text:
Saudi Arabia
House of Saud
Prince Mutaib
Al Sheikh
George Washington University
King Saud University
Prince Nayef
the Saudi cabinet
King Salman
Ras Tanura

categories: Government ministers of Saudi Arabia,Grandsons of Ibn Saud,1952 births,George Washington University School of Business alumni,Living people,King Saud University faculty

paragraph: Mansour bin Mutaib Al Saud

paragraph: Mansour bin Mutaib Al Saud (born 1952) was the minister of municipal and rural affairs of Saudi Arabia and is a member of House of Saud. He is a minister of state.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Prince Mansour was born in 1952. His father is one of King Abdulaziz's sons, Prince Mutaib. His mother is a member of the powerful religious family, Al Sheikh, Noura bint Mohammed bin Abdullah bin Abdul Latif Al Sheikh.

paragraph: Mansour bin Mutaib received all his higher education degrees from George Washington University: a bachelor of arts degree in business administration in 1976; a master of arts degree in 1979 and a PhD in public administration in 1986. His thesis has the title of ‘Improvement in the productivity of public sector in the Kingdom”.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Mansour bin Mutaib joined King Saud University as an assistant professor in 1987. Then, he served as the director of the research center in the College of Administrative Sciences from 1987 to 1988. He became associate professor at the Department of Public Administration in 1995. He is still a member of the College of Business Administration advisory council at King Saud University.

paragraph: Prince Mansour was appointed chairman of the general commission for municipal elections in late 2004. However, although he was in charge of municipal elections, it was then-interior minister Prince Nayef who stated that women cannot vote and stand for office in the elections.

paragraph: He served as the deputy minister of municipal and rural affairs from 2006 to 2009. He was then appointed minister of municipal and rural affairs to the Saudi cabinet, replacing his father Mutaib bin Abdulaziz on 2 November 2009. His term ended on 29 January 2015, and he was appointed minister of state. He is also advisor to King Salman.

paragraph: Section::::Views.

paragraph: After municipal council elections that were planned to be held in 2009 were postponed, Mansour bin Mutaib, then-deputy minister, indicated that recommendations for improving the municipal council system were the subject of a recent conference held in Ras Tanura, including women's right to vote in municipal council elections.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Prince Mansour is married to Ibtisam bint Yazid bin Abdallah Al Abdul Rahman. He has five children: Nura, Mohammed, Saud, Sara and Faisal.

description: Saudi Arabian politician and a member of House of Saud

wikidata_label: Mansour bin Mutaib

wikipedia_title: Mansour bin Mutaib Al Saud


text:
Danish
cricket
batsman
fast-medium
Århus
Århus County
Denmark
Finland
European T20 Championship Division One
Jersey
Guernsey
World Twenty20 Qualifier
United Arab Emirates
Twenty20
Bermuda
Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium
Hong Kong
average
not out
Rizwan
Kamran Mahmood
ESPNcricinfo
Kamran Mahmood

categories: 1993 births,Sportspeople from Aarhus,Living people

paragraph: Kamran Mahmood

paragraph: Kamran Tariq Mahmood (born 20 January 1993) is a Danish cricketer. Mahmood is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Århus, Århus County.

paragraph: Having represented Denmark at Under-19 level, Mahmood made his full debut for Denmark in the 2011 Nordic Cup against Finland, before playing in the European T20 Championship Division One which was held in Jersey and Guernsey.

paragraph: In March 2012, Denmark took part in the World Twenty20 Qualifier in the United Arab Emirates, having qualified for the event by winning the European T20 Championship. Mahmood was selected in Denmark's fourteen man squad for the qualifier, making his Twenty20 debut against Bermuda at the Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium. He made six further appearances during the competition, the last of which came against Hong Kong, with him scoring a total of 53 runs in the tournament at an average of 10.60, with a high score of 25 not out.

paragraph: His older brother, Rizwan, also plays for Denmark.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kamran Mahmood at ESPNcricinfo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kamran Mahmood at CricketArchive

description: Danish cricketer

wikidata_label: Kamran Mahmood

wikipedia_title: Kamran Mahmood


text: Scottish

text: adventure

text: soldier

text: diplomat

text: Scandinavia

text: Baltic

text: English

text: Thirty Years' War

text: friherre

text: Wormiston

text: Wormieston

text: Wormeston

text: Learmonth

text: Learmonth

text: Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox

text: Stirling

text: provost

text: Craill

text: Fife

text: Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell

text: Isle of Lewis

text: James VI of Scotland

text: Stornoway

text: Clan MacLeod

text: Neil MacLeod

text: Charles IX of Sweden

text: Gustavus Adolphus

text: Treaty of Knäred

text: Kalmar War

text: Robert Anstruther

text: Samuel Cockburn

text: Axel Oxenstierna

text: Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Stockholm

text: Christian von Bellin

text: Christian IV of Denmark

text: Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)

text: Order of the Garter

text: Dirschau

text: Elbing

text: John Durie

text: friherre

text: barony

text: Orreholmen

text: Charles I of England

text: Thirty Years' War

text: Hugh Hamilton, 1st Viscount of Glenawly

text: James Ramsay

text: Axel Oxenstierna

text: Biographical/genealogical record

text: Electric Scotland, "Scots in Sweden"

categories: 17th-century diplomats,Year of birth missing,Ambassadors of Scotland,1632 deaths,17th-century Scottish people

paragraph: James Spens (diplomat)

paragraph: Sir James Spens (died 1632) was a Scottish adventurer, soldier and diplomat, much concerned with Scandinavian and Baltic affairs, and an important figure in recruiting Scottish and English soldiers for the Thirty Years' War. Raised to Swedish peerage as friherre Jacob Spens.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was the son of David Spens of Wormiston (alternatively spelled Wormieston and Wormeston), by his wife Margaret Learmonth, daughter of Sir Patrik Learmonth of Dairsie. His father formed one of the party which captured the regent Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox at Stirling in 1571, and was shot while trying to guard him from injury. Because of his treason, his estates were forfeited. In 1594 the son James was provost of Craill in Fife, and during the rising of Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell he was called on to find security for the borough.

paragraph: Section::::The Lewis expedition.

paragraph: In 1598 Spens and other Scottish gentlemen, including his stepfather, Sir John Anstruther of that ilk, entered into a project for a plantation on the Isle of Lewis. With a grant from James VI of Scotland, they landed at Stornoway harbour in October 1599. At first all went well. They took peaceful possession of the country, and the inhabitants, mostly of Clan MacLeod, submitted to them. But they were resisted in the longer term by Neil MacLeod, and Spens was taken hostage by him.

paragraph: The attack on Lewis was renewed by others in 1605, but the undertaking again proved too much for private adventurers.

paragraph: Section::::Ambassador, Spy-master and Soldier.

paragraph: On being released by MacLeod, Spens entered the service of Charles IX of Sweden, and raised several thousand foot and horse for Sweden, thereby earning the rank of colonel, though he never joined his troops in the field. When tension erupted with Denmark in 1611, Spens was recalled by James VI & I, who wished to promote peace between Sweden and Denmark, and was unwilling to allow troops for the Swedish service to be recruited from Scotland – at least officially. In the beginning of 1612 James sent Sir James, now a knight, to Sweden, as ambassador on the accession of Gustavus Adolphus, to urge on him the expediency of peace with Denmark. The Treaty of Knäred ended the Kalmar War, and, with his step brother Robert Anstruther, Spens contributed to its negotiation.

paragraph: In 1614, and often subsequently, Spens conveyed a request to the London court on behalf of Gustavus Adolphus, in whose interests he worked consistently. On this occasion it concerned Samuel Cockburn and the Swedish wish to have him recruit Scottish troops. In 1615 Spens gained a pension in Scotland (surrendered in 1619), but continued in his duties as dual-ambassador, visiting London and Stockholm several times. He also used his time establishing an effective spy network for the Swedish Chancellor, Axel Oxenstierna. This he deployed mainly against Poland, and particularly against Scots working in the interest of the deposed Swedish king, Sigismund III Vasa.

paragraph: In 1623 Spens was again in Sweden, and was sent by Gustavus to the Scottish privy council to request permission to levy troops in Scotland to repel a threatened Polish invasion. On 24 March 1624 the council authorised his son, James Spens, to levy a body of twelve hundred men to aid the king of Sweden. In the same year Spens was commissioned to return to Sweden and to bring Gustavus into the alliance against Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor which was projected by Great Britain, the Dutch Republic and France. He reached Stockholm in August and returned in January 1625 accompanied by Christian von Bellin, bearing Gustavus's demands. These were thought extravagant, and the more moderate proposals of Christian IV of Denmark having been accepted, Spens was despatched in March to persuade Gustavus to enter the confederacy as the ally of Denmark. Unsuccessful he returned to his role as military commander and embedded diplomat. His main regiment of Scots was based in Riga in Livonia from late 1624 onwards, while Spens continued with his shuttle diplomacy when required.

paragraph: In 1627 Spens was dispatched to invest Gustavus, then occupied in the Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629), with the Order of the Garter. That he did in Dirschau; and moved on to Elbing, where he recruited John Durie as his secretary. On April 28, 1628, Gustavus made him friherre Spens awarding him the barony of Orreholmen.

paragraph: In March 1629 Spens was commissioned by Gustavus to urge Charles I of England to support him in the Thirty Years' War. For the next year he was charged with the superintendence of Gustavus's levies in Scotland and England, and letters by him are extant on this subject. He moved with his regiment into Germany in 1630 and followed the main Swedish army in the company of Gustavus Adolphus.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He married Agnes Durie, by whom he had three sons (James and David and William), and daughters Cecilia, Isabella and one daughter whose name is unknown. His second wife was Margaret Forratt (Margaretha Forath) with whom he had sons Axel and Jacob. After his death Margaret married Hugh Hamilton, 1st Viscount of Glenawly. Isobel Spens married James Ramsay, another Scot, who rose to high military rank in Swedish service and was much employed by Spens as an intermediary with Axel Oxenstierna.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Attribution:

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biographical/genealogical record

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Works and Correspondence of Axel Oxenstierna"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Electric Scotland, "Scots in Sweden"

description: Scottish diplomat

wikidata_label: James Spens

wikipedia_title: James Spens (diplomat)


href: yeshivah Pressburg Shochtiz Faks Paks J%C3%A1sz-Nagykun-Szolnok%20County Szentendre Miskolc Arad%2C%20Romania Chaim%20Sofer Dratshke Yunk Yom%20Kippur

text:
yeshivah
Pressburg
Shochtiz
Faks
Paks
Halas
Sendra
Miklosh
Arad
Chaim Sofer
Dratshke
Yunk
Yom Kippur

categories: Hungarian Orthodox rabbis,1830 births,19th-century rabbis,1903 deaths

paragraph: Eliezer Zussman-Sofer

paragraph: Eliezer Zussman-Sofer (1828–1902) was a Hungarian rabbi and head of a "yeshivah". He was the son of Rabbi Mordechai Efraim Fischel Sofer-Zussman of Pressburg and a son-in-law of Rabbi Joel Ungar of Shochtiz and Faks (Paks?).

paragraph: Zussman-Sofer was rabbi of Halas in 1850 and Faks in 1880. He authored a number of works including "Yalkut Eliezer", "Et Sofer", "Meleah Ketoret" and "Damesek Eliezer".

paragraph: All of his sons became rabbis:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon, rabbi in Sendra and Paks

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Leib, rabbi in Dratshke (author of "Yalkut Sofer")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Judah, rabbi in Kadelburg, Yemring, Miklosh and Arad (author of "Mate Yehudah" and the father-in-law of Rabbi Chaim Sofer of Munkaz and Budapest)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shmuel Benjamin, rabbi in Dratshke (author of "Divrei Sofrim").

paragraph: His sons-in-law were Rabbi Yitzchok Yakov Blum of Sanshun and Kroly and Rabbi Amram Fischer of Yunk.

paragraph: Zussman-Sofer died on the eve of Yom Kippur, October 1902.

description: Hungarian rabbi

wikidata_label: Eliezer Zussman-Sofer

wikipedia_title: Eliezer Zussman-Sofer


text:
muralist
Guadalajara, Jalisco
magnum opus
Los Niños Héroes
Guadalajara, Jalisco
El Arenal
University of Guadalajara
Diego Rivera
José Clemente Orozco
Mexican Mural Renaissance
governor of Jalisco
Agustín Yáñez
Michoacán
Salvador Allende
University of Guadalajara
Battle of Chapultepec
Mexican–American War
tequila
Tequila, Jalisco
state congress

wikipedia_title:
Mural
Guadalajara
Masterpiece
Niños Héroes
Guadalajara
El Arenal, Jalisco
University of Guadalajara
Diego Rivera
José Clemente Orozco
Mexican muralism
Governor of Jalisco
Agustín Yáñez
Michoacán
Salvador Allende
University of Guadalajara
Battle of Chapultepec
Mexican–American War
Tequila
Tequila, Jalisco
Congress of Jalisco

categories: Artists from Guadalajara, Jalisco,1930 births,1993 deaths,Mexican muralists

paragraph: Gabriel Flores

paragraph: Gabriel Flores (February 9, 1930 – December 14, 1993) was a prominent Mexican painter and muralist born in Guadalajara, Jalisco. Between 1956 and 1993, his murals focused on historical and universal themes, as well as the ability of art functioning as social commentary. In the 1960s, at the height of his career, he created his magnum opus "Los Niños Héroes", depicting the sacrifice of six child soldiers during the Mexican-American War. Gabriel Flores described himself, saying "I do not want much; I have what I like, above all my freedom."

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Gabriel Flores García was born on February 8, 1930, in Guadalajara, Jalisco, although some sources mention El Arenal. He was involved in the arts since early childhood and at the age of 17, he began his formal art studies. In 1948, he entered the School of Fine Arts at the University of Guadalajara. Together with Guillermo Chávez Vega, Torreblanca, Miguel Aldana and Ignacio Martínez, they formed the Neo-realist art group, running counter to the abstract art movement at the time. His early influences included Diego Rivera and José Clemente Orozco, both members of the Mexican Mural Renaissance in the 1920s and 1930s.

paragraph: His first achievement came early in 1951 when the Benjamin Franklin Library of Guadalajara presented an exhibition of his works. Soon thereafter, he lived in Mexico City for a period of four years, where he worked alongside other distinguished painters. At 25 years of age, he returned to his native land of Jalisco and abandoned his brief teaching duties to focus his career as a muralist. His second exhibition in Guadalajara featured the mural, "El maíz en la Colonia", now lost. With an established recognition in the region, he was selected by then governor of Jalisco Agustín Yáñez to create two murals in the Public Library of the State, "La imprenta en Jalisco" ("The Printing Press in Jalisco") and "El parnaso jalisciense" ("The Jaliscan Parnassus"), the latter of which is one of his most representative works.

paragraph: In 1960, he painted "Alegoria de la Guerra y la Paz" in the state of Michoacán, though it was later transferred to the governmental offices in Guadalajara. Two years later, he was given the Jalisco Award in Culture, a recognition observed by the city to Jaliscans with excellence in the visual arts. The city council also declared Gabriel Flores a "favorite son" and included his name in the School of Painters near Agua Azul park.

paragraph: He reached his career high point in the latter half of the 1960s. In creating "La filosofía y la ciencia" ("Philosophy and Science") at the Salvador Allende auditorium in the University of Guadalajara, he sought to bring attention to the realities of poverty, social injustice, discrimination and consequences of industrialism and technology. "Los Niños Héroes", painted in Chapultepec Castle in 1967, honors the child heroes who died in the Battle of Chapultepec during the Mexican–American War. The mural depicts a Mexican military cadet jumping from the tower of Chapultepec Castle in 1847 wrapped in the Mexican flag in order to prevent its capture by the U.S. military forces. As a presentation to tequila, one of Jalisco's largest exports, he accepted a request to paint "Tahona y fiesta" and "Mitología e historia del tequila" for Casa Sauza, a liquor factory in Tequila, Jalisco.

paragraph: There was a change in subject matter for Flores' murals at the turn of the 1970s, shifting from historical and universal themes to works containing his own ideas and feelings on social and political events. He painted a series of murals, including "Culto al Dinero" ("Worship of Money") and "Estampas de la vida" ("Prints of Life"), which did not garner much praise and were removed from exhibitions.

paragraph: In 1984, at the age of 54, the Jalisco government awarded him the Medal of the Arts. The state governor commissioned his last work, "La historia de la medicina en Guadalajara" ("The History of Medicine in Guadalajara"), which was completed at Antiguo Hospital Civil in 1992, just one year prior to his death. In 2005, he was recognized by the University of Guadalajara and was honored by the state congress as a distinguished Jaliscan painter.

paragraph: Section::::Partial list of works.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "La cortina de humo" (1953), Escuela de Artes Plasticas de la Universidad de Guadalajara (desaparecido). Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. Caseína, 14 m².

paragraph: BULLET::::2. "El maíz en la Colonia" (1955), Gobierno del Estado (desaparecido). Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. Temple 30 m².

paragraph: BULLET::::3. "La novela revolucionaria de Mariano Azuela" (1956), Escuela "Mariano Azuela". Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, México. Cerámica 25 m².

paragraph: BULLET::::4. "La primera imprenta en Jalisco" (1958), Sala de Lectura, Biblioteca Pública del Estado. Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. Acrilato 13 m².

paragraph: BULLET::::5. "El parnaso jalisciense" (1958), Biblioteca Pública del Estado. Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. Acrilato 216 m.

paragraph: BULLET::::6. "Alegoría del teatro en México" (1960), Teatro Experimental de Jalisco. m².

paragraph: BULLET::::7. "La guerra y la paz" (1960), Banco de Zamora. Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. Acrílico 15.30 x 2.50 m².

paragraph: BULLET::::8. "Fundación de Guadalajara (1962), Palacio Municipal. Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. Acrílico 4.50 x 2.60 m².

paragraph: BULLET::::9. "Maternidad" (1963), Maternidad, "López Mateos", Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. Acrílico.

paragraph: BULLET::::10. "Pedro Moreno" (1964) Escuela Preparatoria. Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, México.

paragraph: BULLET::::11. "La filosofía y la ciencia" (1965), Auditorio "Salvador Allende" del Centro Universitario de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades de la Universidad de Guadalajara. Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. Acrílico.

paragraph: BULLET::::12. "Las Bellas Artes" (1966). Oficinas del Departamento de Bellas Artes del Gobierno del Estado. Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. Acrílico.

paragraph: BULLET::::13. "Los Niños Héroes" (1967), Castillo de Chapultepec, México, D.F. Acrílico.

paragraph: BULLET::::14. "Las artesanías" (1968), Casa de las Artesanías del Estado. Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. Acrílico, 6.0 x 1.50 m.

paragraph: BULLET::::15. "Tahona y fiesta" (1969), Fabrica de Tequila Sauza. Tequila, Jalisco, México. Acrílico, 14.0 x 3.50 m.

paragraph: BULLET::::16. "Mitología e historia del tequila" (1970), Oficinas de la fábrica de Tequila Sauza. Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. Acrílico sobre tela.

paragraph: BULLET::::17. "Culto al dinero" (1975). "Sucesos núm. 1", Gobierno del Estado. Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. Acrílico sobre tela 10.0 x 2.50 m.

paragraph: BULLET::::18. "Estampas de la vida" (1975), "Sucesos núm. 2", Gobierno del Estado. Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. Acrílico sobre tela 10.0 x 2.50 m.

paragraph: BULLET::::19. "Cervantes y su obra" (1978). Colección particular Eulalio Ferrer. México, D.F. Museo Iconográfico del Quijote en Guanajuato, Guanajuato.

paragraph: BULLET::::20. "Nuestra civilización" (1979), edificio del Sistema de Educación Media y Superior (SEMS) de la Universidad de Guadalajara.

paragraph: BULLET::::21. "El fracaso de nuestra civilización" (1980), edificio del Sistema de Educación Media y Superior (SEMS) de la Universidad de Guadalajara.

paragraph: BULLET::::22. "Fantasía infantil" (1982), DIF, Jalisco.

paragraph: BULLET::::23. "La patria" (1988), Procuraduría General de la República (PGR), México.

paragraph: BULLET::::24. "Justicia y libertad" (1988), Procuraduría General de la República (PGR), México.

paragraph: BULLET::::25. "Historia de la medicina" (1993), Hospital Civil "Fray Antonio Alcalde" Guadalajara.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gabriel Flores biography at the official website of Jalisco

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gabriel Flores profile at the Museum of Claudio Jiménez Vizcarra in Jalisco

description: painter, muralist

wikidata_label: Gabriel Flores

wikipedia_title: Gabriel Flores


text: bass guitarist

text: Metallica

text: Kill 'Em All

text: Ride the Lightning

text: Master of Puppets

text: ...And Justice for All

text: Kronoberg County

text: Sweden

text: Rolling Stone

text: online

text: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

text: Castro Valley, California

text: heavy metal

text: jazz

text: southern rock

text: country

text: blues

text: Geddy Lee

text: Geezer Butler

text: Stanley Clarke

text: Lemmy Kilmister

text: Phil Lynott

text: Castro Valley High School

text: Faith No More

text: "Big" Jim Martin

text: Faith No More

text: Ozzy Osbourne

text: Mike Bordin

text: Chabot College

text: Hayward, California

text: For Whom the Bell Tolls

text: Trauma

text: Whisky a Go Go

text: James Hetfield

text: Lars Ulrich

text: Metallica

text: Ron McGovney

text: El Cerrito

text: Megaforce Records

text: Old Bridge

text: New Jersey

text: Kill 'Em All

text: wah-wah pedal

text: Ride the Lightning

text: For Whom the Bell Tolls

text: Elektra Records

text: Master of Puppets

text: Master of Puppets

text: Stockholm

text: Sweden

text: Solnahallen

text: Master of Puppets

text: Kirk Hammett

text: ace of spades

text: Ljungby

text: Kronoberg County

text: black ice

text: Jason Newsted

text: Flotsam and Jetsam

text: Bob Rock

text: Robert Trujillo

text: ...And Justice for All

text: Jason Newsted

text: In My Darkest Hour

text: thrash metal

text: Megadeth

text: Dave Mustaine

text: Sweden

text: Thrash metal

text: Anthrax

text: Among the Living

text: Metal Church

text: The Dark

text: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

text: James Hetfield

text: Lars Ulrich

text: Kirk Hammett

text: Jason Newsted

text: Robert Trujillo

text: Joel McIver

text: foreword

text: Hardwired... to Self-Destruct

text: Alameda County, California

text: Board of Supervisors

text: Rickenbacker 4001

text: Gibson EB-0

text: Seymour Duncan

text: Alembic

text: Aria

text: Aria

text: Metallica

text: NAMM

text: Robert Trujillo

text: Metallica

text: Metallica

text: Kill 'Em All

text: Ride the Lightning

text: Master of Puppets

text: ...And Justice for All

text: Cliff 'em All

text: Garage Inc.

text: Cliff In Our Minds memorial website

categories: 20th-century American guitarists,American male bass guitarists,Metallica members,People from Castro Valley, California,American heavy metal bass guitarists,Musicians from the San Francisco Bay Area,Road incident deaths in Sweden,20th-century American pianists,20th-century American bass guitarists,1962 births,American male guitarists,1986 deaths

paragraph: Cliff Burton

paragraph: Clifford Lee Burton (February 10, 1962 – September 27, 1986) was an American musician and songwriter, best known as the bass guitarist for the American band Metallica from December 1982 until his death in September 1986.

paragraph: Burton joined Metallica in 1982 and performed on the band's first three studio albums: "Kill 'Em All", "Ride the Lightning" and "Master of Puppets". He also received a posthumous writing credit for the song "To Live Is to Die" from the band's fourth studio album, "...And Justice for All".

paragraph: On September 27, 1986, Burton died in a bus accident in Kronoberg County, a rural area of southern Sweden, as Metallica toured in support of the "Master of Puppets" album. He has been recognized as a very influential musician both during his career and after his death, placing ninth in a 2011 "Rolling Stone" magazine online reader poll recognizing the greatest bassists of all time. He was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Metallica on April 4, 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Clifford Lee Burton was born in Castro Valley, California, to Ray and Jan Burton. He had two elder siblings, Scott and Connie. Burton's interest in music began when his father introduced him to classical music and he began taking piano lessons.

paragraph: In his teenage years, Burton had an interest in rock, classical, and eventually heavy metal. He began playing the bass at age 13, after the death of his brother. His parents quoted him as saying, "I'm going to be the best bassist for my brother." He practiced up to six hours per day (even after he joined Metallica). Along with classical and jazz, Burton's other early influences varied from southern rock and country to the blues.

paragraph: Burton cited Geddy Lee, Geezer Butler, Stanley Clarke, Lemmy Kilmister and Phil Lynott as major influences on his style of bass playing.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career.

paragraph: While still a student at Castro Valley High School, Burton formed his first band called EZ-Street. The band took its name from a Bay Area topless bar. Other members of EZ Street included future Faith No More guitarist "Big" Jim Martin as well as Faith No More and Ozzy Osbourne drummer Mike Bordin. Burton and Martin continued their musical collaboration after becoming students at Chabot College in Hayward, California. Their second band, Agents of Misfortune, entered the Hayward Area Recreation Department's Battle of the Bands contest in 1981. Their audition was recorded on video and features some of the earliest footage of Burton's playing style. The video also shows Burton playing parts of what would soon be two Metallica songs: his signature bass solo, "(Anesthesia) - Pulling Teeth", and the chromatic intro to "For Whom the Bell Tolls". Burton joined his first major band, Trauma, in 1982. Burton recorded the track "Such a Shame" with the band on the second "Metal Massacre" compilation.

paragraph: In 1982, Trauma traveled to Los Angeles to perform at the Whisky a Go Go. Among those in attendance were James Hetfield and Lars Ulrich, both members of Metallica, which had formed the previous year. Upon hearing, as Hetfield described it, "this amazing shredding" (which later became "(Anesthesia) - Pulling Teeth"), the two went in search of what they thought was an amazing guitar player. When they learned that what they had heard was a bass solo by Burton, they decided to recruit him for their own band. They asked him to replace departed bassist Ron McGovney, and since Burton thought that Trauma was "starting to get a little commercial", he agreed. The idea of having to move to Los Angeles did not sit well with him, and said he would join only if the band would relocate from Los Angeles to his native San Francisco Bay Area. Metallica, eager to have Burton in the band, left their origin of Los Angeles to make a home in El Cerrito, a town located across the bay from San Francisco.

paragraph: Burton's first recording with Metallica was the "Megaforce" demo. A demo tape the band had made prior to Burton's joining, "No Life 'til Leather", managed to come into the hands of Jon Zazula, owner of Megaforce Records. The band relocated to Old Bridge, New Jersey and quickly secured a recording contract with Zazula's label. Their debut album, "Kill 'Em All", features Burton's famous solo piece, "(Anesthesia) - Pulling Teeth", which showcased his use of effects, such as a wah-wah pedal, not commonly used by bass guitarists.

paragraph: Metallica's debut album, "Kill 'Em All", was originally intended to inherit the name of one of their earlier demo releases (predating Burton's participation), which was "Metal Up Your Ass", but the record company did not like the title and insisted on changing it. After the band learned of the change, Burton said "We should just kill 'em all, man," which gave the band members an idea for the new title. The album was released on July 25, 1983 through Megaforce Records.

paragraph: The band's second studio album, "Ride the Lightning", showcased the band's increasing musical growth. Burton's songwriting abilities were growing, and he received credit on six of the album's eight songs. Burton's playing style and use of effects is showcased on two tracks: the chromatic intro to "For Whom the Bell Tolls", and the "lead bass" on "The Call of Ktulu".

paragraph: The increase of musicianship on "Ride the Lightning" caught the attention of major record labels. Metallica was signed to Elektra Records, and began working on its third album, "Master of Puppets", which is considered by most critics to be a landmark album in heavy metal. Burton is featured heavily on a number of tracks, most notably the instrumental "Orion", which again featured Burton's lead bass playing style. The album also contained Burton's favorite Metallica song "Master of Puppets". "Master of Puppets" was the band's commercial breakthrough, but it would be Burton's final album with Metallica.

paragraph: Burton's final performance was in Stockholm, Sweden, at the Solnahallen Arena on September 26, 1986, one day before his death.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: During the European leg of the Damage Inc. tour in support of "Master of Puppets", the band complained that the sleeping cubicles on their tour bus were unsatisfactory and uncomfortable. To decide who received pick of the bunks, Kirk Hammett and Burton drew cards. On the evening of September 26, 1986, Burton won the game with an ace of spades, thereby getting the first choice of bunk. Burton was sleeping shortly before 7 am on September 27 when, according to the driver, the bus skidded off the road (the E4, north of Ljungby), and flipped onto the grass in Kronoberg County. Burton was thrown through the window of the bus, which fell on top of him, resulting in his death.

paragraph: The bus driver said that the crash was caused by the bus hitting a patch of black ice on the road, but James Hetfield later stated that he first believed the bus flipped because the driver was drunk. Hetfield also stated that he walked long distances down the road looking for black ice and found none. When local freelance photographer Lennart Wennberg (who attended the crash scene the following morning), was asked in a later interview about the likelihood that black ice caused the accident, he said it was 'out of the question' because the road was dry and the temperature around , above the freezing point of . This was confirmed by police who – like Hetfield – also found no ice on the road. Ljungby detective Arne Pettersson was reported in a local newspaper to have said the tracks at the accident site were exactly like ones seen when drivers fall asleep at the wheel. However, the driver stated under oath that he had slept during the day and was fully rested; his testimony was confirmed by the driver of a second tour bus that was carrying the band's crew and equipment. The driver was determined not at fault for the accident and no charges were brought against him.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Burton's body was cremated and the ashes were scattered at the Maxwell Ranch. At the ceremony, the song "Orion" was played. Shortly after Burton's death, Jason Newsted from Flotsam and Jetsam became Metallica's new bassist, a position he held until his resignation in 2001. The role has since been filled by producer and studio musician Bob Rock and by the former bassist of Suicidal Tendencies and Ozzy Osbourne, Robert Trujillo.

paragraph: Metallica wrote a tribute to Burton titled "To Live Is to Die" for "...And Justice for All". Burton also received a writing credit for the lyrics and bass parts that were taken from unused bass recordings done by Burton which were re-recorded by Jason Newsted. A non-Metallica tribute to Burton is the song "In My Darkest Hour" by thrash metal band Megadeth. According to Dave Mustaine, due to hearing of Burton's death, he sat down and wrote the music for the song in one sitting. The lyrics, however, are unrelated to Burton's death. Mustaine was Metallica's lead guitarist in the early days and was a close friend of Burton at the time.

paragraph: On October 3, 2006, a memorial stone was unveiled in Sweden near the scene of the fatal crash. The lyrics "...cannot the Kingdom of Salvation take me home" from "To Live Is to Die" are written on Burton's memorial stone. The coordinates to the stone are 57°00'01.4"N 14°00'08.9"E

paragraph: Thrash metal band Anthrax dedicated its album "Among the Living" to him, as did Metal Church with "The Dark".

paragraph: On April 4, 2009, Burton was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, with fellow Metallica bandmates James Hetfield, Lars Ulrich and Kirk Hammett. Future bassists Jason Newsted and Robert Trujillo were inducted as well. During the ceremony, the induction was accepted by his father Ray Burton, who shared the stage with the band and mentioned that Cliff's mother was actually Metallica's biggest fan.

paragraph: A biography, "To Live Is to Die: The Life and Death of Metallica's Cliff Burton", written by Joel McIver, was published by Jawbone Press in June 2009. Hammett provided the book's foreword.

paragraph: In November 2016, Metallica released the album "Hardwired... to Self-Destruct". The deluxe version of the album features a series of live recordings at Berkeley, California's legendary record store Rasputin Music in celebration of Record Store Day on April 16, 2016. The song "Fade to Black" was played with lead singer James Hetfield dedicating the song to the late Cliff Burton. During the song Hetfield yells, 'Can you hear us Cliff?'.

paragraph: In 2017, it was revealed that Burton's parents had been "quietly" donating his posthumous royalty payments to a scholarship fund for music students at his alma mater Castro Valley High School.

paragraph: In 2018, the Alameda County, California, Board of Supervisors issued a proclamation declaring February 10, 2018 (what would have been Burton's 56th birthday) as "Cliff Burton Day" after a fan petition successfully passed.

paragraph: Section::::Equipment.

paragraph: Cliff Burton used a handful of basses over his career. The first bass guitar he was publicly seen playing in Metallica was a heavily modified Rickenbacker 4001, painted in a "Burgundyglo" color. After joining Metallica Burton had the stock pickups removed, and had the neck humbucker from a Gibson EB-0 installed in the neck position, a Seymour Duncan Jazz pickup in the bridge position and a guitar pickup was fitted under the bridge of the bass. At some point after recording "Kill Em All", Burton retired this bass from public use, and instead used a variety of high-end bass guitars, most notably an Alembic Spoiler, and an Aria Pro SB-1000. Burton used an array of amplifiers and effects pedals as well.

paragraph: Section::::Cliff Burton Signature Bass.

paragraph: In January 2013, guitar manufacturer Aria revealed through Metallica's official website that they would be releasing a replica of Burton's bass, called the Aria Pro II Cliff Burton Signature Bass. They had received permission from Burton's family and former bandmates from Metallica to authorize the production of the instrument. The bass guitar was officially unveiled at Winter NAMM in Anaheim, California. On January 25, 2013, Burton's father Ray attended the press conference where he signed autographs and talked about Burton and the instrument. Current Metallica bassist Robert Trujillo was also present and was the first to try out the bass, playing parts of "(Anesthesia) - Pulling Teeth". It is unknown whether any other members of Metallica attended the event. Ray Burton was quoted as saying, '"What a beautiful instrument and a wonderful tribute to Cliff."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Specifications

paragraph: BULLET::::- Headstock: Original SB Design

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neck Shape: Standard, Medium

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neck: 7 Ply Maple/Walnut

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neck Joint: Neck-through, Heel-less Cutaway

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tuners: Handmade Solid Brass Tuner Buttons, 24 K Gold Plated

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nut: 40mm Width Solid Brass

paragraph: BULLET::::- Truss rod Cover: Solid Brass

paragraph: BULLET::::- Headstock Front Inlays: Patent Statement

paragraph: BULLET::::- Headstock Back Inlay: Cliff Burton Authorized Signature

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fretboard Scale: 34" or 864mm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frets: 24 Frets

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fretboard: Rosewood

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fretboard Inlays: Cat Eye, Mother of Pearl Inlays

paragraph: BULLET::::- Body Shape: Original SB Shape, Super Balanced Body

paragraph: BULLET::::- Body Material: Alder

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pickup: Aria MB-V Passive Pickup

paragraph: BULLET::::- Controls: 1xVolume, 1xTone, 1-Dual Sound Mini-Toggle Switch

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knobs: Black SB Knobs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tailpiece: Solid Brass With 24K Gold Plated Saddles and Black Plated Body

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strap Pins: 18K Gold Plated Solid Brass

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strings: Rotosound RS66LB (35, 55, 70, 90)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Certificate: Certificate of Authenticity Signed by Ray Burton and Toshi Matsumura

paragraph: BULLET::::- Case: Deluxe Ostrich Hardshell Case With Gold Hardware

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Metallica.

paragraph: Studio albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kill 'Em All" (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ride the Lightning" (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Master of Puppets" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "...And Justice for All" (1988)

paragraph: Video

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cliff 'em All" (1987)

paragraph: Demos

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No Life 'til Leather" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Megaforce" (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ride the Lightning" (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Master of Puppets" (1985)

paragraph: Compilations

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Garage Inc." (1998)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Metallica.com – The Official Metallica Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cliff In Our Minds memorial website

alias:
Clifford Lee Burton
Clifford Lee "Cliff" Burton

description: American musician, member of Metallica

enwikiquote_title: Cliff Burton

wikidata_label: Cliff Burton

wikipedia_title: Cliff Burton


text: German

text: Protestant

text: theologian

text: Stetten im Remstal

text: Kernen

text: Baden-Württemberg

text: Württemberg

text: University of Tübingen

text: Ferdinand Christian Baur

text: Scotland

text: Heilbronn

text: University of Jena

text: systematic theology

text: Berlin

text: New Testament

text: Adolf Hilgenfeld

text: Hibbert Lectures

text: London

text: Gifford Lectures

text: Edinburgh

text: Edmund Pfleiderer

text: Vol. 1

text: Vol. 2

text: Vol. 1, 1886

text: Vol. 2, 1887

text: Vol. 4, 1888

text: Vol. 1, 1894

text: Vol. 2, 1894

text: Vol. 3, 1888

text: Vol. 4, 1894

text: "Religion and historic faiths"

text: "The development of Christianity"

categories: 1908 deaths,19th-century German male writers,People from Rems-Murr-Kreis,University of Jena faculty,1839 births,University of Tübingen alumni,People from the Kingdom of Württemberg,19th-century German Protestant theologians,Humboldt University of Berlin faculty,20th-century German Protestant theologians

paragraph: Otto Pfleiderer

paragraph: Otto Pfleiderer (1 September 1839 – 18 July 1908) was a German Protestant theologian. Through his writings and his lectures, he became known as one of the most influential representatives of liberal theology.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Pfleiderer was born at Stetten im Remstal (now a part of Kernen, Baden-Württemberg) in Württemberg. From 1857 to 1861 he studied at the University of Tübingen under Ferdinand Christian Baur, and afterwards in England and Scotland. He then entered the ministry, became tutor () at Tübingen, and for a short time held a pastorate at Heilbronn (1868). In 1870 he became chief pastor and superintendent at the University of Jena and soon afterwards professor ordinarius of theology, but in 1875 he was called to the chair of systematic theology at Berlin, having made his name by a series of articles on New Testament criticism and Johannine and Pauline theology, which appeared in Adolf Hilgenfeld's "Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Theologie", and by his "Der Paulinismus", published in 1873. "Das Urchristentum, seine Schriften und Lehren, in geschichtlichen Zusammenhang beschrieben" was published in 1878 and considerably enlarged for a second edition in 1902.

paragraph: In 1890 appeared "The Development of Theology since Kant, and its Progress in Great Britain since 1825", which was written for publication in England. A more elaborate work was his "Religionsphilosophie auf geschichtlichen Grundlage" (1878). "The Influence of the Apostle Paul on the Development of Christianity" was the title of a course of Hibbert Lectures given in London in 1885. In 1894 he delivered the Gifford Lectures at Edinburgh, the subject being "The Philosophy and Development of Religion". His later publications included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Early Christian Conception of Christ" (1905)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Entstehung des Christentums" (1905)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Religion und Religionen" (1906)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Entwicklung des Christentums" (1907).

paragraph: He died at , near Berlin. In New Testament criticism, Pfleiderer belonged to the critical school, which grew out of the impulse given by F. C. Baur. However, like other modern German theologians, he showed a greater disposition to compromise. All his work shows a judicial tone of mind, and is remarkable for the charm of its style.

paragraph: Pfleiderer's younger brother Edmund Pfleiderer distinguished himself both in philosophy and theology.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Development of Theology since Kant" – online text at the Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lectures on the influence of the apostle Paul on the development of Christianity", delivered in London and Oxford in April and May, 1885 – online text at the Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paulinism; a contribution to the history of primitive Christian theology", 1877, Vol. 1, Vol. 2 – online text at the Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Philosophy of Religion: On the Basis of Its History", Vol. 1, 1886; Vol. 2, 1887; Vol. 4, 1888; Vol. 1, 1894; Vol. 2, 1894; Vol. 3, 1888; Vol. 4, 1894 - online text at the Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Religion and historic faiths", 1907 – online text at the Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Primitive Christianity: Its Writings and Teachings in Their Historical Connections", 1906 – online text at the Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Evolution and Theology and Other Essays", 1900 – online text at the Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The development of Christianity", 1910 – online text at the Internet Archive.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Attribution

description: German Protestant theologian

enwikiquote_title: Otto Pfleiderer

wikidata_label: Otto Pfleiderer

wikipedia_title: Otto Pfleiderer


text: physician

text: philosopher

text: Alexandria

text: Rome

text: Athens

text: Pyrrhonism

text: empiric school

text: Pyrrhonism

text: methodic school

text: Sextus of Chaeronea

text: induction

text: David Hume

text: regress argument

text: Pyrrhonian skepticism

text: Academic skepticism

text: Carneades

text: epoche

text: ataraxia

text: Myles Burnyeat

text: Jonathan Barnes

text: Benson Mates

text: Michael Frede

text: dogma

text: phantasiai

text: Nagarjuna

text: Thomas McEvilley

text: equipollence

text: ataraxia

text: Aenesidemus

text: Latin

text: Henricus Stephanus

text: Geneva

text: Gentian Hervet

text: Europe

text: Michel de Montaigne

text: David Hume

text: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

text: Pierre Bayle

text: Richard Popkin

text: Luciano Floridi

text: Oxford University Press

text: Montaigne

text: Descartes

text: Blaise Pascal

text: Pierre-Daniel Huet

text: François de La Mothe Le Vayer

text: Michel Onfray

text: Longfellow

text: Retribution

text: Pyrrhonism

text: Problem of induction

text: Philosophical skepticism

text: Skepticism

text: Protagoras

text: Sextus of Chaeronea

text: Dissoi Logoi

text: R.G. Bury

text: Vicifons

text: Annas, Julia

text: Barnes, Jonathan

text: available online

text: Brochard, Victor

text: Burnyeat, Myles

text: Frede, Michael

text: Floridi, Luciano

text: Popkin, Richard

text: Reason in Check: the Skepticism of Sextus Empiricus

text: Excerpts from the "Outlines of Pyrrhonism" by Sextus Empiricus

text: Sextus Empiricus and Greek Scepticism

text: The complete works of Sextus Empiricus in Greek

text: Google Books

text: "Sexti Empirici opera"

text: Hermannus Mutschmann

categories: Epistemologists,Ancient Roman physicians,Roman-era philosophers in Alexandria,Pyrrhonism,2nd-century philosophers,Roman-era Skeptic philosophers,160 births,210 deaths,Roman-era philosophers in Athens,Roman-era philosophers in Rome

paragraph: Sextus Empiricus

paragraph: Sextus Empiricus (; c. 160 – c. 210 CE, dates uncertain), was a physician and philosopher, who likely lived in Alexandria, Rome, or Athens. His philosophical work is the most complete surviving account of ancient Greek and Roman Pyrrhonism.

paragraph: In his medical work, as reflected by his name, tradition maintains that he belonged to the empiric school in which Pyrrhonism was popular. However, at least twice in his writings, Sextus seems to place himself closer to the methodic school. He may have been the same person as Sextus of Chaeronea.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: Sextus Empiricus's three surviving works are the "Outlines of Pyrrhonism" (Πυῤῥώνειοι ὑποτυπώσεις, "Pyrrhōneioi hypotypōseis", thus commonly abbreviated "PH"), and two distinct works preserved under the same title, "Against the Mathematicians" ("Adversus Mathematicos"), one of which is probably incomplete as there are references in the text to parts that are not in the surviving text.

paragraph: The first six books of "Against the Mathematicians" (Πρὸς μαθηματικούς, "Pros mathematikous") are commonly known as "Against the Professors", and each book also has a traditional title:

paragraph: "Against the Mathematicians I–VI is sometimes distinguished from "Against the Mathematicians VII–XI by using another title, "Against the Dogmatists" ( "Πρὸς δογματικούς, Pros dogmatikous") and then the remaining books are numbered as I–II, III–IV, and V, despite the fact that it is also commonly inferred that the beginning of such a separate work is missing and it is not known how many books might have preceded the extant books. The supposed general title of this work is "Skeptical Treatises"' ("Σκεπτικὰ Ὑπομνήματα /Skeptika Hypomnēmata").

paragraph: Note that none of these titles except "Against the Mathematicians" and "Outlines of Pyrrhonism", are found in the manuscripts.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.

paragraph: Sextus Empiricus raised concerns which applied to all types of knowledge. He doubted the validity of induction long before its best known critic David Hume, and raised the regress argument against all forms of reasoning:

paragraph: Because of these and other barriers to acquiring true beliefs, Sextus Empiricus advises that we should suspend judgment about virtually all beliefs; that is to say, we should neither affirm any belief as true nor deny any belief as false. This view is known as Pyrrhonian skepticism, as distinguished from Academic skepticism, as practiced by Carneades, which, according to Sextus, denies knowledge altogether. Sextus did not deny the possibility of knowledge. He criticizes the Academic skeptic's claim that nothing is knowable as being an affirmative belief. Instead, Sextus advocates simply giving up belief; in other words, suspending judgment (epoche) about whether or not anything is knowable. Only by suspending judgment can we attain a state of ataraxia (roughly, 'peace of mind'). Sextus did not think such a general suspension of judgment to be impractical, since we may live without any beliefs, acting by habit.

paragraph: Sextus allowed that we might affirm claims about our experience (e.g., reports about our feelings or sensations). That is, for some claim X that I feel or perceive, it could be true to say "it seems to me now that X." However, he pointed out that this does not imply any objective knowledge of external reality. Though I might know that the honey I eat at a certain moment tastes sweet to me, this is merely a subjective judgment, and as such may not tell me anything true about the honey itself.

paragraph: Interpretations of Sextus's philosophy along the above lines have been advocated by scholars such as Myles Burnyeat, Jonathan Barnes, and Benson Mates.

paragraph: Michael Frede, however, defends a different interpretation, according to which Sextus does allow beliefs, so long as they are not derived by reason, philosophy or speculation; a skeptic may, for example, accept common opinions in the skeptic's society. The important difference between the skeptic and the dogmatist is that the skeptic does not hold his beliefs "as a result of rigorous philosophical investigation." In "Against the Ethicists", Sextus in fact directly says that "the Skeptic does not conduct his life according to philosophical theory (so far as regards this he is inactive), but as regards the non-philosophical regulation of life he is capable of desiring some things and avoiding others." (XI, 165). Thus, on this interpretation (and as per Sextus' own words), the skeptic may well entertain the belief that God does or does not exist or that virtue is good. But he will not believe that such claims are true on the basis of "reasons" since, as far as the skeptic is aware, no reason for assenting to such claims has yet been shown to be "any more" credible than the reasons for their denial. (XIX)

paragraph: It must also be remembered that by "belief" (i.e., dogma) Sextus means "assent to something non-evident [ἄδηλος, adēlos]" (PH I, 16). And by "non-evident" he means things which lie beyond appearances (i.e., phantasiai, and thus are beyond proof or disproof, such as the existence and/or nature of causality, time, motion, or even proof itself. Thus, the skeptic will, for example, believe the proposition that "Dion is in the room" if sense-data and ordinary reasoning led to the emergence of such a belief. On the other hand, if he were to "strongly" assert that Dion was "really" in the room, then he may be met with opposing arguments of equal psychological force against the self-same proposition and experience mental disquietude as a result. Thus, the Pyrrhonian does not assent to the proposition "Dion is in the room" in a dogmatic way as that would purport to describe a non-evident reality which lies beyond the "appearance" [φαινόμενον, phainomenon] of Dion being in the room. The Skeptic simply goes along with the appearance just as "a child is persuaded by...his teacher." (PH I, 229). It is for this reason then that Sextus says the Skeptic lives undogmatically in accordance with appearances and also according to a "fourfold regimine of life" which includes the guidance of nature, compulsion of "pathe" (feelings), laws and customs, and instruction in arts and crafts. The Skeptic follows this course of life while suspending judgment concerning the ultimate truth of the non-evident matters debated in philosophy and the sciences (PH I, 17). Thus, the Pyrrhonist achieves ataraxia not by casting certain judgments about appearances but rather through his refined ability to "oppose appearances to judgments" such that he is "brought firstly to a state of mental suspense and next to ataraxia.'" (IV, 8)

paragraph: Because of the high degree of similarity between the surviving works of Sextus Empiricus and those of the Buddhist philosopher, Nagarjuna Thomas McEvilley suspects that Nagarjuna and Sextus Empiricus were referencing some of the same earlier Pyrrhonist texts in developing their works.

paragraph: Section::::The ten modes of Pyrrhonism.

paragraph: Pyrrhonism is more of a mental attitude or therapy than a theory. It involves setting things in opposition and owing to the equipollence of the objects and reasons, one suspends judgement. "We oppose either appearances to appearances or objects of thought to objects of thought or "alternando."" The ten modes induce suspension of judgement and in turn a state of mental suspense followed by "ataraxia." If ever one is in a position in which they are unable to refute a theory, Pyrrhonists reply "Just as, before the birth of the founder of the School to which you belong, the theory it holds was not as yet apparent as a sound theory, although it was really in existence, so likewise it is possible that the opposite theory to that which you now propound is already really existent, though not yet apparent to us, so that we ought not as yet to yield assent to this theory which at the moment seems to be valid." These ten "modes" or "tropes" were originally listed by Aenesidemus.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "The same impressions are not produced by the same objects owing to the differences in animals."

paragraph: BULLET::::2. The same impressions are not produced by the same objects owing to the differences among human beings.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. The same impressions are not produced by the same objects owing to the differences among the senses.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Owing to the "circumstances, conditions or dispositions," the same objects appear different. These are "states that are natural or unnatural, with waking or sleeping, with conditions due to age, motion or rest, hatred or love, emptiness or fullness, drunkenness or soberness, predispositions, confidence or fear, grief or joy."

paragraph: BULLET::::5. "Based on positions, distances, and locations; for owing to each of these the same objects appear different." For example, "the same porch when viewed from one of its corners appears curtailed, but viewed from the middle symmetrical on all sides; and the same ship seems at a distance to be small and stationary, but from close at hand large and in motion ; and the same tower from a distance appears round but from a near point quadrangular."

paragraph: BULLET::::6. “We deduce that since no object strikes us entirely by itself, but along with something else, it may perhaps be possible to say what the mixture compounded out of the external object and the thing perceived with it is like, but we would not be able to say what the external object is like by itself."

paragraph: BULLET::::7. "Based, as we said, on the quantity and constitution of the underlying objects, meaning generally by "constitution" the manner of composition." So, for example, goat horn appears black when intact and appears white when ground up. Snow appears white when frozen and translucent as a liquid.

paragraph: BULLET::::8. "Since all things appear relative, we will suspend judgment about what things exist absolutely and really existent. Do things which exist "differentially" as opposed to those things that have a distinct existence of their own, differ from relative things or not? If they do not differ, then they too are relative; but if they differ, then, since everything which differs is relative to something..., things which exist absolutely are relative."

paragraph: BULLET::::9. "Based on constancy or rarity of occurrence." The sun is more amazing than a comet, but because we see and feel the warmth of the sun daily and the comet rarely, the latter commands our attention.

paragraph: BULLET::::10. "There is a Tenth Mode, which is mainly concerned with Ethics, being based on rules of conduct, habits, laws, legendary beliefs, and dogmatic conceptions."

paragraph: Superordinate to these ten modes stand three other modes:

paragraph: BULLET::::- I: that based on the subject who judges (modes 1, 2, 3 & 4).

paragraph: BULLET::::- II: that based on the object judged (modes 7 & 10).

paragraph: BULLET::::- III: that based on both subject who judges and object judged (modes 5, 6, 8 & 9)

paragraph: Superordinate to these three modes is the mode of relation.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: An influential Latin translation of Sextus's "Outlines" was published by Henricus Stephanus in Geneva in 1562, and this was followed by a complete Latin Sextus with Gentian Hervet as translator in 1569. Petrus and Jacobus Chouet published the Greek text for the first time in 1621. Stephanus did not publish it with his Latin translation either in 1562 or in 1569, nor was it published in the reprint of the latter in 1619.

paragraph: Sextus's "Outlines" were widely read in Europe during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, and had a profound effect on Michel de Montaigne, David Hume, and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, among many others. Another source for the circulation of Sextus's ideas was Pierre Bayle's "Dictionary". The legacy of Pyrrhonism is described in Richard Popkin's "The History of Skepticism from Erasmus to Descartes" and "High Road to Pyrrhonism". The transmission of Sextus's manuscripts through antiquity and the Middle Ages is reconstructed by Luciano Floridi's "Sextus Empiricus, The Recovery and Transmission of Pyrrhonism" (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002). Since the Renaissance French philosophy has been continuously influenced by Sextus: Montaigne in the 16th century, Descartes, Blaise Pascal, Pierre-Daniel Huet and François de La Mothe Le Vayer in the 17th century, many of the "Philosophes," and in recent times controversial figures such as Michel Onfray, in a direct line of filiation between Sextus' radical skepticism and secular or even radical atheism.

paragraph: Sextus is the earliest known source for the proverb "Slowly grinds the mill of the gods, but it grinds fine", alluded to in Longfellow's poem "Retribution".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pyrrhonism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Problem of induction

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philosophical skepticism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skepticism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Protagoras

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sextus of Chaeronea

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dissoi Logoi

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.:Translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Old complete translation in four volumes:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sextus Empiricus, "Sextus Empiricus I: Outlines of Pyrrhonism". R.G. Bury (trans.) (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1933/2000).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sextus Empiricus, "Sextus Empiricus II: Against the Logicians". R.G. Bury (trans.) (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1935/1997).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sextus Empiricus, "Sextus Empiricus III: Against the Physicists, Against the Ethicists". R.G. Bury (trans.) Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1936/1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sextus Empiricus, "Sextus Empiricus IV: Against the Professors". R.G. Bury (trans.) (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1949/2000).

paragraph: BULLET::::- New partial translations

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sextus Empiricus, "Against the Grammarians (Adversos Mathematicos I)". David Blank (trans.) Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sextus Empiricus, "Against the Logicians". (Adversus Mathematicos VII and VIII). Richard Bett (trans.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sextus Empiricus, "Against the Physicists" (Adversus Mathematicos IX and X). Richard Bett (trans.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sextus Empiricus, "Against the Ethicists (Adversus Mathematicos XI)". Richard Bett (trans.) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sextus Empiricus, "Outlines of Scepticism". Julia Annas and Jonathan Barnes (trans.) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed. 2000).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sextus Empiricus, "The Skeptic Way: Sextus Empiricus's Outlines of Pyrrhonism". Benson Mates (trans.) Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sextus Empiricus, "Selections from the Major Writings on Skepticism Man and God". Sanford G. Etheridge (trans.) Indianapolis: Hackett, 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- French translations

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sextus Empiricus, "Contre les Professeurs" (the first six treatises), Greek text and French Translation, under the editorship of Pierre Pellegrin (Paris: Seuil-Points, 2002).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sextus Empirucis, "Esquisses Pyrrhoniennes", Greek text and French Translation, under the editorship of Pierre Pellegrin (Paris: Seuil-Points, 1997).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Old edition

paragraph: BULLET::::- ", hoc est, adversus eos qui profitentur disciplinas", Gentiano Herveto Aurelio interprete, Parisiis, M. Javenem, 1569 (Vicifons).

paragraph: Section::::Literature.:Selected bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annas, Julia and Barnes, Jonathan, "The Modes of Scepticism: Ancient Texts and Modern Interpretations", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bailey, Alan, "Sextus Empiricus and Pyrrhonean scepticism", Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bett, Richard, "Pyrrho, His Antecedents, and His Legacy", Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Breker, Christian, "Einführender Kommentar zu Sextus Empiricus' "Grundriss der pyrrhonischen Skepsis"", Mainz, 2011: electr. publication, University of Mainz. available online (comment on Sextus Empiricus’ “Outlines of Pyrrhonism" in German language)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brennan, Tad, "Ethics and Epistemology in Sextus Empiricus", London: Garland, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brochard, Victor, "Les Sceptiques grecs" (1887) reprint Paris: Librairie générale française, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burnyeat, Myles and Frede, Michael "The Original Sceptics: A Controversy", Hackett: Indianapolis, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Floridi, Luciano, "Sextus Empiricus: the Transmission and Recovery of Pyrrhonism", Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hankinson, R.J., "The Sceptics", London: Routledge, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hookway, C., "Scepticism", London: Routledge, 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jourdain, Charles, "Sextus Empiricus et la philosophie scholastique", Paris: Paul Dupont, 1858.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janáček, Karel, "Sexti Empirici indices", Firenze: Olschki, 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janáček, Karel, "Studien zu Sextus Empiricus, Diogenes Laertius und zur pyrrhonischen Skepsis". Hrsg. v. Jan Janda / Filip Karfík (= Beiträge zur Altertumskunde; Bd. 249), Berlin: de Gruyter 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mates, Benson, "The Skeptic Way: Sextus Empiricus's Outlines of Pyrrhonism", Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pappenheim Eugen, "Lebensverhältnisse des Sextus Empiricus", Berlin, Nauck, 1875.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perin, Casey, "The Demands of Reason: An Essay on Pyrrhonian Scepticism", Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Popkin, Richard, "The History of Scepticism: From Savonarola to Bayle", Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vazquez, Daniel, "Reason in Check: the Skepticism of Sextus Empiricus", "Hermathena", 186, 2009, pp. 43–57.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Excerpts from the "Outlines of Pyrrhonism" by Sextus Empiricus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sextus Empiricus and Greek Scepticism (at Project Gutenberg; includes translation of first book of the Pyrrhonic Sketches)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The complete works of Sextus Empiricus in Greek (at Google Books).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sexti Empirici opera" recensuit Hermannus Mutschmann, voll. 2, Lipsiae in aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1912.

description: ancient Greek philosopher

wikidata_label: Sextus Empiricus

wikipedia_title: Sextus Empiricus


text:
Luxembourg
Belgian
ophthalmologist
physiologist
Tétange
University of Ghent
surgery
gynecology
Eich
Luxembourg City
Vienna
Bonn
Utrecht
ophthalmology
Franciscus Donders
Louvain
Liège
otology
rods of Corti
Sketches of Otohistory

categories: 1847 births,Luxembourgian ophthalmologists,1920 deaths,Ghent University faculty,People from Kayl

paragraph: Jean-Pierre Nuel

paragraph: Jean-Pierre Nuel (February 27, 1847 – August 21, 1920) was a Luxembourgian-Belgian ophthalmologist and physiologist who was a native of Tétange.

paragraph: In 1870 he earned his doctorate from the University of Ghent, and became licensed to practice surgery and gynecology in Luxembourg. Subsequently, he opened a private practice in the town of Eich (today part of Luxembourg City) and furthered his education in Vienna, Bonn and Utrecht. During this time period, his interest shifted to ophthalmology, and he was particularly inspired by the work of Franciscus Donders (1818–1889) at Utrecht.

paragraph: In 1877 Nuel became a professor of ophthalmology in Louvain, and later a professor of physiology in Ghent (1880). In 1885 he attained the chair of ophthalmology and physiology of sensory organs at Liège. In the field of otology, he is credited with the discovery of the eponymous "space of Nuel", which is an interval between the outer rods of Corti and the adjacent hair cells.

paragraph: Section::::Selected writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Säugethierschnecke", (1872).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Recherches microscopiques sur l ’anatomie du limaçon des mammifères", (1878).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sketches of Otohistory (biographical information)

wikidata_label: Jean-Pierre Nuel

wikipedia_title: Jean-Pierre Nuel


text:
Szczucin
Buenos Aires
Polish
Polish legions
World War I
NKVD
Soviet invasion of Poland
World War II
Anders Army
Polish Armed Forces in the West
2nd Armoured Brigade
2nd Armoured Division
Order of Virtuti Militari
Order of Polonia Restituta
Cross of Independence
Cross of Valour
Cross of Merit with Swords
Legion of Honour
Distinguished Service Order
Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus

categories: People from Szczucin,Officers of the Order of Polonia Restituta,Polish legionnaires (World War I),Recipients of the Cross of Independence,Recipients of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus,Polish deportees to Soviet Union,Polish emigrants to Argentina,1895 births,Officiers of the Légion d'honneur,Burials at La Recoleta Cemetery,Polish military personnel of World War II,Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland),Companions of the Distinguished Service Order,Polish people detained by the NKVD,Polish generals,Recipients of the Cross of Merit with Swords (Poland),Recipients of the Gold Cross of the Virtuti Militari,1950 deaths

paragraph: Bronisław Rakowski

paragraph: Bronisław Stanisław Rakowski (20 June 1895 in Szczucin – 28 December 1950 in Buenos Aires) was a Polish general. He fought in the Polish legions during World War I and was imprisoned by the Soviet NKVD during Soviet invasion of Poland. During World War II, he fought in the Anders Army and Polish Armed Forces in the West.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1931–1936: Commanding Officer 12th Ulan Regiment

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1936–1939: Head of Army Historical Bureau

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1939–1941: Prisoner of War, Soviet Union

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1941–1942: General Officer Commanding 8th Division

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1942: General Officer Commanding 5th Division

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1942–1943: Chief of Staff Polish Forces in Soviet Union

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1943–1945: General Officer Commanding 2nd Armoured Brigade

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1945–1947: General Officer Commanding 2nd Armoured Division (2 Warszawska Dywizja Pancerna)

paragraph: Section::::Honours and awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari (previously awarded the Silver Cross)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cross of Independence

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cross of Valour - four times

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold Cross of Merit with Swords

paragraph: BULLET::::- Officer's Cross of the Legion of Honour

paragraph: BULLET::::- Distinguished Service Order (United Kingdom)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Italy)

description: Polish general

wikidata_label: Bronisław Rakowski

wikipedia_title: Bronisław Rakowski


text:
People's Party
organizer
Democratic
U.S. Representative
Texas
Walhalla
South Carolina
Wood County
Franklin County, Texas
Mount Vernon, Texas
Texas Press Association
John Ireland
Farmers' Alliance
Methodist
Disciples of Christ
Grover Cleveland
Jim Hogg
Watt Hardin
Attorney General of Texas
organizer
committeeman
Philippines
64th United States Congress
Daniel E. Garrett
Houston
Sulphur Springs
Chautauqua
Ku Klux Klan
Joseph W. Bailey, Jr.
Joseph W. Bailey
Kaufman, Texas
Jim Ranchino
political scientist
political consultant
Arkansas
Master of Arts
Texas Christian University
James H. "Cyclone" Davis Collection
Texas A&M University–Commerce

categories: People from Sulphur Springs, Texas,1853 births,Members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas,People from Wood County, Texas,Texas Populists,Texas Democrats,American Disciples of Christ,People from Kaufman, Texas,1940 deaths,People from Mount Vernon, Texas,People from Walhalla, South Carolina

paragraph: James H. Davis (congressman)

paragraph: James Harvey "Cyclone" Davis (December 24, 1853 – January 31, 1940) was a People's Party (Populist) organizer and a Democratic U.S. Representative from Texas for one term from 1915–1917.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Davis was born near Walhalla, South Carolina. He moved to Texas with his parents, William Barton and Salina (Moore) Davis, who settled in East Texas in Wood County near Winnsboro, in 1857. Davis attended the common schools and taught school from 1875 to 1878. He was able to study under the tutelage of attorney John D. Templeton during his sixteenth year. He strenuously applied his native talents to academics at night and soon qualified for a teaching certificate. He married Belle Barton, a distant cousin, on December 25, 1878. The couple had four children.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Populist and Democrat.

paragraph: He was elected judge of Franklin County, Texas in 1878 as a Democrat. At the time he was the youngest county judge in Texas. Subsequently, he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1882 and commenced practice in Mount Vernon, Texas. Later, he engaged in the newspaper-publishing business, buying the "Mount Vernon-Franklin Herald" and was President of the Texas Press Association from 1886-1888.

paragraph: Although he was a passable writer, his real talent lay in oratory. He campaigned for John Ireland, who was elected Governor in 1884, and Davis became a lecturer for the state Farmers' Alliance that same year. Davis became one of the foremost attractions on the alliance speakers' circuit through his verbal assaults upon such opponents as banks and corporations. During the 1880s he was tagged "Methodist Jim" for the fervency of his address. He was neither a Methodist nor a preacher, but a lifelong member of the Disciples of Christ.

paragraph: When President Grover Cleveland blamed the Democratic party's support of the coinage of silver for his failure to win the presidency in 1888, Davis left the party. He also sold the "Franklin Herald" and in 1889 founded the "Sulphur Springs Alliance Vindicator". He campaigned for Democrat Jim Hogg in his gubernatorial bid in 1890 because the Farmers' Alliance endorsed him. Thereafter, Davis cast his fortunes with the People's Party (commonly known as the Populists). He was one of only five lawyers to participate in the founding convention of the People's party in Cincinnati in 1892, where he served on both the executive and platform committees.

paragraph: He received the nickname "Cyclone" from an 1894 debate with Kentucky Attorney General Watt Hardin. According to an Associated Press reporter, Davis so demolished his opponent that only one sweep of the "Texas Cyclone" was sufficient cause for Hardin to cancel the remaining scheduled debates.

paragraph: Cyclone Davis was an unsuccessful Populist candidate for Attorney General of Texas in 1892 and he was influential in the formation of the People's Party, serving as organizer and committeeman from 1892 to 1900. He ran for Congress as a Populist candidate for election in 1894, but he was defeated. He declined the appointment as Superintendent of Agriculture for the Philippines in 1914. He was elected as a Democrat to the 64th United States Congress (1915–1917) defeating incumbent Democrat Daniel E. Garrett of Houston.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Out of office.

paragraph: Garrett returned the favor two years later and defeated Davis in a rematch. Davis returned to his home in Sulphur Springs and engaged in Chautauqua work and prohibition work after 1916. He joined the second Ku Klux Klan in his later years. In 1932 he came out of political retirement to oppose Joseph W. Bailey, Jr., for congressman-at-large in the Democratic primaries. The elder Joseph W. Bailey had been a vehement foe of Populism in the 1890s. Davis lost in the runoff primary. He legally changed his name to "James Harvey Cyclone Davis" in 1932. He remarried Maude V. Woods in 1935, after his first wife died, and moved to Kaufman, Texas, where he died on January 31, 1940. Cyclone Davis was buried in the City Cemetery of Sulphur Springs, Texas.

paragraph: In 1964, Jim Ranchino, later a political scientist and a political consultant in Arkansas, wrote the Master of Arts thesis at Texas Christian University entitled "The Work and Thought of a Jeffersonian in the Populist Movement: James Harvey 'Cyclone' Davis".

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Davis, Cyclone. "Memoir." Sherman, TX: Courier Press, 1935.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Texas Handbook Online", Texas State Historical Association.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- James H. "Cyclone" Davis Collection at Texas A&M University–Commerce

description: American politician

wikidata_label: James H. Davis

wikipedia_title: James H. Davis (congressman)


text:
American
actress
singer
composer
George Crumb
composer
David Crumb
Broadway
Les Misérables
Chess
Anna Karenina
Tony Award
Best Actress in a Musical in 1993
Aspects of Love
West End
Evita
regional theatre
Guthrie
Coconut Grove Playhouse
television
soaps
As the World Turns
The Guiding Light
Another World
Law & Order
mini-series
spy
Mata Hari
Nine
Jonathan Pryce
Elaine Paige
jazz
Official website

categories: American television actresses,American musical theatre actresses,American stage actresses,American female pop singers,American sopranos,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people,Year of birth missing (living people),20th-century American women singers

paragraph: Ann Crumb

paragraph: Ann Crumb is an American actress and singer.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: The daughter of composer George Crumb and sister of composer David Crumb, she made her Broadway debut in 1987 as a member of the original cast of "Les Misérables". Additional Broadway credits include "Chess", "Anna Karenina", for which she was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical in 1993, and "Aspects of Love", as Rose Vibert, a role she originated in the West End.

paragraph: Crumb has toured in the title role of "Evita" and appeared in numerous regional theatre productions staged by the Guthrie, Coconut Grove Playhouse, and Tennessee Repertory Theatre, among others. Her television credits include the daytime soaps "As the World Turns", "The Guiding Light", and "Another World", and the primetime dramas "Law & Order" and "". She presently is in pre-production for a mini-series entitled "The Road to Saint Lazarre" in which she will portray famed spy Mata Hari.

paragraph: Crumb's recordings include "A Broadway Diva Swings", a concert version of "Nine" with Jonathan Pryce and Elaine Paige, and "Unto the Hills", in collaboration with her father. Her upcoming jazz CD is entitled "Goodbye Mr. Jones".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In her personal life, Ann is intensely committed to the cause of animal rescue and adoption. In December, 2009, she co-ordinated a “doglift” of over 50 dogs, all slated for euthanasia at shelters in the Midwest, to no-kill rescues in the Northeast where homes could be found for them.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

description: American actress and singer

wikidata_label: Ann Crumb

wikipedia_title: Ann Crumb


text: sumo

text: Kurayoshi

text: Tottori

text: Japan

text: yokozuna

text: ōzeki

text: Sadogatake stable

text: rikishi

text: judo

text: shodan

text: komusubi

text: Kotonishiki Noboru

text: Sadogatake stable

text: jūryō

text: makuuchi

text: san'yaku

text: sekiwake

text: Kitanofuji

text: Sadogatake stable

text: Kotokaze

text: Kotoōshū

text: Kotomitsuki

text: Kotoshōgiku

text: Kotogaume

text: Kotofuji

text: Kotonishiki

text: Kotonowaka

text: Asashōryū

text: kimarite

text: mawashi

text: Glossary of sumo terms

text: List of past sumo wrestlers

text: List of yokozuna

text: Japan Sumo Association profile

text: Article on Kotozakura

categories: 1940 births,Japanese sumo wrestlers,Sumo people from Tottori Prefecture,2007 deaths,Deaths from diabetes

paragraph: Kotozakura Masakatsu

paragraph: Kotozakura Masakatsu (琴櫻 傑將, November 26, 1940 – August 14, 2007) was a former sumo wrestler from Kurayoshi, Tottori, Japan. He was the sport's 53rd "yokozuna." He made his professional debut in 1959, reaching the top division in 1963. After several years at the second highest rank of "ōzeki", in 1973 he was promoted to "yokozuna" at the age of thirty-two years two months, becoming the oldest wrestler to be promoted to "yokozuna" since 1958, when the current six tournaments system was established. After his retirement he was head coach of Sadogatake stable and produced a string of top division wrestlers.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Born Norio Kamatani, he came from a sumo background, as his father was involved in organising regional amateur sumo tournaments and his grandfather's brother had been a professional "rikishi". The young Kamatani at first competed in judo, achieving shodan level while still in middle school. However, after doing well in a national high school sumo competition he decided on a career in professional sumo. Initially his parents wanted him to continue with judo but they were persuaded by former "komusubi" Kotonishiki Noboru to let him join Sadogatake stable.

paragraph: Kotozakura made his professional debut in January 1959. He reached the "jūryō" division in July 1962 and the top "makuuchi" division in March 1963. After making his "san'yaku" debut at "komusubi" in January 1964 he suffered an injury and returned to "jūryō", but he quickly recovered. After an 11–4 record at "sekiwake" in September 1967 he was awarded the Outstanding Performance prize and promotion to "ōzeki". He won two tournament championships in July 1968 and March 1969, but by the early 1970s he had begun to be regarded as something of a "perpetual "ōzeki"", often struggling with injuries and finding it difficult to come up with the necessary wins to maintain his rank. He was "kadoban", or in danger of demotion from "ōzeki", three times during this period. Remarkably however, he won consecutive championships in November 1972 and January 1973 to earn promotion to "yokozuna" at the age of thirty two, after thirty two tournaments at "ōzeki". In July 1973 he defeated Kitanofuji in a playoff to win his only championship as a "yokozuna". After injuring his knee in 1974 he withdrew from several tournaments and announced his retirement that July.

paragraph: Section::::After retirement.

paragraph: He had been expecting to open up his own training stable, but when his stablemaster died suddenly just days after Kotozakura's retirement, he took over Sadogatake stable instead. He produced many top division wrestlers over the years, such as "ōzeki" Kotokaze, Kotoōshū, Kotomitsuki and Kotoshōgiku and "sekiwake" Kotogaume, Kotofuji, Kotonishiki, and Kotonowaka. When "yokozuna" Asashōryū was criticized for his behaviour in 2003, he defended the Mongolian by pointing out the lack of emotional strength in young Japanese sumo wrestlers today. Upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of sixty five in November 2005 he passed on ownership of the stable to Kotonowaka, who had become his son-in-law. Shortly after attending the "ōzeki" promotion ceremony of Kotomitsuki, Kotozakura died on August 14, 2007. He had battled diabetes for several years and had also suffered the trauma of a leg amputation.

paragraph: Section::::Fighting style.

paragraph: Kotozakura's favoured techniques were the two most common "kimarite" in sumo – "yorikiri" (force out) and "oshidashi" (push out). When grabbing his opponent's "mawashi" he preferred a "migi-yotsu", or left hand outside, right hand inside grip.

paragraph: Section::::Career record.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Glossary of sumo terms

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of past sumo wrestlers

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of sumo tournament top division champions

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of sumo tournament top division runners-up

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of sumo tournament second division champions

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of yokozuna

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Japan Sumo Association profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article on Kotozakura

description: Sumo wrestler

wikidata_label: Kotozakura Masakatsu

wikipedia_title: Kotozakura Masakatsu


text: sumo

text: Ōwani

text: Aomori

text: Japan

text: yokozuna

text: Magaki stable

text: Japan Sumo Association

text: Futagoyama stable

text: Takanosato

text: sumo name

text: sekitori

text: jūryō

text: makuuchi

text: technique prizes

text: sekiwake

text: ōzeki

text: yūshō

text: Kitanoumi

text: Wajima

text: Wakanohana Kanji I

text: dohyō

text: club hostess

text: stable

text: Magaki

text: Japan Sumo Association

text: honbasho

text: Osaka

text: stroke

text: the death of trainee Takashi Saito

text: Tokitsukaze stable

text: Kokonoe-oyakata

text: Chiyonofuji

text: Wakanohō

text: cannabis

text: Ōtake

text: Ōnomatsu

text: Otowayama

text: Tokiwayama

text: Futagoyama

text: ichimon

text: Takanohana

text: Magaki stable

text: honbasho

text: Isegahama stable

text: Sumo Association

text: Tokitenkū

text: kimarite

text: mawashi

text: Glossary of sumo terms

text: List of past sumo wrestlers

text: List of sumo tournament top division champions

text: List of sumo tournament top division runners-up

text: List of yokozuna

text: Japan Sumo Association Biography

categories: 1953 births,Sumo people from Aomori Prefecture,Living people,Japanese sumo wrestlers

paragraph: Wakanohana Kanji II

paragraph: Wakanohana Kanji II (若乃花 幹士, born April 3, 1953) is a former sumo wrestler from Ōwani, Aomori, Japan. He was the sport's 56th "yokozuna." After retirement he became head coach of Magaki stable. Due to poor health he left the Japan Sumo Association in December 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Born as Katsunori Shimoyama, he began his sumo career as a 15-year-old in July 1968. He joined Futagoyama stable at the same time as another future "yokozuna", Takanosato, who came from the same area of Japan. Initially fighting under his own surname of Shimoyama, he changed to the sumo name of Wakamisugi in 1973. It took him five years to reach the status of a salaried "sekitori" wrestler, when he broke into the "jūryō" division in May 1973. He was promoted to the top "makuuchi" division in November 1973. From September 1974 to January 1975 he won three consecutive technique prizes and was promoted to "sekiwake." Over the next two years he had some up and down results, but from September 1976 to January 1977 at "sekiwake" rank he put together three 11–4 marks, won three more special prizes and was promoted to "ōzeki." In May 1977 he won his first "yūshō", or tournament championship, with a 13–2 record.

paragraph: Section::::"Yokozuna".

paragraph: In 1978 Wakamisugi emerged as the chief rival to Yokozuna Kitanoumi, as the other grand champion at the time, Wajima, was producing inconsistent results. Wakamisugi finished runner-up to Kitanoumi in January 1978 and then fought two playoffs with him for the "yūshō" in March and May. Although he was not able to win either, his record of 40 wins out of a possible 45 over the last three tournaments was enough for promotion to "yokozuna". Indeed, it was the best postwar total for any "yokozuna" candidate. Wakamisugi changed his name to Wakanohana, which was the "shikona" of his stablemaster at Futagoyama, the former Wakanohana Kanji I.

paragraph: Wakanohana had reached sumo's top rank at the age of just 25, and fans were naturally hoping for a long rivalry with Kitanoumi. But it was not to be. He did win three further tournaments, in November 1978 (with a perfect 15–0 score), May 1979 and September 1980. However he seemed burdened by the Wakanohana name, and in 1981 he was also pressured into marrying the daughter of his stable master. During this brief and unhappy marriage he won no tournament championships and was frequently absent from the "dohyō" due to injury and illness. The couple divorced shortly before Wakanohana announced his retirement from sumo in January 1983 at the relatively early age of 29. Later in 1983, he married his long-time girlfriend, a club hostess.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement from the ring.

paragraph: No longer able to take over Futagoyama stable due to his divorce, in 1984 Wakanohana instead established his own stable, Magaki, and became known as Magaki Oyakata. He was a senior member of the Japan Sumo Association, serving as a Director, where he was responsible for the running of the "honbasho" held in Osaka each year. He suffered a minor stroke in March 2007 and since then has used a wheelchair and was unable to take much of an active role in running the stable.

paragraph: In May 2008 it emerged that he had beaten one of his wrestlers with a bamboo stick. Although such rough treatment of juniors was not uncommon at sumo stables in the past, since the death of trainee Takashi Saito at the Tokitsukaze stable in 2007 coaches have been instructed to cut out the practice. The Sumo Association reprimanded him by giving him a 30% pay cut for three months. Kokonoe-oyakata the former Chiyonofuji and head of the Sumo Association's public relations division, criticised Magaki for initially attempting to justify his actions, saying "In addition to his excessive punishment of the wrestler, he invited misunderstanding that such actions are common in all stables."

paragraph: In August 2008 he resigned from the board of directors after the top ranking wrestler at Magaki stable, "maegashira" Wakanohō, was expelled from sumo after being arrested for possession of cannabis. He was, however, repromoted in February 2009.

paragraph: Along with five other "oyakata" (Ōtake, Ōnomatsu, Otowayama, Tokiwayama and Futagoyama), he was forced to leave the Nishonoseki "ichimon" or group of stables in January 2010 after declaring his support for Takanohana's unsanctioned bid to be elected to the board of directors of the Sumo Association.

paragraph: Due to his poor health Magaki stable was wound up after the March 2013 "honbasho" and he, along with the remaining wrestlers transferred to Isegahama stable. In December 2013 it was announced that he would leave the Sumo Association, five years before the mandatory retirement age of 65. He subsequently sold the Magaki title to Tokitenkū in May 2014, making Tokitenkū the first Mongolian-born wrestler to acquire elder stock in the association.

paragraph: Section::::Fighting style.

paragraph: Wakanohana's favoured "kimarite" or techniques were "yori-kiri", with a "hidari-yotsu" (right hand outside and left hand inside) grip on his opponent's "mawashi", "uwatenage" (overarm throw), and "sotogake" (outside leg trip).

paragraph: Section::::Career record.

paragraph: a

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Glossary of sumo terms

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of past sumo wrestlers

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of yokozuna

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Japan Sumo Association Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""P" designates a win or loss of additional playoff bout(s) for the championship because two or more wrestlers finished with identical records"

description: Sumo Wrestler

wikidata_label: Wakanohana Kanji II

wikipedia_title: Wakanohana Kanji II


text: Russia

text: performance poet

text: Leningrad

text: Soviet Union

text: Andrei Zagdansky

text: Vasya

text: Soviet

text: nonconformist

text: Vasily Sitnikov

text: Konstantin and Mouse

categories: Russian male poets,2015 deaths,1940 births,20th-century poets,People from Delaware County, New York,20th-century Russian male writers,American people of Russian descent

paragraph: Konstantyn K. Kuzminsky

paragraph: Konstantin Konstantinovich Kuzminsky (16 April 1940 – 2 May 2015) ( ) was a Russian performance poet.

paragraph: Born in Leningrad, Kuzminsky emigrated from the Soviet Union in 1978. He published "The Blue Lagoon Anthology of Modern Russian Poetry". Other publications include a collection of Russian poetry "The Living Mirror". He appeared in several documentary films, among them two by Andrei Zagdansky: Vasya, a portrait of a close friend and Russian/Soviet nonconformist artist Vasily Sitnikov and Konstantin and Mouse a.k.a. "Kostya and Mouse", a double-portrait of Konstantin Kuzminsky and his wife Emma, nicknamed Mouse.

paragraph: Kuzminsky died in the United States on 2 May 2015.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- KUZ'MINSKIĬ, K. K., KOVALËV, G. L., & BOWLT, J. E. (1980). The Blue Lagoon anthology of modern Russian poetry. Newtonville, Mass, Oriental Research Partners.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Upstate Quest for a Russian Soul; The Avant-Garde, Bearing Bread, Seeks Out a Mentor By Susan Sachs New York Times

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kostya and Mouse", a documentary by Andrei Zagdansky

paragraph: BULLET::::- IMDB.com entry referencing K. Kuzminsky as Himself credit in the A. Zagdansky documentary

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Blue Lagoon Anthology of Modern Russian Poetry", current on-line version

description: Russian poet

wikidata_label: Konstantyn K. Kuzminsky

wikipedia_title: Konstantyn K. Kuzminsky


text:
Hafsid dynasty
Ifriqiya
Khalif
Eighth Crusade
Louis IX of France
Kingdom of Sicily
King Manfred
King Charles I
salukis
Bizerte
Mamluk
sultan
Baibars
Crusader states
Syria
Venice
Genoa
Nazareth
Haifa
Toron
Arsuf
Hugh III of Cyprus
king of Jerusalem
Acre
Armenia
Mongol
Charles I
Naples
Sicily
Tunis
Egypt
previous crusade
Fifth Crusade
Spain
Philip III
Baibars

categories: 13th-century rulers,Hafsid dynasty,13th-century Tunisian people,1228 births,1277 deaths,13th-century Berber people,Muslims of the Eighth Crusade

paragraph: Muhammad I al-Mustansir

paragraph: Muhammad I al-Mustansir (Abu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Mustansir ibn Yahya; 1228–1277) was the second ruler of the Hafsid dynasty in Ifriqiya and the first to claim the title of Khalif. Al-Mustansir concluded a peace agreement to end the Eighth Crusade launched by Louis IX of France in 1270. Muhammad I al-Mustansir had been a vassal of the Kingdom of Sicily, but had shaken off his allegiance when King Manfred was overthrown by King Charles I.

paragraph: Section::::On Hunting.

paragraph: In 1247, he wrote a book called "On Hunting", which detailed the ways in which hunting in North Africa was undertaken at the time. An especially interesting chapter is on hunting with salukis, which teaches the hunter on how to manage this animal and how to hunt with it. Other aspects of the book involve the training and management of falcons, and other techniques utilized around his estate in Bizerte.

paragraph: Section::::Eighth Crusade.

paragraph: The Mamluk sultan Baibars had been attacking the remnant of the Crusader states in Syria. Baibars had seized the opportunity after a war pitting the cities of Venice and Genoa against each other (1256–1260) had exhausted the Syrian ports that the two cities controlled. By 1265 Baibars had captured Nazareth, Haifa, Toron, and Arsuf. Hugh III of Cyprus, nominal king of Jerusalem, landed in Acre to defend that city, while Baibars marched as far north as Armenia, which was at that time under Mongol control.

paragraph: These events led to Louis' call for a new crusade in 1267. Louis was soon convinced by his brother Charles I, King of Naples and Sicily, to attack Tunis first, which would give them a strong base for attacking Egypt, the focus of Louis' previous crusade as well as the Fifth Crusade before him, both of which had been defeated there. Muhammad I al-Mustansir was rumored to be sympathetic to Christianity by way of his connections with Christian Spain and was considered a good candidate for conversion. Accordingly, Charles suggested to his brother that the arrival of a crusade in his support might bring about al-Mustansir's conversion. Thus it was that Louis directed the Eighth Crusade against Tunis.

paragraph: In 1270 Louis landed on the African coast in July. Much of the army became sick due to poor drinking water, and Louis himself died from a "flux in the stomach", one day after the arrival of Charles. His dying word was "Jerusalem." Charles proclaimed Louis' son Philip III the new king, but due to his youth Charles became the actual leader of the crusade.

paragraph: Due to further diseases the siege of Tunis was abandoned on October 30 by an agreement with the al-Mustansir. In this agreement the Christians gained free trade with Tunis, and residence for monks and priests in the city was guaranteed, so the crusade could be regarded as a partial success. After hearing of the death of Louis and the evacuation of the crusaders from Tunis, Sultan Baibars of Egypt cancelled his plan to send Egyptian troops to fight Louis in Tunis.

description: Hafsid sultan of Tunis

wikidata_label: Muhammad I al-Mustansir

wikipedia_title: Muhammad I al-Mustansir