text:
Byzantine Emperor
Battle of Pliska
genikos logothetēs
Syriac
Michael the Syrian
Arabic
al-Tabari
Mas'udi
Ghassanid
Arab
Byzantine
Greek
Ghassan
eponym
Seleucia Sidera
logothetēs tou genikou
Irene
patricians
eunuch
Staurakios
Bardanes Tourkos
Leo V the Armenian
Michael II the Amorian
monastery
Arsaber
themes
Balkans
Greeks
Anatolia
iconodule
Nikephoros
patriarch
villain
Theophanes the Confessor
Pax Nicephori
Charlemagne
Venice
Istria
Dalmatia
South Italy
Rome
Ravenna
Pentapolis
Hārūn al-Rashīd
Battle of Krasos
invaded the Empire
Krum
Bulgaria
Pliska
Michael the Syrian
July 26
Krum
Pliska
made a drinking-cup
Staurakios
Prokopia
Michael I Rangabe
Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
Alexander Kazhdan
List of Byzantine emperors

categories: 9th-century Byzantine emperors,8th-century Byzantine people,8th-century births,Byzantine people of Arab descent,Christian monarchs,800s in the Byzantine Empire,810s in the Byzantine Empire,Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars,Roman emperors killed in battle,Monarchs killed in action,811 deaths

paragraph: Nikephoros I

paragraph: Nikephoros I, or Nicephorus I (, "Nikēphoros I"; died July 26, 811), was Byzantine Emperor from 802 to 811, when he was killed in the Battle of Pliska. Prior to his accession, he had served as "genikos logothetēs", whence he is sometimes surnamed "the Logothete" (ὁ Λογοθέτης) and "Genikos" or "Genicus" (ὁ Γενικός).

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Both Syriac sources such as Michael the Syrian and Arabic ones like al-Tabari and Mas'udi hold that the emperor was of a Ghassanid Arab origin. Byzantine chronicles, however, although generally hostile to him, make no explicit mention about his ethnic background. On the other hand, al-Tabari claims that he learned of Nikephoros' Arab origins from Byzantine sources. Some scholars, like Paul Julius Alexander, accept al-Tabari's account, citing a Byzantine apocalyptic text in which the emperor is said to be "from the race of Gopsin". The word "Gospin" could be a Greek rendering of the name "Ghassan", or the name "Gafna", the eponym of the Ghassanids.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: A patrician from Seleucia Sidera, Nikephoros was appointed finance minister ("logothetēs tou genikou") by the Empress Irene. With the help of the patricians and eunuchs he contrived to dethrone and exile Irene, and to be chosen as Emperor in her stead on October 31, 802. He crowned his son Staurakios co-emperor in 803.

paragraph: His rule was endangered by Bardanes Tourkos, one of his ablest generals, who revolted and received support from other commanders, notably the later emperors Leo V the Armenian and Michael II the Amorian in 803.

paragraph: But Nikephoros gained over the latter two, and by inducing the rebel army to disperse achieved the submission of Bardanes, who was blinded and relegated to a monastery. A conspiracy headed by the patrician Arsaber had a similar issue.

paragraph: Nikephoros embarked on a general reorganization of the Roman Empire, creating new themes in the Balkans (where he initiated the re-Hellenization by resettling Greeks from Anatolia) and strengthening the frontiers. Needing large sums to increase his military forces, he set himself with great energy to increase the Empire's revenue. By his rigorous tax imposts he alienated the favour of his subjects, and especially of the clergy, whom he otherwise sought to control firmly. Although he appointed an iconodule, Nikephoros as patriarch, Emperor Nikephoros was portrayed as a villain by ecclesiastical historians like Theophanes the Confessor.

paragraph: In 803 Nikephoros concluded a treaty, called the "Pax Nicephori", with Charlemagne, but refused to recognize the latter's imperial dignity. Relations deteriorated and led to a war over Venice in 806–810. In the process Nikephoros had quelled a Venetian rebellion in 807, but suffered extensive losses to the Franks. The conflict was resolved only after Nikephoros' death, and Venice, Istria, the Dalmatian coast and South Italy were assigned to the East, while Rome, Ravenna and the Pentapolis were included in the Western realm.

paragraph: By withholding the tribute which Irene had agreed to pay to the caliph Hārūn al-Rashīd, Nikephoros committed himself to a war against the Arabs. Compelled by Bardanes' disloyalty to take the field himself, he sustained a severe defeat at the Battle of Krasos in Phrygia (805). In 806 a Muslim army of 135,000 men invaded the Empire. Unable to counter the Muslim numbers, Nikephoros agreed to make peace on condition of paying 50,000 nomismata immediately and a yearly tribute of 30,000 nomismata. With a succession struggle enveloping the caliphate on the death of Hārūn al-Rashīd in 809, Nikephoros was free to deal with Krum, Khan of Bulgaria, who was harassing his northern frontiers and had just conquered Serdica (Sofia).

paragraph: In 811 Nikephoros invaded Bulgaria, defeated Krum twice, and sacked the Bulgarian capital Pliska. The Chronicle of 12th-century patriarch of the Syrian Jacobites, Michael the Syrian, describes the brutalities and atrocities of Nikephoros: "Nikephoros, emperor of the Byzantine empire, walked into the Bulgarians' land: he was victorious and killed great number of them. He reached their capital, seized it and devastated it. His savagery went to the point that he ordered to bring their small children, got them tied down on earth and made thresh grain stones to smash them." During Nikephoros' retreat, the imperial army was ambushed and destroyed in Varbishki mountain passes on July 26 by Krum. Nikephoros was captured during the battle and sent to Pliska, where Krum ordered his decapitation. Krum is said to have made a drinking-cup of Nikephoros' skull.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: By an unknown wife Nikephoros I had at least two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Staurakios, who succeeded as emperor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prokopia, who married Michael I Rangabe, emperor 811–813.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium", ed. by Alexander Kazhdan, Oxford University Press, 1991.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Byzantine emperors

description: Roman emperor

wikidata_label: Nikephoros I

wikipedia_title: Nikephoros I


text:
Greek
Byzantine Emperor
Constantine VII
Helena Lekapene
Romanos I Lekapenos
Theodora
Hugh of Arles
King of Italy
Theophano
Joseph Bringas
Nikephoros Phokas
oarsmen
marines
Crete
Siege of Chandax
Emir of Aleppo
Sayf al-Dawla
Cilicia
Aleppo
silver
dinar
camel
mule
Marianos Argyros
Magyar
John Tzimiskes
Basil II
Hugh of Arles
King of Italy
Theophano
Basil II
Constantine VIII
Anna Porphyrogenita
List of Byzantine emperors
Leo the Deacon
Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
Oxford University Press
George Ostrogorsky
John Julius Norwich

categories: 938 births,Macedonian dynasty,960s in the Byzantine Empire,950s in the Byzantine Empire,10th-century Byzantine emperors,963 deaths

paragraph: Romanos II

paragraph: Romanos (or Romanus) II (Greek: Ρωμανός Β΄, "Rōmanos II") (938 – 15 March 963) was a Byzantine Emperor. He succeeded his father Constantine VII in 959 at the age of twenty-one and died suddenly in 963.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Romanos II was a son of Emperor Constantine VII and Helena Lekapene, the daughter of Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos and his wife Theodora. Named after his maternal grandfather, Romanos was married, as a child, to Bertha, the illegitimate daughter of Hugh of Arles, King of Italy to bond an alliance. She had changed her name to Eudokia after their marriage, but died an early death in 949 before producing an heir, thus never becoming a real marriage, and dissolving the alliance. On January 27, 945, Constantine VII succeeded in removing his brothers-in-law, the sons of Romanos I, assuming the throne alone. On April 6, 945, Constantine crowned his son Romanos co-emperor. With Hugh out of power in Italy and dead by 947, Romanos secured the promise from his father that he would be allowed to select his own bride. Romanos chose an innkeeper's daughter named Anastaso, whom he married in 956 and renamed Theophano.

paragraph: In November 959, Romanos II succeeded his father on the throne amidst rumors that he or his wife had poisoned him. Romanos purged his father's courtiers of his enemies and replaced them with friends. To appease his bespelling wife, he excused his mother, Empress Helena, from court and forced his five sisters into convents. Nevertheless, many of Romanos' appointees were able men, including his chief adviser, the eunuch Joseph Bringas.

paragraph: The pleasure-loving sovereign could also leave military matters in the adept hands of his generals, in particular the brothers Leo and Nikephoros Phokas. In 960 Nikephoros Phokas was sent with a fleet of 1,000 "dromons", 2,000 "chelandia", and 308 transports (the entire fleet was manned by 27,000 oarsmen and marines) carrying 50,000 men to recover Crete from the Muslims. After a difficult campaign and nine-month Siege of Chandax, Nikephoros successfully re-established Byzantine control over the entire island in 961. Following a triumph celebrated at Constantinople, Nikephoros was sent to the eastern frontier, where the Emir of Aleppo Sayf al-Dawla was engaged in annual raids into Byzantine Anatolia. Nikephoros liberated Cilicia and even Aleppo in 962, sacking the palace of the Emir and taking possession of 390,000 silver dinars, 2,000 camels, and 1,400 mules. In the meantime Leo Phokas and Marianos Argyros had countered Magyar incursions into the Byzantine Balkans.

paragraph: After a lengthy hunting expedition Romanos II took ill and died on March 15, 963. Rumor attributed his death to poison administered by his wife Theophano, but there is no evidence of this, and Theophano would have been risking much by exchanging the secure status of a crowned Augusta with the precarious one of a widowed Regent of her very young children. Romanos II's reliance on his wife and on bureaucrats like Joseph Bringas had resulted in a relatively capable administration, but this built up resentment among the nobility, which was associated with the military. In the wake of Romanos' death, his Empress Dowager, now Regent to the two co-emperors, her underage sons, was quick to marry the general Nikephoros Phokas and to acquire another general, John Tzimiskes, as her lover, having them both elevated to the imperial throne in succession. The rights of her sons were safeguarded, however, and eventually, when Tzimiskes died at war, her eldest son Basil II became senior emperor.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Romanos married firstly on September 944 with Bertha, illegitimate daughter of Hugh of Arles, King of Italy, who changed her name to Eudokia after her marriage. She died in 949, her marriage unconsummated.

paragraph: By his second wife Theophano he had at least three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Basil II, born in 958

paragraph: BULLET::::- Constantine VIII, born in 960

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anna Porphyrogenita, born 13 March 963

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Byzantine emperors

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leo the Deacon, "Histories"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700 By Frederick Lewis Weis, Line 147-20

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium", Oxford University Press, 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Ostrogorsky, "History of the Byzantine State", 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Julius Norwich, "Byzantium: The Apogee", 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: Byzantine Emperor

wikidata_label: Romanos II

wikipedia_title: Romanos II


text: Latinized

text: Armenian

text: Byzantine

text: Byzantine Emperor

text: Laqabin

text: Melitene

text: Samosata

text: Basil I

text: Tephrike

text: Leo VI the Wise

text: Samos

text: droungarios tou ploimou

text: Bulgaria

text: Danube

text: Battle of Acheloos

text: Constantinople

text: Zoe Karvounopsina

text: Leo Phokas

text: Boukoleon Palace

text: magistros

text: megas hetaireiarches

text: Helena

text: basileopator

text: Caesar

text: Christopher

text: Stephen

text: Constantine

text: Nicholas Mystikos

text: Papacy

text: paradynasteuon

text: John the Rhaiktor

text: John Mystikos

text: Theophanes

text: war with Bulgaria

text: Simeon I of Bulgaria

text: Kosmidion

text: Peter I

text: Thrace

text: Časlav of Serbia

text: Maria

text: De Administrando Imperio

text: Serbia

text: Magyar

text: Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria

text: John Kourkouas

text: domestikos ton scholon

text: Chaldia

text: Abbasids

text: Melitene

text: protovestiarios

text: Theophanes

text: Kievan

text: were defeated

text: Greek fire

text: Bithynia

text: concluded a treaty

text: Igor of Kiev

text: Mesopotamia

text: Edessa

text: mandylion

text: Jesus

text: Christ

text: Abgar V of Edessa

text: Trajan

text: Belisarius

text: Khazars

text: Jew

text: Schechter Letter

text: Joseph

text: Christians

text: Oleg of Novgorod

text: Rome

text: Theophylaktos

text: patriarch of Constantinople

text: dynatoi

text: Basil the Copper Hand

text: Peloponnese

text: Southern Italy

text: Myrelaion

text: Sea of Marmara

text: shrine

text: a chapel

text: Christ Chalkites

text: Chalke Gate

text: Great Palace

text: Prince's Islands

text: monk

text: Constantine VII

text: De Administrando Imperio

text: Romanus II

text: Theodora

text: Christopher Lekapenos

text: Irene

text: Peter I of Bulgaria

text: Stephen Lekapenos

text: Constantine Lekapenos

text: Theophylaktos Lekapenos

text: Helena Lekapene

text: Constantine VII

text: Romanos Argyros

text: Romanos III

text: eunuch

text: Basil

text: List of Byzantine emperors

text: Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium

categories: 9th-century Byzantine people,948 deaths,Macedonian dynasty,Burials at Myrelaion Monastery (Constantinople),Armenian Byzantine emperors,10th-century Armenian people,10th-century Byzantine emperors,Byzantine admirals,Byzantine regents,Caesares,Constantine VII,Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars,Lekapenos family,870 births

paragraph: Romanos I Lekapenos

paragraph: Romanos I Lekapenos or Lakapenos (, "Rōmanos I Lakapēnos"; c. 870 – June 15, 948), Latinized as Romanus I Lecapenus, was an Armenian who became a Byzantine naval commander and reigned as Byzantine Emperor from 920 until his deposition on December 16, 944.

paragraph: Section::::Origin.

paragraph: Romanos Lekapenos, born in Lakape (later Laqabin) between Melitene and Samosata (hence the name), was the son of an Armenian peasant with the remarkable name of Theophylact the Unbearable (Theophylaktos Abastaktos). Theophylact, as a soldier, had rescued the Emperor Basil I from the enemy in battle at Tephrike and had been rewarded by a place in the Imperial Guard.

paragraph: Although he did not receive any refined education (for which he was later abused by his son-in-law Constantine VII), Romanos advanced through the ranks of the army during the reign of Emperor Leo VI the Wise. In 911 he was general of the naval theme of Samos and later served as admiral of the fleet ("droungarios tou ploimou"). In this capacity he was supposed to participate in the Byzantine operations against Bulgaria on the Danube in 917, but he was unable to carry out his mission. In the aftermath of the disastrous Byzantine defeat at the Battle of Acheloos in 917 by the Bulgarians, Romanos sailed to Constantinople, where he gradually overcame the discredited regency of Empress Zoe Karvounopsina and her supporter Leo Phokas.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.

paragraph: On 25 March 919, at the head of his fleet, Lekapenos seized the Boukoleon Palace and the reins of government. Initially, he was named "magistros" and "megas hetaireiarches", but he moved swiftly to consolidate his position: in April 919 his daughter Helena was married to Constantine VII, and Lekapenos assumed the new title "basileopator"; on 24 September, he was named "Caesar"; and on 17 December 919, Romanos Lekapenos was crowned senior emperor.

paragraph: In subsequent years Romanos crowned his own sons co-emperors, Christopher in 921, Stephen and Constantine in 924, although, for the time being, Constantine VII was regarded as first in rank after Romanos himself. It is notable that, as he left Constantine untouched, he was called 'the gentle usurper'. Romanos strengthened his position by marrying his daughters to members of the powerful aristocratic families of Argyros and Mouseles, by recalling the deposed patriarch Nicholas Mystikos, and by putting an end to the conflict with the Papacy over the four marriages of Emperor Leo VI.

paragraph: His early reign saw several conspiracies to topple him, which led to the successive dismissal of his first "paradynasteuontes", John the Rhaiktor and John Mystikos. From 925 and until the end of his reign, the post was occupied by the chamberlain Theophanes.

paragraph: Section::::War and peace with Bulgaria.

paragraph: The first major challenge faced by the new emperor was the war with Bulgaria, which had been re-ignited by the regency of Zoe. The rise to power of Romanos had curtailed the plans of Simeon I of Bulgaria for a marital alliance with Constantine VII, and Romanos was determined to deny the unpopular concession of imperial recognition to Simeon, which had already toppled two imperial governments. Consequently, the first four years of Romanos' reign were spent in warfare against Bulgaria. Although Simeon generally had the upper hand, he was unable to gain a decisive advantage because of the impregnability of Constantinople's walls. In 924, when Simeon had once again blockaded the capital by land, Romanos succeeded in opening negotiations. Meeting Simeon in person at Kosmidion, Romanos criticized Simeon's disregard for tradition and Orthodox Christian brotherhood and supposedly shamed him into coming to terms and lifting the siege. In reality, this was accomplished by Romanos' tacit recognition of Simeon as emperor of Bulgaria. Relations were subsequently marred by continued wrangling over titles (Simeon called himself emperor of the "Romans" as well), but peace had been effectively established.

paragraph: On the death of Simeon in May 927, Bulgaria's new emperor, Peter I, made a show of force by invading Byzantine Thrace, but he showed himself ready to negotiate for a more permanent peace. Romanos seized the occasion and proposed a marriage alliance between the imperial houses of Byzantium and Bulgaria, at the same time renewing the Serbian-Byzantine alliance with Časlav of Serbia, returning independence the same year. In September 927 Peter arrived before Constantinople and married Maria (renamed Eirene, "Peace"), the daughter of his eldest son and co-emperor Christopher, and thus Romanos' granddaughter. On this occasion Christopher received precedence in rank over his brother-in-law Constantine VII, something which compounded the latter's resentment towards the Lekapenoi, the Bulgarians, and imperial marriages to outsiders (as documented in his composition "De Administrando Imperio"). From this point on, Romanos' government was free from direct military confrontation with Bulgaria. Although Byzantium would tacitly support a Serbian revolt against Bulgaria in 931, and the Bulgarians would allow Magyar raids across their territory into Byzantine possessions, Byzantium and Bulgaria remained at peace for 40 years, until Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria.

paragraph: Section::::Campaigns in the East.

paragraph: Romanos appointed the brilliant general John Kourkouas commander of the field armies ("domestikos ton scholon") in the East. John Kourkouas subdued a rebellion in the theme of Chaldia and intervened in Armenia in 924. From 926 Kourkouas campaigned across the eastern frontier against the Abbasids and their vassals, and won an important victory at Melitene in 934. The capture of this city is often considered the first major Byzantine territorial recovery from the Muslims.

paragraph: In 941, while most of the army under Kourkouas was absent in the East, a fleet of 15 old ships under the "protovestiarios" Theophanes had to defend Constantinople from a Kievan raid. The invaders were defeated at sea, through the use of Greek fire, and again at land, when they landed in Bithynia, by the returning army under Kourkouas. In 944 Romanos concluded a treaty with Prince Igor of Kiev. This crisis having passed, Kourkouas was free to return to the eastern frontier.

paragraph: In 943 Kourkouas invaded northern Mesopotamia and besieged the important city of Edessa in 944. As the price for his withdrawal, Kourkouas obtained one of Byzantium's most prized relics, the "mandylion", the holy towel allegedly sent by Jesus Christ to King Abgar V of Edessa. John Kourkouas, although considered by some of his contemporaries "a second Trajan or Belisarius," was dismissed after the fall of the Lekapenoi in 945. Nevertheless, his campaigns in the East paved the way for the even more dramatic reconquests in the middle and the second half of the 10th century.

paragraph: Section::::Internal policies.

paragraph: Romanos I Lekapenos attempted to strengthen the Byzantine Empire by seeking peace everywhere that it was possible—his dealings with Bulgaria and Kievan Rus' have been described above. To protect Byzantine Thrace from Magyar incursions (such as the ones in 934 and 943), Romanos paid them protection money and pursued diplomatic venues. The Khazars were the allies of the Byzantines until the reign of Romanos, when he started persecuting the Jews of the empire. According to the Schechter Letter, the Khazar ruler Joseph responded to the persecution of Jews by "doing away with many Christians", and Romanos retaliated by inciting Oleg of Novgorod (called "Helgu" in the letter) against Khazaria.

paragraph: Similarly, Romanos re-established peace within the church and overcame the new conflict between Rome and Constantinople by promulgating the "Tomos of Union" in 920. In 933 Romanos took advantage of a vacancy on the patriarchal throne to name his young son Theophylaktos patriarch of Constantinople. The new patriarch did not achieve renown for his piety and spirituality, but he added theatrical elements to the Byzantine liturgy and was an avid horse-breeder, allegedly leaving mass to tend to one of his favorite mares when she was giving birth.

paragraph: Romanos was active as a legislator, promulgating a series of laws to protect small landowners from being swallowed up by the estates of the land-owning nobility ("dynatoi"). The legislative reform may have been partly inspired by hardship caused by the famine of 927 and the subsequent semi-popular revolt of Basil the Copper Hand. The emperor also managed to increase the taxes levied on the aristocracy and established the state on a more secure financial footing. Romanos was also able to effectively subdue revolts in several provinces of the empire, most notably in Chaldia, the Peloponnese, and Southern Italy.

paragraph: In Constantinople, he built his palace in the place called Myrelaion, near the Sea of Marmara. Beside it he built a shrine which became the first example of a private burial church of a Byzantine emperor. Moreover, he erected a chapel devoted to Christ Chalkites near the Chalke Gate, the monumental entrance to the Great Palace.

paragraph: Section::::End of the reign.

paragraph: Romanos' later reign was marked by the old emperor's heightened interest in divine judgment and his increasing sense of guilt for his role in the usurpation of the throne from Constantine VII. On the death of Christopher, by far his most competent son, in 931, Romanos did not advance his younger sons in precedence over Constantine VII. Fearing that Romanos would allow Constantine VII to succeed him instead of them, his younger sons Stephen and Constantine arrested their father in December 944, carried him off to the Prince's Islands and compelled him to become a monk. When they threatened the position of Constantine VII, however, the people of Constantinople revolted, and Stephen and Constantine were likewise stripped of their imperial rank and sent into exile to their father. Romanos died in June 948, and was buried as the other members of his family in the church of Myrelaion. Having lived long under constant threat of deposition -or worse- by the Lekapenoi family, Constantine VII was extremely resentful of them. In his "De Administrando Imperio" manual written for his son and successor, Romanus II, he minces no words about his late father-in-law: "the lord Romanus the Emperor was an idiot and an illiterate man, neither bred in the high imperial manner, nor following Roman custom from the beginning, nor of imperial or noble descent, and therefore the more rude and authoritarian in doing most things ... for his beliefs were uncouth, obstinate, ignorant of what is good, and unwilling to adhere to what is right and proper."

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: By his marriage to Theodora (who died in 922), Romanos had six children, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christopher Lekapenos, co-emperor from 921 to 931, who was married to the "Augusta" Sophia and was the father of Maria (renamed Irene), who married Emperor Peter I of Bulgaria; Christopher's son Michael Lekapenos may have been associated as co-emperor by his grandfather.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stephen Lekapenos, co-emperor from 924 to 945, died 967.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Constantine Lekapenos, co-emperor from 924 to 945, died 946.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theophylaktos Lekapenos, patriarch of Constantinople from 933 to 956.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helena Lekapene, who married Emperor Constantine VII.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agatha Lekapene, who married Romanos Argyros; their grandson was Emperor Romanos III.

paragraph: Romanos also had an illegitimate son, the eunuch Basil, who remained influential at court, particularly during the period 976–985.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Byzantine emperors

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ancient History Encyclopedia - Romanos I

description: Byzantine emperor

wikidata_label: Romanos I Lekapenos

wikipedia_title: Romanos I Lekapenos


text:
Borna
Wilhelm Külz
Togo
Kamerun
malaria
ophthalmologist
Alfred Leber
German New Guinea
Emil Nolde
ethnographic
tropical medicine
German Wikipedia

categories: Twin people from Germany,1875 births,German tropical physicians,German military doctors,1938 deaths,People from the Kingdom of Saxony,People from Borna

paragraph: Ludwig Külz

paragraph: Ludwig Külz (February 18, 1875 - 1938) was a German colonial physician born in Borna. He was a twin brother to liberal politician Wilhelm Külz (1875-1948).

paragraph: Ludwig Külz earned his medical doctorate in 1899, and became a doctor with the German Imperial Navy. From 1902 until 1912 he was a colonial doctor in Togo and Kamerun, where he was tasked with dealing with the problem of malaria.

paragraph: With ophthalmologist Alfred Leber (1881-1954), he was part of a mission to German New Guinea "(Medizinisch-demographischen Deutsch-Neuguinea-Expedition)" in 1913-14. On this expedition was artist Emil Nolde (1867-1956), who created ethnographic paintings of New Guinea.

paragraph: In 1915 he was promoted to senior medical officer, soon afterwards becoming a naval chief physician (1916).

paragraph: His best-known publication is "Tropenarzt im Afrikanischen Busch", a book that involved Külz's experiences with tropical medicine in Africa.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This article is based on a translation of an article from the German Wikipedia."

description: German physician

wikidata_label: Ludwig Külz

wikipedia_title: Ludwig Külz


text: c.

text: Latinised

text: Bishop of Hereford

text: Pope John XXII

text: Hambleden

text: Buckinghamshire

text: William de Cantilupe

text: John

text: Walter de Cantilupe

text: Bishop of Worcester

text: Oxford

text: Orléans

text: canon law

text: University of Oxford

text: Chancellor

text: Second Barons' War

text: Simon de Montfort

text: baron

text: Louis IX of France

text: Amiens

text: Archdeacon of Stafford

text: Lord Chancellor

text: Battle of Evesham

text: Second Council of Lyons

text: Bishop of Hereford

text: Edward I

text: Windsor Castle

text: Westminster

text: Earley

text: Berkshire

text: Malvern

text: Robert Kilwardby

text: Archbishop of Canterbury

text: John Peckham

text: Ferento

text: Orvieto

text: Italy

text: Hereford Cathedral

text: William Cragh

text: Pope John XXII

text: shrine

text: pilgrimage

text: Reformation

text: feretory

text: Robert Chitham

text: Mappa Mundi

text: Downside Abbey

text: Somerset

text: Roman Martyrology

text: Mother Teresa

text: Melinda Gates

text: See of Hereford

text: Catholic Encyclopedia

text: Catholic Online Saints and Angels

text: Pilgrimage page at Hereford Cathedral

text: Stirnet: CZmisc02

categories: Academics of the University of Oxford,Chancellors of the University of Oxford,People from Hambleden,Anglo-Normans,Archdeacons of Stafford,Canon law jurists,13th-century English people,13th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Lord Chancellors of England,1282 deaths,Legal scholars of the University of Oxford,English Roman Catholic saints,Burials at Hereford Cathedral,English legal scholars,1218 births,13th-century Christian saints,Medieval English saints,Bishops of Hereford

paragraph: Thomas de Cantilupe

paragraph: Thomas de Cantilupe (c. 1218 – 25 August 1282) ("alias" Cantelow, Cantelou, Canteloupe, etc., Latinised to "de Cantilupo") was Lord Chancellor of England and Bishop of Hereford and was canonised in 1320 by Pope John XXII.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: Cantilupe was born at Hambleden in Buckinghamshire, a son of William de Cantilupe (d. 1251), an Anglo-Norman magnate and a minister of King John, and nephew of Walter de Cantilupe (d. 1266), Bishop of Worcester.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Cantilupe was educated at Oxford, Paris and Orléans, and was a teacher of canon law at the University of Oxford, where he became Chancellor in 1261.

paragraph: During the Second Barons' War, Cantilupe favoured Simon de Montfort and the baronial party. He represented the barons before King Louis IX of France at Amiens in 1264.

paragraph: On 25 February 1264, when he was Archdeacon of Stafford, Cantilupe was made Lord Chancellor of England, but was deprived of the office after de Montfort's death at the Battle of Evesham, and lived abroad for a while. Following his return to England, he was again appointed Chancellor of Oxford University, where he lectured on theology and held several ecclesiastical appointments.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop of Hereford.

paragraph: In 1274 Cantilupe attended the Second Council of Lyons and on 14 June 1275 he was appointed Bishop of Hereford, being consecrated on 8 September 1275.

paragraph: Cantilupe was now a trusted adviser of King Edward I and when attending royal councils at Windsor Castle or at Westminster he lived at Earley in Berkshire. Even when differing from the king's opinions, he did not forfeit his favour.

paragraph: Cantilupe had a "great conflict" in 1290 with the "Red Earl", Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester, 6th Earl of Hertford, concerning hunting rights in Malvern, Worcestershire, and a ditch dug by de Clare. The issue was settled by costly litigation.

paragraph: After the death in 1279 of Robert Kilwardby, Archbishop of Canterbury, a friend of Cantilupe's, and formerly his confessor, a series of disputes arose between him and John Peckham, the new archbishop. The disagreements culminated in Peckham excommunicating Cantilupe, who proceeded to Rome to pursue the matter with the pope.

paragraph: Section::::Death, burial, and canonisation.

paragraph: Cantilupe died at Ferento, near Orvieto, in Italy, on 25 August 1282 He is buried in Hereford Cathedral. Part of the evidence used in his cause of canonisation was the supposed raising from the dead of William Cragh, a Welsh rebel who was hanged in 1290, eight years after Cantilupe's death. A papal inquiry was convened in London on 20 April 1307 to determine whether or not Cantilupe had died excommunicate, since this would have precluded his being canonised. Forty-four witnesses were called and various letters produced, before the commissioners of the inquiry concluded that Cantilupe had been absolved in Rome before his death. It was difficult for his cause of death to be determined as much of his body had disintegrated.

paragraph: After a papal investigation lasting almost 13 years, Cantilupe was canonised by Pope John XXII on 17 April 1320. His feast day was fixed on 2 October. His shrine became a popular place of pilgrimage, but only its base survived the Reformation until a new upper section (a feretory) was recently recreated under the guidance of architect Robert Chitham. The new section is in vivid colours with a painted scene of the Virgin & Child holding the Mappa Mundi. A reliquary containing his skull has been held at Downside Abbey in Somerset since 1881.

paragraph: In the current Latin edition of the Roman Martyrology (2004 edition), Cantilupe is listed under 25 August as follows: ""At Montefiascone in Tuscia, the passing of Saint Thomas Cantelupe, Bishop of Hereford in England, who, resplendent with learning, severe toward himself, to the poor however showed himself a generous benefactor"".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Cantilupe appears to have been an exemplary bishop in both spiritual and secular affairs. His charities were large and his private life blameless. He was constantly visiting his diocese, correcting offenders and discharging other episcopal duties, and he compelled neighbouring landholders to restore estates which rightly belonged to the see of Hereford. Cantilupe has been lauded as the "Father of Modern Charity," and is cited as an inspiration by Mother Teresa and Melinda Gates.

paragraph: The Cantilupe Society was founded in 1905 to publish the episcopal registers of the See of Hereford, of which Cantilupe's is the first in existence.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal Berkshire History: St. Thomas Cantilupe of Hereford

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Encyclopedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Online Saints and Angels

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pilgrimage page at Hereford Cathedral

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stirnet: CZmisc02

description: Bishop of Hereford; Saint

wikidata_label: Thomas de Cantilupe

wikipedia_title: Thomas de Cantilupe


text: principality

text: Wallachia

text: Vlad II Dracul

text: Vlad Țepeș

text: Radu the Handsome

text: Mircea cel Bătrân

text: Vlad Dracul

text: Wallachia

text: Burgundian

text: Walerand of Wavrin

text: Vlad Dracula

text: Alexander I of Moldavia

text: Ottoman Sultan

text: Murad II

text: Alexandru I Aldea

text: Ottoman Empire

text: John Hunyadi

text: Basarab II

text: treaty

text: Vlad Țepeș

text: Radu the Handsome

text: Crusade of Varna

text: Battle of Varna

text: fortress

text: Giurgiu

text: boyars

text: Tîrgoviște

text: novel

text: Dracula

text: Bram Stoker

text: Alley Oop

text: David Weber

text: Vlad Ţepeş

text: Vlad the Impaler

text: Wallachian Ruler Timeline

categories: Rulers of Wallachia,1447 deaths,15th-century Romanian people,House of Drăculești,1428 births

paragraph: Mircea II of Wallachia

paragraph: Mircea II (1428–1447) was a onetime Voivode of the principality of Wallachia, in the year 1442. He was the oldest son of Vlad II Dracul and brother of Vlad Țepeș and Radu the Handsome. He was the grandson of his namesake Mircea cel Bătrân.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Mircea was the eldest son of Vlad Dracul, the future voivode (or prince) of Wallachia. According to the Burgundian crusader, Walerand of Wavrin, Mircea was about 15 years old in 1443, suggesting that Mircea had been born around 1428. The first document to mention Mircea (and his younger brother, Vlad Dracula) was issued on 20 January 1437. In that charter, their father (who was already the ruler of Wallachia) referred to Mircea and Vlad as his "first born sons". According to a widely accepted scholarly theory, "Cneajna" from Moldavia (a daughter of Alexander I of Moldavia) was Mircea's mother.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: The Ottoman Sultan, Murad II, summoned Vlad Dracul to Edirne to do homage to him in March 1442. Before leaving Wallachia, Vlad Dracul appointed Mircea to rule Wallachia during his absence. The sultan accused Vlad Dracul of treachery and ordered his imprisonment. He also sent a troop of 12,000 strong to invade Wallachia.

paragraph: In 1436, Mircea II's father Vlad Dracul succeeded in regaining the throne of Wallachia following the death of his half-brother Alexandru I Aldea. Mircea II ruled in his father's absence beginning in 1442 when his father was away at the Ottoman court. His father's allied stance with the Ottoman Empire made him an enemy of John Hunyadi. In 1443, Hunyadi launched an attack on Wallachia, defeating both the Ottoman forces and those loyal to Vlad Dracul, forcing the latter to negotiate with the Ottoman court for support, with Mircea II fleeing and going into hiding. However, Mircea II had a strong following and retained a strong army during this period. Hunyadi placed Basarab II on the throne, but with the support of the Ottomans, Vlad Dracul would regain the throne shortly thereafter. Mircea II supported his father but did not support his stance of siding with the Ottomans. Vlad Dracul signed a treaty with the Ottomans which stated he would pay the usual annual tribute, as well as allowing two of his sons, Vlad Țepeș and Radu the Handsome (Fair), to be held as captives.

paragraph: In October 1444, Vlad Dracul arrived near Nicopolis and tried to dissuade Vladislav III, king of Poland and Hungary, from continuing the Crusade of Varna. Polish historian Callimachus tells that the leaders of the crusade would not listen, so Vlad II went back to Wallachia, but not before he had left Mircea II in command of an auxiliary unit of 4,000 Wallachian cavalrymen. The unit participated in the Battle of Varna on 10 November 1444 and after the defeat, Mircea led the remainder of his unit and the Christian forces across the Danube. An able military commander, he successfully recaptured the fortress of Giurgiu in 1445. However, in yet another treaty with the Ottomans, his father allowed the Ottomans to again have control of the fortress in an effort to retain their support of his having the throne, and in an effort to keep his two captive sons safe. In 1447, Hunyadi launched yet another attack against Wallachia, once more defeating the armies supporting Vlad Dracul and Mircea II, forcing Vlad Dracul to flee. Mircea II, however, was captured by boyars from Tîrgoviște, and was blinded with a red-hot poker, then buried alive. His father was captured and killed shortly thereafter.

paragraph: Following their deaths, his brother Vlad Țepeș was placed on the throne by the Ottomans, but was soon forced out. Vlad Țepeș would regain the throne in 1456, and would fight successfully against the Ottomans for a number of years afterward, during which time he would begin his reign of terror for which he would become best known, and which would lead to his being the inspiration for the novel "Dracula" by Bram Stoker. Vlad Țepeș would also carry out vengeance against the boyars, whom he held responsible for his father and brother's deaths.

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Karen Chance's Cassandra Palmer series and Dorina Basarab series, Mircea Basarab features as the love interest of the former and father of the latter. He is also the North American Vampire Senate's chief negotiator. (Novels)

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the comic strip "Alley Oop", Mircea Ţepeş, a direct descendant of Mircea, appears in a series of strips published during 1981.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In David Weber's novel "Out of the Dark", there is a Romanian soldier named Mircea Basarab, who eventually reveals himself to be Vlad Ţepeş, who chose to take his brother's name after renouncing his vampiric nature.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vlad the Impaler

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wallachian Ruler Timeline

description: Princ eof Walalchia

wikidata_label: Mircea II of Wallachia

wikipedia_title: Mircea II of Wallachia


text:
Jawi
Sultan of Brunei
Hugh Low
Thomas Forrest
Sulu
Balambangan
Kubah Makam Di Raja
Bandar Seri Begawan

categories: 1795 deaths,18th-century Sultans of Brunei

paragraph: Omar Ali Saifuddin I

paragraph: Omar Ali Saifuddin I (Jawi: I عمر علي سيف الدين; died 10 July 1795) was the 18th Sultan of Brunei from 1740 until his abdication in favor of his eldest son Muhammad Tajuddin in 1778. He succeeded his father in law, Sultan Hussin Kamaluddin as Sultan of Brunei upon the latter's abdication from the throne in 1740.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: His Highness was the son of Sultan Muhammad Alauddin Ibni Al Marhum Pengiran Di-Gadong Pengiran Muda Shah Mubin and Pengiran Anak Sharbanun binti Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Untong.

paragraph: Section::::Accession to the Throne.

paragraph: After Sultan Hussin Kamaluddin abdicated from the throne, Pengiran Muda Omar Ali Saifuddin ascended the throne to become the next Sultan of Brunei. According to Sir Hugh Low, the new Sultan was still very young when he ascended the throne.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: BULLET::::- His Highness tried to preserve peace and prosperity in Brunei, as had been done by his predecessor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Forrest visited Brunei in February 1776.

paragraph: BULLET::::- His Highness had sent an armed force to attack Manila and later captured it led by Pehin Orang Kaya Di-Gadong Seri Lela Awang Aliwaddin in 1769. His army defeated the Spaniards in Manila and captured some prisoners.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Datuk Teting from Sulu, who defeated the British troops at Balambangan in 1774, tried to invade Brunei, but was defeated by Pengiran Temenggong Ampa, who was also the Sultan's uncle in 1775.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: His Highness died on 10 July 1795 during the reign of his eldest son, Muhammad Tajuddin. He was buried at the Kubah Makam Di Raja in Bandar Seri Begawan. He was the first Sultan to be buried there. He was known as 'Marhum Makam Besar'.

description: Sultan of Brunei

wikidata_label: Omar Ali Saifuddin I of Brunei

wikipedia_title: Omar Ali Saifuddin I


text:
Joinville
Moulins
marquis of Elbeuf
duke of Elbeuf
count of Harcourt
lord of Rieux
baron of Ancenis
peer of France
René de Lorraine
Ordre du Saint-Esprit
duke of Guise
Catholic League
Henry of Navarre
Charles II
Henri of Lorraine

categories: 16th-century peers of France,Dukes of Elbeuf,1556 births,Recipients of the Order of the Holy Spirit,French people of Lorrainian descent,Counts of Armagnac,1605 deaths,House of Harcourt,Marquesses of Elbeuf,Princes of Lorraine

paragraph: Charles I, Duke of Elbeuf

paragraph: Charles de Lorraine (Joinville, 18 October 1556 - Moulins, 4 August 1605) was a French duke and nobleman. He was marquis of Elbeuf from 1566 to 1582, then duke of Elbeuf from 1582 to 1605 and count of Harcourt from 1566 to 1582, lord of Rieux, baron of Ancenis and peer of France. His parents were René de Lorraine, marquis of Elbeuf and count of Harcourt, and his wife Louise de Rieux.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was made a knight of the Ordre du Saint-Esprit on 1 December 1581, but was arrested the day after the assassination of duke of Guise. On his release he joined the Catholic League and fought against Henry of Navarre, who was to become king of France. He did not make peace with him until 1594, when he received the governorship of Poitou from him and from then on became his faithful servant.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: On 5 February 1583 he married Marguerite de Chabot (1565 † 1652), daughter of Léonor Chabot, count of Charny, and of Françoise de Longwy. Their children were :

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles II (1596 † 1657), Duke of Elbeuf

paragraph: BULLET::::- Claude Éléonore of Lorraine (1598 † 1654) known as "Mademoiselle d'Elbeuf" prior to her marriage with Louis Gouffier († 1642), Duke of Roannais in 1660. The couple had no children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henriette of Lorraine (1599 † 1669), Abbess of Soissons

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henri of Lorraine (1601 † 1666), Count of Harcourt, of Armagnac and of Brionne

paragraph: BULLET::::- Françoise of Lorraine (1602 † 1626) never married;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine of Lorraine (1605 † 1611) died in infancy.

description: French noble

wikidata_label: Charles I of Lorraine, duke of Elbeuf

wikipedia_title: Charles I, Duke of Elbeuf


text: Creole

text: human rights activist

text: New Orleans

text: free person of color

text: slavery

text: racial integration

text: American Anti-Slavery Society

text: Underground Railroad

text: Catholic School for Indigent Orphans

text: blacks

text: whites

text: Charity Hospital

text: Lafon Old Folks Home

text: Dillard University

text: Sisters of the Holy Family

text: African American

text: nun

text: New Orleans Race Riot of 1900

text: the "Tribune"

text: American Civil War

text: Saint Louis Cemetery

text: Barthelemy Lafon

text: Louisiana Historical Association

categories: 1810 births,Louisiana Creole people,Underground Railroad people,1893 deaths,African-American businesspeople,American philanthropists,Businesspeople from New Orleans

paragraph: Thomy Lafon

paragraph: Thomy Lafon (1810–1893) was a Creole businessman, philanthropist and human rights activist in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. He was born poor, on 28 December 1810, as a free person of color. He started out selling cakes to workers, opened a small store, was a school teacher for a time, and became successful at money lending and real estate investment. He was an opponent of slavery and supported racial integration in schools. Lafon is mostly known for his large donations to the American Anti-Slavery Society, the Underground Railroad, the Catholic School for Indigent Orphans, the Louisiana Association for the Benefit of Colored Orphans, and other charities for both blacks and whites.

paragraph: In his will, he left funds to local charities and to the Charity Hospital, Lafon Old Folks Home, Dillard University, and the Sisters of the Holy Family, an order of African American nuns. The Thomy Lafon school was called "the best Negro schoolhouse in Louisiana," but it was burned down by a white mob during the New Orleans Race Riot of 1900. Lafon also supported the "Tribune", the first black-owned newspaper in the South after the American Civil War.

paragraph: Thomy Lafon never married; he died on December 22, 1893. His remains were interred at the Saint Louis Cemetery No. 3.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barthelemy Lafon, also of New Orleans

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomy Lafon in the "Dictionary of Louisiana Biography" of the Louisiana Historical Association – Scroll down to find Lafon.

description: American philanthropist

wikidata_label: Thomy Lafon

wikipedia_title: Thomy Lafon


text:
Swedish
black metal
Dark Funeral
death metal
Demonoid
Christofer Johnsson
Sanctification
Hypocrisy
extreme metal
Swedish
black metal
Sportlov
Witchery
Ludvika
LaVeyan Satanism
National Socialist black metal
Nazi
concentration camp
Islamic terrorist
Osama bin Laden
Roman Catholic
Santiago, Chile
Die Zombiejäger
Vobiscum Satanas
Teach Children to Worship Satan
Diabolis Interium
Attera Totus Sanctus
Angelus Exuro pro Eternus
De Profundis Clamavi Ad Te Domine
Attera Orbis Terrarum - Part I
Attera Orbis Terrarum - Part II
Penetralia
Osculum Obscenum
Pleasure of Molestation

categories: Critics of Christianity,Witchery members,Dark Funeral members,Death metal musicians,Swedish Satanists,Black metal musicians,People from Dalarna,Black metal singers,People from Ludvika Municipality,Swedish heavy metal singers,Hypocrisy (band) members,Living people,1973 births

paragraph: Emperor Magus Caligula

paragraph: Emperor Magus Caligula (Magnus "Masse" Broberg; born 23 May 1973) is a Swedish extreme metal musician best known as the former vocalist, bassist and lyricist of Swedish black metal band Dark Funeral, performing for the band between 1995 and 2010. He has also been the vocalist of death metal bands Demonoid, replacing Christofer Johnsson, and Sanctification. He was the original vocalist for Hypocrisy and has featured in other extreme metal bands including Dominion-Caligula (with former Dark Funeral secondary guitarist Dominion) and God Among Insects. He has also performed backing vocals for the Swedish black metal band Sportlov.

paragraph: In July 2011, Witchery announced Caligula was joining the band, replacing Legion until 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Broberg was born in Ludvika.

paragraph: Section::::Beliefs.

paragraph: Caligula is a practitioner of LaVeyan Satanism, and while he has on one hand distanced himself from National Socialist black metal, as well as the Nazi ideology and the "attitude at that time," he has also said that aspects of Nazi ideology were "not that wrong" and that the Nazi concentration camps were bad, but not "that horribly bad." Like many other black metal musicians, he has generally assumed an apolitical stance, although he expressed disdain for former Islamic terrorist leader Osama bin Laden, with his audience when playing live. He has also denounced Roman Catholic priests due to widespread child molestation allegations.

paragraph: Section::::Gazziero murder controversy.

paragraph: Caligula was quoted as being "somewhat impressed" by the premeditated murder of Fr. Faustino Gazziero, a Catholic priest, by Dark Funeral fan Rodrigo Orias at the Metropolitan Cathedral in Santiago, Chile, further stating that "He deserves some credit. You're not supposed to say that, but I don't care." Although he suggested the possibility that "the music triggered him somehow," he denied Dark Funeral's music being the direct cause of Orias' murder of Gazziero.

paragraph: Caligula also recalled having met Orias at a Dark Funeral concert in 2003, where he burnt a cross on Orias' arm at his request with a Cuban cigar.

paragraph: Section::::Film.

paragraph: Caligula made an appearance in the Swedish zombie film Die Zombiejäger, playing a humorous part of a necrophile. Dark Funeral also provided two songs for the film, "Godhate", which is played during the film's opening credits and "Thus I Have Spoken", which is played during a fight scene.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Dark Funeral.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Dark Funeral.:Studio releases.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vobiscum Satanas" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Teach Children to Worship Satan" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Diabolis Interium" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Attera Totus Sanctus" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Angelus Exuro pro Eternus" (2009)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Dark Funeral.:Live releases.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Profundis Clamavi Ad Te Domine" (2004)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Dark Funeral.:Video albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Attera Orbis Terrarum - Part I" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Attera Orbis Terrarum - Part II" (2008)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Sanctification.

paragraph: Studio releases

paragraph: Black Reign

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:God Among Insects.:Studio releases.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "World Wide Death" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zombienomicon" (2006)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Dominion Caligula.:Studio releases.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A New Era Rises" (2000)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Hypocrisy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Penetralia" (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Osculum Obscenum" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pleasure of Molestation" (1993)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:The Project Hate.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hate, Dominate, Congregate, Eliminate"

description: Swedish singer

wikidata_label: Emperor Magus Caligula

wikipedia_title: Emperor Magus Caligula


text:
Vilnius
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Goštautai
Grand Marshal of Lithuania
Voivode of Navahrudak
Voivode of Kiev
Voivode of Trakai
Casimir IV Jagiellon
Tykocin
Dominican
Trakai
Kiev
Roman Catholic
Trakai
Vilnius
Orthodox
Jonas Goštautas
patronymic
Albertas Goštautas

categories: 1480s deaths,Clan Abdank,Lithuanian nobility,Goštautai family,Ruthenian nobility,1428 births,People from Vilnius

paragraph: Martynas Goštautas

paragraph: Martynas Goštautas ( or "Marcin Gasztołdowicz"; ; 1428, Vilnius – c. 1483, Vilnius) was a nobleman from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania of the Goštautai family. He was the Grand Marshal of Lithuania, Voivode of Navahrudak (1464–1471), first Voivode of Kiev (1471–1475) and Voivode of Trakai (1480–1483). He was a servant to King Casimir IV Jagiellon, and was a founder of Tykocin monastery and the Dominican monastery and church in Trakai.

paragraph: Residents of Kiev resented the appointment of a Roman Catholic as voivode and refused to let him in. In exchange, Kiev acquired the status of a voivodeship, equal to that of Trakai and Vilnius and the subsequent voivodes were Orthodox nobles.

paragraph: Martynas was a son of Jonas Goštautas, carrying his first name as a patronymic, and father of Albertas Goštautas.

description: Lithuanian noble

wikidata_label: Martynas Goštautas

wikipedia_title: Martynas Goštautas


text:
Pogny
Marne
Fort Mont-Valérien
Dreyfus affair
Alfred Dreyfus
Anti-Dreyfusards
Franco-Prussian War
Godefroy Cavaignac
Louis Cuignet
Devil's Island
de Pellieux
de Boisdeffre
Fort Mont-Valérien
General Gonse
Ferdinand-Walsin Esterhazy
Lt Col Sandherr
Minister of War
General Auguste Mercier
suicide
Edouard Drumont
Henri Rochefort
Charles Maurras
The Dreyfus Affair
Georges Méliès
Ferdinand Hart
Dreyfus
Bruno Weil
Henry Caine
"Dreyfus"
Robert Warwick
The Life of Emile Zola
Harry Andrews
I Accuse!
Peter Firth
Prisoner of Honour
Robert Harris
An Officer and a Spy
Dreyfus Rehabilitated

categories: Male suicides,People from Marne (department),Suicides by sharp instrument in France,French military personnel who committed suicide,People who committed suicide in prison custody,1846 births,1898 deaths

paragraph: Hubert-Joseph Henry

paragraph: Hubert-Joseph Henry (2 June 1846 in Pogny, Marne – 31 August 1898 at Fort Mont-Valérien) was a French Lieutenant-Colonel in 1897 involved in the Dreyfus affair. Arrested for having forged evidence against Alfred Dreyfus, he was found dead in his prison cell. He was considered a hero by the Anti-Dreyfusards.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Hubert-Joseph Henry was born into a farming family. He enlisted in the French Army as an infantryman in 1865. Promoted to sergeant-major in 1868 Henry served in the Franco-Prussian War, escaping twice as a prisoner of war. In 1870, he was commissioned as a lieutenant in an infantry regiment. In 1875 Henry was appointed as an aide to General de Miribel, Chief of the General Staff. Four years later Henry, now a captain, joined the Statistics Section of the Ministry of War - the office responsible for counter-intelligence. He subsequently served in Tunisia, Tonkin and Algeria before returning to counter-intelligence duties in Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Dreyfus affair.

paragraph: In August 1898, Godefroy Cavaignac ordered Captain Louis Cuignet to examine the documents which sent Captain Dreyfus to his exile from France to Devil's Island. This matter should have been brought before Parliament but due to Cavaignac's nature the Minister threw caution to the wind. Cuignet soon learned that the most damning evidence brought to the court in 1896 by Henry was in fact a forgery using two separate documents, later known as the "faux Henry," to achieve the sentence he and his supporters desired. Henry was called in for questioning on 30 August by Cavaignac and managed to protest his innocence for only an hour before he confessed. This led to the resignations of Generals de Pellieux and de Boisdeffre, who admitted having been duped by the forgery.

paragraph: Section::::Imprisonment and death.

paragraph: Henry was sent to the military prison at Fort Mont-Valérien. The day after he arrived he began to write: to his wife, "I see that except for you everyone is going to abandon me"; to his superior General Gonse, "I absolutely must speak to you"; in one cryptic comment declaring his guilt he wrote "You know in whose interest I acted." The meaning of this comment has never been explained; it may have referred to Ferdinand-Walsin Esterhazy, who was the actual author of the "bordereau" document, which had been used to arrest Captain Dreyfus, or perhaps to Lt Col Sandherr, another superior who passed on the "bordereau" to other high-ranking officers, such as the Minister of War, General Auguste Mercier.

paragraph: Henry was found dead in his cell on the morning of 31 August 1898, having died at some point the previous night. The cause of death was a wound to the throat.

paragraph: While halfway through a bottle of rum and midway through another letter to his wife, Henry wrote "I am like a Madman" and proceeded to slit his throat with a shaving razor. On the day of his arrest, the Colonel had been searched and no razor had been found; this sparked another outcry of murder. However, due to Henry's actions, letters and state of mind, a cause of suicide was declared.

paragraph: Section::::Post-death and the Henry Monument.

paragraph: At first anti-Dreyfusards such as Edouard Drumont and Henri Rochefort upon hearing of Henry's suicide felt as though it was as good as declaring the guilt of a forged document and therefore Dreyfus' innocence to the people of France. However, a Royalist newspaper titled "La Gazette de France" praised their former conspirator for sacrificing his life for the Fatherland.

paragraph: Charles Maurras declared that the 'gallant soldier's' forgery stood among his "finest feats of war".

paragraph: The Henry Monument was a national fund drive for the legal defence of Henry's widow in the preservation of the Henry family name. Over 130,000 francs were raised and the comments that signatories contributed were released in book form in 1899 filling more than 700 pages. Though not all comments expressed anti-Semitism, many did.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dreyfus Affair," directed by Georges Méliès and released in 1899, was a series of one-minute films re-enacting key moments from the Dreyfus Affair. The fifth installment depicts Henry's suicide.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferdinand Hart played Henry in the 1930 German film "Dreyfus," based on a novel by Bruno Weil. Henry Caine took over the role in the 1931 British remake, "Dreyfus"

paragraph: BULLET::::- He is portrayed by Robert Warwick in the 1937 film "The Life of Emile Zola"

paragraph: BULLET::::- He is played by Harry Andrews in the 1958 film "I Accuse!"

paragraph: BULLET::::- He is portrayed by Peter Firth in the 1991 television film "Prisoner of Honour"

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "France and the Dreyfus Affair - A Documentary History", Michael Burns

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 Robert Harris, "An Officer and a Spy", London: Hutchinson. 2013.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dreyfus Rehabilitated

description: French Army officer

wikidata_label: Hubert-Joseph Henry

wikipedia_title: Hubert-Joseph Henry


text:
American
Catholic
Atlanta, Georgia
African American
Washington, D.C.
Biloxi, Mississippi
baker
Puerto Rican
Epiphany Apostolic College
Newburgh
New York
Loyola University
Fordham University
The Bronx
New York City
Washington, D.C.
Pope John Paul II
Atlanta
Michigan
Alma
Harrison
Biloxi, Mississippi

categories: African-American Roman Catholic bishops,American Roman Catholic archbishops,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,American people of Puerto Rican descent,1934 births,Loyola University Chicago alumni,People from Biloxi, Mississippi,Archbishops of Atlanta,Burials in Mississippi,Fordham University alumni,2000 deaths

paragraph: Eugene Antonio Marino

paragraph: Eugene Antonio Marino (May 29, 1934 – November 12, 2000) was an American Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Atlanta, Georgia from 1988 until 1990, becoming the first African American archbishop in United States of America. He was of both African American and Puerto Rican descent.

paragraph: He was also the first African American to become auxiliary bishop for Washington, D.C. and the first to be secretary of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops. As archbishop of Atlanta, he tackled the conduct of other priests until his resignation after his affair with a lay-minister became public knowledge.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Marino was born in Biloxi, Mississippi, the sixth of a total of eight children to baker and Puerto Rican Jesús María Marino and Lottie Irene Bradford Marino, a maid. From 1952 to 1956 he attended Epiphany Apostolic College in Newburgh, New York and went on to St. Joseph's Seminary in 1962 where he was ordained as a priest in the same year. He then went on to continue his education at Loyola University and Fordham University in The Bronx, New York City, graduating in 1967.

paragraph: During his education at university, Marino also taught at Epiphany Apostolic College and following his graduation he was the spiritual director at St. Joseph's Seminary in Washington, D.C. from 1968 until 1971, when he became vicar general of the Josephites. From September 12, 1974 until 1988 he was an auxiliary bishop for the Washington archdiocese, the fourth African American ever to hold this position, as well as becoming the secretary of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops in 1985, the first African American to hold that position. In 1987 he organised a trip for a number of African American Catholics to see Pope John Paul II, and during a talk with these men and women, he stated:

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Atlanta.

paragraph: Marino went on to become the first African American archbishop in American history when he was installed as Archbishop of Atlanta on May 5, 1988, becoming involved in efforts to address the sexual misconduct of priests.

paragraph: Marino, however, was himself engaged in an affair with a female lay minister during this period, which became public knowledge in 1990. The lay minister, Vicki Long, revealed that she had been secretly married to Marino in 1988. Following these events, after just two years as archbishop of Atlanta, Marino, who had been in seclusion since June 1, 1990, resigned on 10 July 1990 and cited "spiritual renewal, psychological therapy and medical supervision" as the reason. He then took a six-week-long period of counseling. Retaining his title of archbishop, Marino quietly went to Michigan and took a post as chaplain at the Sisters of Mercy in Alma up until 1995. From this posting until his death in 2000 he worked in a counseling program at St. Vincent's Hospital in Harrison, New York, counseling on sexual behavior and substance abuse.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On the early morning of November 12, 2000, while ministering at Salesian High School in New Rochelle, NY acting as a counselor and confidant for the personal problems of fellow priests and nuns, Marino died aged 66 at the St. Ignatius Retreat House, Manhasset, NY. He was discovered in bed by the housekeeper and it was established that he had died of a heart attack. He was buried in Biloxi, Mississippi. Of his eight siblings, one brother and four sisters survived him.

paragraph: Official Obituary: https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/16/us/eugene-marino-black-archbishop-dies-at-66.html?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=B69C17512383FAED084CAD007162A464&gwt=pay

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Eugene Antonio Marino

wikipedia_title: Eugene Antonio Marino


text:
Manchester Grammar School
Manchester Evening News
The Guardian
Daily Herald
Mirror Group
Labour
Member of the European Parliament
life peer
Barnes
London Borough of Richmond upon Thames
Matthew Symonds

categories: The Guardian journalists,Labour Party (UK) MEPs,Life peers,1910 births,People educated at Manchester Grammar School,1994 deaths,MEPs for the United Kingdom 1973–1979

paragraph: John Beavan, Baron Ardwick

paragraph: John Cowburn Morgan Beavan, Baron Ardwick (29 April 1910 – 18 August 1994) was a British journalist.

paragraph: He was educated at Manchester Grammar School. Beavan was reporter of the "Manchester Evening News" becoming its editor in 1943. Between 1946 and 1955, he was London editor of "The Guardian". For two years, 1960 to 1962, he was editor of the "Daily Herald", then becoming political advisor to the Mirror Group, a post he retained until 1976. He was a Labour Member of the European Parliament from 1975 to 1979.

paragraph: On 16 January 1970, he was created a life peer as Baron Ardwick, "of Barnes in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames".

paragraph: He was the father of Matthew Symonds.

description: British journalist

wikidata_label: John Beavan, Baron Ardwick

wikipedia_title: John Beavan, Baron Ardwick


text:
make-up artist
gymnastics
Johnny Young
Australian Idol
Wes Carr
Brighton Secondary School
Victorian College of the Arts
theme park
Seven Network
The Fairies
drag queen
Network 10
So You Think You Can Dance Australia
Warner Music Australia
"Hot Summer"
Monrose
ARIA
Hot Summer music video
Rhys Bodbridge at Sydney Dance Company
Rhys' Blog

categories: Musicians from Adelaide,1981 births,21st-century Australian singers,Australian pop singers,Singers from Melbourne,So You Think You Can Dance Australia contestants,Living people,Australian male singers

paragraph: Rhys Bobridge

paragraph: Rhys Bobridge, also known as Rhys, is an Australian pop singer, dancer and make-up artist based in Sydney.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Bobridge started gymnastics at seven years of age, which led him to attending classes at Johnny Young Talent School, alongside "Australian Idol" winner Wes Carr. In grade 10, Bobridge left Brighton Secondary School to attend Victorian College of the Arts, then went to work in a Taiwan theme park.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Bobridge appeared on the Seven Network's children's television program "The Fairies" as Elf, and performed as a drag queen named "Regime Dettol".

paragraph: He was runner up on Network 10's inaugural season of "So You Think You Can Dance Australia" in April 2008, and performed at the 18th Drag Industry Variety Awards (DIVAs) in August. On 24 November, after signing with Warner Music Australia, Bobridge released an altered cover version of the dance track "Hot Summer", originally performed by German pop band Monrose. "Hot Summer" was used on station promotions for Network Ten, and reached number 39 on the ARIA Top 50 Singles Chart.

paragraph: Rhys has also taught dance at a number of organisations including the Sydney Dance Company studios.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hot Summer music video

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rhys Bodbridge at Sydney Dance Company

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rhys' Blog

description: Australian singer

wikidata_label: Rhys Bobridge

wikipedia_title: Rhys Bobridge


text: Brieg

text: Legnica

text: Brzeg (Brieg)

text: Wrocław

text: Henry V the Fat

text: Elisabeth

text: Bolesław the Pious

text: Greater Poland

text: Bolko I

text: Henry of Würben

text: Wenceslaus II of Bohemia

text: Wenceslaus III

text: Olomouc

text: Rudolph III of Austria

text: Henry of Carinthia

text: John of Luxemburg

text: Henry III

text: Głogów

text: Opava (Troppau)

text: Nikolaus I

text: Nikolaus II

text: Henry

text: Władysław

text: Wrocław

text: Legnica

text: Brzeg (Brieg)

text: Lesser Poland

text: Władysław I Łokietek

text: Głogów

text: Henry III

text: Greater Poland

text: Uraz

text: Wołów

text: Lubiąż

text: Bolko II of Opole

text: Konrad I of Oleśnica

text: Namysłów

text: Byczyna

text: Kluczbork

text: Emperor Louis IV

text: County of Glatz

text: Lusatia (Lausitz)

text: Głogów (Glogau)

text: Visegrád

text: Chocianów

text: Chojnów

text: Wenceslaus I

text: Louis I

text: Croatia

text: Lubiąż Abbey

text: Casimir III the Great

text: Adelaide of Hesse

text: Poznań

text: Charles IV of Luxemburg

text: Bohemia

text: Grodków

text: Preczlaw von Pogarell

text: tithing

text: Margareta

text: Prague

text: Hradec Králové

text: Wenceslaus II of Bohemia

text: Wenceslaus I

text: Louis I the Fair

text: Hradec Králové

text: Katharina

text: Mladen III

text: Šubić

text: Ban

text: Croatia

categories: 1291 births,Dukes of Legnica,Dukes of Brzeg,1352 deaths

paragraph: Bolesław III the Generous

paragraph: Boleslaw III the Wasteful (; 23 September 1291 – Brieg, 21 April 1352), was a Duke of Legnica, Brzeg (Brieg) from 1296 until 1342, and Duke of Wrocław from 1296 until 1311.

paragraph: He was the eldest son of Henry V the Fat, Duke of Legnica and Wrocław, by his wife Elisabeth, daughter of Bolesław the Pious, Duke of Greater Poland.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Bolesław's father died in 1296 when he was only five-years-old. His mother, the Duchess Elisabeth and his paternal uncle Bolko I became Regents. Both soon died, Bolko in 1301 and Elisabeth in 1304. Between 1301-02 the official guardianship of Henry V's sons was taken by Henry of Würben, Bishop of Wrocław, but after almost a year he was removed from this post for his alleged prodigality. By that time, King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia was determined to take advantage over the rich and strategically Duchy of Wrocław. In 1302 the young Bolesław was sent to the court of Prague, and was betrothed to the seven-year-old Princess Margareta (cs: "Markéta"; pl: "Małgorzata"), the King's youngest daughter, one year later(13 January 1303). The wedding took place five years later, in 1308.

paragraph: Bolesław was clearly favored by the King, threatening the closest male relatives of the King, who saw the young Duke of Legnica (Liegnitz) as a potential rival for the throne. When King Wenceslaus II died suddenly in 1305, his son Wenceslaus III succeeded him. When Wenceslaus III was murdered one year later, in Olomouc, Bolesław began his fight for the Bohemian throne taking the title of ""haeres Regni Poloniae"" (heir of the Polish Kingdom).

paragraph: Bolesław's forces, as Duke of Legnica-Wrocław (Liegnitz-Breslau) were inadequate to effectively compete with the other candidates for the Přemyslid throne: Rudolph III of Austria, Henry of Carinthia and John of Luxemburg. Bolesław lost his attempt to rule the Polish Kingdom after he failed to control Kalisz during 1306–1307, finally losing Kalisz to Duke Henry III of Głogów. Bolesław's only substantial gain was Opava (Troppau) in 1308, after Duke Nikolaus I surrendered to him. Bolesław then renounced his claim two years later (11 June 1311) after a treaty in Olomouc, paying 8,000 pieces of silver. Opava was then merged with the Bohemian crown and restored to Nikolaus I's son and heir, Nikolaus II, in 1318.

paragraph: Bolesław's political ambitions exhausted his finances. In 1311, Bolesław was pressured into dividing his lands between his younger brothers Henry and Władysław. The Duchy was divided into three parts: Wrocław, Legnica and Brzeg (Brieg). As the eldest brother, Bolesław got first choice. He chose the smallest and least prosperous Brzeg (Brieg), surprising everyone. The monetary compensation offered by the prince who took Brieg would have allowed Bolesław to continue his fight for the Bohemian throne. Bolesław tried to regain Wrocław (Breslau) from his brother Henry VI, but was unsuccessful.

paragraph: Initially, Bolesław seemed to accept his fate, but one year later he managed to deprive his youngest brother Władysław from the Duchy of Legnica (Liegnitz), because Władysław wasn't able to pay his part of the monetary compensation for Brieg.

paragraph: In 1312 Bolesław and Henry VI entered into an alliance with the ruler of Lesser Poland, Władysław I Łokietek and with their combined forces began an expeditionary trip against the Dukes of Głogów, under the pretext that the late Duke Henry III was directly responsible for the premature death of Henry V, father of the Dukes of Legnica (Liegnitz) and Wrocław (Breslau). The war lasted five years, 1312–1317. Finally Władysław I Łokietek took most of Greater Poland, his allies taking the towns of Uraz (to Henry VI), and Wołów and Lubiąż (to Bolesław).

paragraph: After this victory, Bolesław tried to reassert himself in the succession struggle for the Kingdom of Bohemia, then in the possession of John of Luxemburg. Bolesław received his reward in 1321–1322, when King John appointed him Governor of Bohemia during his trip to Germany and Italy.

paragraph: In Silesia, Bolesław and his brothers Henry VI, Bolko II of Opole and Władysław I Łokietek formed a coalition and went to war against the Dukes of Głogów (Glogau) in 1321. This time they were successful, primarily due to Bolesław. On 10 August 1323, a peace treaty was signed in Wrocław (Breslau). Duke Konrad I of Oleśnica ceded the Duchy of Namysłów with the fortresses of Namysłów, Byczyna and Kluczbork.

paragraph: By 1322, relations between Bolesław and his younger brother Henry VI began to deteriorate. Henry refused to support the aggressive politics of his brother when he signed a peace treaty with Konrad of Oleśnica regarding the possession of Wrocław (Breslau). Bolesław offered to exchange his district of Legnica (Liegnitz) for Wrocław (Breslau). Henry VI refused, and the war between the brothers was imminent. Henry established contacts with the new King of Poland Władysław I Łokietek, promised him homage and was named his heir in exchange for aid. Władysław declined the offer because he feared a direct confrontation with the Kingdom of Bohemia. Henry then asked the help of Emperor Louis IV. On 20 April 1324, the Duke of Wrocław declared himself a vassal of the Empire. In return, Louis IV guaranteed the succession of Henry VI's lands to his daughters, prompting Bolesław to attack. Wrocław's defenses held, and Henry VI maintained control.

paragraph: In 1327 the situation changed completely. John of Luxemburg persuaded Henry VI to break his alliance with the Emperor to become a vassal of Bohemia. In exchange, he received the County of Glatz during his lifetime and a high pension, from the King.

paragraph: Bolesław made a final attempt to capture Wrocław in 1327-28, during King John absence from Bohemia. Once again, he failed.

paragraph: In 1329, Bolesław's youngest brother Władysław (who had been stripped of his Duchy of Legnica in 1312) unexpectedly returned to Silesia. Having been declared a vassal of Bohemia, Władysław took possession of Legnica in the name of King John, leaving Bolesław in a critical situation. Bolesław did not have the resources for a war against King John so, on 9 May 1329 in Wrocław, Bolesław declared himself a vassal of the Kingdom of Bohemia.

paragraph: After losing his independence, Bolesław ceased trying to gain territories. As a vassal of John of Luxemburg, he took part during 1329-31 in King John's military expeditions to Lusatia (Lausitz) and Głogów (Glogau).

paragraph: Bolesław's sumptuous lifestyle and constant travel (notably to the Congress of Visegrád of 1335) put him in a difficult financial situation. He continually increased taxes in his Duchy (towns of Chocianów and Chojnów).

paragraph: Bolesław's oldest son Wenceslaus I rebelled against his father, claiming his part of the inheritance. The Duke didn't want a conflict with his son, and in 1338 he gave Wenceslaus the Duchy of Namysłów. Four years later (1342), he finally gave his sons Wenceslaus I and Louis I the joint government of the Duchy of Legnica. In exchange, Wenceslaus returned to Namysłów, which Bolesław almost immediately sold to King Casimir III the Great. After his abdication, Bolesław retired to Brieg with his second wife Katharina Šubić, of Croatia, to Brieg, where he remained until his death on 21 April 1352. He was buried in Lubiąż Abbey.

paragraph: Although his coffers were now reduced, Bolesław didn't give up to his lavish lifestyle. He attended the marriage of King Casimir III the Great and Adelaide of Hesse in Poznań in 1341, and the coronation of Charles IV of Luxemburg, King of Bohemia, Bolesław to sell the town of Grodków to the Bishop of Wrocław, Preczlaw von Pogarell on 19 January 1344.

paragraph: Bolesław was twice excommunicated by the Church: for the delay in paying the tithing in 1337, and when he sequestered Church property in 1340. The excommunication was removed on his deathbed at the insistence of his sons. Bolesław was quite generous to the Church, despite their unstable relation, contributing to Lubiąż Abbey, and founding two monasteries (Franciscan and Dominican), in Brieg.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and Children.

paragraph: By 1318, Bolesław married firstly Margareta ("Markéta"; b. Prague?, 21 February 1296 – d. Hradec Králové, 8 April 1322), daughter of King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia. They had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Wenceslaus I (b. ca. 1318 – d. 2 June 1364).

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Louis I the Fair (b. ca. 1321 – d. 6/23 December 1398).

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Nikolaus (b. and d. Hradec Králové, 7 April 1322).

paragraph: In 1326, Bolesław married secondly Katharina (d. bef. 5 March 1358), daughter of Mladen III Šubić, Ban of Croatia. They had no children. In his will, Bolesław left the Duchy of Brieg to his widow, who ruled until her own death.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- BOLESŁAW III ROZRZUTNY (HOJNY, SZCZODRY, SZTYLET)

description: Duke of Brzeg

wikidata_label: Bolesław III the Generous

wikipedia_title: Bolesław III the Generous


text:
ice hockey
defenseman
Alba Volán Székesfehérvár
Austrian Hockey League
Pittsburgh Penguins
North America
Europe
Kölner Haie
Deutsche Eishockey Liga
Nolan
Colorado Avalanche
Tampa Bay Lightning
2010-11 SM-liiga season

categories: Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Germany,Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Slovenia,Bridgeport Sound Tigers players,Tingsryds AIF players,HC TPS players,1978 births,Pittsburgh Penguins draft picks,Toledo Storm players,Springfield Falcons players,HDD Olimpija Ljubljana players,Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Austria,Prince Albert Raiders players,Canadian ice hockey defencemen,Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Italy,Kölner Haie players,Portland Winterhawks players,Cincinnati Mighty Ducks players,Augsburger Panther players,Regina Pats players,Ice hockey people from Alberta,Living people,Vienna Capitals players,Cincinnati Cyclones (IHL) players,Lowell Lock Monsters players,Red Deer Rebels players,Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Finland,Seattle Thunderbirds players,HC Merano players,Florida Everblades players

paragraph: Harlan Pratt

paragraph: Harlan Pratt (born December 10, 1978) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenseman who currently plays for Alba Volán Székesfehérvár of the Austrian Hockey League.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Pratt was drafted by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the fifth round of the 1997 NHL Entry Draft. He has played over 900 games in eleven different leagues across North America and Europe. Pratt was selected to represent the Kölner Haie in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga's All-Star Game during the 2007–08 season.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Pratt's older brother Nolan is a former NHL defenseman who played 592 games with 5 teams from 1996 until 2008 and was a member of two Stanley Cup-winning teams (Colorado Avalanche (2000–01) and Tampa Bay Lightning (2003–04)). Nolan retired from professional hockey after the 2010-11 SM-liiga season.

description: Canadian ice hockey defenceman

wikidata_label: Harlan Pratt

wikipedia_title: Harlan Pratt


text:
Union Army
American Civil War
Medal of Honor
Siege of Vicksburg
Ulysses S. Grant
Vicksburg, Mississippi
forlorn hope
Military Times Hall of Valor
Findagrave entry

categories: 1922 deaths,People of Ohio in the American Civil War,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Union Army soldiers,1843 births,American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor

paragraph: Joseph Hanks (Medal of Honor)

paragraph: Joseph Hanks (March 22, 1843 – December 28 1922) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Siege of Vicksburg on May 22, 1863.

paragraph: Section::::Union assault.

paragraph: On May 22, 1863, General Ulysses S. Grant ordered an assault on the Confederate heights at Vicksburg, Mississippi. The plan called for a storming party of volunteers to build a bridge across a moat and plant scaling ladders against the enemy embankment in advance of the main attack.

paragraph: The volunteers knew the odds were against survival and the mission was called, in nineteenth century vernacular, a "forlorn hope". Only single men were accepted as volunteers and even then, twice as many men as needed came forward and were turned away. The assault began in the early morning following a naval bombardment.

paragraph: The Union soldiers came under enemy fire immediately and were pinned down in the ditch they were to cross. Despite repeated attacks by the main Union body, the men of the forlorn hope were unable to retreat until nightfall. Of the 150 men in the storming party, nearly half were killed. Seventy-nine of the survivors were awarded the Medal of Honor.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Voluntarily and under fire went to the rescue of a wounded comrade lying between the lines, gave him water, and brought him off the field.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Military Times Hall of Valor

paragraph: BULLET::::- Findagrave entry

wikidata_label: Joseph Hanks

wikipedia_title: Joseph Hanks (Medal of Honor)


text: tribune

text: demagogic

text: anti-establishment

text: populist

text: proto-fascist

text: Rome

text: Henry VII

text: Holy Roman Emperor

text: Anagni

text: ancient Rome

text: Pope Clement VI

text: Avignon

text: Capitol

text: Whit-Sunday

text: Veni Creator Spiritus

text: Petrarch

text: Camillus

text: Brutus

text: Romulus

text: caput mundi

text: Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Kingdom of Naples

text: Joan I of Naples

text: Louis I of Hungary

text: Ferdinand Gregorovius

text: Charles the Great

text: Stefano Colonna

text: Roman Empire

text: Porta Tiburtina

text: Stefano Colonna

text: Prague

text: temporal power

text: Raudnitz

text: Pope Clement

text: Petrarch

text: Pope Innocent VI

text: Cardinal Albornoz

text: Palestrina

text: soldier of fortune

text: Giovanni Moriale

text: temporal power

text: Unification of Italy

text: Risorgimento

text: romantic stereotype

text: Federico Faruffini

text: martyrdom

text: Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton

text: Julius Mosen

text: George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron

text: Friedrich Engels

text: Richard Wagner

text: Rienzi

text: Giuseppe Verdi

text: Capture of Rome

text: "rione" Prati

text: Piazza Cola di Rienzo

text: Tiber

text: Vatican

text: Girolamo Masini

text: Capitoline Hill

text: "rione" Ripa

text: Bocca della Verità

text: patrician

text: Crescenzi

text: August Kubizek

text: Adolf Hitler

text: Wagner

text: Rienzi

text: reunification of the German people

text: Popular revolt in late medieval Europe

text: Ferdinand Gregorovius

text: Christopher Hibbert

text: "The Revolution of Cola di Rienzo,"

categories: Popular revolt in late-medieval Europe,Assassinated Italian politicians,People of medieval Rome,1313 births,Politicians from Rome,Lynching deaths,1354 deaths,14th-century Italian people

paragraph: Cola di Rienzo

paragraph: Nicola Gabrini (1313 8 October 1354), commonly known as Cola di Rienzo () or Rienzi, was an Italian medieval politician and popular leader, who styled himself as "tribune of the Roman people" in the mid-14th century. For his demagogic rhetoric, popular appeal and anti-establishment (as nobility) sentiment, some sources considered him an earlier populist and proto-fascist figure.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early career.

paragraph: Cola was born in Rome of humble origins. He claimed to be the natural child of Henry VII, the Holy Roman Emperor, but in fact his parents were a washer-woman and a tavern-keeper named Lorenzo Gabrini. His father's forename was shortened to Rienzo, and his own, Nicola, to Cola; hence the Cola di Rienzo, or Rienzi, by which he is generally known.

paragraph: His early years were passed at Anagni. Having devoted much time to the study of the Latin writers, historians, orators and poets, and having nourished his mind with stories of the glories and the power of ancient Rome, he turned his thoughts to the task of restoring his native city, then in degradation and wretchedness, not only to good order, but even to her pristine greatness. His zeal for this work was quickened by the desire to avenge his brother who had been killed by a noble.

paragraph: He became a notary and a person of some importance in the city, and was sent in 1343 on a public errand to Pope Clement VI at Avignon. He discharged his duties with ability and success, and although the boldness with which he denounced the aristocratic rulers of Rome drew down upon him the enmity of powerful men, he won the favour and esteem of the pope, who gave him an official position at his court.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Leader of revolt.

paragraph: Returning to Rome about April 1344 he worked for three years at the great object of his life, the restoration of the city to its former position of power. He gathered together a band of supporters, plans were drawn up, and at length all was ready for the insurrection.

paragraph: On 19 May 1347 heralds invited the people to a parliament on the Capitol, and on 20 May, the day being Whit-Sunday, the meeting took place. Dressed in full armor and attended by the papal vicar, Cola headed a procession to the Capitol; here he addressed the assembled crowd, speaking "with fascinating eloquence of the servitude and redemption of Rome." A new series of laws was published and accepted with acclaim, and unlimited authority and power was given to the author of the revolution.

paragraph: Without striking a blow the nobles left the city or went into hiding, and a few days later Rienzo took the title of tribune ("Nicholaus, severus et clemens, libertatis, pacis justiciaeque tribunus, et sacræ Romanæ Reipublicæ liberator").

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Tribune of Rome.

paragraph: His authority quickly and quietly accepted by all classes, the new ruler governed the city with a stern justice which was in marked contrast to the recent reign of license and disorder. In great state the tribune moved through the streets of Rome, being received at St. Peter's with the hymn "Veni Creator Spiritus", while in a letter the poet Petrarch urged him to continue his great and noble work, and congratulated him on his past achievements, calling him the new Camillus, Brutus and Romulus. All the nobles submitted, though with great reluctance; the roads were cleared of robbers; tranquillity was restored at home; some severe examples of justice intimidated offenders; and the tribune was regarded by all the people as the destined restorer of Rome and Italy.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Attempt to unify Italy.

paragraph: In July in a sonorous decree he proclaimed the sovereignty of the Roman people over the empire, but before this he had set to work upon his task of restoring the authority of Rome over the cities and provinces of Italy, of making the city again "caput mundi". He wrote letters to the cities of Italy, asking them to send representatives to an assembly which would meet on 1 August, when the formation of a great federation under the headship of Rome would be considered. On the appointed day a number of representatives appeared, and after some elaborate and fantastic ceremonials Cola, as dictator, issued an edict citing Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor and his rival Charles, afterwards Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and also the imperial electors and all others concerned in the dispute, to appear before him in order that he might pronounce judgment in the case.

paragraph: On the following day the festival of the unity of Italy was celebrated, but neither this nor the previous meeting had any practical result. Cola's power, however, was recognized in the Kingdom of Naples, whence both Joan I of Naples and her bitter foe, Louis I of Hungary, appealed to him for protection and aid, and on 15 August with great pomp he was crowned Tribune. Ferdinand Gregorovius says this ceremony "was the fantastic caricature in which ended the imperium of Charles the Great. A world where political action was represented in such guise was ripe for overthrow, or could only be saved by a great mental reformation."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:End of rule.

paragraph: He then seized, but soon released, Stefano Colonna and some other barons who had spoken disparagingly of him. But his power was already beginning to wane.

paragraph: Cola di Rienzo's character has been described as a combination of knowledge, eloquence, and enthusiasm for ideal excellence, with vanity, inexperience of mankind, unsteadiness, and physical timidity. As these latter qualities became conspicuous, they eclipsed his virtues, and caused his benefits to be forgotten. His extravagant pretensions only served to excite ridicule. His government was costly, and to meet its many expenses he was obliged to lay heavy taxes upon the people. He offended the pope by his arrogance and pride, and both pope and emperor by his proposal to set up a new Roman Empire, the sovereignty of which would rest directly upon the will of the people. In October Clement gave power to a legate to depose him and bring him to trial, and the end was obviously in sight.

paragraph: Taking heart, the exiled barons gathered together some troops, and war began in the neighbourhood of Rome. Cola di Rienzo obtained aid from Louis of Hungary and others, and on 20 November his forces defeated the nobles in the Battle of Porta San Lorenzo. just outside the Porta Tiburtina, a battle in which the tribune himself took no part, but in which his most distinguished foe, Stefano Colonna, was killed.

paragraph: But this victory did not save him. He passed his time in feasts and pageants, while in a bull the pope denounced him as a criminal, a pagan and a heretic, until, terrified by a slight disturbance on 15 December, he abdicated his government and fled from Rome. He sought refuge in Naples, but soon he left that city and spent over two years in an Italian mountain monastery.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Life in captivity.

paragraph: Emerging from his solitude, Cola journeyed to Prague in July 1350, throwing himself upon the protection of the emperor Charles IV. Denouncing the temporal power of the pope he implored the emperor to deliver Italy, and especially Rome, from their oppressors; but, heedless of his invitations, Charles kept him in prison for more than a year in the fortress of Raudnitz, and then handed him over to Pope Clement.

paragraph: At Avignon, where he appeared in August 1352, Cola was tried by three cardinals, and was sentenced to death, but this judgment was not carried out, and he remained in prison in spite of appeals from Petrarch for his release.

paragraph: Freedom, however, was at hand. In December 1352 Clement died, and his successor, Pope Innocent VI, anxious to strike a blow at the baronial rulers of Rome, and seeing in the former tribune an excellent tool for this purpose, pardoned and released his prisoner.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Senator of Rome.

paragraph: Giving him the title of senator, he sent him to Italy with the legate, Cardinal Albornoz, and having collected a few mercenary troops on the way, Cola di Rienzo entered Rome in August 1354. He was received with great rejoicings and quickly regained his former position of power.

paragraph: But this latter term of office was destined to be even shorter than his former one. Having vainly besieged the fortress of Palestrina, he returned to Rome, where he treacherously seized the soldier of fortune Giovanni Moriale, who was put to death, and where, by other cruel and arbitrary deeds, he soon lost the favour of the people.

paragraph: Their passions were quickly aroused and a tumult broke out on 8 October. Cola attempted to address them, but the building in which he stood was set on fire, and while trying to escape in disguise he was murdered by the mob.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Cola di Rienzo was the hero of one of the finest of Petrarch's odes, "Spirito gentil".

paragraph: Having advocated both the abolition of the Pope's temporal power and the Unification of Italy, Cola re-emerged in the 19th century, transformed into a romantic figure among politically liberal nationalists and adopted as a precursor of the 19th century Risorgimento, which struggled for and eventually achieved both aims. In this process he was reimagined as "the romantic stereotype of the inspired dreamer who foresees the national future" as Adrian Lyttleton expressed it, illustrating his point with Federico Faruffini's "Cola di Rienzo Contemplating the Ruins of Rome" (1855) of which he remarks, "The language of martyrdom could be freed from its religious context and used against the Church."

paragraph: Cola di Rienzo's life and fate have formed the subject of a novel by Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton, a tragedy by Julius Mosen and also of some verses by George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron. He is also the subject of a play by Friedrich Engels.

paragraph: Richard Wagner's first success "Rienzi" (Dresden, 1842), based on Bulwer-Lytton's novel, took Cola for a central figure, and at the same time, unaware of the Dresden production, Giuseppe Verdi, an ardent and anti-clerical patriot of the Risorgimento, contemplated a "Cola di Rienzo".

paragraph: In 1873 – immediately after the new Kingdom of Italy effected the Capture of Rome from papal forces – the "rione" Prati was laid out, with the new quarter's main street being "Via Cola di Rienzo" and a conspicuous square, Piazza Cola di Rienzo. Pointedly, the name was bestowed precisely on the street connecting the Tiber with the Vatican – at the time the headquarters of a Catholic church still far from reconciled to the loss of its temporal power. To further drive home the point, the Piazza del Risorgimento was located at the Via Cola di Rienzo's western end, directly touching upon the Church's headquarters.

paragraph: In 1877 a statue of the tribune by Girolamo Masini, was erected at the foot of Rome's Capitoline Hill. In Rome, in "rione" Ripa, near the Bocca della Verità still exists a brick decorated house of the Middle Ages, distinguished by the appellation of "The House of Pilate", but also traditionally known as Cola di Rienzo's house (in fact it belonged to the patrician Crescenzi family).

paragraph: His letters, edited by A. Gabrielli, are published in vol. vi. of the "Fonti per la storia d’Italia" (Rome, 1890).

paragraph: According to August Kubizek, a childhood friend of Adolf Hitler's, it was at a performance of Wagner's opera "Rienzi" that Hitler, as a teenager, had his first ecstatic vision of the reunification of the German people.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Popular revolt in late medieval Europe

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferdinand Gregorovius, "Geschichte der Stadt Rom im Mittelalter".

paragraph: BULLET::::- T. di Carpegna Falconieri, "Cola di Rienzo" (Roma, Salerno Editrice, 2002).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ronald G. Musto, "Apocalypse in Rome. Cola di Rienzo and the politics of the New Age" (Berkeley & Los Angeles, University of California Press, 2003).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christopher Hibbert "Rome: the Biography of a City", 1985, 97–105.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collins, Amanda L., "Greater than emperor: Cola di Rienzo (ca. 1313–54) and the world of fourteenth century Rome" (Ann Arbor, MI, 2002) (Stylus. Studies in medieval culture).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collins, Amanda L., "The Etruscans in the Renaissance: the sacred destiny of Rome and the Historia Viginti Saeculorum of Giles of Viterbo (c. 1469–1532)," "Historical Reflections. Réflexions Historiques", 27 (2001), 107–137.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collins, Amanda L., "Cola di Rienzo, the Lateran Basilica, and the Lex de imperio of Vespasian," "Mediaeval Studies", 60 (1998), 159–184.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beneš, C. Elizabeth, "Mapping a Roman Legend: The House of Cola di Rienzo from Piranesi to Baedeker," "Italian Culture", 26 (2008), 53–83.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beneš, C. Elizabeth, "Cola di Rienzo and the Lex Regia," "Viator" 30 (1999), 231–252.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francesco Petrarch, "The Revolution of Cola di Rienzo," translated from Latin and edited by Mario E. Cosenza; 3rd, revised, edition by Ronald G. Musto (New York; Italica Press, 1996).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wright, John (tr. with an intr.), "Vita di Cola di Rienzo. The life of Cola di Rienzo" (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1975).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Origo, Iris "Tribune of Rome" (Hogarth 1938).

description: Italian politician

wikidata_label: Cola di Rienzo

wikipedia_title: Cola di Rienzo