text: courtesy name

text: Sun Quan

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Sun Jian

text: Sun Ce

text: Lingling District

text: Yongzhou

text: Hunan

text: Nanyang Commandery

text: xiaolian

text: Three Ducal Ministers

text: Sun Jian

text: Yellow Turban Rebellion

text: campaign

text: Dong Zhuo

text: Sun Ce

text: Sun Quan

text: Sun Ce's conquests

text: Jiangdong

text: Wu

text: Shanyue

text: Shicheng County

text: Fanchang County

text: Anhui

text: Huangmei County

text: Hubei

text: Nanjing

text: Jiangsu

text: Battle of Red Cliffs

text: Cao Cao

text: Zhou Yu

text: mengchong

text: li

text: Han Dang

text: Changde

text: Hunan

text: Yiyang County

text: Sun Quan

text: Eastern Wu

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Battle of Red Cliffs

text: Cao Cao

text: Zhou Yu

text: Gan Ning

text: Cai Zhong

text: Cai He

text: Kan Ze

text: Koei

text: Dynasty Warriors

text: Warriors Orochi

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Luo, Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

categories: Politicians from Yongzhou,2nd-century births,3rd-century deaths,Sun Ce and associates,Han dynasty politicians from Hunan,Year of birth unknown,Generals under Sun Quan,Year of death unknown,Officials under Sun Quan,Political office-holders in Hunan

paragraph: Huang Gai

paragraph: Huang Gai () ( 180s–210s), courtesy name Gongfu, was a military general who served under the warlord Sun Quan during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He previously served under Sun Quan's predecessors – Sun Jian (Sun Quan's father) and Sun Ce (Sun Quan's elder brother).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Huang Gai was from Quanling County (泉陵縣), Lingling Commandery (零陵郡), which is present-day Lingling District, Yongzhou, Hunan. He was a descendant of Huang Zilian (黃子廉), a former Administrator of Nanyang Commandery. Huang Gai's grandfather moved from Nanyang to Lingling and had remained there since. Huang Gai was orphaned at a young age and he experienced hardships in his early days. However, he had high ambitions and, despite being poor, he worked hard and read books and studied military arts on his own.

paragraph: Section::::Early career and service under Sun Jian and Sun Ce.

paragraph: Huang Gai later became a minor official in the local commandery office before he was nominated as a "xiaolian" and employed as an assistant in the office of one of the Three Ducal Ministers. Around the 180s, when the warlord Sun Jian was raising a militia to help government forces suppress the Yellow Turban Rebellion, Huang Gai responded to the call and became one of Sun Jian's subordinates. Huang Gai accompanied Sun Jian in attacking bandits in the region and also participated in the campaign against Dong Zhuo under Sun Jian's banner. Huang Gai was later appointed as a Major of Separate Command (別部司馬). After Sun Jian's death in 191, Huang Gai continued to serve under Sun Jian's eldest son, Sun Ce, and later under Sun Quan, Sun Ce's younger brother. He was involved in Sun Ce's conquests in the Jiangdong region.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Sun Quan.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Sun Quan.:Maintaining peace and stability within Wu.

paragraph: When Sun Quan was in control of the Wu territories, the lands were not very peaceful as the Shanyue tribes in the region often raided counties and caused much trouble. Huang Gai was sent to pacify the Shanyue. Once, Huang Gai was assigned to oversee Shicheng County and he knew that the local officials did not follow the laws and were difficult to control. After entering the county office, he chose two officers to be his assistants and ordered them to manage the office. He also gave instructions for all the officers to abide by rules and regulations and perform their duties well. The two officers were afraid of Huang Gai so they put in full effort in their work. However, as time passed, they realised that Huang Gai did not inspect their work, so they became lax and reverted to their old ways. Huang Gai was actually aware of what was going on. He invited all the local officials to attend a banquet later and exposed the two officers' misdeeds in front of everyone. The officers were frightened and started begging for their lives, but Huang Gai still executed them. This incident shocked everyone in the county. Huang Gai was later reassigned to be the Chief of Chungu County (春穀縣; northwest of present-day Fanchang County, Anhui) and the Prefect of Xunyang County (尋陽縣; southwest of present-day Huangmei County, Hubei). The nine counties under his governorship were peaceful and stable. Huang Gai was subsequently promoted to Commandant of Danyang Commandery (丹楊郡; around present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu). He helped the poor and earned the respect of the Shanyue.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Sun Quan.:Battle of Red Cliffs.

paragraph: In the winter of 208-209, Huang Gai fought in the Battle of Red Cliffs against Cao Cao's forces. He was a subordinate of Zhou Yu, who was the frontline commander of Sun Quan's forces in that battle. Huang Gai told Zhou Yu: "The enemy are superior in numbers in comparison with our side. I fear that we cannot last long. However, I observe that Cao Cao's ships are linked to each other. We can destroy them by fire." Huang Gai then prepared about ten "mengchong"s and "doujian"s (鬬艦; a type of warship) and filled them with the ingredients necessary for starting a fire. He then wrote a letter to Cao Cao, pretending that he wanted to surrender and defect to Cao Cao's side. Cao Cao told Huang Gai's messenger: "I only fear that this is a trick. However, if what Huang Gai said is true, I will reward him handsomely."

paragraph: Huang Gai also prepared some "zouge"s (走舸; a smaller type of boat), which would follow behind the "mengchong"s and "doujian"s, and his small fleet sailed towards Cao Cao's base. The wind was blowing strongly from the southeast. When Huang Gai's fleet reached the middle of the river, the ships all raised their sails, and Huang Gai lifted a torch and instructed his men to shout "We surrender!" Cao Cao's troops came out of the camp to look and they said Huang Gai was coming to join them. When Huang Gai was about 20 "li" away from the enemy base, he ordered his men to set the ships on fire and they boarded the smaller boats behind. As the wind was very strong, the flaming ships sailed towards Cao Cao's warships at fast speed and caused them to catch fire as well. Cao Cao's ships were all burnt down and the flames also spread quickly to his camps on land. Zhou Yu then ordered an attack on Cao Cao's base and scored a major victory. Cao Cao retreated north with his surviving troops after his defeat.

paragraph: Huang Gai was hit by a stray arrow during the battle and fell into the river. He was saved by Zhou Yu’s men, who did not recognise him and left him on a toilet seat. When Han Dang passed by, Huang Gai managed to call out to him. Han Dang recognised Huang Gai's voice so he rushed towards him. With tears in his eyes, Han Dang helped Huang Gai remove his clothing so that the wound can be treated, and Huang Gai survived.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Sun Quan.:Later career and death.

paragraph: Huang Gai was promoted to General of the Household of Martial Edge (武鋒中郎將). When the tribal people in Wuling Commandery (武陵郡; around present-day Changde, Hunan) started a rebellion, Huang Gai was appointed as the Administrator of Wuling and was sent to quell the uprising. At that time, there were only 500 troops in the commandery and they were heavily outnumbered by the rebels. However, Huang Gai ordered the city gates to be opened, and when about half of the rebel army had entered, he launched an assault on them, killing hundreds of enemies while the surviving ones fled. Huang Gai later succeeded in pacifying the rebellion over the following three months by targeting the rebel chiefs and pardoning the rebels who surrendered. By summer, all the tribal chiefs had submitted to Huang Gai. Peace was restored in Wuling.

paragraph: Later, when Huang Gai received news that Yiyang County was under attack by bandits, he led his forces to fight the bandits and succeeded in restoring peace in the region. Huang Gai was subsequently promoted to Lieutenant-General (偏將軍). He died in office while serving as the Administrator of Wuling Commandery.

paragraph: Section::::Huang Bing.

paragraph: In 229, after Sun Quan declared himself emperor and established the state of Eastern Wu, he granted the title of a Secondary Marquis (關內侯) to Huang Gai's son, Huang Bing (黃柄), in recognition of Huang Gai's contributions.

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.

paragraph: Huang Gai was described as having a stern and serious appearance, and was known to be a good disciplinarian. Every time he went into battle, the men under him would compete fiercely to earn the top credit. Huang Gai was also known to be just and decisive when he handled cases in court and he never had any lapses. After his death, he was fondly remembered by the people of Wu, and they even created portraits of him and worshipped him.

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: Huang Gai is a minor character in the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", which romanticises the historical events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. He appears mainly in the chapters covering the events leading to the Battle of Red Cliffs. His most significant moment in the novel is a fictional episode in which he proposes a "self-torture ruse" (苦肉計) to win Cao Cao's trust so that Zhou Yu's fire attack plan can be carried out. Huang Gai has a secret conversation with Zhou Yu one night and suggests his plan. The following morning, when Zhou Yu calls for an assembly of the officers to discuss their battle plans, Huang Gai pretends to openly challenge and insult Zhou Yu. Zhou Yu pretends to be furious and he orders Huang Gai to be executed, but with some intervention from Gan Ning and others, he spares Huang Gai's life and has him severely flogged. Huang Gai then writes a letter to Cao Cao, expressing his willingness to defect over to Cao Cao's side because he is unhappy with Zhou Yu. Cai Zhong and Cai He, two spies planted by Cao Cao in Zhou Yu's camp, confirm Huang Gai's account that he was flogged on Zhou Yu's order because of an argument. Kan Ze later helps to convince Cao Cao that Huang Gai's defection is genuine, even though Cao initially saw through the ruse. Huang Gai then arranges with Cao Cao that on a certain night, he would sail across the river over to Cao's camp. That night, Huang Gai uses the opportunity to launch the fire attack, sparking off the Battle of Red Cliffs.

paragraph: Section::::Modern references.

paragraph: Huang Gai appears as a playable character in Koei's "Dynasty Warriors" and "Warriors Orochi" video game series.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguo Yanyi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

description: General under Sun Quan

wikidata_label: Huang Gai

wikipedia_title: Huang Gai


text: courtesy name

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Ma Yuan

text: Ma Teng

text: Liang Province

text: Han Sui

text: Cao Cao

text: Battle of Tong Pass

text: Wei Kang

text: Emperor Xian

text: Ye city

text: Zhao Ang

text: Yang Fu

text: Hanzhong Commandery

text: Zhang Lu

text: Liu Bei

text: fighting for control

text: Yi Province

text: Sichuan

text: Chongqing

text: Liu Zhang

text: Hanzhong Campaign

text: Jiang Xu

text: Wang Yi

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Five Tiger Generals

text: Xu Chu

text: Zhang Fei

text: Battle of Jiameng Pass

text: Youfufeng

text: Commandery

text: Xingping

text: Shaanxi

text: Ma Teng

text: Ma Yuan

text: Emperor Huan

text: Qiang tribes

text: Han Sui

text: Liang Province

text: Gansu

text: end of the Eastern Han dynasty

text: Chang'an

text: Cao Cao

text: Zhong Yao

text: Guanzhong

text: Ma Teng

text: Han Sui

text: Imperial Chancellor

text: Yuan Shao

text: Battle of Guandu

text: Gao Gan

text: Guo Yuan

text: Linfen

text: Shanxi

text: Pang De

text: Liang Province

text: Ye

text: Handan

text: Hebei

text: Cao Cao

text: Zhong Yao

text: Xiahou Yuan

text: Zhang Lu

text: Hanzhong Commandery

text: Guanzhong

text: Han Sui

text: Yan Xing

text: Yang Qiu

text: Tongguan County

text: Shaanxi

text: Liu Zhang

text: Yi Province

text: Sichuan

text: Chongqing

text: Xu Chu

text: Jia Xu

text: Dali County

text: Wei River

text: Pingliang

text: Gansu

text: Yang Fu

text: Han Xin

text: Ying Bu

text: Qiang

text: Rong

text: commanderies

text: Guanzhong

text: Wei Kang

text: Liang Province

text: Gangu County

text: Bing Province

text: Yang Fu

text: Jiang Xu

text: Emperor Xian

text: Ma Teng

text: Ye

text: Handan

text: Hebei

text: Hanzhong

text: Zhang Lu

text: Zhao Ang

text: Li County

text: Xiahou Yuan

text: Zhang He

text: Hanzhong Commandery

text: Zhang Lu

text: Liang Province

text: Longnan

text: Gansu

text: Di people

text: Liu Bei

text: fighting for control over Yi Province

text: Liu Zhang

text: Chengdu

text: Li Hui

text: Yuan'an County

text: Hubei

text: Cao Cao

text: Hanzhong Campaign

text: Shu Han

text: Peng Yang

text: Chengdu

text: Jiangyang

text: Liu Bei

text: coup d'état

text: Duke of Shanyang

text: Pei Songzhi

text: East Asian age reckoning

text: Ma Dai

text: Liu Shan

text: posthumous title

text: Liu Bei

text: Liang Province

text: Battle of Tong Pass

text: Yin Feng

text: Zhang Lu

text: Hanzhong Commandery

text: Cao Cao

text: Ma Dai

text: Shu Han

text: Ma Ying-jeou

text: President of Taiwan

text: Ma Ho-ling

text: Kaiyun Town

text: Hengshan County

text: Hunan

text: genealogy book

text: Chen Shou

text: Guan Yu

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Liu Bei

text: Qing Bu

text: Peng Yue

text: Yide

text: Yang Fu

text: Liang Province

text: Jiang Xu

text: Wei Kang

text: his father

text: Emperor

text: Yang Xi

text: Three Qins

text: Jin dynasty

text: Sun Sheng

text: Ma Teng

text: Zhou dynasty

text: Zheng

text: Xiang Yu

text: Liu Bang

text: father

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Five Tiger Generals

text: Liu Bei

text: Han Sui

text: Li Jue

text: Guo Si

text: Chang'an

text: Cao Cao

text: Emperor Xian

text: Qiang

text: Battle of Tong Pass

text: Xu Chu

text: Yu Jin

text: Cao Hong

text: Zhang He

text: Li Tong

text: Jia Xu

text: Zhang Lu

text: Liu Zhang

text: an invasion on Yi Province

text: Liu Bei

text: Zhang Fei

text: Battle of Jiameng Pass

text: Li Hui

text: Hanzhong Campaign

text: Xianbei

text: Kebineng

text: Zhuge Liang

text: southern campaign

text: Nanman

text: Hanzhong

text: Cao Wei

text: Zhao Yun

text: door god

text: Chinese

text: Taoist temple

text: Hebei

text: Henan

text: Ma Dai

text: Zhao Yun

text: Koei

text: Dynasty Warriors

text: Warriors Orochi

text: K.O.3an Guo

text: Portal Three Kingdoms

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Fan, Ye

text: Book of the Later Han

text: Luo, Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

categories: 176 births,Ma Teng and associates,Shu Han generals,222 deaths,Chinese gods,Generals under Liu Bei,Zhang Lu and associates

paragraph: Ma Chao

paragraph: Ma Chao () (176–222), courtesy name Mengqi, was a military general and warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period of China. A descendant of the general Ma Yuan, Ma Chao was the eldest son of Ma Teng, a prominent warlord in Liang Province (covering parts of northwestern China). In 211, he formed a coalition with Han Sui and other northwestern warlords and revolted against the Han central government, which was led by the warlord Cao Cao. The coalition broke up after losing the Battle of Tong Pass against Cao Cao's forces. Ma Chao initially retreated, but later returned to attack and seize control of Liang Province by killing the provincial inspector Wei Kang and forcing Wei Kang's subordinates to submit to him. About a year after Ma Chao started his uprising, Emperor Xian issued an imperial decree ordering the execution of Ma Chao's family members, who were in Ye city at the time. In the meantime, Wei Kang's subordinates, led by Zhao Ang, Yang Fu and others, rebelled against Ma Chao and forced him out of Liang Province. Ma Chao retreated to Hanzhong Commandery, where he borrowed troops from the warlord Zhang Lu, and returned to attack Liang Province but was ultimately defeated and driven back. Ma Chao took shelter under Zhang Lu for a while until around 214, when he heard that the warlord Liu Bei was fighting for control over Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) with Yi Province's governor, Liu Zhang. He defected to Liu Bei's side and assisted Liu Bei in capturing Yi Province from Liu Zhang. Ma Chao had served as a general under Liu Bei since then and participated in the Hanzhong Campaign in 219. He died in 222.

paragraph: Historians and Ma Chao's contemporaries have a generally negative view of him. Apart from committing treason against the Han government under Cao Cao's control, Ma Chao was also notorious for committing a number of acts of cruelty: he betrayed his father when he persuaded Han Sui to join him in his rebellion; he abandoned his wife and son when he defected from Zhang Lu to Liu Bei; he killed Jiang Xu's mother in cold blood after she scolded him; he murdered Zhao Ang and Wang Yi's son after they rebelled against him and forced him out of Liang Province.

paragraph: In the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Ma Chao is romanticised as a heroic warrior and one of the Five Tiger Generals under Liu Bei. In the novel, the descriptions of his character and personality, as well as the order of some events involving him, have been significantly modified for dramatic effect. For example, in the novel he started the Battle of Tong Pass to take revenge against Cao Cao for murdering his family, but historically he waged war against Cao Cao first, and then his family members were implicated and executed about one year later. In the novel, he also engaged Xu Chu and Zhang Fei in one-on-one duels at the Battle of Tong Pass and Battle of Jiameng Pass respectively, but historically the duels never took place and the Battle of Jiameng Pass is actually a fictional battle.

paragraph: Section::::Family background.

paragraph: Ma Chao was from Maoling County (茂陵縣), Youfufeng Commandery (右扶風郡), which is located northeast of present-day Xingping, Shaanxi. He was the eldest son of Ma Teng, who descended from Ma Yuan, a general who lived in the early Eastern Han dynasty. Ma Teng's father, Ma Ping (馬平), whose courtesy name was Zishuo (子碩), served as a military officer in Tianshui Commandery (天水郡) during the reign of Emperor Huan. After losing his post, Ma Ping went to live among the Qiang tribes in the region, married a Qiang woman and had a son, Ma Teng. Ma Teng, along with Han Sui and others, were warlords who held considerable influence in Liang Province (covering parts of present-day Shaanxi and Gansu) towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty and were reluctant to submit to Han rule. In 192, Ma Teng accepted the appointment of General Who Attacks the West (征西將軍) from the Han imperial court and garrisoned his army at Mei County (郿縣). However, he rebelled against the Han dynasty later and attacked the city of Chang'an but failed to conquer it so he retreated back to Liang Province.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: In 197, the warlord Cao Cao – who had become the "de facto" head of the Han central government – placed Zhong Yao, the Colonel-Director of Retainers (司隷校尉), in charge of guarding the Guanzhong region. Zhong Yao wrote to Ma Teng and Han Sui, explaining to them the benefits of submitting to the Han court and the negative consequences of not doing so. When Cao Cao became the Imperial Chancellor (丞相), he wanted to recruit Ma Chao to serve in the Han government, but Ma refused.

paragraph: In 202, when Cao Cao was on a series of campaigns to unify northern China after his victory over Yuan Shao at the Battle of Guandu two years earlier, he ordered Zhong Yao to attack Yuan's allies Gao Gan and Guo Yuan in Pingyang (平陽; in present-day Linfen, Shanxi). Ma Teng sent Ma Chao to assist Zhong Yao. Ma Chao served as an Assistant Officer Who Supervises the Army (督軍從事) under Zhong Yao. During the battle, he was hit by a stray arrow in the foot, but he wrapped his foot in a pouch and continued fighting. His subordinate Pang De slew Guo Yuan and they defeated the enemy.

paragraph: Ma Teng got into conflict with Han Sui later, so he requested to leave Liang Province and work in the capital. He was granted permission and appointed as the Minister of the Guards (衞尉) by the Han court. Ma Chao was appointed as a Lieutenant-General (偏將軍), made a Marquis of a Chief Village (都亭侯), and placed in charge of his father's troops in Liang Province. Ma Chao's younger brothers Ma Xiu (馬休) and Ma Tie (馬鐵) were appointed as a Commandant of Equipage (奉車都尉) and a Commandant of Iron Cavalry (鐵騎都尉) respectively, and were ordered to bring all their family members with them to Ye (in present-day Handan, Hebei). Only Ma Chao remained behind in Liang Province.

paragraph: Section::::Uprising against the Han dynasty.:Battle of Tong Pass.

paragraph: In 211, Cao Cao sent Zhong Yao and Xiahou Yuan to lead an army to attack Zhang Lu in Hanzhong Commandery. They were due to pass through the Guanzhong region along the way. Ma Chao suspected that Cao Cao was planning to attack him, so he contacted Han Sui to form an alliance. He told Han Sui, "Previously, Zhong Yao ordered me to harm you. Now, I know that the people from Guandong (east of Tong Pass) cannot be trusted. Now, I abandon my father, and I'm willing to acknowledge you as my father. You should also abandon your son, and treat me like your son." Han Sui's subordinate, Yan Xing, urged his superior not to cooperate with Ma Chao but Han still agreed to the alliance. Ma Chao also contacted Yang Qiu, Li Kan (李堪), Cheng Yi (成宜), Hou Xuan (侯選), Cheng Yin (程銀), Zhang Heng (張橫), Liang Xing (梁興), Ma Wan (馬玩) and others, and they formed a 100,000 strong coalition army to attack Tong Pass (present-day Tongguan County, Shaanxi). Liu Zhang, the governor of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing), wanted to marry his daughter to Ma Chao to build ties with Ma, but Wang Shang (王商), a commandery administrator under Liu Zhang, opposed the idea and said that Ma Chao was courageous but inhumane and untrustworthy.

paragraph: Cao Cao led an army to Tong Pass to attack Ma Chao and the coalition, resulting in the Battle of Tong Pass. After both sides clashed in a few engagements, Cao Cao had talks with Ma Chao and Han Sui. Ma Chao thought highly of himself and secretly harboured the intention of dashing forth and capturing Cao Cao when they met. However, he did not dare to make his move when Xu Chu, one of Cao Cao's close aides, glared at him. Cao Cao later followed Jia Xu's strategy to sow discord between Ma Chao and Han Sui and make them become suspicious of each other. Taking advantage of the hostility between Ma Chao and Han Sui, Cao Cao launched an attack on the northwestern warlords and defeated them.

paragraph: Earlier on, when Cao Cao's forces were at Puban (蒲阪; east of present-day Dali County, Shaanxi) and were planning to cross the Wei River and head west, Ma Chao told Han Sui, "We should resist them at the north of the Wei River. Within 20 days, their supply stores on the east of the river will be depleted, after which they will definitely retreat." However, Han Sui rejected his idea and said, "We should send our forces to engage the enemy on the river. Isn't this more direct?" When Cao Cao heard of Ma Chao's plan, he remarked, "If the young horse doesn't die, I can't have a proper burial place."

paragraph: Section::::Uprising against the Han dynasty.:Battles in Guanzhong.

paragraph: Ma Chao retreated further west after his defeat at Tong Pass. Cao Cao pursued him to Anding (安定; around present-day Pingliang, Gansu) but gave up on the pursuit and headed east after receiving news about unrest in northern China. Yang Fu warned Cao Cao, "Ma Chao has the courage of Han Xin and Ying Bu, and he has the support of the Qiang and Rong peoples. If we retreat now and don't station defences here, we'll forfeit all the territories in this area." After Cao Cao left, as Yang Fu predicted, Ma Chao led the various tribes in the region to attack the commanderies and counties in Guanzhong, while the people responded to his call and joined him in the revolt. Ma Chao killed Wei Kang, the Inspector (刺史) of Liang Province, and seized control of Liang Province's capital Jicheng (兾城; in present-day Gangu County, Gansu) and forced Wei Kang's subordinates to submit to him. He then appointed himself General Who Attacks the West (征西將軍) and Governor (牧) of Bing Province, and took charge of military affairs in Liang Province.

paragraph: Wei Kang's former subordinates – Yang Fu, Jiang Xu, Liang Kuan (梁寬), Zhao Qu (趙衢) and others – were unhappy with Ma Chao so they plotted to get rid of him. Yang Fu and Jiang Xu rebelled against Ma Chao in Lucheng (鹵城; in present-day southeastern Gansu), while the others in Jicheng pretended to urge Ma to suppress the revolt. Ma Chao followed their advice and led an army to attack Lucheng but could not conquer the city. When he returned to Jicheng, he saw that Liang Kuan and Zhao Qu had closed the city gates and barred him from entering. Zhao Qu and the others also killed Ma Chao's wife and child(ren) in Jicheng.

paragraph: In the summer of 212, about a year after Ma Chao rebelled against the Han imperial court, Emperor Xian issued a decree ordering the execution of Ma Chao's father Ma Teng and the rest of his family who were with him at the time in Ye (in present-day Handan, Hebei).

paragraph: Ma Chao fled to Hanzhong, where he borrowed troops from the warlord Zhang Lu, and returned to attack those who drove him out of Guanzhong. He besieged Jiang Xu, Zhao Ang and their allies at Mount Qi (祁山; the mountainous regions around present-day Li County, Gansu) for about 30 days until reinforcements led by Cao Cao's generals Xiahou Yuan and Zhang He showed up and lifted the siege.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Zhang Lu.

paragraph: Ma Chao returned to Hanzhong Commandery after his defeat at Mount Qi and sought shelter under Zhang Lu. Zhang Lu planned to marry his daughter to Ma Chao, but one of Zhang's aides advised him against it, saying, "If a person can't even love his family and relatives, can he still love others?" Zhang Lu then aborted his plan.

paragraph: On one New Year's Day, a relative of Ma Chao who had also escaped to Hanzhong came to visit him. Ma Chao beat his chest, coughed blood, and said to his relative, "A big family with over a hundred members all sharing the same fate in one day. Now, are there only the two of us to give greetings to each other?"

paragraph: Ma Chao constantly asked Zhang Lu to give him some troops to attack Liang Province. Zhang Lu agreed, but Ma Chao failed to make any gains from the campaign. Yang Bai (楊白), an officer under Zhang Lu, was jealous of Ma Chao's ability and wanted to harm him. When Ma Chao heard about it, he escaped from Wudu (武都; around present-day Longnan, Gansu) and went to live with the Di people around the area.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Liu Bei.

paragraph: Around 214, the warlord Liu Bei was fighting for control over Yi Province with the provincial governor Liu Zhang. Ma Chao distrusted Zhang Lu and felt that he was not capable of making great achievements, so he planned to defect to Liu Bei. When he heard that Liu Bei was besieging Liu Zhang in Chengdu (Yi Province's capital), he wrote a secret letter to Liu Bei, expressing his desire to serve the latter. Liu Bei was pleased to receive Ma Chao's letter and he exclaimed, "Yi Province is mine." He then sent Li Hui to meet Ma Chao and provide supplies and additional troops to Ma, after which Ma led his forces to the north of Chengdu and joined the siege. Within ten days of Ma Chao's arrival, Liu Zhang gave up resistance and surrendered to Liu Bei.

paragraph: After occupying Yi Province, Liu Bei appointed Ma Chao as General Who Pacifies the West (平西將軍) and put him in charge of Linju (臨沮; northeast of present-day Yuan'an County, Hubei). Liu Bei defeated Cao Cao in the Hanzhong Campaign in 219 and declared himself "King of Hanzhong" (漢中王), after which he appointed Ma Chao as General of the Left (左將軍).

paragraph: In 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor and established the state of Shu Han. He appointed Ma Chao as General of Agile Cavalry (驃騎將軍) and Governor (牧) of Liang Province. Ma Chao was enfeoffed as the Marquis of Tai District (斄鄉侯). Liu Bei's imperial edict to Ma Chao was as follows:

paragraph: Section::::Service under Liu Bei.:Peng Yang's case.

paragraph: When Peng Yang, an official under Liu Bei, was about to leave Chengdu to assume his new appointment in Jiangyang, he visited Ma Chao and told him: "You are outside while I am inside. The Empire can be pacified." Ma Chao had recently joined Liu Bei's forces and he was often fearful that he would get into trouble. After hearing what Peng Yang told him, he was shocked as he thought that Peng Yang was asking him to participate in a "coup d'état" against Liu Bei. However, he remained silent and did not respond. After Peng Yang left, Ma Chao secretly reported him and caused him to be arrested and executed.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Liu Bei.:Conflict with Guan Yu and Zhang Fei.

paragraph: The "Shanyang Gong Zaiji" (山陽公載記; "Records of the Duke of Shanyang"), by Yue Zi (樂資), recorded an incident as follows:

paragraph: Pei Songzhi, who annotated Ma Chao's biography in the "Sanguozhi", disputed the "Shanyang Gong Zaiji" account as untruthful and nonsensical. He commented as follows:

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Ma Chao died in 222 at the age of 47 (by East Asian age reckoning). His cause of death was not recorded in history. Before his death, he wrote to Liu Bei: "Over 200 members of my family were killed by Cao Cao. I only have my cousin Ma Dai left with me. He will be the one to continue my family line. I entrust him to Your Majesty's care. That is all I have to say." In October or November 260, Liu Bei's son and successor, Liu Shan, granted Ma Chao the posthumous title "Marquis Wei" (威侯).

paragraph: Section::::Family and relatives.

paragraph: Ma Chao's title, Marquis of Tai District (斄鄉侯), was inherited by his son, Ma Cheng (馬承). Ma Chao's daughter married Liu Bei's son Liu Li (劉理), the Prince of Anping (安平王).

paragraph: Ma Chao had at least two spouses. The first was Lady Yang (楊氏), who was with him when he seized control of Liang Province after the Battle of Tong Pass. She probably bore Ma Chao at least one child, because the "Sanguozhi" mentioned that Zhao Qu (趙衢), Yin Feng (尹奉) and others killed Ma's family (wife and child(ren)) when they rebelled against him and drove him out of Liang Province. Ma Chao had a second wife, Lady Dong (董氏), who bore him a son, Ma Qiu (馬秋). When Ma Chao escaped from Zhang Lu and defected to Liu Bei, he left them behind in Hanzhong Commandery. Zhang Lu was later defeated by Cao Cao, to whom he surrendered. Cao Cao gave Lady Dong to Yan Pu (閻圃), a former adviser to Zhang Lu, and gave Ma Qiu to Zhang Lu. Zhang Lu personally killed Ma Qiu. It is not known who the mother(s) of Ma Chao's two other children (Ma Cheng and the daughter) were, but she (or they) was probably neither Lady Yang nor Lady Dong.

paragraph: Ma Chao's younger cousin, Ma Dai, served as a general in Shu Han. His highest appointment was General Who Pacifies the North (平北將軍) and he was also enfeoffed as the Marquis of Chencang (陳倉侯).

paragraph: Ma Ying-jeou, the President of Taiwan from 2008 to 2016, is an alleged descendant of Ma Chao. Researchers purportedly visited the old residence of Ma's father, Ma Ho-ling, in Kaiyun Town, Hengshan County, Hunan, where they discovered a genealogy book stating that Ma descended from Ma Chao.

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.

paragraph: Chen Shou, who wrote Ma Chao's biography in the "Sanguozhi", commented on the latter as such: "Ma Chao's arrogance and overestimation of his ability caused the extermination of his entire clan. What a great pity! If he had been content with what he possessed, would he not have saved himself from disaster?"

paragraph: Guan Yu once wrote to Zhuge Liang to ask who could compete with Ma Chao when he heard that Ma had recently joined Liu Bei's forces. Zhuge Liang replied, "Mengqi is proficient in both civil and military affairs. He is fierce and mighty, and a hero of his time. He is comparable to Qing Bu and Peng Yue. He can compete with Yide, but is not as good as the peerless beard."

paragraph: Yang Fu, one of the officials who opposed Ma Chao in Liang Province, once visited his colleague and relative Jiang Xu and Jiang Xu's mother. He lamented about Ma Chao's murder of Wei Kang and forceful occupation of Liang Province: "[...] Ma Chao betrayed his father, rebelled against the Emperor, and massacred the officers in our province. [...] Ma Chao is strong but iniquitous. He is morally weak and susceptible to temptation and trickery." Yang Fu, Jiang Xu and several others later plotted against Ma Chao and drove him out of Liang Province. Ma Chao fought his way into Licheng (歷城) and captured Jiang Xu's mother. She scolded him, "You're an unfilial son who betrays his own father and a treacherous villain who murders his superior. Heaven and Earth will not forgive you. You should die immediately. How dare you look at me straight in the eye!" Ma Chao was furious and he killed her.

paragraph: Yang Xi wrote an appraisal on Ma Chao as follows: "Ma Chao rose up, formed alliances, started an uprising in the Three Qins, and conquered the river and Tong Pass. He rebelled against the imperial court, regardless of whether his followers agreed or disagreed with him. In doing so, he provided an opportunity for the enemy to sow discord between him and his men, resulting in the destruction of his family and forces. He defied morals and ethics, and ended up having to rely on dragons and phoenixes."

paragraph: The Jin dynasty historian Sun Sheng compared Ma Chao's betrayal of his father Ma Teng to other historical examples of extreme cruelty and inhumaneness, including: the conflict between the Zhou dynasty and the vassal state of Zheng in 720 BCE; in 203 BCE, after Xiang Yu captured Liu Bang's father and threatened to boil him alive if Liu Bang did not surrender, Liu Bang asked Xiang Yu to share a bowl of his father's flesh with him.

paragraph: Ma Chao is featured as a prominent character in some chapters in the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms". However, in the novel, the descriptions of his character and personality, as well as the order of some events involving him, had been modified to very large extents for dramatic effect. In the novel, he was nicknamed "Ma Chao the Splendid" for his elaborate armour and grand skill as a warrior, and was one of the Five Tiger Generals under Liu Bei.

paragraph: Ma Chao is introduced in Chapter 10, where he participates in a campaign led by his father and Han Sui against Li Jue and Guo Si in Chang'an in 192, during which he slays the enemy officers Wang Fang (王方) and Li Meng (李蒙). He does not reappear until Chapter 57, in which he suggests to his father that he could lead the army against Cao Cao at Xuchang in 211 to follow Emperor Xian's orders to slay Cao Cao, but his father tells him to remain in Liang Province and command the Qiang troops there. After his father is killed by Cao Cao, Ma Chao, Han Sui and another eight officers fight against Cao Cao at the Battle of Tong Pass, during which Ma Chao fights with Cao Cao's generals Xu Chu, Yu Jin, Cao Hong and Zhang He, and slays Li Tong. Later, Cao Cao's strategist, Jia Xu, suggests to Cao Cao to send a letter containing errors and markings (making it seem as though the recipient has something to hide) to Han Sui to make Ma Chao falsely believe that Han Sui is maintaining secret contact with Cao Cao. Ma Chao gradually becomes more suspicious of Han Sui, who also has the intention of defecting to Cao Cao's side after learning that Ma Chao no longer trusts him. Han Sui manages to escape when Ma Chao tries to kill him, but his left hand is cut off by Ma during the fight. Ma Chao is eventually defeated by Cao Cao's forces, but manages to escape and find shelter among the Qiang tribes.

paragraph: Ma Chao later joins forces with Zhang Lu to attack Cao Cao, but fails to make any significant gains. Zhang Lu, who distrusts Ma Chao, sends Yang Bo to spy on Ma, but Yang Bo is later killed. Ma Chao then helps Liu Zhang, the governor of Yi Province, deal with an invasion on Yi Province by Liu Bei. He duels with Liu Bei's sworn brother, Zhang Fei, at the Battle of Jiameng Pass. Later, he is convinced by Li Hui to defect to Liu Bei, who accepts him and makes him a general. He fights for Liu Bei in the Hanzhong Campaign and is later posted to Xiping, where he defends Liu Bei's strongholds from the Xianbei chieftain Kebineng.

paragraph: Although Ma Chao historically died in 222, in the novel, he is mentioned to be still alive during Zhuge Liang's southern campaign against the Nanman and is in charge of guarding Hanzhong from possible attacks by the state of Cao Wei. He died of illness after Zhuge Liang returned from the campaign. Zhuge Liang tells Zhao Yun that Ma Chao's death felt like the loss of an arm to him.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Ma is sometimes venerated as a door god in Chinese and Taoist temples in Hebei and Henan, usually in partnership with Ma Dai or Zhao Yun.

paragraph: Ma Chao appears as a playable character in Koei's "Dynasty Warriors" and "Warriors Orochi" video game series.

paragraph: Ma Chao is featured in the Taiwanese television drama "K.O.3an Guo", a parody of "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" in a present-day high school setting.

paragraph: In the collectible card game "", there is a card named "Ma Chao, Western Warrior" in the "Portal Three Kingdoms" set.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fan, Ye (5th century). "Book of the Later Han" ("Houhanshu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). "Zizhi Tongjian".

description: Shu Han general

wikidata_label: Ma Chao

wikipedia_title: Ma Chao


text:
Chinese
court painter
Song dynasty
Ma Yuan
Sung and Yuan paintings

categories: 12th-century Chinese painters,Year of birth unknown,Court painters,Year of death unknown,Painters from Zhejiang,Artists from Hangzhou,13th-century Chinese painters,Song dynasty landscape painters

paragraph: Ma Lin (painter)

paragraph: Ma Lin () (ca. 1180 – after 1256) was a Chinese court painter during the Song dynasty active during the early to mid 13th century. He was the son of the famous Chinese painter Ma Yuan, from whom he learned the art of painting.

paragraph: One of his best known paintings is "Night Outing with Candles", which depicts a gentleman sitting in the doorway of a pavilion, facing four pairs of tall candles amongst flowering crab apple trees. It illustrates a poem by the famous (dissident poet and artist) Su Shi: "My fear is that in the depths of night, the flowers will fall asleep and depart, so I light the tall candles to illuminate their red beauty.". A full moon in the sky overhead confirms its nighttime setting.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barnhart, R. M. et al. (1997). Three thousand years of Chinese painting. New Haven, Yale University Press.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sung and Yuan paintings, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Ma Lin (see list of paintings)

description: Chinese artist

wikidata_label: Ma Lin

wikipedia_title: Ma Lin (painter)


categories: German male film actors,1999 deaths,Male actors from Stockholm,1925 births

paragraph: Rolf Ludwig

paragraph: Rolf Ludwig (28 July 1925 - 27 March 1999) was a German actor. He appeared in more than one hundred films from 1952 to 1997.

description: German actor and voice actor

wikidata_label: Rolf Ludwig

wikipedia_title: Rolf Ludwig


text:
Vöcklabruck
Dresden
Symbolist
Albert Zimmermann
Salzburg
Dachau
Adolf Hölzel
Fritz von Uhde
Knokke
Karl Mediz
Krems an der Donau
Tyrolia
Adriatic
Vienna Secession
Hagenbund
Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden
East German
Linz
University of Vienna
University of Salzburg
ArtNet: More works by Mediz-Pelikan.

categories: 1908 deaths,1861 births,Austrian landscape painters,Austrian women painters,20th-century Austrian painters,Symbolist artists,19th-century Austrian painters

paragraph: Emilie Mediz-Pelikan

paragraph: Emilie Mediz-Pelikan (2 December 1861, Vöcklabruck - 19 March 1908, Dresden) was an Austrian landscape painter. Many of her works show some Symbolist influence.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Her father was a government financial officer. In 1883, she became the last private student of the landscape painter, Albert Zimmermann, who she had earlier assisted in Salzburg. Two years later, she accompanied him to Munich, where he died in 1888. She also lived at the artists' colony in Dachau, where she worked with Adolf Hölzel and Fritz von Uhde. Later, she spent time in Paris and the artists' colony in Knokke.

paragraph: In Dachau, she had made the acquaintance of a Viennese painter named Karl Mediz and met him again at Knokke. In 1891, they went to Vienna and were married, but had little success there. At first, they moved to Krems an der Donau, where their daughter was born. In 1894, they decided to settle in Dresden.

paragraph: They made numerous trips to Tyrolia, Italy and the Adriatic coast. In 1898, she finally had a major showing at the first exhibition of the Vienna Secession. In 1901, this was followed by a showing at the Internationale Kunstausstellung in Dresden. She and Karl had a joint exhibition in 1903, sponsored by the Hagenbund. She also had two major exhibitions at the Berlin Künstlerhaus.

paragraph: In 1908, aged only forty-seven, she died suddenly of heart failure. The collaboration with her husband had been very intense; he and his work never fully recovered. Although much of her work was in the hands of the Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden, he refused to allow any exhibitions. After his death, her paintings passed into the possession of the East German government and were forgotten. In 1986, a small exhibition was held at the in Linz, but it is only since 2000 that her work has been rediscovered.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Erich Tromayer: "Emilie Mediz-Pelikan. Bilder, Briefe, Gedanken". Self-published, Vienna, 1986

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daniela Nittenberg: "Das Frühwerk der Emilie Mediz-Pelikan". Thesis, University of Vienna, 1990

paragraph: BULLET::::- Therese Backhausen: "Ménage à trois. Emilie Mediz-Pelikan und Karl Mediz", Doctoral Dissertation, University of Salzburg, 2008

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ArtNet: More works by Mediz-Pelikan.

alias:
Emilie Pelikan
Emile Mediz-Pelikan
Emilie Mediz- Pelikan
emilie pelikan-mediz
mediz-pelikan

description: austrian painter

wikidata_label: Emilie Mediz-Pelikan

wikipedia_title: Emilie Mediz-Pelikan


text: swordsmith

text: Japanese

text: tachi

text: tantō

text: Soshu

text: Tokugawa family

text: Sagami Province

text: Kamakura period

text: Bizen

text: Yamashiro

text: Shintōgo Kunimitsu

text: Hikoshiro Sadamune

text: steel

text: Shintōgo Kunimitsu

text: temper

text: notare hamon

text: quenched

text: Bizen

text: Hōki Province

text: Tokugawa shogunate

text: Kamakura period

text: Nanboku-chō period

text: daimyō

text: Kyōhō

text: Tokugawa Yoshimune

text: Tokugawa shogunate

text: Toyotomi Hideyoshi

text: Etchu Matsukura Go Umanosuke Yoshihiro

text: Awataguchi Toshiro Yoshimitsu

text: legend

text: Muramasa

text: shōgun

text: Mino

text: Seisen-ji

text: Tsuruga

text: Echizen

text: Kuniyuki

text: Mino

text: Ryakuo

text: Seki

text: Toyotomi Hideyoshi

text: Oda Nobunaga

text: Hiromitsu

text: Sadamune

text: Akihiro

text: Tokugawa shogunate

text: Edo period

text: shōgun

text: Japanese National Treasure

text: Honjō Shigenaga

text: Uesugi Kenshin

text: Fushimi Castle

text: Bunroku

text: Toyotomi Hidetsugu

text: Toyotomi Hideyoshi

text: ōban

text: Toyotomi Hideyoshi

text: Shimazu Yoshihiro

text: Tokugawa Ieyasu

text: Tokugawa Yorinobu

text: Tokugawa Ietsuna

text: Tokugawa family

text: Tokugawa Iemasa

text: Mejiro

text: phonetic

text: Expedition Unknown

text: Josh Gates

text: Japanese swords

text: Toyotomi Hidetsugu

text: Shōgun Ieyasu

text: Maeda Toshiie

text: Maeda Toshitsune

text: Owari Tokugawa

text: Fudō Myō-ō

text: buddhist

text: Kii Domain

text: Bakumatsu

text: Tokugawa Iesato

text: Yamaoka Tesshū

text: Katsu Kaishū

text: Saigō Takamori

text: Iwakura Tomomi

text: Nihon Bijutsu Token Hozon Kyokai

text: Musashi Province

text: Miyamoto Musashi

text: tantō

text: Japanese cooking knife

text: mon

text: Tokugawa Art Museum

text: Kyôto

text: Oda Nobunaga

text: Emperor Meiji

text: President

text: Harry S. Truman

text: Hikoshiro Hiromitsu

text: List of Wazamono

text: Muramasa

paragraph: Masamune

paragraph: , also known as , is widely recognized as Japan's greatest swordsmith. He created swords and daggers, known in Japanese as tachi and tantō respectively, in the "Soshu" tradition. No exact dates are known for Masamune's life. It is generally agreed that he made most of his swords in the late 13th and early 14th centuries, 1288–1328. Some stories list his family name as Okazakii, but some experts believe this is a fabrication to enhance the standing of the Tokugawa family.

paragraph: Masamune is believed to have worked in Sagami Province during the last part of the Kamakura period (1288–1328), and it is thought that he was trained by swordsmiths from Bizen and Yamashiro provinces, such as Saburo Kunimune, Awataguchi Kunitsuna and Shintōgo Kunimitsu. He was the father of Hikoshiro Sadamune, considered by many to be an almost as famous Sōshū master.

paragraph: An award for swordsmiths called the Masamune Prize is awarded at the "Japanese Sword Making Competition". Although not awarded every year, it is presented to a swordsmith who has created an exceptional work.

paragraph: Section::::Style.

paragraph: The swords of Masamune possess a reputation for superior beauty and quality, remarkable in a period where the steel necessary for swords was often impure. He is considered to have brought to perfection the art of .

paragraph: Masamune studied under Shintōgo Kunimitsu and made blades in "suguha" (straight temper line) but he made magnificent "notare hamon", where the finish on the leading edge of blade slowly undulates where it was quenched. There are also some blades with "ko-midare" (small irregularities), a style which appears to have been copied from the Old Bizen and Hōki Province styles. His works are well-characterized by striking "chikei" (dark lines following the grain pattern in the steel above the hamon), "kinsuji" (lightning shaped lines of nie) and "nie" (crystals of martensite embedded in a pearlite matrix).

paragraph: Swords created by Masamune often are referred to with the smith's name (as with other pieces of artwork), often with a name for the individual sword as well. The "Honjo Masamune", a symbol of the Tokugawa shogunate and passed down from shōgun to shōgun, is perhaps the best known Masamune sword.

paragraph: Signed works of Masamune are rare. The examples "Fudo Masamune", "Kyōgoku Masamune", and "Daikoku Masamune" are accepted as his genuine works. Judging from his style, he was active from the late Kamakura period to the Nanboku-chō period.

paragraph: His swords are the most frequently cited among those listed in the "Kyōho Meibutsu Cho", a catalogue of excellent swords in the collections of daimyō edited during the Kyōhō era by the Hon'ami family of sword appraisers and polishers. The catalogue was created on the orders of the Tokugawa Yoshimune of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1714 and consists of three books. The first book, known as the "Nihon Sansaku", is a list of the three greatest swordsmiths in the eyes of Toyotomi Hideyoshi including Etchu Matsukura Go Umanosuke Yoshihiro, Awataguchi Toshiro Yoshimitsu, and lists forty-one blades by Masamune. The three books together list sixty-one blades by Masamune. There are far more blades listed for Masamune than the next two swordsmiths combined. It is known that Hideyoshi had a passion for Soshu swordsmiths which may explain this. A third of all swords listed are Soshu blades by many of the greatest Soshu masters including Masamune's students.

paragraph: Section::::Legends of Masamune and Muramasa.

paragraph: A legend tells of a test where Muramasa challenged his master, Masamune, to see who could make a finer sword. They both worked tirelessly and eventually, when both swords were finished, they decided to test the results. The contest was for each to suspend the blades in a small creek with the cutting edge facing against the current. Muramasa's sword, the cut everything that passed its way; fish, leaves floating down the river, the very air which blew on it. Highly impressed with his pupil's work, Masamune lowered his sword, the , into the current and waited patiently. Only leaves were cut. However, the fish swam right up to it, and the air hissed as it gently blew by the blade. After a while, Muramasa began to scoff at his master for his apparent lack of skill in the making of his sword. Smiling to himself, Masamune pulled up his sword, dried it, and sheathed it. All the while, Muramasa was heckling him for his sword's inability to cut anything. A monk, who had been watching the whole ordeal, walked over and bowed low to the two sword masters. He then began to explain what he had seen.

paragraph: In another account of the story, both blades cut the leaves that went down on the river's current equally well, but the leaves would stick to the blade of Muramasa whereas they would slip on past Masamune's after being sliced. Or alternatively both leaves were cut, but those cut by Masamune's blade would reform as it traveled down the stream. Yet another version has leaves being sliced by Muramasa's blade while the leaves were repelled by Masamune's, and another again has leaves being sliced by Muramasa's blade and healed by Masamune's.

paragraph: In yet another story Muramasa and Masamune were summoned to make swords for the "shōgun" or Emperor and the finished swords were held in a waterfall. The result is the same as the other stories, and Masamune's swords are deemed holy swords. In one version of the story Muramasa is killed for creating evil swords.

paragraph: While all known legends of the two ever having met are historically impossible, both smiths are widely regarded as symbols for their respective eras.

paragraph: Section::::Students.

paragraph: Masamune is believed to have trained a great number of sword smiths; 15 are known, 10 of whom are considered to be the "Juttetsu" or "Ten Famous Students" or "10 Great Disciples of Masamune".

paragraph: Section::::Students.:Great Juttetsu.

paragraph: Section::::Students.:Great Juttetsu.:Chogi.

paragraph: Although probably not a direct student of Masamune due to the dates when he was forging, his works are greatly influenced by Masamune's work and the Soshu tradition as well as the work of the Soden Bizen swordsmiths. Though the kanji characters are pronounced in Japanese as 'Nagayoshi', by convention the Chinese pronunciation of 'Chogi' is used for this smith, and a handful of others (less commonly for his student Kanenaga, pronounced in Chinese as 'Kencho').

paragraph: Section::::Students.:Great Juttetsu.:Kanemitsu.

paragraph: Considered to have created some of the sharpest swords ever known, he is one of a handful of smiths rated at "Sai-jo O-wazamono" (grandmaster of great sharpness) with famous swords named "Kabutowari" (Helmet Cutter), "Ishikiri" (Stone Cutter), and "Teppokiri" (Gun Cutter) as relayed in Fujishiro's writings. Kanemitsu produced swords used by renowned men and generals. He likely wasn't taught directly by Masamune, however, but was influenced by the Soshu, crafting swords in addition to serving himself as a leader in the Soden Bizen revolution.

paragraph: Section::::Students.:Great Juttetsu.:Shizu Saburo Kaneuji.

paragraph: Lived in Yamato province before going to Mino to study under Masamune where his style radically changed. His swords are most like those of Masamune and quite often confused with his. The Mishina school can trace its history back to Kaneuji and through him back to Masamune.

paragraph: Section::::Students.:Great Juttetsu.:Kinju.

paragraph: (金重)

paragraph: Kinju, like Chogi, by convention is pronounced in Chinese. He is also known as Kaneshige using the Japanese pronunciation of his name. He and Kaneuji are founders of the Mino style. He was a monk at the Seisen-ji in Tsuruga, and led to the creation of Echizen swordmaking like Kuniyuki, moving to Mino around the time of Ryakuo (1338–1342) creating the Seki tradition.

paragraph: Section::::Students.:Great Juttetsu.:Kunishige.

paragraph: Created the Hasebe school producing swords in the style of the second period of Soshu and Yamashiro. His swords are considered by some to be equal to Akihiro and Hiromitsu. He created the "Heshikiri Hasebe" (The Forceful Cutter) listed in the Kyoho Meibutsu Cho, owned by Toyotomi Hideyoshi and then by Oda Nobunaga. It bears a gold appraisal inlay of Honami Kotoku called a Kinzogan (金象嵌). Today the sword is a family heirloom of the Kuroda Daimyō Ke. The sword takes its name from the story of Oda Nobunaga drawing it to cut through a table to kill Kannai, a tea master who betrayed him.

paragraph: Section::::Students.:Great Juttetsu.:Kunitsugu.

paragraph: Also goes by the name Kamakura Rai as he is the grandson of Rai Kuniyuki. The influence of the Soshu and Yamashiro traditions can be observed in his works.

paragraph: Section::::Students.:Great Juttetsu.:Saemonzaburo.

paragraph: Believed to go by the name Yasuyoshi but signed his work using the first two letters of his given name. Considered by some to be one of the greatest of Masamune's students. As well as being a Soshu swordsmith he also created the Chikuzen tradition.

paragraph: Section::::Students.:Great Juttetsu.:Saeki Norishige.

paragraph: Historically considered one of the best of Masamune's students, he is numbered among the Juttetsu. However, current research indicates that he was a senior student to Masamune, junior to Yukimitsu, under the great teacher Shintōgo Kunimitsu. He, like Go, hails from Etchu province and is well known as the only smith to have mastered the style of matsukawa-hada (pine tree bark pattern steel), making his work unique.

paragraph: Section::::Students.:Great Juttetsu.:Go Yoshihiro.

paragraph: Very few works exist by this swordsmith due to his death at the young age of 27, No known signed works exist. He is believed to have gone by the names of Go Yoshihiro or simply Go, the name of the town from which he came. As well as being a Soshu swordsmith he is a member of the Etchu tradition. He is considered to have the highest skill in forging swords among the Masamune Juttetsu .

paragraph: Section::::Students.:Great Juttetsu.:Naotsuna.

paragraph: Many theories exist that he may in fact have been a student of Saemonzaburo among others. His work is considered by many to have been influenced by Soshu(相州) even if not taught by Masamune directly, he is also influenced by the Soden Bizen(備前) and Iwami province (石州) style.

paragraph: Section::::Students.:Other students.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hiromitsu (相模國住人廣光—Sagami Kuni Junin Hiromitsu): Along with Akihiro brought about the second period of the Soshu style.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sadamune: A student and possibly son or adopted son of Masamune. Like his father he left no signed work, but is considered peerless in the Soshu tradition after Masamune.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Akihiro (相州住秋廣—Soshu Ju Akihiro) (相模國住人秋廣—Sagami Kuni Junin Akihiro): A direct student of Masamune, along with Hiromitsu was responsible for refining the Soshu style to create the Soshu second period.

paragraph: Section::::Swords.

paragraph: Section::::Swords.:Honjō Masamune.

paragraph: The "Honjō Masamune" represented the Tokugawa shogunate during most of the Edo period and was passed down from one "shōgun" to another. It is one of the best known of the swords created by Masamune, and is believed to be among the finest Japanese swords ever made. It was made a Japanese National Treasure ("Kokuhō") in 1939.

paragraph: The name Honjō possibly came about due to this sword's connection to the general Honjō Shigenaga who gained the sword in battle. Honjō Shigenaga, general of Uesugi Kenshin in the 16th century, was attacked by Umanosuke who already possessed a number of trophy heads. Shigenaga was attacked with the Honjō Masamune which split his helmet, but he survived and took the sword as a prize. The blade had a number of chips from the great battle but was still usable. It was kept by Shigenaga until he was sent to Fushimi Castle, Bunroku around 1592–1595.

paragraph: Shigenaga was later forced to sell the sword to Toyotomi Hidetsugu, Toyotomi Hideyoshi's nephew and retainer. It was bought for 13 Mai, 13 ōban, which was 13 large gold coins. The blade was later valued in the Kyoho Meibutsu Cho at 1,000 Mai. It then went to Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Shimazu Yoshihiro, again to Hideyoshi, Tokugawa Ieyasu, Tokugawa Yorinobu, and finally Tokugawa Ietsuna. It remained in the Kii (紀伊) branch of the Tokugawa family, the last known owner being Tokugawa Iemasa at the end of World War II.

paragraph: Under the United States occupation at the end of World War II all production of nihontō with edges was banned except under police or government permit. Apparently, Tokugawa Iemasa gave the Honjō Masamune and 14 other swords to a police station at Mejiro in December 1945. Shortly thereafter in January 1946, the Mejiro police gave these swords to a man identified as "Sgt. Coldy Bimore" (possibly a garbled phonetic spelling of the man's name) of the Foreign Liquidations Commission of AFWESPAC (Army Forces, Western Pacific). In an episode of "Expedition Unknown", Josh Gates traveled to Japan in search of the Honjō Masamune, and learned that there were no records of a "Sgt. Coldy Bimore" listed to have received the sword. The Honjō Masamune is the most important of the missing Japanese swords and its current location remains unknown, but there are theories of who may possess the sword.

paragraph: Section::::Swords.:Fudo Masamune.

paragraph: This is one of the few blades signed by Masamune that is not in question. It was bought by Toyotomi Hidetsugu in 1601 for 500 Kan and was passed to Shōgun Ieyasu and from him to Maeda Toshiie. Maeda Toshitsune presented it again to the Shōgun, possibly on his retirement. Later, the sword was handed down among the Owari Tokugawa. This blade is a tantō approximately 25 cm (8 sun 6.5 bun) with a carving of roots on the Omote (Front, outer edge) side. It also has chopstick-like grooves (Gomabashi 護摩箸) on the back and a Dragon at the ura part of blade (Kurikara 倶利伽羅). The blade features an engraving of Fudō Myō-ō, the buddhist deity which gives this blade its name..

paragraph: Section::::Swords.:Musashi Masamune.

paragraph: A peculiar work of Masamune, once in the possession of the Tokugawa Shogunate through the Kii Domain and gifted to the main Tokugawa family line in Edo in its prime. Upon the end of the Tokugawa Era marked by the Bakumatsu, the Musashi Masamune was presented as a gift by Tokugawa Iesato in honor of Yamaoka Tesshū's efforts to facilitate peaceful negotiation with Katsu Kaishū to Saigō Takamori, sparing Edo from war and needless destruction; however, Yamaoka was humbled upon being given such a masterpiece, and had passed it down to statesman Iwakura Tomomi. Soon after seeing it passed from hand to hand throughout the 20th Century, the Musashi Masamune finally made its way to the Nihon Bijutsu Token Hozon Kyokai in the year 2000 by Motoo Otsuyasu. The Musashi Masamune is a tachi, measuring 74 cm (2 korai-shaku, 1 sun, 4.2 bun), and noted to have nearly all of the characteristics of Masamune's signature features; though it is debated that its o-kissaki is not that of his style, it is compared to blades made in his later career, which shows the transition of the Kamakura styles into the Nanbokucho era. It is of rumor that, while the blade is named after Musashi Province, where Edo and current day Tokyo stands, its origins stems from being once in the possession of Miyamoto Musashi, who is considered Japan's most famous swordsman. The sword is classified as a meibutsu National Treasure of Japan.

paragraph: Section::::Swords.:Hōchō Masamune.

paragraph: The "Hōchō" Masamune refers to any one of three particular and unusual tantō attributed to Masamune. These tantō have a wide body, unlike his normal slim and elegant work, making them appear quite similar to a Japanese cooking knife. One of the three blades has a Gomabashi in cutout (Sukashi). It was restored around 1919 and sold for approximately 10 "hiki" (a certain number of "mon"); this was worth roughly 14¢ US at the time, meaning that the price was remarkably low. It is presently on display in the Tokugawa Art Museum.

paragraph: Section::::Swords.:Kotegiri Masamune.

paragraph: Kotegiri means "Kote cutter". In this case Kote is contracted word of Yugote (弓籠手), items of samurai that is equipped with his finger for using a bow. This name comes from an episode that Asakura Ujikage cut an opposing samurai's yugote in the battle of Toji in Kyôto. Oda Nobunaga gained possession of this sword and had it shortened to its present length. In 1615 it eventually passed down to the Maeda clan who in 1882 presented it as a gift to Emperor Meiji, a known sword collector.

paragraph: Section::::Swords.:Masamune in Harry S. Truman Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Masamune was given to President Harry S. Truman shortly after World War II. It is housed in the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hikoshiro Hiromitsu

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Wazamono

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muramasa

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Nuttall, Zelia. "The Earliest Historical Relations between Mexico and Japan, from original documents preserved in Spain and Japan". (1906)

alias:
Gorō Nyūdō Masamune
Okazaki Masamune

description: Japanese swordsmith

wikidata_label: Masamune

wikipedia_title: Masamune


text: Russia

text: ice hockey

text: HC Spartak Moscow

text: Kontinental Hockey League

text: American Hockey League

text: Binghamton Senators

text: National Hockey League

text: Ottawa Senators

text: Salavat Yulaev Ufa

text: Spartak Moscow

text: Atlant Moscow Oblast

text: Russian Superleague

text: Ottawa Senators

text: 2005 NHL Entry Draft

text: St. Louis Blues

text: Patrick Lalime

text: GM

text: Bryan Murray

text: Philadelphia Flyers

text: Ottawa

text: Admiral Vladivostok

categories: Sportspeople from Chelyabinsk,HC Spartak Moscow players,Russian ice hockey centres,1987 births,Binghamton Senators players,Admiral Vladivostok players,HC CSKA Moscow players,Ottawa Senators draft picks,Atlant Moscow Oblast players,Avangard Omsk players,Ottawa Senators players,Salavat Yulaev Ufa players,Living people

paragraph: Ilya Zubov

paragraph: Ilya Igorevich Zubov (; born February 14, 1987) is a Russian professional ice hockey player currently playing for HC Spartak Moscow of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He played two seasons in the American Hockey League (AHL) for the Binghamton Senators and ten games in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Ottawa Senators.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Zubov's past experience was playing centre for Salavat Yulaev Ufa, Spartak Moscow, and Atlant Moscow Oblast professional teams in the Russian Superleague (RSL). Zubov was acquired by the Ottawa Senators by drafting him 98th overall in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft. The pick had been acquired from the St. Louis Blues for Patrick Lalime.

paragraph: Zubov publicly stated before the 2007-08 season that he would accept being sent to the Senators' AHL affiliate in Binghamton if he did not make the team in the 2007-08 season. This was expected and would provide the best chance at making the NHL team in the subsequent season given Ottawa GM Bryan Murray's insistence that he learn "North American hockey." Zubov was assigned to Binghamton on October 1, 2007.

paragraph: In his first NHL pre-season game, Zubov scored the first goal in a 4-0 victory over the Philadelphia Flyers. Zubov committed to refining his physical game to accommodate the more aggressive NHL style, and played the entire season in the AHL. While playing a primarily third and second line checking role, Zubov scored 15 goals and 22 assists for 37 points in 70 games. In this time, he learned to initiate and absorb heavy contact, and to engage in determined play down low. He, then, started working on the defensive side of his game. Residing in Ottawa, he worked with Senators strength and conditioning coach Randy Lee. Since the fall of 2007, Zubov gained over 20 lbs of muscle. Ilya had a great showing at the Senators Mini Development Camp in the sumer of 2008, and hoped to crack the line-up in the 2008–09 season. Zubov played the majority of the season with Binghamton once again, but was called up for ten games to Ottawa and scored two assists for his first NHL points.

paragraph: In the 2009–10 season, Zubov was again demoted to the Binghamton Senators from the Ottawa Senators's training camp. Disappointed with his demotion, on September 30, 2009, he demanded a trade to another organization. On October 7, he left Binghamton and was given permission by Ottawa to sign with a Russian team. His NHL rights were retained by Ottawa. On October 21, it was announced that Zubov would be loaned to his old team -Salavat Yulaev Ufa- for the season.

paragraph: In 2009, Zubov signed with CSKA Moscow. Zubov would play four and a half seasons with CSKA before being transferred to Admiral Vladivostok in December 2013. On July 1, 2014, Zubov became a NHL free agent with his right's expired with the Senators, he opted to continue his career in the KHL.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- RussianProspects.com Ilya Zubov's Profile

description: Russian ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Ilya Zubov

wikipedia_title: Ilya Zubov


text: Queen consort

text: Serbian Kingdom

text: Stefan Uroš I

text: kings

text: Stefan Dragutin

text: Stefan Milutin

text: Archbishop Danilo

text: John Fine, Jr.

text: House of Valois

text: Europäische Stammtafeln

text: Byzantine emperor

text: Hungarian royal house

text: John Angelus of Syrmia

text: Anselm de Keu

text: Captain General

text: Albania

text: Charles I of Naples

text: Baldwin II of Constantinople

text: Kaloioannes Angelos

text: Dragutin

text: Milutin

text: Brnjača

text: Zeta

text: Travunia

text: Plav

text: Poibarje

text: nun

text: St. Nicholas

text: Shkodër

text: Kosovo

text: Brnjak

text: place of that name

text: Bosnia and Herzegovina

text: Mokra Gora mountain

text: Mokra Gora

text: Jelač

text: Rogozna

text: Nemanjić

text: Gradac Monastery

text: Shirgj Monastery

text: Lake Skadar

text: Mongol invasion of 1242

text: canonize

text: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: feast day

text: Jefimija

text: Princess Milica of Serbia

text: Saint Angelina of Serbia

text: Mara Branković

text: Olivera Despina

text: Jelena Balšić

text: Simonida

text: Maria Angelina Doukaina Palaiologina

text: Letter from Helen of Anjou 1267(1268)

text: Letter from Helen of Anjou (1289)

text: Letter from Helen of Anjou(1304)

text: Srpsko nasleđe: Nemanjići i žene

categories: Christian female saints of the Middle Ages,Capetian House of Anjou,Serbian saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church,13th-century Christian nuns,Medieval Serbian royal consorts,Serbian nuns,1314 deaths,14th-century Serbian royalty,Eastern Orthodox nuns,13th-century Serbian royalty,Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Roman Catholicism,1230 births,Burials at Serbian Orthodox monasteries and churches,Eastern Orthodox royal saints,14th-century Christian saints

paragraph: Helen of Anjou

paragraph: Helen of Anjou (, ; c. 1236 – 8 February 1314) was the Queen consort of the Serbian Kingdom, as spouse of King Stefan Uroš I. Her children were later kings Stefan Dragutin and Stefan Milutin. She is remembered for having commissioned many religious works.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Origin.

paragraph: Her origin is not known for certain; she was born in ca 1236, and the biography of Archbishop Danilo states that "she was of a French family" and a continuator of the work that "the family was of royal or imperial blood". John Fine, Jr. states that she was "of Catholic and French origin, probably of the House of Valois". According to Europäische Stammtafeln, she descended from a side branch of the Byzantine emperor's family and the Hungarian royal house, in which case she may have been the daughter of John Angelus of Syrmia and a sister of Maria Angelina, wife of Anselm de Keu (Anseau de Cayeux), Captain General in Albania for Charles I of Naples. Charles I mentioned her as a relative in a letter dated 1273. She may have been the granddaughter of the sister of Baldwin II of Constantinople.

paragraph: In 1280, Charles I of Sicily issued documents to Maria Angelina allowing her to travel from Apulia to Serbia to visit "her sister the queen of Serbia". Maria Angelina's parents are known from her marriage license, issued in 1253 by the pope, as "Calojohanni" and "imperatore Constantinopolitano, eiusdem Matildis avunculo...Matildis dominæ de Posaga, natæ comitissæ Viennensis", that is, Kaloioannes Angelos, lord of Srem, and Mathilde, daughter of Marguerite de Courtenay (the sister of the Latin emperors Robert and Baldwin II) and Heinrich, count of Vianden. Therefore, Helena, like her sister Maria, was a paternal granddaughter of the Byzantine emperor Isaakios II by his second wife, Margit of Hungary.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Queen consort.

paragraph: Helen married Uroš I around 1245. With Uroš I she had at least four children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dragutin, Serbian king 1276–1282

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milutin, Serbian king 1282–1321

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stefan, died young

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brnjača, daughter

paragraph: For some time, she was a ruler of Zeta, Travunia, Plav and Poibarje. During that time, Serbia was divided into three parts, and the rulers of the other two parts were Dragutin and Milutin. Helen became a nun at the Church of St. Nicholas in Shkodër, where she died on 8 February 1314.

paragraph: Helen of Anjou significantly contributed to the cultural rise of the medieval Serbian state. She had the first library at the court and encouraged transcription of books in monasteries. She founded the first girls' school in medieval Serbia. Helen's palace was in modern Kosovo, in the town of Brnjak (sometimes called "Brnjaci", but not the place of that name in Bosnia and Herzegovina), on Mokra Gora mountain (not to be confused with Mokra Gora village), where the school was located. Other than this palace, she possessed the town of Jelač at Rogozna mountain. As did other Nemanjićs, she built monasteries. She built the Gradac Monastery, where she was buried, the Church of St. Nicholas in Shkodër where she died, and the Shirgj Monastery. She had repaired and rebuilt many churches and monasteries around Lake Skadar that had been devastated by the Mongol invasion of 1242.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Helen of Anjou was canonized by the Serbian Orthodox Church. Her feast day is .

paragraph: Lilacs were planted along the Ibar River to welcome Helen of Anjou to her new home in Serbia. Her husband planted them to remind her of her home in Provence. This area is now known as the Valley of the Lilacs.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jefimija

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Milica of Serbia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Angelina of Serbia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mara Branković

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olivera Despina

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jelena Balšić

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simonida

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Angelina Doukaina Palaiologina

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Letter from Helen of Anjou 1267(1268)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Letter from Helen of Anjou (1289)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Letter from Helen of Anjou(1304)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Srpsko nasleđe: Nemanjići i žene

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manastir Gradac: Gradila ga Jelena Anžujska

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portreti kraljevske porodice Nemanjića na istočnom zidu Sopoćana

description: Serbian queen

wikidata_label: Helen of Anjou

wikipedia_title: Helen of Anjou


text:
Cardinal
Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem
Archbishop of Nicosia
Regent
King Janus
Council of Basel
antipope Felix V
Congress of Arras
Niccolò Albergati
Geneva
James I of Cyprus
Louis, Duke of Savoy
Biography

categories: Latin Patriarchs of Jerusalem,Cardinal-bishops of Frascati,1442 deaths,Cypriot bishops,Year of birth unknown,House of Poitiers-Lusignan,Greek Roman Catholics,Cardinal-bishops of Palestrina

paragraph: Hugues Lancelot de Lusignan

paragraph: Hugh Lancelot of Lusignan or Hugues or Hughues Lancelot de Lusignan (died August 1442) was a Frankish Cardinal, often known as the Cardinal of Cyprus.

paragraph: He was Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem 1424, and Archbishop of Nicosia. He was Regent during the captivity of his brother, King Janus.

paragraph: He attended the Council of Basel, and became a supporter of antipope Felix V (Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy). As an envoy from the Council and, he presided in 1435 over the Congress of Arras, with Cardinal Niccolò Albergati, the papal legate.

paragraph: He died at Geneva in August 1442.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: His father was James I of Cyprus. His niece, Anne of Lusignan, married Louis, Duke of Savoy, son of Amadeus VIII.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography

description: cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church

wikidata_label: Hugues Lancelot de Lusignan

wikipedia_title: Hugues Lancelot de Lusignan


text:
Francois Baucher
Alexander Nevzorov
double bridle
Full text of 2nd edition, 1891
Full text of 1902 edition

categories: 1834 births,1913 deaths,Dressage trainers

paragraph: James Fillis

paragraph: James Fillis (1834–1913) was a well-known English-born French riding master. He was trained by Francois Caron, a student of Francois Baucher, in France and also studied with Victor Franconi (famous for the Cirque Olympique de Franconi). Although engaged to train horses for the French Thirteenth Army during the Franco-Prussian War, Fillis was never officially employed at Saumur - although his name is inscribed on the roll of Écuyeres Célèbres.

paragraph: Whilst performing with the Ciniselli Circus at St. Petersburg, Russia - he caught the attention of the Grand Duke Nicholas, who subsequently offered him the position of "Ecuyer en chef" at the Russian Cavalry School.

paragraph: Fillis is featured in Alexander Nevzorov's book and movie "The Horse: Crucified and Risen".

paragraph: Section::::Theory and teaching.

paragraph: In his preface to "Breaking and Riding" (1890), Fillis states his fundamental principle thus: His motto was ""en avant"", "forward". His method of equitation consisted, in his own words, of:

paragraph: Fillis was also accredited with a particular style of holding the reins of a double bridle, whereby the snaffle rein passes over the index finger and the curb rein under the little finger, however, he himself referred to this as the "French" way in his book "Breaking and Riding".

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Principes de dressage et d'équitation" Paris: C. Marpon et E. Flammarion 1890 vi,376pp., pl. "Principles of dressage and of riding" Full text of 2nd edition, 1891

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Breaking and Riding" London: Hurst and Blackett 1890 (English translation by M. H. Hayes of the "Principes") Full text of 1902 edition

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grundsätze der Dressur und Reitkunst. Ins Deutsch uebertragen von M. von Zansen gen. van der Osten... 2te Auflage... von Gustav Goebel..." Berlin: C. Borgmann, 1896 xvii,431pp., pl. (German translation of the "Principes")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Journal de dressage" Paris: E. Flammarion 1903. xxviii,499pp., fig., pl. "Journal of dressage"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Règlement pour le dressage du cheval d'armes, établi en 1908 par la Commission de l'Ecole d'application de cavalerie des officiers à Saint-Pétersbourg. Traduction de James Fillis..." Paris: E. Flammarion [n.d.] "Regulations for the dressage of military horses..."

description: English-born French riding master

wikidata_label: James Fillis

wikipedia_title: James Fillis


text:
IEEE
American Physical Society
Optical Society of America
Stanford University
IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award

categories: Fellows of the American Physical Society,Stanford University School of Engineering faculty,Fellow Members of the IEEE,21st-century American physicists,Fellows of the Optical Society,Stanford University Department of Electrical Engineering faculty,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: James S. Harris

paragraph: James S. Harris is a scientist and engineer and fellow of IEEE, American Physical Society and Optical Society of America. His research primarily deals with optoelectronic devices and semiconductor material research. Since 1982, he is the James and Ellenor Chesbrough Professor of Electrical Engineering, Applied Physics and Material Science at Stanford University.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988 IEEE Fellow

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 American Physical Society Fellow

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 Optical Society of America Fellow

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 IEEE Third Millennium Medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 Materials Research Society Fellow

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 Member of National Academy of Engineering

description: American scientist and engineer

wikidata_label: James S. Harris

wikipedia_title: James S. Harris


text:
Doge of Venice
Republic of Venice
Felicia Cornaro
Urban II
First Crusade
Godfrey of Bouillon
Eustace III of Boulogne
Baldwin
Italy
Europe
Bishop of Castello
Enrico Contarini
Rhodes
Levant
Jerusalem
Mathilde of Tuscany
Ferrara
St. Mark’s Basilica

categories: Year of birth unknown,Burials at St Mark's Basilica,1102 deaths,12th-century Doges of Venice,11th-century Doges of Venice

paragraph: Vitale I Michiel

paragraph: Vital I Michiel (died 1102) was a Doge of Venice; he was the 33rd traditional (30th historic) Doge of the Republic of Venice. A member of one of the so-called “twelve apostolic” families, he was married to Felicia Cornaro, who had influence on his politics.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: When Pope Urban II initiated the First Crusade, Vitale I Michiel did not initially urge Venice’s support, perhaps because he could not see the advantages to Venice of such an expedition.

paragraph: The leader of the crusade, Godfrey of Bouillon (Goffredo di Buglione), along with his older brother, Eustace III of Boulogne, and younger brother Baldwin, left southern Italy in August 1096, with a contingent of 120 ships and (legendarily) 40,000 troops from all over Europe.

paragraph: When Doge Vitale I Michiel saw the European commitment to the First Crusade, he then understood the war’s economic importance. In particular, he foresaw that it was vital to Venice’s trade advantage to participate in territorial conquest, lest these advantages inure to the benefit of other marine republics. In July 1099, 207 ships sailed from Venice to support the First Crusade. Doge Vitale I Michiel appointed his son, Vitale Giovanni, and the Bishop of Castello, Enrico Contarini, as the fleet’s commanders. In December 1099, at Rhodes, the Venetian fleet intercepted enemy ships and sank them.

paragraph: In the spring of 1100, the Venetian fleet headed towards the Levant, where in the meantime, Godfrey of Bouillon and his troops had taken Jerusalem. Enemy ships had cut off Godfrey’s ability to receive aid and he was forced to negotiate with the Venetians. In exchange for its services, Venice obtained the right to maintain a quarter not subject to custom offices, taxes, or excise taxes in every conquered city or territory.

paragraph: In 1101, Vitale I Michiele interceded in favor of Mathilde of Tuscany in regards to the purchase of Ferrara, and obtained generous trade concessions as a result. He died in the spring of 1102 and was buried at St. Mark’s Basilica.

description: Doge of Venice

wikidata_label: Vital I Michele

wikipedia_title: Vitale I Michiel


text:
psychiatrist
Gaustad Hospital
Hamsun
fraternized
occupation of Norway
lobotomizing

categories: 1901 births,Norwegian psychiatrists,20th-century Norwegian physicians,People from Oslo,1986 deaths

paragraph: Ørnulv Ødegård

paragraph: Ørnulv Ødegård (12 April 1901 – 23 February 1983) was a Norwegian psychiatrist. He was the director of Gaustad Hospital from 1938 to 1972. He was involved as an expert during the trial against Hamsun. He is known for his studies on women who fraternized with German soldiers during the occupation of Norway, where he concluded that their level of intelligence was lower than average. He has also been criticized for the practice of lobotomizing of mental patients.

description: Norwegian psychiatrist

wikidata_label: Ørnulv Ødegård

wikipedia_title: Ørnulv Ødegård


text: Finnish

text: photography

text: video

text: mixed-media sculpture

text: Beijing

text: China

text: Academy of Fine Arts, Helsinki

text: Robert Smithson

text: Site-specific art

text: Environmental sculpture

text: CV

text: FAFA, Finnish Academy of Fine Arts

text: The virtual research library

text: EARN

text: The Helsinki Art Museum

text: Circolo de Bellas Artes

text: Madrid

categories: Finnish photographers,1963 births,20th-century Finnish sculptors,Artists from Helsinki,Living people,21st-century Finnish sculptors

paragraph: Petri Kaverma

paragraph: Petri Kaverma (born March 4, 1963) is a Finnish artist and curator who has held several private exhibitions, and participated in various group and joint exhibitions both in Finland and abroad. The themes of his exhibitions have ranged from universal issues to more private and personal topics, and the forms of expression Kaverma uses have varied from photography and video to mixed-media sculptures. Aiming to create a dialogue between the works and their physical and social setting, he has made several works for public spaces. Equally important are the works created in different cultures, particularly in Beijing, China in 2008. Kaverma has taught in several art schools as well as in the Academy of Fine Arts, Helsinki; he has curated exhibitions and organised visual art and environmental art projects both in Finland and abroad.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Smithson

paragraph: BULLET::::- Site-specific art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Environmental sculpture

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- CV (also downloadable pdf)

paragraph: BULLET::::- FAFA, Finnish Academy of Fine Arts Kaverma’s PhD thesis: “The Holistic Comprehension & Insight in the Installation Art”, The Artist’s Knowledge 2, (downloadable pdf)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The virtual research library The Museum of the Contemporary Art Kiasma, Helsinki, Finland

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Creating Spaces -environmental art project

paragraph: BULLET::::- EARN European art research network

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Helsinki Art Museum The Bridge -environmental work, Helsinki, Finland, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- OTTO, The presentation exhibition of Artists O Vantaa Art Museum & Between Design and Art Minerva Hall, Circolo de Bellas Artes, Madrid

description: Finnish artist and curator

wikidata_label: Petri Kaverma

wikipedia_title: Petri Kaverma


text: Air Vice Marshal

text: Australian Flying Corps

text: First World War

text: Royal Air Force

text: Second World War

text: British Forces Aden

text: No. 9 Group RAF

text: Cairo

text: University of Adelaide

text: Militia

text: 9th Light Horse Regiment

text: Royal Flying Corps

text: No. 4 Squadron AFC

text: No. 8 Squadron

text: British Forces Aden

text: Air Ministry

text: No. 9 Group

text: Battle of Britain

text: Cairo

text: Edgar Kingston-McCloughry

wikipedia_title:
Air vice-marshal
Australian Flying Corps
World War I
Royal Air Force
World War II
British Forces Aden
No. 9 Group RAF
AHQ Air Defences Eastern Mediterranean
Cairo
University of Adelaide
Australian Army Reserve
9th Light Horse Regiment (Australia)
Royal Flying Corps
No. 4 Squadron RAAF
No. 8 Squadron RAF
British Forces Aden
Air Ministry
No. 9 Group RAF
Battle of Britain
Cairo
Edgar McCloughry

categories: Companions of the Order of the Bath,1943 deaths,Recipients of the Military Cross,Australian military personnel of World War I,Royal Air Force air marshals of World War II,Companions of the Distinguished Service Order,1894 births

paragraph: Wilfred McClaughry

paragraph: Air Vice Marshal Wilfred Ashton McClaughry, (26 November 1894 – 4 January 1943), born Wilfred Ashton McCloughry, was an Australian aviator and air commander who served in the Australian Flying Corps during the First World War and Royal Air Force in the Second World War. His senior commands included: British Forces Aden (1930s), and; No. 9 Group RAF, and Air Officer Commanding Air Officer Commanding Allied Headquarters Egypt (both during the Second World War). McClaughry was killed, while a passenger, in a flying accident in Cairo in 1943.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: McClaughry was educated at Queen's College North Adelaide and the University of Adelaide. McClaughry joined the Militia in 1913 and served in the First World War with the 9th Light Horse Regiment, before transferring to the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) in 1916. He was appointed Officer Commanding No. 4 Squadron AFC (known in British circles as "71 Squadron").

paragraph: After the war he joined the Royal Air Force and became Officer Commanding the Air Pilotage School in 1921. He was appointed Officer Commanding No. 8 Squadron in 1924 and then spent three years as a staff officer at Headquarters Wessex Bombing Area. McClaughry went on to be Station Commander at RAF Heliopolis in 1934 and Station Commander at RAF Mersa Matruh in 1934 before becoming Air Officer Commanding British Forces Aden in 1936. He became Director of Training at the Air Ministry in 1938.

paragraph: McClaughry served in the Second World War as Air Officer Commanding No. 9 Group, a fighter group, during the Battle of Britain and then as Air Officer Commanding AHQ Egypt before being killed in an air accident in Cairo in 1943.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1940 he married Angela Grace Maria Segalir. His brother, Air Vice Marshal Edgar Kingston-McCloughry (who hyphenated his surname) also had a distinguished career in both the AFC and RAF.

description: Royal Air Force air marshals

wikidata_label: Wilfred McClaughry

wikipedia_title: Wilfred McClaughry


text:
fire breathing
EP
Hiili Hiilesmaa
Katariina Souri
EP
EP
EP
EP

wikipedia_title:
Fire breathing
Extended play
Hiili Hiilesmaa
Katariina Souri
Extended play
Extended play
Extended play
Extended play

categories: 1982 births,Living people,Finnish rock musicians

paragraph: Anzi Destruction

paragraph: Anzi Destruction (born Antero Koskikallio; 1982) is a Finnish rock musician. He is known for his energic and wild live shows including fire breathing. He was the lead singer of (2003–2010). Prior to joining Stereo Junks!, he played guitar in glam/punk band Plastic Tears in late nineties. In 2001 he released two solo EPs "Shoot I" and "Shoot II". In 2010 he joined The Salvation as its lead singer. He's first full-length solo album, "High Clash Motherf***er", was released in April 2011. It was followed in 2015 by the album "Black Dog Bias".

paragraph: Anzi produced an album "The Book Of V" for an alternative metal band together with producer Hiili Hiilesmaa in 2015.

paragraph: Anzi Destruction married Katariina Souri in 2010. Couple divorced in 2012. He currently lives in London.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Solo

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shoot I" – EP (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shoot II" – EP (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "High Clash Motherf***er" – CD (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Black Dog Bias" – CD (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fuel for Napoleon" – Digi (2019)

paragraph: The Salvation

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Auto Destructive" (2013)

paragraph: Stereo Junks!

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shut Up 'N' Sit Down" – EP (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Living Bomb" – CD (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "China White" – Single (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Suicide Angels" – EP (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chemistry" – EP (2009)

paragraph: Plastic Tears

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stranded in Rock 'N' Roll" – CD (1999)

paragraph: V For Violence

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Book Of V" (2015)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anzi Destruction Official Website

description: musician

wikidata_label: Anzi Destruction

wikipedia_title: Anzi Destruction


text:
Rewari
Ahirwal
Rao Tula Ram
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Pran Sukh Yadav
Rao Mitra Sen Ahir
Rao Ruda Singh

wikipedia_title:
Rewari
Ahirwal
Rao Tula Ram
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Pran Sukh Yadav
Rao Mittar Sain Ahir
Rao Ruda Singh

categories: 1862 deaths,1829 births,Indian revolutionaries,People from Rewari

paragraph: Rao Gopal Dev

paragraph: Rao Gopal Dev (1829-1862) was a nineteenth-century revolutionary leader in Rewari, Ahirwal, who allied himself with his cousin, Rao Tula Ram, during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pran Sukh Yadav

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rao Mitra Sen Ahir

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rao Gujarmal Singh

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rao Ruda Singh

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dr. Ravindra Singh Yadav & Vijaypal ,1857 ki kranti k purodha: Rao Raja Tularam, Punit Publication, Jaipur, 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anil Yadav , Krantidoot--Rao Raja Tularam , Sarita Book House ,1999, Delhi.

description: Revolutionist

wikidata_label: Rao Gopal Dev

wikipedia_title: Rao Gopal Dev


text:
Hamburg
blues rock
Willie Dixon
The Black Keys
Eels
Tom Waits
Vater Morgana
Vater Morgana
Vater Morgana
filmportal.de

wikipedia_title:
Hamburg
Blues rock
Willie Dixon
The Black Keys
Eels (band)
Tom Waits
Vater Morgana
Vater Morgana
Vater Morgana
Filmportal.de

paragraph: Daniel Welbat

paragraph: Daniel Welbat (born 7 May 1989 in Hamburg, Germany) alias WellBad (coinage: Well+Bad), is a German blues rock musician and soundtrack composer.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Daniel Welbat is the son of the German producer Douglas Welbat and the actress Katja Brügger. WellBad had recorded his first own songs when he was 16 years old. He was 20 years old when he founded the label Blue Central Records, together with his cousin. His models were Willie Dixon, The Black Keys, Eels and Tom Waits.

paragraph: WellBad composed the soundtrack to the 2010 produced German film "Vater Morgana". The records were made in the Hafenklang-Studios in Hamburg.

paragraph: He contributed in audio drama productions, music projects, worked as an actor and directed films and wrote screenplays for short movies.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:EP.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "Better Days" (CD, Blue Central Records OHG)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "beautiful disaster" (CD, Blue Central Records OHG)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Soundtracks.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "Vater Morgana [Soundtrack]" (Blue Central Records OHG)

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: "Kleider machen Leute" (short film); director and screenplay

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "Wittich" (pilot broadcast); director, soundtrack

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "Vater Morgana"; soundtrack

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "Die Drei Fragezeichen

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daniel Welbad at filmportal.de

paragraph: BULLET::::- Website of the Band

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daniel Welbat Lesung in der St. Gertrudkirche in Hamburg

description: German musician

wikidata_label: Daniel Welbat

wikipedia_title: Daniel Welbat


href: Rogaland Norwegian%20Constituent%20Assembly Eidsvoll Kristiansand Vest-Agder Egersund Rogaland Rogaland Norwegian%20Constituent%20Assembly Eidsvoll Parliament%20of%20Norway

text:
Stavanger amt
Norwegian Constituent Assembly
Eidsvoll
Kristiansand
Vest-Agder
Egersund
Rogaland
Stavanger amt
Norwegian Constituent Assembly
Eidsvoll
Parliament of Norway

wikipedia_title:
Rogaland
Norwegian Constituent Assembly
Eidsvoll
Kristiansand
Vest-Agder
Egersund
Rogaland
Rogaland
Norwegian Constituent Assembly
Eidsvoll
Storting

categories: Members of the Storting,1766 births,19th-century Norwegian businesspeople,1834 deaths,People from Kristiansand,18th-century Norwegian businesspeople,Norwegian merchants,Fathers of the Constitution of Norway

paragraph: Christen Mølbach

paragraph: Christen Mølbach (8 November 1766 – 7 July 1834) was a Norwegian merchant who represented Stavanger amt at the Norwegian Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll in 1814.

paragraph: Christen (Andersen) Mølbach was born in Kristiansand in Vest-Agder, Norway, the son of Anders Christensen Mølbach (1735, died 1809 in Bergen; merchant) and Andrea Anthonette Kierulff (1733, died 1808 in Bergen). Christen Mølbach established himself as a merchant and official at Egersund in Rogaland, succeeding Hercules Weyer as "sorenskriver" (senior local official) and marrying Weyer's widow, Inger Margrethe Kiærulf, who was also Mølbach's second cousin (date of marriage: January 23, 1797). With this marriage, he acquired considerable wealth. Mølbach also served as both the Danish and Dutch vice-consul in Egersund. The couple lived at Næsgaard, an estate in Egersund. They had no children. Mølbach's sister's children, the Bucks of Hammerfest, succeeded them at Næsgaard

paragraph: In 1814, he represented Stavanger amt (now Rogaland) at the Norwegian Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll. He generally supported the union party "Unionspartiet").

paragraph: Ten years later he was a member of the Parliament of Norway.

paragraph: Section::::Related Reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holme Jørn (2014) "De kom fra alle kanter - Eidsvollsmennene og deres hus" (Oslo: Cappelen Damm)

description: Member of Parliament and of Norwegian Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll in 1814

wikidata_label: Christen Mølbach

wikipedia_title: Christen Mølbach


text:
11th century
Norman
Domesday Book
Bayeux Tapestry
1066
Duke William of Normandy
Domesday Book
acre
Kent
Farningham
Combe
Dover
Cassington
Thrupp
Little Tew
Oxfordshire
Thames Ditton
Glentham
Lincolnshire
14th century
William Thorne
Scolland
St Augustine's Abbey
Northbourne
Pentecost
tenant
Fritwell
cartulary

wikipedia_title:
11th century
Normans
Domesday Book
Bayeux Tapestry
Norman conquest of England
William the Conqueror
Domesday Book
Acre
Kent
Farningham
Coombe, Kent
Dover
Cassington
Thrupp, Oxfordshire
Little Tew
Oxfordshire
Thames Ditton
Glentham
Lincolnshire
14th century
William Thorne (chronicler)
Scolland
St Augustine's Abbey
Northbourne
Pentecost
Leasehold estate
Fritwell
Cartulary

categories: Companions of William the Conqueror,Norman warriors,Anglo-Normans,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Wadard

paragraph: Wadard was an 11th century Norman nobleman who is mentioned in Domesday Book, and is depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry.

paragraph: Wadard was a noble who travelled to England in 1066 with Duke William of Normandy. He is depicted and named in the Bayeux Tapestry on a foraging expedition, and may have been in the logistics section of William's army. His portrait suggests that he held a senior rank.

paragraph: By the date of Domesday Book (1086), Wadard is recorded as a tenant of Odo, bishop of Bayeux, holding estates amounting to about 1,260 acres in Kent and elsewhere, and providing him with an income of around £127. His holdings included Farningham, Combe, and six houses in Dover, in Kent; Cassington, Thrupp, and Little Tew in Oxfordshire, Thames Ditton in Surrey; and Glentham in Lincolnshire.

paragraph: The 14th century chronicler William Thorne states that Scolland, Abbot of St Augustine's Abbey granted Wadard certain land in Northbourne for life, on condition that "he pay every year on the feast of Pentecost the sum of 30 shillings, together with a tenth part of everything he derived from the land".

paragraph: He is recorded as a witnesses to a land grant to the abbey of Saint-Pierre de Préaux, and he was also a tenant of St Augustine's Abbey.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- His son Rainald held two estates from Odo at Somerton and Fritwell, adjoining his father's estate at Fringford.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Two other sons, named Martin and Simon, are mentioned in the cartulary of the Abbey of Préaux.

wikidata_label: Chevalier Wadard

wikipedia_title: Wadard