text:
Lotharingia
Lothair I
Ermengarde of Tours
Teutberga
Boso the Elder
Middle Francia
Rhine
North Sea
Jura mountains
Lotharingia
Lorraine
duchy of Lorraine
Louis II
Italy
Emperor
Burgundy
Provence
Jura
Norman
Charles the Bald
Louis the German
Waldrada
Hucbert
ordeal of water
Louis II
Adventius of Metz
synod
Frankish
bishop
Metz
Pope Nicholas I
Rome
excommunication
Adrian II
Piacenza
Hugh
Louis II of Italy
Emirate of Bari
Treaty of Meerssen
Duke of Alsace
Godfrey
Viking
Frisia
Bertha
Theobald of Arles
Arles
Hugh of Italy
Boso of Tuscany
Adalbert II of Tuscany
Guy
Lambert
Hincmar
Cursus completus patrologiae
J. P. Migne
E. Dummler

categories: 835 births,Frankish warriors,Kings of Lotharingia,869 deaths,Frankish kings of Burgundy

paragraph: Lothair II

paragraph: Lothair II (835 – ) was the king of Lotharingia from 855 until his death. He was the second son of Emperor Lothair I and Ermengarde of Tours. He was married to Teutberga (died 875), daughter of Boso the Elder.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: For political reasons, his father made him marry Teutberga in 855. Upon his father's death in 855, he received the Middle Francia territory west of the Rhine stretching from the North Sea to the Jura mountains. It became known as "Regnum Lotharii" and early in the 10th century as Lotharingia or Lorraine (a designation subsequently applied only to the duchy of Lorraine). His elder brother Louis II received northern Italy and the title of Emperor, and his younger brother Charles received the western parts of his father's domains, Burgundy and the Provence.

paragraph: On the death of his brother Charles in 863, Lothair added some lands south of the Jura to this realm, but except for a few feeble expeditions against the Norman pirates he seems to have done little for its government or its defense. Thirty-six of Lothar II's royal charters survive.

paragraph: Teutberga was not capable of bearing children and Lothair's reign was chiefly occupied by his efforts to obtain an annulment of their marriage, and his relations with his uncles Charles the Bald and Louis the German were influenced by his desire to obtain their support for this endeavour. Although quarrels and reconciliations between the three kings followed each other in quick succession, in general it may be said that Louis favoured annulment, and Charles opposed it, while neither lost sight of the fact that Lothair had no sons to inherit his lands. Lothair, whose desire for annulment was prompted by his affection for his mistress, Waldrada, put away Teutberga, but Hucbert took up arms on her behalf, and after she had submitted successfully to the ordeal of water, Lothair was compelled to restore her in 858. Still pursuing his purpose, he won the support of his brother, Emperor Louis II, by a cession of lands and obtained the consent of the local clergy, such as Adventius of Metz, to the annulment and to his marriage with Waldrada, which took place in 862.

paragraph: A synod of Frankish bishops met at Metz in 863 and confirmed this decision, but Teutberga fled to the court of Charles the Bald, and Pope Nicholas I voided the decision of the synod. An attack on Rome by the emperor was without result, and in 865 Lothair, threatened with excommunication and convinced that Louis and Charles at their recent meeting had discussed the partition of his kingdom, again took back his wife. Teutberga, however, either from inclination or compulsion, now expressed her desire for an annulment, and Lothair went to Italy to obtain the assent of the new pope, Adrian II. Placing a favourable interpretation upon the words of the pope, he had set out on the return journey, when he was seized with fever and died at Piacenza on .

paragraph: Section::::Succession.

paragraph: His son, Hugh, by Waldrada, was declared illegitimate, so his heir was his brother, Emperor Louis II of Italy. As Louis was at that time campaigning against the Emirate of Bari, his kingdom was divided by and between his uncles Charles the Bald and Louis the German by the Treaty of Meerssen.

paragraph: Section::::Descendants.

paragraph: Lothair II had some sons and probably three daughters, all by Waldrada, and all of whom were declared illegitimate:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh ( 855–895), Duke of Alsace (867–885)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gisela ( 865–908), who in 883 married Godfrey, the Viking leader ruling in Frisia, who was murdered in 885

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bertha ( 863–925), who married Theobald of Arles (c. 854–895), count of Arles, nephew of Teutberga. They had two sons Hugh of Italy and Boso of Tuscany. After Theobald's death, between 895 and 898 she married Adalbert II of Tuscany (c. 875–915) They had at least three children: Guy, who succeeded his father as count and duke of Lucca and margrave of Tuscany, Lambert succeeded his brother in 929, but lost the titles in 931 to his half-brother Boso of Tuscany, and Ermengard.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ermengarde (d. 90?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Odo (d. c.879)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hincmar, "Opusculum de divortio Lotharii regis et Tetbergae reginae," in "Cursus completus patrologiae", tome cxxv., edited by J. P. Migne (Paris, 1857–79)

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. Sdralek, "Hinkmars von Rheims Kanonistisches Gutachten uber die Ehescheidung des Königs Lothar II" (Freiburg, 1881)

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. Dummler, "Geschichte des ostfränkischen Reiches" (Leipzig, 1887–88)

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. Muhlbacher, "Die Regenten des Kaiserreichs unter den Karolingern" (Innsbruck, 1881)

description: King of Lotharingia

wikidata_label: Lothair II of Lotharingia

wikipedia_title: Lothair II


text: king of Italy

text: Holy Roman Emperor

text: Lothair I

text: Bari

text: Eastern Roman Empire

text: West Francia

text: Basileus

text: Andreas of Bergamo

text: Lothair I

text: Ermengarde of Tours

text: Louis the Pious

text: Louis the German

text: Rome

text: Pope Sergius II

text: crowned joint emperor

text: Pope Leo IV

text: Engelberga

text: dukes of Benevento

text: Radelchis I

text: Siconulf

text: Salerno

text: Saracen

text: Diet

text: Pavia

text: regent

text: Peter

text: Louis the German

text: Lothair II

text: Charles the Bald

text: Pope Nicholas I

text: Jura mountains

text: Teutberga

text: Provence

text: archbishop

text: Saracen

text: Saracen

text: Basil I

text: Emirate of Bari

text: Lotharingia

text: Benevento

text: Adelchis

text: Pope Adrian II

text: Capua

text: Ghedi

text: province of Brescia

text: Carloman

text: Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio

text: Milan

text: Engelberga

text: Adelchis I of Spoleto

text: Ermengard of Italy

text: Boso of Provence

text: Annales Bertiniani

text: Monumenta Germaniae Historica

text: Dummler, E.

text: Oman, Charles

categories: 9th-century kings of Italy,875 deaths,825 births,9th-century Holy Roman Emperors,Frankish warriors,Frankish kings of Burgundy,Burials at the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio

paragraph: Louis II of Italy

paragraph: Louis II, sometimes called the Younger (825 – 12 August 875), was the king of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from 844, co-ruling with his father Lothair I until 855, after which he ruled alone. Louis's usual title was "imperator augustus" ("august emperor"), but he used "imperator Romanorum" ("emperor of the Romans") after his conquest of Bari in 871, which led to poor relations with the Eastern Roman Empire. He was called "imperator Italiae" ("emperor of Italy") in West Francia while the Byzantines called him "Basileus Phrangias" ("king of Francia"). The chronicler Andreas of Bergamo, who is the main source for Louis's activities in southern Italy, notes that "after his death a great tribulation came to Italy."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Louis was born in 825, the eldest son of the Junior Emperor Lothair I and his wife Ermengarde of Tours. His father was the son of the reigning Emperor, Louis the Pious. Little is known about his early life, except that he grew up in his grandfather's court and probably developed a warm affection for the emperor, who in 839, designated his grandson as King of Italy, and let Louis (Ludovico) take up his residence in that country. The emperor Louis I died the next year, and his empire was partitioned between his sons, Louis' father, Lothair, and Louis' uncle, Louis the German. Under his father's rule, he was crowned king and co-emperor to the middle-aged Emperor Lothair I at Rome by Pope Sergius II on 15 June 844. This ceremony mirrors the crowning of Lothair I by his father, a tradition started by Charlemagne and his son Louis the Pious, who were, respectively, great grandfather and grandfather of Louis II.

paragraph: Louis II immediately claimed the rights of an emperor in the city, a claim which was decisively rejected; but in 850 he was crowned joint emperor at Rome by Pope Leo IV, and soon afterwards, in 851, married Engelberga and undertook the independent government of Italy. He marched into the south of Italy in the year of his imperial coronation and compelled the rival dukes of Benevento, Radelchis I and Siconulf, to make peace. His mediation split the Lombard duchy and gave Radelchis his share with Benevento as his capital, whilst Salerno was given to Siconulf as an independent principality. Radelchis, now pacified, had no need of his Saracen mercenaries and happily betrayed them to the emperor. Louis fell on them and they were massacred. He then quashed some accusations against Pope Leo and held a Diet at Pavia. He confirmed the usurping regent Peter as prince of Salerno in December 853, displacing the dynasty he had installed there three years earlier. On the death of his father in September 855, he became sole emperor.

paragraph: The division of Lothair's dominions, by which he obtained no territory outside Italy, aroused his discontent, and in 857 he allied himself with Louis the German against his own brother Lothair II, and King Charles the Bald. But after Louis had secured the election of Pope Nicholas I in 858, he became reconciled with his brother, and received some lands south of the Jura mountains in return for assistance given to Lothair in his efforts to obtain a divorce from his wife, Teutberga.

paragraph: In 863, upon the death of his brother Charles, Louis received the kingdom of Provence, and in 864 came into collision with Pope Nicholas I over his brother's divorce. The archbishops, who had been deposed by Nicholas for proclaiming this marriage invalid, obtained the support of the emperor, who reached Rome with an army in February 864; but, having been seized with fever, he made peace with the pope and left the city.

paragraph: In his efforts to restore order in Italy, Louis met with considerable success both against Italy's turbulent princes and against the Saracens who were ravaging southern Italy. In 866, after issuing a call for assistance to fight the Saracens, he routed these invaders, but could not follow up his successes owing to the lack of a fleet. So in 869 he made alliance with the eastern emperor, Basil I, who sent him ships to assist in the capture of Bari, capital of the Emirate of Bari, which succumbed in 871.

paragraph: Meanwhile, his brother Lothair had died in 869, and owing to his detention in southern Italy, Louis failed to prevent the partition of Lotharingia between Louis the German and Charles the Bald. Some jealousy between Louis and Basil followed the victory at Bari, and in reply to an insult from the eastern emperor Louis attempted to justify his right to the title "emperor of the Romans."

paragraph: He had withdrawn into Benevento to prepare for a further campaign when he was treacherously attacked in his palace, robbed and imprisoned by Adelchis, prince of Benevento, in August 871. The capture of Louis was lamented in a contemporary short poem, the "Rythmus de captivitate Ludovici imperatoris". The landing of fresh bands of Saracens compelled Adelchis to release his prisoner a month later, and Louis was forced to swear he would take no revenge for this injury, nor ever enter Benevento with an army. Returning to Rome, he was released from his oath, and was crowned a second time as emperor by Pope Adrian II on 18 May 872.

paragraph: Then Louis won further successes against the Saracens, who were driven from Capua, but the emperor's attempts to punish Adelchis were not very successful. Returning to northern Italy, he died, near Ghedi, in what is now the province of Brescia, on 12 August 875, having named as his successor in Italy his cousin Carloman, son of Louis the German. Louis was buried in the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio in Milan.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: On 5 October 851 Louis married Engelberga, daughter of Adelchis I of Spoleto. They had one daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ermengard of Italy, who married Boso of Provence and had issue with him.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Annales Bertiniani" and "Chronica S. Benedicti Casinensis", both in the "Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptores", Bände i. and iii. (Hanover and Berlin, 1826 fol.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muratori, L. A. Antiquitates Italicæ Medii ævi, Tome XIV, col. 106. (1778)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muhlbacher, E. "Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter den Karolingern" (Innsbruck, 1881)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sickel, T. "Acta regum et imperatorum Karolinorum, digesta et enarrata" (Vienna, 1867—1868)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dummler, E. "Geschichte des ostfrankischen Reiches" (Leipzig, 1887—1888).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oman, Charles. "The Dark Ages 476–918". London: Rivingtons, 1914.

description: Holy Roman Emperor

wikidata_label: Louis II of Italy

wikipedia_title: Louis II of Italy


text:
John I, Duke of Bourbon
Marie, Duchess of Auvergne
Count of Montpensier
Clermont-en-Auvergne
Dauphin of Auvergne
Charles I of Bourbon
House of Bourbon
Dauphin d'Auvergne
Anne of Auvergne
Gilbert, Count of Montpensier
Louis de la Tremoille
Wolfert van Borselen
Earl of Buchan
Gilbert
Duke of Bourbon

categories: Counts of Sancerre,Counts of Clermont-en-Auvergne,Counts of Montpensier,House of Bourbon-Montpensier,1486 deaths,1405 births,Dauphins of Auvergne

paragraph: Louis I, Count of Montpensier

paragraph: Louis de Bourbon (1405 – May 1486) was the third son of John I, Duke of Bourbon and Marie, Duchess of Auvergne. He was Count of Montpensier, Clermont-en-Auvergne and Sancerre and Dauphin of Auvergne and was a younger brother of Charles I of Bourbon. He founded the Bourbon-Montpensier branch of the House of Bourbon, who would eventually take over the Duchy in 1505.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1428, he married Jeanne, Dauphine d'Auvergne, daughter and heiress of Beraud III, Dauphin d'Auvergne and Count of Clermont-en-Auvergne. After her death in 1436, he retained those titles (his paternal grandmother having been Anne of Auvergne, daughter of Dauphin Beraud II), and on 5 February 1442, married Gabrielle of La Tour (d. 1486), daughter of Bertrand V of La Tour, count of Auvergne and Boulogne. The couple had four children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gilbert, Count of Montpensier (1443–1496)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John (1445–1485)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gabrielle (1447–1516), Countess of Benon, married in 1485 Louis de la Tremoille (d. 1525), Prince of Talmond

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charlotte (1449–1478), married in 1468 Wolfert van Borselen (d. 1487), Count of Grandpré and Earl of Buchan

paragraph: He was succeeded by his son Gilbert.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duke of Bourbon

description: French noble

wikidata_label: Louis I, Count of Montpensier

wikipedia_title: Louis I, Count of Montpensier


text: physicist

text: laser

text: Theodore Maiman

text: patent

text: Scarsdale High School

text: Union College

text: Sigma Chi

text: Yale University

text: optics

text: spectroscopy

text: Manhattan Project

text: Communist Political Association

text: Columbia University

text: optical

text: microwave spectroscopy

text: Nobel laureate

text: Polykarp Kusch

text: optical pumping

text: maser

text: Charles Townes

text: visible light

text: optical resonator

text: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: coherent

text: gain medium

text: population inversion

text: pumping

text: Arthur Schawlow

text: Advanced Research Projects Agency

text: classified

text: Theodore Maiman

text: Hughes Research Laboratories

text: helium–neon laser

text: optical amplifier

text: Q-switching

text: optical heterodyne detection

text: Brewster's angle

text: polarization

text: chemical reaction

text: communications

text: lidar

text: first to invent

text: Bell Labs

text: Hughes Research Laboratories

text: Westinghouse

text: diffraction

text: Control Data Corporation

text: fiberoptic communication

text: welding

text: photocopier

text: photochemical

text: laser fusion

text: settlement

text: patent war

text: ruby laser

text: helium–neon laser

text: gas discharge

text: William R. Bennett

text: National Inventors Hall of Fame

text: Robert Kearns

text: Edwin H. Armstrong

text: Bright Idea: The First Lasers

categories: Laser researchers,Yale University alumni,2005 deaths,1920 births,Columbia University alumni,Scarsdale High School alumni,People from Scarsdale, New York,Discovery and invention controversies,Union College (New York) alumni,American inventors

paragraph: Gordon Gould

paragraph: Gordon Gould (July 17, 1920 – September 16, 2005) was an American physicist who is widely, but not universally, credited with the invention of the laser (Others attribute the invention to Theodore Maiman). Gould is best known for his thirty-year fight with the United States Patent and Trademark Office to obtain patents for the laser and related technologies. He also fought with laser manufacturers in court battles to enforce the patents he subsequently did obtain.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Born in New York City, Gould was the oldest of three sons. His father was the founding editor of Scholastic Magazine Publications in New York City. He grew up in Scarsdale, a small suburb of New York, and attended Scarsdale High School. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in physics at Union College, where he became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity, and a master's degree at Yale University, specializing in optics and spectroscopy. Between March 1944 and January 1945 he worked on the Manhattan Project but was dismissed due to his activities as a member of the Communist Political Association. In 1949 Gould went to Columbia University to work on a doctorate in optical and microwave spectroscopy. His doctoral supervisor was Nobel laureate Polykarp Kusch, who guided Gould to develop expertise in the then-new technique of optical pumping. In 1956, Gould proposed using optical pumping to excite a maser, and discussed this idea with the maser's inventor Charles Townes, who was also a professor at Columbia and later won the 1964 Nobel prize for his work on the maser and the laser. Townes gave Gould advice on how to obtain a patent on his innovation, and agreed to act as a witness.

paragraph: Section::::Invention of the laser.

paragraph: By 1957, many scientists including Townes were looking for a way to achieve maser-like amplification of visible light. In November of that year, Gould realized that one could make an appropriate optical resonator by using two mirrors in the form of a Fabry–Pérot interferometer. Unlike previously considered designs, this approach would produce a narrow, coherent, intense beam. Since the sides of the cavity did not need to be reflective, the gain medium could easily be optically pumped to achieve the necessary population inversion. Gould also considered pumping of the medium by atomic-level collisions, and anticipated many of the potential uses of such a device.

paragraph: Gould recorded his analysis and suggested applications in a laboratory notebook under the heading "Some rough calculations on the feasibility of a LASER: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation"—the first recorded use of this acronym. Gould's notebook was the first written prescription for making a viable laser and, realizing what he had in hand, he took it to a neighborhood store to have his work notarized. Arthur Schawlow and Charles Townes independently discovered the importance of the Fabry–Pérot cavity—about three months later—and called the resulting proposed device an "optical maser". Gould's name for the device was first introduced to the public in a conference presentation in 1959, and was adopted despite resistance from Schawlow and his colleagues.

paragraph: Eager to achieve a patent on his invention, and believing incorrectly that he needed to build a working laser to do this, Gould left Columbia without completing his doctoral degree and joined a private research company, TRG (Technical Research Group). He convinced his new employer to support his research, and they obtained funding for the project from the Advanced Research Projects Agency, ironically with support from Charles Townes. Unfortunately for Gould, the government declared the project classified, which meant that a security clearance was required to work on it. Because of his former participation in communist activities, Gould was unable to obtain a clearance. He continued to work at TRG, but was unable to contribute directly to the project to realize his ideas. Due to technical difficulties and perhaps Gould's inability to participate, TRG was beaten in the race to build the first working laser by Theodore Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories.

paragraph: Section::::Battles for patents.

paragraph: During this time, Gould and TRG began applying for patents on the technologies Gould had developed. The first pair of applications, filed together in April 1959, covered lasers based on Fabry–Pérot optical resonators, as well as optical pumping, pumping by collisions in a gas discharge (as in helium–neon lasers), optical amplifiers, Q-switching, optical heterodyne detection, the use of Brewster's angle windows for polarization control, and applications including manufacturing, triggering chemical reactions, measuring distance, communications, and lidar. Schawlow and Townes had already applied for a patent on the laser, in July 1958. Their patent was granted on March 22, 1960. Gould and TRG launched a legal challenge based on his 1957 notebook as evidence that Gould had invented the laser prior to Schawlow and Townes's patent application. (At the time, the United States used a first to invent system for patents.) While this challenge was being fought in the Patent Office and the courts, further applications were filed on specific laser technologies by Bell Labs, Hughes Research Laboratories, Westinghouse, and others. Gould ultimately lost the battle for the U.S. patent on the laser itself, primarily on the grounds that his notebook did not explicitly say that the sidewalls of the laser medium were to be transparent, even though he planned to optically pump the gain medium through them, and considered loss of light through the sidewalls by diffraction. Questions were also raised about whether Gould's notebook provided sufficient information to allow a laser to be constructed, given that Gould's team at TRG was unable to do so. Gould was able to obtain patents on the laser in several other countries, however, and he continued fighting for U.S. patents on specific laser technologies for many years afterward.

paragraph: In 1967, Gould left TRG and joined the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, now New York University Tandon School of Engineering, as a professor. While there, he proposed many new laser applications, and arranged government funding for laser research at the Institute.

paragraph: Gould's first laser patent was awarded in 1968, covering an obscure application—generating X-rays using a laser. The technology was of little value, but the patent contained all the disclosures of his original 1959 application, which had previously been secret. This allowed the patent office greater leeway to reject patent applications that conflicted with Gould's pending patents. Meanwhile, the patent hearings, court cases, and appeals on the most significant patent applications continued, with many other inventors attempting to claim precedence for various laser technologies. The question of just how to assign credit for inventing the laser remains unresolved by historians.

paragraph: By 1970, TRG had been bought by Control Data Corporation, which had little interest in lasers and was disposing of that part of the business. Gould was able to buy back his patent rights for a thousand dollars, plus a small fraction of any future profits.

paragraph: In 1973, Gould left the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn to help found Optelecom, a company in Gaithersburg, Maryland that makes fiberoptic communications equipment. He later left his successful company in 1985.

paragraph: Section::::Further patent battles, and enforcement of issued patents.

paragraph: Shortly after starting Optelecom, Gould and his lawyers changed the focus of their patent battle. Having lost many court cases on the laser itself, and running out of appeal options, they realized that many of the difficulties could be avoided by focusing instead on the "optical amplifier", an essential component of any laser. The new strategy worked, and in 1977 Gould was awarded , covering optically pumped laser amplifiers. The laser industry, by then grown to annual sales of around $400 million, rebelled at paying royalties to license the technology they had been using for years, and fought in court to avoid paying.

paragraph: The industry outcry caused the patent office to stall on releasing Gould's other pending patents, leading to more appeals and amendments to the pending patents. Despite this, Gould was issued in 1979, covering a variety of laser applications including heating and vaporizing materials, welding, drilling, cutting, measuring distance, communication systems, television, laser photocopiers and other photochemical applications, and laser fusion. The industry responded with lawsuits seeking to avoid paying to license this patent as well. Also in 1979, Gould and his financial backers founded the company Patlex, to hold the patent rights and handle licensing and enforcement.

paragraph: The legal battles continued, as the laser industry sought to not only prevent the Patent Office from issuing Gould's remaining patents, but also to have the already-issued ones revoked. Gould and his company were forced to fight both in court, and in Patent Office review proceedings. According to Gould and his lawyers, the Office seemed determined to prevent Gould from obtaining any more patents, and to rescind the two that had been granted.

paragraph: Things finally began to change in 1985. After years of legal process, the Federal Court in Washington, D.C. ordered the Patent Office to issue Gould's patent on collisionally pumped laser amplifiers. The Patent Office appealed, but was ultimately forced to issue , and to abandon its attempts to rescind Gould's previously issued patents. The Brewster's angle window patent was later issued as .

paragraph: The end of the Patent Office action freed Gould's enforcement lawsuits to proceed. Finally, in 1987, Patlex won its first decisive enforcement victory, against Control Laser corporation, a manufacturer of lasers. Rather than be bankrupted by the damages and the lack of a license to the technology, the board of Control Laser turned ownership of the company over to Patlex in a settlement deal. Other laser manufacturers and users quickly agreed to settle their cases and take out licenses from Patlex on Patlex's terms.

paragraph: The thirty year patent war that it took for Gould to win the rights to his inventions became known as one of the most important patent battles in history. In the end, Gould was issued forty-eight patents, with the optical pumping, collisional pumping, and applications patents being the most important. Between them, these technologies covered most lasers used at the time. For example, the first operating laser, a ruby laser, was optically pumped; the helium–neon laser is pumped by gas discharge.

paragraph: The delay—and the subsequent spread of lasers into many areas of technology—meant that the patents were much more valuable than if Gould had won initially. Even though Gould had signed away eighty percent of the proceeds in order to finance his court costs, he made several million dollars.

paragraph: "I thought that he legitimately had a right to the notion to making a laser amplifier", said William R. Bennett, who was a member of the team that built the first laser that could fire continuously. "He was able to collect royalties from other people making lasers, including me."

paragraph: Section::::Election to Hall of Fame and death.

paragraph: Even though his role in the actual invention of the laser was disputed over decades, Gould was elected to the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1991.

paragraph: Gould died of natural causes on September 16, 2005. At the time of his death, Gould's role in the actual invention continued to be disputed in scientific circles. Apart from the dispute, Gould had realized his hope to "be around" when the Brewster's angle window patent expired in May 2005.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Kearns, another inventor who fought a long battle to enforce his patents.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edwin H. Armstrong, another inventor who fought a long and acrimonious battle to enforce his patents.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bright Idea: The First Lasers

description: American inventor

wikidata_label: Gordon Gould

wikipedia_title: Gordon Gould


text:
pitcher
Major League Baseball
Washington Senators

categories: 1963 deaths,1889 births,Baseball players from Ohio,Major League Baseball pitchers,Washington Senators (1901–60) players

paragraph: Lefty Schegg

paragraph: Gilbert Eugene "Lefty" Schegg (August 29, 1889 – February 27, 1963) was a pitcher in Major League Baseball. He played for the Washington Senators.

description: Major League Baseball pitcher

wikidata_label: Lefty Schegg

wikipedia_title: Lefty Schegg


text: Naples, Texas

text: sculptor

text: Installation artist

text: televisions

text: appliance

text: trailer

text: hot water heaters

text: mattresses

text: airplane

text: rowboats

text: kayaks

text: canoes

text: surfboard

text: Tullahoma, Tennessee

text: Maryland Institute College of Art

text: Baltimore, Maryland

text: University of California, Davis

text: Topanga, California

text: University of California, Los Angeles

text: Peter Voulkos

text: Robert Arneson

text: Salvation Army

text: Berwyn, Illinois

text: Big Bil-Bored

text: Washington Project for the Arts

text: Whitehurst Freeway

text: Watergate Building

text: Washington D.C.

text: Charles Ray

text: Chris Burden

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: Chris Burden

text: Los Angeles Contemporary Exhibitions

text: Paul Kasmin Gallery

text: Miami Art Museum

text: Lincoln Center

text: Venice Biennale

text: Whitney Biennial

text: Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles

text: Museum of Contemporary Art, San Diego

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago

text: Albright Knox Art Gallery

text: Université Paris Diderot

text: Rockefeller Foundation

text: Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation

text: National Endowment for the Arts

text: Unterpremstätten

text: CityCenter

text: Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles

text: Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego

text: Lincoln Center

text: Albright-Knox Art Gallery

text: Monochrome for Austin

categories: 1952 births,University of California, Davis alumni,Living people,American sculptors

paragraph: Nancy Rubins

paragraph: Nancy Rubins (born 1952 in Naples, Texas) is an American sculptor and Installation artist. Her sculptural works are primarily composed of blooming arrangements of large rigid objects such as televisions, small appliances, camping and construction trailers, hot water heaters, mattresses, airplane parts, rowboats, kayaks, canoes, surfboards, and other objects. Works such as "Big Edge" at CityCenter in Las Vegas contain over 200 boat vessels. "Stainless Steel, Aluminum, Monochrome I, Built to Live Anywhere, at Home Here", at the Albright-Knox Art Gallery in Buffalo, contains 66 used aluminum boats and rises to a height of 30 ft.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Rubins was born in Naples (Texas). Her family moved to Cincinn before settling in Tullahoma, Tennessee. She studied at the Maryland Institute College of Art in Baltimore, Maryland, where she received her BFA in 1974, and then at the University of California, Davis where she received her MFA in 1976. Rubins taught at Virginia Common Wealth University and Florida State University in Tallahassee before moving to New York. In New York, along with teaching she ran a house painting business. Rubins currently resides in Topanga, California and taught at the University of California, Los Angeles from 1982 to 2004.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: In college Rubins worked primarily with clay, creating igloo-like sculptures out of mud, concrete, and straw. She was inspired by the work of Peter Voulkos and Robert Arneson. She ended up at UC Davis finishing her MFA and studying with Arneson. Rubins avoided the characteristic permanence of ceramics with the constant disassembling of sculptures, collapsing her work back into the slip bucket or back into raw scraps. Her 1974 piece, "Mud Slip, Army-Surplus Canvas and Used Cups from Coffee Machine" combined found materials with wet clay; it lasted only as long as the clay stayed wet. Her creation of unlikely assemblages grew as she began to incorporate more detritus and found materials into her work.

paragraph: After college, Rubins taught night classes at City College of San Francisco and scavenged the local Goodwill and Salvation Army stores in San Francisco, where she was living at the time, collecting nearly 300 television sets for 25 to 50 cents a piece. In 1977 she taught for a year at Virginia Commonwealth University where she started working with used appliances.

paragraph: Rubins was privately commissioned to create her first public installation in 1980. "Big Bil-Bored" was a highly controversial artwork, voted "Ugliest Sculpture in Chicago" in a radio poll. Constructed of various discarded appliances, the installation towered forty-three feet high outside of the Cermak Plaza shopping center in Berwyn, Illinois. Big Bil-Bored Soon after, Rubins was offered a commission for another public installation. In 1982, the Washington Project for the Arts funded Rubins's "Worlds Apart", a forty-five foot tall temporary installation composed of abandoned appliances, concrete and steel rebar. Her work overlooked the Whitehurst Freeway, blocks from the Watergate Building in Washington D.C., and again caused controversy. The sculpture was taken down as soon as the permit expired. While in Washington Rubins was contacted by artist Charles Ray to teach at UCLA where she met Chris Burden.

paragraph: Rubins is perhaps best known for building sculptures out of salvaged airplane parts, such as an installation in 1995 for the Museum of Modern Art in New York; the piece weighed nearly 10,000 pounds. Already by the mid-1980s she had begun regularly using abandoned airplane parts in her work. Her contact for the plane parts was Bill Huffman in the Mojave desert. For durability, she chose aluminum, fiberglass and composites rather than wood. Rubins collaborated with husband Chris Burden on a number of projects, including an installation called "A Monument to Megalopolises Past and Future" at Los Angeles Contemporary Exhibitions (LACE) in 1987.

paragraph: In the late 1980s Rubins started working with discarded mattresses which were inspired by pastries she saw in Vienna - both relate to dreams in her mind. In 1993 she made a sculpture of cakes and mattresses at UCLA. It was shown at Paul Kasmin Gallery in New York

paragraph: Boats entered Rubins' sculptural vocabulary in 2000s.

paragraph: Nancy Rubins also started working with assembling discarded cast- aluminum playground structures. Most of these structures were built out of melted down WWII materials. These pieces were shown at the Gagosian gallery in 2014.

paragraph: Aside from sculpture, Rubins is known for her large scale graphite drawings which resemble lead sheets.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: Rubins's work has been shown internationally. Her solo museum exhibitions include those hosted by Museum of Contemporary Art, San Diego (1994); The Museum of Modern Art, New York (1995); ARTPACE, San Antonio (1997); Miami Art Museum (1999); Fonds regional d'art contemporain de Bourgogne, France (2005); SculptureCenter, Long Island City, New York (2006); Lincoln Center, New York (2006); and Navy Pier, Chicago (2013). In 1993, Rubins was invited to participate in the Venice Biennale. She was included in the Whitney Biennial that same year.

paragraph: Section::::Selected Solo Exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "Works for New Space, Stainless Steel, Aluminum, Monochrome I & II," Gagosian Gallery, Beverly Hills

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Skins, Structures, Landmasses," Gagosian Gallery, Beverly Hills

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "A Big Pleasure Point," at Lincoln Center, New York with The Public Art Fund

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Collages," Paul Kasmin Gallery, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sculpture Center, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: FRAC Bourgogne, Dijon, France

paragraph: "Small Forest," Paul Kasmin Gallery, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: Fondation Cartier pour l'Art Contemporain, France

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neue Galerie, Graz, Austria

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: Paul Kasmin Gallery, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gagosian Gallery, Beverly Hills

paragraph: Section::::Public collections.

paragraph: Installations can be found in the public collections of the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, the Museum of Contemporary Art, San Diego, the Museum of Modern Art, New York, the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, and the Eli Broad Foundation, Los Angeles. Large scale, outdoor sculptures are on permanent display at institutions throughout the world, including the Albright Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, and Université Paris Diderot, Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maryland Institute College of Art Alumni Award (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flintridge Foundation Visual Artist Award (1997–98)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rockefeller Foundation Travel Award (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation, Awards in Painting, Sculpture, Printmaking, Photography, and Craft Media (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Creative Artists Public Service Grant, New York State Council for the Arts (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Endowment for the Arts (1981, 1980, 1977)

paragraph: Section::::Sculptures.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Airplane Parts & Hills", Österreichischer Skulpturenpark (Austrian Sculpture Park), Unterpremstätten (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Big Bil-Bored", Berwyn, IL (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Big Edge", CityCenter, Las Vegas, NV (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chas’ Stainless Steel, Mark Thompson’s Airplane Parts, About 1000 Pounds of Stainless Steel Wire, and Gagosian's Beverly Hills Space", Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pleasure Point", Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego, San Diego, CA (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Big Pleasure Point", Lincoln Center New York, NY (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stainless Steel, Aluminum, Monochrome I, Built to Live Anywhere, at Home Here", Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monochrome for Paris", Esplanade Pierre Vidal-Naquet, Paris, France (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monochrome for Austin", Landmarks (University of Texas at Austin), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX (2015)

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Nancy Rubins

wikipedia_title: Nancy Rubins


text:
Tai Situ Rinpoche
Tibet
Karma Kagyu
Kingdom of Dêgê
Karmapa
Tsurphu monastery
Karmapa
Tsurphu monastery
thangkha
mahasiddha
Qianlong Emperor
The eighth Tai Situpa, Chokyi Jungney
Teacher: Tai Situ Chokyi Jungne
chos kyi 'byung gnas/

categories: 1700 births,Tibetan painters,Palpung Tai Situ tulkus,Tibetan artists,Tibetan Buddhists from Tibet,People from Kham,Buddhist artists,1774 deaths

paragraph: Situ Panchen

paragraph: Situ Panchen (full name Situ Panchen Chögyi Jungney) (1700–1774), also known as the 8th Tai Situ Rinpoche, was an influential Tibetan painter, writer and medical innovator as well as a notable figure in the histories of Karma Kagyu and the Kingdom of Dêgê, where he served as senior court chaplain.

paragraph: The birth of the eighth Situpa, Chokyi Jungne, was recorded in many texts and literatures, and many great masters made the prophecies of his arrival. For example, the 11th Karmapa, Yeshe Dorje, ever predicted the place where Chokyi Jungne was born.

paragraph: The eighth Kenting Tai Situpa, Chokyi Jungne (1700–1774), was born in the province of A-Lo Shega at Atarong as the prophecy. His father was Ngawang Tsering and his mother Tranguma.

paragraph: When Chokyi Jungne was born, lama Kunchen, a master of the Treasure Transmission Lineage, performed Dorje Drolo ceremony for him and gave him the name "Gonpo Sun".

paragraph: At the age of two, lama Kunchen took him to Tsurphu monastery to see the 11th Karmapa. The Karmapa gave lama Kunchen a silk bag full of big black pills, a pearl with no eye, and a prophecy letter written "Situ, the golden dragon, born at A-Lo". The 11th Karmapa asked lama Kunchen to offer all these to the incarnation of Kenting Tai Situpa. Chokyi Jungne in consequence was recognized to be the incarnation of the 7th Kenting Tai Situpa.

paragraph: At the age of five, Chokyi Jungne began to learn to read and write Tibetan from his father, and performed a Vajravarahi (Dorje pagmo, Vajra Yogini) ceremony taught by lama Kunchen.

paragraph: At the age of seven, the eighth Shamar Chokyi Dondrup conferred a longevity prayer on him, and conferred the name "Situ Chokyi Jungne Trinley Kunkyab Palzangpo".

paragraph: At the age of eight, Chokyi Jungne visited the 12th Karmapa Changchub Dorje.

paragraph: At the age of nine, Chokyi Jungne suffered from a serious illness because one relative of his father put poison in his food for sake of jealousy. Two months later, he was on the mend, but he still could not stand or just sit. He lay on the bed and read twice all the literatures in Paljor monastery. At the same time, Chokyi Jungne also learned five knowledge, India local language and Sanskrit. He could communicate with people precisely and fluently in Chinese, Sanskrit, or Mongol. Only a little teaching, he could become skillful in all kind of painting, carving... etc., even better than those who learned these skills for their whole lives. In short, Chokyi Jungne became famous as "thorough knowledge".

paragraph: At the age of 14, he was recognized according to predictions left by Karmapa Mikyo Dorje, by Terton Sangye Lingpa, Takshampa Mingyur Dorje and by the eighth Shamar Chokyi Dondrup. He was taken to Tsurphu monastery for his enthronement and he received all the teachings and empowerments and studied philosophy and medicine from Karmapa Jangchub Dorje, Shamar Rinpoche, and Rigzin Tsewang Norbu.

paragraph: At the age of 22, Chokyi Jungne convened scholars in He-Le to transcribe Tengyur based on the transcript kept in Chiwa-Datse. After completing the transcribing in two months, he traveled west to Nepal on pilgrimage, discussing knowledge with many scholars.

paragraph: At the age of 23, he visited Ladakh and performed an empowerment for the king and his family. Then, he returned to Paljor monastery. At that period of time, he painted a set of thangkhas of eight mahasiddhas using the style of Gadri school of painting, and offered them to the king of Derge (example right).

paragraph: On the second day of the third month in the female fire sheep year (1727), at the age of 28 years, Chokyi Jungne, under the permission of the king of Derge, he began to found the great Palpung monastery, and accomplished the founding on the tenth day of the eighth month in the year. He also built and restored countless other monasteries throughout his life. Palpung Monastery became the main seat of the Kenting Tai Situpas, and it was the inspiration for the founding of Palpung Sherab Ling Monastery in India by the 12th Kenting Tai Situpa Pema Donyo Nyinjey centuries later.

paragraph: Chokyi Jungne revised texts of Kagyur, Tengyur of Derge transcript, and many literatures in order to make print plates of them. His disciple, Tenpa Tsering, the King of Derge, established the Derge Printing Press. Chokyi Jungne successively helped the Derge Printing Press to produce over 500,000 wood block prints. These prints are such fine quality that the major ones have been reprinted in modern editions and circulated to Tibetan archives in libraries throughout the world.

paragraph: Chokyi Jungne painted a series of thangkhas which descript stories of Buddha Shakyamuni. These thangkhas which were painted in Indian style, decorated with imitated China embroideries, were very different form the existed Gadri school in layout, outline and colors, and called the new Gadri school (Karma Gadri). Chokyi Jungne also painted many other thangkhas and made many sculptures, which all enrich the Tibetan art culture.

paragraph: At the age of 30, Chokyi Jungne went to Tibet for the third time. He visited Tsurphu monastery for the opening of a great statue. Then he stayed in Tibet on pilgrimage and teaching for four years.

paragraph: In the wood mouse year, Chokyi Jungne completed the famous linguistic literature "Situ's Commentary of Tibetan Grammar". The grammar is still used as senior grammar in Tibet today.

paragraph: In the wood cow year, Chokyi Jungne went to Tibet for the fourth time. He recognized and enthroned the new Shamarpa. Then he visited Nepal again on pilgrimage and was highly honored there. Once, after a debate with Pandita Jaya Mangola of Kashmir, it was proclaimed by the local Hindus that Kenting Tai Situpa must have been blessed by the Lord Shiva, since that was the only way he could have achieved such insight and learning.

paragraph: At the age of 50, according to the Tibetan medical texts Chokyi Jungne made the famous medical pill "Moon Nectar Pill". In the fire mouse year, he made one kind of special pills which grew themselves more and more and spilled out of the bottle, and then the pills became all kind of Buddha. Afterwards, Chokyi Jungne performed more experiments and made many special pills. He became a skilled physician and a master of Tibetan medicine. He composed and wrote some medical books, which were deemed as valuable medical guidance still now.

paragraph: At the age of 60, The Kenting Tai Situpa visited Jangsadam, south of China, for the second time. In there, he lightened the lamp of Buddha Dharma, rebuilt thirteen monasteries of Kagyu school. In the same period of time, he translated many texts from Sanskrit, including prayers to Bodhisattva Tara.

paragraph: He also visited China at the invitation of the Qianlong Emperor (1735-1796) and was highly honored.

paragraph: At the age of 63, he visited Tibet on pilgrimage for the fifth time. He retreated in a Drikung monastery. At that time, when he performed any kind of offering ceremony, a miracle emanation vision of Dorje Drolo showed up. Once in a Tara fire offering ceremony, the tent he slept grew many blue lotuses. In usual time, he kept reciting mantras except short rest time at noon and night. He recited three hundred million times of all kind of mantras. He showed many miracles like just an intention to stop a rainstorm, spreading barley to the sky and the barley straightened on the ground.

paragraph: He found and recognized the 13th Karmapa Dudul Dorje, and personally taught the Karmapa and imparted the complete lineage to him.

paragraph: At the age of 72, Chokyi Jungne invited the 13th Karmapa Dudul Dorje to Palpung monastery. He performed Taisho Tripitaka lineage empowerments and teachings for the Karmapa. At that time, the sky was filled of colorful clouds, a sacred sign enhancing people's faith to the 13th Karmapa.

paragraph: In 1774, at the age of 74, Chokyi Jungne was invited to China. On the way to China, while meditating in the lotus posture of a Buddha, the Kenting Tai Situpa died. It was observed that his heart-region retained heat for seven days and there was a strong smell of incense everywhere. Kenting Tai Situpa predicted his next rebirth before his passing.

paragraph: The 8th Kenting Tai Situpa was one of the most famous masters in Tibetan history. He was acknowledged as a supreme scholar who had no equal in the five knowledge. He is honored a unique title "Maha Pandita". His fame reached well beyond the borders of Tibet at this time. He also built or rebuilt many monasteries of different lineages. These monasteries became Palpung's satellite monasteries, even in mainland China, exceeding well beyond a hundred.

paragraph: It is said that his limitless activities were equal to those of Nagajuna's in India. It was also a common saying at the time, that if all of the other Kagyu monasteries came together, their activity wouldn't be equal to that of Situ Chokyi Jungne.

paragraph: His foremost disciples were the thirteenth Karmapa, the tenth Shamarpa, Gyalwang Drukpa Trinley Shingta, Drikung Chokyi Gyalwa, Pawo Tsuklag Gyalwa, Drubtop Choje Gyal, Khamtrul Chokyi Nyima, and Lotsawa Tsewang Kunchab.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The eighth Tai Situpa, Chokyi Jungney; rangjung.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Teacher: Tai Situ Chokyi Jungne; himalayanart.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- chos kyi 'byung gnas/

alias:
Situ Panchen Chögyi Jungney
8th Tai Situ Rinpoche

description: Tibetan lama and painter

wikidata_label: Situ Panchen

wikipedia_title: Situ Panchen


text:
reggae
Bermuda
Nova Scotia
Caribbean
Heather Nova
Michael K. Frith
The Jim Henson Company
Miss Piggy
Fraggle Rock
Between the Lions
Jonathan Frith
windsurfing
Alan McGee
Creation Records
Heather Nova
KT Tunstall
Sly and Robbie
Peter Tosh
Black Uhuru
Matthew McConaughey
reggae
iTunes
Willie Nelson
Butch Walker
Pete Yorn
P!nk
Fall Out Boy
Mailboat Records
Jimmy Buffett
Jay Alders
Creation Records
Sony Music
compilation album
Cornerstone RAS
Mailboat Records
Allmusic

categories: Bermudian reggae musicians,Living people,Creation Records artists,1974 births

paragraph: Mishka (musician)

paragraph: Mishka (born Alexander Mishka Frith, 1974) is a reggae musician from Bermuda. He released his first self-titled album "Mishka" in 1999 and had a hit single in the UK with "Give You All The Love". He is currently signed to Jimmy Buffetts record label, Mailboat records, and is touring in support of his latest album, 'Ocean is my Potion'. He is also the face of ECO-Neill, surf-clothing company O'Neill's new eco-friendly apparel line.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Mishka Frith had an unusual childhood. Born to a Bermudian father and Nova Scotian mother, he grew up on his family's boat, sailing from island to island in the Caribbean. Mishka and his sisters (one of whom is also a music artist, Heather Nova, the other television news reporter and model Susannah Frith) were home schooled until their high school years. His uncle, Michael K. Frith, worked for The Jim Henson Company, and was a creator of Miss Piggy, and of the television shows "Fraggle Rock" and "Between the Lions". His son, Mishka's first-cousin, is folk singer Jonathan Frith. In addition to developing his skills as a musician, Mishka also spent countless hours honing his windsurfing talents. He represented Bermuda in 1991 and 1992 in the windsurfing world championships, before concentrating primarily on his music career.

paragraph: Mishka was signed to Alan McGee's Creation Records in the UK in 1997. In 1999, Mishka released his first single, "Give You All The Love" which was an immediate success charting in the Top 40 in the UK and Top 10 in Japan. Mishka released his self-titled debut album "Mishka" (including Heather Nova on backing vocals) later that year which received much critical acclaim in both the UK and Japan.

paragraph: Mishka's second album "One Tree" was produced by Swedish producer Martin Terefe (KT Tunstall, James Morrison) in 2005. On his third album, "Above the Bones", Mishka worked with longtime Sly and Robbie guitarist, Daryl Thompson, who played for many years with Peter Tosh and Black Uhuru. It was at this time that Mishka met actor Matthew McConaughey. The two shared a deeply rooted appreciation for reggae music and it was a natural fit for McConaughey to sign Mishka to his j.k. livin record label. In February 2009, "Above the Bones" debuted at number one on the Billboard Reggae Charts, and Mishka was named 2009's Best New Artist in the singer/songwriter category by iTunes.

paragraph: Mishka released his album, "Talk About", on 30 March 2010. It again debuted at number one on the iTunes Reggae Chart and includes the song "Homegrown" that features Willie Nelson. "Talk About" also features "Stars Will Be Shining" and "Give Them Love", produced by Butch Walker (Pete Yorn, P!nk, Fall Out Boy).

paragraph: Mishka began actively touring in support of "Talk About" in the spring of 2010. At the same time, Mishka and surf-clothing giant, O'Neill, entered into a relationship. O'Neill, the original California surf, snow and lifestyle brand, manufactures westsuits, drysuits, sports clothing and accessories and is currently developing an eco-friendly apparel line, "ECO-Neill", which Mishka will have a hand in designing.

paragraph: In 2012 Mishka released his EP album "Ocean Is My Potion" on Mailboat Records, featuring his long-time friend and legendary musician Jimmy Buffett and cover album artwork by surf genre fine artist Jay Alders.

paragraph: His album "The Journey", released in November 2013, topped the Billboard Reggae Albums chart in January 2014, his fifth album to achieve that position.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mishka" (1999), Creation Records/Sony Music

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Dub" – compilation album (2000), Sony Music

paragraph: BULLET::::- "One Tree" (2005), Cornerstone RAS

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Above the Bones" (2009), j.k. livin'

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Talk About" (2010), j.k. livin'

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anything Anytime Anywhere" (2012), WorldSound

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ocean Is My Potion" (2013), Mailboat Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Journey" (2013), Mailboat

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roots Fidelity (2015) Mishka Music

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kurutz, Steve "[ "Mishka" Review]", "Allmusic", Macrovision Corporation

description: Bermudian musician

wikidata_label: Mishka

wikipedia_title: Mishka (musician)


text:
Maritzburg College
rugby
Natal
Springboks
All Blacks
Wallabies
Australia
New Zealand
World War II
major
Greytown

categories: Afrikaner people,1984 deaths,White South African people,South African rugby union players,1902 births,South African military personnel of World War II,South African people of Dutch descent,Alumni of Maritzburg College

paragraph: Philip J. Nel

paragraph: Philip Jacobus Nel (17 June 1902 – 11 February 1984) was a South African rugby player.

paragraph: The son of Piet Nel and Kitty Maritz, he was educated at Maritzburg College, matriculating as Head Prefect and captain of the rugby First XV in 1921. Nel enjoyed the rare distinction of earning a Natal (open) rugby cap while still at school. He made his debut for the Springboks against the 1928 All Blacks, and captained the side in 1933 (against the Wallabies) and on the all-conquering tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1937. Known affectionately as "The Greatest Springboks", Nel's 1937 team remains the only Springbok team ever to have won a test series in New Zealand.

paragraph: Nel saw action in World War II, serving as a major in the Umvoti Mounted Rifles.

paragraph: Married to Jose Havemann, they produced a family of four children (Louise, Jeanne, Piet, and Zettamarie). Affectionately known as "oom Flip", he farmed at 'Vetspruit' and died at his home in Greytown on 11 February 1984, after a long illness.

description: South African rugby union player

wikidata_label: Philip J. Nel

wikipedia_title: Philip J. Nel


text:
Bulgarian
hajduk
voivode
Rhodope Mountains
Zlatograd
Smolyan
Ottoman
Islamization
Smolyan
Christianity
Islam
silver bullet
tailoring
Giannitsa
Komotini
Izlel e Delyo haydutin
Valya Balkanska
Voyager 1
Voyager 2
Golden Record

categories: Bulgarian revolutionaries,People from Zlatograd,18th-century Bulgarian people,17th-century Bulgarian people,17th-century births,18th-century deaths

paragraph: Delyo

paragraph: Delyo (, sometimes Делю, "Delyu") was a Bulgarian rebel leader ("hajduk voivode") who was active in the Rhodope Mountains in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.

paragraph: Delyo was born in Belovidovo (today Zlatograd) in the Smolyan region in the 17th century. He headed an armed detachment of rebels in the central Rhodopes and acted against the Ottoman authorities' Islamization of the local Bulgarian population. In 1720, he led a group of united rebel detachments that attacked Raykovo (today a neighbourhood of Smolyan) in revenge for the murder of 200 locals who refused to convert from Christianity to Islam. Delyo was mentioned in "Historical notebook", an 18th-century document of disputed authenticity.

paragraph: Delyo is a popular character in Rhodopean folk songs and legends. He is presented as a protector of the local population and an opponent of the local Ottoman authorities. He is glorified as being unkillable by a standard sword or gun, so his enemies cast a silver bullet in order to murder him. According to the legends, Delyo was the son of a poor craftsman and was taught tailoring by his uncle in Enidzhe (Giannitsa), but upon getting to know Bulgarians from around Gyumyurdzhina (Komotini), he organized a rebel detachment to counter the Ottoman atrocities.

paragraph: The most popular folk piece about Delyo is "Izlel e Delyo haydutin" ("Delyo the hajduk has gone out"), a song from the Central Rhodopes that has been recorded in various versions. The song is best known as performed by Bulgarian folk singer Valya Balkanska. It was launched into space in 1977 as part of the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 probes' Golden Record which includes a multicultural selection of music.

description: Bulgarian revolutionary

wikidata_label: Delyo

wikipedia_title: Delyo


text:
Gaul
bishop of Le Mans
Le Mans

categories: 7th-century Frankish writers,6th-century bishops,7th-century Latin writers,Bishops in Gaul,6th-century Gallo-Roman people,7th-century bishops,Bishops of Le Mans

paragraph: Bertechramnus

paragraph: Bertechramnus or Bertram of Le Mans was one of the wealthiest bishops of 6th century Gaul. He was bishop of Le Mans from 587 until 623.

paragraph: At the time of his death his will listed a private holding of over 3,000 square kilometres of land. By the end of his time as bishop there were 18 churches in Le Mans.

wikidata_label: Bertechramnus

wikipedia_title: Bertechramnus


text:
house
electro house
Tiësto
Deniz Koyu
Fedde Le Grand
Kapital
Ultra Music Festival
MTV
Billboard
Electric Family
bracelet
twoloud
Haliene
Nervo
Deorro
Booka Shade
Skylar Grey
C'mon Let Me Ride
Krewella
Live for the Night
Stromae
Tous les mêmes
MNEK
Zara Larsson
Never Forget You
Gavin James

categories: Musicians from Madrid,1995 births,Spanish DJs,Electro house musicians,Remixers,Living people

paragraph: Danny Ávila

paragraph: Danny Ávila (born 1995) is a Spanish house and electro house DJ and producer.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He has worked with Tiësto, Deniz Koyu and Fedde Le Grand. His first set was in 2010 in the Spanish club Kapital. In 2011, he was nominated as the "DJ Revelación" at the Vicious Music Awards by Ron Barceló 2011. In the summer of 2012 he was the youngest DJ of the beach club Blue Marlin. In September 2012 he worked in the United States, the Tour Generation Wild with the artists Deniz Koyu, Mikael Weermets, Sick Individuals and dBerrie. He also worked in Macao, Manila, Londres, and San Paolo.

paragraph: Ávila debuted at the Ultra Music Festival of Miami in March 2013. He signed a contract with MGM of Vegas as the youngest resident in the history of Hakkasan in 2013 with artists like Steve Aoki, Laidback Luke, DeadMau5, Tommy Trash, Tiesto and Calvin Harris.

paragraph: MTV and "Billboard" identified his as "one to watch".

paragraph: In November 2014, Danny partnered with EDM lifestyle brand Electric Family to produce a collaboration bracelet for which 100% of the proceeds are donated to Doctors Without Borders. The partnership has raised over $1k as of November 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Compilations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Danny Avila's Big Room Mix"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.:Other singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Breaking Your Fall"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Breaking Your Fall (Mikael Weermets Remix)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Breaking Your Fall (Lucky Date Remix)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Breaking Your Fall (Sick Individuals Remix)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "Voltage"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "Tronco"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "Rasta Funk"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "Poseidon"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "Rock the Place" (vs. twoloud)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "Boom!" (with Merzo)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "Plastik"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "Close Your Eyes" (with Kaaze) (Official Parookaville Festival Anthem)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "C.H.E.C.K"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: "High" (featuring Haliene)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: "Loco" (with Nervo featuring Reverie)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: "Brah"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2019: "Keep It Goin'" (with Deorro)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Remixes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: Germán Brigante – "Tiki Taka"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: M.A.N.D.Y. & Booka Shade – "Body Language"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: Skylar Grey – "C'mon Let Me Ride"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: Krewella – "Live for the Night"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: Stromae – "Tous les mêmes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: MNEK & Zara Larsson - "Never Forget You"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: Gavin James - "I Don't Know Why"

description: Spanish DJ and musician

wikidata_label: Danny Ávila

wikipedia_title: Danny Ávila


text:
Rome
avanspettacolo
Ettore Petrolini
Federico Fellini
Fellini Satyricon
Nastro d'Argento
best supporting actor
The Clowns
Bologna
Era lui... sì! sì!
The Piano Tuner Has Arrived
Rommel's Treasure
Toto, Peppino and the Fanatics
Toto and Marcellino
Toto in Paris
Son of the Red Corsair
La sceriffa
Death of a Friend
Quanto sei bella Roma
World of Miracles
Love in Rome
The Dam on the Yellow River
Caccia all'uomo
Night Train to Milan
Dark Purpose
Fellini Satyricon
The Clowns

categories: 20th-century Italian male actors,Italian comedians,Italian male film actors,Italian male stage actors,1913 births,Nastro d'Argento winners,1971 deaths,Male actors from Rome

paragraph: Fanfulla

paragraph: Luigi Visconti, better known by his stage name Fanfulla, (26 February 1913 – 5 January 1971) was an Italian actor and comedian.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Born in Rome, Visconti debuted at very young age on stage alongside his mother, the actress Mercedes Menolesi (best known as "Diavolina").

paragraph: From the mid-forties to the late fifties, he adopted the stage name Fanfulla and was a popular comedian of cabaret and avanspettacolo shows, acclaimed for his brilliant style, referred to as "The King of Avanspettacolo" and even paired with Ettore Petrolini.

paragraph: His career was relaunched by Federico Fellini, who chose him for the role of Vernacchio in "Fellini Satyricon", a role that gave Fanfulla a Nastro d'Argento for best supporting actor. In 1970, Fellini gave him a main role in "The Clowns".

paragraph: In 1971, Fanfulla died from a heart attack in a hotel in Bologna, while he was on tour with his avanspettacolo company.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Era lui... sì! sì!" (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Piano Tuner Has Arrived" (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rommel's Treasure" (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Toto, Peppino and the Fanatics" (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Toto and Marcellino" (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Toto in Paris" (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Son of the Red Corsair" (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La sceriffa" (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Death of a Friend" (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quanto sei bella Roma" (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "World of Miracles" (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love in Rome" (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dam on the Yellow River" (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Caccia all'uomo" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Night Train to Milan" (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dark Purpose" (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fellini Satyricon" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Clowns" (1970)

description: Italian actor

wikidata_label: Luigi Visconti

wikipedia_title: Fanfulla


text:
Sologne
psychoanalyst
Madagascar
Lacan
École Freudienne de Paris
Maud Mannoni
colonization
father complex
splitting
Frantz Fanon
Jonathan Miller
Postcolonial Studies at Emory

categories: French non-fiction writers,1899 births,French psychiatrists,1989 deaths,French male writers,Postcolonialism,Analysands of Jacques Lacan

paragraph: Octave Mannoni

paragraph: Dominique-Octave Mannoni (; 29 August 1899, Sologne – 30 July 1989, Paris) was a French psychoanalyst and author.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: After spending more than twenty years in Madagascar, Mannoni returned to France after World War II where he, inspired by Lacan, published several psychoanalytic books and articles. In 1964, he followed Lacan into the École Freudienne de Paris, where he remained (with his wife Maud Mannoni) a loyal supporter to the end.

paragraph: Arguably his most well known work, "Prospero and Caliban: The Psychology of Colonization", deals with colonization and the psychology of the colonizer and the colonized. Mannoni saw the coloniser, with his "Prospero complex" as one in regressive flight from a father complex, using splitting and the scapegoating of the colonised to evade personal problems; the colonised as hiding resentment behind dependency.

paragraph: The book was later criticized by writers such as Frantz Fanon for underestimating the socio-materialistic roots of the colonial encounter. Nevertheless, it was to influence a generation of Shakespeare directors like Jonathan Miller, who considered that Mannoni "saw Caliban and Ariel as different forms of black response to white paternalism".

paragraph: Another of Mannoni's well-known works was "Clefs pour l'imaginaire ou l'Autre Scène", Seuil, 1969.

paragraph: Section::::English publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prospero and Caliban" (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Freud: Theory of the Unconscious". Originally published in French as "Freud par lui même". Éditions du Seuil (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'The Decolonization of Myself' "Race", VII 1966:327-35

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Postcolonial Studies at Emory

description: French psychiatrist

wikidata_label: Octave Mannoni

wikipedia_title: Octave Mannoni


text:
Canadian
ice hockey
Montreal Wanderers
Montreal
Quebec
Montreal Wanderers
NHA
National Hockey League
NHL
George O'Grady at the Legends of Hockey

categories: 1974 deaths,1891 births,Montreal Wanderers (NHA) players,Ice hockey people from Quebec,Montreal Wanderers (NHL) players,Montreal Wanderers players,Sportspeople from Montreal,Anglophone Quebec people

paragraph: George O'Grady

paragraph: George Edward O'Grady (June 8, 1891 – July 25, 1974) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played for the Montreal Wanderers. He was born in Montreal, Quebec.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: O'Grady played three seasons as a substitute for the Montreal Wanderers in the now-defunct NHA from 1913–14 to 1915–16. He would follow the team to the upstart National Hockey League for the start of the inaugural season. O'Grady appeared in only four NHL games for the Wanderers. During his time with the Wanderers, he wore number nine.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George O'Grady at the Legends of Hockey

description: Canadian ice hockey player

wikidata_label: George O'Grady

wikipedia_title: George O'Grady


text: New York City

text: musical saw

text: busker

text: Israel

text: Dummy

text: Adrien Brody

text: Israel Philharmonic Orchestra

text: Zubin Mehta

text: Westchester Philharmonic

text: Manhattan Chamber Orchestra

text: Lincoln Center

text: Peter Schickele

text: Carnegie Hall

text: Madison Square Garden

text: Garrison Keillor

text: Prairie Home Companion

text: Atlantic Records

text: Capitol Records

text: Universal Records

text: John Hiatt

text: Elliot Goldenthal

text: Spoleto Festival USA

text: World Trade Center's

text: Italy

text: Israel

text: Czech Republic

text: Poland

text: France

text: Music Under New York

text: cowbell

text: handbells

text: theremin

text: glass harp

text: New York City Council

text: New York State Senate

text: Paris, France

text: Village Voice

text: Time Out New York

text: New York Press

text: New York State Council on the Arts

text: Guinness World Record

text: Michael Bloomberg

text: NY State Assembly

text: Queens

text: Helen Marshall

text: Paderewski Institute

text: Schiffer Publishing

text: Scott Bradlee

text: Damon Albarn

text: Midsummer Night's Dream

text: Elliot Goldenthal

text: Natalia 'Saw Lady' Paruz's website

text: Natalia's musical saw CDs

text: Natalia's blog about busking

text: CBS News

text: Washington Post

categories: Israeli Jews,American percussionists,American buskers,Israeli musicians,Jewish American musicians,Musicians from New York (state),Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Natalia Paruz

paragraph: Natalia 'Saw Lady' Paruz is a New York City-based musical saw and novelty instruments player and busker. She is the founder and director of the annual Musical Saw Festival in New York City. She also organized the musical saw festival in Israel. She is a columnist of the 'Saw Player News' and a judge at international musical saw competitions.

paragraph: Paruz has played the musical saw on many film soundtracks and can be seen as well as heard in the movie "Dummy" starring Adrien Brody. She has performed with orchestras such as the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra (conducted by Zubin Mehta), the Westchester Philharmonic, the Royal Air Moroccan Symphony Orchestra, the Amor Artis Orchestra, the Riverside Orchestra, the Manhattan Chamber Orchestra and at Lincoln Center's Avery Fisher Hall with PDQ Bach composer Peter Schickele and with the Little Orchestra Society. November 2007 marked her Carnegie Hall debut as a musical saw soloist and June 2008 her Madison Square Garden debut.

paragraph: Her musical saw can be heard in many TV commercials. She has also appeared on numerous TV and radio programs around the world. Garrison Keillor of the "Prairie Home Companion" radio show has dubbed Natalia the show's 'official saw player'.

paragraph: As a studio musician, her musical saw has been recorded by labels such as Atlantic Records, Capitol Records, and Universal Records, for albums of composers such as John Hiatt and Elliot Goldenthal.

paragraph: She has played at festivals, such as the Spoleto Festival USA, the Lincoln Center Out-of-Doors Festival, Utah Arts Festival, World Trade Center's Buskers Fair and at the Fingerlakes Chamber Music Festival.

paragraph: Paruz often plays the musical saw in contemporary music, encouraging today's composers to write music for this instrument.

paragraph: Paruz is considered to be the most knowledgeable about the history of the musical saw, and her own home is a pilgrimage place for saw enthusiasts and students.

paragraph: The December 3rd, 2011 'Washington Post' crossword puzzle had Paruz as a question: "Down 5 - Instrument played by Natalia Paruz".

paragraph: Along with her professional career, Paruz makes a point to also perform on the streets and subways as a busker. She has busked in the USA, Italy, Israel, Czech Republic, Poland and France. Paruz has also served as a judge at the Music Under New York auditions for subway musicians.

paragraph: Paruz also plays a set of 65 pitched cowbells, English handbells, 4-in-hand hand bells, theremin and glass harp.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: Paruz is a recipient of many awards, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- a citation of honor from the New York City Council

paragraph: BULLET::::- a citation of honor from the New York State Senate

paragraph: BULLET::::- a medal of honor from Paris, France.

paragraph: BULLET::::- She was chosen for the 'Best of New York' list of the 'Village Voice' two years in a row, as well as for the lists of 'Time Out New York', the 'New York Press' and the 'New York Resident'.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paruz is a recipient of grants from the Queens Council on the Arts, New York City Department of Cultural Affairs and New York State Council on the Arts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2009 Paruz organized the Guinness World Record of the 'Largest Musical Saw Ensemble', which gathered 53 musical saw players to perform together.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2010 NYC Mayor Michael Bloomberg issued a proclamation honoring the annual Musical Saw Festival Natalia organizes since 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2011 NY State Assembly member Aravella Simotas issued a citation of honor proclaiming the NYC Musical Saw Festival for its "9 years of artistic excellence in Astoria".

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2013 Queens Borough President Helen Marshall issued a proclamation declaring June 1, 2013 to be the ‘Natalia Paruz & Musical Saw Festival Day’ in Queens.

paragraph: Section::::Books mentioning Paruz.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "City Lights: Stories About New York"/St. Martin's Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New York Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff"/Globe Pequot

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Surprise: Embrace the Unpredictable and Engineer the Unexpected"/Penguin Random House

paragraph: BULLET::::- "120 Jobs that Won't Chain You to Your Desk"/Random House

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Savvy Musician"/Helius Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Overlooked New York"/CreateSpace, by Zina Saunders

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sounds of the Underground"/Heidi Younger

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Teach a Man to Fish and Other Stories"/Richard A. Schrader, Sr.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Book in Czech - "Zápisky osamělého poutníka s autoharfou"/Martin Žák

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Designs of Carrie Robbins"/The United States Institute for Theatre Technology in cooperation with Broadway Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Buskers"/Soft Skull Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tampa Review 42"/University of Tampa Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Get Lucky (How to Put Planned Serendipity to Work for You & Your Business)"/Jossey-Bass

paragraph: BULLET::::- Book in Spanish - "Diario de un Músico Callejero"/José Miguel Vilar, Editorial Renacimiento

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Noise Beneath the Apple", by Heather Jacks

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Starting Your Career as a Musician"/Skyhorse Publishing, Inc, by Neil Tortorella

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Music in American Life - An Encyclopedia of the Songs, Styles, Stars, and Stories That Shaped Our Culture"/Greenwood

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music Business Hacks: The Daily Habits of the Self-Made Musician/PACE Publishing

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Sound of Mark/Mark Hastings - Zeloo Media

paragraph: BULLET::::- An Immigrant's Guide to Making It In America/Virgilia Kaur Pruthi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Book in Polish - "Handbook of the Best Practices of 9 American & Canadian Cultural Institutions"/Katarzyna Renes, Paderewski Institute, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Subway Beats/Kurt Boone, published by Schiffer Publishing

paragraph: BULLET::::- Much Ado About Magic/Shanna Swendson, published in 2012 by Nla Digital LLC. The first page of the first chapter mentions a woman playing musical saw at the busking spot Natalia plays at.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Outside the Jukebox: How I Turned My Vintage Music Obsession into My Dream Gig/Scott Bradlee, Hachette Books

paragraph: Section::::Theater soundtracks with musical saw by Paruz.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "", music by Damon Albarn (live show 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Midsummer Night's Dream", music by Elliot Goldenthal (album recording 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "SawBones", music by Scott Munson (live show 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Clockwork Metaphysics", music by Stefano Bechini (live show 2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simon Dawes Becomes a Planet", music by Jared Dembowski (live show 2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dragon Griswynd", music by Scott Munson (live show 2018)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Singing Sounds of Saw" (cassette)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hark! an Angel Sings" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Saw the Future" (2011)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Natalia 'Saw Lady' Paruz's website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Natalia's musical saw CDs

paragraph: BULLET::::- The annual NYC Musical Saw Festival, founded & directed by Natalia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Natalia's blog about busking

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saw Lady serenades New York City's straphangers at CBS News

paragraph: BULLET::::- The December 3rd 2011 crossword puzzle had Paruz as a question: Down 5 - Instrument played by Natalia Paruz at Washington Post

paragraph: BULLET::::- An article about Natalia and the musical saw from a violinist's perspective.

description: Musical saw player

wikidata_label: Natalia Paruz

wikipedia_title: Natalia Paruz


text:
Twelver
Shi'a
Shaikh Saduq
Imam
Muhammad al-Mahdi
Shaikh Saduq

categories: 939 deaths,10th-century Iranian people,Iranian Shia clerics,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Ali ibn Babawayh Qummi

paragraph: Ali ibn Babawayh Qummi (died 939) was a Twelver Shi'a scholar from the time of the "Ghaybat al-Sughra". He's the father of Shaikh Saduq.

paragraph: He wrote a letter to Imam Muhammad al-Mahdi, asking for prayer for him to have a child, as doctors had told him he could not have one. Thus his son, Shaikh Saduq, was always called: "Oh you that was born by the prayer of Imam Mahdi!".

description: father of Ibn Babawayh (Arabic) Ibn Babuyeh (Farsi) Sheikh Saduq

wikidata_label: Ali ibn Babawayh Qummi

wikipedia_title: Ali ibn Babawayh Qummi


text:
Singapore
Malaya
World War II
Force 136
Singapore fell to the Japanese
Lim Bo Seng
Fujian Province
Novena, Singapore
Orchard Road
Wong Peng Soon
Malaysia Open
Singapore Open
Second Sino-Japanese War
invaded
occupied Singapore
Force 136
Allied
Special Operations Executive
Lim Bo Seng
Operation Gustavus
Japanese surrender
Sook Ching massacre
Asiapac Books
National Pledge
National Day Parade

categories: Singaporean people of Hokkien descent,2012 deaths,1918 births,Singaporean people of World War II,People of British Singapore

paragraph: Tan Chong Tee

paragraph: Tan Chong Tee (15 October 1916 – 24 November 2012) was a Chinese resistance fighter based in Singapore and Malaya during World War II. An accomplished badminton player before the war, he joined Force 136 around 1942 after Singapore fell to the Japanese. In 1944, while on a mission, Tan, along with Lim Bo Seng and other Force 136 members, were captured by the Japanese. He was subjected to torture during his captivity. After the war, he returned to playing badminton and later became a businessman.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Tan was born in an ethnic Chinese family with ancestry from Fujian Province at his family residence along Shrewsbury Road in present-day Novena, Singapore. His father, Tan Kah Tek, worked in a carriage shop on Orchard Road while his mother, Lim Peng Tuan, owned a floral nursery. Tan left Singapore to further his studies in China in 1930 and returned home in 1933. He helped his mother run Kheng Cheng School, which she established in 1927.

paragraph: Section::::As a badminton player.

paragraph: Tan was a badminton player in his youth and was also a contemporary of Wong Peng Soon. He was one of the few players to have defeated Wong in competitions.

paragraph: Tan represented the Mayflower and Marigold Badminton Parties at various tournaments in Singapore. In 1935, while representing the Marigold Badminton Party at the Singapore Grade A Senior Tournament, he defeated the reigning champion and rose to prominence in the local badminton circuit. He subsequently emerged champion in various tournaments from 1936 to 1940, winning the Malaysia Open singles title in 1938, the Singapore Open singles and men's double titles in (1936,1937,1940) and (1936,1937). He married Lee Shao Meng, also a Marigold player, with whom he teamed up for various mixed doubles events and won the mixed doubles title in the 1940 Singapore Badminton Championships.

paragraph: Section::::Career in Force 136.

paragraph: When the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937, Tan participated in anti-Japanese activities such as boycotting Japanese goods and fund-raising to support the war effort in China.

paragraph: Tan lost touch with his family in 1942 after the Japanese invaded and occupied Singapore. He then joined Force 136, a branch of the Allied Special Operations Executive, where he met and befriended Lim Bo Seng. Tan participated in Operation Gustavus but was captured in 1944 by the Japanese when the operation failed. He spent the next 18 months in captivity, during which he was tortured by the Japanese, who attempted to force him to reveal the identities of other Force 136 members. He was released after the Japanese surrender in 1945. The Japanese killed Tan's elder brother, Tan Chong Mao, and their mother in the Sook Ching massacre.

paragraph: Section::::Postwar life.

paragraph: After the war, Tan participated in badminton tournaments again and eventually became a businessman. He retired in 1985. In 1994, he wrote a Chinese-language memoir, "FORCE 136: Story Of A WWII Resistance Fighter" (), which recounts his experiences with Force 136. The memoir was translated into English a year later by Lee Watt Sim and Clara Show, and published in 2001 by Asiapac Books as a comic book.

paragraph: On 19 September 1995, Tan and eight other surviving members of Force 136 were each presented with a commemorative silver ingot to honour them for their resistance efforts.

paragraph: In 2001, Tan was also part of a group selected to recite the National Pledge during the National Day Parade.

paragraph: In 2002, Tan published another book named "Upholding The Legacy: Singapore Badminton" (), which covers the history of badminton in Singapore.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Tan died in Singapore on 24 November 2012 at the age of 96.

description: badminton player

wikidata_label: Tan Chong Tee

wikipedia_title: Tan Chong Tee


text: Hanover, New Hampshire

text: Boston Latin School

text: Harvard College

text: Harvard Divinity School

text: Unitarian

text: Louisville, Kentucky

text: slave state

text: abolition of slavery

text: Margaret Fuller

text: Church of the Disciples

text: Christian religion

text: The Dial

text: Harper's

text: Atlantic Monthly

text: Mississippi Valley

text: Ralph Waldo Emerson

text: Transcendental Club

text: Calvinism

text: George Crabbe

text: Hannah More

text: Horace Greeley's

text: New York Tribune

text: William Henry Channing

text: Brook Farm

text: Utopia

text: Abraham Lincoln

text: American Civil War

text: Samuel Gridley Howe

text: Julia Ward Howe

text: John Brown's Body

text: The Battle Hymn of the Republic

text: Theodore Parker

text: E.T. Billings

text: Boston Public Library

text: New York Times Obituary

text: "Ten Great Religions"

text: James Freeman Clarke Papers

text: James Freeman Clarke Papers

text: James Freeman Clarke Correspondence

text: Houghton Library

text: James Freeman Clarke Letters to

text: Margaret Fuller

categories: 1810 births,Boston Latin School alumni,19th-century American writers,Members of the Transcendental Club,American religious leaders,American abolitionists,Harvard College alumni,1888 deaths,American Unitarians,Harvard Divinity School alumni

paragraph: James Freeman Clarke

paragraph: James Freeman Clarke (April 4, 1810 – June 8, 1888) was an American theologian and author.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Hanover, New Hampshire, James Freeman Clarke attended the Boston Latin School, graduated from Harvard College in 1829, and Harvard Divinity School in 1833. Ordained into the Unitarian church he first became an active minister at Louisville, Kentucky, then a slave state, and soon threw himself into the national movement for the abolition of slavery. His mild theology was unusual for the conservative town and, reportedly, several women walked out of his first sermon. As he wrote to his friend Margaret Fuller, "I am a broken-winged hawk, seeking to fly at the sun, but fluttering in the dust."

paragraph: In 1839 he returned to Boston where he and his friends established (1841) the Church of the Disciples which brought together a body of people to apply the Christian religion to social problems of the day. One of the features that distinguished his church was Clarke's belief that ordination could make no distinction between him and them. They also were called to be ministers of the highest religious life. Of this church he was the minister from 1841 until 1850 and again from 1854 until his death. He was also secretary of the Unitarian Association and, in 1867-1871, professor of natural religion and Christian doctrine at Harvard.

paragraph: Clarke contributed essays to "The Christian Examiner", "The Christian Inquirer", "The Christian Register", "The Dial", "Harper's", "The Index", and "Atlantic Monthly". In addition to sermons, speeches, hymnals, and liturgies, he published 28 books and over 120 pamphlets during his lifetime. Clarke edited the "Western Messenger", a magazine intended to carry to readers in the Mississippi Valley simple statements of liberal religion and what were then the most radical appeals to national duty and the abolition of slavery. Copies of this magazine are now valued by collectors for containing the earliest printed poems of Ralph Waldo Emerson, a personal friend and a distant cousin. Clarke became a member of the Transcendental Club alongside Emerson and several others. Many of Clarke's earlier published writings were addressed to the immediate need of establishing a larger theory of religion than that espoused by people who were still under the influence of Calvinism.

paragraph: For the "Western Messenger", Clarke requested written contributions from Margaret Fuller. Clarke published Fuller's first literary review—criticisms of recent biographies on George Crabbe and Hannah More. She later became the first full-time book reviewer in journalism working for Horace Greeley's "New York Tribune". After Fuller's death in 1850, Clarke worked with William Henry Channing and Emerson as editors of "The Memoirs of Margaret Fuller Ossoli", published in February 1852. The trio censored or reworded many of Fuller's letters; they believed the public interest in Fuller would be temporary and that she would not survive as a historical figure. Nevertheless, for a time, the book was the best-selling biography of the decade and went through thirteen editions before the end of the century.

paragraph: In 1855, Clarke purchased the former site of Brook Farm, intending to start a new Utopian community there. This never came to pass, instead the land was offered to President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War; the Second Massachusetts Regiment used it for training and named it "Camp Andrew". In November 1861, Clarke was in Washington, D.C. with Samuel Gridley Howe and Julia Ward Howe. After hearing the song "John Brown's Body", he suggested that Mrs. Howe write new lyrics; the result was "The Battle Hymn of the Republic".

paragraph: Clarke was an advocate of human rights. Being a Boston Latin School alumnus, he served on a committee of the Massachusetts Society for the University Education of Women which was greatly instrumental in establishing Girls' Latin School in 1878. Tempered and moderate in his views of life, he was a reformer and a conciliator and never carried a pistol as fellow preacher Theodore Parker did.

paragraph: He published few verses, but is regarded by some as a poet at heart. A diligent scholar, among the books by which he became well known is one called "Ten Great Religions" (2 vols, 1871–1883).

paragraph: James Freeman Clarke was one of the very first Americans to explore and write about Eastern religions.

paragraph: A portrait of Clarke painted by E.T. Billings hangs in the Boston Public Library.

paragraph: Section::::Selected writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Common Sense in Religion" (1874)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Essentials and Non-Essentials in Religion: Six Lectures Delivered in the Music Hall, Boston" (1878)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Self-Culture: Physical, Intellectual, Moral, and Spiritual" (1880)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Memorial and Biographical Sketches" (1880)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Every-Day Religion" (1886)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sermons on the Lord's Prayer" (1888)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Autobiography, Diary and Correspondence" (1891)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York Times Obituary

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ten Great Religions"

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Freeman Clarke, Dictionary of Unitarian & Universalist Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papers

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Freeman Clarke Papers, at Andover-Harvard Theological Library at Harvard Divinity School

paragraph: BULLET::::- The James Freeman Clarke Papers relating to lectures and the Church of the Disciples, at Andover-Harvard Theological Library at Harvard Divinity School

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Freeman Clarke Correspondence at Houghton Library, Harvard University

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Freeman Clarke Letters to Margaret Fuller, at Houghton Library, Harvard University

description: American theologian and writer

enwikiquote_title: James Freeman Clarke

wikidata_label: James Freeman Clarke

wikipedia_title: James Freeman Clarke


text:
Bishop of Argyll
Abbot of Dryburgh
prelate
James Hamilton, 1st Lord Hamilton
James Hamilton
Earl of Arran
University of Glasgow
Saddell Castle
Baronage - Hamilton
Kintyre Mag

categories: 15th-century births,Bishops of Argyll,1523 deaths

paragraph: David Hamilton (bishop)

paragraph: David Hamilton, Bishop of Argyll and Abbot of Dryburgh (died 1523) was a late medieval Scottish prelate. He was an illegitimate son of James Hamilton, 1st Lord Hamilton, and brother of James Hamilton, Earl of Arran.

paragraph: He studied at the University of Glasgow and graduated in Arts in 1492 and later studied in Paris. He was given the bishopric in 1497. He was witness to royal charters and served on royal commissions and in the exchequer in early 16th century. Between 1505-1507, he acted in Kintyre on royal business, making rentals of lands. He built Saddell Castle between 1508-1512. He died in 1523.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baronage - Hamilton

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kintyre Mag

description: Bishop of Argyll and Abbot of Dryburgh

wikidata_label: David Hamilton

wikipedia_title: David Hamilton (bishop)