text: Hasmonean

text: Maccabee

text: leader

text: high priest

text: rabbinic literature

text: Josephus

text: The Jewish War

text: Books of the Maccabees

text: 2 Maccabees

text: Heliodorus

text: Hyrcania

text: Caspian Sea

text: regnal name

text: Hellenistic

text: Seleucid

text: Hyrcania

text: Mithridates I of Parthia

text: Seleucids

text: Antiochus VII Sidetes

text: Phraates II of Parthia

text: Demetrius II Nicator

text: Hyrcania

text: Simon Thassi

text: Judas Maccabaeus

text: Jonathan Apphus

text: deuterocanonical books

text: 1 Maccabees

text: 2 Maccabees

text: Talmud

text: Josephus

text: Ptolemy, son of Abubus

text: high priest

text: Judah Aristobulus I

text: Alexander Jannai

text: Seleucid Empire

text: Antiochus VII Sidetes

text: Antiquities

text: Sukkot

text: Antiquities

text: High Priest

text: Parthia

text: Levant

text: Demetrius II

text: Hyrcania

text: Ituraean

text: Ammon

text: Nabatean

text: Samaria

text: Samaritans

text: Antiochus IX Cyzicenus

text: Scythopolis

text: slavery

text: Medeba

text: Shechem

text: Mount Gerizim

text: Samaritan

text: Idumeans(Edomites)

text: Adora

text: Maresha

text: forced conversion

text: Antiochus VII

text: Hyrcania

text: Roman Republic

text: Roman Senate

text: Ptolemaic Egypt

text: Ptolemaic

text: Athens

text: Pergamum

text: Bethlehem

text: graven images

text: High Priest

text: Pharisee

text: Sadducee

text: Salome Alexandra

text: Judas Aristobulus

text: First Tithe

text: priests of Aaron's lineage

text: Ezra

text: Levites

text: intermediate days

text: Hol ha-Moed

text: Hasmoneans

text: Grecians

text: bills of sale

text: promissory notes

text: Tishri

text: Scroll of Fasting

text: Mishnah

text: Red heifer

text: rustic

text: Demai

text: Terumah

text: priests

text: First

text: Second Tithes

text: Pharisees

text: Sadducees

text: Josephus

text: Hasmonean coinage

text: Hyrcanus II

text: List of Hasmonean and Herodian rulers

categories: Hasmonean dynasty,2nd-century BC biblical rulers,2nd-century BC High Priests of Israel,Year of birth unknown,160s BC births,Edom,2nd-century BCE Jews,2nd-century BC clergy,2nd-century BC Hasmonean rulers,104 BC deaths

paragraph: John Hyrcanus

paragraph: John Hyrcanus (, "Yōḥānān Hurqanōs"; "Iōánnēs Urkanós") was a Hasmonean (Maccabeean) leader and Jewish high priest of the 2nd century BCE (born 164 BCE, reigned from 134 BCE until his death in 104 BCE). In rabbinic literature he is often referred to as "Yoḥanan Cohen Gadol" (), "John the High Priest".

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: Josephus explains in "The Jewish War" that John was also known as "Hyrcanus", but does not explain the reason behind this name. The only other primary source, the Books of the Maccabees, never used this name with respect to John. The single occurrence of the name "Hyrcanus" in 2 Maccabees 3:11 refers to a man to whom some of the money in the Temple belonged during the c. 178 BCE visit of Heliodorus.

paragraph: The reason for the name is disputed amongst biblical scholars, with a variety of reasons proposed:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Familial origin in the region of Hyrcania on the Caspian Sea

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Greek regnal name, which would have represented closer ties with the Hellenistic culture against which the Maccabees had revolted under Seleucid rule. However, the region of Hyrcania had been conquered by Mithridates I of Parthia in 141–139 BCE

paragraph: BULLET::::- Given the name by the Seleucids after he fought in the region alongside Antiochus VII Sidetes against Phraates II of Parthia in 130–129 BCE, a campaign which resulted in the release of Antiochus' brother Demetrius II Nicator from captivity in Hyrcania

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: He was the son of Simon Thassi and hence the nephew of Judas Maccabaeus, Jonathan Apphus and their siblings, whose story is told in the deuterocanonical books of 1 Maccabees and 2 Maccabees, in the Talmud, and in Josephus. John was not present at a banquet at which his father and his two brothers were murdered, by John's brother-in-law, Ptolemy, son of Abubus. He attained to his father's former offices, that of high priest and ethnarch (national leader) - but not king. Josephus said that John Hyrcanus had five sons but named only four in his histories: Judah Aristobulus I, Antigonus I, Alexander Jannai, and Absalom. It is this fifth brother who is said to have unsuccessfully sought the throne at the death of Aristobulus I.

paragraph: Section::::Siege of Jerusalem.

paragraph: During the first year of John Hyrcanus’s reign, he faced a serious challenge to independent Judean rule from the Seleucid Empire. Antiochus VII Sidetes marched into Judea, pillaged the countryside and laid a year-long siege on Jerusalem. The prolonged siege caused Hyrcanus to remove any Judean from the city who could not assist with the defense effort (Antiquities 13.240). These refugees were not allowed to pass through Antiochus’ lines, becoming trapped in the middle of a chaotic siege. With a humanitarian crisis on his hands, Hyrcanus re-admitted his estranged Jerusalemites when the festival of Sukkot arrived. Afterwards, due to food shortages in Jerusalem, Hyrcanus negotiated a truce with Antiochus.

paragraph: The terms of the truce consisted of three thousand talents of silver as payment for Antiochus, breaking down the walls of Jerusalem, Judean participation in the Seleucid war against the Parthians, and once again Judean recognition of Seleucid control (Antiquities 13.245). These terms were a harsh blow to Hyrcanus, who had to loot the tomb of David to pay the 3000 talents ( I 2:5).

paragraph: Following the Seleucid siege, Judea faced tough economic times which were magnified by taxes to the Seleucids enforced by Antiochus. Furthermore, Hyrcanus was forced to accompany Antiochus on his eastern campaign in 130 BCE. Hyrcanus probably functioned as the military commander of a Jewish company in the campaign. It is reported that Antiochus, out of consideration for the religion of his Jewish allies, at one point ordered a two days' halt of the entire army to allow them to avoid breaking the Sabbath and Festival of Weeks.

paragraph: This enforced absence probably caused a loss of support for the inexperienced Hyrcanus among the Judean population. Judeans in the countryside were especially disillusioned with Hyrcanus after Antiochus’ army plundered their land. Furthermore, John Hyrcanus's driving out the non-military population of Jerusalem during the siege also probably caused resentment against him. The action of looting the Tomb of David violated his obligations as High Priest, which would have offended the religious leadership.

paragraph: Therefore, at a very early point in his thirty-one year reign of Judea, Hyrcanus had lost the support of Judeans in various cultural sectors. The Jerusalemites, the countryside Judeans and the religious leadership probably doubted the future of Judea under Hyrcanus. However, in 128 BCE Antiochus VII was killed in battle against Parthia. What followed was an era of conquest led by Hyrcanus that marked the high point of Judea as the most significant power in the Levant.

paragraph: Section::::Conquests by John Hyrcanus.

paragraph: John Hyrcanus was able to take advantage of unrest in Seleucia to assert Judean independence and conquer new territories. In 130 BCE Demetrius II returned from exile in Hyrcania to take control of Seleucia. However, transition of power made it difficult for Demetrius to assert control over Judea. Furthermore, the Seleucid Empire itself fell apart into smaller principalities. The Ituraeans of Lebanon, the Ammonites of the Transjordan, and the Arabian Nabateans represented independent principalities that broke away from Seleucid control. Hyrcanus was determined to take advantage of the dissipating Seleucid Empire to increase the Judean State.

paragraph: Hyrcanus also raised a new mercenary army that strongly contrasted with the Judean forces that were defeated by Antiochus VII (Ant.13.249). The Judean population was probably still recovering from the attack of Antiochus, and therefore could not provide enough able men for a Hyrcanus-led army. John Hyrcanus's army was supported by the Judean State once again by funds that Hyrcanus removed from the Tomb of David.

paragraph: Beginning in 113 BCE, Hyrcanus began an extensive military campaign against Samaria. Hyrcanus placed his sons Antigonus and Aristobulus in charge of the siege of Samaria. The Samaritans called for help and eventually received 6000 troops from Antiochus IX Cyzicenus. Although the siege lasted for a long, difficult year, Hyrcanus was unwilling to give up. Ultimately, Samaria was overrun and totally destroyed. Cyzicenus' mercenary army was defeated and the city of Scythopolis seems to have been occupied by Hyrcanus as well. The inhabitants of Samaria were then put into slavery. Upon conquering the former Seleucid regions Hyrcanus embarked on a policy of forcing the non-Jewish populations to adopt Jewish customs.

paragraph: John Hyrcanus's first conquest was an invasion of the Transjordan in 110 BCE. John Hyrcanus’s mercenary army laid siege to the city of Medeba and took it after a six-month siege. After these victories, Hyrcanus went north towards Shechem and Mount Gerizim. The city of Shechem was reduced to a village and the Samaritan Temple on Mount Gerizim was destroyed. This military action against Shechem has been dated archaeologically around 111–110 BCE. Destroying the Samaritan Temple on Mount Gerizim helped ameliorate John Hyrcanus's status among religious elite and common Jews who detested any temple to Yahweh outside of Jerusalem.

paragraph: Hyrcanus also initiated a military campaign against the Idumeans(Edomites). During this campaign Hyrcanus conquered Adora, Maresha and other Idumean towns (Ant.13.257). Hyrcanus then instituted forced conversions on the Idumeans to Judaism. This was an unprecedented move for a Judean ruler.

paragraph: Section::::Economy, foreign relations, and religion.

paragraph: After the siege of Jerusalem, Hyrcanus faced a serious economic crisis in Judea. We can assume that the economic difficulties subsided after the death of Antiochus VII. Hyrcanus no longer had to pay taxes or tributes to a weaker Seleucia. The economic situation eventually improved enough for Hyrcanus to issue his own coinage (see below). On top of that, Hyrcanus initiated vital building projects in Judea. Hyrcanus re-built the walls destroyed by Antiochus. He also built a fortress north of the Temple called the Baris and possibly also the fortress Hyrcania.

paragraph: Moreover, Hyrcanus sought for good relations with the surrounding Gentile powers, especially the growing Roman Republic. Two decrees were passed in the Roman Senate that established a treaty of friendship with Judea. Although it is difficult to specifically date these resolutions, they represent efforts made between Hyrcanus and Rome to maintain stable relations. Also, an embassy sent by Hyrcanus received Roman confirmation of Hasmonean independence. Hyrcanus was an excellent case of a ruler backed by Roman support.

paragraph: In addition to Rome, Hyrcanus was able to maintain steady relations with Ptolemaic Egypt. This was probably made possible due to various Jews living in Egypt who had connections with the Ptolemaic Court (Ant. 13.284–287). Finally, the cities of Athens and Pergamum even showed honor to Hyrcanus in an effort to appease Rome.

paragraph: Furthermore, the minting of coins by Hyrcanus demonstrates John Hyrcanus’s willingness to delegate power. Sixty-three coins found near Bethlehem bear the inscription, “Yohanan the High Priest.” The reserve side of the coins contains the phrase, “The Assembly of the Jews.” This seems to suggest that during his reign, Hyrcanus was not an absolute ruler. Instead, Hyrcanus had to submit at times to an assembly of Jews that had a certain amount of minority power. The coins lack any depictions of animals or humans. This suggests that Hyrcanus strictly followed the Jewish prohibition against graven images. The coins also seem to suggest that Hyrcanus considered himself to be primarily the High Priest of Judea, and his rule of Judea was shared with the Assembly.

paragraph: In Judea, religious issues were a core aspect of domestic policy. Josephus only reports one specific conflict between Hyrcanus and the Pharisees, who asked him to relinquish the position of High Priest (Ant. 13.288–296). After this falling-out, Hyrcanus sided with the rivals of the Pharisees, the Sadducees. However, elsewhere Josephus reports that the Pharisees did not grow to power until the reign of Queen Salome Alexandra (JW.1.110) The coins minted under Hyrcanus suggest that Hyrcanus did not have complete secular authority. Furthermore, this account may represent a piece of Pharisaic apologetics due to Josephus’s Pharisaic background. Regardless, there were probably tensions because of the religious and secular leadership roles held by Hyrcanus.

paragraph: Ultimately, one of the final acts of John Hyrcanus’s life was an act that solved any kind of dispute over his role as High Priest and ethnarch. In the will of Hyrcanus, he provisioned for the division of the high priesthood from secular authority. John Hyrcanus’s widow was given control of civil authority after his death, and his son Judas Aristobulus was given the role of High Priest. This action represented John Hyrcanus’s willingness to compromise over the issue of secular and religious authority. (However, Aristobulus was not satisfied with this arrangement, so he cast his mother into prison and let her starve.)

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: John Hyrcanus the High Priest is remembered in rabbinic literature as having made several outstanding enactments and deeds worthy of memorial, one of which being that he cancelled the requirement of saying the avowal mentioned in Deuteronomy 26:12–15 once in every three years, since he saw that in Israel they had ceased to separate the First Tithe in its proper manner and which, by making the avowal, and saying "I have hearkened to the voice of the Lord my God, and have done according to all that you have commanded me," he makes himself dishonest before his Maker and liable to God's wrath. In his days, the First Tithe, which was meant to be given unto the Levites, was given instead to the priests of Aaron's lineage, after Ezra had fined the Levites for not returning in full force to the Land of Israel. By not being able to give the First Tithe unto the Levites, as originally commanded by God, this made the avowal null and void. In addition, John Hyrcanus is remembered for having cancelled the reading of Psalm 44:23, formerly chanted daily by the Levites in the Temple precincts, and which words, "Awake! Why do you sleep, O Lord?, etc.", seemed inappropriate, as if they were imposing their own will over God's, or that God was actually sleeping. In similar fashion, the High Priest cancelled an ill-practice had by the people to cause bleeding near the eyes of sacrificial calves by beating their heads so as to stun them, prior to their being bound and slaughtered, since by beating the animal in such a way they ran the risk of causing a blemish in the animal's membrane lining its brain. To prevent this from happening, the High Priest made rings in the ground of the Temple court for helping to secure the animals before slaughter.

paragraph: Before John Hyrcanus officiated as Israel's High Priest, the people had it as a practice to do manual work on the intermediate days of the Jewish holidays, and one could hear in Jerusalem the hammer pounding against the anvil. The High Priest passed an edict restricting such labours on those days, thinking it inappropriate to do servile work on the "Hol ha-Moed", until after the Feast ("Yom Tov"). It had also been a custom in Israel, since the days that the Hasmoneans defeated the Grecians who prevented them from mentioning the name of God in heaven, to inscribe the name of God in their ordinary contracts, bills of sale and promissory notes. They would write, for example, "In the year such and such of Yohanan, the High Priest of the Most High God." But when the Sages of Israel became sensible of the fact that such ordinary contracts were often discarded in the rubbish after reimbursement, it was deemed improper to show disrespect to God's name by doing so. Therefore, on the 3rd day of the lunar month Tishri, the practice of writing God's name in ordinary contracts was cancelled altogether, while the date of such cancellation was declared a day of rejoicing, and inscribed in the Scroll of Fasting.

paragraph: The Mishnah ("Parah" 3:4[5]) also relates that during the tenure of John Hyrcanus as High Priesthood, he had prepared the ashes of two Red heifers used in purifying those who had contracted corpse uncleanness.

paragraph: In what is seen as yet another one of John Hyrcanus's accomplishments, during his days any commoner or rustic could be trusted in what concerns "Demai"-produce (that is, if a doubt arose over whether or not such produce bought from him had been correctly divested of its tithes), since even the common folk in Israel were careful to separate the "Terumah"-offering given to the priests. Still, such produce required its buyer to separate the First and Second Tithes. Some view this as also being a discredit unto the High Priest, seeing that the commoners refused to separate these latter tithes because of being intimidated by bullies, who took these tithes from the public treasuries by force, while John Hyrcanus refused to censure such bad conduct.

paragraph: After all said and done, and after accomplishing many heroic feats, John Hyrcanus in the later years of his life, abandoned the sect of the Pharisees, and joined himself to the Sadducees. This prompted the famous rabbinic dictum: "Do not believe in yourself until your dying day." At his death, a monument () was built in his honor and where his bones were interred. John's Monument was located in what was formerly outside the walls of the city, but in Josephus' time had been enclosed between the second and third walls of Jerusalem, and where the Romans had built a bank of earthworks to break into the newer third wall encompassing the upper city, directly opposite John's Monument.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hasmonean coinage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hyrcanus II

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Hasmonean and Herodian rulers

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jewish Encyclopedia: HYRCANUS, JOHN (JOHANAN) I.

description: Hasmonean ruler

wikidata_label: John Hyrcanus

wikipedia_title: John Hyrcanus


text: interim government

text: México

text: First Mexican Empire

text: Agustín de Iturbide

text: Mexican War of Independence

text: Plan of Iguala

text: Agustín de Iturbide

text: Emperor of Mexico

text: Plan of Casa Mata

text: abdicate

text: Congress

text: provisional government

text: General

text: Nicolás Bravo

text: Guadalupe Victoria

text: José Mariano Michelena

text: Miguel Domínguez

text: Vicente Guerrero

text: republic

text: representative

text: federal

text: sovereign

text: Federal District

text: legislative

text: executive

text: judicial

text: checks and balances

text: United States Constitution

text: French Constitution

text: Cádiz

text: Santa Anna

text: centralist

text: Guadalupe Victoria

text: President of Mexico

text: San Juan de Ulúa

text: Veracruz

text: Peninsulares

text: monarchy

text: friar

text: Joaquín Arenas

text: Francisco Martínez

text: Guadalupe Victoria

text: Bordeaux

text: List of heads of state of Mexico

categories: Spanish generals,1777 births,Presidents of Mexico,Mexican generals

paragraph: Pedro Celestino Negrete

paragraph: Pedro Celestino Negrete (May 14, 1777 – April 11, 1846) was a Spanish politician and military man who served as a member of the interim government of México after the abolition of the First Mexican Empire. He fought alongside of Agustín de Iturbide in the royalist army during the Mexican War of Independence. He was a close collaborator of Iturbide during the empire and then pressured him to abdicate to the Mexican crown.

paragraph: Section::::Supreme Executive Power.

paragraph: In 1821, Pedro Celestino Negrete was a supporter of the Plan of Iguala. After Agustín de Iturbide had crowned himself Emperor of Mexico, he decided to lend his support to the Plan of Casa Mata and, using his friendship with Iturbide, exerted pressure for him to abdicate. Once Iturbide was dethroned, the executive authority was without representation and so Congress created a provisional government composed of General Pedro Celestino Negrete, General Nicolás Bravo and General Guadalupe Victoria; however, since the latter two were absent, José Mariano Michelena, Miguel Domínguez and General Vicente Guerrero were designated in their place. On October 4, 1824 the Constitution of the United Mexican States was promulgated, adopting the system of republican, representative, popular, federal government.

paragraph: The country was divided into 19 free and sovereign states, 4 territories that depended on the center, and the Federal District. Also, the government was divided into legislative, executive and judicial branches. This Constitution was largely inspired by the checks and balances of the United States Constitution, of the French Constitution and the one of Cádiz. It was in force from October 4, 1824 to April 30, 1836, when it was replaced by Santa Anna's centralist rewrite.

paragraph: General Negrete chaired the Supreme Executive Power twice. The body ceded the executive on October 10, 1824, when General Guadalupe Victoria assumed the position as first President of Mexico. Although the fortress of San Juan de Ulúa — the last redoubt of Spanish power in Mexico, in the port of Veracruz — had been abandoned in 1825, some "Peninsulares" still entertained notions about restoring the monarchy, taking advantage of the general displeasure felt against the independent government. Thus, the friars Joaquín Arenas and Francisco Martínez, along with some Mexican and Spanish military officers, including Negrete and Echávarri, rebelled against the government of Guadalupe Victoria. On January 9, 1827 this conspiracy was discovered. The leaders were judged, the friars were sentenced to death and Negrete and Echávarri were exiled. Pedro Celestino Negrete left for France. He died in Bordeaux in 1846.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of heads of state of Mexico

description: Mexican politician

wikidata_label: Pedro Celestino Negrete

wikipedia_title: Pedro Celestino Negrete


text:
Sicilian
Jew
physician
translator
Charles I of Naples
Arabic
Latin
al-Razi
Al-Hawi
Steinschneider
Bibliothèque Nationale
Giovanni of Monte Cassino
De medicinis expertis
Galen
Giunta
René Chartier
Tacuini Ægritudinum
Ibn Jazla
Strasburg
Masarjawaih
Jewish Encyclopedia

categories: Medieval Italian physicians,Year of birth unknown,Medieval Jewish physicians of Italy,13th-century Italian people,Year of death unknown,13th-century translators,Arabic–Latin translators,13th-century Italian physicians

paragraph: Faraj ben Salim

paragraph: Faraj ben Sālim (), also known as Farragut of Girgenti, Moses Farachi of Dirgent, Ferragius, Farragus, or Franchinus or Ferrauto, was a Sicilian-Jewish physician and translator who flourished in the second half of the thirteenth century. He was engaged by Charles I of Naples as translator of medical works from Arabic into Latin. In this capacity he rendered a great service to medicine by making in 1279 a Latin translation of al-Razi's medical encyclopedia, "Al-Hawi" (later printed in 1486, under the title "Continens", with a glossary by the translator). The translation is followed, between the same covers, by "De expositionibus vocabulorum seu synonimorum simplicis medicinæ", which Steinschneider supposes to form a part of the "Continens". As a token of his esteem for the translator, Charles of Anjou ordered that on the original copy of the manuscript of the "Continens" (MS. "Bibliothèque Nationale", Paris, No. 6912) the portrait of Faraj should be drawn beside his own by friar Giovanni of Monte Cassino, the greatest illuminator of his time.

paragraph: Faraj also translated "De medicinis expertis", attributed to Galen and included in the printings of his works by the Giuntas (Venice, 1565: x. 103-109) and René Chartier (Paris, 1679: x. 561-570); and "Tacuini Ægritudinum" ("Tables of Disease", Arabic: "Taqwim al-Abdan") by Ibn Jazla, published at Strasburg in 1532. Steinschneider believes that to Faraj should also be ascribed the Latin translation of Masarjawaih's treatise on surgery (MS. "Bibliothèque Nationale", Paris, No. 7131), said to have been made by a certain Ferrarius.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jewish Encyclopedia

description: Italian physician

wikidata_label: Faraj ben Salim

wikipedia_title: Faraj ben Salim


text: Maltese

text: Baroque

text: Rome

text: Lorenzo Gafà

text: Vittoriosa

text: Lorenzo Gafà

text: Ercole Ferrata

text: Camillo Pamphilj

text: Saint Eustace

text: Sant'Agnese in Agone

text: Accademia di San Luca

text: Giovanni Battista Gaulli

text: Saint John's Co-Cathedral

text: Valletta

text: St. Paul's Shipwreck

text: Rabat, Malta

text: Saint Rose of Lima

text: Lima

text: Beatification

text: Santa Maria sopra Minerva

text: Ecstasy of St Theresa

text: Ludovica Albertoni

text: Thomas of Villanova

text: Sant'Agostino

text: Saint Catherine of Siena

text: Santa Caterina a Magnanapoli

text: polychrome

text: Chigi

text: Ariccia

text: New York

text: Metropolitan Museum

text: (photo here)

text: Duomo

text: Siena

text: Hermitage Museum

text: Museo di Palazzo Venezia

text: Museo di Roma

text: Saint Peter's Square

text: Cathedral of Mdina

text: Saint Eustace

text: Sant'Agnese in Agone

text: bozzetto

text: Sant'Agostino

text: Pope Alexander III

text: Duomo

text: Siena

text: Rabat, Malta

text: Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon

text: Web Gallery of Art: Melchiore Caffa

text: Artcyclopedia: Melchiore Caffa

categories: People from Birgu,17th-century Italian sculptors,Italian Baroque sculptors,17th-century Maltese sculptors,1636 births,1667 deaths,Maltese expatriates in Italy,Italian male sculptors

paragraph: Melchiorre Cafà

paragraph: Melchiorre Cafà (1636–1667), born Melchiorre Gafà and also known as Caffà, Gafa, Gaffar or Gafar, was a Maltese Baroque sculptor. Cafà began a promising career in Rome but this was cut short by his premature death following a work accident. He was the older brother of the sculptor Lorenzo Gafà.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Cafà was born in Vittoriosa, Malta, and given the name Marcello at his baptism on 21 January 1636. After his move to Rome in 1658 or shortly after, he was most frequently referred to as Melchior (or Melchiorre) Maltese. His brother Lorenzo Gafà was one of the leading architects in Malta.

paragraph: Cafà was already an accomplished sculptor when he came to Rome and entered the workshop of Ercole Ferrata, who was not strictly speaking his teacher although he probably helped him refining his technique. Despite soon attracting his own commissions, he stayed in close contact with Ferrata and collaborated with him.

paragraph: In 1660 Cafà signed his first independent contract with Prince Camillo Pamphilj for the relief of the "Martyrdom of Saint Eustace" in Sant'Agnese in Agone. In 1662 he became a member of the Accademia di San Luca and was even elected its principal in 1667, but declined the honor. Reportedly, he was a close friend of the painter Giovanni Battista Gaulli. Cafà died on the 4 September 1667 after some material collapsed on him in the foundry of Saint Peter's while he was working on the altar decoration for Saint John's Co-Cathedral in Valletta.

paragraph: There is no monument or plaque in his honour in his home city of Vittoriosa, Malta. However, the Maltese Post Office issued several stamps with Cafà's sculptures as motives.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Extremely busy throughout his short life, he only managed to finish a few major commissions himself:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wooden statue of "Saint Paul" in St. Paul's Shipwreck in Valletta (c. 1659).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wooden statue of the "Virgin of the Rosary" in the Dominican Church, Rabat, Malta (1660–61).

paragraph: BULLET::::- The marble statue of the dying "Saint Rose of Lima" (signed and dated 1665; Lima, Santo Domingo) was in 1668 the centrepiece for the future saint's Beatification ceremony in Rome's Santa Maria sopra Minerva, and shipped to Peru straight after that event. While it has some formal analogies with Bernini's "Ecstasy of St Theresa" and possibly influenced in its turn the latter's "Death of the Blessed Ludovica Albertoni", Cafà's statue depicts a peaceful death, free from the turmoil in the two works by Bernini.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The relief in white marble of the "Ecstasy of Saint Catherine of Siena" at Santa Caterina a Magnanapoli in Rome. The curved polychrome background is suggestive of cloud formations and of a halo, intensifying the idea that the saint is carried to heaven. There are no known dates for Cafà's intervention, but it is generally accepted that he finished it himself, i.e. 1667 or earlier. The wax bozzetto for this work was discovered by Edgar Vella in 1995 and is now in a private collection in Malta.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A bust of Alexander VII exists in an extremely fine terracotta version in the Palazzo Chigi in Ariccia, a signed bronze (dated 1667) is in New York's Metropolitan Museum (photo here) and a further bronze in the Duomo in Siena.

paragraph: A number of Cafà terracottas are in the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, the National Museum of Fine Arts in Valletta, the Museo di Palazzo Venezia in Rome, the Fogg Museum at Harvard University, Massachusetts, and the Museo di Roma. There are various wax reliefs and sculptures by Cafà in Malta: the Valletta Museum has sketches of martyrs, and models for the statues in the colonnade in Saint Peter's Square in Rome. And four reliefs were recently discovered in the Cathedral of Mdina representing the Nativity, the Adoration of the shepherds, the Annunciation and the Glory of St. Rose of Lima.

paragraph: Most unfinished works were completed by Ercole Ferrata, e.g.:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Martyrdom of Saint Eustace" in Sant'Agnese in Agone, Rome (1660–69). Cafà's terracotta is in the Museo di Palazzo Venezia in Rome. In 2014, Vella published his discovery of a wax bozzetto by Cafà for this marble relief.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saint Thomas of Villanova distributing alms" in the church of Sant'Agostino in Rome (1663–69). Cafà's terracotta is in the National Museum of Fine Arts in Valletta.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marble statue of "Pope Alexander III" in the Duomo in Siena (from 1665/66).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marble statue of "Saint Paul" in St. Paul's Grotto, Rabat, Malta (1666–69).

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rudolf Preimesberger, in: "Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani", vol. 16, 1973, pp. 230–235

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerhard Bissell, in: "Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon", vol. 15, 1997, pp. 493–495

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keith Sciberras (Ed.), "Melchiorre Cafà. Maltese Genius of the Roman Baroque", Valletta 2006 (individual entries in English or Italian)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sante Guido, Giuseppe Mantella, "Melchiorre Cafà insigne modellatore. La Natività, l'Adorazione dei pastori e altre opere in cera", Soveria Mannelli (CZ) 2010

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Web Gallery of Art: Melchiore Caffa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artcyclopedia: Melchiore Caffa

alias:
Melchiorre Caffà
Melchiorre Caffa
Melchiorre Gafar
Melchiorre Cafa
Melchiorre Cofa
Melchiorre Cofà
melchior
M. Caffa
Melchior maltese
Melchior Maltese
Melchiorre Gafà
Le Maltais
Le Maltois
Melchior Caffa

description: Italian artist

wikidata_label: Melchiorre Cafà

wikipedia_title: Melchiorre Cafà


text: British

text: Dukes of Grafton

text: King Charles II

text: George FitzRoy, 2nd Baron Southampton

text: Charles FitzRoy, 3rd Baron Southampton

text: Charles FitzRoy, 1st Baron Southampton

text: Adml. Sir Peter Warren

text: Schuyler family

text: British North America

text: Great Grimsby

text: Lewes

text: Civil Lord of the Admiralty

text: Earl of Aberdeen

text: Lord Palmerston

text: First Commissioner of Works

text: Privy Council

text: Nathan Mayer Rothschild

text: Sir Coutts Lindsay, Bt

text: City of Westminster Cemetery, Hanwell

categories: English people of Dutch descent,1859 deaths,Members of Parliament for Grimsby,Schuyler family,Younger sons of barons,UK MPs 1847–1852,UK MPs 1837–1841,FitzRoy family,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,UK MPs 1852–1857,1807 births,UK MPs 1857–1859,UK MPs 1841–1847,Lords of the Admiralty,UK MPs 1831–1832

paragraph: Henry FitzRoy (politician)

paragraph: Henry FitzRoy (2 May 1807 – 17 December 1859) was a British politician of the mid-nineteenth century.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born into the family of the Dukes of Grafton, he was a great-great grandson of King Charles II. He was second son of Lieutenant-General George FitzRoy, 2nd Baron Southampton, by his second wife Frances Isabella, daughter of Lord Robert Seymour. Charles FitzRoy, 3rd Baron Southampton, was his elder brother. His grandparents were Charles FitzRoy, 1st Baron Southampton and Anne Warren, daughter and co-heir of Adml. Sir Peter Warren and a descendant of the Schuyler family, the Van Cortlandt family, and the Delancey family, all from British North America.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: FitzRoy was returned to Parliament for Great Grimsby in 1831, a seat he held until 1832, and later represented Lewes between 1837 and 1841 and between 1842 and 1859. He was appointed Civil Lord of the Admiralty from 1845-1846. He served under the Earl of Aberdeen as Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department between 1852 and 1855 and under Lord Palmerston as First Commissioner of Works between June and December 1859. In 1855 he was sworn of the Privy Council.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: FitzRoy married Hannah, daughter of Nathan Mayer Rothschild, in 1839. They had two children, Arthur Frederic FitzRoy (1842–1858), and Caroline Blanche Elizabeth FitzRoy, who married the artist Sir Coutts Lindsay, Bt. Hannah died on 2 December 1864, aged 49.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: FitzRoy died on 17 December 1859 and is buried at City of Westminster Cemetery, Hanwell along with his wife.

paragraph: Section::::References and sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- References

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sources

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Henry Fitzroy

wikipedia_title: Henry FitzRoy (politician)


text:
1948 Summer Olympics
Mal Whitfield
Rune Gustafsson
Tourcoing

categories: Athletes (track and field) at the 1948 Summer Olympics,Sportspeople from Nord (French department),2002 deaths,Olympic athletes of France,1917 births,Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics,French male middle-distance runners,Olympic bronze medalists for France,People from Tourcoing,European Athletics Championships medalists,Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)

paragraph: Marcel Hansenne

paragraph: Marcel Hansenne (January 24, 1917 – March 22, 2002) was a French middle distance runner, who won the bronze medal at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London over 800 m in a time of 1:49.8 min. The race was won by Mal Whitfield. Hansenne also equalled Rune Gustafsson's 1000 m world record of 2:21.4 in Gothenburg in 1948. Hansenne was born in Tourcoing.

description: French athlete

wikidata_label: Marcel Hansenne

wikipedia_title: Marcel Hansenne


text:
Kasugai, Aichi
Ono no Takamura
Daigo
Suzaku
Murakami
Buddhist
China
Wang Xizhi
Fujiwara no Sukemasa
Fujiwara no Yukinari
kana
kanji
byoubu
folding screen
Oe no Asatsuna
Heian
waka
Kokin Wakashū
Hanafuda
Hanafuda
Hanafuda
Calligraphy
Shodō

categories: 894 births,966 deaths,People from Kasugai, Aichi,10th-century Japanese calligraphers

paragraph: Ono no Michikaze

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Michikaze was born in the present Kasugai, Aichi prefecture, as the grandson of a courtier-poet, Ono no Takamura. He was a government official, a poet and a calligrapher. He provided highly distinguished calligraphic services for three emperors during his career: Daigo (reigned from 897 to 930), Suzaku (reigned from 930 to 946) and Murakami (reigned from 946 to 967). Michikaze's fame permitted him to serve, at the age of twenty-seven, in the Seiryoden, the residential quarters of the imperial court.

paragraph: As a recognition of his high skill, Emperor Daigo offered the Buddhist monk Kanken two volumes of Michikaze's works in 927, and urged him to take them with him on a voyage to China, and commend Michikaze’s calligraphic achievements to the Chinese.

paragraph: Michikaze had lost much of his sight by the time he died.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Michikaze took the first step in Japanizing the art of calligraphy, imported from China around the 5th century. His works were slightly influenced by the style of the legendary 4th-century Chinese calligrapher Wang Xizhi, however, he added his own refinements, that resulted in a softer feel with more freedom of movement than was common under the strictures of Chinese calligraphy.

paragraph: He created the Japanese style calligraphy ("wayō") that was later refined by other two masters, Fujiwara no Sukemasa and Fujiwara no Yukinari. "Wayō" was accredited and practiced, as a pure Japanese art form, until the mid-19th century.

paragraph: Michikaze showed great diligence in his works, which resulted in grandiose character forms, and powerful lines. None of Michikaze's "kana" calligraphy are extant. A number of extant "kanji" works are believed to be by Michikaze, but only a few are positively attributed. One of the well-known works ascribed without much evidence to Michikaze is a draft for an inscription on a "byoubu" (Japanese folding screen) now mounted as a handscroll in the Tokyo Imperial Household collection. It was executed in semi-cursive script ("gyōsho"), and consisted of ten poems by Michikaze's contemporary Oe no Asatsuna.

paragraph: The collection also has his other masterpieces, like the Gyokusen-Jo handscroll, which are poems by a Tang poet. Michikaze also was attributed to many "kohitsu-gire" (famous calligraphic works) of the Heian era, among which a scroll containing forty-nine "waka" poems from the twelfth volume - "Poems of Love" - of the early-Heian poetry anthology, "Kokin Wakashū". Among his last works are eleven letters, in one of which he bemoans the evanescence of life.

paragraph: Section::::Legend.

paragraph: Michikaze became well known due to his depiction in Hanafuda cards. As the story goes, one day when Michikaze was feeling inadequate about his calligraphy he took a walk outside in the rain. Seeing a frog trying to jump on a willow branch, again and again missing its mark, he thought to himself "Stupid frog! No matter how many times you try you will never be able to reach the willow". Upon thinking this, the willow curved in a big breeze allowing the frog to jump onto the willow. Michikaze then realized "I myself am the stupid one. The frog created this chance with his determination. Up until now I haven't been as diligent as this frog". This story made him famous during the Edo period and earned him his place on the willow set in Hanafuda cards.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On 20 October 2000 (Heisei 12), an 80 yen "Willow and frog" postal stamp was issued, depicting Michikaze watching a leaping frog.

paragraph: BULLET::::- There is a shrine to his spirit in Kyoto, where his divine soul is considered to be protecting the women of the region in maternity.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ono no Michikaze is depicted on the "rainman" of the traditional Japanese playing cards Hanafuda.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Calligraphy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shodō

alias:
no Michikaze Ono
Ono no Tōfū

description: calligrapher

wikidata_label: Ono no Michikaze

wikipedia_title: Ono no Michikaze


text: American

text: The Saturday Evening Post

text: Ladies' Home Journal

text: Cosmopolitan

text: Naval Reserve

text: Lt. Commander

text: St. Louis

text: Art Institute of Chicago

text: Art Students League

text: New York City

text: George Bridgman

text: Thomas Fogarty

text: Washington University

text: Halsey Ives

text: Corcoran School of Art

text: Washington DC

text: naval camouflage

text: William Mackay

text: Collier's

text: Country Gentleman

text: Redbook

text: Pictorial Review

text: Coronet

text: Country Life

text: The Saturday Evening Post

text: Ladies' Home Journal

text: Cosmopolitan

text: Paramount Pictures

text: Twentieth Century Fox

text: World War II

text: Betty Grable

text: General Motors Corporation

text: Gibson Girl

text: Fisher Autobody

text: A&P

text: Elgin Watches

text: Lever Brothers

text: Whitman's Chocolates

text: Texaco

text: Camel

text: Chesterfield

text: cigarette

text: Miss America 1935

text: Art Students League

text: Society of Illustrators

text: Art Directors Club

text: attack on Pearl Harbor

text: Navy

text: Lt. Commander

text: missing in action

text: Solomon Islands

text: Purple Heart Medal

text: American Defense Service Medal

text: Asiatic-Pacific Area Campaign Medal

text: American Area Campaign Medal

text: World War II Victory Medal

text: Pritzker Military Museum & Library

text: U.S. Navy

text: Adventurers' Club of New York

text: Illustration House bio

text: U.S. ship camouflage

text: McClelland Barclay posters

text: McClelland Barclay Navy Stats

text: McClelland Barclay Jewelry

text: McClelland Barclay bio

categories: United States Navy officers,American naval personnel killed in World War II,American illustrators,Pin-up artists,1942 deaths,1891 births,School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni

paragraph: McClelland Barclay

paragraph: McClelland Barclay (1891 – 18 July 1943) was an American illustrator. By the age of 21, Barclay's work had been published in "The Saturday Evening Post", "Ladies' Home Journal", and "Cosmopolitan". He was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Naval Reserve in 1938 and following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor he went on active duty. At the time of his death, in 1943, he was a Lt. Commander.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Born in St. Louis in 1891, Barclay's mother died when he was 17. He was sent to Washington, DC, to live with his aunt and uncle, Edward and Lucy McClelland, after whom he had been named. He studied first at the Art Institute of Chicago, and later at the Art Students League in New York City, where he studied figure drawing with George Bridgman and illustration with Thomas Fogarty. Barclay also attended The St. Louis Museum of Fine Arts (now known as the School of Art, Washington University); there he studied under the school's founder, Halsey Ives. He was also a student in the Corcoran School of Art in Washington DC.

paragraph: Section::::Artwork.

paragraph: During World War I, Barclay was awarded a prize by the Committee on National Preparedness in 1917 for his poster "Fill the Breach." The next year, he designed naval camouflage under the direction of William Mackay, Chief of the New York District Emergency Fleet Corporation.

paragraph: During the 1920s and 1930s, Barclay's images were selected for use by art directors for the nation's most popular periodicals including "Collier's", "Country Gentleman", "Redbook", "Pictorial Review", "Coronet", "Country Life", "The Saturday Evening Post", "The Ladies' Home Journal", "Cosmopolitan", and a host of movie magazines. During the 1930s, he began painting movie poster art for Hollywood studios, including Paramount Pictures and Twentieth Century Fox. Barclay was considered a superstar in the film industry during the late 1930s and early 1940s. Barclay was one of the first artists to paint World War II pin-up girl, Betty Grable.

paragraph: In 1930, the General Motors Corporation selected Barclay's "Fisher Body Girl" for a series of advertisements, and she quickly became as popular as "The Gibson Girl" and "The Christy Girl". He used his second wife Helene, 19 years old, as the model for the iconic Fisher Autobody image. Helene later appeared in magazine advertisements and was so well published with her languid body plastered across the country on billboards, that she was recognized wherever she went. He also illustrated advertisements for A&P, Eaton Paper Company, Elgin Watches, Humming Bird Hosiery, and Lever Brothers, amongst others. He also illustrated advertisements for Whitman's Chocolates, Texaco, and Camel and Chesterfield brand cigarettes. Because Barclay was known for his illustrations of "striking women", he earned a judging position at the Miss America 1935 pageant.

paragraph: His posters and camouflage designs earned him Naval commission.

paragraph: Barclay was a member of the Art Students League, the Chicago Art Club, the Society of Illustrators, the Association of Arts and Industries, and the Artists Guild.

paragraph: Barclay did not limit himself to painting. In the late 1930s, he set up a small company to reproduce jewelry and fabricate utilitarian figures for ashtrays, bookends, desk sets, lamps, and other articles for home and office use. These products were fabricated out of cast grey metal with a thick bronze plate finish and they retailed for just a few dollars. The company, which he named the McClelland Barclay Arts Products Corporation, made him little money.

paragraph: In 1944, a year after his death, Barclay was awarded the Art Directors Club Medal, "in recognition of his long and distinguished record in editorial illustration and advertising art and in honor of his devotion and meritorious service to his country as a commissioned officer of the United States Navy." He was also posthumously inducted in the Society of Illustrators' Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::US Naval service.

paragraph: In June 1938, he was appointed Assistant Naval Constructor with the US Naval Reserve. In mid-1940, Barclay prepared experimental camouflage designs for Navy combat aircraft, but evaluation tests revealed that pattern camouflage was of little use for aircraft. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Barclay completed the first of many recruiting posters for the Navy.

paragraph: On October 19, 1940, Barclay reported for active duty. He served in the New York Recruiting office, illustrating posters for the next two and a half years. These images would become some of the most recognizable recruiting images of World War II. Barclay was determined to be a front-line combat artist. In March 1943, he told the "San Francisco Examiner", "A camera cannot catch the human element of a fight, the sweat and blood and courage our boys expend every time they face the enemy." In 1941 he volunteered for this position, but was rejected. Eventually he would serve in both the Atlantic and Pacific theaters on the , , , and the .

paragraph: Promoted to Lt. Commander, Barclay worked on further assignments until July 18, 1943, when he was reported as missing in action. The USS "LST-342" he was aboard was torpedoed in the Solomon Islands. On board, sketching and taking photographs at the time, Barclay's body was not recovered.

paragraph: Barclay was awarded the Purple Heart Medal posthumously. He was also awarded the American Defense Service Medal, Fleet Clasp; the Asiatic-Pacific Area Campaign Medal; the American Area Campaign Medal; and the World War II Victory Medal.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Barclay's first wife was Nan McClelland, his niece who was 8 years his senior. McClellan did not smoke or drink and boxed to keep in shape; Nan drank, smoked and loved parties. They grew apart and divorced in February 1930. Barclay then became engaged to his second wife, Helene Haskins. She was 20 and he was 39 – they later divorced. After his divorce with Helene, Barclay was briefly engaged to Virginia Moore, a 22-year old model, in 1937.

paragraph: Section::::Institutions with his works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pritzker Military Museum & Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- U.S. Navy

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adventurers' Club of New York

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barclay, McClelland. "How You Can Win Your Navy Wings." Washington, DC: U.S. Navy Recruiting Bureau, 1942.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barclay, McClelland. "McClelland Barclay: Exhibition of Portraits, Marines, Sculpture." New York: Portrait Painters Gallery, 1938.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ermoyan, Arpi. "Famous American Illustrators." [Crans, Switzerland]: Published for the Society of Illustrators by Rotovision, 1997. ,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martignette, Charles G., and Louis K. Meisel. "The Great American Pin-up." Köln: Taschen, 2004. ,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taraba, Fred. "Masters of American Illustration: 41 Illustrators & How They Worked." Saint Louis, MO: Illustrated Press, 2011. ,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Illustration House bio of McClelland Barclay.

paragraph: BULLET::::- U.S. ship camouflage

paragraph: BULLET::::- McClelland Barclay patent for airplane camouflage

paragraph: BULLET::::- McClelland Barclay posters, hosted by the University of North Texas Libraries Digital Collections

paragraph: BULLET::::- McClelland Barclay artwork can be viewed at American Art Archives web site

paragraph: BULLET::::- McClelland Barclay Navy Stats at TogetherWeServed

paragraph: BULLET::::- McClelland Barclay Jewelry

paragraph: BULLET::::- McClelland Barclay bio at Papillon Gallery

description: American artist

wikidata_label: McClelland Barclay

wikipedia_title: McClelland Barclay


text: cartographer

text: England

text: London

text: Netherlands

text: Amsterdam

text: Rotterdam

text: Bremen

text: John Senex

text: Emanuel Bowen

text: Blackfriars

text: Spring Gardens

text: Charing Cross

text: Dampier's circumnavigation

text: cartouches

text: cod fisheries

text: Newfoundland

text: colonial powers

text: Newfoundland

text: Treaty of Utrecht

text: Newfoundland

text: Pointe Riche

text: French Shore

text: French

text: Labrador

text: Cape Ray

text: Hugh Palliser

text: James Cook

text: Port au Choix

text: history of cartography

text: Robert Boyle

text: Robert Hooke

text: William Dampier

text: Royal Society

text: Daniel Defoe

text: Jonathan Swift

text: Gulliver's Travels

categories: 17th-century English people,17th-century cartographers,Dutch cartographers,1650s births,18th-century cartographers,1732 deaths

paragraph: Herman Moll

paragraph: Herman Moll (1654? – 22 September 1732), was a London cartographer, engraver, and publisher.

paragraph: Section::::Origin and early life.

paragraph: Moll's exact place of origin is unknown, although his birth year is generally accepted to be the year 1654. He moved to England in 1678 and opened a book and map store in London. He produced maps from his studies of the work of other cartographers.

paragraph: Due to Moll's important work in Dutch cartography and the fact that he undertook a journey in his late years on behalf of the Netherlands, it is assumed he originated from Amsterdam or Rotterdam. The name, "Moll" occurred not only in the Netherlands however but also in the north German area, which may suggest a German origin. Dennis Reinhartz's biography assumed that Moll came from Bremen, and other more recent works assume Germany as well.

paragraph: Section::::Cartographic work.

paragraph: Section::::Cartographic work.:Early years in London.

paragraph: Moll produced his earliest maps from studying cartographers such as John Senex and Emanuel Bowen. He probably sold his first maps from a stall in various places in London. From 1688 he had his own shop in Vanley's Court in London's Blackfriars. Between 1691 and 1710 his business was located at the corner of Spring Gardens and Charing Cross, and he finally moved along the River Thames to Beech Street where he remained until his death.

paragraph: In the 1690s, Moll worked mainly as an engraver for Christopher Browne, Robert Morden and Lea, in whose business he was also involved. During this time he also published his first major independent work, the "Thesaurus Geographicus". The success of this work likely influenced his decision to start publishing his own maps.

paragraph: Section::::Cartographic work.:Work as an independent publisher.

paragraph: In 1701 he published "A System of Geography", the first of his own publishing. Although it contained no fundamental changes in the presentation of his previous work, it helped him to assert himself as a freelance cartographer. Over the years, the work itself as well as individual maps were of influence on other publishers, as they were frequently copied and re-issued.

paragraph: In the years that followed he brought out several volumes including "Fifty-six new and accurate maps of Great Britain", a book of maps of the British Isles. Then came "The Compleat Geographer" which was an update to "A System of Geography". He issued forty-two monochrome maps designed without the usual text, as by not using his usual colors he could produce them at significantly less expense than comparable works, and went through many new editions. In 1711 he began his "Atlas Geographus", which appeared in monthly deliveries from 1711 to 1717, and eventually comprised five volumes. This included a full geographical representation of the world in color maps and illustrations. Moll's subscribers. As with his earlier works, the "Atlas Geographus" was eagerly copied and imitated.

paragraph: In 1710 he began producing artfully crafted pocket globes . These were each a pair of globes, with the larger, hinged celestial globe encircled a smaller globe. On the latter he often included the route of Dampier's circumnavigation. These globes are very rare today.

paragraph: In 1715 Moll issued "The World Described", a collection of thirty large, double-sided maps which saw numerous editions. In these maps Moll's skill as an engraver is particularly clear. These were bound separately and then later sold in the form of atlases in a joint venture between a number of other publishers.

paragraph: The series included two of the most famous Moll maps: "A new and exact map of the dominions of the King of Great Britain" and "To The Right Honorable John Lord Sommers...This Map of North America According To Ye Newest and Most Exact Observations". These were distinctive for their elaborate cartouches and images, and are known respectively as the "Beaver Map" and the "Codfish Map". As with much of his work, Moll used these maps to publicize and support British policy and regional claims throughout the world.

paragraph: The Codfish Map shows in its cartouches a scene from the cod fisheries off Newfoundland. Since the beginning of the 16th Century the cod fishery there was an important economic factor for the European colonial powers. At the time of issue, the battle over fishing rights was one of the central points of contention in the North American policy of France and England. With its depiction of the processing of freshly caught cod for shipment to Europe, Moll highlighted for subscribers and viewers the importance of this sector for his native England.

paragraph: Moll labeled the Atlantic Ocean as the "Sea of the British Empire" and stressed that the British claims to fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland. In a West India map from the same series, he wrote in the southwestern corner of Carolina, the words "Spanish Fort Deserted" and "Good Ground". On many of its North American maps - including at the Beaver Map - he drew particular attention to major ports streets, because he knew that was a sufficient infrastructure detail, communicating that for the further expansion of English is very important.

paragraph: Pritchard argues that the Beaver Map was "one of the first and most important cartographic documents relating to the ongoing dispute between France and Great Britain over boundaries separating their respective American colonies ... The map was the primary exponent of the British position during the period immediately following the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713."

paragraph: His maps were also used by other powers to attempt support for their claims. One of Moll's maps of the island of Newfoundland, published in the 1680s, showed Pointe Riche, the southern limit of the French Shore to be situated at 47°40' north latitude. In 1763 the French attempted to use this map to establish their claim to the west coast of Newfoundland and Labrador, arguing that Point Riche and Cape Ray were the same headland. Governor Hugh Palliser and Captain James Cook found evidence to refute Moll's claim and in 1764 the French accepted the placement of Pointe Riche near Port au Choix.

paragraph: However, all political considerations aside, Moll's maps were in his lifetime and after very influential, and are still among the most sought after aesthetic engravings in the history of cartography.

paragraph: Section::::Contemporaries.

paragraph: Moll was quite involved in the contemporary intellectual life. He was friendly and acquainted with Robert Boyle, Robert Hooke and William Dampier, both socially and likely through the Royal Society. His relationship with Dampier, especially, was mutually very beneficial. Moll had access to the latest data and observations from Dampier's many voyages, allowing his to be the first to accurately portray the great ocean currents, and Dampier in turn had his best selling books illustrated by Moll.

paragraph: Daniel Defoe was another contemporary with whom Moll exchanges ideas, and for whom he provided illustrations and maps. Another acquaintance, Jonathan Swift, went so far as to include him in his famous book, "Gulliver's Travels", having Lemuel Gulliver remark in chapter four, part eleven: "I arrived in seven hours to the south-east point of New Holland. This confirmed me in the opinion I have long entertained, that the maps and charts place this country at least three degrees more to the east than it really is; which I thought I communicated many years ago to my worthy friend, Mr. Herman Moll, and gave him my reasons for it, Although he has rather chosen to follow other authors."

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Moll died on 22 September 1732, as noted in his obituary in Gentleman's Magazine.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thesaurus Geographicus. A new body of geography: or a compleat description of the Earth Collected with great care from the most approv'd geographers and modern travellers and discoveries by several hands" (1695)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A System of Geography" (1701)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Compleat Geographer" (1709)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The British empire in America" (1708)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A View of the Coasts, Countries, and Islands within the limits of the South Sea Company" (1711)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The World Described" (1715)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Set of Fifty New and Correct Maps of England and Wales" (1724)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Tour Thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain: Divided Into Circuits or Journies" 4 volumes. (1761)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barber, Peter. "The Map Book". Walker & Company, 2005. New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gohm, Douglass. "Antique Maps of Europe, the Americas, West Indies, Australasia, Africa, the Orient" Octopus Books, 1972. London.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Preston, Diana & Michael. "A Pirate of Exquisite Mind: Explorer, Naturalist, and Buccaneer: The Life of William Dampier". Walker & Company, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pritchard, Margaret Beck. "Degrees of Latitude : Mapping Colonial America". Harry Abrams, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reinhartz, Dennis "The Cartographer and the Literati: Herman Moll and His Intellectual Circle". Edwin Mellen Press, 1977. Lewiston NY.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Celestial Pocket Globe at the Royal Museums Greenwich

paragraph: BULLET::::- de.wikipedia.org, (featured article in German)

description: 18th-century English cartographer

wikidata_label: Herman Moll

wikipedia_title: Herman Moll


text:
first-class cricket
Kent
Hampshire
Surrey
Sussex
Norfolk
Cambridge Town Club
Tom Marsden
William Pilch
Nathaniel
William
Brisley
Lord's
Sheffield
Arthur Haygarth
Gentlemen v Players
Tom Marsden
Sydney Pardon
W. G. Grace
The Times
Canterbury
Canterbury Christ Church University
Flashman
Flashman's Lady
George MacDonald Fraser
Lord's
Rugby
Kent
The Duckworth Lewis Method
Neil Hannon
Horningtoft Heritage Society Site

categories: Surrey cricketers,Fast v Slow cricketers,Over 30s v Under 30s cricketers,English cricketers of 1826 to 1863,West of England cricketers,Suffolk cricketers,1803 births,Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers,1870 deaths,Gentlemen of Sussex cricketers,Kent cricketers,Married v Single cricketers,Players cricketers,Sussex cricketers,Gentlemen of England cricketers,Norfolk cricketers,Non-international England cricketers,Left-Handed v Right-Handed cricketers,North v South cricketers,People from Breckland District,Gentlemen of Nottinghamshire cricketers,Cambridge Town Club cricketers,English cricketers of 1787 to 1825,Hampshire cricketers,English cricketers,All-England Eleven cricketers,Gentlemen cricketers

paragraph: Fuller Pilch

paragraph: Fuller Pilch (17 March 1803 – 1 May 1870) was an English first-class cricketer. Described as "the greatest batsman ever known until the appearance of W. G. Grace", the right-handed batsman Pilch played 229 first-class matches between 1820 and 1854 for an assortment of counties, including Kent, Hampshire, Surrey and Sussex, as well as Norfolk and Cambridge Town Club ("aka" Cambridgeshire). An early pioneer of batting, Pilch's advert of the "Pilch poke", or art of playing the ball forward, was an early manifestation of modern batting practices.

paragraph: Though his statistics reflect by modern standards as fairly ordinary, the ten centuries he amassed throughout his entire club and first-class playing career were considered "remarkable" in the context of round-arm bowling and poorly maintained cricket pitches encountered during the period. He was also known for his success at single-wicket matches, defeating Tom Marsden in 1833. He came from a cricketing family: nephew William Pilch and brothers Nathaniel and William all played first-class cricket.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was the son of Nathaniel Pilch and Frances Fuller, who were married at Brisley and later returned to live there. Fuller Pilch followed in the footsteps of his two elder brothers, Nathaniel and William, and became a professional cricketer. His first appearance at Lord's was a three-day match in July 1820, playing for Norfolk. He then went to Sheffield to play cricket and earn his living as a tailor.

paragraph: Section::::Cricketing career.

paragraph: Writing in 1862 in his "Scores and biographies", Arthur Haygarth called Pilch "the best batsman that has ever yet appeared". The main characteristic of Pilch's batting was his forward play, a shot that was called 'Pilch's poke'. Haygarth further wrote : "His style of batting was very commanding, extremely forward, and he seemed to rush to the best bowling by his long forward play before it had time to shoot or rise, or do mischief by catches".

paragraph: By the late 1820s he had become the finest batsman in England and acquired the nickname, "the non "pareil" [unrivalled] hitter". He appeared 23 times in Gentlemen v Players matches. In 1833, in highly publicised single wicket matches, he twice defeated Tom Marsden, the other prominent batsman of the time. In 1835, he moved to Town Malling in Kent and received a salary of 100 pounds a year. There he kept a tavern attached to the cricket ground.

paragraph: Pilch moved to Canterbury in 1842 where he kept the "Saracen's Head". He served as the first groundsman of the St. Lawrence Ground from 1847 to 1868.

paragraph: As to the question of how Pilch would compare with the greatest of his successors, Wisden editor Sydney Pardon wrote in W. G. Grace's obituary in the 1916 Wisden :

paragraph: "A story is told of a cricketer who had regarded Fuller Pilch as the final word in batting, being taken in his old age to see Mr. Grace bat for the first time. He watched the great man for a quarter of an hour or so and then broke out into an expression of boundless delight. 'Why', he said, 'this man scores continuously from balls that old Fuller would have been thankful to stop'."

paragraph: Pilch died at Canterbury in 1870. He never married.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In June 2008 it was reported in "The Times" that Pilch's grave at St. Gregory's churchyard in Canterbury was preventing the development of the churchyard into a Canterbury Christ Church University concert hall, as it could not be located for removal. In the following month, the grave was located through the use of an old photograph and the memories of local people.

paragraph: Pilch appears in the Flashman novel "Flashman's Lady" by George MacDonald Fraser. In the novel Pilch is caught and bowled by Flashman in a fictional game set at Lord's between Rugby Old Boys and Kent in 1842.

paragraph: Fuller Pilch is mentioned in the song "Gentlemen and Players" on the 2009 cricket concept album The Duckworth Lewis Method, created by Irish duo Thomas Walsh and Neil Hannon.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Horningtoft Heritage Society Site

description: cricketer

wikidata_label: Fuller Pilch

wikipedia_title: Fuller Pilch


text: Hollywood, California

text: Ed Wood

text: Plan 9 from Outer Space

text: Glen or Glenda

text: Jail Bait

text: Gregory Walcott

text: Paul Marco

text: Tim Burton

text: Ed Wood

text: cameo appearance

text: heavy metal

text: Darkest Hour

text: Mystery Science Theater 3000

text: 2015 remake of "Plan 9 from Outer Space"

text: Don't Let the Devil in

text: Martinsburg

text: West Virginia

text: Don't Let the Devil in

text: Plan 9

text: Super Hero Central

text: Minds of Terror

text: Zombiegeddon

text: Corpses Are Forever

text: Max Hell Frog Warrior

text: Bikini Planet

text: I Woke Up Early the Day I Died

text: Guns of El Chupacabra

text: Bikini Drive-In

text: Ed Wood

text: Curse of the Queerwolf

text: Deathrow Gameshow

text: A Polish Vampire in Burbank

text: The Beast of Yucca Flats

text: The Sinister Urge

text: Plan 9 from Outer Space

text: Night of the Ghouls

text: Bride of the Monster

text: The Mad Magician

text: Jail Bait

text: Clipped Wings

text: Jalopy

text: Glen or Glenda

categories: 1931 births,American male film actors,2017 deaths,20th-century American male actors,American people of Polish descent,Male actors from Maryland

paragraph: Conrad Brooks

paragraph: Conrad Brooks (born Conrad Biedrzycki; January 3, 1931 – December 6, 2017) was an American actor.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Brooks moved to Hollywood, California, in 1948 to pursue a career in acting. He got his start in movies appearing in Ed Wood films such as "Plan 9 from Outer Space", "Glen or Glenda", and "Jail Bait."

paragraph: Brooks took a break from acting during the 1960s and 1970s, but due to the ongoing interest in the films of Ed Wood he re-emerged in the 1980s and became a prolific actor. He went on to write, produce and direct several films.

paragraph: Along with Gregory Walcott and Paul Marco, Brooks appeared in Tim Burton's film "Ed Wood". Brooks is played by Brent Hinkley in the movie. Brooks was a frequent guest at the Mid-Atlantic Nostalgia Convention, where he signed autographs for fans.

paragraph: He made a cameo appearance as the pianist for the Sound The Surrender music video by heavy metal band, Darkest Hour. When "The Sinister Urge" episode of "Mystery Science Theater 3000" was released on DVD, Brooks filmed a special introduction.

paragraph: Brooks teamed up again with filmmaker Jonathan M. Parisen on two films, "Toilet Gator" and "Space Vampires from the Planet Blood", and a television show, "Blast Corrigan: Rocketship To Earth".

paragraph: Brooks was founder and owner of Conrad Brooks Productions, which has produced the Gypsy Vampire series, starring Bruce "Porkchop" Lindsay as Count Lugo.

paragraph: Brooks continued acting well into his 80s, making an appearance in a 2015 remake of "Plan 9 from Outer Space". He made his last appearance in the 2016 film "Don't Let the Devil in".

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Brooks died of complications from sepsis on December 6, 2017 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, at the age of 86.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don't Let the Devil in" (2016) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Plan 9" (2015) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Terror of The Giant Tentacle" (2013) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zombie on the Loose" (2012) Actor, Director

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Invasion of the Reptoids" (2012) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beside the Manor Selby" (2010) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Taste of Desperation" (2009) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shadows In The Woods" (2009) Actor, Co-Director

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Freaky Vampire" (2008) Actor/Director

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Space Vampires From The Planet Blood" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blast Corrigan: Rocketship To Earth" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vampira: The Movie" (2007) Consultant

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gypsy Vampire 2 - Gypsy Vampire's Revenge" (2007) Actor, Director

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Toilet Gator" (2008) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zeppo: Sinners from Beyond the Moon!" (2006) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Purvos" (2006) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "9mm Sunrise" (2006) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "2020 An American Nightmare" (2005) Actor, Executive Producer

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gypsy Vampire" (2005) Actor, Director

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brain Robbers From Outer Space" (2005) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "It Came from Trafalgar" (2005) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Super Hero Central" (2004) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bob's Night Out" (2004) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "That's Independent!" (2004) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dr. Horror's Erotic House of Idiots" (2004) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Minds of Terror" (2003) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zombiegeddon" (2003) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Corpses Are Forever" (2003) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jan-Gel 3: Hillbilly Monster" (2003) Actor, Director, Executive Producer

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Raising Dead" (2002) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Max Hell Frog Warrior" (2002) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Attack of the Giant Gull" (2002) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bikini Planet" (2002) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pacino Is Missing" (2002) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Monster Man" (2001) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Vampire Hunters Club" (2001) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Transylvania Police Monster Squad" (2001) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El Cerebro de Hitler!" (2001) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El Intoxico y Blue Bastard Contra Cerebro de Hitler!" (2001) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Atomic Space Bug" (1999) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ghost Taxi" (1999) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jan-Gel, the Beast from the East" (1999) Actor, Director, Producer, Writer

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Beast of Retro City" (1999) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Woke Up Early the Day I Died" (1998) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Armageddon Boulevard" (1998) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Creaturealm: From the Dead" (1998) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hollywood Mortuary" (1998) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Misfit Patrol" (1998) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dalziel and Pascoe: Deadheads" (1997) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guns of El Chupacabra" (1997) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alien Agenda: Under the Skin" (1997) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ice Scream" (1997) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Ironbound Vampire" (1997) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Haunted World of Edward D. Wood Jr." (1996) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Roller Gator" (1996) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blood Slaves of the Vampire Werewolf" (1996) Director

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Saturn Avenger Vs. the Terror Robot" (1996) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shotgun Boulevard" (1996) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Snuff Films: An Exposé" (1996) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Toad Warrior" (1996) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hell Comes to Frogtown III" (1996) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bikini Drive-In" (1996) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Baby Ghost" (1995) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ed Wood" (1994) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Conrad Brooks vs. the Werewolf" (1994) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ed Wood: Look Back In Angora" (1994) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Test Tube Teens from the Year 2000" (1994) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Virgin Hunters" (1994) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hellborn" (1993) Actor, Writer

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flying Saucers Over Hollywood: The Plan 9 Companion" (1992) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shadow of the Dragon" (1992)Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the Trail of Ed Wood" (1990) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Curse of the Queerwolf" (1988) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deathrow Gameshow" (1987) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Polish Vampire in Burbank" (1985) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Beast of Yucca Flats" (1961) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Girl Madness" (1961) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Sinister Urge" (1961) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hellborn" (1961) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Young and the Immoral" (1961) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bob and Run" (1960) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mystery in Shadows" (1960) Actor, Director, Producer, Writer

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Plan 9 from Outer Space" (1959) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Night of the Ghouls" (1959) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bride of the Monster" (1955) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mad Magician" (1954) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jail Bait" (1954) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hidden Face" (1954) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Clipped Wings" (1953) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jalopy" (1953) Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Glen or Glenda" (1953) Actor

description: American actor

wikidata_label: Conrad Brooks

wikipedia_title: Conrad Brooks


text: Benešov

text: Prague

text: Czech

text: Květy

text: Lumír

text: Světozor

text: Hussite Wars

text: Slavic

text: Jesuit

text: Janáček

text: Svatopluk Čech Bridge

text: Short biography (in Czech)

categories: 1908 deaths,Czech poets,19th-century poets,Czech male writers,19th-century male writers,Male poets,1846 births

paragraph: Svatopluk Čech

paragraph: Svatopluk Čech (February 21, 1846 in Ostředek near Benešov – February 23, 1908 in Prague) was a Czech writer, journalist and poet.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Čech studied at gymnasium (secondary school) in Prague, then studied law, and later worked in the journals Květy, Lumír and Světozor.

paragraph: His first poem, "Husita na Baltu", was published in the almanac "Ruch" in 1868. Similarly to his work "Adamité", it is inspired by history (Hussite Wars). His poem "Evropa" (1878) takes its cue from revolutionary movements of the time, his poem "Slávie" (1882) propagates ideals of Slavic unity, the poem "Václav z Michalovic" (1880) depicts religious oppression by the Jesuits, his poem "Lešetínský kovář" (1883 confiscated, 1899) social problems of industrialization. The books of lyrical poetry "Jitřní písně" (1887) and "Nové písně" (1888) reflect the national rebirth of the Czech people, and his poetry cycle "Písně otroka" reflects social problems.

paragraph: His best known work today is a series of satirical novels, "Výlety pana Broučka" (1888, 1889), two of which were used as the basis for Janáček's opera "The Excursions of Mr. Broucek to the Moon and to the 15th Century" ("Výlet pana Broučka do Měsíce"/"Výlet pana Broučka do XV. století"). Čech himself appears as an apparition in Act Three of the opera.

paragraph: A bridge in Prague bears the name Svatopluk Čech Bridge ("Most Svatopluka Čecha") in his honor. Also multiple streets in various Czech cities are named after him.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Short biography (in Czech)

description: Czech poet, publicist and bookwriter

wikidata_label: Svatopluk Čech

wikipedia_title: Svatopluk Čech


text:
Imperial Austrian
Romania
Romanian Orthodox Church
Pecica
Arad
Pozsony
Hódmezővásárhely
Leipzig University
University of Bonn
Arad Diocese
hieromonk
archimandrite
Oradea
Oradea Diocese
Izbuc
Tribuna Poporului
Romanian National Party
union of Transylvania with Romania
Bihor County
Romanian Senate
Romanian Academy

categories: 1936 deaths,Romanian newspaper editors,1852 births,Bishops of the Romanian Orthodox Church,People from Pecica,Romanian schoolteachers,Members of the Senate of Romania,Romanian opinion journalists,Honorary members of the Romanian Academy,Romanian principals,Romanian Austro-Hungarians

paragraph: Roman Ciorogariu

paragraph: Roman Ciorogariu (; born Romul Ciorogariu; December 6, 1852–January 21, 1936) was an Imperial Austrian-born Romanian bishop within the Romanian Orthodox Church, as well as a journalist and educator.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Pecica, he attended high school in Arad, Pozsony and Hódmezővásárhely, followed by theology studies in Arad from 1874 to 1877. Between 1877 and 1879, he took specialized courses in pedagogy and psychology at Leipzig University, and in theology and philosophy at the University of Bonn. From 1879 to 1881, he was a clerk for the Arad Diocese. From 1881 to 1889 and again from 1892 to 1917, he taught at Arad's theological and pedagogical institute, which he directed from 1901 to 1917.

paragraph: Taking the name "Roman", he was tonsured a monk in 1900, simultaneously being ordained a hieromonk. He was elevated to protosingel in 1904 and archimandrite in 1917. From 1917 to 1920, he was bishop's vicar at Oradea. Ciorogariu then became the first bishop of the Oradea Diocese: elected in October 1920, he was consecrated in March 1921 and enthroned that October, remaining in office until his death. In this role, he organized the new diocese, purchased a bishop's residence, and founded "Legea Românească" newsletter (1921), a four-year theological academy (1923), a school for church singers, a printing press and a monastery at Izbuc.

paragraph: Under Austro-Hungarian rule, he was active in the Romanian national movement, particularly in the press; his hundreds of articles covered politics, society and religion. Notably, at Arad, he helped found "Tribuna Poporului" in 1897 and edited "Biserica și Școala" from 1901 to 1917. He belonged to the executive committee of the Romanian National Party. Following the union of Transylvania with Romania, he led the Romanian National Council for Bihor County from 1918 to 1919. From 1920 to 1936, Ciorogariu sat in the Romanian Senate, and in 1921 was elected an honorary member of the Romanian Academy.

wikidata_label: Roman Ciorogariu

wikipedia_title: Roman Ciorogariu


text:
Dominican friar
Archbishop of Albi
University of Nanterre

categories: 20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Archbishops of Albi,Living people

paragraph: Jean Marie Henri Legrez

paragraph: Jean Legrez (born May 29, 1948 in Paris) is a French Dominican friar, and since February 2011 Archbishop of Albi.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: After pursuing a course in Modern Literature at the University of Nanterre, obtaining a Licenciate, he joined the Dominicans and continued his studies in literature and began philosophy at the Strasbourg Dominican convent. He continued his training in Dominican convents of Paris and Toulouse, obtaining a degree of Master of Theology. He was ordained a priest on June 27, 1976.

paragraph: After serving as vicar (Assistant Pastor) in a parish dependent upon the Toulouse Dominican convent, he participated in the foundation of two monastic fraternities in the dioceses of Aix and of Avignon. In 1983 he became Prior of the monastic brotherhood in Lyon and parish priest (curate) at the church of Saint Nizier (1983).

paragraph: In 1996, he returned to the Dominican convent of Saint-Lazare in Marseille, where he served as the Sub-Prior from 1997 to 2001 and Prior to 2005. During this period, from 1997 to 2005, he taught sacramental theology and liturgy at the seminary of the diocese of Fréjus-Toulon. Legrez was the national chaplain of the "Centre de liaison des équipes de recherche - Amour et Famille" from 1998 to 2001; the organization promotes the rhythm method of natural conception and opposes conjugal violence. It seeks to indoctrinate youth into Catholic principles of chastity, and it provides "family monitors" for natural family planning.

paragraph: He was appointed bishop of Saint-Claude 22 August 2005, and was consecrated on 23 October by Bishop André Lacrampe, Archbishop of Besançon.

paragraph: On 2 February 2011 he transferred to the archiepiscopal seat of Albi. Legrez was installed at Albi on Sunday, 3 April by Archbishop Le Gall, Metropolitan Archbishop of the Province.

paragraph: Within the Bishops' Conference of France, Legrez has been a member of the "Commission for Consecrated Life" since 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Political views.

paragraph: On January 9, 2008, he signed with the two other bishops of Franche-Comté a statement:

paragraph: BULLET::::- inviting electors to vote at this "important moment in the democratic life"

paragraph: BULLET::::- recalling the challenges of political life, which "concerns indeed the future, so no one is left behind, that we should live in communities where peace, justice and fraternity reign; that we should be committed to sustainable development, the safeguarding of creation, solidarity "

paragraph: BULLET::::- encouraging those who "accept municipal offices, often increasingly heavy.

paragraph: On the bill opening marriage to same-sex couples, on 17 October 2012 he stated in the weekly "Le Journal d'Ici" that gay marriage "est idiot." It is "the beginning of madness" and "it denies nature" by allowing such a right. He also considered it preferable to use the words "contract or covenant" because "marriage is the union of a man and a woman in order to be fruitful." In these sentiments he was echoing the official position of the Vatican and Pope Benedict XVI.

description: French priest

wikidata_label: Jean Legrez

wikipedia_title: Jean Marie Henri Legrez