text:
Idan Raichel
Berlin
folk song
Physicians for Human Rights
Gaza
Muenster
Andy Warhol
Maxim Gorki Theater
Sven Regener
Milan Peschel
Ned Collette
Fusion festival
Sibylle Berg
Katja Riemann
Matthias Brandt
King Khan
King Khan and the Shrines
The King Khan and BBQ Show
Buback
Zither
The Fresh & Onlys
Jessie Evans
Drop Dead festival
Die Goldenen Zitronen
SXSW
Between Two Ferns
Nina Hynes
Molly Nilsson
Karen O
Rain Phoenix
SoKo
Moses Sumney
Ariel Pink
Moby
Cat Power
Bandcamp
Sean Lennon
Jordan Galland
Faust (band)
Hans Joachim Irmler
Die Toedliche Doris
Felix Kubin
Fact
SWR
Art's Birthday
Snax
Glen Strachan
Die Ärzte
Bela B
Rummelsnuff
Rita Braga's
Bruce Haack
Internationale Schillertage
Tacheles
Malaria!
Einstürzende Neubauten
Cluster (band)
Atari Teenage Riot
Ken Shakin
François Jonquet
Lomography
ARTE
Into The Night
Sasha Grey
Documenta
Cannes film festival
Dogme 95
Boddinale
Ballet Mechanique
Triadisches Ballett
John Cage
Haus der Kulturen der Welt
Dorothy Ashby
Stella Chiweshe
waterbear
Interview Magazine
Israel
kibbutz
Negev
Tel Aviv
Natan Eidelman
Felix Kubin
Mariola Brillowska
Oberhausen film festival
How Much Is That Doggie in the Window?
Patti Page
Hedwig and The Angry Inch
Riz Ortolani
David Bowie
Robbie Basho
Julia Kent
Dorothy Ashby
Stella Chiweshe

categories: Russian emigrants to Israel,1986 births,Russian Jews,People from Moscow,Israeli singer-songwriters,Israeli female singer-songwriters,Living people

paragraph: Mariya Ocher

paragraph: Mary Ocher (""Oh-chur"", born Mariya Ocheretianskaya (Russian: Мария Очеретянская, Hebrew:מאריה אוצ'רטיאנסקי) November 10, 1986) is a recording artist, performer, poet, director and visual artist.

paragraph: Section::::Music.

paragraph: At age 14, Ocher had recorded her first song, produced by Idan Raichel, who later went on to become a successful mainstream world-music producer. In December 2006, she formed a band, Mary and The Baby Cheeses, in Tel Aviv, and in October of the following year, the band moved to Berlin, where she would later change the entire line-up. The band produced several DIY releases, the most notable being a collection of studio recordings titled "Analog music for a digital generation". In December 2008, she released a solo album recording titled "War Songs", with 13 acoustic apocalyptic folk songs about war, crime and other related themes.

paragraph: In mid-2009, she took part in "Voices" – a fundraiser event for Physicians for Human Rights in Gaza organized by Eleanor Cantor aka Sister Chain and a small group of volunteers, that was held twice at Filmbuehne in Berlin and once more on 10 May 2010 in the city of Muenster.

paragraph: In January 2011, she joined the German Indie band "1000 Robota", on the 2nd leg of their German tour.

paragraph: The re-issue of "War Songs" by the German label "Haute Areal" came out in Germany, Spain, Switzerland and Austria on 11 March 2011, and its first single, "On the Streets of Hard Labor" had been released two weeks prior, on 25 February 2011.

paragraph: On December 2, 2011, "Haute Areal" released a 7" EP with four new tracks:

paragraph: King khan's version of "The sound of war", the synthpop "Address Yourself Entirely to Me", "Man of 1000 Faces" and "Ugly, Ugly Girls" – the latter two from the "War Songs" sessions.

paragraph: She also accompanied musically the short play based on Andy Warhol's autobiography with German actor Peter Pagel at the Hans Otto Theater in Potsdam.

paragraph: in early 2012 she was invited to perform music for the production of Maxim Gorki Theater's adaptation of Sven Regener's book "Der Kleine Bruder" ("The Little Brother"), directed by Milan Peschel, she was fired shortly for creative differences.

paragraph: In June 2012, she was asked to join Ned Collette + Wirewalker's Australian tour.

paragraph: And on 30 June 2012 she played the most notorious of German festivals, the Fusion festival.

paragraph: In October 2012, Ocher went on tour with the German bestseller author Sibylle Berg, alongside actors Katja Riemann and Matthias Brandt to promote Berg's new book "Vielen dank für das Leben" ("Many Thanks for Life").

paragraph: The tour visited most large German cities, as well as Zurich (Switzerland), and it was entirely sold-out. Along the shows, a video was made for the song "The final embrace (Toto's song)" (Toto is the main character in the book, of which Ocher resonates on stage).

paragraph: From spring 2012 on Ocher has been auditioning various drummers for an act with two drummers. On October 6, "Mary Ocher + Your Government" premiered at the performance festival "Foreign Affairs” at the Berliner Festspiele.

paragraph: The second album, "EDEN", produced by King Khan of King Khan and the Shrines and The King Khan and BBQ Show came out on Buback on 14 June 2013. Guests on the album featured King Khan himself (on Zither as well as other instruments), The Shrines' drummer Mirko Wenzel as well as Kyle Gibson, drummer of The Fresh & Onlys.

paragraph: The first single "Baby Indiana" was released on 1 June 2013 and second single, "The Android Sea" on 28 July 2013. The second vinyl edition of the album includes the bonus tracks "Lullaby for a murderer" and "Poor boy from the wild lands"

paragraph: Owing to the unusual number of videos that were made for the album, they were released once a week, for two months. The music video for "Baby Indiana" featured King Khan, Jessie Evans, Drop Dead festival's Polina Y and Art Stars' Nadja Sayej.

paragraph: EDEN ranked #12 in 's list of Albums of The Year of 2013.

paragraph: In November 2013 Ocher joined forces with German avant-garde poet/songwriter and the Great Hans Unstern Swindle for a wide German/Austrian tour.

paragraph: in January 2014 she joined Die Goldenen Zitronen for a few live dates.

paragraph: In late February 2014 she set out for North America for a 2-month/50 date grandiose tour – of which 48 dated were in the USA and 2 in Canada. with only but a few days off, the route went from the west coast to the east – with stops at SXSW, various gallery shows, colleges and locations as odd as vintage shops and a couple of house shows – the tour had been documented for a film: 8.5 weeks: Mary does USA".

paragraph: In the summertime the crowdfunding campaign for Ocher's debut album with "Your Government" was launched, it featured a series of episodes of "Between Two Drummers", a friendly nod to "Between Two Ferns". some of the guests were Nina Hynes, Ned Collette and Molly Nilsson.

paragraph: In September 2014 Ocher returned to the US for a few selected West Coast dates, around the GENESIS show for The Art of Elysium charity at LA's Ace Hotel, to which she was invited by Karen O and Rain Phoenix. Among the other participants were SoKo, Moses Sumney, Ariel Pink, Moby and Cat Power.

paragraph: On March 31, 2015, Ocher has released a double anthology of home recordings (titled "The Fictional Biography of Mary Ocher – The home recordings (2006–2015) (parts I and II)") with over 40 tracks recorded between 2006 and 2015, available for free streaming or purchase on Bandcamp.

paragraph: Two of Ocher's songs are featured in the horror film "Ava's Possessions", of which soundtrack is curated by Sean Lennon and will be released on a limited edition 10" on his label Chimera Music. The film is directed by Jordan Galland – a fellow musician/director.

paragraph: On January 7, 2016 the debut full-length album with Your Government was released on legendary krautrock/experimental label Klangbad (led by Faust (band)'s Hans Joachim Irmler). Its follow-up "The West Against The People" was recorded at the Faust Studio with Irmler in the summer of 2016 and released on March 10, 2017. The album features an essay analyzing the current sociopolitical climate, as well as solo tracks, tracks with Your Government and collaborations with Die Toedliche Doris and Felix Kubin. A special edition of the album grants access to further tracks that were revealed gradually throughout 2017.

paragraph: The release of "The West Against The People" was announced in January 2017 in "Fact", with the tag line:

paragraph: "Prediction: one of the best albums of 2017". Bandcamp listed the album #51 on their "100 Best Albums of 2017". The second edition of the record was pressed within three months of its release.

paragraph: The same month "Arms" was released with a video shot in Israel and released alongside a collection of remixes – all of which profits are donated to a Berlin-based NGO helping war asylum seekers.

paragraph: The video for "Arms" caused a minor controversy with its imagery of Israeli soldiers wandering casually in public spaces with big guns, it was nominated for a MuVi award at Oberhausen film festival (2017), and selected for the Cologne Women's Film Festival (2018).

paragraph: Before the end of 2017 further recordings were released in the form of "The Faust Studio Sessions and Other Recordings" (on 10" and on tape for her 2018 North American tour(s)). She has performed in over 20 countries with the two releases in 2017, and still counting.

paragraph: in January 2019 new pieces with Your Government were performed live for German channel SWR's production Art's Birthday.

paragraph: Ocher has collaborated with electronic producers Snax and TUSK and recorded background vocals for the German act Jolly Goods, the English Glen Strachan, Spanish "The Mustache" and American "Skiing", on the track "so long" off their 'Another wave' album. She's also sung backing vocals for King Khan's collaborative project with Die Ärzte's Bela B and Rummelsnuff – Kuschelsnuff, and on Rita Braga's cover of Bruce Haack's "National Anthem to The Moon".

paragraph: An adaptation of the Snax-produced version of "I, human" is out on October 4 on Buback along with 5 remixes, as a digital remix EP. The cover photo and the music video were entirely made with an Israeli team from Moshe Rosenthal (the director) – to Hadas Hinkis (visual artist and Ocher's primary collaborator in 2012) and Yehuda Swed (photographer). The music video features Ocher's father, as the head of the Victorian family.

paragraph: She has been awarded a scholarship by The Music Board / Berlin Senate for artistic development in 2015.

paragraph: And was invited to be one of five judges on the Music Board's committee selecting projects for the monthly event series »Pop-Kultur lokal« in 2018.

paragraph: Among the festivals and associated events she played: Folkale (2008, Tel Aviv), Berlin Festee (2010, Berlin), Oddpop (2010, Berlin), Antifolk festival (2009, 2010 London), Mother – A feminist festival (2009, 2010 – Tel Aviv, London), Tel Aviv Music Festival (2010, Tel Aviv), What's Queer About Queer Pop Today? (2010, Berlin), Avant-Garde Festival (Tel Aviv, 2011), TRAMA (Porto, 2011), Steirischer Herbst (Graz, 2011, 2012), Chewing the scenery – 54th Venice Biennale opening (Venice, 2011), Kampnagel summer festival (Hamburg, 2011), Fusion (Laerz, 2012), The Queer Festival (Copenhagen, 2012), Jerk Off (Paris, 2012), Festspiele (Berlin, 2012), Treibstoff (Basel, 2013), Reeperbahn Festival (Hamburg, 2013), CTM Festival (Berlin, 2014), Slingshot festival (Athens, GA, 2014), SKIF (ST Petersburg, 2014), ROODKAPJE RADICALS (Rotterdam, 2015), Northern Winter Beat (Aalborg, 2015), 1,2 Piecefest (Darmstadt, 2015), Pop Kultur festival (Berlin, 2015), Pop Montreal (Montreal, 2015), Nordwind festival (Hamburg, 2015), Pop Freaks (Stuttgart, 2016), Detmold festival (Detmold, 2017), Bang! festival (Brussels, 2017), Theater Der Welt Festival (Hamburg, 2017), Totstr. Festival (Berlin, 2017), Internationale Schillertage Festival (Mannheim, 2017), Santarcangelo Festival (Santarcangelo, 2017), Ketzerpop Festival (Leipzig, 2017), Yo Sissy Festival (Berlin, 2017), Supernormal Festival (Braziers Park, Oxfordshire, 2017), Wolkenkuckucksheim Festival (Chemnitz, 2017), Homo Novus Festival (Riga, 2017), Cool v Plote Festival (Pisek, 2017), Meakusma Festival (Eupen, 2017), Time Zones Festival (Bari, 2017), Soy Festival (Nantes, 2017), Piano Festival (Tel Aviv, 2017), No! Music (Berlin, 2017), Blue Bird festival (Vienna, 2017), SXSW (Austin, 2018), Women's Film Festival (Cologne, 2018), FK:K Festival (Bamberg, 2018), Krake Festival (Berlin, 2018), Ruhrtriennale (Dortmund, 2018), Night of Surprise (Cologne, 2018), Werkleitz Festival (Halle, 2018).

paragraph: Section::::Releases.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Faust Studio Sessions and Other Recordings (2017) (10"/digital, Klangbad/Sing A Song Fighter, Tape: Related Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The West Against The People (2017) (LP, CD, digital (Klangbad))

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arms / remixed (2017) (remixes compilation, digital)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Ocher + Your Government – Self-titled (2016) (LP, CD, digital (Klangbad))

paragraph: BULLET::::- 7" – Man VS. Air/Thunderbird (2015)(double A-side, limited edition vinyl (W/ Your Government)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Fictional Biography of Mary Ocher – The home recordings (2006–2015) (double anthology) (2015) digital)

paragraph: BULLET::::- I, Human (2014) (remixes EP) (digital (Buabck))

paragraph: BULLET::::- EDEN (2013/2014, second edition: 2015) (EU: Buback(CD, digital), Haute Areal(LP) US: Hairy Spider Legs(CD), Related Records(TAPE))

paragraph: BULLET::::- 7" (2012) (aka "Man of 1000 faces") (limited edition vinyl, SOLD OUT (Haute Areal))

paragraph: BULLET::::- War Songs (2011) (CD + digital (Haute Areal))

paragraph: Section::::Other work: Writing, art, film and other.

paragraph: In mid-2009 til 2011 several poems were published, later to be collected into a limited edition booklet sold at shows, and "The Origins of Evil", a photography project which has been published in several on-line and printed magazines.

paragraph: In April 2009, she organized "The Queens and The Rebels (of Unpopular Culture)" Festival for theatrical music/performance art and multimedia at the legendary Tacheles complex in Berlin. The second edition of the festival was held on April 18, 2010 at the RAW Temple, Berlin.

paragraph: In February 2010, Ocher organized "The 15 Minutes Festival" in Tel Aviv, on Rothchild Blvd, where several musicians and poets performed for a mixed crowd.

paragraph: As of 2008 until mid 2014, Ocher has been working with Julien Binet on the documentary "The Sounds of Softness" with a variety of collaborators and guest appearances, amongst which members of Malaria!, Einstürzende Neubauten and Cluster (band) as well as Hanin Elias, formerly of Atari Teenage Riot and authors Ken Shakin and François Jonquet.

paragraph: The film is about a late-1970s avant-garde movement.

paragraph: In March 2011, Ocher was asked to participate in a campaign for Lomography, "LomoAmigo", to shoot everyday situations for several months with their analog cameras.

paragraph: She participated in group exhibition "Zum Schein", at the "Neurotital" gallery/Berlin, and another at "Quai de la Batterie" (Battery Key) in Arras, France.

paragraph: On December 18, 2011, Ocher created a site-specific installation titled "Restaurant".

paragraph: In December 2013, ARTE broadcast the episode of Into The Night in which Ocher spent a night wandering around the streets of Hamburg with Sasha Grey, meeting interesting characters such as Polish-German artist Mariola Brilowska.

paragraph: in August 2014 a video retrospective of Ocher's work was shown at Berlin's Galeire Nord, as part of "A Room of One's Own" exhibition.

paragraph: Ocher is a member of the art collective "Autodiktat"; along with "Documenta" performer Peter Baecker, Austrian rebel Kris Kind and Irani-Austrian, Cannes film festival favorite Kamikat.se – all conceptual artists. their first exhibition as a collective was set for the last weekend of October 2014 at the Berlin underground music/art space West Germany.

paragraph: She is also associated with the Australian Colour-Parade collective – aka The Colour Kids, that gave birth to The Adornists movement.

paragraph: Ocher's Dogme 95 inspired short film "Pawnshop Santa" won an award at Berlin's underground film festival, Boddinale in February 2015. the film has been available for streaming online.

paragraph: In April–May 2015 Ocher has embarked on the 3.5 week "Hovering Suns" tour of SE Asia (Vietnam/Singapore/China and South Korea) as well as Australia and New Zealand. unfortunately, the Australian leg of the tour had to be cancelled, and new dates will be scheduled in the not so far future.

paragraph: In October 2017 she was commissioned to write a soundtrack for film projections of her liking as part of the International Film Festival of Ghent, she chose Ballet Mechanique and the Triadisches Ballett, performed with two synthesizers, vocal effects, a self made flute and a piano – using the bare strings and pedals as percussion. In November she was commissioned to perform John Cage's notorious 4"33 at Berlin's Haus der Kulturen der Welt as part of No! Music Festival. In 2018 she has collaborated on pieces by fusion jazz harpist Dorothy Ashby with her drummers and Mbira player Stella Chiweshe, later in the year she has also narrated a surrealist 16mm art film inspired by waterbears by the title "The Hot & The Cold" by artist duo Anja Dornieden and Juan David Gonzalez Monroy, to be shown in 3D.

paragraph: She has directed several music videos for herself, as well as the German/Spanish folk singer Fee Reega, the multi-national collective Lemercier and The Lala By, French electronic producer Jules Valeron, American pop-performance artist DUBAIS, darkwave/industrial act Big Debbie, French-Canadian IDM producer Joni Void, and German/Turkish crooness Susanna Berivan. in addition to the documentaries "All of my problems are imaginary (but my friends are real)" and "Love Starvation Economy" (aka "13 Conversations About Love"). Many of Ocher's various video-art pieces with original music and texts, photography, typography and drawings are online on various platforms.

paragraph: Interview Magazine (German edition) chose Ocher as their Superstar of October 2013 (offline).

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Ocher was born Mariya Ocheretianskaya (Russian: Мария Очеретянская, Hebrew:מאריה אוצ'רטיאנסקי) in Moscow, an only child to a voice and puppet theater actor (of the Obraztsov theater) father and an unemployed engineer mother both of Jewish/Ukrainian descent. Her family immigrated to Israel in 1991, first to a kibbutz in Negev and several months later to Tel Aviv.

paragraph: While studying at a religious Jewish school in Israel, she was forced to change her name to Miriam for several years. In her teenage years, she studied film in an art high school in Tel-Aviv, which she then left at the beginning of the 12th grade. At the age of 18, she adopted Ocher as a last name.

paragraph: Ocher's grandmother, Julia, was married to prominent Russian historian/author Natan Eidelman, in the last years before his death.

paragraph: Alix, her dad was named after an SS officer who saved his father's life during WWII, her mother, Yelena took part in the mapping of the moon in the 1970s in Moscow.

paragraph: Ocher is married to German pinstriper and custom artist Tom Plate.

paragraph: Section::::List of music videos.

paragraph: BULLET::::- My Executioner (feat. Your Government)(2018) (taken from The West Against The People)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with YOUR GOVERNMENT) In Drag (2018) (taken from MO+YG self titled, for its 2nd pressing)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Washed Upon Your Shores (2018)(taken from The West Against The People)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Irrevocable Temple of Knowledge (2017) (taken from The West Against The People)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Firstling II (Body Bender remix) (edited by Bodybender)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wulkania (with Felix Kubin) (directed by Mariola Brillowska) (taken from The West Against The People)

paragraph: BULLET::::- To The Light (piano version) (directed by Frank Nagel) (taken from The West Against The People)

paragraph: BULLET::::- To The Light (feat. Your Government) (directed by Robin Lochmann, 2017) (taken from The West Against The People)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arms (2017) (taken from The West Against The People)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Endlessness (Song for Young Xenophobes) (2017) (taken from The West Against The People)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Across Red Lines (2016) (taken from Faust Studio Sessions and Other Recordings)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with YOUR GOVERNMENT) A new language (directed by Laura Cherrygrove, 2016) (taken from MO+YG self-titled)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with YOUR GOVERNMENT) Dream X3 (2015, taken from MO+YG self-titled)

paragraph: BULLET::::- By nature (2015, taken from The Fictional Biography of Mary Ocher)

paragraph: BULLET::::- I, Human (Snax VS Mary's Hi-fi Lo-fi Treatment) (video edit) (directed by Moshe Rosenthal, 2013) (taken from the I, Human EP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with YOUR GOVERNMENT) Man VS Air (video by Robin Thomson and Tom Plate, 2013) (taken from Man VS Air 7" & MO+YG self-titled)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The road (video by Hypertrashawonderland, 2013) (taken from EDEN)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thunderbird/Eden (Part I) (directed by D.O. 2013) (taken from EDEN)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thunderbird/Eden (parts III-IV) (edited by Mary Ocher, 2013) (taken from EDEN)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sweet charity (directed by Steffy Pop, 2013) (taken from EDEN)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heartman (video by Mary Ocher, 2013) (taken from EDEN)

paragraph: BULLET::::- No lesson learned (directed by Mary Ocher, 2013) (taken from EDEN) (was nominated for Muvi award at Oberhausen film festival )

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Android Sea (directed by Craig Mc Guigan, 2013) (taken from EDEN)

paragraph: BULLET::::- My town (directed by Mary Ocher, 2013) (taken from EDEN)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baby Indiana (directed by Frank Nagel, 2013) (taken from EDEN)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toto's song (the final embrace) (directed by Heta Multana, 2012) (b-side from The Android Sea single)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Address yourself entirely to me (TUSK remix) (directed by Mary Ocher, 2011) (taken from the untitled 7")

paragraph: BULLET::::- The sound of war (directed by Maria Heiligen, 2011) (taken from WAR SONGS)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Six dead white men (directed by Yevgeniya Gapon, 2011) (taken from WAR SONGS)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smallhead (directed by Mary Ocher, 2011) (taken from WAR SONGS)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trampoline (directed by Florian Fusco, 2011) (taken from WAR SONGS)

paragraph: BULLET::::- On the streets of hard labor (directed by Frank Nagel, 2011) (taken from WAR SONGS)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Man of 1,000 faces (directed by Mathilde Nègre, 2011) (taken from the untitled 7")

paragraph: Section::::Songs covered live.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "How Much Is That Doggie in the Window?" originally by Patti Page (occasionally, with the Cheeses and solo)

paragraph: BULLET::::- On The Hedwig and The Angry Inch night at Berlin's Monster Ronson's – "Wig in a box",

paragraph: BULLET::::- On Sibylle Berg's book tour shows: Riz Ortolani & Katina Ranieri's "Oh My Love"

paragraph: BULLET::::- At Graz's Steirischer Herbst festival's protest song cover show –

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Where are we now?" at the David Bowie Gala at The Berliner Festspiele in July 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robbie Basho's "Blue Crystal Fire" live and in a studio version from the Faust Studio sessions, featuring Julia Kent on cello.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dorothy Ashby's "Myself When Young", "Joyful grass and Grape" and "The Moving Finger" with Your Government and Stella Chiweshe at Songs We Taught Your Mother, Berlin, April 2018

paragraph: Section::::Band members.

paragraph: In Mary and The Baby Cheeses:

paragraph: Gil Cohen (casio keyboard, heater, glockenspiel) (2006-2008)

paragraph: Ran Nahmias (theremin, cello) (2006-2008)

paragraph: Karen Phenpimon-Zehavi (percussion, drums) (2007-2008)

paragraph: Rina "Athena Nej" (drums) (2009-2010)

paragraph: Pax Chimera (bass) (2009-2010)

paragraph: Alessia D'Artino (bass) (2010-2011)

paragraph: Aaron "Big Daddy Mugglestone" Snyder (drums) (2010-2011)

paragraph: In Mary Ocher + Your Government:

paragraph: Oliver Rivera-Drew (drums) (2011-2016)

paragraph: Abraham Yussef Zamora (drums) (2011-2012)

paragraph: Stefan Widdess (drums) (2012-2015)

paragraph: Andi Stecher (drums) (2015-2016)

paragraph: Mats Folkeson (drums)(2016-)

paragraph: Brandon Walsh (drums) (2016-2016)

paragraph: Theo Taylor (2017-)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article in Haaretz –

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article in TAZ –

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article in Spex –

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article in The Tagesspiegel –

paragraph: BULLET::::- Review in an Israeli magazine –

description: Singer, poet and artist

wikidata_label: Mariya Ocher

wikipedia_title: Mariya Ocher


text: Nicholas Eliot, 9th Earl of St Germans

text: Eton

text: Seltaeb

text: Beatles

text: Polgooth

text: The Cure

text: The Fall

text: Siouxsie and the Banshees

text: Lord St Germans

text: Port Eliot Lit Fest

text: Hon.

text: Jacquetta Jean Frederika Lampson

text: Miles Lampson, 1st Baron Killearn

text: Jago Nicholas Aldo Eliot, Lord Eliot

text: Hon

text: Louis Robert Eliot

text: genealogics.org

categories: 1941 births,People educated at Eton College,2016 deaths,Eliot family of St Germans,Place of birth missing,Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom

paragraph: Peregrine Nicholas Eliot, 10th Earl of St Germans (2 January 1941 – 15 July 2016), was a British peer and founder of the Elephant Fayre and Port Eliot Lit Fest.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Peregrine Nicholas Eliot was the son of Nicholas Eliot, 9th Earl of St Germans and his wife Helen Mary née Villers (c. 1918 – 6 December 1951). He was educated at Eton.

paragraph: In 1963, he became a partner in Seltaeb, the company established to oversee the distribution of Beatles merchandise.

paragraph: In 1988, on the death of his father, he succeeded as the 10th Earl of St Germans.

paragraph: Section::::Festivals.

paragraph: Section::::Festivals.:Elephant Fayre.

paragraph: In 1980 a small festival which had outgrown its site at Polgooth in mid-Cornwall approached the Port Eliot estate and asked if it could be held in the idyllic grounds. The estate office agreed a price, and there began the Elephant Fayre, one of the most eclectic festivals of the 1980s. The festival ran from 1981–1986, beginning with some 1,500 visitors over four days, and featured a mix of music, theatre and visual arts. Over the years the festival grew, attracting crowds of up to 30,000 and bands such as The Cure, The Fall and Siouxsie and the Banshees. The burning down of the oldest tree in the park, looting of the village surgery and the robbing of stall-holders in 1985 prompted Lord Eliot and fellow organisers to make the 1986 festival the last.

paragraph: Section::::Festivals.:Port Eliot Festival.

paragraph: In 2003 Lord St Germans began the Port Eliot Lit Fest.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages & children.

paragraph: He was married three times:

paragraph: On 9 October 1964 he married Hon. Jacquetta Jean Frederika Lampson (b. 1943), a daughter of Miles Lampson, 1st Baron Killearn. They had three sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jago Nicholas Aldo Eliot, Lord Eliot (born 24 March 1966, died 15 April 2006), father of Albert Clarence Eliot, 11th Earl of St Germans (born 4 November 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon Louis Robert Eliot (born 11 April 1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon Francis Michael Eliot (born 16 November 1971).

paragraph: They were divorced in 1990.

paragraph: On 20 April 1992 he married Elizabeth Dorothy Williams (b. 1961), with no issue. They were divorced in 1996.

paragraph: On September 2005 he married Catherine Wilson, with no issue.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Peregrine Eliot, 10th Earl St. Germans died after a short illness (following surgery for cancer) on 15 July 2016.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peregrine Eliot, 10th Earl of St Germans

paragraph: BULLET::::- genealogics.org

description: British earl


text:
Sikh
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manuscriptology
Sukhmani Sahib
www.bbc.co.uk
sgpc.net

categories: 1563 births,1563 in India,Sikh gurus,Punjabi city founders,Punjabi people,Executed Sikh people,People executed for refusing to convert to Islam,1606 deaths,Sikh martyrs,People executed by the Mughal Empire

paragraph: Guru Arjan

paragraph: Guru Arjan ( ) 15 April 1563 – 30 May 1606) was the first of the two Gurus martyred in the Sikh faith and the fifth of the ten total Sikh Gurus. He compiled the first official edition of the Sikh scripture called the Adi Granth, which later expanded into the Guru Granth Sahib.

paragraph: He was born in Goindval, in the Punjab, the youngest son of Bhai Jetha, who later became Guru Ram Das, and Mata Bhani, the daughter of Guru Amar Das. He was the first Guru in Sikhism to be born into a Sikh family. Guru Arjan led Sikhism for a quarter of a century. He completed the construction of Darbar Sahib at Amritsar, after the fourth Sikh Guru founded the town and built a pool. Guru Arjan compiled the hymns of previous Gurus and of other saints into Adi Granth, the first edition of the Sikh scripture, and installed it in the Harimandir Sahib.

paragraph: Guru Arjan reorganized the Masands system initiated by Guru Ram Das, by suggesting that the Sikhs donate, if possible, one-tenth of their income, goods or service to the Sikh organization ("dasvand"). The "Masand" not only collected these funds but also taught tenets of Sikhism and settled civil disputes in their region. The "dasvand" financed the building of gurdwaras and langars (shared communal kitchens).

paragraph: Guru Arjan was arrested under the orders of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir and asked to convert to Islam. He refused, was tortured and executed in 1606 CE. Historical records and the Sikh tradition are unclear whether Guru Arjan was executed by drowning or died during torture. His martyrdom is considered a watershed event in the history of Sikhism. It is remembered as "Shaheedi Divas of Guru Arjan" in May or June according to the Nanakshahi calendar released by the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee in 2003.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Guru Arjan was born in Goindval to Bibi Bhani and Jetha Sodhi. Bibi Bhani was the daughter of Guru Amar Das, and her husband Jetha Sodhi later came to be known as Guru Ram Das. Guru Arjan's birthplace site is now memorialized as the Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib. He had two brothers: Prithi Chand and Mahadev. Various Sikh chroniclers give his birth year as 1553 or 1563, the latter is accepted by scholarly consensus as the actual year of birth with 15 April as the accepted birth date.

paragraph: Guru Arjan spent the first 11 years of his life in Goindwal and the next seven years with his father in Ramdaspur. Per Sikh tradition, he had stayed for two years in Lahore during his youth after being sent by his father to attend the wedding of his first cousin Sahari Mal's son as well as to establish a Sikh congregation. He was appointed as the Sikh Guru in 1581 after the death of his father. Guru Ram Das was a "Khatri" of the Sodhi sub-caste. With Guru Arjan's succession, the Guruship remained in the Sodhi family of Guru Ram Das.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Succession.

paragraph: Guru Arjan had two elder brothers, Prithi Chand and Mahadev. Guru Ram Das chose Arjan, the youngest, to succeed him as the fifth Sikh Guru. Mahadev, the middle brother chose the life of an ascetic. His choice of Arjan as successor, as throughout most of the history of Sikh Guru successions, led to disputes and internal divisions among the Sikhs.

paragraph: The stories in the Sikh tradition about the succession dispute around Guru Arjan are inconsistent. In one version, Prithi Chand is remembered in the Sikh tradition as vehemently opposing Guru Arjan, creating a faction Sikh community. The Sikhs following Guru Arjan called the Prithi Chand faction as "Minas" (literally, "scoundrels"), who are alleged to have attempted to assassinate young Hargobind, and befriended Mughal agents. However, the second version, found in alternate competing texts written by the Prithi Chand led Sikh faction contradict this version (their non-derogatory name is "Miharvan Sikhs"). They offer a different explanation for the attempt on Hargobind's life, and present the elder son of Guru Ram Das as devoted to his younger brother Guru Arjan. The competing texts do acknowledge their disagreement. They state Prithi Chand left Amritsar, became the "Sahib Guru" after the martyrdom of Guru Arjan and one who disputed the succession of Guru Hargobind as the next Guru.

paragraph: The mainstream Sikh tradition recognised Guru Arjan as the fifth Guru, and Hargobind as the sixth Guru. Arjan, at age 18, became the fifth Guru in 1581 inheriting the title from his father. After his execution by the Muslim officials of the Mughal Empire, his son Hargobind became the sixth Guru in 1606 CE.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Martyrdom.

paragraph: Guru Arjan's martyrdom in Mughal custody has been one of the defining though controversial issues in Sikh history.

paragraph: Most Mughal historians considered Guru Arjan's execution as a political event, stating that the Sikhs had become formidable as a social group, and Sikh Gurus became actively involved in the Punjabi political conflicts. A similar theory floated in early 20th-century, asserts that this was just a politically-motivated single execution. According to this theory, there was an ongoing Mughal dynasty dispute between Jahangir and his son Khusrau suspected of rebellion by Jahangir, wherein Guru Arjan blessed Khusrau and thus the losing side. Jahangir was jealous and outraged, and therefore he ordered the Guru's execution.

paragraph: The Sikh tradition has a competing view. It states that the Guru's execution was a part of the ongoing persecution of the Sikhs by Islamic authorities in the Mughal Empire, and that the Mughal rulers of Punjab were alarmed at the growth of the Panth. According to Jahangir's autobiography "Tuzk-e-Jahangiri" ("Jahangirnama"), too many people were becoming persuaded by Guru Arjan's teachings and if Guru Arjan did not become a Muslim, the Sikh Panth had to be extinguished.

paragraph: In 1606 CE, the Guru was imprisoned in Lahore Fort, where by some accounts he was tortured and executed, and by other accounts the method of his death remains unresolved. The traditional Sikh account states that the Mughal emperor Jahangir demanded a fine of 200,000 rupees and demanded that Guru Arjan erase some of the hymns in the text that he found offensive. The Guru refused to remove the lines and pay the fine, which state the Sikh accounts, led to his execution. Some Muslim traditional accounts such as of Latif in 19th-century states that Guru Arjan was dictatorial, someone who lived in splendour with "costly attire", who had left aside the rosary and the clothes of a saint ("fakir"). Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi cheered the punishment and execution of Guru Arjun, calling the Sikh Guru an infidel. In contrast, Mian Mir – the Sufi friend of Guru Arjan, lobbied when Jehangir ordered the execution and the confiscation of Guru Arjan's property, then got the confiscation order deferred, according to Rishi Singh.

paragraph: Some scholars state that the evidence is unclear whether his death was due to execution, torture or forced drowning in the Ravi river. J.S. Grewal notes that Sikh sources from the seventeenth and eighteenth century contain contradictory reports of Guru Arjan's death. J. F. Richard states that Jahangir was persistently hostile to popularly venerated non-Islamic religious figures, not just Sikhism. Bhai Gurdas was a contemporary of Guru Arjan and is a noted 17th-century Sikh chronicler. His eyewitness account recorded Guru Arjan life, and the order by Emperor Jahangir to torture the Guru to death.

paragraph: A contemporary Jesuit account, written by Spanish Jesuit missionary Jerome Xavier (1549–1617), who was in Lahore at the time, records that the Sikhs tried to get Jahangir to substitute the torture and death sentence to a heavy fine, but this attempt failed. Dabistan-i Mazahib Mobad states Jahangir tortured Guru Arjan in the hopes of extracting the money and public repudiation of his spiritual convictions, but the Guru refused and was executed. Jerome Xavier, in appreciation of the courage of Guru Arjun, wrote back to Lisbon, that Guru Arjan suffered and was tormented.

paragraph: According to the Sikh tradition, before his execution, Guru Arjan instructed his son and successor Hargobind to take up arms, and resist tyranny. His execution led the Sikh Panth to become armed and pursue resistance to persecution under the Islamic rule. Michael Barnes states that the resolve and death of Guru Arjun strengthened the conviction among Sikhs that, "personal piety must have a core of moral strength. A virtuous soul must be a courageous soul. Willingness to suffer trial for one's convictions was a religious imperative".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Historical revisionism, reconstruction and disputes.

paragraph: There are several stories and versions about how, where and why Guru Arjan died. Recent scholarship has questioned many of these, calling them as fictional interpretation, reflecting an agenda, or "exaggerating fragmentary traces of documentary evidence in historical analysis". The alternate versions include stories about the role of Guru Arjan in a conflict between the Mughal Emperor Jahangir and his son who Jahangir suspected of trying to organize a patricidal coup. An alternate version highlights the role of a Hindu minister of Jahangir named Chandu Shah. He, in one version, takes revenge on Guru Arjan for not marrying his son Hargobind to Chandu Shah's daughter. In another Lahore version, Chandu Shah actually prevents Guru Arjan from suffering torture and death by Muslims by paying 200,000 rupees (100,000 crusados) to Jahangir, but then keeps him and emotionally torments him to death in his house. All these versions and meta-narratives became popular in 19th century British colonial literature, such as those of Max Arthur Macauliffe. Several alternative versions of the story try to absolve Jahangir and the Mughal empire of any responsibility, but have no trace or support in the documentary evidence from early 17th century, such as the records of Jesuit priest Jerome Xavier and the memoirs of Jahangir.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.:Amritsar.

paragraph: Guru Arjan's father Guru Ram Das founded the town named after him "Ramdaspur", around a large man-made water pool called "Ramdas Sarovar". Guru Arjan continued the infrastructure building effort of his father. The town expanded during the time of Guru Arjan, financed by donations and constructed by voluntary work. The pool area grew into a temple complex with the gurdwara Harmandir Sahib near the pool. Guru Arjan installed the scripture of Sikhism inside the new temple in 1604. The city that emerged is now known as Amritsar, and is the holiest pilgrimage site in Sikhism.

paragraph: Continuing the efforts of Guru Ram Das, Guru Arjan established Amritsar as a primary Sikh pilgrimage destination. He wrote a voluminous amount of Sikh scripture including the popular Sukhmani Sahib. Guru Arjan is credited with completing many other infrastructure projects, such as water reservoirs called "Santokhsar" (lake of peace) and "Gangsar" (lake of Ganga), founding the towns of Tarn Taran, Kartarpur and Hargobindpur.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.:Adi Granth.

paragraph: One of the Sikh community disputes following Guru Ram Das was the emergence of new hymns claiming to have been composed by Nanak. According to faction led by Guru Arjan, these hymns were distorted and fake, with some blaming Prithi Chand and his Sikh faction for having composed and circulated them. The concern and the possibility of wrong propaganda, immoral teachings and inauthentic "Gurbani" led Guru Arjan to initiate a major effort to collect, study, approve and compile a written official scripture, and this he called "Adi Granth", the first edition of the Sikh scripture by 1604.

paragraph: The composition of both Prithi Chand and his followers have been preserved in the Mina texts of Sikhism, while the mainstream and larger Sikh tradition adopted the "Guru Granth Sahib" scripture that ultimately emerged from the initiative of Guru Arjan.

paragraph: According to the Sikh tradition, Guru Arjan compiled the Adi Granth by collecting hymns of past Gurus from many places, then rejecting those that he considered as fakes or to be diverging from the teachings of the Gurus. His approved collection included hymns from the first four Gurus of Sikhism, those he composed, as well as 17 Hindu bards and 2 Muslim bards. The compilation was completed on August 30, 1604, according to the Sikh tradition and installed in the Harmandir Sahib temple on September 1, 1604.

paragraph: Guru Arjan was a prolific poet and composed 2,218 hymns, or more than a third and the largest collection of hymns in the "Guru Granth Sahib". According to Christopher Shackle and Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, Guru Arjan's compositions combined spiritual message in an "encyclopedic linguistic sophistication" with "Braj Bhasha forms and learned Sanskrit vocabulary".

paragraph: After Guru Arjan completed and installed the Adi Granth in the Harimandir Sahib, Emperor Akbar was informed of the development with the allegation that it contained teachings hostile to Islam. He ordered a copy be brought to him. Guru Arjan sent him a copy on a "thali" (plate), with the following message that was later added to the expanded text:

paragraph: The "Akbarnama" by Abu'l-Fazl Allami mentions that Guru Arjan met the Mughal emperor Akbar and his cortege in 1598. According to Louis Fenech, this meeting likely influenced the development of Sikh manuscriptology and the later martial tradition.

paragraph: Section::::Spelling.

paragraph: Some scholars spell Guru Arjan's name as Guru Arjun.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sukhmani Sahib

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "History of the Panjab", Syad Muhammad Latif, Published by: Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. "Philosophy of 'Charhdi Kala' and Higher State of Mind in Sri Guru Granth Sahib", Dr. Harjinder Singh Majhail, 2010, Published by: Deepak Publishers, Jalandhar, Punjab, India.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. "SIKH HISTORY IN 10 VOLUMES", Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, Published by: The Sikh University Press, Brussels, Belgium. ISBN 2- 930247-41-X

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.bbc.co.uk

paragraph: BULLET::::- sgpc.net

alias:
Guru Arjun Dev
Guru Arjun
Guru Arjan Dev

description: The fifth Guru of Sikhism

enwikiquote_title: Guru Arjan

wikidata_label: Guru Arjan

wikipedia_title: Guru Arjan


text: Music Box Revue

text: Pathé

text: Ethelind Terry

text: My Dear Miss Aldrich

text: Tovarich

text: You're a Sweetheart

text: Outside of Paradise

text: Women Are Like That

text: Men Are Such Fools

text: Four's a Crowd

text: The Road to Reno

text: The Storm

text: Spring Madness

text: Nancy Drew... Detective

text: Thanks for Everything

text: Wings of the Navy

text: Nancy Drew... Reporter

text: Tail Spin

text: Wife, Husband and Friend

text: Dodge City

text: Mr. Moto in Danger Island

text: Tell No Tales

text: Bridal Suite

text: Nancy Drew... Trouble Shooter

text: The Women

text: Nancy Drew and the Hidden Staircase

text: Honeymoon in Bali

text: Disputed Passage

text: Day-Time Wife

text: The Honeymoon's Over

text: Oh Johnny, How You Can Love

text: The Shop Around the Corner

text: The Man Who Wouldn't Talk

text: High School

text: The Ghost Comes Home

text: The Doctor Takes a Wife

text: Those Were the Days!

text: Kit Carson

text: A Little Bit of Heaven

text: Li'l Abner

text: Remedy for Riches

text: Adam Had Four Sons

text: You're the One

text: Ziegfeld Girl

text: Affectionately Yours

text: Ice-Capades

text: Unfinished Business

text: The Smiling Ghost

text: You Belong to Me

text: They Died with Their Boots On

text: Whispering Ghosts

text: There's One Born Every Minute

text: Blondie for Victory

text: The Man from Music Mountain

text: Jam Session

text: Take It or Leave It

text: None but the Lonely Heart

text: Three Is a Family

text: Can't Help Singing

text: A Song for Miss Julie

text: The Picture of Dorian Gray

text: Anchors Aweigh

text: River Gang

text: Club Havana

text: So Goes My Love

text: Winter Wonderland

text: Bad Bascomb

text: Bringing Up Father

text: Jiggs and Maggie in Society

text: The Time of Your Life

text: An Act of Murder

text: Jiggs and Maggie in Court

text: Jiggs and Maggie in Jackpot Jitters

text: Jiggs and Maggie Out West

text: As Young as You Feel

text: The Barefoot Mailman

text: Clipped Wings

text: Bikini Beach

text: Pajama Party

text: The Family Jewels

text: Three on a Couch

text: Fireball 500

text: Green Acres

text: Mayberry RFD

text: The Ghost & Mrs. Muir

categories: 20th-century American actresses,1899 births,English emigrants to the United States,American film actresses,English film actresses,Actresses from London,English people of American descent,1971 deaths,20th-century English actresses

paragraph: Renie Riano

paragraph: Renie Isabel Riano (August 7, 1899 – July 3, 1971) was an English-born American actress who, with the exception of the Jiggs and Maggie comedies, had minor roles in 1940s-1950s films. She was sometimes credited as Reine Riano, Renee Riano, or Rene Riano.

paragraph: She was the daughter of Irene Riano (1871–1940), the daughter of Joseph Rice, a Philadelphia theatre owner, who, in the early 1890s, married vaudeville acrobat Robert Riano (b. 1867, Yonkers, New York – 1909, New York City). Irene Riano was a stage actress, the sole female member of vaudeville's popular Four Rianos acrobatic act, eccentric acrobat act which toured the world in vaudeville, variety and music halls, and the mother of actress Renie Riano.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.:Film.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Music Box Revue" (1923, Pathé film of C. B. Cochran's London production including Riano performing with Ethelind Terry)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Dear Miss Aldrich" (1937) - Maid (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tovarich" (1937) - Madame Courtois

paragraph: BULLET::::- "You're a Sweetheart" (1937) - Mrs. Hepplethwaite

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Outside of Paradise" (1938) - Ellen

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Women Are Like That" (1938) - Hotel Maid (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Men Are Such Fools" (1938) - Mrs. Pinkel

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Four's a Crowd" (1938) - Mrs. Jenkins

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Road to Reno" (1938) - Woman Bailiff

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Storm" (1938) - Woman Passenger (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spring Madness" (1938) - Mildred

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Strange Faces" (1938) - Mrs. Keller, Landlady

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nancy Drew... Detective" (1938) - Effie Schneider

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thanks for Everything" (1938) - Mrs. Sweeney

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wings of the Navy" (1939) - Train Passenger (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nancy Drew... Reporter" (1939) - Effie Schneider (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tail Spin" (1939) - Chick's Pilot Girlfriend (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wife, Husband and Friend" (1939) - Mrs. Craig

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dodge City" (1939) - President of Prairie League (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mr. Moto in Danger Island" (1939) - Librarian (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tell No Tales" (1939) - Olga - Maid (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bridal Suite" (1939) - Mrs. Pujol (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nancy Drew... Trouble Shooter" (1939) - Effie Schneider

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Women" (1939) - Ugly Saleswoman (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nancy Drew and the Hidden Staircase" (1939) - Effie Schneider

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Honeymoon in Bali" (1939) - Head Saleswoman (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Disputed Passage" (1939) - Mrs. Riley

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Day-Time Wife" (1939) - Miss Briggs

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Honeymoon's Over" (1939) - Annie

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oh Johnny, How You Can Love" (1940) - 'Junior's' Mother (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Shop Around the Corner" (1940) - Customer (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Man Who Wouldn't Talk" (1940) - Lilly Wigham

paragraph: BULLET::::- "High School" (1940) - Miss Grace (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Ghost Comes Home" (1940) - Sarah Osborn

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Doctor Takes a Wife" (1940) - Telegraph Operator (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Those Were the Days!" (1940) - Hysterical Woman on Streetcar (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kit Carson" (1940) - Miss Pilchard

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Little Bit of Heaven" (1940) - Mrs. Dixon

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Li'l Abner" (1940) - Sarah Jones

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Remedy for Riches" (1940) - Mrs. Gattle

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adam Had Four Sons" (1941) - Photographer

paragraph: BULLET::::- "You're the One" (1941) - Aunt Emma, aka Faro Fanny

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ziegfeld Girl" (1941) - Annie

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Affectionately Yours" (1941) - Mrs. Snell

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ice-Capades" (1941) - Karen Vadja

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unfinished Business" (1941) - Ross's Secretary (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Smiling Ghost" (1941) - Homely Woman (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "You Belong to Me" (1941) - Minnie

paragraph: BULLET::::- "They Died with Their Boots On" (1941) - Nurse (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Whispering Ghosts" (1942) - Meg (Stella)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "There's One Born Every Minute" (1942) - Miss Aphrodite Phipps

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blondie for Victory" (1942) - Miss Clabber, Cookie's Babysitter (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Man from Music Mountain" (1943) - Christina Kellogg - Housekeeper

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jam Session" (1944) - Ms. Tobin

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Take It or Leave It" (1944) - Mrs. Nellie Bramble (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "None but the Lonely Heart" (1944) - Flo (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three Is a Family" (1944) - Genevieve

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Can't Help Singing" (1944) - Spinster Exiting Bathhouse (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Song for Miss Julie" (1945) - Eurydice Lannier

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Picture of Dorian Gray" (1945) - Lady Ruxton (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anchors Aweigh" (1945) - Studio Waitress (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "River Gang" (1945) - Mrs. Hawkins (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Club Havana" (1945) - Mrs. Cavendish

paragraph: BULLET::::- "So Goes My Love" (1946) - Emily

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Winter Wonderland" (1946) - Mrs. Schuyler-Riggs

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bad Bascomb" (1946) - Lucy Lovejoy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bringing Up Father" (1946) - Maggie Jiggs

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jiggs and Maggie in Society" (1947) - Maggie Jiggs

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Time of Your Life" (1948) - Lorene Smith (a blind date)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Act of Murder" (1948) - Mrs. McGuinness (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jiggs and Maggie in Court" (1948) - Maggie Jiggs

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jiggs and Maggie in Jackpot Jitters" (1949) - Maggie Jiggs

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jiggs and Maggie Out West" (1950) - Maggie Jiggs

paragraph: BULLET::::- "As Young as You Feel" (1951) - Harpist (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Barefoot Mailman" (1951) - Miss Emily (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Clipped Wings" (1953) - WAF Sgt. Anderson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bikini Beach" (1964) - Old Lady #2

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pajama Party" (1964) - Maid

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Family Jewels" (1965) - Airline Passenger

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three on a Couch" (1966) - Old Woman

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fireball 500" (1966) - Marthy

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.:Television.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Green Acres" (1966) - Mrs. Granite

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mayberry RFD" (1969) - Aunt Ella

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Ghost & Mrs. Muir" (1970) - Miss Stoddard

wikipedia_title: Renie Riano


text:
Star Tribune
Minneapolis
Commercial West
Associated Press
Robert Browning
Christopher Columbus
Amerigo Vespucci
Cosmographiae Introductio
Theodore Roosevelt
Minneapolis Institute of Arts
Wanda Gág's
Minneapolis School of Art
Rembrandt
El Greco
AE Monthly August Edition

categories: Writers from New York (state),1861 births,Businesspeople from Minneapolis,American male journalists,1928 deaths

paragraph: Herschel V. Jones

paragraph: Herschel V. Jones (August 30, 1861May 24, 1928) was a publisher of the "Minneapolis Journal" (now the "Star Tribune") for twenty years as well as a noted book collector. He is best known for his collection of Americana.

paragraph: Jones' personal philosophy was that "credit, based on character and integrity" was more important than available cash. With it, he went from being a farm-boy who dropped out of school to become a publisher and editor, patron of literature and the arts, and collector of Americana.

paragraph: Section::::Journalist and publisher.

paragraph: Jones' career in journalism started early. At fifteen, he began to work on the staff of the Jefferson Courier (in Jefferson, Schoharie County, N.Y.) where he was born and raised. At eighteen he bought the paper for $700. In 1885, when he was 24, he sold the Jefferson Courier at a profit of $700 and went to Minneapolis as a reporter on the Minneapolis Journal.

paragraph: In 1890 he started a market and crop report service for the Journal. Two notable predictions, one of heavy crops in 1900 and one of wheat-rust losses in 1904, gave him a national reputation. In 1901 he founded the "Commercial West", a financial and grain news weekly. In 1908 he bought the Minneapolis Journal for $1,200,000 (with only $25,000 in assets of his own.) He remained connected to the "Minneapolis Journal" for the rest of his life.

paragraph: He was one of the directors of the Associated Press for a number of years.

paragraph: Section::::Book collector.

paragraph: Jones is remembered more as a book-collector than as a journalist. Over his lifetime he amassed four significant book collections. His first collection of about 600 first editions of modern authors was started with the purchase of a first edition of Robert Browning's "Inn Album." It has been described as one of the early first-edition collections, and was eventually sold.

paragraph: His second collection of about 2,000 volumes of early English poetry and drama was notable in that it sold at auction in New York in 1918-19 for about $400,000. ("The New York Times" claimed this number was $391,854.)

paragraph: His third collection was of Elizabethan items. It was sold in 1923 for $137,865.

paragraph: Section::::Adventures in Americana.

paragraph: His last collection of early Americana was the most remarkable. The collection of 1,700 volumes, primarily first editions, covered 400 years of American history dating back to Columbus. Before his death, Jones supervised the publication of a two-volume catalog of about 300 of the most valuable of these books, which was titled "Adventures in Americana, 1492-1897: The Romance of Voyage and Discovery."

paragraph: As an example of this last collection, for the period from 1492–1608, Jones had three of the printed "Letters of Christopher Columbus" (from the late 15th Century) and three of the printed Letters of Amerigo Vespucci printed in 1503 and 1504. Also in the collection was a copy of Cosmographiae Introductio printed in 1507, which is the booklet written to accompany the first map to suggest that the new continent be called America. He also had a copy of "Globus Mundi", printed in 1509, which was the first book in which the name America was really adopted.

paragraph: According to the New York Times, it was through his friendship with Theodore Roosevelt, whom he met while covering the 1900 presidential campaign, that Jones developed an interest in American literature.

paragraph: Section::::Art collector and benefactor.

paragraph: Jones was also a trustee and benefactor of the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, to which he gave a collection of 5,300 prints. ("The New York Times" claims there were 5,852 prints valued at $700,000.)

paragraph: From 1914 to 1917 he sponsored Minnesota artist Wanda Gág's instruction at the Minneapolis School of Art.

paragraph: In 1920, Jones sold his collection of modern etchings and started to collect etchings by old masters, including Rembrandt's "Lucretia", and El Greco's "Portrait of a Nobleman", which he bought in 1926 for $75,000.

paragraph: In his estate, he left trust funds to the Minnesota Historical Society and the library of the University of Minnesota.

paragraph: Section::::Herschel V. Jones Collection.

paragraph: "Herschel V. Jones (1861–1928) anonymously donated more than 5,300 prints to the MIA in 1916, establishing one of the first public print departments in the country. These prints were from the Ladd Collection, which Jones purchased that same year. The Ladd Collection, formed during a thirty-year period by William M. Ladd of Portland, Oregon, contained woodcuts, engravings, etchings, and lithographs tracing the history of graphic arts. To supplement the Ladd Collection, Jones purchased rare and esoteric works that are virtually unattainable today, such as Dürer's "Saint Jerome in His Study" and an extremely rare hand-colored woodcut, c. 1465, by Firabet of Rapperswil. What came to be known as the Herschel V. Jones Collection is, to this day, the heart of the MIA's prints and drawings collection and still is the largest gift of artwork ever donated to the MIA."

paragraph: Section::::Other resources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- AE Monthly August Edition at www.americanaexchange.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Checklist of the Library of H.V. Jones (Originally published in 1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- H. V. Jones: A Newspaperman's Imprint on Minneapolis History by John J. Koblas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michaux, Lisa Dickinson, et al. "Herschel V. Jones : The Imprint of a Great Collector". Minneapolis Institute of Arts, 2006.

description: American journalist and art collector

wikidata_label: Herschel V. Jones

wikipedia_title: Herschel V. Jones


text:
koku
Echizen
Wakasa
Kaga
Battle of Sekigahara
Ishida Mitsunari
Maeda Toshinaga
Hitachi Province
siege of Osaka
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Tanagura Domain
Shirakawa Domain
Shirakawa Castle

categories: Daimyo,Samurai,1637 deaths,1571 births,Niwa clan

paragraph: Niwa Nagashige

paragraph: In 1585, upon Nagahide's death, Nagashige received his father's fief of 1,230,000 "koku" (spanning Echizen, Wakasa, and parts of Kaga). During the Siege of Toyama against the forces of Sassa Narimasa, Hideyoshi accused the Niwa clan with collaboration, and seized most of their territories, leaving the clan with only Wakasa Province at 150,000 koku. This is believed to have been Hideyoshi's effort to reduce the Niwa clan's strength. During the subsequent Kyūshū Campaign in 1589, one of the Niwa clan retainers was again accused of collaboration with the enemy, and the clan was reduced further to a small 40,000 koku holding around Komatsu in Kaga Province. However, Toyotomi Hideyoshi was mercurial in his moods, and in response to Nagashige's efforts at the Siege of Odawara, his status was brought back to 120,000 koku.

paragraph: In 1600, at the Battle of Sekigahara, Nagashige took part in Ishida Mitsunari's force and fought against Maeda Toshinaga of Kaga; he consequently had his holdings briefly confiscated. His daimyo status was restored in 1603, when the Tokugawa family granted him 10,000 "koku" at Futsuto, in Hitachi Province. At the siege of Osaka from 1614 to 1615, Nagashige fought on Tokugawa Ieyasu's side. For his service in battle, he had his stipend increased; his fief was transferred to the Edosaki Domain (20,000 "koku"). Nagashige was promoted again in 1622 with a move to the Tanagura Domain and a stipend increase to 50,000 "koku". His rise culminated in 1627, when he was granted the Shirakawa Domain (worth 100,700 "koku") and built Shirakawa Castle.

paragraph: Nagashige's successor was his son, Mitsushige.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (17 September 2007)

description: daimyo

wikidata_label: Niwa Nagashige

wikipedia_title: Niwa Nagashige


text:
Spanish
Governor General of the Philippines
Miguel López de Legazpi
Francisco de Sande
Villalobos Expedition
Philippines
Ambon Island
Portuguese
Juan de Salcedo
Luzon
Ilocos
Villa Fernandina
Camarines
encomienda
Chinese
pirate
Limahong
Spanish
friar
King Philip II of Spain
encomendero
Francisco de Sande
encomienda
Lavezares, Northern Samar

categories: Year of birth uncertain,Year of birth unknown,Captains General of the Philippines,Encomenderos,16th-century Spanish people,Year of death unknown,Authors of Spanish ethnographic accounts of the Philippines in the 16th century

paragraph: Guido de Lavezaris

paragraph: Guido de Lavezaris (c. 1499? – d. 1581?) was the second Spanish Governor General of the Philippines. He succeeded Miguel López de Legazpi in 1572 as governor, and was succeeded by Francisco de Sande on August 25, 1575.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Little was known of Governor-General Lavezares. In 1543, he became a member of the Villalobos Expedition that traveled to the Philippines. He became the royal treasurer of the expedition during the navigation. Later on, he was one of several prisoners who escaped from a prison in Ambon Island when Villalobos' crew and ships were captured by the patrolling Portuguese.

paragraph: Section::::Governorship.

paragraph: During his governorship, he directed Legazpi's nephew Juan de Salcedo to go to the northern portion of Luzon together with some 100 Spanish soldiers and conquer the present-day Ilocos and establish Villa Fernandina. Lavezaris also conquered the peninsula of Camarines and granted vast encomiendas to his loyal generals.

paragraph: In 1574, he defeated the notorious Chinese pirate Limahong when the latter attempted to colonize the Philippines. In 1575, Spanish friar Martín de Rada filed a complaint to King Philip II of Spain against Lavezaris, which led to his removal from office. He was reported for abusing power and imposing higher tributes to the natives.

paragraph: Section::::Post-governorship.

paragraph: He never returned to Spain but retired as a wealthy encomendero. His successor Francisco de Sande issued a decree in 1576 stating the division of his encomienda into smaller lands which were to be distributed to the natives. Sande also filed legal cases like usurpation to him, but this was later absolved by Philip II.

paragraph: The municipality of Lavezares, Northern Samar was named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Maura, Juan Francisco. “La Relación del suceso de la venida del tirano chino del gobernador Guido de Lavezares (1575): Épica española en Asia en el siglo XVI.” Edición, transcripción y notas (incluye facsimil del manuscrito original), Juan Francisco Maura. Lemir (Departamento de Filología Hispánica de la Universidad de Valencia), http://parnaseo.uv.es/Lemir/Textos/Maura/Index.htm 2004.

description: Spanish colonial governor

wikidata_label: Guido de Lavezaris

wikipedia_title: Guido de Lavezaris


text:
Scottish peer
Francis Scott, 2nd Earl of Buccleuch
Walter Scott of Highchester
Anne

categories: 1647 births,Earls of Buccleuch,Scottish landowners,17th-century Scottish peers,Women of the Stuart period,1661 deaths,Clan Scott,Hereditary women peers

paragraph: Mary Scott, 3rd Countess of Buccleuch

paragraph: Mary Scott, 3rd Countess of Buccleuch and Countess of Tarras (31 August 1647 – 11 March 1661) was a young Scottish peer, the daughter of Francis Scott, 2nd Earl of Buccleuch. At the age of four Mary succeeded to her father's titles, when he died in 1651. She immediately became one of the most desirable matches of the kingdom. On 9 February 1659, aged only eleven years old, she married Walter Scott of Highchester, who was at that time fourteen. He was created Earl of Tarras a year later. Her mother arranged the marriage without proclamation, with a warrant from the presbytery of Kirkcaldy. It created a lot of disapproval and the court ruled that the couple should be separated until Mary was 12 years of age. During their separation they continued a very affectionate correspondence. However, she fell ill and died two years after their reunion, aged thirteen, in 1661 and her titles passed to her sister, Anne.

description: Scottish noble

wikidata_label: Mary Scott, 3rd Countess of Buccleuch

wikipedia_title: Mary Scott, 3rd Countess of Buccleuch


text:
Walter Scott, 1st Earl of Buccleuch
John Leslie, 6th Earl of Rothes
Mary Scott, 3rd Countess of Buccleuch
Anne Scott, 1st Duchess of Buccleuch

categories: Earls of Buccleuch,17th-century Scottish peers,1626 births,Members of the Parliament of Scotland 1648–51,Clan Scott,1651 deaths

paragraph: Francis Scott, 2nd Earl of Buccleuch

paragraph: Francis Scott, 2nd Earl of Buccleuch (21 December 1626 – 22 November 1651) was the son of Walter Scott, 1st Earl of Buccleuch.

paragraph: On 25 July 1646, he married Lady Margaret Leslie, daughter of John Leslie, 6th Earl of Rothes and they had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Scott, 3rd Countess of Buccleuch (1647–1661)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walter Scott, Baron Scott of Buccleuch (1648, died in infancy).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne Scott, 1st Duchess of Buccleuch (1651–1732)

description: 2nd Earl of Buccleuch

wikidata_label: Francis Scott

wikipedia_title: Francis Scott, 2nd Earl of Buccleuch


text: Roman

text: Second Punic War

text: Carthaginian

text: Hannibal Barca

text: Emperor Nero

text: legate

text: propraetor

text: siege of Capua

text: consul

text: Battle of the Metaurus

text: Marcus Livius Salinator

text: Hasdrubal

text: ovation

text: Livy

text: Sir Edward Shepherd Creasy's

text: Theodore Ayrault Dodge

text: censor

text: Greece

text: Egypt

text: praetor

text: patrician

text: gens Claudia

text: Tiberius

text: Gaius

text: Claudius

text: Nero

text: The Life Of Tiberius

text: Suetonius

text: Sabines

text: Roman kings

text: consul

text: dictatorships

text: censorships

text: triumphs

text: ovation

text: cognomen

text: Marcus Claudius Marcellus

text: Third Battle of Nola

text: Battle of Cannae

text: Fabii

text: Suessula

text: Via Popilia

text: legions

text: Picenum

text: Siege of Capua

text: palisade

text: Gnaeus

text: Publius Cornelius Scipio

text: Appian

text: Ebro

text: Hamilcar

text: Publius Cornelius Scipio

text: curule aedile

text: Marcus Claudius Marcellus

text: Fabius Maximus

text: Livy

text: Marcus Livius Salinator

text: Publius Scipio

text: triumph

text: ovation

text: Augustan

text: Livia

text: sesterces

text: asses

text: centuriate assembly

text: censor

text: lustrum

text: Forum Boarium

text: Magna Mater

text: equestrian order

text: plebeian tribune

text: Second Punic War

text: Attalus I

text: Pergamon

text: Rhodes

text: Philip V

text: Macedon

text: First Macedonian War

text: Peace of Pheonice

text: Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus

text: Publius Aelius Paetus

text: Publius Sempronius Tuditanus

text: Marcus Aemilius Lepidus

text: Second Macedonian War

text: Aetolian League

text: Achaean League

text: Ptolemy V

text: Antiochus

text: Perseus

text: Perseus

text: Perseus

text: "Life Of Tiberius"

text: LacusCurtius

text: The Roman War of Antiochos the Great

categories: Claudii,Roman Republican consuls,230s BC births,3rd-century BC Romans,Roman commanders of the Second Punic War,Ancient Roman generals,Roman censors

paragraph: Gaius Claudius Nero

paragraph: Gaius Claudius Nero (c. 237 BC - c. 199 BC) was a Roman general active during the Second Punic War against the invading Carthaginian force, led by Hannibal Barca. He should not be confused with the Roman Emperor Nero. During a military career that began as legate in 214 BC, he was propraetor in 211 BC during the siege of Capua, before being sent to Spain that same year. He became consul in 207 BC.

paragraph: He is most renowned for his part in the Battle of the Metaurus, fought alongside his co-consul and great rival Marcus Livius Salinator against Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal, for which he was awarded an ovation. The Roman victory at Metaurus River in 207 BC is widely seen as a daring tactical master stroke by Claudius who surreptitiously left the main force of his army, which was holding Hannibal at bay in the south of Italy, to lead a small contingent of troops north to bolster Livius' forces, taking Hasdrubal by surprise. Considered by the Roman historian Livy to be the turning point in the war, the Battle of the Metaurus is listed in Sir Edward Shepherd Creasy's highly regarded "The" "Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World". Theodore Ayrault Dodge describes it as “the finest strategic feat of the Romans during the entire war, as well as one of the exceptional marches in history”.

paragraph: Claudius again served alongside Livius as censor in 204 BC before being sent as part of a triumviral embassy to Greece and Egypt in 201 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Early Life and Career.

paragraph: Almost nothing exists in the ancient sources about Claudius' early life. However, assuming that the absolute youngest age at which he could have been praetor in 212 BC was 25, he must have been born in or before 237 BC. He was a member of the patrician line of the gens Claudia, one of the most prominent families in Rome, making him a distant ancestor of the Julio-Claudian emperors: Tiberius, Gaius, Claudius and Nero. In "The Life Of Tiberius", Suetonius claimed the Claudii defected from the Sabines about six years after the Roman kings were expelled (504 BC). Over time the family was “honoured with twenty-eight consulships, five dictatorships, seven censorships, six triumphs and two ovations”. Suetonius also wrote that in the Sabine language, the cognomen Nero meant “strong and valiant”.

paragraph: Section::::Early Life and Career.:The Third Battle of Nola (214 BC).

paragraph: The first historical reference to Claudius is by Livy, who records his involvement as legate under consul Marcus Claudius Marcellus in the Third Battle of Nola, south-east of Capua, in 214 BC. Following Rome's disastrous defeat at the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC, Hannibal had begun pursuing a policy of turning the Italian allies against Rome. Soon after, the popular party in Nola attempted to surrender the city to the Carthaginians leading Marcellus, who was then serving as praetor, to mount a spirited and successful defence of the city. The following year Hannibal again attempted to seize Nola only to be once again repelled by Marcellus, who was now proconsul.

paragraph: When Hannibal returned for a third year, Marcellus again prepared to defend the city. He sent Claudius out under the cover of darkness at the head of his best cavalry to circle behind the opposing forces and, once the battle was underway, attack from the rear. However, either through poor timing or by losing his way, Claudius failed to carry out the plan. Livy tells us that even though the Romans carried the day, killing 2,000 Carthaginians for the loss of only 400 Roman troops, without cavalry support Marcellus decided against pursuing the fleeing troops. When Claudius returned to camp around sunset, Marcellus upbraided him claiming “it was his fault that the disaster suffered at Cannae was not paid back to the enemy”.

paragraph: Dodge advises caution regarding Livy's account. While Livy recounts Marcellus blaming Claudius' tardiness for the plan's failure, Dodge points out that “Nero was a splendid marcher” and, more probably, the route he was assigned to pursue was simply too long to be feasible. However, the battle can still be seen as something of a change in fortune for the Romans. Not only was Hannibal repulsed, but the next day he marched out of Campania for Tarentum.

paragraph: Section::::Praetorship.

paragraph: Following Claudius' service as a legate he was elected as praetor for 212 BC alongside Cn. Fulvius Flaccus, M. Junius Silanus and P. Cornelius Sulla. It is worthwhile to note Claudius' cousin Appius Claudius was elected consul in the same year, demonstrating the resurgence of the Claudio-Fulvian faction and - reflecting Rome's restlessness and desire for a new direction in the war - a falling out of favour with the Fabii. Particularly in the years 212 BC and 211 BC, Lazenby notes that the "eclipse of Fabii would certainly seem to have had an effect on the Roman war effort".

paragraph: In the drawing of lots for provinces Claudius was assigned to Suessula, a town in Campania of tactical significance due to its geographical location between Nola and Capua, on the Via Popilia. Claudius was placed in charge of an army around two legions strong, made up of those who had been serving under C. Terentius, operating out of the town Picenum. He was tasked with raising this force to its full complement then making camp in Suessula, a base from which he could assist in the operations against Hannibal in Southern Italy.

paragraph: Section::::Praetorship.:Siege of Capua (212 - 211 BC).

paragraph: Numerous battles between Consular and Carthaginian forces in the area around Capua had occupied Roman attention for some time, but Hannibal's departure from Campania enabled the Romans to concentrate seriously on the siege and investment of the town itself. The consul Appius Claudius met his colleague Q. Fulvius Flaccus at Capua and Claudius was ordered to bring his army there from the Claudian Camp near Suessula as reinforcements. The combined forces of the three armies - numbering around 40,000 men - set up headquarters around Capua, where Claudius' men helped to encircle one side of the city with a wooden palisade and dyke along with blockhouses at intervals. Numerous skirmishes with Campanian troops were also fought throughout this process. During his time in Capua, Claudius' praetorship was completed but his command - as well as those of the two consuls - was prolonged and he continued the campaign as a propraetor for 211 BC.

paragraph: Hannibal was inevitably drawn back to Campania and in the fighting that accompanied his attempt to alleviate the siege, Claudius was placed in charge of the cavalry of the six legions. This role consisted of holding the road to Suessula, preventing Carthaginian forces from penetrating the camp from the South, while Appius Claudius dealt with the Capuans and C. Fulvius Flaccus faced Hannibal and his forces. Claudius' army assisted in the defeat of Hannibal in that battle and Capua later succumbed to the Roman siege in 211 BC after the failure of Hannibal's march on Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Propraetorship in Spain.

paragraph: With Capua now captured, the Senate was able to focus on the situation in Spain. Rome urgently required a new general to fill the vacuum of command left there by the deaths of Gnaeus and Publius Cornelius Scipio. Late in 211 BC Claudius was appointed to Spain as propraetor with an army of 6,000 Roman infantry and 300 Roman cavalry, alongside an equal number of infantry and 600 cavalry provided by the Italians. There is doubt about the accuracy of Livy's figures as Appian records Claudius' army as consisting of 10,000 infantry and 1000 cavalry. Lazenby suggests that Claudius potentially only had 4,000 citizen troops with a complement of 6,000 Italians and this is where Appian gets his figure of 10,000.

paragraph: Section::::Propraetorship in Spain.:Campaign.

paragraph: Upon his arrival in Spain, Claudius was tasked with reorganising Roman troops in the region - left decimated by the defeat of the Scipios - and consolidating Rome's foothold there against the rapidly expanding Carthaginian presence. After combining his forces at the river Ebro with the Roman army there under command of Ti. Fonteius and L. Marcius, Claudius advanced against Hasdrubal (Hannibal's brother and son of Hamilcar) who was in camp near Lapides Atri (the "Black Stones") and is said to have trapped him there. Lazenby has questioned this narrative as it is difficult to believe Claudius would attempt such an offensive move at a time of consolidation of Rome's then precarious position in Spain. If we are to believe Livy's narrative here, Claudius' actions against Hasdrubal in the end amounted to nothing as Hasdrubal supposedly evaded the trap at the Black Stones Pass by keeping up negotiations with the Romans while his men slipped away. Conflict between Claudius' and Hasdrubal's forces is said to have been limited to skirmishes between the Carthaginian rearguard and the Roman vanguard.

paragraph: Claudius' tenure in Spain turned out to be brief however, as the senate was anxious to appoint a general with proconsular command. In 210 BC he was remarkably superseded by the young Publius Cornelius Scipio (soon to be 'Africanus') who had only previously served as a curule aedile. Claudius successfully reorganised Rome's forces in Spain to some extent, but his supposed failure to defeat Hasdrubal is a slight on his time there. Nevertheless, his hold on the coastal region north of the Ebro would be significant in providing the young Scipio a beach head for the renewed Roman offensive in Spain throughout 210 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Propraetorship in Spain.:Reasons for early recall.

paragraph: There has been abundant speculation as to why Claudius was recalled from Spain so soon after his posting there. Haywood's conjecture that a shortage of good commanders in Italy required Claudius' presence back home has been questioned by writers such as Scullard, who argued: “If Nero was so urgently needed at home, why was he not elected to high office until 207 BC?”. Even if Claudius missed the elections for 209 BC he could have been elected consul for 208 BC in place of the less prominent Crispinus. As well as this, his service as a legate under Marcellus in 209 BC can barely validate his early exit from Spain.

paragraph: Some historians have suggested Claudius was lacking in the diplomacy required for dealing with the Spaniards, critical to the success of the Spanish campaign against Carthage. His reputation as a hard and graceless man is supported by his later squabbles with Livius. De Sanctis proposed that the Senate was dissatisfied with Claudius' “Fabian” policy and therefore selected Scipio as the best man to resume the Roman offensive in Spain as a son and nephew of the Roman commanders who had achieved such progress in Spain previously.

paragraph: It is likely that a combination of the above reasons, along with doubtless other considerations, played a part in the Senate's decision to replace Claudius' command in Spain. It is possible his assignment there had been made with an interim status in mind, with the plan to recall him as soon as he had stabilised the situation, providing that a reasonably capable replacement could be found.

paragraph: Section::::Election to the consulship.

paragraph: In the year 208 BC both consuls of the Roman state, Marcus Claudius Marcellus and Titus Quinctius Crispinus, died in an ambush. It was in these circumstances that the elections for 207 BC were held, and Livy tells us that Claudius was considered by the senate to be the pre-eminent candidate. Apparently this was due to Claudius' experience fighting Hasdrubal - at this time approaching Italy from the north - though it should be noted that once elected, Claudius was not actually sent by the senate to face off against Hasdrubal. Beside his military experience, Claudius' popularity was founded at least partly in the fact that he was not politically aligned with Marcellus or Crispinus, whose failures had encouraged a new direction for the war effort. The esteemed Fabius Maximus who was a friend of the deceased consuls, was not a more appropriate candidate than Claudius, but as the state could not legally elect two patricians as consuls could not stand alongside him either.

paragraph: So although Claudius stood out as the most suitable candidate for the consulship, Livy felt the need to remark that "he was of a more forward and vehement disposition than the circumstances of the war, or the enemy, Hannibal, required" and thus it was necessary to pair him with a "cool and prudent colleague". The man chosen for this task was Marcus Livius Salinator (consul 219 BC). There was no small measure of enmity between Livius and Claudius: the former, following his first consulship, had been put on trial in 218 BC; the latter stood as a witness for the prosecution. Livius had been absent from public life since his withdrawal in 218 BC, and as such we are left to wonder how competitive this particular election may have been. Nero's previous command was superseded by the popular appointment of Publius Scipio, though not before he was outwitted by Hasdrubal at least once; his colleague Livius apparently wanted little to do with politics. Compared to other Roman statesmen of the era, neither consul-elect was particularly distinguished prior to the Battle of the Metaurus in 207 BC.

paragraph: Section::::The Battle of the Metaurus.

paragraph: Section::::The Battle of the Metaurus.:Overview.

paragraph: The battle of the Metaurus was a significant battle in not only the life of Claudius, but also during the Second Punic War. It was fought near the Metauro River, in northern Italy. In 210 BC a new Roman army was sent to Spain under the command of Scipio the Younger. He came to the realisation that the war in Spain needed to involve striking directly at Carthage instead of attempting to win over the Spanish tribesmen. Two years later, in 208 BC, Scipio faced Hasdrubal near the town of Baecula; causing his retreat, the war was turning in Rome's favour. However, in a battle with Hannibal, two consuls were killed. One of them was Marcellus, a popular general and competent soldier, a significant blow to Rome. Nevertheless, in 207 BC the Battle of the Metaurus marked a turning point in the Second Punic War as a momentous Roman victory.

paragraph: Section::::The Battle of the Metaurus.:Events.

paragraph: Polybius gives a detailed description of the events of the battle, particularly the death of Hasdrubal and the strategy used by Claudius to seize the overall victory. Hasdrubal was followed by Roman legions led by Claudius as he was attempting to meet up with his brother Hannibal in Italy. Hasdrubal sent out messengers outlining the meeting point, these despatches were intercepted by the Romans, providing them with the means to adopt an offensive approach now they knew the plans. Claudius had been camped close to Hannibal, in a strategic position. He was stationed further south than his colleague and co-consul M. Livius Salinator, and set off to march north to join Livius and eventually reach Hasdrubal near the Metaurus River. He left most of his army to keep watch, and joined up with Livius at night. After Hasdrubal realised there were two Roman consuls in the same camp, he decided to retire until he could make contact with his brother. Claudius was commanding from the right wing of the Romans, however was obstructed by a ravine and couldn't get around. Ingeniously Claudius marched his troops behind the Roman lines to emerge in a surprise attack behind Hasdrubal's forces. Livy described this battle as a disaster for the Carthaginians, with around 56,000 troops dead.

paragraph: Section::::The Battle of the Metaurus.:Significance of the battle.

paragraph: The battle was a major Roman victory; it led to the defeat and death of Hasdrubal and was a major blow to Hannibal. After the battle was won and Hasdrubal was dead, Claudius ordered his head to be thrown into Hannibal's camp. "Caius Claudius, the consul, on his return to his camp, ordered the head of Hasdrubal, which he had carefully kept and brought with him, to be thrown before the advanced guards of the enemy".This was clearly devastating to Hannibal, with Livy describing the aftermath: "Hannibal under the double blow of so great a public and personal distress exclaimed: 'now, at last, I see the destiny of Carthage plain'".

paragraph: Section::::The Battle of the Metaurus.:Claudius' role.

paragraph: Claudius had been put in charge of the southern army, tasked to face Hannibal. He intercepted messengers, and made the authoritative decision that these were legitimate. These messages may have been a Punic trap, nevertheless he took about 6000 infantry and 1000 cavalry from his army of approximately 45000, to take on Hasdrubal. Claudius took these reinforcements to join Livius as a means of defeating Hasdrubal. He reached Livius’ camp at night, as he would not have expected that the army had been heavily reinforced. Claudius explicitly went against Roman law, which states that consuls were forbidden from leaving the front that was assigned to him without permission from the Senate. Claudius must have believed that if he lost nothing would matter, and if he won he would be forgiven for his actions. Claudius and Livius awoke to discover the Punic army was gone. They pursued the fleeing Hasdrubal, who had become stuck on the south shore of the river due to flooding. Claudius attempted to flank from the right but due to the rough ground ahead of him he was not able to, and withdrew his men to attack from behind the lines of the Roman soldiers. Claudius detached four cohorts, around half a legion, and created confusion amongst the Carthaginians, eventually leading to their defeat.

paragraph: Polybius states:"But as soon as Claudius fell upon the rear of the enemy the battle ceased to be equal".Polybius described Hasdrubal's death, stating that he was a successful leader and great general: "Hasdrubal had behaved on this occasion, as throughout his whole life, like a brave man, and died fighting".

paragraph: Section::::The Battle of the Metaurus.:Aftermath.

paragraph: When news of the victory reached Rome, the high emotional state of the people was impossible to describe. The Senate decreed a three-day public thanksgiving to celebrate the preservation of the Roman army and the destruction of the enemy and its commander by Claudius and Livius. The two shared a military triumph, and although Claudius' contribution to the success of the battle was equal to or even greater than that of Livius, Claudius had to be content with the lesser honour of ovation. Consequently, Claudius rode into the city on a single horse rather than the four horse chariot surrounded by soldiers that Livius enjoyed. According to Livy:"[Claudius], even if he went on foot, would be memorable, be it for the glory won in that war, or for his contempt of it in that triumph".However, it should be realised that Livy was writing in the Augustan period and that the emperor's wife Livia belonged to the Claudii Nerones, so some bias is to be expected here. The fact that little information on his later career and death survives in the evidence seems to support the view of bias. The spoils included 300,000 "sesterces," and 80,000 bronze "asses," and Claudius promised the same largesse of 56 "asses" per man that Livius dispensed to his men.

paragraph: Section::::The censorship.

paragraph: In 204 BC Nero once again shared political office with Livius when the centuriate assembly elected them to the office of censor. The ex-consuls carried out many duties in this high-ranking magistracy which lasted for a period of five years even though the usual practice was an 18-month censorship. They conducted the census of Roman citizens, read out the senatorial register, let out contracts for the maintenance of public infrastructure and performed the "lustrum," or purification ceremony.

paragraph: Under the censorship of 204 BC Q. Fabius Maximus was chosen as leader of the Senate for the second time, and seven senators had the "nota," or mark of censure placed against their name which meant expulsion from the House. Contracts were put out for the construction of a road from the Forum Boarium to the temple of Venus and for a temple of the Magna Mater on the Palatine. The imposition of a new salt tax took place, which was regarded as unpopular. The census took longer than usual because agents had been sent throughout the provinces to report on the number of Roman citizens who were in the army. Livy reports the citizenship for the year 204 BC at 214,000 people but recent scholarship estimates that the number would have been closer to 240,000 when adjustments were made for soldiers serving overseas, and temporarily disenfranchised citizens. Note that women, children, slaves and foreigners were excluded from the census in this period. Nero performed the "lustrum" later than usual because of the extra work connected with the census.

paragraph: Unfortunately the censorship of 204 BC was marred by the childish squabbling of the two men. The trouble began when the counting of the equestrian order commenced and as both censors owned a horse at public expense, each was required to account for himself. Claudius ordered Livius to sell his horse because of his prosecution by the people for incorrectly dealing with war booty in 218, and Livius retaliated by ordering Claudius to sell his horse because he had borne false witness in the trial. This incident was merely a spiteful exchange because any censorial action needed the ratification of both magistrates.

paragraph: Another incident occurred at the end of their term of office which reflected badly on the censors and their office. Both men tried to reduce the other to the rank of "aerarii," that class of person who was obliged to pay a higher tax because of a moral or other failure. The plebeian tribune Gnaeus Baebius put forward a motion to prosecute the censors for their unseemly behaviour but the Senate decided not to pursue the action to protect the dignity of the office against the whim of the people. It is thought that the action by Cn. Baebius was a ploy to shock the censors out of their outrageous behaviour.

paragraph: Section::::Ambassadorship.

paragraph: Freshly victorious from the Second Punic War against Carthage, an appeal from Attalus I of Pergamon and Rhodes concerning the hostilities of Philip V of Macedon arrived in Rome in 201 BC. Philip's aggressive conquest had already been marked by atrocity. Ravaging independent Greek city states before launching a brutal campaign in Asia Minor, Attalus feared the imminent threat of Macedon interest in his area. Rome at this stage had previously never had much interest in the affairs of the eastern Mediterranean despite the First Macedonian War focused in Illyria settled in 205 BC by the Peace of Pheonice. They nonetheless answered the fears of Attalus. With 201 BC consuls Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus and Publius Aelius Paetus not yet returned from their provinces, an embassy was subsequently appointed to travel across Greece, Syria and finally to Egypt. With vast experience in diplomacy and war, the heavyweight triumviral commission consisted of the senior Claudius, along with Publius Sempronius Tuditanus who had commanded in Greece at the end of the previous Macedonian War, and the junior Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, early in his career yet clearly regarded as up and coming.

paragraph: Reaching Athens, they met with Attalus and diplomats from Rhodes just as Athens had declared war on Macedon and Philip was preparing forces to invade Attica. Their meeting with the Macedonian general successfully prompted the evacuation of Athenian territory after urging the general to leave the allied cities of Athens, Rhodes, Pergamum and the Aeolian League at peace and imploring the Macedonians to come to an arrangement with Rhodes and Pergamum to adjudicate damages from the latest war. Philip had effectively eluded the blockade and arrived home, rejecting the Roman ultimatum and renewing his attack on Athens before besieging Abydus. In 200 BC, Marcus Aemilius reached him with a second ultimatum, of which was the final notification to him of the state of war:

paragraph: As recounted in Polybius 16.34:“The Senate had resolved to order him not to wage war with any Greek state; nor to interfere in the dominions of Ptolemy; and to submit the injuries inflicted on Attalus and the Rhodians to arbitration; and that if he did so he might have peace, but if he refused to obey he would promptly have war with Rome. Upon Philip endeavouring to show that the Rhodians had been the first to lay hands on him, Marcus interrupted him by saying: "But what about the Athenians? And what about the Cianians? And what about the Abydenians at this moment? Did any one of them also lay hands on you first?" The king, at a loss for a reply, said: "I pardon the offensive haughtiness of your manners for three reasons: first, because you are a young man and inexperienced in affairs; secondly, because you are the handsomest man of your time" (this was true); "and thirdly, because you are a Roman. But for my part, my first demand to the Romans is that they should not break their treaties or go to war with me; but if they do, I shall defend myself as courageously as I can, appealing to the gods to defend my cause.”From here forth, in anticipation of the Second Macedonian War as military mobilisation and naval forces prepared, the energetic campaign enlisting as many allies as possible for the Romans continued to mount with the triumviral embassy serving as their contacts. The main Greek powers became secured in the Roman camp - the Aetolian League, Rhodes, King Attalus, Athens, as well as the eventual alignment of the Achaean League. It is unclear if or at which stages the others separated during this period considering there were many places to visit, but it is likely that all three envoys would have fulfilled their instructions to further contact the young Ptolemy V in Egypt and Antiochus of the Seleucid Empire, who had signed previously signed a secret pact with Philip that saw the exploitation of the young king's territory for themselves. Their visit to Egypt would probably see the ambassadors announce Rome's victory over Carthage as well as ensure the continuation of the Roman alliance. Moreover, they most likely would have been instructed to gauge conditions and ensure that neither king could or would interfere in the Aegean, given Antiochus’ enormous power and military potential.

paragraph: Presumably, they completed their mission by late 200 BC or early 199 BC. From this point, Claudius is not mentioned again, and it is believed he may have died.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appian, "Spanish Wars," via Perseus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livy, "Ab Urbe Condita", via Perseus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polybius, "Histories", via Perseus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suetonius, "Life Of Tiberius", trans, J. C. Rolfe (1913). Loeb Classical Library via LacusCurtius.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Secondary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bradley, P. (1990). "Ancient Rome: Using Evidence", Cambridge University Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Broughton, T. R. S. (1951). "The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol. I & II." Chico, Cal.: Scholars Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Creasy, E. (1851: uploaded 2003). "The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World From Marathon To Waterloo". Project Gutenburg.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dodge, T. A. (1896). "Hannibal". Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Riverside Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Feig Vishnia, R. (1996) "State, Society and Popular Leaders in Mid-Republican Rome 241-167 BC ." London and New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grainger, John D. (2002) "The Roman War of Antiochos the Great", Brill.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haywood, R.M. (1933). "Studies on Scipio Africanus". Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hin, S. (2008) 'Census Figures and Population: Counting Romans' in Ligt, L. and Northwood, S. (eds) "People, Land and Politics: demographic development and the transformation of Roman Italy, 300 BC- AD 14." Leiden, Boston, 185- 270.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hornblower, S., Spawforth, A. and Eidinow, E. (eds) (2012) "The Oxford Classical Dictionary." Oxford.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hoyos, D. (ed) (2006) Livy, "The War with Hannibal." trans. Yardley, J. Oxford.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lazenby, J. F. (1978). "Hannibal's war : a military history of the Second Punic War". Warminster, Eng.: Aris and Phillips.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Levin, L. (2002). “The day the world trembled: The course of civilisation was determined on the banks of the Metaurus River in 207 BC, when brilliant Roman and Carthaginian generals fought the perfect battle (Rome vs. Carthage)”, "Military History", vol. 19 no. 2

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phang, SE. Spence, I. Kelly, D. Londey, P. (2016). "Conflict in Ancient Greece and Rome: The Definitive Political, Social and Military Encyclopaedia", ABC-CLIO, LLC, Santa Barbara

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rosenstein, N. (2012) "Rome and the Mediterranean 290 to 146 BC." Croydon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scullard, H.H. (1951) "Roman Politics 220-150 B.C.", Oxford: Clarendon Press.

description: Roman consul

wikidata_label: Gaius Claudius Nero

wikipedia_title: Gaius Claudius Nero