text: Cab Calloway

text: session musician

text: Vicksburg

text: Lynching

text: Louis Armstrong

text: Duke Ellington

text: Fletcher Henderson

text: Earl Hines

text: Eddie South

text: Wendell Phillips High School

text: peck horn

text: Major N. Clark Smith

text: peck horn

text: bass saxophone

text: The Chicago Defender

text: Lionel Hampton

text: Crane Junior College

text: Freddie Keppard

text: Zutty Singleton

text: Jabbo Smith

text: Erskine Tate

text: Art Tatum

text: Tiny Parham

text: Northwestern University

text: Eddie South

text: Cab Calloway

text: Al Morgan

text: Cotton Club

text: Benny Goodman

text: Lionel Hampton

text: Billie Holiday

text: Ethel Waters

text: Teddy Wilson

text: Danny Barker

text: Chu Berry

text: Doc Cheatham

text: Cozy Cole

text: Dizzy Gillespie

text: Illinois Jacquet

text: Jonah Jones

text: Ike Quebec

text: Ben Webster

text: Benny Carter

text: Mona Clayton

text: Lena Horne

text: Dan Morgenstern

text: studio musician

text: Jackie Gleason

text: Phil Moore

text: Joe Bushkin

text: Count Basie

text: Louis Armstrong

text: Robert Q. Lewis

text: Jackie Gleason

text: Robert Q. Lewis

text: Patti Page

text: Polly Bergen

text: Teddy Wilson

text: Mitch Miller

text: Dick Cavett

text: Billie Holiday

text: Paul McCartney

text: Frank Sinatra

text: Leon Redbone

text: Sam Cooke

text: Barbra Streisand

text: Andre Kostelanetz

text: Brook Benton

text: Johnny Mathis

text: Paul Anka

text: Bobby Rydell

text: Hank Jones

text: Barry Galbraith

text: Osie Johnson

text: Benny Goodman

text: Johnny Hartman

text: Dick Hyman

text: Red Norvo

text: Teddy Wilson

text: Diahann Carroll

text: Paul Anka

text: Barbra Streisand

text: Pearl Bailey

text: Bing Crosby

text: Bill Lee

text: Ron Carter

text: Richard Davis

text: Percy Heath

text: Sam Jones

text: Strata-East

text: Hunter College

text: Baruch College

text: Newport Jazz Festival

text: George Wein

text: Earl Hines

text: Lionel Hampton

text: Hank O'Neal

text: Chiaroscuro Records

text: William Paterson College

text: Skidmore College

text: Hamilton College

text: DePaul University

text: Trinity College

text: Berklee College of Music

text: Fairfield University

text: Baruch College

text: Smithsonian Institution

text: National Endowment for the Arts

text: WRTI-FM

text: bowing

text: pizzicato

text: slapping

text: dozens of exhibits

text: Billie Holiday

text: Ben Webster

text: Quincy Jones

text: A Great Day in Harlem

text: London Film Festival

text: Tribeca Film Festival

text: Oberlin College

text: Oberlin Conservatory

text: Allen Memorial Art Museum

text: Percussion and Bass

text: Jo Jones

text: Milt Hinton film clips

text: Milt Hinton Interview

categories: Swing double-bassists,The Cab Calloway Orchestra members,20th-century double-bassists,Jazz musicians from Mississippi,Slap bassists (double bass),Jazz photographers,1910 births,Musicians from Vicksburg, Mississippi,American jazz double-bassists,20th-century American musicians,Male double-bassists,20th-century American photographers,Chiaroscuro Records artists,2000 deaths,Male jazz musicians,20th-century male musicians

paragraph: Milt Hinton

paragraph: Milton John Hinton (June 23, 1910 – December 19, 2000) was an American double bassist and photographer.

paragraph: Regarded as the Dean of American jazz bass players, his nicknames included "Sporty" from his years in Chicago, "Fump" from his time on the road with Cab Calloway, and "The Judge" from the 1950s and beyond.Hinton's recording career lasted over 60 years, mostly in jazz but also with a variety of other genres as a prolific session musician.

paragraph: He was also a photographer of note, praised for documenting American jazz during the 20th Century.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life in Mississippi (1910–1919).

paragraph: Hinton was born in Vicksburg, Mississippi, the only child of Hilda Gertrude Robinson, whom he referred to as "Titter," and Milton Dixon Hinton. He was three-months-old when his father left the family. He grew up in a home with his mother, his maternal grandmother (whom he referred to as "Mama"), and two of his mother's sisters.

paragraph: His childhood in Vicksburg was characterized by extreme poverty and extreme racism. Lynching was a common practice at the time. Hinton said that one of the clearest memories of his childhood was when he accidentally came upon a lynching.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Growing up in Chicago (1919–1935).

paragraph: Hinton moved with his extended family to Chicago, Illinois, in the fall of 1919, which created opportunities for him. Chicago was where Hinton first encountered economic diversity among African-Americans, about which he later noted, "That's when I realized that being black didn't always mean you had to be poor." It was also where he experienced an abundance of music, either in person or through live performances on the radio. During this time he first heard concerts featuring Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Fletcher Henderson, Earl Hines, Eddie South, and many others.

paragraph: Music was a fixture at home. His mother and other relatives regularly played piano. He received his first instrument – a violin – in 1923 for his thirteenth birthday. While attending Wendell Phillips High School, he played violin in the school orchestra and learned peck horn in order to play in the school's ROTC marching band that was directed by Major N. Clark Smith. He soon transitioned from peck horn to bass saxophone and then to tuba, while also being accepted into the citywide brass band sponsored by "The Chicago Defender", where he played with Lionel Hampton.

paragraph: After graduating from high school, Hinton attended Crane Junior College for two years, during which time he began receiving regular work as a freelance musician around Chicago. He performed with Freddie Keppard, Zutty Singleton, Jabbo Smith, Erskine Tate, and Art Tatum. His first steady job began in the spring of 1930, playing tuba (and later double bass) in the band of pianist Tiny Parham. His recording debut on November 4, 1930 was on tuba with Parham's band on a tune titled "Squeeze Me." After graduating from Crane Junior College in 1932, attended Northwestern University for one semester, then dropped out to pursue music full-time. He received steady work from 1932 through 1935 in a quartet with violinist Eddie South, with extended residencies in California, Chicago, and Detroit. With this group he first recorded on double bass in the spring of 1933.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:The Cab Calloway era (1936–1950).

paragraph: In 1936, Hinton joined the Cab Calloway Orchestra, initially as a temporary replacement for Al Morgan while the band was on tour en route to a six-month residency at the newly opened midtown location of the Cotton Club in New York City. He quickly found acceptance among the band members, and he ended up staying with Calloway for over fifteen years. Until the Cotton Club closed in 1940, the Calloway band would perform there for up to six months per year, going on tour for the remaining six months of the year. During the Cotton Club residencies, Hinton took part in recording sessions with Benny Goodman, Lionel Hampton, Billie Holiday, Ethel Waters, Teddy Wilson, and many others. It was at this time that he recorded what is possibly the first bass feature, "Pluckin' the Bass" in August 1939.

paragraph: Hinton appeared regularly on radio while in Calloway's band, either on bass in concerts broadcast from the Cotton Club, or as a cast member for the short-lived music quiz show "Cab Calloway's Quizzicale." These broadcasts brought national attention to the Calloway band and helped enable the successful national tours the band would schedule. They also gave listeners a chance to hear examples of jive talk, which Calloway would formalize through publications such as his "Hepster's Dictionary", first published in 1938.

paragraph: Calloway's band included renowned sidemen such as Danny Barker, Chu Berry, Doc Cheatham, Cozy Cole, Dizzy Gillespie, Illinois Jacquet, Jonah Jones, Ike Quebec, and Ben Webster. Hinton credits Chu Berry with elevating the overall musicianship of the Calloway band in part by encouraging Cab to hire arrangers such as Benny Carter to create new arrangements that would challenge the musicians. As Hinton put it, "Musically he was the greatest thing that ever happened to the band." Hinton was also heavily influenced by the musical innovations of Dizzy Gillespie, with whom he had informal sessions in the late 1930s during breaks between sets at the Cotton Club. Hinton credits Gillespie with introducing him to many of the experimental harmonic practices and chord substitutions that would later be associated with bebop.

paragraph: In 1939 when Hinton returned to Chicago for his grandmother's funeral, he met Mona Clayton, who was then singing in his mother's church choir. The two were married a few years later and remained inseparable for the rest of Milt's life. (Mona was his second wife; the first was a brief relationship in the 1930s with Oby Allen, a friend he knew from high school.) He and Mona's only child, Charlotte, was born on February 28, 1947. Mona had begun traveling with the Calloway Orchestra in the early 1940s—the only musician's friend or spouse to do so. She helped musicians in the band manage their money, and she often insisted that they open savings accounts. For band members, she was a trusted confidant who was known for her discretion. When traveling with a toddler became too difficult, the Hintons bought a two-family house in Queens, and ten years later they purchased a larger single-family home in an adjacent neighborhood where they remained for the rest of their lives.

paragraph: In addition to caring for their daughter, Mona handled the family's finances, and her attention to detail ensured the couple's financial security later in life. She kept track of Hinton's freelance work, scheduled interviews, coordinated public relations events, and often drove him back and forth to gigs (Hinton never drove as an adult, due in part to a car accident he was involved in as a teenager in Chicago). In the mid 1960s, Mona completed both a bachelor's and a master's degree and taught in the public schools for several years. In the 1970s, she began traveling with Hinton again and was regularly invited to join him at jazz parties and festivals where he performed. At the same time, she was active as a music contractor for Lena Horne and others. Mona was always well respected in the jazz community, and she and Hinton were viewed by many as role models; as the jazz historian Dan Morgenstern noted in an article from 2000, "If there is a closer couple, I'd be surprised."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:After Cab Calloway (1950–1954).

paragraph: By 1950, popular music tastes had changed, and Calloway lacked the funds to support a full big band. Instead, he hired Hinton and a few others to create a smaller ensemble, first a septet and later a quartet, which toured until June 1952, with trips to Cuba and Uruguay. After the Calloway ensemble disbanded, Hinton spent more time as a freelance studio musician in New York City. At first, the work was sporadic, and, as Hinton put it, "This was the one period in my life when I was worried about earning a living." He played as many clubs and restaurants as possible, a practice he would continue for the next several decades. He performed regularly at La Vie en Rose, the Embers, the Metropole, and Basin Street West, where he appeared with Jackie Gleason, Phil Moore, and Joe Bushkin. In the early 1950s, he performed with Count Basie for a brief time in the New York area.

paragraph: Although his freelance work was increasing, in July 1953 Hinton signed a one-year contract to tour with Louis Armstrong. He described the decision as "very difficult" as it would force him to be away from his family, and it would also slow down the momentum he was gaining as a freelance musician in New York City. Steady pay and the opportunity to perform with Armstrong were persuasive, and Hinton performed dozens of concerts, including a tour of Japan, as a member of the band. When an opportunity to join the house band for a television show hosted by Robert Q. Lewis in New York opened up in February 1954, Hinton gave his notice to Armstrong and returned to Queens.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:In the studios (1954–1970).

paragraph: For roughly the next two decades he performed regularly on numerous radio and television programs, including those hosted by Jackie Gleason, Robert Q. Lewis, Galen Drake, Patti Page, Polly Bergen, Teddy Wilson, Mitch Miller, Dick Cavett, and others. As he recalled, "I had a great situation because I was never on staff. That meant I'd get paid by the show. And since I never spent more than fifteen hours a week on rehearsals and shows, I always had free time to do record dates."

paragraph: By far, his most regular work during this era was in the recording studio, where Milt was among the first African-Americans to be regularly hired for studio contract work. From the mid-1950s through the early 1970s he contributed to thousands of jazz and popular records as well as hundreds of jingles and film soundtracks. He would regularly play on three three-hour studio sessions per day, requiring him to own multiple basses that he hired assistants to transport from one studio to the next. During this era Milt recorded with everyone from Billie Holiday to Paul McCartney, Frank Sinatra to Leon Redbone, and Sam Cooke to Barbra Streisand. As Hinton summarized his time in the studios, "I might be on a date for Andre Kostelanetz in the morning, do one with Brook Benton or Johnny Mathis in the afternoon, and then finish up the day with Paul Anka or Bobby Rydell. At one time or another, I probably played for just about every popular artist around in those days."

paragraph: Starting in the mid-1950s, he regularly worked in the studio with Hank Jones (piano), Barry Galbraith (guitar), and Osie Johnson (drums) in a group that informally became known as the New York Rhythm Section. The four played on hundreds of sessions together and even recorded an LP in 1956 that was titled "The Rhythm Section".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:After the studios (1970–2000).

paragraph: By the late 1960s studio work began dropping off, so Hinton incorporated more live performances into his schedule. He regularly accepted club gigs, most often at Michael's Pub, Zinno's, and the Rainbow Room where he performed with Benny Goodman, Johnny Hartman, Dick Hyman, Red Norvo, Teddy Wilson, and others. He also went back on the road, first with Diahann Carroll for a tour in Paris in 1966, and later with Paul Anka, Barbra Streisand, Pearl Bailey, and Bing Crosby. From the 1960s through the 1990s he traveled extensively to Europe, Canada, South America, Japan, the Soviet Union, and the Middle East, while also appearing throughout the U.S.

paragraph: In 1968 he began performing as a part of Professionals Unlimited (later renamed the New York Bass Violin Choir), a collective bass ensemble organized by Bill Lee that included Lisle Atkinson, Ron Carter, Richard Davis, Michael Fleming, Percy Heath, and Sam Jones. The group performed irregularly for a number of years and in 1980 released a self-titled album on the Strata-East label (SES-8003) containing material recorded between 1969 and 1975.

paragraph: Hinton taught for nearly twenty years as a visiting professor of jazz studies at Hunter College and Baruch College, first offering a jazz workshop at Hunter in the fall of 1973. During this time he regularly appeared at jazz festivals, parties, and cruises; performing annually at Dick Gibson's jazz parties in Colorado, the Odessa and Midland jazz parties in Texas beginning in 1967, and Don and Sue Miller's jazz parties in Phoenix and Scottsdale.

paragraph: He played at the first Newport Jazz Festival in 1954 and was a regular at Newport and other jazz festivals produced by George Wein throughout the next four decades. He was a favorite at the Bern Jazz Festival in Switzerland, sponsored by Hans Zurbruegg and Marianne Gauer. In 1977 he recorded with Earl Hines and Lionel Hampton. For much of the 1980s and 1990s Hinton was featured on jazz cruises organized by Hank O'Neal, then owner of Chiaroscuro Records.

paragraph: By the 1990s, he was revered as an elder statesman in jazz, and he was regularly honored with significant awards and accolades. He received honorary doctorates from William Paterson College, Skidmore College, Hamilton College, DePaul University, Trinity College, the Berklee College of Music, Fairfield University, and Baruch College of the City University of New York. He won the Eubie Award from the New York Chapter of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, the Living Treasure Award from the Smithsonian Institution, and he was the first recipient of the Three Keys Award in Bern, Switzerland. In 1993, he was awarded the highly prestigious National Endowment for the Arts Jazz Master Fellowship. He also contributed to the NEA's Jazz Oral History Program, continuing a longstanding practice of recording interviews with friends in his basement during extended visits. In 1996 he received a New York State Governor's Arts Award, in March 1998 he was awarded the Artist Achievement Award by the Governor of Mississippi, and in 2000 his name was installed on ASCAP's Wall of Fame.

paragraph: In 1990, Hinton's 80th year, WRTI-FM in Philadelphia produced a series of twenty-eight short programs in which he chronicled his life. These were aired nationwide by more than one hundred fifty public radio stations and received a Gabriel Award that year as Best National Short Feature. In the same year George Wein produced a concert as a part of the JVC Jazz Festival in honor of Hinton's 80th birthday. Similar concerts were produced for his 85th and 90th birthdays. By 1996, he ceased performing on bass, due to a number of physical ailments, and he died at the age of 90 on December 19, 2000.

paragraph: Section::::Musicianship.

paragraph: Hinton was broadly regarded as a consummate sideman, possessing a sensitivity for appropriately applying his formidable technique and his extensive harmonic knowledge to the performance at hand. He was equally adept at bowing, pizzicato, and "slapping," a technique for which he first became famous while playing with the Cab Calloway Orchestra early in his career. He was also an accomplished sight-reader, a skill which he developed on the road with Calloway and honed during his several decades of studio work. As he described his technical diversity, "Working with Cab for sixteen years could have made me stale. You play the same music over and over, and after awhile you can do it in your sleep. Many guys liked it that way because it was easy. But when the band business got bad, they weren’t prepared to do anything else. On the other hand, I was able to work on radio and TV and get all kinds of record dates. In a real way, practicing and discipline paid off."

paragraph: Section::::Hinton Photographic Collection.

paragraph: Hinton received his first camera, a 35mm Argus C3, on his 25th birthday in 1935. He later moved on to a Leica, then a Canon 35mm range-finder, and by the 1960s to a Nikon F. Between 1935 and 1999 Hinton took thousands of photographs, approximately 60,000 of which now comprise the Milton J. Hinton Photographic Collection, co-directed by David G. Berger and Holly Maxson. The Collection includes 35mm black and white negatives and color transparencies, reference and exhibition-quality prints, and photographs given to and collected by Hinton throughout his life. The work depicts an extensive range of jazz artists and popular performers in varied settings - on the road, in recording studios, at parties, and at home - over a period of six decades.

paragraph: Beginning in the early 1960s, Hinton and Berger worked together to organize the photographs and identify the subjects of the photos. In June 1981, Hinton had his first one-person photographic exhibition in Philadelphia, and since then items from the Collection have been featured in dozens of exhibits across the country and in Europe.

paragraph: Photographs from the Collection have also regularly appeared in periodicals, calendars, postcards, CD liner notes, films, and books. Hinton and Berger co-wrote "Bass Line: The Stories and Photographs of Milt Hinton" (Temple University Press, 1988), and with the addition of Holly Maxson, the three co-wrote "OverTime: The Jazz Photographs of Milt Hinton" (Pomegranate Art Books, 1991) and "Playing the Changes: Milt Hinton’s Life in Stories and Photographs" (Vanderbilt University Press, 2008). Notable documentary films that have drawn upon the Collection include "The Long Night of Lady Day" (Billie Holiday), "The Brute and the Beautiful" (Ben Webster), and "Listen Up" (Quincy Jones). "A Great Day in Harlem", a 1994 documentary about Esquire's photographic shoot of jazz legends in 1958, features numerous photographs by Milt as well as a home movie shot by Mona. In late 2002 Berger and Maxson utilized the Collection along with a number of original interviews with Hinton's friends and colleagues to produce the documentary film "Keeping Time: The Life, Music & Photographs of Milt Hinton". It debuted at the London Film Festival, won the Audience Award at the Tribeca Film Festival in 2003, and has been shown at film festivals both domestically and abroad.

paragraph: Section::::Hinton Collection at Oberlin College.

paragraph: In 1980, in honor of Hinton's 70th birthday, his friends and associates worked to create the Milton J. Hinton Scholarship Fund, which was used to help support the musical studies of a variety of bass students over the next 35 years. In 2014 the fund was transferred to Oberlin College to provide scholarships to students attending the biennial Milton J. Hinton Summer Institute for Studio Bass, established at Oberlin College in 2014 and directed by Peter Dominguez, Professor of Jazz Studies and Double Bass at Oberlin. The institute is one component of a broader relationship between the Hinton Estate and Oberlin, which also includes:

paragraph: BULLET::::- the acquisition by Oberlin of four of Hinton's basses, including the 18th-century bass that Hinton performed on for the majority of his career;

paragraph: BULLET::::- the presence of the Milton J. and Mona C. Hinton Collection in the Oberlin Conservatory Library special collections, which comprises materials created or compiled by Milt and Mona Hinton over the course of their lives. The Collection includes date books, correspondence, financial records, artifacts, newspaper clippings, photographs, audio and moving image materials, and other ephemera that provide an unrivalled view of Hinton's life;

paragraph: BULLET::::- an exhibition in 2014 at the Allen Memorial Art Museum at Oberlin College of 99 of Hinton's photographs, several dozen of which are now a part of the AMAM's permanent collection.

paragraph: This relationship is in line with Hinton's longstanding goal to educate and inspire future generations of musicians. As he noted when discussing one of his own bass teachers, "For [Dmitri Shmuklovsky], passing on his skill and knowledge to the next generation was a solemn duty. It was a mission that went beyond his music. And looking back, I know his greatest gift was to teach me this strong sense of responsibility. It's the reason I've always tried to help young people. If someone wants to improve, if they have a sincere desire to learn, I've always tried to be there to give them whatever I can." The multifaceted relationship between the Hinton Estate and Oberlin College will ensure that Milt and Mona's legacy will be passed on to future generations.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Everywhere "and" Beefsteak Charlie "(1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " And Say It Again "(1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Just Plain Blues "(1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " If You Believed in Me "(Staff 1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Meditation Jeffonese "(Staff 1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Milt Hinton: East Coast Jazz 5 "(1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Basses Loaded "(1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " The Rhythm Section "(1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Percussion and Bass "(Everest, 1960) with Jo Jones

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Here Swings the Judge "(1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Bassically with Blue "(1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " The Trio "(1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Just the Two of Us "(1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " The Judge’s Decision "(1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Back to Bass-ics "(1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Hayward and Hinton "(1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " The Basement Tapes "(1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Old Man Time "(1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Marian McPartland’s Piano Jazz with Guest Milt Hinton "(1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " The Trio 1994 "(1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Laughing at Life "(1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " The Judge at His Best: The Legendary Chiaroscuro Sessions, 1973-1995 "(1995)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milt Hinton film clips

paragraph: BULLET::::- NPR Documentary on Milt Hinton's life and music

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smithsonian Oral History Interview with Milt Hinton

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milt Hinton Interview NAMM Oral History Library (1994)

description: American musician and photographer

wikidata_label: Milt Hinton

wikipedia_title: Milt Hinton


text:
Cotswold Olimpick Games
Norfolk
Great Ellingham
University of Cambridge
sizar
Queens' College
Gog Magog Games
Gog Magog Hills
Oath of Supremacy
Lord Burghley
Gray's Inn
Peter Heylin
Gray's Inn
Chipping Campden
Endymion Porter
Barton-on-the-Heath
Cotwsold
English Civil War
Restoration
William Cole
Stow on the Wold
Aston-sub-Edge

categories: 17th-century English people,1652 deaths,16th-century English people,1575 births,People from Breckland District,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Robert Dover (Cotswold Games)

paragraph: Robert Dover (1575/82–1652) was an English attorney, author and wit, best known as the founder and for many years the director of the Cotswold Olimpick Games.

paragraph: He was probably born between 1575 and 1582 in Norfolk, one of four children sired by a John Dover, but as the parish registers in Great Ellingham did not begin until 1630 it is impossible to be certain. Dover was a scholar at the University of Cambridge in 1595, possibly as a sizar at Queens' College: during his time at Cambridge the "Gog Magog Games" were held on the Gog Magog Hills outside Cambridge, although it is not known whether these were already being termed "Olympik" as was the case by 1620. Dover left university early to avoid swearing the Oath of Supremacy, and a Robert Dover was among those questioned by Lord Burghley's officers looking for recusants in Norfolk. On 27 February 1605 Dover was admitted to Gray's Inn, and was probably called to the bar in 1611. Dover was known as a wit, and author of a lost poem "The Wandering Jew": according to Peter Heylin, a pageant put on at Gray's Inn. In 1611 he moved to Saintbury, near Chipping Campden. After the inauguration of the Games, he obtained patronage from neighbour Endymion Porter, a well-connected courtier, who arranged for Dover to receive a cast-off set of royal garments to wear while presiding. Later in life he moved to Barton-on-the-Heath.

paragraph: Dover founded his annual Games held in the Cotwsold hills above Chipping Campden in about 1612, and presided over them for forty years. A mixture of courtly and folk events, the Cotswold Olimpicks were so named in "Annalia Dubrensia", one of a series of literary celebrations of the events. The games consisted of cudgel-playing, wrestling, running at the quintain, jumping, casting the bar and hammer, hand-ball, gymnastics, rural dances and games and horse-racing, the winners in which received valuable prizes. The Games were interrupted by the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642. Revived after the Restoration, the Games continued until 1852, and were again revived in 1965.

paragraph: In 1610 Dover married Sibilla Sanford, daughter of William Cole, Dean of Lincoln and widow of John Sanford of Stow on the Wold; they had two sons (Robert, died in infancy, and John, 1614–1696) and two daughters (Sibella and Abigail). Robert Dover was buried at Barton on 24 July 1652(the date of 6 June 1641 appears to be a mistake).

paragraph: There is a monument to Robert Dover at Dover's Hill, near Aston-sub-Edge.

description: English attorney, author and wit

wikidata_label: Robert Dover

wikipedia_title: Robert Dover (Cotswold Games)


text: Berthold Ullman

text: University of Chicago

text: Office of Strategic Services

text: United States Maritime Commission

text: Sapienza University of Rome

text: Nuclear Regulatory Commission

text: Amtrak

text: trade

text: complementarity

text: intervening opportunities

text: transferability of commodities

text: Geographers on Film

text: University of Washington

categories: American geographers,1912 births,Regional scientists,Scientists from Chicago,1976 deaths,University of Washington faculty,Urban geographers

paragraph: Edward Ullman

paragraph: Edward Louis Ullman (1912 – 1976), son of classical scholar Berthold Ullman, was trained as a geographer at University of Chicago where he was influenced by the urban and economic emphasis in social science. His study and dissertation on the economic aspects of Mobile, Ullman began a career of transit studies. He was the Office of Strategic Services transportation specialist in World War II.

paragraph: After the war he served as a lieutenant in the United States Navy Reserve and was an economist for the United States Maritime Commission. He also did research for the Joint Chiefs of Staff in the Pentagon and the State Department. In 1951 he began his academic work at the Department of Geography, University of Washington and was a Fulbright research professor at the Sapienza University of Rome in 1956-1957. He did academic work in Germany and Israel. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission and Amtrak utilized his services in their formative years.

paragraph: He proposed that trade was an interaction based on three phenomena: "complementarity", "intervening opportunities", and "transferability of commodities".

paragraph: The level of interaction can be measured by the "Gravity model" of trade:

paragraph: Where:

paragraph: BULLET::::- I: Level of interaction between i,j. alternatively, quantity of trade between i,j.

paragraph: BULLET::::- P = population of i

paragraph: BULLET::::- D = distance separating i,j

paragraph: BULLET::::- β = impedance factor

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geographers on Film"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of Washington

description: American geographer & academic

wikidata_label: Edward Ullman

wikipedia_title: Edward Ullman


text: Mississippi

text: Confederate States Army

text: American Civil War

text: Governor of Mississippi

text: Reconstruction

text: Claiborne County

text: Territory of Mississippi

text: New Jersey

text: West Point

text: Robert E. Lee

text: Joseph E. Johnston

text: Eggnog Riot

text: Sunflower County, Mississippi

text: Itta Bena

text: Captain

text: Confederate States Army

text: 21st Mississippi Infantry Regiment

text: William Barksdale

text: Eastern Theater

text: Battle of Gettysburg

text: Cemetery Ridge

text: Democrat

text: Governor

text: William L. Sharkey

text: President

text: Andrew Johnson

text: Reconstruction

text: Jim Crow laws

text: Jackson, Mississippi

text: Leflore County, Mississippi

text: Port Gibson, Mississippi

text: Humphreys County, Mississippi

text: Benjamin G. Humphreys

text: David J. Eicher

text: Warner, Ezra J.

text: Mississippi History

text: History Central

categories: Recipients of American presidential pardons,1882 deaths,People of Mississippi in the American Civil War,19th-century American Episcopalians,People from Claiborne County, Mississippi,United States Military Academy alumni,Democratic Party state governors of the United States,American people of Welsh descent,1808 births,Governors of Mississippi,People from Itta Bena, Mississippi,Mississippi Democrats,Mississippi state senators,Confederate States Army generals

paragraph: Benjamin G. Humphreys

paragraph: Benjamin Grubb Humphreys (August 26, 1808December 20, 1882) was an American politician from Mississippi. He was a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War and served as Governor of Mississippi from 1865 to 1868, during Reconstruction.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Humphreys was born in Claiborne County in the Territory of Mississippi, on the Bayou Pierre. He was educated in New Jersey and enrolled at West Point in the same class as Robert E. Lee and Joseph E. Johnston. However, he was expelled in 1826 when he participated in a "Christmas frolic" that ended up turning into the Eggnog Riot.

paragraph: Upon his return to Mississippi, he was elected to the state senate representing his native county, serving from 1839 to 1844. In 1846, he moved to Sunflower County, Mississippi, and founded Itta Bena. He developed a cotton plantation there.

paragraph: Section::::Civil War.

paragraph: Humphreys raised a company and was commissioned a Captain in the Confederate States Army in 1861. Being part of the 21st Mississippi Infantry Regiment he was elected to the rank of Colonel the same year. Brigaded with other regiments under command of Brig. Gen. William Barksdale he fought in the Eastern Theater. At the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863 Humphreys's regiment was part of the force that attacked Federal positions at the Peach Orchard, driving the defenders back toward Cemetery Ridge. Humphreys took command of the brigade after the death of Barksdale. He was subsequently promoted to Brigadier General, and remained in command of the brigade through the end of the war.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: After the surrender of the Confederate Army, Southern politicians and Army officers were not automatically pardoned and were forbidden to hold public office. At the time of his candidacy, Benjamin Humphreys was unpardoned, and President Andrew Johnson did not want him elected. Unwilling to withdraw his candidacy, on October 2, 1865, Humphreys was elected as a Democrat, but was not immediately recognized as the Governor of Mississippi. Without presidential approval, on October 16, 1865, Humphreys had himself inaugurated and sworn in as the 26th Governor of Mississippi. By October 26, 1865, Mississippi provisional Governor, William L. Sharkey, received from President Andrew Johnson a pardon authorizing political office under the Reconstruction plan. He won re-election in 1868 and continued with a second term, but with the beginning of Congressional control of Reconstruction he was physically removed by occupying U.S. armed forces on June 15 of that year.

paragraph: As a Democratic Governor of the State of Mississippi, he encouraged Jim Crow laws. In his own words:

paragraph: After his retirement from politics, Humphreys entered a career in insurance in Jackson, Mississippi. He continued there until his retirement in 1877, when he moved to his plantation in Leflore County, Mississippi, where he died in 1882. He is buried in Wintergreen Cemetery, Port Gibson, Mississippi.

paragraph: Humphreys County, Mississippi, is named after him. His son, also named Benjamin G. Humphreys, entered into a political career of his own. He became a Congressman and was on the Harbors and Rivers Committee, where he was instrumental in the successful amendment that created and added levees to the charter of the commission.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- McKitrick, Eric L. "Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction". New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1988.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, "Civil War High Commands." Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pfanz, Harry W. "Gettysburg – The Second Day". Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Warner, Ezra J. "Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders." Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mississippi History

paragraph: BULLET::::- History Central

description: United States Confederate Army general

wikidata_label: Benjamin Grubb Humphreys

wikipedia_title: Benjamin G. Humphreys


text:
Acy-en-Multien
Oise
novel
La loi
Prix Goncourt
Claude Brûlé
Roger Vadim
Meillonnas
Ain
French Resistance
French Communist Party
Hungarian Revolution of 1956
Drôle de jeu
Prix Interallié
Éditions Corrêa
Éditions Sagittaire
Éditions Gallimard
Prix Goncourt
"The Law"
Messidor
Éditions du Sonneur
Éditions sociales
les Éditeurs réunis
Éditions du Seuil
Éditions du Rocher
Éditions Complexe
Roger Vailland

categories: Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni,20th-century French novelists,French male screenwriters,People from Oise,French screenwriters,French male novelists,20th-century essayists,20th-century French male writers,French communists,1965 deaths,Prix Goncourt winners,1907 births,French male essayists,French Resistance members,French essayists,Prix Interallié winners

paragraph: Roger Vailland

paragraph: Roger Vailland (16 October 1907 - 12 May 1965) was a French novelist, essayist, and screenwriter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Vailland was born in Acy-en-Multien, Oise. His novels include the prize winning "Drôle de jeu" (1945), "Les mauvais coups" (1948), "Un jeune homme seul" (1951), "325 000 francs" (1955), and "La loi" (1957), winner of the Prix Goncourt. His screenplays include "Les liaisons dangereuses" (with Claude Brûlé and Roger Vadim, 1959) and "Le vice et la vertu" (with Vadim, 1962). He died, aged 57, in Meillonnas, Ain.

paragraph: Vailland took part in the French Resistance during Nazi occupation. "Drôle de jeu" (Playing with Fire) is considered one of the finest novels about the anti-fascist Resistance. Vailland joined the French Communist Party but resigned after the Soviet suppression of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. He remained an independent leftist for the rest of his life.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Drôle de jeu", Prix Interallié, Éditions Corrêa, Paris, 1945

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Mauvais coups", Éditions Sagittaire, 1948

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bon pied, bon œil", Éditions Corrêa, Paris, 1950

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Un Jeune homme seul", Éditions Corrêa, Paris, 1951

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beau masque", Éditions Gallimard, Paris, 1954

paragraph: BULLET::::- "325 000 francs", Éditions Corrêa, Paris, 1955

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Loi", Prix Goncourt 1957. English: "The Law"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Fête", Éditions Gallimard, Paris, 1960

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Truite", Éditions Gallimard, Paris, 1964

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Visirova", Messidor, Paris, 1986

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cortès, le conquérant de l'Eldorado", Messidor, Paris, 1992

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Travel.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Boroboudour", Éditions Gallimard, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Boroboudour, voyage à Bali, Java et autres îles", Éditions du Sonneur, Paris

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Journals.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chronique d’Hiroshima à Goldfinger : 1945-1965", Éditions sociales, Paris, 1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chronique des années folles à la Libération", Éditions sociales, Paris, 1984.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Écrits intimes", Éditions Gallimard, Paris, 1982.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Theatre.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Héloïse et Abélard", Editions Corréa, 1947

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Colonel Foster plaidera coupable", pièce en cinq actes, les Éditeurs réunis, Paris, 1952.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monsieur Jean", Éditions Gallimard, Paris, 1959

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Essays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Laclos", Éditions du Seuil, Paris, 1953

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Éloge du Cardinal de Bernis", Éditions Grasset, Paris, 1956.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Expérience du drame", Éditions du Rocher, Monaco, 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Un homme du peuple sous la Révolution", Éditions Gallimard, Paris, 1979

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le regard froid : réflexions, esquisses, libelles, 1945-1962", Éditions Grasset, Paris, 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- "N’aimer que ce qui n’a pas de prix", Éditions du Rocher, Monaco, 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les pages immortelles de Suétone", Éditions du Rocher, Monaco, 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Saint-Empire", Éditions de la différence, Paris, 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Surréalisme contre la révolution", Éditions Complexe, Bruxelles, 1988

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roger Vailland

alias:
Jean Servière
Georges Omer
Etienne Merpin

description: French writer

wikidata_label: Roger Vailland

wikipedia_title: Roger Vailland


text: General

text: KB

text: PC

text: British Army

text: Commander-in-Chief of British forces

text: American War of Independence

text: his brother Richard

text: War of the Austrian Succession

text: Seven Years' War

text: Anse-au-Foulon

text: James Wolfe

text: Battle of the Plains of Abraham

text: Louisbourg

text: Belle Île

text: Havana

text: Battle of Bunker Hill

text: Thomas Gage

text: New York City

text: Philadelphia

text: John Burgoyne

text: Saratoga campaign

text: France into the war

text: knighted

text: House of Commons

text: Viscountcy of Howe

text: Richard

text: Emanuel Howe, 2nd Viscount Howe

text: Charlotte

text: King George I

text: George II

text: George III

text: Governor of Barbados

text: George Howe

text: Battle of Carillon

text: Fort Ticonderoga

text: Richard Howe

text: East India Company

text: Madeira

text: Comoro Islands

text: cornet

text: Duke of Cumberland's Dragoons

text: Flanders

text: War of the Austrian Succession

text: 20th Regiment of Foot

text: James Wolfe

text: Seven Years' War

text: 58th (Rutlandshire) Regiment of Foot

text: Siege of Louisbourg

text: light infantry

text: Siege of Quebec

text: Battle of Beaufort

text: Saint Lawrence River

text: Plains of Abraham

text: Battle of the Plains of Abraham

text: Battle of Sainte-Foy

text: Montreal

text: Jeffery Amherst

text: Capture of Belle Île

text: adjutant general

text: captured Havana

text: Nottingham

text: Isle of Wight

text: major general

text: Thirteen Colonies

text: Intolerable Acts

text: Thomas Gage

text: King George

text: Henry Clinton

text: John Burgoyne

text: 23rd Fusiliers

text: British Army

text: Boston

text: Lexington and Concord

text: Battle of Bunker Hill

text: Thomas Gage

text: besieged in the city

text: Breed's Hill

text: Bunker Hill

text: Charles River

text: Battle of Bunker Hill

text: George Otto Trevelyan

text: Royal Navy

text: Newport, Rhode Island

text: Siege of Boston

text: Continental Army

text: George Washington

text: Joshua Loring, Jr.

text: The Battle of the Kegs

text: Francis Hopkinson

text: Henry Knox

text: heavy artillery from Fort Ticonderoga

text: fortify Dorchester Heights

text: evacuated the city

text: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: New York Harbour

text: Staten Island

text: Lord George Germain

text: Long Island

text: Brooklyn Heights

text: East River

text: Continental Army

text: Verazzano Narrows

text: Battle of Long Island

text: Jamaica Pass

text: withdrawal

text: East River

text: knighted

text: John Sullivan

text: The meeting that resulted

text: colonial independence

text: landed troops on Manhattan

text: at Harlem Heights

text: Nathan Hale

text: major fire

text: Throgs Neck

text: landing of troops at Pell's Point

text: Westchester County

text: White Plains

text: Battle of White Plains

text: Battle of Fort Washington

text: Charles Cornwallis

text: Delaware River

text: Philadelphia

text: Hugh, Earl Percy

text: Trenton, New Jersey

text: gaining a second victory at Trenton

text: a third at Princeton

text: Hudson River

text: Albany, New York

text: Province of Quebec

text: Morristown, New Jersey

text: Morristown, New Jersey

text: strongly fortified position

text: Watchung Mountains

text: Henry Knox

text: Daniel Morgan

text: Morgan's Riflemen

text: Battle of Short Hills

text: Head of Elk, Maryland

text: Cooch's Bridge

text: Chadds Ford

text: Brandywine Creek

text: Battle of Brandywine

text: Gilpin Homestead

text: The Battle of the Clouds

text: The Paoli Massacre

text: Alexander Hamilton

text: attack on Fort Mercer

text: his expedition

text: Montreal

text: Battles of Saratoga

text: Continental Congress

text: enter the war

text: British government

text: Lord North

text: Don Higginbotham

text: Mischianza

text: John André

text: Oliver De Lancey Jr.

text: Marquis de Lafayette

text: Battle of Barren Hill

text: Joseph Galloway

text: Privy Council

text: 19th Light Dragoons

text: a crisis with Spain

text: French Revolutionary Wars

text: Northern District

text: Eastern District

text: Berwick-on-Tweed

text: Viscount Howe

text: Plymouth

text: Twickenham

text: Sleepy Hollow

text: Nicholas Guest

text: Ichabod Crane

text: Tom Mison

text: Bones

text: Greek fire

text: Joseph Galloway

categories: Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath,British MPs 1761–1768,1814 deaths,British MPs 1754–1761,58th Regiment of Foot officers,Pages of Honour,British MPs 1768–1774,British military personnel of the French and Indian War,British Army personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession,British Army generals,Whig (British political party) MPs for English constituencies,Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain,People connected with Plymouth,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies,British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War,Lancashire Fusiliers officers,1729 births,English people of German descent,Viscounts in the Peerage of Ireland

paragraph: William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe

paragraph: General William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe, KB, PC (10 August 1729 – 12 July 1814) was a British Army officer who rose to become Commander-in-Chief of British forces during the American War of Independence. Howe was one of three brothers who had distinguished military careers. In historiography of the American war he is usually referred to as Sir William Howe in distinction to his brother Richard, who held the title of Lord Howe at that time.

paragraph: Having joined the army in 1746, Howe saw extensive service in the War of the Austrian Succession and Seven Years' War. He became known for his role in the capture of Quebec in 1759 when he led a British force to capture the cliffs at Anse-au-Foulon, allowing James Wolfe to land his army and engage the French in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham. Howe also participated in the campaigns to take Louisbourg, Belle Île and Havana. He was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the Isle of Wight, a post he held until 1795.

paragraph: Howe was sent to North America in March 1775, arriving in May after the American War of Independence broke out. After leading British troops to a costly victory in the Battle of Bunker Hill, Howe took command of all British forces in America from Thomas Gage in September of that year. Howe's record in North America was marked by the successful capture of both New York City and Philadelphia. However, poor British campaign planning for 1777 contributed to the failure of John Burgoyne's Saratoga campaign, which played a major role in the entry of France into the war. Howe's role in developing those plans and the degree to which he was responsible for British failures that year (despite his personal success at Philadelphia) have both been subjects of contemporary and historic debate.

paragraph: He was knighted after his successes in 1776. He resigned his post as Commander in Chief, North America, in 1777, and the next year returned to England, where he was at times active in the defence of the British Isles. He sat in the House of Commons from 1758 to 1780. He inherited the Viscountcy of Howe upon the death of his brother Richard in 1799. He married, but had no children, and the viscountcy became extinct with his death in 1814.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: William Howe was born in England, the third son of Emanuel Howe, 2nd Viscount Howe and Charlotte, the daughter of Sophia von Kielmansegg, Countess of Leinster and Darlington, an acknowledged illegitimate half-sister of King George I. His mother was a regular in the courts of George II and George III. This connection with the crown may have improved the careers of all four sons, but all were also very capable officers. His father was a politician, who served as Governor of Barbados where he died in 1735. William's eldest brother, General George Howe, was killed just before the 1758 Battle of Carillon at Fort Ticonderoga. Another brother, Admiral Richard Howe, rose to become one of Britain's leading naval commanders. A third brother, Thomas, commanded ships for the East India Company, Winchelsea in 1762–4 and Nottingham in 1766, and made observations on Madeira and on the Comoro Islands.

paragraph: William entered the army when he was 17 by buying a cornet's commission in the Duke of Cumberland's Dragoons in 1746. He then served for two years in Flanders during the War of the Austrian Succession. After the war he was transferred to the 20th Regiment of Foot, where he became a friend of James Wolfe.

paragraph: Section::::Seven Years' War.

paragraph: During the Seven Years' War Howe's service first brought him to America, and did much to raise his reputation. He joined the newly formed 58th (Rutlandshire) Regiment of Foot in February 1757, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in December of that year. He commanded the regiment at the Siege of Louisbourg in 1758, leading an amphibious landing under heavy enemy fire. This action won the attackers a flanking position and earned Howe a commendation from Wolfe.

paragraph: Howe commanded a light infantry battalion under General Wolfe during the 1759 Siege of Quebec. He was in the Battle of Beaufort, and was chosen by Wolfe to lead the ascent from the Saint Lawrence River up to the Plains of Abraham that led to the British victory in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham on 13 September 1759. After spending the winter in the defence of Quebec City, his regiment fought in the April 1760 Battle of Sainte-Foy, and led a brigade in the capture of Montreal under Jeffery Amherst before returning to England. Howe led a brigade in the 1761 Capture of Belle Île, off the French coast, and turned down the opportunity to become military governor after its capture so that he might continue in active service. He served as adjutant general of the force that captured Havana in 1762, playing a part in a skirmish at Guanabacoa.

paragraph: In 1758, Howe was elected a member of parliament for Nottingham, succeeding to the seat vacated by his brother George's death. His election was assisted by the influence of his mother, who campaigned on behalf of her son while he was away at war, and may very well have been undertaken because service in Parliament was seen as a common way to improve one's prospects for advancement in the military. In 1764 he was promoted to colonel of the 46th (South Devonshire) Regiment of Foot, and in 1768 he was appointed lieutenant governor of the Isle of Wight. As tensions rose between Britain and the colonies in the 1770s, Howe continued to rise through the ranks, and came to be widely regarded as one of the best officers in the army. He was promoted to major general in 1772, and in 1774 introduced new training drills for light infantry companies.

paragraph: In Parliament he was generally sympathetic to the American colonies. He publicly opposed the collection of legislation intended to punish the Thirteen Colonies known as Intolerable Acts, and in 1774 assured his constituents that he would resist active duty against the Americans and asserted that the entire British army could not conquer America. He also let government ministers know privately that he was prepared to serve in America as second in command to Thomas Gage, whom he knew was unpopular in government circles. In early 1775, when King George called on him to serve, he accepted, claiming publicly that if he did not, he would suffer "the odious name of backwardness to serve my country in distress." He sailed for America in March 1775, accompanied by Major Generals Henry Clinton and John Burgoyne. In May 1775 his colonelcy was transferred to the 23rd Fusiliers.

paragraph: Along with fellow British Army Generals Clinton and Burgoyne, Howe arrived at Boston aboard on 25 May 1775, having learned en route that war had broken out with the skirmishes at the marches to Lexington and Concord in April. It provided naval reinforcement at the Battle of Bunker Hill. He led a force of 4,000 troops sent to reinforce the 5,000 troops under General Thomas Gage who were besieged in the city after those battles. Gage, Howe, and Generals Clinton and Burgoyne discussed plans to break the siege. They formulated a plan to seize high ground around Boston and attack the besieging colonial militia forces, setting its execution for 18 June. However, the colonists learned of the plan and fortified the heights of Breed's Hill and nearby Bunker Hill on the Charlestown peninsula across the Charles River from Boston on the night of 16–17 June, forcing the British leadership to rethink their strategy.

paragraph: Section::::American War of Independence.:Bunker Hill and Boston.

paragraph: In a war council held early on 17 June, the generals developed a plan calling for a direct assault on the colonial fortification, and Gage gave Howe command of the operation. Despite a sense of urgency (the colonists were still working on the fortifications at the time of the council), the attack, now known as the Battle of Bunker Hill, did not begin until that afternoon. With Howe personally leading the right wing of the attack, the first two assaults were firmly repulsed by the colonial defenders. Howe's third assault gained the objective, but the cost of the day's battle was appallingly heavy. The British casualties, more than 1,000 killed or wounded, were the highest of any engagement in the war. Howe described it as a "success ... too dearly bought." Although Howe exhibited courage on the battlefield, his tactics and overwhelming confidence were criticised. One subordinate wrote that Howe's "absurd and destructive confidence" played a role in the number of casualties incurred.

paragraph: Although Howe was not injured in the battle, it had a pronounced effect on his spirit. According to British historian George Otto Trevelyan, the battle "exercised a permanent and most potent influence" especially on Howe's behaviour, and that Howe's military skills thereafter "were apt to fail him at the very moment when they were especially wanted." Despite an outward appearance of confidence and popularity with his troops, the "genial six-footer with a face some people described as 'coarse'", privately often exhibited a lack of self-confidence, and in later campaigns became somewhat dependent on his older brother Richard (the admiral in the Royal Navy, also on station in the Colonies) for advice and approval.

paragraph: On 11 October 1775, General Gage sailed for England, and Howe took over as Commander-in-Chief of the British Army in America. British military planners in London had, with the outbreak of hostilities, begun planning a massive reinforcement of the troops in North America. Their plans, made with recommendations from Howe, called for the abandonment of Boston and the establishment of bases in New York and Newport, Rhode Island in an attempt to isolate the rebellion to New England. When orders arrived in November to execute these plans, Howe opted to remain in Boston for the winter and begin the campaign in 1776. As a result, the remainder of the Siege of Boston was largely a stalemate. Howe never attempted a major engagement with the Continental Army, which had come under the command of Major General George Washington. He did, however, spend a fair amount of time at the gambling tables, and allegedly established a relationship with Elizabeth Lloyd Loring, the wife of Loyalist Joshua Loring, Jr. Loring apparently acquiesced to this arrangement, and was rewarded by Howe with the position of commissary of prisoners. Contemporaries and historians have criticised Howe for both his gambling and the amount of time he supposedly spent with Mrs. Loring, with some going so far as to level accusations that this behaviour interfered with his military activities; historian John Alden does not give these ideas credence. The alleged relationship is also mentioned in "The Battle of the Kegs", an American propaganda ballad written by Francis Hopkinson. In January 1776 Howe's role as commander in chief was cemented with a promotion to full general in North America.

paragraph: The siege was broken in March 1776 when Continental Army Colonel Henry Knox brought heavy artillery from Fort Ticonderoga to Boston during the winter, and General Washington used them to fortify Dorchester Heights, overlooking Boston and its harbour. Howe at first planned an assault on this position, but a snowstorm interfered, and he eventually decided to withdraw from Boston. On 17 March, British troops and Loyalists evacuated the city, and sailed for Halifax, Nova Scotia.

paragraph: Section::::American War of Independence.:New York campaign.

paragraph: Howe and his troops began to arrive outside New York Harbour and made an uncontested landing on Staten Island to the west in early July. Howe, whose orders from Lord George Germain, the Secretary of State responsible for directing the war from Westminster, were fairly clear that he should avoid conflict before the arrival of reinforcements, then waited until those reinforcements arrived in mid-August, along with the naval commander, his brother Richard. This delay proved to be somewhat costly, since the Americans used this time to improve fortifications on northwestern Long Island (at Brooklyn Heights along the East River shoreline) and increased the size of their Continental Army with additional militia. After moving most of his army by amphibious barges across the Verazzano Narrows to southwestern Long Island without opposition, he attacked the American positions on 27 August in what became known as the Battle of Long Island. In a well-executed manoeuvre, a large column led by Howe and Clinton passed around the American left flank, through the lightly guarded Jamaica Pass far to the east, (a ridge of hills running east to west bisected the island, with a series of lower entrances that were all guarded by Continentals except inexplicably to the farthest east at Jamaica), catching the Patriots off-guard and routing the Americans from their forward positions back into the entrenchments on Brooklyn Heights. Despite the urging of Clinton and others, Howe decided against an immediate assault on these fortifications, claiming "the Troops had for that day done handsomely enough." He instead began siege operations, methodically advancing on the entrenched Americans. This decision allowed General Washington to successfully orchestrate a nighttime strategic withdrawal across the East River on the night of 29–30 August, aided by a thick morning fog. Historian George Bilias notes that had Howe attacked Brooklyn Heights, the capture of even half of Washington's army, and possibly Washington himself, might have had a significant effect on the rebellion. Some officers, notably General Clinton, were critical of Howe's decision not to storm the American works. Howe was knighted as a reward for his victory on Long Island.

paragraph: Howe and his brother Richard had, as part of their instructions, been assigned roles as peace commissioners, with limited authority to treat with the rebels. After Long Island, they pursued an attempt at reconciliation, sending the captured General John Sullivan to Philadelphia with a proposal for a peace conference. The meeting that resulted, conducted by Admiral Howe, was unsuccessful. The Howes had been given limited powers, as had the Congressional representatives, and the latter were insistent that the British recognise the recently declared colonial independence. This was not within the Howes' powers, so the conference failed, and Howe then continued the campaign. He first landed troops on Manhattan on 15 September, and occupied New York City (which then occupied only Lower Manhattan), although his advance northward on Manhattan was checked the next day at Harlem Heights. He then paused, spending nearly one month consolidating control of New York City and awaiting reinforcements. During this time he ordered the execution of Nathan Hale for espionage, and had to deal with the effects of a major fire in the city. He then attempted a landing on the mainland at Throgs Neck, intending to flank Washington's position at Harlem Heights. However, the narrow causeway between the beach and the mainland was well-defended, and he ended up withdrawing the troops. He then made a successful landing of troops at Pell's Point in Westchester County; Washington managed to avoid being flanked, retreating to White Plains. Howe successfully forced Washington out of the New York area in the 28 October Battle of White Plains, and then turned his attention to consolidate British hold on Manhattan. In November he attacked the remaining Continental Army stronghold in the Battle of Fort Washington, taking several thousand prisoners.

paragraph: Washington then retreated across New Jersey, followed by Howe's advance forces under Charles Cornwallis. At this point, Howe prepared troops under the command of General Clinton for embarkation to occupy Newport, the other major goal of his plan. Clinton proposed that these troops instead be landed in New Jersey, either opposite Staten Island or on the Delaware River, trapping Washington or even capturing the seat of the Continental Congress, Philadelphia. Howe rejected these proposals, despatching Clinton and General Hugh, Earl Percy, two vocal critics of his leadership, to take Newport. In early December, Howe came to Trenton, New Jersey to arrange the disposition of his troops for the winter. Washington had retreated all the way across the Delaware, and Howe returned to New York, believing the campaign to be ended for the season. When Washington attacked the Hessian quarters at Trenton on 26 December 1776, Howe sent Cornwallis to reform the army in New Jersey and chase after Washington. Cornwallis was frustrated in this, with Washington gaining a second victory at Trenton and a third at Princeton. Howe recalled the army to positions much closer to New York for the winter.

paragraph: Howe has been criticised by contemporaries and historians for failing to decisively defeat the Continental Army during the New York campaign. Contemporaries complained that his landing in Westchester failed to trap Washington, but failed to understand that his goal in the campaign was to secure Manhattan, and not necessarily to defeat Washington. However, historian George Billias observes that Howe's overly rigid adherence to his plans meant that he was unable to capitalise on the opportunities that arose during the campaign for a decisive action.

paragraph: Section::::American War of Independence.:Philadelphia campaign.

paragraph: On 30 November 1776, as Washington was retreating across New Jersey, Howe had written to Germain with plans for the 1777 campaign season. He proposed to send a 10,000-man force up the Hudson River to capture Albany, New York, in conjunction with an expedition sent south from Province of Quebec. He again wrote to Germain on 20 December 1776 with more elaborate proposals for 1777. These again included operations to gain control of the Hudson River, and included expanded operations from the base at Newport, and an expedition to take Philadelphia. The latter Howe saw as attractive, since Washington was then just north of the city: Howe wrote that he was "persuaded the Principal Army should act offensively [against Philadelphia], where the enemy's chief strength lies." Germain acknowledged that this plan was particularly "well digested", but it called for more men that Germain was prepared to provide. After the setbacks in New Jersey, Howe in mid-January 1777 proposed operations against Philadelphia that included an overland expedition and a sea-based attack, thinking this might lead to a decisive victory over the Continental Army. This plan was developed to the extent that in April, Howe's army was seen constructing pontoon bridges; Washington, lodged in his winter quarters at Morristown, New Jersey, thought they were for eventual use on the Delaware River. However, by mid-May Howe had apparently abandoned the idea of an overland expedition: "I propose to invade Pennsylvania by sea ... we must probably abandon the Jersies."

paragraph: When the campaign season opened in May 1777, General Washington moved most of his army from its winter quarters in Morristown, New Jersey to a strongly fortified position in the Watchung Mountains. In June 1777, Howe began a series of odd moves in New Jersey, apparently in an attempt to draw Washington and his army out of that position onto terrain more favourable for a general engagement. His motives for this are uncertain; historian John Buchanan argues that Howe was determined to attempt to draw Washington into a major engagement while both were in northern New Jersey, writing that "Washington's shift in position had whetted Howe's appetite for a major action when, if everything went right, he would finally accomplish what he and his brother's policies had denied him the previous year: the destruction of the Continental Army", but that Howe's underlying campaign goal for the season was Philadelphia. One British major wrote that "[t]he report circulated by those in power is that it was thought necessary to march to Hilsborough to "offer Washington battle."" Americans like Henry Knox were perplexed but also concluded that was its purpose: "It was unaccountable that [the British] should stop short when they had gone only nine miles ... In the course of a day or two [we] discovered that they ... had come out with an intention of drawing us into the plain." Washington had intelligence that Howe had moved without taking the heavy river-crossing equipment, and was apparently not fooled at all.

paragraph: When Washington failed to take the bait, Howe withdrew the army to Perth Amboy, under harassment by Colonel Daniel Morgan's elite light unit, Morgan's Riflemen, who used their superior weapons to snipe at and harry his forces as they moved. Washington moved down to a more exposed position, assuming Howe was going to embark his army on ships. Howe then launched a lightning strike designed to cut Washington's retreat off. This attempt was foiled by the Battle of Short Hills, which gave Washington time to retreat to a more secure position. Howe then did in fact embark his army and sailed south with his brother's fleet. Howe maintained an effective secrecy surrounding the fleet's destination: not only did Washington not know where it was going, neither did many British rank and file.

paragraph: Howe's campaign for Philadelphia began with an amphibious landing at Head of Elk, Maryland, southwest of the city in late August. Although Howe would have preferred to make a landing on the Delaware River below Philadelphia, reports of well-prepared defences dissuaded him, and the fleet spent almost an entire extra month at sea to reach Head of Elk. Howe's army left Head of Elk early on 3 September 1777 and pushed back an advance guard of American light infantry at Cooch's Bridge. On 11 September 1777, Howe's army met Washington's near Chadds Ford along the Brandywine Creek in the Battle of Brandywine. Howe established his headquarters at the Gilpin Homestead, where it stayed until the morning of 16 September. In a reprise of earlier battles, Howe once again flanked the Continental Army position and forced Washington to retreat after inflicting heavy casualties.

paragraph: After two weeks of manoeuvre and engagements (including The Battle of the Clouds, The Paoli Massacre, and an engagement at Valley Forge where Alexander Hamilton was nearly lost), Howe triumphantly entered the city on 26 September. The reception the British received was not quite what they had expected, however. They had been led to believe that "Friends thicker than Woods" would greet them upon their arrival; they instead were greeted by women, children, and many deserted houses. Despite Howe's best attempts to minimise the plundering by his army (he authorised the execution of violators of his orders against it), this activity by the army had a significant negative effect on popular support.

paragraph: One week after Howe entered Philadelphia, on 4 October, Washington made a dawn attack on the British garrison at Germantown. He very nearly won the battle before being repulsed by late-arriving reinforcements sent from the city. This forced Howe to withdraw his troops a little closer to the city, where they were also needed to help clear the American Delaware River defences, which were preventing the navy from resupplying the army. It was late November before this task was accomplished, which included a poorly executed attack on Fort Mercer by a division of Hessians.

paragraph: Section::::American War of Independence.:Impact on Burgoyne's campaign.

paragraph: Concomitant with Howe's campaign, General Burgoyne led his expedition south from Montreal to capture Albany. Burgoyne's advance was stopped in the Battles of Saratoga in September and October, and he surrendered his army on 17 October. Burgoyne's surrender, coupled with Howe's near defeat at Germantown, dramatically altered the strategic balance of the conflict. Support for the Continental Congress, suffering from Howe's successful occupation of Philadelphia, was strengthened, and the victory encouraged France to enter the war against Britain. Burgoyne's loss also further weakened the British government of Lord North.

paragraph: Burgoyne made his advance under the assumption that he would be met in Albany by Howe or troops sent by Howe. Burgoyne was apparently not aware that Howe's plans had evolved as they had. Although Germain knew what Howe's plans were, whether he communicated them to Burgoyne is unclear. Some sources claim he did while others state that Burgoyne was not notified of the changes until the campaign was well underway. Whether Germain, Howe and Burgoyne had the same expectations about the degree to which Howe was supposed to support the invasion from Quebec is also unclear. Some historians argue that Howe failed to follow instructions and essentially abandoned Burgoyne's army, while others suggest that Burgoyne failed on his own and then tried to shift the blame to Howe and Clinton.

paragraph: Howe's decision to focus his own activity on an expedition to Philadelphia may have been motivated by competition with General Burgoyne, who was given command of the northern force despite lobbying by Howe for its command to be given to Clinton. John Alden notes the jealousies among the British leaders, saying, "It is likely that [Howe] was as jealous of Burgoyne as Burgoyne was of him and that he was not eager to do anything which might assist his junior up the ladder of military renown." Along the same lines historian Don Higginbotham concludes that in Howe's view, "It [the northern campaign] was Burgoyne's whole show, and consequently he [Howe] wanted little to do with it. With regard to Burgoyne's army, he would do only what was required of him (virtually nothing)."

paragraph: Howe himself wrote to Burgoyne on 17 July that he intended to stay close to Washington: "My intention is for Pennsylvania, where I expect to meet Washington, but if he goes to the northward contrary to my expectations, and you can keep him at bay, be assured I shall soon be after him to relieve you." This suggested that Howe would follow Washington if he went north to assist in the defence of the Hudson. Howe, however, sailed from New York on 23 July. On 30 August, shortly after his arrival at Head of Elk, Howe wrote to Germain that he would be unable to assist Burgoyne, citing a lack of Loyalist support in the Philadelphia area.

paragraph: A small force sent north from New York by General Clinton in early October was also unable to assist Burgoyne.

paragraph: Section::::American War of Independence.:Resignation.

paragraph: In October 1777 Howe sent his letter of resignation to London, complaining that he had been inadequately supported in that year's campaigns. He was finally notified in April 1778 that his resignation was accepted. A grand party, known as the "Mischianza", was thrown for the departing general on 18 May. Organized by his aides John André and Oliver De Lancey Jr., the party featured a grand parade, fireworks, and dancing until dawn. Washington, aware that the British were planning to evacuate Philadelphia, sent the Marquis de Lafayette out with a small force on the night of the party to determine British movements. This movement was noticed by alert British troops, and Howe ordered a column out to entrap the marquis. In the Battle of Barren Hill, Lafayette escaped the trap with minimal casualties.

paragraph: On 24 May, the day Howe sailed for England, General Clinton took over as commander-in-chief of British armies in America, and made preparations for an overland march to New York. Howe arrived back in England on 1 July, where he and his brother faced censure for their actions in North America. It is likely that the resignation of both William and his brother Richard was due to their desire to hurry home to vindicate their conduct during the campaign. In 1779 Howe and his brother demanded a parliamentary inquiry into their actions. The inquiry that followed was unable to confirm any charges of impropriety or mismanagement levelled against either of them. Because of the inconclusive nature of the inquiry, attacks continued to be made against Howe in pamphlets and the press, and in 1780 he published a response to accusations levelled by Loyalist Joseph Galloway, who issued a reply that harshly criticized the general's conduct and accused him of deliberately undermining the war effort for the benefit of the anti-war Whig faction in Parliament.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: In 1780 Howe lost in his bid to be re-elected to the House of Commons. In 1782 he was named lieutenant general of the ordnance and appointed to the Privy Council. His colonelcy was transferred from the 23rd Fusiliers to the 19th Light Dragoons in 1786. He resumed limited active duty in 1789, when a crisis with Spain over territorial claims in northwestern North America threatened to boil over into war. The crisis was resolved, and Howe did not see further action until 1793, when the French Revolutionary Wars involved Britain. He was promoted to full general in 1793, and commanded Northern District from 1793 and Eastern District from 1795. In 1795 he was also appointed governor of Berwick-on-Tweed.

paragraph: When his brother Richard died in 1799 without surviving male issue, Howe inherited the Irish titles and became the 5th Viscount Howe and Baron Clenawly. In 1803 he resigned as lieutenant general of the ordnance, citing poor health. In 1805 he was appointed governor of Plymouth, and died at Twickenham in 1814 after a long illness. He was married in 1765 to Frances Connolly, but the marriage was childless, and his titles died with him. His wife survived him by three years; both are buried in Twickenham.

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: Howe appears as an antagonist in the supernatural TV series "Sleepy Hollow", depicted in flashbacks by Nicholas Guest and described in the present as being notorious for his brilliant tactics and ruthless cruelty. In his historical role as the British military leader in the War for Independence, Howe was acquainted with Ichabod Crane (Tom Mison) before Crane defected to America; his first major flashback appearance sees him offer Crane a chance to return to Britain if he identifies Washington's spies in the British forces, with Crane feeling guilty that he was briefly tempted by the offer. Howe also plays a key role in the crossover episodes between "Sleepy Hollow" and crime drama "Bones"; his body is discovered in a small American church in the present (characters noting that he is recorded as being buried in Twickenham), with his skull being identified as the 'murder weapon' in "Bones" episode "The Resurrection in the Remains", and he is resurrected as a zombie-like warrior in the following "Sleepy Hollow" episode "Dead Men Tell No Tales", requiring Crane to destroy him with Greek fire.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Paperback: )

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 Da Capo reprint, .

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gruber, Ira D. "The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- O'Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson. "The Men Who Lost America: British Leadership, the American Revolution, and the Fate of the Empire" (2014).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, David. "William Howe and the American War of Independence" (London: Bloomsbury, 2015) 201 pp.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Howe's 1780 pamphlet defending his conduct in North America

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Galloway's response to Howe's pamphlet

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- General Howe's Orderly book June 30, 1776 – Oct 1776

description: British General in the American War of Independence

wikidata_label: William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe

wikipedia_title: William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe


text:
Georgian
Bagrationi dynasty
Tao-Klarjeti
Queen regnant
Hereti
Tao-Klarjeti
Adarnase III of Tao
The Georgian Chronicles
Hereti
The Tale of Tsaritsa Dinara
Movses Kaghankatvatsi
Moscow Kremlin
Georgian Orthodox Church

categories: Year of birth unknown,Bagrationi dynasty of Tao-Klarjeti,Monarchs of Hereti

paragraph: Dinar of Hereti

paragraph: Saint Queen Dinar () was a 10th-century Georgian royal princess of the Bagrationi dynasty of Tao-Klarjeti and Queen regnant of Hereti.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Dinar was a daughter of hereditary ruler of Tao-Klarjeti, the "eristavt-eristavi", "duke of dukes" Adarnase III of Tao by his unknown wife.

paragraph: According to The Georgian Chronicles Queen Dinar, along with her son Ishkhani converted Hereti to the Orthodox faith and delivered its people from the Monophysite heresy in the tenth century.

paragraph: Section::::In Russia.

paragraph: Queen Dinar’s story is recounted in the Russian Chronicles more closely and The Tale of Tsaritsa Dinara may be about her. According to the Armenian historian Movses Kaghankatvatsi, Slavic tribes that carried out raids in the southern Caucasus the story of Queen Dinar became well known for them and this story made its way to Russia.

paragraph: Today, on the north wall of the Throne Hall in the Moscow Kremlin, there hangs an image of Holy Queen Dinar mounted on a white horse, victorious over the enemy.

paragraph: The Georgian Orthodox Church commemorates Saint Queen Dinar on June 30.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "ქართველ წმიდანთა ცხოვრებანი", თბილისი, 2004 წ.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie-Félicité Brosset, Additions et éclaircissements à l'Histoire de la Géorgie, Académie impériale des sciences, Saint-Pétersbourg, 1851, Addition IX, p. 155.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cyrille Toumanoff, Les dynasties de la Caucasie chrétienne de l'Antiquité jusqu'au XIXe siècle : Tables généalogiques et chronologiques, Rome, 1990, p. 80 et 130.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Сперанский М. Н., «Повесть о Динаре в Русской Письменности», Известия Отделения Русского Языка и Словесности Академии Наук СССР», 1926, том XXXI, 53-54.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ист.: Повесть о царице Динаре // Русские повести XV-XVI вв. / Сост.: М. О. Скрипиль. М.; Л., 1958. С. 88-91, 416-417

paragraph: BULLET::::- Вахушти Багратиони. История царства Грузинского / Пер., предисл., слов.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Н. Т. Накашидзе. Тбилиси, 1976; Матиане Картлиса / Пер., введ., примеч.: М. Д. Лордкипанидзе. Тбилиси, 1976.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Лебедев-Полянский. М.; Л., 1945. Т. 2. Ч. 1. С. 346-349; Зимин А. А. И. С. Пересветов и его современники: Очерки по истории рус. обществ.-полит. мысли сер. XVI в. М., 1958. С. 81-91, 106-108; История рус. лит-ры / Ред.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Д. С. Лихачев, Г. П. Макогоненко и др. Л., 1980. Т. 1. С. 263-264; ОИГ. 1988. Т. 2. С. 274-278; Жития груз. святых / Сост З. Мачитадзе и др. Тбилиси, 2002. С. 108

wikidata_label: Dinar of Hereti

wikipedia_title: Dinar of Hereti


text:
Ernesto Murolo
high diving
jazz quartet
Neapolitan song
Franco Rossi
monograph
Salvatore Di Giacomo
Libero Bovio
E. A. Mario
Ottantavoglia di cantare
Roberto Murolo and friends
Chains
Raffaello Matarazzo
Il voto
Mario Bonnard
Paolo e Francesca
Torment
Three Steps North
W. Lee Wilder
Milano miliardaria
Marino Girolami
Marcello Marchesi
Vittorio Metz
Falsehood
Ubaldo Maria Del Colle
Saluti e baci
Maurice Labro
Giorgio Simonelli
I falsari
Franco Rossi
Grand Officer of the Republic
Knight Grand Cross
Official Website

categories: 1912 births,Musicians from Naples,2003 deaths,Male songwriters,20th-century Italian singers,Italian male singers,Italian songwriters

paragraph: Roberto Murolo

paragraph: Roberto Murolo (19 January 1912 – 13 March 2003) was an Italian musician.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Born in Naples, Italy as the son of poet Ernesto Murolo and Lia Cavalli, Murolo showed a strong interest in music from an early age, especially singing and playing the guitar, at which he became extremely proficient. Murolo won the Italian high diving championship in 1937, and attributed his remarkable lung capacity to the long practice of water sports. At the age of 24 he founded with three friends the "Midas Quartet" (Quartetto Mida), a jazz quartet, with which he performed away from Italy from 1939 through 1946.

paragraph: His solo career, focused almost exclusively on Neapolitan song, traditional and popular songs, began with his return to Italy in 1946. In addition to establishing himself as a concert artist and a popular figure on radio, with a romantic, sentimental sound, he also did some acting in movies, appearing in the 1953 crime drama The Counterfeiters, made in Italy by director Franco Rossi.

paragraph: Murolo's collection of twelve LPs of Neapolitan song, called "Napoletana. Antologia cronologica della canzone partenopea" and released between 1963 and 1965, is an annotated compendium of Neapolitan song dating back to the 12th century. Later he published four monographic albums called "I grandi della canzone napoletana", dedicated to Neapolitan poets Salvatore Di Giacomo, Ernesto Murolo, Libero Bovio and E. A. Mario. Murolo became virtually a cultural ambassador from Naples to the world, and it was because of his recordings and performances that Neapolitan song was spread across five other continents. Afterwards he stopped recording, but continued to give concerts. He made a comeback in the 1990s.

paragraph: He died at his home in Via Cimarosa 25, Naples, which continues to be the headquarters of the "Roberto Murolo Foundation" (Fondazione Roberto Murolo).

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Na voce, 'na chitarra" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ottantavoglia di cantare" (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Italia è bbella" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tu si' 'na cosa grande" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anema e core" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Roberto Murolo and friends" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ho sognato di cantare" (2002)

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chains" (Catene), directed by Raffaello Matarazzo (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il voto", directed by Mario Bonnard (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paolo e Francesca", directed by Raffaello Matarazzo (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Torment" (Tormento), directed by Raffaello Matarazzo (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three Steps North" (Tre passi a nord), directed by W. Lee Wilder (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Milano miliardaria", directed by Marino Girolami, Marcello Marchesi and Vittorio Metz (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Falsehood" (Menzogna), directed by Ubaldo Maria Del Colle (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saluti e baci" by Maurice Labro and Giorgio Simonelli (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I falsari", directed by Franco Rossi (1953)

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Premio ufficiale della critica discografica (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Officer of the Republic (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight Grand Cross (2002)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Website

description: Italian singer

wikidata_label: Roberto Murolo

wikipedia_title: Roberto Murolo


text:
Commodore
United States Navy
American Civil War
Wilmington, Delaware
midshipman
Mexican–American War
Tuxpan
Matthew C. Perry
Union blockade
Wilmington and Brandywine Cemetery
James Henry Gillis

categories: Burials at Wilmington and Brandywine Cemetery,People from Wilmington, Delaware,United States Navy officers,People of Delaware in the American Civil War,United States Navy personnel of the Mexican–American War,1873 deaths,Union Navy officers,1803 births

paragraph: John P. Gillis

paragraph: John P. Gillis (6 September 1803 – 25 February 1873) was a Commodore in the United States Navy, whose service extended from the mid-1820s through the end of the American Civil War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Wilmington, Delaware, Gillis was appointed midshipman in 1825. He served with distinction in the Mexican–American War at the capture of Tuxpan. In 1853–54, he sailed with Commodore Matthew C. Perry's expedition to open Japan to the West. During the Civil War he commanded , and in the Union blockade, and subsequently was on duty at New York until retiring in 1866.

paragraph: Commodore Gillis died in the city of his birth and is interred in the Wilmington and Brandywine Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Namesake.

paragraph: The destroyer was named for him and Rear Admiral James Henry Gillis.

description: United States Navy officer

wikidata_label: John P. Gillis

wikipedia_title: John P. Gillis


text: American

text: guitarist

text: lyricist

text: manager

text: Arjen Anthony Lucassen

text: Guilt Machine

text: On This Perfect Day

text: Stream of Passion

text: Ayreon

text: The Theory of Everything

text: Arjen Anthony Lucassen

text: Sweden

text: Mike Varney

text: Guitar Player

text: Santa Barbara

text: Los Angeles

text: Sandy Sledge

text: Arjen Anthony Lucassen

text: Stream of Passion

text: Arjen Anthony Lucassen

text: Stream of Passion

text: Ayreon

text: The Final Experiment

text: Mountain of Power

text: Janne Stark

text: Guilt Machine

text: dog training

text: Rammstein

text: Uli Jon Roth

text: Michael Schenker

text: Yngwie J. Malmsteen

text: On This Perfect Day

text: Embrace the Storm

text: Live in the Real World

text: Mountain of Power

text: Ayreon

text: The Final Experiment

text: Star One

text: Victims of the Modern Age

text: Arjen Anthony Lucassen

text: Lost in the New Real

text: Ayreon

text: The Theory of Everything

text: The Gentle Storm

text: The Diary

text: The Theater Equation

text: The Source

text: Arjen Anthony Lucassen

text: Stream of Passion

text: Guilt Machine

text: Lori's homepage

text: Warbride's current homepage

text: Stream of Passion's Home Page

categories: American female guitarists,Lead guitarists,Year of birth missing (living people),Living people,American heavy metal guitarists

paragraph: Lori Linstruth

paragraph: Lori Von Linstruth is an American guitarist, lyricist and manager. She currently resides in the Netherlands where she lives with her partner and musical collaborator Arjen Anthony Lucassen. She is also his manager.

paragraph: In addition, Linstruth is the webmaster of Lucassen's official website, a member of his band Guilt Machine (she wrote all the lyrics of their first album "On This Perfect Day") and a former member of his former band Stream of Passion. She also co-wrote all the lyrics of the Ayreon album "The Theory of Everything", again with Lucassen.

paragraph: In 2010, Linstruth announced on her blog she was taking a "guitar sabbatical" to focus on other pursuits, such as dog-training, citing a loss of enthusiasm.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: She currently resides in the Netherlands where she lives with her partner and musical collaborator Arjen Anthony Lucassen; she previously lived in Sweden. In a 2017 interview, Lucassen mentioned that, in addition to her work with him, she was also an English teacher.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Warbride.

paragraph: Linstruth first came to prominence in the late 1980s when she was featured in Mike Varney's "Spotlight" column in "Guitar Player" magazine. She moved from Santa Barbara to Los Angeles and, after a short stint in local band Jaded Lady, formed Warbride along with former Rude Girl drummer Sandy Sledge. Linstruth left Warbride in order to move to Sweden with her then husband and the band continued for a brief period with only one original member, keyboard player Velia Garay.

paragraph: Linstruth attempted to reform the original Warbride in the early 2000 however, the project was put on hold when Linstruth became more involved in Arjen Anthony Lucassen's projects which led to her becoming a member of Stream of Passion.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Stream of Passion.

paragraph: Around 2004, Linstruth became involved in Arjen Anthony Lucassen's side-project Stream of Passion, touring extensively in 2006 and 2007. Lucassen had discovered her via a video on her website invited her over to his studio to see if some sort of co-operation was possible. He asked her to record some guitar parts for the re-release of his Ayreon album "The Final Experiment" and liked it, as the result invited her to join Stream of Passion.

paragraph: Linstruth decided to leave the band in March 2007, following the departure of Lucassen.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Other projects.

paragraph: In 2006 Linstruth contributed with two solos on the tribute-project Mountain of Power, led by guitarist Janne Stark.

paragraph: By late 2007, Lori left Sweden and headed for the Netherlands where she became Lucassen's manager.

paragraph: In February 2009, it was announced that Linstruth would contribute to Lucassen's latest project, Guilt Machine, as a guitarist and lyricist.

paragraph: In 2010 Linstruth announced in her blog that she had lost her passion of playing guitar and instead would concentrate on dog training.

paragraph: Section::::Musical style.

paragraph: While Linstruth herself promotes Rammstein as one of her main influences, she is also known to be influenced by Uli Jon Roth, Michael Schenker and Yngwie J. Malmsteen.

paragraph: She uses wah and tremolo effects extensively.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lori Linstruth Demo" (2004)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Guilt Machine.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On This Perfect Day" (2009)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Stream of Passion.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Embrace the Storm" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live in the Real World" (2006)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As guest.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mountain of Power - guest solos on "Out of the Darkness" and "Mountain of Power" (an instrumental track)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ayreon - "01011001" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ayreon - "The Final Experiment" (2005 bonus disc)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Other.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Star One - "Victims of the Modern Age" (2010) - manager, filming and editing of "The Making of Victims of the Modern Age"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arjen Anthony Lucassen - "Lost in the New Real" (2012) - Photography, creative consultant

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ayreon - "The Theory of Everything" (2013) - lyrics, photography

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Gentle Storm - "The Diary" (2015) - creative consultant

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ayreon - "The Theater Equation" (2016) - photography, video editor

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ayreon - "The Source" (2017) - creative consultant, filming and editing of "Behind the Scenes" and "Interviews" for bonus DVD, manager

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arjen Anthony Lucassen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stream of Passion

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guilt Machine

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Play like a girl (Lori's music-teaching website)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lori's homepage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Warbride's current homepage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stream of Passion's Home Page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ragnarok Radio Interview with Lori Linstruth and Floor Jansen (December 2008)

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Lori Linstruth

wikipedia_title: Lori Linstruth


text:
Hungarian
Slovak
Marek's Disease

categories: Hungarian veterinarians,1868 births,1952 deaths,20th-century Hungarian people

paragraph: József Marek

paragraph: József Marek (1868–1952) was a Hungarian veterinarian and scientist of Slovak origin. Today he is known for his discovery of the poultry disease that would eventually bear his name, Marek's Disease.

description: Hungarian scientist

wikidata_label: József Marek

wikipedia_title: József Marek


text:
speed skater
Amund Sjøbrend
Kay Stenshjemmet
Jan Egil Storholt
Norwegian
World Allround Champion
European Allround Champion
Innsbruck
Oscar Mathisen Award
Oslo
Kay Stenshjemmet
1976 Winter Olympics
Piet Kleine
Hans van Helden
world records
Adelskalender
Personal records from "The Skatebase"

categories: Norwegian male speed skaters,Olympic gold medalists for Norway,Olympic bronze medalists for Norway,1947 births,Medalists at the 1976 Winter Olympics,Speed skaters at the 1976 Winter Olympics,Speed skaters at the 1972 Winter Olympics,Olympic silver medalists for Norway,Former world record holders in speed skating,Medalists at the 1972 Winter Olympics,Olympic speed skaters of Norway,Living people,Olympic medalists in speed skating

paragraph: Sten Stensen

paragraph: Sten Einar Stensen (born 18 December 1947) is a former speed skater. Together with Amund Sjøbrend, Kay Stenshjemmet, and Jan Egil Storholt, he was one of the legendary "four S-es" ("four aces" in Norwegian), contemporary Norwegian top skaters in the 1970s and early 1980s. Stensen excelled at the longer distances, especially the 5,000 m and 10,000 m, and set two world records. He was World Allround Champion in 1974 and European Allround Champion in 1975. He also won Olympic gold on the 5,000 m in Innsbruck in 1976. For his accomplishments, he received the Oscar Mathisen Award in 1974 and 1976.

paragraph: During the 1976 European Allround Championships in Oslo, Stensen (the defending European Champion), set a new world record on the 10,000 m, but he still lost his title to fellow Norwegian Kay Stenshjemmet by a tiny margin of only 0.005 points (equivalent to 0.10 seconds on the 10,000 m).

paragraph: Stensen won gold on the 5,000 m at the 1976 Winter Olympics the next month, a race in which Piet Kleine won silver and the world record holder on that distance, Hans van Helden, won bronze. Still being the world record holder on the 10,000 m, Stensen was the favourite for that distance three days later, but he was beaten by Kleine in a close race. Again, Van Helden finished third.

paragraph: After ending his speed skating career in 1978, Stensen became a Norwegian broadcasting commentator at speed skating events.

paragraph: Section::::Medals.

paragraph: An overview of medals won by Stensen at important championships he participated in, listing the years in which he won each:

paragraph: Section::::Records.

paragraph: Section::::Records.:World records.

paragraph: Over the course of his career, Stensen skated two world records:

paragraph: Section::::Records.:Personal records.

paragraph: Stensen has an Adelskalender score of 165.011 points. His highest ranking on the Adelskalender was a fourth place.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Personal records from "The Skatebase"

paragraph: br

description: speed skater

wikidata_label: Sten Stensen

wikipedia_title: Sten Stensen