text: polymath

text: physician

text: biologist

text: physicist

text: chemist

text: astrologer

text: astronomer

text: gambler

text: Renaissance

text: probability

text: binomial coefficients

text: binomial theorem

text: combination lock

text: gimbal

text: compass

text: gyroscope

text: Cardan shaft

text: universal joint

text: hypocycloid

text: printing presses

text: algebra

text: negative numbers

text: cubic

text: quartic equation

text: imaginary number

text: Pavia

text: illegitimate

text: Fazio Cardano

text: jurist

text: Leonardo da Vinci

text: Milan

text: Pavia

text: Plague

text: University of Pavia

text: Italian War of 1521-6

text: Saccolongo

text: Scipione del Ferro

text: cubic equation

text: Lodovico Ferrari

text: quartic equation

text: Ars Magna

text: Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia

text: imaginary number

text: Rafael Bombelli

text: binomial coefficient

text: binomial theorem

text: chess

text: probability

text: odds

text: Cardan's Movement

text: Scotch yoke

text: gimbal

text: perpetual motion

text: Cardan grille

text: Cardano's Rings

text: Chinese Rings

text: education of the deaf

text: Rudolph Agricola

text: Charles Lyell

text: Principles of Geology

text: transcendental philosophy

text: beheaded

text: Inquisition

text: annuity

text: Pope Gregory XIII

text: Pope Pius V

text: Thomas Browne

text: his library

text: Richard Hinckley Allen

text: Samuel Butler

text: Hudibras

text: Alessandro Manzoni

text: I Promessi Sposi

text: Aristotle

text: E. M. Forster

text: Abinger Harvest

text: Artis magnae, sive de regulis algebraicis

text: Johann Petreius

text: Metoposcopia

text: Die

text: Internet Archive

text: Google

text: Google

text: Google

text: Google

text: Google

text: Internet Archive

text: Google

text: Google

text: Google

text: Google

text: Google

text: Google

text: Blow book

text: Negative numbers

text: New York Review of Books

text: Dunham, William

text: John Wiley and Sons

text: Ekert, Artur

text: International Journal of Theoretical Physics

text: Grafton, Anthony

text: Cardano's Cosmos: The Worlds and Works of a Renaissance Astrologer.

text: Harvard University Press

text: Chapman & Hall

text: Ore, Øystein

text: Princeton University Press

text: View free at Scribd

text: History of Science Collection

text: Linda Hall Library

text: Girolamo Cardano, Strumenti per la storia del Rinascimento in Italia settentrionale (in Italian)

text: English

text: Online Galleries

text: University of Oklahoma Libraries

text: Forster, E.M.

text: Penguin Books

text: "Cardano v Tartaglia: The Great Feud Out of Bounds"

text: De Subtilitate Libri XXI

text: Library of Congress

text: Internet Archive

categories: 16th-century Latin-language writers,16th-century astrologers,People from Pavia,1576 deaths,16th-century Italian mathematicians,1501 births,Italian astrologers,Italian inventors,16th-century Italian physicians,Italian mathematicians

paragraph: Gerolamo Cardano

paragraph: Gerolamo (or Girolamo, or Geronimo) Cardano (; ; ; 24 September 1501 – 21 September 1576) was an Italian polymath, whose interests and proficiencies ranged from being a mathematician, physician, biologist, physicist, chemist, astrologer, astronomer, philosopher, writer, and gambler. He was one of the most influential mathematicians of the Renaissance, and was one of the key figures in the foundation of probability and the earliest introducer of the binomial coefficients and the binomial theorem in the Western world. He wrote more than 200 works on science.

paragraph: Cardano partially invented and described several mechanical devices including the combination lock, the gimbal consisting of three concentric rings allowing a supported compass or gyroscope to rotate freely, and the Cardan shaft with universal joints, which allows the transmission of rotary motion at various angles and is used in vehicles to this day. He made significant contributions to hypocycloids, published in "De proportionibus", in 1570. The generating circles of these hypocycloids were later named Cardano circles or cardanic circles and were used for the construction of the first high-speed printing presses.

paragraph: Today, he is well known for his achievements in algebra. He made the first systematic use of negative numbers in Europe, published with attribution the solutions of other mathematicians for the cubic and quartic equations, and acknowledged the existence of imaginary numbers.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: He was born in Pavia, Lombardy, the illegitimate child of Fazio Cardano, a mathematically gifted jurist, lawyer, and close personal friend of Leonardo da Vinci. In his autobiography, Cardano wrote that his mother, Chiara Micheri, had taken "various abortive medicines" to terminate the pregnancy; he was "taken by violent means from my mother; I was almost dead." She was in labour for three days. Shortly before his birth, his mother had to move from Milan to Pavia to escape the Plague; her three other children died from the disease.

paragraph: After a depressing childhood, with frequent illnesses, including impotence, and the rough upbringing by his overbearing father, in 1520, Cardano entered the University of Pavia against his father's wish, who wanted his son to undertake studies of law, but Girolamo felt more attracted to philosophy and science. During the Italian War of 1521-6, however, the authorities in Pavia were forced to close the university in 1524. Cardano resumed his studies at the University of Padua, where he graduated with a doctorate in medicine in 1525. His eccentric and confrontational style did not earn him many friends and he had a difficult time finding work after his studies had ended. In 1525, Cardano repeatedly applied to the College of Physicians in Milan, but was not admitted owing to his combative reputation and illegitimate birth. However, he was consulted by many members of the College of Physicians due to his irrefutable intelligence.

paragraph: Section::::Early career as a physician.

paragraph: Cardano wanted to practice medicine in a large, rich city like Milan, but he was denied a license to practice, so he settled for the town of Saccolongo, where he practiced without a license. There, he married Lucia Banderini in 1531. Before her death in 1546, they had three children, Giovanni Battista (1534), Chiara (1537) and Aldo Urbano (1543). Cardano later wrote that those were the happiest days of his life.

paragraph: With the help of a few noblemen, Cardano obtained a teaching position in mathematics in Milan. Having finally received his medical license, he practiced mathematics and medicine simultaneously, treating a few influential patients in the process. Because of this, he became one of the most sought-after doctors in Milan. In fact, by 1536, he was able to quit his teaching position, although he was still interested in mathematics. His notability in the medical field was such that the aristocracy tried to lure him out of Milan. Cardano later wrote that he turned down offers from the kings of Denmark and France, and the Queen of Scotland.

paragraph: Section::::Mathematics.

paragraph: Cardano was the first mathematician to make systematic use of negative numbers. He published with attribution the solution of Scipione del Ferro to the cubic equation and the solution of his student Lodovico Ferrari to the quartic equation in his 1545 book "Ars Magna". The solution to one particular case of the cubic equation formula_1 (in modern notation), had been communicated to him in 1539 by Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia (who later claimed that Cardano had sworn not to reveal it, and engaged Cardano in a decade-long dispute) in the form of a poem, but Ferro's solution predated Fontana's. In his exposition, he acknowledged the existence of what are now called imaginary numbers, although he did not understand their properties, described for the first time by his Italian contemporary Rafael Bombelli. In "Opus novum de proportionibus" he introduced the binomial coefficients and the binomial theorem.

paragraph: Cardano was notoriously short of money and kept himself solvent by being an accomplished gambler and chess player. His book about games of chance, "Liber de ludo aleae" ("Book on Games of Chance"), written around 1564, but not published until 1663, contains the first systematic treatment of probability, as well as a section on effective cheating methods. He used the game of throwing dice to understand the basic concepts of probability. He demonstrated the efficacy of defining odds as the ratio of favourable to unfavourable outcomes (which implies that the probability of an event is given by the ratio of favourable outcomes to the total number of possible outcomes). He was also aware of the multiplication rule for independent events but was not certain about what values should be multiplied.

paragraph: Section::::Other contributions.

paragraph: Cardano's work with hypocycloids led him to the Cardan's Movement or Cardan Gear mechanism, in which a pair of gears with the smaller being one-half the size of the larger gear is used converting rotational motion to linear motion with greater efficiency and precision than a Scotch yoke, for example. He is also credited with the invention of the Cardan suspension or gimbal.

paragraph: Cardano made several contributions to hydrodynamics and held that perpetual motion is impossible, except in celestial bodies. He published two encyclopedias of natural science which contain a wide variety of inventions, facts, and occult superstitions. He also introduced the Cardan grille, a cryptographic writing tool, in 1550.

paragraph: Someone also assigned to Cardano the credit for the invention of the so-called "Cardano's Rings", also called Chinese Rings, but it is very probable that they predate Cardano.

paragraph: Significantly, in the history of education of the deaf, he said that deaf people were capable of using their minds, argued for the importance of teaching them, and was one of the first to state that deaf people could learn to read and write without learning how to speak first. He was familiar with a report by Rudolph Agricola about a deaf mute who had learned to write.

paragraph: Section::::"De Subtilitate" (1550).

paragraph: As quoted from Charles Lyell's "Principles of Geology":

paragraph: The title of a work of Cardano's, published in 1552, "De Subtilitate" (corresponding to what would now be called transcendental philosophy), would lead us to expect, in the chapter on minerals, many far fetched theories characteristic of that age; but when treating of petrified shells, he decided that they clearly indicated the former sojourn of the sea upon the mountains.

paragraph: Section::::Later years and death.

paragraph: Two of Cardano's children — Giovanni Battista and Aldo Urbano — came to ignoble ends. Giovanni Battista, Cardano's eldest and favorite son, was tried and beheaded in 1560 for poisoning his wife, after he discovered that their three children were not his. Aldo Urbano was a gambler, who stole money from his father, and so Gerolamo disinherited him in 1569.

paragraph: Cardano moved from Pavia to Bologna, in part because he believed that the decision to execute Giovanni was influenced by Gerolamo's battles with the academic establishment in Pavia, and his colleagues' jealousy at his scientific achievements and also because he was beset with allegations of sexual impropriety with his students. Cardano was arrested by the Inquisition in 1570 for unknown reasons, and forced to spend several months in prison and abjure his professorship. He moved to Rome, and received a lifetime annuity from Pope Gregory XIII (after first having been rejected by Pope Pius V) and finished his autobiography. He was accepted in the Royal College of Physicians, and as well as practising medicine he continued his philosophical studies until his death in 1576. Cardano is reported to have correctly predicted the exact date of his own death but it has been claimed that he achieved this by committing suicide.

paragraph: Section::::References in literature.

paragraph: The seventeenth century English physician and philosopher Sir Thomas Browne possessed the ten volumes of the Leyden 1663 edition of the complete works of Cardan in his library.

paragraph: Browne critically viewed Cardan as:

paragraph: "that famous Physician of Milan, a great Enquirer of Truth, but too greedy a Receiver of it. He hath left many excellent Discourses, Medical, Natural, and Astrological; the most suspicious are those two he wrote by admonition in a dream, that is "De Subtilitate & Varietate Rerum". Assuredly this learned man hath taken many things upon trust, and although examined some, hath let slip many others. He is of singular use unto a prudent Reader; but unto him that only desireth , or to replenish his head with varieties; like many others before related, either in the Original or confirmation, he may become no small occasion of Error."

paragraph: Richard Hinckley Allen tells of an amusing reference made by Samuel Butler in his book "Hudibras":

paragraph: poem

paragraph: Cardan believ'd great states depend

paragraph: Upon the tip o'th' Bear's tail's end;

paragraph: That, as she wisk'd it t'wards the Sun,

paragraph: Strew'd mighty empires up and down;

paragraph: Which others say must needs be false,

paragraph: Because your true bears have no tails.

paragraph: /poem

paragraph: Alessandro Manzoni's novel "I Promessi Sposi" portrays a pedantic scholar of the obsolete, Don Ferrante, as a great admirer of Cardano. Significantly, he values him only for his superstitious and astrological writings; his scientific writings are dismissed because they contradict Aristotle, but excused on the ground that the author of the astrological works deserves to be listened to even when he is wrong.

paragraph: English novelist E. M. Forster's "Abinger Harvest", a 1936 volume of essays, authorial reviews and a play, provides a sympathetic treatment of Cardano in the section titled 'The Past'. Forster believes Cardano was so absorbed in "self-analysis that he often forgot to repent of his bad temper, his stupidity, his licentiousness, and love of revenge" (212).

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De malo recentiorum medicorum medendi usu libellus", Hieronymus Scotus, Venice, 1536 (on medicine).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Practica arithmetice et mensurandi singularis" (on mathematics), Io. Antoninus Castellioneus/Bernadino Caluscho, Milan, 1539.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Consolatione, Libri tres", Hieronymus Scotus, Venice, 1542.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Translation into English by T. Bedingfield (1573).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Libelli duo: De Supplemento Almanach; De Restitutione temporum et motuum coelestium; Item Geniturae LXVII insignes casibus et fortuna, cum expositione", Iohan. Petreius, Norimbergae, 1543.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Sapientia, Libri quinque", Iohan. Petreius, Norimbergae, 1544 (with "De Consolatione" reprint and "De Libris Propriis", book I).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Immortalitate animorum", Henric Petreius, Nuremberg 1544/Sebastianus Gryphius, Lyons, 1545.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Contradicentium medicorum" (on medicine), Hieronymus Scotus, Venetijs, 1545.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Artis magnae, sive de regulis algebraicis" (on algebra: also known as "Ars magna"), Iohan. Petreius, Nuremberg, 1545.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Translation into English by D. Witmer (1968).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Della Natura de Principii e Regole Musicale", ca 1546 (on music theory: in Italian): posthumously published.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Subtilitate rerum" (on natural phenomena), Johann Petreius, Nuremberg, 1550 .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Translation into English by J.M. Forrester (2013).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Metoposcopia libris tredecim, et octingentis faciei humanae eiconibus complexa" (on physiognomy), written 1550 (published posthumously by Thomas Jolly, Paris (Lutetiae Parisiorum), 1658).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Cl. Ptolemaei Pelusiensis IIII, De Astrorum judiciis... libros commentaria: cum eiusdem De Genituris libro", Henrichus Petri, Basle, 1554.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geniturarum Exemplar" ("De Genituris liber", separate printing), Theobaldus Paganus, Lyons, 1555.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ars Curandi Parva" (written c. 1556).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Libris propriis" (about the books he has written, and his successes in medical work), Gulielmus Rouillius, Leiden, 1557.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Rerum varietate, Libri XVII" (on natural phenomena); (Revised edition), Matthaeus Vincentius, Avignon 1558. Also Basle, Henricus Petri, 1559.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Actio prima in calumniatorem" (reply to J.C. Scaliger), 1557.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Utilitate ex adversis capienda, Libri IIII" (on the uses of adversity), Henrich Petri, Basle, 1561.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Theonoston, seu De Tranquilitate", 1561. (Opera, Vol. II).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Somniorum synesiorum omnis generis insomnia explicantes, Libri IIII" (Book of Dreams: with other writings), Henricus Petri, Basle 1562.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Neronis encomium", Basle, 1562.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Translation into English by A. Paratico (2012).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Providentia ex anni constitutione," Alexander Benaccius, Bononiae, 1563.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Methodo medendi," Paris, In Aedibus Rouillii, 1565.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Causis, signis ac locis morborum, Liber unus", Alexander Benatius, Bononiae, 1569.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Commentarii in Hippocratis Coi Prognostica, Opus Divinum; Commentarii De Aere, aquis et locis opus", Henric Petrina Officina, Basel, 1568/1570.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Opus novum, De Proportionibus numerorum, motuum, ponderum, sonorum, aliarumque rerum mensurandarum. Item de aliza regula", Henric Petrina, Basel, 1570.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Opus novum, cunctis De Sanitate tuenda, Libri quattuor", Sebastian HenricPetri, Basle, 1569.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Vita propria", 1576 (autobiography).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Translation into English by J. Stoner (2002).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Liber De Ludo aleae", ("On Casting the Die" - on probability): posthumously published.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Translation into English by S.H. Gould (1961).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Proxeneta, seu De Prudentia Civili" (posthumously published: Paulus Marceau, Geneva, 1630).

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Collected Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hieronymi Cardani Mediolanensis Opera Omnia, cura Carolii Sponii" (Lugduni, Ioannis Antonii Huguetan and Marci Antonii Ravaud, 1663) (10 volumes, Latin):

paragraph: BULLET::::- Volume 1: Philologica, Logica, Moralia (Internet Archive; another at Google; another at Google)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Volume 2: Moralia Quaedam et Physica (Google)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Volume 3: Physica (Google)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Volume 4: Arithmetica, Geometrica, Musica (Google)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Volume 5: Astronomica, Astrologica, Onirocritica (Internet Archive; another at Google)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Volume 6: Medicinalium I (Google)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Volume 7: Medicinalium II (Google)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Volume 8: Medicinalium III (Google)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Volume 9: Medicinalium IV (Google)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Volume 10: Opuscula Miscellanea (Google)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blow book - an early form of art or magic trick initially uncovered by Gerolamo Cardano

paragraph: BULLET::::- Negative numbers - the core of Cardano's major contributions to science and maths

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardano, Girolamo, "Astrological Aphorisms of Cardan". Edmonds, WA: Sure Fire Press, 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardano, Girolamo, "The Book of My Life." trans. by Jean Stoner. New York: New York Review of Books, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardano, Girolamo, "Opera omnia", Charles Sponi, ed., 10 vols. Lyons, 1663.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardano, Girolamo, "Nero: an Exemplary Life" Inckstone 2012, translation in English of the "Neronis Encomium".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dunham, William, "Journey through Genius", Chapter 6, 1990, John Wiley and Sons. . Discusses Cardano's life and solution of the cubic equation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ekert, Artur, "Complex and unpredictable Cardano". "International Journal of Theoretical Physics", Vol. 47, Issue 8, pp. 2101–2119. arXiv e-print (arXiv:0806.0485).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giglioni, Guido, "'Bolognan boys are beautiful, tasteful and mostly fine musicians': Cardano on male same-sex love and music", in: Kenneth Borris & George Rousseau (curr.), "The sciences of homosexuality in early modern Europe", Routledge, London 2007, pp. 201–220.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grafton, Anthony, "Cardano's Cosmos: The Worlds and Works of a Renaissance Astrologer." Harvard University Press, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morley, Henry, "The life of Girolamo Cardano, of Milan, Physician" 2 vols. Chapman & Hall, London 1854.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ore, Øystein, "Cardano, the Gambling Scholar". Princeton, 1953.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rutkin, H. Darrel, "Astrological conditioning of same-sexual relations in Girolamo Cardano's theoretical treatises and celebrity genitures", in: Kenneth Borris & George Rousseau (curr.), "The sciences of homosexuality in early modern Europe", Routledge, London 2007, pp. 183–200.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sirasi, Nancy G., "The Clock and the Mirror: Girolamo Cardano and Renaissance Medicine", Princeton University Press, 1997.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georgio Vivi (ed.), "Cardani Mediolanensis Philosophi ac Medici Celeberrimi Bibliographia", Tertia Editio (Author, 'Cosmopoli', 2018), View free at Scribd. A very compendious bibliography of works referring to Cardano.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A recreational article about Cardano and the discovery of the two basic ingredients of quantum theory, probability and complex numbers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Categoria:Testi_in_cui_%C3%A8_citato_Girolamo_Cardano

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Science Collection at Linda Hall Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Girolamo Cardano, Strumenti per la storia del Rinascimento in Italia settentrionale (in Italian) and English"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries High resolution images of works by and/or portraits of Gerolamo Cardano in .jpg and .tiff format.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Forster, E.M. 'Cardan' in "Abinger Harvest" (1936). Middlesex, UK: Penguin Books Ltd. pp. 208–221.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cardano v Tartaglia: The Great Feud Out of Bounds" by Tony Rothman

paragraph: BULLET::::- De Subtilitate Libri XXI From the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the Library of Congress

paragraph: BULLET::::- W.G. Waters, "Jerome Cardan, a Biographical Study" (Lawrence and Bullen, London 1898), from Internet Archive (A barely-disguised re-hash of Morley's work)

description: Italian Renaissance mathematician, physician, astrologer

enwikiquote_title: Gerolamo Cardano

wikidata_label: Gerolamo Cardano

wikipedia_title: Gerolamo Cardano


text:
German Expressionist
Koblenz
William Straube
Henri Matisse
Cavalry Officer
Adolf Holzel
Stuttgart
Rhenish Expressionists
Düsseldorf
Carl Maria Weber
Joseph Breitbach
First International Art Exhibition
November Group
Max Jacob
Pablo Picasso
Jean Schlumberger
André Gide
Julien Green
Virgil
Horace
Ovid
Otto Kahn
George Vanderbilt
Biltmore Estate
Merzig
expressionism
cubism

categories: German male painters,1974 deaths,Greek artists,German Expressionist painters,1892 births,20th-century German painters

paragraph: Alexander Mohr

paragraph: Alexander Mohr (1892–1974) was a German Expressionist artist.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Mohr was born in Frankenberg, Germany, to affluent parents who hailed from an aristocratic background. Mohr commenced his formal artistic instruction in 1905 in Koblenz, Germany under the tutelage of German expressionist William Straube (1871–1954), who was a student of Henri Matisse. His formal training was interrupted by World War I where he served as a Cavalry Officer from 1914 to 1918 in the war's eastern front.

paragraph: The war behind him, in 1919 Mohr studied under expressionist Adolf Holzel (1853–1934) in Stuttgart and executed his works in the circle of the Rhenish Expressionists in Düsseldorf.

paragraph: In 1919, he illustrated a book for famed German expressionist writer Carl Maria Weber and later rendered avant-garde illustrations for other publications. Commencing in 1920 Mohr began a lifelong friendship with the French-German writer Joseph Breitbach (1903–1980).

paragraph: In 1922, Mohr participated in the First International Art Exhibition in Düsseldorf. Later that year Mohr transitioned to Berlin where he became a member of the expressionist November Group and developed an acquaintance with art-handlers Alfred Flechtheim and Wilhelm Uhde.

paragraph: From 1925 to 1931, Mohr both studied and worked in Paris with three one-man exhibitions in 1927, 1929 and 1930. Through his acquaintance with expressionist Max Jacob, Mohr gained access to Pablo Picasso, with further references from his author friend Joseph Breitbach. While in Paris, Mohr was comfortable and frequently seen with the bon vivant literary elite of Paris, including Jean Schlumberger, André Gide and Julien Green.

paragraph: Many believe that Mohr's finest expressionist paintings were executed during his Paris years and represented bucolic, mythological scenes influenced by the writings of Virgil, Horace and Ovid as the three canonical poets of Latin literature.

paragraph: On occasion during 1925 to 1930 Mohr journeyed to Hungary, Spain, Italy and Switzerland to advance his expressionist agenda. In Rhenish Expressionism1932, Mohr visited Greece where he met and married Elsa Kahn, who would remain his lifelong partner. (Elsa's uncle was investment banker Otto Kahn (1867–1934) who built a 127-room mansion on Long Island, the second largest private residence in the United States, after George Vanderbilt's Biltmore Estate in Asheville, North Carolina.)

paragraph: For the next decade, Mohr worked mostly in Germany, favoring his family homes in Trier and also Merzig, but also with frequent stays in Paris and Greece, inclusive of exhibitions in both Germany and Greece. His last one-man exhibition in Paris was in 1939 as the rumblings of World War II became louder. Mohr recognized the signs of conflict and opted to reside in Greece from 1942 to 1949.

paragraph: From the mid-1930s, Mohr's artistic style migrated from expressionism to a more abstract form of the German expressionist movement, albeit some characterize this period as a transition to cubism by Mohr. While both expressionism and cubism are forms of modern art, cubism is based much less on the expression of emotion than it is on an intellectual experiment with structure and few would argue that emotion is lacking in Mohr's works. His paintings exude expressive emotion and are executed with quintessential German exactitude. Mohr was a wizard in catching an expression as elusive as thought. A master of expressionist painting, Mohr latched on to the brash and angular. We can only imagine Mohr propped on his studio stool, well-groomed yet smug as he lays evanescent highlights onto the impastic background of the canvas of his early expressionistic work and on another occasion wondering if we will identify the blended nuances, all but hidden, in his later abstract expressionist works.

paragraph: From 1950 to 1953, Mohr once again migrated to Paris and worked from a studio provided by the Schlumberger family and remained in close contact with his friend Joseph Breitbach.

paragraph: Beginning in the mid-1950s, Mohr resumed his peripatetic travel rhythm and his lifelong expressionist painting passion became a more casual endeavor. On February 8, 1974, expressionist painter Alexander Mohr died after a short illness in Athens, Greece and was interred there.

paragraph: Several retrospective exhibitions of the work of Alexander Mohr were held in the following decades. His life is described in "Alexander Mohr–Der Maler mit den Flügelschuhen" a 410-page illustrated monograph written by Christl Lehnert-Leven and published in 1996 in Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1919 Cologne, Cologne Art Association, Society of the Kunste, November

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1922 Düsseldorf, Leonhard Tietz AG, First International Art Exhibition, 28 May to 3 July

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1922 Berlin, Gallerie Alfred Flechtheim, One-man exhibition, October

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1924 Trier, Artist's home, Christmas exhibition, December

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1927 Paris, Galerie Zborowski, One-man exhibition, 7 to 22 January

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1927 Trier, Paulusplatz, College exhibition, April

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1928 Essen, Folkwang Museum Exhibition, January

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1928 Düsseldorf, Kunstpalast, German art exhibition, May to October

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1929 Paris, Galerie aux Quatre Chemins, One-man exhibition, 16 to 30 November

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1930 Paris, Galerie Klienmann & Cie., One-man exhibition, 31 October to 14 November

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1930 Trier, Kornmarkt, Annual exhibition, 30 November to 14 December

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1931 Trier, Bezirk, Annual exhibition, 6 to 20 December

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1931-1932 Athens, Galerie Parnassos, One-man exhibition, 20 December to 4 January

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1932 Luxembourg, Galerie Menn, One-man exhibition, 16 April to 4 May

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1932 Trier, Bischof-Korum house, Rhenish exhibition, 18 to 20 June

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1932 Trier, Kornmarkt, Annual exhibition, December

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1932-1933 Athens, Galerie Studio, One-man exhibition, 18 December to 18 January

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1933 Cologne, Cologne Art Association, One-man exhibition, 1 to 26 December

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1934 Stuttgart, Wurttembergischer Art Association, One-man exhibition, 6 January to 4 February

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1934 Athens, Galerie D’Art Geo, One-man exhibition, 19 November to 15 December

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1935 Cologne, Cologne Art Association, One-man exhibition, September

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1935 Saarbrücken, National Museum, One-man exhibition, 20 October to 20 November

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1936 Trier, Paulusplatz, Exhibition, August to September

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1938 Athens, Galerie Stratigopoulos, One-man exhibition, 2 to 19 February

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1939 Paris, Galerie Poyet, One-man exhibitio, 17 March to 5 April

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1939 Trier, Konstantinplatz, Christmas exhibition, 15 November to 16 December

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1941 Berlin, Kunstdienst Exhibition, 28 September to 26 October

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1941 Trier, Konstantinplatz, Christmas exhibition, December

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1942 Posen, Kaiser Friedrich Museum, Exhibition, 21 March to 19 April

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1942 Breslau, Station der Vorgen, Exhibition, 21 June to 19 July

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1942 Trier, Palastmuseum, Exhibition, July

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1942 Luxembourg, Kunsthaus, Exhibition, December

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1943 Luxembourg, Kunsthaus Exhibition, 17 October to 19 December

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1944 Trier, Palastmuseum Exhibition, July

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1944 Luxembourg, Fruhjahrsausstellung, Exhibition, March

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1946 Trier, Paulusplatz, Exhibition, 22 September to 12 October

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1947 Trier, Paulusplatz, Christmas exhibition, December

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1950 Mettlach, Abteigebaude, One-man exhibition, 7 to 21 May

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1954 Saarlouis, French Consulate, One-man exhibition, July and August

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958 Athens, Goethe Institute, One-man exhibition, 27 March to 9 April

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958 Saarbrücken, Galerie van Hees, One-man exhibition, 23 October to 7 November

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961 Wurgendorf, Heimhoftheater, One-man exhibition, 11 to 23 November

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961 Koblenz, Kurfurstliches Schloss, One-man exhibition, 10 to 23 December

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962 Marseille, Goethe Institute, One-man exhibition, 5 to 17 February

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962 Bonn, Bucherstube, One-man exhibition, 9 to 29 March

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962 Krefeld, Galerie Carl Uhrig, One-man exhibition, April

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962 Nauheim, Kurhaus, Exhibition, May

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962 Giessen, Universitatsbibliothek, One-man exhibition, 23 June to 11 July

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962 Wetzlar, Exhibition Hall, One-man exhibition, July and August

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962 Bad Ems, Kursaalgebaude, One-man exhibition, 1 to 14 September

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962 Koblenz, Kurfurstliches Schloss, Exhibition, 22 September to 22 October

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962 Frankfurt, Dornbuschaus, One-man exhibition, 3 to 22 November

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964 Düsseldorf, Verein-Malkasten, One-man exhibition, 17 March to 8 April

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 Ploermel, Galerie les Marmousets, One-man exhibition, 3 to 31 December

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976 Trier, Stadtisches Museum Simeonstift, Exhibition, 12 March to 19 April

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 Merzig, Hilbringen, Exhibition, 18 to 22 February

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 Bonn, August Macke House, Rhenish expressionism exhibition, 28 February to 2 May

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 Trier, Stadtisches Museum Simeonstift, Exhibition, 29 April to 1 September

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996-1997 Trier, Stadtisches Museum Simeonstift, Retrospective, 16 December to 31 March

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 Koblenz, Mittelrhein-Museum, Retrospective, 30 April to 1 June

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999-2000 Newport Beach, The Pacific Art Foundation, Retrospective, 15 November to 15 May

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bibliography of the History of Art: BHA = Bibliographie D'histoire de L'art" Published by Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut de l'information scientifique et technique, 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- Weisenfeld, G.S. "Mavo: Japanese Artists and the Avant-garde, 1905-1931" (University of California Press, 2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christl Lehnert-Leven "Alexander Mohr: Der Maler mit den Flügelschuhen" (Selbstverlag des Stadtischen Museums: Germany, 1996)

description: German artist

wikidata_label: Alexander Mohr

wikipedia_title: Alexander Mohr


href: Palermo Spaccaforno Italy Sicily Rococo Filippo%20Tancredi Gaspare%20Serenario Sebastiano%20Conca Corrado%20Giaquinto Palermo Catania Melilli Ispica Ragusa%2C%20Italy Vito%20D%27Anna Palermo Agrigento Catania Messina Syracuse%2C%20Sicily Trapani

text:
Palermo
Spaccaforno
Italian
Sicily
Rococo
Filippo Tancredi
Gaspare Serenario
Sebastiano Conca
Corrado Giaquinto
Palermo
Catania
Melilli
Ispica
Ragusa
Vito D'Anna
Palermo
Agrigento
Catania
Messina
Siracusa
Trapani

categories: Italian male painters,People from Palermo,1765 deaths,1696 births,18th-century Italian painters,Sicilian painters,Italian Baroque painters

paragraph: Olivio Sòzzi

paragraph: Olivio Sòzzi or Sozzi (1696 in Palermo – 1765 in Spaccaforno) was an Italian painter, active in Sicily during the Rococo period.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He obtained his first training in the local studio of Filippo Tancredi, he then moved in 1729 along with Gaspare Serenario to Rome to work with Sebastiano Conca. He befriended Corrado Giaquinto. He returned to Palermo in 1740, and moved to Catania in 1750. He was very prolific in Sicily, painting sacred subjects in oil and fresco in numerous churches and monasteries. In his later years he worked in the southwest of the island, decorating the church of San Sebastiano in Melilli (1752), and the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore in Ispica (1763), near Ragusa. He died from a risk faced by fresco painters of ceilings, falling from a scaffold built to decorate a chapel ceiling in the Basilica at Ispica.

paragraph: His daughter married the painter Vito D'Anna of Palermo; the latter was helping him in his last work at Ispica. His works can be found in Agrigento, Catania, Messina, Siracusa, Trapani, Palermo, and Ragusa.

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Olivio Sozzi

wikipedia_title: Olivio Sòzzi


text:
The Best of Everything
Best Costumes-Color
32nd Academy Awards

categories: American costume designers,2008 deaths,1915 births,People from Santa Ana, California

paragraph: Adele Palmer

paragraph: Adele Palmer (October 21, 1915 – July 1, 2008) was an American costume designer who worked on more than 300 films during her long career. She was nominated for one Oscar. This was for the film "The Best of Everything", in the category of Best Costumes-Color during the 32nd Academy Awards.

description: Costume Designer

wikidata_label: Adele Palmer

wikipedia_title: Adele Palmer


text:
ice hockey
Montreal Canadiens
Jim Benning
Brian Benning
St. Albert Saints
University of Notre Dame
Harvard University
Harvard University
EC Bad Nauheim
Stanford Business School

categories: Stanford University alumni,Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey players,1964 births,Sportspeople from Edmonton,Ice hockey people from Alberta,Living people

paragraph: Mark Benning

paragraph: Mark Benning (born April 19, 1964) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Benning was born in Edmonton as the son of current NHL scout Elmer Benning for the Montreal Canadiens, and brother of former NHL players Jim Benning and Brian Benning. Benning played for the St. Albert Saints junior hockey team. He was late recruited by the University of Notre Dame, Benning played for two years and then transferred to Harvard University in 1984. Benning graduated from Harvard University with a degree in Economics in 1987. He was named a first-team All-American, an Academic All-American, All-Ivy League, All-ECAC and as of 2014 still holds the record for career assists by a defenseman at Harvard with 102. A three-year letter winner, Benning was also the 1987 Tudor Cup winner for Most Valuable Player at Harvard and the 1987 Bingham Award winner for most valuable athlete in the Harvard senior class.

paragraph: After college Benning played for EC Bad Nauheim in the German Hockey League for two seasons before retiring from hockey in 1989. He then went to Stanford Business School and is now an options trader in San Diego, California.

paragraph: He was inducted into the Harvard Athletic Hall of Fame in 2004.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://www.harvardvarsityclub.org/article.html?aid=573

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1985/1/10/mark-benning-pthey-value-defense-in/

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=23258

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.eliteprospects.com/player.php?player=275938

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.ahcahockey.com/allamer/1987.php

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.ivy50.com/story.aspx?sid=4/10/2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/history/honors/academic_all-america/harvard

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.cosida.com/documents/2010/4/19/alltimeaaaindividualbyschool-1.pdf

description: American ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Mark Benning

wikipedia_title: Mark Benning


text:
Naples
Italian
Baroque
Francesco Solimena
Corrado Giaquinto
Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI
Aloys Thomas Raimund Graf Harrach
Palais Harrach
Rohrau, Austria
Santa Maria di Piedigrotta, Naples
Santa Croce di Lucca
Royal Palace of Naples
San Lorenzo

categories: 1758 deaths,Italian male painters,Neapolitan painters,18th-century Italian painters,1690 births,Italian Baroque painters

paragraph: Nicola Maria Rossi

paragraph: Nicola Maria Rossi, also known as Nicolò Maria (Naples, 1690 – Naples, 23 April 1758) was an Italian painter of the late-Baroque.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: At the age of 15 years, he had begun studying a classic education, but after a fireworks injury damaged on eye, he became a pupil of Francesco Solimena in 1706. Nicola later likely tutored Corrado Giaquinto while in that studio.

paragraph: Rossi painted an altarpiece of the "Immaculate Conception with Saints and Bishops" for the church of the Cappuccinelle sopra Ponte Corbo. Rossi was called to Vienna, to paint a Hall for the Marquis of Refrano, a counselor for the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI. He depicted "Heroic virtue crowned by Glory, Fame, and other Virtues". In Vienna, he also painted portraits of the chancellor, the Count of Zinzendorff, and others in the court. Her returned to Naples, where he worked for the Viceroy Aloys Thomas Raimund Graf Harrach. He painted allegoric and mythologic panels, as well as large canvases depicting the viceroys functions in various public ceremonies, to be sent to his palace (Palais Harrach) in Vienna. Many of these works are now housed in the Schloss Harrach in Rohrau, Austria. One of the panels depicted the Viceroy visiting on September 8 the church of Santa Maria di Piedigrotta, Naples. He also painted two large canvases, placed lateral to the main altar depicting "The Discovery of the True Cross by Saint Helena" and "Emperor Heraclius Paying Penitent Homage to the True Cross" for the church of Santa Croce di Lucca. Rossi also painted some of the rooms of the Queen in the Royal Palace of Naples with frescoes of "Minerva and Aurora". He painted for the church of San Lorenzo, two canvases: one of the "Virgin with Angels and the instruments of Passion" and the other "Two Saints of the Order of Servites".

alias:
Nicola Rossi
Nicolas-Maria Rossi

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Nicola Maria Rossi

wikipedia_title: Nicola Maria Rossi


text:
Greek
epithet
Indo-Greek
Strato I
Menander I
Gandhara
Punjab
Nicias
Theophilus
Hellenistic Kingdom
Alexander the Great
Seleucid
Ptolemaic
Athena
Agathocles
Strato I
Heliokles II
Greco-Buddhism
Indo-Scythians
Main coins of Agathokleia

categories: Ancient women regents,Ancient Indian women,2nd-century BC women rulers,2nd-century BC Indian monarchs,2nd-century BC Greek people,Indian female royalty,Ancient Greek women rulers,Indo-Greek kings

paragraph: Agathokleia

paragraph: Agathokleia Theotropos (Greek: ; the epithet possibly means "the Goddess-like") was an Indo-Greek queen who ruled in parts of northern India in the 2nd-century BC as regent for her son Strato I.

paragraph: Section::::Date and genealogy.

paragraph: The traditional view, introduced by Tarn and defended as late as 1998 by Bopearachchi, is that Agathokleia was the widow of Menander I. In the civil wars after Menander's death, the Indo-Greek empire was divided, with Agathokleia and her young son Strato maintaining themselves in the eastern territories of Gandhara and Punjab.

paragraph: The modern view, embraced by R. C. Senior and probably more solid since it is founded on numismatical analyses, suggests that Agathokleia was a later queen, perhaps ruling from 110 BC–100 BC or slightly later. In this case, Agathokleia was likely the widow of another king, possibly Nicias or Theophilus. In either case, Agathokleia was among the first women to rule a Hellenistic Kingdom, in the period following the reign of Alexander the Great.

paragraph: Some of her subjects may have been reluctant to accept an infant king with a queen regent: unlike the Seleucid and Ptolemaic Kingdoms, almost all Indo-Greek rulers were depicted as grown men. This was probably because the kings were required to command armies, as can be seen on their coins where they are often depicted with helmets and spears. Agathokleia seems to have associated herself with Athena, the goddess of war. Athena was also the dynastic deity of the family of Menander, and Agathokleia's prominent position suggests that she was herself the daughter of a king, though she was probably too late to have been a daughter of the Bactrian king Agathocles.

paragraph: Section::::Coinage.

paragraph: The coins of Agathokleia and Strato were all bilingual, and Agathokleia's name appears more often in the Greek legend than in the Indian.

paragraph: "(See Strato I for details of legends.)"

paragraph: Most of Agathokleia's coins were struck jointly with her son Strato, though on their first issues, he is not featured on the portrait.

paragraph: Silver: Bust of Agathokleia/walking king

paragraph: Bust of Strato and Agathokleia conjoined/Athena Alkidemos

paragraph: Bronzes: Bust of either helmeted Athena or Agathokleia as a personification of this goddess/sitting Herakles

paragraph: The later king Heliokles II overstruck some of Agathokleia's coins.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Buddhism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Scythians

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- W. W. Tarn. "The Greeks in Bactria and India." Third Edition. Cambridge: University Press, 1966.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Main coins of Agathokleia

description: politician

wikidata_label: Agathokleia

wikipedia_title: Agathokleia


text: Mamluk

text: Crusader states

text: Palestine

text: capture of Acre

text: Khalil ibn Aybak as-Safadi

text: Qalawun

text: an-Nasir Muhammad

text: Mongol

text: Lesser Armenia

text: khutba

text: Friday prayer

text: mamluk

text: Circassian

text: Cairo Citadel

text: Damascus

text: County of Tripoli

text: Crusader

text: Syria

text: Acre

text: Kingdom of Jerusalem

text: Ayyubid

text: Hama

text: al-Muzaffar Mahmud II

text: mangonel

text: Tripoli

text: al-Karak

text: Knights Templar

text: Tyre

text: Sidon

text: Beirut

text: Haifa

text: Tartus

text: Atlit

text: Ibn al-Sal'us

text: Qal'at ar-Rum

text: Patriarch of Armenia

text: Sis

text: Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia

text: Til Hemdun

text: Marash

text: Behesni

text: Baibars

text: Louis IX

text: Seventh Crusade

text: Pope Nicholas IV

text: Philip IV of France

text: Pope Clement V

text: Turkish

text: Circassians

text: Turug

text: Alexandria

text: Kitbugha

text: Baibars al-Jashnikir

text: Al-Nasir Muhammad

text: Vicegerent

text: Kipchaks

text: Abu al-Fida

text: The Concise History of Humanity

text: Al-Maqrizi

text: Ibn Taghri

text: Templar of Tyre

text: Map of Kom Turuga

categories: 13th-century murdered monarchs,1260s births,Bahri sultans,1293 deaths,13th-century Mamluk sultans

paragraph: Al-Ashraf Khalil

paragraph: Al-Ashraf Salāh ad-Dīn Khalil ibn Qalawūn (; c. 1260s – 14 December 1293) was the eighth Mamluk sultan between November 1290 until his assassination in December 1293. He was well known for conquering the last of the Crusader states in Palestine in the capture of Acre in 1291.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Khalil's exact year of birth is not known, although according to the Mamluk-era historian, Khalil ibn Aybak as-Safadi, he died "in his thirties or less". He was the second eldest son of Sultan Qalawun (r. 1279–1290) and his mother was a woman named Qutqutiya. Khalil had three brothers, as-Salih Ali, an-Nasir Muhammad and Ahmad, and two sisters. In 1284, Khalil married Ardukin, the daughter of Sayf ad-Din Nukih ibn Bayan, a Mongol emir of Qalawun. As-Salih Ali, al-Ashraf Khalil's brother, married Ardukin's sister, and both wives were chosen by Qalawun's second wife because of their Mongol ethnicity, which was considered prestigious by the Mamluks. Khalil had two daughters with Ardukin, who are unnamed in the Mamluk sources.

paragraph: Qalawun had proclaimed as-Salih Ali as his heir apparent in 1280. From that point on, as-Salih Ali's name was added next to Qalawun's name in treaties. Khalil's name also began to be added to treaties in the regal style of "al-Malik al-Ashraf" starting in 1285 in the treaty between Qalawun and the king of Lesser Armenia. When as-Salih Ali died in 1288, Qalawun appointed al-Ashraf Khalil as his co-sultan. While al-Ashraf Khalil's name was read alongside Qalawun's name in the "khutba" (Friday prayer sermon) and the emirs swore their allegiance to him, Qalawun did not sign the "ahd" (diploma of investiture) confirming al-Ashraf Khalil's appointment. The reason for Qalawun's apparent hesitance is not clear, but he may have considered al-Ashraf Khalil unsuitable for the sultanate or was wary of the enmity between al-Ashraf Khalil and the "na'ib as-saltana" (viceroy of Egypt), Emir Husam ad-Din Turuntay, who had been a strong advocate for as-Salih Ali's accession.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Al-Ashraf Khalil succeeded Qalawun following the latter's death on 9 November 1290. He prevented Qalawun's burial for two months, either as a precaution to ensure his smooth succession or to wait until Qalawun's mausoleum was completed. With his ascendancy, al-Ashraf Khalil absorbed his father's roughly 6,000 Mansuriyya "mamluks" into his own 1,200-strong, mostly Circassian, "mamluk" corps, the Ashrafiyya. The Mansuriyya were the most powerful "mamluk" regiment in the sultanate and al-Ashraf Khalil sought to co-opt them.

paragraph: In the royal procession that following al-Ashraf Khalil's accession to the throne, Turuntay launched an assassination attempt against al-Ashraf Khalil, but it failed. Instead, al-Ashraf Khalil had Turuntay imprisoned in the Cairo Citadel. After being heavily tortured for three days, Turuntay was put to death in November. He was briefly replaced by Emir ‘Alam al-Din Sanjar al-Shuja‘i al-Mansuri (, ʿAlam ad-Dīn Sanǧar aš-Šuǧāʿī al-Manṣūrī) until the latter was dispatched to Damascus and replaced by Emir Baydara. Al-Ashraf Khalil made Baydara "na'ib as-saltana" and "atabeg al-asakir" (commander in chief). The frequent exchanging of offices between the Mansuri emirs and their frequent imprisonment and release was a phenomenon that marked al-Ashraf Khalil's three-year reign. According to historian Amir Mazor, "Al-Ashraf Khalil's policy toward the Mansuriyya was totally arbitrary, haphazard and lacked long-term political vision", but he nonetheless did not target the Mansuri "mamluks" as a faction and did not replace Mansuri officeholders with his Ashrafi "mamluks".

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Conquest of Acre.

paragraph: Qalawun had conquered the County of Tripoli in 1289 and made clear his determination to end the Crusader presence in Syria. In November 1290, he began his march toward Acre, the capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, but died outside of Cairo shortly after. With the siege plans having already been prepared by Qalawun and his lieutenants, al-Ashraf Khalil resumed his father's offensive on 2 March 1291. As he led the Mamluk army of Egypt, he sent orders to the Mamluk emirs of Syria, including the sultanate's Ayyubid vassals in Hama under al-Muzaffar Mahmud II, to assemble their mangonels and head toward Acre. The other Syrian Mamluk armies were from Damascus (led by Lajin), Tripoli (led by Bilban) and al-Karak (led by Baibars al-Dawadar). There are no reliable figures for the size of the Mamluk army, but it was likely a significantly larger force than that of the Crusader defenders of Acre.

paragraph: In May 1291, al-Ashraf Khalil's army launched the assault against Acre. Heavy fighting ensued with the Knights Templar, which controlled the fortress. By 17 June, the Mamluks captured Acre, and a number of its inhabitants fled by sea. Remaining Crusader defenders held out in some of the towers in the city, but after further fighting they surrendered. Al-Ashraf Khalil ordered the execution of the remaining defenders and inhabitants. After abundant amounts of loot were plundered from the city by the Mamluk troops, al-Ashraf Khalil had Acre's fortifications destroyed.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Capture of other Crusader fortresses.

paragraph: The news of the conquest of Acre reached Damascus and Cairo. Al-Ashraf Khalil entered the decorated city of Damascus with Franks chained at the feet and the captured crusader standards which were carried upside-down as a sign of their defeat. After celebrating his victory in Damascus, Khalil left for Cairo which was also decorated and celebrating. Arriving at Cairo, he ordered the release of Philip Mainebeuf and the men who accompanied him to Cairo earlier.

paragraph: Following Acre's capture, al-Ashraf Khalil and his generals proceeded to wrest control of the remaining Crusader-held fortresses along the Syrian coast. Within weeks, the Mamluks conquered Tyre, Sidon, Beirut, Haifa and Tartus. In August, the last Crusader outpost in Syria, the Templar fortress of Atlit south of Acre, was taken and on 7 August, al-Ashraf Khalil returned to Cairo in triumph as the "final victor in the long struggle with the Crusaders", according to historian Peter Malcolm Holt.

paragraph: In 1292, Al-Ashraf Khalil accompanied by his Vizier Ibn al-Sal'us arrived in Damascus and then travelled via Aleppo to besiege the castle of Qal'at ar-Rum (Hromgla in Armenian). Qal'at ar-Rum, which was the seat of the Patriarch of Armenia, was besieged by more than 30 catapults and was captured after 30 days by Khalil, who renamed it Qal'at al-Muslimin (Castle of the Muslims). Khalil left Emir al-Shuja‘i at the castle and returned to Damascus with prisoners. The population of Damascus bid farewell to the victorious Sultan on his way to Cairo at night with thousands of lighted candles. The Sultan entered Cairo through the Victory Gate (Bab al-Nasr) and was greeted by the celebrating population, also with thousands of lighted candles .

paragraph: The Sultan returned to Damascus and assembled an army to invade Sis, the capital of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, but an Armenian embassy in Damascus had made terms with him first. Til Hemdun, Marash and Behesni were given to the Sultan in order to maintain peace. The Armenian kingdom had thus began to diminish much like its allied Crusader states.

paragraph: The crusaders' kingdom of Jerusalem had already been destroyed by Saladin, Baibars and Qalawun, and Louis IX's Seventh Crusade against Egypt ended in a complete failure, but the crusaders tried to keep their strongholds on the Syrian coast intact, hoping to be able one day to recapture what they had lost. Pope Nicholas IV tried to act but he died in 1292, and the European kings, who became involved in internal conflicts and struggles, became unable to organize new effective crusades. As for the Templars, they were accused of heresy in Europe and badly persecuted by King Philip IV of France and Pope Clement V.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Domestic conflicts and assassination.

paragraph: Militarily, Al-Ashraf Khalil possessed the vigor and capability of two of his predecessors, Baibars and his father Qalawun. But many Emirs disliked him. He started his reign by executing and imprisoning a few prominent Emirs of his father, among them the vice-Sultan Turuntay. During the battle for Acre he arrested Hosam ad-Din Lajin and later after he returned to Cairo he executed Sunqur al-Ashqar and a few Emirs. Khalil continued his father's policy of replacing Turkish Mamluks with Circassians, a policy which contributed in the intensification of the rivalry among the Mamluks. After his victories against the Franks, arrogance got hold of al-Ashraf Khalil, he treated the Emirs roughly and began to sign messages and documents with the letter "KH" only. In addition, his Vizier Ibn al-Salus was envied by many Emirs and by the vice-Sultan Baydara in particular. Ibn al-Salus who, originally, was neither a Mamluk nor an Emir but a merchant from Damascus, became the most influential official during the reign of Khalil. While Al-Ashraf was rough on the Emirs, he was very generous towards Ibn al-Salus who did not treat the Emirs with respect. Ibn al-Salus was involved in the unjustly persecution of the supreme judge of Egypt Ibn Bint al-A'az, as he was involved in provoking the Sultan against Baydara on several occasions.

paragraph: In December 1293, Al-Ashraf Khalil, accompanied by Ibn al-Salus, Baydara and other Emirs went to Turug in northern Egypt on a bird-hunting expedition. He sent Ibn Al-Salus to the nearby city of Alexandria to bring materials and to collect the taxes. Arriving at Alexandria, Ibn Al-Salus found out that the deputies of Baydara had already taken everything. On receiving a message from Ibn Al-Salus with this news, Al-Ashraf summoned Baydara to his "Dihlis" and insulted and threatened him in the presence of other Emirs. The distressed Baydar left the "Dihlis" and called Lajin, Qara Sunqur and other Emirs and together they decided to kill the Sultan. On 14 December, while the Sultan was walking with his friend Emir Shihab ad-Din Ahmad he was attacked and assassinated by Baydara and his followers. The Emirs who struck the Sultan after Baydara were Hosam ad-Din Lajin and Bahadir Ras Nubah followed by other Emirs. After the assassination of Al-Ashraf Khalil, Baydara and his followers went to the "Dihliz" and proclaimed Baydara the new Sultan. But Baydara was soon arrested by the Sultani Mamluks and Emirs. Baydara was killed by the Sultani Emirs led by Kitbugha and Baibars al-Jashnikir and his head was sent to Cairo. Ibn al-Salus was arrested in Alexandria and was sent to Cairo where he was mistreated and at last beaten to death. The Emirs who were involved in the assassination of Al-Ashraf Khalil were severely punished and executed. Lajin and Qara Sunqur fled and disappeared.

paragraph: After the death of Al-Ashraf Khalil, the Emirs decided to install his 9-year-old brother Al-Nasir Muhammad as the new Sultan with Kitbugha as vice-Sultan and al-Shuja‘i as the new Vizier. But the death of Al-Ashraf Khalil was concealed for sometime. While Al-Ashraf was dead, his brother Al-Nasir Muhammad was proclaimed Vice-Sultan and heir. A message from Egypt to the Syrian Emirs said: "I appointed my brother al-Malik al-Nasir Muhammad as my Vicegerent and heir so that when I go to fight the enemy he replaces me ". As soon as everything was under control the death of Al-Ahraf Khalil was revealed to the public in Egypt and Syria.

paragraph: Al-Ashraf Khalil ruled about three years and two months. He had two daughters. Besides being remembered as the conqueror of Acre, he was remembered by Muslim historians as an intelligent Sultan who was fond of reading and learning.

paragraph: Section::::Coinage.

paragraph: Coins of al-Ashraf Khalil were unique in Mamluk coinage history. New kind of titles were inscribed on his coins such as : al-Sultan al-Malik al-Ashraf Salah al-Din Nasir al-Milah al-Muhamadiyah Muhyyi al-Dawalah al-Abasiyah ( The Sultan King al-Ashraf Salah al-Din the Promoter of the Muhammadan Nation and the Revitalizer of the Abbasid

paragraph: Caliphate ), al-Sultan al-Malik al-Ashraf Salah al-Donya wa al-Din Qasim Amir al-mu'minin ( The Sultan King al-Ashraf reform of temporal world and faith sharer of the Emir of the faithful ) the Emir of the faithful was the title of the Abbasid Caliph. His father Qalawun was also mentioned on Al-Ashraf's coins as : Mawlana al-Sultan al-Malik al-Mansur ( Our benefactor the Sultan King al-Mansur).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kipchaks

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ludolphi, Rectoris Ecclesiæ Parochialis in suchem, de itinere Terræ Sanctæ,University of Michigan 1851

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abu al-Fida, The Concise History of Humanity.(The historian Abu al-Fida took part in the sieges of Tripoli and Acre.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al-Maqrizi, Al Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk, Dar al-kotob, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Idem in English: Bohn, Henry G., The Road to Knowledge of the Return of Kings, Chronicles of the Crusades, AMS Press, 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al-Maqrizi, al-Mawaiz wa al-'i'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-'athar,Matabat aladab, Cairo 1996,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Idem in French: Bouriant, Urbain, Description topographique et historique de l'Egypte,Paris 1895

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ibn Taghri, al-Nujum al-Zahirah Fi Milook Misr wa al-Qahirah, Dar al-Kotob, Beirut 1992

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Egypt, 1382–1469 A.D. by Yusef. William Popper, translator Abu L-Mahasin ibn Taghri Birdi, University of California Press 1954

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ludolph of Suchem, Description of the Holy Land and of the Way Thither, trans. Aubrey Stewart London: Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society, 1895. Reprinted in James Brundage, The Crusades: A Documentary History, Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press 1962

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Templar of Tyre, Chronicle (Getes des Chiprois), Published by Crawford, P., Ashgate Publishing. Ltd, Cyprus 2003.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Map of Kom Turuga

paragraph: BULLET::::- A letter from Egyptian Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil to William of Beaujeu

description: Sultan of Egypt

wikidata_label: Al-Ashraf Khalil

wikipedia_title: Al-Ashraf Khalil


text: Portuguese

text: poet

text: Neoclassic

text: ombudsman

text: Ouro Preto

text: desembargador

text: Bahia

text: Brazilian Academy of Letters

text: freguesia

text: Miragaia

text: Porto

text: Recife

text: Bahia

text: University of Coimbra

text: Enlightened

text: Beja

text: Ouro Preto

text: Minas Conspiracy

text: Ilha das Cobras

text: Rio de Janeiro

text: Island of Mozambique

text: Marília de Dirceu

text: tropical disease

text: Museu da Inconfidência

text: Marília de Dirceu

text: Cartas Chilenas

text: telenovels

text: Gianfrancesco Guarnieri

text: Dez Vidas

text: Luiz Linhares

text: Os Inconfidentes

text: Eduardo Galvão

text: Tiradentes

text: Ganymédes José

categories: Portuguese-language writers,Portuguese prisoners and detainees,18th-century Brazilian poets,1810s deaths,18th-century Brazilian people,19th-century Portuguese writers,1744 births,18th-century Portuguese people,Brazilian male poets,People from Porto,Colonial Brazil,Portuguese male writers,Patrons of the Brazilian Academy of Letters,People from Minas Gerais,University of Coimbra alumni,Brazilian people of Portuguese descent,19th-century Brazilian people,Portuguese exiles

paragraph: Tomás António Gonzaga

paragraph: Tomás António Gonzaga (11 August 1744 – c. 1810) was a Portuguese-born Brazilian poet. One of the most famous Neoclassic colonial Brazilian writers, he was also the "" and the ombudsman of the city of Ouro Preto (formerly "Vila Rica"), as well as the "desembargador" of the appeal court in Bahia. He wrote under the pen name Dirceu.

paragraph: He is patron of the 37th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Gonzaga was born in the "freguesia" (or parish) of Miragaia, in Porto, to João Bernardo Gonzaga and Tomásia Isabel Clark, who was of British descent. Tomásia died when Gonzaga was 1 year old, and soon after his mother's death, he and his father moved to Recife, and then to Bahia, where João Bernardo served at the magistrature, and Gonzaga studied at a Jesuit school. Gonzaga was sent back to Portugal as a teenager, to the University of Coimbra, to finish his studies. With 24 years old, he finished his Law course. He presented himself as a candidate for a chair at the University, with the thesis "Tratado de Direito Natural", heavily influenced by Enlightened ideals.

paragraph: He became the "juiz de fora" of the city of Beja in 1778, until 1781. In the following year, he returned to Brazil, becoming the "ouvidor" of the city of Vila Rica (nowadays Ouro Preto). He held this post until 1789, when he was accused of being involved with the Minas Conspiracy. Arrested, he was sent to a prison in Ilha das Cobras, Rio de Janeiro. He spent three years in there, when he was given the sentence of an exile in the Island of Mozambique. By that time, he was engaged to a woman named Maria Doroteia Joaquina de Seixas Brandão, possibly the "Marília" of his verses. His hope of being freed from his prison in order to see his beloved again is a prominent theme of the second part of his poetry book "Marília de Dirceu".

paragraph: Arriving at Mozambique, he was charitably received by a wealthy Portuguese gentleman. He then married his daughter, Juliana de Sousa Mascarenhas, having with her two children: Ana and Alexandre.

paragraph: Gonzaga had a wealthy and happy life during his exile, becoming a lawyer. He would die of a lethal tropical disease he contracted; his date of death is unknown, although it's commonly accepted to be in 1810. His remains are currently interred at the Museu da Inconfidência in Ouro Preto.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Marília de Dirceu" (poetry book — 1792)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cartas Chilenas" (discontinued series of satirical poems — 1863)

paragraph: Section::::Representations in popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gonzaga was portrayed in many Brazilian telenovels and films. He was portrayed by Gianfrancesco Guarnieri in the telenovel "Dez Vidas" (1969); by Luiz Linhares in the film "Os Inconfidentes" (1972) and by Eduardo Galvão in the film "Tiradentes" (1999).

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the 1984 children's book "A Ladeira da Saudade", by Brazilian author Ganymédes José, Gonzaga's unrequited love by Maria Doroteia is explored on a more modern context.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gonzaga's biography at the official site of the Brazilian Academy of Letters

alias:
Tomas Antonio Gonzaga
Dirceu

description: Brazilian poet, jurist and activist

wikidata_label: Tomás António Gonzaga

wikipedia_title: Tomás António Gonzaga


text: Polish

text: noblewoman

text: Elector Palatine

text: Marshal

text: Józef Karol Lubomirski

text: Teofilia Ludwika Zasławska

text: Aleksander Dominik

text: Marianna

text: Charles III Philip

text: Electorate of the Palatinate

text: Kraków

text: Elisabeth Auguste Sophie

text: Innsbruck

categories: House of Wittelsbach,1658 births,Dames of the Order of the Starry Cross,1712 deaths,Countesses Palatine of Neuburg,Lubomirski family

paragraph: Teresa Lubomirska

paragraph: Princess Teresa Katharina Lubomirska (1 January 1685 – 6 January 1712) was a Polish noblewoman. She was the second spouse of Count Palatine Charles Philip of Neuburg, who became Elector Palatine (as Charles III Philip) four years after her death.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: She was the elder daughter of Court and Grand Marshal, Prince Józef Karol Lubomirski and Teofilia Ludwika Zasławska. Her siblings were Aleksander Dominik and Marianna.

paragraph: She married Charles III Philip (Wittelsbach), heir to the Electorate of the Palatinate, on 15 December 1701 in Kraków. He had one surviving child from his previous marriage, an eight-year-old daughter, Elisabeth Auguste Sophie.

paragraph: She bore Charles Philip two daughters, both of whom died young. Theophila Elisabeth Franziska Felicitas was born 13 November 1703 and died on 31 January 1705, when she was one year old. Four years later, Anna Elisabeth Theophila was born on 9 June 1709, and died aged two, on 10 February 1712. She was born and died in Innsbruck.

paragraph: Princess Lubomirska also died in 1712. Her husband became Elector of the Palatinate in 1716 and did not remarry until 1728.

description: Polish noble lady

wikidata_label: Teresa Lubomirska

wikipedia_title: Teresa Lubomirska


text:
Greek
Indo-Greek
Agathokleia
India
Menander I
Paropamisade
Arachosia
Menander I
Agathokleia
Gandhara
Punjab
Tarn
Bopearachchi
Agathokleia
Agathokleia
Nicias
Theophilus
Greek
Greek
Heliokles II
Mathura
Athena
Heracles
Greek
Pali
Greek
Pali
Athena
Nike
Greek
Pali
Athena
Greek
Pali
Athena
Heracles
Nike
Greek
Greek
Pali
Pali
Pali
Athena
Apollo
Sacrificial tripod
Greek
Pali
Greco-Buddhism
Indo-Scythians
Coins of Strato I
More coins of Strato I

paragraph: Strato I

paragraph: Strato I (Greek: ), was an Indo-Greek king who was the son of the Indo-Greek queen Agathokleia, who presumably acted as his regent during his early years after Strato's father, another Indo-Greek king, was killed.

paragraph: Section::::Date and genealogy.

paragraph: Until recently, consensus was that he ruled between c. 130–110 BCE in Northern India and that his father was the great king Menander I. Menander ruled the entire Indo-Greek empire, but in this scenario, the western parts including Paropamisade and Arachosia gained independence after the death of Menander I, pushing Strato and Agathokleia eastwards to Gandhara and Punjab. This view was introduced by Tarn and defended as recently as 1998 by Bopearachchi.

paragraph: The modern view, embraced by R. C. Senior and probably more solid since it is founded on numismatical analyses, suggests that Strato I was a later king, perhaps ruling from 110–85 BCE, though perhaps still a descendant of Agathokleia. In this case, Agathokleia was the widow of another king, possibly Nicias or Theophilus.

paragraph: A third hypothesis was presented in 2007 by J. Jakobsson: according to this, the coins of Strato in fact belong to two kings who both may have ruled around 105–80 BCE, though in different territories:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strato Soter and Dikaios (Greek: "ΣΤΡΑΤΩΝ Ο ΣΩΤΗΡ ΚΑΙ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΣ" "Strato the saviour and just/righteous"), was Agathokleia's son.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strato Epiphanes Soter (Greek: "ΣΤΡΑΤΩΝ Ο ΕΠΙΦΑΝΗΣ ΣΩΤΗΡ" "Strato the illustrious, saviour"), was a middle-aged king who may have been Agathokleia's brother and ruled in western Punjab.

paragraph: This theory was based on difference in titles, in monograms and coin types between the two.

paragraph: Section::::Events during his reign.

paragraph: Agathocleia's importance was gradually downplayed on the coins, so presumably her guardianship ended when Strato came of age. Strato I was also the only Indo-Greek king to appear bearded, probably to indicate that he was no longer an infant. Strato I, or the two Stratos, fought for hegemony in Punjab with the king Heliokles II, who overstruck several of their coins. There were very likely wars with other kings as well. The middle-aged Strato, according to the third theory, was succeeded by his son Polyxenios, who ruled only for a short time.

paragraph: A hoard of Strato's coins was found in Mathura outside New Delhi, which may have been the easternmost outpost of the Indo-Greek territory.

paragraph: Section::::Coins.

paragraph: The coins of Strato show portraits aging from a youth to middle-aged. They have been divided into the following periods, where period 8 may belong to the second king.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Period 1 (Only Agathokleia):

paragraph: Bronzes: Athena / seated Heracles.br

paragraph: Obverse - Greek: "ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ ΘΕΟΤΡΟΠΟΥ ΑΓΑΘΟΚΛΕΙΑΣ" "of queen Godlike Agathokleia"br

paragraph: Reverse - Pali: "Maharajasa tratarasa dhramikasa Agathukriae" "Queen Agathokleia, saviour and follower of the dharma"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Period 2:

paragraph: Silver: Agathokleia's portrait / walking king forming benediction gesture.br

paragraph: Obverse - Greek: "ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ ΑΓΑΘΟΚΛΕΙΑΣ" "of queen Agathokleia"br

paragraph: Reverse - Pali: "Maharajasa tratarasa dhramikasa Stratasa" "The Great king Strato, saviour and followers of the Dharma"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Period 3:

paragraph: Silver: Bust of adolescent Strato / Athena holding Nike.br

paragraph: Obverse - Greek: "ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ ΣΤΡΑΤΩΝΟΣ" "of king saviour and just/righteous Strato"br

paragraph: Reverse - Pali: "Maharajasa tratarasa Dhramikasa Stratasa" "Great saviour king Strato, follower of the Dharma"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Period 4:

paragraph: Silver: Adolescent Strato jointly with Agathokleia / Athena Alkidemos left.br

paragraph: Obverse - Greek: "ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΣΤΡΑΤΩΝΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΓΑΘΟΚΛΕΙΑΣ" "of king saviour Strato, and Agathokleia"br

paragraph: Reverse - Pali: "Maharajasa tratarasa Stratasa/Agathukriae" "Great saviour king Strato, and Agathokleia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Period 5-7:

paragraph: Silver: Strato alone, diademed, helmeted or spear-throwing, sometimes bearded / Athena Alkidemos (left, right or forward).br

paragraph: Bronzes: Heracles / Nikebr

paragraph: Obverse - (5-6) Greek: "ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΣΤΡΑΤΩΝΟΣ" "of king saviour Strato"br

paragraph: (7) Greek: "ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ ΣΤΡΑΤΩΝΟΣ" "of king saviour and Just/Righteous Strato"br

paragraph: Reverse - (5) Pali: "Maharajasa tratarasa Stratasa" "Great saviour king Strato" br

paragraph: (6) Pali: "Maharajasa tratarasa dhramikasa Stratasa" "Great saviour king Strato, follower of the dharma"br

paragraph: (7) Pali: "Maharajasa tratarasa dhramikasa Stratasa" "Great saviour king Strato, follower of the dharma"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Period 8:

paragraph: Silver: Middle-aged Strato diademed or helmeted / Athena Alkidemos left.br

paragraph: Bronzes: Apollo / Sacrificial tripodbr

paragraph: Obverse - Greek: "ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΣΤΡΑΤΩΝΟΣ" "of king illustrious saviour Strato"br

paragraph: Reverse - Pali: "Maharajasa pracachasa tratarasa Stratasa" "Great saviour king Strato, the illustrious"

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Buddhism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Scythians

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Greeks in Bactria and India", W.W. Tarn, Cambridge University Press

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coins of Strato I

paragraph: BULLET::::- More coins of Strato I

wikidata_label: Strato I

wikipedia_title: Strato I


text:
F.R.S.
British
zoologist
Clifton, Bristol
Nicholas Pocock
St. Edward's School
Oxford
Sir Edward Poulton
Oxford Museum
biology
geology
University College, Bristol
Conwy Lloyd Morgan
William Johnson Sollas
Natural History Museum
Entomology
Arachnid
Myriapoda
millipede
scorpion
Brachistosternus
London Zoo
Leopon
W. S. Millard
Bombay Natural History Society
Edward Innes Pocock
Pioneer Column
Nicholas Pocock
Works by Reginald Innes Pocock
Biodiversity Heritage Library

categories: 1947 deaths,British arachnologists,People from Bristol,British zoologists,Fellows of the Royal Society,People educated at St Edward's School, Oxford,Zoo directors,1863 births

paragraph: Reginald Innes Pocock

paragraph: Reginald Innes Pocock F.R.S. (4 March 1863 – 9 August 1947) was a British zoologist.

paragraph: Pocock was born in Clifton, Bristol, the fourth son of Rev. Nicholas Pocock and Edith Prichard. He began showing interest in natural history at St. Edward's School, Oxford. He received tutoring in zoology from Sir Edward Poulton, and was allowed to explore comparative anatomy at the Oxford Museum. He studied biology and geology at University College, Bristol under Conwy Lloyd Morgan and William Johnson Sollas. In 1885 he became an assistant at the Natural History Museum, and worked in the section of Entomology for a year. He was put in charge of the collections of Arachnida and Myriapoda. He was also tasked with arranging the British birds collections, in the course of which he developed a lasting interest in ornithology. The 200 papers he published in his eighteen years at the museum soon brought him recognition as an authority on Arachnida and Myriapoda: he described between 300-400 species of millipede alone, and also described the scorpion genus "Brachistosternus".

paragraph: In 1904 he left to become Superintendent of London Zoo, remaining so until his retirement in 1923. He then worked, as a voluntary researcher, in the British Museum, in the mammals department.

paragraph: He described the Leopon in a 1912 letter to "The Field", based on examination of a skin sent to him by W. S. Millard, the Secretary of the Bombay Natural History Society.

paragraph: His brother Edward Innes Pocock played international rugby for Scotland and was part of Cecil Rhodes' Pioneer Column. His great grandfather was marine artist Captain Nicholas Pocock.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Reginald Innes Pocock, at the Biodiversity Heritage Library

alias:
R. I. Pocock
Pocock

description: British zoologist (1863–1947)

wikidata_label: Reginald Innes Pocock

wikipedia_title: Reginald Innes Pocock


text:
Greek
Indo-Greek
Punjab
Pushkalavati
Apollodotus II
Dionysios
Indo-Scythian
Azes I
Antimachus II
Philoxenus
Tyche
Telephus
Hermaeus
Azes I
Indo-Greek Kingdom
Greco-Buddhism
Indo-Scythians
Main coins of Hippostratos

paragraph: Hippostratos

paragraph: Hippostratos (Greek: ) was an Indo-Greek king who ruled central and north-western Punjab and Pushkalavati. Bopearachchi dates Hippostratos to 65 to 55 BCE whereas R. C. Senior suggests 60 to 50 BCE.

paragraph: Section::::Rule.

paragraph: In Bopearachchi's reconstruction Hippostratos came to power as the successor to Apollodotus II, in the western part of his kingdom, while the weak Dionysios ascended to the throne in the eastern part. Senior assumes that the reigns of Apollodotus II and Hippostratos overlapped somewhat; in that case Hippostratos first ruled a kingdom situated to the west of Apollodotus' dominions.

paragraph: Just like Apollodotus II, Hippostratos calls himself "Soter", "Saviour", on all his coins, and on some coins he also assumes the title "Basileos Megas", "Great King", which he inherited from Apollodotus II. This may support Senior's scenario that Hippostratos extended his kingdom after Apollodotus' death. The relationship between these two kings remains uncertain due to lack of sources. Hippostratos did not, however, use the symbol of standing Athena Alkidemos, which was common to all other kings thought to be related to Apollodotus II. The two kings share only one monogram.

paragraph: The quantity and quality of the coinage of Hippostratos indicate a quite powerful king. Hippostratos seems to have fought rather successfully against the Indo-Scythian invaders, led by the Scythian king Azes I, but was ultimately defeated and became the last western Indo-Greek king.

paragraph: Section::::Coins of Hippostratos.

paragraph: Hippostratos issued silver coins with a diademed portrait on the obverse, and three reverses. The first is the image of a king on prancing horse, a common type which was most frequently used by the earlier kings Antimachus II and Philoxenus. The second reverse also portrays a king on horseback, but the horse is walking and the king making a benediction gesture - this type resembles a rare type of Apollodotus II. The third is a standing goddess, perhaps Tyche.

paragraph: Hippostratos struck several bronzes of types used by several kings:

paragraph: Serpent-legged deity (as used by Telephus) / standing goddess.

paragraph: Apollo/tripod (Apollodotus II, several earlier kings)

paragraph: Sitting Zeus-Mithras / horse, reminiscent of coins of Hermaeus.

paragraph: Section::::Overstrikes.

paragraph: Azes I overstruck several of Hippostratos' coins.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Greek Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Buddhism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Scythians

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Main coins of Hippostratos

wikidata_label: Hippostratos

wikipedia_title: Hippostratos


text: Cardinal in the Catholic Church

text: Romagnano Sesia

text: ordained

text: Novara

text: diocese of Novara

text: theology

text: Pontifical Gregorian University

text: canon law

text: Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy

text: attaché

text: nunciature

text: Domestic Prelate of His Holiness

text: Titular Archbishop

text: Rusellae

text: Apostolic Nuncio

text: Honduras

text: Nicaragua

text: Apostolic Pro-Nuncio

text: Democratic Republic of Congo

text: Apostolic Nuncio to France

text: Pope John Paul II

text: pro-

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Cardinal-Deacon

text: Saint Agnes in Agone

text: Novara

text: Daily Catholic article

text: List of positions held

categories: Apostolic Nuncios to France,2013 deaths,1922 births,Apostolic Nuncios to the Democratic Republic of the Congo,Apostolic Nuncios to Honduras,Apostolic Nuncios to Nicaragua,Almo Collegio Capranica alumni,Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II,Italian cardinals,Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See,Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas alumni,Italian titular archbishops,People from the Province of Novara

paragraph: Lorenzo Antonetti

paragraph: Lorenzo Antonetti (31 July 1922 – 10 April 2013) was a Cardinal in the Catholic Church, who held several positions in the Vatican diplomatic service.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and ordination.

paragraph: Antonetti was born on 31 July 1922 in Romagnano Sesia, Italy. On 26 May 1945, at the age of 22, Antonetti was ordained priest in Novara, Italy. He did pastoral ministry in diocese of Novara in 1946. He was sent to Rome for further studies from 1947 to 1951 at the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas, "Angelicum", where he obtained a doctorate in theology and later at the Pontifical Gregorian University also in Rome where he was awarded a doctorate in canon law.

paragraph: He was admitted to the elite Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy to study diplomacy. He joined the Vatican Secretariat of State in 1951 and served as an attaché and later secretary in nunciature in Lebanon from 1952 to 1955. He was the secretary in nunciature in Venezuela from 1956 to 1959. He worked in the section of Extraordinary Affairs, Secretariat of State, from 1959 to 1963. He was appointed counselor in nunciature in France where he served from 1963 to 1967. He was appointed Domestic Prelate of His Holiness on 18 August 1964. He was counselor in apostolic delegation in the United States in 1968. He was appointed Titular Archbishop of Rusellae on 23 February 1968, aged 45.

paragraph: Section::::Apostolic nuncio.

paragraph: Antonetti served as Apostolic Nuncio to Honduras (appointed 23 February 1968) and Nicaragua (appointed 24 February 1968) which he remained for five years. He was then appointed as Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to the Democratic Republic of Congo (then Zaire) on 29 June 1973 where he remained until he became the Official of State, Roman Curia (appointed 15 June 1977).

paragraph: Finally, he served as the Apostolic Nuncio to France to which he was appointed on 23 September 1988 and where he remained until 1995. In 1995 Pope John Paul II gave him the position of Pro-President of Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See, Roman Curia, losing the "pro-" upon elevation to cardinal.

paragraph: Section::::Curia.

paragraph: Pope John Paul II created him Cardinal-Deacon of Saint Agnes in Agone on 21 February 1998. He retired as president of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See in November 1998 becoming President Emeritus of Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See.

paragraph: On 1 March 2008 Antonetti was elevated to Cardinal-Priest.

paragraph: He died in Novara on 10 April 2013.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daily Catholic article

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of positions held

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holy See Press Office. College of Cardinals

description: Italian cardinal of the Catholic Church

wikidata_label: Lorenzo Antonetti

wikipedia_title: Lorenzo Antonetti


text:
Muhammad
Khadijah bint Khuwaylid
Jannatul Mualla
Mecca
Saudi Arabia
Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad
Ibrahim ibn Muhammad
Zainab bint Muhammad
Ruqayyah bint Muhammad
Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad
Fatimah az-Zahra

categories: 600 deaths,Male Sahabah,Children of Muhammad,6th-century Arabs,598 births,People from Mecca

image: 512px-القاسم_بن_محمد.png

paragraph: Qasim ibn Muhammad

paragraph: Qasim ibn Muhammad () was one of the sons of Muhammad and Khadijah bint Khuwaylid. He died in 600 or 601 AD (before the start of his father's prophethood in 610), before his second birthday and is buried in Jannatul Mualla cemetery, Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

paragraph: Section::::Siblings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ibrahim ibn Muhammad

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zainab bint Muhammad

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ruqayyah bint Muhammad

paragraph: BULLET::::- Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fatimah az-Zahra

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://freepages.family.rootsweb.com/~naqobatulasyrof/prophet/news_prophet_04.html

description: son of Muhammad and Khadijah bint Khuwaylid

wikidata_label: al-Qasim ibn Muhammad

wikipedia_title: Qasim ibn Muhammad


text: professional baseball

text: coach

text: Major League Baseball

text: Cleveland Indians

text: New York Yankees

text: Atlanta Braves

text: St. Louis Cardinals

text: New York Mets

text: Cincinnati Reds

text: Seattle Mariners

text: All-Star

text: home run

text: World Series

text: Los Angeles Dodgers

text: Gold Glove Award

text: Dayton, Ohio

text: chaplain

text: United States Navy

text: Oceanside, California

text: Oceanside High School

text: MiraCosta College

text: junior college

text: college baseball

text: Major League Baseball (MLB) Drafts

text: Cincinnati Reds

text: University of California, Los Angeles

text: UCLA Bruins baseball

text: home run

text: runs batted in

text: collegiate summer baseball

text: Anchorage Glacier Pilots

text: Alaska Baseball League

text: National Baseball Congress

text: batting average

text: Most Valuable Player

text: Cleveland Indians

text: Major League Baseball Draft

text: Wichita Aeros

text: Class AAA

text: American Association

text: minor league baseball

text: Ken Harrelson

text: first baseman

text: outfield

text: first base

text: New York Yankees

text: Cecil Upshaw

text: Dick Tidrow

text: Fritz Peterson

text: Fred Beene

text: Tom Buskey

text: Steve Kline

text: Kansas City Royals

text: Mark Littell

text: 1976 World Series

text: Cincinnati Reds

text: 1977 World Series

text: Yankee Stadium

text: Graig Nettles

text: Art Frantz

text: Whitey Herzog

text: Toronto Blue Jays

text: Damaso Garcia

text: Paul Mirabella

text: Rick Cerone

text: Tom Underwood

text: Ted Wilborn

text: Thurman Munson

text: Luis Gómez

text: Atlanta Braves

text: prospects

text: Barry Bonnell

text: Joey McLaughlin

text: Pat Rockett

text: Atlanta

text: London Tigers

text: Eastern League

text: Detroit Tigers

text: Labatt Park

text: Willie Randolph

text: St. Louis Cardinals

text: New York Mets

text: Cincinnati Reds

text: Chicago White Sox

text: Los Angeles Dodgers

text: New York Mets

text: Arizona Diamondbacks

text: Charlotte Knights

text: Jo Jo White

text: Washington University

text: Peoria Chiefs

text: List of St. Louis Cardinals coaches

text: The London Free Press

text: The Sporting News

text: Chambliss Sinks the Royals

text: Retrosheet

categories: Cleveland Indians players,1948 births,New York Yankees coaches,Minor league baseball managers,Atlanta Braves players,Cincinnati Reds coaches,Major League Baseball hitting coaches,St. Louis Cardinals coaches,Major League Baseball first basemen,New York Mets coaches,New York Yankees players,Baseball players from Ohio,Seattle Mariners coaches,African-American baseball managers,African-American baseball players,American League All-Stars,Living people,Gold Glove Award winners,Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award winners,African-American baseball coaches,Sportspeople from Dayton, Ohio

paragraph: Chris Chambliss

paragraph: Carroll Christopher Chambliss (born December 26, 1948) is an American professional baseball player and coach. He played in Major League Baseball from to for the Cleveland Indians, New York Yankees and Atlanta Braves. He served as a coach for the Yankees, St. Louis Cardinals, New York Mets, Cincinnati Reds, and Seattle Mariners.

paragraph: Chambliss won the American League Rookie of the Year Award with the Indians in 1971. He was an All-Star with the Yankees in 1976, the same year he hit the series-winning home run in the 1976 American League Championship Series. He was a member of the Yankees' 1977 and 1978 World Series championship teams, both against the Los Angeles Dodgers, and won the Gold Glove Award in 1978. Chambliss went on to win four more World Series championships as the hitting coach for the Yankees in 1996, 1998, 1999, and 2000.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Chambliss was born in Dayton, Ohio, on December 26, 1948. He was the third of four sons born to Carroll and Christene Chambliss. His father was a chaplain in the United States Navy, leading the family to relocate many times during Chris' childhood. They settled in Oceanside, California, where Chris attended high school. Chris and his brothers all played baseball on the Oceanside High School baseball team.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Cleveland Indians.

paragraph: Chambliss enrolled at MiraCosta College, a junior college, where he played college baseball. Despite being selected in the Major League Baseball (MLB) Drafts of 1967 and 1968 by the Cincinnati Reds, he opted not to sign with the Reds on either occasion. He transferred to the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he continued his college baseball career with the UCLA Bruins baseball team in 1969. That season, he led the Bruins with 15 home runs and 45 runs batted in. During the summer, he played collegiate summer baseball for the Anchorage Glacier Pilots of the Alaska Baseball League, which won the National Baseball Congress (NBC) championship. Chambliss had a .583 batting average in the NBC tournament and was named the tournament's Most Valuable Player.

paragraph: The Cleveland Indians selected Chambliss with the first overall pick in the January 1970 Major League Baseball Draft. The Indians assigned him to the Wichita Aeros of the Class AAA American Association, their most advanced minor league baseball affiliate. With the Aeros, Chambliss batted .342, which led the league.

paragraph: With Ken Harrelson serving as the Indians' first baseman, the Indians had Chambliss play in the outfield for Wichita in 1971, in order to have both players in their lineup at the same time. He debuted in the majors in 1971, and was named AL Rookie of the Year. Chambliss played first base and was known as a great clutch hitter throughout his career.

paragraph: Chambliss was traded to the New York Yankees from the Indians in April 1974, along with pitchers Cecil Upshaw and Dick Tidrow for Fritz Peterson, Fred Beene, Tom Buskey, and Steve Kline.

paragraph: Chris Chambliss was once quoted as saying, "If you're not having fun [in baseball], you miss the point of everything."

paragraph: Chambliss appeared in the 1976 Major League Baseball All-Star Game.

paragraph: In the deciding Game 5 of the 1976 American League Championship Series against the Kansas City Royals, Chambliss hit Mark Littell's first pitch in the bottom of the ninth inning to right field for a game-winning home run, giving the Yankees their first pennant since 1964.

paragraph: Chambliss was the hitting star of the 1976 ALCS, as he also hit a two-run homer in Game 3 to help the Yankees win that game 5–3. He hit an ALCS record .524 (11-for-21) with 2 home runs and eight RBIs. In the 1976 World Series against the Cincinnati Reds, Chambliss hit .313 (5-for-16) with one RBI.

paragraph: Chambliss played three more seasons with the Yankees, helping lead the Yankees to the 1977 World Series title–their first since 1962–and winning a Gold Glove for his fielding prowess in 1978.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:New York Yankees.:The "Chris Chambliss Rule".

paragraph: Immediately after the walk-off home run, thousands of fans stormed the Yankee Stadium field to celebrate. Chambliss was mobbed on the basepaths and did not make an attempt to touch home plate. Instead, he ran straight toward the dugout and the safety of the Yankee clubhouse. Chambliss was then asked by Graig Nettles if he had touched home, and responded that he had not because too many people were in the way. Nettles then told him that home plate umpire Art Frantz was waiting for him to touch home so that the home run could be ruled official. He was then escorted back out onto the field to touch home, but the plate had been stolen, so he touched the area where the plate had been.

paragraph: Said Chambliss:

paragraph: "I just kind of reacted like I always did. I wasn't trying to hit a home run. Sometimes when you react to a high fastball it works out that way. Then, when I was running around the bases, fans were coming at me from everywhere, grabbing me, pounding me on the back. I was just trying to get around the bases and into the dugout---I ran at least one guy over---but I never made it to home plate. Later, after I got to the clubhouse, [Graig] Nettles said I should return to the field and touch home plate, just to make it official. But when we got back out there, home plate and all the other bases were gone, stripped from their moorings and confiscated by the delirious Yankee fans."

paragraph: Kansas City manager Whitey Herzog could have appealed the play, as Major League rules state that a player must touch all bases on any hit or when running the bases. However, the mayhem on the field made this task impossible, and given the magnitude of the game, Herzog would have never tried to have it restarted or protested due to a technicality. In any event, the umpires had already decided to let the run count given the circumstances of the situation.

paragraph: As a result of this incident, Major League Baseball changed the rules to allow the umpire to award any base runner or batter a run when he cannot reach the plate due to fans rushing the field. This had the effect of codifying the decision made by the umpires in Game 5.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Later career.

paragraph: After the 1979 season, the Yankees traded Chambliss to the Toronto Blue Jays with Damaso Garcia and Paul Mirabella for Rick Cerone, Tom Underwood, and Ted Wilborn. The Yankees hoped that Cerone would replace Thurman Munson as their starting catcher. Later that offseason, the Blue Jays traded Chambliss with Luis Gómez to the Atlanta Braves for prospects Barry Bonnell, Joey McLaughlin, and Pat Rockett.

paragraph: He then moved on to Atlanta from 1980 through 1986. He had one at-bat with the Yankees in 1988 and struck out. (According to Lou Piniella, this at-bat earned him about $20,000, since he had to be paid the minimum player salary for the season after he was activated for that at-bat.) He retired with a career .279 batting average and 185 home runs. After his playing days ended, Chambliss became a hitting instructor for several teams and was talked about as a possible managerial candidate.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching and managerial career.

paragraph: In 1989, Chambliss became the manager for the Double-A London Tigers of the Eastern League, an affiliate of the Detroit Tigers. The London Tigers won the Eastern League title in 1990, playing out of Labatt Park. That same year Chambliss was named Minor League Manager of the Year by "The Sporting News".

paragraph: Chambliss was also a hitting coach with the Yankees, and has the distinction of being one of two men who wore a Yankees uniform (player or coach) during each of the Yankees' last six World Series Championship seasons prior to 2009 (1977, 1978, 1996, 1998, 1999, and 2000)—the other is former New York Mets manager Willie Randolph. Chambliss was also the hitting coach for the St. Louis Cardinals, New York Mets and Cincinnati Reds.

paragraph: For many years, Chambliss was a leading candidate to manage a major league team. He was considered for manager of the Chicago White Sox in 1991, the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1996, the New York Mets in 1999, the Dodgers and Arizona Diamondbacks in 2000, and the Mets again in 2002.

paragraph: Chambliss was the manager of the Triple A Charlotte Knights prior to joining the Seattle Mariners in November 2010 as hitting coach. At the conclusion of the 2012 season, the Mariners announced that Chambliss would not be returning as their hitting coach in 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Chambliss' cousin is former NBA player Jo Jo White.

paragraph: His son Russell is a graduate of Washington University in St. Louis, and currently hitting coach with the Peoria Chiefs.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of St. Louis Cardinals coaches

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "London Tigers 1989, The Collector's Edition, Souvenir Program".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tiger Special: Peanuts, popcorn, crackerjack, Baseball's Back", "The London Free Press", Section F, April 7, 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 Baseball Register published by The Sporting News

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chambliss Sinks the Royals

paragraph: BULLET::::- Retrosheet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chambliss hits 1976 game winning historic home run

description: American baseball player and coach

wikidata_label: Chris Chambliss

wikipedia_title: Chris Chambliss