text: Greek

text: king of kings

text: Achaemenid dynasty

text: Persia

text: Darius I

text: Artabanus

text: one of the Persian kings

text: Ahasuerus

text: Book of Esther

text: invasion of Greece

text: Greece

text: Isthmus of Corinth

text: Salamis

text: Plataea

text: Roman Ghirshman

text: Susa

text: Persepolis

text: Darius I

text: Atossa

text: Cyrus the Great

text: Achaemenids

text: Achaemenes

text: Naqsh-e Rustam

text: Atossa

text: Artobazan

text: Demaratus

text: Artobazan

text: born in the purple

text: Babylon

text: Achaemenes

text: Marduk

text: Media

text: Shahanshah

text: Athenians

text: Naxians

text: Eretria

text: Ionian Revolt

text: Sardis

text: Marathon

text: Xerxes Canal

text: isthmus

text: Mount Athos

text: Thrace

text: pontoon bridge

text: Xerxes' Pontoon Bridges

text: Hellespont

text: Assyrians

text: Phoenicia

text: Babylonians

text: Egyptians

text: Jews

text: Macedon

text: Thracians

text: Paeonians

text: Greeks

text: Ionia

text: Aegean islanders

text: Aeolians

text: Pontus

text: Colchians

text: Indians

text: Herodotus

text: flax

text: papyrus

text: fetters

text: Carthaginian

text: invasion of Sicily

text: Syracuse

text: Agrigentum

text: Thessaly

text: Thebes

text: Argos

text: Sardis

text: Herodotus

text: Immortals

text: Battle of Thermopylae

text: Leonidas

text: Sparta

text: phalanx

text: Ephialtes

text: Artemisium

text: Athens

text: Salamis

text: Athenian Acropolis

text: Destruction of Athens

text: Perserschutt

text: Isthmus of Corinth

text: Themistocles

text: Artemisia

text: Halicarnassus

text: Peloponnesus

text: Battle of Salamis

text: Thessaly

text: Hellespont

text: Babylon

text: Achaemenid Empire

text: Mardonius

text: Plataea

text: Susa

text: Persepolis

text: Gate of All Nations

text: Apadana

text: Tachara

text: Apadana

text: Royal Road

text: palace in Susa

text: Artabanus

text: eunuch

text: Hyrcanian

text: Achaemenids

text: Ctesias

text: Artaxerxes

text: Aristotle

text: Megabyzus

text: Zoroastrian

text: Amestris

text: Amytis

text: Megabyzus

text: Darius

text: Artaxerxes I

text: Artabanus

text: Hystaspes

text: Artaxerxes I

text: Artaxerxes I

text: Achaemenes

text: Rhodogune

text: Artarius

text: Babylon

text: Tithraustes

text: Arsames

text: Parysatis

text: Aeschylus

text: The Persians

text: Serse

text: Baroque

text: George Frideric Handel

text: King's Theatre

text: aria

text: Ombra mai fù

text: Artaxerxes I

text: Metastasio

text: Artaserse

text: Leonardo Vinci

text: Johann Adolf Hasse

text: Johann Christian Bach

text: Battle of Thermopylae

text: popular culture

text: David Farrar

text: The 300 Spartans

text: Frank Miller

text: Brazil

text: Rodrigo Santoro

text: Iran

text: Ken Davitian

text: Meet the Spartans

text: anachronisms

text: Esther

text: Assassin's Creed II

text: One Night with the King

text: Ahasuerus

text: Luke Goss

text: Civilization II

text: III

text: Scheherazade

text: Civilization IV

text: Cyrus the Great

text: Darius I

text: Gore Vidal

text: Creation

text: Zoroaster

text: Ahasuerus

text: Richard Egan

text: Esther and the King

text: Joel Smallbone

text: The Book of Esther

text: alternate history

text: Harry Turtledove

text: Departures

text: Lois Tilton

text: Greek

text: Old Persian

text: New Persian

text: Khashayar

categories: Battle of Thermopylae,Persian people of the Greco-Persian Wars,Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt,Battle of Salamis,Pharaohs of the Achaemenid dynasty of Egypt,5th-century BC Iranian people,465 BC deaths,Xerxes I,5th-century BC Babylonian kings,5th-century BC Pharaohs,5th-century BC Kings of the Achaemenid Empire,5th-century BC murdered monarchs,Monarchs of the Hebrew Bible,5th-century BC rulers,518 BC births,Ahasuerus,Kings of the Achaemenid Empire,Murdered Persian monarchs

paragraph: Xerxes I

paragraph: Xerxes I (; "Xšayaṛša" () "ruling over heroes", Greek "Xérxēs" ; 519–465 BC), called Xerxes the Great, was the fifth king of kings of the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia. Like his father and predecessor Darius I, he ruled the empire at its territorial apex. He ruled from 486 BC until his assassination in 465 BC at the hands of Artabanus, the commander of the royal bodyguard.

paragraph: Xerxes I is one of the Persian kings identified as Ahasuerus in the biblical Book of Esther. He is also notable in Western history for his failed invasion of Greece in 480 BC. His forces temporarily overran mainland Greece north of the Isthmus of Corinth until losses at Salamis and Plataea a year later reversed these gains and ended the second invasion decisively. However, Xerxes successfully crushed revolts in Egypt and Babylon. Roman Ghirshman says that, "After this he ceased to use the title of 'king of Babylon', calling himself simply 'king of the Persians and the Medes'."

paragraph: Xerxes oversaw the completion of various construction projects at Susa and Persepolis.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Rise to power.

paragraph: Xerxes was born to Darius I and Atossa (daughter of Cyrus the Great). Darius and Atossa were both Achaemenids as they were both descendants of Achaemenes. While Darius was preparing for another war against Greece, a revolt spurred in Egypt in 486 BC due to heavy taxes and the deportation of craftsmen to build the royal palaces at Susa and Persepolis. Under Persian law, the king was required to choose a successor before setting out on dangerous expeditions. When Darius decided to leave (487–486 BC), Darius prepared his tomb at Naqsh-e Rustam (five kilometers from his royal palace at Persepolis) and appointed Xerxes, his eldest son by Atossa, as his successor. However, Darius could not lead the campaign due to his failing health and died in October 486 BC at the age of 64.

paragraph: Artobazan claimed the crown as the eldest of all the children; while Xerxes, on the other hand, urged that he was sprung from Atossa, the daughter of Cyrus, and that it was Cyrus who had won the Persians their freedom. Xerxes was also helped by a Spartan king in exile who was present in Persia at the time, Eurypontid king Demaratus, who argued that the eldest son does not universally mean they have claim to the crown, as Spartan law states that the first son born while the father is king is the heir to the kingship. Some modern scholars also view the unusual decision of Darius to give the throne to Xerxes to be a result of his consideration of the unique positions that Cyrus the Great and his daughter Atossa enjoyed. Artobazan was born to "Darius the subject", while Xerxes was the eldest son born in the purple after Darius's rise to the throne, and Artobazan's mother was a commoner while Xerxes's mother was the daughter of the founder of the empire.

paragraph: Xerxes was crowned and succeeded his father in October–December 486 BC when he was about 36 years old. The transition of power to Xerxes was smooth due again in part to the great authority of Atossa and his accession of royal power was not challenged by any person at court or in the Achaemenian family, or any subject nation.

paragraph: Almost immediately, Xerxes crushed revolts in Egypt and Babylon that had broken out the year before, and appointed his brother Achaemenes as satrap over Egypt. In 484 BC, he outraged the Babylonians by violently confiscating and melting down the golden statue of Bel (Marduk, Merodach), the hands of which the rightful king of Babylon had to clasp each New Year's Day. This sacrilege led the Babylonians to rebel in 484 BC and 482 BC, so that in contemporary Babylonian documents, Xerxes refused his father's title of King of Babylon, being named rather as King of Persia and Media, Great King, King of Kings (Shahanshah) and King of Nations (i.e., of the world). This comes from the Daiva Inscriptions of Xerxes, lines 6–13.

paragraph: Section::::Campaigns.

paragraph: Section::::Campaigns.:Invasion of the Greek mainland.

paragraph: Darius died while in the process of preparing a second army to invade the Greek mainland, leaving to his son the task of punishing the Athenians, Naxians, and Eretrians for their interference in the Ionian Revolt, the burning of Sardis, and their victory over the Persians at Marathon. From 483 BC, Xerxes prepared his expedition: The Xerxes Canal was dug through the isthmus of the peninsula of Mount Athos, provisions were stored in the stations on the road through Thrace, and two pontoon bridges later known as Xerxes' Pontoon Bridges were built across the Hellespont. Soldiers of many nationalities served in the armies of Xerxes from all over his multi-ethnic massive Eurasian-sized empire and beyond, including the Assyrians, Phoenicians, Babylonians, Egyptians, Jews, Macedonians, European Thracians, Paeonians, Achaean Greeks, Ionians, Aegean islanders, Aeolians, Greeks from Pontus, Colchians, Indians and many more.

paragraph: According to the Greek historian Herodotus, Xerxes's first attempt to bridge the Hellespont ended in failure when a storm destroyed the flax and papyrus cables of the bridges. In retaliation, Xerxes ordered the Hellespont (the strait itself) whipped three hundred times, and had fetters thrown into the water. Xerxes's second attempt to bridge the Hellespont was successful. The Carthaginian invasion of Sicily deprived Greece of the support of the powerful monarchs of Syracuse and Agrigentum; ancient sources assume Xerxes was responsible, modern scholarship is skeptical. Many smaller Greek states, moreover, took the side of the Persians, especially Thessaly, Thebes and Argos. Xerxes was victorious during the initial battles.

paragraph: Xerxes set out in the spring of 480 BC from Sardis with a fleet and army which Herodotus estimated was roughly one million strong along with 10,000 elite warriors named the Immortals. More recent estimates place the Persian force at around 60,000 combatants.

paragraph: Section::::Campaigns.:Battle of Thermopylae and destruction of Athens.

paragraph: At the Battle of Thermopylae, a small force of Greek warriors led by King Leonidas of Sparta resisted the much larger Persian forces, but were ultimately defeated. According to Herodotus, the Persians broke the Spartan phalanx after a Greek man called Ephialtes betrayed his country by telling the Persians of another pass around the mountains. At Artemisium, large storms had destroyed ships from the Greek side and so the battle stopped prematurely as the Greeks received news of the defeat at Thermopylae and retreated.

paragraph: After Thermopylae, Athens was captured. Most of the Athenians had abandoned the city and fled to the island of Salamis before Xerxes arrived. A small group attempted to defend the Athenian Acropolis, but they were defeated. Xerxes ordered the Destruction of Athens and burnt the city, leaving an archaeologically attested destruction layer, known as the Perserschutt. The Persians thus gained control of all of mainland Greece to the north of the Isthmus of Corinth.

paragraph: Section::::Campaigns.:Battles of Salamis and Plataea.

paragraph: Xerxes was induced by the message of Themistocles (against the advice of Artemisia of Halicarnassus) to attack the Greek fleet under unfavourable conditions, rather than sending a part of his ships to the Peloponnesus and awaiting the dissolution of the Greek armies. The Battle of Salamis (September, 480 BC) was won by the Greek fleet, after which Xerxes set up a winter camp in Thessaly.

paragraph: According to Herodotus, fearing that the Greeks might attack the bridges across the Hellespont and trap his army in Europe, Xerxes decided to retreat back to Asia, taking the greater part of the army with him. Another cause of the retreat might have been continued unrest in Babylon, which, being a key province of the Achaemenid Empire, required the king's own attention.

paragraph: He left behind a contingent in Greece to finish the campaign under Mardonius, who according to Herodotus had suggested the retreat in the first place. This force was defeated the following year at Plataea by the combined forces of the Greek city states, ending the Persian offensive on Greece for good.

paragraph: Section::::Construction projects.

paragraph: After the military blunders in Greece, Xerxes returned to Persia and oversaw the completion of the many construction projects left unfinished by his father at Susa and Persepolis. He oversaw the building of the Gate of All Nations and the Hall of a Hundred Columns at Persepolis, which are the largest and most imposing structures of the palace. He oversaw the completion of the Apadana, the Tachara (Palace of Darius) and the Treasury, all started by Darius, as well as having his own palace built which was twice the size of his father's. His taste in architecture was similar to that of Darius, though on an even more gigantic scale. He had colorful enameled brick laid on the exterior face of the Apadana. He also maintained the Royal Road built by his father and completed the Susa Gate and built a palace in Susa.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In August 465 BC, Artabanus, the commander of the royal bodyguard and the most powerful official in the Persian court, assassinated Xerxes with the help of a eunuch, Aspamitres. Although Artabanus bore the same name as the famed uncle of Xerxes, a Hyrcanian, his rise to prominence was due to his popularity in religious quarters of the court and harem intrigues. He put his seven sons in key positions and had a plan to dethrone the Achaemenids.

paragraph: Greek historians give contradicting accounts of events. According to Ctesias (in Persica 20), Artabanus then accused the Crown Prince Darius, Xerxes's eldest son, of the murder and persuaded another of Xerxes's sons, Artaxerxes, to avenge the patricide by killing Darius. But according to Aristotle (in Politics 5.1311b), Artabanus killed Darius first and then killed Xerxes. After Artaxerxes discovered the murder, he killed Artabanus and his sons. Participating in these intrigues was the general Megabyzus, whose decision to switch sides probably saved the Achaemenids from losing their control of the Persian throne.

paragraph: Section::::Government.

paragraph: Section::::Government.:Religion.

paragraph: Section::::Government.:Religion.:Vision in the kings council according to Herodotus.

paragraph: In "Histories", Herodotus relates that the Persian King invites council of noblemen from Persia, with which he decided to share the following plans. Earlier attacks from Hellenic forces incited a need for recompense. Therefore two out of a handful noblemen were brave enough to cite their advice on the potential warfare coming up. One of which is Mardonius, who with slightly flattering words seemed to spur the king to his decision, and agreed on the matter. When Mardonius finished, it was said that slandering the neighbouring nation is not only hurting the man absent, but also the man deciding on it, implying the words were of no use to his decision. Artabanus, Xerxes uncle and brother of Darius I whose speech was heard made an impression on the king, wherewith the king furiously ascribed his advisor with cowardice. And fittingly disabled him to battle with the army, and stay home with the women. However, remarkably, later that night, he struggled on Artabanus words, and changed his mind. It was said Xerxes received a vision of a tall and handsome man reminding him the unfaithfulness of changing his mind, and emphasizing the decision made, should be pursued. The next day, his uncle was excused, and the Ionian and Dorian people were left in peace. However, that same night again, a vision was given to Xerxes. Son of Darius, have you then plainly renounced your army's march among the Persians, and made my words of no account, as though you had not heard them? Know for certain that, if you do not lead out your army immediately, this will be the outcome of it: as you became great and mighty in a short time, so in a moment will you be brought low again.The king, perplexed and confused, did not find the confidence to follow up its implications. Therefore Artabanus was told by the king he, on one term, decided to attack again. Before he made this verdict, he gave his uncle the order to wear his clothes and sleep in his bed, so that he would have that same vision. Darius brother squinted the eyes of disbelief, but determined not much later, to agree. Chapter seven ends. Chapter eight starts with the faring assertive naval armies from Greece.

paragraph: Section::::Government.:Religion.:Artaborus about god.

paragraph: The story of the council above mentions the uncle of Xerxes. In his spoken words, he mentions a god that strikes whoever strives to attain anything above greatness. A god that humbles the people, and does not suffer their pride. From the factual information this seems to imply monotheism, which is in accordance with Zoroastrian beliefs of the time.

paragraph: Section::::Government.:Religion.:Zoroastrian origin.

paragraph: Although Herodotus' report in the "Histories" has created debate concerning Xerxes' religious beliefs, modern scholars consider him a Zoroastrian.

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: By queen Amestris:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amytis, wife of Megabyzus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Darius, the first born, murdered by Artaxerxes I or Artabanus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hystaspes, murdered by Artaxerxes I.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artaxerxes I

paragraph: BULLET::::- Achaemenes, murdered by Egyptians.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rhodogune

paragraph: By unknown wives:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artarius, satrap of Babylon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tithraustes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arsames or Arsamenes or Arxanes or Sarsamas, satrap of Egypt.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parysatis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ratashah

paragraph: Section::::Cultural depictions.

paragraph: Xerxes is the central character of the Aeschylus play "The Persians". Xerxes is the protagonist of the opera "Serse" by the German-English Baroque composer George Frideric Handel. It was first performed in the King's Theatre London on 15 April 1738. The famous aria "Ombra mai fù" opens the opera.

paragraph: The murder of Xerxes by Artabanus ("Artabano"), execution of crown prince Darius ("Dario"), revolt by Megabyzus ("Megabise"), and subsequent succession of Artaxerxes I is romanticised by the Italian poet Metastasio in his opera libretto "Artaserse", which was first set to music by Leonardo Vinci, and subsequently by other composers such as Johann Adolf Hasse and Johann Christian Bach.

paragraph: Later generations' fascination with ancient Sparta, particularly the Battle of Thermopylae, has led to Xerxes' portrayal in works of popular culture. He was played by David Farrar in the fictional film "The 300 Spartans" (1962), where he is portrayed as a cruel, power-crazed despot and an inept commander. He also features prominently in the graphic novel "300" by Frank Miller, as well as the film adaptation "300" (2007) and its sequel "" (2014), as portrayed by Brazilian actor Rodrigo Santoro, in which he is represented as a giant man with androgynous qualities, who claims to be a god-king. This portrayal has attracted controversy, especially in Iran. Ken Davitian plays Xerxes in "Meet the Spartans", a parody of the first "300" movie replete with sophomoric humour and deliberate anachronisms.

paragraph: Other works dealing with the Persian Empire or the Biblical story of Esther have also featured or alluded to Xerxes, such as the video game "Assassin's Creed II" and the film "One Night with the King" (2006), in which Ahasuerus (Xerxes) was portrayed by British actor Luke Goss. He is the leader of the Persian Empire in the video game "Civilization II" and "III" (along with Scheherazade), although "Civilization IV" replaces him with Cyrus the Great and Darius I.

paragraph: Gore Vidal, in his historical fiction novel "Creation" (1981), describes at length the rise of the Achemenids, especially Darius I, and presents the life and death circumstances of Xerxes. Vidal's version of the Persian Wars, which diverges from the orthodoxy of the Greek histories, is told through the invented character of Cyrus Spitama, a half-Greek, half-Persian, and grandson of the prophet Zoroaster. Thanks to his family connection, Cyrus is brought up in the Persian court after the murder of Zoroaster, becoming the boyhood friend of Xerxes, and later a diplomat who is sent to India, and later to Greece, and who is thereby able to gain privileged access to many leading historical figures of the period.

paragraph: Xerxes (Ahasuerus) is portrayed by Richard Egan in the 1960 film "Esther and the King" and by Joel Smallbone in the 2013 film, "The Book of Esther". In at least one of these films, the events of the Book of Esther are depicted as taking place upon Xerxes' return from Greece.

paragraph: Xerxes plays an important background role (never making an appearance) in two short works of alternate history taking place generations after his complete victory over Greece. These are: "Counting Potsherds" by Harry Turtledove in his anthology "Departures" and "The Craft of War" by Lois Tilton in "Alternate Generals" volume 1 (edited by Turtledove).

paragraph: Section::::Etymology and transliteration.

paragraph: Xerxes is the Greek version of the Old Persian name Xšaya-ṛšā, which is today known in New Persian as Khashayar ().

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Modern sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bridges, Emma (2014). Imagining Xerxes: Ancient Perspectives on a Persian King. Bloomsbury.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dandamayev (1989), A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holland, Tom (2005). "Persian Fire." London: Abacus ().

description: Ancient Persian king

wikidata_label: Xerxes

wikipedia_title: Xerxes I


text:
Gouda
Antwerp
incunabula
Latin
Dutch
William Caxton
English
Dialogus creaturarum
Solomon and Marcolf
Library of Congress
Library of Congress

wikipedia_title:
Gouda, South Holland
Antwerp
Incunable
Latin
Dutch language
William Caxton
English language
Dialogus creaturarum
Solomon and Marcolf
Library of Congress
Library of Congress

categories: 15th-century births,1492 deaths,Printers of incunabula,Dutch printers

paragraph: Gerard Leeu

paragraph: Gerard or Gheraert Leeu, "Leew, Lyon", or "Leonis", (between 1445 and 1450, Gouda - 1492, Antwerp) was a Dutch printer of incunabula.

paragraph: Leeu printed his first (liturgical) book in May 1477 in his shop in Gouda, where between 1477 and 1484 he produced a total of about 69 books. In 1484 he moved to Antwerp, where he died in 1492 from a stab wound during a quarrel with one of his typesetters.

paragraph: Besides printing works in Latin and Dutch, he reprinted some of William Caxton's editions for the English market. These were "The History of Jason", "The History of Paris and Vienne" and "The Chronicles of England".

paragraph: He published the Dialogus creaturarum in a number of editions, the first being in 1480. He also printed a Latin version of the Solomon and Marcolf legend, entitled "Collationes quod dicuntur fecisse mutuo rex Solomon ... et Marcolphus" in 1488, which he followed in 1492 with an English translation, "This is the dyalogus or communyng betw[i]xt the wyse King Solomon and Marcolphus". It is not clear whether the English translation was done out of Dutch or Latin, but it is likely that Leeu had the translation made in his own shop from the earlier Latin edition.

paragraph: Section::::External Resources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cordiale quattuor novissimorum From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paulus Middelburgensis, Bp., d. 1534. Prognostica ad viginti annos duratura. Antwerp, Gerard Leeu, 28 Sept. (quarto Kalendas Octobris) 1484. From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress

description: Dutch printer

wikidata_label: Gerard Leeu

wikipedia_title: Gerard Leeu


text:
Octavian
Marcus Agrippa
Agrippa
Apollonia
Julius Caesar
Sextus Pompeius
Rhegium
Battle of Philippi
Lucius Antonius
Fulvia
Perusian War
Sentinum
Perusia
Antony
consul
Brundisium
Appian
Livy
Dio

categories: 1st-century BC Romans,Ancient Roman generals,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Quintus Salvidienus Rufus

paragraph: Quintus Salvidienus Rufus was a Roman general and one of the closest advisors of Octavian during the early years of his political activity.

paragraph: Despite his humble origin he was one of Octavian’s best friends, together with Marcus Agrippa. Salvidienus and Agrippa were with Octavian at Apollonia in March 44 BC when Julius Caesar was assassinated in Rome. Salvidienus became one of the most trusted of Octavian’s generals during the civil wars following Caesar’s death. In 42 BC he commanded the fleet of Octavian against Sextus Pompeius, who had taken control of Sicily and was harassing the coasts of Italy. However, Salvidienus was defeated in a naval battle fought off Rhegium, largely because of the inexperience of his crews. On Octavian's return from Greece after the Battle of Philippi, Salvidienus was sent to Spain with six legions, but he hastily retreated to Italy to oppose Lucius Antonius and Fulvia (Antony's wife), who had taken up arms against Octavian, starting the so-called Perusian War. Salvidienus captured and destroyed the city of Sentinum and then, with Agrippa, surrounded Lucius Antonius's forces in Perusia. The other Antonine generals, who had no clear orders from Antony, remained out of the struggle and Lucius Antonius was forced to surrender after a few months of siege (Winter 40 BC). After the end of the Perusian War Octavian sent Salvidienus to Gallia as a governor, with a large army of eleven legions. He was also designated as consul for 39 BC, although he had not reached senatorial rank. Despite all these honours, when Antony came from the East with large forces to confront Octavian, Salvidienus offered to desert to Antony with his legions. Apparently this proposal came after Antony had already made an agreement with Octavian (the Pact of Brundisium). Antony revealed to Octavian the treachery of Salvidienus, who was accused of high treason in the senate and condemned to death in the Fall of 40 BC. He was either executed or committed suicide, as reported by Appian, Livy, and Dio.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appian, Civil Wars IV. 85, V. 20, 24, 27, 35, 66.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dio Cassius XLVIII. 13, 18, 33.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livy Per 123, 127.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Velleius Paterculus II. 59-76.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suetonius Divus Augustus. 66.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ronald Syme. The Roman Revolution. Oxford 1939.

description: Roman general

wikidata_label: Salvidienus Rufus

wikipedia_title: Quintus Salvidienus Rufus


text:
morganatic
Urach branch
dynasty
kings of Württemberg
Seeshaupt
Bavaria
Princess Iniga of Thurn and Taxis
Wilhelm, 2nd Duke of Urach
Baltic
his claim
Karl Anselm
Duke of Urach
Niederaichbach
engineer
Düsseldorf
family seat
Lichtenstein Castle
Stuttgart
Limburg
Rimburg
Rheinberg
Wessel
The Peerage website
Online gotha

categories: People from Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen,1957 births,German Roman Catholics,Dukes of Urach,Living people

paragraph: Wilhelm Albert, Duke of Urach

paragraph: Prince Wilhelm Albert Raphael Maria of Urach, Count of Württemberg, 5th Duke of Urach (; born on 9 August 1957), is the head of the morganatic Urach branch of the dynasty which reigned as kings of Württemberg in Germany until 1918.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Prince Wilhelm Albert was born at Hohenberg Castle near Seeshaupt, Bavaria, the son of Prince Eberhard of Urach and Princess Iniga of Thurn and Taxis. He is the grandson and heir of Wilhelm, 2nd Duke of Urach, who was offered the throne of Lithuania in anticipation of its conversion to an independent post-World War I kingdom, but he declined the crown in November 1919, as the prospect of a Baltic monarchy lost momentum. In October 1924 Duke Wilhelm also renounced his claim to the throne of Monaco. The Urachs' ducal and princely titles ceased being insignia of rank when the German Empire fell and the republican regime which succeeded it decreed in 1919 that hereditary titles would henceforth simply be treated as surnames, carrying no legal privileges. Urach had, in fact, been a dukedom in name only, to which no territorial duchy had been attached.

paragraph: Prince Wilhelm Albert succeeded his brother Karl Anselm as titular Duke of Urach when the latter renounced the headship of the family at Niederaichbach on 9 February 1991, upon the occasion of his marriage to a commoner.

paragraph: He is described as an engineer who lives at Ossenberg Castle near Düsseldorf. He and his family also remain in possession of the House of Urach's historical family seat, Lichtenstein Castle, south of Stuttgart, which is open to the public.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Prince Wilhelm Albert's marriage with Karen von Brauchitsch-Berghe von Trips (who was born in Rimburg Castle on 24 September 1959 to Konrad von Brauchitsch, member of a noble family of Limburg known since the 12th century, and wife Mariette Hermans, and who had been adopted in 1988 by her great uncle Count Clemens Berghe von Trips) was celebrated religiously at Rimburg in Limburg on 1 February 1992, the couple having been wed civilly on 23 December 1991 at Rheinberg in Wessel. They have one son and two daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Karl Philipp of Urach (b. 6 July 1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Alexandra-Charlotte of Urach (b. 18 February 1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Louisa Antonia of Urach (b. 12 February 1996)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Peerage website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online gotha

description: Duke of Urach

wikidata_label: Wilhelm Albert

wikipedia_title: Wilhelm Albert, Duke of Urach


text: Lyrical Abstraction

text: Color Field Painting

text: Geometric abstraction

text: New York City

text: Cornell University

text: MFA

text: Hunter College

text: Tony Smith

text: André Emmerich Gallery

text: Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth

text: The New York Times

text: Hilton Kramer

text: abstract expressionism

text: Lyrical Abstraction exhibition

text: Whitney Museum

text: Karen Wilkin

text: The New Criterion

text: The New Yorker

text: modernist

text: Piet Mondrian

text: Paul Klee

text: minimalist

text: Frank Stella

text: Ad Reinhardt

text: Art in America

text: Philip Guston

text: The New York Sun

text: geometric abstraction

text: "Pat Lipsky: Twenty Years."

text: Boston Globe

text: Gerald Peters Gallery in New York

text: Carter Ratcliff

text: The Whitney Museum

text: The Smithsonian's

text: Hirshhorn Museum

text: The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art

text: The Boca Raton Museum of Art

text: The Walker Art Center

text: The Brooklyn Museum of Art

text: Harvard's

text: Fogg Art Museum

text: Post-Painterly Abstraction

text: Clement Greenberg

text: abstract expressionists

text: Mark Rothko

text: Jackson Pollock

text: Helen Frankenthaler

text: Morris Louis

text: Tony Smith

text: Department of State

text: Art in Embassies

text: National Academy of Design

text: Pollock-Krasner Foundation

text: Lincoln Center

text: Pollock-Krasner Foundation

text: Adolph and Esther Gottlieb Foundation

text: New York Foundation for the Arts

text: New York State Council on the Arts

text: New York Foundation for the Arts

text: New York Foundation for the Arts

text: New York State Council on the Arts

text: David Cohen on Pat Lipsky

categories: 1941 births,Contemporary painters,20th-century American painters,American women painters,Living people,Art Students League of New York alumni,Artists from New York City,Hunter College alumni,20th-century American women artists,Cornell University College of Architecture, Art, and Planning alumni

paragraph: Pat Lipsky

paragraph: Pat Lipsky is an American painter associated with Lyrical Abstraction, Color Field Painting, and Geometric abstraction.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Lipsky grew up in New York City. She graduated with a BFA from Cornell University in 1963, receiving an MFA from the Graduate Program in Painting at Manhattan's Hunter College, where she studied with the painter and sculptor Tony Smith.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Raised by a painter mother and an engineer father, Lipsky had her first one-woman show in New York, at the André Emmerich Gallery. Her work at the time was strongly in the mode of "Lyrical Abstraction." The 1969 canvas "Spiked Red" (Collection of the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Peter Bienstock, New York) demonstrates Lipsky's then-approach: close hues, bright color waves and bursts. In "The New York Times", the critic Hilton Kramer found that the painter's work looked both to the aesthetic past and future: "Miss Lipsky reintroduces the drip, splatter and smear of abstract expressionism for notable anti-expressionist purposes ... She also demonstrates a very clear identity of her own. Her pictures are very handsome, and it will be interesting to see how she develops what is already a bold pictorial intelligence."

paragraph: Lipsky was invited to participate in the influential 1970-1971 Lyrical Abstraction exhibition which traveled the country and culminated at New York's Whitney Museum; the critic Noel Frackman highlighted her contributions for freshness, gesture and exuberance, finding the style "sustained a mood which celebrates the sheer splendor of color. The edges of these shapes lick out like flames and there is an incendiary vividness in the impetuous yet directed forms ... These are mouth-watering paintings."

paragraph: By the later seventies and eighties, Lipsky had expanded her palette to include bolder colors and geometric forms. She had also begun to explore, as the critic Katherine Crum later wrote, a pictorial vocabulary in direct challenge to her roots in lyrical abstraction. By 2003, the critic Karen Wilkin would declare Lipsky in "The New Criterion" to be an "unrepentant abstract painter." Wilkin found in the work, "A lifetime's accumulated experience of all kinds, including the experience of looking at art. That, of course, is what all art worth taking seriously—whether abstract, figurative, or somewhere in between—is supposed to address."

paragraph: In the 1980s and 1990s Lipsky continued to refine her broader color concerns, achieving a brooding, more sharply defined palette. A selection of works from this period, "The Black Paintings," was exhibited in Miami in 1994 and New York City in 1997. Wilkin found the "deliberately limited" dark work of this period to be "dramatic" and "powerful." The critic Elisa Turner again described them as a step away from the "sleekness" of modern abstract painting, toward the direction of vertigo, emotion, and ambiguity: "This vertigo adds an unnerving, emotionally-charged twist to the tradition of sleek, impersonal abstract art ... Such ambiguity about the location of lines and shapes in space is echoed in her exquisite sense of color." "The New Yorker" magazine instead drew a connection of her work in this period to the "classic" style of calmly modernist painters Piet Mondrian and Paul Klee.

paragraph: In the 2000s, Lipsky began another redefinition of palette, reincorporating color within a bold central image. Writing in the "New York Times", the critic Ken Johnson associated these pictures with mechanical forms and music. Noting their "seductive, egg-shell surfaces," Johnson linked them to the minimalist painters Frank Stella and Ad Reinhardt. "The effect is polyrhythmic in three dimensions; the bands seem to push up and down like valves in a machine[,] enhancing the feeling of Bach-like musicality. The more you gaze at them, the more absorbing they become." Lipsky began to focus on single images presented in series. Her more recent exhibitions have contained repeating colors, in a stripped and repeated form. The painter and critic Stephen Westfall, in "Art in America", called these paintings "her most successful," finding her "classicism" to be "ultimately idiosyncratic in the best sense," and finding a link to Ad Reinhart and Philip Guston: "Guston meeting Reinhardt, then; a synthesis that, however full of painting culture, feels just right in our present moment." The critic David Cohen, in "The New York Sun", noted instead the opposite of classicism, "a steely, seemingly dispassionate composure" that contained "seething reserves of aesthetic emotion," stating, "Lipsky is not merely the dean of contemporary geometric abstraction but its dominatrix."

paragraph: Karen Wilkin, reviewing Lipsky's 2006 exhibition, discovered in the work a simplicity that served the reverse function—to be ultimately liberating: "Lipsky's complex, richly allusive counterpoint demands that we pay close attention to her paintings as paintings ... and then rewards us by setting free our imaginations."

paragraph: In 2015, Lipsky's most recent decades of paintings were exhibited at Boston's Acme Fine Arts, "Pat Lipsky: Twenty Years." Critic Cate McQuaid, in the "Boston Globe" called the work "breathing and organic, restrained and voluptuous."

paragraph: In 2016, twenty paintings from Lipsky's early years were rediscovered after having been preserved for nearly a half century. Eleven were exhibited the next spring at Gerald Peters Gallery in New York. As critic Carter Ratcliff wrote in his catalogue essay, "Lipsky emerged in the forefront of a generation of painters," and added "Each of these paintings draws us into the extended exuberant moment of its creation—intuiting the artist’s power to reconcile uninhibited spontaneity with disciplined judgement."

paragraph: Section::::Collections.

paragraph: Lipksy's paintings are represented in twenty-five public collections, including The Whitney Museum, The Smithsonian's Hirshhorn Museum, The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, The Boca Raton Museum of Art, The Walker Art Center, The Brooklyn Museum of Art, and Harvard's Fogg Art Museum.

paragraph: Section::::Influences.

paragraph: While Lipsky is sometimes identified with the Post-Painterly Abstraction school centered around the critic Clement Greenberg, a long-time friend of the painter, others have disputed this view. In a 2007 interview, Lipsky listed a broad range of influences, from outside the field of visual arts:

paragraph: I'm interested in what 'difference' means. My reading of Proust and Eliot, my viewing of Bellini and Giorgione and Titian and Albers and Cornell and Pollock, my listening to Bach and Thelonious Monk, my liking Eric Rohmer and Monty Python might seem totally unrelated, but they teach the same lesson: differences matter. When Monk plays a single note instead of another, a piece is either saved or ruined. When Albers puts a white next to a yellow, the yellow is changed—and the white is changed too. If Proust chooses to follow one character instead of another, to write fifty pages instead of four, the reader's experience is altered in the most intimate and immediate way. We look at works of art as single large units—but they're actually composed of hundreds, of thousands of individual and tiny units, each one a decision. It's those units that I've been experimenting with throughout my career.

paragraph: Lipsky has also discussed the influence of first-generation abstract expressionists like Mark Rothko and Jackson Pollock, along with second-generation painters like Helen Frankenthaler and Morris Louis, as well as her mentor, Tony Smith.

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 Department of State, Art in Embassies

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 National Academy of Design Invitational Exhibition

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 Pollock-Krasner Foundation Grant

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 Lincoln Center Print Editions "Keyboard Variations"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters Hassam Speicher Betts Purchase Prize

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 Pollock-Krasner Foundation Grant

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 Adolph and Esther Gottlieb Foundation Grant

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 Jerome Foundation, "Dark Love" (the Black Paintings)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 New York Foundation for the Arts, "Dark Love"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 New York State Council on the Arts, "Dark Love"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 New York Foundation for the Arts, Painting in Ireland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 New York Foundation for the Arts, Painting in France

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972 New York State Council on the Arts

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "History of International Art", Mario Monteverdi (Editor),Universita' Della Arti, Italy, 1981-1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trends and testimonies of Contemporary Art", Accademia Italia, Salsomaggiore, Italy, 1983.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Women Artists in America, 18th Century to the Present", Jim Collins and Glenn Opitz (Editors), New York, 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who's Who In American Art", Allison McGowan (Editor), 2004 (25th Edition).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pat Lipsky Papers, Lipsky, Pat, Smithonian Archives of American Art, Washington, D.C., 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pat Lipsky: An Interview by Ira Goldberg, LINEA | How Artists Think, New York, 2013

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Cohen on Pat Lipsky

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Art in America", February 2005, "Pat Lipsky" http://images.dcmooregallery.com/www_dcmooregallery_com/Art_in_America_2.pdf

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The New York Times", February 2003, "Pat Lipsky" http://images.dcmooregallery.com/www_dcmooregallery_com/NY_Times.pdf

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.asllinea.org/pat-lipsky-2-2/

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Pat Lipsky

wikipedia_title: Pat Lipsky


text:
Lunenburg, Massachusetts
First United States Congress
optical telegraph
Martha's Vineyard
Boston

categories: 1737 births,1807 deaths,Members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts,People from Lunenburg, Massachusetts

paragraph: Jonathan Grout

paragraph: Jonathan Grout (July 23, 1737 – September 8, 1807) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts. Grout was born in Lunenburg, Massachusetts and served in the First United States Congress.

paragraph: Grout built the first optical telegraph in the United States, connecting Martha's Vineyard and Boston.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Jonathan Grout

wikipedia_title: Jonathan Grout


text: poet

text: novelist

text: Tolna County

text: Simontornya

text: Dombóvár

text: Bonyhád

text: Budapest

text: Szolnok

text: Hungarian Republic of Councils

text: Népszava

text: Budapest University

text: Vienna

text: Berlin

text: Rhineland

text: Paris

text: bookbinder

text: Sorbonne

text: surrealists

text: Paul Éluard

text: Tristan Tzara

text: René Crevel

text: Lajos Kassák

text: Phoenix Insurance company

text: Hungarian National Bank

text: Attila József

text: László Németh

text: Lőrinc Szabó

text: János Kodolányi

text: Péter Veres

text: Soviet Union

text: André Malraux

text: Boris Pasternak

text: anti-fascist

text: Mihály Babits

text: World War II

text: Nazi invasion of Hungary

text: László Németh

text: Hungary

text: National Peasant Party

text: communist

text: Hungarian Academy of Sciences

text: Tihany

text: Hungarian revolution of 1956

text: French

text: Chinese classics

text: puszta

text: Illyés in Hunlit

categories: Members of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences,Herder Prize recipients,20th-century Hungarian male writers,Hungarian writers,National Peasant Party (Hungary) politicians,Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1945–1947),20th-century Hungarian poets,Hungarian male poets,Hungarian Roman Catholics,People from Tolna County,1902 births,Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1947–1949),1983 deaths

paragraph: Gyula Illyés

paragraph: Gyula Illyés (2 November 1902  – 15 April 1983) was a Hungarian poet and novelist. He was one of the so-called "népi" ("from the people") writers, named so because they aimed to show – propelled by strong sociological interest and left-wing convictions – the disadvantageous conditions of their native land.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born the son of János Illés (1870 – 1931) and Ida Kállay (1878 – 1931) in Tolna County. His father belonged to a rich gentry family, but his mother came from the most deprived segment of society, agricultural servants. He was their third child and spent his first nine years at his birthplace, where he finished his primary school years (1908 – 1912) and when his family moved to Simontornya, he continued his education at grammar schools there and Dombóvár (1913 – 1914) and Bonyhád (1914 – 1916). In 1926 his parents separated, and he moved to the capital with his mother. He continued senior high school at the Budapest Munkácsy Mihály street gimnazium (1916 – 1917) and at the Izabella Street Kereskedelmi school (1917 – 1921). In 1921 he graduated. From 1918 to 1919 he took part in various left-wing students and youth workers' movements, being present at an attack on Romanian forces in Szolnok during the Hungarian Republic of Councils. On 22 December 1920 his first poem was published () anonymously in the Social Democrat daily "Népszava".

paragraph: Section::::University years.

paragraph: He began studies at the Budapest University's department of languages studying Hungarian and French. Due to illegal political activities he was forced to escape to Vienna in December that year, moving on to Berlin and the Rhineland in 1922.

paragraph: Illyés arrived in Paris in April that year. He did numerous jobs including as a bookbinder. For a while he studied at the Sorbonne and published his first articles and translations in 1923. He became friends with the French surrealists, among them Paul Éluard, Tristan Tzara and René Crevel (each visited him later in Hungary).

paragraph: Illyés returned to homeland in 1926 following an amnesty. His main forums of activity became and , periodicals edited by the avant-garde writer and poet Lajos Kassák.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Illyés worked for the Phoenix Insurance company from 1927 to 1936, and after its bankruptcy he became press referent to the Hungarian National Bank on French agricultural matters (1937 – 1944).

paragraph: His first critical writing appeared in November 1927 in the review ("Occident") – the most distinguished literary magazine of the time –which from 1928 regularly featured his articles and poems. His first book () was also published by "Nyugat" in 1928.

paragraph: He made friends with Attila József, László Németh, Lőrinc Szabó , János Kodolányi and Péter Veres, at the time the leading talents of his generation.

paragraph: In 1931 he married his first wife, Irma Juvancz, a physical education teacher, whom he later divorced.

paragraph: Illyés was invited to the Soviet Union in 1934 to take part in the international writers congress where he met André Malraux and Boris Pasternak. From that year he also participated in the editorial work of the review "Válasz" (Argument), the forum of the young "népi" writers.

paragraph: He was one of the founding members of the (1937 – 1939), a left-wing and anti-fascist movement. Subsequently, he was invited to the editorial board of "Nyugat" and became a close friend of its editor, the post-symbolist poet and writer Mihály Babits.

paragraph: Section::::War years.

paragraph: During World War II, Illyés was nominated editor-in-chief of "Nyugat" following the death of Mihály Babits. Having been refused by the authorities to use the name "Nyugat" for the magazine, he continued to publish the review under a different title: "Magyar Csillag" ("Hungarian Star").

paragraph: In 1939 he married Flóra Kozmuta, with whom he had a daughter, Mária.

paragraph: After the Nazi invasion of Hungary in March 1944, Illyés had to go into hiding along with László Németh, both being labelled anti-Nazi intellectuals.

paragraph: Section::::After World War II.

paragraph: He became a member of the parliament of Hungary in 1945, and one of the leaders of the left-wing National Peasant Party. He withdrew from public life in 1947 as the communist takeover of government was approaching. He was a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences from 1945 to 1949. He directed and edited the review from 1946 to 1949.

paragraph: Although Gyula lived a reclusive life in Tihany and Budapest until the early 1960s, his poetry, prose, theater plays and essays continued to impact Hungarian public and literary life.

paragraph: On 2 November 1956 he published his famous poem of the Hungarian revolution of 1956, which was not allowed to be republished in Hungary until 1986: "One sentence on tyranny" is a long poem written in 1950.

paragraph: From the early 1960s he continued to express political, social and moral issues all through his work, but the main themes of his poetry remain love, life and death. Active until his death in April 1983, he published poems, dramas, essays and parts of his diary. His work as a translator is also considerable.

paragraph: He translated from many languages, French being the most important, but – with the help of rough translations – his volume of translations from the ancient Chinese classics remains a milestone.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: In his poetry, Illyés was a spokesman for the oppressed peasant class. Typical is "People of the puszta", , 1936. His later work is marked by a more open universality, as well as an appeal for national and individual liberty.

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nehéz föld (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sarjúrendek (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Három öreg (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hősökről beszélek (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ifjúság (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Szálló egek alatt (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rend a romokban (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Külön világban (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Egy év (1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Szembenézve (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Két kéz (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kézfogások (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Új versek (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dőlt vitorla (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fekete-fehér (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minden lehet (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Különös testamentum (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Közügy (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Táviratok (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Semmi közelit (1983)

paragraph: Section::::Prose.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oroszország (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Petőfi (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Puszták népe (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Magyarok (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ki a magyar? (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lélek és kenyér (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Csizma az asztalon (1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kora tavasz (1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mint a darvak (1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hunok Párisban (1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franciaországi változatok (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hetvenhét magyar népmese (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Balaton (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ebéd a kastélyban (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Petőfi Sándor (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ingyen lakoma (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Szives kalauz (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kháron ladikján (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hajszálgyökerek (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beatrice apródjai (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naplójegyzetek, 1–8 (1987–1995)

paragraph: Section::::Theater.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A tü foka (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lélekbúvár (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ozorai példa (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fáklyaláng (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dózsa György (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kegyenc (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Különc (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tiszták (1971)

paragraph: Section::::His work in English translation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Tribute to Gyula Illyés, Occidental Press, Washington (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Selected Poems (Thomas Kabdebo and Paul Tabori) Chatto and Windus, London (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- People of the Puszta, Translated and afterword by G.F. Cushing, Chatto and Windus, London (1967), Corvina, Budapest (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Petőfi, Translated by G.F. Cushing, Corvina, Budapest

paragraph: BULLET::::- Once Upon a Time, Forty Hungarian Folk Tales, Corvina, Budapest (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Tree that Reached the Sky (for children), Corvina, Budapest (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Prince and his Magic Horse (for children), Corvina, Budapest (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 29 poems, Translated by Tótfalusi István, Maecenas, Budapest (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- What You Have Almost Forgotten (Trans. foreword and ed. Willam Jay Smith with Gyula Kodolányi) Kortárs, Budapest (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charon's Ferry, Fifty Poems (Translated by Bruce Berlind) Northwestern University Press, Evanston, Illinois (2000)

paragraph: Section::::In anthologies and periodicals.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poems for the Millennium, (ed. Jerome Rothenberg) 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arion, essays and poems, several issues

paragraph: BULLET::::- The New Hungarian Quarterly and the "Hungarian Quarterly", several issues

paragraph: BULLET::::- Icarus 6 (Huns in Paris, trans. by Thomas Mark)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Homeland in the Heights (ed. Bertha Csilla, An anthology of Post-World War II. Hungarian Poetry, Budapest (2000)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Illyés in Hunlit, the on-line multilingual database of Hungarian Book Foundation on Hungarian literature

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliographical Handbook of Hungarian Authors by Albert Tezla; online var. Orig. vers. published at The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS, 1970

paragraph: BULLET::::- CityPoem 'A Sentence about Tyranny' by Gyula Illyés at Erasmuspc, network for cities and culture

description: Hungarian poet

wikidata_label: Gyula Illyés

wikipedia_title: Gyula Illyés


text:
opera
mezzo-soprano
New Orleans
Xavier University of Louisiana
Bachelor of Music
Norman Treigle
Le nozze di Figaro
Katherine Dunham
John Hay Whitney
New York City Opera
Georges Bizet
Carmen
Tituba
Robert Ward
The Crucible
Chester Ludgin
Carnegie Hall
American Opera Society
Gioachino Rossini
Mosè in Egitto
Arnold Gamson
Boris Christoff
Stadttheater Aachen
Staatsoper Stuttgart
George Gershwin
Porgy and Bess
Vienna Volksoper
Bregenzer Festspiele
Badisches Staatstheater Karlsruhe
University of Houston
Dominick Argento
Newport Classic
McFarland & Company
Jefferson, NC
Gale Research
Gale Research
Gale Research
Gale Group
Gale Group
Gale Group
Gale Group
Gale Group
Gale Group
Gale Research
Gale Research

categories: Xavier University of Louisiana alumni,20th-century opera singers,African-American opera singers,American operatic mezzo-sopranos,2001 deaths,University of Houston faculty,20th-century American singers,1936 births

paragraph: Débria Brown

paragraph: Débria M. Brown (26 October 1936 – 17 December 2001) was an American operatic mezzo-soprano who had an active international career that spanned five decades. She was part of the first generation of black opera singers to achieve wide success and is viewed as part of an instrumental group of performers who helped break down the barriers of racial prejudice in the opera world. She also worked occasionally as a dramatic actress on the stage and on television.

paragraph: Section::::Education and early career.

paragraph: Born in New Orleans, Brown was the daughter of the Reverend Bennett G. and Eunice Brown. She attended Xavier University of Louisiana (Bachelor of Music, 1958), where she sang Cherubino in the only production Norman Treigle directed, "Le nozze di Figaro", in 1957. She later studied with Katherine Dunham in New York City through a scholarship provided by the John Hay Whitney Foundation.

paragraph: In 1958, Brown made her professional opera debut with the New York City Opera in the title role of Georges Bizet's "Carmen", opposite her mentor, Treigle, as Escamillo. She returned to the City Opera in 1961, when she created the role of Tituba in the world premiere of Robert Ward's "The Crucible", opposite Chester Ludgin. In 1958 she made her Carnegie Hall debut singing the role of Amenofi in the American Opera Society's concert presentation of Gioachino Rossini's "Mosè in Egitto" with conductor Arnold Gamson, and Boris Christoff in the name part.

paragraph: Section::::International success.

paragraph: From 1962–1965, Brown was a member of the Stadttheater Aachen, during which time she appeared as a guest artist at numerous opera houses in Germany. She was then committed to the Staatsoper Stuttgart from 1967–1970. In 1969, she appeared as Bess in George Gershwin's "Porgy and Bess" at the Vienna Volksoper. In 1971 and 1974, she made appearances at the Bregenzer Festspiele. In 1972–1973, she was a member of the Badisches Staatstheater Karlsruhe,

paragraph: In 1992, Brown became a Professor of Voice and Artist in Residence at the University of Houston. She remained in that position until her death nine years later. At the time of her death she was still performing, and had further unfulfilled engagements with American opera companies scheduled in the next few seasons. Posthumously, her "live" 2001 recording of Dominick Argento's "Casanova's Homecoming" was released by Newport Classic.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blacks in Opera, An encyclopedia of people and companies, 1873-1993," by Eric Ledell Smith, McFarland & Company, Jefferson, NC (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who's Who among African Americans, Ninth edition, 1996/1997," Gale Research, Detroit (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who's Who among African Americans, Tenth edition, 1998/1999," Gale Research, Detroit (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who's Who among African Americans, 11th edition," Gale Research, Detroit (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who's Who among African Americans, 12th edition," Gale Group, Detroit (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who's Who among African Americans, 13th edition," Gale Group, Detroit (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who's Who among African Americans, 14th edition," Gale Group, Detroit (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who's Who among African Americans, 15th edition," Gale Group, Detroit (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who's Who among African Americans, 16th edition," Gale Group, Detroit (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who's Who among African Americans, 17th edition," Gale Group, Detroit (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who's Who among Black Americans, Seventh edition, 1992/1993," Gale Research, Detroit (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who's Who among Black Americans, Eighth edition, 1994/1995," Gale Research, Detroit (1994)

description: American operatic mezzo-soprano

wikidata_label: Débria Brown

wikipedia_title: Débria Brown


text:
stage name
rap
Sweden-Finnish
Kristianstad
Chicago
Finland
Tampere
Helsinki
New York City
Mokoma
Lord Est
Mokoma
Artist bio at Poko Records
Jpop entry

categories: Swedish people of Finnish descent,Living people,Finnish rappers,1975 births

paragraph: Petri Nygård

paragraph: Petri Jukka Mikael Laurila (born February 8, 1975), better known by his stage name Petri Nygård, is a Finnish rap artist. He is also known under alias Dream (in rap duo Nuera) and as Travis Bicle. He has gained notoriety for his sexually explicit and misogynistic lyrics and his provocative stage shows. His lyrical themes often focus on alcohol, parties, sex, women, pornography, hangover, masturbation, dissing Finnish celebrities and satirizing popculture and phenomena.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Petri Laurila is of Sweden-Finnish origin: he was born in Kristianstad, Sweden, and spent his childhood in Sweden. After serving briefly in the army, he moved to Chicago and eventually to Finland, residing in Tampere and Helsinki. He found initial success in his online release "Vitun Suomirokki" in 2000 on "Poko Rekords" going platinum with sales of 17,000 copies. The follow-up single entitled "Kanava Nolla (antakaa mun olla)" was also successful selling 9,000 copies. His debut studio album "Mun levy!" went gold with sale of 25,000 copies.

paragraph: Section::::Nuera.

paragraph: Petri Laurila started his career as part of the rap duo Nuera. He was known as an MC under the alias Dream whereas his partner in the band was Henry Kaprali known as Skem. They were active in the 1990s releasing several cassettes through Open Records. They also collaborated with other artists on the record label.

paragraph: In 2004-2004, both Dream and Skem joined DJ K2 in "YleX" weekly radio show featuring rap and R&B artists.

paragraph: Section::::Travis Bicle.

paragraph: The duo disbanded as Henry Kapralin (Skem) moved to New York City going into music production with "Turnin' Records".

paragraph: As for Petri Laurila (Dream) he took a new alias "Travis Bicle" and released an albume in 2007 entitled "Committed" produced by Kapralin and "Turnin' Records"

paragraph: Section::::Solo as Petri Nygård.

paragraph: Petri Laurila continued with a successful rap career taking the name Petri Nygård. After the successes of 2000 and 2001, he has had a considerable comeback starting 2009 with new download only releases. He also released in 2009 a full studio album entitled "Kaikkee pitää olla". His new album scheduled for February 2011 is entitled "Kaikki tai ei mitään". The single from the new album include the November 2010 single "Sarvet esiin" featuring Finnish thrash metal band Mokoma. The second single entitled "Selvä päivä" featuring Lord Est has shot to #1 on "Suomen virallinen lista", the official Finnish singles chart.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: with Nuera

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: "Nuera" (tape)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993: "Nuera demo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993: "Nuera Underground tape"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994: "Breakfast"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996: "Nuera" (EP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000: "Honesty"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: "Own World"

paragraph: as Travis Bicle

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: "Committed"

paragraph: Solo

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000: "Pillumagneetti" (EP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000: "Mun levy!"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: "Petri presidentixi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: "Hovinarrin paluu!"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "Kaikkee pitää olla"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "Kaikki tai ei mitään"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Mun mielestä"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "29 Syntiä - Kaikki vitun hitit"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "Valmis mihin vaan"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: with Nuera

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: "Upsteps"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: "Upsteps Reprise"

paragraph: Solo

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000: "Vitun suomirokki"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000: "Kanava nolla (Antakaa mun olla)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000: "Rääväsuu"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000: "Hulluna tisseihin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: "Petri hallitsee liigaa"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: "Riimini rupiset / Sika / Petri pelastaa joulun"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "Sanon suoraan" (download only)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "Onko sulla pokkaa?" (download only)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "Mitävittuuvaan / Tuska" (download only)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "Kippis kulaus" (download only)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "Seopetriii" featuring Emel & Aajee (download only)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "Sarvet esiin" featuring Mokoma

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "Selvä päivä" featuring Lord Est

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "Villi ja vitun vapaa"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Märkää"

paragraph: Featured in

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "Reggaerekka" (Lord Est feat. Petri Nygård)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artist bio at Poko Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jpop entry

description: Finnish rapper

wikidata_label: Petri Nygård

wikipedia_title: Petri Nygård


text:
engraver
Antwerp
Gaspar Bouttats
Philibert Bouttats

categories: Flemish engravers,Year of birth unknown,People from Antwerp,Year of death unknown,17th-century engravers

paragraph: Frederik Bouttats the Younger

paragraph: Frederik Bouttats, an engraver, was born at Antwerp about the year 1620. He engraved several plates after his own designs, principally portraits, and some after other masters. They are worked with the graver, in a neat style, and are not without merit. We have by him, among others, the following:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Charles Gaspar, Elector of Treves".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Queen Christina of Sweden".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oliver Cromwell".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "John George, Elector of Saxony".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jan Baptist Heil, portrait painter"; se ipse pinx.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Daniel van Heil, landscape painter"; J. B. van Heil pinx. (pictured)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leo van Heil, architect and painter"; same painter.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "David Rijckaert, painter"; se ipse pinx. (pictured)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Virgin and Infant Jesus, with St. John" (dated 1655).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cavaliers and Ladies playing at Cards"; F. Boutats fecit.

paragraph: He was the elder brother of Gaspar Bouttats and the father of Philibert Bouttats.

alias:
Frederik, II Bouttats
Frants Buttats
Frederick Bouttats

description: Flemish engraver

wikidata_label: Frederik Bouttats

wikipedia_title: Frederik Bouttats the Younger


text:
courtier
patron
George Carey, 2nd Baron Hunsdon
Elizabeth Spencer
Elizabeth I
Blackfriars, London
Carisbrooke Castle
Isle of Wight
West Drayton
Sir Thomas Berkeley
Shakespeare
A Midsummer Night's Dream
Earl of Essex
Lady Frances Howard
Ben Jonson
masque
Hymenaei
Sir Robert Coke
George Berkeley, 8th Baron Berkeley
Philemon Holland
Coventry
Sir Michael Stanhope
Gloucestershire
Claverdon
Caludon Castle
Coventry
Henry, 7th Baron Berkeley
Tonbridge
Hadlow
Nibley
Cranford
Middlesex
Justice of the King's Bench
Cranford parish church
Nicholas Stone
Henry Stanford
Petrarch
Thomas Nashe
Peter Erondelle
primer
Philemon Holland
William Camden
£
£
Coventry school

categories: 1576 births,Women of the Stuart period,Berkeley family,Carey family,1635 deaths,16th-century  English women,17th-century English nobility,Patrons of literature,17th-century English women,16th-century English people

paragraph: Elizabeth Carey, Lady Berkeley

paragraph: Elizabeth, Lady Berkeley ("née" Carey; later Chamberlain; 24 May 1576 – 23 April 1635), was an English courtier and patron of the arts.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Elizabeth Carey was the only child of George Carey, 2nd Baron Hunsdon, and Elizabeth Spencer. Queen Elizabeth I was one of her godmothers. Her childhood was divided between the Hunsdon residence at Blackfriars, London, Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight, and (from 1593) the manor of West Drayton, Middlesex.

paragraph: She married Sir Thomas Berkeley on 19 February 1596, probably at Blackfriars, when she was nineteen years old: her wedding is one of the occasions that has been suggested that Shakespeare's play "A Midsummer Night's Dream" was performed for the first time in public. On 5 January 1606, at the wedding festivities of the Earl of Essex and Lady Frances Howard, Elizabeth was one of the female dancers representing the "Powers of Juno" in Ben Jonson's masque "Hymenaei": there is an extant portrait of her dressed in her masque costume.

paragraph: She bore her husband a daughter and a son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theophila Berkeley (1596–1643), who married Sir Robert Coke. Theophila was educated "under the sole direction of her mother", and was later said to be fluent in French, Italian, Latin and Greek.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Berkeley, 8th Baron Berkeley (7 October 1601 – 10 August 1658), who was tutored by Philemon Holland of Coventry. George married Elizabeth Stanhope, the daughter of Sir Michael Stanhope, by whom he had issue.

paragraph: Elizabeth and her husband circulated between Berkeley residences including New Park, Gloucestershire, Claverdon, Warwickshire, and Caludon Castle, near Coventry (the last being the principal home of her father-in-law, Henry, 7th Baron Berkeley, until his death in 1613). However, Sir Thomas was financially imprudent and ran up enormous debts. In a crisis of 1606–7, Elizabeth took over the management of his affairs (selling her own inheritance at Tonbridge and Hadlow, Kent, to minimise the burden); and in 1609 Sir Thomas signed a contract handing over all responsibility for household management to Elizabeth and the Berkeley family steward, John Smyth of Nibley. When Sir Thomas died (aged 37) in 1611, she paid off the many outstanding debts.

paragraph: In 1618 she bought the estate of Cranford, Middlesex for the sum of £7,000 from the co-heirs of Sir Richard Aston. In February 1622, she remarried Sir Thomas Chamberlain (or Chamberland), a Justice of the King's Bench. When he died on 17 September 1625, her second husband bequeathed a generous £10,000 to her son from her first marriage.

paragraph: Elizabeth died on 23 April 1635 and was buried on 25 April in Cranford parish church. Her white marble effigy, depicting her in her shroud, is by Nicholas Stone.

paragraph: Section::::Learning and patronage.

paragraph: Carey's mother was educated and a noted patron of the arts, and passed these traits on to her daughter. Carey was tutored by Henry Stanford. In 1594, aged 18, she is known to have translated two of Petrarch's sonnets from Italian into English. In the same year, Thomas Nashe dedicated "The Terrors of the Night" to her, praising her "sharpe Wit" and "religious piety". (The previous year, Nashe had dedicated "Christ's Teares Over Jerusalem" to her mother.) Peter Erondelle's French primer and book of manners, "The French Garden" (1605), was also dedicated to her, and it has been suggested that she served as the model for the character of "Lady Rimellaine" in the book. In 1610, she was patron of Philemon Holland's translation from the Latin of William Camden's "Britannia". She appears to have considered contributing £20, and perhaps £40, towards the volume; and in a commendatory poem Thomas Muriell praised her as the "rare "Phoenix" cause of this translation". However, shortly before publication, she seems to have become dissatisfied with the quality of Holland's work and withdrew her support: the published book does not mention her patronage, although she is mentioned in the next edition of 1637. She is also listed among the many dedicatees of Camden's "Annales" (1625).

paragraph: She donated volumes in Latin, Greek, French, Italian and English to Coventry school and city library. In later life, John Smyth described her living at Cranford, "amongst her thousands of books".

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (on her mother, but includes a paragraph on Lady Berkeley)

alias:
Elizabeth Chamberlain
Elizabeth Chamberlain, Lady Chamberlain

description: English courtier

wikidata_label: Elizabeth Carey, Lady Berkeley

wikipedia_title: Elizabeth Carey, Lady Berkeley


text:
chess
Slovenian Chess Championship
Ljubljana
Svetozar Gligorić
Zagreb
Yugoslav Championship
Petar Trifunović
Rogaška Slatina
Jan Foltys
Vienna
Schlechter Memorial
Bled
Miguel Najdorf
Dortmund
Albéric O'Kelly de Galway
Belgrade
Herman Pilnik
Krynica
Borislav Milić
Portorož
Sarajevo
Luděk Pachman
Sarajevo
Vidmar Memorial
Albin Planinc
Lajos Portisch
9th Chess Olympiad
International Master
Grandmaster
Nimzo-Indian Defense

categories: Chess grandmasters,Slovenian chess players,2004 deaths,1921 births,Yugoslav chess players

paragraph: Stojan Puc

paragraph: Stojan Puc (9 April 1921 – 29 January 2004) was a Slovenian chess master.

paragraph: He won the Slovenian Chess Championship on four occasions: (1954 (joint), 1958, 1965 (joint), and 1967).

paragraph: He tied for 5-6th at Ljubljana ("Liberation") 1945/46 (Svetozar Gligorić won); shared 8th at Zagreb 1946 (Yugoslav Championship, Petar Trifunović won); took 2nd at Rogaška Slatina 1948; shared 1st with Jan Foltys at Vienna 1949 (Schlechter Memorial); took 14th at Bled 1950 (Miguel Najdorf won); 5th-6th at Dortmund 1951 (Albéric O'Kelly de Galway won); took 19th at Belgrade 1952 (Herman Pilnik won); tied for 2nd-4th at Krynica 1956 (Borislav Milić won); tied for 2nd-5th at Portorož 1957; he won the inaugural edition of the Bosna series (then an international invitation series of note) at Sarajevo in 1957 as clear first, and was first again, on better tie-break alongside with Luděk Pachman at Sarajevo (Bosna) 1960; tied for 7-8th at Ljubljana 1969 (1st Vidmar Memorial, Albin Planinc won) and tied for 17-18th at Ljubljana / Portorož 1973 (2nd Vidmar Memorial, Lajos Portisch won).

paragraph: Puc played for Yugoslavia as second reserve (+1 -1 =0) in the 9th Chess Olympiad at Dubrovnik 1950, as the team won the gold medal.

paragraph: He was awarded the International Master title in 1950, and an Honorary Grandmaster title in 1984.

paragraph: The Puc Variation of the Nimzo-Indian Defense (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4.e3 c6) is named after him.

description: Slovenian chess player

wikidata_label: Stojan Puc

wikipedia_title: Stojan Puc


text: Montpezat-de-Quercy

text: Avignon

text: Cardinal

text: Avignon Papacy

text: Pope John XXII

text: Church of Tournai

text: Bishop of Riez

text: Pope John XXII

text: Nicolò Albertini

text: Bishop of Ostia

text: archbishop of Aix

text: Pope John XXII

text: Santa Pudenziana

text: bishop of Palestrina

text: Beatific Vision

text: Pope Benedict XII

text: Franciscans

text: Pope Benedict XII

text: Dean of the College of Cardinals

text: Conclave of 1342

text: Philip VI of France

text: Clement VI

text: Montpezat-de-Quercy

text: Clement VI

text: Hundred Years' War

text: Conclave of 1352

text: Guy de Boulogne

text: Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord

text: Electoral Capitulations

text: Innocent VI

text: Abbot of Cluny

text: Pope Boniface VIII

text: Pope Innocent VI

text: plague

text: historical monument

text: G. Mollat

text: "Consistory of December 20, 13"20

text: Quercy, the town

text: Saint-Pierre-church-Avignon

categories: Deans of the College of Cardinals,Archbishops of Aix,Diplomats of the Holy See,14th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Bishops of Riez,Cardinal-bishops of Palestrina,French cardinals,14th-century deaths from plague (disease),1361 deaths

paragraph: Pierre Desprès

paragraph: Pierre Desprès (or Des Près, or Des Prés; "Lat." de Pratis) (born 1288, at Montpezat-de-Quercy — died 1361, in Avignon) was a French Cardinal during the period of Avignon Papacy. He was son of Raymond II Desprès, seigneur of Montpezat, and Aspasie de Montaigut, the heiress of Bertrand, seigneur de Montaigut. He had a brother, Raymond, who was ennobled in 1325. Pesserat points out that Montpezat was an important town, being the seat of the Archdeacon of Montpezat in the diocese of Cahors, who was also Sacristan of the Cathedral. Not at all coincidentally, Pope John XXII was a native of Cahors, and his father had been Sieur de Saint-Félix en Quercy. With his expertise in the law as a teacher and practitioner, and with his experience as a judge in the Roman Curia, Pierre Desprès was appointed Vice-Chancellor of the Church by John XXII, where he served from 1325 to 1361. He was thus head of the Papal Secretariat, in charge of the drafting of papal bulls and letters, and a principal papal advisor. The post was also one of the most lucrative in the Roman Curia, since a fee was charged for every document and the Vice-Chancellor received a share of every fee.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: By 8 January 1308 Pierre Desprès was Canon of the church of Batilhaco in the diocese of Clermont. In 1314 he is named as being present as "Doctor legum" when the Faculty of Law at the University of Toulouse was granted its charter. On 22 September 1316 he was appointed Canon in the Church of Tournai.

paragraph: On 9 April 1317, Pierre Desprès, Canon of Saintes, was appointed along with Bishop Galhard de Saumade of Riez to collect and administer the property of the condemned and deposed Bishop of Cahors, Hugues Géraud. Hugues and others had conspired to attack and murder Pope John XXII. Magic and poison were involved. On 7 May 1317, he is addressed as Canon of Tournai, when Pope John XXII appointed him, along with Bishop Galhard de Saumade of Riez to collect evidence as to the crimes of Master Bernard de Artigia, papal Chaplain and Cantor of Poitiers, who was one of the conspirators, and draw up an indictment.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Bishop.

paragraph: By 1 September 1317 Pierre was a Chaplain of Pope John XXII, and Provost of the church of Clermont, as well as "Auditor causarum Sacri Palatii" (judge). Pierre was named Bishop of Riez on 31 March 1318 by Pope John XXII, after the incumbent Galhard Saumate was transferred to Maguelonne. Pierre was not the first choice; Galhard de Pressac, Bishop of Toulouse refused the transfer. He received the episcopal consecration from Cardinal Nicolò Albertini, Bishop of Ostia, before 7 May 1318. Pierre Desprès held the diocese until 11 September 1318. On 11 September 1318 he was appointed archbishop of Aix, a position he held for an equally brief time, until 20 December 1320.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Cardinal.

paragraph: In the consistory of 20 December 1320, the third of his reign for the promotion of cardinals, Pope John XXII created Pierre Desprès a Cardinal Priest. He was apparently not in Avignon at the time, since he went for some weeks without having a title assigned. On 28 January 1321 he was still without a title, when he was granted the benefice of the church of S. Laugerius in the diocese of Aix. But in due course he received the title of Santa Pudenziana.

paragraph: Then he was named bishop of Palestrina (25 May 1323) and Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church (20 April 1325 – 7 May 1361). That pair of promotions was extraordinarily swift, showing the degree of confidence placed in Pierre Desprès' skills by Pope John XXII.

paragraph: In February 1326, Cardinal Desprès sat as an examiner in the case of William de Cotes, who had appeared at the Papal Court attempting to obtain relief against the Bishop of Worcester, who had sequestrated the rectory of Seynesbury. The Bishop had written to the Pope, pointing out that the benefice had been obtained with forged bulls, supplied by one William de Alveston, a cleric of the diocese of Worcester; William de Cotes confessed to Cardinal Pierre, and the arrest and interrogation of William de Alveston was ordered.

paragraph: In July 1327, the Cardinal consecrated Walter, Bishop of Cork in Ireland.

paragraph: In 1332 Pope John XXII commissioned Cardinal Pierre Desprès and Cardinal Pierre de Mortemart of Limoges to act as arbitrators in the dispute between Ademar de la Voulte, Bishop of Valence (1331-1336), and Aymar of Poitou Count of Valence, over the ownership of the town of Crista.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Conclave of 1334.

paragraph: Pope John XXII died in the Apostolic Palace in Avignon on 4 December 1334. The day before, he held a meeting at his deathbed of the cardinals who were in Avignon. At this meeting he made his retraction of his views on the Beatific Vision. Cardinal Pierre Desprès was one of those who participated in the event. The Conclave to elect his successor began on 13 December 1334, with twenty-four cardinals, Pierre Desprès among them, in attendance. A majority of the cardinals had decided that they did not want to return the papacy to Rome, and that therefore they would not elect anyone who would not swear to keep the papacy in Avignon. There was a two-thirds majority of the cardinals who were prepared to vote for Cardinal Jean-Raymond de Comminges, the Bishop of Porto. He, however, had the strongest objections to the legality and propriety of taking such an oath. On the evening of 20 December a two-thirds majority finally settled on Cardinal Jacques Fournier, O.Cist., the cardinal protopriest. He was crowned as Pope Benedict XII on 8 January 1335.

paragraph: Cardinal Pierre Desprès assisted in the revision of the Statutes of the Franciscans. The revision was published by Pope Benedict XII on 28 November 1336. This was not the Cardinal's first experience with Franciscan statutes and discipline. He was present on 1 August 1331 along with seven other cardinals (one of whom was Jacques Fournier, the future Benedict XII), when Pope John XXII issued a "viva voce" precept to two of the ministers of the Franciscan Order that they should observe the Rule of St. Francis, as well as the Constitutions of Nicholas III and Clement V, on the use of money. Fr. Guiral Ot, Minister General of the Franciscans was present and acted as witness.

paragraph: Cardinal Desprès became Dean of the College of Cardinals following the death of Cardinal Guillaume Pierre Godin, OP, on 4 June 1336.

paragraph: In March 1342, the Cardinal consecrated William, Bishop of St. Andrews, in Scotland.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Conclave of 1342.

paragraph: Pope Benedict XII died on 25 April 1342. Cardinal Desprès presided over the Conclave of 1342, though it cannot be said that he was a major force. Eighteen cardinals entered Conclave on Sunday, 5 May 1342, and produced a new Pope only two days later. The successful candidate was Cardinal Jacques Fournier of Limoges, former Chancellor of King Philip VI of France. He was fifty years of age. He was crowned on Pentecost Sunday, May 19, 1342, and took the throne name Clement VI.

paragraph: As early as 1324 Cardinal Desprès had the consent of Pope John XXII to establish a community of priests in Montpezat, but it was Benedict XII who authorized Saint-Martin to become a prioral church with six chaplains and two clerks. On 15 July 1343, Clement VI authorized the addition of six more chaplains and a change in name of the ruler of the church from Prior to Dean. In 1343, therefore, the Cardinal carried out the foundation and endowment of a Collegiate Church, called Saint-Martin, in his home-town of Montpezat-de-Quercy. The corporation was to consist of fifteen canons. It was to be financed by the grant of a number of parishes in the diocese of Cahors, as many as one quarter of the churches in the diocese; though, as it turned out, the greater part of the Collegiate Church's income was to come from Requiem Masses said by the various priests for the benefit of various donors.

paragraph: On 30 June 1342, during the pontificate of Clement VI, he was appointed as papal legate with Annibaldo di Ceccano, Bishop of Tusculum, to establish peace between France and England in the Hundred Years' War. Their mission was only partially successful: they arranged a truce in Malestroit in January 1343. Another mission was sent in November 1345, with Annibaldo di Ceccano, but not with Pierre Desprès, who was replaced by Cardinal Étienne Aubert.

paragraph: In 1345 he is on record as being Archdeacon of York, and Canon and Prebend of Wistowe in the Church of York. He was provided on 1 June 1321, and was admitted on 14 September 1321; he held the post until his death on 30 September 1361. Before his promotion to York in 1321, Pierre Desprès was Archdeacon of Rochester. He also held benefices in the Spanish churches. He was Archdeacon of Xàtiva in the Church of Valencia, he held the Decemberprovostship in the Cathedral of Valencia, and he held a prebend in the Cathedral of Mallorca.

paragraph: In 1348, Cardinal Desprès acted as examiner of candidates for the office of papal notary. He performed the same service in 1352. In March 1349 the Cardinal consecrated Thomas, Bishop of Leighlin in County Carlow, Ireland. In June 1352 he consecrated John, Bishop of Cloyne, Ireland. In January 1353 he consecrated Gregory, Bishop of Down in Ireland. In the same month he consecrated Nicholas, Bishop of Meath in Ireland. In June 1355 he consecrated John, Bishop of Dunkeld in Scotland.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Conclave of 1352.

paragraph: Pope Clement VI died in the Apostolic Palace in Avignon on 6 December 1352. Cardinal Pierre Desprès, Bishop of Palestrina and Dean of the College of Cardinals, presided over the Conclave of 1352. Despite the fact that he was Vice-Chancellor of the Church, the evidence does not indicate that he was a major force in the discussions, or that he had much time to become an influence. The leaders of the two major factions were Cardinal Guy de Boulogne and Cardinal Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord, each of whom controlled sufficient votes to deny members of the other party the canonically necessary two-thirds of the votes for a successful election. There was plenty to fight about. The cardinals eventually drew up a set of Electoral Capitulations, which are enumerated by the new Pope, Innocent VI, in the bull by which he annulled them. The Conclave opened on Sunday, 16 December, and came to a successful conclusion on Tuesday, 18 December, with the election of Cardinal Étienne Aubert (Stephanus Alberti). The swiftness of the election is attributed to the fact that it was known by the cardinals that King John II of France was on his way to Avignon, intending to have a pope who would serve his interests. Wanting to preserve the liberty of the Church and their own, the Cardinals put aside their customary leisurely pace and produced a Pope before the King's arrival.

paragraph: In 1355, Cardinal Pierre Desprès was assigned as arbitrator between Andruin, Abbot of Cluny and Philip Abbot of Sancti Sequani (Saint-Seine) in the diocese of Mâcon, in a dispute that reached back to the time of Pope Boniface VIII. On 25 September 1355 Pope Innocent VI issued a bull, confirming the decision of Cardinal Desprès, requiring the payment of 50 gold florins to Cluny every year on All Saints' Day.

paragraph: In 1358, Cardinal Desprès rebuilt the Church of Saint-Pierre in Avignon, which had last been repaired in the tenth century and had fallen into ruins. He established it as a Collegiate Church with Canons.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death and tomb.

paragraph: Cardinal Pierre Desprès died of plague on 16 May 1361 (or 30 September 1361), at the age of 73. He was buried in the Collegiate Church of Montpezat in the Choir. The tomb still survives and is classed as an historical monument by the French Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nouvelle edition by G. Mollat/a II (Paris 1927).

paragraph: BULLET::::- [1313-1333]

paragraph: BULLET::::- [1333-1356]

paragraph: BULLET::::- (second edition 1913).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salvador Miranda, Librarian Emeritus, Florida International University, "Consistory of December 20, 13"20

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quercy, the town (in French)

paragraph: BULLET::::- VUE D'EN HAUT : La basilique Saint-Pierre d'Avignon (YouTube) Retrieved: 2016-06-21.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Structurae:" Saint-Pierre-church-Avignon Retrieved: 2016-06-21.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tomb of Cardinal Pierre Desprès, Eglise Collègiale de S. Martin, Montbezat Retrieved: 2016-06-21.

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Pierre Desprès

wikipedia_title: Pierre Desprès


text: racing driver

text: Indy Pro Series

text: NASCAR

text: Stadium Super Trucks

text: Trans-Am Series

text: NASCAR

text: John Andretti

text: Indianapolis 500

text: Mario Andretti

text: IndyCar

text: Michael Andretti

text: Jeff Andretti

text: cousin

text: IndyCar

text: Marco Andretti

text: Aldo Andretti

text: Skip Barber Racing School

text: Indianapolis

text: karts

text: Charlotte, North Carolina

text: 24 Hours of Daytona

text: Grand American Road Racing Association

text: Formula 3

text: NASCAR

text: Featherlite Southwest Series

text: Corvette

text: Sebring Raceway

text: SPEED World Challenge

text: 24 Hours of Daytona

text: Indy Pro Series

text: Chicagoland Speedway

text: Jimmy Kite

text: Trans Am Series

text: Stadium Super Trucks

text: Lake Elsinore Diamond

text: Road America

text: Road & Track

text: Richard Petty

categories: 24 Hours of Daytona drivers,Indy Lights drivers,NASCAR drivers,Rolex Sports Car Series drivers,American Speed Association drivers,People from Brownsburg, Indiana,1979 births,Racing drivers from Indiana,United States Formula Three Championship drivers,Trans-Am Series drivers,Living people,Stadium Super Trucks drivers

paragraph: Adam Andretti

paragraph: Adam Andretti (born March 24, 1979) is an American racing driver. He has raced in sports cars, Indy Pro Series, NASCAR, and Stadium Super Trucks. He has been competing in the Trans-Am Series since 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Family background.

paragraph: He is the younger brother of veteran NASCAR racer John Andretti, nephew of Indianapolis 500 winner Mario Andretti and first cousin to IndyCar champion Michael Andretti and Jeff Andretti. He is the first cousin once-removed to IndyCar driver Marco Andretti. His father Aldo Andretti, Mario's twin brother, retired from driving race cars after nearly dying in an accident. Adam married Tabitha Eve on November 3, 2007. As of 2017, they reside in Brownsburg, Indiana. Andretti is a graduate of the Skip Barber Racing School.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.

paragraph: Andretti's racing career started in 1994 at the age of 15 with the help of his brother John, who helped Adam obtain a ride in the new half-scale Mini Cup Stock Car series, driving for Terry Lingner of Lingner Group Productions at the Velodrome in Indianapolis. He showed promise by winning four races in 1995 and finishing fourth in the series championship. After his stint in the Mini Stocks, Andretti raced karts. His brother Mark bought him a 125cc shifter kart and they raced for the next two years in the SKUSA series. In 1998, he finished second at the Formula C World Karting Championship held in Charlotte, North Carolina. He also ran in the 24 Hours of Daytona, an event sponsored by the Grand American Road Racing Association.

paragraph: In 2000, Andretti drove the No. 12 car in the short-lived United States Formula 3 Championship for Duesenberg Brothers Racing. He won a race and finished third in the series points championship. Then in 2001 and 2002, he drove in NASCAR's Featherlite Southwest Series. In 2003, Andretti drove a Corvette at Sebring Raceway in the SPEED World Challenge Series. He drove in the 2004 Rolex 24 Hours of Daytona.

paragraph: Andretti made his Indy Pro Series debut at Chicagoland Speedway on September 9, 2007. His race ended with an altercation with IndyCar veteran Jimmy Kite. Andretti announced after the race that he would compete in a full Indy Pro Series season in 2008. On December 17 he announced that he had signed a deal with the new FuZion Autosport team for the upcoming season. However, the team and Andretti failed to participate in any league-sponsored test sessions or enter any races.

paragraph: In 2014, he became the first member of the Andretti family to compete in the Trans Am Series, doing so regularly in the TA2 class. He has raced a Camaro, a Mustang, and a Challenger, picking up 6 wins and finishing second in points twice.

paragraph: In December 2017, Andretti joined UFD Racing for his Stadium Super Trucks debut at the Lake Elsinore Diamond in the No. 44 truck. He failed to qualify for the first feature race after finishing sixth in his heat race, and finished twelfth in the second feature after suffering a mechanical failure on lap eight.

paragraph: Andretti returned to SST in August 2018 at Road America, where he finished eleventh and ninth in the weekend's two rounds.

paragraph: He has also served as a racing instructor for "Road & Track" magazine and some driving schools, including the Richard Petty Driving Experience.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adam Andretti interview and racing background

description: American open-wheel racing driver

wikidata_label: Adam Andretti

wikipedia_title: Adam Andretti


text:
Thomas Webb & Sons
Wordsley
Amblecote
Stourbridge
Discontinued Designs' biography
The story of Thomas Webb Crystal

paragraph: Thomas Webb (glassmaker)

paragraph: Thomas Webb (1804–1869) was an English glassmaker and the founder of Thomas Webb & Sons, makers of fine English glass and crystal. Webb entered the glass industry in 1829 when he became a partner in the Wordsley glassworks of Webb and Richardsons. Webb entered into business with his father, John Webb in 1833 at the White House glassworks prior to founding the company known as "Thomas Webb & Sons" in 1837. Webb moved to the Platts, Amblecote in 1840, then relocated to the Dennis Hall site, near the town of Stourbridge, England in 1855. Thomas Webb died in 1869 and was succeeded by his son Thomas Wilkes Webb.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Discontinued Designs' biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- The story of Thomas Webb Crystal

description: English glassmaker

wikidata_label: Thomas Webb

wikipedia_title: Thomas Webb (glassmaker)