text: Hokkien

text: Ming loyalist

text: Qing conquest of China

text: Dutch

text: Formosa

text: House of Koxinga

text: Kingdom of Tungning

text: Hirado

text: Hizen Province

text: Japan

text: Zheng Zhilong

text: pirate

text: Tagawa Matsu

text: Nan'an county

text: Quanzhou

text: Fujian

text: Xiucai

text: imperial examination

text: Jinshi

text: Hui'an

text: Imperial Nanking University

text: Qian Qianyi

text: Beijing

text: Li Zicheng

text: Chongzhen Emperor

text: Jingshan Park

text: Wu Sangui

text: Nanjing

text: Hongguang Emperor

text: Ming dynasty in the south

text: Dodo

text: Yangzhou

text: Shi Kefa

text: Longwu Emperor

text: Zheng Zhilong

text: Fuzhou

text: Prince Lu

text: Shaoxing

text: Qing dynasty

text: Shi Lang

text: Fuzhou

text: Guangdong

text: Xiamen

text: Tong'an

text: Quanzhou

text: Anping

text: Zheng family

text: Yongli Emperor

text: Beijing

text: Shunzhi Emperor

text: Jirgalang

text: Jinmen

text: Zhoushan

text: Battle of Liaoluo Bay

text: landing

text: Dutch Formosa

text: Taiwanese Aboriginal

text: Guo Huaiyi Rebellion

text: Siege of Fort Zeelandia

text: Dutch

text: Frederick Coyett

text: Fort Zeelandia

text: Philippines

text: Manila

text: Spanish East Indies

text: Muslim

text: Moro people

text: Mindanao

text: Jolo

text: Lake Lanao

text: Zamboanga

text: Mindanao

text: Maluku Islands

text: malaria

text: Zheng Jing

text: King of Tungning

text: Zheng Keshuang

text: Second Sino-Japanese War

text: Siege of Fort Zeelandia

text: Antonius Hambroek

text: Taiwan Strait

text: Fujian

text: overseas Chinese

text: Southeast Asia

text: Taiwan

text: Tainan City

text: National Cheng Kung University

text: Hongmen

text: The Battles of Coxinga

text: Chikamatsu Monzaemon

text: Kyoto

text: The Sino-Dutch War 1661

text: Vincent Zhao

text: People’s Liberation Army Navy

text: aircraft carrier

text: Varyag

text: Shi Lang

text: Battle of Penghu

text: Qing rule

text: Chinese government

text: Qing dynasty

text: People's Republic of China

text: Japan

text: Japanese occupation of Taiwan

text: mainland China

text: Han Chinese

text: Republic of China

text: Chinese Civil War

text: Qing dynasty

text: Yanping

text: Kingdom of Tungning

text: Tainan

text: Taiwanese independence

text: China

text: mainland China

text: Lord of Formosa

text: Tainan

text: Taiwan

text: Taiwan

text: Taiwan

text: Taiwan

text: Gulang

text: Xiamen

text: Fujian Province

text: Taiwan

text: Ming

text: Taiwan

text: Taiwan

text: National Cheng Kung University

text: Cheng Kung Senior High School

text: Cheng Kung class frigate

text: Chenggong, Taitung

text: Anti-Qing sentiment

text: Great Clearance

text: History of Taiwan

text: Kingdom of Tungning

text: Koxinga Ancestral Shrine

categories: 1660s in Taiwan,Hokkien people,House of Koxinga,Taiwanese people of Hoklo descent,Kingdom of Tungning,Ming dynasty generals,Chinese people of Japanese descent,Naval history of China,Hokkien royalty,Deified Taiwanese people,Taiwanese people of Japanese descent,17th-century monarchs in Asia,People from Nagasaki Prefecture,1624 births,1662 deaths

paragraph: Koxinga

paragraph: Zheng Chenggong, Prince of Yanping (27 August 1624 – 23 June 1662), better known internationally by his Dutch-Romanised Hokkien honorific Koxinga or Coxinga (), was a Chinese Ming loyalist who resisted the Qing conquest of China in the 17th century, fighting them on China's southeastern coast.

paragraph: In 1661, Koxinga defeated the Dutch outposts on Formosa and established a dynasty, the House of Koxinga, which ruled the island as the Kingdom of Tungning from 1661 to 1683.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early years.

paragraph: Zheng Sen was born in 1624 in Hirado, Hizen Province, Japan, to Zheng Zhilong, a Chinese merchant and pirate and a Japanese woman, recorded only by her surname "Tagawa" or probably Tagawa Matsu. He was raised there until the age of seven with the Japanese name and then moved to Nan'an county in Quanzhou in Fujian province of China.

paragraph: In 1638, Zheng became a "Xiucai" (a successful candidate) in the imperial examination and became one of the twelve "Linshansheng" () of Nan'an. In 1641, Koxinga married the niece of Dong Yangxian, an official who was a "Jinshi" from Hui'an. In 1644, Koxinga studied at the Imperial Nanking University, where he met the scholar Qian Qianyi and became his student.

paragraph: In 1644, Beijing fell to rebels led by Li Zicheng and the Chongzhen Emperor hanged himself on a tree at modern-day Jingshan Park in Beijing. Manchu armies aided by Wu Sangui's forces defeated the rebels and took the city. The Ming remnant forces retreated to Nanjing where they put Prince Fu on the throne as the Hongguang Emperor in an attempt to continue the Ming dynasty in the south. The next year, the Manchu armies led by Dodo advanced south and conquered Yangzhou and Nanjing while the Ming leader defending Yangzhou, Shi Kefa, was killed. The Hongguang emperor was captured and executed.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Under the Longwu Emperor.

paragraph: In 1645, Prince Tang was installed on the throne of the Southern Ming as the Longwu Emperor with support from Zheng Zhilong and his family. The Longwu Emperor established his court in Fuzhou, which was controlled by the Zhengs. In the later part of the year, another Ming Prince Lu proclaimed himself as Regent () in Shaoxing and established his own court there. Although Prince Lu and Longwu's regimes stemmed from the same dynasty, each pursued different goals.

paragraph: Due to the natural defences of Fujian and the military resources of the Zheng family, the emperor was able to remain safe for some time. The Longwu Emperor granted Zheng Zhilong's son, Zheng Sen, a new given name, "Chenggong" (), and the title of "Koxinga" ("Lord of the Imperial Surname"). One of his cousins also had it.

paragraph: In 1646, Koxinga first led the Ming armies to resist the Manchu invaders and won the favour of the Longwu Emperor. The Longwu Emperor's reign in Fuzhou was brief, as Zheng Zhilong refused to support his plans for a counter-offensive against the rapidly expanding forces of the newly established Qing dynasty by the Manchus. Zheng Zhilong ordered the defending general of Xianxia Pass (), Shi Fu (a.k.a. Shi Tianfu, a relative of Shi Lang), to retreat to Fuzhou even when Qing armies approached Fujian. For this reason, the Qing army faced little resistance when it conquered the north of the pass. In September 1646, Qing armies broke through the inadequately defended mountain passes and entered Fujian. Zheng Zhilong retreated to his coastal fortress and the Longwu Emperor faced the Qing armies alone. Longwu's forces were destroyed; he was captured and was executed in October 1646.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Zheng Zhilong's surrender and the death of Tagawa.

paragraph: The Qing forces sent envoys to meet Zheng Zhilong secretly and offered to appoint him as the governor of both Fujian and Guangdong provinces if he would surrender to the Qing. Zheng Zhilong agreed and ignored the objections of his family, surrendering himself to the Qing forces in Fuzhou on 21 November 1646. Koxinga and his uncles were left as the successors to the leadership of Zheng Zhilong's military forces. Koxinga operated outside Xiamen and recruited many to join his cause in a few months. He used the superiority of his naval forces to launch amphibious raids on Manchu-occupied territory in Fujian and he managed to take Tong'an in Quanzhou prefecture in early 1647. However, Koxinga's forces lacked the ability to defend the newly occupied territory.

paragraph: Following the fall of Tong'an to Zheng, the Manchus launched a counterattack in the spring of 1647, during which they stormed the Zheng family's hometown of Anping. Koxinga's mother, Lady Tagawa, had come from Japan in 1645 to join her family in Fujian (Koxinga's younger brother, Tagawa Shichizaemon, remained in Japan). She did not follow her husband to surrender to the Qing Dynasty. She was caught by Manchu forces in Anping and committed suicide after refusal to submit to the enemy, according to traditional accounts.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Resistance to the Qing.

paragraph: By 1650, Koxinga was strong enough to establish himself as the head of the Zheng family. He pledged allegiance to the only remaining claimant to the throne of the Ming Dynasty, the Yongli Emperor. The Yongli Emperor was fleeing from the Manchus in south-western China with a motley court and hastily assembled army at the time. Despite one fruitless attempt, Koxinga was unable to do anything to aid the last Ming emperor. Instead, he decided to concentrate on securing his own position on the southeast coast.

paragraph: Koxinga enjoyed a series of military successes in 1651 and 1652 that increased the Qing government's anxiety over the threat he posed. Zheng Zhilong wrote a letter to his son from Beijing, presumably at the request of the Shunzhi Emperor and the Qing government, urging his son to negotiate with the Manchurians. The long series of negotiations between Koxinga and the Qing Dynasty lasted until November 1654. The negotiations ultimately failed. The Qing government then appointed Prince Jidu (son of Jirgalang) to lead an attack on Koxinga's territory after this failure.

paragraph: On 9 May 1656, Jidu's armies attacked Jinmen, an island near Xiamen that Koxinga had been using to train his troops. Partly as a result of a major storm, the Manchus were defeated, and they lost most of their fleet in the battle. Koxinga had sent one of his naval commanders to capture Zhoushan island prior to Jidu's attack, and now that the Manchus were temporarily without an effective naval force in the Fujian area, Koxinga was free to send a huge army to Zhoushan, which he intended to use as a base to capture Nanjing.

paragraph: Despite capturing many counties in his initial attack due to surprise and having the initiative, Koxinga announced the final battle in Nanjing ahead of time giving plenty of time for the Qing to prepare because he wanted a decisive, single grand showdown like his father successfully did against the Dutch at the Battle of Liaoluo Bay, throwing away the surprise and initiative which led to its failure. Koxinga's attack on Qing held Nanjing which would interrupt the supply route of the Grand Canal leading to possible starvation in Beijing caused such fear that the Manchus (Tartares) considered returning to Manchuria (Tartary) and abandoning China according to a 1671 account by a French missionary. The commoners and officials in Beijing and Nanjing were waiting to support whichever side won. An official from Qing Beijing sent letters to family and another official in Nanjing, telling them all communication and news from Nanjing to Beijing had been cut off, that the Qing were considering abandoning Beijing and moving their capital far away to a remote location for safety since Koxinga's iron troops were rumored to be invincible. The letter said it reflected the grim situation being felt in Qing Beijing. The official told his children in Nanjing to prepare to defect to Koxinga which he himself was preparing to do. Koxinga's forces intercepted these letters and after reading them Koxinga may have started to regret his deliberate delays allowing the Qing to prepare for a final massive battle instead of swiftly attacking Nanjing. Koxinga's Ming loyalists fought against a majority Han Chinese Bannermen Qing army when attacking Nanjing. The siege lasted almost three weeks, beginning on August 24. Koxinga's forces were unable to maintain a complete encirclement, which enabled the city to obtain supplies and even reinforcements -- though cavalry attacks by the city's forces were successful even before reinforcements arrived. Koxinga's forces were defeated and "slipped back" (Wakeman's phrase) to the ships which had brought them.

paragraph: Koxinga, importantly, was mentally unstable, known to have a vicious temper and tendency towards ordering executions. While this might be explained by the trauma of his family being killed by the Qing army and his mother's reported suicide (in order to prevent capture by the Qing), it was also speculated that he suffered from syphilis, a suspicion held by a Dutch doctor, Christian Beyer, who treated him. Vittorio Riccio noted that Koxinga held samurai ideals on bravery, used "feigned and hearty laughter" to show anger, and adhered to bushido because of his samurai training and his Japanese upbringing. One Spanish missionary proffered a personal opinion that his bad temper and reported propensity for violence was due to Japanese heritage; however, this same missionary's account of the number of Koxinga's executions was greatly exaggerated.

paragraph: Koxinga suffered from "depressive insanity" and mental illness according to Dr. Li Yengyue.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:In Taiwan.

paragraph: In 1661, Koxinga led his troops on a landing at "" to attack the Dutch colonists in Dutch Formosa. Koxinga said to the Dutch "Hitherto this island had always belonged to China, and the Dutch had doubtless been permitted to live there, seeing that the Chinese did not require it for themselves; but requiring it now, it was only fair that Dutch strangers, who came from far regions, should give way to the masters of the island."

paragraph: The Taiwanese Aboriginal tribes who were previously allied with the Dutch against the Chinese during the Guo Huaiyi Rebellion in 1652 turned against the Dutch during the Siege of Fort Zeelandia and defected to Koxinga's Chinese forces. The Aboriginals (Formosans) of Sincan defected to Koxinga after he offered them amnesty, and proceeded to work for the Chinese, beheading Dutch people. The frontier aboriginals in the mountains and plains also surrendered and defected to the Chinese on 17 May 1661, celebrating their freedom from compulsory education under Dutch rule by hunting down Dutch people and beheading them, and by destroying their Protestant school textbooks. On 1 February 1662, the Dutch Governor of Formosa, Frederick Coyett, surrendered Fort Zeelandia to Koxinga. According to Frederick Coyett's own self-justifying account written after the siege, Koxinga's life was saved at the end of the siege by a certain Hans Jurgen Radis of Stockaert, a Dutch defector who strongly advised him against visiting the ramparts of the fort after he had taken it, which Radis knew would be blown up by the retreating Dutch forces. This claim of a Dutch defector only appears in Coyett's account and Chinese records make no mention of any defector. In the peace treaty, Koxinga was styled "Lord Teibingh Tsiante Teysiancon Koxin" (大明招討大將軍國姓). This effectively ended 38 years of Dutch rule on Taiwan. Koxinga then devoted himself to transforming Taiwan into a military base for loyalists who wanted to restore the Ming dynasty.

paragraph: Koxinga formulated a plan to give oxen and farming tools and teach farming techniques to the Taiwan Aboriginals, giving them Ming gowns and caps, and gifting tobacco to Aboriginals who were gathering in crowds to meet and welcome him as he visited their villages after he defeated the Dutch.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:In the Philippines.

paragraph: In 1662, Koxinga's forces raided several towns in the Philippines. Koxinga's chief adviser was an Italian friar named Vittorio Riccio, whom he sent to Manila to demand tribute from the colonial government of the Spanish East Indies, threatening to attack the city if his demands were not met. The Spanish refused to pay the tribute and reinforced the garrisons around Manila, but the planned attack never took place due to Koxinga's sudden death in that year after expelling the Dutch from Taiwan.

paragraph: Koxinga's threat to invade the islands and expel the Spanish was an important factor in the Spanish failure to conquer the Muslim Moro people in Mindanao. The threat of Chinese invasion forced the Spanish to withdraw their forces to Manila, leaving some troops in Jolo and by Lake Lanao to engage the Moro in protracted conflict, while their fort on Zamboanga in Mindanao was immediately evacuated following Koxinga's threats. The Spanish were also forced to permanently abandon their colony in the Maluku Islands (Moluccas) and withdraw their soldiers from there to Manila.

paragraph: Tonio Andrade judged that Koxinga would most likely have been able to defeat the Spanish if the threatened invasion had taken place.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Death.

paragraph: Koxinga died of malaria in June 1662, only a few months after defeating the Dutch in Taiwan, at the age of 37. There were speculations that he died in a sudden fit of madness when his officers refused to carry out his orders to execute his son Zheng Jing. Zheng Jing had had an affair with his wet nurse and conceived a child with her. Zheng Jing succeeded his father as the King of Tungning.

paragraph: As he descended into death, Koxinga relented and agreed to let his son Zheng Jing succeed him. Koxinga died as he passed into delirium and madness and expressed his regrets to his family and father.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Zheng Chenggong’s short but eventful career was characterised by family tension and conflicting loyalties. The title of Koxinga ("Lord of the Imperial Surname") was one that Zheng himself used during his lifetime to emphasize his status as an adopted son of the deposed imperial house, so it was also a declaration of ongoing support to the Ming dynasty. Despite his deliberate self-identification as the noble, loyal vassal of a vanquished master, Koxinga’s actual relationship with the Longwu Emperor lasted only twelve months or so, beginning in September 1645 and ending with the Emperor's death the following year. Although many secondary sources claim that the two men shared a "close bond of affection", there is an absence of any reliable contemporary evidence on Koxinga’s relationship with the Longwu Emperor.

paragraph: In contrast, Koxinga's father Zheng Zhilong left his Japanese wife not long after the birth of his son; Koxinga was a boy of seven when he finally joined his father on the Fujianese coast. It seems that Zheng Zhilong recognised his son’s talent and encouraged him in his studies and the pursuit of a career as a scholar-official, which would legitimise the power the Zheng family had acquired, using sometimes questionable means. Zheng Zhilong’s defection to the Qing must have seemed opportunistic and in stark contrast to Koxinga’s continued loyalty to the Ming. But it is difficult to deny that in refusing to submit to the Qing, Koxinga was risking the life of his father, and that the subsequent death of Zheng Zhilong could only be justified by claiming loyalty to the Ming. It has even been suggested that Koxinga’s fury at the incestuous relationship between his son, Zheng Jing, and a younger son’s wet nurse was due to the fact that strict Confucian morality had played such a crucial role in justifying his lack of filial behaviour.

paragraph: The one possible exception to this may have been his relationship with his mother, which has generally been described as being extremely affectionate, particularly in Chinese and Japanese sources. Their time together, however, was apparently very short – despite frequent entreaties from Zheng Zhilong for her to join him in China, Koxinga’s mother was only reunited with her son some time in 1645, and a year later she was killed when the Qing took Xiamen.

paragraph: A portrait of Zheng was in the hands of Yuchun who was his descendant in the eight generation.

paragraph: Koxinga's descendants live in both mainland China and Taiwan and descendants of his brother Shichizaemon live in Japan. His descendants through his grandson Zheng Keshuang served as Bannermen in Beijing until 1911 when the Xinhai revolution broke out and the Qing dynasty's fell, after which they moved back to Anhai and Nan'an in southern Fujian. They still live there to this day. His descendants through one of his sons Zheng Kuan live in Taiwan.

paragraph: One of Koxinga's descendants on mainland China, Zheng Xiaoxuan 鄭曉嵐 the father of Zheng Chouyu 鄭愁予, fought against the Japanese invaders in the Second Sino-Japanese War. Zheng Chouyu was born in Shandong in mainland China and called himself a "child of the resistance" against Japan and he became a refugee during the war, moving from place to place across China to avoid the Japanese. He moved to Taiwan in 1949 and focuses his work on building stronger ties between Taiwan and mainland China. Zheng Chouyu was born in mainland China, he identified as Chinese and he felt alienated after he was forced to move to Taiwan in 1949 which was previously under Japanese rule and felt strange and foreign to him. He is Koxinga's 11th generation descendant and his original name is Zheng Wenji.

paragraph: "Koxinga: Chronicles of the Tei Family" was written by R. A. B. Posonby-Fane.

paragraph: Section::::Family.:Concubine.

paragraph: During the Siege of Fort Zeelandia, Koxinga executed Dutch missionary Antonius Hambroek and took his teenage daughter as a concubine. Other Dutch women were sold to Chinese soldiers to become their wives. In 1684 some of these Dutch wives were still captives of the Chinese.

paragraph: Section::::Modern-day legacy and influences.

paragraph: It is debated whether he was clean-shaven or wore a beard.

paragraph: Koxinga's legacy is treated differently on each side of the Taiwan Strait. Koxinga is worshiped as a god in coastal China, especially Fujian, by overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia and in Taiwan. There is a temple dedicated to Koxinga and his mother in Tainan City, Taiwan. The National Cheng Kung University in Tainan, one of the most prestigious universities in Taiwan, is named after him.

paragraph: Koxinga's army also brought the Qinxi fraternal brotherhood into Taiwan, of which some of his army were members of the organization. In the present day, the Qinxi currently exists in Taiwan. The Hongmen are associated with them.

paragraph: Tokugawa Japan imported books from Qing China including works on the Zheng family. The Qing built a shrine to commemorate Koxinga to counteract the Japanese and French in Taiwan in the 19th century. Zheng Juzhong's books Zheng Chenggong zhuan was imported to Japan and reprinted in 1771.

paragraph: The play "The Battles of Coxinga" was written by Chikamatsu Monzaemon in Japan in the 18th century, first performed in Kyoto. A 2001 film titled "The Sino-Dutch War 1661" starred Vincent Zhao as Koxinga. The film was renamed "Kokusenya Kassen" after the aforementioned play and released in Japan in 2002.

paragraph: Koxinga has received renewed attention since rumors began circulating that the People’s Liberation Army Navy were planning to name their newly acquired aircraft carrier, the ex-Soviet Varyag, the "Shi Lang". Admiral Shi Lang famously defeated Koxinga’s descendants in the 1683 Battle of Penghu, thus bringing Taiwan under Qing rule. However, the Chinese government denied all allegations that the vessel would be dedicated to the decorated Qing dynasty admiral.

paragraph: Koxinga is regarded as a hero in the People's Republic of China, Taiwan, and Japan, but historical narratives regarding Koxinga frequently differ in explaining his motives and affiliation. Japan treats him as a native son and emphasized his maternal link to Japan in propaganda during the Japanese occupation of Taiwan. The People's Republic of China considers Koxinga a national hero for driving the imperialist Dutch away from Taiwan and establishing ethnic Chinese rule over the island. On mainland China, Koxinga is honoured as the "Conqueror of Taiwan, Great Rebel-Quelling General" a military hero who brought Taiwan back within the Han Chinese sphere of influence through expanded economic, trade and cultural exchanges. In China, Koxinga is honoured without the religious overtones found in Taiwan.

paragraph: The Republic of China, which withdrew to Taiwan after losing the Chinese Civil War, regards Koxinga as a patriot who also retreated to Taiwan and used it as a base to launch counterattacks against the Qing dynasty of mainland China. In Taiwan, Koxinga is honored as the island’s most respected saint for expelling the Dutch and seen as the original ancestor of a free Taiwan, and is known as Kaishan Shengwang, or "the Sage King who Opened up Taiwan" and as "The Yanping Prince", referring to the Kingdom of Tungning, which he established in modern-day Tainan.

paragraph: In Taiwan, Koxinga is remembered and revered as a divine national hero with hundreds of temples, schools, tertiary educations, and other public centers named in his honor. Koxinga is accredited with replacing Dutch colonial rule with a more modern political system. Furthermore, Koxinga transformed Taiwan into an agrarian society through the introduction of new agricultural methods such as the proliferation of iron farming tools and new farming methods with cattle. For these reasons, Koxinga is often associated with "hints of [a] consciousness of Taiwanese independence". Although Koxinga himself wanted Taiwan unified with the rest of China. Great care was taken to symbolise support for the Ming legitimacy, an example being the use of the term "guan" instead of "bu" to name departments, since the latter is reserved for central government, whereas Taiwan was to be a regional office of the rightful Ming rule of China.

paragraph: However, not all Taiwanese accept the popularized interpretation of the Koxinga legacy. Supporters of Taiwanese independence are skeptical about embracing the Koxinga legacy. Koxinga's mixed Japanese heritage (the Japanese were an occupying force for 50 years between 1895 and 1945) and the positive connotations in mainland China have all made acceptance by Taiwan independence supporters problematic.

paragraph: In mainland China, Koxinga is considered a positive historical but human figure (not deified as he often is in Taiwan). Koxinga’s retreat to Taiwan is seen largely as an inspirational story of Chinese nationalists seeking refuge against hostile forces. Koxinga's aspirations to see Taiwan united with the mainland is often accentuated. Furthermore, Koxinga facilitated the settlement of a large number of Han Chinese to Taiwan who brought with them their Han cultures, traditions, and languages. As a direct result, Han Chinese make up approximately 98% of the Taiwanese population today.

paragraph: The historical novel "Lord of Formosa" by Dutch author Joyce Bergvelt uses Koxinga as the main character.

paragraph: Section::::Memorial institutions.

paragraph: There are hundreds of public pieces, shrines dedicated to and worship Koxinga. The Koxinga Temple in Tainan City, Taiwan, is perhaps the most interesting as it is "the only Fujianese style shrine in Taiwan". The temple "illustrat[es] the geographic connection between Taiwan and the Mainland, [whilst] describ[ing] the evolution of life from the past to the present", which means that the temple acknowledges that Koxinga is a legacy shared by both Taiwan and the Mainland and that this perhaps is still important today.

paragraph: In Mainland China however, there is only one official memorial to their "conqueror of Taiwan" and that is on Gulang Island of Xiamen, Fujian Province, which is positioned directly across Taiwan's Kinmen. The imposing statue of Zheng Chenggong in full military regalia, gazes over the water facing Taiwan. (Not to be confused with the 9 meter tall Zheng Chenggong statue that is on a pedestrian-only island in the Jiankong islet in Jincheng Township, Kinmen County, Taiwan).

paragraph: Whilst "the statue of Zheng portrays a clean-shaven young general in armour ... [in] Taiwan, Koxinga seldom appears as a warrior. His portraits show him as a Ming noble in civilian robes – and wearing a small beard, a symbol of seniority and sobriety".

paragraph: This difference in commemoration of the Koxinga story illustrates the wide difference in attitudes on either side of the Taiwan Strait on the issue of Taiwan sovereignty.

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Cheng Kung University (Koxinga University)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cheng Kung Senior High School

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cheng Kung class frigate

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chenggong, Taitung

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anti-Qing sentiment

paragraph: BULLET::::- Great Clearance (1661–1669)

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Taiwan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kingdom of Tungning

paragraph: BULLET::::- Koxinga Ancestral Shrine

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meij, Philip. "Daghregister van Philip Meij: Het naervolgende sijnde 't geene per memorie onthouden van 't gepasseerde in 't geweldigh overvallen des Chinesen mandorijns Cocxinja op Formosa en geduijrende ons gevanckenis, beginnende 30 April 1661 en eijndigende 4 Februarij 1662". Dutch National Archive, VOC 1238: 848–914.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paske-Smith, M. "Western Barbarians in Japan and Formosa in Tokugawa Days, 1603–1868". New York: Paragon Book Reprint Corp., 1968.

alias:
Chenggong
Zheng Chenggong
Zheng Sen
Guoxingye
Zhongjie
Zhuchenggong
Sen
Mingyan
Senshe
Yanping Junwang
Damu

description: Chinese military leader

enwikiquote_title: Koxinga

wikidata_label: Koxinga

wikipedia_title: Koxinga


text: Battle of Sendaigawa

categories: 1610 deaths,Shimazu retainers,1526 births,Samurai

paragraph: Niiro Tadamoto

paragraph: He participated in the Battle of Sendaigawa.

description: Japanese samurai

wikidata_label: Niiro Tadamoto

wikipedia_title: Niiro Tadamoto


text:
Leeuwarden
The Hague
Dejima
Japan
Jan Cock Blomhoff
Tokugawa shogunate
sakoku
Nagasaki
shōgun
Tokugawa Ienari
Petronella Muns
Batavia
Japanese porcelain
Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland
Historisch Centrum Leeuwarden

categories: 1821 deaths,Dutch expatriates in Japan,19th-century Dutch people,People from Leeuwarden,1786 births

paragraph: Titia Bergsma

paragraph: Titia Bergsma (Leeuwarden, February 13, 1786 – The Hague, April 2, 1821) was a Dutch woman who visited Dejima, Japan, in August 1817 with her husband, Jan Cock Blomhoff.

paragraph: Under the Tokugawa shogunate's "sakoku" policy Japan was extremely secluded. The Dutch and Chinese were allowed to visit the country, but only for trade, and no women were permitted. The governor of Nagasaki allowed Bergsma to enter the island. Five weeks later when the "shōgun" Tokugawa Ienari became aware of her presence, he ordered that Titia and the wetnurse Petronella Muns had to leave. In December the women went back to Batavia and Holland and Bergsma never saw her husband again.

paragraph: In the meanwhile, Japanese painters and sculptors had made 500 images of Bergsma. Her images had such popularity in Japan that they outsold all other prints in 19th century Japan. Images can be found all over Japan. There are companies which specialise entirely in Bergsma images. It is said her face can be seen on four million pieces of Japanese porcelain.

paragraph: The life of Bergsma has been adapted to animation in Japan.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. P. Bersma, "Titia. The first Western Woman in Japan" (Amsterdam 2002)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historisch Centrum Leeuwarden

description: Dutch artist's model

wikidata_label: Titia Bergsma

wikipedia_title: Titia Bergsma


text:
Tata Group
Parsi
Jamsetji Tata
St. Xavier College
Dorabji Tata
Parsees
cricket
Cricket Club of India
Brabourne Stadium
1923 New Year Honours
1933 Birthday Honours
1937 Coronation Honours
Brookwood Cemetery

categories: Tata family,Indian cricketers,Indian knights,Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire,1875 births,19th-century Indian sportspeople,Parsees cricketers,Tata Group people,Burials at Brookwood Cemetery,Businesspeople from Mumbai,Knights Bachelor,Cricketers from Mumbai,Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire,1938 deaths,Indian philanthropists,Parsi people from Mumbai,Parsi people

paragraph: Nowroji Saklatwala

paragraph: Sir Nowroji Saklatwala, (also spelt Saklatvala; 10 September 1875 – 21 July 1938) was an Indian businessman who was the third chairman of the Tata Group from 1932 till his sudden death in 1938.

paragraph: He was born in Bombay into a Parsi family, the son of Bapuji Saklatwala and Virbaiji Tata. His maternal uncle was Jamsetji Tata, founder of the Tata Group. He completed his studies at St. Xavier College, joined the Tata Group in 1899 as a clerk in Svadeshi Mills in Bombay. Within twenty years, he rose to be the head of the firm. He worked closely with Dorabji Tata, the second chairman. When Dorabji died in 1932, he became the Chairman of the Tata Group and had the task of consolidating the company during the Depression years.

paragraph: Closely connected with Indian cricket, Saklatwala played for the Parsees team during 1904-05, but stopped playing actively due to business pre-occupations. As a cricket player he represented the Parsees against the Europeans in 1904.

paragraph: He was the first Chairman of the Cricket Club of India after its inception in 1933 till his death and was instrumental in the development of Brabourne Stadium, for which he also donated a large sum of money.

paragraph: Saklatwala was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) in the 1923 New Year Honours, knighted in the 1933 Birthday Honours and further knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the 1937 Coronation Honours.

paragraph: He died suddenly from heart failure while in France, aged 62. He is buried in the Parsi section of Brookwood Cemetery in Surrey.

description: Indian businessman

wikidata_label: Nowroji Saklatwala

wikipedia_title: Nowroji Saklatwala


text: atheist

text: freethought

text: anti-Semite

text: white supremacist

text: Maud, Oklahoma

text: Epworth University

text: Oklahoma City

text: James Hervey Johnson

text: The Godless Girl

text: John Roach Straton

text: Aimee Semple McPherson

text: The Truth Seeker

text: New York City

text: blasphemy

text: Little Rock

text: fast

text: Ben M. Bogard

text: Murray v. Curlett

text: Madalyn Murray O'Hair

text: Vashti McCollum

text: San Diego

text: California

text: The Bible in the Balance

categories: Critics of Christianity,1964 deaths,Activists from Little Rock, Arkansas,20th-century atheists,Activists from New York (state),American atheists,Persecution of atheists,American atheism activists,Freethought writers,1887 births

paragraph: Charles Lee Smith

paragraph: Charles Lee Smith (1887 – October 26, 1964) was an American atheist, freethought activist, anti-Semite and white supremacist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Raised a Methodist in Maud, Oklahoma, he entered Epworth University in Oklahoma City to study theology; however, study and debate there led him to become an atheist instead.

paragraph: In November 1925, he founded the American Association for the Advancement of Atheism (A.A.A.A. or "the 4A's") in New York City, which lasted until the death of his successor James Hervey Johnson. It attempted to organize student affiliates at universities and high schools, creating at least 30 student chapters. The Los Angeles branch, "The Devil's Angels" included among its members Queen Silver, whose activities with the 4A's inspired the fictionalized movie "The Godless Girl". The Rochester Chapter was known as "The Damned Souls", at Philadelphia "God's Black Sheep", at the University of Wisconsin "The Circle of the Godless", and "The Legion of the Damned" at the University of North Dakota. However, the organization declined over time.

paragraph: Between 1926 and 1928, Smith came into conflict with John Roach Straton, which resulted in Straton suing Smith for harassment via the mails. On March 20, 1934 Smith debated Aimee Semple McPherson over evolution.

paragraph: In 1935 Smith published "The Bible in the Balance", which criticizes the Bible as unworthy of belief, and became a popular pamphlet for the A.A.A.A.

paragraph: In 1937 Smith took over as an editor of "The Truth Seeker", a free-thought magazine in New York City, where he continued as editor until his 1964 death. During his editorship, he subtitled "The Truth Seeker" as "The Journal for Reasoners and Racists".

paragraph: Section::::Blasphemy conviction.

paragraph: In 1928 Smith undertook a course that ended with him the last documented person to be convicted of blasphemy in the United States. That year, Smith rented a store-front in Little Rock, Arkansas, where he gave out free anti-religious atheist literature. The sign in the window read: "Evolution Is True. The Bible's a Lie. God's a Ghost." For this, he was charged with violating the city ordinance against blasphemy. Because he was an atheist, and therefore, wouldn't swear the court's religious oath to tell the truth, he wasn't permitted to testify in his own defense. The judge then dismissed the original charge, replacing it with one of distributing obscene, slanderous, or scurrilous literature. Smith was convicted, fined $25, and served most of a twenty-six-day jail sentence. His high-profile fast while behind bars drew national media attention.

paragraph: Upon his release, he immediately resumed his atheistic activities, was again charged with blasphemy, and this time convicted. In his trial, he was once more denied the right to testify and was sentenced to ninety days in jail and a fine of $100. Released on $1,000 bail, Smith appealed the verdict. The case then dragged on for several years, until it was finally dismissed. Local fundamentalist Baptist minister Ben M. Bogard (known for successfully lobbying for an Arkansas state law banning the teaching of evolution in the public schools) unexpectedly defended Smith's right to free speech, believing that he could defeat him in a fair debate.

paragraph: Section::::Late life.

paragraph: In 1956 Smith published the two-volume tome "Sensism: The Philosophy of the West", promoting a pure atheistic philosophy, viewing all supernatural religions and thought patterns as rubbish.

paragraph: During the 1959–1963 proceedings of "Murray v. Curlett", Smith provided financial assistance to Madalyn Murray O'Hair to cover part of the case's legal expenses; he said that he had also provided assistance to Vashti McCollum in her 1945–1947 case.

paragraph: Smith died on October 26, 1964 in San Diego, California.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bible in the Balance", by Charles Lee Smith

description: American anti-religious activist

wikidata_label: Charles Lee Smith

wikipedia_title: Charles Lee Smith


text:
Hackney
East London
Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts
Peter Buckman
Alec Guinness
Jewish
plastination
The Notorious B.I.G.
Tupac Shakur
Feminist
Planned Parenthood
Rock The Vote
Democratic National Convention
Philadelphia
Keats
Ode on Melancholy
Hank Willis Thomas
New York
Chicago
Harrisburg
W Magazine
Jemima Kirke
Natalie Frank
New York Live Arts
Donald Trump
David Schwimmer

categories: British women artists,1985 births,Living people,English women photographers

paragraph: Zoë Buckman

paragraph: Zoë Buckman (born 1985) is a British artist, photographer, and producer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Buckman was born in Hackney, East London, UK, to television writer and playwright Jennie Buckman, the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts head of acting from 1986 to 2007, and Nick Blatchley, a government health official. Her uncle is Peter Buckman, an English writer and literary agent, and her paternal grandmother was the sister of Sir Alec Guinness's wife. Buckman's mother is Jewish.

paragraph: Section::::Artwork.

paragraph: Section::::Artwork.:"Present Life".

paragraph: "Present Life" examines the temporary nature and beauty of life from the focal-point of the exhibit, Buckman's plastinated placenta. After the birth of Buckman's daughter, Cleo, Buckman was informed that her placenta had deteriorated and could have caused the premature death of her child had she not been born. Buckman preserved her placenta through plastination and used the experience to inform her "Present Life" art series. In the series, Buckman's plastinated placenta is shown encased in marble.

paragraph: Section::::Artwork.:"Every Curve".

paragraph: "Every Curve" brings together Buckman's love of 1990s rap lyrics from The Notorious B.I.G. and Tupac Shakur, and her Feminist ideology through an installation of embroidery on vintage women's lingerie. Buckman hand embroidered rap lyrics onto vintage garments to explore the conflict between feminism and hip-hop.

paragraph: The art series explores the dialogue between the misogynistic lyrics within rap and the uplifting, pro-choice, Feminist content found within the text. "Every Curve" "illustrates the oppositional perceptions of woman as sexual object, woman as love, and woman as creator; perceptions which, with recourse to history, remain unchanged", stated art critic Hannah-Rosanne Poulton of A Taste for Art.

paragraph: Section::::Artwork.:"Mostly It's Just Uncomfortable".

paragraph: "Mostly It’s Just Uncomfortable" is Buckman’s response to the attack on Planned Parenthood in the United States and the consequent lack of access to free sexual health care for underserved women and the attempted removal of a woman’s right to make choices concerning her own body. The body of work includes gynecological and boxing imagery and objects.

paragraph: Two of the neon works from the series, "Champion" and "Champ" have been featured in the inaugural exhibition of For Freedoms, an artist-run Super PAC, at Jack Shainman Gallery and Rock The Vote's "Truth to Power" exhibition at the 2016 Democratic National Convention (DNC) in Philadelphia.

paragraph: Section::::Artwork.:"Let Her Rave".

paragraph: "Let Her Rave" is a response to a line in Keats’ poem Ode on Melancholy. The work in this series is about the society’s control of women and their bodies through patriarchal constructs. Though she has been a long time Keats’ admirer, the artist was unable to resolve the line ‘Or if thy mistress some rich anger shows / Imprison her soft hand, and let her rave.’

paragraph: Sculptures of boxing gloves trimmed with vintage wedding dresses that hang from the ceiling as well as a powerful neon adorned with wedding veils explore the complex aggressions that women face each day and the idea that they must fight in response. Further in terms of matrimony they suggest the weight, strength, and delicacy of marriage and its impact on womanhood.

paragraph: Section::::Collaborations and public projects.

paragraph: Buckman is a member of For Freedoms, the first artist-run Super PAC founded by artists Eric Gottesman and Hank Willis Thomas. She has participated in several projects with the organization including an exhibition at Jack Shainman, New York, NY; a bus bench with Monique Meloche Gallery, Chicago, IL; a billboard -‘’Grab ‘Em By the Ballots’’ – in Harrisburg, PA; and a political campaign advertisement for "W Magazine" featuring Jemima Kirke.

paragraph: Buckman and Natalie Frank collaborated on Buckman’s first public project, a mural at New York Live Arts during spring 2017 titled "We Hold These Truths To Be Self-Evident". The piece was a response to election of Donald Trump and it utilizes misogynistic text gathered from statements that former and current male politicians have made about women and their bodies.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 2007, Buckman began a relationship with actor and director David Schwimmer. In March 2010, Schwimmer announced their engagement, and Buckman married Schwimmer in a small ceremony in June. In 2011 Buckman and Schwimmer's daughter was born. The couple announced in April 2017 that they were separating.

description: English artist and photographer

wikidata_label: Zoë Buckman

wikipedia_title: Zoë Buckman


text: Cebu City

text: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cebu

text: auxiliary

text: José S. Palma

text: Colegio de San Jose- Recoletos

text: Manila

text: Jaime Cardinal Sin

text: Ricardo Cardinal Vidal

text: Ordinary

text: Rome

text: Pontifical University of the Holy Cross

text: International Eucharistic Congress

text: Pope Francis

text: Ricardo Cardinal Vidal

text: blazon

text: dexter

text: Gules

text: mullet

text: sinister

text: Sun in splendour

text: Or

text: chief

text: Argent

text: Proper

text: Roman galero

text: Vert

text: tassel

text: achievement

text: Magellan's Cross

text: bishop

text: Secretary-General

text: International Eucharistic Congress

text: red

text: Martyrdom

text: Denis

text: Paris

text: France

text: Saint Pedro Calungsod

text: Martyr

text: Lawrence of Rome

text: Episcopal Ordination

text: mullet

text: dexter

text: Blessed Virgin Mary

text: Our Lady of Mount Carmel

text: Discalced Carmelites

text: sinister

text: Sun in splendour

text: Theology

text: Isaiah

text: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cebu

text: Pontifical University of the Holy Cross

text: University of San Jose–Recoletos

text: Roman Catholic Diocese of Malolos

categories: People from Cebu City,Filipino Christian religious leaders,Filipino religious leaders,1967 births,University of Santo Tomas alumni,Catholic Church in the Philippines,Religion in the Philippines,Pontifical University of the Holy Cross alumni,Living people

paragraph: Dennis Villarojo

paragraph: Dennis Cabanada Villarojo (born April 18, 1967 in Cebu City) is a bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cebu and currently serves as an auxiliary to Archbishop José S. Palma . He completed his high school formation at the Colegio de San Jose- Recoletos in the same city. He entered San Carlos Seminary College of the Archdiocese of Cebu where he finished his philosophical studies. Later, he continued his priestly training at the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas in Manila, where he took his theological studies, and obtained his licentiate degree in Ecclesiastical Philosophy.

paragraph: He was ordained deacon by Jaime Cardinal Sin in Manila on 1993. A year later on June 10, 1994, he was ordained priest for the Archdiocese of Cebu. For four years, from 1994 to 1998, he was personal secretary of Ricardo Cardinal Vidal, the Ordinary of the Archdiocese at that time.

paragraph: From 1998 to 2001, Monsignor Villarojo continued his post-graduate studies in Philosophy, in Rome, at the Pontifical University of the Holy Cross, where he earned his doctorate in this discipline.

paragraph: After studying in Rome, he returned to his country and continued, until 2010, to take the task as secretary of Cardinal Vidal and at the same time as coordinator of the pastoral planning board of the archdiocese.

paragraph: Since 2010, Monsignor Villarojo has been the chairman of the pastoral team at the parish of the Our Lady of the Sacred Heart in Barangay Capitol Site, Cebu City. In 2012, he was also appointed secretary-general of the 51st International Eucharistic Congress, which will be held in Cebu, in January 2016.

paragraph: On 3 July 2015, Pope Francis designated Monsignor Villarojo as one of the auxiliary bishops of Cebu. He was consecrated bishop on 10 August 2015 at the Metropolitan Cathedral of the Archdiocese of Cebu, by Archbishop Jose Palma, the current Ordinary of the Archdiocese. Ricardo Cardinal Vidal (Cardinal Archbishop Emeritus of Cebu), and Archbishop Giuseppe Pinto (Papal Nuncio to the Philippines) were the co-consecrators.

paragraph: On May 14, 2019, Pope Francis has designated Bishop Villarojo as the new bishop of the Diocese of Malolos.

paragraph: Section::::Coat of arms.

paragraph: Bishop Villarojo's personal Coat of Arms is blazoned as follows:

paragraph: Arms: "Per fesse", in dexter base Gules a mullet of six points, and in sinister base a Sun in splendour, all Or; in chief Argent and issuant from the base the Shrine of Magellan's Cross Proper.

paragraph: The shield is surmounted by a Bishop's cross and by a Roman galero of this rank, i.e., Vert with six tassels of the same pendant (1,2,3) at both sides.

paragraph: The symbolism of the heraldic achievement is as follows:

paragraph: The Magellan's Cross Kiosk in the upper white field (chief Argent) symbolizes his being a cebuano bishop. It is also the 51st International Eucharistic Congress Pilgrim Symbol. Bishop Villarojo is also the Secretary-General of the 51st International Eucharistic Congress.

paragraph: The red base of the coat of arms represents the Martyrdom of Saint Denis, Patron of Paris, France, of Saint Pedro Calungsod (a Cebuano Martyr and the 2nd Filipino Saint), and of Saint Lawrence of Rome (another marytr), whose feast is commemorated by the Catholic Church on August 10 - the day of Bishop Villarojo's Episcopal Ordination. The color red has also another significance. The Official Newspaper of the Archdiocese of Cebu referred to the color's connection with the family name of the Bishop, which is translated in Cebuano as: ""Adunay kalambigitan sa akong bangsagon nga Villarojo, kinatsila sa "dakong balay o gamayng lungsod nga pula"" (A big house or a small city of red).

paragraph: The six-pointed star (mullet of six points)on the dexter side (right side with reference to the bearer) represents the Blessed Virgin Mary. This star is also a seen on the Image of Our Lady of Mount Carmel. Bishop Villarojo is a member of the Third Order of the Order of the Discalced Carmelites.

paragraph: On the sinister side (left side with reference to the bearer) of the base is a Sun in splendour, which represents the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas where he studied Theology. The sun is also symbolic of the Light of the Truth - Christ.

paragraph: Villarojo's motto is taken from the Book of the Prophet Isaiah 40:1, "Consolamini Popule Meus" (“Be consoled my people”).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cebu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pontifical University of the Holy Cross

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of San Jose–Recoletos

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Diocese of Malolos

wikidata_label: Dennis Villarojo

wikipedia_title: Dennis Villarojo


text:
Indian cinema
Kohinoor Film Company
Bhakta Vidur
Gujarati
Hindi
B movie
Bhakta Vidur
Kanjibhai Rathod
Kohinoor Film Company
Bismi Sadi
Raja Sandow
Noor Mohammed Charlie
Manorama
Kalapi
Kohinoor Film Company
Ruby Myers
Zubeida
Samaj Ki Bhool
Lalita Pawar
Bhakta Vidur
Bismi Sadi
Manorama
Kulin Kanta

categories: Male actors from Mumbai,Hindi-language film directors,1949 deaths,20th-century Indian male actors,Indian male silent film actors,Film directors from Mumbai,Indian male film actors,Indian silent film directors,20th-century Indian film directors

paragraph: Homi Master

paragraph: Homi Master (?–1949) was an actor-director of early Indian cinema. His work extended from the silent era to the talkie era and up to his death. He produced his best films for Kohinoor Film Company and he has been referred to as "silent cinema's most successful film-maker".

paragraph: Master acted in the then-controversial film "Bhakta Vidur" (1921), "Kala Naag" and "Kulin Kanta". Some of his important films were "Bismi Sadi", "Manorama", "Do Ghadi Ki Mauj" (1935), "Samaj Ki Bhool" (1934) and "Gul Sanobar" (1934). He was active from 1921 to 1949 and made over seventy-eight films. His later films in Gujarati and Hindi were termed as B movies. He died in 1949.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: At the age of thirteen, Master joined a famous Parsi theatre group called Bilwala. He soon became a popular stage actor, with his performance in "Pakzaad Parveen" being appreciated. Following a brief stint at the Phalke Film company, he joined Kohinoor Film Company working initially as an actor. He went on to direct films for them starting with "Bismi Sadi".

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Homi Master acted in three films before getting a chance to direct. The three films, "Bhakta Vidur" (1921) (in the role of Duryodhan), "Ajamil" (1922) and "Vratasur Vadha" (1923), were directed by Kanjibhai Rathod. He played the lead role in "Kala Naag", a film he helped co-direct with Rathod in 1924. A crime drama, it was the first "recorded example" using real-life characters and was based on the Champsi-Haridas Murder case in Bombay.

paragraph: In 1924, Master started his career as a director with Dwarka Sampat's Kohinoor Film Company. His first film for Kohinoor was "Bismi Sadi", starring Raja Sandow, Miss Moti and Noor Mohammed Charlie. A social, the film was about a hawker who becomes a mill-owner and goes on to exploit the people working under him. "Manorama" (1924) was based on the famous Gujarati romantic poet Kalapi's autobiographical poem "Hridaya Triputi". The film was made in the fantasy genre and broke "all records" when it ran for fourteen weeks.

paragraph: Other significant films at this time were "The Telephone Girl" (1926), also called "Telephone Ni Taruni", produced by Kohinoor, and starring Ruby Myers, Gohar and Raja Sandow. "Educated Wife" or Bhaneli Bhamini (1927), was another Kohinoor film with Gohar, Vaidya and Raja Sandow. They were social films that were successful at the box office.

paragraph: "Gul Sanobar" (1928) was a fantasy production from Kohinoor Film Company, based on Persian fairy tale romances, and directed by Master. It starred the then-popular star Khalil with Miss Yakbal. The film was later remade in 1934, with the same name, directed by Master and produced by Imperial Film Company. The cast included stars of the time like Sulochana (Ruby Myers), D. Billimoria and Zubeida.

paragraph: His 1934 film "Samaj Ki Bhool", was a social film promoting a widow's right to remarry. It starred Jamshedji, Lalita Pawar, Jilloobai, Dulari and Rafiq Ghaznavi, with music composed by Pransukh Nayak.

paragraph: In 1935, he directed three films "Do Ghadi Ki Mauj" a social film produced by Imperial, starring Ruby Myers and D. Billimoria; "Ghar Jamai" a social comedy, a Hindi/Gujarati bilingual, produced by Premier Films with story by Mohanlal G. Dave. (A story about a "resident son-in-law" that became a "major success" at the box office) The third film, "Naya Zamana" was again produced by Premier Films and starred Heera and Ghulam Mohammed with music by Khansaheb.

paragraph: He continued to direct films making 'B' class films and some in the Gujarati language. According to Rajadhyaksha and Willemen, he worked as a production manager at Kardar Studios towards the end of his career.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: List:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bhakta Vidur" (1921) actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ajamil (1922) actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vratasur Vadha" (1923) actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bismi Sadi" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kanya Vikraya" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Manorama" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ra Mandlik" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sati Sone" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Veer Ahir" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ghar Jamai" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kunj Vihari" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lanka Ni Laadi" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sansar Swapna" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fankdo Fituri" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hirji Kamdar" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kulin Kanta" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mari Dhaniyani" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rajnagarni Rambha" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Telephone Girl" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Briefless Barrister" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lakho Vanjaro" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mumtaz Mahal" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sati Jasma" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shirin Farhad" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Delhi No Thug" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rangmahal Ni Ramani" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Return Of Kala Naag" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mission Girl" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bhaneli Bhamini" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Surat No Sahukar" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lekh Par Mekh" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gul Sanobar" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Veerangana" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rajani Bala" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sarojini" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bilwamangal" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lanka Lakshmi" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Punjab Kesari" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Punya Prabhav" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sinh Ka Bachha Sinh" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lutaru Lalna" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mast Fakir" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shoorveer Sharada" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ranchandi" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Patan Ni Paniari" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rao Saheb" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shahi Firman" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dushman-e-Iman" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bulbul-e-Shiraz" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ranadevata" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mahiari" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hind Kesari" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jai Bajrang" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prabhu Na Chor" (1932) (all St)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hoor-e-Misar" (1932) Talkie

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jagat Mohini" (1933) (St)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Misar Nu Moti" (1933) (St)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saubhagya Sundari" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Samaj Ki Bhool" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gul Sanobar" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Khwab-e- Hasti" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Do Ghadi Ki Mauj" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ghar Jamai" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Naya Zamana" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Akkal Na Bardan" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zaat-e-Sharif" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jagat Kesari" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New Searchlight" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Punjab Lancers" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chhote Sarkar" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fankdo Fituri" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Neelamalai Kaidhi" (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chamakti Bijli" (1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bhaneli Vahu" (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gharwali" (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jai Ranchhod" (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lagan Na Umedvar" (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shethno Salo" (1949)

wikidata_label: Homi Master

wikipedia_title: Homi Master


text: Old French

text: knight

text: chivalry

text: marshal of France

text: Jean I Le Maingre

text: marshal of France

text: Charles VI of France

text: Louis II, Duke of Bourbon

text: Normandy

text: Battle of Roosebeke

text: Prussia

text: Teutonic Order

text: Lithuanians

text: Moors

text: Toulouse

text: Hundred Years' War

text: Balkans

text: Near East

text: Holy Land

text: Philip of Artois, Count of Eu

text: chivalry

text: Johan Huizinga

text: Truce of Leulinghem

text: war with England

text: tournament

text: Livonia

text: Marshal of France

text: Tours

text: Hungarian

text: crusade

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Battle of Nicopolis

text: Ottoman sultan

text: Bayezid I

text: courtly love

text: Byzantine emperor

text: Manuel II Palaeologus

text: Genoa

text: Janus of Cyprus

text: Famagusta

text: Cyprus

text: Battle of Modon

text: Burgundy

text: Orléans

text: Battle of Agincourt

text: Yorkshire

text: cathedral of Tours

text: epitaph

categories: People of the Northern Crusades,1421 deaths,14th-century French people,People of the Reconquista,1366 births,French prisoners of war in the Hundred Years' War,French prisoners of war in the 14th century,15th-century French people,Christians of the Crusades,Christians of the Crusade of Nicopolis,Marshals of France,People of the Hundred Years' War

paragraph: Jean II Le Maingre

paragraph: Jean II Le Maingre (in Old French: Jehan le Meingre), also known as Boucicaut (28 August 1366 – 21 June 1421), was a French knight who has been portrayed as an embodiment of chivalry. Renowned for his military skill, he was made a marshal of France.

paragraph: He was the son of Jean I Le Maingre, also called Boucicaut and likewise a marshal of France. He became a page at the court of Charles VI of France, and at the age of 12 he accompanied Louis II, Duke of Bourbon, in a campaign against Normandy. At age 16 he was knighted by Louis on the eve of the Battle of Roosebeke (27 November 1382). In 1383 he began the first of his journeys that would take up more than twenty years of his life.

paragraph: In 1384 he undertook his first journey to Prussia, in order to assist the Teutonic Order in their war against the pagan Lithuanians, who would convert to Roman Catholicism in 1386. After some campaigns against the Moors in Spain, and against Toulouse in France he again accompanied the duke of Bourbon, this time to Spain, which had become a secondary battlefield of the Hundred Years' War. From there he travelled for two years through the Balkans, the Near East, and the Holy Land, in the company of his friend Renaud of Roye and later with Philip of Artois, Count of Eu. There, he and his companions composed the "Livre des Cent Ballades", a poetical defense of the chaste knight the central figure of chivalry, which Johan Huizinga found a startling contrast with the facts of his military career.

paragraph: In 1390, while the Truce of Leulinghem had temporarily interrupted the war with England, Boucicaut and two other French knights set up the tournament of Saint-Inglevert, where he jousted, along with his two comrades, against redoubtable English knights, unhorsing three of his 18 opponents. The next year he travelled to Prussia for a third time. Because of his great service in the war against the heathens in Livonia and Prussia, he was named Marshal of France on 25 December 1391 by Charles VI at the cathedral of St. Martin in Tours.

paragraph: In 1396 he took part in the joint French-Hungarian crusade against the Ottoman Empire, which suffered a heavy defeat on September 28 at the Battle of Nicopolis. He was taken hostage by the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I, but, unlike many of his companions, escaped execution and was eventually ransomed. In 1399, he founded the Emprise de l'Escu vert à la Dame Blanche, a chivalric order inspired by the ideal of courtly love: "one might have supposed him cured of all chivalrous delusions after the catastrophe of Nicopolis", remarked Huizinga. In the same year, he was sent with six ships carrying 1,200 men to assist Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaeologus against the Ottomans.

paragraph: In 1401, due to his military accomplishments and his knowledge of the east, he was appointed French governor of Genoa, which had fallen to Charles VI in 1396. He successfully repelled an attack from King Janus of Cyprus, who tried to take back the city of Famagusta on Cyprus, which had been captured by Genoa. On his return, he was defeated by the Venetians at the Battle of Modon on 7 October 1403. After some struggles in the Mediterranean the Genoese freed themselves from French rule by 1409.

paragraph: Boucicaut returned to France and became involved in the rivalry between Burgundy and Orléans. In the Battle of Agincourt in 1415 he commanded the French vanguard, but was captured by the English and died six years later in Yorkshire. He was buried in the cathedral of Tours, in his family's chapel, with the epitaph "Grand Constable of the Emperor and of the Empire of Constantinople."

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anonymous, "Le Livre des faits du bon messire Jehan le Maingre, dit Boucicaut. maréschal de France et gouverneur de Jennes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lalande, Denis: Jean II le Meingre, dit Boucicaut: (1366–1421) - étude d'une biographie héroïque, Genève 1988.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Châtelet, Albert: L' âge d'or du manuscrit à peintures en France au temps de Charles VI et les heures du Maréchal Boucicaut, Dijon 2000.

description: Marshal of France

wikidata_label: Jean Le Maingre

wikipedia_title: Jean II Le Maingre


text:
American football
defensive end
drafted
New Orleans Saints
2000 NFL Draft
college football
Kansas State
Philadelphia Eagles
Boca Ciega High School
Gulfport, Florida
letterman
football
basketball
college football
Kansas State
New Orleans Saints
2000 NFL Draft
2000
2005
defensive end
Philadelphia Eagles
2008
defensive tackle

categories: 1976 births,Living people,Players of American football from Florida,American football defensive ends,American football defensive tackles,New Orleans Saints players,Kansas State Wildcats football players

paragraph: Darren Howard

paragraph: Darren M. Howard (born November 19, 1976) is a former American football defensive end. He was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the second round of the 2000 NFL Draft. He played college football at Kansas State.

paragraph: Howard also played for the Philadelphia Eagles.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Howard attended Boca Ciega High School in Gulfport, Florida and was a letterman in football and basketball. In football, he was an All-City, All-County, and an All-SunCoast selection. In basketball, he helped lead his team to the 1994 Florida State Championship.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Howard played college football at Kansas State.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2000-2005: New Orleans Saints.

paragraph: Howard was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the second round of the 2000 NFL Draft. From 2000-2005, he played defensive end for the Saints. In his rookie season he posted an impressive 11 sacks and an interception.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2006-2009: Philadelphia Eagles.

paragraph: On March 13, 2006, he joined the Philadelphia Eagles through free agency, by signing a six-year deal. In 2008, Howard led the Eagles in sacks (10.5), most of which came from the defensive tackle position in passing downs. He was released on March 18, 2010.

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Darren Howard

wikipedia_title: Darren Howard


text: American Football

text: fullback

text: H-back

text: tight end

text: Minnesota Vikings

text: National Football League

text: North Dakota

text: Carrington, North Dakota

text: letterman

text: football

text: basketball

text: track & field

text: Gatorade

text: shot put

text: discus throw

text: University of North Dakota

text: Division II

text: North Central Conference

text: Gannett News Service

text: 1999 NFL Draft

categories: Minnesota Vikings players,People from Foster County, North Dakota,American football tight ends,North Dakota Fighting Hawks football players,1977 births,Players of American football from North Dakota,Living people,North Dakota Fighting Hawks men's basketball players

paragraph: Jim Kleinsasser

paragraph: Jimmy Carter Kleinsasser (; born January 31, 1977) is a former American Football player who played fullback, H-back, and tight end for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League. He played college football at North Dakota and played for the Vikings his entire career since being drafted in 1999.

paragraph: Section::::Football career.

paragraph: Section::::Football career.:High school.

paragraph: Jimmy Kleinsasser attended Carrington High School in Carrington, North Dakota and was a letterman and a standout in football, basketball, and track & field. In football, he was a two time All-Region honoree and All-State honoree, and was twice named the Gatorade Circle of Champions North Dakota Player of the Year. At Carrington High School, Kleinsasser was a starter on the 1995 Class B State Championship basketball team. In track, he has the N.D. Class B State T&F Meet records for shot put (62 ft, 2 in) and discus throw (183 ft, 11 in).

paragraph: Section::::Football career.:College.

paragraph: Kleinsasser attended the University of North Dakota and played for the North Dakota Fighting Sioux football team from 1995 to 1998 before being drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in 1999. North Dakota was a Division II school at the time. At North Dakota, Kleinsasser was a four-time first-team All-North Central Conference (NCC) pick and in 1998 was the only Division II football player selected as a Gannett News Service All-American. In 1998, Kleinsasser had 45 receptions for 710 yards and 86 rushing yards.

paragraph: Kleinsasser was a top-notch football player in college.

paragraph: Section::::Football career.:Minnesota Vikings.

paragraph: Kleinsasser was drafted as a tight end in the second round of the 1999 NFL Draft. He demonstrated remarkable durability throughout his career, playing in all 16 games up to 2010, except for missing 15 games because of an knee injury in 2004.

paragraph: In 2007 and 2008 Jimmy Kleinsasser was awarded the USA Today's All Joe Team honoring hard workers and under-recognized players.

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Jim Kleinsasser

wikipedia_title: Jim Kleinsasser


text:
ironmaster
Industrial Revolution
pig iron
wrought iron
puddling process
Lancaster
Royal Navy
Abraham Darby
coke
charcoal
blast furnace
finery forge
Duke of Portland
Victualling Commissioners
rolling mill
Cranege brothers
reverberatory furnace
forced air
Peter Onions
cast iron
oxidation
shingling
Lord Sheffield
James Watt
steam engine
loss of America
South Wales
ironmaster
Richard Crawshay
royalty
shilling
St John-at-Hampstead
The Times
British Iron Company
The Henry Cort Community College
Fareham
busway
Bridgemary
Gosport
Henry Cort
Henry Cort
The Gosport Iron Foundry and Henry Cort
Henry Cort, Father of the Iron Trade

categories: 1800 deaths,1740 births,English inventors,Ironmasters,People from Lancaster, Lancashire,English businesspeople

paragraph: Henry Cort

paragraph: Henry Cort (c. 1740 – 23 May 1800) was an English ironmaster. During the Industrial Revolution in England, Cort began refining iron from pig iron to wrought iron (or bar iron) using innovative production systems. In 1783-1784 he patented an improved version of the puddling process for refining cast iron although its commercial viability was only accomplished by innovations introduced by the Merthyr Tydfil ironmasters Crawshay and Homfray.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Little is known of Cort's early life other than that he was possibly born into a family coming from Lancaster, England although his parents are unknown. Although his date of birth is traditionally given as 1740, this can not be confirmed and his early life remains an enigma.

paragraph: By 1765, Cort had become a Royal Navy pay agent, acting on commission collecting half pay and widows' pensions from an office in Crutched Friars near Aldgate in London. At that time, despite Abraham Darby's improvements in the smelting of iron using coke instead of charcoal as blast furnace fuel, the resultant product was still only convertible to bar iron by a laborious process of decarburization in finery forges. As a result, bar iron imported from the Baltic undercut that produced in Britain, (increasingly from Russia) at considerable expense.

paragraph: In 1768, Cort's second marriage was to Elizabeth Heysham, the daughter of a Romsey solicitor and steward of the Duke of Portland whose estates included Titchfield. whose uncle William Attwick although a successful London attorney had inherited the family ironmongery business in Gosport which supplied the navy with mooring chains, anchors and hundreds of different items of ironmongery.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Partnership with Samuel Jellicoe.

paragraph: In 1780, the Royal Navy's Victualling Commissioners agreed with Cort, who had taken over Attwick's business, to re roll iron hoops for their barrels. This led to Cort investing in a new rolling mill at an existing iron mill in Titchfield which was later used for the production of bar iron. Short of funds, he turned to Adam Jellicoe, at that time chief clerk in the Pay Office of the Royal Navy, who agreed to finance Cort to the amount of nearly £58 000 on seemingly little security beyond the value of the business. It was the accepted practice for clerks in the Pay Office to temporarily use surplus funds for their own benefit. As part of the arrangement, Jellicoe's son Samuel became a partner in the Fontley Works. The deal was later to have unfortunate repercussions for Cort

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Rolling mill and puddling furnace.

paragraph: Cort developed his ideas at the Fontley Works (as he had renamed Titchfield Hammer) resulting in a 1783 patent for a simple reverberatory furnace to refine pig iron followed by d a 1784 patent for his puddling furnace, with grooved rollers which mechanised the formerly laborious process. His work built on the existing ideas of the Cranege brothers and their reverberatory furnace (where heat is applied from above, rather than through the use of forced air from below) and Peter Onions' puddling process where iron is stirred to separate out impurities and extract the higher quality wrought iron. The furnace effectively lowered the carbon content of the cast iron charge through oxidation while the "puddler" extracted a mass of iron from the furnace using an iron "rabbling bar". The extracted ball of metal was then processed into a "shingle" by a shingling hammer, after which it was rolled in the rolling mill. The original process of Cort was ineffectual until significant alterations were made by Richard Crawshay and other Merthyr Tydfil ironmasters as Cort used iron from charcoal furnaces rather than the coke smelted pig iron in general production by then.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death of Adam Jellicoe.

paragraph: When Adam Jellicoe died suddenly on 30 August 1789, it became apparent that the £58 000 lent to Cort could not be repaid. As a result, the Crown seized all the Property of Adam Jellicoe as well as that of the partnership of Cort and Samuel Jellicoe. Cort was held responsible for Jellicoe's debt and declared bankrupt. The Crown later gave Samuel Jellicoe possession of the works at Fontley where he " remained ... undisturbed for long years afterward" and made no attempt to realize patent dues from ironmasters, as the system did not work with the grey iron produced in the Midlands and South Wales.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Patents and royalties.

paragraph: The importance of Cort's improvements to the process of iron making were recognised as early as 1786 by Lord Sheffield who regarded them (undeservedly) along with James Watt's work on the steam engine as more important than the loss of America.

paragraph: In 1787, Cort came to an agreement with South Wales ironmaster Richard Crawshay whereby all iron manufactured according to the former's patents would result in a royalty of 10 shillings per ton. Cort seems to have alienated most of those with whom he came in contact.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Cort's marriage to Elizabeth Heysham produced 13 children. His business ventures did not bring him wealth, even though vast numbers of the puddling furnaces that he developed were eventually used (reportedly 8,200 by 1820), they used a modified version of his process and thus avoided payment of royalties. He was later awarded a government pension, but died a ruined man, and was buried in the churchyard of St John-at-Hampstead, London.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Fifty years after Cort's death, "The Times" of London lauded him as "the father of the iron trade". His son, Richard Cort, became a cashier for the British Iron Company in 1825 – 6 and subsequently wrote several pamphlets severely critical of the management of the company. He also attacked a number of early railway companies.

paragraph: The Henry Cort Community College bears his name and is located in the town of Fareham, in the south of Hampshire, England. The busway between Fareham and Bridgemary, built on the trackbed of the old Gosport to Fareham railway line, is entitled Henry Cort Way on maps.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dickinson, H. W. Henry Cort's Bicentenary, in "The Newcomen Society", Transactions 1940–41, volume XXI, 1943.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mott, R. A. (ed. P. Singer), "Henry Cort: the Great Finer", The Metals Society, London 1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Webster, Thomas "The Case of Henry Cort and his Inventions in the Manufacture of British Iron", Mechanics' Magazine, 1859

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Cort – brief biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Cort – another brief biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Gosport Iron Foundry and Henry Cort

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Cort, Father of the Iron Trade - the most reliable and up-to-date information on the British inventor

description: English ironmaster

wikidata_label: Henry Cort

wikipedia_title: Henry Cort


text: Christian

text: theologian

text: martyr

text: ascetic piety

text: Suidas

text: Samosata

text: Kommagene

text: Syria

text: Edessa

text: Mesopotamia

text: Macarius

text: Lucian of Samosata

text: Antioch

text: presbyter

text: Eusebius of Caesarea

text: Adolf von Harnack

text: School of Antioch

text: Diodorus of Tarsus

text: Theodore of Mopsuestia

text: Paul of Samosata

text: Alexander of Alexandria

text: bishop

text: Maximinus Daia

text: Nicomedia

text: dolphin

text: Drepanum

text: Helena

text: Constantine the Great

text: saint

text: feast day

text: Arius

text: Eusebius of Nicomedia

text: Arian controversy

text: Adolf von Harnack

text: Maris

text: Theognis of Nicaea

text: Anomoean

text: Philostorgius

text: church of Nicomedia

text: Helena

text: Alexander of Alexandria

text: Marcus Victorinus

text: Council of Antioch

text: Athanasius of Alexandria

text: Hilarius of Poitiers

text: Homoiousian party

text: Homoian party

text: Constantius II

text: Paul of Samosata

text: allegorizing

text: Alexandrian School

text: Origen

text: Septuagint

text: Greek New Testament

text: Chrysostom

text: textus receptus

text: Jerome

categories: 3rd-century Christian theologians,3rd-century Romans,Saints from Roman Anatolia,People temporarily excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church,312 deaths,Arianism,4th-century Romans,240 births

paragraph: Lucian of Antioch

paragraph: Saint Lucian of Antioch (c. 240 – January 7, 312), known as "Lucian the Martyr", was a Christian presbyter, theologian and martyr. He was noted for both his scholarship and ascetic piety.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: According to Suidas, Lucian was born at Samosata, Kommagene, Syria, to Christian parents, and was educated in the neighbouring city of Edessa, Mesopotamia, at the school of Macarius. However, this tradition might be due to a conflation with his famous namesake, Lucian of Samosata, the pagan satirist of the second century.

paragraph: At Antioch, Lucian was ordained presbyter. Eusebius of Caesarea notes his theological learning and Lucian's vita (composed after 327) reports that he founded a "Didaskaleion", a school. Scholars following Adolf von Harnack see him as the first head of the School of Antioch, with links to later theologians Diodorus of Tarsus and Theodore of Mopsuestia, but that contention is unrecorded in the extant sources.

paragraph: After the deposition of Antioch's bishop Paul of Samosata, he fell under suspicion for heresy, and was excommunicated. According to Alexander of Alexandria, he remained in schism during the episcopates of three bishops, Domnus, Timaeus and Cyril, whose administration extended from 268 to 303. Lucian was reconciled with the Church either early in the episcopate of Cyril (perhaps about 285), which seems more likely, or under Cyril's successor Tyrannus.

paragraph: During the persecution of Maximinus Daia, Lucian was arrested at Antioch and sent to Nicomedia, where he endured many tortures over nine years of imprisonment. He was twice brought up for examination, and both times defended himself ably and refused to renounce his Christian faith.

paragraph: His death is uncertain. He might have been starved to death. Another, more likely, possibility is that he was beheaded. The traditional date ascribed to his execution is January 7, 312, in Nicomedia. There is a late tradition of uncertain origin that he had been drowned in the sea and that his body was returned to land by a dolphin.

paragraph: He was buried at Drepanum on the Gulf of Nicomedia, which was later renamed Helenopolis to honour Helena, mother of Constantine the Great.

paragraph: He is also commemorated as a saint, with a feast day of January 7 in the Roman Catholic Church and October 15 in the Orthodox Church.

paragraph: Section::::Theology.

paragraph: Lucian's theological position is a matter of contention. Attempts to reconstruct his theology from the extant sources have led to contradictory results.

paragraph: Because Arius in a letter addressed Eusebius of Nicomedia as "sylloukianistes" ("Fellow-Lucianist"), Lucian's theology came to be associated with the Arian controversy. Following Adolf von Harnack, many scholars have interpreted the word (which only appears in this instance) as denoting a theological school and have therefore seen not only Eusebius but also Arius and other Arian leaders (among them Maris, Theognis of Nicaea and Asterius) as pupils of Lucian and have transferred Arian views unto Lucian. The first writer to clearly attest such a discipleship for a number of Arian sympathisers—but not for Arius and his closer associates—was the Anomoean church historian Philostorgius.

paragraph: Others have interpreted the word as indicating not a theological link but the special veneration accorded to Lucian by Eusebius, who by that time headed the church of Nicomedia, the place of Lucian's martyrdom. Lucian's veneration increased during the latter half of Constantine's reign, in particular due to the patronage of the Empress Helena.

paragraph: Opponents of Arianism, such as Alexander of Alexandria, countered this veneration by noting Lucian's schismatic past. Marcus Victorinus identified the Eusebian party with Lucian. Epiphanius associates Lucian with heretical views about Christ's human soul held by Arians (but also by others) and relates that the Arians venerated Lucian as their martyr and that Lucian lived together with Eusebius at Nicomedia.

paragraph: Associated with Lucian's name is also the "Creed of the Dedication" passed at the Council of Antioch in 341. This association is unknown to Athanasius of Alexandria and Hilarius of Poitiers, but known and accepted by later writers. It was most likely brought up by the Homoiousian party. In their opposition against the Homoian party supported by Emperor Constantius II, the Homoiousians claimed the legacy of Lucian and adopted the definition of 341 as their creed.

paragraph: Other attempts to reconstruct Lucian's theology have started out with Paul of Samosata, whose rejection of the allegorizing tendencies of the Alexandrian School, and especially those of Origen, was transferred to Lucian.

paragraph: Because these identifications created a contradictory picture of Lucian, some scholars have proposed the existence of two Lucians, the first being a follower of Paul of Samosata, the second being Lucian the martyr, a theologian in the Origenist tradition and the teacher of Arius and Eusebius of Nicomedia. However, this proposal has now been largely rejected.

paragraph: Whatever his theology had been, his status as a martyr and a saint was not impacted by concerns of orthodoxy. In the words of Philip Schaff: "The contradictory reports are easily reconciled by the assumption that Lucian was a critical scholar with some peculiar views on the Trinity and Christology which were not in harmony with the later Nicene orthodoxy, but that he wiped out all stains by his heroic confession and martyrdom".

paragraph: Section::::Biblical text.

paragraph: Lucian is also commonly credited with a critical recension of the text of the Septuagint and the Greek New Testament, which was later used by Chrysostom and the later Greek fathers, and which lies at the basis of the textus receptus; however, the theory of Lucian Recension has not been proven, nor has any historical or archeological evidence been uncovered. Rosalie Levy's book states, "He purged both the Old and New Testaments of errors that had crept in by the inaccuracy of transcribers or the malice of heretics."

paragraph: Jerome mentions that copies of his work on the Greek Old Testament were known in his day as "exemplaria Lucianea" but in other places he speaks rather disparagingly of the texts of Lucian. In the absence of definite information it is impossible to decide the merits of his critical labors.

paragraph: He believed in the literal sense of the biblical text and thus laid stress on the need of textual accuracy. He undertook to revise the Septuagint based on the original Hebrew and the resulting manuscript was popular in Syria and Asia Minor.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gustave Bardy. "Recherches sur saint Lucien d'Antioche et son école" (Paris: Beauchesne, 1936).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Encyclopedia: "St. Lucian of Antioch" Retrieved on September 6, 2006. Contains bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip Schaff and Henry Wace, "Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers" vol. III, ch LXXVII

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schaff, Philip, "History of the Christian Church", Volume II: "Ante-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 100-325" Contains bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. "The Penguin Dictionary of Saints". 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. .

description: Christian presbyter and theologian

wikidata_label: Lucian of Antioch

wikipedia_title: Lucian of Antioch


text: Robert de Vere, 6th Earl of Oxford

text: Earl of Oxford

text: Edward III

text: Battle of Crécy

text: Battle of Poitiers

text: Robert de Vere, 5th Earl of Oxford

text: Robert de Vere, 6th Earl of Oxford

text: entail

text: Maud de Badlesmere

text: Badlesmere

text: Kent

text: Margaret de Clare

text: William Bohun, Earl of Northampton

text: Elizabeth de Badlesmere

text: Second War of Scottish Independence

text: Roxburgh

text: Hundred Years' War

text: Flanders

text: John de Stratford

text: Brittany

text: Battle of Morlaix

text: Lochmaben

text: Normandy

text: Battle of Crécy

text: Froissart

text: Black Prince

text: Siege of Calais

text: Languedoc

text: Battle of Poitiers

text: vanguard

text: earl of Warwick

text: cavalry

text: Rheims

text: Burgundy

text: Colne Priory

text: Hugh Courtenay, 10th Earl of Devon

text: Thorverton

text: Devon

text: Thomas

text: Robert de Vere, 9th Earl of Oxford

text: Aubrey

text: Margaret

text: Sir Hugh Courtenay

text: Hugh de Courtenay, 10th Earl of Devon

text: men-at-arms

text: archers

text: banneret

text: knight

text: esquire

text: mercenaries

text: John Hawkwood

text: condottiero

text: Order of the Garter

text: arrears

categories: De Vere family,1312 births,1360 deaths,Knights banneret of England,Earls of Oxford,People of the Wars of Scottish Independence,People of the Hundred Years' War

paragraph: John de Vere, 7th Earl of Oxford

paragraph: John de Vere, 7th Earl of Oxford (c. 12 March 1312 – 24 January 1360) was the nephew and heir of Robert de Vere, 6th Earl of Oxford who succeeded as Earl of Oxford in 1331, after his uncle died without issue.

paragraph: John de Vere was a trusted captain of Edward III in the king's wars in Scotland and France, and took part in both the Battle of Crécy and the Battle of Poitiers. He died campaigning in France in 1360. Throughout his career he was closely associated with William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton, who was his brother-in-law.

paragraph: Section::::Family background and marriage.

paragraph: John de Vere was the only son of Alphonse de Vere, and Jane, daughter of Sir Richard Foliot. Alphonse was a younger son of Robert de Vere, 5th Earl of Oxford and apparently died shortly before 20 December 1328, when a writ was issued for inquisitions post mortem into the land that he held direct from the King. These hearings established that Alphonse's next heir was his son John, then aged 15 years and more. The manors concerned were Aston Sandford, Buckinghamshire, Westwick by St Albans and Great Hormead, Hertfordshire, as well as property at Beaumont and Althorne in Essex.

paragraph: Alphonse was a brother of Robert de Vere, 6th Earl of Oxford. When the 6th Earl's son died without issue in 1329, he obtained licence from the king to entail his estates on his nephew, John. It was in this way that John de Vere, when his uncle died 17 April 1331, became Earl of Oxford. He had made homage and received livery by 17 May.

paragraph: In 1336 John married Maud de Badlesmere, who was the second of the four daughters of Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere, of Badlesmere in Kent and Margaret de Clare. Maud was a co-heiress of her brother Giles de Badlesmere, 2nd Baron Badlesmere. When Giles died in 1338, this brought a significant part of the Badlesmere inheritance into de Vere's hands. The marriage also forged a strong bond with William Bohun, Earl of Northampton, who had married Badlesmere's third daughter, Elizabeth de Badlesmere, and thus became Oxford's brother-in-law. The two campaigned together, sat on the same commissions and died the same year.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: De Vere's military career began with service on Edward III's Scottish campaigns, in the 1330s Second War of Scottish Independence. He took part in the Roxburgh campaign of 1334–5, and in the summer campaign of 1335. Later in the decade, England's military efforts turned towards France, with the beginning of the Hundred Years' War. In March 1340, de Vere served in Flanders, and was therefore out of the country during Edward's disputes with Archbishop John de Stratford. Oxford was not forced to take sides in the conflict, and has been described as a "political neutral".

paragraph: After a period in England, de Vere returned to the Continent in 1342, where he served with Northampton, who had been made lieutenant of Brittany. They both took part in the Battle of Morlaix that year. The next year the two earls were sent to Scotland to relieve Lochmaben Castle, and in 1345 they were again campaigning in Brittany. Tradition has it that, returning to England, their ships were forced ashore by bad weather, and the party was robbed of their possessions by the locals. In the summer of 1346 de Vere was campaigning with the king in Normandy, and took part in the Battle of Crécy. According to the chronicler Froissart, de Vere was fighting with the Black Prince, and was among the captains who sent a request to Edward III for reinforcements when the king famously answered 'Let the boy win his spurs'. Oxford was also at the Siege of Calais, but reportedly fell ill in 1348, and did not take part in any major campaigning until 1355.

paragraph: In 1355 he was again in the company of the Black Prince, and took part in the prince's great raid in Languedoc. 19 September 1356, at the Battle of Poitiers, Oxford was in command of the vanguard together with the earl of Warwick. de Vere's attack on the flank of the French cavalry, with a group of archers, did much to secure the English victory. His last campaign was Edward III's Rheims campaign in 1359–60. Here he died, probably during the raid into Burgundy, on 23 or 24 January 1360. He was buried in the de Vere family's burial place Colne Priory in Essex.

paragraph: Section::::Descendants and assessment.

paragraph: Maud de Vere died in 1366. The couple had four sons and three daughters. The eldest son, John, married Elizabeth Courtenay, daughter of Hugh Courtenay, 10th Earl of Devon, but died before his father, in 1350. (After the death of her husband, Elizabeth married Sir Andrew Luttrell of Chilton (in Thorverton), Devon.) Another son, Robert, also died in his father's lifetime. The eldest remaining son was then Thomas, born about 1336 or 1337, who succeeded his father in 1360. Thomas's son Robert de Vere, 9th Earl of Oxford succeeded at his father's death, but with Robert's forfeiture in 1392, the earldom was given to Robert's uncle Aubrey – the seventh earl's fourth son. The eldest daughter, Margaret, married three times, while of the second, Matilda, little is known. The third daughter, Elizabeth, married Sir Hugh Courtenay, eldest son and heir of Hugh de Courtenay, 10th Earl of Devon.

paragraph: John de Vere, in the family tradition of the "fighting de Veres", was active in almost all major military engagements in the years from 1340 to 1360. On the Roxburgh campaign he brought a retinue of twenty-eight men-at-arms and twelve mounted archers. In Brittany in 1342, the retinue had grown to forty men-at-arms, one banneret, nine knights, twenty-nine esquires, and thirty mounted archers. His retinue was of a diverse composition, and also included foreign mercenaries. At one point, in the Battle of Poitiers, John Hawkwood, who was later to make his fortune as a "condottiero" in Italy, also served with de Vere. Yet in spite of this, de Vere never distinguished himself particularly as a military commander. Neither did he receive a great amount of royal patronage, and was never made a member of the Order of the Garter. This was largely a consequence of the de Vere family's relatively modest resources among the English peerage. As an example can be mentioned that in the late 1340, £349 were owed to Oxford in arrears for his services, yet at the same time the king owed Northampton two debts of £782 and £1237. This obstacle of resources and status John de Vere was unable to overcome either by marriage or warfare.

description: English noble

wikidata_label: John de Vere, 7th Earl of Oxford

wikipedia_title: John de Vere, 7th Earl of Oxford


text: Pułtusk

text: Poland

text: Chicago

text: Polish

text: Czerwone Gitary

text: Chicago

text: Milford Ballroom

text: Polish Village

text: Szczytno, Poland

text: Stowarzyszenie Muzyczne Christopher

categories: 1942 births,Polish pop singers,Road incident deaths in Illinois,20th-century Polish singers,1981 deaths,People from Pułtusk,20th-century male singers,Polish rock singers,Polish male singers

paragraph: Krzysztof Klenczon

paragraph: Krzysztof Antoni Klenczon (born January 14, 1942 in Pułtusk, Poland, d. April 7, 1981 in Chicago) was a Polish composer, singer and guitarist, member of Czerwone Gitary (1965-1970), later Trzy Korony (1970-1972).

paragraph: Composer of the greatest hits of the Red Guitars (next to Seweryn Krajewski) among others: "Taka jak ty, Historia jednej znajomości, Nikt na świecie nie wie, Biały krzyż, Wróćmy na jeziora, Gdy kiedyś znów zawołam cię, Kwiaty we włosach, Powiedz stary gdzieś ty był, Jesień idzie przez park i Trzech Koron: 10 w skali Beauforta, Port, Czyjaś dziewczyna, Natalie-piękniejszy świat".

paragraph: On February 27, 1981 Klenczon was seriously injured by a drunk driver in the suburbs of Chicago, on the go from the Milford Ballroom in the city's Polish Village. He died on April 7 at St. Joseph's Hospital in Chicago, and was buried on July 25, 1981 in Szczytno, Poland on the family's plot.

paragraph: Section::::Solo discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1971) Krzysztof Klenczon i Trzy Korony

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1977) The Show Never End

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1978) Powiedz Stary Gdzieś Ty Był

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Krzysztof Klenczon Polish National Song Contest

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stowarzyszenie Muzyczne Christopher

description: Polish singer

wikidata_label: Krzysztof Klenczon

wikipedia_title: Krzysztof Klenczon


href: queen%20regnant Majapahit%20empire Wikramawardhana Wirabhumi Paregreg Kertawijaya Damarwulan Blambangan Tulungagung East%20Java

text:
queen regnant
Majapahit empire
Wikramawardhana
Wirabhumi
Paregreg
Kertawijaya
Damarwulan
Blambangan
Tulungagung
East Java

categories: 15th-century monarchs in Asia,15th-century women rulers,Year of birth unknown,1447 deaths,Queens of Majapahit,Indonesian Hindu monarchs,Queens regnant,Javanese monarchs

paragraph: Suhita

paragraph: Suhita or Soheeta was a Javanese queen regnant and the sixth monarch of the Majapahit empire, ruling from 1429 to 1447. She was the daughter of Wikramawardhana, her predecessor, by a concubine who was the daughter of Wirabhumi, who was killed in the Paregreg civil war with Wikramawardhana. She was succeeded by her brother, Kertawijaya.

paragraph: The Damarwulan legend is associated with her reign, as it involves a maiden queen (Prabu Kenya in the story), and during Suhita's reign there was a war with Blambangan as in the legend.

paragraph: A notable monumental sculpture found in Tulungagung Regency, East Java has been identified by some authors as of Suhita. She is dressed in royal attire, including ear pendants, necklaces, bracelets, anklets, and pendants hung from several girdles. In her right hand, she holds a lotus bud, which symbolized deceased royalty in transformation.

description: Queen of the Majapahit Empire

wikidata_label: Suhita

wikipedia_title: Suhita


text:
English
Charles Cecil, Viscount Cranborne
William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury
St John's College, Cambridge
Privy Council
Knight of the Garter
Rye House Plot
Lady Margaret Manners
Francis Manners, 8th Earl of Rutland
formerly the Hon Frances Montagu
James
John Manners, 8th Earl of Rutland
Margaret Cecil

categories: Cecil family,Members of the Privy Council of England,1648 births,Knights of the Garter,Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge,Earls of Salisbury (1605),1683 deaths

paragraph: James Cecil, 3rd Earl of Salisbury

paragraph: James Cecil, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, (1648 – June 1683), known as Viscount Cranborne from 1660 to 1668, was an English nobleman and politician.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Salisbury was the son of Charles Cecil, Viscount Cranborne, the son of William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury. His mother was Lady Diana Maxwell. He is said to have attended St John's College, Cambridge. In 1668 he succeeded his grandfather in the earldom. He was invested a Privy Councillor in 1679 and was made a Knight of the Garter a year later, but was expelled from the Council a few months before his death due to his participation in the Rye House Plot.

paragraph: On 1 October 1661, he married Lady Margaret Manners, a daughter of Francis Manners, 8th Earl of Rutland, and his wife formerly the Hon Frances Montagu.

paragraph: He died in June 1683 and was succeeded in his titles by his son James.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Lord Salisbury married Lady Margaret Manners, daughter of John Manners, 8th Earl of Rutland, in 1661. She bore him a son James and a daughter Lady Margaret Cecil.

description: English Earl

wikidata_label: James Cecil, 3rd Earl of Salisbury

wikipedia_title: James Cecil, 3rd Earl of Salisbury