text:
Heian period
Fujiwara no Nagara
Fujiwara no Yoshifusa
regent
emperors
kampaku
Jōgan
"Sangi"
Chūnagon
Dainagon
Udaijin
"Sesshō"
Daijō Daijin
Gangyō
Kanpyō
Fujiwara clan
Tokihira
Sadaijin
Nakahira
Tadahira
Daijō Daijin
Regent
Emperor Seiwa
Emperor Uda
Emperor Daigo
Emperor Suzaku
Emperor Murakami
Emperor Kōkō
Minamoto no Yoshiari
Fujiwara Regents
Nihon Montoku Tennō Jitsuroku
Six National Histories
Brinkley, Frank
Kikuchi Dairoku
"Japan encyclopedia".
Harvard University Press
Titsingh, Isaac
Nihon Ōdai Ichiran
"Annales des empereurs du Japon".

categories: Fujiwara clan,836 births,Regents of Japan,Sesshō and Kampaku,891 deaths

paragraph: Fujiwara no Mototsune

paragraph: , also known as , was a Japanese statesman, courtier and politician of the early Heian period.

paragraph: He was born the third son of Fujiwara no Nagara, but was adopted by his powerful uncle Fujiwara no Yoshifusa, who had no sons. Mototsune followed in Yoshifusa's footsteps, holding power in the court in the position of regent for four successive emperors.

paragraph: Mototsune invented the position of "kampaku" regent for himself in order to remain in power even after an emperor reached maturity. This innovation allowed the Fujiwara clan to tighten its grip on power right throughout an emperor's reign.

paragraph: Mototsune is referred to as "Shōsen Kō" (昭宣公) (posthumous name as Daijō Daijin).

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 864 ("Jōgan 6"): Mototsune was named "Sangi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 866 ("Jōgan 8"): "Chūnagon"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 870 ("Jōgan 12, 1st month"): He became "Dainagon"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 872 ("Jōgan 14"): He was named "Udaijin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 876 ("Jōgan 18"): He was named "Sesshō"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 880 ("Gangyō 4"): He was named Daijō Daijin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 884 ("Gangyō 8"): Mototsune was the first to receive the title "Kampaku".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 890 ("Kanpyō 2, 14th day of the 12th month"): retire from Kampaku

paragraph: BULLET::::- February 25, 891 ("Kampyō 3, 13th day of the 1st month"): Mototsune died at the age of 56.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: This member of the Fujiwara clan was the son of Fujiwara no Nagara, who was one of the brothers of Fujiwara no Yoshifusa. Mototsune was adopted as son and heir of Yoshifusa. In other words, Yoshifusa was Mototsune's uncle, and father through adoption.

paragraph: He was married to Princess "Sōshi" (操子女王), daughter of Imperial Prince Saneyasu (son of Emperor Ninmyō).

paragraph: Their children were

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tokihira (時平) (871–909) – Sadaijin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nakahira (仲平) (875–945) – Sadaijin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tadahira (忠平) (880–949) – Daijō Daijin, Regent

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yoriko (頼子) (d. 936), consort of Emperor Seiwa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kazuko (佳珠子), consort of Emperor Seiwa

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Onshi" (温子) (872–907), consort of Emperor Uda

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Onshi" (穏子) (885–954), consort of Emperor Daigo, and mother of Emperor Suzaku and Emperor Murakami

paragraph: He was also married to a daughter of Imperial Prince Tadara (son of Emperor Saga).

paragraph: They had a son.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kanehira (兼平) (875–935) – Kunai-Kyō (宮内卿)

paragraph: The other children were

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kamiko (佳美子) (d. 898), consort of Emperor Kōkō

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yoshihira (良平)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shigeko (滋子), married to Minamoto no Yoshiari (son of Emperor Montoku)

paragraph: BULLET::::- daughter, married to Imperial Prince Sadamoto (son of Emperor Seiwa), and mother of Minamoto no Kanetada (源兼忠)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fujiwara Regents

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nihon Montoku Tennō Jitsuroku, one of the Six National Histories of Japan; edited by Fujiwara no Mototsune.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brinkley, Frank and Kikuchi Dairoku. (1915). "A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era". New York: Encyclopædia Britannica.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hioki, S. (1990). "Nihon Keifu Sōran". Kōdansya. (Japanese)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kasai, M. (1991). "Kugyō Bunin Nenpyō". Yamakawa Shuppan-sha (Japanese)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kodama, K. (1978). "Nihon-shi Shō-jiten, Tennō". Kondō Shuppan-sha. (Japanese)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). "Japan encyclopedia". Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Owada, T. et al. (2003). "Nihonshi Shoka Keizu Jinmei Jiten". Kōdansya. (Japanese)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). "Nihon Ōdai Ichiran"; ou, "Annales des empereurs du Japon". Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.

description: Japanese politician

wikidata_label: Fujiwara no Mototsune

wikipedia_title: Fujiwara no Mototsune


text: Kyōto

text: Kaneiye

text: Michitaka

text: Michikane

text: Fujiwara no Korechika

text: Teishi

text: Emperor Ichijō

text: Naidaijin

text: Sangi

text: Nairan

text: Emperor Kazan

text: Kyushu

text: Udaijin

text: Sadaijin

text: Shoshi

text: Kenshi

text: Emperor Sanjō

text: Go-Ichijō

text: Ishi

text: Go-Suzaku

text: Minamoto

text: Seiwa Genji

text: Minamoto no Yorimitsu

text: Minamoto no Yorinobu

text: Kampaku

text: Yorimichi

text: Hōjō-ji

text: Amida

text: diary

text: Murasaki's

text: Tale of Genji

text: Sei

text: Pillow Book

text: Lotus Sutra

text: Pure Land Buddhism

text: Minamoto no Masanobu

text: Emperor Ichijō

text: Emperor Go-Ichijō

text: Go-Suzaku

text: Go-Reizei

text: Emperor Sanjō

text: Norimichi

text: Emperor Go-Sanjō

text: Emperor Shirakawa

text: Emperor Go-Ichijō

text: Emperor Go-Suzaku

text: Udaijin

text: Akinobu

text: Yoshinobu

text: Dainagon

text: Kanshi

text: Sonshi

text: Nagaie

text: Dainagon

text: Emperor Sanjō

text: "Gukanshō: The Future and the Past."

text: Kodansya

text: Kodansya

text: Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon

text: "The Imperial House of Japan."

text: Titsingh, Isaac.

text: Nihon Odai Ichiran

text: "Annales des empereurs du Japon."

text: Varley, H. Paul.

categories: Fujiwara clan,1028 deaths,Regents of Japan,Sesshō and Kampaku,966 births

paragraph: Fujiwara no Michinaga

paragraph: Section::::Early Life.

paragraph: Michinaga was born in Kyōto, the son of Kaneiye. Kaneiye had become Regent in 986, holding the position until the end of his life in 990. Due to the hereditary principle of the Fujiwara Regents, Michinaga was now in line to become Regent after his brothers, Michitaka and Michikane.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Struggle with Korechika.

paragraph: Michitaka was regent from 990 until 995, when he died. Michikane then succeeded him, famously ruling as Regent for only seven days, before he too died of disease. With his two elder brothers dead, Michinaga then struggled with Fujiwara no Korechika, Michitaka's eldest son and the successor he had named. Korechika was more popular at court than Michinaga, being a favourite of Empress Teishi and well-liked by the reigning Emperor Ichijō, and held multiple prestigious positions - he had been made Naidaijin the previous year, and Sangi three years before that. However, the mother of Ichijo, Fujiwara no Senshi, disliked Korechika and aided Michinaga; for example, she coerced Ichijo into granting Michinaga the title of Nairan (内覧) in the fifth month of 995. Furthermore, Kanechika's position was ruined by a scandal that took place the following year, likely arranged by Michinaga.br

paragraph: Korechika had been seeing a mistress in one of the Fujiwara palaces. However, he was told that the retired Emperor Kazan had been visiting the same house during the night - Korechika presumed that Kazan had been seeing the same mistress. Consequently, he and his brother Takaiye ambushed the Emperor, shooting at him. An arrow struck Kazan's sleeve, a grave crime - it was considered appalling to harm a monk (for Kazan had entered religion in 986), let alone an Emperor. Michinaga and his supporters then pressed charges of lèse-majesté. Though the jurists examining the case found the servants of Kaneiye and Takaiye at fault, further charges were manufactured by Michinaga's faction: Korechika was accused of putting a curse on Senshi, for example. Their punishments were a form of cordial banishments, with Korechika made Vice-Governor of Kyushu. With Korechika removed from the capital, Michinaga had won their struggle for supremacy.

paragraph: During their struggle, Michinaga had gained the position of Minister of the Right, or Udaijin (右大臣), on the 19th day of the 6th month of 995. Later in 996 Michinaga became Minister of the Left, Sadaijin (左大臣), the most senior position in government apart from that of Chancellor (Daijō-daijin).

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Rule as Mido Kampaku.

paragraph: During his lifetime, Michinaga was called the Mido Kampaku, a title referencing the name of his residence, Mido, and the fact that he was Regent in all but name.br

paragraph: The primary method through which the Fujiwara regents maintained their power was through controlling the sovereign, usually through matrimonial links. Michinaga was particularly successful in this regard, with four of his daughters marrying an emperor. Although Ichijo already had an Empress, Teishi, Michinaga made her "Kogo" empress and had his first daughter, Shoshi, also marry him as "Chūgū" empress. This was the first time that an emperor had two empresses consort simultaneously. "Chūgū" was the more senior of the two ranks, at least unofficially. When Teishi died in childbirth in 1001, Michinaga's influence over Ichijo was absolute.br

paragraph: Kenshi, Michinaga's second daughter, married the future Emperor Sanjō. Ichijo and Shoshi had two sons, both future emperors, and it was to these that Michinaga's third and fourth daughters were married: Ichijo's eldest son, Go-Ichijō, married the third daughter, Ishi; and Ichijo's second son, Go-Suzaku, married the fourth daughter, Kishi. br

paragraph: Michinaga further cemented his power by making alliances with the powerful warrior clans, particularly the Minamoto (or more specifically the Seiwa Genji), as demonstrated by the fact that both of his wives were Minamoto. Minamoto no Yorimitsu and Minamoto no Yorinobu were his two principal commanders: they were loyal and effective to the extent that their enemies called them the Fujiwara's 'running dogs'. The support of these powerful warriors meant that Michinaga could threaten his enemies with violence, something that they were unable to respond to - even the imperial clan would've been unsafe if Michinaga wished to attack them, given the ornamental nature of their Guard.

paragraph: It is clear that Michinaga held control over all important imperial figures of his time. It was for this reason that Michinaga never formally took the title of Kampaku - he already possessed the power, and more, that the title carried.

paragraph: The supremacy of Michinaga during his lifetime is demonstrated by the fact that in 1011 he was granted the exceptional privilege of travelling to and from the court by ox-drawn cart. In the same year, Ichijo's second son, Atsunari, was proclaimed Crown Prince. Sanjō's eldest son, Atsuakira, had been the previous heir, but Michinaga leveraged his powerful position to make the Crown Prince resign. In order to prevent Atsuakira from being an enemy to him, Michinaga married his fifth daughter, Kanshi, to him.

paragraph: During Sanjō's reign as Emperor, he and Michinaga often came into conflict. Resultantly, Michinaga attempted to pressure Sanjō into retirement. In 1016 he was finally successful. The youth of Go-Ichijō meant that Michinaga ruled as Sesshō, the Regency assumed when the emperor is yet to come of age. He briefly became Chancellor in the final month of 1017, before resigning in the second month of the following year. A month after his resignation, he also resigned from the position of Sesshō in favour of Yorimichi, his eldest son. In 1019 he took the tonsure, becoming a monk at the Hōjō-ji, which he had built.

paragraph: Section::::Death and Legacy.

paragraph: On January 3rd 1028, Michinaga died at the age of sixty-two. He is said to have called out to Amida on his deathbed, asking for entry to Paradise. He left a diary, the Midō Kanpakuki; it is an important source of information about the Heian court at the height of Fujiwara power, though somewhat overshadowed by Murasaki's Tale of Genji and Sei's Pillow Book. In the Tale of Genji, the eponymous Genji is believed to be in part based on Michinaga, as well as Korechika.

paragraph: Section::::Personality.

paragraph: Michinaga was reputed to be a skilled horseman and archer, and was perceived as courageous. His friends praised his poetry and he was reputed to have strong self-control. He clearly had a remarkable understanding of people and the human heart, given the success of his machinations - the Fujiwara were strongest under his control, despite a broader trend of the power of the sovereigns weakening and that of the provincial warrior clans growing.br

paragraph: He had a taste for opulence and luxury, holding extravagant parties and entertainments, though it was nonetheless governed by the tasteful modesty that characterises the Heian period. His extravagance had a purpose, however - it openly demonstrated the wealth and power of the Fujiwara clan, impressing allies and intimidating rivals.br

paragraph: Michinaga may have been pious, given his vast expenditure on shrines and temples, though this may have been another manifestation of the aforementioned excess. On the other hand, he was known to sternly rebuke courtiers who neglected Shinto ceremonies. He was a devoted follower of the Lotus Sutra; his copy had the words embellished in gold. When Amidist Pure Land Buddhism began to grow and develop during his rule, Michinaga supported and adopted its teachings.br

paragraph: Michinaga was very proud of his achievements, as demonstrated by his poem, "Mochizuki no Uta" (望月の歌) (Full Moon Poem), which he composed in 1018 at a party to celebrate Ishi becoming Chūgū to Go-Ichijō: ""This world, I think/ Is indeed my world./ Like the full moon I shine,/ Uncovered by any cloud""

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: He was married to Minamoto no Rinshi, otherwise known as Michiko (源倫子), daughter of Sadaijin Minamoto no Masanobu. They had six children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shōshi (彰子) (Jōtōmon-in, 上東門院) (988–1074) – consort of Emperor Ichijō.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yorimichi (頼通) (992–1074) – regent for Emperor Go-Ichijō, Emperor Go-Suzaku, and Emperor Go-Reizei.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kenshi (妍子) (994–1027) – consort of Emperor Sanjō.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norimichi (教通) (996–1075) – regent for Emperor Go-Sanjō and Emperor Shirakawa.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ishi (威子) (999–1036) – consort of Emperor Go-Ichijō.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kishi (嬉子) (1007–1025) – consort of Crown Prince Atsunaga (later Emperor Go-Suzaku).

paragraph: He was also married to Minamoto no Meishi (源明子), daughter of Sadaijin Minamoto no Takaakira. They had six children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yorimune (頼宗) (993–1065) – Udaijin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Akinobu (顕信) (994–1027) – He became a priest at the age of 19.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yoshinobu (能信) (995–1065) – Gon-no-Dainagon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kanshi (寛子) (999–1025) – consort of Imperial Prince Atsuakira (Ko-Ichijō-in).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sonshi (尊子) (1003?–1087?) – married to Minamoto no Morofusa.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nagaie (長家) (1005–1064) – Gon-no-Dainagon.

paragraph: Michinaga had one daughter from an unknown woman.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seishi (盛子) (?–?) – married to Emperor Sanjō

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). "Gukanshō: The Future and the Past." Berkeley: University of California Press. ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hioki, S. (1990). "Nihon Keifu Sōran". Kodansya.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kasai, M. (1991). "Kugyō Bunin Nenpyō". Yamakawa Shuppan-sha.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Owada, T. et al. (2003). "Nihonshi Shoka Keizu Jimmei Jiten". Kodansya.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). "The Imperial House of Japan." Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). "Nihon Odai Ichiran"; ou, "Annales des empereurs du Japon." Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tsuchida, N. (1973). "Nihon no Rekishi No.5". Chūō Kōron Sha.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Varley, H. Paul. (1980). "Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns." New York: Columbia University Press. ;

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes from exhibition at Kyoto National Museum

description: Japanese nobleman of the Heian period

wikidata_label: Fujiwara no Michinaga

wikipedia_title: Fujiwara no Michinaga


text: Roman Emperor

text: Diadumenian

text: Berber

text: Mauretania Caesariensis

text: equestrian

text: senatorial class

text: Mauretania

text: Caracalla

text: praetorian prefect

text: Parthia

text: Armenia

text: Dacia

text: Julia Maesa

text: Elagabalus

text: Battle of Antioch

text: Chalcedon

text: Cappadocia

text: Artabanus V of Parthia

text: Caesarea Mauretaniae

text: Cherchell

text: Roman province

text: Mauretania

text: equestrian

text: Septimius Severus

text: prefect

text: Praetorian Guard

text: Caracalla

text: Parthian Empire

text: Luna

text: battle of Carrhae

text: Antonine dynasty

text: Nisibis

text: Artabanus V

text: Khosrov I of Armenia

text: Tiridates II

text: Marcius Agrippa

text: Septimius Severus

text: Roman currency

text: denarius

text: Julia Domna

text: Julia Maesa

text: Emesa

text: Julia Soaemias

text: Julia Mamaea

text: Phoenicia

text: sun-deity

text: Elagabalus

text: Legio III "Gallica"

text: Antioch

text: Battle of Antioch

text: Chalcedon

text: Dio, Cassius

text: Herodian

text: Historia Augusta

text: Life of Macrinus

text: Macrinus by Dio Cassius

text: Livius.org: Marcus Opellius Macrinus

categories: 3rd-century murdered monarchs,Berber rulers,165 births,2nd-century Romans,Executed Roman emperors,People of the Roman–Parthian Wars,Praetorian prefects,218 deaths,Imperial Roman consuls,3rd-century Roman emperors,3rd-century executions,Opellii,Romans from Africa,2nd-century Berber people,3rd-century Berber people,People from Cherchell,Severan dynasty

paragraph: Macrinus

paragraph: Macrinus (; ; – June 218) was Roman Emperor from April 217 to 8 June 218. He reigned jointly with his young son Diadumenianus. Macrinus was by origin a Berber from Mauretania Caesariensis. A member of the equestrian class, he became the first emperor who did not hail from the senatorial class and was the first emperor from Mauretania. Before becoming emperor, Macrinus served under Emperor Caracalla as a praetorian prefect and dealt with Rome's civil affairs. He later conspired against Caracalla and had him murdered in a bid to protect his own life, succeeding him as emperor.

paragraph: Macrinus was proclaimed emperor of Rome by 11 April 217 while in the eastern provinces of the empire and was subsequently confirmed as such by the Senate; however, for the duration of his reign, he never had the opportunity to return to Rome. His predecessor's policies had left Rome's coffers empty and the empire at war with several kingdoms, including Parthia, Armenia and Dacia. As emperor, Macrinus first attempted to enact reform to bring economic and diplomatic stability to Rome. While Macrinus' diplomatic actions brought about peace with each of the individual kingdoms, the additional monetary costs and subsequent fiscal reforms generated unrest in the Roman military.

paragraph: Caracalla's aunt Julia Maesa took advantage of the unrest and instigated a rebellion to have her fourteen-year-old grandson, Elagabalus, recognized as emperor. Macrinus was overthrown at the Battle of Antioch on 8 June 218 and Elagabalus proclaimed himself emperor with support from the rebelling Roman legions. Macrinus fled the battlefield and tried to reach Rome but was captured in Chalcedon and later executed in Cappadocia. He sent his son to the care of Artabanus V of Parthia, but Diadumenianus was also captured before he could reach his destination and executed. After Macrinus' death, the Senate declared him and his son enemies of Rome and had their names struck from the records and their images destroyed.

paragraph: Section::::Background and career.

paragraph: Macrinus was born in Caesarea Mauretaniae (modern Cherchell, Algeria) in the Roman province of Mauretania to an equestrian family of Phoenician or Berber origins. He received an education which allowed him to ascend to the Roman political class. Over the years, he earned a reputation as a skilled lawyer; and, under Emperor Septimius Severus, he became an important bureaucrat. Severus' successor Caracalla later appointed him a prefect of the Praetorian Guard.

paragraph: While Macrinus probably enjoyed the trust of Emperor Caracalla, this may have changed when, according to tradition, it was prophesied that he would depose and succeed the emperor. Macrinus, fearing for his safety, resolved to have Caracalla murdered before he was condemned.

paragraph: In the spring of 217, Caracalla was in the eastern provinces preparing a campaign against the Parthian Empire. Macrinus was among his staff, as were other members of the Praetorian Guard. In April, Caracalla went to visit a temple of Luna near the site of the battle of Carrhae and was accompanied only by his personal guard, which included Macrinus. On April 8, while traveling to the temple, Caracalla was stabbed to death by Justin Martialis, a soldier whom Macrinus had recruited to commit the murder. In the aftermath, Martialis was killed by one of Caracalla's men.

paragraph: For two or three days, Rome remained without an emperor. By April 11, Macrinus had proclaimed himself emperor and assumed all of the imperial titles and powers, without waiting for the Senate. The army backed his claim as emperor and the Senate, so far away, was powerless to intervene. Macrinus never returned to Rome as emperor and remained based in Antioch for the duration of his reign. Macrinus was the first emperor to hail from the equestrian class, rather than the senatorial and also the first emperor of Mauretanian descent. He adopted the name of Severus, in honor of the Severan dynasty, and conferred the imperial title of Augusta to his wife Nonia Celsa and the title of Caesar and name of Antoninus to his son Diadumenianus in honor of the Antonine dynasty, thus making him second in command. At the time of Diadumenian's accession he was eight years old.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Despite his equestrian background, Macrinus was accepted by the Senate for two reasons: for the removal of Caracalla, and for having received the loyalty of the army. The senators were less concerned by Macrinus' Mauretanian ancestry than by his equestrian social background and scrutinized his actions as emperor. Their opinion of him was reduced by his decisions to appoint men to high offices who were of similarly undistinguished background. Only the Senate had the constitutional power to choose the emperor from among the senators and Macrinus, not being a senator and having become emperor through force rather than through traditional means, was looked down upon.

paragraph: Macrinus had several issues that he needed to deal with at the time of his accession, which had been left behind by his predecessor. As Caracalla had a tendency towards military belligerence, rather than diplomacy, this left several conflicts for Macrinus to resolve. Additionally, Caracalla had been a profligate spender of Rome's income. Most of the money was spent on the army; he had greatly increased their pay from 2,000 sesterces to 3,000 sesterces per year. The increased expenditures forced Caracalla to strip bare whatever sources of income he had to supply the difference. This shortfall left Rome in a dire fiscal situation that Macrinus needed to address.

paragraph: Macrinus was at first occupied by the threat of the Parthians, with whom Rome had been at war since the reign of Caracalla. Macrinus settled a peace deal with the Parthians, after fighting an indecisive battle at Nisibis in 217. In return for peace, Macrinus was forced to pay a large indemnity to the Parthian ruler Artabanus V. Rome was at the time also under threat from Dacia and Armenia, so any deal with Parthia would likely have been beneficial to Rome. Next, Macrinus turned his attention to Armenia. In 216, Caracalla had imprisoned Khosrov I of Armenia and his family after Khosrov had agreed to meet with Caracalla at a conference to discuss some issue between himself and his sons. Caracalla instead installed a new Roman governor to rule over Armenia. These actions angered the Armenian peoples and they soon rebelled against Rome. Macrinus settled a peace treaty with them by returning the crown and loot to Khosrov's son and successor Tiridates II and releasing his mother from prison, and by restoring Armenia to its status as a client kingdom of Rome. Macrinus made peace with the Dacians by releasing hostages, though this was likely not handled by himself but by Marcius Agrippa. In matters of foreign policy, Macrinus showed a tendency towards settling disputes through diplomacy and a reluctance to engage in military conflict, though this may have been due more to the lack of resources and manpower than to his own personal preference.

paragraph: Macrinus began to overturn Caracalla's fiscal policies and moved closer towards those that had been set forth by Septimius Severus. One such policy change involved the pay of Roman legionaries. The soldiers that were already enlisted during Caracalla's reign enjoyed exorbitant payments which were impossible for Macrinus to reduce without risking a potential rebellion. Instead, Macrinus allowed the enlisted soldiers to retain their higher payments, but he reduced the pay of new recruits to the level which had been set by Severus. Macrinus revalued the Roman currency, increasing the silver purity and weight of the denarius from 50.78 percent and 1.66 grams at the end of Caracalla's reign to 57.85 percent and 1.82 grams from Fall 217 to the end of his reign, so that it mirrored Severus' fiscal policy for the period 197–209 A.D. Macrinus' goal with these policies might have been to return Rome to the relative economic stability that had been enjoyed under Severus' reign, though it came with a cost. The fiscal changes that Macrinus enacted might have been tenable had it not been for the military. By this time, the strength of the military was too great and by enacting his reforms he angered the veteran soldiers, who viewed his actions in reducing the pay of new recruits as a foreshadowing of eventual reductions in their own privileges and pay. This significantly reduced Macrinus' popularity with the legions that had declared him emperor.

paragraph: Caracalla's mother Julia Domna was initially left in peace when Macrinus became emperor. This changed when Macrinus discovered that she was conspiring against him and had her placed under house arrest in Antioch. By this time Julia Domna was suffering from an advanced stage of breast cancer and soon died in Antioch, possibly by starving herself. Afterwards, Macrinus sent Domna's sister Julia Maesa and her children back to Emesa in Syria, from where Maesa set in motion her plans to have Macrinus overthrown. Macrinus remained in Antioch instead of going to Rome upon being declared emperor, a step which furthered his unpopularity in Rome and contributed to his eventual downfall.

paragraph: Section::::Downfall.

paragraph: Julia Maesa had retired to her home town of Emesa with an immense fortune, which she had accrued over the course of twenty years. She took her children, Julia Soaemias and Julia Mamaea, and grandchildren, including Elagabalus, with her to Emesa. Elagabalus, aged 14, was the chief priest of the Phoenician sun-deity Elagabalus (or El-Gabal) in Emesa. Soldiers from Legio III "Gallica" (Gallic Third Legion), that had been stationed at the nearby camp of Raphanea, often visited Emesa and went to see Elagabalus perform his priestly rituals and duties while there. Julia Maesa took advantage of this, to suggest to the soldiers that Elagabalus was indeed the illegitimate son of Caracalla. On May 16, Elagabalus was proclaimed emperor by the Legio III "Gallica" at its camp at Raphanea. Upon Elagabalus' revolt, Macrinus travelled to Apamea and conferred the title of Augustus onto his son, Diadumenianus, and made him co-emperor.

paragraph: Section::::Downfall.:Execution.

paragraph: Macrinus realised that his life was in danger but struggled to decide upon a course of action and remained at Antioch. He sent a force of cavalry commanded by Ulpinus Julianus to regain control of the rebels, but they failed and Ulpinus died in the attempt. This failure further strengthened Elagabalus' army. Soon after, a force under Elagabalus' tutor Gannys marched on Antioch and engaged Macrinus' army on 8 June 218 near the village of Immae, located approximately 24 miles from Antioch. At some point during the ensuing Battle of Antioch, Macrinus deserted the field and returned to Antioch. Macrinus was then forced to flee from Antioch as fighting erupted in the city as well. Elagabalus himself subsequently entered Antioch as the new ruler of the Roman Empire. Macrinus fled for Rome; he traveled as far as Chalcedon before being recognized and captured. His son and co-emperor Diadumenianus, sent to the care of Artabanus V of Parthia, was himself captured in transit at Zeugma and killed in June of 218. Diadumenianus' reign lasted a total of 14 months, and he was about 10 years old when he died. Macrinus, upon learning of his son's death, tried to escape captivity, but he injured himself in the unsuccessful attempt and was afterward executed in Cappadocia; his head was sent to Elagabalus. Much like Macrinus, Diadumenianus' head was also cut off and sent to Elagabalus as a trophy.

paragraph: Section::::Downfall.:Damnatio Memoriae.

paragraph: Macrinus and his son Diadumenianus were declared "hostes", enemies of the state, by the Senate immediately after news had arrived of their deaths and as part of an official declaration of support for the usurper Elagabalus, who was recognized in the Senate as the new Emperor. The declaration of "hostes" led to two actions being taken against the images of the former Emperors. First, their portraits were destroyed and their names were stricken from inscriptions and papyri. The second action, taken by the Roman soldiers who had rebelled against Macrinus in favour of Elagabalus, was to destroy all of the works and possessions of Macrinus. The "damnatio memoriae" against Macrinus is among the earliest of such sanctions enacted by the Senate. Many of the marble busts of Macrinus that exist were defaced and mutilated as a response to the "damnatio memoriae" and many of the coins depicting Macrinus and Diadumenianus were also destroyed. These actions against Macrinus are evidence of his unpopularity in Rome.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Downey, Glanville. (1961). "History of Antioch in Syria: From Seleucus to the Arab Conquest". Literary Licensing. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gibbon, Edward. (1776). "The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volume 1"

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dio, Cassius. (n.d.). "Roman History."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herodian of Antioch. (n.d.). "History of the Roman Empire."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historia Augusta". (n.d.)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Life of Macrinus ("Historia Augusta" at LacusCurtius: Latin text and English translation)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Macrinus and Diadumenianius" at De Imperatoribus Romanis (by Michael Meckler of Ohio State University)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Macrinus by Dio Cassius

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livius.org: Marcus Opellius Macrinus

alias: Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus Augustus

description: Roman Emperor

wikidata_label: Macrinus

wikipedia_title: Macrinus


text:
Albanian Revolts of 1833-1839
Muhammad Ali of Egypt
Syria
Andrea Manesi
Abdyl bej Koka

categories: People from Tepelenë,1844 deaths,1792 births

paragraph: Tafil Buzi

paragraph: Tafil Buzi (1792 - 1844) was an Albanian leader and fighter, known for his role in various rebellions against Ottoman government in South Albania during the Albanian Revolts of 1833-1839. During his activity he had relations with Muhammad Ali of Egypt and Greek politicians. For his continuous conspiracies he was captured and interned in 1840 by the Ottoman government. In 1842 he was pardoned and acted leader in service of Ottoman government in Syria. He died there in 1844.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrea Manesi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abdyl bej Koka

description: Albanian rebel

wikidata_label: Tafil Buzi

wikipedia_title: Tafil Buzi


text: Cynic

text: philosopher

text: Crates of Thebes

text: Maroneia

text: Athens

text: Greece

text: poverty

text: Maroneia

text: Thrace

text: Athens

text: Metrocles

text: Cynic

text: Crates of Thebes

text: stoa

text: Apuleius

text: having sex, publicly, in broad daylight

text: epigram

text: Antipater of Sidon

text: Atalanta

text: Suda

text: Theodorus the Atheist

text: sophism

text: The Bacchae

text: Euripides

text: Zeno of Citium

text: Stoicism

text: love

text: sex

text: Republic

text: Greece

text: Rome

text: Diogenes Laërtius

text: Cynic epistles

text: Aethra

text: Theseus

text: Diogenes of Sinope

text: Maroneia

text: Lodovico Guicciardini

text: commonplace book

text: Dutch

text: Jacob Cats

text: William Penn

text: puritan

text: Pierre Petit

text: Latin

text: Clemenza Ninci

text: nun

text: convent

text: German

text: Christoph Martin Wieland

text: epistolary novel

text: Marcel Schwob

text: H.D.

text: feminist philosopher

text: Michèle Le Dœuff

text: Martha Nussbaum

text: genus

text: Hipparchia

text: Crates and Hipparchia Handbook

categories: Ancient Thracian Greeks,Cynic philosophers,4th-century BC philosophers,4th-century BC births,Year of birth unknown,Ancient Athenian women,Classical Greek philosophers,Year of death unknown,4th-century BC Greek people,Ancient Greek women philosophers

paragraph: Hipparchia of Maroneia

paragraph: Hipparchia of Maroneia (; ; fl. c. 325 BC) was a Cynic philosopher, and wife of Crates of Thebes. She was born in Maroneia, but her family moved to Athens, where Hipparchia came into contact with Crates, the most famous Cynic philosopher in Greece at that time. She fell in love with him, and, despite the disapproval of her parents, she married him. She went on to live a life of Cynic poverty on the streets of Athens with her husband.

paragraph: Little survives of her own philosophical views, but like most Cynics, her influence lies in the example of her life, choosing a way of life which was usually considered unacceptable for respectable women of the time. The story of her attraction to Crates, and her rejection of conventional values, became a popular theme for later writers.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Hipparchia was born c. 350 BC in Maroneia, Thrace. Her family came to Athens, where Hipparchia's brother, Metrocles, became a pupil of the Cynic philosopher Crates of Thebes. Hipparchia fell in love with Crates, and developed such a passion for him, that she told her parents that if they refused to allow her to marry him, she would kill herself. They begged Crates to dissuade her, and he stood before her, removed his clothes, and said, "Here is the bridegroom, and this is his property." Hipparchia, however, was quite happy with this; she adopted the Cynic life assuming the same clothes that he wore, and appearing with him in public everywhere. Crates called their marriage "dog-coupling" ("cynogamy"). We are told that they lived in the stoas and porticoes of Athens, and the Latin-language writer Apuleius wrote a dubious account of them having sex, publicly, in broad daylight. Although this would have been consistent with Cynic shamelessness ("anaideia"), the mere fact that Hipparchia adopted male clothes and lived on equal terms with her husband would have been enough to shock Athenian society. Hipparchia had at least two children, a daughter, and a son named Pasicles. It is not known how or when she died. There is an epigram ascribed to Antipater of Sidon, as to what may have been written on her tomb:

paragraph: poem

paragraph: I, Hipparchia chose not the tasks of rich-robed woman, but the manly life of the Cynic.

paragraph: Brooch-clasped tunics, well-clad shoes, and perfumed headscarves pleased me not;

paragraph: But with wallet and fellow staff, together with coarse cloak and bed of hard ground,

paragraph: My name shall be greater than Atalanta: for wisdom is better than mountain running./poem

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.

paragraph: The "Suda" says she wrote some philosophical treatises, and some letters addressed to Theodorus the Atheist. None of these have survived. There are some accounts of her encounters with Theodorus:

paragraph: When she went into a symposium with Crates, she tested Theodoros the atheist by proposing a sophism like this: "That which if Theodoros did, he would not be said to do wrong, neither should Hipparchia be said to do wrong if she does it. Theodoros hitting himself does not do wrong, nor does Hipparchia do wrong hitting Theodoros." He did not reply to what she said, but pulled up her garment.

paragraph: We are told she was neither offended nor ashamed by this "as most women would have been." We are also told that when Theodorus (quoting a line from "The Bacchae" of Euripides) said to her:

paragraph: "Who is the woman who has left behind the shuttles of the loom?" she replied

paragraph: I, Theodorus, am that person, but do I appear to you to have come to a wrong decision, if I devote that time to philosophy, which I otherwise should have spent at the loom?"

paragraph: Many other anecdotes existed about Hipparchia, but they have been mostly lost. We know also that Crates taught Zeno of Citium; it is impossible to say what influence Hipparchia had on Zeno in his development of Stoicism, but Zeno's own radical views on love and sex (as evidenced in his "Republic") may have been influenced by the relationship of Hipparchia and Crates.

paragraph: Section::::Later influence.

paragraph: Hipparchia's fame undoubtedly rests on the fact that she was a woman practising philosophy and living a life on equal terms with her husband. Both facts were unusual for ancient Greece or Rome. Although there were other women who chose to live as Cynics, Hipparchia is the only one whose name is known. She is also the only woman to have her own entry among the 82 philosophers in Diogenes Laërtius' "Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers", and she continued to fascinate later writers. There are, for example, a set of "Cynic epistles", written in the 1st century AD, some of which purport to give advice from Crates to Hipparchia:

paragraph: Our philosophy is called Cynic not because we are indifferent to everything, but because we aggressively endure what others, due to being soft or general opinion find unbearable. So it is for this reason and not the former that they have called us Cynics. Stay, therefore, and continue as a Cynic—for you are not by nature worse than we [men] are, for neither are female dogs worse than male—in order that you might be freed from Nature, as all [people] either because of law or due to vices, live as slaves.

paragraph: Other letters mention events, which, like a lot of the "Cynic epistles", may be based on actual anecdotes which existed at the time. In two of the letters, we are told that Hipparchia sent a cloak to Crates which she had made. Crates, though, fears that she may have undertaken the task "so that you might appear to the masses to be someone who loves her husband." Crates urges her to renounce wool-spinning and take-up philosophy since that is the reason she married him. In another letter, Crates learns why she has taken up domestic tasks: Hipparchia, we are told, has given birth. After agreeing with her that she gave birth easily because of her Cynic training, Crates proceeds to give advice on how to rear the child:

paragraph: Let his bath water be cold, his clothes be a cloak, his food be milk, yet not to excess. Rock him in a cradle made from a tortoise shell. ... When he is able to speak and walk, dress him, not with a sword, as Aethra did with Theseus, but with a staff and cloak and wallet, which can guard men better than swords, and send him to Athens.

paragraph: Perhaps most remarkable is a letter purporting to come from Diogenes of Sinope addressed to the people of Maroneia:

paragraph: You did well when you changed the name of the city and, instead of Maroneia, called it Hipparchia, its present name, since it is better for you to be named after Hipparchia, a woman, it's true, but a philosopher, than after Maron, a man who sells wine.

paragraph: There is, unfortunately, no evidence that the people of Maroneia ever renamed their city Hipparchia.

paragraph: Section::::Modern influence.

paragraph: The story of Hipparchia's pursuit of Crates, despite the disapproval of her parents and the initial reluctance of Crates, was a popular tale from the 16th century onwards. It featured in Lodovico Guicciardini's commonplace book "Hore di ricreatione" published in 1568, and it was one of the stories told by the Dutch poet Jacob Cats in his "Touchstone of the Wedding Ring" ("Proefsteen van de Trou-ringh") published in 1637. William Penn wrote about her in his "No Cross, No Crown", which he wrote in prison in 1668. For Penn she was an example of puritan discipline and virtue:

paragraph: Her marriage to Crates inspired Pierre Petit to write the Latin poem "Cynogamia, sive de Cratetis et Hipparches amoribus" in 1676. In the same century, Clemenza Ninci, an Italian nun, wrote a play entitled "Sposalizio d'Iparchia filosofa" ("The marriage of Hipparchia the philosopher"). The play deals with Hipparchia's desire to marry Crates, and the obstacles which are placed in her way until she achieves her desire. The play was written for convent performance (with all the parts played by nuns) and was not published until the 19th century. The German writer Christoph Martin Wieland made Crates and Hipparchia the heroes of his epistolary novel "Krates und Hipparchia" (1804). Crates and Hipparchia feature in Marcel Schwob's "Vies Imaginaires" ("Imaginary Lives", 1896). The American writer H.D. wrote a novella "Hipparchia" (1921), a highly fictionalised account of Hipparchia's daughter, (whom H.D. imagines is also called Hipparchia). Hipparchia was an inspiration for the book "L'Étude et le rouet" (1989) (translated in English under the title "Hipparchia's Choice") by the French feminist philosopher Michèle Le Dœuff, a reflection on women's relation to philosophy. Martha Nussbaum, in her speech to the University of Chicago Law School graduating class of 2010, presented Hipparchia'a life as an illustrative example of the benefits of continuing education beyond academic settings.

paragraph: A genus of butterflies, "Hipparchia", bears her name.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crates and Hipparchia Handbook

description: Cynic philosopher

wikidata_label: Hipparchia of Maroneia

wikipedia_title: Hipparchia of Maroneia


text:
Hindi cinema
Albela
Sindhudurg
Vana Mohini
M. K. Radha
Sri Lanka
Thavamani Devi
Lalita Pawar
Albela
Geeta Bali
Chitalkar
C. Ramchandra
Jhamela
Bhagam Bhag
Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baje
Chori Chori
Amitabh Bachchan
C. Ramchandra
Om Prakash
Rajinder Krishan
Marathi
Ekk Albela

categories: Hindi-language film directors,Male actors in Hindi cinema,2002 deaths,20th-century Indian male actors,1913 births,Indian male film actors,Film directors from Mumbai,20th-century Indian film directors

paragraph: Bhagwan Dada

paragraph: Bhagwan Dada (Marathi,1 August 1913 – 4 February 2002), also credited as Bhagwan, was an Indian actor and film director who worked in Hindi cinema. He is best known for his social film "Albela" (1951) and the song "Shola Jo Bhadke".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Bhagwan Dada was born in 1913 as Bhagwan Abhaji Palav in Sindhudurg, Maharashtra. He was the son of a textile-mill worker, but was obsessed with films. He worked as a labourer, but dreamt of films. He got his break with bit roles in silent films and got totally involved with the studios. He learned film-making and at one stage used to make low-budget films (in which he arranged for everything including the design of costumes and arranging meals for the cast) for Rs. 65,000.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Bhagwan Abhaji Palav, popularly known as Bhagwan dada, mainly due to his love for wrestling, made his debut in the silent era with the film "Criminal".

paragraph: He co-directed his first film "Bahadur Kisan" with Pawar in 1938. From 1938 to 1949 he directed a string of low-budget stunt and action films that were popular with the working classes. He usually played a naive simpleton. One of the notable films that he made during this period was the Tamil film "Vana Mohini" (1941) that starred M. K. Radha and Sri Lankan actress Thavamani Devi.

paragraph: In 1942, as part of a scene, he had to slap actress Lalita Pawar hard. He accidentally slapped her too hard, which resulted in facial paralysis and a burst left-eye vein. After three years of treatment, Pawar was left with a disabled left eye.

paragraph: He turned producer in 1942 with Jagruti Pictures, purchased some land and set up Jagriti Studios in Chembur in 1947. On advice from Raj Kapoor, he turned to making a social film called "Albela", starring Bhagwan and Geeta Bali, and featuring music by his friend Chitalkar, or C. Ramchandra. The songs of the film, in particular "Shola jo bhadke" are still remembered. Albela was a huge hit. After Albela, Bhagwan got C. Ramchandra and Geeta Bali together again in "Jhamela" (1953), where he tried to recreate the formulaic success of "Albela" with little success. He also directed and acted in Bhagam Bhag in 1956.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: After that, Bhagwan did not have any more hits and eventually had to give up producing and directing films, and sell his 25-room waterfront bungalow in Juhu and his fleet of seven cars (one for each day of the week). He took whatever roles he could get, but apart from "Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baje" and "Chori Chori", none were roles of note, and he eventually took on bit parts in which he did his famous dance (made even more famous by Amitabh Bachchan using it as his default dance step).

paragraph: Most of Bhagwan's associates left him in his time of need, apart from C. Ramchandra, Om Prakash and lyricist Rajinder Krishan, who continued to meet him even in his chawl. Bhagwan died of a massive heart attack at his residence in Dadar on 4 February 2002.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: In 2016, a Marathi movie "Ekk Albela" released which was a biopic of the actor.

description: Indian actor and director

wikidata_label: Bhagwan Dada

wikipedia_title: Bhagwan Dada


text:
Barmakids
Balkh
Buddhist
Nawbahār
Abbasid
As-Saffah
Dayr Qunna
Abu Al-Jahm
al-Mansur
Fars
Isa ibn Musa
Tabaristan
Mansura
Ctesiphon
Al-Khayzuran
Al-Mahdi
Mosul
Yahya ibn Khalid
Azerbaijan
expedition
Harun al-Rashid
Byzantine Empire
Bosphorus
Entry
Chapter 62
William Muir

categories: 8th-century Muslims,Barmakids,8th-century people of the Abbasid Caliphate,782 deaths,705 births,Medieval Persian people,8th-century Iranian people,Abbasid governors of Tabaristan,Abbasid governors of Fars

paragraph: Khalid ibn Barmak

paragraph: Khalid ibn Barmak (AD 705–782) was a member of the powerful Persian Barmakids family. When Balkh the native town of Barmakids fell to the Arabs in 663(?), Khalid ibn Barmak and his brothers moved to the garrison town of Basra in Iraq, where they converted to Islam. Their ancestor was a "Pramukh" (pronounced in Arabic as "Barmak"), a title borne by the high priest in the Buddhist temple of Nawbahār.

paragraph: He played an important role in the formation of the Abbasid dynasty. He is the first Barmakid about whom much is known. Khalid supported the revolt of As-Saffah, who was to become the first Abbassid caliph. In 747, he was put in charge of the distributions of war spoils from the revolt, then of the district of Dayr Qunna, and then in 749, was minister along with Abu Al-Jahm, and was chief of the land Tax bureau. He was also entrusted with the upbringing of the caliph's daughter.

paragraph: Under the Caliphate of al-Mansur, he was appointed governor of Fars and, after helping obtain Prince Isa ibn Musa's renunciation of succession to the caliphate in 765, was governor of Tabaristan. He built the town of Mansura; and was later involved in the founding of Baghdad, and protested the use of material from Ctesiphon to build the new city

paragraph: In 765 (775?), he lost favour with the Caliph due to political intrigues, and was given a heavy fine, for which Al-Khayzuran, the wife of prince Al-Mahdi helped him raise money. But following Kurdish uprisings in Mosul, Khalid was appointed governor of the city, which he was until Al-Mansur's death. Around the same time, his son Yahya ibn Khalid was appointed governor of Azerbaijan. Afterwards, his family gained more privilege under the caliphate of al-Mahdi, with Yahya's help. In 782, he was sent as guardian on an expedition led by Harun al-Rashid (then 20) against the Byzantine Empire, that went as far as the Bosphorus.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Entry in Encyclopædia Britannica.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chapter 62 of "" by William Muir, mentioning Khalid.

description: Abbasid governor

wikidata_label: Khalid ibn Barmak

wikipedia_title: Khalid ibn Barmak


text:
Māori
Te Ati Haunui-a-Paparangi
iwi

categories: Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi,New Zealand schoolteachers,1820s births,1865 deaths,New Zealand Māori public servants,New Zealand Māori schoolteachers

paragraph: Hoani Wiremu Hipango

paragraph: Hoani Wiremu Hipango ( 1820 – 25 February 1865) was a New Zealand tribal leader, teacher and assessor. Of Māori descent, he identified with the Te Ati Haunui-a-Paparangi iwi.

description: Te Ati Haunui-a-Paparangi leader, teacher, assessor

wikidata_label: Hoani Wiremu Hipango

wikipedia_title: Hoani Wiremu Hipango


text: Vienna

text: Historicism

text: Art Nouveau

text: Polytechnikum

text: Academy of Fine Arts Vienna

text: Hanns Gasser

text: Prometheus

text: Munich

text: Emil Fuchs

text: Vienna Secession

text: Pediment

text: Austrian Parliament Building

text: Stadtpark, Vienna

text: Hofburg

text: Salzburg

text: University of Vienna

text: Hans Makart

text: Nikolaus Dumba

text: Hugo Wolf

text: Felix Czeike

text: Entry for Edmund von Hellmer

text: Union List of Artist Names

categories: 1935 deaths,Art Nouveau sculptors,Members of the Vienna Secession,1850 births,Austrian male sculptors,19th-century sculptors,20th-century Austrian sculptors,Artists from Vienna

paragraph: Edmund von Hellmer

paragraph: Edmund Ritter von Hellmer (12 November 1850, Vienna – 9 March 1935, Vienna), born Edmund Hellmer and ennobled in 1912, was an Austrian sculptor who worked in the styles of Historicism and Art Nouveau.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Hellmer studied architecture at the Polytechnikum in Vienna. At the same time, he received his first artistic training from his uncle, the sculptor Josef Schönfeld. In 1866, Hellmer decided to study sculpture full-time at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna. While there, he also worked in the studio of Hanns Gasser, who helped him to finance a short stay in Paris. In 1869, at the age of 19, he presented a statue of Prometheus at the International Art Exhibition in Munich. He won a prize that included a scholarship, enabling him to spend almost two years in Italy.

paragraph: In 1870, he returned to Vienna and worked as a freelance sculptor. In 1879, he was appointed a Professor at the Academy and, from 1882 to 1892, was a member of the faculty there. Emil Fuchs was one of Hellmer's most prominent students. In 1897, he was one of the founders of the Vienna Secession. From 1901 to 1922 he was an associate dean, then a full dean at the Academy. During the last year of his life, he was confined to a wheelchair.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Franz Joseph I Gives His People a Constitution", Pediment at the Austrian Parliament Building, 1879

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Schindler Monument" in the Stadtpark, Vienna. Marble, 1895

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Macht zu Lande" (The Forces on Land), fountain at the Hofburg in Vienna. Marble, 1897

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Goethe Monument", at the Opera Ring in Vienna. Bronze, 1900.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Empress Elisabeth Monument", Salzburg, 1901

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Castalia Fountain" at the University of Vienna, 1910

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Johann Strauß Monument" in the Stadtpark, Vienna. Bronze with marble reliefs, 1921

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grave statues for Hans Makart (1889), Nikolaus Dumba (1903) and Hugo Wolf (1904), among many others.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barbara Scheiblin: "Die Sepulkralplastik Edmund Hellmers". Diplomarbeit. Universität Wien, Wien 1988.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Felix Czeike: "Historisches Lexikon Wien." Band 3: "Ha – La". Kremayr & Scheriau, Wien 1994, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barbara Scheiblin: "Sisi in Salzburg. Das Kaiserin-Elisabeth-Denkmal von Edmund Hellmer". In: "Salzburg-Archiv". Band 26.1999, . Verein Freunde der Salzburger Geschichte (Hrsg.), Salzburg 1999, .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edmund von Hellmer, Wiener Goethe-Denkmal, 1900

paragraph: BULLET::::- Entry for Edmund von Hellmer on the Union List of Artist Names

description: Austrian sculptor

wikidata_label: Edmund von Hellmer

wikipedia_title: Edmund von Hellmer


text:
racing driver
Toyota Racing Series
formula racing
Formula First
Formula Ford
Rookie
Toyota Racing Series
Mitch Evans
ADAC Formel Masters
Formula Abarth
Fujitsu V8 Supercar Series
2012

categories: Formula Ford drivers,Super GT drivers,Formula Renault 2.0 Alps drivers,ADAC Formel Masters drivers,Living people,V8SuperTourer drivers,Toyota Racing Series drivers,1994 births,Super Formula drivers,New Zealand racing drivers,FIA Formula 3 European Championship drivers,Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 drivers,Formula Abarth drivers,Sportspeople from Auckland,All-Japan Formula Three Championship drivers

paragraph: Nick Cassidy

paragraph: Nick Cassidy (born 19 August 1994) is a New Zealand racing driver. He is best known for being one of the most successful drivers in history of the Toyota Racing Series.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Cassidy began his racing career in karting when he was six years old. He remained in karting until 2010. He also participated in midget races since he was eight years old.

paragraph: Since 2008 Cassidy has been racing in the formula racing series. After driving in Formula First championships, he started in Formula Ford championships in New Zealand and Australia. In 2009 he became runner-up in the New Zealand Formula First championship and 2010 he was runner-up in the New Zealand Formula Ford Championship. Both times he was Rookie of the year.

paragraph: 2011 Cassidy began the year for Giles Motorsport in the Toyota Racing Series. After 5 podium finishes he won two of three races at the last racing weekend. He became Rookie of the year and runner-up behind his teammate Mitch Evans. Moreover, he started to a few races in the Australian Formula Ford Championship, the ADAC Formel Masters and the Formula Abarth. So he made his first racing experiences in Europe. Furthermore, he competed in 5 races of the Fujitsu V8 Supercar Series. 2012 Cassidy participates in the Toyota Racing Series again. He stayed with Giles Motorsport. With 3 victories and 7 podium finishes he leads the championship after the 11th race.

paragraph: Section::::Career summary.

paragraph: As Cassidy was a guest driver, he was ineligible to score championship points.br

paragraph: * Season still in progress.

paragraph: Section::::Career summary.:Complete FIA Formula 3 European Championship results.

paragraph: Section::::Career summary.:Complete Super GT results.

paragraph: * Season still in progress.

paragraph: Section::::Career summary.:Complete Super Formula Results.

paragraph: Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed.

paragraph: Section::::Career summary.:Complete WeatherTech SportsCar Championship results.

paragraph: Season still in progress.

description: New Zealand racing driver

wikidata_label: Nick Cassidy

wikipedia_title: Nick Cassidy


text: Kurkijoki

text: Helsinki

text: Finnish

text: architect

text: Gustaf Arokallio

text: Helsinki University of Technology

text: Ministry of Defence

text: barracks

text: Kauhava

text: Lahdenpohja

text: Elsi Borg

text: Viborg

text: Kokkola

text: Jakobstad

text: Tampere

text: Varkaus

text: interior design

categories: People from Lakhdenpokhsky District,1982 deaths,People from Viipuri Province (Grand Duchy of Finland),1892 births,20th-century Finnish architects

paragraph: Elsa Arokallio

paragraph: Elsa Arokallio (18 August 1892, Kurkijoki – 3 October 1982, Helsinki) was a Finnish architect. She was born in 1892 to Gustaf Arokallio and Elisabeth Parviainen. She graduated in 1910 and obtained her degree in architecture in 1919 from Helsinki University of Technology. She created an architecture firm with her husband, Erkki Väänänen. After four years of marriage he died, and Arokallio ran the firm herself. She also worked for the Ministry of Defence and helped design the barracks in Kauhava which were completed in 1933, and coastal artillery headquarters in Lahdenpohja, which were completed in 1933. In the 1930s she also worked with Elsi Borg.

paragraph: In 1940 Arokallio moved to Viborg where she worked with Martha Martikainen-Ypyä. After World War II she worked in Lahti with architect Könönen and designed single-family houses. She'd go on to work at Finland's Building Board from 1953–1959, building schools in Kokkola, Jakobstad, Tampere and Varkaus. She also began to work in interior design.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karhu, Saila: Naisarkkitehti laitosrakennusten suunnittelijana: Elsa Arokallion toteutuneet Iaitosrakennukset. Master's thesis (in Finnish). University of Jyväskylä 2002.

description: Finnish architect

wikidata_label: Elsa Arokallio

wikipedia_title: Elsa Arokallio


text:
New Zealand
Plymouth
Devon
England
Nelson
Taranaki
First Taranaki War
Hobart
Australia
London
Alexander Turnbull Library
Wakapuaka cemetery

categories: 1837 births,Burials at Wakapuaka Cemetery,20th-century New Zealand painters,People from Plymouth,New Zealand educators,20th-century New Zealand women artists,19th-century New Zealand painters,People from Nelson, New Zealand,New Zealand women artists,New Zealand women scientists,English emigrants to New Zealand,1925 deaths

paragraph: Emily Cumming Harris

paragraph: Emily Cumming Harris (28 March 1836–5 August 1925) was one of New Zealand's first professional women painters. She chiefly painted New Zealand plants and flowers and worked mainly in water colour. She was born in Plymouth, Devonshire, England on c.1837 but spent most of her life in Nelson, New Zealand.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Harris was the daughter of Sarah Hill and her husband Edwin Harris. The Harris family emigrated from England on the "William Bryan", a ship of the Plymouth Company of New Zealand. They reached New Zealand on 31 March 1841. Harris' father was a surveyor as well as a competent artist who supported his daughters efforts in painting. Her mother was a teacher who established a primary school in Taranaki. Harris subsequently became an assistant teacher at that school.

paragraph: Following the outbreak of the First Taranaki War in March 1860, Harris was sent to Hobart to study while her family moved to Nelson. After spending several years in Australia she returned to Nelson where she joined her sisters in running a small primary school and giving private lessons in music, dancing and drawing. She continued to paint but sales of her work were never sufficient to allow her to give up teaching to concentrate on her art full-time.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: Harris showed her work at exhibitions in New Zealand and overseas. In 1879 she exhibited at the Sydney International Exhibit where she was awarded a first degree of merit. She also exhibited at the 1880 - 1881 Melbourne International Exhibition.

paragraph: In 1885 she sent work to the Auckland Art Student's Exhibition as well as to the New Zealand Industrial Exhibit where she won first prize and a silver medal for a painted screen. She was also awarded third prize for a painted table top. In 1886 she was commended for work at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in London and in 1888 -1889 again exhibited in Melbourne at the Centennial International Exhibition. She also organised exhibits of her own work in Nelson, Wellington, New Plymouth and Stratford in 1889 and 1890, and again in New Plymouth in 1899. In 1896 she exhibited at her studio in Nelson.

paragraph: Section::::Published work.

paragraph: Harris published three books, "New Zealand Flowers" , "New Zealand Ferns" and "New Zealand Berries". These were later published in a single volume, "Flowers, ferns and berries of New Zealand". Harris also illustrated a children's book by Sarah Moore called "Fairyland in New Zealand" published in 1909.

paragraph: Section::::Unpublished work.

paragraph: She completed a book entitled "New Zealand Mountain Flowers" in the 1890s which was never published. The Alexander Turnbull Library purchased the manuscript in London in 1970.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Harris's professional artistic development and success was constrained by family obligations, straitened finances and the conventions of her time. However, in 1924 the Alexander Turnbull Library purchased 63 of her water colours. She continued to live and paint in the family home at Nile Street, Nelson, until her death aged 88, on 5 August 1925. She is buried at Wakapuaka cemetery in Nelson.

alias:
Emily Harris
Emily C. Harris

description: New Zealand teacher and artist

wikidata_label: Emily Cumming Harris

wikipedia_title: Emily Harris (artist)

wikipedia_title: Emily Cumming Harris


text:
pianist
improviser
composer
singer-songwriter
social critic
classical
free jazz
experimental
punk rock
San Jose State University
Gulf War
William Parker
Nels Cline
Pauline Oliveros
Joan Jeanrenaud
Vinny Golia
Ana Lara
Stefano Scodanibbio
First American Art Magazine
River of Fundament
Matthew Barney
Nels Cline
Michael Snow
Jad Fair
Brian Chase
Thick Syrup Records
The Gowanus Session
William Parker
Nels Cline
Porter Records
Stefano Scodanibbio
Lukas Ligeti
Gino Robair
Brian Chase
The Hand to Man Band
Mike Watt
Rent Romus
Thollem McDonas' Official Site
Perpetually Traveling Music

categories: 20th-century American composers,American male composers,Living people,Social critics,1967 births,American singer-songwriters,American male pianists,20th-century American pianists,20th-century male musicians,21st-century American pianists

paragraph: Thollem McDonas

paragraph: Thollem McDonas is an American pianist, improviser, composer, singer-songwriter, touring performer, musical educator, and social critic. His musical compositions and performances have ranged from classical, and free jazz, to experimental and punk rock. He has toured North America and Europe since 2006, performing solo works and collaborating with an array of musicians, dancers, dance companies and filmmakers.

paragraph: Section::::Origins and Musical Developments.

paragraph: McDonas began studying piano at the age of 5. His mother was a piano teacher and this led him to study the instrument. At the age of 14, he began teaching and authoring his own compositions. Shortly after McDonas graduated with degrees in piano performance and composition from San Jose State University, the Gulf War began. He abandoned the academy in his 20s to pursue direct political action. Eventually he merged these concerns, using music and performance at protests to draw attention to pertinent issues. Eventually he resumed his professional music career on [his] own terms, integrating his ... political ideologies into his compositions and performances. He is constantly in motion, playing solo concerts, concerts with various groups—both established and ad hoc—and leading workshops and clinics.

paragraph: Section::::Recording Artist.

paragraph: Section::::Recording Artist.:Estamos Ensemble.

paragraph: McDonas is the founding director of Estamos Ensemble, an international musical group whose purpose is to promote more dialogue and collaboration across the U.S. - Mexican border. In 2011, Edgetone Records released a double disc album by Estamos Ensemble premiering original works by William Parker, Nels Cline, Pauline Oliveros, Joan Jeanrenaud, Vinny Golia, Ana Lara, Juan Felipe Waller and Jorge Torres Sáenz.

paragraph: Section::::Recording Artist.:Tsigoti.

paragraph: Tsigoti is Thollem McDonas’ most overtly political project. A freewheeling anarcho-punk group, Tsigoti serves as a literal mouthpiece for his activism. Thollem sings politically charged lyrics alongside his off-kilter piano playing. The group is rounded out by Italian musicians Andrea Caprara (drums), Matteo Bennici/Piero Spitilli (bass), and Jacopo Andreini (guitar).

paragraph: Section::::Recording Artist.:Debussy Project.

paragraph: In 2008, McDonas was invited by Musee Labenche to perform works by Claude Debussy on the last piano Debussy owned. He was accompanied by world-renowned contrabassist Stefano Scodanibbio. The resulting album, "OnDebussy'sPianoAnd...", was released in 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Composer, teacher, author, actor.

paragraph: As a composer, Thollem has received Meet the Composer: Creative Connections, 2007 and American Music Center: CAP (2010) 'Stirring Awake' debuted at Yerba Buena Center for the Arts (Aug. 19, 2010) He was awarded the Mid Atlantic Arts Foundation: USArtists (2010) as director of Estamos Ensemble He is the composer for "Triumph of the Wild" (2011), a documentary short by film maker Martha Colburn.

paragraph: As a teacher, Thollem tours with his project The Everywhere Quintet. The musicians involved are entirely different at each performance, and they represent countless genres or styles of playing.

paragraph: As a writer, Thollem's essay "The Peripatetic Life of an Improvising Musician" was published in the "Anthology of Essays on Deep Listening" (Deep Listening Institute, 2012). In 2013, he was a contributor to Full Moon, a Czech music magazine, based in Prague, covering mostly – not only – independent music scene and artists pushing the boundaries of music, one way or another. He reviews music and art exhibits for "First American Art Magazine", including the art show, "We Honor: The Art of Activism".

paragraph: As an actor, Thollem is known for "River of Fundament" (2014), a film by Matthew Barney.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dear Future" (compilation, WIld Silence, 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gone Beyond Reason To Find One" (Edgetone Records, 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Racingthesun Chasingthesun" (Creative Sources, 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Somuchheaven Somuchhell" (Saravah, 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poor Stop Killing Poor" (Edgetone Records, 2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nuclearbomb Cavepainting" (Pax Recordings, 2006)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Other Collaborations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rencontres électriques" with CLSI ensemble and Yochk'o Seffer (Acel, 2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Radical Empathy" with Michael Wimberly and Nels Cline (Relative Pitch Records, 2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Michael Snow and Thollem McDonas Two Piano Concert at the Philadelphia Museum of Art" (Edgetone Records, 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The View From Up" with Marco Rogliano/Francesco Dillon/Daniele Roccato (Setola Di Maiale, 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Whistling Joy Jumpers: "Surprising Wooden Clocks" with Jad Fair & Brian Chase (Thick Syrup Records, 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Soar Trio: "Emergency Management Heist" with Skeeter C.R. Shelton & Joel Peterson (Edgetone Records, 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Gowanus Session" with William Parker and Nels Cline (Porter Records, 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Polishing the Mirror" Magimc Trio: Edoardo Marraffa/Stefano Giust/Thollem McDonas (Amirani Records, 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "OnDebussy'sPianoAnd..." with Italian contra bassist Stefano Scodanibbio (Die Schachtel, 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Noble Art" with Nicola Guazzaloca (Amirani Records, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arrington de Dionyso: "Gigantomachia" - also with Gregg Skloff & John Niekrasz (ESP-Disk, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sono Contento Di Stare Qua" with Edoardo Ricci (Edgetone Records, 2006)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Duos With Drummers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Imaginary Images" with Lukas Ligeti, Drums (Leo Records, 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trio Music Minus One" Thollem Electric with Gino Robair, Drums/percussion (Setola di Maiale, 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Conformity Contortion" Thollem Electric with Sara Lund, Drums (New Atlantis, 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dub Narcotic Session" with Brian Chase, Drums (New Atlantis, 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thollem Electric's Keyngdrum Overdrive: WITH!" Thollem Electric with Csaba Csendes, Dave Wayne, Raven Chacón, Lisa Schonberg, John Niekrasz, Heather Treadway, Ian Kerr, André Custodio, Miles Rozatti and Brian Chase (Union Pole, 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I'll Meet You Halfway Out In The Middle Of It All" with Rick Rivera (Edgetone Records, 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Everything's Going Everywhere" with Rick Rivera (Edgetone Records, 2005)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Estamos Ensemble.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "People's Historia" with Carmina Escobar & Milo Tamez (Relative Pitch Records, 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "JimpaniKustakwaKaJankwariteecherï" (Edgetone Records, 2011)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Tsigoti.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Read Between the Lines … Think Outside Them" (Post-Consumer Records, 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Imagination Liberation Front Thinks Again" (Post-Consumer Records, 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Private Poverty Speaks To The People Of The Party" (ESP-Disk, 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "TheBrutalRealityOfModernBrutality" (née WarIsTerror TerrorIsWar, Edgetone Records, 2008)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Bad News From Houston with John Dieterich.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In the Valley of the Cloudbuilder" (Post-Consumer Records, 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "AllForNow" (Dromos Records, 2010)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:The Hand to Man Band (with Mike Watt, John Dieterich & Tim Barnes).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "You Are Always On Our Minds" (Post-Consumer Records, 2012)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Bloom Project with Rent Romus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sudden Aurora" (Edgetone Records, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prismatic Season" (Edgetone Records, 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bloom" with Jon Brumit & Steven Baker (Edgetone Records, 2006)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:10,000 Tigers with Arrington de Dionyso.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Intuition, Science, And Sex" (Edgetone Records, 2008)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thollem McDonas' Official Site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perpetually Traveling Music

description: American composer

wikidata_label: Thollem McDonas

wikipedia_title: Thollem McDonas


text: Roman Catholic Church

categories: 1966 births,Living people,Titular bishops

paragraph: Johannes Wübbe

paragraph: In 1970, the Roman Catholic Church revived the title.

description: German priest

wikidata_label: Johannes Wübbe

wikipedia_title: Johannes Wübbe


text:
Vermont
Vermont State Treasurer
Lebanon, New Hampshire
Montpelier, Vermont
Elisha Payne
Vermont Central Railroad
Ontario
Great Western Railway
colonel
Charles Paine
Governor
Whig
Vermont State Treasurer
Vermont House of Representatives
Republican
in 1872
Brattleboro, Vermont
Ruth Payne Jewett
John W. Burgess
National Register of Historic Places
Elisha Payne Jewett

categories: 1894 deaths,Vermont Republicans,People from Lebanon, New Hampshire,Members of the Vermont House of Representatives,19th-century American railroad executives,19th-century American businesspeople,Vermont Whigs,1801 births,People from Montpelier, Vermont,American militia officers,19th-century American politicians,American railroad pioneers,American bankers,State treasurers of Vermont

paragraph: Elisha P. Jewett

paragraph: Elisha P. Jewett (June 5, 1801 – August 19, 1894) was a Vermont businessman, banker and political figure who served as Vermont State Treasurer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Elisha Payne Jewett was born in Lebanon, New Hampshire on June 5, 1801. He was the son of Nathan Jewett (1767–1861) and Ruth Payne (1770–1828), early settlers of Montpelier, Vermont. Ruth Payne Jewett was the daughter of Elisha Payne. Elisha Payne Jewett was raised and educated in Montpelier, and at age 15 he was apprenticed to Daniel Baldwin, a local merchant.

paragraph: At age 21 Jewett began his own business career, attaining success in the mercantile partnerships of Hubbard & Jewett and Jewett, Howes & Co. Jewett was later involved in railroad construction, including sections of the Vermont Central Railroad and Ontario's Great Western Railway. Jewett's business success enabled him to later become a gentleman farmer. He was also president of the Bank of Montpelier and a member of the board of directors of the Montpelier Savings Bank. Jewett was also one of the original commissioners of Montpelier's Green Mount Cemetery.

paragraph: Jewett served in the militia as a colonel and member of the staff of Charles Paine when Paine served as Governor. A Whig in politics, Jewett served as Vermont State Treasurer from 1846 to 1847, and he was a member of the Vermont House of Representatives in 1855. Jewett became a Republican when that party was founded in the mid-1850s, and was one of Vermont's presidential electors in 1872.

paragraph: Section::::Death and burial.

paragraph: Jewett died in Montpelier on August 19, 1894. He was buried at Green Mount Cemetery in Montpelier.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1861 Jewett married Julia Kellogg Field of Brattleboro, Vermont. They were the parents of a daughter, Ruth Payne Jewett (1865–1934). Ruth Payne Jewett was a well-known painter and the wife of John W. Burgess.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The Elisha Jewett House at 157 State Street is part of the Montpelier Historic District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elisha Payne Jewett in "The History of the Town of Montpelier, Including that of the Town of East Montpelier". 1882. Abby Maria Hemenway, editor.

description: Vermont businessman, banker and politician

wikidata_label: Elisha P. Jewett

wikipedia_title: Elisha P. Jewett


text: Kibi

text: Eastern Region

text: Ofori-Atta family

text: politics

text: law

text: chieftaincy

text: business

text: Achimota School

text: Tsatsu Tsikata

text: Bachelor of Arts

text: Economics

text: Columbia University

text: MBA

text: Yale University

text: School of Management

text: Databank

text: Togbe Afede XIV

text: Salomon Brothers

text: Morgan Stanley

text: Enterprise Group Ltd

text: Trust Bank Ltd

text: Gambia

text: International Bank

text: Acumen Fund

text: Nana Akufo-Addo

text: 2016 elections

text: Akufo-Addo

text: his cabinet

text: Parliament of Ghana

text: Rt. Hon. Prof. Mike Ocquaye

text: Ghana

text: Nana Akufo-Addo

text: African Development Bank

text: World Bank Group

text: World Bank

text: Aspen Institute

text: Ghana

text: Yale University

text: John Jay Award

text: Columbia University

text: University of Ghana Medical School

categories: People from Eastern Region (Ghana),Akan people,1959 births,Columbia College (New York) alumni,Yale School of Management alumni,New Patriotic Party politicians,Alumni of Achimota School,Finance ministers of Ghana,Living people,Cabinet Ministers of Ghana

paragraph: Ken Ofori-Atta

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Ken was born in 1959 at Kibi, a small town in the Eastern Region. He is a member of the prominent Ofori-Atta family of Ghana that has been influential in politics, law, chieftaincy and business.

paragraph: Ken had his education at Achimota School in Ghana, after attending the Accra Newtown Experimental School (ANT 1) where Tsatsu Tsikata also had his primary education. He proceeded to have a Bachelor of Arts in Economics from Columbia University (1984) and an MBA from the Yale University School of Management in 1988.

paragraph: Section::::Career in the private sector.

paragraph: Ken Co-Founded Databank with Daniel Ofori-Atta, Keli Gadzekpo and Togbe Afede XIV in 1990; he served as it's executive chairman until February 14, 2012. He also worked at investment banks Salomon Brothers and Morgan Stanley on debt and equity management. He has other business interests in Insurance, Retail Banking, Private Equity, Micro-finance, Pharmaceuticals and Real Estate.

paragraph: In 1997,Ken Ofori-Atta was the first African to testify at the US Congress Ways and Means Committee to support the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA.)

paragraph: Ken served as a director for numerous companies and as a member of some other boards as well. He was a Director for Enterprise Group Ltd and Trust Bank Ltd of The Gambia of which he is the Chairman. He also was a Director at the International Bank and is also a Board Member of the Acumen Fund.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Ofori-Atta was President Nana Akufo-Addo’s nominee to assess the health of the economy during the transition period after the 2016 elections.

paragraph: In May, 2017, Akufo-Addo named Ken Ofori-Atta as part of nineteen ministers who would form his cabinet. The names of the 19 ministers were submitted to the Parliament of Ghana and was announced by the Speaker of the House, Rt. Hon. Prof. Mike Ocquaye. As a Cabinet minister, Ken Ofori-Atta is an integral part of the inner circle of the president of Ghana,Nana Akufo-Addo, and is to aid in the key decision making activities in the country and he brings to the Ministry over 30 years' experience in the Ghanaian and International financial sector.

paragraph: Section::::Other activities.

paragraph: BULLET::::- African Development Bank (AfDB), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (since 2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), World Bank Group, Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (since 2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Bank, Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (since 2017)

paragraph: Section::::Awards and recognition.

paragraph: Ken is a Henry Crown fellow of the Aspen Institute. Ken was adjudged as the 2nd most respected C.E.O in Ghana. Ken is a "Donaldson Fellow" at Yale University in 2010 and a recipient of the John Jay Award from Columbia University in 2011. He is a Co-Founder of the Aspen Africa Leadership Initiative.

paragraph: He was honored by PriceWaterHouse Ghana twice as one of the Top 5 Most Respected CEOs in Ghana.

paragraph: In May 2018, he was adjudged Best Africa Finance Minister of the year by London-based magazine, The Banker.

paragraph: Ken Ofori-Atta was elected Chair of the World Bank/IMF Development Committee at the 2018 Spring Meetings and also Chairs the Governing Board of African Capacity Building Foundation (ACBF). In addition, he Chairs the African Caucus at the World Bank.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Ken Ofori-Atta is married to Professor Angela Lamensdorf Ofori-Atta (a Clinical Psychologist) at the University of Ghana Medical School and blessed with four (4) children.

description: Ghanaian Economist co founder of Databank

wikidata_label: Ken Ofori-Atta

wikipedia_title: Ken Ofori-Atta


text:
French
racing driver

categories: Living people,24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,1944 births,French racing drivers

paragraph: Marcel Mignot

paragraph: Marcel Mignot (born 11 June 1944) is a French former racing driver.

description: French racing driver

wikidata_label: Marcel Mignot

wikipedia_title: Marcel Mignot


text:
Chimaltenango
Guatemala
Normal Institute
José María Reina Barrios
Guatemala City
Christopher Columbus
Próspero Morales
Guatemala City
Antonio Batres Jáuregui
Pedagogy
Grammar
Manuel Lisandro Barillas Bercián
Próspero Morales
Exposición Centroamericana
Quetzaltenango
Tapachula
México
Manuel Estrada Cabrera
México City
Manuel Lisandro Barillas Bercián
Baltimore
United States
Latin America
pro bono

categories: 1868 births,Year of death missing,Guatemalan women writers,Guatemalan educators

paragraph: Natalia Górriz

paragraph: Natalia Górriz de Morales (Chimaltenango, 21 July 1868 - ?) was a Guatemalan teacher, pedagogue, and the founder of the (the Central Normal Institute for Young Ladies) in 1888. In 1892, the government of General José María Reina Barrios promoted her to the post of Inspector General of Girls' Schools in Guatemala City. She wrote a book dedicated to Christopher Columbus in honor of that year's fourth centenary of his landing. Her teaching career was put on hold when she married Próspero Morales, in 1894, but after his death in 1898, she started teaching again.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Górriz de Morales graduated from in 1884 with a teacher diploma, and the next year she also obtained a high school diploma. Shortly after graduating she became principal of the only complementary school that existed in Guatemala City at the time under then Secretary of Public Instruction, Antonio Batres Jáuregui and eventually moved to the Instituto Belén faculty where she taught Pedagogy and Grammar with a method that she invented and that kept her students interested in the class and allowed them to reach a professional level even before graduating as teachers.

paragraph: Górriz lobbied for and eventually got that the government of general Manuel Lisandro Barillas Bercián on 28 June 1888 decreed the creation of the (Normal School for girls) which began started working in the old instituto Belén. In 1891 was named school principal and in 1892 was promoted to General Inspector of Elementary Public Instruction in Guatemala City. She was also president of the Guatemalan Teachers Central Academy and a member of the Madrid Geographic Society.

paragraph: In 1894, she married then Secretary of Infrastructure and War, Próspero Morales and left her career to focus on her family.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Próspero Morales resignation.

paragraph: But her marriage with Morales was soon going to undergo serious difficulties; in January 1897, some rebellions started against Reina Barrios; after a mild battle, a group of invaders were defeated and their leaders were taken prisoners, judged and summarily executed on the same day. The opposition press was also critical of the president, accusing him of tyranny given that he had not allowed opposition political parties to prosper.

paragraph: On 5 March 1897, her husband Próspero Morales resigned as Secretary of Public Instruction in order to participate as a presidential candidate in the upcoming elections. . Opposition newspaper "La República" editors accused the government -and particularly Próspero Morales, former Secretary of Infrastructure, and president Reina Barrios- of wasting the few resources the country had trying to do all their projects at once: besides the Northern Railroad -which in case of had been the only project built would have brought considerable benefits to the country- boulevards, parks, squares, public buildings, and luxurious office buildings had been built as well, not to mention the three millions pesos wasted on the failed Exposición Centroamericana.

paragraph: On 31 May 1897 the president dissolved the National Assembly and by August the situation was critical. Próspero Morales moved with Górriz and his family to San Marcos and joined the revolutions that rose against Reina Barrios in Quetzaltenango.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Próspero Morales death.

paragraph: After the September Quetzaltenango Revolution of 1897 failed, Morales and Górriz fled Guatemala and moved into Tapachula, México where he learned that former Secretary of the Interior Manuel Estrada Cabrera had been appointed as interim president after Reina Barrios was murdered on 8 February 1898, Próspero Morales made the decision to be a presidential candidate in the 1898 elections. However, when he realized that Estrada Cabrera was using his position to ridge the elections, Morales went to México City to recruit people for an invasion to Guatemala. Back in Tapachula we received support from colonels Rodrigo Castilla and Víctor López, who lived on the Guatemalan side of the border, in San Marcos -where Morales was born-. On 22 July 1898, approximately 1500 rebels entered Guatemala from Mexico equipped with Mauser rifles to end Estrada Cabrera regime, but their adventure was swiftly neutralized, as Estrada Cabrera sent twelve thousand troops to stop them, declared Martial Law and secured the help of a British navy ship to attack the Port of Ocós if needed. The commander in chief of the Guatemalan Army was former president Manuel Lisandro Barillas Bercián, who defeated the rebels in Vado Ancho on 5 August of that year. After the invasion failure Morales followers split; some of them went back to Mexico while a few stayed with him, until he surrendered on 14 August. He eventually died on 17 August.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Restarting her teaching career.

paragraph: After the death of her husband, she published her book "Compedio de geografía descriptiva" ("Descriptive Geography handbook") in 1904 and then was named director of the International School for Girls, where the Guatemalan elite sent their daughters to get an education.

paragraph: In 1922, the Pan American Feminist Congress took place in Baltimore in the United States and twenty Latin American congress sent their delegates; in the Congress it was evident the enormous inequality between the American delegates their Latin American counterparts, as well as the preeminence of the Americans on all the topics and the negative attitude some of them had over Latin America. After noticing this, Mexican writer and philanthropist Elena Arizmendi, who attended the Congress as observer, announced the formation of a Spanish and Hispanic American Women League -or Women of the Race League- which started in 1923; in Guatemala, professor Górriz de Morales was the League delegate.

paragraph: When specialized Kindergarten teaching formally began in Guatemala on 28 June 1928, professor Górriz de Morales was among the first batch of instructors who served pro bono.

description: Guatemalan professor

wikidata_label: Natalia Górriz

wikipedia_title: Natalia Górriz


text: draftsman

text: minimalism

text: Porto

text: School of Fine Artes

text: Armando Alves

text: Jorge Pinheiro

text: José Rodrigues

text: Full Professor

text: São Paulo Art Biennial

text: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation

text: Gulbenkian Prize

text: Eugénio de Andrade

text: Maria Alzira Seixo

text: Mário Cláudio

text: Fiama Hasse Pais Brandão

text: (in Portuguese

categories: 1935 births,Portuguese sculptors,Portuguese painters,2011 deaths

paragraph: Ângelo de Sousa

paragraph: Ângelo César Cardoso de Sousa (February 2, 1938March 29, 2011) was a Portuguese painter, sculptor, draftsman and professor, better known for continuously experimenting new techniques in his works. He was seen as a scholar of light and colour who explored minimalism in new radical ways.

paragraph: He was born in Lourenço Marques (now Maputo) in 1938 and in 1955 he moved to Porto where he enrolled in the School of Fine Artes. It was there that he received his degree in painting with the highest mark, 20. His academic excellence led him, along with Armando Alves, Jorge Pinheiro and José Rodrigues, to become part of a group known as "Os Quatro Vintes" (Portuguese for "The Four Twenties").

paragraph: Ângelo de Sousa lived and worked in Porto, where he lectured in the School of Fine Arts (now the Faculty of Fine Arts of the University of Porto) from 1962 until 2000, when he retired as a Full Professor. Prior to teaching, de Sousa had his first solo exhibition in 1959 and since then his works have been shown worldwide.

paragraph: In 1975 he received the International Prize of the 13th São Paulo Art Biennial and in 2007 the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation presented him with the Gulbenkian Prize.

paragraph: Some of his drawings illustrate books by Eugénio de Andrade, Maria Alzira Seixo, Mário Cláudio, Fiama Hasse Pais Brandão, amongst others.

paragraph: He died in his home, at the age of 73, after battling with cancer for several months.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perfil Ângelo de Sousa, "Jornal de Notícias" (in Portuguese)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ângelo de Sousa, Antigo Estudante da Escola Superior de Belas-Artes do Porto (in Portuguese)

alias:
Ângelo César Cardoso de Sousa
Ângelo Sousa de
Angelo de Sousa
Angelo Cesar Cardoso de Sousa
Angelo Sousa de

description: Portuguese artist

wikidata_label: Ângelo de Sousa

wikipedia_title: Ângelo de Sousa


text:
South Australia
Port Lincoln
William Ranson Mortlock
St Peter's College, Adelaide
Jesus College, Cambridge
Inner Temple
Port Augusta
Martindale Hall
Mintaro
South Australian House of Assembly
1896 election
Flinders
by-election for Flinders
Alexander Poynton
Australian House of Representatives
1901 federal election
1902 election
Andrew Tennant
North Road Cemetery
Hundred of Mortlock

categories: Members of the South Australian House of Assembly,1858 births,1913 deaths,Mortlock family

paragraph: William Tennant Mortlock

paragraph: William Tennant Mortlock (1858 – 17 August 1913) was a South Australian grazier and politician.

paragraph: Mortlock was born near Port Lincoln, the son of William Ranson Mortlock. He was educated at St Peter's College, Adelaide and Jesus College, Cambridge. He read for the law at the Inner Temple while in England, but returned to South Australia in 1883 and did not pursue his legal studies further. He worked on his father's Yudnapinna Station, near Port Augusta, and he increased the family's pastoral property after inheriting it upon his father's death in 1884. In 1891 he purchased Martindale Hall at Mintaro, which would become his family's main station.

paragraph: Mortlock was elected to the South Australian House of Assembly at the 1896 election, winning his father's old seat of Flinders. He re-entered parliament in 1901, winning a by-election for Flinders caused by the election of Alexander Poynton to the inaugural Australian House of Representatives at the 1901 federal election. However, he was again defeated at the 1902 election.

paragraph: He was heavily involved with the racing industry, serving as chairman of the Port Augusta Racing Club and co-founding the Martindale Racing Club; he also bred and raced Yudnapinna, winner of the 1911 Adelaide Grand National.

paragraph: He married Rosina Forsyth Tennant on 28 January 1891 at St. Peter's Church, Glenelg in a double-wedding with her sister, Clayre Jessie Tennant; both were daughters of Andrew Tennant. Rosina and William were cousins, as Andrew Tennant was a brother of William's mother Margaret.

paragraph: He died in a private hospital in North Adelaide in 1913, aged 55, following a six-month illness. He was interred in the Mortlock family vault at the North Road Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hundred of Mortlock

description: Australian politician

wikidata_label: William Mortlock

wikipedia_title: William Tennant Mortlock


text:
Einbeck
Brunswick-Grubenhagen
Henry III
Jan I
Albert II
Osterode Castle
Herzberg Castle
Heldenburg Castle
Grubenhagen Castle
Philip I
John V
Dorothea of Brandenburg

categories: 1460 births,1526 deaths,15th-century German people,Princes of Grubenhagen,Old House of Brunswick,16th-century German people

paragraph: Henry IV, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen

paragraph: Duke Henry IV of Brunswick Grubenhagen (1460 – 6 December 1526, Salzderhelden, now part of Einbeck) was a member of the Guelph dynasty and was Prince of Brunswick-Grubenhagen.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Henry was the son of Henry III of Brunswick-Grubenhagen and Margaret, a daughter of the Duke Jan I of Żagań and Scholastica of Saxe-Wittenberg. After his father's death in 1464, he succeeded him as Prince of Grubenhagen. Since he was a minor, he was under the guardianship of his uncle, Albert II until he came of age in 1479. After 1479, he divided the principality with Albert. Albert received Osterode Castle and Herzberg Castle; Henry received Heldenburg Castle. They ruled Grubenhagen Castle jointly.

paragraph: After Albert II died in 1485, Henry became guardian of his underage cousin Philip I. When Henry died childless in 1526, Philip I inherited his territory and thereby reunited all parts of Grubenhagen.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: Henry married on 26 August 1494 in Einbeck with Elisabeth of Saxe-Lauenburg (died: after 7 April 1542), the daughter of Duke John V of Saxe-Lauenburg and Dorothea of Brandenburg. The marriage remained childless

description: Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen

wikidata_label: Henry IV, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen

wikipedia_title: Henry IV, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen


text: Duke

text: Mecklenburg

text: Henry IV, Duke of Mecklenburg

text: Dorothea

text: Frederick I of Brandenburg

text: apanage

text: districts

text: Albert VI

text: Eric II

text: Franconia

text: Albrecht III Achilles

text: Kulmbach

text: plague

text: Poor Clares

text: Hof

categories: 1474 deaths,Dukes of Mecklenburg,House of Mecklenburg,15th-century German people,1439 births

paragraph: John VI, Duke of Mecklenburg

paragraph: John VI, Duke of Mecklenburg (1439–1474) was a Duke of Mecklenburg.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: John was the second son of Henry IV, Duke of Mecklenburg, and his wife Dorothea, daughter of Elector Frederick I of Brandenburg.

paragraph: His earliest documented official act (jointly with the father) was in 1451. In 1464 he ruled an apanage of several districts jointly with his brother Albert VI, but did not participate actively in administering them.

paragraph: In 1472, John VI was engaged to Sophie, the daughter of Duke Eric II of Pomerania. The marriage was set to be celebrated in 1474. However, John VI died before the marriage took place. The exact date of his death is unknown; he is last mentioned in a document dated 20 May 1474.

paragraph: His last illness was contracted on a journey to Franconia to visit his uncle Elector Albrecht III Achilles of Brandenburg. In Kulmbach, he was infected with the plague and died. He was probably buried in Poor Clares monastery in Hof.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogical table of the House of Mecklenburg

description: duke of Mecklenburg

wikidata_label: John VI, Duke of Mecklenburg

wikipedia_title: John VI, Duke of Mecklenburg


text:
Super GT
GT500
1995
2013
Mugen Motorsports
Honda NSX
Dome
Nakajima Racing
Honda HSV-010 GT
1000 km Suzuka
Super GT
NSX GT3
All-Japan Formula Three Championship
Ukyo Sasahara
Japan GT Championship
Honda Civic
2017 World Touring Car Championship
Official website
driverdb

categories: Super GT drivers,All-Japan Formula Three Championship drivers,24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,Formula Nippon drivers,Japanese racing drivers,Living people,1973 births

paragraph: Ryo Michigami

paragraph: He competed in the Super GT series in the GT500 category from 1995 until 2013, driving a Mugen Motorsports Honda NSX from 1998 to 2000, a Dome Honda NSX from 2001 to 2009, and a Nakajima Racing Honda HSV-010 GT from 2010 to 2013. He also was a third driver for Mugen at the 2014 1000 km Suzuka. He works as an executive advisor for Team Mugen since 2014.

paragraph: After his initial retirement, he formed the Drago Corse team, which competes in Super GT's GT500 class in 2015 and 2016 before withdrawing from the series. Drago would return to Super GT in 2018, albeit competing in the GT300 class fielding the NSX GT3 with Michigami and Hiroki Otsu driving the #34 NSX. This also marks Michigami's return as a full-time competitor, and his first season as a driver-owner in the series. Drago Corse also currently competes in All-Japan Formula Three Championship as the ThreeBond Racing team, with Ukyo Sasahara being tabbed as the team's driver for the 2018 season.

paragraph: In 2000 he won the Japan GT Championship, GT500.

paragraph: Michigami will drive a factory Honda Civic at the 2017 World Touring Car Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Complete JGTC/Super GT results.

paragraph: Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed.

paragraph: * Season still in progress.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- driverdb

description: Japanese racing driver

wikidata_label: Ryo Michigami

wikipedia_title: Ryo Michigami