text: Nguyễn Ánh

text: Gia Long

text: Tây Sơn rebellion

text: Nguyễn Dynasty

text: mandarin

text: Minh Mạng

text: Tiền Giang

text: Tây Sơn rebellion

text: marshal

text: viceroy of the southern part of Vietnam

text: southern third of Vietnam

text: Minh Mạng

text: Christian missionaries and converts

text: Duyệt's tomb

text: Lê Văn Khôi

text: revolt against the court

text: Thiệu Trị

text: Định Tường

text: Tiền Giang

text: Mekong Delta

text: Vietnam

text: Quảng Ngãi Province

text: southwards expansion

text: Nguyễn Lords

text: eunuch

text: Nguyễn Ánh

text: Nguyễn Lord

text: Tây Sơn

text: Mekong Delta

text: Gia Định

text: Phú Quốc

text: Pigneau de Behaine

text: a fortress

text: Nha Trang

text: Qui Nhơn

text: Thị Nại

text: Tong Viet Phuc

text: Phú Xuân

text: Tu Dung

text: Le Chat

text: Nguyen Van Tri

text: Huế

text: Nguyễn Dynasty

text: Huế

text: Annam

text: Gia Định

text: Gia Định

text: Cochinchina

text: Cambodia

text: Ming Dynasty

text: Đồng Nai

text: Burma

text: Nghệ An

text: Thanh Hóa

text: Cao Bằng

text: Lê Văn Khôi

text: Pham Dang Hung

text: Khmer people

text: Vĩnh Tế Canal

text: Nguyen Van Thanh

text: Nguyen Huu Nghi

text: Prince Cảnh

text: Prince Cảnh

text: ancestral worship

text: smallpox

text: Nguyễn Phúc Đảm

text: scholar-gentry

text: isolationalist

text: imperial city

text: immigrant Chinese community

text: Tran Nhat Vinh

text: Nguyen Van Thoai

text: Nguyen Van Xuan

text: Bui Minh Duc

text: Nguyen Van Khue

text: Gia Long

text: Montagnard

text: Michel-Duc Chaigneau

text: Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau

text: cockfighting

text: hát bội

text: court dancing

text: đình

text: Citadel of Saigon

text: Ho Chi Minh City

text: Lăng Ông Bà Chiểu

text: Bach Xuan Nguyen

text: revolt against the emperor

text: stele

text: Thiệu Trị

text: Tự Đức

text: colony of Cochinchina

text: Nguyen Trung Truc

text: South Vietnam

text: Vietnamese Communist Party

text: fall of Saigon

text: Vietnamese

text: Chinese settler

text: Buddhists

text: Christians

text: Binh Thanh District

text: Huế

text: Hanoi

text: Nguyen Van Truong

text: Nguyen Van Nhon

text: Nguyen Huynh Duc

text: Truong Tan Buu

text: Nguyễn Ánh

text: Intersex in history

text: Timeline of intersex history

categories: Vietnamese eunuchs,Eunuchs,1760s births,Mandarins of the Nguyễn lords,Generals of the Nguyễn lords,1832 deaths,Nguyen dynasty officials,Intersex military personnel

paragraph: Lê Văn Duyệt

paragraph: Lê Văn Duyệt (1763 or 1764 – 30 July 1832) was a Vietnamese general who helped Nguyễn Ánh—the future Emperor Gia Long—put down the Tây Sơn rebellion, unify Vietnam and establish the Nguyễn Dynasty. After the Nguyễn came to power in 1802, Duyệt became a high-ranking mandarin, serving under the first two Nguyễn emperors Gia Long and Minh Mạng.

paragraph: Born into a family of peasants near Tiền Giang, Duyệt joined Prince Nguyễn Ánh in fighting the Tây Sơn rebellion. Because of Duyệt's military ability, he quickly rose through the ranks of the Nguyễn army and became a marshal when the Tây Sơn-Nguyễn war ended. After the foundation of the Nguyễn Dynasty, Duyệt served as a high-ranking mandarin and, later, viceroy of the southern part of Vietnam.

paragraph: His governance greatly stabilized and helped develop the southern third of Vietnam, turning it into a wealthy and peaceful region. In addition, Duyệt opposed Emperor Minh Mạng's ascension and defended Christian missionaries and converts from the emperor's isolationist and Confucian policies. These attitudes brought Duyệt into conflict with Minh Mạng and led to the posthumous desecration of Duyệt's tomb, which provoked his adopted son Lê Văn Khôi to revolt against the court. Later, Emperor Thiệu Trị, the successor of Minh Mạng, rehabilitated Duyệt and restored his tomb.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Lê Văn Duyệt was born in either 1763 or 1764 in Định Tường (present day Tiền Giang), a regional town in the Mekong Delta, in the far south of Vietnam. His parents were ordinary peasants whose ancestors came from Quảng Ngãi Province in central Vietnam during the southwards expansion of the Nguyễn Lords. Duyệt was born in a poor family, and he tended buffaloes during his childhood. Attracted by the possibilities of the "New South", the family then moved to Gia Định.

paragraph: Section::::General of Nguyễn Ánh.

paragraph: In 1780, Duyệt became a eunuch of the 18-year-old Prince Nguyễn Ánh, the nephew of the slain Nguyễn Lord and the most senior member of the family who survived the revolt by the three Tây Sơn brothers, who seized southern Vietnam from the Nguyễn in 1777. As a result, Nguyễn Ánh and a few loyalists fled into the dense jungles of the Mekong Delta in the far south. Later, Nguyễn Ánh made Duyệt a "Cai Cơ" ("Commander") of his bodyguards. From 1777 onwards, the military balance between the Tây Sơn and the Nguyễn fluctuated, as the enemies counterattacked each other frequently.

paragraph: In 1782, the Tây Sơn attacked Gia Định (later known as Saigon and now Ho Chi Minh City) again and forced Nguyễn Ánh to flee to the island of Phú Quốc under Duyệt's escort. It was one of many times when Gia Định changed hands. In 1787, Duyệt began organizing and commanding his own unit, and individually recruited his own enlisted men. In 1788, the tide began to turn in favour of the Nguyễn, after Pigneau de Behaine, a French Catholic priest who befriended Nguyễn Ánh in the hope that the young prince would gain power and give special privileges to his religion, recruited French military officers to fight for the Nguyễn. In 1788, the Nguyễn recaptured Gia Định and never relinquished it again. From then on, Nguyễn Ánh transformed the city into a fortress and his powerbase and began consolidating his hold on the surrounding area, before attacking the Tây Sơn with a view to eliminating them.

paragraph: In 1789, Nguyễn Ánh made Duyệt a general. From this point on, Duyệt accompanied his master on many military campaigns against the Tây Sơn. Continuous warfare then ensued, mostly centred near Nha Trang and Qui Nhơn on the south central coast, where the Nguyễn besieged the Tây Sơn's strongholds. In 1801, Duyệt engineered a naval victory in Thị Nại, which was a turning point of the war and heralded the complete collapse of the Tây Sơn. In the same year, a close colleague, Tong Viet Phuc was killed in battle by the Tây Sơn, leading Duyệt to fly into "an almost insane rage" and start killing every enemy soldier he came across, leading Nguyễn Ánh to rebuke him. Shortly thereafter, Nguyễn Ánh exploited the absence of most of the Tây Sơn's army, which was attempting to recapture Quy Nhon, to lead his army in an attack on Phú Xuân, the capital of the Tây Sơn. However, the Nguyễn encountered heavy resistance from Tây Sơn forces around the Tu Dung sea gate, the entrance into the citadel of Phú Xuân. Seeing that the Nguyễn forces could not breach the defense by frontal attacks, Nguyễn Ánh ordered Duyet to lead a naval division to attack the Tây Sơn defense complex from the rear. Lê Văn Duyệt and his deputy Le Chat then defeated the Tây Sơn army and forced their commander, Prince Consort Nguyen Van Tri, to flee. This paved a way for the Nguyễn to assault the citadel of Phú Xuân.

paragraph: In 1802, Nguyễn Ánh, who had declared himself Emperor Gia Long after capturing Phú Xuân (Huế), appointed Duyệt to the position of "Khâm Sai Chưởng Tả Quân Dinh Bình Tây Tướng Quân" ("Marshal of King's Left Division, Tây Sơn Pacification General") and ordered him to attack Tây Sơn-controlled northern Vietnam. In October 1802, Duyệt captured the north, and then renamed it from "Bắc Hà" ("Northern River") to "Bắc Thành" ("Northern Citadel") thus marking ultimate victory of the Nguyễn against the Tây Sơn.

paragraph: Duyệt's strategy, along with the French military tactics and technology recruited by Pigneau, played an important role in Nguyễn Ánh's success and the foundation of the Nguyễn Dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Mandarin of the Nguyễn Dynasty.

paragraph: From 1802 to 1812, Duyệt served as a high-ranking general in the new imperial capital Huế in Annam (central Vietnam). In 1812, Emperor Gia Long appointed Duyệt as the viceroy of Gia Định. At this time, the viceroy of Gia Định held jurisdiction not only over Cochinchina (southern Vietnam) but also over Cambodia.

paragraph: The post of viceroy had significant powers; although no precise description of the head of Gia Định's responsibilities survives to this day, the rights of his northern counterpart included the power "...to decide lawsuits; and to appoint and dismiss officials at his own will. It is enough only to report to the court after acting at his own discretion." Gia Long trusted Duyệt and his fellow southerners; all of the viceroy's lheading deputies were locally bred men, whereas many of those who ran the north were not. This allowed Duyệt and his entourage to develop a strong support base with the grassroots population and gave them more gravitas with which to rule. He also tried to expand the support base for the Nguyễn in the south by appointing newly arrived Chinese refugees who had fled their homeland after the fall of the Ming Dynasty as well as former rebels and bandits, to administrative posts if they were qualified, and encouraging their integration into and participation in society. Under the system of the time, military governors such as Duyệt moved to different posts with individual units that they had commanded for years, so he could count on their fidelity.

paragraph: In 1812, a Siamese-supported young brother of Ang Chan, the King of Cambodia, rose up and seized the throne, which forced the incumbent to flee to Gia Định. In 1813, Duyệt, with the approval of Gia Long, entered Cambodia with an army of 10,000 troops and forced the Siamese army to retreat. He reinstated Ang Chan and built two citadels, Nam Vang and La Liem on Cambodian territory in order to maintain Vietnamese jurisdiction over the nation, which was formally made a protectorate, adding to his prestige. In addition, Duyet's domestic governance was effective and stabilized the south, which prompted the people to give him the sobriquet "Cọp Gấm Đồng Nai" ("White Tiger of Đồng Nai"). As Gia Long's most trusted mandarin, Duyệt often acted as a conduit between the emperor and the European merchants and government delegates who visited Vietnam. In the early 1820s, Duyet dispatched a delegation to seek out British officials in an attempt to buy arms, but the party got lost in storms and were arrested after washing up in Burma. Duyet remained an advocate of hawkish foreign policy after the protectorate over Cambodia was entrenched, advocating an alliance with Burma against Siam, and expressing confidence that Vietnam could defeat Siam and dominate Southeast Asia.

paragraph: In 1815, Emperor Gia Long summoned him back in order to suppress widespread rebellions in central Vietnam. In 1819, Duyệt was in Nghệ An and Thanh Hóa in northern Vietnam putting down revolts for Gia Long. During this time, he joined forces with a former rebel leader from a highlands minority group in Cao Bằng. This man became Duyệt's adopted son under the name Lê Văn Khôi and his men also rallied to the court. Khoi was then propelled directly into a high-ranking post in Gia Định. During the final four years of Gia Long's reign, Duyệt ascended to the highest rank in the court, and he and Pham Dang Hung, another southerner, were the only people present as the emperor died. Gia Long decreed that Duyệt take command of five royal regiments.

paragraph: After pacifying central Vietnam, Duyệt was reappointed to be the viceroy of southern Vietnam and Cambodia in 1820 by Emperor Minh Mạng, Gia Long's successor. The emperor further enhanced Duyệt's powers by allowing him the power to oversee all foreign trade coming into his area, and collect taxes in Cambodia and on imports and exports at his discretion. This gave Duyệt control over the vast economic resources in the fertile agricultural and lumber-rich region and most importantly, land development. The southern area had only been populated by ethnic Vietnamese in recent centuries and immigration, clearing and development of land was rapid.

paragraph: At the beginning of his second period as viceroy, Duyệt suppressed a revolt of the local Khmer people and enlisted ten thousand new taxpayers, thereby generating a large new revenue source for the court. He supervised the renovation of the Vĩnh Tế Canal, an important waterway in southern Vietnam. Moreover, Duyệt was successful in suppressing unrest and criminal activity, and increasing foreign trade in southern Vietnam and Cambodia . Duyệt's works greatly stabilized and developed southern Vietnam, turning it into a wealthy and peaceful region. As recognition for Duyệt's service, Minh Mạng rewarded Duyệt with a belt made of jade—a prestigious gift in the Confucian system usually given to an emperor as a tribute, or by a monarch to an official to honour a great service—and betrothed a princess to Duyệt's adopted son as a wife.

paragraph: Duyệt was also involved in internal palace machinations. He became involved in a bitter rivalry with General Nguyen Van Thanh, the viceroy of northern Vietnam and commander of the Center Division; Thanh was another of Gia Long's leading generals. Duyệt was assisted in this dispute by Nguyen Huu Nghi, who had been a former confidant of Thanh before defecting. Later, another soldier who had served Thanh was caught mingling in Duyệt's military camp and was captured. Duyệt claimed that the man confessed to being sent by Thanh to assassinate him.

paragraph: On another hand, Duyệt was the mandarin who charged former Crown Prince Cảnh's wife for having an incestuous relationship with her eldest son and then executed her by drowning in 1824. Duyệt's action effectively ended the claim to Vietnam's throne by Prince Cảnh's descendants. According to one report however, Minh Mạng had already been informed from another quarter of the affair. Choi Byung Wook, a Korean historian, described this event as a "most dramatic event illustrating Lê Văn Duyệt's loyalty to Minh Mạng".

paragraph: Section::::Conflict with Minh Mạng.

paragraph: There was a lot of tension between Duyet and Minh Mạng. Although Gia Long had enlisted European support to claim the throne and allowed missionaries to function in Vietnam in gratitude to Pigneau, he ran a classical Confucian administration. He also expressed dismay at the Catholic condemnation of the traditional ancestral worship, a basic tenet of Vietnamese culture; Crown Prince Cảnh had been converted by Pigneau and subsequently refused to bow down to his ancestors, instead desecrating a shrine with feces.

paragraph: As Crown Prince Cảnh had died of smallpox during the war against the Tây Sơn, it was assumed that Cảnh's son would succeed Gia Long, but in 1816 Nguyễn Phúc Đảm, the son of Gia Long's second wife, was appointed instead. Gia Long chose him for his strong character and his deeply conservative aversion to Westerners, whereas Cảnh's lineage had converted to Catholicism and had shunned Confucian traditions such as ancestor worship. Gia Long told his son to treat the Europeans—especially the French—respectfully, but not to grant them any position of preponderance.

paragraph: Minh Mạng disliked Duyệt because he was one of many high-ranking mandarins who opposed Gia Long's succession plan. Duyệt and many of his southern associates tended to be favourable to Christianity, and supported the installation of Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh's descendants. As a result, Duyệt was held in high regard by the Catholic community. Historian Mark McLeod said that "As the head of a region enjoying substantial autonomy, Lê Văn Duyệt had good reason to prefer that the empire be ruled after Gia-long's death by an immature or malleable monarch." According to McLeod, as Duyệt was not from a scholar-gentry background and lacked a classical Confucian education, he did not place a great emphasis on tradition and was more concerned with military needs, and that as a result, he would be more interested in maintaining strong relations with Europeans so that he could acquire weapons from them, rather than worrying about the social implications of Westernization. There was also speculation that Gia Long was worried that Cảnh's 18-year-old heir was too young and could have been manipulated, and that he would forget his Eastern roots, whereas the more mature Minh Mạng—aged 26—would not. Gia Long was aware of the fact that Catholic clergy were opposed to the installation of Minh Mạng.

paragraph: Minh Mạng began to place restrictions on Catholicism. He enacted "edicts of interdiction of the Catholic religion" and condemned Christianity as a "heterodox doctrine". He saw the Catholics as a possible source of division, especially as the missionaries were arriving in Vietnam in ever-increasing numbers.

paragraph: Because of the role of Westerners in the war between the Nguyễn and the Tây Sơn, and Pigneau's role in recruiting European assistance, Duyệt protected Vietnamese Catholic converts and Westerners from Minh Mạng's isolationalist and Confucian policies by disobeying the emperor's orders. In defense of the Christians, Duyệt wrote to Ming Mạng, "We still have between our teeth the rice which the missionaries gave us when we were starving." This came in response to an imperial edict that ordered missionaries to leave their areas of operation and move to the imperial city, ostensibly because the palace needed translators, but in reality to stop the Catholics from proselytizing. Whereas the government officials in central and northern Vietnam complied, Duyệt disobeyed the order and Minh Mạng was forced to bide his time. In the meantime, southern Christians were still publicly identifying themselves as such and praticising their beliefs without facing any obstacles from local officials. Choi said that "From the point of view of Minh Mạng and his men, the land of Gia Định was thoroughly sheltered by Lê Văn Duyệt's prestige."

paragraph: Duyệt's policy towards criminals and former rebels also courted conflict with Minh Mạng. In the early-19th century, the nascent years of the Nguyễn Dynasty were plagued by incessant revolts, particularly in northern and central Vietnam. This resulted in a large number of rebels being captured along with common criminals and bandits. Such people were usually internally exiled to the opposite part of the country, so a large number ended up in southern Vietnam. These included many former rebels who were spared the death penalty after being defeated by Duyệt in northern and central Vietnam during his pacification campaigns in the late 1810s, and had sworn loyalty towards the general personally. These men were sent south with their wives and children to remove them from potentially rebellious areas and to punish them, but another objective was to start military colonies to help develop southern Vietnam, which had only recently been acquired by ethnic Vietnamese. The convicts were given equipment to work on the land and some were later pardoned. Duyệt and Gia Long had employed surrendered Tây Sơn officers in positions of authority, and this policy had continued due a shortage of manpower until Minh Mạng came to power. Duyệt wanted to continue this policy and wrote to Minh Mạng for permission, but was rejected. The emperor replied that such a policy was "like releasing a monkey to climb up a tree". For Minh Mạng, the placement of former convicts and rebels in positions of power was contrary to the Confucian system of order and debauched the prestige of the state, whereas Duyet was only concerned with practicality.

paragraph: During the 1820s, Duyệt's continued cultivated of relations with the immigrant Chinese community that had settled in southern Vietnam in large numbers brought him into conflict with Minh Mạng. The general had adopted a Chinese immigrant merchant as his son and gave him favours, including appointing him to position of the body that regulated trade. The Japanese historian Shimao concluded that Duyệt and his entourage were given financial rewards and gifts from the Chinese merchants in return for favourable treatment by government officials. It was also pointed out that another of Duyet's men was himself a businessman who had a Chinese agent. At the time, southern Vietnam was producing rice in plentiful quantities but export was banned by Minh Mạng, but prices in Vietnam, which were lower than those overseas, kept rising by 50–100% in various parts of the country in five years. In the meantime, the opium supply kept on increasing. It was thought that Chinese merchants, whom Duyệt patronised, were illegally exporting rice at higher prices, and then bringing back opium during return journeys along with incoming immigrants. For his part, the general disagreed with the prevailing view held by the emperor, and said that people of both races were engaging in illegal trading, as well as blaming the incoming immigrants' personal addictions rather than the Chinese merchants for bringing in opium. The historian Nola Cooke said that Duyet's viewpoint was more plausible and speculated that the emperor's stance was borne more out of a fear of the consequences of a disproportionate Chinese influence on the country than the reality of illegal trading. Duyệt wanted to further give tax concessions to newly arrived Chinese immigrants that were deemed to be impoverished to encourage immigration and speed up development of the region, something that the emperor was sceptical of, on the reasoning that it was difficult to genuinely determine who was in need and that the concession system was therefore open to rorting. Nevertheless, Duyệt disobeyed Minh Mạng and tax concessions were granted. Because of their involvement in the illegal exportation of rice and importation of opium, Minh Mạng tried to ban the Chinese from engaging in sea trade in 1827, but this was easily circumvented by the merchants, who exploited their contacts with Duyệt and used fraudulent registrations, often under the name of Vietnamese wives. It was not until Duyệt died that Minh Mạng was able to crack down on fraudulent sea trade.

paragraph: For a time, Duyệt's attitude and stature in the south forced Minh Mạng to moderate his policies and allow the preaching of Christian missionaries. However, it also increased the tension between the pair and Minh Mạng was anxious to curtail the autonomy that his father had granted to Duyệt and the southerners. The emperor began to slowly wind back their military powers, in an attempt to wear down Duyệt's power base by gradually removing the general's close aides.

paragraph: In 1821, Minh Mạng sent two of his aides from central Vietnam to serve as education officials in the south. One of the objectives was that they would oversee the imperial examination process and education system, which would allow them to determine who would serve in the government as mandarins and therefore fill the southern ranks with men acceptable to the court. However, their attempts were either blocked or circumvented by Duyệt's incumbent officials and they returned to the capital two years later in failure. In 1823, one of Duyệt's closest subordinates Tran Nhat Vinh, was indicted by one of Minh Mạng's officials from Huế, who charged him with trading rice on the black market and operating a brothel. Duyệt put a stop to the legal proceedings and angrily tried to turn the tables, calling on the emperor to execute the accusing official. This ended in a stalemate, but a few years later, Vinh was transferred to northern Vietnam and later imprisoned while Duyet was unable to do anything about the matter in the south; Vinh's position was taken by one of the emperor's men. In 1826, Duyệt resisted the removal of a regional official by the palace, leading the emperor to criticise him in a proclamation declaring that court appointments came under the purview of Huế. The following year, Duyệt executed convicted criminals without informing the capital, leading the emperor to criticise him again, saying that "the ultimate authority to decide questions of life and death belongs to the court."

paragraph: In 1829, Duyet suffered another blow when Nguyen Van Thoai, an ally whom he appointed to run Cambodia for him died. The general nominated another subordinate to replace his colleague Nguyen Van Xuan, but Minh Mạng overruled him and instead appointed one of his mandarins Bui Minh Duc to the post. Although the emperor formally asked Duc to cooperate with Duyet, Minh Mạng then appointed Duc to the post of Minister of the Board of War, putting him above the general in the chain of command, effectively making Duyet irrelevant with regards to the running of the protectorate. In 1831, just before Duyet's death, Minh Mạng began to dismantle his military infrastructure and sending his component units to other parts of Vietnam, and sent a loyalist General Nguyen Van Khue to Gia Định, allowing him to dilute the viceroy's power. In addition, no government reports could be officially approved and sent to the capital until it was countersigned by civil officials sent south by the emperor. These moves against southern autonomy gradually increased the resentment and regionalist sentiments among the local population.

paragraph: Section::::Family and personal life.

paragraph: Lê Văn Duyệt had a wife named Đỗ Thị Phận. Apart from Lê Văn Khôi, Duyệt had another adopted son named Lê Văn Yến who had married princess Ngoc Nghien, a daughter of Gia Long.

paragraph: Duyệt was typically described as a stern, hot-tempered but fair man, which made him both feared and respected by people. Many lower-level bureaucrats and military officers were loath to speak to him directly, as were some higher officials. Some later accounts have portrayed his strict ways in a more negative light. According to the later imperial official Phan Thuc Truc, Duyệt sometimes fatally beat dogs and beheaded senior local officials for no reason. Duyệt was also regarded as an eccentric; he raised 30 members of the Montagnard hill tribes to act as servants, and kept exactly 100 chickens and 100 dogs at his home. Whenever he returned to his official residence after an assignment, he ordered a tiger and 50 dogs to march after him. In 1825, Michel-Duc Chaigneau, the nephew of Gia Long's French military mandarin Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau, visited Gia Định on a government mission and said that Duyệt "has great talent both in battle and administration. People fear him, but he is heartily loved by people here because he is fair."

paragraph: He was also famous for his love of cockfighting, "hát bội" (Vietnamese classical opera) and court dancing, all of which were popular with the common Vietnamese southerner. He reportedly gave a long speech praising cockfighting, in a joking manner, to Emperor Gia Long and sometimes beat the drum himself in order to encourage the actors and actresses of the "hát bội" troupes when they were performing for him. He was also known for his patronage of goddess spirits that were popularly venerated by local southerners in folk religions. In addition, Duyệt was the instructor of three "đình" formalities, a code of ceremonial conduct and customs that were copies of royal rituals.

paragraph: George Finlayson, a representative of the British government who visited Gia Định in 1822, described Duyệt as a man who liked to dress plainly, almost in a manner similar to his peasant constituents. Finlayson said that Duyệt "has an intelligent look, and may be esteemed to possess considerable activity both of mind and body: his face is round and soft, his features flabby and wrinkled; he has no beard, and bears considerable resemblance to an old woman: his voice, too, is shrill and feminine."

paragraph: Duyệt's informal manner caused him difficulties during Minh Mạng's administration, as the second emperor's government was more oriented towards classical Confucianism than that of his father. The younger mandarins regarded Duyệt and his southern entourage as uncultured, and the older military officials felt more uncomfortable in the court as time went by. Gia Long was also seen a direct and frank man in his dealings, while Minh Mạng was seen as being vague in expressing his thoughts to his bureaucrats. This was attributed to Gia Long's dependence on military officers during the war years, which required him to be blunt and assertive, whereas Minh Mạng grew up dealing with court scholars after the establishment of the Nguyễn Dynasty, and was regarded as a quiet and studious monarch. After a visit to the capital in 1824, Duyệt found the imperial court to be an uncomfortable surrounding and confided in a colleague:

paragraph: Duyệt and fellow southern general Le Chat then resigned their positions, but the emperor rejected their offers. Duyệt wanted a post in the capital, but was not given one, in part of suspicions among the court that the general could launch a palace coup, not unlike many insurrections in Vietnam's past. Duyệt was sent back to southern Vietnam, far from the royal seat.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: On 30 July 1832, Duyệt died in the Citadel of Saigon at the age of 68. He was buried at Bình Hòa, Gia Định (present day Ho Chi Minh City). His tomb was called "Lăng Ông Bà Chiểu" ("Tomb of the Marshal in Ba Chieu") by the local people.

paragraph: Duyệt's death opened the way for Minh Mạng to apply his policies in the south, as the viceroy's subordinates lacked the influence to defy the court. The emperor also tried to reduce Duyệt's followers’ political power by abolishing the post of viceroy and putting the south under his direct rule, thus making Duyệt the last holder of the post. Soon after Duyệt's death, Minh Mạng's new appointees arrived and took over the local administration. The new officials then launched an investigation and reported that Duyệt and his aides had engaged in corrupt and abusive practices.

paragraph: As a result, Bach Xuan Nguyen, who led the investigation, ordered the posthumous humiliation of Duyệt. This resulted in the desecration of his tomb, the execution of sixteen relatives, and the arrests of his colleagues. Minh Mạng's attitude led Duyet's adopted son Khoi to break out of prison and start a revolt against the emperor on 10 May 1833.

paragraph: After suppressing the revolt, which was supported by a Siamese invasion, lasted three years and briefly took control of the south, the emperor had Duyệt's tomb desecrated and had a stele with the inscription ""Đây chỗ tên lại cái lộng quyền Lê Văn Duyệt chịu phép nước"" ("Here lies the eunuch Lê Văn Duyệt who resisted the law") placed over the ruins. The tomb remained in disrepair until the reign of next emperor, Thiệu Trị, who rehabilitated Duyệt and restored his tomb. Then, Emperor Tự Đức turned the tomb into a national monument.

paragraph: After the establishment of the colony of Cochinchina, Duyệt was continuously venerated despite French policies of dismantling the Vietnamese imperial system and its ritual customs. Duyệt's yearly celebrations were attended by politicians of Cochinchina. This was allowed to continue despite a legend in southern Vietnam that Duyệt had appeared in the dreams of Nguyen Trung Truc, a fisherman who famously led a peasant army against French colonization, and advised him on how to fight foreigners. In 1937, thanks to donations from a number of colonial government officials and members of the business elite, Duyệt's tomb was renovated and extended. Under South Vietnamese rule, Duyệt was considered a great national hero and his image appeared on banknotes, while prominent streets were named after him. In contrast, Duyệt was held in low regard by the current Vietnamese Communist Party government because of his role in the expansion of French influence in Vietnam, in line with the communist designation of the Nguyễn Dynasty as "feudal" and "reactionary". After the fall of Saigon in 1975, Duyệt's tomb became dilapidated because of the lack of state maintenance and streets named in his honour were renamed. This attitude remained unchanged until 2008, when the current government had Duyệt's tomb renovated and allowed a play portraying his life to be performed publicly.

paragraph: Nevertheless, Duyệt is widely regarded by southern Vietnamese people as the most important local hero. Choi described Duyệt's popularity as follows: "No matter whether they are indigenous Vietnamese or Chinese settlers, Buddhists or Christians, residents of Saigon have long paid enthusiastic tribute to one favorite southern, local hero—Lê Văn Duyệt—whose gorgeous shrine is located on Dinh Tien Hoang Street in Binh Thanh District. You will not able to find any other place in Huế or Hanoi where the residents, regardless of ethnic or religious backgrounds, regard their own local hero with such reverence".

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Lê Văn Duyệt, along with Nguyen Van Truong, Nguyen Van Nhon, Nguyen Huynh Duc and Truong Tan Buu (all of them were Nguyễn Ánh's generals) was called "Ngũ hổ tướng" ("Five Tiger Generals") in Vietnamese folk culture. Moreover, people usually regard Duyệt as "Đức Tả Quân" ("His Honorable Left Division's Marshal"), following the office of "Tả Quân" ("Marshal of Nguyễn Dynasty Army's Left Division") which Duyệt was the holder for a time. Lê Văn Duyệt High School in Saigon was named after him.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Intersex in history

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timeline of intersex history

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Footnote

paragraph: BULLET::::- Citations

description: Vietnamese general, mandarin

wikidata_label: Le Van Duyet

wikipedia_title: Lê Văn Duyệt


text:
Butte, Montana
U.S. Representative
Montana
Democrat
James E. Murray
T.O. Larsen
Mike Mansfield

categories: Montana Independents,Montana State University alumni,American people of Irish descent,Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives,Carroll College (Montana) alumni,Montana Democrats,20th-century American politicians,Politicians from Butte, Montana,1985 deaths,Members of the United States House of Representatives from Montana,1906 births

paragraph: Joseph P. Monaghan

paragraph: Joseph Patrick Monaghan (March 26, 1906 – July 4, 1985) of Butte, Montana was a U.S. Representative from Montana from 1933 to 1937. He was a Democrat. In 1936 he decided not to run for reelection and instead challenged Democratic incumbent United States senator James E. Murray in the Democratic primary. When Murray won, Monaghan ran in the general election as an independent. Murray soundly defeated Monaghan and Republican T.O. Larsen. Murray received 55% of the vote, Larsen 27% of the vote and Monaghan 18%. At the age of 30, Monaghan's political career came to an end. He returned to his law practice, and returned to politics only briefly in 1964 when he ran for the Democratic nomination unsuccessfully for the United States Senate in Montana, against Senate Majority leader Mike Mansfield.

description: United States Congressman

wikidata_label: Joseph P. Monaghan

wikipedia_title: Joseph P. Monaghan


text: jazz

text: Duke Ellington

text: Thelonious Monk

text: Count Basie

text: Nat King Cole

text: Earl Hines

text: Melba Liston

text: Brooklyn, New York

text: Jamaican

text: Panamanian

text: Garveyite

text: Boys High School

text: Bedford-Stuyvesant

text: U.S. Army

text: World War II

text: Okinawa

text: Count Basie

text: Nat King Cole

text: Art Tatum

text: Duke Ellington

text: Wynton Kelly

text: Thelonious Monk

text: Coleman Hawkins

text: Bullmoose Jackson

text: Frank Culley

text: Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson

text: Lenox, Massachusetts

text: the Berkshires

text: Marshall Stearns

text: Geoffrey Holder

text: Babatunde Olatunji

text: Langston Hughes

text: Willis James

text: Kenny Dorham

text: Cecil Payne

text: Cole Porter in a Modern Mood

text: Down Beat

text: Little Niles

text: Melba Liston

text: Uhuru Afrika

text: Langston Hughes

text: Highlife

text: Lagos, Nigeria

text: Lionel Hampton

text: Ahmed Abdul-Malik

text: Nina Simone

text: Brock Peters

text: Melba Liston

text: Booker Ervin

text: Bobby Benson

text: Highlife

text: Morocco

text: Tangier

text: Chicago blues

text: CTI Records

text: Tunisia

text: Tabarka Jazz Festival

text: Dizzy Gillespie

text: The Spirits of Our Ancestors

text: Melba Liston

text: Dizzy Gillespie

text: Pharoah Sanders

text: Talib Kibwe

text: Gnawa

text: Hi-Fly

text: "Little Niles"

text: Abdullah Ibrahim

text: Houston Person

text: Booker Ervin

text: Montreal Jazz Festival

text: David Murray

text: James Lewis

text: Bibliotheca Alexandrina

text: Alexandria

text: Canterbury Cathedral

text: Archbishop of Canterbury

text: Kamigamo Shrine

text: Kofi Ghanaba

text: theme

text: Sunnyside

text: Billy Harper

text: London Jazz Festival

text: Queen Elizabeth Hall

text: The New School

text: Carnegie Hall

text: Gnawa Festival

text: Spoleto Festival

text: Charleston, SC

text: Montreux Jazz Festival

text: International Society for Music Education

text: New York University

text: Cecil Bridgewater

text: Robert Trowers

text: Howard Johnson

text: Alex Blake

text: Lewis Nash

text: Candido

text: Min Xiao-Fen

text: Jayne Cortez

text: Nile Delta

text: Touba

text: Shang dynasty

text: Wall Street Journal

text: Duke University Press

text: Harvard College Library

text: Langston Hughes

text: Alvin Ailey

text: Dizzy Gillespie

text: Pharoah Sanders

text: Muhammad Ali

text: Cornel West

text: Order of Arts and Letters

text: NEA Jazz Master

text: Brooklyn College

text: City University of New York

text: Monty Alexander

text: Geri Allen

text: Cyrus Chestnut

text: Barry Harris

text: Mulgrew Miller

text: Billy Taylor

text: Guggenheim Fellowship

text: Mohammed VI of Morocco

text: Congressional Black Caucus Foundation

text: Colby College

text: New England Conservatory of Music

text: DownBeat

text: United States Artists

text: National Jazz Museum in Harlem

text: Cole Porter in a Modern Mood

text: Riverside

text: The Randy Weston Trio

text: Get Happy with the Randy Weston Trio

text: With These Hands...

text: Trio and Solo

text: Jazz à la Bohemia

text: The Modern Art of Jazz by Randy Weston

text: Dawn

text: Piano á la Mode

text: Jubilee

text: New Faces at Newport

text: MetroJazz

text: Little Niles

text: United Artists

text: Destry Rides Again

text: Live at the Five Spot

text: Uhuru Afrika

text: Roulette

text: Highlife

text: Colpix

text: Randy

text: Atlantic

text: Berkshire Blues

text: Freedom

text: Monterey '66

text: Verve

text: African Cookbook

text: Polydor

text: Niles Littlebig

text: Blue Moses

text: CTI

text: Tanjah

text: Carnival

text: Blues to Africa

text: Chant du Monde

text: Pausa

text: Denon

text: The Healers

text: Black Saint

text: David Murray

text: The Spirits of Our Ancestors

text: Arkadia Jazz

text: Enja

text: Motéma

text: Sunnyside

text: Roy Brooks

text: Duet in Detroit

text: Charles Mingus

text: Charles Mingus and Friends in Concert

text: Randy Weston official site

text: "Randy Weston: Hi-Fly, Little Niles and Africa

text: "Profile: Randy Weston"

text: Randy Weston video interview

text: Democracy Now!

text: Transcript of conversation with Randy Weston

text: "Randy Weston: A Giant of Jazz, a Giant of a Man"

text: "Randy Weston: Music is Life Itself"

text: NewMusicBox

text: "Randy Weston, Jazz Giant, 1926-2018"

categories: Mainstream jazz pianists,Highlife musicians,American jazz pianists,African-American jazz pianists,American jazz composers,American male pianists,Pausa Records artists,African jazz (genre) pianists,Writers from Brooklyn,Post-bop pianists,Hard bop pianists,Enja Records artists,Guggenheim Fellows,Jazz educators,Male jazz composers,Military personnel from New York City,1926 births,Inner City Records artists,Musicians from Brooklyn,Freedom Records artists,20th-century jazz composers,Verve Records artists,Riverside Records artists,American musicians of Jamaican descent,20th-century American pianists,Randy Weston,2018 deaths

paragraph: Randy Weston

paragraph: Randolph Edward "Randy" Weston (April 6, 1926 – September 1, 2018) was an American jazz pianist and composer whose creativity was inspired by his ancestral African connection.

paragraph: Weston's piano style owed much to Duke Ellington and Thelonious Monk, whom he cited in a 2018 video as among pianists he counted as influences, as well as Count Basie, Nat King Cole and Earl Hines. Beginning in the 1950s, Weston worked often with trombonist and arranger Melba Liston.

paragraph: Described as "America's African Musical Ambassador", he said: "What I do I do because it's about teaching and informing everyone about our most natural cultural phenomenon. It's really about Africa and her music."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Randolph Edward Weston was born on April 6, 1926 to Vivian ("née" Moore) and Frank Weston and was raised in Brooklyn, New York, where his father owned a restaurant. His mother was from Virginia and his father was of Jamaican-Panamanian descent, a staunch Garveyite, who passed self-reliant values to his son. Weston studied classical piano as a child and took dance lessons. He graduated from Boys High School in Bedford-Stuyvesant, where he had been sent by his father because of the school's reputation for high standards. Weston took piano lessons from someone known as Professor Atwell who, unlike his former piano teacher Mrs Lucy Chapman, allowed him to play songs outside the classical music repertoire.

paragraph: Drafted into the U.S. Army during World War II, Weston served three years from 1944, reaching the rank of staff sergeant, and was stationed for a year in Okinawa, Japan. On his return to Brooklyn he ran his father's restaurant, which was frequented by many jazz musicians. Among Weston's piano heroes were Count Basie, Nat King Cole, Art Tatum, Duke Ellington, and his cousin Wynton Kelly, but it was Thelonious Monk who made the biggest impact, as Weston described in a 2003 interview: "When I first heard Monk, I heard Monk with Coleman Hawkins. When I heard Monk play, his sound, his direction, I just fell in love with it. I spent about three years just hanging out with Monk. I would pick him up in the car and bring him to Brooklyn and he was a great master because, for me, he put the magic back into the music."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early career: 1940s–50s.

paragraph: In the late 1940s Weston began performing with Bullmoose Jackson, Frank Culley and Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson. In 1951, retreating from the atmosphere of drug use common on the New York jazz scene, Weston moved to Lenox, Massachusetts, in the Berkshires. There at the Music Inn, a venue where jazz historian Marshall Stearns taught, Weston first learned about the African roots of jazz. He would return in subsequent summers to perform at the Music Inn, where he wrote his composition "Berkshire Blues", interacting with artists and intellectuals such as Geoffrey Holder, Babatunde Olatunji, Langston Hughes and Willis James, about which experience Weston said: "I got a lot of my inspiration for African music by being at Music Inn... They were all explaining the African-American experience in a global perspective, which was unusual at the time."

paragraph: Weston worked with Kenny Dorham in 1953 and in 1954 with Cecil Payne, before forming his own trio and quartet and releasing his debut recording as a leader in 1954, "Cole Porter in a Modern Mood". He was voted New Star Pianist in "Down Beat" magazine's International Critics' Poll of 1955. Several fine albums followed, with the best being "Little Niles" near the end of that decade, dedicated to his children Niles and Pamela, with all the tunes being written in 3/4 time. Melba Liston, as well as playing trombone on the record, provided excellent arrangements for a sextet playing several of Weston's best compositions: the title track, "Earth Birth", "Babe's Blues", "Pam's Waltz", and others.

paragraph: In the 1960s, Weston's music prominently incorporated African elements, as shown on the large-scale suite "Uhuru Afrika" (1960, with the participation of poet Langston Hughes) and "Highlife" (full title: " Music from the New African Nations featuring the Highlife"), the latter recorded in 1963, two years after Weston traveled for the first time to Africa, as part of a U.S. cultural exchange programme to Lagos, Nigeria (the contingent also including Langston Hughes, musicians Lionel Hampton and Ahmed Abdul-Malik, and singers Nina Simone and Brock Peters). On both these albums he teamed up with the arranger Melba Liston. "Uhuru Afrika", or "Freedom Africa", is considered a historic landmark album that celebrates several new African countries obtaining their Independence.

paragraph: In addition, during these years his band often featured the tenor saxophonist Booker Ervin. Weston covered the Nigerian Bobby Benson's piece "Niger Mambo", which included Caribbean and jazz elements within a Highlife style, and has recorded this number many times throughout his career.

paragraph: In 1967 Weston traveled throughout Africa with a U.S. cultural delegation. The last stop of the tour was Morocco, where he decided to settle, running his African Rhythms Club in Tangier for five years, from 1967 to 1972. He said in a 2015 interview: "We had everything in there from Chicago blues singers to singers from the Congo... The whole idea was to trace African people wherever we are and what we do with music."

paragraph: In 1972 he produced "Blue Moses" for the CTI Records, a best-selling record on which he plays electric keyboard. As he explained in a July 2018 interview, "We were still living in Tangier, so my son and I came from Tangier to do the recording, but when I got there, Creed Taylor said his formula is electric piano. I was not happy with that, but it was my only hit record. People loved it." In the summer of 1975, he played at the Festival of Tabarka in Tunisia, North Africa (later known as the Tabarka Jazz Festival), accompanied by his son Azzedin Weston on percussion, with other notable acts including Dizzy Gillespie.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later career.

paragraph: For a long stretch Weston recorded infrequently on smaller record labels. He also made a two-CD recording "The Spirits of Our Ancestors" (recorded 1991, released 1992), which featured arrangements by his long-time collaborator Melba Liston. The album contained new, expanded versions of many of his well-known pieces and featured an ensemble including some African musicians, with guests such as Dizzy Gillespie and Pharoah Sanders also contributing. The music director was saxophonist Talib Kibwe (also known as T. K. Blue), who subsequently continued in that role. "The Spirits of Our Ancestors" has been described as "one of the most imaginative explorations of 'world jazz' ever recorded."

paragraph: Weston produced a series of albums in a variety of formats: solo, trio, mid-sized groups, and collaborations with the Gnawa musicians of Morocco. His most popular compositions include "Hi-Fly", which he said was inspired by his experience of being 6' 8" and looking down at the ground, "Little Niles", named for his son (who was later known as Azzedin), "African Sunrise", "Blue Moses", "The Healers", and "Berkshire Blues". Weston's compositions have frequently been recorded by other prominent musicians, including Abdullah Ibrahim, Houston Person, Booker Ervin, and others.

paragraph: A five-night celebration of Weston's music took place at the Montreal Jazz Festival in 1995, featuring gnawa musicians and a duet with saxophonist David Murray.

paragraph: In 2002 Weston performed with bassist James Lewis for the inauguration of the Bibliotheca Alexandrina in Alexandria, Egypt. During the same year he performed with Gnawa musicians at Canterbury Cathedral at the invitation of the Archbishop of Canterbury. Weston also played at the Kamigamo Shrine in Japan in 2005.

paragraph: On June 21, 2009, he participated in a memorial at the Jazz Gallery in New York for Ghanaian drummer Kofi Ghanaba (formerly known as Guy Warren), whose composition "Love, the Mystery of..." Weston used as his theme for some 40 years.

paragraph: In 2013, Sunnyside released Weston's album "The Roots of the Blues", a duo session with tenor saxophonist Billy Harper. On November 17, 2014, as part of the London Jazz Festival, Weston played a duo concert with Harper at the Queen Elizabeth Hall. Kevin Le Gendre in his review said the two musicians reached "the kind of advanced conversational intimacy only master players achieve."

paragraph: In 2015 Weston was artist-in-residence at The New School in New York, participating in a lecture series, performing, and mentoring students.

paragraph: Weston celebrated his 90th birthday in 2016 with a concert at Carnegie Hall, among other activities, and continued thereafter to tour and speak internationally. He performed at the Gnawa Festival in Morocco in April 2016, took part in the Spoleto Festival in Charleston, SC, on June 2, and was among the opening acts at the 50th Montreux Jazz Festival. In July 2016 he was a keynote speaker at the 32nd World Conference of the International Society for Music Education in Glasgow.

paragraph: "An African Nubian Suite" (2017) is a recording of a concert at the Institute of African American Affairs of New York University on April 8, 2012, Easter Sunday, with Cecil Bridgewater, Robert Trowers, Howard Johnson, T. K. Blue, Billy Harper, Alex Blake, Lewis Nash, Candido, Ayodele Maakheru, Lhoussine Bouhamidy, Saliou Souso, Martin Kwaku Obeng, Min Xiao-Fen, Tanpani Demda Cissoko, Neil Clarke and Ayanda Clarke, and the poet Jayne Cortez. Describing it as an "epic work", the "Black Grooves" reviewer wrote that "The African Nubian Suite" "traces the history of the human race through music, with a narration by inspirational speaker Wayne B. Chandler, and introductions and stories by Weston in his role as griot... Stressing the unity of humankind, Weston incorporates music that 'stretches across millennia'—from the Nubian region along the Nile Delta, to the holy city of Touba in Senegal, to China's Shang dynasty, as well as African folk music and African American blues... In these troubling times when our nation is divided by politics, race and religion, Weston uses "The African Nubian Suite" as a vehicle to remind us of our common heritage: 'We all come from the same place – we all come from Africa.'"

paragraph: Weston's last release, the double-CD set "Sound" (2018), was a recording of a solo piano concert that took place at the Hotel Montreux Palace, Switzerland, on July 17 and 18, 2001. In a review for the "Wall Street Journal", Larry Blumenfeld wrote: "If these two discs amount to a grand gesture, Mr. Weston communicates most and best via small details. The power of a single note. The meaning of a single note repeated many times. The force of a crashing left-hand figure. The tension held between two dissonant tones or within an unexpected silence. All of which are packed into the three-plus minutes of 'Love, The Mystery Of,' which was composed by the Ghanaian drummer Kofi Ghanaba (then known as Guy Warren) for Mr. Weston’s 1963 album 'Highlife,' and now, more than a half-century later, provides this album’s most riveting moments."

paragraph: Randy Weston died at his home in Brooklyn on the morning of September 1, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Weston's first marriage, to Mildred Mosley, ended in divorce. His son Azzedin having predeceased him, Weston was survived by his wife Fatoumata Mbengue-Weston, whom he met in 1994; three daughters, Cheryl, Pamela and Kim; seven grandchildren; six great-grandchildren; and one great-great-grandchild.

paragraph: Section::::Autobiography.

paragraph: In October 2010, Duke University Press published "African Rhythms: The Autobiography of Randy Weston", "composed by Randy Weston, arranged by Willard Jenkins". It was hailed as "an important addition to the jazz historiography and a long anticipated read for fans of this giant of African American music, aka jazz." Reviewer Larry Reni Thomas wrote: "Randy Weston’s long-anticipated, much-talked-about, consciousness-raising, African-centered autobiography, "African Rhythms", is a serious breath of fresh air and is a much-needed antidote in this world of mediocre musicians, and men. He takes the reader on a wonderful, exciting journey from America to Africa and back with the ease of a person who loved every minute of it. The book is hard to put down and is an engaging, pleasing literary work that is worthy of being required reading in any history or literature school course."

paragraph: Section::::Archives.

paragraph: In 2015–16, Weston's archives were acquired by the Jazz Research Initiative in collaboration with the Hutchins Center, Loeb Music Library, the Harvard College Library, and the Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. The Randy Weston Collection comprises hundreds of manuscripts, scores, videos, films, photographs, and more than 1,000 tape recordings, and among its highlights are correspondence with Langston Hughes and Alvin Ailey; photographs with Dizzy Gillespie, Pharoah Sanders, Muhammad Ali, and Cornel West; and records of Weston's African Rhythms Club in Tangier, Morocco, from 1967 to 1972.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997: Order of Arts and Letters, France

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999: "Swing Journal" Award, Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000: Black Star Award, Arts Critics and Reviewers Association of Ghana

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: NEA Jazz Master

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: Honorary degree, Brooklyn College, City University of New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: Giants of Jazz concert in his honor with Monty Alexander, Geri Allen, Cyrus Chestnut, Barry Harris, Mulgrew Miller and Billy Taylor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: Guggenheim Fellowship award.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: Honored by King Mohammed VI of Morocco for "lifelong engagement with Morocco and deep commitment to bringing Morocco's Gnaoua music tradition to the attention of the Western world"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: Honored by Congressional Black Caucus Foundation at the Jazz Issue Forum and Concert during the 40th Annual Legislative Conference

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: Honorary degree of Doctor of Music from Colby College

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: Honorary degree, New England Conservatory of Music

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: Doris Duke Artist Award

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: JJA Jazz Award, Trio or Duo of the Year: Randy Weston - Billy Harper

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: JJA Jazz Award, Lifetime Achievement in Jazz

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: Malcolm X Black Unity award, National Association of Kawaida Organizations (NAKO) with the International African Arts Festival (IAAF)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: "DownBeat" Hall of Fame.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: United States Artists Fellowship Award

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: National Jazz Museum in Harlem Legends Award

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As leader.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1954: "Cole Porter in a Modern Mood" (Riverside) - 10-inch LP

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955: "The Randy Weston Trio" (Riverside) - 10-inch LP

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955: "Get Happy with the Randy Weston Trio" (Riverside)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956: "With These Hands..." (Riverside)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955–56: "Trio and Solo" (Riverside) - includes all tracks on "The Randy Weston Trio"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956: "Jazz à la Bohemia" (Riverside)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956: "The Modern Art of Jazz by Randy Weston" (Dawn) - also released as "How High the Moon" (Biograph)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1957: "Piano á la Mode" (Jubilee)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958: "New Faces at Newport" (MetroJazz)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959: "Little Niles" (United Artists)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959: "Destry Rides Again" (United Artists)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959: "Live at the Five Spot" (United Artists)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960: "Uhuru Afrika" (Roulette)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963: "Highlife" (Colpix)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964: "Randy" (Bakton) - later released as "African Cookbook" (Atlantic) in 1972

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965: "Berkshire Blues" (Freedom [1977])

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964–65: "Blues" (Trip)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966: "Monterey '66" (Verve)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969: "African Cookbook" (Polydor)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969: "Niles Littlebig" (Polydor)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972: "Blue Moses" (CTI)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973: "Tanjah" (Polydor)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974: "Carnival" (Freedom)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974: "Informal Solo Piano" (Hi-Fly)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975: "Blues to Africa" (Freedom)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975: "African Nite" (Owl)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975: "African Rhythms" (Chant du Monde)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976: "Randy Weston Meets Himself" (Pausa)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976: "Perspective" (Denon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978: "Rhythms-Sounds Piano" (Cora)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984: "Blue" (Arch)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987: "The Healers" (Black Saint) - with David Murray

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989: "Portraits of Thelonious Monk: Well You Needn't" (Verve)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989: "Portraits of Duke Ellington: Caravan" (Verve)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989: "Self Portraits: The Last Day" (Verve)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991: "The Spirits of Our Ancestors" (Verve)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: "Marrakech in the Cool of the Evening" (Verve/Gitanes)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: "The Splendid Master Gnawa Musicians of Morocco" (Verve/Gitanes)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993: "Volcano Blues" (Verve/Gitanes)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995: "Saga" (Verve)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997: "Earth Birth" [featuring Montreal String Orchestra] (Verve)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998: "Khepera" (Verve)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999: "Spirit! The Power of Music" (Arkadia Jazz)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: "Ancient Future" (Mutable)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: "Nuit Africa" (Enja)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "Zep Tepi" (Random Chance)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "The Storyteller" (Motéma)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "The Roots of the Blues" (Sunnyside)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: "The African Nubian Suite" (African Rhythms)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: "Sound — Solo Piano" (African Rhythms)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As sideman.

paragraph: With Roy Brooks

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Duet in Detroit" (Enja, 1984 [1993])

paragraph: With Charles Mingus

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Charles Mingus and Friends in Concert" (Columbia, 1972)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Randy Weston official site

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Randy Weston: Hi-Fly, Little Niles and Africa (From The Archives)", "JazzProfiles", October 7, 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Profile: Randy Weston" by Arnold Jay Smith

paragraph: BULLET::::- Randy Weston video interview at underyourskin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Black History Special: Jazz Legend Randy Weston on His Life and Celebration of "African Rhythms", "Democracy Now!", February 20, 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- Transcript of conversation with Randy Weston, National Endowment for the Arts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Randy Weston: A Giant of Jazz, a Giant of a Man", "Huffington Post", December 2, 2015.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bilal Qureshi, "Even As A Musical Ambassador For The U.S., Randy Weston Has Always Played For Africa", NPR, February 28, 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Randy Weston: Music is Life Itself", NewMusicBox', a conversation with Frank J. Oteri featuring video footage of Weston's comments, published August 1, 2018.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tom Reney, "Randy Weston, Jazz Giant, 1926-2018", "Jazz à la Mode", New England Public Radio, September 3, 2018.

description: American jazz pianist

wikidata_label: Randy Weston

wikipedia_title: Randy Weston


text:
Messina
King of Sicily
Peter II of Sicily
Elisabeth of Carinthia
Louis
regnal number
Frederick II
Catania
Louis
Euphemia of Sicily
Artale I Alagona
Kingdom of Naples
War of the Sicilian Vespers
Black Death
Pope Gregory XI
Constance of Aragon
Peter IV of Aragon
Maria
Antonia of Baux
Treaty of Villeneuve
Antonia Visconti

categories: 1341 births,Dukes of Athens,1377 deaths,People from Catania,Kings of Sicily,House of Barcelona (Sicily)

paragraph: Frederick the Simple

paragraph: Frederick III (or IV) (1 September 1341 – Messina 27 July 1377), called the Simple, was King of Sicily from 1355 to 1377. He was the second son of Peter II of Sicily and Elisabeth of Carinthia. He succeeded his brother Louis. The documents of his era call him the "infante Frederick, ruler of the kingdom of Sicily", without any regnal number.

paragraph: "Frederick the Simple" is often confused with an earlier Sicilian monarch, his grandfather Frederick II, who chose to call himself "Frederick III" even though he was actually only the second King Frederick to occupy the Sicilian throne; his self-appellation was retained by later generations of genealogists and historians. The first King Frederick on the Sicilian throne was the latter's great-grandfather, King Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.

paragraph: Frederick III was born in Catania and succeeded to his brother Louis in 1355 under the regency of his sister, Euphemia of Sicily. In his youth the reign was under the control of powerful Sicilian barons, in particular of Artale I Alagona. The beginning of Frederick III's reign was also plagued by intermittent wars with the Kingdom of Naples (see War of the Sicilian Vespers) and also by the Black Death, to which his elder brother and predecessor had succumbed. On 25 December 1369, Frederick ordered all Jews to wear a badge indicating their heritage. The badge consisted of a piece of red material, not smaller than the largest royal seal; men were required to wear it under the chin, and women on the chest. In 1372 he was able to come to peace terms with Naples and Pope Gregory XI, obtaining the title of tributary King of "Trinacria".

paragraph: Section::::Marriages.

paragraph: On 11 April 1361, Frederick married firstly Constance of Aragon, daughter of King Peter IV of Aragon. They had only one daughter, Maria.

paragraph: On 17 January 1372, Frederick married secondly Antonia of Baux. This marriage was designed to seal the Treaty of Villeneuve of 1372, by which Frederick's right to rule Sicily was recognised by Naples and the Papacy. There were no children from this marriage. Frederick was betrothed again to Antonia Visconti, but he died before the wedding and was succeeded by his only child, Queen Maria.

alias:
Frederick IV
Frederick III, King of Trinacria
Frederick the Simple
Frederick III

description: King of Sicily

wikidata_label: Frederick III the Simple

wikipedia_title: Frederick the Simple


text:
Haiti
Saint Augustine, Florida
Saint-Domingue
Haitian Revolution
Jean François
Jeannot
vodou
Dutty Boukman
Spanish
French Revolution
colonial Haiti
Toussaint Louverture
Florida
colony
Cuba
black militia in Florida
American Revolution
Georges Biassou
Jorge Biassou in St. Augustine

categories: People of the Latin American wars of independence,Haitian rebel slaves,Spanish soldiers,Former slaves,1741 births,1801 deaths,People of the Haitian Revolution,People of Spanish Florida,People of Saint-Domingue

paragraph: Georges Biassou

paragraph: Georges Biassou (1741, Haiti – 1801, Saint Augustine, Florida) was an early leader of the 1791 slave rising in Saint-Domingue that began the Haitian Revolution. With Jean François and Jeannot, he was prophesied by the vodou priest, Dutty Boukman, to lead the revolution.

paragraph: Like some other slave leaders, he fought with the Spanish royalists against the French Revolutionary authorities in colonial Haiti. Defeated by his former ally Toussaint Louverture, who had allied with the French after they promised to free the slaves, Biassou remained in service to the Spanish Crown. He withdrew from Santo Domingo in 1795 and moved with his family to Florida, which was then part of the Spanish colony of Cuba.

paragraph: In Florida, Biassou changed his first name to Jorge. Spanish leaders put him in charge of the black militia in Florida. He began to build alliances there when his brother-in-law married a fugitive from South Carolina. Florida had provided refuge for both planters and slaves during the American Revolution.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berlin, Ira. "Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America" (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1998) p. 306-307

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Madiou. Histoire d'Haiti. Tome 1 1482-1799. Éditions Henri Deschamps,p. 98.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Louverture Project: Georges Biassou

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Augustine History: Jorge Biassou in St. Augustine

description: Georges Biassou was an early leader of the 1791 slave rising in Saint-Domingue that began the Haïtian Revolution.

wikidata_label: Georges Biassou

wikipedia_title: Georges Biassou


text:
Chinese
Han Chinese
Qing Dynasty
Shunzhi Emperor
Oboi
Kangxi Emperor
Examination system
Baixiang
Zhili
Jinshi
Shanxi province
Xiaojing
infanticide
Jiangsu
Anhui
Jiangxi
Fujian
regency
Eight Legged Essay
Ministry of Rites
Bannermen
Manchu
Mongolian
Shunzhi Veritable Record
Zhu Xi
Confucianism
Johann Adam Schall von Bell

categories: Neo-Confucianism,Chinese Confucianists,1616 births,1686 deaths,Qing dynasty essayists

paragraph: Wei Yijie

paragraph: Wei Yijie (Chinese: 魏裔介; August 19, 1616 – April 27, 1686) was a prominent Han Chinese scholar and official serving in the early Qing Dynasty, during the rules of the Shunzhi Emperor, Oboi, and the Kangxi Emperor and was known for his focus and advocacy of the reformation the Examination system.

paragraph: Section::::Early Career.

paragraph: Wei Yijie was from Baixiang, in western Zhili. He passed the 1646 "Jinshi" examination and gained a reputation for his focus on the examination system. Wei served in his first administrative position in 1648 when he was the placed as the principal examiner for the Shanxi province. In the same year, he wrote about his views on how to best reform the examination system, particularly the examination used by the military, raising it to a level more closely in line with the civil examination, the banning of the publishing of examination essays by non-governmental entities, and the publication and introduction of the Xiaojing into a regular rotation of questions based on the Classic in examinations. In 1655, Wei was promoted to the post of principal vice censor-in-chief and was responsible for the administration of the metropolitan military examination in that year. In 1659, Wei made a petition to the emperor critical about infanticide and the drowning of little girls in the southeastern provinces of Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, and Fujian. The Shunzhi Emperor agreed with Wei and issued an edict against Infanticide.

paragraph: Sometime between 1659 and 1661, Wei left his position as censor and held no position in office. When the Shunzhi Emperor died in 1661, Wei was recalled to serve as censor during the regency period of the reign of the Kangxi Emperor.

paragraph: Section::::Career under Kangxi.

paragraph: During the regency period of the Kangxi reign, Wei Yijie used his high position as principal vice censor-in-chief to influence the regency leadership in reforming the Examination system that was in place. In his work "Keju yi", Wei expresses his disdain of the examination format used at the time, which placed great emphasis on the Eight Legged Essay, recommending instead examinations which focused more on the policy aspects of the exams by placing them in the first session of examinations and moving the Eight legged Essay to a later session of the exam. Wei's preference to policy questions was due to his belief that scholars chosen for their response to these questions would benefit the dynasty because these scholars would be very knowledgeable about the issues that affected China. In 1663, the Ministry of Rites announced a format change to the examination system that matched what Wei had proposed, which would take place in the 1664 and 1667 exam years.

paragraph: Wei was an advocate for the resumption of the requirement for Bannermen to take examination, which had been rescinded in 1657 due to provincial instability, in order to obtain office in the central government. Wei believed that for the dynasty to continue to exist, Bannermen would need to adhere to the same standards that other officials met in order to maintain an effective central government. In 1663, due the influence of Wei proposals, translations for the examinations were made in Manchu, Mongolian, and Hanjun. Later in the Kangxi reign, translations were discontinued and all Bannermen were required to take examinations in Han Chinese. In 1665, Wei was made a Grand Secretary of the Nei Mishuyuan, one of the Inner Three Academies. In 1670, Wei was promoted to Minister of Rites and conducted ceremonial and literary assignments such as editing the Shunzhi Veritable Record. Wei fell ill in early 1671 and resigned from his position in the Ministry of Rites and subsequently retired from official service and was given the title of Grand Mentor of the Heir Apparent in 1672 for his service to the Qing Dynasty. Wei remained in retirement until his death on April 27, 1686.

paragraph: Section::::Religious views.

paragraph: Wei Yijie was officially a follower of orthodox Neo-Confucian philosopher Zhu Xi, but is believed to have been a secret Christian in his private life. Wei is known to have compared Christianity and Confucianism in a positive manner in a testimonial on the seventieth birthday of the Jesuit missionary Johann Adam Schall von Bell.

alias: Suxinju Kunlin Diean Zhenan Jianjitang Yufang Zhenbai Jianhucaotang Chulin Dieanshanren Huailingshanren Wenyi Shisheng

description: Qing dynasty politician

wikidata_label: Wei Yijie

wikipedia_title: Wei Yijie


text:
Chinese mathematician
Suanfa Tongzong
arithmetic
abacus
Huangshan City
Anhui
Chinese Zhusuan

categories: Chinese science writers,People from Huangshan,Writers from Anhui,Mathematicians from Anhui

paragraph: Cheng Dawei

paragraph: Cheng Dawei (1533–1606), also known as Da Wei Cheng or Ch'eng Ta-wei, is a Chinese mathematician known mainly as the author of "Suanfa Tongzong" ("General Source of Computational Methods"). He has been described as "the most illustrious Chinese arithmetician."

paragraph: Almost all that is known about his life is contained in a passage written in the Preface of the book by one of his descendants when the book was being reprinted:

paragraph: Cheng Dawei was not a professional mathematician. From the description cited above, one could deduce that he must have traveled widely. Also must have been well off since he purchased books without asking the price. Again we can see that he was an avid collector of books on mathematics. This is borne out by the contents of his work "General Source of Computational Methods" which is essentially a compilation of problems from earlier works.

paragraph: Section::::"General Source of Computational Methods".

paragraph: The "General Source of Computational Methods" was first published in 1592. It is essentially a general arithmetic for the abacus. Though there is nothing particularly original about this book, it was republished several times and became widely popular. Beyond the limited circle of mathematicians, it must have reached a vast popular audience. Its popularity must have continued to modern times as can be seen from a remark by a contemporary historian of Chinese mathematics: "Nowadays, various editions of the book can still be found in China and old people still recite the versified formulas and talk about the difficult problems in it."

paragraph: The book contains 595 problems divided into 12 chapters. According to Jean Claude Martzloff, historian of Chinese mathematics, "... unlike the authors of the venerable classic, Cheng Dawei was not afraid of superfluity or verbosity. His book is an encyclopaedic hotch-potch of ideas which contains everything from A to Z relating to the Chinese mystique of numbers (magic squares, ... generation of the eight trigrams, musical tubes), how computation should be taught and studied, the meaning of technical arithmetical terms, computation on the abacus with its tables which must be learnt by heart, the history of Chinese mathematics, mathematical recreations and mathematical curiosities of all types."

paragraph: The book provided a poem to solve a remainder problem.

paragraph: Section::::Cheng Dawei Abacus Museum.

paragraph: In the Huangshan City in southern Anhui province in, there is a museum for abacuses named after Cheng Dawei. There are more than 1,000 abacuses and 3,000 copies of related materials displayed in the showcases. These abacuses are made of gold, silver, ivory, jade, stone, hard wood respectively with different shapes.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chinese Zhusuan

alias:
Da Wei Cheng
Ch'eng Ta-wei

description: Chinese mathematician

wikidata_label: Cheng Dawei

wikipedia_title: Cheng Dawei


text:
Estonian
2017 ADAC Formula 4
Red Bull Junior Team
Tallinn
Rotax Max Challenge
Italian F4
ADAC Formula 4
Prema Powerteam
ADAC Formula 4
Marcus Armstrong
2017 European Championship
2018 season
Motopark
FIA Formula 3 Championship
Hitech GP
2019
Red Bull Junior Team
Macau Grand Prix

categories: ADAC Formula 4 drivers,Estonian racing drivers,2000 births,MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship drivers,Italian F4 Championship drivers,FIA Formula 3 European Championship drivers,Living people

paragraph: Jüri Vips

paragraph: Jüri Vips (born 10 August 2000) is an Estonian racing driver, 2017 ADAC Formula 4 champion and member of the Red Bull Junior Team.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Karting.

paragraph: Vips was born in Tallinn, and began competing professionally on the karting scene in 2011, claiming major titles in his native Estonia and becoming the Rotax Max Challenge world champion in 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Lower formula.

paragraph: In 2016, Vips made his single-seater debut in the Italian F4 and ADAC Formula 4 championships with Prema Powerteam, where he claimed a victory and took the title of Italian F4 rookie champion in 2016.

paragraph: In 2017, Vips continued with Prema in both championships, claiming the ADAC Formula 4 title ahead of teammate Marcus Armstrong.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula 3.

paragraph: In September 2017, Vips tested the machinery with Prema. In October, he made his debut in the 2017 European Championship season finale at Hockenheim.

paragraph: For the 2018 season, Vips drove for German team Motopark, claiming four wins and taking fourth in the driver's championship.

paragraph: In December 2018, it was confirmed Vips would stay on for the new FIA Formula 3 Championship, joining Hitech GP, for 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula One.

paragraph: In October 2018, Vips was linked to a place in the Red Bull Junior Team. He was confirmed with the program the following month prior to the Macau Grand Prix.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Career summary.

paragraph: As Vips had not competed in the required number of rounds, he was ineligible for a championship position.br

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Complete FIA Formula 3 European Championship results.

paragraph: As Vips was a guest driver, he was ineligible for points.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Complete FIA Formula 3 Championship results.

paragraph: Season still in progress.

description: Estonian racing driver

wikidata_label: Jüri Vips

wikipedia_title: Jüri Vips


text:
Ecuadorian
American
Sauber Team Junior by Charouz
FIA Formula 2 Championship
Prema Powerteam
ADAC Formula 4
Italian F4
ADAC F4
Spa-Francorchamps
Jenzer Motorsport
2018 GP3 Series
Callum Ilott
Lotus F1 Team
Renault
Alfa Romeo Racing

categories: ADAC Formula 4 drivers,Ecuadorian racing drivers,1999 births,Sportspeople from Quito,21st-century American racing drivers,Italian F4 Championship drivers,People from Quito,Living people

paragraph: Juan Manuel Correa

paragraph: Juan Manuel Correa (born August 9, 1999) is an Ecuadorian-American racing driver who competes with Sauber Team Junior by Charouz in the FIA Formula 2 Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Karting.

paragraph: Correa began karting professionally in 2008, taking titles across his native Ecuador and United States.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Lower formulae.

paragraph: In 2016, Correa made his single-seater debut with Prema Powerteam in both the ADAC Formula 4 and Italian F4 championships. Over the campaign, he amassed three wins and claimed sixth in Italian F4 and tenth in ADAC F4. The following year, Correa repeated this campaign, but mostly focusing on ADAC F4.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:GP3 Series.

paragraph: In August 2017, Correa made his debut in the series at the Spa-Francorchamps round with Jenzer Motorsport.

paragraph: Correa signed with Jenzer Motorsport for the full-time campaign in 2018 GP3 Series.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula Two.

paragraph: 2019 season is Juan Manuel Correa's first full FIA Formula 2 season, alongside teammate Callum Ilott for Sauber Junior Team by Charouz.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula One.

paragraph: During his karting years, Correa was inducted into the junior program of the Lotus F1 Team, but was dropped following the team's takeover by Renault. He was signed as Alfa Romeo Racing's development driver for the season.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.

paragraph: As Correa had not competed in the required number of rounds, he was ineligible for a championship position.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Complete FIA Formula 2 Championship results.

paragraph: Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.

paragraph: * Season still in progress.

description: Ecuadorian-American racing driver

wikidata_label: Juan Manuel Correa

wikipedia_title: Juan Manuel Correa


text:
Conservative Party
Member of Parliament
West Somerset
William Dickinson
Member of Parliament
Somerset

categories: UK MPs 1841–1847,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,English landowners,1813 births,People from Somerset,1890 deaths

paragraph: Francis Dickinson (politician)

paragraph: Francis Henry Dickinson (6 January 1813 – 17 July 1890) was an English Conservative Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for West Somerset from 1841 to 1847.

paragraph: He was the grandson of William Dickinson (1745–1806), the Member of Parliament (MP) for Somerset from 1796 to 1806 and the son of William Dickinson (1771–1837) the MP for Somerset from 1806 to 1831. Francis inherited his father's estates in Somerset and Jamaica.

description: English politician, died 1890

wikidata_label: Francis Henry Dickinson

wikipedia_title: Francis Dickinson (politician)


text:
Liberal Democratic Party
Yōhei Kōno

categories: Members of the House of Representatives (Japan),2004 deaths,Social Democratic Party (Japan) politicians,1924 births

paragraph: Koken Nosaka

paragraph: Liberal Democratic Party politician Yōhei Kōno described Nosaka as "the main player" in forming the LDP-SDP coalition governments of the mid-1990s.

description: Japanese politician

wikidata_label: Koken Nosaka

wikipedia_title: Koken Nosaka


text:
Mukilteo, Washington
Seattle
The Fall of Troy
Chiodos
Kamiak High School
Andrew Forsman
Kamiak Show Band
Tim Ward
Lujo Records
Devil
Andrew Forsman
Chon
Martyrs Among the Casualties EP
The Fall of Troy
Ghostship EP/Demo
Doppelgänger
Manipulator
Phantom on the Horizon EP
In the Unlikely Event
OK
Just Like Vinyl
Black Mass
Devil
Casey Crescenzo
Fear Before

categories: Chiodos members,People from Mukilteo, Washington,21st-century American musicians,Living people,Musicians from Seattle,American male musicians,The Fall of Troy members,21st-century male musicians

paragraph: Thomas Erak

paragraph: Thomas Erak is an American singer, songwriter, and musician from Mukilteo, Washington, best known as a founding member of the Seattle-based progressive mathcore band, The Fall of Troy and as a former member of the band Chiodos.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and youth career.

paragraph: Erak attended Kamiak High School and graduated in 2003. While there, he met fellow Fall of Troy member Andrew Forsman while participating in the Kamiak Show Band drumline. Along with classmates Mike Munro and Tim Ward, they formed a band called The 30 Years War. Munro left the band during their late high school years, and in 2003 the remaining members renamed the band to The Fall of Troy.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:The Fall of Troy.

paragraph: After forming in 2003, while in high school, the band released their first album through Lujo Records. Erak remained with the band until their 2010 hiatus, and joined again in 2013 when the band announced its reunion.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Just Like Vinyl.

paragraph: During The Fall of Troy's hiatus, Erak played in the rock band Just Like Vinyl.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Chiodos.

paragraph: In 2012, Erak joined Chiodos as the lead guitarist and backup vocalist. He is featured on their 2014 album, "Devil".

paragraph: He left Chiodos on December 9, 2014 to focus on the next The Fall of Troy album.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Other groups.

paragraph: During the Fall of Troy's original run, he was the lead vocalist in local Seattle Hardcore band "The Hills Have Eyes". He also spent a brief period of time as the drummer for The Monday Mornings. The Fall of Troy bandmate Andrew Forsman replaced him when he left. In early 2015, Erak performed with instrumental progressive rock band Chon at SXSW for Audiotree, and played a variety of songs from The Fall of Troy, Just Like Vinyl, and a cover of Nirvana's "Heart Shaped Box". Despite being called a one-of-a-kind performance, Erak has since played two other shows with Chon. At the Audiotree Music Festival 2016 in Kalamazoo, Michigan, members of Chon featured with The Fall of Troy in multiple songs. Then, on Chon's "Super Chon Bros" tour stop in Detroit, Michigan, Erak performed on Chon's song "Can't Wait" and then the group proceeded to play The Fall of Troy's song "F.C.P.R.E.M.I.X."

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Studio albums.

paragraph: The Thirty Years' War

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martyrs Among the Casualties EP (2002)

paragraph: The Fall of Troy

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Fall of Troy (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ghostship EP/Demo (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doppelgänger (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manipulator (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phantom on the Horizon EP (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the Unlikely Event (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- OK (2016)

paragraph: Just Like Vinyl

paragraph: BULLET::::- Just Like Vinyl (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Black Mass (2012)

paragraph: Chiodos

paragraph: BULLET::::- Devil (2014)

paragraph: Push Over

paragraph: BULLET::::- Demo EP (2017)

paragraph: Spit Spot

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spit Spot (2017)

paragraph: Solo Albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Whole Story (EP) (2018)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Live albums.

paragraph: The Thirty Years' War

paragraph: BULLET::::- Live at the Paradox (2002)

paragraph: The Fall of Troy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Live at the Boardwalk (2007)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Collaborations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I.D.F.A.R." (with Ashley Mendel and Ben Kenney)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Multiple songs and features throughout The Woods Brothers' debut album. (Also featuring Casey Crescenzo of The Dear Hunter)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Guest appearances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fear Before

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Review Our Lives (Epic)" (2008)

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Thomas Erak

wikipedia_title: Thomas Erak


text:
South Africa
swimmer
2010 Commonwealth Games
2006 Commonwealth Games
2008 Olympic Games
Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay
2012 Summer Olympics

categories: Swimmers at the 2010 Commonwealth Games,Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m),Universiade medalists in swimming,1987 births,Swimmers at the 2006 Commonwealth Games,Universiade gold medalists for New Zealand,Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming,Commonwealth Games silver medallists for New Zealand,Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Universiade silver medalists for New Zealand,Olympic swimmers of New Zealand,Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Male breaststroke swimmers,Swimmers at the 2014 Commonwealth Games,New Zealand male swimmers,Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Living people,Universiade bronze medalists for New Zealand

paragraph: Glenn Snyders

paragraph: Glenn Andrew Mark Snyders (born 7 April 1987) is a South African-born former competitive swimmer for New Zealand. He won the silver medal in the 50 m breaststroke at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in a time of 27.67 seconds. He currently holds the New Zealand records for 50 m, 100 m and 200 m breaststroke in both long course and short course.

paragraph: He also competed at the 2006 Commonwealth Games and the 2008 Olympic Games. In the latter he swam the breaststroke leg for the New Zealand team which finished fifth in the final of the Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay. He also competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the 100 m and 200 m breaststroke and the 4 x 100 metre medley relay.

paragraph: He moved from South Africa with his parents when he was twelve. He was the 2011 New Zealand Swimmer of the Year.

description: New Zealander swimmer

wikidata_label: Glenn Snyders

wikipedia_title: Glenn Snyders


text: Shiga

text: Japan

text: Tokyo University of the Arts

text: backup band

text: Hiromi Go

text: Senzoku Gakuen College of Music

text: JASRAC

text: Ashita no Nadja

text: Miyuki

text: Ojamajo Doremi

text: Wing-Man

text: Magical Emi, the Magic Star

text: Tatakae!! Ramenman

text: Toshinobu Kubota

text: T-Square

text: NHK

text: Marmalade Boy

text: Haō Taikei Ryū Knight

text: Denji Sentai Megaranger

text: Ojamajo Doremi

text: Ojamajo Doremi #

text: Mōtto! Ojamajo Doremi

text: Ojamajo Doremi Dokka~n!

text: Ashita no Nadja

text: Peacemaker Kurogane

text: Digimon Data Squad

text: Dream Eater Merry

text: A Town Where You Live

text: Fire Tripper

text: Crusher Joe

text: Haō Taikei Ryū Knight

text: Denji Sentai Megaranger vs. Carranger

text: Seijū Sentai Gingaman vs. Megaranger

text: Ojamajo Doremi Na-i-sho

text: Honda Legend

text: A Town Where You Live

text: Arc the Lad

text: Pony Canyon

wikipedia_title: Japanese Society for Rights of Authors, Composers and Publishers

categories: 20th-century Japanese composers,1955 births,Musicians from Shiga Prefecture,Rock keyboardists,Japanese television composers,Male television composers,Anime composers,Living people,Male film score composers,21st-century male musicians,21st-century Japanese composers,Japanese music arrangers,Japanese jazz keyboardists,20th-century male musicians,Japanese film score composers

paragraph: Keiichi Oku

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Oku was born in Shiga, Japan. He graduated from the music composition program at the Tokyo University of the Arts. He was enrolled in the university's master's program but dropped out. As a grad student he performed in a backup band for Hiromi Go. On August 25, 1979 he debuted as a member of the rock band Spectrum. After Spectrum broke up in 1981, he participated in a number of recording sessions as a studio musician. Soon after, he began working as a composer and arranger for numerous artists and on March 21, 1981 he released his solo debut album "Misty Morning".

paragraph: As of April 2005, he serves as a guest professor at the Senzoku Gakuen College of Music for the music and sound design course.

paragraph: In May 2009, he was awarded the 2008 JASRAC International Award for his music for Ashita no Nadja.

paragraph: Section::::Composer.

paragraph: Section::::Composer.:Film.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Miyuki" (1983, with Mitsuo Hagita)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bobī no Kubittake" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ultraman Company" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ojamajo Doremi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ojamajo Doremi #: The Movie" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Motto! Ojamajo Doremi: Secret of the Frog Stone" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Digimon Savers the Movie: Ultimate Power! Activate Burst Mode!!" (2006)

paragraph: Section::::Composer.:Television.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Higashi Chūgaku 3-nen 5-gumi" (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wing-Man" (1984-1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kinjirareta Mariko" (1985-1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Magical Emi, the Magic Star" (1985-1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hana no Arashi" (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tatakae!! Ramenman" (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Natsu no Arashi" (1989, also appeared as a guest star)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hana no Chikai" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saigō Satsu" (1991, the "Matsumoto Seichō-sakka Katsudō 40-Shōnen Kinen Dorama Special")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hōkago" (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chance!" (1993, additional music composer and orchestrator. Music composed by Toshinobu Kubota)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jaja Uma Narashi" (1993, as arranger, music composed by T-Square)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seimei 40-oku Nen Haruka na Tabi" (1994, NHK Special)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Marmalade Boy" (1994-1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Haō Taikei Ryū Knight" (1994, for the last half of the series)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hōdō 2001" (1997, theme song)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Denji Sentai Megaranger" (1997-1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amagigoe" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hakui no Futari" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ojamajo Doremi" (1999-2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kiken na Shamen" (2000, Matsumoto Seichō Tokubetsu Kikaku)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ojamajo Doremi #" (2000-2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mōtto! Ojamajo Doremi" (2001-2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ojamajo Doremi Dokka~n!" (2002-2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ashita no Nadja" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Peacemaker Kurogane" (2003-2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Asutoro Kyūdan" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Digimon Data Squad" (2006-2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nami no Tō" (2006, Matsumoto Seichō Drama Special)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dream Eater Merry" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Town Where You Live" (2013)

paragraph: Section::::Composer.:Video.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Good Bad Girl Again" (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fire Tripper" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crusher Joe"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Ice Prison" (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Ultimate Weapon: Ash" (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Haō Taikei Ryū Knight"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adeu's Legend" (1994-1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adeu's Legend II" (1995-1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adeu's Legend Final - Onsen Dungeon no Kettō" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Denji Sentai Megaranger vs. Carranger" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seijū Sentai Gingaman vs. Megaranger" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ojamajo Doremi Na-i-sho" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honda Legend Premium DVD (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Town Where You Live: Twilight Intersection" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Town Where You Live" (2014)

paragraph: Section::::Composer.:Video games.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arc the Lad" (1995)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: The albums for all the works above are not currently listed here.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Contemporary works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Illumination pour orchestre" (1978, created as part of his graduation from Tokyo Geidai, only available at the university)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sileno - Sonata per violino e pianoforte" (2011, premiered on March 8, 2012 at the 8th JFC Independent)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sette canzoni per bambini" (2012, premiered on March 28, 2012 at the JFC solo piano concert "To the Children")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bridge Across Two Heavens" (2015, original opera that premiered on October 11, 2015 to commemorate the opening of the Narita Cultural Art Center)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Original albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Misty Morning" (1981, Victor)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Good Bad Girl" (1981, Victor)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Good Bad Girl Again" (1983, Victor)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1986, Pony Canyon, Sound Museum Series 1)

wikidata_label: Keiichi Oku

wikipedia_title: Keiichi Oku


href: Groningen Haarlem Mennonite Mensingeweer Akkrum Doopsgezinde%20kerk%2C%20Haarlem

text:
Groningen
Haarlem
Mennonite
Mensingeweer
Akkrum
Doopsgezinde kerk, Haarlem

wikipedia_title:
Groningen
Haarlem
Mennonites
Mensingeweer
Akkrum
Doopsgezinde kerk, Haarlem

categories: People from Haarlem,1796 births,Members of Teylers Eerste Genootschap,1856 deaths,Mennonite ministers,People from Groningen (city),Dutch Mennonites

paragraph: Sytse Klaas de Waard

paragraph: Sijtze Klaas de Waard (1796, Groningen – 17 June 1856, Haarlem) was a Dutch Mennonite teacher and minister.

paragraph: He was trained at the Amsterdam Mennonite seminary and first served in Mensingeweer 1821-1826 and Akkrum 1826-1828 before serving in the Doopsgezinde kerk, Haarlem. Sybrandi gave three addresses to the Haarlem society Maatschappij tot Nut van't Algemeen. From 1832 he was also a member of the Teylers First Society.

description: Dutch Mennonite minister

wikidata_label: Sytse Klaas de Waard

wikipedia_title: Sytse Klaas de Waard