text:
German
Counts of Katzenelnbogen
Fourth Crusade
Velestino
Kingdom of Thessalonica
Frankish Greece
Ghibelline
Berthold I
bishop of Münster
Hermann II
Worms
Philip of Germany
Holy Roman Empire
besieged and captured Zara
Hungary
Boniface of Montferrat
Constantinople
Byzantine Empire
Henry of Flanders
breach of Constantinople
Baldwin IX of Flanders
Latin Emperor
Kingdom of Thessalonica
Velestino
province of Vlachia
Pope Innocent III
Leo II of Armenia
Bohemond IV of Antioch
Kingdom of Jerusalem
John of Ibelin
Berthold of Nimburg
Bulgarians
Demetrius
Margaret of Hungary
Oberto II of Biandrate
William VI of Montferrat
castellan
Serres
Petraliphas
Halmyros
Maria Petraliphaina
first Parliament of Ravennika
second Parliament of Ravennika
Eustace of Flanders
Strez
Kaloyan
Pelagonia
Monastir
Boril of Bulgaria
Heraclea Perinthus
Hagia Sophia
Larissa
Gardiki
Knights Hospitaller
Pope Honorius III
Giovanni Colonna
papal legate
Acre
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Diether IV

categories: 13th-century deaths,History of Serres,12th-century births,Lords of the Crusader states,Counts,Christians of the Fourth Crusade,People of the Kingdom of Thessalonica,Medieval Thessaly,13th-century German people

paragraph: Berthold II von Katzenelnbogen

paragraph: Berthold II von Katzenelnbogen () was a German nobleman of the family of the Counts of Katzenelnbogen and a participant in the Fourth Crusade (1202–04), who became lord of Velestino (1205–17) and regent of the Kingdom of Thessalonica (1217) in Frankish Greece. He was a patron of poets and in politics a Ghibelline.

paragraph: Section::::Fourth Crusade.

paragraph: Born sometime before 1183, Berthold was the son of Berthold I of Katzenelnbogen and nephew of the powerful bishop of Münster, Hermann II (1173–1202). Berthold joined the court of his uncle, and is attested as being with him at Worms in February 1199, after Hermann had joined the court of King Philip of Germany. Disappointed with the political disunity and civil war in the Holy Roman Empire in the aftermath of Philip's 1198 election as king, Berthold joined the Fourth Crusade in 1202. He arrived at the Crusader camp after the Crusaders had besieged and captured Zara (Zadar) in Hungary. Like most of the German contingent, he was placed under the command of the Marquis Boniface of Montferrat, with whom he developed a close personal relationship. In 1203, when the Crusader army reached Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire, the German contingent was under the overall command of Henry of Flanders, with whom Berthold developed a good relationship. On 12 April 1204, after the breach of Constantinople by the Crusaders, a certain German count ("quidam comes theothonicus"), possibly Berthold, set fire to a section of the city in order to force the defending Byzantines to retire.

paragraph: After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, Count Baldwin IX of Flanders was proclaimed the new Latin Emperor. This offended Boniface, who considered himself a superior candidate, and he briefly rebelled against the new emperor. Berthold supported Boniface in his brief revolt, and after Boniface was placated with a new Kingdom of Thessalonica, Berthold accompanied Boniface in his conquest of Greece (1204–05). He was rewarded with a lordship centred on the town of Velestino in the province of Vlachia ("provintia Velechative"), with the title "Lord of Velestino" ("dominus de Valestino"). In 1205, he was sent by Pope Innocent III to a diplomatic mission in Asia Minor to mediate in a dispute between King Leo II of Armenia and Prince Bohemond IV of Antioch. After that he may have gone on to the Kingdom of Jerusalem. A certain count Berthold the German is mentioned in documents of 1206 and 1207 in the entourage of John of Ibelin, regent of the kingdom, but this may have been Count Berthold of Nimburg.

paragraph: Section::::Defence of the Kingdom of Thessalonica.

paragraph: Berthold returned to Greece in 1207 or 1208. In the meantime, Boniface of Montferrat had been killed fighting against the Bulgarians, and had left his underage son Demetrius as his heir, with the latter's mother, Margaret of Hungary, as regent and Count Oberto II of Biandrate as guardian ("baiulus") of the kingdom. In 1208–09, the kingdom's barons, rejecting the suzerainty of the emperor, now Henry of Flanders, rose against the regent in the so-called "Lombard Rebellion". Led by Oberto, the rebels intended to depose Demetrius and install his elder half-brother, William VI of Montferrat, as king. During the uprising, Berthold loyally supported the emperor and was named as castellan of Serres. After the emperor arrested Oberto, he handed him over to Berthold, who held him imprisoned in Serres. Berthold supported Boniface's policy of maintaining good relations with the Byzantine aristocracy, as against the preferred policy of the rebels, which was to favour Lombards in the government. Berthold even patronised the family of Petraliphas, giving the monastery of Saint Hilarion near Halmyros to Maria Petraliphaina.

paragraph: In 1209, Berthold attended the first Parliament of Ravennika. On 2 May 1210, he signed the concordat with the church reached at the second Parliament of Ravennika. It appears that around this time the Emperor Henry appointed him imperial guardian or regent of the kingdom, "balivus imperatoris", to replace Oberto. Berthold was certainly in charge of the defence of the kingdom, along with the emperor's nephew, Eustace of Flanders. He defeated an attack by Strez, nephew of the Bulgarian tsar Kaloyan, on the plains of Pelagonia, near Monastir. In 1211, he defeated Kaloyan's successor and Strez's rival, Tsar Boril of Bulgaria, and caused him heavy losses. A letter of the emperor mentioning these victories is dated 12 January 1212. In 1213, the emperor refers to Berthold as merely one of his barons in the kingdom of Thessalonica, implying that he was not at that time guardian or regent.

paragraph: Section::::Regent of the kingdom.

paragraph: Berthold had a close relationship with Margaret of Hungary. In 1211, however, the Latin archbishop of Heraclea Perinthus complained to Pope Innocent III that Berthold forcefully kept Margaret in his possession, and that he had misappropriated lands belonging to the church of Hagia Sophia in Thessalonica. Berthold received correspondence from Innocent regarding the Latin Church in Thessalonica. In July 1210, Innocent wrote asking him to restore the possessions of the diocese of Larissa and Gardiki. On 4 August 1211, he was reproached for his occupation of lands belonging to Hagia Sophia. In 1212, the pope asked Berthold to intervene on behalf of the diocese of Gardiki in its dispute with the Knights Hospitaller. The wording of these papal letters has engendered confusion over whether Berthold was himself the "imperial bailiff" ("balivus imperatoris") the pope was addressing or else merely the lord of Velestino.

paragraph: Berthold is explicitly mentioned as regent—"baiulus regni Thessalonicensis"— only once: in a letter of 21 April 1217 from Pope Honorius III, notifying him of his appointment of Giovanni Colonna as papal legate to Thessalonica. This is also the last sure reference to Berthold; he is not mentioned in any other contemporary source after this. A late source says that he visited Acre in the Kingdom of Jerusalem later that year and from there returned to Germany. Around 1220, Berthold's nephew and heir, Count Diether IV, visited Thessalonica, perhaps to see his uncle or else claim his inheritance.

wikidata_label: Berthold II

wikipedia_title: Berthold II von Katzenelnbogen


text:
Mathilde of Flanders
Henry I, Duke of Brabant
Count Palatine of the Rhine
Floris IV, Count of Holland
William II, Count of Holland
Floris de Voogd
Adelaide of Holland
Margaret

categories: Countesses of Holland,1200s births,1267 deaths,House of Reginar

paragraph: Matilda of Brabant, Countess of Holland

paragraph: Mathilde (c. 1200 – 22 December 1267) was the fourth child and daughter of Mathilde of Flanders and Henry I, Duke of Brabant. She married Henry II, Count Palatine of the Rhine (died 1214) in Aachen in 1212 and later married Floris IV, Count of Holland on 6 December 1224.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. William II, Count of Holland (1227–1256).

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Floris de Voogd (ca. 1228 – 1258), Regent of Holland in 1256–1258.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Adelaide of Holland (ca. 1230–1284), Regent of Holland in 1258–1263.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Margaret (d. 1277)

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Machteld

description: Countess of Holland

wikidata_label: Matilda of Brabant

wikipedia_title: Matilda of Brabant, Countess of Holland


text: Labour Party

text: Blackley and Broughton

text: Manchester City Council

text: Eurosceptic

text: United Kingdom

text: European Union

text: Beswick, Manchester

text: Harpurhey

text: Chemistry

text: University of Sheffield

text: Manchester

text: Manchester City Council

text: Manchester Airport

text: Blackley seat

text: Kenneth Eastham

text: Paul Rose

text: Eric Johnson

text: Cabinet Office

text: back benches

text: government whip

text: Transport Select Committee

text: Gordon Brown

text: Manchester United

text: Sir Alex Ferguson

text: Labour

text: House of Lords

text: Ed Miliband

text: Alex Ferguson

text: Dominic Raab

text: Ed Miliband

text: Eurosceptic

text: 2016 Referendum

text: Frank Field

text: Kate Hoey

text: John Mann

text: Saudi Arabia

text: dyslexia

text: illiteracy

text: Science and Technology Committee

text: Phil Jones

text: CRU

text: Global Warming Policy Foundation

text: op-ed

text: New Orleans

text: Bio at the Labour Party website

text: BBC Politics

categories: People educated at Moston Brook High School,UK MPs 1997–2001,Alumni of the University of Sheffield,Councillors in Manchester,Critics of the European Union,Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,UK MPs 2010–2015,1950 births,UK MPs 2005–2010,Climate change skepticism and denial,UK MPs 2015–2017,Living people,UK MPs 2001–2005

paragraph: Graham Stringer

paragraph: Graham Eric Stringer (born 17 February 1950) is a British Labour Party politician who is Member of Parliament for Blackley and Broughton. He served as leader of Manchester City Council from 1984 to 1996.

paragraph: Stringer, a Eurosceptic, is a prominent voice among those in the Labour Party calling for an end to the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Stringer attended Christ Church Primary School in Beswick, Manchester, and Moston Brook High School for Boys in Harpurhey, Manchester. After graduating in Chemistry from the University of Sheffield in 1971, Stringer worked as an analytical chemist in the plastics industry. Stringer became a local councillor in Manchester in 1979, and was Manchester City Council leader from 1984 to 1996. He was also chair of Manchester Airport plc from 1996 to 1997.

paragraph: Section::::Parliamentary career.

paragraph: Stringer was first elected in 1997 taking over the Blackley seat of the retired Kenneth Eastham. He is only the third Member of Parliament (MP) in the constituency since 1964, which has been a "safe" Labour seat since Paul Rose defeated Eric Johnson that year.

paragraph: Stringer was as a member of the "Environment, Transport and Regional Affairs Select Committee" until 1999. He then served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Cabinet Office until 2001. After a spell on the back benches and as a government whip, he spent the last six years of the Labour Government as a member of the Transport Select Committee. He campaigned against a proposed Congestion Charge in Greater Manchester.

paragraph: In September 2008, Stringer became the first Labour MP to publicly call for Gordon Brown to resign as Prime Minister. Following boundary changes which abolished the Manchester Blackley constituency, Stringer successfully contested the successor seat of Blackley and Broughton at the 2010 General Election.

paragraph: In January 2011, he called for Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson, a lifelong Labour voter and vocal supporter of the party at elections, to be given a seat in the House of Lords. Two years, later Ed Miliband offered Alex Ferguson a seat in the House of Lords but he turned it down.

paragraph: In September 2011, he contributed to the book "What Next for Labour? Ideas for a New Generation"; his piece was entitled "Transport Policy for the Twenty-First Century". In January 2014, he, along with 98 others, voted for the Dominic Raab amendment to the Immigration Bill, which aimed to prevent foreign criminals using European Human Rights Law in deportation cases.

paragraph: Stringer was a member of the Energy and Climate Change Select Committee from November 2013 to March 2015. In 2014, Stringer was one of two MPs on the committee to vote against the acceptance of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change conclusion that humans are the dominant cause of global warming.

paragraph: He was a vocal critic of former Labour Party leader Ed Miliband, who he accused of running an "unforgivably unprofessional" campaign in May 2014 and referred to as "not an asset on the doorsteps" when campaigning in October 2014. Stringer has also established a reputation as a prominent Eurosceptic in the Labour Party who favoured a referendum on the EU.

paragraph: He called for Britain to leave the EU in the 2016 Referendum, describing the EU as a barrier to a progressive government.

paragraph: On 17 July 2018, a vote was held on whether the United Kingdom should remain in the customs union in the event of a no deal Brexit. Frank Field, Kate Hoey, John Mann and Stringer were the only Labour MPs to oppose the amendment, which was voted down by 307 votes to 301.

paragraph: Section::::Views and interests.

paragraph: Stringer's interests are specified on the UK Parliament website as "urban regeneration, House of Lords reform, revitalising local democracy, aviation and airports, bus regulation, science policy".

paragraph: His financial interests as listed on the UK Parliament website show payments of £1320 in the period 29 December 2011 to 3 September 2012 from polling, broadcasting and training organisations and a visit to Saudi Arabia to meet politicians and human rights groups and strengthen political ties.

paragraph: In an online column in January 2009, Stringer denied the existence of dyslexia, calling it "a cruel fiction" invented by "the education establishment" to divert blame for illiteracy from "their eclectic and incomplete methods for instruction". The charities Dyslexia Action and the British Dyslexia Association criticised Stringer's claims.

paragraph: As a member of the Science and Technology Committee, Stringer participated in the investigation into the Climatic Research Unit email controversy ("Climategate") in March 2010, questioning Phil Jones closely on transparency and other issues; in the five member group producing the report he voted against the other three voting members on every vote, representing a formulation more critical of the CRU and climate scientists.

paragraph: He is a trustee of the Global Warming Policy Foundation, an organisation which promotes climate change scepticism.

paragraph: In an op-ed in March 2011, Stringer criticised the British inquiries into the CRU email controversy, writing that the controversy "demanded independent and objective scrutiny of the science by independent panels. This did not happen."

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: On 7 January 1999, he married Kathryn Carr in New Orleans; they have three children.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle: Graham Stringer MP

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bio at the Labour Party website

paragraph: BULLET::::- BBC Politics

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Graham Stringer

wikipedia_title: Graham Stringer


text:
Kongsberg Jazzfestival
Moldejazz
Biography at Jazzbasen
Discography at Jazzbasen

categories: 21st-century trumpeters,Norwegian jazz trumpeters,1947 births,Male trumpeters,Living people,21st-century male musicians

paragraph: Anders Bjørnstad

paragraph: Anders Bjørnstad (born 19 August 1947 in Drammen, Norway) is a Norwegian jazz musician (trumpet).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Bjørnstad played at jam sessions in Drammen when he was 11 years of age, and between 1960-65 was a member of Papa Dennis Jazzband, first prize winner in the tradband class at amateur Norwegian Championship of Jazz in 1963 and there after he played at the 1964 Kongsberg Jazzfestival.

paragraph: In the mid-1970s he was incorporated into the tradjazz community in Oslo and became a member of the Magnolia Jazz Band in 1974 and Christiania Jazz Band in 1976. In these two popular traditions, he has always been a leading musician and has gained attention with a game characterized by empathy and warmth. With each of the bands he has recorded several albums: 13 with Magnolia Jazz Band (1976 to 2011), 5 with Christiania Jazzband (1978 to 1990). Since the engagement at the 1978 Moldejazz he has played at a number of festivals both in Norway and abroad (also the United States).

paragraph: In 1981-82 he collaborated on an album with Svein Sundby & Friends, and in 1992 he played on the album «Supertrad». When the tradjazz band «Christiania 12» was formed the same year, he was obvious candidate for the trumpet lineup. In 1995 he recorded both with Christiania 12 and Christiania Jazzband. An album of the Magnolia Jazz Band from 1976 was released in 2004, under the name «Classic Magnolia – Vintage 1976». The same year a new album with Christiania 12, «Happy feet» from 2002-04 was released. Recordings with Magnolia 2003-06 was released on DVD («Magnolia Jazzband celebrating New Orleans Music». In 2007, he participated on the album «Magnolia Jazzband & Topsy Chapman – Live at Oslo Concert Hall» and in 2009 the «Rhythm Crazy» with Christiania 12. The current last album with Magnolia Jazz Band is called «Molde Revisited» and contains recordings from the 2011 Moldejazz.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at Jazzbasen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Discography at Jazzbasen

description: Norwegian jazz trumpeter

wikidata_label: Anders Bjørnstad

wikipedia_title: Anders Bjørnstad


text:
professional baseball
hitting coach
New York Yankees
Boston Red Sox
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
Los Angeles Dodgers
New York Mets
Baltimore Orioles
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Columbus
Bucky Dent
Albany
Stump Merrill

categories: Minor league baseball managers,New York Yankees coaches,Peninsula Whips players,Stockton Mariners players,San Jose Missions players,Major League Baseball hitting coaches,Gulf Coast Expos players,New York Mets coaches,Boston Red Sox coaches,People from Wyandotte, Michigan,Baltimore Orioles coaches,West Palm Beach Expos players,Winnipeg Whips players,2019 deaths,Memphis Blues players,American expatriate baseball players in Canada,Los Angeles Dodgers coaches,California Angels coaches,1950 births,Québec Carnavals players,Baseball players from Michigan

paragraph: Rick Down

paragraph: Richard John Down (December 14, 1950 – January 5, 2019) was an American professional baseball hitting coach. He was the hitting coach for the New York Yankees, Boston Red Sox, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, Los Angeles Dodgers, New York Mets, and the Baltimore Orioles.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Down never made the majors as a player, making it only to AAA ball (1971 and 1973). Down later went on to coach at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas from 1979 to 1984. He went to professional baseball in 1985–88 as a special assignment coach and roving hitting instructor for the Angels organization. He returned to the Yankees organization in 1989, beginning the season as the club’s roving minor league hitting instructor before being promoted to manager at Triple-A Columbus for the final 16 games of the season when Bucky Dent was named manager of the Yankees. In 1990, his Double-A Albany club was at a 24-21 mark when he was promoted to manage Columbus in June after Stump Merrill was named Yankees manager. In 1990–92, he guided Columbus to three consecutive International League Western Division Titles and two consecutive Governor’s Cup Crowns. His Clippers set a franchise record with 95 wins in 1992. Down’s Columbus team was in first place in 385 of 391 games while he was manager. He later became the hitting instructor for many major league clubs.

paragraph: Section::::Career highlights.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2002, the Yankees hit 223 home runs, second most in the American League and second highest single season total in franchise history.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Yankees led the majors in batting average in each of his first two seasons as a hitting coach (1993–94). In 1994, the team's batting average of .290 was the highest Yankees' average since 1936 (.300) and the highest in the majors since Boston hit .302 in 1950.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He helped guide the 2000 Dodgers to a franchise record 211 home runs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He led the 1996 Orioles to a then major league record 251 home runs in his first season with the club.

paragraph: BULLET::::- From 1990 to 1992, he served as the manager of the Yankees' Columbus (AAA) team of the International League. He led the 1992 club to a 95-49 record and a Governors' Cup Championship. The 95 victories were a franchise record and were the most wins in the IL since 1960, when Toronto went 100-54.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In three seasons at Columbus, he directed the Clippers to three straight International League West Division titles and two straight Governors' Cups. In three years, he won 242 games and had a winning percentage of .619.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He compiled a 122-273 record (.309 percentage) in six years as a minor league manager.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spent seven seasons in the minors as an outfielder. Hit .257 with 33 home runs, 247 RBI and 54 stolen bases in 745 games. He was placed on Montreal's major league roster on September 30, 1971.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Down also served as an advance scout for the San Francisco Giants and hitting coach for the Spokane Indians of the Northwest League.

paragraph: Section::::Career timeline.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: Spokane Indians (NW League Low A) hitting coach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: San Francisco Giants Advance Scout

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005-2007: New York Mets Hitting Coach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: New York Yankees Coordinator of Instruction

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002-2003: New York Yankees Hitting Coach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: Boston Red Sox Hitting Coach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999-2000: Los Angeles Dodgers Hitting Coach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996-1998: Baltimore Orioles Hitting Coach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994-1995: New York Yankees Hitting Coach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993: Venezuelan Winter League - Aragua Tigers Manager

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993: New York Yankees Hitting Coach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: Venezuelan Winter League - Aragua Tigers Manager

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: Columbus Clippers (AAA) Manager

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991: Venezuelan Winter League - Aragua Tigers Manager

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990-1991: Columbus Clippers (AAA) Manager

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990: Albany Yankees (AA) Manager

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990: Venezuelan Winter League - Magallanes Sailors Manager

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989: Columbus Clippers (AAA) Manager

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989: New York Yankees Minor League Roving Hitting Instructor

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985-1988: California Angels Special Assignments Coach & Roving Hitting Instructor

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979-1984: University of Nevada-Las Vegas - Assistant Coach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978: California League - Stockton (A) coach (?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977: Northwest League - Bellingham (A) coach (?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ????: Florida State League - West Palm Beach (A) coach {?)

description: American baseball coach

wikidata_label: Rick Down

wikipedia_title: Rick Down


text:
baseball
Texas Rangers
relief pitcher
University of Texas
Mexican American
Ogden Raptors
Pioneer Baseball League
Texas Rangers
cup of coffee
Seattle Mariners
Montreal Expos
Texas Rangers
Pittsburgh Pirates
Minnesota Twins
Seattle Mariners
Wausau Timbers
San Bernardino Spirit
Williamsport Bills
Jacksonville Suns
Calgary Cannons
Montreal Expos
Texas Rangers
Edmonton Trappers
Rochester Red Wings
Pittsburgh Pirates
New Britain Rock Cats
Rochester Red Wings
Minnesota Twins
Ogden Raptors
Great Lakes Loons
Ogden Raptors

categories: Pittsburgh Pirates coaches,Montreal Expos coaches,Minor league baseball managers,Gastonia Rangers players,Texas Longhorns baseball players,Minor league baseball coaches,Bakersfield Mariners players,Texas Rangers players,Calgary Cannons players,1952 births,Lynchburg Rangers players,Salt Lake City Gulls players,Gulf Coast Rangers players,Tucson Toros players,Major League Baseball bullpen coaches,Minnesota Twins coaches,Texas Rangers coaches,Major League Baseball pitching coaches,San Antonio Brewers players,Charleston Charlies players,Major League Baseball pitchers,Living people,People from Alice, Texas,Tacoma Tugs players,American baseball players of Mexican descent,Tacoma Tigers players

paragraph: Bobby Cuellar

paragraph: Robert Cuellar (born August 20, 1952) is an American former professional baseball player who played briefly with the Texas Rangers in as a relief pitcher. He is a graduate from the University of Texas and is of Mexican American descent. He has held several coaching positions in baseball, including pitching coach, bullpen coach, and manager. He is currently the pitching coach of the Ogden Raptors of the Pioneer Baseball League.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: He was selected by the Texas Rangers in the 29th round (592nd overall) of the 1974 amateur entry draft. Bobby Cuellar played in the minor leagues from 1974 to 1981, finishing his career with one season in Mexico. He briefly had a "cup of coffee" with the Texas Rangers in 1977 appearing in four games before returning to the minor leagues at Tucson.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: Due to also pitching winter ball during his career as a pitcher and the lack of pitch counts in the 1970s, he overused and eventually wore out his shoulder. After his career was over, he went on to a career in coaching and managing. Beginning in 1983, he worked in the Seattle Mariners' organization until 1996. Since then, in addition to stints on the major league coaching staffs of the Montreal Expos, Texas Rangers, and Pittsburgh Pirates, Cuellar spent six years coaching in the Minnesota Twins' minor league system. His resume includes:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983–1985 Seattle Mariners, Minor League Coach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986–1987 Wausau Timbers, Manager

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988–1988 San Bernardino Spirit, Pitching Coach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989–1990 Williamsport Bills, Pitching Coach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991–1991 Jacksonville Suns, Pitching Coach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992–1993 Seattle Mariners, Minor League Pitching Instructor

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994–1994 Calgary Cannons, Pitching Coach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995–1996 Seattle Mariners, Pitching Coach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997–2000 Montreal Expos, Pitching Coach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001–2001 Texas Rangers, Bullpen Coach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002–2002 Edmonton Trappers, Pitching Coach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003–2005 Rochester Red Wings, Pitching Coach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006–2007 Pittsburgh Pirates, Bullpen Coach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008–2008 New Britain Rock Cats, Manager

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009–2009 Rochester Red Wings, Pitching Coach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013–2014 Minnesota Twins, bullpen coach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 Ogden Raptors, pitching coach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: Great Lakes Loons, pitching coach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: Ogden Raptors, pitching coach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018-Present: Great Lakes Loons, pitching coach

description: baseball coach from the United States

wikidata_label: Bobby Cuellar

wikipedia_title: Bobby Cuellar


text:
Lisbon
Galician
Portuguese
House of Castro
Count of Viana (da Foz do Lima)
Count of Arraiolos
Constable of Portugal
Galician
Pedro Fernández de Castro
Fernando Ruiz de Castro
Juana de Castro
Peter of Castile
Inês de Castro
Peter I of Portugal
Castro
Kingdom of Portugal
Inês de Castro
Constanza Manuel
Infante Peter
Afonso IV of Portugal
Castile
Peter I of Portugal
Ferdinand I of Portugal
Count of Viana (da Foz do Lima)
John
Denis
Leonor Telles de Menezes
Constable of Portugal
Lisbon
Cadaval
1383–1385 Crisis
Leonor Telles de Menezes
John, Master of Aviz
John I of Portugal
Lisbon
Nuno Álvares Pereira
constable of Portugal
Pedro de Castro, Lord of Cadaval
João Afonso Telo, 4th Count of Barcelos
Isabel of Castro

categories: Constables of Portugal,1384 deaths,People from Lisbon,14th-century Portuguese people,Portuguese nobility,1310 births

paragraph: Álvaro Pires de Castro

paragraph: Álvaro Pires de Castro (c. 1310 – 11 June 1384 in Lisbon) was a powerful Galician-Portuguese nobleman, stem of the Portuguese branch of the House of Castro. He was the first Count of Viana (da Foz do Lima), the first Count of Arraiolos and the first Constable of Portugal.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Álvaro Pires de Castro (sometimes written as "Peres de Castro" or "Pérez de Castro") was the illegitimate son of the powerful Galician nobleman Pedro Fernández de Castro and his mistress Aldonza Lorenzo de Valladares. As a result, he was the half-brother of the powerful Galician nobleman Fernando Ruiz de Castro, the Castilian queen Juana de Castro (wife of King Peter of Castile) and a full brother of the controversial Inês de Castro, mistress and consort of King Peter I of Portugal.

paragraph: The Galician Castro family had strong connections to the Kingdom of Portugal, to which they were intermittently exiled. Inês de Castro came to Portugal in 1340, in the capacity of a maid to Constanza Manuel. But Constanza's husband, Infante Peter, fell in love with the young Inês, and carried on openly with her, much to the scandal of the Portuguese court. Peter's father, King Afonso IV of Portugal had tried to banish her, but to no avail. Inês brother, Álvaro Pires de Castro, came to Portugal sometime in the 1340s, and ingratiated himself in the company of Infante Peter. The influence of Álvaro and other exiled Galician-Castilian nobles upon Infante Peter alarmed Afonso IV, who feared they might drag Portugal into the internal quarrels of neighboring Castile, part of which were orchestrated by their half-brother Fernando Ruiz de Castro. At length, when it became clear that the Castros were pushing Infante Peter to declare himself pretender to the throne of Castile-León, Afonso IV authorized the assassination of Inês de Castro in 1355.

paragraph: This setback to the Castros was quickly reversed in 1357, when Afonso IV died and Infante Peter ascended to the throne as King Peter I of Portugal. Álvaro Pires de Castro was once again in the saddle, and quickly became one of the most influential men in Peter I's court and one of the most powerful men in the kingdom. At Peter I death in 1367, his son (from Constance) ascended as King Ferdinand I of Portugal, but the succession was contested by other parties. With the resolution of 1371, Álvaro Pires de Castro was settled by Ferdinand I in Portugal with the title of Count of Viana (da Foz do Lima). His power only grew from there. Álvaro Pires de Castro, his grown son Pedro de Castro and his nephews (Inês's surviving sons) John and Denis, formed a powerful clique in Ferdinand's kingdom, at first in alliance with the powerful queen Leonor Telles de Menezes, but gradually distanced himself from her.

paragraph: Ferdinand I went on to appoint Álvaro Pires de Castro as the first Count of Arraiolos in 1377. During the 1381-82 Portuguese-Castilian war, Álvaro Pires de Castro was chief commander of the king's army. In 1382, Ferdinand I created the position of Constable of Portugal (leader of the Portuguese nobility) and named Álvaro Pires de Castro as its first holder. He was also "alcaide-mor" of Lisbon for a spell and held the lordships of Cadaval and other lands.

paragraph: When the 1383–1385 Crisis broke out with the death of Ferdinand in 1383, Álvaro Pires de Castro broke openly with the queen-regent Leonor Telles de Menezes and tried to secure the succession of his nephews. His relationship with John, Master of Aviz was ambivalent. He originally supported the revolt against the queen, but distanced himself when John proved too indulgent with the towns and unlikely to support the succession of the Castro nephews. Nonetheless, his children Afonso de Castro and Brites de Castro and his daughter-in-law Leonor de Menezes (wife of Pedro de Castro) appear in contemporary records as members of John of Aviz's household, and his grandsons would emerge as significant figures during his reign as John I of Portugal.

paragraph: Álvaro Pires de Castro died in July, 1384, and he was buried in a tomb alongside his wife in the monastery of São Domingos of Lisbon. After his death, the regent John of Aviz nominated his own lieutenant Nuno Álvares Pereira as the second constable of Portugal and Count of Arraiolos.

paragraph: Section::::Descendants.

paragraph: Álvaro Pires de Castro married Maria Ponce de León (daughter of Pedro Ponce de León, Lord of Marchena) around 1340. They had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pedro de Castro, Lord of Cadaval, married to Leonor de Meneses, daughter of João Afonso Telo, 4th Count of Barcelos

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel of Castro, wife of Pedro Enriquez of Castile, Count of Trastámara

paragraph: BULLET::::- Afonso de Castro, Lord of Castro Verde.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elvira de Castro

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brites de Castro, wife of Pedro Nuñez de Lara, Count of Mayorga

description: Portuguese noble

wikidata_label: Álvaro Pires de Castro

wikipedia_title: Álvaro Pires de Castro


text:
Venezuela
Barinitas
Venezuela
Alfredo Arvelo Larriva
Viernes Group

categories: 20th-century Venezuelan poets,1886 births,Venezuelan women poets,1962 deaths,20th-century Venezuelan women writers

paragraph: Enriqueta Arvelo Larriva

paragraph: Enriqueta Arvelo Larriva (22 March 1886 – 10 December 1962) was a Venezuelan poet. She is considered to be one of the founders of the women's poetry movement in Venezuela and one of the country's principal avant-garde poets.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Enriqueta Arvelo Larriva was born in Barinitas, Venezuela into a wealthy family. She was a sister of the poet Alfredo Arvelo Larriva. Self-taught, she lived most of her life in Barinitas, working as a teacher and nurse on her family's estate.

paragraph: arriva died on 10 December 1962 in Caracas, aged 76.

paragraph: Section::::Career in poetry.

paragraph: She was a member of the Viernes Group of poets. In 1958 she was awarded the Municipal Poetry Prize for her "Mandato del canto" (1957).

paragraph: L

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Voz aislada" (Isolated Voice), 1930

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El cristal nervioso" (The Narrow Mirror), 1931

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poemas de una pena" (Poems of Shame) 1942

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El canto del recuento" (Counting Song) 1949

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mandato del canto; poemas, 1944-1946" (Mandate to Sing), Caracas, 1957

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poemas perseverantes" (Persistent Poems), 1963

description: poet

wikidata_label: Enriqueta Arvelo Larriva

wikipedia_title: Enriqueta Arvelo Larriva


text:
Finnish
ice hockey
GCK Lions
National League B
Tappara
SM-liiga

categories: St. Louis Blues scouts,1979 births,Sportspeople from Tampere,Tappara players,Living people

paragraph: Timo Koskela

paragraph: Timo Koskela (born January 23, 1979) is a Finnish former professional ice hockey player.

paragraph: He last played in Switzerland for GCK Lions of the National League B during the 2012-13 season. He also used to play for Tappara of the SM-liiga.

description: Finnish ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Timo Koskela

wikipedia_title: Timo Koskela


text:
German
mathematician
Dresden
combinatorics
probability
University of Leipzig
philology
Christian Fürchtegott Gellert
Felkel
sieve of Eratosthenes
binomial theorem
Gudermann
Johann Heinrich Lambert
Johann Bernoulli
de Moivre
Donald Knuth
Heinrich August Rothe
Johann Karl Burckhardt
Christian Kramp

categories: 19th-century German mathematicians,1741 births,18th-century German mathematicians,1808 deaths,Combinatorialists

paragraph: Carl Hindenburg

paragraph: Carl Friedrich Hindenburg (13 July 1741 – 17 March 1808) was a German mathematician born in Dresden. His work centered mostly on combinatorics and probability.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Hindenburg did not attend school but was educated at home by a private tutor as arranged by his merchant father. He went to the University of Leipzig in 1757 and took courses in medicine, philosophy, Latin, Greek, physics, mathematics, and aesthetics. Hindenburg later published on philology in 1763 and 1769.

paragraph: Hindenburg was mentored by Christian Fürchtegott Gellert, a popular lecturer in Leipzig who introduced Hindenburg to a student named Schönborn. Schönborn's interest in mathematics influenced Hindenburg to go into the field as well. He obtained a master's degree from the University of Leipzig in 1771.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: On obtaining his master's degree at Leipzig in 1771, Hindenburg was made Privatdozent there.

paragraph: In 1781, Hindenburg was appointed as professor of philosophy in the University of Leipzig. He would be appointed professor of physics in 1786 after presenting a dissertation on water pumps. Hindenburg served as academic dean at the University of Leipzig, where he was also Rector in 1792. He became a member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences on 5 August 1806.

paragraph: Section::::Research contributions.

paragraph: Hindenberg's first published mathematical publication, "Beschreibung einer ganz neuen art, nach einem bekannten Gesetze fortgehende Zahlen durch Abzahlen oder Abmessen bequem und sicher zu finden", originated as a project to extend then-existing prime tables up to 5 million. In the book, he mechanically realizes, independent of the work done by Felkel, the sieve of Eratosthenes, which he then proceeds with rules to both optimize and organize. The book also contained results in linear diophantine analysis, decimal periods, combinations, and gave combinatorial significance to the digits of numbers written in decimal notation.

paragraph: In 1778, he started publishing a series of works on combinatorics, particularly on probability, series and formulae for higher differentials. He worked on a generalization of the binomial theorem and was a major influence in Gudermann's work on the expansion of functions into power series.

paragraph: Section::::Editorial work.

paragraph: Hindenburg co-founded the first German mathematical journals. Between 1780 and 1800, he was involved at different times with the publishing of four different journals all relating to mathematics and its applications. Two of the journals, the Leipziger Magazin für reine und angewandte Mathematik (1786–1789) and the Archiv für reine und angewandte Mathematik (1795–1799), published Johann Heinrich Lambert's Nachlass as edited by Johann Bernoulli. In 1796, he edited the "Sammlung combinatorisch-analytischer Abhandlungen", which contained a claim that de Moivre's multinomial theorem was “the most important proposition in all of mathematical analysis”.

paragraph: Section::::Students.

paragraph: One of Hindenburg's best students, according to Donald Knuth, is Heinrich August Rothe. Another student, Johann Karl Burckhardt published the book "Theorie der Kettenbrüche" after being encouraged by Hindenburg to work on continued fractions. He also influenced Christian Kramp's work in combinatorics.

description: German mathematician

wikidata_label: Carl Hindenburg

wikipedia_title: Carl Hindenburg


text: Medieval Gaelic

text: Scottish

text: prince

text: Earl of Huntingdon

text: Ada de Warenne

text: William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey

text: Elizabeth of Vermandois

text: David I of Scotland

text: Huntingdon

text: William I of Scotland

text: John

text: Dundee

text: Lindores Abbey

text: Fife

text: a church dedicated to St Mary in Dundee

text: Floris V, Count of Holland

text: hereditary rights

text: throne of Scotland

text: Matilda of Chester

text: Hugh de Kevelioc, 3rd Earl of Chester

text: Benedict of Peterborough

text: Margaret of Huntingdon

text: Alan, Lord of Galloway

text: Dervorguilla of Galloway

text: Henry de Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings

text: Isobel of Huntingdon

text: Robert Bruce, 4th Lord of Annandale

text: Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale

text: John of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon

text: Elen ferch Llywelyn

text: Ranulf

text: Earl of Chester

text: Ferchar, Earl of Strathearn

text: Scottish royal house

text: William the Lion

text: candidates for the throne

text: Robert Bruce, 5th Lord of Annandale

text: Robert I of Scotland

text: John Balliol

text: Robin Hood

text: A True Tale of Robin Hood

text: Third Crusade

text: Nottingham Castle

text: Nottinghamshire

text: Sir Walter Scott

text: The Talisman

text: Robin of Sherwood

categories: 13th-century Scottish people,Earls of Huntingdon (1065),1219 deaths,House of Dunkeld,Heirs to the Scottish throne,People associated with Dundee,12th-century Scottish people,Place of birth missing,1140s births,Christians of the Third Crusade,Scottish princes

paragraph: David, Earl of Huntingdon

paragraph: David of Scotland (Medieval Gaelic: "Dabíd") (1152 – 17 June 1219) was a Scottish prince and 8th Earl of Huntingdon. He was, until 1198, heir to the Scottish throne.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was the youngest surviving son of Henry of Scotland, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon and Ada de Warenne, a daughter of William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey, and Elizabeth of Vermandois. His paternal grandfather was David I of Scotland. Huntingdon was granted to him after his elder brother William I of Scotland ascended the throne. David's son John succeeded him to the earldom.

paragraph: In 1190 his brother gave him 'superiority' over Dundee and its port. The same year he endowed Lindores Abbey in Fife and a church dedicated to St Mary in Dundee.

paragraph: In the litigation for succession to the crown of Scotland in 1290–1292, the great-great-grandson Floris V, Count of Holland of David's sister, Ada, claimed that David had renounced his hereditary rights to the throne of Scotland. He therefore declared that his claim to the throne had priority over David's descendants. However, no explanation or firm evidence for the supposed renunciation could be provided.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: On 26 August 1190 David married Matilda of Chester (1171 – 6 January 1233), daughter of Hugh de Kevelioc, 3rd Earl of Chester. He was almost twenty years Matilda's senior. The marriage was recorded by Benedict of Peterborough.

paragraph: David and Matilda had seven children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret of Huntingdon (c. 1194 – c. 1228), married Alan, Lord of Galloway, by whom she had two daughters, including Dervorguilla of Galloway.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert of Huntingdon (died young)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ada of Huntingdon, married Sir Henry de Hastings, by whom she had one son, Henry de Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matilda (Maud) of Huntingdon (-aft.1219, unmarried)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isobel of Huntingdon (1199–1251), married firstly, Henry de Percy and had issue and secondly, Robert Bruce, 4th Lord of Annandale, by whom she had two sons, including Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon (1207 – 6 June 1237), married Elen ferch Llywelyn. He succeeded his uncle Ranulf as Earl of Chester in 1232, but died childless.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry of Huntingdon (died young)

paragraph: Earl David also had three illegitimate children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry of Stirling

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry of Brechin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ada, married Malise, son of Ferchar, Earl of Strathearn

paragraph: After the extinction of the senior line of the Scottish royal house in 1290, when the legitimate line of William the Lion of Scotland ended, David's descendants were the prime candidates for the throne. The two most notable claimants to the throne, Robert Bruce, 5th Lord of Annandale (grandfather of King Robert I of Scotland) and John Balliol were his descendants through David's daughters Isobel and Margaret, respectively.

paragraph: Section::::Possible Robin Hood connection.

paragraph: David is a possible inspiration figure for the Robin Hood legend because the legend plays at the same time as David lived in the 1190s.

paragraph: The association of Robin Hood with the Earl of Huntingdon can be traced to ballads of the 17th century, such as "A True Tale of Robin Hood".

paragraph: Both David and Robin Hood are said to have taken part in the Third Crusade, and by 1194 David had taken part at the siege of Nottingham Castle where the High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire and Derby County was taken captive. His son Robert who died young nay also have been a possible inspiration for Robin Hood.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Sir Walter Scott's 1825 novel "The Talisman" features Earl David in his capacity as a prince of Scotland as a crusader on the Third Crusade. For the majority of the novel, Earl David operates under an alias: Sir Kenneth of the Couchant Leopard. Earl David's adventures are highly fictionalized for this novel.

paragraph: The television series "Robin of Sherwood" features Earl David of Huntingdon. The first reference to Earl David (by name only) is in the episode "The Prisoner", in which Prince John states that Earl David is a "dissident" who opposes Prince John's possible succession as King Richard's heir should Richard die without a legitimate heir of his body. The earl himself appears in the first part of "Herne's Son" in which he is not referred to directly as David; his character is the father of Robert of Huntingdon, the second son of Herne to feature in the series adopting the alias of Robin Hood. In the episode "Rutterkin", the earl appears again with a fictitious brother named Edgar, and though he is again not referred to directly as David, it is definitively stated that the earl is the brother of the king of Scotland (as Earl David was the brother of King William The Lion of Scotland). ("The Prisoner", "Herne's Son" and "Rutterkin" were all written by Richard Carpenter.) Earl David was played by Michael Craig.

paragraph: Earl David features briefly in the 2013 Robin Hood novel "The Arrow of Sherwood" by Lauren Johnson. He is depicted at the siege of Nottingham Castle in support of King Richard in 1194.

description: Scottish princeand Earl of Huntingdon

wikidata_label: David of Scotland

wikipedia_title: David, Earl of Huntingdon


text: Bábí faith

text: Iran

text: Letters of the Living

text: Báb

text: Muhammad Salih Baraghani

text: messianism

text: Shaykh Ahmad

text: Kazim Rashti

text: Shi'i

text: Karbala

text: Qa'im

text: Báb

text: Conference of Badasht

text: Tehran

text: Bahá’í

text: martyr

text: Letter of the Living

text: Bahá'ís

text: Azali

text: Bahá'í literature

text: women's rights

text: Qazvin

text: Tehran

text: Muhammad Salih Baraghani

text: Usuli

text: mujtahid

text: Quran

text: eulogies

text: Karbala

text: Mohammad Taqi Baraghani

text: Fath-Ali Shah Qajar

text: Nabíl-i-A`zam

text: Shoghi Effendi

text: William Sears

text: lunar calendar

text: Martha Root

text: Husayn ibn Ali

text: George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston

text: Edward Granville Browne

text: Jakob Eduard Polak

text: `Abdu'l-Bahá

text: Bahiyyih Khánum

text: Qazvin

text: Friday prayers

text: Najaf

text: Tehran

text: Shaykhi

text: Iraq

text: Karbala

text: Karbala

text: Núrayn-i-Nayyirayn

text: Mullá Husayn

text: Kázim-i-Samandar

text: Kadhimiya

text: Báb

text: Mahdi

text: Mary Magdalene

text: Bábism

text: Karbala

text: Iraq

text: Baghdad

text: mufti

text: Persian

text: Báb

text: Sharia

text: Shaykhism

text: Martha Root

text: Quran

text: Mohit Tabátabá'i

text: `Abdu'l-Bahá

text: Edward Granville Browne

text: Bábí

text: Bahá'í

text: Azali

text: Adam

text: Kirand

text: Kermanshah

text: Sahneh

text: Hamadan

text: Báb

text: Qajar

text: Shaykh Ahmad

text: Bahá'u'lláh

text: Tehran

text: Ásíyih Khánum

text: `Abdu'l-Bahá

text: Māku

text: veil

text: Fatimah

text: Muhammad

text: Azar Nafisi

text: Nasser-al-Din Shah

text: Báb

text: polygamy

text: Qajar

text: Báb

text: execution of the Báb

text: Nasser-al-Din Shah

text: Jakob Eduard Polak

text: `Abdu'l-Bahá

text: Bahá'ís

text: feminists

text: Azar Nafisi

text: Shahrnush Parsipur

text: Baku State University

text: Azerbaijan

text: `Abdu'l-Bahá

text: women's suffrage

text: Women's Freedom League

text: Bahá'í Faith in fiction

text: Isabella Grinevskaya

text: Bábí

text: Leo Tolstoy

text: Velimir Khlebnikov

text: Constance Faunt Le Roy Runcie

text: Bahiyyih Nakhjavani

text: prophetic

text: Nazanin Afshin-Jam

text: Jack Lenz

text: Mona Mahmudnizhad

text: Sarah Bernhardt

text: Catulle Mendès

text: Henri Antoine Jules-Bois

text: Adelaide Fringe

text: Shabnam Tolouei

text: Russell Garcia

text: Tierney Sutton

text: Táhirih

text: `Abdu'l-Bahá

text: Collected English Accounts of Táhirih's Life

categories: Persian poets,People executed by the Qajar dynasty,Women religious writers,Female religious leaders,People from Qazvin,Letters of the Living,1814 births,Women poets,19th-century executions by Iran,Religious writers,Arabic-language women poets,1852 deaths,19th-century women,Executed Iranian people,Executed Iranian women,Iranian women writers,People executed by strangulation,19th-century Iranian people,Shaykhism,Arabic-language writers

paragraph: Táhirih

paragraph: Tahereh (Tāhirih) (, "The Pure One," also called Qurrat al-ʿAyn ( "Solace/Consolation of the Eyes") are both titles of Fatimah Baraghani/Umm-i-Salmih (1814 or 1817 – August 16–27, 1852), an influential poet and theologian of the Bábí faith in Iran. She was one of the Letters of the Living, the first group of followers of the Báb. Her life, influence and execution made her a key figure of the religion. The daughter of Muhammad Salih Baraghani, she was born into one of the most prominent families of her time. Táhirih led a radical interpretation that, though it split the Babi community, wedded messianism with Bábism.

paragraph: As a young girl she was educated privately by her father and showed herself a talented writer. Whilst in her teens she married the son of her uncle, with whom she had a difficult marriage. In the early 1840s she became familiar with the teachings of Shaykh Ahmad and began a secret correspondence with his successor Kazim Rashti. Táhirih travelled to the Shi'i holy city of Karbala to meet Kazim Rashti, but he died a number of days before her arrival. In 1844 aged about 27, in search of the Qa'im through the Islamic teachings she figured his whereabouts. Independent to any individual she became acquainted with the teachings of the Báb and accepted his religious claims as Qa'im. She soon won renown and infamy for her zealous teachings of his faith and "fearless devotion". Subsequently, exiled back to Iran, Táhirih taught her faith at almost every opportunity. The Persian clergy grew resentful of her and she was detained several times. She battled with her family throughout her life who wanted her to return to their traditional beliefs.

paragraph: Táhirih was probably best remembered for unveiling herself in an assemblage of men during the Conference of Badasht. The unveiling caused a great deal of controversy and the Báb named her "the Pure One" to show his support for her. She was soon arrested and placed under house arrest in Tehran. In mid-1852 she was executed in secret on account of her Bábí faith. Since her death Bábí and Bahá’í literature venerated her to the level of martyr, being described as "the first woman suffrage martyr". As a prominent Bábí (she was the seventeenth disciple or "Letter of the Living" of the Báb) she is highly regarded by Bahá'ís and Azalis and often mentioned in Bahá'í literature as an example of courage in the struggle for women's rights. Her date of birth is uncertain as birth records were destroyed at her execution.

paragraph: Section::::Early life (birth–1844).

paragraph: Táhirih was born Fātemeh Baraghāni in Qazvin, Iran (near Tehran), the oldest of four daughters of Muhammad Salih Baraghani, an Usuli mujtahid who was remembered for his interpretations of the Quran, his eulogies of the tragedies of Karbala, his zeal for the execution of punishments, and his active opposition to the consumption of wine. Her mother was from a Persian noble family, whose brother was the imam of the Shah Mosque of Qazvin. Her mother as well as Táhirih and all her sisters all studied in the Salehiyya, the Salehi madrasa her father had established in 1817, which included a women's section. Táhirih's uncle, Mohammad Taqi Baraghani, was also a mujtahid whose power and influence dominated the court of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar. The lack of contemporary evidence makes it impossible to determine her exact date of birth. Historian and contemporary Nabíl-i-A`zam cites that it was in 1817, whilst others claim an earlier date of 1814. Her grandson suggests a much later date of 1819, whilst some modern historians claim she was born about 1815. Shoghi Effendi and William Sears suggest the date of 1817, and other writers agree. This is supported by claims by a chronicler from the 19th century, who wrote that Táhirih was "thirty-six years of age" when she was killed, in accordance to the lunar calendar. After interviewing Táhirih's family and the families of contemporaries as well as reading documents about her life Martha Root believed that the most accurate date of birth was between 1817–1819. These findings are contested in several books and articles, but the evidence does not conclusively support either date.

paragraph: The Baraghani brothers had migrated from an obscure village near Qazvin to the city where they made their fortunes in ecclesiastical schools. They soon rose to the ranks of high-ranking clerics in the court of the Shah of Persia and even running religious sections of Qazvin. The brothers also involved themselves in the mercantile business accumulating great wealth and royal favour. Her father was himself a noted and respected cleric, as was her older uncle who married a daughter of the monarch. Táhirih's two younger uncles were not as elevated as the older ones but still had reasonable power in the court. Her aunt was a renowned poet and calligrapher in royal circles and wrote government decrees in her "beautiful hand". At the time of her birth, the Baraghani's were one of the most respected and powerful families in Persia.

paragraph: Section::::Early life (birth–1844).:Education.

paragraph: Táhirih was educated particularly well for a girl of her era. A literate woman was itself a rare phenomenon and surprisingly her father decided to break from protocol and personally tutor his daughter. Though still living in a strict religious home, Táhirih was educated in theology, jurisprudence, Persian literature, and poetry. She was allowed to undertake Islamic studies, and was known for her ability to memorize the Qur'an as well as being able to grasp hard to understand points of religious law. Her father was reported to have lamented at the fact that she was not a son. Táhirih was said to have surpassed her father's male students which further convinced him of her literary talents. Her father even allowed her to listen to his lessons which he gave male pupils, on the condition that she hide behind a curtain and not let anybody know her presence. Her father affectionately knew her as "Zarrín Táj" ("Crown of Gold").

paragraph: Under the education of her father and uncle, the young Táhirih was able to grasp a better understanding of theological and educational matters compared to her contemporaries. Girls were expected to remain docile and reticent and many were reluctant to allow their daughters to pursue an education of some sort. Her father Muhammad-Salih Baraghani was a writer in his own right and his writings laud the martyrdom of the Muhammad's grandson and third Imam Husayn ibn Ali and discuss Persian literature. He was reported to devote much of his time to scholarship rather than involving himself in the court, unlike his elder brother. Amanat cites that Táhirih was also known for her esoteric interpretation of Quranic verses. Táhirih's education in Qazvin proved itself in later years, inspiring many new trends among women in her social-circle and may have been instrumental in pressing Táhirih towards the more radical Shaykhi and Bábí teachings.

paragraph: Táhrih exerted a powerful charm and charisma on those who met her, and she was generally praised for her beauty. Contemporaries and modern historians comment on Táhirih's rare physical beauty. A courtier described her as "moonfaced", "with hair like musk" whilst one of her fathers pupils wondered how a woman of her beauty could be so intelligent. Historian Nabíl-i-A`zam reports the "highest terms of [her] beauty", George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, wrote, "beauty and the female sex also lent their consecration to the new creed and the heroism… the lovely but ill-fated poetess of Qazvín". British Professor Edward Granville Browne who spoke to a great number of her contemporaries, wrote that she was renowned for her "marvellous beauty". The Shah's Austrian physician, Jakob Eduard Polak, also cited her beauty. `Abdu'l-Bahá and Bahiyyih Khánum noted her beauty in several talks and writings. Táhirih's education with her father lead her to become a devoutly religious and she upheld these beliefs for the rest of her life. It also made her hungry for knowledge and she busied herself with reading and writing religious and other forms of literature. Her formal education ended when she was about thirteen or fourteen, when she was summoned by her father to consent to a betrothal arranged by her uncle and father.

paragraph: Section::::Early life (birth–1844).:Marriage and developments.

paragraph: Though showing herself a capable writer and poet, Táhirih was forced to comply with family pressure and at the age of fourteen she was married to her cousin Muhammad Baraghani the son of her uncle. The marriage resulted in three children, two sons: Ibrahim and Isma’il and one daughter. The marriage however, was an unhappy one from the start and Muhammad Baraghani seemed to have been reluctant to allow his wife to further her literary pursuits. In Qazvin Táhirih reportedly won renown for her beauty and respect for her knowledge, however the latter was a quality regarded as undesirable in a daughter and wife. Her husband eventually became the leader of the Friday prayers. Her two sons fled from their father after their mother's death to Najaf and Tehran whilst the daughter died shortly after her mother's passing. It was in the home of her cousin that Táhirih first became acquainted with and started correspondence with leaders of the Shaykhi movement, including Kazim Rashti, which flourished in the Shi'i shrine cities in Iraq.

paragraph: Táhirih was introduced to the radical new Shaykhi teachings in the library of her cousin, Javad Valiyani. At first Valiyani was reluctant to allow his cousin to read the literature, citing the fact her father and uncle were great enemies of the movement. Táhirih however was greatly attracted to the teachings, and was in regular correspondence with Siyyid Kazim, whom she regularly wrote asking theological questions. Siyyid Kazim was gratified with her devotion and pleased that he had another supporter amongst the powerful Baraghani family. He wrote to her describing her as his ""Solace of the Eyes""("Qurat-ul-Ayn") and ""the soul of my heart"". Initially Táhirih kept her new religious beliefs secret from her family. However, with her newfound faith Táhirih found it difficult to comply with her family's rigid religious doctrine and began openly battling with them. The religious tension resulted in Táhirih imploring her father, uncle and husband to allow her to make a pilgrimage to the holy shrines of Karbala. At the age of about 26 in 1843, Táhirih separated from her husband and accompanied by her sister made a sojourn to Karbala. Her real motive for the pilgrimage however was to meet her teacher, Kazim Rashti. To her dismay, by the time she had arrived, Kazim had died. With his widow's approval, she set up in Siyyid Kazim's house and continued teaching his followers from behind a curtain.

paragraph: In Karbala, Táhirih was a now teaching the pupils of Kazim Rashti. His widow had allowed her to gain access to much of his unpublished works, and Táhirih made a bond with other women of his household. She was however forced to follow protocol and taught her pupils from behind a curtain, as it was regarded as unbecoming for a woman's face to be seen in public. It was equally considered unsuitable for a woman to be in the presence of men let alone teach, and it caused much controversy in Karbala. She did nevertheless gain a wide and popular following including many women such as Kurshid Bagum (the future wife of the Núrayn-i-Nayyirayn) and the sister of Mullá Husayn. Another notable follower was the mother of Kázim-i-Samandar. Her teaching was received negatively by the male clergy and other male Shaykhis forced her to retreat to Kadhimiya for a short period.

paragraph: Section::::Early life (birth–1844).:Conversion.

paragraph: In 1844, she, through correspondence, found and accepted `Ali Muhammad of Shiraz (known as the Báb) as the Mahdi. She became the seventeenth disciple or "Letter of the Living" of the Báb, and rapidly become known as one of his most renowned followers. Táhirih asked the husband of her sister to send the Báb a message saying: ""The effulgence of Thy face flashed forth, and the rays of Thy visage arose on high. Then speak the word, "Am I not your Lord?" and 'Thou art, Thou art!' we will all reply"." As the only woman in this initial group of disciples, she is often compared to Mary Magdalene who, in turn, is likewise often considered to be a Christian antecedent of Tahirih. Unlike the other Letters of the Living, Táhirih never met the Báb. Continuing to reside in Siyyid Kazim's home, she started to promulgate the new religion of the Báb, Bábism, and attracted many Shakhis to Karbala.

paragraph: Section::::As a Bábí (1844–1848).

paragraph: While in Karbala in Iraq, Táhirih continued teaching her new faith. After some of the Shi`ah clergy complained, the government moved her to Baghdad, where she resided at the home of the mufti of Baghdad, Shaykh Mahmud Alusi, who was impressed by her devotion and intellect. Táhirih was stoned as she left for Baghdad. There she started giving public statements teaching the new faith, and challenging and debating issues with the Shi'a clergy. Táhirih's behaviour was regarded as unbecoming of a woman especially because of her family background and she was received negatively by the clergy. Despite this, many women admired her lessons and she gained a great number of women followers. At some point the authorities in Baghdad argued with the governor that since Táhirih was Persian she should instead be arguing her case in Iran, and in 1847, on instructions from the Ottoman authorities she, along with a number other Bábís, was deported to the Persian border. A reason may have been her increasing note of innovation in religious matters – in his early teachings, the Báb stressed the necessity for his followers to observe the Islamic Sharia, even to perform acts of supererogatory piety. However, his claim as being the Bāb, i.e. the authority direct from God, threatened to conflict with this more conservative position. Táhirih seems to have been particularly conscious of this and to have linked the concept of the Bāb's overriding authority in religious matters with ideas originating in Shaykhism. Táhirih seems to have made this link before the Bāb himself but she received letters supporting her approach soon.

paragraph: American Martha Root writes about Táhirih: "Picture in your mind one of the most beautiful young women in Iran, a genius, a poet, the

paragraph: most learned scholar of the Quran and the traditions; think of her as the daughter of a jurist family of letters, daughter of the greatest high priest of her province and very rich, enjoying high rank, living in an artistic palace, and distinguished among her...friends for her boundless, immeasurable courage. Picture what it must mean for a young woman like this, still in her twenties, to arise as the first woman disciple of [the Báb]".

paragraph: Section::::As a Bábí (1844–1848).:Poetry.

paragraph: After her conversion to the Bábí faith, the poems of Táhirih flourished. In most she talks about her longing to meet the Báb. Her poetry illustrates an impressive knowledge of Persian and Arabic literature which Táhirih possessed, seldom seen in a woman in mid-nineteenth century Iran. One of the most famous poems attributed to her is named "Point by Point". Although it is widely considered her signature poem and a masterpiece, it has been claimed by Mohit Tabátabá'i to be older and by someone else – though in making this claim he offered no proof and any argument to the contrary is not possible in Iran. When Táhirih was killed, hostile family members suppressed or destroyed her remaining poems, whilst her others were spread across Iran. It has been suggested that Táhirih had little interest in putting her poems in print. `Abdu'l-Bahá recalls that when he was aged five Táhirih would chant her poetry to him in her beautiful voice. Edward Granville Browne procured her poems from Bábí, Bahá'í and Azali sources and published them in his book "A Year Amongst the Persians".

paragraph: After collecting, translating, and publishing a volume of those poems commonly considered as having been written by Táhirih,"The Poetry of Táhirih (2002)", scholars John S. Hatcher and Amrollah Hemmat received a photocopy of two handwritten manuscripts from Bíjan Beidáíe, son of renowned scholar Dhuká'í Beidáíe who had originally submitted this manuscript to the Bahá'í archives of Iran. The result of this propitious find of poems previously unpublished, untranslated, and largely unknown, was the publication of two volumes by Hatcher and Hemmat containing both translation of the poetry into English and copies of the original calligraphy. The first volume "Adam's Wish" (2008) includes a lengthy poem called "Adam's Wish", about the desire of Adam and all other past prophets to witness humanity's coming of age. The second volume "The Quickening" was published in 2011 and also includes copies of the original calligraphy of the second manuscript. As Hatcher and Hemmat explain in the introductions to these two volumes, some scholars question whether or not all the poems in the manuscript are by Táhirih. Dhuká'í Beidáíe himself states in Persian on page 256 of "Adam's Wish" that some of the poems may be written by Bihjat (Karím Khan-i-Máftí), one of the Báb'ís of Qazvin who corresponded with Táhirih through exchanges of poems, possibly during the period when she was imprisoned the house of the governor of Tehran in the period prior to her execution.

paragraph: Section::::As a Bábí (1844–1848).:Return to Iran.

paragraph: During her journey back to Qazvin, she openly taught the Bábí faith, including on stops in Kirand and Kermanshah, where she debated with the leading cleric of the town, Aqa `Abdu'llah-i-Bihbihani. Aqa `Abdu'llah-i-Bihbihani, at this point, wrote to Táhirih's father asking his relatives to remove her from Kermanshah. She then travelled to the small town of Sahneh and then to Hamadan, where she met her brothers who had been sent to ask for her return to Qazvin. She agreed to return with her brothers after making a public statement in Hamedan regarding the Báb. Her father and uncle were particularly distressed at Táhirih’s behaviour regarding it as bringing the Baraghani family to disgrace. Upon returning to Qazvin in July 1847 she refused to live with her husband whom she considered an infidel, and instead stayed with her brother.

paragraph: Section::::As a Bábí (1844–1848).:Arriving in Qazvin and escape to Tehran.

paragraph: After arriving at the family home, her uncle and father endeavoured to convert her away from the Bábí faith, but Táhirih argued and presented religious "proofs" for the validity of the Báb's claims. A few weeks later her husband quickly divorced her, and her uncle Muhammad Taqi Baraghani began publicly denouncing his niece. This was very controversial in Qazvin and further undermined the Baraghani family. Rumours circulated in the court of Táhirih's immorality, but these were most likely hearsay concocted to undermine her position and ruin her reputation. A Qajar chronicler wrote that he was stunned by her beauty describing her "body like a peacock of Paradise", and that she had nine husbands (later changed to ninety). He also wrote she engaged in deviant behaviour with "wandering Bábís".

paragraph: Such rumours were damaging to the Baraghani families reputation and Táhirih wrote a letter to her father claiming they were merely lies.

paragraph: To her father she alludes to ""slanderous defamation"" and denies ""worldly love"". Her father was reportedly convinced about his daughter's chastity. He remained constantly devoted to the memory of her. After the slander and abuse from the clergy in Qazvin he retired to Karbala, where he died in 1866. Her father may have remained unconvinced about the rumours but her uncle Mulla Muhammad Taqi Baraghani was horrified and resentful to the Báb, whom he blamed for having brought his family to ill repute.

paragraph: While she was in Qazvin, her uncle, Mulla Muhammad Taqi Baraghani, was murdered, and the blame for this placed on her by her husband, even though she denied any involvement. Baraghani had been an inveterate enemy of Shaykh Ahmad. During Táhirih's stay in Qazvin, Baraghani had embarked on a series of sermons in which he attacked the Báb and his followers. There is no hard evidence as to the identity of the murderer, nor any proof as to Táhirih's involvement or lack of it. With her arrest Táhirih's powerful father convinced the authorities that rather than kill Táhirih, she would be imprisoned in her home. Táhirih's father kept her under house-arrest in his cellar, appointing her maids to act as spies. Though interpreted as a cruel act in Root's interviews with family members of Táhirih one claimed this was done out of genuine fear for her safety. Her father was convinced of his daughters’ innocence, but her husband was violently against her. He argued that Táhirih be put on trial for the murder of her uncle. Her father positively refused citing Táhirih would never leave her home. Nevertheless, authorities forcefully arrested Táhirih and one of her maids in the hope that she would testify against her.

paragraph: In her trial Táhirih was questioned hour after hour about the murder of her uncle, in which she denied any involvement. To exert pressure on her, Táhirih was threatened to be branded as was her maid who was almost tortured to procure evidence from Táhirih. However, it fell through after the confession of the murderer himself. Táhirih returned to her father's home, still a prisoner, and was kept under close watch.

paragraph: This accusation led to her life being in danger, and through the help of Bahá'u'lláh, she escaped to Tehran. Táhirih stayed at the home of Bahá'u'lláh in the private parlour of his wife Ásíyih Khánum. Ásíyih personally looked after Táhirih whilst she was hiding in their house. It was there that she first met `Abdu'l-Bahá and grew very attached the boy of about three or four. Táhirih asked Bahá’u’lláh if she could go to Māku as a pilgrim to see the Báb, who was then still a prisoner, but Bahá’u’lláh explained the impossibility of the trek.

paragraph: Section::::As a Bábí (1844–1848).:Conference of Badasht.

paragraph: In June–July 1848, a number of Bábí leaders met in the hamlet of Badasht at a conference, organized in part and financed by Bahá'u'lláh, that set in motion the public existence and promulgation of the Bábí movement.

paragraph: In one account the purpose of the conference was to initiate a complete break in the Babi community with the Islamic past. The same account notes that a secondary account was to find a way to free the Bab from the prison of Chiriq,

paragraph: and it was Tahirih who pushed the notion that there should be an armed rebellion to save the Bab and create the break. Another source states that there was no doubt that prominent Babi leaders wanted to plan an armed revolt. It seems that much of what Tahirih was pushing was beyond what most of the other Babis were about to accept.

paragraph: Bábís were divided somewhat between those that viewed the movement as a break with Islam, centered around Táhirih, and those with a more cautious approach, centered around Quddus. As an act of symbolism, she took off her traditional veil in front of an assemblage of men on one occasion and brandished a sword on another. The unveiling caused shock and consternation amongst the men present. Prior to this, many had regarded Táhirih as the epitome of purity and the spiritual return of Fatimah, the daughter of the prophet Muhammad. Many screamed in horror at the sight, and one man was so horrified that he cut his own throat and, with blood pouring from his neck, fled the scene. Táhirih then arose and began a speech on the break from Islam. She quoted from the Quran, "verily, amid gardens and rivers shall the pious dwell in the seat of truth, in the presence of the potent King" as well as proclaiming herself the "Word" al-Qa'im would utter on the "day of judgement".

paragraph: The unveiling caused great controversy that even led some of the Bábís to abandon their new faith.

paragraph: The conference of Badasht is considered by Bábís and Bahá'ís as a signal moment that demonstrated that the Sharia had been abrogated and superseded by Bábí law. The unveiling, however, led to accusations of immorality by Muslim clerics of the time, and later by a Christian missionary. The Báb responded to the accusations of immorality by supporting her position and endorsed the name Bahá'u'lláh gave her at the conference: "the Pure" (Táhirih). A jailer who had personal contact with her lauded her character and behavior and modern women scholars review this kind of accusation as part of a pattern faced by women leaders and writers then and since in a way that Azar Nafisi says, "the Islamic regime today… fears them and feels vulnerable in the face of a resistance that is not just political but existential."

paragraph: Section::::Imprisonment and Death (1848–1852).

paragraph: After the conference at Badasht Táhirih and Quddus travelled to Mazandaran province together, where they then separated, very often facing harassment on their journey. There are conflicting reports as to the reason of this harassment. According to Lisan al-Mulk the harassment was due to their staying in the same inns, and using the same public bath. In a different account the Babis are harassed by anti-Babi inhabitants of villages that they pass through. Finally when they arrived in Barfurush, they were given some shelter among the Babis.

paragraph: Nearby villagers attacked the Bábís and during that time Táhirih was captured, and put under house arrest in Tehran in the home of the Mahmud Khan. Whilst in the house of Mahmud Khan she earned respect from women around Tehran who flocked to see her and even the Mahmud Khan himself. Táhirih seemed to have gained the respect of Mahmud Khan and his family members. This is also her first visibility in western newspapers.

paragraph: Section::::Imprisonment and Death (1848–1852).:Presentation at Court.

paragraph: After her capture and arrest, Táhirih was escorted to Tehran. It was in Tehran that Táhirih was presented in the court to the young monarch Nasser-al-Din Shah. He was reported to have remarked "I like her looks, leave her, and let her be". She was then taken to the home of the chief Mahmud Khan. The Shah then wrote her a letter in which he explained that she should deny the teachings of the Báb, and that if she did so then she would be given an exalted position in his harem. Táhirih rejected his advances through a poem which she composed. The Shah was reportedly gratified by her intelligence. Despite the Kings request for her to be left alone, she was placed under house arrest. The day before her martyrdom she was again presented to the King, who questioned her again about her beliefs. It was for four years that Táhirih remained a prisoner.

paragraph: Section::::Imprisonment and Death (1848–1852).:Final Sentence.

paragraph: Though a prisoner, Táhirih still had relative freedom in the sense that she still taught her religion to people in the mayor's house. She openly denounced polygamy, the veil and other restraints put upon women. Her words soon made her an influential character and women flocked to see Táhirih, including one princess of the Qajar family who converted. The clergy and members of the court, however, feared that she had grown too influential, and they organized seven conferences with Táhirih to convince her to recant her faith in the Báb. Instead, Táhirih presented religious "proofs" for the Báb's cause and—at the last of these conferences—exclaimed "when will you lift your eyes toward the Sun of Truth?". Her actions horrified the delegation and were regarded as unbecoming of a woman, no less one from her social background.

paragraph: After the final conference, the delegation returned and began composing an edict denouncing Táhirih as a heretic, and implying that she should be sentenced to death. Táhirih was then confined to one room in the home of the mayor. She spent her last days in prayer, mediation and fasting. "Weep not," she told the mayor's wife, "the hour when I shall be condemned to suffer martyrdom is fast approaching."

paragraph: Section::::Imprisonment and Death (1848–1852).:Execution.

paragraph: Two years after the execution of the Báb, three Bábís, acting on their own initiative, attempted to assassinate Nasser-al-Din Shah as he was returning from the chase to his palace at Niyávarfin. The attempt failed, but was the cause of a fresh persecution of the Bábís and Táhirih was blamed due to her Bábí faith. She was told shortly beforehand about her execution. Táhirih kissed the hands of the messenger, dressed herself in bridal attire, adorned herself in perfume and said her prayers. To the wife of Mahmud Khan she made one supplication: that she be left in peace to continue her prayers in peace. The young son of Mahmud Khan accompanied Táhirih to the garden. To him she gave a silk white handkerchief with which she had chosen to be strangled.

paragraph: In the dead of the night in secret, Táhirih was taken to the nearby garden Ilkhani in Tehran, and with her own veil was strangled to death. Her body was thrown into a shallow well and stones thrown upon it. A prominent Bábí, and subsequently Bahá'í, historian cites the wife of an officer who had the chance to know her that she was strangled by a drunken officer of the government with her own veil which she had chosen for her anticipated martyrdom. One of her most notable quotes is her final utterance, "You can kill me as soon as you like, but you cannot stop the emancipation of women." She was then aged about 35, and was the mother of three children. Dr Jakob Eduard Polak, the Shah's physician, was an eyewitness to the execution and described it as: ""I was witness to the execution of Qurret el ayn, who was executed by the war minister and his adjutants; the beautiful woman endured her slow death with superhuman fortitude"". `Abdu'l-Bahá eulogized Táhirih writing that she was a "woman chaste and holy, a sign and token of surpassing beauty, a burning brand of the love of God". "The Times" on 13 October 1852 reports the death of Táhirih, describing her as the "Fair Prophetess of Kazoeen", and the "Bab's Lieutenant".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Táhirih is considered one of the foremost women of the Bábí religion and an important figure in its development. As a charismatic individual, she was able to transcend the restrictions normally placed on women in traditional society where she lived, and thus attracted attention to the Cause. She wrote copiously on Bábí matters, and of that volume about a dozen significant works and a dozen personal letters have survived. They are outlined (including the contents of some further treatises that have been lost) by Denis MacEoin in 'The Sources for Early Babi Doctrines and History' 107–116. Around 50 poems are attributed to her, and are regarded highly in Persian culture.

paragraph: In addition to being well known among Bahá'ís, who consider her one of the leading women figures of their religion, Táhirih's influence has extended beyond the Bahá'í community as her life has come to inspire later generations of feminists. Azar Nafisi, a notable Iranian academic and author, has referred to her influence, saying that "the first woman to unveil and to question both political and religious orthodoxy was a woman named Táhirih who lived in [the] early 1800s... And we carry this tradition." Shahrnush Parsipur mentions her in a kind of genealogy of women writers she is inspired by. Azer Jafarov, professor at Baku State University, Azerbaijan, stated that “she influenced modern literature, raised the call for the emancipation of women, and had a deep impact on public consciousness.

paragraph: A very early western account of Táhirih would have been on January 2, 1913 when `Abdu'l-Bahá, then head of the Bahá'í Faith, spoke on women's suffrage to the Women's Freedom League – part of his address and print coverage of his talk noted mentions of Táhirih to the organization.

paragraph: Section::::In art.

paragraph: Táhirh has been a focus of some writers of the Bahá'í Faith in fiction. Polish/Russian playwright Isabella Grinevskaya wrote the play "Báb" based on the life and events of the founder of the Bábí religion with a focus on Táhirih. which was performed in St. Petersburg in 1904 and again in 1916/7, and lauded by Leo Tolstoy and other reviewers at the time. In Velimir Khlebnikov's writings and poems she is mentioned frequently (as ); a number of Khlebnikov's poems describes her execution (sometimes mistakingly as a burning on a stake).

paragraph: About 1908 Constance Faunt Le Roy Runcie attempted to publish a novel about the Bab and "Persia's celebrated poetess Zerryn Taj" (another of Tahirih's names.)

paragraph: Bahiyyih Nakhjavani published her "La femme qui lisait trop (The Woman Who Reads Too Much)" in 2007, the English edition was published in 2015. It tells the story of Táhirih. The writer adopts the revolving points of view, of mother, sister, daughter and wife respectively, to trace the impact of this woman's actions on her contemporaries and read her prophetic insights.

paragraph: Nazanin Afshin-Jam is set to play a role as Tahirih in a film by Jack Lenz named "Mona's Dream" about the life story of Mona Mahmudnizhad.

paragraph: Sarah Bernhardt, the best known French actress of her day, asked two of her contemporary authors Catulle Mendès and Henri Antoine Jules-Bois to write a play about Tahirih and the Babis for her to portray on stage.

paragraph: In 2015, during the Adelaide Fringe, Delia Olam co-wrote and staged a one-woman play ""Just let the wind untie my perfumed hair"", based on Tahirih's final days as seen through several eyewitnesses. Some of Tahirih's poetry, in English translation, was sung to cello or dulcimer accompaniment.

paragraph: Shabnam Tolouei Iranian actress and filmmaker living in France, has made a documentary of 67 minutes about the life of Tahirih Qurratul'Ayn, in April 2016. The film, called Dust-Flower-Flame, is in Persian language with English and French subtitles.

paragraph: Russell Garcia and Gina Garcia have composed a musical drama titled "The Unquenchable Flame" about Táhirih's life, with Tierney Sutton in the role of Táhirih.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amanat, Abbas, "Resurrection and Renewal: The Making of the Babi Movement in Iran, 1844–1850," Cornel University Press, Ithaca, 1989; second ed., Kalimat Press, Los Angeles, 2005, especially chap. 7 (pp. 295–331).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chopra, R. M., "Eminent Poetesses of Persian ", Iran Society, Kolkata, 2010.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Directory of Táhirih's Arabic and Persian writings at h-net

paragraph: BULLET::::- Translation of Táhirih's poetry to English by Martha Root

paragraph: BULLET::::- Táhirih – Táhirih's biographical entry from "Memorials of the Faithful" by `Abdu'l-Bahá

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collected English Accounts of Táhirih's Life – Primary and Secondary Biographical Accounts

wikidata_label: Táhirih

wikipedia_title: Táhirih


text: Busto Arsizio

text: Italy

text: Italian

text: violin

text: conductor

text: classical music

text: Milan

text: Venezia

text: degree honoris causa

text: Communication studies

text: Antonio Stradivari

text: Giuseppe Guarneri del Gesù

text: Italy-USA Foundation

text: Uto Ughi official website

categories: 21st-century conductors (music),Living people,21st-century classical violinists,Italian classical violinists,Italian male conductors (music),People from Busto Arsizio,1944 births,Italian conductors (music),Male violinists,21st-century male musicians

paragraph: Uto Ughi

paragraph: Diodato "Uto" Ughi, (; born 21 January 1944 in Busto Arsizio, Italy), is an Italian violinist and conductor. He was the music director of the Orchestra dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia between 1987–1992. He is considered one of Italy's greatest living violinists and is also active in the promotion of classical music in today's culture.

paragraph: When he was young he started to play the violin, at only «5 or 6 years» he said, and he made his debut at 7 years old, at the Teatro Lirico di Milano. At 12 years he was considered a mature artist.

paragraph: He involves himself in many activities to promote music culture. He is the founder of several music festivals, namely "Omaggio a Venezia", "Omaggio a Roma" (1999–2002) and "Uto Ughi per Roma." In tandem with Bruno Tosi, Uto Ughi instituted the musical prize "Una vita per la Musica" ("A life for Music").

paragraph: On September 4, 1997 he was commissioned "Cavaliere della Gran Croce" by the Italian President and in 2002 he received a degree honoris causa in Communication studies. He has won various awards, the most prestigious "Una vita per la musica - Leonard Bernstein" (23/6/1997), "Galileo 2000" prize (5/7/2003) and the international prize "Ostia Mare" (8/8/2003).

paragraph: Ughi has possessed the following fine instruments: the "Van Houten-Kreutzer" (1701) and "Sinsheimer-General Kyd-Perlman" (1714) by Antonio Stradivari; and the "Kortschak-Wurlitzer" (1739), "Ole Bull" (1744) and "Cariplo-Hennel-Rosé" (1744) by Giuseppe Guarneri del Gesù.

paragraph: He received the "America Award" of the Italy-USA Foundation in 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quel diavolo di un trillo. Note della mia vita" (2013)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uto Ughi official website

description: Italian violinist and conductor

wikidata_label: Uto Ughi

wikipedia_title: Uto Ughi


text:
Czersk
Warsaw
Liw
Zakroczym
Nur
Konrad III the Red
Anna
Mikolaj Radziwiłł "the Old"
Lithuania
Janusz III
Alexander
Sigismund I the Old
Bona Sforza
Kraków
Masuria
Hedwig of Poland
Barbara Zápolya
St. John's Archcathedral, Warsaw
Jan Długosz
tuberculosis

wikipedia_title: Hedwig Jagiellon, Electress of Brandenburg

categories: People of the Polish–Teutonic War (1519–21),1501 births,1524 deaths,Polish nobility,Piast dynasty

paragraph: Stanisław of Masovia

paragraph: Stanisław of Masovia (pl: "Stanisław mazowiecki"; 17 May 1501 – 8 August 1524), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast in the Masovian branch. He was a Duke of Czersk, Warsaw, Liw, Zakroczym and Nur during 1503-1524 (under regency until 1518) jointly with his brother.

paragraph: He was the eldest son of Konrad III the Red and his third wife Anna, a daughter of Mikolaj Radziwiłł "the Old", Voivod of Vilnius and the first Grand Chancellor of Lithuania.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: After the death of their father on 28 October 1503, Stanisław and his younger brother Janusz III inherited his domains but, because they were minors, remained under the regency of their mother.

paragraph: Most of the Masovian inheritance (except Czersk, which had already been given to Konrad III as a hereditary fief in 1495) was seriously threatened by the Kingdom of Poland at the time of Konrad III's death, and was not secured in his sons' hands until 14 March 1504, when by a ruling of King Alexander, the young princes received their whole patrimony as a fief.

paragraph: Stanisław and his brother took the government in 1518, because of the constant riots of the local nobility. Despite this, Anna Radziwiłł retained the real power in Masovia until her death in 1522. In the same year when they attained their majority, both princes attended the wedding of King Sigismund I the Old to Bona Sforza in Kraków.

paragraph: In 1519, fulfilling their duties as Polish vassals, Stanisław and Janusz III intervened in the Polish-Teutonic War, sending auxiliary troops to the Polish King, and in the winter of 1519-1520 they personally captured several towns in Masuria. At the same time, Stanisław secretly entered into talks with the Teutonic Knights for a ceasefire, which finally took place in December 1520, a few months before a peace treaty ended the war between Poland and the Teutonic Order.

paragraph: In their private lives, both Stanisław and his brother were heavily inclined to drink and women; however, in order to continue his bloodline, in 1523 Stanisław started negotiations for marriage with Princess Hedwig of Poland, only surviving daughter of King Sigismund I and his first wife, Barbara Zápolya. The wedding never took place; one year later, and likely as a result of his dissolute lifestyle, Stanisław died on 8 August 1524. He was buried at St. John's Archcathedral, Warsaw.

paragraph: The sudden death of Stanisław, and that two years later of his younger brother Janusz III, were considered suspicious at the time. The main suspect was a Płock lady called Katarzyna Radziejowska, who after being seduced and abandoned by both princes, was believed to have poisoned firstly Anna Radziwiłł, then Stanisław and finally Janusz III in revenge. Declared guilty, she and her supposed accomplice were "tied naked to poles and beaten for hours, and finally burned alive". The hurry where the sentence was carried raised even more suspicion that in fact the real instigator of the crimes was Queen Bona. The controversy was so intense that King Sigismund I, in order to clarify the matter once and for all, ordered an investigation, as a result of which a special edict was declared on 9 February 1528 which ruled that the princes ""weren't victims of a human hand, but was the will of the Almighty Lord that caused their deaths"".

paragraph: According to Jan Długosz, the real cause of the death of both princes could be an inherited disease of the Masovian princes: tuberculosis.

description: Polish duke

wikidata_label: Stanislaus I of Masovia

wikipedia_title: Stanisław of Masovia