text: United States District Judge

text: Athens

text: Texas

text: Bachelor of Laws

text: University of Texas School of Law

text: United States Army

text: United States Attorney

text: Lyndon B. Johnson

text: Joseph Warren Sheehy

text: United States Senate

text: senior status

text: Austin

text: Texas Education Agency

text: desegregate

text: Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit

text: East Texas

text: Department of Justice

text: Texas State Historical Association

text: solitary confinement

text: class action suit

text: cruel and unusual punishment

text: United States Constitution

text: Morris Dees

text: Southern Poverty Law Center

text: Montgomery

text: Alabama

text: New York City

text: Austin

text: Governor

text: William Perry Clements Jr.

text: Bill Hobby

text: Houston

text: lieutenant governor

categories: University of Texas at Austin alumni,20th-century American judges,People from Athens, Texas,Judges of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas,1920 births,University of Texas School of Law alumni,United States district court judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson,American military personnel of World War II,2009 deaths

paragraph: William Wayne Justice

paragraph: William Wayne Justice (February 25, 1920 – October 13, 2009) was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas.

paragraph: Section::::Education and career.

paragraph: Born in Athens, Texas, Justice received a Bachelor of Laws from University of Texas School of Law in 1942. He was in the United States Army from 1942 to 1946. He was in private practice of law in Athens from 1946 to 1961. He was a city attorney of Athens from 1948 to 1950 and from 1952 to 1958. He was United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Texas from 1961 to 1968.

paragraph: Section::::Federal judicial service.

paragraph: Justice was nominated by President Lyndon B. Johnson on April 25, 1968, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas vacated by Judge Joseph Warren Sheehy. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 6, 1968, and received his commission on June 7, 1968. He served as Chief Judge from 1980 to 1990. He assumed senior status on June 30, 1998. His service terminated on October 13, 2009, due to his death in Austin, Texas.

paragraph: Section::::Federal judicial service.:Notable cases.

paragraph: In November 1970, Justice notably ordered the Texas Education Agency (TEA) to desegregate its schools in "United States v. Texas", which is regarded as one of the most extensive desegregation orders in legal history as it encompassed over a thousand school districts and nearly two million students. It was upheld by the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. At that time, many schools in Texas, particularly those in East Texas, remained segregated and the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) referred the matter to the Department of Justice as it had limited powers to enforce desegregation laws. According to the Texas State Historical Association, Justice's "decision detailing how integration was to occur quickly captured the attention of both public school officials and top state policymakers."

paragraph: In 1972, Texas prison inmate David Ruiz filed a fifteen page handwritten civil rights complaint alleging he was confined under unconstitutional conditions, harassed by prison officials, given inadequate medical care, and subjected to unlawful solitary confinement. His complaint was combined with others to become a class action suit ("Ruiz v. Estelle", 550 F.2d 238). The trial, which began in October 1978, lasted a year. In a 118-page, 1979 decision, Judge Justice ruled that the conditions of imprisonment within the TDC prison system constituted cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the United States Constitution. The decision led to federal oversight of the system, with a prison construction boom and "sweeping reforms ... that fundamentally changed how Texas prisons operated."

paragraph: Section::::Honors and recognition.

paragraph: In 2004, the William Wayne Justice Center for Public Interest Law was established in his honor at the University of Texas at Austin School of Law. The Justice Center promotes equal justice for all through legal education, scholarship and public service.

paragraph: On November 16, 2006, Justice received the first "Morris Dees Justice Award" given annually to a lawyer who has devoted his career to serving the public interest and pursuing justice, and whose work has brought about positive change in the community, state, or nation. It was created by the international law firm of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP and The University of Alabama School of Law to honor Morris Dees for his lifelong devotion to public service. Dees, who is co-founder and chief trial counsel for the Southern Poverty Law Center in Montgomery, Alabama, presented the award at a ceremony in Skadden offices in New York City.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Justice died on October 13, 2009, in Austin, Texas. Though Governor William Perry Clements Jr., had frequently quarreled with Justice, Bill Hobby, the Democrat from Houston and the lieutenant governor under both of Clements' nonconsecutive terms, lauded the judge: "Judge Justice dragged Texas into the 20th century. God bless him. He was very unpopular, but he was doing the right thing."

paragraph: Section::::Other notable cases.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Montgomery v. White", 320 "F. Supp". 303 (E.D. Tex. 1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Roper v. Beto", 318 "F. Supp". 662 (E.D. Tex. 1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "United States v. Texas", 321 "F. Supp". 1043 (E.D. Tex. 1970), supplemented by 330 "F. Supp". 235 (E.D. Tex. 1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Duke v. North Texas State University", 338 "F. Supp". 990 (E.D. Tex. 1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "McGuire v. Roebuck", 347 "F. Supp". 1111 (E.D. Tex. 1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Graves v. Barnes", 343 "F. Supp". 704 (W.D. Tex. 1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Morales v. Turman", 383 "F. Supp". 53 (E.D. Tex. 1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "United States v. Hall", 468 "F. Supp". 123 (E.D. Tex. 1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wells v. Hutchinson", 499 "F. Supp". 174 (E.D. Tex. 1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jones v. Latexo Independent School District", "499 F. Supp". 223 (E.D. Tex. 1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Young v. Pierce", 544 "F. Supp". 1010 (E.D. Tex. 1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lelsz v. Kavanagh", 98 "F.R.D." 11 (E.D. Tex. 1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nash v. Texas", 632 "F. Supp". 951 (E.D. Tex. 1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Young v. Pierce", 640 "F. Supp". 1476 (E.D. Tex. 1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Texans Against Censorship, Inc. v. State Bar of Texas", 888 "F. Supp". 1328 (E.D. Tex. 1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ruiz v. Johnson", 37 "F. Supp". 2d 855 (S.D. Tex. 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frew v. Gilbert", 109 "F. Supp". 2d 579 (E.D. Tex. 2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frew v. Hawkins", 401 "F. Supp". 2d 619 (E.D. Tex. 2005)

paragraph: Section::::Publications in his honor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blais, Lynn E. "William Wayne Justice: The Life of the Law." "Texas Law Review" 77.1 (Nov. 1998): 1-7.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dedication and Tributes. Judge William Wayne Justice." "Annual Survey of American Law" 1986 (Apr. 1987): vii-xx.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dubose, Louis. "A Texas 'Advocate for Justice.'" "The Nation" 13 November 2000: 20-22.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elliot, Janet. "Justice Recognized for a Career built on Seminal Cases." "Houston Chronicle" 4 December 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gamino, Denise. "High-profile Justice Hitting Trail to Austin." "The Austin-American Statesman" 25 May 1998: A1.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hall, Michael. "Justice Is Not Done." "Texas Monthly", October 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hood, Lucy. "Educating Immigrant Students." "Carnegie Reporter" 4.2 (Spring 2007).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ivins, Molly. "Texas-size Void Left with Exodus of Judge Justice." "The Fresno Bee", 13 May 1998: B7.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jackson, Bruce. "Texas Prisons Go On Trial." "The Nation" 28 October 1978: 437-9.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kemerer, Frank R. "William Wayne Justice: A Judicial Biography". Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Klimko, Frank, and Evan Moore. "'Czar of Texas'/William Wayne Justice Takes Heavy Criticism with Grace." "The Houston Chronicle" 11 January 1987: 1.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maraniss, David. "Justice, Texas Style." "The Washington Post" 28 February 1987: G1.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martin, Steve J. "Texas Prisons: The Walls Came Tumbling Down". Austin: Texas Monthly Press, 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mithoff, Richard. "William Wayne Justice: Blessed by the Gifts of This Judicial Giant." "The Houston Chronicle" 15 November 1998: 1.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mithoff, Richard Warren. "A Tribute to Justice." "Texas Law Review" 77.9 (November 1998): 9-12.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Politz, Henry A. "Judge Justice." "Texas Law Review" 77.13 (November 1998): 13-15.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vara-Orta, Francisco. "'Activist' Judge Still Battling Injustice." "Austin American-Statesman" 12 August 2006: 1.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walt, Kathy. "Judge Justice Left Footprints on Host of Social Reforms." "The Houston Chronicle" 8 February 1998: 1.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ward, Mike. "Judge Says Reforms Worked For Awhile ." "Austin American-Statesman" 6 May 2007: A7.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ward, Mike. "Prisons Lawsuit Drawing to Close." "Austin American-Statesman" 8 June 2002:1

paragraph: Section::::Scholarly publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Address: The Origins of Ruiz v. Estelle." "Stanford Law Review" 43 (November 1990): 1-12.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Burrs Under the Saddle." "Texas Bar Journal" 68 (July 2005): 609-610.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Law Day Address at the University of Texas at Austin: The Enlightened Jurisprudence of Justice Thurgood Marshall." "Texas Law Review" 71 (May 1993): 1099-1114.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The New Awakening: Judicial Activism in a Conservative Age." "Southwestern Law Journal" 43 (October 1989): 657-676.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Recognizing the Ninth Amendment's Role in Constitutional Interpretation." "Texas Law Review" 74 (May 1996): 1241-1244.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Relativist Constitution." "University of Colorado Law Review" 52 (1980–1981): 19-32.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Two Faces of Judicial Activism." "George Washington Law Review" 61 (November 1992): 1-13.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The University of Texas School of Law named its public interest center in honor of Judge Justice

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York Times: William Wayne Justice, Judge Who Remade Texas, Dies at 89

paragraph: BULLET::::- The University of Texas at Austin School of Law: The Honorable William Wayne Justice 1920 - 2009

description: American judge

wikidata_label: William Wayne Justice

wikipedia_title: William Wayne Justice


text:
college basketball
basketball
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Riley Wallace
Hartford Public High School
Detroit Pistons
San Diego Conquistadors
Kansas City Kings
Saitama Broncos
bj league
Japanese earthquake
Toyama Grouses
bj league
Bob Nash

categories: African-American basketball coaches,Hawaii Rainbow Warriors basketball players,Sportspeople from Hartford, Connecticut,American expatriate basketball people in Japan,African-American basketball players,Saitama Broncos coaches,Hawaii Rainbow Warriors basketball coaches,Rizing Zephyr Fukuoka coaches,Junior college men's basketball players in the United States,Small forwards,College men's basketball head coaches in the United States,Hawaii Volcanos players,Detroit Pistons draft picks,Living people,American men's basketball players,1950 births,Kansas City Kings players,San Diego Conquistadors players,Basketball players from Connecticut,Detroit Pistons players

paragraph: Bob Nash (basketball)

paragraph: Robert Lee "Bob" Nash (born August 24, 1950) is an American college basketball coach and the former head men's basketball coach at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. He took over for the retired Riley Wallace in April 2007 and was fired after the 2009–10 season. He had a 34-56 record as head coach over his three seasons at the helm.

paragraph: A 1968 graduate of Hartford Public High School, Nash played college basketball for the UH-Manoa in the early 1970s and was a member of the school's most successful men's basketball team up to the time.

paragraph: Nash played professionally during the 1970s as a member of the Detroit Pistons, San Diego Conquistadors and Kansas City Kings. He then became an assistant coach at Hawaii in 1987 and held that position until he was promoted to head coach in 2007.

paragraph: Nash was inducted into the Hartford Public High School Hall of Fame in 2004.

paragraph: He became the head coach of the Saitama Broncos in the bj league in Japan in 2010, where his son Bobby also played. Nash left the team after the March 11 Japanese earthquake as the team shut down for the rest of the season. Nash has been the head coach for the Toyama Grouses in the bj league since 2012.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bob Nash. basketball-reference

description: American basketball player-coach

wikidata_label: Bob Nash

wikipedia_title: Bob Nash (basketball)


text: United States Army

text: Medal of Honor

text: Vietnam War

text: Alpine, Texas

text: Odessa, Texas

text: Staff Sergeant

text: 5th Infantry Regiment

text: 25th Infantry Division

text: reconnaissance

text: Ben Cui

text: Republic of Vietnam

text: Odessa, Texas

text: regiment

text: North Vietnamese Army

text: human wave attack

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients

categories: Vietnam War recipients of the Medal of Honor,1947 births,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,American military personnel killed in the Vietnam War,People from Odessa, Texas,1968 deaths,United States Army soldiers

paragraph: Marvin R. Young

paragraph: Marvin Rex Young (May 11, 1947 – August 21, 1968) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Vietnam War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Young was born in Alpine, Texas, the youngest of three children born to Marilyn (née Hoskins) and Roy Clinton Young.

paragraph: Young joined the Army from Odessa, Texas in September 1966, and by August 21, 1968 was serving as a Staff Sergeant in Company C, 1st Battalion (Mechanized), 5th Infantry Regiment, 25th Infantry Division. On that day, while on a reconnaissance mission near Ben Cui, Republic of Vietnam, his platoon came under intense enemy fire. After the platoon leader was killed, Young assumed command and directed the unit's defense. When ordered to withdraw, he rescued several men who were pinned down by enemy fire and unable to move, suffering fatal wounds in the process.

paragraph: Young, aged 21 at his death, was buried in Sunset Memorial Gardens, Odessa, Texas.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Staff Sergeant Young's official Medal of Honor citation reads:

paragraph: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. S/Sgt. Young distinguished himself at the cost of his life while serving as a squad leader with Company C. While conducting a reconnaissance mission in the vicinity of Ben Cui, Company C was suddenly engaged by an estimated regimental-size force of the North Vietnamese Army. During the initial volley of fire the point element of the 1st Platoon was pinned down, sustaining several casualties, and the acting platoon leader was killed. S/Sgt. Young unhesitatingly assumed command of the platoon and immediately began to organize and deploy his men into a defensive position in order to repel the attacking force. As a human wave attack advanced on S/Sgt. Young's platoon, he moved from position to position, encouraging and directing fire on the hostile insurgents while exposing himself to the hail of enemy bullets. After receiving orders to withdraw to a better defensive position, he remained behind to provide covering fire for the withdrawal. Observing that a small element of the point squad was unable to extract itself from its position, and completely disregarding his personal safety, S/Sgt. Young began moving toward their position, firing as he maneuvered. When halfway to their position he sustained a critical head injury, yet he continued his mission and ordered the element to withdraw. Remaining with the squad as it fought its way to the rear, he was twice seriously wounded in the arm and leg. Although his leg was badly shattered, S/Sgt. Young refused assistance that would have slowed the retreat of his comrades, and he ordered them to continue their withdrawal while he provided protective covering fire. With indomitable courage and heroic self-sacrifice, he continued his self-assigned mission until the enemy force engulfed his position. By his gallantry at the cost of his life are in the highest traditions of the military service, S/Sgt. Young has reflected great credit upon himself, his unit, and the U.S. Army.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War

wikidata_label: Marvin R. Young

wikipedia_title: Marvin R. Young


text:
Meritaten
Nefertiti
pharaoh
Amarna Period
Eighteenth Dynasty
epithet
cartouche
Smenkhkare-Djeser Kheperu
Egyptologist
Archaeologist
Zahi Hawass
Amarna
Thebes
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Horemheb
Akhenaten
Tutankhaten
Smenkhkare
Nefertiti
Nefertiti-Neferneferuaten
Egyptians
Horemheb
Akhenaten
Ay
palimpsest
Egyptologists
Manetho
Ptolemies
Meryre II
Meritaten
Great Royal Wife
Lepsius
"globular vase"
Tutankhamun
several rings with most of his name
Item UC23800
Tutankhamun
KV62
Carter 261p(1)
sarcophagus
canopic
various bracelets
shabti
Egyptologist
Nicholas Reeves
the famous gold mask
a box (Carter 001k)
hieratic
TT139
Nicholas Reeves
Amarna
unfinished stele
Khepresh
Petrie Museum, U.C.410
Coregency Stela
James P. Allen
prenomen
nomen
Marc Gabolde
Hatshepsut
Nefertiti
Coregency Stela
Pieces of a shabti
shabti
hieratic
Akhet
Deir el-Bersha
Dahamunzu
Meketaten
interregnum regent
Meritaten
Ankhesenpaaten
Neferneferuaten-tasherit
aromatase excess syndrome
gynecomastia
Tutankhamun
Amun
Horemheb
Nineteenth Dynasty
Gabolde - Starry Sky
Hornung, Erik
Redford, Donald B.
The Amarna Project

categories: 1330s BC deaths,Pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt,14th-century BC women rulers,14th-century BC births,Historical deletion in ancient Egypt,14th-century BC Pharaohs,Amarna Period,Atenism

paragraph: Neferneferuaten

paragraph: Ankhkheperure-mery-Neferkheperure/ -mery-Waenre/ -mery-Aten Neferneferuaten was a name used to refer to either Meritaten or, more likely, Nefertiti.

paragraph: The archaeological evidence relates to a woman who reigned as pharaoh toward the end of the Amarna Period during the Eighteenth Dynasty. Her sex is confirmed by feminine traces occasionally found in the name and by the epithet "Akhet-en-hyes" ("Effective for her husband"), incorporated into one version of her second cartouche.

paragraph: She is to be distinguished from the king who used the name AnkhkheperureSmenkhkare-Djeser Kheperu, but without epithets appearing in either cartouche.

paragraph: If this individual is Nefertiti ruling as sole pharaoh, it has been theorized by Egyptologist and Archaeologist Dr. Zahi Hawass that her reign was marked by the fall of Amarna and relocation of the capital back to the traditional city of Thebes.

paragraph: Section::::General chronology.

paragraph: As illustrated in a 2011 Metropolitan Museum of Art symposium on Horemheb, the general chronology of the late Eighteenth Dynasty is:

paragraph: There is no broad consensus as to the succession order of Smenkhkare and Neferneferuaten. With little dated evidence to fix their reigns with any certainty, the order depends on how the evidence is interpreted. Many encyclopedic sources and atlases will show Smenkhkare succeeding Akhenaten on the basis of tradition dating back to 1845, and some still conflate Smenkhkare with Neferneferuaten.

paragraph: The period from the 13th year of Akhenaten's reign to the ascension of Tutankhaten is very murky. The reigns of Smenkhkare and Neferneferuaten were very brief and left little monumental or inscriptional evidence to draw a clear picture of political events. Adding to this, Neferneferuaten shares her prenomen, or throne name, with Smenkhkare, and her nomen (or birth name) with Nefertiti/Nefertiti-Neferneferuaten making identification very difficult at times.

paragraph: The Egyptians themselves tried to hide the evidence of the kings reigning during the Amarna from us. Neferneferuaten's successor seems to have denied her a king's burial and, later, in the reign of Horemheb, the entire Amarna period began to be regarded as anathema and the reigns of the Amarna period pharaohs from Akhenaten to Ay were expunged from history as these kings' total regnal years were assigned to Horemheb. The result is that 3,300 years later, scholars would have to piece together events and even resurrect the players bit by bit with the evidence sometimes limited to palimpsest.

paragraph: With the evidence so murky and equivocal, at one time or another, the name, sex, identity, and even the existence of Neferneferuaten has been a matter of debate among Egyptologists. The lack of unique names continues to cause problems in books and papers written before the early 1980s: an object might be characterized as bearing the name of Smenkhkare, when if in fact, the name was "Ankhkheperure", it could be related to one of two people.

paragraph: Section::::General chronology.:Manetho.

paragraph: Manetho was a priest in the time of the Ptolemies in the third century BC. His "Egyptian History" divided the rulers into dynasties which forms the basis of the modern system of dating Ancient Egypt. His work has been lost and is known only in fragmentary form from later writers quoting his work. As a result of the suppression of the Amarna kings, Manetho is the sole ancient record available.

paragraph: "Manetho's Epitome", a summary of his work, describes the late Eighteenth Dynasty succession as ""Amenophis for 30 years 10 months"", who seems likely to be Amenhotep III. Then ""his son Orus for 36 years 5 months"", this is often seen as a corruption of the name Horemheb with the entire Amarna period attributed to him, but others see Orus as Akhenaten. Next comes ""his daughter Acencheres for 12 years 1 month then her brother Rathotis for 9 years"". Acencheres is Ankhkheperure according to Gabolde, with a transcription error assumed which converted 2 years, 1 month into the 12 years, 1 month reported (Africanus and Eusebius cite 32 and 16 years for this person) by the addition of 10 years. Most agree that Rathotis refers to Tutankhamun; therefore, the succession order also supports Acencheres as Ankhkheperure. Rathotis is followed by ""his son Acencheres for 12 years 5 months, his son Acencheres II for 12 years 3 months"", which are inexplicable and demonstrate the limits to which Manetho may be relied upon.

paragraph: Section::::Key evidence.

paragraph: There are several items central to the slow unveiling regarding the existence, gender, and identity of Neferneferuaten. These continue to be key elements to various theories today.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The name of King Ankheprure Smenkhkare-Djeserkheperu was known as far back as 1845 from the tomb of Meryre II. There, he and Meritaten, bearing the title Great Royal Wife, are shown rewarding the tomb's owner. The names of the king have since been cut out but had been recorded by Lepsius c. 1850. A different scene on a different wall depicts the famous Durbar scene, which is dated to regnal year 12.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A calcite "globular vase" from the tomb of Tutankhamun bears the full double cartouche of Akhenaten alongside the full double cartouche of Smenkhkare. It is the "only" object to carry both names side by side.

paragraph: These can be taken to represent that the two were coregents, as was thought to be the case initially, however, the scene in the tomb of Meryre is not dated and Akhenaten is neither depicted nor mentioned in it. It is not known with certainty when the tomb owner died or if he may have lived on to serve a new king. The jar also seems to indicate a coregency, but may be a case of one king associating himself with a predecessor. The simple association of names is not always indicative of a coregency. As with many things of this period, the evidence is suggestive, but not conclusive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indisputable images for Smenkhkare are rare. Aside from the tomb of Meryre II, the adjacent image showing an Amarna king and queen in a garden is often attributed to him. It is completely without inscription, but since they do not look like Tutankhamun nor his queen, they are often assumed to be Smenkhkare and Meritaten, but Akhenaten and Nefertiti are sometimes put forth as well.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A single wine docket, 'Year 1, wine of the house of Smenkhkare', indicates he probably had a short reign. Another dated to Year 1 from 'The House of Smenkhkare (deceased)' originally, was interpreted to indicate that he died during the harvest of his first year; more recently it has been proposed to mean his estate was still producing wine in the first year of his successor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- There are several rings with most of his name intact. One example is Item UC23800 in the Petrie Museum. The ring clearly shows the "djeser" and "kherperu" elements of and a portion of the 'ka' glyph.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Line drawings of a block depicting the nearly complete names of King Smenkhkare and Meritaten as Great Royal Wife were recorded before the block was lost.

paragraph: A number of items in Tutankhamun's tomb (KV62) were originally intended for Neferneferuaten. Among them Carter 261p(1), a stunning gold pectoral depicting the goddess Nut. Other items include the stone sarcophagus, mummy wrappings, royal figurines; canopic items (chest, coffinettes, and jar stoppers), various bracelets and even shabti figures. Some items are believed to have been at least originally intended for a woman based on the style even when a name cannot be restored. Research by Egyptologist Nicholas Reeves since 2001 has suggested that even the famous gold mask may have originally been intended for Neferneferuaten since her royal name in a cartouche, Ankhkheperure, was found partly erased, on Tutankhamun's funerary mask.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Where named depictions of Smenkhkare are rare, there are no known depictions for Neferneferuaten.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Of particular interest is a box (Carter 001k) (right, originally one long piece) inscribed with the following:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The most definitive inscription attesting to Neferneferuaten is a long hieratic inscription or graffito in the tomb of Pairi (TT139):

paragraph: Nicholas Reeves concludes from this Year 3 inscription by Pawah in Pairi's tomb below:

paragraph: Therefore, Neferneferuaten might have been the Amarna-era ruler who first reached an accommodation with the Amun priests and reinstated the cult of Amun—rather than Tutankhamun as previously thought—since her own mortuary temple was located in Thebes—the religious capital of the Amun priesthood and Amun priests were now working within it, however, Egypt's political administration was still situated at Amarna rather than Thebes under Neferneferuaten's reign.

paragraph: Section::::Female king.

paragraph: For some time the accepted interpretation of the evidence was that Smenkhkare served as coregent with Akhenaten beginning about year 15 using the throne name Ankhkheperure. At some point, perhaps to start his sole reign, he changed his name to Ankhkheperure Neferneferuaten. An alternative view held that Nefertiti was King Neferneferuaten, in some versions she is also masquerading as a male using the name Smenkhkare.

paragraph: Things remained in this state until the early 1970s when English Egyptologist John Harris noted in a series of papers, the existence of versions of the first cartouche that seemed to include feminine indicators. These were linked with a few items including a statuette found in Tutankhamun’s tomb depicting a king whose appearance was particularly feminine, even for Amarna art which seems to favor androgyny. There are several stele depicting a king along with someone else—often wearing a king's crown—in various familiar, almost intimate scenes. All of them are unfinished or uninscribed and some are defaced. These include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- An unfinished stele (#17813, Berlin) depicts two royal figures in a familiar, if not intimate, pose. One figure wears the double crown, while the other wears a headpiece which is similar to that from the familiar Nefertiti bust, but is the Khepresh or "blue crown" worn by a king.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berlin 25574 depicts what clearly seems to be Akhenaten and Nefertiti wearing her flat top headpiece. They are accompanied by four empty cartouches—enough for two kings—one of which seems to have been squeezed in.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flinders Petrie discovered seven limestone fragments of a private stele in 1891, now in the Petrie Museum, U.C.410 sometimes called the Coregency Stela. One side bears the double cartouche of Akhenaten alongside that of "Ankhkheperure mery-Waenre Neferneferuaten Akhet-en-hyes" ("effective for her husband"), which had been carved over the single cartouche of Nefertiti.

paragraph: The clues may point to a female coregent, but the unique situation of succeeding kings using identical throne names may have resulted in a great deal of confusion.

paragraph: A paper by Rolf Krauss of the Egyptian Museum, Berlin speculated a middle way by suggesting that while Smenkhkare/Neferneferuaten was a man, his wife Meritaten might have ruled with the feminine prenomen ‘Ankh-et-kheperure’ after Akhenaten’s death and before Smenkhkare's accession. Smenkhkare then takes the masculine form of her prenomen upon gaining the throne through marriage to her. While this was a step forward in establishing a feminine king, it also sparked a new debate regarding which evidence related to Meritaten and which to Smenkhkare.

paragraph: Section::::Female king.:Cutting the knot.

paragraph: In 1988, James P. Allen proposed that it was possible to separate Smenkhkare from Neferneferuaten. He pointed out the name 'Ankhkheperure' was rendered differently depending on whether it was associated with Smenkhkare or Neferneferuaten. When coupled with Neferneferuaten, the prenomen included an epithet referring to Akhenaten such as 'desired of Wa en Re'. There were no occasions where the ‘long’ versions of the prenomen occurred alongside the nomen 'Smenkhkare', nor was the ‘short’ version ever found associated with the nomen 'Neferneferuaten'.

paragraph: As the adjacent image shows, the differences in the feminine and standard forms are minimal: an extra feminine 't' glyph either in the name or epithet (or both as in #94) that can be lost over time or simply misread especially on smaller items. Following Allen, without regard to the feminine indicators, all three of these names would refer to King Neferneferuaten since they include epithets and associate her with Akhenaten ('desired of Wa-en re / Neferkheperure').

paragraph: In a 1994 paper, Allen suggested that the different rendering of the names may well indicate two individuals not a single person: "..the evidence itself does not demand an identification of Smenkh-ka-re with Nefer-neferu-aton, and in fact the insistence that the two sets of names must belong to a single individual only weakens each case."

paragraph: Allen noted another nuance in the names: the reed ("jtn") glyph in 'Neferneferuaten' always is reversed to face the seated-woman determinative at the end of the name when associated with the Nefertiti form. Except for a unique case, the reed is not reversed when used with Ankhkheperure. This can be taken to indicate Neferneferuaten is also an individual apart from Nefertiti based on the general difference, or to indicate they are the same person on the basis of the unique rendering in the presence of the seated-person determinative (see below).

paragraph: Later, the French Egyptologist Marc Gabolde noted that several items from the tomb of Tutankhamun, which had been originally inscribed for Neferneferuaten and read as "...desired of Ahkenaten" were originally inscribed as "Akhet-en-hyes" or "effective for her husband". His reading was later confirmed by James Allen.

paragraph: The use of epithets (or lack of them) to identify the king referenced in an inscription eventually became widely accepted among scholars and regularly cited in their work although a case for exempting a particular inscription or instance will occasionally be argued to support a larger hypothesis. As the Smenkhkare versus Neferneferuaten debate subsided, the door was opening for new interpretations for the evidence.

paragraph: Section::::Female king.:Possible sole reign.

paragraph: Allen later showed that Neferneferuaten's epithets were of three types or sets. They were usually in the form of "desired of ...", but were occasionally replaced by "effective for her husband". In a few cases, the names can be followed by 'justified' using feminine attributes. The term 'justified' ("maet kheru") is a common indicator that the person referenced is dead. A similar reference associated with Hatshepsut in the tomb of Penyati is taken to indicate she had recently died. Finally, a few of her cartouches bear unique epithets not associated with Akhenaten at all. These include "desired of the Aten" and "The Ruler".

paragraph: Dr. Allen concluded that the strong affiliation with Akhenaten in the epithets and the number of them made it likely that Neferneferuaten had been his coregent and therefore, preceded Smenkhkare. The "effective..." epithets, then represent a period during which Akhenaten was incapacitated, but may also date from a time after Akhenaten’s death. Finally, the less common 'Akhenaten-less' versions represented a period of sole reign for Neferneferuaten.

paragraph: James Allen also offered a possible explanation for the use of the same throne name by two successive kings. He suggested that the almost constant references to Akhenaten, in particular the 'desired of Akhenaten' versions, may be proclamations of legitimacy on the part of Neferneferuaten. That is, the epithets are being used to announce or proclaim her as Akhenaten's chosen successor or coregent. One implication then, is there may have been resistance to the choice of Neferneferuaten, or such resistance was anticipated. This appears to be supported by her funerary items being usurped to deny her a king's burial.

paragraph: Allen suggested that adopting the name Ankhkheperure was ""to emphasize the legitimacy of Smenkh-ka-re's claim against that of Akhenaton's "chosen" (/mr/) coregent"". That is, a division in the royal house put Smenkhkare on the throne as a rival king to Neferneferuaten. This was offered as a simple and logical reading of the evidence to explain the nature of the epithets, the use of identical prenomens by successive kings and that she was denied a royal burial. With no dated evidence of rival or contemporaneous kings though, it remains conjecture.

paragraph: Section::::Identity of Neferneferuaten.

paragraph: By the late twentieth century, there was "'a fair degree of consensus'" that Neferneferuaten was a female king and Smenkhkare a separate male king, particularly among specialists of the period, although the public and the internet references still often commingle the two. Many Egyptologists believe she also served as coregent on the basis of the stela and epithets, with advocates for Meritaten being notable exceptions. A sole reign seems very likely, given that the Pairi inscription is dated using her regnal years. Opinion is more divided on the placement and nature of the reign of Smenkhkare.

paragraph: The focus now shifts to the identity of Neferneferuaten, with each candidate having its own advocate(s), a debate which may never be settled to the satisfaction of all.

paragraph: Section::::Identity of Neferneferuaten.:Nefertiti.

paragraph: Nefertiti was an early candidate for King Neferneferuaten, first proposed in 1973 by J. R. Harris. One theory from the 1970s held that Nefertiti was masquerading as the male King Smenkhkare, a view still held by a few—as late as 2001 by Reeves and until 2004 by Dodson.

paragraph: The apparent use of her name made her an obvious candidate even before Neferneferuaten's gender was firmly established. Remains of painted plaster bearing the kingly names of Neferneferuaten found in the Northern Palace, long believed to be the residence of Nefertiti, supports the association of Nefertiti as the king.

paragraph: Nefertiti was well in the forefront during her husband's reign and even depicted engaging in kingly activities such as smiting the enemies of Egypt (see image, right). The core premise is that her prominence and attendant power in the Amarna period was almost unprecedented for a queen which makes her the most likely and most able female to succeed Akhenaten.

paragraph: The Coregency Stela (UC 410), mentioned earlier, might resolve the question if it were not so badly damaged. The name Neferneferuaten replaced Nefertiti's name on it. How the image of Nefertiti was changed to match the new inscription could settle matters if her image was not missing. If her entire image was replaced it would mean Nefertiti was replaced by someone else called King Neferneferuaten and perhaps that she died. If just a new crown was added to her image, it would argue quite strongly that Nefertiti adopted a new name and title. As it is, the scene seems to be another of the royal family including at least Meritaten. Replacing the name Nefertiti with the name King Neferneferuaten in a depiction of the royal family, still seems to favor Nefertiti as the new king.

paragraph: The primary argument against Nefertiti has been that she likely died sometime after year 12, the last dated depiction of her. Typically, when someone disappears from inscriptions and depictions, the simplest explanation is that they died. Evidence suggesting this includes:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pieces of a shabti—a funerary figure—may indicate her title at death was Great Royal Wife. The shabti is in two pieces with a piece fitting between them assumed. One piece bears her name, Nefertiti-Neferneferuaten, the other the title Great Royal Wife.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wine dockets from her estate decline and cease after year 13. Dockets from later years mention only a Queen.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The floor of the royal tomb intended for her, although apparently not used, shows signs of cuts being started for the final placement of her coffin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meritaten's title as chief queen alongside Akhenaten's name in Tutankhamun's tomb indicates she replaced Nefertiti as in that role. This also seems to be indicated by her designation as “mistress” of the royal house in Amarna Letter EA 11.

paragraph: This theory has been shown to be incorrect, however, since Nefertiti is now known to have still been alive in Year 16 of Akhenaten—the second-to-last year of her husband's reign.

paragraph: Section::::Identity of Neferneferuaten.:Nefertiti.:Nefertiti in regnal year 16.

paragraph: In December 2012, the Leuven Archaeological Mission announced the discovery of a hieratic inscription in a limestone quarry that mentions a building project in Amarna. The text is said to be badly damaged, but a doctoral student read the text to indicate a date from regnal year sixteen of Akhenaten and noted that it mentions Nefertiti as Akhenaten's chief wife. The full inscription was not officially published or studied at that time—but parts of it have been published and they clearly demonstrate that Nefertiti, Akhenaten's chief queen, was still alive late in Year 16 of Akhenaten's reign. The inscription is dated explicitly to Year 16 III Akhet day 15 of Akhenaten's own reign and mentions, in the same breath, the presence of Queen Nefertiti—or the ""Great Royal Wife, His Beloved, Lady of the Two Lands, Neferneferuaten Nefertiti""—in its third line. The barely-legible five-line text, found in a limestone quarry at Deir el-Bersha, was deciphered and interpreted

paragraph: The inscription has now been fully published in a 2014 journal article and Nefertiti's existence late in Akhenaten's reign has been verified. Her name, gender, and location in time could all argue quite strongly for Nefertiti to be the female ruler known as Neferneferuaten. This would also affect various details of the Amarna succession theories proposed. For instance, some Egyptologists, such as Dodson, propose that Neferneferuaten was a coregent for some three years followed by another three years as sole ruler. The inscription would argue against a coregency of more than about a year—if any exists at all—since the inscription attests to Nefertiti's position as Akhenaten's queen just before the start of Akhenaten's final year. Van der Perre writes concerning the discovery of Nefertiti in Akhenaten's Year 16 (this king's second-to-last year):

paragraph: This would indicate that Neferneferuaten had an independent reign as an eighteenth dynasty pharaoh after the death of Akhenaten in his seventeenth year.

paragraph: Section::::Identity of Neferneferuaten.:Nefertiti.:"Sunset" theory.

paragraph: Even among Egyptologists who advocate Nefertiti as Neferneferuaten, the exact nature of her reign can vary. Reeves sees Nefertiti ruling independently for some time before Tutankhamun and has identified her as Dahamunzu of the Hittite letter-writing episode. In support, Reeves makes clear that Nefertiti did not disappear and "is" seen in the last years of Akhenaten in the form of the various stelae. The shabti is explained as a votive placed in the tomb of someone close to Nefertiti, such as Meketaten, at a time before she was elevated.

paragraph: "Amarna Sunset", by Aidan Dodson, is the most recent theory to date and proposes several new ideas regarding the chronology and flow of events. Based on the grounds of its location and state of completion, Dodson thinks that the depiction of Smenkhkare in the tomb of Meryre cannot date to later than Year 13/14 or Year 14/15 of Akhenaten at the latest. If accepted, Smenkhkare cannot have had an independent reign and thus, Neferneferuaten must have come after him, the result being that Smenkhkare's reign is entirely that of a coregent, ending about a year later, in Year 14 or 15 of Akhenaten's reign.

paragraph: Nefertiti then follows Smenkhkare as coregent for a time, using the name Ankhkheperure Neferneferuaten. Dodson concludes that Nefertiti was the mother of Tutankhaten, so after Akhenaten dies she continues as regent/coregent to Tutankhaten. Dodson proposes that, in that role, Neferneferuaten helped guide the reformation in the early years of Tutankhaten and conjectures that her turn around is the result of her 'rapid adjustment to political reality'. To support the Nefertiti-Tutankhamun coregency, he cites jar handles found bearing her cartouche and others bearing those of Tutankhaten found in Northern Sinai.

paragraph: The regnal years attested for Neferneferuaten—two plus a fraction—are not enough to allow for a short coregency with Akhenaten plus an independent reign or another coregency with Tutankhaten. Dodson accounts for this by suggesting that Nefertiti counted her years only after Akhenaten's death which is a generally held view put forth by Murnane to account for the lack of double dates in the New Kingdom, even when a coregency is known to exist. Dodson then speculates that she may later have shared Tutankhamun's regnal dating, in effect deferring senior status at least nominally to him.

paragraph: Several interesting ideas worthy of consideration are offered, but the central assumption that Nefertiti was mother to Tutankhaten, has since been proven false. DNA evidence published a year after the book concluded that Tutankhaten's parents were sibling children of Amenhotep III, which Nefertiti was not.

paragraph: Marc Gabolde contends that Tutankhaten never reigned for more than a few months at Amarna. He notes that while Akhenaten, Neferneferuaten, and even Smenkhkare are attested as kings in Amarna, evidence for Tutankhaten is limited to some bezel rings. That is, evidence typically associated with a royal residence is lacking: there are no stamped bricks, reliefs, or paintings; he is not mentioned or depicted in any private tombs, cult stela, royal depictions, or documents; the result is that there is no evidence of King Tutankhaten in Amarna at all. Ring bezels and scarabs bearing his name found, only show the city was still inhabited during his reign. With Neferneferuaten scarcely attested "outside" Amarna and Tutankaten scarcely attested "at" Amarna, a coregency or regency seems unlikely.

paragraph: Regarding the jar sealings, excavators working the Tell el-Borg site note that the two amphorae bearing the cartouche of Neferneferuaten were found in a garbage pit 200 meters away from the location where the two cartouches of Nebkheperure (Tutankhaten) were found. Additionally, sealings and small objects such as bezel rings from many Eighteenth Dynasty characters including Akhenaten, Ay, Queen Tiye, and Horemheb are all present at the site. Egyptologists excavating the site conclude: ""Consequently, linking Tutankhamun and Neferneferuaten politically, based on the discovery of their names on amphorae at Tell el-Borg, is unwarranted.""

paragraph: Section::::Identity of Neferneferuaten.:Meritaten.

paragraph: Meritaten as a candidate for Neferneferuaten seems to be the most fluid, taking many forms depending on the views of the Egyptologist. She had been put forth by Rolf Krauss in 1973 to explain the feminine traces in the prenomen and epithets of Ankhkheprure and to conform to Manetho's description of a "Akenkheres" as a daughter of "Oros". Although few Egyptologists endorsed the whole hypothesis, many did accept her at times as the probable or possible candidate for a female Ankhkheprure ruling for a time "after" Smenkhkare's death and perhaps, as regent to Tutankhaten.

paragraph: The primary argument against Meritaten either as Krauss's "pro tempore" Ankh-et-kheprure before marriage to Smenkhkare or as Akhenaten's coregent King Neferneferuaten is that she is well attested as wife and queen to Smenkhkare. For her to have later ruled as king means necessarily, and perhaps incredibly for her subjects, that she stepped down from King to the role of King's Wife. This view places Smenkhkare after Neferneferuaten, which requires the Meryre depiction to be drawn 5–6 years after the 'Durbar' depiction it is alongside, and several years after work on tombs had stopped.

paragraph: The counter to this view comes from Marc Gabolde, who offers political necessity as the reason for Meritaten's demotion. He sees the box (Carter 001k tomb naming her alongside Akhenaten and Neferneferuaten) as depicting Meritaten in simultaneous roles using the name Neferneferuaten as coregent and using her birth name in the role of royal wife to Akhenaten. He has also proposed that the Meryre drawing was executed in advance of an anticipated coronation, which ended up not taking place due to his death.

paragraph: Most Egyptologists see two names, indicating two individual people, as the simplest and more likely view. Most name changes in the Amarna period involved people incorporating -Aten into their name or removing an increasingly offensive -Amun element. Merit-Aten would have had no such need, nor would she need to adopt pharaonic airs such as a double cartouche simply to act on behalf of her husband.

paragraph: Since Nefertiti has now been confirmed to be living as late as Year 16 of Akhenaten's reign in a 2014 journal paper, however, the Meritaten theory becomes less likely because she would no longer be the most likely living person to be using either the name Neferneferuaten nor "Effective for her husband" as the epithet of a ruling female pharaoh. Secondly, both Aidan Dodson and the late Bill Murnane have stressed that the female ruler Neferneferuaten and Meritaten/Meryetaten cannot be the same person. As Dodson writes:

paragraph: Section::::Identity of Neferneferuaten.:Meritaten.:Meritaten as Dakhamunzu theory.

paragraph: Marc Gabolde is perhaps the most outspoken and steadfast advocate of Meritaten as King Neferneferuaten. Most recently, he has proposed that Meritaten was raised to coregent of Akhenaten in his final years. She succeeds him as interregnum regent using the name Ankhkheprure, and is the queen of the Dakhamunzu affair with the Hittites. Her ploy succeeds and the Hittite prince Zannanza travels to Egypt and marries her to claim the throne. He adopts the name Smenkhkare, and her throne name. After his death, she adopts full pharoanic prerogatives to continue to rule as King Ankhkheperure Neferneferuaten. Since Tutankamun was alive and of royal lineage, Meritaten's actions almost certainly must be taken as intending to prevent his ascension.

paragraph: The traditional view has long been that the plot took place after the death of Tutankhamun and that Ankhesenamun is the queen, largely based on the fact that she did eventually marry a "servant," Ay. Miller points out that "‘servant’ is likely used in a disparaging manner, rather than literally, and probably with reference to real persons who indeed were being put forth as candidates." If the reference to a 'servant' no longer exclusively indicates Ay, then Meritaten and Nefertiti become candidates as well, since neither has sons known to us.

paragraph: The Smenkhkare/Zannanza version garners little support among Egyptologists. With the presence of Tutankhamun, Miller points out Meritaten "would presumably have needed the backing of some powerful supporter(s) to carry out such a scheme as the tahamunzu episode, one is left with the question of why this supporter would have chosen to throw his weight behind such a daring scheme". For the plot to succeed, it assumes the young Meritaten with her co-conspirators successfully deceived Suppiluliuma and his envoys (for there was a royal male - Tutankhamun - though not actually her son) and that the plot remained secret during the period of letter writing and Zannanza's travel to Egypt. It assumes the other elements of Egyptian society remained idle with a female interregnum on the throne and a royal male standing by while this played out. On the Hittite side, it assumes that Suppiluliuma was not only willing to risk the consequences if the plot were uncovered, but rather than merely shrewd, Suppiluliuma was ruthless in the extreme and willing to risk the life of his son on a precarious endeavor where he suspected trickery.

paragraph: Details for the Dakhamunzu/Zannanza affair are entirely from Hittite sources written many years after the events. As Miller states, they were "written in full knowledge of the scheme’s dismal failure, and one cannot dismiss the possibility that Mursili is revising history to some extent, placing full responsibility for the fiasco on the Egyptians, absolving his father of any blame for his failed gamble, giving the impression that he had done everything in his power to ensure that the way was free for Zannanza to take the Egyptian throne."

paragraph: Section::::Identity of Neferneferuaten.:Neferneferuaten-tasherit.

paragraph: In 2006, James Allen proposed a new reading of events. Citing the evidence above, he finds it likely Nefertiti died after year 13. About that time, Akhenaten began attempting to father his own grandchildren. Meritaten and Ankhesenpaaten appear with their daughters in reliefs from Amarna which originally depicted Kiya with her daughter. Meritaten-tasherit and Ankhesenpaaten-tasherit bear the titles 'King’s daughter of his body, his desired...' and 'born of King’s daughter of his body, his desired...'. It is a matter of some debate whether this means Akhenaten actually fathered his own grandchildren, but Allen accepts the titles at face value as a simpler explanation than 'phantom' children being invented to fill space.

paragraph: When Meritaten gave birth to a girl, Akhenaten may have then tried with Meketaten, whose death in childbirth is depicted in the royal tombs. Though the titles are missing for the infant, it seems certain it also was a girl. Still without a male heir, Akhenaten next tried with Ankhesenpaaten who also bears him a girl (also with titles attesting to Akhenaten as father). His next youngest daughter, Neferneferuaten-tasherit was almost certainly too young, so:

paragraph: Allen explains the 'tasherit' portion of her name may have been dropped, either because it would be unseemly to have a King using 'the lesser' in their name, or it may have already been dropped when Nefertiti died.

paragraph: Neferneferuaten-tasherit's age is the first objection often raised. She is thought to have been about ten at the time of Akhenaten's death, but Allen suggests that some daughters may have been older than generally calculated based on their first depicted appearance. Meketaten is believed to have been born about year 4 when is she first depicted. If that is the case, she would only have been ten or eleven when she died in childbirth around year 14, which is several years shy of the age when girls typically become able to conceive at age 13 (it should be noted, however, that Akhenaten and his daughters may have suffered from a hereditary genetic condition called aromatase excess syndrome, which resulted in gynecomastia in males and premature sexual development in females, making childbirth at 11 less improbable).

paragraph: Allen suggests that perhaps Meketaten's first appearance—and perhaps that of the other daughters—was on the occasion of being weaned at age three in which case her age at death would be the more likely 13 or 14, an argument Dodson also adopts in "Amarna Sunset". Likewise, since Ankhesenpaaten bore a child late in Akhenaten's reign, if Neferneferuaten-tasherit was born a year or so after her sister, then Neferneferuaten-tasherit may have been as old as 13 by the end of Akhenaten's reign. The later use of the "effective..." epithets may indicate that she too, was eventually old enough to act as wife to her father, supporting the older age.

paragraph: Central to the theory is that Akhenaten was being driven to produce a male heir that results in attempts to father his own grandchildren. If the grandchildren are not his or are indeed fictitious, with no progression through his daughters to arrive at Neferneferuaten-tasherit, his choice of her as coregent at least remains a mystery, if not less likely. Without grandchildren, there is less to support the older age estimates. Her age alone need not disqualify her, since it is the same age at which Tutankhaten ascended the throne, but a ten-year-old girl seems unlikely to many.

paragraph: The strong point of the theory rests with her name: it does not rely on someone changing their name in some awkward fashion to assume the role of Neferneferuaten. She is a less attractive candidate now that the Year 16 graffito for Queen Nefertiti has been verified.

paragraph: Section::::Smenkhkare and the Amarna succession.

paragraph: The evidence clearly indicates that Smenkhkare existed and that he was invested with some degree of pharoanic power at some point and died shortly afterwards. Beyond that little else can be said with any certainty at all. As a result, proponents of one theory can assign him a place in time and role with little to argue against it while others can take a wholly different perspective.

paragraph: For instance, Dodson cites the Meryre depiction to relegate him to a short-lived coregent circa Year 15, with little firm evidence to argue against it. Gabolde cites the Smenkhkare wine docket to support the idea that Smenkhkare must have succeeded Akhenaten. Finally, Allen has used the wine docket and strong association of Neferneferuaten with Akhenaten in her epithets and on stelae to speculate that "both" may have succeeded Akhenaten, with one as a rival king. An Allen-Dodson hybrid could see Tutankhamun succeeding Akhenaten directly as rival to Neferneferuaten. There are almost as many theories and putative chronologies as there are Egyptologists interested in the period.

paragraph: The recently discovered inscription for Nefertiti as queen in Regnal Year 16, if verified, seems to make clear she was still alive and still queen. What Egyptologists will make of it remains to be seen, but with proof of her alive in Year 16, it could be seen as supporting her candidacy as Neferneferuaten. On the other hand, advocates for Smenkhkare may make the case that since she attested as "queen" just before the start of Akhenaten's final regnal year, then Smenkhkare is more likely to be Akhenaten's successor.

paragraph: The exact succession cannot be resolved without evidence to more clearly fix Smenkhkare's place in time and role (coregent only or king). If, as the evidence suggests, he was very short-lived, such clarification is not likely to be forthcoming. The result is that the Amarna Succession is dictated by the underlying theory on the identity of King Ankhkheperure-mery Neferkheperure Neferneferuaten-mery Wa en Re.

paragraph: Section::::Reuse of Neferneferuaten's funerary equipment for Tutankhamun's burial.

paragraph: According to Nicholas Reeves, almost 80% of Tutankhamun's burial equipment was derived from Neferneferuaten's original funerary goods, including his famous gold mask, middle coffin, canopic coffinettes, several of the gilded shrine panels, the "shabti"-figures, the boxes and chests, the royal jewelry, etc. In 2015, Reeves published evidence showing that an earlier cartouche on Tutankhamun's famous gold mask read, "Ankheperure mery-Neferkheperure" or (Ankheperure beloved of Akhenaten); therefore, the mask originally was made for Nefertiti, Akhenaten's chief queen, who used the royal name Ankheperure when she assumed the throne after her husband's death.

paragraph: This development implies that either Neferneferuaten was deposed in a struggle for power, possibly deprived of a royal burial—and buried as a queen—or that she was buried with a different set of king's funerary equipment—possibly Akhenaten's own funerary equipment—by Tutankhamun's officials since Tutankhamun succeeded her as king.

paragraph: Section::::Summary.

paragraph: There is also little that can be said with certainty about the life and reign of Ankhkheperure Neferneferuaten. Most Egyptologists accept that she was a woman and an individual apart from Smenkhkare. Many specialists in the period believe the epigraphic evidence strongly indicates she acted for a time as Akhenaten's coregent. Whether she reigned before or after Smenkhkare depends on the underlying theory as to her identity.

paragraph: Based on the Pairi inscription dated to her Third Regnal Year, it appears she enjoyed a sole reign. How much of her reign was as coregent and how much as sole ruler, is a matter of debate and speculation. The same tomb inscription mentions an Amun temple in Thebes, perhaps a mortuary complex, which would seem to indicate that the Amun proscription had abated and the traditional religion was being restored toward the end of her reign. Since much of her funeral equipment was used in Tutankhamen's burial, it seems fairly certain she was denied a pharaonic burial by her successor. The reasons for this remain speculation, as does a regency with Tutankhaten.

paragraph: With so much evidence expunged first by Neferneferuaten's successor, then the entire Amarna period by Horemheb, and later in earnest by the kings of the Nineteenth Dynasty, the exact details of events may never be known. The highly equivocal nature of the evidence often renders it suggestive of something, while falling short of proving it. The various steles, for instance, strongly suggest a female coregent but offer nothing conclusive as to her identity.

paragraph: Speculations regarding the end of the Amarna Period are likely to continue for years to come. The recently discovered inscription mentioning Nefertiti as queen in year 16 shows that the Amarna Period may yet have secrets and clues to divulge.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: Each of the leading candidates have their own proponents among Egyptologists, whose work can be consulted for more information and many more details for a given candidate. Several of the works of Nicholas Reeves and Aidan Dodson advocate for Nefertiti as Neferneferuaten. Marc Gabolde has written several papers and at least one book (in French) supporting Meritaten. James Allen's previous work in this area primarily dealt with establishing the female gender of Neferneferuaten and then as an individual apart from Smenkhkare. His paper on "The Amarna Succession" is his first theory as to identity of King Neferneferuaten, having previously cited Nefertiti or Meritaten as the probable or possible identity depending on the state of the evidence.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aldred, Cyril, "Akhenaten, King of Egypt" (Thames & Hudson, 1988).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. "The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt". Thames & Hudson. 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dodson, Aidan. "Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation". The American University in Cairo Press. 2009,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gabolde, Marc, "Under a Deep Blue Starry Sky" in "Causing His Name to Live: Studies in Egyptian Epigraphy and History in Memory of William J. Murnane"; Gabolde - Starry Sky

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giles, Frederick. J., "Ikhnaton Legend and History" (1970, Associated University Press, 1972 US)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giles, Frederick. J. "The Amarna Age: Egypt" (Australian Centre for Egyptology, 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hornung, Erik, "Akhenaten and the Religion of Light", translated by David Lorton, Cornell University Press, 1999, )

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miller, Jared; "Amarna Age Chronology and the Identity of Nibhururiya in the Light of a Newly Reconstructed Hittite Text" (2007); Altoriental. Forsch. 34 (2007) 2, 252–293

paragraph: BULLET::::- Redford, Donald B., "Akhenaten: The Heretic King" (Princeton University Press, 1984, )

paragraph: BULLET::::- Redford, Donald B.;"Akhenaten: The Heretic King" (1984) Princeton University Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reeves, C. Nicholas., "Akhenaten, Egypt's False Prophet" (Thames & Hudson, 2001).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reeves, C. Nicholas., "The Complete Tutankhamun: The King, the Tomb, the Royal Treasure". London: Thames & Hudson, 1 November 1990, (hardcover)/ (paperback)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theis, Christoffer Der Brief der Königin Daḫamunzu an den hethitischen König Šuppiluliuma I. im Lichte von Reisegeschwindigkeiten und Zeitabläufen, in: Thomas R. Kämmerer (Hrsg.): Identities and Societies in the Ancient East-Mediterranean Regions. Comparative Approaches. Henning Graf Reventlow Memorial Volume (= AAMO 1, AOAT 390/1). Münster 2011, S. 301–331

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tyldesley, Joyce. "Nefertiti: Egypt's Sun Queen". Penguin. 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Amarna Project

description: ancient Egyptian ruler, co-regent

wikidata_label: Neferneferuaten

wikipedia_title: Neferneferuaten


text:
Peshwa
Maratha Empire
Nanasaheb Peshwa
Bajirao I
Kashibai
Satara
Satara
Jat
Mathura
Vrindavan
Gaya
Kurukshetra
Mughal Emperor
Ahmad Shah Bahadur
Alamgir II
Ahmad Shah Durrani
Afghanistan
Punjab
Dattaji Scindia
Sadashivrao Bhau
Diwan
Peshwa
Battle of Panipat
Third Battle of Panipat
Nanasaheb
Shamsher Bahadur
Madhavrao I
Nanasaheb
regent
Nizam
Hyderabad
Ghodegaon
house arrest
Madhavrao I
Narayanrao
Anandibai
Nana Phadnavis
Ram Shastri Prabhune
Kasegaon
Pandharpur
Khambhat
Surat
Surat
British East India Company
Thane
Vasai
Sashti
Purandar
Treaty of Purandar (1776)
Surat
the Portuguese
Bombay
Battle of Talegaon
Vadgaon
Baji Rao II
Amrit Rao
Nana Fadnavis
Daulat Rao Scindia
Battle of Attock, 1758
Britannica article

categories: 1783 deaths,Peshwa dynasty,18th-century Indian monarchs,People of the Maratha Empire,1734 births,Marathi people

paragraph: Raghunathrao

paragraph: Raghunathrao Bhat (a.k.a. Ragho Ballal or Ragho Bharari) (18 August 1734 – 11 December 1783) was a Peshwa of the Maratha Empire for a brief period from 1773 to 1774.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Raghunathrao Bhat, also known as "Raghoba", "Raghoba Dada" and "Ragho Bharari," was the younger brother of Nanasaheb Peshwa. His father was Peshwa Bajirao I & mother was Kashibai. Raghunathrao was born in Mahuli near Satara on 8 December 1734. Much of his childhood was spent in Satara.

paragraph: Section::::Maratha conquests.

paragraph: In his early years he fought with great success in the north. His expedition during 1753–1755 was concluded by an advantageous treaty with Jat. He is favorably remembered by Hindus for the fact that during that expedition he brought an end to Muslim persecution at Hindu holy places such as Mathura, Vrindavan, Gaya, and Kurukshetra. Raghunathrao imprisoned Mughal Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur and made Alamgir II his puppet monarch.

paragraph: At the end of 1756, Ahmad Shah Abdali was preparing to invade India and Delhi once again. Nanasaheb Peshwa, Ragunathrao, Malharrao Holkar and Dattaji Shinde and it was decided that Marathas being the protectors of the Mughal Emperor would make another expedition to North India to stop another Afghan invasion. Nanasaheb Peshwa gave the command of this expedition to Ragunathrao and Malharrao Holkar was asked to assist Ragunathrao. Malharrao Holkar left for Indore at the end of 1756 and Ragunathrao followed him with his army after few weeks in October 1756.

paragraph: Section::::Second Northern Expedition (1757-1758).:Maratha affairs in Rajputana (February 1757 - July 1757).

paragraph: Ragunathrao reached Indore on 14 February 1757 and was joined by Malharrao Holkar. The purpose of Ragunathrao’s northern expedition was twofold: first was to defend the Mughal Emperor from Afghan invasion and second to collect funds and tributes to meet with Peshwa’s growing debts. So in the middle of May 1757, Ragunathrao sent an advance force of 20,000 into the Ganga Doab to recover lost possessions of Marathas, and with Malharrao Holkar and the remaining force decided to invade Rajputana to collect funds. Due to the fortified lands and the martial nature of the people, Ragunathrao was unable to even gather funds for the subsistence of his army and constantly sent letters to Poona asking Peshwa for funds.“I am feeding myself only by looting villages. In this country most places are fortified, and not a grain of food can be obtained without fighting. I have no money, and cannot even raise a loan. My soldiers have been fasting for one or two days at a time.” "- Ragunathrao's letter to Peshwa"The Maratha army moved through Mewar from Indore and on its way collected a ransom of one lakh from Jawad and plundered Ranikheda in March 1757. Reaching Jaipur in April 1757, Ragunathrao demanded payments from Madho Singh and laid siege to Barwada, then belonging to the Shekhawats. Lacking siege materials the Maratha army could not force the Shekhawats to surrender, and the long standing siege started taking its toll on the Maratha army. Kaniram, who was the Jaipur minister offered Ragunathrao payment as agreed in the past between Marathas and Rajputs, but Ragunathrao was adamant. He demanded 40 to 50 lakhs and territory worth 14 lakhs or threatened to wait out the siege and take territory worth 40 to 50 lakhs from the Rajputs.  Madho Singh, king of Jaipur refused all of Ragunathrao’s terms and asked all his feudatories to fortify their posts and stay vigilant.

paragraph: The Maratha army in Rajputana at the time did not have the numbers necessary to storm forts of Barwada and Jaipur and so on 12 July 1757 Ragunathrao agreed to peace talks with Madho Singh. He accepted a payment of eleven lakhs from Jaipur, six of which were paid immediately. On 12 July 1757, Ragunathrao wrote to Peshwa:“I have no money, nor is any loan available. My troops are in debt. Prices here are very high. I am daily getting my food only by sacking the villages.”

paragraph: - "Ragunathrao's letter to Peshwa on 12th July 1757"Having thus concluded the business in Rajputana, Ragunathrao and Malharrao Holkar with the remaining Maratha forces started making for Delhi to liberate it from the Afghan agents at the end of July 1757, by which point of time Ahmad Shah Abdali was well away in his country.

paragraph: Section::::Second Northern Expedition (1757-1758).:Marathas enter the Ganga Doab (May 1757 - July 1757).

paragraph: The Maratha troops sent by Ragunathrao to recover lost possessions in the Ganga Doab under the command of Sakharam Bapu, Vithal Shivdev, Tatya Gangadhar and Antaji Mankeshwar into the Ganga Doab reached Agra in May 1757. On reaching Agra, the Marathas made peace with Suraj Mal and advanced to Yamuna. They crossed Yamuna at Agra, occupied Etawah and Sikandra, and encamped at Kasganj on the southern bank of the Ganga on 17 June 1757. Antaji Mankeshwar went to Anupshahar about 2 July 1757. Meerut which was occupied by Najib Khan’s agents resisted the Marathas but were swiftly defeated. Imad-ul-mulk sent his diwan Nagar Mal to Anupshahar to establish friendly relations with the Marathas once again. Shuja-ud-daulah had agreed to remain neutral in the conflict between Najib-ud-daulah and the Marathas. Thus most of the Doab was freed of Najib’s agents and came under the control of Marathas.

paragraph: Ahmad Shah Abdali, before heading home in Afghanistan, kept Alamgir II on the throne with Imad-ul-Mulk as his wazir. But Abdali gave all the real power to Najib-ud-Daulah, his supreme agent in India and made him Mir Bakshi. Alamgir II, Imad-ul-Mulk all wanted to be free from Najib Khan’s dominance and asked the Marathas for aid in liberating Delhi from Afghan influence. Ragunathrao agreed and marched on the imperial capital in July 1757. Sakharam Bapu who was present in the Doab region at the time, occupied Patparganj, and Shamsher Bahadur with the artillery division reached Rewari on 27 July 1757. Grain was stopped from entering the city. Najib Khan in preparation of the coming battle, dug trenches at Khizirabad outside the city to halt the cavalry advance of the Marathas. Najib Khan on hearing of Ragunathrao’s advance, sent his wakil Meghraj to Imad-ul-Mulk to seek terms of peace, but Imad proposed humiliating terms which were unacceptable to Najib. And so there was no other alternative to settle this conflict other than war.

paragraph: Section::::Second Northern Expedition (1757-1758).:Battle of Delhi (July 1757 - September 1757).:Ragunathrao reaches Delhi and Attack Begins (August 1757 – September 1757).

paragraph: Ragunathrao reached Khizirabad on 11 August 1757 with his lieutenants where he was joined by Sakharam Bapu who had crossed over from Doab. Ragunathrao sent two Maratha divisions to attack Delhi. The first division fought their way to the Old City through Lal Darwaza and captured it swiftly after defeating Najib’s troops under the leadership of Bakhtawar Khan. The second division attacked from the south-east side of the City, where Qutb Shah commanding 2,500 troops fired bombardments on the Maratha soldiers from the Blue Bastion. Realizing that the Old City was lost, Najib Khan and Qutb Shah retreated to the inner City with all their Rohilla troops. In retaliation, Rohillas attacked and plundered Imad-ul-mulk’s house in Delhi, and dishonored Imad-ul-mulk’s women in his harem. Imad-ul-mulk met with Ragunathrao and cemented an alliance with the Marathas.

paragraph: The Marathas were unable to storm the fort from the south, so Ragunathrao decided to attack the fort from all sides and lay siege to the place. Grain supply to the fort was stopped and Maratha troops encircled the fort. Najib countering these plans placed guards and canons on all sides of the fort, preventing the Marathas from getting in the range of these canons.

paragraph: Malharrao Holkar with Vithal Shivdev led the Maratha soldiers to attack Delhi fort from the Northern side of Kashmir Gate. Imad-ul-mulk’s troops under Bahadur Khan Baluch and Jamil-ud-din Khan supported them. Manaji Paygude entrenched himself opposite Kabul Gate in the north-western section of the Fort. On 25 August 1757, Bahadur Khan and Nagar Mal led an attack on the outskirts of the fort, forcing the Rohilla defenders to fall back to the Fort. Najib Khan had the long range canons dragged to the northern section of the fort and commenced bombardment on enemy’s troops which resulted in several hundreds of Bahadur Khan’s troops being killed. After this, the fighting stopped once again. Najib being all alone in the fort with his soldiers being reduced to 2000 men, sought to make terms by sending his diplomat (wakil) Meghraj to Malharrao. Ragunathrao set forth terms that Najib Khan should resign his post of Mir Bakshi (Paymaster-General), vacate the fort with all his troops and withdraw to his Rohilla jagirs and pay an indemnity of 50 to 60 lakhs. Najib Khan preferred to die instead of accepted such humiliating and exorbitant demands and prepared the defense of the fort with renewed vigor.

paragraph: Section::::Second Northern Expedition (1757-1758).:Battle of Delhi (July 1757 - September 1757).:Peace talks crumble and Battle renewed (30 August 1757 – 1 September 1757).

paragraph: The battle was renewed on the night of 29 August 1757, when Ragunathrao attacked the Delhi Gate in the south and Imad-ul-mulk attacked the Lahor Gate in the North-west. The fort was bombarded by Maratha canons from all sides, resulting in two of the bastions of Delhi Gate being demolished. The canon fire from all sides of the fort continued till 31 August 1757. Najib’s soldiers tried forming a counterattack and drove away Imad-ul-mulk and Ahmad Khan Bangash’s men from Lahore Gate. Another sortie was successfully executed by Najib’s soldiers at Turkoman Gate, where Dilel Singh (diwan of Wazir), lost some soldiers.

paragraph: Section::::Second Northern Expedition (1757-1758).:Battle of Delhi (July 1757 - September 1757).:Najib-ud-daulah surrenders and agrees for Peace Talks (September 1757).

paragraph: With famine raging in the city, many soldiers started deserting Najib Khan and leaving the city, and only a few remaining loyal with him. Being hopelessly outnumbered Najib realized that surrender was the only option. Malharrao convinced Ragunathrao and Imad-ul-mulk for peace while Abdul Ahad Khan pressed Najib to agree to peace. On 3 September 1757 Qutb Shah and Najib Khan visited Malharrao’s camp at Qudsiabad and accepted all terms of surrender. This created some animosity between Malharrao and Ragunathrao, as Ragunathrao was in command of the Northern expedition and peace talks were conducted by Malharrao Holkar.

paragraph: The peace became operative on 6 September 1757 where Najib vacated his seat with all the Rohilla soldiers and their belongings and encamped at Wazirabad. Ragunathrao released all Rohilla prisoners. Grain was brought from ferries and supplied to the starving city and Maratha soldiers started guarding the city. Imad-ul-Mulk replaced Najib’s agents in the city with his own men o high posts. Ahmad Khan Bangash was made imperial Paymaster-General. Thus, Delhi was freed from Rohilla and Afghan influence by the wazir and Marathas.

paragraph: On 22 October 1757, Ragunathrao and Malharrao Holkar left Delhi after celebrating the Dasahara festival and entered Doab. Ragunathrao marched to Garh Mukteshwar to bathe in those holy waters and Malharrao Holkar started plundering Saharanpur district, which was Najib Khan's jagir. Najib with his Afghan forces retreated against the Maratha onslaught and moved to his interior domains. Then, Ragunathrao and Malharrao decided to withdraw from the Doab, and gave its lands to the Wazir, Imad-ul-Mulk and started focusing on Punjab expedition to liberate that province from the Durrani empire.

paragraph: Section::::Second Northern Expedition (1757-1758).:Maratha Invasion of Punjab (October 1757-May 1758).:Siege of Sarhind (February 1758- March 1758).

paragraph: Ahmad Shah Abdali had annexed the province of Punjab from the Mughal Empire in his invasion of 1757. He had appointed his son Timur Shah as the governor of Punjab province. Timur Shah began strengthening his position in Punjab by sending Sarafraz Khan to deal with Adina Beg, the Mughal governor of Punjab. Adina Beg successfully repelled Sarafraz Khan’s invasion, but he knew his cause was doomed as he only had 10,000 troops with him. So he opened negotiations with Ragunathrao who was currently in Delhi. Adina Beg promised to pay 1 lakh rupees for each marching day and half a lakh for each day of halt.

paragraph: Hearing of this, Abdus Samad Khan Mohmand of Sarhind, a close ally of Abdali, marched to Thaneshwar in October 1757, where he was joined by Najib-ud-daulah’s son. Ragunathrao and Malharrao avoided the bait of attacking Abdus Samad Khan and circled around Delhi for a time. Then in December 1757, Malharrao laid siege to Kunjpura and raided most of the territories from Delhi to Thaneshwar. At this time, Abdus Samad Khan was on an expedition against Ala Singh and was greatly alarmed at the approach of the Marathas. He quickly settled the expedition and returned to Sarhind fort on 12 January 1758 and started making defensive preparations. But Malharrao again did not rise to the bait and retreated from Kunjpura after exacting a tribute of five lakhs.

paragraph: Ragunathrao entered Punjab in February 1758 with all the Maratha troops and laid siege of Sarhind fort. He was joined by Adina Beg’s forces and hired Sikh mercenaries. Maratha raiding bands spread all over the district to plunder the villages around. The siege lasted few days, after which on 21 March 1758, Abdus Samad Khan along with Jangbaz Khan and other Afghan captains were captured by the Marathas while escaping, though they were well treated by Ragunathrao. Thus, Sarhind was captured by the Marathas. The Marathas and Adina Beg’s forces advanced to Lahore to liberate it from Afghan supremacy.

paragraph: Section::::Second Northern Expedition (1757-1758).:Maratha Invasion of Punjab (October 1757-May 1758).:Siege of Lahore (April 1758).

paragraph: Timur Shah’s position at Lahore was a delicate one, Ahmad Shah Abdali was busy in Khurasan with a rebellion, the Lahore fort was in a state of disrepair, he was surrounded with a hostile population of Sikhs and he himself had very little soldiers to make a defence. So Timur Shah decided it wise to retreat against the Maratha onslaught. Timur Shah fled Lahore on 19 April 1758 and crossed Ravi River with all his troops and supplies. When the Marathas and Mughals arrived at Lahore, they took Lahore fort with no resistance from the Afghans. The Marathas pursued Timur Shah and the Afghans, first crossing Ravi river, then defeating the rear guard of Mir Hazar Khan. Timur Shah alarmed by the possible scenario of being captured crossed Chenab river with his Durrani clansmen, leaving all his other soldiers and supplies behind. They were captured by the Marathas and Mughals. The Marathas stopped the pursuit as the country on the other side of Chenab was full of Afghan sympathizers and due to the depth of Chenab.

paragraph: Ahmad Shah Durrani (of present-day Afghanistan) approached Punjab in 1760 and defeated Dattaji Scindia in battle of Barari Ghat near modern-day Delhi, Dattaji was also killed in battle. To counter this Raghunathrao was supposed to go north to handle the situation. Raghunathrao asked for large amount and an army, which was denied by Sadashivrao Bhau, his cousin and Diwan of Peshwa, so he declined to go. Sadashivrao Bhau was there upon made commander in chief of the Maratha Army, under whom the Battle of Panipat was fought.

paragraph: Section::::Regency.

paragraph: After Maratha defeat at Third Battle of Panipat, his brother Nanasaheb Peshwa's death and his half brother's (Shamsher Bahadur) death in 1761, the Peshwa title was passed on to Madhavrao I, second son of Nanasaheb. Madhavrao was a minor when appointed Peshwa. Therefore Raghunathrao was appointed as the regent to the young Peshwa. He soon fell out of favor with Madhavrao and even tried to conspire against him by joining the Nizam of Hyderabad against the Peshwa. The alliance was defeated at Ghodegaon, and Raghunathrao was placed under house arrest. After Madhavrao I's death in 1772, Raghunathrao was released from house arrest. He then became the regent of Madhavrao's younger brother Narayanrao. Together with his wife Anandibai, he had his nephew Narayanrao murdered.

paragraph: Legend has it that when the assassins attacked the young Peshwa, he ran to Raghoba crying "Kaakaa malaa waachwaa" (Uncle, save me). His cry fell on deaf ears and Raghoba stood by as his nephew was killed. After Narayanrao's murder, Raghoba became Peshwa, but he was shortly overthrown by Nana Phadnavis and 11 other administrators in what is called "The Baarbhaai Conspiracy" (Conspiracy by the Twelve). Raghunathrao was tried, convicted, and sentenced to death by the justice Ram Shastri Prabhune but the sentence was never carried out.

paragraph: At Kasegaon near Pandharpur the first battle between the Baarbhai and Raghobadada took place in 1774. He then went to Khambhat with hope of getting help from the British, who did not help but transported him to Surat from their ship.

paragraph: At Surat a treaty was signed between Raghunathrao and the British East India Company on 6 March 1775. According to the treaty it was decided that Thane, Vasai and Sashti were to be handed over to the British, and in return the Company would assist Raghunathrao to become the Peshwa.

paragraph: However, the company was not yet ready for war, so that the treaty between the Baarbhai and the company was signed at Purandar. After the Treaty of Purandar (1776), the Company openly distanced itself from Raghunathrao and asked him to live as their pensioner. But due to the fear of the Baarbhai, Raghunathrao was unhappy to leave Surat and in fact the Company did not insist on it, so he kept on living there.

paragraph: In 1776, Raghunathrao unsuccessfully tried to get help from the Portuguese. After that he came to Bombay. During that period Company gave him Rs 15000. At the Battle of Talegaon, the East India Company was defeated. A treaty was signed at Vadgaon according to which Raghunathrao's claim on the position of Peshwa was rescinded.

paragraph: Section::::Death and aftermath.

paragraph: Raghunathrao Bajirao died on 11 December 1783 of unknown causes. He had two sons Baji Rao II and Chimaji Rao II; in addition, he had adopted Amrit Rao. After his death, his wife Anandi Bai and his three sons were kept in confinement by the Peshwa's minister Nana Fadnavis. After the death of Peshwa Madhav Rao II, Nana Phadnavis and the powerful chief Daulat Rao Scindia installed Chimaji Rao and Baji Rao II as puppet Peshwas in quick succession.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Attock, 1758

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Britannica article

description: Maratha prime minister

wikidata_label: Raghunathrao

wikipedia_title: Raghunathrao


text:
French Revolution
chemist
chemical nomenclature
Dijon
avocat général
parlement
chlorine
hydrogen chloride
sodium chloride
sulfuric acid
chemistry
Encyclopédie Méthodique
Saint-Bérain-sur-Dheune
chemical nomenclature
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Fellow of the Royal Society
Procureur général syndic
Côte-d'Or
département
Legislative Assembly
National Convention
right wing
King
Louis XVI
Committee of Public Safety
balloonists
French Revolutionary Army
battle of Fleurus
École Polytechnique
École de Mars
Académie des sciences
Claudine Picardet
Directory
Council of Five Hundred
Ille-et-Vilaine
Treasury
Consulate
Legion of Honour
baron
First French Empire
Antoine Lavoisier
Claude Louis Berthollet
Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy

categories: People from Dijon,Barons Guyton-Morveau,1816 deaths,French lawyers,Regicides of Louis XVI,Deputies to the French National Convention,French chemists,Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,1737 births,People on the Committee of Public Safety,Members of the French Academy of Sciences

paragraph: Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau

paragraph: Louis-Bernard Guyton, Baron de Morveau (also Louis-Bernard Guyton-Morveau after the French Revolution; 4 January 1737 – 2 January 1816) was a French chemist and politician. He is credited with producing the first systematic method of chemical nomenclature.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Guyton de Morveau was born in Dijon, where he served as a lawyer, then "avocat général", of the Dijon "parlement".

paragraph: In 1773, already interested in chemistry, he proposed use of "muriatic acid gas" for fumigation of buildings and as a result is sometimes given credit for having suggested chlorine in this use. However, chlorine was not well characterized at that time, and hydrogen chloride (made by reacting sodium chloride and sulfuric acid) was actually the active gaseous fumigation agent.

paragraph: In 1782 he resigned this post to dedicate himself to chemistry, collaborating on the "Encyclopédie Méthodique" and working for industrial applications. He performed various useful services in this role, and founded "La Société des Mines et Verreries" in Saint-Bérain-sur-Dheune. He developed the first system of chemical nomenclature.

paragraph: In 1783, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and in 1788 a Fellow of the Royal Society.

paragraph: Section::::Revolution.

paragraph: During the Revolution, Guyton de Morveau (then styled "Guyton-Morveau") served as "Procureur général syndic" of the Côte-d'Or "département" in 1790, was elected a deputy to the Legislative Assembly in 1792, and then to the National Convention.

paragraph: Although a member of the right wing, he voted in favor of the execution of King Louis XVI. Guyton de Morveau served on the Committee of Public Safety from 6 April 1793 to 10 July 1793, when he resigned in order to devote his time to the manufacture of firearms, and formation of a corps of balloonists for the French Revolutionary Army. He himself flew in a balloon during the battle of Fleurus on 26 June 1794, and assisted in several other battles.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: He was among the founders of the École Polytechnique and the École de Mars, and was a professor of mineralogy at the Polytechnique (as well as its director in 1797). He became a first-class member of the Académie des sciences in chemistry, on 20 November 1795, and subsequently elected vice-president of the class (1806) and then president (1807). In 1798 he married Claudine Picardet, a recently widowed friend and colleague. Under the Directory, he served on the Council of Five Hundred from 1797, elected from Ille-et-Vilaine, and was Treasury administrator of the Consulate in 1799.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Besides being a diligent contributor to the scientific periodicals of the day, Guyton wrote "Mémoire sur l’éducation publique" (1762); a satirical poem entitled "Le Rat iconoclaste, ou le Jésuite croqué" (1763); "Discours publics et éloges" (1775–1782); "Plaidoyers sur plusieurs questions de droit" (1785); and "Traité des moyens de désinfecter l’air" (1801), describing the disinfecting powers of chlorine, and of hydrochloric acid gas which he had successfully used at Dijon in 1773. With Hugues Maret (1726–1785) and Jean François Durande (d. 1794) he also published the "Élémens de chymie théorique et pratique" (1776–1777).

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: During his lifetime, Guyton de Morveau received the cross of the Legion of Honour (1803) and was made an Officer of the Legion of Honour for service to humanity (1805). He was made a baron of the First French Empire in 1811.

paragraph: Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau‘s 1788 publication entitled "Méthode de Nomenclature Chimique", published with colleagues Antoine Lavoisier, Claude Louis Berthollet, and Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy, was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society, presented at the Académie des Sciences (Paris) in 2015.

paragraph: Guyton de Morveau died in Paris on 2 January 1816.

alias:
Louis-Bernard Guyton, Baron de Morveau
Louis-Bernard Guyton-Morveau

description: French chemist and politician

wikidata_label: Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau

wikipedia_title: Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau


text:
silent film
Berkeley, California
Massachusetts
Montenegro
Turkish
Mexico
convoy
Goldwyn Pictures
Monte Blue
Thompson Buchanan
Fourth of July
Tijuana, Mexico
bullfighter
Adventure Girl
Herman C. Raymaker
Van Beuren Studios
Amedee J. Van Beuren
Simon & Schuster
Minnie A. Caine
malnutrition
Corey Ford
San Francisco Chronicle
Thompson Buchanan
New Hope, Pennsylvania
Boston, Massachusetts
WOR (AM)
Anápolis
Belém Brasilia
Brasilia, Brazil
Los Angeles Times

categories: 20th-century American actresses,American film actresses,1902 births,Actresses from California,1967 deaths

paragraph: Joan Lowell

paragraph: Helen Joan Lowell (November 23, 1902 – November 7, 1967) was a movie actress of the silent film era from Berkeley, California. Lowell published a sensational autobiography, "Cradle of the Deep", in 1929, which turned out to be a pure fabrication.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Lowell's mother was the daughter of a Massachusetts Lowell. Her father was the son of a landowner from Montenegro and a Turkish woman. Lowell feared that her father, Captain Nicholas Wagner (Preacher Nick), had died on December 24, 1924. Newspapers reported his ship, the "Oceanic Vance", sank off the coast of Mexico. Two weeks overdue in Los Angeles, California, the schooner was sighted in January 1925, fifteen miles (24 km) northwest of San Diego. The "Oceanic Vance" had lost her convoy, the schooner "Westerner", on Christmas Eve, 1924.

paragraph: Section::::Movie actress.

paragraph: Lowell received her dramatic training from Gwendolen Logan Seiler, and became an extra at Goldwyn Pictures at the age of 17. She played bit parts in motion pictures as an extra. One of her first efforts was the role of "Madge Barlow" in the movie "Loving Lies" (1924). She was featured with Monte Blue in "Cap'n Dan" and in the Thompson Buchanan production of "The Cub".

paragraph: After completing a leading part in "Branded a Thief" (1924), about Mexican frontier life, Lowell was chosen as the "Queen of the Fourth of July" for 1924 in Tijuana, Mexico. She was selected by Senor De Los Rios, a noted bullfighter from Spain.

paragraph: Her last screen role was in "Adventure Girl" (1934), a film directed by Herman C. Raymaker and loosely based on her fictionalized autobiography. In 1935, Lowell sued Van Beuren Studios and Amedee J. Van Beuren for an accounting of the profits. Van Beuren promptly made a counter-claim for $300,000 damages allegedly sustained because of Lowell's "inexpert" performance in the picture.

paragraph: Section::::Autobiography.

paragraph: In 1929, Joan Lowell published an autobiography, "Cradle of the Deep", published by Simon & Schuster, in which she claimed that her sea captain father took her aboard his ship, the "Minnie A. Caine", at the age of three months when she was suffering from malnutrition. She claimed that he nursed her back to health. She also claimed that she lived on the ship, with its all-male crew, until she was 17, during which time she became skilled in the art of seamanship and once harpooned a whale by herself. She claimed that the ship ultimately burned and sank off Australia, and that she swam three miles to safety, with a family of kittens clinging by their claws to her back. In fact, the autobiography was a fabrication; Lowell had been on the ship, which remained safely in California, for only 15 months. The book was a sensational best seller until it was exposed as pure invention. The book was later parodied by Corey Ford in his book "Salt Water Taffy" in which Lowell abandons the sinking ship (which had previously sunk several times before "very badly") and swims to safety with her manuscript.

paragraph: Section::::Author and reporter.

paragraph: Lowell's book about growing up at sea, "Cradle of the Deep", was exposed as a fabrication when neighbours of her parents were interviewed by the "San Francisco Chronicle".

paragraph: She married playwright Thompson Buchanan on October 16, 1927. The couple resided on a farm three miles (5 km) from New Hope, Pennsylvania. They separated in October 1929. Lowell continued to live in the smaller of two old stone houses on the property. She named the home Joan's Ark. Lowell liked the country, her horses, and books, while Buchanan preferred city life.

paragraph: Lowell became a newspaper reporter in Boston, Massachusetts in the early 1930s. She was assaulted by booking agent Morris Levine. He was sentenced to fourteen months in the House of Correction in January 1932. Lowell worked for WOR (AM) radio station in New York City in 1934.

paragraph: Joan Lowell married a sea captain, Leek Bowen, in 1936. He took her to the countryside of Brazil to carve out a coffee plantation. Together they owned a Farm called "The Anchorage" in the city of Anápolis. Working as a real estate agent in the city, she also sold lands to actors and actresses as Janet Gaynor and Mary Martin in Anápolis. She was called "Dona Joana" by the locals and after a long time in Anápolis she moved to Brasília, from where she made a remarkable trip, crossing the National road "Belém Brasilia" from South to North, driving a Volkswagen. That great adventure was reported in a National magazine during the 60's. She chronicled their adventures in a book, "Promised Land" (1952). The local Jan Magalinski Institute preserves and researches her history at Anapolis.

paragraph: Joan Lowell died in Brasilia, Brazil in 1967.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los Angeles Times, "The Dizzy Whirl of the Extra's Life", February 18, 1923, Page III29.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los Angeles Times, "Lobscouse Need Of Puny Infant", July 29, 1923, Page III31.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los Angeles Times, "Men, Women, and Things in the World's News", September 17, 1923, Page I8.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los Angeles Times, "To Entertain at Party Saturday", December 19, 1923, Page II11.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los Angeles Times, "Si Senor, El Toro Has Competition", July 4, 1924, Page A2.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los Angeles Times, "Actress' Father Is Lost at Sea", January 8, 1925, Page A9.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los Angeles Times, "Ship Oceanic Vance Safe", January 10, 1925, Page A6.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los Angeles Times, "Sailor Girl's Tale Spun", March 24, 1929, Page C11.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los Angeles Times, "New York's Best Sellers", April 14, 1929, Page 20.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los Angeles Times, "Joan Lowell's Dream Fades", November 10, 1929, Page 8.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los Angeles Times, "Lowell Attack Brings Sentence", January 27, 1932, Page 1.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los Angeles Times, "Short Talk", August 13, 1934, Page 5.

description: American actress

wikidata_label: Joan Lowell

wikipedia_title: Joan Lowell


text:
Oksza coat of arms
Roman Catholic
Siemikowice
abbot
Order of Saint Benedict
monastery
Święty Krzyż
Łysa Góra
Bishop of Kijów
Bishop of Łuck
Modliborzyce
hospital
city rights
Wierzbnik

categories: Roman Catholic bishops of Kiev,Year of birth uncertain,1638 deaths,Polish nobility,17th-century Roman Catholic bishops,17th-century Polish people,17th-century Ukrainian people,Polish abbots,Ecclesiastical senators of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,Polish Benedictines,Benedictine abbots

paragraph: Bogusław Radoszewski

paragraph: Bogusław Radoszewski (c. 1577–1638) of Oksza coat of arms was a Polish noble and Roman Catholic priest. Born around 1577 at Siemikowice, he became the abbot of Order of Saint Benedict monastery Święty Krzyż on Łysa Góra, he was the Bishop of Kijów "(Kiev)" from 1619 to February 1633, and afterwards Bishop of Łuck "(Lutsk)". Died in 1638.

paragraph: In Modliborzyce, he sponsored the construction of hospital. Granted city rights to Wierzbnik.

description: Polish bishop

wikidata_label: Bogusław Radoszewski

wikipedia_title: Bogusław Radoszewski