text:
Cochrane's Craft
Society for Psychical Research
coven
traditional witchcraft
Hammersmith
Shepherds Bush
West London
Blitz
occultism
Society for Psychical Research
Kensington
national service
Colchester
London Transport
blacksmith
Tubal Cain
London County Council
council estate
Slough, Berkshire
Ark
an ancient pagan witch-cult
Manchester Guardian
Graves
The White Goddess
Kings Cross
Burnham Beeches
South Downs
Brighton
Horned God
the White Goddess
Robert Graves
Tubal Cain
Bran
Wayland
Herne
skyclad
scourging
stang
Ronald Hutton
Book of Shadows
shamanistic
Psychic News
Spiritualist
William G. Gray
Earl of Gainsborough
Witchcraft Research Association
Sybil Leek
Gerald Gardner
Patricia Crowther
Eleanor Bone
Monique Wilson
Doreen Valiente
Glastonbury Tor
Brotherhood of the Essenes
Night of the Long Knives
adultery
Charles Cardell
Joseph Wilson
1734 Tradition
Brighton
belladonna
Librium
Midsummer
Michael Howard
Doreen Valiente
Joseph Wilson
1734 Tradition
Chas S. Clifton
Doreen Valiente
The Writings of Roy Bowers
"Robert Cochrane"

categories: Suicides by poison,People from London,1931 births,English Wiccans,1966 deaths

paragraph: Robert Cochrane (witch)

paragraph: Robert Cochrane (26 January 1931 – 3 July 1966), who was born as Roy Bowers, was an English occultist who founded the tradition of Pagan Witchcraft known as Cochrane's Craft.

paragraph: Born in a working-class family in West London, he became interested in occultism after attending a Society for Psychical Research lecture, taking a particular interest in witchcraft. He founded one coven, but it soon collapsed.

paragraph: He began to claim to have been born to a hereditary family of witches whose practices stretched back to at least the 17th century; these statements have later been dismissed. He subsequently went on to found a coven known as the Clan of Tubal Cain, through which he propagated his Craft. In 1966, he committed suicide.

paragraph: Cochrane continues to be seen as a key inspirational figure in the traditional witchcraft movement.

paragraph: Ever since his death, a number of Neopagan and magical groups have continued to adhere to his teachings.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: As noted by Michael Howard, "factual details about Cochrane's early life are scant". He was born in an area between Hammersmith and Shepherds Bush in West London into a family of eight children. He later described it as a "slum", though this has been refuted by family members, who considered it a "respectable working class area". There, he lived through the Blitz. Some of his family emigrated to Australia, while he went to art school, living a bohemian lifestyle. His aunt would later claim that he first took an interest in occultism after attending a talk of the Society for Psychical Research in Kensington.

paragraph: During the early 1950s, he joined the army as a part of his national service, but went absent without leave; as punishment, he was sentenced to 90 days imprisonment in a military prison in Colchester. He admitted to having a violent temper in his youth, but calmed after meeting Jane, whom he would later marry. For a time he worked for London Transport as a blacksmith in a foundry; one potential reason why he adopted the mythical blacksmith Tubal Cain as a part of the mythos for his tradition. He and Jane later worked as bargees transporting coal around the English Midlands, taking an interest in the folklore of the Bargee community, later believing that it contained traces of the "Old Faith". By the start of the 1960s, he was living with Jane and their son on a London County Council-run council estate near to Slough, Berkshire; he did not like the neighbours, considering them "the biggest load of monkeys there have been trained since the Ark." He worked as a typographical draughtsman in an office, but disliked his job. He founded a witches' coven, but it soon broke up as one member died and he fell out with another.

paragraph: Later, in the 1960s, he claimed that members of his family had been practitioners of an ancient pagan witch-cult since at least the 17th century, and that two of them had been executed for it. Claiming that his great-grandfather had been "the last Grand Master of the Staffordshire witches", he said that his grandparents had abandoned the Craft and converted to Methodism, for which his great-grandfather had cursed them. He said that his father had practised witchcraft, but that he kept it a secret, and made his wife promise to not tell his son, Robert. Despite her oath, according to Cochrane, after his father's death, her mother did in fact tell him, at which he embraced his heritage. He asserted that his Aunt Lucy actually taught him all about the faith. However, these claims would later be denounced by members of his own family. His nephew, Martin Lloyd, has refuted that the family were ever Witches, insisting that they were Methodists, while his wife Jane also later asserted that Cochrane's claims to have come from a hereditary Witch-Cult were bogus.

paragraph: Cochrane formed his second coven, which provided the basis for the Clan of Tubal Cain, in the early 1960s. Searching for members, he placed an advert in the "Manchester Guardian" requesting that anyone interested in Graves' "The White Goddess" contact him; he received a response from the schoolteacher Ronald Milland White, known to his friends as "Chalky". White then introduced him to George Arthur Stannard (also known as George Winter), who ran a betting shop near Kings Cross in Central London. White and Stannard joined this nascent coven, the latter taking up the position of Summoner. Describing his creation of his Witchcraft tradition, later Maid of the Clan Shani Oates remarked that "Like any true craftsman, he was able to mold raw material into a magical synthesis, creating a marvelous working system, at once instinctively true and intrinsically beautiful."

paragraph: The group performed their rituals either at Cochrane's house, or, more often, at Burnham Beeches, though they also performed rituals at the South Downs, after which they would stay the night at Doreen Valiente's flat in Brighton.

paragraph: Section::::Founding the Clan of Tubal Cain.:Cochrane's Craft.

paragraph: The Clan of Tubal Cain revere a Horned God and Fate, expressed as the Pale Faced Goddess, named Hekate. The Goddess was viewed as "the White Goddess", a term taken from Robert Graves' book of the same name. The God was associated with fire, the underworld and time, and was described as "the goat-god of fire, craft, lower magics, fertility and death". The God was known by several names, most notable Tubal Cain, Bran, Wayland and Herne. Cochrane's tradition held that these two deities had a son, the Horn Child, who was a young sun god.

paragraph: However, differences between the two also existed, for instance Gardnerians always worked skyclad, or naked, whereas Cochrane's followers wore black hooded robes. Similarly, Cochrane's coven did not practice scourging, as Gardner's did. Cochrane himself disliked Gardner and the Gardnerians and often ridiculed them, even coining the term "Gardnerian" himself.

paragraph: Whilst they used ritual tools, they differed somewhat from those used by Gardner's coven. The main five tools in Cochrane's Craft were a ritual knife, a staff known as a stang (according to Ronald Hutton's "Triumph of the Moon", Bowers is responsible for the introduction of this into Wicca), a cup, a stone (used as a whetstone to sharpen the knife), and a ritual cord worn by the coven members. Cochrane never made use of a Book of Shadows or similar such books, but worked from a "traditional way of doing things", which was both "spontaneous and shamanistic". Valiente notes that this spontaneity was partly because the Cochrane coven did not use a "Book of Shadows" in which structured rituals were pre-recorded, leading to more creativity.

paragraph: Section::::Cochrane's later years.

paragraph: Cochrane arose to public prominence in November 1963, when he published an article titled "Genuine Witchcraft is Defended" in "Psychic News", a weekly Spiritualist publication. In it, he outlined his beliefs regarding Witchcraft, and first publicly made the claim that he came from a hereditary line of Witches.

paragraph: In 1964, further individuals joined the Clan. Among these was Evan John Jones, who would later become an author upon the subject of pagan witchcraft. Jones had met Cochrane through his wife Jane, as they both worked at the same company.

paragraph: Section::::Cochrane's later years.:Witchcraft Research Association and Gardnerianism.

paragraph: His friend and correspondent, the Qabbalist and ceremonial magician William G. Gray introduced him to John Math, a practising Witch and the son of the Earl of Gainsborough. Math joined the Clan, and invited Cochrane to publish some of his articles in "Pentagram", the newsletter of the Witchcraft Research Association (WRA), which Math had recently co-founded along with Sybil Leek.

paragraph: Cochrane took a particularly hostile attitude toward the Gardnerian tradition of Wicca, deeming its founder, Gerald Gardner, to be a con man and sexual deviant. He referred to the tradition as "Gardnerism" and its adherents as "Gardnerians", the latter of which would become the standard term for such practitioners. Upon examining Cochrane's writings, Pagan studies scholar Ethan Doyle White has identified four possible reasons for this animosity. First, Cochrane disliked the publicity seeking that a variety of prominent Gardnerians (among them Gardner, Patricia Crowther, Eleanor Bone, and Monique Wilson), had embarked on; they appeared on television and in tabloid newspapers to present their tradition as the face of Wicca in Britain, which angered Cochrane, whose own tradition differed from Gardnerism in focus. Second, Cochrane disliked Gardnerism's focus on ritual liturgy and magic, instead of emphasising a mystical search for gnosis, while third, Cochrane appeared jealous of the success that Gardnerism had achieved, which was far in advance of that achieved by his own tradition. The fourth point purported by Doyle White was that Cochrane might have been hostile to Gardnerism as a result of a poor experience with it in the past.

paragraph: Section::::Cochrane's later years.:Doreen Valiente and the Clan's break-up.

paragraph: In 1964 Cochrane met Doreen Valiente, who had formerly been a High Priestess of the Gardnerian Bricket Wood coven, through mutual friends which he had met at a gathering at Glastonbury Tor held by the Brotherhood of the Essenes. The two became friends, and Valiente joined the Clan of Tubal Cain. She later remarked that there were certain things in this coven that were better than those in Gardner's, for instance she thought that "[Cochrane] believed in getting close to nature as few Gardnerian witches at that time seemed to do". She also commented on how Cochrane did not seem to want lots of publicity, as Gardner had done, something which she admired. She began to become dissatisfied with Cochrane however, over some of his practices.

paragraph: Cochrane often insulted and mocked Gardnerian witches, which annoyed Valiente. This reached such an extreme that at one point in 1966 he called for "a Night of the Long Knives of the Gardnerians", at which point Valiente in her own words, "rose up and challenged him in the presence of the rest of the coven. I told him that I was fed up with listening to all this senseless malice, and that, if a 'Night of the Long Knives' was what his sick little soul craved, he could get on with it, but he could get on with it alone, because I had better things to do." She left the coven and never came back.

paragraph: After Doreen's departure, Cochrane committed adultery with a new woman who had joined the coven, and, according to other coven members, did not care that his wife Jane knew. In May 1966, Jane left Cochrane, initiating divorce proceedings and considering performing a death rite against her husband involving the sacrifice of a black cockerel. Without her, the coven collapsed.

paragraph: Cochrane was also aware of Charles Cardell, who ran his own coven in Suffolk, but disliked him.

paragraph: Section::::Cochrane's later years.:Joseph Wilson and the 1734 Tradition, 1973.

paragraph: In December 1965 to April 1966, Cochrane corresponded with an American witch named Joseph Wilson. Wilson formed a new tradition, known as the 1734 Tradition based upon teachings of Ruth Wynn Owen, a tradition taught by a man he refers to as Sean, and Robert Cochrane's teaching.

paragraph: The numerological number '1724' (a possible misprint in the book), was explained by Doreen Valiente in her 1989 book "The Rebirth of Witchcraft". Valiente claimed that Cochrane had given the American witch Justine Glass a photograph of a copper platter with '1724' printed on it for her 1965 book "Witchcraft, the Sixth Sense – and Us". He had told Glass that it depicted a witch's ritual bowl that had been in his family for many centuries. Valiente revealed that this was a lie by Cochrane – she had herself, in fact, bought that very item for him only the year before in a Brighton antiques shop to be used in a ritual.

paragraph: Section::::Cochrane's later years.:Death, 1966.

paragraph: Cochrane ingested belladonna and Librium on Midsummer eve 1966, and died nine days later in hospital without recovering consciousness. He left a suicide note expressing his intent to kill himself "while of sound mind".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Valiente described Cochrane as "a remarkable man", asserting that he "had something" which could be termed "magical power, charisma or what you will. He may have been devious; but he was no charlatan."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: According to Jonathan Tapsell, Cochrane was "an unsung giant of modern Wicca" due to the fact that he "gave inspiration to those who came later to escape the narrow confines of Gardner's philosophy". Michael Howard considered him to be "one of the most fascinating, enigmatic and controversial figures of the modern Craft revival". John of Monmouth claimed that Cochrane was "the man behind, what is now called, 'Traditional Witchcraft. Historian Ethan Doyle White asserted that Cochrane left behind "an ever-expanding legacy", noting that by the 21st century, he had become an "almost tutelary figure" within the Traditional Witchcraft movement, and warrants the title of "Father of Traditional Witchcraft" more than any other occultist. Elsewhere, Doyle White asserted that Cochrane had been "without doubt the most influential" of Gardner's rivals in the mid-20th century Wiccan movement.

paragraph: Following Cochrane's death, the Mantle of Magister of the Clan of Tubal Cain was given to Evan John Jones. Another of Cochrane's initiates, Evan John Jones wrote a book, "Witchcraft: A Tradition Renewed" (a collaboration with Doreen Valiente) outlining his version of the Cochrane tradition. Whilst there was no objective way to validate Cochrane's claim to be a hereditary witch, the experience of being in his coven was that of being one of "Diana's darling crew" (Jones, cited in Clifton, 2006).

paragraph: A group called The Regency was formed by Ronald "Chalky" White and his friend, George Winter, to preserve and continue Cochrane's tradition; it eventually disbanded in 1978 but recently a website has been set up to preserve The Regency memory.

paragraph: Following correspondence with Cochrane in the mid 1960s, an American named Joseph Wilson founded a tradition called the 1734 Tradition, based on his teachings circa 1974.

paragraph: A similarly Cochrane-inspired tradition was the Roebuck, an inner mystery of the godhead whose lore is also used by the "Ancient Keltic Church".

paragraph: There are currently two groups operating under the title of "Clan of Tubal Cain". Each has their own interpretation and expression of the legacy of Robert Cochrane, although they may not necessarily completely agree with each other.

paragraph: Section::::Published writings.

paragraph: Cochrane did not write any books in his lifetime, though some of his collected writings and letters have been assembled since his death:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Roebuck in the Thicket: An Anthology of the Robert Cochrane Witchcraft Tradition", Capall Bann Publishing, 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Robert Cochrane Letters: An Insight into Modern Traditional Witchcraft", Capall Bann Publishing, 2002

paragraph: Other works have been published about Cochrane based upon his teachings, and on his Craft, or based upon his ideas

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sacred Mask, Sacred Dance" by Evan John Jones with Chas S. Clifton, Llewellyn, 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Witchcraft, A Tradition Renewed", by Evan John Jones with Doreen Valiente, Hale, 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- " The Star Crossed Serpent Vol One by Evan John Jones, Edited by Shani Oates, Mandrake of Oxford 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- " The Star crossed Serpent Vol Two by Shani Oates, Mandrake of Oxford, 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- " The People of Goda by Shani Oates, Create Space, 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Tubelo's Green Fire by Shani Oates, Mandrake of Oxford, 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- " The Arcane Veil by Shani Oates, Mandrake of Oxford, 2011

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Writings of Roy Bowers (Retrieved 2007-02-08).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Robert Cochrane", from controverscial.com (Retrieved 2007-02-08).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phillips, Julia "History of Wicca in England: 1939 to the Present Day" 2004 revised edition (Retrieved 2007-02-08).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Semple, Gavin W., "A Poisoned Chalice" (Reineke Verlag, 2004) gives a scrupulously researched account of Bowers' suicide from contemporary documents.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clifton, Chas C., "Evan John Jones 1936–2003", Letter from Hardscrabble Creek. http://www.chasclifton.com/2003/09/evan-john-jones-1936-2003.html (Retrieved 2008-05-05)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clifton, Chas C., "Her Hidden Children: The Rise of Wicca and Paganism in America" (Altamira Press, 2006)

description: British Wiccan

wikidata_label: Robert Cochrane

wikipedia_title: Robert Cochrane (witch)


text:
Swedish
left winger
Varberg Vipers

categories: Modo Hockey players,Frölunda HC players,Living people,1981 births,Espoo Blues players,Swedish people of Finnish descent,Detroit Red Wings draft picks

paragraph: Jari Tolsa

paragraph: Jari Juha Tolsa (born April 20, 1981) is a Swedish professional ice hockey left winger who plays for Varberg Vipers in the Swedish Division 2.

description: Swedish ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Jari Tolsa

wikipedia_title: Jari Tolsa


text: Arabic

text: House of Saud

text: Salman bin Abdulaziz

text: Asir Province

text: Prince Ahmed

text: Prince Sultan

text: Prince Abdulaziz

text: Prince Faisal

text: King Saud University

text: Riyadh

text: University of California, Berkeley

text: Saudi Arabia

text: the Eastern province

text: Ramadan

text: Riyadh

text: Khalid bin Abdullah

text: Lambourn

text: Thoroughbred

text: racehorses

text: Dorset

text: Lexington

text: Generous

text: Epsom Derby

text: Irish Derby

text: Irish Oaks

text: Knight's Baroness

text: Ramruma

text: Irish St Leger

text: Derby Italiano

text: Prix du Jockey Club

text: Ibn Bey

text: Al Jawhara bint Abdulaziz

text: Khalid ibn Abdullah

text: Ahmad

text: Bandar bin Abdulaziz

text: Marbella

text: Al Oud cemetery

categories: 1955 births,Saudi Arabian racehorse owners and breeders,Burials at Al Oud cemetery,King Saud University alumni,2001 deaths,Owners of Epsom Derby winners,University of California, Berkeley alumni,Saudi Arabian businesspeople

paragraph: Fahd bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

paragraph: Fahd bin Salman (1955 – 25 July 2001) (Arabic:فهد بن سلمان بن عبد العزيز آل سعود) was a member of the House of Saud.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Prince Fahd was born in Riyadh in 1955. He was the oldest son of King Salman bin Abdulaziz. His mother was Sultana Al Sudairi, who died in July 2011. She was the daughter of Prince Salman's uncle, Turki bin Ahmed Al Sudairi, who was formerly the governor of Asir Province. Fahd bin Salman was a full brother of Prince Ahmed, Prince Sultan, Prince Abdulaziz, Prince Faisal and Princess Hassa (born 1974).

paragraph: Fahd bin Salman received a bachelor's degree from King Saud University in Riyadh, followed by a second bachelor of arts degree in political science from the University of California, Berkeley.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: On his return to Saudi Arabia, Fahd bin Salman joined the ministry of interior as an advisor. Later he served as deputy governor of the Eastern province from February 1986 to February 1993. He claimed that he spent about $4 million, all of which came from his own pocket, on feasts and largesse for commoners in the Muslim holy month of Ramadan during his deputy governorship.

paragraph: From 1991 to his death in 2001, Fahd bin Salman was involved in private business ventures. One of his companies was the Eirad Company, a space technology firm based in Riyadh.

paragraph: Section::::Horse racing and breeding.

paragraph: Fahd bin Salman was introduced to horse racing in the early 1980s by his father-in-law, Khalid bin Abdullah, and he bought the famous Whatcombe stable near Lambourn in 1984. He later acquired a stable of Thoroughbred racehorses and established Newgate Stud in Dorset and in Lexington.

paragraph: His greatest success came with the colt Generous whose victories included the 1991 Epsom Derby, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, and the Irish Derby. He won the Irish Oaks twice, in 1990 and 1999, with Knight's Baroness and Ramruma, respectively. Prince Fahd also won the Irish St Leger (1990), Derby Italiano (1994) and the French Derby (Prix du Jockey Club).

paragraph: His other horses included Ibn Bey, Broken Hearted, Zoman, Insan, Bint Pasha, Magic Ring and Dilum. In his later years, he began to devote himself to breeding horses rather than to racing.

paragraph: Section::::Other activities.

paragraph: The Prince Fahd bin Salman Charity Organization for Renal Failure Patient Care is a charitable organization founded by Prince Fahd, who was its first secretary-general. The association was formerly known as the Wafa Kidney Center in Namas and was renamed after the death of Fahd bin Salman. His father, Salman bin Abdulaziz, serves as its chairman, and his brother, Abdulaziz bin Salman, is its current secretary general.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: His wife was Nuf bint Khalid bin Abdallah Al Saud (born 1962), a first cousin of his through his paternal aunt Al Jawhara bint Abdulaziz and her husband Khalid ibn Abdullah.

paragraph: Fahd bin Salman's children are Sultan, Sarah, Ahmad and Rima. One of his daughters, Princess Sarah, married Talal bin Abdulaziz, a grandson of Bandar bin Abdulaziz on 26 May 2011. Their marriage ceremony was also held in Marbella on 2 July 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: It was announced that Fahd bin Salman died due to heart failure in Riyadh on 25 July 2001. Funeral prayers were held at the Turki bin Abdullah Mosque in Riyadh following regular afternoon prayer on 25 July 2001. He was buried in Al Oud cemetery in Riyadh.

alias:
Fahd bin Salman
Prince Fahd

description: Saudi royal and businessman

wikidata_label: Fahd bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

wikipedia_title: Fahd bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud


text:
Major
British
Sir Thomas Buxton
Ampleforth College
Yorkshire
Trinity College, Cambridge
Royal Artillery
Second World War
Military Cross
Anglia Television
nature documentary
Survival
World Wildlife Fund
Natural History Museum
Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust
London Zoological Society
Elsenham
Essex Wildlife Trust
Aubrey Buxton Nature Reserve
Extra Equerry
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
High Sheriff of Essex
Deputy Lieutenant of Essex
life peer
Stiffkey
Norfolk
Royal Victorian Order
Sir Henry Birkin, 3rd Baronet
Cindy Buxton
The London Scene
Survival (TV series)

categories: People educated at Ampleforth College,High Sheriffs of Essex,English television executives,Recipients of the Military Cross,Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,People from Stiffkey,Equerries,Royal Artillery officers,1918 births,Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order,Conservative Party (UK) life peers,2009 deaths,Deputy Lieutenants of Essex,Buxton family,British conservationists,British Army personnel of World War II

paragraph: Aubrey Buxton, Baron Buxton of Alsa

paragraph: Major Aubrey Leland Oakes Buxton, Baron Buxton of Alsa (15 July 1918 – 1 September 2009) was a British soldier, politician, television executive and writer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: He was born on 15 July 1918. His father was Leland William Wilberforce Buxton and his mother, Ada Mary Oakes. He was the great-great-grandson of the anti-slavery campaigner Sir Thomas Buxton. He was educated at Ampleforth College in Yorkshire and graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge. He served in the Royal Artillery in the Second World War and was decorated with the Military Cross in 1943.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career.

paragraph: From 1958 to 1988, he was a Director of Anglia Television. He was best known for creating the nature documentary series Survival which ran for four decades.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Philanthropy.

paragraph: In 1961 he was one of the co-founders of the World Wildlife Fund. As well as the WWF, he was involved with the Natural History Museum, the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust and the London Zoological Society. In 1976 he and Lady Buxton donated a 10 hectare estate near Elsenham to the Essex Wildlife Trust, and it is named the Aubrey Buxton Nature Reserve.

paragraph: In 1964, he was Extra Equerry to Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and in 1972 High Sheriff of Essex. He became Deputy Lieutenant of Essex in 1975 and held this office until 1985.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Peerage.

paragraph: On 11 May 1978, he was created a life peer as Baron Buxton of Alsa, of Stiffkey in the County of Norfolk. In 1996, Buxton, was invested as a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Personal life.

paragraph: He was married twice: firstly to Pamela Mary, daughter of Sir Henry Birkin, 3rd Baronet, on 14 November 1946; and secondly (having been widowed in 1983) to Kathleen Peterson, an American writer, on 16 July 1988. His first marriage produced six children, one of whom, Cindy Buxton, is a noted filmmaker.

paragraph: He died on 1 September 2009, aged 91, from undisclosed causes.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Birds of Arakan" (1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The King in his Country" (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The London Scene" (1961)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Survival (TV series)

description: British politician and television executive

wikidata_label: Aubrey Buxton, Baron Buxton of Alsa

wikipedia_title: Aubrey Buxton, Baron Buxton of Alsa


text:
landscape photographer
yachts
New York City
Outing magazine
Field and Stream
yacht racing
Mystic Seaport
Museum of the City of New York
National Museum of American History
Hallmark Photographic Collection
Metropolitan Museum of Art
New York Public Library
Seattle Art Museum
canoeist
MacGregor
Broadway
The Yacht Photography of J. S. Johnston

paragraph: John S. Johnston

paragraph: John S. Johnston (c.1839 – December 17, 1899) was a late 19th-century maritime and landscape photographer. He is known for his photographs of racing yachts and New York City landmarks and cityscapes.

paragraph: Very little is known about his life. He was evidently born in Britain in the late 1830s, and was active in the New York City area in the late 1880s and 1890s. He died in 1899.

paragraph: Johnston's photographs were published in "Outing magazine", "Forest and Stream" (now "Field and Stream"), and other 1890s periodicals featuring yacht racing.

paragraph: Collections of Johnston's work exist today at the Mystic Seaport Museum, the Museum of the City of New York, the National Museum of American History, the Hallmark Photographic Collection, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the New York Public Library, the Seattle Art Museum, and many other museums and archives across the United States.

paragraph: Johnston was also an active canoeist. According to "Forest and Stream" magazine, he was "one of the old-time disciples of MacGregor; taking up canoeing as a boy in England when the sport was still a novelty."

paragraph: He reportedly worked in partnership with C. Miller at one time, and his office was located at various times at 508 W. 158th Street as well as 494 W. 166th St., and 783 Broadway in New York City.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Yacht Photography of J. S. Johnston

description: American photographer

wikidata_label: John S. Johnston

wikipedia_title: John S. Johnston


text:
Antwerp
Madrid
Flemish
Jan van Kessel the Elder
Hieronymus van Kessel the Younger
Jan Brueghel the Elder
Jan Brueghel the Elder
Pieter Brueghel the Elder
Ferdinand van Kessel
Jan van Kessel the Elder
Guild of Saint Luke
Charles II of Spain
Marie Louise d'Orléans
Royal Alcazar of Madrid
Mariana of Neuburg
Bourbons
Philip V of Spain
'the other' Jan van Kessel
Jan van Kessel
Netherlands Institute for Art History
Pseudo-Jan van Kessel the Younger
notname
Antonio Palomino
Anthony van Dyck
Prado Museum
conjugal love
Warsaw
Antonio Palomino
Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum
Klaus Ertz

categories: Flemish Baroque painters,1654 births,1708 deaths

paragraph: Jan van Kessel the Younger

paragraph: Jan van Kessel the Younger or Jan van Kessel II (Antwerp, 23 November 1654 - Madrid, 1708), known in Spain as Juan Vanchesel el Mozo or el Joven, was a Flemish painter who after training in Antwerp worked in Spain. Known mainly for his portraits he became a court painter to the King and Queen of Spain. He is also believed to have been active as a still life painter, initially working in a style close to that of his father Jan van Kessel the Elder.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Jan van Kessel the Younger was born in Antwerp as the son of Jan van Kessel the Elder (1626–1679) and Maria van Apshoven. He was a scion of the famous Flemish dynasty of painters of the Brueghel family. His father was the son of Hieronymus van Kessel the Younger and Paschasia Brueghel (the daughter of Jan Brueghel the Elder). Jan van Kessel the Younger was thus Jan Brueghel the Elder's great-grandson and Pieter Brueghel the Elder's great-great-grandson. His brother Ferdinand van Kessel was also a painter.

paragraph: He likely trained under his father Jan van Kessel the Elder. Rather than becoming a master in the Antwerp Guild of Saint Luke, he moved to Madrid in or before 1679. In Madrid he became a painter to the court and gained a reputation mainly through his portraits.

paragraph: The artists gained recognition at court under the reign of Charles II of Spain for the portraits he made of Queen Marie Louise d'Orléans, first wife of Charles II. In 1686 he became officially the painter of the Queen. He is said to have received a commission from the Queen to paint scenes on the ceiling of her chambers in the Royal Alcazar of Madrid. Upon the death of the first wife of Charles II, van Kessel continued to serve as a portrait painter at the court and gained the favour of the king's new wife, Mariana of Neuburg.

paragraph: With the change of ruling dynasty from the Habsburgs to the Bourbons following the accession to the throne of Philip V of Spain in 1700, the artist's popularity at court went into decline. This was likely due to his continued close relationship with the widowed former Queen. The new king was not happy with his work possibly due to the ascendancy of French tastes at the Bourbon court. The artist had become well-off by that time.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: He is said to have painted portraits, flower pieces, still lifes, game pieces and art galleries. However, some art historians have questioned whether the attribution to Jan van Kessel the Younger of still lifes is due to confusion with other artists with a similar name all active around the same time. In addition to his father, there was another Antwerp painter with the name Jan van Kessel (referred to as 'the other' Jan van Kessel) who painted still lifes, while in Amsterdam there was a Jan van Kessel known as a landscape painter. To complicate things further, but because his father had an uncle also called Jan van Kessel, his father is sometimes referred to as Jan van Kessel II and Jan van Kessel the Younger as Jan van Kessel III.

paragraph: A number of still life works previously given to Jan van Kessel the Younger by scholars Klaus Ertz and Christa Nitze-Ertz in their 2012 publication on the painters called Jan van Kessel, has since 2017 been reattributed by the Netherlands Institute for Art History (RKD) to Pseudo-Jan van Kessel the Younger. Pseudo-Jan van Kessel the Younger is the notname given to an artist or workshop to whom or which are attributed about 200 small still lifes produced in Southern Europe in the late 16th and early 17th century. Jan van Kessel the Younger's small known authentic oeuvre is different in style and execution and substantially higher in quality than the works, which have now been attributed to Pseudo Jan van Kessel the Younger.

paragraph: His portrait style was described by his contemporary Antonio Palomino as very close to that of his fellow Flemish painter Anthony van Dyck. Van Kessel was a specialist of the genre of group portraits. An example is the "Portrait of a family in a garden" in the Prado Museum, which depicts a Flemish gentleman (believed to be a protector or patron of van Kessel) with his family. The symbolic intent of the work is to praise family life and family virtues such as fidelity. The guitar playing man symbolises family harmony and the dog the virtue of fidelity. The mature woman surrounded by the small children symbolizes the virtue of charity while the young couple holding hands represent conjugal love. The painting includes a self-portrait of the artist who is leaning out of a window in the background to the right. A slightly different version of the work, painted in the same year as the Prado version, is in Warsaw. The artist also painted a number of individual portraits. An example are the pair of portraits of and (Colección Abelló, Madrid), which are less formal than traditional official portraits.

paragraph: While some art historians have questioned whether Jan van Kessel the Younger was a still life painter, various still lifes have been attributed to him. Similar in style to those of his father, these still lifes are perfectly balanced compositions, which are characterised by an attention for detail and the use of delicate colours. The Flemish style of his still lifes gradually took on some of the features of the style of still life painting of his adoptive country Spain.

paragraph: Antonio Palomino also mentioned that van Kessel was a skilled landscape artist. No work in this genre has been securely attributed to van Kessel. A topographical view of a street in Madrid representing a "View of the Carrera de San Jerónimo and the Paseo del Prado with a Procession of Carriages" (Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid) has tentatively been attributed to him.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dr. Klaus Ertz & Christa Nitze-Ertz, "Die Maler Jan van Kessel - Jan van Kessel d.Ä. (1626-1679), Jan van Kessel d.J. (1654-1708), Jan van Kessel der 'Andere' (um 1620-nach 1661)", Luca-Verlag, Lingen, Germany, 2012.

alias:
Juan Vanchesel el Mozo
Juan Vanchesel el Joven
Jan Van Kessel II
Jan van Kessel III
Jan Van II Kessel
Jan van, II Kessel
Jan van, III Kessel
Jean van Kessel fils
Jan van Kessel le Jeune
Jan van Kessel II
John Van Kessel
van Kessel

description: Flemish painter mainly active in Spain

wikidata_label: Jan van Kessel the Younger

wikipedia_title: Jan van Kessel the Younger


text: Meulan-sur-Seine France Aureil Catholiconline.org

categories: 12th-century Christian saints,Medieval French saints,1060 births,1140 deaths,People from Meulan-en-Yvelines

paragraph: Gaucherius

paragraph: St. Gaucherius (1060 - 1140), a Christian saint, was born at Meulan-sur-Seine, France.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He received a classical education and became a priest. He felt a deep longing for solitude. After spending a night in prayer at the tomb of St Leonard of Limoges, Gaucherius went into the wild forest region and constructed a hermitage He thereupon devoted his life God as a hermit and began with his friend, Germond, to reside in the area of Limoges. Their example attracted others who built hermitages near to theirs. Finally Gaucherius decided to build a monastery at Aureil and to establish two communities, one for men, the other for women, both under the rule of St. Augustine.

paragraph: The passage of an eremitical settlement into the canonical life was one of the principal ways through which the Canons Regular grew in the 11th and 12th Century. The community of Aureil is typical of these kinds of Ordo Novus Canons Regular. Thereafter he lived with his companions, being for all a model of sanctity. His companions and disciples include Saint Lambert of Angoulême and St. Faucherus as well as the founder of Grandmont monastery, St. Stephen Muret.

paragraph: He died from a fall from a horse in 1140 at the age of eighty. He was canonized in 1194. His feast day is April 9.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholiconline.org

description: French monk

wikidata_label: Saint Gaucherius

wikipedia_title: Gaucherius


text:
House of Saud
Saudi Arabia
Ibn Saud
Hassa Al Sudairi
Sudairi Seven
Ibn Saud
University of California, Berkeley
California Military Academy
Prince Turki II
Prince Sultan
Al-Quds Al-Arabi
King Abdullah
Prince Nayef
Ibn Saud
Allegiance Council
Sultan
Prince Salman
King Fahd
Al Jawhara Al Ibrahim
Waleed Al Ibrahim
Nayef bin Sultan bin Fawwaz al-Shaalan

categories: 1931 births,2017 deaths,Saudi Arabian businesspeople,University of California, Berkeley alumni

paragraph: Abdul-Rahman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

paragraph: Abdul-Rahman bin Abdulaziz (, ""; 1931 – 13 July 2017) was a senior member of the House of Saud and Saudi Arabian deputy minister of defense and aviation.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Abdul-Rahman was born in 1931 to Ibn Saud and Hassa Al Sudairi. At the time of his death, he was the oldest living member of the Sudairi Seven. Abdul-Rahman, the first of Ibn Saud's sons to study in the West, received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of California, Berkeley, and graduated from the California Military Academy.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He was the counsellor for royal family affairs during the mid-1970s. Abdul-Rahman replaced his brother, Prince Turki II, as the kingdom's deputy minister of defense and aviation in 1978 when Turki resigned; before that, he was a businessman. He held the post until 5 November 2011. During the 1980s, when he was deputy minister, Abdul-Rahman reportedly provided food service to the ministry with his own company.

paragraph: During Prince Sultan’s absence from the Kingdom for medical treatment, he increased his activity at the ministry. Abdul-Rahman was often described as becoming more irritable with age.

paragraph: He was relieved from his post as deputy minister on 5 November 2011. According to "Al-Quds Al-Arabi", Abdul-Rahman was dismissed by King Abdullah when, unhappy at being bypassed as crown prince in favor of Prince Nayef, he refused to declare allegiance to Nayef.

paragraph: Section::::Succession.

paragraph: The prince was reportedly the only son of Ibn Saud to oppose the 2007 formation of the Allegiance Council, despite support from nearly all sons of the king. The apparent reason for his protests was the fact that he was next in age, after Crown Prince Sultan; the new succession arrangement is based on merit, rather than age. Prince Salman, his younger brother and the referee in family disputes, reportedly met with Abdul-Rahman and told him to "shut up and get back to work".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He was married to Maha Al Ibrahim, sister of King Fahd's wife Al Jawhara Al Ibrahim and Al Ibrahim's brothers (including Waleed Al Ibrahim). Abdul-Rahman's son-in-law is Nayef bin Sultan bin Fawwaz al-Shaalan.

paragraph: Abdul-Rahman died on 13 July 2017 at the age of 86.

alias:
Abd al-Rahman bin Abdul Aziz
Abdul-Rahman bin Abdul-Aziz

description: Member of House of Saud

wikidata_label: Abdul-Rahman bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud

wikipedia_title: Abdul-Rahman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud


text:
Saudi National Guard
Saudi royal family
King Abdulaziz
Riyadh
Prince Abdul Majeed
Prince Abdul Ilah
Prince Talal
Prince Fawwaz
Free Princes Movement
Beirut
Cairo
King Faisal
King Saud
King Faisal
National Security Council
the allegiance council
King Abdullah
Al Jawf Province
Asr prayer
Order of the Defender of the Realm

categories: 1932 births,2013 deaths,Government ministers of Saudi Arabia,Saudi Arabian military personnel,Sons of Ibn Saud

paragraph: Badr bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

paragraph: Badr bin Abdulaziz (1932 – 1 April 2013) () was a long-term deputy commander of the Saudi National Guard and a senior member of the Saudi royal family.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Prince Badr was born in 1932. He was the 20th son of King Abdulaziz. His mother was Haya bint Sa'ad Al Sudairi, who died in Riyadh on 18 April 2003 of unstated causes at the age of 90 and was also buried in the aforementioned city. She was a member of the powerful Sudairi family. Prince Badr's full brothers were late Prince Abdul Majeed and Prince Abdul Ilah. Prince Badr was educated in Riyadh.

paragraph: Section::::Free Princes involvement.

paragraph: Badr bin Abdulaziz together with Prince Talal and Prince Fawwaz participated in the Free Princes Movement lasting from 1962 to 1964 and lived in exile, mostly in Beirut and Cairo. He was rehabilitated by King Faisal.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: King Saud appointed Prince Badr as minister of transport in 1960 and then minister of communications in 1961. His tenure lasted just for one year until his participation to the Free Princes Movement. After his rehabilitation by King Faisal, Prince Badr was appointed deputy commander of Saudi Arabian National Guard (SANG) in 1967. In addition, he was part of the Saudi delegations in charge of different international missions.

paragraph: He also supervised the Janadriah, an annual cultural festival held in and around Riyadh. Although King Abdullah supported him, Prince Badr tended to keep a low profile and did not take part in power struggles within the family. As deputy commander of the SANG he was appointed as a member to the newly founded National Security Council in 2005. In addition, he became a member of the allegiance council of Saudi Arabia, which is in charge of succession, when it was formed in 2007.

paragraph: Prince Badr, the long-serving deputy commander of the SANG, had asked to be relieved from that role due to health concerns in November 2010. Minutes later, the agency announced that his request had been accepted. Prince Badr was referred to as an adviser to King Abdullah in United States diplomatic cables.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Prince Badr married Hessa bint Abdullah Al Sudairi, daughter of his maternal uncle. They had seven children, four daughters and three sons. Eldest son Fahd is the governor of Al Jawf Province. Prince Fahd's spouse is Sarah bint Abdullah, daughter of King Abdullah and Hessa bint Trad Al Shaalan.

paragraph: Prince Badr is reported to never have had a high public profile. Furthermore, he never exerted a large amount of executive control over the Guard during his tenure, though his influence there cannot be denied.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Prince Badr died on 1 April 2013 at the age of 81. Funeral prayers for him were held after Asr prayer at Imam Turki bin Abdullah Mosque in Riyadh on 2 April.

paragraph: Section::::Honour.

paragraph: Section::::Honour.:Foreign honour.

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Honorary Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (P.M.N.) (1982)

description: Saudi royal

wikidata_label: Badr bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

wikipedia_title: Badr bin Abdulaziz Al Saud


text:
Latin
Italian
Messina
Trojan War
Historia destructionis Troiae
Dares Phrygius
Dictys Cretensis
Dante
De vulgari eloquentia
Italian
Guido de Columnis

categories: 13th-century jurists,Sicilian School poets,Italian poets,13th-century Italian writers,13th-century Latin writers,Italian male poets

paragraph: Guido delle Colonne

paragraph: Guido delle Colonne (in Latin Guido de Columnis or de Columna) was a 13th-century Italian judge and writer, living at Messina, who wrote in Latin. He is the author of a prose narrative of the Trojan War entitled "Historia destructionis Troiae" ("History of the destruction of Troy," 1287), that was based on "De excidio Trojae historia" written by Dares Phrygius and "Ephemeridos belli Trojani" written by Dictys Cretensis.

paragraph: Dante ("De vulgari eloquentia" 2.5) named Guido as a poet in the vernacular, and in fact five poems by him in Italian survive.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guido delle Colonne, "Historia destructionis Troiae", edited by Nathaniel Edward Griffin, Mediaeval Academy of America Publication 26, Cambridge, Mass.: Mediaeval Academy of America, 1936.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benson, C. David, "The History of Troy in Middle English Literature: Guido delle Colonne's Historia Destructionis Troiae in Medieval England", Rowman & Littlefield (1980),

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carlesso, Giuliana, “La fortuna della "Historia destructionis Troiae" di Guido delle Colonne e un volgarizzamento finora ignoto,” "Giornale storico della letteratura italiana" 157 (1980): 230-51.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chiàntera, Raffaele, "Guido delle Colonne: Poeta e storico latino del sec. XIII e il problema della lingua della nostra primitiva lirica d'arte", Napoli: Casa Editrice ‘Federico & Adria' di P. Federico, 1956.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keller, Wolfram R., "Selves and Nations: The Troy Story from Sicily to England in the Middle Ages", Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lumiansky, R. M., “The Story of Troilus and Briseida according to Benoit and Guido,” "Speculum" 29.4 (1954): 727-33.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guido de Columnis vs Heinrich Schliemann -- water courses in Aegean prehistory, article online at Luwian Studies (access date: 2 February 2017)

description: poet from Italy

wikidata_label: Guido delle Colonne

wikipedia_title: Guido delle Colonne


text:
House of Saud
Sudairi Seven
Ibn Saud
Hassa Al Sudairi
first Prince Turki
Spanish flu
Princes' School
Prince Salman
King Saud
Lebanon
Riyadh Province
free princes
Cairo
Free Princes Movement
Miami
Metro Dade Police Department
State Department
diplomatic immunity
Saddam Hussein
Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Saudi Press Agency
Iraqi invasion of Kuwait
the United Nations'
Kuwait
Prince Nayef
al-Fassi family
Sufi
Shadhili
Imam al-Fassi
Mecca
Egypt
Saudi Arabia
Cairo
Prince Sultan
Prince Fahd
U.S. Export-Import Bank
Khalid bin Sultan
Geneva
Riyadh
Al Oud cemetery

categories: 2016 deaths,Saudi Arabian businesspeople,1934 births

paragraph: Turki II bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

paragraph: Turki (II) bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (, "") (1934 – 11 November 2016) was a member of the House of Saud.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Prince Turki was born in 1934. He was a member of the Sudairi Seven, a powerful faction of brothers within the Al Saud. His parents were Ibn Saud and Hassa Al Sudairi. He was known as Turki "the second" (الثاني "ath-thānī") because he was the second son born to Ibn Saud named "Turki". The first Prince Turki was Abdulaziz's first son who died in 1919 due to Spanish flu.

paragraph: Prince Turki studied at the Princes' School established by his father.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Turki bin Abdulaziz assumed the Riyadh principality delegation on 10 October 1957, because Prince Salman, (later to become King Salman) then-Riyadh governor, travelled with King Saud to Lebanon. In 1960, the approval of the King was issued to assign Prince Turki as the governor of the Riyadh Province in the period of the formal vacation of Prince Salman. Turki bin Abdulaziz was appointed the deputy defense minister in July 1969 by a royal order. His tenure lasted for nine years and he was forced to resign from office due to his marriage in 1978.

paragraph: Section::::Controversy.

paragraph: After his falling-out with other princes and joining with the free princes group, Turki bin Abdulaziz moved to Cairo and lived there in self-imposed exile for a time. However, other research on the Free Princes Movement does not mention his name as part of this group; so an alternate explanation of his self-exile in Cairo offers that it occurred as a result of an intra-family dispute due to his marriage to Hind Al Fassi (See also below and "Personal life" section).

paragraph: In February 1982, Turki bin Abdulaziz and his family, while living in Miami, were accused of holding an Egyptian servant against her will. Officers from the Metro Dade Police Department (MDPD) searched his apartment with a warrant but failed to find the woman. However, the police encountered fierce resistance from Prince Turki's bodyguards. He eventually sued the MDPD for $210 million, wherein the defendant then launched a countersuit. The State Department granted him diplomatic immunity in April 1982 and the lawsuit was dropped in June 1982.

paragraph: In a letter published by Wagze news agency in July 2010, Prince Turki is reported to have warned Saudi Arabia's ruling family of a fate similar to that of Iraq's executed dictator Saddam Hussein and the ousted Iranian Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, calling on them to escape before people "cut off our heads in streets." He argued that the Saudi royal family was no longer able to "impose" itself on people, arguing that deviations in carrying out the religious concepts that make up the basis of the Saudi government "have gotten out of our hands," so that the opposition views our acts as "interfering in people's private life and restricting their liberties."

paragraph: He further urged "Do it today before tomorrow as long as the money we have is enough for us to live anywhere in the world; from Switzerland to Canada and Australia…we should not return as long as we are able to get out safely, we must take our families quickly and pull out.", continuing "Do not fool yourself by relying on the United States or Britain or Israel, because they will not survive the loss; the only door open is now the exit door of no return. Let us go before it closes." He finally warned against a military coup against the ruling family, saying "no one will attack us from outside but our armed forces will attack us." However, later Turki bin Abdulaziz told Saudi Press Agency that the alleged letter to him circulated by some media and internet sites was nonexistent and fabricated by enemy parties wishing to spread confusion and excitement.

paragraph: Another controversy he experienced was about the death of his wife Hind al Fassi in August 2010. Her brother Allal al Fassi accused his brother-in-law, Prince Turki as well as his nephew and niece of killing his sister with a drug overdose. He submitted a report to the Attorney General and then, disappeared for 24 hours and reappeared after the medical report proved that there was nothing wrong in her system, leading to the withdrawal of all his accusations to his brother in law. On the other hand, Prince Turki's son, Abdul Rahman, sued his uncle Allal al Fassi claiming that he beat him and his father in the hospital where his mother died.

paragraph: So, as a total result, although in 2012 he was left as Hussa's eldest son, he was of course bypassed for the throne.

paragraph: Section::::Views.

paragraph: During the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990, Prince Turki argued in a press conference that the United Nations' embargo was not enough to drive the Iraqi army out of Kuwait. For him, military action was required to achieve it.

paragraph: After returning to Saudi Arabia in 2011, Prince Turki fully supported the appointments of his younger brothers, late Prince Nayef and Prince Salman. He argued in October 2011 that the decision to appoint late Prince Nayef as Crown Prince was totally right and that Prince Nayef had wisdom, sound management and long history in serving the country.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Turki bin Abdulaziz's first wife whom he divorced to marry Hind Al Fassi was Noura bint Abdallah bin Abdul Rahman.

paragraph: His second wife was Hind Al Fassi, a member of the Saudi Arabian al-Fassi family and daughter of Sheikh Shams ed-din Al Fassi, a Sufi religious leader from the Shadhili order, and great-grandson of Moroccan Sufi Imam al-Fassi, a Hasani Idrissi descendant of Prophet Mohammed, who had settled in Mecca in the late 18th-century. Turki bin Abdulaziz sacrificed his position as deputy defense minister and moved from the Kingdom into a self exile because he refused to divorce her in late 1970s. Therefore, he lost not only his position but also his candidacy for the Saudi Throne. Later, he and his wife went to Egypt in the late 1970s and never returned to Saudi Arabia together again. She died in 2010 in Cairo at the age of 57. After her death, Prince Turki returned to Saudi Arabia.

paragraph: Prince Turki had four sons from his first marriage, Prince Khalid (born December 1957), Prince Sultan (born May 1968), Prince Faisal (born January 1965) and Prince Fahd (born August 1959). In 1975, Prince Turki's elder sons took $1.1 million loan from the U.S. Export-Import Bank (Eximbank) to finance their business in relation to rice mills in Saudi Arabia.

paragraph: One of Prince Turki's daughters is married to Khalid bin Sultan. His son, Sultan bin Turki II bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, was "kidnapped" in Geneva and placed under house arrest in Riyadh in 2004 after he spoke out in favour of reform in Saudi Arabia. Another son, Faisal bin Turki, is an adviser at the ministry of petroleum and natural resources.

paragraph: Prince Turki died on 11 November 2016. He was buried at Al Oud cemetery in Riyadh.

alias: Turki bin Abdulaziz bin Abdullrahman Al Saud

description: Member of House of Saud

wikidata_label: Turki II bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud

wikipedia_title: Turki II bin Abdulaziz Al Saud


text:
Arabic
House of Saud
King Abdullah
Prince Talal
Armenian
Armenian Genocide
Ottoman Empire
Abdulaziz
Unayzah
Ibn Saud
King Saud
the United States
King Saud
King Faisal
the Persian Gulf region
King Faisal
Africa
Middle East
Abdullah
Al Mukhabarat Al A'amah
Prince Turki's
King Fahd
Prince Muqrin
the Free Princes Movement
Sydney University
Australia
11 September attacks
Israel
the US sanctions
Iran
Beirut
the Arab League
Franklin College
Lugano
Switzerland
Mohammed bin Nawwaf
United Kingdom
Ireland
Order of Civil Merit
Order of the Defender of the Realm

categories: 1932 births,2015 deaths,Directors of Al Mukhabarat Al A'amah,Government ministers of Saudi Arabia,Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit,Sons of Ibn Saud,Saudi Arabian businesspeople,Saudi Arabian people of Armenian descent

paragraph: Nawwaf bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

paragraph: Nawwaf bin Abdulaziz (16 August 1932 – 29 September 2015) (Arabic:نواف بن عبد العزيز آل سعود) was a senior member of the House of Saud and was a close ally of the deceased King Abdullah.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Prince Nawwaf was born on 16 August 1932. He was the twenty-second son of Ibn Saud.

paragraph: He was a full brother of Prince Talal. Their mother was an Armenian, Munaiyir, whose family escaped from the Armenian Genocide experienced under the reign of the Ottoman Empire from 1915 to 1923. She converted to Islam. Munaiyir was presented to Abdulaziz when she was 12 years old in the place of emir of Unayzah in 1921. Their first child, Talal, was born in 1924. Following the tradition, Munaiyir became to be known as Umm Talal, "mother of Talal". However, in 1927, the three-year-old Talal died. Later, she gave four children to Ibn Saud, one of them is Prince Nawwaf. It is not exactly known when Abdulaziz divorced his fourth wife and formally wed Munaiyir. It is reported by her family that she remained illiterate all her life. Munaiyir was regarded by British diplomats in Saudi Arabia as one of Ibn Saud’s favourite wives. She was as known for her intelligence as for her beauty. Munaiyir died in December 1991.

paragraph: During the reign of King Saud, his relations with his full-brother Prince Talal became negative, even leading to contesting their inheritances.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Nawwaf bin Abdulaziz received his primary Arabic and Islamic education in Saudi Arabia. He also obtained his university education in Islamic civilization in the Kingdom and completed his higher studies in the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Nawwaf bin Abdulaziz served briefly as chief of the royal court in 1961. He was also appointed finance minister by King Saud and served in the post for two years. He succeeded Prince Talal in the post. Later Prince Nawwaf worked as King Faisal's special adviser for Persian Gulf affairs from 1968 to 1975. In 1968, following the evacuation of the British forces from the Persian Gulf region, King Faisal named him as one of his special advisors. In view of his experience in various spheres, King Faisal sent him to participate in official delegations of the Kingdom at various meetings, including Arab and Islamic summits and meetings of non-aligned countries. He also led the Kingdom's delegations on behalf of King Faisal or work as his special envoy. Prince Nawwaf was thoroughly familiar with international policy and law, and was also an expert on the Middle East affairs. He did his best to unify the ranks of the Arab emirates and to integrate these emirates into one state following their partitions into seven tiny states during the colonial rule. In view of his rich experience in economic and political spheres, Prince Nawwaf was delegated to serve as the Saudi Government's official spokesman and its special envoy on several occasions. He visited the four corners of the world and positively contributed to the settlement of numerous disputes in Africa and the Middle East as well as in other parts of the world. He also accompanied Crown Prince Abdullah during his official foreign trips. However, Prince Nawwaf did not hold any official position until 2001.

paragraph: Prince Nawwaf was appointed director general of Saudi intelligence agency Al Mukhabarat Al A'amah following Prince Turki's resignation on 1 September 2001. His appointment did not result in significant power change in the royal family, since late King Fahd's son, Saud bin Fahd, continued to serve as deputy director which he had been serving since 1985. Prince Nawwaf's tenure lasted until 26 January 2005 when he resigned due to health concerns. Immediately after the acceptance of his resignation, then King Fahd appointed him as his special advisor. Prince Muqrin replaced Prince Nawwaf as the director general of Saudi intelligence agency in October 2005, nine months after his resignation.

paragraph: He was a special advisor to the late King Abdullah at the rank of minister and his term was extended for four years in 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Other activities.

paragraph: Prince Nawwaf was one of the supporters of the Free Princes Movement led by his brother Prince Talal in the early 1960s. He also contributed to the establishment of some industrial projects inside and outside the Kingdom to serve the Arab economy. His contribution to the strengthening of the Kingdom's relations with other world states is widely respected. He was one of the founders and a major shareholder of the Saudi-New Zealand Bank. He also owned some investment projects in the fields of real estate and tourism. He was one of the pioneers of the solar energy industry. Realizing the importance of solar energy, he extended his support to Sydney University in Australia to enable it to conduct research and studies in this field.

paragraph: Section::::Views.

paragraph: A Saudi survey conducted shortly after the 11 September attacks concluded that 95 percent of educated Saudi men aged between 25 and 41 supported ‘bin Laden’s cause. Nawwaf bin Abdulaziz argued that this support is motivated by Saudi anger over U.S. support for Israel. After the US sanctions against Iran in 2000, Prince Nawwaf said "Iran is being treated unfairly by some countries and this is not in the interests of the Arabia Gulf or even the US."

paragraph: Section::::Illness and death.

paragraph: In March 2002, Prince Nawwaf was admitted to the American University hospital in Beirut after suddenly suffering a stroke. He was in Beirut for the Arab League summit meeting. He was reported to have suffered a brain haemorrhage. Then he underwent a surgery in 2002. He was confined to a wheelchair following his health problems.

paragraph: Prince Nawwaf died on 29 September 2015 at the age of 83.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Prince Nawwaf was married to Jawahir Al Alsheikh, together they had three children: Abdulaziz (born 1979), Faisal (born 1984) and Sarah (born 1989). In 2008, his daughter Princess Sarah was a student at Franklin College in Lugano, Switzerland, pursuing a degree in international communications. Mohammed bin Nawwaf was his eldest son and has been Saudi ambassador to United Kingdom and Ireland since 2005.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit (Spain, 15 February 1974).

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Foreign honour.

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Honorary Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (S.M.N.) (1970)

description: Member of House of Saud

wikidata_label: Nawwaf bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

wikipedia_title: Nawwaf bin Abdulaziz Al Saud


text:
Arabic
House of Saud
Allegiance Commission
Taif
Ibn Saud
Circassian
Syria
Bandar bin Abdulaziz
Princes' School
Riyadh
Riyadh
Makkah Province
Grand Mosque Seizure
Prince Talal
Prince Badr
Free Princes Movement
Juhayman al Otaybi
Paris
Grand Mosque
Mecca
Al Adl cemetery
King Abdullah
Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifah
Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa
Sheikh Tamim Bin Hamad Al Thani

categories: 2008 deaths,Governors of Riyadh Province,1934 births,Burials at al-Adl cemetery,Saudi Arabian businesspeople

paragraph: Fawwaz bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

paragraph: Fawwaz bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (or Fawaz; 1934 19 July 2008) (Arabic: فواز بن عبد العزيز آل سعود) was a senior member of the House of Saud. In 2006, Fawwaz became one of the members of the Allegiance Commission. However, he died on 19 July 2008, some six months after the establishment of the council.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Prince Fawwaz was born in Taif in 1934. He was the son of Ibn Saud and Bazza II (died 1940), a Circassian woman born in Syria. Fawwaz was the 24th son of Ibn Saud. His only full brother was Prince Bandar bin Abdulaziz.

paragraph: He received his early education at the Princes' School in Riyadh.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Prince Fawwaz was governor of Riyadh from 1960 to 1961. On 18 June 1969, he was appointed deputy governor of Makkah Province. Then, he served as governor of the province from 1971 to 1980. He was the governor when the Grand Mosque Seizure occurred. After this event, he was removed from office.

paragraph: Section::::Free princes movement.

paragraph: Fawwaz bin Abdulaziz together with Prince Talal and Prince Badr was a member of the Free Princes Movement from 1962 to February 1964.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Prince Fawwaz was married to Fawzia bint Hussain Izzat. He had only an adopted son who could not replace him in the Allegiance Council. He had a wide range of business activities related to property development in the kingdom.

paragraph: Fawwaz bin Abdulaziz was one of the royal family members who was harshly criticised by Juhayman al Otaybi for his unabashed drinking, gambling, and corruption.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Fawwaz bin Abdulaziz died in Paris on 19 July 2008, at the age of 74, after suffering from a disease. His funeral was held in the Grand Mosque in Mecca on 20 July 2008. His body was buried in Al Adl cemetery in Mecca. Condolence messages were sent to King Abdullah, the Saudi government and the Saudi Royal Family from Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifah, Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, and Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa and Sheikh Tamim Bin Hamad Al Thani.

description: Saudi Arabian royal and businessman

wikidata_label: Fawwaz bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

wikipedia_title: Fawwaz bin Abdulaziz Al Saud


text: archbishop

text: Orthodox Church in America

text: Diocese of the Midwest

text: Illinois

text: Indiana

text: Iowa

text: Kansas

text: Michigan

text: Minnesota

text: Missouri

text: North Dakota

text: Nebraska

text: Ohio

text: Wisconsin

text: Chicago

text: Northern Illinois University

text: Black Lick, Pennsylvania

text: icon

text: Indiana University of Pennsylvania

text: riasaphor

text: monk

text: tonsure

text: Bishop Herman

text: Hartford, Connecticut

text: Holy Trinity Cathedral

text: Maumee, Ohio

categories: Bishops of the Orthodox Church in America,Christianity in Chicago,1946 births,2009 deaths,Eastern Orthodox archbishops

paragraph: Job (Osacky)

paragraph: Archbishop Job (Osacky) of Chicago (March 18, 1946 – December 18, 2009) was the archbishop of the Orthodox Church in America's Diocese of the Midwest until his unexpected death. His territory included Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, Nebraska, Ohio, and Wisconsin.

paragraph: Archbishop Job was born Richard John Osacky in Chicago on March 18, 1946. Saints Peter and Paul Church, at 53rd Street and Western Avenue, was his home parish. He completed university studies at Northern Illinois University and, after graduating from Saint Tikhon's Orthodox Theological Seminary in 1970, he served as cantor and youth director at Saint John the Baptist Church in Black Lick, Pennsylvania. He assumed responsibilities in leading Divine Services in the prescribed manner for readers, conducting religious education and youth work, and writing icons.

paragraph: In 1973, Reader John was ordained to the diaconate and consequently to the priesthood by (then) Bishop Theodosius of Pittsburgh. He was assigned to the parish in Black Lick, where he also served as spiritual director for the Orthodox Christian Fellowship at nearby Indiana University of Pennsylvania.

paragraph: In 1975, he was blessed a riasaphor monk, and later was tonsured a monk in the Lesser Schema by (then) Bishop Herman in August 1982. In November of that year he was elevated to the rank of archimandrite.

paragraph: The Diocese of New England nominated Job as their diocesan bishop. The Holy Synod of the Orthodox Church in America ratified the nomination and elected him Bishop of Hartford and the Diocese of New England. He was consecrated to the episcopacy on January 29, 1983, at All Saints Church in Hartford, Connecticut.

paragraph: At its session of November 5, 1992, the Holy Synod of Bishops elected Bishop Job as Bishop of Chicago and Diocese of the Midwest. He was enthroned as Bishop of his native city at Holy Trinity Cathedral on February 6, 1993.

paragraph: In addition to his regular duties as the ruling hierarch of the Diocese of the Midwest, Abp. Job was recognized as an accomplished icon painter and an authority in the field. At the 17 March 2004 session of the Holy Synod, Bishop Job was elevated to the rank of archbishop.

paragraph: Archbishop Job died unexpectedly in the morning of December 18, 2009 in a hotel in Maumee, Ohio.

description: American bishop

wikidata_label: Job

wikipedia_title: Job (Osacky)


text:
studio potter
Wimbledon, London
Alexandra Kitchin
G.W.Kitchin
North Devon
Braunton
Classics
Exeter College, Oxford
Leach Pottery
St Ives
slipware
Bernard Leach
Shoji Hamada
Winchcombe
slipware
Ray Finch (potter)
Winchcombe Pottery
Seth
Cornelius
Wenford Bridge
St Breward
earthenware
stoneware
kiln
war
stoneware
Colonial Service
Achimota School
Ghana
Marx
H.V.Meyerowitz
Vumë
River Volta
Suleja
Peter Stichbury
Peter Dick
Hausa
Gwari
Ladi Kwali
University of New South Wales
Northern Territory
aborigines
Svend Bayer
Clive Bowen
Truro
York Art Gallery
MBE
CBE
Leach Pottery
Winchcombe Pottery
Collection of historic Cardew pottery
Stoke-on-Trent Museums

categories: 1901 births,Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford,African pottery,People educated at King's College School, London,Commanders of the Order of the British Empire,English potters,1983 deaths

paragraph: Michael Cardew

paragraph: Michael Ambrose Cardew (1901–1983), was an English studio potter who worked in West Africa for twenty years.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Cardew was born in Wimbledon, London, the fourth child of Arthur Cardew, a civil servant, and Alexandra Kitchin, the eldest daughter of G.W.Kitchin, the first Chancellor of Durham University. His family had a holiday home in North Devon, where Arthur Cardew collected Devon country pottery. Cardew first saw this pottery being made in the workshop of Edwin Beer Fishley at Braunton and learned to make pottery on the wheel from Fishley's grandson, William Fishley Holland.

paragraph: He gained a scholarship to read Classics at Exeter College, Oxford. Already preoccupied with pottery, he graduated with a third class degree in 1923.

paragraph: Section::::St Ives and Wenford Bridge.

paragraph: Cardew was the first apprentice at the Leach Pottery, St Ives, Cornwall, in 1923. He shared an interest in slipware with Bernard Leach and was influenced by the pottery of Shoji Hamada. In 1926 he left St Ives to restart the Greet Potteries at Winchcombe in Gloucestershire. With the help of former chief thrower Elijah Comfort and fourteen-year-old Sydney Tustin, he set about rebuilding the derelict pottery. Cardew aimed to make pottery in the seventeenth century English slipware tradition, functional and affordable by people with moderate incomes. After some experimentation, pottery was made with local clay and fired in a traditional bottle kiln. Charlie Tustin joined the team in 1935 followed in 1936 by Ray Finch (potter), who bought the pottery from Cardew and worked there until he died in 2012. The pottery is now known as Winchcombe Pottery.

paragraph: Cardew married the painter Mariel Russell in 1933. They had three sons, Seth (1934-2016), Cornelius (1936–1981) and Ennis (b. 1938).

paragraph: In 1939, an inheritance enabled Cardew to fulfill his dream of living and working in Cornwall. He bought an inn at Wenford Bridge, St Breward, and converted it to a pottery, where he produced earthenware and stoneware. He built the first kiln at Wenford Bridge with the help of Michael Leach, Bernard Leach's son. It was fired only a few times before the outbreak of war, when blackout restrictions brought work to an end. In 1950 an Australian potter, Ivan McMeekin, became a partner and ran the pottery while Cardew was in Africa. McMeekin built a downdraught kiln and produced stoneware there until 1954.

paragraph: Section::::Africa.

paragraph: Wenford Bridge did not make enough money to support Cardew and his family, and in 1942 he accepted a salaried post in the Colonial Service as a ceramist at Achimota School, an élite school for Africans in the Gold Coast (Ghana). Although Cardew's main motivation for taking the post was financial, he had become convinced (partly through his reading of Marx) that there should be a closer relationship between the studio potter and industry. Following the outbreak of war, the school's supervisor of arts and crafts, H.V.Meyerowitz, recommended that the pottery department should expand into a handcraft-based industry that might provide all the pottery needs of British West Africa. African colonies had hitherto depended on the export of commodities, but enemy shipping made this almost impossible. The Colonial Office adopted instead a policy developing indigenous industries and eventually accepted Meyerowitz's idea. They agreed to fund the Achimota pottery, which they intended should become profitable, and hired Cardew to build and manage it in nearby Alajo. This gave him the opportunity to apply his ideas on an industrial scale, and he went to the task with enthusiasm. The pottery employed about sixty people and had large orders from the rubber industry and the army. However, it did not meet its production targets and was unprofitable. There was an apprentice rebellion and a huge kiln failure. Cardew admits that his enthusiasm developed into fanaticism. In 1945 Meyerowitz committed suicide. All these disasters led to the closure of Alajo.

paragraph: In 1945 Cardew moved to Vumë on the River Volta where he set up a pottery with his own resources. He chose to remain in Africa partly to erase the failure of Alajo and partly to vindicate the ideas of Meyerowitz, to whom he felt he owed a debt. He records in his autobiography his obsession to prove to the colonial administrators "that they were wrong to close down Alajo, and that a small pottery in a village would be successful in every way, provided it was allowed to develop naturally." He struggled with difficult clay and kiln failures for three years and later judged the Vumë pottery to have been unsuccessful, but its products are among his most highly regarded pots.

paragraph: He returned to England in 1948 and made stoneware pottery at Wenford Bridge.

paragraph: In 1951 he was appointed by the Nigerian government to the post of Pottery Officer in the Department of Commerce and Industry, during which time he built and developed a successful pottery training centre at Suleja (then called "Abuja") in Northern Nigeria. His first western student was Peter Stichbury. Another of his western students at Abuja was Peter Dick in 1961-62. His trainees were mainly Hausa and Gwari men, but he spotted the pots of Ladi Kwali and in 1954 she became the first woman potter at the Training Centre, soon followed by other women. As a result of Cardew's extensive contact with and admiration of African pottery, his later work shows its influence. He returned to Wenford Bridge on his retirement in 1965.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Through his contact with Ivan McMeekin, in 1968 he was invited by the University of New South Wales to spend six months in the Northern Territory of Australia introducing pottery to the aborigines. He travelled in America, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, making pots, demonstrating, writing and teaching.

paragraph: He wrote an autobiography, "A Pioneer Potter", and "Pioneer Pottery", an account of pottery-making based on his experiences in Africa, which assumes that the potter will have to find and prepare his own materials and make all his tools and equipment.

paragraph: Several of Cardew's former apprentices went on to become studio potters including Svend Bayer, Clive Bowen, Michael OBrien, and Danlami Aliyu.

paragraph: He died in Truro.

paragraph: Section::::Assessment and reputation.

paragraph: Bernard Leach said that Cardew was his best pupil. He has been described as "one of the finest potters of the century and one of the greatest slipware potters of all times." The decorative style of his slipware is usually trailed or scratched and is free and original. The stoneware he made at Vumë and Abuja is similarly well regarded. There are collections of his work in museums in Britain, (for example in the York Art Gallery), the United States, Australia and New Zealand.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: He was appointed MBE in 1964 and CBE in 1981.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leach Pottery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winchcombe Pottery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collection of historic Cardew pottery at Stoke-on-Trent Museums

description: English studio potter

wikidata_label: Michael Cardew

wikipedia_title: Michael Cardew


text:
Korean
Hanja
South Korea
speed skater
1998 Winter Olympics
Nagano
Thialf
Heerenveen
Calgary
Olympic Games
2002 Winter Olympics
Salt Lake City
2006 Winter Olympics
Turin
Italy
Salt Lake City
Salt Lake City
Salt Lake City
Calgary
Heerenveen
Seoul
sskating.com
Choi Jae-bong at SpeedSkatingStats.com

categories: Speed skaters at the 2007 Asian Winter Games,Asian Games medalists in speed skating,Speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics,1980 births,Dankook University alumni,Speed skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics,Speed skaters at the 2003 Asian Winter Games,Speed skaters at the 1998 Winter Olympics,Olympic speed skaters of South Korea,Asian Games gold medalists for South Korea,Medalists at the 1999 Asian Winter Games,South Korean male speed skaters,Speed skaters at the 1999 Asian Winter Games,Speed skaters at the 1996 Asian Winter Games,Asian Games bronze medalists for South Korea,Living people

paragraph: Choi Jae-bong

paragraph: Choi Jae-bong (Korean: 최재봉, Hanja: 崔財鳳, born 19 June 1980) is a South Korean speed skater. He represented his country at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano. At that time he was the holder of the junior World record at 1500 m, set in early December 1997 in Thialf, Heerenveen, where he clocked 1:52.25 to break the record. In Nagano where he finished in 12th position he broke his own world junior record to a new best time of 1:51.47, which was 0.78 of a second faster. He also finished in 29th position at the 5000 m. In November 1998 he broke the junior world record over 500 m into a new time of 36.30 in Calgary and a day later he broke his own 1500 m record again, this time 1:49.71 was his new best time. Due to these records and some other decent results in that same weekend he also broke the junior world record for the small allround classification to 153.689 points. That same season he won the bronze medal at the World Junior Allround Championships and broke another two world records. He set 1:10.87 at the 1000 m in February 1999 and a total of 143.965 points for the sprint classification again in Calgary.

paragraph: As a senior, during his second Olympic Games, the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City he finished 17th at the 500 m, 12th at the 1000 m and 21st at the 1500 m. He also represented South Korea four years later during the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. In Italy he finished in his all-time best Olympic result, by becoming 8th at the 500 m. He also became 17th at the 1000 m.

paragraph: Section::::Personal records.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 500 m – 35.12, 12 February 2002, Salt Lake City

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1000 m – 1:08.81, 16 February 2002, Salt Lake City

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1500 m – 1:47.26, 19 February 2002, Salt Lake City

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3000 m – 3:55.29, 15 November 1997, Calgary

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5000 m – 6:49.61, 7 December 1997, Heerenveen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 10000 m – 15:11.81, 23 February 1996, Seoul

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- sskating.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Choi Jae-bong at SpeedSkatingStats.com

description: South Korean speed skater

wikidata_label: Choi Jae-bong

wikipedia_title: Choi Jae-bong