text:
Sultan
Delhi
Lodi dynasty
Bahlul Lodi
Sultan
Bahlul Lodi
Pashtun
Gwalior
Bihar
Alauddin Hussain Shah
Bengal
Agra
Manasimha
Dholpur
Chambal River
Mandrayal
Agra
jihad
Narwar
Malwa Sultanate

wikipedia_title:
Sultan
Delhi Sultanate
Lodi dynasty
Bahlul Lodi
Sultan
Bahlul Lodi
Pashtuns
Gwalior
Bihar
Alauddin Husain Shah
Bengal
Agra
Man Singh Tomar
Dholpur
Chambal River
Mandrayal
Agra
Jihad
Narwar
Malwa Sultanate

categories: 16th-century Indian monarchs,Indian people of Pashtun descent,Lodi dynasty,1517 deaths,15th-century Indian monarchs

paragraph: Sikandar Lodi

paragraph: Sikandar Lodi (died 21 November 1517), born Nizam Khan, was the Sultan of Delhi between 1489 and 1517. He became the next ruler of the Lodi dynasty after the death of his father Bahlul Lodi in July 1489. The second and most successful ruler of the Lodi dynasty of the Delhi sultanate, he was also a poet of the Persian language and prepared a diwan of 9000 verses.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Sikandar was the second son of Sultan Bahlul Lodi. He was of Pashtun origin through his father.

paragraph: Sikandar was a capable ruler who encouraged trade across his territory, but discriminated against Hindu subjects. He expanded Lodi territory into the regions of Gwalior and Bihar. He made a treaty with Alauddin Hussain Shah and his kingdom of Bengal. In 1503, he commissioned the building of the present-day city of Agra. Agra was founded by him.

paragraph: Section::::Conflict with Mansingh Tomar.

paragraph: The newly cronwed Manasimha was not prepared for an invasion from Delhi, and decided to avoid a war by paying Bahlul Lodi a tribute of 800,000 "tanka"s (coins). In 1489, Sikandar Lodi succeeded Bahlul Lodi as the Sultan of Delhi. In 1500, Manasimha provided asylum to some rebels from Delhi, who had been involved in a plot to overthrow Sikander Lodi. The Sultan, wanting to punish Manasimha, and to expand his territory, launched a punitive expedition against Gwalior. In 1501, he captured Dholpur, a dependency of Gwalior, whose ruler Vinayaka-deva fled to Gwalior.

paragraph: Sikander Lodi then marched towards Gwalior, but after crossing the Chambal River, an epidemic outbreak in his camp forced him to halt his march. Manasimha used this opportunity to reconcile with Lodi, and sent his son Vikramaditya to the Lodi camp with gifts for the Sultan. He promised to expel the rebels from Delhi, on the condition that Dholpur be restored to Vinayaka-deva. Sikander Lodi agreed to these terms, and left. Historian Kishori Saran Lal theorizes that Vinayaka Deva hadn't lost Dholpur at all: this narrative was created by the Delhi chroniclers to flatter the Sultan.

paragraph: In 1504, Sikander Lodi resumed his war against the Tomaras. First, he captured the Mandrayal fort, located to the east of Gwalior. He ransacked the area around Mandrayal, but many of his soldiers lost their lives in a subsequent epidemic outbreak, forcing him to return to Delhi. Sometime later, Lodi moved his base to the newly established city of Agra, which was located closer to Gwalior. He captured Dholpur, and then marched against Gwalior, characterizing the expedition as a "jihad". From September 1505 to May 1506, Lodi managed to ransack the rural areas around Gwalior, but was unable to capture the Gwalior fort because of Manasimha's hit-and-run tactics. A scarcity of food resulting from Lodi's destruction of crops forced Lodi to give up the siege. During his return to Agra, Manasimha ambushed his army near Jatwar, inflicting heavy casualties on the invaders.

paragraph: After capturing the Gwalior fort, Lodi decided to capture the smaller forts surrounding Gwalior. Dholpur and Mandrayal were already in his control by this time. In February 1507, he captured the Uditnagar (Utgir or Avantgarh) fort lying on the Narwar-Gwalior route. In September 1507, he marched against Narwar, whose ruler (a member of the Tomara clan) fluctuated his allegiance between the Tomaras of Gwalior and the Malwa Sultanate. He captured the fort after a year-long siege. In December 1508, Lodi placed Narwar in charge of Raj Singh Kachchwaha, and marched to Lahar (Lahayer) located to the south-east of Gwalior. He stayed at Lahar for a few months, during which he cleared its neighbourhood of rebels. Over the next few years, Lodi remained busy in other conflicts. In 1516, he made a plan to capture Gwalior, but an illness prevented him from doing so. Manasimha died in 1516, and Sikander Lodi's illness also led to his death in November 1517.

description: 30th Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate and 2nd from the Lodi dynasty

wikidata_label: Sikandar Lodi

wikipedia_title: Sikandar Lodi


text:
king
Twenty-second Dynasty
Ancient Egypt
Takelot I
Tanis
Harsiese A
Thebes
Nimlot C
Assyria
Israel
Syria
Bastet
Bubastis
Sed festival
Tanis
Leontopolis
Karnak
Takelot II
Shoshenq III
Ankhkherednefer
Sed Jubilee
Bubastis
Stela
Egyptologists
Jürgen von Beckerath
Kenneth Kitchen
Nimlot C
Takelot II
Shoshenq D
High Priest of Ptah
Hornakht
Tanis
God's Wife of Amun
Takelot III
Karomama Meritmut
God's Wife of Amun
Shoshenq III
Shoshenq III
Takelot II
Lower Egypt
Pami
Pierre Montet

wikipedia_title:
Pharaoh
Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt
Ancient Egypt
Takelot I
Tanis
Harsiese A
Thebes, Egypt
Nimlot C
Assyria
Israel
Syria
Bastet
Bubastis
Sed festival
Tanis
Leontopolis
Karnak
Takelot II
Shoshenq III
Ankhkherednefer
Sed festival
Bubastis
Stele
List of Egyptologists
Jürgen von Beckerath
Kenneth Kitchen
Nimlot C
Takelot II
Shoshenq D
High Priest of Ptah
Hornakht
Tanis
God's Wife of Amun
Takelot III
Karomama Meritmut
God's Wife of Amun
Shoshenq III
Shoshenq III
Takelot II
Upper and Lower Egypt
Pami
Pierre Montet

categories: 9th-century BC Pharaohs,Pharaohs of the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt,837 BC deaths,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Osorkon II

paragraph: Usermaatre Setepenamun Osorkon II was the fifth king of the Twenty-second Dynasty of Ancient Egypt and the son of King Takelot I and Queen Kapes. He ruled Egypt from approximately 872 BC to 837 BC from Tanis, the capital of that dynasty.

paragraph: After succeeding his father, Osorkon II was faced with the competing rule of his cousin, King Harsiese A, who controlled both Thebes and the Western Oasis of Egypt. Potentially, Harsiese's kingship could have posed a serious challenge to the authority of Osorkon, however, when Harsiese died in 860 BC, Osorkon II acted to ensure that no king would replace Harsiese. He appointed his son, Nimlot C, as the high priest of Amun at Thebes, which would have been the source for a successor to Harsiese. This consolidated the king's authority over Upper Egypt and thereafter, Osorkon II ruled over a united Egypt. Osorkon II's reign would be a time of prosperity for Egypt and large-scale monumental building ensued.

paragraph: Section::::Foreign policy and monumental program.

paragraph: Despite his astuteness in dealings with matters at home, Osorkon II was forced to be aggressive on the international scene. The growing power of Assyria was accompanied with increased meddling in the affairs of Israel and Syria – territories well within Egypt's sphere of influence.

paragraph: Osorkon II devoted considerable resources into his building projects by adding to the temple of Bastet at Bubastis, which featured a substantial new hall decorated with scenes depicting his Sed festival and images of his queen, Karomama. Monumental construction during his reign also was performed at Thebes, Memphis, Tanis, and Leontopolis. Osorkon II also built Temple J at Karnak during the final years of his reign and it was decorated by his high priest, Takelot F (the future king, Takelot II). Takelot F was the son of the deceased high priest Nimlot C and, thus, Osorkon II's grandson.

paragraph: Now, all of Osorkon II's sizeable stone statues are known to be re-used works of earlier periods that merely were re-inscribed for Osorkon II, including the famous "Cairo-Philadelphia statue of Osorkon II". Osorkon II was the last great Twenty-second Dynasty king of Tanis, ruling Egypt from the Delta to Upper Egypt. His successor, Shoshenq III, lost the effective control of Middle and Upper Egypt that Osorkon II had assembled into a united Egypt.

paragraph: Many officials may be dated to the reign of Osorkon II. Ankhkherednefer was "inspector of the palace", Paanmeny probably was his chief physician, Djeddjehutyiuefankh was the "fourth prophet of Amun", and Bakenkhons was another "prophet of Amun" during his reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign length.

paragraph: Approximately 937 BC, Osorkon II died and he was buried in Tomb NRT I at Tanis. Currently, he is believed to have reigned for more than 30 years, rather than just 25 years as had been interpreted earlier. The celebration of his first Sed Jubilee previously was thought to have occurred in his Year 22, but the Heb Sed date in his Great Temple of Bubastis is damaged and also may be read as Year 30, as Edward Wente notes. The fact that this king's own grandson, Takelot F, served him as High Priest of Amun at Thebes–as the inscribed walls of Temple J prove – supports the hypothesis of a longer reign for Osorkon II.

paragraph: Recently, it has been demonstrated that Nile Level Text 14 (dated to Year 29 of an Usimare Setepenamun) belongs to Osorkon II on palaeographical grounds. This finding suggests that Osorkon II likely did celebrate his first Heb Sed in his Year 30 as was traditionally the case with other Libyan era kings, such as Shoshenq III and Shoshenq V. In addition, a Year 22 Stela from his reign preserves no mention of any Heb Sed celebrations in that year, as would be expected (see Von Beckerath, 'infra').

paragraph: While Osorkon II's precise reign length is unknown, some Egyptologists, such as Jürgen von Beckerath – in his 1997 book Chronology of the Egyptian Pharaohs – and Aidan Dodson have suggested a range of between 38 and 39 years. However, these much higher figures are not verified by the current monumental evidence. Gerard Broekman gives Osorkon II a slightly shorter reign of 34 years. English Egyptologist Kenneth Kitchen, in a 2006 "Agypten und Levante" article, now accepts that if Nile Level Text 14 is correctly attributed to Year 29 of Osorkon II, then the reference to Osorkon's Sed Festival jubilee should be amended from Year 22 to Year 30. Kitchen suggests that Osorkon II would have died shortly afterward, in his Year 31.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and children.

paragraph: Osorkon II is known to have had at least four wives:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Queen Karomama is the best known of Osorkon's wives. Karomama was the mother of at least two sons and three daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isetemkheb is known to be the mother of a daughter named, Tjesbastperu, who was married to the High Priest of Ptah Takelot B.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Djedmutesakh IV was the mother of the High Priest of Amun Nimlot C. Nimlot C was a son of Osorkon II and the father of Takelot F, who would become Takelot II.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mutemhat was another of his wives.

paragraph: Other children of record included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Shoshenq D was High Priest of Ptah

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Hornakht was the High Priest of Amun in Tanis Osorkon II appointed Hornakht as the chief priest of Amun at Tanis to strengthen his authority in Lower Egypt; however, this was clearly a political move since Hornakht died prematurely before the age of ten.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Tashakheper may have served as God's Wife of Amun during the reign of Takelot III

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Karomama C, who may be identical to Karomama Meritmut, a God's Wife of Amun

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Taiirmer

paragraph: Other possible children attributed to Osorkon II include his successor Shoshenq III and the King's Daughter Tentsepeh (D), the wife of General Ptahudjankhef, who was a son of Nimlot C and hence, a grandson of Osorkon II.

paragraph: Section::::Successor.

paragraph: David Aston has argued in a JEA 75 (1989) paper that Osorkon II was succeeded by Shoshenq III at Tanis rather than Takelot II Si-Ese as Kitchen presumed because none of Takelot II's monuments have been found in Lower Egypt where other genuine Tanite kings, such as Osorkon II, Shoshenq III, and even the short-lived Pami (at 6-7 years) are attested on donation stelas, temple walls, and annal documents. Other Egyptologists, such as Gerard Broekman, Karl Jansen-Winkeln, Aidan Dodson, and Jürgen von Beckerath have endorsed this position as well. Von Beckerath also identifies Shoshenq III as the immediate successor of Osorkon II and places Takelot II as a separate king in Upper Egypt. Gerard Broekman writes in a recent 2005 GM article that, "in light of the monumental and genealogical evidence", Aston's chronology for the position of the twenty-second dynasty kings "is highly preferable" to Kitchen's chronology. The only documents that mention a king Takelot in Lower Egypt, such as a royal tomb at Tanis, a Year 9 donation stela from Bubastis, and a heart scarab featuring the nomen 'Takelot Meryamun' — now have been attributed exclusively to king Takelot I by Egyptologists today, including Kitchen.

paragraph: The English Egyptologist Aidan Dodson, in his book "The Canopic Equipment of the Kings of Egypt", observes that Shoshenq III built "a dividing wall, with a double scene showing Osorkon II" and him "each adoring an unnamed deity" in the antechamber of Osorkon II's tomb. Dodson concludes that while one may argue Shoshenq III erected the wall to hide Osorkon II's sarcophagus, it made no sense for Shoshenq to create such an elaborate relief if Takelot II really had intervened between him and Osorkon II at Tanis for 25 years, unless Shoshenq III was Osorkon II's immediate successor. Shoshenq III must, hence, have wished to associate himself with his predecessor – Osorkon II. Consequently, the case for establishing Takelot II as a Twenty-second Dynasty king and successor to Osorkon II disappears, as Dodson writes. Takelot II instead founded the twenty-third dynasty of Egypt and ruled a divided Egypt by administering Middle and Upper Egypt.

paragraph: Section::::Tomb.

paragraph: The French excavator Pierre Montet discovered Osorkon II's plundered royal tomb at Tanis on February 27, 1939. It revealed that Osorkon II was buried in a massive granite sarcophagus with a lid carved from a Ramesside-era statue. Only some fragments of a hawk-headed coffin and canopic jars remained in the robbed tomb to identify him. While the tomb had been looted in antiquity, what jewellery that remained "was of such high quality that existing conceptions of the wealth of the northern Twenty-first and Twenty-second dynasties had to be revised."

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernard V. Bothmer, The Philadelphia-Cairo Statue of Osorkon II, JEA 46 (1960), 3-11.

paragraph: BULLET::::- M.G. Daressy, une Stèle de Mit Yaich, ASAE 22 (1922), 77.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helen K. Jaquet-Gordon, The Inscriptions on the Philadelphia-Cairo Statue of Osorkon II, JEA 46 (1960), 12-23.

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Osorkon II

wikipedia_title: Osorkon II


text:
German
photographer
photojournalist
Dresden
World War II
Klein Jenkwitz
Silesia
smith
miner
photography
World War I
Halle
Dresden
labor movement
Communist Party of Germany
Nazi Party
Third Reich
World War II
bombing of Dresden
Socialist Unity Party of Germany
Saxon State Library
Deutsches Historisches Museum Berlin

categories: German photographers,German military personnel of World War II,People from the Province of Silesia,1895 births,German communists,German miners,German military personnel of World War I,1977 deaths

paragraph: Richard Peter

paragraph: Richard Peter (10 May 1895 – 3 October 1977) was a German press photographer and photojournalist. He is best known for his photographs of Dresden just after the end of World War II.

paragraph: Richard Peter was born and raised in Klein Jenkwitz, Silesia, working as a smith and a miner while dabbling in photography. He was drafted into the German army in 1914 to serve in World War I. After the war he settled in Halle and later in Dresden. He joined the labor movement and the Communist Party of Germany. During the 1920s and early 1930s he published his photographs in various left-wing publications. Because of this he was promptly barred from working as a press photographer when the Nazi Party rose to power in 1933. During the Third Reich he worked in advertising, before being drafted again to serve in World War II.

paragraph: Peter returned to Dresden in September 1945 to find the city destroyed after the bombing of Dresden in February 1945. His personal archive and equipment had been completely destroyed in the raids. Starting over with borrowed equipment, he began to document the damage to the city and the beginnings of its reconstruction. His photographs were published in 1949 in a volume called "Dresden, eine Kamera klagt an" ("Dresden, a photographic accusation", ).

paragraph: In 1949 Peter was expelled from the Socialist Unity Party of Germany, the successor of the Communist Party, when he investigated corrupt party officials. He continued to work as a freelance art photographer in Dresden until his death in 1977, and eventually won some international recognition for his work. Peter's more than 5,000 negatives and prints were acquired by the Saxon State Library in 1983.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deutsches Historisches Museum Berlin, "Richard Peter sen." (retrieved 11 February 2005).

description: German photographer

wikidata_label: Richard Peter

wikipedia_title: Richard Peter


text: Bosnian Ban

text: Vladislav Kotromanić

text: Stephen I Kotromanić

text: Elizabeth

text: Stefan Vladislav II

text: Sava

text: Adriatic

text: Cetina

text: Drina

text: Kotromanić dynasty

text: Mile

text: Visoko

text: Bosnian Church

text: Croatia

text: Ban

text: Mladen II Šubić

text: Zadar

text: Dalmatia

text: exile

text: Republic of Dubrovnik

text: Bosnia

text: Serbian Kingdom

text: Stephen Uroš II Milutin

text: Venetia

text: Zadar

text: Šubić

text: House of Kotromanić

text: Bosnian Church

text: Princess

text: Count

text: Ortenburg

text: Carniola

text: Pope

text: German

text: Ban of Croatia

text: Mladen II

text: Šubić

text: Ban of Bosnia

text: Paul I

text: Lord of all of Bosnia

text: Dalmatia

text: Charles I Robert

text: Matthew III Csák

text: Kőszegi family

text: Ban

text: Slavonia

text: Šubić

text: Skradin

text: Klis Fortress

text: Knin

text: Serbian King

text: Stefan Uroš II Milutin

text: Usora

text: Soli

text: Vladislav of Syrmia

text: Stefan Dečanski

text: Syrmia

text: nobility

text: counties ("župe")

text: Prince

text: Vladislav

text: title

text: Ban

text: Elizabeth of Kuyavia

text: Duke

text: Kazimierz III of Gniewków

text: Mladen I Šubić Bribirski

text: Usora

text: Soli

text: Nemanjić

text: Bulgarian tsar

text: Charles I Robert

text: Ban

text: Slavonia

text: Juraj II Šubić

text: Ivan Nelipić

text: Juraj II Šubić

text: Šubić

text: Knin

text: Trogir

text: Republic of Ragusa

text: Charles I

text: Croatia

text: Bihać

text: Cetina

text: Neretva

text: karst

text: polje

text: Livanjsko

text: Završje

text: Ottomans

text: Imotski

text: Livno

text: Duvno

text: Glamoč

text: Grahovo

text: Zahumlje

text: Republic of Ragusa

text: Zahumlje (or Hum)

text: Adriatic Sea

text: Archbishopric of Ohrid

text: Završje

text: Glamoč

text: Duvno

text: Livno

text: Branivojevićs

text: Crep

text: Stefan Dečanski

text: Neretva

text: Omiš

text: Branko Branivojević

text: Ston

text: Cetina

text: Omiš

text: Serbia

text: Trebinje

text: Konavli

text: Dušan

text: Priboj

text: Nevesinje

text: Popovo

text: Andrija, Prince of Hum

text: rebellion

text: mogorish

text: Pope

text: Franciscan Order

text: Inquisitor

text: Slavonia

text: Bosnian Bishop

text: Pope Benedict XII

text: Šubić

text: Ban of Croatia

text: Mladen III Šubić

text: Jelena Šubić

text: Klis Fortress

text: Stefan Dušan

text: Bogumil

text: Franciscan

text: General

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Pope

text: Papacy

text: Bosnia

text: Ston

text: Bosnian Church

text: Slavonia

text: Republic of Venice

text: Venice

text: Knin

text: Nelipić family

text: Cetina

text: Knights

text: Bihać

text: Zagreb

text: Zadar

text: Bihać

text: Stefan Dušan

text: bribe

text: florins

text: pyrrhic victory

text: Mladen II Šubić

text: Franciscan Order

text: Stefan Dušan

text: Hum area

text: Nemanjić dynasty

text: Serbian Empire

text: Venice

text: Byzantine Empire

text: fortress

text: Hum

text: Neretva

text: Tsar

text: Christmas

text: Konavli

text: Bay of Kotor

text: Trebinje

text: Gacko

text: Rudine

text: Drina

text: cavalry

text: infantry

text: Bosnia

text: impervious topography of his realm

text: Elizabeth

text: Bobovac

text: Cetina

text: Croatia

text: Krka

text: Byzantines

text: Macedonia

text: Republic of Ragusa

text: Venetian Republic

text: Stefan Uroš V

text: Empire

text: Republic of Venice

text: Dubrovnik

text: Monk

text: Bosnian

text: Bishop

text: herceg

text: German

text: Count

text: Helfenstein

text: Count

text: Herman I

text: Celje

text: Elizabeth of Poland

text: Elizabeth

text: Saint Nicholas

text: Mile

text: Visoko

text: Tvrtko

text: Vladislav Kotromanić

text: Banate of Bosnia

text: Bosnians

text: Bosnian

text: Croatian

text: Serbian

text: iotation

text: Count

text: Ortenburg

text: Carniola

text: Michael Shishman of Bulgaria

text: Elizabeth of Kuyavia

text: Kazimierz III of Gniewkowo

text: Ladislaus the Short

text: Dominik Mandić

text: Catherine

text: Celje

text: Herman II, Count of Celje

text: Elizabeth

text: Hungarian King

text: Louis I the Great

text: List of rulers of Bosnia

text: Medieval Lands: BOSNIA

text: Stjepan's document

text: Bosnian

categories: 14th-century births,Kotromanić dynasty,Bosnia and Herzegovina Roman Catholics,Bans of Bosnia,14th-century Bosnian people,1353 deaths,Converts to Roman Catholicism from Bosnian Church

paragraph: Stephen II, Ban of Bosnia

paragraph: Stephen II (, Стефан/Стјепан) was the Bosnian Ban from 1314, but in reality from 1322 to 1353 together with his brother, Vladislav Kotromanić in 1326–1353. He was the son of Bosnian Ban Stephen I Kotromanić and Elizabeth, sister of King Stefan Vladislav II. Throughout his reign in the fourteenth century, Stephen ruled the lands from Sava to the Adriatic and from Cetina to Drina. He was a member of the Kotromanić dynasty. He was buried in his Franciscan church in Mile, near Visoko, Bosnia.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: A member of the Kotromanić, there are sources that state that Stephen II was a "patarene" (see Bosnian Church).

paragraph: When his father died in 1314 and Croatian Ban Mladen II Šubić emerged as "Count of Zadar, Princeps of Dalmatia and Second Bosnian Ban", Stephen's mother Elizabeth took him and his siblings and fled with them into exile to the Republic of Dubrovnik. Mladen was not popular in Bosnia and had fought bloody but losing wars against the Serbian Kingdom (under Stephen Uroš II Milutin), and the Venetians (to whom he lost Zadar in 1313), along with numerous internal opponents of his regime. Mladen came to the idea to impose Stephen Kotromanić as his vassal in Bosnia, for he was sure that he would be well accepted in Bosnia. The Šubić, vengeful enemies of the House of Kotromanić now became their protectors. Mladen decided to keep Stephen II under his firm grip and to use him to eradicate the Bosnian Church, so he arranged a marriage between Stephen and a Princess from the family of the Count Meinhard of Ortenburg that ruled in Carniola. The Pope was against the marriage since both families were of same German roots, but it would give Stephen certain advantages, so he convinced the Pope to allow it.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Ascent.

paragraph: Ban of Croatia, Mladen II, member of the Šubić noble family, became Ban of Bosnia in 1305, following his uncle, who was appointed Ban of Bosnia by his brother Paul I and was killed in fighting "Bosnian heretics" in 1304. Paul I referred to himself as Lord of all of Bosnia in a charter from 1305, but it is doubtful that he held all Bosnia at any time.

paragraph: Until 1319 Mladen's II army had already entirely retreated from Bosnia, as he had found himself stuck in numerous troubles and conflicts with revolting cities in Dalmatia. This disorder greatly helped Stephen II as he gained influence and the chance to rule on his own and build up his realm opened up, all the while his supreme liege, the Hungarian king Charles I Robert, had plans which required Ban's help. Charles I went on a campaign to eradicate the Croatian magnates in order to become the sole ruler of the realm. He isolated Matthew III Csák and destroyed the Kőszegi family. The time had come for the Šubićs. Near the end of 1321, he ordered Stephen II to act from Bosnia supported by Ban Ivan Babonić from Slavonia, encircling and isolating Croatia. Stephen II now fell under King Charles Robert's direct command. Due to the fact that he wanted to get revenge and get rid of the Šubićs, this was useful to him for the time being, since he could then rule Bosnia uninterrupted without incursions from Dalmatia, and practically entirely by himself as Charles I would be too far away to watch his every move. Besides that, he also got a chance to expand his influence in Croatia. The decisive battle happened near Mladen's capital Skradin in 1322, where he was defeated decisively. Mladen II fell back to Klis Fortress and waited for Charles I to come, blindly believing that he would somehow retain his power because of Šubić's loyal service during King's ascension to tron. However, Charles I came to Knin and invited Mladen to meet him there where he was immediately arrested and sent to a dungeon in Hungary where he died.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Early reign and other marriages.

paragraph: Immediately after the death of Serbian King Stefan Uroš II Milutin in 1321, he had no problem in acquiring his lands of Usora and Soli, which he fully incorporated in 1324. He helped his uncle Vladislav of Syrmia to regain all Serbia, but after the fall of Ostrvica at Rudnik at the hands of Stefan Dečanski, there was no more point in supporting him during the struggles for the Serbian throne, so he took Usora and Soli for himself. The hostility caused by this between Bosnia and Serbia would lead to Stephen II Kotromanić's war against Dečanski several years later.

paragraph: When his uncle Vladislav died, he gained some parts of his realm of Syrmia. After this, Stephen II spent the first years of his reign in relative peace. He gave numerous privileges to the local nobility to increase popularity. One of the most famous was the edict in which he gave some counties ("župe") to Prince Vukoslav. In the edicts he refers to his brother Vladislav with the title "Prince of Bosnia" sharing equal rule with him since 1326, although Stephen had, being Ban, the real rule.

paragraph: In 1323 Hungarian King Charles Robert wanted to increase influence over Ban Stephen II Kotromanić. He offered Stephen the hand of his wife's distant relative, Elizabeth of Kuyavia, daughter of Duke Kazimierz III of Gniewków and received from the King as a gift with the marriage the lands to the west formerly held by Mladen I Šubić Bribirski and Usora and Soli in the north formerly held by Stephen Dragutin and his son, Vladislav II of the Nemanjić. The marriage was legalized by 1339. Up to 1339 Stephen was still married to the daughter of the Bulgarian tsar and had been previously married to a countess of Ortenburg.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Conflicts in Dalmatia.

paragraph: The Hungarian king Charles I Robert had asked Stephen II again, around 1323, to join the new Ban of Slavonia Nikola Omodijev and launch a joint offensive against Nelipić in Croatia. Nikola's expedition eventually failed, but it did rise up Juraj II Šubić (brother of Mladen II Šubić) against Nelipić, and, eventually, Bosnian Ban Stephen II himself. The movement wanted to return the Šubić to power in Croatia with Juraj II on the throne. When an all-out war broke out between the armies of Prince Ivan Nelipić and Juraj II Šubić in the Summer of 1324, Ban Stephen II contributed considerable support to the Šubićs, without involving his forces into clashes. It turn out to be good move, because the Šubić's party was massacred near Knin and Juraj II Šubić himself was captured by Prince Nelipac. Stephen II had attempted to liberate Juraj II from imprisonment, but without success.

paragraph: Ivan Nelipić immediately pushed the fight against Ban Stephen II, and managed to capture city of Visuća, but Stephen's shrewd politics and willingness to bestow his nobility with privileges had paid off, as Vuk of Vukoslavić family had helped him to retake the city. Although Stephen's military ambitions were only relatively successful he continued to wage war against the enemies of the Šubić. His target was the city of Trogir which was one of the major supporters of Nelipić's campaigning. Stephen adopted a harsh tactic. His forces raided Caravans from Trogir, which eventually forced its denizens to humbly sign a peace and addressed him as the "high and mighty lord Stephen free ruler and master of Bosnia, Usora and Soli and many other places and Prince of the Hum". It is because of this that Stephen started a conflict with the Republic of Ragusa regarding trade. Stephen was shown as a very tough negotiator and the negotiations finally ended in 1326.

paragraph: After seeing that Ban Nikola Omodejev was unable to weaken the position of Nelipić, Hungarian King Charles I deposed him. The new man for the job was one of his most trusted men, Ban Mikac Mihaljević. Ban Mikac advanced toward Croatia in the summer of 1325. Bosnian Ban Stephen II sent several squadrons to assist him in his offensive. In 1326, after taking Babonić family cities Mikac advanced deeper into Croatia, where he meet Stephen's reinforcements. The expedition eventually had little success, so Mikac sent a portion of his army to Bihać which would serve as defence against Nelipić's possible counterattacks and retreated to Hungary.

paragraph: Ban Stephen II gained territories, expending his realm to the coast by annexing space between mouths of the Cetina and the Neretva rivers, and all in between Bosnia main proper and the coast, namely vast expanses of karst poljes of Livanjsko, Duvanjsko and Glamočko, which will from that point on be known as Završje (also "Western Sides", ), until territorial reconfiguration under Ottomans. Ban also annexed towns and forts of Imotski, Livno, Duvno, Glamoč, Grahovo. In just a year from this point Stephen II will turn to Zahumlje and annex it for Bosnian realm as well.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Conflict with Serbia.

paragraph: By 1326 Ban Stephen II attacked Serbia in a military alliance with the Republic of Ragusa and conquered Zahumlje (or Hum), gaining more of Adriatic Sea coast, from mouth of the Neretva to Konavle, with areas significant Orthodox population under Archbishopric of Ohrid and mixed Orthodox and Catholic population in coastal areas and around Ston. He also expanded into Završje, including the fields of Glamoč, Duvno and Livno.

paragraph: These parts of the province of Hum, that Ban conquered and annexed for Bosnia, were ruled by the Serbian vassalage family the Branivojevićs and their overlord Crep, Stefan Dečanski's viceroy for Trebinje and coastal areas around Ston, whom Branivojević attacked and killed. The King Stefan had no desire to defend this family and their lands from Ban Stephen's forces claiming their past sins, but in reality he assessed Bosnians to strong for his forces. Bosnia controlled the coast from the border with Ragusa across Neretva to Omiš. Ban Stephen himself killed two members of the Branivojević, while Branko Branivojević fled to Serbia and sought help from King Stefan and then headed to Ragusa, from where he proceeded to Ston. Ban Stephen pursued the chase of Branko, but eventually the Ragusan forces caught the last of the four brothers from the Branivojević. The Bosnian titles included "Lord of the Hum Land" ever after. Ban Stephen became the ruler of all the lands from Cetina to Neretva with the exception of Omiš which was taken by the Hungarians.

paragraph: In 1329, Ban Stephen II Kotromanić pushed another military attempt into Serbia, assaulting Lord Vitomir of Trebinje and Konavli, but the main portion of his force was defeated by the Young King Dušan who commanded the forces of King Stefan Dečanski at Priboj. The Ban's horse was killed in the battle, and he would have lost his life if his vassal Vuk had not given him his own horse. By doing so, Vuk sacrificed his own life, and was killed by the Serbian troops in open battle. Thus the Ban managed to add Nevesinje and Zagorje to his realm.

paragraph: Although the Zahumljans mostly accepted the Ban's rule, some resisted, like Petar Toljenović who ruled the "Seaside" from his capital in Popovo; he was the grandson of the famous Andrija, Prince of Hum. Petar raised a rebellion, wishing either more autonomy or total independence and the eventual restoration of the conquered territories to Serbia. He lost a battle against Ban Stephen II and was imprisoned and put in irons. Stephen had him thrown with his horse off a cliff. Peter survived for a full hour after the fall.

paragraph: The Ban's vassal that governed Hum started to raid Ragusa's trade routes, which worsened Bosnian-Ragusan relations that were very high during the conquest of Hum. To make matters worse, he (Ban's vassal) asked Ragusa to pay him the old traditional mogorish tax that it traditionally paid to the Hum and Serbian rulers and even asked it to recognize his supreme rule. The Republic of Ragusa refused outright.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Religious tensions in Bosnia.

paragraph: The Pope was enraged by the religious tensions that grew in Bosnia, installed Fabian of the Franciscan Order as the Inquisitor in Slavonia and gave him the task of rooting out heresy in Bosnia. The Pope requested Stephen II's full assistance. In 1327 the Dominicans and Franciscans argued over who would be granted the task of burning the heretics. Although Fabian eventually took over the leadership over the movement, he utterly failed. Then the Pope wrote to the Hungarian King for a military intervention in Bosnia.

paragraph: In 1334, the Bosnian Bishop Peter died, and a huge dispute began over his successor. Hungarian King Charles Robert managed to replace his supporter, but it would take until 1336 for the final dispute to be resolved in the Catholic Church's favour.

paragraph: Pope Benedict XII lost all patience and eventually accepted the offer of Prince Nelipac of Croatia in 1337, who not only wanted to restore Bosnia under Croatian control, but also desired personal revenge on Stephen II Kotromanić for the past troubles that he had caused him. The still powerful Croatian Šubićs family protested Nelipac's decision. An arranged marriage was made between Bosnian Ban Stephen II's brother, Vladislav and the sister of Ban of Croatia Mladen III Šubić, Jelena Šubić in 1338 in Klis Fortress. Mladen III Šubić's wife was Jelena Nemanjić, sister of the Serbian King Stefan Dušan, so this created a strong dynastic alliance of three families: the Kotromanić, the Šubić and the Nemanjić that strictly opposed Prince Nelipac's reign. The first to fall to Nelipac's hand were the Šubićs who were, despite constant help from Stephen II, were forced to sign a peace treaty with Nelipac and compensate him for the war. Charles Robert did not watch easily as his subjected lands were being war-torn. He was preparing to move to Croatia and depose Nelipac. Stephen II seized the opportunity and pushed against Nelipac, talking some of his lands for himself.

paragraph: Soon, Ban Stephen II would finally stop the constant threat of the Western Crusades to the Bogumil population of Bosnia. In 1339, during Franciscan General Gerard's stay at the Hungarian Court of King Charles Robert, Gerard paid a visit to the Bosnian Ban to negotiate an arranged prosecution of Bosnia's heretics. At first, Stephen II thought that it was time to bow to the Roman Catholic Church; but he realised that the neighboring Orthodox Christians might stand up to him if he moved against the Bogumils, their allies. In addition, Serbia wanted a reason to involve itself in a conflict, for its King desired revenge for the losses in the Bosnian war against the Serbs, so Ban Stephen abandoned the thought. Nevertheless, Stephen's diplomatic efforts convinced the Pope that he was a loyal Catholic in February 1340, once again saving Bosnia.

paragraph: After the final peace between the Bosnian Ban and the Papacy, the Catholic Church started to grow in influence rapidly throughout Bosnia in 1340-43. The Roman Catholic monks had constructed numerous monasteries in Usora and Hum and baptised a large number of Bosnia's heretics on their way to Ston in the Republic of Ragusa. This process eventually brought on the demise of the Bosnian Church that held supremacy over the religious life in Bosnia.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Changes in the throne.

paragraph: In 1342, Hungarian King Charles Robert died and so did Stephen II's past ally, Mikac of Slavonia in 1343. This gave rise to a new idea. The opportunity arose to detach Bosnia from the Kingdom of Hungary and for Ban Stephen II to rule it independently. He immediately sought help from Hungary's greatest foe, the Republic of Venice. In the summer of 1343 he sent an emissary to Venice, proposing an alliance. The Venetians wanted to act only if victory was certain, so they wanted another member in their alliance; their traditional ally, Serbia. The Serbian King was, unfortunately for the Venetians, busy with other matters. Venice was just waging war against Prince Nelipac, so it only agreed to arm and help build up Bosnia's military, but begged Stephen II not to move against Hungary without it. It became evident that the Venetians only wanted to push Ban Stephen II against Nelipac for additional support.

paragraph: In 1344, Nelipac himself unexpectedly died, which prompted Hungarian nobility to ordered the new Slavonian Ban to seize Knin from Nelipac's widow Vladislava and her son Ivan. She attempted to negotiate help from Venice, but the Croatian nobility cut off the negotiations. The Hungarian King became impatient, so he commanded Ban Nikola to move to Knin immediately and ordered Ban Stephen II of Bosnia to send help at once. Ban Stephen came leading his forces. A large 10,000 strong Army was amassed near Knin, and this was only the first wave as the main part of the Army was arriving headed by the Hungarian King himself. This time Princess Vladislava Nelipić had no choice but to accept demands. The Hungarian King planned the shape of his coastal territories in the new order that he would create. He annexed several cities from the Nelipić family of Croatia, but left them the two largest until Stephen II gave the Cetina region back. Bosnian ban Stephen II swore an Oath to respect the treaty in front of his "Twelve Knights", whom he had just formed out of the most valiant and experienced of the Bosnian nobility to assist him in his reign. In the middle of 1345 the new order was ratified in Bihać. The Hungarian King subsequently issued a proclamation in Zagreb accepting Ban Stephen II as a member of his family and returned with his 30,000 men to Hungary before attempting to reconquer the coastal cities taken by the Venetians.

paragraph: Upon the numerous changes, Zadar switched side from Venice back to Hungary, but their letter missed the Hungarian King during his stay in Bihać, so they had to seek alternative allies whom they found in the Šubić and the Serbian King Stefan Dušan. When it became evident that the Venetians were going to attack, Zadar asked Hungary directly to intervene. The Hungarian King ordered Ban Stephen II and Ban Nikola of Slavonia to move with their forces in assistance. The two Bans moved with their 10,000 man Army to Zadar, only to find out that the Venetians had constructed an improvised wooden fortification with 28 "bastidas" (towers), huge enough to man the entire Venetian army. Deciding not to move against the Venetians, the Bans accepted a bribe of 1,000 florins each, although Zadar had accused them of treason.

paragraph: The Hungarian King was amassing forces for a new strike against the Venetian positions, but both parties had elected the new Serbian Emperor Stefan Dušan to assist Ban Stephen II and form a mediation party to decide a truce between the two warring sides. Eventually, all agreements failed. In the spring of 1346 the Hungarian King arrived with his vast Royal Army of 100,000 men of whom more than 30,000 were cavalry and men-at-arms and 10,000 soldiers under Ban Stephen II arrived. The Venetians had attempted to bribe several Hungarian generals, including Ban Stephen II, who gave away the positions of the Hungarian troops for a handsome sum of money, thereby earning the nickname "Devil's Student". On 1 July 1346 a fierce clash occurred, which the Hungarian side eventually won only due to numerical superiority and achieved a pyrrhic victory with more than 7,000 Hungarian troops killed in battle. The Hungarian King lost trust in Ban Stephen II and, losing confidence as well, returned to Hungary.

paragraph: Ban Stephen II played Venice and Hungary against each other, slowly ruling Bosnia more and more independently and soon initiated a conspiracy with some members of the Croatian and Hungarian nobility against his Hungarian liege. In 1346 Zadar finally returned to Venice, and the Hungarian King, seeing that he had lost the war, made peace in 1348. Ban of Croatia Mladen II Šubić was greatly opposed to Stephen II's policy, accusing him of treason and the relations between the two Bans worsened ever afterwards. Bosnian Ban Stephen II's relations with Venice started to improve, as the Bosnian Bishop Peregreen was a notable Venetian member of the Franciscan Order.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Continued conflict with Serbia.

paragraph: The Serbian Emperor Stefan Dušan was constantly demanding that Ban Stephen II Kotromanić return the Hum area to the Nemanjić dynasty, but Stephen II always refused.

paragraph: Ban Stepen's Bosnia was weaker than the Serbian Empire, so he asked Venice, as a mutual ally, to act as a mediator. Eventually the Serbian Emperor accepted a three-year non-aggression pact because he was busy with his conflicts with the Byzantine Empire. The Bosnian Ban immediately proceeded with war preparations and went to construct a fortress in Hum, near the Neretva river. He also attempted to convince the Venetians to give him naval support in the case of war with the Tsar. The Venetians discouraged him from building a fort, but he constructed it anyway. The distant wars of Tsar Stefan Dušan gave Stephen II Kotromanić the chance to move first. In the Christmas of 1349 Bosnia's Ban moved quickly, proceeding all the way across Konavli which he raided heavily until he reached the Bay of Kotor. Trebinje, Gacko, and Rudine were razed during his military operations. Venice attempted to make another peace between the warring sides, but the Serbian emperor agreed only to stall his counterattack a little.

paragraph: In October 1350, Tsar Stefan Dušan crossed the river of Drina with 50,000 cavalry and 30,000 infantry. Ban Stephen II did not have the strength to meet his army in open battle, so he decided to use a guerrilla tactic. Using timber and rock he blockaded all major roads in Bosnia and slowly withdrew his forces to forests and mountains, using impervious topography of his realm and forts to defend against advancing invader. He planned the defense of Bosnia, splitting his forces enough to defend every possible entryway into his realm. His plan soon started to break, as Dušan was able to bribe a several Ban's most trusted servants who abandoned their posts.

paragraph: Losing control over the conflict, Ban Stephen II retreated with his most trusted men to the most unreachable mountains of Bosnia. He no longer knew whom he could trust, so he regularly dismissed and recruited new men to serve him. His older daughter Elizabeth hid from Dušan in Ban's court and one of Bosnia's strongest fortresses, Bobovac. Dušan's forces easily defeated the scattered Bosnian squadrons and went on a campaign to slowly conquer Bosnia. Eventually, Bobovac was besieged, but Dušan failed to seize it which will prove detrimental to success of his campaign. But he proceeded by ordering his armies to raid Bosnia. After creating a strong foothold with forces in Bosnia, Dušan sent a portion of his army on raiding quests towards Cetina and the other to Croatia towards Krka, while he returned with the rest of his troops to Serbia to resolve new conflicts that the Byzantines stirred in Macedonia.

paragraph: Both failed siege of Bubovac and attempt to catch up with Ban Stephen II eventually compelled Dušan to abandon Bosnia and order his troops to retreat. Ban Stephen II therefore won the war, even though he lost most of the battles. This encouraged the Ban to refuse all suggestions from Dušan to share Hum as joint rulers. Dušan forces that remained in Hum tried to keep at least this region, however Ban Stephen II soon launched a military campaign and reconquered all the territories that he had previously lost to Dušan. The Republic of Ragusa was enraged by the war over the Hum because it greatly damaged their trade, so, backed up by the Venetian Republic, Dubrovnik suggested a peace to Dušan that would constitute a marriage between the Emperor's son King Stefan Uroš V and Stephen II's daughter Elizabeth. The peace treaty also required the giving of the Hum area to Stephen II, but as a land of the Nemanjić. Stephen II had better plans for his daughter, so he refused the agreement. Ban reasoned that a large multi-ethnic Empire ruled autocratically by one man could not succeed. Politically and militarily savvy Ban, now proved himself foresighted too, as he will soon start witnessing first traces of Dušan's Empire demise, while he regained full control over his realm, Bosnia.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Last years.

paragraph: The rest of Ban's reign passed mostly in peace. The only conflict that he had was a dispute with the Republic of Venice and Dubrovnik since the Ban's men had raided their trade caravan. The Ban managed to elevate his supporter, Monk Petergreen as the new Bosnian Bishop. After 1352 Stephen II referred to himself as "Bosnia's Herzeg" (or "herceg") in resemblance of the German title. The same year he gave his sister or niece, Marija, in marriage to Count Ulrich of Helfenstein, which was sanctioned by the Hungarian King. He sent his daughter Catherine (some sources describe Catherine as the daughter of Stephen's brother Vladislav) to marry Count Herman I of Celje, but the actual marriage happened long after Stephen II's death.

paragraph: Elizabeth of Poland, the mother of the King of Hungary, wanted to arrange a marriage between her son and Stephen's daughter Elizabeth. She insisted immediately on bringing her to the Hungarian court for fosterage. Stephen was reluctant at first, but eventually dispatched Elizabeth. After three years of life at the Hungarian court, the King's mother invited Stephen to Hungary for the wedding. The Bosnian Ban became gravely ill and could not be present at the ceremony.

paragraph: Stephen II Kotromanić died in September 1353. He was ceremonially buried in his own foundation, the Roman Catholic Church of Saint Nicholas of the "Little Brother" in Mile, near Visoko. He was succeeded by his underage nephew Tvrtko, son of Stephen's brother Vladislav Kotromanić, with Vladislav governing in Tvrtko's name.

paragraph: Section::::Edicts.

paragraph: Stephen withdrew all demands as can be seen in his edict to the Republic from 1332 in which he guaranteed future friendships between the Banate of Bosnia and the Republic of Ragusa. In the edict he called his people Bosnians ("Bošnjani").

paragraph: Ban Stephen II issued several edicts to Ragusa in 1333. There were four documents. Here is an excerpt of the documents edict' copies:

paragraph: Of 60 words in the excerpt:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 29 ("48.3%") are completely the same in contemporary Bosnian — or, for that matter Croatian or Serbian

paragraph: BULLET::::- 15 ("25%") differ only in slightly changed sound of a letter (usually through iotation, or loss or it, or by transfer of "ou" to "u")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 8 ("13.3%") differ in one phoneme

paragraph: BULLET::::- * 8 ("13.3%") differ more but are fully recognisable

paragraph: Section::::Title.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lord of all Bosnian lands, and Soli, and Usora, and Donji Kraji, and the Hum land"

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and children.

paragraph: He was married to:

paragraph: BULLET::::- a Catholic lady, a cousin of some sort, dispensation requested in 1318. Possibly a daughter of Count Meinhard of Ortenburg in Carniola (concluded from sources, this remained an engagement only, the couple not having come to live together)

paragraph: BULLET::::- daughter of Tsar Michael Shishman of Bulgaria, in 1329

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth of Kuyavia, daughter of Duke Kazimierz III of Gniewkowo, nephew of Ladislaus the Short, king of Poland, since June 1335.

paragraph: According to Dominik Mandić he had at least four children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine (1336–21 March 1385), who married Herman I of Celje in 1361. She was the mother of Herman II, Count of Celje. Born out of the marriage with the Ortenburg countess (Mandić). She may have been his niece rather than daughter.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vuk, who died during his father's lifetime. Born out of the marriage with the Ortenburg countess (Mandić).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stjepan. Born out of the marriage with Elizabeth (Mandić).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth (1340–1387), who married Hungarian King Louis I the Great on 20 June 1353. Having become the regent of Hungary, she was murdered. Born out of the marriage with Elizabeth (Mandić).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of rulers of Bosnia

paragraph: Section::::Additional readings.

paragraph: Srednjovjekovna Bosna: politički položaj bosanskih vladara do Tvrtkove krunidbe, 1377, Nada Klaić, Grafički zavod Hrvatske, Zagreb 1989

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medieval Lands: BOSNIA - B. BANS of BOSNIA (KOTROMANIĆ) 1290-1463

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stjepan's document (in Bosnian)

alias:
Stephen II of Bosnia
Stephen II Kotromanić

description: Ban of Bosnia

wikidata_label: Stephen II, Ban of Bosnia

wikipedia_title: Stephen II, Ban of Bosnia


text: Conservative Party

text: Cabinet

text: editor

text: The Daily Telegraph

text: Baron FitzWalter

text: Saltwood Castle

text: Harrow

text: Wall Street Crash of 1929

text: Morning Post

text: Bethnal Green

text: Wyndham Deedes

text: British Army

text: Second World War

text: Shrapnel Barracks

text: Woolwich

text: Officer

text: Queen's Westminsters

text: Territorial

text: King's Royal Rifle Corps

text: Military Cross

text: motorised

text: 8th Armoured Brigade

text: North-west Europe campaign

text: Romney Marsh

text: Telegraph Group

text: Pelham Bell Pottinger

text: Tote

text: Sportsman

text: Warwick Racecourse

text: Master of Foxhounds

text: 9th Baron Latymer

text: Drummond Money-Coutts

text: Conservative

text: Member of Parliament

text: Ashford

text: junior minister

text: Winston Churchill

text: Harold Macmillan's

text: Cabinet

text: Minister without Portfolio

text: Minister of Information

text: October 1974 election

text: The Daily Telegraph

text: Max Hastings

text: life peer

text: 1999 Australian republic referendum

text: Have I Got News for You

text: Baroness Trumpington

text: Carlton Club

text: UNICEF

text: landmines

text: sharia

text: Darfur

text: Kent

text: Aldington

text: Evelyn Waugh

text: William Boot

text: Scoop

text: Second Italo-Abyssinian War

text: Addis Ababa

text: William Beach Thomas

text: Peter Stothard

text: Margaret Thatcher

text: Denis

text: spoof letters

text: Private Eye

text: Dear Bill

text: slur

categories: English newspaper editors,Operation Overlord people,UK MPs 1974,1913 births,Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire,UK MPs 1951–1955,UK MPs 1959–1964,King's Royal Rifle Corps officers,UK MPs 1970–1974,English male journalists,UK MPs 1964–1966,Recipients of the Military Cross,People educated at Harrow School,2007 deaths,Conservative Party (UK) life peers,British Army personnel of World War II,UK MPs 1966–1970,20th-century British journalists,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,UK MPs 1950–1951,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,Deputy Lieutenants of Kent,British newspaper editors,UK MPs 1955–1959

paragraph: Bill Deedes

paragraph: William Francis Deedes, Baron Deedes, (1 June 1913 – 17 August 2007) was a British Conservative Party politician, army officer and journalist; he was the first person in Britain to have been both a member of the Cabinet and the editor of a major daily newspaper, "The Daily Telegraph".

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Deedes was the second child and only son of landowner Herbert William Deeds and his wife, Melesina Gladys daughter of Philip Francis Chenevix Trench. His younger sister Margaret Melesina married the 21st Baron FitzWalter. He was brought up in the family home of Saltwood Castle until it was sold in 1925. He was educated at Harrow until after his father suffered heavy financial losses from the Wall Street Crash of 1929. Deedes was forced to leave school a year early and finish his exams with a tutor. Denied a university career, Deedes began his career as a reporter on the "Morning Post" in 1931, joining the "Daily Telegraph" when it took over the "Post" in 1937. Between 1931 and the beginning of the war in 1939, he shared a home in Bethnal Green, with his uncle Wyndham Deedes.

paragraph: Deedes fought with the British Army in the Second World War, being based initially at Shrapnel Barracks in Woolwich as an Officer in the 2nd Battalion, Queen's Westminsters, one of the Territorial units of the King's Royal Rifle Corps. He gained the Military Cross near Hengelo, The Netherlands in April 1945. He was also the only officer to serve in 12th King's Royal Rifle Corps (2nd Queen's Westminsters) for the duration of the war. His battalion served as the motorised battalion of 8th Armoured Brigade in the North-west Europe campaign.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: He was married to Evelyn Hilary Branfoot, who died in May 2004, by whom he had two sons (one of whom died young) and three daughters, Juliet, Jill and Lucy.

paragraph: A convinced Christian like his father, he lived very unpretentiously on the edge of Romney Marsh, Kent, where his wife, Hilary, kept a menagerie of farm animals. He was never particularly well-off, preferring to use public transport whenever possible.

paragraph: His son, Jeremy Deedes, is a director of the Telegraph Group of companies and was (2008-2012) a director of lobbyists Pelham Bell Pottinger. He has been a Director of the Tote, Chairman of The Sportsman newspaper, and is currently a director of Warwick Racecourse.

paragraph: Lucy Deedes is a former Master of Foxhounds and was the first wife of Crispin Money-Coutts, the 9th Baron Latymer. She is the mother of society magician Drummond Money-Coutts.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.

paragraph: Deedes came from a family with a tradition of public service. He was very proud of the fact that there had been a Deedes member of parliament in every century since 1600.

paragraph: Deedes was elected as the Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Ashford in 1950. First serving as a junior minister under Winston Churchill for three years, he later entered Harold Macmillan's Cabinet in 1962 as Minister without Portfolio. He left the Cabinet in 1964, as Minister of Information, and subsequently stood down as an MP at the October 1974 election.

paragraph: Section::::Journalism and later life.

paragraph: He was editor of "The Daily Telegraph" from 1974 to 1986, and after he was replaced by Max Hastings, continued his career as a journalist. His tenure was noted for battles with the print unions.

paragraph: Deedes was made a life peer in 1986, becoming Baron Deedes, of Aldington in the County of Kent, though he always preferred to be addressed as "Bill" rather than "Lord Deedes".

paragraph: On the 1999 Australian republic referendum Deedes said in "The Daily Telegraph" in 1999: "I have rarely attended elections in any country, certainly not a democratic one, in which the newspapers have displayed more shameless bias. One and all, they determined that Australians should have a republic and they used every device towards that end."

paragraph: Bill Deedes continued to comment on social and political issues through his newspaper columns up to his death. In his later years, he gained a cult fanbase after two memorable appearances on "Have I Got News for You" becoming, at the age of 88, the oldest guest ever to have appeared on the programme until 2012 when Baroness Trumpington appeared at the age of 90. He was also a stalwart member of the Carlton Club and was appointed as an ambassador for UNICEF in 1998, running high-profile campaigns against landmines. In 2006, he wrote an opinion piece for the "Daily Telegraph", saying that Islam "is the only faith on Earth that persuades its followers to seek political power and impose a law — sharia — which shapes everyone's style of life" adding that Islam "forbids" Muslims from conforming with British society. He continued to write into his 94th year, with his final article, published on 3 August 2007, concerning Darfur.

paragraph: He died on 17 August 2007 at his home in Kent, aged 94, after a short illness. The residential street, Bill Deedes Way, in the village of Aldington near Ashford, is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.:Scoop.

paragraph: According to many sources, Deedes was the journalist used by Evelyn Waugh as the model and inspiration for the hapless William Boot, protagonist of the satirical novel "Scoop". Deedes himself said he "spent part of my life brushing aside the charge," but admitted "that my inexperience and naivety as a reporter in Africa might have contributed a few bricks to the building of Boot." The two had reported together in 1936, trying to cover the Second Italo-Abyssinian War; Deedes arrived in Addis Ababa aged 22 with almost 600 pounds of luggage. Berhanu Kebele, Ethiopian ambassador to London, pointed out that Deedes's sharp journalistic instincts ensured Italian excesses were kept in the public eye. Barring the question of age, a more appropriate model for Boot is William Beach Thomas who, according to Peter Stothard, "was a quietly successful countryside columnist and literary gent who became a calamitous "Daily Mail" war correspondent" in World War I.

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.:Dear Bill.

paragraph: Deedes was close to Margaret Thatcher and her husband Denis. The spoof letters "from" Mr. Thatcher which appeared in satirical magazine "Private Eye" throughout the Thatcher years were always addressed to "Dear Bill" – the "Bill" in question was usually assumed to be Deedes; however some instalments (e.g. 16 May and 28 November 1986) would suggest otherwise. The two men regularly played golf together, with Deedes claiming it was a public service to take the spouse of the Prime Minister away from the stress of being married to the country's head of government. The "Eye" also based its long-running editorial comment, "Shome mishtake shurely?", on Deedes' distinctive slur.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deedes, WF, "Words and Deedes: Selected Journalism 1931-2006", Macmillan, 2006,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deedes, WF, "At War with Waugh: The Real Story of "Scoop"", Macmillan, 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deedes, WF, "Brief Lives", Macmillan, 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deedes, WF, "Dear Bill: A Memoir", Macmillan, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deedes, WF & Wake, Sir Hereward (eds.), "Swift and Bold: the story of the King's Royal Rifle Corps in the Second World War 1939-1945", Gale and Polden, Aldershot, 1949

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Daily Telegraph" obituary, 17 August 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- A tribute to Lord Deedes: "Daily Telegraph"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gentleman journalist remembered" - BBC News Online, 18 August 2007

description: English journalist, politician and newspaper editor

wikidata_label: Bill Deedes

wikipedia_title: Bill Deedes


text: SP

text: French Canadian

text: social worker

text: religious sister

text: Sisters of Providence

text: Montreal

text: beatified

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Montreal

text: Congregation of Notre Dame

text: debutante

text: consecrated life

text: spiritual director

text: Sulpician Fathers

text: Confraternity

text: alms

text: Holy Family

text: Abbé

text: parish priest

text: Antoine-Olivier Berthelet

text: typhoid fever

text: Lower Canada Rebellion

text: Canadian Party

text: Joseph Papineau

text: Montreal West

text: by-election

text: Montreal West

text: Lower Canada

text: Daniel Tracey

text: Lower Canada Rebellion

text: Ignace Bourget

text: Bishop of Montreal

text: John Ostell

text: novitiate

text: Jean-Charles Prince

text: coadjutor bishop

text: Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph

text: Emmitsburg, Maryland

text: Elizabeth Ann Seton

text: Rule

text: Vincent de Paul

text: religious habit

text: canonical

text: Sisters of Providence

text: religious sisters

text: vow

text: chastity, poverty, and obedience

text: Superior General

text: congregation

text: Mother

text: Catholic priest

text: Longue-Pointe

text: La Prairie, Quebec

text: typhus

text: Attorney General

text: Lower Canada

text: Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine

text: insane asylum

text: Longue-Pointe

text: Sainte-Élisabeth, Quebec

text: Sorel-Tracy

text: cholera

text: Servant of God

text: diocesan

text: tribunal

text: positio

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Venerable

text: beatification

text: veneration

text: Place Émilie-Gamelin

text: statue of Gamelin

text: Raoul Hunter

text: Berri-UQAM

categories: 1800 births,Canadian Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns,1851 deaths,19th-century venerated Christians,Deaths from cholera,People from Montreal,Anti-poverty advocates,Beatifications by Pope John Paul II,Canadian beatified people,Founders of Catholic religious communities

paragraph: Émilie Gamelin

paragraph: Émilie Tavernier Gamelin, SP, (19 February 1800 – 23 September 1851) was a French Canadian social worker and Roman Catholic religious sister. She is best known as the founder of the Sisters of Providence of Montreal. In 2001 she was beatified by Pope John Paul II.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: She was born Marie-Émilie-Eugène Tavernier (also known as Amélie) on 19 February 1800 in Montreal, the youngest of the 15 children of Antoine Tavernier and Marie-Josephe Maurice. Nine of her siblings died before reaching adulthood. Gamelin's mother died in 1804 when Gamelin was aged 4 and her father died in 1814 when Gamelin was aged 14. Consequently, Gamelin was raised by her aunt Marie-Anne Tavernier and her husband Joseph Perrault, to whose care Gamelin's mother had entrusted Émilie prior to her death. Gamelin shared the Perrault household with her aunt and uncle and their four children.

paragraph: From 1814 to 1815, Gamelin boarded at the school run by the Sisters of the Congregation of Notre Dame, before returning to the Perrault household. In 1818 Gamelin moved to the house of her brother François, whose wife had recently died, to care for him. When she returned to the Perrault household in 1819, her aunt, now old and infirm, put Émilie under the care of her daughter Agathe (born 1787), who became a third mother to her.

paragraph: At the age of 19, while caring for her aunt, Gamelin spent time as a debutante in Montreal fashionable society and was frequently seen at the social events of the city. Between 1820 and 1822 Gamelin spent two stretches residing with one of her cousins, Julie Perrault, in Quebec city, ending in 1822 when Gamelin's aunt, Marie-Anne, died, resulting in Gamelin and her cousin Agathe Perrault moving together into a house in Montreal West. In a letter to Agathe dated 18 June 1822, Gamelin wrote that she felt "a strong vocation [...] for the convent. [...] I renounce for ever the young dandies and also the [vanities of this] world; I shall become a religious some time in the autumn."

paragraph: Despite her interest in consecrated life, on 4 June 1823 Marie-Émilie married Jean-Baptiste Gamelin, a 50-year-old bachelor of Montreal who made a living dealing in apples. The marriage lasted four years ending with Jean-Baptiste's death on 1 October 1827. Gamelin had three children by the marriage, but two had died shortly after birth and the third died within a year of Jean-Baptiste.

paragraph: Section::::Charitable works.

paragraph: After the death of her husband, to assuage her grief Gamelin took an interest in charitable works. In 1827 she was guided by her spiritual director, Jean-Baptiste Bréguier dit Saint-Pierre, to pray to Our Lady of Seven Dolors and to join two groups organized by the Sulpician Fathers. These groups were the Confraternity of the Public Good, which arranged work for the unemployed, and the Ladies of Charity, a group aimed at relieving poverty and destitution through home visits and the distribution of alms. In 1828 she also joined the Confraternity of the Holy Family, a group dedicated to the spiritual growth of its members and the spreading of the Roman Catholic faith. For a short period in 1829 she also worked with Agathe-Henriette Huguet-Latour's organization, the Charitable Institution for Female Penitents. While working with these groups, Gamelin gradually divested herself of her financial assets, funnelling the proceeds into the charities with which she was working.

paragraph: From her home visits, the young widow had been struck by the misery in which single and isolated elderly women lived. As a result, in 1829, Gamelin took four of these frail and sick elderly women into her own home on the Rue Saint-Antoine. By 1830 she had decided that larger premises were needed to care for them, and on 4 March 1830 she opened a shelter for frail or sick elderly women in Montreal on the corner of Rue Saint-Laurent and Rue Sainte-Catherine, in the Saint Lawrence district, near the homes of many of her relatives. The building for the shelter was provided by the Abbé Claude Fay, parish priest of the Church of Notre-Dame in Montreal. In 1831 the shelter moved to a larger building rented by Gamelin at the corner of Rue Saint-Lawrence and Rue Saint-Philippe. At the time of the move, the new building housed 15 boarders, with a maximum capacity of 20, and also provided a residence for Gamelin. The shelter expanded until in 1836 it again required larger premises. On 14 March 1836 a house on the corner of Rue Sainte-Catherine and Rue Lacroix was donated by Antoine-Olivier Berthelet, a wealthy philanthropist, and shortly thereafter the shelter moved to these new premises, called the "Yellow House". By this time, Gamelin had 24 women as her co-workers in her work.

paragraph: In March 1838, Gamelin contracted typhoid fever and became seriously ill; however, she later recovered.

paragraph: Section::::Political beliefs.

paragraph: During the years leading up to the Lower Canada Rebellion, Gamelin was a supporter of the Canadian Party, the forerunner of the Patriot Party. Her brother François Tavernier was an ardent supporter of Joseph Papineau and the Patriots, and during the 1832 Montreal West by-election he was arrested and charged with assaulting a supporter of Stanley Bagg, an opposing Tory politician. Gamelin's cousin Joseph Perrault had been elected to the Assembly as a member of the Canadian Party. In the 1832 by-election for Montreal West, Lower Canada, Gamelin was one of 226 women who sought to vote. She cast her vote for the Patriot candidate Daniel Tracey in preference to his Tory opponent Bagg.

paragraph: During the Lower Canada Rebellion (1837–1839), Gamelin obtained permission to visit imprisoned rebels who were under sentences of death, and gave them counseling and helped them to contact their families.

paragraph: Section::::The House of Providence.

paragraph: In May 1841, Ignace Bourget, the newly appointed Bishop of Montreal, travelled to Europe, where he visited France. There, among other business, he attempted to persuade the Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul to come to Canada. He intended for the Daughters to take charge of Gamelin's Asylum to put it on a sound footing. In his absence, on 18 September 1841, the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada incorporated the shelter as the Montreal Asylum for Aged and Infirm Women.

paragraph: Bourget announced this plan to Gamelin and her staff on 16 October 1841, shortly after his return from France. That same day, the women who formed the corporation voted to purchase land for a separate facility, to be known as the Asylum of Providence. On the following 27 October they elected the Widow Gamelin as Director of the corporation. On 6 November the corporation bought land on a block bounded by Rue Sainte-Catherine, Rue Lacroix, and Rue Mignonne. Plans for a new facility were commissioned from architect John Ostell, and construction commenced on 20 December 1841. On 16 February 1842, Gamelin donated the last of her property to the corporation.

paragraph: However, on 8 November 1842, Bishop Bourget received word that the Daughters of Charity had decided not to pursue a mission to Montreal. He therefore decided to found a new religious community to manage the asylum, and put out a call for suitable women to join such a group. By 25 March 1843 seven women had expressed an interest, and they were placed into a novitiate under the direction of Jean-Charles Prince, coadjutor bishop of Montreal. Gamelin was not one of those women, but Bourget was nevertheless eager to associate her with the project by permitting her to attend all spiritual exercises of the novices. On 8 July 1843, one of the novices withdrew from the program, leaving an opening which Gamelin was intended to take.

paragraph: Prior to entering the novitiate, however, Gamelin was sent by Bourget to the United States to visit and study the Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph in Emmitsburg, Maryland, founded by St. Elizabeth Ann Seton in 1809, with the aim of obtaining a model for a new religious congregation. Gamelin returned with a handwritten copy of the Rule of St. Vincent de Paul, and on 8 October 1843, she took the religious habit of the new congregation as a novice.

paragraph: Section::::Sisters of Providence.

paragraph: On 29 March 1844, a ceremony was held at the chapel of the Asylum of Providence, in which Bourget conferred canonical status on the new religious congregation and named it the Daughters of Charity, Servants of the Poor (later to become popularly known as the Sisters of Charity of Providence; in 1970 the congregation officially was named the Sisters of Providence). At this ceremony, Gamelin and the other six novices became religious sisters, taking the traditional vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience as well as a fourth one of service to the poor. The following day (30 March) Gamelin was elected Superior General of the new congregation and was granted the title of Mother Gamelin.

paragraph: From 1843 the Sisters provided shelter to orphan girls and elderly women boarders, and in 1844 they launched the Hospice St-Joseph, dedicated to the care and shelter of sick and elderly Catholic priests. Also in 1845 the Sisters established an employment office to aid job seekers and prospective employers. They also began caring for the mentally ill and opened a school at Longue-Pointe in Montreal. In 1846, they opened a shelter at La Prairie, Quebec.

paragraph: In 1847 a typhus epidemic struck Montreal and Bishop Bourget called upon the religious communities of Montreal, including the Sisters of Providence, to aid in the treatment of its victims. Following the epidemic Gamelin assumed responsibility for the Hospice Saint-Jérôme-Émilien, a facility dedicated to the children of immigrant-Irish typhus victims. Late that year Gamelin dispatched some of the Sisters to teach at the École Saint-Jacques, which was suffering from staff shortages. In 1849, she established the Hôpital Saint-Camille to help respond to that year's cholera epidemic.

paragraph: In 1849 Gamelin successfully petitioned the Attorney General of Lower Canada, Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine, for permission to open an insane asylum at Longue-Pointe. Also that year she established a convent at Sainte-Élisabeth, Quebec, and in 1850 it was joined by a convent at Sorel-Tracy, Quebec. Late in 1850 Gamelin again visited the United States and toured the establishments of the Sisters of Charity, with special attention to their lunatic asylums.

paragraph: On 23 September 1851, exhausted by her labors, Gamelin died of cholera during an epidemic of that year, following an illness that lasted less than 12 hours. Her last words were "Humility, simplicity, charity...above all chari...". She was buried the following day in the vault of the Asylum of Providence. At the time of her death, there were over 50 professed Sisters of the congregation and 19 novices caring for nearly a thousand women, children, and six elderly priests.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: In 1960, investigations were begun with the intention of starting the cause for Gamelin's possible beatification and canonization. On 31 May 1981 the inquiry was formally begun in the Archdiocese of Montreal, and Gamelin was thereby proclaimed a Servant of God (the first of four steps on the path to Roman Catholic sainthood).

paragraph: In 1983, an inquiry into Gamelin's canonization cause was begun by a diocesan tribunal. The evidence heard by the tribunal was compiled into a document called a "positio", which was sent to Rome and presented to the Congregation for the Causes of the Saints. The "positio" was examined by a committee of expert theologians and, upon their recommendation, Pope John Paul II declared Gamelin to be Venerable (the second of the four stages of sainthood) on 23 December 1993.

paragraph: Also in 1983, a 13-year-old boy named Yannick Fréchette was observed to make a surprising recovery from leukemia following prayer directed to Mother Émilie Gamelin. The medical file relating to this case was submitted to doctors in Rome, and in 1999 those doctors unanimously declared Fréchette's recovery to be a miracle, attributable to the intercession of Gamelin. The healing was formally acknowledged as an authentic miracle by Pope John Paul II on 18 December 2000. The declaration of a miracle enabled Gamelin to meet the requirements for beatification, the third of the four stages of sainthood, and on 7 October 2001 Pope John Paul II beatified her. As a result of her beatification, Gamelin received the title "Blessed", and public veneration to her was authorized by the Roman Catholic Church in areas associated with her.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Today the Sisters of Providence serve in 9 countries: Canada, United States, Chile, Philippines, Argentina, El Salvador, Cameroon, Haiti and Egypt. The Providence Centre is located on Grenet Street in Montreal. It accommodates the General Administration of the congregation, the Centre Émilie-Gamelin and the Sisters of Providence Museums and the Archives.

paragraph: The Asylum of Providence was demolished in 1963. Since 1995, this land (formally known as Square Berri) was renamed Place Émilie-Gamelin.

paragraph: A statue of Gamelin, created in 1999 by artist Raoul Hunter, stands in the Rue Sainte-Catherine exit of Berri-UQAM Metro station.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vie de mère Gamelin, fondatrice et première supérieure des Soeurs de la Charité de la Providence, Éditions Eusèbe Senécal, Montréal, 1900.

paragraph: BULLET::::- L'Institut de la Providence. Histoire des Filles de la Charité Servantes des Pauvres dites Soeurs de la Providence, Providence Maison Mère, Montréal, 1925.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Denise Robillard, Emilie Tavernier-Gamelin, Editions Du Meridien, Laval, Quebec, 1988.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mgr André Marie Cimichella, Emilie Tavernier-Gamelin La grande dame de Montreal fondatrice des soeurs de la Providence, Éditions Carte Blanche, 2002.

alias:
Emilie Gamelin
Émilie Tavernier
Emilie Tavernier

description: French Canadian social worker and Catholic sister

wikidata_label: Émilie Gamelin

wikipedia_title: Émilie Gamelin


text: European Commissioner

text: Hallstein Commission

text: Henri Rochereau

text: Overseas development

paragraph: Robert Lemaignen

paragraph: Robert Lemaignen (15 March 1893 – 3 April 1980) was a right-wing French European Commissioner.

paragraph: He was appointed as one of the first French European Commissioners on the first Hallstein Commission from 1958 to 1962. He did not remain a member of the second Hallstein commission and was succeeded as commissioner by Henri Rochereau. Lemaignen had responsibility for Overseas development.

paragraph: Lemaignen had previously been the vice-president of the French employers federation (with extensive African experience).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NATIONAL BANK OF BELGIUM, August 2004 Working Paper on Macroeconomic and Monetary policy-making at the European Commission 1957 to 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Lemaignen 1960 document on the association of Overseas Territories with the European Community

description: French politician

wikidata_label: Robert Lemaignen

wikipedia_title: Robert Lemaignen


text:
hermit
Lérins
Provence
Saint Honoratus
Holy Land
Palestine
lavra
Syria
Egypt
Methoni, Messenia
Fréjus
Desert Fathers
Saint Pachomius
Lérins Abbey
Hilarius of Arles
bishop of Arles
Abbey of San Caprasio
Aulla
Tuscany
Via Francigena
Caprasius of Agen
Catholic Online: Caprasius
Saint of the Day, June 1

categories: 4th-century births,French hermits,5th-century Christian saints,430 deaths

paragraph: Caprasius of Lérins

paragraph: Saint Caprasius, sometimes Caprasius of Lérins (; died 430), was a hermit who lived in Lérins, Provence. He was joined by Saint Honoratus and Honoratus' brother Venantius, two youths who wished to become hermits as well. The three decided to go on pilgrimage to the Holy Land and visit the holy places of Palestine and the lavras of Syria and Egypt. However, Venantius died at Methoni, Messenia, and Caprasius and Honoratus cut short their voyage.

paragraph: Caprasius and Honoratus returned to Gaul, where they established themselves in the hills near Fréjus before returning to Lérins, where they wished to imitate the Desert Fathers. There they were joined by many others, and the hermits were inspired by the monastic rule of Saint Pachomius. Lérins Abbey grew up on the site of this community. According to one scholar, Caprasius may not have been the official leader of the community at Lérins, since he may have been advanced in years at this time or else lacked the charisma of Honoratus.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: Hilarius of Arles, who had been a monk at Lérins before becoming bishop of Arles, composed a "laudatio" in honor of Caprasius after the latter’s death, which is the main source for Caprasius’ life.

paragraph: His relics are preserved in the Abbey of San Caprasio in Aulla in north Tuscany. The monastery was established by the Benedictine order as a hostel on the Via Francigena, the pilgrimage route to Rome. Originally titled Santa Maria, in 1077 it was dedicated to San Caprasio, as the patron of the town and a patron saint of pilgrims.

paragraph: Caprasius should not be confused with another French saint of the same name, the martyr Caprasius of Agen.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Online: Caprasius

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint of the Day, June 1 at "SaintPatrickDC.org"

description: hermit

wikidata_label: Caprasius of Lérins

wikipedia_title: Caprasius of Lérins


text:
Topór
Warsaw
szlachcic
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Łowczy
konsyliarz
Permanent Council
Samogitia
Great Sejm
Field Hetman of Lithuania
Russian Empire
Zofia Niemirowicz-Szczytt
Jastrzębiec
Constitution of May 3
Targowica Confederation
Polish–Russian War of 1792
Field Hetman of Lithuania
Grodno Sejm
Sejm
second partition
Kościuszko Uprising
Warsaw Uprising
hanging

categories: People executed by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,People executed by Poland by hanging,People executed for treason against Poland,1794 deaths,Field Hetmans of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania,Year of birth unknown,Polish nobility,Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus,Executed Polish people,Members of the Great Sejm,Signers of the Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791,Targowica confederates

paragraph: Józef Zabiełło

paragraph: Józef Zabiełło h. Topór (; c. 1750 – 9 May 1794 in Warsaw, Poland) of was a nobleman ("szlachcic") in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Great Łowczy of Lithuanian from 1775, konsyliarz of Permanent Council from 1782, deputy of Samogitia to the Great Sejm and Field Hetman of Lithuania from 1793, he was infamous for his support of the Russian Empire in the last years of the Commonwealth.

paragraph: Son of Antoni Zabiełło and Zofia Niemirowicz-Szczytt h. Jastrzębiec. Opponent of the Constitution of May 3 and deputy marshal of the Targowica Confederation. after the Polish–Russian War of 1792 for his support of the Russian cause he was selected by Russians to be a Field Hetman of Lithuania and deputy to the Grodno Sejm, the last Sejm of the Commonwealth, infamous for being forced by Russians to sign the act of the second partition. During the Kościuszko Uprising he was apprehended by the revolutionaries in the aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising. After it was revealed that he had been receiving a steady pension from the Russian embassy for several years, he was sentenced to hanging as a traitor and executed on 9 May 1794.

description: Field Hetman of Lithuania

wikidata_label: Józef Zabiełło

wikipedia_title: Józef Zabiełło


text:
Japan
Mito school
late shogunate period
Dai Nihon-shi
Christianity
kokutai
sonnō jōi
Tokugawa Nariaki

paragraph: Aizawa Seishisai

paragraph: , born , was a Japanese nationalist thinker of the Mito school during the late shogunate period.

paragraph: In 1799 he became involved in the compilation of the "Dai Nihon-shi" (Great History of Japan) being undertaken by the Mito school.

paragraph: In 1825 he wrote his "Shinron" ("New Theses"), a collection of essays that dealt with issues such as Tokugawa defence policy and how the ships were a threat to Japan. Aizawa also tried to describe conditions in the West and theorize why those states had gained so much control; in his opinion Westerners used religion to enforce conformity of the masses. He also claimed that Christianity was used to secretly subvert native cultures and governments, facilitating military conquest by Europeans. He believed that Japan would need to take up its own state religion and discussed the concept of "kokutai" ("national polity"), in this context. The "Shinron" would become an important work for the "sonnō jōi" movement and his theory of the Kokutai would be developed by future thinkers.

paragraph: In 1840 Aizawa became the first head of professors of the Mito school's "Kōdōkan" but was forced to resign in 1844 when Tokugawa Nariaki resigned as domain leader. He later returned to the "Kōdōkan".

description: Japanese philosopher

wikidata_label: Aizawa Seishisai

wikipedia_title: Aizawa Seishisai


text:
British
peeress
John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll
Lady Mary Coke
Francis Scott, Earl of Dalkeith
2nd Duke of Buccleuch
Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch
Frances Scott
Archibald Douglas, 1st Baron Douglas
Caroline Lucy Scott
Charles Townshend
3rd Viscount Townshend
Duke of Greenwich
in her own right
Lady Louisa Stuart
Thomas Bardwell
National Gallery of Scotland

categories: Daughters of British dukes,Peers of Great Britain created by George III,1794 deaths,Created suo jure peeresses,18th-century Scottish women,British courtesy countesses,Barons in the Peerage of Great Britain,1717 births,Clan Scott,Clan Campbell

paragraph: Caroline Townshend, 1st Baroness Greenwich ("née" Campbell, 17 November 1717 — 11 January 1794) was a British peeress, the daughter and eldest child of John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll, and his wife, the former Jane Warburton. She was a sister of the diarist Lady Mary Coke.

paragraph: On 2 October 1742, she married Francis Scott, Earl of Dalkeith (a son of the 2nd Duke of Buccleuch), and took the courtesy title of Countess of Dalkeith. They became parents of the Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch (1746-1812). Henry was styled Lord Scott of Whitchester after his brother's death, and Earl of Dalkeith after his father's death and succeeded his grandfather as Duke of Buccleuch in 1751. Their other children were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caroline Scott (1743–1753)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Scott, styled Lord Scott of Whitchester (1745–1749)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Campbell Scott (1747–1766)

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Scott (1748–1758)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frances Scott (1750–1817), who married, as his second wife, Archibald Douglas, 1st Baron Douglas, and had children, including the novelist Caroline Lucy Scott

paragraph: Francis died in 1750; on 15 August 1755, Caroline married Charles Townshend (a son of the 3rd Viscount Townshend). They had one child, the Hon. Anne Townshend (1756 – after 1786), who married twice and had children.

paragraph: On 28 August 1767, Caroline was created Baroness Greenwich (a nod to her deceased father's title, Duke of Greenwich) in her own right, with a special remainder to her male issue by Townshend. As there were no surviving sons from her second marriage, the title became extinct upon her death in 1794, aged 76.

paragraph: An excoriating sketch of Lady Greenwich's character and unkindness to her daughter was recorded by Lady Louisa Stuart in her "Memoire of Frances, Lady Douglas".

paragraph: A drawing of Caroline by Thomas Bardwell is held by the National Gallery of Scotland.

description: 1st Baroness Greenwich

wikidata_label: Caroline Townshend


text:
Grimma
Muldentalkreis
Saxony
German
track and field
East Germany
shot put
1987 World Championship

categories: Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field),1959 births,Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics,Universiade silver medalists for East Germany,Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics,World Championships in Athletics athletes for East Germany,East German female shot putters,German female shot putters,People from Grimma,Olympic athletes of East Germany,World Championships in Athletics medalists,Living people,European Athletics Championships medalists

paragraph: Ines Müller

paragraph: Ines Müller, (born 2 January 1959 in Grimma, Muldentalkreis, Saxony), is a German track and field athlete who represented East Germany in the shot put during the 1980s. Her biggest success was the bronze medal in the 1987 World Championship.

paragraph: Section::::International Competitions.

paragraph: Müller represented the Empor Rostock sport club. During her sporting career she was 1.82 meters tall and weighed 90 kilograms.

description: German shot putter

wikidata_label: Ines Müller

wikipedia_title: Ines Müller


text: Irish

text: peer

text: Islam

text: Woking Muslim Mission

text: Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din

text: London

text: Westminster School

text: Trinity College

text: Cambridge University

text: Middle Temple

text: King's College London

text: civil engineer

text: India

text: intertidal zone

text: boxing

text: Broad-sword

text: Singlestick

text: Bat Mullins

text: William H. Johnson

text: British Muslim Society

text: Hajj

text: Australia

text: Barbara Baynton

text: Albania

text: Melbourne

text: Ashton Gifford House

text: Codford

text: Wiltshire

text: Brookwood Cemetery

text: William Abdullah Quilliam

text: Marmaduke Pickthall

text: Faris Glubb

text: Timothy Winter

categories: Alumni of King's College London,1935 deaths,People educated at Westminster School, London,Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,Burials at Brookwood Cemetery,Barons in the Peerage of Ireland,British former Christians,1855 births,English Muslims,Converts to Islam

paragraph: Rowland Allanson-Winn, 5th Baron Headley

paragraph: Rowland George Allanson Allanson-Winn, 5th Baron Headley (19 January 1855 – 22 June 1935), also known as Shaikh Rahmatullah al-Farooq, was an Irish peer and a prominent convert to Islam, who was also one of the leading members of the Woking Muslim Mission alongside Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din. He also presided over the British Muslim Society for some time.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Rowland George Allanson Allanson-Winn was born in London and educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge University. He then entered Middle Temple, before commencing studies at King's College London. He subsequently became a civil engineer by profession, a builder of roads in India, and an authority on the protection of intertidal zones.

paragraph: He was an enthusiastic practitioner of boxing as well as other arts of self-defence, and in 1890 co-authored, with C. Phillipps-Wolley, the classic "Broad-sword and Singlestick" (1890). He was solo author of "Boxing" (1889) in the same "All-England Series" (introduced by the boxer Bat Mullins) which was reprinted in 2006. In 1899 he married Teresa Johnson, daughter of William H. Johnson, former Wazir-wazirat (governor) of Ladakh (Jammu and Kashmir), India. She died in 1919.

paragraph: Headley converted to Islam on 16 November 1913 and adopted the Muslim name of Shaikh Rahmatullah al-Farooq. In 1914 he established the British Muslim Society. He was the author of several books on Islam, including "A Western Awakening to Islam" (1914) and "Three Great Prophets of the World". He was a widely travelled man and twice made the Hajj.

paragraph: He inherited his peerage from his cousin in 1913. In 1921 he married the Australian author Barbara Baynton. He became bankrupt in 1922. He was offered the throne of Albania in 1925, along with $500,000 and $50,000 per year but refused it, at which point Lady Headley returned to Melbourne, where she died in 1929. From 1929 Headley owned and lived at Ashton Gifford House near the village of Codford in Wiltshire. His widow Lady Catherine Headley continued to live at the property until 1940. He is buried in the Muslim section of Brookwood Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Armenian genocide denial.

paragraph: Baron Headley alleged that the Armenian genocide was a case of both sides, Turks and Armenians, killing each other and that the Turks were more numerous as victims than the Armenians.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Charles Edward Archibald Watkin Hamilton, 5th Baronet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Stanley, 3rd Baron Stanley of Alderley

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Abdullah Quilliam

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marmaduke Pickthall

paragraph: BULLET::::- Faris Glubb

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timothy Winter

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Full details of the life, activities and writings of Headley

description: Irish noble


text: KG

text: Richard II

text: Thomas of Woodstock

text: Lords Appellant

text: Earl of Gloucester

text: Gilbert de Clare

text: Ireland

text: Henry Bolingbroke

text: King Henry IV

text: attainted

text: Thomas of Woodstock

text: Epiphany Rising

text: King Henry IV

text: Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York

text: Bristol

text: Constance

text: Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York

text: Isabella of Castile, Duchess of York

text: Isabel le Despenser

text: thePeerage.com

categories: 1400 deaths,Knights of the Garter,People executed under the Lancastrians,Le Despenser family,People executed under the Plantagenets by decapitation,Executed English people,1373 births

paragraph: Thomas Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester

paragraph: Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester KG (22 September 137313 January 1400) was the son of Edward le Despenser, 1st Baron le Despencer, whom he succeeded in 1375.

paragraph: Section::::Royal intrigues.

paragraph: A supporter of Richard II against Thomas of Woodstock and the Lords Appellant, he was rewarded with an Earldom as Earl of Gloucester in 1397, by virtue of being descended from Gilbert de Clare, 7th earl of an earlier creation. He spent the years 1397-99 in Ireland, attempting with little success to persuade the Gaelic chieftains to accept Richard II as their overlord.

paragraph: However, he supported Henry Bolingbroke on his return to England to become King Henry IV, only to be attainted (deprived of his Earldom because of a capital crime) for his role in the death of Thomas of Woodstock.

paragraph: He then took part in the Epiphany Rising, a rebellion led by a number of Barons aimed at restoring Richard to the throne by assassinating King Henry IV; this quickly failed when the conspirators were betrayed by Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York to Henry. After fleeing to the western counties, a number of the Epiphany Rising conspirators were captured and killed by mobs of townspeople loyal to the king; Despenser was captured by a mob and beheaded at Bristol on 13 January 1400.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: Thomas le Despenser married Constance, daughter of Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York and Isabella of Castile, Duchess of York. They had issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth le Despenser (died young c. 1398)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard le Despenser, 4th Baron Burghersh (1396–1414)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward le Despenser (b. bef. 1400), died young

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh le Despenser (c. 1400–1401)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel le Despenser (1393–1439), she married first Richard Beauchamp, 1st Earl of Worcester, she married second his cousin Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- thePeerage.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otway-Ruthven, A.J. "History of Medieval Ireland" Barnes and Noble reprint New York 1993

description: English noble


text: Latin

text: Italian

text: Jesuit

text: Piacenza

text: Milan

text: Rome

text: Collegio Romano

text: philosophy

text: theology

text: Stockholm

text: Christina of Sweden's

text: Catholic

text: Parma

text: Galileo

text: Paul Guldin

text: Marin Mersenne

text: cosmology

text: geography

text: astronomy

text: geodesy

text: vacuum

text: Otto von Guericke

text: Galileo's condemnation

text: horror vacui

text: Genoa

text: Vacuum: historical interpretation

text: Casatus

text: Moon

text: sundial

text: List of Jesuit scientists

text: Horror vacui?

categories: 18th-century Italian mathematicians,17th-century Italian mathematicians,1707 deaths,Catholic clergy scientists,1617 births,Italian physicists,Italian Jesuits,Italian mathematicians

paragraph: Paolo Casati

paragraph: Paolo Casati (in Latin, Paulus Casatus) (1617 – 22 December 1707) was an Italian Jesuit mathematician. Born in Piacenza to a Milanese family, he joined the Jesuits in 1634. After completing his mathematical and theological studies, he moved to Rome, where he assumed the position of professor at the Collegio Romano. He was given the chair in mathematics after teaching philosophy and theology.

paragraph: Section::::Casati in Sweden.

paragraph: In 1651, Casati was sent on a mission to Stockholm in order to gauge the sincerity of Christina of Sweden's intention to become Catholic. He subsequently returned to his post at Rome. In 1677, he moved to the Jesuit College in Parma, where he remained until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Casati's "Terra machinis mota".

paragraph: The astronomical work "Terra machinis mota" (1658) imagines a dialogue between Galileo, Paul Guldin, and Marin Mersenne on various intellectual problems of cosmology, geography, astronomy and geodesy. For example, they discuss how to determine the Earth's dimensions, floating bodies, the phenomena of capillarity, and also describe the experiment on the vacuum made by Otto von Guericke in 1654. The work is remarkable for the fact that it represents Galileo in a positive light, in a Jesuit work, only 25 years after Galileo's condemnation by the Church.

paragraph: Section::::Casati and Theories on the Vacuum.

paragraph: Casati discussed the hypothesis of horror vacui, that nature abhors a vacuum, in his thesis "Vacuum proscriptum", published in Genoa in 1649. Casati confuted the existence of both vacuum and atmospheric pressure, but he did not rely entirely on scientific observation, and refers to Catholic thought in order to back his claims. The absence of anything implied the absence of God, and hearkened back to the void prior to the story of creation in the book of Genesis (see Vacuum: historical interpretation).

paragraph: Section::::Named after Casati.

paragraph: The crater Casatus on the Moon is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Other works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fabrica et uso del compasso di proportione" (1664), a work explaining the construction and use of proportional compasses

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le ceneri dell'Olimpo ventilate" (1673), a dialogue about meteorology

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De gli horologi solari" (unpublished manuscript): about sundial construction

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Exercitationes matheseos candidatis exhibitaæ" (1698) (unpublished manuscript): a collection of algebraic and geometrical subjects.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Jesuit scientists

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Horror vacui?

paragraph: BULLET::::- The scientific works of Paolo Casati (1617-1707)

description: Italian mathematician

wikidata_label: Paolo Casati

wikipedia_title: Paolo Casati