text:
Zululand
Shakespeare
repertory
Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts
malaprop
spoonerism
double entendre
BBC
Ziegfeld Follies of 1934
Eve Arden
British Pathé
The Peterville Diamond
Doctor Who
William Hartnell
Savoy Theatre
Rainbow Room
World War II
R.A.F.
Melbourne
Australian Broadcasting Commission
Kate Smith
The Steve Allen Show
Alvin Theatre
Bette Davis
Canadian Broadcasting Service
Montreal
Rye, New York
Park Avenue
There Was a Young Man
Shipyard Sally
George and Margaret
The Peterville Diamond
Let the People Sing

categories: British comedians,British male stage actors,20th-century British male actors,1956 deaths,1909 births,British male Shakespearean actors,British male film actors,British male television actors,Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art

paragraph: Oliver Wakefield

paragraph: Oliver Wakefield (born 29 May 1909, Mahlabitini, Zululand, South Africa; d. 30 June 1956, New York City), was a popular British actor and comedian active from the 1930s until his death in 1956. Often billed as "The Voice of Inexperience", Wakefield is best known for his idiosyncratic satirical monologues.

paragraph: Wakefield was educated in South Africa, then travelled to England, where he began acting with a Shakespearean repertory company. He then attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts for further study, where he developed his distinctive style of humorous monologue. Wakefield created the stage persona of a nervous upper class young man, customarily dressed in full dinner suit and habitually carrying a cigarette. He developed a distinctive stuttering mode of speech featuring tortuous syntax, malapropisms, spoonerisms, dropped words and unfinished sentences which he used to disguise his satirical observations, wry sarcasm and clever double entendres. In his early career he was clean-shaven but later grew a handlebar moustache.

paragraph: He quickly established himself in nightclubs and music hall and became the first Resident Comedian on the BBC, as well as making pioneering appearances in the early days of British TV. He also became established in the United States and appeared in the variety movie short "On the Air and Off" (1933) (USA short, filmed at Biograph Studios, Bronx, New York City) (Universal Pictures) and made one of his first American stage appearances in the "Ziegfeld Follies of 1934", which also featured Eve Arden.

paragraph: Wakefield appeared in several British Pathé newsreels in the late 1930s. In 1937 he starred in the 20th Century Fox film "There Was Young Man", followed by featured roles in several British films between 1938 and 1942 including "The Peterville Diamond" (1942), playing a gentleman jewel thief (whose partner-in-crime was played by future "Doctor Who" star William Hartnell). He made regular appearances at the Savoy Theatre, the Berkeley, the Ritz, Cafe de Paris, Churchill's and other leading London venues. He was booked to open at the Rainbow Room in New York City three weeks after the outbreak of World War II, but chose to remain in England, where he served in the R.A.F.

paragraph: After the war, Wakefield returned to show business. He toured Australia, performing for a year in Melbourne and Sydney, followed by a 52-week radio series for the Australian Broadcasting Commission. Moving to the United States in 1952, he performed at the Blue Angel in New York, followed by engagements at Number One Fifth Avenue, Ruban Bleu and Bon Soir and TV appearances on "All Star Revue", the Kate Smith show, "The Steve Allen Show" and many others. His last Broadway appearance was in the Broadway revue, "Two's Company" at the Alvin Theatre in New York in 1952, which starred Bette Davis. In Canada he appeared frequently on the Canadian Broadcasting Service on the "Frigidair TV Show", played a fourteen-week engagement at Montreal club Ruby Foos and hosted his own TV panel Show "Make a Match".

paragraph: Wakefield died from a heart attack at his Rye, New York home at 351 Park Avenue, aged 47.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "There Was a Young Man" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shipyard Sally" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "George and Margaret" (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Peterville Diamond" (1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Let the People Sing" (1942)

description: British comedian

wikidata_label: Oliver Wakefield

wikipedia_title: Oliver Wakefield


text:
Ancient Egypt
ivory
3rd dynasty
pharaoh
Sekhemkhet
Saqqara
Djeser Teti
Abydos King List
Elephantine
horus name
nebty name

paragraph: Djeseretnebti

paragraph: Djeseretnebti (or Djeseret-Ankh-Nebti) is possibly the name of an Ancient Egyptian queen. Since this name appears without any queen‘s title, Egyptologists dispute the true meaning and reading of this name.

paragraph: Section::::Evidence.

paragraph: The name "djeseret-nebti" or "djeseret-ankh-nebti" appears on ivory cloth labels, found in the underground galleries beneath the pyramid of the 3rd dynasty king (pharaoh) Sekhemkhet at Saqqara. It is written with the common "nebti"-crest, but not with any personal title that could identify whether the person was a member of Egyptian royalty or that it was even a name. Egyptologists like Toby Wilkinson and Zakaria Goneim read the inscription as "Djeser-Ti" and identify it with the cartouche-name of the pharaoh Djeser Teti of the "Abydos King List."

paragraph: Wolfgang Helck, Peter Kaplony and Jean-Pierre Pätznik instead read the name as "djeseret-ankh-nebti" (‘the noble one who lives for the two ladies’) and see it as the name of a wife of king Sekhemkhet. They point to several clay seals found at Elephantine, which show Sekhemkhet's horus name alternating with the nebty name "Hetep-Ren" and postulate that this could be the original birth name of Sekhemkhet.

description: ancient Egyptian queen consort

wikidata_label: Djeseretnebti

wikipedia_title: Djeseretnebti


text:
Caruaru
Assis Chateaubriand
Diários Associados
Academia Brasileira de Letras
Rio de Janeiro
Portuguese site
Austregesilo de Athayde

categories: 1898 births,People from Pernambuco,Members of the Brazilian Academy of Letters,1993 deaths,Maria Moors Cabot Prize winners,Brazilian male writers,Brazilian people of Portuguese descent,Brazilian journalists

paragraph: Austregésilo de Athayde

paragraph: Austregésilo de Athayde (September 25, 1898 – September 13, 1993, age 94) was a writer and journalist born in Caruaru, Pernambuco, Brazil. His career includes being invited by Assis Chateaubriand to work at a top position at the Diários Associados. Later he became an emblematic figure for the Academia Brasileira de Letras as he served as President of the organization for 34 years.

paragraph: He was active in human rights causes in Brazil. Austregésilo de Athayde died on September 13, 1993 in Rio de Janeiro at age 94.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portuguese site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Austregesilo de Athayde recorded at the Library of Congress for the Hispanic Division's audio literary archive on August 10, 1976.

alias: Belarmino Maria Austregésilo Augusto de Athayde

alias: Belarmino Maria Austregesilo Augusto de Athayde

description: Brazilian writer and journalist

wikidata_label: Austregésilo de Athayde

wikipedia_title: Austregésilo de Athayde


text:
bibliographer
J.F.E. Tourneux
Joseph Quérard
Antoine Barbier
Academy of Inscriptions
Revolution
Prosper Mérimée
Théophile Gautier
de Goncourt
FM Grimm
Diderot
Montesquieu
Persian Letters
Maurice Tounreux
data.bnf.fr

categories: Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni,20th-century French historians,19th-century French historians,1917 deaths,1849 births,Writers from Paris,French bibliographers,Denis Diderot,French male writers

paragraph: Maurice Tourneux

paragraph: Maurice Tourneux (12 July 1849 – 13 January 1917) was a French man of letters and bibliographer.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The son of the artist and author J.F.E. Tourneux, he was born in Paris.

paragraph: He began his career as a bibliographer by collaborating in new editions of the "Supercheries littéraires" of Joseph Quérard and the "Dictionnaire des anonymes" of Antoine Barbier. His most important bibliographical work was the "Bibliographie de l’histoire de Paris pendant la Révolution française" (3 vols. 1890-1901), which was crowned by the Academy of Inscriptions. This valuable work serves as a guide for the history of the city beyond the limits of the Revolution.

paragraph: His other works include bibliographies of Prosper Mérimée (1876), of Théophile Gautier (1876), of the brothers de Goncourt (1897) and others; also editions of FM Grimm's "", of Diderot's "Neveu de Rameau" (1884), of Montesquieu's "Lettres persanes" ("Persian Letters", 1886), etc.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maurice Tounreux on data.bnf.fr

description: French writer

wikidata_label: Jean Maurice Tourneux

wikipedia_title: Maurice Tourneux


text: Joseon dynasty

text: Korea

text: Goryeo

text: Yi Ja-chun

text: Queen Uihye

text: Yantai

text: Weihai

text: Shandong

text: Goryeo Dynasty

text: Wang Geon

text: Mongol Empire

text: Mongol

text: Yuan Dynasty

text: Goryeo

text: King U

text: King Gongmin

text: Goryeo

text: wakō

text: Red Turbans invasions of Korea

text: Sinjin aristocracy

text: Gweonmun aristocracy

text: Choe Yeong

text: Ming Dynasty

text: Hongwu Emperor

text: Japanese pirates

text: Red Turbans

text: Ming Dynasty

text: Zhu Yuanzhang

text: General Choe

text: King U

text: Liaodong Peninsula

text: Goguryeo

text: Manchuria

text: Wihwa Island

text: Amrok River

text: Turning back the army from Wihwa Island

text: Hongwu Emperor

text: Gaegyeong

text: coup d'état

text: King Chang

text: Gongyang

text: Sinjin aristocrats

text: Jeong Do-jeon

text: Jo Jun

text: Wonju

text: Yi Bang-won

text: King Taejong

text: Jeong Mong-ju

text: Yi Bang-won

text: Seonjuk Bridge

text: North Korea

text: Joseon

text: shōgun

text: Ashikaga Yoshimitsu

text: Ryūkyū Kingdom

text: Yi Bang-won

text: Nam Eun

text: Jeong Do-jeon

text: King Jeongjong

text: Hamhung Royal Villa

text: King Taejong

text: Changdeok Palace

text: Guri

text: King Hwanjo of Joseon

text: Queen Uihye of the Yeongheung Choi clan

text: Queen Shinui of the Anbyeon Han clan

text: Yi Bang-U, Grand Prince Jinan

text: Yi Bang-Gwa, Grand Prince Yeongan

text: Yi Bang-Won, Grand Prince Jeongan

text: Queen Sindeok of the Goksan Kang clan

text: tomb of his Umbilical cord

text: Goryeo

text: Koreans

text: Yuan

text: Ming

text: Mongols

text: Choe Yeong

text: Korea

text: Im Dong Jin

text: KBS

text: Foundation of the Kingdom

text: Kim Mu-saeng

text: MBC

text: The King of Chudong Palace

text: Kim Mu-saeng

text: KBS

text: Tears of the Dragon (TV series)

text: Lee Ji woo

text: MBC

text: Shin Don

text: Oh Jae-moo

text: SBS

text: Faith

text: Ji Jin-hee

text: SBS

text: The Great Seer

text: Yoo Dong-geun

text: Jeong Do-jeon

text: Lee Dae-yeon

text: The Pirates

text: JTBC

text: Maids

text: Son Byong-ho

text: Empire of Lust

text: Chun Ho-jin

text: Six Flying Dragons

text: Kim Ki-hyeon

text: Jang Yeong-sil

text: Kim Yeong-cheol

text: JTBC

text: My Country

text: Korean Imperial Household

text: List of Korean monarchs

text: List of Korea-related topics

text: Columbia University Press

text: Random House

text: OCLC 180102797 ;

text: OCLC 67712109

text: OCLC 60931394

text: Titsingh

text: Nipon o daï itsi ran

text: "Annales des empereurs du Japon."

text: OCLC 251800045

categories: Korean generals,1408 deaths,Goryeo people,Korean people of Chinese descent,Joseon rulers,1335 births

paragraph: Taejo of Joseon

paragraph: Taejo of Joseon (October 27, 1335 – May 24, 1408), born Yi Seong-gye, whose changed name is Yi Dan, was the founder and the first king of the Joseon dynasty of Korea reigning from 1392 to 1398, and the main figure in overthrowing the Goryeo Dynasty.

paragraph: Taejo's father Yi Ja-chun was a minor Mongol official, but his ethnicity was Korean. Taejo's mother Queen Uihye was originally Chinese from the Yantai-Weihai area of Shandong. Taejo joined the Goryeo army and rose through the ranks, seizing the throne in 1392. He abdicated in 1398 during the strife between his sons and died in 1408.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Historical context for rise.

paragraph: By the late 14th century, the 400-year-old Goryeo Dynasty established by Wang Geon in 918 was tottering, its foundations collapsing from years of war and "de facto" occupation by the disintegrating Mongol Empire. The legitimacy of Korea itself was also becoming an increasingly disputed issue within the court, as the ruling house failed not only to govern the kingdom effectively, but was also tarnished by generations of forced intermarriage with members of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty imperial family and by rivalry amongst the various Goryeo Dynasty royal family branches (even King U's mother was a known commoner, thus leading to rumors disputing his descent from King Gongmin).

paragraph: Within the kingdom, influential aristocrats, generals, and even prime ministers struggled for royal favor and vied for domination of the court, resulting in deep divisions among various factions. With the ever-increasing number of raids against Goryeo conducted by Japanese pirates ("wakō") and the Red Turbans invasions of Korea, those who came to dominate the royal court were the reformed-minded Sinjin aristocracy and the opposing Gweonmun aristocracy, as well as generals who could actually fight off the foreign threats—namely a talented general named Yi Seong-gye and his rival Choe Yeong. With the rise of the Ming Dynasty under a former monk, Zhu Yuanzhang (the Hongwu Emperor), Mongol forces became more vulnerable. By the 1350s Goryeo regained its full independence from the waning Mongol Empire, although Mongol remnants effectively occupied northeastern territories with large garrisons of troops.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Military career.

paragraph: General Yi Seong-gye had gained power and respect during the late 1370s and early 1380s by pushing Mongol remnants off the peninsula and also by repelling well-organized Japanese pirates in a series of successful engagements. He was also credited with routing the Red Turbans when they made their move into the Korean Peninsula as part of their rebellion against the Yuan Dynasty. Following in the wake of the rise of the Ming Dynasty under Zhu Yuanzhang, the royal court in Goryeo split into two competing factions: the group led by General Yi (supporting the Ming Dynasty) and the camp led by his rival General Choe (supporting the Yuan Dynasty).

paragraph: When a Ming messenger came to Goryeo in 1388 (the 14th year of King U) to demand the return of a significant portion of Goryeo's northern territory, General Choe seized the opportunity and played upon the prevailing anti-Ming atmosphere to argue for the invasion of the Liaodong Peninsula (Goryeo claimed to be the successor of the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo; as such, restoring Manchuria as part of Korean territory was a tenet of its foreign policy throughout its history).

paragraph: A staunchly opposed Yi was chosen to lead the invasion; however, at Wihwa Island on the Amrok River, he made a momentous decision, commonly called "Turning back the army from Wihwa Island", that would alter the course of Korean history. Knowing of the support he enjoyed both from high-ranking government officials, the general populace, and the great deterrent of Ming Empire under the Hongwu Emperor, he decided to revolt and swept back to the capital, Gaegyeong, to secure control of the government.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Revolution.

paragraph: General Yi swept his army from the Yalu River straight into the capital, defeated forces loyal to the king (led by General Choe, whom he proceeded to eliminate) and forcibly dethroned King U in a "de facto" coup d'état but did not ascend to the throne right away. Instead, he placed on the throne King U's son, King Chang, and following a failed restoration of the former monarch, had both of them put to death. General Yi, now the undisputed power behind the throne, soon forcibly had a Goryeo royal named Yo, now King Gongyang (공양왕; 恭讓王), crowned as king. After indirectly enforcing his grasp on the royal court through the puppet king, Yi then proceeded to ally himself with Sinjin aristocrats such as Jeong Do-jeon and Jo Jun. In 1392 (the 4th year of King Gongyang), Yi dethroned King Gongyang, exiled him to Wonju (where he and his family were secretly murdered), and ascended the throne. The Goryeo Dynasty had come to an end after 475 years of rule.

paragraph: One of the most widely repeated episodes that occurred in the immediate aftermath of the fall of Goryeo was in 1392, when Taejo's fifth son, Yi Bang-won (later King Taejong), threw a party for the renowned scholar, poet and statesman Jeong Mong-ju, who refused to be won over by Yi despite their numerous correspondences in the form of archaic poems, and continued to be a faithful supporter of the old dynasty, and a leading figure in the opposition to Yi's claim to the throne. Jeong was revered throughout Goryeo, even by Yi Bang-won himself, but he was seen to be an obstacle and as such, in the eyes of supporters of the new dynasty, had to be removed. After the party, on his way home, Jeong was murdered by five men on the Seonjuk Bridge (선죽교; 善竹橋) in Gaeseong. This bridge has now become a national monument of North Korea, and a brown spot on one of the stones is said to be a bloodstain of his which turns red when it rains.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reign.

paragraph: Yi Seong-gye declared a new dynasty in 1392–1393 under the name of Joseon, thereby reviving an older state, also known as Joseon, that was, legendarily, established nearly three thousand years previously, and renamed the country the "Kingdom of Great Joseon".

paragraph: An early achievement of the new monarch was improved relations with China; and indeed, Joseon had its origin in General Yi's refusal to attack China in response to raids from Chinese bandits. Shortly after his accession, the new monarch sent envoys to inform the Ming court at Nanjing that a dynastic change had taken place. Korean envoys were dispatched to Japan, seeking the re-establishment of amicable relations. The mission was successful; and "shōgun" Ashikaga Yoshimitsu was reported to have been favorably impressed by this initial embassy. Envoys from the Ryūkyū Kingdom were received in 1392, 1394 and 1397. Siam sent an envoy in 1393.

paragraph: In 1394, the capital was established at Hanseong (Seoul). When the new dynasty was promulgated and officially brought into existence, Taejo brought up the issue of which son would be his successor. Although Taejo's fifth son by Queen Sineui, Yi Bang-won, had contributed most to assisting his father's rise to power, he harbored a profound hatred against two of his father's key allies in the court, the prime minister Jeong Do-jeon and Nam Eun.

paragraph: Both sides were fully aware of the mutual animosity that existed between each other and constantly felt threatened. When it became clear that Yi Bang-won was the most worthy successor to the throne, Jeong Do-jeon used his influence on the king to convince him that the wisest choice would be in the son that Taejo loved most, not the son that Taejo felt was best for the kingdom.

paragraph: In 1392, the eighth son of King Taejo (the second son of Queen Sindeok), Grand Prince Uian (Yi Bang-seok) was appointed Prince Royal, or successor to the throne. After the sudden death of the queen, and while King Taejo was still in mourning for his second wife, Jeong Do-jeon conspired to pre-emptively kill Yi Bang-won and his brothers to secure his position in court.

paragraph: In 1398, upon hearing of this plan, Yi Bang-won immediately revolted and raided the palace, killing Jeong Do-jeon, his followers, and the two sons of the late Queen Sindeok. This incident became known as the First Strife of Princes. Aghast at the fact that his sons were willing to kill each other for the crown, and psychologically exhausted from the death of his second wife, King Taejo immediately crowned his second son Yi Bang-gwa, later King Jeongjong, as the new ruler. Thereafter, King Taejo retired to the Hamhung Royal Villa. After that, he maintained distance with Yi Bang-won. Doing so provoked huge rampage from Taejo, because both the two sons and Jeong Do-jeon were whom he favored. Allegedly, Yi Bang-won sent emissaries numerous times, and each time Taejo killed them to express his firm decision not to meet his son again. This historical anecdote gave birth to the term "Hamhung Cha sa", which means a person who never comes back despite several nudges. But recent studies have found that Taejo in fact did not kill any of those Hamung emissaries. Those subjects were killed during revolts, which coincidentally occurred in the Hamhung region.

paragraph: In 1400, King Jeongjong pronounced his brother Yi Bang-won as heir presumptive and voluntarily abdicated. That same year, Yi Bang-won assumed the throne of Joseon at long last as King Taejong.

paragraph: Ten years after his abdication, King Taejo died on May 24, 1408 in Changdeok Palace. He was buried at the tomb of Geonwonneung (건원릉, 健元陵) in the city of Guri.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.:Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: King Hwanjo of Joseon (1315 – January 1, 1361) (조선 환조) (이자춘, 1315-January 1361)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandfather: King Dojo of Joseon (? – 1342) (조선 도조)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandmother: Queen Gyeongsun of the Munju Park clan (경순왕후 박씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Queen Uihye of the Yeongheung Choi clan (의혜왕후 최씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandfather: Choi Han-Gi (최한기)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandmother: Lady Joseonguk of Lee clan (조선국대부인 이씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consorts and their Respective Issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Queen Shinui of the Anbyeon Han clan (September 1337 – October 21, 1391) (신의왕후 한씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Yi Bang-U, Grand Prince Jinan (1354 - January 15, 1394) (이방우 진안대군)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Yi Bang-Gwa, Grand Prince Yeongan (July 18, 1357 – October 15, 1419) (이방과 영안대군)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Yi Bang-Ui, Grand Prince Ikan (1360 – September 26, 1404) (이방의 익안대군)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Yi Bang-Gan, Grand Prince Hwoean (July 2, 1364 – April 10, 1421) (이방간 회안대군)

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Yi Bang-Won, Grand Prince Jeongan (June 13, 1367 – May 30, 1422) (이방원 정안대군)

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Yi Bang-Yeon, Grand Prince Deokan (이방연 덕안대군)

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Princess Gyeongshin (? – April 29, 1426) (경신공주)

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Princess Gyeongseon (경선공주)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Queen Sindeok of the Goksan Kang clan (July 12, 1356 – September 15, 1396) (신덕왕후 강씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Yi Bang-Beon, Grand Prince Muan (1381 - October 6, 1398) (이방번 무안대군))

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Yi Bang-Seok, Grand Prince Uian (1382 – October 6, 1398) (이방석 의안대군)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Princess Gyeongsun (? – September 8, 1407) (경순공주)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Royal Noble Consort Seong of the Wonju Won clan (? – December 29, 1449) (성비 원씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Lady Jeonggyeong of the Goheung Yu clan (정경궁주 유씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Princess Hwaui of the Kim clan (? – 1428) (화의옹주 김씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Princess Sukshin (? – 1453) (숙신옹주)

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Lady Chandeok of the Ju clan (찬덕 주씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Princess Uiryeong (? – February 1, 1466) (의령옹주)

paragraph: Section::::His full posthumous name.

paragraph: BULLET::::- King Taejo Jiin Gyewun Seongmun Shinmu the Great of Joseon

paragraph: BULLET::::- 태조지인계운성문신무대왕

paragraph: BULLET::::- 太祖至仁啓運聖文神武大王

paragraph: BULLET::::- King Taejo Kangheon Jiin Gyewun Seongmun Shinmu the Great of Joseon

paragraph: BULLET::::- 태조강헌지인계운성문신무대왕

paragraph: BULLET::::- 太祖康獻至仁啓運聖文神武大王

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor Taejo Jiin Gyewun Eungcheon Jotong Gwanghun Yeongmyeong Seongmun Shinmu Jeong'ui Gwangdeok of the Korean Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- 태조지인계운응천조통광훈영명성문신무정의광덕고황제

paragraph: BULLET::::- 太祖至仁啓運應天肇統廣勳永命聖文神武正義光德高皇帝

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The tomb of his Umbilical cord is in Man-In-san, Geumsan-gun, South Chungcheong Province in the Republic of Korea.

paragraph: Despite the fact that he overthrew the kingdom of Goryeo, and purged officials who remained loyal to the old regime, many regard him as a revolutionary and a decisive ruler who deposed the inept, obsolete and crippled governing system to save the nation from many foreign forces and conflicts.

paragraph: Safeguarding domestic security led the Koreans to rebuild and further discover their culture. In the midst of the rival Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the Joseon Dynasty encouraged the development of national identity which once was threatened by the Mongols. However, some scholars, particularly in North Korea, view him as a mere traitor to the old regime, paralleling him to a bourgeois apostate, and General Choe Yeong as a military elite, who conservatively served the old regime of Goryeo to death.

paragraph: His diplomatic policy successes in securing Korea in the early modern period is notable.

paragraph: Section::::Portrayals in adaptations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Im Dong Jin in the 1983 KBS TV series "Foundation of the Kingdom."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Kim Mu-saeng in the 1983 MBC TV series "The King of Chudong Palace."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Kim Mu-saeng in the 1996 KBS TV series "Tears of the Dragon (TV series)."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Lee Ji woo in the 2005-2006 MBC TV series "Shin Don."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Oh Jae-moo in the 2012 SBS TV series "Faith."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Ji Jin-hee in the 2012-2013 SBS TV series "The Great Seer".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Yoo Dong-geun in the 2014 KBS1 TV series "Jeong Do-jeon".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Lee Dae-yeon in the 2014 film "The Pirates".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Lee Do-kyung in the 2015 JTBC TV series "Maids".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Son Byong-ho in the 2015 film "Empire of Lust".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Chun Ho-jin in the 2015-2016 SBS TV series "Six Flying Dragons".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Kim Ki-hyeon in the 2016 KBS1 TV series "Jang Yeong-sil".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Kim Yeong-cheol in the 2019 JTBC TV series "My Country".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Korean Imperial Household

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Korean monarchs

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Korea-related topics

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Goodrich, Luther Carrington and Zhaoying Fang. (1976). "Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644" (明代名人傳), Vol. I; "Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644" (明代名人傳), Vol. II. New York: Columbia University Press. ; ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hussain, Tariq. (2006). "Diamond Dilemma: Shaping Korea for the 21st Century." (다이아몬드딜레마). Seoul: Random House. 10-1-430-30641-6/; OCLC 180102797 ; OCLC 67712109

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kang, Jae-eun and Suzanne Lee. (2006). "The Land of Scholars : Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism." Paramus, New Jersey: Homa & Sekey Books. ; OCLC 60931394

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). "Nipon o daï itsi ran"; ou, "Annales des empereurs du Japon." (compiled by Hayashi Gahō in 1652). Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 251800045

description: the first king of Joseon Dynasty in Korean history

wikidata_label: Taejo of Joseon

wikipedia_title: Taejo of Joseon


text: ancient Egypt

text: king

text: Early Dynastic Period

text: Protodynastic

text: Ka

text: Scorpion

text: First Dynasty

text: Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology

text: Narmer Palette

text: Khufu

text: Menes

text: Ancient Egypt

text: Narmer Palette

text: necropolis

text: Umm el-Qa'ab

text: Abydos

text: radiocarbon dating

text: catfish

text: mr

text: rebus principle

text: serekh

text: Tarkhan

text: ṯꜣj

text: Abydos

text: Menes

text: unification of Egypt

text: Hor-Aha

text: Horus name

text: Sedge and Bee name

text: Hor-Aha

text: serekh

text: mn

text: First Dynasty

text: Narmer Palette

text: James E. Quibell

text: Hierakonpolis

text: Günter Dreyer

text: Scorpion I

text: Canaan

text: Narmer Macehead

text: Canaan

text: Tell es-Sakan

text: Neithhotep

text: Neith

text: Sais

text: Naqada

text: Narmer Macehead

text: Umm el-Qa'ab

text: Abydos

text: Émile Amélineau

text: Petrie

text: Ka

text: Upper Egypt

text: Hor-Aha

text: Flinders Petrie

text: flint

text: Amélineau

text: ebony

text: Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology

text: Canaan

text: serekh

text: Hierakonpolis

text: Naqada

text: Abydos

text: Coptos

text: Tarkhan

text: Helwan

text: Zawyet el'Aryan

text: Minshat Abu Omar

text: Saqqara

text: Buto

text: Kharga Oasis

text: sherd

text: Tel Arad

text: Ein HaBesor

text: Lod

text: Aswan

text: white crown

text: Upper Egypt

text: Scorpion Macehead

text: Günter Dreyer

text: Hor-Aha

text: Lincoln Child

text: Jackie French

text: List of Pharaohs

text: Narmer Palette

text: Menes

text: Thinis

text: "The Narmer Catalog"

text: "Hierakonpolis: City of the Hawk"

categories: Pharaohs of the First Dynasty of Egypt,32nd-century BC Pharaohs,31st-century BC Pharaohs

paragraph: Narmer

paragraph: Narmer was an ancient Egyptian king of the Early Dynastic Period, "circa" 3100-3050 BC. He probably was the successor to the Protodynastic king Ka, or possibly Scorpion. Some consider him the unifier of Egypt and founder of the First Dynasty, and in turn the first king of a unified Egypt.

paragraph: Section::::Historical identity.

paragraph: The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London, exhibits a limestone head of an early Egyptian king which the Museum identifies as being a depiction of Narmer on the basis of the similarity (according to Petrie) to the head of Narmer on the Narmer Palette. This has not been generally accepted. According to Trope, Quirke & Lacovara, the suggestion that it is Narmer is "unlikely". Alternatively, they suggest the Fourth Dynasty king Khufu. Stevenson also identifies it as Khufu. Charron identifies it as a king of the Thinite Period (the first two dynasties), but does not believe it can be assigned to any particular king. Wilkinson describes it as "probably Second Dynasty". Narmer's identity is the subject of ongoing debates, although the dominant opinion among Egyptologists identifies Narmer with the pharaoh Menes, who is renowned in the ancient Egyptian written records as the first king, and the unifier of Ancient Egypt. Narmer's identification with Menes is based on the Narmer Palette (which shows Narmer as the unifier of Egypt) and the two necropolis seals from the Umm el-Qa'ab cemetery of Abydos that show him as the first king of the First Dynasty.

paragraph: The date commonly given for the beginning of Narmer's reign is c. 3100 BC. Other mainstream estimates, using both the historical method and radiocarbon dating, are in the range c. 3273–2987 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: The complete spelling of Narmer's name consists of the hieroglyphs for a catfish ("") and a chisel ("mr"), hence the reading "Narmer" (using the rebus principle). This word is sometimes translated as "raging catfish". However, there is no consensus on this reading. Other translations include ″angry, fighting, fierceful, painful, furious, bad, evil, biting, menacing″, or "stinging catfish". Some scholars have taken entirely different approaches to reading the name that do not include "catfish" in the name at all, but these approaches have not been generally accepted.

paragraph: Rather than incorporating both hieroglyphs, Narmer's name is often shown in an abbreviated form with just the catfish symbol, sometimes stylized, even, in some cases, represented by just a horizontal line. This simplified spelling appears to be related to the formality of the context. In every case that a "serekh" is shown on a work of stone, or an official seal impression, it has both symbols. But, in most cases, where the name is shown on a piece of pottery or a rock inscription, just the catfish, or a simplified version of it appears.

paragraph: Two alternative spellings of Narmer's name have also been found. On a mud sealing from Tarkhan, the symbol for the "ṯꜣj"-bird (Gardiner sign "G47" "duckling") has been added to the two symbols for ″Narmer″ within the serekh. This has been interpreted as meaning "Narmer the masculine"; however, according to Ilona Regulski, "The third sign (the ["ṯꜣj"]-bird) is not an integral part of the royal name since it occurs so infrequently." Godron suggested that the extra sign is not part of the name, but was put inside the serekh for compositional convenience.

paragraph: In addition, two necropolis seals from Abydos show the name in a unique way: While the chisel is shown conventionally where the catfish would be expected, there is a symbol that has been interpreted by several scholars as an animal skin. According to Dreyer, it is probably a catfish with a bull's tail, similar to the image of Narmer on the Narmer Palette in which he is shown wearing a bull's tail as a symbol of power.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Possible identification with Menes.

paragraph: Although highly interrelated, the questions of "who was Menes?" and "who unified Egypt?" are actually two separate issues. Narmer is often credited with the unification of Egypt by means of the conquest of Lower Egypt by Upper Egypt. While Menes is traditionally considered the first king of Ancient Egypt, Narmer has been identified by the majority of Egyptologists as the same person as Menes. Although vigorously debated (Hor-Aha, Narmer's successor, is the primary alternative identified as Menes by many authorities), the predominant opinion is that Narmer was Menes.

paragraph: The issue is confusing because "Narmer" is a Horus name while "Menes" is a Sedge and Bee name (personal or birth name). All of the King Lists which began to appear in the New Kingdom era list the personal names of the kings, and almost all begin with Menes, or begin with divine and/or semi-divine rulers, with Menes as the first "human king". The difficulty is aligning the contemporary archaeological evidence which lists Horus Names with the King Lists that list personal names.

paragraph: Two documents have been put forward as proof either that Narmer was Menes or alternatively Hor-Aha was Menes. The first is the "Naqada Label" which shows a serekh of Hor-Aha next to an enclosure inside of which are symbols that have been interpreted by some scholars as the name "Menes". The second is the seal impression from Abydos that alternates between a "serekh" of Narmer and the chessboard symbol, ""mn"", which is interpreted as an abbreviation of Menes. Arguments have been made with regard to each of these documents in favour of Narmer or Hor-Aha being Menes, but in neither case, are the arguments conclusive.

paragraph: The second document, the seal impression from Abydos, shows the serekh of Narmer alternating with the gameboard sign ("mn") sign, together with its phonetic compliment, the "n" sign, which is always shown when the full name of Menes is written, again representing the name “Menes”. At first glance, this would seem to be strong evidence that Narmer was Menes. However, based on an analysis of other early First Dynasty seal impressions, which contain the name of one or more princes, the seal impression has been interpreted by other scholars as showing the name of a prince of Narmer named Menes, hence Menes was Narmer's successor, Hor-Aha, and thus Hor-Aha was Menes. This was refuted by ; but opinions still vary, and the seal impression cannot be said to definitively support either theory.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Narmer and the unification of Egypt.

paragraph: The famous Narmer Palette, discovered by James E. Quibell in the 1897–1898 season at Hierakonpolis, shows Narmer wearing the crown of Upper Egypt on one side of the palette, and the crown of Lower Egypt on the other side, giving rise to the theory that Narmer unified the two lands. Since its discovery, however, it has been debated whether the Narmer Palette represents an actual historic event or is purely symbolic. Of course, the Narmer Palette could represent an actual historical event while at the same time having a symbolic significance.

paragraph: In 1993, Günter Dreyer discovered a "year label" of Narmer at Abydos, depicting the same event that is depicted on the Narmer Palette. In the First Dynasty, years were identified by the name of the king and an important event that occurred in that year. A "year label" was typically attached to a container of goods and included the name of the king, a description or representation of the event that identified the year, and a description of the attached goods. This year label shows that the Narmer Palette depicts an actual historical event. Support for this conclusion (in addition to Dreyer) includes Wilkinson and Davies & Friedman. Although this interpretation of the year label is the dominant opinion among Egyptologists, there are exceptions including Baines and Wengrow.

paragraph: Archaeological evidence suggests that Egypt was at least partially unified during the reigns of "Ka" and "Iry-Hor" (Narmer's immediate predecessors), and perhaps as early as "Scorpion I" (several generations before Iry-Hor).Tax collection is probably documented for Ka and Iry-Hor. The evidence for a role for Scorpion I in Lower Egypt comes from his tomb Uj in Abydos (Upper Egypt), where labels were found identifying goods from Lower Egypt. These are not tax documents, however, so they are probably indications of trade rather than subjugation. There is a substantial difference in the quantity and distribution of inscriptions with the names of those earlier kings in Lower Egypt and Canaan (which was reached through Lower Egypt), compared to the inscriptions of Narmer. Ka's inscriptions have been found in three sites in Lower Egypt and one in Canaan. Iry-Hor inscriptions have also been found in two sites in Lower Egypt and one in Canaan. This must be compared to Narmer, whose "serekhs" have been found in ten sites in Lower Egypt and nine sites in Canaan (see discussion in "Tomb and Artifacts" section). This demonstrates a qualitative difference between Narmer's role in Lower Egypt compared to his two immediate predecessors. There is no evidence in Lower Egypt of any Upper Egyptian king's presence before Iry-Hor. The archaeological evidence suggest that the unification began before Narmer, but was completed by him through the conquest of a polity in the North-West Delta as depicted on the Narmer Palette.

paragraph: The importance that Narmer attached to his "unification" of Egypt is shown by the fact that it is commemorated not only on the Narmer Palette, but on a cylinder seal, the Narmer Year Label, and the Narmer Boxes; and the consequences of the event are commemorated on the Narmer Macehead. The importance of the unification to ancient Egyptians is shown by the fact that Narmer is shown as the first king on the two necropolis seals, and under the name Menes, the first king in the later King Lists. Although there is archaeological evidence of a few kings before Narmer, none of them is mentioned in any of those sources. It can be accurately said that from the point of view of Ancient Egyptians, history began with Narmer and the unification of Egypt, and that everything before him was relegated to the realm of myth.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Narmer in Canaan.

paragraph: According to (quoted in Eusebius (Fr. 7(a)), "Menes made a foreign expedition and won renown." If this is correct (and assuming it refers to Narmer), it was undoubtedly to the land of Canaan where Narmer's "serekh" has been identified at nine different sites. An Egyptian presence in Canaan predates Narmer, but after about 200 years of active presence in Canaan, Egyptian presence peaked during Narmer's reign and quickly declined afterwards. The relationship between Egypt and Canaan "began around the end of the fifth millennium and apparently came to an end sometime during the Second Dynasty when it ceased altogether." It peaked during the Dynasty 0 through the reign of Narmer. Dating to this period are 33 Egyptian "serekhs" found in Canaan, among which 20 have been attributed to Narmer. Prior to Narmer, only one "serekh" of Ka and one inscription with Iry-Hor's name have been found in Canaan. The "serekhs" earlier than Iry-Hor are either generic "serekhs" that do not refer to a specific king, or are for kings not attested in Abydos. Indicative of the decline of Egyptian presence in the region after Narmer, only one "serekh" attributed to his successor, Hor-Aha, has been found in Canaan. Even this one example is questionable, Wilkinson does not believe there are any "serekhs" of Hor-Aha outside Egypt and very few "serekhs" of kings for the rest of the first two dynasties have been found in Canaan.

paragraph: The Egyptian presence in Canaan is best demonstrated by the presence of pottery made from Egyptian Nile clay and found in Canaan, as well as pottery made from local clay, but in the Egyptian style. The latter suggests the existence of Egyptian colonies rather than just trade.

paragraph: The nature of Egypt's role in Canaan has been vigorously debated, between scholars who suggest a military invasion and others proposing that only trade and colonization were involved. Although the latter has gained predominance, the presence of fortifications at Tell es-Sakan dating to the Dynasty 0 through early Dynasty 1 period, and built almost entirely using an Egyptian style of construction, demonstrate that there must have also been some kind of Egyptian military presence.

paragraph: Regardless of the nature of Egypt's presence in Canaan, control of trade to (and through) Canaan was important to Ancient Egypt. Narmer probably did not establish Egypt's initial influence in Canaan by a military invasion, but a military campaign by Narmer to re-assert Egyptian authority, or to increase its sphere of influence in the region, is certainly plausible. In addition to the quote by Manetho, and the large number of Narmer "serekhs" found in Canaan, a recent reconstruction of a box of Narmer's by Dreyer may have commemorated a military campaign in Canaan. It may also represent just the presentation of tribute to Narmer by Canaanites.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Neithhotep.

paragraph: Narmer and Hor-Aha's names were both found in what is believed to be Neithhotep's tomb, which led Egyptologists to conclude that she was Narmer's queen and mother of Hor-Aha. Neithhotep's name means "Neith is satisfied". This suggests that she was a princess of Lower Egypt (based on the fact that Neith is the patron goddess of Sais in the Western Delta, exactly the area Narmer conquered to complete the unification of Egypt), and that this was a marriage to consolidate the two regions of Egypt. The fact that her tomb is in Naqada, in Upper Egypt, has led some to the conclusion that she was a descendant of the predynastic rulers of Naqada who ruled prior to its incorporation into a united Upper Egypt. It has also been suggested that the Narmer Macehead commemorates this wedding. However, the discovery in 2012 of rock inscriptions in Sinai by Pierre Tallet raise questions about whether she was really Narmer's wife.

paragraph: Section::::Tomb and artifacts.

paragraph: Section::::Tomb and artifacts.:Tomb.

paragraph: Narmer's tomb in Umm el-Qa'ab near Abydos in Upper Egypt consists of two joined chambers (B17 and B18), lined in mud brick. Although both Émile Amélineau and Petrie excavated tombs B17 and B18, it was only in 1964 that Kaiser identified them as being Narmer's. Narmer's tomb is located next to the tombs of Ka, who likely ruled Upper Egypt just before Narmer, and Hor-Aha, who was his immediate successor.

paragraph: As the tomb dates back more than 5,000 years, and has been pillaged, repeatedly, from antiquity to modern times, it is amazing that anything useful could be discovered in it. Because of the repeated disturbances in Umm el-Qa'ab, many articles of Narmer's were found in other graves, and objects of other kings, were recovered in Narmer's grave. However, Flinders Petrie during the period 1899–1903, and, starting in the 1970s, the German Archaeological Institute (DAI) have made discoveries of the greatest importance to the history of Early Egypt by their re-excavation of the tombs of Umm el-Qa'ab.

paragraph: Despite the chaotic condition of the cemetery, inscriptions on both wood and bone, seal impressions, as well as dozens of flint arrowheads (Petrie says with dismay that "hundreds" of arrowheads were discovered by "the French", presumably Amélineau. What happened to them is not clear, but none ended up in the Cairo Museum.) Flint knives and a fragment of an ebony chair leg were also discovered in Narmer's tomb, all of which might be part of the original funerary assemblage. The flint knives and fragment of a chair leg were not included in any of Petrie's publications, but are now at the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology (University College London), registration numbers "UC35679, UC52786", and "UC35682". According to Dreyer, these arrowheads are probably from the tomb of Djer, where similar arrowheads were found.

paragraph: It is likely that all of the kings of Ancient Egypt buried in Umm el-Qa'ab had funerary enclosures in Abydos' northern cemetery, near the cultivation line. These were characterized by large mud brick walls that enclosed space in which funerary ceremonies are believed to have taken place. Eight enclosures have been excavated, two of which have not been definitely identified. While it has yet to be confirmed, one of these unidentified funerary enclosures may have belonged to Narmer.

paragraph: Section::::Tomb and artifacts.:Artifacts.

paragraph: Narmer is well attested throughout Egypt, southern Canaan and Sinai: altogether 98 inscriptions at 26 sites. At Abydos and Hierakonpolis Narmer's name appears both within a "serekh" and without reference to a "serekh". At every other site except Coptos, Narmer's name appears in a "serekh".In Egypt, his name has been found at 17 sites: 4 in Upper Egypt (Hierakonpolis, Naqada, Abydos, and Coptos); ten in Lower Egypt (Tarkhan, Helwan, Zawyet el'Aryan, Tell Ibrahim Awad, Ezbet el-Tell, Minshat Abu Omar, Saqqara, Buto, Tell el-Farkha, and Kafr Hassan Dawood); one in the Eastern Desert (Wadi el-Qaash); and two in the Western Desert (Kharga Oasis and Gebel Tjauti).

paragraph: During Narmer's reign, Egypt had an active economic presence in southern Canaan. Pottery sherds have been discovered at several sites, both from pots made in Egypt and imported to Canaan and others made in the Egyptian style out of local materials. Twenty "serekhs" have been found in Canaan that may belong to Narmer, but seven of those are uncertain or controversial. These "serekhs" came from eight different sites: Tel Arad, En Besor (Ein HaBesor), Tel es-Sakan, Nahal Tillah (Halif Terrace), Tel Erani (Tel Gat), Small Tel Malhata, Tel Ma'ahaz, and Tel Lod,

paragraph: Narmer's "serekh", along with those of other Predynastic and Early Dynastic kings, has been found at the Wadi 'Ameyra in the southern Sinai, where inscriptions commemorate Egyptian mining expeditions to the area.

paragraph: Section::::Tomb and artifacts.:Nag el-Hamdulab.

paragraph: First recorded at the end of the 19th century, an important series of rock carving at Nag el-Hamdulab near Aswan was rediscovered in 2009, and its importance only realized then. Among the many inscriptions, tableau 7a shows a man wearing a headdress similar to the white crown of Upper Egypt and carrying a scepter. He is followed by a man with a fan. He is then preceded by two men with standards, and accompanied by a dog. Apart from the dog motif, this scene is similar to scenes on the Scorpion Macehead and the recto of the Narmer Palette. The man—armed with pharaonic regalia (the crown and scepter) can clearly be identified as a king. Although no name appears in the tableau, Darnell attributes it to Narmer, based on the iconography, and suggests that it might represent an actual visit to the region by Narmer for a "Following of Horus" ritual. In an interview in 2012, Gatto also describes the king in the inscription as Narmer. However, Hendricks (2016) places the scene slightly before Narmer, based, in part on the uncharacteristic absence of Narmer's royal name in the inscription.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The First Pharaoh (The First Dynasty Book 1)" by Lester Picker is a fictionalized biography of Narmer. The author consulted with Egyptologist Günter Dreyer to achieve authenticity.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Murder by the Gods: An Ancient Egyptian Mystery" by William G. Collins is a thriller about Prince Aha (later king Hor-Aha), with Narmer included in a secondary role.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Third Gate" by Lincoln Child is an adventure story with a dose of the occult about an archaeological expedition in search of the real tomb of Narmer and its mysterious contents.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pharaoh: The boy who conquered the Nile" by Jackie French is a children's book (ages 10–14) about the adventures of Prince Narmer.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Pharaohs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Narmer Palette

paragraph: BULLET::::- Menes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thinis

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

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paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Davis, Whitney. 1992. "Masking the Blow: The Scene of Representation In Late Prehistoric Egyptian Art." Berkeley: University of California Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Goldwasser, Orly. 1992. "The Narmer Palette and the 'Triumph of Metaphor'." "Lingua Aegyptia" 2: 67–85.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muhlestein, Kerry. 2011. "Violence In the Service of Order: The Religious Framework for Sanctioned Killing In Ancient Egypt." Oxford: Archaeopress.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ray, John D. 2003. "The Name of King Narmer." "Lingua Aegyptia" 11: 131–38.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shaw, Ian. 2004. "Ancient Egypt: A Very Short Introduction." Oxford: Oxford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Takacs, Gabor. 1997. "Note on the Name of King Narmer." "Linguistica" 37, no. 1: 53–58.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wengrow, David. 2001. "Rethinking 'Cattle Cults' in Early Egypt: Towards a Prehistoric Perspective on the Narmer Palette." "Cambridge Archaeological Journal" 11, no. 1: 91–104.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilkinson, Toby A. H. 2000. "What a King Is This: Narmer and the Concept of the Ruler." "Journal of Egyptian Archaeology" 86: 24–32.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Williams, Bruce, Thomas J. Logan, and William J. Murnane. 1987. "The Metropolitan Museum Knife Handle and Aspects of Pharaonic Imagery before Narmer." "Journal of Near Eastern Studies" 46, no. 4: 245–85.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Narmer Catalog"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Database of Early Dynastic Inscriptions"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Early Egyptian Queen Revealed in 5,000-Year Old Hieroglyphs"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Photos: 5,000-Year Old Hieroglyphs Discovered in Sinai Desert".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hierakonpolis: City of the Hawk"

description: ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Early Dynastic Period

wikidata_label: Narmer

wikipedia_title: Narmer


text:
Hunx and His Punx
Gravy Train!!!!
World of Wonder
streetwear
Pitchfork
Camp
punk zine
Oakland, California
Telegraph Avenue
Gravy Train!!!!
Hunx and His Punx
eponymous solo album
Miley Cyrus
Tavi Gevinson
Kathleen Hanna
Sunset Boulevard
Echo Park
Saint Laurent
Hedi Slimane
Hunx and His Punx
Kickstarter
World of Wonder
Disneyland
Toontown
Pee-wee's Playhouse
Alice Bag
Kate Berlant
Tammie Brown
John Early
Cole Escola
Manila Luzon
Allison Wolfe
ArtCenter College of Design
sex shop
Too Young to Be in Love
Street Punk
Seth Bogart
Kathleen Hanna
The Geffen Contemporary at MOCA
Poetry Foundation
Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit

categories: Hardly Art artists,People from Tucson, Arizona,1980 births,LGBT singers,LGBT musicians from the United States,Sculptors from Arizona,American video artists,Artists from Arizona,Painters from Arizona,Living people

paragraph: Seth Bogart (artist)

paragraph: Seth Bogart (born 1980) is an American multidisciplinary artist. As a musician, he is known for his solo career, as well as Hunx and His Punx and Gravy Train!!!!. As a visual artist, Bogart's paintings and sculptures have been exhibited in galleries throughout the United States, and he has created the World of Wonder web series "Feelin' Fruity". He also runs the streetwear line Wacky Wacko.

paragraph: "Pitchfork" named Bogart the "New King of Camp" in 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Bogart grew up in Tucson, Arizona, where his father was a lawyer and his mother was a nurse. In high school, he started playing the guitar and created the punk zine "Puberty Strike". He later produced the zine "Psycho No. 1 Fan".

paragraph: When Bogart was 18, his father committed suicide. He moved to Oakland, California shortly thereafter. At 19, he went to beauty school, and later, in 2006, he co-founded the salon and vintage clothing store Down at Lulu's on Telegraph Avenue in Oakland.

paragraph: Section::::Music.

paragraph: Bogart joined Oakland-based electroclash band Gravy Train!!!! as a backup dancer under the name Hunx shortly after its inception in the early 2000s. He soon began writing songs for the band and performing as the band's singer and guitarist.

paragraph: In 2008, he founded Hunx and His Punx, a garage punk band, which changed its lineup in 2010 and was renamed to Hunx and His Punkettes. After this lineup disbanded in 2011, Bogart sold Down at Lulu's.

paragraph: In 2012, Bogart released a solo album as Hunx titled "Hairdresser Blues", and, in 2015, Bogart came out with an eponymous solo album under his own name.

paragraph: Section::::Clothing.

paragraph: Bogart relocated to Los Angeles in 2013, and, in 2014, he started streetwear label Wacky Wacko. Initially, it was to be a record label, until he lost interest in that idea. The line grew in popularity, and could be seen on Miley Cyrus, Tavi Gevinson, and Kathleen Hanna. From 2014–17, the label had a store on Sunset Boulevard in Echo Park.

paragraph: Bogart has also collaborated with fashion house Saint Laurent. Director Hedi Slimane was a fan of Bogart's work, and used his drawings in a Saint Laurent fabric pattern and a song by Hunx and His Punx in a promotional video.

paragraph: Section::::Video.

paragraph: In 2011, Bogart and longtime collaborator Brande Bytheway launched a Kickstarter campaign to fund a TV show. "Hollywood Nailz" launched as a web series in November 2012, and was likened to a "bizarro '80s Public Access-style variety show".

paragraph: In May 2018, World of Wonder launched the web series "Feelin' Fruity", a variety show which starred Bogart, and was inspired by Disneyland's Toontown and "Pee-wee's Playhouse". It featured such guests as Alice Bag, Kate Berlant, Tammie Brown, John Early, Cole Escola, Manila Luzon, and Allison Wolfe.

paragraph: Section::::Sculpture and paintings.

paragraph: Bogart began taking classes at ArtCenter College of Design in 2013, and began selling ceramic versions of familiar objects—including perfume bottles and grooming supplies—at the Wacky Wacko store shortly thereafter.

paragraph: In 2014, Los Angeles art gallery 365 Mission included a painting by Bogart in a group show, and, in 2015, 365 Mission gave him a solo show, in which he transformed the gallery space into "The Seth Bogart Show", an immersive experience that displayed sculpture, paintings, ceramics, and video, as well as served as a performance venue.

paragraph: Nino Mier gave Bogart a show in their Los Angeles gallery in 2018. Entitled "Lick", it transformed the space into a sex shop, and included paintings and ceramic pieces by Bogart.

paragraph: In 2019, Chicago's Soccer Club Club gallery hosted "100 Toothbrushes", a solo exhibit of 100 ceramic toothbrushes by Bogart.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Bogart is openly gay. He came out to his friends while in high school, and to his mother when he was eighteen.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As Hunx and His Punx.:Studio albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Too Young to Be in Love" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Street Punk" (2013)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As Hunx and His Punx.:Compilations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gay Singles" (2010)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As Hunx.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As Hunx.:Studio albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hairdresser Blues" (2012)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As H.U.N.X..

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As H.U.N.X..:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Vant to Suck" (2012)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As Seth Bogart.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As Seth Bogart.:Studio albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seth Bogart" (2016)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As Seth Bogart.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eating Makeup" (2015) featuring Kathleen Hanna

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Club with Me" (2016)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As S.L.I.N.K..

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As S.L.I.N.K..:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pink Christmas" (2014)

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: Section::::Published works.:Zines.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (c. 1996–98) as Seth Bogard

paragraph: BULLET::::- (undated; after "Puberty Strike")

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.:Solo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 – "The Seth Bogart Show", 356 Mission, Los Angeles

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 – "LICK", Nino Mier Gallery, Los Angeles

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2019 – "100 Toothbrushes", Soccer Club Club, Chicago

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.:Group.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 – "Another Cats Show", 356 Mission, Los Angeles

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 – "You're My Playground Love", KK Gallery, Los Angeles

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 – "Perfume Mania Installation", The Geffen Contemporary at MOCA, Los Angeles

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 – "Volatile! A Poetry and Scent Exhibition", Poetry Foundation, Chicago

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 – "THINGS: A Queer Legacy of Graphic Art & Play", ONE Archives, Los Angeles

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 – "THINGS: A Queer Legacy of Graphic Art & Play", Participant Inc., New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 – "Last", Artist Curated Projects, Los Angeles

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 – "Tom House", Mike Kelley Mobile Homestead, Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit, Detroit

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2019 – "Circus of Books", Fierman Gallery, New York City

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Seth Bogart

wikipedia_title: Seth Bogart (artist)


text: physician

text: inventor

text: natural hygiene

text: physical culture

text: homeopathy

text: Swedish massage

text: Williston, Vermont

text: New York Medical College

text: hydropathy

text: Joel Shew

text: Herman Sätherberg

text: Stockholm

text: Olivia Langdon

text: gymnastics

text: "Diseases of Women"

text: "Health by Exercise"

text: "Health for Women"

text: "Massage"

text: "Pelvic and Hernial Therapeutics"

text: Pehr Henrik Ling

text: Russell Thacher Trall

categories: 19th-century American physicians,1821 births,New York Medical College alumni,Masseurs,American health and wellness writers,Hydrotherapists,1896 deaths,American homeopaths,Orthopaths,19th-century American inventors,People associated with physical culture

paragraph: George H. Taylor (physician)

paragraph: George Herbert Taylor (January 4, 1821 – December 9, 1896) was an American physician and inventor associated with the natural hygiene and physical culture movements. He was known for his practice of homeopathy and introducing Swedish massage to the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Taylor was born in Williston, Vermont. In 1852, he graduated at the New York Medical College and practiced hydropathy. He worked at Russell Trall's New York Hydropathic and Physiological School as a consulting physician until 1863. From 1854 to 1855, Taylor worked with hydrotherapist Joel Shew. Taylor became a convert to homeopathy and travelled to study Swedish massage at the Royal Gymnastic Central Institute under Lars Branting. Taylor's brother was physician Charles Fayette Taylor. They opened a hydropathic facility.

paragraph: During 1858–1859, Taylor travelled to Herman Sätherberg's Institute of Kinesipathy in Stockholm to continue his studies. When he returned home he founded the Institute of the Swedish Movement Cure in New York City and his brother joined his practice. In 1862, Olivia Langdon was treated at the institute. He also established the Improved Movement Cure Institute in New York City.

paragraph: In 1860, Taylor authored the book "An Exposition of the Swedish Movement-Cure". His book "Diseases of Women" was the first book to recommend massage for gynaecological problems. Taylor designed exercise and mechanical massage equipment. He invented mechanical massage apparatus to expand the chest and lift the contents of the pelvis.

paragraph: Taylor was an advocate of natural hygiene. He believed that correct breathing and diet, gymnastics and mechanical massage could replace medical intervention and restore health.

paragraph: Taylor died in New York City on December 9, 1896.

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Exposition of the Swedish Movement-Cure" (1860)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Diseases of Women" (1871)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paralysis and Diseases of the Nerves, and the Remedial Use of Transmitted Motor Energy" (1871)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Health by Exercise" (1880)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Health for Women" (1880)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Massage" (1887)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pelvic and Hernial Therapeutics" (1885)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Massage Mechanical Processes" (1887)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mechanical Aids in the Treatment of Chronic Forms of Disease" (1893)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pehr Henrik Ling

paragraph: BULLET::::- Russell Thacher Trall

description: American physician

wikidata_label: George H. Taylor

wikipedia_title: George H. Taylor (physician)


text:
Nagoya
Kyōto
nanga
art name
Kanō School
haiku
Yuan
Ming
Yamato-e
haiga
Important Cultural Property
Tokyo National Museum

categories: Haiku,Landscape painters,1752 deaths,Japanese painters,1697 births

paragraph: Sakaki Hyakusen

paragraph: Sakaki Hyakusen, originally Shin'en (Japanese: 彭城 百川; (11 December 1697, Nagoya - 2 October 1752, Kyōto) was a Japanese painter in the nanga style. His other art names included Hōshū (蓬洲), Senkan (僊観) and Hassendō (八仙堂).

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: His father was a pharmacist and he may have been of at least partial Chinese descent. As a young man, he moved to Kyōto, where he studied painting with artists of the Kanō School and learned how to write haiku. Soon, however, he turned to Chinese painting; especially from the Yuan and Ming dynasties, becoming one of the earliest practitioners of the nanga style. As with many of the early nanga artists, his works were of variable quality.

paragraph: He also painted in the Yamato-e style and produced haiga (paintings associated with haiku writing). Another influence on his work were the landscapes known as "Shinkei" (真景; roughly, "True View"), that depicted actual places. Many of his compositions include elements incorporated directly from Chinese paintings, offering a record of specific influences derived from China.

paragraph: He was awarded the honorary title of "Hokkyō" (法橋; "Bridge of the Law"), which was given to artists who practiced Buddhism, and was one of the few nanga painters to earn a living entirely from his art.

paragraph: Some of his best known works are the "Screen with Landscapes" (山水図屏風, which has been designated an Important Cultural Property), and a screen called "Plums and Bamboo" (梅竹図). The former is in the Tokyo National Museum and the latter is privately owned.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tazawa, Yutaka: "Sakaki Hyakusen". In: "Biographical Dictionary of Japanese Art". Kodansha International, 1981. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laurance P. Roberts: "Hyakusen". In: "A Dictionary of Japanese Artists". Weatherhill, 1976. .

alias:
Sakakibara Shinen
Hoshu
Hyakusen Sakaki
Hassendo
Sakaki Hyakusen
Hōshū, Hyakusen Hassendō

description: Japanese painter

wikidata_label: Hyakusen

wikipedia_title: Sakaki Hyakusen


text:
Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt
Great Royal Wife
Thutmose IV
Tiaa
Iaret
Luxor Temple
Amenhotep III
Mutemwia

categories: 15th-century BC women,14th-century BC women,Queens consort of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt

paragraph: Nefertari (18th dynasty)

paragraph: Nefertari was a queen of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt, the first Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Thutmose IV.

paragraph: Her origins are unknown, it is likely that she was a commoner. On several depictions she and Queen Mother Tiaa are depicted as goddesses accompanying Thutmose. In the 7th year the new Great Royal Wife was Thutmose's sister Iaret; Nefertari either died or was pushed into the background when Iaret was old enough to become Thutmose's wife.

paragraph: She was depicted together with her husband before gods in Gizeh, on eight stelae. She was also shown on a stela found in the Luxor Temple and was mentioned on a scarab found in Gurob. It is not known whether any children were born either to Nefertari or to Iaret; after Thutmose's death the next pharaoh was Amenhotep III, the son of a secondary wife called Mutemwia.

wikidata_label: Nefertari

wikipedia_title: Nefertari (18th dynasty)


text: Monacan

text: Cardinal of the Catholic Church

text: Apostolic Nuncio to Ireland

text: Nuncio

text: cardinalate

text: Monte Carlo

text: seminary

text: Cuneo

text: Pontifical Gregorian University

text: Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy

text: ordained

text: Institute of Social Sciences

text: Bergamo

text: attaché

text: Bolivia

text: nunciature

text: Honorary Chamberlain of His Holiness

text: Titular Archbishop

text: episcopal consecration

text: Pietro Fumasoni Biondi

text: Giuseppe Pizzardo

text: Carlo Salotti

text: co-consecrators

text: Apostolic Delegate

text: Missions

text: Mombasa

text: Vatican

text: Second World War

text: Nuncio

text: Communist Party of China

text: independent Catholic Church

text: Catholic religion

text: Independent Catholic Church

text: schismatic

text: Communist regime

text: Nuncio to Ireland

text: Second Vatican Council

text: Cardinal-Priest

text: S. Girolamo della Carità

text: Pope Paul VI

text: consistory

text: Limone Piemonte

text: Catholic-Hierarchy

categories: Diplomats of the Holy See,Apostolic Nuncios to Ireland,1897 births,Monegasque Roman Catholics,Monegasque cardinals,Participants in the Second Vatican Council,1967 deaths

paragraph: Antonio Riberi

paragraph: Antonio Riberi (15 June 1897 – 16 December 1967) was a Monacan Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as the fifth Apostolic Nuncio to Ireland and later as Nuncio to Spain from 1962 until his death. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1967.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Monte Carlo, Riberi studied at the seminary in Cuneo, Italy, and the Pontifical Gregorian University and Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in Rome, where he was ordained to the priesthood on 29 June 1922. He then furthered his studies until 1925 at the Institute of Social Sciences in Bergamo. From 1925 to 1930, Riberi served as attaché and secretary of the Bolivian nunciature. He was raised to the rank of a Honorary Chamberlain of His Holiness on 1 May 1925, and made counselor of the nunciature to Ireland in 1930.

paragraph: On 13 August 1934, Riberi was appointed Titular Archbishop of "Dara". He received his episcopal consecration on the following 28 October from Cardinal Pietro Fumasoni Biondi, with Archbishops Giuseppe Pizzardo and Carlo Salotti serving as co-consecrators. Riberi was later named Apostolic Delegate to the African Missions dependent of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith on 4 November of that same year. During this time, he resided in Mombasa, Kenya. Archbishop Riberi, from 1939 to 1946, headed the Vatican's assistance service for the prisoners of war and wounded soldiers of the Second World War.

paragraph: Appointed Nuncio to China on 6 July 1946, he once declared in 1951, following petitions (from the Communist Party of China) for an independent Catholic Church in that country, that "the Catholic religion...is superpolitical, indivisible by national boundaries or political differences...Any so-called Independent Catholic Church...is simply a schismatic church and not the true and one Catholic Church". He was later expelled by the Communist regime in September of that year for "espionage activities", remarking, "I leave with sorrow, and my prayer is constantly for the Chinese people, for our priests, for our sisters and the faithful". Riberi became Nuncio to Ireland on 19 February 1959, and to Spain on 28 April 1962. From 1962 to 1965, he attended the Second Vatican Council.

paragraph: He was created Cardinal-Priest of "S. Girolamo della Carità" by Pope Paul VI in the consistory of 26 June 1967, but died some months later in Rome, at age 70. Cardinal Riberi is buried in his family's tomb in Limone Piemonte.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic-Hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Riberi's sermon to the Legionaries of Christ

alias:
Cardinal Antonio Riberi
Antonio Cardinal Riberi

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Antonio Riberi

wikipedia_title: Antonio Riberi


text: Lesdain

text: France

text: French

text: savate

text: Canne de combat

text: Charles Lecour

text: Charles Lecour

text: combat

paragraph: Joseph Charlemont

paragraph: Joseph Charlemont (born 1839 in Lesdain, France - died 1918) was a French savate and Canne de combat teacher. His son Charles Charlemont (1862 - 1944) was also a noted "savateur".

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Although Charlemont has often been described as a student of Charles Lecour, he was instructed by Louis Vigneron. After he had fought Hubert Lecour (who was Charles Lecour's brother and a savate instructor himself), Joseph was considered one of the best competitors within French boxing. He gained recognition by taking on representatives of other schools and different styles. His fighting style and own teachings and developments were built on the modern version of savate as promoted by Charles Lecour.

paragraph: His detailed update of Lecour's "French Boxing" established Charlemont's reputation. He described his system in two books, where he described a system built around four ranges of combat, where striking and grappling were to be used in conjunction with one another.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: His books established a new standard where system forms the technical syllabus which modern sport of savate is based on. Moreover, he founded an association for French boxing, the "Society of French Boxers" (Société des Boxeurs Français).

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Art de la Boxe Française Et de la Canne: Nouveau Traité Pratique Et Théorique" (1889)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Homepage International Savate Federation

description: French savateur

wikidata_label: Joseph Charlemont

wikipedia_title: Joseph Charlemont


text:
Prithviraj Raso
Brajbhasa
Chahamana
Prithviraj Chauhan
Second battle of Tarain
Ghazna
Muhammad of Ghor
Prithviraj Raso
Kshatriya
Georg Bühler
GH Ojha
Chand Bardai at Kavita Kosh

categories: Poets from Rajasthan,History of Rajasthan,Indian male poets,Hindi poets

paragraph: Chand Bardai

paragraph: Chand Bardai was an Indian poet, who composed "Prithviraj Raso", an epic poem in Brajbhasa about the life of the Chahamana king Prithviraj Chauhan. The poem presents him as a court poet of Prithviraj. According to it, after Prithviraj was defeated at the Second battle of Tarain and taken to Ghazna by Muhammad of Ghor, Chand Bardai travelled to Ghazna and helped Prithviraj kill Muhammad.

paragraph: The "Prithviraj Raso" was embellished with time and quite a few authors added to it. Only parts of the original manuscript are still intact. There are many versions of Raso but scholars agree that a 1400 stanza poem is the real "Prithivraj Raso". In its longest form the poem comprises upwords of 10,000 stanzas. The "Prithviraj Raso" is a source of information on the social and clan structure of the Kshatriya communities of northern India. The historicity of "Prithviraj Raso" was proved unreliable by historians like Georg Bühler, Morrison, GH Ojha and Munshi Devi Prasad.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chand Bardai at Kavita Kosh (Hindi)

description: Court poet of Prithvi Raj Chauhan

wikidata_label: Chand Bardai

wikipedia_title: Chand Bardai


text:
basketball
Denver Nuggets
1980 NBA draft
Seattle University
NBA
Houston Rockets
Chicago Bulls
New York Knicks
Sacramento Kings
Orlando Magic
Los Angeles Lakers
Indiana Pacers
Scottie Pippen

categories: Rapid City Thrillers players,Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball),1957 births,New York Knicks players,African-American basketball players,Seattle Redhawks men's basketball players,Denver Nuggets draft picks,Santa Barbara Islanders players,Basketball players from Illinois,Orlando Magic players,Indiana Pacers players,Chicago Rockers players,Ehime Orange Vikings coaches,Denver Nuggets players,Centers (basketball),Sportspeople from Chicago,Montana Golden Nuggets players,Los Angeles Lakers players,Living people,American men's basketball players,Chicago Bulls players,Houston Rockets players,Sacramento Kings players

paragraph: Jawann Oldham

paragraph: Jawann Oldham (born July 4, 1957) is an American former professional basketball player who was selected by the Denver Nuggets in the 2nd round (41st overall) of the 1980 NBA draft. A 7'0" center from Seattle University, Oldham played in 10 NBA seasons for 8 teams. He played for the Nuggets, Houston Rockets, Chicago Bulls, New York Knicks, Sacramento Kings, Orlando Magic, Los Angeles Lakers and Indiana Pacers.

paragraph: In his NBA career, Oldham played in 329 games and scored a total of 1,455 points. He was the last Bulls player to wear #33 prior to Scottie Pippen. He currently serves as director of the Basketball Academy of Dubai.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://jawann.net

description: American basketball player

wikidata_label: Jawann Oldham

wikipedia_title: Jawann Oldham


text: United States District Judge

text: Waynesburg

text: Pennsylvania

text: Artium Baccalaureus

text: Waynesburg College

text: University of Pennsylvania Law School

text: read law

text: New York City

text: New York

text: Assistant United States Attorney

text: Woodrow Wilson

text: Martin Thomas Manton

text: United States Senate

text: senior status

categories: Judges of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York,Assistant United States Attorneys,United States district court judges appointed by Woodrow Wilson,University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni,20th-century American judges,Waynesburg University alumni,Place of death missing,1881 births,1966 deaths

paragraph: John C. Knox (New York)

paragraph: John Clark Knox (October 13, 1881 – August 23, 1966) was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.

paragraph: Section::::Education and career.

paragraph: Born on October 13, 1881, in Waynesburg, Pennsylvania, Knox received an Artium Baccalaureus degree in 1902 from Waynesburg College and after attending the University of Pennsylvania Law School, read law in 1904. He was an attorney with the Law Department of the Title Guarantee and Trust Company in New York City, New York from 1905 to 1913. He was an Assistant United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York from 1913 to 1918.

paragraph: Section::::Federal judicial recommendations.

paragraph: Knox was nominated by President Woodrow Wilson on March 29, 1918, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York vacated by Judge Martin Thomas Manton. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 12, 1918, and received his commission the same day. He served as Chief Judge from 1948 to 1955. He assumed senior status on April 30, 1955. His service terminated on August 23, 1966, due to his death. He was the last federal judge who continued to serve in active service appointed by President Wilson.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Knox wrote two books on his judicial service, "A Judge Comes of Age" (1940) and "Order in the Court" (1943).

alias:
John Clark Knox
John Knox

description: New York judge

wikidata_label: John C. Knox

wikipedia_title: John C. Knox (New York)


text: fl.

text: Gascon

text: troubadour

text: Occitan language

text: lyric works

text: cansos

text: descort

text: congé

text: planh

text: ensenhamen

text: Calanso

text: Chalançon

text: Ardèche

text: Drôme

text: vida

text: jongleur

text: Provence

text: Peire de Valeira

text: Castile

text: León

text: Aragon

text: Ferdinand

text: Alfonso VIII of Castile

text: Moors

text: Arnaut Daniel

text: Guiraut de Cabreira

text: Guiraut Riquier

text: Henry II of Rodez

text: Chaytor, H. J.

text: "The Troubadours".

text: Guiraut de Calanso: Complete Works.

categories: Gascons,13th-century French people,French male poets,Troubadours

paragraph: Guiraut de Calanso

paragraph: Giraut or Guiraut de Calanso or Calanson (fl. 1202–1212) was a Gascon troubadour in the Occitan language. Of his lyric works that remain five are "cansos", two "descorts", a "congé", a "planh", and a "vers" (generic poem). He also wrote a mock "ensenhamen" (didactic poem) entitled "Fadet juglar".

paragraph: Guiraut's hometown cannot be located. It may be a Calanso in Gascony or one of two locales named Chalançon, one in Ardèche and one in Drôme. According to his "vida" he was originally a jongleur well-versed in letters. His "vida" indicates that he composed "skillful songs "desplazens" and "descortz"." The meaning of "desplazens" is under dispute: it could refer to a type of verse expressing displeasure or be an adjective ("displeasing in tone") modifying "songs" ("cansos"). The author of the "vida" notes that these works were of the type "d'aquella saison", "of that time", and were disliked in Provence, where he was disrespected among courtly society. This may point to a Gascon literary tradition (or fad, as the case may be) distinct to that region and unpopular outside it. A clue to this tradition may be found in the "vida" of Peire de Valeira, who also wrote songs "of that time" which were "of little value".

paragraph: Guiraut was an often present at the courts of Castile, León, and Aragon. His sole "planh" (lament) was written on the death of Ferdinand, the heir-apparent of Alfonso VIII of Castile, who died of illness during a campaign against the Moors. Guiraut describes him thus:

paragraph: Of the rest of Guiraut's corpus at least two works are conscious imitations. His lone "vers" is in imitation of Arnaut Daniel. "Fadet juglar" mockingly attacks a jongleur's ignorance in imitation of a similar work by Guiraut de Cabreira. Much later, in 1280, Guiraut Riquier, for a competition, wrote a commentary on a work of Guiraut de Calanso's for Henry II of Rodez. None of Guiraut de Calanso's music, if he wrote any, has survived.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aubrey, Elizabeth "References to Music in Old Occitan Literature." "Acta Musicologica", 61:2 (May–Aug., 1989), pp. 110–149.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chaytor, H. J. "The Troubadours". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1912.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Egan, Margarita, ed. and trans. "The Vidas of the Troubadours". New York: Garland, 1984. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gaunt, Simon, and Kay, Sarah (edd.) "The Troubadours: An Introduction". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harvey, Ruth. "Courtly culture in medieval Occitania" (pp. 8–27). "The Troubadours: An Introduction". Simon Gaunt and Sarah Kay, edd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilson, Elizabeth R. "Old Provençal "vidas" as Literary Commentary." "Romance Philology", 33:4 (1980:May), pp. 510–518.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guiraut de Calanso: Complete Works. at Trobar.org

description: French troubadour

wikidata_label: Guiraut de Calanso

wikipedia_title: Guiraut de Calanso


text:
Albanian Declaration of Independence
Assembly of Vlorë
Vlorë
Ottoman Empire
Grand Vizier
Avlonyalı Ferid Paşa
Mustafa Pashë Vlora
Ismail Qemali
Essad Toptani
Abdul Hamid II
Austria-Hungary
Skanderbeg
Ali Pasha of Yanina
Ottoman Turkish
Dervish Hima
Albanian revolt
Ottoman parliamentary elections
Berat
Durrës
Young Turks
Përmet
Vienna
Ekrem Bey Vlora

categories: Albanian nobility,Albanian politicians,19th-century Albanian politicians,Vlora family,All-Albanian Congress delegates,People from Vlorë,Albanian diplomats,1940 deaths,1860 births,20th-century Albanian politicians,Politicians of the Ottoman Empire

paragraph: Syrja Vlora

paragraph: Syrja Vlora, usually referred as Syrja Bey Vlora (), was one of the active figures of the Albanian Declaration of Independence in 1912, and one of the delegates of the Assembly of Vlorë.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Syrja Bej Vlora was born in Vlorë, back then Ottoman Empire, in 1860. He was a member of the distinguished wealthy landowning Vlora family, historically successful through the ranks of Ottoman administration and military for more than three centuries. He was the brother of the Grand Vizier Avlonyalı Ferid Paşa (1851-1914) and both were sons of Mustafa Pashë Vlora. Vlora was also related to Ismail Qemali, both being political rivals at the same time. He was married to the sister of Essad Toptani. During the late Ottoman period, Vlora served as economic advisor to sultan Abdul Hamid II.

paragraph: Before the creation of the new Albanian state, he also held the positions of General Director of the Customs of the Ottoman Empire, and was a representative in the Ottoman Parliament from 1908. Vlora thought that Albanians were not ready for independence and favored a future autonomous Albania becoming a protectorate under Austria-Hungary in the advent of collapse of the Ottoman Empire. In 1911 Vlora wrote a chapter on Albanian history focusing on the Ottoman era and subjects like Skanderbeg and Ali Pasha of Yanina in an edited book titled "Musaver Arnavud" (The Illustrated Albanian) in Ottoman Turkish by Dervish Hima.

paragraph: In 1912 during the Albanian revolt and aftermath of the Ottoman parliamentary elections, Syrja Vlora parliamentarian for Berat and Essad Toptani for Durrës represented the Albanian side in a parliamentary discussion with the Young Turks. Both called for the cessation of government force and implementation of good governance to alleviate the situation in Albanian lands. After the Declaration of Independence of Albania during November 1912 in his home town, where he was a delegate for the Përmet region, he held minor political positions, known mainly as the Albanian Ambassador in Vienna in 1914.

paragraph: He was the father of the Albanian politician and scholar Ekrem Bey Vlora. Together they had negotiated for Albanian independence in Austria during the pre-independence European tour of Ismail Qemali.

paragraph: He died in 1940.

description: Signatory of the Albanian Declaration of Independence

wikidata_label: Syrja Vlora

wikipedia_title: Syrja Vlora


text:
Byzantine
patrikios
Byzantine emperors
Michael III
Basil I the Macedonian
Cretan Saracen
urban prefect
Constantinople
Rus'
suddenly appeared
Bosporus
Arabs
Asia Minor
Byzantine navy
droungarios tou ploïmou
Ragusa
Arab siege
Dalmatia
853 attack
Damietta
Louis II
Bari
Frankish
Emperor of the Romans
defeated
Cretan Saracens
Gulf of Saros
Greece
Isthmus of Corinth
Corinthian Gulf
defeating them
Nasar
Cyprus

categories: 9th-century Byzantine military personnel,Urban prefects of Constantinople,Byzantine officials,Byzantine admirals,Patricii

paragraph: Niketas Ooryphas

paragraph: Niketas Oryphas or Oöryphas ( or , fl. 860–873) was a distinguished Byzantine official, "patrikios", and admiral under the Byzantine emperors Michael III (r. 842–867) and Basil I the Macedonian (r. 867–886), who achieved several naval victories against the Cretan Saracen raiders.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Under Michael III.

paragraph: Nothing is known of Niketas Ooryphas's early life. Several people surnamed Ooryphas are recorded in sources during the first half of the 9th century, all of them in high naval positions, but any family relation is conjectural.

paragraph: Niketas Ooryphas first appears in our sources in 860, as urban prefect of Constantinople, when a Rus' fleet suddenly appeared in the entrance to the Bosporus and started pillaging the city's suburbs. In his capacity as urban prefect, Ooryphas made a report to Emperor Michael III, who was campaigning against the Arabs in Asia Minor. At a subsequent date, he was appointed in a position in the Byzantine navy, and in 867 he was in charge of the Imperial Fleet ("droungarios tou ploïmou"). As such he sailed with 100 ships in relief of Ragusa against an Arab siege which had already lasted 15 months, and restored the imperial suzerainty over the coasts of Dalmatia. It is, however, possible that Ooryphas already had naval experience, as he may be identifiable with one of the commanders of the 853 attack on Damietta.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Under Basil the Macedonian.

paragraph: Although he had risen to high rank under Michael III and had protested the usurpation of the Byzantine throne by Basil I the Macedonian in 867, Ooryphas was quickly won over and retained in office by the latter, and went on to become the perhaps most successful Byzantine admiral of his age.

paragraph: In 869, Ooryphas led the Byzantine fleet that sailed in support of Louis II who was besieging Bari, but on arriving there, he found the Frankish army dispersed in winter quarters, and caused a diplomatic episode by referring to Louis, who claimed the title of "Emperor of the Romans", merely as "king". As a result of the quarrel, the main part of the Byzantine force left, without participating in the siege of the city.

paragraph: In ca. 873, Ooryphas defeated the Cretan Saracens in the Gulf of Saros, and soon after followed this success with another: while the Saracens were campaigning off the western coasts of Greece, he had his men drag his ships overland across the Isthmus of Corinth, thereby surprising the Saracen fleet in the Corinthian Gulf and defeating them. Ooryphas subsequently disappears from the scene, although he may have led the Imperial Fleet in its actions for a few years before being replaced by the "droungarios" Nasar, including the recapture of Bari and, briefly, of Cyprus.

description: Byzantine admiral

wikidata_label: Niketas Ooryphas

wikipedia_title: Niketas Ooryphas


text:
Hindi
Indian
Sialkot
Rawalpindi
Gordon College
Rawalpindi
Saadat Hasan Manto
Bazaar
Nigar Sultana
Muslim
Rahat Kazmi
Dillagi (1949)
Patanga (1949)
Meena Bazaar
Samadhi (1950)
Shabistan
Tahir Raj Bhasin
Manto
Saadat Hasan Manto

categories: People from Sialkot,1951 deaths,Pakistani male film actors,Male actors in Hindi cinema,1920 births,Male actors from Rawalpindi,20th-century Indian male actors

paragraph: Shyam (actor)

paragraph: Sunder Shyam Chadda (20 February 1920 – 25 April 1951) was a Hindi/ Bhartiya film actor of Indian origin. He began his career in 1942 and worked in various films until his death during the shoot of the 1951 film "Shabistan".

paragraph: He originally hailed from Sialkot but grew up in Rawalpindi. Shyam graduated from Gordon College in Rawalpindi. He was a close personal friend of Saadat Hasan Manto and was the inspiration of many of his stories. Even after partition, their bond of friendship endured. One of his most famous movies was "Bazaar", released in 1949, in which he starred with Nigar Sultana. He married a Muslim, Mumtaz Qureshi (nickname "Taji"), with whom he had a daughter, Pakistani TV actress Sahira Kazmi, married to actor Rahat Kazmi, and a son named Shakir (born two months after his death), a psychiatrist based in UK. His wife migrated to Lahore, Pakistan, after his premature death in 1951, along with her elder sister, Zeb Qureshi, who was an actress in Bombay. Mumtaz later married a gentleman, Ansari after Shyam's death.

paragraph: Shyam acted in many memorable films: "Man ki jeet" (1944), "Majboor" (1948), "Dillagi (1949)", "Patanga (1949)", "Chandni Raat" (1949), "Meena Bazaar" (1950) and "Samadhi (1950)".

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Shyam died on the set of the film "Shabistan" in 1951 after he fell off a horse during filming. His few remaining scenes were completed with a body-double who had a similar height to him and filmed from behind without showing his face.

paragraph: Section::::In film.

paragraph: Tahir Raj Bhasin was seen portraying Shyam in the film Manto, a biopic on Saadat Hasan Manto. The film was released in September 2018.

description: Indian actor

wikidata_label: Shyam

wikipedia_title: Shyam (actor)


text:
psychologist
golden ratio
Gustav Fechner
Le Corbusier
Modulor
"Zeising, Adolf"

categories: 1810 births,1876 deaths,German psychologists

paragraph: Adolf Zeising

paragraph: Adolf Zeising (24 September 181027 April 1876) was a German psychologist, whose main interests were mathematics and philosophy.

paragraph: Among his theories, Zeising claimed to have found the golden ratio expressed in the arrangement of branches along the stems of plants and of veins in leaves. He extended his research to the skeletons of animals and the branchings of their veins and nerves, to the proportions of chemical compounds and the geometry of crystals, even to the use of proportion in artistic endeavors. In these phenomena he saw the golden ratio operating as a universal law,

paragraph: Many of his studies were followed by Gustav Fechner and Le Corbusier, who elaborated his studies of human proportion to develop the Modulor.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- " (1846)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " (1854)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " (1855)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ". (1855)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " (1856)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " (1856).

paragraph: BULLET::::- " (1858)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " (1861)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " (1864)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " (1865)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " (1865)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " (1869)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " (1869)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " (1873)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nikolaus Wecklein: "Zeising, Adolf". In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Band 55, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1910, pp. 404–411 (German)

description: German psychologist

wikidata_label: Adolf Zeising

wikipedia_title: Adolf Zeising


text:
Lorimar Television
Jewish
Los Angeles
Russia
Nebraska
Las Vegas
Irwin Molasky
Moe Dalitz
Las Vegas Country Club
Sunrise Hospital and Medical Center
Omni La Costa Resort and Spa
Lorimar Television
Lee Rich
Andrew Adelson
Gary Adelson
Billie Dove
Barbara Walters

categories: American people of Russian-Jewish descent,2015 deaths,American film studio executives,1929 births,Television producers from California,Businesspeople from Los Angeles,Deaths from cancer in California

paragraph: Merv Adelson

paragraph: Mervyn Lee "Merv" Adelson (October 23, 1929 – September 8, 2015) was an American real estate developer and television producer who co-founded Lorimar Television.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Adelson was born to a Jewish family in Los Angeles on October 23, 1929 to Nathan and Pearl Adelson (née Swartz). His parents were the children of immigrants from Russia who had settled in Nebraska. He worked in a grocery store run by his family as a child.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In the 1950s Adelson established himself in Las Vegas where he first met Irwin Molasky and Moe Dalitz. The trio were responsible for building the Las Vegas Country Club as well as what became Sunrise Hospital and Medical Center. Molasky and Adelson later opened Omni La Costa Resort and Spa in 1965. Adelson soon left the real estate industry and co-founded Lorimar Television with Molasky and Lee Rich in 1969.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life and death.

paragraph: Adelson was married and subsequently divorced five times. His first wife was Lori Kaufman with whom he had a daughter and two sons: Ellen Adelson Ross, Andrew Adelson, and Gary Adelson. His second wife was Gail Kenaston, adopted daughter of silent film star Billie Dove. His third wife was the television journalist Barbara Walters to whom he was married from 1981 until 1984. They remarried in 1986 and divorced for the second time in 1992. They met on a blind date. His fourth wife was Thea Nesis with whom he had adopted two daughters, Lexi and Ava Nesis. All his marriages ended in divorce.

paragraph: Adelson died in Los Angeles on September 8, 2015 from cancer, aged 85.

description: American TV producer

wikidata_label: Merv Adelson

wikipedia_title: Merv Adelson


text:
AH
Fes
Maliki
fiqh
Sufi
Ahmad ibn al-Mubarak
imam
khatib
Karaouine mosque and university
Muhammad Mayyara
Khalil

categories: Moroccan Maliki scholars,Moroccan jurists,18th-century Moroccan people,Moroccan imams,People from Fez, Morocco,1727 births,Moroccan writers,1780 deaths,Malikis,University of al-Qarawiyyin alumni

paragraph: Al-Bannani

paragraph: Muhammad ibn al-Hassan al-Bannani (1727 – 1780 CE) (1133 AH – 1194 AH) (), more commonly referred to in books of Islamic law simply as al-Bannani or Imam al-Banani, was an important 18th century Muslim jurist from Fes, Morocco. Al-Bannani was an accomplished scholar in the Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh).

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Al-Bannani was born in Fes in 1727, a city where he studied, lived for his entire life and was also buried in. He studied under many of the important scholars of his time including al-Tayyib al-Wazzani and the famous Sufi Ahmad ibn al-Mubarak (author of "Kitab al-Ibriz"). After a period of study, he became the imam and khatib of the famous Karaouine mosque and university and also taught there. He died in 1780 CE and was buried next to another reputable scholar of Fes, Muhammad Mayyara, in the Darb at-Taweel cemetery near the Karaouine mosque.

paragraph: Al-Bannani is one of the best known Maliki scholars of Fes outside of Morocco, particularly for his book "Al-Fath ar-Rabbani" (The Endowment of Divine Grace). The text is a sub-commentary on the classical "Mukhtassar" (Concise Text) of Khalil (the main source of rulings in Maliki jurisprudence), and is well known and used throughout the Maghreb to this day. A reference to his famous commentary is written on his tomb which reads:

description: Moroccan Muslim jurist

wikidata_label: Al-Bannani

wikipedia_title: Al-Bannani


text:
Jacob Campo Weyerman
Confrerie Pictura
Johannes Huibert Prins
Artnet

categories: Artists from The Hague,1806 deaths,Dutch male painters,18th-century Dutch painters,Members of The Hague Guild of Saint Luke,1757 births

paragraph: Johannes Huibert Prins

paragraph: Johannes Huibert Prins (1757–1806), was an 18th-century painter from the Northern Netherlands.

paragraph: Born in The Hague, Johannes Huibert Prins taught himself to paint. According to Jacob Campo Weyerman his father wanted him to become a doctor and refused to pay for art lessons, but he ignored him and travelled to Paris anyway, sketching cityscapes along the way and making copies of works he found interesting. He became a board member of the Confrerie Pictura in 1785 and is known for his cityscapes.

paragraph: He died in Utrecht.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johannes Huibert Prins on Artnet

alias:
Johannes Hubertus Prins
Johannes Hubert Prins
Johannes Huibert Prins (dr)
Johan Hubert Prins
Jan Huibert Prins
Prinns
J.H. Prins
J. H. Prins
I. H. Prins
H. Prins
Mons. Porince
Prince
Prins

wikidata_label: Johannes Huibert Prins

wikipedia_title: Johannes Huibert Prins