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text: Roma Ryan

text: Echoes in Rain

text: Ken Bruce

text: Universal Studios Japan

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text: Raidió Teilifís Éireann

text: mezzo-soprano

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text: "Sunday Times" Rich List

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text: Enya

text: Watermark

text: Shepherd Moons

text: The Memory of Trees

text: A Day Without Rain

text: Amarantine

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text: Honorific nicknames in popular music

text: List of ambient music artists

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text: Enya.com

categories: Irish female composers,Irish female singers,People from County Donegal,Celtic fusion musicians,Irish folk singers,20th-century Irish singers,Warner Music Group artists,21st-century Irish singers,Grammy Award winners,Ivor Novello Award winners,Enya,Irish pianists,1961 births,20th-century women singers,21st-century women singers,21st-century composers,Latin-language singers,Living people,Irish pop singers,People from Dalkey,Women in electronic music,Clannad members,Irish-language singers,20th-century composers,Musicians from County Donegal,New-age musicians,Irish singer-songwriters,Irish mezzo-sopranos,People from Gweedore

paragraph: Enya

paragraph: Eithne Pádraigín Ní Bhraonáin (anglicised as Enya Patricia Brennan (); born 17 May 1961), known professionally as Enya, is an Irish singer, songwriter, record producer and musician. Born into a musical family and raised in the Irish-speaking area of Gweedore in County Donegal in the north of Ireland, Enya began her music career when she joined her family's Celtic band Clannad in 1980 on keyboards and backing vocals. She left in 1982 with their manager and producer Nicky Ryan to pursue a solo career, with Ryan's wife Roma Ryan as her lyricist. Enya developed her sound over the following four years with multitracked vocals and keyboards with elements of new age, Celtic, classical, church, and folk music. She has sung in ten languages.

paragraph: Enya's first projects as a solo artist included soundtrack work for "The Frog Prince" (1984) and the 1987 BBC documentary series "The Celts", which was released as her debut album, "Enya" (1987). She signed with Warner Music UK, which granted her artistic freedom and minimal interference from the label. The commercial and critical success of "Watermark" (1988) propelled her to worldwide fame, helped by the international top-10 hit single "Orinoco Flow". This was followed by the multi-million selling albums "Shepherd Moons" (1991), "The Memory of Trees" (1995) and "A Day Without Rain" (2000). Sales of the latter and its lead single, "Only Time", surged in the United States following its use in the media coverage of the September 11 attacks. Following "Amarantine" (2005) and "And Winter Came..." (2008), Enya took an extended break from music; she returned in 2012 and released "Dark Sky Island" (2015).

paragraph: Enya is known for her privacy and has never undertaken a concert tour. She is Ireland's bestselling solo artist and bestselling artist behind U2, with a discography that has sold 26.5 million certified albums in the United States and an estimated 80 million records worldwide, making her one of the bestselling music artists of all time. "A Day Without Rain" (2000) remains the bestselling new-age album, with an estimated 16 million copies sold worldwide. Enya has won awards including seven World Music Awards, four Grammy Awards for Best New Age Album, and an Ivor Novello Award. She was nominated for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award for "May It Be", written for "" (2001).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Eithne Pádraigín Ní Bhraonáin was born on 17 May 1961 in Dore, within the area of the parish Gaoth Dobhair, in the northwestern county of Donegal, Ireland. It is a Gaeltacht region where Irish is the primary language. Her name is anglicised as Enya Patricia Brennan, where Enya is the phonetic spelling of how Eithne is pronounced in her native Ulster dialect of Irish; "Ní Bhraonáin" translates to "daughter of Brennan". The fifth of nine children, Enya was born into a Roman Catholic family of musicians. Her father Leo Brennan was the leader of the Slieve Foy Band, an Irish showband, and ran Leo's Tavern in Meenaleck; her mother Máire Brennan ("née" Duggan), whose ancestors settled on Tory Island and had distant Spanish roots, was an amateur musician who played in Leo's band and taught music at Gweedore Community School. Enya's maternal grandfather Aodh was the headmaster of the primary school in Dore, and her grandmother was a teacher there. Aodh was also the founder of the Gweedore Theatre company.

paragraph: Enya described her upbringing as "very quiet and happy." At age three, she took part in her first singing competition at the annual Feis Ceoil music festival. She took part in pantomimes at Gweedore Theatre and sang with her siblings in her mother's choir at St Mary's church in Derrybeg. She learned English at primary school and began piano lessons at age four. "I had to do school work and then travel to a neighbouring town for piano lessons, and then more school work. I ... remember my brothers and sisters playing outside ... and I would be inside playing the piano. This one big book of scales, practising them over and over." At eleven, Enya's grandfather paid for her education at a strict convent boarding school in Milford run by nuns of the Loreto order, where she developed a taste for classical music, art, Latin and watercolour painting. "It was devastating to be torn away from such a large family, but it was good for my music." Enya left the school at 17 and studied classical music in college for one year with the aim of becoming "a piano teacher sort of person. I never thought of myself composing or being on stage."

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:1976–1985: Clannad and early solo career.

paragraph: In the 1970s several members of Enya's family formed Clannad, a Celtic band with Nicky Ryan as their manager, sound engineer and producer and his future wife Roma Ryan assisting with the tour management and administrative duties. In 1980, after her year at college, Enya decided not to study music at university and instead accepted Ryan's invitation to join the group with the aim of expanding their sound by incorporating keyboards and another backup vocalist. She toured across Europe and played an uncredited role on their sixth album, "Crann Úll" (1980), with a line-up of siblings Máire, Pól and Ciarán Brennan and twin uncles, Noel and Pádraig Duggan. Enya became an official and credited member by the time of their next album "Fuaim" (1981), which features a front cover photograph of her with the band. Nicky maintains it was never his intention to make Enya a permanent member, and realised she was "fiercely independent ... intent on playing her own music. She was just not sure of how to go about it". This sparked discussions between the two on the idea of using Enya's voice to form a "choir of one", a concept based on the "wall of sound" technique by Phil Spector that interested them both.

paragraph: In 1982, during a Clannad tour of Switzerland, Nicky called for a band meeting as several issues had arisen and felt they needed to be addressed. He added, "It was short and only required a vote, I was a minority of one and lost. Roma and I were out. This left the question of what happened with Enya. I decided to stand back and say nothing". Enya chose to leave to pursue a solo career with the Ryans, which initially caused some friction between the three and her family but she preferred being independent and disliked being confined in the group as "somebody in the background". Nicky then suggested to Enya that either she return to Gweedore "with no particular definite future", or live with him and Roma in their home, then located in the northern Dublin suburb of Artane, "and see what happens, musically". After their bank denied them a loan, Enya sold her saxophone and gave piano lessons and the Ryans used what they could afford from their savings to build a recording facility named Aigle Studio, named after the French word for "eagle", in a shed in their back garden, and rented it out to other artists to cover its costs. They formed a musical partnership in the process with Nicky as Enya's producer and arranger and Roma her lyricist, and became directors of their music company, Aigle Music. In the following two years, Enya developed her playing and composing by recording herself recite classical pieces on the piano and listening back to them. The process was repeated until she started to improvise sections and develop her own piano arrangements. Her first composition was "An Taibhse Uaighneach", Irish for "The Lonely Ghost". During this time, Enya played the synthesiser on "Ceol Aduaidh" (1983) by Mairéad Ní Mhaonaigh and Frankie Kennedy and performed with the duo and Mhaonaigh's brother Gearóid in their short lived group, Ragairne.

paragraph: Enya's first solo endeavour arrived in 1983 when she recorded two piano instrumentals, "An Ghaoth Ón Ghrian", Irish for "The Solar Wind", and "Miss Clare Remembers", at Windmill Lane Studios in Dublin which were released on "Touch Travel" (1984), a limited release audio cassette of music from various artists on the Touch label. She is credited as "Eithne Ní Bhraonáin" on its liner notes. After several months of preparation, Enya's debut solo performance took place on 23 September 1983 at the National Stadium in Dublin that was televised for RTÉ's music show "Festival Folk". Nial Morris, a musician who worked with her during this time, recalled she "was so nervous she could barely get on stage, and she cowered behind the piano until the gig was over."

paragraph: At the suggestion of Roma, who thought Enya's music would suit accompanying visual images, a demo tape of her compositions with Morris on additional keyboards was made and sent to various film producers. Among them was David Puttnam, who liked the tape and chose Enya to compose the soundtrack to the romantic comedy film "The Frog Prince" (1984), of which he served as executive producer. Enya wrote nine tracks for the film but found her songs were rearranged and orchestrated against her wishes by Richard Myhill except two tracks she sang on, "The Frog Prince" and "Dreams", with the latter's lyrics penned by Charlie McGettigan. Film editor Jim Clark later claimed the rearrangements were necessary as Enya found it difficult to compose to picture. Released in 1985 by Island Visual Arts, the album is the first commercial release that credits her as "Enya". The change from Eithne to Enya originated from Nicky Ryan, who thought her name would be too difficult for people outside Ireland to pronounce correctly, and suggested the phonetic spelling of her name. Enya looked back on the project as a good career move, but a disappointing one as "we weren't part of it at the end". She then sang on three tracks on "Ordinary Man" (1985) by Christy Moore. Mike Oldfield invited Enya to record harmony vocals on his 1985 single "Pictures in the Dark", but she declined.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:1985–1989: "The Celts" and "Watermark".

paragraph: In 1985, producer Tony McAuley commissioned Enya to write a song for the six-part BBC2 television documentary series "The Celts". She already had written a Celtic-influenced song named "The March of the Celts" and submitted it to the project. Each episode was to feature a different composer at first, but director David Richardson liked the track so much, he selected her to compose the entire soundtrack. Enya recorded 72 minutes of music in 1986 at Aigle Studio and the BBC studios in Wood Lane, London without recording to picture, though she was required to portray certain themes and ideas that the producers wanted. Unlike "The Frog Prince", she worked with little interference which granted her freedom to establish her sound that she adopted throughout her career, using multi-tracked vocals, keyboards, and percussion with elements of Celtic, classical, church and folk music.

paragraph: In March 1987, two months before the series aired on television, a 40-minute selection of the soundtrack was released as Enya's first solo album, titled "Enya", by BBC Records in the United Kingdom and by Atlantic Records in the United States. The latter promoted it with a new age imprint on the packaging which Nicky later thought was "a cowardly thing for them to do". The album gained enough public attention to reach number 8 on the Irish Albums Chart and number 69 on the UK Albums Chart. "I Want Tomorrow" was released as Enya's first single. "Boadicea" was sampled by The Fugees on their 1996 song "Ready or Not"; the group neither sought permission nor gave her credit, causing Enya to threaten legal action. The group subsequently gave her credit and paid a fee worth around $3 million. Later in 1987, she appeared on Sinéad O'Connor's debut album "The Lion and the Cobra", reciting Psalm 91 in Irish on the song "Never Get Old".

paragraph: Several weeks after the release of her debut album, Enya secured a recording contract with Warner Music UK after Rob Dickins, the label's chairman and a fan of Clannad, took a liking to "Enya" and found himself playing it "every night before I went to bed". He then met Enya and the Ryans at a chance meeting at the Irish Recorded Music Association award ceremony in Dublin, and learned Enya was thinking about signing with a rival label. Dickins seized the opportunity and signed her to Warner Music with a deal worth £75,000, granting her wish to write and record with artistic freedom, minimal interference from the label, and without set deadlines to finish albums. Dickins said: "Sometimes you sign an act to make money, and sometimes you sign an act to make music. This was clearly the latter ... I just wanted to be involved with this music." Enya then left Atlantic and signed with the Warner-led Geffen Records to handle her American distribution.

paragraph: With the green-light to produce a new studio album, Enya recorded "Watermark" from June 1987 to April 1988. It was initially recorded in analogue at Aigle Studio before Dickins requested to have it re-recorded digitally at Orinoco Studios in Bermondsey, London. "Watermark" was released in September 1988 and became an unexpected hit, reaching number 5 in the United Kingdom and number 25 on the "Billboard" 200 in the United States following its release there in January 1989. Its lead single, "Orinoco Flow", was the last song written for the album. It was not intended to be a single at first, but Enya and the Ryans chose it after Dickins asked for a single from them several times as a joke, knowing Enya's music was not made for the Top 40 chart. Dickins and engineer Ross Cullum are referenced in the songs' lyrics. "Orinoco Flow" became an international top 10 hit and was number one in the United Kingdom for three weeks, the first from Warner to reach the top spot in six years. The new-found success propelled Enya to international fame and she received endorsement deals and offers to use her music in television commercials. She spent one year travelling worldwide to promote the album which increased her exposure through interviews, appearances, and live performances. By 1996, "Watermark" had sold in excess of 1.2 million copies in the United Kingdom and 4 million in the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:1989–1997: "Shepherd Moons" and "The Memory of Trees".

paragraph: After promoting "Watermark", Enya purchased new recording equipment and started work on her next album, "Shepherd Moons". She found the success of "Watermark" caused a considerable amount of pressure when it came to writing new songs, adding: "I kept thinking "Would this have gone on "Watermark"? Is it as good?" Eventually I had to forget about this and start on a blank canvas and just really go with what felt right." Enya wrote songs based on several ideas, including entries from her diary, The Blitz in London, and her grandparents. "Shepherd Moons" was released in November 1991, her first album released under Warner-led Reprise Records in the United States. It became a greater commercial success than "Watermark", reaching number one at home for one week and number 17 in the United States. "Caribbean Blue", its lead single, charted at number thirteen in the United Kingdom. By 1997, the album had reached multi-platinum certification for selling in excess of 1.2 million copies in the United Kingdom and 5 million in the United States.

paragraph: In 1991, Warner Music released a collection of five Enya music videos as "Moonshadows" for home video. In 1993, Enya won her first Grammy Award for Best New Age Album for "Shepherd Moons". Soon after, Enya and Nicky entered discussions with Industrial Light & Magic, founded by George Lucas, regarding an elaborate stage lighting system for a proposed concert tour, but nothing came out of the meetings. In November 1992, Warner had obtained the rights to "Enya" and re-released the album as "The Celts" with new artwork. It surpassed its initial sale performance, reaching number 10 in the United Kingdom and reached platinum certification in the United States in 1996 for one million copies shipped.

paragraph: After travelling worldwide to promote "Shepherd Moons", Enya started to write and record her fourth album, "The Memory of Trees". The album was released in November 1995. It peaked at number five in the United Kingdom and number nine in the United States, where it sold over 3 million copies. Its lead single, "Anywhere Is", reached number seven in the United Kingdom. The second, "On My Way Home", reached number twenty-six in the same country. In late 1994, Enya put out an extended play of Christmas music titled "The Christmas EP". Enya was offered to compose the score for "Titanic", but declined. A recording of her singing "Oíche Chiúin", an Irish language version of "Silent Night", appeared on the charity album "A Very Special Christmas 3", released in benefit of the Special Olympics in October 1997.

paragraph: In early 1997, Enya began to select tracks for her first compilation album, "trying to select the obvious ones, the hits, and others." She chose to work on the collection following the promotional tour for "The Memory of Trees" as she felt it was the right time in her career, and that her contract with WEA required her to release a "best of" album. The set, named "Paint the Sky with Stars: The Best of Enya", features two new tracks, "Paint the Sky with Stars" and "Only If...". Released in November 1997, the album was a worldwide commercial success, reaching No. 4 in the UK and No. 30 in the US, where it went on to sell over 4 million copies. "Only If..." was released as a single in 1997. Enya described the album as "like a musical diary ... each melody has a little story and I live through that whole story from the beginning ... your mind goes back to that day and what you were thinking."

paragraph: Section::::Career.:1998–2007: "A Day Without Rain" and "Amarantine".

paragraph: Enya started work on her fifth studio album, titled "A Day Without Rain", in mid-1998. In a departure from her previous albums she incorporated the use of a string section into her compositions, something that was not a conscious decision at first, but Enya and Nicky Ryan agreed it complemented the songs that were being written. The album was released in November 2000, and reached number 6 in the United Kingdom and an initial peak of number 17 in the United States. In the aftermath of the 11 September attacks, sales of the album and its lead single, "Only Time", surged after the song was widely used during radio and television coverage of the events, leading to its description as "a post-September 11 anthem". The exposure caused "A Day Without Rain" to outperform its original chart performance to peak at number 2 on the "Billboard" 200, and the release of a maxi single containing the original and a pop remix of "Only Time" in November 2001. Enya donated its proceeds in aid of the International Association of Firefighters. The song topped the "Billboard" Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart and went to number 10 on the Hot 100 singles, Enya's highest charting US single to date. A second single, "Wild Child", was released in December 2001. "A Day Without Rain" remains Enya's biggest seller, with 7 million copies sold in the US and the most sold new-age album of all time with an estimated 13 million copies sold worldwide.

paragraph: In 2001, Enya agreed to write and perform on two tracks for the of "" (2001) at the request of director Peter Jackson. Its composer Howard Shore "imagined her voice" as he wrote the film's score, making an uncommon exception to include another artist in one of his soundtracks. After flying to New Zealand to observe the filming and to watch a rough cut of the film, Enya returned to Ireland and composed "Aníron (Theme for Aragon and Arwen)" with lyrics by Roma in J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional Elvish language Sindarin, and "May It Be", sung in English and another Tolkien language, Quenya. Shore then based his orchestrations around Enya's recorded vocals and themes to create "a seamless sound". In 2002, Enya released "May It Be" as a single which earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song. She performed the song live at the 74th Academy Awards ceremony with an orchestra in March 2002, and later cited the moment as a career highlight.

paragraph: Enya undertook additional studio projects in 2001 and 2002. The first was work on the soundtrack to the Japanese romantic film "Calmi Cuori Appassionati" (2001) which was subsequently released as "Themes from Calmi Cuori Appassionati" (2001). The album is formed of tracks spanning her career from "Enya" to "A Day Without Rain" with two B-sides. The album went to number 2 in Japan, and became Enya's second to sell one million copies in the country. November 2002 saw the release of "Only Time – The Collection", a box set of 51 tracks recorded through her career which received a limited release of 200,000 copies.

paragraph: In September 2003, Enya returned to Aigle Studio to start work on her sixth studio album, "Amarantine". Roma said the title means "everlasting". The album marks the first instance of Enya singing in Loxian, a fictional language created by Roma that came about when Enya was working on "Water Shows the Hidden Heart". After numerous attempts to sing the song in English, Irish and Latin, Roma suggested a new language based on some of the sounds Enya would sing along to when developing her songs. It was a success, and Enya sung "Less Than a Pearl" and "The River Sings" in the same way. Roma worked on the language further, creating a "culture and history" behind it surrounding the Loxian people who are of another planet, questioning the existence of life on another. "Sumiregusa (Wild Violet)" is sung in Japanese. "Amarantine" was a global success, reaching number 6 on the "Billboard" 200 and number 8 in the UK. It has sold over 1 million certified copies in the US, a considerable drop in sales in comparison to her previous albums. Enya dedicated the album to BBC producer Tony McAuley, who had commissioned Enya to write the soundtrack to "The Celts", following his death in 2003. The lead single, "Amarantine", was released in December 2005. A Christmas Special Edition was released in 2006, followed by a Deluxe Edition.

paragraph: In 2006, Enya released "", a Christmas-themed EP released exclusively in the US following an exclusive partnership with the NBC network and the Target department store chain. It includes two new songs, "Christmas Secrets" and "The Magic of the Night".

paragraph: In June 2007, Enya received an honorary doctorate from the National University of Ireland, Galway. A month later, she received her second from the University of Ulster.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2008–present: "And Winter Came..." and "Dark Sky Island".

paragraph: Enya continued to write music with a winter and Christmas theme for her seventh studio album, "And Winter Came...". Initially she intended to make an album of seasonal songs and hymns set for a release in late 2007, but decided to produce a winter-themed album instead. The track "My! My! Time Flies!", a tribute to the late Irish guitarist Jimmy Faulkner, incorporates a guitar solo performed by Pat Farrell, the first use of a guitar on an Enya album since "I Want Tomorrow" from "Enya". Upon its release in November 2008, "And Winter Came..." reached No. 6 in the UK and No. 8 in the US and sold almost 3.5 million copies worldwide by 2011.

paragraph: After promoting "And Winter Came...", Enya took an extended break from writing and recording music. She spent her time resting, visiting family in Australia, and renovating her new home in the south of France. In March 2009, her first four studio albums were reissued in Japan in the Super High Material CD format with bonus tracks. Her second compilation album and DVD, "The Very Best of Enya", was released in November 2009 and features songs from 1987 to 2008, including a previously unreleased version of "Aníron". In 2013, "Only Time" was used in the "Epic Split" advertisement by Volvo Trucks starring Jean-Claude Van Damme who does the splits while suspended between two lorries. The video went viral, leading to numerous parodies of the commercial uploaded to YouTube also using "Only Time". The attention resulted in the song peaking at No. 43 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 singles chart.

paragraph: In 2012, Enya returned to the studio to record her eighth album, "Dark Sky Island". Its name refers to the island of Sark, where it became the first island to be designated a dark-sky preserve, and a series of poems on islands by Roma Ryan. The new album was promoted with the premiere in October 2015 of its lead single, "Echoes in Rain", on Ken Bruce's radio show and with the release in the same month of the single as a digital download. Upon its release on 20 November 2015, "Dark Sky Island" went to No. 4 in the UK, Enya's highest charting studio album there since "Shepherd Moons" went to No. 1, and to No. 8 in the US. A Deluxe Edition features three additional songs. Enya completed a promotional tour of the UK and Europe, the US and Japan. During her visit to Japan, Enya performed "Orinoco Flow" and "Echoes in Rain" at the Universal Studios Japan Christmas show in Osaka. In December 2016, Enya appeared on the Raidió Teilifís Éireann Christmas special "Christmas Carols from Cork", marking her first Irish television appearance in over seven years. She sang "Adeste Fideles" and "Oiche Chiúin" as well as her own carol composition "The Spirit of Christmas Past".

paragraph: Section::::Musical style.

paragraph: Enya's vocal range is mezzo-soprano. She has cited her musical foundations as "the classics", church music, and "Irish reels and jigs" with a particular interest in Sergei Rachmaninoff, a favourite composer of hers. She has an autographed picture of him in her home. Since 1982, she has recorded her music with Nicky Ryan as producer and arranger and his wife Roma Ryan as lyricist. While in Clannad, Enya chose to work with Nicky as the two shared an interest in vocal harmonies, and Ryan, influenced by The Beach Boys and the "Wall of Sound" technique that Phil Spector pioneered, wanted to explore the idea of "the multivocals" for which her music became known. According to Enya, "Angeles" from "Shepherd Moons" has roughly 500 vocals recorded individually and layered. Enya performs all vocals and the majority of instruments in her songs apart from musicians to play percussion, guitar, uilleann pipes, cornet, and double bass. Her early works including "Watermark" feature numerous keyboards, including the Yamaha KX88 Master, Yamaha DX7, Oberheim Matrix, Akai S900, Roland D-50, and Roland Juno-60, the latter a particular favourite of hers.

paragraph: Numerous critics and reviewers classify Enya's albums as new age music and she has won four Grammy Awards in the category. However, Enya does not classify her music as part of the genre. When asked what genre she would classify her music, her reply was "Enya". Nicky Ryan commented on the new age comments: "Initially it was fine, but it's really not new age. Enya plays a whole lot of instruments, not just keyboards. Her melodies are strong and she sings a lot. So I can't see a comparison." The music video to "Caribbean Blue" and the art work to "The Memory of Trees" feature adapted works from artist Maxfield Parrish.

paragraph: Enya has sung in ten languages in her career, including English, Irish, Latin, Welsh, Spanish, French and Japanese. She has recorded music influenced by works from fantasy author J. R. R. Tolkien, including the instrumental "Lothlórien" from "Shepherd Moons". She sang "May It Be" in English and Tolkien's fictional language Quenya, and "Aníron", sang in Tolkien's other language Sindarin, for "". Her albums "Amarantine" and "Dark Sky Island" include songs sung in Loxian, a fictional language created by Roma, that has no official syntax. Its vocabulary was formed by Enya singing the song's notes to which Roma wrote their phonetic spelling.

paragraph: Enya adopted a composing and songwriting method that has deviated little throughout her career. At the start of the recording process for an album she enters the studio, forgetting about her previous success, fame, and songs of hers that became hits. "If I did that", she said, "I'd have to call it a day". She then develops ideas on the piano, keeping note of any arrangement that can be worked on further. During her time writing, Enya works a five-day week, takes weekends off, and does not work on her music at home. With Irish as her first language, Enya initially records her songs in Irish as she can express "feeling much more directly" than English. After a period of time, Enya presents her ideas to Nicky to discuss what pieces work best, while Roma works in parallel to devise a lyric to the songs. Enya considered "Fallen Embers" from "A Day Without Rain" a perfect time when the lyrics reflect as to how she felt while writing the song. In 2008, she newly discovered her tendency to write "two or three songs" during the winter months, work on the arrangements and lyrics the following spring and summer, and then work on the next couple of songs when autumn arrives.

paragraph: Section::::Live performances.

paragraph: Enya has never undertaken a concert tour, despite hinting about the idea since the late 1980s and numerous requests from around the world. She claimed that Warner Music and she "did not see eye to eye" initially as the label imagined her performing on stage "with a piano ... maybe two or three synthesiser players and that's it". Enya also explained that the time put into her studio albums causes her to "run overtime", leaving little time to plan for other such projects. She also expressed the difficulty in recreating her studio-oriented sound for the stage. In 1996, Ryan said Enya had received an offer worth almost £500,000 to perform a concert in Japan. In 2016, Enya spoke about the prospect of a live concert when she revealed talks with the Ryans during her three-year break after "And Winter Came..." (2008) to perform a show at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City that would be simulcast to cinemas worldwide. Before such an event could happen, Nicky suggested that she enter a studio and record "all the hits" live with an orchestra and choir to see how they would sound.

paragraph: Enya has sung with live and lip synching vocals on various talk and music shows, events, and ceremonies throughout her career, usually during her worldwide press tours for each album. In December 1995, she performed "Anywhere Is" at a Christmas concert at Vatican City with Pope John Paul II in attendance, who met and thanked her for performing. In April 1996, Enya performed the same song during her surprise appearance at the fiftieth birthday celebration for Carl XVI Gustaf, the King of Sweden and a fan of Enya's. In 1997, Enya participated in a live Christmas Eve broadcast in London and flew to County Donegal afterwards to join her family for their annual midnight Mass choral performance, in which she partakes each year. In March 2002, she performed "May It Be" with an orchestra at the year's Academy Awards ceremony. Enya and her sisters performed as part of the local choir Cor Mhuire in July 2005 at St. Mary's church in Gweedore during the annual Earagail Arts Festival.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1997, Enya bought Manderley Castle, a Victorian Grade A listed castle home in Killiney, County Dublin for £2.5 million at auction. Formerly known as Victoria and Ayesha Castle, she renamed the castle after the house from the book "Rebecca" by Daphne du Maurier. In 2009, during her three-year break from music, Enya purchased a home in southern France.

paragraph: Since the 1980s, Enya has attracted the attention of several stalkers. In 1996, an Italian man who was seen in Dublin wearing a photograph of Enya around his neck stabbed himself outside her parents' pub after being ejected from the premises. In May 2005, Enya applied to spend roughly £250,000 on security improvements, covering gaps in the castle's outer wall and installing bollards and iron railings. Despite these improvements, in October 2005, two people broke into her home; one attacked and tied up one of her maids and left with several of Enya's items after she had raised the alarm in her safe room.

paragraph: Enya is known for keeping a private lifestyle, saying: "The music is what sells. Not me, or what I stand for ... that's the way I've always wanted it". She is not married and is a surrogate aunt to the Ryans' two daughters. In 1991, she said: "I'm afraid of marriage because I'm afraid someone might want me because of who I am instead of because they loved me ... I wouldn't go rushing into anything unexpected, but I do think a great deal about this". Her relationship with a "Spanish man" ended in 1997, around the time when she considered taking time out of music to have a family, but found she was putting pressure on herself over the matter and "gone the route I wanted to go". She declares herself as "more spiritual than religious ... I derive from religion what I enjoy."

paragraph: In 2006, Enya ranked third in a list of the wealthiest Irish entertainers with an estimated fortune of £75 million, and No. 95 in the "Sunday Times" Rich List of the richest 250 Irish people. The 2016 edition, which listed its top 50 "Music Millionaires of Britain and Ireland", she emerged as the richest female singer with a fortune of £91 million for a place at No. 28.

paragraph: In 2017 a new species of fish, "Leporinus enyae", found in the Orinoco River drainage area, was named after Enya.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and nominations.

paragraph: Honorary Degree

paragraph: Enya was awarded an Honorary degree from NUI Galway.

paragraph: Billboard Music Awards

paragraph: Grammy Awards

paragraph: Japan Gold Disc Awards

paragraph: World Music Awards

paragraph: !scope="row" rowspan="3"|1989

paragraph: !scope="row" rowspan="3"|1993

paragraph: !scope="row" rowspan=1|1998

paragraph: !scope="row" rowspan="3"|2002

paragraph: !scope="row" rowspan="1"|2003

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Studio albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Enya" (1987) (reissued in 1992 as "The Celts")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Watermark" (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shepherd Moons" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Memory of Trees" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Day Without Rain" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amarantine" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "And Winter Came..." (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dark Sky Island" (2015)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorific nicknames in popular music

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of ambient music artists

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of best-selling music artists

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of highest-certified music artists in the United States

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sources

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Enya website at Enya.com

alias:
Eithne Ní Bhraonáin
Enya Brennan
Eithne Ni Bhraonain
Eithne Pádraigín Ní Bhraonáin
Eithne Padraigin Ni Bhraonain

description: Irish singer, songwriter, and musician

enwikiquote_title: Enya

wikidata_label: Enya

wikipedia_title: Enya


text:
French
telegrapher
Paris
ondes Martenot
microtonal
Karel Goeyvaerts
Jeanne Loriod
Georges Savaria
Gilles Tremblay
Ginette Martenot
Philadelphia Orchestra
Leopold Stokowski
Jean Laurendeau
ondes Martenot
Wavemakers
Info.com
120 Years of Electronic Music.
The Theremin And The Ondes Martenot.
SOS article, Feb. 2002.
Preoccupations, Oct. 2006.

categories: 1898 births,Ondists,20th-century inventors,1980 deaths,20th-century French musicians,Officiers of the Légion d'honneur,Conservatoire de Paris alumni,Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery,Musicians from Paris,French inventors,Academics of the Conservatoire de Paris

paragraph: Maurice Martenot

paragraph: Maurice Louis Eugène Martenot (; October 14, 1898 – October 8, 1980) was a French cellist, a radio telegrapher during the first World War, and an inventor.

paragraph: Born in Paris, he is best known for his invention of the ondes Martenot, an instrument he first realized in 1928 and spent decades improving. He unveiled a microtonal model in 1938. He also was responsible for teaching the first generation of ondes Martenot performers, including Karel Goeyvaerts, Jeanne Loriod, Georges Savaria, Gilles Tremblay, and his sister Ginette Martenot.

paragraph: Martenot himself performed as an 'ondist' with the Philadelphia Orchestra under Leopold Stokowski in 1930. The 1937 World's Fair in Paris awarded him "Le Grand Prix de l'Exposition Mondiale". He taught lessons at the Paris Conservatoire during the 1940s.

paragraph: A Martenot biography, in French, has been written by ondist Jean Laurendeau. His invention of the ondes Martenot is the subject of the 2013 Quebec documentary "Wavemakers", in which Laurendeau also appears.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Info.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sadie, S. (ed.) (1980). "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians" [vol. # 11].

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 120 Years of Electronic Music.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Theremin And The Ondes Martenot.

paragraph: BULLET::::- SOS article, Feb. 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Preoccupations, Oct. 2006.

description: French musician

wikidata_label: Maurice Martenot

wikipedia_title: Maurice Martenot


text: Stylites

text: Arabic

text: Eastern Orthodox Church

text: Catholic Churches of Eastern

text: Latin Rite

text: Antioch

text: Edessa

text: Martha

text: namesake, the first Stylites

text: ascetic

text: Seleucia

text: Evagrius

text: Theopolis

text: Communion

text: Emperors

text: Justinian I

text: Justin II

text: Simeon Stylites the Younger

text: Catholic Encyclopedia

categories: 597 deaths,Syrian Christian saints,Stylites,People from Antioch,6th-century Byzantine people,521 births

paragraph: Simeon Stylites the Younger

paragraph: Saint Simeon Stylites the Younger [also known as 'St. Simeon of the Admirable Mountain'] (Arabic: مار سمعان العمودي الأصغر "mār semʻān l-ʻamūdī l-asghar") (521 – May 24, 592) is a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church and Catholic Churches of Eastern and Latin Rites. Born at Antioch, his father was a native of Edessa, his mother, named Martha was afterwards revered as a saint and a life of her, which incorporates a letter to her son written from his pillar to Thomas, the guardian of the true cross at Jerusalem, has been printed.

paragraph: Like his namesake, the first Stylites, Simeon seems to have been drawn very young to a life of austerity. He attached himself to a community of ascetics living within the mandra or enclosure of another pillar-hermit, named John, who acted as their spiritual director. Simeon while still only a boy had a pillar erected for himself close to that of John. It is Simeon himself who in the above-mentioned letter to Thomas states that he was living upon a pillar when he lost his first teeth. He maintained this kind of life for 68 years. In the course of this period, however, he several times moved to a new pillar, and on the occasion of the first of these exchanges the Patriarch of Antioch and the Bishop of Seleucia ordained him deacon during the short space of time he spent upon the ground. For eight years until John died, Simeon remained near his master's column, so near that they could easily converse. During this period his austerities were kept in some sort of check by the older hermit.

paragraph: After John's death Simeon gave full rein to his ascetical practices and Evagrius declares that he lived only upon the branches of a shrub that grew near Theopolis. Simeon the younger was ordained priest and was thus able to offer the Holy Sacrifice in memory of his mother. On such occasions his disciples one after another climbed up the ladder to receive Communion at his hands. As in the case of most of the other pillar saints a large number of miracles were believed to have been worked by Simeon the Younger. In several instances the cure was effected by pictures representing him (Holl in "Philotesia", 56). Towards the close of his life the saint occupied a column upon a mountain-side near Antioch called from his miracles the "Hill of Wonders", and it was here that he died. Besides the letter mentioned, several writings are attributed to the younger Simeon. A number of these small spiritual tractates were printed by Cozza-Luzi ("Nova PP. Bib.", VIII, iii, Rome, 1871, pp. 4–156). There is also an "Apocalypse" and letters to the Emperors Justinian I and Justin II (see fragments in P.G., LXXXVI, pt. II, 3216-20). More especially Simeon was the reputed author of a certain number of liturgical hymns, "Troparis", etc. (see Pétridès in "Échos d'Orient", 1901 and 1902).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simeon Stylites the Younger at the Catholic Encyclopedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greek Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes

paragraph: BULLET::::- pictures of the Monastery of St. Simeon the younger near Antakya

description: Christian Saint

wikidata_label: Simeon Stylites the Younger

wikipedia_title: Simeon Stylites the Younger


text:
Pierrefonds, Oise
Paris
French
minister of Marine
préfet maritime
académicien
Pierrefonds, Oise
Réunion
École Navale
naval attaché
Masséna
Théophile Delcassé
First World War
Dardanelles Campaign
Toulon
Académie française
Jules Cambon
Biography by the Académie française

categories: People from Oise,1955 deaths,French people of World War I,Ministers of Marine,French people of Réunionnais descent,French Navy admirals,1860 births,French Ministers of War

paragraph: Marie-Jean-Lucien Lacaze

paragraph: Marie-Jean-Lucien Lacaze (22 June 1860, Pierrefonds, Oise – 23 March 1955, Paris) was a French admiral, minister of Marine, préfet maritime and académicien.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Lacaze was born in Pierrefonds, Oise to a physician of Réunion, where he spent his youth. He studied in France with the Jesuits, and joined the École Navale in 1879.

paragraph: Lacaze served as "capitaine de vaisseau" in Senegal, India and Viet-Nam. He was naval attaché in Rome and chief of staff to Admiral Germinet. He then took command of the "Masséna", before serving as chief of cabinet to minister of the Navy Théophile Delcassé.

paragraph: During the First World War, Lacaze lead a division of the Mediterranean fleet, and organised part of the Dardanelles Campaign. Lacaze was made Minister of the Navy in October 1915, and he retained the office until 1917. He then went on to serve as préfet maritime of Toulon.

paragraph: After retiring in 1922, Lacaze was elected to the Académie française on 12 November 1936, obtaining Jules Cambon's seat (seat n°40).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography by the Académie française.

description: French admiral

wikidata_label: Marie-Jean-Lucien Lacaze

wikipedia_title: Marie-Jean-Lucien Lacaze


text: printmaker

text: still life

text: Bologna

text: Accademia di Belle Arti di Bologna

text: Rembrandt

text: Cézanne

text: Derain

text: Picasso

text: Giotto

text: Masaccio

text: Piero Della Francesca

text: Paolo Uccello

text: Futurist

text: the Douanier Rousseau

text: Metaphysical painting

text: Novecento Italiano

text: fascist

text: Venice Biennale

text: Rome

text: Vincenzo Cardarelli

text: etching

text: Venice Biennale

text: São Paulo

text: lung cancer

text: Certosa di Bologna

text: Giacomo Manzù

text: still life

text: Minimalism

text: Jean Leymarie

text: Jean Clair

text: Roberto Longhi

text: Federico Fellini

text: La Dolce Vita

text: Michelangelo Antonioni

text: Sarah Hall

text: Don DeLillo

text: Falling Man

text: Ivor Cutler

text: Barack Obama

text: White House

text: atelier

text: Museo d'Arte Moderna di Bologna (MAMbo)

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: Centre for Fine Arts

text: Brussels

text: Luc Tuymans

text: Museo Fortuny

text: Venice

text: David Zwirner Gallery

text: Herbert List

text: Duane Michals

text: Leo Lionni

text: Carlo Ludovico Ragghianti

text: Lee Miller

text: Ugo Mulas

text: Luigi Ghirri

text: Gianni Berengo Gardin

text: Tacita Dean

text: Joel Meyerowitz

text: "Giorgio Morandi: The Art of Silence"

text: Yale University Press

text: Coldwell, Paul

text: I.B. Tauris

text: Hustvedt, Siri

text: Museo Morandi

categories: Italian etchers,Italian still life painters,Deaths from lung cancer,Italian male painters,Italian educators,Italian fascists,1964 deaths,Italian soldiers,20th-century Italian painters,Modern painters,Italian Futurist painters,20th-century printmakers,1890 births,People from Bologna

paragraph: Giorgio Morandi

paragraph: Giorgio Morandi (July 20, 1890 – June 18, 1964) was an Italian painter and printmaker who specialized in still life. His paintings are noted for their tonal subtlety in depicting apparently simple subjects, which were limited mainly to vases, bottles, bowls, flowers and landscapes.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Giorgio Morandi was born in Bologna to Andrea Morandi and Maria Maccaferri. He lived first on Via Lame where his brother Giuseppe (who died in 1903) and his sister Anna were born. The family then moved to via Avesella where his two other sisters were born, Dina in 1900 and Maria Teresa in 1906. From 1907 to 1913 he studied at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Bologna [Academy of Fine Arts of Bologna]. After the death of his father in 1909, the family moved to Via Fondazza and Morandi became the head of the family.

paragraph: At the Accademia, which based its traditions on 14th-century painting, Morandi taught himself to etch by studying books on Rembrandt. He was excellent at his studies, although his professors disapproved of the changes in his style during his final two years at the Accademia. Even though he lived his whole life in Bologna, Morandi was influenced by the works of Cézanne, Derain, and Picasso. In 1910 he visited Florence, where the works of artists such as Giotto, Masaccio, Piero Della Francesca, and Paolo Uccello made a profound impression on him. He had a brief digression into a Futurist style in 1914. In that same year, Morandi was appointed instructor of drawing for elementary schools in Bologna—a post he held until 1929.

paragraph: In 1915, he joined the army but suffered a breakdown and was indefinitely discharged. During the war, Morandi's still lifes became more reduced in their compositional elements and purer in form, revealing his admiration for both Cézanne and the Douanier Rousseau.

paragraph: The Metaphysical painting (Pittura Metafisica) phase in Morandi's work lasted from 1918 to 1922. This was to be his last major stylistic shift; thereafter, he focused increasingly on subtle gradations of hue, tone, and objects arranged in a unifying atmospheric haze, establishing the direction his art was to take for the rest of his life. Morandi showed in the "Novecento Italiano" exhibitions of 1926 and 1929, but was more specifically associated with the regional "Strapaese" group by the end of the decade, a fascist-influenced group emphasizing local cultural traditions. He was sympathetic to the Fascist party in the 1920s, although his friendships with anti-Fascist figures led authorities to arrest him briefly in 1943. From 1928 Morandi participated in some of the Venice Biennale exhibitions, in the Quadriennale in Rome and also exhibited in different Italian and foreign cities.

paragraph: In 1929 Giorgio Morandi illustrated the work "Il sole a picco" by Vincenzo Cardarelli, winner of the Premio Bagutta. From 1930 to 1956, Morandi was a professor of etching at Accademia di Belle Arti. The 1948 Venice Biennale awarded him first prize for painting. He visited Paris for the first time in 1956, and in 1957 he won the grand prize in São Paulo's Biennial.

paragraph: Quiet and polite, both in his private and public life, Morandi was much talked about in Bologna for his enigmatic yet very optimistic personality. Morandi lived on Via Fondazza, in Bologna, with his three sisters Anna, Dina and Maria Teresa. Morandi died of lung cancer on June 18, 1964.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Morandi is buried in the Certosa di Bologna in the family tomb together with his three sisters. On the tomb is a portrait of him by Giacomo Manzù.

paragraph: Throughout his career, Morandi concentrated almost exclusively on still lifes and landscapes, except for a few self-portraits. With great sensitivity to tone, color, and compositional balance, he would depict the same familiar bottles and vases again and again in paintings notable for their simplicity of execution. A prolific painter, he completed some 1350 oil paintings. He also executed 133 etchings, a significant body of work in its own right, and his drawings and watercolors often approach abstraction in their economy of means. He explained: "What interests me most is expressing what’s in nature, in the visible world, that is".

paragraph: Morandi was perceived as one of the few Italian artists of his generation to have escaped the taint of Fascism, and to have evolved a style of pure pictorial values congenial to modernist abstraction. Through his simple and repetitive motifs and economical use of color, value and surface, Morandi became a prescient and important forerunner of Minimalism.

paragraph: He has been written about by Philippe Jaccottet, Jean Leymarie, Jean Clair, Yves Bonnefoy, Roberto Longhi, , Cesare Brandi, Lambeto Vitali, Luigi Magnani, Marilena Pasquali and many other critics.

paragraph: Federico Fellini paid tribute to him in his 1960 film "La Dolce Vita", which featured Morandi's paintings, as does "La notte" by Michelangelo Antonioni. One of the main characters in Sarah Hall's novel "How to Paint a Dead Man" is loosely based on Morandi. Don DeLillo's 9/11 novel "Falling Man" (2007) includes two Morandi still-life paintings on the wall of Nina's New York apartment, as well as "a show of Morandi paintings at a gallery in Chelsea" at the beginning of Chapter 12. Morandi was a particular favorite of eccentric Scottish poet Ivor Cutler, who included a poem about the painter in his first anthology "Many Flies Have Feathers" (1973)

paragraph: Two oil paintings by Morandi were chosen by the President of the United States Barack Obama in 2009 and are now part of the White House collection.

paragraph: In 1993, Marilena Pasquali and Bologna Municipality created the Giorgio Morandi Museum, thanks to the donation, made by his sister Maria Teresa Morandi, of his works and his atelier, which were owned by the family. Today the museum includes a reconstruction of his studio.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Exhibitions.

paragraph: Although Morandi was not greatly concerned with exhibitions during his own lifetime, his works have been displayed in the Museo d'Arte Moderna di Bologna (MAMbo) and in many other cities, due largely to the Centro Studi Giorgio Morandi and in particular its president Marilena Pasquali, who founded the in Bologna in 1993. In December 2008 an exhibition dedicated to Morandi was held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. From 7 June until 22 September 2013, a Morandi exhibition was held at the Centre for Fine Arts in Brussels, Belgium (with guest artist Luc Tuymans).

paragraph: Twenty-one works were shown at the Museo Fortuny in Venice in 2010. In 2015 David Zwirner Gallery had an exhibition of Morandi's work in New York. Between October 9 and June 25, 2016, the Center for Italian Modern Art, in New York, held an exhibition featuring about 40 paintings, etchings and drawings by Morandi.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:As subject of photography.

paragraph: Some of the most famous photographers of the 20th century took photographs of Morandi, at his house on via Fondazza, at Grizzana Morandi's house, and at the Venice Biennale. Among those who photographed Morandi or his studio were Herbert List, Duane Michals, Jean Francois Bauret, Paolo Prandi, Paolo Ferrari, Lamberto Vitali, Libero Grandi, Franz Hubmann, Leo Lionni, Antonio Masotti, Carlo Ludovico Ragghianti, Lee Miller, Giancolombo, Ugo Mulas, Luigi Ghirri, Gianni Berengo Gardin, and Luciano Calzolari.

paragraph: The filmmaker Tacita Dean filmed the inside of Morandi's house on via Fondazza. An exhibition of stills from one of the two films, "Still Life", was held at the Center for Italian Modern Art, in New York, in 2016.

paragraph: In 2016 the American photographer Joel Meyerowitz published "Morandi's Objects", a book with photographs of more than 260 objects that the painter had collected during his life.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abramowicz, Janet and Morandi, Giorgio (2004), "Giorgio Morandi: The Art of Silence", New Haven, [Conn.]: Yale University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bell, Jane (1982), "Messages in Bottles: the Noble Grandeur of Giorgio Morandi", "ARTnews", March 1982: 114–117

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bandera, Maria Cristina and Miracco, Renato (eds) (2008), "Giorgio Morandi 1890-1964", exh. cat. (New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2008–2009), Milan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cowling, Elizabeth and Mundy, Jennifer (1990), "On Classic Ground: Picasso, Léger, de Chirico and the New Classicism 1910–1930", London: Tate Gallery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morandi, Giorgio (1988), "Morandi", New York: Rizzoli.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pasquali, Marilena (2008), "Giorgio Morandi, saggi e ricerche 1990-2007", Firenze: Noèdizioni

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vitali, L. (1977), "Morandi: Catalogo Generale", 2 vols, Milan

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coldwell, Paul (2006), "Morandi's Legacy: Influences on British Art." I.B. Tauris.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hustvedt, Siri (2005), "Mysteries of the Rectangle": Chapter 7, "Giorgio Morandi: Not Just Bottles."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museo Morandi

description: Italian painter known for the still life genre in art

enwikiquote_title: Giorgio Morandi

wikidata_label: Giorgio Morandi

wikipedia_title: Giorgio Morandi


text: pitcher

text: Major League Baseball

text: Brooklyn

text: Los Angeles Dodgers

text: Most Valuable Player

text: 1955 World Series

text: shutout

text: New York Yankees

text: National League

text: earned run average

text: winning percentage

text: World Series

text: New York Yankees

text: complete game

text: shutout

text: World Series MVP Award

text: "Sport"

text: Corvette

text: Sportsman of the Year

text: Sports Illustrated

text: strikeout

text: ERA

text: hits

text: innings

text: Detroit Tigers

text: San Diego Padres

text: pitching coach

text: Boston Red Sox

text: Minnesota Twins

text: Philadelphia Phillies

text: Frank Viola

text: Curt Schilling

text: Queensbury, New York

text: Glens Falls, New York

text: Ice Follies

text: Adirondack Park

text: Los Angeles Dodgers all-time roster

text: Johnny Podres

text: Johnny Podres

text: Player Profile

text: SABR Bibliography

categories: San Diego Padres coaches,American people of Lithuanian descent,Brooklyn Dodgers players,Arizona Instructional League Dodgers players,National League All-Stars,Detroit Tigers players,Montreal Royals players,Philadelphia Phillies coaches,Boston Red Sox coaches,Los Angeles Dodgers players,American people of Polish descent,People from Moriah, New York,1932 births,2008 deaths,Hazard Bombers players,National League ERA champions,Baseball players from New York (state),Minnesota Twins coaches,Major League Baseball pitching coaches,World Series Most Valuable Player Award winners,Major League Baseball pitchers,Arizona Instructional League Pilots players,People from Queensbury, New York,Newport News Dodgers players

paragraph: Johnny Podres

paragraph: John Joseph Podres (September 30, 1932 – January 13, 2008) was an American left-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball who spent most of his career with the Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers. He is perhaps best remembered for being named the Most Valuable Player of the 1955 World Series, pitching a shutout in Game 7 against the New York Yankees to help the Brooklyn Dodgers win their only World Series title before the team moved to Los Angeles after the 1957 season. He led the National League in earned run average and shutouts in 1957, and in winning percentage in 1961. He was of Lithuanian-Polish descent.

paragraph: Section::::Major league career.

paragraph: Podres helped the Dodgers win World Series championships in 1955, 1959, 1963 and 1965, although he did not actually pitch in the 1965 World Series. In the 1955 series, after the Dodgers lost the first two games to the New York Yankees, Podres pitched a complete game, seven-hit victory on his 23rd birthday in Game 3. In the climactic Game 7, Podres pitched a 2–0 shutout to bring Brooklyn its only World Series championship. Podres was given the first-ever World Series MVP Award by "Sport" magazine and presented with a red two-seater Corvette. Later he was honored as the Sportsman of the Year by "Sports Illustrated" magazine.

paragraph: In his 15-season career, Podres compiled a 148–116 record with 1435 strikeouts, a 3.68 ERA, and 24 shutouts in 440 games. He was at his best in the World Series, losing his first Series game (in 1953), then winning four straight decisions over the next decade. In six Series games, he allowed only 29 hits in 38⅓ innings, with a 2.11 ERA.

paragraph: Section::::Post-retirement.

paragraph: When his playing career ended after stints with the Detroit Tigers and San Diego Padres, Podres served as the pitching coach for the Padres, Boston Red Sox, Minnesota Twins and Philadelphia Phillies for 23 seasons between and . Among the pitchers he worked with were Frank Viola and Curt Schilling.

paragraph: In 2002, Johnny Podres was inducted into the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame.

paragraph: He later settled in Queensbury, New York and died at age 75 in 2008 in Glens Falls, New York, after being hospitalized for heart and kidney ailments and a leg infection. Podres was survived by his wife of 41 years, the former Joni Taylor of Ice Follies fame, and his two sons, Joe and John Jr. He is interred at Saints Peter and Paul Cemetery in Moriah, New York, which is in the Adirondack Park.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual ERA leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los Angeles Dodgers all-time roster

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johnny Podres at SABR (Baseball BioProject)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johnny Podres at Baseball Almanac

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johnny Podres at Baseball Library:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Player Profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- SABR Bibliography

description: American professional baseball player, pitcher

wikidata_label: Johnny Podres

wikipedia_title: Johnny Podres


text:
Kauaʻi
Niʻihau
Kamehameha I
Kingdom of Hawaiʻi
Hanamaulu
Kamakahelei
Maui
Molokaʻi
Kekaulike
Oahu
Kōloa
Kaʻahumanu
Island of Hawaii
sandalwood
governor of Kauaʻi
Russian-American Company
Russian Fort Elizabeth
Deborah Kapule
Kamehameha II
Honolulu
Maui
Keōpūolani
George Vancouver
George "Prince" Kaumualiʻi Humehume
Honolulu
Harriet Kawahinekipi
Kealiʻiahonui
Christianity
Kekauōnohi
Kamehameha II
Kapiʻolani
Hilo
Kekaulike Kinoiki
Kalākaua
Victoria Kuhio Kinoike Kekaulike
Virginia Kapoʻoloku Poʻomaikelani
Guardian of the Royal Tombs
Hawaii Route 50
Hawaii–Tahiti relations
"King Kaumualii Profile"

categories: 1824 deaths,Prisoners and detainees of the Kingdom of Hawaii,Royalty of the Kingdom of Hawaii,19th-century monarchs,Native Hawaiian people,1778 births,Niihau,18th-century monarchs,House of Kekaulike,Royalty of Kauai and Niihau

paragraph: Kaumualii

paragraph: Kaumualiʻi (c. 1778–May 26, 1824) was the last independent aliʻi nui (supreme ruler of the island) of Kauaʻi and Niʻihau before becoming a vassal of Kamehameha I of the unified Kingdom of Hawaiʻi in 1810. He was the 23rd high chief of Kauaʻi, reigning from 1794–1810.

paragraph: Although he was sometimes known as George Kaumualiʻi, he should not be confused with his son who is more commonly known by that name.

paragraph: In Hanamaulu, the King Kaumualii Elementary School is named after Kauai's last reigning chief.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Kaumualiʻi was the only son of Queen Kamakahelei, aliʻI nui of Kauaʻi and Niʻihau, and her husband, Aliʻi Kāʻeokūlani (c. 1754–1794), regent of Maui and Molokaʻi. Kāʻeokūlani was the younger son of Kekaulike, the 23rd Aliʻi Aimoku and Moʻi of Maui. He became the co-king and effectively ruler of Kauaʻi by his marriage.

paragraph: When Kamakahelei died in 1794, she passed their titles and positions to the 16-year-old Kaumualiʻi, who reigned under the regency of Chief Inamoʻo until he came of age. His first wife and queen was his half-sister Kawalu of Oahu. His second wife was his niece Kaʻapuwai Kapuaʻamohu of Kōloa, and finally the queen regent Kaʻahumanu (1768–1832), Kamehameha's widow.

paragraph: Section::::Unification.

paragraph: Kauaʻi and Niʻihau had eluded Kamehameha's control since he first tried to add them to his kingdom in 1796, a year after Kaumualiʻi became king. At that time, the governor of Island of Hawaii led a rebellion against Kamehameha, forcing him to return home. Kamehameha tried again in 1803, but disease ravaged his armies, and he called a retreat to heal his men and work on his strategy. Over the next years Kamehameha amassed the largest armada Hawaiʻi had ever seen: foreign-built schooners and massive war canoes, armed with cannons and carrying his vast army. Kaumualiʻi decided to negotiate a peaceful resolution rather than resort to bloodshed. The move was supported by Kamehameha as well as the people of Kauaʻi and the foreign sandalwood merchants on the island, whose trade was hurt by the constant feuding. In 1810, Kaumualiʻi became Kamehameha's vassal, and all the islands were united for the first time. Kaumualiʻi continued to serve as Kamehameha's governor of Kauaʻi.

paragraph: In 1815, a ship from the Russian-American Company was wrecked on the island. In 1816, an agreement was signed by Kaumualiʻi to allow the Russians to build Russian Fort Elizabeth. Construction was begun in 1817, but by fall of that year Russians were expelled. Perhaps Kamehameha feared they would support Kaumualiʻi in a bid for independence.

paragraph: In 1817 he married Kekaihaʻakūlou who became known as Deborah Kapule.

paragraph: Kamehameha I died in 1819, and the Hawaiians grew fearful that Kaumualiʻi would sever Kauaʻi's relationship with the united Hawaiʻi. Kamehameha's widow Kaʻahumanu was the effective political force in the kingdom. On September 16, 1821 the new young King Kamehameha II arrived and invited Kaumualiʻi aboard. That night they sailed away to Honolulu, where Kaumualiʻi was effectively under house arrest. To make the domination clear, Kaʻahumanu forced him to marry her, to ensure the island chain's union. They remained officially married until his death on May 26, 1824 but had no children. By his wishes, his body was taken to Maui, and buried next to Queen Keōpūolani at the tomb of Hale Kamani.

paragraph: Kaumualiʻi was popular both among his people and foreigners who visited and worked on his islands. Captain George Vancouver, who had given the young king a flock of sheep as a gift in 1792, was thanked with a lavish banquet and described his host glowingly. Kaumualiʻi was described as handsome, likeable, and courteous, as well as a capable leader. He was sincerely mourned by the people of Kauaʻi.

paragraph: Section::::Successors.

paragraph: After Kaumualiʻi's death in 1824, his son by a commoner, George "Prince" Kaumualiʻi Humehume (1797–1826), also known as George Tamoree, attempted to re-establish the independence on Kauaʻi, but was also eventually captured and taken to Honolulu. Humehume died of influenza in Honolulu. He had three issues, a son who died young, a daughter in 1821 that was given away to another chiefess on Kauai named Kamakahi, and a third child was a daughter named Harriet Kawahinekipi Kaumualiʻi. Humehume's half-brother Kealiʻiahonui was also forced to marry Kaʻahumanu. Kaʻahumanu would later abandon Kealiʻiahonui and embrace Christianity. Kealiʻiahonui later married Princess Kekauōnohi, the Governess of Maui and Kauaʻi who was a widow of Kamehameha II.

paragraph: King Kaumualiʻi's granddaughter Kapiʻolani (1834–1899) of Hilo (eldest daughter of Kaumualiʻi's daughter Kekaulike Kinoiki) married king Kalākaua. In 1874, the couple was elected by the Hawaiian legislature as King and Queen of the Hawaiian Islands, as king Kalākaua and Queen Kapiʻolani. Her youngest sister Princess Victoria Kuhio Kinoike Kekaulike (1843–1884) of Hilo was later appointed Governor of the island of Kauaʻi, Princess and Royal Highness. Her other sister Princess Virginia Kapoʻoloku Poʻomaikelani (1839–1895) succeeded her sister as Governor of the island of Kauaʻi and was made Guardian of the Royal Tombs.

paragraph: Hawaii Route 50 on Kauaʻi is named "Kaumualiʻi Highway" in his honor.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hawaii–Tahiti relations

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "King Kaumualii Profile". Historical pamphlet on Kaumualiʻi. From coco-palms.com. Retrieved December 27, 2006.

description: king of Kauaʻi and Niʻihau before unified Hawai'i

wikidata_label: Kaumualii

wikipedia_title: Kaumualii


text: Norse influence in Scotland

text: Kings of the Isles

text: Uí Ímair

text: Irish Sea

text: Early Middle Ages

text: Fragmentary Annals of Ireland

text: Amlaib Conung

text: Lochlann

text: Viking Scotland

text: Olaf Geirstad-Alf

text: Gudrød the Hunter

text: Ímar

text: Óisle

text: Dumbarton

text: Annals of Ulster

text: Ragnall ua Ímair

text: Northumbria

text: Mann

text: Rognvald Eysteinsson

text: Orkneyinga Saga

text: Sitric Cáech

text: King of Dublin

text: York

text: Amlaíb Cuarán

text: Crovan dynasty

text: Clann Somhairle

text: Argyll

text: Clan Donald

text: Lords of the Isles

text: Ivar the Boneless

text: Ragnar Lodbrok

text: Halfdan Ragnarsson

text: Ubba

text: Olaf the White

text: Aud the Deep-Minded

text: Ketil Flatnose

text: Thorstein the Red

text: Landnámabók

text: Pictavia

text: Causantín mac Cináeda

text: Adam of Bremen

text: "Fragmentary Annals of Ireland"

text: Ó Corráin, Donnchadh

text: Ó Corráin, Donnchadh

text: "General: The Vikings in Ireland"

text: O'Donovan, John

text: Annals of Ireland

categories: Uí Ímair,9th-century births,9th century in Scotland,Lochlann,9th-century rulers in Europe,9th-century rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles

paragraph: Gofraid of Lochlann

paragraph: Gofraid, King of Lochlann was a key figure in the emergence of Norse influence in Scotland and the likely progenitor of the early Kings of the Isles and of the Uí Ímair that dominated the Irish Sea and environs in the Early Middle Ages. Very little is known of him, including his origins and the nature of his kingdom, although his descendants are well attested in the Irish annals. Speculative connections between these historical figures and characters from the Norse sagas have also been made.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The "Fragmentary Annals of Ireland" record of Amlaib Conung that in 871 he:went from Erin to Lochlann to wage war on the Lochlanns, and to aid his father Goffridh, for the Lochlanns had made war against him, his father having come for him. Frustratingly, the text continues:

paragraph: These annals also note that in 849: the sixth year of the reign of Máel Sechlainn, Amlaib Conung, son of the king of Lochlann, came to Ireland, and he

paragraph: brought with him a proclamation of many tributes and taxes from his father, and he departed suddenly. Then his younger brother Imar came after him to levy the same tribute.

paragraph: This source is then clear that Amlaib is the son of Gofraid, king of Lochlann, although the location of "Lochlann" is the subject of some dispute. This word is often translated as "Norway" although Ó Corráin (1998) argues that Lochlann "is Viking Scotland and probably includes Man" at this time and suggests an early date for an organised Kingdom of the Isles.

paragraph: The "Fragmentary Annals" record little else about Gofraid's life but report of 873:"Ég righ Lochlainne .i. Gothfraid do tedmaimm grána opond. Sic quod placuit Deo". (The death of the king of Lochlann i.e. Gothfraid of a sudden and horrible fit. So it pleased God.)

paragraph: However, according to Downham (2007) "none of these details can be relied upon" as "there is no contemporary evidence to support the statement that [Amlaib's] father was called Gofraid" the "Fragmentary Annals" having been compiled at an uncertain date, possibly as early as the 11th century. Neither is the dating of the "Annals" definitive. Nonetheless, Ó Corráin (1998) argues of 873 that "this is no chronological impossibility: his sons first appeared in Ireland 25 years before, very likely in their twenties or younger, and we may infer from this that he may have been in his sixties when he died." He also states that "it is likely that the father of Amlaíb (Óláfr) and Ímar (Ívarr) is Gothfraidh (Guðrøðr) and that he is a historical person and dynastic ancestor."

paragraph: Section::::Predecessors.

paragraph: The "Fragmentary Annals" note of a date c. 871-872 that "In this year, i.e. the tenth year of the reign of Áed Findliath, Imar son of Gothfraid son of Ragnall son of Gothfraid Conung son of Gofraid and the son of the man who left Ireland, i.e. Amlaib, plundered from west to east, and from south to north." This suggests an ancestry for Gofraid but according to Ó Corráin this reference to "his genealogical ascent is a construct without historical value" and attempts to link the Kings of Lochlann with historical figures in Norway have not proven to be satisfactory.

paragraph: Alfred Smyth identifies Amlaib as Olaf Geirstad-Alf of Vestfold, which would make Gofraid identical to Gudrød the Hunter, grandfather of Harald Fairhair. However Ó Corráin maintains that there is "no good historical or linguistic evidence to link Lothlend/Laithlind with Norway, and none to link the dynasty of Dublin to the shadowy history of the Ynglings of Vestfold."

paragraph: Section::::Descendants.

paragraph: In addition to Amlaib Conung, Gofraid had at least two other children, Amlaib's brothers Ímar, the eponymous founder of the Uí Ímair, and Óisle. The "Annals of Ulster" also note that there was a king of "Laithlinne" whose heir, Thórir, brought an army to Ireland in 848 and who died there in battle. Although there is no specific suggestion that this king was Gofraid this is only the year before the "Fragmentary Annals" first record of Amlaib as the king's son.

paragraph: According to the "Fragmentary Annals" c. 867: There was an encounter between Óisle, son of the king of Norway, and Amlaib, his brother. The king had three sons: Amlaib, Imar, and Óisle. Óisle was the least of them in age, but he was the greatest in valor, for he outshone the Irish in casting javelins and in strength with spears. He outshone the Norwegians in strength with swords and in shooting arrows. His brothers loathed him greatly, and Amlaib the most; the causes of the hatred are not told because of their length. The two brothers, Amlaib and Imar, went to consult about the matter of the young lad Óisle; although they had hidden reasons for killing him, they did not bring these up, but instead they brought up other causes for which they ought to kill him; and afterwards they decided to kill him.

paragraph: When Óisle visited Amlaib the former said: ‘Brother, if your wife, i.e. the daughter of Cináed, does not love you, why not give her to me, and whatever you have lost by her, I shall give to you.’ When Amlaib heard that, he was seized with great jealousy, and he drew his sword, and struck it into the head of Óisle, his brother, so that he killed him. After that all rose up to fight each other (i.e. the followers of the king, Amlaib, and the followers of the brother who had been killed there); then there were trumpets and battle-cries on both sides.

paragraph: In 870 Dumbarton was besieged by Amlaib Conung and Ímar, "the two kings of the Northmen", who "returned to Dublin from Britain" the following year with numerous captives. Gofraid may have been succeeded briefly by Ímar who also died in 873.

paragraph: His death is recorded in the "Annals of Ulster": "Imhar rex Nordmannorum totius Hibernię & Brittanie uitam finiuit" (Ímar king of the Norwegian Vikings of the whole of Ireland and Britain ended his life.) Amlaíb died either the following year campaigning in Scotland, or perhaps prior to 872. The matter of Gofraid's descendants and antecedents is subject to some ambiguity based on differing interpretations of these siblings and their connections to legendary figures from the Norse sagas.

paragraph: Section::::Descendants.:Ímar.

paragraph: The descendants of Ímar include his grandson Ragnall ua Ímair, who was a ruler of Northumbria and Mann, (and who may have been the historical prototype of Rognvald Eysteinsson of the "Orkneyinga Saga"), Sitric Cáech (d. 927) who was a King of Dublin and of York, his successor Amlaíb Cuarán and probably the later Crovan dynasty of Mann and thus of Clann Somhairle, the rulers of Argyll and their descendants the Clan Donald Lords of the Isles.

paragraph: Ímar has also been identified as the saga character Ivar the Boneless. The latter is referred to in late 11th century Icelandic saga material as a son of the powerful Ragnar Lodbrok. This Ivar had 11 brothers including Halfdan Ragnarsson and Ubba (but not including an Amlaib or Óisle) and is also believed to have died childless. Nor is there any indication in the Irish annals that Ragnar Lodbrok had any Irish connections.

paragraph: Section::::Descendants.:Amlaib.

paragraph: Amlaib had two sons, Oistin (d. 875) and Carlus (d. 868). Unlike Ímar, no later descendants are recorded but like his brother, he has also been identified as a saga character — Olaf the White.

paragraph: This Olaf married Aud the Deep-Minded, daughter of Ketil Flatnose and they had a son, Thorstein the Red, whose name is similar to the Irish "Oistin". However, Aud does not appear in the Irish sources and there are various problems with the connection. For example, the "Landnámabók" has Olaf killed in battle in Ireland, but no Irish source refers to the battle and the "Chronicle of the Kings of Alba" has Amlaib dying in Pictavia at the hands of Causantín mac Cináeda. The connection has "frequently been proposed and frequently been rejected".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Footnotes

paragraph: BULLET::::- General references

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adam of Bremen. "Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum" in Francis J. Tschan (tr.) (1959) "History of the Archbishops of Hamburg–Bremen". New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crawford, Barbara E. (1987) "Scandinavian Scotland". Leicester University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Downham, Clare (2007) "Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014". Edinburgh. Dunedin Academic Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Etchingham, Colman "The location of historical Laithlinn/Lochla(i)nn: Scotland or Scandinavia?" in Ó Flaithearta, Mícheál (ed.) (2007) "Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium of Societas Celtologica Nordica". University of Uppsala.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fragmentary Annals of Ireland". CELT. Translation by Joan Newlon Radner (c.1977). Retrieved 15 November 2011.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (Mar 1979) "High-Kings, Vikings and Other Kings". "Irish Historical Studies" 22 No. 83 pp. 283–323. Irish Historical Studies Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (1998) "Vikings in Ireland and Scotland in the Ninth Century" CELT. Retrieved 15 November 2011.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ó Corráin, Donnchadh "General: The Vikings in Ireland" (pdf) CELT. Retrieved 21 December 2008. Published in Brink, Stefan (ed.) (2008) "The Viking World". London. Routledge.

paragraph: BULLET::::- O'Donovan, John (translator) "Annals of Ireland". (1860) Three fragments, copied from ancient sources by Dubhaltach MacFirbisigh; and edited, with a translation and notes, from a manuscript preserved in the Burgundian Library at Brussels. Dublin Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society. Retrieved 15 November 2011.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smyth, Alfred P., (1989) "Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland 80-1000 AD". Edinburgh University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Todd, James Henthorn (translator) (1867) "Cogad Gaedel re Gallaib: The War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill". London: Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Woolf, Alex (2005) "The origins and ancestry of Somerled: Gofraid mac Fergusa and "The Annals of the Four Masters"" (pdf) in "Mediaeval Scandinavia" 15.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Woolf, Alex "The Age of the Sea-Kings: 900–1300" in Omand, Donald (ed.) (2006) "The Argyll Book". Edinburgh. Birlinn.

description: King of Lochlann

wikidata_label: Gofraid of Lochlann

wikipedia_title: Gofraid of Lochlann


text:
Dresden Academy
impressionism
Art Nouveau
Burkhardtsdorf
Bischofswerda
German Empire
Dresden
Ferdinand Pauwels
Leon Pohle
Sascha Schneider
Hans Unger
Richard Müller
Dresden Academy of Fine Arts
George Grosz
Hanns Georgi
Loschwitz Cemetery
Bischofswerda
Dresden
Christian Otto Mohr
Herman Prell
impressionism
Art Nouveau
anti-Semitism

categories: German male painters,Art Nouveau painters,People from Erzgebirgskreis,German Impressionist painters,1927 deaths,1869 births,19th-century German painters,People from the Kingdom of Saxony

paragraph: Osmar Schindler

paragraph: Osmar Schindler (December 21, 1867 – June 19, 1927) was a German painter belonging to the Dresden Academy school of artists. His works were considered a mixture of impressionism and Art Nouveau.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Osmar Schindler was born on December 22, 1867, in the village of Burkhardtsdorf, but grew up in the small town of Bischofswerda (both part of the German Empire), 33 km east of Dresden. He lost his father at an early age, and so with the support of his uncle, Schindler attended the Dresden Art Academy where he was taught by Ferdinand Pauwels and Leon Pohle with attending students including Sascha Schneider, Hans Unger and Richard Müller.

paragraph: By 1895 Schindler had travelled to Belgium, the Netherlands, France, and Italy. In 1900 he was appointed professor of the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts. He led the Modellierklasse and counted George Grosz, Karl Hanusch, Bernhard Kretzschmar and Paul Wilhelm as his students as well as discovering Hanns Georgi.

paragraph: He died on June 19, 1927, and was buried at Loschwitz Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: His works include landscapes, historical and figurative scenes as well as contributions to the interior décor of various buildings. For example, his vestry paintings "Christ, the Light of the World" (1927) can be found in the Church of Christ in his home of Bischofswerda. There is also a painting of a monumental altarpiece depicting the crucifixion of Christ at Christ Church (designed by Woldemar Kandler) in Dresden Klotzsche in 1905. His most recognizable works are "Im Kumtlampenschein" (1901) and "David and Goliath" (1888), as well as the portraits of the German engineer Christian Otto Mohr and the distinguished professor of the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts, Herman Prell.

paragraph: Schindler was also involved in the Internationale Kunst Ausstellung in 1897. His work is generally considered influenced by impressionism, with his work displayed at the Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden (SKD), his work for the Dresden exhibition in 1897 (Ausstellung), including his work within the various the churches, leaning toward Art Nouveau.

paragraph: Section::::Controversy.

paragraph: One of Schindler's works "Mocking Christ" was donated to the Fischerhude Church but has been the centre of controversy regarding its purported anti-Semitism

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://www.europeana.eu/portal/search.html?query=osmar+schindler

wikidata_label: Osmar Schindler

wikipedia_title: Osmar Schindler