable to recover.

paragraph: The Finca Vigia became crowded with guests and tourists, as Hemingway, beginning to become unhappy with life there, considered a permanent move to Idaho. In 1959 he bought a home overlooking the Big Wood River, outside Ketchum, and left Cuba—although he apparently remained on easy terms with the Castro government, telling "The New York Times" he was "delighted" with Castro's overthrow of Batista. He was in Cuba in November 1959, between returning from Pamplona and traveling west to Idaho, and the following year for his 60th birthday; however, that year he and Mary decided to leave after hearing the news that Castro wanted to nationalize property owned by Americans and other foreign nationals. On July 25, 1960, the Hemingways left Cuba for the last time, leaving art and manuscripts in a bank vault in Havana. After the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Finca Vigia was expropriated by the Cuban government, complete with Hemingway's collection of "four to six thousand books".

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Idaho and suicide.

paragraph: Hemingway continued to rework the material that was published as "A Moveable Feast" through the 1950s. In mid-1959, he visited Spain to research a series of bullfighting articles commissioned by "Life" magazine. "Life" wanted only 10,000 words, but the manuscript grew out of control. He was unable to organize his writing for the first time in his life, so he asked A. E. Hotchner to travel to Cuba to help him. Hotchner helped him trim the "Life" piece down to 40,000 words, and Scribner's agreed to a full-length book version ("The Dangerous Summer") of almost 130,000 words. Hotchner found Hemingway to be "unusually hesitant, disorganized, and confused", and suffering badly from failing eyesight.

paragraph: Hemingway and Mary left Cuba for the last time on July 25, 1960. He set up a small office in his New York City apartment and attempted to work, but he left New York for good soon after. He then traveled alone to Spain to be photographed for the front cover of "Life" magazine. A few days later, the news reported that he was seriously ill and on the verge of dying, which panicked Mary until she received a cable from him telling her, "Reports false. Enroute Madrid. Love Papa." However, he "was" seriously ill and believed himself to be on the verge of a breakdown. He was lonely and took to his bed for days, retreating into silence, despite having the first installments of "The Dangerous Summer" published in "Life" in September 1960 to good reviews. In October, he left Spain for New York, where he refused to leave Mary's apartment on the pretext that he was being watched. She quickly took him to Idaho, where physician George Saviers met them at the train.

paragraph: At this time, Hemingway was constantly worried about money and his safety. He worried about his taxes and that he would never return to Cuba to retrieve the manuscripts that he had left in a bank vault. He became paranoid, thinking that the FBI was actively monitoring his movements in Ketchum. The FBI had, in fact, opened a file on him during World War II, when he used the "Pilar" to patrol the waters off Cuba, and J. Edgar Hoover had an agent in Havana watch him during the 1950s. By the end of November, Mary was at her wits' end, and Saviers suggested that Hemingway go to the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota; Hemingway might have believed that he was to be treated there for hypertension. The FBI knew that Hemingway was at the Mayo Clinic, as an agent later documented in a letter written in January 1961. He was checked in at the Mayo Clinic under Saviers's name in order to maintain anonymity. Meyers writes that "an aura of secrecy surrounds Hemingway's treatment at the Mayo" but confirms that he was treated with electroconvulsive therapy as many as 15 times in December 1960 and was "released in ruins" in January 1961.

paragraph: Hemingway was back in Ketchum in April 1961, three months after being released from the Mayo Clinic, when Mary "found Hemingway holding a shotgun" in the kitchen one morning. She called Saviers, who sedated him and admitted him to the Sun Valley Hospital; from there he was returned to the Mayo for more electroshock treatments. He was released in late June and arrived home in Ketchum on June 30, and he "quite deliberately" shot himself with his favorite shotgun in the early morning hours of July 2, 1961. He had unlocked the basement storeroom where his guns were kept, gone upstairs to the front entrance foyer, and shot himself with the "double-barreled shotgun that he had used so often it might have been a friend".

paragraph: Mary called the Sun Valley Hospital, and a doctor quickly arrived at the house who determined that Hemingway "had died of a self-inflicted wound to the head". Mary was sedated and taken to the hospital, returning home the next day where she cleaned the house and saw to the funeral and travel arrangements. Bernice Kert writes that it "did not seem to her a conscious lie" when she told the press that his death had been accidental. In a press interview five years later, Mary confirmed that he had shot himself.

paragraph: Family and friends flew to Ketchum for the funeral, officiated by the local Catholic priest, who believed that the death had been accidental. An altar boy fainted at the head of the casket during the funeral, and Hemingway's brother Leicester wrote: "It seemed to me Ernest would have approved of it all." He is buried in the Ketchum cemetery.

paragraph: Hemingway's behavior during his final years had been similar to that of his father before he killed himself; his father may have had the genetic disease hemochromatosis, whereby the inability to metabolize iron culminates in mental and physical deterioration. Medical records made available in 1991 confirm that Hemingway had been diagnosed with hemochromatosis in early 1961. His sister Ursula and his brother Leicester also killed themselves. Hemingway's health was further compromised by being a heavy drinker for most of his life.

paragraph: A memorial to Hemingway just north of Sun Valley is inscribed on the base with a eulogy that Hemingway wrote for a friend several decades earlier:

paragraph: Section::::Writing style.

paragraph: "The New York Times" wrote in 1926 of Hemingway's first novel, "No amount of analysis can convey the quality of "The Sun Also Rises". It is a truly gripping story, told in a lean, hard, athletic narrative prose that puts more literary English to shame." "The Sun Also Rises" is written in the spare, tight prose that made Hemingway famous, and, according to James Nagel, "changed the nature of American writing." In 1954, when Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, it was for "his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in "The Old Man and the Sea", and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style."

paragraph: Henry Louis Gates believes Hemingway's style was fundamentally shaped "in reaction to [his] experience of world war". After World War I, he and other modernists "lost faith in the central institutions of Western civilization" by reacting against the elaborate style of 19th-century writers and by creating a style "in which meaning is established through dialogue, through action, and silences—a fiction in which nothing crucial—or at least very little—is stated explicitly."

paragraph: Because he began as a writer of short stories, Baker believes Hemingway learned to "get the most from the least, how to prune language, how to multiply intensities and how to tell nothing but the truth in a way that allowed for telling more than the truth." Hemingway called his style the iceberg theory: the facts float above water; the supporting structure and symbolism operate out of sight. The concept of the iceberg theory is sometimes referred to as the "theory of omission". Hemingway believed the writer could describe one thing (such as Nick Adams fishing in "The Big Two-Hearted River") though an entirely different thing occurs below the surface (Nick Adams concentrating on fishing to the extent that he does not have to think about anything else). Paul Smith writes that Hemingway's first stories, collected as "In Our Time", showed he was still experimenting with his writing style. He avoided complicated syntax. About 70 percent of the sentences are simple sentences—a childlike syntax without subordination.

paragraph: Jackson Benson believes Hemingway used autobiographical details as framing devices about life in general—not only about his life. For example, Benson postulates that Hemingway used his experiences and drew them out with "what if" scenarios: "what if I were wounded in such a way that I could not sleep at night? What if I were wounded and made crazy, what would happen if I were sent back to the front?" Writing in "The Art of the Short Story", Hemingway explains: "A few things I have found to be true. If you leave out important things or events that you know about, the story is strengthened. If you leave or skip something because you do not know it, the story will be worthless. The test of any story is how very good the stuff that you, not your editors, omit."

paragraph: The simplicity of the prose is deceptive. Zoe Trodd believes Hemingway crafted skeletal sentences in response to Henry James's observation that World War I had "used up words". Hemingway offers a "multi-focal" photographic reality. His iceberg theory of omission is the foundation on which he builds. The syntax, which lacks subordinating conjunctions, creates static sentences. The photographic "snapshot" style creates a collage of images. Many types of internal punctuation (colons, semicolons, dashes, parentheses) are omitted in favor of short declarative sentences. The sentences build on each other, as events build to create a sense of the whole. Multiple strands exist in one story; an "embedded text" bridges to a different angle. He also uses other cinematic techniques of "cutting" quickly from one scene to the next; or of "splicing" a scene into another. Intentional omissions allow the reader to fill the gap, as though responding to instructions from the author, and create three-dimensional prose.

paragraph: Hemingway habitually used the word "and" in place of commas. This use of polysyndeton may serve to convey immediacy. Hemingway's polysyndetonic sentence—or in later works his use of subordinate clauses—uses conjunctions to juxtapose startling visions and images. Benson compares them to haikus. Many of Hemingway's followers misinterpreted his lead and frowned upon all expression of emotion; Saul Bellow satirized this style as "Do you have emotions? Strangle them." However, Hemingway's intent was not to eliminate emotion, but to portray it more scientifically. Hemingway thought it would be easy, and pointless, to describe emotions; he sculpted collages of images in order to grasp "the real thing, the sequence of motion and fact which made the emotion and which would be as valid in a year or in ten years or, with luck and if you stated it purely enough, always". This use of an image as an objective correlative is characteristic of Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, and Proust. Hemingway's letters refer to Proust's "Remembrance of Things Past" several times over the years, and indicate he read the book at least twice.

paragraph: Section::::Themes.

paragraph: The popularity of Hemingway's work depends on its themes of love, war, wilderness, and loss, all of which are strongly evident in the body of work. These are recurring themes in American literature, and are quite clearly evident in Hemingway's work. Critic Leslie Fiedler sees the theme he defines as "The Sacred Land"—the American West—extended in Hemingway's work to include mountains in Spain, Switzerland and Africa, and to the streams of Michigan. The American West is given a symbolic nod with the naming of the "Hotel Montana" in "The Sun Also Rises" and "For Whom the Bell Tolls". According to Stoltzfus and Fiedler, in Hemingway's work, nature is a place for rebirth and rest; and it is where the hunter or fisherman might experience a moment of transcendence at the moment they kill their prey. Nature is where men exist without women: men fish; men hunt; men find redemption in nature. Although Hemingway does write about sports, such as fishing, Carlos Baker notes the emphasis is more on the athlete than the sport. At its core, much of Hemingway's work can be viewed in the light of American naturalism, evident in detailed descriptions such as those in "Big Two-Hearted River".

paragraph: Fiedler believes Hemingway inverts the American literary theme of the evil "Dark Woman" versus the good "Light Woman". The dark woman—Brett Ashley of "The Sun Also Rises"—is a goddess; the light woman—Margot Macomber of "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber"—is a murderess. Robert Scholes admits that early Hemingway stories, such as "A Very Short Story", present "a male character favorably and a female unfavorably". According to Rena Sanderson, early Hemingway critics lauded his male-centric world of masculine pursuits, and the fiction divided women into "castrators or love-slaves". Feminist critics attacked Hemingway as "public enemy number one", although more recent re-evaluations of his work "have given new visibility to Hemingway's female characters (and their strengths) and have revealed his own sensitivity to gender issues, thus casting doubts on the old assumption that his writings were one-sidedly masculine." Nina Baym believes that Brett Ashley and Margot Macomber "are the two outstanding examples of Hemingway's 'bitch women.

paragraph: The theme of women and death is evident in stories as early as "Indian Camp". The theme of death permeates Hemingway's work. Young believes the emphasis in "Indian Camp" was not so much on the woman who gives birth or the father who kills himself, but on Nick Adams who witnesses these events as a child, and becomes a "badly scarred and nervous young man". Hemingway sets the events in "Indian Camp" that shape the Adams persona. Young believes "Indian Camp" holds the "master key" to "what its author was up to for some thirty-five years of his writing career". Stoltzfus considers Hemingway's work to be more complex with a representation of the truth inherent in existentialism: if "nothingness" is embraced, then redemption is achieved at the moment of death. Those who face death with dignity and courage live an authentic life. Francis Macomber dies happy because the last hours of his life are authentic; the bullfighter in the corrida represents the pinnacle of a life lived with authenticity. In his paper "The Uses of Authenticity: Hemingway and the Literary Field", Timo Müller writes that Hemingway's fiction is successful because the characters live an "authentic life", and the "soldiers, fishers, boxers and backwoodsmen are among the archetypes of authenticity in modern literature".

paragraph: The theme of emasculation is prevalent in Hemingway's work, most notably in "The Sun Also Rises". Emasculation, according to Fiedler, is a result of a generation of wounded soldiers; and of a generation in which women such as Brett gained emancipation. This also applies to the minor character, Frances Clyne, Cohn's girlfriend in the beginning in the book. Her character supports the theme not only because the idea was presented early on in the novel but also the impact she had on Cohn in the start of the book while only appearing a small number of times. Baker believes Hemingway's work emphasizes the "natural" versus the "unnatural". In "Alpine Idyll" the "unnaturalness" of skiing in the high country late spring snow is juxtaposed against the "unnaturalness" of the peasant who allowed his wife's dead body to linger too long in the shed during the winter. The skiers and peasant retreat to the valley to the "natural" spring for redemption.

paragraph: Susan Beegel has written that some more recent critics—writing through the lens of a more modern social and cultural context several decades after Hemingway's death, and more than half a century after his novels were first published—have characterized the social era portrayed in his fiction as misogynistic and homophobic. In her 1996 essay, "Critical Reception", Beegel analyzed four decades of Hemingway criticism and found that "critics interested in multiculturalism", particularly in the 1980s, simply ignored Hemingway, although some "apologetics" have been written. Typical, according to Beegel, is an analysis of Hemingway's 1926 novel, "The Sun Also Rises", in which a critic contended: "Hemingway never lets the reader forget that Cohn is a Jew, not an unattractive character who happens to be a Jew but a character who is unattractive because he is a Jew." Also during the 1980s, according to Beegel, criticism was published that focused on investigating the "horror of homosexuality" and the "racism" typical of the social era portrayed in Hemingway's fiction. In an overall assessment of Hemingway's work Beegel has written: "Throughout his remarkable body of fiction, he tells the truth about human fear, guilt, betrayal, violence, cruelty, drunkenness, hunger, greed, apathy, ecstasy, tenderness, love and lust."

paragraph: Section::::Influence and legacy.

paragraph: Hemingway's legacy to American literature is his style: writers who came after him emulated it or avoided it. After his reputation was established with the publication of "The Sun Also Rises", he became the spokesperson for the post-World War I generation, having established a style to follow. His books were burned in Berlin in 1933, "as being a monument of modern decadence", and disavowed by his parents as "filth". Reynolds asserts the legacy is that "[Hemingway] left stories and novels so starkly moving that some have become part of our cultural heritage."

paragraph: Benson believes the details of Hemingway's life have become a "prime vehicle for exploitation", resulting in a Hemingway industry. Hemingway scholar Hallengren believes the "hard boiled style" and the machismo must be separated from the author himself. Benson agrees, describing him as introverted and private as J. D. Salinger, although Hemingway masked his nature with braggadocio. During World War II, Salinger met and corresponded with Hemingway, whom he acknowledged as an influence. In a letter to Hemingway, Salinger claimed their talks "had given him his only hopeful minutes of the entire war" and jokingly "named himself national chairman of the Hemingway Fan Clubs."

paragraph: The extent of Hemingway's influence is seen in the tributes and echoes of his fiction in popular culture. A minor planet, discovered in 1978 by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Chernykh, was named for him (3656 Hemingway); Ray Bradbury wrote "The Kilimanjaro Device", with Hemingway transported to the top of Mount Kilimanjaro; the 1993 motion picture "Wrestling Ernest Hemingway", about the friendship of two retired men, Irish and Cuban, in a seaside town in Florida, starred Robert Duvall, Richard Harris, Shirley MacLaine, Sandra Bullock, and Piper Laurie. The influence is evident with the many restaurants named "Hemingway"; and the proliferation of bars called "Harry's" (a nod to the bar in "Across the River and Into the Trees"). A line of Hemingway furniture, promoted by Hemingway's son Jack (Bumby), has pieces such as the "Kilimanjaro" bedside table, and a "Catherine" slip-covered sofa. Montblanc offers a Hemingway fountain pen, and a line of Hemingway safari clothes has been created. The International Imitation Hemingway Competition was created in 1977 to publicly acknowledge his influence and the comically misplaced efforts of lesser authors to imitate his style. Entrants are encouraged to submit one "really good page of really bad Hemingway" and winners are flown to Italy to Harry's Bar.

paragraph: In 1965, Mary Hemingway established the Hemingway Foundation and in the 1970s she donated her husband's papers to the John F. Kennedy Library. In 1980, a group of Hemingway scholars gathered to assess the donated papers, subsequently forming the Hemingway Society, "committed to supporting and fostering Hemingway scholarship".

paragraph: Almost exactly 35 years after Hemingway's death, on July 1, 1996, his granddaughter Margaux Hemingway died in Santa Monica, California. Margaux was a supermodel and actress, co-starring with her younger sister Mariel in the 1976 movie "Lipstick". Her death was later ruled a suicide, making her "the fifth person in four generations of her family to commit suicide".

paragraph: Three houses associated with Hemingway are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places: the Ernest Hemingway Cottage on Walloon Lake, Michigan, designated in 1968; the Ernest Hemingway House in Key West, designated in 1968; and the Ernest and Mary Hemingway House in Ketchum, designated in 2015. His boyhood home, in Oak Park, Illinois, is a museum and archive dedicated to Hemingway. In 2012, he was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::Selected list of works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1926) "The Torrents of Spring"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1926) "The Sun Also Rises"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1929) "A Farewell to Arms"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1937) "To Have and Have Not"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1940) "For Whom the Bell Tolls"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1950) "Across the River and into the Trees"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1952) "The Old Man and the Sea"

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baker, Carlos. (1969). "Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story". New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baker, Carlos. (1972). "Hemingway: The Writer as Artist". Princeton: Princeton UP.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baker, Carlos. (1981). "Introduction" in "Ernest Hemingway Selected Letters 1917–1961". New York: Scribner's.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Banks, Russell. (2004). "PEN/Hemingway Prize Speech". "The Hemingway Review". Volume 24, issue 1. 53–60

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baym, Nina. (1990). "Actually I Felt Sorry for the Lion". in Benson, Jackson J. (ed). "New Critical Approaches to the Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway". Durham: Duke UP.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beegel, Susan. (1996). "Conclusion: The Critical Reputation". in Donaldson, Scott (ed). "The Cambridge Companion to Ernest Hemingway". New York: Cambridge UP.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beegel, Susan (2000). "Eye and Heart: Hemingway's Education as a Naturalist". in Wagner-Martin, Linda (ed). "A Historical Guide to Ernest Hemingway". New York: Oxford UP.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benson, Jackson. (1989). "Ernest Hemingway: The Life as Fiction and the Fiction as Life". "American Literature". Volume 61, issue 3. 354–358

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benson, Jackson. (1975). "The Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway: Critical Essays". Durham: Duke UP.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burwell, Rose Marie. (1996). "Hemingway: the Postwar Years and the Posthumous Novels". New York: Cambridge UP.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Desnoyers, Megan Floyd. "Ernest Hemingway: A Storyteller's Legacy". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library Online Resources. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved November 30, 2011.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fiedler, Leslie. (1975). "Love and Death in the American Novel". New York: Stein and Day.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Griffin, Peter. (1985). "Along with Youth: Hemingway, the Early Years". New York: Oxford UP.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hemingway, Ernest. (1929). "A Farewell to Arms". New York: Scribner's.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hemingway, Ernest. (1975). "The Art of the Short Story" in Benson, Jackson (ed). "New Critical Approaches to the Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway". Durham: Duke UP.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hemingway, Leicester. (1996). "My Brother, Ernest Hemingway". New York: World Publishing Company.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hoberek, Andrew. (2005). "Twilight of the Middle Class: Post World War II fiction and White Collar Work". New York: Cambridge UP.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kert, Bernice. (1983). "The Hemingway Women". New York: Norton.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Koch, Stephen. (2005). "The Breaking Point: Hemingway, Dos Passos, and the Murder of Jose Robles". New York: Counterpoint.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Long, Ray – editor. (1932). "Why Editors Go Wrong: 'Fifty Grand' by Ernest Hemingway", "20 Best Stories in Ray Long's 20 Years as an Editor". New York: Crown Publishers. 1–3

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lynn, Kenneth. (1987). "Hemingway". Cambridge: Harvard UP.

paragraph: BULLET::::- McCormick, John (1971). "American Literature 1919–1932". London: Routledge.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mellow, James. (1992). "Hemingway: A Life Without Consequences". Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mellow, James. (1991). "Charmed Circle: Gertrude Stein and Company". Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meyers, Jeffrey. (1985). "Hemingway: A Biography". New York: Macmillan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miller, Linda Patterson. (2006). "From the African Book to Under Kilimanjaro". "The Hemingway Review", Volume 25, issue 2. 78–81

paragraph: BULLET::::- Müller, Timo. (2010). "The Uses of Authenticity: Hemingway and the Literary Field, 1926–1936". "Journal of Modern Literature". Volume 33, issue 1. 28–42

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nagel, James. (1996). "Brett and the Other Women in "The Sun Also Rises"". in Donaldson, Scott (ed). "The Cambridge Companion to Ernest Hemingway". New York: Cambridge UP.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oliver, Charles. (1999). "Ernest Hemingway A to Z: The Essential Reference to the Life and Work". New York: Checkmark Publishing.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pizer, Donald. (1986). "The Hemingway: Dos Passos Relationship". "Journal of Modern Literature". Volume 13, issue 1. 111–128

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reynolds, Michael (2000). "Ernest Hemingway, 1899–1961: A Brief Biography". in Wagner-Martin, Linda (ed). "A Historical Guide to Ernest Hemingway". New York: Oxford UP.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reynolds, Michael. (1999). "Hemingway: The Final Years". New York: Norton.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reynolds, Michael. (1989). "Hemingway: The Paris Years". New York: Norton.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reynolds, Michael. (1998). "The Young Hemingway". New York: Norton.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robinson, Daniel. (2005). "My True Occupation is That of a Writer:Hemingway's Passport Correspondence". "The Hemingway Review". 87–93

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trogdon, Robert W. "Forms of Combat: Hemingway, the Critics and Green Hills of Africa". "The Hemingway Review". Volume 15, issue 2. 1–14

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sanderson, Rena. (1996). "Hemingway and Gender History". in Donaldson, Scott (ed). "The Cambridge Companion to Ernest Hemingway". New York: Cambridge UP.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scholes, Robert. (1990). "New Critical Approaches to the Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway". in Benson, Jackson J. "Decoding Papa: 'A Very Short Story' as Work and Text". 33–47. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, Paul (1996). "1924: Hemingway's Luggage and the Miraculous Year". in Donaldson, Scott (ed). "The Cambridge Companion to Ernest Hemingway". New York: Cambridge UP.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stoltzfus, Ben. (2005). "Sartre, "Nada," and Hemingway's African Stories". "Comparative Literature Studies". Volume 42, issue 3. 205–228

paragraph: BULLET::::- Svoboda, Frederic. (2000). "The Great Themes in Hemingway". in Wagner-Martin, Linda (ed). "A Historical Guide to Ernest Hemingway". New York: Oxford UP.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas, Hugh. (2001). "The Spanish Civil War". New York: Modern Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trodd, Zoe. (2007). "Hemingway's Camera Eye: The Problems of Language and an Interwar Politics of Form". "The Hemingway Review". Volume 26, issue 2. 7–21

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wells, Elizabeth J. (1975). "A Statistical Analysis of the Prose Style of Ernest Hemingway: "Big Two-Hearted River"". in Benson, Jackson (ed). "The Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway: Critical Essays". Durham NC: Duke UP.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Young, Philip. (1964). "Ernest Hemingway". St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Biographical.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hemingway Archives: John F. Kennedy Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ernest Hemingway's Collection at The University of Texas at Austin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ernest Hemingway In His Time at the University of Delaware Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maurice J. Speiser papers at the University of South Carolina Department of Rare Books and Special Collections

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hemingway Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ernest Hemingway's journalism at The Archive of American Journalism

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Art of Fiction No. 21. "The Paris Review". Spring 1958.

paragraph: BULLET::::- FBI Records: The Vault, Subject: Ernest Hemingway

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hemingway legal files collection, 1899–1971 Manuscripts and Archives, New York Public Library.

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Electronic editions.

paragraph: Other

paragraph: BULLET::::- Western American Literature Journal: Ernest Hemingway

alias:
Hemingway
Ernest Miller Hemmingway
E. M. Hemmingway
E. Hemmingway
E. Hemingway
Ernest M. Hemingway
Ernest Miller Hemingway

description: American author and journalist

enwikiquote_title: Ernest Hemingway

wikidata_label: Ernest Hemingway

wikipedia_title: Ernest Hemingway


text: Vera Files

text: Ferdinand Marcos

text: Bantayog ng mga Bayani

text: Martial Law

text: Philippine Collegian

text: Manila Times

text: Joseph Estrada

text: Satur Ocampo

text: Ferdinand Marcos

text: Bantayog ng mga Bayani

text: Vera Files

text: Bantayog ng mga Bayani

text: History of the Philippines (1965-1986)

categories: People from Quezon City,1957 births,Individuals honored at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani,University of the Philippines Diliman alumni,Filipino journalists,2011 deaths,Filipino women journalists

paragraph: Chit Estella

paragraph: Lourdes "Chit" Panganiban Estella-Simbulan (August 19, 1957 – May 13, 2011) was a Filipino journalist and professor, known for her critical writings on government repression, abuse, corruption and human rights violations.

paragraph: Estella-Simbulan is particularly known for having been instrumental in the founding of the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism and of Vera Files, two of the Philippines' most prominent independent investigative journalism organizations; and for being editor in chief of the Pinoy Times, a tabloid whose exposés played a role in the ouster of Philippine President Joseph Estrada.

paragraph: In recognition of her early work, as a journalist during the Philippines' Martial Law period under Ferdinand Marcos, Estella-Simbulan's name was one of 19 added in November 2016 to the inscriptions on the "Bantayog ng mga Bayani" (Monument of the Heroes) Memorial Wall, which is dedicated to individuals who ""defied risks and dedicated their life for the cause of truth, justice, peace and freedom for the Filipino people"" during the Marcos regime.

paragraph: Section::::Education and personal life.

paragraph: Estella-Simbulan was born in Quezon City to Elijio Edarad Estella and Antonia Mapala Panganiban. She finished her primary and secondary schooling at St. Joseph's College, and studied AB Journalism at the University of the Philippines Diliman. She pursued graduate studies at the Open University of the University of the Philippines, with a Master in Public Management.

paragraph: She was married to Roland Simbulan, an author, professor and long-time advocate against nuclear power.

paragraph: Section::::Journalism career.

paragraph: Estella was studying journalism at the University of the Philippines during the beginnings of the Martial Law era. In her sophomore year she began writing for the school newspaper, the Philippine Collegian. The paper was previously ordered to be discontinued upon the declaration of martial law, but the university population persisted to have it revived. In 1974, the Philippine Collegian was re-established. It covered social happenings in the repressive government under Martial Law, and had a staff with strong editorial stances.  Estella wrote for the newspaper's current events section, and investigated events that exposed government suppression of truth, corruption, and human rights abuses. In 1975 she also worked at Liwayway Press in Sta. Cruz, Manila, where she covered news events. In her senior year, Estella was elected president of the UP Journalism Club. She was writing for several underground resistance press, such as the Balita ng Malayang Pilipinas (BMP), Taliba ng Bayan, and the Liberation, disguised under the nom de guerre “Ka Sandy”. Along with other college writers, she would skip classes to pursue assignments for these publications. Her work in the press became significant channels of information to the Filipino public, who were hungry for independent opinion and real, objective news.

paragraph: After she graduated in 1979, it became difficult to find employment in Marcos crony-controlled publications. With her background of press coverage concerning human rights, protests and social action, she was continually rejected. She later wrote articles for anti-dictatorship groups, such as the National Secretariat for Social Action (NASSA) of the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP).  She was almost arrested on one occasion in 1982. Estella became a reporter for the Manila Evening Post and Tempo, before she joined Ang Pahayagang Malaya, an independent newspaper where she covered news at the Malacañan. She became managing editor of the Manila Times in the mid-1990s, and became editor-in-chief of Pinoy Times in 1999, a tabloid notable for its criticisms of then President Joseph Estrada. She also wrote for Mr. and Ms., the Philippine Daily Inquirer, and helped establish the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism (PCIJ) and the Vera Files.She also edited the Philippine Journalism Review,  a publication for the Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility. In 2001, she returned to her alma mater UP DIliman to teach at the college of Mass Communication.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In May 13, 2011, a passenger bus crashed into a taxi she was riding, which caused her sudden death.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In 2012, the first Chit Estella Journalism Awards and Memorial Lectures was established, which aims to honor significant journalism on human rights, both in print and online publications. The first lecture was about the human rights situation in the Philippines, delivered by Satur Ocampo, who is a veteran journalist, former political prisoner and representative in Congress.

paragraph: In 2015, Vera Files launched the Chit Estella Road Safety Journalism Award, as a special category in the Philippine Journalism Research Conference (PJRC). It expands her current Memorial Awards for Journalism, this time to be awarded to Journalism or Communication students with outstanding research papers or reports on road safety.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vera Files

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of the Philippines College of Mass Communication

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bantayog ng mga Bayani

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the Philippines (1965-1986)

wikidata_label: Chit Estella

wikipedia_title: Chit Estella


text:
American football
running back
Tennessee Titans
undrafted free agent
college football
Iowa
Weequahic High School
Newark, New Jersey
University of Iowa
2017 Pinstripe Bowl
touchdown
Tennessee Titans
Atlanta Legends
Alliance of American Football
injured reserve
Iowa Hawkeyes bio

categories: Living people,Players of American football from New Jersey,1995 births,Tennessee Titans players,American football running backs,Sportspeople from Newark, New Jersey,Iowa Hawkeyes football players

paragraph: Akrum Wadley

paragraph: Akrum Wadley (born March 13, 1995) is an American football running back who is a free agent. He was signed by the Tennessee Titans as an undrafted free agent in 2018. He played college football at Iowa.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Wadley attended Weequahic High School in Newark, New Jersey. He committed to University of Iowa to play college football.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Wadley played at Iowa from 2014 to 2017. In his final collegiate game, he was named the MVP of the 2017 Pinstripe Bowl after rushing for 88 yards with a touchdown. During his career, he rushed for 2,872 yards over 536 carries with 28 touchdowns.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tennessee Titans.

paragraph: Wadley signed with the Tennessee Titans as an undrafted free agent on May 11, 2018. He was waived on September 1, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Atlanta Legends.

paragraph: In 2019, he signed with the Atlanta Legends of the Alliance of American Football. He was placed on injured reserve on March 6, 2019.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iowa Hawkeyes bio

description: American-football player (1995-)

wikidata_label: Akrum Wadley

wikipedia_title: Akrum Wadley


text:
Tang dynasty
Three Hundred Tang Poems
Jinling
Li Qi
Emperor Xianzong
Victor Mair
synecdoche
Robert Herrick
To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time
Du Mu
Tang Xianzu
The Purple Flute

categories: Writers from Nanjing,Chinese women poets,Three Hundred Tang Poems poets,9th-century Chinese poets

paragraph: Du Qiuniang

paragraph: Du Qiuniang or Lady Du Qiu (?–825?) was a Tang dynasty Chinese poet. She is the only female poet to be included in the famous anthology "Three Hundred Tang Poems".

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Jinling (modern Nanjing), she became a concubine of the military governor Li Qi at fifteen. After Li was executed for rebelling against Emperor Xianzong, Du served in the emperor's palace.

paragraph: Section::::Golden Dress Song.

paragraph: Her only surviving poem is the "Golden Dress Song" (), said to have been addressed to Li (translation by Victor Mair):

paragraph: poemI urge you, milord, not to cherish your robe of golden thread,

paragraph: Rather, milord, I urge you to cherish the time of your youth;

paragraph: When the flower is open and pluckable, you simply must pluck it,

paragraph: Don't wait till there are no flowers, vainly to break branches./poem

paragraph: The "robe of golden thread" is a synecdoche for Li Qi's official career.

paragraph: The "Golden Dress Song", counseling the listener to enjoy the fleeting pleasures of youth, has been compared to Robert Herrick's "To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: When she was living, poor and old, in her hometown, the poet Du Mu visited her and wrote a poem about the experience (杜秋娘诗).

paragraph: There is a character in Tang Xianzu's play "The Purple Flute" of the same name, which has been taken as a reference to her.

description: Chinese imperial concubine and poet

wikidata_label: Du Qiuniang

wikipedia_title: Du Qiuniang


text:
stock car racing
NASCAR
Drive for Diversity
Dick Trickle
Marshfield Motor Speedway
Amber Cope
Angela Cope
factory
Bombardier
Jacques Villeneuve
Danica Patrick
Danica Patrick
Paige Decker
Natalie Decker
Eagle River Derby Track
World Championship Snowmobile Derby
Decker Racing Official website

categories: American female racing drivers,21st-century American racing drivers,University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh alumni,20th-century American racing drivers,Racing drivers from Wisconsin,People from Eagle River, Wisconsin,Living people

paragraph: Claire Decker

paragraph: Claire Decker (born February 22, 1995) is an American professional stock car racing driver. Decker was a 2014 participant in the NASCAR Drive for Diversity.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.

paragraph: Decker raced in northern Wisconsin. She moved from Super Stock cars to Super Late models. Decker raced Super Late models in the TUNDRA touring series of Wisconsin in 2013. She has won the 2014 Dick Trickle 99 (+ 1) super late model race at Marshfield Motor Speedway.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:NASCAR.

paragraph: Decker attempted to qualify for her first NASCAR race with her sister Paige Decker and her cousin Natalie Decker in the Martinsville race. Claire and Paige qualified for the race, becoming the second set of sisters to race against each other after Amber Cope and Angela Cope. Natalie's time was not fast enough to make the race. Decker started 31st and finished 27th.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Decker is the daughter of Allen Decker who comes from a family of snowmobile racing riders. Four Decker brothers raced snowmobiles in the 1970s; Allen Decker was a factory rider for Bombardier along with teammate Jacques Villeneuve for the 1979-80 season. The Decker family raced snowmobiles against the Danica Patrick family during the 1970s. Sue Decker, Claire's aunt, introduced Danica Patrick's parents.

paragraph: Her sister Paige Decker also races for her family's Decker Racing team. They are joined on the team by their younger cousin NASCAR Drive for Diversity driver Natalie Decker. Natalie's father (and Claire's uncle) is Chuck Decker, the former owner of the Eagle River Derby Track which hosts the World Championship Snowmobile Derby.

paragraph: Section::::Motorsports career results.

paragraph: Section::::Motorsports career results.:NASCAR.:Camping World Truck Series.

paragraph: Season still in progressbr

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Decker Racing Official website

description: American racing driver

wikidata_label: Claire Decker

wikipedia_title: Claire Decker


text: United States Representative

text: New York

text: Windsor, Connecticut

text: Yale College

text: bar

text: Herkimer, New York

text: Thomas R. Gold

text: New York State Assembly

text: Federalist

text: the 1804 election

text: Governor of New York

text: Morgan Lewis

text: Aaron Burr

text: Democratic-Republican

categories: People from Windsor, Connecticut,Yale College alumni,Members of the New York State Assembly,1767 births,New York (state) Federalists,1809 deaths,Federalist Party members of the United States House of Representatives,Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state),New York (state) lawyers,Burials in New York (state)

paragraph: Gaylord Griswold

paragraph: Gaylord Griswold (December 18, 1767 – March 1, 1809) was a United States Representative from New York. Born in Windsor, Connecticut, he pursued classical studies and graduated from Yale College in 1787. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1790, commencing practice in Windsor. He moved to Herkimer, New York in 1792 with his friend Thomas R. Gold, with whom he practiced law. Griswold was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1796 to 1798.

paragraph: Griswold was elected as a Federalist to the Eighth Congress, holding office from March 4, 1803 to March 3, 1805. During his term Griswold played a leading role in drafting and passing the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

paragraph: During the 1804 election for Governor of New York between Morgan Lewis and Aaron Burr, both Democratic-Republicans, Burr actively courted the support of Federalists. Griswold authored a private letter advocating that Federalists support Burr, arguing that it was the best way to keep the Federalist Party viable for future elections. Griswold's letter was eventually made public, and appeared in an 1807 handbill accusing the Federalists of unseemly political intriguing, to the party's detriment.

paragraph: He resumed the practice of law in Herkimer, and died there March 1, 1809; interment was in Oak Hill Cemetery.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Gaylord Griswold

wikipedia_title: Gaylord Griswold


text:
Bordeaux
witch-hunt
Labourd
Bordeaux
King Henry IV
witchcraft
Labourd
Basque Country
Sabbath
lycanthropy
Satan
adultery
incest
witch
Lower Navarre
Basque
French Revolution
Donibane-Lohizune
Montague Summers
The History of Witchcraft
Witch-hunt
Sorginak
Inquisition
Witchcraft and children

categories: 1553 births,1631 deaths,Inquisitors,French-Basque people,17th-century French writers,Basque history,17th-century male writers,French male writers,Witch hunters,Labourd,Demonologists

paragraph: Pierre de Lancre

paragraph: Pierre de Rosteguy de Lancre or Pierre de l'Ancre, Lord of De Lancre (1553–1631), was the French judge of Bordeaux who conducted a massive witch-hunt in Labourd in 1609. In 1582 he was named judge in Bordeaux, and in 1608 King Henry IV commanded him to put an end to the practice of witchcraft in Labourd, in the French part of the Basque Country, where over four months he sentenced to death several dozen persons.

paragraph: He wrote three books on witchcraft, analysing the Sabbath, lycanthropy, and sexual relationships during the Sabbath. In his opinion, Satan had little sexual intercourse with single women, because he preferred married women for that implied also adultery, and the incest between mothers and sons at the end of the Sabbath was essential to give birth to demonic children, as well as a sexual act between a witch and a he-goat (believed to be Satan present at the reunion). He also thought that Satan was pleased with a clean body but not a clean (or pure) soul, inducing people to wash their bodies and embellish themselves with ornaments.

paragraph: Section::::Views.

paragraph: His grandfather, Bernard de Rostegui (cf. Basque surname Aroztegi, 'home of the smith'), a native of Lower Navarre, had changed his Basque surname for the French one of de Lancre upon migrating to Bordeaux. This familial denial seems to have influenced him into a deep hate against everything Basque. He considered Basques to be ignorant, superstitious, proud and irreligious. Basque women were in his eyes libertines and Basque priests were for him just womanizers with no religious zeal. He believed that the root of the natural Basque tendency towards evil was love of dance. All these prejudices are reflected in his work "Tableau de l'Inconstance des Mauvais Anges et Demons", published in 1612, not long after the process.

paragraph: Quoting from the "Tableau" at length, P.G. Maxwell-Stuart clarifies De Lancre's legal orientation on the evidence of witchcraft in Labourd:

paragraph: The confessions of male and female witches are in agreement with "indicia" so strong that one can maintain they are genuine, real, and neither deceptive nor illusory. This relieves judges of any misgiving they may have. For when they confess to infanticide, parents find their children have been suffocated or their blood completely sucked out of them. When they confess to digging up corpses and violating the sacred nature of graves, one discovers that bodies have been torn from their graves and are no longer found where they had been put. When they confess they have given a piece of their clothing to Satan as a pledge, one finds this tell-tale scrap upon their person. When they say they have cast evil on such and such a person or animal, (and sometimes they confess they have cured them), it is self-evident they have been subject to malefice, they have been wounded, or they have been cured. Consequently, this is not an illusion. Here is the first rule which makes us see clearly what the witch has done, either through her confession strengthened by compelling "indicia" and very great, very strong presumptions, or by irreproachable witnesses. ("Tableau" Book 6, discourse 5, section 5, in Maxwell-Stuart's "Witch Hunters: Professional Prickers, Unwitchers and Witch Finders of the Renaissance," 2003, 1st ed., p. 33)

paragraph: In 1622, he published a second book: "L'incredulité et mescreance du sortilège", that is an extension of his first one. Thanks to these books we know something of what happened in the process that de Lancre directed against the people of Labourd, because the judicial records vanished during the French Revolution.

paragraph: P.G. Maxwell-Stuart writes on De Lancre in his "Witch Hunters" that:

paragraph: ..."L'incredulité et mescreance du sortilège plainement convaicue" (1622), produced twelve years after his long personal engagement with witches and witchcraft, spends an impressive amount of learning upon showing that magic of any kind is not an illusion and should not be dismissed by those who are pleased to think otherwise. This work aroused the ire of Gabriel Naudé, at one time physician to Louis XIII and later librarian to Cardinal Barberini, who in 1625 published a fierce response, "Apologie pour tous les grands personages qui ont esté faussement soupçonnés de magie", to which De Lancre, duly irritated, replied two years later with his final work, "Du sortilège." (p. 38)

paragraph: On reconsidering de Lancre and his works, Professor Jonathan Pearl says the following in his "Crime of Crimes: Demonology and Politics in France 1560–1620":

paragraph: As already indicated, many historians have described de Lancre as a ridiculous obsessed fanatic. Terms like "gleeful," "gloating," "infantile," "sadistic" and "bigoted" have all been applied to him. But in his writing, de Lancre constantly emphasized the distastefulness of the task in which he was engaged. Certainly, he believed totally the testimony that he heard, sentenced people to death based on that testimony, and worked to convince his colleagues to follow his lead. But there is little evidence in his work to support the picture that has so often been drawn. (p. 142-143)

paragraph: And that:

paragraph: It would also be a mistake [...] to dismiss de Lancre as a crank, a bizarre or ridiculous figure. He was an earnest advocate of a worldview that was not insignificant in his time. He took seriously his instruction from respectable orthodox scholars, and did not waver from them for his long life. (p. 147)

paragraph: Section::::The Labourd witch-hunt of 1609.

paragraph: The process began with a dispute between the Lord of Urtubi and some people who had accused him and his men of being witches. This dispute evolved in sporadic fight and soon the authorities of Donibane-Lohizune asked for the intervention of the Judge of Bourdeaux, who happened to be de Lancre.

paragraph: In less than a year some 70 people were burnt at the stake, among them several priests. De Lancre wasn't satisfied: he estimated that some 3,000 witches were still at large (10% of the population of Labourd in that time). But the Parlement of Bordeaux eventually dismissed him from office.

paragraph: In his "Portrait of the Inconstancy of Witches", de Lancre sums up his rationale as follows:

paragraph: To dance indecently; eat excessively; make love diabolically; commit atrocious acts of sodomy; blaspheme scandalously; avenge themselves insidiously; run after all horrible, dirty, and crudely unnatural desires; keep toads, vipers, lizards, and all sorts of poison as precious things; love passionately a stinking goat; caress him lovingly; associate with and mate with him in a disgusting and scabrous fashion—are these not the uncontrolled characteristics of an unparalleled lightness of being and of an execrable inconstancy that can be expiated only through the divine fire that justice placed in Hell?

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tableau de l'inconstance des mauvais anges et démons". Paris, 1612

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the Inconstancy of Witches: Pierre de Lancre's Tableau de l'inconstance des mauvais anges et demons (1612)" edited by Gerhild Scholz Williams, 2006 (first English translation).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'incredulité et mescréance du sortilège". Paris, 1622

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Du Sortilège". 1627 (rare and less well-known work as reported by Montague Summers in his "The History of Witchcraft")

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Witch-hunt

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sorginak (Basque witches)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inquisition

paragraph: BULLET::::- Witchcraft and children

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maxwell-Stuart, P.G. "Witch Hunters: Professional Prickers, Unwitchers and Witch Finders of the Renaissance", 2003, 1st ed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pearl, Jonathan L. "The Crime of Crimes: Demonology and Politics in France 1560–1620", 1999,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dueso, José "Brujería en el País Vasco", Orain S.A., 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scholz Williams, Gerhild. "Defining Dominion: The Discourses of Magic and Witchcraft in Early Modern France and Germany", Ann Arbor, 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Summers, Montague. "The History of Witchcraft and Demonology", 1992 Castle Books reprint

paragraph: BULLET::::- Summers, Montague. "The Geography of Witchcraft", 2003 Keegan Paul reprint,

alias:
Pierre de Rosteguy de Lancre
Pierre de Rosteguy de L'ancre

description: French judge and witch hunter

wikidata_label: Pierre de Lancre

wikipedia_title: Pierre de Lancre


text:
condottiero
Pesaro
Gradara
Alessandro Sforza
Pope Alexander VI
Kingdom of Naples
Papal States
Camilla d'Aragona
Giovanni

categories: Condottieri,House of Sforza,1483 deaths,15th-century Italian people,1447 births,Lords of Italy,People from Pesaro

paragraph: Costanzo I Sforza

paragraph: Costanzo I of Sforza (July 1447 – 4 July 1483) was an Italian condottiero, lord of Pesaro and Gradara.

paragraph: He was the son of Alessandro Sforza, under whom he fought in his early years and from whom he inherited the lordship of Pesaro. He also received the lordship of Gradara from Pope Alexander VI.

paragraph: He fought for various Italian states of the time, including the Kingdom of Naples and the Papal States.

paragraph: He married Camilla d'Aragona but they had no children and so his illegitimate seventeen-year-old son Giovanni succeeded him in Pesaro, with Camilla initially ruling as regent.

description: Italian noble

wikidata_label: Costanzo I Sforza

wikipedia_title: Costanzo I Sforza


text:
American
pole vault
1932 Summer Olympics
Bill Graber
Shuhei Nishida

categories: 1912 births,Stanford Cardinal men's track and field athletes,Sportspeople from Kansas,2008 deaths,People from Dodge City, Kansas,Athletes (track and field) at the 1932 Summer Olympics,Olympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field,American male pole vaulters,Olympic track and field athletes of the United States,Medalists at the 1932 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Bill Miller (pole vault)

paragraph: William Waring "Bill" Miller (November 1, 1912 – November 13, 2008) was an American pole vaulter who won a gold medal at the 1932 Summer Olympics. At the U.S. Olympic trials he finished second (4.30 m) behind Bill Graber, who set a new world record at 4.37 m. Graber failed to clear 4.25 m at the Olympics, while Miller set his all-time personal best at 4.31 m and won, in a close competition with Shuhei Nishida.

description: American athlete who competed mainly in the pole vault

wikidata_label: Bill Miller

wikipedia_title: Bill Miller (pole vault)