text:
Auschwitz concentration camp
Sonderkommando
Będzin
Poland
Jew
German and Slovakia invasion of Poland
gymnasium
Będzin
Zagłębie Dąbrowskie
Sosnowiec
Nazi
labor camp
Geppersdorf
Rzedziwojowice
Reichsautobahn
Berlinka
German
Będzin Ghetto
Organisation Schmelt
SS
Oberführer
Heinrich Himmler
Reichsführer SS
Upper Silesia
slave
Moses Merin
concentration camp
Gross-Rosen
Oskar Schindler
Sosnowiec Ghetto
Środula
Będzin Ghetto
Roza Robota
Sonderkommando
Estusia Wajcblum
Sala Kirschner
née
Sosnowiec Ghetto
New York Public Library
Yad Vashem
Heilman, Anna
Kirschner, Ann
Robert Jan Van Pelt
OCLC 1426388

categories: 1912 births,Polish people who died in Auschwitz concentration camp,Polish people of World War II,Jewish resistance members during the Holocaust,Polish women in WWII resistance,1945 deaths,Będzin Ghetto inmates,People from Będzin

paragraph: Ala Gertner

paragraph: Ala Gertner (March 12, 1912 – January 5, 1945), referred to in other sources as Alla, Alina, Ella, and Ela Gertner, was one of four women hanged in the Auschwitz concentration camp for her role in the "Sonderkommando" revolt of October 7, 1944.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Gertner was born in Będzin, Poland, one of three children in a prosperous Jewish family. Before the German and Slovakia invasion of Poland, she attended the gymnasium in Będzin. The city was located in the industrial region of Zagłębie Dąbrowskie in south-western Poland on the border with Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Geppersdorf labour camp.

paragraph: The German military took over Będzin on the first day of the invasion, burned the Grand Synagogue down within a week, and began massive resettlement actions. On October 28, 1940 Gertner was ordered to report to the train station in nearby Sosnowiec, where she was taken to a Nazi labor camp in Geppersdorf (now Rzedziwojowice), a construction site where hundreds of Jewish men were used as forced laborers on the "Reichsautobahn" section (now Berlinka) and where women worked in the kitchen and laundry. Gertner, who was fluent in German, was assigned to the camp office, where she met prisoner Bernhard Holtz whom she would marry in the Będzin Ghetto in the following year.

paragraph: Geppersdorf was part of Organisation Schmelt, a network of 177 labor camps under the administration of Albrecht Schmelt, a World War I veteran who joined the Nazis in 1930 and rose quickly to the post of SS Oberführer. Because of his familiarity with the local political and social conditions in the annexed region of western Poland, Schmelt was hand-picked by SS head Heinrich Himmler to be "Special Representative of the Reichsführer SS for the Employment of Foreign Labor in Upper Silesia." After his official appointment in October 1940, Schmelt set up headquarters in Sosnowiec and created a labor camp system that would become known as Organisation Schmelt.

paragraph: Schmelt built a highly lucrative slave trade. Over 50,000 Jews from western Poland were forced to work for German businesses, primarily in construction, munitions, and textile manufacturing. The businesses paid Schmelt, who shared a fraction of the money with Moses Merin, the Jewish governor of the region. Almost none of it went to the Jewish laborers. Conditions varied, but were much better than in the large concentration camps: for example, mail and packages could be received in some of the Schmelt camps until 1943, when the Schmelt labor camps became part of Auschwitz and Gross-Rosen. (Oskar Schindler's camp was originally under Organization Schmelt.)

paragraph: In 1941, Gertner was allowed to return home. She was employed in various local workshops and offices run by Moses Merin. She and Bernhard Holtz were married in the Sosnowiec Ghetto of Środula on May 22, 1943. They lived in the Będzin Ghetto neighbourhood of Kamionka until sometime after July 16, 1943 (the date of Gertner's last known letter) and were probably deported to Auschwitz with the remaining Jews of Sosnowiec and Będzin in early August, 1943.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:At Auschwitz.

paragraph: At Auschwitz, Gertner worked in the warehouses at first, sorting the possessions of Jews who had been gassed. She became friendly with Roza Robota, who was active in the underground resistance. Gertner was then assigned to the office of the munitions factory, where she and Roza became part of a conspiracy to smuggle gunpowder to the Sonderkommando, who were building bombs and planning an escape. Gertner recruited other women to join the conspiracy, and passed the stolen gunpowder to Roza.

paragraph: On October 7, 1944, the Sonderkommando blew up Crematorium IV, but the revolt was quickly quelled by the armed SS guards. A lengthy investigation led the Nazis back to Gertner and Roza, and then to Estusia Wajcblum and Regina Safirsztajn, who were also implicated in the conspiracy. They were interrogated and tortured for weeks. On January 5, 1945, the four women were publicly hanged in Auschwitz. Other sources give January 6 as the date of the execution. This was the last public hanging at Auschwitz: two weeks later, the camp was evacuated.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Gertner left no known survivors or family, but her 28 letters to a camp friend, Sala Kirschner (née Garncarz), also from the Sosnowiec Ghetto, are among the 350 wartime letters that are in the permanent Sala Garncarz Kirschner Collection of the Dorot Jewish Division of the New York Public Library. The heroism of the four women was recognized in 1991 with the dedication of a memorial at Yad Vashem.

paragraph: This is the text of Gertner's last known letter:

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gurewitsch, Brana. "Mothers, Sisters, Resisters: Oral Histories of Women Who Survived the Holocaust", Tuscaloosa, AL: The University of Alabama Press, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heilman, Anna, Sheldon Schwartz (ed.). "Never Far Away: The Auschwitz Chronicles of Anna Heilman", Calgary, AB: University of Calgary Press, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kirschner, Ann, Deborah Dwork, Robert Jan Van Pelt, Jill Vexler. "Letters to Sala: A Young Woman's Life in Nazi Labor Camps", The New York Public Library, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kirschner, Ann. "Sala's Gift: My Mother's Holocaust Story," New York: Free Press, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lore, Shelley. "The Union Kommando in Auschwitz: The Auschwitz Munition Factory Through the Eyes of Its Former Slave Laborers," Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sternberg-Newman, Judith. "In the Hell of Auschwitz: The Wartime Memoirs of Judith Sternberg Newman," New York: Exposition Press, 1963. OCLC 1426388

description: German Nazi concentration camp victim

wikidata_label: Ala Gertner

wikipedia_title: Ala Gertner


text: Manchester

text: England

text: punk rock

text: TOKOLOSH

text: Guy Garvey

text: Elbow

text: Bright Eyes

text: John Peel

text: Nine Black Alps

text: The Night and Day Cafe

text: I Am Kloot

text: Badly Drawn Boy

text: SXSW

text: Elbow

text: The Decemberists

text: The Magic Numbers

text: Willy Mason

text: Ray Davies

text: Coldplay

text: Planet Sound

text: Columbia Records

text: Victor Van Vugt

text: Stratosphere Sound

text: poet

text: novelist

text: short story writer

text: Charles Bukowski

text: singer-songwriter

text: Ed Harcourt

text: Martha Wainwright

text: Radio 2

text: BBC 6 Music

text: Radio 3

text: Ian McMillan

text: The Earlies

text: The Whip's

text: Marc Riley

text: John Rylands Library

text: I Am Kloot

text: Festival No 6

text: Badly Drawn Boy

text: Cherry Ghost

text: Liam Fray

text: The Courteeners

text: Band On The Wall

text: The Earlies

text: Cape Farewell

text: climate change

text: Manchester Central Library's

text: Everything Everything

text: Sara Lowes

text: The Band On The Wall's

text: Joe Simpson

text: The Royal Albert Hall

text: UK Singles Chart

text: Liam Frost official website

text: Liam Frost on Twitter

text: Liam Frost YouTube Channel

text: Liam Frost gig history

text: Drowned In Sound

text: TOKOLOSH official website

categories: English folk singers,Musicians from Manchester,Living people

paragraph: Liam Frost

paragraph: Liam Frost is a musician from Manchester, England. He recorded and played with his backing group 'The Slowdown Family' on his debut album "Show Me How The Spectres Dance" but now performs solo under the name Liam Frost.

paragraph: Frost made his live debut at 15 years of age playing gigs at the Akoustik Anarkhy nights at the Star & Garter in Manchester. After a few years singing in punk rock bands, he went solo in 2003 at the age of 20, signing a record deal with Lavolta Records, a subsidiary of Sony BMG, in 2005. He has released music through Sony / Lavolta and his own imprint, Emperor Records but currently releases material via Lariato Recordings. He writes and records both solo material and also performs as part of the band TOKOLOSH.

paragraph: Frost is described by Guy Garvey (of the band Elbow) as "the UK’s answer to Bright Eyes". His songs are heavily focused on the deaths, ten years apart, of his father and brother and the impact these events had on his life and the lives of those around him.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:With The Slowdown Family.

paragraph: In October 2005 Frost played at a tribute gig for the late Radio 1 DJ John Peel along with new band Nine Black Alps. Other acts playing the show at The Night and Day Cafe included I Am Kloot and Badly Drawn Boy.

paragraph: March 2006 saw Frost performing at the SXSW festival in Austin, Texas and that same year he also played a residency in Manchester's Night and Day Cafe to coincide with the release of his first EP.

paragraph: In 2006 Frost also completed his first headline tour of the UK with his band The Slowdown Family and made appearances at many of the UK festivals throughout the summer. He also shared a stage with Elbow at their Somerset House gig in addition to playing on the same bill as The Decemberists, The Magic Numbers, Willy Mason and Ray Davies.

paragraph: Frost had spent the early part of 2006 with The Slowdown Family in a London studio with Coldplay producer Danton Supple recording his debut album "Show Me How The Spectres Dance". The first four singles were released by Lavolta; the "She Painted Pictures EP" in February 2006, "The Mourners of St Paul's" in June and "The City is at Standstill" in August. "She Painted Pictures" was released as a chart-eligible single in February 2007. "Show Me How The Spectres Dance" was released on 1 September 2006.

paragraph: "The Mourners of St Paul's" was voted the #1 single of 2006 by Channel 4's Planet Sound.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:Post Slowdown Family.

paragraph: Following the disbanding of The Slowdown Family Frost discovered that Lavolta had become a part of Columbia Records, and his second album would be made for them. He travelled to New York to make the record with Victor Van Vugt at Chelsea's Stratosphere Sound. Upon completion of the album, Frost was dropped by Columbia near the end of 2008. However, he negotiated terms to leave the label with the master tapes of the album.

paragraph: The album, "We Ain't Got No Money, Honey, But We Got Rain", was released in the UK on 28 September 2009 on Emperor Records, Frost's own label. It was titled after a poem of the same name by the poet, novelist, and short story writer Charles Bukowski. It contains several collaborations with singer-songwriter Ed Harcourt, including "Your Hand In Mine", and a duet with Martha Wainwright.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:Radio sessions.

paragraph: Frost has performed several live sessions for BBC network radio. On 13 February 2006 he appeared on Liz Kershaw's Radio 2 show as she stood in for Janice Long. On 28 August of the same year he appeared again on Radio 2, on the Mark Radcliffe show. Further sessions took place on digital station BBC 6 Music. Frost performed two sessions for the Marc Riley Show on 2 March 2009 and 17 February 2010 and also a session for Lauren Laverne on 21 January 2010.

paragraph: On 13 January 2007 Frost appeared on the Radio 3 arts show "The Verb" where he performed songs and was interviewed about his lyricism by poet Ian McMillan.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:With TOKOLOSH.

paragraph: In 2011 Frost formed a collaborative side project called TOKOLOSH with brothers Christian and Nicky Madden of The Earlies, The Whip's Nathan Sudders and drummer Richard Young. Described by BBC 6 Music DJ Marc Riley as a supergroup, the band played numerous shows, with a debut gig at the historic John Rylands Library Reading Room in Manchester City Centre. On 13 December 2013 they provided support for I Am Kloot at the Manchester Apollo. In September 2014 they appeared at Festival No 6 playing an evening woodland gig and earlier that year they also released their debut album "Stay Strong" on the Jack To Phono label.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:Recent solo work.

paragraph: 2013 saw Frost return to performing solo shows following a break of over two years during which he had been concentrating on working with TOKOLOSH. He played two sell out shows at the International Anthony Burgess Foundation and a show at The Deaf Institute later that year.

paragraph: In 2014 Frost started working on songs for his unnamed third album and throughout the year he played a number of headline solo shows and support slots which included new material. In July 2014 he provided support for Badly Drawn Boy at a gig which celebrated the life of Manchester Roadhouse co-owner Steve Lloyd and raised money for Manchester's Christie Hospital. Later that year, in addition to several solo dates, Frost played support sets at shows headlined by Cherry Ghost and Liam Fray; frontman of The Courteeners

paragraph: On 27 October 2014 Frost released tracks from his forthcoming third album, via Lariato Recordings, entitled "The Wild Places EP". The EP contained five downloadable tracks: "Who's Gonna Love You", "The Wild Places", "When I'm Alone", an acoustic version of "Who's Gonna Love You" and a cover of Sade's "No Ordinary Love" and a physical copy of the EP was released the following year.

paragraph: Frost continued to perform live playing regular gigs around the country in 2015. Notable shows included support slots for The Courtneers when Liam Fray asked Frost to perform at two warm up shows which took place in Leeds and Liverpool in the week prior to the band's gig in Manchester's Heaton Park. Frost played full band sets at both these shows. In July he also performed an acoustic set at Band On The Wall as part of a double headliner gig with The Earlies who had reformed to play some shows to mark a decade since their debut album was released.

paragraph: Later in 2015 Frost announced that he would be undertaking his first UK tour for some years, playing a number of solo and full band dates across the UK and Ireland in October and November. The tour was to coincide with the release of "The Courage EP", which would contain more tracks from his forthcoming third album. The gigs went ahead but the new EP was put on hold when Frost announced that his penultimate show of the tour, which took place in Manchester's Ruby Lounge, would be the last live date he would undertake in either Manchester or London for some time in order for him to focus more on writing.

paragraph: Section::::Reformation of The Slowdown Family.

paragraph: Towards the end of April 2016 Frost made a surprise announcement that he would be reforming The Slowdown Family for a one off show to mark the 10th anniversary of his debut album "Show Me How The Spectres Dance". The gig would see him play the album in its entirety and was arranged for 3 September 2016 at The Deaf Institute in Manchester. Tickets went on sale on 25 April and completely sold out in around two hours. Some fans took to social media to express their disappointment at not securing tickets, so that same week Frost announced that he would play an additional matinee show on the same day at the Deaf Institute and released more tickets, all of which sold out within hours.

paragraph: Section::::Other work.

paragraph: Section::::Other work.:Cape Farewell.

paragraph: Following the promotion of his first album, in 2007 Frost took part in a sailing expedition known as Cape Farewell, campaigning to raise awareness of climate change. The voyage aboard a schooner took nearly three weeks, crossing the North Atlantic and travelling to Greenland with a crew made up of scientists, writers, artists, musicians and comedians. Despite suffering with sea sickness it was on this trip that Frost began writing material that would make up his second album, including the songs "Shipwrecks" and "Leading Lights and Luminaries".

paragraph: Section::::Other work.:Chaos to Order.

paragraph: In November 2014 Frost took part in Manchester Central Library's Chaos to Order residency curated by the band Everything Everything at the newly refurbished library. Frost and fellow musician Sara Lowes spent a week mentoring a group of young musicians between the ages 18 and 25 who were recruited via The Band On The Wall's Brighter Sound project, helping them to create original compositions which were performed live at the library at the end of the residency.

paragraph: Section::::References in popular culture.

paragraph: In 2011, a portrait of Frost was painted by British artist Joe Simpson, and was exhibited around the UK including at Simpson's solo exhibition at The Royal Albert Hall.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Liam Frost.

paragraph: Albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Show Me How The Spectres Dance" (4 September 2006) Lavolta Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We Ain't Got No Money, Honey, But We Got Rain" (27 September 2009) Emperor Records

paragraph: Singles and EPs

paragraph: BULLET::::- "She Painted Pictures" EP (6 February 2006) Lavolta Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mourners of St. Paul's" (5 June 2006) Lavolta Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The City Is At Standstill" (28 August 2006) Lavolta (#74 UK Singles Chart)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "She Painted Pictures" (5 February 2007) Lavolta Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Held Tightly In Your Fist" (13 September 2009) Emperor Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Your Hand In Mine" (featuring Martha Wainwright) (18 January 2010) Emperor Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wild Places" EP (27 October 2014) Lariato Recordings

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Courage" EP (release date TBC)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:TOKOLOSH.

paragraph: Albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stay Strong" (1 August 2014) Jack To Phono

paragraph: Singles and EPs

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Hollow" / "Tokohorse" (1 October 2012) Jack To Phono

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shapeshifter" / "Bloodlines" (25 February 2013) Jack To Phono

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Root" (1 July 2013) Jack To Phono

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unknown Animal" (4 November 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Great Wave" (30 May 2014)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liam Frost official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liam Frost on Twitter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liam Frost YouTube Channel

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liam Frost gig history

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piece on "Your Hand In Mine", written by Frost at Drowned In Sound

paragraph: BULLET::::- TOKOLOSH official website

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Liam Frost

wikipedia_title: Liam Frost


text:
Faenza
Guelph
Ghibelline
Jovial Friars
Divine Comedy
Inferno
Dante Alighieri

categories: 1307 deaths,People from Faenza,13th-century births

paragraph: Fra Alberigo

paragraph: Friar Alberigo (died c. 1307) was a 13th-century Italian from Faenza. His family, the Guelph Manfredi family, were banished in 1274 from Faenza by their rivals, the Accarisis. The Manfredis returned in 1280, with the aid of a traitor, the Ghibelline Tebaldello del Zambrasi.

paragraph: Later in his life Alberigo is said to have joined the Jovial Friars.

paragraph: Alberigo appears in the "Divine Comedy" poem "Inferno" of Dante Alighieri, where he resides in the third ring of the ninth circle, the location of traitors to their guests. This is because of an episode where Alberigo had his brother and nephew killed during a banquet at his home. Alberigo's orders to bring fruit was the signal for the murder. Dante portrays him as regretting this crime, stating in "Canto XXXIII" that he is repaid in Hell in dates for the figs he called for at the banquet (dates being much more expensive than figs).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alighieri, Dante; Ciardi, John (trans.) "The Inferno" (New York: The New American Library, Inc., 1954) , locations 4114-20.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lansing, Richard (ed.) "The Dante Encyclopedia" (New York: Garland, 2000) , p. 10.

description: Italian from Faenza

wikidata_label: Fra Alberigo

wikipedia_title: Fra Alberigo


href: Germany economist Freiburg%20University Kartell

text:
German
economist
Freiburg University
Kartell

categories: German economists,1941 deaths,1874 births

paragraph: Robert Liefmann

paragraph: Robert Liefmann (February 4, 1874 – March 21, 1941) was a German economist.

paragraph: He was a professor at Freiburg University.

paragraph: Section::::Literary works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kartell", 1905

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beteiligungs- und Finanzierungsgeselschaften", 1909

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geld und Gold", 1916

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre", 2 Vols., 1917-1919

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Geldvermehrung im Weltkriege und die Beseitigung ihrer Folgen : eine Untersuchung zu den Problemen der Übergangswirtschaft",1918

description: German economist

wikidata_label: Robert Liefmann

wikipedia_title: Robert Liefmann


text:
Robert II, Duke of Burgundy
Louis IX of France
Margaret of Provence
Robert II, Duke of Burgundy
Côte d'Or
Hugh V, Duke of Burgundy
Blanche
Edward, Count of Savoy
Margaret
Louis X of France
Joan
Philip VI of France
Odo IV, Duke of Burgundy
Louis
King of Thessalonica
Edward I, Count of Bar

categories: 1260 births,14th-century French people,1327 deaths,14th-century women rulers,13th-century French people,House of Capet,Duchesses of Burgundy,13th-century French women,French princesses

paragraph: Agnes of France, Duchess of Burgundy

paragraph: Agnes of France (c. 1260 – 19 December 1327) was a Duchess of Burgundy by marriage to Robert II, Duke of Burgundy. She served as regent of Burgundy during the minority of her son in 1306–1311.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: She was the youngest daughter of Louis IX of France and Margaret of Provence. She was the youngest of eleven children, eight of whom lived to adulthood.

paragraph: She married Robert II, Duke of Burgundy in 1279, and became the mother of eight children. On the death of her husband in 1306, Agnes served as regent of Burgundy for her minor son Hugh until he reached adulthood in 1311. She died at Côte d'Or, December 1327, and is buried at Abbaye de Cîteaux.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh V, Duke of Burgundy (1282–1315).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blanche (1288–1348), married Edward, Count of Savoy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret (1290–1315), married king Louis X of France.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joan (ca.1290–1348), married count of Maine and Valois, later king Philip VI of France.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Odo IV, Duke of Burgundy (1295–1350).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis, King of Thessalonica (1297–1316), married Matilda of Hainaut.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary (1298–1336) married Edward I, Count of Bar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert, Count of Tonnerre (1302–1334), married Joanna, heiress of Tonnerre.

description: regent

wikidata_label: Agnes of France, Duchess of Burgundy

wikipedia_title: Agnes of France, Duchess of Burgundy


text: Early Christian

text: Diocletian

text: Ptuj

text: Pannonia

text: Greece

text: Eastern

text: Western Empires

text: Poetovio

text: Greek

text: Latin

text: St. Jerome

text: exegesis

text: Holy Scripture

text: Genesis

text: Exodus

text: Leviticus

text: Isaiah

text: Ezekiel

text: Habakkuk

text: Ecclesiastes

text: Canticle of Canticles

text: St. Matthew

text: Apocalypse

text: Apocalypse

text: Origen

text: apocrypha

text: Pope Gelasius I

text: early fathers

text: St. Jerome

text: Eastern

text: Western Churches

text: Victorinus Afer

text: Valerian Persecution

text: Claudio Moreschini

text: Second Advent

text: Elias the prophet

text: Antichrist

text: Jeremiah

text: Babylon

text: Domitian

text: Nero

text: November 2 Feasts at OrthodoxWiki.org

text: Works of Victorinus

text: Victorinus at Catholic.org

text: Victorinus at EarlyChurch.org.uk

text: Victorinus at SaintPatrickDC.org

text: Victorinus at Catholic-Forum.com

categories: 3rd-century Romans,3rd-century Christian theologians,3rd-century births,4th-century Christian martyrs,4th-century Romans,Church Fathers,Post–Silver Age Latin writers,303 deaths,People from Ptuj

paragraph: Victorinus of Pettau

paragraph: Saint Victorinus of Pettau or of Poetovio (died 303 or 304) was an Early Christian ecclesiastical writer who flourished about 270, and who was martyred during the persecutions of Emperor Diocletian. A Bishop of Poetovio (modern Ptuj in Slovenia; ) in Pannonia, Victorinus is also known as Victorinus Petavionensis, Poetovionensis or Victorinus of Ptuj.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born probably in Greece on the confines of the Eastern and Western Empires or in Poetovio with rather mixed population, due to its military character, Victorinus spoke Greek better than Latin, which explains why, in St. Jerome's opinion, his works written in the latter tongue were more remarkable for their matter than for their style. Bishop of the City of Pettau, he was the first theologian to use Latin for his exegesis.

paragraph: His work is in the main exegetical. Victorinus composed commentaries on various books of Holy Scripture, such as "Genesis," "Exodus," "Leviticus," "Isaiah," "Ezekiel," "Habakkuk," "Ecclesiastes," the "Canticle of Canticles," "St. Matthew," and the "Apocalypse," besides treatises against the heresies of his time. All that has survived is his "Commentary on Apocalypse" and the short tract "On the construction of the world" ("De fabrica mundi")..

paragraph: Victorinus was a firm believer in the millennium. He was also much influenced by Origen. His works were ranked with the "apocrypha" in the decree, later attributed to Pope Gelasius I, which excluded and anathematized them with that of many other early fathers. That is to say they were not considered free of error. By contrast, St. Jerome gives him an honourable place in his catalogue of ecclesiastical writers. Jerome occasionally cites the opinion of Victorinus (in Eccles. iv. 13; in Ezech. xxvi. and elsewhere), but considered him to have been affected by the opinions of the Chiliasts or Millenarians.

paragraph: According to Jerome, Victorinus died a martyr in 304. He is commemorated in both the Eastern and Western Churches is 2 November. Until the 17th century he was sometimes confused with the Latin rhetorician, Victorinus Afer.

paragraph: Section::::"Commentary on the Apocalypse".

paragraph: The commentary was composed not long after the Valerian Persecution, about 260. According to Claudio Moreschini, "The interpretation is primarily allegorical, with a marked interest in arithmology." "It seems that he did not give a running commentary on the entire text but contented himself with a paraphrase of selected passages."

paragraph: Victorinus was apparently the first of the Church Fathers to ascertain the basic notion of repetition – that the Apocalypse is not one uninterrupted and developing line of prophecy, but rather that various subdivisions run parallel with each other. And he saw that the theme of the soon coming Second Advent was a continuous thread of thought throughout the Apocalypse.

paragraph: He wrote of the seven churches as representing seven classes of Christians within the church. The seven seals are explained as constituting a prophetic fore view of the spread of the gospel throughout the world. In connection with the Second Advent and the end of the world he looked for wars, famines, pestilences and persecution of the church.

paragraph: The crowned rider of the "four horsemen" seated upon the white horse, going forth "conquering, and to conquer," is interpreted as prophetic of Christ's church going forth on its victorious mission, the triumph of Christianity over paganism. The red horse is explained as "coming wars," predicted as salient events preceding the end. The black horse, Victorinus avers, signifies "famines" in the time of the Antichrist. The pale horse meant "coming destructions."

paragraph: The angel with the seal in chapter 7 symbolizes Elias the prophet as the "precursor of the times of Antichrist." Then comes the kingdom of Antichrist and finally the angel reapers smite the kingdom of Antichrist delivering the saints.

paragraph: The great red dragon with seven heads of chapter 12 he sees as Rome, from which springs Antichrist in the last times, amid the ten horns. The Antichrist springs from the battle in heaven, and the expulsion and his earthly domination foIlow the three and half years of Elijah's preaching."

paragraph: The first and second angels of Revelation 14 are the predicted Elias and Jeremiah, witnessing before the Second Advent and end of the world, ushering in the eternal kingdom. The leopard beast of Revelation 14 signifies the kingdom of the time of Antichrist. Victorinus considers the 666 of verse 18 as the computation of letters, each of which comprise the equivalent number, of an assortment of possible names.

paragraph: After the seven plagues of the last days in Revelation 15, Babylon, in Revelation 17, is identified as Rome seated upon her "seven hills," drunk with the blood of martyrs. The seven heads of the seven-hilled Rome are believed, in their immediate application, to represent seven emperors, the sixth being Domitian, with the eighth who is "of the seven," as Nero. The ten horns of Daniel 7 are equated with those of the Apocalypse, with three of the kings killed by the Antichrist."

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the Creation of the World"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Commentary on the Apocalypse"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- November 2 Feasts at OrthodoxWiki.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works of Victorinus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victorinus at Catholic.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victorinus at EarlyChurch.org.uk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victorinus at SaintPatrickDC.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victorinus at Catholic-Forum.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina with analytical indexes

alias:
Victorinus Petavionensis
Victorinus of Ptuj

description: Christian saint

wikidata_label: Victorinus of Pettau

wikipedia_title: Victorinus of Pettau


text:
privateer
buccaneer
William Dampier
Clipperton Island
Great Yarmouth
Norfolk
West Indies
sailor
William Dampier
War of the Spanish Succession
captain
prize
Clipperton Island
George Shelvocke
Clipperton Island
War of the Quadruple Alliance
commission
South Sea
Plymouth
Bay of Biscay
Cape Horn
Juan Fernández
Alexander Selkirk
Robinson Crusoe
Blas de Lezo
Macau
Batavia
Dutch East Indies
Galway

categories: Circumnavigators of the globe,Clipperton Island,1722 deaths,1676 births,English pirates

paragraph: John Clipperton

paragraph: John Clipperton (1676 – June 1722) was an English privateer who fought against the Spanish in the 18th century. He was involved in two buccaneering expeditions to the South Pacific—the first led by William Dampier in 1703, and the second under his own command in 1719. He used Clipperton Island in the eastern Pacific Ocean as a base for his raids.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and personality.

paragraph: John Clipperton was born in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, in 1676 into a family of seafarers. In his younger days he sailed all the seas of Europe, made one trip to the West Indies and one around the world. He was an able pilot and seaman, but also a man of faults. He was a blunt, plain-spoken sailor. He was definitely no gentleman; but at times tried to be seen as one. Rash fits of rage would befall him, although he was soon appeased. Then he would be ready to repair any injustice that he had committed in the heat of anger—at least when this was possible.

paragraph: Section::::Privateering voyage with Dampier.

paragraph: In 1703 he sailed with the expedition of Captain William Dampier during the War of the Spanish Succession. Dampier appointed Clipperton captain of one of the Spanish ships they had taken as a prize. This first voyage of Clipperton did not proceed well. He led a mutiny against Dampier, and was later taken captive by the Spanish. The Marquis de Villa-Rocha, who would subsequently become governor of Panama, treated him with much indifference. Clipperton returned home in 1712 after four years of captivity.

paragraph: It was, however, during this journey that he is said to have discovered Clipperton Island, which he would use as a hideout. He would later become captain of the "Success" as part of a different privateering syndicate, in which he also held under his nominal command Captain George Shelvocke of the "Speedwell". In his activities attacking Spanish targets on the west coast of the Americas, he used Clipperton Island as a base from which to stage his attacks and store loot and supplies, fortifying Clipperton Rock and expanding its cave network.

paragraph: Section::::Later privateering expedition.

paragraph: Much more is known about Clipperton's second voyage to the Pacific Ocean in 1719. By that time he had become an able and diligent captain, but he was still unable to control his rash temper. In 1718 a group of London merchants, the "Gentleman Venturers", had financed a privateering expedition in expectation of the outbreak of the War of the Quadruple Alliance, with a commission to cruise against the Spanish in the South Sea. Clipperton in the "Success" sailed with the "Speedwell", captained by George Shelvocke. Clipperton had replaced Shelvocke as overall commander of the expedition before the two ships left Plymouth in February 1719.

paragraph: The ships lost contact with each other shortly after during a storm in the Bay of Biscay and did not meet up again until nearly two years later in the Pacific. On the voyage around Cape Horn, Clipperton dallied in the islands there hoping that "Speedwell", which had been separated from "Success" in the storm, would catch up. When the "Success" departed the area, Clipperton left two men marooned as punishment on Juan Fernández, which Alexander Selkirk (who may have partly inspired the Robinson Crusoe story) had been marooned on years before.

paragraph: Clipperton sailed right around South America, raiding Spanish shipping about the coasts of Perú at the so-called "Southern Seas", where he was chased by Spanish admiral Blas de Lezo during the latter's first safety operations in the area. The privateer managed to escape Blas de Lezo and finally fled to Asian shores, where he was taken for dead. He captured his old enemy the Marquis de Villa-Rocha, whom he treated with much respect. Later, his travels carried him to Mexico and to Macau, where he stayed as his health deteriorated. He then sailed to Batavia (now Jakarta) in the Dutch East Indies, finally returning to his family in Galway in Ireland in June 1722. He died a week after returning home.

alias:
John Chipperton
Captain Chipperton

description: English pirate

wikidata_label: John Clipperton

wikipedia_title: John Clipperton


text: American football

text: quarterback

text: college football

text: Bowling Green

text: Pittsburgh Steelers

text: 2006 NFL Draft

text: Philadelphia Eagles

text: Kansas City Chiefs

text: Florence Phantoms

text: San Jose Wolves

text: Jacksonville Sharks

text: Wichita Falls Nighthawks

text: Rio Grande Valley Sol

text: Atlantic Community High School

text: Delray Beach, Florida

text: Palm Beach County

text: touchdown

text: interception

text: NCAA

text: Heisman Trophy

text: CNNSI.com

text: GMAC Bowl

text: NCAA I-A

text: Davey O'Brien Award

text: MAC

text: The Sporting News

text: Maxwell Award

text: Walter Camp Award

text: 2006 NFL Draft

text: Pittsburgh Steelers

text: practice squad

text: Philadelphia Eagles

text: Kansas City Chiefs

text: NFL Europe

text: Berlin Thunder

text: injured reserve

text: Florence Phantoms

text: AIFA

text: Arena Football League

text: Tampa Bay Storm

text: San Jose Wolves

text: Jacksonville Sharks

text: Arena Football League

text: Aaron Garcia

text: Chris Leak

text: Wichita Falls Nighthawks

categories: Kansas City Chiefs players,Rio Grande Valley Sol players,Philadelphia Eagles players,Pittsburgh Steelers players,Players of American football from Florida,1984 births,American football quarterbacks,Jacksonville Sharks players,Bowling Green Falcons football players,Sportspeople from Delray Beach, Florida,San Jose Wolves players,Living people,Florence Phantoms players

paragraph: Omar Jacobs

paragraph: Omar T. Jacobs (born March 3, 1984) is a former American football quarterback. He played college football at Bowling Green and was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the fifth round of the 2006 NFL Draft. Jacobs was also a member of the Philadelphia Eagles, Kansas City Chiefs, Florence Phantoms, San Jose Wolves, Jacksonville Sharks, Wichita Falls Nighthawks and Rio Grande Valley Sol.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Jacobs graduated from Atlantic Community High School in Delray Beach, Florida. His senior year (2002), he led his team to Florida's state semifinals, throwing for 300 yards and three touchdowns in a loss. He was also awarded Palm Beach County player of the year honors and 2nd team All-State honors.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: In 2004, his sophomore season, Jacobs set the record for the best touchdown-to-interception ratio in NCAA Division I-A history (10.25:1). In 2005, Jacobs was expected to contend for the Heisman Trophy, awarded to the year's best college football player, but an injury to his non-throwing shoulder considerably reduced his productivity.

paragraph: Jacobs skipped his senior season at Bowling Green to enter the NFL draft. Jacobs left Bowling Green State University as the school's all-time leader in touchdown passes (71) and third in career passing yards (6,938).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: 19/28 for 345 yards with 4 touchdowns vs no interceptions. 18 carries for 89 yards and 2 touchdowns.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: 309/462 for 4,002 yards with 41 touchdowns vs 4 interceptions. 95 carries for 300 yards and 4 touchdowns.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: 195/321 for 2,591 yards with 25 touchdowns vs 7 interceptions. 40 carries for 62 yards and 1 touchdown.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Awards and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- CNNSI.com honorable mention All-American

paragraph: BULLET::::- MVP of the 2004 GMAC Bowl

paragraph: BULLET::::- First-team All-MAC

paragraph: BULLET::::- MAC Offensive Player of the Year

paragraph: BULLET::::- Led the nation in touchdown passes with a MAC-record 41

paragraph: BULLET::::- Led the nation in points responsible for per game (22.5)--his 45 touchdowns responsible for also was a MAC record

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second nationally in total yards per game (358.5)--his 4,002 yards passing was the second highest total in the country

paragraph: BULLET::::- Third nationally in passing efficiency (165.47)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 41 touchdowns to four interceptions thrown was the best ratio in NCAA I-A history

paragraph: BULLET::::- Davey O'Brien Award semifinalist

paragraph: BULLET::::- Two-time MAC East Offensive Player of the Week

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second-team preseason All-American choice by "The Sporting News"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Preseason candidate for the Maxwell Award and the Walter Camp Award

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.

paragraph: He was selected in the fifth round of the 2006 NFL Draft, with the 164th overall pick, by the Pittsburgh Steelers. At the end of the preseason, he was sent to the practice squad. Jacobs was released from the practice squad and cut from the team following training camp.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Eagles.

paragraph: On November 21, 2006, he was signed to the Philadelphia Eagles practice squad and cut on January 3, 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Kansas City Chiefs.

paragraph: On February 12, 2007, he was signed to the Kansas City Chiefs and allocated to NFL Europe where he was to play for the Berlin Thunder. However, prior to the start of the season, Jacobs was injured and spent the entire preseason on injured reserve. He was cut by the Chiefs on September 2.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Florence Phantoms.

paragraph: Before the Florence Phantoms 2008 season, Jacobs was signed to the roster where he would be the starting quarterback. Jacobs completed 208-362 passes for over 3,000 yards with 56 touchdowns and 12 interceptions to lead the Phantoms to their first ever AIFA Championship Bowl win. He also earned AIFA Championship Bowl II MVP , AIFA League MVP Award and All-AIFA honors. Jacobs had planned to move to the Arena Football League to play for the Tampa Bay Storm for the 2009 season, but when the AFL was canceled, he returned to Florence.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:San Jose Wolves.

paragraph: On December 3, 2009, Jacobs was signed by the San Jose Wolves of the AIFA.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Jacksonville Sharks.

paragraph: In 2010, Jacobs signed with the Jacksonville Sharks of the Arena Football League. He didn't see any playing time in 2010, and in 2011, he spent the season as the backup to Aaron Garcia. He would return in 2012 to compete with Chris Leak for the starting quarterback spot.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Wichita Falls Nighthawks.

paragraph: Jacobs played for the Wichita Falls Nighthawks from 2013 to 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:AFL statistics.

paragraph: "Stats from ArenaFan":

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of NCAA major college football yearly passing leaders

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Omar Jacobs

wikipedia_title: Omar Jacobs


text: French

text: journalist

text: advocate

text: French Revolution

text: Reims

text: Collège de Beauvais

text: Paris

text: lettre de cachet

text: Jansenist

text: Poland

text: Pedro Calderón de la Barca

text: Lope de Vega

text: Opéra-Comique

text: Jesuits

text: Jean le Rond d'Alembert

text: Duval de Soicourt

text: Douville de Maillefeu

text: François-Jean de la Barre

text: French Academy

text: La Harpe

text: "duc de Duras"

text: Bastille

text: Joseph II

text: Vergennes

text: Austria

text: duc d'Aiguillon

text: Louis XV

text: Marie Antoinette

text: Pierre Beaumarchais

text: Voltaire

text: Van der Noot

text: rebels of Brabant

text: French Revolution

text: Mirabeau

text: Haitian revolutionaries

text: National Assembly

text: Louis XVI

text: Marnes-la-Coquette

text: Ville d'Avray

text: Reign of Terror

text: Philosophes

text: Montesquieu

text: L-A. Deverite

text: Gardoz

text: Jean-François Barrière

text: Charles Monselet

text: Hippolyte Monin

text: "Mémoires sur la Bastille"

text: 1884–87 edition

text: Jean Cruppi

text: A. Philipp

text: A. Lichtenberger

text: Marc Chassaigne

text: "Le procès du chevalier de La Barre"

categories: 18th-century French writers,18th-century male writers,1794 deaths,18th-century French journalists,French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution,1736 births,18th-century French lawyers,People from Reims

paragraph: Simon-Nicholas Henri Linguet

paragraph: Simon-Nicholas Henri Linguet (14 July 1736 – 27 June 1794) was a French journalist and advocate known for his conservative politics who was executed during the French Revolution.

paragraph: He was born in Reims, where his father, the assistant principal in the Collège de Beauvais of Paris, had recently been exiled by lettre de cachet for engaging in the Jansenist controversy.

paragraph: He attended the College de Beauvais and won the three highest prizes there in 1751. He accompanied the count palatine of Zweibrücken to Poland, and on his return to Paris he devoted himself to writing. He published partial French translations of Pedro Calderón de la Barca and Lope de Vega, and wrote parodies for the Opéra-Comique and pamphlets in favor of the Jesuits. Received at first in the ranks of the Philosophes, he soon went over to their opponents, possibly more from contempt than from conviction, the immediate occasion for his change being a quarrel with Jean le Rond d'Alembert in 1762. Thenceforth he violently attacked whatever was considered modern and enlightened, and while he delighted society with his numerous sensational pamphlets, he aroused the fear and hatred of his opponents by his stinging wit.

paragraph: After wanderings which led him to Holland and back through the north of France, he found himself in the town of Abbeville, where he attracted the disapproval of Duval de Soicourt, the mayor, but also the patronage of an ex-mayor and Duval's rival, Douville de Maillefeu. His tangential involvement in their quarrels resulted in Duval's driving him from the town. He went to Paris, where he began to study law.

paragraph: He was admitted to the bar in 1764, just in time to become involved in the case of François-Jean de la Barre (the "Chevalier de La Barre"), whose case was being judged in Abbeville by Duval. Ultimately, he failed to save La Barre but his efforts contributed to the release of several others accused in the case, including Douville's son. This case also brought the new lawyer to instant prominence and he soon became one of the most famous pleaders of his century.

paragraph: But in spite of his brilliant ability and the claim by some that he had only lost two cases, the bitter attacks which he directed against his fellow advocates, especially against Gerbier (1725-1788), caused his dismissal (on dubious charges) from the bar in 1775. He then turned to journalism and began the "Journal de politique et de literature", which he employed for two years in literary, philosophical and legal criticisms. But a sarcastic article on the French Academy compelled him to turn over the "Journal" to La Harpe and seek refuge abroad.

paragraph: Linguet, however, continued his freelance career, now attacking and now supporting the government, in the "Annales politiques, civiles et litteraires", published from 1777 to 1792, first at London, then at Brussels and finally at Paris. Attempting to return to France in 1780 he was arrested for a caustic attack on the "duc de Duras" (1715-1789), an academician and marshal of France, and imprisoned nearly two years in the Bastille.

paragraph: He then went to London, and thence to Brussels, where, for his support of the reforms of Joseph II, he was ennobled and granted an honorarium of one thousand ducats. In 1786 he was permitted by Vergennes to return to France as an Austrian counselor of state, and to sue the duc d'Aiguillon (1720–88), the former minister of Louis XV, for fees due him for legal services rendered some fifteen years earlier. He obtained judgment to the amount of 24,000 livres. Linguet received the support of Marie Antoinette; his fame at the time surpassed that of his rival Pierre Beaumarchais, and almost excelled that of Voltaire. Shortly afterwards he visited the emperor at Vienna to plead the case of Van der Noot and the rebels of Brabant. During the early years of the French Revolution he issued several pamphlets against Mirabeau, who returned his ill-will with interest, calling him 'the ignorant and bombastic M. Linguet, advocate of Neros, sultans and viziers'.

paragraph: On his return to Paris in 1791 he defended the rights of the Haitian revolutionaries before the National Assembly. His last work was a defense of Louis XVI. He retired to Marnes-la-Coquette near Ville d'Avray to escape the Reign of Terror, but was sought out and summarily condemned to death for having flattered the despots of Vienna and London. He was guillotined in Paris on 27 June 1794.

paragraph: Linguet warned during the 1770s and 1780s that the systematic laissez-faire theories of the Philosophes and Turgot's suppression of the guilds would dissolve the traditional ties of society and lead to a conflict between a mass of unemployed people and an oppressive police state; he argued that only a politics of subsistence, welfare, and preventative nurture would prevent the coming revolution.

paragraph: Linguet was a prolific writer in many fields. Examples of his attempted historical writing are "Histoire du siècle d'Alexandre" (Amsterdam, 1762), and "Histoire impartiale des Jésuites" (Madrid, 1768), the latter condemned to be burned. His opposition to the Philosophes had its strongest expressions in "Fanatisme des philosophes" (Geneva and Paris, 1764) and "Histoire des revolutions de l'empire romain" (Paris, 1766-1768). His "Theorie des lois civiles" (London, 1767) is a vigorous defense of absolutism and attack on the politics of Montesquieu. His best legal treatise is "Mémoire pour le comte de Morangies" (Paris, 1772); Linguet's imprisonment in the Bastille afforded him the opportunity of writing his "Mémoires sur la Bastille", first published in London in 1789; it has been translated into English (Dublin, 1783, and Edinburgh, 1884-1887), and is the best of his works though untrustworthy.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- L-A. Deverite, "Notice pour servir a l'histoire de la vie et des écrits de S. N. H. Linguet" (Liege, 1782)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gardoz, "Essai historique sur la vie et les ouvrages de Linguet" (Lyon, 1808)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean-François Barrière, "Mémoire de Linguet et de Latude" (Paris, 1884)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Monselet, "Les Oublies et les dedaignes" (Paris, 1885), pp. 5–38

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hippolyte Monin, "Notice sur Linguet," in the 1889 edition of "Mémoires sur la Bastille"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon-Nicholas Henri Linguet, "Memoirs of the Bastille," (Dublin, 1783; reprint with notes 2005); 1884–87 edition

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean Cruppi, "Un avocat journaliste au xviiie siècle: Linguet" (Paris, 1895)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. Philipp, "Linguet, ein National-Ökonom des XVIII Jahrhunderts in seinen rechtlichen, socialen und volkswirtschaftlichen Anschauungen" (Zurich, 1896)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. Lichtenberger, "Le Socialisme utopique" (1898), pp. 77–131.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marc Chassaigne, "Le procès du chevalier de La Barre", (Paris, 1920)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Monselet, Les oubliés et les dédaignés (in french)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon-Nicholas Henri Linguet pamphlets and documents from the Ball State University Digital Media Repository

description: French journalist

wikidata_label: Simon-Nicholas Henri Linguet

wikipedia_title: Simon-Nicholas Henri Linguet


text: FRS

text: English

text: electricity

text: electrostatic repulsion

text: St Mary-at-the-Walls

text: Colchester

text: Colchester Royal Grammar School

text: Isaac Newton's

text: Royal Society

text: Isaac Newton

text: Royal Society

text: Fellow of the Royal Society

text: St Dunstan's-in-the-West

text: John Theophilus Desaguliers

text: mercury

text: barometric

text: Otto von Guericke

text: St. Elmo's fire

text: gas-discharge lamp

text: neon lighting

text: mercury vapor lamps

text: Charles's law

text: Philosophical Transactions

text: In-depth Electrical Machine

categories: 1660 births,1713 deaths,English physicists,People from Colchester

paragraph: Francis Hauksbee

paragraph: Francis Hauksbee the Elder FRS (1660–1713), also known as Francis Hawksbee, was an 18th-century English scientist best known for his work on electricity and electrostatic repulsion.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Francis Hauksbee was the son of draper and common councillor Richard Hauksbee and his wife Mary. He was baptized on 27 May 1660 in the parish of St Mary-at-the-Walls, Colchester. He was the fifth of five sons. In 1673 Hauksbee entered Colchester Royal Grammar School. From 1678 to at least 1685 he apprenticed as a draper in the City of London, initially to his eldest brother. He was married no later than May 1687, when a daughter was born. Five of his eight children survived infancy. From 1687 to 1703, he may have run his own drapery shop. From at least March 1701, he lived at Giltspur Street, where he made air-pumps and pneumatic engines.

paragraph: The transition from drapery to scientific instrumentation and experimentation is not well documented. Historians have had to speculate about the events that lead to Hauksbee engagement with the Royal Society. Hauksbee became Isaac Newton's lab assistant. He became a member of the Royal Society on 30 November 1703. On 15 December 1703, he made his first experimental demonstration to the Society (a new air-pump and the phenomenon of ‘mercurial phosphorus,’ a kind of electrostatic discharge). This was also the first meeting chaired by Isaac Newton,

paragraph: who had just become president of the Society, and wished to resurrect the Royal Society's weekly demonstrations.

paragraph: Hauksbee was an instrument maker and appointed as chief experimentalist of the Royal Society.

paragraph: He was never formally appointed as Curator of experiments, even though he fulfilled the functions customarily associated with that office, and he never received a fixed salary. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 30 November 1705, with lowest social class status among the previously-elected Fellows.

paragraph: By 1709 Hauksbee had established himself at Wine Office Court, and by 1712 at Hind Court, both near Fleet Street and the Royal Society's house at Crane Court. He died at Hind Court and was buried in St Dunstan's-in-the-West, London on 29 April 1713. John Theophilus Desaguliers succeeded Hauksbee at the Royal Society, appointed as Demonstrator and Curator in 1714, by invitation from Isaac Newton, who was still President.

paragraph: Section::::Scientific contributions.

paragraph: Hauksbee's primary contributions were that he was a talented scientific instrument-maker and a creative experimenter, who was able to discover unknown and unexpected phenomena, especially his observations about electrical attraction and repulsion.

paragraph: Until 1705, most of these experiments were air pump experiments of a mundane nature, but Hauksbee then turned to investigating the luminosity of mercury which was known to emit a glow under barometric vacuum conditions.

paragraph: He was the first to observe, in the early 1700s, that it was possible to use glass for electrical experiments.

paragraph: By 1705, Hauksbee had discovered that if he placed a small amount of mercury in the glass of his modified version of Otto von Guericke's generator, evacuated the air from it to create a mild vacuum and rubbed the ball in order to build up a charge, a glow was visible if he placed his hand on the outside of the ball. This remarkable discovery was unprecedented at the time. This glow was bright enough to read by. It seemed to be similar to St. Elmo's fire. This effect later became the basis of the gas-discharge lamp, which led to neon lighting and mercury vapor lamps. In 1706 he produced an 'influence machine' to generate this effect.

paragraph: Hauksbee continued to experiment with electricity, making numerous observations and developing machines to generate and demonstrate various electrical phenomena.

paragraph: In 1708, Hauksbee independently discovered Charles's law of gases, which states that, for a given mass of gas at a constant pressure, the volume of the gas is proportional to its temperature.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: Hauksbee published accounts of his experiments in the Royal Society's journal "Philosophical Transactions". In 1709 he self-published "Physico-Mechanical Experiments on Various Subjects" which collected together many of these experiments along with discussion that summarized much of his scientific work. An Italian translation was published in 1716.

paragraph: A second edition was published posthumously in 1719. There were also translations to Dutch (1735) and French (1754).

paragraph: Section::::Hauksbee Awards.

paragraph: The Royal Society Hauksbee Awards, awarded in 2010, were given by the Royal Society to the “unsung heroes of science, technology, engineering and mathematics.”

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries: a study of early Modern Physics (J. L. Heilbron)

paragraph: BULLET::::- In-depth Electrical Machine (credits Hauksbee with building the "first true electrical machine" c. 1700) From the Museo Galileo, has photographs of various electric machines.

description: British physicist

wikidata_label: Francis Hauksbee

wikipedia_title: Francis Hauksbee


text:
Brussels
Saint-Josse-ten-Noode
Belgian
Symbolist
painter
sculptor
lithographer
First World War
Charles de Groux
Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts
les XX
Vincent van Gogh
Paris
Émile Zola
Dreyfus affair
bodyguard
Toulouse-Lautrec
Whistler
Gauguin
Ensor
Rodin
Debussy
Emile Baumann
Stéphane Mallarmé
Guillaume Apollinaire
Oscar Wilde
Léon Bloy
Joris-Karl Huysmans
Léon Bloy
diarist
Institut national d'histoire de l'art

categories: Belgian lithographers,19th-century Belgian painters,19th-century Belgian sculptors,20th-century Belgian painters,Belgian Symbolist painters,Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts alumni,20th-century Belgian sculptors,Artists from Brussels,Belgian artists,1866 births,1930 deaths,20th-century printmakers

paragraph: Henry de Groux

paragraph: Henry de Groux (15 September 1866, Brussels – 12 January 1930, Saint-Josse-ten-Noode) was a Belgian Symbolist painter, sculptor and lithographer. His 1889 painting made when he was only 22 years old established his reputation as an innovative Symbolist painter and ensured his admission to the progressive artistic circles in Brussels. He spent most of his active career in Paris. He produced many works depicting the horrors of the First World War in the latter part of his career.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: De Groux was the son of the painter and engraver Charles de Groux. Like his father, he trained at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels. Henry was elected a member of les XX in 1886, but was expelled in 1890 when he refused to have his works displayed in the same gallery as Vincent van Gogh.

paragraph: De Groux subsequently moved to Paris, where he befriended Émile Zola. During the social unrest resulting from the Dreyfus affair, de Groux acted as one of Zola's bodyguards. In Paris he also rubbed shoulders with other artists such as Toulouse-Lautrec, Whistler, Gauguin, Ensor, Rodin and Debussy. He also frequented many writers, including his future son-in-law Emile Baumann, Stéphane Mallarmé, Guillaume Apollinaire, Oscar Wilde, Léon Bloy - with whom he maintained a fusional friendship - Verlaine, Zola, Heredia, Gide, Milosz, Remy de Gourmont and Joris-Karl Huysmans.

paragraph: Henri de Groux exhibited all over Europe at the salons of Paris, Brussels, Ostend, Spa, Amsterdam, London and Florence. In the latter places he was interned in a psychiatric hospital. He escaped from it and walked all the way to back to Marseille.

paragraph: He illustrated various literary works. He contributed lithographs to L'Estampe originale (1893) and L'Épreuve (1895).

paragraph: De Groux had a reputation of a bohemian living a wild and disorderly life. In the preamble of Léon Bloy's book "La Femme pauvre" (The Poor Woman) de Groux is described as follows : "With the exception of our great painter Henry de Groux, who has descended as deeply as you and as heartily into my black pit?" (La Part Commune Edition, 1897).

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: As well as a painter, de Groux was a fervent diarist. Starting from 1892, he produced 18 volumes detailing his life as a European artist in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In 2002, his descendants donated these volumes to the Institut national d'histoire de l'art; selected excerpts were published in 2007.

paragraph: Apollinaire wrote of De Groux's exhibition in Paris at the Salon d'Automne 1911, praising with "...gives one the impression of an immense labor and a sensibility of the highest order..."

alias:
Henri Jules Charles Corneille de Groux
Henri Degroux
Henry de Groox
Henry Jules Charles Corneille De Groux
Henri De Groux
Henri de Groux
Henry Jules Charles Corneille de Groux

description: lithographer, painter, sculptor

wikidata_label: Henry de Groux

wikipedia_title: Henry de Groux


text:
Finnish
Edvin Laine
The Unknown Soldier
Komisario Palmu
Täällä Pohjantähden alla
Beauty and the Beast
Kotikatu
Komisario Palmun erehdys
Akseli and Elina
Blondi tuli taloon
Kotikatu

categories: Finnish male actors,People from Tampere,2013 deaths,1926 births

paragraph: Matti Ranin

paragraph: Matti Helge Ranin (21 November 1926 – 24 November 2013) was a Finnish actor.

paragraph: Ranin had an extensive career in film. He was in his prime as film-actor in the 1950s and 60s, most famously playing Captain Kariluoto in an Edvin Laine film "The Unknown Soldier". He also had a recurring role of Toivo Virta in the "Komisario Palmu" films and appeared as Lauri Salpakari in the 1968 film adaption of "Täällä Pohjantähden alla".

paragraph: Ranin has also acted extensively as a voice-over artist in children's audio books, cartoons and TV shows. He became known as the voice of the horse Histamiini, performed in puppet theatre style programming and based on the children's books by Raili Mikkanen. Ranin also directed the Finnish voice-over of Disney's "Beauty and the Beast" and performed the role of Belle's father. Ranin also had long running television roles as Pentti Karvala in the hospital drama "Ihmeiden tekijät" and as Kaarlo Kares on the soap opera "Kotikatu".

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In films

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Loviisa – Niskavuoren nuori emäntä" (1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ruma Elsa" (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kanavan laidalla" (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hilman päivät" (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Unknown Soldier" (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Komisario Palmun erehdys" (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Täällä Pohjantähden alla" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Akseli and Elina" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tie naisen sydämeen" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- On television

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Joulukalenteri" (1980, 1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mustapartainen mies" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blondi tuli taloon" (1994–1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ihmeiden tekijät" (1996–1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Parhaat vuodet" (2000–2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kotikatu" (2004–2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Taivaan tulet" (2011)

description: Finnish actor

wikidata_label: Matti Ranin

wikipedia_title: Matti Ranin


text: Mexican

text: Luchador

text: professional wrestler

text: ring name

text: anarchist

text: La Mano Negra

text: NWA World Welterweight Championship

text: Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre

text: Universal Wrestling Association

text: World Wrestling Association

text: WWA Lightweight Championship

text: Enmascarado

text: Lucha de Apuesta

text: Atlantis

text: Diablo Velazco

text: ring name

text: anarchist

text: La Mano Negra

text: NWA World Welterweight Championship

text: Karloff Lagarde

text: Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre

text: Arena México

text: Blue Demon

text: Fishman

text: Américo Rocca

text: Welterweight division

text: Light Heavyweight division

text: Universal Wrestling Association

text: Negro Navarro

text: Lucha de Apuesta

text: Atlantis

text: NWA World Middleweight Championship

text: Oro

text: 60th Anniversary Show

text: Corazón de León

text: Mexican independent circuit

text: Black Warrior

text: Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre

text: 1 time

text: NWA World Middleweight Championship

text: 2 times

text: NWA World Welterweight Championship

text: 2 times

text: Universal Wrestling Association

text: 1 time

text: World Wrestling Association

text: WWA Lightweight Championship

text: 1 time

categories: Sportspeople from Torreón,Mexican male professional wrestlers,Living people,1959 births

paragraph: Mano Negra (wrestler)

paragraph: Jesús Reza Rosales (born January 15, 1959) is a Mexican "Luchador", or professional wrestler, best known under the ring name Mano Negra. Mano Negra is Spanish for "The Black Hand" and is taken from the Spanish anarchist organisation "La Mano Negra". Rosales is a former two time holder of the NWA World Welterweight Championship, two time holder of the NWA World Light Heavyweight Championship, and the Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship while working for Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (EMLL). He also worked for the Universal Wrestling Association (UWA) where he held the UWA World Junior Light Heavyweight Championship and for the World Wrestling Association (WWA) where he held the WWA Lightweight Championship. Mano Negra was originally an "Enmascarado", or masked wrestler, but lost a "Lucha de Apuesta", bet match, to Atlantis in the main event of CMLL's 60th Anniversary Show and was forced to unmask.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.

paragraph: Jesús Rosales trained under world-renowned "Lucha libre" trainer Diablo Velazco as well as his father, "Luchador" El Rebelde as well as Rafael Salamanca and Rolando Vera before making his professional wrestling debut in 1971. Upon his debut he adopted the ring name "Mano Negra" ("The Black Hand") and was inspired by the Spanish anarchist organization "La Mano Negra". Rosales adopted a black mask with blue trim, a black and blue outfit and a black glove for his "black hand". On December 14, 1973, just three years after his debut he won the NWA World Welterweight Championship by defeating Karloff Lagarde in the finals of an Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (EMLL) held tournament for the vacant title. Mano Negra held the title for 562 days, regularly defending it on EMLL's main shows in "Arena México", before losing the championship to Blue Demon on June 29, 1975. It would take over a year before Mano Negra was able to regain the championship, pinning Fishman for the championship on November 19, 1976. His second reign with the welterweight title lasted for 892 days in total, one of the longest reigns in the history of the title, ending on April 30, 1979, when he lost to Américo Rocca. In the early 1980s Mano Negra moved from the Welterweight division (with an upper limit of ) to the Light Heavyweight division (with an upper limit of ) when he defeated Babe Face to win the Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship on July 30, 1983. The reign lasted exactly 400 days before Valente Férnandez won the title from him on September 2, 1984. The following year Mano Negra won the Universal Wrestling Association's UWA World Junior Light Heavyweight Championship, defeating Negro Navarro for the championship. The following year Mano Negra began a long-term storyline feud with El Cobarde II, a feud that saw Cobarde II win the UWA World Junior Light Heavyweight Championship from Mano Negra in late 1985, but saw Mano Negra gain the ultimate measure of revenge when he defeated El Cobarde II in a "Lucha de Apuesta", mask vs. mask match on August 10, 1986 and forced Cobarde II to unmask after the match.

paragraph: In the early 1990s, Mano Negra's career saw a resurgence as he began a feud with the very popular Atlantis. The storyline started out with Mano Negra defeating Atlantis for the NWA World Middleweight Championship on March 3, 1993. Mano Negra was in turn defeated by Oro only two months later, but regained the middleweight title on July 3, 1993. In September 1993, at CMLL's 60th Anniversary Show, Atlantis and Mano Negra faced off in the main event of the evening with both wrestlers putting their mask on the line in a "Lucha de Apuesta" match. After three highly competitive falls, Atlantis defeated Mano Negra. After the match Mano Negra was unmasked for the first time and had to reveal that his real name was Jesús Reza Rosales, which is traditional after a "Lucha de Apuesta" loss. On December 7, 1993 Mano Negra's last title run came to an end when he lost to Corazón de León. Mano Negra worked for CMLLuntil around 1996 when he began working on the Mexican independent circuit. In 2009 he made a series of appearances for International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG).

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Jesús Rosales is the son of "Luchador" El Rebelde and his son is in turn also a "Luchador", using the ring name Mano Negra, Jr. and wearing a mask that is very similar to the mask his father used to wear. His daughter is married to Black Warrior.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA World Middleweight Championship (2 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA World Welterweight Championship (2 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Universal Wrestling Association

paragraph: BULLET::::- UWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Wrestling Association

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWA Lightweight Championship (1 time)

description: Mexican professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Mano Negra

wikipedia_title: Mano Negra (wrestler)


text:
cross-country skier
1928 Winter Olympics
1932 Winter Olympics

categories: Olympic cross-country skiers of Poland,Polish male cross-country skiers,1969 deaths,Cross-country skiers at the 1932 Winter Olympics,Sportspeople from Zakopane,1907 births,Cross-country skiers at the 1928 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Zdzisław Motyka

paragraph: Zdzisław Motyka (23 January 1907 – 21 March 1969) was a Polish cross-country skier. He competed at the 1928 Winter Olympics and the 1932 Winter Olympics.

description: Polish sportsperson and athletics competitor

wikidata_label: Zdzisław Motyka

wikipedia_title: Zdzisław Motyka


text:
Roberto Vecchioni
Fernanda Pivano
Balkan war
Sarajevo
war in Lebanon
Kabul
Tom Waits
Leonard Cohen
Joaquín Sabina
Suzanne Vega
Paola Turci
Mango
Francesco Baccini
Mietta
Marco Carta
Peter Hammill
Van der Graaf Generator
U2
Michael Jackson

categories: Italian male journalists,20th-century Italian journalists,1959 births,Italian war correspondents,Italian male singer-songwriters,20th-century Italian male writers,20th-century Italian singers,21st-century Italian poets,21st-century Italian singers,2019 deaths,Anti-racism activists,20th-century Italian poets,Italian male poets,21st-century Italian journalists

paragraph: Enrico Nascimbeni

paragraph: Enrico Nascimbeni (20 November 1959 – 11 June 2019) was an Italian singer, journalist and poet.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He graduated from the Beccaria high school.

paragraph: He formed a friendship with Roberto Vecchioni and collaborated with him on various tracks including "Vincent" and "The Last Night of an Old Dirty Star". He played with Vecchioni during the 2003 Tenco Prize which earned him the critics' prize from a jury chaired by Fernanda Pivano.

paragraph: He earned two degrees in Modern Literature and Philosophy.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He began his career as a journalist in 1985 following in the footsteps of his father Giulio Nascimbeni. He collaborated with "Corriere d'Informazione" and "Corriere della Sera" and worked steadily for "Il Giorno", "L'Arena", "L'Indipendente", "Studio Aperto", "Verissimo" and "Sette". In 2000, for La 7 Gold he conducted a four-hour live entertainment broadcast program. It deals with crime news, judicial and war news, Mani Pulite interviewed Bettino Craxi in Hammamet for the occasion. On this story he wrote for the "Mondadori", with Andrea Pamparana, the book "The Clean Hands". He was a special envoy during the Balkan war in Sarajevo. Previously he had followed the war in Lebanon on the spot. He was a war correspondent in Kabul, Afghanistan. He collaborates with "La Stampa" and "All Music Italia". In 2015 he edited the literary series "Le due anime" for Rupe Mutevole's publishing house.

paragraph: In 2001 he resumed songwriting for artists such as Tom Waits, Leonard Cohen, Joaquín Sabina, Suzanne Vega, Roberto Vecchioni, Paola Turci, Mango, Francesco Baccini, Mietta, Marco Carta. Among his most famous concerts in 1979 with Peter Hammill of Van der Graaf Generator at the Palalido in Milan. In 2009 he won the iTunes Rewind version 1 as the first Italian artist with the album "Men wrong" (Emi Penthar-Mizar) fronting for U2 and Michael Jackson.

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Critics' Award at the Club Tenco (2003) with Roberto Vecchioni

paragraph: BULLET::::- iTunes Rewind version 1 (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Top Ten iTunes Rewind ranking (2010): second place with "Il serpente tonto" (Emi Penthar-Mizar), in sixth place with "Hotel Costarica 1983" (Warner).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second gold record.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon Bolivar prize (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friend of the Roma People Award

paragraph: BULLET::::- International Phralipe Award

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: On the evening of 1 August 2018 he was attacked by two people near his home in Milan.

paragraph: Nascimbeni died on 11 June 2019, aged 59.

description: Italian singer-songwriter and journalist

wikidata_label: Enrico Nascimbeni

wikipedia_title: Enrico Nascimbeni


text:
Serbian Cyrillic
Serbian Cyrillic
rapper
songwriter
record producer
Bassivity Digital
Elitni Odredi
Rasta
Ana Nikolić
Nikolija
Senidah
Rick Ross
French Montana
English
Relja
Stoja
Senidah

wikipedia_title:
Serbian Cyrillic alphabet
Serbian Cyrillic alphabet
Rapping
Songwriter
Record producer
Bassivity Digital
Elitni Odredi
Stefan Đurić Rasta
Ana Nikolić
Nikolija
Senidah
Rick Ross
French Montana
English language
Elitni Odredi
Stoja
Senidah

categories: Serbian rappers,People from Prokuplje,Serbian male singers,1985 births,Living people

paragraph: Slobodan Veljković Coby

paragraph: Slobodan Veljković (Serbian Cyrillic: Слободан Вељковић; ; born 11 April 1985), known professionally as Coby (Serbian Cyrillic: Цоби; ), is a Serbian rapper, songwriter and record producer. As the executive producer of Bassivity Digital he received recognition with his production work for the popular Serbian artists such as Elitni Odredi, Rasta, Ana Nikolić, Nikolija and Senidah. Coby also collaborated with Rick Ross and French Montana.

paragraph: He is known for his signature line and watermark on his songs, "Coby, jesi li ti radio traku?" (English translation: "Coby, did you make the track?").

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- as a lead artist

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Previše sam kul" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ja to volim" (2016) feat. Marlon Brutal

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Samo jako" (2017) feat. Relja and Stoja

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Strašno" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Skinite nam fore" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rambo" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mami" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "4 strane sveta" (2018) feat. Senidah

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Biseri iz blata" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Južni vetar gas" (2018) feat. Mili

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lukas" (2019)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zver" (2019)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leto je" (2019)

description: Serbian rapper and songwritter

wikidata_label: Coby

wikipedia_title: Slobodan Veljković Coby


text:
Metropolitan
Kiev
Russia
Dmitrii Donskoi
boyar
Chernigov
Epiphany Monastery
religious name
Vladimir
consecrated
Constantinople
Vladimir the Bold
tutor
regent
Tver
Nizhny Novgorod
Sergius of Radonezh
Jani Beg
Khan
Golden Horde
Tatar
Andronikov
Chudov
Metropolitan Peter
canonization
Russian Orthodox Church
Sergius of Radonezh
sermon
epistle
canonized
Russian Orthodox Church
patron saint
relic
Ephiphany Cathedral in Elokhovo
The Horde

wikipedia_title:
Metropolitan bishop
Kiev
Russia
Dmitry Donskoy
Boyar
Chernihiv
Epiphany Monastery
Religious name
Vladimir, Russia
Consecration
Constantinople
Vladimir the Bold
Tutor
Regent
Tver
Nizhny Novgorod
Sergius of Radonezh
Jani Beg
Khan (title)
Golden Horde
Tatars
Andronikov Monastery
Chudov Monastery
Saint Peter of Moscow
Canonization
Russian Orthodox Church
Sergius of Radonezh
Sermon
Epistle
Canonization
Russian Orthodox Church
Patron saint
Relic
Yelokhovo Cathedral
The Horde (2012 film)

categories: Wonderworkers,Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow,1296 births,Russian saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church,1378 deaths,13th-century births

paragraph: Alexius, Metropolitan of Kiev

paragraph: Saint Alexius ("Алексей" or "Aleksij" in Russian) (before 1296–1378) was Metropolitan of Kiev and all Russia (from 1354), and presided over the Moscow government during Dmitrii Donskoi's minority.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Alexius, whose name at birth was Elephtherios, was a son of Fyodor (Theodore) Biakont, a boyar from Chernigov who settled in Moscow and founded the great Pleshcheev boyar family. He took monastic vows at the Epiphany Monastery of Moscow around 1313, at which time he was given the religious name of Alexius. In 1333 or so, he joined the household of Metropolitan Theognostus. In 1340, Alexius was appointed the Metropolitan's deputy in Vladimir and twelve years later was consecrated as Bishop of Vladimir.

paragraph: By the will of Symeon the Proud, Alexius was appointed adviser to his brothers – Ivan and Andrew. After visiting Constantinople, he was chosen to become the Metropolitan of Moscow and all Russia in 1354. When Dmitrii Donskoi and Vladimir the Bold were young, Alexius was their spiritual tutor and served as regent at the same time. He took the side of Dmitrii Donskoi in his struggle against Tver and Nizhny Novgorod, where he once sent St. Sergius of Radonezh to suspend divine service in churches and monasteries, until the political strife was over.

paragraph: In 1357, Alexius was summoned by Jani Beg, the Khan of the Golden Horde, to cure his mother Taidula Khatun from blindness. The metropolitan's success is held to have prevented a Tatar raid on Moscow.

paragraph: In 1360s, Alexius founded the Andronikov, Chudov, and Alekseyevsky monasteries. He promoted Metropolitan Peter's canonization by the Russian Orthodox Church. Shortly before his death, Alexius fruitlessly tried to convince Sergius of Radonezh to become his successor. Alexius was an author of a number of sermons and epistles. He was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1448 and is revered as one of the patron saints of Moscow.

paragraph: Section::::Feast Days.

paragraph: February 12, (the day of his repose), May 20, (the day of the uncovering of his relics) and October 5, (Synaxis of the Hierarchs of Moscow). His relics are venerated in Ephiphany Cathedral in Elokhovo.

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: 2012 film The Horde is a highly fictionalised narrative of how Alexius healed Taidula from blindness.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia

description: Metropolitan of Russia

wikidata_label: Alexius, Metropolitan of Moscow

wikipedia_title: Alexius, Metropolitan of Kiev