text: FRS

text: prison reform

text: upholsterer

text: Smithfield Market

text: Cardington, Bedfordshire

text: Hertford

text: Calvinist

text: grand tour

text: Stoke Newington

text: Ioan Mackenzie James

text: Asperger's Syndrome

text: Portugal

text: 1755 Lisbon earthquake

text: Brest

text: Cardington

text: Samuel Whitbread

text: Cardington

text: Fellow of the Royal Society

text: Cambridge

text: High Sheriff of Bedfordshire

text: House of Commons

text: select committee

text: Scotland

text: Wales

text: single-celling

text: Bridewell

text: Abingdon, Oxfordshire

text: prison ship

text: Dutch Republic

text: LLD

text: University of Dublin

text: Freedom of the City of London

text: Crimea

text: Kherson

text: typhus

text: halfpenny

text: Conder Tokens

text: Bath

text: St. Paul's Cathedral

text: Bedford

text: Victorian

text: Shrewsbury

text: American Academy of Arts and Sciences

text: Elizabeth Fry

text: Howard League for Penal Reform

text: Howard Association

text: Norfolk, Virginia

text: New Zealand

text: St Paul's Cathedral

text: bronze statue at Bedford

text: HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs

text: Shrewsbury Prison

text: St. Elizabeths Hospital

text: District of Columbia

text: John Hinckley, Jr.

text: assassin

text: Ronald Wilson Reagan

text: Samford University

text: Alabama

text: John Howard School

text: Morrin Centre

text: Penitentiary Act

text: John Howard

text: ODNB

text: accessed 8 December 2008

text: National Library of Medicine

text: Peter Bayne

text: William Wilberforce

text: Thomas Chalmers

text: Thomas Arnold

text: Samuel Budgett

text: John Foster

text: Bibliolife

text: John Howard Society of Canada

text: The Ethics of Diet: John Howard

text: National Library of Portugal

categories: High Sheriffs of Bedfordshire,Prison reformers,Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,People from Cardington, Bedfordshire,English philanthropists,People from Lower Clapton,British social reformers,Fellows of the Royal Society,1726 births,English reformers,Penal system in the United Kingdom,English Calvinist and Reformed Christians,1790 deaths,Penologists

paragraph: John Howard (prison reformer)

paragraph: John Howard FRS (2 September 1726 – 20 January 1790) was a philanthropist and early English prison reformer.

paragraph: Section::::Birth and early life.

paragraph: Howard was born in North London, either in Hackney or Enfield. His father, also John, was a wealthy upholsterer at Smithfield Market in the city. His mother Ann Pettitt died when he was five years old, and, described as a "sickly child", he was sent to live at Cardington, Bedfordshire, some fifty miles from London, where his father owned property. His father, a strict disciplinarian with strong religious beliefs, sent the young John to a school in Hertford and then to John Eames's dissenting academy in London.

paragraph: After school, John was apprenticed to a wholesale grocer to learn business methods, but he was unhappy. When his father died in 1742, he was left with a sizeable inheritance but no true vocation. His Calvinist faith and quiet, serious disposition meant he had little desire for the fashionable endeavours of an English aristocratic lifestyle. In 1748, he left England for a grand tour of the continent.

paragraph: Upon his return, he lived in lodgings in Stoke Newington, where he again became seriously ill. He was nursed back to health by his landlady, Sarah Loidore, whom he then married despite her being thirty years older than he was. She died within three years and he distributed her meagre belongings amongst her remaining family and poor neighbours.

paragraph: John Howard was considered eccentric by many of his contemporaries. It has been advanced by psychiatrist Philip Lucas and by mathematician Ioan Mackenzie James that Howard might have had Asperger's Syndrome.

paragraph: Section::::Taken prisoner.

paragraph: He then set out for Portugal following the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, traveling on the "Hanover", which was captured by French privateers. He was imprisoned in Brest for six days before being transferred to another prison on the French coast. He was later exchanged for a French officer held by the British, and he quickly travelled to the Commissioners of Sick and Wounded Seamen in London to seek help on behalf of his fellow captives. It is widely believed that this personal experience generated Howard's interest in prisons.

paragraph: Section::::Howard at Cardington.

paragraph: Having returned from France, he settled again at Cardington, Bedfordshire to live on a estate which was formerly two farms, the larger of which he had inherited from his grandparents. His grandmother, Martha Howard, was a relation of the Whitbread family, and he became a neighbour and close friend of his cousin, Samuel Whitbread. He spent the next two years building properties and trying to improve the lives of the tenants living on his land. Later, a survey of Cardington in 1782 found that he was paying for the teaching of 23 children. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in May 1756.

paragraph: In 1758, Howard married Henrietta Leeds who died in 1765, a week after giving birth to a son, also named John, who was sent to boarding school at a very young age. The younger John was sent down from Cambridge for homosexual offences, was judged insane at the age of 21, and died in 1799 having spent thirteen years in an asylum.

paragraph: Section::::High Sheriff of Bedfordshire.

paragraph: John Howard was appointed High Sheriff of Bedfordshire in 1773, initially for a one-year period. Such was his dedication, rather than delegating his duties to the under-sheriff as was customary, Howard inspected the county prison himself. He was shocked by what he found, and spurred into action to inspect prisons throughout England. Of particular concern to Howard were those prisoners who were held because they could not pay the jailer's fee – an amount paid to the owner or keeper of the prison for upkeep. He took this issue to parliament, and in 1774 Howard was called to give evidence on prison conditions to a House of Commons select committee. Members of that committee were so impressed that, unusually, Howard was called to the bar of the House of Commons and publicly thanked for his "humanity and zeal".

paragraph: Having visited several hundred prisons across England, Scotland, Wales and wider Europe, Howard published the first edition of "The State of the Prisons" in 1777. It included very detailed accounts of the prisons he had visited, including plans and maps, together with detailed instructions on the necessary improvements, especially regarding hygiene and cleanliness, the lack of which was causing many deaths. It is this work that has been credited as establishing the practice of single-celling in the United Kingdom and, by extension, in the United States. The following account, of the Bridewell at Abingdon, Oxfordshire, is typical:

paragraph: Two dirty day-rooms; and three offensive night-rooms: That for men eight feet square: one of the women's, nine by eight; the other four and a half feet square: the straw, worn to dust, swarmed with vermin: no court: no water accessible to prisoners. The petty offenders were in irons: at my last visit, eight were women.

paragraph: Howard viewed his work as humanitarian. Terry Carlson, in his 1990 biographical tract on Howard, remarks:

paragraph: Howard's detailed proposals for improvements were designed to enhance the physical and mental health of the prisoners and the security and order of the prison. His recommendations pertaining to such matters as the prison location, plan and furnishings, the provision of adequate water supply, and prisoner's diet promoted hygiene and physical health. Recommendations concerning the quality of prison personnel, rules related to the maintenance of standards of health and order and an independent system of inspection, reflect the need for prison personnel to set a moral example.

paragraph: In April 1777, Howard's sister died, leaving him £15,000 and her house. He used this inheritance and the revenue from the sale of her house to further his work on prisons. In 1778, he was again examined by the House of Commons, who were this time inquiring into "hulks", or prison ships. Two days after giving evidence, he was again travelling Europe, beginning in the Dutch Republic.

paragraph: By 1784, Howard calculated that he had travelled over visiting prisons. He had been awarded an honorary LLD by the University of Dublin and had been given the Freedom of the City of London. His fourth and final tour of English prisons began in March 1787 and two years later he published "The State of the Prisons in England, and An Account of the Principal Lazarettos of Europe".

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: His final journey took him into Eastern Europe, and into Crimea. Whilst at Kherson, Howard contracted typhus on a prison visit and died, aged sixty-three. He was buried in a walled field at Dophinovka (Stepanovka), Ukraine. Despite requesting a quiet funeral without pomp and ceremony, the event was elaborate and attended by the Prince of Moldovia. When news of his death reached England in February 1790, a commemorative series of John Howard halfpenny Conder Tokens were struck, including one that circulated in Bath, on the reverse showing "Go forth" and "Remember the Debtors in Gaol".

paragraph: Howard became the first civilian to be honoured with a statue in St. Paul's Cathedral, London. A statue was also erected in Bedford, and a further one in Kherson. His bust features in the architecture of a number of Victorian prisons across the UK, such as at Shrewsbury. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1790.

paragraph: Section::::Howard's legacy.

paragraph: Howard's views on keeping prisoners in isolation were unavailingly opposed by Elizabeth Fry, who believed in the value of association.

paragraph: Almost eighty years after his death, the Howard Association was formed in London, with the aim of "promotion of the most efficient means of penal treatment and crime prevention" and to promote "a reformatory and radically preventive treatment of offenders". In its first annual report in 1867, the Association stated that its efforts had been focused on "the promotion of reformatory and remunerative prison labour, and the abolition of capital punishment." The Association merged with the Penal Reform League in 1921 to become the Howard League for Penal Reform. Today, the Howard League is Britain's biggest penal reform organisation.

paragraph: John Howard's name was adopted by non-profit organizations in Canada which call themselves the John Howard Society of their given geographic area and each society seeks to develop effective, just and humane responses to crime and its consequences. There are currently over 60 John Howard societies spread across every province of Canada and the Northwest Territories.

paragraph: The Howard Association, a benevolent organisation founded in 1855 in Norfolk, Virginia, United States, was also named after him. There is also a Howard League for Penal Reform in New Zealand. The John Howard Association of Illinois, formed in 1901, independently monitors correctional facilities, policies and practices, and advances reforms needed to achieve a fair, humane and effective criminal justice system in Illinois.

paragraph: A statue to Howard is in St Paul's Cathedral, the first to a civilian, and a large bronze statue at Bedford was erected in 1890, the centenary of his death.

paragraph: A terracotta bust of John Howard is incorporated in the gatehouse of HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs, and another bust over the entrance to Shrewsbury Prison.

paragraph: The John Howard Pavilion at St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C., is the Forensic Psychiatric Hospital for the District of Columbia. Its most notorious inmate was John Hinckley, Jr., failed assassin of then US president Ronald Wilson Reagan in 1981.

paragraph: Samford University, located in the US state of Alabama, was founded by Baptists as Howard College in 1841. Samford's Howard College of Arts and Sciences remains the academic core of the university.

paragraph: John Howard School in Hackney is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morrin Centre

paragraph: BULLET::::- Penitentiary Act

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Howard – by the Howard League for Penal Reform

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ODNB article by Rod Morgan, 'Howard, John (1726?–1790)', "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"', Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 8 December 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip Lucas, "John Howard and Asperger's Syndrome: Psychopathology and philanthropy" in: History of Psychiatry 12(45) March 2001, pp. 73–101.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Farrar, Mrs. John. "John Howard", (1833)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aikin, John. "A view of the life, travels, and philanthropic labors of the late John Howard", (1794). From the Digital Collections of the National Library of Medicine

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Bayne, 1890, "Men Worthy to Lead; Being Lives of John Howard, William Wilberforce, Thomas Chalmers, Thomas Arnold, Samuel Budgett, John Foster", London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. Ltd, Reprinted: Bibliolife, .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Howard League for Penal Reform (England & Wales)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Howard League for Penal Reform (Scotland)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Howard League for Penal Reform (New Zealand)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Howard Society of Canada

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Ethics of Diet: John Howard

paragraph: BULLET::::- An account of the principal lazarettos in Europe, of 1789, in the National Library of Portugal

description: English prison reformer and philanthropist

wikidata_label: John Howard

wikipedia_title: John Howard (prison reformer)


text:
Filipino
Zamboanga City
martial law regime
Ferdinand Marcos
Manila
University of Santo Tomas
University of the Philippines
College of Law
janitor
Court of Appeals
law degree
bar examinations
Jaycees
Vietnam
South Vietnam
Ngo Dinh Diem
LIFE
O My Darling, Clementine
Chavacano
1956
Liberal Party
Pasonanca
Arsenio Lacson
1961
Senate
Liberal Party
President
Diosdado Macapagal
Philippine Military Academy
1963
1965
Senate President
Ferdinand Marcos
United States
Interim Batasang Pambansa
Benigno Aquino, Jr.
1984
Batasang Pambansa
Maria Clara Lobregat
funeral homes
funeral
Maria Isabelle Climaco Salazar
House of Representatives
1st District of Zamboanga City
Eddie Garcia
Seiko Films
Ninoy Aquino

categories: Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Zamboanga City,1984 deaths,University of the Philippines alumni,People from Zamboanga City,Macapagal Administration personnel,Mayors of Zamboanga City,1984 murders in Asia,Assassinated Filipino politicians,Filipino democracy activists,University of Santo Tomas alumni,Commissioners of the Bureau of Customs of the Philippines,Members of the Batasang Pambansa,Individuals honored at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani,1916 births,20th-century Filipino lawyers,People murdered in the Philippines,Deaths by firearm in the Philippines,Liberal Party (Philippines) politicians

paragraph: Cesar Climaco

paragraph: Cesar Cortes Climaco (February 28, 1916 – November 14, 1984) was a Filipino politician who served as mayor of Zamboanga City for 11 years and three nonconsecutive terms. A prominent critic of the martial law regime of Ferdinand Marcos, he was famed for his toughness in governance and colorful personality. He was also famous for his refusal to cut his hair until democratic rule was restored in the Philippines. He was assassinated by an unknown gunman in 1984.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Climaco was born in Zamboanga City, the son of a customs broker who later became a municipal councilor. He finished his primary and secondary education in his hometown, then moved to Manila together with his future wife, Julia, to pursue a college education. He enrolled in a pre-law course at the University of Santo Tomas and worked as a family driver to finance his studies. He then studied law at the University of the Philippines College of Law, working at the same time as a janitor at the Court of Appeals. Coincidentally, his older brother Rafael, also a law student at UP, became an associate justice of the Court of Appeals under President Marcos. Climaco earned his law degree in 1941, and was admitted to the Philippine bar later that year after having passed the bar examinations.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Climaco first entered political life when he ran and won a seat in the Zamboanga City council in 1951. Within two years, at the age of 37, he would be appointed as mayor of Zamboanga City, holding the post until the following year.

paragraph: In 1954, Climaco joined the Operation Brotherhood, a group sponsored by the Jaycees to help provide for medical and relief needs to refugees in war-torn Vietnam. As the Project Manager and Field Coordinator based in Vietnam, Climaco earned the friendship of South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem and found his activities covered by "LIFE" magazine.

paragraph: During his campaign for the mayorship, the melody of "O My Darling, Clementine" was used in "Ay si Cesar, Ay si Cesar Climaco" sung in Chavacano. It was sung during his funeral in 1984. Coincidentally, "O my Darling Clementine" was the love song of Cesar Climaco to his wife, Julia Floreta-Climaco.

paragraph: Climaco first won election as Zamboanga City mayor in 1956, as a candidate of the Liberal Party, and served in such capacity until 1961.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:Mayor of Zamboanga City (1956–1959 and 1959–1961).

paragraph: Climaco became a national figure during his first stint as Zamboanga City mayor. He became known for his personal courage, as shown by his willingness to venture alone out to hotspots and personally confront neighborhood toughs with threats of imprisonment. He maintained a similarly tough stance towards the city's policemen, once disarming cops he caught asleep at their posts during a surprise inspection. Climaco also maintained a harmonious relationship with the city's Muslim population, and cracked down on gambling.

paragraph: As mayor, Climaco ordered the construction of Abong-Abong park in Pasonanca, which was planned to provide space for a camp site, housing projects, and a shantytown to house the city's homeless population. During this period, Zamboanga City earned the appellation as the cleanest city in the Philippines. One measure he enacted to earn such a reputation for his city was a directive requiring all horses in horse-drawn carriages to be tied with diapers beneath their tails as they plied their routes.

paragraph: He struck a friendship with the mayor of Manila, Arsenio Lacson, who had earned a similar reputation for toughness and good governance. Climaco soon earned the nickname "Arsenio Lacson of the South", to which Lacson remarked that at the rate Climaco was going, the Manila mayor would soon be known as the "Climaco of the North".

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:Macapagal administration official.

paragraph: In 1961, Climaco gave up his post as mayor for an unsuccessful run for the Senate under the Liberal Party, in which he finished 12th. After his defeat, he was appointed by President Diosdado Macapagal as Commissioner of Customs. As Customs Commissioner, he brought in cadets from the Philippine Military Academy, vaunted for their idealism and honesty, to work in a Bureau of Customs which had long been reputedly corrupt. He again ran and lost for a Senate seat in 1963. Climaco then was appointed as a Presidential Assistant under Macapagal.

paragraph: In 1965, Climaco tried for a third time to win election as a Senator, but fell around 4,000 votes shy. In the same election, his political ally, President Macapagal, was defeated for re-election by a law school contemporary and friend of Climaco's, Senate President Ferdinand Marcos.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:Martial law years.

paragraph: President Marcos declared martial law in 1972. Distressed at the development, Climaco left for exile to the United States He vowed never to cut his hair until democratic rule was restored in the country. He returned to the Philippines in 1976, and two years later, sought election to the Interim Batasang Pambansa as a member from Zamboanga. He was defeated in this effort.

paragraph: In 1980, Climaco staged his political comeback when he won re-election as Zamboanga City mayor under the banner of a political party he had organized, the Concerned Citizen's Aggrupation. By that time, crime and violence, often at the hands of policemen and the military, had become prevalent in the city, and a frustrated Climaco posted a scoreboard in front of city hall listing a running tally of unsolved violent crimes in the city. Climaco did not hesitate in denouncing the military and the police in the city, and had the police chief transferred out of the city. Upon the outbreak of violent incidents in the city, Climaco would rush to the scene on board his motorcycle and quell the disruption. Despite the threats of violence, Climaco never carried a gun or surrounded himself with bodyguards.

paragraph: Climaco maintained a harsh view towards the Marcos government. He was critical of the highly centralized structure of government under which it was necessary to obtain the blessing of the Office of the President before funds could be disbursed. When President Marcos lifted martial law in 1981, Climaco retorted, "Marcos did not lift martial rule. He only tilted it." Climaco was able to stoke anti-Marcos sentiment within Zamboanga City. When Benigno Aquino, Jr., a close personal friend of Climaco's, was assassinated in 1983, Climaco renamed one of the city's main squares as "Aquino Plaza".

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:Return as mayor (1980–1984).:Bid for the Batasang Pambansa.

paragraph: In 1984, Climaco successfully sought election as a Member of Parliament in the Batasang Pambansa in which he ran against former mayor and incumbent Representative Joaquin Enriquez, Jr. and future mayor Maria Clara Lobregat. Climaco however declined to assume his seat until he had completed his six-year term as mayor, a stance that was seen as an act of defiance against the Marcos government.

paragraph: Section::::Assassination.

paragraph: On the morning of November 14, 1984, Climaco rushed to the scene of a fire that had broken out in downtown Zamboanga City. He supervised operations to put out the fire, then prepared to leave. He sighted a display of caskets at the nearby La Merced funeral homes and jokingly said, "reserve one of those for me". Climaco then mounted his motorcycle to return to his office. A man approached from behind the mayor and shot him in the nape at point-blank range. The assassin escaped, while Climaco was pronounced dead upon arrival at the hospital.

paragraph: The crowd that attended Climaco's funeral in Zamboanga City was estimated as ranging from fifteen thousand people to up to two hundred thousand people. He was buried at Abong-Abong Park.

paragraph: To date, nobody has been convicted for Climaco's assassination. Police and military officials pinned the blame on a Muslim group led by Rizal Alih, but attempts to apprehend him were unsuccessful. Climaco's widow publicly expressed that it was the military who was behind the murder. A relative from the Air Force was the only military person allowed into the wake. Climaco himself was said to have remarked before his death that if he were ever assassinated, the military would blame Alih for the murder.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Climaco's son, Julio Cesar, was appointed Zamboanga City OIC mayor in 1986, and served in that post until the following year. His niece, Maria Isabelle Climaco Salazar aka Beng Climaco, was elected in 2007 to the House of Representatives, representing the 1st District of Zamboanga City and was elected mayor in 2013.

paragraph: In 1994, ten years after his assassination, Eddie Garcia starred in a film biography of Climaco, "Mayor Cesar Climaco"; produced by Seiko Films, the film was rated PG7 in an effort to show the youth the fights of one of Ninoy Aquino's greatest allies in the fight for democracy. In the film, Climaco goes to Ninoy's residence in the US and convinces him to come home to challenge Marcos for an election. Footage of his funeral is also shown during the film's closing sequence.

alias:
Cesar Cortes Climaco
Cesar C. Climaco

description: Filipino politician

wikidata_label: Cesar Climaco

wikipedia_title: Cesar Climaco


text:
Marie Anne Doublet
Persan
Parti Patriote
Nicolas Edme Restif
Duke of Chartres
Mémoires secrets
Mémoires secrets
Louis Petit de Bachaumont
Armand Louis Joseph Pâris de Montmartel
Paris Parliament
Church of St. Eustache
Principes sur la Marine
Théveneau de Morande

categories: People from Aube,1779 deaths,1727 births,18th-century French writers

paragraph: Mathieu-François Pidansat de Mairobert

paragraph: Mathieu-François Pidansat Mairobert, born February 20, 1727 in Chaource and died March 27, 1779, in Paris, was a French writer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born at the age of Marie Anne Doublet, Marie Anne Doublet of Persan, of whom he pretended to be the son, he soon found himself mixed up in the conversations and quarrels of the world of letters. Close to the "Parti Patriote", monitored by the police, it is related to Nicolas Edme Restif of the Breton. He occupied a position of royal censor and the title of secretary of the king and of the commands of the Duke of Chartres. He edited the "Mémoires secrets" from 1771 to 1779, compilation of handwritten short stories taken in part from the Marie Anne Doublet. He had also, until his death, participated in the volumes of the "Mémoires secrets" traditionally attributed to Louis Petit de Bachaumont, was the secretary. It is in 1779 compromise in the trial of Armand Louis Joseph Pâris de Montmartel, of which he was the creditor for a considerable sum. Although in this case, according to general opinion, he is only the nominee of a higher person, the Paris Parliament inflicts a public reprimand on him by a decree of March 27, 1779. Believing himself disgraced, Mairobert goes The same evening at a bather's, where he opens his veins with a razor in the bath, and then ends his life with a pistol. The parish priest of the Church of St. Eustache of Paris did not consent to bury it until after the King's express order. Restif de la Bretonne wept bitterly, and every year, on the anniversary of his suicide, he went to see his house to commemorate the date.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Querelle de M.M. de Voltaire et de Maupertuis" (1753)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Correspondance secrète, et familière du chancelier de Maupeou avec Sorhouet" (1771, in-12), a radical pamphlet reprinted under the title of "Maupeouana" (1773, 2 vol. in-12)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Principes sur la Marine", (manuscript in-8°, 1775).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anecdotes sur la comtesse du Barry (London, 1775, in-12), one of the best sellers of the late 18th century, attributed to Théveneau de Morande.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Observateur anglais" (London [Amsterdam], 1777-1778, 4 vol. in-12), several times reprinted under the title of "l’Espion anglais" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lettres de "Madame du Barry" (London, 1779, in-12).

description: French journalist

wikidata_label: Mathieu-François Pidansat de Mairobert

wikipedia_title: Mathieu-François Pidansat de Mairobert


text:
colonial
soldier
Winschoten
Netherlands
Batavia
mutineers
Jeronimus Cornelisz
Houtman Abrolhos
Islands
Wallabi Group
Western Australia
Frisian
Groningen Province
The Netherlands
Batavia
Private
Dutch East India Company
Dutch East Indies
Batavia
Jakarta
whitewater
Ariaen Jacobsz
coral reef
Wallabi Group
Francisco Pelsaert
Java
Jeronimus Cornelisz
piracy
Beacon Island
West
East Wallabi Island
raft
rape
murder
cudgels
pikes
fort
musket
Sardam
Sergeant
guilders
Lieutenant
defensive wall
stone shelters
Wiebbe Hayes Stone Fort
Fremantle, Western Australia
The Batavia and Her Detectives

categories: People from Winschoten,Dutch people of Frisian descent,Shipwreck survivors,Year of death unknown,1608 births,Batavia (ship)

paragraph: Wiebbe Hayes

paragraph: Wiebbe Hayes (born about 1608) was a colonial soldier from Winschoten, Netherlands. Hayes became a national hero after he led a group of soldiers, sailors and other survivors of the shipwreck of the "Batavia" against the murderous mutineers led by Jeronimus Cornelisz at the Houtman Abrolhos Islands (Wallabi Group), off the Western Australian coastline in 1629.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Little is known about Wiebbe Hayes's background and early life. It is surmised that he was of Frisian descent, as he is known to have come from the small town of Winschoten in the Groningen Province of The Netherlands. Because Hayes could read and write, it is believed he had at least some basic formal education, and thus it is inferred that he was probably from a respectable, but impoverished family.

paragraph: In October 1628, Hayes boarded the "Batavia" along with about 70 other soldiers at the rank of Private. Employed by the Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, or VOC), the soldiers were off to the Dutch East Indies for five years of garrison duty at Batavia (present-day Jakarta). Most of the soldiers were young men in their late teens or early twenties. Hayes, at the time of the shipwreck, was thought to be about 21.

paragraph: Section::::Shipwreck.

paragraph: On the night of 3 June 1629, the "Batavia" was running under full sail when the look-out thought he saw breaking whitewater over shallows. He warned the skipper, Ariaen Jacobsz, who decided not to change course, believing that it was a reflection of the moon. Shortly afterwards, the Batavia ran aground at full speed on a coral reef near the Wallabi Group of islands. Attempts to refloat her failed, and she subsequently broke up.

paragraph: It was at this point that Hayes was noticed by the VOC head-merchant Francisco Pelsaert. As sailors and soldiers helped in the process of ferrying people to the nearby islands, Hayes was there helping passengers down, passing supplies, offering soothing words, directing commands and doing whatever was needed to be done to accomplish the hazardous tasks as safely as possible.

paragraph: Francisco Pelsaert and the ship skipper, Adriaen Jacobsz, realised that there was only one chance of rescue for the survivors. Thus four days after the shipwreck, they – along with about 40 others – sailed in an open boat for Java in order to get help. With Pelsaert and Jacobsz gone, the VOC under-merchant Jeronimus Cornelisz was the most senior official. Cornelisz had been plotting a mutiny prior to the shipwreck, and had planned along with his co-conspirators to use the "Batavia" for piracy. Following the shipwreck, Cornelisz and his supporters now plotted instead to seize control of the rescue ship when it arrived. Before this could be done, however, he needed to neutralize those in the ship's company who potentially stood in his way.

paragraph: At some point early in the shipwreck, a hardy and loyal group of soldiers had spontaneously gathered around Wiebbe Hayes. Hayes was an ordinary soldier, but during the events and hardships they had just experienced, he must have shown uncommon qualities of natural leadership and courage, which had earned him the respect and trust of his comrades. Records show that Hayes had stepped out of obscurity to become a rallying point for many survivors. After Pelsaert departed for help, Hayes and the other soldiers constructed shelters and set up a small piece of sail in such a fashion that it both provided shelter from the wind and collected whatever rain might fall, funnelling it down into a waiting barrel. Hayes also organised a systematic search for water on the island.

paragraph: Hayes' leadership qualities did not go unnoticed by Cornelisz and his followers. Arguing that the survivors lacked space and resources at Beacon Island, Cornelisz hand-picked Hayes, along with about 20 other men including a number of soldiers, to explore for fresh water on two large nearby islands, now known as West and East Wallabi Islands. Cornelisz persuaded Hayes and his associates to leave behind their weapons before conducting their search. He assumed the men would not find water, and that they would either die of thirst or return unarmed and unsuspecting to Beacon Island, whereupon they could be easily disposed of.

paragraph: With his potential opponents out of the way, Cornelisz and his followers subsequently began a reign of terror on the island, raping, murdering and terrorizing the helpless passengers and crew who were not part of their conspiracy.

paragraph: Section::::Defiance.

paragraph: Nearly three weeks after Hayes' departure to the 'high islands', a smoke signal was received from one of them. Clearly, Wiebbe Hayes and his soldiers had found fresh water. This complicated matters greatly for Cornelisz, who had believed the stranded group were either dead or dying. First, it meant they had a means to survive. Secondly, he was in danger of their warning any rescue ship approaching.

paragraph: Initially, Cornelisz ignored the smoke, and Hayes wondered why no one came to their island. Then, in the days that followed, a small group of survivors from Cornelisz' reign of terror began to drift across the lagoon to Hayes' location on makeshift rafts with stories of atrocities including rape, murder and massacre.

paragraph: Despite being outranked by two cadets and other VOC officials, Hayes took command of the group and acted quickly to organise a defence of the island. He improvised weapons such as cudgels, pikes, and planks from the Batavia wreckage with 16-inch long carpenter's nails driven through them. On the top of a slope, which the attackers would have to climb after landing, he used dry stones to build a small fort, erected near the freshwater well. Within the enclosure, his men piled up a large heap of heavy rocks and sharp stones to hurl at the attackers should they attempt to storm the fort.

paragraph: During August and September, Cornelisz's gang made three attempts to take the island, but were repelled each time. On the third attempt, Cornelisz himself was taken prisoner and his best three lieutenants were killed. As a result, the rest of the mutineers fled in panic. On 17 September, the mutineers made a fourth and final attempt to take the island armed with two muskets and were winning the battle by firing from a distance. In the very midst of hostilities, however, a sail unexpectedly appeared on the horizon—that of the small VOC ship "Sardam" under the command of Pelsaert, who had returned. Hayes once again acted more quickly than the mutineers, and organized a party to row to the rescue ship, warning them of the mutineers' intentions. When the mutineers reached Pelsaert's vessel, they found their scheme had been discovered, and surrendered without a fight, some of them breaking down and spontaneously confessing to horrendous crimes.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: Pelsaert promoted Hayes on the spot to the rank of Sergeant at a salary of 18 guilders per month — twice his former wage — and placed him in charge of all surviving soldiers. Upon arriving at Batavia, Wiebbe Hayes became a national hero, was decorated by the VOC and was promoted to the rank of standard-bearer (Lieutenant), with another significant increase in pay. The record of the promotion is also the last time Hayes is mentioned in the Dutch archives, and therefore nothing is known of his subsequent fate. He is remembered by his actions that bear witness to his strength of character, military ability, natural leadership, good judgement and courage.

paragraph: The remnants of defensive walls and stone shelters built by Wiebbe Hayes and his men on West Wallabi Island are Australia's oldest known European structures. The Wiebbe Hayes Stone Fort and the well can still be seen to this day.

paragraph: In the 1970s, the wreck of the "Batavia" was located and many artifacts were salvaged. Some of them are now on exhibition at the Batavia Gallery in Fremantle, Western Australia.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Batavia and Her Detectives (2002). The National Centre for History Education. Department of Education, Science & Training.

description: Shipwreck survivor

wikidata_label: Wiebbe Hayes

wikipedia_title: Wiebbe Hayes


text:
Delhi Sultanate
Mamluk Dynasty
Badayun
Iltutmish
Slave dynasty

categories: 13th-century murdered monarchs,Indian Sunni Muslims,Turkic rulers,13th-century Turkic people,1236 deaths,13th-century Indian monarchs,Sultans of the Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi),Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Rukn ud din Firuz

paragraph: Rukn ud din Firuz was the fourth Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate, Mamluk Dynasty (Slave Dynasty). He ruled for a little over six months, which is said to be a very short reign compared to other rulers. Before becoming Sultan, he was the Governor of the Royal state of Badayun. He was the son of Iltutmish (1211–36) and was raised to become Iltutmish's heir. As the newly crowned ruler he had the following qualities; physical aristocracy, courteous behaviour and resolved consciousness. He was a self-endowed person and spent much of his time resolving in music. Taking advantage of his vulnerability as a king, his mother Shah Turkan embraced the entire power of the throne to herself. As a person, Shah Turkan was a tyrannical ruler on her command many people of the kingdom were killed. However after Iltutmish's death in April 1236 he was viewed as being unfit to rule and was murdered in November 1236.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Slave dynasty

description: 4th Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate

wikidata_label: Rukn ud din Firuz

wikipedia_title: Rukn ud din Firuz


text:
Ancient Egypt
Persian rule
prince
dynast
old royal Saite line
pharaoh
Egyptian history
Dakhla Oasis
Nile valley
Thoth
royal titulary
Lost Army of Cambyses
Herodotus
Cambyses II
Oracle of Zeus-Ammon
Siwa Oasis
sand storm
Memphis
Bardiya
Ancient Greek
Polyaenus
taxation
satrap
Aryandes
Behistun Inscription
Persian Empire
Darius I
Apis bull
Great King
talents
gold
Temple of Hibis
Kharga Oasis
seal
scarab
cartouche
Louvre Museum
Bologna
Psammetichus IV

categories: Ancient Egyptian princes,6th-century BC Pharaohs,Non-dynastic pharaohs,Egyptian rebels

paragraph: Petubastis III

paragraph: Seheruibre Padibastet, better known with his hellenised name Petubastis III (or IV, depending on the scholars) was a native Ancient Egyptian ruler, c. 522 – 520 BC, who revolted against Persian rule.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Petubastis was a local prince, dynast and probably a member of the old royal Saite line who attempted to take control of Egypt and seize power. Although he assumed royal titles and titulary of a pharaoh, he has been a largely unknown character and a shadowy figure in Egyptian history.

paragraph: Recent excavations at Amheida in the Dakhla Oasis, has suggested that Petubastis may have had his royal residence here, a location reasonably far from the Nile valley which was under Persian control. Some blocks from the destroyed temple of Thoth at Amheida bears inscriptions attributable to him, as well as his almost complete royal titulary. From here, Petubastis may have ambushed and defeated the so-called "Lost Army of Cambyses", which was described some decades later by Herodotus as a military expedition sent by Cambyses II to the Oracle of Zeus-Ammon in the Siwa Oasis, only for being completely obliterated by a sand storm instead. Shortly after, Petubastis would have reached Memphis in order to being formally crown as pharaoh, and adopted a royal titulary resembling those of the recently fallen Saite Dynasty.

paragraph: Petubastis probably took advantage of the disruption caused by the usurpation of Bardiya after the death of Cambyses to rebel. According to the words and writings of the Ancient Greek military author Polyaenus, who wrote about the revolt, it was oppressive taxation imposed by the then Persian satrap Aryandes. The Behistun Inscription, which offers great insight for the events during this period, mentions a rebellion in Egypt which occurred at the same time as other rebellions in the eastern quarters of the Persian Empire. Darius I, the author of the Behistun Inscription, does not go into any detail about how he dealt with the rebellion in Egypt; Polyaenus reports that Darius himself moved to Egypt to suppress the revolt, and entered in Memphis during the mourning for the death of an Apis bull. Cunningly, the Great King promised a hundred talents of gold for the one that would provide a new Apis, impressing the natives to the point that they passed en masse to his side. This story suggests that the rebellion wasn't yet quelled before Darius came to Egypt in 518 BC.

paragraph: Petubastis was ultimately defeated by Darius, who later ensured the control of the Western oases by embarking on an active campaign of work here (the most famous being the Temple of Hibis at Kharga Oasis); at the same time, he most likely destroyed most evidences regarding Petubastis and his rebellion, including the temple at Amheida and the true fate of the lost army of Cambyses.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.

paragraph: Prior to the rediscovery of several blocks referring to him in the Dakhla Oasis, the existence of this shadowy rebel ruler was confirmed by inscriptions found on two seals and one scarab that bear his name written in a royal form inside a cartouche. His figure appears on a doorjamb once covered in gold leaf, now at the Louvre Museum, and on a wooden panel now in Bologna (KS 289). There also exists a document that has been dated to 522 BCE, which was the first year of his reign.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Psammetichus IV – another Egyptian rebel ruler during the First Persian Period.

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Petubastis III

wikipedia_title: Petubastis III


text:
Helsinki
guitarist
Love Records
CD
Henrik Otto Donner
Rock'n'Roll Band
Pen Lee
Bluesounds
Sleepy Sleepers
Pelle Miljoona
The Run Runs
Leningrad Cowboys
SF-Blues
Redclouds

categories: Finnish male singers,Musicians from Helsinki,1952 births,Finnish songwriters,Swedish-speaking Finns,Living people

paragraph: Dave Lindholm

paragraph: Ralf-Henrik ”Dave” Lindholm (born 31 March 1952, Helsinki) is a Finnish guitarist and singer-songwriter who has made a career under his own name and also participated in some noteworthy groups. He has written songs and recorded in both Finnish and English.

paragraph: Lindholm's first recordings were made with his band Ferris that published its sole recording in 1971 through the Love Records label. He wanted to record for Love Records also as a solo artist and suggested that "Great Pen Lee" would be his new stage name. The record label however persuaded him to use the name "Isokynä" (trans. "big pen") and to sing in Finnish or Swedish instead of English. Thus he recorded two albums in Finnish in years 1972 and 1973. Especially the second LP "Sirkus", is considered to be one of the most important Finnish rock albums.

paragraph: In 1975 he established a group that performed in English. He named the group simply the Rock 'n' Roll Band. The band only released one album. In 1978 he released a very successful solo album "Vanha ja Uusi Romanssi". He had dropped the name "Isokynä" and was now called simply Dave (pronounced Dá-vé in Finnish slang) Lindholm. In 1979 he formed a rock group called the Bluesounds that also performed in English. Its most famous album "Black" was released in 1980.

paragraph: Lindholm has kept on recording and performing his music throughout the years. He has enjoyed relatively little publicity compared to many other long term rock musicians in Finland, but his works are highly respected by Finnish popular music critics and rock/pop music lovers. The most famous songs by Lindholm include "Pieni ja hento ote" (a small slender grip, "Jatsikansa tulee" (the jazz folks are coming), "Sitähän se kaikki on" (that's what it all is), "Kaikki menee seinään" (everything runs into the wall), "Joo, joo, mä rakastan sua" (yes, yes I love you), and "Annan kitaran laulaa vaan" (just let the guitar sing).

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Iso "Kynä" Lindholm" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sirkus" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isokynä & Orfeus: "Musiikkia" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isokynä & Orfeus: "Lillan" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fandjango" (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kenen laulu" (1977, kokoelma)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vanha & uusi romanssi" (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aino" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Huoneet 6 & 14" (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kuutamolla" (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moderni hiljainen musiikki" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sissi" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jose Blues" (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sillalla" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sisar" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kerran" (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kissatanssit" (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "LLL" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Valmista kamaa" (1996, kokoelma)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Just" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Punainen +" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Valkoinen &" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Luuttujengi tulee" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lähes 50" (kokoelma, 2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "D & D" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dave Lindholm in English" (2006, live)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nuo mainiot miehet soivine koneineen" (with Jarmo Saitajoki) (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ken elää, ken näkee. Ken B" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ajaton on Ajoissa" (2015)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:EPs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dave Lindholm & Antero Jakoila: Crazy Moon (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dave Lindholm & Pepe Ahlqvist: "Stunning Episodes" (2000) ([Rytmi-lehden kustantama CD)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:DVDs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dave Lindholm & Henrik Otto Donner: "Pieni ja hento ote" (2008)

paragraph: Section::::Bands.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferris (1969–1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isokynä & Orfeus (1973–1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rock'n'Roll Band (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pen Lee (1977–1979) ja Pen Lee & Co. (1975–1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bluesounds (1979–1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sleepy Sleepers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pelle Miljoona (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Run Runs (1983–1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dave's 12 Bar (1985–1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dave Lindholm & White Midnight (1989–1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leningrad Cowboys

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dave Lindholm & Canpaza Gypsys (1994–1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dave Lindholm & Pitkät kiinalaiset (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- SF-Blues (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Redclouds (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dave Lindholm & Jakes Blues Band (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Messengers (2008-)

description: Finnish musician

wikidata_label: Dave Lindholm

wikipedia_title: Dave Lindholm


text: Borgosatollo

text: Diocese of Brescia

text: Holy See

text: Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy

text: licentiate

text: canon law

text: Brazil

text: Bolivia

text: United Kingdom

text: Secretariat of State

text: Pope John Paul II

text: titular archbishop

text: Ivory Coast

text: Burkina Faso

text: Niger

text: Angelo Sodano

text: Chile

text: Canada

text: Pope Benedict XVI

text: France

text: Fortunato Baldelli

text: Le Monde

text: diplomatic immunity

text: Nathalie Loiseau

text: Luigi Bonazzi

text: Holy See

categories: Apostolic Nuncios to France,Diplomats of the Holy See,20th-century Roman Catholics,Apostolic Nuncios to Canada,Apostolic Nuncios to Burkina Faso,Apostolic Nuncios to Ivory Coast,1944 births,Apostolic Nuncios to Chile,Italian titular archbishops,Living people,Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy alumni,Apostolic Nuncios to Niger

paragraph: Luigi Ventura

paragraph: Luigi Ventura (born 9 December 1944) is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who has been apostolic nuncio to France since 2009. He is under investigation by French authorities for sexual crimes since January 2019. In July 2019, it was announced that the Vatican had lifted diplomatic immunity for Ventura, thus clearing the way for him to face criminal charges.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ventura was born on 9 December 1944 in Borgosatollo, Italy. He was ordained a priest on 14 June 1969 for the Diocese of Brescia. He joined the diplomatic service of the Holy See in 1978 after attending the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy. He earned a doctor of letters and holds a licentiate in canon law.

paragraph: His assignments from 1978 to 1984 were in Brazil, Bolivia and the United Kingdom. He then worked in Rome with the Section for Relations with States at the Secretariat of State until 1995.

paragraph: On 25 March 1995, Pope John Paul II appointed him titular archbishop of Equilium and apostolic nuncio to the Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso and Niger. He was consecrated a bishop on 29 April 1995 by Cardinal Angelo Sodano, Secretary of State. He was made nuncio to Chile in 1999.

paragraph: On 22 June 2001, John Paul named him apostolic nuncio to Canada.

paragraph: Pope Benedict XVI appointed him apostolic nuncio to France on 22 September 2009, replacing Fortunato Baldelli who had been appointed as Major Penitentiary of the Apostolic Penitentiary.

paragraph: On 15 February 2019, "Le Monde" reported that a young male employed by the office of the mayor of Paris had filed a complaint for sexual assault against Ventura and that authorities had launched a formal inquiry in January. The city employee, Mathieu de La Souchère, and two other accusers using aliases, have asked French officials to ask the Vatican to waive Ventura's diplomatic immunity. French European Minister Nathalie Loiseau said she expects the Vatican to allow Ventura to be tried.

paragraph: On 22 February a Canadian man, Christian Vachon, charged Ventura had touched him improperly in July 2008 when he was 32. Vachon said Ventura's successor as Nuncio to Canada, Archbishop Luigi Bonazzi, called him the day he registered his complaint to discuss it.

paragraph: Ventura allowed himself to be questioned by French police in April. At his own request, Ventura met with his four accusers on 22-23 May and denied their charges. The accusers's attorneys were not allowed to ask him questions. On 8 July a Vatican spokesperson told reporters that the Holy See had informed French authorities a week earlier that it was waiving Ventura's diplomatic immunity. He called it "an extraordinary gesture"

paragraph: He speaks Italian, French, Spanish and English.

description: Apostolic Nuncio

wikidata_label: Luigi Ventura

wikipedia_title: Luigi Ventura


href: Roman%20Catholic%20Church saint Anglo-Saxon%20England veneration Berkshire saint hagiography Secgan Trinity%20College%2C%20Cambridge Cambridge Wren%20Library monastery Le%20Relecq-Kerhuon France Juthwara Sativola Paul%20Aurelian bishop Gulval%23Saint%20Gulval Cornwall Wales Penychen Glamorgan stepmother

text:
Catholic
saint
Anglo-Saxon England
venerated
Berkshire
saint
hagiography
Secgan Manuscript
Trinity College
Cambridge
Library
monastery
Le Relecq-Kerhuon
France
Saints Juthwara
Sidwell
Paul Aurelian
bishop
Gulval
Cornish
Welsh
Penychen
Glamorgan
stepmother

categories: 6th-century English people,Southwestern Brythonic saints,Medieval Cornish saints,Female saints of medieval England,6th-century Christian saints,Year of birth unknown,6th-century births,6th-century English women,Year of death unknown,Medieval English saints

paragraph: Wilgyth

paragraph: Wilgyth of Cholsey was a 6th-century Catholic female saint from Anglo-Saxon England who was venerated locally in Berkshire.

paragraph: Section::::Provenance.

paragraph: Very little is known of the life of this saint who is known to history through the hagiography of the Secgan Manuscript, and Manuscript R.7.13. held in Trinity College (Cambridge) Library.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: She had a (step)brother "Bana", founder of a monastery at Le Relecq-Kerhuon in France, and sisters Saints Juthwara and Sidwell, and Eadwara (possibly a nickname of Juthwara) She possibly had other brothers, Paul Aurelian a bishop, Gulval another saint, "Pautel" and "Nautel". If a sister of Paul Aurelian, she would have been the daughter of a Cornish/Welsh chieftain named "Perphirius" from Penychen in Glamorgan. Legend holds that her mother died while she was quite young and that following the latter death of her father, two of her sisters were murdered by her stepmother.

description: English saint

wikidata_label: Wilgyth

wikipedia_title: Wilgyth


text:
royalist
Richard Lumley, 1st Earl of Scarbrough
Chester-le-Street
County Durham
Richard Lumley, 3rd Baron Lumley
John Lumley, 1st Baron Lumley
Lumley Castle
garrison
Prince Rupert
Siege of Bristol
King James
Theobalds
Waterford
Peerage of Ireland
Declaration of Breda
Warminghurst Park
Sir Christopher Conyers, 2nd Baronet
Earl of Scarbrough

categories: Peers of Ireland created by Charles I,Military personnel of the Thirty Years' War,1663 deaths,Knights Bachelor,Viscounts in the Peerage of Ireland,1589 births,English people of the Thirty Years' War

paragraph: Richard Lumley, 1st Viscount Lumley

paragraph: Richard Lumley, 1st Viscount Lumley (7 April 1589 – 12 March 1663) was an English royalist and military commander. He was the grandfather of Richard Lumley, 1st Earl of Scarbrough.

paragraph: Richard Lumley was baptized at Chester-le-Street, County Durham, 7 July 1589, the son of Roger Lumley and Anne ("née" Kurtswich), and grandson of Anthony Lumley. He was the great grandson of Richard Lumley, 3rd Baron Lumley who was summoned to Parliament in 1509. (The 3rd Baron's father, Thomas, predeceased the 3rd Baron's grandfather, George the 2nd Baron). He was a first cousin of John Lumley, 1st Baron Lumley.

paragraph: He was a loyalist to the crown during the time of the English Civil Wars. He made the family seat, Lumley Castle, into a garrison. He was made principal commander under Prince Rupert, and marched into the west of England and fought at the Siege of Bristol where he remained until Rupert surrendered it in 1645.

paragraph: For his loyalty to the crown, Lumley was knighted by King James on 19 July 1619 at Theobalds. On 12 July 1628, he was created Viscount Lumley of Waterford in the Peerage of Ireland. On 25 April 1660, Lumley was among the group of loyalists who issued a declaration in Parliament to support the King's Declaration of Breda.

paragraph: He married Frances, daughter of Henry Shelley of Warminghurst Park, in 1630. His daughter, Julia, married Sir Christopher Conyers, 2nd Baronet of Horden. His son, the Hon. John Lumley, predeceased him in 1568. He was succeeded in the viscountcy by his grandson, who was made the first Earl of Scarbrough in 1690.

alias:
Richard Lumley
Richard Lumley, 1st Viscount Lumley

wikidata_label: Richard Lumley, 1st Viscount Lumley of Waterford

wikipedia_title: Richard Lumley, 1st Viscount Lumley


text:
Isabella Thoburn College
Lucknow
Gorakhpur
Louisa May Alcott
Little Women
University of Allahabad
Isabella Thoburn
Carnegie Hall
Isabella Bird Bishop
Priscilla Bright McLaren
Radcliffe College
Booker T. Washington
Elgin, Illinois

categories: 1909 deaths,1868 births,19th-century Indian educational theorists,People from Gorakhpur,19th-century Indian scientists,Women educators from Uttar Pradesh,Educators from Uttar Pradesh,19th-century Indian women scientists,20th-century Indian women scientists,20th-century Indian educational theorists,20th-century Indian scientists

paragraph: Lilavati Singh

paragraph: Lilavati Singh (14 December 1868 – 9 May 1909) also seen as Lilivati Singh, was an Indian educator, professor of literature and philosophy at Isabella Thoburn College in Lucknow.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Lilavati Singh was born in Gorakhpur, to Christian parents, with the baptismal name "Ethel Raphael." She remembered reading Louisa May Alcott's "Little Women" as a girl, and feeling called to helpfulness as portrayed in the novel.

paragraph: She began to use her Indian name officially as a young woman. She attended Miss Thoburn's boarding school as a girl, and in 1895 earned a degree in English literature from the University of Allahabad, one of the first two women to earn a degree from that institution.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Isabella Thoburn opened a collegiate section of her school, and in 1892 she hired former student Lilavati Singh as a teacher, the only Indian teacher on the faculty. Singh became professor of literature and philosophy at Isabella Thoburn College. In 1902, she was appointed vice principal of the school, following the death of Isabella Thoburn.

paragraph: Singh spoke and sang on a tour in the United States in 1899 and 1900, under the auspices of the Women's Foreign Missionary Society, including a stop at Carnegie Hall, where she was on a program with papers from Isabella Bird Bishop and Priscilla Bright McLaren, among others. In 1909 she made another lecture tour of the United States to raise awareness of Indian women's lives, and also intending to pursue graduate studies at Radcliffe College.

paragraph: She chaired the women's committee of the World Students' Christian Federation, and represented India at that organization's conference in Tokyo in 1907. In 1908 she attended international conferences in Europe and England. Singh also edited a women's newspaper, "Rafik-i-Niswan", and translated a biography of Booker T. Washington, whom she admired.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Singh died during her 1909 lecture tour of the United States, in a hospital in Chicago, from complications following an emergency operation. She was 40 years old. Her remains were buried in a churchyard in Elgin, Illinois. Her gravestone was inscribed, "The Peace of God was on her Face." A Lilavati Singh dormitory at Isabella Thoburn College was built with memorial donations, and named in her memory.

wikidata_label: Lilavati Singh

wikipedia_title: Lilavati Singh


text: show jumping

text: Summer Olympics

text: team

text: individual competition

text: Rio de Janeiro

text: World Equestrian Games

text: Pan American Games

categories: Equestrians at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Equestrians at the 2015 Pan American Games,Olympic equestrians of Brazil,Equestrians at the 2007 Pan American Games,Brazilian male equestrians,Pan American Games gold medalists for Brazil,Equestrians at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Pan American Games medalists in equestrian,1983 births,Living people

paragraph: Pedro Veniss

paragraph: Pedro Veniss (born 6 January 1983) is a Brazilian show jumping rider. He participated at two Summer Olympics (in 2008 and 2016. His best Olympic results came in 2016, when he finished 5th in team and 16th in individual competition in front of his home crowd in Rio de Janeiro.

paragraph: Veniss competed at two World Equestrian Games (in 2010 and 2014). He finished 4th in the team competition in 2010, while his best individual placement is 35th place from both 2010 and 2014. Veniss also participated at two Pan American Games (in 2007 and 2015). In 2007 he helped the Brazilian team to win a team gold medal.

description: Brazilian show jumping rider

wikidata_label: Pedro Veniss

wikipedia_title: Pedro Veniss


text:
Australia
heavy metal
Egyptian mythology
guitar
black metal
Lord Kaos
Norway
Head Not Found Records
Warhead Records
Carpe Tenebrum
Majestic Nothingness
vocals
Nagash
Dimmu Borgir
The Kovenant
Shagrath
Godless Savage Garden
The Kovenant
Nexus Polaris
Nocturnal Breed
Silenoz
Mirrored Hate Painting
Spiritual Black Dimensions
Dreaded Chaotic Reign
death metal
Infernal Method
drummer
Lord Kaos
Warhead Records
Dimmu Borgir
Godless Savage Garden
Nuclear Blast
Spiritual Black Dimensions
Covenant
Nexus Polaris
Nocturnal Breed
Hammerheart Records
Hammerheart Records
Majestic Nothingness
Head Not Found
Mirrored Hate Painting
Hammerheart Records
Dreaded Chaotic Reign

categories: Musicians from Sydney,Dimmu Borgir members,Black metal musicians,Australian heavy metal guitarists,Australian heavy metal singers,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Astennu (musician)

paragraph: Astennu is the professional name of Australian heavy metal musician Jamie Stinson. His name is derived from a creature in Egyptian mythology.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Astennu first came to notice as the guitarist and songwriter for the Australian black metal band Lord Kaos. The band recorded both the demo "Path to My Funeral Light" and a full-length album "Thorns of Impurity" in 1995. Before the album's release Astennu went to Norway and found interest in the album from Head Not Found Records however the other members of the band decided to remain in Australia and "Thorns of Impurity" was released by Sydney label Warhead Records in 1996. Astennu stayed in Norway and reworked some music he had written for Lord Kaos into songs for a solo project called Carpe Tenebrum.

paragraph: The first Carpe Tenebrum album "Majestic Nothingness" featured Astennu on all instruments with vocals from Nagash of Dimmu Borgir and The Kovenant. It was released in 1997. Later the same year, Astennu joined Dimmu Borgir on guitar, freeing Shagrath to concentrate on vocals. Astennu's first recording with the band was the 1998 EP "Godless Savage Garden". He was also a member of Nagash's other band, The Kovenant, at that time and was featured on the band's 1998 album "Nexus Polaris". He also contributed some guitar solos to the "Aggressor" album and the "Triumph of the Blasphemer" EP by Nocturnal Breed, a band that also featured Dimmu Borgir's other guitarist Silenoz.

paragraph: A second Carpe Tenebrum album, "Mirrored Hate Painting", again featuring Nagash, was released in 1999. Astennu's second album with Dimmu Borgir, "Spiritual Black Dimensions" was released the same year, on 2 March. During the tour in support of the album, Astennu was fired from Dimmu Borgir and returned to Australia in late 1999.

paragraph: Once back in Australia, Astennu worked as a live sound engineer for a number of bands on the Sydney heavy metal scene and also acted as mixer, engineer and producer on a number of albums and releases. In 2002 he recorded and released a third Carpe Tenebrum album, "Dreaded Chaotic Reign", this time performing vocals himself. "Dreaded Chaotic Reign" was a death metal album whereas previous Carpe Tenebrum recordings had been black metal. In May 2003, Astennu returned to the live circuit with Sydney band Infernal Method, for whom he had been engineering for several months. Early the following year he and Infernal Method drummer Graham Goode joined a hardcore band called Stronger Than Hate but by the end of the year both that band and Infernal Method had disbanded. Since then Astennu has not played live with a band but continues to work in the field of sound engineering.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: with Lord Kaos

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thorns of Impurity" (Warhead Records, 1996)

paragraph: with Dimmu Borgir

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Godless Savage Garden" (Nuclear Blast, 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spiritual Black Dimensions" (Nuclear Blast, 1999)

paragraph: with Covenant

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nexus Polaris" (Nuclear Blast, 1998)

paragraph: with Nocturnal Breed (as guest)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aggressor" (Hammerheart Records, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Triumph of the Blasphemer" (Hammerheart Records, 1998)

paragraph: with Carpe Tenebrum

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Majestic Nothingness" (Head Not Found, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mirrored Hate Painting" (Hammerheart Records, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dreaded Chaotic Reign" (Hammerheart Records, 2002)

description: Australian musician

wikidata_label: Astennu

wikipedia_title: Astennu (musician)


text: Sir

text: Kanuri

text: politician

text: Borno

text: Emirate of Borno

text: Ahmadu Bello

text: Yerwa

text: Middle School

text: province

text: North

text: Social Services

text: Education

text: Shehu

text: Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi

text: CBE

text: KCMG

text: Ronald Segal

text: Rosalynde Ainslie

categories: Nigerian knights,Borno State,20th-century Nigerian politicians,Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George,1910 births,1990 deaths,Kanuri people,Commanders of the Order of the British Empire

paragraph: Kashim Ibrahim

paragraph: Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim (10 June 1910 – 25 July 1990) was a Kanuri politician who was head of the Native Administration in Borno and was a minister for Social Services in the 1950s. He held the traditional title of Waziri of the Emirate of Borno after two previous Waziris had been forced to resign as a result of scandals in the Borno local administration.

paragraph: He was a close associate of Ahmadu Bello.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Ibrahim was born in Gargar Ward, Yerwa to the family of Ibrahim Lakanmi. He started his education learning Arabic and Quran before attending Borno Provincial School in 1922. In 1925, he was admitted into the Katsina Training College and finished his studies with a teacher's certificate in 1929. He started working as a teacher in 1929 at the Borno Middle School and by 1933, he had become a Provincial Visiting Teacher. He was later promoted to a Senior Visiting Teacher and education officer for the province of Borno. He was conferred with the title of Shettima of Borno in 1935 and for a while he was known as Shettima Kashim. He joined politics in 1951-52, when he was elected into the Northern Regional Assembly, he was nominated from the North as a cabinet nominee. Thereafter, he was appointed the Federal minister for Social Services and later that of Education.

paragraph: In 1956, he was appointed as the Waziri of Borno by the Shehu.

paragraph: Waziri Ibrahim became the Governor of the Northern region in 1962, holding office until the military coup of 16 January 1966 that brought Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi to power. He was appointed a CBE in 1960 and knighted KCMG in 1962.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ronald Segal, with Catherine Hoskyns & Rosalynde Ainslie. "Political Africa: A Who's Who of Personalities and Parties". London: Stevens & Sons, 1961.

description: Nigerian politician

wikidata_label: Kashim Ibrahim

wikipedia_title: Kashim Ibrahim


text:
Ōmi Province
Shiga Prefecture
Sagami Province
Kanagawa Prefecture
Nigatsu-dō
Kannon
Hossō
Gyōki
Tenpyō
Vairocana
Emperor Shōmu
Hokke-dō
Tōdai-ji
Tenpyō
Silla
Simsang
Huayan school
Kegon
Emperor Shōmu
Tōdai-ji
bettō
Ishiyama-dera
Ōtsu
Shiga Prefecture
Uda
Kōjien

paragraph: Rōben

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: According to tradition, Rōben was born either in either Ōmi Province in present-day Shiga Prefecture or Sagami Province in present-day Kanagawa Prefecture. Sagami is considered the more likely location. According to legend as a young baby, Rōben was snatched by an eagle and dropped off over a pine tree in front of what is now the Nigatsu-dō Hall. Rōben was raised as a monk, and reunited with his mother 30 years later. In one version of the story, Rōben wore an amulet of Kannon Bodhisattva since he was a baby, which his mother recognized when she came to Nara as a pilgrim. Records with the Ministry of Justice in Nara at the time, do record Rōben as having been raised as a monk since infancy, but do not state anything further as to his origins.

paragraph: Section::::Early studies.

paragraph: Rōben first studied Hossō Buddhism under the monk (d. 728). Gien and his disciples Rōben and Gyōki are considered to have created the foundation of Japanese Buddhism at the beginning of the Nara period. In 733, the fifth year of the Tenpyō era, Rōben oversaw expansion and construction of and the massive bronze statue of Vairocana Buddha under the patronage of Emperor Shōmu (724 – 749). Kinshō-ji is now the Hokke-dō hall of Tōdai-ji.

paragraph: Section::::Establishment of Kegon school.

paragraph: In 740, the twelfth year of the Tenpyō era, an eminent Korean monk of the Silla kingdom (57 BC – 935 AD) named Simsang (, known as Shinjō in Japan, was invited by Rōben to Japan to help establish a new sect based on the Huayan school of thought. This led to the foundation of the Kegon school of Buddhism with permission from Emperor Shōmu. Rōben subsequently became the second patriarch of the Kegon school.

paragraph: Section::::Association with Tōdai-ji.

paragraph: Rōben later presided over the drawing of the eyes ceremony of the Great Buddha statue at Tōdai-ji in 751. He was first a bettō monk at Tōdai-ji, but was later promoted to be a high Buddhist priest of the temple.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Rōben spent the final years of his life on the establishment of Ishiyama-dera in present-day Ōtsu, Shiga Prefecture. He died on November 16, 773 at the age of 85 at or near Uda in present-day Nara Prefecture.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kōjien, 5th edition

alias: Roben Rouben

description: Japanese Buddhist monk

wikidata_label: Rōben

wikipedia_title: Rōben


text:
professional baseball
Major League Baseball
right fielder
first baseman
right-handed
pinch-hitter
home run
RBI
strikeout
Donn Clendenon
at bat
hit by pitch
disabled list
batting average
New York Yankees
Shawn Chacón
New York Post
Dave Littlefield
fastball
Atlanta Braves
Brayan Peña
Chicago White Sox
spring training
Cincinnati Reds
Seattle Mariners
Tacoma Rainiers

categories: People from Fountain Valley, California,Tacoma Rainiers players,1976 births,Charlotte Knights players,Major League Baseball first basemen,Carolina Mudcats players,New York Yankees players,Baseball players from California,Pittsburgh Pirates players,Atlanta Braves players,Medicine Hat Blue Jays players,Indianapolis Indians players,Hagerstown Suns players,Major League Baseball outfielders,Altoona Curve players,Nashville Sounds players,Lynchburg Hillcats players

paragraph: Craig Wilson (first baseman)

paragraph: Craig Allan Wilson (born November 30, 1976) is a former professional baseball player. He played all or part of seven seasons in Major League Baseball, most often as a right fielder or first baseman. He bats and throws right-handed.

paragraph: Section::::Major league career.

paragraph: After three years as a role player and pinch-hitter, Wilson played regularly in 2004, hitting .264 with 29 home runs and 82 RBI in 155 games, but posted a franchise-record 169 strikeouts (surpassing Donn Clendenon's 163 in 1968) in 561 at bats. He led the major leagues at being hit by pitches in 2002 (21) and 2004 (30). Wilson tied the major league single-season record for pinch-hit home runs with seven in 2001.

paragraph: In 2005, Wilson played in only 59 games as a result of two separate hand injuries that caused him to spend over half the season on the disabled list, playing in only five games between May 6 and August 28. He ended the season with a .264 batting average, 5 home runs, and 22 RBI in 197 at bats.

paragraph: At the trade deadline of the 2006 season, Wilson was traded to the New York Yankees for Shawn Chacón. According to the New York Post, at least one general manager in the National League found the deal inexplicable from the Pirates' standpoint. Voicing the opinion that Pirates GM Dave Littlefield had undersold Wilson, the anonymous GM was quoted as saying, "We really thought Wilson was a guy a lot of AL teams would be interested in. He is a high strikeout guy, but he can hit a fastball, damage lefty pitching, and not embarrass himself in right field or at first."

paragraph: Overall in 2006, Craig batted .251 with 17 home runs and 49 RBI. Though he only batted 359 times, he struck out 122 times. The Yankees did not re-sign him, causing him to become a free agent.

paragraph: The Atlanta Braves signed Wilson to a one-year contract worth $2 million USD on January 18, 2007. After 40 games of the 2007 season with the Braves, Wilson was granted his unconditional release on May 17, 2007, to make room for Brayan Peña on the roster. On May 28, 2007, he signed a minor league deal with the Chicago White Sox, but ended up undergoing season-ending shoulder surgery in June. Wilson was released by the White Sox at the end of the 2007 season.

paragraph: On February 9, 2008, Wilson signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the Cincinnati Reds, but was released on February 21 after failing a physical. On April 8, 2008, he signed a minor league deal to return to the Pittsburgh Pirates. On July 10, he was traded to the Seattle Mariners for a player to be named later. After finishing the season with the Triple-A Tacoma Rainiers, he became a free agent, ending his professional playing career.

description: former professional baseball player

wikidata_label: Craig Wilson

wikipedia_title: Craig Wilson (first baseman)