text:
Chicago, Illinois
handbills
blood
DNA
List of kidnappings
WebSleuths thread
Mary Agnes Moroney
Doe Network

categories: 1928 births,Missing American children,Kidnapped American children,1930s missing person cases,Missing person cases in Illinois

paragraph: Disappearance of Mary Agnes Moroney

paragraph: Mary Agnes Moroney (born May 9, 1928) was a missing American child who disappeared on May 15, 1930. She had just turned two when she was taken from her Chicago, Illinois home on May 15, 1930. Her abduction was heavily covered by both local and national media, but her whereabouts have never been ascertained. Her kidnapping is the oldest unsolved case of this nature in the files of the "Chicago Missing Persons Bureau".

paragraph: Section::::Disappearance.

paragraph: Catherine Moroney had married Michael Moroney very young, at the age of thirteen and, by the age of seventeen, had two daughters, Mary Agnes, 2, and Anastasia, 11 months. They lived at 5200 Wentworth Avenue. They were very poor, as Michael only made US$15 per week, passing out handbills. A relative of Catherine's wrote to the needy-family service and a paragraph on the family's plight was printed. The service did not normally disclose addresses, but, through a slip, the Moroneys' address was learned by a woman.

paragraph: On May 14, 1930, while Catherine was scrubbing the floor, there was a knock at the door. When Catherine opened the door, she was greeted by a woman who stated she had been sent by a social worker to deal with the Moroneys' case. She was described as well-dressed, about 22 years of age, with protruding teeth and a "cultured" voice. The woman identified herself as "Julia Otis". After listening to the Moroneys' many problems, she asked Catherine if she could take Mary Agnes to California with her, just for a little while, adding that she would be unrecognisable and "fat as a butterball". Catherine refused. After promising to return, the stranger handed Catherine $2 and left.

paragraph: The next day, May 15, she came back, this time not with money, but with baby clothes, as Catherine was pregnant. The woman stated that she had arranged to get a better job for her husband Michael and then she offered to take Mary to a nearby store and buy her some clothes and shoes. Reluctantly, Catherine gave her consent. Later, Catherine commented that Mary Agnes sobbed and refused to go with the woman, but she was taken anyway. Mary Agnes and the unidentified woman never returned.

paragraph: Section::::Letters.

paragraph: Section::::Letters.:First letter.

paragraph: The Moroney family received a letter from "Otis" the day after she took Mary Agnes. It read:

paragraph: This was the last the Moroneys ever heard from Julia Otis.

paragraph: Section::::Letters.:Second letter.

paragraph: Two weeks after the kidnapping, a woman who identified herself as "Alice Henderson" sent the Moroneys a letter in which she stated that "Otis" was her cousin and that she was "love hungry" because her own husband and baby had died the year before. Henderson never wrote again and authorities state that the letter from "Otis" is written in the same handwriting as the one written by "Henderson".

paragraph: Section::::Alleged findings.

paragraph: Section::::Alleged findings.:Indian woman.

paragraph: In July 1931, an elder Indian woman named Martha Thompson was found pushing a cart to join a circus. The cart contained a blond-haired, blue-eyed three-year-old girl that matched Mary Agnes' description. Thompson maintained that the girl was abandoned by her mother, Florence Fuller, and begged to be allowed to keep her. The Moroneys did not identify the girl as Mary Agnes.

paragraph: Section::::Alleged findings.:Mary McClelland.

paragraph: A 24-year-old housewife called Mary McClelland ("née" Beck) came forward in 1952, claiming that, by looking at photos of Mary Agnes's siblings (six more were born after her kidnapping), she suspected she was Mary Agnes. She had been adopted within a year of Mary Agnes's disappearance by Charles and Nora Beck. Dr. Kraus, after studying and comparing her dental casts, named her as one of the family. Her skull and blood showed she was a Moroney and her mother claimed to recognize her. However, an aging physician named Dr. E. W. Merrithew stated that he delivered McClelland to an unknown mother on November 17, 1927 and McClelland's mother provided a baby picture of her daughter dating from 1928, which proved she had been adopted two years before the Moroney abduction. What is more, Mary Agnes underwent an operation for a ruptured navel, but McClelland did not have the scar Mary Agnes had at the time of her disappearance. Further DNA testing proved she was not Mary Agnes and she died in 2005. The Moroney kidnapping remains unsolved.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of kidnappings

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- WebSleuths thread

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Agnes Moroney at the Doe Network

description: Kidnapped American child

wikidata_label: Mary Agnes Moroney

wikipedia_title: Disappearance of Mary Agnes Moroney


text:
Italian
painter
Renaissance
Crema
mannerist
Antonio
Bernardino
Giulio
Camillo Agrippa
Santa Maria presso San Celso
Milan
Santa Maria della Passione
Bernardino Campi
San Fedele
Pinacoteca di Brera
Sant'Eustorgio
San Marco
Santa Maria della Croce
Sabbioneta
Palazzo del Giardino
Vespasiano Gonzaga

categories: People from Crema, Lombardy,Italian male painters,Italian Renaissance painters,Cremonese painters,Year of birth uncertain,16th-century Italian painters,16th-century births,1585 deaths

paragraph: Carlo Urbino

paragraph: Carlo Urbino (1525/30–1585) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance.

paragraph: He was born in Crema. His style recalls the mannerist work of the Campi family: Antonio, Bernardino, and Giulio . He trained in the Veneto and is known to have participated in drawings for a treatise on the science of armaments by Camillo Agrippa. In 1556, he painted the canvas of "Christ and Mother" and an "Assumption of the Virgin" for Santa Maria presso San Celso in Milan. He helped decorate a Chapel in Santa Maria della Passione. Later he worked with Bernardino Campi, for example in the "Transfiguration" (1565) in the church of San Fedele in Milan. The canvas of "Doubting Thomas" is found in the Pinacoteca di Brera. He painted in the Chapel of the Angels in Sant'Eustorgio, a "Pentecost" in the church of San Marco. In the 1570s, he returned to Crema, where he painted a canvas for the Sanctuary of Santa Maria della Croce, and in Sabbioneta, painted frescoes for the Palazzo del Giardino of Vespasiano Gonzaga.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Derived from the entry in Italian.

alias:
Carlo Urbini
Carlo Urbino da Crema
Carlo da Crema
Charles Urbino de Crema

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Carlo Urbino

wikipedia_title: Carlo Urbino


text:
Astrologer
Ottoman
Sufi
world history
Caspian Sea
Adharbayjan
Shirvan
Arran
Derbent
Turkish literature
Ereğli, Konya
Salonica
Encyclopædia Britannica
Mevlevi
dervish
Kasımpaşa
astronomy
astrology
müneccimbaşi
Mehmed IV
padishah
Egypt
Moralı Hasan Pasha
Mecca
Medina
Khadija
Muhammad
Arabic
Grand Vizier
Kara Mustafa
world history
Adam
Derbent
Transcaucasia
Arran
Adharbayjan
Babylonians
Seleucids
Assyrians
India
China
Ahmed Nedim
epitomized
Vladimir Minorsky
Selimiye Mosque
Edirne
Topkapi Sarayi Museum
Istanbul
Ibn Khaldun
diwan
pen-name
Ubayd Zakani
Qur’an
Al Baidawi
ethics
Qadi Adudun
geometry
logic
Hajj
metaphor

categories: 1702 deaths,17th-century writers of the Ottoman Empire,People from Thessaloniki,Ottoman Sufis,17th-century historians,17th-century births,Astrologers of the Ottoman Empire,17th-century astrologers

paragraph: Munejjim-bashi Ahmed Dede

paragraph: Ahmed Lütfullah (early 17th century – 27 February 1702), better known by his court title of Münejjim Bashi (; "Chief Astrologer"), was an Ottoman courtier, scholar, Sufi poet and historian. His chief work is the "Jamiʿ al-Duwal", a world history particularly valuable for the history of the medieval Muslim dynasties of the regions around the southwestern shore of the Caspian Sea (Adharbayjan, Shirvan, Arran, Derbent). In Turkish literature, he is referred to also as Ahmed Lütfullah.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: His father Lütfullah was a native of Ereğli, Konya, but Ahmed was born in Salonica sometime in the first half of the 17th century (in 1631 according to the "Encyclopædia Britannica"). He was educated at the Mevlevi dervish lodge in the quarter of Kasımpaşa, spending 15 years there under the supervision of Sheikh Halil Dede. After studies on astronomy and astrology, he advanced to the position of chief court astrologer ("müneccimbaşi") in 1667/8. He enjoyed his greatest prominence under Sultan Mehmed IV (reigned 1648–87), who in 1675/6 raised him to the rank of "musahib-i padishahi" ("imperial companion"), signifying his admittance to the innermost circle of the court. He retained the post until Mehmed IV's deposition in November 1687, when he was exiled to Egypt, where his adopted son Moralı Hasan Pasha served as governor. After some time he moved to Mecca, where he became the sheikh of the local Mevlevi lodge. In 1693/4 he moved to Medina for seven years. In 1700, he was recalled to Istanbul to work again as chief astrologer, but declined the offer because of his old age. He returned to Mecca, where he died on 27 February 1702. His tomb was located near the mausoleum of Khadija, the first wife of Muhammad.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"The Compendium of Nations".

paragraph: Münejjim Bashi's main work is the "Jamiʿ al-Duwal" ("The Compendium of Nations"), written in Arabic. It was begun at the behest of Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa, who instructed him to prepare a comprehensive historical work. It is a world history, beginning with Adam and ending in Ottoman times, in the year 1678. It is divided into three parts: the history of Muhammad, the history of pre- and non-Islamic dynasties, and the history of Islamic dynasties, concluding with the history of the Ottoman dynasty until 1678. His work is especially valuable as it preserves information from several sources now lost, especially on many minor Muslim dynasties overlooked by major historians. This is particularly the case on his use of the lost "Taʾrikh Bab al-Abwab" ("History of Derbent"), which provides much information on the dynasties of eastern Transcaucasia, Arran and Adharbayjan. His pre-Islamic section is also notable, as he used Roman and Jewish sources, as well as West European chronicles, and was the first Islamic historian to deal with dynasties like the Babylonians, the Seleucids and the Assyrians. His work also includes sections on India and China. Although several manuscript copies of the original Arabic work are known to exist, the "Jamiʿ al-Duwal" was for long best known and accessible through a Turkish translation by Ahmed Nedim in the 18th century, known as "Saha'if al-Akhbar" ("The Pages of the Chronicle"). Although epitomized, Nedim's version "is very readable and not composed in the highflown literary style that prevailed in his period". The work notably provided the main material for Vladimir Minorsky's magisterial "Studies in Caucasian history" (London 1953) and "A history of Sharvan and Darband" (Cambridge 1958). The original manuscript, considered lost for a long time, is kept partly at the Library of the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne and the rest at the Library of the Topkapi Sarayi Museum in Istanbul.

paragraph: In his Chistory, Münejjim Bashi follows the method used in Islamic historiography by Ibn Khaldun, indicating his sources and submitting them to a critical investigation.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Other works.

paragraph: Although best known for his history, Münejjim Bashi also wrote numerous other works, such as a collection of poems ("diwan") on mystical themes under the pen-name "Ashik" ("lover"), a "Lata'if-name", treatises on geometry, music and mysticism, theological commentaries, and a translation of anecdotes of the bawdy bard and often homoerotic Persian satyrist Ubayd Zakani.

paragraph: An important work is "Hasia", a commentary of the interpretation of the Qur’an "Tafsir al-baydawi al-musamma anwar altanzil wa asrar" by Al Baidawi.

paragraph: Of the other works written by Müneccimbaşi the following are worth mentioning:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Şerh-i kitâb-ı Ahlâk" - annotations on the ethics book of Qadi Adudun.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Talikat 'ala Uklidi" – a treaty of geometry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vesilet ül-Vüsûl ilâ Ma'rifet İl-Hamli vel-Mahmûl" - the science of logic.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Risale-i Mûsikiyye" - a treaty of music.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Feyz-ül-Harem" – a presentation of the city of Mecca and its environment, meant mainly as a guide for pilgrims during their Hajj

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cayet-ül-Beyân fi Dekaik-i ilm-ül-Beyân" – a study on the use of the metaphor,

description: Ottoman astronomer, astrologer, and historian

wikidata_label: Müneccimbaşı Ahmed Dede

wikipedia_title: Munejjim-bashi Ahmed Dede


text:
Archbishop of Reims
Cardinal Guillaume Briçonnet
Charles VIII of France
Orléans
Abbey of St. Vaast
Chancellor of France
Moulins

categories: 15th-century peers of France,Archbishops of Reims,1497 deaths,1450 births

paragraph: Robert Briçonnet

paragraph: Robert Briçonnet (c.1450 – 3 June 1497) was a French churchman and courtier, and Archbishop of Reims from 1493.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was the fifth son of Jean Briçonnet, and an elder brother of the Cardinal Guillaume Briçonnet. He owed much to the credit which Guillaume had with Charles VIII of France, when it came to his rapid elevation to public offices and dignities.

paragraph: He was named Canon of St.-Aignan at Orléans, Abbot of the rich Abbey of St. Vaast at Arras, and in 1493 he was raised to the archiepiscopal See of Reims, four years before the Cardinal himself was appointed to that see.

paragraph: Charles also appointed him President of the Superior Tribunal of Finances, and Chancellor of France. He enjoyed this new dignity for only twenty-two months before his death, which occurred at Moulins. He showed himself, as did his brothers and nephews, a patron of men of letters.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: Roman Catholic archbishop

wikidata_label: Robert Briçonnet

wikipedia_title: Robert Briçonnet


text:
Cardinal
Tours
Varennes
Touraine
Languedoc
Louis XI of France
Charles VIII of France
Francesco Guicciardini
Ludovico Sforza
Duchy of Milan
Ferdinand I of Naples
Count of Belgiojoso
Kingdom of Naples
house of Anjou
Bishop of St.-Malo
Duke of Bourbon
Anne of France
Pope Alexander VI
Pisa
Fornovo
Philippe de Comines
Louis XII
Cardinal d'Amboise
Bishopric of Nimes
Bishopric of Toulon
Robert Briçonnet
archiepiscopal See of Reims
Julius II
Abbey of St.-Germain-des-Prés
Pope Leo X
Sacred College
Narbonne

categories: 15th-century peers of France,16th-century peers of France,People temporarily excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church,French cardinals,15th-century Roman Catholic bishops,16th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Cardinal-bishops of Albano,Bishops of Toulon,Cardinal-bishops of Frascati,1445 births,Archbishops of Reims,Year of birth unknown,Bishops of Saint-Malo,15th-century cardinals,Cardinal-bishops of Palestrina,Archbishops of Narbonne,1514 deaths

paragraph: Guillaume Briçonnet (cardinal)

paragraph: Guillaume Briçonnet (1445–1514) was a French Cardinal and statesman.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born at Tours, Guillaume Briçonnet was a younger son of Jean Briçonnet, Lord of Varennes, in Touraine, Secretary to the king and collector-general of Customs. Appointed Superintendent of Finances for the Province of Languedoc under Louis XI of France, Guillaume Briçonnet discharged the duties of his office with such integrity and efficiency, and showed himself so devoted to the interests of Louis that that monarch recommended him to his successor. Charles VIII of France made him Secretary of the Treasury, raised him to the first place in the Council of State, and, according to the historian Francesco Guicciardini, would undertake nothing in the government of his kingdom without the advice of Briçonnet.

paragraph: Ludovico Sforza, called the Moor, wishing to dispossess his nephew of the Duchy of Milan, and finding himself opposed by Ferdinand I of Naples, sent an embassy under the Count of Belgiojoso to Charles to induce the king of France to assert his claims to the Kingdom of Naples as heir to the house of Anjou. Sforza promised to place all his troops at the king's service. Briçonnet having shortly before this lost his wife, Raoulette de Beaune, by whom he had three sons, had entered the ecclesiastical state and been named Bishop of St.-Malo. To flatter his ambition the Milanese ambassadors assured him that the king's influence would raise him to the cardinalate. Briçonnet, thus won over to the Sforza interest, adroitly encouraged the warlike dispositions of his sovereign, triumphed over the opposition of the royal council, of the Duke of Bourbon, and of Anne of France, the Duke's wife, influenced Charles to sign a secret treaty with Sforza, and assured the king of his ability to raise the funds necessary to carry on the war both on land and sea.

paragraph: Pope Alexander VI, alarmed at the apparent danger threatening Italy, promised the cardinal's hat to Briçonnet if he could prevail upon Charles to abandon his enterprise; but Briçonnet, realizing that he could not govern without flattering the king's passion for conquest, urged him on, and, notwithstanding the dilapidated state of the treasury, succeeded in meeting the expenses of the war. Accompanying Charles on his expedition, he provoked a mutiny in the French army, by his treachery in sacrificing the Pisans, allies of France, to their enemies, the Florentines, and had he not hidden himself from the fury of the soldiers they would have taken his life. Upon this occasion, as upon others, Briçonnet's ambition led him into conduct at variance with his motto: "Ditat servata fides". Charles had entered Rome as a conqueror, greatly irritated with Alexander VI for having stirred up opposition to him; but the adroit Briçonnet reconciled his royal master with the pope, and for reward received the cardinal's hat. This honour was conferred in a special consistory held in the king's presence, 16 January 1495, the new cardinal taking the title of Cardinal of St.-Malo, from his episcopal see.

paragraph: Briçonnet soon had cause to repent the advice he had given to invade Italy. A formidable league was formed for the purpose of cutting off the French retreat, and neither the diplomacy nor the entreaties of the French cardinal had any effect on the hostile generals. The prowess of Charles and the valour of his troops alone saved the French from defeat. With 8,000 men the king defeated, at Fornovo, an army of 40,000, and opened a road to France. Soon after this Briçonnet, induced by a tempting promise of preferment for one of his sons, tried to persuade Charles to break off the peace negotiations and support with an army the Duke of Orleans' claims to the Duchy of Milan. Charles, however, preferred the counsels of Philippe de Comines and sacrificed the interests of the duke, and the king's premature death put an end to the influence of Briçonnet, Louis XII giving his confidence to the Cardinal d'Amboise.

paragraph: While serving his king and the State, the Cardinal of St.-Malo had not overlooked his own interests; he had obtained from Alexander VI the Bishopric of Nimes. His title being disputed by the nominee of the chapter, there arose a litigation which lasted until the year 1507, when Briçonnet was awarded the title. In 1497 he had received "in commendam" the Bishopric of Toulon, and in the same year succeeded his brother Robert Briçonnet in the archiepiscopal See of Reims. On 27 May 1498, he crowned Louis XII in his cathedral and followed the king to Paris. As a peer of France, he assisted at the session of the Council of State at which the marriage of Louis with Jeanne, the daughter of Louis XI, was annulled.

paragraph: When he had ceased to be a minister of State, Briçonnet retired to Rome for two years. Louis then made use of his talents to check what he called the arrogance of the warrior pope, Julius II. By his king's direction Briçonnet took steps to assemble at Pisa a council of cardinals opposed to the policy of Julius, and bent on the reformation of the head and hierarchy of the Church. He left Rome suddenly and secretly with a group of cardinals whom he had won over, and opened his council at Pisa, but soon transferred it to Milan, and thence to Lyon. He was, however, summoned to appear before the pope, was deprived of the Roman purple and excommunicated. Louis, on his side, bestowed upon him in commendam the rich Abbey of St.-Germain-des-Prés and the government of Languedoc.

paragraph: At the death of Julius II Briçonnet was absolved from all censures and excommunication in 1513, and restored by Pope Leo X to the Sacred College. He then retired to end his days at Narbonne, for which see he had exchanged Reims. He was buried in a superb mausoleum which he had built for himself in the church of Our Lady.

paragraph: Whilst in power, Briçonnet showed himself a patron of men of letters; they dedicated their works to him and became his panegyrists. He was called "oraculum regis" and "regni columna". His life was in fact swayed by ambition and occupied by intrigues. He composed a manual of Latin prayers, dedicated to Charles VIII. At Saint-Malo he issued several synodal instructions.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Guillaume Briçonnet

wikipedia_title: Guillaume Briçonnet (cardinal)


text:
equestrian
2008 Summer Olympics
Duffys Forest
Pony Club
Newington College
Lindfield
2008 Beijing Olympics
eventing
2016 Summer Olympics
Australian Olympic Committee profile
Bimbadeen Park – About Shane

categories: Equestrians at the 2016 Summer Olympics,People educated at Newington College,Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Olympic medalists in equestrian,Australian event riders,Australian male equestrians,Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Olympic silver medalists for Australia,Equestrians at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Olympic equestrians of Australia,Living people,1973 births

paragraph: Shane Rose

paragraph: Shane Rose (born 24 April 1973 in Sydney) is an Australian equestrian who won a silver medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing as part of the three-day eventing team.

paragraph: As a child, Rose lived with his parents and three siblings in Duffys Forest, New South Wales, joining the local Pony Club when he was five. He was educated at Newington College Preparatory School, Lindfield (1978–83), and Pittwater House. Rose's love for horses continued to grow, and at 21 years of age he represented Australia in the Young Rider Trans-Tasman competition with Mr Joe Cool.

paragraph: Since then he has competed at many prestigious competitions around the world, including success at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, where Rose and his horse All Luck were part of the team that won the Silver Medal for eventing. He also competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics where he won a team bronze.

paragraph: He was once kicked in the head by a horse which left him in a coma for a week.

paragraph: Section::::Horses.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beauford Miss Dior – 1986 Bay Mare

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 Adelaide CCI**** Winner

paragraph: BULLET::::- All Luck – 1994 Bay Thoroughbred Gelding

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 Beijing Olympics – Team Silver Medal, Individual 27th place

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taurus – 2002 Bay Warmblood Gelding (Aries)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 World Equestrian Games – Team Fourth place, Individual 34th place

paragraph: BULLET::::- CP Qualified – 2003 Gray Holsteiner Gelding (Quite Capitol x Corofino I)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 Adelaide CCI**** Winner

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 Rio Olympics – Team Bronze Medal

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Australian Olympic Committee profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bimbadeen Park – About Shane

description: equestrian

wikidata_label: Shane Rose

wikipedia_title: Shane Rose


text:
Swedish
trade union
Swedish Trade Union Confederation

categories: 1997 deaths,Swedish trade unionists,People from Stockholm,1922 births

paragraph: Gunnar Nilsson (trade unionist)

paragraph: Gunnar Erling Nilsson (1922–1997) was a Swedish trade union organiser. Originally a glass-blower by profession, he belonged to the Wood Industries Workers Union. Nilsson was the chairman of the Swedish Trade Union Confederation 1973–1983.

description: Swedish trade unionist

wikidata_label: Gunnar Nilsson

wikipedia_title: Gunnar Nilsson (trade unionist)


text: Kraków

text: Polish

text: graphic artist

text: scenographer

text: illustrator

text: wall painting

text: iconostases

text: polychromies

text: Orthodox Church

text: Kraków

text: Białystok

text: Jelenia Góra

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Wesoła

text: Franciscan

text: Greek Catholic

text: Lourdes, France

text: honorary doctorate

text: Jagiellonian University

text: Jerzy Nowosielski

categories: Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Catholicism,Polish painters,City of Kraków Award laureates,Polish contemporary artists,Eastern Orthodox Christians from Poland,1923 births,2011 deaths

paragraph: Jerzy Nowosielski

paragraph: Jerzy Nowosielski (January 7, 1923 – February 21, 2011) was a Kraków-born Polish painter, graphic artist, scenographer, and illustrator.

paragraph: He was well known for his religious compositions (wall paintings, iconostases, polychromies) in the Orthodox Churches in Kraków, Białystok and Jelenia Góra, the Roman Catholic Church of the Holy Cross at Wesoła, the Franciscan Church in the Azory district of Kraków, and the Greek Catholic Church in Lourdes, France. Nowosielski designed and erected the Church of the Birth of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Biały Bór.

paragraph: He also painted portraits, landscapes, still life, and abstract pictures. His works are found in Polish museums and also in private collections in Canada, the USA, and Germany. In 1993 he was awarded a prize by the Polish cultural foundation Wielka Fundacja Kultury and received an honorary doctorate from the Jagiellonian University in 2000.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nowosielski's Wedding. Prof. K.M.P. Rudnicki's tribute to Jerzy Nowosielski

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jerzy Nowosielski at culture.pl

description: Polish artist

wikidata_label: Jerzy Nowosielski

wikipedia_title: Jerzy Nowosielski


text:
Persian
mathematician
physicist
astronomer
Tabaristan
Amol
Baghdad
Buwayhid
Sharaf al-Dawla
astrolabe
Archimedean
Apollonian
equation
second degree
equilateral pentagon
fourth degree equation
conic section
straight line
circle
ellipse
parabola
hyperbola
Aristotle
weight

categories: Medieval Iraqi mathematicians,940 births,10th-century Iranian people,Astronomers of medieval Islam,10th-century mathematicians,People from Amol,Medieval Persian mathematicians,Medieval Persian astronomers,1000 deaths,Mathematicians of medieval Islam,Buyid scholars,10th-century astronomers,Medieval Iraqi astronomers

paragraph: Abū Sahl al-Qūhī

paragraph: ' ('; "Abusahl Bijan-e Koohi") was a Persian mathematician, physicist and astronomer. He was from Kuh (or Quh), an area in Tabaristan, Amol, and flourished in Baghdad in the 10th century. He is considered one of the greatest Muslim geometers, with many mathematical and astronomical writings ascribed to him.

paragraph: Al-Qūhī was the leader of the astronomers working in 988 AD at the observatory built by the Buwayhid amir Sharaf al-Dawla in Badhdad. He wrote a treatise on the astrolabe in which he solves a number of difficult geometric problems.

paragraph: In mathematics he devoted his attention to those Archimedean and Apollonian problems leading to equations higher than the second degree. He solved some of them and discussed the conditions of solvability. For example, he was able to solve the problem of inscribing an equilateral pentagon into a square, resulting in a fourth degree equation. He also wrote a treatise on the "perfect compass", a compass with one leg of variable length that allows users to draw any conic section: straight lines, circles, ellipses, parabolas and hyperbolas. It is likely that al-Qūhī invented the device.

paragraph: Like Aristotle, al-Qūhī proposed that the weight of bodies varies with their distance from the center of the Earth.

paragraph: The correspondence between al-Qūhī and Abu Ishaq al-Sabi, a high civil servant interested in mathematics, has been preserved.

description: Medieval Persian mathematician-astronomer

wikidata_label: Abū Sahl al-Qūhī

wikipedia_title: Abū Sahl al-Qūhī


text:
Roman
consul
Gnaeus Papirius Carbo
Praeneste
Lucius Cornelius Sulla
Gaius Marius
Julia
Julius Caesar
Titus Pomponius Atticus
Marcus Tullius Cicero
Social War
Lucius Porcius Cato
Battle of Fucine Lake
Cimbri
Lucius Licinius Crassus
Lucius Cornelius Sulla
First Mithridatic War
Ostia
Hiempsal II
Numidia
Kerkennah Islands
Cinna's
Cassius Dio
plebeian tribune
Capitoline Hill
praetor
Carbo
Marius Gratidianus
Quintus Sertorius
cohorts
civil war
Lucius Cornelius Sulla
Sacriportus
Praeneste
prefect
Quintus Lucretius Ofella
tuff
Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex
Lucius Domitius
Publius Antistius
Papirius Carbo
Carbo
Lucius Junius Brutus Damasippus
Amatius
Maria (gens)
Gracchi brothers
Sulla
T. Robert S. Broughton

categories: Ancient Romans who committed suicide,Male suicides,Roman Republican consuls,1st-century BC Romans,2nd-century BC Romans,2nd-century BC births,Marii,Ancient Roman generals,82 BC deaths

paragraph: Gaius Marius the Younger

paragraph: Gaius Marius Minor, also known in English as Marius the Younger or informally "the younger Marius" (110 BC/108 BC – 82 BC), was a Roman general and politician who became consul in 82 BC alongside Gnaeus Papirius Carbo. He committed suicide that same year at Praeneste, after his defeat at the hands of Lucius Cornelius Sulla.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Marius the Younger was the son of the Gaius Marius who was seven times consul and a famous military commander. His mother, Julia, was an aunt of Julius Caesar.

paragraph: In his youth, Marius was educated with Titus Pomponius Atticus and Marcus Tullius Cicero by Greek tutors. During the Social War, he served under Lucius Porcius Cato, whom one source claims Marius killed at the Battle of Fucine Lake over Cato's claims that Cato's achievements were on par with the elder Marius's victory over the Cimbri. Seeking to strengthen his political alliances, the elder Marius married his son to Licinia, a daughter of Lucius Licinius Crassus.

paragraph: In the political turmoil launched by his father in 88 BC to strip his rival Lucius Cornelius Sulla of command of the Roman forces in the First Mithridatic War, the Younger Marius accompanied his father into exile when Sulla unexpectedly marched on Rome, forcing them both to flee. At Ostia, young Marius went on ahead of his father and sailed to Africa. There he went to the court of Hiempsal II of Numidia to seek his help against Sulla, but the king decided to hold him captive instead. He managed to escape with the help of one of Hiempsal's concubines whom the young Marius had seduced. He then joined up with his father who had also come to Africa, and they escaped to the Kerkennah Islands.

paragraph: Learning of Cinna's fight to retain his consulship in 87 BC, father and son returned to Rome, where Marius the elder took control of the situation, gathering an army of slaves and gladiators, and murdering his enemies, both real and imagined. According to Cassius Dio, the younger Marius inaugurated his father's seventh consulship by murdering one plebeian tribune and sending his head to the newly installed consuls, while having another tribune thrown from the heights of the Capitoline Hill. He also banished two praetors, ordering that neither should receive fire or water from any Roman citizen.

paragraph: When his father died in 86 BC, the young Marius assumed leadership of his father's adherents and clients, although overall control of the Marian faction was held by Cinna, who was elected consul on consecutive years until his death in 84 BC. The young Marius is said to have lacked his father's charisma and sought to achieve popularity on the family name.

paragraph: Young Marius was elected to the consulship for 82 BC. This was a political move by Carbo, his consular colleague, to drum up popular support and enthusiasm for the war against Sulla; Marius was much too young and had not held the prerequisite magistracies to be a legally elected consul. Two talented and better-qualified men among the Marian faction, his cousin Marius Gratidianus and Quintus Sertorius, were passed over in favor of the younger Marius's symbolic value. However, many of the old veterans from the elder Marius's former armies came out of retirement and flocked to the younger Marius's side, and, by the battle of Sacriportus, his army numbered 85 cohorts.

paragraph: In the subsequent civil war in 82 BC, Lucius Cornelius Sulla and his army defeated the armies of Marius at the battle of Sacriportus, after which he retreated with around 7000 surviving troops to the fortress city of Praeneste, along with the treasury of the Capitoline temple. Sulla's prefect Quintus Lucretius Ofella, conducted the siege, throttling the town with a ring of rapidly constructed earth and tuff barricades.

paragraph: Upon the defeat of his forces, Marius gave orders to kill a number of Sullan supporters before Rome was captured by Sulla, including his father-in-law, Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex, the ex-consul Lucius Domitius, Publius Antistius and Papirius Carbo. Although both Carbo and Lucius Junius Brutus Damasippus attempted to break the siege, they were unsuccessful, with relief forces being intercepted and destroyed en route. Towards the end of the siege Marius made one final attempt to escape, this time by digging a tunnel under the walls, but the attempt was uncovered. Marius committed suicide so as not to fall into enemy hands.

paragraph: In 45 BC, a man referred to as Amatius appeared in Rome, claiming to be the son of the younger Marius.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria (gens)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Details a broad narrative history of history from the death of the Gracchi brothers to the dictatorship of Sulla.

paragraph: BULLET::::- T. Robert S. Broughton, "The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol II" (1952).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, William, "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology", Vol II (1867).

description: Roman Republic consul

wikidata_label: Gaius Marius the Younger

wikipedia_title: Gaius Marius the Younger


href: Netherlands sculptor Rijksakademie Amsterdam Edison%20Award Utrecht%20%28city%29 Netherlands

text:
Dutch
sculptor
Rijksakademie
Amsterdam
Edison Award
Utrecht
Netherlands

wikipedia_title:
Netherlands
Sculpture
Rijksakademie van beeldende kunsten
Amsterdam
Edison Award
Utrecht
Netherlands

categories: Dutch male sculptors,People from Hilversum,1997 deaths,1917 births,20th-century Dutch sculptors

paragraph: Pieter d'Hont

paragraph: Pieter D'Hont (24 April 1917 – 12 June 1997) was a Dutch sculptor.

paragraph: He studied at the Rijksakademie in Amsterdam. D'Hont designed the statue of the Edison Award. Most of his works are located in Utrecht, Netherlands.

description: Dutch sculptor

wikidata_label: Pieter d'Hont

wikipedia_title: Pieter d'Hont


text: Yahweh

text: Judah

text: Jotham

text: king of Judah

text: Second Book of Kings

text: Edwin R. Thiele

text: William F. Albright

text: Gospel of Matthew

text: genealogy of Jesus

text: Pekah

text: Israel

text: Tiglath-Pileser III

text: Isaiah

text: Damascus

text: Kedesh

text: Hazor

text: Gilead

text: Galilee

text: Naphtali

text: Deuteronomistic historian

text: Hezekiah

text: Nisan

text: bulla

text: Tiglath-Pileser III

text: annals

text: Menahem

text: Eilat Mazar

text: Hezekiah

categories: 8th-century BC biblical rulers,8th-century BC Kings of Judah,710s BC deaths,Kings of ancient Judah,8th-century BC births

paragraph: Ahaz

paragraph: Ahaz (; "Akhaz"; ; an abbreviation of Jehoahaz, "Yahweh has held" (; "Ia-ú-ḫa-zi") was king of Judah, and the son and successor of Jotham. Ahaz was 20 when he became king of Judah and reigned for 16 years.

paragraph: Ahaz is portrayed as an evil king in the Second Book of Kings (2 Kings 16:2).

paragraph: Edwin R. Thiele concluded that Ahaz was co-regent with Jotham from 736/735 BC, and that his sole reign began in 732/731 and ended in 716/715 BC. William F. Albright has dated his reign to 744 – 728 BC.

paragraph: The Gospel of Matthew lists Ahaz of Judah in the genealogy of Jesus. He is also mentioned in .

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Ahaz's reign commenced at the age of 20, in the 17th year of the reign of Pekah of Israel. It is described in ; ; and .

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Destruction of Northern Kingdom.

paragraph: Immediately upon his accession, Ahaz had to meet a coalition formed by northern Israel, under Pekah, and Damascus (Syria), under Rezin. These kings wished to compel him to join them in opposing the Assyrians, who were arming a force against the Northern Kingdom under Tiglath-Pileser III (Pul). Isaiah counsels Ahaz to trust in God rather than foreign allies, and tells him to ask for a sign to confirm that this is a true prophecy (verse 7:11). Ahaz refuses, saying he will not test God (7:12). Isaiah replies that Ahaz will have a sign whether he asks for it or not, and the sign will be the birth of a child, and the child's mother will call it Immanuel, meaning "God-with-us" (7:13-14).

paragraph: To protect himself Ahaz called in the aid of the Assyrians. Tiglath-Pileser sacked Damascus and annexed Aram. According to , the population of Aram was deported and Rezin executed. Tiglath-Pileser then attacked Israel and "took Ijon, Abel Beth Maacah, Janoah, Kedesh and Hazor. He took Gilead and Galilee, including all the land of Naphtali, and deported the people to Assyria." Tiglath-Pileser also records this act in one of his inscriptions.

paragraph: Through Assyria's intervention, and as a result of its invasion and subjection of the kingdom of Damascus and the Kingdom of Israel, Ahaz was relieved of his troublesome neighbors; but his protector henceforth claimed and held suzerainty over his kingdom. This war of invasion lasted two years (734-732 BC), and ended in the capture and annexation of Damascus to Assyria and of the territory of Israel north of the border of Jezreel. Ahaz in the meanwhile furnished auxiliaries to Tiglath-Pileser. This appeal to Assyria met with stern opposition from the prophet Isaiah, who counseled Ahaz to rely upon the Lord and not upon outside aid. The sequel seemed to justify the king and to condemn the prophet. Ahaz, during his whole reign, was free from troubles with which the neighboring rulers were harassed, who from time to time revolted against Assyria. Thus it was that, in 722, Samaria was taken and northern Israel wholly incorporated into the Assyrian empire.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Religious observance.

paragraph: Ahaz yielded readily to the glamour and prestige of the Assyrians in religion as well as in politics. In 732, he went to Damascus to swear homage to Tiglath-Pileser and his gods; and, taking a fancy to an altar which he saw there, he had one like it made in Jerusalem, which, with a corresponding change in ritual, he made a permanent feature of the Temple worship. Changes were also made in the arrangements and furniture of the Temple, "because of the king of Assyria" (). Furthermore, Ahaz fitted up an astrological observatory with accompanying sacrifices, after the fashion of the ruling people. In other ways Ahaz lowered the character of the national worship.

paragraph: His government is considered by the Deuteronomistic historian as having been disastrous for the religious state of the country, and a large part of the reforming work of his son Hezekiah was aimed at undoing the evil that Ahaz had done.

paragraph: Section::::Succession.

paragraph: He died at the age of 36 and was succeeded by his son, Hezekiah. Because of his wickedness he was "not brought into the sepulchre of the kings" (). An insight into Ahaz's neglect of the worship of the Lord is found in the statement that on the first day of the month of Nisan that followed Ahaz's death, his son Hezekiah commissioned the priests and Levites to open and repair the doors of the Temple and to remove the defilements of the sanctuary, a task which took 16 days.

paragraph: Section::::Rabbinic Literature.

paragraph: According to the rabbis, who refer to II Chron. xxviii. 19-25, Ahaz was the king who persisted in his wickedness even in the face of all the trials to which he was subjected, and would not repent (Sanh. 103a, Meg. 11a). Worse than this, he threatened Israel's religion to its very foundation, in order to destroy all hope of regeneration. He closed the schools and houses of worship so that no instruction should be possible, and the Shekinah (or Glory of God) should abandon the land. It was for this reason that Isaiah had to teach in secret (Yer. Sanh. x. 28b; Gen. R. xlii.), though Ahaz always humbly submitted to the prophet's rebukes—his only redeeming feature (Sanh. 104a).Abi saved the life of her son Hezekiah, whom her godless husband, Ahaz, had designed as an offering to Moloch. By anointing him with the blood of the salamander, she enabled him to pass through the fire of Moloch unscathed (Sanh. 63b).

paragraph: Section::::Chronological notes.

paragraph: There has been considerable academic debate about the actual dates of reigns of the Israelite kings. Scholars have endeavored to synchronize the chronology of events referred to in the Bible with those derived from other external sources.

paragraph: The calendars for reckoning the years of kings in Judah and Israel were offset by six months, that of Judah starting in Tishri (in the fall) and that of Israel in Nisan (in the spring). Cross-synchronizations between the two kingdoms therefore often allow narrowing of the beginning and/or ending dates of a king to within a six-month range. For Ahaz, the Scriptural data allow dating the beginning of his coregency with Jotham to some time in the six-month interval beginning of Nisan 1 of 735 BC. By the Judean calendar that started the regnal year in Tishri (a fall month), this could be written as 736/735, or more simply 736 BC. His father was removed from responsibility by the pro-Assyrian faction at some time in the year that started in Tishri of 732 BC. He died some time between Tishri 1 of 716 BC and Nisan 1 of 715 BC, i.e. in 716/715, or more simply 716 BC.

paragraph: Rodger Young offers a possible explanation of why four extra years are assigned to Jotham in and why Ahaz's 16-year reign () is measured from the time of Jotham's death in 732/731, instead of when Jotham was deposed in 736/735. Taking into account the factionalism of the time, Young writes:

paragraph: [A]ny record such as that recognized these last four years for Jotham must have come from the annals of the anti-Assyrian and anti-Ahaz court that prevailed after the death of Ahaz. Ahaz is given sixteen years in these annals, measuring from the start of his sole reign, instead of the twenty or twenty-one years that he would be credited with if the counting started from 736t [i.e. 736/735 BC], when he deposed Jotham.

paragraph: Section::::Surviving artifacts.

paragraph: In the mid-1990s a bulla appeared on the antiquities market. This bulla measures wide. The back of the bulla bears the imprint of the papyrus it once sealed, as well as the double string which held it together. It contains a fingerprint on the left edge. Like many bullae, it was preserved due to being baked by fire, presumably incidentally (house or city was burned), as in a kiln. The inscription reads: “Belonging to Ahaz (son of) Yehotam, King of Judah.” Given the process that created and preserved bullae, they are virtually impossible to forge, so most scholars believe this bulla to be authentic. It bears the seal of King Ahaz of Judah, who ruled from 732-716 BC.

paragraph: Another important source regarding the historicity of Ahaz comes from the Tiglath-Pileser III annals, mentioning tributes and payments he received from Ahaz, king of Judah and Menahem, king of Israel. Furthermore, in 2015, Eilat Mazar discovered a royal bulla of the Judean king Hezekiah, biblical son of Ahaz, that reads "Belonging to Hezekiah [son of] Ahaz king of Judah", and dates to between 727 - 698 BC.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources

description: king of Judah

wikidata_label: Ahaz

wikipedia_title: Ahaz


text:
Herodian dynasty
Judea
client
First Jewish–Roman War
Herod Agrippa
Berenice
Mariamne
Drusilla
Antonius Felix
Claudius
Cuspius Fadus
procurator
Roman province of Judaea
Samaritan
Iudaea Province
Ventidius Cumanus
Herod of Chalcis
Chalcis
Temple in Jerusalem
Philip
Batanea
Trachonitis
Gaulonitis
Lysanias
Abila
Aristobulus
Mariamne
Drusilla
Flavius Josephus
Berenice
Nero
Tiberias
Taricheae
Galilee
Livias
Peraea
New Testament
Paul the Apostle
Caesarea Maritima
Jerusalem
Berytus
Nero
Gessius Florus
Antonia Fortress
Temple Mount
hegemony
Cestius Gallus
First Jewish-Roman War
Vespasian
Roman Empire
Titus
siege of Gamla
praetor
Josephus
Antiquities of the Jews
Photius
Trajan
epigraphy
House of Herod
Herodian kingdom
List of Hasmonean and Herodian rulers
Yohanan Aharoni
Michael Avi-Yonah
Jewish Encyclopedia: Agrippa II
Agrippa II
Livius.org: Julius Marcus Agrippa

categories: 1st-century Herodian rulers,Herodian dynasty,People in Acts of the Apostles,90s deaths,Roman-era Jews,1st-century monarchs in the Middle East,Judea (Roman province),27 births,1st-century Romans,Roman client rulers,Year of death unknown,Julii,1st-century Jews,Judean people

paragraph: Herod Agrippa II

paragraph: Herod Agrippa II () (AD 27/28 – or 100) officially named Marcus Julius Agrippa and sometimes shortened to Agrippa, was the eighth and last ruler from the Herodian dynasty. He was the fifth member of this dynasty to bear the title of king, but he reigned over territories outside of Judea only as a Roman client. Agrippa was overthrown by his Jewish subjects in 66 and supported the Roman side in the First Jewish–Roman War.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Herod Agrippa II was the son of the first and better-known Herod Agrippa, the brother of Berenice, Mariamne, and Drusilla (second wife of the Roman procurator Antonius Felix).. He was educated at the court of the emperor Claudius, and at the time of his father's death he was only seventeen years old. Claudius therefore kept him at Rome, and sent Cuspius Fadus as procurator of the Roman province of Judaea. While at Rome, he voiced his support for the Jews to Claudius, and against the Samaritans and the procurator of Iudaea Province, Ventidius Cumanus, who was lately thought to have been the cause of some disturbances there.

paragraph: Section::::Rise in power.

paragraph: On the death of king Herod of Chalcis in 48, his small Syrian kingdom of Chalcis was given to Agrippa, with the right of superintending the Temple in Jerusalem and appointing its high priest, but only as a tetrarchy.

paragraph: In 53, Agrippa was forced to give up the tetrarchy of Chalcis but in exchange Claudius made him ruler with the title of king over the territories previously governed by Philip, namely, Batanea, Trachonitis and Gaulonitis, and the kingdom of Lysanias in Abila. The tetrarchy of Chalcis was subsequently in 57 given to his cousin, Aristobulus. Herod Agrippa celebrated by marrying off his two sisters Mariamne and Drusilla. Flavius Josephus, the Jewish historian, repeats the gossip that Agrippa lived in an incestuous relationship with his sister, Berenice.

paragraph: In 55, the Emperor Nero added to Agrippa's realm the cities of Tiberias and Taricheae in Galilee, and Livias (Iulias), with fourteen villages near it, in Peraea.

paragraph: It was before Agrippa and his sister Berenice that, according to the New Testament, Paul the Apostle pleaded his case at Caesarea Maritima, possibly in 59.

paragraph: Agrippa expended large sums in beautifying Jerusalem and other cities, especially Berytus (ancient Beirut), a Hellenised city in Phoenicia. His partiality for the latter rendered him unpopular amongst his own subjects, and the capricious manner in which he appointed and deposed the high priests made him disliked by his coreligionists.

paragraph: Section::::War with Rome.

paragraph: In the seventeenth year of Agrippa's reign (corresponding with the 12th year of Nero's reign, or 65/66 CE), Agrippa tried desperately to avert a war with Rome, when he saw his countrymen generally disposed to fight against Rome, because of certain insults and abuses they had had under the Roman procurator, Gessius Florus. At this time, they had broken-off the cloisters leading from Antonia Fortress to the Temple Mount where Roman soldiers were wont to keep guard during the Jewish holidays, and they refused to pay the tribute which was due to Caesar. Agrippa convened the people and urged instead that they tolerate the temporary injustices done to them and submit themselves to Roman hegemony. At length, Agrippa failed to prevent his subjects from rebelling, whereas, during a certain holiday when the Roman governor of Syria, Cestius Gallus, had passed through Judea to quell the rebellion, he was routed by Jewish forces. By 66 the citizenry of Jerusalem expelled their king, Agrippa, and his sister, Berenice, from Jerusalem. During the First Jewish-Roman War of 66–73, he sent 2,000 men, archers and cavalry, to support Vespasian, showing that, although a Jew in religion, he was entirely devoted to the Roman Empire. He accompanied Titus on some campaigns, and was wounded at the siege of Gamla. After the capture of Jerusalem, he went with his sister Berenice to Rome, where he was invested with the dignity of praetor and rewarded with additional territory.

paragraph: Section::::War with Rome.:Relation with Josephus.

paragraph: Agrippa had a great intimacy with the historian Josephus, having supplied him with information for his history, "Antiquities of the Jews". Josephus preserved two of the letters he received from him.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: According to Photius, Agrippa died, childless, at the age of seventy, in the third year of the reign of Trajan, that is, 100, but statements of historian Josephus, in addition to the contemporary epigraphy from his kingdom, cast this date into serious doubt. The modern scholarly consensus holds that he died before 93/94. He was the last prince from the House of Herod.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herodian kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Hasmonean and Herodian rulers

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yohanan Aharoni & Michael Avi-Yonah, "The MacMillan Bible Atlas", Revised Edition, p. 156 (1968 & 1977 by Carta Ltd.).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jewish Encyclopedia: Agrippa II

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agrippa II - Article in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livius.org: Julius Marcus Agrippa

description: king of Judea from Herodian dynasty

wikidata_label: Agrippa II

wikipedia_title: Herod Agrippa II


text: King of Judea

text: Judea

text: Herod Agrippa II

text: Herodian dynasty

text: Herod the Great

text: Aristobulus IV

text: Berenice

text: Acts of the Apostles

text: Judea

text: Galilee

text: Batanaea

text: Perea

text: Trachonitis

text: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa

text: Josephus

text: Herod the Great

text: Rome

text: Tiberius

text: Drusus

text: Claudius

text: Idumaea

text: Herodias

text: Herod Antipas

text: Tetrarch

text: Galilee

text: Perea

text: Tiberias

text: aedile

text: Lucius Pomponius Flaccus

text: Syria

text: Aristobulus

text: Damascenes

text: Italy

text: Alexandria

text: Alexander the Alabarch

text: Puteoli

text: Tiberius

text: Tiberius Gemellus

text: Caligula

text: Auranitis

text: Batanaea

text: Trachonitis

text: Philip the Tetrarch

text: Herod Antipas

text: Galilee

text: Peraea

text: Claudius

text: Praetorian Guard

text: Senate

text: The Jewish War

text: Judea

text: Samaria

text: Chalcis

text: Lebanon

text: Herod of Chalcis

text: Herod the Great

text: Berytus

text: portico

text: Sebaste

text: Heliopolis

text: Caesarea

text: Tiberias

text: Josephus

text: Philo of Alexandria

text: rabbi

text: Alexandria

text: anti-Jewish riots

text: Jerusalem church

text: James son of Zebedee

text: Peter

text: Passover

text: Blastus

text: chamberlain

text: Passover

text: Caesarea

text: owl

text: omen

text: Herod of Chalcis

text: Acts

text: Jewish Encyclopedia

text: Josephus

text: Talmud

text: Second Temple

text: Sukkot

text: synagogue

text: scroll

text: High Priest's

text: shema

text: festivals

text: Mishnah Sotah 7:8;

text: Babylonian Talmud Sotah 41a.

text: Herod Agrippa II

text: Berenice

text: Marcus Julius Alexander

text: Alexander the Alabarch

text: Herod

text: Chalcis

text: incest

text: Cilicia

text: Juvenal

text: Titus

text: Mariamne

text: Berenice (daughter of Mariamne)

text: Drusilla

text: Emesa

text: Antonius Felix

text: procurator of Judaea

text: Giuseppe Maria Buini

text: Milan

text: Robert Graves

text: Claudius the God

text: I, Claudius

text: James Faulkner

text: Messiah

text: Herodian dynasty

text: Herodian kingdom

text: List of Hasmonean and Herodian rulers

text: Jewish Encyclopedia: Agrippa I.

text: Agrippa I

text: Sergey E. Rysev. Herod and Agrippa

categories: 1st-century Herodian rulers,People in Acts of the Apostles,Herodian dynasty,Roman-era Jews,1st-century monarchs in the Middle East,Judea (Roman province),1st-century Roman governors of Judea,11 BC births,1st-century Romans,44 deaths,Roman client rulers,1st-century BCE Jews,Judean people,Deaths onstage,Julii

paragraph: Herod Agrippa

paragraph: Herod Agrippa, also known as Herod or Agrippa I (;

paragraph: 11 BC – 44 AD), was a King of Judea from 41 to 44 AD. He was the last ruler with the royal title reigning over Judea and the father of Herod Agrippa II, the last King from the Herodian dynasty. The grandson of Herod the Great and son of Aristobulus IV and Berenice, He is the king named Herod in the Acts of the Apostles : "Herod (Agrippa)" ().

paragraph: Agrippa's territory comprised most of modern Israel, including Judea, Galilee, Batanaea and Perea. From Galilee his territory extended east to Trachonitis.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Rome.

paragraph: He was born Marcus Julius Agrippa, so named in honour of Roman statesman Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. Josephus informs us that, after the execution of his father, young Agrippa was sent by his grandfather, Herod the Great, to the imperial court in Rome. There, Tiberius conceived a great affection for him, and had him educated alongside his son Drusus, who also befriended him, and future emperor Claudius. On the death of Drusus, Agrippa, who had been recklessly extravagant and was deeply in debt, was obliged to leave Rome, fleeing to the fortress of Malatha in Idumaea. There, it was said, he contemplated suicide.

paragraph: After a brief seclusion, through the mediation of his wife Cypros and his sister Herodias, Agrippa was given a sum of money by his brother-in-law and uncle, Herodias' husband, Herod Antipas, Tetrarch of Galilee and Perea, and was allowed to take up residence in Tiberias, and received the rank of aedile in that city, with a small yearly income. But having quarrelled with Antipas, he fled to Lucius Pomponius Flaccus, governor of Syria. Soon afterwards he was convicted, through the information of his brother Aristobulus, of having received a bribe from the Damascenes, who wished to purchase his influence with the proconsul, and was again compelled to flee. He was arrested as he was about to sail for Italy, for a sum of money which he owed to the treasury of Caesar, but made his escape, and reached Alexandria, where his wife succeeded in procuring a supply of money from Alexander the Alabarch. He then set sail, and landed at Puteoli. He was favorably received by Tiberius, who entrusted him with the education of his grandson Tiberius Gemellus. He also formed an intimacy with Caligula, then a popular favorite. Agrippa was one day overheard by his freedman Eutyches expressing a wish for Tiberius's death and the advancement of Caligula, and for this he was cast into prison.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Caligula and Claudius.

paragraph: Following Tiberius' death and the ascension of Agrippa's friend Caligula in 37, Agrippa was set free and made king of the territories of Gaulanitis, Auranitis, Batanaea, and Trachonitis, which his uncle Philip the Tetrarch had held, with the addition of Abila. Agrippa was also awarded the "ornamenta praetoria" and could use the title "amicus caesaris" ("friend of Caesar"). Caligula also presented him with a gold chain equal in weight to the iron one he had worn in prison, which Agrippa dedicated to the Temple of Jerusalem on his return to his ancestral homeland. In 39, Agrippa returned to Rome, and brought about the banishment of his uncle, Herod Antipas; he was then granted his uncle's tetrarchy, consisting of Galilee and Peraea. This created a Jewish kingdom which did not include Judea at its center.

paragraph: After the assassination of Caligula in 41, Agrippa was involved in the struggle over the accession between Claudius, the Praetorian Guard, and the Senate. How big a part Agrippa played is uncertain; the various sources differ. Cassius Dio simply writes that Agrippa cooperated with Claudius in seeking rule. Flavius Josephus gives us two versions. In "The Jewish War", Agrippa is presented as only a messenger to a confident and energetic Claudius. But in "The Antiquities of the Jews", Agrippa's role is central and crucial: he convinces Claudius to stand up to the Senate and the Senate to avoid attacking Claudius. After becoming Emperor, Claudius gave Agrippa dominion over Judea and Samaria and granted him the "ornamenta consularia", and at his request gave the kingdom of Chalcis in Lebanon to Agrippa's brother Herod of Chalcis. Thus Agrippa became one of the most powerful kings of the east. His domain more or less equaled that which was held by his grandfather Herod the Great.

paragraph: In the city of Berytus, he built a theatre and amphitheatre, baths, and porticoes. He was equally generous in Sebaste, Heliopolis and Caesarea. Agrippa began the building of the third and outer wall of Jerusalem, but the suspicions he had of Claudius's intervention prevented him from finishing the fortifications which he had begun. His friendship was courted by many of the neighboring kings and rulers, some of whom he housed in Tiberias, which also caused Claudius some displeasure.

paragraph: Section::::Reign and death.

paragraph: Agrippa returned to Judea and governed it to the satisfaction of the Jews. His zeal, private and public, for Judaism is recorded by Josephus, Philo of Alexandria and the rabbis. Perhaps because of this, his passage through Alexandria in the year 38 instigated anti-Jewish riots. At the risk of his own life, or at least of his liberty, he interceded with Caligula on behalf of the Jews, when that emperor was attempting to set up his statue in the Temple at Jerusalem shortly before his death in 41. Agrippa's efforts bore fruit and persuaded Caligula to temporarily rescind his order thus prevented the Temple's desecration. However, Philo of Alexandria recounts that Caligula issued a second order to have his statue erected in the Temple , which was prevented by Caligula's death.

paragraph: The "Acts of the Apostles", chapter 12 (), where Herod Agrippa is called "King Herod", report that he persecuted the Jerusalem church, having James son of Zebedee killed and imprisoning Peter around the time of a Passover. Blastus is mentioned in Acts as Herod's chamberlain ().

paragraph: After Passover in 44, Agrippa went to Caesarea, where he had games performed in honor of Claudius. In the midst of his speech to the public a cry went out that he was a god, and Agrippa did not publicly react. At this time he saw an owl perched over his head. During his imprisonment by Tiberius a similar omen had been interpreted as portending his speedy release and future kingship, with the warning that should he behold the same sight again, he would die. He was immediately smitten with violent pains, scolded his friends for flattering him and accepted his imminent death. He experienced heart pains and a pain in his abdomen, and died after five days. Josephus then relates how Agrippa's brother, Herod of Chalcis, and Helcias sent Aristo to kill Silas.

paragraph: "Acts" 12 gives a similar account of Agrippa's death, adding that "an angel of the Lord struck him down, and he was eaten by worms".

paragraph: The "Jewish Encyclopedia" speculated that Agrippa's "sudden death at the games in Cæsarea, 44, must be considered as a stroke of Roman politics."

paragraph: Josephus gave Agrippa a positive legacy and related that he was known in his time as "Agrippa the Great". The Talmud also has a positive view of his reign: The Mishnah explained how the Jews of the Second Temple era interpreted the requirement of that the king read the Torah to the people. At the conclusion of the first day of Sukkot immediately after the conclusion of the seventh year in the cycle, they erected a wooden dais in the Temple court, upon which the king sat. The synagogue attendant took a Torah scroll and handed it to the synagogue president, who handed it to the High Priest's deputy, who handed it to the High Priest, who handed it to the king. The king stood and received it, and then read sitting. King Agrippa stood and received it and read standing, and the sages praised him for doing so. When Agrippa reached the commandment of that “you may not put a foreigner over you” as king, his eyes ran with tears, but they said to him, “Don’t fear, Agrippa, you are our brother, you are our brother!” The king would read from up through the shema (), and then the portion regarding tithes (), the portion of the king (), and the blessings and curses (). The king would recite the same blessings as the High Priest, except that the king would substitute a blessing for the festivals instead of one for the forgiveness of sin. (Mishnah Sotah 7:8; Babylonian Talmud Sotah 41a.)

paragraph: Section::::Progeny.

paragraph: By his wife Cypros he had a son and three daughters. They were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herod Agrippa II [b. 27/28 AD?-d. 93 AD?] became the eighth and final ruler from the Herodian family, but without any control of Judea.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berenice [b. 28-after 81 AD], who first married Marcus Julius Alexander, son of Alexander the Alabarch around 41 AD. After Marcus Julius died, she married her uncle Herod, king of Chalcis. She later lived with her brother Agrippa II, reputedly in an incestuous relationship. Finally, she married Polamo, king of Cilicia as alluded to by Juvenal. Berenice also had a relationship with the Roman emperor Titus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mariamne [b. 34-], who married Gaius Julius Archelaus Antiochus Epiphanes; they had a daughter Berenice (daughter of Mariamne) [b. 50 AD] who lived with her mother in Alexandria, Egypt after her parents' divorce

paragraph: BULLET::::- Drusilla [38–79 AD], who married first to Gaius Julius Azizus, King of Emesa and then to Antonius Felix, the procurator of Judaea. Drusilla and her son Marcus Antonius Agrippa died in Pompeii during the eruption of Vesuvius. A daughter, Antonia Clementiana, became a grandmother to a Lucius Anneius Domitius Proculus. Two possible descendants from this marriage are Marcus Antonius Fronto Salvianus (a quaestor) and his son Marcus Antonius Felix Magnus, a high priest in 225.

paragraph: Section::::Agrippa in other media.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herod Agrippa is the protagonist of the Italian opera, "L’Agrippa tetrarca di Gerusalemme" (1724) by Giuseppe Maria Buini (mus.) and Claudio Nicola Stampa (libr.), first performed at the Teatro Ducale of Milan, Italy, on August 28, 1724.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herod Agrippa is a major figure in Robert Graves' novel "Claudius the God", as well as the BBC television adaptation "I, Claudius", wherein he was portrayed by James Faulkner as an adult and Michael Clements as a child. He is depicted as one of Claudius's closest lifelong friends. Herod acts as Claudius's last and most trustworthy friend and advisor, giving him the key advice to trust no one, not even him. This advice proves prophetic at the end of Herod's life, where he is depicted as coming to believe that he is a prophesied Messiah and raising a rebellion against Rome, to Claudius's dismay. However, he is struck down by a possibly supernatural illness and sends a final letter to Claudius asking for forgiveness.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herodian dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herodian kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yohanan Aharoni & Michael Avi-Yonah, "The MacMillan Bible Atlas", Revised Edition, p. 156 (1968 & 1977, by Carta Ltd.).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jewish Encyclopedia: Agrippa I.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agrippa I, article in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sergey E. Rysev. Herod and Agrippa

description: king of Judea from Herodian dynasty

wikidata_label: Agrippa I

wikipedia_title: Herod Agrippa


text: Guyanese

text: botanist

text: British Guiana Museum

text: Linnean Society

text: Trowbridge

text: hawker

text: weavers

text: apprentice

text: Hitchin

text: Hertfordshire

text: clerk

text: British Guiana

text: Charles Waterton's

text: R.M.S

text: Georgetown

text: pharmacy

text: topography

text: herbarium

text: orchids

text: fern

text: Everard im Thurn

text: Smithsonian Institution

text: W.T. Stead

text: Review of Reviews

text: Linnean Society of London

text: T. Fisher Unwin

text: Herbert Spencer

text: Postmaster-General

text: Charles Bruce

text: Lieutenant Governor

text: Hollandic dialect

text: plantocracy

text: Prince of Wales

text: Sir Wilfred Collet

text: Creole

text: Caribbean

text: Queen's College

text: Nobel Prize

text: Derek Walcott

text: composer

text: Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation

text: Michael Manley

text: Working People's Alliance

text: Walter Rodney

categories: English botanists,1926 deaths,1848 births

paragraph: James Rodway

paragraph: James Rodway (February 27, 1848 – November 27, 1926) was an eminent British-born Guyanese historian, botanist and novelist. In the course of his career, Rodway helped to establish national institutions such as The Agricultural and Commercial Society of British Guiana and the British Guiana Museum. A fellow of the Linnean Society, in later years he served as Editor of the colony's literary and scientific journal, "Timehri."

paragraph: "A History of British Guiana, from 1668 to the Present Time", "Guiana: British, Dutch and French" and "Hand-book of British Guiana" are considered some of Rodway's major works.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born 27 February 1848 in Trowbridge, Wiltshire, England to James and Edith Rodway ("née" Harding), Jabez Rodway – later to take his father's first name – was one of nine children. His father was a hawker and his mother came from a local family of weavers. Aged 13, James began work as an apprentice with a local chemist, some years later taking a position as a pharmacy assistant in Hitchin, Hertfordshire. It was from here that Rodway responded to a newspaper advertisement calling for clerks overseas in British Guiana, inspired by his reading on exploration and studies of the tropics, including Charles Waterton's "Wanderings in South America". Rodway was offered a position at Joseph Kleine & Co. and set sail aboard the "R.M.S Seine" on September 2, 1870, aged 22.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Work as a botanist.

paragraph: Following his arrival in the capital city of Georgetown, James Rodway – as he was now known – worked four years for "Joseph Kleine & Co." before becoming manager of a pharmacy. Alongside reading the few history books available on the colony, the works of Henry G. Dalton and George Hanneman Bennett, in order to better acquaint himself with his new home Rodway continued to cultivate the avid interest in botany that had begun back in England as a child. He now read much of what existed on the flora and fauna of British Guiana and the Americas. Along with this came the wider personal study of insects, fish, topography and more. In any time he was able to do so, Rodway took the opportunity to walk many miles to record local plant and animal life extensively; as early as 1871, he began the first of his frequent boat trips along rivers and creeks to the Guyanese interior where he would come into contact with both the native and the Boviander populations. These journeys, with Rodway's detailed journaling of his discoveries and observations along their course, were to later inform much of his written works. The keen botanist steadily amassed an extensive herbarium, all the contents of which were self-described. Meanwhile, Rodway became known for his development of various orchids and ferns in the greenhouse of the Georgetown home he purchased in 1880, and won first prize at a flower exhibition held in the city's Botanical Gardens.

paragraph: Rodway was eventually approached by both James Thomson, Editor of "The Argosy" newspaper and Everard im Thurn, founder and first Editor of "Timehri" magazine – established in 1882 as the official publication of the nation's Royal Agricultural & Commercial Society. Thomson and Thurn encouraged him to put his acquired knowledge to wider use writing articles and studies for the respective institutions specific to the colony's wildlife as well its rural and Amazon-based communities. Until his death, almost no subsequent issue of "Timehri" would be published without one or more of Rodway's articles.

paragraph: By the 1890s, Rodway was an established name in British Guiana in the field of botany. 'The Struggle for Life in the Forest' would be the article to establish Rodway in the wider world beyond the colony. Published in 1891 for "Timehri" and again for the Smithsonian Institution, it was highly remarked upon by W.T. Stead, in the "Review of Reviews." That same year, on 17 December, Rodway was elected as fellow of the Linnean Society of London. These developments encouraged Rodway to propose a book to the London-based publishing company T. Fisher Unwin – one that would be devised primarily from his previous botanical articles. "In the Guiana Forest – Studies of Nature in Relation to the Struggle for Life" was subsequently published in 1894. With the positive reception to this book, Rodway established himself as an authority on the subject of British Guiana – in particular across the English-speaking world – even being referenced by the philosopher Herbert Spencer in his material. Throughout his life, as with his historical work, Rodway's writing featured in newspapers, journals and magazines from England to Australia.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Work as a historian.

paragraph: In his career as colony historian, James Thomson of "The Argosy" was again instrumental in encouraging Rodway to hone his talent for research to deliver content for the publication. Nicholas Darnell Davis, a colonial official of British Guiana, one-time Postmaster-General and later author, also encouraged Rodway to use his skill in archiving the nation's history. It was suggested Rodway begin this venture with an episodic series, charting British Guiana's historical development in chronological fashion. This ran in "The Argosy" from August 1885 through to March 1886.

paragraph: Impressed by the evident dedication and detail to have gone into producing this extensive literary project, Charles Bruce – the colony's recently appointed Lieutenant Governor – enquired whether Rodway might consider compiling a catalogue from the extremely old and poorly maintained colonial documents in his office building, some dating back to the days of Dutch control over the territory. Rodway was enthusiastic and – after securing permissions from Governor Bruce to transcribe many of the documents from home – began the monumental task with the aid of a hired translator who would be able to decipher the old Hollandic dialect where necessary. The project would take months and ultimately see Rodway hand over the management of his pharmacy to his son full-time.

paragraph: It would be access to these files – the first comprehensive English translation of testimonies and accounts recorded by members of the colony's former Dutch administration and plantocracy – that would lead Rodway to write what would be considered the most seminal literary history of British Guiana to date. "'A History of British Guiana, from 1668 To The Present Time'," in three volumes (1891–1894), sought to clear up the inaccuracies of prior historians by closely comparing and referencing both Dutch and British records.

paragraph: Rodway's later historical works include "The West Indies and the Spanish Main" (1896), "Guiana: British, Dutch and French" (1912), and "The Story of Georgetown" (published in 1903 and revised in 1920 – a special edition was presented to the Prince of Wales this same year on his tour visit to Georgetown).

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Later years.

paragraph: Rodway held the positions of Assistant Secretary at the Royal Commercial & Agricultural Society (1886–1888), Librarian at the Royal Commercial & Agricultural Society and Curator of British Guiana Museum (1894–1899). In addition, Rodway was Editor of "Timehri" well into his older years.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:50th anniversary.

paragraph: On 30 December 1920, James Rodway celebrated his 50th anniversary as a settler in British Guiana. He was honoured before friends and colleagues from across the country and beyond by Governor Sir Wilfred Collet at a meeting at the Royal Agricultural & Commercial Society. At the event Rodway was awarded an annuity of £50 – worth the equivalent of £4,341 as of 2018 – in recognition of his literary and scientific contribution to the colony. On this occasion, Rodway's last great work appeared in "The Argosy": a revised 'The Story of Georgetown'."

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Rodway married Keturah (Kate) Johanna Reedon in Georgetown on 13 February 1873. His marriage to the Guyanese-born Creole may have formed the inspiration for Rodway's only published fictional work: the novel "In Guiana Wilds: A Study of Two Women"' (1898).

paragraph: Section::::Rodway family.

paragraph: Rodway's descendants have comprised many notable figures in the cultural, educational and political history of Guyana, as well as the wider Caribbean region.

paragraph: Notable members of the Rodway family include James Rodway's grandson James Alwyn ('Sonny') Rodway, a Queen's College educator and later mentor to Nobel Prize winning poet Derek Walcott. 'Sonny' Rodway's wife was Guyanese composer Valerie Rodway. Great-grandsons include Adrian Rodway – a journalist central to events of the Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation strike of 1964, supported by Michael Manley – and political activist Brian Rodway, one of the founding members of the Working People's Alliance party and close confidante of Walter Rodney.

wikidata_label: James Rodway

wikipedia_title: James Rodway


text: < "*xšaϑram") is through "arta

text: Achaemenid Empire

text: Xerxes I

text: Artasyrus

text: Herodotus

text: satrap

text: Bactria

text: Darius I

text: Xerxes I

text: Artabanus

text: eunuch

text: Ctesias

text: Crown Prince Darius

text: Aristotle

text: Inaros II

text: Libya

text: Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt

text: Athenian

text: defeated the Persian army

text: satrap

text: Akheimenes

text: Memphis

text: Megabyzus

text: Susa

text: Achaemenid Empire

text: Battle of the Eurymedon

text: Delian League

text: Delos

text: Battle of Cyprus

text: Cimon

text: Peace of Callias

text: Athens

text: Argos

text: asylum

text: Themistocles

text: Battle of Salamis

text: ostracized

text: Athens

text: Magnesia

text: Myus

text: Lampsacus

text: Skepsis

text: Percote

text: Ezra

text: kohen

text: scribe

text: Cyrus's edict

text: Ezra

text: Jerusalem

text: Hebrew calendar

text: Artaxerxes II

text: Jerusalem

text: Cyrus the Great

text: Solomon's Temple

text: 538 BC

text: Second Temple

text: 536 BC

text: Nehemiah

text: cup-bearer

text: Nehemiah

text: Nehemiah

text: Asaph

text: Roger Williams

text: Rhode Island

text: separation of church and state

text: neurofibromatosis

text: Damaspia

text: Xerxes II

text: Alogyne

text: Babylon

text: Sogdianus

text: Cosmartidene

text: Darius II

text: Arsites

text: Andia of Babylon

text: Bogapaeus

text: Parysatis

text: Darius II Ochus

text: Hieramenes

text: Autoboesaces

text: Mitraeus

text: Artoxares

text: Ezra–Nehemiah

text: "Encyclopedia Iranica" ARTAXERXES

categories: 424 BC deaths,Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt,5th-century BC Iranian people,Pharaohs of the Achaemenid dynasty of Egypt,Year of birth unknown,5th-century BC Babylonian kings,5th-century BC Pharaohs,5th-century BC Kings of the Achaemenid Empire,Monarchs of Persia,5th-century BC rulers,Babylonian captivity,Kings of the Achaemenid Empire

paragraph: Artaxerxes I of Persia

paragraph: Artaxerxes I (, , "whose rule ("xšaça" < "*xšaϑram") is through "arta" ("truth"); ; ) was the sixth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, from 465-424 BC. He was the third son of Xerxes I.

paragraph: He may have been the "Artasyrus" mentioned by Herodotus as being a satrap of the royal satrapy of Bactria.

paragraph: In Greek sources he is also surnamed "long-handed" ( "Makrókheir"; ), allegedly because his right hand was longer than his left.

paragraph: Section::::Succession to the throne.

paragraph: Artaxerxes was probably born in the reign of his grandfather Darius I, to the emperor's son and heir, Xerxes I. In 465 BC, Xerxes I was murdered by Artabanus, the commander of the royal bodyguard and the most powerful official in the Persian court (Hazarapat/commander of thousand), with the help of a eunuch, Aspamitres. Greek historians give contradicting accounts of events. According to Ctesias (in Persica 20), Artabanus then accused the Crown Prince Darius, Xerxes's eldest son, of the murder and persuaded Artaxerxes, to avenge the patricide by killing Darius. But according to Aristotle (in Politics 5.1311b), Artabanus killed Darius first and then killed Xerxes. After Artaxerxes discovered the murder, he killed Artabanus and his sons.

paragraph: Section::::Egyptian revolt.

paragraph: Artaxerxes had to face a revolt in Egypt in 460–454 BC led by Inaros II, who was the son of a Libyan prince named Psamtik, presumably descended from the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt. In 460 BC, Inaros II revolted against the Persians with the help of his Athenian allies, and defeated the Persian army commanded by satrap Akheimenes. The Persians retreated to Memphis, and the Athenians were finally defeated in 454 BC, by the Persian army led by Megabyzus, after a two-year siege. Inaros was captured and carried away to Susa.

paragraph: Section::::Relations with Greece.

paragraph: After the Achaemenid Empire had been defeated at the Battle of the Eurymedon (c. 469 BC), military action between Greece and Persia was at a standstill. When Artaxerxes I took power, he introduced a new Persian strategy of weakening the Athenians by funding their enemies in Greece. This indirectly caused the Athenians to move the treasury of the Delian League from the island of Delos to the Athenian acropolis. This funding practice inevitably prompted renewed fighting in 450 BC, where the Greeks attacked at the Battle of Cyprus. After Cimon's failure to attain much in this expedition, the Peace of Callias was agreed among Athens, Argos and Persia in 449 BC.

paragraph: Artaxerxes I offered asylum to Themistocles, who was probably his father Xerxes's greatest enemy for his victory at the Battle of Salamis, after Themistocles was ostracized from Athens. Also, Artaxerxes I gave him Magnesia, Myus, and Lampsacus to maintain him in bread, meat, and wine. In addition, Artaxerxes I gave him Skepsis to provide him with clothes, and he also gave him Percote with bedding for his house. Themistocles would go on to learn and adopt Persian customs, Persian language, and traditions.

paragraph: Section::::Portrayal in the Book of Ezra and Nehemiah.

paragraph: A King Artaxerxes (, ) is described in the Bible as having commissioned Ezra, a kohen and scribe, by means of a letter of decree (see Cyrus's edict), to take charge of the ecclesiastical and civil affairs of the Jewish nation.

paragraph: Ezra thereby left Babylon in the first month of the seventh year of Artaxerxes' reign, at the head of a company of Jews that included priests and Levites. They arrived in Jerusalem on the first day of the fifth month of the seventh year according to the Hebrew calendar. The text does not specify whether the king in the passage refers to Artaxerxes I (465–424 BCE) or to Artaxerxes II (404–359 BCE). Most scholars hold that Ezra lived during the rule of Artaxerxes I, though some have difficulties with this assumption: Nehemiah and Ezra "seem to have no knowledge of each other; their missions do not overlap", however, in Nehemiah 12, both are leading processions on the wall as part of the wall dedication ceremony. So, they clearly were contemporaries working together in Jerusalem at the time the wall and the city of Jerusalem was rebuilt in contrast to the previously stated viewpoint.;." These difficulties have led many scholars to assume that Ezra arrived in the seventh year of the rule of Artaxerxes II, i.e. some 50 years after Nehemiah. This assumption would imply that the biblical account is not chronological. The last group of scholars regard "the seventh year" as a scribal error and hold that the two men were contemporaries.

paragraph: The rebuilding of the Jewish community in Jerusalem had begun under Cyrus the Great, who had permitted Jews held captive in Babylon to return to Jerusalem and rebuild Solomon's Temple. Consequently, a number of Jews returned to Jerusalem in 538 BC, and the foundation of this "Second Temple" was laid in 536 BC, in the second year of their return (Ezra 3:8). After a period of strife, the temple was finally completed in the sixth year of Darius, 516 BC (Ezra 6:15).

paragraph: In Artaxerxes' twentieth year, Nehemiah, the king's cup-bearer, apparently was also a friend of the king as in that year Artaxerxes inquired after Nehemiah's sadness. Nehemiah related to him the plight of the Jewish people and that the city of Jerusalem was undefended. The king sent Nehemiah to Jerusalem with letters of safe passage to the governors in Trans-Euphrates, and to Asaph, keeper of the royal forests, to make beams for the citadel by the Temple and to rebuild the city walls.

paragraph: Section::::Interpretations of actions.

paragraph: Roger Williams, a 17th-century Christian minister and founder of Rhode Island, interpreted several passages in the Old and New Testament to support limiting government interference in religious matters. Williams published "The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience," arguing for a separation of church and state based on biblical reasoning. Williams believed that Israel was a unique covenant kingdom and not an appropriate model for New Testament Christians who believed that the Old Testament covenant had been fulfilled. Therefore, the more informative Old Testament examples of civil government were "good" non-covenant kings such as Artaxerxes, who tolerated the Jews and did not insist that they follow his state religion.

paragraph: Section::::Medical analysis.

paragraph: According to a paper published in 2011, the discrepancy in Artaxerxes’ limb lengths may have arisen as a result of the inherited disease neurofibromatosis.

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: By queen Damaspia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xerxes II

paragraph: By Alogyne of Babylon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sogdianus

paragraph: By Cosmartidene of Babylon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Darius II

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arsites

paragraph: By Andia of Babylon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bogapaeus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parysatis, wife of Darius II Ochus

paragraph: By another(?) unknown wife

paragraph: BULLET::::- An unnamed daughter, wife of Hieramenes, mother of Autoboesaces and Mitraeus

paragraph: By various wives

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eleven other children

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artoxares

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ezra–Nehemiah

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Encyclopedia Iranica" ARTAXERXES I a son of Xerxes I and Amestris

description: the fifth king of kings of the Achaemenid Empire

wikidata_label: Artaxerxes I of Persia

wikipedia_title: Artaxerxes I of Persia


text:
Lope de Vega
Toledo

paragraph: Baltasar Elisio de Medinilla

paragraph: Baltasar Elisio de Medinilla (28 June 1585 - 30 August 1620) was a Spanish poet and friend of the playwright Lope de Vega. He was born and died in Toledo.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Poems.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Limpia Concepción de la Virgen Nuestra Señora", Madrid 1617, 2. ibd. 1618

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Algunas obras divinas", manuscrito, BNM 3954

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Descripción de Buenavista", manuscrito, 1. BNM 3954, 2. BNM 4266

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Prose.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A la imperial ciudad de Toledo", 1618

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Lope de Vega Carpio en la muerte de Carlos Félix, su hijo, consolación", BNM, 4266

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El Vega. De la Poética Española. Dialogo literario", BNM, 4266

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A los aficionados a los escritos de Lope de Vega Carpio", prólogo de "Jerusalén conquistada“, Madrid, Juan de la Cuesta, 1609

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Madroñal Durán, Abraham: Baltasar Elisio de Medinilla y la poesía Toledana de principios del Siglo XVII. Con la edición de sus "Obras divinas", Vervuert, 1999,

description: Spanish author

wikidata_label: Baltasar Elisio de Medinilla

wikipedia_title: Baltasar Elisio de Medinilla


text: Swedish

text: proletarian

text: syndicalist

text: Kronoberg County

text: Småland

text: Minnesota

text: IOGT

text: Arbetaren

text: May Day

text: modernizing

text: Taylorist

text: cooperative

text: juvenile delinquency

text: rural flight

text: dystopia

text: a television film in 1978

text: orienteering

text: Erik de Vahl

text: Biografiskt om Folke Fridell

text: Att vara med och dela och bestämma

categories: People from Kronoberg County,Anarcho-syndicalists,20th-century Swedish male writers,20th-century Swedish novelists,1985 deaths,Swedish journalists,1904 births,Swedish male novelists

paragraph: Folke Fridell

paragraph: Folke Ivar Valter Fridell (1 October 1904 – 12 August 1985) was a Swedish writer of the proletarian school and syndicalist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Fridell was born the youngest of a large family (6 siblings, and 6 more half siblings by his father) living in a stream-side home in a woods in Lagan, Kronoberg County, Småland, in Götaland, Sweden. That part of Sweden consists of forested lakes and bogs, out of which arable patches had been carved. In the late 18th through early 19th centuries, the region had hemorrhaged emigrants to Minnesota. Fridell's mother was a public school teacher and seamstress and his father was a soldier, tailor, and postal carrier. The family was locally known for their intense reading culture, and Fridell's education mostly came through that family culture, the local library, and a book collection he found in a deserted house while he was shepherding. At age 13, he started working in a textile factory, and after a youthful spell of learning the masculine arts of card-playing, drinking, fighting, and generally being a roughneck, at age 19 he was shocked straight by his older brother's drowning. Thereafter he returned to reading, and in addition took up writing after factory work hours. Fridell married Hanna "Stina" Wahlberg (9 years his junior) in 1934, and together they raised two boys, born 17 years apart. He would remain at the factory until 1946, when he was able to quit and support himself on his writing.

paragraph: Despite his brief hard-living stint, at a young age, Fridell joined the IOGT, the Temperance movement. In 1921, the year of his brother's death, he participated in the formation of and was made secretary of a local branch of the Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden ("Sveriges arbetares centralorganisation", SAC). In meetings, he was at first shy about the organization material he wrote. When the Syndicalist Workers' Federation ("Syndikalistiska arbetarefederationen", SAF) broke from SAC in 1929, Fridell followed, as he admired the more radical politics of the founder, a Swede who had spent some years working and living in the U.S. Fridell became a member of SAC once again when SAF merged back into SAC in 1938.

paragraph: In the 1930s, Fridell started writing for "Arbetare-Kuriren", the newspaper of SAF. After the reunion of SAC and SAF in 1938, he contributed frequently to "Arbetaren", SAC's newspaper. Fridell is recognized as a theorist of syndicalism. He was also active as a lecturer and a delegate at several SAC congresses; from 1942 until 1946, he was a deputy in the organisation's central committee. Swedish Syndicalist archives include posters prominently advertising Fridell as the featured speaker at May Day demonstrations inviting "All peace- and freedom-loving people together."

paragraph: Fridell debuted as a fiction writer with the novel "Tack för mig – grottekvarn" ("Thanks from me, treadmill") in 1945, and his breakthrough came with his second novel, the strongly autobiographical "Död mans hand" (1946). He was hooked and wrote a book nearly every year thereafter, winning labor and national awards for his writing every decade of his life after 1950. Although they were savagely denounced and dismissed by conservatives, his novels were widely read, in part thanks to their distribution by book ombudsmen in the factories.

paragraph: Fridell explained the reason behind his art: "As long as there are proletarians, there is a proletarian literature. And I would like to go a little further and say that as long as people are insulted in their work for so long, there must be voices that speak their language and take their case."

paragraph: By his influential criticism of monotonous and soul-killing factory work in Sweden's modernizing era of Taylorist automation, Fridell become a renewer of the workplace as well as a champion of the right of the worker to defend his dignity and capacity for cooperative decision-making. Other frequent themes of Fridell's writing were juvenile delinquency, rural flight and dystopian views of the future.

paragraph: Fridell's work has been regarded as easy to read, conveying an ironic sense of humor. A prolific writer and editorialist, he often wrote in the voice of an alter ego. His play "One Man's Bread" was translated into English; the working class characters' dialogue was represented in British cockney accents. Fridell's novel "Rikedom" ("Wealth," 1956) was made into a television film in 1978. In 2005 Swedish singer-songwriter (and orienteering expert) Erik de Vahl released a mellow song he composed and named after Fridell.

paragraph: The following excerpt from his novel "Tack för mig – grottekvarn" demonstrates Fridell's anarchist, but also very Swedish critique of the suffocating, crushing experience of intimate betrayal, excessively imposed upon workers as unfreedom cascades like a net from the controlling interest of the capitalist (concentrated wealth accumulation):

paragraph: "Imagine if I went to the employer tomorrow and said, 'I do not want to work today. I will snatch pike from the brook and laze me in the grassland, for I am a free person.' What do you think he would say? He would say I was mad, that I should be investigated or detained at a forced labor agency.

paragraph: I judge his judgment because he is a party to the matter and he loses financially if I celebrate but one day. But that's not the worst.

paragraph: Worse it is that everyone else becomes his avatar. My companions would say, 'Now Oskarsson has gone crazy again.' And in the barracks all the fools would huddle in the stairwells and pitch pointed words at my old lady, and the kids would ask my kids how it was with crazy Oskarsson! And the end of the whole thing would be my own wife crying, begging me to relent and, for her and the children's sake, to get back to work posthaste."

paragraph: The dialogue suggests the character is struggling with the pain of betrayal, as he partially feminizes that traitorous net of inegalitarian social control. That associative feminization could work as a distraction from the inegalitarian distribution of sovereign agency that, Fridell also recognizes, directs that refracted, enveloping, and penetrating coercive power. Yet Fridell’s analysis, expressed in his creative work, does not point to human social interdependence--or even non-sovereign, delegated agency--as the root of unfreedom. Rather, the cause of unfreedom is the inegalitarian institution of ownership and control–as it dominates, enslaves, and turns against us our own human social interdependence.

paragraph: In capitalism, we are compelled to betray one another, and our own needs, usually for nothing other than the thoughtless maximization of elites’ relentless accumulation of wealth and rivalry with each other. In this way, our torturous social- and self-dissolution, our unmaking, is automated. That is one devastating price of absolute private property right and absolute elite liberty.

paragraph: Conversely within this framework, heroism, which is not automated, consists in collectively devising and implementing interventions–deprioritizing capitalist and other rentier interests in control, exploitation, and appropriation–by which working people can regularly allow each other and themselves reasonable freedoms. Apart from fleeting, idiosyncratic moments of grace, heroic interventions cannot be uncontested, painless, or bloodless. But they restore to us our captured social network and ourselves. They restore to us our social human capacity to relieve our mortal, sentient suffering."

paragraph: Fridell died in 1985 at the age of 80 and is buried in the cemetery of Berga church in Lagan. Outside the library in Ljungby, a bronze bust of Folke Fridell commemorates his contributions to the development of literature, theory, working conditions, and human liberty in Sweden.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: Swedish-language biographies and studies on Folke Fridell and his work can be found at the SAC-Syndikalisterna Biografiskt om Folke Fridell website.

paragraph: A sampling of Fridell's (Swedish language) political writings are archived at the Wayback Machine website, Att vara med och dela och bestämma (2013).

description: Swedish writer

wikidata_label: Folke Fridell

wikipedia_title: Folke Fridell