text: American

text: Social Realist

text: painter

text: printmaker

text: satire

text: corruption

text: biblical

text: Lithuanian Jewish

text: South End

text: Europe

text: immigrants

text: Harvard University

text: Hyman Bloom

text: Denman Ross

text: Fogg Art Museum

text: Chaim Soutine

text: Georges Rouault

text: Oskar Kokoschka

text: Karl Zerbe

text: Boston Expressionism

text: Works Progress Administration

text: New York City

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: Boston Common

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: Whitney Museum of American Art

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: sages

text: Army

text: Moscow

text: House Un-American Activities Committee

text: Communist

text: Ruth Gikow

text: New York City

text: Fulbright grant

text: Europe

text: Old Master

text: Mannerism

text: El Greco

text: Hebraism

text: Old Testament

text: National Academy of Design

text: Art Institute of Chicago

text: National Museum of American Art

text: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden

text: Brooklyn Museum

text: Phillips Collection

text: National Gallery of Art

text: Vatican

text: Pope Paul VI

text: Jewish Museum (New York)

text: JackLevine.net

text: The Jack Levine papers, 1923-1999

text: New York Times obituary

text: Jack Levine

text: Jewish Museum (New York)

categories: 21st-century American painters,20th-century American painters,Harvard University alumni,Jewish American artists,1915 births,Social realist artists,2010 deaths,Artists from New York (state),Colby College alumni,American male painters,Guggenheim Fellows,Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters,Artists from Boston,People from South End, Boston,Federal Art Project artists,20th-century American printmakers,Jewish painters,United States Army soldiers

paragraph: Jack Levine

paragraph: Jack Levine (January 3, 1915November 8, 2010) was an American Social Realist painter and printmaker best known for his satires on modern life, political corruption, and biblical narratives.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born to Lithuanian Jewish parents, Levine grew up in the South End of Boston, where he observed a street life composed of European immigrants and a prevalence of poverty and societal ills, subjects which would inform his work. He first studied drawing with Harold K. Zimmerman from 1924-1931. At Harvard University from 1929 to 1933, Levine and classmate Hyman Bloom studied with Denman Ross. As an adolescent, Levine was already, by his own account, "a formidable draftsman". In 1932 Ross included Levine's drawings in an exhibition at the Fogg Art Museum at Harvard, and three years later bequeathed twenty drawings by Levine to the museum's collection. Levine's early work was most influenced by Bloom, Chaim Soutine, Georges Rouault, and Oskar Kokoschka. Along with Bloom and Karl Zerbe, he became associated with the style known as Boston Expressionism.

paragraph: From 1935 to 1940 he was employed by the Works Progress Administration. His first exhibition of paintings in New York City was at the Museum of Modern Art, with the display of "Card Game" and "Brain Trust", the latter drawn from his observation of life in the Boston Common. In 1937 his "The Feast of Pure Reason", a satire of Boston political power, was placed on loan to the Museum of Modern Art. In the same year "String Quartet" was shown at the Whitney Museum of American Art, and purchased in 1942 by the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The death of his father in 1939 prompted a series of paintings of Jewish sages.

paragraph: From 1942 to 1945 Levine served in the Army. Upon his discharge from service he painted "Welcome Home", a lampoon of the arrogance of military power; years later the painting would engender political controversy when it was included in a show of art in Moscow, and along with works by other American artists, raised suspicions in the House Un-American Activities Committee of pro-Communist sympathies. In 1946 he married the painter Ruth Gikow and moved to New York City.

paragraph: With a Fulbright grant he traveled to Europe in 1951, and was affected by the work of the Old Masters, particularly the Mannerism of El Greco, which inspired him to distort and exaggerate the forms of his figures for expressive purposes. After returning he continued to paint biblical subjects, and also produced "Gangster Funeral", a narrative which Levine referred to as a "comedy". Further commentary on American life was furnished by "Election Night" (1954), "Inauguration" (1958), and "Thirty- Five Minutes from Times Square" (1956). Also in the late 1950s, Levine painted a series of sensitive portraits of his wife and daughter. In the 1960s Levine responded not only to political unrest in the United States with works such as "Birmingham '63", but to international subjects as well, as in "The Spanish Prison" (1959–62), and later still, "Panethnikon" (1978), and "The Arms Brokers", 1982-83. Following the death of his wife in the 1980s came an increased interest in Hebraism, and with it a proliferation of paintings with themes from the Old Testament. In 1979 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member and became a full Academician in 1982.

paragraph: Levine's work is featured in many public collections, including the Art Institute of Chicago, the Museum of Modern Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the National Museum of American Art, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, the Brooklyn Museum, the Phillips Collection, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Fogg Art Museum, and the National Gallery of Art. In 1973 the Vatican purchased "Cain and Abel" (1961), to the satisfaction of Pope Paul VI. In 1978 a retrospective of Levine's work was held at the Jewish Museum (New York).

paragraph: Levine was the subject of a 1989 film documentary entitled "Feast of Pure Reason".

paragraph: Levine died at his home in Manhattan, New York on November 8, 2010 at the age of 95.

paragraph: DC Moore Gallery represents the Estate of Jack Levine. The first exhibition of his works at the gallery was in January 2010.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frankel, Robert Stephen, "Jack Levine". Rizzoli, 1989.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jack Levine: Commitment and Ambivalence, Paintings and Prints, 1998 (exhibition catalogue), DC Moore Gallery, 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jack Levine: Jack Levine at 90, 2005 (exhibition catalogue), DC Moore Gallery, 2005

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- JackLevine.net The Most Comprehensive Online Collection of the Life and Works Of Jack Levine.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Jack Levine at the Hirshhorn Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Jack Levine at the Smithsonian American Art Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Jack Levine papers, 1923-1999 at the Archives of American Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York Times obituary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with Jack Levine, by Joseph Podlesnik, in Q: A Journal of Art, Cornell University, May 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jack Levine at The Jewish Museum (New York)

description: American artist

enwikiquote_title: Jack Levine

wikidata_label: Jack Levine

wikipedia_title: Jack Levine


text:
French
chef
suicide by self-inflicted gunshot
3-star
Chamalières
Auvergne
France
La Maison Troisgros
Roanne
restaurateur
Gault Millau
nouvelle cuisine
cuisine classique
French
gastronomy
Saulieu
cuisine
Michelin Guide
work ethic
French government
Légion d'honneur
Ordre national du Mérite
Ordre national du Mérite
Mérite agricole
fusion cuisine
clinical depression
suicide
shotgun
Gault Millau
Le Figaro
Michelin Guide
Jacques Lameloise
Ratatouille
Brad Bird
Gourmandia Profile

categories: Male suicides,Head chefs of Michelin starred restaurants,2003 deaths,French chefs,People from Chamalières,Officers of the National Order of Merit (France),1951 births,Chefs who committed suicide,Suicides by firearm in France,People with bipolar disorder,Knights of the Order of Agricultural Merit,Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur

paragraph: Bernard Loiseau

paragraph: Bernard Daniel Jacques Loiseau (13 January 1951 – 24 February 2003) was a French chef. He died by suicide by self-inflicted gunshot in 2003 when newspaper reports hinted that his restaurant might lose its 3-star status. This decision was likely due to increased bouts of clinical depression.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Loiseau was born in Chamalières, in the Auvergne region of central France. He decided to become a chef as a teenager, apprenticing at the famous La Maison Troisgros run by the brothers Jean and Pierre Troisgros in Roanne between 1968 and 1971.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1972, Loiseau began working for restaurateur Claude Verger at La Barrière de Clichy, and was soon hailed as a prodigy by the Gault Millau guide, a proponent of the nouvelle cuisine style that emphasized lightness and freshness in contrast to the cuisine classique of traditional French gastronomy. When Verger bought the formerly prestigious La Côte d'Or of Saulieu in 1975, he installed Loiseau as chef and soon stood aside to allow him to develop a highly personal style of cuisine. Loiseau bought La Côte d'Or from Verger in 1982, and the well known Michelin Guide bestowed the coveted 3-star rating on his establishment in 1991. His fanatic attention to detail, frenetic work ethic and discerning palate propelled him to the top of his profession and earned him a knowledgeable and loyal but unforgiving and demanding clientele.

paragraph: Bernard Loiseau established Bernard Loiseau SA in 1998, and was the first star restaurateur to establish the concept of having one's restaurant incorporated and traded. At the time of his death, he was the only French chef traded on the stock exchange. Under Bernard Loiseau SA, Loiseau published numerous books, established a line of frozen foods, and opened three eateries in Paris, in addition to running La Côte d'Or and its adjoining boutique shop.

paragraph: The French government awarded him its highest honour, the decorations of Chevalier (Knight) de la Légion d'honneur in 1994, Chevalier (Knight) de l'Ordre national du Mérite in 1986, Officier (Officer) de l'Ordre national du Mérite in 2002 and Chevalier du Mérite agricole.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In the late 1990s, a new form of Asian-inspired "fusion cuisine" swept France, catering to an international corporate class and pleasing trend-driven "foodies" (a neologism of the movement), which Loiseau resisted. The prevailing notion, however, was that the pre-eminent Loiseau's grip was slipping — that his cuisine and philosophy were being superseded by newer trends. He was by this time deeply in debt, and suffered from bouts of increasingly severe clinical depression.

paragraph: Loiseau committed suicide on 24 February 2003, shooting himself in the head with a shotgun after a full day of work in his kitchen. The Gault Millau guide had recently downgraded his restaurant from 19/20 to 17/20, and there were also rumors in "Le Figaro" that the Michelin Guide was planning to remove one of La Côte d'Or's three stars.

paragraph: Loiseau had made a life's ambition of becoming a 3-star chef, a goal which had required 17 years of hard work at La Côte d'Or to achieve. After his death, three-star chef Jacques Lameloise said Loiseau had once confided, "If I lose a star, I'll kill myself". While it was later reported that Loiseau was despondent over his debt issues and decreasing patronage at his restaurant, Michelin still received blame in some accounts.

paragraph: As of 2019 La Côte d'Or remains a two-star establishment in the hands of executive chef Patrick Bertron.

paragraph: Section::::In media.

paragraph: The plot of the Pixar film "Ratatouille" has its roots in Loiseau's life story. La Côte d'Or was one of the restaurants visited by Brad Bird and others in France.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rudolph Chelminski, 2005. "The Perfectionist : Life and Death in Haute Cuisine" (Gotham/Penguin). Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Echikson, 1995. "Burgundy Stars: A Year in the Life of a Great French Restaurant" (Little, Brown).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: Gourmandia Profile

description: French chef

wikidata_label: Bernard Loiseau

wikipedia_title: Bernard Loiseau


text: Leicester

text: video

text: Leicester College of Art

text: Royal College of Art

text: Primary Structures

text: Jewish Museum

text: Minimalist art

text: Artist Placement Group

text: Barbara Steveni

text: John Latham

text: Barry Flanagan

text: Jeffrey Shaw

text: Studio International

text: Scottish Television

text: Maidstone College of Art

text: BBC

text: London Video Arts

text: Stuart Marshall

text: Stephen Partridge

text: Tamara Krikorian

text: Roger Barnard

text: David Critchley

text: Tate Gallery

text: Centre Georges Pompidou

text: Stephen Partridge

text: Official web site

text: REWIND interview transcribed (PDF)

text: Video Art: the early years

text: "Video art", Mick Hartney, MoMA, 2009

categories: English contemporary artists,British video artists,Academics of the Royal College of Art,2014 deaths

paragraph: David Hall (video artist)

paragraph: David Hall (born 1937 in Leicester, died October 2014) was an English artist, whose pioneering work contributed much to establishing video as an art form.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: David Hall studied at Leicester College of Art and the Royal College of Art. During the 1960s he worked as a sculptor and showed his work internationally. He won first prize at the Biennale de Paris in 1965 and took part in other key shows including the seminal "Primary Structures" exhibition at the Jewish Museum, New York in 1966 which marked the beginning of Minimalist art.

paragraph: In 1966 he was a founder of the pioneering artists' organisation Artist Placement Group, APG, along with Barbara Steveni, John Latham, Barry Flanagan, Anna Ridley, and Jeffrey Shaw among others. APG was a milestone in Conceptual Art in Britain, reinventing the means of making and disseminating art.

paragraph: It was during this time he began working with film and at the beginning of the 1970s turned to video as an art medium.

paragraph: His work in video and his writings in "Studio International" and elsewhere contributed to the establishment of this as a genre in the visual arts, and it was here he introduced the term "time based media". He was curator of early shows, and influenced emerging artists as a teacher.

paragraph: In 1971 he made ten "Interruptions" broadcast intentionally unannounced and uncredited on Scottish Television. Seven of these works were later distributed on video as "TV Interruptions (7 TV Pieces)", and are acknowledged as the first artist interventions on British television and as an equally formative moment in British video art. The first multi-channel video installation shown in the UK was his "60 TV Sets" at the exhibition "A Survey of the Avant-Garde in Britain", Gallery House, London 1972, which was expanded as "101 TV Sets" at "The Video Show", Serpentine Gallery, London 1975 (both made in collaboration with the film artist Tony Sinden).

paragraph: In 1972 he founded the first time based media course at Maidstone College of Art.

paragraph: In 1976 he made "This is a Television Receiver", transmitted by BBC television. Here David Hall revisited the theme of his classic "This is a Video Monitor" made in 1973. Other works by artists had been broadcast by now, but Hall set out to turn the domestic television set into a form of video sculpture through the intervention of his transmitted images.

paragraph: Also In 1976 he initiated and was a founder of the artists' organisation London Video Arts in collaboration with Stuart Marshall, Stephen Partridge, Tamara Krikorian, Roger Barnard, David Critchley and others. This acted as a promotional agency, an artist-led workshop and a distribution service.

paragraph: He has exhibited single screen and installation work internationally for more than forty years at many venues including Documenta Kassel, Tate Gallery London, Centre Georges Pompidou Paris, National Museum Reina Sofia Madrid, Museum of Contemporary Art Barcelona, and Museum of Modern Art Vienna.

paragraph: In March and April 2012, in his solo exhibition "End Piece ...", the centrepiece installation "1001 TV Sets (End Piece)" (1972–2012) reprised the early 1970s works, and coincided with the switch-off of analogue broadcast transmissions in the London area. The exhibition, curated by Michael Maziere, also included two other installations "Progressive Recession" (1974) and "TV Interruptions (7 TV Pieces): The Installation" (1971/2006) and was at the Ambika P3 gallery, Marylebone Road, London, UK. A report in the Independent newspaper referred to him as the "Godfather of British Video Art".

paragraph: Hall has sculpture, films, videotapes, installations and/or related material in the collections of the Tate Gallery London, Museum of Modern Art New York, Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia Madrid, Gemeente Museum The Hague, West Australia Art Gallery Perth, Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Arts Council of England, Contemporary Arts Society, British Film Institute, Great South West Corporation Atlanta USA, Richard Feigen Gallery New York, Visual Resources Inc. New York, Royal College of Art, Harvard University, ZKM Karlsruhe, and other public and private collections worldwide. Films and videotapes held by Lux London, National Film and Television Archive, Rewind Archive Scotland, and the Venice Biennale Archive.

paragraph: In January 2012 David Hall received the inaugural "Samsung Art+ Lifetime Achievement Award" from an international jury at a British Film Institute celebratory event.

paragraph: Tate acquired his iconic work 'TV Interruptions' (aka '7 TV Pieces) in 2014, and featured it (coincidentally) during the month of his death at TATE Britain. Richard Saltoun Gallery, London showed a selection of his work from July 17–14 August 2015, "DAVID HALL SITUATIONS ENVISAGED", curated by Stephen Partridge.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Documenta 6" exhibition cat., Paul Dierichs KG and Co, Kassel, Germany, 1977.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kunst und Video", DuMont Buchverlag, Cologne, 1983

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Video-Skulptur, Retrospectiv und Aktuell 1963-1989", DuMont Buchverlag, Cologne, 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Videography": "Video" "Media" "as" "Art" "and" "Culture", Sean Cubitt, MacMillan 1993.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Directory of British Film and Video Artists", ed. David Curtis, Arts Council/John Libbey, 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Diverse Practices: A Critical Reader on British Video Art", ed. Julia Knight, University of Luton/Arts Council England, 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Video: un art contemporain", Françoise Parfait, Editions du Regard, Paris 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Video Art: A Guided Tour", Catherine Elwes, I.B. Tauris, 2005,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Experimental Film and Video: An Anthology", Jackie Hatfield ed., John Libbey, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "100" "Video" "Artists", edited by Rosa Olivares, EXIT Publications in collaboration with the Fundacion ICO, 2010,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The End of Television: David Hall’s 1001 TV Sets (End Piece)", Steven Ball, Moving Image Review and Art Journal, Vol 2, No 1, Intellect Books, 2013.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official web site

paragraph: BULLET::::- REWIND Artists' video in the 70s and 80s: Interview with David Hall

paragraph: BULLET::::- REWIND interview transcribed (PDF)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Video Art: the early years

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Video art", Mick Hartney, MoMA, 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A History of Experimental Film and Video", A. L. Rees, British Film Institute, 1999 & 2011/a

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live in Your Head: Concept and Experiment in Britain, 1965-75", catalogue, Whitechapel Art Gallery, London, 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Situation Revisited - David Hall: A Situation Envisaged: The Rite II (Cultural Eclipse)", Chrissie Iles, Factor 1989, FACT, Liverpool, 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Greyscale Video and the Shift to Colour", Sean Cubitt, Art Journal magazine, Vol.65, No.3, Fall 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "First Generation: Art and the Moving Image 1963-1986", exhibition catalogue, Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, Madrid, 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Expanded Cinema: Art, Performance, Film", eds. A. L. Rees, David Curtis, Duncan White, Steven Ball, Tate Publishing, 2011/a

description: British video artist

wikidata_label: David Hall

wikipedia_title: David Hall (video artist)


text: Burghley

text: Stamford Baron

text: Northamptonshire

text: Sir David Cecil

text: Welsh

text: Henry VIII of England

text: High Sheriff of Northamptonshire

text: courtier

text: Field of the Cloth of Gold

text: Groom of the Robes

text: Warwick Castle

text: High Sheriff of Rutland

text: Bourne, Lincolnshire

text: William Cecil, Lord Burghley

text: Rutland

text: Canon Row

text: St Margaret's, Westminster

text: St Martin's Church, Stamford

text: Stamford

text: St John's College, Cambridge

text: Gray's Inn

text: London

text: Earl of Exeter

text: Thomas White

text: Tuxford

text: Cave-Browne-Cave baronets

text: Ambrose Cave

text: Robert Wingfield

text: Wallace T. MacCaffrey

text: "The Cecil Family"

categories: Cecil family,High Sheriffs of Northamptonshire,16th-century English people,16th-century births,English people of Welsh descent,People of the Tudor period,People from Northamptonshire (before 1974),1552 deaths,High Sheriffs of Rutland

paragraph: Richard Cecil (courtier)

paragraph: Sir Richard Cecil (ca. 1495 - 19 March 1553) was an English nobleman, politician, courtier, and Master of Burghley (Burleigh) in the parish of Stamford Baron, Northamptonshire. His father Sir David Cecil, of Welsh ancestry, rose in favour under King Henry VIII of England, becoming High Sheriff of Northamptonshire in 1532 and 1533, and died in 1541.

paragraph: Richard too was a courtier. In 1517 he was a royal page; in 1520 he was present at the Field of the Cloth of Gold; he rose to be Groom of the Robes and constable of Warwick Castle. He was High Sheriff of Rutland in 1539, and was one of those who received no inconsiderable share of the plunder of the monasteries. He married Jane Heckington, daughter and heiress of William Heckington of Bourne, Lincolnshire. He had one son, William Cecil, Lord Burghley (1520–1598), and three daughters.

paragraph: When Richard died, he left an ample estate behind him in the counties of Rutland, Northamptonshire and elsewhere. He died at his house in Canon Row and was buried at St Margaret's, Westminster. Jane was a widow for 35 years dying 10 March 1587. Richard and Jane have a joint monument in St Martin's Church, Stamford.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He sent his son William to the grammar schools of Stamford and Grantham, and in 1535 William entered St John's College, Cambridge. Academically a success, William ran foul of his father, when his heart was lost to Mary Cheke, daughter of a local widow, with only a fortune of 40 pounds to recommend her. William was immediately removed before he could take his degree, and was entered as a student at Gray's Inn in 1541. If the motive was to prevent a marriage, it failed. Two months after he came up to London, William married Mary, probably secretly. Thomas, the future Earl of Exeter and only fruit of this union was born at Cambridge on 5 May 1542, therefore presumably at his grandmother's house. The marriage was so distasteful to Richard, that he is said to have altered his will, or at any rate, to have intended to do so. But the young wife did not live long, dying on 22 February 1544.

paragraph: Of his daughters, Anne (also called Agnes) married Thomas White of Tuxford, Notts.; Margaret married Roger Cave (see Cave-Browne-Cave baronets), nephew of Sir Ambrose Cave, and secondly Ambrose Smythe of Husbands Bosworth, co Leic; and Elizabeth married Robert Wingfield and secondly Hugh Alington

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wallace T. MacCaffrey (2004) "Cecil, William, first Baron Burghley (1520/21–1598)", "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", Oxford University Press,

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Cecil Family", by George Ravenscroft Dennis

description: English courtier and high sheriff of Rutland

wikidata_label: Richard Cecil

wikipedia_title: Richard Cecil (courtier)


text:
Montcada
Castellví de Rosanes
Catalonia
Bearn
Marsan
France
Guillem Ramon de Montcada
Aragonese court
James I
Balearic islands
Aquitaine
Captieux
conquest of Majorca
Portopí
Sierra de Na Burguesa
Crown of Aragon
Costitx
Monastery of Santes Creus
Gastón
Diego López III de Haro
Alfonso II, Count of Provence
Garsenda de Folcarquier

categories: Military history of Spain,Viscounts of Béarn,13th-century people from the Kingdom of Aragon,1229 deaths

paragraph: Guillem II de Montcada

paragraph: Guillem Ramon de Moncada or Guillermo II was, from 1224 until his death in 1229, Lord of Montcada and Castellví de Rosanes (in Catalonia) and, as Guillermo II, Viscount of Bearn, of Marsan, of Gabardan and of Brulhois (in the southwest of present-day France). He was the son of Guillem Ramon de Montcada and Guilleuma de Castellvell.

paragraph: The main thrust of his policy was the affairs of the Aragonese court, in which several families vied for influence over the young King James I. In particular, he was involved in the preparation for the invasion of the Balearic islands.

paragraph: In his last visit to Bearn, in February 1228, he promised the representative of the King of England that he would pay the latter homage throughout his lands in Aquitaine (Bearn, Gabardan, Brulhois and Captieux). This act marked the departure of Bearn from within the Aragonese domain and the start of its progressive submission to England.

paragraph: Back in Catalonia, he played a leading role in the council held in Salou which planned the conquest of Majorca. In September 1229 the fleet left for Majorca, with Guillermo commanding the first ship. The troops having landed, they engaged in the battle of Portopí, thus beginning the conquest of Majorca. The crew had faced little difficulty when they landed on the 12 September. However, Guillermo was killed, along with eight knights of his family, including his nephew Ramon de Moncada in the Sierra de Na Burguesa (Calvia). In the division following the conquest of the island by the Crown of Aragon, the municipality of Costitx was given to Guillermo II de Bearn and thus passed to his heirs.

paragraph: His mausoleum is in the church of the Monastery of Santes Creus.

paragraph: Section::::Descendants.

paragraph: Guillem Ramon de Moncada had two children - Gastón, who succeeded him in 1229, and Constanza de Béarn, who married Diego López III de Haro, Lord of Vizcaya - with his wife Garsenda (daughter of Alfonso II, Count of Provence and Garsenda de Folcarquier).

description: Lord of Bearne,Castellví de Rosanes and Viscount of Montcada

wikidata_label: Guillermo II de Montcada

wikipedia_title: Guillem II de Montcada


text: Catalan number

text: alternating permutation

text: École Normale Supérieure

text: Agrégation

text: Charles Hermite

text: Joseph Bertrand

text: Collège Sainte-Barbe

text: University of Dijon

text: Collège Stanislas de Paris

text: Circolo Matematico di Palermo

text: Legion of Honour

text: Société Mathématique de France

text: Author profile

text: zbMATH

text: Brief biography (p. 41)

text: Another short biography (p. 22)

text: Base Léonore

categories: 1840 births,French mathematicians,1917 deaths

paragraph: Désiré André

paragraph: Désiré André (André Antoine Désiré) (March 29, 1840, Lyon – September 12, 1917, Paris) was a French mathematician, best known for his work on Catalan numbers and alternating permutations.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He is the son of Auguste Antoine Désiré André, shoemaker in Lyon, and his wife Antoinette Magdalene Jar.

paragraph: He entered the École Normale Supérieure in 1860 and passed the Agrégation in Mathematics in 1863. He defended his doctoral thesis on 25 March 1877 .

paragraph: He was a student of Charles Hermite (1822–1901) and Joseph Bertrand (1822–1900).

paragraph: Starting as a teacher at the Lycée de Troyes, we went on to Collège Sainte-Barbe, then to the University of Dijon and finally became professor of mathematics at Collège Stanislas de Paris from 1885 to 1900.

paragraph: He was a laureate of the Ministère de l'Instruction Publique, member of the Circolo Matematico di Palermo and the Commission Internationale Permanente de Bibliographie Mathématique. He was made a Knight of the Legion of Honour in July 1897.

paragraph: Désiré André played a role in the French mathematical community of his time, including the Société Mathématique de France. He was the treasurer of the association from its inception in 1873 to 1876. He became chairman of the Société in 1889 or 1890.

paragraph: He was the author of a 1909 book on notation in elementary mathematics, "Des notations mathématiques, énumération, choix et usage".

paragraph: He was president of the Société philomathique de Paris.

paragraph: He lived at 28 rue Vauquelin, Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Key publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (bibliographic entry at UPMC's scientific digital library).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Author profile in zbMATH.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brief biography (p. 41)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Another short biography (p. 22)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Base Léonore

description: French mathematician

wikidata_label: Désiré André

wikipedia_title: Désiré André


text:
Slovenia
swimmer
1960 Summer Olympics
Kranj

categories: 1937 births,Competitors at the 1959 Mediterranean Games,Olympic swimmers of Yugoslavia,Mediterranean Games medalists in swimming,2006 deaths,Swimmers at the 1960 Summer Olympics,Sportspeople from Kranj,Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Yugoslavia,Male freestyle swimmers,Slovenian male swimmers,Yugoslav male swimmers

paragraph: Vlado Brinovec

paragraph: Vlado Brinovec (16 June 1941 – August 2006) was a Slovenian swimmer who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics. He was born in Kranj.

description: Olympic swimmer

wikidata_label: Vlado Brinovec

wikipedia_title: Vlado Brinovec


href: Shirvanshah Subutai Jebe Derbent Jalal%20ad-Din%20Mingburnu Rusudan%20of%20Georgia

text:
Shirvanshah
Subutai
Jebe
Derbent
Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu
Rusudan of Georgia

paragraph: Gushtasb I

paragraph: Gushtasb was the 25th Shirvanshah. After death of his father, he inherited the throne.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: His reign saw first wave of Mongol invasion. Shah managed to escape capital. Subutai and Jebe's army passed from Derbent to invade Rus'. Prior to invasion of Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu local people revolted against shah making his son as new Shah. He went to Georgia to seek help from Rusudan of Georgia. He was defeated by his son and managed to escape again but Queen deported him from Georgia. His fate is unknown. He was considered as man of adultery.

description: 25th Shirvanshah

wikidata_label: Shirvanshah Gushtasb I

wikipedia_title: Gushtasb I


href: Shirvanshah Hulagu

text: Shirvanshah Hulagu

categories: 1260 deaths,13th-century Iranian people,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Akhsitan II

paragraph: Jalaladdin Akhsitan was the 27th Shirvanshah. He was executed by the order of Hulagu. Very little is known about him.

wikidata_label: Shirvanshah Akhsitan II

wikipedia_title: Akhsitan II


text: C.S. Representative

text: Georgia

text: Second Seminole War

text: Georgia General Assembly

text: Baldwin County, Georgia

text: Milledgeville

text: Georgia House of Representatives

text: Senate

text: Clifford Anderson

text: interred

text: Memory Hill Cemetery

text: Milledgeville, Georgia

categories: Signers of the Confederate States Constitution,Deputies and delegates to the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States,Georgia (U.S. state) state senators,Signers of the Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States,1805 births,1870 deaths,Burials at Memory Hill Cemetery,Members of the Confederate House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state),Members of the Georgia House of Representatives,19th-century American politicians,Signers of the Georgia Ordinance of Secession,Confederate States Senators

paragraph: Augustus Holmes Kenan

paragraph: Augustus Holmes Kenan (April 21, 1805 – June 2, 1870) was an American politician who served as the C.S. Representative from Georgia's 4th congressional district from 1862 to 1864. He was renowned for heroism in the Second Seminole War, leveraging his acclaim to win seats in both houses of the Georgia General Assembly. He was a delegate to the Georgia Secession Convention and was elected by that body, Deputy to the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Augustus H. Kenan was born April 21, 1805, in Baldwin County, Georgia. He was a lawyer by trade; residing in Milledgeville and Baldwin County his entire life. He was renowned as an able criminal lawyer of his era. Kenan married Henrietta G. Alston but was later divorced from her and remarried to Sarah Barnes of Baldwin County. They had five children of the marriage: Thomas Holmes, Lewis Holmes, Michael Johnston, Owen Tom, and Livingston. Kenan served in the Georgia House of Representatives and state Senate. He represented Georgia in the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States from 1861–62 and the 1st Confederate States Congress from 1862-64, losing reelection to Clifford Anderson. Kenan died on June 2, 1870, and interred at Memory Hill Cemetery in Milledgeville, Georgia.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of signers of the Georgia Ordinance of Secession

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Augustus Holmes Kenan

wikipedia_title: Augustus Holmes Kenan


text:
Portuguese
Portuguese
bandeirante
eastern South America
Portugal
treaty of Tordesillas
Americas
Andes
São Paulo
Río de la Plata Basin
Paraguay River
Belém
Amazon
Jewish
São Miguel do Pinheiro
Alentejo
Portugal
São Paulo
bandeira
Tupi
Guarani
Jesuits
Uruguay River
Paraná
Santa Catarina
Rio Grande do Sul
Dutch
conquered the settlements
Bahia
Pernambuco
Paraguay River
Mamoré River
Madeira River
Antônio Raposo Tavares

categories: 17th-century Brazilian people,1658 deaths,1630s in Brazil,Portuguese explorers,1598 births,Portuguese colonization of the Americas,Portuguese people of Jewish descent,17th-century Portuguese people,Portuguese explorers of South America,Colonial Brazil,1640s in South America,Explorers of Amazonia,17th-century explorers,People from Mértola

paragraph: António Raposo Tavares

paragraph: António Raposo Tavares "o Velho" (Portuguese: "the old one") (1598–1658) was a Portuguese colonial bandeirante who explored mainland eastern South America and claimed it for Portugal, extending the territory of the colony beyond the limits imposed by the treaty of Tordesillas. He also led the largest expedition ever made in the Americas, covering over 10,000 kilometres (over 6,200 mi) around South America, unifying completely the two large South American river basins and the Andes in a single voyage. Raposo Tavares departed from São Paulo towards the rivers of the Río de la Plata Basin (mainly the Paraguay River) and the Andean slopes, and from there to Belém, at the mouth of the Amazon. Raposo Tavares was partly of Jewish origin according to the Jewish historian Anita Novinsky.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Tavares was born in São Miguel do Pinheiro, Alentejo, Portugal in 1598. He sailed for South America in 1618 with his father Fernão Vieira Tavares.

paragraph: In 1622, after his father died, he settled around São Paulo; six years later, in 1628, he left the village with the first "bandeira" composed of 900 settlers and 2000 Tupi warriors.

paragraph: This voyage was started to hunt the heretics down and to capture more indigenous slaves (mostly Tupi, Tememinos and Carijós). The bandeirantes first attacked some Guarani villages in the upper Parana valley, which were protected by the Spanish Jesuits and brutally killed many people, capturing 2500 Indians. This journey allowed the annexation of a portion of the land east of the Uruguay River (current states of Paraná and Santa Catarina) to the Portuguese colony.

paragraph: Tavares went back to São Paulo in 1633 and he became a judge. Three years later he left again on a new journey, this time to destroy the Spanish Jesuit settlements established southeast of the Uruguay River (current Rio Grande do Sul).

paragraph: From 1639 to 1642, Tavares fought along with the military which was engaged in war against the Dutch, who had conquered the settlements in the north-eastern coast (Bahia and Pernambuco).

paragraph: He embarked on his last journey with a bandeira in 1648, searching for gold, precious minerals and slaves in the unexplored mainland. He was joined by 200 white mercenaries from São Paulo and over a thousand Indians. The bandeirantes travelled for over following the courses of the rivers, most notably the Paraguay River, the Grande River, the Mamoré River, the Madeira River and the Amazon River. Only Tavares, 59 whites and some Indians reached Belém at the mouth of the Amazon River. After that, the survivors returned to São Paulo, where Raposo Tavares died in 1658.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antônio Raposo Tavares, Encyclopædia Britannica online

description: Portuguese explorer

wikidata_label: António Raposo Tavares

wikipedia_title: António Raposo Tavares


text: American politician

text: Confederate Congress

text: Hanover County, Virginia

text: College of William and Mary

text: Richmond, Virginia

text: Whig Party

text: Franklin Pierce

text: Democratic Party

text: American Civil War

text: John Tyler

text: First Confederate Congress

text: Staunton, Virginia

text: Charles O'Connor

categories: 19th-century American politicians,Members of the Confederate House of Representatives from Virginia,Virginia state senators,1801 births

paragraph: James Lyons (Virginia)

paragraph: James Lyons (October 12, 1801 – December 18, 1882) was a nineteenth century American politician from Virginia who also served in the Confederate Congress.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Lyons was born in Hanover County, Virginia in 1801, and graduated from the College of William and Mary in 1819.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: As an adult, Lyons made his law career in Richmond, Virginia. He was appointed Prosecuting Attorney there, holding that position for ten years.

paragraph: Lyons was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates and the State Senate for many years, and was active in Whig Party politics, often a delegate to Whig National Conventions, and serving as Chairman of the Virginia Whig Party. He authored the Virginia Whig platform of 1840, pledging to oppose a National Bank and protective tariffs. Twice elected to the Virginia state Senate, when he resigned, he was elected to the House of Delegates.

paragraph: In 1850, Lyons was elected to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1850. He was one of six delegates elected from the central Piedmont delegate district made up of his home district of Richmond City, and included Henrico, New Kent and Charles City Counties.

paragraph: At Franklin Pierce’s campaign for President in 1852, Lyons joined the Democratic Party, becoming an outspoken advocate of States Rights. His interest in Southern affairs included service as the president of Virginia’s Agricultural Society.

paragraph: At the beginning of the American Civil War, the Confederate representative-elect John Tyler died on January 18, 1862 before the Confederate Congress started, and Lyons was elected on February 10, 1862 to the House of Representatives to represent Virginia in his place. Lyons then served the state in the First Confederate Congress from 1862 to 1864. He also served on President Jefferson Davis' Counsel. During the war Lyons was appointed by the Confederate government as a judge to try political prisoners.

paragraph: Following the reorganization of the Democratic Party of Virginia in 1872, Lyons was elected to be Chairman of the state organization meeting at Staunton, Virginia. The Convention nominated Charles O'Connor for President as a favorite of the Bourbon Democrats, but he declined, and it then nominated Lyons, and he too declined.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: James Lyons died on December 18, 1882 in Richmond City, Virginia.

description: Confederate politician

wikidata_label: James Lyons

wikipedia_title: James Lyons (Virginia)


text:
Major League Baseball
pitcher
Cleveland Naps
Chicago Cubs
Cincinnati Reds

categories: Cleveland Naps players,1885 births,Bloomington Bloomers players,1959 deaths,Chicago Cubs players,Baseball players from Illinois,Portland Beavers players,Wichita Witches players,Venice Tigers players,Wichita Jobbers players,Colorado Springs Millionaires players,Indianapolis Indians players,St. Joseph Drummers players,People from Fairbury, Illinois,People from Ford County, Illinois,Major League Baseball pitchers,Los Angeles Angels (minor league) players,Cincinnati Reds players

paragraph: Elmer Koestner

paragraph: Elmer Joseph Koestner (November 30, 1885 – October 27, 1959) was a Major League Baseball pitcher who played for two seasons. He played for the Cleveland Naps in 1910 and the Chicago Cubs and Cincinnati Reds in 1914.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Elmer Koestner

wikipedia_title: Elmer Koestner


text:
Pakistan Army
Nishan-e-Haider
Janjua Rajput family
Dhok Muhammad
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

categories: People of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971,People from Gujar Khan,1949 births,Pakistani military personnel killed in action,Punjabi people,Recipients of Nishan-e-Haider,Pakistan Army personnel,1971 deaths

paragraph: Muhammad Hussain Janjua

paragraph: Sawar Muhammad Hussain was a soldier on the Pakistan Army and the first soldier to be awarded Nishan-e-Haider.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Sawar Hussain was born in Janjua Rajput family on 18 June 1949 in Dhok Pir Bakhsh (now Dhok Muhammad), Pakistan. He joined the 20 Lancers of the Armoured Corps in September 1966 at the age of 17 years. After Sawar Hussain’s death his village Dhok Pir Bakhsh was renammed as Dhok Muhammad Hussain Janjua to commemorate his sacrifice.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Sawar Hussain was a driver from the armored Corp but he would take part in every battle his unit got engaged in during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. On 5 December 1971, in the Zafarwal-Shakargarh area, he delivered ammunition from trench to trench under heavy enemy fire. On 10 December 1971, he took part in a dangerous mission and went out for reccee and to fight enemy patrols. During reccee, he spotted an enemy tank and directed a recoil-less rifle crew towards the tank and then later was responsible for the destruction of 16 enemy tanks. He was hit in the chest by a burst of machine-gun fire while exposing himself as he was directing fire from recoilless rifles, and was killed.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://m.flickr.com/#/photos/meemainseen/7833474774/

description: Pakistani soldier

wikidata_label: Sawar Muhammad Hussain

wikipedia_title: Muhammad Hussain Janjua


text:
American football
running back
college football
Michigan State
Northwood
San Francisco 49ers
undrafted free agent
Cleveland Browns
Michigan State University
Michigan State hockey
Northwood University
touchdowns
San Francisco 49ers
undrafted
2014 NFL Draft
Cleveland Browns
Cleveland Browns bio
Northwood Timberwolves bio
Michigan State Spartans bio

categories: San Francisco 49ers players,1989 births,Players of American football from Michigan,Northwood Timberwolves football players,Sportspeople from Detroit,American football running backs,Living people,Michigan State Spartans football players

paragraph: Glenn Winston

paragraph: Glenn Winston (born April 29, 1989) is an American football running back who is currently a free agent. He played college football at Michigan State and Northwood. He was signed by the San Francisco 49ers as an undrafted free agent in 2014 and has also played for the Cleveland Browns.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Winston attended Michigan State University for two years, before being dismissed from the team for violation of team rules. Winston had been involved in two on-campus altercations. The first occurred in October 2008, where he assaulted Michigan State hockey player A. J. Sturges, leaving him seriously injured and unable to play hockey for two years. The second occurred in December 2009 along with other teammates in a brawl at Michigan State's Rather Hall. He was later sentenced to six months in jail for the Sturges incident. In 2013, Winston enrolled at Northwood University. In his lone season at Northwood he rushed for 717 yards and nine touchdowns in eight games.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Winston was signed by the San Francisco 49ers after going undrafted in the 2014 NFL Draft. He was released by the 49ers and claimed off waivers by the Cleveland Browns on August 31, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cleveland Browns bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Northwood Timberwolves bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michigan State Spartans bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Glenn Winston

wikipedia_title: Glenn Winston


text:
basketball
1960 Summer Olympics
Purcell, Oklahoma
University of Oklahoma

categories: American men's basketball players,United States men's national basketball team players,1932 births,People from Purcell, Oklahoma,Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball,Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics,Philadelphia Warriors draft picks,Basketball players at the 1960 Summer Olympics,1973 deaths,Oklahoma Sooners men's basketball players,Amateur Athletic Union men's basketball players

paragraph: Lester Lane

paragraph: Lester E. Lane (March 6, 1932 – September 5, 1973) was an American basketball player who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: Lane was born in Purcell, Oklahoma, which after his death, renamed Fourth street south of Main Street in his honor, as "Lester Lane." He was part of the American basketball team, which won the gold medal in 1960. In the spring of 1973 he was named head basketball coach at the University of Oklahoma, but never held a practice as he died of a heart attack during a pick-up game later that year.

description: basketball player

wikidata_label: Lester Lane

wikipedia_title: Lester Lane


text:
ancient Egypt
Nubia
11th
12th Dynasty
pretender
Lower Nubia
Mentuhotep IV
Amenemhat I
pharaoh
Egyptologist
Neferhotep I
13th Dynasty
Second Intermediate Period
pharaonic royal titulary
Horus name
Throne name
Abu Hor
Toshka
Segerseni
Qakare Ini
Henri Gauthier
BIFAO

categories: People of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt,20th-century BC rulers,20th-century BC Pharaohs,Non-dynastic pharaohs,People of the Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt,History of Nubia

paragraph: Iyibkhentre

paragraph: Iyibkhentre was an ancient Egyptian or Nubian ruler who most likely reigned at the end of the 11th and beginning of the 12th Dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He could have been a pretender to the Egyptian throne headquartered in Lower Nubia, during the politically sensitive period within the reign of Mentuhotep IV of the 11th Dynasty and the early reign of Amenemhat I of the 12th Dynasty. In fact, both those rulers seem to have had problems in being universally recognized as legitimate pharaohs.br

paragraph: Hungarian Egyptologist László Török suggested a much more recent dating for Iyibkhentre (as well as for the other related rulers mentioned below), some time after the reign of pharaoh Neferhotep I of the 13th Dynasty (Second Intermediate Period).

paragraph: Iyibkhentre adopted the pharaonic royal titulary, although only the Horus name and the Throne name are known from rock inscriptions at Abu Hor, Mediq and Toshka, all in Lower Nubia.

paragraph: Like Iyibkhentre, two other rulers based in Nubia, Segerseni and Qakare Ini, likely were pretenders to the Egyptian throne, but the eventual relationships among the trio are unknown.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henri Gauthier, "Nouvelles remarques sur la XIe dynastie", "BIFAO" 9 (1911), pp. 99–136.

description: Egyptian ruler

wikidata_label: Ijibchentre

wikipedia_title: Iyibkhentre


href: astronomer calligrapher philosopher Ilkhanate tomb%20of%20Sheikh%20Yusof%20Sarvestani Sarvestan Sufism Tomb%20of%20Sheikh%20Yusof%20Sarvestani

text:
astronomer
calligrapher
philosopher
Ilkhanate
tomb of Sheikh Yusof Sarvestani
Sarvestan
Sufism
Tomb of Sheikh Yusof Sarvestani

wikipedia_title:
Astronomer
Calligraphy
Philosopher
Ilkhanate
Tomb of Sheikh Yusof Sarvestani
Sarvestan
Sufism
Tomb of Sheikh Yusof Sarvestani

categories: Medieval philosophers,Sufis,Iranian philosophers,Muslim mystics,Islamic philosophers,Sarvestan,1281 deaths

paragraph: Sheikh Yusof Sarvestani

paragraph: Sheikh Yusof bin Ya'qub Sarvestani () (died 1281 AD) was an astronomer, calligrapher and philosopher of Iranian Sunnis in the Ilkhanate period. The tomb of Sheikh Yusof Sarvestani is located in the city center of Sarvestan, adjacent to the field with the same name.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sufism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tomb of Sheikh Yusof Sarvestani

description: Iranian writer, astronomer, calligrapher and cleric

wikidata_label: Sheikh Yoosof Sarvestani

wikipedia_title: Sheikh Yusof Sarvestani


text:
U.S.
political figure
United States House of Representatives
New York
Dryden, New York
Jeremiah Wilbur Dwight
Washington, D.C.
Virginia Blue Ridge Railway
Republican Party

wikipedia_title:
United States
Politician
United States House of Representatives
New York (state)
Dryden, New York
Jeremiah W. Dwight
Washington, D.C.
Virginia Blue Ridge Railway
Republican Party (United States)

categories: Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives,Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state),Washington, D.C. Republicans,New York (state) Republicans,1928 deaths,People from Dryden, New York,1859 births

paragraph: John Wilbur Dwight

paragraph: John Wilbur Dwight (May 24, 1859 – January 28, 1928) was a U.S. political figure. He served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from New York from 1902 to 1913. He also served as House majority whip between 1909 and 1911. He then became House minority whip from 1911 to 1913.

paragraph: Dwight was born May 24, 1859 in Dryden, New York. His father, Jeremiah Wilbur Dwight (1819–1885), was a prominent politician and businessman in New York of the New England Dwight family. His mother was Rebecca Anne Cady. After his retirement from Congress, John Dwight continued to live in Washington, D.C. and died there. He served as President of the Virginia Blue Ridge Railway from 1913 to 1928. Dwight was a member of the Republican Party.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: John Wilbur Dwight

wikipedia_title: John Wilbur Dwight


text:
Khan
Genghis Khan
Börte
Mongolia
Ögedei
Great Khan
Mongol Empire
Jin dynasty
Western Xia
Merv
Nishapur
reigning title
temple name
Yuan dynasty
Genghis Khan
Tatar
Altani
Sorghaghtani
Möngke
Jin dynasty
Dexing
Khorasan
Iran
Nishapur
Merv
Xi Xia
Mongol Empire
Mongolia
Khagan
besiege Kaifeng
The Secret History of the Mongols
curse
Ata-Malik Juvayni
alcoholism
Mongol Empire
Sorghaghtani Beki
Möngke
Kublai
Ariq Böke
Hulagu
Ilkhanate
Yuan dynasty
Toluid Civil War
Jochi
Güyük
Mongolia
the mausoleum
Chinese Communists
Inner Mongolia
Sorghaghtani Beki
Möngke
Qutuqtu
Hulagu
Ariq Böke
Mongol invasion of Europe
Möngke Khan
Kublai Khan
Hulagu Khan
Yuan dynasty
Ilkhanate
Northern Yuan dynasty

wikipedia_title:
Khan (title)
Genghis Khan
Börte
Mongolia
Ögedei Khan
Khagan
Mongol Empire
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Mongol conquest of Western Xia
Merv
Nishapur
Era
Temple name
Yuan dynasty
Genghis Khan
Tatars
Altani
Sorghaghtani Beki
Möngke Khan
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Dexing, Jiangxi
Greater Khorasan
Iran
Nishapur
Merv
Western Xia
Mongol Empire
Mongolia
Khagan
Mongol siege of Kaifeng
The Secret History of the Mongols
Curse
Ata-Malik Juvayni
Alcoholism
Mongol Empire
Sorghaghtani Beki
Möngke Khan
Kublai Khan
Ariq Böke
Hulagu Khan
Ilkhanate
Yuan dynasty
Toluid Civil War
Jochi
Güyük Khan
Mongolia
Mausoleum of Genghis Khan
Communist Party of China
Inner Mongolia
Sorghaghtani Beki
Möngke Khan
Qutuqtu
Hulagu Khan
Ariq Böke
Mongol invasion of Europe
Möngke Khan
Kublai Khan
Hulagu Khan
Yuan dynasty
Ilkhanate
Northern Yuan dynasty

categories: Regents,Mongol khans,Mongol Empire people,1191 births,1232 deaths

paragraph: Tolui

paragraph: Tolui, (Classic Mongolian: Toluy, Tului, , , Tolui Khan (meaning the Khan Tolui)) (c.1191–1232) was the fourth son of Genghis Khan by his chief khatun Börte. His "ulus", or territorial inheritance, at his father's death in 1227 was the homelands in Mongolia, and it was he who served as civil administrator in the time it took to confirm Ögedei as second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire (1206–1368). Before that he had served with distinction in the campaigns against the Jin dynasty, the Western Xia and the Khwarezmid Empire, where he was instrumental in the capture and massacre at Merv and Nishapur. He is a direct ancestor of most of the Ilkhanids.

paragraph: Tolui never used the title of Khagan himself; neither Genghis Khan nor his immediate three successors would ever use any reigning titles unlike the neighboring Chinese dynasties in the south. Tolui was awarded the title of Khagan by his son Möngke and was given a temple name (Chinese: 元睿宗; pinyin: Yuán Ruìzōng; Wade–Giles: Jui-Tsung) by his other son Kublai, when he established the Yuan dynasty a few decades later.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Youth.

paragraph: During the rise of Genghis Khan, Tolui was too young to be involved in the battles. Tolui was almost killed by a Tatar when he was about five years of age. He was saved by his sister Altani and two companions of Genghis. In 1203, His father bestowed on Tolui his wife Sorghaghtani, the niece of Ong Khan (a friend of Tolui's grandfather Yesugei). Their first son Möngke was born in 1209.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early career.

paragraph: He first entered combat against the Jin dynasty in 1213, scaling the walls of Dexing with his brother-in-law Chiqu.

paragraph: In 1221, Genghis Khan dispatched him to Khorasan in Iran. The cities in this area had revolted several times. The defenders of Nishapur killed Toquchar, the brother-in-law of Tolui in November 1220. Tolui's army evacuated Nishapur onto the plains. He ordered the total massacres of Nishapur and Merv.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Genghis Khan's succession.

paragraph: When Genghis Khan was deciding who should succeed him, he had trouble choosing between his four sons. Tolui had amazing military skills and was very successful as a general, but Genghis Khan chose Ögodei, who was more capable politically. Genghis Khan felt that Tolui would be too cautious to be an effective leader. Tolui was with his father on campaign against Xi Xia in 1227.

paragraph: After Genghis Khan's death, Tolui generally supervised the Mongol Empire for two years. The Mongol nobles accepted this partly because of the tradition that the youngest son inherits his father's properties, and partly because Tolui had the largest and most powerful army in central Mongolia at the time. Tolui supported the choice of the next Khagan by election, and Ögedei was chosen, fulfilling his father's wishes.

paragraph: Tolui campaigned with Ögedei in north China, serving as strategist and field commander in 1231–32. Two armies had been dispatched to besiege Kaifeng, the capital of the Jin. After most of the Jin's defences were breached, they returned north.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Death.

paragraph: According to "The Secret History of the Mongols", Tolui sacrificed himself in order to cure Ögödei from a very severe illness during a campaign in China. The shamans had determined that the root of Ögödei's illness were China's spirits of earth and water, who were upset that their subjects had been driven away and their land devastated. Offering land, animals, and people had only led to an aggravation of Ögödei's illness, but when they offered to sacrifice a family member, Ögödei got better immediately. Tolui volunteered and died directly after consuming a cursed drink. However, Ata-Malik Juvayni says he died from alcoholism.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Perhaps more important than himself was the role of his family, the Toluids, in shaping the destinies of the Mongol Empire. Through his Nestorian Christian wife Sorghaghtani Beki, Tolui fathered Möngke, Kublai, Ariq Böke, and Hulagu. The first three of these would all go on to claim the title of Great Khan, while Hulagu founded the Ilkhanate and Kublai the Yuan dynasty of China. It was the rivalry between Tolui's own sons, Kublai and Ariq Böke, that fragmented the power of the empire and set the western khanates against each other in the Toluid Civil War between 1260 and 1264.

paragraph: Rivalry between the Toluids and the sons of Ögedei and Jochi caused stagnation and infighting during the regency periods after the deaths of Ögedei and his son Güyük. Möngke posthumously awarded his father the title of Khagan in 1252. When Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty in 1271, he had his father Tolui placed on the official record as Ruizong. Tolui's line ruled Mongolia and south Mongolia from 1251 to 1635, and Mongolia until 1691.

paragraph: He and his wife are honored beside Genghis Khan at the mausoleum constructed in the 1950s by the Chinese Communists in Inner Mongolia.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Tolui had many concubines and wives including Lingqun khatun

paragraph: , but the chief one was Sorghaghtani Beki who was the mother of Tolui's four ruling sons.

paragraph: Tolui's sons included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Möngke, the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Qutuqtu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kublai, the Great Khan of the Mongols and the Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hulagu, the first Ilkhan of Mongol Persia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ariq Böke, Khagan claimant who was supported by the traditionalist Mongols against Kublai.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bujek. He died earlier. Nothing is known much about him except his role in Mongol invasion of Europe in 1236–41 and Möngke's election in 1250.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mukha

paragraph: BULLET::::- Satukhtai

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sabukhtai

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Möngke Khan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kublai Khan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hulagu Khan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yuan dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ilkhanate

paragraph: BULLET::::- Northern Yuan dynasty

alias:
Tului
Beierzhijin Tuolei
Toci
Yuán Ruìzōn
Tuolei
Tolui Khan
Toluy

description: Youngest son of Genghis Khan

wikidata_label: Tolui

wikipedia_title: Tolui


text:
Nawab of Carnatic
Nawayath
Karnatic
Srirangapatnam
East India Company
Egmore
Tondiarpet
Purasawalkam
Aurungazeb
Ghulam Ali Khan
Dost Ali Khan
Nizam
Travancore
Eastern Ghats
firman
Tiruvottiyur
Sattangadu
Kathiwakam
Vysarpady
Nungambakkam
Dewan
Nawab Daud Khan
Nawabs of Arcot

categories: Nawabs of the Carnatic,Year of birth missing,Indian Muslims,1732 deaths

paragraph: Saadatullah Khan I

paragraph: Sa'adatullah Khan I or Sa'adatullah Khan was Nawab of Carnatic (r.1710–1732) and founder of Nawayath dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Mohammed Sayyid was the last mughal governor who was appointed as Nawab of Karnatic with the title Saadatullah Khan I and moved his capital from Gingee to Arcot. Like his predecessors, he also enjoyed control over all the territories of the Emperor, in the South. He also carried his contribution wars to the gates of Srirangapatnam and collected "peshkash" or tribute from its rulers.

paragraph: In 1711, he started demanding the five villages granted in 1708 to the East India Company on the basis of insufficient grants. The English resisted and even prepared for a war. Saadatullah Khan demanded Egmore, Tondiarpet and Purasawalkam also. But the matter was settled amicably by the good offices of Sunkurama and Rayasam Papaiya, the Company's Chief Merchants.

paragraph: After the death of Aurungazeb, due to the inability of his successor, the control of Delhi became weak. Having no children, Saadatullah Khan adopted his brother Ghulam Ali Khan's son Dost Ali Khan as his own and nominated him as successor. He had obtained the private consent of the Mughal Emperor for this step even without communicating his desire to the Nizam of Deccan.

paragraph: Though the Nizam claimed supremacy over the Nawab, his control became very weak and he could not prevent the office of the Nawab from becoming hereditary and so he wisely restricted himself to claiming the right of giving his formal approval to their appointment. Thus Saadatullah Khan became a senior and independent ruler of the Carnatic extending from the River Godicame on the North to the borders of Travancore on the South and enclosed between the Eastern Ghats and the Sea.

paragraph: Governor Collect, obtained from him in 1717, the firman for Tiruvottiyur, Sattangadu, Kathiwakam, Vysarpady and Nungambakkam.

paragraph: Section::::Titles held.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dewan under Nawab Daud Khan.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nawabs of Arcot

description: Nawab of the Carnatic

wikidata_label: Muhammed Saadatullah Khan I

wikipedia_title: Saadatullah Khan I


text:
Hamilton, Ontario
Tivoli Theatre
Barton Street Arena
Hamilton Tigers
Hamilton Cemetery

categories: People from Hamilton, Ontario,1857 births,Businesspeople from Ontario,1941 deaths

paragraph: Andrew Ross (businessman)

paragraph: Andrew Ross (1857 – December 29, 1941) was a Canadian businessperson closely associated with the city of Hamilton, Ontario.

paragraph: Ross founded a carriage and wagon factory in 1888 that expanded several times in the years that followed, occupying, by 1912, numbers 281 through 288 on King Street East. With the advent of the motor vehicle, Ross branched into trucks, supplying the Canadian, Dominion and American Express Companies with trucks and wagons by 1910, as well as providing many Hamilton businesses with delivery vehicles. His company also built the Tivoli Theatre and the Barton Street Arena, and he was involved in professional ice hockey (Hamilton Tigers of the NHL) and softball. In 1905, the Scoundrel softball team became world champions under his management.

paragraph: Ross is buried in Hamilton Cemetery.

description: Canadian businessperson

wikidata_label: Andrew Ross

wikipedia_title: Andrew Ross (businessman)


text:
Greenwich Mean Time
Greenwich Observatory
John Arnold
Duke of Sussex
Worshipful Company of Clockmakers
St John Wynne
Standard Time Company
The Times

categories: Businesspeople from London,1854 births,1943 deaths

paragraph: Ruth Belville

paragraph: Elizabeth Ruth Naomi Belville (5 March 1854 – 7 December 1943), also known as the Greenwich Time Lady, was a businesswoman from London. She, her mother Maria Elizabeth, and her father John Henry, sold people the time. This was done by setting a Belvilles' watch to Greenwich Mean Time, as shown by the Greenwich clock, each day and then "selling" people the time by letting them look at the watch and adjust theirs.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Ruth Belville's father, John Henry Belville, created a service for 200 clients in 1836. Each morning, John Henry went to Greenwich Observatory, where he worked, and set his watch to Greenwich Mean Time. He would then set off in his buggy and would set the clocks correctly for clients subscribed to the service.

paragraph: John Henry continued this service up until his death in 1856. His widow, Maria, was granted the privilege of carrying on the work as a means of livelihood and continued the business until her retirement in 1892, when she was in her eighties. Ruth Belville then took over the business. She continued the business up until 1940. Belville was in her eighties when she retired and at the age of 86 she was still able to journey about twelve miles from her home and attend at the Observatory by 9 am. She died at the age of 89.

paragraph: The watch used by the business was a John Arnold pocket chronometer No. 485/786, nicknamed "Arnold". It was originally made for the Duke of Sussex and had a gold case. When it was given to John Henry, he changed the case to silver because he was worried thieves might steal a gold watch. When Ruth died, the watch was left to the Worshipful Company of Clockmakers.

paragraph: Section::::Competition.

paragraph: Belville's business came under attack from St John Wynne, a director of the Standard Time Company, which sold a telegraphic time signal service and was therefore Belville's main competitor. Wynne made a speech at the city United Wards Club attacking Belville, claiming, "that her [Belville's] methods were amusingly out of date," he also implied that she might have been using her femininity to gain business."

paragraph: The speech was published in "The Times" newspaper, but the article did not mention the Standard Time Company and the fact that he was Belville's competitor. Following the publication of the comments, Belville was besieged by reporters interested in her business and also the possible scandal, which was implied by Wynne's comments. However, Belville managed to cope, and the resulting publicity resulted in an increase in sales. Belville said that all Wynne had managed to do was to give her free advertising.

description: British businesswoman

wikidata_label: Ruth Belville

wikipedia_title: Ruth Belville


text:
Montevideo
Uruguay
progressive death metal
Opeth
Mikael Åkerfeldt
My Arms, Your Hearse
Opeth
Still Life
fretted & fretless
Still Life
Blackwater Park
Deliverance
Damnation
Ghost Reveries
Watershed
Heritage
Pale Communion
Sorceress
Opeth.com

categories: 1978 births,Opeth members,Male bass guitarists,People from Montevideo,Uruguayan bass guitarists,Uruguayan expatriates in Sweden,Progressive metal bass guitarists,Living people

paragraph: Martín Méndez

paragraph: Martín Méndez (born April 6, 1978 in Montevideo, Uruguay) is the bassist of progressive death metal band Opeth and second longest serving member of the band, behind lead vocalist, songwriter and guitarist Mikael Åkerfeldt.

paragraph: Méndez has been a member of several other bands, including Fifth to Infinity, Proxima and Vinterkrig. Méndez joined Opeth right before the recording of their third album "My Arms, Your Hearse" began. However, time conflicts kept him from playing on the album, so the bass lines were recorded by Opeth frontman Mikael Åkerfeldt. Martín then learned the bass parts and played bass for the few subsequent live dates done for the album. His first real recording with Opeth was their fourth studio album, "Still Life". He has been with the band ever since.

paragraph: Méndez uses 4-string fretted & fretless Fender Jazz Bass guitars as well as Sandberg bass guitars for live and studio work.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Opeth.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Still Life" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blackwater Park" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deliverance" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Damnation" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ghost Reveries" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Watershed" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heritage" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pale Communion" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sorceress" (2016)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Opeth.com – Official Opeth homepage

description: bass guitar player

wikidata_label: Martin Mendez

wikipedia_title: Martín Méndez


text:
pharaoh
Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt
First Intermediate Period
Intef II
Mentuhotep II
Upper Egypt
10th Dynasty
nome
Elephantine
El-Tarif
Iah
Horus name
Gebel el-Silsileh
Neferu II
Turin canon
Ramesside period
temple of Montu
Tod
Abydos
Asyut
Elephantine
Hekayeb
6th Dynasty
temple of Satet
El-Tarif
Thebes
German Archaeological Institute
Intef II
Intef II

paragraph: Intef III

paragraph: Intef III was the third pharaoh of the Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt during the late First Intermediate Period in the 21st century BC, at a time when Egypt was divided in two kingdoms. The son of his predecessor Intef II and father of his successor Mentuhotep II, Intef III reigned for 8 years over Upper Egypt and extended his domain North against the 10th Dynasty state, perhaps as far north as the 17th nome. He undertook some building activity on Elephantine. Intef III is buried in a large saff tomb at El-Tarif known as Saff el-Barqa.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Intef III was the son of his predecessor Intef II. This is indicated by the stela of Tjeti, chief treasurer during the reigns of Intef II and Intef III. Tjeti's stele mentions the death of Intef II and goes on describing how Tjeti served Intef II's son who acceded to the throne upon the death of his father:

paragraph: Intef III possibly married his sister Iah, described as a "king's mother" ("Mwt-nswt"), "king's daughter" ("S3t-nswt") and "priestess of Hathor" ("Hmt-nTr-hwt-Hr"). This indicates that Intef III's successor, Mentuhotep II, was his son. This is further confirmed by the stele of Henenu (Cairo 36346), an official who served under Intef II, Intef III and his "son", which the stele identifies as Horus Sankhibtawy ("S-ankh-[ib-t3wy]"), Mentuhotep II's first Horus name.

paragraph: Another piece of evidence for this parentage is a relief on the Gebel el-Silsileh in the Wadi Shatt er-Rigal, known as the Silsileh petroglyph, depicting Mentuhotep II surrounded by Iah and Intef III.

paragraph: Additionally, Mentuhotep II's royal wife Neferu II bore the title of "king's daughter", and an inscription in her tomb names her mother as Iah. This establishes that she was Intef III's daughter and the sister of Mentuhotep II.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Intef III's father and predecessor reigned for 49 years and Intef III might thus have acceded to the throne a middle-aged or even elderly man. Although Intef III's name is lost in a lacuna of the Turin canon, a king list compiled in the early Ramesside period, its reign length is still readable on column 5, row 15, and given as 8 years.

paragraph: The relative chronological position of Intef III as the successor of Intef II and predecessor of Mentuhotep II is secured by his established parentage to these two kings as well as the Turin canon and two blocks from the temple of Montu at Tod. These blocks show the succession of kings from Intef I to Mentuhotep II and while Intef III's horus name is damaged, its position is certain. The absolute dating of Intef III's reign is less certain and several dates have been proposed: 2069–2061 BC, 2063–2055 BC and 2016–2009 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Military activities.

paragraph: Intef III inherited a large and relatively peaceful domain in Upper Egypt. Over his 8 years of reign, Intef was militarily active. He successfully defended the territory that his father Intef II had won, as is attested by the tomb of an official of the time, Nakhty, located at Abydos and in which a doorjamb bearing Intef III's names was discovered. He also conquered territories north of Abydos, in particular Asyut and extended his domain perhaps as far as the seventeenth nome of Upper Egypt thereby "imposing his family’s control over most of Upper Egypt". Alternatively, this might have been achieved by his son Mentuhotep II, early in his reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Building activities.

paragraph: A doorjamb bearing Intef III's name was uncovered on Elephantine in the sanctuary of Hekayeb, a deified nomarch of the 6th Dynasty, which shows that he must have ordered work there. Another doorjamb was discovered in the temple of Satet, also on Elephantine, which attests to building activity on the site.

paragraph: Section::::Tomb.

paragraph: "Coordinates:"

paragraph: The necropolis of the kings of the 11th Dynasty is located in El-Tarif, on the opposite bank of the Nile from Thebes. Several saff-tombs of imposing dimensions are found there but, until the excavations of the German Archaeological Institute under the direction of Dieter Arnold from 1970 until 1974, it was unclear to whom some of these tombs belonged.

paragraph: Although no inscriptions could be found in the tombs (except that of Intef II) to confirm their ownership, their positions, together with the much later-attested chronological succession of the rulers of the 11th Dynasty, led to the attribution of the tomb known today as Saff el-Baqar to Intef III. The tomb resembles that of his predecessor Intef II and consists of a wide and long courtyard on a northwest - southeast axis facing a canal. The courtyard is surrounded, on all sides but the east, by many chambers dug into the rock. The courtyard leads to a large double-pillared facade totalling 48 columns behind which many more chambers are located.

paragraph: In spite of the ruined state of the tomb, the 1970s excavations have shown that its walls must once have been lined with sandstone and adorned with decorations.

paragraph: Nowadays, the tomb lies beneath the constructions of a village.

alias:
Antef III
Inyotef III

description: Pharaoh of Egypt

wikidata_label: Intef III

wikipedia_title: Intef III


text: Imam

text: General

text: Adal Sultanate

text: Abyssinian empire

text: Emperors

text: Somalis

text: Harla

text: Afars

text: Hararis

text: Somali

text: Afar

text: Amharic

text: Abyssinia

text: Ethiopia

text: Muslim

text: Sultanate of Adal

text: Abyssinian-Adal War

text: Somali

text: Marehan

text: Darod

text: Harari

text: Muslim

text: Habar Magadle

text: Zeila

text: Adal Sultanate

text: Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad

text: Bati del Wambara

text: Mahfuz

text: Abyssinian

text: Lebna Dengel

text: Harar

text: Oromo

text: Lebna Dengel

text: Shimbra Kure

text: Battle of Amba Sel

text: Lake Hayq

text: Lalibela

text: Tigray

text: Axum

text: Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion

text: Portuguese

text: Massawa

text: Gelawdewos

text: Cristóvão da Gama

text: Jarte

text: Anasa

text: Amba Alagi

text: Lake Ashenge

text: infantry square

text: Bahr negus Yeshaq

text: rainy season

text: Sabla Wengel

text: Wofla

text: Mount Zobil

text: Ottomans

text: Gelawdewos

text: Battle of Wayna Daga

text: Harar

text: Nur ibn Mujahid

text: Galawdewos

text: Haile Selassie

text: Somalis

text: Arabic

text: Lake Tana

text: Richard Burton

text: French

text: René Basset

text: Richard Pankhurst

text: Solomonic

text: Adal Sultanate

text: History of Medieval Somalia

text: List of Somalis

categories: Somalian imams,1543 deaths,Somalian military leaders,Somali monarchs,People of the Adal Sultanate,1506 births,Somalian religious leaders

paragraph: Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi

paragraph: Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (, ) "the Conqueror" (c. 1506 – February 21, 1543) was an Imam and General of the Adal Sultanate who fought against the Abyssinian empire and defeated several Abysinian Emperors. With the help of an army mainly composed of Somalis, the Harla people, Afars, Hararis and a small number of Arabs and Ottoman Turks, Imam Ahmad (nicknamed "Gurey" in Somali, "Gura" in Afar and "Gragn" in Amharic (ግራኝ "Graññ"), all meaning "the left-handed"), embarked on a conquest which brought three-quarters of Abyssinia (modern day Ethiopia) under the power of the Muslim Sultanate of Adal during the Abyssinian-Adal War from 1529-43.

paragraph: Section::::Ethnicity.

paragraph: Imam Ahmad is regarded by most scholars as an ethnic Somali who originates from the Marehan sub-clan of Darod.  However, few historians have disputed his ethnicity, with Ahmad sometimes interpreted as being a Harari. Many Somali clans played a strong role in Gurey's conquest of Abyssinia, however these clans went to war not so much as Somalis but as Muslims."

paragraph: I. M. Lewis discusses the existence of another leader named Ahmad Gurey, and suggests that the two leaders have been conflated into one historical figure:The text refers to two Ahmad's with the nickname 'Left-handed'. One is regularly presented as 'Ahmad Guray, the Somali' (...) identified as Ahmad Guray Xuseyn, chief of the Habar Magadle. Another reference, however, appears to link the Habar Magadle with the Marrehan. The other Ahmad is simply referred to as 'Imam Ahmad' or simply the 'Imam'.This Ahmad is not qualified by the adjective Somali (...) The two Ahmad's have been conflated into one figure, the heroic Ahmed Guray

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Imam Ahmad was born in 1506 at Zeila, Adal Sultanate Due to the unislamic rule during the reign of Sultan Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad, Ahmad would leave Harar for Hubat. He married Bati del Wambara, the daughter of Mahfuz, the Governor of Zeila. In 1531, Bati would give birth to their first child named Muhammad.

paragraph: When Mahfuz was killed returning from a campaign against the Abyssinian emperor Lebna Dengel in 1517, the Adal sultanate lapsed into anarchy for several years, until Imam Ahmad killed the last of the contenders for power and took control of Harar.

paragraph: Ethiopian historians such as Azazh T'ino and Bahrey have written that during the period of his rise to power, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi had converted many Oromo pastoral people to Islam.

paragraph: In retaliation for an attack on Adal the previous year by the Abyssinian general Degalhan, Imam Ahmad invaded Abyssinia in 1529, supplementing his force with considerable numbers of muskets purchased from the Ottomans, which would panic the Abyssinian troops. Imam Ahmad maintained the discipline of most of his men, defeating Emperor Lebna Dengel at Shimbra Kure that March.

paragraph: Section::::Conquest of Abyssinia.

paragraph: The chronicle of Imam Ahmad's invasion of Abyssinia is depicted in various Somali, Abyssinian and other foreign sources. Imam Ahmad campaigned in Abyssinia in 1531, breaking Emperor Lebna Dengel's ability to resist in the Battle of Amba Sel on October 28. The Muslim army of Imam Ahmad then marched northward to loot the island monastery of Lake Hayq and the stone churches of Lalibela. When the Imam entered the province of Tigray, he defeated an Abyssinian army that confronted him there. On reaching Axum, he destroyed the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion, in which the Abyssinian emperors had for centuries been crowned.

paragraph: The Abyssinians were forced to ask for help from the Portuguese, who landed at the port of Massawa on February 10, 1541, during the reign of the emperor Gelawdewos. The force was led by Cristóvão da Gama and included 400 musketeers as well as a number of artisans and other non-combatants. Da Gama and Imam Ahmad met on April 1, 1542 at Jarte, which Trimingham has identified with Anasa, between Amba Alagi and Lake Ashenge. Here the Portuguese had their first glimpse of Ahmad, as recorded by Castanhoso:

paragraph: On April 4, after the two unfamiliar armies had exchanged messages and stared at each other for a few days, da Gama formed his troops into an infantry square and marched against the Imam's lines, repelling successive waves of Muslim attacks with musket and cannon. This battle ended when Imam Ahmad was wounded in the leg by a chance shot; seeing his banners signal retreat, the Portuguese and their Abyssinian allies fell upon the disorganized Muslims, who suffered losses but managed to reform next to the river on the distant side.

paragraph: Over the next several days, Imam Ahmad's forces were reinforced by arrivals of fresh troops. Understanding the need to act swiftly, da Gama on April 16 again formed a square which he led against Imam Ahmad's camp. Although the Muslims fought with more determination than two weeks earlier—their horse almost broke the Portuguese square—an opportune explosion of some gunpowder traumatized the horses on the Imam's side, and his army fled in disorder. Castanhoso laments that "the victory would have been complete this day had we only one hundred horses to finish it: for the King was carried on men's shoulders in a bed, accompanied by horsemen, and they fled in no order."

paragraph: Reinforced by the arrival of the Bahr negus Yeshaq, da Gama marched southward after Imam Ahmad's force, coming within sight of him ten days later. However, the onset of the rainy season prevented da Gama from engaging Ahmad a third time. On the advice of Queen Sabla Wengel, da Gama made winter camp at Wofla near Lake Ashenge, still within sight of his opponent, while the Imam made his winter camp on Mount Zobil.

paragraph: Knowing that victory lay in the number of firearms an army had, the Imam sent to his fellow Muslims for help. According to Abbé , Imam Ahmad received 2000 musketeers from Arabia, and artillery and 900 picked men from the Ottomans to assist him. Meanwhile, due to casualties and other duties, da Gama's force was reduced to 300 musketeers. After the rains ended, Imam Ahmad attacked the Portuguese camp and through weight of numbers killed all but 140 of da Gama's troops. Da Gama himself, badly wounded, was captured with ten of his men and, after refusing an offer to spare his life if he would convert to Islam, was executed.

paragraph: The survivors and Emperor Gelawdewos were afterward able to join forces and, drawing on the Portuguese supplies of muskets, attacked Ahmad on February 21, 1543 in the Battle of Wayna Daga, where their vastly outnumbered troops of 9,000 managed to defeat the 15,000 soldiers under Gragn. Gragn was killed by a Portuguese musketeer, who was mortally wounded in avenging da Gama's death.

paragraph: His wife Bati del Wambara managed to escape the battlefield with a remnant of the Turkish soldiers, and they made their way back to Harar, where she rallied his followers. Intent on avenging her husband's death, she married his nephew Nur ibn Mujahid on condition that Nur would avenge Imam Ahmad's defeat. In 1554–55, Nur departed on a Jihad, or Holy War, in the eastern Abyssinian lowlands of Bale, and Hadiya. In 1559, he invaded Fatagar, where he fought against the Abyssinian emperor Galawdewos, and killed him in battle.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: "In Ethiopia the damage which Ahmad Gragn did has never been forgotten," wrote Paul B. Henze. "Every Christian highlander still hears tales of Gragn in his childhood. Haile Selassie referred to him in his memoirs, "I have often had villagers in northern Ethiopia point out sites of towns, forts, churches and monasteries destroyed by Gragn as if these catastrophes had occurred only yesterday." To most Somalis Ahmad is a national hero who fought against Abyssinian aggression on their ancient territories.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Ahmad's invasion of Abyssinia is described in detail in the "Futuh al-habaša" ("The Conquest of Ethiopia"), written in Arabic by Ahmad's follower Sihab ad-Din Admad ibn 'Abd-al-Qadir, in its current version incomplete, covering the story only to 1537, narrating the Imam's raids on the islands of Lake Tana. Richard Burton the explorer claimed that the second part could be found "in Mocha or Hudaydah"; but, despite later investigation, no one else has reported seeing a copy of this second part. The surviving first part was translated into French by René Basset and published 1897-1901. Richard Pankhurst made a partial translation into English as part of his "The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles" (Addis Ababa: Oxford University Press, 1967), and a complete translation of the "Futuh al-habaša" by Paul Lester Stenhouse was published by Tsehai in 2003 ().

paragraph: Primary sources of the Portuguese expedition under Gama have been collected and translated by R.S. Whiteway, "The Portuguese Expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1543", 1902 (Nendeln, Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprint Limited, 1967). The Solomonic side of the story is represented in the royal chronicles of Emperor Lebna Dengel and his son, Emperor Gelawdewos.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adal Sultanate

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Medieval Somalia

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Somalis

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Ethiopian Muslim and Christian War (1528-1560)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Somalia: From The Dawn of Civilization To The Modern Times: Chapter 8: Somali Hero - Ahmad Gurey (1506-43)

description: Somali military and religious leader

wikidata_label: Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi

wikipedia_title: Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi


text:
Pedro de Valdivia
Kingdom of Chile
Zalamea de la Serena
Spain
Pedro de Valdivia
Inés de Suárez
Lima
Inés de Suárez
Rodrigo de Quiroga
adelantado
Governor of Chile
nao
Mapuche
battle of Tucapel
Viceroy
Andrés Hurtado de Mendoza
Chile
Santiago
Concepcion
Pedro de Valdivia
Inés de Suárez
Arauco War
Mapuche people

categories: 1592 deaths,1509 births,Captaincy General of Chile

paragraph: Marina Ortiz de Gaete

paragraph: Marina Ortiz de Gaete González (c. 1509 – April 1592) was the wife of Pedro de Valdivia, and played an important role in the politics of the conquest and early history of the Kingdom of Chile.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Marina (sometimes "María") Ortiz de Gaete was born around 1509, in Zalamea de la Serena, Spain, the daughter of Francisco Ortiz de Gaete and of Leonor González Gutiérrez. In 1527, she married Pedro de Valdivia, but he departed in 1535 to search for fortune in the new world. They would never meet again, though he always kept in touch and sent her money until the end of his days.

paragraph: Once in Peru, Valdivia became attached to the widow Inés de Suárez, who was to accompany him to Chile as his mistress. Nonetheless, a discontented faction from Chile managed to have him tried in Lima in 1548, accused of tyranny, malfeasance of public funds and public immorality. One of the charges levelled against him was that he, being married, openly lived with Inés de Suárez ""...in the manner of man and wife and they sleep in one bed and they eat in one dish..."". In exchange for being freed, and for his confirmation as Royal Governor, he agreed to relinquish Suárez and to bring to Chile his wife. He was also ordered to marry Ines off, which he did upon his return to Chile in 1549, to one of his captains, Rodrigo de Quiroga. As recognition for his services Valdivia was finally appointed as "adelantado" and won the royal assent to his coveted title of Governor of Chile, returning to the settlement with his position and prestige considerably strengthened.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:In America.

paragraph: Marina was sent for, and left Spain in November, 1553, in the nao of Juan de Mondragón. A large retinue of family travelled with her, including at least a brother and two nieces. As she arrived to Peru in 1554, she discovered that Valdivia had died the previous year after being captured by Mapuche in the battle of Tucapel. She was also detained in Lima by Viceroy Andrés Hurtado de Mendoza, who offered her a large sum in gold in exchange for her not continuing the journey to Chile, agreeing to return to Spain and renouncing all rights to her husband's inheritance. She refused and after further delays, she finally arrived to Chile in 1555. She lived the rest of her long life between Santiago and Concepcion and died at the age of approximately 83; between March 30 and April 12, 1592.

paragraph: Section::::Additional information.

paragraph: Section::::Additional information.:See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pedro de Valdivia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inés de Suárez

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arauco War

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mapuche people

description: Spanish colonial

wikidata_label: Marina Ortíz de Gaete

wikipedia_title: Marina Ortiz de Gaete


text: Raebareli

text: United Provinces of Agra and Oudh

text: Uttar Pradesh

text: Sikh empire

text: Peshawar

text: Pashtun

text: Balakot

text: Mansehra District

text: Edward Mortimer

text: Islamist

text: jihad

text: Olivier Roy

text: Delhi

text: Shah Abdul Aziz

text: Shah Ismail

text: Olivier Roy

text: jihad

text: Sikh

text: Ranjit Singh

text: Afghanistan

text: north-west frontier

text: Peshawar valley

text: hajj

text: Mecca

text: Sithana

text: Patna

text: Hyderabad

text: Madras

text: Bengal

text: Uttar Pradesh

text: Bombay

text: jihad

text: Sikh Empire

text: Punjab

text: Ranjit Singh

text: Hashnagar

text: Pashtun tribes

text: sharia

text: khan

text: ulama

text: Akora

text: malik

text: Sharia

text: Kashmir

text: usher

text: Balakot

categories: Muslim nationalism in South Asia,1831 deaths,Medieval India,Indian Muslims,1786 births

image: 512px-সাইয়েদ_আহমাদ_ব্রেলভীর_কবর.JPG

paragraph: Syed Ahmad Barelvi

paragraph: Syed Ahmad Barelvi or Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi (1786–1831) was an Indian Muslim revivalist from Raebareli, a part of the historical United Provinces of Agra and Oudh (now called Uttar Pradesh). The epithet "Barelvi" is derived from Raebareli, his place of origin.

paragraph: Syed Ahmad toured India preaching Islamic renewal and jihad, and built a highly developed network of personal friends and partisans spread across northern India organized to recruit and dispatch men and financial aid. In 1826 he provided an Islamic challenge to an expanding Sikh empire when he arrived in Peshawar, (now in Pakistan), with a few hundred disciples, to establish an Islamic state among Pashtun tribes in the area with the support of his network. During the last years of his life, his supporterignated him "Amir al-Mu'minin" ("Commander of the Believers"), and "Shaheed" ("martyr") after his death in the Battle of Balakot in 1831. He is thought to have been killed, along with hundreds of his troops and followers, by the Sikh army in Balakot, Mansehra District in 1831, but a number of his followers survived and continued to fight on, taking part in tribal uprisings in the North-west province as late as 1897.

paragraph: Syed Ahmad is thought by at least one scholar (Edward Mortimer), to have anticipated modern Islamists in waging jihad and attempting to create an Islamic state with strict enforcement of Islamic law, and by at least one other (Olivier Roy), to be the first modern Islamic leader to lead a movement that was "religious, military and political," and to address the common people and rulers with a call for jihad.

paragraph: Section::::Militia Service.

paragraph: At the age of twenty-five, Ahmad joined a militia as a cavalry man. The militia was led by Amir Khan, in Northern India, one of the many military adventurers of this period, who had organized a body of free-floating demilitarized soldiers of the area to raid and conquer, with the ultimate goal of setting himself up as a prince. Barbara Metcalf theorizes this period in Sayyid Ahmad's life as a time of maturation, when he began to synthesize his experience in state-making and his pious commitment to the Sharia. After about six years of service, however, he left the militia because Amir Khan chose to make peace with the British in return for the rule of a small estate. From Sayyid Ahmad's perspective, this was a strategic disaster because it amounted to surrendering to the greatest threat that Muslims faced in India.

paragraph: Upon leaving the militia, Syed Ahmad returned to Delhi and visited his former teacher Shah Abdul Aziz, who was so impressed by Syed Ahmad's charisma and maturation over the years that he advised his nephew Shah Ismail and his son-in-law Maulvi Abdul Hayy to take spiritual allegiance (bay'ah) with him. These two would go on to become Syed Ahmad's most trusted disciples. This endorsement by Shah Abdul Aziz only added to Syed Ahmad's reputation, and his popularity grew with adherents flocking to him by the thousands.

paragraph: Section::::Reform/Resistance Movement.

paragraph: According to Olivier Roy, Barelvi was "the first person to realise the necessity of a movement which was at the same time religious, military and political." He also was the first to address the people, not traditional leaders in his call for jihad. His evangelism—based on networks of preachers, collectors and judges—also addressed the common people and not the rulers' courts.

paragraph: His first target was the Sikh-ruled kingdom of Ranjit Singh, which was expanding further into Muslim land towards Afghanistan. It is thought that Barelvi intended to establish a Muslim bastion on the north-west frontier in the Peshawar valley from whence to attack the British colonialists after defeating Sikh forces.

paragraph: Prior to this he performed the hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca in 1821 with many supporters and spent two years organizing popular and material support for his Peshawar campaign. He carefully developed a network of people through the length and breadth of India to collect funds and encourage volunteers, traveling widely throughout the subcontinent of India attracting a following among pious Muslims. He returned from Haj in 1823.

paragraph: Syed Ahmed's supporters were strong at  Sithana  in the North-Westem tribal belt and at Patna, but were also present in Hyderabad, Madras, Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Bombay. His movement spread very rapidly in Bihar, Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and North-Western India.

paragraph: Sayyid Ahmad declared jihad against the Sikh Empire of Punjab ruled by Ranjit Singh.

paragraph: Arriving in Peshawar valley in late 1826, Sayyid Ahmad and one thousand followers made their base in Charsadda village in Hashnagar. Barelvi preached jihad amongst the local Pashtun tribes, demanding they renounce their tribal customs and adopt the shariat. The traditional khan were replaced by ulama (clerics) and a system of Islamic taxes was established to finance the jihad. Only after this evangelist campaign and sharia system was had set up was jihad declared. The jihad did not succeed however, due to the "treachery of the local khan".

paragraph: In December 1826 Sayyid Ahmad and his followers clashed with Sikh troops at Akora but with no decisive result. The inability of Sayyid Ahmad to shape local Pakhtun villagers into a disciplined and effective military force led to an 1827 decision consistent with his sense of proper relationship between religious and secular leadership. "It was accordingly decided by all those present at the time, faithful followers, sayyids, learned doctors of law, nobles and generality of Muslims that the successful establishment of 'Jihad ' and the dispelling of disbelief and disorder could not be achieved without the election of an 'Imam'".

paragraph: This moment of religiously inspired unity attracted the allegiance of maliks, shareholders and even the governors of Peshawar. However, during the next clash with Sikh troops at the south of Akora, the Peshawar rulers withdrew, leaving Sayyid Ahmad and his followers to retreat to the hills north of Peshawar. Yusufzai and Mandanr support for Sayyid Ahmad's movements was fragmented. In 1829 at the peak of his local influence, Sayyid Ahmad obtained agreement that the khans and general public would administer their principalities according to the laws of the Sharia and would give up the customary practices.

paragraph: The decisive moments for Sayyid Ahmad came in 1830. The Pukhtuns initially supported him but he soon assumed power, interfered in socio-political and economic fabric without homework. They rose against him and his around two hundred Mujahidin were killed in Peshawar valley which compelled him to migrate and try his luck in Kashmir, his long cherished dream.

paragraph: In addition to the stated social agenda, Sayyid Ahmad also attempted to collect the Islamic tithe (usher) of ten per cent of crop yields. In coercing the reluctant Khans to pay, Sayyid Ahmad antagonized the chief of Hoti, Mardan and who then formed an alliance with Sultan Muhammad, governor of Peshawar. The alliance was defeated and the Islamic reformers finally occupied Peshawar. Over several months during 1830 Sayyed Ahmad tried to conciliate established power hierarchies. But before the end of 1830 an organized uprising occurred and the agents of Sayyid Ahmad in Peshawar and in the villages of the plain were murdered and the movement retreated to hills. There in the town of Balakot in 1831, Syed Ahmad was killed by the Sikh Army. He was beheaded.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Social Reformation and Anti-Colonial Struggle by Sayyid Ahmed Raibarelvi at academia.edu website

description: Muslim activist

enwikiquote_title: Syed Ahmad Barelvi

wikidata_label: Syed Ahmad Barelvi

wikipedia_title: Syed Ahmad Barelvi


text:
Sengoku period
Emperor Go-Yōzei
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Toyotomi
koku
invasions of 1592–1593
Katsura Imperial Villa
Kyoto

categories: 1579 births,Japanese princes,1629 deaths

paragraph: Prince Hachijō Toshihito

paragraph: Prince Hachijō Toshihito () was a court noble of Japan during the Sengoku period. Toshihito was the younger brother of Emperor Go-Yōzei. After 1588 Toyotomi Hideyoshi adopted Toshihito in an effort to greatly strengthen the Toyotomi and the Imperial ties. In 1590, Hideyoshi gave Toshihito 3,000 koku worth of land and was slated to act as Hideyoshi's governor of Japan during China's anticipated cession of influence in Korea during the invasions of 1592–1593.

paragraph: Section::::Katsura Imperial Villa.

paragraph: Prince Hachijō Toshihito built the Katsura Imperial Villa, or Katsura Detached Palace, in Kyoto. It was built to be a place to view the moon.

alias:
Prince Hachijō Toshihito
Hachijō-no-miya Toshihito
Hachijo Toshihito
Prince Hachijo Toshihito
八条宮智仁親王
Hachijō Toshihito
Toshihito-shinnō
Toshihito Shinnō
Hachijo-no-miya Toshihito-shinno
Hachijou-no-miya Toshihito-shinnou

description: Court noble of Japan during the Sengoku Period

wikidata_label: Hachijō-no-miya Toshihito-shinnō

wikipedia_title: Prince Hachijō Toshihito