text: peer

text: Henry VIII

text: Boulogne

text: Edward VI

text: Lady Jane Grey

text: Queen Mary

text: Duke of Norfolk

text: Marquess of Winchester

text: High Sheriff of Hampshire

text: High Sheriff of Somerset and Dorset

text: Corfe Castle

text: Lord Lieutenant of Dorset

text: Governor of the Isle of Wight

text: St Andrew's Castle, Hamble

text: Elizabeth Seymour

text: Sir John Seymour

text: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

text: Lord Mayor of London

text: Chelsea

text: Basing

text: Hampshire

text: Westminster Abbey

text: Winchester, Marquess of (E, 1551)

categories: 16th-century English nobility,People of the Tudor period,Paulet family,1576 deaths,People from Basingstoke and Deane,Marquesses of Winchester,1510s births

paragraph: John Paulet, 2nd Marquess of Winchester

paragraph: John Paulet, 2nd Marquess of Winchester (c. 1510 – 4 November 1576), styled The Honourable John Paulet between 1539 and 1550, Lord St John between 1550 and 1551 and Earl of Wiltshire between 1551 and 1555, was an English peer. He was the eldest son of William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester and Elizabeth Capel.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: John Paulet was knighted by Henry VIII at Boulogne on 30 September 1544. After the death of Edward VI he was (with his father) one of the signatories to the settlement of the Crown on Lady Jane Grey of 16 June 1553, although he later changed his allegiance to Queen Mary. He was styled Lord St John from 1550 to 1572. He was summoned to Parliament on 3 October 1554 in one of his father's baronies as Lord St John. He was one of the Peers at the trial of the Duke of Norfolk on 16 January 1572. He succeeded his father as Marquess of Winchester on 10 March 1572.

paragraph: The offices he held during his career included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- High Sheriff of Hampshire 1533–34

paragraph: BULLET::::- High Sheriff of Somerset and Dorset 1543–44

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steward of Canford castle 1549/50

paragraph: BULLET::::- Constable of Corfe Castle 1549/50

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord Lieutenant of Dorset 1557

paragraph: BULLET::::- Governor of the Isle of Wight 1558

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keeper of St Andrew's Castle, Hamble 1572–1576

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and issue.

paragraph: Paulet was married three times:

paragraph: BULLET::::- He married as his first wife, before 1536, Elizabeth Willoughby, first daughter and co-heiress of Robert Willoughby, 2nd Baron Willoughby de Broke and Lady Dorothy Grey, and by her had six children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- He married secondly, around 1 April 1554, Elizabeth Seymour, daughter of Sir John Seymour and Margery Wentworth, and widow of Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He married thirdly, before May 1571, Winifred Brydges (1507–1586), daughter of Sir John Brydges (or Brugge), Lord Mayor of London 1520–21, and Agnes Ayloffe.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: John Paulet died at Chelsea on 4 June 1576 and was buried in St. Mary's Church, Basing, Hampshire. His widow, Winifred, died at Chelsea in 1586 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winchester, Marquess of (E, 1551) Cracroft's Peerage

description: English Marquess

wikidata_label: John Paulet, 2nd Marquess of Winchester

wikipedia_title: John Paulet, 2nd Marquess of Winchester


text: Baptism of Pocahontas

text: United States Congress

text: United States Capitol rotunda

text: Alexandria, Virginia

text: Philadelphia

text: Richmond

text: National Academy of Design

text: United States Congress

text: Harper Brothers'

text: Campania

text: American Civil War

text: Conrad Wise Chapman

text: Confederate States of America

text: Brooklyn, New York

text: Special Collections & Archives

text: Chapman Family Association

text: John F. McGuigan Jr. and Mary K. McGuigan, "John Gadsby Chapman: America’s First Artist-Etcher. With a Catalogue of His Italian Etchings".

categories: People from Alexandria, Virginia,1889 deaths,American male painters,American expatriates in Italy,Davy Crockett,Painters from Virginia,People associated with the United States Capitol,1808 births,19th-century American painters

paragraph: John Gadsby Chapman

paragraph: John Gadsby Chapman (December 3, 1808 – November 28, 1889) was an American artist famous for "Baptism of Pocahontas", which was commissioned by the United States Congress and hangs in the United States Capitol rotunda.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: John Chapman was born in 1808 in Alexandria, Virginia. Chapman began his study of art in Philadelphia for two years, then departed for Europe where he eventually spent time in Italy. In 1831, Chapman returned to his hometown of Alexandria, and exhibited his artwork in the nearest metropolitan areas, such as Washington, D.C., Richmond, and Philadelphia. He specialized in landscapes and portraits.

paragraph: By 1834, Chapman had moved to New York City and become a member of the National Academy of Design, and found work as an illustrator. In New York, Chapman embarked on a series of historical paintings, such as "Landing at Jamestown" and the "Crowning of Powhatan". The success of these paintings helped Chapman land a commission from the United States Congress in February 1837 to paint a historical scene for the rotunda of the Capitol building. For this work, Chapman received a total payment of $10,000. On November 30, 1840, "Baptism of Pocahontas" was formally unveiled in the Capitol rotunda.

paragraph: Besides historical paintings and portraits, Chapman also produced wood engravings and etchings, and frequently contributed illustrations to Harper Brothers' publications. Chapman's "American Drawing Book", published in 1847, became a standard text for art students.

paragraph: On the swell of these successes, Chapman moved his family to Rome, and made an earnest living selling paintings of rural Campania to American visitors. However, at the onset of the American Civil War, the tourist industry dried up, affecting Chapman's fortunes greatly. In addition, Chapman's own son, Conrad Wise Chapman, returned to America to fight on the side of the Confederate States of America.

paragraph: The economic deprivation inflicted on Chapman during the 1860s became insurmountable. In Rome, he was forced to live off the kindness of fellow expatriates, and finally returned to America, sick and poor, to spend his last days with another son, John Linton Chapman, in Brooklyn, New York. It was there, in 1889, that he died a pauper.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The elements of art: a manual for the amateur, and basis of study for the professional artist"

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chapman Family Correspondence and Other Documents MSS 48. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Library of Virginia biography of John G. Chapman and his son, Conrad Chapman.

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York Times obituary of John Gadsby Chapman.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chapman Family Association

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: Harpswell, ME: Arcady Editions, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The McGuigan Collection of John Gadsby Chapman Etchings at the New-York Historical Society

alias:
John G. Chapman
J. G. Chapman
J.H. Chapman
john g. chapman
J.G. Chapman

description: American artist

wikidata_label: John Gadsby Chapman

wikipedia_title: John Gadsby Chapman


text: British

text: judge

text: Lord Chief Justice of England

text: Lord Goddard

text: Lord of Appeal in Ordinary

text: Rugby School

text: Trinity College, Cambridge

text: geology

text: Bar

text: Lincoln's Inn

text: called

text: Donald Somervell

text: Lord Jowitt

text: King's Counsel

text: Attorney General

text: Sir Reginald Manningham-Buller

text: Harold Macmillan

text: Viscount Kilmuir

text: Lord Chancellor

text: Lincoln’s Inn

text: Holborn

text: sources

text: Vassall tribunal

text: George Blake

text: legal aid

text: House of Lords

text: Burmah Oil Co. v Lord Advocate

text: the death penalty

text: Law Commission

text: Lord Beeching

text: cattle

categories: People educated at Rugby School,Queen's Bench Division judges,Crossbench life peers,Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,1900 births,Lord Chief Justices of England and Wales,Knights Bachelor,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,English judges,Members of Lincoln's Inn,1972 deaths,20th-century British lawyers

paragraph: Hubert Parker, Baron Parker of Waddington

paragraph: Hubert Lister Parker, Baron Parker of Waddington, (28 May 1900 – 15 September 1972) was a British judge who served as Lord Chief Justice of England from 1958 to 1971. His term was marked by much less controversy than under his predecessor, Lord Goddard.

paragraph: Section::::Family and early life.

paragraph: Parker was the son of Robert Parker, Baron Parker of Waddington, who had been a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary. He went to Rugby School (which he enjoyed; in later years he was Chairman of the Governors) and Trinity College, Cambridge. He graduated with a double first in Natural Sciences, specialising in geology and intending to go into the oil business. This intention he abandoned on graduating in 1922 to read for the Bar (Lincoln's Inn) where he was called in 1924, entering the chambers of Donald Somervell.

paragraph: Section::::Legal career.

paragraph: At the Bar, Parker specialised in commercial cases and developed a courtroom style that tried to be fair to all the arguments and make a case with calmness. In 1945, he became the Junior Counsel to the Treasury (Common Law) (also referred to as the "Treasury devil"), an appointment which normally led on to promotion to the High Court bench; however, when the invitation camre from Lord Jowitt in 1948, Parker thought it was too soon and that he had only just become useful to the Treasury Counsel, and therefore declined. He accepted the second invitation when it came in 1950. As he went straight from being Treasury Devil to the High Court, he never 'took silk' (that is to say, he was not a King's Counsel): the Treasury Devil is never a 'silk'.

paragraph: As a judge, Parker found himself presiding over trials in areas of the law he was unfamiliar with. He claimed that the first summing up which he gave in a criminal trial was the first he had ever heard. However, by getting down to the work, he eventually mastered the job and by 1954 was promoted to the Court of Appeal. The more measured style of the appellate courts suited Parker more than the cut and thrust of the King's Bench, and his ability to get to the important details of a case was assessed as good by those who appeared before him. He proved that he had reasonable political judgment in 1957 when heading a tribunal over a minor political scandal connected with the setting of interest rates.

paragraph: Section::::Legal career.:Judicial career.:As Lord Chief Justice.

paragraph: Lord Goddard announced his resignation as Lord Chief Justice in 1958. He had been an exception to the tradition that the Attorney General be appointed to the role and some commentators expected that the next appointment would therefore be Sir Reginald Manningham-Buller, Attorney-General at the time. However Manningham-Buller was widely disliked and also shared Goddard's reactionary views on criminal justice. Harold Macmillan considered Viscount Kilmuir, the Lord Chancellor, but Kilmuir rejected the job. Macmillan therefore decided to appoint a senior Judge, and Parker's name emerged as the one candidate with whom most people were happy. On 30 September 1958, Parker took the title Baron Parker of Waddington, of Lincoln’s Inn in the Borough of Holborn.

paragraph: Parker's style was totally different from Goddard as he confined himself to the higher courts and did not intervene in everyday criminal trials. He had little interest in the social life of the judiciary. He was called upon where a trial had a serious political aspect, and was criticised when he imprisoned journalists who refused to reveal their sources during the Vassall tribunal of 1963. Parker's judgment stated in part "the citizen's highest duty is to the State". Parker also made history when he sentenced George Blake, convicted of spying, to 42 years imprisonment, the longest sentence then passed in an English court; the conjunction seemed to some to suggest that Parker was too close to the government of the day, though others said Parker had been shocked at the extent of the treachery that had sent dozens of Western agents to their deaths. Parker had himself said that the Courts "have a positive responsibility to be the handmaiden of administration rather than its governor".

paragraph: However, Parker was popular among the profession as he secured improvements in judicial salaries and pensions. Parker was a mild reformer who supported legal aid and tried to modernise some judicial procedures which he thought were antiquated, such as the assize court system. Like Goddard, Parker took an active part in House of Lords debates. The most important speech he made was in debates during the passage of the War Damage Act 1965 which has the effect of retrospectively overturning the judicial decision of the House of Lords in Burmah Oil Co. v Lord Advocate thereby depriving the plaintiff of an award of damages. Parker regarded this as an abhorrent idea in principle, but his view did not carry the day. He supported moves to abolish the death penalty.

paragraph: In 1964 Parker instituted the first 'Sentencing conference' to try to get consistency. In the late 1960s he introduced the first formal training for Judges, and welcomed the formation of the Law Commission. When Lord Beeching headed a committee looking at court reform in 1971, Parker's memorandum was more radical than the committee's recommendations.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Parker announced his retirement before the committee reported, and died the next year at the cattle farm he ran together with his wife of 48 years.

description: British judge


text:
South Africa
jazz
fusion
mbaqanga
Mpumalanga
Paul Simon
Ladysmith Black Mambazo
Graceland (album)
Stimela
Nelspruit
Eastern Transvaal
Mpumalanga Province
Paul Simon
Ladysmith Black Mambazo
Graceland
Rhythm of the Saints
Paul Simon's Concert in the Park
Central Park
Madison Square Garden
Saturday Night Live
The Sunday Times
Mbombela Stadium
Order of Ikhamanga
Profile on music.org.za
Profile on allmusic.com

categories: People from Mbombela,South African people of Malawian descent,South African jazz singers,Deaths from cancer in South Africa,1947 births,South African jazz guitarists,Recipients of the Order of Ikhamanga,2017 deaths,Lead guitarists,South African male singers,Deaths from lung cancer

paragraph: Ray Phiri

paragraph: Raymond Chikapa Enock Phiri (23 March 1947 – 12 July 2017) was a South African jazz, fusion and mbaqanga musician born in Mpumalanga to Thabethe Phiri, a Malawian immigrant worker, and South African guitarist nicknamed "Just Now" Phiri. He collaborated with Paul Simon and Ladysmith Black Mambazo on Simon's Graceland (album) project in 1985, and became founding member of the Cannibals in the 1970s. When the Cannibals disbanded Ray founded Stimela, with whom he conceived gold and platinum-selling albums like "Fire, Passion and " (1982), "Look, Listen and Decide" (1986).

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Ray Phiri was born near Nelspruit in the then Eastern Transvaal, now Mpumalanga Province, in South Africa. In 1985, Paul Simon asked Ray along with Ladysmith Black Mambazo and other South African musicians to join his Graceland project, which was successful and also helped the South African musicians to make names for themselves abroad.

paragraph: Phiri was to collaborate with Simon again on Simon's "Rhythm of the Saints" album, which saw him perform in over 30 nations during 1990 and 1991, including Paul Simon's Concert in the Park (August 1991, Central Park) and New York's Madison Square Garden, as well as appearing on "Saturday Night Live" and other top television shows in the United States. The tour concluded in early 1992 with concerts staged in South Africa at venues in Johannesburg, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth and Durban. In 2012 Simon organised a European Graceland 25th Anniversary Tour in which Phiri also contributed his voice, guitar and leadership.

paragraph: In a 2011 interview with "The Sunday Times" Phiri said that there was "bad blood" between him and Simon. Phiri maintained that Simon never gave him credit for the songs he had written for "Graceland", and that Ladysmith Black Mambazo "hardly got any royalties". But he added: "maybe I wouldn't have been able to handle all that wealth. I sleep at night, I have my sanity and I enjoy living. The big rock 'n' roll machine did not munch me."

paragraph: Section::::Personal life and death.

paragraph: Phiri was involved in a series of car accidents which affected his personal life and musical career. Phiri was badly injured in 1987 in a crash that claimed the lives of his band manager and six others. In 2003, his wife was killed in a car accident, with Ray escaping serious injury. Phiri was diagnosed with lung cancer and died at the age of 70 on 12 July 2017 at a Nelspruit hospital. A memorial service for Phiri was held at the Mbombela Stadium in Nelspruit on 20 July, and the funeral service took place at the same venue on 22 July.

paragraph: Section::::Achievements.

paragraph: Phiri has received many awards in recognition for his contribution in the music industry, one of these is the Order of Ikhamanga in Silver awarded to him by the South African president. This was to honor his sterling contribution to the South African music industry and the successful use of arts as an instrument of social transformation.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982: "Fire, Passion and Ecstasy"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983: "Rewind"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985: "Shadows, Fear and Pain"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986: "Look, Listen and Decide"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987: "Unfinished Story"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989: "Trouble in the Land of Plenty"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996: "Out of the Ashes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000: "Steam Tracks" (best of)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: "Live at the Market Theatre – 1st Half" (live)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: "The 2nd Half" (live)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "A Lifetime..."

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "Turn on the Sun"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on music.org.za

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on allmusic.com

description: South African jazz musician

wikidata_label: Ray Phiri

wikipedia_title: Ray Phiri


text: Vietnam War

text: attack

text: pilot

text: major

text: United States Air Force

text: SR-71 Blackbird

text: Marysville, California

text: Radford High School

text: East Carolina University

text: Reese AFB

text: Vietnam War

text: Air America

text: forward air control

text: Fort Sam Houston

text: Davis-Monthan AFB

text: astronaut

text: phonetic alphabet

text: Navy Blue Angels

text: Air Force Thunderbirds

text: East Carolina University

categories: People from Marysville, California,1948 births,American Vietnam War pilots,People from Quantico, Virginia,East Carolina University alumni,American air force personnel of the Vietnam War,Aviators from Virginia,United States Air Force officers,Living people,Shot-down aviators

paragraph: Brian Shul

paragraph: Brian Shul (born 1948), is a Vietnam War-era attack pilot and a retired major in the United States Air Force (USAF). He flew 212 combat missions and was shot down near the end of the war. He was so badly burned that he was given next to no chance to live. Surviving, he returned to full flight status, flying the SR-71 Blackbird. Major Shul completed a 20-year career in the Air Force. He has written four books on aviation and runs a photo studio in Marysville, California.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Brian Shul was born in Quantico, Virginia, in 1948. He graduated from Radford High School in Honolulu, Hawaii in 1966 and from East Carolina University in 1970 with a degree in History. That same year he joined the Air Force and attended pilot training at Reese AFB in Texas.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Vietnam war.

paragraph: Shul served as a Foreign Air Advisor in the Vietnam War, flying 212 close air support missions in conjunction with Air America. Near the end of hostilities in 1973, his AT-28 aircraft was shot down in the vicinity of the Cambodian border. Unable to eject from the aircraft, Shul was forced to crash land into the jungle. Surviving the initial impact of the crash, he suffered severe burns in the ensuing fireball. Crawling from the burning wreckage and surviving in hostile territory with extensive wounds for more than a day, he was able to find a secure location to camouflage and hide himself. Enemy patrols were still close and looking for him, with soldiers walking to within a few yards distance, although he was unsure of his judgement and thought they were hallucinations.

paragraph: The rescue mission did not start immediately due to his precise location being unknown in addition to having a high number of enemy soldiers nearby and heavy jungle cover overhead. Using a combination of resources, the general area he was in was later identified and it was confirmed that no body was present at the crash site. Upon activating his radio and confirming his identity and his general location, an aerial search was initiated. Shul did not know his precise location, but he did know the approximate grid he was located within, so the search continued until his exact location was determined by him being able to see American aircraft. The only practical way to recover the injured Shul would be by helicopter; and as it would likely be under fire from the enemy, Air Force Special Operations Command Pararescue teams were selected for the operation. Although the original plan was to extract Shul quietly without the enemy noticing, the operation quickly turned into an openly hostile mission. Nearby enemy patrols were driven back by the rescue teams using small arms, while larger groups of enemies or search parties were handled with heavy weapon outfitted operators or operators acting as forward air control. Once located the team provided immediate medical treatment to ensure that the extraction would not result in further wounds or make his existing wounds worse. Medical treatment continued aboard the evacuation helicopter and at a nearby American base. No American casualties occurred in the operation.

paragraph: Once he arrived at the military hospital in Okinawa, doctors believed he would not survive his burns. Following two months of intensive care, he flew to the Institute of Surgical Research at Fort Sam Houston, Texas. During the following year, he underwent 15 major operations. Physicians told him he'd never fly again. Months of physical therapy followed, enabling Shul to eventually pass a flight physical and return to active flying duty.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Post Vietnam.

paragraph: Two days after being released from the hospital, Shul was back flying Air Force fighter jet aircraft. He went on to fly the A-7D, and was then selected to be a part of the first operational A-10 squadron at Myrtle Beach, SC, where he was on the first A-10 air show demonstration team. After a tour as an A-10 Instructor Pilot at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona, he went on to instruct at the Air Force's Fighter Lead-In School as the Chief of Air-to-Ground Academics. As a final assignment in his career, Shul volunteered for and was selected to fly the SR-71. This assignment required an astronaut type physical just to qualify, and Shul passed with no waivers. Shul's comeback story from lying near dead in the jungle of Southeast Asia, to later flying the world's fastest, highest flying jet, has been the subject of numerous magazine articles. Shul also made an Air Force safety video titled "Sierra Hotel" (with the title referring to the phonetic alphabet code for the military aviator slang expletive "Shit Hot") where he described his crash ordeal in explicit detail in order to motivate other USAF pilots to be more safety conscious and teaching them how to better survive such incidents.

paragraph: After 20 years and 5000 hours in fighter jets, Shul retired from the Air Force in 1990 and went on to pursue his writing and photographic interests. In addition to running his own photo studio in northern California, he has authored seven books on flying and flight photography. His first two books ("Sled Driver: Flying The World's Fastest Jet" and "The Untouchables") are about flying the SR-71 Blackbird and give the reader a first-hand account of being in the cockpit of the world's fastest jet. Shul's third and fourth books are about America's air demonstration teams, the Navy Blue Angels, in "Blue Angels: A Portrait of Gold", and the Air Force Thunderbirds, in "Summer Thunder" and contain aerial images which take the reader into the dynamic formations of these world-famous teams. In 1997, Shul released his fifth book, "Eagle Eyes : Action Photography from the Cutting Edge", which is a collection of his in-flight photos. He has also released special, revised editions of both "Sled Driver" and "The Untouchables".

paragraph: Shul has spoken at numerous functions nationwide on his experiences. Shul has also been honored as an Outstanding Alumnus from East Carolina University. He owns Gallery One, a photo studio in northern California, and divides his time between writing, photography, public speaking, and backpacking in the high Sierra.

description: Recipient of the Purple Heart medal

wikidata_label: Brian Shul

wikipedia_title: Brian Shul


text: Spanish

text: caricaturist

text: Paris

text: futurista

text: Biarritz

text: Spyon-Kop

text: Jameson Raid

text: Vigan

text: Philippines

text: Aragon

text: Barcelona

text: Paris

text: London

text: Le Rire

text: Madrid

text: ABC

text: Madame Butterfly

text: Antonio Got

text: K-Hito

text: About Xaudaró on Lambiek.net

text: Diccionario de Humoristas: Xaudaró

categories: Spanish animators,1872 births,1933 deaths,People from Vigan,Spanish comics artists,Spanish illustrators,Spanish cartoonists

paragraph: Joaquín Xaudaró

paragraph: Joaquín Xaudaró y Echau (August 17, 1872 – April 1, 1933) was a Spanish cartoonist, illustrator, and caricaturist. His humorous depictions of the new technologies of his time –he published a volume of cartoons called "The Perils of Flight" ("Les péripéties de l'aviation", "Garnier Frères", Paris, 1911)- serve as an important link between the worlds of nineteenth-century illustration and twentieth-century cartooning. Xaudaró's observations on contemporary culture and technology, as well as his gentle but insightful sense of humor, are apparent in such cartoons as "El telégrafo sin hilos," "Un retrato futurista," "El auto que pasa," "Despertar en Biarritz," "El leopardo inglés en Spyon-Kop." In another work, Chamberlain seems to receive a "punch" from Kruger, which alludes to the atrocious "Jameson Raid".

paragraph: Born in Vigan in the Philippines (at the time still a Spanish possession), Xaudaró's family, of Aragonese origin, settled in Barcelona in 1883. Xaudaró was educated in Paris and London. He began his career drawing for "Madrid Cómico", "La Saeta", "Gedeón", and "Barcelona Cómica", a Barcelona-based humor magazine of the 1890s, occasionally utilizing the pseudonym J. O'Raduax ("Xaudaró" spelled backwards). Between 1907 and 1914, he also drew for the Paris-based periodical "Le Rire".

paragraph: Xaudaró subsequently worked for the Madrid-based periodicals "Blanco y Negro" and "ABC". His daily vignettes for "ABC" brought him fame, with each one containing a trademark little dog that soon became known as "el perrito de Xaudaró."

paragraph: His book illustrations include those commissioned by the Paris publisher Ollendorff ("Les conteurs joyeux"), and famously, those utilized for Juan Pérez Zúñiga's "Los viajes morrocotudos" ("The Fantastic Voyages"). Xaudaró's works of collected cartoons include "Los Sports", an album of sports-related vignettes published by Editorial Luis Tasso in the 1920s and "Xaudaró: Tomos de Chistes" (ca. 1932), a collection of his work that had been published in "Blanco y Negro" at the end of the nineteenth century.

paragraph: Xaudaró also did scenographical work for a production of "Madame Butterfly". At the end of his life, he founded, with Antonio Got and K-Hito, the "Sociedad Española de Dibujos Animados" ("SEDA") in 1932. He collaborated on an animated film with K-Hito. Xaudaró died in Madrid.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- About Xaudaró on Lambiek.net

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diccionario de Humoristas: Xaudaró

paragraph: BULLET::::- Illustration from "The Perils of Flight"

alias:
Joaquín Xaudaró Echau
Joacquin Xaudaro Echau
Joaquim Xaudaró
Joaquín Xaudaró y Echau
Joaquin Xaudaro
Joaquin Xaudaro Echau
Joaquim Xaudaro
Joaquin Xaudaro y Echau

description: Spanish comics artist

wikidata_label: Joaquín Xaudaró

wikipedia_title: Joaquín Xaudaró


text: Soldin

text: Neumark

text: Kropstadt

text: Wittenberg

text: Joachimsthalsches Gymnasium

text: Berlin

text: Napoleon

text: Battle of Lutzen

text: Vienna

text: Verona

text: Restoration

text: Heinrich Heine

text: Moses Moser

text: Goethe

text: Gioachino Rossini

text: Alessandro Manzoni

text: Leipzig

text: Dresden

text: Leo Baeck Institute, New York

categories: 19th-century poets,People from Myślibórz,Jewish poets,19th-century German male writers,German Jews,German male poets,Jewish historians,Converts to Christianity from Judaism,1831 deaths,German historians,People from the Province of Brandenburg,19th-century German writers,German poets,1794 births

paragraph: Daniel Lessmann

paragraph: Daniel Lessmann (January 18, 1794 in Soldin, Neumark – Sept. 2, 1831 between Kropstadt and Wittenberg) was a German historian and poet.

paragraph: Born to Jewish parents, he attended Joachimsthalsches Gymnasium and went on to study medicine in Berlin. His studies were put on hold in 1813 when he joined the volunteers against Napoleon. He was wounded at the Battle of Lutzen (May 2, 1813), recovered, and remained in service until the end of the war.

paragraph: After the war he continued his medical studies and became a private tutor in Vienna in 1820, then in Verona in 1823. He settled in Berlin in 1824 to devote himself to freelance writing and contributed to the more important literary journals of the Restoration period. He also converted to Christianity during the same period. His work consisted of historical essays, short stories, poetry, and scenes of life in the southern countries he had visited. A collection of poems were published in Berlin in 1824 under the title, "“Amathusia”".

paragraph: His literary work was influenced by Heinrich Heine, whom he became acquainted with and whose letters to Moses Moser frequently mention the aspiring writer. Lessmann took part in various literary circles and was a witty storyteller. His prose work include "“Louise von Halling,”" 1827, which was read by Goethe, and "“Die Heidemuhle,”" published several years after his death. His translations of "“The Nun of Monza”" by Gioachino Rossini and "“The Betrothed”" by Alessandro Manzoni were major contributions to the introduction of modern Italian literature to Germany. He also wrote several volumes of history, some of which are only found in manuscript form.

paragraph: In the seven years of his publishing career (1824–1830) Lessmann became deeply depressed as his aspirations of becoming a great literary figure were dulled by a disappointed public. In 1824 Lessmann converted to Christianity. According to a letter from Moser to Heine, Lessmann converted so that he might realize his hopes of literary success. The conversion did nothing to boost his literary career and his situation seemed hopeless. In 1831, on a walk from Berlin to Leipzig and Dresden with a new manuscript, trying to find a publisher, Lessmann hanged himself.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amathusia", 1824

paragraph: BULLET::::- Translation of Manzoni's "The Betrothed"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Translation of Rossini's "The Nun of Monza"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Louise von Halling", 1827

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cisalpine Leaves", 1828

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stories", 1828–30

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Hiking Book of a Melancholy", 1831/32

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Forest Mill", 1833

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gödeke, Grundr. der Deutschen Literatur, iii. 730-732

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gubitz, Errinnerungen, iii. 1-7, Berlin, 1869

paragraph: BULLET::::- L. Geiger, Daniel Lessmann, in Allg. Deutsche Biog. xviii. 451-453

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strodtmann, Heine, i. 319

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brümmer, Dichterlexikon

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guide to the Papers of Daniel Lessmann (1794-1831) at the Leo Baeck Institute, New York.

description: German poet and historian

wikidata_label: Daniel Lessmann

wikipedia_title: Daniel Lessmann


text:
footballer
Hemel Hempstead Town
Forest Green Rovers
defender
Southwark
Luton Town
Isthmian League Premier Division
Walton & Hersham
Carshalton Athletic
2007–08
Conference Premier
Salisbury City
Kevin Blackwell
Oxford United
League Two
Mick Harford
Crewe Alexandra
Kenilworth Road
2008–09
Scunthorpe United
Football League Trophy
Wembley Stadium
2010–11
Histon
Fred Murray
Gary Brabin
Eastbourne Borough
Wrexham
Forest Green Rovers
Cambridge United
The New Lawn
Conference South
Hemel Hempstead Town
Basingstoke Town
Luton Town
Football League Trophy
2008–09

categories: Forest Green Rovers F.C. players,Black English sportspeople,1988 births,Association football defenders,English footballers,Walton & Hersham F.C. players,Hemel Hempstead Town F.C. players,Histon F.C. players,People from Southwark,Luton Town F.C. players,Salisbury City F.C. players,English Football League players,Living people

paragraph: Ed Asafu-Adjaye

paragraph: Edward Yaw Okyere Asafu-Adjaye (born 22 December 1988) is an English footballer who plays for Hemel Hempstead Town having most recently been with Forest Green Rovers as a defender.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Born in Southwark, London, Asafu-Adjaye started his career at Luton Town as a scholar, he was sent on loan to Isthmian League Premier Division side Walton & Hersham, making his debut for 'the Swans' in March 2007 and scoring in a 1–0 win over Carshalton Athletic. He went on to make seven appearances during his loan spell, playing at right-back and scoring three goals.

paragraph: Asafu-Adjaye was rewarded with a one-year professional contract during the summer of 2007. Unable to break into the Luton side at the beginning of the 2007–08 season, he was instead loaned to Conference Premier side Salisbury City in January 2008 by then-Hatters manager Kevin Blackwell. He made his Salisbury debut in a 3–1 home win over Oxford United. Asafu-Adjaye continued to impress during his time with Salisbury, in which time he earned several man-of-the-match accolades.

paragraph: With Luton Town in administration and heading for relegation to League Two, new manager Mick Harford decided to recall Asafu-Adjaye from his loan spell in late March, and he made his Luton Town debut in a 2–1 home victory over Crewe Alexandra just days after returning to Kenilworth Road. Operating at right-back, he went on to make seven league appearances for the Hatters as they were relegated. During the summer of 2008 he signed a new contract, despite interest from his former loan club Salisbury City.

paragraph: In the 2008–09 season, Asafu-Adjaye established himself as the first choice right-back in the Luton team, and also started at centre-back in Luton's 3–2 victory over Scunthorpe United in the Football League Trophy final at Wembley Stadium. On 30 June 2009, Asafu-Adjaye agreed to a one-year contract extension, keeping him at Luton until 2011.

paragraph: Out of favour at Luton, having made just two league appearances during the 2010–11 season, Asafu-Adjaye joined Histon on loan until the end of the season on 25 March 2011. He made five appearances for "the Stutes", before being recalled due to an injury to full-back Fred Murray. New Luton manager Gary Brabin installed Asafu-Adjaye into the first-team as he played in a 3–0 victory over Eastbourne Borough on 23 April. He started at left-back in the crucial first leg of the play-off semi-final against Wrexham on 5 May, scoring his first goal for the club, a half-volley from 18 yards, in a 3–0 win.

paragraph: On 12 July 2011, Asafu-Adjaye agreed to sign a new contract with Luton. He made thirteen appearances during the season, and on 30 April 2012 it was announced that Asafu-Adjaye was to be released from Luton.

paragraph: On 2 July 2012, it was announced that Asafu-Adjaye had signed for Forest Green Rovers on a one-year contract. He made his Forest Green debut on 11 August 2012 in a 1–1 draw with Cambridge United. After an impressive opening few months at The New Lawn, he signed a contract extension that would keep him at the club until June 2014. On 28 April 2014, having made 40 league appearances in two seasons for the club, he was released along with nine other players at the end of his contract.

paragraph: On 8 August 2014, Asafu-Adjaye signed for newly promoted Conference South side Hemel Hempstead Town. He made his debut for the club the next day on 9 August in a 1-0 away win over Basingstoke Town.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luton Town

paragraph: BULLET::::- Football League Trophy: 2008–09

description: British footballer

wikidata_label: Ed Asafu-Adjaye

wikipedia_title: Ed Asafu-Adjaye


text: pseudonym

text: Brussels

text: Belgium

text: Belgian

text: Brussels

text: Yves Chaland

text: Statue of Jean d'Osta

categories: Belgian journalists,1909 births,1993 deaths,Belgian writers in French

paragraph: Jean d'Osta

paragraph: Jean d'Osta pseudonym of Jean Van Osta, (Brussels – Belgium, 1909–1993) was a Belgian writer, journalist, humorist, and great lover of Brussels. He has written many books about Brussels and its local dialect called "Brusselois". He created the personage "Jef Kazak", which appeared for several decades in the Belgian weekly magazines "Pourquoi Pas?" (E: Why not) and "Vlan".

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Primevères" (poetry), Jean d'Osta.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le livre du bonheur" (novel), Jean d'Osta, 1927.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Encyclopédie du Kitsch", Jean d'Osta, Pierre De Meyer Editeur, Brussels, 1972.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jef Kazak, professeur de belles manières" (disque LP 33 tours), sketches bruxellois par Jean d'Osta, Bruxelles : Daron-Bruyninckx Brussels, 1972, Decca LPD 224-X 345 & Omega International 333.114-X.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bruxelles d'hier et d'aujourd'hui", Jean d'Osta, ed. Rossel Edition, 1976.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Notre Bruxelles oublié",Jean d'Osta, ed. Rossel, 1977.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bruxelles Bonheur", Jean d'Osta, ed. Rossel, 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dictionnaire historique et anecdotique des rues de Bruxelles", Jean d'Osta, Brussels, Ed. Paul Legrain, 1986, 358p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dictionnaire historique des faubourgs de Bruxelles", Jean d'Osta, Brusselss, Ed. Paul Legrain, 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dictionnaire du dialecte bruxellois", by Louis Quiévreux, Bruxelles, 1951; 1985 5th edition with un addedum "Phonétique et grammaire du flamand de Bruxelles" by Jean d'Osta.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mémoires de Jef Kazak", Jean d'Osta, Brussels : Racine, 2002. 148 p.; 24 cm. . BB A 2002 6.107.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bob Fish Detectief" (Comic strip), author Yves Chaland translation in "Bruxellois" by Jean d'Osta, Magic Strip, 1982, 45p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mémoires candides d'un Bruxellois ordinaire", Jean d'Osta, Brussels, Ed. Paul Legrain, 1984.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Calendrier de Jean d'Osta", Jean d'Osta, Brussels, Ed. Paul Legrain, 1987, 320p.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plaque apposed on the front of the Notre-Dame Immaculée church

paragraph: BULLET::::- Statue of Jean d'Osta

description: humorist, journalist, writer

wikidata_label: Jean d'Osta

wikipedia_title: Jean d'Osta


text: Ming dynasty

text: courtesy name

text: art name

text: Yang Tinghe

text: Chengdu

text: Sichuan

text: Huang E

text: Great Rites Controversy

text: Yunnan

text: literati

text: Luo Guan Zhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Diancang Mountain

categories: Politicians from Chengdu,Ming dynasty poets,Ming dynasty politicians,1559 deaths,Writers from Chengdu,Poets from Sichuan,1488 births

paragraph: Yang Shen

paragraph: Yang Shen (; 1488–1559) was a poet in the Chinese Ming dynasty. His courtesy name was Yongxiu (); his art names included Sheng'an (), Bonan Shanren () and Bonan Shushi ().

paragraph: Yang Shen was the son of Yang Tinghe and originally lived in Chengdu, Sichuan province. He there married Huang E, who was known for her own scholarship and became a poet.

paragraph: As a result of the Great Rites Controversy of 1524, he was reduced to the status of commoner and exiled to Yunnan, where he spent over 30 years. His wife went to his family's house in Chengdu and took care of financial matters, the household and the raising of Yang family children, and only occasionally had time to visit him.

paragraph: Yang Shen was well received by the Yunnanese literati and produced a substantial amount of writing inspired by the nature and culture of that province. Particularly well known are the "Linjiangxian or The Immortals by the River" () (later employed by Luo Guan Zhong as the introductory poem to the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms"), and his essay "Roaming atop Diancang Mountain" (, "Diancang Shan Zhi"), inspired by a 1530 trip. He and his wife exchanged poems and letters. Some of the poems under her name might have been written by him as a parody on himself. In those, she admonishes him for his irresponsible lifestyle, while she has to take care of his family matters.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: 6. Jonathan Chaves, "The Columbia Book of Later Chinese Poetry", Columbia University Press, 1986.

description: Ming Dynasty poet

wikidata_label: Yang Shen

wikipedia_title: Yang Shen


text:
Kiev Oblast
Russian Empire
Moscow
opera
tenor
Kiev Theological Academy
Moscow Conservatory
Fyodor Petrovich Komissarzhevsky
Milan
Bolshoi Theatre
Nina
Leonid Sobinov
ru: Music Encyclopedia
ru: Russian singers. 1750 - 1917
ru: Vocal encyclopedia

categories: Suicides in the Russian Empire,19th-century Russian opera singers,Russian operatic tenors,Singers from Moscow,People from Kiev Oblast,1904 deaths,1863 births

paragraph: Pavel Koshetz

paragraph: Pavlo Koshyts (; ; real last name is Poray-Koshytsi (); December 14, 1863 in Kiev Oblast, Russian Empire – March 2, 1904 in Moscow) was a Russian opera singer (tenor).

paragraph: He studied at the Kiev Theological Academy, then at the Moscow Conservatory (a teacher: Fyodor Petrovich Komissarzhevsky). At the end of 1886 Pavel Koshetz went to study in Milan (Italy). In 1886 - 1889 he sang in opera theatres in Italy, Greece, Catalonia and the Americas. Then he returned to Russia and worked in different cities.

paragraph: In 1893 Pavel Koshetz was invited at the Bolshoi Theatre. He became a performer for more than 30 operatic roles.

paragraph: Gradually, the singer began to lose his voice. Theater administration moved him to the teaching work, but in 1904 he was fired. It became for him a huge psychological blow. Pavel Koshetz committed suicide March 2, 1904.

paragraph: His daughter Nina was at this time 12 years. She decided to become an opera singer.

paragraph: After some time, in memory of Pavel Koshetz Leonid Sobinov organized two concerts, which involved famous singers partners of Pavel Koshetz.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ru: Music Encyclopedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- ru: Russian singers. 1750 - 1917

paragraph: BULLET::::- ru: Vocal encyclopedia

alias:
Pavel Alekseyevich Poray-Koshits
Pavel Koshits
Pavel Poray-Koshits

description: Russian singer

wikidata_label: Pavel Koshetz

wikipedia_title: Pavel Koshetz


text: KG

text: Admiral

text: Walwyn's Castle

text: Pembrokeshire

text: Torbryan

text: Devon

text: Second War of Scottish Independence

text: Hundred Years' War

text: Forest of Dean

text: Gloucestershire

text: St Briavel's Castle

text: Great Seal of England

text: mark

text: King's Standard

text: summoned to Parliament

text: Baron Bryan

text: Admiral of the West

text: Edward III of England

text: Pope Innocent VI

text: John Chandos

text: Knight of the Garter

text: Admiral of the West

text: Carew Castle

text: William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury

text: Catherine Grandison

text: Hugh le Despencer, Baron le Despencer

text: John Devereux, 2nd Baron Devereux

text: John Lovel, 5th Baron Lovel

text: John FitzAlan, 14th Earl of Arundel

text: James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormonde

text: Humphrey FitzAlan, 15th Earl of Arundel

text: Hugh de Courtenay

text: Hugh Courtenay

text: KG

text: Hugh de Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon

text: Tewkesbury Abbey

text: Sir Thomas Bryan

text: Forest of Dean

text: St Briavel's Castle

text: Great Seal of England

text: Holy See

categories: 14th-century births,Barons in the Peerage of England,English soldiers,Knights of the Garter,Medieval English diplomats,14th-century English Navy personnel,14th-century English people,English admirals,Ambassadors of England to the Holy See,1390 deaths,People of the Wars of Scottish Independence,People of the Hundred Years' War

paragraph: Guy de Bryan, 1st Baron Bryan

paragraph: Guy de Bryan, 1st Baron Bryan, KG (born before 1319, died 17 August 1390) was an English military commander and Admiral.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: He was the son of Sir Guy de Bryan (d.1349) ("alias" de Brienne), of Walwyn's Castle in Pembrokeshire and Torbryan in Devon he was sometime before 1319.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He served on the English side in the Second War of Scottish Independence and in France and Flanders during the Hundred Years' War. In 1341 he was made Warden of the Forest of Dean, in Gloucestershire, and Governor of St Briavel's Castle, the seat of the Warden, which offices he held until his death. In 1349 he was temporarily Keeper of the Great Seal of England, and in 1350 was granted an annuity of 200 marks for bearing the King's Standard against the French at Calais. From 25 November 1350 he was summoned to Parliament and may thereby be held to have been created Baron Bryan. On 1 March 1356 he was appointed Admiral of the West a post he held till 18 July 1360 under Edward III of England . In 1361 he was Ambassador to Pope Innocent VI. Following the death of Sir John Chandos on 31 December 1369, he was made a Knight of the Garter. On 3 May 1370 he was once again appointed Admiral of the West until 6 October 1372 .

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and progeny.

paragraph: He married twice and left issue by his second wife only:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Firstly, before 1348, to Joan Carew, daughter of Sir John Carew of Carew Castle, Pembrokeshire; without issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secondly, before 10 July 1350, to Elizabeth Montagu (d. 31 May 1359), daughter of William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury (by his wife Catherine Grandison), and widow of Hugh le Despencer, Baron le Despencer and of Giles de Badlesmere, 2nd Baron Badlesmere. By his second wife, he is known to have had at least five children, certainly three sons and a daughter, including:

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and progeny.:Sons.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Guy de Bryan (d.1386), who predeceased his father by four years and married a certain Alice (still living 20 May 1409) and had issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phillipe de Bryan, wife firstly of John Devereux, 2nd Baron Devereux, and secondly of Sir Henry le Scrope; died without issue, 8 Hen. IV

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth de Bryan, wife of Sir Robert Lovel (second son of John Lovel, 5th Baron Lovel), by whom she had an only daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maud Lovell, the wife firstly of Sir Richard Stafford and secondly of John FitzAlan, 14th Earl of Arundel, and had issue by both husbands:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Avice Stafford (4 December 1423 – 3 June 1457), wife of James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormonde

paragraph: BULLET::::- Humphrey FitzAlan, 15th Earl of Arundel (30 January 1429 – 24 April 1438)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir William de Bryan (d.22 September 1395), married Joan FitzAlan and had a son, Thomas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip de Bryan (d. pre-14 February 1388), died without issue

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and progeny.:Daughter.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret de Bryan, wife of Hugh de Courtenay (d.1374) (son of Sir Hugh Courtenay, KG, and grandson of Hugh de Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon); without issue

paragraph: Section::::Death & burial.

paragraph: Bryan on 17 August 1390. He was buried with his second wife, who had died in 1359, in Tewkesbury Abbey, Gloucestershire.

paragraph: Section::::Succession.

paragraph: His executrix was his daughter-in-law Alice and his co-heiresses were his granddaughters Phillipe (age 12) and Elizabeth (age 10). Sir Thomas Bryan assumed his arms at a later date.

paragraph: Section::::Offices held.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Warden of the Forest of Dean, 1341.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Governor of St Briavel's Castle, 1341.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keeper of the Great Seal of England, 1349.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Admiral of the West, 1 March 1356 – 18 July 1360.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ambassador to the Holy See, 1361.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Admiral of the West, 3 May 1370 - 6 October 1372.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.leighrayment.com/peers/peersB6.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.leighrayment.com/orders/garter.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.celtic-casimir.com/webtree/6/28035.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://thepeerage.com/p939.htm#i9381

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00220791&tree=LEO

description: English peer

wikidata_label: Guy de Bryan, 1st Baron Bryan

wikipedia_title: Guy de Bryan, 1st Baron Bryan


text: Kingdom of Armenia

text: Artaxiad Dynasty

text: Tigranes III

text: Erato

text: Rome

text: Hellenistic custom

text: Queen consort

text: Pharasmanes I of Iberia

text: Mithridates I of Iberia

text: Rhadamistus

text: Rome

text: anti Roman

text: Roman emperor

text: Augustus

text: Parthia

text: Rome

text: Sextus Rufus

text: Phraates V of Parthia

text: Rome

text: Ariobarzanes

text: Artavasdes II of Armenia

text: Mithridates

text: Atropatene

text: Coinage of Tigranes IV & Erato

text: Coinage of Tigranes IV

text: Coinage of Tigranes IV

text: Coinage of Tigranes IV

categories: Roman client kings of Armenia,1st-century BC rulers in Asia

paragraph: Tigranes IV

paragraph: Tigranes IV (30s BC–1) was a Prince of the Kingdom of Armenia and member of the Artaxiad Dynasty who served as a Roman Client King of Armenia from 8 BC until 5 BC and 2 BC until 1 AD.

paragraph: Section::::Family background and early life.

paragraph: Tigranes IV was the son born to Tigranes III by an unnamed mother. His known sibling was his younger paternal half-sister Erato who was born to another unnamed woman. Although Tigranes IV was the namesake of his father, the name "Tigranes" was the most common royal name in the Artaxiad Dynasty and was among the most ancient names of the Armenian Kings. Tigranes IV was born and raised either in Rome where his father lived in political exile for 10 years from 30 BC until 20 BC or during his father's Kingship of Armenia in which he ruled from 20 BC until 8 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Kingship of Armenia.

paragraph: Tigranes III died before 8 BC. In 8 BC, the Armenians installed Tigranes IV as King as the successor to his father. In accordance with Oriental custom or Hellenistic custom, Tigranes IV married his sister Erato in order to preserve the purity of the Artaxiad Royal blood line. Erato through marriage to her brother, became Queen and his Queen consort. From their sibling union at an unknown date, Erato bore Tigranes IV an unnamed daughter who later married King Pharasmanes I of Iberia who ruled from 1 until 58, and by whom he had three sons: Mithridates I of Iberia, Rhadamistus and Amazaspus (Amazasp) who is known from a Greek inscription found in Rome.

paragraph: Although Tigranes IV and Erato were Roman Client Monarchs governing Armenia, they were both anti Roman and were not the choices of the Roman emperor Augustus for the Armenian throne, as their dual rule did not have Roman approval and they leaned towards Parthia for support.

paragraph: Rome and Parthia competed with one another for their protégés to have influence and govern Armenia. Roman Historian of the 4th century, Sextus Rufus informs us that anti-Roman sentiment was building in Armenia during the reign of Tigranes IV and Erato. Rufus also emphasizes that the Kingdom of Armenia was very strong during this period.

paragraph: The dispossessed and the discontent of the ruling Artaxiad monarchs and their subjects towards Ancient Rome had instigated war with the aid of King Phraates V of Parthia. To avoid a full-scale war with Rome, Phraates V soon ceased his support to the Armenian ruling Monarchs. This lead Tigranes IV and Erato, acknowledging Roman suzerainty; sending their good wishes and submission to Rome. Augustus receiving their submission to Rome and good wishes, allowed them to remain in power.

paragraph: Tigranes IV issued bronze coins with portraits of himself with Augustus with the inscription in Greek "βασιλεύς μέγας νέος Τιγράνης" ("of great new king Tigranes"), also issued coins shared by Erato with the inscription in Greek "Έρατω βασιλέως Τιγράνου άδελφή" ("Erato, sister of King Tigranes"). Other coinage Tigranes IV and Erato issued together, is a portrait of Tigranes IV heavily bearded with Erato with the Greek legend "great king, Tigranes".

paragraph: Sometime about 1 AD Tigranes IV was killed in battle, perhaps ending an internal Armenian revolt of those who were infuriated by the royal couple becoming allies to Rome. The war and the chaos that occurred afterwards, Erato abdicated her throne and ended her rule over Armenia.

paragraph: From the situation surrounding Tigranes IV and Erato, the Armenians requested to Augustus, a new Armenian King. Augustus found and appointed Ariobarzanes as the new King of Armenia in 1 AD (or 2). Ariobarzanes through his father was a distant relative of the Artaxiad Dynasty as he was a descendant of an unnamed Artaxiad Princess who was a sister of King Artavasdes II of Armenia who married Ariobarzanes' paternal ancestor Mithridates, a previous ruling King of Media Atropatene.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. Naroll, V.L. Bullough & F. Naroll, Military Deterrence in History: A Pilot Cross-Historical Survey, SUNY Press, 1974

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. Yarshater, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. III, Part I, Cambridge University Press, 1983

paragraph: BULLET::::- W.G. Sayles, Ancient Coin Collecting IV: Roman Provincial Coins (Google eBook), F+W Media, Inc, 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- R.G. Hovannisian, The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Volume 1: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- P.M. Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History, Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.D. 14) (Google eBook), Oxford University Press, 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- V.M. Kurkjian, A History of Armenia, Indo-European Publishing, 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. Bunsen, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, Infobase Printing, 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- M.A. Ehrlich, Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture, Volume 1 (Google eBook), ABC-CLIO, 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Armenia and Iran ii. The pre-Islamic period under Darius and Xerxes had much narrower boundaries than the future Armenia of the Artaxiads and the Arsacids. Armenia and Iran, ii. The Pre-Islamic Period: 3. The Artaxiad dynasty b. Tigranes the Great

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coinage of Tigranes IV & Erato

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coinage of Tigranes IV

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coinage of Tigranes IV

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coinage of Tigranes IV

description: Armenian sovereign

wikidata_label: Tigranes IV

wikipedia_title: Tigranes IV


text:
Oda Nobunaga
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
retainer
Iyo Province
Shikoku
Chikuzen Province
Kyūshū
koku
Council of Five Elders
Mōri Motonari
Kobayakawa clan
Ōuchi Yoshitaka
Bingo Province
Niitakayama Castle
Lady Toida
Kobayakawa clan
Mōri clan
Mōri Motonari
Kikkawa clan
Kikkawa Motoharu
Battle of Miyajima
Mōri clan
Ōuchi clan
Sue Harukata
feint
shell trumpets
seppuku
Sue Harukata
Suō Province
Nagato Province
Ōuchi clan
Ōuchi Yoshinaga
Moji
Ōtomo Yoshishige
Siege of Moji
Mōri Motonari
Mōri Takamoto
Kikkawa Motoharu
Mōri Takamoto
Mōri Terumoto
Mōri clan
Kikkawa Motoharu
Siege of Toda Castle
Amako clan
Iyo Province
Battle of Torisaka
Ōtomo clan
Kyūshū
Battle of Torisaka
Battle of Tatarahama
Bizen Province
Aki Province
Kikkawa Motoharu
Mōri Terumoto
Ōtomo clan
Amako clan
Ōuchi clan
Oda Nobunaga
Oda Nobunaga
Ukita Naoie
Ōtomo Sōrin
Bungo Province
Kyūshū
Ashikaga shogunate
Ashikaga Yoshiaki
Oda Nobunaga
Ashikaga Yoshiaki
Mōri Terumoto
Uesugi Kenshin
Takeda Katsuyori
Ishiyama Hongan-ji
First Battle of Kizugawaguchi
Second Battle of Kizugawaguchi
Ishiyama Hongan-ji
siege
Kuki Yoshitaka
ironclad
Uesugi Kenshin
Ishiyama Hongan-ji
Oda Nobunaga
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Oda Nobunaga
Chūgoku region
Ukita Naoie
Bizen Province
Harima Province
Inaba Province
Siege of Takamatsu
Takamatsu Castle
Bitchū Province
Mōri Terumoto
Kikkawa Motoharu
Oda Nobunaga
Takeda clan
Chūgoku region
Hayashi Narinaga
Ankokuji Ekei
Honnō-ji incident
Akechi Mitsuhide
Kyoto
Akechi Mitsuhide
Mōri Terumoto
Hayashi Narinaga
Ankokuji Ekei
Mōri Terumoto
Honnō-ji incident
Niitakayama Castle
Mihara Castle
Seto Inland Sea
Shibata Katsuie
Battle of Shizugatake
Invasion of Shikoku
Iyo Province
Yuzuki Castle
Ōzu Castle
Mihara Castle
Luís Fróis
Kyūshū Campaign
Chikuzen Province
Chikugo Province
Hizen Province
Kyūshū
koku
Kyūshū
Mōri Terumoto
Sasa Narimasa
Kyūshū
Kyūshū
Siege of Odawara (1590)
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Okazaki Castle
Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)
Jeolla Province
Gyeonggi Province
Battle of Byeokjegwan
Tachibana Muneshige
Ming dynasty
Katō Kiyomasa
Mōri Terumoto
Kobayakawa Hideaki
Council of Five Elders
Ukita Hideie
Maeda Toshiie
Uesugi Kagekatsu
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Kobayakawa Hideaki
Mihara Castle
koku
Najima Castle
Fukuoka
Mihara Castle
Kikkawa Hiroie
Mōri Hidemoto
Mōri Motonari
Mōri Takamoto
Kikkawa Motoharu
Kobayakawa Hidekane
Lady Toida
Kobayakawa Hidekane
Kobayakawa Hideaki
Hayashi Narinaga
Mōri Motonari
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Toshiaki Megumi
NHK
Taiga drama
Mōri Motonari
Gunshi Kanbei
Kobayakawa Hideaki
Mōri Motonari
Mōri Terumoto
Kikkawa Motoharu
Mihara Castle
Mihara Domain
Hayashi Narinaga
Frédéric, Louis
Harvard University Press

categories: Toyotomi retainers,Daimyo,1597 deaths,Kobayakawa clan,People of the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598),Mōri clan,1533 births,Tairō

paragraph: Kobayakawa Takakage

paragraph: At first he opposed Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi but later swore loyalty and became a retainer of Hideyoshi who awarded him domains in Iyo Province on Shikoku and Chikuzen Province on Kyūshū, totalling 350,000 "koku". Hideyoshi gave him the title "Chûnagon" also appointed him to the Council of Five Elders but died before Hideyoshi himself.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born in 1533 with the childhood name Tokujumaru (徳寿丸) as the third son of Mōri Motonari and his main wife Myōkyū. In 1541 the 13th head of the Takehara branch of the Kobayakawa clan, Kobayakawa Okikage (小早川興景), got ill and died while attacking Sato-Kanayama Castle (佐東銀山城). In November, 1543 since he had no heir Tokujumaru was declared successor because he was a cousin of Okikage's wife. So at twelve years of age he had become the 14th head of the Takehara-Kobayakawa clan (竹原小早川氏) and received the name Kobayakawa Takakage (小早川隆景).

paragraph: In 1547, when Ōuchi Yoshitaka attacked Kannabe castle (神辺城) in Bingo Province, Takakage served as one of his commanders and was highly commended for capturing Kannabe castle's support castle (支城), the Ryuoyama Fort (龍王山砦) with the Kobayakawa army alone.

paragraph: The other branch of the Kobayakawa clan was the Numata-Kobayakawa clan (沼田小早川氏). The head of the family, Kobayakawa Shigehira (小早川繁平) was young and blind due to an eye disease so in 1550 it was decided that Takakage would become heir of the Numata branch and finally merge the two rival branches of the clan. The Takehara-Kobayakawa branch ceased to exist and Takakage moved into Takayama Castle (高山城), the main base of the Numata branch. In 1552 Takakage decided to build a new main castle across the Numata River (沼田川) and called it is Niitakayama Castle (新高山城). He married Lady Toida, daughter of Kobayakawa Masahira and sister of the blind Kobayakawa Shigehira in order to cement his succession. They would never have children for unknown reasons but they would later adopt to keep the clan alive.

paragraph: Section::::Mōri's Two Rivers.

paragraph: After this the Kobayakawa clan was incorporated into the clans following the powerful Mōri clan of his father, Mōri Motonari. The Kobayakawa would become an important naval force under the direct control of his father. His older brother, the second son of Motonari was adopted into the Kikkawa clan and became Kikkawa Motoharu. They were both together pillars of the Mōri forces and were known as "Mōri's Two Rivers" ("Mōri Ryōkawa", 毛利両川). This was because both of their adoptive clan names had the river "川" character.

paragraph: In 1555 at the Battle of Miyajima, Takakage led his naval forces under control of the Mōri clan and broke the naval blockade of the Ōuchi clan forces under the command of Sue Harukata. He sailed straight toward Miyao Castle in a feint, then retreated so he could be in a position to return the following day, his attack synchronized with the overland assault. At dawn, Takakage and his 1,500 troops landed before the small fortress, and the sound of shell trumpets signalled that all units were in position and the attack commenced. As Takakage's force rushed the front gate of Miyao Castle, Mōri and his troops hit the Ōuchi position from behind. Caught completely by surprise, many of the Ōuchi troops scattered in disarray. Hundreds tried to swim to the mainland and drowned in the attempt. Many more saw that defeat was inevitable and committed "seppuku". By 18 October 1555, resistance had ended at a cost of about 4,700 dead among the Ōuchi army. Sue Harukata escaped from the confines of Miyao Castle, but when he saw that escape from the island was not possible, he also committed suicide by seppuku.

paragraph: In 1557 Takakage took part of the Conquest of Bōcho (防長経略) and the Mōri forces took both Suō Province and Nagato Province of the Ōuchi clan and Ōuchi Yoshinaga committed suicide. They took Yoshinaga's Moji Castle in 1558 but in September, 1559 it was retaken by Ōtomo Yoshishige. Then in 1561 Kobayakawa again led the Mōri navy in the recapture of the castle in the Siege of Moji. During the same year his father, Mōri Motonari retired in favor of his first son (Takakage's eldest brother), Mōri Takamoto. Under Takamoto, Takakage continued to be a main force of the Mōri along with his second older brother Kikkawa Motoharu. In 1561

paragraph: In 1563 Mōri Takamoto suddenly died of illness and his son (Takakage's nephew) Mōri Terumoto became head of the Mōri clan. While the 2nd brother Kikkawa Motoharu was in charge of military affairs, Takakage took responsibility of political affairs. He worked on diplomacy, taking advantage of the information gathering capabilities of the military. In the Siege of Toda Castle (1562–1566) they destroyed their enemy, the Amako clan (尼子氏). During the following year of 1567 he was dispatched to help the Kôno clan (河野氏) of Iyo Province and at the Battle of Torisaka captured Ozu Castle (大洲城) forcing Utsunomiya Toyotsuna (宇都宮豊綱) to surrender. Takakage was then also dispatched to fight the Ōtomo clan (大友氏) in Kyūshū. When Murakami Michiyasu (村上通康) died that year Takakage sent his widow who was a daughter of Kôno Michinao to marry Shishido Takaie.

paragraph: In 1568 Kobayakawa Takakage fought in the Battle of Torisaka and the 1568 Battle of Tatarahama. In 1570 he fought in the Battle of Nunobeyama. In 1571, Takakage was sent to help the Mimura clan (三村氏) of Kojima (児島), Bizen Province against Urakami Munekage (浦上宗景) but the Murakami and Awa Pirates helped and Takakage was forced to withdraw to Aki Province.

paragraph: After the death of Mōri Motonari in 1571, "Mōri's Two Rivers" (Kobayakawa Takakage and Kikkawa Motoharu) became more important as assistants to Mōri Terumoto against the remnants of their enemies, the Ōtomo clan (大友氏), Amako clan (尼子氏), and Ōuchi clan (大内氏).

paragraph: Section::::Against Nobunaga & Hideyoshi.

paragraph: At the start of 1574 the power of Oda Nobunaga had grown to the borders of the Mōri clan. During this year Urakami Munekage (浦上宗景) received support from Oda Nobunaga against the Mōri. In 1575, Mimura Motochika (三村元親) betrays the Mōri and joins Oda Nobunaga. Kobayakawa Takakage and Ukita Naoie defeat Mimura Motochika of Bingo province and force him to commit suicide. Also this year the well known Ōtomo Sōrin of Bungo Province, Kyūshū joins Oda Nobunaga as well and Takakage led the naval forces against the Ōtomo navy.

paragraph: The 15th "shōgun" of the Ashikaga shogunate, Ashikaga Yoshiaki had a falling out with Oda Nobunaga in 1576 and invited Mōri Terumoto to join the 2nd Oda Encirclement Plan (第2次信長包囲網). The alliance consisted of Ashikaga Yoshiaki, Mōri Terumoto, Uesugi Kenshin, Takeda Katsuyori and the Ishiyama Hongan-ji monks. The allies really didn't have too much success against the powerful Oda armies. The significant event here is the formation of all these powerful men, who were oftentimes not the best of friends. That same year (1576) at the First Battle of Kizugawaguchi, Kobayakawa Takakage led the Mōri naval forces with Murakami Takeyoshi. The Mōri navy successfully thwarted an Oda blockade of the Ishiyama Honganji led by Kuki Yoshitaka.

paragraph: Two years later in 1578 at the Second Battle of Kizugawaguchi, Takakage was leading the naval forces again. The Ishiyama Hongan-ji was still under siege, and Oda's fleet, commanded once again by Kuki Yoshitaka, made another attempt to break the Mōri supply lines. Going against convention, Yoshitaka fought with six very large "ō-adakebune" ships, rather than a combination of small ("kobaya"), medium ("sekibune"), and large ("adakebune") craft. Normally, "adakebune" were essentially wooden floating fortresses, covered in gun and bow emplacements. According to some accounts, it may be believed that these six were the first ironclads, and were built such that guns could not penetrate them. However, rather than true ironclads, made primarily or entirely of metal, these craft probably simply had limited iron plating in key locations. Several Mōri vessels were burned and sunk, and Oda's fleet ultimately achieved victory. The supply lines were broken, and the Hongan-ji fell soon afterwards. However, during this battle an interesting flaw was discovered in the "ō-adakebune" design. As Mōri samurai rushed to board the large ship, all the defending warriors ran to that side of the deck, to defend themselves, and the ship capsized as its center of gravity shifted. Also in 1578 the "2nd Oda Encirclement Plan" falls apart when Uesugi Kenshin suddenly dies and the Ishiyama Hongan-ji monks made peace with Oda Nobunaga.

paragraph: Hashiba Hideyoshi (羽柴秀吉) who is later is known as Toyotomi Hideyoshi was a general under Oda Nobunaga in charge of the push into the Chūgoku region. He had increasingly intense tactics and the Mōri forces continued to be pushed backwards. In 1579, Ukita Naoie of Bizen Province believed the fight against Nobunaga was hopeless and claimed illness, only sending a small token force to aid the Mōri. In 1580, Miki Castle (三木城) of Harima Province which had held off the Oda forces for two years falls. In addition in 1581, Tottori Castle (鳥取城) of Inaba Province falls after falling prey to starvation and the castle master, Kikkawa Tsuneie (吉川経家) commits suicide.

paragraph: In 1582 the Siege of Takamatsu on Takamatsu Castle of Bitchū Province begins. Takakage led the main force of the Mōri along with Mōri Terumoto and Kikkawa Motoharu leading 30,000 men. However, Hashiba Hideyoshi, who also had 30,000 men was faring well and Oda Nobunaga's main army who had just finished defeating the Takeda clan were marching towards the Chūgoku region. Takekage began secret negotiations with Hideyoshi using his diplomats Hayashi Narinaga and Ankokuji Ekei. In June of that year Hideyoshi hears about Oda Nobunaga's demise at the Honnō-ji incident by the hands of Akechi Mitsuhide and hurries back to Kyoto to get revenge for his master. Akechi Mitsuhide had sent a secret letter to Mōri Terumoto promising him great things but Hideyoshi's men intercepted the messenger. Hideyoshi then sent for Mōri diplomats Hayashi Narinaga and Ankokuji Ekei not telling them that Nobunaga had been assassinated. He proposed peace if the Mōri would cede to him the provinces of Hoki, Mimasaka and Bitchu. The diplomats thought that Mimasaka had already basically fallen, and Hoki was just a matter of time. Also Shimizu Muneharu, the defender of Takamatsu Castle must commit suicide. Mōri Terumoto had found out about the Honnō-ji incident and wanted to attack Hideyoshi but was stopped by the advice of Kobayakawa Takakage and the two diplomats who were well respected in the Mōri clan. Takakage is said to have said, "It is a shame for the samurai to make peace before the blood of our friends has dried on their swords."

paragraph: That year in 1582, Takakage had moved his main castle of Niitakayama Castle (新高山城) to Mihara Castle facing the Seto Inland Sea.

paragraph: Section::::Under Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

paragraph: In 1583 when Hideyoshi defeated Shibata Katsuie at the Battle of Shizugatake the Mōri had retained neutrality but they abandoned the opportunistic line and reached out to become subordinates of Hideyoshi. At this time Kobayakawa Takakage offers up his adopted son, Kobayakawa Hidekane, who is really his younger brother as hostage to Hideyoshi.

paragraph: After this Takakage cooperates positively with Hideyoshi and in 1585 during Hideyoshi's Invasion of Shikoku he defeats Kaneko Motoie (金子元宅) of Iyo Province. For his service he was given Iyo Province as his fief and that year he moved into Yuzuki Castle (湯築城) and Ōzu Castle (大洲城) but keeps Mihara Castle as his main base. He also took the former secretary of the Kaneko clan, Saionji Kinmochi (西園寺公広) as a vassal. In addition, the control of Iyo by Takakage is excellent and the Portuguese missionary, Luís Fróis, praises that ""Takakage governs the country quietly with a deep thought and it is unusual in Japan that there is no terror or rebellion in the country of Iyo"".

paragraph: Starting in 1586 Takakage took part in Hideyoshi's Kyūshū Campaign and after the campaign Hideyoshi awarded him with Chikuzen Province, Chikugo Province and Hizen Province of Kyūshū totalling 371,300 "koku". However, Takakage tried to object saying that it was impossible for the three clans of Mōri, Kikkawa and Kobayakawa to administer these provinces adequately since they already had seven to eight provinces in the Chugoku region and now on top of that the three in Kyūshū. On the contrary, Hideyoshi tried to make him administer the provinces by making two of them public but Takakage repeatedly decline and said that his nephew Mōri Terumoto was still too young and his brother Kikkawa Motoharu had already died. He proposed to install substitute officers in Chikuzen and Chikugo and also would alternate with Sasa Narimasa (佐々成政) every half a year or year. Hideyoshi refused his resignation of the provinces and this was an opportunity for Takakage to become an independent lord under the Toyotomi administration.

paragraph: In 1587, his retainer Kōno Michinao (河野通直) who he had transferred to Takehara died. This left Takakage with the problem of taking care of the provinces in Kyūshū without help and by the suspicious nature of his death he may have been assassinated by Hideyoshi himself. Since Saionji Kinmochi (西園寺公広) was also killed at the same time, during Takakage's transportation of men to Kyūshū it seems Hideyoshi was trying to take power away from the Kobayakawa clan by eliminating his best supporters. Hideyoshi was known to do this on separate other occasions.

paragraph: The Toyotomi uji was simultaneously granted to a number of Hideyoshi's chosen allies, who adopted the new uji "豊臣朝臣" (Toyotomi no asomi, courtier of Toyotomi). In July, 1588, he gave this to Takakage. Two years later he participated in the Siege of Odawara (1590) when he took Tokugawa Ieyasu's Okazaki Castle.

paragraph: In 1592 when Hideyoshi orders the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98), Takakage mobilizes 10,000 soldiers as captain of the 6th division and attacks Jeolla Province but he is met with resistance and unable to capture the province completely. He was then relocated in 1593 to Gyeonggi Province where he fought in the Battle of Byeokjegwan with Tachibana Muneshige where they repelled the reinforcement forces of the Ming dynasty.

paragraph: In 1594 there is a letter sent to the commanders of the Mōri forces in Korea. It was addressed to Kobayakawa Takakage from Katō Kiyomasa saying that Hideyoshi wanted to give his nephew Hashiba Hideaki (羽柴秀俊) as an adopted son to the Mōri clan for adoption. Mōri Terumoto was already 40 years old and had no heir. Fearing that this would make the heir to the Mōri clan someone without Mōri blood he adopted Hideaki himself and he became known as Kobayakawa Hideaki.

paragraph: In 1595 Takakage was appointed to the Council of Five Elders by Hideyoshi along with Ukita Hideie, Maeda Toshiie, Uesugi Kagekatsu, and the famous Tokugawa Ieyasu. Then he handed over his estate to his adopted son Kobayakawa Hideaki and retired to Mihara Castle. Hideyoshi gave him a retirement fief of 50,150 "koku". He also built Najima Castle (名島城) in Fukuoka. Takakage died two years later at Mihara Castle on July 26, 1597, and was buried at Beisan Temple (Beisan-ji, 米山寺) in Nuta, Numata.

paragraph: After the death of Takakage the role of the "Mōri's Two Rivers" went to his nephews Kikkawa Hiroie (吉川広家) and Mōri Hidemoto (毛利秀元).

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Mōri Motonari (毛利元就, 1497–1571)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Myōkyū (妙玖, 1499–1546) – daughter of Kikkawa Kunitsune (吉川国経).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adoptive father: Kobayakawa Okikage (小早川興景, 1519–1541)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siblings:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sister: name unknown - died young, taken hostage by the Takahashi clan (高橋氏) and later killed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brother: Mōri Takamoto (毛利隆元, 1523–1563)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sister: Goryū no Tsubone (五龍局, d. 1574) – wife of Shishido Takaie (宍戸隆家).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brother: Kikkawa Motoharu (吉川元春, 1530–1586)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Half-brother: Ninomiya Naritoki (二宮就辰, 1546–1607)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Half-brother: Hoida Motokiyo (穂井田元清, 1551–1597)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Half-brother: Suginomori Motoaki (椙杜元秋, 1552–1585)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Half-brother: Izuha Mototomo (出羽元倶, 1555–1571)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Half-brother: Amano Motomasa (天野元政, 1559–1609)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Half-brother: Suetsugu Motoyasu (末次元康, 1560–1601)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Half-brother: Kobayakawa Hidekane (小早川秀包, 1567–1601)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: Lady Toida, daughter of Kobayakawa Masahira (d. 1619)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adopted Children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kobayakawa Hidekane (1567–1601) (also Takakage's half-brother)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kobayakawa Hideaki (小早川秀秋, 1567–1601)(The nephew of Toyotomi Hideyoshi)

paragraph: Section::::Retainers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hayashi Nagayoshi (林長由, c.1560–?), son of Hayashi Narinaga who served Mōri Motonari. He also served Takakage's adopted sons. Jirōuemon (郎右エ門), Tamba-no-kami (丹波守).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saionji Kinmochi (西園寺公広, 1537–1588), possibly assassinated by Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kono Michinao (河野通直, 1564–1587), possibly assassinated by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Iyo-no-kami (伊予守).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Murakami Kagechika (村上景親, 1558–1610)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Murakami Kagehiro (村上景広, 1554–1627)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Awaya Kagekatsu (粟屋景雄, ?–?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ikuchi Kagemori (生口景守, ?–?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isokane Kagemichi (磯兼景道, ?–?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oka Kagetada (岡景忠, ?–1630)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katsura Kagenobu (桂景信, ?–?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kanehisa Kagekatsu (包久景勝, ?–?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kunishige Kageuji (國貞景氏, ?–?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shimizu Kageharu (清水景治, 1571–1649)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mokake Kagetoshi (裳懸景利, ?–?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Masuda Kageyoshi (益田景祥, 1577–1630)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Teshima Kageshige (手嶋景繁, ?–?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shirai Kagetane (白井景胤, ?–?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jinzai Kagemichi (神西景通, ?–?)

paragraph: Section::::Popular Culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Toshiaki Megumi in the 1997 NHK Taiga drama TV series "Mōri Motonari".

paragraph: BULLET::::- He also appeared in "Gunshi Kanbei" as virtually head of the Mōri clan.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kobayakawa Hideaki

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mōri Motonari

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mōri Terumoto

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kikkawa Motoharu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mihara Castle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mihara Domain

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hayashi Narinaga

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frédéric, Louis (2002). "Japan Encyclopedia". Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

description: samurai

wikidata_label: Kobayakawa Takakage

wikipedia_title: Kobayakawa Takakage


text:
Arabic
Sunni Muslim
ascetic
jurisconsult
traditionalist theologian
religious mystic
jurisprudence
Hanbali
law
Hanbali
school of orthodox Sunni jurisprudence
Shaykh of Islam
Palestine
Jammain
Jerusalem
Damascus
Quran
hadith
Baghdad
Sufi
mysticism
Abdul-Qadir Gilani
Ibn Aqil
hadith
pilgrimage to Mecca
Damascus
Day of Eid al-Fitr
theological creed
Athari
Quran
hadith
Ibn Taymiyyah
heresy
Paradise
Way of the Prophet
Muhammad
personal prayer
Ibn Hanbal
visitation
grave of Muhammad
Medina
Qadiriyya
Sufism
Abdul-Qadir Gilani
Qadiriyya tariqa
Hanbali
Ibn Taymiyyah
Akbari
Ibn Arabi
relics of Muhammad
holy blessings
Abdullah ibn Umar
Quran
hadith
saints
people of the Sunna
Islam
Ahmad bin Hanbal
Hanbali Scholars
Biodata at MuslimScholars.info
Entry from Brill Online

categories: Palestinian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam,Hanbalis,12th-century Muslim scholars of Islam,1147 births,12th-century jurists,Hadith scholars,Atharis,12th-century Arabs,1223 deaths

paragraph: Ibn Qudamah

paragraph: Ibn Qudāmah al-Maqdīsī Muwaffaq al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad (Arabic ابن قدامة, "Ibn Qudāmah"; 1147 - 7 July 1223), often referred to as Ibn Qudamah or Ibn Qudama for short, was a Sunni Muslim ascetic, jurisconsult, traditionalist theologian, and religious mystic. Having authored many important treatises on jurisprudence and religious doctrine, including one of the standard works of Hanbali law, the revered "al-Mug̲h̲nī", Ibn Qudamah is highly regarded in Sunnism for being one of the most notable and influential thinkers of the Hanbali school of orthodox Sunni jurisprudence. Within that school, he is one of the few thinkers to be given the honorific epithet of Shaykh of Islam, which is a prestigious title bestowed by Sunnis on some of the most important thinkers of their tradition. A proponent of the classical Sunni position of the "differences between the scholars being a mercy," Ibn Qudamah is famous for having said: "The consensus of the Imams of jurisprudence is an overwhelming proof and their disagreement is a vast mercy."

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Ibn Qudamah was born in Palestine in Jammain, a town near Jerusalem ("Bayt al-Maqdīs" in the Arabic vernacular, whence his extended name), in 1147 to the revered Hanbali preacher and mystic Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Qudāmah (d. 1162), "a man known for his asceticism" and in whose honor "a mosque was [later] built in Damascus." Having received the first phase of his education in Damascus, where he studied the Quran and the hadith extensively, Ibn Qudamah made his first trip to Baghdad in 1166, in order to study law and Sufi mysticism under the tutelage of the renowned Hanbali mystic and jurist Abdul-Qadir Gilani (d. ca. 1167), who would go onto become one of the most widely venerated saints in all of Sunni Islam. Although Ibn Qudamah's "discipleship was cut short by the latter’s death ... [the] experience [of studying under Abdul-Qadir Gilani] ... had its influence on the young" scholar, "who was to reserve a special place in his heart for mystics and mysticism" for the rest of his life.

paragraph: Ibn Qudamah's first stay in Baghdad lasted four years, during which time he is also said to have written an important work criticizing what he deemed to be the excessive rationalism of Ibn Aqil (d. 1119), entitled "Taḥrīm al-naẓar fī kutub ahl al-kalām" ("The Censure of Rationalistic Theology"). During this sojourn in Baghdad, Ibn Qudamah studied hadith under numerous teachers, including three female hadith masters, namely Khadīja al-Nahrawāniyya (d. 1175), Nafīsa al-Bazzāza (d. 1168), and Shuhda al-Kātiba (d. ca. 1175). In turn, all these various teachers gave Ibn Qudamah the permission to begin teaching the principles of hadith to his own students, including important female disciples such as Zaynab bint al-Wāsiṭī (d. ca. 1240). Ibn Qudamah fought in Saladins Army during the battle to recapture Jerusalem in 1187. He visited Baghdad again in 1189 and 1196, making his pilgrimage to Mecca the previous year in 1195, before finally settling down in Damascus in 1197, Ibn Qudamah died on Saturday, the Day of Eid al-Fitr, on July 7, 1223.

paragraph: Section::::Views.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:God.

paragraph: In theological creed, Ibn Qudamah was one of the primary proponents of the Athari school of Sunni theology, which held that overt theological speculation was spiritually detrimental and supported drawing theology exclusively from the two sources of the Quran and the hadith. Regarding theology, Ibn Qudamah famously said: "We have no need to know the meaning of what God—Exalted is He—intended by His attributes—He is Great and Almighty. No deed is intended by them. No obligation is linked to them except belief in them. Belief in them is possible without knowing their meaning." According to one scholar, it is evident that Ibn Qudamah "completely opposed discussion of theological matters and permitted no more than repeating what was said about God in the data of revelation." In other words, Ibn Qudamah rejected "any attempt to link God’s attributes to the referential world of ordinary human language," which has led some scholars to describe Ibn Qudamah's theology as "unreflective traditionalism," that is to say, as a theological point of view which purposefully avoided any type of speculation or reflection upon the nature of God. Ibn Qudamah's attitude towards theology was challenged by certain later Hanbali thinkers like Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 1328), who broke with this type of "unreflective traditionalism" in order to engage "in [bold and unprecedented] interpretation[s] of the meanings of God’s attributes."

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Heresy.

paragraph: Ibn Qudamah seems to have been a formidable opponent of heresy in Islamic practice, as is evidenced by his famous words: "There is nothing outside of Paradise but hell-fire; there is nothing outside of the truth but error; there is nothing outside of the Way of the Prophet but heretical innovation."

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Intercession.

paragraph: Ibn Qudamah appears to have been a supporter of seeking the intercession of Muhammad in personal prayer, for he approvingly cites the famous prayer attributed to Ibn Hanbal (d. 855): "O God! I am turning to Thee with Thy Prophet, the Prophet of Mercy. O Muhammad! I am turning with you to my Lord for the fulfillment of my need." Ibn Qudama also relates that which al-’Utbiyy narrated concerning one's visitation to the grave of Muhammad in Medina: I was sitting by the grave of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, when a bedouin man ["a‘rābī"] entered and said, “Peace be upon you, oh Messenger of God. I have heard God say [in the Qur’an], ‘Had they come to you [the Prophet] after having done injustice to themselves [sinned] and asked God for forgiveness and [additionally had] the Messenger asked for forgiveness on their behalf, they would have found God to be oft-turning [in repentance] and merciful.’ And I have come to you seeking forgiveness for my sin[s], and seeking your intercession near God.” He [the bedouin man] then said the following poem:"O he who is the greatest of those buried in the grandest land, [Of] those whose scent has made the valley and hills fragrant, May my life be sacrificed for the grave that is your abode, Where chastity, generosity and nobility reside!"Al-’Utbiyy then narrates that he fell asleep and saw the Prophet in a dream and was informed that the bedouin man had indeed been forgiven.After quoting the above event, Ibn Qudamah explicitly recommends that Muslims should use the above prayer when visiting the Prophet. He thus approves of asking the Prophet for his intercession even after his earthly death.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Mysticism.

paragraph: As is attested to by numerous sources, Ibn Qudamah was a devoted mystic and ascetic of the Qadiriyya order of Sufism, and reserved "a special place in his heart for mystics and mysticism" for the entirety of his life. Having inherited the "spiritual mantle" ("k̲h̲irqa") of Abdul-Qadir Gilani prior to the renowned spiritual master's death, Ibn Qudamah was formally invested with the authority to initiate his own disciples into the Qadiriyya tariqa. Ibn Qudamah later passed on the initiatic mantle to his cousin Ibrāhīm b. ʿAbd al-Wāḥid (d. 1217), another important Hanbali jurist, who became one of the primary Qadiriyya spiritual masters of the succeeding generation. According to some classical Sufi chains, another one of Ibn Qudamah's major disciples was his nephew Ibn Abī ʿUmar Qudāmah (d. 1283), who later bestowed the "k̲h̲irqa" upon Ibn Taymiyyah, who, as many recent academic studies have shown, actually appears to have been a devoted follower of the Qadiriyya Sufi order in his own right, despite his criticisms of several of the most widespread, orthodox Sufi practices of his day and, in particular, of the philosophical influence of the Akbari school of Ibn Arabi. Due to Ibn Qudamah's public support for the necessity of Sufism in orthodox Islamic practice, he gained a reputation for being one of "the eminent Sufis" of his era.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Relics.

paragraph: Ibn Qudamah supported using the relics of Muhammad for the deriving of holy blessings, as is evident from his approved citing, in "al-Mug̲h̲nī" 5:468, of the case of Abdullah ibn Umar (d. 693), whom he records as having placed "his hand on the seat of the Prophet's "minbar" ... [and] then [having proceeded to] wipe his face with it." This view was not novel or even unusual in any sense,

paragraph: as Ibn Qudamah would have found established support for the use of relics in the Quran, hadith, and in Ibn Hanbal's well-documented love for the veneration of Muhammad's relics.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Saints.

paragraph: Ibn Qudamah staunchly criticized all who questioned or rejected the existence of saints, the veneration of whom had become an integral part of Sunni piety by the time period and which he "roundly endorsed." As scholars have noted, Hanbali authors of the period were "united in their affirmation of sainthood and saintly miracles," and Ibn Qudamah was no exception. Thus, Ibn Qudamah vehemently criticized what he perceived to be the rationalizing tendencies of Ibn Aqil for his attack against the veneration of saints, saying: "As for the people of the Sunna who follow the traditions and pursue the path of the righteous ancestors, no imperfection taints them, not does any disgrace occur to them. Among them are the learned who practise their knowledge, the saints and the righteous men, the God-fearing and pious, the pure and the good, those who have attained the state of sainthood and the performance of miracles, and those who worship in humility and exert themselves in the study of religious law. It is with their praise that books and registers are adorned. Their annals embellish the congregations and assemblies. Hearts become alive at the mention of their life histories, and happiness ensues from following their footsteps. They are supported by religion; and religion is by them endorsed. Of them the Quran speaks; and the Quran they themselves express. And they are a refuge to men when events afflict them: for kings, and others of lesser rank, seek their visits, regarding their supplications to God as a means of obtaining blessings, and asking them to intercede for them with God."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Islam

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ahmad bin Hanbal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hanbali Scholars

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- H. Laoust, "Le Précis de Droit d’Ibn Qudāma", Beirut 1950

paragraph: BULLET::::- idem., "Le Ḥanbalisme sous le califat de Baghdad," in "REI", xxvii (1959), 125-6

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. Makdisi, "Kitāb at-Tauwābīn “Le Livre des Pénitents” de Muwaffaq ad-Dīn Ibn Qudāma al-Maqdisī", Damascus 1961

paragraph: BULLET::::- idem., "Ibn Qudāma’s censure of speculative theology", London 1962

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biodata at MuslimScholars.info

paragraph: BULLET::::- Entry from Brill Online

alias: Ebû Muhammed Muvaffakuddîn Abdullāh b. Ahmed b. Muhammed b. Kudâme el-Cemmâîlî el-Makdisî

description: Arab scholar

wikidata_label: Ibn Qudamah

wikipedia_title: Ibn Qudamah


text:
Faisal of Saudi Arabia
Prince Musa'id
Saudi Arabia
Rashidi Emir
Rashidi
Al Saud
Wahhabist
Riyadh
national television
immoral to produce images of humans
Abdul Rahman bin Musaid
United States
San Francisco State College
University of California at Berkeley
University of Colorado at Boulder
LSD
Beirut
East Germany
Riyadh University
Israel
Riyadh
majlis
Kuwait
sharia
Central Intelligence Agency
Mossad
An-Nahar
King Saud

categories: Executed royalty,Saudi Arabian assassins,Saudi Arabian people convicted of murder,20th-century executions by Saudi Arabia,1947 births,People executed by Saudi Arabia by decapitation,1975 deaths,Regicides,People convicted of murder by Saudi Arabia,San Francisco State University alumni,1975 in Saudi Arabia,Executed Saudi Arabian people,University of Colorado alumni,Executed assassins,King Saud University faculty

paragraph: Faisal bin Musaid

paragraph: Faisal bin Musaid bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (, ""; 4 April 194418 June 1975) was the assassin, and nephew, of King Faisal of Saudi Arabia.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Faisal was born in 1944. His father was Prince Musa'id, the paternal half brother to six Saudi Arabian kings including King Faisal; his mother was Watfa, a daughter of Muhammad bin Talal, the 12th (and last) Rashidi Emir. His parents divorced. He and his brothers and sisters were much closer to their maternal Rashidi relatives than their paternal Al Saud relatives.

paragraph: In 1966, his older brother Khaled, a Wahhabist, was killed during an assault on a new television station in Riyadh. Wahhabi clerics opposed the establishment of a national television service, as they believed it immoral to produce images of humans. The details of his death are disputed. Some reports allege that he actually died resisting arrest outside his own home. No investigation over his death was ever initiated. Faisal had another brother, Bandar, and a sister, Al Jawhara. Abdul Rahman bin Musaid is his half-brother.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Faisal arrived in the United States in 1966 and attended San Francisco State College for two semesters studying English. Allis Bens, director of the American Language Institute at San Francisco State, said, "He was friendly and polite and very well brought up, it seemed to me." While Faisal was at San Francisco State his brother Khaled was killed. After leaving San Francisco State College, Faisal went to the University of California at Berkeley and then to the University of Colorado at Boulder. He was described by his peers as "[a] quiet, likable, notably unstudious young man". University of Colorado Professor Edward Rozek, who had taught him in three comparative government courses, described him as "academically a D and a C student".

paragraph: In 1969, while in Boulder he was arrested for conspiring to sell LSD. He pleaded guilty and was placed on probation for one year. In May 1970, the district attorney dropped the charges.

paragraph: In 1971 he received a bachelor's degree in political science from the University of Colorado and then returned to the San Francisco Bay area. At the University of California at Berkeley he enrolled in graduate courses in political science, but did not receive a master's degree.

paragraph: Section::::After the United States.

paragraph: After leaving the United States, he went to Beirut. For unknown reasons, he also went to East Germany. When he came back to Saudi Arabia, Saudi authorities seized his passport because of his troubles abroad. He began teaching at Riyadh University and kept in touch with his girlfriend, Christine Surma, who was 26 at the time of the assassination. Surma viewed the Saudi interest "in achieving peace with Israel" as positive outcomes "not available with the previous ruler King Faisal".

paragraph: Section::::Assassination and trial.

paragraph: Section::::Assassination and trial.:Royal Palace shooting.

paragraph: On 25 March 1975, he went to the Royal Palace in Riyadh, where King Faisal was holding a meeting, known as a majlis. He joined a Kuwaiti delegation and lined up to meet the king. The king recognized his nephew and bent his head forward, so that the younger Faisal could kiss the king's head in a sign of respect. The prince took out a revolver from his robe and shot the King twice in the head. His third shot missed and he threw the gun away. King Faisal fell to the floor. Bodyguards with swords and submachine guns arrested the prince. The king was quickly rushed to a hospital but doctors were unable to save him. Saudi television crews captured the entire assassination on camera.

paragraph: Section::::Assassination and trial.:Imprisonment and execution.

paragraph: Initial reports described Faisal bin Musaid as "mentally deranged". He was moved to a Riyadh prison. However, he was later deemed sane to be tried.

paragraph: A sharia court found Faisal guilty of the king's murder on 18 June, and his public execution occurred hours later. His brother Bandar was imprisoned for one year and later released. Cars with loudspeakers drove around Riyadh publicly announcing the verdict and his imminent execution, and crowds gathered in the square. Faisal was led by a soldier to the execution point and was reported to have walked unsteadily. Wearing white robes and blindfolded, Faisal was beheaded with a single sweep of a gold-handled sword.

paragraph: Section::::Assassination and trial.:Motives.

paragraph: Aside from the death of his brother, other motives have been proposed. Beirut newspapers claimed involvement with drugs as a motivation in the assassination. Saudi officials began to state that the prince's actions were deliberate and planned. Rumours suggested that the prince had told his mother about his assassination plans, who in turn told King Faisal who responded that "if it is Allah's will, then it would happen". Arab media implied that the prince had been a tool of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency and Israeli's Mossad.

paragraph: Beirut newspapers offered three different explanations for the attack. "An-Nahar" reported that the attack may have been possible vengeance for the dethroning of King Saud, because Faisal was scheduled to marry Saud's daughter—Princess Sita—in the same week. "An-Nahar" also reported that King Faisal had ignored his repeated complaints that his $3,500 monthly allowance ($15,200/month in 2014 dollars, $182,400/year) was insufficient and this may have prompted the assassination. "Al Bayrak" reported that according to reliable Saudi sources, King Faisal prohibited him from leaving the country because of his excessive consumption of alcohol and other drugs and the attack may have been a retaliation against the ban.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Assassin's Fate and Motives Unknown." "The New York Times" 27 March 1975 : 3.

paragraph: BULLET::::- de Onis, Juan. "Motive Unknown." "The New York Times" 26 March 1975 : 1 & 8.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pace, Eric. "Rumors of a Beheading Draw Crowds in Riyadh." "The New York Times" 5 April 1975 : 3.

alias:
Faisal bin Musaid bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
Faisal bin Musaid bin Abdulaziz

description: Saudi Arabian prince, assassin of King Faisal of Saudi Arabia

wikidata_label: Faisal bin Musaid

wikipedia_title: Faisal bin Musaid