text: Polish

text: Renaissance

text: Polish

text: Latin

text: Baroque

text: metaphysic

text: love poems

text: mannerist

text: Jan Błoński

text: abstraction

text: Jan Kochanowski

text: Lwów

text: Wittenberg

text: Leipzig

text: Germany

text: Protestantism

text: Catholic

text: Wolica

text: Renaissance

text: Baroque

text: sonnet

text: "Rytmy abo wiersze polskie" (Polish)

categories: New Latin-language poets,1550s births,Polish poets,1580s deaths

paragraph: Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński

paragraph: Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński (c. 1550 – c. 1581) was an influential Polish poet of the late Renaissance who wrote in both Polish and Latin. He was a pioneer of the Baroque and the greatest representative of the metaphysical movement of the era in Poland. His love poems are often classed as mannerist. Jan Błoński has called Sęp Szarzyński a "mystical poet full of abstraction", and Wiktor Weintraub has called him "the most outstanding poet of the times of Jan Kochanowski". The poet's status in the history of Polish literature is controversial.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Little is known about Sęp Szarzyński's personal life. He was born in Zimna Woda near Lwów, the eldest of three sons, and educated at the universities of Wittenberg and Leipzig. His stay in Germany brought him close to Protestantism but he later became an ardent Catholic and his religious devotion is reflected in his poems. He probably died in Wolica in 1581 in the age of 31. He amass all his writings in handwritings. After his death, Sęp Szarzyński's verse was collected by his brother Jakub and published under the title "Rytmy abo wiersze polskie" in 1601.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński's work is often called "the sunset of the Polish Renaissance". His poems introduced the Baroque to Polish literature. The most important Szarzyński's poems are probably his sonnets. They are written according to French model of the form. They were translated into English by Richard Sokoloski. The most important is perhaps the sonnet "On the War We Wage Against Satan, the World, and the Body" that was translated into English by Michael J. Mikoś. Szarzyński made paraphrases of some Psalms, too.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński: "Rytmy polskie" (Ad Oculos, 2004)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rytmy abo wiersze polskie" (Polish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- All the Sęp Szarzyński's poems in English translations

description: Polish poet

wikidata_label: Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński

wikipedia_title: Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński


text:
king
Ahom kingdom
Moamoria rebellion
Nagaon
Kachari Kingdom
Burhagohain
Burhagohain
Ahom Kingdom
Rudra Singha
Chandrakanta Singha
Gaurinath Singha
Gaurinath Singha
Burhagohain
Burhagohain
Moamoria rebellion
Ahom Kingdom
Ahom Kingdom
Assam
Calcutta
hill tribe
Cachar
Jaintia
Bengal
Singarigharutha
Burhagohain
Ahom Kingdom
Burhagohain
Burhagohain
Gaurinath Singha
Burhagohain
Lord Wellesley
Burhagohain
Guwahati
Jorhat
Sadiya
Borbarua
Kamrup
Borphukan
Guwahati
Borphukan
Burhagohain
Ahom
Moamoria rebellion
Borphukan
Borphukan
Guwahati
Cooch Bihar
Bijni
Kamrup
Koch Kingdom
Kamrup
Borphukan
Ahom
Borphukan
Burhagohain
Borphukan
Guwahati
Borphukan
Guwahati
Burhagohain
Borphukan
Kamrup
Beltola
Borphukan
Brahmaputra
Kamrup
Borphukan
Kamakhya
Kamrup
Burhagohain
Borphukan
Borphukan
Brahmaputra
Sonitpur District
Brahmaputra
Nagaon District
Borbarua
Burhagohain
Brahmaputra
Bengal
Burhagohain
Guwahati
Burhagohain
Tezpur
Brahmaputra
Burhagohain
Rangpur
Burhagohain
Jorhat
Chandrakanta Gohain
Borbarua
Borbarua
Ahom Kingdom
Khamtis
Assam
Sadiya
Khamtis
Ahom
Sadiya
Sadiya
Khamtis
Burhagohain
Sadiya
Ahom Kingdom
Borphukan
Guwahati
Burhagohain
Khamtis
Ahom Kingdom
Khamti
Jorhat
Sadiya
Khamtis
Burmese invasion of Assam
Burhagohain
Singphous
Singphou
Singphous
Jorhat
Jorhat
Burhagohain
Borbarua
Burhagohain
Burhagohain
Burhagohain
Borbarua
Burhagohain
Burhagohain
Kachari
Jaintia
Burhagohain
Burhagohain
Kachari Kingdom
Rajeswar Singha
Guwahati
Guwahati
Burhagohain
Jorhat
Nagaon
Brahmaputra
Marigaon District
Burhagohain
Nagaon
Nagaon
Kachari Kingdom
Kachari Kingdom
Burhagohain
Guwahati
Marigaon District
Kachari Kingdom
Kachari Kingdom
Ahom Kingdom
Moamoria rebellion
Nagaon District
Bengal
Jaintiapur
Jorhat
Nagaon
Nagaon District
Borbarua
Burma
Burhagohain
Burhagohain
Burhagohain
Brahmaputra
Moamoria rebellion
Jorhat
Ranghar
China
Moamoria rebellion
Bhutan
Borphukan
Guwahati
Bhutan
Bhutan
Bhutan
Bhutan
Darrang
Jorhat
Borbarua
Assam
Bhutan
Darrang
Jorhat
Burhagohain
Burhagohain
Burhagohain
Burhagohain
Burhagohain
Ahom Kingdom
Borphukan
British East India Company
Ahom Kingdom
Burhagohain
British East India Company
India
Koch Bihar
Ahom Kingdom
Burhagohain
Borphukan
Borphukan
Guwahati
Borphukan
Borphukan
Burhagohain
Burhagohain
Borphukan
Burhagohain
Ahom Kingdom
Kamakhya
Guwahati
Jorhat
Jorhat
Borphukan
Brahmaputra
Tezpur
Borphukan
Brahmaputra
Kolia Bhomora Setu
Burhagohain
Ramayana
Chandrakanta Gohain
Ahom
Assam
Jorhat
Ahom Kingdom
Chandrakanta Singha
Burhagohain
Burhagohain
Burhagohain
Ahom Kingdom
Jorhat
Ahom Kingdom
Jorhat
Ahom Kingdom
Ahom Kingdom
Ahom Dynasty
Singarigharutha ceremony
Kachari Kingdom
Jaintia Kingdom
British East India Company
Tezpur
Nagaon district
Kamrup district
Chirang district
Koch Bihar
Bijni
History of Beltola

paragraph: Suklingphaa

paragraph: Suklingphaa (1795–1811), or Kamaleswar Singha (), was a king of the Ahom kingdom. His reign witnessed the suppression of Moamoria rebellion and restoration of Ahom rule over Upper Assam. The Dundiya Revolution in Kamrup was also suppressed during his reign. In Nagaon, the Ahom army also managed to defeat a coalition of Moamoria rebels and the Kacharis of Kachari Kingdom. Since the monarch was very young, the administration of the kingdom was run by Purnananda Burhagohain, the Prime Minister of Ahom Kingdom, who was an able administrator and general. It was actually the actions and decisions of Prime Minister Purnananda Burhagohain due to which the Ahom Kingdom revive its strength and power during the reign of Kamaleswar Singha.

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry and birth.

paragraph: Kamaleswar Singha was the eldest son of Prince Kadamdighala Gohain and Numali Rajmao. His parents named him Kinaram Gohain. Prince Kadamdighala Gohain was the grandson of Prince Lechai Namrupia Raja, the younger brother of Ahom King Swargadeo Rudra Singha. Kamaleswar has two siblings, one sister named Maju Aideo and one brother Chandrakanta Singha.

paragraph: Section::::Accession to the throne.

paragraph: Prince Kadamdighala Gohain was holding the titular rank of Charingia Raja when the reigning monarch Swargodeo Gaurinath Singha died at Jorhat, in 1795 CE. Since Gaurinath Singha has no heir, the king entrusted Prime Minister Purnananda Burhagohain to select the next king. Due to his personal friendship and also because of his support to Prime Minister Purnananda Burhagohain in suppressing the Moamoria rebellion, the Premier raised the elder son of Prince Kadamdighala Gohain, Kinaram Gohain as the new king of the Ahom Kingdom, who was then a mere baby of less than two years old. In 1795 CE. Kinaram Gohain was proclaimed Swargadeo Kamaleswar Singha, the sovereign of Ahom Kingdom in Assam and was placed on the throne at the Dichoi camp. The Tai-Ahom priests conferred upon him the title Suklingphaa. The name 'Kamaleswar Singha' was sent down to Calcutta for being impressed on the coin.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: At the time of Kamaleswar Singha's accession, situation of the country was far from stable. Moamoria rebels were still at large and reports of more revolts in other parts of the country aggravate the situation. Neighbouring hill tribes were conducting frequent raids in the villages in the Brahmaputra valley, threatening peace and security of the common people. Many Assamese people fled to neighboring Cachar, Jaintia and British ruled province of Bengal. Agriculture, trade and commerce came to complete halt. On account of depleted finances of the state, for the first time, the traditional Tai-Ahom ceremony of coronation, the Singarigharutha of Kamaleswar Singha was postponed. Such a ceremony usually cost 400,000 rupees during those days. To make matter worse, the administration was full of corrupt and incompetent officials, who at times also proved their disloyalty towards the central authority, by taking sides with rebels or by declaring their independence from Ahom rule.

paragraph: Prime Minister Purnananda Burhagohain was determined to restore the lost glory of Ahom Kingdom. Immediately after Kamaleswar Singha's accession, the real power behind the throne, Purnananda Burhagohain made a clean sweep of the officials who were opposed to him and appointed his nearest relatives in positions of trust and responsibility, having done so, devoted all his effort to the restoration of order throughout the country.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Remodeling of Ahom Army.

paragraph: Prime Minister Purnananda Burhagohain knew that a well-trained, fully armed and regularly paid standing army is very essential to maintain order in the country. During the reign of the previous monarch, Gaurinath Singha, he had witnessed how a small group of disciplined, well-armed and well-trained British troop had defeated large groups of Moamoria rebels. Therefore, remodeling of Ahom army in the line of British troops began during the reign of Gaurinath Singha, which was continued and extended during the reign of Kamaleswar Singha. In 1803 CE, Purnananda Burhagohain dispatched an embassy, consisting of Baloram Khangia Phukan, Bhudhar Chaliha Changkakati, Madhuram Bora, Govindram Sarma Khound and Tanusyam Sarma Khound under the leadership of his son Orekhanath Dhekial Phukan to the Governor-General of British India, Lord Wellesley with formal request to supply a quota of well-trained sepoys and large quantity of arms and weapons The Ahom envoys made over to the Governor-General 2000 gold mohurs (coins) and 10,000 silver rupees as present from the Ahom government to substantiate the request. The supplies solicited by Purnananda Burhagohain were readily granted; and with their help the Ahom army was organised on up-do-date lines. Local Assamese people from Bacha and Dayang regions were recruited in the army and were trained in modern methods of weaponry and warfare with the help of these sepoys from British army. The army was divided into eighteen companies of one hundred soldiers each. Chandra Gohain, a relation of the Premier, was appointed Captain, and he was subsequently raised to the rank of a Major and then Colonel. The commander had under him a gradation of Subedars and Jamadars. Later, detachments of the new force were garrisoned at Guwahati, Jorhat, Sadiya and Mahang.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Contributions from the Mahantas.

paragraph: In the depleted state of the royal treasury, it was found difficult to provide funds to pay the wages of the sepoys. The Mahantas or Adhikars, the spiritual heads of the Sattras (Vaisnavite religious monasteries) were called upon to assist by contributing sums according to the following scale: rupees 4,000 from every principal Sattra; rupees 400 from a Sattra of intermediate rank; rupees 100 from each of the minor Sattras; and rupees 50 each from still smaller Sattras. The Borbarua summoned the Khataniars or representatives of various Sattras and accordingly ordered them to collect the sum. With the sum thus raised the sepoys were paid their monthly wages.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:The Dundiya Revolt in Kamrup.

paragraph: Meanwhile, serious risings were reported from Kamrup. Popular sources attributes the cause of revolt was maladministration of Badan Chandra Borphukan, the then viceroy of Guwahati as well as Lower Assam. It is said that Badan Chandra Borphukan and his subordinate officers, who were mostly recruited from Upper Assam, use to mock the Lower Assam people as Dhekeri (maybe because of their unique dialect) Also they use to heap other insults and humiliations to the Lower Assam people. Some people appeal to the Ahom King and to the Prime Minister Purnananda Burhagohain complaining against Badan Chandra's atrocities. But the Central Ahom administration was more focused in restoring Ahom administration in Upper Assam which was badly affected by Moamoria rebellion and therefore they failed to understand the serious nature of dissatisfaction that was rising among the people of Kamrup against Badan Chandra Borphukan. Two brothers Har Datta Choudhary and Bir Datta Choudhary from Jikeri located in North Kamrup, raised a band of Kacharis and of Punjabi and Hindustani mercenaries, declared themselves independent from Ahom rule. Both were previously officers under Borphukan, the Ahom viceroy at Guwahati. Large number of people flocked to their standard, and nearly the whole of North Kamrup fell into their hands. It is said that the Koch rulers of Cooch Bihar and Bijni secretly aided the rebels, hoping to recover Kamrup from Ahom rulers, which was part of erstwhile Koch Kingdom. Local sources from Kamrup termed the acts of these two brothers as patriotic attempt to free the common people from autocratic administration of Badan Chandra Borphukan, while contemporary Ahom historians and sources mocked these rebels as Dundiyas, which literally mean people who like to quarrel or engaged in petty fights.

paragraph: Badan Chandra Borphukan was unable suppress the rebellion, and therefore, Purnananda Burhagohain appointed Kalia Bhomora from Sandikai family (one of the prominent Ahom family), as the new Borphukan of Guwahati. Kalia Bhomora Borphukan was an energetic and resourceful man. The rebels were threatening the Ahom garrison in Guwahati and there was no hope of any reinforcements from Purnananda Burhagohain who himself, was engaged in the restoration of Ahom rule in Upper Assam. In this critical hour, Kalia Bhomora Borphukan undertook the task of restoring Ahom rule in Kamrup on his own shoulder. He gathered some Hindustani mercenaries along with some local levies obtained from the Ahom's vassal rulers, the Rajah of Beltola and Dimarua. With this force, Kalia Bhomora Borphukan crossed the Brahmaputra river, attacked and defeated the rebel forces. Meanwhile, dissension broke out in the rebel camp. Many people of Kamrup were dissatisfied by the overbearing conduct and autocratic leadership of Har Datta Choudhary and his brother Bir Datta Choudhary. The brothers tried to escape, but eventually they were caught and put to a painful death. Some of the Hindustani mercenaries, who had joined the rank of the rebels, tried to cross over to the southern bank of Brahmaputra under the leadership of two Jamadars Bajusing and Alosing. Kalia Bhomora Borphukan encountered them on the river bank at Kamakhya, in which the rebels were defeated resulting in the death of a large number of Hindustani mercenaries. The Dundiya revolution in Kamrup came to an end. Having received this intelligence Kamaleswar Singha and the Prime Minister Purnananda Burhagohain was delighted and presented to Kalia Bhomora Borphukan a japi or a wicker hat-umbrella with a peak of gold. The King also conferred upon him the title of Pratap-ballabh, literally, 'one whose friend is valour'.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Insurrection of the Dafalas and Moamoria rebels in North bank of Brahmaputra.

paragraph: While Kalia Bhomora Borphukan was dealing with the Dundiya rebellion, trouble broke out in another part of Assam. Dafalas, a neighbouring hill tribe of north bank of Brahmaputra, joined hands with the Moamoria rebels and raised the standard of revolt in present-day Sonitpur District. The rebels crossed the river Brahmaputra at Duimuni-sila or Silghat in present-day Nagaon District. Having received this news Bhadari Borbarua sent out three companies of newly trained Ahom army to Silghat. The royal soldiers opened fire at the rebels, inflicting heavy losses. The rebels were defeated and many of them were killed, and others were drowned while trying to get into their boats. A few others were also captured alive; they were subsequently beheaded and their heads were transfixed to spears near the two celebrated rocks of Duimuni Sila as a warning to others. The remaining Dafala-Moamoria rebels fled to the north bank to seek refuge in the forests and hills. Purnananda Burhagohain was unable to continue pursuit for rebels across the river, as he was still engaged in the restoration of order on the south bank of Brahmaputra, and in setting up a stable central administration, which got disrupted during the long civil war.

paragraph: Meanwhile, the Dafalas- Moamorias rebels in the North Bank were united by one leader name Phofai Senapati. He gathered all his forces at Baskata and then dispatched one Madhuram Bairagi to Bengal to fetch a detachment of Barkandari sepoys or Hindustani mercenaries. With the help of these mercenaries the rebels ravaged numerous villages creating an atmosphere of terror among the common people. Prime Minister Purnananda Burhagohain immediately marched towards the rebels with several companies of Ahom army. The King ordered the Dekaphukan, an officer stationed in Guwahati, to cross over to North Bank to aid Purnananda Burhagohain. Dekaphukan's forces were ambushed by the rebels at the bank of Bharali River, however the rebels suffered defeat and they retreated to Baskata. Meanwhile, the Premier crossed to the North Bank, near the present town of Tezpur, and very soon reduced the Dafalas to submission. He proceeded to Goramur where he defeated several rebel bands, killing and capturing many rebel leaders. The Chief rebel leader Phofai Senapati got shot and killed in action. A large number of buffaloes, cows, ornaments and other articles were recovered from the rebels and confiscated to the State. After restoring order in the north bank of Brahmaputra, Prime Minister Purnananda Burhagohain paid his obeisance to the King, and submitted the booty to the Royal treasury.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Moamoria insurrection in Chokihat.

paragraph: After their recent defeats, the Moamoria fugitives went up and assembled in a body at Chokihat and Soaluguri. They were joined by other Moamoria groups led by Bharathi Raja or Bharat Singha, the self-proclaimed king of Morans and Moamorias at Rangpur. He was joined by Pitambar Thakur, the Mahanta or the religious head of Moamoria religious sect. The King commanded Prime Minister Purnananda Burhagohain to march against these rebels. The Premier, after collecting necessary quota of men and provisions, proceeded by land and water and fell upon the Moamorias at Chokihat, where fierce fighting took place between the Royalist and the Moamorias. Being unable to hold their ground the Moamorias fled and dispersed by land and water to the east. Their religious head or Mahanta, Pitambar Thakur was captured and put to death, Bharathi Raja managed to escape with some of his followers. Many Moamorias being famished offered their submission to the Premier who settled them at Khutiapota.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Death of King's father and appointment of new Borbarua.

paragraph: The King's father, Prince Kadam Dighala Charingia Raja, died in 1799 CE at Jorhat. Chandrakanta Gohain, the younger brother of Kamaleswar Singha, was appointed to the rank of Charingia Raja. Meanwhile, Bhadari Borbarua of Sandikai family died in 1800 CE. Therefore, Srinath of Duara family was appointed as the new Borbarua of Ahom Kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Operation against Khamtis.

paragraph: The Khamtis belong to the same Shan tribe from which the Ahoms belongs. They migrated to Assam some fifty or sixty years previously, with the permission of the Ahom King, settled themselves in the regions in and around Sadiya. During the reign of the previous monarch Swargadeo Gaurinath Singha, in 1794 CE, due to internal disturbances of the country and weakening central authority of Ahom Monarch, the Khamtis living near the region of Sadiya, raised against Ahom rule and after expelling Sadiya-Khowa Gohain, the Ahom Governor of Sadiya, they established their own rule in Sadiya, reduced the local Assamese people to slavery. It is said that the Khamtis were aided by other Shan tribes, such as Naras and Phakials, who also migrated to Assam in the later part of Ahom rule. In 1800 CE, Prime Minister Purnananda Burhagohain decided to restore Sadiya for Ahom Kingdom. Meanwhile, Kalia Bhomora Borphukan of Guwahati sent some sepoys, who were trained in European style of warfare and were armed in modern weapons, as reinforcement to Purnananda Burhagohain in Upper Assam. These newly trained and well-armed sepoys were sent against the Khamtis who proved their worth during the battles in hilly terrain by successfully defeating the Khamtis, and reclaimed Sadiya for Ahom Kingdom. The chief of the Khamtis, Burha Raja was captured along with many of his followers. The Khamti prisoners were brought in presence of the Premier, who settled them at the Tokolai forest, while their chief, the Burha Raja was kept under guard near the Capital Jorhat. A new Sadiya-Khowa Gohain was appointed and Ahom rule was restored in Sadiya . The Khamtis did not give any more trouble till the collapse of Ahom rule by Burmese invasion of Assam.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Operation against Moran-Singphou rebels and Bharathi Raja.

paragraph: In 1801 CE, trouble broke out in Eastern Assam, when Morans, disciples of Moamoria sect of Vaisnavite monastery, raised their heads against Ahom rule. Haripad Dekaphukan of Burhagohain family marched against the rebels with five companies of sepoys and surrounded them at Bengmara. The Morans, unable to stand, fled to Namrup where they were joined by Singphous, a frontier hill tribe. The combine Moran- Singphou army attacked the royalist with renewed strength, however they were beaten back by Haripad Dekaphukan's forces with heavy casualties. The Morans and Singphous formed themselves into two separate groups and dispersed in opposite directions. The spoils obtained from the warfare consisted of men, provisions, buffaloes, cows, copper, brass and cloths. Haripad Dekaphukan returned to the capital Jorhat and bowed to the King. The articles seized in the war were removed to the royal treasury.

paragraph: In the mean time, Moamorias under the leadership of Bharathi Raja, who came out of his hiding, regrouped themselves at Bengmara. Kamaleswar Singha, now, commanded Haripad Dekaphukan to deal with the insurgency caused by Bharathi Raja. Haripad Dekaphukan marched against Bharathi Raja with six companies of sepoys and chased the rebels from their strongholds. The royal army continued their pursuit for rebels and found them out in deep forest. The soldiers surrounded the rebels from all sides. Their leader Bharathi Raja fought bravely until he was hit by rifle shot and later pierced to death by rifle bayonets of Ahom soldiers. Seeing their leader fall, the Moamorias broke and dispersed into the forest. By order of the King the corpse of Bharathi Raja was transfixed to a spear in the midst of the newly settled Moamoria village at Khutiapota. Large numbers of Moamoria and Morans offered their submission to Royal authority and large number of articles and provisions were recovered from them. These successive defeats appear to have convinced the Moamorias of the hopelessness of further resistance, and for several years no further trouble was given by them in Eastern Assam.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Excavation of Bhogdoi Canal.

paragraph: In order to facilitate the supply of water in the newly established Capital Jorhat, Prime Minister Purnananda Burhagohain excavated a canal extending from Dichoi to the Kalioni. During the excavation of that stream the Adhikars or the head of the religious institutions fed the people with rice and cakes, while the King, the Premier and the Borbarua also supplied refreshments to the labourers. The name 'Bhogdoi', literally means food-offering, was thus given to the canal. Kamaleswar Singha went to see the newly constructed stream, where the nobles honoured him with gifts on a sarai and a taoban. The queen-mother Numali Rajmao also accompanied the King and distributed gifts on that day to women on the way.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Panimua's conspiracy.

paragraph: Since Swargadeo Kamaleswar Singha was young to manage the affairs of the state, the Prime Minister Purnananda Burhagohain hold supreme power. He dictates and issues all Royal edicts and orders, appoint and dismiss officers at his own will. Dissatisfaction arises among some section of people due to the dictatorship of the Premier. Panimua was a member of the Rati-Khowa sect, or the fraternity of night-worshippers whose creed sanctioned participation in indiscriminate food and in bacchanalian revelry. He misrepresented the actions of the Prime Minister and collected a number of followers with the avowed object of killing the Premier and the King. The conspirators armed themselves with an old rusted cannon which they mounted in the shrubberies in front of Burhagohain's compound. The Premier used to go out with an armed retinue of 240 men. They saw smoke coming out of the bushes and came upon the light-hearted conspirators in the fit of drunkenness. Panimua and his companions were immediately arrested. Panimua divulge the names of all people who were in line with the conspiracy. Almost all the conspirators were arrested. Taking advantage of the situation, Purnananda Burhagohain arrested those entire persons who had incurred his displeasure or wrath in past. He also ordered Srinath Duara Borbarua to inflict death sentence on every such person. These indiscriminate executions would have gone on indefinitely but for the timely intervention of Sibnath Dolakasharia Barua, the brother of Purnananda Burhagohain. Panimua and all his accomplices were executed. This took place in 1803 CE.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Efforts to bring back the fugitive cultivators.

paragraph: Owing to the disturbances caused by the Moamoria rebellion, many Assamese people seek refuge in neighbouring Kachari and Jaintia kingdoms. After the suppression of Moamoria rebellions by the Royalist, many Moamoria fugitives also seek refuge in these neighbouring kingdoms. Purnananda Burhagohain had been making constant efforts to induce fugitive cultivators to return to their homes. He also offered a free pardon to those who have fought on the rebel side. Many Assamese people returned to their villages, but a large number of Moamoria fugitives, who had taken refuge in Kachari and Jaintia territory, preferred to remain there. This led to a long correspondence with the Kachari and Jaintia rulers, who both declined to drive away their new subjects. The Jaintia controversy appears to have terminated with the ignominious expulsion of any envoy from Jaintia King Ram Singh II, because the letters which he brought were thought to be discourteous, and did not contain the adulatory epithets customary in the intercourse between oriental rulers. The dispute with Kachari king, Krishna Chandra turned from bad to worse, when reports of collaboration between Moamorias and Kacharis came to light. Purnananda Burhagohain was determined to bring back the fugitives and therefore after obtaining permission from the Swargadeo Kamaleswar Singha decided to use force.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Moamoria-Kachari disturbances in Nagaon.

paragraph: In 1803 CE, Purnananda Burhagohain dispatch a force to recover the fugitives, most of whom appear to have settled in the tract of level country around Dharampur, between the Mikir Hills and the Jamuna River. Meanwhile, the Moamorias assembled at one place with hostile intension. They were joined by the Kacharis from Kachari Kingdom, sent by Kachari king Krishna Chandra. An Ahom prince, Bijoy Barmura Gohain, grandson of Swargadeo Rajeswar Singha joined the rank of the rebels with the intention to become king. Kamaleswar Singha immediately issued orders to the Ahom troops stationed at Guwahati to march against the rebel. The troops from Guwahati united with the troops sent by Purnananda Burhagohain from Jorhat and assembled at Roha-Chowki. After uniting their strength, the Ahom force launched offensive against the combine force of Moamorias and the Kacharis at Jamunamukh and successfully defeated them. The enemy, however, quickly rallied, and took to raiding and burning villages near present-day Nagaon town. Meanwhile, a number of villages joined the rank of rebels, thereby greatly increasing their strength. Unaware of such developments, the Ahom army crossed the Kalang and Kapili River with the intension to attack the enemy. Instead, the Ahom force was ambushed and there ensued a severe battle between both sides. Finally supplies ran out of Ahom forces, and they were forced to retreat with a loss of 540 men and many guns. After this victory, the Moamorias came out and compelled the people to offer submission to them in the area bounded by the Kajali, the Brahmaputra and the mouth of the Micha river. Some of the chieftains of Lalung or Tiwa tribal community of present-day Marigaon District, whom the Ahom referred as Raja Powalis or subordinate kings also joined the rank of the rebels, with the intention to rise against Ahom rule.

paragraph: On hearing of this reverse, the Prime Minister Purnananda Burhagohain called in the troops stationed in the eastern districts and sent them with fresh levies to renew the conflict. Kamaleswar Singha sent Chandra Gohain, the Captain of newly trained Ahom army and Bacha Rajkhowa to Nagaon, with men and provisions to strengthen the position of the Ahom army. Another Ahom officer, Hao Sagar Bora also joined the royal forces with his men. The Ahom army pitched their camp at Khagarijan near Nagaon town in the north bank of Kalang. The Moamorias and the Kacharis, emboldened by their previous victory crossed the Kalang river and set fire to the villages, who were still loyal to the Ahom King. The royal troops attacked the coalition force of Moamorias and Kacharis and inflicted heavy casualties on the enemy forces. The entire force of Moamorias and Kacharis fled the battlefield and entered into the territory of Kachari Kingdom. On hearing the message of victory of Ahom forces, Kamaleswar Singha became delighted and rewarded the messengers with presents.

paragraph: Meanwhile, after their recent defeat, the Moamorias and the Kacharis started to regroup their forces within Kachari Kingdom. Anticipating trouble, Kamaleswar Singha, with the consultation of Prime Minister Purnananda Burhagohain, sent Haripad Dekaphukan, a veteran army commander, to the Moamoria-Kachari war in Nagaon with five companies of sepoys. The King also commanded the transfer of a portion of army stationed at Guwahati to the main theatre of war. Haripad Dekaphukan proceeded down by land and water and joined Chandra Gohain, the Captain and Bacha Rajkhowa at Roha-Chowki. Meanwhile, the Raja of Darrang came with two thousand soldiers, while Lakshmi Narayan Brahmachari, the Duariya Barua of Hadirachowki also came to the battle scene with five companies of soldiers. The newly arrived reinforcements were halted at Jagi-chowki in present-day Marigaon District. After making elaborate planning and preparation, Haripad Dekaphukan decided to conduct operations against the Moamorias and the Kacharis. Meanwhile, the Kacharis and the Moamorias burnt down peaceful villages on the banks of Kapili river. Haripad Dekaphukan set up his headquarters at Narikalguri and Chang-chowki and successfully suppressed the insurrection in those regions. But the rebels again appeared at Bebejia and Khagarijan. They were aided by Lalungs or Tiwa community people and local militia. The Bacha Rajkhowa marched against the rebel and halted at Birah-Bebejia. The rebels burned down the villages of Pathari, Potani-sija and Bheleuguri. Haripad Dekaphukan immediately came to the scene of battle and successfully chased the rebels from the regions. The Ahom army marched to Tetelikhana and afterward to Dabaka, from whence they proceeded to a fort on the bank of the Jamuna river. Meanwhile, the combine force of Moamorias and the Kacharis had advanced from Barthal to the village Demera. A quarrel then ensued between the Moamorias and the Kacharis, and some of the Kacharis abandoned the rank of Moamorias and offered their submission to the Ahom forces. Haripad Dekaphukan seized this opportunity, and escorted the Kacharis to Birah-Bebejia near the Kalang river where they were properly established. Haripad Dekaphukan started chasing the enemy force to permanently crush their resistance, however the enemy avoided to give any battle to the royal force. This hide and seek game continued for days, until one day, the royal forces unexpectedly came in face-to-face to combine force of Moamorias and Kacharis at the mouth of the Kalang river. There ensued a fierce battle between both sides, in which the combine force of Moamoria and Kacharis was decisively defeated. Many enemy soldiers were killed or wounded, while a large number of them were taken prisoner. Some of them again fled to the territories of Kachari Kingdom. This time, Haripad Dekaphukan chased the fugitives and entered into the territory of Kachari Kingdom. He captured a large number of Moamoria rebels, Kachari people and Assamese refugee, who fled the Ahom Kingdom during Moamoria rebellion and later settled them in Nagaon District. He also captured four Chieftains or Raja Powalis of Tiwa or Lalung community who were helping the Moamoria rebels and later put them to death along with other rebel leaders. Barmura Gohain, the Ahom prince who collaborates with the Moamoria rebels fled to Bengal, while other Moamoria leaders fled to Khaspur and Jaintiapur. Thus, the Kachari-Moamoria war in Nagaon came to an end in 1805 CE. During that time, Haripad Dekaphukan got news from his family in Jorhat that his wife gave birth to a son. Delighted, by this news and also with a desire to commemorate his victory in Kachari-Moamoria war, Haripad Dekaphukan, named his son as Ranonjoy, which literally mean victor of battles.

paragraph: Kamaleswar Singha was extremely pleased when he receives the intelligence of victory and suppression of rebels in Nagaon. He granted a khat or estate of 2000 pura of land (1 pura= 4 bighas of lands) in the Nagaon District to the victorious General Haripad Dekaphukan as reward for his services. The estate is known as Dekaphukanar Khat.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Moamoria rising in the East.

paragraph: In 1805 CE, there was a fresh rising of Moran Moamorias east of the Dibru river, whose chief, Sarbananda Singha, the self-proclaimed king of Morans, established himself at Bengmara. To govern his territory, like Ahom kings, Sarbananda called himself as Swargadeo and also appointed a Borbarua whose name was Ramnath. Kamaleswar Singha immediately called his veteran general Haripad Dekaphukan to suppress the rebellion in the east. Haripad Dekaphukan was accompanied by other veteran generals of Kachari-Moamoria war. They were Chandra Gohain or Captain Gohain, the Bacha Rajkhowa, Hao Sagar Bora and Bhiturual Phukan (officer in charge of inner chambers of Royal Palace), along with five companies of sepoy and other soldiers from different regions. Haripad Dekaphukan crossed the Dibru river and attacked the rebels at Bhutiating or Bahatiating. The rebels were defeated and they beat a hasty retreat to Holongaguri or Solongaguri. The Ahom army besieged the enemy there. After some time, monsoon arrives and heavy rain then set in. Nearly one thousand Morans died of fever, dysentery and scarcity of food. Many Morans came out and offered their submission while Sarbananda Singha and his companions escaped. Due to heavy rainfall, it was impossible to conduct any military operation during monsoon season, therefore Haripad Dekaphukan crossed the Dibru river with the captured Morans and settled them at Ghilamara, where he posted one company of sepoys to watch the captives. Meanwhile, Sarbananda Singha sent his minister Ramnath Borbarua to Burma to solicitate military aid from the Burmese monarch. At first, the Burmese monarch paid no attention to these requests, but later, he yielded and parties of Burmese twice brought into the country. On both occasions, however they were won by the agents of the watchful Purnananda Burhagohain.

paragraph: Next year, 1806 CE, another expedition was sent by Prime Minister Purnananda Burhagohain to fully crush the rebellion by Morans led by Sarbananda Singha. The Morans, after getting defeated, escaped into deep forest. Frustrated by his repeated failures, Sarbananda finally sought peace with the Ahom King. Since onset of monsoon will make further military operations impossible, Prime Minister Purnananda Burhagohain relaxed his severity towards Sarbananda and his follower Morans. He gave Sarbananada the title of Barsenapati and allowed him to administer the Moran people who lived in the tract between the Brahmaputra river and the Burhidihing river, as a subordinate ruler under the Ahom Monarch, in exchange of yearly tribute of 10,000 rupees. Thus in 1806 CE, the Moamoria rebellion finally came to an end during the reign of Swargadeo Kamaleswar Singha.

paragraph: The following years of Kamaleswar Singha were marked by peace and prosperity, except some minor inroads of Naga tribes in Plains, which were readily suppressed, and four Naga Chautangs or headmen came to Barhat with tributes and offered their allegiance to the Ahom Monarch.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Foreign relations.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Foreign relations.:Envoys from Mungkang.

paragraph: In 1800 CE, the King of Mungkang located in Upper Burma sent his envoy Panchamru with letters and presents. The envoy of Mungkang came by the route through Mahang, arrived at Jorhat in time. Following the customs of his predecessors, Kamaleswar Singha received the ambassador of Mungkang at Ranghar, wearing a turban and a cloak. Two platforms were erected on the two sides of the hall, which were occupied the Ahom nobles and officers, according to their rank and statues. After the formal reception of the envoy, the objectives of the letter were disclosed before the King, in which friendly relations with Ahom King was desired by the King of Mungkang. Kamaleswar Singha also sent gifts and letters with cordial message in the hands of the envoy of Mungkang and sent them to the King of Mungkang.

paragraph: In 1805 CE, the King of Mungkang sends his envoys seeking military assistance from the Ahom King. The envoys informed that the King of Mungkang had lost his kingdom after his defeat in the hands of the Burmese and was living as fugitive in China. It is not known what was the reply from Ahom side to that request but one can presume that the Ahom King must have politely refused to send any military assistance due to the lack of man-power and internal disturbances caused by Moamoria rebellion.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Foreign relations.:Relations with Bhutan.

paragraph: During the Moamoria rebellion, the Bhutias took many Assamese as prisoners and reduced them to slavery. During the disorders following that rebellion, Bhutan plains and hills became refuge of the rebels of various classes. As a result, relation with Ahom King with the Bhutias became strained. In 1801, the Purbaparia Chaudhari Brahman named Pankaj, and the Lekharu of Kharang named Kapchiga, was dispatched by Kalia Bhomora Borphukan of Guwahati to Deva-Dharma Raja, the ruler of Bhutan. The envoys were received most cordially and the ruler of Bhutan, Deva Dharma Raja then sent with them four Jinkaps or envoys named Jiva, Dindu, Khuoa and Barukdewa to Swargadeo Kamaleswar Singha with gifts and letters. The Bhutan Government however complained of raids on the Bhutias across the Gohain Kamala Ali, the traditional boundary with Bhutan. On enquiry, it was found that it was the Bhutias who had encroached on Ahom territory during the Moamoria rebellion.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Darrang affairs.

paragraph: In 1805 CE, Krishnanarayan, the tributary ruler of Darrang under Ahom, who failed to prevent Bhutia encroachment, was immediately summoned to the capital Jorhat. At the Biali-Mel or evening conference in the Royal Audience Hall, Srinath Duara Borbarua tried Krishnanarayan for his failure to prevent the Bhutia encroachment in the territories of Assam and his failure to protect the Assamese people living in the border regions with Bhutan, as a gross negligence of duty on his part. Krishananarayan was found guilty and he was deposed with immediate effect. His relative Sumudranarayan was appointed as the new king of Darrang in Royal Audience hall at Jorhat in presence of Swargadeo Kamaleswar Singha and the new king pledge his allegiance to the Ahom Monarch. Kamaleswar Singha presented Sumudranarayan with gifts and instructed Sumudranarayan to push the Bhutias back to the original border between the two countries.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Majiu Aideo's marriage.

paragraph: In order to strengthen the relation between the Royal House of Tungkhungia and the Kuoigayan Burhagohain family of Purnananda Burhagohain, in December, 1805 CE, Majiu Aideo, the younger sister of Swargadeo Kamaleswar Singha was given marriage to the second son of Purnananda Burhagohain. The marriage symbolizes the union of the Royal House of Tungkhungia and the Kuoigayan Burhagohain family. With this marriage, the influence of Prime Minister Purnananda Burhagohain over the Royal family increased and his respect over other Ahom nobles of Ahom Kingdom also rises.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Proposal to convert Assam into a feudatory state under the British.

paragraph: Kalia Bhomora Borphukan, the Ahom viceroy of Western Assam, was a farsighted statesman and a capable general. With his knowledge of the outside world, he realized that the association of British East India Company was the only possible remedy for counteracting the grave situation into which the Ahom Kingdom had been plunged. He submitted formal proposals to the Prime Minister Purnananda Burhagohain to negotiate with the British East India Company to become a tributary to the British Government, following the example of other kingdoms of the rest of India, especially the neighbouring kingdom of Koch Bihar. The proposal was discussed with all the leading nobles of the Ahom Kingdom, but it was rejected, as it was thought that it would be very unpopular with the people, who would disliked the idea of giving up the independence of the country to some foreign power. Purnananda Burhagohain had firm faith in his own powers and capability and rejected the proposal of Kalia Bhomora Borphukan as being pessimistic and premature.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Appointment of Badan Chandra as new Borphukan.

paragraph: Few days later the popular and capable Kalia Bhomora Borphukan died in Guwahati. In his place, the previous Borphukan, Badan Chandra was appointed as the new Borphukan, who was very much disliked by the people of Lower Assam because of the notorious acts of his and his two sons Janmi and Piyali. Meanwhile, to secure his position, Badan Chandra had established firm relationship with the Prime Minister Purnananda Burhagohain by giving his daughter Pijou Gabhoru, to Orekhanath Dhekial Phukan, one of the sons of Purnananda Burhagohain. The appointment of Badan Chandra to the post of Borphukan would prove fatal to both Purnananda Burhagohain and to the future of Ahom Kingdom in days to come.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Works of public utility.

paragraph: The period of stability and peace that ushered during the reign of Kamaleswar Singha, allowed the King and his minister to turn their attention towards the fulfilling of the civic and religious obligations of the state. Temples were erected at Chatrakar and Kamakhya at Guwahati with the usual endowments of lands and paiks for their perpetual maintenance. Jorhat having now assumed full-fledged metropolis, several approaching roads were constructed connecting the city with the interior villages. New villages were erected at Jorhat. Operations for catching elephants were instituted in a village at a distance of six miles east of Jorhat. One hundred and twenty elephants were captured and the village was henceforth known as Hatigarh.

paragraph: Kolia Bhomora Borphukan planned to construct a bridge over the Brahmaputra River at hills of Bhomoraguri, east of Tezpur town. All the building materials were collected at the building site, but unfortunately Kolia Bhomora Borphukan died while the construction work was at progress. After independence from British rule, the Government of India constructed a bridge over Brahmaputra River, at the same site and named the bridge after this great Ahom general and statesman, known as Kolia Bhomora Setu.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Works on literature.

paragraph: Kamaleswar Singha and Purnananda Burhagohain were patrons of letters, and Srikanta Suryya-bipra translated under their auspices, the Lanka-kanda of the Ramayana into beautiful Assamese verse. The queen-mother Numali Rajmao also compiled the famous Hitopadesh by a scholar named Bagish Bhattarcharya, in order to teach young King Kamaleswar Singha and his younger brother Chandrakanta Gohain, the ethics required to rule a country- a fact unfortunately symbolizing the last phase of Ahom supremacy in Assam.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Death.

paragraph: In January 1811 CE, there broke out a severe epidemic of smallpox in Jorhat and the neighbouring villages. The people were seized with a dire panic, and they refrained from visiting the houses of their friends, relatives and neighbours. The young King Kamaleswar Singha died of this disease. He was only sixteen years old at the time of his death. He was succeeded by his brother Chandrakanta Gohain, who will be crowned as the Sovereign of Ahom Kingdom as Chandrakanta Singha.

paragraph: Section::::Character and legacy.

paragraph: Kamaleswar Singha was very mild natured, kind-hearted person. He was aware that the country was going through critical phase and he should co-operate with the Prime Minister Purnananda Burhagohain in dealing with the problems of the state. Therefore, he offered his full support to the policies of Purnananda Burhagohain, which proved very beneficial for the kingdom. The power of Moamoria rebels was broken and the country experienced relatively peace and prosperity during his reign. The credit of the successful reign of Kamaleswar Singha actually goes to the Prime Minister Purnananda Burhagohain, who took control of the state's administration, since the king was minor at the time of his accession, and successfully performed all his duties towards the country. He successfully suppressed the Moamoria Rebellion and he recalled most of the Assamese fugitive cultivators, who fled the country during Moamoria Rebellion and was successful in settling them back in the Ahom Kingdom. He successfully reconstructed the towns and villages of Upper Assam, which were devastated by rebels, and was successful in establishing Jorhat as the Capital of Ahom Kingdom. He also excavated the Bhogdoi canal to facilitate the water supply for the citizens of Jorhat. He organized the first regular Ahom army, which was paid on regular basis, trained in European Warfare and armed with modern weapons. The modern Ahom army successfully suppressed the Moamoria rebels, beat back the incursions of hill tribes and Kacharis. The power of Ahom Kingdom revived and the respect for Ahom Monarchy was restored among the people of Assam.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ahom Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ahom Dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Singarigharutha ceremony

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kachari Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jaintia Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- British East India Company

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tezpur

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nagaon district

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kamrup district

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chirang district

paragraph: BULLET::::- Koch Bihar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bijni

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Beltola

description: Ahom king

wikidata_label: Suklingphaa

wikipedia_title: Suklingphaa


text:
evangelist
India
South Asia
Gospel contextualization
Christendom
Jesus
Punjab, British India
Punjab University
England
Agricultural Engineering
Christians
Sikh religion
Kings College
Canada
University of Manitoba
Winnipeg, Manitoba
Bible
Bombay
colonial India
Anglican
New Testament
Leviticus
Madras
Hyderabad
Ahmedabad
Kalimpong
pandal
J. Edwin Orr
Finney
Dwight L. Moody
G. Campbell Morgan
Graham Scroggie
Dave Hunt
Dr. Bob Finley
Norman Grubb
Jonathan Bonk
Ravi Zacharias
Christian Cemetery, Narayanguda
Sadhu Sundar Singh
Pandita Ramabai
Bakht Singh: Life Testimony and Legacy
Horeb House of Worship - Chicago, IL
Hebron Network
Hebrontimes

categories: University of the Punjab alumni,Punjabi people,University of Manitoba alumni,Indian Christians,1902 births,Converts to Christianity from Sikhism,2000 deaths

paragraph: Bakht Singh

paragraph: Bakht Singh Chabra also known as Brother Bakht Singh (June 6, 1903 – September 17, 2000) was a Christian evangelist in India and other parts of South Asia. He is often regarded as one of the most well-known Bible teachers and preachers and pioneers of the Indian Church movement and Gospel contextualization. According to Indian traditions, he is also known as 'Elijah of 21st Century' in Christendom. According to his autobiography, Bakht Singh first experienced the love and presence of Jesus when he was an engineering student in Canada in 1929. Even though previously he had torn up the Bible and was strongly opposed to Christianity, he then became a Christian. He was India's foremost evangelist, preacher and indigenous church planter who founded churches and established Hebron Ministries. He began a worldwide indigenous church-planting movement in India that eventually saw more than 10,000 local churches. Singh died on 17 September 2000, in Hyderabad, India.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Bakht Singh was born to religious Sikh parents Shri. Lal Jawahar Mal and Smt. Lakshmi Bai Joya in 1903 in the Punjab, British India. He studied in a Christian missionary school. He was actively involved in social work through the Sikh temple. He was married to Rama Bai at the age of 12, on June 6, 1915. After graduating from Punjab University he went to England for higher studies in 1926 and studied Agricultural Engineering. His parents were not in favor of him going to England; they were concerned that he would be influenced by Christians. Bakht Singh promised his parents that he would not be converted.

paragraph: Section::::Life in England and Canada.

paragraph: In England, he enjoyed the freedom of, and was greatly influenced by, the British lifestyle. He quickly adapted to this lifestyle, started smoking and drinking, traveled around Europe, and indulged in all kinds of fun and entertainment. He shaved his long hair, which was a mark of his loyalty to Sikh religion. Years later he went to Kings College in London, and in 1929, Bakht Singh went to Canada and continued his studies in agricultural engineering at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He was befriended by John and Edith Hayward, local residents and devout Christians, who invited him to live with them. The Haywards always read the Bible at every supper; they also gave him a Bible. He liked their company and he visited church and started reading the Bible. After seeking for some time, he became Christian and was baptized on 4 February 1932 in Vancouver, British Columbia.

paragraph: Section::::Christian work in India.

paragraph: Bakht Singh returned to India in 1933 and met his parents in Bombay. He had earlier informed his parents about his conversion by a letter. Reluctantly, they accepted him but requested him to keep it a secret for the sake of the family's honor. Upon his refusal, they left him. Suddenly, he was homeless. But he started preaching in the streets of Bombay. Soon he started attracting large crowds.

paragraph: Bakht Singh began speaking as a fiery itinerant preacher and revivalist throughout colonial India, gaining a large following. He at first preached as an Anglican evangelist before becoming independent. "Singh's role in the 1937 revival that swept the Martinbur United Presbyterian Church inaugurated one of the most notable movements in the history of the church in the Indian subcontinent," stated Dr. Jonathan Bonk in "Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions" published by Simon & Schuster Macmillan in 1998.

paragraph: He started thoroughly contextualized local assemblies patterned on New Testament principles after spending a night in prayer on a mountaintop at Pallavaram, Chennai in 1941. He held his first "Holy Convocation", based on Leviticus 23, in Madras in 1941. After this, the convocations were held annually in Madras and Hyderabad in the South, and in Ahmedabad and Kalimpong in the North. The one in Hyderabad was always the largest, drawing up to 25,000 participants. They would eat and sleep in huge tents, and meet under a large thatched pandal for hours-long prayer, praise and teaching meetings that began at dawn and ended late at night. The care and feeding of guests was handled by volunteers. Expenses for the meetings were given by voluntary offerings; no appeals were issued.

paragraph: Section::::Testimonies.

paragraph: J. Edwin Orr, British Church Historian: "Brother Bakht Singh is an Indian equivalent of the greater Western evangelists, as skillful as Finney and as direct as Dwight L. Moody. He is a first-class Bible teacher of the order of G. Campbell Morgan or Graham Scroggie."

paragraph: Dave Hunt, an apologetics writer: "The arrival of Bakht Singh turned the churches of Madras upside down. . . . Crowds gathered in the open air, as many as 12,000 on one occasion to hear this man of God. Many seriously ill were healed when Bakht Singh prayed for them, even deaf and dumb began to hear and speak."

paragraph: Dr. Bob Finley, President of Christian Aid Mission: "I have never seen a man who has a greater knowledge and understanding of the Bible than Bakht Singh. All our Western preachers and teachers seem to be children before this great man of God."

paragraph: Norman Grubb missionary statesman, author and teacher: "In all my missionary experience I think these churches on their New Testament foundations are the nearest I have seen to a replica of the early church and a pattern for the birth and growth of the young churches in all the countries which we used to talk about as mission fields."

paragraph: Jonathan Bonk: "Singh's role in the 1937 revival that swept the Martinbur United Presbyterian Church inaugurated one of the most notable movements in the history of the church in the Indian subcontinent."

paragraph: Ravi Zacharias, Indian-born Christian teacher and apologist: "I was a young Christian when I heard of Bakht Singh. His impact for Christ in India and worldwide has been immense."

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On 17 September 2000, Singh died in his sleep and was buried at Christian Cemetery, Narayanguda. The funeral was attended by nearly 250,000 people.

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bethany" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "God's dwelling place" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The return of God's Glory" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The skill of loving hands" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The joy of the Lord" (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Forty mountain peaks, a study of Isaiah chapters 24-66" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "David Recovered all" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The true salt" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Chosen" (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The overcomers secret"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Voice of the Lord" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Holy Spirit His Works and significance" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Walk Before Me Studies in the life of Abraham" (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fullness of God"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Much Business" (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Greatest secret: Power of His resurrection"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Salt and Light" (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Word In Season To The Weary"

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sadhu Sundar Singh

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pandita Ramabai

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bakht Singh: Life Testimony and Legacy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Horeb House of Worship - Chicago, IL

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hebron Network

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hebrontimes

description: Indian Christian Evangelist

wikidata_label: Bakht Singh

wikipedia_title: Bakht Singh


text:
Liverpool, England
Nova Scotia
Boston
dauphin
Louis XVI
Marie Antoinette
draughtsman
lithographer
ecclesiastical
Randolph, Massachusetts
East Chelsea, Massachusetts
Suffolk County Medical Society
East Milton, Massachusetts
granite
Alexander Hamilton
Greek
Ella Ferris Pell
Armory Show

categories: 1879 deaths,British emigrants to the United States,19th-century American sculptors,American male sculptors,People from Milton, Massachusetts,1816 births,Artists from Liverpool

paragraph: William Rimmer

paragraph: William Rimmer (20 February 1816 – 20 August 1879) was an American artist born in Liverpool, England. He was the son of a French refugee, who emigrated to Nova Scotia, where he was joined by his wife and child in 1818, and who in 1826 moved to Boston, where he earned a living as a shoemaker. Rimmer's father "believed himself to be the French dauphin, the son of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. " The son learned the father's trade; at fifteen became a draughtsman and sign-painter; then worked for a lithographer; opened a studio and painted some ecclesiastical pictures.

paragraph: In 1840 Rimmer made a tour of New England painting portraits, he lived in Randolph, Massachusetts, in 1845–1855 as a shoemaker, for the last years of the decade practising medicine; practised in East Chelsea, Massachusetts and received a diploma from the Suffolk County Medical Society and in 1855 removed to East Milton, Massachusetts where he supplemented his income by carving busts from blocks of granite.

paragraph: In 1860 Rimmer made his head of "St. Stephen" and in 1861 his "Falling Gladiator". Rimmer's sculptures, except those mentioned and "The Fighting Lions", "A Dying Centaur", and a statue of Alexander Hamilton (made in 1865 for the city of Boston), were soon destroyed. He worked in clay, not modelling but building up and chiselling; almost always without models or preliminary sketches; and always under technical disadvantages and in great haste; but his sculpture is anatomically remarkable and has an early Greek simplicity and strength.

paragraph: From 1866 to 1870 he was director of the Cooper Union School of Design for Women in New York City. Among his pupils there was Ella Ferris Pell.

paragraph: Rimmer published "Elements of Design" (1864) and "Art Anatomy" (1877), but his great work was in the classroom, where his lectures were illustrated with blackboard sketches.

paragraph: Rimmer's most famous work, though not normally associated with him, is "Evening: Fall of Day", which was the basis for the Swan Song record logo that the English rock group Led Zeppelin used. Another celebrated painting is his "Flight and Pursuit" in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.

paragraph: He was one of the artists who exhibited in the groundbreaking Armory Show of 1913, where he showed 4 drawings.

alias:
Dr. William Rimmer
Rimmer

description: American artist

wikidata_label: William Rimmer

wikipedia_title: William Rimmer


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text: Buster Smith

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text: Don Wilkerson

text: Unchain My Heart

text: "Unforgettable" album

text: Bokeem Woodbine

text: Ray

text: The Sound of the Wide Open Spaces!!!!

text: James Clay

text: Cannonball Adderley

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text: Jimmy Scott

text: Stanley Turrentine

text: Aretha Franklin

text: B. B. King

text: Average White Band

text: Jimmy McGriff

text: Eric Clapton

text: John Stein

text: Natalie Cole

text: Hank Crawford

text: Aaron Neville

text: Queen Latifah

text: Richard Tee

text: Dr. John

text: Cheryl Bentyne

text: the Manhattan Transfer

text: Gregg Allman

text: Doug Sahm

text: Atlantic

text: The Sound of the Wide Open Spaces!!!!

text: James Clay

text: Riverside

text: Straight Ahead

text: Fathead Comes On

text: House of David

text: Double Barrelled Soul

text: Jack McDuff

text: Bigger & Better

text: The Many Facets of David Newman

text: Captain Buckles

text: Cotillion

text: Lonely Avenue

text: The Weapon

text: Newmanism

text: Mr. Fathead

text: Warner Bros.

text: Front Money

text: Concrete Jungle

text: Prestige

text: Keep the Dream Alive

text: Scratch My Back

text: Resurgence!

text: Muse

text: Still Hard Times

text: Heads Up

text: Fire! Live at the Village Vanguard

text: Stanley Turrentine

text: Blue Head

text: Candid

text: Clifford Jordan

text: Blue Greens & Beans

text: Timeless

text: Return to the Wide Open Spaces

text: Ellis Marsalis Jr.

text: Cornell Dupree

text: Bluesiana Triangle

text: Windham Hill

text: Bluesiana Triangle

text: Bluesiana II

text: Mr. Gentle Mr. Cool

text: Kokopelli

text: Under a Woodstock Moon

text: Chillin'

text: HighNote

text: Keep the Spirits Singing

text: Davey Blue

text: The Gift

text: Song for the New Man

text: I Remember Brother Ray

text: Cityscape

text: Life

text: Diamondhead

text: The Blessing

text: Laverne Butler

text: Maxjazz

text: Ray Charles

text: The Great Ray Charles

text: Yes Indeed!

text: Ray Charles at Newport

text: What'd I Say

text: The Genius of Ray Charles

text: Ray Charles in Person

text: The Genius Hits the Road

text: The Genius After Hours

text: Sweet & Sour Tears

text: Pablo

text: Hank Crawford

text: The Soul Clinic

text: From the Heart

text: Double Cross

text: Mr. Blues Plays Lady Soul

text: Night Beat

text: Tight

text: Cornell Dupree

text: Eddie Harris

text: The Electrifying Eddie Harris

text: Randy Johnston

text: Detour Ahead

text: JW-Jones

text: B.B. King

text: There Must Be a Better World Somewhere

text: MCA

text: Let the Good Times Roll

text: Charles Kynard

text: The Soul Brotherhood

text: Junior Mance

text: I Believe to My Soul

text: Live at the Top

text: Truckin' and Trakin'

text: Bee Hive

text: Herbie Mann

text: The Inspiration I Feel

text: Mississippi Gambler

text: Hold On, I'm Comin'

text: First Light

text: Waterbed

text: Surprises

text: Reggae II

text: Arif Mardin

text: Journey

text: Jimmy McGriff

text: The Starting Five

text: The Dream Team

text: Straight Up

text: Feelin' It

text: Meeco

text: Jane Monheit

text: Never Never Land

text: N-Coded

text: Buddy Montgomery

text: Ties of Love

text: So Why Not?

text: Lee Morgan

text: Sonic Boom

text: Don Patterson

text: Mellow Soul

text: Jimmy Scott

text: Sire

text: Shirley Scott

text: Shirley Scott & the Soul Saxes

text: Lonnie Smith

text: Think!

text: John Stein

text: The Atlantic Family Live at Montreux

text: Starpulse.com

text: David "Fathead" Newman page at Artist Direct.

text: Worcester Radio Interview with David Newman

text: David "Fathead" Newman discography

categories: 20th-century saxophonists,Jazz-blues saxophonists,1933 births,Mainstream jazz saxophonists,Hard bop saxophonists,Deaths from cancer in New York (state),Deaths from pancreatic cancer,20th-century American musicians,2009 deaths,Musicians from Dallas,Jazz musicians from Texas,People from Corsicana, Texas,Soul-jazz saxophonists,American jazz saxophonists,American male saxophonists,20th-century male musicians,African-American musicians

paragraph: David "Fathead" Newman

paragraph: David "Fathead" Newman (February 24, 1933 – January 20, 2009) was an American jazz and rhythm-and-blues saxophonist who made numerous recordings as a session musician and leader, but is best known for his work as a sideman on seminal 1950s and early 1960s recordings by singer-pianist Ray Charles.

paragraph: The AllMusic Guide to Jazz wrote that "there have not been many saxophonists and flutists more naturally soulful than David "Fathead" Newman," and that "one of jazz's and popular music's great pleasures is to hear, during a vocalist's break, the gorgeous, huge Newman tones filling the space…" Newman is sometimes cited as a leading exponent of the so-called "Texas Tenor" saxophone style, which refers to the many big-toned, bluesy jazz tenor players from that state.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Newman was born in Corsicana, Texas, on February 24, 1933, but grew up in Dallas, where he studied first the piano and then the saxophone. According to one account, he got his nickname "Fathead" in school when "an outraged music instructor used it as an epithet after catching Mr. Newman playing a Sousa march from memory rather than from reading the sheet music, which rested upside down on the stand."

paragraph: Inspired by the jump blues bandleader Louis Jordan, Newman took up the alto saxophone in the seventh grade, and was mentored by former Count Basie saxophonist Buster Smith. He went off to Jarvis Christian College on a music and theology scholarship but quit school after three years and began playing professionally, mostly jazz and blues, with a number of musicians, including Smith, pianist Lloyd Glenn, and guitarist bandleaders Lowell Fulson and T-Bone Walker.

paragraph: Section::::Sideman and soloist with Ray Charles.

paragraph: Newman met and befriended Ray Charles in early 1951 when Charles was playing piano and singing with the Lowell Fulson band. Newman joined Charles’ band in 1954 as a baritone saxophone player, but later switched to tenor and became Charles’ principal saxophone soloist after tenor saxophonist Don Wilkerson left the band.

paragraph: Many of Charles’ seminal recordings during the 1950s and early 1960s feature a saxophone solo by Newman. These include hits such as "Lonely Avenue," "Swanee River Rock," "Ain’t That Love," "The Right Time" (with Newman on alto sax), and "Unchain My Heart". Although his solos were short in duration, they became, as the New York Times later noted, "crucial to the Ray Charles sound." Atlantic Records’ producer Jerry Wexler, who signed Charles to the label, called Newman Charles’ "alter ego on tenor." Charles said that Newman "could make his sax sing the song like no one else." As Newman himself put it, "I became famous for playing 8-bar and 12-bar solos!"

paragraph: In 1959, Newman released his debut album as a leader, "Fathead: Ray Charles Presents David Newman", with Charles playing piano. He stayed with Charles’ band until 1964, and rejoined the group in 1970–1971.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and career.

paragraph: After leaving Charles' band, Newman worked with Herbie Mann's band in 1970-71, and recorded albums for Atlantic, Warner Bros., Prestige and Muse. Newman did session work with a variety of artists, including Aretha Franklin, B.B. King, Joe Cocker, Dr. John, and with Natalie Cole on her "Unforgettable" album. He also worked as a sideman with Jimmy Scott, B.B. King, and Lou Rawls. He also scored films and performed in the Robert Altman film "Kansas City" and did a national tour with the band from that 1996 film for Verve records. In 1990 he was nominated for a Grammy Award for recordings with Art Blakey and Dr. John.

paragraph: Newman was portrayed by Bokeem Woodbine in the 2004 Ray Charles biopic "Ray" starring Jamie Foxx. While praising Foxx's performance as Ray Charles, Newman disputed the accuracy of the film's depiction of himself, in particular its portrayal of him as having introduced Charles to hard drugs.

paragraph: Newman died in Kingston, New York, at the age of 75 of pancreatic cancer.

paragraph: Over the years up to 2008, Newman recorded over thirty-eight albums under his own name, including his first, "Fathead, Ray Charles Presents David 'Fathead' Newman", recorded in 1958, but not released until 1960, and the second, "The Sound of the Wide Open Spaces!!!!", with James Clay, produced by Cannonball Adderley. He also played R&B and blues, appearing on recordings with Jimmy Scott, Stanley Turrentine, Aretha Franklin, B. B. King, the Average White Band, Jimmy McGriff, Eric Clapton, John Stein, Natalie Cole, Hank Crawford, Aaron Neville, Queen Latifah, Richard Tee, Dr. John, Cheryl Bentyne of the Manhattan Transfer, Gregg Allman, and country-rock/tex-mex artist Doug Sahm. The late Roy Hargrove, trumpeter, band leader and composer (1969-2018) credits hearing Mr. Newman play while Hargrove was still a high school student and being enthralled by his jazz improvisation. Mr. Newman performed with Hargrove and recorded several tunes on Hargrove’s 1995 album entitled Family.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On January 20, 2009, Newman died from complications of pancreatic cancer.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As leader/co-leader.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fathead: Ray Charles Presents David 'Fathead' Newman" (Atlantic, recorded 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Sound of the Wide Open Spaces!!!!", with James Clay (Riverside, 1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Straight Ahead" (Atlantic, 1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fathead Comes On" (Atlantic, 1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "House of David" (Atlantic, 1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Double Barrelled Soul" (Atlantic, 1968) with Jack McDuff

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bigger & Better" (Atlantic, 1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Many Facets of David Newman" (Atlantic, 1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Captain Buckles" (Cotillion, 1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lonely Avenue" (Atlantic, 1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Weapon" (Atlantic, 1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Newmanism" (Atlantic, 1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mr. Fathead" (Warner Bros., 1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Front Money" (Warner Bros., 1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Concrete Jungle" (Prestige, 1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Keep the Dream Alive" (Prestige, 1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scratch My Back" (Prestige, 1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Resurgence!" (Muse, 1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Still Hard Times" (Muse, 1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heads Up" (Atlantic, 1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fire! Live at the Village Vanguard" (Atlantic, 1989) with Hank Crawford, Stanley Turrentine

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blue Head" (Candid, 1989) with Clifford Jordan

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blue Greens & Beans" (Timeless, 1990) with Marchel Ivery & the Rein de Graaff Trio

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Return to the Wide Open Spaces" (Amazing, 1990) with Ellis Marsalis Jr. and Cornell Dupree

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bluesiana Triangle" (Windham Hill, 1990) with Bluesiana Triangle

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bluesiana II" (Windham Hill, 1991) with Bluesiana Triangle

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mr. Gentle Mr. Cool" (Kokopelli, 1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Under a Woodstock Moon" (Kokopelli, 1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chillin'" (HighNote, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Keep the Spirits Singing" (HighNote, 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Davey Blue" (HighNote, 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Gift" (HighNote, 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Song for the New Man" (HighNote, 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Remember Brother Ray" (HighNote, 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cityscape" (HighNote, 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Life" (HighNote, 2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Diamondhead" (HighNote, 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Blessing" (HighNote, 2009)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As sideman.

paragraph: With Laverne Butler

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Foolish Thing To Do" (Maxjazz, 2000)

paragraph: With Ray Charles

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Great Ray Charles" (Atlantic, 1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yes Indeed!" (Atlantic, 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ray Charles at Newport" (Atlantic, 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "What'd I Say" (Atlantic, 1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Genius of Ray Charles" (Atlantic, 1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ray Charles in Person" (Atlantic, 1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Genius Hits the Road" (ABC-Paramount, 1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Genius After Hours" (Atlantic, 1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sweet & Sour Tears" (ABC-Paramount, 1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jazz at the Philharmonic: Ray Charles - Berlin, 1962" (Pablo, 1996)

paragraph: With Hank Crawford

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Soul Clinic" (Atlantic, 1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "From the Heart" (Atlantic, 1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Double Cross" (Atlantic, 1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mr. Blues Plays Lady Soul" (Atlantic, 1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Night Beat" (Milestone, 1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tight" (Milestone, 1996)

paragraph: With Cornell Dupree

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Teasin' " (Atlantic, 1974)

paragraph: With Eddie Harris

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Electrifying Eddie Harris" (Atlantic, 1967)

paragraph: With Randy Johnston

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Detour Ahead" (HighNote, 1998 [2001])

paragraph: With JW-Jones

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kissing in 29 Days" (NorthernBlues, 2006)

paragraph: With B.B. King

paragraph: BULLET::::- "There Must Be a Better World Somewhere" (MCA, 1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Let the Good Times Roll" (MCA, 1999)

paragraph: With Charles Kynard

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Soul Brotherhood" (Prestige, 1969)

paragraph: With Junior Mance

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Believe to My Soul" (Atlantic, 1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live at the Top" (Atlantic, 1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Truckin' and Trakin'" (Bee Hive, 1983)

paragraph: With Herbie Mann

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Inspiration I Feel" (Atlantic, 1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mississippi Gambler" (Atlantic, 1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hold On, I'm Comin'" (Atlantic, 1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "First Light" (Atlantic, 1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Waterbed" (Atlantic, 1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Surprises" (Atlantic, 1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reggae II" (Atlantic, 1976)

paragraph: With Arif Mardin

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Journey" (Atlantic, 1974)

paragraph: With Jimmy McGriff

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Starting Five" (Milestone, 1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dream Team" (Milestone, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Straight Up" (Milestone, 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Feelin' It" (Milestone, 2001)

paragraph: With Meeco

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amargo Mel" (Connector, 2009)

paragraph: With Jane Monheit

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Never Never Land" (N-Coded, 2000)

paragraph: With Buddy Montgomery

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ties of Love" (Landmark, 1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "So Why Not?" (Landmark, 1988)

paragraph: With Lee Morgan

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sonic Boom" (Blue Note, 1967)

paragraph: With Don Patterson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mellow Soul" (Prestige, 1967)

paragraph: With Jimmy Scott

paragraph: BULLET::::- "All the Way" (Sire, 1992)

paragraph: With Shirley Scott

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shirley Scott & the Soul Saxes" (Atlantic, 1969)

paragraph: With Lonnie Smith

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Think!" (Blue Note, 1968)

paragraph: With John Stein

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Green Street" (Challenge, 1999)

paragraph: Other appearances

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Atlantic Family Live at Montreux" (Atlantic, 1977)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Starpulse.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- David "Fathead" Newman page at Artist Direct.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Forrest Dylan Bryant, "David "Fathead" Newman at Pearl's" (review), All About Jazz, January 29, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Worcester Radio Interview with David Newman

paragraph: BULLET::::- [ David Newman discography at Allmusic.com]

paragraph: BULLET::::- David "Fathead" Newman discography at Jazzlists

description: American jazz and rhythm-and-blues saxophonist

wikidata_label: David "Fathead" Newman

wikipedia_title: David "Fathead" Newman


text:
scholastic philosophers
Middle Ages
Late Middle Ages
Reformation
scholastic nickname
Rimini
Order of the Hermits of Saint Augustine
theology
University of Paris
Franciscan
Peter Auriol
Bologna
Padua
Perugia
Adam Wodeham
William Ockham
Walter Chatton
Peter Lombard's
Sentences
Padua
Rimini
Vienna
Cistercian
James of Eltville
Pierre d'Ailly
Henry of Langenstein
St Augustine
Auriol
Semipelagianism
predestination
Hell
propositional
nominalist
mental objects

categories: University of Paris alumni,Scholastic philosophers,1300s births,Christian theologians,14th-century Latin writers,Year of birth uncertain,1358 deaths,Augustinian friars

paragraph: Gregory of Rimini

paragraph: Gregory of Rimini (c. 1300 – November 1358), also called Gregorius de Arimino or Ariminensis, was one of the great scholastic philosophers and theologians of the Middle Ages. He was the first scholastic writer to unite the Oxonian and Parisian traditions in 14th-century philosophy, and his work had a lasting influence in the Late Middle Ages and Reformation. His scholastic nicknames were "Doctor acutus" and "Doctor authenticus".

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Gregory was born in Rimini around 1300. He joined the Order of the Hermits of Saint Augustine before studying theology in the 1320s at the University of Paris, where he encountered the ideas of the late Franciscan Peter Auriol. In the 1330s he taught at Augustinian schools in Bologna, Padua and Perugia, where he became familiar with the recent work of Oxford thinkers such as Adam Wodeham, William Ockham, and Walter Chatton. He returned to Paris in 1342 to prepare his lectures on Peter Lombard's Sentences, which he delivered in 1342–1344. Because of his familiarity with English philosophy during this time, he effectively transmitted contemporary Oxford ideas—with an Augustinian tinge—to Paris. He became a Master of Theology in 1345 and subsequently taught at schools in Padua and Rimini. Gregory died in Vienna in 1358 shortly after being named General of his Order.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.

paragraph: In his lifetime, Gregory composed a number of philosophical works including analytical tables to accompany his own lectures, tables on Saint Augustine's works, and a few governmental letters. Yet, his most important works are the lectures on Books I and II of Peter Lombard's "Sentences". (This should have been on the four books, but books III and IV seem to have been lost, or were never written).

paragraph: Many later scholastics copied long passages from his works. Those who borrowed from him or were influenced by him include the Cistercian James of Eltville, Pierre d'Ailly, and Henry of Langenstein.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Augustinianism.

paragraph: The most important influence in Gregory's thought was St Augustine. Gregory read Augustine more carefully and extensively than his predecessors, and so was able to attack Auriol for his faulty citations and quotations of Augustine, as well as for his Semipelagianism. Gregory adhered to Augustine's predestination and famously condemned unbaptised infants to Hell, for which he gained the nickname "Infantium Tortor" (torturer, or tormentor, of infants).

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Theory of sentences.

paragraph: Initially, with the intention of defining theology and natural sciences, Rimini developed a theory of sentences to describe scientific knowledge. He believed sentences neither to be extra-mental nor propositional; in this theory, sentences signify something exclusively by the make-up of their terms, but are neither reducible to individual terms nor are "mental sentences" identifiable. Defenders of this view claim that beliefs about the world are too complicated to correspond to specific language structures and thus, cannot serve as objects of scientific knowledge.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Nominalism.

paragraph: Gregory Rimini had a unique take on traditional nominalist views. He thought that to contrive understanding in physical reality by incorporating abstract objects was nonsensical, due to his belief that mental objects are used strictly for convenient social conventions and nothing else. With this divide between complex thought and physical reality, Rimini also believed statements describing infinitely many points, infinitely many lines, infinitely many planes, etc. are all false. Since these are all mental, abstract objects, they only exist in the minds of people who think about them. Thus, the notion of physical infinity is not applicable. Furthermore, God was always in close relation to these abstract objects, too. Rimini's nominalist view claims that God has the ability to distinguish abstract objects but has no need to manipulate them. To Rimini, God has no need to manipulate mathematical propositions because he exists outside of time and thus, has no need to think deductively about the individual abstract objects anyway.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gregorii Ariminensis OESA Lectura super Primum et Secundum Sententiarum" edited by A. Trapp et al., Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tomus I: Super Primum (Dist. 1-6)", 1981.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tomus II: Super Primum (Dist. 17-17)", 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tomus III: Super Primum (Dist. 19-48)", 1984.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tomus IV: Super Secundum (Dist. 1-5)", 1979.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tomus V: Super Secundum (Dist. 6-18)", 1979.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tomus VI: Super Secundum (Dist. 24-44)", 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tomus VII: Indices", 1987.

paragraph: Old editions:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gregorii Ariminiensis...super Primum et Secundum Sententiarum", Saint Bonaventure, NY: Franciscan Institute, 1955 [reprint of 1494 edition].

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gregorij Ariminiensis Ordonis Hermitaru[m] Diui Augustini ac Sacri Pagine Magistri in Secundo Sententiar[um] Admiranda Expositio", Milan, 1494.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pascal Bermon, "L'assentiment et son objet chez Grégoire de Rimini", Paris: Vrin, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hubert Elie, "Le signifiable par complexe. La proposition et son objet. Grégoire de Rimini, Meinong, Russell", Paris: Vrin 2002 (new edition of "Le complexe significabile", published in 1936).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heiko Oberman, (ed.), "Gregor von Rimini: Werk und Wirkung bis zur Reformation", Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1981.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Pasnau, "Philosopher Biography: Gregory of Rimini", in Robert Pasnau (ed.), "The Cambridge History of Medieval Philosophy", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jack Zupko, "Gregory of Rimini", in Jorge J.E. Garcia and Timothy B. Noone (eds.), "A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages", Malden: Blackwell, 2003.

description: Italian philosopher

wikidata_label: Gregory of Rimini

wikipedia_title: Gregory of Rimini


text: Sgan aluf

text: Israel Defense Forces

text: Israeli Arabs

text: IDF

text: Medal of Distinguished Service

text: Shaked Reconnaissance Battalion

text: Bedouin

text: Na'ura

text: Afula

text: Gilboa

text: Israel

text: Muslim

text: Bedouin

text: Mazarib tribe

text: Trans-Arabian Pipeline

text: Haifa

text: Palestine

text: Israeli independence

text: Sidon

text: Lebanon

text: Palestine

text: Haganah

text: Moshe Dayan

text: War of Independence

text: IDF

text: War of Independence

text: Minorities Unit

text: Hebrew

text: Fedayeen

text: Egypt

text: Gaza Strip

text: Jordan

text: Hebron

text: IDF

text: Rehavam Zeevi

text: Southern Command

text: Jordan Valley

text: IDF

text: counter-terrorism

text: acronym

text: Bedouin

text: Bedouin

text: Negev

text: Ramatkal

text: Jew

text: Jew from an Arab country

text: Jordan Valley

text: "Fouad" Ben-Eliezer

text: Iraqi

text: Jew

text: Arabic

text: Bedouin

text: Sabra

text: Israel

text: Six-Day War

text: Sinai

text: Rehavam Ze'evi

text: Minister of Defense

text: Moshe Arens

text: Brigadier General

text: President of Israel

text: Chaim Herzog

text: Shaked Battalion

text: Beer Sheva

text: Haifa

text: Kiryat Shaul

text: Rehavam Zeevi

text: Soviet Union

text: Ministry of Defense Izkor website

text: The Shaked Battalion Webpage

text: Biography of Rehavam Zeevi

categories: Deaths from cancer in Israel,1991 deaths,1920 births,Bedouin Israelis,Israeli civil servants,Arab Zionists,Israeli military personnel,Recipients of the Medal of Distinguished Service,Israeli Muslims

paragraph: Amos Yarkoni

paragraph: Sgan aluf Amos Yarkoni () (born 1 June 1920 — died 7 February 1991), was an officer in the Israel Defense Forces and one of six Israeli Arabs to have received the IDF's third highest decoration, the Medal of Distinguished Service. He was the first commander of the Shaked Reconnaissance Battalion of Israel's Southern command.

paragraph: Section::::Service in the IDF.

paragraph: Section::::Service in the IDF.:Early years.

paragraph: Yarkoni was born Abd el-Majid Hidr () in the Bedouin village of Na'ura (east of Afula, in the Gilboa region of northern Israel). His family were Muslim Bedouin of the Mazarib tribe.

paragraph: In 1936, at the age of 16, he joined a band which sabotaged the Trans-Arabian Pipeline (Tapline), an oil pipeline running from the Iraqi oilfields to Haifa while Palestine was under British Administration (after Israeli independence, the Tapline was redirected to Sidon, Lebanon). Due to an internal disagreement within the band, Abd el-Majid fled to a Jewish area of Palestine, where he was sheltered by Jews. There, he made contacts in the Haganah through Moshe Dayan.

paragraph: Abd el-Majid kept in touch with Dayan up until the War of Independence. In December 1947, as the war raged, he placed his destiny with the Jews, joining the nascent IDF and changing his name to Amos Yarkoni.

paragraph: Yarkoni served in a number of units during the War of Independence, eventually settling in the Minorities Unit, and proved himself to be an excellent tracker and patrolman, continually astounding his fellow soldiers with his abilities. In 1953, Yarkoni passed the Officer's Course (his main concern being that the exam was in Hebrew), and went on to become the Commanding Officer of the Minorities Unit.

paragraph: Section::::Service in the IDF.:Shaked.

paragraph: In 1955, the frequency and effectiveness of Fedayeen attacks being launched from the Egyptian-controlled Gaza Strip and the Jordanian-controlled Hebron Hills area against isolated Israeli civilian communities increased, and the IDF searched for new ways to eliminate the threat. Rehavam Zeevi, then a senior officer in the Southern Command and in charge of securing the isolated towns of the Jordan Valley, recommended Amos Yarkoni for the task. Yarkoni and Zeevi had met some years earlier, when serving in a joint minorities/Jewish unit, and remained close friends for the rest of their lives.

paragraph: Yarkoni accepted the recommendation, and the IDF tracking and counter-terrorism unit was formed under his guidance and command. The unit was named "Shaked" (, lit. "almond". Because the almond blooms early, the word also has connotations of "diligent" or "perseverant"). "Shaked" was also an acronym for ("Shomrei Kav ha Darom", "Guardians of the Southern Border").

paragraph: The unit fielded both Jews and non-Jews, yet when it came to Bedouin recruits, Amos was careful to accept only Bedouins from northern Israel (rather than the south of the country), so that they would not have to fight against their tribal brethren. Yarkoni was based in the Negev for many years, and was involved in countless operations. He was wounded many times, and his body was peppered with bullet and shrapnel wounds. He lost his right hand in combat in November 1959, and was badly wounded in the leg in an explosion.

paragraph: In 1961, after his recovery, Yarkoni was re-appointed as Commanding Officer of the Shaked Battalion. At the time, the Military Commander commented that ""if Moshe Dayan could be the Ramatkal (Chief of General Staff) without an eye, we can have a Battalion Commander with a prosthetic hand"".

paragraph: Even by this stage, many Israelis did not know that Amos Yarkoni was not Jewish: most simply assumed he was a Jew from an Arab country. A running joke among those who did know was ""Fouad the Jew and Amos the Bedouin"", referring to the two lead officers of counter-insurgency in the Jordan Valley: "Fouad" Ben-Eliezer, an Iraqi-born Jew with an Arabic name, and Amos Yarkoni, a Bedouin with a typically Sabra/Israeli name.

paragraph: During the Six-Day War (1967), Yarkoni served on the Sinai front. After years of distinguished service, Yarkoni retired from the IDF in 1969.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Yarkoni died on February 7, 1991, after a prolonged battle with cancer, aged 70.

paragraph: His old friend, Rehavam Ze'evi, requested that the IDF bury Yarkoni in a military cemetery, despite the fact that as a retired soldier, he was technically ineligible for a military burial. Both then-Minister of Defense, Moshe Arens, and the Head of Manpower for the IDF approved the request. In a mark of respect to Yarkoni, and going against military tradition, Yarkoni's coffin was carried by soldiers of a higher rank than him: six Brigadier Generals – his former commanding officers – carried his coffin. Behind the coffin marched the President of Israel, Chaim Herzog, political and military leaders, and ordinary Israelis from all walks of life. Also included in the cortège were former members of the Shaked Battalion.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Streets in several towns are named for him (including in Beer Sheva and Haifa).

paragraph: Section::::Burial controversy.

paragraph: Because Yarkoni was not Jewish, there was a problem with burying him in the Military Cemetery at Kiryat Shaul. (According to Orthodox Jewish burial law, Jews must be buried among Jews.) There was an outcry over the unseemliness of the impediment to burying a hero of the stature of Amos Yarkoni in a Military Cemetery. The matter was resolved quickly when Rehavam Zeevi, Yarkoni's lifelong friend and comrade, purchased a grave in the cemetery for himself, allowing Yarkoni to be buried at the end of the row, and therefore "technically" not in the Jewish part of the cemetery.

paragraph: The incident over Yarkoni’s burial, and the increasing numbers of non-Jewish soldiers (especially after the influx from the former Soviet Union in the early 1990s) has seen the system of burial for non-Jews in Jewish military cemeteries streamlined.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katz, Sam, and Ronald Volstad. "Israeli Elite Units Since 1948". Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 1988

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ministry of Defense Izkor website, citation

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Shaked Battalion Webpage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Rehavam Zeevi

description: Bedouin-Israeli military officer and civil servant

wikidata_label: Amos Yarkoni

wikipedia_title: Amos Yarkoni


text: Knoxville Nationals

text: sprint car racing

text: Long Beach, California

text: Jennerstown, Pennsylvania

text: sprint car

text: USAC

text: Championship Car

text: Indianapolis 500

text: Beaver Crossing, Nebraska

text: National Sprint Car Hall of Fame

text: International Motor Sports Hall of Fame

categories: People from Seward County, Nebraska,National Sprint Car Hall of Fame inductees,Racing drivers from California,20th-century American racing drivers,1939 births,1997 deaths,International Motorsports Hall of Fame inductees,Sportspeople from Long Beach, California,Indianapolis 500 drivers

paragraph: Jan Opperman

paragraph: Jan Opperman (February 9, 1939 – September 4, 1997), was an American racecar driver. He won the 1971 Knoxville Nationals, the premiere event in sprint car racing. In 1976, he won the Hulman Classic at Terre Haute,Ind., which at the time featured most of the top sprint car drivers in the country and had several drivers in the field who would start the Indianapolis 500 later that month.

paragraph: Born in Long Beach, California, Opperman died in Fountain, Florida, 16 years after suffering critical injuries from a crash during a race in Jennerstown, Pennsylvania. Known primarily as a sprint car driver, he also drove in the USAC Championship Car series, racing in the 1974 and 1976 seasons. He had 9 champ car starts, including the 1974 and 1976 Indianapolis 500 with 3 top ten finishes.

paragraph: Considered a natural driving talent, Opperman attracted the attention of Indy 500 veterans Parneli Jones and A.J. Foyt. His first start at Indianapolis came with the team co-owned by Jones, a sprint car veteran and winner of the 1963 Indianapolis 500. Opperman spent his early sprint car racing career running "outlaw" rather than sticking to one sanctioning body. He won dozens of races each year traveling across the country from race track to race track in pursuit of the best paying races.

paragraph: Opperman was just hitting his stride in the elite United States Auto Club's, sprint, midget and dirt car (called Silver Crown division today) divisions when he suffered critical head injuries while battling for the lead of the Hoosier Hundred at the Indianapolis State Fairgrounds in early September 1976. Opperman missed the 1977 season, but returned to racing on the outlaw circuit in 1978 but never again attained the level of success he achieved before that accident.

paragraph: Early in his career, Opperman was known as a hippie and part of the drug culture. During the 1960s when living in Beaver Crossing, Nebraska he became a dynamic Christian, and, until his catastrophic accident, was working toward creating a ranch in western Montana for troubled youth.

paragraph: One of Opperman's trademarks was a battered western hat that had been worn by his brother, Jay, who died while racing a sprint car at Knoxville Raceway on May 16, 1970.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Opperman was inducted in the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame in the first class in 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Opperman was inducted in 2011 to the International Motor Sports Hall of Fame in Talladega, AL.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reflections on Auto Racing's Original Outlaw, Johnson County Daily Journal, September 13, 1997

description: American racing driver

wikidata_label: Jan Opperman

wikipedia_title: Jan Opperman


text:
French
Paris
Yves Allégret
Eddie Constantine
Catherine Deneuve
Belle de jour
Luis Buñuel
The Milky Way
Luchino Visconti
The Leopard
Pier Paolo Pasolini
Pigsty
Bernardo Bertolucci
Partner
The Conformist
Liliana Cavani
Glauber Rocha
Miklós Jancsó
Jacques Rivette
Philippe Garrel
Dusan Makavejev
Sweet Movie
Fred Haines
film adaptation
Hermann Hesse
Steppenwolf
underground film
New Old
Viva
née
liver cancer
Milano
Paris
Gallimard
Fagnano Alto
il Sirente

categories: French male television actors,Deaths from liver cancer,1942 births,French male stage actors,1999 deaths,French male film actors,20th-century French male actors,French people of Italian descent,Male actors from Paris,Male actors of Italian descent,Deaths from cancer in France

paragraph: Pierre Clémenti

paragraph: Pierre André Clémenti (28 September 1942 – 27 December 1999) was a French actor.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Born in Paris to an unknown father and Rose Clémenti, a Corsican concierge whose surname he took, Clémenti had a difficult childhood and took refuge in literature and the theatre. He studied drama and began his acting career in the theatre. He secured his first minor screen roles in 1960 in Yves Allégret's "Chien de pique", performing alongside Eddie Constantine. Arguably his most famous role was that of the gangster lover of the bourgeois prostitute Catherine Deneuve in "Belle de jour", the 1967 classic by Luis Buñuel, in whose other film "The Milky Way" he played the Devil. He appeared in several highly regarded films of the period, working with many of Europe's best-known directors including Luchino Visconti ("The Leopard"), Pier Paolo Pasolini ("Pigsty") and Bernardo Bertolucci ("Partner" and "The Conformist"). Other directors he worked with include Liliana Cavani, Glauber Rocha, Miklós Jancsó, Jacques Rivette, and Philippe Garrel.

paragraph: In 1972, Clémenti's career was derailed after he was sentenced to prison for allegedly possessing or using drugs. Due to insufficient evidence, he was released after 17 months; later he penned a book about his time in prison. After his release he played the ever-optimistic sailor of the Potemkin in Dusan Makavejev's "Sweet Movie" and the role of Pablo, the seductive saxophone player, in Fred Haines's film adaptation of Hermann Hesse's novel "Steppenwolf". Throughout his career he continued to be active in the theatre.

paragraph: He was also involved with the French underground film movement, directing several of his own films which often featured fellow underground filmmakers and actors. "Visa de censure no X" was an experimental work composed of two films. "New Old" was a feature-length work starring Viva released in 1978. He went on to direct "La Révolution ce n'est qu'un début, continuons le combat", "In the Shadow of the Blue Rascal" and "Sun".

paragraph: He married actress Margareth Clémenti ("née" Le-Van, 1948), mother of his son Balthazar, born in July 1965. Later he was married to Nadine, mother of his second child, Valentin Clémenti-Arnoult.

paragraph: He died of liver cancer in 1999.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973 "Carcere italiano". Milano: Il Formichiere.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 "Quelques messages personnels". Paris: Gallimard.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 "Pensieri dal carcere". Fagnano Alto: il Sirente.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: DVD Pierre Clémenti film-maker

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pierre Clémenti, cinéaste, by Doris Peternel

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: Balthazar clémenti Author preface&postface "Quelques Messages Personnels"

description: French actor

wikidata_label: Pierre Clémenti

wikipedia_title: Pierre Clémenti


text:
USAC
Championship Car
Charlotte, North Carolina
Indianapolis 500
Driver Database Profile

categories: 1930 births,20th-century American racing drivers,2016 deaths,Sportspeople from Charlotte, North Carolina,Racing drivers from North Carolina,Indianapolis 500 drivers

paragraph: Bob Harkey

paragraph: Bob Harkey (June 23, 1930January 16, 2016) was an American driver in the USAC Championship Car series from Charlotte, North Carolina. He raced in the 1963–1979 seasons, with 85 career starts, including the Indianapolis 500 in 1964, 1971 and 1973–1976. He finished in the top ten 23 times, with his best finish in 4th position in 1964 at Trenton.

paragraph: For many years, Harkey, worked with Champion Spark Plug’s safety program.

paragraph: On January 16, 2016, he died in Indianapolis at the age of 85.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Driver Database Profile

description: American racing driver

wikidata_label: Bob Harkey

wikipedia_title: Bob Harkey