text: Oxford

text: Oxford Polytechnic

text: Guildford School of Art

text: Bill Jay

text: Album

text: Oxford University

text: Creative Camera

text: Alzheimer's disease

text: Oxford Street

text: ICA Gallery

text: Serpentine Gallery

text: Barbican

text: The Photographers' Gallery

text: Nicholas Serota

text: Museum of Modern Art, Oxford

text: Arts Council

text: Dewi Lewis

text: Café Royal

text: Gerry Badger

text: Arts Council of Great Britain

text: Phaidon

text: Museum of Modern Art, Oxford

text: Institute of Contemporary Arts

text: Ruskin School of Art

text: Serpentine Gallery

text: Peter Turner

text: Martin Parr

text: Chris Steele-Perkins

text: The Photographers' Gallery

text: Museum of Modern Art, São Paulo

text: The Photographers' Gallery

text: Stedelijk Museum

text: Barbican Centre

text: Leica

text: Arts Council of Great Britain

text: Victoria and Albert Museum

text: Martin Parr Foundation

text: Paddy Summerfield: Mother & Father

categories: Living people,People from Oxford,People from Derby,1947 births

paragraph: Paddy Summerfield

paragraph: Paddy Summerfield (born 1947) is a British photographer who has lived and worked in Oxford in the UK all his life.

paragraph: Summerfield is known for his "evocative series of black and white images, shot on 35mm film, which co-opt the traditional genre of documentary photography to realise a more personal and inward looking vision." He has said his photographs are exclusively about abandonment and loss.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: After taking an Art Foundation course at the Oxford Polytechnic, Summerfield attended Guildford School of Art, studying firstly in the Photography Department, then joining the Film department the following year. In 1967, when still a first-year student, he made photographs that appeared in 1970 in Bill Jay's magazine "Album". Between 1968 and 1978, Summerfield documented Oxford University students in the summer terms. His pictures published in "Creative Camera" were recognised as psychological and expressionist, unusual in an era of journalistic and documentary photography. Throughout his life, Summerfield has focused on making photographic essays that are personal documents. From 1997 to 2007 he photographed his parents, his mother with Alzheimer's disease and his father caring for her.

paragraph: "Like It Is" was Summerfield's first London exhibition, a group show in Dixon's Photographic Gallery, Oxford Street, in 1967. Since then, his work has been exhibited at other London venues, including the ICA Gallery, the Serpentine Gallery, the Barbican, and The Photographers' Gallery in its Newport Street home. In 1976, When Nicholas Serota was director of the Museum of Modern Art, Oxford, he offered Summerfield the opportunity to exhibit "Beneath the Dreaming Spires", his first one-man show, in 1976.

paragraph: During his early career, he was awarded several Arts Council grants.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Books by Summerfield.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mother and Father." Stockport, UK: Dewi Lewis, 2014. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Oxford Pictures 1968–1978." Stockport, UK: Dewi Lewis, 2016. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Empty Days." Stockport, UK: Dewi Lewis, 2018. .

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Smaller publications by Summerfield.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Weekend Away." Southport, UK: Café Royal, 2016. Edition of 200 copies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Remember Hope." Photopaper 17. Fotobookfestival Kassel, 2017. Edited by Gerry Badger.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Distant Times." Southport, UK: Café Royal, 2018. Edition of 250 copies.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Publications with others.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Serpentine Photography 73: The Arts Council presents work by 43 young photographers." London: Arts Council of Great Britain, 1973. . 45 cards (90 sides) in an envelope.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Family: Photographers Photograph Their Families." Edited by Sophie Spencer-Wood. London and New York: Phaidon, 2005. .

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.:Solo exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976: "Beneath the Dreaming Spires", Museum of Modern Art, Oxford; Institute of Contemporary Arts, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: "Retrospective," Ruskin School of Art, Oxford

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: "Empty Days," Ovada, Oxford

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.:Group exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967: "Like It Is", Dixon's Photographic Gallery, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971: "Young Contemporaries I Creative Camera Travelling Exhibition"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972: "Young Contemporaries II Creative Camera Travelling Exhibition"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973: "Serpentine Photography '73," Serpentine Gallery, London. Curated by Peter Turner

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974: "Co-Optic Real Britain," 19 February – 9 March. With Co-Optic group members Martin Parr, Chris Steele-Perkins, Peter Turner, and Nick Hedges.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975: "Young British Photographers," with Brian Griffin, Steele-Perkins, etc, Museum of Modern Art, Oxford; The Photographers' Gallery, London; then travelling UK, Europe, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975: "International Photography", Museum of Modern Art, São Paulo

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976: "Previous Exhibitors," Serpentine Gallery, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977: "Singular Realities," Museum of Modern Art, Oxford; Side Gallery, Newcastle

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977: "Concerning Photography," 6 July – 27 August, The Photographers' Gallery, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982: "The Third Meaning," Museum of Modern Art, Oxford

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982: "Under the Arches," Stedelijk Museum, Leiden

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984: "Sequences," Cambridge Darkroom

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987: "The Bradford Challenge", National Museum of Photography, Film and Television, Bradford

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988: "Death", Cambridge Darkroom

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989: "Through the Looking Glass," Barbican Centre, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989: "Sun Life Photography Awards," National Museum of Photography, Film and Television, Bradford

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: "English Eyes," Leica Gallery, New York City. Curated by Peter Hamilton.

paragraph: Section::::Film about Summerfield.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mother and Father" (2015) – FullBleed Productions

paragraph: Section::::Collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arts Council of Great Britain, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victoria and Albert Museum, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martin Parr Foundation, Bristol, UK

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paddy Summerfield: Mother & Father – short film made by FullBleed, on YouTube

wikidata_label: Paddy Summerfield

wikipedia_title: Paddy Summerfield


text:
CE
Muhammad
Fatimah
Husayn
Muslims
Prophet
Muhammad
Shia Muslims
Imam
abdicated
Muawiyah I
First Fitna
Medina
Jannat al-Baqi
Ja'da bint al-Ash'at
archangel
Gabriel
al-Masjid an-Nabawi
Sunni
Bayt
Ahl al-Kisa
Event of Mubahala
AH
Christian
Najran
Yemen
‘Isa
Jesus
Adam
Muhammad
al-Tabari
verse of "Mubahalah"
Abbasid
Harun al-Rashid
seventh Twelver Shi‘ite Imam
Musa al-Kadhim
Allah
Muhammad's daughter
Quran, 6:84
Quran, 6:85
God
Mary
verse of Mubahalah
cloak
‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan
Siffin
Nahrawan
Jamal
Imamate
each Imam
Community
Imamate
Qur'an
Muhammad
Khatam an-Nabiyyin
Muhammad
Shura
Hikmah
Imamah
Ummah
Abu Bakr
al-Masjid al-Mu‘azzam bil-Kufah
Qur'an
Prophet
purified
His Book
Qays ibn Sa'd
Bay'ah
Sunnah
Jihad
Halal
Haram
Iraqi
Quraysh
Ansar
members of his family
Muhammad
Prophet
Sunni
Ahl al-Sunnah wal Jamaah
Ulama
Ahl al-Bayt
Ash-Sham
Syria
Anatolia
Palestine
Transjordan
Mesopotamia
Tigris
Mosul
Sawad
clan of Hashim
Kufa
God
Prophet
Qays ibn Sa'd
Al-Mada'in
God
Kharijite
God is the Greatest
Kafir
dirham
Qays ibn Sa'd
Praise be to God
Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Kindi
dirham
Bayt al-mal
Jafri
Ya'qubi
Al-Masudi
Dinawari
Tabari
Ahmad ibn A'tham
al-Mada'ini
Madelung
Book of God
Sunnah
Prophet
righteous caliphs
Shura
Iraq
Amir
Uthman
al-Qadisiyyah
CE
Banu Hashim
Al-Baladhuri
Abdullah ibn Aamir
Basra
Iran
Damascus
Kanz al-Ummal
Madelung
Ebn Saa'd
Kunya
Fazāra
Muhammad ibn Talha
Suhayl ibn ‘Amr
Al-Waqidi
Al-Mada'ini
al-Tabari
Saʿid ibn al-ʿĀṣ
Marwan
Umar
Uthman
Aisha
Ibn Abbas
mule
Battle of Jamal
Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah
Wahabis
shirk
Family tree of Ali
Family tree of Muhammad
Fourteen Infallibles
Twelve Imams

categories: Family of Muhammad,Deaths by poisoning,Shia belief and doctrine,Ahl al-Bayt,7th-century Arabs,Alids,Shia Islam,7th-century imams,Banu Hashim,624 births,Muslim martyrs,670 deaths,Zaidi imams,7th-century caliphs,Ismailism,Shia imams,Assassinated caliphs,Arab kings,Sunni Islam,Twelver imams,Assassinated Shia imams,The Fourteen Infallibles,Ahl al-Kisa

paragraph: Hasan ibn Ali

paragraph: Al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib (; 624–670 CE), commonly known as Hasan or Hassan, was the eldest son of Ali and Muhammad's daughter Fatimah, and was the older brother of Husayn. Muslims respect him as a grandson of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. Among Shia Muslims, Hasan is revered as the second Imam. Hasan was elected for the caliphate after his father's death, but abdicated after six or seven months to Muawiyah I, the founder of the Umayyad dynasty to end the First Fitna. Al-Hasan was known for donating to the poor, his kindness to the poor and bondmen, and for his knowledge, tolerance and bravery. For the rest of his life, Hasan lived in Medina, until he died at the age of 45 and was buried in the Jannat al-Baqi cemetery in Medina. His wife, Ja'da bint al-Ash'at, is commonly accused of having poisoned him.

paragraph: Section::::Birth and early life.

paragraph: When Al-Hasan was born in the year 624 CE, Muhammad slaughtered a ram for the poor on the occasion of his birth, and chose the name "Al-Ḥasan" for him. Fatimah shaved his head and gave the weight of his hair in silver as alms. According to Shi'ite belief, theirs was the only house that archangel Gabriel allowed to have a door to the courtyard of "al-Masjid an-Nabawi" (, "the Mosque of the Prophet"). Both Shi‘ite and Sunni Muslims consider Al-Hasan to belong to the "Bayt" (, "Household") of Muhammad, "Ahl al-Kisa’" (, "People of the Cloak"), and participants of the Event of Mubahalah.

paragraph: There are many narrations showing the respect of Muhammad toward his grandsons, including the statements that his two grandsons would be ""sayyedā šabāb" (masters of youth) of Paradise", and that they were Imams "whether they stand up or sit down". He also reportedly predicted that Hasan would make peace between two factions of Muslims.

paragraph: Section::::Birth and early life.:Event of "Mubahalah".

paragraph: In the year AH 10 (631/32 CE) a Christian envoy from Najran (now in northern Yemen) came to Muhammad to argue which of the two parties erred in its doctrine concerning ‘Isa (, Jesus). After likening Jesus' miraculous birth to Adam's creation,—who was born to neither a mother nor a father — and when the Christians did not accept the Islamic doctrine about Jesus, Muhammad was instructed to call them to Mubahalah where each party should ask God to destroy the false party and their families. "If anyone dispute with you in this matter (concerning Jesus) after the knowledge which has come to you, say: Come let us call our sons and your sons, our women and your women, ourselves and yourselves, then let us swear an oath and place the curse of God on those who lie." Except for al-Tabari, who did not name the participants, Sunni historians mention Muhammad, Fatimah, Al-Hasan and Al-Husayn as having participated in the Mubahalah, and some agree with the Shi'ite tradition that ‘Ali was among them. Accordingly, in the Shi'ite perspective, in the verse of "Mubahalah", the phrase "our sons" would refer to Al-Hasan and Al-Husayn, "our women" refers to Fatimah, and "ourselves" refers to ‘Ali.

paragraph: It is said that one day, the ‘Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid questioned the seventh Twelver Shi‘ite Imam, Musa al-Kadhim, asking why he had permitted people to call him "Son of the Apostle of Allah", while he and his forefathers were Muhammad's daughter's children, and that "the progeny belongs to the male (‘Ali) and not to the female (Fatimah)". In response al-Kadhim recited the verses Quran, 6:84 and Quran, 6:85 and then asked "Who is Jesus' father, O Commander of the faithful?". "Jesus had no father", said Harun. Al-Kadhim argued that God, in these verses, had ascribed Jesus to descendants of the Prophets, through Mary, saying "similarly, we have been ascribed to the descendants of the Prophet through our mother Fatimah". It is related that Harun asked Musa to give him more evidence. Al-Kadhim thus recited the verse of Mubahalah, and argued "None claims that the Prophet made someone enter under the cloak when he challenged the Christians to a contest of prayer to God (the "Mubahalah"), except ‘Ali, Fatimah, Al-Hasan, and Al-Husayn. So in the verse, 'Our sons' refers to Al-Hasan and Al-Husayn."

paragraph: Al-Hasan was one of the guards defending ‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan during his assassination. During the reign of ‘Ali, he was a participant in the Battles of Siffin, Nahrawan and Jamal.

paragraph: Section::::Life under the first four Caliphs.:Ali's justification for the succession of Hasan.

paragraph: According to Donaldson there was not a significant difference between the idea of Imamate, or divine right, exemplified by each Imam designating his successor, and other ideas of succession at first. ‘Ali had apparently failed to nominate a successor before he died; however, on several occasions, he reportedly expressed his idea that "only the Prophet's "Bayt" were entitled to rule the Community", and Hasan, whom he had appointed his inheritor, must have been the obvious choice, as he would eventually be chosen by people to be the next caliph.

paragraph: Sunnis, on the other hand, reject Imamate on the basis of their interpretation of verse 33:40 of the Qur'an which says that Muhammad, as the "Khatam an-Nabiyyin" (, "Seal of the Prophets"), "is not the father of any of your men"; and that is why God let Muhammad's sons die in infancy. This is why Muhammad did not nominate a successor, as he wanted to leave the succession to be resolved "by the Muslim Community on the basis of the Qur’anic principle of consultation (Shura)". The question Madelung proposes here is why the family members of Muhammad should not inherit aspects of Muhammad's character, apart from prophethood, such as "Hukm" (, Rule), "Hikmah" (, Wisdom), and "Imamah" (, Leadership). Since the Sunni concept of the "true caliphate" itself defines it as a "succession of the Prophet in every respect except his prophethood", Madelung further asks, "If God really wanted to indicate that he should not be succeeded by any of his family, why did He not let his grandsons and other kin die like his sons?"

paragraph: Section::::Caliphate.

paragraph: After ‘Ali was assassinated, Al-Hasan became the caliph of the Ummah, in a manner which followed the custom established by Abu Bakr. He made a speech at "al-Masjid al-Mu‘azzam bil-Kufah" (, "the Great Mosque in Al-Kufah") in which he praised the merits of his family, quoting verses of the Qur'an on the matter: "I am of the family of the Prophet from whom Allah has removed filth and whom He has purified, whose love He has made obligatory in ًHis Book when He said: "Whosoever performs a good act, We shall increase the good in it." Performing a good act is love for us, the family of the Prophet." Qays ibn Sa'd was the first to give allegiance to him. Qays then stipulated the condition that the "Bay'ah" (, Pledge of Allegiance) should be based on the Qur’an, the "Sunnah" (, Deeds, Sayings, etc.) of Muhammad, and on the pursuit of a "Jihad" (, Struggle) against those who declared "Halal" (, Lawful) that which was "Haram" (, Unlawful). Hasan, however, tried to avoid the last condition by saying that it was implicitly included in the first two, as if he knew, as Jafri put it, from the very beginning of the Iraqis' lack of resolution in time of trials, and thus Hasan wanted to "avoid commitment to an extreme stand which might lead to complete disaster."

paragraph: As soon as the news of Hasan's selection reached Muawiyah, who had been fighting ‘Ali for the caliphate, he condemned the selection, and declared his decision not to recognise him. Letters exchanged between Al-Hasan and Mu‘awiyah before their troops faced each other were to no avail. However, these letters, which are recorded in Madelung and Jafri's books, provide useful arguments concerning the rights of caliphate which will lead to the origin of the "Shi‘ah" (, Party of ‘Ali and the Household of Muhammad). In one of his long letters to Muawiyah in which he summoned him to pledge allegiance to him, Hasan made use of the argument of his father, Ali, which the latter had advanced against Abu Bakr after the death of Muhammad. Ali had said: "If Quraysh could claim the leadership over the Ansar on the grounds that the Prophet belonged to Quraysh, then the members of his family, who were the nearest to him in every respect, were better qualified for the leadership of the community."

paragraph: Muawiyah's response to this argument is also interesting. For Muawiyah, while recognising the excellence of Muhammad's family, further asserted that he would willingly follow Al-Hasan's request were it not for his own superior experience in governing: "…You are asking me to settle the matter peacefully and surrender, but the situation concerning you and me today is like the one between you [your family] and Abu Bakr after the death of the Prophet … I have a longer period of reign [probably referring to his governorship], and I am more experienced, better in policies, and older in age than you … If you enter into obedience to me now, you will accede to the caliphate after me."

paragraph: In his book, "The Origins and Early Development of Shi‘a Islam", Jafri comes to the conclusion that the majority of the Muslims, who became known as Sunnis afterwards, "placed the religious leadership in the totality of the community (Ahl al-Sunnah wal Jamaah), represented by the Ulama, as the custodian of religion and the exponent of the Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Muhammad, while accepting state authority as binding… A minority of the Muslims, on the other hand, could not find satisfaction for their religious aspirations except in the charismatic leadership from among the people of the house of the Prophet, the Ahl al-Bayt, as the sole exponents of the Qur’an and the Prophetic Sunnah, although this minority too had to accept the state's authority. This group was called the "Shi‘ah"."

paragraph: Section::::Caliphate.:Hasan and Muawiyah.:Facing the troops.

paragraph: There was more correspondence with no result, so, as negotiations had stalled, Mu‘awiyah summoned all the commanders of his forces in Ash-Sham, the region that stretches from Syria and southern Anatolia in the north, to Palestine and Transjordan in the south, and began preparations for war. Soon, he marched his army of sixty thousand men through Mesopotamia to Maskin, on the Tigris boundary of Mosul, towards the Sawad. Meanwhile, he attempted to negotiate with Al-Hasan, sending the young heir letters asking him to give up his claim. According to Jafri, Muawiyah hoped to either force Hasan to come to terms; or attack the Iraqi forces before they had time to strengthen their location. However, Jafri says, Muawiyah believed that, even if Hasan was defeated and killed, he was still a threat, for another member of the clan of Hashim could simply claim to be his successor. Should he abdicate in favor of Mu‘awiyah, however, such claims would have no weight and Mu‘awiya's position would be guaranteed. According to Jafri, he was correct, for ten years later, after the death of Al-Hasan, when the Iraqis turned to his younger brother, Al-Husayn, to support an uprising, Al-Husayn instructed them to wait as long as Mu‘awiyah was alive due to Al-Hasan's peace treaty with him.

paragraph: As the news of Muawiyah's army reached Hasan, he ordered his local governors to mobilize, then addressed the people of Kufah: "God had prescribed the "Jihad" for his creation and called it a loathsome duty." There was no response at first, as some tribal chiefs, paid by Muawiyah, were reluctant to move. Hasan's companions scolded them, asking whether they wouldn't answer to the son of the Prophet's daughter. Turning to Hasan, they assured him of their obedience, and immediately left for the war camp. Al-Hasan admired them and later joined them at An-Nukhayla, where people were coming together in large groups.

paragraph: Hasan appointed ‘Ubayd Allah ibn al-Abbas as the commander of his vanguard of twelve thousand men to move to Maskin. There he was told to hold Mu‘awiyah until Al-Hasan arrived with the main army. He was advised not to fight unless attacked, and that he should consult with Qays ibn Sa'd, who was appointed as second in command if he were killed.

paragraph: Section::::Caliphate.:Hasan and Muawiyah.:Hasan's sermon and its aftermath.

paragraph: While Al-Hasan's vanguard was waiting for his arrival at Maskin, Hasan himself was facing a serious problem at Sabat near Al-Mada'in, where he gave a sermon after morning prayer in which he declared that he prayed to God to be the most sincere of His creation to His creation; that he bore no resentment nor hatred against any Muslim, nor did he want evil and harm to anyone; and that "whatever they hated in community was better than what they loved in schism." He was, he continued, looking after their best interest, better than they themselves; and instructed them not to disobey "whatever orders he gave them."

paragraph: Some of the troops, taking this as a sign that Al-Hasan was preparing to give up battle, rebelled against him, and looted his tent, seizing even the prayer rug from underneath him. Hasan shouted for his horse and rode off surrounded by his partisans who kept back those who were trying to reach him. While they were passing by Sabat, however, al-Jarrah ibn Sinan, a Kharijite, managed to ambush Hasan and wounded him in the thigh with a dagger, while he was shouting: "God is the Greatest! You have become a "Kafir" (, Infidel) like your father before you." Abd Allah ibn al-Hisl jumped upon him, and as others joined in, al-Jarrah was overpowered, and he died. Hasan was taken to Al-Mada'in where he was cared for by his governor, Sa'd ibn Mas'ud al-Thaqafi The news of this attack, having been spread by Mu‘awiyah, further demoralised the already discouraged army of Al-Hasan, and led to extensive desertion from his troops.

paragraph: Section::::Caliphate.:Hasan and Muawiyah.:Hasan's vanguard at Al-Maskin.

paragraph: When Ubayd Allah and the Kufan vanguard arrived at al-Maskin, they found that Muawiyah had already arrived. Muawiyah sent an envoy to tell them that he had received letters from Hasan asking for an armistice and asked the Kufans not to attack until the negotiations were complete. Muawiyyah's claim was probably untrue, but he had good reason to think that he could make Hasan give in. The Kufans, however, insulted Muawiyah's envoy. Then, Muawiya sent the envoy to visit Ubayd Allah in private, and to swear to him that Hasan had requested a truce from Muawiyah, and offered Ubayd Allah 1,000,000 dirhams, half to be paid at once, the other half in Kufa, provided he switched sides. Ubayd Allah accepted and deserted at night to Muawiyah's camp. Muawiyah was extremely pleased and fulfilled his promise to him.

paragraph: The next morning, the Kufans waited for Ubayd Allah to emerge and lead the morning prayer. Then Qays ibn Sa'd took charge and, in his sermon, severely denounced Ubayd Allah, his father and his brother. The people shouted: "Praise be to God that He has removed him from us; stand up with us against our enemy." Believing that the desertion of ‘Ubayd Allah had broken the spirit of his enemy, Mu‘awiyah sent Busr with an armed force to force their surrender. Qays, however, attacked and drove him back. The next day Busr attacked with a larger force but was repulsed again. Muawiyah then sent a letter to Qays offering bribes but Qays replied that he "would never meet him except with a lance between them." As the news of the riot against Hasan and of his having been wounded arrived, however, both sides abstained from fighting to wait for further news.

paragraph: Section::::Caliphate.:Hasan and Muawiyah.:Treaty with Muawiyah.

paragraph: Muawiyah, who had already started negotiations with Al-Hasan, now sent high-level envoys, while committing himself in a witnessed letter to appoint Hasan his successor and give him whatever he wished. Hasan accepted the offer in principle and sent ‘Amr ibn Salima al-Hamdani al-Arhabl and his own brother-in-law Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Kindi back to Mu'awiyah as his negotiators, along with Muawiyah's envoys. Mu'awiyah then wrote a letter saying that he was making peace with Hasan, who would become caliph after him. He swore that he would not seek to harm him, and that he would give him 1,000,000 dirhams from the treasury (Bayt al-mal) annually, along with the land tax of Fasa and Darabjird, which Hasan was to send his own tax agents to collect. The letter was witnessed by the four envoys and dated in August 661.

paragraph: When Hasan read the letter, he commented: "He is trying to appeal to my greed for a matter which, if I desired it, I would not surrender to him." Then he sent Abd Allah ibn al-Harith, whose mother, Hind, was Muawiyah's sister, to Muawiyah, instructing him: "Go to your uncle and tell him: If you grant safety to the people I shall pledge allegiance to you." Afterward, Muawiyah gave him a blank paper with his seal at the bottom, inviting Hasan to write on it whatever he desired.

paragraph: According to Jafri, historians like Ya'qubi and Al-Masudi do not mention the terms of the peace treaty at all. Other historians, such as Dinawari, Ibn Abd al-Barr and Ibn al-Athir record different accounts of the conditions, and the timing of the black sheet sent by Mu'awiyah to Hasan was confusing in Tabari's account. The most comprehensive account, which explains the different ambiguous accounts of other sources, according to Jafri, is given by Ahmad ibn A'tham, which must have taken it from al-Mada'ini. Madelung's view is close to that of Jafri when he stipulates that Hasan surrendered the reign over the Muslims to Mu'awiyah on the basis that "he act according to the Book of God, the Sunnah of His Prophet and the conduct of the righteous caliphs. Mu'awiyah should not be entitled to appoint his successor but that there should be an electoral council (Shura); the people would be safe, wherever they were, with respect to their person, their property and their offspring; Mu'awiyah would not seek any wrong against Hasan secretly or openly, and would not intimidate any of his companions." The letter was testified by Abd Allah ibn al-Harith, and Amr ibn Salima and transmitted by them to Mu'awiyah for him to take recognition of its contents and to confirm his acceptance. Hasan thus surrendered his control of Iraq in Rabi II 41/August 661 after a reign of seven months.

paragraph: Section::::Abdication and retirement.

paragraph: After the peace treaty with Al-Hasan, Mu‘awiyah set out with his troops to Kufa, where at a public surrender ceremony Hasan rose and reminded the people that he and Al-Husayn were the only grandsons of Muhammad, and that he had surrendered the reign to Mu'awiyah in the best interest of the community: "O people, surely it was God who led you by the first of us and Who has spared you bloodshed by the last of us. I have made peace with Mu‘awiyah, and "I know not whether haply this be not for your trial, and that ye may enjoy yourselves for a time"," declared Hasan.

paragraph: In his own speech Muawiyah told them that the reason why he had fought them was not to make them pray, fast, perform the pilgrimage, and give alms, considering that they had been already doing those, but to be their Amir (Commander or Leader), and God had bestowed that upon him against their will. According to some sources, he also said "The agreement I made with Hasan is null and void. It lies trampled under my feet." Then he shouted: "God's protection is dissolved from anyone who does not come forth and pledge allegiance. Surely, I have sought revenge for the blood of Uthman, may God kill his murderers, and have returned the reign to those to whom it belongs in spite of the rancour of some people. We grant respite of three nights. Whoever has not pledged allegiance by then will have no protection and no pardon." The people rushed from every direction to vow allegiance.

paragraph: While still camping outside Kufah, Muawiyah faced a Kharijite revolt. He sent a cavalry troop against them, but they were beaten back. Mu'awiyah then sent after Hasan, who had already left for Medinah, and commanded him to return and fight against the Kharijites. Hasan, who had reached al-Qadisiyyah, wrote back: "I have abandoned the fight against you, even though it was my legal right, for the sake of peace and reconciliation of the Community. Do you think I shall fight together with you?"

paragraph: In the nine-year period between Hasan's abdication in AH 41 (661 CE) and his death in AH 50 (670 CE), Al-Hasan retired in Al-Medinah, trying to keep aloof from political involvement for or against Muawiyah. In spite of that, however, he was considered the chief of Muhammad's household, by the Banu Hashim themselves and the partisans of Ali, who pinned their hopes on his final succession to Mu‘awiyah. Occasionally, Shi'ites, mostly from Kufah, went to Hasan and Husayn in small groups, and asked them to be their leaders, a request to which they declined to respond. Hasan has been quoted as commenting "If Muawiyah was the rightful successor to the Caliphate, he has received it. And if I had that right, I, too, have passed it on to him; so the matter ends there."

paragraph: Madelung has quoted Al-Baladhuri, as saying that Hasan, on the basis of his peace terms with Mu‘awiyah, sent his tax collectors to Fasa and Darabjird. The caliph had, however, instructed Abdullah ibn Aamir, now again governor of Al-Basrah, to incite the Basrans to protest that this money belonged to them by right of their conquest, and they chased Hasan's tax collectors out of the two provinces. According to Madelung, however, that Hasan would send tax collectors from Al-Medinah to Iran, after just having made plain that he would not join Mu‘awiyah in fighting the Kharijites, is entirely incredible. In any case as Mu‘awiyah came to know that Hasan would not help his government, relations between them became worse. Hasan rarely, if ever, visited Mu‘awiyah in Damascus, Al-Sham, though he is said to have accepted gifts from him.

paragraph: Section::::Family life.

paragraph: Hasan's closeness to Muhammad was such that, for example, when Muhammad wanted to curse with the Najrani Christians, Hasan was with him. Muhammad also said: "who worries him, has worried me,"Kanz al-Ummal./ref or "Hasan is from me, and I am from him."

paragraph: It is related that Hasan spent most of his youth in "making and unmaking marriages", so that "these easy morals gained him the title "mitlaq", "the divorcer," which involved ‘Ali in serious enmities." According to his grandson, Abdullah ibn Ḥasan, he usually had four free wives, the limit allowed by the law. Stories spread out on this subject and have led to the suggestions that he had 70 or 90 wives in his lifetime, along with a harem of 300 concubines. According to Madelung, however, these reports and descriptions are "for the most part vague, lacking in names, concrete specifics and verifiable detail; they appear to be spun out of the reputation of al-Hasan as a "mitlaq", now interpreted as a habitual and prodigious divorcer, some clearly with a defamatory intent." Living in his father's household, "Ḥasan was in no position to enter into any marriages not arranged or approved by him," says Madelung. According to Ebn Saa'd (pp. 27–28), Hasan had 15 sons and 9 daughters from six wives and three named concubines. Many of these children died in their early years. It is said that most of these marriages had a political intent in his father's interest, for he gave a part of his "Kunya" (, Nickname), "Abu Muḥammad" (, "Father of Muhammad"), to the first son from his first freely chosen wife after ‘Ali's death, Ḵawla bint Manẓur, daughter of a Fazāra chief and former wife of Muhammad ibn Talhah. He evidently wanted to make this son his primary heir. However, after Muhammad died, Al-Ḥasan chose his second son from Ḵawla, called 'Ḥasan', as his heir.

paragraph: Section::::Death and aftermath.

paragraph: The early sources are nearly in agreement that Hasan was poisoned by his wife, Ja'da bint al-Ash'at, at the instigation of Muawiyah and died in the year 670 CE. Madelung and Donaldson further relate other versions of this story, suggesting that Al-Hasan may have been poisoned by another wife, the daughter of Suhayl ibn ‘Amr, or perhaps by one of his servants, citing early historians such as Al-Waqidi and Al-Mada'ini. Madelung believes that the famous early Islamic historian al-Tabari suppressed this tale out of concern for the faith of the common people. Al-Hasan is said to have refused to name his suspect to Al-Husayn, for fear that the wrong person would be killed in revenge. He was 38 years old when he abdicated the reign to Mu‘awiyah, who was 58 years old at the time. This difference in age indicates a serious obstacle for Mu‘awiyah, who wanted to nominate his son Yazid as his heir-apparent. This was unlikely due to the terms on which Al-Hasan had abdicated to Mu‘awiyah; and considering the big difference in age, Mu‘awiyah would not have hoped that Al-Hasan would naturally die before him. Hence, Mu‘awiyah would naturally be suspected of having a hand in a killing that removed an obstacle to the succession of his son Yazid.

paragraph: The burial of Hasan's body near that of his grandfather, Muhammad, was another problem which could have led to bloodshed. Hasan had instructed his brothers to bury him near his grandfather, but that if they feared evil, then they were to bury him in the Cemetery of Al-Baqi. The Umayyad governor, Saʿid ibn al-ʿĀṣ, did not interfere, but Marwan swore that he would not permit Al-Hasan to be buried near Muhammad with Abu Bakr and Umar, while Uthman was buried in the Cemetery of Al-Baqi. Banu Hashim and Banu Umayyah were on the verge of a fight, with their supporters brandishing their weapons. At this point, Abu Hurairah, who was on the side of Banu Hashim, despite having previously served Mu‘awiyah on a mission to ask for the surrender of the killers of Uthman, tried to reason with Marwan, telling him how Muhammad had highly regarded Hasan and Husayn. Nevertheless, Marwan, who was a cousin of Uthman, was unconvinced, and Aisha, while sitting on a mule surrounded by her supporters, seeing the parties and their weapons, decided not to permit Hasan to be buried near his grandfather, fearing evil would occur. She said: "The apartment is mine; I shall not permit anyone to be buried in it." Ibn Abbas, who was also present at the burial, condemned A'ishah by comparing her sitting on the mule at the funeral to her sitting on a camel in a war against Al-Hasan's father at the Battle of Jamal. Her refusal to allow Hasan to be buried next to his grandfather, despite allowing her father, Abu Bakr, and Umar to be buried there, offended the supporters of Ali. Then Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah reminded Husayn that Hasan made the matter conditional by saying "unless you fear evil." Ibn al-Hanafiyyah further asked "What evil could be greater than what you see?" And so the body was carried to the Cemetery of Al-Baqi. Marwan joined the carriers, and, when questioned about it, said that he gave his respect to a man "whose "hilm" (, forbearance) weighed mountains." Governor Sa‘id ibn al-‘As led the funeral prayer.

paragraph: The shrine containing Hasan's tomb was destroyed once in 1925 during the conquest of Medina as part of a general destruction of memorials in cemeteries for religious reasons. "In the eyes of Wahabis, historical sites and shrines encourage "shirk" – the sin of idolatry or polytheism – and should be destroyed."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Family tree of Ali

paragraph: BULLET::::- Family tree of Muhammad

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fourteen Infallibles

paragraph: BULLET::::- Twelve Imams

alias:
Ḥasan ibn ʿAli ibn Abī Ṭālib
Imam Hassan
Imam Hasan
Leader of the Youth of Paradise

description: Muslim leader

enwikiquote_title: Hasan ibn Ali

wikidata_label: Hasan ibn Ali

wikipedia_title: Hasan ibn Ali


text: House of Lords

text: House of Lords

text: cross-bencher

text: social justice

text: Ashby-de-la-Zouch

text: Leicestershire

text: Mary Tudor, Queen of France

text: King James IV of Scotland

text: William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley

text: Alice Spencer, Countess of Derby

categories: 20th-century women politicians,20th-century Scottish women,Earls of Loudoun,2002 deaths,Place of death missing,People from Ashby-de-la-Zouch,20th-century Scottish politicians,Place of birth missing,1919 births,Hereditary women peers,Scottish countesses

paragraph: Barbara Abney-Hastings, 13th Countess of Loudoun

paragraph: Barbara Huddleston Abney-Hastings, 13th Countess of Loudoun (3 July 19191 November 2002), was a Scottish countess in her own right, and a member of the House of Lords. Lady Loudoun was the oldest daughter of Reginald Mowbray Chichester Huddleston and Edith Abney-Hastings, 12th Countess of Loudoun. Her only brother, Ian Huddleston Abney-Hastings, styled Lord Mauchline (1918–1944), was killed in Italy in World War II, so as the oldest sister Barbara succeeded in the earldom in 1960.

paragraph: Lady Loudoun was a member of the House of Lords until 1999 when the right of hereditary peers to sit in the Lords was abolished. She sat as a cross-bencher, and was concerned with social justice. She lived in Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire.

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry.

paragraph: On her mother's side, she was descended from and heir-general of George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence. Her other notable ancestors include Mary Tudor, Queen of France; King James IV of Scotland; William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley and Alice Spencer, Countess of Derby.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and children.

paragraph: Lady Loudoun married three times:

paragraph: BULLET::::- She married firstly Captain Walter Strickland Lord in 5 9 1939. They had one child:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Michael Abney-Hastings, 14th Earl of Loudoun (1942–2012).

paragraph: BULLET::::- She married secondly Captain Gilbert Frederick Greenwood in 21 11 1945. They had two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Lady Selina Mary (b. 1946).

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Hon. Frederick James Abney-Hastings (b. 1949).

paragraph: BULLET::::- She married thirdly Peter Griffiths in 15 9 1954. They had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Lady Margaret Maud Abney-Hastings (b. 1956).

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Lady Mary Joy Abney-Hastings (b. 1957).

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Lady Clare Louise Abney-Hastings (b. 1958).

paragraph: On her death she was succeeded by her oldest son.

description: British peeress and politician


text:
Warsaw, Poland
Assiut
Khedivate of Egypt
nobleman
exile
French nationality
philanthropist
Château de Montrésor
magnate
Duchy of Lithuania
Ukraine
Catherine the Great
Napoleon III
Crédit Foncier de France
List of Poles
Louis Wolowski
Chateau de Montresor

categories: Polish antiquarians,Polish book and manuscript collectors,1879 deaths,People from Paris,Polish philanthropists,Polish landowners,Branicki (Korczak) family,Polish art collectors,Polish bibliophiles,Polish nobility,French bankers,19th-century Polish businesspeople,19th-century French businesspeople,French political writers,1816 births,Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur,People from Warsaw,French people of Polish descent

paragraph: Count Xavier Branicki

paragraph: Count Xavier Branicki (in Polish: ', in French: '), born 26 October 1816 in Warsaw, Poland, died 20 November 1879 in Assiut, Khedivate of Egypt, was a Polish nobleman, political exile and landowner who took French nationality. He became a political writer, financier, art collector and philanthropist. He was the owner and restorer of the Château de Montrésor and estate in France. He was descended from a powerful magnate family with immense land holdings in the Duchy of Lithuania and in Ukraine, partly as a result, it is said, of a family connection with Catherine the Great. He was a member of the close circle of Napoleon III. He was a co-founder of the Crédit Foncier de France, a bank that continues to this day.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: Branicki was the author of the following works:

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Poles

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis Wolowski

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chateau de Montresor

description: Polish-French financier & writer

wikidata_label: Xavier Branicki

wikipedia_title: Count Xavier Branicki


text:
Ravenna
neo-classical
Tomb of Dante
Santa Maria in Porto Basilica

categories: 18th-century Italian architects,1743 births,1795 deaths,People from Ravenna,Italian neoclassical architects

paragraph: Camillo Morigia

paragraph: Camillo Morigia (15 September 1743, Ravenna - 16 January 1795, Ravenna) was a north-Italian neo-classical architect. He is most notable for his designs for the Tomb of Dante and the facade of Santa Maria in Porto Basilica, both in his home-town of Ravenna.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nullo Pirazzoli, Paolo Fabbri, "Camillo Morigia (1743-1795). Architettura e riformismo nelle Legazioni", con un saggio di Marco Dezzi Bardeschi, Imola, University Press Bologna, 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nullo Pirazzoli, "Ravenna nel Settecento" in "Storia di Ravenna", vol. IV (a cura di Lucio Gambi), Venezia, Marsilio Editori, 1994

description: Italian architect

wikidata_label: Camillo Morigia

wikipedia_title: Camillo Morigia


text:
Ravenna
Bologna
Padua
Bologna
Giordano Bianchi Dottula
Dionigi Strocchi
Pietro Giordani
lyceum
Treviso
Kingdom of Italy
Corfu

wikipedia_title:
Ravenna
Bologna
Padua
Bologna
Giordano Bianchi Dottula
Dionigi Strocchi
Pietro Giordani
Lyceum
Treviso
Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)
Corfu

categories: 1836 deaths,Dante Alighieri,18th-century male writers,18th-century Italian writers

paragraph: Paolo Costa (poet)

paragraph: Paolo Costa (13 June 1771, Ravenna – 20 December 1836, Bologna) was an Italian poet, writer and philosopher. The son of Domenico Costa and Lucrezia Ricciarelli, he began his studies in 1780 in Ravenna under modest teachers. He then moved to Padua and studied there under Melchiorre Cesarotti and Simone Stratico. His studies were interrupted by the French invasion and occupation in 1797, during which he held government roles in both Ravenna and Bologna.

paragraph: He resumed his studies under Giordano Bianchi Dottula, Dionigi Strocchi and Pietro Giordani and became chair in philosophy at the lyceum in Treviso during the Kingdom of Italy. However, the lyceum was suppressed on the Restoration and from 1822 to 1831 he was a private tutor in a villa in Bologna. He was suspected of being implicated with the Carboneria and so in 1831 he was forced to flee to Corfu. He returned to Bologna in 1832, where he died four years later.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paolo Costa, "Vita di Dante – Della Elocuzione", Fara editore, S. Arcangelo di Romagna

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paolo Costa, "Della sintesi e dell'analisi", Fara editore, S. Arcangelo di Romagna

description: Italian poet and philosopher

wikidata_label: Paolo Costa

wikipedia_title: Paolo Costa (poet)


text:
information designer
Dear Data
information designer
Stefanie Posavec
Museum of Modern Art
Pentagram
Italy
architecture
New York City
Google
IBM
Starbucks
United Nations
the Museum of Modern Art
Museum of Modern Art
Pentagram
Cannes Festival

wikipedia_title: Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity

categories: Living people,Italian designers,Data scientists

paragraph: Giorgia Lupi

paragraph: Giorgia Lupi is an Italian information designer and former co-founder of data-driven research and design firm Accurat. She is a co-author of Dear Data, a collection of hand drawn data visualizations, along with award-winning information designer Stefanie Posavec. Her work is also part of the permanent collection at the Museum of Modern Art. In 2019, she became a partner on Pentagram's New York team.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Lupi was born in Italy, and graduated from FAF in Ferrara, Italy, where she studied architecture. After graduating in 2006 she worked with different design firms in Italy. In 2011 she began her PHD in design at Milan Politecnico and started Accurat. In 2012 she moved to New York City where she lives now.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 2011, Lupi co-founded research and design firm Accurat, that combines design and data to create data visualizations, interfaces, and tools. Among their clients are Google, IBM, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Starbucks, United Nations, and the Museum of Modern Art..

paragraph: In 2014 Lupi began the Dear Data Project with Stefanie Posavec. Every week for one year Lupi and Posavec exchanged a "data drawing", a hand drawn data visualization that represented a part of their daily life, through the mail. In 2016 these postcards were compiled and published in a book called Dear Data. The following year the Museum of Modern Art added the original Dear Data postcards to the Museum's collection.

paragraph: In 2016, Giorgia Lupi published an article in Print Mag in which she introduced the concept of Data Humanism, which she further developed in her TED Talk. According to Lupi, data is just an instrument that people created to record and archive reality and is always a placeholder for something else. Lupi warns against simply focusing on numbers, technologies, and algorithms when working with data and suggests to instead focus on what data represents: people, stories, ideas. She argues people should reclaim a personal approach to how data is captured, analyzed, and displayed proving that subjectivity and context play a big role in understanding even big events and social changes.

paragraph: In 2019, Lupi joined Pentagram New York as a partner.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: Information is Beautiful Awards - Gold Medal and Most Beautiful Project

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: Information is Beautiful Awards - Gold Medal, category: Data Visualization

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: Strata Conference - Data Journalism Award

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: Cannes Festival - Bronze Lion, Direct Advertising

description: Italian information designer

wikidata_label: Giorgia Lupi

wikipedia_title: Giorgia Lupi


text: infection

text: spirochaeta

text: treponema

text: Leipzig

text: Gustav Plaut

text: University of Leipzig

text: University of Jena

text: sheeppox

text: Toussaint's manner

text: Pasteur

text: poxviridae

text: Vincent

text: Streptococcus

text: Actinomyces

text: Mircrobiological

text: Rahel Plaut

text: Hans Liebeschuetz

text: Mycology

paragraph: Hugo Carl Plaut

paragraph: Hugo Carl Plaut (b.12 October 1858 - d.17 February 1928) was a German physician, who worked primarily as

paragraph: a bacteriologist and mycologist in human and animal medicine . He is best known for his discovery of the cause of Plaut-Vincent angina an infection of the tonsils caused by spirochaeta and treponema bacteria. He was also a pioneer in the field of vaccination and he created a vaccine for sheep pox.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in Leipzig, the son of the banker Gustav Plaut and his wife Bertha, née Oppenheimer. His school was the humanistic Thomas School in Leipzig . After leaving school he studied veterinary medicine and medicine at the University of Leipzig and the University of Jena. He received his doctorate with a dissertation titled “The organised contagium of sheeppox (variola ovina in Latin) and the mitigation thereof in Toussaint's manner” (see note about Toussaint and Pasteur). He made contributions to the aetiology of the poxviridae family of viruses through his work using the method of Toussaint to produce attenuated vaccine that was therapeutically active against sheepox. His work was under the supervision of his mentor, Friedrich Anton Zürn (1835-1900), who was professor emeritus of veterinarian sciences at Leipzig University. In 1888 he married and moved to Hamburg, here he published papers and established laboratories firstly at his home in Eppendorf and later at his residence in central Hamburg street at Neue Rabenstrasse 21. From 1888 he probably had some connection with Eppendorf Hospital but had to wait until Brauer's appointment as director of the hospital to have a small research institute of his own.

paragraph: In 1896 he described a special form of tonsillitis, now called Plaut-Vincent angina, two years later Vincent of the Pasteur Institute described the same condition. It became known as Vincent’s angina in the english speaking world probably as a reflection of anti-German feelings after World War 1. Both names are in current use. In addition, he worked on microbial research of Streptococcus mucous , Streptothrix and Actinomyces and he continued his research in veterinary medicine. In 1888 he became founding director of a small Institute for Mircrobiological Research at what is now the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE). After the 1st World War he taught ex-servicemen at the nascent University of Hamburg. It became a full university in 1919 and he was honoured with the title of Extraordinary Professor. Before he died he left instructions to his cleaner Frau Lemke to safely destroy his microbial cultures including possibly cholera cultures. In his honour, the Hugo Carl Plaut Medal is awarded annually to botanists, doctors and scientists.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He married Adele née Brach (1867-1953) in 1888 . Their daughters Carrie (1892-1976) and Rahel Plaut (1894-1993) both became doctors, the latter was married to the historian Hans Liebeschuetz . Hubert Plaut became a mathematician. and Theo Plaut an economist.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Die Hyphenpilze oder Eumyceten (1903, 19132) - Mycology

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dermatomykosen - Fungal skin infections (1909) - Dermatomycoses

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mykosen - Mycoses (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eumycetes (1913) - a division of fungi that includes all true fungi (as the ascomycetes and basidiomycetes) as distinguished from the slime molds

paragraph: Section::::Note.

paragraph: Toussaint’s most significant contribution was the development of a vaccine against anthrax. He attenuated the live virus with an antiseptic, carbonic acid whereas Pasteur used potassium dichromate to attenuate anthrax. Pasteur based his method on Toussaint’s but did not give him credit.

description: German mycologist

wikidata_label: Hugo Carl Plaut

wikipedia_title: Hugo Carl Plaut


text:
Miami, Florida
songwriter
record producer
Grammy award
Darkchild
Mandy Moore
Tarralyn Ramsey
3rd Faze
HealthSouth
CEO
Desmond Child
Livin' la Vida Loca
Ricky Martin
Sturken and Rogers
Christina Aguilera
Rihanna
music video
MTV
Erik White
R. Kelly
Nick Cannon
P. Diddy
Akon
Irv Gotti
Lloyd
Street Love
D.N.A.
Lady Gaga

wikipedia_title:
Miami
Songwriter
Record producer
Grammy Award
Rodney Jerkins
Mandy Moore
Tarralyn Ramsey
3rd Faze
Encompass Health
Chief executive officer
Desmond Child
Livin' la Vida Loca
Ricky Martin
Carl Sturken and Evan Rogers
Christina Aguilera
Rihanna
Music video
MTV
Erik White
R. Kelly
Nick Cannon
Sean Combs
Akon
Irv Gotti
Lloyd (singer)
Street Love
D.N.A. (Mario album)
Lady Gaga

categories: Writers from Miami,Living people,Songwriters from Florida,1979 births

paragraph: Water (producer)

paragraph: Korrenti "Water" Mayweather (born July 7, 1979 in Miami, Florida) is an American songwriter and record producer. He is currently signed to Grammy award-winning producer Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins' Darkchild production team. Water, got his start in the music industry when music he demonstrated as an artist landed in the hands of a Sony/Epic talent scout named Victor Cade. Cade is credited with discovering pop star/actress Mandy Moore and gospel artist Tarralyn Ramsey before being promoted to A&R Director. Water and Cade formed a production partnership in Orlando, Florida that would lead to Water's first commercial success with Pop/R&B girl group 3rd Faze.

paragraph: 3rd Faze was the protégé of HealthSouth Founder and former CEO, Richard M. Scrushy. Under the pseudonym "Magnanimous", Water was the writer and co-producer of the group's first single "Shy" which helped garner their record deal with the U.S. arm of the German entertainment company Edel Music. "Shy" was chosen as the single over songs produced by Desmond Child (Livin' la Vida Loca – Ricky Martin) and Hit maker duo Sturken and Rogers (Christina Aguilera, Rihanna). A music video for the song, directed by MTV and VMA Awards nominee Erik White (R. Kelly, Nick Cannon, P. Diddy, Chris Brown), was filmed and aired on MTV. Water also wrote and co-produced 3 other songs on 3rd Faze's self-titled debut album including "Believe" which 3rd Faze performed at America's Junior Miss pageant in 2002.

paragraph: In 2006 Water moved to Atlanta, Georgia where he and his colleagues started the production company Pure Ice Productions and Ice Water Entertainment Inc. In 2007, while developing an artist for Akon, Water produced the record "Addictive" which was later recorded by MTV's Making The Band choreographer Laurie Ann Gibson. A music video for "Addictive" was filmed and aired on BET's 106 & Park. "Addictive" was the inspiration for Gibson's and clothing company Wildchild Nation's Official Boom Kack Hoodie. The word Addictive is printed on the back. Laurie Ann would later choreograph the music video for the hit song "Just Dance" by Lady Gaga with whom Water would later work. It was at this time that Water connected with The Inc. (formerly Murder Inc.) CEO Irv Gotti and produced and wrote the song "Na Na Na", recorded by R&B artist Lloyd for his album Street Love although it did not make the final cut of the album.

paragraph: In 2008, he co-produced with Jerkins the song "Weather Girl" previously slated to be released on Grammy award-nominated recording artist Mario's upcoming album D.N.A.. The song was written by Lady Gaga.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.:Reality television.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gotti's Way" (episode 3 as himself, 2007)

description: songwriter and music producer (b. 1979)

wikidata_label: Water

wikipedia_title: Water (producer)


text:
Andrew of Crete
Crete
martyr
Christian Church
iconophile
Forum Bovis
Constantinople
Constantine V
Byzantine Iconoclasm
October 17
monastery
Constantinople
Koca Mustafa Pasha Mosque
Istanbul

categories: 8th-century Christian martyrs,Saints of medieval Greece,8th-century Byzantine people,Executed Byzantine people,Year of birth missing,Byzantine Crete,8th-century Christian saints,760s deaths,People of medieval Crete,Byzantine Iconoclasm,8th-century executions by the Byzantine Empire

paragraph: Andrew of Crete (martyr)

paragraph: "For the archbishop of the same name, see Andrew of Crete."

paragraph: Saint Andrew of Crete is a martyr of the Christian Church. A fervent iconophile, he was executed in the Forum Bovis of Constantinople at the orders of Emperor Constantine V in 766 or 767, during the Byzantine Iconoclasm. His feast day is October 17. The monastery of St Andrew in Krisei in Constantinople, currently the Koca Mustafa Pasha Mosque in Istanbul, was dedicated to him.

paragraph: It should be noticed that according to modern sources, the figure of Andrew of Crete, like those of many iconophile Saints lived under the iconoclastic period, is unverified.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. "The Penguin Dictionary of Saints". 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01473b.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=859

description: Byzantine iconophile martyr

wikidata_label: Andrew of Crete

wikipedia_title: Andrew of Crete (martyr)


text:
Kurume
Chikugo province
Fukuoka prefecture
tortoise shell
karakuri
aristocrats
Kyoto
daimyō
Shōgun’s
Edo
Osaka
pneumatics
hydraulics
rapeseed oil
rangaku
astronomy
myriad year clock
Important Cultural Property
Sonnō jōi
Sano Tsunetami
Saga Domain
Kyūshū
Nabeshima Naomasa
steam locomotive
steam engine
Russian
Yevfimy Putyatin
Nagasaki
Nagasaki Naval Training Center
reverberatory furnace
Armstrong gun
Kurume Domain
Meiji Restoration
Ministry of Industry
Ginza district
Roppongi
Toshiba
Bow Shooting Boy
Toshiba home page
Prominent people of Minato city

categories: Japanese inventors,1881 deaths,Nabeshima retainers,People of Meiji-period Japan,Japanese engineers,1799 births,Toshiba,People from Kurume, Fukuoka,Japanese company founders

paragraph: Tanaka Hisashige

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Tanaka was born in Kurume, Chikugo province (present-day Fukuoka prefecture) as the eldest son of a tortoise shell craftsman. Apprenticed at an early age, he was a gifted artisan. At the age of eight, he invented an inkstone case with a secret lock, which required a cord to be twisted in a certain manner to open it. At the age of 14, he had invented a loom capable of weaving intricate designs into fabric.

paragraph: From age 20 he began to make "karakuri" dolls, autonomous dolls powered by springs, pneumatics and hydraulics, capable of relatively complex movements, which were much in demand by the aristocrats of Kyoto, "daimyō" in feudal domains, and by the Shōgun’s court in Edo. At age 21, he was performing around the country at festivals with clockwork dolls he constructed himself. He declined to take over the family business, surrendering his position to his younger brother and devoted his full attention to "karakuri" dolls. However, by his mid-thirties, these mechanical dolls had started to fall out of fashion. In 1834, he relocated to Osaka, where he experimented in pneumatics, hydraulics and forms of lighting based on rapeseed oil, including a pocket candlestick and an oil lamp with an air-pressurized fuel pump which proved to be very popular.

paragraph: He then moved on to Kyoto, where he studied "rangaku", or western learning, and astronomy. He invented a pneumatic fire pump, and in 1851, he built a myriad year clock which is now designated as an Important Cultural Property by the Japanese government.

paragraph: With the development of the "Sonnō jōi" movement, the atmosphere in Kyoto became increasingly dangerous towards foreign influences and technology, and Tanaka was invited by Sano Tsunetami to Saga Domain in Kyūshū, where he was welcomed by Nabeshima Naomasa.

paragraph: While in Saga, Tanaka designed and built Japan’s first domestically made steam locomotive and steam warship. Although he had no previous experience in the field, he had access to a Dutch reference book and had watched the demonstration of a steam engine by the Russian diplomat Yevfimy Putyatin during his visit to Nagasaki in 1853. He later was a student at the Nagasaki Naval Training Center. On its closure and the withdrawal of its Dutch advisors, Tanaka moved back to Saga and worked at the "Seirenkata", where he built models of steam warships (both with screws and with side-paddles), a steam locomotive and experimented with making a telegraph and a glass factory.

paragraph: He was involved in the construction of a reverberatory furnace in Saga for the production of Armstrong guns. In 1864, he returned to his native Kurume Domain, where he assisted in the development of modern weaponry.

paragraph: In 1873, six years after the Meiji Restoration, Tanaka, then age 74 and still energetic, was invited by the Ministry of Industry to come to Tokyo to make telegraphs at the ministry's small factory. He relocated to the Ginza district in 1875. He rented the second floor of a temple in what is now Roppongi as a workshop that evolved into his first company — Tanaka Seisakusho (Tanaka Engineering Works), the first manufacturer of telegraph equipment in Japan.

paragraph: After his death in 1881, his son founded . The company changed its name after Tanaka’s death to in 1904. After a merger in 1939 with Tokyo Denki it became Tokyo Shibaura Denki, more commonly known today as Toshiba.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morris-Suzuki, Tessa. "The Technological Transformation of Japan: From the Seventeenth to the Twenty-First Century", Cambridge University Press, 1994.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bow Shooting Boy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toshiba home page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prominent people of Minato city

description: Japanese engineer

wikidata_label: Tanaka Hisashige

wikipedia_title: Tanaka Hisashige


text:
queen of Navarre
John II of Aragon
Blanche I of Navarre
Princess of Asturias
Henry IV of Castile
witchcraft
Charles, Duke of Berry
Louis XI of France
John
Courts of Navarre
Orthez
Eleanor of Aragon, Countess of Foix

categories: Navarrese infantas,Queens regnant of Navarre,Aragonese infantas,Repudiated queens,15th-century people from the Kingdom of Navarre,Assassinated royalty,1424 births,15th-century Spanish women,People from Olite,Murdered royalty,1464 deaths,Princesses of Asturias,Castilian queen consorts,House of Trastámara,Navarrese monarchs

paragraph: Blanche II of Navarre

paragraph: Blanche II () (9 June 1424 – 2 December 1464), titular queen of Navarre, was the daughter of John II of Aragon and Blanche I of Navarre. She was also Princess of Asturias by marriage.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Birth.

paragraph: Blanche was born on 9 June 1424 in Olite, Navarre.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Heiress of Navarre.

paragraph: In 1427, she, her brother Charles, and her sister Eleanor, were proclaimed the rightful heirs of the kingdom of Navarre. Blanche was promised to the heir of Castile in the peace treaty between Navarre and Castile in 1436. She married Henry IV of Castile in 1440. The marriage was reputedly never consummated.

paragraph: In 1453, after thirteen years, Henry sought the annulment of the marriage. An official examination confirmed the virginity of Blanche. A divorce was granted by the Pope on the grounds that some "witchcraft" had prevented Henry from consummating the marriage. After this, Blanche was sent home to Navarre, where she was imprisoned by her family: from 1462, she was under the custody of her sister. She remained childless throughout her life.

paragraph: Section::::Claimant to the throne.

paragraph: After the death of her brother in 1461, some Navarrese dissatisfied elements and some of the anti-Aragonese party regarded Blanche as the rightful monarch, as they had regarded Charles. They proclaimed her queen. She would have thus become Blanche II of Navarre, had not her father (who wanted to keep the government of Navarre) already had her incarcerated and thus not capable to act.

paragraph: John tried to marry her to Charles, Duke of Berry, and younger brother of Louis XI of France to make an alliance, but Blanche refused, and her act irritated her father John. In 1464, she came back to Pamplona with the help of its bishop Nicolas de Etchabarri, who was murdered shortly after, in order to attend the Courts of Navarre.

paragraph: She died by poison in Orthez less than a month later. Both her father and her sister Eleanor are suggested to have been responsible for her death. Upon her death, her rights to Navarre were inherited by her next sister, Eleanor of Aragon, Countess of Foix, who however was their father's ally and supporter, and did not press her own claims until his death in 1479.

alias:
Blanche of Aragon
Blanche of Trastámara
Blanche of Trastamara

description: Queen of Navarre

wikidata_label: Blanche II of Navarre

wikipedia_title: Blanche II of Navarre


text:
King of the Geats
The Battle of the Goths and Huns
Hervarar saga
Poetic Edda
Heidrek
Reidgotaland
Goths
Oium
Chernyakhov culture
Arheimar
Dniepr
Angantyr
Hlöd
Huns
Hunnish
Hlöd
Ostrogoth

paragraph: Gizur

paragraph: Gizur, Gizurr or Gissur was a King of the Geats. He appears in "The Battle of the Goths and Huns", which is included in the "Hervarar saga" and in editions of the "Poetic Edda". Gizur was the foster-father of Heidrek, who made a coup-d'état in Reidgotaland, the land of the Goths (see Oium and the Chernyakhov culture).

paragraph: When Heidrek was dead, Gizur arrived in the Goth capital Arheimar on the Dniepr ("Danpar") to pay homage to his foster-son. Heidrek's son Angantyr, who was the new king of the Goths, held a great banquet in the honour of his father. Then Heidrek's illegitimate son Hlöd, who had grown up among the Huns, arrived to claim his share of the inheritance. Angantyr offered a great many riches and a third of the Goth kingdom, but before Hlöd could answer, Gizur reminded Angantyr that Hlöd was only a bastard son and did not deserve such riches.

paragraph: This caused an invasion of the Hunnish Horde (approximately 350,000 men), and prospects looked grim. Gizur supported Angantyr and helped him fight the Horde, presumably with his own Geatish forces.

paragraph: Since he helped the Goths, Hlöd mockingly called the king the "Grýtingaliði", an Ostrogoth ("Greutungi") warrior and "Angantyr's man":

wikidata_label: Gizur

wikipedia_title: Gizur


text:
German
conductor
Herringen
Westphalia
trumpet
violin
World War II
morse code
string quartet
Dortmund
Cologne
Münster
Mozart
The Marriage of Figaro
Augsburg
Bremen
Wagner
Lohengrin
Philharmonia Orchestra
London
Elisabeth Schwarzkopf
Christa Ludwig
Walter Legge
Mendelssohn
Symphony No. 4 "Italian"
A Midsummer Night's Dream
Richard Strauss
Der Rosenkavalier
Royal Opera, Covent Garden
Vienna
Salzburg
Frank Martin
oratorio
Rudolf Wagner-Régeny
Die schweigsame Frau
Tonkünstler Orchestra
Munich Radio Orchestra
Japan
NHK Symphony Orchestra
New Zealand
Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg
Grammy award
Weinberger
Schwanda the Bagpiper
St. Peter's Basilica
Rome
Pope John XXIII
Anton Bruckner
Engelbert Humperdinck
Königskinder
La bohème
Ruggero Leoncavallo

categories: 20th-century conductors (music),20th-century German musicians,2004 deaths,German male conductors (music),Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,1923 births,German conductors (music)

paragraph: Heinz Wallberg

paragraph: Heinz Wallberg (16 March 192329 September 2004) was a German conductor.

paragraph: Wallberg was born in Herringen, Westphalia. He studied trumpet, violin and piano. He helped to support his family with his musical training after his father became unable to work. During World War II, he was a morse code operator, and simultaneously directed an army band and led a string quartet.

paragraph: After the war, he studied at the Dortmund and Cologne conservatories. He made his debut as a conductor in Münster with Mozart's "The Marriage of Figaro". He became principal music director in Augsburg in 1954, and in Bremen in 1955, concluding in both posts in 1960. In 1957, he recorded a scene from Wagner's "Lohengrin", with the Philharmonia Orchestra in London and the singers Elisabeth Schwarzkopf and Christa Ludwig, under the production of Walter Legge. He also recorded Mendelssohn's Symphony No. 4 "Italian", and his "A Midsummer Night's Dream" incidental music. He conducted Richard Strauss's "Der Rosenkavalier" for the Royal Opera, Covent Garden in 1963. In the meantime, at the Vienna and Salzburg festivals he premiered works such as Frank Martin's oratorio "Le Mystere de la Nativité" (1960) and Rudolf Wagner-Régeny's "The Mines at Falun" (1961). Wallberg inaugurated the Munich Opera Festival in 1962 with a performance of Richard Strauss's "Die schweigsame Frau".

paragraph: From 1964 to 1975, Wallberg was principal conductor of the Tonkünstler Orchestra, Vienna. He held the same post with the Munich Radio Orchestra from 1975 to 1982, and with the Essen Philharmonic from 1975 to 1991. He was the first West German conductor allowed to conduct in East Germany after the partition of Germany. His United States conducting debut did not occur until 1991. For the last 37 years of his life, he appeared every year with Japan's NHK Symphony Orchestra. He conducted the New Zealand premiere of Wagner's "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg" in 1990.

paragraph: He was nominated for a Grammy award in 1982 for his recording of Weinberger's opera "Schwanda the Bagpiper". He gave a concert in St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, for Pope John XXIII in 1959. Heinz Wallberg was highly regarded as a conductor of the symphonies of Anton Bruckner. Other recordings included Engelbert Humperdinck's "Königskinder" and "La bohème" of Ruggero Leoncavallo.

paragraph: Wallberg was married twice, to Maritta Ruhlmann, who died in 1967, and later to Murielle Nouget. He had a daughter with Ruhlmann and a son with Nouget. He died in Essen in 2004, aged 81.

description: German conductor

wikidata_label: Heinz Wallberg

wikipedia_title: Heinz Wallberg


text: Assum

text: North Holland

text: Amsterdam

text: Dutch

text: engraver

text: cartographer

text: Alkmaar

text: Willem Jansz Blaeu

text: Janssonius

text: Queirós

text: Vanuatu

text: Spitsbergen

text: Russia

text: Feodor II of Russia

text: tsarevich

text: posthumous portrait

text: Bredero

text: Dutch East India Company

text: Petrus Plancius

text: Isaac Massa

text: Torres Strait

text: Indonesia

text: Australia

text: 1622 map of the Pacific

text: Abel Tasman

text: New Zealand

text: Caert van't Landt van d'Eendracht

text: Dirk Hartog

text: François Thijssen

text: recognizable outline of Australia

text: Brazil

text: Caribbean

text: Joannes de Laet

text: map of Florida

text: Nieuwe Kerk

text: VOC maps and drawings

text: Hessel Gerritsz’s Map of the Pacific

categories: Burials at the Nieuwe Kerk (Amsterdam),Dutch engravers,Dutch publishers (people),1632 deaths,17th-century Dutch cartographers,People from Uitgeest,1580s births

paragraph: Hessel Gerritsz

paragraph: Hessel Gerritsz (c. 1581 in Assum, North Holland – buried 4 September 1632 in Amsterdam) was a Dutch engraver, cartographer and publisher. He was one of the notable figures in the Golden Age of Dutch/Netherlandish cartography (c. 1570s–1670s). Despite strong competition, he is considered by some “unquestionably the chief Dutch cartographer of the 17th century”.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: He started in Alkmaar as an apprentice to Willem Jansz Blaeu, who was ten years his elder. Gerritsz moved with Blaeu’s workshop to Amsterdam, where he married Geertje Gijsberts of Alkmaar in 1607. They had eight children. Geertje would die before 1624, when Hessel remarried. By 1610 he had a printing workshop on his own. Many of his engravings and maps made it into the atlases of Blaeu, Janssonius, and others.

paragraph: Section::::Independent printer.

paragraph: Gerritsz produced a world map in 1612 that included the discoveries of Queirós and specifically indicated “Austrialia del Espiritu Santo”, now known to be Vanuatu, but for long thought to be part of the “South land”. The map was very influential on Dutch and French representations of the South Pacific in the 17th and 18th centuries, and was together with Queirós' publications influential in establishing the name “Australia”. In 1613, Gerritsz wrote and published a "History of the land named Spitsbergen", describing the discovery, early voyages and whaling activities on these islands. This volume also showcases Gerritsz's considerable talents as an engraver (see for example his depiction of a walrus with its calf above right). The same year, he edited a map of Russia prepared by the future Feodor II of Russia as tsarevich, and re-edited it in 1614 with some additions and corrections; it was reproduced by the Blaeu firm until 1665. Another example of an engraving is his often reproduced 1619 posthumous portrait of the playwright Bredero.

paragraph: Section::::Official cartographer of the VOC.

paragraph: His fame as cartographer grew rapidly to the point that on 16 October 1617 he was appointed the first exclusive cartographer of the Dutch East India Company (the VOC), probably the most strategic position a cartographer could have in those days. He got the position on recommendation of Petrus Plancius, chief scientist of the VOC, who did not get along with the senior Willem Blaeu (Blaeu and Gerritsz remained friends). Gerritsz kept this post until his death, after which the position was held by the Blaeu family, starting with Willem Jansz, until 1705.

paragraph: Hessel Gerritsz's map of 1622 showed the first part of Australia to be charted, that by Willem Janszoon in 1606. It was considered to be part of New Guinea and called "Nueva Guinea" on the map, but Gerritsz also added an inscription saying: "Those who sailed with the yacht of Pedro Fernandez de Quiros in the neighbourhood of New Guinea to 10 degrees westward through many islands and shoals and over 2, 3 and 4 fathoms for as many as 40 days, presumed that New Guinea did not extend beyond 10 degrees to the south. If this be so, then the land from 9 to 14 degrees would be a separate land, different from the other New Guinea".

paragraph: All charts and logs from returning VOC merchants and explorers sailors had to be submitted to Gerritsz and thanks to the wealth of new information several breakthrough maps came from his hands. In return Gerritsz’ charts accompanied all VOC captains on their voyages.

paragraph: Section::::Mapping of Australia.

paragraph: Hessel Gerritsz published in Amsterdam in 1612 a Dutch translation of the eighth memorial of Quiros, the title page of which includes the words, "'t Land ghenaemt Australia Incognita." This is believed to be "the earliest occurrence in print of the word Australia outside Spain". The publication of 1612 referred to included Isaac Massa's description of Siberia ('Samoyeden Landt'), his short account of the roads from Muscovy, and the memorial mentioned. It included three maps, one of which was a map of the world by Gerritsz, in which the Torres Strait is clearly shown.

paragraph: In 1618 Gerritsz produced a chart of the Indonesian islands, far better represented than on earlier efforts, and, for the first time, the (Northwest) coast of Australia. In 1622 he bundled many of his maps in a map book for the VOC. This map book included a 1622 map of the Pacific, probably the "Map of the Great South Sea" that Abel Tasman consulted extensively on his voyage around Australia and to New Zealand in 1642. In 1627 Gerritsz made a map, the Caert van't Landt van d'Eendracht, entirely devoted to the discoveries of the West Australian coastline. Australia is called “Eendrachtsland”, a name given by Dirk Hartog after his stay on its coast in 1616, and which would be in use until the end of the 17th century.

paragraph: In 1628, he added the 1627 charting of Australia’s South coast by François Thijssen to the map mentioned above, making this the first map showing a recognizable outline of Australia .

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: Gerritsz’ interest in the New World was so extensive that, unusual for a cartographer in his position, he joined on a 1628/29 voyage to Brazil and the Caribbean. He contributed the maps of Joannes de Laet’s "Beschrijvinghe van West-Indiën" ("Description of the West Indies”) published in 1630. Especially his map of Florida, based on French and Spanish sources, became influential (e.g. for 200 years after, Florida would be known as “Tegesta” as Gerritsz had named it).

paragraph: In 1632 Hessel Gerritsz died; he was buried in the Nieuwe Kerk on September 4. Willem Janszoon Blaeu would take his place as cartographer of the VOC in January of the following year.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hessel Gerritz maps at the State Library of New South Wales

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hessel Gerritsz maps at the National Library of Australia

paragraph: BULLET::::- VOC maps and drawings

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hessel Gerritsz’s Map of the Pacific

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hessel Gerritsz – father of Australia mapping

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hessel Gerritsz (c. 1581–1632), "Map of the Pacific Ocean," 1622, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris, département des Cartes et Plans, SH, Arch. 30

alias:
Hessel Gerrits
Hessel Gerryts
Hessel Gerritsz.

description: Dutch engraver and cartographer

wikidata_label: Hessel Gerritsz

wikipedia_title: Hessel Gerritsz


text: Major General

text: British Army

text: officer

text: Governor of Victoria

text: Malta

text: pay officer

text: Harrow School

text: Royal Military College, Sandhurst

text: passing out

text: commissioned

text: second lieutenant

text: Royal Scots

text: line infantry

text: British Army

text: Philip "Pip" Roberts

text: general officer

text: lieutenant

text: North China

text: Quetta

text: captain

text: Arab revolt

text: Second World War

text: 4th Infantry Brigade

text: Brigadier

text: James Gammell

text: Major General

text: Charles Loyd

text: 2nd Infantry Division

text: British Expeditionary Force

text: Germany

text: invasion of Poland

text: Staff College, Camberley

text: Adrian Carton de Wiart

text: Namsos Campaign

text: 227th Infantry Brigade

text: Gordon "Babe" MacMillan

text: 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division

text: Battle of Normandy

text: Distinguished Service Order

text: Italian Campaign

text: Lebanon

text: British Malaya

text: Colonel

text: British Army of the Rhine

text: Order of the British Empire

text: 5th Infantry Brigade

text: War Office

text: 52nd (Lowland) Division

text: Spandau Prison

text: Rudolf Hess

text: Governor of Victoria

text: Australia

text: colonel

text: Australian Army

text: 1st Armoured Regiment

text: Royal prerogative of mercy

text: Ronald Ryan

text: capital punishment

text: Premier

text: Henry Bolte

text: Shrewton

text: Delacombe, Victoria

categories: Companions of the Order of the Bath,Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst,Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire,People educated at Harrow College,Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George,Knights of the Order of St John,British Army generals,1906 births,Operation Overlord people,British military personnel of the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine,Companions of the Distinguished Service Order,Governors of Victoria (Australia),Maltese people of British descent,1991 deaths,British Army personnel of World War II

paragraph: Rohan Delacombe

paragraph: Major General Sir Rohan Delacombe (25 October 1906 – 10 November 1991) was a senior British Army officer. He was the last British Governor of Victoria, Australia from 1963 to 1974.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Delacombe was born in Malta on 25 October 1906, the son of Addis and Emma Louise Mary Delacombe. Addis Delacombe served as a pay officer in the British Army; several generations of Delacombes, whose seat was Shrewton Manor, Wiltshire, had served in the armed forces. Rohan was educated at Harrow School and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Delacombe, after passing out from Sandhurst, was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Royal Scots, then the most senior line infantry regiment in the British Army, on 4 February 1926, and Philip "Pip" Roberts, who was another future general officer, was among his fellow graduates. He was promoted to lieutenant on 4 February 1929. He saw service in Egypt, North China and Quetta in India (now Pakistan) with the regiment's 1st Battalion, and was promoted to captain on 2 March 1937.

paragraph: He then served in Palestine]] with the battalion during the Arab revolt from 1937 until the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939; he was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire, Military Division (MBE) in the 1939 King's Birthday Honours List. Delacombe was posted with the 4th Infantry Brigade, then commanded by Brigadier James Gammell and one of three brigades which formed part of Major General Charles Loyd's 2nd Infantry Division. The division was part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) which was sent to the Franco-Belgian border following Germany's invasion of Poland. After returning to England and attending the British Army Staff College, Camberley in 1940, Delacombe assisted Major General Adrian Carton de Wiart as a General Staff Officer (Grade 2) during the Namsos Campaign in Norway.

paragraph: In 1942, he was made commanding officer (CO) of the Royal Scots 8th Battalion with the temporary rank of lieutenant-colonel, and was promoted to the substantive rank of major on 4 February 1943. He led the battalion, which formed part of the 227th Infantry Brigade of Major General Gordon "Babe" MacMillan's 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, at the Battle of Normandy in mid-1944, where his leadership earned him a Distinguished Service Order (DSO), gazetted on 19 October 1944. He was wounded and, after recovering, made CO of the Royal Scots 2nd Battalion, which fought in the Italian Campaign, followed by security duties in Lebanon.

paragraph: Delacombe then returned to staff duties as General Staff Officer (Grade 1) during the re-occupation of British Malaya from 1945 to 1947. He was promoted to substantive lieutenant-colonel on 22 March 1948, and served as a general staff Colonel at the headquarters of the British Army of the Rhine. He was promoted to colonel on 31 December 1950 and was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire, Military Division (CBE) in the 1951 New Year Honours List. He spent much of the next 14 years from 1948 to 1962 in Germany. He served as a temporary brigadier commanding the 5th Infantry Brigade (1950–1953), and was promoted to brigadier on 16 November 1954, in which capacity he was Deputy Military Secretary for the War Office. He was promoted to temporary major-general on 4 October 1955 and appointed General Officer Commanding of the 52nd (Lowland) Division. and to substantive major-general on 29 November 1956. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath, Military Division (CB) in the 1957 Birthday Honours List. He relinquished command of the division on 10 October 1958 and was appointed Commandant of the British Sector in Berlin on 23 March 1959. As Commandant, his role included representing British interests in Spandau Prison, where Rudolf Hess was incarcerated. Knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire, Military Division (KBE) in the 1961 Birthday Honours List, Delacombe relinquished his appointment as Commandant of the British Sector in Berlin on 4 May 1962, and retired from the army on 27 July.

paragraph: Section::::Governor of Victoria.

paragraph: Sir Rohan was appointed as Governor of Victoria in Australia in 1963, and was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George (KCMG) in the 1964 New Year Honours List. As Governor, he was made an honorary colonel in the Australian Army's 1st Armoured Regiment.

paragraph: In 1967, Sir Rohan was petitioned to exercise the Royal prerogative of mercy on behalf of the Queen, to commute the execution of Ronald Ryan. Four members of the jury had submitted a guilty verdict, in the belief that capital punishment had been abolished in Victoria, and that Ryan's sentence would be commuted to life imprisonment. These jurors then petitioned the governor to save Ryan after it became apparent that the Premier Henry Bolte was determined he should hang. Sir Rohan called a meeting with the Victorian cabinet, at which it was unanimously agreed that the execution should proceed. Ryan was hanged on 3 February 1967, the last person in Australia to be executed.

paragraph: Delacombe's term ended in 1974.

paragraph: Section::::Death and memorials.

paragraph: Delacombe died in 1991 at his home at Shrewton in England, and was buried in the churchyard at the parish church, St Mary's.

paragraph: Delacombe, Victoria, was named in his honour in 1965 during his tenure as Governor of Victoria.

description: British Army general and Governor of Victoria

wikidata_label: Rohan Delacombe

wikipedia_title: Rohan Delacombe


text: Derbyshire

text: South Derbyshire

text: Italian literature

text: Dante

text: Vernon county

text: Stapleford Hall

text: Sudbury, Derbyshire

text: Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren

text: Richard Vernon

text: Speaker

text: House of Commons

text: Eton College

text: Christ Church, Oxford

text: Parliament

text: Derbyshire

text: Reform Bill

text: the southern part

text: House of Lords

text: patronymic

text: Viscountess Bulkeley

text: Volunteer movement

text: Florence

text: Dante

text: literary

text: Divine Comedy

text: Henry Clark Barlow

text: castle

text: Accademia della Crusca

text: Cavaliere di San Maurizio e Lazzaro

text: Cuthbert Ellison

text: Hebburn

text: Frederick Anson

text: Windsor

text: rector

text: Augustus Henry Warren Venables-Vernon

text: Reginald Macdonald

text: Thomas Parry Garnier

text: Brooke Boothby

text: Sudbury Hall

text: Derby

text: Benvenuto da Imola

text: Bologna

text: William Warren Vernon

text: The Divine Comedy

categories: People educated at Eton College,UK MPs 1832–1835,Whig (British political party) MPs,1866 deaths,Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford,1803 births,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Derbyshire,People from Sudbury, Derbyshire,UK MPs 1831–1832

paragraph: George Venables-Vernon, 5th Baron Vernon

paragraph: George John Warren Venables-Vernon, 5th Baron Vernon (22 June 1803 – 31 May 1866), was a British politician. He was one of the last members of parliament for Derbyshire and the first for South Derbyshire. Vernon had a lifetime enthusiasm for Italian literature, particularly Dante after visiting Italy as a child. Vernon county is named after him in Australia.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Vernon was born at Stapleford Hall in Nottinghamshire, the only son of George Charles Venables-Vernon, 4th Baron Vernon (1779–1835) of Sudbury, Derbyshire, and Frances Maria, only daughter of Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren. Sir Richard Vernon, Speaker of the House of Commons from 1425 to 1426, was an ancestor. He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.

paragraph: Vernon entered public life in 1831, as Member of Parliament for Derbyshire. As a result of the passing of the Reform Bill in 1832 (which Vernon supported) the parliamentary seat for Derbyshire was divided in two, and he became MP for the southern part. He continued in the House of Commons until 1835, when he succeeded his father as Baron Vernon and entered the House of Lords. In 1837, he exchanged his patronymic surname Venables-Vernon for that of Warren, in compliance with the will of Viscountess Bulkeley, but his children born before 1839 retained their original surname. He was an expert rifle-shot and an energetic supporter of the Volunteer movement for which he raised the 2nd (Sudbury) Derbyshire Rifle Volunteer Corps of two companies in 16 March 1860.

paragraph: Section::::Italy.

paragraph: As a youth, Vernon was taken to Italy, and later returned to live in Florence, where he studied the Italian language and history. His whole life was devoted to Dante, to whom he erected a noble literary monument. With the advice and help of friends and collaborators, he printed (though not for sale) some then unedited texts and two important works. The first of these was "Le prime quattro Edizioni della Divina Commedia letteralmente ristampate", London, 1858, a careful reprint of the first editions of Dante's "Divine Comedy", edited by Sir Anthony Panizzi with a learned preface. This was followed by a remarkable publication, "L' Inferno di Dante Alighieri disposto in ordine grammaticale e corredato di brevi dichiarazioni di G. G. Warren, Lord Vernon", London, 1858–1865, 3 vols. folio, of which only a limited number of copies were issued for private circulation.

paragraph: The latter work was described by Henry Clark Barlow as one "which, for utility of purpose, comprehensiveness of design, and costly execution, has never been equalled in any country." Some of the most distinguished artists and men of letters in Italy were occupied for twenty years in its preparation. The first volume includes the text of the "Inferno" with many unpublished documents; and the third volume, which appeared after Lord Vernon's death, contains 112 original engravings of incidents in the "Inferno", views of towns, castles, and other localities mentioned therein, as well as portraits, paintings, plans, and historical monuments illustrating the history of the fourteenth century.

paragraph: Section::::Membership.

paragraph: Vernon was a "socio" correspondent of the Accademia della Crusca, and was a member of many other literary societies. He was also created Cavaliere di San Maurizio e Lazzaro in May 1865, in recognition of his labours on behalf of the national poet.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Vernon married twice. On 30 October 1824, he married his first wife, Isabella

paragraph: Caroline, daughter of Cuthbert Ellison of Hebburn, Durham, who bore him two sons and three daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Caroline Maria Warren Venables-Vernon (1826–1918), married Rev. Frederick Anson, canon of Windsor and rector of Sudbury

paragraph: BULLET::::- Augustus Henry Warren Venables-Vernon (1829–1883), succeeded as 6th Baron Vernon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Adelaide Louisa Warren Venables-Vernon (1831–1913), married Admiral Sir Reginald Macdonald

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. William John Borlase Warren Venables-Vernon (1834–1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Louisa Warren Venables-Vernon (1838–1898), married Rev. Thomas Parry Garnier

paragraph: He remarried on 14 December 1859, to his cousin, Frances Emma Maria, only daughter of the Rev. Brooke Boothby, who survived him but was childless.

paragraph: During his prolonged visits to Italy and Florence, Lord Vernon initiated a relationship to a young girl by the name of Louise Charlotte Anette Lavoignat and bore four daughters by her: Maria Louise born 1843, Vittoria Alice born 1845, Heloise Tommasine born 1846 and Georgina Jeanne Margheret born 1848.

paragraph: After a long illness, Vernon died at Sudbury Hall, the family seat, near Derby, on 31 May 1866 aged 62.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: An engraved portrait of Vernon is in the album of his "Inferno".

paragraph: Besides the two works above mentioned, he also printed :

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Inferno, secondo il testo di B. Lombardi con ordine e schiarimento per uso dei forestieri di L. V.", Florence, 1841, 8vo (only the first seven cantos; a foreshadowing of his great work on the 'Inferno').

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Petri Allegherii super Dantis ipsius genitoris comoediam commentarium", Florence, 1846, 8vo (edited by Vincenzo Nannucci).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chiose sopra Dante, testo inedito, ora per la prima volta pubblicato", Florence, 1846, 8vo (commonly known as "II falso Boccaccio").

paragraph: BULLET::::- "II Febusso e Breusso, poema ora per la prima volta pubblicato", Florence, 1847, 8vo (a "romanzo cavalleresco").

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chiose alia Cantica dell' Inferno di Dante Allighieri attribuite a Jacopo suo figlio", Florence, 1848, 8vo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Comento alia cantica di Dante Allighieri di autore anonimo", Florence, 1848, 8vo (the oldest commentary on the "Inferno" in existence, probably written about 1328). He had intended to print the famous Latin commentary of Benvenuto da Imola, delivered as public lectures at Bologna about 1375; but this work was carried out by his second son, William Warren Vernon, in 1887, 5 vols. 4to, under the editorship of Sir J. P. Lacaita.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Divine Comedy

description: Member of Parliament


text:
English
John Rodes
Staveley, Derbyshire
Attelina Hewett
Yorkshire
Mary, Queen of Scots
Barlborough Hall
Netherthorpe School
Gerard de Rodes
Henry II
St. John's College, Cambridge
Gray's Inn
Lent Reader
Mary, Queen of Scots
Fotheringay
Staveley Woodthorpe
Netherthorpe School
John Maynard
Lincoln's Inn
Barlborough
Barlborough Hall
Billingsley
Darfield
Great
Little Houghton
Yorkshire
Thorpe Salvine
Yorkshire
Apley
Shropshire
John Manners, 4th Earl of Rutland
Netherthorpe School
£20
Elmton
St John's College, Cambridge
Staveley
Barlborough
Duke of Devonshire
minister
£29
baronet
Rodes Baronets
Darfield
Great Houghton
judge
Sir Edward Rodes
High Sheriff of Yorkshire
Oliver Cromwell
High Sheriff of Perthshire
Thomas Wentworth
earl of Strafford

categories: Justices of the Common Pleas,Serjeants-at-law (England),Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge,People from Staveley, Derbyshire,16th-century English judges,English judges,1588 deaths,People of the Tudor period,1530s births

paragraph: Francis Rodes

paragraph: Sir Francis Rodes (c. 1530–1588) was an English judge, the son of John Rodes of Staveley, Derbyshire, by his first wife, Attelina Hewett of the West Riding of Yorkshire. He took part in the trial of Mary, Queen of Scots, built Barlborough Hall, and he was one of the founders of Netherthorpe School.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The family traced its descent from Gerard de Rodes, a prominent baron in the reign of Henry II. Francis was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, but did not graduate. In 1549, he was entered at Gray's Inn, and in 1552, he was called to the bar. He was Lent Reader at his inn in 1566, and double reader in 1576, and seems to have derived a considerable fortune from this practice. In 1577, Rodes had bought the manor of Hanley (in Steveley) from Edmund West.

paragraph: In 1578, he was raised to the degree of the coif, and on 21 August 1582 he was made queen's Serjeant. On 29 June 1585, he was raised to the bench as justice of the common pleas, and in October 1586, he took part in the trial of Mary, Queen of Scots, at Fotheringay, thought not as one of the main judges. He died towards the end of 1588 at Staveley Woodthorpe. His will, dated 7 June 1587, was proved on 28 April 1591; among numerous other benefactions he made bequests to St. John's College, Cambridge, and the newly founded the grammar school Netherthorpe School. His 'Reports' were among the manuscript collections of Sir John Maynard (1602–1690), and are now in the Lincoln's Inn library His principal seat was at Barlborough, Derbyshire, where he built Barlborough Hall, which is still standing; he also purchased extensive estates at Billingsley, Darfield, Great and Little Houghton, all in Yorkshire.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Rodes married, first, Elizabeth Sandford of Thorpe Salvine, Yorkshire; and, secondly, Mary Charlton of Apley in Shropshire. Her sister Elizabeth married John Manners, 4th Earl of Rutland, who appointed Rodes one of his executors.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: A quote from an 1857 directory:

paragraph: Netherthorpe School.—Francis Rodes, by will, 29th of Elizabeth, left a yearly rent charge of £20 per annum, to be taken forth of his manor of Elmton; £8 thereof to the Grammar school, at Staveley Netherthorpe, £8 for two scholarships in St John's College, Cambridge, and £4 for the relief of soldiers who should be sent to the wars out of Staveley, Barlborough, and Elmton.

paragraph: Francis' gifts when combined with others from the Duke of Devonshire, Robert Sitwell and a local minister enabled the school to have an annual income of £29.

paragraph: Rodes was succeeded in the Barlborough estates by his eldest son, Sir John Rodes (1562–1639), whose son Francis (died 1645) was created a baronet on 14 August 1641. The title became extinct on the death of Sir John Rodes, fourth baronet, in 1743. See Rodes Baronets.

paragraph: Darfield and Great Houghton passed to the judge's eldest son by his second wife, Sir Godfrey Rodes (died 1634), whose son, Sir Edward Rodes (1599–1666), served as High Sheriff of Yorkshire and colonel of horse under Oliver Cromwell; he was also a member of Cromwell's privy council, High Sheriff of Perthshire, and represented Perth in the parliaments of 1656–1658 and 1659–1660. Sir Edward's sister Elizabeth was third wife of Thomas Wentworth, earl of Strafford.

description: English judge

wikidata_label: Francis Rodes

wikipedia_title: Francis Rodes