text:
Old Norse
Erik Björnsson
House of Munsö
Sweden
Björn at Haugi
Hervarar saga
Old Upsala
Rimbert
Vita Ansgari
Adam of Bremen
Hervarar saga
Harald Fairhair
Norway
Halfdan the Black
Vestfold
Härjedalen
Iceland
Erik
Björn
Olof
Denmark
Danes
Birka
Horik I
longship
Birka
Aesir
Early Swedish History

categories: House of Munsö,Semi-legendary kings of Sweden,9th-century rulers in Europe

paragraph: Anund Uppsale

paragraph: Anund Uppsale or Anoundus, 'Anund of Uppsala', (Old Norse: "Önundr Uppsali"), a son of Erik Björnsson of the House of Munsö, ruled Sweden together with his brother Björn at Haugi, according to Hervarar saga. He is called "Uppsale" because he stayed at Old Upsala, the era's religious centre. He and Björn are sometimes identified with similarly-named kings mentioned in Rimbert's Vita Ansgari and by Adam of Bremen.

paragraph: Section::::Norse tradition.

paragraph: The Hervarar saga recounts that Anund and his brother Björn succeeded king Erik Refilsson, their cousin. This happened about two generations before the reign of Harald Fairhair of Norway (c. 872-930). The two brothers shared the realm, so that Anund resided in Uppsala while Björn made his residence at Haugi ("the Barrow"). His son Erik succeeded him on the Swedish throne.

paragraph: A Norwegian document from the early 14th century provides a few additional details. A certain Herjulf Horn-breaker was the standard-bearer of King Halfdan the Black of Vestfold in Norway, the father of Harald Fairhair. However, Herjulf fell out with his lord and escaped to Sweden where he was well received by King Anund. After a while he evoked the wrath of his new master as well, since he slept with Anund's kinswoman Helga. Once again, he was forced to flee, bringing Helga with him. The couple eventually settled in the then uninhabited Härjedalen. The document enumerates their descendants for 15 generations. This account is at least partly a construction, since Herjulf Horn-breaker is otherwise known as a pioneer settler in Iceland.

paragraph: Section::::The "Vita Ansgari".

paragraph: The "Vita Ansgari" from c. 870 relates that a Swedish king called Anund was driven away from his country. The reason is unknown, but might have to do with rivalry between royal kinsmen. However, the "Vita" does not say how Anund was related to the other kings mentioned in the text (Erik, Björn, Olof). Anund stayed in exile in Denmark but was keen to regain his kingdom. He therefore approached the Danes and promised them the spoils of plunder from the important commercial center Birka. The Danish king at the time was Horik I who had spent time in exile in Sweden in c. 812-813 and therefore might have had a special relationship with members of the Swedish royal clan. Sometime in the 840s, Anund thus invaded Sweden with a large Danish host of 21 longships and 11 of his own, unexpectedly approaching Birka. At the time, the Swedish king (Björn at Haugi?) was far away, and the chiefs and popular levies had no time to gather. Only the Christian chief of the port, Hergeir, was there together with the merchants and townsmen. They sought refuge in the nearby fortification. Being too few to defend themselves successfully, the inhabitants sent envoys to Anund and offered their friendship and alliance. Anund demanded one hundred marks of silver, which was granted. The Danes felt tricked, since "every merchant owned more than they had been offered" and wanted to make a surprise attack on Birka in order to burn and plunder it. According to the "Vita", Hergeir made the townsfolk turn away from the pagan gods and make promises to Christ the Lord in order to be saved.

paragraph: In the meanwhile Anund tried to avert the self-willed plans of his Viking allies. He asked them to draw lots about whether it was the will of the Aesir that Birka should be destroyed, meaning that they were probably casting runes. The outcome was that there was no possibility to carry out the plan with any success, so that an attempt on Birka would bring bad luck to the Danes. They then asked where to go for plunder and the answer was to go to a certain Slavic town. The Danes accordingly left Birka, sailed over to the other town and seized it in a surprise attack. They then returned to Denmark with rich booty. As for Anund, he made peace with the Swedes and returned the ransom money to the townspeople. He then stayed in Sweden for some time since he sought reconciliation with his people.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Early Swedish History

description: semi-legendary Swedish king

wikidata_label: Anund Uppsale

wikipedia_title: Anund Uppsale


text:
German
number theorist
University of Göttingen
cubic form
Felix Klein
University of Vienna
Kurt Gödel
Wolfgang Gröbner
Nikolaus Hofreiter
Henry Mann
Otto Schreier
Olga Taussky-Todd
academic descendants
principal ideal theorem
Wilhelm Furtwängler
Helmut Hasse

categories: 20th-century mathematicians,German mathematicians,Austro-Hungarian mathematicians,Number theorists,1869 births,1940 deaths,Austrian mathematicians

paragraph: Philipp Furtwängler

paragraph: Friederich Pius Philipp Furtwängler (April 21, 1869 – May 19, 1940) was a German number theorist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Furtwängler wrote an 1896 doctoral dissertation at the University of Göttingen on cubic forms ("Zur Theorie der in Linearfaktoren zerlegbaren ganzzahlingen ternären kubischen Formen"), under Felix Klein. Most of his academic life, from 1912 to 1938, was spent at the University of Vienna, where he taught for example Kurt Gödel, who later said that Furtwängler's lectures on number theory were the best mathematical lectures that he ever heard; Gödel had originally intended to become a physicist but turned to mathematics partly as a result of Furtwängler's lectures. Furtwängler was paralysed and, without notes, lectured from a wheelchair while his assistant wrote equations on the blackboard.

paragraph: Some of Furtwängler's doctoral students were Wolfgang Gröbner, Nikolaus Hofreiter, Henry Mann, Otto Schreier, and Olga Taussky-Todd. Through these and others, he has over 3000 academic descendants.

paragraph: He is now best known for his contribution to the principal ideal theorem in the form of his "Beweis des Hauptidealsatzes für Klassenkörper algebraischer Zahlkörper" (1929).

paragraph: Philipp Furtwängler was a grandson of the organ builder (1800-1867) and a second cousin of the conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler.

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Helmut Hasse and W. Jehne: Allgemeine Theorie der algebraischen Zahlen. Vol. 8. Teubner, 1953.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://bibliothek.bbaw.de/kataloge/literaturnachweise/furtwaen/literatur.pdf (PDF-Datei; 35 kB)

description: German mathematician

wikidata_label: Philipp Furtwängler

wikipedia_title: Philipp Furtwängler


text:
Bogotá
Colombia
clergyman
theologist
scientist
Polyglot
Spanish
French
Latin
Greek
Italian
Chibcha
Viceroyalty of New Granada
Frenchman
Montpellier
canon law
theology
philosophy
natural sciences
indigenous
Lenguazaque
Gachancipá
Muysccubun
Muisca
Spanish Empire
lunisolar
Muisca calendar
Alexander von Humboldt
Muisca numerals
canon
Charles IV
King of Spain
Muisca astronomy
Muisca calendar
Muisca numerals
Manuel Arturo Izquierdo Peña

categories: Religion academics,1748 births,1822 deaths,Colombian scientists,Muisca scholars

paragraph: José Domingo Duquesne

paragraph: José Domingo Duquesne (Bogotá, 23 February 1748 - idem, 30 August 1822) was a Colombian clergyman, theologist, scientist and writer. Polyglot Duquesne spoke Spanish, French, Latin, Greek, Italian and Chibcha.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: José Domingo Duquesne was born on February 23, 1748 in Bogotá, then the capital of the Viceroyalty of New Granada. His parents were Frenchman Juan Francisco Duquesne, originally from Montpellier, and Clara Ignacia de la Madrid, from Bogotá. He attended the "Colegio Mayor y Seminario de San Bartolomé" graduating in 1774 in canon law and theology. Remarkable for his day and studies, during his dissertation on philosophy Duquesne treated the natural sciences.

paragraph: From 1775 to 1795 Duquesne was assigned to the indigenous villages Lenguazaque and Gachancipá and studied Muysccubun, the language of the Muisca. This was the first recorded study of the almost extinct language as education in the language was forbidden by the authorities of the Spanish Empire in 1577 and in 1638 the last bilingual school was closed. After ten years of service in Lenguazaque, as of July 13, 1785 Duquesne was working in the parrochy of the church in Gachancipá.

paragraph: In 1795 Duquesne published his work "Disertación sobre el calendario de los muyscas, indios naturales de este Nuevo Reino de Granada" ("Dissertation about the calendar of the Muyscas [sic], native indians of this New Kingdom of Granada"). In this work he unraveled the complex lunisolar Muisca calendar. José Celestino Mutis handed Duquesne's work over to the famous natural scientist Alexander von Humboldt who visited the Colombian territories in 1801.

paragraph: After publishing his work on the Muisca calendar, the Muisca numerals and grammar of the Chibcha language, Duquesne was appointed canon of the cathedral of Bogotá, by Charles IV, the King of Spain in 1800. To the capital and his birthplace he took his knowledge about the language and calendar of the Muisca together with an interpretation of the until then uncyphered .

paragraph: Duquesne retired in 1819 and died on August 30, 1822.

paragraph: Section::::Trivia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The school "Colegio José Domingo Duquesne" in Gachancipá has been named in honour of Duquesne

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muisca astronomy, Muisca calendar, Muisca numerals

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manuel Arturo Izquierdo Peña, anthropologist who analysed the work of Duquesne

wikidata_label: José Domingo Duquesne

wikipedia_title: José Domingo Duquesne


text:
playwright
Edmond About
Théophile Gautier
Eugène Labiche
Albert Monnier
Paul Siraudin
Second French Empire
Dubois
Léon Gozlan
Émile de Najac
L'Affaire de la rue de Lourcine
Les Noces de Bouchencœur
L'Amour, un fort volume, prix 3 F 50 c
Les Petites Mains
Le Voyage de monsieur Perrichon
Les Vivacités du capitaine Tic
La Poudre aux yeux
Les 37 Sous de M. Montaudoin
La Commode de Victorine
Moi
La Main leste

categories: 19th-century French dramatists and playwrights,People from Melun,1825 births

paragraph: Édouard Martin (playwright)

paragraph: Édouard Martin, full name Édouard Joseph Martin, (19 July 1825 – 13 July 1866 ) was a 19th-century French playwright.

paragraph: When he was a young dramatist and a friend of Edmond About and Théophile Gautier, Édouard Martin was known for the comedies he wrote in collaboration with Eugène Labiche, Albert Monnier and Paul Siraudin, during the Second French Empire.

paragraph: Suffering from mental illness in 1864, he died at the municipal nursing home Dubois (today ) 13 July 1866. At his burial at Saint-Denis on 14 July, it was Léon Gozlan who delivered his eulogy.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1853: "Collégiens, étudiants et mercadets pour rire"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1855: "Sous un parapluie", with Albert Monnier and Paul Siraudin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1859: "Madame Absalon", with Paul Siraudin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1860: "Jeune de cœur", with Émile de Najac

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1863: "La Fleur des braves", withavec Ernest Mouchelet

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Plays written in collaboration with Labiche and/or Monnier.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1852: "L'Argent par les fenêtres"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1852: "Le Droit de visite"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1855: "Un oncle aux carottes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1856: "As-tu tué le mandarin ?"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1857: "L'Affaire de la rue de Lourcine"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1857: "Les Noces de Bouchencœur"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1858: "Chez une petite dame"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1859: "L'Amour, un fort volume, prix 3 F 50 c"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1859: "Les Petites Mains"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1860: "Le Voyage de monsieur Perrichon"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1860: "Le Pantalon de Nessus"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1861: "Les Vivacités du capitaine Tic"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1861: "La Poudre aux yeux"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1862: "Le Bataillon de la Moselle"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1862: "Les 37 Sous de M. Montaudoin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1863: "La Commode de Victorine"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1864: "Moi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1864: "Les Truffes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1864: "Le Petit de la rue du Ponceau"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1865: "Histoire d'une patrouille"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1867: "La Main leste"

description: French writer

wikidata_label: Édouard Martin

wikipedia_title: Édouard Martin (playwright)


text: American football

text: quarterback

text: college football

text: Toledo

text: Tampa Bay Buccaneers

text: 2006 NFL Draft

text: St. Louis Rams

text: Cleveland Browns

text: Oakland Raiders

text: Cincinnati Bengals

text: Pittsburgh Steelers

text: Gino

text: Seton-La Salle Catholic High School

text: WPIAL

text: junior

text: senior

text: WPIAL

text: basketball

text: point guard

text: redshirting

text: Toledo

text: Mid-American Conference

text: GMAC Bowl

text: Tampa Bay Buccaneers

text: 2006 NFL Draft

text: Chris Simms

text: ruptured spleen

text: New Orleans

text: Cincinnati Bengals

text: Philadelphia Eagles

text: New York Giants

text: New Orleans Saints

text: Carolina Panthers

text: Washington Redskins

text: Thanksgiving

text: Dallas Cowboys

text: Pittsburgh Steelers

text: Atlanta Falcons

text: Chicago Bears

text: Tim Rattay

text: Jeff Garcia

text: Luke McCown

text: waived

text: St. Louis Rams

text: Cleveland Browns

text: fourth-string

text: quarterback

text: Derek Anderson

text: injured reserve

text: Pittsburgh Steelers

text: Brady Quinn

text: Ken Dorsey

text: Oakland Raiders

text: JaMarcus Russell

text: Louis Murphy

text: Medial collateral ligament

text: pectoral muscle

text: Jason Campbell

text: St. Louis Rams

text: separation

text: 2010 season

text: 2011 NFL lockout

text: Cincinnati Bengals

text: Andy Dalton

text: huddle

text: interception

text: 2015 season

text: hamstring

text: Anthony Wayne High School

text: Whitehouse, Ohio

text: color analyst

text: Profile at NFL.com

text: Pittsburgh Steelers bio

text: Oakland Raiders bio

text: Cincinnati Bengals bio

categories: Sportspeople from Pittsburgh,Toledo Rockets football players,St. Louis Rams players,Cleveland Browns players,Pittsburgh Steelers players,Cincinnati Bengals players,Tampa Bay Buccaneers players,American football quarterbacks,Players of American football from Pennsylvania,College football announcers,Oakland Raiders players,1983 births,American people of Polish descent,High school football coaches in the United States,American people of Italian descent,Living people

paragraph: Bruce Gradkowski

paragraph: Bruce Raymond Gradkowski (born January 27, 1983) is a former American football quarterback. He played college football at Toledo. He was drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the sixth round (194th overall) of the 2006 NFL Draft. Gradkowski was also a member of the St. Louis Rams, Cleveland Browns, Oakland Raiders, Cincinnati Bengals, and Pittsburgh Steelers. His younger brother, Gino, is currently playing in the NFL.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Gradkowski is a 2001 graduate from Seton-La Salle Catholic High School. He played as a member of the Seton-La Salle Rebels from 1997 to 2000 in the Western Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic League (WPIAL). As a junior, Gradkowski threw for 1,630 yards and 10 touchdowns. This performance was then improved as a senior, when he completed 188-of-327 passes (57.5%) and threw for a then-WPIAL record of 2,978 yards and 30 touchdowns (surpassing the previous mark set by Marino). In high school, Gradkowski also played basketball, serving as Seton-La Salle's starting point guard and leading his team in scoring.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: After redshirting as a freshman at Toledo in 2001, Gradkowski saw action only as the holder on the special teams unit. In 2003, he became the starting quarterback as a sophomore. He set a Mid-American Conference season record by completing 71.2% of his passes. He threw for 3,210 yards, with a school season record of 29 touchdowns and seven interceptions and a final passer rating of 161.53. He proved he could scramble by rushing for 504 yards and a score on 91 carries (5.5 avg). In 2004, Gradkowski passed for 3,518 yards with 27 touchdowns and eight interceptions. He played in the GMAC Bowl and won MVP.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

paragraph: The Tampa Bay Buccaneers drafted Gradkowski in the sixth round (194th overall) of the 2006 NFL Draft.

paragraph: After a promising preseason he was nicknamed "The Great Gradkowski". After starting quarterback Chris Simms suffered a ruptured spleen, Gradkowski was named the starter going into Week 5 against New Orleans. In his debut, he completed 20/31 attempts for 225 yards with two touchdowns as the Buccaneers suffered their fourth consecutive loss.

paragraph: After his first loss, he won two straight starts against the Cincinnati Bengals and Philadelphia Eagles before losing to the New York Giants, New Orleans Saints, and the Carolina Panthers. On November 19, 2006, he completed 14/21 attempts for 178 passing yards and two touchdowns while also throwing an interception, in a 20-17 victory over the Washington Redskins.

paragraph: On Thanksgiving day, the Buccaneers would lose to the Dallas Cowboys, after Gradkowski threw two interceptions and only completed 10 passes. The following week, he continued to falter as he threw three interceptions in a loss to his hometown Pittsburgh Steelers. His play would continue to decline as he would lose the next two games against the Atlanta Falcons and Chicago Bears and was also benched in the middle of both games. In the second quarter in Chicago, he was pulled for good in favor of Tim Rattay. He would not start again in 2006 as Rattay led a comeback, accounting for four touchdowns in the second half, whereas under Gradkowski the team had a streak of 10 scoreless quarters. He finished his rookie season completing 177-of-328 pass attempts for 1,661 yards and nine touchdowns and nine interceptions.

paragraph: In 2007, during a Week 12 matchup against the Washington Redskins, Gradkowski came in after the first play because of an injury to newly acquired starting quarterback Jeff Garcia. However, he would only complete 9-of-19 passes and didn't throw a single touchdown. The next week, Gradkowski was benched in favor of Luke McCown.

paragraph: He had a record of 3-8 as a starter. Gradkowski set the record for throwing more passes in NFL history before suffering a second career interception, with 200 passes.

paragraph: On May 30, 2008, Gradkowski was waived by the Buccaneers.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:St. Louis Rams.

paragraph: Gradkowski was claimed off waivers by the St. Louis Rams in June 2008, but was waived during final cuts on August 30, 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cleveland Browns.

paragraph: Gradkowski was signed by the Cleveland Browns as their fourth-string quarterback on December 2, 2008 after quarterback Derek Anderson was placed on injured reserve. He was the starter for the Browns' 2008 season finale against the Pittsburgh Steelers on December 28, 2008, after injuries to Anderson, Brady Quinn, and Ken Dorsey. Gradkowski was waived on February 9, 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Oakland Raiders.

paragraph: A day after being waived by the Browns, Gradkowski was claimed off waivers by the Oakland Raiders.

paragraph: On November 22, 2009, in his first start for the Raiders, Gradkowski threw two touchdowns, matching former Raiders quarterbacks JaMarcus Russell's total for the season to that point, and led the team to come from behind 20-17 victory over the heavily favored Cincinnati Bengals.

paragraph: In Week 13, on the road the Raiders beat the Pittsburgh Steelers 27-24. Gradkowski completed 20-of-33 passes for 308 yards and three touchdowns, including an 11-yard game-winning touchdown to Louis Murphy. For his performance in this game he was awarded the AFC Offensive Player of the Week award for week 13 of the regular season.

paragraph: On December 13, 2009, he was injured in a game against the Washington Redskins during the second quarter and was replaced by Russell. The Raiders lost the game 34-13 without Gradowski. Gradkowski missed the remainder of the 2009 season with a partially torn Medial collateral ligaments in both knees.

paragraph: On March 15, 2010, he was re-signed by the Oakland Raiders for one year. He tore a pectoral muscle while lifting weights in April 2010. In Week 2 of the 2010 NFL season he took over for benched starter Jason Campbell and lead the Raiders to a victory over the St. Louis Rams.

paragraph: On September 22, 2010, Gradkowski became the Oakland Raiders starting quarterback for Week 3. On November 28, 2010, Gradkowski suffered a third-degree separation of his throwing shoulder. On December 2, the Raiders placed Gradkowski on injured reserve, ending his 2010 season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cincinnati Bengals.

paragraph: Following the 2011 NFL lockout, Gradkowski signed a two-year contract with the Cincinnati Bengals. He was the team's second-string quarterback behind Andy Dalton. After Dalton suffered a minor injury that removed him from the game, Gradkowski threw a touchdown while snapping the ball while the Browns were still in the huddle. He then appeared during a Week 13 match up against the Pittsburgh Steelers, completing 3-of-6 passes for 17 yards with one interception.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.

paragraph: On March 13, 2013, Gradkowski signed a three-year deal with his hometown team, the Pittsburgh Steelers.

paragraph: Ultimately, Gradkowski had very few career snaps with the Steelers. He played in none of the regular season games during 2013. In 2014, he played in one game. He missed almost the entire 2015 season due to hand and shoulder injuries.

paragraph: The Steelers re-signed Gradkowski to a one-year contract on May 2, 2016. On August 31, 2016, Gradkowski was placed on the injured reserve list following damage to his hamstring sustained during the opening game of the preseason. The Steelers released Gradkowski on October 7, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 2017, Gradkowski became a volunteer assistant quarterbacks coach at Anthony Wayne High School in Whitehouse, Ohio and also joined the University of Toledo's Rocket Football Radio Network as a color analyst.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Division I FBS passing touchdown leaders

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.bruce-gradkowski.com/

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at NFL.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pittsburgh Steelers bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oakland Raiders bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cincinnati Bengals bio*

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Bruce Gradkowski

wikipedia_title: Bruce Gradkowski


text: Castilian

text: poet

text: scribe

text: Juan II of Castile

text: converso

text: Cancionero de Baena

text: Enrique II

text: Juan I

text: Enrique III

text: Baena

text: Córdoba, Spain

text: Pero López

text: Elvira Fernández de Cárdenas

text: Fernando Alonso de Baena

text: Antón de Montoro

text: pogrom

text: Cancionero de San Román

text: Daviuelo

text: Alfonso Álvarez de Villasandino

text: Amador de los Ríos

text: Rodrigo de Harana

text: apostasy

text: Cancioneros

text: Galicia

text: Iberia

text: Galician-Portuguese

text: Provençal

text: Castilian

text: Catalan

text: la gaya sciència de trobar

text: Martín the Humane

text: Alfonso X

text: General Estoria

text: National Library of France

text: Paris

text: El Escorial

text: González de Mendoza

text: Garci Fernández de Jerena

text: Rodríquez del Padrón

text: Madrid

text: Gayangos and Pidal

text: Juan de Mena

text: Alfonso VIII of Castile

text: Archive.org

text: Cancionero Virtual

text: JewishEncyclopedia.com

text: SpanishArts.com

categories: 1435 deaths,Spanish poets,Conversos,Medieval Castilian Jews,Spanish male poets

paragraph: Juan Alfonso de Baena

paragraph: Juan Alfonso de Baena (?–c. 1435) was a medieval Castilian poet and scribe in the court of Juan II of Castile. Baena, who was a converso (a Jewish convert to Christianity), is best known for compiling and contributing to the "Cancionero de Baena", an important medieval anthology composed between 1426 and 1465 containing the poems of over 55 Spanish poets who wrote during the reigns of Enrique II, Juan I, and Enrique III, and Juan II.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life.

paragraph: Not much is known of Juan Alfonso de Baena's life. However, it is known that Baena was born in the late 14th century in the town of Baena in Córdoba, Spain to Jewish parents. According to research by José Manuel Nieto Cumplido, Baena's father was named Pero López and he grew up in the former Jewish quarter of Baena. Other members of Baena's family, including his wife, children and nephew, were also uncovered during this research. Nieto Cumplido discovered that Baena's wife was called Elvira Fernández de Cárdenas, who was the daughter of Lope Ruiz de Cárdenas and María López de Luna. Baena and his wife had at least two children, one also named Juan Alfonso de Baena and the second named Diego de Carmona. Additionally, Baena's nephew (the son of Baena's brother Fernando Alonso de Baena), Antón de Montoro, was a fellow poet. Montoro was a used-clothes dealer called a "ropero" who also enjoyed wealthy patrons and used his talent at self-deprecating rhymes that highlighted his unfortunate appearance and Jewish blood.

paragraph: Baena's hometown is responsible for his last name, as it was not uncommon for people to take their last names from their home regions. This practice was also sometimes utilized by "conversos" when they took on Christian names. Baena is said to have converted from Judaism to Christianity as a result of the first pogroms in 1391, making him one of the many "conversos" who converted during this era. From his own poems documented in the "Cancionero de San Román", it can be deduced that Baena was not only born in Baena, but was educated there. In this poem that references his education and upbringing, Baena writes,

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Court Life and Death.

paragraph: After his education in Baena (the extent of this education is not known), Baena is said to have worked as a tax collector and bureaucrat during the early years of the 15th century. After this, he appears to have earned a place at the court of Juan II, where he compiled his most well-known work, "Cancionero de Baena". At Juan II's court, he was an "escribano de cámara", literally a ‘chamber scribe,’ but more accurately, a ‘royal bureaucrat,' and a part-time jester. According to Charles Fraker, this position at court suggests that Baena’s family was traditionally a family of burghers. However, according to the research of Francisco Márquez Villanueva, this role was not held by Baena consistently throughout his life. Because of lapses in output and periods of absence in official court records, de Baena “must have been idle or out of grace for long periods during which” he wrote “many abject petitions to the same high patrons and was also at war” with various other poets defending his own talent and attacking others’, most especially that of the much disliked Daviuelo, with whom the famous Alfonso Álvarez de Villasandino also fought metaphorically in poetic debates.

paragraph: Because of these periods of disgrace, which may have resulted from taking his satirical rhymes, that often critiqued court life, too far, Baena appears never to have risen above the title of court scribe, even though his anthology, his "Cancionero", has become the most important literary product of Juan II's court. According to Amador de los Ríos, however, Baena was not simply a royal scribe but a secretary to Juan II. Before working for the king directly, Baena is said to have held the patronage of Diego Fernández de Córdoba. After decades spent in and out of favor, acting as royal scribe and secretary while composing his own court writing, Juan Alfonso de Baena died during the later years of Juan II's reign.

paragraph: While Baena's death date had long been a mystery, in 1979, Nieto Cumplido discovered manuscripts that suggest Baena died in 1435.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Heritage.

paragraph: Baena's Jewish heritage can be deduced from his own writings. In the kind of poems Baena and his fellow court fools wrote, the object was often to be as self-depreciating as possible with the ultimate goal of making the court, especially the royal family, laugh. The trait that Baena mocked about himself most of all was his ‘Jewishness,' which he would emphasize for comedic effect, referencing many Jewish stereotypes of the time. About the "Cancionero" in its prologue, Baena states more seriously, “El cual dicho libro...hizo y ordenó y compuso y recopiló el [judino] Juan Alfonso de Baena.” Here, Baena takes credit for compiling the anthology by calling himself, 'el judino' Juan Alfonso. As "judino" (spelled indino in the original manuscript) is a pejorative term for Jew in Spanish, it is evident that even Baena himself admitted to and identified with his heritage, even in formal matters.

paragraph: Also customary for jester-poets like Baena were feuds, called poetic debates, performed for court amusement but sometimes in earnest, among the authors, dueled through fixed-rhymed poems "requestas" that pit poet against poet that became increasingly absurd insults the longer they went on. Insults against Baena also reveal his heritage. These include references to eggplants, a vegetable that had become a stereotypical identifier of Jewish (and Muslim) food during this era. One such insult by Rodrigo de Harana directed specifically at Baena states, “a vos que andades sin obediencia/apóstata hecho con mucha blandura,” an insult that accuses Baena of apostasy, suggesting he has converted. These references, and the fact that nearly every court jester writing during this era was a Jewish convert (with the exception of Villasandino, one of Baena's most formidable literary adversaries and perhaps the most famous court fool of the era) make almost certain of Baena's heritage despite a lack of official documentation.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:"Cancionero de Baena".

paragraph: "Cancioneros", or songbooks, were compilations of lyrical poetry most popular during the second half of the 14th century and the first half of the 15th century, though they first appeared in Iberia as early as the beginning of the 13th century in Galicia. In Iberia, these songbooks were originally compilations of Galician courtly poems and eventually broadened in both scope and language. According to Yirmiyahu Yovel, the poems contained in the Iberian "cancioneros" used “unadorned language and simple rhyme, the poems dealt, sometimes irreverently, with current events, people, social habits, and institutions, and they also served their authors to quarrel, flatter, defame, and supplicate." In this way, "cancioneros" could serve as an insightful or even critical looks into the social and political realities of the royal courts and preserved vast amounts of medieval Iberian court poetry.

paragraph: The "Cancionero de Baena" signals a transition from Galician-Portuguese to Castilian as the prestige language of court poetry in Iberia, as the previous such anthologies had been written in Galician-Portuguese. Baena’s "cancionero" did more than record Castilian court poems in the style of the Galician-Portuguese troubadours, however. Baena also included poems from less prestigious origins than the royal court and even some more serious “intellectual poetry incorporating symbol, allegory, and classical allusions in the treatment of moral, philosophical, and political themes.” Indeed, Baena’s compilation cannot be said to be systemic anyway, as it includes an indiscriminate number of genres and themes. This, in and of itself makes it important as it demonstrates a more complete view of medieval Castilian literature. "Canciones de amor", poetic debates, and moralizing texts make up the three main genres of the anthology. "Canciones de amor" are love poems based on the Provençal "canso" form. Poetic debates are the poems mentioned previously that pit two poets against each other in “dialogues between two or more poets in which the respondent must follow the meters and rhymes of the initial poem.” These poetic debates were represented chiefly by Baena’s inclusion of his own work in the compilation and the inclusion of Villasandino’s. Finally, the moralizing texts are “reflections on mortality, fortune, and the fall of the great, and the vanity of human life apart from God.”

paragraph: Baena’s prologue to the "Cancionero de Baena", called the "Prologus", is also of literary note. It is the first prologue of an anthology to also serve as literary criticism. In fact, Baena’s prologue inspired a tradition of theoretical introductions in Castilian in the following years. In this prologue, Baena asserts that poetry is a courtly pastime with “intellectual and therapeutic significance,” a sentiment that harkens back to the 14th century Catalan treatises on “la gaya sciència de trobar” or ‘the gay science of poetry,’ sponsored by the courts of Juan I and Martín the Humane, which established poetry as a “rhetorical display of courtliness” and provided rules for the ideal linguistic and structural composition of courtly poems. In Baena’s own definition in the Prologus, he provides a description of the ideal courtly poet. This poet is “divinely inspired, widely read and travelled, eloquent and witty.” Indeed, these traits are typical in defining not only poets but courtiers in general during this era. In fact, these traits are very similar to and can be surmised to have been inspired by Alfonso X’s writing in "General Estoria". In addition to adhering to these traits inspired by Alfonso X, Baena’s ideal poet is also a lover and if he is not in love in reality, he engages in the act of pretending to be in love. This attitude about the importance of being in love, or acting as such is evident when Baena states in the prologue, “que sea amadore e que siempre se preçie e se finja de ser enamorado, porque es opinión de muchos sabios que todo omne sea enamorado, conviene a saber,” which means, “that one would be a lover and always pride oneself and pretend to be in love, because it is of the opinion of many wise ones that all who are in love are agreeable to knowledge.” Here, Baena defines the ideal poet, and therefore the person capable of composing the ideal form of poetry as one who is in love, whether truly or as an affected state to be open to the kind of knowledge that produces worthy poetry. By providing a “theoretical justification in his Prologus, Baena ensures the virtue and prestige of his collection before his patron,” by associating himself and poetry in general with courtly behavior. Through this theoretical justification, Baena’s makes his own "cancionero" an important conservation of courtly knowledge while at the same time contributing to contemporary literary theory about the nature and merit of poetry and the poet.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:"Cancionero de Baena".:Publishing History.

paragraph: The only surviving manuscript of the "cancionero" is housed in the National Library of France in Paris. It is a copy that dates from approximately 1465, 20 to 40 years after the original was composed and presented to Juan II. The surviving manuscript, written on paper, was housed at El Escorial from the middle of the 18th century, according to a detailed description by a man named Rodrigo de Castro during the era. According to Alberto Blecua’s work, in which he attempts to reconstruct the original order, the surviving copy had a different order than the original form of the compilation. Indeed, much of his research concludes that the "Cancionero" that readers are familiar with today was altered by compilers other than Baena, most probably after his death, as the latest poems were composed as late as 1449. Blecua deduced that Baena did not include the works of González de Mendoza, Garci Fernández de Jerena, Rodríquez del Padrón, nor those of various other poets. Additionally, Baena’s work was more strictly organized in chronological and thematic order than the present version.

paragraph: In the modern era, the "cancionero" became more easily accessible in 1851, when it was first published in print form in Madrid in 1851 by the publishers Gayangos and Pidal.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Other Work.

paragraph: Many of Baena’s works do not appear in his "cancionero". A number of Baena's poems appear in the "Cancionero de San Román". In fact, one of his largest and most interesting pieces is found in this particular "cancionero". Called "Dezir", it is a poem of 218 verses. Unlike the comedic nature of most of his poems found in the "Cancionero de Baena", this poem is more serious in topic and tone. "Dezir" is addressed to Juan II, whom Baena calls “alto rey muy soberano/delos reynos de castilla.” After a lengthy address, which goes on to further compliment the king, Baena advises the king of the political actions he ought to take in order to strengthen the country. While this advice shares many similarities with Juan de Mena’s "Laberinto", in "Dezir", Baena also makes his own more unique contributions. One of these contributions is, using the metaphor of illness, the characterization of Castile as in need of the medicine of the king’s strong rule, a rule that would eliminate the corrupt local governments of the time and further unite the nation, in order to better defeat the threats of Muslim forces. To prove the merit of his advice, Baena uses Alfonso VIII of Castile as an example of what Juan II ought to do and how such a strategy has been successful in the past. According to Baena, Alfonso’s close leadership brought about stronger national unity and the defeat of many Muslims in Spain at that time. Baena’s "Dezir" shows a side of the author that has largely been unstudied. Baena was not only a gifted compiler, poet, and jester, he also composed political works that showed a greater depth of knowledge and intellect than previously speculated.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Literary Style.

paragraph: Baena’s literary style relied greatly on the use of self-deprecating humor and the ability to mock both himself and others without falling from grace and offending any powerful courtiers. This self-deprecation and other forms of mockery was also customary for his contemporary court poets as well, including Villasandino (the only non "converso" poet writing in this genre) and Baena’s nephew Montoro. For Baena, this kind of self-mockery included pointing out “his own ugliness and dwarf-like stature.” In this era, to be a successful fool in court, Baena had to rely on more than “plain ugliness or a crooked spine.” In order to “attain the highest metaphysical level of ‘madness,’” a trait which defined what it was to be a medieval fool and court poet, it was necessary to “open wide the closet and reveal the skeleton within. And this is what Baena and many others did, seizing every opportunity to make fun of their own Jewish blood and former faith.” Instead of hiding their Jewish roots, as might be expected during this era of intolerance and even persecution of Jews in Spain, in their writing, "converso" fools were expected to accentuate their ‘mad’ pasts in order to make the court laugh. Here, Baena’s style worked to diminish the perceived threat of his Jewish Otherness until it was reduced to nothing more than amusing stereotypes about large noses and harmless dietary differences.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arce Avalle, and Juan Bautista, "Sobre Juan Alfonso de Baena," "Revista de Filologìa Hispanica" 8.1-2 (1946), 141-47.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Fraker, "Studies on the Cancionero de Baena" (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1966).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gregory S. Hutcheson, "'Pinning Him to the Wall': The Poetics of Self-Destruction in the Court of Juan II," in: "Medieval Forms of Argument: Disputation and Debate", ed. Georgiana Donavin, Carol Poster, and Richard Utz (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2002), 87-102.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archive.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cancionero Virtual

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fundación Centro de Documentación Juan Alfonso de Baena

paragraph: BULLET::::- JewishEncyclopedia.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- SpanishArts.com

description: Spanish poet

wikidata_label: Juan Alfonso de Baena

wikipedia_title: Juan Alfonso de Baena


text:
House of Rougé
Rougé
Derval
Viscount
La Guerche
Governor
Brittany
General
England
war of succession
Duchy of Brittany
La Roche-Derrien
Edward III of England
Jean
Tower of London

categories: 14th-century French people,Medieval French knights,1377 deaths,Viscounts of La Guerche,French generals,1328 births

paragraph: Bonabes IV de Rougé de Derval

paragraph: Bonabes IV de Rougé de Derval (c. 1328 – 1377) was a knight from the House of Rougé, Lord of Rougé and Derval, Viscount of La Guerche, Governor of South Brittany and of Redon, General of the Breton army and later of the French King's army, and ambassador of the King of France in England.

paragraph: Born about 1328, he inherited the vast lands of his ancestors and began very early to fight in the war of succession to the Duchy of Brittany. His father, his uncle and his grandfather had been killed by English knights at La Roche-Derrien in 1347. He later became the hostage of King Edward III of England for the person of the French King Jean, and escaped from the Tower of London. He died in 1377.

description: French general

wikidata_label: Bonabes IV de Rougé de Derval

wikipedia_title: Bonabes IV de Rougé de Derval


text: Maurice

text: Tiberius II Constantine

text: Ino Anastasia

text: Theophylact Simocatta

text: Paul the Deacon

text: John of Biclaro

text: Khosrau II

text: Miriam/Maria

text: Comes Excubitorum

text: Excubitors

text: Justin II

text: Dara

text: Khosrau I

text: Sassanid Empire

text: Gregory of Tours

text: Sophia

text: Theodora

text: Evagrius Scholasticus

text: Theophanes the Confessor

text: Caesar

text: adopted

text: John of Ephesus

text: Great Palace of Constantinople

text: palace of Hormisdas

text: Justinian I

text: Constantinople

text: Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople

text: Arabia

text: Augusta

text: Hormizd IV

text: Gregory of Tours

text: John of Ephesus

text: Gregory of Tours

text: Germanus

text: patrician

text: Africa Province

text: Germanus Justinus

text: Matasuntha

text: Jordanes

text: Amalasuntha

text: Eutharic

text: Thorismund

text: John of Nikiû

text: quaestor sacri palatii

text: Patriarch John IV

text: Theophylact Simocatta

text: crown

text: Hagia Sophia

text: warship

text: famine

text: chariot racing

text: Phocas

text: Sea of Marmara

text: Nicomedia

text: arthritis

text: Chalcedon

text: Germanus

text: maidservant

text: prefect

text: interrogation

text: torture

text: Patria of Constantinople

text: George Codinus

text: Bosporus

text: De Ceremoniis

text: Constantine VII

text: Theodosius

text: Theodosius II

text: Tiberius

text: Miriam/Maria

text: Michael the Syrian

text: Khosrau II

categories: Executed royalty,600s deaths,Augustae,Daughters of Byzantine emperors,Executed Byzantine people,Byzantine empresses,7th-century Byzantine people,6th-century Byzantine people,6th-century Byzantine women,560s births,Justinian dynasty,7th-century executions by the Byzantine Empire,People executed by decapitation

paragraph: Constantina (empress)

paragraph: Constantina (c. 560 – c. 605) was the Empress consort of Maurice of the Byzantine Empire. She was a daughter of Tiberius II Constantine and Ino Anastasia. Her parentage was recorded in the chronicles of Theophylact Simocatta, Paul the Deacon and John of Biclaro.

paragraph: The "Georgian Chronicle" identifies Constantina as a daughter of Khosrau II. However the Chronicle was compiled in the 13th century and so the contradictory parentage is considered a mistake. Other later accounts make Constantina his mother in law through her - most likely fictional - daughter Miriam/Maria.

paragraph: Section::::Caesar's daughter.

paragraph: Her father Tiberius was "Comes Excubitorum" (Commander of the Excubitors) under Justin II. Justin reportedly suffered from temporary fits of insanity and was unable to perform his duties as early as the fall of Dara to Khosrau I of the Sassanid Empire in November 573. According to Gregory of Tours, sole power of the Empire at this point was assumed by Sophia, a niece of Theodora and Empress consort of Justin II. Evagrius Scholasticus reports that Sophia managed to conclude a three-year truce with Khosrau by her own. But as a Regent she would require supporters and she picked Tiberius as her colleague in power.

paragraph: According to the chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor, Tiberius was officially appointed Caesar by Justin on 7 December 574. He was also adopted by Justin and thus became his appointed heir. At this point Ino emerged as "Caesarissa", the second-ranking lady in the Empire, and Constantina and her sister Charito became members of the imperial family.

paragraph: The Ecclesiastic history of John of Ephesus and the chronicle of Theophanes both consider Sophia planning to marry Tiberius herself. His current marriage seen as an offense to her. Ino and her daughters were not allowed to enter the Great Palace of Constantinople and were instead settled in the palace of Hormisdas, residence of Justinian I prior to his elevation to the throne. According to John of Ephesus, Tiberius joined them every evening and returned to the Great Palace every morning. Sophia also refused to let the ladies at court visit Ino and her daughters as a token of respect to them.

paragraph: Ino eventually left Constantinople in favor of Daphnudium, her previous residence. According to John of Ephesus, Tiberius left Constantinople to visit Ino when she fell sick. Her daughters are assumed to have joined her in her departure from the capital.

paragraph: Section::::Imperial daughter.

paragraph: In September 578 Justin II appointed Tiberius as his co-emperor. On 5 October 578 Justin was dead and Tiberius became the sole Emperor. According to John of Ephesus, Sophia sent Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople to Tiberius to convince him to divorce Ino. Offering both herself and her adult daughter Arabia as prospective brides for the new Emperor. Tiberius refused.

paragraph: Tiberius apparently feared for the safety of his wife and daughters. John of Ephesus reports the three women secretly smuggled into Constantinople by boat, late at night. Ino was proclaimed Empress in a public ceremony and received the rank of Augusta. Sophia also retained her rank and continued to hold a section of the palace to herself. Constantina had now become one of two imperial daughters.

paragraph: The reign of her father as Emperor was relatively short. In 582 Tiberius fell ill and the matter of succession became urgent. As before, Sophia was asked to choose a successor for the dying Emperor and chose Maurice, a general who had accomplished a number of victories over Hormizd IV, son and successor of Khosrau I. According to Gregory of Tours, she was planning to marry the new imperial heir.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: John of Ephesus and Gregory of Tours both present the marriages of Constantina and Charito as Tiberius outmaneuvering Sophia in securing the loyalties of his sons-in-law. On August 5, 582, Constantina was betrothed to Maurice and Charito to Germanus. Both men were named Caesars and became likely successors.

paragraph: Germanus was a patrician and governor of Africa Province. He is tentatively identified with the posthumous son of Germanus Justinus and Matasuntha mentioned by Jordanes. Matasuntha was a daughter of Amalasuntha and Eutharic. Eutharic is given by Jordanes as a son of Vetericus, grandson of Berimud and great-grandson of Thorismund.

paragraph: A historical interpretation for the dual marriage was that Tiberius intended to appoint two co-emperors as his successors. Possibly with a division of provinces between them. Whether there were such plans, they never took form. According to John of Nikiû, Germanus was Tiberius' favored candidate for the throne but declined out of humility.

paragraph: On 13 August Tiberius was already on his deathbed and civilian, military and ecclesiastical dignitaries awaited the appointment of his successor. Tiberius had reportedly prepared a speech on the matter but at this point was too weak to speak. The "quaestor sacri palatii" read it for him. The speech proclaimed Maurice an Augustus and sole successor to the throne. On 14 August Tiberius died and Maurice became sole emperor. Constantina remained his betrothed.

paragraph: Section::::Empress.

paragraph: The marriage of Constantina and Maurice took place in autumn 582. The ceremony was performed by Patriarch John IV and is described in detail by Theophylact Simocatta. Constantina was proclaimed an Augusta while both Sophia and Anastasia also kept the same title. John of Ephesus mentions all three Augustas residing in the Great Palace.

paragraph: Anastasia was the first of the three ladies to die. Theophanes places her death in 593. Constantina seems to have enjoyed better relations with Sophia than her mother did. Theophanes records them to have jointly offered a precious crown as an Easter present to Maurice in 601. He accepted their gift but then ordered it hang over the altar of Hagia Sophia as his own tribute to the church, which according to Theophanes was taken an insult by both Augustas and caused a rift in the marriage.

paragraph: Section::::Deposition.

paragraph: On 22 November 602, Maurice, Constantina and their children left Constantinople in a warship. Citywide riots had started due to a famine, the Green chariot racing club had turned against them and a mutinous army under Phocas had arrived outside the gates. Phocas was proclaimed an emperor on 23 November.

paragraph: The warship faced a winter storm at sea and sought refuge at the Asian coast of the Sea of Marmara, not far from Nicomedia. Maurice suffered from arthritis and was incapacitated by severe pain after his flight at sea. Troops loyal to Phocas captured the deposed imperial family days later and brought them to Chalcedon. On 27 November, all five sons were executed before the eyes of their father. Then Maurice himself was executed. Constantina survived as a widow.

paragraph: In 603, Constantina and her three daughters were exiled to a monastery, known as "House of Leo". The monastery has been tentatively identified with the Monastery of St. Mamas, founded and run by their relative Theoctista, a sister of Maurice.

paragraph: Theophanes records that Constantina maintained contact with Germanus, and that both were conspiring against Phocas. Their messages were entrusted to Petronia, a maidservant under Constantina. Petronia proved disloyal and reported the conspiracy to Phocas. Constantina was arrested and placed in the custody of Theopemptus, prefect of Constantinople. Her interrogation included torture and she was forced to give the name of her fellow conspirators.

paragraph: Constantina and all three of her daughters were executed at Chalcedon. Germanus and an unnamed daughter of his were also executed. The daughter had been the widow of Theodosius. Theophanes places the deaths in 605/606 but the exact date is in doubt.

paragraph: The "Patria of Constantinople", attributed to George Codinus, mentions Constantina was decapitated and her corpse thrown in the Bosporus; however, De Ceremoniis by Constantine VII mentions Maurice, Constantina and their children buried at the monastery of St. Mamas.

paragraph: Section::::Family and children.

paragraph: The marriage was fertile and produced nine known children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theodosius (4 August 583/585 – after 27 November 602). According to John of Ephesus, he was the first heir born to a reigning emperor since the reign of Theodosius II (408–450). He was appointed Caesar in 587 and co-emperor on 26 March 590.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tiberius (d. 27 November 602).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Petrus (d. 27 November 602).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paulus (d. 27 November 602).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Justin (d. 27 November 602).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Justinian (d. 27 November 602).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anastasia (d. c. 605).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theoctista (d. c. 605).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cleopatra (d. c. 605).

paragraph: A daughter Miriam/Maria is recorded by the 12th-century chronicler Michael the Syrian as married to Khosrau II, but her existence is most likely fictional as she is not mentioned by any Byzantine source. If real, she would have been born soon after Constantina's marriage to Maurice in 582.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "", 2006

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- -The listing of her mother in the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- -The page of "Maurice and his historian" dealing with her marriage

description: Byzantine empress

wikidata_label: Constantina

wikipedia_title: Constantina (empress)


text:
geologist
geographer
geography
University of Giessen
South America
merchant
Hamburg
Jena
Göttingen
Leipzig
Privatdozent
Venezuela
Colombia
Ferdinand von Richthofen
Alexander von Humboldt
ice age
headwaters
Marañón
Amazon
continent
Colombia
Venezuela
Peru
Ecuador
World War I
Dissertation
Taunus
Hermann Karsten

categories: Explorers of South America,German geographers,German geologists,Botanists with author abbreviations,Botanists active in South America,1921 deaths,German explorers,Glaciologists,German botanists,Geopoliticians,People from Hamburg,1860 births

paragraph: Wilhelm Sievers

paragraph: Friedrich Wilhelm Sievers (3 December 1860 – 11 June 1921) was a German geologist and geographer. He served as professor of geography at the University of Giessen. His field work focussed on South America, and his "Allgemeine Länderkunde" was for several decades a standard work on world geography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Sievers was born into a merchant family in Hamburg. He was educated at Jena, Göttingen, and Leipzig, and was made "Privatdozent" at Würzburg in 1887 after extensive travels in Venezuela and Colombia. In his education, he broke with his mercantile family's tradition in order to study the emerging academic field of geography. He was one of Ferdinand von Richthofen's first students.

paragraph: On instructions from the Geological Society of Hamburg made three expeditions to South America to carry out geographical and geological studies on the different regions of the country inspired by the expeditions of Alexander von Humboldt. Sievers mainly focusing on documenting evidence for a South American ice age. In 1902, from the chatedra of Geography of the University of Giessen, he made public his opposition to the naval blockade that Germany, England and Italy imposed on Venezuela to force the collection of the foreign debt. In 1909, he established the headwaters of the Marañón, the main source of the Amazon river.

paragraph: Wilhelm Sievers published the "Allgemeine Länderkunde" (several editions 1891-1935), which for several decades was the leading international geographical publication covering all continents.

paragraph: Section::::Journeys.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1884-1886: Colombia and Venezuela

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1891-1893: Venezuela

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1909: Peru and Ecuador

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.:South America.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reise in der Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta", 1887

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Venezuela", 1888

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Cordillere von Mérida, nebst Bemerkungen über das Karibische Gebirge", 1888

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zweite Reise in Venezuela in den Jahren 1892-93", 1896

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Quellen des Marañon-Amazonas", 1910

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reise in Peru und Ekuador, Ausgeführt 1909", 1914

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.:"Allgemeine Länderkunde".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Allgemeine Länderkunde: Erste Ausgabe in fünf Bänden", First edition in five volumes, 1891–95

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Allgemeine Länderkunde: Zweite Ausgabe in sechs Bänden", Second edition in six volumes, 1901–05

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Allgemeine Länderkunde: Kleine Ausgabe in zwei Bänden", Compact edition in two volumes, 1907

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Allgemeine Länderkunde: Dritte Ausgabe in sechs Bänden", Third edition 1914 (Due to the outbreak of World War I, this edition remained incomplete)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Allgemeine Länderkunde: Begr. von W. Sievers", Third/fourth edition, 1924–35

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.:Other publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Über die Abhängigkeit der jetzigen Konfessionsverteilung in Südwestdeutschland von den früheren Territorialgrenzen" (Dissertation), Göttingen 1884.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zur Kenntnis des Taunus", Stuttgart, 1891

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- F. Oliver Brachfield: "Sievers en Mérida. De los apuntes de un geógrafo alemán en la Cordillera – 1885", Mérida 1951.

paragraph: BULLET::::- P. Claß: "Universitätsprofessor Dr. Wilhelm Sievers †. Ein Nachruf", Geographischer Anzeiger, 23. Jahrg. 1922 Heft 1/2

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. Schubert: "Hermann Karsten (1851) y Wilhelm Sievers (1888): las primeras descripciones e interpretaciones sobre el órigen de las terrazas aluviales en la Córdillera de Mérida". Bol. Hist. Geocien. Venez., 44, pp 15–19

description: German geologist

wikidata_label: Wilhelm Sievers

wikipedia_title: Wilhelm Sievers


paragraph: Hiraiwa Chikayoshi

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turnbull, Stephen (1998). "The Samurai Sourcebook". London: Cassell & Co.

description: daimyo

wikidata_label: Hiraiwa Chikayoshi

wikipedia_title: Hiraiwa Chikayoshi


text:
Italy
Pompei
Rome
Naples
Paris
Naples
Pompei
Sorrento
Capri
Amalfi
Sicily
Florence
Pisa
Siena
Rome
Genova
Naples
Giorgio Sommer
J. Paul Getty Museum
Musée D'Orsay
Museo di Roma
Art and Architecture images
Images of Pompei
Getty Museum record

categories: British photographers,Year of death missing,Italian photographers

paragraph: Robert Rive

paragraph: Robert Rive was a 19th-century photographer who was born in Great Britain but developed most of his work in Italy.

paragraph: After several years working in this country he changed his name to Roberto Rive.

paragraph: The main collections of his work are the photos from Pompei and Rome in the 1860s and 1870s.

paragraph: Rive exhibited at the "10th Annual Exhibition of the Photographie".

paragraph: Section::::Photography.

paragraph: Robert Rive worked as a topographical and portrait photographer from the beginning of the 1860s until 1889 in Naples. In 1867, he took part at the Exposition Universelle of Paris. His studio produced views and stereographs of many Italian cities.

paragraph: He took photographs of monuments of Naples, Pompei, Sorrento, Capri, Amalfi and monuments of Sicily. He also tooks photographs of cities as Florence, Pisa, Siena, Rome and Genova. He held studios in Naples, Palazzo Serracapriola, Palazzo Lieti.

paragraph: ""Giorgio Sommer and Robert Rive began a systematic census of the monuments and daily life, in an amazing collection that provided information on Campania and Sicily""

paragraph: He also patented a photosensitive paper used in Southern Italy.

paragraph: Section::::Artwork Holders.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Paul Getty Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée D'Orsay

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museo di Roma

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art and Architecture images

paragraph: BULLET::::- Images of Pompei

paragraph: BULLET::::- Getty Museum record

description: British photographer

wikidata_label: Robert Rive

wikipedia_title: Robert Rive


text:
Livonia
Pärnu
Estonia
Münster
composer
Westphalia
Johannes Brahms
Leipzig
philology
philosophy
University of Tartu
avocation
Saint Petersburg
Dresden
Göttingen
mass
Theodore Thomas

categories: German Romantic composers,20th-century conductors (music),People from Pärnu,19th-century German musicians,German classical composers,German male classical composers,1903 deaths,1827 births,Baltic-German people,People from the Governorate of Livonia,German male conductors (music),University of Tartu alumni,German conductors (music),20th-century male musicians,University of Göttingen faculty

paragraph: Julius Otto Grimm

paragraph: Julius Otto Grimm (March 6, 1827 in Pernau, Livonia, now Pärnu, Estonia – December 7, 1903 in Münster) was a composer, conductor and musician of Westphalia. He is best remembered today as one of the best friends of Johannes Brahms, whom he met in Leipzig in 1853.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: After studying philology and philosophy at the University of Tartu (then the University of Dorpat), concluding his exams in 1848, he began his career and avocation as tutor in Saint Petersburg.

paragraph: At this time he began publishing his first compositions. He also pursued further studies in Dresden from 1851/2.

paragraph: In 1855, he took an appointment as Professor of Music and Choral Conductor in Göttingen. Five years later, in 1860 he accepted the post of conductor of the Musikverein (Music Association) of Münster. During his 40 years of activity in Münster he received many honors and appointments. He received an honorary doctorate in 1897.

paragraph: At his death among his papers were found "hundreds of letters from Madame Schumann, Brahms and Dr. Joachim", several of Brahms' manuscripts (presumably) given as gifts, including that of the piano sonata no. 1 op. 1, a song from op. 3, and Brahms' "Missa Canonica", an unfinished mass material from which went into the motets op. 74 (and which has been recorded).

paragraph: His compositions include a violin sonata in A major, three suites, and a symphony in D minor, his opus 19, published in 1875. One of Grimm's suites, his opus 10 in canon form, is given positive mention and described in some detail in a review (of a performance by the Boston Symphony under Theodore Thomas, in March 1869) in John Sullivan Dwight's journal.

description: German composer and conductor

wikidata_label: Julius Otto Grimm

wikipedia_title: Julius Otto Grimm


text:
Zanesville, Ohio
Hollywood, California
leukemia
A Million Bid
As in a Looking Glass
The Decoy
Runaway Romany
The Tenth Case
The Mystery of the Double Cross
Scandal
The Safety Curtain
The Heart of Wetona
Who's Your Brother?
The Third Degree
Yes or No ?
The Silver Lining
Footfalls
Channing of the Northwest
The Woman With Four Faces
Alias Mary Flynn
The Wedding Song
Temptations of a Shop Girl
The Man Without a Face
The Adorable Cheat
The Girl He Didn't Buy
Driftin' Sands
Weary River
His Captive Woman
The Girl from Woolworth's
Paradise Island
Consolation Marriage
Branded Men
Maizie
Lucky Devils
Queen Christina
Mr. Deeds Goes to Town
Racketeers in Exile
Captains Courageous
Boys Town
Another Thin Man

categories: American male silent film actors,Deaths from leukemia,People from Zanesville, Ohio,American male film actors,20th-century American male actors,1948 deaths,Deaths from cancer in California,1888 births,Male actors from Ohio

paragraph: Gladden James

paragraph: Gladden James (February 26, 1888 – August 28, 1948) was an American film actor. He appeared in 187 films between 1911 and 1946. He was born in Zanesville, Ohio and died in Hollywood, California, from leukemia. He married Julia Nagl, a Broadway actress, in New York City in 1913. They had one child, Jacqueline F. James, M.D. (October 19, 1914 – December 28, 1986). They divorced the following year.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Million Bid" (1914) - Harry Furniss

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Strange Story of Sylvia Gray" (1914) - Mr. Lennox

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Man Who Couldn't Beat God" (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "As in a Looking Glass" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Decoy" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Runaway Romany" (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tenth Case" (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mystery of the Double Cross" (1917, Serial)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scandal" (1917) as Malcolm Frase

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Safety Curtain" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Heart of Wetona" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who's Your Brother?" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Third Degree" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yes or No ?" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Silver Lining" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Footfalls" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Channing of the Northwest" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Woman With Four Faces" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alias Mary Flynn" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wedding Song" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Temptations of a Shop Girl" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Man Without a Face" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Adorable Cheat" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Girl He Didn't Buy" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Driftin' Sands" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Weary River" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "His Captive Woman" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Girl from Woolworth's" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paradise Island" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Consolation Marriage" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Branded Men" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maizie" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lucky Devils" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Queen Christina" (1933) as Rabble Rouser (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mr. Deeds Goes to Town" (1936) as Court Clerk (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Racketeers in Exile" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Captains Courageous" (1937) as Secretary Cobb (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Boys Town" (1938) (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Another Thin Man" (1939) (uncredited)

description: actor

wikidata_label: Gladden James

wikipedia_title: Gladden James


text:
Shropshire
Gone to Earth
Michael Powell
Emeric Pressburger
Cold Comfort Farm
Stella Gibbons
Shropshire
Leighton
Shrewsbury
Sir Walter Scott
Much Wenlock
finishing school
Southport
Stanton upon Hine Heath
Meole Brace
Shrewsbury
Graves' disease
thyroid
goitre
harelip
Precious Bane
Shrewsbury rail accident
Shrewsbury Chronicle
Weston-super-Mare
market gardener
Pontesbury
Bayston Hill
St Leonards on Sea
Prix Femina Vie Heureuse
Stanley Baldwin
Literary Fund
Jonathan Cape
Stella Gibbons
Cold Comfort Farm
Sheila Kaye-Smith
Mary E. Mann
Thomas Hardy
Punch
Much Wenlock
J. M. Dent
Hutchinson
Precious Bane
Jonathan Cape
Joan Hassall
Martin Armstrong
Welsh Marches
Gone to Earth
Michael Powell
Emeric Pressburger
Jennifer Jones
National Film Archive
Precious Bane
Battle of Waterloo
harelip
witch
BBC
Patrick Troughton
Daphne Slater
ORTF
Claude Santelli
Dominique Labourier
Josep Maria Flotats
Pierre Vaneck
BBC
Janet McTeer
Clive Owen
John Bowe
Shrewsbury Library
The Mary Webb Society
Literary Heritage - West Midlands

categories: English romantic fiction writers,People from Shropshire,English women novelists,20th-century English novelists,1881 births,1927 deaths,Women romantic fiction writers

paragraph: Mary Webb

paragraph: Mary Gladys Webb (25 March 1881 – 8 October 1927) was an English romantic novelist and poet of the early 20th century, whose work is set chiefly in the Shropshire countryside and among Shropshire characters and people whom she knew. Her novels have been successfully dramatized, most notably the film "Gone to Earth" in 1950 by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger. The novels are thought to have inspired the famous parody "Cold Comfort Farm" (1932) by Stella Gibbons.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: She was born Mary Gladys Meredith in 1881 at Leighton Lodge in the Shropshire village of Leighton, 8 miles (13 km) southeast of Shrewsbury. Her father, George Edward Meredith, a private schoolteacher, inspired his daughter with his own love of literature and the local countryside. Her mother Sarah Alice was descended from a family related to Sir Walter Scott. Mary explored the countryside around her childhood home, and developed a sense of detailed observation and description, of both people and places, which later infused her poetry and prose.

paragraph: At the age of one year, she moved with her parents to Much Wenlock, where they lived at a house called The Grange outside the town. Mary was taught by her father, then sent to a finishing school for girls at Southport in 1895.

paragraph: Her parents moved the family again in Shropshire, north to Stanton upon Hine Heath in 1896, before settling in 1902 at Meole Brace, now on the outskirts of Shrewsbury.

paragraph: At the age of 20, she developed symptoms of Graves' disease, a thyroid disorder that resulted in bulging protuberant eyes and throat goitre. It caused ill health throughout her life and probably contributed to her early death. This affliction resulted in her being empathic with the suffering. She is considered to have created a fictional counterpart in the disfiguring harelip of Prue Sarn, the heroine of "Precious Bane".

paragraph: Webb's first published writing was a five-verse poem, written on hearing news of the Shrewsbury rail accident in October 1907. Her brother, Kenneth Meredith, so liked the poem and thought it potentially comforting for those affected by the disaster that, without her knowledge, he took it to the newspaper offices of the "Shrewsbury Chronicle", which printed the poem anonymously. Mary, who usually burnt her early poems, was appalled before learning that the newspaper had received appreciative letters from its readers.

paragraph: In 1912, Webb married Henry Bertram Law Webb, a teacher, at Meole Brace's Holy Trinity parish church. At first he supported her literary interests. They lived for a time in Weston-super-Mare, before moving back to Mary's beloved Shropshire, where they worked as market gardeners until Henry secured a job as a teacher at the Priory School for boys in Shrewsbury.

paragraph: The couple lived briefly in Rose Cottage near the village of Pontesbury between the years 1914 and 1916, during which time she wrote "The Golden Arrow". Her time in the village was commemorated in 1957 by the opening of the "Mary Webb School".

paragraph: The publication of "The Golden Arrow" in 1917 enabled them to move to Lyth Hill, Bayston Hill, a place she loved, where they bought a plot of land and built Spring Cottage.

paragraph: In 1921, they bought a second property in London, in the hope that by being in the city, she could achieve greater literary recognition. This, however, did not happen. By 1927, she was suffering increasingly bad health, her marriage was failing, and she returned to Spring Cottage alone. She died at St Leonards on Sea, aged 46. She was buried in Shrewsbury, at the General Cemetery in Longden Road.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Her writing in general was reviewed as notable for poetic descriptions of nature. Another aspect throughout her work was a close and fatalistic view on human psychology.

paragraph: She won the Prix Femina Vie Heureuse for "Precious Bane". After her death that Stanley Baldwin, then Prime Minister, brought about her commercial success through his approbation; at a Literary Fund dinner in 1928, Baldwin referred to her as a neglected genius. Consequently her collected works were republished in a standard edition by Jonathan Cape, becoming best sellers in the 1930s and running into many editions.

paragraph: Stella Gibbons's 1932 novel "Cold Comfort Farm" was a parody of Webb's work, as well as of other "loam and lovechild" writers like Sheila Kaye-Smith and Mary E. Mann and, further back, Thomas Hardy. In a 1966 "Punch" article, Gibbons observed:

paragraph: The large agonised faces in Mary Webb's book annoyed me ... I did not believe people were any more despairing in Herefordshire "[sic]" than in Camden Town.

paragraph: The museum at the Tourist Information Centre in Much Wenlock includes much information on Mary Webb, including a display of photographs of the filming of her novel "Gone to Earth" in 1950.

paragraph: Her cottage on Lyth Hill (not open to the public) can still be seen. In September 2013, plans were submitted for its demolition.

paragraph: Three of Webb's novels have been reprinted by Virago.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Golden Arrow" (July 1916). London : Constable.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gone to Earth" (September 1917). London : Constable.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Spring of Joy; a little book of healing" (October 1917). London : J. M. Dent.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The House in Dormer Forest" (July 1920). London : Hutchinson.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seven For A Secret; a love story" (October 1922). London : Hutchinson.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Precious Bane" (July 1924). London : Jonathan Cape.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poems and the Spring of Joy (Essays and Poems)" (1928). London : Jonathan Cape.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Armour Wherein He Trusted: A Novel and Some Stories" (1929). London : Jonathan Cape.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Mary Webb Anthology, edited by Henry B.L. Webb" (1939). London : Jonathan Cape.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fifty-One Poems" (1946). London : Jonathan Cape. With wood engravings by Joan Hassall

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Essential Mary Webb, edited by Martin Armstrong " (1949). London : Jonathan Cape.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mary Webb: Collected Prose and Poems, edited by Gladys Mary Coles" (1977). Shrewsbury : Wildings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Selected Poems of Mary Webb, edited by Gladys Mary Coles" (1981). Wirral : Headland

paragraph: Section::::Dramatic adaptations.

paragraph: "Gone to Earth" is the story of Hazel Woodus, a child of nature who simply wants to be herself, living among the remote Shropshire hills of the Welsh Marches with her harpist coffin-building father. She is reluctantly drawn into the world of romantic human relationships through her great beauty, marrying a local church minister, but also becomes the object of the local fox-hunting squire's obsessive love. Hazel is chased over the edge of a quarry trying to save her beloved pet fox from the local hunt. The title, of course, is the hutsman's cry denoting that the fox had escaped into its den. "Gone to Earth" was filmed in 1950 by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger, starring Jennifer Jones as Hazel Woodus. However, it was later re-edited, shortened and retitled for its American release, and fell into relative obscurity. In 1985, the full 110-minute restored version was released by the National Film Archive, to critical acclaim.

paragraph: "Precious Bane" is set in the years after the Battle of Waterloo, and tells the story of Prue Sarn, disfigured by a harelip which her superstitious neighbours regard as a sign that she is a witch, and how she falls in love with a visiting weaver, Kester Woodseaves. It was first produced as a six-part BBC television drama series in 1957, starring Patrick Troughton and Daphne Slater. It was then adapted for French television (ORTF) in 1968 by director Claude Santelli, with Dominique Labourier as Prue, Josep Maria Flotats as Gedeon and Pierre Vaneck as Kester. The title was "Sarn", after the French title of the novel. The most recent adaptation was as a television play by the BBC in 1989, with Janet McTeer as Prue, Clive Owen as her brother Gideon, and John Bowe as Kester.

paragraph: Section::::Memorials.

paragraph: A monumental bust of Mary Webb, commissioned by the Mary Webb Society, was unveiled in the grounds of Shrewsbury Library on 9 July 2016.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barale, Michele Aina. Daughters and Lovers: The Life and Writing of Mary Webb. 1986

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Mary Webb Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- Literary Heritage - West Midlands - profile and e-texts of all her novels

description: English writer

wikidata_label: Mary Webb

wikipedia_title: Mary Webb