text:
Sophie of Winzenburg
Albert the Bear
Count of Anhalt
House of Ascania
Archbishop of Bremen
Prince-Bishop of Brandenburg
imperial immediacy
Magdeburg
secular canon
Halle upon Saale
Eilika
Paulinzell
Leitzkau
canon
Duchy of Saxony
Henry the Lion
House of Guelph
Adalbero of Bremen
Wulfhild
Saxony, Westphalia and Angria
Bavaria
Matilda Plantagenêt
Henry II of England
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Richard Lionheart
Pribislav
Mecklenburg
Casimir I
Pomerania
Frederick I "Barbarossa"
House of Hohenstaufen
Roman Catholic Church
Pope Alexander III
Elbe
Slavic
Otto
Margrave of Brandenburg
Hermann
Weimar-Orlamünde
Magdeburg's Cathedral
Albert
Ballenstedt
Dietrich
Werben
Bernhard
allodially
County of Anhalt
Hartwig I
cathedral chapter
dean
Gunzelin of Hagen
Oldenburg
Diet
Bamberg
provost
Baldwin I
estates
Wichmann of Seeburg
Archbishop of Magdeburg
Wilmar
Battle of Legnano
Peace of Venice
Third Council of the Lateran
Rome
Berthold
Diet
Gelnhausen
imperial immediacy
younger "Duchy of Saxony" (1180 - 1296)
Saxe-Wittenberg
Saxe-Lauenburg
Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen
imperial immediacy
Stade
Prince-Bishop of Metz
Ditmarsh
Land of Hadeln
Otterndorf
Elbe
Adolf III of Schauenburg
Count of Holstein
burgher
Osterholz
Stuhr
Princess Ingeborg
Canute VI of Denmark
Frederick of Swabia
Bremen
Stuhr
Osten
Oste
Bremen's Cathedral
Pope Lucius III
scholastic
Henry of Bremen
Anhalt
Archdiocese of Bremen
House of Ascania

categories: 12th-century births,12th-century Roman Catholic bishops,1184 deaths,Roman Catholic Prince-Archbishops of Bremen,House of Ascania

paragraph: Siegfried, Prince-Archbishop of Bremen

paragraph: Siegfried of Anhalt (c. 1132 – 24 October 1184) was born as the third son of Sophie of Winzenburg and her husband Albert the Bear, then Count of Anhalt, of the House of Ascania. In 1168 he was elected Archbishop of Bremen. Afterward he became Prince-Bishop of Brandenburg (1173–1179) as Siegfried I. In 1179 he succeeded in getting it upgraded to a Prince-Archbishopric of imperial immediacy in 1180, thus becoming "Prince-Archbishop of Bremen". He was a strong advocate of Ascanian clan interests.

paragraph: Section::::Before ascending the see.

paragraph: Probably before 1147 Siegfried joined the in Magdeburg as a secular canon. His father's donations of rural possessions to the monastery in 1151 are probably related to providing Siegfried a princely livelihood within the monastery. Siegfried appears for the first time as a witness in a document of 19 September 1154 in Halle upon Saale alongside his father and brothers. They altogether testified, that Bremen's Archbishop confirmed to have received a donation of Siegfried's paternal grandmother Eilika in Paulinzell. In 1155 Siegfried, his parents, brothers and sisters attended the inauguration ceremony of the abbey of the monastery in Leitzkau. The following years he officiated as canon in Magdeburg.

paragraph: Section::::Historical background.

paragraph: The Archdiocese of Bremen and its respective incumbent was one of the players in the struggle for feudal positions. The Archbishop had no princely rank under the emperor, but held all the possessions, privileges, etc., that belonged to the See as mediate tenant, meaning a vassal of the Duchy of Saxony, where the possessions were located, with the Duke himself being a vassal of the Emperor. , as Hartwig I Archbishop of Bremen, was the last male representative of the comital family of Stade. When he died in 1168, the County of Stade was reverted. The Bremian Chapter, which had elected Hartwig for Archbishop in expectancy for the County, claimed it would be a fief of the Bremian See. Henry the Lion of the House of Guelph, replied with a twofold claim: (1) he would be the heir, giving some obscure arguments on his relation to Stade's comital family; (2) the then Archbishop Adalbero of Bremen allegedly had promised Henry's mother Wulfhild to enfeoff her with the County, a very dubious claim. In fact Henry, then 14 years old, simply wanted to increase his realm. Therefore, Henry occupied the County of Stade with his troops.

paragraph: Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, Westphalia and Angria and of Bavaria, was an ambitious man, striving for more independence and rejecting the imperial overlordship. He gained strong allies through marriage with Matilda Plantagenêt, the daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine and sister of Richard Lionheart, and by way of alliance with Prince Pribislav of Mecklenburg and Duke Casimir I of Pomerania.

paragraph: Henry's paternal cousin Emperor Frederick I "Barbarossa", House of Hohenstaufen, steadily had to assert himself against his princely vassals and the Roman Catholic Church. Frederick refused to receive the rank as Emperor like a papal fief, which is why he conflicted with Pope Alexander III.

paragraph: Siegfried's Ascanian clan, domiciled at the middle Elbe river and then led by Albert the Bear, a maternal cousin of Henry "the Lion", also strove for more power and territories to conquer westwards from Saxon and eastwards from Slavic rulers. Nevertheless, the Ascanians by far were not as successful as Henry "the Lion". Siegfried's brothers held different territories conquered by their father and them:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otto of Anhalt, became as Otto I Margrave of Brandenburg after Albert "the Bear" died

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hermann of Anhalt, became Count of Weimar-Orlamünde

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siegfried of Anhalt

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heinrich of Anhalt, canon at Magdeburg's Cathedral

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albert of Anhalt, became Count of Ballenstedt

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dietrich of Anhalt, became Count of Werben

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernhard of Anhalt, inherited the Ascanian allodially owned County of Anhalt,

paragraph: Section::::The first struggle for the Bremian See.

paragraph: In 1168, after the death of Bremen's Archbishop Hartwig I, the Bremian cathedral chapter elected two rival Archbishops. The capitulars, opposing Henry "the Lion" and his claim to the County of Stade, voted for Siegfried, while the Guelphic party elected Otbertus, the dean of the Chapter.

paragraph: Henry's loyal vassal, Gunzelin of Hagen, first Count of Schwerin, took martial actions against anti-Guelphic partisans, provoking an upheaval in Bremen. The Guelphic party won and Siegfried had to flee to Oldenburg. Frederick I declared the elections null and void on the Diet (1169) in Bamberg. Anyway, Frederick I did not like Siegfried's loyalty to Pope Alexander III, with whom Frederick was quarrelling. Frederick I aligned himself with Henry "the Lion", in order to ascertain his loyalty, and appointed the Bremian capitular provost Baldwin I to the see, Alexander III confirmed that. Baldwin was an aged and compliant man. Baldwin ceded the County of Stade to Henry and alienated many other archiepiscopal estates. By the end of 1168 Ascanians and Guelphs confronted in skirmishes.

paragraph: Section::::Siegfried as prince-bishop of Brandenburg.

paragraph: Siegfried now used to call himself "Bishop Elect of Bremen". Through the influence of his friend, Wichmann of Seeburg, Archbishop of Magdeburg, in 1173 the Brandenburgian Chapter elected Siegfried the new Prince-Bishop of Brandenburg, succeeding the late Wilmar. Not much is known about Siegfried's period in office. Several times he stayed with Wichmann or Alexander III.

paragraph: Section::::Fighting again for the Bremian See.

paragraph: In 1176, at the Battle of Legnano, Frederick I lost his Italian campaign, blaming it on Henry "the Lion", who had refused to support him. Henry was busy extending and defending his own reign against the quarrelling clan of the Ascanians. Wichmann visited Frederick I in Italy in order to fathom in how far Siegfried's claim to the Bremian See could be enforced – e.g. in the scope of the Peace of Venice. Frederick I declared Baldwin's investiture as Archbishop and all his alienations of archiepiscopal possessions to be invalid. When in 1178 Baldwin received the official notification of his dismissal, he died. In 1179 Siegfried attended the Third Council of the Lateran in Rome, while the Bremian Chapter elected another Guelphic partisan, Berthold, for Archbishop. Both Frederick I and Alexander III originally wanted to confirm this knowledgeable man in his new position. But when in 1179 Berthold arrived in Rome to gain his papal confirmation, Alexander III declared Berthold's election null and void.

paragraph: Inferior in warfare, many of Henry's enemies litigated him in lawsuits. Henry absented at the trials, to which he had been summoned. Thus the Diet decided to bring Henry before a judge, using military violence ( 1180-1181). Frederick I "Barbarossa" and his allies, many of them vassals and former supporters of Duke Henry "the Lion", had defeated him. In 1180 Frederick I "Barbarossa" stripped Henry "the Lion" of his duchies. In 1182, he and his wife went into exile.

paragraph: In 1180, at the Diet in Gelnhausen, the attending princes and "Frederick I Barbarossa" decided to partition Saxony in some dozens of territories of imperial immediacy, allotting each territory to that one of his allies, who had conquered them before from "Henry the Lion" and his remaining supporters. Otto I wielded his influence at the Diet. His and Siegfried's brother Bernhard, one of the most steadfast warriors against Henry "the Lion", was provided with the later on so-called younger "Duchy of Saxony" (1180 - 1296), thus becoming "Bernhard III, Duke of Saxony". In 1260, with effect from 1296 on, its later rulers split the "younger Duchy" into the Duchies of Saxe-Wittenberg () and Saxe-Lauenburg (), the latter belonging in religious respect to the "archdiocese of Bremen".

paragraph: The Gelnhausen Diet (1180) confirmed Siegfried as Archbishop upgraded part of the diocesan territory to form the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen of imperial immediacy. Thus the "Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen" became one of the successor states of the "old Duchy of Saxony", holding only a small part of its former territory. Since the deposed Henry "the Lion" had entrenched in his last Saxon stronghold, the city of Stade, Otto I and Bernhard III militarily supported their brother Siegfried to de facto gain the power in all the Prince-Archbishopric.

paragraph: Section::::Siegfried as Prince-Archbishop of Bremen.

paragraph: After Alexander III had deposed Berthold (later Prince-Bishop of Metz), Siegfried did not lay down, but managed to get his election of 1168 confirmed in 1180. He ceded Ditmarsh, which supposed to belong to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, to his brother Bernhard. In his new position of Duke of Saxony he held the Land of Hadeln around Otterndorf, south of the river Elbe right opposite of Ditmarsh on the north bank. Adolf III of Schauenburg, Count of Holstein, at enmity with the Ascanians, had taken de facto possession of Ditmarsh. So it was up to Bernhard to regain the territory, but he failed, he could only force Adolf to accept his overlordship in Ditmarsh.

paragraph: In 1181, Siegfried waived to further levy fees from merchants for building ships. In the pertaining document he recognised the burghers of the city of Bremen as "universitas civitas". He granted new privileges to the cities of Bremen and Stade. He participated in the foundations of the monastery in Osterholz (1182) and Heiligenrode (1180/1183; a part of today's Stuhr).

paragraph: In 1182, Frederick I consigned Siegfried with the task to pick up the seven-year-old Princess Ingeborg, the sister of Canute VI of Denmark at the Danish court, and to escort her to her designate bridegroom Duke Frederick of Swabia, Frederick I's son. The Danish-imperial relations were difficult and therefore Canute granted his sister only a poor endowment. The marriage never materialised.

paragraph: Siegfried continued and promoted the interior colonisation by settling wasteland and draining and diking marshes, as in Oberneuland (1181; a part of today's Bremen), Stuhr (1183), Osten and the marshes along the river Oste.

paragraph: In 1183, some canons of Bremen's Cathedral formed a conspiracy against Siegfried, blaming him at Pope Lucius III to be a too secular clerk. The scholastic Henry of Bremen exonerated Siegfried, thus he stayed in office. Siegfried could win most of the diocesan clergy and Bremen's burghers through generous and pious donations.

paragraph: In 1184, Siegfried died prematurely and was buried in a church in Bremen.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anhalt

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archdiocese of Bremen

paragraph: BULLET::::- House of Ascania

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hahn, 'Die Söhne Albrechts des Bären 1170-1184', In: "Jahresbericht über die Louisenstädtische Realschule", Berlin 1869

paragraph: BULLET::::- May, "Regesten der Erzbischöfe von Bremen", Hanover: Selbstverlag der Historischen Kommission, 1937, vol. 1

description: German Prince-Archbishop

wikidata_label: Siegfried, Prince-Archbishop of Bremen

wikipedia_title: Siegfried, Prince-Archbishop of Bremen


text:
American football
safety
Cleveland Browns
2009 NFL Draft
college football
Norfolk State
Jacksonville Jaguars
Booker T. Washington High School
Grand Valley State
Cleveland Browns
2009 NFL Draft
$
signing bonus
Hank Poteat
Corey Ivy
Gerard Lawson
Coye Francies
Jacksonville Jaguars
Tyron Brackenridge
William Middleton
Scotty McGee
Josh Gordy
Chris Hawkins
Detroit Lions
Bill Bentley
Jacksonville Jaguars
Detroit Lions bio
Norfolk State Spartans bio

categories: Players of American football from Virginia,Sportspeople from Grand Rapids, Michigan,Cleveland Browns players,1987 births,Sportspeople from Norfolk, Virginia,Norfolk State Spartans football players,Jacksonville Jaguars players,American football cornerbacks,Living people,Players of American football from Michigan

paragraph: Don Carey (cornerback)

paragraph: Don Juan Carey III (born February 14, 1987) is an American football safety who is currently on the Detroit Lions. He was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the sixth round of the 2009 NFL Draft. He played college football at Norfolk State. He has also been a member of the Jacksonville Jaguars.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Prior to attending Norfolk State, Carey went to Booker T. Washington High School in Norfolk, Virginia.

paragraph: Don's younger brother Donte played defensive back for Grand Valley State, a Division II school in Allendale, Michigan.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cleveland Browns.

paragraph: The Cleveland Browns selected Carey in the sixth round (177th overall) of the 2009 NFL Draft. He was the 24th cornerback drafted in 2009.

paragraph: On July 14, 2009, the Cleveland Browns signed Carey to a four-year, $1.86 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $116,750.

paragraph: Throughout training camp, he competed for a roster spot as a backup cornerback against Hank Poteat, Corey Ivy, Gerard Lawson, and Coye Francies. On August 6, 2009, the Cleveland Browns waived Carey due to a shoulder injury.

paragraph: On August 7, 2009, the Jacksonville Jaguars claimed Carey off of waivers. The Jacksonville Jaguars were criticized for claiming Carey as it was expected the Browns would've placed him on injured reserve after clearing waivers. On September 1, 2009, the Jaguars placed him on injured reserve due to his shoulder injury that kept him sidelined for the remainder of the season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Jacksonville Jaguars.:2010.

paragraph: During training camp, he competed for a roster spot as a backup cornerback against Tyron Brackenridge, William Middleton, Scotty McGee, Josh Gordy, and Chris Hawkins.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Jacksonville Jaguars.:2011.

paragraph: Carey was waived by the Jaguars prior to the start of the 2011 season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Detroit Lions.

paragraph: The Detroit Lions signed Carey on October 25, 2011. He was released on August 20, 2012, and was re-signed on November 1, 2012 after Bill Bentley was placed on injured reserve. He saw action in nine games (six starts), providing an immediate impact on defense and special teams, totaling 12 special teams tackles (10 solo) to go along with his 27 tackles (19 solo) on defense.

paragraph: In 2013, Carey was a versatile option at nickel and a source of stability to the Lions secondary and special teams coverage unit. Totaled 19 tackles (16 solo), two pass defenses and finished second on the team in special teams tackles with 11 (eight solo). He had a breakout performance at Pittsburgh on November 17 where he started at linebacker and had a career-high nine tackles.

paragraph: In 2014, Carey missed only three games due to a hamstring injury, and started three of his 13 games. He finished the season with seven tackles (six solo), one fumble recovery and five special teams tackles. On January 10, 2014, Carey signed a three-year contract extension with the Lions.

paragraph: In 2015, Carey led the NFL in solo special teams tackles with 14, and tied for second in total special teams tackles with 16. He recorded a special teams tackle in 11 of the 16 games during the season.

paragraph: Carey signed a one-year contract extension with the Lions through 2017 on November 16, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Jacksonvile Jaguars (second stint).

paragraph: On March 14, 2018, Carey signed with the Jacksonville Jaguars. He was placed on injured reserve on August 21, 2018 due to a hamstring injury. He was released on August 28, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Detroit Lions (second stint).

paragraph: On November 20, 2018, Carey was signed by the Detroit Lions, only to be released three days later.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Detroit Lions bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norfolk State Spartans bio

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Don Carey

wikipedia_title: Don Carey (cornerback)


text: American

text: prelate

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Bishop of Baton Rouge

text: Bishop of Covington

text: Louisville

text: Kentucky

text: New Orleans

text: Louisiana

text: St. Joseph Seminary

text: Notre Dame Seminary

text: Bachelor's degree in Philosophy

text: Catholic University of America

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Master's in Education

text: Loyola University

text: University of New Orleans

text: ordained

text: priesthood

text: faculty

text: St. John Vianney Preparatory School

text: religion

text: teacher

text: liturgy

text: guidance counselor

text: rector

text: parishes

text: associate pastor

text: pastor

text: St. Matthias Church

text: Vicar

text: Christian Formation

text: Director of Vocations

text: Archdiocese of New Orleans

text: Executive Assistant

text: Archbishop Philip Hannan

text: Honorary Prelate of His Holiness

text: Vicar General

text: Curia

text: Auxiliary Bishop

text: Titular Bishop

text: Mactaris

text: Pope John Paul II

text: episcopal consecration

text: Archbishop Francis Schulte

text: Bishop John Favalora

text: co-consecrators

text: motto

text: Bishop of Covington

text: Kentucky

text: installed

text: Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption

text: St. Elizabeth Medical Center

text: Edgewood Hospital

text: Chancellor

text: Thomas More College

text: Committee on Priestly Formation

text: Bishop of Baton Rouge

text: St. Joseph Cathedral

text: Hurricane Katrina

text: Archbishop Alfred Hughes

text: Governor

text: Kathleen Blanco

text: day of prayer

text: Pope Francis

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

categories: Notre Dame Seminary alumni,1942 births,Living people,Roman Catholic Diocese of Baton Rouge,Roman Catholic bishops of Covington,Religious leaders from Louisville, Kentucky,Loyola University New Orleans alumni,Brother Martin High School alumni,Catholic Church in Louisiana

paragraph: Robert William Muench

paragraph: Robert William Muench (born December 28, 1942) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He is the former fifth Bishop of Baton Rouge, having previously served as Bishop of Covington from 1996 to 2002.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Robert Muench was born in Louisville, Kentucky, to William Anthony and Mary Kathryn (née Allgeier) Muench; he has three sisters, Jo Ann, Mary Alice, and Marsha. At age 3, he and his family moved to New Orleans, Louisiana. He entered St. Joseph Seminary in 1956, and then Notre Dame Seminary in 1962, from where he obtained a Bachelor's degree in Philosophy.

paragraph: From 1964 to 1968, Muench studied at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., earning a Master's in Education. He also attended courses at Loyola University and the University of New Orleans.

paragraph: Section::::Priesthood.

paragraph: Muench was ordained to the priesthood on May 18, 1968. He then sat on the faculty of St. John Vianney Preparatory School until 1977, serving as religion teacher, liturgy director, guidance counselor, and eventually rector. During this time, Muench also assisted at various parishes in New Orleans. He was associate pastor and later co-pastor of St. Matthias Church between 1976 and 1982.

paragraph: Muench served as Vicar for Christian Formation (1977-1981) and Director of Vocations (1981-1983) for the Archdiocese of New Orleans. He was named Director of the Pope John XXIII House for Vocation Discernment and Executive Assistant to Archbishop Philip Hannan in 1983. After becoming a Honorary Prelate of His Holiness in 1985, he was made Vicar General (1989) and Moderator of the Curia (1990) for the archdiocese.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopal career.

paragraph: On May 8, 1990, Muench was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of New Orleans and Titular Bishop of "Mactaris" by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on the following June 29 from Archbishop Francis Schulte, with Archbishop Hannan and Bishop John Favalora serving as co-consecrators. He selected as his episcopal motto, ""Jesus Must Increase"" ().

paragraph: Section::::Episcopal career.:Bishop of Covington.

paragraph: Muench was later named the ninth Bishop of Covington, Kentucky, on January 5, 1996, being formally installed on the following March 19. During his tenure, he oversaw the repair and renovation of the Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption.

paragraph: He was also a member on the Boards of St. Elizabeth Medical Center and Edgewood Hospital, Chancellor of Thomas More College, and a member of the Committee on Priestly Formation within the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopal career.:Bishop of Baton Rouge.

paragraph: John Paul II appointed Muench the fifth Bishop of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, on December 15, 2001. His installation took place at its St. Joseph Cathedral on March 14, 2002.

paragraph: Following the devastating effects of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Muench joined Archbishop Alfred Hughes and Governor Kathleen Blanco in a televised appearance declaring a day of prayer for the state of Louisiana.

paragraph: Pope Francis accepted his resignation on June 26, 2018 after reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Diocese of Baton Rouge Official Site

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Robert William Muench

wikipedia_title: Robert William Muench


text: First Continental Congress

text: Second Continental Congress

text: Congress of the Confederation

text: New London

text: Connecticut

text: United States District Judge

text: Milford

text: Connecticut Colony

text: British America

text: Yale University

text: read law

text: New London

text: Justice of the Peace

text: Connecticut General Assembly

text: New London County

text: First Continental Congress

text: Second Continental Congress

text: Congress of the Confederation

text: Connecticut Superior Court

text: Connecticut

text: Hannah Ocuish

text: George Washington

text: United States Senate

text: Cedar Grove Cemetery

text: Lyman Law

text: United States Representative

text: John Law

text: Indiana

categories: Members of the Connecticut General Assembly Council of Assistants (1662–1818),Burials at Cedar Grove Cemetery (New London, Connecticut),Chief Justices of the Connecticut Supreme Court,Continental Congressmen from Connecticut,1806 deaths,United States federal judges appointed by George Washington,United States federal judges admitted to the practice of law by reading law,Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut,1733 births,18th-century American politicians,18th-century American judges

paragraph: Richard Law (judge)

paragraph: Richard Law (March 7, 1733 – January 26, 1806) was a delegate to the First Continental Congress, Second Continental Congress and the Congress of the Confederation. He was Mayor of New London, Connecticut and a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut.

paragraph: Section::::Education and career.

paragraph: Born on March 7, 1733, in Milford, Connecticut Colony, British America, Law pursued classical studies, graduated from Yale University in 1751 and read law in 1755. He was admitted to the bar in January 1755, and entered private practice in Milford from 1755 to 1757. He continued private practice in New London, Connecticut Colony from 1757 to 1765. He was a Justice of the Peace for New London from 1765 to 1775. He was a member of the Connecticut General Assembly from 1765 to 1776. He was Chief Judge of the New London County Court from 1773 to 1784. He was Clerk of the Connecticut General Assembly from 1774 to 1776. He was an assistant to the Connecticut General Assembly from 1776 to 1786. He was a member of the Connecticut Council of Safety in May 1776. He was a delegate, successively to the First Continental Congress, Second Continental Congress and the Congress of the Confederation in 1774, in 1776, in 1777, and from 1780 to 1783. He was a Judge of the Connecticut Superior Court in New London from 1784 to 1789, serving as Chief Judge from 1786 to 1789. He was the Mayor of New London, Connecticut from 1784 to 1806.

paragraph: Section::::Education and career.:Notable case.

paragraph: In October 1786, Richard Law presided over the trial of twelve year old Hannah Ocuish, a half-Pequot Indian girl, for the murder of six year old Eunice Bolles. Upon the conclusion of the trial, Law sentenced the young girl to death on October 16, 1786. Ocuish was hanged for her crime on December 20, 1786, three months shy of her thirteenth birthday.

paragraph: Section::::Federal judicial service.

paragraph: Law was nominated by President George Washington on September 24, 1789, to the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut, to a new seat authorized by . He was confirmed by the United States Senate on September 26, 1789, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on January 26, 1806, due to his death in New London. He was interred in Cedar Grove Cemetery in New London.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Law was the father of Lyman Law, a United States Representative from Connecticut, and grandfather of John Law, a United States Representative from Indiana.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: (erroneously listed as having been a judge on the Connecticut Supreme Court instead of the Connecticut Superior Court)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Streib, Victor L., "Death Penalty for Juveniles". Indiana University Press. 1987. Pgs 74-75.

description: United States federal judge

wikidata_label: Richard Law

wikipedia_title: Richard Law (judge)


text: United States District Judge

text: Georgetown

text: Delaware

text: Artium Baccalaureus

text: Princeton University

text: University of Pennsylvania Law School

text: Superior Court of Delaware

text: Dwight D. Eisenhower

text: Richard Seymour Rodney

text: United States Senate

text: senior status

categories: Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Delaware,University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni,20th-century American judges,Princeton University alumni,People from Georgetown, Delaware,20th-century American lawyers,Delaware Superior Court judges,1988 deaths,1907 births,United States district court judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower

paragraph: Caleb Rodney Layton III

paragraph: Caleb Rodney Layton III (July 4, 1907 – May 6, 1988) was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Delaware.

paragraph: Section::::Education and career.

paragraph: Born in Georgetown, Delaware, Layton received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Princeton University in 1930 and then attended the University of Pennsylvania Law School. He was a Judge of the Superior Court of Delaware from 1947 to 1957.

paragraph: Section::::Federal judicial service.

paragraph: Layton was nominated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on March 25, 1957, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Delaware vacated by Judge Richard Seymour Rodney. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 16, 1957, and received his commission the next day. He assumed senior status due to a certified disability on April 26, 1968. His service terminated on May 6, 1988, due to his death.

description: United States federal judge

wikidata_label: Caleb Rodney Layton III

wikipedia_title: Caleb Rodney Layton III


text:
professional baseball
pitcher
Major League Baseball
Washington Senators
Philadelphia Athletics
Detroit Tigers
Faber, Virginia
North Garden, Virginia
Ted Williams
Babe Ruth

categories: People from Statesboro, Georgia,People from Nelson County, Virginia,Baseball players from Virginia,Detroit Tigers players,1910 births,Washington Senators (1901–60) players,2001 deaths,Major League Baseball pitchers,Philadelphia Athletics players

paragraph: Bud Thomas (pitcher)

paragraph: Luther Baxter "Bud" Thomas (September 9, 1910 – May 20, 2001), was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Washington Senators, Philadelphia Athletics, and Detroit Tigers.

paragraph: He was born in Faber, Virginia and died in North Garden, Virginia. On April 23, 1939, Thomas surrendered the first major League home run ever hit by Red Sox legend Ted Williams. Thomas pitched to Babe Ruth twice, striking him out the second time.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Bud Thomas

wikipedia_title: Bud Thomas (pitcher)


text: Le Cannet-des-Maures

text: Suresnes

text: Bourbon

text: Royal House of the Two Sicilies

text: deposed

text: comital

text: Prince Ranieri, Duke of Castro

text: Countess Maria Carolina Zamoyska

text: Giez

text: Saint-Raphaël

text: Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro

text: Princess Chantal, Duchess of Castro

text: Sovereign Military Order of Malta

text: Order of Theresa

categories: 20th-century Roman Catholics,Princesses of Bourbon-Two Sicilies,House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies,2005 deaths,French Roman Catholics,Duchesses of Castro,People from Var (department),1925 births,Dames of the Order of Theresa

paragraph: Chantal de Chevron-Villette

paragraph: Chantal Françoise Marie Camille de Chevron-Villette (10 January 1925 in Le Cannet-des-Maures, France – 24 May 2005 in Suresnes, France) was the wife of Prince Ferdinand of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duke of Castro, a Bourbon prince and claimant to headship of the Royal House of the Two Sicilies, which was deposed in 1860.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Chantal was the daughter of Joseph-Pierre de Chevron-Villette, member of a French comital family, and his wife, Marie de Colbert-Cannet.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Chantal married Prince Ferdinand, only son of Prince Ranieri, Duke of Castro and his wife Countess Maria Carolina Zamoyska, on 23 July 1949 in Giez. Chantal and Ferdinand had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Béatrice of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (born 16 June 1950 in Saint-Raphaël)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess "Anne" Marie Caroline Carmen of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (born 24 April 1957 in Saint-Raphaël)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro (born 24 February 1963 in Saint-Raphaël)

paragraph: Section::::Titles and styles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 10 January 1925 – 23 July 1949: Chantal de Chevron-Villette

paragraph: BULLET::::- 23 July 1949 – 13 January 1973: "Her Royal Highness" Princess Chantal of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

paragraph: BULLET::::- 13 January 1973 – 24 May 2005: "Her Royal Highness" Princess Chantal, Duchess of Castro

paragraph: Section::::Titles and styles.:Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight Grand Cross with Collar of Justice of the Two Sicilian Royal Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dame of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dame of the Order of Theresa

description: French noble

wikidata_label: Chantal de Chevron-Villette

wikipedia_title: Chantal de Chevron-Villette


text:
Sais
Twenty-fourth dynasty of Egypt
Ma
22nd dynasty
Shoshenq V
Osorkon C
Ankhhor
Amun
Ma
Libu
stela
Shoshenq V
Buto
Delta
Piye
22nd
Tanis
Sais
Memphis
Herakleopolis
Kushite
Nimlot
Hermopolis
stela
Gebel Barkal
Bakenranef
Kenneth Kitchen
Manetho
Tefnakht II
Necho I
Taharqa
Shabaka
Bocchoris vase
Nekauba
Tefnakht II

categories: Pharaohs of the Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt,8th century BC in Egypt,Chiefs of the Ma,8th-century BC rulers,8th-century BC deaths,8th-century BC Pharaohs,8th-century BC births

paragraph: Tefnakht

paragraph: Shepsesre Tefnakht (in Greek known as Tnephachthos) was a prince of Sais and founder of the relatively short Twenty-fourth dynasty of Egypt; he rose to become a Chief of the Ma in his home city. He is thought to have reigned roughly 732 BCE to 725 BCE, or 7 years. Tefnakht I first began his career as the "Great Chief of the West" and Prince of Sais and was a late contemporary of the last ruler of the 22nd dynasty: Shoshenq V. Tefnakht I was actually the second ruler of Sais; he was preceded by Osorkon C, who is attested by several documents mentioning him as this city's Chief of the Ma and Army Leader, according to Kenneth Kitchen, while his predecessor as Great Chief of the West was a man named Ankhhor. A recently discovered statue, dedicated by Tefnakht I to Amun-Re, reveals important details about his personal origins. The statue's text states that Tefnakht was the son of a certain Gemnefsutkapu and the grandson of Basa, a priest of Amun near Sais. Consequently, Tefnakht was not actually descended from either lines of Chiefs of the Ma and of the Libu as traditionally believed but rather came from a family of priests, and his ancestors being more likely Egyptians rather than Libyans.

paragraph: Tefnakht is absent from the Manethonian tradition, perhaps because of the abbreviated form in which the "Aegyptiaca" came to us, perhaps because Tefnakht was considered a usurper.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Tefnakht erected two donation stelas in Years 36 and 38 of Shoshenq V as a Prince at Saïs. His Year 38 stela from Buto is significant not only because Tefnakht employs the rather boastful epithet of "Great Chief of the entire land" but due to its list of his religious titles as prophet of Neith, Edjo and the Lady of Imay. This reflects his control over Sais, Buto to the north and Kom el-Hish to the southwest even prior to the end of the 22nd Dynasty—with the death of Shoshenq V—and reflects Tefnakht's political base in the Western Delta region of Egypt. The 22nd Dynasty was politically fragmenting even prior to the death of Shoshenq V. Tefnakht established his capital at Sais, and formed an alliance with other minor kings of the Delta region in order to conquer Middle and Upper Egypt, which was under the sway of the Nubian king Piye. He was able to capture and unify many of the cities of the Delta region, thus making Tefnakht considerably more powerful than any of his predecessors in either the 22nd or 23rd dynasties.

paragraph: Tefnakht was not a member of the Tanite-based 22nd Dynasty of Egypt since Tanis is located in the Eastern Delta whereas his local city of Sais was situated in the Western Delta closer to Libya. His modest title 'Great chief of the West' also hints at a non-royal background. Prior to assuming the title of "Great Chief of the West", Tefnakht managed to extend his control southward, capturing the city of Memphis and besieging the city of Herakleopolis, which was an ally of the Kushite king Piye of Nubia. This caused him to face considerable opposition from Piye, especially after Nimlot, the local ruler of Hermopolis defected from Piye's sphere of influence, to his side. A pair of naval engagements soon checked any further advances by Tefnakht's coalition into Piye's Middle Egyptian territories, and Memphis was soon recaptured by Piye. After further campaigns, Tefnakht's allies surrendered to Piye and Tefnakht soon found himself isolated. He finally dispatched a letter formally submitting his loyalty and swearing his loyalty to Piye. Tefnakht, however, was the only Lower Egyptian prince to avoid seeing Piye face to face. These details are recounted in the Great Victory stela of Piye which this Nubian ruler erected on the New Year's Day of his 21st regnal year. Shortly afterwards, Piye returned home to Nubia at Gebel Barkal, and never returned to Lower Egypt again.

paragraph: Section::::Kingship.

paragraph: Despite this setback, Tefnakht was left alone as the local prince of his local region of Sais. He managed, over time, to soon reestablish his kingdom's control in the Delta region from the political vacuum which resulted after Piye's departure from this region. It is generally believed that prince Tefnakht officially proclaimed himself as king Shepsesre Tefnakht I and adopted a royal title sometime after Piye's departure from Lower Egypt. His successor at Sais was Bakenranef.

paragraph: While most scholars such as Kenneth Kitchen have equated Manetho's Tefnakht with the king Shepsesre Tefnakht of Sais who is attested by the Year 8 Athens donation stela, a recent article by Olivier Perdu has suggested that this Tefnakht was rather Tefnakht II, a much later king of Sais who ruled in the mid-680's BCE during the late Nubian 25th Dynasty. In his paper, Perdu published a newly discovered stela dating from the second year of Necho I's reign, which he contends is similar in style, text and content to the Year 8 stela of Shepsesre Tefnakht. Perdu, thus, infers that these two kings of Sais—Necho I and Tefnakht II—were close contemporaries. However, his arguments are not currently accepted by most Egyptian scholars such as Dan'el Kahn or Kenneth Kitchen who still believe that the Year 8 Athens stela of king Shepsesre Tefnakht likely belongs to Tefnakht I rather than a hypothethical Tefnakht II who would then have assumed power in 685 BC at Sais—early during the reign of Taharqa, one of the most powerful Nubian rulers of Egypt. Kahn has also stressed at an Egyptological Conference at Leiden that Perdu's epigraphic criteria here in the famed Athens stela—such as the use of the tripartite wig, the method through which the falcon-headed god keeps his head upright in the same stela and on temple wall reliefs contemporary with Tefnakht I's time, the decoration of the stela scene: Heaven supported by wAs scepters--appear already in use in the 24th or early 25th Nubian dynasty during Piye, Shabaka or Bakenranef's reign. The invisible back side of the tripartite wig can be found on the donation stela of Shebitku from Pharbaitos and on the Bakenranef/Bocchoris vase dating to the last days of Piye and the beginning of Shabaka--all appear close in time to the presumed reign of Tefnakht I. Moreover, the head of the falcon-headed god Horus is, as Perdu himself noted, similar in style to the stela of Tefnakht, chief of the Meshwesh and Piye's chief rival.

paragraph: Unlike Necho I, neither of this king's presumed Saite royal predecessors, a certain Nekauba and Tefnakht II, are monumentally attested in Lower Egypt. Hence, the latter two kings who appear in the records of Manetho's Epitome may well be fictitious. Moreover, it is improbable that Taharqa, perhaps one of the most powerful Kushite kings of the Nubian 25th dynasty for the first 18 years of his reign, would have tolerated the existence of a rival line of native Egyptian kings at Sais during the first half of his reign when he exercised full control over Memphis and the Delta region. After all, the 24th dynasty Saite rulers Tefnakht and Bakenranef had fought Taharqa's father Piye and resisted Shabaka's expansion of Kushite power into the Delta region.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dan'el Kahn, Did Tefnakht I rule as king?, GM 173 (1999), pp. 123-125

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dan'el Kahn, The Transition from Libyan to Nubian Rule in Egypt: Revisiting the Reign of Tefnakht. In: G. P. F. Broekman, R. J. Demarée and O. E. Kaper (eds), The Libyan Period in Egypt (Egyptologische Uitgaven, vol. 23), 139-148. Leiden 2009: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten; Leuven: Peeters.

description: Egyptian Pharaoh

wikidata_label: Tefnakhte

wikipedia_title: Tefnakht


text: columns

text: New York Evening Post

text: Appalachian Trail

text: Long Path

text: hiking

text: New York–New Jersey Trail Conference

text: marsh wren

text: fossil

text: lichen

text: Georgetown, Massachusetts

text: journalism

text: the Berkshires

text: New York City

text: New York American

text: Tribune

text: New York Post

text: Hudson Highlands

text: Walt Whitman

text: Song of the Open Road

text: William A. Welch

text: Palisades Interstate Park Commission

text: Bear Mountain

text: Harriman State Park

text: litter

text: environmental

text: conservation

text: New York

text: New Jersey

text: reforestation

text: Benton MacKaye

text: Maine

text: Georgia

text: Appalachian Trail

text: J. Ashton Allis

text: blaze

text: Ramapo River

text: Hudson

text: Sterling Forest, New York

text: New Jersey

text: Delaware River

text: High Point

text: Kittatinny Ridge

text: Kent, Connecticut

text: Robert Moses

text: Letchworth State Park

text: Northern State Parkway

text: Long Island

text: glacial

text: moraine

text: newsletter

text: North Shore

text: Jewish

text: kike

text: choke

text: heart attack

text: memorial

text: Core, Earl L.

text: Castanea

text: Pugsley Award Biography

text: Harriman Hikers

categories: Palisades Interstate Park system,Appalachian Trail,American environmentalists,1938 deaths,Hikers,Ramapos,1880 births

paragraph: Raymond H. Torrey

paragraph: Raymond Hezekiah Torrey (July 15, 1880 – July 15, 1938) was the author of weekly columns, "Outings" and "The Long Brown Path" in the "New York Evening Post" in the 1920s and 1930s. The column played a major role in the development of the Appalachian Trail, the Long Path and the popularity of hiking generally. He was a founding member of the New York–New Jersey Trail Conference and one of the authors of the first edition of the "New York Walk Book". He had extensive scientific knowledge, writing about everything from the short-billed marsh wren to marine fossils and lichens; he could identify over 700 plants. He was secretary of the Association for the Preservation of the Adirondacks, and also secretary of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Georgetown, Massachusetts, where his father was a sea captain, he began a career in journalism in newspapers in the Berkshires first, but soon moved to New York City. In 1903 he started at the "New York American", then moved to the "Tribune" and finally the "Evening Post" (today the "New York Post") in 1918. He became involved in the New York hiking scene at a time when the forests and mountains of the Hudson Highlands were relatively unknown but interest in the outdoors was increasing and city hiking clubs were coming into existence.

paragraph: Section::::"The Long Brown Path".

paragraph: In the early 1920s Torrey developed a weekly outdoor column for the "Post", called the "Long Brown Path" which was named for a line in Walt Whitman's "Song of the Open Road". Major William A. Welch, General Manager of the Palisades Interstate Park Commission, was interested in creating hiking trails in Bear Mountain-Harriman State Parks, but was lacking funds. Welch suggested that Torrey use his influential column to help organize New York metropolitan area hiking clubs into a volunteer trail-building confederation; this led to the creation of the Palisades Interstate Park Trail Conference, a precursor of the NY/NJTC.

paragraph: Torrey not only wrote the columns, he organized and coordinated the resulting volunteers and did plenty of route-scouting and trail building himself.

paragraph: The column was very popular: along with news of the clubs and their trails, it included a listing of hikes, as many as 20 or 30 weekly. He also used the column as a "bully pulpit", railing against litter, championing environmental causes, giving notice of upcoming conservation bills in New York and New Jersey, and organizing letter-writing campaigns in support of reforestation measures and proposals for the creation of new parks.

paragraph: Section::::The Appalachian Trail.

paragraph: In 1922 Torrey publicized a proposal by forester Benton MacKaye to build a trail from Maine to Georgia (subsequently named the Appalachian Trail or AT) with a story under a full-page banner headline reading "A Great Trail from Maine to Georgia!"; the idea was quickly adopted by the new Trail Conference as their main project.

paragraph: Working with volunteers organized by J. Ashton Allis of the Trail Conference, Torrey helped blaze the first of the AT running from the Ramapo River to Fingerboard Mountain. By January 4, 1924, the stretch from the Hudson to the Ramapo River was complete. On November 18 of that year, he worked with the Tramp and Trail Club on what he dubbed a "Speed Special", clearing and blazing a section through Sterling Forest, New York.

paragraph: The effort involved much more than the physical effort of building and blazing trails— complex negotiations with property owners were required as well, particularly east of the Hudson where no established system of hiking trails existed. By 1929, with the help of New Jersey state park officials, a section from the Delaware River to High Point along the Kittatinny Ridge was completed. Two years later, of the AT, from the Delaware River to Kent, Connecticut, was in place.

paragraph: Section::::Confrontation with Robert Moses.

paragraph: Later that year, he tangled with Robert Moses, a onetime ally who had named him secretary of the New York State Parks Council, a forerunner to the current New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, in order to help establish Letchworth State Park. Torrey opposed the route Moses wanted for the Northern State Parkway along Long Island's central glacial moraine. He had arranged for the reprinting of an article sharing this view in the ASHPS newsletter, which enraged Moses.

paragraph: On September 12, Moses learned that Torrey had been providing information about Parks Council meetings, information that was available to the public in any event, to an attorney for wealthy North Shore landowners similarly opposed to the road project. He called Torrey to his office, where the council's finance committee was meeting, and berated him for this and the newsletter article, which he considered serious breaches of trust.

paragraph: Torrey stood firm and defended both actions. When Moses responded to Torrey's telling him he had no right to tell him what he could and could not print by saying "Goddamn you! What do you mean by doing something like that?", Torrey, who had many Jewish friends, lost his temper and said "You big noisy kike; you can't talk to me like that." Moses attempted to choke him and had to be pulled off Torrey by other members of the committee; he threw a smoking stand at Torrey afterwards.

paragraph: While Torrey apologized for the incident (and Moses did not), he eventually resigned from the Parks Council, a move which ultimately gave Moses control of that body.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Torrey died of a heart attack on his 58th birthday, stunning the hiking community. The NY/NJTC soon found that it took a committee to do the work he alone had carried out. A memorial was placed on Long Mountain in Harriman State Park, which had one of his favorite views, reading "In Memory of Raymond H. Torrey, A Great Disciple of the "Long Brown Path", 1880-1938." His ashes were scattered to the winds there in a brief ceremony.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scherer, Glenn D., "Vistas and vision: A history of the New York-New Jersey Trail Conference." The New York-New Jersey Trail Conference, New York, N.Y., 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Myles, William J., "Harriman Trails, A Guide and History.", The New York-New Jersey Trail Conference, New York, N.Y., 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Waterman, Guy and Laura, "Forest and Crag: A History of Hiking, Trail Blazing and Adventure in the Northeast Mountains", Appalachian Mountain Club, Boston, Mass., 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Core, Earl L. (1939), "Raymond H. Torrey", "Castanea", 4:6-7.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pugsley Award Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harriman Hikers

description: American environmentalist

wikidata_label: Raymond H. Torrey

wikipedia_title: Raymond H. Torrey


text:
Canadian
athlete
Hannah, North Dakota
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
baseball
basketball
Bedford Road Collegiate
high jump
British
world record
Matchless Six
1928 Summer Olympics
Amsterdam
gold medal
New York Times
javelin throw
California
Canada's Sports Hall of Fame
secret marriage
Reno
David Collier

categories: Olympic gold medalists for Canada,Sportspeople from Saskatoon,1908 births,Canada's Sports Hall of Fame inductees,1987 deaths,Medalists at the 1928 Summer Olympics,Canadian female high jumpers,Sportspeople from Haldimand County,Athletes (track and field) at the 1928 Summer Olympics,People from Cavalier County, North Dakota

paragraph: Ethel Catherwood

paragraph: Ethel Hannah Catherwood (April 28, 1908 – September 26, 1987) was a Canadian athlete.

paragraph: Born in Hannah, North Dakota, United States, Ethel Catherwood was raised and educated in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, where she excelled at baseball, basketball and track and field athletics. In 1926, as a student at Bedford Road Collegiate, she equalled a Canadian record for high jump at the Saskatoon city track and field championships. On Labour Day of the same year, she broke the British-held high jump world record. In 1928, she became a member of the Matchless Six, a group of 6 Canadian women who competed at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, the first Olympics to allow female competitors in athletics. Catherwood took home a gold medal in high jump, clearing . There was considerable focus on her physical attributes during the Games earning her the nickname "Saskatoon Lily". As well, a New York Times correspondent dubbed her the "prettiest girl athlete" at the 1928 Olympics. However, much more than a pretty face Ethel Catherwood took home the world's first ever gold medal awarded to a female high jumper and holds the title as the only Canadian female athlete to have won an individual gold medal in an Olympic track and field event.

paragraph: Catherwood also held national titles in javelin throw, but this event became Olympic only in 1932, whereas she retired from competitions a year earlier. Upon her return from the 1928 Olympics, Catherwood was offered a movie contract, but declined the offer. She took a business course, married, and moved to California.

paragraph: In 1955, she was inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame, the Saskatchewan Sports Hall of Fame in 1966, and the Saskatoon Sports Hall of Fame in 1986.

paragraph: Catherwood had an enigmatic life. After the Olympics, where she was feted as the beauty of the games, she was surrounded in scandal. Her secret marriage to and speedy Reno divorce from James McLaren, and later marriage to Byron Mitchell (whom she divorced in 1960) had the press following her every move. She refused to give interviews She even considered trying out for the US Olympic team in 1932. She died in California on September 26, 1987.

paragraph: Catherwood is the subject of a short graphic (i.e. comic) biography by David Collier entitled "The Ethel Catherwood Story," collected in "An Anthology of Graphic Fiction, Cartoons, and True Stories", Ivan Brunetti ed. 2006.

description: Canadian track and field athlete

wikidata_label: Ethel Catherwood

wikipedia_title: Ethel Catherwood


text:
British India
Glasgow
Lanarkshire
Scotland
Greenock
Tom Cox Bray
Adelaide
South Australia
Wren and Gurney
Clare College, Cambridge
Bihar
Midnapore
Bengal
Assam
C.I.E.
C.S.I
Order of the Indian Empire
Order of the Star of India
Kilmacolm
Renfrewshire
Mauritius
David Russell
Chalfont St Peter
Times
Who's Who

categories: Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire,1871 births,1934 deaths

paragraph: John Henry Kerr

paragraph: Sir John Henry Kerr (31 May 1871 – 8 April 1934) was a colonial governor in British India

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: John Henry Kerr was born in Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland, the elder son (with three daughters), of John Smith Kerr, tea and sugar merchant of Greenock, and his wife, Sarah Ann Bray, elder daughter of Tom Cox Bray, an early settler of Adelaide, South Australia.

paragraph: Kerr was educated first by Messrs Wren and Gurney, later going to the Glasgow Academy (1885-1887). He attended the University of Glasgow from 1886 to 1888, and in 1890 matriculated at Clare College, Cambridge.

paragraph: Kerr joined the Indian Civil Service in 1892. He was settlement officer, Bihar (1899); collector of Midnapore (1904); Director of Land Records, Bengal (1905); Deputy Secretary to the Government of India (1907); Revenue Secretary to the Government of India (1911); Chief Secretary to the Government of Bengal (1915); (Finance) member of Lord Zetland's Bengal Executive Council (1921-1922); Governor of Assam (1922-1927); acting Governor of Bengal (1925); Deputy Chairman of the Indian Franchise Committee (1932); retired (193-); "in retirement [he] continued [to be] an esteemed counsellor on Indian Affairs"; publications: Settlement Reports of Saran, and Darbanga; joint-editor, "Rampini's Bengal Tenancy Act".

paragraph: Sir John was awarded the honours, C.I.E. (1911) and C.S.I (1917). He was created a Knight Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire (1922), and a Knight Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India (1922).

paragraph: His club was the East India United Services. In retirement, he lived at Fairstead, Latchmoor avenue, Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire, England, and at Orcadia, Kilmacolm, Renfrewshire, Scotland.

paragraph: He married on 28 January 1898 at Christ Church, Muzaffarpur, Tirhut, Bihar, India, Minnie Julia Wilson, later Lady Kerr, youngest daughter of James Minden Wilson, and Janet McKenzie, of Muzaffarpur, Tirhut, Bihar, India, and granddaughter of the Honourable James Wilson, Chief Judge of Mauritius. They had two sons, the elder of whom, John Minden Kerr, was a brigadier in the British army, and two daughters, the younger of whom was the maternal grandmother of David Russell, classical guitarist.

paragraph: Sir John died on 8 April 1934 at his residence in Gerrards Cross and was buried in the cemetery at Chalfont St Peter. He was survived by Lady Kerr until January 1957. See obituaries in the London "Times"

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who's Who" and "Who was Who"; see also similar British biographical publications, and "The Bray Family of England, Canada, and Australia" (1986), deposited in the libraries of the Hampshire Family History Society and the South Australian Society for Genealogy and Heraldry.

description: Colonial Governor of British India

wikidata_label: John Henry Kerr

wikipedia_title: John Henry Kerr


text: lawyer

text: Nazis

text: Weimar Republic

text: subpoena

text: Adolf Hitler

text: Reichstag fire

text: progressive

text: leftist

text: German concentration camp

text: Dachau

text: BBC

text: The Man Who Crossed Hitler

text: Halle

text: Irmgard

text: Friedrich Litten

text: Iron Cross

text: Weimar Republic

text: jurist

text: Roman

text: civil law

text: dean

text: Königsberg

text: rector

text: Swabia

text: University of Halle-Wittenberg

text: Königsberg

text: Prussia

text: baptized

text: Hebrew

text: Abitur

text: humanitarian ideas

text: justice

text: Judaism

text: Max Fürst

text: German Revolution

text: Karl Liebknecht

text: Rosa Luxemburg

text: Freikorps

text: Paul von Hindenburg

text: 1914 Battle of Tannenberg

text: art history

text: Munich

text: Kapp Putsch

text: 1924 court case

text: Adolf Hitler

text: Reich Ministry of Justice

text: Communist Party

text: classical music

text: Rainer Maria Rilke

text: Sanskrit

text: Adolf Hitler

text: SA

text: Nazis

text: Nazi Party

text: Nazi party was in ascendancy

text: Reichstag fire

text: protective custody

text: Spandau Prison

text: Clifford Allen

text: Sonnenburg concentration camp

text: Brandenburg-Görden Prison

text: Erich Mühsam

text: Esterwegen

text: Emsland

text: Lichtenburg

text: Spandau Prison

text: Gestapo

text: Reichswehrminister

text: Werner von Blomberg

text: Wilhelm of Prussia

text: Reichsbischof

text: Ludwig Müller

text: Franz Gürtner

text: Roland Freisler

text: Die Gedanken sind frei

text: Buchenwald concentration camp

text: Rilke

text: blockälteste

text: Zuchthaus

text: mass uprising in the central German industrial region

text: Carl Severing

text: amnesty

text: Rote Hilfe

text: Wilhelm Pieck

text: Clara Zetkin

text: turbulent early years

text: Weimar Republic

text: legal defense

text: indictment

text: May Day

text: breach of the peace

text: sedition

text: Alfred Döblin

text: Heinrich Mann

text: Carl von Ossietzky

text: Karl Friedrich Zörgiebel

text: truncheons

text: criminal code

text: Berliner Tageblatt

text: martyr

text: acquittal

text: SA

text: Rollkommando

text: plaintiff

text: manslaughter

text: assault

text: Leipzig

text: Reichswehr

text: treason

text: Nazi Party

text: Roland Freisler

text: Franz Gürtner

text: Wilhelm of Prussia

text: kommando

text: coup d'état

text: letter-spaced

text: arbor

text: Communist

text: Social Democrats

text: storm troopers

text: cold war

text: Stalinism

text: Leah Tsemel

text: Center for Constitutional Rights

text: Benjamin Carter Hett

text: Werner Best

text: torture

text: stress positions

text: Abu Ghraib

text: Guantanamo

text: BBC

text: The Man Who Crossed Hitler

text: Justin Hardy

text: Ed Stoppard

text: Taken At Midnight

text: Chichester Festival Theatre

text: Theatre Royal, Haymarket, London

text: Rollkommando Hamann

text: List of Germans who resisted Nazism

text: RW

text: Book review of Hett's biography of Litten

categories: German resistance members,Male suicides,Jurists who committed suicide,German Jews,1903 births,German people who died in Dachau concentration camp,People from the Province of Saxony,People from Halle (Saale),20th-century German lawyers,German civilians killed in World War II,People who committed suicide in prison custody,1938 deaths

paragraph: Hans Litten

paragraph: Hans Achim Litten (19 June 1903 – 5 February 1938) was a German lawyer who represented opponents of the Nazis at important political trials between 1929 and 1932, defending the rights of workers during the Weimar Republic.

paragraph: During one , Litten subpoenaed Adolf Hitler, to appear as a witness, where Litten then cross-examined Hitler for three hours. Hitler was so rattled by the experience that, years later, he would not allow Litten's name to be mentioned in his presence. In retaliation, Litten was arrested on the night of the Reichstag fire along with other progressive lawyers and leftists. Litten spent the rest of his life in one German concentration camp or another, enduring torture and many interrogations. After five years and a move to Dachau, where his treatment worsened and he was cut off from all outside communication, he committed suicide.

paragraph: A number of memorials to him exist in Germany, but Litten was largely ignored for decades because his politics did not fit comfortably in either the west or the communist postwar propaganda. Not until 2011 was Litten finally portrayed in the mass media, when the BBC broadcast "The Man Who Crossed Hitler", a television film set in Berlin in summer 1931.

paragraph: Section::::Biographical details.

paragraph: Section::::Biographical details.:The early years.

paragraph: Litten was born the eldest of three sons in a wealthy family in Halle. His parents were Irmgard (née Wüst) and Friedrich Litten (Fritz). Fritz was Jewish, but converted to Lutheranism in order to further his career as a law professor. He was a nationalist conservative, and served in the army in World War I, earning the Iron Cross, 1st and 2nd Class. He opposed the postwar Weimar Republic. A distinguished jurist and professor of Roman and civil law, he was dean of Königsberg's law school, later becoming rector of that institution. He was also privy counsel ("Geheimer Justizrat") and adviser to the Prussian government. Irmgard was from an established Lutheran family in Swabia, the daughter of Albert Wüst, a professor at the University of Halle-Wittenberg. The family left Halle in 1906 and moved to Königsberg in Prussia.

paragraph: Litten himself was baptized a Christian, but as a youngster learned Hebrew, choosing it as one of the subjects for his "Abitur" examinations. From his mother, Litten acquired an interest in humanitarian ideas and art, and gained a strong sense of justice for the threatened, persecuted and disenfranchised. While his father was away at war, Litten once took food from the kitchen to give to a beggar, addressing him as "sir". Litten's relationship with his father was strained, and his initial interest in Judaism was out of rebellion; he felt his father's conversion was opportunistic. Litten became interested in a German-Jewish youth group with socialist-revolutionary ideas, joining with a school friend, Max Fürst. Nonetheless, at times, he considered himself a Christian. In Dachau he was registered as a Jew, and had to wear the yellow star on his clothing.

paragraph: Litten sought out political debate in his youth. He was shaped by important political and social events of the era, such as World War I, the anti-war demonstration in Berlin on 1 May 1916, when Litten was not quite 13, the German Revolution of 1918–1919, and the arrest and murder of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg by Freikorps soldiers in January 1919. There is an anecdote from Litten's school years, when he was asked in the classroom if they should hang a picture of Paul von Hindenburg, victor of the 1914 Battle of Tannenberg. Litten stated, "I've always been in favour of hanging him."

paragraph: Litten was pressed into studying law by his father. He was not interested in it, writing in his journal, "When the ox in paradise was bored, he invented jurisprudence." He wanted to study art history, but nonetheless, he approached his law studies in Berlin and Munich with intensity, inspired by the events of the day. The Kapp Putsch, the 1924 court case against Adolf Hitler and other events convinced Litten that Germany was approaching a very dangerous period. His perception that right-wing radicals were receiving more lenient treatment in court than their opponents led to his decision to become a lawyer.

paragraph: Litten passed his examinations in 1927 with excellent grades and was offered a lucrative job in the Reich Ministry of Justice, as well as a good position in a flourishing law firm. He declined both choosing instead to open a law office in 1928 with Dr. Ludwig Barbasch, a friend who was close to the Communist Party.

paragraph: Politically Litten was on the left, though independent. He valued his independence and once said, "two people would be one too many for my party." Culturally, Litten was conservative, enjoying classical music and poetry such as that of Rainer Maria Rilke, whose work he could recite. He was an internationalist and was able to read English, Italian, and Sanskrit and enjoyed the music of the Middle East. He had a photographic memory and was considered to have a brilliant intellect.

paragraph: Section::::Biographical details.:Cross-examination of Hitler.

paragraph: In May 1931, Litten summoned Adolf Hitler to testify in the , a court case involving two workers stabbed by four SA men. Litten cross examined Hitler for three hours, finding many points of contradiction and proving that Hitler had exhorted the SA to embark on a systematic campaign of violence against the Nazis' enemies. This was crucial because Hitler was meanwhile trying to pose as a conventional politician to middle class voters and maintained that the Nazi Party was "strictly legal". Though a judge halted Litten's questioning, thus saving Hitler from further damning exposure, newspapers at the time reported on the trial in detail and Hitler was investigated for perjury that summer. He survived the investigation intact, but was rattled by the experience.

paragraph: Section::::Biographical details.:The Nazis seize power.

paragraph: By 1932, the Nazi party was in ascendancy. Litten's mother and friends were urging him to leave Germany, but he stayed. He said, "The millions of workers can't leave here, so I must stay too". Hitler's hatred for Litten was not forgotten and in the early hours of 28 February 1933, the night of the Reichstag fire, he was rousted from his bed, arrested and taken into protective custody. Litten's colleagues Ludwig Barbasch and Professor were also arrested.

paragraph: Litten was first sent – without trial – to Spandau Prison. From there, he was moved from camp to camp, despite efforts by his mother to free him, along with jurists and prominent people from in and outside Germany, such as Clifford Allen and the "European Conference for Rights and Freedom", which had members from several countries. Litten was sent to Sonnenburg concentration camp, Brandenburg-Görden Prison, where he was tortured, along with anarchist Erich Mühsam. In February 1934, he was moved to the "Moorlager", Esterwegen concentration camp in Emsland and a few months later, he was sent to Lichtenburg.

paragraph: The treatment Litten suffered was later described to his mother by an eyewitness. Very early on, he was beaten so badly that the Nazis refused to let even his fellow prisoners see him. He was tortured and forced into hard labor. He attempted suicide in 1933 in an attempt to avoid endangering his former clients, but he was revived by the Nazis so that they could interrogate him further. Litten's suicide attempt came at Spandau Prison, after he buckled under torture administered to extract information about the Felsenecke trial (see below). After revealing some information, he was immediately accused in the press as an accomplice to the murder of an SA man. Litten then wrote a letter to the Gestapo, saying that evidence gained in such a manner was not true and that he recanted. Knowing what awaited him, he then attempted to take his life.

paragraph: Litten's mother wrote about his ordeal, recounting how injuries sustained by him early on left his health permanently damaged. One eye and one leg were injured, never recovering; his jawbone fractured; inner ear damaged; and many teeth knocked out. She also related how, despite her access to many important people in Germany at that time, including Reichswehrminister Werner von Blomberg, Prince Wilhelm of Prussia, Reichsbischof Ludwig Müller, Minister of Justice Franz Gürtner and even then-State Secretary Roland Freisler, she was unable to secure her son's release.

paragraph: Despite his injuries and suffering, Litten strove to maintain his spirits. At one point, in 1934, his situation improved a little bit when he was moved to Lichtenburg. Initially, it was the same, with more beatings, but then he was allowed to work in the book bindery and the library. On occasion, he was able to listen to music on the radio on Sundays. He was well liked and respected by his fellow prisoners for his knowledge, inner strength and courage. One prisoner wrote about a party (allowed by the SS) at which a number of SS men were in attendance. Unafraid of their presence, Litten recited the lyrics of a song that had meant a lot to him in his youth, "Thoughts are free" (in German, "Die Gedanken sind frei"). The prisoner said that apparently the SS men did not grasp the significance of the words.

paragraph: Section::::Biographical details.:Dachau and death.

paragraph: In summer 1937, Litten was sent to Buchenwald concentration camp for a month, before finally being sent to Dachau. He arrived on 16 October 1937 and was put in the Jewish barracks. The Jewish prisoners were isolated from others because Jews in other countries were then spreading the grim news about Dachau. Litten's last letter to his family, written in November 1937, spoke of the situation, adding that the Jewish prisoners were soon to be denied mail privileges until further notice. All letters from Jewish prisoners at Dachau ceased at this time.

paragraph: In the face of their depressing situation, the Jews at Dachau made efforts to have culture and discussion in their lives, to keep their spirits up. Litten would recite Rilke for hours and he impressed the other prisoners with his knowledge on many subjects. Underneath, however, Litten was losing hope. On 5 February 1938, after five years of interrogation and torture and a failed escape attempt, Litten was found by several friends from his barracks, hanging in the lavatory, a suicide.

paragraph: The day before his suicide, one of Litten's friends, Alfred Dreifuß, found a noose under Litten's pillow. He showed it to the blockälteste, who said it wasn't the first that had been found in Litten's possession. At the time, Litten was under interrogation in the "bunker" (see photo). When he came back, he was clearly in a suicidal frame of mind, repeating several times that he "must speak with Heinz Eschen", a prisoner who had just died. He also had recently told his friends that he'd had enough of being imprisoned. Another of Litten's Dachau friends, Alfred Grünebaum, said later that Litten was in constant fear of more brutal interrogations and that Litten had given up on ever being free. On the evening of 4 February 1938, it was clear what Litten had in mind, but no one kept watch. In the middle of the night, his bed was discovered empty and his friends found him hanging in the lavatory. Litten wrote a few parting words and that he had decided to take his life.

paragraph: Section::::Highlights of Litten's legal work.

paragraph: Right away, during one of his first trials, Litten caused a sensation, setting the stage for his future as a "labor lawyer". He represented workers who were sentenced in March 1921 to a long term at hard labor in a "Zuchthaus" for organized resistance against a police raid of a mass uprising in the central German industrial region a year earlier. The police raid was ordered by the Prussian Minister of the Interior, Carl Severing. Litten was able to get some of the workers recognized as political actors, making them eligible under the amnesty law of August 1920.

paragraph: Through his law partner, Barbasch, Litten got involved with the "Rote Hilfe", a solidarity organization founded by Wilhelm Pieck and Clara Zetkin that supported worker's families in dire need during the turbulent early years of the Weimar Republic. In addition, the "Rote Hilfe" arranged legal support and legal defense for workers who were under indictment for their political activities or views. By mid 1929, the "Rote Hilfe" had helped nearly 16,000 arrested workers with legal defense and supported the legal rights of another 27,000 cases.

paragraph: Section::::Highlights of Litten's legal work.:1929: May Day Trial.

paragraph: In 1929, Litten defended participants in the 1929 May Day rally in Berlin, known as "Bloody May 1929" ("Blutmai"). Annual workers' rallies on 1 May had been taking place since 1889. In 1929, however, the rally turned bloody when the police intervened with excessive force. Confrontations between demonstrators and police erupted and the police began firing into crowds and buildings, killing 33 and injuring hundreds, including many bystanders. The workers were charged with severe breach of the peace and with sedition.

paragraph: In preparation for a defense, Litten founded a committee with Alfred Döblin, Heinrich Mann and Carl von Ossietzky to investigate the event. Litten himself had been at the demonstration and observed the brutal actions of the police. When he went to one man's aid and began writing down the names of victims and eyewitnesses, he was himself beaten by a policeman, even though he had identified himself as a lawyer. Litten filed an indictment against the Berlin police president, Karl Friedrich Zörgiebel, for 33 counts of incitement to commit murder. In his legal notice, he stated:

paragraph: Litten's approach was to focus on the legality of the police actions. Rather than pursue individual police officers, he sought to hold the authority, the police chief, to account and he held that Zörgiebel had ordered the police to use truncheons and live ammunition against the demonstrators. If the police action was illegal under the criminal code, the resulting deaths were then murders and anything done by the demonstrators to resist was "self-defense in the full legal sense". He argued that Zörgiebel had ordered the police invasion for political, rather than policing considerations. As proof, he produced a 2 May 1929 article from the "Berliner Tageblatt", where Zörgiebel had written a defense of his actions that showed its political basis. According to Prussian law, police could use "necessary measures" to maintain public peace and security or prevent a public danger; in other words, it was to be police work and not the result of political conditions.

paragraph: The indictment of Zörgiebel was rejected by the state prosecutors and Litten appealed. Zörgiebel turned around and filed charges against a worker who had slapped his ear. Litten then took on this worker's defense, arguing that the worker had acted out of justifiable anger about Zörgiebel's 33 murders. The justice rejected Litten's request to produce evidence on the grounds that the 33-count murder indictment against Zörgiebel could be accepted as fact without dropping the culpability of the worker who had hit Zörgiebel on the ear.

paragraph: The objective in Litten's many lawsuits for the victims of the police attacks and raids was not to litigate individual incidents, but rather to warn about the growing fascism in the country. He worked to put Nazi terror on display, in the hopes it would awaken the public to the threat facing them. He saw the methods of the police as approaching those of civil war and as being illegal and worked to prove that in court and to pursue the responsible parties wherever they were, even in the highest political circles. He wasn't interested in creating socialist martyrs, rather he sought acquittal or an appropriate punishment, which caused him some conflicts with the Rote Hilfe and the KPD.

paragraph: On November 22, 1930, an SA Rollkommando attacked a popular dance hall frequented predominantly by left-wing workers. The victims were members of a migrant workers' association that was holding a meeting at the Tanzpalast Eden ("Eden Dance Palace") in Berlin. Three people were killed and 20 injured in an attack that was planned in advance. The subsequent police investigation was plodding and slow.

paragraph: Litten used four of the injured to represent the plaintiff, seeking to prove three cases of attempted manslaughter, breach of the peace and assault. In addition to pursuing criminal convictions of the offenders, Litten wanted to show that the Nazis intentionally used terror as a tactic to destroy the democratic structures of the Weimar Republic. Hitler was summoned to appear as a witness in court to that end.

paragraph: Shortly before, in September 1930, Hitler had appeared in Leipzig as a witness at the "Ulm Reichswehr Trial" against two officers charged with conspiracy to commit treason for having had membership in the Nazi Party, at that time, forbidden to Reichswehr personnel. Hitler had insisted that his party operated legally, that the phrase "National Revolution" was to be interpreted only "politically", and that his Party was a friend, not an enemy of the Reichswehr. Under oath, Hitler had described the SA as an organization of "intellectual enlightenment" and explained his statement that "heads will roll" as a comment about "intellectual revolution".

paragraph: The court called Hitler to appear on the witness stand on 8 May 1931. Litten set out to show that the SA "Sturm 33" ("Storm 33") was a "rollkommando" (a small, mobile paramilitary unit, generally murderous) and that its attack of the Eden and the resulting murders were undertaken with the knowledge of the party leadership. This would mean that the Nazi Party was not, in fact, a legal and democratic organization and would undermine Hitler's efforts to be seen as a serious politician and statesman.

paragraph: Hitler never forgot the Eden trial, and held a personal antipathy towards Litten. Years later, Litten's name still could not be mentioned in Hitler's presence. Roland Freisler quoted Franz Gürtner as saying, "No one will be able to do anything for Litten. Hitler turned red with rage from just hearing Litten's name, once bellowing at Crown Prince Wilhelm of Prussia, 'Anyone who advocates for Litten lands in the concentration camp, even you.'"

paragraph: Section::::Highlights of Litten's legal work.:1931: Tanzpalast Eden Trial.:Excerpts from the trial.

paragraph: Litten: (…) Did you know that in the circles of the SA there is talk of a special "rollkommando"?

paragraph: Hitler: I haven't heard anything about a "rollkommando". (…)

paragraph: Litten: You said that there will be no violent acts on the part of the National Socialist Party. Didn't Goebbels create the slogan, "one must pound the adversary to a pulp?"

paragraph: Hitler: This is to be understood as "one must dispatch and destroy opposing organizations". (…)

paragraph: (The presiding judge read a question formulated by Litten): Did Hitler, as he named Goebbels "Reichsleiter"(Leader for the empire) of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, know of the passage from his book, where Goebbels declares that fear of the coup d'état cannot be permitted, that parliament should be blown up and the government hunted to hell and where the call to revolution was made again, letter-spaced?

paragraph: Hitler: I can no longer testify under oath, if I knew Goebbels' book at the time. The theme (…) is absolutely of no account to the Party, as the booklet doesn't bear the Party emblem and is also not officially sanctioned by the Party. (…)

paragraph: Litten: Must it not be measured against Goebbels' example, to awaken the notion in the Party, that the legality scheme is not far away, if you neither reprimanded nor shut out a man like Goebbels, rather straightaway made him head of Reich Propaganda?

paragraph: Hitler: The entire Party stands on legal ground and Goebbels (…) likewise. (…) He is in Berlin and can be called here anytime.

paragraph: Litten: Has Herr Goebbels prohibited the further dissemination of his work?

paragraph: Hitler: I don't know.

paragraph: [In the afternoon, Litten returned to this subject.]

paragraph: Litten: Is it correct that Goebbels' revolutionary journal, "The Commitment to Illegality" "[Das Bekenntnis zur Illegalität]", has now been taken over by the Party and has reached a circulation of 120,000? (…) I have concluded that the journal is sanctioned by the Party. (…)

paragraph: Presiding judge: Herr Hitler, in point of fact, you testified this morning, that Goebbels' work is not official Party [material].

paragraph: Hitler: And it isn't, either. A publication is an official Party [organ] when it bears the emblem of the Party.

paragraph: Hitler (shouting, red-faced): How dare you say, Herr Attorney, that is an invitation to illegality? That is a statement without proof!

paragraph: Litten: How is it possible that the Party publishing house takes over a journal that stands in stark contrast to the Party line?

paragraph: Presiding judge: That doesn't have anything to do with this trial.

paragraph: Section::::Highlights of Litten's legal work.:1932: Felseneck Trial.

paragraph: The Felseneck Trial was Litten's last major fight against the Nazi Party. On trial were five Nazis and 19 residents of the Felseneck arbor colony, where many left-wing workers, including Communists and Social Democrats, were living. In January 1932, there was a brawl involving about 150 storm troopers and colony residents. The troopers surrounded the colony and attacked with stones and firearms. Two people were killed, Ernst Schwartz, a member of the Berlin SA and Fritz Klemke, a Communist; several others, including two police officers, were injured. The resulting trial had numerous defendants and hundreds of witnesses.

paragraph: Litten's meticulousness began to annoy both the presiding judge and the prosecutors, who began to conspire to get Litten removed from the trial. Although there were no legal grounds, the court expelled Hans Litten both as counsel and ancillary counsel for the plaintiff because he had "unfurled unrestrained partisan propaganda in the trial" and "made the courtroom a hotbed of political passions". This decision was set aside by the court of appeals, whereupon the presiding judge and an official from the criminal division declared the trial to be biased and the trial was unable to proceed.

paragraph: Shortly after that, Litten was again removed from a high court, having been accused of influencing a witness. This time, the action was sustained by the "Kammergericht" (Supreme Court) and the court commented further during an investigation of the defense, that the main trial was generally inadmissible. This caused an uproar in the community of Berlin lawyers, including those who were not well-disposed toward Litten. A meeting of Berlin attorneys demanded a change to the law in order to prevent such a curtailment of the fundamental rights of defense attorneys.

paragraph: Litten was excoriated in the Nazi press as the "Red Death Defender" and readers were urged to "Put a stop to his dirty work". It was no longer possible for Litten to go out in public without a bodyguard.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Aside from several memorials in Germany, after the war Litten remained unknown for decades because neither western nor communist governments found him suitable for their cold war propaganda. For the west, Litten had been too involved with communists and for communists, Litten's rejection of Stalinism made him a pariah.

paragraph: When East and West Germany were reunited, the lawyers association of Berlin chose to call itself the Hans Litten Bar Association. Every two years, a lawyer is given the "Hans Litten Prize" by the German and European Democratic Lawyers Association. The Israeli lawyer, Leah Tsemel, and Michael Ratner, an American lawyer and the president of the Center for Constitutional Rights, have both received the award. There is a memorial plaque for Litten located on the former "Neue Friedrichstraße", renamed in Litten's honor in 1951. The federal and Berlin bar associations ("Bundesrechtsanwaltskammer" and "Rechtsanwaltskammer Berlin") have their headquarters at the Hans Litten Haus, also on Littenstraße (see photo).

paragraph: In 2008, the first in-depth biography of Litten in English was written. Author Benjamin Carter Hett, a historian and former lawyer, came across Litten while working on another book. Commenting on the relevance of Litten's life today and the treatment he suffered while imprisoned, Hett said,

paragraph: "...it is startling to read the words of Werner Best, one of the top officials in Hitler's secret police, the Gestapo, explaining in 1935 why the Nazi regime would not allow concentration camp prisoners like Hans Litten to have lawyers: "The forms of procedure of the justice system are, under present conditions, absolutely inadequate for the struggle against enemies of the state." It is also startling to read that some of the tortures inflicted on Litten and his fellow prisoners – mock shootings, "stress positions" – were the same as those used at Abu Ghraib or Guantanamo."

paragraph: In 2011 Litten's story was filmed by the BBC. "The Man Who Crossed Hitler" was written by Mark Hayhurst and directed by Justin Hardy. The role of Hans Litten was played by Ed Stoppard. Hayhurst has also written a play on Litten's life, entitled "Taken At Midnight", which premiered at Chichester Festival Theatre in September 2014 and transferred to Theatre Royal, Haymarket, London in January 2015.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rollkommando Hamann for a more extensive explanation of a "Rollkommando"

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Germans who resisted Nazism

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerhard Baatz, "Zum 100. Geburtstag von Hans Litten", "Neue Juristische Wochenschrift" (2003) p. 1784

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerhard Baatz, "Hans Litten." BRAK-Mitteilungen (2001) p. 11

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heinz Düx, "Anwalt gegen Naziterror" in "Streitbare Juristen", Nomos-Verlag, Baden-Baden (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Max Fürst, "Talisman Scheherezade", Carl Hansen Verlag, München (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Justizministerium des Landes RW (ed.), "Zwischen Recht und Unrecht – Lebensläufe deutscher Juristen", Recklinghausen (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irmgard Litten, "Beyond Tears", Alliance Book Corporation, New York (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irmgard Litten, "Die Hölle sieht dich an", Ed. Nouvelles Internat., Paris (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maren Witthoeft, "Hans Litten", Kritische Justiz 1998, p. 405

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phil Shannon, Book review of Hett's biography of Litten Green Left. "The lawyer who defied the Nazis" (April 18, 2009). Retrieved September 4, 2011

description: German lawyer

wikidata_label: Hans Litten

wikipedia_title: Hans Litten


text: Lord Lieutenant of Kirkcudbright

text: George Stewart, 8th Earl of Galloway

text: Lady Jane Paget

text: Lady Jane Stewart

text: William Duncombe, 2nd Baron Feversham

text: Charles Augustus FitzRoy

text: John Stewart, 7th Earl of Galloway

text: Anne

text: Sir James Dashwood, 2nd Baronet

text: Henry Paget, 1st Earl of Uxbridge

text: Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey

text: Harrow

text: Christ Church, Oxford

text: Frederick Yeates Hurlstone

text: Tory

text: MP

text: Cockermouth

text: William Carus Wilson

text: Laurence Peel

text: Philip Pleydell-Bouverie

text: Galloway House

text: William Burn

text: Lady Harriet Blanche Somerset

text: Henry Somerset, 6th Duke of Beaufort

text: Alan Stewart, 10th Earl of Galloway

text: Lady Arabella Arthur

text: Randolph Stewart, 11th Earl of Galloway

text: Sir Robert Loder, 1st Baronet

text: Sir William Cooke, 8th Baronet

text: Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Templemore

text: Algernon Turnor

text: née

text: Alan

text: Eaton Square

text: Newton Stewart

text: Galloway, Earl of (S, 1623)

categories: Lord-Lieutenants of Kirkcudbright,People educated at Harrow School,Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford,1892 births,UK MPs 1826–1830,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,UK MPs 1830–1831,Earls of Galloway,1978 deaths

paragraph: Randolph Stewart, 9th Earl of Galloway

paragraph: Randolph Algernon Ronald Stewart, 9th Earl of Galloway (16 September 1800 – 2 January 1873) was the Lord Lieutenant of Kirkcudbright from 1828 to 1845; and of Wigton from 1828 to 1851. He was styled Viscount Garlies from 1806 to 1834.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born on 16 September 1800. He was the eldest son of eight children born to George Stewart, 8th Earl of Galloway and his wife Lady Jane Paget. Among his siblings was sisters, Lady Jane Stewart, who married George Spencer-Churchill, 6th Duke of Marlborough, and Lady Louisa Stewart, who married William Duncombe, 2nd Baron Feversham. His younger brother, Vice Admiral Hon. Keith Stewart, was married to Mary FitzRoy, daughter of Charles Augustus FitzRoy.

paragraph: His paternal grandparents were John Stewart, 7th Earl of Galloway, and Anne, daughter of Sir James Dashwood, 2nd Baronet. His maternal grandfather was Henry Paget, 1st Earl of Uxbridge, and his uncle was Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey.

paragraph: He was educated at Harrow and Christ Church, Oxford. He was painted by English portrait and historical painter Frederick Yeates Hurlstone.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He was Tory MP for Cockermouth from 1826 to 1831. He succeeded, and was duly succeeded, by Sir John Lowther, 2nd Baronet, of Swillington. He served alongside William Carus Wilson (from 1821 to 1826), Laurence Peel (from 1827 to 1830), and Philip Pleydell-Bouverie (from 1830 to 1831).

paragraph: Upon his father's death on 27 March 1834, Stewart succeeded to the titles of Earl of Galloway, Lord Garlies, Baron Stewart of Garlies, Baronet or Corsewell, and Baronet of Burray. He also inherited the family seat of Galloway House in Dumfries and Galloway. During his ownership, considerable work was done on Galloway House, including the hiring of William Burn in 1841 to carry out alterations, including an additional floor in parts of the building.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: On 9 August 1833, he married Lady Harriet Blanche Somerset, daughter of Henry Somerset, 6th Duke of Beaufort, and had 6 sons and 7 daughters, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Helen Blanche Stewart (1834–1903), who married Walter Clifford Mellor, in 1896.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alan Stewart, 10th Earl of Galloway (1835–1901), who married Lady Arabella Arthur, daughter of James Gascoyne-Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Salisbury, in 1872.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Randolph Stewart, 11th Earl of Galloway (1836–1920), who married Amy Mary Pauline Cliffe, daughter of Anthony John Cliffe, in 1891.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maj. Gen. Hon. Alexander Stewart DL (1838–1896), who married Adela Maria Loder, daughter of Sir Robert Loder, 1st Baronet, in 1883.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Emma Georgiana Stewart (1840–1869), who married Wilbraham Tollemache, 2nd Baron Tollemache, in 1856.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Mary Louise Stewart (1842–1929), who married Charles Edward Stephen Cooke, son of Sir William Cooke, 8th Baronet, in 1874.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Jane Charlotte Stewart (1846–1897), who married Henry Anthony Spedding, in 1881.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Emily Octavia Stewart (1847–1929), who married Capt. Hon. Francis Chichester, son of Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Templemore, in 1875.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Col. Hon. Walter John Stewart (b. 1849)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Henrietta Caroline Stewart (1850–1930), who married Algernon Turnor, in 1880.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Isabel Maud Stewart (1852–1927), who died unmarried.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Malcolm Stewart (1853–1853), who died in infancy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. FitzRoy Somerset Keith Stewart (1855–1914), who married Elizabeth Louisa (née Rogers) Thompson (widow of John Stanley Thompson), daughter of Rev. Robert Green Rogers, in 1888.

paragraph: The Earl of Galloway died on 2 January 1873. He was succeeded in his titles and estates in turn by his eldest son Alan, and his second son Randolph. His widow, the dowager countess, died in 1885 at her home in Eaton Square, London, aged 74.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Legacy.

paragraph: In 1875, a memorial was erected to the 9th Earl of Galloway in Newton Stewart in Scotland.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galloway, Earl of (S, 1623) at Cracroft's Peerage.

description: politician

wikidata_label: Randolph Stewart, 9th Earl of Galloway

wikipedia_title: Randolph Stewart, 9th Earl of Galloway


text:
enamelwork
Charlotte Hanmann
Copenhagen Airport
Danske Bank
Stege
Copenhagen
Matisse
Picasso
Sydhavnen
Gammel Kongevej
Georg Jensen
holloware
Danske Bank
Copenhagen Airport
Hørsholm
Gammel Kongevej
Berlin
Anne Marie Telmányi
Assistens Cemetery

categories: Danish women painters,1918 births,Danish artists

paragraph: Inger Hanmann

paragraph: Inger Frimann Hanmann (; 7 November 1918 – 9 June 2007) was a Danish artist, specializing in painting and enamelwork. Her younger daughter Charlotte Hanmann is also a photographer, painter and graphic artist. Inger Hanman's best known enamel art works are displayed in Copenhagen Airport and Danske Bank.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Inger Clausen was born on 7 November 1918 in Stege, Denmark. Her father was Niels Christoffer Clausen who was a veterinarian. Her mother was Dagmar Madsen. Her father encouraged her to take part in horse riding and boxing. At the same time she evinced keen interest in music and painting. When her father moved to Copenhagen, she went with him, taking up studies at the Design School for Women ("Tegne- og Kunstindustriskolen for Kvinder") from 1935 to 1938. During these studies she was influenced by the paintings of Matisse and Picasso in the museums, and attended contemporary music and jazz concerts. She initially worked as a teacher.

paragraph: Hanmann married Niels Aage Hoppe, a lawyer, on 27 April 1938. They had a daughter, Marianne. However, the marriage ended in divorce in 1947.

paragraph: In 1946, Hanmann attended Peter Rostrup Bøyesen's painting school in Copenhagen, completing her studies in 1952. During this period she met Poul Hanman, a painter, and married him after divorcing her first husband. They had a daughter, Charlotte, who later became a famous a photographer and painter.

paragraph: Hanmann, along with her husband, lived in a small, modest apartment in Sydhavnen in southern Copenhagen for 30 years. Later they moved to an apartment on Gammel Kongevej and established their individual ateliers. Here they taught drawing, benefiting from the earnings they received from teaching art at evening classes. Inger Hanmann also presented fashion designs in the Copenhagen newspapers while developing her own artistic style.

paragraph: A change in Hanmann's career occurred when she met Marius Schou, a director at C. Schous Fabrikker, who advised her to pursue her art work adopting the medium of industrial enamel, which the company produced. This brought about a change in her art presentations as she used enamel for her decorative work. She collaborated with A. Michelsen and Georg Jensen who were silversmiths, adapting her painting style to the creation of many enamelled holloware works, some inlaid with silver and gold leaf. The effects of light and colour emanating from the enamel also exerted considerable influence on Hanman's paintings.

paragraph: One of Hanmann's large enamel art works in connection with architecture is a sculpture at Landmandsbanken later merged into Danske Bank, which is the largest enamel work in the world, unveiled on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the bank in 1971. For Copenhagen Airport, in 1989, she created an artefact in enamel which measured 100 square meters. She has also made several enamel reliefs for Stege School, Virum Hall and the swimming pool in Hørsholm. She created a large gable painting in Gammel Kongevej in 1990, and a 15 meter high movable sculpture for the new Danish embassy in Berlin in 1999.

paragraph: Hanmann's non-figurative art works have been displayed at many exhibitions and in museums, nationally and internationally. She was the recipient of a grant from Denmark's National Bank Anniversary Foundation in 1984–85, and benefited from an Anne Marie Telmányi Grant in 1988.

paragraph: Inger Hanmann died on 9 June 2007 and is buried in Assistens Cemetery in Copenhagen.

wikidata_label: Inger Hanmann

wikipedia_title: Inger Hanmann