text:
Count of Tripoli
Prince of Antioch
Bohemond III of Antioch
Raymond III of Tripoli
Raymond
Saladin
Ayyubid
posthumous son
Raymond-Roupen
Alice
Leo I of Cilicia
Knights Templar
Hospitallers
Az-Zahir Ghazi
Aleppo
Kaykaus I
Seljuq
sultan of Rum
Latin Patriarchs of Antioch
Philip
Constantine of Baberon
Kayqubad I
Bohemond III of Antioch
Byzantine Emperor
Manuel I Komnenos
Theodora
Saladin
Ayyubid
Aimery of Limoges
Latin Patriarch of Antioch
excommunicated
Raymond III of Tripoli
Raymond
Tripoli
crusader states
homage
House of Toulouse
Toulouse
County of Tripoli
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Queen Sibylla
Guy of Lusignan
Conrad of Montferrat
Tyros
Tripoli
William II of Sicily
Tartus
Jableh
Krak des Chevaliers
siege to Acre
Richard I of England
Third Crusade
Leo
Lord of Armenian Cilicia
commune
suzerainty
Alice
posthumous son
Raymond-Roupen
papal legate
Conrad of Wittelsbach
Archbishop of Mainz
primogeniture
proximity of blood
principality
by the grace of God
Az-Zahir Ghazi
Kaykaus I
Seljuq
sultan of Rum
unite the Armenian Church with Rome
Pope Innocent III
Soffred Gaetani
Renoart of Nephin
Aimery
Acre
Marie of Champagne
Baldwin
emperor in Constantinople
Peter of Angoulême
Eastern Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch
interdict
Albert Avogadro
Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem
Peter of Ivrea
Hama
Homs
Latakia
Al-Adil I
Guillaume de Chartres
Grand Master of the Knights Templar
John of Brienne
King of Jerusalem
Assassins
Khawabi
senechal of Antioch
Leopold VI, Duke of Austria
Fifth Crusade
Andrew II of Hungary
Hugh I of Cyprus
Melisende of Lusignan
Cardinal Pelagius
Constantine of Baberon
Isabella of Cilicia
Philip
Kayqubad I
Pope Honorius III
Shihab ad-Din Toghril
atabeg
Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick II
Limassol
Nicosia
Al-Kamil
Pope Gregory IX
Gerald of Lausanne
Ibelins
John of Ibelin
Balian
Hugh III Embriaco
Stephanie of Milly
Bohemond
Philip
Isabella of Cilicia
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
Henry
Isabella of Cyprus
Hugh
Melisende de Lusignan
Aimery
Isabella I of Jerusalem
Mary

categories: People temporarily excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church,Counts of Tripoli,Royalty and nobility with disabilities,Christians of the Fifth Crusade,Princes of Antioch,1170s births,1233 deaths,Christians of the Sixth Crusade,13th-century Princes of Antioch

paragraph: Bohemond IV of Antioch

paragraph: Bohemond IV of Antioch, also known as Bohemond the One-Eyed (; 1175–1233), was Count of Tripoli from 1187 to 1233, and Prince of Antioch from 1201 to 1216 and from 1219 to 1233. He was the younger son of Bohemond III of Antioch. The dying Raymond III of Tripoli offered his county to Bohemond's elder brother, Raymond, but their father sent Bohemond to Tripoli in late 1187. Saladin, the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt and Syria, conquered the county, save for the capital and two fortresses, in summer 1188.

paragraph: Raymond died in early 1197, leaving a posthumous son, Raymond-Roupen. Raymond-Roupen's mother, Alice, was the niece of Leo I of Cilicia who persuaded the Antiochene noblemen to acknowledge Raymond-Roupen's right to succeed his grandfather. However, the Latin and Greek burghers proclaimed Bohemond heir to his father. After his father died in April 1201, Bohemond seized Antioch with the support of the burghers, the Knights Templar and Hospitallers, and the Italian merchants.

paragraph: Bohemond made an alliance with Az-Zahir Ghazi, the Ayyubid emir of Aleppo, and Kaykaus I, the Seljuq sultan of Rum, who often invaded Cilicia during the following years, to prevent Leo I from attacking Antioch. Conflicts between Bohemond and the Latin Patriarchs of Antioch enabled Raymond-Roupen to seize Antioch in 1216, but Bohemond regained the principality in 1219. After Leo I's death, Bohemond tried to secure Cilicia to his younger son, Philip, but Constantine of Baberon, who had administered Cilicia during the previous years, imprisoned Philip in 1224. Bohemond allied with Kayqubad I, sultan of Rum, but he could not prevent Philip's murder in 1225.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Bohemond was the younger son of Bohemond III of Antioch by his first wife, Orgueilleuse of Harenc. He was born around 1175. His mother was last mentioned in a charter issued in 1175. Bohemond's widowed father married a relative of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos, Theodora, but he repudiated her shortly after Manuel's death in 1180. He married Sybil, an Antiochene noblewoman, described as a prostitute or sorcerer by 12th-century authors. She was a spy of Saladin, the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt and Syria. Aimery of Limoges, Latin Patriarch of Antioch, excommunicated Bohemond's father for his third marriage.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Count of Tripoli.

paragraph: The childless Raymond III of Tripoli decided to bequeath his county to his godson, Raymond, who was Bohemond's elder brother. Bohemond III of Antioch sent Bohemond to Tripoli, because the union of Antioch and Tripoli under one monarch could jeopardize the defence of both crusader states. Raymond III of Tripoli ordered his vassals to do homage to Bohemond. The dying count, who was a member of the House of Toulouse, also prescribed that should another member of his family come from Toulouse, Bohemond should cede the County of Tripoli to him. Raymond died in late 1187. Charters issued during the first years of Bohemond's rule imply that his elder brother was regarded a titular count of Tripoli for a while.

paragraph: After Saladin conquered almost the whole Kingdom of Jerusalem in the second half of 1187, Queen Sibylla sought shelter in Tripoli, which became a center of her supporters. The noblemen who condemned her husband, Guy of Lusignan, for the fall of the kingdom, joined Conrad of Montferrat at Tyros. Saladin decided to invade the crusader states in Syria. He started his military campaign against Tripoli in May 1188, but the arrival of the fleet of William II of Sicily saved the town. After Saladin captured Tortosa and Jabala (present-day Tartus and Jableh in Syria) in July, only Tripoli, Krak des Chevaliers, and the citadel at Tortosa remained under Christian rule in the county.

paragraph: Saladin released Guy of Lusignan who joined his wife. Guy, Sybilla, and their supporters left Tripoli and laid siege to Acre in August 1189. The siege was the first sign of a new Christian offensive. Richard I of England could not reoccupy Jerusalem during the Third Crusade, but he ensured the survival of the Kingdom of Jerusalem before leaving the Holy Land on 9 October 1192. Taking advantage of the crusade, Bohemond's father made a ten-year truce with Saladin on 30 October 1192. The truce covered both Antioch and Tripoli.

paragraph: Bohemond's stepmother, Sybil, wanted to secure the succession of Antioch to her son, William. Leo, Lord of Armenian Cilicia exploited her ambitions. With her assistance, he captured and imprisoned Bohemond III in early 1194. Leo also forced Bohemond III to surrender Antioch to him, but the Latin and Greek burghers formed a commune and prevented the Armenian soldiers from seizing the town. The commune proclaimed Bohemond III's elder son, Raymond, regent. Bohemond hurried from Tripoli to Antioch at the head of his army to help his brother, compelling the Armenian troops to return to Cilicia. Leo released their father only after Bohemond III renounced his claim to suzerainty over Cilicia.

paragraph: Raymond died in early 1197. His widow, Alice, was Leo of Cilicia's niece and heir. Bohemond III sent Alice and her posthumous son, Raymond-Roupen, to Leo, implying that he wanted to disinherit his grandson. Leo of Cilicia persuaded the papal legate, Conrad of Wittelsbach, Archbishop of Mainz, to visit Antioch. On the archbishop's demand, Bohemond III declared Raymond-Roupen his heir and ordered the Antiochene noblemen to swear fealty to the boy. Raymond-Roupen was the only son of the first-born son of Bohemond III and thus heir by primogeniture, but Bohemond was Bohemond III's closest male relative and so heir by proximity of blood.

paragraph: In early 1198, Bohemond marched to Antioch and gained the support of the military orders and the Italian merchants, promising new grants to them. The commune also acknowledged his claim to rule, because the burghers feared that the Armenians' influence would increase if Raymond-Roupen succeeded his grandfather. Bohemond returned to Tripoli shortly after his claim was confirmed, because Leo of Cilicia broke into the principality to restore Bohemond III. Bohemond styled himself "son of Prince Bohemond of Antioch and by the grace of God count of Tripoli" to emphasize his right to inherit Antioch.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:War of Succession.

paragraph: Bohemond hurried to Antioch when his father died in April 1201. The commune confirmed his right to rule. The military orders also supported him, but the noblemen who remained loyal to Raymond-Roupen fled to Cilicia. Leo of Cilicia besieged Antioch to assert Raymond-Roupen's claim. Bohemond made an alliance with Az-Zahir Ghazi, the Ayyubid emir of Aleppo, and Kaykaus I, the Seljuq sultan of Rum, who forced the Armenian troops to return to Cilicia.

paragraph: Leo tried to gain the support of the Holy See against Bohemond, promising to unite the Armenian Church with Rome. Pope Innocent III sent Cardinal Soffred Gaetani to Antioch in late spring 1203. Bohemond declined to meet the papal legate, stating that the patriarchs of Antioch and Jerusalem had excommunicated him for his debate with the Hospitallers. Gaetani mediated a reconciliation between Bohemond and the Hospitallers, but Bohemond insisted that the papal legate could not be mentioned in the agreement, because the Holy See could not make a judgement about feudal rights in the principality.

paragraph: In 1203, Renoart of Nephin, Bohemond's vassal, married Isabel the heiress of Gibelcar, without his authorization. The High Court of Tripoli ordered the confiscation of Renoart's fiefs. However, he decided to resist and gained the support of Leo of Cilicia and Aimery, King of Cyprus and Jerusalem. Bohemond traveled to Acre in summer 1204 to meet Marie of Champagne. Her husband, Baldwin, had been recently crowned emperor in Constantinople. He did homage to her, acknowledging the suzerainty of the Latin Emperors over Antioch. Marie tried to mediate a reconciliation between Bohemond and Leo of Cilicia, but she died in August.

paragraph: Renoart of Nephin pillaged the countryside and led his troops to Tripoli in late 1204. Bohemond lost an eye in a battle at the gates of the town. He could only crush the rebellion after Aimery of Cyprus and Jerusalem died in April 1205. He captured both Nephin and Gibelcar before the end of the year, forcing Renart to flee to Cyprus. Before long, Bohemond returned to Antioch.

paragraph: Bohemond had already been on bad terms with Peter of Angoulême, Latin Patriarch of Antioch. Taking advantage of a conflict between the patriarch and the papal legate, Peter Capuano, Bohemond restored the Eastern Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, Symeon II, in early 1206 or 1207. Peter of Angoulême and the papal legate were reconciled and the patriarch excommunicated Bohemond, Symeon and the commune with the approval of the Holy See. He also imposed an interdict on Antioch, but the burghers ignored his decision and visited the Greek churches.

paragraph: Peter of Angoulême helped Raymond-Roupen's supporters to return from Cilicia to Antioch in late 1207. Surprised by the coup, Bohemond sought refuge in the citadel. Although Leo of Cilicia also entered the town, Bohemond was able to muster his troops and defeat his enemies. He captured and imprisoned the Latin patriarch who refused to acknowledge him as the lawful prince. After Peter of Angoulême died of thirst, Pope Innocent III ordered Albert Avogadro, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, to excommunicate Bohemond. Bohemond continued to support the Eastern Orthodox Patriarch and did not allow Peter of Ivrea, the new Latin Patriarch of Antioch, to visit his see. He also debated the right of the Holy See to make a judgement about the succession in Antioch, stating that the principality was a fief of the Latin Emperors of Constantinople.

paragraph: The Hospitallers made raids against Hama, Homs and Latakia from their castles in Bohemond's realms. Al-Adil I, the Ayyubid ruler of Damascus and Egypt, blamed Bohemond for the knights' actions. Al-Adil broke into the County of Tripoli, forcing Bohemond to pay a compensation in 1208 or 1209.

paragraph: Az-Zahir Ghazi invaded Cilicia to prevent Leo from attacking Antioch in 1209. Cilician soldiers who tried to seize a caravan wounded Guillaume de Chartres, Grand Master of the Knights Templar, in a skirmish on the plains near Antioch in 1211. Their action annoyed Pope Innocent who excommunicated Leo of Cilicia. Bohemond expelled the Eastern Orthodox patriarch from Antioch, allowing Peter of Ivrea to take charge of his see. John of Brienne, King of Jerusalem, sent reinforcements to Antioch to fight against the Armenians. Leo dispatched Raymond-Roupen to attack the Templars' domains in Bohemond's principality in 1212.

paragraph: A group of Assassins murdered Bohemond's eldest son, Raymond, in 1213. After Bohemond and the Templars laid siege their fortress at Khawabi, the Assassins sought assistance from Bohemond's old ally, Az-Zahir Ghazi. Az-Zahir Ghazi appealed to Al-Adil, although they had been enemies. Their alliance forced Bohemond to lift the siege and to send an apology to Az-Zahir Ghazi.

paragraph: Bohemond preferred to stay in Tripoli which caused discontent among the citizens of Antioch. Peter of Ivrea, the Hospitallers and Acharie of Sermin, who was the senechal of Antioch and head of the commune, started negotiations with Leo of Cilicia about the surrender of Antioch to Raymond-Roupen. They helped the Cilician troops to enter Antioch on 14 February 1216. The Templars abandoned the citadel without resistance and Raymond-Roupen was installed as prince.

paragraph: Leopold VI, Duke of Austria, who landed at Acre in late summer 1217, invited Bohemond to join the Fifth Crusade. Bohemond and his vassals marched to Acre. However, the crusade ended in failure because of the lack of a united command. Bohemond left the Kingdom of Jerusalem together with Andrew II of Hungary and Hugh I of Cyprus in January 1218. Andrew attended at the wedding of Bohemond and Hugh's half-sister, Melisende of Lusignan, in Tripoli. During the same year, Moslem troops made a plundering raid against the County of Tripoli.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Conflicts.

paragraph: In 1219, a group of Antiochene noblemen rose up against Raymond-Roupen who had lost Leo of Cilicia's support. Their leader, William Farabel, urged Bohemond to come to Antioch. Raymond-Roupen sought refuge in the citadel, but he was forced to leave Antioch. He entrusted the citadel to the Hospitallers. Bohemond hurried to Antioch and seized the principality. The Hospitallers abandoned the citadel without resistance.

paragraph: Before long, Bohemond granted Jabala (which was still to be conquered) to the Templars although Raymond-Roupen had promised the town to the Hospitallers. The papal legate, Cardinal Pelagius, brokered an agreement between the military orders, dividing the town between them. However, Bohemond remained hostile to the Hospitallers. After he confiscated their property in Antioch, Pelagius excommunicated him.

paragraph: Constantine of Baberon, the regent for Isabella of Cilicia, offered her hand to Bohemond's son, Philip, because he needed Bohemond's assistance against Kayqubad I, Sultan of Rum. Bohemond accepted the offer and his son married Isabella in June 1222. Bohemond and Philip repelled a Seldjuq attack against Cilicia. Philip's blatant favoritism towards his Frankish retainers enabled Constantine of Baberon to hatch a plot against him. Philip and his supporters were captured and imprisoned at the end of 1224. Bohemond tried to ensure his son's liberation through negotiations. He appealed to Pope Honorius III, but the pope confirmed his excommunication and forbade the Templars to assist him. Bohemond persuaded Kayqubad I to invade Cilicia. Although Bohemond's son had already been poisoned, Constantine of Baberon promised that Philip would be released if Bohemond come to Cilicia. Shortly after Bohemond's departure, Shihab ad-Din Toghril, atabeg of Aleppo, broke into the Principality of Antioch. After learning of his son's death and Toghril's invasion, Bohemond hurried back.

paragraph: The Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II, summoned the Christian rulers of Syria and the Holy Land to Cyprus. Bohemond joined him while Frederick was marching from Limassol to Nicosia in August 1228. Frederick demanded an oath of fealty for Antioch and Tripoli from Bohemond, but Bohemond feigned a nervous breakdown and returned to Nephin. Bohemond again met Frederick in Acre in 1229, but Bohemond's realms were not included in the peace treaty between Frederick and Al-Kamil, sultan of Egypt, on 18 February 1229.

paragraph: At the Hospitallers' request, Pope Gregory IX repeated the excommunication of Bohemond in March 1230. He authorized Gerald of Lausanne, Patriarch of Jerusalem, to lift the ban if Bohemond agreed to make peace with the Hospitallers. With the mediation of Gerald and the Ibelins, Bohemond and the Hospitallers made a treaty which was signed on 26 October 1231. Bohemond confirmed the Hospitallers' right to hold Jabala and a nearby fortress and granted them money fiefs in both Tripoli and Antioch. The knights renounced the privileges that Raymond-Roupen had granted to them. Before long, Gerald of Lausanne lifted the excommunication and sent the treaty to Rome to be confirmed by the Holy See.

paragraph: John of Ibelin, who was the leader of Emperor Frederick's opponents in the kingdoms of Jerusalem and Cyprus, tried to convince Bohemond to support their cause. John sent his son, Balian, to Tripoli to negotiate with Bohemond, but the elderly Bohemond remained neutral in the conflict. Bohemond died in March 1233, a few weeks before the pope's confirmation of his treaty with the Hospitallers came to Tripoli. He was regarded as a great jurist by his contemporaries.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Bohemond's first wife, Plaisance, was the daughter of Hugh III Embriaco, Lord of Jabala, and Stephanie of Milly. The marriage secured Bohemond's position in the County of Tripoli. Raymond, the eldest son of Bohemond and Plaisance, was murdered in 1213 at the age of 18. Bohemond was succeeded by his second son, Bohemond, in both Antioch and Tripoli. Bohemond's and Plaisance's third son, Philip, who was the first husband of Isabella of Cilicia, ruled the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia between 1222 and 1224. He died in prison. Bohemond's youngest son, Henry, married Isabella of Cyprus; their son, Hugh inherited Cyprus in 1267 and the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1268.

paragraph: Bohemond's second wife, Melisende de Lusignan, was the youngest daughter of Aimery, King of Cyprus and Jerusalem, and Isabella I of Jerusalem. Their daughter, Mary, laid claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem against her nephew, Hugh, in 1268. She died after 1307.

description: Princeof Antioch

wikidata_label: Bohemond IV of Antioch

wikipedia_title: Bohemond IV of Antioch


text:
Prince of Antioch
Count of Tripoli
Antioch
Mongol Empire
Mamluk Sultanate
Bohemond VII
Bohemond V of Antioch
Luciana di Segni
Pope Innocent III
Tripoli
Louis IX of France
Crusade
Pope Innocent IV
Acre
Cilician Armenia
Sibylla of Armenia
Hetoum I of Armenia
Bohemond IV
Genoese
Embriaco family
Venetians
Holy Land
Gibelet
Bertrand Embriaco
Guy I Embriaco
Bartholomew Embriaco
Commune
Bohemond VII
Mamluks
Mongols
Georgia
Sempad
Aleppo
Templar of Tyre
Kitbuqa
apocryphal
Lattakieh
Darkush
Kafr Debbin
Jabala
Euthymius
Latin patriarch
Byzantine Empire
Jacques Pantaléon
Pope Alexander IV
Daniel of Russia
Pope Urban IV
Battle of Ain Jalut
Baibars
Latin patriarch
Opizzo
Anatolia
Lebanon
Byzantine alliance
Battle of Mari
Siege of Antioch
Syria
Siege of Tripoli
Edward I
England
Hugh of Cyprus and Jerusalem
Bohemond VII
Lucia
Nicolas de Saint-Omer
Fall of Tripoli
Opizzo Fieschi
Innocent IV
Latin Patriarch of Antioch

categories: 1275 deaths,Christians of the Ninth Crusade,People temporarily excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church,Roman Catholic monarchs,Counts of Tripoli,Princes of Antioch,1237 births,13th-century Princes of Antioch

paragraph: Bohemond VI of Antioch

paragraph: Bohemond VI (–1275), also known as Bohemond the Fair (), was the Prince of Antioch and Count of Tripoli from 1251 until his death. He ruled while Antioch was caught between the warring Mongol Empire and Mamluk Sultanate. In 1268 Antioch was captured by the Mamluks, and he was thenceforth a prince in exile. He was succeeded by his son Bohemond VII, nominal prince of Antioch (though Antioch had ceased to exist) and count of Tripoli.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Bohemond VI was the son of Bohemond V of Antioch and Luciana di Segni, great-niece of Pope Innocent III. When Bohemond V died in January 1252, 15-year-old Bohemond VI succeeded under the regency of his mother. However, Luciana never left Tripoli, and instead handed over the government of the principality to her relatives. This made her unpopular, so the young Bohemond VI, through the approval of King Louis IX of France, who was on Crusade at the time, gained permission from Pope Innocent IV to inherit the principality a few months early. Young Bohemond then travelled to Acre where he was knighted by King Louis, and took power in Antioch. Through the efforts of King Louis, a truce was also negotiated between Antioch and Cilician Armenia. At Louis's suggestion, in 1254 the 17-year-old Bohemond married Sibylla of Armenia, daughter of Hetoum I of Armenia, which ended the power struggle between the two states that had been started by Bohemond IV, his grandfather.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:War of Saint Sabas.

paragraph: Bohemond was also overlord of the Genoese Embriaco family. This involved him in a dispute between the Genoese and the Venetians, the War of St. Sabas, which started in 1256 and drew in many of the nobles in the Holy Land, wasted valuable resources and cost tens of thousands of lives. The Embriaco lords of Gibelet (also known as Jebail or Byblos, a small nearby territory) were resolute opponents of the princes of Antioch. Bohemond tried to persuade the Genoese to support the Venetians, but the Embriaco family rebelled against him in 1258 and escalated the situation to a civil war which lasted off and on for decades. Bohemond was able to achieve some measure of peace by having the leader of the revolt, Bertrand Embriaco (a cousin of Guy I Embriaco), murdered by some serfs, but the bitterness continued.

paragraph: Bertrand's son Bartholomew Embriaco became mayor of a Commune set up by the Embriaco family. Bartholomew's brother William, along with his cousin the lord of Gibelet, were eventually defeated by Bohemond's son, Bohemond VII, and then completely driven out by the Muslims.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Mongols.

paragraph: Bohemond's reign also saw a major conflict between the Mamluks and the Mongols. The Mongol army had been approaching steadily from central Asia, with Cilician Armenia and Antioch directly in its path. The Mongols had a deserved reputation of ruthlessness – if settlements in their path did not surrender immediately, the inhabitants were slaughtered by the tens of thousands. The Christian country of Georgia had been conquered in 1236. Hetoum I of Armenia, Bohemond's father-in-law, prudently decided to subject to Mongol authority as well, sending his brother Sempad to the Mongol court in Karakorum in 1247 to negotiate the details. Hethoum later persuaded son-in-law Bohemond VI to do the same, and Antioch became a tributary of the Mongols in 1260. Both Hetoum and Bohemond then participated with their own forces during the 1260 Mongol conquests of Aleppo and Damascus. Historical accounts, quoting from the writings of the medieval historian Templar of Tyre, would often dramatically describe the three Christian rulers (Hetoum, Bohemond, and Kitbuqa) entering the city of Damascus together in triumph, though modern historians have questioned this story as apocryphal.

paragraph: The Mongols rewarded Bohemond for his allegiance, and returned to him various areas that had been lost to the Muslims, such as Lattakieh, Darkush, Kafr Debbin, and Jabala. Bohemond was then able to re-occupy them, with the assistance of some Templars and Hospitallers.

paragraph: In return for the lands, Bohemond had to install the Greek patriarch Euthymius at Antioch, in place of the Latin patriarch, since the Mongols were trying to strengthen ties with the Byzantine Empire. This earned Bohemond the enmity of the Latins at Acre, and Bohemond was excommunicated by the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Jacques Pantaléon. Pope Alexander IV put Bohemond's case on the agenda of his upcoming council (as well as the cases of Hetoum I of Armenia, and Daniel of Russia), but died in 1261, just months before the Council could be convened. For a new Pope, the choice fell to Pantaléon, who took the name Pope Urban IV, and after hearing Bohemond's explanation for his submission to the Mongols, suspended his excommunication sentence.

paragraph: After taking Damascus, the Mongol Army had to cease their westward push, due to internal troubles in the Mongol Empire. The bulk of the Mongol army left Syria, with a smaller force left under Kitbuqa to occupy the territory. This provided an opportunity for the Egyptian Mamluks. The Mamluks advanced northward from Cairo to engage the Mongols, along the way negotiating an unusual pact of neutrality with the Franks of Acre that allowed the Egyptians to pass through Frankish territory unmolested. The Mamluks were thereby able to defeat the Mongols at the historic Battle of Ain Jalut in September 1260. With the Mongol army removed, the Mamluks then proceeded to conquer Syria and Iran, which had been previously ravaged by the Mongols. The Mamluks, under their leader Baibars, also began to threaten Antioch.

paragraph: In 1263, Bohemond and Hethoum tried various methods of regaining control of the situation. They kidnapped the Greek patriarch Euthymius, and carried him off to Armenia, replacing him with the Latin patriarch Opizzo. They also attempted to gain some financial leverage over the Mamluks. For example, Bohemond and Hethoum controlled the forests of southern Anatolia and Lebanon, the wood of which was needed by the Egyptian Mamluks to build ships. Hethoum attempted to use this as a bargaining chip to obtain a truce with the Mamluks. However, the attempts at blockade merely further incited Baibars.

paragraph: In 1264, Bohemond also sought assistance from the Mongols. He traveled to the court of Hulagu, trying to obtain as much support as possible from the Mongol rulers against the Mamluk progression. However, Hulagu was unhappy with Bohemond for replacing the Greek patriarch with a Latin one, as the Byzantine alliance was important to him, against the Turks in Anatolia.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Loss of Antioch.

paragraph: In 1266, Hetoum too set out for the Mongol court, pleading for assistance. But while he was gone, the Mamluk army attacked the Armenian army, which was being commanded by Hetoum's sons, at the Battle of Mari. The Mamluks were victorious. They killed one of Hetoum's sons, took the other prisoner, and laid waste to Cilician Armenia, reducing the capital to ruins. After destroying Cilicia, the Mamluk army then turned its attention towards Antioch. But the generals had taken their fill of loot from Armenia, and were not eager for another battle. Bohemond was thereby able to bribe them to keep them from attacking.

paragraph: Baibars was angry at his generals' weakness, and returned to the attack. In May 1267 he attacked Acre, and in 1268 he began the Siege of Antioch, taking the city while Bohemond was away in Tripoli. All of northern Syria was quickly lost, leaving Bohemond with no estates except Tripoli.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Siege of Tripoli.

paragraph: Baibars attacked again in 1271 by starting the Siege of Tripoli, sending a letter to Bohemond threatening him with total annihilation and taunting him for his alliance with the Mongols:

paragraph: Bohemond begged for a truce, so as not to lose Tripoli as well. Baibars mocked him for lack of courage and asked him to pay all the expenses of the Mamluk campaign. Bohemond had enough pride left to refuse the offer, but in May Baibars offered him a truce anyway. By this time, the Mamluks had captured every inland castle of the Franks, but the Mamluks had heard reports about a new Crusade, this one from the prince who would later be Edward I of England. Edward had landed in Acre on May 9, 1271, where he was soon joined by Bohemond and his cousin King Hugh of Cyprus and Jerusalem.

paragraph: Bohemond died in 1275, leaving a son and three daughters: Bohemond VII, nominal prince of Antioch (though Antioch had ceased to exist) and count of Tripoli; Isabelle, who died young; Lucia, later titular countess of Tripoli; and Marie (d. ca 1280), married to Nicolas de Saint-Omer (d. 1294).

paragraph: The rancour of the Mamluks regarding Bohemond VI's alliance with the Mongols would remain until 1289 with the final Fall of Tripoli.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Opizzo Fieschi, nephew of Innocent IV and Latin Patriarch of Antioch during Bohemond's reign

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire des Croisades", René Grousset, Editions Perrin (Paris),

paragraph: BULLET::::- "History of the Crusades", Vol. 3, Runciman, Steven, Cambridge University Press, 1954.

description: Prince of Antioch

wikidata_label: Bohemond VI of Antioch

wikipedia_title: Bohemond VI of Antioch


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text: guineas

text: twopence

text: Arlington

text: Portland

text: Backgammon

text: piquet

text: chess

text: quadrille

text: brag

text: probability theory

text: chess

text: Charles Cotton

text: English-language

text: Statute of Anne

text: Edinburgh

text: Noah Webster

text: Poker Hall of Fame

text: poker

text: "A Short Treatise on the Game of Whist"

text: "A Short Treatise on the Game of Whist"

categories: 1672 births,English male non-fiction writers,Card game personalities,17th-century English writers,English non-fiction writers,1769 deaths

paragraph: Edmond Hoyle

paragraph: Edmond Hoyle (167229 August 1769) was a writer best known for his works on the rules and play of card games. The phrase "according to Hoyle" came into the language as a reflection of his generally perceived authority on the subject; since that time, use of the phrase has expanded into general use in situations in which a speaker wishes to indicate an appeal to a putative authority.

paragraph: Section::::Early life undocumented.

paragraph: Little is known about Hoyle's life; he is primarily known through his books. Much of what is written about him is untrue or exaggerated. The suggestion that he trained at the bar seems unfounded.

paragraph: Section::::Treatise on whist.

paragraph: By 1741, Hoyle began to tutor members of high society at the game of whist, selling his students a copy of his manuscript notes. Hoyle expanded the manuscript and published "A Short Treatise on the Game of Whist" in 1742, selling it for the high price of one guinea.

paragraph: When the book quickly sold out, rather than publish a new edition, Hoyle sold the rights to "Whist" to bookseller Francis Cogan for 100 guineas, an enormous sum for a small pamphlet. Before Cogan was able to publish a second edition, two printers pirated the work, giving the author as "A Gentleman" rather than Hoyle. The printers disguised their identities by publishing under false names, one as Webster, the other as Webb. Cogan published second and third editions of "Whist" and two months later, obtained an injunction against the pirates which he announced in a fourth edition (all 1743). To distinguish the genuine editions from the piracies, Cogan paid Hoyle twopence per copy to autograph the genuine works. The piracies were profitable to Hoyle, though a disaster for Cogan who was forced to lower the price of the book to match the pirates and to pay for Hoyle's signature.

paragraph: Section::::Treatise on whist.:Superseded by new rules.

paragraph: The laws of whist published in "A Short Treatise on the Game of Whist" were regarded as authoritative until 1864, after which time it was superseded by the new rules written by John Loraine Baldwin and adopted by the Arlington and Portland clubs.

paragraph: Section::::Other published works.

paragraph: Cogan published other works by Hoyle:

paragraph: "A Short Treatise on the Game of Backgammon" (1743), the curious "An Artificial Memory for Whist", (1744) and more short treatises on the games of piquet and chess (1744) and quadrille (1744).

paragraph: Cogan became bankrupt in 1745 and sold the Hoyle copyright to Thomas Osborne, who published Hoyle with much more success.

paragraph: Hoyle wrote a treatise on the game of brag (1751), a book on probability theory (1754), and one on chess (1761). Over time, Hoyle's work pushed off the market Charles Cotton's ageing "The Compleat Gamester", which had been considered the "standard" English-language reference work on the playing of games – especially gambling games – since its publication in 1674.

paragraph: Section::::Other published works.:Collected edition.

paragraph: In 1748, Osborne stopped publishing the individual treatises, but instead sold a collected edition under the title "Mr. Hoyle's Treatises of Whist, Quadrille, Piquet, Chess and Back-Gammon". The Whist treatise was described as the "eighth" edition. The "fourteenth" edition (1765) was the last published during Hoyle's lifetime. "Fifteenth" and "sixteenth" editions appeared after his death with the autograph reproduced by woodblock print.

paragraph: Section::::Other published works.:Reprints.

paragraph: The books were frequently reprinted in Ireland, something that was permitted as the English copyright statute, the Statute of Anne, did not extend to Ireland. One edition was printed in Edinburgh. Hoyle's writing was translated into many continental languages; first Portuguese (1753), then German (1754), French (1761), Italian (1768), Russian (1769) and Dutch (1790).

paragraph: Section::::Modern usage.

paragraph: Many modern card game rule books contain the word "Hoyle" in the title, but the moniker does not mean that the works are derivative of Hoyle's (in much the same way that many modern dictionaries contain "Webster" in their titles without necessarily relating to the work of Noah Webster). Because of his contributions to gaming, he was a charter inductee into the Poker Hall of Fame in 1979, even though he died 60 years before poker was invented.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- By a Gentleman (1743) "A Short Treatise on the Game of Whist", W. Webster, Bath and London

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edmond Hoyle (1743) "A Short Treatise on the Game of Whist", 3rd Ed., F. Cogan, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edmond Hoyle (1744) "A Short Treatise on the Game of Piquet", George and Alexander Ewing, Dublin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edmond Hoyle (1745) "A Short Treatise on the Game of Quadrille", George and Alexander Ewing, Dublin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edmond Hoyle (1761) "An Essay Towards Making the Game of Chess Easily Learned,", Thomas Osborne, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edmond Hoyle (1764) "An Essay Towards Making the Doctrine of Chances Easy to Those Who Understand Vulgar Arithmetick Only", Thomas Osborne, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edmond Hoyle (1775) "Mr. Hoyle's Games of Whist, Quadrill, Piquet, Chess and Back-Gammon", Thomas Osborne, London

description: British whist authority

wikidata_label: Edmond Hoyle

wikipedia_title: Edmond Hoyle


text: progressive rock

text: Jethro Tull

text: Eleanor Roosevelt

text: Jethro Tull

text: Blackpool

text: Ian Anderson

text: John Evan

text: Barriemore Barlow

text: grammar school

text: A Song for Jeffrey

text: This Was

text: Leicester Square

text: Stand Up

text: Benefit

text: Thick as a Brick

text: A Passion Play

text: Minstrel in the Gallery

text: John Glascock

text: Alan Freeman

text: Friday Rock Show

text: Hammersmith Odeon

text: Capital Radio

text: Martin Barre

text: Thick as a Brick

text: Aqualung

text: Thick as a Brick

text: Living in the Past

text: A Passion Play

text: War Child

text: Minstrel in the Gallery

categories: Male bass guitarists,People from Blackpool,English rock bass guitarists,Jethro Tull (band) members,1946 births,Living people

paragraph: Jeffrey Hammond

paragraph: Jeffrey Hammond (born 30 July 1946), sometimes credited as Jeffrey Hammond-Hammond, is an artist, musician, and former bass guitar player for the progressive rock band Jethro Tull.

paragraph: Hammond adopted the name "Hammond-Hammond" as a joke, since both his father's name and mother's maiden name were the same. He also joked in interviews that his mother defiantly chose to keep her maiden name, just like Eleanor Roosevelt.

paragraph: Section::::Musician with Jethro Tull.

paragraph: One of several band members of Jethro Tull to originate from Blackpool, England, Hammond met the band's leader Ian Anderson in school when he was 17 years old, eventually joining a band with him and future band members John Evan and Barriemore Barlow. After leaving grammar school Hammond opted to study painting rather than continue with music, but was convinced to join Jethro Tull in January 1971. Before joining the band as a performer, he appears to have spent much time with the band in the background. Anderson wrote songs about his friend's idiosyncrasies, of which the best known are "A Song for Jeffrey" (on the album "This Was"), "Jeffrey Goes to Leicester Square" ("Stand Up") and "For Michael Collins, Jeffrey and Me" ("Benefit"). Introducing "A Song for Jeffrey" in the days before Hammond joined Jethro Tull, Anderson would portray him in slightly condescending terms as someone with emotional problems who lost his way easily, as described in the first line of the song. His eventual appearance as a band member, therefore, was something of a surprise. Hammond is also mentioned in the lyrics of the "Benefit" track "Inside".

paragraph: Hammond is credited with creating the "claghorn", a hybrid instrument. He took the mouthpiece and bell from a toy saxophone and attached them to the body of a flute. The result can be heard on the track "Dharma for One" on the album "This Was".

paragraph: During the time of Jethro Tull's dramatic stage costumes, Hammond began to wear a black-and-white-striped suit and played a matching bass guitar; this became his trademark and a feature of the group's Thick as a Brick stage performance. He narrated the surreal piece "The Story of the Hare Who Lost His Spectacles" on the album "A Passion Play", and the related short film. He also received credit, along with Anderson and John Evan, for writing the piece.

paragraph: Hammond burned the suit in December 1975 upon his departure from the band. According to Ian Anderson's sleevenotes for the 2002 reissue of Tull's "Minstrel in the Gallery", Hammond "returned to his first love, painting, and put down his bass guitar, never to play again." His replacement as bass player was John Glascock, a professional musician.

paragraph: Section::::Later appearances.

paragraph: Hammond made one last attempt to rejoin Jethro Tull in the mid-1980s, as told by Ian Anderson during Alan Freeman's "Friday Rock Show" in March 1988, while providing comments for the broadcast of Tull's show at Hammersmith Odeon which Capital Radio was airing. According to Anderson, "Jeffrey was almost about to re-join the band", but despite one audition being made with the band, the bass player declared himself unable to play the rather difficult music of Jethro Tull and decided to give up.

paragraph: Hammond attended Jethro Tull's 25th anniversary reunion party in 1994. He participated in an interview, along with Ian Anderson and Martin Barre, that was featured as a bonus track on the 1997 reissue of "Thick as a Brick".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aqualung" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thick as a Brick" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Living in the Past" (compilation, 1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Passion Play" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "War Child" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Minstrel in the Gallery" (1975)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official biography of Jeffrey Hammond on Jethro Tull website: JethroTull.com

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Jeffrey Hammond

wikipedia_title: Jeffrey Hammond


text:
Turkey merchant
Levant Company
City of London
Richard Levett
Lord Mayor of London
Levant
Worshipful Company of Mercers
Haberdashers' Company
Levett
Worshipful Company of Haberdashers
haberdasher
Lenton
Gainsborough
Boston, Lincolnshire
Beverley
Cripplegate
London East India Company
Portugal
Hulse
Enfield, Middlesex
Kew
Kew Palace
Royal family
Ashwell, Rutland
Sussex
merchant
feudal
John Holt
Lord Chief Justice of England
Sheriff
Oriel College, Oxford
Inner Temple
Alderman
Temple Church
Magdalen College, Oxford
Livorno
Levant Company
Constantinople
Morden College
Kent
Leeds
Levett Landon Boscawen Ibbetson

categories: Levett family,Businesspeople from London,1654 births,English merchants

paragraph: Francis Levett (merchant)

paragraph: Francis Levett ("alias" Levet) (1654–1705) was a Turkey merchant (i.e. member of the Levant Company) of the City of London who in partnership with his brother Sir Richard Levett, Lord Mayor of London, built a trading empire, importing and distributing tobacco and other commodities, mainly from the Levant. He served as Warden of the Worshipful Company of Mercers.

paragraph: Francis and his brother Sir Richard, who served as Master of the Haberdashers' Company, were among the largest factors of their day in England, with an immense working capital estimated between £30,000 and £40,000 in 1705, buying tobacco around the world for importation into the English market. Francis Levett served as a partner in the trading firm of Sir Richard Levett & Co.

paragraph: The Levett brothers were members of the Worshipful Company of Haberdashers, haberdashers being merchants who traded in commodities and textiles and acted generally as venture capitalists. Once they had imported tobacco and other goods, the Levetts distributed the commodities to their 'chapmen' across the country through fairs, including those at Lenton, Gainsborough, Boston, Lincolnshire, and Beverley. Francis Levett's brother Richard's home was located close by the Haberdashers Hall in Cripplegate.

paragraph: The Levetts were among the earliest English merchants to vertically integrate their trading empire, owning their own ships to transport the goods they sold. Their trading extended as far afield as Turkey and India, where they had interests in the early London East India Company, to North America, Portugal, Africa and elsewhere.

paragraph: The Levetts eventually operated on larger scale than those from whom they bought tobacco. Aside from acting as wholesalers and shippers, the Levett brothers acted as lenders to the retail tobacconists who purchased their wares. Sons of a Puritan vicar from a once-mighty family, the Levett brothers had no choice but to slowly build their business from scratch, networking like ancient yuppies. Their dealings exposed them to the go-go operators of the day, including the Blackborne, Sweetapple, Lemon, Hulse and Thoroton families, with whom they intermarried.

paragraph: It was a lucrative franchise. A tax assessment for 1695 lists Francis Levett and his wife having a footman and a maid at their London residence. Levett owned a country home at Enfield, Middlesex as well. (His brother, Sir Richard, fared even better, owning two country homes at Kew, Richmond—both of which, including Kew Palace, his heirs later sold to the Royal family—and a spacious London home.) The brothers were sons of Rev. Richard Levett of Ashwell, Rutland, and the family's roots lay in Sussex.

paragraph: The Levett brothers's accomplishments as merchants allowed them to indulge their wants in ways unfamiliar to vicars' sons. These early London merchants were straddling the old feudal economy which, abetted by increasing English political and military might, was evolving into a modern trading one. The first beneficiaries were these pioneers who, trading for their own account, risked failure in the fast-moving marketplace. The Levett brothers built an early trading juggernaut.

paragraph: In 1683 Francis Levett married Susan, the daughter of Sir Thomas Holt and sister of Sir John Holt, Lord Chief Justice of England. Levett's brother-in-law was merchant Edward Leman, who married Sir Thomas Holt's daughter Mary by his wife Susan Peacock. The London mercantile world of those days was a small club: Lord Mayor Levett, Francis's brother, had a son Richard, who became a London alderman and married the daughter of Sir John Sweetapple, goldsmith, Sheriff and alderman of the City. These tight social and political connections helped the Levetts build their trading empire.

paragraph: Francis Levett's son Richard, a member of Oriel College, Oxford, and a barrister at the Inner Temple, served as an Alderman of London. He was later buried within Temple Church. Another son, Henry, who took B.A. and M.A. degrees from Magdalen College, Oxford, died at age 25 in 1726. A third son, Francis Levett Jr., lived much of his life at Livorno, Italy, and served as chief representative of the Levant Company at Constantinople 1737–1750. He was a director of the London Assurance Corporation, and a benefactor of Morden College. He lived much of his life at Livorno, and died at Nethersole, Kent, 21 February 1764. Catherine, the daughter of Francis Levett, London merchant, married Ebenezer Ibbetson, a London merchant and son of Leeds, Yorkshire, cloth merchant Samuel Ibbetson. Their descendant Levett Landon Boscawen Ibbetson was a well-known English geologist, inventor and one of the pioneers of photography.

paragraph: At Francis Levett's death in 1705, his widow disposed of his interest in several ships, selling them to William Love, a London merchant.

description: English merchant

wikidata_label: Francis Levett

wikipedia_title: Francis Levett (merchant)


text: Holcombe Court

text: lord

text: manor of Holcombe Rogus

text: MP

text: Tiverton

text: Charles I

text: Personal Rule

text: Holcombe Rogus

text: Bagborough

text: recusant

text: Iron Acton

text: psal.

text: quarterings

text: crosses pattées

text: martlet

text: chess-rooks

text: Clyst Hydon

text: tenant-in-chief

text: ward

text: Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Chichester

text: Wadham College, Oxford

text: Nicholas Wadham (died 1609)

text: Merryfield

text: Edge, Branscombe

text: Sir William Wadham (died 1452)

text: Member of Parliament

text: Tiverton

text: Sir John Portman, 1st Baronet

text: Orchard Portman

text: tail-male

text: North Petherton

text: Sir John Lenthall, 1st Baronet

text: Speaker of the House of Commons

text: John Wallop, 1st Earl of Portsmouth

text: Heanton Punchardon

text: Barnstaple

text: Civil War

text: Siege of Lyme Regis

text: Almain rivet

categories: 1634 deaths,Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford,English MPs 1628–1629,1603 births

paragraph: John Bluett

paragraph: John Bluett (1603 – 28 November 1634) of Holcombe Court, lord of the manor of Holcombe Rogus in Devon, was MP for Tiverton from 1628 to 1629 when King Charles I embarked on his Personal Rule without parliament for eleven years.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: John Bluett was the son of Arthur Bluett (1573/4-1612) of Holcombe Rogus by his wife Jane Lancaster (1583-1641), daughter and heiress of John Lancaster of Bagborough, Somerset. John was left fatherless aged nine when Arthur Bluett died in 1612, predeceasing his own father Richard Bluett (d.1614), whose monument with effigy exists in the Bluett Chapel of Holcombe Rogus Church. John's mother Joan remarried to Philip Poyntz, a recusant, probably of the ancient Poyntz family of Iron Acton in Gloucestershire, whose grave-slab in the Bluett Chapel records his death on 16/8/1645: ""Here lyeth the body of Phillip Pointz, gent., who deceased the 16 day of August Anno Dom(ini) 1645. My flesh shall rest in hope, psal. 16:9"". The much worn grave slab of Joan exists also in the floor of the Bluet Chapel, inscribed thus: ""In memoriam...Joa...Poyntz olim Arthuri Bluet ar(mi)g(e)ri at nuper Philippi Poyntz, gent...conjugis charissima obiit 19.o die Junii...aetatis 58.o et salutis 1641. Parce...hic mea...sic mea... servari in creda sanguin.."" ("In memory of Joan Poyntz once the most beloved wife of Arthur Bluet, Esq., and recently of Philip Poyntz, gent. She died on the 19th day of June...of her age 58 and health 1641...Spare me...this my...to serve in the blood...") Also inscribed on the same slab is the following: ""The remains of her younger son Coll. Francis Bluet & Joan his wife lye here interr'd also. He was kill'd before Lyme 1644""

paragraph: Section::::Origins.:Ancestry & heraldic quarterings.

paragraph: The heraldic escutcheon on John Bluett's monument shows 8 quarterings as follows, which demonstrate his ancestry from heraldic heiresses:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st: "Or, a chevron between three eagles displayed vert" (Bluett)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd: "Azure, three bendlets argent each close-cottised in base sable a bordure gules"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3rd: "Argent, a chevron sable a label of three points gules" (Prideaux)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 4th: "Argent, a chevron between in chief three crosses pattées in base a saltire sable"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5th: "Argent, three ravens/choughs sable/proper"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 6th: "Or, on a chevron gules three martlets or" (Chiselden of Holcombe Rogus) The martlets are shown here "argent".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 7th: "Azure, a chevron argent between three chess-rooks or" (Rogus of Holcombe, an heiress of Chesilden); the chevron is shown here "or".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 8th: "Azure, two bars between nine martlets argent, 3,3,2,1" (shown here as "Azure, two bars between eight martlets or, 3,2,3") Tantifer ("alias" Tatifer, Tantifer, Taundifer, Fattifer) of Anke, (modern "Aunk") Clyst Hydon, an heiress of Chesilden

paragraph: BULLET::::- 9th: "Barry of six argent and gules, on a canton of the second a lion passant or" (Lancaster of Milverton), the family of Bluett's mother)

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Bluett's father died in 1612, leaving him at the age of nine in the care of his grandfather Richard Bluett (d.1614), who died two years later. He then became heir to the family's 16 manors in Somerset, Devon and Dorset. As a tenant-in-chief he became a ward of the king, who sold his wardship to his great-uncle Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Chichester (1563-1625), Lord Deputy of Ireland. On 16 April 1619 aged 15, he matriculated at Wadham College, Oxford, founded (posthumously) only nine years before in 1610 by his distant cousin Nicholas Wadham (died 1609) of Merryfield, Somerset and Edge, Branscombe, Devon. Nicholas's ancestor Sir William Wadham (died 1452) had married the other Chiselden co-heiress, Margaret Chiseldon, whose sister Maude Chiseldon had brought Holcombe Rogus to the Bluetts. He presented a gold flagon to Wadham College which was melted down for coin "tempore" Charles I. In 1628 he was elected Member of Parliament for Tiverton, Devon.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage & progeny.

paragraph: Bluett married Elizabeth Portman (1602-1636), whose effigy exists beside that of her husband under their canopied monument in the Bluett Chapel, Holcombe Rogus Church. She was a daughter of Sir John Portman, 1st Baronet (d.1612), of Orchard Portman in Somerset.

paragraph: They had no son and heir but eight daughters, none of whom were able to inherit the principle family estates due to tail-male, but did inherit equal shares in certain subsidiary manors such as North Petherton. Their kneeling effigies exist along the base of the monument to their parents at Holcombe Rogus. Of the eight daughters depicted, the eldest, 4th, 5th & 6th all carry skulls indicating they were dead by 1636. The four survivors married into the families of Jones, Wallop, Lenthall and Basset:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ann Bluett (d. pre-1677) married Cadwallader Jones

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Bluett married firstly Sir James Stonehouse (d.1654), and secondly Sir John Lenthall, 1st Baronet(d.1681), whose father was Speaker of the House of Commons

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dorothy Bluett (d.1704), married Henry Wallop (d.1673), whose grandson was John Wallop, 1st Earl of Portsmouth (1690-1762), who succeeded his elder brother Bluett Wallop (d.1707) in the Wallop estates in Hampshire and elsewhere.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Susan Bluett (d.1662) who married John Basset (1630-1660) of Heanton Punchardon, Devon, whose mural monument exists in Heanton Punchardon Church. Their son was John Bassett (1653-1686), five times MP for Barnstaple in Devon.

paragraph: Section::::Death & burial.

paragraph: Bluett died at the age of 31 and was buried in the Bluett Chapel in All saints Church, Holcombe Rogus, where there exists an elaborate monument with his effigy and that of his wife.

paragraph: Section::::Succession.

paragraph: Bluett was succeeded by his younger brother Col. Francis Bluett (d.1644), an ardent Royalist during the Civil War who was killed in 1644 at the Siege of Lyme Regis.

paragraph: Section::::Monument.

paragraph: An elaborate marble monument to Sir John Bluett (d.1634) and his wife Elizabeth Portman (d.1636) exists in the Bluett Chapel, All Saints Church, Holcombe Rogus. Alabaster recumbent effigies of the couple are contained under a classical canopy. Sir John is dressed in full armour of Almain rivets and his head rests on a pillow with lace border in which is worked the Bluett crest of a squirrel eating a nut. The squirell also appears as his footrest. A tablet above is inscribed thus:br

paragraph: ""Memoriae sacrum viri vere nobilis et generosi Johannis Bluet Armigeri et clarissimae ilius conjugis Elizabethae Joh(ann)is Portman, Militis et Baronetti, filiae. Ille quidem fato cessit 29 die Novemb(re) anno aetatis suae 31 & salutis 1634. Haec vero 7.o die Julii anno aetatis 32 et salutis 1636. Quicunq(ue) huc spectator ades, ne durus oceilis parce tuis tibi sit ne pudor a lapide exudat saxis humor tristiq(ue) dolore se vix ferre suum posse patentur onus nobile par condunt claro (ho..?) stemate malus quam meritis inerat magnus utrisq(ue) decor quorum animas conjunxit... pietate coronant has nu.. Dei"" ("Sacred to the memory of the truly noble and well-born John Bluet, Esquire, and to the most renowned wife of him, Elizabeth, daughter of John Portman, Knight and Baronet. The former indeed proceeded to his destiny on the 29 day of November in the year of his age 31 and (in the year) of grace 1634. The latter in truth on the 7th day of July in the year of her age 32 and of grace 1636. Whoever, O Spectator you are here, do not... harshly, spare your...for you there should be no shame. From the stone exudes moisture from the rocks and with sad grief. If by chance...")

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yerby, George & Hunneyball, Paul, Biography of Bluett (Blewett), John (1603-1634), of Holcombe Rogus, Devon, published in History of Parliament: House of Commons 1604-1629, ed. Andrew Thrush and John P. Ferris, 2010

description: English politician

wikidata_label: John Bluett

wikipedia_title: John Bluett


text: Yale School of Architecture

text: square dance

text: Agnes Gund

text: Boston Children's Museum

text: Yale–New Haven Hospital

text: maze

text: jungle gym

text: Spencer

text: SxSW

text: Independent Film Festival of Boston

text: Sidewalk Moving Picture Festival

text: Indie Memphis Film Festival

text: Sundance Channel

categories: Yale School of Architecture alumni,American people with disabilities,People from Quantico, Virginia,1940 births,2012 deaths,American architectural sculptors,Sculptors from Connecticut,American male sculptors,People with tetraplegia

paragraph: Tom Luckey

paragraph: Thomas W. ("Tom") Luckey (January 6, 1940 – August 19, 2012) was an American architect and sculptor, best known for inventing abstract playgrounds called Luckey Climbers. Luckey also created furniture, merry-go-rounds, and interiors.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: After graduating from the Yale School of Architecture in the late 1960s, Luckey began remodeling friends' houses and doing experimental projects, including one described as transforming:

paragraph: In addition to interiors and furniture, he also designed merry-go-rounds; one, inspired by square dances, moves riders from one seat to another as they go around.

paragraph: A mutual friend introduced Luckey to Agnes Gund, who insisted he contact the Boston Children's Museum. After he persuaded officials to let him build his first Luckey Climber, the structure turned out to be one of the museum's most popular exhibits, and has now been replaced with a new version.

paragraph: Luckey died on August 19, 2012 at Yale–New Haven Hospital due to complications from pneumonia. He was 72.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Luckey Climbers.

paragraph: Luckey Climbers are multi-story climbing structures crossed with mazes and jungle gyms. In appearance, they have been compared to "a Calder mobile fashioned from Monet's lily pads". They have been installed in locations across North America that include:

paragraph: No major injuries have occurred on Luckey Climbers, and they have a clean safety record—which is one of the reasons why they are so desired by children's museums.

paragraph: Section::::"Luckey" (documentary).

paragraph: In 2005, Luckey fell out of a second-story bathroom window and landed on his head. As a result of a fractured cervical vertebra, Luckey was paralyzed from the neck down. He continued to design Luckey Climbers, at first with the assistance of his son, Spencer; the one at the Delaware Children's Museum was his first to be fully accessible.

paragraph: Filmmaker Laura Longsworth made a 2008 documentary, "Luckey", about the personal and professional repercussions of the accident. The film appeared at a number of festivals, including SxSW and the Independent Film Festival of Boston, and garnered the Special Jury Award for Artistic Portrait at the Sidewalk Moving Picture Festival and Best Documentary Feature at the Indie Memphis Film Festival. The film has also been shown on the Sundance Channel.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (photo gallery)

description: American sculptor

wikidata_label: Tom Luckey

wikipedia_title: Tom Luckey


text:
architect
Tübingen
Stuttgart
architecture
Technical University of Munich
Friedrich von Thiersch
Technical University of Stuttgart
Theodor Fischer
Lutheran
Baden-Baden
Paul Bonatz
medieval architecture
Kölner Werkschulen
Ernst May
Frankfurt am Main
New Frankfurt
Grossmarkthalle
National Socialism
war years
internal exile
Käte Schaller-Härlin
Thomas Elsaesser
Schwäbisch Gmünd
Hochschule für Gestaltung
Tübingen
Stuttgart-Gaisburg
Massenbach
Stuttgart
Kölner Werkschulen
Mannheim
Cologne
Esslingen
Frankfurt am Main
Grossmarkthalle
Frankfurt am Main
Frankfurt am Main
Römerstadt
Frankfurt am Main
Hamburg-Altona
Ankara
Munich
Gustav-Siegle-Haus
Biography of Martin Elsaesser

categories: 1957 deaths,1884 births,German architects,Expressionist architects

paragraph: Martin Elsaesser

paragraph: Martin Elsaesser (1884–1957) was a German architect and professor of architecture. He is especially well known for the many churches he built. He was born in Tübingen, Germany on 28 May 1884 and died in Stuttgart, 5 August 1957.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: From 1901 to 1906, Elsaesser studied architecture at the Technical University of Munich under Friedrich von Thiersch and the Technical University of Stuttgart under Theodor Fischer. In 1905 he won the competition for the Lutheran church of Baden-Baden and started to be active as a freelance architect.

paragraph: From 1911 to 1913 he served as an assistant to Professor Paul Bonatz, at Stuttgart Technical University. In 1913, he became professor for medieval architecture at the same institution (until 1920).

paragraph: From 1920 to 1925 he was managing director of the School of Arts and Crafts at Cologne (later known as the Kölner Werkschulen). In 1925, Ernst May, then government building surveyor in Frankfurt am Main, made him chief of the city's municipal building department whis was responsible for the New Frankfurt project. Elsaesser kept that post until 1932. His largest construction during his time at Frankfurt was the Grossmarkthalle.

paragraph: During the reign of National Socialism, Elsaesser did not receive any commissions. Nonetheless, he did not opt for emigration; instead he spent the war years in internal exile, pursuing architectural study tours and utopian designs.

paragraph: After the war, he was professor of design at Munich Technical University from 1947 to 1956.

paragraph: Many of his churches contain paintings by the artist Käte Schaller-Härlin.

paragraph: His grandson is the international film historian Thomas Elsaesser.

paragraph: Section::::Buildings (selection).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1909: "Königliche Fachschule für Edelmetallindustrie" Schwäbisch Gmünd, today Hochschule für Gestaltung

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1909-1910: Lutheran church of St. Eberhard, Tübingen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1909-1910: Secondary School, Tübingen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1910: Railway bridge, Tübingen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1910-1913: Lutheran Church, Stuttgart-Gaisburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1911: Lutheran church of St. George, Massenbach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1911-1914: Covered market, Stuttgart

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1913-1914: Wagenburg-Gymnasium (secondary school), Stuttgart-Gänsheide

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1922-1924: extension to Kölner Werkschulen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1922-1924: Office block for "Rheinisches Braunkohlensyndikat", Mannheim

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1924-1925: Private home, Dr. S., Cologne

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1925-1926: Lutheran Südkirche, Esslingen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1925-1926: own home, Frankfurt am Main

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1926: Part rebuilding of Lutheran Church of St. Laurentius, Stuttgart-Rohr (replaced in 1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1926-1928: Grossmarkthalle, Frankfurt am Main

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1929-1931: Städtische und Universitätsklinik für Gemüts- und Nervenkranke, Frankfurt am Main, Niederrad

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1928-1929: Primary school in Römerstadt, Frankfurt am Main

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1930-1932: Villa Reemtsma, Hamburg-Altona

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1937-1938: Sumerbank Headquarters, Ankara, Turkey

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1950-1951: Residential high-rise, Munich

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1953-1954: Rebuilding of Gustav-Siegle-Haus (Stuttgart Philharmonic)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Martin Elsaesser

description: German architect

wikidata_label: Martin Elsaesser

wikipedia_title: Martin Elsaesser


text:
American football
cornerback
Kansas City Chiefs
undrafted free agent
college football
Northern Iowa
Miami Dolphins
Minnesota Vikings
Boyd Anderson High School
letterman
football
wrestling
volleyball
track and field
Broward County
starts
Northern Iowa Panthers
Iowa Hawkeyes
tackles
interception
passes deflected
fumble
Kansas City Chiefs
undrafted free agent
2008
Charles Gordon
Miami Dolphins
Greg Camarillo
Monday Night Football
New England Patriots
Wes Welker
Antoine Winfield
Asante Samuel
Atlanta Falcons
Minnesota Vikings bio

categories: Sportspeople from Fort Lauderdale, Florida,Kansas City Chiefs players,American football cornerbacks,Minnesota Vikings players,Players of American football from Florida,1981 births,Northern Iowa Panthers football players,Living people,Iowa Hawkeyes football players

paragraph: Benny Sapp

paragraph: Benjamin Lee Sapp, II (born January 20, 1981) is a former American football cornerback. He was signed by the Kansas City Chiefs as an undrafted free agent in 2004. He played college football at Northern Iowa.

paragraph: Sapp also played for the Miami Dolphins and the Minnesota Vikings.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Sapp attended Boyd Anderson High School in Fort Lauderdale, Florida and was a student and a letterman in football, wrestling, volleyball, and track and field. In football, as a senior, he was a first team All-Broward County selection and an All-State Honorable Mention selection. Benny Sapp graduated from Boyd Anderson High School in 2000.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: He appeared in 24 games (15 starts) with the Northern Iowa Panthers and 24 games (20 starts) with the Iowa Hawkeyes. He was removed from the Iowa Hawkeyes squad in 2002 due to charges of violence. He racked up 78 tackles, six interceptions, 29 passes deflected and four forced fumbles with the Panthers and 104 tackles and three interceptions in two seasons with the Hawkeyes.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Kansas City Chiefs.

paragraph: Sapp was signed by the Kansas City Chiefs as an undrafted free agent in 2004. He played for them until 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Minnesota Vikings (first stint).

paragraph: Sapp signed with the Vikings in 2008. In 2008 he stepped in to the Vikings starting nickel rotation after Charles Gordon went down. In 2008, he had 22 tackles along with 2 interceptions. On March 3, 2009, the Vikings re-signed him to a one-year contract. And re-signed him again for a two-year contract on March 9, 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Miami Dolphins.

paragraph: Sapp was traded from the Vikings on August 25, 2010 to the Miami Dolphins for Greg Camarillo. For the Dolphins Sapp recorded 2 interceptions and had 10 pass deflections in 17 games. On September 12, 2011, during a "Monday Night Football" game against rival New England Patriots, Sapp was stiff-armed by Patriots WR Wes Welker on a 99-yard touchdown pass. The Dolphins cut Sapp the next day.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Minnesota Vikings (second stint).

paragraph: After CB Antoine Winfield sustained a season-ending injury, Sapp was signed by the Vikings after a work out.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Sapp's high school teammate Asante Samuel also has played in the NFL, most recently for the Atlanta Falcons.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minnesota Vikings bio

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Benny Sapp

wikipedia_title: Benny Sapp


text: PC

text: Scottish

text: Sir John Anstruther, 2nd Baronet

text: Baronetage of Great Britain

text: Baronetage of Nova Scotia

text: Philip

text: Member of Parliament

text: Anstruther Burghs

text: Fife

text: Cockermouth

text: Cumberland

text: Privy Counsellor

text: Fife

text: John Millar

text: Lincoln's Inn

text: Charles James Fox

text: Impeachment of Warren Hastings

text: Chief Justice of Bengal

text: Asiatic Society

text: district of burghs

categories: 1753 births,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Scottish constituencies,19th-century Scottish politicians,Members of Lincoln's Inn,British MPs 1790–1796,Presidents of The Asiatic Society,Alumni of the University of Glasgow,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Fife constituencies,UK MPs 1807–1812,Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain,Cumbria MPs,1811 deaths,UK MPs 1806–1807,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies,Baronets in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia,British MPs 1780–1784,British MPs 1784–1790,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,British MPs 1796–1800,British India judges,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies

paragraph: Sir John Anstruther, 4th Baronet

paragraph: Sir John Anstruther, 4th Baronet and 1st Baronet PC (27 March 1753 – 26 January 1811) was a Scottish politician.

paragraph: The second son of Sir John Anstruther, 2nd Baronet, he was knighted in 1797, raised to the Baronetage of Great Britain in 1798, and also succeeded as 4th Baronet in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia on the death of his elder brother, Philip, in 1808.

paragraph: He served as Member of Parliament for Anstruther Burghs, in Fife, from 1783–1790, 1796–1797 and 1806–1811, and for Cockermouth, in Cumberland, from 1790-1796. He was appointed a Privy Counsellor in 1806.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born on 27 March 1753, the second son of Sir John Anstruther of Elie House, Fife. He was educated at Glasgow University under John Millar, and called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1779. He practised chiefly before the House of Lords in Scotch appeals and was M.P. for Cockermouth, 1790-96.

paragraph: He was an active supporter of Charles James Fox, and one of the managers appointed to conduct the Impeachment of Warren Hastings, his duty being to sum up the evidence on the charge relating to Benares, and to open the charge relating to presents. In 1797 he was appointed Chief Justice of Bengal and created a baronet in 1798. From 1799 to 1807 he was President of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. In 1806 he returned to Britain, was sworn on the privy council and re-entered parliament the same year as member for the Anstruther district of burghs.

paragraph: In 1808 he succeeded to his father's baronetcy in addition to his own. He died in London 26 January 1811 and was succeeded by his son Sir John Carmichael-Anstruther, 5th Baronet, who also took his place as MP for Anstruther Burghs.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Sir John Anstruther, 4th Baronet

wikipedia_title: Sir John Anstruther, 4th Baronet


text:
Christian
virgin
martyr
vows of chastity and poverty
Roman soldier
Roman gods

categories: 4th-century Christian martyrs,4th-century Romans,Saints of Roman Thessalonica,Late Ancient Christian female saints,Ancient Greeks who were murdered,304 deaths,284 births,4th-century Christian saints

paragraph: Anysia of Salonika

paragraph: Saint Anysia of Salonika was a Christian virgin and martyr of the 4th century.

paragraph: Anysia was born to a wealthy and pious Christian family in Salonika. She dedicated herself to vows of chastity and poverty, praying and helping the poor. The legend of her martyrdom states that in 304, a Roman soldier apprehended her as she was on her way to mass. Discovering she was a Christian, he beat her, and intended to drag her to a pagan temple to sacrifice to Roman gods. When he tore off her veil (a reminder of her vow of chastity), she spit in his face, and he murdered her.

description: Christian virgin and martyr

wikidata_label: Anysia of Salonika

wikipedia_title: Anysia of Salonika


text:
chennai
India
Tanjore
A.v.ilango
cubism
expressionism
orphism
Paintings of Cheenu Pillai

categories: 21st-century Indian painters,Indian male painters,Indian Expressionist painters,1971 births,Orphism,People from Thanjavur district,Living people

paragraph: Cheenu Pillai

paragraph: Cheenu Pillai is a self-taught artist from chennai, India who blends European expressionism with dravidian themes.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Cheenu Pillai was born in 1971 in a village in Tanjore district. He spent his school days in his village and then in Tanjore. Cheenu took to painting at very early age, thanks to his elder brother who was artist himself. Brought up in a pious background, portraits of gods used to be his favorite theme. At that age, his rendering of the religious images fulfilled purely a spiritual need. But as he delved more into the forms, the symmetry and balance in the Hindu iconography captured his imagination.

paragraph: He kept pursuing art with passion all his life, but never considered taking it up as a career. For a consistent topper at school, the only career choice seemed like a white collar job, which is exactly where he ended up. He did his MBA and got into investment banking. Emerging opportunities in information technology led him shift career midway, but art continued as the primary passion. His inspirations heightened during his stint in Europe, where he regularly frequented art galleries.

paragraph: In 2003, he decided to take up art more seriously and quit his job as the president of a large software company. He continued doing some consultancy works in software, but was able to spend a lot more time painting.

paragraph: Apparao galleries included Cheenu's works as part of a group show in 2004. Again in 2007, A.v.ilango's art space and Tangerine art sponsored an exhibition of his paintings from the divinity series at the tangerine restaurant, which gave him the initial impetus.Cheenu was part of a group show at Apparao galleries in 2009

paragraph: Section::::Style.

paragraph: Cheenu has evolved a unique style of representation which is hybrid between European movements like cubism, expressionism, orphism and Indian sensibilities in terms of color schemes and layouts.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paintings of Cheenu Pillai

description: Indian artist

wikidata_label: Cheenu Pillai

wikipedia_title: Cheenu Pillai


text:
French
brigadier general
Chamber of Peers
July Monarchy
National Legislative Assembly
French Second Republic
Senate
Second French Empire
Legion of Honour
Order of Saint Louis
Order of Leopold

categories: Members of the Chamber of Peers of the July Monarchy,1778 births,French Senators of the Second Empire,Knights of the Order of Saint Louis,1865 deaths,Place of birth missing,Members of the National Legislative Assembly of the French Second Republic,Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur

paragraph: Michel Jacques François Achard

paragraph: Michel Jacques François Achard (14 October 1778 – 6 January 1865) was a French "general de brigade" (brigadier general).

paragraph: He was a member of the Chamber of Peers under the July Monarchy, a member of the National Legislative Assembly of the French Second Republic and a member of the Senate of the Second French Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour

paragraph: BULLET::::- knight of the Order of Saint Louis

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1833: Commander of the Order of Leopold.

description: French politician and officer

wikidata_label: Michel-Jacques-François Achard

wikipedia_title: Michel Jacques François Achard


text:
Italian
Senate
Kingdom of Sardinia
Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus

categories: 1787 births,19th-century Italian physicians,Recipients of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus,Members of the Senate of the Kingdom of Sardinia,1875 deaths

paragraph: Maurizio Bufalini

paragraph: Maurizio Bufalini (4 June 1787 – 31 March 1875) was an Italian physician. He served in the Senate of the Kingdom of Sardinia. He was a recipient of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus.

description: Italian physician

wikidata_label: Maurizio Bufalini

wikipedia_title: Maurizio Bufalini


text: Denton, Texas

text: track and field

text: pole vault

text: Canadian Athletics Championships

text: 12th in women's pole vault

text: 2017 World Championship

text: Texas State University San Marcos

text: all-time

text: Athletics Canada

text: Alysha Newman

text: Canada's Olympic team

text: All-America

text: pole vault

text: Sun Belt Conference

text: Outdoor track and field

text: Texas State Bobcats

text: New Mexico Activities Association

text: Anicka Newell all-athletics profile

text: Anicka Newell Texas State Results

categories: Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Commonwealth Games,Track and field athletes from Texas,Canadian people of American descent,Olympic track and field athletes of Canada,Texas State Bobcats athletes,Sportspeople from Denton, Texas,1993 births,Living people,Canadian female pole vaulters

paragraph: Anicka Newell

paragraph: Anicka Newell (born August 5, 1993 in Denton, Texas) is a Canadian track and field athlete competing in the pole vault.

paragraph: Section::::Professional.

paragraph: Newell placed 1st at 2018 Canadian Athletics Championships in Ottawa & cleared to qualify for August 11 2018 NACAC Championships in Torontobut she did not clear a height (NH).

paragraph: Newell placed 7th in Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's pole vault cleared .

paragraph: Anicka Newell placed 12th in women's pole vault at 2017 World Championship cleared on the second attempt.

paragraph: Newell cleared at Texas State University San Marcos in June 2017 which is the second highest athlete all-time in Athletics Canada behind Alysha Newman.

paragraph: In July 2016, she was officially named to Canada's Olympic team. Newell placed 29th at Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's pole vault cleared . Anicka Newell is eligible to compete for Canada as her mother was born in the country.

paragraph: Anicka has enjoyed a nice progression over her career as a track and field athlete in the pole vault:

paragraph: Section::::NCAA.

paragraph: Anicka Newell earned an honorable mentioned All-America award in the pole vault at 2015 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships. Anicka Newell is a two-time Sun Belt Conference Outdoor track and field champion in pole valt for Texas State Bobcats.

paragraph: Section::::High school.

paragraph: Anicka Newell won a New Mexico Activities Association state individual title in the pole vault for Highland High School (Albuquerque, New Mexico) in 2009.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anicka Newell all-athletics profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anicka Newell Texas State Results

paragraph: BULLET::::- Texas State Anicka Newell - 2015 Track and Field profile

wikidata_label: Annika Newell

wikipedia_title: Anicka Newell


text:
Beatport
Danny Howard
Tom Staar
Cid
Chocolate Puma
Roland Clark
Erick Morillo
Steve Angello
Afrojack
Shermanology
Nicky Romero
Krewella
Showtek
Justin Prime
Matthew Koma
Arno Cost
Norman Doray
Armin van Buuren
Kölsch
Michael Calfan
Sam Feldt
Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike
Ummet Ozcan
Tommy Trash
David Guetta
Sia
Fetty Wap
Bang My Head
Chicane
Benny Benassi
Basement Jaxx
Bingo Bango
Lost Frequencies
Official website

categories: British DJs,British dance musicians,Remixers,Living people,People from Manchester,British record producers

paragraph: Kryder

paragraph: Christopher Knight (born Hertfordshire, England), better known by his stage name Kryder, is an English DJ and record producer.

paragraph: He is best known for his record ´K2´ & original track Aphrodite released on Axtone Records and his remix of Kölsch ft Troels Abrahamsen 'All That Matters' both of which reached No.1's in the Beatport Top 100 chart. He is also the owner of Kryteria Records.

paragraph: Many of his other singles also experienced great success: "Treasured Soul" and "Jericho" figured many weeks in the top 100.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "Me" [Maquina Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "K2" [Musical Freedom]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Sending Out An S.O.S." (with Danny Howard) [Spinnin Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "Vyper" [Cr2 Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "Aphrodite" [Axtone Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "Pyrmd" [Protocol Recordings]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "Feels Like Summer" (with Still Young and Duane Harden) [Sprs]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "Fiji" [Sprs]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "Tarzan" [Sosumi Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "Big Momma's House" (with Tom Staar) [Sosumi Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "Jericho" (with Tom Staar) [Size Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "Good Vibes" (with The Wulf) [Spinnin Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "Percolator" (with Cajmere) [Spinnin Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "Chunk" (with Cid) [Free download]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "Apache" (with Dave Winnel) [Size Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "De Puta Madre" (with Tom Staar and The Wulf) [Sprs]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: "Crocodile Tears" [Axtone Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: "Selecta" (Chocolate Puma Edit) [Spinnin' Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: "The Chant" (with Eddie Thoneick) [Cartel Recordings]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: "La Luna" (with Hiio) [Sprs]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: "You & Me" (with The Cube Guys) [Cartel Recordings]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: "Unity" (with Roland Clark) [Sprs]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: "MTV" [Musical Freedom]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: "Waves" (with Erick Morillo) [Subliminal Recordings]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: "Romani" (featuring Steve Angello) [Kryteria Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: "La Cumbiambera" (with Cato Anaya) [Kryteria Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: "Billionaire" (featuring Sam Martin) [Spinnin' Records]

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Remixes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: Afrojack and Shermanology – "Can't Stop Me" (Kryder and Staar Remix) [Wall Recordings]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: Nicky Romero vs. Krewella – "Legacy" (Kryder Remix) [Protocol Recordings]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: Showtek and Justin Prime featuring Matthew Koma – "'Cannonball (Earthquake)" (Kryder Remix) [SPRS]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: Arno Cost and Norman Doray – "Apocalypse 2014" (Kryder and Tom Staar Remix) [Spinnin' Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: Armin van Buuren – "Ping Pong" (Kryder and Tom Staar Remix) [Armada Music]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: Kölsch featuring Troels Abrahamsen – "All That Matters" (Kryder Remix) [Axtone Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: L'Tric – "This Feeling" (Kryder Remix) [Neon Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: Michael Calfan – "Treasured Soul" (Kryder and Genairo Nvilla Remix) [Spinnin' Remixes]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: Sam Feldt featuring Jaya Beach-Robertson – "Show Me Love" (Kryder and Tom Staar Remix) [Spinnin' Remixes]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike vs. Ummet Ozcan – "The Hum" (Kryder and Tom Staar Remix) [Smash The House]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: Tommy Trash featuring JHart – "Wake the Giant" (Kryder and Tom Tyger Remix) [Armada Music]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: David Guetta featuring Sia and Fetty Wap – "Bang My Head" (Kryder and Dave Winnel Remix) [What A Music]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: Chicane – "Saltwater" (Kryder Remix) [Xtravaganza]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: Provenzano and Federico Scavo - "Folegandros" (Kryder Mix) [Cartel Recordings]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: Nico de Andrea - "The Shape" (Kryder Remix) [Spinnin' Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: Benny Benassi – "Everybody Needs a Kiss" (Kryder Remix)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: Basement Jaxx - "Bingo Bango" (Tom Staar and Kryder Remix) [XL Recordings]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2019: Lost Frequencies featuring Flynn - "Recognise" (Kryder Remix) [Found Frequencies]

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Kryder

wikipedia_title: Kryder


text:
Goutte d'Or
Paris
verlan
French
Senegalese
Aulnay-sous-Bois
Seine-Saint-Denis
Paris
Arsenal
Paris
London
Arsenal
Rohff
Passi
Sniper
Kenza Farah’s
Authentik
Sefyu upon Discogs.com

categories: 1981 births,French rappers,French hip hop musicians,French people of Senegalese descent,Living people

paragraph: Sefyu

paragraph: Youssef Soukouna (born 20 April 1981 in Goutte d'Or, Paris), better known by his stage name Sefyu (, his first name in "verlan"), is a French rapper of Senegalese descent. He comes from Aulnay-sous-Bois, a city in the French department of Seine-Saint-Denis of which is located within the northern suburbs of Paris. Sefyu originally aspired to become a professional soccer player, but his dream was derailed after he sustained an injury whilst playing for English club Arsenal. He emerged upon the hip-hop scene in the early 2000s to commercial and critical acclaim.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Paris, Sefyu played football for a great deal of time in the role of a left-winger. He went on to England to feature for London club Arsenal where he got an injury which eventually ended his playing days. As so he then changed his focus towards a career in hip hop.

paragraph: A member of the crews “NCC” (Natural Court Circuit –“ Natural Short Circuit”) and “G-Huit”, he started his ascent to fame by rapping with Rohff on his album La Fierté des nôtres, released in June 2004.

paragraph: He has worked with a vast array of French rappers, including Moystaff du Bengale, Nemesis, Ritmo, La K-Bine crew, Passi, Sniper and Daddy Lord C. He performed publicly in 2001 at the Francofolies de la Rochelle.

paragraph: In 2005, he released an EP entitled Molotov 4, which was produced by Kore et Skalp. In April 2006, Sefyu released his first album, titled Qui Suis-je ?. Sefyu’s style of rap is characterised by a few features: a deep, husky voice, and a range of unique phrases. These include Crrr!, an onomatopoeia imitating the sound of a gun being cocked and Crouille, French slang for riffraff or undercover. Some of his songs belong to the hardcore hip-hop genre such as “La vie qui va avec”, whereas others are inspired by R’n’B music like that of “Un point c’est tout”.

paragraph: His 2007 song “”Lettre du Front” was released on R&B singer Kenza Farah’s album Authentik. Authentik was released in the same year and as well garnered gold status.

paragraph: On May 12, 2008, Sefyu released his second album, Suis-je le gardien de mon frère? Prior to its release, Sefyu made public the acclaimed singles “Mon Public”, “Molotov 4” and “Au pays du zahef” which contributed to the album’s commercial success. According to Planète Rap Magazine, 106,453 copies of Sefyu’s second LP were sold in France in 2008. Suis-je le gardien de mon frère? was eventually certified gold.

paragraph: On March 1, 2009, Sefyu went on to win the Victoire de la Musique Award, in the category “Revelation of the year”.

paragraph: Sefyu seldom shows his face, and often hides it by wearing a hoody or covering it with his fist, a ski mask, or his fitted hat. The reason for this is twofold, firstly out of respect for those struggling to be noticed within the music industry as well so that persons would comprehend that one's image is of little note within such altogether.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 : Molotov 4

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 : Qui suis-je ?

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 : Suis-je le gardien de mon frère ?'

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collaborations:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001

paragraph: Sefyu - "La lutte libère" on "Sachons dire NON Vol.1"

paragraph: La K-Bine Feat Sefyu - "Des hommes en kolère" on "Le Rap est mort" (By La K-Bine)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002

paragraph: Gentlemen Feat Sefyu - "Vision 200" on The Gentlemen's album, "Mortelle Saint-Valentin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003

paragraph: Sefyu Feat Rohff, Zesau & Dry - "Baiser" on "Talents fâchés Vol.1"

paragraph: La K-Bine Feat Sefyu - "Crimes impunis" on La K-Bine's album, "Rapport de force"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004

paragraph: Rohff Feat Sefyu, Alibi Montana & Kamel L'ancien - "Code 187" on Rohff's album, "La fierté des nôtres"

paragraph: Sefyu - "Flow du Malawi" on "Talents fâchés Vol.2"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005

paragraph: Ol' Kainry & Dany Dan Feat Sefyu, Alibi Montana & Nubi - "Crie mon nom Remix" on the street CD of the same name

paragraph: K.ommando Toxic Feat Sefyu - "Pucc fiction Remix" on K.ommando Toxic' album, "Retour vers le futur"

paragraph: Seth Gueko Feat Sefyu - "Patate de forain" on Seth Gueko's street CD, "Barillet plein"

paragraph: Sefyu - "Interlude explicit" on "De la poudre au Rap"

paragraph: Samat Feat Sefyu, Larsen & Alibi Montana - "Ghetto guerrier" on Samat's mixtape, "Samat Feat Hip Hop de rue"

paragraph: Mic Fury Feat Sefyu & Alonzo - "Street zoologie" on Mic Fury's album, "Au bout du tunnel"

paragraph: Sefyu Feat Kuamen - "On vit comme on peut" on "Patrimoine du ghetto"

paragraph: Gentlemen Feat NCC - "Sourire de la haine" on The Gentlemen's mixtape, "Cobra"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006

paragraph: Sefyu Feat RR & A.P. - "On va te douiller" on "Illegal radio

paragraph: Alibi "

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007

paragraph: Aketo Feat Sefyu, Tunisiano & Six Coups Mc - "Style certifié" on Aketo's street CD, "Cracheur 2 venin"

paragraph: Rim'K Feat Sefyu - "Parloir fantôme" on Rim'K's album, "Famille nombreuse"

paragraph: Kenzah Farah Feat Sefyu - "Lettre du front" on Kenza's album, "Authentik"

paragraph: Alibi Montana Feat Sefyu&LIM - "Honneur aux ghettos"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008

paragraph: Participated in "Urban Peace 2", a hip-hop concert in 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009

paragraph: La Fouine Feat Sefyu & Soprano - "Ça fait mal Remix"

paragraph: Sefyu Feat RR - "L'œil du ghetto" on "Les yeux dans la banlieue Vol.2"

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 : Artiste ou révélation du public aux Victoires de la musique avec son album « Suis-je le gardien de mon frère ? ».

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sefyu upon Discogs.com

description: French rapper

wikidata_label: Sefyu

wikipedia_title: Sefyu


text: Grand Wizard

text: Knights of the Ku Klux Klan

text: Atlanta, Georgia

text: obstetrician

text: Ku Klux Klan

text: Grand Dragon

text: Georgia

text: Knights of the Ku Klux Klan

text: Imperial Wizard

text: Hiram Wesley Evans

text: James A. Colescott

text: Association of Georgia Klans

text: white supremacy

text: anti-communism

text: cross-burning

text: Stone Mountain

text: William Joseph Simmons

text: handkerchief

text: Life

text: Southern United States

text: University of Mississippi

text: Negro

text: Civil Rights Movement

text: White American

text: Holocaust

text: nativism

text: antisemitism

text: Roman Catholicism

text: papist

text: Anti-Catholicism

text: Operation Dixie

text: labor organizers

text: labor movement

text: carpetbagger

text: Southern Baptist Convention

text: totalitarianism

text: fascism

text: communism

text: anti-statist

text: investigative journalists

text: Stetson Kennedy

text: aide-de-camp

text: Herman Talmadge

text: Imperial Wizard

text: heart attack

text: Atlanta, Georgia

text: Samuel Roper

text: Jim Crow law

text: Herman Talmadge

text: Brooklyn Dodgers

text: Jackie Robinson

text: Roy Campanella

text: Georgia Bureau of Investigation

text: Samuel Roper

text: Atlanta Police Department

categories: American anti-communists,Ku Klux Klan Grand Dragons,1949 deaths,1889 births,Ku Klux Klan members,People from Atlanta,Critics of the Catholic Church

paragraph: Samuel Green (Klansman)

paragraph: Samuel Green (13 November 1889 – 18 August 1949) was a Grand Wizard of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan in the late 1940s, organizing its third and final reformation in 1946.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Green was born on 13 November 1889 in Atlanta, Georgia.

paragraph: He became an obstetrician and joined the Ku Klux Klan in 1922. By the early 1930s, Green had become the Grand Dragon of Georgia.

paragraph: Starting from the late 1920s, the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan had a problem with declining membership. In 1939, Imperial Wizard Hiram Wesley Evans sold the organisation to two Klan members, Green and James A. Colescott. Colescott served as the Imperial Wizard and Green as his assistant. While Colescott was forced to dissolve the organization in 1944, Green began to reform the Association of Georgia Klans with its focus on white supremacy and anti-communism. In October 1945, his group announced their return to public life with a cross-burning.

paragraph: From the autumn of 1945 to the spring of 1946, the Klan regularly signaled their presence through lighting up "huge fiery crosses" on top of Stone Mountain. During this period, Green and his associates started contacting former Klansmen and inviting them to rejoin the ranks. On May 9, 1946, this version of the Klan staged its first major initiation ceremony. In October of the same year, Green orchestrated a formal revival ceremony on Stone Mountain. According to historian Robert P. Ingalls, the fiery cross lit for the ceremony was between 200 and 300 feet in height (60,96-91.44 metres). The initiation ceremony of the night closely followed the patters established by William Joseph Simmons in 1915. The only problem for the ceremony was that there were more members and initiates present than robes and hoods available to them. Many of them wore handkerchief masks instead of more traditional Klan uniforms. Green sold to "Life" magazine the rights of taking and publishing photos of the event.

paragraph: New Klan units soon emerged throughout the Southern United States. Chester L. Quarles, a professor of criminal justice at the University of Mississippi, points out that new conditions in the region helped the Klan in its recruitment drive. One factor was the supposed "new assertiveness" of the Negroes. In other words, African American veterans of World War II were returning home. Having fought for liberty and freedom abroad, they were now demanding these rights for themselves in their own homeland. They were joining the Civil Rights Movement en masse. In response, the Klan re-embraced its original goals of seeking to contain and control the Negroes. In Green's own words on the subject:

paragraph: The Klan focused its recruitment drives towards White American veterans of the war who felt restless. Their rhetoric called attention to non-combatant negroes "who got all the good jobs while you were in uniform". Another factor to the revitalization of the Klan was a then-recent wave of refugees and immigrants entering the United States, including Jews who survived the Holocaust. Green described the country as having been "flooded with Jewish refugees". The Klan once again embraced both nativism and antisemitism. A third factor was that Roman Catholicism was increasing its influence over the American population, gaining new adherents. Green found this to be a disturbing trend and spoke against these "papists". Meaning that the Klan was re-embracing Anti-Catholicism. The final factor was the ongoing Operation Dixie, which involved labor organizers operating in the South. The Klan was opposed to the labor movement and Green characterized these organizers as carpetbagger arriving to "tell Southerners how to run ... their business". Green assured his audience that "niggahs" (sic), Jews, Catholics, labor organizers, and any alliance between them would not be tolerated by the Klan. In his words:

paragraph: In this period of the Klan, it was relatively normal for Klansmen to attend church service in full uniform. The practice both asserted their predominance in their respective areas, and implied their connection to local church leaders. At times these Klansmen offered cash donations to the congregations. At least some religious figures opposed the practice. For example, Hugh A. Brimm of the Southern Baptist Convention instructed its pastors to refuse to accept "blood money" from the Klan. In his view the Klansmen were covered with the blood of "lynched victims" and their "superficial piety" was merely hypocritical. In 1947, the Klan was included in the Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations, and denounced as Un-American. It shared the list with organizations embracing totalitarianism, fascism, and communism. In the Klan's case, the list accurately reflected their subversive ideology. While declaring itself the "American social conscience", the Klan consistently favored ignoring and disobeying laws which went against their ideology. Their rhetoric had taken an increasingly anti-statist turn.

paragraph: With the Klan attracting some negative attention, it soon started facing internal problems. Their ranks were infiltrated by government informants, federal agents, and investigative journalists. All were eager to expose the violent nature of the Klan, the one Klansmen publicly denied. The most notable infiltrator was Stetson Kennedy, whose later book "I Rode With The Ku Klux Klan" (1954) covered the activities of the Klavalier Klub. The Klub was an elite squad of Klansmen devoted to flogging campaigns, active within Georgia itself. By 1949, following the revelations to the public, the Klan's name had become synonymous with terrorism and violence. But this reputation failed to discourage people from seeking membership. In the summer of 1949, shortly before his death, Green himself presided in a major initiation ceremony. About 700 members joined in a single day.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Green led the Klan in renewing its political activities. He was active in the 1948 Georgia gubernatorial special election, reportedly serving as an aide-de-camp to candidate Herman Talmadge. Talmadge was seen as the Klan's candidate for the office. When he did win the election, the Klan took credit for it. According to

paragraph: Stetson Kennedy, Talmadge had promised the Klan "a free hand in any racial rioting".

paragraph: He was elected Imperial Wizard two weeks before his death from a heart attack in Atlanta, Georgia on 18 August 1949. He died in the rose garden of his home. His death weakened the Klan by further splintering its leadership. He was replaced by Samuel Roper.

paragraph: Section::::1949 Exhibition Baseball Games.

paragraph: After the Dodgers announced in January that their exhibition games would be in Macon and Atlanta, Green stated "there is no law against the game. But we have an unwritten law in the South – the Jim Crow law. " His statements were against the black players on a white team. During the exhibition games, Green using the influence of Herman Talmadge tried to ban Brooklyn Dodgers players, Jackie Robinson and Roy Campanella.

paragraph: Section::::Organizations.

paragraph: During his command, the Ku Klux Klan infiltrated and controlled the Georgia Bureau of Investigation. Green's successor Samuel Roper was the second director of the Georgia Bureau of Investigation. Green also made alliances with the Atlanta Police Department and Atlanta taxi drivers.

description: American Ku Klux Klan leader

wikidata_label: Samuel Green

wikipedia_title: Samuel Green (Klansman)