text:
King of Alba
Illulb mac Custantín, King of Alba
Alpínid dynasty
Dublin
Old Norse
Gaelicised
Uí Ímair
Amlaíb Cúarán
Amlaíb mac Gofraid
Alba
Dub mac Maíl Coluim
Cuilén
Cináed mac Maíl Choluim
Illulb mac Custantín, King of Alba
Custantín mac Áeda, King of Alba
Gaelicised
Old English
Eadwulf
Old Norse
epithet
Cuilén
Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
i
Gaelic
Amalgaid
Óláfr
Uí Ímair
Amlaíb Cúarán
Amlaíb mac Gofraid
Alpínid dynasty
Cináed mac Ailpín, King of the Picts
Domnall mac Causantín
Máel Coluim mac Domnaill
Viking
Kingdom of York
kings of Dublin
Alba
Dub
Rhydderch ap Dyfnwal
fl.
Dyfnwal ab Owain, King of Strathclyde
Cináed mac Maíl Choluim
Annals of Tigernach
Prophecy of Berchán
lacuna
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Edgar, King of the English
Chester
Maccus mac Arailt
Gofraid
Islesmen
Anglesey
De primo Saxonum adventu
Lothian

categories: House of Alpin,977 deaths,10th-century Scottish monarchs

paragraph: Amlaíb, King of Scotland

paragraph: Amlaíb mac Illuilb (died 977) was a tenth-century King of Alba. He was one of three sons of Illulb mac Custantín, King of Alba, and a member of Clann Áeda meic Cináeda, a branch of the Alpínid dynasty. Amlaíb's paternal grandfather possessed strong connections with the Scandinavian dynasty of Dublin, and there is evidence to suggest that Illulb and Amlaíb bore names of Old Norse origin. If Amlaíb's name indeed represents a Gaelicised Scandinavian name, it could indicate that his mother was a member of the Uí Ímair, and possibly a granddaughter of Amlaíb Cúarán or Amlaíb mac Gofraid.

paragraph: Following Illulb's death in 962, the kingship of Alba was taken up by Dub mac Maíl Coluim, a member of Clann Custantín meic Cináeda, a rival branch of the Alpínid dynasty. This king soon faced opposition from Amlaíb's brother, Cuilén, before the latter secured the kingship for himself in 966. Cuilén and another son of Illulb were slain in 971, after which the kingship was taken up by Dub's brother, Cináed mac Maíl Choluim. According to Irish sources, the latter slew Amlaíb in 997. The fact that these sources style Amlaíb as a king, and fail to accord a royal title to Cináed, suggests that Amlaíb was successful in seizing the kingship from his rival. Amlaíb's short reign appears to date to 971/976–977.

paragraph: Section::::Parentage and personal names.

paragraph: Amlaíb was one of three sons of Illulb mac Custantín, King of Alba (died 962). Amlaíb's paternal grandfather was Custantín mac Áeda, King of Alba (died 952), a man who possessed strong connections with the Scandinavian dynasty of Dublin. There is evidence to suggest that some of Custantín's descendants bore Scandinavian names. For instance, Illulb's name could be a Gaelicised form of the Old English personal name "Eadwulf", or else a Gaelicised form of the Old Norse personal name "Hildulfr".

paragraph: Evidence of Scandinavian influence on the Scottish court may be a possible epithet accorded to Amlaíb's brother, Cuilén (died 971), by the ninth–twelfth-century "Chronicle of the Kings of Alba". In one instance, this source records Cuilén's name as ""Culenrīg"". The bar above the letter "i" in this word appears to indicate that "rīg" should be expanded to ""ring"". Whilst it is possible that this word represents the Old Norse "hringr", meaning "ring" or "ring-giver", the name may be corrupted from a scribal error, and the word itself might refer to something else.

paragraph: Other possible evidence of Scandinavian influence upon Custantín's family may be Amlaíb's own name. Although his name may represent a 'modernised' form of the Gaelic personal name "Amalgaid", a name often confused with "Amlaíb" in mediaeval sources, the latter name usually represents a Gaelicised form of the Old Norse personal name "Óláfr". In fact, Amlaíb's name could indicate that his mother was a member of a Scandinavian kindred—perhaps the Uí Ímair—and conceivably a descendant of Amlaíb Cúarán (died 980/981) or Amlaíb mac Gofraid (died 941). Certainly, members of Gaelic dynasties were accorded Scandinavian names by the end of the century, just as members of insular Scandinavian dynasties began to bear Gaelic names. If Amlaíb's name is indeed Scandinavian in origin, he would be one of the first figures to bear such a cross-ethnic personal name.

paragraph: Section::::Kin-strife amongst the Alpínids.

paragraph: Amlaíb and his immediate family were members of the ruling Alpínid dynasty, the patrilineal descendants of Cináed mac Ailpín, King of the Picts (died 858). The root of this kindred's remarkable early success laid in its ability to successfully rotate the royal succession amongst its members. For example, Illulb's father—a member of the Clann Áeda meic Cináeda branch of the dynasty—succeeded Domnall mac Causantín (died 900)—a member of the Clann Custantín meic Cináeda branch—and following a remarkable reign of forty years resigned the kingship to this man's son, Máel Coluim mac Domnaill (died 954). Amlaíb's father succeeded to the kingship following Máel Coluim's demise, and ruled as king until his own death in 962. The record of Illulb's fall at the hands of an invading Scandinavian host is the last time Irish and Scottish sources note Viking encroachment into the kingdom. The Scandinavian Kingdom of York had collapsed by the 950s, and the warbands of the kings of Dublin seem to have ceased their overseas adventures during this period as well. Unlike English monarchs who had to endure Viking depredations from the 980s to the 1010s, the kings of Alba were left in relative peace from about the time of Illulb's fall. Free from such outside threats, however, the Alpínids seem to have struggled amongst themselves.

paragraph: There is some uncertainty regarding the succession after Illulb's demise. On one hand, he may well have been succeeded by Máel Coluim's son, Dub (died 966/967). On the other hand, there is reason to suspect that the kingship was temporarily shared by Dub and Cuilén, and that neither man had been strong enough to displace the other in the immediate aftermath of Illulb's passing. Although the Alpínid branches represented by Illulb and Dub seem to have maintained peace throughout Illulb's reign, inter-dynastic conflict clearly erupted in the years that followed. Dub appears to have spent much of his reign contending with Cuilén, Certainly, the two battled each other in 965. Dub was expelled from the kingship in the following year, and is recorded to have been slain in 966/967. Cuilén's undisputed reign seems to have spanned from 966 to 971. As far as surviving sources record, Cuilén's reign appears to have been relatively uneventful. His death in 971 is noted by several sources. According to the "Chronicle of the Kings of Alba", Cuilén and his brother, Eochaid (died 971), were killed by Britons. There is reason to suspect that Cuilén's killer, a certain Rhydderch ap Dyfnwal (fl. 971), was a son of Dyfnwal ab Owain, King of Strathclyde (died 975).

paragraph: Section::::Reign and death.

paragraph: Although the "Chronicle of the Kings of Alba" reports that Dub's brother, Cináed mac Maíl Choluim (died 995), was the next King of Alba, Irish sources—such as royal genealogies, the fourteenth-century "Annals of Tigernach" and the fifteenth–sixteenth-century "Annals of Ulster"—appear to reveal that Amlaíb possessed the kingship before his death at Cináed's hands. Whilst Cináed may well have initially succeeded to the kingship, it seems that Amlaíb was able to mount a successful—if only temporary—bid for the throne. Certainly, the aforesaid annal-entries style Amlaíb a king and accord Cináed a mere patronymic name. Although there is no specific evidence that Amlaíb and Cináed had constantly fought after Cuilén's demise, the "Chronicle of the Kings of Alba" ends its account at about 973, and the twelfth-century "Prophecy of Berchán"—an important source for the hostilities between Dub and Cuilén—suffers from a lacuna in its account of Cináed's reign. One possibility is that the kingship had been shared between Amlaíb and Cináed until the former's elimination.

paragraph: Amlaíb's reign is not attested by any Scottish king-list, and it would appear that his regime was indeed brief, perhaps dating from 971/976–977. In the midst of this interval, the ninth–twelfth-century "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" reveals that Edgar, King of the English (died 975) assembled a massive naval force and met with six kings at Chester in 975. Although later sources corroborate the event, the reliability of the names accorded to the assembled kings is less certain. Two of the named kings appear to be the aforesaid Dyfnwal and Cináed. Considering the fact that the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" numbers the kings at six, if Cináed was indeed present, it is unlikely that Amlaíb was in attendance as well. Although the chronology concerning the reigns of Cináed and Amlaíb is uncertain—with Cináed's reign perhaps dating from 971/977–995—the part played by the particular King of Alba at the assembly could well have concerned the frontier of his realm. One of the other named kings seems to have been Maccus mac Arailt (fl. 974), whilst another could been this man's brother, Gofraid (died 989). These two Islesmen may have been regarded a threats by the Scots and Cumbrians. Maccus and Gofraid are recorded to have devastated Anglesey at the beginning of the decade, which could indicate that Edgar's assembly was undertaken as a means to counter the menace posed by these energetic siblings. In fact, there is evidence to suggest that, as a consequence of the assembly at Chester, the brothers may have turned their attention from the British mainland westwards towards Ireland, and that Gofraid ceased his operations in Wales until the next decade. Whatever the case, within two years both Dyfnwal and Edgar were dead. Contemporary English sources described the period after Edgar's demise as a time of "dissension", "trouble", "sedition", and "most unhappy times". In fact, the upheaval caused by the deaths of these men may well have contributed to Cináed's elimination of Amlaíb.

paragraph: According to the twelfth-century "De primo Saxonum adventu", at some point Edgar granted Lothian to Cináed in return for his recognition of English overlordship. If correct, one possibility is that the transaction dates to the 960s/970s, and was entended to assist Cináed's opposition against Amlaíb. The revolving succession within the Alpínid dynasty reveals that the inter-dynastic struggle between Cuilén and Dub was continued by their respective brothers. As for Cuilén's other brother, Eochaid, this man's death with Cuilén seems to be evidence of his prominent position within the kingdom. The fact that Amlaíb reigned after his brother's death likewise appears to indicate that he too played an important part in Cuilén's regime. One of Cináed's first acts as king was evidently an invasion of the kingdom of the Cumbrians. Although this campaign may well have been a retaliatory response to Cuilén's killing, it may be more likely that Cináed carried out this enterprise in the context of crushing a British affront to Scottish authority rather than as a means of avenging the death of his kinsman. In any event, Cináed's invasion ended in defeat, a fact which coupled with Cuilén's killing reveals that the Kingdom of Strathclyde was indeed a power to be reckoned with.

alias:
Amblaih mac Idulb
Amlaíb mac Iduilb
Amlaíb mac Illuilb
Amalgaid
Amblaih
Anlaf
Olaf
Ólafr
Óláfr mac Castantín
Amlaib
Amlaib mac Iduilb
Amlaib mac Illuilb
Olafr
Olafr mac Castantin

description: King of Alba

wikidata_label: Amlaíb

wikipedia_title: Amlaíb, King of Scotland


text:
Russia
Jew
Rostov-on-Don
Moscow Conservatory
Gnessin State Musical College
Rostov Technical Institute
St. Petersburg Conservatory
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
Alexander Glazunov
Anatoly Lyadov
strike
Revolution of 1905
Lazare Saminsky
Society for Jewish Folk Music
Socialist
Shelley
Prometheus Unbound
Stasov
Berlin
Paris
Vsevolod Meyerhold
Igor Stravinsky
Revolution of 1917
Communist Party
Aram Khachaturian
Tikhon Khrennikov

categories: Jewish classical composers,Russian Futurist composers,1957 deaths,Russian male classical composers,Pupils of Anatoly Lyadov,Pupils of Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov,1883 births,Gnessin State Musical College faculty,Russian opera composers,People from Rostov-on-Don,Male opera composers

image: 512px-Могила_композитора_Михаила_Гнесина.JPG

paragraph: Mikhail Gnessin

paragraph: Mikhail Fabianovich Gnessin (; sometimes transcribed "Gnesin"; 2 February [O.S. 21 January] 18835 May 1957) was a Russian Jewish composer and teacher. Gnessin's works "The Maccabeans" and "The Youth of Abraham" earned him the nickname the "Jewish Glinka".

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Gnessin was born in Rostov-on-Don, Russia, the son of Rabbi Fabian Osipovich Gnessin and Bella Isaevna Fletzinger. Each of the Gnessin children appears to have possessed musical talent, and Gnessin's three elder sisters, Evgenia, Elena and Maria, all graduated with distinction from the Moscow Conservatory. His sisters went on to found the Gnessin State Musical College (now the Gnessin Russian Academy of Music), an elite music school in Moscow in 1895.

paragraph: Gnessin studied from 1892 to 1899 at the Rostov Technical Institute. In 1901, he entered the St. Petersburg Conservatory where he studied under Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Alexander Glazunov and Anatoly Lyadov. In 1905 he was expelled for taking part in a student strike during the Revolution of 1905. He was reinstated the following year. In 1908 his early work "Vrubel" won the Glinka Prize. That same year he helped found, along with Lazare Saminsky and others, the Society for Jewish Folk Music. During this period Gnessin continued to take part in Socialist activities, teaching music to factory workers at workmen's clubs.

paragraph: Among Gnessin's other early works was a 'symphonic fragment' (his Op. 4), based on Shelley's poem "Prometheus Unbound". But much of his work at this time, and in the future, was associated with Jewish traditional musical styles which had become increasingly popular in Russia prior to 1914.

paragraph: Just prior to the Revolution, Jewish music and musicians in Russia were experiencing a nationalist boom. Figures such as Rimsky-Korsakov and Stasov were actively encouraging the establishment of such a school...both Tsarist and Soviet authorities were not too happy about this development, and gave grudging permission for the folk side of Jewish culture to be established, rather than an openly Jewish nationalist compositional movement. Paradoxically, the number of Jewish performers within Russian culture was huge, and included many world-famous names.

paragraph: In 1911, Gnessin traveled abroad, studying in Berlin and Paris. He then spent a year (1912-1913) studying at Vsevolod Meyerhold's studio in St. Petersburg. In 1913, Meyerhold opened a small theatrical school known as Dr. Dapertutto's Studio. In return for a nominal fee students were provided classes in theatre history, "commedia dell'arte", Scenic Movement, and practical music and speech. The latter class was taught by Gnessin.

paragraph: Actors in Dr Dapertutto's Studio in St Petersburg learned 'musicality', and the voice and speech work was incorporated into a course called 'The Musical Interpretation of Drama', taught by the composer Mikhail Gnessin. Gnessin included in his classes simple and complex forms of choral speech and plenty of singing, and indeed he analysed speech as song, so that actors often sang longer speeches for an exercise.

paragraph: Later that year Gnessin returned to Rostov, where he continued to teach. He remained there until 1923.

paragraph: Igor Stravinsky, who knew Gnessin prior to the Revolution of 1917, described him years later:

paragraph: Gnessin himself was a striking character. He dressed as an Orthodox Hebrew, but at the same time was identified with radically anti-sectarian political and social views. I once sent him a note, after we had dined together, saying that I was delighted by our "sympathetic understanding." He answered me in a surprised and slightly shocked tone saying that he was sorry but I had been mistaken; he had felt no such sympathy. That was typical of Gnessin and, I suppose, it explains why I remember him.

paragraph: Section::::After the Revolution.

paragraph: After the Revolution, Gnessin and his music, initially, fared quite well. Traditional Jewish art, including music, flourished during this period, and a Jewish nationalist school of music was encouraged by the new Soviet government. Gnessin produced several works during this period, among them: "Songs from the Old Country" ( 1919); "The Maccabees" (1921); "The Youth of Abraham" (1922); "Song of Songs" (1922); "The Jewish Orchestra at the Ball of the Town Bailiff" (1926); "Red-Headed Motele" (1926-1929); "Ten Jewish Songs" (1927).

paragraph: Pursuing his interest in traditional Jewish music, Gnessin traveled to Palestine in 1914, and again, in 1921. During the latter visit he "secluded himself for a few months in the wild mountain scenery of Bab al Wad," where he composed the first act of his opera "The Youth of Abraham." He briefly considered emigrating to Palestine, but became "disenchanted" and returned to the Soviet Union.

paragraph: Author and music critic David Ewen wrote, in "Composers Today":

paragraph: There is fire and madness in this music; the rhythms rush in every direction, like winds in a hurricane. But there is a shimmering background to all this chaos; a poignant voice in all this outburst. One hears in this music the strange pathos of the Hebrews. The same pathos with which Isiah warned his beloved race of a pending and inevitable doom, the same pathos with which Israel thinks about its long exile in unfriendly countries - that same pathos is to be found in Gnessin's operas.

paragraph: His teaching career also flourished. From 1923 to 1935 Gnessin taught at the Gnessin Institute; he was simultaneously employed as Professor of Composition at the Moscow Conservatory from 1925 to 1936. In 1945 Gnessin became head of the Gnessin Institute.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: Gnessin, like many artists of Jewish descent, faced increasing discrimination in the 1930s.

paragraph: The position of Jews in the Soviet Union has always been a difficult one in that, unlike other ethnic minorities, Jewish culture has never received official backing, except in the 1920s...For example, the five volume "History of Music of the Peoples of the USSR" gives information on very small ethnic minorities, while the Jews, number around three million, are ignored. After the late 1930s, mention of Jewish music disappears from Soviet reference books altogether. It is significant that the 1932 edition of the "Great Soviet Encyclopedia" devoted eight-two pages to Jews; the 1952 edition has one page (devoted to Jews)! In the bibliography to that meager article is a classic anti-Semitic text from Germany.

paragraph: Gnessin was forced to abandon both his "progressive tendencies" and his interest in music with "an overtly Jewish theme". His teaching career also suffered. While he would retain his position as titular head of the Gnessin Institute until his death, in the late 1940s, Gnessin's sister, Elena, was compelled by Communist Party stalwarts to dismiss him from his teaching duties.

paragraph: Apart from the Conservatoire, other educational institutions incurred repressions; as a consequence of the anti-cosmopolitanism campaign, the Gnessin Music Institute received commands and notices from higher bodies to fire various members of staff, the most distinguished being the composer and teacher Mikhail Gnessin. Yelena Fabianovna Gnessina felt how differently her relations changed with the Committee of Arts. She discovered the intimidating reports and slanderous letters given against her and Mikhail Fabianovich. Sadly, there was no other course but to release her brother from his teaching duties so as to avoid a worse fate.

paragraph: Gnessin's teaching career, and the discriminatory politics of his era, also meant that his compositions were less prolific after 1935.

paragraph: Gnessin counted Aram Khachaturian and Russian composer Tikhon Khrennikov among his pupils.

paragraph: He died in Moscow on 2 February 1957.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "O prirode muzikal'novo iskusstva i o russkoy muzyke." Muzykal'nyy Sovremennik, 3 ( 1915):5.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cherkesskie pesni." Narodnoe tvorchestvo, 12 ( 1937).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Muzykal'nyy fol'klor i rabota kompozitora." Muzyka, 20 ( 1937).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nachal'nyy kurs prakticheskoy" kompozitsii. Moscow, 1941/ 1962.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maximilian Shteynberg." SovMuz, 12 ( 1946):29.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "O russkom epicheskom simfonizme." SovMuz, 6 ( 1948):44; 3 ( 1949):50; 1 (1950):78.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mysli i vospominaniya o N. A. Rimskom-Korsakove." Moscow, 1956.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Autobiography", in R. Glazer, M. P Gnessin (Moscow, 1961 (Russ.)), Hebrew trans. in Tatzlil, 2 (1961).

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Compositions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.1. Quartre pieces (Bal'mont, Zhukovsky, Galinoy) pour chant et piano

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.3. 2 Songs (Pushkin) for voice and piano

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.4. Prometheus Unbound. Symphonic Fragment after Shelley (1908)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.5. Bal'mont songs for voice and piano

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.6. Ruth. Dramatic Song for voice and orchestra (1909)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Balagan (Blok) for voice and piano/orchestra (some sources give as Op.6 ( 1909)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.7. Sonata-Ballade for cello and piano (1909)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.8. Vrubel' (Bryusov). Symphonic Dithyramb for orchestra and voice (1911)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.9. Compositions for voice and piano

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.10. Dedications (Ivanov, Bal'mont and Sologub) for voice and piano (1912-1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iz pesen' moevo deda for violin and piano (1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.11. Requiem for piano quintet (1912-1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.12. The Conqueror Worm, after Poe for voice and orchestra (1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.13. Antigone ( Sophocles, trans. Merezhkovskiy). Incidental music for musical declamatory reading of the monologues and choruses (1912-1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Nigun for Shike Fyfer for violin and piano (1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.14. The Rose and the Cross (Blok). Incidental music (1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.15. The Rose Garden (Ivanov) for voice and piano

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.16. Blok cycle for voice and piano

paragraph: BULLET::::- Variations on a Jewish Theme for string quartet (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.17. The Phoenician Women (Euripides, trans. Annenskiy). Incidental music (1912-1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.18. From Shelley (Shelley, trans. Bal'mont) for musical declamation and piano

paragraph: BULLET::::- Net, ne budi zmeyu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Song of Beatrice from the tragedy "The Cenci"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.19. Oedipus Rex (Sophocles, trans. Merezhkovskiy). Incidental music for musical declamation of the choruses (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.20. Songs of Adonis (after Shelley) for orchestra (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.22. Sologub cycle for voice and piano

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.24. Variations on a Hebrew Theme for string quartet (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Funeral Dances for orchestra (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.26. Sapphic Strophes for voice and piano

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.28. Pesnya stranstvuyushchevo ritsarya for string quartet and harp (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.30. Songs of the Old Country. Symphonic Fantasy (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.32. Hebraic Songs for voice and piano

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.33. Hebraic Songs for voice and piano

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Maccabeans. Opera (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.34. Pesnya stranstvuyeshchevo rytsarya for cello and piano (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.34. Hebrew folk song for cello and piano

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.36. Abraham's Youth. Opera (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zvezdnye sny (stage work) (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.37. Hebrew Songs for voice and piano (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.38. Hebrew Song for voice and piano

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.39. Examples of Musical Reading (Declamation and piano)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.40. 1905-1917 (Esenin). Symphonic monument for voices, chorus, and orchestra (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.41. The Inspector-General (Gogol). Incidental music (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evreiskiy orkestr na balu u Gorodnichevo for orchestra (some sources give Op.41) (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.42. Hebraic Songs for voice and piano

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.43. Sonata for violin and piano (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.44. The Story of Red-Headed Mottele (Utkin) for voice and piano (1926-1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.45. Azerbaidzhan Folk songs for string quartet (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.48. Adygeya for violin, viola, cello, clarinet, horn, and piano (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.50. V Germanii (Svetlov) for chorus and orchestra (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.51. 2 Songs of Laura (Pushkin) for voice and piano

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.53. Songs of Adygeya for piano duet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.55. Amangeldy (Djambul). Heroic Song (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.57. Elegiya-pastoral for piano trio (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cantata to the Red Army (1942-1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op.59. Suita for violin and piano (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op. 63 Piano Trio (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Op. 64 Piano Quartet (Sonata-Fantasia) for piano, violin, viola, and cello (1947)

description: Russian Jewish composer and teacher

wikidata_label: Mikhail Gnesin

wikipedia_title: Mikhail Gnessin


text:
Nubian
Kandake
Kushitic Kingdom
Meroë
Nubia
Natakamani
Gebel Barkal
Sudan
UNESCO
Nile
Atbara
Meroitic
Amanitaraqide
Napata
Sudan
Shendi
Naqa
Kandake
Kush
suicide
pyramid
Bible
Acts
Amun
Naqa
Amara
Nubian pyramids
Ancient Egypt
4X
Civilization VI
Firaxis Games

categories: 1st-century women rulers,1st-century BC women rulers,Year of birth unknown,Queens of Kush,1st-century monarchs in Africa,Women rulers in Africa

paragraph: Amanitore

paragraph: Amanitore (c. 50 CE) was a Nubian Kandake, or queen regnant, of the ancient Kushitic Kingdom of Meroë, which also is referred to as Nubia in many ancient sources. Alternative spellings include Candace and Kentake. In Egyptian hieroglyphics the throne name of Amanitore reads as "Merkare". Many Kandakes are described as warrior-queens who led forces in battle.

paragraph: Kandake Amanitore is often mentioned as co-regent with Natakamani although the evidence does not show whether she was his wife or mother.

paragraph: Her royal palace was at Gebel Barkal in modern-day Sudan, which now is a UNESCO heritage site. The area of her rule was between the Nile and the Atbara rivers.

paragraph: She was part of the Meroitic historical period and her reign began in 1 BCE. The rule of her successor, Amanitaraqide, was complete by 50 CE.

paragraph: Amanitore is mentioned in a number of texts as a ruler. These include the temple at the Nubian capital of Napata in present-day Sudan, in a temple in Meroë near Shendi, again in Sudan, and at the Naqa Lion Temple. Images of Natakamani frequently include an image of Amanitore; however, it could be that Amanitore was his mother rather than his wife. A Kandake was a powerful position in the hierarchy of Kush. The mothers would rule and create their sons as rulers, but they also deposed their own sons too. In fact, a Kandake could order the king to commit suicide to end his rule, an order that he was required to follow.

paragraph: Amanitore is buried in her own pyramid in Meroë. The tomb is approximately six metres square at its base, and not a pyramid in the mathematical sense.

paragraph: Some sources say otherwise, but she is said to be mentioned in the Bible in the story about the conversion of the Ethiopian in "Acts" 8:26–40:

paragraph: Amanitore was among the last great Kush builders. She was involved in restoring the large temple for Amun at Meroë and the Amun temple at Napata after it was demolished by the Romans. Reservoirs for the retention of water also were constructed at Meroë during her reign. The two rulers also built Amun temples at Naqa and Amara.

paragraph: The quantity of building that was completed during the middle part of the first century indicates that this was the most prosperous time in Meroitic history. More than two hundred Nubian pyramids were built, most plundered in ancient times.

paragraph: Her country was immediately south of what was Ancient Egypt and shared its language in surviving texts. Other aspects of the culture differ significantly, but are not well known and others seem to have influenced the Ancient Egyptian culture—including religious influences. It was a wealthy country, having large resources of gold, and exported jewelry, exotic animals, and textiles.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amanitore leads the Nubian civilization in the 2016 4X video game "Civilization VI" developed by Firaxis Games.

description: queen of the ancient Kushitic Kingdom of Meroë or Nubia

wikidata_label: Amanitore

wikipedia_title: Amanitore


text:
Vihti
Lohja
Finnish
Social Democrats
Rafael Paasio
minister of labor

categories: Members of the Parliament of Finland (1962–66),Members of the Parliament of Finland (1975–79),Social Democratic Party of Finland politicians,People from Vihti,Members of the Parliament of Finland (1954–58),2005 deaths,People from Uusimaa Province (Grand Duchy of Finland),Members of the Parliament of Finland (1970–72),Members of the Parliament of Finland (1972–75),1911 births,Deputy Prime Ministers of Finland,Members of the Parliament of Finland (1951–54),Members of the Parliament of Finland (1958–62),Speakers of the Parliament of Finland,Members of the Parliament of Finland (1966–70),Ministers of Labour of Finland

paragraph: Veikko Helle

paragraph: Veikko Kullervo Helle (11 December 1911, in Vihti – 5 February 2005, in Lohja) was a Finnish politician representing the Social Democrats.

paragraph: Helle was originally a carpenter by trade and followed his father into municipal politics and later into the parliament. He was elected in the 1936 municipal elections and he served as a member of parliament from 1951 to 1983. He was four times a minister between 1970 and 1983 and the speaker of the parliament from 1976 to 1977. Helle run in the elections for SDP chairman in 1963, losing the post to Rafael Paasio. In the inner party politics he was represented the right-wing of SDP.

paragraph: He served as the minister of labor on four occasions between 1970 and 1983.

paragraph: Helle was a member of the Vihti municipal council for 51 years from 1936 to 1987, and was the chairman of the council 1958–1976.

description: Finnish politician

wikidata_label: Veikko Helle

wikipedia_title: Veikko Helle


text:
Venezuelan
rally
Stig Blomqvist
Bodega Otazu
Daventry
World Rally Championship
Rally of Great Britain
Mitsubishi Lancer EVO
Škoda Octavia WRC
Subaru Impreza
Rallybase stat page
Rallye-info stat page
Bodega Otazu website
David Sutton Rally Car Museum

categories: World Rally Championship co-drivers,1953 births,Living people,Venezuelan rally co-drivers

paragraph: Ana Goñi

paragraph: Ana Goñi (born 19 April 1953) is a Venezuelan rally co-driver and motorsport personality. She is best known as the co-driver of Swedish rally legend Stig Blomqvist. Aside from her motorsport interests, Goñi is the owner of Spanish vineyard Bodega Otazu. Being an avid collector of classic rally cars, she has an impressive collection on display to the public at the "David Sutton Rally Car Museum" in Daventry, England.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Goñi's first World Rally Championship event was the 1999 Rally of Great Britain, sitting alongside Mike Corns in a Mitsubishi Lancer EVO where they finished in 49th place.

paragraph: In 2000, Goñi partnered Stig Blomqvist in a Mitsubishi, again in the Rally Great Britain. After a good run, they retired from the event with suspension damage. WRC season 2001 saw the pair compete in 12 rounds of the "World Rally Championship for production cars", ending the season in a creditable 5th place in a Mitsubishi. The pair stayed loyal to the Japanese marque until 2003, when, after a brief foray with a Škoda Octavia WRC, they opted for a "David Sutton Motorsport" prepared Subaru Impreza.

paragraph: The pair retired from the WRC in 2006 although they still make sporadic appearances and often compete together in classic rally events.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rallybase stat page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rallye-info stat page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bodega Otazu website

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Sutton Rally Car Museum

description: Venezuelan rally co-driver

wikidata_label: Ana Goñi

wikipedia_title: Ana Goñi


text:
athlete
women's pentathlon
1972 Summer Olympics

categories: Sportspeople from Forst (Lausitz),1952 births,Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics,German pentathletes,Olympic athletes of East Germany,Living people

paragraph: Monika Peikert

paragraph: Monika Peikert (born 26 March 1952) is a German athlete. She competed in the women's pentathlon at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

wikidata_label: Monika Peikert

wikipedia_title: Monika Peikert


text: Z-Boys

text: Venice, California

text: Shaun Thompson

text: Body Glove

text: Quiksilver

text: Channel Island Surfboards

text: Dogtown and Z-Boys

text: Heath Ledger

text: Lords of Dogtown

text: C.R. Stecyk III

text: Glen E. Friedman

categories: Sportspeople from Santa Monica, California,1958 births,American surfers,Sportspeople from Los Angeles,People from Venice, Los Angeles,American skateboarders

paragraph: Allen Sarlo

paragraph: Allen Sarlo (born January 9, 1958) is an American surfer, most prominently known as one of the original members of the Z-Boys surf and skateboarding team. Surfing Magazine recognized Sarlo as the first to "kill" a wave. The aggressive and slashing style of surfing he pioneered during 1970's earned him the nickname "Wave Killer". He is considered by many "The King of Malibu".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Allen grew up in a part of Venice, California known to locals as "Dogtown". His father was a lifeguard. Allen began surfing at the age of 5 and by 13, he had won his first competition, the boys' division of an amateur event in El Segundo, CA. At 14, he was surfing the infamous "Cove" at the POP pier in Venice. In 1974, at age 16 Allen took first place at the Malibu 4-A contest. Allen's progressive surfing style was ahead of its time and challenged the old-school style of surfing, with strong and aggressive wave maneuvers. That same year Allen won the West Coast Junior Championships. By 1977 Allen was sporting the media given nickname "Wave Killer" and surfing around the world.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1977, he joined the professional international circuit after taking first place in the West Coast Junior Championships. In his first event in South Africa, he finished in a tie for 15th place, Shaun Thompson would go on to take first. In 2000, Sarlo placed 5th in the Quicksilver's World Masters, held in Hossegor, France. He won the Malibu International in both 2008 and 2009.

paragraph: Sarlo has been sponsored by Body Glove, Quiksilver, Channel Island Surfboards, Jeff Ho Surfboards and Zephyr Productions.

paragraph: By the 1980s Allen had finished surfing the Pro-Tour and went into a career in real estate.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1986, he married his high-school sweetheart, Deborah. Their daughter was born in 1989 and son in 1993.

paragraph: Allen continues surfing Malibu and the big waves of Hawaii to this day. He is also an expert kite surfer.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Sarlo is featured in the 2001 award-winning documentary "Dogtown and Z-Boys". The film documents his adolescence as part of the Zephyr and his athletically intense surfing style.

paragraph: In June 1990, the cover of Surfing Magazine shocked the surfing community with a photo of Allen doing a bottom turn on a 20+ ft wave. Until that cover came out, big wave surfing was all about taking the drop and getting out alive. He performed stunt work for Heath Ledger in the 2005 Lords of Dogtown film.

paragraph: He made featured appearances in the surf films "Wave Warriors" and "Following the Lotus".

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "DOGTOWN – The Legend of the Z-Boys", C.R. Stecyk III & Glen E. Friedman, Burning Flags Press, 2000,

description: American skateboarder / surfer

wikidata_label: Allen Sarlo

wikipedia_title: Allen Sarlo


text:
Netherlands
Annemasse
Haute Savoie
World War I
bronchitis
Gertrude Stein
Jacques Lipchitz
Nice
Morocco
Waldemar George
Paul Dermée
lithography
Rimbaud
Victoria and Albert Museum
Venice Biennale
Cincinnati
Saxel
Thursy
Musée d'Art et d'Histoire (Geneva)
Bibliothèque Nationale
Gertrude Stein
Pierre Bertin
Pierre Berès
Victoria and Albert Museum
The Redfern Gallery
Musée d'Art et d'Histoire
Museum Boymans Van Beuningen
Annemasse
British Museum
Frans Hals Museum
Groninger Museum
Salon des Indépendants
Salon d'Automne
Venice Biennale
Rimbaud
Edgar Poe
gouaches
Groninger Museum
List of French artists

categories: 1956 deaths,19th-century French painters,French male painters,French lithographers,1892 births,20th-century French printmakers,20th-century French painters

paragraph: Louis Favre (painter)

paragraph: Louis Favre (15 September 1892 – 17 April 1956) was a French painter, print maker, writer and inventor who spent most of his life in France and the Netherlands.

paragraph: He is known internationally for his labor-intensive technique. His works achieved great popularity, particularly in the Netherlands.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Favre was born in Annemasse (Haute Savoie) in Maison Grillet on the Place d'Eglise. He moved to Paris in 1912. He started as an industrial designer, but soon devoted himself entirely to painting. He had no formal training and was completely self-taught.

paragraph: As a soldier during World War I, he often stood in the trenches, which gave him chronic bronchitis.

paragraph: Back in Paris in 1919, he met Gertrude Stein. She bought several of his paintings. His connection with her increased his popularity in the United States. Favre later met the sculptor Jacques Lipchitz, whose friendship significantly impacted his artistic development.

paragraph: In 1924 he worked with an American friend in Vence, near Nice. On 5 May, he married Louise Henriette Turpin in Puteaux. The following year he worked in Cahors at the invitation of the French Minister De Monzie.

paragraph: In 1926, after years of experimentation, Favre discovered the techniques of the ancient Egyptians of working with wax paint.

paragraph: With the support of the French government, Favre made his first trip to Morocco in 1927. He held his first major exhibition in Gallery 'Au Sacre de printemps' in Paris, where he was noticed by French art critic Waldemar George. He joined prominent literacy circles, where his talent was recognized by Paul Dermée and Céline Arnaud.

paragraph: Favre made his second trip to Africa in 1929, where he worked in Algiers.

paragraph: In 1930 Favre made inventions in the field of radio engineering.

paragraph: Throughout his life he wrote novellas, Chinese fairy tales, and radio-plays. He also wrote a novel for which he got the Prix de Lugdunum. Furthermore, he painted around Annecy and Geneva. He built a house in Saxel with his Dutch friend and painter Louis Bos.

paragraph: After the beginning of the Second World War he fled to Lyon and began studying color lithography. He had an exhibition in Lyon in 1947.

paragraph: In 1946, Favre decided to give up painting and devote himself entirely to lithography. Sometimes he used 13 blocks for a lithograph. His first lithograph—Les Joueurs—appeared in eight colors on the—Exposition Gravures Francaises Contemporaines—in Berlin.

paragraph: He also had an exhibition in Vienna that year. Both exhibitions were a success and the lithograph was almost instantly sold out. His wife died in Saxel in June.

paragraph: Favre worked in The Hague, the Netherlands, in 1947 for the publisher Stols and illustrated 'Une saison en enfer' by Rimbaud.

paragraph: In 1948 he had an exposition in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. Mouton & Co (The Haque) offered him a contract to make limited edition lithographs and to illustrate stories by Poe.

paragraph: He married Anna Cornelia Bosma on 13 July 1949 in The Hague. He had a studio in Paris, Rue de La Tour- d'Auvergne 44, where he worked half of the year. The rest of the year he lived on the Van Hogendorpstraat 103 in The Hague. He stayed in London that year.

paragraph: In 1951 his colour lithography was shown at an exhibition in Gallery Redfern in New York. In 1954 he represented France at het Venice Biennale and took part in the Third International Biennal of Contemporary Color Lithography in Cincinnati, where he also took part in 1956. He had an exhibition in Milan.

paragraph: In 1955 Favre became seriously ill and went to his friend Lucien Archimard in Geneva. Later he moved to Saxel. As his illness worsened, he went to Rouret, near Nice, where he made scale models for the Church windows of Thursy.

paragraph: Favre died in Annemasse on 17 April 1956.

paragraph: Section::::Works in public collection.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum of Newark (USA)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palais de la Residence Générale du Maroc/Rabat

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum of Cincinnati (USA)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée d'Art et d'Histoire (Geneva)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum of Montivideo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum of Helsinki

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum Victoria and Albert (London)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cabinet des Estampes (Boston)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliothèque Nationale (Paris)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum de la Ville (Paris)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collection Cone (Baltimore)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collection Vallotion (Lausanne)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collection Gertrude Stein (New York)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collection Lucien Archinard (Geneva)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collection Pierre Bertin (Paris)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collection Pierre Berès (Paris)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Groninger Museum (Groningen, the Netherlands)

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exposition 'Le Sacre du Printemps' (Paris 1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exposition in Lyon (1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victoria and Albert Museum (London 1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Redfern Gallery(New York 1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée d'Art et d'Histoire (Geneva 1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exposition Museum Boymans Van Beuningen (Rotterdam, the Netherlands 1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cercle d'Echanges Artistiques Internationaux (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exposition Milan (1954), Museum Gouda (the Netherlands 1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gallery Sagot - Le Garrec (Paris 1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Expoisiton in Nantes (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exposition Ville Annemasse (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée des Beaux Arts (Poitiers)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exposition British Museum (London)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galerie d'Art Contemporaine (Paris)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frans Hals Museum (Haarlem, the Netherlands)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Groninger Museum (Groningen, the Netherlands 2005)

paragraph: Section::::Salons.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salon des Indépendants

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salon d'Automne (Paris 1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biennal of Cincinnati (1954 and 1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Venice Biennale (1954)

paragraph: Section::::Lithographs.

paragraph: The lithographs of Favre are documented in the book "Contemporary Art, Masters of the Print". Groninger Museum possesses all his lithographs and a number of paintings. His paintings are less well documented.

paragraph: Favre made 44 large lithographs. He usually made 45 to 55 copies of about 25,6 x 19.7 inches.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1946 Les Joueurs; Femme en Vert; Grenades; Masque

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1947 La Pianiste; Christ I; Duo; Spleen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1949 Arlequin; La Fenetre; L'Oiseau

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1950 Nu; La Table; La Printemps Hollandais; Grand Spleen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1951 Baladins; Tete de Femme; Clown Bleu; Christ II; La Pendule

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1952 La Vetrail; Bal Musette; Été; Été (variante air bleu); Femme Assise; Africaine

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1953 Recontre; Trinite Atomique; Danse; Sirene I; Sirene II; Cirque I; Cirque II; Cirque III

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1954 Christ en Croix; Piéta; Les deux Arlequins + Variant A; Creation d'Arlequin; Joie; Procession; Le nuit de Noël; Meditation; Saint Francois d'Assise.

paragraph: Section::::Illustrator.

paragraph: Favre illustrated books and a calendar:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1948 Une Saison en enfer, Arthur Rimbaud

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1949 Calendrier 'Mouton & Co"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1949 La Corbeau, Edgar Poe

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1950 La Nove de lépave

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In 1993 Favre's widow donated more than 90 lithographs, drawings, gouaches, wax-paintings and illustrated books to Groninger Museum. She had kept them after her husband's death, according to his wishes.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of French artists

description: French painter

wikidata_label: Louis Favre

wikipedia_title: Louis Favre (painter)


text:
Olbia
31st Venice International Film Festival
Dove volano i corvi d'argento

categories: People from Olbia,2015 deaths,20th-century Italian people,Italian male writers,Italian film directors,Italian screenwriters,1925 births,Italian male screenwriters,Deaths from cancer in Italy

paragraph: Piero Livi

paragraph: Piero Livi (1 April 1925 – 2 September 2015) was an Italian director and screenwriter.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Born in Olbia, Livi was among the founders of a film society in his hometown, and was organizer and artistic director of eighteen editions of the International Festival of Olbia, from 1957 to 1974. He started his career in 1957, with the short film "Marco dal mare". He made his feature film debut in 1969, with the neorealistic drama "Pelle di bandito", loosely based on real life events of the Sardinian bandit Graziano Mesina, which was screened out of competition at the 31st Venice International Film Festival. He was also a director of dubbing.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Marco del mare" (short film, 1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Visitazione" (short film, 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il faro" (short film, 1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Una storia sarda" (medium length film, 1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I 60 di Berchiddeddu" (short film, 1965), co-directed with Aldo Serio

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il cerchio del silenzio" (short film, 1966), co-directed with Aldo Serio

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pelle di bandito" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dove volano i corvi d'argento" (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sos laribiancos - I dimenticati" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maria sì" (2005)

description: Italian film director and screenwriter

wikidata_label: Piero Livi

wikipedia_title: Piero Livi


text:
mathematician
University of Pisa
Mantua
University of Pavia
Gregorio Fontana
algebra
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Gabrio Piola
Vincenzo Brunacci
Giovanni Santini
Antonio Bordoni
Florence
Società Italiana dei Quaranta
calculus

categories: 1839 deaths,18th-century Italian people,1759 births

paragraph: Pietro Paoli

paragraph: Pietro Paoli (March 2, 1759 – February 21, 1839) was an Italian mathematician.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Paoli studied in the Jesuit college of his birthplace. In 1774 he went to University of Pisa to study Law. In Pisa he graduated in 1778, but he was more interested in physical and mathematical issues.

paragraph: In 1780 he became professor in the High School of Mantua and in 1782 he was appointed professor in the University of Pavia, where he learned mathematics from Gregorio Fontana.

paragraph: In 1784 Paoli was appointed to the chair of algebra in the University of Pisa, where he was until 1814. In the meantime he was appointed, also, "Regio Consultore Idraulico" of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. During his docent period he had as students some important scientists: Gabrio Piola, Vincenzo Brunacci, Pietro Franchini, Giuliano Frullani, Giovanni Santini or Antonio Bordoni.

paragraph: In 1814 he became "Auditor" (Governor) of the University of Pisa and was in charge of the redaction of the new rules of the university.

paragraph: From 1816 he lived in Florence because he was named secretary of education of the Grand Duchy. Besides this function, he was named president of the commission in charge of drafting the new cadastre of Tuscany.

paragraph: He was member of the "Società Italiana dei Quaranta" from his foundation (1782) and of other Italian scientific academies.

paragraph: Paoli worked mainly in calculus and his applications to optics and mechanics. In spite of his duties, there are only two works on hydraulics. His main work was "Elementi di Algebra" in two volumes (1794) which was widely distributed in Italy for many years.

description: Italian mathematician

wikidata_label: Pietro Paoli

wikipedia_title: Pietro Paoli


text: Chōkei

text: Kusunoki Masanori

text: Imagawa Sadayo

text: En'yū

text: Muromachi palace

text: Shiba Yoshimasa

text: Kanrei

text: Kusunoki Masanori

text: Kameyama

text: Koga

text: Mino

text: Ashikaga Ujimitsu

text: Go-Komatsu

text: Ashikaga Yoshimochi

text: Ōuchi Yoshihiro

text: Ashikaga Mitsukane

text: Yongle Emperor

text: Kyoto

text: Ashikaga shogunate

text: Muromachi shogunate

text: Northern

text: Southern Court

text: Go-Kameyama

text: Imperial Regalia

text: Emperor Go-Komatsu

text: Nanboku-chō

text: daimyō

text: Ashikaga Yoshimochi

text: Noh

text: Zeami Motokiyo

text: Rokuon-ji

text: Kinkaku-ji

text: Ashikaga Yoshiakira

text: Ashikaga Yoshimochi

text: Ashikaga Yoshinori

text: era name

text: nengō

text: Shōhei

text: Kentoku

text: Bunchū

text: Tenju

text: Kōwa

text: Genchū

text: Ōan

text: Eiwa

text: Kōryaku

text: Eitoku

text: Shitoku

text: Kakei

text: Kōō

text: Meitoku

text: Meitoku

text: Ōei

text: Ackroyd, Joyce I.

text: OCLC 7574544

text: OCLC 462186835

text: "Temple Treasures of Japan".

text: OCLC 535337

text: Titsingh, Isaac.

text: Nihon Ōdai Ichiran

text: "Annales des empereurs du Japon".

text: OCLC 585069

text: Turnbull

text: OCLC 60834971

text: Federal Research Division

text: Library of Congress

categories: 1408 deaths,Bisexual royalty,Ashikaga shōguns,14th-century Japanese people,1358 births,Rinzai Buddhists,Shudo,15th-century Japanese people,14th-century shōguns,Ashikaga clan

paragraph: Ashikaga Yoshimitsu

paragraph: Section::::Timeline.

paragraph: Significant events shape the period during which Yoshimitsu was "shōgun":

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1368 – Yoshimitsu appointed "shōgun"; Chōkei ascends southern throne.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1369 – Kusunoki Masanori defects to Ashikaga.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1370 – Imagawa Sadayo sent to subdue Kyushu.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1371 – Attempts to arrange truce.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1373–1406 – Embassies between China and Japan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1374 – En'yū ascends northern throne.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1378 – Yoshimitsu builds the Muromachi palace in Kyoto's elite district of Kamigyo, on the site of the former residence of the nobleman Saionji Sanekane.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1379 – Shiba Yoshimasa becomes "Kanrei".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1380 – Kusunoki Masanori rejoins Kameyama; southern army suffers reverses.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1382 – Go-Komatsu ascends northern throne; resurgence of southern army.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1383 – Yoshimitsu's honors; Go-Kameyama ascends southern throne.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1385 – Southern army defeated at Koga.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1387–1389 – Dissension in Toki family in Mino.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1389 – Yoshimitsu pacifies Kyūshū and distributes lands; Yoshimitsu opposed by Kamakura "kanrei" Ashikaga Ujimitsu.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1390 – Kusunoki defeated; Yamana Ujikiyo chastises Tokinaga.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1391 – Yamana Ujikyo attacks Kyoto – Meitoku War.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1392 – Northern and Southern courts reconciled under Go-Komatsu.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1394 – Yoshimitsu officially cedes his position to his son; Ashikaga Yoshimochi appointed "shōgun".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1396 – Imagawa Sadayo dismissed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1397 – Uprising in Kyūshū suppressed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1398 – Muromachi administration organized.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1399 – Ōuchi Yoshihiro and Ashikaga Mitsukane rebel – Ōei War.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1402 – Uprising in Mutsu suppressed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1404 – Yoshimitsu is recognized as "Nippon Koku-Ō" (King of Japan) by Yongle Emperor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1408 – Yoshimitsu dies.

paragraph: Section::::Muromachi.

paragraph: Yoshimitsu constructed his residential headquarters along Muromachi Road in the northern part of Kyoto in 1378. As a result, in Japanese, the Ashikaga shogunate and the corresponding time period are often referred to as the Muromachi shogunate and Muromachi period.

paragraph: Yoshimitsu resolved the rift between the Northern and Southern Courts in 1392, when he persuaded Go-Kameyama of the Southern Court to hand over the Imperial Regalia to Emperor Go-Komatsu of the Northern Court. Yoshimitsu's greatest political achievement was that he managed to bring about the end to "Nanboku-chō" fighting. This event had the effect of firmly establishing the authority of the Muromachi shogunate and suppressing the power of the regional age "daimyōs" who might challenge that central authority.

paragraph: Concordant with increased communication between the Muromachi Shogunate and the Ming Dynasty in modern day China, during this period Japan received a significant influx of Ming influence to its economic system, architecture, philosophy and religion, and writing.

paragraph: Although Yoshimitsu retired in 1394 and his son was confirmed as the fourth "shōgun" Ashikaga Yoshimochi, the old "shōgun" did not abandon any of his powers. Yoshimitsu continued to maintain authority over the shogunate until his death.

paragraph: Yoshimitsu also played a major role in the genesis of Noh theatre, as the patron and lover of Zeami Motokiyo, the actor considered to be Noh's founder, whom Yoshimitsu encouraged to give a loftier treatment to his art.

paragraph: Yoshimitsu died suddenly in 1408 at age 50. After his death, his retirement villa (near Kyoto) became Rokuon-ji, which today is famous for its three-storied, gold-leaf covered reliquary known as "Kinkaku". So famous is this single structure, in fact, that the entire temple itself is often identified as the Kinkaku-ji, the Temple of the Golden Pavilion. A statue of Yoshimitsu is found there today.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Ashikaga Yoshiakira

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Kino Yoshiko (1336–1413) (among others)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: Hino Nariko (1351–1405)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concubines:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ichijo no Tsubone

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hino Yasuko (1369–1419)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fujiwara no Yoshiko (1358–1399)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kaga no Tsubone (d. 1422)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kasuga no Tsubone

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nefu'in (1370–1421)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fujiwara no Kyoko (1369–1406)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fujiwara no Tomoko (d. 1426)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keijun'in

paragraph: BULLET::::- Takahashi-dono (d. 1429)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ikegami-dono (d. 1426)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- a daughter by Nariko

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ashikaga Yoshimochi by Yoshiko

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ashikaga Yoshinori by Yoshiko

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ashikaga Yoshitsugu (1394–1418) by Kasuga

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daijiin Seishou (1395–1433) by Nefu'in

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gisho (1406–1467) by Tomoko

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irie Juzen (1397–1415) by Yoshiko

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sonman by Kaga

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hodo (1385–1387) by Kaga

paragraph: BULLET::::- a boy (1394–1436) by Kyoko

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daijin'in Sei (1396–1453) by Kyoko

paragraph: BULLET::::- a daughter married Rokkaku Mitsutsuna

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kaji Yoshiaki (1406–1467) by Tomoko

paragraph: BULLET::::- Koshoin by Keijun'in

paragraph: BULLET::::- a daughter by Ikegami

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kozan Eiryu (1403–1442) by Ikegami

paragraph: Section::::Eras of Yoshimitsu's "bakufu".

paragraph: The years in which Yoshimitsu was "shōgun" are more specifically identified by more than one era name or "nengō".

paragraph: "Nanboku-chō" southern court

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eras as reckoned by legitimate Court (as determined by Meiji rescript):

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shōhei" (1346–1370)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kentoku" (1370–1372)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bunchū" (1372–1375)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tenju" (1375–1381)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kōwa" (1381–1384)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Genchū" (1384–1393)

paragraph: "Nanboku-chō" northern court

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eras as reckoned by pretender Court (as determined by Meiji rescript):

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ōan" (1368–1375)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eiwa" (1375–1379)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kōryaku" (1379–1381)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eitoku" (1381–1384)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shitoku" (1384–1387)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kakei" (1387–1389)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kōō" (1389–1390)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meitoku" (1390–1393)‡

paragraph: "Post-Nanboku-chō" reunified court

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eras merged as "Meitoku" 3 replaced "Genchū" 9 as Go-Kameyama abdicated.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meitoku" (1393–1384)‡

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ōei" (1394–1428)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ackroyd, Joyce I. (1982) "Lessons from History: the Tokushi Yoron". Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. ; OCLC 7574544

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morton, W. Scott and J. Kenneth Olenik. (1973). "Japan: Its History and Culture". Newton Abbot, Devon: David & Charles. ; OCLC 462186835

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pier, Garrett Chatfield. (1914). "Temple Treasures of Japan". New York: Frederick Fairchild Sherman. OCLC 535337

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stavros, Matthew, and Norika Kurioka. "Imperial Progress to the Muromachi Palace, 1381 A Study and Annotated Translation of Sakayuku Hana". "Japan Review" 28 (2015): 3–46. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43684115

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stavros, Matthew (December 2017). "Monuments and Mandalas in Medieval Kyoto: Reading Buddhist Kingship in the Urban Plan of Ashikaga Yoshimitsu". "Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies". 77: 321–361

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). "Nihon Ōdai Ichiran"; ou, "Annales des empereurs du Japon". Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 585069

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turnbull, Stephen. (2005). "Samurai Commanders". Oxford: Osprey Press. ; ; OCLC 60834971

paragraph: BULLET::::- Worden, Robert L. (1994). "Kamakura and Muromachi Periods, 1185–1573; Economic and Cultural Developments", "A Country Study: Japan". Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.

alias:
Ashikaga Shōgun Yoshimitsu
Shōgun Yoshimitsu
Yoshimitsu

description: 3rd shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate

wikidata_label: Ashikaga Yoshimitsu

wikipedia_title: Ashikaga Yoshimitsu


text:
Argentine Revolution of 1893
San Martín, Buenos Aires
English
Entre Ríos
Bautismos 1834-1860
Argentina, National Census, 1895
El general Smith (Caras y Caretas)

categories: 1845 births,Argentine Army officers,Argentine generals,Argentine people of English descent,Argentine people of Irish descent,1940 deaths,Argentine people of Spanish descent,People from Buenos Aires

paragraph: Carlos Smith (Argentine officer)

paragraph: Carlos Smith (1845-1913) was an Argentine military man who served as Chief of the Army General Staff of the Argentine Republic. He took part in various military conflicts, including his active participation against the civil uprisings in the Argentine Revolution of 1893.

paragraph: He was born in San Martín, Buenos Aires, the son of Francisco Smith and Clara Gabiola, belonging to a family of English and Creole roots. He was married to Juliana Legesen, born in Entre Ríos, daughter of Bernardo Legesen and Sinforosa de los Santos.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bautismos 1834-1860

paragraph: BULLET::::- Argentina, National Census, 1895

paragraph: BULLET::::- El general Smith (Caras y Caretas)

wikidata_label: Carlos Smith

wikipedia_title: Carlos Smith (Argentine officer)


text:
Vermont's
Ithaca, New York
Notre Dame
Asobi Seksu
Peter Gabriel
Celine Dion
Hall and Oates
R. Kelly
Cornell University
NCAA
Ryan Hall
World Series of Poker
Phi Kappa Psi
Irving Literary Society.

categories: American male middle-distance runners,1986 births,Living people,Cornell University alumni

paragraph: Bruce Hyde (musician)

paragraph: Bruce Hyde (born 1986) of Waitsfield in Vermont's Mad River Valley and Ithaca, New York is an American former champion runner, competitive in the 1500m/Mile and other events. He is an artist and musician with the rock and roll band" LOFTS".

paragraph: Section::::Music career.

paragraph: Since 2010 LOFTS has been Hyde's solo project. The band released a series of 3 EP's over a 4-month period in 2013. Currently, the band is on hiatus.

paragraph: A multi-instrument artist, Hyde was the vocalist and lyricist for Blow!. His musical partner was Notre Dame alumnus and arranger, Johnny Zachman. Blow!’s debut extended play record (EP) "Overrated" was mixed by David Peters at the Belfry Studio in Syracuse and at the Malgamar Studio House in Los Angeles and released on January 19, 2010. Blow! has performed with Nate & Kate, Driftwood, Revision, Asobi Seksu, Electric Tickle Machine and Evolve.

paragraph: Formed from the open microphone jam sessions at Ithaca, New York’s The Nines, "Blow!" developed a strong local following in central New York, Rochester and Brooklyn prior to signing its first publishing contract with Fish Group Music and recording a single with New York City producer Jimmy Bralower who has also produced Peter Gabriel, Celine Dion, Hall and Oates and R. Kelly.

paragraph: A music critic has described Hyde’s work as singing while "elongating the vowels and stretching the words like syrup over lush strings and layered harmonies ... If Hyde's vocal approach is decidedly retro, he at times sounds like a natural 60s soul singer that might appear on a Stax Record, Blow! is decidedly modern, a cross between Andrew Bird and the best of popular indie rock." Hyde began his transition from competitive intercollegiate athletics to music with Bruce Hyde and the Midnight Run (BHMR), house band for the Royal Palm Tavern in Ithaca, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Athletic competition.

paragraph: In secondary school competition, Bruce Hyde was a 4:20 miler. As a team member for Cornell University Track & Field Team, he achieved a 4:00 equivalent and fourth-place showing at the 2004 USA Indoor Meet with an 8:03 and then a 3:42. He won the Heptagonal title, the NCAA Regional title, and All-American honors at the NCAAs, where he finished just behind Ryan Hall.

paragraph: After 2004, Bruce Hyde took a hiatus from competitive running. Early in 2006, comeback rumors circulated. The official comeback did occur in 2008, when Hyde ran a 3:55.76 full mile at the Cornell Opener in late March. In fact, it was later revealed in 2008 that a puckish Hyde had, indeed, staged a covert comeback in 2006. He ran under the pseudonym Bruce Denton. Hyde ran 2:00.71. The 2008 effort was complicated. Track statisticians debated whether it should count as an Ivy League record. At issue was whether the fact that Hyde was in his 8th year at Cornell should disqualify his standing. Shifting focus later that year, Hyde entered the World Series of Poker.

paragraph: Section::::Associations.

paragraph: Hyde joined the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity at Cornell University, and through that organization, the Irving Literary Society.

description: American distance runner and musician

wikidata_label: Bruce Hyde

wikipedia_title: Bruce Hyde (musician)


text:
Kingdom of Hawaii
Liverpool, England
Hawaiian Islands
Big Five
Theo H. Davies & Co.
Waimea
island of Hawaiʻi
Kohala district
legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom
sugarcane
plantations in Hawaii
native Hawaiian
John Palmer Parker
Parker Ranch
Kohala Mountain
Mākua Valley
Oʻahu island
Honolulu
Samuel Parker
Hawaii County
Home Rule Party of Hawaii
Democratic Party of Hawaii
Jack London
Charmian London
Lincoln Loy McCandless
Princess Elizabeth Kahanu
Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole
Territory of Hawaii
Oahu Cemetery

categories: Home Rule Party of Hawaii politicians,Native Hawaiian politicians,1872 births,20th-century American politicians,Ranchers from Hawaii,Members of the Hawaii Territorial Legislature,People from Hawaii County, Hawaii,1930 deaths

paragraph: James Frank Woods

paragraph: James Frank Woods (June 27, 1872 – June 4, 1930) was a major landowner during the Kingdom of Hawaii who was related to royalty and many civil leaders.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: His father was James Woods, who was born in Liverpool, England in 1845, and came to the Hawaiian Islands in 1860 to work for Janion & Green (later the "Big Five" firm Theo H. Davies & Co.), which had been based in England.

paragraph: In 1866 his father moved to the cattle-ranching area known as Waimea where he worked to import improved cattle breeds to replace the wild cattle that had previously roamed the island of Hawaiʻi.

paragraph: He served in a number of government posts in the Kohala district including a term in the legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom, and eventually became part owner of several sugarcane plantations in Hawaii and cattle ranches.

paragraph: On March 22. 1868 his father married his mother Mary Ann Kaulalani Parker (1851–1909), three-quarters native Hawaiian granddaughter of John Palmer Parker (1790–1868), founder of Parker Ranch. James Frank Woods was born June 27, 1872, and generally went by the name Frank Woods.

paragraph: He had seven siblings, five sisters two brothers.

paragraph: When his father died in December 1883, the Kohala and Puʻuhue ranches passed to brothers Samuel Parker Woods (1877–1937) and Palmer Parker Woods (1872–1923).

paragraph: In 1895 Woods bought Kahuā ranch from John Maguire, at about elevation at .

paragraph: He also leased much of the surrounding land and started his own cattle business. He tried to convert some of the land into a sugarcane plantation, but his attempts to divert the nearby Kehna Ditch irrigation canal to his dry lands on the leeward side of Kohala Mountain were thwarted.

paragraph: He leased the Mākua Valley (on the western coast of Oʻahu island, ) to fatten his cattle on their way to the market in Honolulu. The land is now the Mākua Military Reservation.

paragraph: Woods married his cousin Eva Kalanikauleleaiwi Parker, second daughter of Samuel Parker.

paragraph: He was the first vice-chairman of the board of supervisors for Hawaii County when it was organized.

paragraph: After losing several elections in the Home Rule Party of Hawaii, he won in 1913 for a single term in the Territorial Senate as a member of the Democratic Party of Hawaii.

paragraph: Woods entertained Jack London and Charmian London when they visited.

paragraph: A small cottage built for the Woods family is preserved as a museum in the Manua Lani resort.

paragraph: Eva died December 3, 1922.

paragraph: By 1928, after a dispute with neighboring ranchers and politically powerful Lincoln Loy McCandless, he was forced to sell Kahuā to Ronald von Holt and Atherton Richards, whose families still own it and offer historic tours.

paragraph: In 1928 he married Princess Elizabeth Kahanu, the widow of Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole who had been delegate to US Congress from the Territory of Hawaii.

paragraph: He died in June 1930 and was buried in Oahu Cemetery.

paragraph: He second wife died in 1932 and was buried next to him.

description: Hawaiian politician

wikidata_label: James Frank Woods

wikipedia_title: James Frank Woods


text:
Iberia
Kartli
Pharnavazid dynasty
Roman emperor
Hadrian
Cyril Toumanoff
Classical
diarchs
Amazasp I
Ghadana
Vologases III of Parthia
Armenia
Iranian
Pharasmanes I of Iberia
Mithridates of Armenia
Roman
Iranian
Georgian royal annals
Hadrian
Augustan History
Alans
war elephant
Antoninus Pius
Cassius Dio
Antoninus Pius
Capitol
temple of Bellona
Pharasmanes III
Fasti Ostienses
Georgian royal annals
chef
Parthians

categories: Deaths by poisoning,Assassinated heads of state,2nd-century monarchs in Asia,Pharnavazid kings of Iberia,Assassinated royalty

paragraph: Pharasmanes II of Iberia

paragraph: Pharasmanes II the Valiant or the Brave () was a king of Iberia (Kartli) from the Pharnavazid dynasty, contemporary of the Roman emperor Hadrian (r. 117–138). Professor Cyril Toumanoff suggests AD 116–132 as the years of Pharasmanes’ reign. He features in several Classical accounts.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The medieval Georgian annals report Pharasmanes' joint rule with Pharasmanes Avaz, diarchs (one source has the extra pair: Rok and Mihrdat), but several modern scholars consider the Iberian diarchy unlikely as it is not corroborated by the contemporary evidence. Pharasmanes is reported to have been the son of his predecessor, King Amazasp I. He is said to have married Ghadana, daughter of King Vologases III of Parthia who ruled in Armenia. According to the medieval "Life of Kings", the traditional friendship of the two dyarchs soured at the instigation of the Iranian wife of Mihrdat. Toumanoff regards this information a back-projection of the historically recorded enmity of Pharasmanes I of Iberia and his brother Mithridates of Armenia. The chronicle then continues a story of an Armenian-Roman alliance and their invasion of the Iranian-backed Iberia in which Pharasmanes finds his death.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: The "Georgian royal annals" describe Pharasmanes in the following way:

paragraph: The contemporary Classical authors, with more solid historical background, focus on Pharasmanes’ uneasy relations with Rome. He refused in 129 to come and pay homage to the emperor Hadrian.

paragraph: According to the Aelius Spartianus, one of the authors of Augustan History:

paragraph: Pharasmanes then went touring the East, and prompted the Alans to attack the neighboring Roman provinces by giving them a passage through his realm, even though the emperor had sent him greater gifts including a war elephant, than to any other king of the East. In his pique, Hadrian dressed some 300 criminals in the gold-embroidered cloaks which were part of the return gift of Pharasmanes, and sent them into the arena.

paragraph: According to Spartianus:

paragraph: Eventually, the ancient sources report a highly honored visit paid by Pharasmanes to Hadrian’s successor Antoninus Pius. According to Cassius Dio, he came to Rome as guest of Antoninus Pius, together with his wife, son, and noble retinue where he was especially honored, being allowed to sacrifice in the Capitol and to have his equestrian statue in the temple of Bellona, and also the emperor increased the territory of his kingdom. This Pharasmanes, however, might have been Pharasmanes III, Pharasmanes II’s possible grandson. This visit was recorded on a fragment of the Fasti Ostienses.

paragraph: According to the "Georgian royal annals" King Pharasmanes was poisoned by the chef sent by the Parthians.

wikidata_label: Pharasmanes II of Iberia

wikipedia_title: Pharasmanes II of Iberia


text: American

text: pastor

text: Southern Baptist Convention

text: Eldorado

text: Jackson County

text: Oklahoma

text: Texline

text: Dallam County

text: Texas Panhandle

text: Baylor University

text: Waco

text: Texas

text: Pecan Grove

text: Fort Bend County

text: Ph.D.

text: Southern Baptist Theological Seminary

text: Louisville

text: Kentucky

text: Mount Washington

text: Bullitt County

text: Oakland

text: Warren County

text: Bowling Green

text: Chickasha

text: Grady County

text: Muskogee

text: Western Kentucky University

text: Ralph Carmichael

text: George Washington Truett

text: First Baptist Church

text: Dallas

text: Billy Graham

text: megachurch

text: crisis pregnancy center

text: convention

text: Criswell College

text: KCBI

text: First Baptist Academy

text: Rick Warren

text: California Baptist College

text: Jack Tar Hotel

text: San Francisco

text: Saddleback Church

text: California

text: The Purpose Driven Church

text: W. A. Criswell Sermon Library

text: Southern Baptist Convention

text: Roman Catholic

text: conservative

text: evangelical

text: Biblical inerrancy

text: eternal security

text: Jesus Christ

text: salvation

text: dispensational

text: Postmillennialism

text: Premillennialism

text: rapture

text: tribulation

text: Armageddon

text: racial segregation

text: Brown v. Board of Education

text: de jure

text: South Carolina

text: South Carolina legislature

text: National Council of Churches

text: Citizens' Council

text: baccalaureate address

text: curse of Ham

text: Republican

text: U.S. President

text: Gerald R. Ford, Jr.

text: Episcopalian

text: Democratic

text: Georgia

text: Governor

text: Jimmy Carter

text: electoral votes

text: Ronald W. Reagan

text: George Herbert Walker Bush

text: Roe v. Wade

text: The W. A. Criswell Sermon Library

text: About W. A. from W. A. Criswell.com

text: BP New Release and Tribute upon Criswell's Death

text: Criswell College

categories: American university and college presidents,Activists from Texas,People from Jackson County, Oklahoma,Religious leaders from Louisville, Kentucky,Southern Baptist Convention presidents,Southern Baptists,Old Right (United States),People from Chickasha, Oklahoma,Baptists from Oklahoma,New Right (United States),Writers from Muskogee, Oklahoma,People from Dallas,2002 deaths,People from Warren County, Kentucky,People from Dallam County, Texas,American non-fiction writers,Southern Baptist Theological Seminary alumni,1909 births,Texas Republicans,Critics of the Catholic Church,People from Bullitt County, Kentucky,Southern Baptist ministers,American anti-abortion activists

paragraph: W. A. Criswell

paragraph: Wallie Amos Criswell (December 19, 1909 – January 10, 2002), was an American pastor, author, and a two-term elected president of the Southern Baptist Convention from 1968 to 1970. His election in 1968 is regarded as the beginning of the fundamentalist take over of the SBC. Supporters have memorialized him as one of the 20th century's greatest expository preachers, though Criswell was highly controversial during his lifetime and regarded as a divisive figure among American Christians.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Criswell was born in Eldorado in Jackson County in southwestern Oklahoma to Wallie Amos and Anna Currie Criswell. It was not uncommon at the time for boys to be named with initials, and he was simply called "W. A.". In later years when a full name was required for his passport Criswell supplied his father's first and middle names. Criswell grew up in Texline in Dallam County, the most northwesterly community in the Texas Panhandle, where his cowboy-barber father moved the family in 1915.

paragraph: At age ten, young W. A. professed faith in Christ at a revival meeting led by the evangelist Reverend John Hicks. Two years later Criswell publicly committed his life to the gospel ministry. Criswell was licensed to preach at the age of seventeen and soon thereafter held part-time pastorates at Devil's Bend and Pulltight, Texas. While attending Baylor University in Waco, Texas, from 1928 to 1931 he ministered in Marlow, White Mound, and Pecan Grove, the latter in Fort Bend County, Texas. During his graduate and post-graduate years, including a Ph.D. at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville, Kentucky, Criswell was the pastor of Baptist churches in Mount Washington in Bullitt County near Louisville and Oakland in Warren County near Bowling Green, Kentucky. After completing his degrees, Criswell in 1937 accepted the pastorate of the First Baptist Church of Chickasha in Grady County in central Oklahoma. In 1941, he moved to First Baptist Church of Muskogee in eastern Oklahoma. In 1935, Criswell married the former Bessie Marie "Betty" Harris (1913-2006), the pianist of the Mount Washington church and an education graduate of Western Kentucky University in Bowling Green. Their daughter, Mabel Ann, spelled Mabel Anne on her tomb, was born in Chickasha in 1939. Divorced with two sons, Mabel Ann possessed an exceptional operatic voice and recorded three albums of sacred music in the late 1960s and early 1970s, two with the Ralph Carmichael orchestra. She died in 2002, some six months after her father's passing.

paragraph: Section::::First Baptist Church of Dallas.

paragraph: In 1944 Criswell was called to replace George Washington Truett as the pastor of the First Baptist Church in Dallas. He would spend the remainder of his life at First Baptist, preaching more than four thousand sermons from its pulpit. During his tenure membership grew from 7,800 to 26,000, with weekly Sunday School attendance in excess of 5,000. The church expanded to multiple buildings covering five blocks in downtown Dallas, eventually becoming the largest Southern Baptist church in the world. The popular evangelist Billy Graham joined the church in 1953, became a close friend of the Criswell family, and remained a member of the Dallas congregation for 55 years.

paragraph: Criswell was an early pioneer of the modern megachurch phenomenon and introduced a number of innovations at First Baptist Dallas that became a model for growing churches all over the country. By the early 1950s he had hired professionally trained educational directors for each age group of the church, organized a sophisticated multi-level Sunday School program, added a full-time business manager to the staff, and broadened the church into a youth and family life center featuring a bowling alley, skating rink, and gymnasium with a track and basketball court. He greatly expanded the church's long-standing Silent Friends ministry, creating for the deaf their own Sunday School, Training Union, Vacation Bible School, and summer camp ministries. His vigorous outreach efforts to the community included sponsoring thirty-seven inner city missions, a crisis pregnancy center, the Good Shepherd and Dallas Life Foundation ministries for the homeless and disadvantaged, Spanish-language chapels, and extensive television and radio ministries. Church services were locally televised as early as January 1951 and eventually were carried on stations nationwide.

paragraph: Criswell's accomplishments include helping to engineer the conservative resurgence of the Southern Baptist convention, a transition which began in the late 1970s. He was awarded eight honorary doctorates in addition to his earned postgraduate degree. He published fifty-four books, including an annotated "Criswell Study Bible" (in later editions the "Believers Study Bible" and "Holy Bible, Baptist Study Edition", Thomas Nelson Publishers), and founded both Criswell College with its radio station KCBI, and First Baptist Academy.

paragraph: On Thanksgiving Sunday evening 1990 First Baptist unanimously called Joel C. Gregory as pastor, following the unanimous recommendation of the pastor search committee and the deacons. Gregory served as Pastor while Criswell took the title "Senior Pastor." September 30, 1992 Gregory resigned on Wednesday night indicating that the intended succession of Criswell had not taken place. Gregory subsequently wrote "Too Great a Temptation" (Summit Group, 1994) as an explanation of his resignation. He subsequently became Professor of Preaching at George W. Truett Theological Seminary of Baylor University.

paragraph: In 1993 First Baptist called O. S. Hawkins as pastor and Criswell entered semi-retirement as pastor emeritus. He continued to preach at conferences, First Baptist's annual pre-Easter series, Sunday school and college lectures, and occasional Sunday morning messages for the remainder of the decade.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Criswell died quietly at the home of longtime friend Jack Pogue on January 10, 2002, at the age of 92.

paragraph: His death made national headlines, and as a farewell honor the city of Dallas closed off the U.S.-75 North Central Expressway for the celebrated pastor's funeral cortege.

paragraph: Well-known pastor and author Rick Warren recounts his call to full-time ministry as a 19-year-old student at California Baptist College, when in November 1973 he and a friend skipped classes and drove 350 miles to hear Criswell preach at the Jack Tar Hotel in San Francisco. Warren stood in line to shake hands with Criswell afterwards.

paragraph: Warren went on to found the Saddleback Church in California, one of the most recognized and influential churches in the country, with weekly attendance in excess of 20,000. In his book, "The Purpose Driven Church", Warren referred to Criswell as the "greatest American pastor of the twentieth century."

paragraph: Audio recordings of Criswell's preaching began in December 1953, and over 4000 of his expository sermons are available free of charge in audio, video, and searchable transcript form at the W. A. Criswell Sermon Library website, the largest such collection by a single pastor in the world. It is sponsored and maintained by the non-profit W. A. Criswell Foundation which also supports Criswell College.

paragraph: Section::::Southern Baptist Convention presidency.

paragraph: Dr. Criswell served two times as president of the Southern Baptist Convention, the largest non-Roman Catholic denomination in the United States, with some 16 million members. During the twenty years that followed he was perhaps the most popular preacher at evangelism and pastors' conferences in America, and also preached extensively in mission fields worldwide.

paragraph: Section::::Theology.

paragraph: Criswell's theology is best described as conservative and evangelical. He believed in Biblical inerrancy, the eternal security of the believer, and Jesus Christ as the authority of spiritual truth and the sole path to salvation of sinful mankind.

paragraph: Criswell's theology and ethics reflected the era in which he lived. Unlike his predecessor, George W. Truett at First Baptist Church of Dallas, Criswell preached dispensational premillennialism from the pulpit. Truett had reflected a postmillennial approach to eschatological questions, whereas Criswell drew upon the theology of C.I. Scofield. A comparison of the beliefs of Truett and Criswell illustrates how American conservative Christianity changed sociologically during the 20th century. Postmillennialism, popular around the start of the 20th century, expressed an optimistic expectation for the social transformation of this world by Christ in the present day through the missionary work of his Church; but the two World Wars dealt this view a near-fatal blow. Premillennialism offered a more pragmatic view of the limited scope of possible social reform, looking ahead to the rapture in which Christians are removed from the world before the end-time judgments of the tribulation and Armageddon, after which Christ himself returns to transform the world and establish his kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Theology.:Segregation.

paragraph: Criswell's preaching also reflected his opposition to racial equality. Criswell was highly critical of the Supreme Court's decision about racial segregation in "Brown v. Board of Education" and of federal intervention against de jure southern segregation. In February 1956 he called desegration "idiocy" in an address in Dallas. Later that year he made an address denouncing forced integration to a South Carolina evangelism conference, and a day later to the South Carolina legislature. In it, he was particularly critical of the National Council of Churches and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, calling on his co-religionists to resist these "two-by scathing, good-for-nothing fellows who are trying to upset all of the things that we love as good old Southern people and as good old Southern Baptists" and referring to the intimidation of "those East Texans ... [such] that they dare not pronounce the word "chigger" any longer. It has to be "cheegro"." Criswell's address was printed and widely distributed in the south, especially by White Citizens' Councils. As a result of it, the South Carolina legislature passed a resolution calling on the federal government to put the NAACP on its subversion list and ban its members from public employment. Two years later, Criswell chose as the theme of his baccalaureate address to the graduating class of 1958 at W. W. Samuell High School the curse of Ham, which he argued justified segregation. He appeared to continue holding the view that some segment of the human population still bore this taint in his notes to in "The Criswell Study Bible" in 1979, stating that the "degradation ... of Ham will not be without influence on Canaan and his descendants."

paragraph: Taken aback by negative reactions to his remarks in the press, Criswell did not publicly address the issue again for over a decade, claiming he was "a pastor, not a politician." However, upon his 1968 election as president of the Southern Baptist Convention and the SBC's endorsement of racial equality and desegregation, Criswell announced to the press, "Every Southern Baptist in the land should support the spirit of that statement. We Southern Baptists have definitely turned away from racism, from segregation, from anything and everything that speaks of a separation of people in the body of Christ." Criswell's first sermon after his election as SBC president in 1968 was titled "The Church of the Open Door," emphasizing that his church already had many non-white members and was open to all regardless of race. He asserted publicly, "I don't think that segregation could have been or was at any time intelligently, seriously supported by the Bible. Criswell never explained his public reversal on the subject of the supposed biblical support for segregation. As late as 1984, Criswell told a reporter that he still opposed full school integration. “My soul and attitude may not have changed, but my public statements did,” he said.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.

paragraph: Criswell sometimes got involved in political campaigns. In 1960, he published an article attacking the appropriateness of Roman Catholics to serve as president, titled "Religious Freedom, the Church, the State, and Senator Kennedy." The address, the text of which is available from the Kennedy Library archives, stoked the concern of some Protestants preceding the presidential election, to which Senator Kennedy responded in a speech on religious freedom and the separation of church and state. In 1976, Criswell urged from the pulpit the election of the Republican U.S. President Gerald R. Ford, Jr., an Episcopalian, rather than the Southern Baptist Democratic nominee, former Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter. These were in violation of federal law, which prohibits tax-exempt churches from engaging in electoral political campaigns. Carter did however win the electoral votes of Texas, the last Democrat to have done so. In the 1980s, Criswell supported Republican presidential nominees Ronald W. Reagan and George Herbert Walker Bush, again in violation of federal law.

paragraph: Questioned in 1973 about the Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade Criswell replied, "I have always felt that it was only after a child was born and had a life separate from its mother that it became an individual person, and it has always, therefore, seemed to me that what is best for the mother and for the future should be allowed."

paragraph: Criswell later changed his position on abortion and became a staunch opponent of the procedure. As with segregation, Criswell never explained his reversal on the question of abortion.

paragraph: Section::::Quotes.

paragraph: To lift Him up, to preach His name, and to invite souls to love Him and to follow Him is the highest, heavenliest privilege of human life.

paragraph: The word we preach from our pulpits ought to be like the Word of God itself--like a fire and like a hammer that breaketh the rock in pieces.

paragraph: After seventy years of expository preaching, I have yet to touch the hem of His garment.

paragraph: When our trials come, when we feel pain and suffering, when our tears flow again, it is our joy and comfort to lift our faces heavenward and to go on, standing on the promises of God.

paragraph: To moderates at the 1991 SBC convention:

paragraph: Go shovel gravel. Sell popcorn. Work in a dime store. Don't contaminate the word of God.

paragraph: Never in my life did I believe in separating people on the basis of skin pigmentation. Racism was, is, and always will be an abomination in the eyes of God, and should be in the eyes of God's people. And where we who call the name of Christ have knowingly or unknowingly contributed to racism in any form, we have sinned and need to beg God's forgiveness.

paragraph: Whenever there is a true prophet of God, he will preach judgment. These so-called ministers of God speak all thing nice ... there is not any hell and there is not any judgment of God ... In our enlightened and sophisticated day ... we stand up and speak of the love of Jesus, and we speak of peace and we speak of all things beautiful. But remember... The same Book that tells us about good, tells is about the bad. The same Revelation that speaks to us about heaven, speaks about hell. The Bible that presents The Lord Jesus as Savior, is the same Bible that presents to us the devil as our enemy and adversary of damnation and destruction. The two go together, If there is not anything to be saved from, we do not need a savior.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Acts, an Exposition. Zondervan 0-310-22880-8"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Acts: In One Volume. Zondervan 0-310-43840-3"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Baptism, Filling and Gifts of the Holy Spirit. Zondervan 0-310-22751-8"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Basic Bible Sermons on the Cross. Thomas Nelson 0-8407-1102-6"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Christ of the Cross. Crescendo 0-89038-020-1"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Compassionate Christ. Crescendo 0-89038-025-2"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Confessions of a Happy Christian. Pelican 0-88289-400-5"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Criswell's Guidebook For Pastors. Broadman & Holman 0-8054-2360-5"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Criswell Study Bible. Thomas Nelson 0-84070-452-6"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Did Man Just Happen. Moody 0-8024-2212-8"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Expository Sermons on Revelations. Zondervan 0-310-22840-9"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Expository Sermons on the Book of Daniel. Zondervan 0-310-22800-X"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Great Doctrines of the Bible. Vol. 1: Bibliology. Zondervan 0-310-43930-2"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Great Doctrines of the Bible: Vol. 2: Christology. 0-310-43860-8"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Great Doctrines of the Bible: Vol. 3: Ecclesiology. Zondervan 0-310-43900-0"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Great Doctrines of the Bible: Vol. 4: Pneumatology. Zodervan"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Great Doctrines of the Bible: Vol, 5: Soteriology. Zondervan"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Great Doctrines of the Bible: Vol. 6: Christian Life and Stewardship. Zondervan 0-310-43950-7"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Great Doctrines of the Bible: vol. 7: Prayer/Angelology. Zondervan 0-310-43960-4"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Great Doctrines of the Bible: Vol. 8: Eschatology. Zondervan 0-310-43830-6"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Holy Bible: Baptist Study Edition. Thomas Nelson 0-7852-5838-8"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Isaiah: An Exposition. Zondervan 0-310-22870-0"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Social Conscience of W. A. Criswell. Crescendo 0-89038-039-2"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Standing on the Promises: The Autobiography of W. A. Criswell. W Pub Group 0-8499-9038-6"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Welcome Back, Jesus!. Broadman 0-8054-1939-X"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Why I Preach That the Bible Is Literally True. Broadman & Holman 0-8054-1260-3"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "With a Bible in My Hand. Broadman & Holman 0-8054-1520-3"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The W. A. Criswell Sermon Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- About W. A. from W. A. Criswell.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Transcript, "The Church of the Open Door," June 9, 1968

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Baptist Pope", "Christianity Today", March 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- BP New Release and Tribute upon Criswell's Death

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fundamentalist Baptists celebrate purge of moderates," Spartanburg Herald-Journal, June 8, 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- Criswell College

description: Southern Baptist clergyman

wikidata_label: Wallie Amos Criswell

wikipedia_title: W. A. Criswell


text: courtesy name

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Cao Wei

text: Cao Pi

text: Cao Rui

text: Cai Yong

text: standard script (kaishu)

text: Wang Xizhi

text: Qiu Xigui

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Disasters of Partisan Prohibitions

text: Guo Yuan

text: Zhang Changpu

text: Zhong Yu

text: Zhong Hui

text: Wei conquest

text: Shu Han

text: a rebellion

text: Sima Zhao

text: Cao Huan

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Qiu, Xigui

text: "Zhong Yao"

text: Encyclopedia of China

categories: Cao Wei calligraphers,Executed Han dynasty people,Han dynasty politicians from Henan,230 deaths,Cao Wei politicians,Han dynasty calligraphers,Politicians from Xuchang,151 births,Officials under Cao Cao

paragraph: Zhong Yao

paragraph: Zhong Yao (151 – April or May 230), also referred to as Zhong You, courtesy name Yuanchang, was a government official and calligrapher who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty and Three Kingdoms period of China. He served in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. His calligraphy was highly regarded as he was known as one of the Four Talented Calligraphers (四賢) in the history of Chinese calligraphy.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Following Cao Pi's death and Cao Rui taking the throne, Zhong Yao was appointed as the Grand Tutor (太傅) of Wei in 226. As a student of Cai Yong, a famous calligrapher, he also contributed to the development of standard script (kaishu), and is known as the "father of standard script". His famous works include the "Xuanshi Biao" (), "Jianjizhi Biao" (), and "Liming Biao" (), which survive through handwritten copies, including by Wang Xizhi. Qiu Xigui (2000, p. 143) describes the script in Zhong's "Xuanshi Biao" as:

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Zhong Yao's grandfather, Zhong Hao (鍾皓), was a prominent scholar in the Eastern Han dynasty. Zhong Yao's father, Zhong Di (鍾迪), refused to enter politics because of the Disasters of Partisan Prohibitions. Zhong Yao had two known siblings: a brother, Zhong Yan (鍾演), who received a marquis title; a sister, who was the mother of Guo Yuan.

paragraph: Zhong Yao had at least three spouses. The first, Lady Sun (孫氏), was known for being jealous of his other concubines and for seeking to harm them or make them fall out of his favour. Zhong Yao divorced her after he discovered that she tried to poison Zhang Changpu, his second spouse. Zhang Changpu maintained her status as a concubine up to her death. The third, Lady Jia (賈氏), was originally one of his concubines, but was elevated to the status of his formal wife after he divorced Lady Sun.

paragraph: Zhong Yao had at least two sons. The elder one, Zhong Yu (鍾毓), served as the Minister of Justice (廷尉) and General of Chariots and Cavalry (車騎將軍) in the Wei government. The younger one, Zhong Hui, was born to Zhang Changpu. He also served as a general in the Wei government and is best known for his role in the Wei conquest of Shu Han, one of Wei's rival states, in 263. However, he launched a rebellion in 264 against the Wei regent, Sima Zhao, but failed and was killed by his soldiers, who started a mutiny against him.

paragraph: Zhong Yu had four sons: Zhong Jun (鍾峻), Zhong Yong (鍾邕), Zhong Yi (鍾毅) and Zhong Chan (鍾辿). Zhong Yi was raised as Zhong Hui's adoptive son because Zhong Hui was single and had no children. Zhong Yong was killed along with his uncle Zhong Hui during the mutiny and his family members were executed. In the aftermath of Zhong Hui's failed rebellion, Zhong Jun, Zhong Yi and Zhong Chan were implicated, arrested and placed on death row for their relations to Zhong Hui. However, Sima Zhao took into consideration that Zhong Yao and Zhong Yu had rendered meritorious service to Wei, hence he decided to let them preserve their posterity. He made the Wei emperor Cao Huan issue an imperial decree, which pardoned Zhong Jun and Zhong Chan and restored them to their original official positions and titles. Zhong Yi, however, was executed because he was Zhong Hui's adoptive son and was hence not eligible for the pardon.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Qiu, Xigui (2000). Chinese Writing. Translation of 文字學概論 by Mattos and Norman. Early China Special Monograph Series No. 4. Berkeley: The Society for the Study of Early China and the Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang, Yuchi. "Zhong Yao". "Encyclopedia of China" (Arts Edition), 1st ed.

alias:
Dinglinghou
Yuanchang
Chenghou
Zhong You
Dongwutinghou

description: Chinese politician

wikidata_label: Zhong Yao

wikipedia_title: Zhong Yao