text: Prairie School

text: modern style

text: Marion Mahony Griffin

text: Maywood, Illinois

text: Oak Park

text: Elmhurst

text: Oak Park High School

text: O. C. Simonds

text: architecture

text: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

text: Nathan Clifford Ricker

text: forestry

text: Dwight H. Perkins

text: Prairie School

text: Louis Sullivan

text: George Grant Elmslie

text: George Washington Maher

text: William Gray Purcell

text: William Drummond

text: Frank Lloyd Wright

text: Frank Lloyd Wright

text: Oak Park, Illinois

text: Willits House

text: Larkin Administration Building

text: William Emery house

text: Steinway Hall

text: Charleston, Illinois

text: Eastern Illinois University

text: Beverly, Chicago

text: Winnetka

text: Illinois

text: Marion Lucy Mahony

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: Hermann V. von Holst

text: Decatur, Illinois

text: Rock Crest – Rock Glen

text: Mason City, Iowa

text: New York Times

text: Australian Government

text: Canberra

text: Leeton

text: Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area

text: Newman College

text: University of Melbourne

text: University of Illinois

text: World War I

text: Northbourne Avenue

text: Yass

text: Fyshwick

text: Commonwealth Government under the leadership of Prime Minister Hughes

text: Federal Capital Advisory Committee

text: John Sulman

text: General Bridges

text: Mount Pleasant

text: Sequoia sempervirens

text: Sequoiadendron giganteum

text: Thomas Charles Weston

text: Pialligo, ACT

text: Pialligo Avenue

text: Queanbeyan

text: Melbourne

text: Newman College

text: University of Melbourne

text: Melbourne

text: Single Tax

text: Capitol Theatre

text: Melbourne

text: Frankston

text: S.R. Salter House

text: Toorak

text: Paling House

text: Frank Lloyd Wright

text: North Sydney

text: bushland

text: Castlecrag

text: Melbourne

text: Eaglemont

text: New South Wales

text: Leeton

text: Griffith

text: Waverley Cemetery

text: Tribune Tower

text: Art Deco

text: Art Moderne

text: 333 North Michigan

text: Holabird & Roche

text: John and Donald Parkinson

text: Bullocks Wilshire

text: Bruce Goff

text: Boston Avenue Methodist Church

text: Tulsa

text: Willoughby, New South Wales

text: Glebe, New South Wales

text: Ipswich, Queensland

text: Essendon, Victoria

text: Hindmarsh, South Australia

text: Thebarton, South Australia

text: Canberra, Australian Capital Territory

text: National Trust of Australia

text: Royal Australian Institute of Architects

text: Willoughby Council

text: Walter Burley Griffin Incinerator

text: Ipswich

text: Queensland

text: Queensland Heritage Register

text: Pyrmont

text: anthroposophy

text: University of Lucknow

text: Lucknow

text: University of Lucknow

text: Raja of Mahmudabad

text: zenana

text: Raja of Jahangirabad

text: King George V

text: United Provinces

text: arena

text: imambara

text: bazaar

text: rotundas

text: arcades

text: ventilation

text: Lucknow

text: peritonitis

text: gall bladder

text: King George's Hospital, Lucknow

text: Lucknow

text: Uttar Pradesh

text: India

text: Christian Cemetery

text: Lucknow

text: Chicago

text: Robert Menzies

text: Lake Burley Griffin

text: Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library

text: Columbia University

text: Northwestern University

text: Ryerson & Burnham Libraries

text: Art Institute of Chicago

text: New York Historical Society

text: National Library of Australia

text: National Archives of Australia

text: the University of Melbourne

text: New York Times

text: University of Lucknow

text: Lucknow

text: Uttar Pradesh

text: India

text: Lucknow

text: Uttar Pradesh

text: India

text: Monroe, Louisiana

text: Evanston, Illinois

text: W.H. Emery House

text: Elmhurst, Illinois

text: Hollister, California

text: John Gauler House

text: Chicago, Illinois

text: Winnetka, Illinois

text: Edwardsville, Illinois

text: Chicago, Illinois

text: Chicago, Illinois

text: Chicago, Illinois

text: Chicago, Illinois

text: Chicago, Illinois

text: Benjamin J. and Mabel T. Ricker House

text: Grinnell, Iowa

text: Mason City, Iowa

text: Chicago, Illinois

text: Chicago, Illinois

text: Chicago, Illinois

text: Chicago, Illinois

text: Chicago, Illinois

text: Chicago, Illinois

text: Chicago, Illinois

text: Chicago, Illinois

text: Mason City, Iowa

text: Anna, Illinois

text: Canberra

text: Leeton

text: Griffith

text: Eaglemont

text: Newman College

text: University of Melbourne

text: Café Australia

text: Melbourne

text: Capitol Theatre, Melbourne

text: St Kilda

text: Melbourne

text: Castlecrag

text: Fishwick House

text: Castle Cove

text: Willoughby Incinerator

text: "Duncan House" (Castlecrag)

text: Eric Pratten House

text: Hindmarsh Incinerator

text: Walter Burley Griffin Incinerator, Ipswich

text: Weirick, J

text: Castlecrag

text: Walter Burley Griffin Society (Australia)

text: Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin architectural drawings, circa 1909-1937

text: Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives

text: Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University

text: The Griffin Legacy

text: Imagining Canberra in Chicago

text: ABC

text: Reading the past in the Walter Burley Griffin Incinerator and Fishwick House at Willoughby, NSW

text: Castlecrag Progress Association

text: CC-By-SA

text: Great Buildings Online: works of Walter Burley Griffin

text: Walter Burley Giffiin

text: Stinson Memorial Public Library

text: The Walter Burley Griffin Society of America

text: Eric Milton Nicholls collection

text: Papers of Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony collected by Eric Nicholls, 1900–1947

text: The Donald Leslie Johnson collection of Walter and Marion Griffin documents, 1901–1988

text: The work of Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin in Melbourne, 1975

text: Walter Burley Griffin: in his own right

text: An Ideal City? The 1912 Competition to Design Canberra

text: National Archives of Australia

text: National Library of Australia

text: National Capital Authority

categories: Architects from Chicago,Artists from Oak Park, Illinois,1937 deaths,Deaths from peritonitis,American landscape architects,Anthroposophists,People from Maywood, Illinois,American urban planners,1876 births,Walter Burley Griffin,University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign alumni

paragraph: Walter Burley Griffin

paragraph: Influenced by the Chicago-based Prairie School, Griffin developed a unique modern style. He worked in partnership with his wife Marion Mahony Griffin. In 28 years they designed over 350 buildings, landscape and urban-design projects as well as designing construction materials, interiors, furniture and other household items.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Griffin was born in 1876 in Maywood, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. He was the eldest of the four children of George Walter Griffin, an insurance agent, and Estelle Burley Griffin. His family moved to Oak Park and later to Elmhurst. As a boy he had an interest in landscape design and gardening, and his parents allowed him to landscape the yard at their new home in Elmhurst. Griffin went to Oak Park High School. He considered studying landscape design but was advised by the landscape gardener O. C. Simonds to pursue a more lucrative profession.

paragraph: Griffin chose to study architecture, and, in 1899, completed his bachelor's degree in architecture at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The University of Illinois program was run by Nathan Clifford Ricker, a German-educated architect, who emphasized the technical aspects of architecture. During his studies, he also took courses in horticulture and forestry.

paragraph: Section::::Chicago career.

paragraph: After his studies, Griffin moved to Chicago and was employed as a draftsman for two years in the offices of progressive architects Dwight H. Perkins, Robert C. Spencer, Jr., and H. Webster Tomlinson in "Steinway Hall". Griffin's employers worked in the distinctive Prairie School style. This style is marked by horizontal lines, flat roofs with broad overhanging eaves, solid construction, craftsmanship, and strict discipline in the use of ornament. Louis Sullivan was influential among Prairie School architects and Griffin was an admirer of his work, and of his philosophy of architecture which stressed that design should be free of historical precedent. Other architects of that school include George Grant Elmslie, George Washington Maher, William Gray Purcell, William Drummond and most importantly, Frank Lloyd Wright.

paragraph: In July 1901, Griffin passed the new Illinois architects' licensing examination and this permitted him to enter private practice as an architect. He began to work in Frank Lloyd Wright's famous Oak Park, Illinois, studios. Although he was never made a partner, Griffin oversaw the construction on many of Wright's noted houses including the Willits House in 1902 and the Larkin Administration Building built in 1904. From 1905 he also began to supply landscape plans for Wright's buildings. Wright allowed Griffin and his other staff to undertake small commissions of their own. The William Emery house, built in Elmhurst, Illinois, in 1903 was such a commission. While working for Wright, Griffin fell in love with Mr. Wright's sister, Maginel Wright. He proposed marriage to her, but his affections for her were not returned, and she refused.

paragraph: In 1906 he resigned his position at Wright's studio and established his own practice at Steinway Hall. Griffin and Wright had fallen out over events following Mr. Wright's trip to Japan in 1905. While Wright was away for five months, Griffin ran the practice. When Wright returned, he told Griffin that he had overstepped his responsibilities, completing several of Wright's jobs, and sometimes substituting his own building designs. Further, Wright had borrowed money from Griffin to pay for his travels abroad, and then he tried to pay off his debts to Griffin with prints he had acquired in Japan. It became clear to Griffin then that Wright would not make Griffin a partner in his business.

paragraph: Griffin's first independent commission was a landscape design for the State Normal School at Charleston, Illinois, now known as the Eastern Illinois University. In the fall of 1906, he received his first residential job from Harry Peters. The Peters' House was the first house designed with an L-shaped or open floor plan. The L-shape was an economical design and easily constructed. From 1907, 13 houses in this style were built in the Chicago neighborhood now known as Beverly-Morgan Park. Seven of these houses are on W. 104th Place in Beverly, Chicago. This street is now named Walter Burley Griffin Place, and forms a municipal historical district within the national Ridge Historic District, as it contains the largest collection of small scale Griffin designs.

paragraph: In 1911 Griffin developed 'Solid Rock' house for William F. Tempel in Winnetka, Illinois. It was the first house built by Griffin in his mature style and of reinforced concrete.

paragraph: On June 29, 1911 Griffin married Marion Lucy Mahony, a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in architecture. She was employed first in Wright's office, and then by Hermann V. von Holst, who had taken over Wright's work in America when Wright left for Europe in 1909. Marion Mahony recommended to von Holst that he hire Griffin to develop a landscape plan for the area surrounding the three houses on Milliken Place for which Wright had been hired in Decatur, Illinois. Mahony and Griffin worked closely on the Decatur project immediately before their marriage.

paragraph: After their marriage, Mahony went to work in Griffin's practice. A Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony-designed development with several homes, Rock Crest – Rock Glen in Mason City, Iowa, is seen as their most dramatic American design development of the decade and remains the largest collection of Prairie Style homes surrounding a natural setting.

paragraph: From 1899 to 1914, Griffin created more than 130 designs in his Chicago office for buildings, urban plans and landscapes; half of these were built in mid-western states of Illinois, Iowa, Michigan and Wisconsin. In 1981, the city of Chicago granted landmark status to the Prairie-style bungalows designed between 1909 and 1914 by Griffin in the 1700 block of West 104th Place (also known as the "Griffin Place Historic District"), as well as 12 blocks on Longwood Drive and three blocks along Seeley Avenue between 98th and 110th Streets.

paragraph: The relationship between Griffin and Frank Lloyd Wright cooled in the years following Griffin's departure from Wright's firm in 1906. With Walter and Marion's wedding, Wright started to feel they were "against him". After the Griffins' win in the Canberra design competition, and resultant front page coverage in the "New York Times", Wright and Griffin never spoke to each other again. In later years, whenever Griffin was brought up in conversation Wright would downplay his achievements and refer to him as a draftsman.

paragraph: Section::::Canberra.

paragraph: In April 1911 the Australian Government held an international competition to produce a design for Canberra, its new capital city. Griffin produced a design with impressive renderings of the plan produced by Mahony Griffin. They first heard about the competition in July, while on honeymoon, and worked feverishly to prepare the plans. On May 23, 1912, Griffin's design was selected as the winner from among 137 entries. This created significant press coverage at the time and brought him professional and public recognition. Of his plan, he famously remarked:

paragraph: I have planned a city that is not like any other in the world. I have planned it not in a way that I expected any government authorities in the world would accept. I have planned an ideal city – a city that meets my ideal of the city of the future.

paragraph: In 1913 he was invited by the Commonwealth Government to Australia to inspect the site. He left Mahony Griffin in charge of the practice and travelled to Australia in July. His letters reveal his appreciation for the Australian landscape. The Griffins joined the Naturalists' Society of New South Wales in 1914, where they enjoyed organised bush walks and field studies. The Society facilitated their contact with the Australian scientific community, especially botanists. This appreciation for Australia flora was reflected in Griffin's 1914 town plan for Leeton in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area, and later in a design for Newman College at the University of Melbourne. He also utilised Australian flora botanical names as places names for suburbs and streets in Canberra, such as Grevillea Park, Telopea Park, Clienthus Circle and Blandfordia.

paragraph: Griffin was offered the position of head of the department of architecture at the University of Illinois. At the same time he was negotiating a three-year contract with the Australian Government to remain in Australia and oversee the implementation of his plan, which he felt had already been compromised. In October 1913 he was appointed the Federal Capital Director of Design and Construction. In this role, Griffin oversaw the design of North and South Canberra, though he struggled with political and bureaucratic obstacles. In May 1914, Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin left America for Australia along with architects Roy Lippincott and George Elgh.

paragraph: With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Griffin was under pressure to reduce the scope and scale of his plans due to the Government diverting funds towards the war effort. Several parts of his basic design underwent change. Plans to create Westbourne, Southbourne and Eastbourne Avenues to complement Canberra's Northbourne Avenue were eliminated, as did a proposed railway connecting South Canberra to North Canberra, and then in a northwesterly direction to Yass. A market area that would have been at Russell Hill in North Canberra was moved south to what is now Fyshwick, next to South Canberra.

paragraph: The pace of building was slower than expected, partly because of a lack of funds and partly because of a dispute between Griffin and Federal government bureaucrats. Many of Griffin's design ideas were attacked by both the architectural profession and the press. In 1917 a Royal Commission determined that they had undermined Griffin's authority by supplying him with false data which he had used to carry out his work. Ultimately, Griffin resigned from the Canberra design project in December 1920 when he discovered that several of these bureaucrats had been appointed to an agency that would oversee Canberra's construction. The Commonwealth Government under the leadership of Prime Minister Hughes had removed Griffin as director of construction at Canberra after disagreements over his supervisory role, and in 1921 created the Federal Capital Advisory Committee, with John Sulman as chair. Griffin was offered membership, but declined and withdrew from further activity in Canberra.

paragraph: Griffin designed several buildings for Canberra, none of which were built. The grave of General Bridges on Mount Pleasant was the only permanent structure designed by Griffin to be built in Canberra.

paragraph: Aside from the city's design, his longest-living legacy is the forest of Redwood trees (both "Sequoia sempervirens" and "Sequoiadendron giganteum") planted in 1918 by Walter Burley Griffin and arborist Thomas Charles Weston on Pialligo, ACT on Pialligo Avenue between Canberra and Queanbeyan.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: The Griffins' office in Chicago closed in 1917; however, they had successful practices in Melbourne and Sydney, which were a strong motivation for their continuing to live in Australia. The Griffins had received commissions for work outside Canberra since Walter first arrived in the country in 1913, designing town plans, subdivisions, and one of his highly regarded buildings, Newman College, the Catholic residential college of the University of Melbourne while employed in Canberra. While supervising activities in Canberra, Griffin spent much time in Melbourne and, in 1918, became a founder, with Royden Powell, of the Henry George Club, an organisation devoted to providing a home for the Single Tax movement. The Griffins' first major commission after leaving Canberra was the Capitol Theatre in Melbourne; it opened on November 7, 1924. In 1964 architectural writer Robin Boyd described the Capitol as "the best cinema that was ever built or is ever likely to be built".

paragraph: In 1916 and 1917 Griffin developed a patented modular concrete construction system known as "Knitlock" for use in the construction of Canberra. No Knitlock buildings were ever built in Canberra, although several were built in Australia. The first were built on Griffin's property in Frankston in 1922, where he constructed two holiday houses called "Gumnuts". The best examples of Knitlock include the S.R. Salter House in Toorak and the Paling House. Frank Lloyd Wright designed a similar system and used Griffin's design to support the arguments for his design.

paragraph: In 1919 the Griffins founded the Greater Sydney Development Association (GSDA), and in 1921 purchased 259 ha of land in North Sydney. The GSDA's goal was the development of an idyllic community with a consistent architectural feel and bushland setting. Walter Burley Griffin as managing director of the GSDA designed all the buildings built in the area until 1935. Castlecrag was the first suburb to be developed by the GSDA. The Redding House and several others in Castelcrag were also built in Knitlock. Almost all the houses Griffin designed in Castlecrag were small and had flat roofs, and he included an internal courtyard in many of them. Griffin used what was at that time the novel concept of including native bushland in these designs. He came to be referred to as "The Wizard of Castlecrag".

paragraph: Other work the Griffins did during this time included the Melbourne subdivisions of Glenard and Mount Eagle at Eaglemont, and the Ranelagh Estate in Mount Eliza Victoria. Prior to 1920 the Griffins also designed the New South Wales towns of Leeton and Griffith. Griffin and architect J Burcham Clamp designed a large tomb built at Waverley Cemetery, Sydney, between 1914 and 1916 for James Stuart, which still stands as a good example of Griffin's sense of 'human-scale monumentality'.

paragraph: The Griffins participated in the celebrated Chicago Tribune Tower Competition in 1922. Having won one famous international competition, as architects who were both well acquainted with Chicago and recognized as practical visionaries, they offered a solution that was positive, forward-looking and elegant. Indeed, their entry appears to be about a decade ahead of its time, with emphatic verticality along the lines of the Art Deco or Art Moderne. It anticipated and would have been a near neighbor of Chicago's 333 North Michigan by Holabird & Roche (1928); with stylistic echos in John and Donald Parkinson's Bullocks Wilshire, in Los Angeles (1929), as well as Adah Robinson and Bruce Goff's Boston Avenue Methodist Church, Tulsa (1929).

paragraph: In the 1920s they prepared plans for the Milleara Estate (also known as City View) at Avondale Heights, and the Ranelagh Estate at Mount Eliza, in conjunction with surveyors Tuxen and Miller.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.:Incinerators.

paragraph: During the financial hardship of the Depression in the 1930s Griffin designed incinerators, collaborating with the Reverberatory Incinerator and Engineering Company (RIECo), in conjunction with his friend and partner, Eric Nicholls. He was responsible for twelve incinerator designs between 1930 and 1938, of which seven still survive. They are located at:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Willoughby, New South Wales

paragraph: BULLET::::- Glebe, New South Wales

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ipswich, Queensland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Essendon, Victoria

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hindmarsh, South Australia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thebarton, South Australia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canberra, Australian Capital Territory

paragraph: The Willoughby incinerator is a good example of this work. It has been listed by the National Trust of Australia and the Royal Australian Institute of Architects as a building of significance. In 1999 it was listed in the New South Wales State Heritage Register. It has since been restored and converted to commercial use by Willoughby Council.

paragraph: The Walter Burley Griffin Incinerator in Ipswich, Queensland is listed on the Queensland Heritage Register and has been converted into a theatre. Another incinerator was built in the suburb of Pyrmont, not far from the centre of Sydney. This incinerator was considered for heritage listing but was demolished in 1992 because it was in irredeemably bad condition.

paragraph: Section::::India.

paragraph: During their time at the GSDA, the Griffins became more involved in anthroposophy, and in 1935 through contacts in the movement Griffin won a commission to design the library at the University of Lucknow in Lucknow, India.

paragraph: Although he had planned to stay in India only to complete the drawings for the library, he soon received more than 40 commissions, including the University of Lucknow Student Union building; a museum and library for the Raja of Mahmudabad; a zenana (women's quarters) for the Raja of Jahangirabad; Pioneer Press building, a bank, municipal offices, many private houses, and a memorial to King George V. He also won complete design responsibility for the 1936–1937 United Provinces Exhibition of Industry and Agriculture. His 53 projects for the site featured a stadium, arena, mosque, imambara, art gallery, restaurant, bazaar, pavilions, rotundas, arcades, and towers, however, only part of his elaborate plans were fully executed.

paragraph: Griffin was inspired by the architecture and culture of India, modifying forms as "he sought to create a modern Indian architecture ... Griffin was able to expand his aesthetic vocabulary to create an exuberant, expressive architecture reflecting both the 'stamp of the place' and the 'spirit of the times'". While in India, Griffin also published numerous articles for the "Pioneer", writing about architecture, in particular about ventilation design improvements. His wife Marion traveled to Lucknow in April 1936 to assist and contributed to several projects.

paragraph: Section::::India.:Death and burial in India.

paragraph: Griffin died of peritonitis in early 1937, five days after gall bladder surgery at King George's Hospital, Lucknow in Lucknow city in state of Uttar Pradesh, India, and was buried in Christian Cemetery in Lucknow. Marion Mahony Griffin oversaw the completion of the Pioneer Building that he had been working on at the time of his death. She closed down their Indian offices, then left their Australian practice in the hands of Griffin's partner, Eric Milton Nicholls, and returned to Chicago.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Griffin was largely under-appreciated during his time in Australia, but since his death there has been a growing recognition of his work. In 1964 when Canberra finally got its central lake (as Griffin had intended), Prime Minister Robert Menzies declined to have the lake named after himself, and he instead named it Lake Burley Griffin, and this became the first monument in Canberra dedicated to the city's designer ("Burley" was included in the name because of the misconception that it was part of Griffin's surname).

paragraph: Architectural drawings and other archival materials by and about the Griffins are held by numerous institutions in the United States, including the Drawings and Archives Department of Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library at Columbia University; the Block Gallery at Northwestern University; the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago; and the New York Historical Society, as well as in several repositories in Australia, including the National Library of Australia, National Archives of Australia, and the Newman College Archives of the University of Melbourne. At the centenary of the Griffins' design work for Canberra, some believe they are owed a permanent memorial.

paragraph: Section::::In his own words.

paragraph: ". ... "I am what may be termed a naturalist in architecture. I do not believe in any school of architecture. I believe in architecture that is the logical outgrowth of the environment in which the building in mind is to be located". ... "

paragraph: From the "New York Times", Sunday 2 June 1912

paragraph: Section::::Major works.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.:India.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Library in University of Lucknow, in Lucknow city in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dr Bhatia's Residence, is still extant in Lucknow city in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India

paragraph: Section::::Major works.:United States.

paragraph: BULLET::::- G.B. Cooley House,1908 South Grand St., Monroe, Louisiana

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfred W. Hebert House Remodeling, 1902, Evanston, Illinois

paragraph: BULLET::::- W.H. Emery House, 1903, Elmhurst, Illinois

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adolph Mueller House, 1906

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Dickinson House, 10034 Cienega Road Hollister, California 1906

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary H. Bovee Apartment, 1907

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Gauler House, 1908, Chicago, Illinois

paragraph: BULLET::::- William S. Orth House, 1908, Winnetka, Illinois

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edmund C. Garrity House, 1909

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ralph Griffin House, 1909, Edwardsville, Illinois

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edmund C. Garrity House, 1712 W. 104th Place, Chicago, Illinois, 1909

paragraph: BULLET::::- William B. Sloan House, 1910

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frank N. Olmstead House, 1624 W. 100th Place, Chicago, Illinois, 1910

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harry N. Tolles House, 10561 S. Longwood Drive, Chicago, Illinois, 1911

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harry G. Van Nostrand House, 1666 W. Griffin PIace, Chicago, Illinois, 1911

paragraph: BULLET::::- Russell L. Blount House I, 1724 W. Griffin Place, Chicago, Illinois, 1911

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benjamin J. and Mabel T. Ricker House, Grinnell, Iowa, 1911-1912

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joshua Melson House, 1912, Mason City, Iowa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Russel L. Blount House II, 1950 W. 102nd Street, Chicago, Illinois, 1912–1913

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jenkinson House, 1727 W. Griffin Place, Chicago, Illinois, 1912–1913

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walter D. Salmon House, 1736 W. Griffin PIace, Chicago, Illinois, 1912–1913

paragraph: BULLET::::- Newland house, 1737 W. Griffin Place, Chicago, Illinois, 1913

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ida E. Williams House, 1632 W. Griffin Place, Chicago, Illinois (based on the Von Nostrand plans, built by Blount), 1913

paragraph: BULLET::::- William R. Hornbaker House, 1710 W. Griffin Place, Chicago, Illinois, (based on the Von Nostrand plans, built by Blount), 1914

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Frederic Clarke House, 1731 W. Griffin Place, Chicago, Illinois, (based on the Von Nostrand plans, built by Blount), 1913

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harry C. Furneaux House, 1741 W. Griffin Place, Chicago, Illinois, (based on the Salmon House plans, built by Blount), 1913

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Blyth House, Mason City, Iowa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stinson Memorial Library, Anna, Illinois

paragraph: Section::::Major works.:Australia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canberra plan, 1914–1920

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leeton town plan, 1914

paragraph: BULLET::::- Griffith town plan, 1914

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eaglemont town plan, 1915

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paris Theatre, Sydney, 1915 (demolished 1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Newman College, University of Melbourne, 1916–1918

paragraph: BULLET::::- Café Australia, Melbourne, 1916

paragraph: BULLET::::- Capitol Theatre, Melbourne 1924

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palais de danse, St Kilda 1925 (destroyed by fire)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leonard House, Elizabeth Street Melbourne 1925 (demolished)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Castlecrag, suburb plan, 1925

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fishwick House, completed in 1929

paragraph: BULLET::::- Castle Cove, suburb plan, 1930

paragraph: BULLET::::- Willoughby Incinerator, completed 1932

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Duncan House" (Castlecrag), completed 1934

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eric Pratten House, in Pymble, Sydney, completed 1936

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hindmarsh Incinerator, South Australia, completed 1936

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pyrmont Incinerator, completed 1936 (demolished 1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thebarton Incinerator, South Australia, completed 1937

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walter Burley Griffin Incinerator, Ipswich, completed 1992

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Birrell, James. 1964. "Walter Burley Griffin". University of Queensland Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gebhard, David & Gerald Mansheim, "Buildings of Iowa", Oxford University Press, New York, 1993

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gebhard, David. "The Suburban House and the Automobile." The Car and the City: The Automobile, the Built Environment and Daily Urban Life. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1991: 106,123.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kruty, Paul. 2000. Griffin, Walter Burley. "American National Biography Online". Oxford University Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mason City Iowa, An Architectural Heritage", Department of Community Development, City of Mason, Iowa, 1977

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maldre, Mati and Paul Kruty, "Walter Burley Griffin in America", University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- McGregor, Alasdair, 'Grand Obsessions: The life and work of Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin, Penguin/Lantern, Camberwell, Victoria, 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walker, M., Kabos, A. and Weirick, J. (1994) Building for nature : Walter Burley Griffin and Castlecrag, Castlecrag, N.S.W. : Walter Burley Griffin Society ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilson, Richard Guy and Sidney K. Robinson, "The Prairie School in Iowa", Iowa State University Press, Ames, 1977

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brooks, H. Allen, "Frank Lloyd Wright and the Prairie School", Braziller (in association with the Cooper-Hewitt Museum), New York 1984;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brooks, H. Allen, "The Prairie School", W.W. Norton, New York 2006;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brooks, H. Allen (editor), "Prairie School Architecture: Studies from "The Western Architect"", University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Buffalo 1975;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brooks, H. Allen, "The Prairie School: Frank Lloyd Wright and his Midwest Contemporaries", University of Toronto Press, Toronto 1972;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Griffin, Dustin (editor), "The Writings of Walter Burley Griffin", Cambridge University Press, Melbourne 2008;

paragraph: BULLET::::- McGregor, Alasdair, 'Grand Obsessions: The life and work of Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin', Penguin/Lantern, Camberwell, Victoria, 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turnbull, J. and Navaretti, P. (eds), "The Griffins in Australia and India: the complete works of Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin", Miegunyah Press, Melbourne 1998;

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walter Burley Griffin Society (Australia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin architectural drawings, circa 1909-1937.Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives, Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Griffin Legacy, National Capital Authority

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imagining Canberra in Chicago from the ABC

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reading the past in the Walter Burley Griffin Incinerator and Fishwick House at Willoughby, NSW (educational resources)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Castlecrag Progress Association

paragraph: BULLET::::- [CC-By-SA]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Great Buildings Online: works of Walter Burley Griffin (includes links to W.H.Emery House, 1903; Ralph Griffin House, 1909; Adolph Mueller House, 1906; Joshua Melson House, 1912; and Stinson Memorial Library, 1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walter Burley Giffiin, The Prairie School of Architecture

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stinson Memorial Public Library (includes history of Stinson Library construction)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Walter Burley Griffin Society of America

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Mahoney Griffin's Manuscript, The Magic of America: Ryerson & Burnham Libraries: Archives Collection

paragraph: National Library of Australia:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eric Milton Nicholls collection

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papers of Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony collected by Eric Nicholls, 1900–1947

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Donald Leslie Johnson collection of Walter and Marion Griffin documents, 1901–1988

paragraph: BULLET::::- The work of Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin in Melbourne, 1975 a collection of photographs by Wolfgang Sievers of works by Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin taken in 1975

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Online exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walter Burley Griffin: in his own right, Public Broadcasting Service

paragraph: BULLET::::- An Ideal City? The 1912 Competition to Design Canberra an online exhibition developed by the National Archives of Australia, National Library of Australia and the National Capital Authority

description: American architect and landscape architect

wikidata_label: Walter Burley Griffin

wikipedia_title: Walter Burley Griffin


text:
Sunpu Domain
Imagawa Yoshimoto
Hōjō Ujiyasu
Lady Hayakawa
Kai-Sagami-Suruga Alliance
Tōtōmi
Mikawa Province
Battle of Okehazama
Jukei-ni
Takeda Shingen
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Siege of Kakegawa
Suruga Province
Takeda clan
Uesugi Kenshin
Imagawa clan
Kemari
Tokugawa Ieyasu
kōke
Shinagawa
Imagawa Yoshimoto
Lady Hayakawa
Lady Hayakawa
Lady Hayakawa
Shinagawa Takahisa
Lady Hayakawa
Lady Hayakawa
Lady Hayakawa

image: 512px-今川氏真像（個人像）.jpg

paragraph: Imagawa Ujizane

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Ujizane was born in Sunpu Domain; he was the eldest son of Imagawa Yoshimoto. In 1554, he married the daughter of Hōjō Ujiyasu (Lady Hayakawa) as part of the Kai-Sagami-Suruga Alliance. Ujizane inherited family headship in 1558, when his father retired in order to focus his attention on the Imagawa advance into Tōtōmi and Mikawa Provinces. His childhood name was Tetsuomaru (龍王丸).

paragraph: Section::::Fall of the Imagawa clan.

paragraph: In 1560, Yoshimoto was assassinated in the Battle of Okehazama, the province of Totomi and Mikawa went into chaos. Ujizane succeeded his father, but the chaotic state that the Imagawa clan was in, made many vassals betray Ujizane. His grandmother, Jukei-ni, who exercised great political power, died in 1568, motivated by this, Takeda Shingen and Tokugawa Ieyasu attacked the lands of Imagawa.

paragraph: After the 1569 Siege of Kakegawa, Imagawa Ujizane allied himself with Ieyasu in return for help in recovering his territory in Suruga Province.

paragraph: Ujizane later retaliated against the landlocked Takeda clan with a salt embargo. This had little effect because Uesugi Kenshin took the opportunity to sell salt to the Takeda, and only resulted in the downfall of the Imagawa clan. He enjoyed playing Kemari and poetry.

paragraph: Section::::Later years and death.

paragraph: The Imagawa family was summoned by Tokugawa Ieyasu and made Tokugawa retainers, with the rank of kōke. Ujizane died at the family estate in Shinagawa in 1615.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Imagawa Yoshimoto (1519–1560)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Jōkei-in (1519-1550)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: Lady Hayakawa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concubine: Ihara Tadayasu’s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter married Kira Yoshisada by Lady Hayakawa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imagawa Norimochi (1570-1608) by Lady Hayakawa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shinagawa Takahisa by Lady Hayakawa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nishio Yasunobu by Lady Hayakawa

paragraph: BULLET::::- son (澄存) by Lady Hayakawa

description: Japanese daimyo of the Sengoku period

wikidata_label: Imagawa Ujizane

wikipedia_title: Imagawa Ujizane


text:
Grand Master
Order of the Knights Hospitaller

categories: Grand Masters of the Knights Hospitaller,1461 deaths,15th-century French people,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Jacques de Milly

paragraph: Jacques de Milly was the 37th Grand Master of the Order of the Knights Hospitaller (since 1454). He died in 1461.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.smom-za.org/grandmasters/37.htm

description: Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller

wikidata_label: Jacques de Milly

wikipedia_title: Jacques de Milly


text: British

text: Member of Parliament

text: House of Commons

text: Yorkshire

text: Whig

text: Scarborough

text: Conservatives

text: Liberal

text: Edward Harcourt

text: Archbishop of York

text: Harcourt

text: Baron Derwent

categories: Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain,UK MPs 1832–1835,Whig (British political party) MPs,UK MPs 1835–1837,1799 births,UK MPs 1847–1852,UK MPs 1859–1865,UK MPs 1865–1868,UK MPs 1837–1841,UK MPs 1868–1874,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,1869 deaths,UK MPs 1830–1831,UK MPs 1852–1857,UK MPs 1857–1859,UK MPs 1841–1847,UK MPs 1831–1832

paragraph: John Vanden-Bempde-Johnstone

paragraph: Sir John Vanden-Bempde-Johnstone, 2nd Baronet (28 August 1799 – 24 February 1869) was a British Member of Parliament.

paragraph: Vanden-Bempde-Johnstone was the son of Sir Richard Vanden-Bempde-Johnstone, 1st Baronet. He succeeded as second Baronet in 1807, at the age of seven, on the death of his father. In 1830 he was elected to the House of Commons for Yorkshire as a Whig, a seat he held until the constituency was abolished in 1832. The latter year he was returned for Scarborough. During the 1835 parliament he defected from the Whigs to the Conservatives, and lost his seat in 1837, but regained it in 1841, and continued to represent the constituency until his death 28 years later. However, from 1857 he sat as a Liberal.

paragraph: Vanden-Bempde-Johnstone married Louisa Augusta Venables-Vernon-Harcourt, daughter of the Most Reverend Edward Harcourt, Archbishop of York. He died, from injuries in a hunting accident, in February 1869, aged 69, and was succeeded in the baronetcy by his eldest son Harcourt, who also succeeded him as Member of Parliament for Scarborough and who was elevated to the peerage as Baron Derwent in 1881. Lady Vanden-Bempde-Johnstone survived her husband by less than half a year, and died in August 1869.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). "Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage" (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

description: British politician

wikipedia_title: John Vanden-Bempde-Johnstone


text:
Christian
bishop
Cappadocian
Caesarea
Gregory of Nazianzus
Libanius
Constantinople
Basil of Caesarea
see of Iconium
Council of Constantinople
Jerome
(De Vir. Ill., c. 133)
Holy Spirit
Macedonians
Arianism
Theodosius I
Arcadius
Messalians
Theodoret
Feast of the Purification of the Lord
Mid-Pentecost
John Chrysostom
Encratites
Apotactites
Lycaonia
Bardenhewer
Lycaonia
Lycia
hypostatic
Cappadocian Fathers
Saint Amphilochius (Konya)

categories: 4th-century Christian theologians,Cappadocian Greeks,4th-century Byzantine people,4th-century Romans,Church Fathers,4th-century births,4th-century bishops,Bishops of Iconium,4th-century deaths,4th-century Christian saints,5th-century deaths

paragraph: Amphilochius of Iconium

paragraph: Amphilochius of Iconium () was a Christian bishop of the fourth century, son of a Cappadocian family of distinction, born, perhaps at Caesarea, ca. 339/340, died probably 394–403. His father was an eminent lawyer, and his mother Livia remarkable for gentleness and wisdom. He is venerated as a saint on Nov. 22.

paragraph: He was probably first cousin to Gregory of Nazianzus, and was brought up in the peculiarly religious atmosphere of the Christian aristocracy of his native province. He studied law in Antioch with Libanius, practised at Constantinople, but soon retired to lead a religious life in the vicinity of his friend and relative, the "theologian" of Nazianzus.

paragraph: He was soon drawn within the circle of influence around Basil of Caesarea, and seems to have been for a while a member of the Christian "City of the Poor" that Basil had built at Cæsarea. Early in 374 he was bishop of the important see of Iconium, probably placed there by Basil, whom he continued to aid in Cappadocian ecclesiastical affairs until Basil's death (379). Thenceforth he remained in close relations with Gregory of Nazianzus, and accompanied him to the Council of Constantinople (381), where Jerome met and conversed with him (De Vir. Ill., c. 133).

paragraph: In the history of theology he occupies a place of prominence for his defence of the divinity of the Holy Spirit against the Macedonians. It was to him that Basil dedicated his work "On the Holy Spirit". He wrote a similar work, now lost. We know, however, that he read it to Jerome on the occasion of their meeting at Constantinople.

paragraph: His attitude towards Arianism is illustrated by the well-known anecdote concerning his audience with Theodosius I and his son Arcadius. When the Emperor rebuked him for ignoring the presence of his son, he reminded him that the Lord of the universe abhorreth those who are ungrateful towards His Son, their Saviour and Benefactor.

paragraph: He was very energetic against the Messalians, and contributed to the extirpation of that group. Basil, who appointed him to his bishopric, had a high opinion of Amphilochius. In the next generation Theodoret described him in very flattering terms, and he is quoted by councils as late as 787. Jerome also includes him as one of the Cappadocians in a list of Christian exemplars of secular erudition. Because Amphilochius only started to study theology after he became a bishop, his work retains a certain simplicity. According to Georges Florovsky, it becomes evident in his theological writing that he has no philosophical background or particular interest in it. His writing was contingent upon his needs as a pastor and teacher in the struggle against heresy. That said, Florovsky also praises his writing as "inspired by a calm and sincere faith" and his homiletic use of rhetoric, describing it as "reminiscent of Gregory the Theologian."

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Most of Amphilochius' work has been lost. Eight homilies have survived, including the oldest known sermon on the Feast of the Purification of the Lord ("In Occursum Domini"). The "Oration at Midpentecost" ("In Mesopentocostem"), which refers to the feast of Mid-Pentecost is spurious.

paragraph: His style and concern for historical accuracy puts Amphilochius in the place of predecessor to John Chrysostom, who may have been influenced by him.

paragraph: In addition to his homilies, there is also an epistle to the council of Iconium of 376, and a didactic work (of questionable authenticity) "Epistula Iambica ad Seleucum." The spurious "Iambics to Seleucus" offers an early and important catalogue of the canonical writings; other spurious fragments, current under his name, are taken from scriptural discourses, dogmatic letters and controversial writings. The polemical treatise "Against False Asceticism" of Amphilochius of Iconium is expressly directed against the beliefs and practices of the ‘Encratites’ and ‘Apotactites’ of rural Lycaonia. It seems to be written in the second half of the 370s.

paragraph: His only genuine extant work is, according to Bardenhewer, the "Epistola Synodica", a letter against the Macedonian heresy in the name of the bishops of Lycaonia, and probably addressed to the bishops of Lycia.

paragraph: Section::::Thought.

paragraph: Amphilochius' theology typically follows in the footsteps of his Cappadocian peers, and he defines the Trinity by the hypostatic properties of the Son as generation and the Spirit as procession. He does, however, innovate in designating the hypostases with a new phrase, "mode of being" ("τρόποι τῆς ὺπάρξεως"). This expression had not been used by the Cappadocian Fathers and was a step toward understanding the Trinity with language not aimed at essence, but relations. By the beginning of the fifth century, this phrase was generally accepted in theological uses.

paragraph: Besides his Trinitarian thought, Amphilochius also anticipated later theological usage with his Christological terminology of "hypostasis." In his insistence on the human nature of Christ, he was led to conclude that Christ had two wills and two natures.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Amphilochius (Konya)

paragraph: Section::::Editions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. Ficker, "Amphilochiana", I. Teil (Leipzig, 1906).

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. Datema, "Amphilochii Iconiensis Opera", Turnhout, Brepols 1978 (Corpus Christianorum, Series Graeca, 3).

paragraph: Section::::Studies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- K. Holl, "Amphilochius von Ikonium in seinem Verhältnis zu den grossen Kappadoziern" (Tübingen, 1904).

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. Bonis, ‘The heresies combatted in Amphilochios’ “Regarding False Asceticism”’, "Greek Orthodox Theological Review", 9,1 (1963), 79–96.

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. Rossin, ‘Anfilochio di Iconio e il canone biblico “Contra Haereticos”’, "Studia Patavina" 43,2 (1996), 131–157.

description: bishop

wikidata_label: Amphilochius of Iconium

wikipedia_title: Amphilochius of Iconium


text:
Danish
2007
2008
GP2 Series
British Formula 3
Formula BMW
Formula BMW
British
Germany
British Formula 3
Macau Grand Prix
Ultimate Masters of Formula Three
2007 GP2 Series season
DPR
Spaniard
Andy Soucek
Super Nova
2008 GP2 Asia Series
2008 GP2 Series proper
Ben Hanley
Monaco
Istanbul
Kamui Kobayashi
Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters
Futurecom-TME
Le Mans
Audi R10 TDI
Colin Kolles
Christijan Albers
Giorgio Mondini
Oliver Jarvis
Wimbledon Common
St George's Hospital
injuries
driving
Audi RS6
police investigation
Putney Hill
steel
crash barrier
HRT
2011 Singapore Grand Prix
McLaren
Lewis Hamilton
Career statistics
Official website

categories: British Formula Three Championship drivers,European Le Mans Series drivers,Danish racing drivers,Formula BMW ADAC drivers,1984 births,Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters drivers,GP2 Series drivers,24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,GP2 Asia Series drivers,Formula BMW UK drivers,Asian Le Mans Series drivers,2011 deaths

paragraph: Christian Bakkerud

paragraph: Christian Bakkerud (3 November 1984 – 11 September 2011) was a Danish racing driver, who competed in the 2007 and 2008 GP2 Series seasons, albeit hindered by a recurrent back injury. Prior to GP2 he competed in British Formula 3 and Formula BMW.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula BMW.

paragraph: Bakkerud competed in Formula BMW from 2002 to 2004, joining the British version of the series in the latter year after two seasons in Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula Three.

paragraph: Bakkerud competed in British Formula 3 in 2005 and 2006. Having finished seventh in the championship in 2005, he improved to sixth place in 2006, and also scored his first series win for Carlin at Mugello in 2006 - arguably his career highlight. During this time he also competed in the Macau Grand Prix and the Ultimate Masters of Formula Three race.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:GP2 Series.

paragraph: Bakkerud took part in the 2007 GP2 Series season for the DPR team, paired with Spaniard Andy Soucek. The season was disappointing, as Bakkerud failed to score any points. He also suffered back injuries, trapping nerves whilst racing on two separate occasions.

paragraph: He moved to the Super Nova team for the 2008 GP2 Asia Series, reinforcing his unlucky reputation by retiring from all but three of the races. He remained for the 2008 GP2 Series proper, he suffered a recurrence of his back injury after a collision with Ben Hanley in the first race. He was replaced by Soucek whilst he recovered, and made his return to the cockpit at Monaco, after missing the championship round at Istanbul. He crashed at the start of the sprint race at Monaco, briefly going airborne after hitting Kamui Kobayashi. He did not suffer a recurrence of his back injury despite a heavy landing. However, the injury flared up once more following a testing session, and he withdrew from the rest of the season on medical grounds. He was replaced by Soucek.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:DTM.

paragraph: In 2009, Bakkerud raced in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters in a two-year-old Audi A4 for Futurecom-TME.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Le Mans.

paragraph: Bakkerud also made his Le Mans début in , driving an Audi R10 TDI privately entered by Colin Kolles's team. Paired with Christijan Albers and Giorgio Mondini, he finished ninth overall and in class. He returned to the event in with the same team and car, but on this occasion he, Albers and Oliver Jarvis failed to finish.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Retirement.

paragraph: Bakkerud retired from driving following the 2010 Le Mans race. In the year prior to his death, he worked as an import manager at a shipping company.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On 10 September 2011, Bakkerud was involved in a car crash at the Tibbet's Corner roundabout at Putney Heath, near Wimbledon Common. He died a day later, in St George's Hospital, from his injuries. He was driving an Audi RS6 at the time of the accident; a police investigation is ongoing. Travelling south on the A219 on Tibbet's Ride from Putney Hill, the car appeared to fail to negotiate a left turn into the large roundabout itself and instead travelled onwards and hit a thick, high concrete barrier on the inside of the dual lane roundabout. The car then flipped over the barrier, fell down a steep grass incline before smashing through the steel fence separating the bridleway and pedestrian/cyclist underpass routes. Crash investigators used yellow spray paint to mark skid and impact points on the road and where the car flipped over the barrier. The straight skid marks showed his car crossed from nearside to inside lane, as the road veered left at the roundabout entry, before it made a glancing blow on a heavy steel crash barrier prior to the barrier impact some six metres later.

paragraph: Within a week a large number of flower bouquets were left at the location where the car came to rest. Police had also erected a yellow sign appealing for witnesses, which stated the accident occurred at about 6am on 10 September.

paragraph: Formula One team HRT, led by Colin Kolles, added a tribute to Bakkerud to the livery of their cars during the 2011 Singapore Grand Prix weekend. McLaren driver Lewis Hamilton also paid tribute to Bakkerud by wearing a helmet featuring his initials.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Career statistics from driverdb.com, retrieved January 24, 2007.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

description: Danish racing driver

wikidata_label: Christian Bakkerud

wikipedia_title: Christian Bakkerud


paragraph:
Torii Tadateru
Section::::References.
BULLET::::- (15 Sept. 2007)

description: Daimyo who ruled the Shimomura, Minakuchi, and Mibu Domains

wikidata_label: Torii Tadateru

wikipedia_title: Torii Tadateru


text:
FBA
Italian history
literature
Dante
Kensington
Monica Mary Gardner
Beaumont College
Old Windsor
University College London
Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Florence
aegrotat
Natural Sciences Tripos
Dante
Nature
J. M. Dent
Ariosto
Saint Catherine of Siena
Saint Bernard
University College London
Serena Professorship in Italian
University of Manchester
British Academy
Italian Studies
Order of the Crown of Italy
Middlesex Hospital
"The story of Florence"
"Dante's Ten Heavens"
Biography

categories: Historians of Europe,1935 deaths,Fellows of the British Academy,Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge,Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester,Academics of University College London,English historians,British academics,1869 births,Alumni of University College London

paragraph: Edmund Garratt Gardner

paragraph: Edmund Garratt Gardner FBA (12 May 1869 – 27 July 1935) was an English scholar and writer, specializing in Italian history and literature. At the beginning of the twentieth century, he was regarded as one of the foremost British Dante scholars.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Gardner was born in Kensington in 1869, the fifth of six children of John Gardner, a member of the stock exchange, and his wife Amy Vernon Garratt. His sister was the Polish scholar Monica Mary Gardner.

paragraph: He attended Beaumont College in Old Windsor before starting a science degree at University College London. He transferred to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge in 1887, with the intention of reading medicine. His studies were interrupted in 1890 due to health problems that were to persist throughout his life; during his convalescence in Florence, he received his only formal training in Italian from a Florentine bookseller. He eventually graduated with a B.A., having been granted an aegrotat in Part I of the Natural Sciences Tripos.

paragraph: Gardner decided to engage in literary studies instead of following a medical career. In 1893 he was teaching English literature at the Cambridge Extension School and had his first article on Dante published in "Nature". He proceeded to contribute to a series of popular travel guides on cities in Italy published by J. M. Dent, while producing a steady scholarly output on Dante, Ariosto and their period. His interest in Roman Catholic mysticism resulted in books on Saint Catherine of Siena, Saint Bernard and "Dante and the mystics", in which he argued that Dante was "a scholastic in theology but a mystic in religion". He wrote several articles for the "Catholic Encyclopedia".

paragraph: His academic contributions were recognized with his appointment as Barlow lecturer on Dante at University College London between 1910 and 1926. He was promoted to reader in 1918. The following year he became the first holder of the Serena Professorship in Italian Studies at the University of Manchester. In 1922 he won the "Serena Medal" of the British Academy, established in 1920. From 1923 to 1925 he was Professor of Early Italian Language and Literature at the University of London, becoming Professor of Italian there from 1925 until his retirement in 1934. In 1925 he became a member of the British Academy. A fund was set up in early 1935 to mark his retirement, its main purpose being to finance the Edmund G. Gardner Memorial Prize in Italian Studies, to be awarded every five years by a committee from University College London.

paragraph: He was appointed an officer of Order of the Crown of Italy in 1921, a commendatore in 1929, and a grand officer in 1935.

paragraph: Gardner died in 1935 as a result of complications during an operation at Middlesex Hospital, London.

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gardner, Edmund Garratt. "The story of Florence" (1900). London : J.M.Dent. 435 pages.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gardner, Edmund Garratt. "Dante's Ten Heavens" (1898). London : A. Constable. 310 pages.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

description: British historian

wikidata_label: Edmund Garratt Gardner

wikipedia_title: Edmund Garratt Gardner


text:
American football
defensive tackle
National Football League
Green Bay Packers
undrafted free agent
college football
Kent State
Indianapolis Colts
St. Louis Rams
New York Jets
Fairmont Heights High School
Parkdale High School
Riverdale, Maryland
letterman
offensive guard
senior
tackles
sacks
lettered
wrestling
junior
fumble
defensive end
2002
NCAA
2003
field goal
2004
2005
2006
2007 NFL Draft
Green Bay Packers
2007
training camp
Dallas
Chicago
Detroit
2008 season
Indianapolis Colts
St. Louis Rams
Indianapolis Colts
New York Jets
Houston Texans
Oakland Raiders
Lanham, Maryland
Indianapolis Colts bio
ESPN.com bio
Yahoo! Sports bio
CBSSports.com

categories: Kansas City Chiefs players,Houston Texans players,St. Louis Rams players,Green Bay Packers players,American football defensive tackles,Kent State Golden Flashes football players,New York Jets players,People from Washington, D.C.,1983 births,Indianapolis Colts players,Living people

paragraph: Daniel Muir

paragraph: Daniel Travanti Muir (; born September 12, 1983) is a former American football defensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL). He was signed by the Green Bay Packers as an undrafted free agent in 2007. He played college football at Kent State.

paragraph: Muir has also been a member of the Indianapolis Colts, St. Louis Rams, and New York Jets.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Muir attended Fairmont Heights High School and later transferred to Parkdale High School in Riverdale, Maryland where he was a four-year letterman. He played both defensive tackle and offensive guard. He earned All-State honors after finishing his senior season with 96 tackles, including 13.5 sacks. He recorded 179 tackles, including 28.5 sacks, his final two seasons. He also lettered in wrestling, where he finished second in state as a junior and third as a senior.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Muir attended Kent State where he started 45 of his 46 career games there. He also left Kent State ranked third in school history in career sacks (14.5) and seventh in tackles-for-losses (35). He finished his career with 198 tackles, he also had three forced fumbles, two fumble recoveries, and one interception. He began his college career at defensive tackle before moving to defensive end, where he earned First-team All-MAC honors as a senior.

paragraph: Muir did not play in 2002 due to the NCAA's initial eligibility guidelines. In 2003 as a freshman, he started the first 11 games before turning over his starting position to a senior in the season finale. He finished the season with 46 tackles, 7.5 for losses, 1.5 sacks and one blocked field goal. In 2004 as a sophomore, he started 11 games recording 48 tackles, eight for losses, and 4.5 sacks. In 2005 as a junior, he started 11 games and earned Second-Team All-MAC honors, he recorded 52 tackles, 8.5 for losses, and three sacks. In 2006 as a senior, he started 12 games and recorded 52 tackles, 11 for losses, and 5.5 sacks. He returned his only career interception for five yards.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Green Bay Packers.

paragraph: After going undrafted in the 2007 NFL Draft, Muir signed with the Green Bay Packers on May 4, 2007. In 2007, he played in three games, after becoming the only undrafted rookie to make the roster out of training camp. He recorded eight tackles, four solo for the season. He played for the Packers in Dallas, Chicago, and against Detroit. Before the start of the 2008 season, he was waived by the Packers.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Indianapolis Colts.

paragraph: After being waived by the Packers before the start of the 2008 season, he was claimed by the Indianapolis Colts. He was re-signed to a one-year $1.7 million contract on April 13, 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:St. Louis Rams.

paragraph: Muir joined the St. Louis Rams on July 31, 2011, by signing a one-year $1.85 million contract. He was cut September 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Second stint with Colts.

paragraph: On October 10, 2011, Muir re-signed with the Indianapolis Colts. He was waived on November 8, 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Second stint with Packers.

paragraph: Muir signed with the Green Bay Packers on March 23, 2012. He was released on August 31.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New York Jets.

paragraph: Muir was signed by the New York Jets on October 10, 2012. He was waived on October 30, 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Houston Texans.

paragraph: On July 25, 2013, Muir signed with the Houston Texans. He was released by the Texans due to an Injury Settlement.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Oakland Raiders.

paragraph: On October 9, 2013 Muir signed with the Oakland Raiders.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Muir is one of many siblings and was raised by his Jamaican native parents in Lanham, Maryland. He married his college sweetheart Kristin Wright on April 25, 2009.

paragraph: Muir currently resides in Indianapolis with his family.

paragraph: Muir hosted a Christmas dinner for homeless teens with the help of Outreach Inc.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indianapolis Colts bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- ESPN.com bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yahoo! Sports bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- CBSSports.com bio/a

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Daniel Muir

wikipedia_title: Daniel Muir


text:
American football
running back
Seattle Seahawks
National Football League
college football
Arkansas State
Sun Belt
high school football
Central High School
Phenix City, Alabama
Arkansas State Red Wolves
Atlanta Falcons
2016 NFL Draft
Indianapolis
Arkansas State Red Wolves bio

categories: Arkansas State Red Wolves football players,Atlanta Falcons players,American football wide receivers,People from Phenix City, Alabama,1993 births,Players of American football from Alabama,Living people

paragraph: J. D. McKissic

paragraph: J. D. McKissic (born August 15, 1993) is an American football running back for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Arkansas State. He finished his college career with 289 receptions (ranking 1st all time in the Sun Belt) along with 2,838 yards.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: McKissic attended and played high school football at Central High School in Phenix City, Alabama.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: McKissic was an outstanding multi-position player for the Arkansas State Red Wolves, starting in all but three games (due to an ankle injury his junior year) of his college career. As a red-shirt freshman in 2012, he had 103 receptions (2nd in the Sun Belt, and a school record), 1,022 yards receiving (3rd in the Sun Belt, 2nd all-time at Arkansas State), won Sun Belt Freshman of the Year honors, and was a Scripps Freshman All-American. In the Go-Daddy Bowl, he won the offensive MVP after tying a school record with 11 receptions, along with 113 yards and a touchdown against Kent State. His four 100+ yard receiving games tied for third most in an Arkansas State season, and he twice tied for third most receptions in a game with 12.

paragraph: Over the next three years, his receiving output was less (500-700 yards), but he was used more often as a running back and return specialist. In 2013 as a sophomore, he had a school-record 15 receptions in a game 5 loss to Missouri, and a 98-yard kickoff return for a touchdown the next week against Idaho. He also threw a touchdown the last game of the season against Western Kentucky. His 82 receptions was third all-time. He received an All-American Honorable Mention in 'Sports Illustrated', and was on the Biletnikoff Award watchlist. He was named a Sun Belt All-Conference player at three positions (All-purpose, wide receiver, and return specialist). In the Go-Daddy Bowl, he had nine receptions for 72 yards against Ball State. In 2014, the Junior again helped his team return to the GoDaddy Bowl, and again won the MVP. Overall, he finished the 2014 season with 52 receptions for 629 receiving yards and nine rushes for 115 yards and a rushing touchdown.

paragraph: His senior year, he was named a Sun Belt All-Conference player for the third time, as both a wide receiver and all-purpose player, after recording 525 yards receiving, 112 yards rushing, and 654 kickoff return yards (5th all time, including a school record with 211 in game 7 against Toledo, and his second touchdown). He was injured early in the New Orleans Bowl, but still recorded three receptions for 26 yards, three rushes for 25 yards, a 9-yard completed pass, and an 18-yard kickoff return against Louisiana Tech.

paragraph: He was named to the all-century Arkansas State team in 2017. He ended his career with 289 receptions (1st all-time for Arkansas State), for 2,838 yards (1st) and 11 touchdowns (7th), returned 53 kickoffs (6th) for 1,473 yards (5th) and a 27.8 yard average (1st).

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Atlanta Falcons.

paragraph: McKissic signed with the Atlanta Falcons after going undrafted in the 2016 NFL Draft. His first touch in the NFL was a 101-yard kickoff return for a touchdown in a preseason game against the Washington Redskins.

paragraph: On September 3, 2016, McKissic was waived by the Falcons as part of final roster cuts and was signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on December 16, 2016, but he was waived three days later. In Week 17, against the San Francisco 49ers, he made his NFL debut and had two receptions for 16 yards.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Seattle Seahawks.

paragraph: McKissic was claimed off waivers by the Seahawks on December 20, 2016.

paragraph: In Week 4 of the 2017 season against Indianapolis, he had four carries for 38 yards (including a 30-yard touchdown on his second career carry in the third quarter), and a 27-yard touchdown reception late in the fourth. Overall, he finished the 2017 season with 187 rushing yards, one rushing touchdown, 34 receptions, 266 receiving yards, and two receiving touchdowns.

paragraph: On September 3, 2018, McKissic was placed on injured reserve with a foot injury. He was activated off injured reserve on November 28, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arkansas State Red Wolves bio

description: American-football player (1993-)

wikidata_label: J. D. McKissic

wikipedia_title: J. D. McKissic


text:
basketball
Hapoel Tel Aviv
Israeli Premier League
Santa Monica College
San Diego State
Santa Monica College
San Diego State
2013 NBA draft
Hamamatsu Higashimikawa Phoenix
bj league
Akita Northern Happinets
Bandırma Kırmızı
TBL
Banvit B.K.
BSL
Champagne Châlons-Reims
LNB Pro A
Akita Northern Happinets
Los Angeles D-Fenders
NBA Development League
Serie A2 Basket
Maccabi Rishon LeZion
2018 Israeli League Cup
Hapoel Tel Aviv
The Basketball Tournament
ESPN
RealGM profile
Bj League Dunk Contest

categories: Santa Monica Corsairs men's basketball players,Los Angeles D-Fenders players,American expatriate basketball people in Japan,Maccabi Rishon LeZion basketball players,American expatriate basketball people in Venezuela,American expatriate basketball people in France,Basketball players from California,American expatriate basketball people in Israel,American expatriate basketball people in Turkey,Akita Northern Happinets players,San-en NeoPhoenix players,Sportspeople from Los Angeles,American expatriate basketball people in Italy,Living people,American men's basketball players,Banvit B.K. players,Hapoel Tel Aviv B.C. players,1989 births,San Diego State Aztecs men's basketball players,Reims Champagne Basket players

paragraph: Deshawn Stephens

paragraph: Deshawn Stephens (born October 9, 1989) is an American professional basketball player for Hapoel Tel Aviv of the Israeli Premier League. He played college basketball for Santa Monica College and San Diego State before playing professionally in Japan, Turkey, France, Italy and Israel.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Stephens began his college career at Santa Monica College. As a sophomore, he led the Corsairs to a 20-8 record and the Western State Conference championship. Stephens was a Western State-South Division Conference first-team all-league selection. In 2011, he transferred to San Diego State. In two seasons with the Aztecs he averaged 5.6 points and 5 rebounds in 20.2 minutes per game.

paragraph: Section::::College statistics.

paragraph: ! style="text-align:center;" colspan=2| Career

paragraph: !68 ||37 || 20.2 ||.600 || .000 ||.454 || 4.99 ||0.28 || 0.49 ||0.40 || 5.63

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2013–14 season.

paragraph: After going undrafted in the 2013 NBA draft, Stephens signed with the Hamamatsu Higashimikawa Phoenix of the Japanese bj league. In 27 games for Hamamatsu, he averaged 9.1 points and 5.9 rebounds. On February 5, 2014, Stephens was released by the Phoenix. Two days later, he signed with the Akita Northern Happinets of the bj league. In 26 games for Akita, Stephens averaged 11.7 points and 7.2 rebounds.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2014–15 season.

paragraph: Stephens stayed with the Northern Happinets for the 2014-15 season. In 53 games he averaged 14.4 points, 8.6 rebounds and 1.6 assists. Akita lost in the bj league finals to Stephens' former team, Hamamatsu Higashimikawa Phoenix, 71 - 69. He led all players with 30 points on 12-for-13 shooting from the field and grabbed 10 rebounds.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2015–16 season.

paragraph: On September 15, 2015, Stephens signed with the Bandırma Kırmızı of the TBL. In October 2015, he made a move to the Banvit B.K. of the BSL. On January 4, 2016, Stephens left Turkey and signed with the Champagne Châlons-Reims of the French LNB Pro A In 19 games for Champagne Châlons-Reims he averaged 8.9 points and 3.8 rebounds in 21.6 minutes.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2016–17 season.

paragraph: On July 28, 2016, Stephens signed with the Akita Northern Happinets, returning to the club for a second stint. On March 9, 2017, Stephens was acquired by the Los Angeles D-Fenders of the NBA Development League.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2017–18 season.

paragraph: On August 4, 2017, Stephens signed with the Italian team of the Serie A2 Basket. On December 3, 2017, Stephens recorded a career-high 34 points, shooting 15-of-18 from the field, along with twelve rebounds and two assists in a 93–94 loss to Cuore di Napoli.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2018–19 season.

paragraph: On July 29, 2018, Stephens signed with the Israeli team Maccabi Rishon LeZion for the 2018–19 season. In October 2018, Stephens helped Rishon LeZion to win the 2018 Israeli League Cup. On April 7, 2019, Stephens parted ways with Rishon LeZion to join Hapoel Tel Aviv for the rest of the season.

paragraph: Section::::The Basketball Tournament.

paragraph: In the summers of 2015 and 2017, Stephens played in The Basketball Tournament on ESPN for Team Challenge ALS. He competed for the $2 million prize in 2017, and for Team Challenge ALS, he averaged 5.6 points per game. Stephens helped take the sixth-seeded Team Challenge ALS to the Championship Game of the tournament, where they lost in a close game to Overseas Elite 86-83.

paragraph: In TBT 2018, Stephens averaged 8.5 points per game, 5.5 rebounds per game and shot 91 percent from the free-throw line for Team Challenge ALS. They reached the West Regional Championship Game before losing to eventual tournament runner-up Eberlein Drive.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: His father died when he was six years old. His mother, Beverly Triggs, is a licensed vocational nurse.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- RealGM profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bj League Dunk Contest

description: American basketball player

wikidata_label: Deshawn Stephens

wikipedia_title: Deshawn Stephens


text:
weightlifting
2016 Olympics

categories: Olympic weightlifters of Ukraine,1990 births,Ukrainian male weightlifters,Weightlifters at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Living people,World Weightlifting Championships medalists

image: 512px-Чумак,_Дмитрий_Витальевич.jpg

paragraph: Dmytro Chumak (weightlifter)

paragraph: Dmytro Vitaliyovych Chumak (; born 11 July 1990) is a Ukrainian weightlifting medalist who competes in the 102 kg weight division. He won a bronze medal at the 2015 World Championships and placed sixth at the 2016 Olympics.

description: Ukrainian weightlifter

wikidata_label: Dmytro Chumak

wikipedia_title: Dmytro Chumak (weightlifter)


text:
CE
Muslim
scholar
Islamic law
Islamic Golden Age
hermeneutics
biographical evaluation
historiography
Ẓāhirī
school of thought
Sunni Islam
zahir
Qur'an
hadith
Muslim
Iran
Isfahan
Ibn Hazm
Al-Dhahabi
Christopher Melchert
Iraqi
Kufa
Ignác Goldziher
civil service
Abbasid Caliph
Al-Ma'mun
Kashan
Baghdad
prophetic tradition
Qur'anic exegesis
Abu Thawr
Yahya ibn Ma'in
Ahmad bin Hanbal
Hanafi
Chiragh Ali
Nishapur
Greater Khorasan
Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh
Ibn al-Jawzi
Al-Shafi‘i
Encyclopedia of Islam
Majlis
verdicts
Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
Niftawayh
Ruwaym
Abd Allah al-Qaysi
Al-Andalus
Ramadan
Gregorian calendar
CE
theology
Athari
creed
without delving into
Al-Shahrastani
esoteric
anthropotheistic
God
Al-Mawardi
people of the hadith
Qur'an
Sunnah
Qiyas
bid‘ah
prophetic example
Ijma
companions
Abu Hanifa
Hadith studies
Qur'an
Ibn Taymiyyah
Jahmi
Mu'tazila
Malik ibn Anas
Sufyan al-Thawri
Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i
Abū Ḥanīfa
Ibn Khuzaymah
Abdullah ibn Mubarak
Al-Darimi
Muhammad al-Bukhari
Muslim bin al-Hajjaj
blind following
forged
gold
silver
wheat
barley
dates
salt
al-Shawkani
face veil
recommended
obligatory
fasting
Ramadan
Persian
historian
Ibn al-Nadim
Islamic studies
biography
Ibn 'Abd al-Barr
al-Risala
principles
clergymen
Fatimid
Qadi al-Nu'man
Al-Muhalla
Ibn Hazm
Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi
Al-Suyuti
Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani
Al-Nawawi
Iberian Peninsula
Balearic Islands
North Africa
Southern Iran
Ibn Qutaybah
Al-Juwayni
scholarly discourse
Ibn al-Salah
Shi'ites
Twelver
Shi'ite scholar
Ismaili
inference
al-Nazzam

wikipedia_title:
Common Era
Muslims
Ulama
Sharia
Islamic Golden Age
Hermeneutics
Biographical evaluation
Historiography of early Islam
Zahiri
Madhhab
Sunni Islam
Zahir (Islam)
Quran
Hadith
Muslims
Iran
Isfahan
Ibn Hazm
Al-Dhahabi
Christopher Melchert
Iraqis
Kufa
Ignác Goldziher
Civil service
Abbasid Caliphate
Al-Ma'mun
Kashan
Baghdad
Hadith
Tafsir
Abu Thawr
Yahya ibn Ma'in
Ahmad ibn Hanbal
Hanafi
Chiragh Ali
Nishapur
Greater Khorasan
Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh
Ibn al-Jawzi
Al-Shafi‘i
Encyclopaedia of Islam
Majlis
Fatwa
Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri
Al-Tabari
Niftawayh
Ruwaym
Abd Allah al-Qaysi
Al-Andalus
Ramadan
Gregorian calendar
Common Era
Schools of Islamic theology
Traditionalist theology (Islam)
Aqidah
Bi-la kaifa
Al-Shahrastani
Esoteric interpretation of the Quran
Euhemerism
God in Islam
Al-Mawardi
Ahl al-Hadith
Quran
Sunnah
Qiyas
Bid‘ah
Sunnah
Ijma
Companions of the Prophet
Abu Hanifa
Hadith studies
Quran
Ibn Taymiyyah
Jahmi
Muʿtazila
Malik ibn Anas
Sufyan al-Thawri
Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i
Abu Hanifa
Ibn Khuzaymah
Abdullah ibn Mubarak
Al-Darimi
Muhammad al-Bukhari
Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj
Taqlid
Defamation
Gold
Silver
Wheat
Barley
Date palm
Salt
Muhammad ash-Shawkani
Niqāb
Mustahabb
Fard
Fasting in Islam
Ramadan
Persian people
Historian
Ibn al-Nadim
Islamic studies
Biography
Ibn 'Abd al-Barr
Al-Risala (Al-Shafi‘i)
Principles of Islamic jurisprudence
Ulama
Fatimid Caliphate
Al-Qadi al-Nu'man
Al-Muhalla
Ibn Hazm
Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi
Al-Suyuti
Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani
Al-Nawawi
Iberian Peninsula
Balearic Islands
North Africa
Southern Iran
Ibn Qutaybah
Al-Juwayni
Ijtihad
Ibn al-Salah
Shia Islam
Twelver
List of Shia Muslim scholars of Islam
Isma'ilism
Inference
Ibrahim al-Nazzam

categories: Zahiris,815 births,People from Kufa,Sunni imams,9th-century Arabs,Sunni Muslim scholars,Atharis,Mujaddid,Sunni fiqh scholars,9th-century Muslim scholars of Islam,883 deaths

image: 512px-داود_الظاهري.png

paragraph: Dawud al-Zahiri

paragraph: Dawud bin Ali bin Khalaf al-Zahiri (815–883/4 CE, 199-269/270 AH) was a Muslim scholar of Islamic law during the Islamic Golden Age, specializing in the fields of hermeneutics, biographical evaluation, and historiography. He is widely regarded as the founder of the Ẓāhirī school of thought ("madhab"), the fifth school of thought in Sunni Islam, characterised by its reliance on the manifest ("zahir") meaning of expressions in the Qur'an and hadith.

paragraph: He was a celebrated, if not controversial, figure during his time, being referred to in Muslim historical texts as "the scholar of the era."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Al-Zahiri's exact place of birth is not entirely clear to historians. He has most commonly been attributed to the Iranian city of Isfahan, often being referred to as "Dawud al-Isfahani." Ibn Hazm, Al-Dhahabi, Christopher Melchert and others held that this attribution was due to the fact that al-Zahiri's mother was a native of Isfahan, and that he was actually of Iraqi origins, having been born in the city of Kufa. Ignác Goldziher agreed that al-Zahiri was born in Kufa, but attributed the confusion regarding his place of birth due to his father's role in the civil service of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Ma'mun in Kashan, a smaller city near Isfahan.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Education.

paragraph: During his formative years, al-Zahiri relocated from Kufa to Baghdad and studied prophetic tradition and Qur'anic exegesis with a number of notable scholars during the time, including Abu Thawr, Yahya ibn Ma'in, and Ahmad bin Hanbal. His study under renowned figures of traditionalist theology was in contrast to the views of his father, who was a follower of the less orthodox Hanafi school. Indian reformist Chiragh Ali has suggested that Zahiri's school was, like Ibn Hanbal's, actually a direct reaction to the Hanafi system.

paragraph: Toward the end of his education, al-Zahiri traveled to Nishapur in Greater Khorasan in order to complete his studies with Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh, at the time considered a champion of the traditionalist Sunni philosophy. Ibn al-Jawzi noted that when studying with Ibn Rahwayh, considered one of the most knowledgeable scholars in Muslim history, al-Zahiri was willing to debate with Ibn Rahwayh on religious topics, something no one else had ever dared to do. Rahwayh criticized Al-Shafi‘i during a lesson; a debate ensued in which Zahiri alleged that Rahwayh didn't understand al-Shafi'i's point on the topic of discussion, though Ibn Hanbal, who was physically present for the debate, declared Rahwayh to be the winner.

paragraph: Al-Zahiri was initially a follower of Al-Shafi‘i in jurisprudence, later branching off in terms of his principles, likely due to the influence of Ibn Rahwayh. Describing him as "fanatical" both in his adherence to Shafi'i and to his own school later on, the Encyclopedia of Islam describes al-Zahiri's school as a one-sided elaboration of Shafi'i's, taking the latter's rejection of juristic discretion as a principle in formulating law and applying it to all forms of human reasoning.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Teaching.

paragraph: After completing his studies in Nishapur, al-Zahiri returned to Baghdad and began delivering his own lessons. While historians differ regarding his exact number of students, it is agreed that his following was large, with most estimates ranging between four and five hundred students who would regularly attend his Majlis. His reputation spread outside of Baghdad, and even high-level scholars from elsewhere in the Muslim world began seeking al-Zahiri's advice on religious topics of study. While his views were not universally accepted in his time, no attempts were made by his contemporaries to prevent him from granting religious verdicts, nor were they opposed to his teaching position. His most well-known students were his son Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri, Abdullah, the son of Ibn Hanbal, Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Niftawayh and Ruwaym. Zahiri was also the teacher of early jurist Abd Allah al-Qaysi, who was responsible for spreading the Zahirite school in Al-Andalus.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: Al-Zahiri died during the month of Ramadan in Baghdad, where he was buried. The exact year in which he died according to the Gregorian calendar is a matter of some dispute, with historians having stated both 883 CE and 884 CE.

paragraph: Section::::Views.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Creed.

paragraph: In terms of theology, al-Zahiri was described by Ibn Taymiyyah as having been upon the orthodox Athari creed, affirming the attributes of God without delving into their fundamental nature. Al-Shahrastani, a 12th-century historian of religions, grouped al-Zahiri along with Malik bin Anas, Ibn Hanbal and Sufyan al-Thawri as early Sunni figures who rejected both esoteric and anthropotheistic interpretations of God, and both Ibn Taymiyyah and al-Shahrastani considered al-Zahiri and his students, along with Malik, Ibn Hanbal, al-Thawri, Abu Thawr, Al-Mawardi and al-Shafi'i and their students to be the people of the hadith, as opposed to the people of ra'y.

paragraph: This creed of not delving into the fundamental nature of the texts likely affected al-Zahiri's views on literalism as well. While all the major figures of Islam were united upon the Qur'an and Sunnah being the foremost sources of law, al-Zahiri held that these two sources must also be taken at the literal meanings and only applied in the particular circumstances which they described.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Analogical reasoning.

paragraph: Al-Zahiri rejected Qiyas, otherwise known as analogical reasoning, as a method of deducing rulings in jurisprudence, regarding it as a form of bid‘ah, or addition to Islam which Muhammad had not allowed. There are conflicting views regarding al-Zahiri's position when the specific causality of a command or prohibition within the Qur'an or prophetic example was stated, due to different historians recording opposing statements. Some take the view that al-Zahiri restricted the ruling to the incident or condition in which the causality arose, seeing that the causality provides a concrete law; others take the view that he would instead form a general principle in the event of a stated causality.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Consensus.

paragraph: Al-Zahiri considered Ijma, or religiously binding consensus, to consist of the consensus of Muhammad's direct companions only, excluding all other generations after them from this definition. In this matter, al-Zahiri was actually in agreement with Ibn Hanbal and Abu Hanifa, figureheads of two other prominent Sunni schools of thought.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Nature of the Qur'an.

paragraph: While al-Zahiri at one time studied Hadith studies under Ibn Hanbal, he was later barred from study due to a dispute regarding the nature of the Qur'an; al-Zahiri stated that the Qur'an was "muhdath," or recently occurring, a stance of which Ibn Hanbal strongly disapproved. Even before that time, Ibn Hanbal had actually cut off contact with anyone who would study with or consult Zahiri regarding religious matters, a habit Ibn Hanbal started after witnessing Zahiri's defense of al-Shafi'i against Rahwayh. The rumor regarding Zahiri's statement about the Qur'an only added more fuel to the fire. Syrian historian Ibn Taymiyyah said that the dispute was semantic in nature, arising from a confusion of al-Zahiri's intended meaning – that God is existent without peers – and the intended meaning of the Jahmites and Mu'tazila – that the Qur'an was created.

paragraph: Thus al-Zahiri, Ibn Hanbal, al-Shafi'i, Ibn Rahwayh, al-Tabari, Malik ibn Anas, Sufyan al-Thawri, Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i, Abū Ḥanīfa, Ibn Khuzaymah, Abdullah ibn Mubarak, Al-Darimi and Muhammad al-Bukhari – described by Ibn Taymiyyah as the leading figures of Islam at the time – all agreed that the Qur'an was uncreated, but a semantic misunderstanding arose when al-Zahiri, al-Bukhari, Muslim bin al-Hajjaj and others used the phrase "recently occurring" to establish that God and the Qur'an, believed by Muslims to be the literal speech of God, are not the same thing, but rather than God's speech is an attribute.

paragraph: Modern-day scholarship has suggested, in light of the weakness in the chains of narration connecting the phrase "the Qur'an is recently occurring" to al-Zahiri that al-Zahiri may have never made such a statement or held such a belief at all. Due to al-Zahiri's denial of analogical reasoning and blind following – cornerstones in the other main Sunni schools of thought – the students of those schools may have forged the statement and attributed it to al-Zahiri as a means of pushing the common people away from him and his school of thought. Abu Ubaida further supported his point by noting that al-Zahiri and his students were actually severer in their opposition to the Mu'tazila and their belief that the Qur'an was created than Ibn Hanbal was, using harsh language in their written responses to such beliefs.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Usury.

paragraph: al-Zahiri held the view than in in-kind exchanges of goods, the forbidden type of usury applies to only six commodities specified by Muhammad: gold, silver, wheat, barley, dates and salt. Because al-Zahiri rejected the use of analogical reasoning in jurisprudence, he disagreed with the majority view that the prohibition on excess gain in in-kind exchanges of all commodities, and did not consider such gains to be a form of interest. Had Muhammad intended to include commodities other than the above six, he could have done so; because he specified that usury was only prohibited in these six commodities and that Muslims were free to deal in other commodities as they liked, al-Zahiri saw no basis for making an analogy to any other commodities.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Female Dress.

paragraph: According to al-Shawkani, al-Zahiri regarded the Muslim face veil to be recommended rather than obligatory, seeing that a woman's face could be uncovered in public but that all other body parts must be covered. This was the position of Ibn Hanbal as well.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Traveling.

paragraph: If a Muslim begins traveling while fasting during the month of Ramadan, al-Zahiri saw that the individual should break their fast on the day which they started their journey, a view which Ibn Hanbal and Ibn Rahwayh agreed. This was due to the Qur'anic verse allowing the traveler to skip the Ramadan fast and make it up when they complete their journey. If a Muslim did fast while traveling, they would still have to make up the days the skipped according to al-Zahiri's view, as the verse wasn't merely an allowance for breaking the fast, but a command.

paragraph: Most Muslims shorten the length of their prayers while traveling as well. This "traveling" by which the Muslim shortens his prayers and breaks the fast is a topic of discussion among jurists as to its distance and duration. al-Zahiri saw that any form of traveling, regardless of distance or duration, allowed the individual to shorten their prayers.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Al-Zahiri was known as being a prolific author, and Persian historian Ibn al-Nadim was able to personally record the names of at least 157 of al-Zahiri's written works, the majority on topics within Islamic studies. Some of these works were very long, and they covered both legal theory and all branches of positive law. He was also considered to be the first person to have written a biography of his former teacher, al-Shafi'i. Melchert cites Ibn al-Nadim and Ibn 'Abd al-Barr for his claim that Zahiri's biography of Shafi'i was the not just the first biography about Shafi'i but the first major biography of any Muslim jurist ever written. None of these works have survived to the modern era in their entirety.

paragraph: Ibn al-Nadim also mentions that after al-Shafi'i's al-Risala, Ibn Hanbal and al-Zahiri were the next major Sunni figures to author works on the principles of Islamic jurisprudence, with al-Zahiri producing a number of works on topics including his rejection of blindly following clergymen, the difference between general and specific verses of the Qur'an, the difference between succinct and detailed commands in the religion, and his views on and experiences with his former teacher, al-Shafi'i. Modern scholarship has pieced together chapter headings for al-Zahiri's work on juristic principles from other early works in the following order: binding consensus, invalidity of blindly following clergy, invalidity of analogical reason, traditions transmitted by single authorities, traditions which provide certainty, incontrovertible proof, particular vs. general scriptural texts and specified vs. unspecified texts. The chapters – and perhaps even the information contained therein – have primarily been preserved by the work of Fatimid writer Qadi al-Nu'man, in addition to passages in Al-Muhalla of Sunni jurist Ibn Hazm, an adherent of al-Zahiri's legal school.

paragraph: Section::::Contemporary evaluation.

paragraph: Although al-Zahiri's religious views were and are considered controversial, his character and religious piety carry universal acclaim. Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, Al-Suyuti, Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani, al-Dhahabi, Al-Nawawi and al-Tabari all attested to his morality, humility and personal ethics.

paragraph: Section::::Contemporary evaluation.:Sunni view.

paragraph: While al-Zahiri's school is not as numerous today as the other four major schools of Sunni thought, the Zahiri, or "Dawudi" school as they were known in Islam's early stages, was once a major school and encompassed Mesopotamia, the Iberian Peninsula, the Balearic Islands, North Africa and Southern Iran. Even his contemporary critics conceded to his intellect and level of knowledge, even while rejecting his beliefs. He has been described as "the scholar of the era" by al-Dhahabi, and the hierarchy of religious knowledge in Baghdad was considered to have ended with al-Zahiri at the top. When al-Tabari was asked regarding the books of Ibn Qutaybah, he answered that Ibn Qutaybah's work was "nothing," and recommended the books of the "people of jurisprudence," mentioning al-Shafi'i and al-Zahiri by name, then "their contemporaries."

paragraph: Members of other schools have often criticized al-Zahiri for his rejection of analogical reasoning. The early followers of al-Shafi'i in general held negative views of their former classmate, and from the followers of the Shafi'ite school Al-Juwayni in particular was harsh upon al-Zahiri himself. This is not universal, and many followers of the Shafi'i school have taken more accommodating views of al-Zahiri's legal rulings. al-Dhahabi defended al-Zahiri and his followers, stating that just as al-Juwayni had arrived to his views by the process of scholarly discourse, so had al-Zahiri. Likewise, Ibn al-Salah also defended the legitimacy of al-Zahiris views and his school, listing a number of figures from the other Sunni schools of thought who considered al-Zahiri's opinions in scholarly discourse.

paragraph: Section::::Contemporary evaluation.:Shi'ite view.

paragraph: Shi'ites have taken a dimmer view of al-Zahiri and his school. In the 1970s, Twelver Shi'ite scholar Abdul Kareem Mushtaq accused al-Zahiri of having held anthropotheistic beliefs regarding God, citing Sunni historian al-Shahrastani as his source. Nearly four decades later, the section of al-Shahrastani's work was translated into English, demonstrating that al-Shahrastani had actually stated that al-Zahiri "didn't" hold anthropotheistic beliefs. al-Shahrastani had stated:

paragraph: Ismaili Shi'ites have, perhaps, been more accurate in that for which they criticized al-Zahiri. al-Nu'man was particularly critical of al-Zahiri for rejecting analogical reason yet at the same time accepting inference as a valid means of logical deduction, a position for which he also criticized al-Zahiri's son and school in general.

paragraph: Section::::Contemporary evaluation.:Mu'tazilite view.

paragraph: Being steeped in esoteric philosophy, the Mu'tazila were quite hostile towards al-Zahiri and his school. Although some prominent Mu'tazilite figures such as al-Nazzam denied the validity of analogical reasoning as al-Zahiri did, they also denied literalism and the validity of consensus, and most of them found al-Zahiri's ideas to be ridiculous.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imam Dawud al-Zahiri and His Effect (Arabic)

description: Islamic scholar

wikidata_label: Dawud al-Zahiri

wikipedia_title: Dawud al-Zahiri


text:
Aftenposten
Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav

wikipedia_title:
Aftenposten
Order of St. Olav

categories: Artists from Oslo,Norwegian illustrators,2011 deaths,1919 births

paragraph: Ulf Aas

paragraph: Ulf Aas (14 September 1919 – 16 December 2011) was a Norwegian illustrator. He worked for the newspaper "Aftenposten" from 1948 (full-time from 1977). He has contributed with illustrations to more than 200 books. He was decorated Knight, First Class of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1999.

description: Norwegian illustrator.

wikidata_label: Ulf Aas

wikipedia_title: Ulf Aas