text: archaeologist

text: Mesolithic

text: University of Cambridge

text: Disney Professor of Archaeology

text: Master

text: Peterhouse

text: Kent

text: Marlborough College

text: excavated

text: East Anglian Fens

text: The Prehistoric Society

text: academic journal

text: Second World War

text: Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve

text: Star Carr

text: North Yorkshire

text: Norfolk

text: Suffolk

text: British Academy

text: visiting professor

text: Erasmus Prize

text: Brian Fagan

text: reserve officer

text: British Army

text: Shortlands

text: Bromley

text: West Kent

text: First World War

text: West Kent Regiment

text: influenza pandemic

text: Seaford

text: Sussex Downs

text: Marlborough College

text: Wiltshire

text: archaeological excavation

text: Windmill Hill

text: Alexander Keiller

text: Antiquity

text: O. G. S. Crawford

text: V. Gordon Childe

text: University of Oxford

text: St John's College, Oxford

text: University of Cambridge

text: Peterhouse

text: tripos

text: economic historians

text: Michael Postan

text: Sussex Archaeological Collections

text: Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia

text: physical anthropology

text: social anthropology

text: Disney Professor

text: Ellis Minns

text: Miles Burkitt

text: Gertrude Caton Thompson

text: Dorothy Garrod

text: Leonard Woolley

text: Brighton

text: The Trundle

text: Chichester

text: Stuart Piggott

text: Charles Philips

text: Mortimer Wheeler

text: Hugo de Balsham

text: Sophus Müller

text: Cambridge University Press

text: climate change

text: pollen analysis

text: theoretical perspective

text: culture-historical archaeology

text: cultures

text: oral exam

text: Thomas Kendrick

text: British Museum

text: research article

text: Harry

text: East Anglian Fenlands

text: Shippea Hill

text: Society of Antiquaries

text: Brian Fagan

text: Girton College, Cambridge

text: long barrow

text: Skendleby

text: Lincolnshire

text: assistant lecturer

text: Charles McBurney

text: Bernard Fagg

text: J. Desmond Clark

text: Mildenhall Fen

text: Farnham

text: Glyn Daniel

text: natural science

text: Henri Breuil

text: Chichester

text: honeymoon

text: Danevirke

text: Nydam Boat

text: Schleswig Museum

text: Gustav Schwantes

text: Alfred Rust

text: Meiendorf

text: Randers

text: Cambridge University Press

text: Methuen and Co

text: Marxist

text: Nazi Germany

text: Fascist Italy

text: Second World War

text: Royal Air Force

text: Volunteer Reserve

text: RAF Medmenham

text: Little Marlow

text: Buckinghamshire

text: Air Historical Branch

text: Westminster

text: conference

text: Institute of Archaeology

text: nationalistic

text: Nazi Germany

text: Edward Burnett Tylor

text: Bullock's Haste

text: Car Dyke

text: Cottenham

text: Leverhulme Fellowship

text: Kenneth Oakley

text: University of Edinburgh

text: Michael Postan

text: festschrift

text: Gerhard Bersu

text: Little Woodbury

text: Wiltshire

text: Micklemoor Hill

text: West Harling

text: Norfolk

text: Seamer Carr

text: North Yorkshire

text: Star Carr

text: Ozette indigenous village

text: Washington

text: Sc.D

text: Eric Higgs

text: John Coles

text: Glyn Daniel

text: Ancient Monuments Board

text: Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England

text: Institute of Archaeology

text: British Academy

text: Clare Fell

text: Mildenhall

text: Suffolk

text: Wenner Gren Foundation for Anthropology

text: New York City

text: Gordon Willey

text: Harvard University

text: microlith

text: Dordogne

text: Lascaux

text: Hallam L. Movius

text: Abri Pataud

text: radiocarbon dating

text: Nea Nikomedia

text: Veroia

text: Macedonia

text: Robert Rodden

text: David L. Clarke

text: Charles Higham

text: Colin Renfrew

text: James Mellaart

text: Çatalhöyük

text: Antipodes

text: Otago University

text: Maori

text: University of Sydney

text: Queensland Museum

text: Australian Museum

text: Vincent Megaw

text: Norman Tindale

text: Papunya

text: Pennsylvania State University

text: Temple University

text: University of Michigan

text: University of Chicago

text: University of Colorado

text: Colorado Women's College

text: Thames and Hudson

text: coffee table book

text: Moscow

text: University of California-Berkeley

text: University of California Press

text: Uppsala University

text: Smithsonian Institution

text: Hodgkins Medal

text: Commander of the Order of the British Empire

text: University of Pennsylvania

text: Society of Antiquaries

text: Asiatic Society

text: festschrift

text: edited volume

text: Science Research Council

text: New Delhi

text: Archaeological Survey of India

text: B. K. Thapar

text: Methuen

text: Edmund Leach

text: Nature

text: Netherlands Foundation

text: Erasmus Prize

text: Little St Mary's, Cambridge

text: folklore

text: ethnography

text: processual archaeology

text: David L. Clarke

text: Cardiff

text: Roger Atkinson

text: Christopher Hawkes

text: Christian

text: conservative

text: liberty

text: Margaret Thatcher

text: elitist

text: gardening

text: dinghy

text: Aldeburgh

text: Archaeology Museum of Biskupin

text: Polish Academy of Sciences

text: Committee of Pre- and Proto-historical Sciences

categories: 1995 deaths,People educated at Marlborough College,Masters of Peterhouse, Cambridge,Fellows of the British Academy,Royal Air Force personnel of World War II,People from Bromley,Fellows of Peterhouse, Cambridge,English archaeologists,Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge,Knights Bachelor,Commanders of the Order of the British Empire,Prehistorians,1907 births

paragraph: Grahame Clark

paragraph: Sir John Grahame Douglas Clark (28 July 1907 – 12 September 1995), who often published as J. G. D. Clark, was a British archaeologist who specialised in the study of Mesolithic Europe and palaeoeconomics. He spent most of his career working at the University of Cambridge, where he was appointed Disney Professor of Archaeology from 1952 to 1974 and Master of Peterhouse from 1973 to 1980.

paragraph: Born in Kent to an upper-middle-class family, Clark developed an early interest in archaeology through his collection of prehistoric flint tools. After an education at Marlborough College, he proceeded to Peterhouse in the University of Cambridge, there attaining both his undergraduate and then doctoral degree. For the latter, he produced a thesis and published monograph focusing on Mesolithic Britain. In 1932 he co-founded the Fenland Research Committee, through which he excavated several prehistoric sites in the East Anglian Fens. He was also a senior member of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia and played an instrumental role in transforming it into The Prehistoric Society in 1935. He served as the editor of its academic journal, the "Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society", from 1933 until 1970.

paragraph: During the Second World War, Clark was drafted into the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve. He remained in Britain, working on aerial reconnaissance, and wrote further archaeological research articles in his spare time. After the war he returned to Cambridge University, where he was employed as a full-time lecturer. Over the course of 1949, 1950, and 1951, he excavated the important Mesolithic settlement site of Star Carr in North Yorkshire. Other excavations carried out under his directorship included that of an Iron Age settlement on Micklemoor Hill, Norfolk, and the Neolithic site of Hurst Fen, Suffolk. In 1951 he was made a Fellow of the British Academy, in 1952 appointed to Cambridge's Disney Chair, and in 1959 elected President of the Prehistoric Society. In later life he travelled the globe more extensively, often as a visiting professor. In these years, he also wrote more prolifically, although these books typically received a less enthusiastic reception than his earlier work.

paragraph: Clark was not a popular figure among the British archaeological community, being regarded as a competitive and remote individual who craved recognition. He was nevertheless regarded as one of the most important prehistorians of his generation. He was particularly noted for his emphasis on exploring the economies and environmental conditions of prehistoric Europe. His career was recognised by a number of accolades, including the Dutch Erasmus Prize and a British knighthood, and he was the subject of a posthumous biography by Brian Fagan.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life: 1907–27.

paragraph: John Grahame Douglas Clark was born on 28 July 1907. He was the eldest son of Maude Ethel Grahame Clark (née Shaw) and Charles Douglas Clark, the latter being a stockbroker and a reserve officer in the British Army. The family were upper middle-class and moderately prosperous. They lived in the village of Shortlands, near to Bromley in West Kent. At the outbreak of the First World War, Charles Clark joined the West Kent Regiment and was sent to fight overseas. He survived the war, but during his return to Britain in 1919 succumbed to the influenza pandemic and died mid-journey. Grahame Clark grew up without a father, instead being raised by his mother and an uncle for whom he had great affection. According to the available evidence, Clark's childhood was a happy one. His family moved to Seaford, a coastal town on the edge of the Sussex Downs, with the young Clark developing a fascination with the prehistoric flint tools that he collected on the Downs.

paragraph: In 1921 Clark began an education at Marlborough College in Wiltshire, where he joined the school's Natural History Society. Aside from his interest in prehistoric tools—which earned him the school nickname "Stones and Bones"—he was also fascinated by the butterflies and moths that could be found in Wiltshire. During his time at the college he visited the archaeological excavation of Windmill Hill run by Alexander Keiller, and became an early subscriber to the archaeological journal "Antiquity". His interest in archaeology was encouraged by "Antiquity"'s editor, O. G. S. Crawford, and he published articles on prehistoric tools in the Natural History Society's "Reports". Having familiarised himself with much of the literature on prehistory, including V. Gordon Childe's influential 1925 book "The Dawn of European Civilisation", in his final year at Marlborough Clark gave a talk on the subject of "Progress in Prehistoric Times". By the time that he left the school he was committed to the idea of becoming a professional archaeologist. In this period most prehistoric archaeologists were non-professional hobbyists, and of the few archaeological jobs available most were in museums.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:University education: 1927–34.

paragraph: In 1920s Britain there were few universities that taught courses in prehistory or archaeology. One was the University of Oxford, although Clark was unsuccessful in attaining a scholarship to attend St John's College, Oxford. Turning to the University of Cambridge, he applied to join Peterhouse and while they too turned him down for a scholarship, they admitted him as a "pensioner", or a student who pays for their own tuition. He began his degree in 1927, and during his first two years was enrolled on the history tripos. He attended lectures by economic historians like Michael Postan, which would influence his later archaeological approach to the economies of prehistoric societies. During these years he had continued his research into archaeology on an independent basis, producing articles on prehistoric stone tools that were published in the journals "Sussex Archaeological Collections" and the "Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia".

paragraph: In 1928 Clark began his studies in archaeology, which was then taught alongside physical anthropology and social anthropology within the university's anthropology department. The department was run by the Disney Professor Ellis Minns—whose ideas influenced Clark—while the archaeology curriculum was largely organised by Miles Burkitt, an unpaid lecturer of private means. Providing himself with a broad-based grounding in archaeology, Clark sat in on lectures given by archaeologists like Gertrude Caton Thompson, Dorothy Garrod, Leonard Woolley, and Childe. Although the Cambridge syllabus did not provide opportunities for excavation, Clark assisted the non-professional archaeologist Eliot Curwen during his excavations of the Whitehawk Neolithic causewayed camp near Brighton and then The Trundle, an Iron Age hillfort and Neolithic causewayed enclosure near Chichester. It was at the latter that he befriended two fellow excavators, Stuart Piggott and Charles Philips, who became lifelong friends. He also visited a number of Mortimer Wheeler's excavations, although never worked on them. Clark graduated in 1930 with a first-class honours degree.

paragraph: Clark then registered as a doctoral student, being awarded a Hugo de Balsham studentship at Peterhouse from 1930 to 1932, and then a Bye Fellowship from 1932 to 1935. At Burkitt's suggestion, he devoted his thesis largely to the Mesolithic—or 'Middle Stone Age'—period of British prehistory. At the time little was known about Mesolithic Britain as few scholars had paid attention to it, and most of the archaeological evidence for it consisted of scattered flint tools. Burkitt served as his supervisor, although largely left Clark to his own devices. Clark initially familiarised himself with the evidence for Mesolithic society in continental Europe by travelling to Denmark and Sweden in 1929, where he had a chance meeting with Sophus Müller. On his return to Britain he began a systematic examination of Mesolithic stone tool collections that were held in both museums and private collections across the country, listing these many artefacts within a database. From this he was able to map the distribution of such Mesolithic tool assemblages across the island.

paragraph: On the basis of this research he wrote "The Mesolithic Age in Britain", which was published to critical acclaim by Cambridge University Press in 1932. The book took a conservative approach to the subject by being heavily artefact-focused, although reflected Clark's growing interest in ecology and the role of Mesolithic society in adapting to climate change by discussing the technique of pollen analysis—which had recently been developed in Scandinavia—as a means of understanding ancient changes in the vegetation. Influenced by Childe, the book was rooted in the theoretical perspective of culture-historical archaeology, presenting different styles of Mesolithic tool as representations of different 'cultures', which in turn represented different peoples. "The Mesolithic Age in Britain" formed the core of Clark's completed thesis, which was titled "The Mesolithic, Neolithic, and Early Metal Age Industries in Britain" and submitted in January 1934.

paragraph: After passing his oral exam, which was conducted by Thomas Kendrick at the British Museum in London, Clark was awarded his PhD in 1934.

paragraph: While conducting his research, he published a number of research articles in scholarly journals such as "Antiquity". In 1932, he co-founded the Fenland Research Committee with the botanists Harry and Margaret Godwin; it represented a loose association of specialists in different academic fields who all had an interest in the East Anglian Fenlands. Clark served as the group's honorary secretary, and under him all of the Committee's research projects would be promptly written up and published. The group excavated at Plantation Farm near Shippea Hill, helping to establish a basic stratigraphic chronology of the Fenland's development. In 1934 they then carried out a second excavation at Peacock's Farm, which was very important for demonstrating the advantages of interdisciplinary research and for placing British prehistory within an environmental framework.

paragraph: In February 1932, Clark was elected to the council of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia, and in May 1933 became acting editor of the society's "Proceedings" at Childe's recommendation. In February 1934 he was made a permanent council member and honorary editor of the "Proceedings". By 1934, both Clark and contemporaries like Piggott had become increasingly influential within the British archaeological community. Previously, in February 1933, Burkitt had ensured that Clark was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. Clark himself was however unpopular in many archaeological circles, a result of what his later biographer Brian Fagan described as Clark's tendency to be "extremely critical, even cruel" toward others. During his doctoral studies, he entered a relationship with an archaeology student at Girton College, Cambridge named Gwladys Maud "Mollie" White. In June 1933 the couple assisted Philips' excavation of the long barrow atop Giant's Hill near Skendleby, Lincolnshire.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early career: 1935–39.

paragraph: In July 1935, Cambridge University's Department of Anthropology and Archaeology employed Clark as an assistant lecturer to teach a course on "geochronology and climatic history", and the following year his position was upgraded to that of a faculty member. In this position he trained an influential coterie of undergraduates in archaeology between 1935 and 1939, among them Charles McBurney, Bernard Fagg, and J. Desmond Clark. In 1935, he helped to set up the Cambridge University Archaeology Field Unit and was appointed its honorary vice president. He arranged for undergraduate members of the Field Unit to assist him in his March 1935 excavations at Mildenhall Fen, where they discovered a wealth of Bronze Age material. Over the course of 1937 and 1938 he co-ran an excavation of the Mesolithic site at Farnham with the non-professional W. F. Rankine. The excavation only revealed some stone tools, producing no ecological data and very little evidence of any structures. Although Rankine argued that they should produce a lengthy report, Clark only wrote up the results for a 1939 article in the "Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society".

paragraph: In February 1935 Clark had suggested that the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia rename itself as the Prehistoric Society, thus stretching its remit far beyond East Anglia. A vote on the issue produced an overwhelming majority in support of the change. Membership of the group then grew rapidly; in 1935 it had 353 members, and this had increased to 668 in 1938. Under Clark's lead, the new "Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society" published articles by prominent archaeologists like Childe, Piggott, Philips, and Glyn Daniel, and emphasised interdisciplinary examinations that took into account the work of the natural sciences. Clark also encouraged archaeologists working on non-British prehistory to submit to the journal, and met with the prominent French archaeologist Henri Breuil on the latter's visit to Cambridge.

paragraph: In the summer of 1936, Clark married Mollie in St Peter's Church, Chichester. They then embarked on a honeymoon in Norway and Sweden, looking at the region's prehistoric rock art, on the subject of which Clark then produced an illustrated article for "Antiquity". Later that year, the couple and Philips embarked on a road trip across northern Europe, visiting archaeological sites like the Danevirke and the Nydam Boat. In Germany they spent time at the Schleswig Museum and met with Gustav Schwantes, who took them to visit Alfred Rust's excavation of a Mesolithic site at Meiendorf. Clark and Rust got on well and remained in contact for many years. Crossing to Denmark, the trio were involved in a car crash near to Randers, with the Clarks requiring hospitalisation for three weeks.

paragraph: In 1936, Cambridge University Press published Clark's "The Mesolithic Settlement of Northern Europe", in which he demonstrated his growing interest in ecological and environmental themes. The book established Clark as being at the forefront of Mesolithic archaeology, and was hailed as an important and trend-setting tome which would influence generations of Mesolithic archaeologists before eventually becoming outdated due to more detailed research. In 1939 Methuen and Co published Clark's "Archaeology and Society". This was a textbook that outlined how to understand past societies through archaeology, and expressed the view that archaeology could be a force for peace in the world by promoting notions of human unity. In the book he condemned Soviet archaeology, believing that the Soviet government had forced archaeologists to support their pre-conceived Marxist ideas about societal and economic development. He also condemned the use of archaeology in Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, claiming that they used archaeology to promote a "diseased nationalism". Published to good reviews, the book was read widely and revised editions were published in 1947 and 1952. According to the historian of archaeology Pamela Jane Smith, it became "one of Clark's most widely read and respected publications."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Second World War: 1939–45.

paragraph: Clark's archaeological career was put on hold during the Second World War. While awaiting enlistment into the British armed forces, Clark took lessons in Russian with Minns in order to enable him to read Soviet archaeological publications. He was then drafted into the Royal Air Force (RAF) Volunteer Reserve as a pilot officer, being posted to the central interpretative unit at RAF Medmenham. There, he served in the aerial photograph interpretation unit, where he worked alongside fellow archaeologists like Daniel, Garrod, Piggott, Philips, and McBurney. This grouping allowed for some continuity in the British archaeological community despite the widespread cessation of active research. During this period he lived with his wife and two children at a small, isolated house in Little Marlow, Buckinghamshire. In 1944 he was transferred to the Air Historical Branch based in Westminster, which allowed him and his family to relocate back to their Cambridge house in Barton Road. Clark used his daily commute from Cambridge into central London to edit articles submitted for the "Proceedings". Although all meetings of the Prehistoric Society were cancelled for the duration of the war, Clark was able to keep the journal going despite paper rationing.

paragraph: Clark read omnivorously and produced a steady stream of academic articles in this period. From 1942 to 1948 he published articles on such diverse subjects as water, bees, sheep, fishing, and whale hunting in prehistory. These publications reflected his interest in using recorded folk culture and historical evidence to inspire fresh interpretations of the archaeological material.

paragraph: In August 1943, Clark gave the opening address at the 'Future of Archaeology' conference at London's Institute of Archaeology. This address was then published in "Antiquity". In it, Clark claimed that education in British schools was a "parody of knowledge" and that rather than emphasising competitiveness and preparing pupils for future careers, education should focus on "human well-being" and helping students to gain an understanding of both themselves and of humanity. He claimed that the teaching of prehistory—a subject he thought to be the inheritance of all humanity—would provide a good basis for a pupil's education. At the conference, he had been among those arguing that after the war the field of archaeology should not be allowed to come under increasing state control, fearing that doing so might result in British archaeology taking on increasingly nationalistic characteristics, as it had in Nazi Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Post-war period: 1946–51.

paragraph: Clark was demobilised in 1946. He returned to Cambridge University where he was appointed full lecturer in archaeology, with the department now under the leadership of Garrod. During the war he had written "From Savagery to Civilisation", and it was published by Cobbett Press in 1946. The book utilised the anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor's division of society into the categories of savagery, barbarism, and civilisation, although added the innovation of dividing savagery into higher and lower forms. Fagan later noted that in adopting Tylor's tripartite division, the book was "old-fashioned even for the 1940s".

paragraph: During the summer break of 1947, Clark led a team of undergraduates in the excavation of Bullock's Haste along the Car Dyke near Cottenham, revealing evidence of early Romano-British activity.

paragraph: In 1947 and in 1948 he was awarded a Leverhulme Fellowship which allowed him to travel across much of Northern and Central Europe. He looked at the technologies and techniques of rural and fishing communities in much of Scandinavia, displaying his interest in the relationship between folk culture and ecology. He expanded the length of the "Proceedings" in the years following the war, now aided by Piggott and Kenneth Oakley as his editorial assistants.

paragraph: In 1946, Childe resigned as the Abercromby Professor of Archaeology at the University of Edinburgh. Clark applied to succeed him, although the position was instead given to Piggott. Piggott then invited Clark to give the Munro Lectures at Edinburgh in 1949.

paragraph: In 1950, he was elected to a fellowship at Peterhouse, a position that he held for the next 45 years. At the college he befriended his colleague Michael Postan, an economic historian whose research into Medieval farming techniques inspired Clark to reassess Neolithic farming.

paragraph: In 1951 he contributed a chapter on the use of folklore in interpreting prehistory for a "festschrift" devoted to Childe. Fagan later described this chapter as one of Clark's most important papers. Using his Munro Lectures as a basis, Clark also wrote a book, "Prehistoric Europe: the Economic Basis", which reflected his interest in ecology and the impact that it had on the economics of human society. The book received mixed reviews, although would be described by Fagan as "arguably the most influential of all Clark's books". It sold widely and was translated into several languages.

paragraph: Clark had been very impressed with Gerhard Bersu's excavation of the Iron Age settlement of Little Woodbury in Wiltshire in 1938 and 1939. After the war, he decided to excavate an Iron Age settlement nearer to Cambridge using the same techniques as Bersu had used. An amateur archaeologist had found early Iron Age pottery on Micklemoor Hill near West Harling in Norfolk, and Clark began an excavation of the site in 1948. However, before Clark could finish the excavation, he was distracted by a new project.

paragraph: In 1948, Clark was informed about a Mesolithic flint scatter that had been found in peaty deposits at Seamer Carr in North Yorkshire by an amateur archaeologist, John Moore. Clark visited this site, known as Star Carr, and realised that it may provide further evidence of a Mesolithic settlement. He oversaw three seasons of excavation at the site, in the summers of 1949, 1950, and 1951. The project was carried out on a shoestring budget under the auspices of Cambridge University and the Prehistoric Society.

paragraph: The project was consciously multidisciplinary, involving botanists from the beginning. Fagan noted that the excavation methods were "adequate, although certainly not up to Mortimer Wheeler standards". He published his results promptly, bringing out preliminary reports in the 1949 and 1950 editions of the "Proceedings". The final monograph was completed in December 1952 and published by Cambridge University Press in 1954. According to Fagan, it was "one of the classic archaeological monographs of the twentieth century". It was published to good reviews, and helped to establish Clark's reputation among the archaeological community in the United States. A number of American excavations—such as that at Ozette indigenous village in Washington—were influenced by its multidisciplinary approach.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Disney Chair: 1952–72.

paragraph: In 1952, Garrod took an early retirement and Clark was selected as her replacement for the Disney Chair. To mark this status, Cambridge University awarded him an Sc.D degree on the basis of his published work. In this position he avoided formal meetings and made decisions by himself. He failed to obtain many resources for the department from the university administration, with the department therefore remaining small under his tenure. He did however acquire funds to hire a research assistant, the first being Eric Higgs. As chair, he encouraged the staff in his department to prioritise their research over teaching, and to prioritise the teaching of graduates over undergraduates. In this position he had little personal contact with the department's students, and encouraged them to go abroad after their education, believing that the best opportunities for archaeological research lay outside Britain. He got on with some of his staff, such as John Coles and McBurney, although not with others, such as Glyn Daniel.

paragraph: Over the coming years he would also sit on a range of committees, including the Ancient Monuments Board, Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England, the management committee of the Institute of Archaeology, as well as the Prehistoric Society, of whose journal he remained editor. In 1951 he had been elected a Fellow of the British Academy, and in 1953 he gave the Academy's Reckitt Archaeological Lecture, which he devoted to a discussion of prehistoric economies.

paragraph: With his project at Star Carr completed, Clark returned his attention to the excavation of the Iron Age settlement at Micklemoor Hill. He oversaw two further seasons of excavation in 1952 and 1953, which was mostly overseen by Clare Fell, the assistant curator at the Museum of Archaeology.

paragraph: In 1954, Clark was made aware of Neolithic pottery and worked flints that had been discovered through an excavation at Hurst Fen near Mildenhall in Suffolk. Believing this to be likely evidence of a Neolithic settlement, he oversaw a project of excavation at the site in 1957 and 1958, although left most of the running of the excavation to Higgs. Clark was disappointed that he excavation revealed a number of scatters post-holes and pits but no structures. The site had nevertheless yielded important typological information about Neolithic pottery and provided greater knowledge about the Neolithic period in eastern England. It would prove to be Clark's final major excavation.

paragraph: "Prehistoric Europe" brought Clark wider visibility and resulted in his first opportunity to visit the United States. In 1952 he was asked to attend the inaugural meeting of the Wenner Gren Foundation for Anthropology in New York City. At the event Clark met the American archaeologist Gordon Willey, who became his good friend. In 1957 he returned to the U.S. to teach for a semester as the Grant McCurdy Lecturer at Harvard University. In 1958, Clark published his last piece of original research on the Mesolithic, an article on trapez-shaped microliths for the "Proceedings". That year he also spent time in France's Dordogne region, visiting Lascaux cave and Hallam L. Movius's excavation of Abri Pataud.

paragraph: In 1959, Clark was elected President of the Prehistoric Society. In his presidential address he called for a less Eurocentric and more global focus on research into prehistory. To this end he produced a one-volume history of global prehistory, resulting in "World Prehistory: An Outline", which was published by Cambridge University Press in 1961. Despite its title, over half of the book was devoted to the prehistory of Western and Central Europe, reflecting how little was known about much of the world's distant past at the time. The book proved an immediate success and brought Clark far greater visibility and opportunities.

paragraph: In 1960, Clark returned to Peacock Farm to oversee a small excavation designed to recover material that could be subjected to the newly developed process of radiocarbon dating. He also grew increasingly interested in Greek prehistory, and gained a permit to excavate the Neolithic Nea Nikomedia mound near Veroia in eastern Macedonia. He did not personally lead the excavation, which took place in 1961, instead leaving that to his student Robert Rodden, who was assisted by fellow students like David L. Clarke, Charles Higham, and Colin Renfrew. After his visited the excavation, Clark proceeded to Turkey to visit James Mellaart excavation of the Neolithic site at Çatalhöyük. Clark then furthered his interest in south-eastern Europe by writing an article for the "Proceedings" which synthesised newly discovered radiocarbon dates to argue that farming originally spread across Europe from Greece and the Western Balkans.

paragraph: In early 1964 Clark made his first visit to the Antipodes as he spent time as the William Evans Professor at Otago University in New Zealand, using the opportunity to learn more about Maori prehistory. In May of that year he used the Commonwealth Visiting Scholars' appointment to fund a period in Australia, where he spent time at the University of Sydney, Queensland Museum, and the Australian Museum. He also visited Vincent Megaw's excavation of the Curracurrang rock shelter and was taken by Norman Tindale to witness a living hunter-gatherer society at the Papunya indigenous community. In November 1965, he undertook a lecture tour of the U.S., giving talks at Pennsylvania State University, Temple University, the University of Michigan, the University of Chicago, the University of Colorado, and Colorado Women's College. That year Hutchinson published a book that Clark had co-written with Piggott, "Prehistoric Societies", and in 1967 Thames and Hudson published Clark's coffee table book, "The Stone Age Hunters". In 1968 he published a revised second edition of "World Prehistory", although it attracted criticism from archaeologists studying Africa for making significant errors about that continent. In 1968 he travelled via Moscow to Japan in order to attend the International Conference of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, using the trip to spend time in Taiwan, the Philippines, and New Zealand. In 1969 he was then appointed visiting Hitchcock Professor at the University of California-Berkeley; his lectures there were published as "Aspects of Prehistory" by the University of California Press in 1970.

paragraph: In 1970, Clark retired as editor of the "Proceedings". In 1972, Clark spent time at Uppsala University as a visiting professor. That same year, Clark returned to the subject of Star Carr to publish a book for undergraduate students, "Star Carr: A Case Study in Bioarchaeology". Towards the end of his career, Clark was given a range of awards in recognition of his research output: the Smithsonian Institution's Hodgkins Medal in 1967, the Wenner-Gren Foundation's Viking Fund Medal in 1971, Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1971, the University of Pennsylvania's Lucy Wharton old Medal in 1974, the Society of Antiquaries' Gold Medal in 1978, and the Asiatic Society's Chandra Medal in 1979. Two festschrift's were also produced in his honour: a 1971 volume of the "Proceedings" was devoted to him, while in 1976, Gale de Giberne Sieveking, Ian H. Longworth, and Kenneth E. Wilson produced the edited volume "Problems in Economic and Social Archaeology", which again was dedicated to Clark.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later life: 1973–95.

paragraph: Clark retired as Disney Professor in 1974. From 1973 until 1980 he served as the Master of Peterhouse, in what became some of the happiest years of his life. In 1975, he revised may of his ideas on Mesolithic Northern Europe for "The Earlier Stone Age Settlement of Scandinavia". The book was not well received, with many archaeologists working on Scandinavian material deeming it outdated.

paragraph: In 1976 he made a coast-to-coast trip across Canada, and that year chaired the first meeting of the Science-based Archaeological Committee, which had been established by the Science Research Council in order to distribute funds to archaeological projects.

paragraph: In 1977 he published a third edition of "World Prehistory", now retitled "World Prehistory in New Perspective". From 1974 to 1978 he chaired the British Academy's Section Ten, which was devoted to archaeology and anthropology. In 1978 he travelled to New Delhi to attend the Wheeler Memorial Lecture of the Archaeological Survey of India at the invite of B. K. Thapar.

paragraph: In 1980, Clark's short book, "Mesolithic Prelude" was published, based on his 1979 Munro Lecture. In 1982, Methuen then published Clark's "The Identity of Man as Seen by an Archaeologist", in which he argued that cultural diversity underlay the process of humanisation. The book received few reviews, including one produced by Edmund Leach for "Nature" which was highly critical, claiming that Clark's functionalist and culturally evolutionary approach was outdated. He then produced a sequel, "Symbols of Excellence", which allowed him to discuss his interest in art; it was published by Cambridge University Press in 1986.

paragraph: In 1989, Clark's "Prehistory at Cambridge and Beyond" was published, a work that was part-biography and part-history of archaeology, discussing the broad diaspora of Cambridge-trained archaeologists.

paragraph: Clark's final book, "Space, Time, and Man: A Prehistorian's View", was published by Cambridge University Press in 1992. The book dealt with concepts of time and place throughout the ages and received few reviews on publication. According to Fagan, Clark's later books were "based on the values of an earlier time and reflect his profound conservatism", perhaps explaining why they received so little attention.

paragraph: In his final years, Clark continued to receive recognition for his achievements. The Netherlands Foundation awarded him the Erasmus Prize in 1990. He divided the £100,000 prize money between the British Academy and the Prehistoric Society, allowing both to establish their own prizes. In 1992, the British state then awarded him a knighthood. While on a cruise in the eastern Mediterranean with his wife, Clark suffered a serious stroke in June 1995, requiring a return home. There, he died in Cambridge on 12 September 1995. A memorial service was held at Little St Mary's, Cambridge. One of his fellow staff members at Cambridge, John Coles, was appointed literary executor of his books and papers.

paragraph: Section::::Archaeological approach.

paragraph: According to Fagan, Clark was "more concerned with "what" happened [in the past] rather than "how" or "why"." The archaeologist John Mulvaney stated that, in contrast to the tendency of Childe and other archaeologists to focus on artefact typologies, Clark's "vibrant world embraced landscape, economy and social themes, not simply labelled artefacts". This was reflected in the changing definitions of archaeology that Clark used; in 1927 he claimed that archaeology was "the study of past distribution of culture-traits in time and space, and of the factors governing their distribution", while in 1939 he referred to it as "the study of how men lived in the past".

paragraph: Clark was fascinated by prehistoric subsistence and social patterns.

paragraph: His approach to prehistory was rooted in the notion that the human race was biologically united and that human diversity arose from responses to changing environments. Smith believed that as of 1939, Clark had become a functionalist.

paragraph: From 1972 onward, Clark became heavily involved in the use of newly developed scientific techniques for the analysis of archaeological material. Influenced by German and Scandinavian archaeological models, Clark drew on folklore and ethnography to gain a better understanding of prehistoric modes of subsistence. He nevertheless did not use such analogies uncritically, believing that they were mostly of use when there was a continuous historical link between older and more recent communities and where they both lived in very similar environmental conditions.

paragraph: Clark encountered the development of processual archaeology during the mid-20th century, when his student David L. Clarke became one of its key proponents. The proponents of processualism, then referred to as the "New Archaeology", often rejected what they regarded as the old guard in the profession. Clark stayed out of the theoretical debates between the processualists and adherents of older schools of thought, although in a letter to Coles expressed "distress" at what he saw as students forcing archaeological data to fit their preconceived notions. He rejected the idea that archaeology was a pure science, claiming that this was misguided and "also pathetic".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Physically, Clark was tall and thin, and in his personal life he was intensely private. Fagan described him as "an imposing, remote man who hid his feelings", while presenting "an austere, sometimes forbidding exterior". Coles similarly regarded him as aloof figure, but nevertheless thought that he was "basically a sympathetic and kind man". Clark was awkward around his students, who were often a little afraid of him. His lecture style was regarded as dry and not entertaining. Clark's biographer noted that his teaching was "at best pedestrian", and that he had a "reputation for poorly prepared lectures", rendering him unpopular as a teacher. According to Coles, Clark's lectures "were generally considered to be rather poorly constructed, and he often wandered from the subject in hand". On several cases he was reported to have given the wrong lecture to a class.

paragraph: According to Fagan, Clark had a "competitive personality" and "craved recognition and an international reputation". Although he had many acquaintances within the archaeological community, he had few friendships with other archaeologists; according to Fagan, he was "not necessarily universally beloved". He annoyed colleagues by quickly turning any conversations into a talk about his own research. Daniel for instance noted that there was "an alarming and chilling self-centredness [in Clark]. It was so difficult to conduct any reasonable conversation" with him. Mulvaney, who was one of his students, noted that in supervisory meetings, the "austere and busy" Clark "wasted time with derisory gossip concerning his peers, tainted with dogmatic political assertions". Mulvaney nevertheless felt that Clark's "personality blemishes were worth enduring. As years passed he became helpful and friendly."

paragraph: Fagan noted that Clark was one of the four men who dominated British archaeology during the 1950s and early 1960s, along with the Edinburgh-based Piggott, the Cardiff-based Roger Atkinson, and the Oxford-based Christopher Hawkes. Clark's relationship with these colleagues was mixed; Piggott was a lifelong friend, although Hawkes became his "long-term intellectual adversary". The two publicly disagreed strongly on the place of migration and cultural diffusion in British prehistory; Hawkes believed that cultural development and change was brought about primarily by migration into Britain, whereas Clark argued in favour of indigenous cultural evolution as the best explanation for such changes.

paragraph: Throughout his life, Clark remained a practicing Christian. Politically, he was deeply conservative, an ideological standpoint nurtured since his youth. In books like "The Identity of Man", Clark promoted what he saw as the benefits of social hierarchy, viewing socio-economic inequalities as an impetus towards liberty and believing that unequal levels of consumption allowed for humanity's greatest artistic and cultural creations. In response to these claims, Leach described Clark's political beliefs as "lying well to the right" of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. An elitist, Clark believed strongly in the importance of individual achievement and human progress, believing that humanity's future lay in the ability of people from different cultures and ideologies to co-operate in order to solve those problems that they had in common.

paragraph: Clark was dedicated to his family. According to Coles, his wife Mollie "became an indispensable part of Clark's academic life as well as a source of immense happiness to him". After their wedding, the Clarks purchased a house in Barton Road, Cambridge. They lived away from this house during the first part of the Second World War, although returned in 1944. Here, Clark took an interest in gardening and proudly displayed his garden to visitors. Clark had a love of dinghy sailing, and for many years had a houseboat at the coastal town of Aldeburgh. When the boat became too dilapidated he replaced it with a cottage in the town in 1957.

paragraph: Clark spent much of his leisure time visiting art galleries, and in later life he began collecting art, as well as Chinese porcelain, and Asian jade.

paragraph: Section::::Reception and legacy.

paragraph: For Fagan, Clark was "one of the most important prehistorians of the twentieth century", an individual whose "intellectual influence on archaeology was enormous", producing a "legacy to prehistory [that] will endure for generations". The historian Adam Stout noted that Clark was "one of the century's most influential prehistorians".

paragraph: Coles similarly noted that he was "one of the founders of European and world-wide prehistoric studies, and there are many now who would assert his primacy in these fields over all other prehistorians of the 20th century".

paragraph: Coles noted that among continental European scholars, Clark was "the most respected British prehistorian" of his generation. Clark's work was however little known in the United States, where it was eclipsed in the 1960s by the growth of processual archaeology. A less grandiose assessment was left by the archaeologist Pamela Jane Smith, who stated that Clark made "major contributions to the establishment of prehistory as an academic subject at Cambridge University".

paragraph: The archaeologists Arkadiusz Marciniak and John Coles stated that Clark was one of the "eminent archaeologists" who helped to establish prehistoric archaeology as a "fully professional discipline" with explicitly outlined goals and methods and an institutional foundation.

paragraph: He was a pioneer in ecological, functionalist approaches to archaeology, as well as the first archaeologist to write a global prehistory of humankind.

paragraph: In November 1997, a Grahame Clark Memorial Conference was held at the British Academy in London. It was at the conference that John Coles invited Fagan to write Clark's biography. In 2007, an academic symposium was held to mark the centenary of Clark's birth at the Archaeology Museum of Biskupin in Poland; it was co-organised by the museum with the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Committee of Pre- and Proto-historical Sciences. On the basis of the conference, in 2010, Marciniak and Coles published a co-edited volume titled "Grahame Clark and His Legacy". They noted that up to that point there had been "little in-depth assessment" of Clark's influence in archaeology, in particular in contrast to the large number of Childe.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clark, J. Grahame D. (1936). The Mesolithic settlement of Northern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

alias:
John Grahame Douglas Clark
J. G. D. Clark

description: British archaeologist

wikidata_label: Grahame Clark

wikipedia_title: Grahame Clark


text: Anglican

text: Order of Saint John

text: Hamsterley

text: County Durham

text: England

text: Chipchase Castle

text: Trinity College, Cambridge

text: ten-year man

text: Doctor of Divinity

text: University of Glasgow

text: Order of Saint Stanislaus

text: King of Poland

text: Warsaw

text: King George III

text: Drury Lane theatre

text: United Kingdom

text: Lord Chief Justice

text: military chaplain

text: Peninsular War

text: Queen Charlotte's Lying-In Hospital

text: Medico-Botanical Society of London

text: Lucy Clementina Davies

text: St Marylebone Parish Church

text: William Reid Clanny

text: Jane Smith

text: Maria Fitzherbert

text: East Herrington

text: Sunderland

text: miser

text: kleptomania

text: Prince Regent

text: Private Secretary

text: Herrington Heritage

text: St Michael's Church

text: Houghton-le-Spring

text: New Brentford

text: Mary Anne Clarke

text: Duke of York

text: Duke of Kent

text: Fishmongers' Hall

text: Orange Order

text: Duke of Cumberland

text: Sotheby's

text: Sunderland

text: Samuel Wesley

text: Vincent Novello

text: Moses Aaron Richardson

text: William Benbow

categories: 18th-century Church of England clergy,19th-century Church of England clergy,1770s births,Masonic Grand Masters,Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus

paragraph: Robert Peat

paragraph: Sir Robert Peat (c. 1772–20 April 1837) was an Anglican cleric and, according to some sources, the first Grand Prior of the revived English langue of the Order of Saint John.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Peat was born in Hamsterley, County Durham, England, the son of John Peat (died 1805), a watchmaker and silversmith, and Anne Heron (died 1778), of the Herons of Chipchase Castle. He was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge as a ten-year man on 20 April 1790 and later received a Doctor of Divinity degree from the University of Glasgow in 1799.

paragraph: On 21 November 1790, Peat was appointed to the Order of Saint Stanislaus by the King of Poland. His obituary says that he was appointed for services rendered to that king by a relative of Peat and his entry in the "British Herald" says that this was in connection to land willed to him by a John Vesey of Warsaw. Peat's house was broken into on 25 October 1808 and papers relating to his Polish estates were reported stolen.

paragraph: In 1804, Peat was permitted by King George III to accept and wear the order's insignias. Appearing in court in 1808 after being attacked outside of the Drury Lane theatre, the defence objected to calling Peat "Sir" as he had not been appointed to any order of knighthood in the United Kingdom. However, the Lord Chief Justice, presiding, stated that knighthood was a "universal honour" and thus the appellation applied to him.

paragraph: Peat had also been a military chaplain in the Peninsular War. He was appointed a steward of Queen Charlotte's Lying-In Hospital in 1817, elected a fellow of the Medico-Botanical Society of London in 1830 and had married the author Lucy Clementina Davies and Francis Henry Davies at St Marylebone Parish Church in 1823.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and royal connections.

paragraph: William Reid Clanny introduced Peat to the elderly and Catholic, Jane Smith (c. 1751-1842), a kinswoman of Maria Fitzherbert. Jane had been the sole heiress to the County Durham estates of her father and lived at Herrington House, East Herrington, near Sunderland. She was wealthy but is also described as eccentric, a miser and a kleptomaniac.

paragraph: Peat had been appointed as one of the many chaplains to the Prince Regent in 1800. He wrote to the Private Secretary in 1813 requesting an audience with the prince as he had never met him. Herrington Heritage suggests Peat was supportive of a match with Jane in order to use her relationship (albeit distant) to the prince's unofficial wife, to further advance himself in royal favour. The source also suggests that Jane was taken with the idea of a title if she were to marry Peat.

paragraph: Whatever their reasons, the couple were married on 6 November 1815 at St Michael's Church, Houghton-le-Spring. Peat had tried to introduce his wife to fashionable society in London, but as she was seemingly unfit for it, he returned her to Sunderland. He lived apart from her at his vicarage in New Brentford and visited her just once a year.

paragraph: Peat's other royal connections included being mentioned by Mary Anne Clarke (the mistress of the Duke of York) at her public enquiry, as having attended the theatre with her one night, but he was not involved any further in the case. Peat was one of the stewards of the 49th birthday celebrations of the Duke of Kent at Fishmongers' Hall in 1816, but did not attend in person. He was also Deputy Grand Chaplain of the Orange Order and present at a meeting alongside the Duke of Cumberland.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Peat died at the vicarage of St Lawrence's in New Brentford on 20 April 1837, aged 65, and his library was sold at Sotheby's on 23 and 24 June. On hearing the news, his wife is said to have "bought a new dress of bright yellow cotton, and a bonnet, a feather, and ribbons to match" and walked the streets of Sunderland celebrating his death. She died in 1842, aged either 91 or 92.

paragraph: Samuel Wesley (in a letter to Vincent Novello dated 1824) called Peat "an old Acquaintance, & I may even say Friend of mine. He is the Parson of Brentford, a good Scholar, a very feeling Lover of Music, a Man of superior Manners, & what we think better than all these, his Heart is warm and sincere". "The Monthly chronicle of North-country lore and legend" describes Peat as "a fine-looking little man, dressed in a coat and waistcoat that might have been made by a Stultz, a white necktie, knee breeches, and white silk stockings. He cut a good figure on horseback, being an expert rider." Moses Aaron Richardson's "The Borderer's table book" (1846) describes him (from local papers) as "highly distinguished for his accomplished manners and gentle manly bearing, an excellent scholar, and a warm and devoted friend."

paragraph: However William Benbow's ultra-radical and anti-clericalist pamphlet "The crimes of the clergy" (1823) accuses him of being "proud, tyrannical, and overbearing", arrogant and a liar.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Catalogue of the library of the late Rev. Sir Robert Peat, D.D. vicar of New Brentford, Middlesex...", Sotheby & Co., 1837

description: British clergyman

wikidata_label: Robert Peat

wikipedia_title: Robert Peat


text:
Naples
sidekick
avanspettacolo
character role
improvisation skills
Buster Keaton
Angelo Musco
Dante
Enzo
Pupella
Rosalia
Captain Demonio
Ha fatto tredici
Red Moon
The Two Sergeants
Miracolo a Viggiù
Melody of Love
Rosalba, la fanciulla di Pompei
Naples Sings
Vendicata!
New Moon
La sposa
Kill or Be Killed
La pagella

categories: People from Naples,1990 deaths,Italian male film actors,Italian male stage actors,1907 births,Italian male television actors

paragraph: Beniamino Maggio

paragraph: Beniamino Maggio (10 August 1907 - 6 September 1990) was an Italian actor.

paragraph: Born in Naples into a family of actors, Maggio debuted on stage as a child, as the sidekick of the comedian Serafino Mastracchio, and he slowly built a reputation in the Neapolitan avanspettacolo between the 1930s and 1940s. He made his film debut in 1942 and had a very prolific career even if often cast in character roles. An actor characterized by improvisation skills, described as a "mix between Buster Keaton and Angelo Musco", Maggio often worked on stage with his brothers and sisters Dante, Enzo, Pupella and Rosalia.

paragraph: Maggio died from complications of a stroke that had hit him while on stage alongside his two sisters Pupella and Rosalia.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Captain Demonio" (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ha fatto tredici" (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Red Moon" (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Two Sergeants" (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Miracolo a Viggiù" (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Melody of Love" (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rosalba, la fanciulla di Pompei" (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Naples Sings" (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vendicata!" (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New Moon" (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La sposa" (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kill or Be Killed" (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La pagella" (1980)

description: Italian actor

wikidata_label: Beniamino Maggio

wikipedia_title: Beniamino Maggio


text:
Rothschild family
Nathan Mayer Rothschild
his grandfather
London
University of Leipzig
Heidelberg University
Magdalene
Trinity College
Cambridge
High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire
Hythe
British Relief Association
Cohen
Buckinghamshire
Aylesbury
Vale of Aylesbury
Lionel de Rothschild
Tring
Anthony Nathan de Rothschild
Aston Clinton
Mentmore
Mentmore Towers
Ferdinand James von Rothschild
Waddesdon
Alfred de Rothschild
Halton
horseback rider
hunter
thoroughbred horse racing
Crafton, Buckinghamshire
Jockey Club
Favonius
The Derby
The Oaks
1,000 Guineas
St. Leger Stakes
Ascott
Mentmore
Leopold de Rothschild
Ascott House
Neo-Tudor
Cohen
Hannah
Earl of Rosebery
Willesden Jewish Cemetery
Willesden
London
History of the Jews in England
Rothschild banking family of England
Rothschild banking family of France
Rothschild banking family of Austria
Rothschild banking family of Naples
Carl Mayer von Rothschild

categories: Barons de Rothschild,English bankers,Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,UK MPs 1859–1865,1874 deaths,UK MPs 1865–1868,Jewish British politicians,High Sheriffs of Buckinghamshire,Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,British racehorse owners and breeders,Owners of Epsom Derby winners,1818 births,Burials at Willesden Jewish Cemetery,English Jews,Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge

paragraph: Mayer Amschel de Rothschild

paragraph: Baron Mayer Amschel de Rothschild (29 June 1818 – 6 February 1874) was an English businessman and politician of the English branch of the Rothschild family. He was the fourth and youngest son of Hannah (Barent-Cohen) and Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836). He was named Mayer Amschel Rothschild, for his grandfather, the patriarch of the Rothschild family.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Known to his family as "Muffy", he was born in New Court, London. After studying at the University of Leipzig and Heidelberg University he became the first member of his family to receive an education at an English university, spending time at both Magdalene and Trinity College, Cambridge. Although apprenticed in the family's various banking houses in Europe, he never became a major part of the banking empire. He became High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire in 1847, and was elected Liberal MP for Hythe in 1859. In 1847 he served on the committee of the British Relief Association.

paragraph: Mayer's mother, Hannah ("née" Cohen), began the Rothschild acquisitions in Buckinghamshire. Thinking her sons unhealthy, she began to purchase parcels of land around Aylesbury in prime hunting country, where they could take outdoor exercise. By the middle of the 19th century, all three of her sons had large estates and mansions in the Vale of Aylesbury: Lionel de Rothschild at Tring; Anthony Nathan de Rothschild at Aston Clinton; and Mayer at Mentmore. There he built Mentmore Towers, the most sumptuous of the English Rothschild houses at the time. Other cousins were to follow: Ferdinand James von Rothschild at Waddesdon and Alfred de Rothschild at Halton.

paragraph: Mayer Rothschild was a keen horseback rider and hunter, in spite of his weight of (just over 15 stones), and was a fan of thoroughbred horse racing. He established a stud farm at Crafton, Buckinghamshire, and was a member of the Jockey Club. In 1871, his horses won four of the five "classic" races: Favonius won The Derby and "Hannah" won The Oaks, the 1,000 Guineas and the St. Leger Stakes.

paragraph: In 1873 Baron Mayer bought 90 acres (36 hectares) of land at Ascott, two miles from Mentmore. This was given to his nephew Leopold de Rothschild who enlarged the existing Ascott House to the Neo-Tudor structure seen today.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Mayer de Rothschild and his wife Juliana ("née" Cohen) had one child, a daughter, Hannah, later Countess of Rosebery. She was his sole heiress, and through her, Mentmore Towers passed to the Earl of Rosebery, who served as Prime Minister from 1894–1895.

paragraph: Mayer Amschel de Rothschild died in 1874 and was buried in the Willesden Jewish Cemetery in Beaconsfield Road, Willesden, London.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the Jews in England

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rothschild banking family of England

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rothschild banking family of France

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rothschild banking family of Austria

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rothschild banking family of Naples

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carl Mayer von Rothschild

description: English businessman and politician

wikidata_label: Mayer Amschel de Rothschild

wikipedia_title: Mayer Amschel de Rothschild


text: DD

text: FRSE

text: Natural history

text: University of Edinburgh

text: Royal Society of Edinburgh

text: William Cullen

text: Dugald Stewart

text: Joseph Black

text: Scottish Enlightenment

text: minister in the Church of Scotland

text: Lord Kames

text: Lord Bute

text: Lord Hopetoun

text: Royal Society of Edinburgh

text: Canongate

text: University of Edinburgh

text: Church of Scotland

text: Lothians

text: Professor William Cullen

text: Lord Bute

text: Lord Hopetoun

text: Lord Cathcart

text: Lord Kames

text: Lowlands

text: Highland

text: Hebrides

text: Island of Jura

text: Lyme disease

text: strontianite

text: Robert Ramsey

text: William Cullen

text: William Smellie

text: meteorology

text: hydrology

text: Linnaeus

text: Matthew Daniel Eddy

text: Church of Scotland

text: Moderator

text: Dr Robert Jameson

text: Rev. Prof. John Playfair

text: Sir James Edward Smith

text: Sir James Hall

text: Mungo Park

text: Robert Brown

text: Thomas Beddoes

text: Canongate

text: Canongate Kirk

text: Royal Mile

text: Edinburgh

text: Eddy, Matthew Daniel

text: Eddy, Matthew Daniel

categories: Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland,Scottish naturalists,1803 deaths,Scottish chemists,Scottish surveyors,Scottish zoologists,Members of the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh,Scottish botanists,Scottish economics writers,Academics of the University of Edinburgh,Scottish mineralogists,Scottish hydrographers,19th-century Scottish educators,1731 births,Scottish geologists,Scottish agronomists,Burials at the Kirk of the Canongate,18th-century Scottish educators,19th-century Scottish people,18th-century Scottish people,19th-century British zoologists,Ministers of the Church of Scotland,People of the Scottish Enlightenment,Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,Alumni of the University of Edinburgh,Scottish meteorologists,18th-century British zoologists,People from Edinburgh,Scottish curators

paragraph: John Walker (natural historian)

paragraph: Very Rev Prof John Walker DD MD FRSE (1731–1803) was a Scottish minister and natural historian. He was Regius Professor of Natural history at the University of Edinburgh from 1779 to 1803. He was joint founder of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1783 and Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1790.

paragraph: Section::::Overview.

paragraph: Walker was a protégé of the chemist William Cullen and a colleague of Dugald Stewart, Joseph Black and several other Edinburgh professors who shaped the intellectual milieu of the Scottish Enlightenment. During his long career, he became a distinguished botanist, chemist, geologist, hydrologist, meteorologist, mineralogist, zoologist and economic historian, as well as being a minister in the Church of Scotland.

paragraph: Walker was one of the main scientific consultants of his day, serving as an agricultural, industrial or mining advisor to many influential Scottish landowners, including the judge advocate Lord Kames, George III's prime minister Lord Bute, and Lord Hopetoun. Many of his students went on to become leading scientists in nineteenth century Scotland, England, Ireland, and America. He was a pioneer in introducing agricultural topics into a university curriculum.

paragraph: As a member of the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh when it received its royal charter, Walker automatically became a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1783, going on to serve as Secretary of the Society's Physical section (1789–96). He was elected as Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1790.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Canongate, Edinburgh to a schoolmaster father, he matriculated at the University of Edinburgh in 1746. Like many aspiring men in Scotland at this time, he took a divinity degree in 1749. He was soon ordained into the Church of Scotland (Presbyterian) and spent the next 30 years as a parish minister. However, his duties did not stop him from pursuing scientific subjects in his spare time. While at university took natural philosophy courses and collected natural history specimens in and around the Lothians. During the 1750s he continued to pursue scientific subjects by studying chemistry under Professor William Cullen and by joining Edinburgh's Philosophical Society. He distinguished himself not only by winning awards from the Society but also by publishing an article in the 1757 edition of the "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London". Under Cullen's patronage, Walker further distinguished himself as a chemist and a mineralogist and this led him to function as a scientific advisor for Lord Bute, Lord Hopetoun, Lord Cathcart, and Judge Advocate Lord Kames.

paragraph: Section::::Becoming a naturalist.

paragraph: During the 1760s he used his aristocratic connections to tour mines throughout the Lowlands and to assemble his own sizeable mineralogical collection. By the mid-1760s, Walker was known as one of Scotland's leading lay naturalists. This motivated the Church of Scotland and the Board of Annexed Estates to send him on exploratory tours of the Highland and Hebrides in 1764 and 1771. These tours allowed him to make religious and ethnographic observations for the church and to take scientifically oriented notes on northern Scotland's minerals, plants, animals, and climate. In his 1764 tour, while on visit to the Island of Jura (Deer Island), Walker may have made the first detailed description of the Lyme disease. He gives a good description both of the symptoms (with "exquisite pain [in] the interior parts of the limbs") and of the tick vector itself, which he describes as a "worm" with a body which is "of a reddish colour and of a compressed shape with a row of feet on each side" that "penetrates the skin".. It was also during this period that he collected samples of the mineral which came to be known as strontianite from its type locality, thus setting in process the identification and analysis of the new alkaline earth Strontium.

paragraph: During the 1770s Walker published articles in the "Scots Magazine" and the "Philosophical Transactions". By the mid part of the decade, it became clear that Robert Ramsey, the University of Edinburgh's ailing Professor of Natural History, would soon need to be replaced. After securing the support of William Cullen, Lord Kames and several other politically savvy intellectuals, Walker competed against William Smellie, a well-respected natural historian and influential publisher, for the post. After much wrangling, Walker won the contest and was appointed in 1779. He held the position until his death in 1803.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Walker's natural history lectures spanned the academic year and were divided into two sections. The first half of the year he gave his 'Hippocratean' lectures, that is, meteorology, hydrology and geology. The second half of the year was devoted to the three kingdoms of nature: minerals, plants, and animals. During the 1760s, he had accepted Linnaeus' binomial classification system and during his university tenure he readily applied it to botany. However, he did not agree with Linnaeus' classification of minerals and animals and therefore he developed his own unique system for both of these subjects. As shown by Matthew Daniel Eddy, Walker developed a sophisticated theory of the earth based on evidence gathered from geochemistry and human history. Throughout his entire career he kept his ties with the Church of Scotland and in 1790 he was elected to be Moderator, its highest position. Sometime in the late 1790s he began to lose his sight and several of his lectures were taken over by Dr Robert Jameson, a physician and former student who had also studied in mainland Europe. By the time that he died in 1803, Walker had taught well over 800 students, some of whom would go on to have a significant impact on 19th-century natural history. Some of these names include Rev. Prof. John Playfair, Sir James Edward Smith, Sir James Hall, Mungo Park, Robert Waring Darwin, Robert Brown, Thomas Beddoes, Thomas Charles Hope, and Samuel Latham Mitchell.

paragraph: He died at his home at 1 St John Street on the Canongate on 31 December 1803, and is buried in Canongate Kirkyard on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh, just east of the church building.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1789 he married Jane Wallace Wauchope.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eddy, Matthew Daniel, 'Geology, Mineralogy and Time in John Walker's University of Edinburgh Natural History Lectures', "History of Science", 39 (2001), 95–119.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eddy, Matthew Daniel, 'The University of Edinburgh Natural History Class Lists', "Archives of Natural History", 30 (2003), 97–117.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matthew Daniel Eddy, "The Language of Mineralogy: John Walker, Chemistry and the Edinburgh Medical School", Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2008,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Withers, C. W. J. 'The Rev. Dr John Walker and the practice of natural history in late eighteenth century Scotland', "Archives of Natural History", 18 (1991), 201–220.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Withers, C. W. J. 'A neglected Scottish agriculturalist: The geological lectures and agricultural writings of the Rev. Dr. John Walker (1731–1803)', "Agricultural History Review", 1985, 33: 132–146.

description: natural historian

wikidata_label: John Walker

wikipedia_title: John Walker (natural historian)


text:
count of Cerdanya
count of Besalú
Miró II
Ava
Sunifred II
Miró III
Berga
Ripoll
Roger I of Carcassonne
Capcir
Rome
Garin of Cuixà
Montecassino
Bernard
Wilfred
Oliba
bishop of Elne
Sales
abbess
Sant Joan de Ripoll
Ermengard of Empúries
Gausbert
regent
Bernard I, Count of Besalú
Wifred II, Count of Cerdanya
Abbot Oliba

categories: Year of birth uncertain,920s births,Counts of Besalú,Counts of Cerdanya,990 deaths,10th-century Catalan people

paragraph: Oliba Cabreta

paragraph: Oliba Cabreta (c. 920 – 990) was the count of Cerdanya from 965 and count of Besalú from 984 until his abdication in 988.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was the fourth son of Miró II and Ava. He inherited Cerdanya from his eldest brother Sunifred II and Besalú from his elder brother Miró III. He was originally under the tutelage of his mother from his father's death in 927.

paragraph: During his tenure, he added Berga and Ripoll to his domains. In 979, Roger I of Carcassonne ceded Capcir to him. In 984, he assumed the direction of all his father's counties when his last brother died without heirs.

paragraph: Oliba travelled twice to Rome, first in 968 with the Abbot Garin of Cuixà and second in 988 on his journey to Montecassino, the monastery to which he retired. He divided his lands betwixt his three eldest sons: Bernard received Besalú and Ripoll, Wilfred received Cerdanya, and Oliba received Berga. His fourth son, Berengar, became bishop of Elne. He also had a legitimate daughter named Adelaide, who married John d'Oriol, lord of Sales. By his mistress, Ingeberga de Besora, he had a daughter named Ingeberga who became abbess of Sant Joan de Ripoll. His wife Ermengard of Empúries, daughter of Count Gausbert, acted as regent for his sons and he lived out his days in Italy until 990.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: He had issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernard I, Count of Besalú (died 1020)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wifred II, Count of Cerdanya c. 970-1050

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abbot Oliba c. 971–1046

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berengar, became bishop of Elne

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adelaida, married John d'Oriol, lord of Sales

description: Spanish noble

wikidata_label: Oliba Cabreta

wikipedia_title: Oliba Cabreta


text:
Texas Revolution
Battle of San Jacinto
Texian
Laurens County, South Carolina
South Carolina
Texas
Stephen F. Austin
Texas
Henry Wax Karnes
Deaf Smith
Vince's Bridge
Antonio López de Santa Anna
Young Perry Alsbury
Sam Houston
Deaf Smith
Young Perry Alsbury
Denmore W. Reaves
John T. Garner
Moses Lapham
Edwin R. Rainwater
Republic of Texas
Bexar County
Coker Community
Deaf Smith
Vicente Filisola
José de Urrea
Martín Perfecto de Cos
Juan Almonte
Timeline of the Texas Revolution
Runaway Scrape
Coker, Texas
Young Perry Alsbury Letter
Santa Anna's Letter
Santa Anna's Account of the Battle
Account of the battle by Creed Taylor
San Jacinto
Vince's Bridge
John Coker
John Coker History

categories: People from Bexar County, Texas,People from Laurens County, South Carolina,1851 deaths,18th-century American people,19th-century American people,1789 births

paragraph: John Coker

paragraph: John Coker (1789–1851) was a soldier in the Texas Army during the Texas Revolution, noted for a daring action during the Battle of San Jacinto that helped seal the decisive Texian victory.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: John Coker was born in Laurens County, South Carolina. He moved from South Carolina to Texas in 1834 and applied for land in Stephen F. Austin’s colonies (4).

paragraph: Coker served in the Texas army from March 6 to September 5, 1836. He was a member of Captain Henry Wax Karnes' Company and served in Erastus Deaf Smith’s spy company in the Battle of San Jacinto. He was one of a party of seven men who burned Vince's Bridge and kept Antonio López de Santa Anna’s army from retreat or reinforcement, thus assuring the Texan victory (5).

paragraph: Young Perry Alsbury, who was also at Vince's Bridge, in an 1858 letter to Congressman Grimes stated “While sitting in our saddles, John Coker, my left file-leader, made the following remark and the suggestions following: "Boys, before many hours we will have one of the damndest, bloodiest fights that ever was fought and I believe it would be a good plan to go and burn that bridge so as not only to impede the advance of reinforcements of the enemy, but it will cut off all chance of retreat of either party (2)."

paragraph: Deaf Smith knew more about the lay of the land in and around the San Jacinto battle grounds than any man in Sam Houston's army. So when he went to Houston and told him of Coker’s idea that unless the bridge over Vince's Bayou was burned, the enemy could keep on getting reinforcements and, if defeated, Santa Anna would cross the bridge and escape to wait for those reinforcements and come back. Houston agreed with this plan, but said, "You will have to pass within of the Mexican cavalry and they will cut you to pieces." Smith told him that if he would permit him to take six men, he would burn the bridge or perish in the attempt(4).

paragraph: Vince's Bridge was not chopped down, as mistakenly stated by some historians, but was instead burned. A larger force would have been required to cut down the massive and lengthy structure in so short a time. After the successful destruction of the bridge was announced to the Texans just before the battle, they knew that there was no chance for retreat for either army. They rushed forward, and in 18 minutes, completely routed the panic-stricken Mexicans (2).

paragraph: Santa Anna, in his attempted hasty escape from the encircling Texans, soon came to the burned bridge, which he thought was on the headwaters of Buffalo Bayou and his private secretary believed was on the Brazos River. The general was later captured after being significantly delayed by the destroyed structure (5). The others who were with John Coker on that mission were Deaf Smith, Young Perry Alsbury, Denmore W. Reaves, John T. Garner, Moses Lapham and Edwin R. Rainwater.

paragraph: John Coker was not wounded in the battle but his service record states that at the battle of San Jacinto, John Coker lost a horse valued at $175, when it was shot during the battle (4).

paragraph: In 1838 in recognition for his service, the Republic of Texas awarded him in north central Bexar County, where he settled in 1841 and founded Coker Community (2). He is buried in the Coker family plot in the Coker Cemetery (1).

paragraph: Young Perry Alsbury wrote of John Coker, "He is a man who is second to none in honesty of purpose, valor and patriotism." (2)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deaf Smith

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vicente Filisola

paragraph: BULLET::::- José de Urrea

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martín Perfecto de Cos

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juan Almonte

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timeline of the Texas Revolution

paragraph: BULLET::::- Runaway Scrape

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coker, Texas

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1. "Coker Community Has Experienced Scope of Area Development" By Susan Goodell

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2. "Y.P. Alsbury letter" Texas Archives

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3. "Coker Community Church Facts" By J. William Roten, Bulletin of Coker Community Church.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 4. "John Coker" A Texas Historical Commission historical marker.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5. "Battle of San Jacinto" A Texas Historical Commission historical marker.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Young Perry Alsbury Letter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santa Anna's Letter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santa Anna's Account of the Battle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Account of the battle by Creed Taylor

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Jacinto

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vince's Bridge

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Coker

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Coker History

description: Texas Army soldier

wikidata_label: John Coker

wikipedia_title: John Coker


text:
Largs
Scottish
Gallagher and Lyle
Glasgow
Graham Lyle
Marmalade
Pye
Graham Lyle
Apple Corps
Mary Hopkin
McGuinness Flint
Manfred Mann
Tom McGuinness
When I'm Dead and Gone
Bernard Gallacher
Glyn Johns
Ronnie Lane
Top of The Pops
How Come
David Kershenbaum
Breakaway
Bryan Ferry
Stay Young
C&W
Art Garfunkel
Adult Contemporary
Elkie Brooks
Adult Contemporary
Art Garfunkel
The Manfreds
Manfred Mann
The Manfreds
Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts
Paul McCartney
Marti Pellow
Jim Diamond
Midge Ure
Average White Band
Robert Louis Stevenson
Julian
music industry
5ive
Kylie Minogue
Gallagher and Lyle

categories: Scottish pianists,British mandolinists,Scottish multi-instrumentalists,Scottish tenors,Scottish people of Irish descent,British male pianists,Scottish singer-songwriters,21st-century accordionists,Scottish keyboardists,21st-century male musicians,British harmonica players,21st-century pianists,Scottish bass guitarists,People from Largs,Scottish guitarists,Living people,Scottish male singers,Scottish accordionists,Male bass guitarists,The Manfreds members,Fingerstyle guitarists,1945 births

paragraph: Benny Gallagher

paragraph: Bernard Joseph "Benny" Gallagher (born 10 June 1945, Largs, Ayrshire) is a retired Scottish singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist, most famous as half of the popular duo Gallagher and Lyle.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: The son of Irish parents, Gallagher worked initially as a marine electrician in the shipyards of Glasgow. During this time, he also played bass guitar in local semi-professional beat group The Bluefrets, which featured Graham Lyle on lead guitar.

paragraph: Gallagher's first published song was "Mr Heartbreak's Here Instead", which he co-wrote with Andrew Galt. This was recorded as a single for EMI-Columbia in 1964 by Dean Ford and the Gaylords, the bulk of which later became chart-topping outfit Marmalade.

paragraph: Galt then made two singles for Pye, "Comes The Dawn" and "With My Baby", under the name James Galt; both were co-written and featured backing vocals by Gallagher and Graham Lyle.

paragraph: In 1966, Gallagher and Lyle – who by now had forged a songwriting partnership – moved to London in search of a publishing deal. Both continued to hold down day jobs, Gallagher as an electrician and Lyle as a shipping clerk, while waiting for their big break. After an abortive contract with Polydor, which yielded one unsuccessful single, the pair joined Apple Corps as staff songwriters and wrote several songs for Mary Hopkin.

paragraph: Gallagher and Lyle first hit the chart as performers in late 1970 as the leading lights of McGuinness Flint, a blues-rock band formed by ex-Manfred Mann guitarist Tom McGuinness. This band made two well-received albums and scored two Top 5 singles in Britain with "When I'm Dead and Gone" and "Malt and Barley Blues", before Gallagher and Lyle left to work as a duo. Gallagher was credited as Bernard Gallagher on sheet music copies of early songs such as these, but later shortened his forename to avoid confusion with golfer Bernard Gallacher.

paragraph: Between 1972-75, Gallagher and Lyle made four albums for A&M: "Gallagher and Lyle", "Willie and the Lap Dog", "Seeds" and "The Last Cowboy", all of which were produced by Glyn Johns, and met with favourable reviews. Gallagher and Lyle also enjoyed a brief stint as members of Ronnie Lane's band Slim Chance, recording the album "Anymore For Anymore" with him and backing him on several TV appearances, including a slot on "Top of The Pops" to promote his hit single "How Come".

paragraph: It was not until 1976, however, that the duo hit the big time after teaming up with US producer David Kershenbaum on their gold-selling fifth album "Breakaway". This set spawned two British Top 10 singles, "I Wanna Stay With You" and "Heart on My Sleeve", both of which also charted in the US; the latter song was covered successfully by Bryan Ferry. The album included "Stay Young", which Don Williams took to No.1 on the US C&W chart, while Art Garfunkel enjoyed a US Adult Contemporary No. 1 with the title song, "Breakaway".

paragraph: The duo's next album, "Love on the Airwaves", also produced by Kershenbaum, went silver in the UK but yielded only one minor hit single, "Every Little Teardrop". Their final two albums, "Showdown" and "Lonesome No More" – the latter issued on Mercury – failed to chart. They provided backing vocals on Elkie Brooks' minor hit cover of their song "The Runaway" in 1979, but this was their final chart appearance. Gallagher and Lyle split in 1980, leaving behind an unreleased ninth album, "Living on the Breadline". A song recorded for this set, "A Heart in New York", subsequently became a major US Adult Contemporary hit for Art Garfunkel in 1981.

paragraph: Gallagher kept a low profile for much of the 1980s, but re-emerged in 1992 as bassist with The Manfreds, a reconvention of 1960s Manfred Mann members and associates. He remained a member until 1999, touring all over the world with the band and appearing on a live album released in 1998. During his tenure in the band, he co-founded and served as chairman of the royalties campaigning body PAMRA, which was set up to ensure that musicians received a fair share of royalties from recordings and performances.

paragraph: Gallagher left The Manfreds in 1999 to pursue a solo career as a singer-songwriter on the folk club and festival circuits. He has also held workshops all over the British Isles for aspiring songwriters, and was made a Companion of LIPA (Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts) by Paul McCartney in 2001 in recognition of his work as a songwriting coach at the college.

paragraph: In 2010, Gallagher reunited with Lyle for two concerts in their former hometown of Largs in aid of Haylie House, a residential care home in the town. The pair subsequently re-formed and performed at two events in 2011: "The Big Gig" at Glasgow's Barrowland nightclub, alongside Marti Pellow, Jim Diamond and Midge Ure, and the MOARE Festival in Faversham, Kent, which was headlined by former Average White Band stalwart Hamish Stuart.

paragraph: In 2012, the duo undertook a sell-out tour of Scottish venues, under the banner of "The Homecoming Tour"; their 22-song set included all their British chart entries and both their US chart-toppers, as well as "A Heart in New York" and "Willie", in which Gallagher used a harmonica on a harness.

paragraph: In March 2016, Gallagher and Lyle performed together at the Belfast Nashville Songwriters' Festival. In November 2016, the duo performed for four nights at The Green Hotel in Kinross.

paragraph: The summer of 2017 saw the duo perform as part of the 'Byre at The Botanics' season in St Andrews, and also at the Belladrum Festival in Inverness and the Albany Theatre in Greenock.

paragraph: In March 2018, the duo returned to Belfast to perform once more at the Belfast Nashville Songwriters' Festival.

paragraph: Gallagher released two solo albums on his own OnSong label: "On Stage" and "At The Edge Of The Wave". The latter set includes "Tusitala", a tribute to Robert Louis Stevenson; this song also appeared on the Greentrax CD "The Great Tapestry of Scotland".

paragraph: On 13 March 2018, Benny Gallagher's retirement was announced on his Facebook official artist group page.

paragraph: Section::::Stage musical.

paragraph: "Caledonia USA", a musical based on the songs of Gallagher and Lyle, was staged in Largs in April 2016. Originally titled "When I'm Dead and Gone", it was subsequently retitled after a new song written specially for the show by Gallagher and Lyle.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Gallagher and his wife Diane have four children: Dillon, Paul, Julian and Claire. Both Dillon and Julian work in the music industry, the former as a producer and the latter as a songwriter, most notably for 5ive and Kylie Minogue. Benny and Diane Gallagher became great-grandparents in 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: See Gallagher and Lyle

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Stage" (2006, OnSong)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "At The Edge Of The Wave" (2007, OnSong)

description: British musician, singer-songwriter

wikidata_label: Benny Gallagher

wikipedia_title: Benny Gallagher


text:
Santo Domingo
Dominican Republic
Major League Baseball
relief pitcher
Philadelphia Phillies
New York Yankees
pitcher
Jason Anderson
New York Mets
closer
Armando Benítez
starting pitcher
Baltimore Orioles
Philadelphia Phillies
Seattle Mariners

categories: Philadelphia Phillies players,Norfolk Tides players,Reading Phillies players,1981 births,Gulf Coast Yankees players,Staten Island Yankees players,High Desert Mavericks players,St. Lucie Mets players,Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic,Battle Creek Yankees players,Bowie Baysox players,Gulf Coast Mets players,Estrellas Orientales players,Dominican Republic people of African descent,West Tennessee Diamond Jaxx players,Major League Baseball pitchers,Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Canada,Living people,Capital City Bombers players,Binghamton Mets players,Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States,Rio Grande Valley WhiteWings players,Ottawa Lynx players

paragraph: Anderson García

paragraph: Anderson Garcia (born March 23, 1981 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic) played in Major League Baseball as a relief pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Garcia was signed as a non-drafted free agent by the New York Yankees in May . In July , he was traded along with pitchers Jason Anderson and Ryan Bicondoa to the New York Mets for closer Armando Benítez. Though primarily a starting pitcher while in the Yankees organization, the Mets organization used him almost exclusively as a reliever. Garcia was promoted to the Mets roster in May , but was quickly sent back to Norfolk and never actually appeared in a game for the team. In August 2006, he was placed on waivers by the Mets and claimed by the Baltimore Orioles. He was subsequently claimed by the Philadelphia Phillies in December.

paragraph: In February , the Seattle Mariners claimed Garcia on waivers from the Phillies. Garcia was released on July 9, 2008.

description: Dominican Republic baseball player

wikidata_label: Anderson García

wikipedia_title: Anderson García