text:
Ávila
Salamanca
Spanish
Renaissance
Tomás Luis de Victoria
Cathedral of Ávila
maestri di cappella
Gerónimo de Espinar
Bernardino de Ribera
Juan Navarro Hispalensis
subdeacon
Castille
Cathedral of Segovia
deacon
Cathedral of Salamanca
University of Salamanca
honoris causa
Artus Taberniel
Antwerp
Magnificat
crucifix
Ledesma, Salamanca
Granada
Seville
masses
motet
Monastery of Guadalupe
Extremadura
hymn
Lamentations of Jeremiah
Holy Week
Westminster Cathedral Choir
David Hill
James O'Donnell
Richard Cheetham
Musica Reservata de Barcelona
Bruno Turner
Orchestra of the Renaissance
Michael Noone
Capilla Flamenca
Oltremontano
The Choir of King's College London
David Trendell

categories: 1622 deaths,Spanish male classical composers,University of Salamanca faculty,Renaissance composers,Castilian-Leonese musicians,Spanish classical composers,People from Ávila, Spain

paragraph: Sebastián de Vivanco

paragraph: Sebastián de Vivanco (c. 1551 in Ávila – October 26, 1622 in Salamanca) was a Spanish priest and composer of the Renaissance.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Vivanco was born in Ávila, like Tomás Luis de Victoria; however, the exact date of his birth is unknown. It is hypothesized that he was born a few years after Victoria and that they both knew each other as children and sang together at the chapel of the Cathedral of Ávila. During the time that Vivanco sang in the chorus, the "maestri di cappella" were Gerónimo de Espinar, Bernardino de Ribera (1559) and Juan Navarro Hispalensis (1563). This last composer had the most profound influence on Vivanco. After 1566, with the change in his voice, Vivanco commenced studies as a priest, as Victoria had done.

paragraph: Around 1576, while still a subdeacon, he was named "maestro di cappella" at the Cathedral of Lérida, but shortly thereafter, on July 4, 1576, he was dismissed from this position. Upon his return to Castille, in February 1577, he was named "maestro di cappella" at the Cathedral of Segovia, a position of higher prestige and pay than the previous ones. He moved there with his mother and remained there for the following ten years. During this period he became a deacon and then, in 1581, was ordained as a priest.

paragraph: In 1588, he returned to his native city, Ávila, in order to take charge of the cathedral chapel. He remained here until 1602, when he took possession of the position of "maestro di cappella" at the Cathedral of Salamanca. This was his last position and the most important to his musical contributions. His three publications were printed during his time in this city. On February 19, 1603, he became professor of music at the University of Salamanca, and on March 4 of the same year, he received the degree of Master of Arts "honoris causa". Vivanco was occupied with his position in the cathedral of the university until his death, on October 26, 1622.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: The bulk of Vivanco's surviving work was published in three books in Salamanca between 1607 and 1610 by the printer Artus Taberniel of Antwerp, who by then was the official printer of the University of Salamanca. The books contain a selection probably chosen by the composer himself of his best pieces, spanning over 40 years of work. The books are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liber magnificarum. Published in 1607. Contains 18 versions of the Magnificat. Consists of 270 pages in choral format. The cover page contains a likeness of the composer kneeling before a crucifix. It is considered his most important work.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Libro de misas. Published in 1608. Three extant copies are known, one of which is in the Church of Santa Maria la Mayor de Ledesma, Salamanca, and two other fragments in Granada and Seville. It contains 10 masses:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Missa Assumpsit Jesus", (5v)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Missa in festo Beata Maria Virgine", (4v)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Missa Beata Virgine in sabbato", (4v)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Missa Crux fidelis", (6v)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Missa Doctor bonus", (4v)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Missa In manus tuas", (8v)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Missa O quam suavis es, Domine", (4v)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Missa quarti toni", (4v)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Missa sexti toni", (4v)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Missa super octos tonos", (4v)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Libro de motetes. Published in 1610. Two copies survive, one in the Cathedral of Salamanca and the other in the Cathedral of Segovia. Both are incomplete. However, the copy in Salamanca is only missing a few pages, and approximately 70 motets remain.

paragraph: Another book of motets was also printed in Salamanca in 1614, by Francisco de Ceatesa. The only known copy of this edition is held in the Metropolitan Cathedral of Mexico. It contains 74 motets and is similar to the book published in 1610.

paragraph: Other works are extant in various manuscripts, though their identification and cataloguing has yet to be completed. Among the manuscripts are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Two choral books copied for the Monastery of Guadalupe, in Extremadura, copied at the beginning of the 17th century. They contain:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3 masses:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Missa Tu es vas electionis"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Misa para dias feriados"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Missa de Requiem taciturna"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portions of the office for the dead

paragraph: BULLET::::- A version of the hymn "Vexilla regis" for Passiontide

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3 "Lamentations of Jeremiah" for Holy Week

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2 small pieces

paragraph: BULLET::::- Various manuscripts from the beginning of the 17th century pertaining to the Cathedral of Salamanca, containing motets and hymns.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Recordings dedicated entirely to Vivanco or which include some of his works are the following:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 - Treasures of the Spanish Renaissance. Westminster Cathedral Choir. David Hill. CDA66168.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 - Mortuus Est Philippus Rex: Music For The Life And Death Of The Spanish King. Westminster Cathedral Choir. James O'Donnell. Hyperion.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 - Canticum Canticorum. Orchestra of the Renaissance. Richard Cheetham y Michael Noone. Glossa 921403. 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 - Lobo: Lamentationes. Vivanco: Missa Assumpsit Iesus. Musica Reservata de Barcelona. Bruno Turner. La mà de guido 2045.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 - Sebastian de Vivanco. In Manus Tuas. Orchestra of the Renaissance. Michael Noone. Glossa GCD 921405.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 - Sebastian de Vivanco- Libro de Motetes 1610. Capilla Flamenca y Oltremontano. Dirk Snellings, Wim Becu. (Las Edades del Hombre) Glossa LCD 9706

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 - Sebastian de Vivanco. Missa Crux Fidelis. Motets. The Choir of King's College London. David Trendell. Gaudeamus.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cantor, Montague. The Liber Magnificarum of Sebastian de Vivanco. Tesis, 2 vol. New York University. New York. 1967.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arias, Enrique Alberto. "The Masses of Sebastián Vivanco (ca. 1550-1622): A Study in the Polyphonic Settings of the Ordinary in Late Renaissance Spain". Tesis, 2 vols. Northwestern University. 1971.

paragraph: BULLET::::- García Fraile, Dámaso. "La música en la iglesia de Castilla y León. Sebastián de Vivanco (ca. 1550-1622), Libro de motetes (1610). Estudio y Transcripción". Salamanca. Fundación Las Edades del Hombre. 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arias, Enrique Alberto. "Sebastian de Vivanco. Three Masses". 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. Edward Bruner, DMA: "Editions and Analysis of Five Missa Beata Virgine Maria by the Spanish Composers: Morales, Guerreo, Victoria, Vivanco, and Esquivel." DMA diss., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1980.[facsimile: University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

description: Spanish priest and composer

wikidata_label: Sebastián de Vivanco

wikipedia_title: Sebastián de Vivanco


text:
troubadour
Rodez
Rouergue
vida
Bonnecombe
planh
Daude de Pradas
Hugh II of Rodez
Alfonso II of Aragon
Raymond VI of Toulouse
Bernard VII of Anduze
Dalfi d'Alvernha
cleric
jongleur
Aurillac
charterhouse
sirventes
melisma
tonal

categories: People from Rodez,1220 deaths,French male poets,Carthusians,1190 births,Troubadours

paragraph: Uc Brunet

paragraph: Uc Brunet, Brunec, or Brunenc (, ; fl. 1190–1220) was a nobleman and troubadour from Rodez in the Rouergue. Six of his works survive.

paragraph: Outside of his own works and those of other troubadours, including a "vida", Uc is mentioned in only one document dated to around 1190. The document relates the settlement between Uc and the abbey of Bonnecombe, from which Uc had demanded free lodging for himself, five of his knights, and a servant. Uc's career can be extended as late as the c. 1220 by the "planh" (lament) written on his death by Daude de Pradas, who was only active from about that time. Among Uc's patrons were Hugh II of Rodez, his suzerain; Alfonso II of Aragon; Raymond VI of Toulouse; Bernard VII of Anduze; and Dalfi d'Alvernha.

paragraph: The author of Uc's "vida" (biography), whose reliability is difficult to ascertain, states that Uc was a cleric well-versed in letters with a natural wit. From this background he became a jongleur and then a troubadour, but he never, according to his "vida", composed any music. Nonetheless, one of his songs is accompanied by a melody in one manuscript; the melody may be Uc's or somebody else's.

paragraph: Uc's "vida" provides an interesting story which cannot be verified that Uc fell in love with a bourgeois women named Galiana, from Aurillac. She dismissed him, however, and took Hugh of Rodez as her lover. In his pain Uc Brunet entered the "order of Cartosa" (probably an unidentified charterhouse) and there died.

paragraph: One of Hugh's datable works is a "sirventes", "Conplidas razos novelas e plazens", which mentions the death of "los comtes", evidently the count of Rodez, in 1208. It is the only work of Uc's to survive with a melody. The melody is melismatic and tonal with its centre generally on F, though it ends on D.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aubrey, Elizabeth. "The Music of the Troubadours". Indiana University Press, 1996. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Egan, Margarita, ed. and trans. "The Vidas of the Troubadours". New York: Garland, 1984. .

description: French writer

wikidata_label: Uc Brunet

wikipedia_title: Uc Brunet


text: German

text: strongman

text: circus performer

text: bent press

text: two hands anyhow

text: Greco-Roman wrestling

text: Leipzig

text: bent press

text: Eugen Sandow

text: World War I

text: malnutrition

text: Arthur Saxon and the Saxon Trio

categories: 1878 births,German strength athletes,People from Leipzig,1921 deaths,Circus strongmen

paragraph: Arthur Saxon

paragraph: Arthur Saxon (April 28, 1878 – August 6, 1921), born Arthur Hennig and nicknamed "The Iron-Master", was a German strongman and circus performer from the late 19th century into the early 20th century. Saxon is best known for the bent press, a lift in which he was far superior to any other strongman, setting a world record of 168 kg (370 lbs) which remains unbroken to this day. He also lifted 175 kg (385 lbs) informally in a gym, as well as making a "two hands anyhow" lift of 203 kg (448 lbs).

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Arno Patschke, known as Arno Saxon on stage, a performer and former Greco-Roman wrestling player from Germany was eager to make money performing strongman acts. He traveled to Leipzig, where he convinced Oscard Hilgenfeldt and Arthur Hennig to join him in creating the "Greatest Strong Show" in the country.

paragraph: Eventually Arthur's two brothers, Kurt and Hermann joined the group as well, forming the "Saxon Trio," and in 1897, the Trio began performing for a circus in Europe. In one act, Arthur Saxon lifted his seated brothers on a barbell with one arm. Another popular portion of their performances included opening the stage to anyone who challenged the validity of a lift, to try for themselves.

paragraph: At one point during a bent press performance Saxon claimed the act could not be repeated by the famous Eugen Sandow. Unbeknownst to Saxon, on February 26, 1898, Sandow, in the audience at the time, accepted the challenge. Sandow was unable to replicate the lift and, in retaliation, took the Saxon Trio to court. In the case Sandow won with a ruling that he had "handled the bell in exactly the same bodily attitude as Arthur", the judge not fully understanding the lift.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: In 1905, Saxon published "The Development of Physical Power", which explains his methods for performing lifts including the usage of barbells, dumbbells, and kettlebells, as well as Ring, Ball and Square lifting. This book also depicts Saxon displaying the lifts in 45 pages of photographs.

paragraph: Saxon's "The Text Book of Weight-Lifting", published in 1910, includes some psychological explanation of lifting, rather than strict routine. He explains several lifts, such as the famous bent press and continental lifts.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: During his service in World War I, Saxon suffered from malnutrition. After the war he tried to continue his strongman act, which conflicted with his unhealthy condition. He grew weaker and developed tuberculosis. Saxon eventually developed pneumonia, causing his death on August 6, 1921, at age 43.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur Saxon and the Saxon Trio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur Saxon Bent Press Development of Physical Power

description: German strongman

wikidata_label: Arthur Saxon

wikipedia_title: Arthur Saxon


text:
Occitan
Millau
Count of Rodez
Viscount
Carlat
Hugh IV of Rodez
troubadour
tenso
partimen
torneyamen
vida
Uc de Saint Circ
Guiraut Riquier
Folquet de Lunel
Cerverí de Girona
Bertran Carbonel
Bernart de Tot-lo-mon
Barral des Baux
Geoffrey, lord of Pons
Bernard IV of Comminges
Bernard VI of Armagnac
Scorailles and Saint-Christophe
de La Tour
Fézenzaguet
Aymar III of Valentinois
John I, Dauphin of Auvergne

categories: 1304 deaths,French male poets,Counts of Rodez,1236 births,Troubadours

paragraph: Henry II of Rodez

paragraph: Henry II (Occitan: "Enric II de Rodés") (c. 1236–1304), of the House of Millau, was the Count of Rodez and Viscount of Carlat from 1274 until his death. He was the son of Hugh IV of Rodez and Isabeau de Roquefeuil.

paragraph: Henry II was a troubadour and patron of troubadours. He composed six poems that survive: four "tensos" and two "partimens" (alternatively five "torneyamens"). His short "vida" records an exchange of couplets between "lo coms de Rodes" (the count of Rhodes) and Uc de Saint Circ. The count claims to have got Uc back on his feet through his generous patronage. Among the other troubadours who were supported at Henry's court were Guiraut Riquier, Folquet de Lunel, Cerverí de Girona, Bertran Carbonel and Bernart de Tot-lo-mon.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and children.

paragraph: Henry II married three times. His first wife, married in 1256, was Marquise, daughter of Barral des Baux. They had one daughter named Isabeau who inherited the viscounty of Carlat and married the troubadour Geoffrey, lord of Pons. Though Marquise died in 1276, she was repudiated sometime before that in favour of Mascarosse, daughter of Bernard IV of Comminges. The latter bore Henry four children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cecilia (1275–1313), successor, married (1298) Bernard VI of Armagnac

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beatrix de Rodez, lady of Scorailles and Saint-Christophe, married (1295) Bernard IV de La Tour (died 1325)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Valpurge, viscountess of Creyssel and lady of Roquefeuil, married (1298) Gaston d'Armagnac (died 1326), viscount of Fézenzaguet

paragraph: Henry was widowered in 1292 and remarried for the last time in 1302 to Anne (died 1351), daughter of Aymar III of Valentinois. The couple had no children and the widowed Anne remarried to John I, Dauphin of Auvergne.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BR

description: French writer

wikidata_label: Henry II of Rodez

wikipedia_title: Henry II of Rodez


text:
Scania
landholder
county
Riksråd
Jens Holgersen Ulfstand
Trolle
riksråd
Ljungby
Nørrejylland
Bønnet
Falster
Villand
Ramsø
Sjælland
Dansk kvindebiografisk leksikon

categories: 16th-century Danish people,16th-century births,Danish nobility,1575 deaths

paragraph: Sidsel Ulfstand

paragraph: Sidsel Ulfstand (died 1575), was a Danish (Scanian) landholder and county administrator.

paragraph: She was the daughter of the Riksråd Jens Holgersen Ulfstand (d. 1523) and Margrethe Arvidsdatter Trolle (1475–1522) and married in ca 1532 to riksråd Knud Pedersen Gyldenstierne (1480–1552).

paragraph: She inherited the estates Ljungby in Scania, Tim in Nørrejylland and Bønnet on Falster. As a widow, she inherited the position of county administrator at Villand county in Scania, which was confirmed by royal decree in 1554. As county administrator, she lend the crown money during the war of 1563-1570 against security of Ramsø and Tune parish on Sjælland; during the war, she equipped the Danish army, managed the enlisting of soldiers, collected taxes and maintained roads, bridges and fortresses. She was often seen at the royal court, where she was one of the artists behind the tapestry of the royal hall (1559) and had the official task of making the underwear and shirts of the King (1565). She was regarded with great respect, and it was noted that she upheld a strict control of the vicars in the parishes under her command.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dansk kvindebiografisk leksikon (Danish)

description: Danish noble

wikidata_label: Sidsel Ulfstand

wikipedia_title: Sidsel Ulfstand


text: ice hockey

text: HPK

text: Liiga

text: Montreal Canadiens

text: New York Islanders

text: Olds Grizzlys

text: Alberta Junior Hockey League

text: University of Alaska Anchorage

text: Phoenix RoadRunners

text: Utah Grizzlies

text: ECHL

text: Bridgeport Sound Tigers

text: American Hockey League

text: New York Islanders

text: NHL

text: Montreal Canadiens

text: Hamilton Bulldogs

text: shutout

text: Dornbirner EC

text: Vienna Capitals

text: HPK

text: Liiga

categories: Bridgeport Sound Tigers players,New York Islanders players,Ottawa Senators players,Hamilton Bulldogs (AHL) players,Undrafted National Hockey League players,Elmira Jackals (ECHL) players,Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Austria,Alaska Anchorage Seawolves men's ice hockey players,Binghamton Senators players,Olds Grizzlys players,Ice hockey people from Alberta,Living people,Dornbirner EC players,Vienna Capitals players,Canadian ice hockey goaltenders,1983 births,Utah Grizzlies (ECHL) players,Phoenix RoadRunners players,Sportspeople from Calgary

paragraph: Nathan Lawson

paragraph: Nathan Lawson (born September 29, 1983) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player. Lawson is currently playing with HPK in the Finnish top-flight Liiga.

paragraph: Lawson was previously a member of the Montreal Canadiens and New York Islanders organizations. Undrafted, Lawson has spent the bulk of his career in minor professional leagues, but has played in the NHL with the Islanders and the Senators.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Lawson started his career as a hockey player at the Olds Grizzlys, where he was active from 2001-04 in the Alberta Junior Hockey League. He then spent three years at the University of Alaska Anchorage, and played in parallel for their hockey team in the National Collegiate Athletic Association play. In the 2007-08 season the goalkeeper made his debut in professional hockey, initially for the Phoenix RoadRunners and then for the Utah Grizzlies in the ECHL.

paragraph: From the 2008-09 season through 2010–11, Lawson was goaltender for the Bridgeport Sound Tigers in the American Hockey League (AHL), the affiliate of the New York Islanders of the NHL. Lawson made his NHL debut with the Islanders on December 18, 2010 in a 4-3 shootout loss to the Phoenix Coyotes, and played a total of ten games for the Islanders in the 2010–11 season.

paragraph: On July 5, 2011, Lawson signed a one-year, two-way contract with the Montreal Canadiens. He spent the season with the Hamilton Bulldogs, playing 57 games and recording five shutouts. He signed a one-year, two-way contract with Ottawa on July 16, 2012.

paragraph: On October 2, 2014, Lawson as a free agent ventured abroad to sign an initial try-out contract with Austrian club, Dornbirner EC of the EBEL. Lawson secured the starting position with the Bulldogs, and appeared in 37 games in the 2014–15 season, recording 19 wins.

paragraph: On May 30, 2015, Lawson opted to continue in the EBEL, signing a one-year contract with fellow Austrian club, the Vienna Capitals. He made 44 EBEL appearances for the Vienna team during the 2015–16 season. He left the club after the season to move to Finland, where he penned a deal with HPK of the country's top-tier Liiga.

description: Canadian ice hockey goaltender

wikidata_label: Nathan Lawson

wikipedia_title: Nathan Lawson


text:
coat of arms
Ślepowron
Polish
historian
Calvinist
Mokrelipie
Philipp Melanchthon
Wittenberg
John Calvin
Geneva

wikipedia_title:
Coat of arms
Ślepowron coat of arms
Poland
Historian
Calvinism
Mokrelipie
Philip Melanchthon
Wittenberg
John Calvin
Geneva

categories: Polish male writers,1597 deaths,Polish Calvinist and Reformed Christians,Polish historians,Polish nobility,1532 births

paragraph: Stanisław Sarnicki

paragraph: Stanisław Sarnicki (coat of arms: Ślepowron) (1532–1597) was a Polish historian and Calvinist. He lived his life in Mokrelipie, dying there in 1597.

paragraph: Section::::Personal background.

paragraph: During voyages to Europe, Sarnicki was listener of Philipp Melanchthon in Wittenberg and teaching of John Calvin in Geneva.

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sarnicki, Stanisław "Roczniki, czyli o pochodzeniu i sprawach Polaków i Litwinów Ksiąg VIII" ("Annales, sive de origine et rebus gestis Polonorum et Lithuanorum libri VIII") 1587

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sarnicki, Stanisław. "O początku i o dawnych królach narodu Wandalów to iest Polaków"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sarnicki, Stanisław. "Stanislai Sarnicii Annales sive de origine et rebus gestis Polonorum et Lithuanorum libri octo" Cracoviae, 1587

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sarnicki, Stanisław. "Statuta i metryka przywilejów koronnych", Kraków 1594

description: Polish noble and scholar

wikidata_label: Stanisław Sarnicki

wikipedia_title: Stanisław Sarnicki


text:
Whig
St John's College, Cambridge
Lincoln's Inn
special pleader
Northern Circuit
1832 general election
borough of Cockermouth
Cumberland
secret ballot
Matthias Attwood
Whitehaven
City of London
George Grote
Francis Aglionby
Virginia

wikipedia_title: City of London (UK Parliament constituency)

categories: UK MPs 1832–1835,Cumbria MPs,Whig (British political party) MPs,1854 deaths,UK MPs 1835–1837,UK MPs 1847–1852,Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge,UK MPs 1837–1841,1790 births,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,UK MPs 1852–1857,UK MPs 1841–1847

paragraph: Henry Aglionby Aglionby

paragraph: Henry Aglionby Aglionby (1790 – 31 July 1854) was a British barrister and Whig politician.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Born Henry Aglionby Bateman, he was the son of Rev. Samuel Bateman and Anne Aglionby. Anne became one of the co-heirs of the Aglionby family when her brother Christopher died without issue in 1785; Henry adopted the name of Aglionby in 1798 by the will of his aunt Julia Aglionby. Aglionby was educated at St John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a BA in 1813 and a MA in 1816. Called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in June 1816, he became a special pleader on the Northern Circuit.

paragraph: He was elected at the 1832 general election for the borough of Cockermouth in Cumberland, and held the seat until his death in 1854,

paragraph: aged 64.

paragraph: Like many others in western Cumberland, he was a strong supporter of the secret ballot, prompted part by the systematic bribery and intimidation which was used in 1832 to secure the election of the Tory MP Matthias Attwood in Whitehaven.

paragraph: In April 1833 Aglionby voted in favour of a motion proposed by City of London MP George Grote

paragraph: "That all elections of Members to serve in Parliament should in future be by ballot". The motion was defeated by 211 votes to 106.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1840, he inherited the rest of the Aglionby estates, including Nunnery, Cumberland, upon the death of his first cousin Francis Aglionby (formerly Yates). He married a Mrs. Sadd on 2 March 1852, at his manor of Caterham, Surrey; they had no children. By entail, the Aglionby estates passed to Charles Yates, of Virginia, the nephew of Francis Aglionby.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Henry Aglionby Aglionby

wikipedia_title: Henry Aglionby Aglionby


text:
Kingdom of Cochin
Rama Varma Parikshith Thampuran
Rama Varma Parikshith Thampuran
Rama Varma XVI
Cochin
Chowwara

wikipedia_title:
Kingdom of Cochin
Rama Varma Parikshith Thampuran
Rama Varma Parikshith Thampuran
Rama Varma XVI
Kochi
Chowwara

categories: Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire,1861 births,Rulers of Cochin

paragraph: Rama Varma XVII

paragraph: Rama Varma XVII (c. 1861 – 23 May 1941) was the ruler of the Kingdom of Cochin from 25 March 1932 to 23 May 1941.

paragraph: Section::::Personal Life.

paragraph: Rama Varma XVII had married twice, his first marriage did not last for long due to the death of his wife. His second wife was Ittyanath Madathil Parukutty a member of the Ittyanath Family from Villadam, Thrissur. Parukutty was his Nethyaramma there after. He also happens to be the step father of Ittyanath Madathil Madhavi(wife of Rama Varma Parikshith Thampuran).

paragraph: Parukutty was a widow herself before her marriage to Rama Varma XVII and had a girl child from that marriage. As its a custom then to leave children from earlier marriage at ones ancestral home Parukutty did the same after her marriage to Rama Varma XVII. Upon her arrival at the Palace in Tripunithura, Rama Varma XVII enquired about the child. When he heard about the child from Parukutty, he ordered that the child should be brought to the Palace at once. Later this child was destined to become a Nethyaramma herself after her marriage to Rama Varma Parikshith Thampuran.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Rama Varma ascended the throne on the death of Rama Varma XVI. The Cochin harbour was expanded and the Ernakulam High Court was established during his reign. Rama Varma also showed keen interest in religious and spiritual matters.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Rama Varma died at Chowwara on 23 May 1941.

description: Maharaja of Cochin

wikidata_label: Rama Varma XVII

wikipedia_title: Rama Varma XVII


text:
Valdemar II of Denmark
Dagmar of Bohemia
Valdemar of Schleswig
Berengaria of Portugal
Eric
Abel
Christopher
Samsø
French
Capetian dynasty
Schleswig
Lyø
Schwerin
Holy Roman Emperor
Orlamünde
Eleanor of Portugal
Afonso II of Portugal
Ribe
Viborg
Kalundborg
St. Bendt's Church
Ringsted

wikipedia_title:
Valdemar II of Denmark
Dagmar of Bohemia
Valdemar III of Denmark
Berengaria of Portugal
Eric IV of Denmark
Abel, King of Denmark
Christopher I of Denmark
Samsø
France
Capetian dynasty
Duchy of Schleswig
Lyø
Schwerin
Holy Roman Emperor
Orlamünde
Eleanor of Portugal, Queen of Denmark
Afonso II of Portugal
Ribe
Ancient Diocese of Viborg
Kalundborg
St. Bendt's Church, Ringsted
Ringsted

categories: Medieval child rulers,1231 deaths,Dukes of Schleswig,Roman Catholic monarchs,Hunting accident deaths,13th-century monarchs in Europe,1209 births,House of Estridsen,Accidental deaths in Denmark,13th-century Danish people,Burials at St. Bendt's Church,Danish monarchs

paragraph: Valdemar the Young

paragraph: Valdemar the Young () ( – 28 November 1231) was King of Denmark from 1218 until his death.

paragraph: Valdemar was the eldest son and co-ruler of King Valdemar II of Denmark by his first wife, Dagmar of Bohemia. He did not outlive his father so was never a sole monarch. He is sometimes referred to as Valdemar III for example his tombstone reads in "Valdemar the Third, King of Denmark, son of Valdemar the Second". Although Valdemar III is more commonly used to denote a later king, Valdemar of Schleswig.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Valdemar was born in 1209. He was the eldest child from his father's first marriage. His mother, Queen Dagmar, died in childbirth in 1212, leaving her husband a widower with a young son; she had been very popular among the Danish people due to her piety and kindness to the common people.

paragraph: King Valdemar remarried two years later to Berengaria of Portugal. From this marriage Valdemar the Young gained four half-siblings: Sophie, Eric, Abel and Christopher. His new stepmother, a beautiful and haughty woman, unpopular and scorned by the Danish people, was a great contrast to Valdemar's mother Dagmar. When Berengaria died in childbirth herself in 1221, King Valdemar did not remarry.

paragraph: Section::::The Junior King.

paragraph: At a meeting of the Danish magnates, which King Valdemar arranged at Samsø in 1215, everyone agreed to swear an oath to Valdemar the Young, and shortly after he was elected co-king of Denmark at Viborg landsting, a practice originally practised by the French Capetian dynasty and later in many of European monarchies. Valdemar's Duchy of Schleswig passed to his younger brother Eric.

paragraph: During a great feast in Schleswig in the summer of 1218, with 15 bishops and 3 dukes present, Valdemar was anointed and crowned junior King of Denmark. He took part with his father in the unlucky hunt on the island of Lyø in 1223, where both kings were taken prisoner by Henry I of Schwerin and Valdemar was imprisoned until the Easter of 1226. Count Henry demanded that Denmark surrender the land conquered in Holstein 20 years ago and become a vassal of the Holy Roman Emperor for father and son to be released. Danish envoys refused these terms and Denmark declared war. While the kings were in prison, most of the German territories tore themselves away from Denmark. Danish armies were dispatched to hold them in line. The war ended in defeat of the Danish troops under the command of Albert of Orlamünde at Mölln in 1225. To secure their releases Valdemar II had to acknowledge the break away territories in Germany, pay 44,000 silver marks, sign a promise not to seek revenge on Count Henry and send his son Erik to prison instead.

paragraph: On 24 June 1229, the young king married Eleanor of Portugal, daughter of Afonso II of Portugal, at Ribe. The match had been arranged by Bishop Gunner of Viborg who the couple loved like a father. They had been married for two years when Queen Eleanor died in childbirth on 28 August 1231. The child was short-lived.

paragraph: On the 28 November 1231, Valdemar the Young was accidentally shot while hunting at Refsnæs, near Kalundborg. He died the same day. Valdemar was praised for his mildness and kindness towards everyone and was very popular; the Latin elegy, which a cleric authored, when the kings were captured, mentions him in the best words of praise. It was a tremendous grief to the country, when he was killed. He was buried at St. Bendt's Church, Ringsted beside his wife, Queen Eleanor. His father then made his younger half-brother Eric co-king. King Valdemar II died ten years later and was succeeded by Eric.

description: Co-king of Denmark

wikidata_label: Valdemar the Young

wikipedia_title: Valdemar the Young


text:
Ingersoll Watch Company
Delta, Michigan
Robert Hawley Ingersoll
Ingersoll Watch Company
fountain pen
Montclair, New Jersey
West Orange, New Jersey
Mount Hebron Cemetery
Upper Montclair, New Jersey

categories: 1865 births,Fountain pen and ink manufacturers,People from Eaton County, Michigan,People from Montclair, New Jersey,American manufacturing businesspeople,1948 deaths,Watchmakers (people)

paragraph: Charles Henry Ingersoll

paragraph: Charles Henry Ingersoll (October 29, 1865 – September 21, 1948), co-founded the Ingersoll Watch Company in 1892.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born on October 29, 1865 in Delta, Michigan to Orville Boudinot Ingersoll and Mary Elizabeth Beers. His brother was Robert Hawley Ingersoll (1859-1928). He married Eleanor Ramsey Bond (1869-1928).

paragraph: He co-founded the Ingersoll Watch Company in 1892. The company went bankrupt in 1921.

paragraph: He switched to manufacturing fountain pens. In 1926 he converted his home in Montclair, New Jersey into a hotel.

paragraph: He died on September 21, 1948 in West Orange, New Jersey. He was buried in Mount Hebron Cemetery in Upper Montclair, New Jersey.

wikidata_label: Charles Henry Ingersoll

wikipedia_title: Charles Henry Ingersoll


text: Belize City

text: Belize

text: Central America

text: Fr. Lawrence Sydney Nicasio

text: bishop

text: Catholic Church

text: Holy Redeemer Cathedral

text: Anglican Bishop Philip Wright

text: Assembly of God

text: hurricane Hattie

text: St. John’s College

text: Holy Redeemer Primary School

text: Conception Seminary

text: Order of St. Benedict

text: Missouri

text: Holy Redeemer Cathedral

text: Holy Redeemer Cathedral parish

text: Auxiliary

text: Osmond P. Martin

text: Luigi Pezzuto

text: nuncio

text: El Salvador

text: Benedictine

text: Santa Elena

text: same-sex-orientation

text: Viatorian

text: Christopher Glancy

text: Vicar General

categories: Roman Catholic bishops in Belize,Belizean clergy,1945 births,21st-century Roman Catholic bishops,Living people,Belizean Roman Catholics

paragraph: Dorick M. Wright

paragraph: Dorick McGowan Wright, DD, was born on 15 November 1945, in Belize City, Belize, Central America. Pope Francis accepted his resignation on 26 January 2017 and appointed Fr. Lawrence Sydney Nicasio as new Bishop. From 2006-2017, he has served as the fourth bishop of the Catholic Church for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Belize City-Belmopan.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Dorick M. Wright grew up in Holy Redeemer Cathedral parish. His first cousin is Anglican Bishop Philip Wright and his uncle is Pastor Lloyd Wright from Bethel Assembly of God Church. In 1961, while in his mid-teens, he lost his mother, two sisters, and a brother in hurricane Hattie. The tree image on Bishop Wright’s coat of arms is symbolic of the mango tree that saved his life. He attended St. John’s College and then taught for three years at Holy Redeemer Primary School. He then entered Conception Seminary, run by the Order of St. Benedict in north-west Missouri, where he completed his education for the priesthood.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopacy.

paragraph: Wright was ordained at Holy Redeemer Cathedral, Belize City, on June 27, 1975. He then assisted at St. Joseph Parish, Holy Redeemer Cathedral parish, and Inmaculada Parish in Orange Walk. He returned to St. Joseph Parish as pastor and then to Holy Redeemer Cathedral. On April 4, 2002, Wright was consecrated at St. John’s College as Auxiliary to Bishop Osmond P. Martin, with Martin the principal consecrator. He was appointed bishop of the diocese on November 18, 2006, and installed on January 23, 2007, with Archbishop Luigi Pezzuto, nuncio for Belize and El Salvador, presiding.

paragraph: Bishop Wright founded St. Benedict Diocesan Seminary, a minor seminary offering two years of college training to those studying for the priesthood. It opened on August 27, 2013, on the grounds of the former Santa Familia Benedictine Monastery outside Santa Elena, Belize. Four young men comprised its first class.

paragraph: Wright outspokenly opposed some aspects of the government’s 2013 promotion of same-sex-orientation rights. His position was supported by the Belize Evangelical Council, and later also by the Belize Council of Churches that included the Catholic church as a member. With Bishop Wright’s eyesight failing, he requested help to carry out his mission and in 2012 Viatorian Fr. Christopher Glancy was consecrated Auxiliary Bishop and Vicar General for the Diocese of Belize City-Belmopan.

description: Belizean catholic priest

wikidata_label: Dorick McGowan Wright

wikipedia_title: Dorick M. Wright


text:
miner
trade union organiser
Queensland Legislative Assembly
Willey, Warwickshire
Maryborough, Queensland
Antigua
Pialba
Gympie
Kimberley
Northern Territory
Australian Workers' Union
Labour Party
Burke
1909 state election
William Maxwell
1912
Independent
William Murphy
1915 state election
Bowen
Edwin Caine
Brisbane
Dutton Park
Toowong Cemetery

categories: Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Queensland,1936 deaths,Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly,Burials at Toowong Cemetery,1867 births

paragraph: Charles Collins (Queensland politician)

paragraph: Charles Collins (25 September 1867 – 28 March 1936) was a miner, trade union organiser, and member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Collins was born at Willey, Warwickshire, to parents Henry Collins and his wife Lizabeth (née Smith) and was educated at Willey Church of England Village School. He arrived in Maryborough, Queensland in 1883 and worked on the sugar plantations around the Antigua and Pialba regions before moving to Gympie in 1884.

paragraph: Two years later, Collins was in the Kimberley region of Western Australia for the gold rush but, after visiting the Northern Territory, he was back in Gympie to carry on gold mining.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Collins was a member of the Political and Amalgamated Miners Association and in 1908 was a general organizer for the Australian Labor Federation and an organizer for the Australian Workers' Union in the North Queensland area from 1912 to 1915.

paragraph: Collins, representing the Labour Party, was a candidate for the seat of Burke at the 1909 state election. He defeated the sitting Ministerialist member, William Maxwell but was lost his seat in 1912 to the Independent candidate, William Murphy.

paragraph: At the 1915 state election, Collins stood for the seat of Bowen and defeated the sitting member, Edwin Caine. Collins went on to hold the seat until his death 21 years later. During his service in parliament, he was a member of the Public Works Committee.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: On the 10 Dec 1892, Collins married Sarah Jane McTaggart (née Browne), the widow of Hugh McTaggart, and together had four children. Sarah died in 1911 and three years later he married Annie Gierke and they had two children.

paragraph: After a long illness, Collins died at Brisbane in March 1936. His Funeral moved from his former residence at Lamington Terrace, Dutton Park, to the Toowong Cemetery.

description: Australian miner, trade union organiser and politician

wikidata_label: Charles Collins

wikipedia_title: Charles Collins (Queensland politician)


text:
guitarist
singer
educator
Grammy
Ambrosia
Evergreen, Colorado
Berklee College of Music
Roberto Carlos
Kenny Loggins
Gary Wright
Al Stewart
Biola University
Fender Guitars
Doug Jackson interview
Profile at Reunion Blues

categories: Ambrosia (band) members,Berklee College of Music alumni,Living people,People from Evergreen, Colorado

paragraph: Doug Jackson (musician)

paragraph: Doug Jackson is an American guitarist, singer and educator. He is a current member and guitarist/vocalist for the five-time Grammy Award nominated band Ambrosia. Jackson has released two solo albums, most recently in 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Childhood.

paragraph: Born in Texas, Jackson grew up in Evergreen, Colorado. He started playing guitar at age 6. He attended the Berklee College of Music.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.:As performer.

paragraph: Jackson recorded with Roberto Carlos on several recordings in the early 1990s. He released his first solo album, "Storm Chaser" to good reviews in 1995.

paragraph: He has performed onstage with numerous notable musicians, including Kenny Loggins, Gary Wright and Al Stewart.

paragraph: Currently, a member of the band Ambrosia, Jackson tours widely with the group, which he joined in 2000. His second solo album, "The Performance", was released in 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.:As educator.

paragraph: Doug Jackson is a faculty member of the Conservatory of Music at Biola University in Southern California, having been named to the position in 2002.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.:As endorser.

paragraph: Jackson is a current endorser of Reunion Blues music instrument cases and "gig bags." He is a past endorser of Fender Guitars.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.ambrosialive.net

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.dougjacksonguitar.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doug Jackson interview

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at Reunion Blues

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Doug Jackson

wikipedia_title: Doug Jackson (musician)


text:
Ptolemy XII Auletes
Ptolemaic Egypt
Ptolemy XIII
Ptolemaic dynasty
ancient Egypt
Cleopatra VII
Siege of Alexandria (47 BC)
Rome
Roman
triumvir
Julius Caesar
Battle of the Nile
Temple of Artemis
Ephesus
Roman Anatolia
triumvir
Mark Antony
Cleopatra
Cleopatra V
Alexandria
Julius Caesar
Pompey
Battle of Pharsalus
annexed by Rome in 58 BC
Ptolemy XIV
Pothinus
Achillas
besieging Alexandria
Ganymedes
Romans
Lighthouse of Alexandria
decisive defeat
Rome
triumph
Lighthouse of Alexandria
strangling
temple of Artemis
Ephesus
Mark Antony
Encyclopedia Britannica
Julius Caesar
Joyce Tyldesley
Stacy Schiff
Ephesus
Austrian Academy of Sciences
World War II
forensic anthropologist
Caroline Wilkinson
Ptolemy XII Auletes
Mary Beard
Pharos Lighthouse
craniometry
scientific racism
pseudoscience
The Times
Death of Cleopatra
Early life of Cleopatra
Encyclopædia Britannica
Arsinoe IV
Arsinoe IV
Arsinoe IV

categories: 1st-century BC Egyptian people,Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty,41 BC deaths,1st-century BC women rulers,Egyptian queens regnant,1st-century BC Greek people,Assassinated Egyptian people,60s BC births,1st-century BC Pharaohs,Egyptian people murdered abroad,Cleopatra,Ptolemaic princesses

paragraph: Arsinoe IV of Egypt

paragraph: Arsinoë IV (; between 68 and 63 BC – 41 BC) was the fourth of six children and the youngest daughter of Ptolemy XII Auletes. Queen and co-ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt with her brother Ptolemy XIII from 48 BC – 47 BC, she was one of the last members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of ancient Egypt. Arsinoë IV was also the half sister of Cleopatra VII. For her role in conducting the Siege of Alexandria (47 BC) against her sister Cleopatra, Arsinoe was taken as a prisoner of war to Rome by the Roman triumvir Julius Caesar following the defeat of Ptolemy XIII in the Battle of the Nile. Arsinoe was then exiled to the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus in Roman Anatolia, but she was executed there by orders of triumvir Mark Antony in 41 BC at the behest of his lover Cleopatra.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Arsinoe was the third, possibly fourth daughter of Ptolemy XII by an unknown woman (presumably since Cleopatra VII's probable mother Cleopatra V had died or been repudiated not long after Cleopatra VII was born.) When Ptolemy XII died in 51 BC, he left his eldest son and daughter, Ptolemy and Cleopatra, as joint rulers of Egypt, but Ptolemy soon dethroned Cleopatra and forced her to flee from Alexandria. Julius Caesar arrived in Alexandria in 48 BC pursuing his rival, Pompey, whom he had defeated at the Battle of Pharsalus. When he arrived in Alexandria, he was presented with Pompey's head. The execution of his longtime friend and foe ended the possibility of an alliance between Caesar and Ptolemy, and instead he sided with Cleopatra's faction. He declared that in accordance with Ptolemy XII's will, Cleopatra and Ptolemy would rule Egypt jointly, and in a similar motion restored Cyprus, which had been annexed by Rome in 58 BC, to Egypt's rule and gave it to Arsinoë and her youngest brother, Ptolemy XIV. Caesar had Ptolemy's regent, the eunuch Pothinus, executed while the general Achillas escaped and began besieging Alexandria.

paragraph: However Arsinoë then escaped from the capital with her mentor, the eunuch Ganymedes, and took command of the Egyptian army. She also proclaimed herself Queen as Arsinoë IV, executed Achillas, and placed Ganymedes second in command of the army immediately below herself. Under Arsinoë's leadership, the Egyptians enjoyed some success against the Romans. The Egyptians trapped Caesar in a section of the city by building walls to close off the streets. Then Arsinoë directed Ganymedes to pour seawater into the canals that supplied Caesar’s cisterns which caused panic among Caesar’s troops. Caesar countered this measure by digging wells into the porous limestone beneath the city that contained fresh water. This only partially alleviated the situation, so he then sent ships out along the coast to search for more fresh water there. Caesar realized that he would need to break out of the city and hoped to do so by gaining control of the harbor. He launched an attack to seize control of the Lighthouse of Alexandria but Arsinoë's forces drove him back. Recognizing his imminent defeat, Caesar removed his armor and purple cloak so that he could swim to the safety of a nearby Roman ship.

paragraph: The leading Egyptian officers, having become disappointed with Ganymedes, and under a pretext of wanting peace, negotiated with Caesar to exchange Arsinoë for Ptolemy XIII. After Ptolemy was released he continued the war until the Romans received reinforcements and inflicted a decisive defeat upon the Egyptians. Arsinoë, now in Roman captivity, was transported to Rome, where in 46 BC she was forced to appear in Caesar's triumph and was paraded behind a burning effigy of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, which had been the scene of her victory over him. Despite the custom of strangling prominent prisoners in triumphs when the festivities concluded, Caesar was pressured to spare Arsinoë and granted her sanctuary at the temple of Artemis in Ephesus. Arsinoë lived in the temple for a few years, always keeping a watchful eye on her sister Cleopatra, who perceived Arsinoë as a threat to her power. In 41 BC, at Cleopatra's instigation, Mark Antony ordered Arsinoë's execution on the steps of the temple. Her murder was a gross violation of the temple sanctuary and an act that scandalised Rome. The eunuch priest ("Megabyzos") who had welcomed Arsinoë on her arrival at the temple as "Queen" was only pardoned when an embassy from Ephesus made a petition to Cleopatra.

paragraph: Section::::Year of birth.

paragraph: Arsinoë's year of birth is generally regarded as being between 68 and 63 BC: The Encyclopedia Britannica cites 63 BC, making her 15 at the time of her uprising and defeat against Julius Caesar and 22 at her death, while the researcher Alissa Lyon cites 68 BC making her 27 at her death. Joyce Tyldesley places her birth date as between 68 and 65 BC. An alternate hypothesis was in the docudrama "Cleopatra: Portrait of a Killer", in which it was alleged a headless skeleton of a female child between the ages of 15 and 18 may be Arsinoë.

paragraph: Her actions in the brief war against Caesar naturally suggest that she was older than that and thus, would make it impossible for her to be the headless female child buried in the tomb. Perhaps the strongest evidence that she was in fact exercising her own authority is that Caesar, after the Pharos debacle, was prepared to release Ptolemy XIII — a male, who continued the war against Caesar — just to get his hands on her. Stacy Schiff, who places Arsinoë's age at around seventeen during the events of 48-47 BC, notes that Arsinoë "burned with ambition" and was "not the kind of girl who inspired complacency," writing that once Arsinoë escaped the royal palace she became more vocal against her half-sister and that she assumed her position as head of the army alongside anti-Caesar courtier Achillas.

paragraph: Section::::Tomb at Ephesus.

paragraph: In the 1990s, an octagonal monument situated in the centre of Ephesus was hypothesized by Hilke Thür of the Austrian Academy of Sciences to be the tomb of Arsinoë. Although no inscription remains on the tomb, it was dated to between 50 and 20 BC. In 1926 the headless skeleton of a female estimated to be between the ages of 15–18 years at the time of her death was found in the burial chamber. Thür's identification of the skeleton was based on the shape of the tomb, which was octagonal, like the second tier of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, the carbon dating of the bones (between 200 – 20 BC), the gender of the skeleton, and the age of the child at death. It was also claimed that the tomb boasts Egyptian motifs, such as "papyri-bundle" columns.

paragraph: A DNA test was also attempted to determine the identity of the child. However, it was impossible to get an accurate reading since the bones had been handled too many times, and the skull had been lost in Germany during World War II. Hilke Thür examined the old notes and photographs of the now-missing skull, which was reconstructed using computer technology by forensic anthropologist Caroline Wilkinson to show what the woman may have looked like. Thür alleged that it shows signs of African and Egyptian ancestry mixed with classical Grecian features – despite the fact that Boas, Gravlee, Bernard and Leonard, and others have demonstrated that skull measurements are not a reliable indicator of race, and the measurements were jotted down in 1920 before modern forensic science took hold. Furthermore, Arsinoe and Cleopatra, shared the same father (Ptolemy XII Auletes) but had different mothers, with Thür claiming the alleged African ancestry came from the skeleton's mother. Mary Beard wrote a dissenting essay criticizing the findings, pointing out that one, there is no surviving name on the tomb and that the claim the tomb is alleged to invoke the shape of the Pharos Lighthouse "doesn't add up"; second, the skull doesn't survive intact and the age of the skeleton is too young to be that of Arsinoë's (the bones said to be that of a 15-18 year old, with Arsinoë being around her mid twenties at her death); and thirdly, since Cleopatra and Arsinoë were not known to have the same mother, "the ethnic argument goes largely out of the window." Furthermore, craniometry as used by Thür to determine race is based in scientific racism that is now generally considered a pseudoscience that supported "exploitation of groups of people" to "perpetuate racial oppression" and "distorted future views of the biological basis of race."

paragraph: A writer from "The Times" described the identification of the skeleton as "a triumph of conjecture over certainty". If the monument is the tomb of Arsinoë, she would be the only member of the Ptolemaic dynasty whose remains have been recovered. Forensic and archaeological analysis of the origins of the skeleton and tomb are ongoing. To date, it has never been definitively proved the skeleton is that of Arsinoë IV.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Death of Cleopatra

paragraph: BULLET::::- Early life of Cleopatra

paragraph: Section::::References and sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- References

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Encyclopædia Britannica", 2003 edition

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- livius.org: Arsinoe IV

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography by Christopher Bennett: Arsinoe IV

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pockley.S: Video of a bust of Arsinoë IV being copied Nov 2012 Arsinoe IV

alias:
Arsinoë IV
Arsinoe IV

description: queen and co-ruler of Egypt from 48 BC-47 BC

wikidata_label: Arsinoe IV of Egypt

wikipedia_title: Arsinoe IV of Egypt


text:
National Hero of Jamaica
Morant Bay
Morant Bay rebellion
martial law
George William Gordon
St. Thomas-in-the-East parish
poll taxes
Edward John Eyre
Spanish Town
martial law
Jamaican Maroons
Moore Town
Crown Colony
John Stuart Mill
Jamaica Committee
Thomas Carlyle
John Ruskin
Charles Kingsley
Charles Dickens
Alfred, Lord Tennyson
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Haitian Revolution
Bogle-L'Ouverture
dancehall
Gerald Levy
stage name
Third World
reggae
Lee Scratch Perry
The Aggrovators
the Revolutionaries
Burning Spear
Brigadier Jerry
The Cimarons
Steel Pulse
Prince Far I
Lauryn Hill
Third World
General Trees
Lauryn Hill
Marcus Garvey
reggae
Culture
Tarrus Riley
Akala
Haitian revolution
Nanny of the Maroons
Junior Reid
George William Gordon
Horace Andy
Ruddy Thomas
"Paul Bogle, 1822-1865"
"Paul Bogle"

categories: National Heroes of Jamaica,19th-century Jamaican people,Year of birth uncertain,1820s births,1865 deaths,Jamaican rebels,Jamaican Baptists

paragraph: Paul Bogle

paragraph: Paul Bogle (1820 – 24 October 1865) was a Jamaican Baptist deacon and activist. He is a National Hero of Jamaica. He was a leader of the 1865 Morant Bay protesters, who marched for justice and fair treatment for all the people in Jamaica. After leading the Morant Bay rebellion, Bogle was captured by government troops, tried and convicted by British authorities under martial law, and hanged on 24 October 1865 in the Morant Bay court house.

paragraph: Bogle had become a friend of wealthy landowner and fellow Baptist George William Gordon, a bi-racial man who served in the Assembly as one of two representatives from St. Thomas-in-the-East parish. Gordon was instrumental in Bogle being appointed deacon of Stony Gut Baptist Church in 1864. Conditions were hard for black peasants, due to social discrimination, flooding and crop failure, and epidemics. The required payment of poll taxes prevented most of them from voting. In August 1865, Gordon criticised the British governor, Edward John Eyre, for sanctioning "everything done by the higher class to the oppression of the negroes".

paragraph: Bogle concentrated on improving the conditions of the poor. As awareness of social injustices and people's grievances grew, Bogle led a group of small farmers 45 miles to the capital, Spanish Town, hoping to meet with Governor Eyre to discuss their issues, but they were denied an audience. The people of Stony Gut lost confidence and trust in the Government, and Bogle’s supporters grew in number in the parish.

paragraph: Section::::The Morant Bay Rebellion.

paragraph: On 7 October 1865, Bogle and some supporters attended a trial for two men from Stony Gut. A black man was convicted and sentenced to prison on charges of trespassing on a long abandoned plantation. One member of Bogle’s group protested in court over the case, but was immediately arrested, angering the crowd further. He was rescued moments later when Bogle and his men took to the market square and retaliated. The police were severely beaten and forced to retreat.

paragraph: On Monday,October 9, 1865, warrants were issued against Bogle and a number of others for riot and assault. The police arrived in Stony Gut to arrest Bogle but met with stiff resistance from the residents. They fought the police, forcing them to retreat to Morant Bay.

paragraph: A few days later on October 11, 1865, there was a vestry meeting in the Court House. That day Bogle led hundreds of followers, armed with sticks and machetes, on a protest march to the court house. The authorities had mustered a volunteer militia, who fired into the protesters after stones were thrown, killing seven men. The protesters set fire to the Court House and nearby buildings. When officials tried to leave, several were killed by the angry mob outside; a total of 25 on both sides died that day.

paragraph: Black peasants rose up and took control of the parish for two days. The governor quickly retaliated, declaring martial law and ordering troops to capture the rebels and suppress the rebellion. The troops destroyed Stony Gut and Bogle's chapel, killing more than 400 persons outright across the parish, including women and children. They arrested more than 300 persons, including Bogle. The Jamaican Maroons from Moore Town captured Bogle on behalf of the British military, and delivered him to the colonial authorities. He was tried under martial law and quickly executed, as were many others. Others, including women, were punished by flogging, or long prison sentences.

paragraph: The Governor had representative Gordon arrested in Kingston, where there was no martial law, and brought back to Morant Bay to be tried under martial law. Gordon was convicted of conspiracy and hanged on 23 October.

paragraph: Back in Britain there was public outcry, and increased opposition from liberals against Eyre's handling of the situation, with accusations against him of murder. Supporters praised the governor for acting quickly in the crisis to suppress a potentially larger rebellion.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: By the end of 1865 the "Governor Eyre Case" had become the subject of widespread national debate. In January 1866, a Royal Commission was sent to investigate the events. Governor Eyre was suspended and recalled to England and eventually dismissed. The national government changed that of Jamaica. The House of Assembly resigned its charter, and Jamaica was made a Crown Colony, governed directly from England.

paragraph: The "Eyre Controversy" turned into a long and increasingly public issue, dividing well-known figures of the day. It may have contributed to the fall of the government. In 1866 John Stuart Mill set up and chaired the Jamaica Committee to examine the atrocities committed in Jamaica in the course of ending the rebellion. Thomas Carlyle set up a rival committee to defend Eyre. His supporters included John Ruskin, Charles Kingsley, Charles Dickens and Alfred, Lord Tennyson.

paragraph: The Morant Bay rebellion turned out to be one of the defining points in Jamaica's struggle for both political and economical enhancement. Bogle’s demonstration ultimately achieved its objectives and paved the way for new attitudes.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In 1969 Paul Bogle was named a National Hero

paragraph: Bogle is depicted on the heads side of the Jamaican 10 cent coin. His face was also depicted on the Jamaican two-dollar bill, from 1969 until 1989, when the two-dollar bill was phased out.

paragraph: The Paul Bogle High School in the parish of his birth is named after him.

paragraph: He is referred to together with Toussaint L'Ouverture, leader of the Haitian Revolution, in the name of the London-based publishing company Bogle-L'Ouverture.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:In popular culture.

paragraph: As a national hero, Paul Bogle is referenced in many works of Jamaican culture. Most notably, dancehall performer Gerald Levy's stage name was "Bogle" (also "Mr Bogle" and "Father Bogle").

paragraph: Third World produced a song about Bogle's execution. Other reggae artists who have named and written songs in tribute to Paul Bogle include Lee Scratch Perry and a co-production between The Aggrovators, and the Revolutionaries.

paragraph: Bogle is mentioned in songs by Burning Spear, Brigadier Jerry, The Cimarons, Steel Pulse, Prince Far I, Lauryn Hill, Third World and General Trees.

paragraph: In "So Much Things to Say", by Bob Marley & The Wailers (and subsequently covered by Lauryn Hill), Marley mentions Bogle in the same breath as Jesus Christ and Marcus Garvey, concluding, "I'll never forget no way they turned their backs on Paul Bogle, so don't you forget no youth who you are and where you stand in the struggle."

paragraph: Paul Bogle is mentioned in the songs "See them a come" and "Innocent blood" by the reggae band Culture. Tarrus Riley also mentions Paul Bogle in the song "Shaka Zulu Pickney", alluding his ancestry as a freedom fighter.

paragraph: Paul Bogle and the events outlined above are the theme of "Ballard of 65" by General Trees.

paragraph: The British rapper Akala references Bogle on the track "Maangamizi" from his album "The Thieves Banquet", saying: "Probably don't know the Haitian revolution caused the French to sell half of America, nor know the role that Africans played in the Civil War for that same America. If you ain't heard of Nanny of the Maroons or Bogle, you probably believe what they told you".

paragraph: Jamaican reggae and dancehall musician Junior Reid mentions Paul Bogle in the song "Same Boat", which recalls the era of slavery, by saying "Paul Bogle haffi run like Usain Bolt".

paragraph: Both George William Gordon and Paul Bogle are mentioned in Horace Andy's "Our Jamaican National Heroes", while Ruddy Thomas' "Grandfather Bogle" is a Bogle tribute.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Dixon, "The Morant Bay Rebellion: The Story of George William Gordon and Paul Bogle", Birmingham, UK: Handprint, 1990, 20 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gad Heuman, ""The Killing Time": The Morant Bay Rebellion in Jamaica", University of Tennessee Press, 1995, 222 pp.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dugdale-Pointon, T., "Paul Bogle, 1822-1865". "Military History Encyclopedia" on the Web, 22 September 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paul Bogle", ItzCaribbean.com

description: Jamaican rebel

wikidata_label: Paul Bogle

wikipedia_title: Paul Bogle


text: zoologist

text: August Wilhelm Heinrich Blasius

text: ornithologist

text: Collegium Carolinum

text: Braunschweig

text: Naturhistorisches Museum (Braunschweig)

text: Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum

text: vertebrate

text: Alexander Keyserling

text: European Russia

text: Alfred Newton

text: Darwin

text: Origin of Species

text: NDB/ADB Deutsche Biographie

text: BHL

text: WorldCat Identities

categories: German zoologists,1809 births,Braunschweig University of Technology faculty,1870 deaths

paragraph: Johann Heinrich Blasius

paragraph: Johann Heinrich Blasius (7 October 1809 – 26 May 1870) was a German zoologist. His son, August Wilhelm Heinrich Blasius (1845–1912), was an ornithologist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: In 1836, he was appointed as a professor at the Collegium Carolinum in Braunschweig. In 1840, he founded the Botanischer Garten der Technischen Universität Braunschweig. In 1859 he was appointed as the director of the newly founded Naturhistorisches Museum (Braunschweig) and in 1866 also of the Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: He was the author of two major books on vertebrates: ""Fauna der Wirbelthiere Deutschlands"" (1857), and ""Die wirbelthiere Europa's"" (Vertebrates of Europe, with Alexander Keyserling, 1840). He also wrote ""Reise im Europäischen Russland in den Jahren 1840 und 1851"" (Journey to European Russia in the years 1840 & 1851). In 1862 ornithologist Alfred Newton (1829–1907) published "A list of the birds of Europe", a translation based on Blasius' research.

paragraph: Blasius was also an early contemporary critic of Darwin's "Origin of Species":

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NDB/ADB Deutsche Biographie

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Darwin Correspondence Online Database

paragraph: BULLET::::- BHL Digitised "Die wirbelthiere Europa's"

paragraph: BULLET::::- WorldCat Identities Publications by Blasius.

description: German zoologist

wikidata_label: Johann Heinrich Blasius

wikipedia_title: Johann Heinrich Blasius


text: VC

text: English

text: Victoria Cross

text: British

text: Commonwealth

text: Grenadier Guards

text: posthumously

text: Hundred Days Offensive

text: Wood Stanway

text: Gloucestershire

text: Stanway Estate

text: Gloucestershire Regiment

text: British Army

text: Grenadier Guards

text: British Expeditionary Force

text: Battle of Mons

text: First Battle of Ypres

text: Guards Division

text: Battles of Loos

text: the Somme

text: Cambrai

text: Arras

text: Hindenburg Line

text: Cattenières

text: British Empire

text: Commonwealth War Graves Commission

text: Cambrai

text: King George V

text: Buckingham Palace

text: 1914 Star

text: British War Medal

text: Victory Medal

text: The Guards Museum

text: Wellington Barracks

categories: British military personnel killed in World War I,Grenadier Guards soldiers,1895 births,British Army personnel of World War I,British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross,1918 deaths,People from Stanway, Gloucestershire,Gloucestershire Regiment soldiers

paragraph: William Edgar Holmes

paragraph: William Edgar Holmes VC (26 June 1895 – 9 October 1918) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. A soldier with the Grenadier Guards during the First World War, he was posthumously awarded the VC for his actions on 9 October 1918, during the Hundred Days Offensive.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born on 26 June 1895 in the village of Wood Stanway, in Gloucestershire, William Edgar Holmes was the son of a timber worker, James Holmes, who worked on the Stanway Estate, and his wife Ellen Holmes . He was educated at Church Stanway and on completing his schooling, he joined his father in working on the Stanway Estate.

paragraph: In July 1913, Holmes enlisted in the Gloucestershire Regiment of the British Army. Before the year was out, he transferred to the Grenadier Guards and was posted to its 2nd Battalion.

paragraph: Section::::First World War.

paragraph: On the outbreak of the First World War, Holmes' regiment was part of the British Expeditionary Force sent to France. He saw action in the Battle of Mons and at the First Battle of Ypres. After suffering frostbite in the winter of 1914, he was medically evacuated to England for treatment; this saw two toes being amputated.

paragraph: Holmes returned to his unit in 1915. As part of the Guards Division, the battalion was engaged in several battles on the Western Front, including the Battles of Loos, the Somme, Cambrai, and Arras. In the final stages of the war, it advanced against the Hindenburg Line.

paragraph: On 9 October 1918, Holmes' battalion was advancing towards the villages of Cattenières and Estourmel when it was held up by machine-gun fire. While under heavy fire, Holmes retrieved two wounded men. While assisting a third wounded soldier he himself was wounded. He remained in the frontlines until he was shot in the throat and died of his wounds. Cattenières was captured the following day. For his actions of 9 October, Holmes was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC). The VC, instituted in 1856, was the highest award for valour that could be bestowed on a soldier of the British Empire. The citation for Holmes' VC read:

paragraph: Holmes is buried at Carnieres Communal Cemetery Extension, a cemetery administered by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, in Carnieres, to the east of Cambrai.

paragraph: Section::::Victoria Cross.

paragraph: King George V presented Holmes' VC to his parents on 29 March 1919, in a ceremony at Buckingham Palace. He was also entitled to the 1914 Star with clasp, the British War Medal, and the Victory Medal. His medals were purchased by the Grenadier Guards in 1985 and are displayed at The Guards Museum, located at Wellington Barracks in London.

paragraph: On 9 October 2018, the centenary of Holmes' death, the Lord-Lieutenant of Gloucester, Dame Janet Trotter, unveiled a VC Stone to honour Holmes at St George’s Church, in Didbrook, Gloucestershire. His name is recorded on the Roll of Honour inside the church.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medal entitlement of Private William Edgar Holmes

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: William Edgar Holmes

wikipedia_title: William Edgar Holmes


text:
VC
English
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
lance-corporal
Grenadier Guards
British Army
Second World War
Battle of France
River Escaut
Esquelmes
Tournai
Belgium
prisoner of war
Poland
Wellington Barracks
British VCs of World War 2
Monuments to Courage
The Register of the Victoria Cross
Lance Corporal H. Nicholls
UK National Archives
Location of grave and VC medal

categories: Grenadier Guards soldiers,1915 births,British World War II prisoners of war,British World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross,1975 deaths,World War II prisoners of war held by Germany,People from Nottingham,British Army personnel of World War II

paragraph: Harry Nicholls

paragraph: Harry Nicholls VC (21 April 1915 – 11 September 1975) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: He was born on 21 April 1915 and was 25 years old, and a lance-corporal in the 3rd Battalion, Grenadier Guards, British Army during the Second World War when the following deed took place during the Battle of France for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: On 21 May 1940 near the River Escaut, in the village of Esquelmes north of Tournai for 6 km in Belgium, Lance-Corporal Nicholls, although suffering from shrapnel wounds in his arm, continued to lead his section in a counter-attack against overwhelming opposition. He advanced over a ridge and when the position became critical, he rushed forward, putting three enemy machine-guns out of action. He then attacked massed enemy infantry beyond a second ridge until his ammunition ran out and he was taken prisoner.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Victoria Cross citation.

paragraph: The announcement and accompanying citation for the decoration was published in supplement to the London Gazette on 31 July 1940, reading

paragraph: Contrary to his citation, Nicholls was taken as a prisoner of war. He was presented with his VC ribbon by a German commandant when he was a prisoner in Poland.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is displayed at The Guards Regimental Headquarters (Grenadier Guards RHQ), Wellington Barracks in London.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- British VCs of World War 2 (John Laffin, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guards VC: Blitzkrieg 1940 (Dilip Sarkar, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lance Corporal H. Nicholls in "The Art of War" exhibition at the UK National Archives

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(Nottinghamshire)"

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Harry Nicholls

wikipedia_title: Harry Nicholls


text: VC

text: English

text: Victoria Cross

text: British

text: Commonwealth

text: private

text: Grenadier Guards

text: British Army

text: Crimean War

text: Battle of Inkerman

text: Crimea

text: Brevet

text: Sir Charles Russell

text: Russia

text: Colours

text: Wellington Barracks

text: Location of grave and VC medal

text: Heywood Cemetery

text: "Dead link 14 December 2014"

text: Information on the Bentinck Medal

categories: British recipients of the Victoria Cross,Grenadier Guards soldiers,Crimean War recipients of the Victoria Cross,People from Sandbach,1892 deaths,British Army personnel of the Crimean War,1819 births,British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross

paragraph: Anthony Palmer

paragraph: Anthony Palmer VC (10 March 1819 – 12 December 1892) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: He was about 35 years old, and a private in the 3rd Battalion, Grenadier Guards, British Army during the Crimean War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: On 5 November 1854 at the Battle of Inkerman, Crimea, Private Palmer, with two other men were the first to volunteer to go with Brevet Major Sir Charles Russell to dislodge a party of Russians from the Sandbag Battery. The attack succeeded. During this action Private Palmer shot down an assailant who was in the act of bayoneting Russell, and so saved his life. He was also one of a small band which, by a desperate charge against overwhelming numbers, saved the Colours of the battalion from capture.

paragraph: In 1874, Palmer was commissioned as a captain in the part-time 5th (Plaistow and Victoria Docks) Essex Rifle Volunteer Corps.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is displayed at The Guards Regimental Headquarters (Grenadier Guards RHQ), Wellington Barracks, London, England.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(Lancashire)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heywood Cemetery

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dead link 14 December 2014"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Information on the Bentinck Medal

description: English recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Anthony Palmer

wikipedia_title: Anthony Palmer


text:
VC
MC
Scottish
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
Grenadier Guards
Crimean War
Managing Director
Bryant and May
Clifton College
Bristol
captain
Grenadier Guards
British Army
First World War
Gonnelieu
France
Wellington Barracks, London
The Register of the Victoria Cross
Monuments to Courage
Scotland's Forgotten Valour

categories: London Regiment officers,British military personnel killed in World War I,People from Innellan,Recipients of the Military Cross,1895 births,1917 deaths,British Army personnel of World War I,People educated at Clifton College,British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross,Grenadier Guards officers

paragraph: George Henry Tatham Paton

paragraph: George Henry Tatham Paton VC MC (3 October 1895 – 1 December 1917) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Paton was the first Grenadier Guards officer to win the VC since the Crimean War.

paragraph: He was born to George William Paton who was Deputy Chairman and Managing Director of Messrs Bryant and May Ltd and was educated at Rottingdean School and Clifton College Bristol

paragraph: Paton was 22 years old, and an acting captain in the 4th Battalion, Grenadier Guards, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: On 1 December 1917 at Gonnelieu, France, when a unit on Captain Paton's left was driven back, thus leaving his flank in the air and his company practically surrounded, he walked up and down adjusting the line, within 50 yards of the enemy, under a withering fire. He personally removed several wounded men and was the last to leave the village. Later he again adjusted the line and when the enemy counter-attacked four times, each time sprang on to the parapet, deliberately risking his life, in order to stimulate his men. He was eventually mortally wounded.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Guards Regimental Headquarters (Grenadier Guards RHQ) at Wellington Barracks, London.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buzzell, Nora (1997). "The Register of the Victoria Cross".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harvey, David (1999). "Monuments to Courage".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ross, Graham (1995). "Scotland's Forgotten Valour".

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: George Henry Tatham Paton

wikipedia_title: George Henry Tatham Paton


text: VC

text: DCM & Bar

text: Victoria Cross

text: Commonwealth

text: Stoke-on-Trent

text: Staffordshire

text: Chatterley Whitfield Colliery

text: Lance-Sergeant

text: Grenadier Guards

text: British Army

text: First World War

text: Battle of Poelcapelle

text: Fontaine-Notre-Dame

text: Wellington Barracks

text: Tunstall

text: Monuments to Courage

text: The Register of the Victoria Cross

categories: British military personnel killed in World War I,Grenadier Guards soldiers,People from Stoke-on-Trent,Recipients of the Distinguished Conduct Medal,1917 deaths,British Army personnel of World War I,1891 births,British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross

paragraph: John Harold Rhodes

paragraph: John Harold Rhodes VC DCM & Bar (17 May 1891 – 27 November 1917) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Rhodes was born in Packmoor, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, son of ex-soldier and miner Ernie Rhodes. He was educated in Newchapel and later became a miner at the Chatterley Whitfield Colliery. Around 1910, however, he joined the Grenadier Guards and served for three years, after which he returned to the colliery.

paragraph: Section::::First World War.

paragraph: On the outbreak of the First World War, John was recalled to the forces as a reservist. Now 26 years old, and a Lance-Sergeant in the 3rd Battalion, Grenadier Guards, British Army during the First World War John won the Distinguished Conduct Medal on 17 May 1915 and three months later was awarded a bar to this medal. While back in England recovering from his wounds, John married Lizzie but was not destined to live to see their son, John Rhodes (who, as an artilleryman, was himself awarded the Oak Leaves for gallantry in Northwestern Europe in 1944),

paragraph: Back on the front-line, the following deed took place at the Battle of Poelcapelle for which John was awarded the VC and also the Croix De Guerre:

paragraph: He was killed in action at Fontaine-Notre-Dame, France on 27 November 1917 and buried at Rocquigny-Equancourt Road British Cemetery, Manancourt.

paragraph: Section::::Medal.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is displayed at The Guards Regimental Headquarters (Grenadier Guards RHQ) in Wellington Barracks, London, England.

paragraph: A memorial plaque was unveiled at Chatterley Whitfield Mining Museum on 20 April 1984.There is also a road named in honour of John at nearby Tunstall. There is a memorial in Packmoor village on the Millennium Green outside Packmoor School which was unveiled in 2000.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monuments to Courage" (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Register of the Victoria Cross" (This England, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "VCs of the First World War - Passchendaele 1917" (Stephen Snelling, 1998)

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: John Harold Rhodes

wikipedia_title: John Harold Rhodes


text: VC

text: MC & Bar

text: English

text: Victoria Cross

text: British

text: Commonwealth

text: Acocks Green

text: Birmingham

text: King Edwards School

text: University of Birmingham

text: Irish Guards

text: Lieutenant Colonel

text: British Army

text: Lancashire Fusiliers

text: First World War

text: battle of Sambre

text: Sambre–Oise Canal

text: France

text: Wilfred Owen

text: Croix de Guerre

text: Order of Leopold (Belgium)

text: Monuments to Courage

text: The Register of the Victoria Cross

categories: Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium),British military personnel killed in World War I,Recipients of the Military Cross,Academics of the University of Birmingham,Irish Guards officers,British Army personnel of World War I,Lancashire Fusiliers officers,British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross,1918 deaths,British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross,People from Manchester,1887 births

paragraph: James Marshall (VC)

paragraph: James Neville Marshall VC, MC & Bar (12 June 1887 – 4 November 1918), was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Marshall was born in Manchester in 1887. His family moved to Oxford Road, Acocks Green, Birmingham in around 1894, his father being a draper. James Neville went to King Edwards School and after leaving worked at the Birmingham and Midland Institute and in the Medical Faculty of the University of Birmingham in a clerical capacity. He studied veterinary practice, then worked in this field in Harlow, Essex. He started off the First World War in Argentina, buying horses but then enlisted in the Irish Guards. Marshall married Edith Maud Taylor, daughter of successful malster Mr. Henry Algernon Taylor on the 20th of September 1911. Following her husband's death, Mrs. Marshall never remarried.

paragraph: He was 31 years old, and an acting Lieutenant Colonel in the Irish Guards, British Army, attached to the Lancashire Fusiliers, commanding 16th Battalion during the First World War at the battle of Sambre when the events took place for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: On 4 November 1918 at the Sambre–Oise Canal, near Catillon, France, when a partly constructed bridge was badly damaged before the advanced troops of his battalion could cross, Marshall organised repair parties. The first party were soon killed or wounded, but the colonel's personal example was such that more volunteers were instantly forthcoming. Under intense fire and with complete disregard of his own safety, he stood on the bank encouraging his men and helping in the work. When the bridge was repaired he attempted to lead his men across, but was killed in the attack. Wilfred Owen was killed in the same engagement soon after the bridge was crossed as he encouraged his men.

paragraph: He was also awarded the Croix de Guerre (Belgium) and was made a Chevalier of the Order of Leopold (Belgium). His Victoria Cross is displayed at The Guards Regimental Headquarters (Irish Guards RHQ), London, England.

paragraph: Marshall is commemorated at Harlow War Memorial Institute and on their website.

paragraph: Marshall is also commemorated in both the St.Marys (Churchgate Street) and Old Harlow Baptists' Church on their memorials to the fallen of Harlow.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- VCs of the First World War - The Final Days 1918 (Gerald Gliddon, 2000)

description: English recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: James Marshall

wikipedia_title: James Marshall (VC)


text:
VC
English
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
Faringdon
Berkshire
Oxfordshire
Sir Edward Baker, 1st Baronet
Radstone
Dorset
21st Regiment of Foot
brevet
major
Coldstream Guards
British Army
Crimean War
Inkerman
Crimea
lieutenant general
Wellington Barracks
Location of grave and VC medal

categories: British recipients of the Victoria Cross,Crimean War recipients of the Victoria Cross,Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie,People from Faringdon,1832 births,British Army generals,Royal Scots Fusiliers officers,British Army personnel of the Crimean War,Coldstream Guards officers,1890 deaths,Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur

paragraph: Gerald Goodlake

paragraph: Lieutenant General Gerald Littlehales Goodlake VC (14 May 1832 – 5 April 1890) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Gerald Goodlake was the son of Thomas Mills Goodlake of Wadley at Faringdon in Berkshire (now Oxfordshire) and his wife, Emilia Maria, the daughter of Sir Edward Baker, 1st Baronet of Radstone in Dorset. He was commissioned into the 21st Regiment of Foot on 14 June 1850. He exchanged (by purchase) into the Coldstream Guards on 27 June 1851. He served in the Crimea with the 1st Battalion and took part in the battles of Alma, Inkerman, Balaclava and Sevastopol.

paragraph: Section::::Victoria Cross.

paragraph: Goodlake was 22 years old, and a brevet major in the Coldstream Guards, British Army during the Crimean War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: On 28 October 1854 at Inkerman, Crimea, Major Goodlake was in command of a party of sharpshooters which held Windmill Ravine against a much larger force of the enemy, killing 38 (including an officer) and taking three prisoners. He also showed conspicuous gallantry on a later occasion when his sharpshooters surprised a picquet and seized the knapsacks and rifles of the enemy.

paragraph: He later achieved the rank of lieutenant general.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(Middlesex)"

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Gerald Goodlake

wikipedia_title: Gerald Goodlake


text:
VC
DCM
English
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
private
Coldstream Guards
British Army
Crimean War
Inkerman
Crimea
Camberwell Old Cemetery
Wellington Barracks
Location of grave and VC medal

categories: British recipients of the Victoria Cross,Crimean War recipients of the Victoria Cross,Recipients of the Distinguished Conduct Medal,1830 births,British Army personnel of the Crimean War,People from Torridge District,Coldstream Guards soldiers,1904 deaths

paragraph: William Stanlake

paragraph: William Stanlake VC DCM (31 October 1830 – 24 April 1904) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: He was 23 years old, and he was a private in the Coldstream Guards of the British Army during the Crimean War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: On 26 October 1854 near Inkerman, Crimea, Private Stanlake, when employed as a sharpshooter, volunteered to reconnoitre, and although he was warned of the dangers he would encounter, crawled to within six yards of a Russian sentry and brought back such information that the officer in charge of the party was able to make a surprise attack.

paragraph: He is buried in Camberwell Old Cemetery in South East London. His Victoria Cross is displayed at The Guards Regimental Headquarters (Coldstream Guards RHQ), Wellington Barracks, London, England.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(S.E. London)"

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: William Stanlake

wikipedia_title: William Stanlake


text:
Major-General
Punjab
India
Inverness
Scottish
Indian Army
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
Corps of Guides
sub-lieutenant
Suffolk Regiment
lieutenant
Bengal Staff Corps
Second Anglo-Afghan War
captain
Chitral
Expedition
major
brevet
lieutenant colonel
Chitral
Relief Force
Tirah Campaign
war correspondent
The Times of India
The Times
Winston Churchill
The Story of the Malakand Field Force
mentioned in despatches
Companion of the Order of the Bath
Aide-de-camp
King Edward VII
Brevet
colonel
Umballa Cavalry Brigade
Derajat Brigade
King's Birthday Honours
second cousin
Edward Donald Bellew
ADAMS, Maj.-Gen. Sir Robert Bellew
Monuments to Courage
The Register of the Victoria Cross
Scotland's Forgotten Valour
Burial location of Robert Adams

categories: British recipients of the Victoria Cross,British Indian Army generals,Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath,British military personnel of the Second Anglo-Afghan War,Corps of Guides (India) officers,British military personnel of the Tirah Campaign,1856 births,1928 deaths,British military personnel of the Chitral Expedition,Indian Staff Corps officers

paragraph: Robert Bellew Adams

paragraph: Major-General Sir Robert Bellew Adams (Muree, Punjab, India, 26 July 1856 – 13 February 1928, Inverness) was a Scottish general of the Indian Army and recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Robert Bellew Adams, the son of an officer of the Corps of Guides regiment of the Indian Army, entered the Army in 1876 as a sub-lieutenant in the 12th Foot (later the Suffolk Regiment). His promotion to lieutenant in 1878 was backdated to 1876. He transferred to the Bengal Staff Corps in 1879, served with his father's regiment in the Second Anglo-Afghan War and was promoted to captain in 1887. In 1891 he was appointed to command the cavalry of the Guides. He took part in the Chitral Expedition and afterwards was promoted to major in 1896 and brevet lieutenant colonel "in recognition of his services during the operations of the Chitral Relief Force, 1895."

paragraph: In 1897 the Guides took part in the Tirah Campaign, and the following event took place:

paragraph: Lieutenant Greaves was acting as war correspondent for "The Times of India". Viscount Fincastle was also acting as a war correspondent, for "The Times". A fuller account is given by Winston Churchill in "The Story of the Malakand Field Force".

paragraph: Adams and Fincastle were awarded the Victoria Cross (VC). At that time the VC was not awarded posthumously, and the "London Gazette" noted "Lieutenant Hector Lachlan Stewart MacLean, Indian Staff Corps, on account of his gallant conduct as recorded above, would have been recommended to Her Majesty for the Victoria Cross had he survived." MacLean was awarded a posthumous VC in 1907 after the policy had been changed.

paragraph: During the same campaign Adams was mentioned in despatches three times and made a Companion of the Order of the Bath. In 1899 he was appointed to the command of the Guides, and in September 1901 he was appointed Aide-de-camp to King Edward VII and received the Brevet rank of colonel. In 1904 he was given the command of the Umballa Cavalry Brigade. In 1906 he was promoted to major-general and transferred to the Derajat Brigade, but due to illness he resigned the command in 1908. He was invalided out of the army in 1911 and appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the King's Birthday Honours of 1912.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Adams was unmarried. He was the second cousin of Edward Donald Bellew, a Canadian WWI VC recipient.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ADAMS, Maj.-Gen. Sir Robert Bellew, Who Was Who, A & C Black, 1920–2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2007, accessed 4 November 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- Major-General Sir R.B. Adams, V.C. (obituary), "The Times", London, 14 February 1928, page 19

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scotland's Forgotten Valour (Graham Ross, 1995)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burial location of Robert Adams "(Glasgow)"

description: British soldier

wikidata_label: Robert Bellew Adams

wikipedia_title: Robert Bellew Adams


text: Mende

text: Chalkidiki

text: acroteria

text: Zeus

text: Pausanias

text: Nike of Paionios

text: 2004 Summer Olympics

text: Athens

text: Archaeological Museum of Olympia

text: Nike

text: Olympia

text: Battle of Sphacteria

text: Sparta

text: Pausanias

text: Messenian Wars

categories: Ancient Olympia,Ancient Greek sculptors,5th-century BC Greek sculptors

paragraph: Paeonius

paragraph: Paeonius ( "Paiṓnios") of Mende, Chalkidiki was a Greek sculptor of the late 5th century BC. He most likely received his early training in Northern Greece and is thought to have later adapted Athenian stylistic elements into his own work, based upon his probable interaction with the Olympia workshop of Pheidias. In any case, he was “attic-trained.”

paragraph: Paeonius won the commission to decorate the acroteria of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, as described in the pedestal inscription on his Nike statue. An ancient account also references Paeonius' work at Olympia. Pausanias attributes the front (east) pedimental sculptures of the Temple of Olympian Zeus to Paeonius. The Nike Temple parapet at Athens is also often attributed to Paeonius, on the basis of similarities between the styles of drapery on both monuments. Despite this assertion, scholars continue to debate the reliability of these attributions based upon the various interpretations of the scant additional evidence.

paragraph: The Nike of Paionios featured prominently in the design of medals of the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, as it did in the design of medals from the next three Olympiads. The statue likely influenced later artistic renderings of victory personified. It is on permanent exhibition at the Archaeological Museum of Olympia.

paragraph: Section::::Nike of Paeonios.

paragraph: The only work that can be positively attributed to him is the statue of Nike (c. 420 BC) discovered at Olympia. The Nike of Paeonios adorned a three-sided triangular pillar roughly 30 feet tall. She stood in the Altis of the sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia. With her wings and head intact, the statue itself was about 3 meters tall. Her drapery would have been painted red. The German School began excavations at Olympia in 1875; the French School had done excavations earlier in the nineteenth century.

paragraph: The Nike of Paeonius was erected c. 420 BC; a few years after the Athenian allies defeated the Spartans at the Battle of Sphacteria in 425 BC. The inscription reads that it was “dedicated by the Messenians and Naupaktians as a tithe of the spoils of their enemies.

paragraph: The Messenians and Naupaktians, allies of the Athenians, are careful not to mention “their enemies,” the Spartans, by name. Pausanias, a travel writer in the 2nd century AD, wrote, “But the Messenians themselves say that the offering is a trophy of the battle in which they fought on the Athenian side in the island of Sphacteria and that they refrained from inscribing the name of the enemy for fear of the Lacedaemonians (Spartans)." The placement of this dedicatory statue at Olympia, considered Spartan ground, is most often interpreted by scholars as a deliberate and assertive act of dominance.

paragraph: This sculpture may be understood as political propaganda within the context of the Messenian Wars. At least a century earlier, the Spartans had erected a statue of Zeus in the sanctuary, commemorating a victory over the Messenians. This dedication is also mentioned by Pausanias. The positioning of the Nike may be seen as a visual response: the Nike erected by the Messenians and Naupaktians would appear to the visitor in front of the hand of the Zeus dedication behind it.

paragraph: Paeonios combined both Ionian and Doric traditions in this monument. The erection of an offering on a high pillar is of Ionian origin, as the Dorians tended to use lower bases. By placing a well-known, generic image of triumph upon a pillar to symbolize a specific Victory, Paionios added to this tradition. The Ionians also favored marble more often, yet the Nike wears a Dorian peplos.

paragraph: Paeonios slips his own victory into the inscription on his Nike monument. It reads that he was the “successful competitor in the construction of the akroteria for the temple.” His victory in the competition was likely the result of devising not only the most aesthetically pleasing option but also the most financially feasible. That this piece of artwork is inscribed with the fund, occasion, and the artist makes it invaluable for creating a history of Greek artistic and dedicatory work.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nike of Paionios: drawing and description

wikidata_label: Paeonius

wikipedia_title: Paeonius


text: VC

text: Victoria Cross

text: Battle of Rorke's Drift

text: Commonwealth

text: Aldershot

text: reduced in rank

text: corporal

text: drunk

text: British Army

text: Zulu War

text: Rorke's Drift

text: Natal

text: Frederick Hitch

text: sergeant

text: influenza

text: Monmouth

text: Monmouth Cemetery

text: Monmouthshire

text: Regimental Museum of The Royal Welsh

text: Brecon

text: Zulu

text: Glynn Edwards

text: Cpl. William Wilson Allen

text: Rorke's Drift

text: Burial location of William Allan

text: Monmouthshire

categories: British recipients of the Victoria Cross,People from Kyloe,Deaths from the 1889–90 flu pandemic,South Wales Borderers soldiers,British Army personnel of the Anglo-Zulu War,Anglo-Zulu War recipients of the Victoria Cross,Infectious disease deaths in Wales,1843 births,British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross,1890 deaths

paragraph: William Allen (VC 1879)

paragraph: William Wilson Allen, VC ("circa" 1843 – 12 March 1890) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC) for his actions at the Battle of Rorke's Drift in January 1879, the highest and most prestigious award for valour in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Details.

paragraph: He had joined the 24th Regiment at Aldershot in 1859. He was about 35 years old, a sergeant who had recently been reduced in rank to corporal for being drunk on duty. He was in the 2nd Battalion, 24th Regiment of Foot (later The South Wales Borderers), British Army during the Zulu War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: On 22 and 23 January 1879 at Rorke's Drift, Natal, South Africa, Corporal Allan and another man (Frederick Hitch) kept communication with the hospital open, despite being severely wounded. Their determined conduct enabled the patients to be withdrawn from the hospital, and when incapacitated by their wounds from fighting, they continued, as soon as their wounds were dressed, to serve out ammunition to their comrades during the night.

paragraph: He later achieved the rank of sergeant for the second time.

paragraph: He died of influenza on 12 March 1890 at 85 Monnow Street, Monmouth, at the age of 46. A fund was set up to help the family, his wife, Sarah Ann and his seven children. He is buried at Monmouth Cemetery, Monmouthshire.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Regimental Museum of The Royal Welsh, Brecon.

paragraph: Section::::Film portrayal.

paragraph: In the 1964 film "Zulu", Allen was portrayed by Glynn Edwards. Allen in the film is depicted as a model soldier and no mention is ever made of him being drunk on duty in the past.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cpl. William Wilson Allen "(biography, photos, memorial details)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rorke's Drift "(information within Frederick Hitch site)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burial location of William Allan "Monmouthshire"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of William Allan's Victoria Cross "South Wales Borderers Museum, Brecon"

description: English recipient of the Victoria Cross in 1879

wikidata_label: William Allen

wikipedia_title: William Allen (VC 1879)