text:
American
motocross
Endurocross
AMA
125cc motocross national champion
F.I.M.
125cc world championship
Kawasaki
Suzuki
Endurocross
Mike Kiedrowski
X Games XVII
X Games XVIII
2013 X Games Los Angeles
2015 X Games Austin
Mike Brown home page

categories: Enduro riders,1972 births,People from Sullivan County, Tennessee,Motocross riders,AMA Motocross Championship National Champions,American motorcycle racers,Living people

paragraph: Mike Brown (motorcyclist)

paragraph: Mike Brown (born May 1, 1972) is an American former professional motocross racer and current Endurocross racer. He was the 2001 AMA 125cc motocross national champion.

paragraph: Section::::Motorcycle racing career.

paragraph: Brown won his first professional race in 1994. In 1999, he finished third in the F.I.M. 125cc world championship. He followed that performance with another third place in the 2000 125cc world championship.

paragraph: Brown competed in the United States in 2001 and won the AMA 125cc national championship riding for Kawasaki. In 2006, Brown finished 29th in the AMA MX Lites class and 15th in the MX class, racing for Suzuki. In 2007, he returned to Europe to compete in the MX1-GP championship, finishing in seventh place.

paragraph: After his motocross career, Brown began competing in Endurocross events. He won the inaugural 2009 World Off Road Championship Series (WORCS), becoming the first AMA rider since Mike Kiedrowski to win an AMA National Motocross Championship and a World Off-Road Championship Series title. In 2011 he competed at the Moto X event at X Games XVII and won the silver medal. The following year, he won the Enduro X gold medal at the X Games XVIII. Brown won another silver medal in EnduroX in the 2013 X Games Los Angeles and a gold medal in the 2015 X Games Austin.

paragraph: Brown is a playable character in the 2004 motocross video game "".

paragraph: As well as in the 2001 Motocross video game Mx rider.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mike Brown home page

description: American motorcycle racer, born 1972

wikidata_label: Mike Brown

wikipedia_title: Mike Brown (motorcyclist)


text:
Dutch
motocross
F.I.M.
world champion
Venlo
Cagiva

categories: 1967 births,Motocross riders,Dutch motorcycle racers,Living people,People from Venlo

paragraph: David Strijbos

paragraph: Dave Strijbos (born 8 November 1967) is a Dutch former motocross F.I.M. world champion.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Venlo, Strijbos was one of the top competitors in the 125cc motocross world championships in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He finished second in the 125 world championship in 1985, 1987, 1988 and 1992. In 1986, Strijbos won the 125 world championship while riding for Cagiva.

description: Dutch motocross rider

wikidata_label: David Strijbos

wikipedia_title: David Strijbos


text:
San Cosme, Corrientes
Argentine
chamamé
Roque L. Gonzalez
Juan Ayala
Antonio Niz
Veron-Palacios
Vera-Lucero
Lisardo Caceres
Evaristo Reyes
Hipolito Argentino Vargas
Gregory Molina
Julio Godoy
Luis Soloaga
Irenaeus Ramirez
Carlos Ramirez (singer)
Elpidio Miño Veron
Juan Ojeda
Alejandro
Alfredo Almeida
gall bladder

categories: 1974 deaths,People from Corrientes Province,Argentine male writers,Argentine songwriters,1918 births,Argentine musicians,Argentine composers

paragraph: Tránsito Cocomarola

paragraph: Mario del Tránsito Cocomarola (San Cosme, Corrientes, August 15, 1918 – September 19, 1974) was an Argentine musician and folklorist, and is known as one of the most influential figures of chamamé.

paragraph: His repertoire of about 400 compositions included some classics such as "Kilometro 11", "Puente Pexoa", and "Rincón dichoso" y "Retorno".

paragraph: In the 1930s and 1940s he joined several musical ensembles, such as "Los hijos de Corrientes", el "Trío típico Correntino", "Los Kunumí", and the "Trío Taragüí". In 1942 he recorded his first album in the Odeon, which would later kick start a solo career that lasted until the year of his death. He played alongside most great figures of the genre, including: Roque L. Gonzalez, Juan Ayala, Antonio Niz, the duo Veron-Palacios, the duo Vera-Lucero, the Trio Lisardo Caceres-Evaristo Reyes-Hipolito Argentino Vargas, and singers like Gregory Molina, Julio Godoy, Luis Soloaga, Irenaeus Ramirez, Carlos Ramirez (singer), Elpidio Miño Veron, Juan Ojeda, and Alejandro and Alfredo Almeida.

paragraph: After a complication during a gall bladder operation, he died on September 19, 1974. In Corrientes, the Provincial Act No. 3278 established that date as the "Chamamé Day." He was posthumously named "Illustrious Citizen of the City of Corrientes".

description: Argentine musician

wikidata_label: Tránsito Cocomarola

wikipedia_title: Tránsito Cocomarola


text:
Alberta
Legislative Assembly of Alberta
House of Commons of Canada
Bridgewater, Nova Scotia
1913 Alberta general election
1925 Canadian federal election
Wetaskiwin
Liberal Party of Canada
Progressive
Daniel Webster Warner
1926 Canadian Federal Election
William Irvine
Alberta Legislature Membership Listing

categories: Alberta Liberal Party MLAs,Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Alberta,1871 births,People from Bridgewater, Nova Scotia,Liberal Party of Canada MPs,1948 deaths

paragraph: Stanley Tobin

paragraph: Stanley Gilbert Tobin (January 19, 1871 - June 12, 1948) was a farmer, businessman, teacher and political figure in Alberta, Canada. Tobin served as a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta and a Member of the House of Commons of Canada.

paragraph: Born in Bridgewater, Nova Scotia, Tobin ran in the Leduc provincial electoral district in the 1913 Alberta general election. He was elected in a hotly contested election by just over 100 votes against Conservative George Curry.

paragraph: He would see re-election in 1917 and in 1921. His plurality in the 1921 election was just 10 votes.

paragraph: Stanley vacated his provincial seat in 1925 to run in the 1925 Canadian federal election in the Wetaskiwin Federal electoral district. He won election as a member of the Liberal Party of Canada. In that election he defeated incumbent Progressive incumbent Daniel Webster Warner.

paragraph: He only served in office for one year and was defeated in the 1926 Canadian Federal Election by William Irvine.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alberta Legislature Membership Listing

description: Canadian politician

wikidata_label: Stanley Tobin

wikipedia_title: Stanley Tobin


text: footballer

text: left back

text: Lisbon

text: S.L. Benfica

text: Primeira Liga

text: Portuguese Cups

text: European Cup

text: 1962 editions

text: French

text: Paris Saint-Germain FC

text: Portugal

text: friendly

text: England

text: Otto Glória

text: 1966 FIFA World Cup

text: Primeira Liga

text: Taça de Portugal

text: Taça de Honra

text: European Cup

text: FIFA World Cup

text: Portugal stats at Eu-Football

categories: Portuguese footballers,S.L. Benfica footballers,1940 births,Sportspeople from Lisbon,Association football defenders,Ligue 2 players,Primeira Liga players,Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players,1966 FIFA World Cup players,Expatriate footballers in France,Portugal international footballers,Portuguese expatriate footballers,Living people

paragraph: Fernando Cruz (footballer)

paragraph: Fernando da Conceição Cruz (born 12 August 1940) is a Portuguese retired footballer who played as a left back.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Born in Lisbon, Cruz was already first-choice with S.L. Benfica at the age of 20, going on to win eight Primeira Liga championships with the club as well as four Portuguese Cups. He played in all five European Cup finals the side reached in the 60s, winning the 1961 and 1962 editions and appearing in 346 official games during his 11-year stint (one goal).

paragraph: Cruz ended his playing career in June 1971, after one year with newly formed French team Paris Saint-Germain FC.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: Cruz played 11 matches for Portugal, his first appearance being on 21 May 1961 in a 1–1 friendly draw with England. He was included in Otto Glória's squad for the 1966 FIFA World Cup finals, failing to make an appearance for the third-placed nation.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Club.

paragraph: Benfica

paragraph: BULLET::::- Primeira Liga: 1959–60, 1960–61, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1968–69

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taça de Portugal (3): 1961–62, 1963–64, 1968–69, 1969–70

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taça de Honra (2)

paragraph: BULLET::::- European Cup: 1960–61, 1961–62

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:International.

paragraph: Portugal

paragraph: BULLET::::- FIFA World Cup: Third-place 1966

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portugal stats at Eu-Football

description: Portuguese footballer

wikidata_label: Fernando Cruz

wikipedia_title: Fernando Cruz (footballer)


text: American

text: cross-country skier

text: FIS Nordic World Ski Championships

text: 2007 championships

text: Sapporo

text: Winter Olympics

text: Turin

text: Houghton, MI

text: Shaftsbury, Vermont

text: Stratton Mountain School

text: US Ski Team

text: cinematography

text: Vermont State Police

text: 2010 Winter Olympics

text: The New York Times

text: USA Today

text: International Ski Federation (FIS)

text: XSki Films website

text: Stratton Mountain School

categories: American male cross-country skiers,Olympic cross-country skiers of the United States,Cross-country skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics,Living people,1984 births,Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics,Tour de Ski skiers,Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Cross-country skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Andrew Newell (skier)

paragraph: Andrew "Andy" Newell (born November 30, 1983) is an American cross-country skier who has been competing on the international level since 2001.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: His best individual finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was fifth in the sprint at the 2007 championships in Sapporo. Newell's best individual finish at the Winter Olympics was 16th in the sprint at Turin in 2006. In March, 2006, Newell won a bronze medal in a World Cup sprint race in Changchun, China. The medal was the first in just over 20 years for an American Nordic skier. Newell has a total of twenty one individual sprint victories at various levels since 2001, including his first National Championship in January, 2007, at Houghton, MI.

paragraph: Results in 2007–2008 season include: 2008 US National Sprint Champion, 4th place World Cup Kuusamo Finland, 2nd place World Cup Lahti Finland.

paragraph: Andrew Newell was born in Shaftsbury, Vermont. He attended the Stratton Mountain School for several years, where his career as a ski racer began to flourish. After completing his high school degree and some post-grad work at Stratton, Newell went on to join the US Ski Team, which he still competes for today.

paragraph: He also does cinematography as a hobby, and is the owner of a film company called 'X Ski Films.' Newell is known as one of the most talented persons on cross-country skis, as he demonstrates as a star in his own films. Among Newell's most noteworthy accomplishments in the XSki world are huge backflips on his skinny skis, 720's, and a radar-clocking (by the Vermont State Police) of over 50 mph.

paragraph: It was announced on January 19, 2010, that Newell had qualified for the 2010 Winter Olympics where he earned his best finish of ninth in the team sprint.

paragraph: He is represented by Ken Sowles Athletes Management and Sport Promotion.

paragraph: In 2013 Newell founded the Organization Athletes For Action, an Environmental organization focused on using professional athletes to bring attention to climate change. Some of his Climate Change Op-Eds were featured in "The New York Times" and "USA Today". Newell also works with the environmental organization Protect Our Winters and regularly speaks on behalf of sustainable practices and urging world leaders to politically take action against climate change.

paragraph: Section::::World Cup results.

paragraph: All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

paragraph: Section::::World Cup results.:Individual podiums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3 podiums – (3 )

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- XSki Films website

paragraph: BULLET::::- NBCOlympics.com announcement of the 2010 cross-country skiing team. – accessed 20 January 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stratton Mountain School

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arluck Promotions | Athlete Management – Andrew Newell

description: American cross-country skier

wikidata_label: Andrew Newell

wikipedia_title: Andrew Newell (skier)


text:
Rajcza
Polish
cross country skier
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships
2005
Janusz Krężelok
2007
Winter Olympics
Vancouver
2010

categories: People from Żywiec County,Cross-country skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics,Olympic cross-country skiers of Poland,Living people,1981 births,Polish male cross-country skiers,Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics,Tour de Ski skiers,Universiade gold medalists for Poland,Sportspeople from Silesian Voivodeship,Universiade medalists in cross-country skiing,Cross-country skiers at the 2007 Winter Universiade,Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics

image: 512px-Мацей_Кречмер.JPG

paragraph: Maciej Kreczmer

paragraph: Maciej Kreczmer (born 4 April 1981 in Rajcza) is a Polish cross country skier who has competed since 1999. His best individual finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was 17th in the sprint event in 2005 while his best overall finish was fifth in the team sprint event (with Janusz Krężelok) in 2007.

paragraph: Kreczmer's best individual finish at the Winter Olympics was 25th in the sprint event at Vancouver in 2010.

paragraph: He has two individual career victories at various levels both in sprint (2000, 2005).

description: Polish cross-country skier

wikidata_label: Maciej Kreczmer

wikipedia_title: Maciej Kreczmer


text: Norwegian

text: Kongsberg

text: Buskerud

text: Royal Norwegian Mint

text: goldsmith

text: Copenhagen

text: Herman Wilhelm Bissen

text: Rome

text: Erik Werenskiold

text: Louis Moe

text: Theodor Kittelsen

text: Edvard Munch

text: The Scream

text: Henrik Wergeland

text: Johan Sebastian Welhaven

text: Ole Jacob Broch

text: National Gallery of Norway

text: Jakob Aall

text: National Gallery of Norway

text: Halfdan Kjerulf

text: Anton Martin Schweigaard

categories: Norwegian sculptors,1886 deaths,Norwegian educators,People from Buskerud,1820 births,19th-century sculptors,Oslo National Academy of the Arts faculty

paragraph: Julius Middelthun

paragraph: Julius Olavus Middelthun (3 July 1820 – 5 May 1886) was a Norwegian sculptor and educator. He is most associated with his busts and statues.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Middelthun was born at Kongsberg in Buskerud, Norway. He was the son of Georg Middelthun (1779–1831) and Maren Margrethe Jørgensen (1785–1829). His father was employed at the Royal Norwegian Mint at Kongsberg. As a young man he trained as a goldsmith before moving to Copenhagen to study with Herman Wilhelm Bissen. His ten years there were followed by eight years in Rome (1851-6), after which he returned to Norway.

paragraph: From 1869 until his death in 1886, Middlethun taught at the Royal Drawing School in Christiania ("Tegneskolen i Kristiania") now the Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry in Oslo. Among his students were Erik Werenskiold (1883), Louis Moe and Theodor Kittelsen (1874), as well as Edvard Munch (1881) who painted the famous painting "The Scream".

paragraph: Section::::Selected Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bust of "Henrik Wergeland", University Library, Oslo (1861)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bust of "Johan Sebastian Welhaven", University Library, Oslo (1861)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bust of Otto Thott Fritzner, Trondheim Cathedral School (1862)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bust of Ole Jacob Broch, National Gallery of Norway (1869)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bust of "Jakob Aall", National Gallery of Norway (1871)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bronze bust of "Halfdan Kjerulf", Halfdan Kjerulfs plass, Oslo (1874)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Statue of "Anton Martin Schweigaard", University Square, Oslo (1883)

description: sculptor

wikidata_label: Julius Middelthun

wikipedia_title: Julius Middelthun


text:
Prince-Bishop of Merseburg
chronicler
German kings
Holy Roman Emperor
Ottonian
Saxon
Lothar II, Count of Stade
Lothar I, Count of Walbeck
Battle of Lenzen
Siegfried I the Older
Walbeck
Henry I the Bald
Stade
House of Udonids
Odo
Mieszko I of Poland
Battle of Cedynia
Henry II of Bavaria
Otto II
burgrave
Möckern
Lothair of Walbeck
margrave
Northern March
Halberstadt
Quedlinburg Abbey
Benedictine
Buckau
Magdeburg
cathedral school
Bruno of Querfurt
Augustine of Hippo
Virgil
Horace
Lucan
Macrobius
Otto III
Theophanu
Norsemen
provost
Tagino of Magdeburg
Henry II
Merseburg cathedral
Henry the Fowler
Henry II the Saint
Otto I
Otto II
Widukind of Corvey
Res gestae Saxonicae
Annales Quedlinburgenses
Otto III
Slavic tribes
river Elbe
Poles
Hungarians
Bulgarians
Latin
manuscript
Saxony
Bishopric of Merseburg
Wends
Dresden
bombing during World War II
facsimile
Gero Cross
Cologne cathedral
Archbishop Gero
dendrochronology
MGH
available online
digital MGH
Wattenbach, Wilhem
Internet Archive
Lappenberg, J.M.
Available online

categories: 1018 deaths,11th-century bishops,11th-century historians,German male non-fiction writers,German historians,German chroniclers,Roman Catholic bishops of Merseburg,11th-century German writers,Chronologists,975 births,Roman Catholic prince-bishops in the Holy Roman Empire

paragraph: Thietmar of Merseburg

paragraph: Thietmar (also Dietmar or Dithmar; 25 July 975 – 1 December 1018), Prince-Bishop of Merseburg from 1009 until his death, was an important chronicler recording the reigns of German kings and Holy Roman Emperors of the Ottonian (Saxon) dynasty. Two of Thietmar's great-grandfathers, both referred to Liuthar, were the Saxon nobles Lothar II, Count of Stade, and Lothar I, Count of Walbeck. They were both killed fighting the Slavs at the Battle of Lenzen.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Thietmar was a son of the Saxon count Siegfried I the Older of Walbeck (d. 990) and his wife Kunigunde (d. 997), daughter of Henry I the Bald, Count of Stade (House of Udonids). His father fought with Margrave Odo against Duke Mieszko I of Poland at the 972 Battle of Cedynia. At the time of Thietmar's birth, his family sided with the Ottonian duke Henry II of Bavaria ("the Wrangler") in his uprising against his cousin Emperor Otto II. Later, a balance was achieved; Siegfried became burgrave at Möckern and his brother Count Lothair of Walbeck served as margrave of the Northern March from 983 until his death in 1003.

paragraph: Baptized in Halberstadt, Thietmar prepared for an ecclesiastical career. He was educated at the St. Servatius chapter of Quedlinburg Abbey and from 987 onwards at the Benedictine abbey of Berge in Buckau near Magdeburg. From 1 November 990, he attended the Magedeburg cathedral school, together with his relative Bruno of Querfurt. He was familiar with the works of Augustine of Hippo, but even more with classical authors like Virgil, Horace, Lucan, and Macrobius.

paragraph: Thietmar witnessed the struggles of the young Ottonian king Otto III and his mother Theophanu to secure their reign. He took some part in some political events of the time; in 994 he was a hostage in the hands of the Norsemen, and he was not unfamiliar with the actualities of war. Upon the death of his parents, he inherited large parts of the Walbeck estates and in 1002 became provost of the family monastery, established by his grandfather Count Lothair II. On 21 December 1004, he was ordained as a priest by Archbishop Tagino of Magdeburg.

paragraph: In 1009, through the intercession of Archbishop Tagino, he became Bishop of the Merseburg diocese, which had been re-established by King Henry II in 1004. Thietmar was concerned with the full restitution of his bishopric. A loyal supporter of the German kingship, he rarely interfered in political affairs. He died on 1 December 1018 and was buried in Merseburg cathedral.

paragraph: Section::::Thietmar's Chronicle.

paragraph: Between 1012 and 1018 Thietmar, while Bishop of Merseburg, composed his chronicle "Chronicon Thietmari", which comprises eight books, that cover the period between 908 and 1018, the Saxon Emperors Henry the Fowler, the three Ottos, and Henry II the Saint. As counsellor of the Emperor and participant in many important political transactions he was well equipped for writing a history of his times.

paragraph: The first three books, covering the reigns of Henry I and the first two Ottos (Otto I and Otto II) are largely based on previous chronicles most of which are still extant (e.g. Widukind of Corvey's "Res gestae Saxonicae", the "Annales Quedlinburgenses" and others); the fourth book, comprising the reign of Otto III contains much original matter; while the remaining four books, which describe the reign of Henry II to the year 1018, are the independent narrative of Thietmar and, besides being the principal source for Saxon history during the reign of Henry II, contain valuable information, not to be found elsewhere regarding the contemporary history and civilization of the Slavic tribes east of the river Elbe, as well as Poles, Hungarians and Bulgarians.

paragraph: The Latin style and the composition are not of a high standard, largely because, as the original manuscript reveals, Thietmar continued to make amendments and insertions to the text after it was completed. Nor does he always discriminate between important and unimportant events.

paragraph: The chronicle is nevertheless an excellent source for the history of Saxony during the reigns of the emperors Otto III and Henry II. No information is excluded by Thietmar, but the fullest details refer to the Bishopric of Merseburg, and to the wars against the Wends (Polabian Slavs) and the Poles.

paragraph: The original manuscript was moved in 1570 to Dresden. When the city was destroyed by bombing during World War II the manuscript was severely damaged, and only a few folios remain intact. Fortunately a complete facsimile edition had been published by L. Schmidt (Dresden, 1905).

paragraph: Thietmar's statement that the Gero Cross in Cologne cathedral was commissioned by Archbishop Gero, who died in 976, was dismissed by art historians, who thought he meant another cross, until the 1920s, and finally confirmed as correct in 1976 by dendrochronology.

paragraph: Section::::Editions and translations of Thietmar's Chronicle.

paragraph: "Thietmari Merseburgensis episcopi Chronicon":

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mentzel-Reuters, Arno and Gerhard Schmitz. "Chronicon Thietmari Merseburgensis". MGH. Munich, 2002. Images of the Dresden MS (prepared by Birgit Arensmann and Alexa Hoffmann), a search facility and Holtzmann's 1935 edition, available online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holtzman, Robert (ed.) and J.C.M. Laurent, J. Strebitzki und W. Wattenbach (trs.). "Die Chronik des Thietmar von Merseburg." Halle, 2007 (1912). . New publication based on earlier editions and German translations and including 48 illustrations by Klaus F. Messerschmidt.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holtzmann, Robert (ed.). "Die Chronik des Bischofs Thietmar von Merseburg und ihre Korveier Überarbeitung". MGH Scriptores rerum Germanicarum NS 9. Berlin, 1935. Available from digital MGH

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wattenbach, Wilhem and Friedrich Kurze (eds.). "Thietmari Merseburgensis episcopi Chronicon". MGH Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi 54. Hanover, 1889. PDF available online from the Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lappenberg, J.M. (ed.). "Thietmari Chronicon a 919-1018." In "Annales, chronica et historiae aevi Saxonici", ed. Heinrich Pertz. MGH Scriptores (in Folio) 3. Hanover, 1839. 723–871. Available online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Warner, David A. (tr.). "Ottonian Germany. The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg". Manchester, 2001. . English translation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trillmich, Werner (tr.). In "Thietmar von Merseburg. Chronik". Ausgewählte Quellen zur Deutschen Geschichte des Mittelalters vol 9. 8th ed. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2002 (1957). . Translation into modern German.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holtzmann (tr.). 1938. GdV, 4.Aufl. German translation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- von Laurent (tr.). 2. Aufl. Berlin, 1879. German translation.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (full text of the facsimile of the Dresden MS and Holtzmann's edition)

description: German bishop and historian

wikidata_label: Thietmar of Merseburg

wikipedia_title: Thietmar of Merseburg


text:
Anglo
Dutch
East London
cooper
Guelders
patronym
Christ Church, Oxford
Anglo-Saxon language
Oath of Supremacy
goldsmith
freeman
Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths
German
Edmund Campion
priests in England
Antwerp
Nieuwe Tijdinghen
Abraham Verhoeven
newspaper
journalists
Pied Piper of Hamelin
Henry Jaye
available on Google Books
Willem Lesteens
Available on Google Books
Hendrick Aertsens
Irish
Tyrone

categories: English people of Dutch descent,16th-century male writers,1550s births,1640 deaths,17th-century English writers,16th-century English writers,17th-century male writers,English Roman Catholics,English male journalists,16th-century antiquarians,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Richard Rowlands

paragraph: Richard Verstegan, born Richard Rowlands (c. 1550 – 1640), was an Anglo-Dutch antiquary, publisher, humorist and translator. Verstegan was born in East London the son of a cooper; his grandfather, Theodore Roland Verstegen, was a refugee from Guelders who arrived in England around the year 1500.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Under the patronym Rowlaunde, Richard went to Christ Church, Oxford, in 1564, where he may have studied early English history and the Anglo-Saxon language. Having become a Catholic, he left the university without a degree to avoid swearing the Oath of Supremacy. Thereafter he was indentured to a goldsmith, and in 1574 became a freeman of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths. In 1576 he published a guidebook to Western Europe, translated from German, entitled "The Post of the World".

paragraph: At the end of 1581 he secretly printed an account of the execution of Edmund Campion but was discovered and 'being apprehended, brake out of England'. In exile he resumed the surname of Verstegen (Anglicized Verstegan). While in Paris he was briefly imprisoned at the insistence of the English Ambassador; in Rome, he was the recipient of a short-lived pension from the pope. In both of these cities he published accounts of the suffering of priests in England.

paragraph: In 1585 or 1586 he moved to Antwerp, and set up in business as a publisher and engraver, an intelligencer, and a smuggler of books and people. From 1617 to about 1630 Verstegan was a prolific writer in Dutch, producing epigrams, characters, jestbooks, polemics. He also penned journalistic commentaries, satires and editorials for the "Nieuwe Tijdinghen" (New Tidings) printed in Antwerp by Abraham Verhoeven from 1620 to 1629. This makes him one of the earliest identifiable newspaper journalists in Europe. He spent the rest of his long life in Antwerp, dying there in 1640.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Theatrum Crudelitatum haereticorum nostri temporis" (= Theatre of the Cruelties of the heretics of our time) (1587)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Restitution of Decayed Intelligence in Antiquities concerning the most noble and renowned English Nation" (1605; reprinted 1628, 1634, 1652, 1655, 1673). This includes the first English version of the story of the Pied Piper of Hamelin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nederlantsche Antiquiteyten" (1613; further editions 1631, 1646, 1662, 1700, 1701, 1705, 1714, 1725, 1733, 1756, 1809); an adaptation of the "Restitution of Decayed Intelligence"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Neder-duytsche epigrammen op verscheyden saecken" (Mechelen, Henry Jaye, 1617) – a volume of epigrams, available on Google Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sundry Successive Regal Governments in England" (1620)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spiegel der Nederlandsche Elenden" (1621)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scherp-sinnighe characteren. Oft subtijle beschrijvinghe" (Antwerp, Willem Lesteens, 1622). Available on Google Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Medicamenten teghen de melancholie" (published by Hendrick Aertsens, 1633)

paragraph: The verses on the defeat of the Irish rebels under Tyrone, entitled "England's Joy", by R. R. (1601), have mistakenly been attributed to him.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" article by Paul Arblaster, ‘Verstegan [Rowlands], Richard (1548x50–1640)’, 2004  accessed 5 Nov 2006

alias:
Richard Verstegen
Richard Verstegan

wikidata_label: Richard Rowlands

wikipedia_title: Richard Rowlands


text: Kent State University

text: Kent, Ohio

text: Ohio Army National Guard

text: Kent State shootings

text: invasion of Cambodia

text: Michigan State University

text: Phi Kappa Tau

text: Allison Krause

text: Sandra Scheuer

text: Vietnam War

text: Cambodia

text: John Filo

text: Pulitzer Prize

text: Mary Ann Vecchio

text: Allison Krause

text: Sandra Lee Scheuer

text: William Knox Schroeder

text: student strike

text: Washington, D.C.

text: military–industrial complex

text: shot

text: Ferncliff Cemetery

text: Hartsdale, New York

text: Plainview, New York

text: MIT

text: My Son Died 30 years Ago At Kent State

text: Jeffrey Miller: May 4 Archive

text: FBI files

text: Genealogical profile of Jeffrey Miller

categories: People from Plainview, New York,American anti–Vietnam War activists,Burials at Ferncliff Cemetery,Kent State University alumni,Deaths by firearm in Ohio,1970 deaths,1950 births,American Jews,Michigan State University alumni,Kent State shootings

paragraph: Jeffrey Miller (shooting victim)

paragraph: Jeffrey Glenn Miller (March 28, 1950 – May 4, 1970) was an American student at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio who was killed by the Ohio Army National Guard in the Kent State shootings. He had been protesting against the invasion of Cambodia and the presence of the National Guard on the Kent State campus. National Guardsmen opened fire on a group of unarmed students, killing Miller and three others, at an average distance of about 345 ft (106 m).

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Miller was born in New York, the son of Elaine Holstein and Bernard Miller. His family was Jewish.

paragraph: Four months before his death in May 1970, Miller had transferred to Kent State from Michigan State University. While at Michigan State, Miller pledged Phi Kappa Tau fraternity where his older brother, Russell, had been a member. He and his brother had always been close, and shared a birthday. After his brother graduated from Michigan State, Miller found himself feeling increasingly out of touch with the dominant culture at Michigan State. During the summer of 1969, an old friend from New York who attended Kent State urged Miller to consider transferring. He left Michigan State with 4 like-minded friends, also MSU students, in January of 1970, traveling together to Ann Arbor. He had protested the Vietnam War with these friends at MSU. He went on to Kent State while 3 of the 5 remained in Ann Arbor. He quickly adapted to Kent State and soon had many friends, including Allison Krause and Sandra Scheuer, who both died with him on May 4.

paragraph: Miller had taken part in the protests that day and had thrown a tear gas canister back at the Ohio National Guardsmen who had originally fired it. The protests, initially against the expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia, had escalated into a protest against the presence of the Ohio National Guard on the Kent State campus. Miller was unarmed when he was shot; he had been facing the Guardsmen while standing in an access road leading into the Prentice Hall parking lot at a distance of approximately . A single bullet entered his open mouth and exited at the base of his posterior skull, killing him instantly. John Filo's Pulitzer Prize-winning photo features Mary Ann Vecchio, a fourteen-year-old runaway, kneeling over Miller's dead body.

paragraph: Three other students were shot and killed at Kent State: Allison Krause, Sandra Lee Scheuer, and William Knox Schroeder; nine others were wounded, including one who was paralyzed for life. These and other shootings led to protests and a national student strike, closing hundreds of campuses. The Kent State campus remained closed for six weeks. Five days after the shootings, 100,000 people demonstrated in Washington, D.C., against the war and the military–industrial complex and protesting the killing of unarmed student protestors by American soldiers on a college campus. Eleven days after the Kent State shootings, on May 15, 1970, 2 students were shot and killed and 12 were injured at Jackson State University by the Jackson Police and Mississippi State Police.

paragraph: Miller was cremated and his ashes were placed in a niche in the community mausoleum (Unit 7, Alcove H-O, Column O, Niche 1) at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York. A memorial has been erected at Plainview – Old Bethpage John F. Kennedy High School, the high school that was later built (mid 1960s) in the same town as Miller's high school in Plainview, New York. Miller's mother had been a secretary to the principal of John F. Kennedy High School in the 1960s. There is a Kent State Memorial Lecture Fund at MIT established in 1970 by one of Miller’s childhood friends. The university has also placed a memorial at the spot where Miller died.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Newsday: A Long Island Student Dies at Kent State

paragraph: BULLET::::- My Son Died 30 years Ago At Kent State by Elaine Holstein, Miller's mother

paragraph: BULLET::::- The May 4 Shootings at Kent State University: The Search for Historical Accuracy, By Jerry M. Lewis and Thomas R. Hensley

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeffrey Miller: May 4 Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- FBI files

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogical profile of Jeffrey Miller

description: American activist

wikidata_label: Jeffrey Miller

wikipedia_title: Jeffrey Miller (shooting victim)


text:
Archbishop of Uppsala
Dalsland
Lund University
United States
ecumenical
Apartheid
South Africa
Sundsvall
Bishop of Härnösand
Archbishop of Uppsala
Porvoo Communion
Porvoo
Finland
Rome
Bridget of Sweden
Roman Catholic

categories: Lutheran archbishops of Uppsala,2010 deaths,1928 births,20th-century Lutheran archbishops,Bishops of Härnösand

paragraph: Bertil Werkström

paragraph: Bertil Werkström (9 June 1928 – 10 July 2010) was Archbishop of Uppsala from 1983 to 1993.

paragraph: Section::::Early years and education.

paragraph: Bertil Werkström was the son of the Gunnar Werkström (1904-1975) and Ingar Hedenskog (1908-1971). He grew up in Dalsland and studied theology at Lund University in 1954. He graduated in 1959. Afterwards he underwent hospitalization in the United States between 1959 and 1960. He became a doctor of theology in 1963 with the dissertation "Bekännelse och avlösning. En typologisk undersökning av Luthers, Thurneysens och Buchmans biktuppfattningar" (Confession and Relief. A Typological Examination of Lutheran, Thurneysen and Buchman's Concept of Conflict). In 1959 he married Brita Caroli, who died in 2013. During his time as Archbishop he supported ecumenical efforts and in international affairs favored sanctions against Apartheid South Africa. In 1984 he also maintained that homosexuality was "against the orders of creation."

paragraph: Section::::Ministry.

paragraph: Werkström was a hospital priest in Sundsvall between 1964 and 1970 and Rector of Sköndalsinstitutet between 1970 and 1975. He became the royal chief predictor in 1974. In 1975 he was elected Bishop of Härnösand, a post he kept till 1983 when he was elected Archbishop of Uppsala and Primate of Sweden. He retired in 1993. He died in 2010 after a long-term illness.

paragraph: Section::::Porvoo Communion.

paragraph: Werkström was active in the creation of the Porvoo Communion, which is a recognition and an agreement of unity between Lutheran churches in the Nordic and Baltic countries and Anglican churches on the British Isles. The so-called Porvoo agreement was signed in 1992 in the city of Porvoo in Finland.

paragraph: Section::::Rome visit.

paragraph: In 1991, he visited Rome to commemorate the 600th anniversary of the canonization of Bridget of Sweden together with the Roman Catholic pope.

description: Church of Sweden bishop

wikidata_label: Bertil Werkström

wikipedia_title: Bertil Werkström


text:
Galician orthography
head of state
Couto Misto
annexation
Spain
Portugal
Tourém
Montalegre
Couto Misto
microstate
postal administration
Aguadilla
Puerto Rico
Couto Misto

categories: 20th-century deaths,Heads of state in Europe,19th-century rulers in Europe,1835 births,Heads of state of former countries,19th-century Portuguese people,People from Montalegre

paragraph: Delfim Modesto Brandão

paragraph: Delfim Modesto Brandão (1835 – ?), also spelt with Galician orthography as Delfín Modesto Brandón, was the second to last "Juiz" (head of state) of the Couto Misto, taking office in January 1863, according to his memoirs, and followed by one last "Juiz" whose mandate ceased with the partition and formal annexation of the territory by Spain and Portugal on June 23, 1868.

paragraph: He was born in Tourém, a parish of the Portuguese municipality of Montalegre, but moved to the bordering Couto Misto. At the age of 28 he assumed the position of "Civil and Governative Judge" (formal title of the heads of state of the Couto Misto), being elected to put an end to continuous abuses and breaches of the microstate's sovereignty by Portuguese and Spanish authorities. He resigned from office when the partition and annexation of the territory was imminent.

paragraph: In 1904 he completed a memoir with his account of the last decades of the Couto Misto up to its extinction. These memoirs were published in Spanish in 1907 as "Interesante Historieta del Coto Mixto".

paragraph: He served as an officer ("Oficial quinto") in the Spanish postal administration of Aguadilla, Puerto Rico between 1881 and 1885.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Couto Misto

description: Juiz of Couro Misto

wikidata_label: Delfim Modesto Brandão

wikipedia_title: Delfim Modesto Brandão


text:
Massachusetts
Ithaca, New York
Martin Simpson
Hurricane Katrina
Dana Colley
Jerome Deupree
Billy Conway
Morphine
Mark Sandman
Vapors of Morphine
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Jeremy Lyons' official website
Vapors of Morphine's official website

categories: Musicians from Ithaca, New York,Living people,1970 births

paragraph: Jeremy Lyons

paragraph: Jeremy Lyons (born March 24, 1970) is an American musician, currently based in Massachusetts.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.

paragraph: Lyons was born in Ithaca, New York, United States. As a teenager, he learned from friends and first studied guitar with British folk musician Martin Simpson in Ithaca. After moving to New Orleans in 1992, he made his living playing in the streets with the Big Mess Blues Band for five years. He immersed himself in the local scene, playing Delta blues, zydeco, Cajun, gospel, R&B, traditional New Orleans jazz, and Harlem swing.

paragraph: Along with drummer Paul Santopadre and Greg Schatz, he founded the Deltabilly Boys. They played in the United States and Europe. Some of their albums includede "Count Your Chickens Before They Hatch" (1999); "Live at the Dragon’s Den"; "Death of a Street Singer"; "Live at Fribourg"; and "Jeremy Lyons and the Deltabilly Boys".

paragraph: He moved to Boston in 2005, fleeing from the flooding caused by Hurricane Katrina. There he met Dana Colley, Jerome Deupree and Billy Conway from the then disbanded Morphine and they started playing together, informally at first. In 2009, Colley and Deupree formed Members of Morphine, on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the sudden death of frontman Mark Sandman. Colley invited Lyons to play the two-string bass and sing in the newly formed band. The group later changed its name to Vapors of Morphine, and they had been playing weekly in Atwood’s Tavern, a small venue in Cambridge, Massachusetts, since the spring of 2009.

paragraph: Lyons also performs regularly for children at schools, libraries and special events. In 2014, he released a solo album called "Make it Better", and beside his work with Vapors of Morphine, he still plays with the Deltabilly Boys a few times a year and with his newest project, The Busted Jug Band, which performs hokum, blues and novelty music in an acoustic format.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeremy Lyons' official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vapors of Morphine's official website

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Jeremy Lyons

wikipedia_title: Jeremy Lyons


text: Salamanca

text: Imperial French

text: First French Republic

text: Army of Italy

text: Dego

text: Mondovi

text: Lodi

text: Bassano

text: Arcole

text: Montebello

text: Marengo

text: aide-de-camp

text: Claude Perrin Victor

text: Marshal

text: Jean Lannes

text: Prussia

text: Poland

text: general officer

text: 1807 invasion of Portugal

text: Vimeiro

text: Corunna

text: Bussaco

text: Fuentes de Onoro

categories: 1771 births,French commanders of the Napoleonic Wars,1812 deaths,French generals,French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars,French military personnel killed in the Napoleonic Wars,Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe,People from Hérault

paragraph: Jean Guillaume Barthélemy Thomières

paragraph: Jean Guillaume Barthélemy Thomières (18 August 1771 – 22 July 1812) was killed in action at Salamanca while commanding an Imperial French infantry division. He joined the army of the First French Republic in 1793 and fought the Spanish. He transferred to the Army of Italy in 1796 and was present at the battles of Dego, Mondovi, Lodi, Bassano, and Arcole. In 1800 he fought at Montebello and Marengo as an aide-de-camp to Claude Perrin Victor.

paragraph: In 1806 Thomières joined the staff of Marshal Jean Lannes and served in Prussia and Poland. He received promotion to general officer in July 1807. He participated in the 1807 invasion of Portugal. On 20 August 1808 he was wounded while leading his brigade at Vimeiro. He led a brigade at Corunna, Bussaco, and Fuentes de Onoro before being appointed to head a division. Thomières is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe on Column 38.

description: Commander of infantry division of First French Empire

wikidata_label: Jean Guillaume Barthélemy Thomières

wikipedia_title: Jean Guillaume Barthélemy Thomières


text:
Christoffer Gabel
Faroe Islands
Ove Juel
Paris
St. Petersberg
Moscow
Norway
Ulrik Frederik Gyldenløve
Ove Juul
Just Høeg
Bergen

categories: 17th-century Danish people,1645 births,17th-century Norwegian people,Danish nobility,Governors-general of Norway

paragraph: Frederik Gabel

paragraph: Frederik Gabel was the son of Christoffer Gabel, who held the trade monopoly for the Faroe Islands. He married Anne Cathrine Juul on 25 April 1671 in Christiania, the daughter of former Vice Governor-general of Norway Ove Juel. From 1667 through 1685 he served as a diplomatic envoy in Paris, St. Petersberg and Moscow.

paragraph: Gabel promoted a relatively progressive viewpoint, promoting increased separation between the administration in Denmark and that in Norway. Ulrik Frederik Gyldenløve had been Norway’s Governor from 1664 through 1699, but served much of that time in Denmark, relying on his Vice Governors, Ove Juul and Just Høeg. Based on his kinship to the king, Gyldenløve, as with Hannibal Sehested before him, had held substantial powers to act freely in Norway. Gabel was authorized extended powers when compared with his immediate predecessor, Just Høeg, but notably less freedom of action than Gyldenløve. Gabel drafted guidelines based on management principles to guide his stewardship of both the King’s land and the country of Norway and proposed them to the King in a letter dated 11 September 1700.

paragraph: During the severe fire in Bergen in 1702, Gabel, who was present, witnessed the obvious class hatred as the proletariat did nothing while the houses of the wealthy burned. After investigation, he concluded that great inequities had developed as the upper class had taken powers to themselves. He took those action he cold, but lacking the power to act as broadly as he’d like by himself, he wrote letters to the King proposing reforms to reduce the class divide.

description: Danish noble

wikidata_label: Frederik Gabel

wikipedia_title: Frederik Gabel


text: kunya

text: Muhammad

text: Ali

text: Umar

text: Zaynab the Elder

text: Fatimah

text: Hasan

text: Husayn

text: Zaynab al-Kubra

text: kunya

text: Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad

text: Ja'far's

text: Zayd

text: Empress of Byzantium

text: Awn

text: Muhammad

text: Abdullah

text: Muhammad Al-Munajjid

text: Asma bint Umays

text: Battle of Karbala

text: Kufa

text: Abdullah ibn Umar

text: Abu Hurairah

text: Baab Sagheer

text: Damascus

text: Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque

text: Zaynab the Elder

text: Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya

categories: Family of Muhammad,630 births,Female Sahabah,Banu Hashim

paragraph: Umm Kulthum bint Ali

paragraph: Zaynab al-Sughra (Zaynab the Younger), also known by her kunya Umm Kulthum bint Ali, was the granddaughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the daughter of Ali. Whether or not she married Umar is a controversial topic between Sunnis and Shia. She is given the epithet 'the Younger' to distinguish her from her older sister, Zaynab the Elder (Zaynab al-Kubra).

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: She was born around 6 AH as the fourth child of Ali and of Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah. Her siblings were Hasan, Husayn and Zaynab al-Kubra. Muhammad gave her the kunya 'Umm Kulthum' because she closely resembled his daughter, Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad, Zaynab's maternal aunt.

paragraph: Section::::First marriage.

paragraph: Section::::First marriage.:Sunni belief.

paragraph: Ali wanted his daughters to marry his brother Ja'far's sons, but Umm Kulthum's hand in marriage was requested by the Caliph, who promised, "No man on the face of the earth will treat her better than I will."

paragraph: Ali protested that she had not yet reached puberty, but Umar commanded that she be presented to him. Ali gave his daughter a striped garment and instructed her: "Take this to the Commander of the Faithful and tell him: 'My father says, "If you like this garment, keep it; if you don't like it, return it."'" When Umm Kulthum brought this message to Umar, she reported, "He did not undo the garment nor look at anything except at me." He told her that he was pleased, and so Ali consented to the marriage. Umar gave his bride a dower of 40,000 "dirhams", and the marriage was consummated in November or December 639 (Dhu'l-Qaada 17 AH).

paragraph: They had two children, Zayd and Ruqayya.

paragraph: One story from their married life tells how Umm Kulthum sent a gift of perfume to the Empress of Byzantium. The Empress sent back a "superb" necklace for Umm Kulthum. Umar believed that his wife should not have conducted a private correspondence at the expense of the state postal service, so he reimbursed her for the cost of the perfume and placed the Empress’s necklace in the state treasury. Nevertheless, it was said that Umar treated Umm Kulthum "with extreme honour and respect" because she was Muhammad's granddaughter.

paragraph: Section::::First marriage.:Shia belief.

paragraph: However, Shiites are of the view this marriage with Umar did not happen at all and it is a fabrication.

paragraph: Section::::Subsequent marriages.

paragraph: After Umar's death in 644, Umm Kulthum married her young cousin, Ja'far's son Awn for a dower of 4,000 "dirhams". Her brother Hasan remarked that he had never seen such passionate love as Umm Kulthum's for Awn. However, Awn died after only a short time.

paragraph: After Awn's death, Ali married Umm Kulthum to the brother of Awn Muhammad, again for 4,000 "dirhams". But Muhammad also died.

paragraph: After the death of her husband Muhammad, Umm Kulthum became one of the wives of Awn and Muhammad's eldest brother Abdullah, who had divorced her sister Zaynab al-Kubra.. With respect to divorce the book of Muhammad Al-Munajjid discloses that Zainab died while married to him (Abdullah bin Jafar). Umm Kulthum remarked: "I was not shy with [my mother-in-law] Asma bint Umays. Two of her sons died while married to me, but I did not fear this for the third."

paragraph: Umm Kulthum had no children by any of her three latter marriages.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Karbala.

paragraph: She is reported to have been present at the Battle of Karbala, during which her earings were taken from her by an attacking soldier. Afterwards, Umm Kulthum is said to have given a eulogy condemning the people of Kufa for abandoning her brother Husayn, who was killed in the battle.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Umm Kulthum and her son Zayd died at the same time, in Abdullah's lifetime. Eighty people attended their funeral, where Sa'id ibn al-'As conducted the prayers, and the congregation included Abdullah ibn Umar and Abu Hurairah.

paragraph: Umm Kulthum is buried in Baab Sagheer cemetery in Damascus, Syria. The Mausoleum of Umm Kulthum is located in Arrawiya village in Damascus.

paragraph: Fatimids believe that she is also known as "Zaynab the Younger" and that she is buried at Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque, Damascus; whereas Zaynab the Elder lived at the end of her life in Cairo and was buried at Zaynab Mosque, Cairo.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Disputed issues in early Islamic history

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya

description: granddaughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the daughter of Imam Ali

wikidata_label: Umm Kulthum bint Ali

wikipedia_title: Umm Kulthum bint Ali


text: Ali ibn Abi Talib

text: Fatimah bint Muhammad

text: Islamic "Nabi"

text: Prophet

text: Muhammad

text: Bayt

text: Muhammad

text: Islam

text: Sunni

text: Shia

text: ‘Abdullah ibn Ja‘far

text: Husayn

text: Yazid

text: ibn

text: Mu‘awiyah

text: CE

text: ‘Ali ibn Al-Husayn

text: Masjid

text: Damascus

text: Syria

text: Ali ibn Abi Talib

text: Fatimah

text: Medina

text: Hijrah

text: Jumada al-awwal

text: Julian calendar

text: Sha'aban

text: Islamic calendar

text: Hasan

text: Husayn

text: Abdullah ibn Ja'far

text: Kufa

text: Quran

text: Muawiyah I

text: Battle of Karbala

text: Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin

text: Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad

text: Imams

text: Shia

text: Damascus

text: majlis

text: Fatimah bint Husayn

text: exegesis

text: Safar

text: Fatimah

text: khutbah

text: sermon

text: Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid

text: Jumada al-Thani

text: Safar

text: Dhu al-Hijjah

text: Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque

text: Sayyidah Zaynab

text: Syria

text: Sunnis

text: Al-Sayeda Zainab Mosque

text: Cairo

text: Fatimid

text: Dawoodi Bohra

text: 52nd Dai

text: Mohammed Burhanuddin

text: Umm Kulthum bint Ali

text: mourning custom

text: Battle of Karbala

text: Iranian Revolution

text: Lebanon

text: Iran

text: Arba'een

text: Sakinah (Fatima al-Kubra) bint Husayn

text: Day of Ashura

text: Day of Tasu'a

text: Sayyidah Nafisah bint Al-Hasan

text: Sayyidah Ruqayyah of Cairo

text: Al-Tall Al-Zaynabiyya

text: Zaynab bint Ali

categories: Family of Muhammad,Banu Hashim,Year of birth uncertain,682 deaths,Female Sahabah,626 births,Ali,Battle of Karbala

paragraph: Zaynab bint Ali

paragraph: Zaynab bint ʿAli (, Also: 'Zainab') was the daughter of the Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatimah bint Muhammad. The Islamic "Nabi" (, Prophet) Muhammad was her maternal grandfather, and thus she is a member of his "Bayt" (, Household). Therefore, she is often revered not only for her characteristics and actions, but also for her membership in, and continuation of, the biological line of Muhammad. Like other members of her family she became a great figure of sacrifice, strength, and piety in Islam – in the Sunni and Shia sects of the religion.

paragraph: Zaynab married ‘Abdullah ibn Ja‘far, and had three sons and two daughters with him. When her brother, Husayn, fought against Yazid ibn Mu‘awiyah in 680 CE (61 AH), Zaynab accompanied him. She played an important role in protecting her nephew, ‘Ali ibn Al-Husayn, and because of this, she became known as the "Heroine of Karbala". Zaynab died in 681 CE, and her Masjid is located in Damascus, Syria.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Zaynab was the third child of Ali ibn Abi Talib and his wife Fatimah, daughter of Muhammad. Sources suggest she was born in Medina in the 5th year of the Hijrah (Wednesday, 5 Jumada al-awwal, 5 AH/October 2, 626 CE Julian calendar). There is some debate over whether she was born on the 5th of Jumada al-awwal or the 1st of Sha'aban of the Islamic calendar.

paragraph: Like her two elder brothers, Hasan and Husayn, Zaynab was named by Muhammad. It is described that she resembled both her father and her grandfather. The name "Zaynab" means "the adornment of her father". Three of ‘Ali's daughters were in fact named Zaynab, so sometimes this Zaynab was referred to as "Zaynab the Elder".

paragraph: Fatimah died when Zaynab was seven years old. As per her mother's request, Zaynab took on somewhat of a maternal role to her brothers. As a result, the siblings developed an especially close relationship.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family life.

paragraph: When Zaynab came of age, she was married to her first cousin ‘Abdullah ibn Ja'far, a nephew of ‘Ali, in a simple ceremony. Although Zaynab's husband was a man of means, the couple is said to have lived a modest life. Much of their wealth was devoted to charity. He maintained a reputation for liberality and patronage in Medina, earning him the nickname “the Ocean of Generosity” (Bahr al jud in Arabic).

paragraph: The marriage of Zaynab did not diminish her strong attachment to her family. Ali felt a great affection for his daughter and son-in-law, so much so that in 37 AH (657/65/8) when he became caliph and moved the capital from Medina to Kufa, Zaynab and Abdullah moved with him. Zaynab bore four sons – ‘Ali, Aun, Muhammad, and Abbas – and one daughter, Umm Kulthum.

paragraph: Some sources suggest that Zaynab held sessions to help other women study the Quran and learn more about Islam. According to one of her biographies, "The Victory of Truth", she started this practice in Medina and later continued it when she moved with her father and family to Kufa.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Karbala.

paragraph: Sometime after the death of the Muawiyah I, Husayn went to Kufa by the invitation of the people of Kufa for him to claim the leadership of the Muslim community. Zaynab accompanied him, as did most of his household. By the time Husayn's army arrived, the people of Kufa had changed their minds and betrayed and did not join Husayn's army at the Battle of Karbala.

paragraph: In many ways, Zaynab functioned as a model of defiance against oppression and other forms of injustice. When her nephew, Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin, was sentenced to death by the governor of Kufah (Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad), she threw herself over him in a protective embrace yelling "By God, I will not let go of him. If you are going to kill him, you will have to kill me along with him." Moved by Zaynab's action, the captors spared Zayn al-Abidin's life. Because Zayn al-Abidin was the only one of Husayn's sons to survive the Battle of Karbala, this courageous action was pivotal in preserving the survival of an important part of Ali genetic line and thus the future Imams in Shia Islam.

paragraph: Zaynab and the other survivors of Husayn's army, most of them women and children, were marched to Damascus, Yazid's capital, where they were held captive. Tradition says that Zaynab, already in anguish due to the death of her brother Husayn and her sons Aun and Muhammad, was forced to march unveiled. This was an extreme indignity to inflict on a high-ranking Muslim woman, the granddaughter of Muhammad.

paragraph: While captive in Damascus, Zaynab held the first "majlis", or lamentation assembly in the palace of Yazid to mourn the loss of her beloved brother Husayn.

paragraph: Another illustration of Zaynab's pious defiance was when a Syrian in Yazid's court demanded that he be given one of the younger captive girls, Fatimah bint Husayn.* Zaynab countered by suggesting that Syrian man was not worthy and did not have that type of authority. When Yazid claimed he had the authority to decide either way, Zaynab issued a scathing retort, answering “You, a commander who has authority, are vilifying unjustly and oppress with your authority."

paragraph: This comment is representative of a larger sermon attributed to Zaynab in which she condemns Yazid and many of his actions, specifically focusing on his treatment of the household of Muhammad. The sermon is very eloquent and is reminiscent of the work in the Quran's exegesis, Zaynab did with other women in Medina and Kufa. The full text of this sermon is linked in the external links section below.

paragraph: Eventually, Yazid released his captives and allowed them to return to Medina. On the way back, the party stopped once again at Karbala to mourn the loss of Husayn and the others that died there.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Karbala.:Sermon at Yazid's court.

paragraph: At the first day of Safar, according to a narration of Turabi, when they arrived at Damascus, they and the heads of fallen ones were taken into Yazid's presence. The identity of each head and killed persons were explained to him. Then he paid attention to an objecting woman. Yazid asked: "Who is this arrogant woman?" The woman rose to answer and said: "Why are you asking them [the women]? Ask me. I will tell you. I am the granddaughter of Muhammad. I am the daughter of Fatimah." People at the court were impressed and amazed by her. At this time, Zaynab gave her "khutbah" (, sermon).

paragraph: According to the narration of Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid, in Yazid's presence, a man with red skin asked Yazid to give one of the captured women as a bondwoman.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: The exact date and place of her death are not clear but it is probable that she died in the year 62 AH (681/682) some six months after her return to Medina. Some sources state that she died of illness during a journey with her family from Medina to Syria, at a location known as "Zaynabia". Others suggest she was assassinated by Yazid's soldiers while being extradited from Egypt.

paragraph: The anniversary of her death is said to be either the 11th or 21st of Jumada al-Thani, the 24th of Safar, or the 16th of Dhu al-Hijjah. Some suggest that her grave can be found within Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque in Sayyidah Zaynab, Syria. Alternatively, many Sunnis believe her grave can be found within Al-Sayeda Zainab Mosque, a different mosque that is located in Cairo. The Fatimid/Dawoodi Bohra support the claim that Zaynab is buried in Cairo. Their 52nd Dai, Mohammed Burhanuddin, made "zarih" (a cage-like structure surrounding the tomb) for the shrine in Cairo. The Fatimids and some others believe that the Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque in Damascus is actually the burial site of one of her sisters, Umm Kulthum bint Ali (perhaps caused by confusion between "Sugra" and "Kubra"). There is some historical evidence suggesting Zaynab lived in Cairo near the end of her life.

paragraph: Section::::Death.:Ritual mourning.

paragraph: From the first days of the month of Muharram up to the tenth day of Ashura, during the mourning custom which includes sermons, reviewing narrations of the Battle of Karbala, not only the death of people who were killed in Karbala is commemorated but also the role of woman in battle particularly Zaynab as "transmitter of Husayn ibn Ali's message" is done in Shia towns.

paragraph: The ritual of majlis, or lamentation assembly mourning the deaths of the Prophetic line, is still practiced as an integral part of Shia Islam.

paragraph: Section::::Historical Impact.

paragraph: According to Rawand Osman, during the Battle of Karbala Zaynab is introduced as a woman who stood against cruelty, so this role has been practiced by women in the Iranian Revolution and also in the Lebanon in the last three decades.

paragraph: Section::::Historical Impact.:Nurse's Day.

paragraph: In Iran, her birthday is recognized as Nurse's Day because she nursed children such as Husayn's son Ali among others but also because of her taking care of those wounded in the Battle of Karbala.

paragraph: As Rawand Osman mentioned, Zaynab's caring for Ali, who was among the survivors, shows the unusual role her she took on which went against traditional behavior. In addition to this, the author noted her devotional and political role.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arba'een

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sakinah (Fatima al-Kubra) bint Husayn

paragraph: BULLET::::- Day of Ashura

paragraph: BULLET::::- Day of Tasu'a

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sayyidah Nafisah bint Al-Hasan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sayyidah Ruqayyah of Cairo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al-Tall Al-Zaynabiyya

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zaynab bint Ali in Encyclopedia of Religion

paragraph: BULLET::::- Speech said to have been given by Zaynab to Yazid

description: Sahaba

enwikiquote_title: Zaynab bint Ali

wikidata_label: Zaynab bint Ali

wikipedia_title: Zaynab bint Ali


text:
Edward I of England
Edward II
favouritism
Piers Gaveston
Earl of Kent
rebellion
Hugh Despenser the Younger
his father
Queen Isabella
Roger Mortimer
Edward III
Edmund
John
Edward I of England
Eleanor of Castile
Edward II
Margaret of France
Thomas
Woodstock
Oxfordshire
Philip III of France
charter
marks
earldom of Norfolk
earldom of Cornwall
Edmund
favourite
Piers Gaveston
Vita Edwardi Secundi
Gloucester Castle
Earl of Kent
Treaty of Leake
Pope John XXII
Avignon
Ordinances
Amiens
homage
rebellion
Hugh Despenser the Younger
Hugh Despenser the Elder
Bartholomew Badlesmere
steward of the royal household
Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
Leeds Castle
Kent
Welsh Marches
Roger Mortimer
Thomas of Lancaster
Earl of Surrey
Pontefract
Battle of Boroughbridge
treason
Wallingford Castle
Maurice de Berkeley
marks
Robert the Bruce
Battle of Old Byland
York
Andrew Harclay
Earl of Carlisle
Warden of the Marches to Scotland
hanged, drawn and quartered
Charles IV of France
homage
Duchy of Aquitaine
duchy
Saint-Sardos
Alexander de Bicknor
Archbishop of Dublin
lieutenant in Aquitaine
the short war
La Réole
Isabella
Edward
Henry, Earl of Lancaster
Earl of Arundel
Scottish Border
Philippa
Franciscan
Winchester
Westminster Abbey
Margaret Wake
Thomas Wake, Baron Wake of Liddell
Edmund
John
Les Rois maudits
historical novel
Maurice Druon
French miniseries adaptation
Michael Prestwich

categories: 1330 deaths,1301 births,Earls of Kent (1321),People executed under the Plantagenets for treason against England,People from West Oxfordshire District,14th-century English people,Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports,House of Plantagenet,Executed people from Oxfordshire

paragraph: Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent

paragraph: Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent (5 August 130119 March 1330) was the sixth son of Edward I of England, and a younger half-brother of Edward II. Edward I had intended to make substantial grants of land to Edmund, but when the king died in 1307, Edward II failed to follow through on his father's intentions, much due to his favouritism towards Piers Gaveston. Edmund still remained loyal to his brother, and in 1321 he was created Earl of Kent. He played an important part in Edward's administration, acting both as diplomat and military commander, and in 1321–22 helped suppress a rebellion against the King.

paragraph: Discontent against the King grew, however, and eventually affected also Edmund. The antagonism was largely caused by Edward's preference for his new favourites, Hugh Despenser the Younger and his father. In 1326, Edmund joined a rebellion led by Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer, whereby King Edward II was deposed. Edmund failed to get along with the new administration, and in 1330 he was caught planning a new rebellion, and executed.

paragraph: Once the new king, Edward III, came of age and assumed personal control of government, he annulled the charges against his uncle. The title and estates of the Earl of Kent descended on Edmund's son, also called Edmund. When this Edmund died, in 1331, his brother John became earl. Though he was officially exonerated, Edmund did not enjoy a great reputation during his life and afterwards, due to his unreliable political dealings.

paragraph: Section::::Family background and early years.

paragraph: Edward I of England had a great number of children with his first wife, Eleanor of Castile, but only one son who survived into adulthood – the future Edward II (born 1284). After Eleanor died, the king married Margaret of France, with whom he had two children: Thomas (born 1300) and, when the king was sixty-two, Edmund. Edmund was born at Woodstock in Oxfordshire on 5 August 1301, and was therefore referred to as Edmund of Woodstock. Son of the English king, he was also, through his mother, grandson of Philip III of France. On 7 July 1307, before Edmund had turned six, King Edward I died, leaving Edmund's half-brother Edward to succeed as King Edward II.

paragraph: Though not resident in the two boys' household, Edward I had taken great interest in the princes' upbringing and well-being. Before he died, the king had promised to provide Edmund with substantial grants of land. In August 1306, Edward I signed a charter promising Edmund land worth 7000 marks a year, and in May 1307, 1000 marks was added to this. He probably intended to give the earldom of Norfolk to Thomas, while Edmund would receive the earldom of Cornwall, which had been left vacant after Edward I's cousin Edmund died without children in 1300. When Edward II came to the throne, however, he went against his father's wishes by granting the earldom of Cornwall to his favourite Piers Gaveston. According to the chronicle "Vita Edwardi Secundi", this act was a grave insult to the king's younger brothers. Edward II nevertheless took steps to provide his half-brother with an income; grants made in 1315 and 1319 secured Edmund 2000 marks a year. In May 1321, Edmund received the strategically important Gloucester Castle, and further grants followed his creation as Earl of Kent on 28 July 1321.

paragraph: Edward II's close relationship to Gaveston had been a source of conflict at court, and Gaveston's execution by a group of rebellious barons in 1312 had brought the country to the brink of civil war. As Edmund came of age, he became an important member of the circle around his brother. In 1318, the Treaty of Leake was drafted as an effort to reconcile the opposing parties, and Edmund – as his first public act – was among the witnesses to sign this treaty. Further official appointments followed. In the spring of 1320 he took part in an embassy to Pope John XXII in Avignon, where the mission was to absolve the king of his oath to uphold the Ordinances, a set of restrictions imposed on royal authority by the baronage. Later that year, he joined his brother the king in Amiens, where Edward was paying homage to the French king. In October 1320, Edmund attended his first parliament.

paragraph: Section::::Civil war.

paragraph: As the political conflict escalated into full-scale rebellion in 1321–22, Edmund played an important role in its suppression. The opposition stemmed from resentment against the king's new favourites, Hugh Despenser the Younger and Hugh Despenser the Elder. When Bartholomew Badlesmere, steward of the royal household, defected to the opposition, Edward made his youngest brother Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports in place of Badlesmere on 16 June. In the parliament of July 1321, Edmund briefly sided with the opposition when he agreed to exile the Despensers, but later claimed this had been done under duress, and in November sat on the council that annulled the exile.

paragraph: In October, Edmund was once more employed in a move against Badlesmere, when he took part in a siege on Leeds Castle in Kent, which was held by Badlesmere. After Badlesmere was forced to surrender, hostilities moved to the Welsh Marches, where Roger Mortimer and others were in open revolt. Once confronted with the royal army, Mortimer surrendered without a fight, and attention turned to the leader of the baronial opposition, Thomas of Lancaster. Edmund, who had taken part in the Marcher campaign, was now ordered, with the Earl of Surrey, to take Lancaster's castle of Pontefract. On 17 March 1322, Lancaster was captured after his defeat at the Battle of Boroughbridge, and brought to Pontefract. Here, Edmund was on the jury that condemned him to death for treason.

paragraph: Even with Lancaster defeated, the battle against the rebels was not over. Edmund was charged with overtaking Wallingford Castle from Maurice de Berkeley in January 1323, a task which he fulfilled with great success. For his loyalty, Edmund was rewarded with substantial holdings in Wales, primarily land forfeited by Roger Mortimer. The greater part of the spoils of war, however, went to the Despensers, who both benefited greatly from the forfeiture of the rebels. By 1326, the Despensers, father and son respectively, enjoyed incomes of £3,800 and £7,000, while Edmund's annual income was at only 2,355 marks (£1,570).

paragraph: Section::::Scotland and France.

paragraph: With domestic opposition largely neutralised, the king turned his attention to Scotland. A major campaign was organised in August, but the effort ended in total failure when the English were routed by the Scots, led by Robert the Bruce, at the Battle of Old Byland on 14 October 1322. Edward II himself had to flee the battlefield to avoid capture, and Edmund was with him as the royal army retreated to York. The king's inability to handle the Scottish situation was becoming apparent. Andrew Harclay, who had defeated Lancaster at Boroughbridge, and for this had been created Earl of Carlisle and appointed Warden of the Marches to Scotland, signed a peace treaty with the Scots without royal sanction in January 1323. When the king found out, he ordered Harclay's arrest. Edmund was one of the judges who passed judgement on Harclay, who was hanged, drawn and quartered for treason. With Harclay gone, Edmund was given responsibilities for the defence of the northern border, but the situation remained untenable. On 30 May 1323, Edmund was on the council that agreed to a thirteen-year truce with Scotland.

paragraph: Meanwhile, the English king's possessions in France were coming under threat from the French king. Charles IV of France demanded that Edward again pay homage for his Duchy of Aquitaine, while at the same time threatening to confiscate the duchy under the pretext of a local dispute involving the priory at Saint-Sardos. In April 1324, Edmund and Alexander de Bicknor, Archbishop of Dublin, were sent to France on a diplomatic mission. While some historians have criticised Edmund for his failure to reach a diplomatic settlement, others have pointed to the difficult circumstances he faced, and how others had fared little better. When diplomacy failed, Edmund was appointed Edward's lieutenant in Aquitaine on 20 July 1324. Though there was a desperate need for reinforcements from England, these never arrived. In the short war that followed, the English lands were quickly overrun by the French, and Edmund was besieged at La Réole. Here he held out until 22 September, at which point he was forced to surrender and agree to a six-month truce.

paragraph: Section::::Deposition of Edward II.

paragraph: Edward II's refusal to pay homage to the French king was based on concern for his royal sovereignty, but also on fear of a potential resurgence of domestic resistance. For this reason, he sent his wife Isabella to negotiate with King Charles, who was her brother. The Queen departed for France on 9 March 1325, and in September she was joined by her son, the heir to the throne, Prince Edward. Isabella's negotiations were successful, and it was agreed that the young Prince Edward would perform homage in the king's place, which he did on 24 September. Not long after this, Edmund joined the queen and prince in Paris. A circle of opposition was emerging around the queen, including the exiled Roger Mortimer. Edmund, who had previously been steadfast in his support for his half-brother, now joined the plot against the king. Though he still distrusted Mortimer, his hatred for the Despensers seems to have been even greater at this point. When Edmund, along with the others, ignored the king's order to return to England, his lands were confiscated in March 1326.

paragraph: In September, Isabella and Mortimer invaded England with mercenary soldiers, and Edmund took part in the invasion. The invasion won the support of a great part of the English nobility, including Edmund's brother Thomas, and Henry, Earl of Lancaster, Thomas of Lancaster's brother. Edmund took part in the trials of the two Despensers, and in the council transferring power to Prince Edward, who was crowned King Edward III. For his participation in the coup, Edmund received a reward of land belonging to the Despensers, and the Earl of Arundel, who was also executed as a supporter of Edward II. As the Northern situation was still difficult, Edmund was given joint command of the Scottish Border with Lancaster, but the two fell out, and Lancaster was soon after given sole command. It did not take long for Edmund to grow disenchanted with the new regime; one source of contention was the dominant position at court of Mortimer, who has been described as Isabella's lover. In the autumn of 1328, Edmund and his brother Thomas joined Henry of Lancaster in a conspiracy against Isabella and Mortimer. The conspiracy was a product of shared interest, however, rather than strong personal ties. Once it became clear that it would fail, the two brothers abandoned the venture.

paragraph: Section::::Death and aftermath.

paragraph: After participating in the planned rebellion, Edmund became less popular at court. He was still allowed to accompany the king's wife Philippa to her coronation in February 1330, but his appearances at court became less frequent. At this point he became involved in another plot against the court, when he was convinced by rumours that his brother was still alive. It later emerged that Roger Mortimer himself was responsible for leading Edmund into this belief, in a form of entrapment. The plot was revealed, and in the parliament of March 1330 Edmund was indicted and condemned to death as a traitor. Upon hearing that the verdict was death, the condemned earl pleaded with Edward III for his life, offering to walk from Winchester to London with a rope around his neck as a sign of atonement. Edward III however knew that leniency was not an option for the aforementioned entrapment utilized by Mortimer could extend to him and potentially be subversive to his own kingship if his father, Edward II truly was alive. Thus Edward III sanctioned the killing of his uncle. It was almost impossible to find anyone willing to perform the execution of a man of royal blood, until a convicted murderer eventually beheaded Edmund in exchange for a pardon. Edmund's body was initially buried in a Franciscan church in Winchester, but it was removed to Westminster Abbey in 1331.

paragraph: The execution of a royal prince was a great provocation to the seventeen-year-old Edward III, who had not been informed about the decision, and it probably contributed to the king's decision to rise up against his protector. In October 1330, Edward III carried out a coup installing himself in personal control of government, and Mortimer was executed. Among the charges against Mortimer was that of procuring Edmund's death, and the charges against the late earl of Kent were annulled. In late 1325, Edmund had married Margaret Wake, sister of Thomas Wake, Baron Wake of Liddell, and the couple had several children. His lands and titles descended on his oldest son by the same name, but this Edmund himself died in October 1331. The earldom then passed to the younger son John.

paragraph: Edmund was not particularly popular while he was alive, nor did he enjoy a good reputation after his death. His unreliability in political issues, and repeated shifts in allegiance, might have contributed to this. His household was also said to behave in a way that caused popular resentment, taking provisions as they passed through the countryside while offering little compensation. At the same time, it has been pointed out that Edmund showed a great deal of loyalty to Edward II, in spite of receiving relatively little rewards and recognition from his brother.

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.

paragraph: Edmund is a character in "Les Rois maudits" ("The Accursed Kings"), a series of French historical novels by Maurice Druon. He was portrayed by Eric Kruger in the 1972 French miniseries adaptation of the series.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: a. A detailed account of the children of Edward I can be found in Michael Prestwich's biography of the king.br

description: English Earl

wikidata_label: Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent

wikipedia_title: Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent


text: flying ace

text: World War I

text: Guthrie, Oklahoma

text: Air Service, United States Army

text: 139th Aero Squadron

text: 2d Pursuit Group

text: First Army Air Service

text: Western Front

text: Fort Smith, Arkansas

categories: 1963 deaths,1894 births,American World War I flying aces

paragraph: Wendel Archibald Robertson

paragraph: Wendel Archibald Robertson (7 May 1894 – 3 November 1963) was an American pursuit pilot and a flying ace in World War I.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Guthrie, Oklahoma, he joined the Air Service, United States Army in 1917 during World War I. After pilot training in the United States, Lieutenant Robertson was assigned to the 139th Aero Squadron, 2d Pursuit Group, First Army Air Service. In combat over the Western Front in France, Lieutenant Robertson was credited with shares in seven victories.

paragraph: He attended Yale University and graduated on June 23rd, 1915 (Bachelors of Art)

paragraph: He died on 3 November 1963 and was buried at Fort Smith, Arkansas.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of World War I flying aces from the United States

description: American flying ace

wikidata_label: Wendel Archibald Robertson

wikipedia_title: Wendel Archibald Robertson


text: Food Network

text: Festivus

text: The New York Times

text: reality TV

text: Berkley Books

text: Food Network

text: NPR

text: Annie Leibovitz

text: San Francisco Bay Area

text: "The Secret"

text: Sri Sri Ravi Shankar

text: "#1 Single"

text: Lisa Loeb

text: Donut Plant

text: E! True Hollywood Story

text: Chris Farley

text: Paula Deen

text: "Q"

text: Jian Ghomeshi

text: celebrity chef

text: NPR

text: Weekend Edition

text: Morning Joe

text: Reliable Sources

text: Brian Stelter

text: ABC News

text: Nightline

text: Jonathan Gold

text: Raymond Chandler

text: Bill Cunningham New York

text: New York Daily News

text: Rotten Tomatoes

text: Salkin video on "Morning Joe"

text: Official Website

categories: American investigative journalists,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people

paragraph: Allen Salkin

paragraph: Allen Salkin is an American journalist, author, and critic. His 2013 book, "From Scratch", gives a behind-the-scenes look at the history and personalities who created and staffed the Food Network. He is also the author of the book "" about the parody holiday of Festivus. Salkin spent three years as a staff reporter at "The New York Times", hosted a video series on AOL's former blog Slashfood, and appeared on a reality TV series.

paragraph: Published in hardcover on October 1, 2013 by Putnam/Penguin and in paperback on October 7, 2014 by Berkley Books with a new afterword and subtitle, "From Scratch" is based upon extensive inside access, documents, and interviews with executives, presenters, and former and current employees of the Food Network. Salkin interviewed over 200 people who have been involved with the network's history. Salkin takes an in-depth look at the business side of how early executives managed to create a television network out of an idea that some called "the worst idea ever"."From Scratch" was named by NPR as one of the best books of 2013.

paragraph: He has written for various publications on subjects including Annie Leibovitz's financial troubles, the last true waterbed salesman in the San Francisco Bay Area, the lives of R. and Aline Crumb in France, "The Secret", Sri Sri Ravi Shankar, and the NYU Suicides. In the 1990s as a political and investigative reporter at the New York Post, he was on a team with Maggie Haberman and Jack Newfield that exposed corruption in the city's Surrogates Court. He also covered politics and real estate, writing dispatches on Eliot Spitzer's first race for New York Attorney General and on the business structures of Donald Trump's buildings.

paragraph: He appeared on the reality TV show "#1 Single". On episode 2 of this show, he is shown meeting Lisa Loeb on an airplane date, and then having a second date where he takes Lisa to the Donut Plant. The relationship ends after a gossip item about the budding romance appears in a newspaper. He appeared on two episodes of "E! True Hollywood Story", one on Chris Farley and one on Paula Deen, made an appearance as an expert on the trendiness of monocles for "Q" with Jian Ghomeshi, and has done media interviews as an expert on celebrity chefs and food media for NPR's "Weekend Edition", "Morning Joe", "Reliable Sources" with Brian Stelter, ABC News "Nightline", and on other outlets.

paragraph: In the documentary "City of Gold", Salkin compares the restaurant critic Jonathan Gold to Raymond Chandler. Salkin also appeared in the documentary series "" and, uncredited, in the documentary "Bill Cunningham New York".

paragraph: Starting in 2015, Salkin began writing film reviews for the "New York Daily News", and is listed on Rotten Tomatoes as a Top Critic. In 2018, Salkin signed a deal with St. Martin's Press to co-author, with political reporter Aaron Short, "The Method to the Madness: How Donald Trump Went from Penthouse to White House in Fifteen Years--An Oral History".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salkin video on "Morning Joe"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Website for "From Scratch: Inside The Food Network"

description: American journalist

wikidata_label: Allen Salkin

wikipedia_title: Allen Salkin


text:
Mayan king
Yaxchilan
prosperity
Itzamnaaj Bʼalam II
power
rightful heir
Lady Eveningstar
Calakmul
Lady Xoc
wife-aunt
royal blood
stele
ten-year gap between
throne
Temple
building
Itzamnaaj Bʼalam III
Lady Great Skull
Lady Wak Tuun
Motul de San José
Lady Wak Jalam Chan Ajaw
Motul de San José
Lady Mut Bahlam

paragraph: Yaxun Bʼalam IV

paragraph: Yaxun Bʼalam IV, also called Bird Jaguar IV, was a Mayan king from Yaxchilan. He ruled from 752 until 768 AD, continuing the period of prosperity started by his father Itzamnaaj Bʼalam II. He had to struggle to take and hold power, as he was not perceived to be the rightful heir to the throne.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Yaxun Bʼalam was the son of Itzamnaaj Bʼalam and Lady Eveningstar. Lady Eveningstar was not the first wife of Itzamnaaj Bʼalam and was from Calakmul.

paragraph: As Bird Jaguar was not the son of Lady Xoc (Itzamnaaj Bʼalam's first wife-aunt), he was not completely of the royal blood and would have difficulty acquiring the throne. Itzamnaaj Bʼalam commissioned a stele to be carved showing both Yaxun Bʼalam and Lady Xoc in the same panel, thus legitimating Yaxun.

paragraph: Section::::Accession.

paragraph: There is a ten-year gap between the death of Itzamnaaj Bʼalam II and the beginning of the reign of Yaxun Bʼalam, indicating a possible struggle for the throne of Yaxchilan. Yaxun Bʼalam took the throne on May 3, 752, but he had problems even after he succeeded. In order to legitimize his claim to the throne, Yaxun Bʼalam had a series of steles created that pictured him with his father (including Stele 11).

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Several buildings were constructed during the reign of Yaxun Bʼalam, including Temple 33 and Temple 21. During his life, he captured at least 21 people, as evidenced by the statement on Yaxchilan Stela 11. His seventeen-year reign was much shorter than that of his father's, and he died in 768. Within a generation of his death, the building projects at Yaxchilan had ceased. He was succeeded by his son Itzamnaaj Bʼalam III in 769.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages.

paragraph: Yaxun Bʼalam had married Lady Great Skull, Lady Wak Tuun of Motul de San José, Lady Wak Jalam Chan Ajaw of Motul de San José, Lady Mut Bahlam of Hix Witz.

description: Ruler of Yaxchilan

wikidata_label: Yaxun B'alam IV

wikipedia_title: Yaxun Bʼalam IV


text:
shipbuilder
politician
Scarborough, North Yorkshire
Edinburgh Academy
apprenticeship
Robert Stephenson and Company
Newcastle upon Tyne
Glasgow
Queen's Island
partnership
Gustav Wilhelm Wolff
Harland and Wolff
William James Pirrie
White Star Line
knighthood
Conservative and Unionist Party
Mayor of Belfast
Member of Parliament
Belfast North
Scarborough
Goathland
Marks & Spencer
Edinburgh Academy
Newcastle upon Tyne
Robert Stephenson and Company
Robert Stephenson
George Stephenson
Liverpool
Glasgow
shillings
draughtsman
Tyne
Belfast
Queen's Island
Harland and Wolff
Gustav Wilhelm Wolff
Gustav Wilhelm Wolff
Harland and Wolff
Thomas Henry Ismay
White Star Line
The Times
ocean liner
American Civil War
Confederate States of America
Union blockade
William James Pirrie
Presbyterian
Conservative and Unionist Party
Mayor of Belfast
1886 Home Rule Bill
Member of Parliament
Belfast North
County Leitrim
Royal Commission
Reginald Harland

categories: English shipbuilders,British engineers,1831 births,Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom,Knights Bachelor,Mayors of Belfast,People educated at Edinburgh Academy,Irish Conservative Party MPs,People from Scarborough, North Yorkshire,1895 deaths,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Belfast constituencies (1801–1922),Irish Presbyterians

paragraph: Edward Harland

paragraph: Sir Edward James Harland, 1st Baronet (15 May 1831 – 24 December 1895) was a British shipbuilder and politician. Born in Scarborough, North Yorkshire, he was educated at Edinburgh Academy. In 1846, aged 15, he took an apprenticeship at the engineering works of Robert Stephenson and Company in Newcastle upon Tyne. Afterwards he was employed in jobs in Glasgow and again in Newcastle, before moving to Belfast in 1854 to manage Robert Hickson's shipyard at Queen's Island. Four years later he bought the yard and renamed the business Edward James Harland and Company. In 1861 he formed a business partnership with Gustav Wilhelm Wolff, his former personal assistant, creating Harland and Wolff. Later, Harland recruited William James Pirrie as another partner. Edward Harland, Gustav Wolff and William James Pirrie maintained a successful business, receiving regular orders from the White Star Line, before Harland's retirement in 1889, leaving Wolff and Pirrie to manage the shipyard.

paragraph: Outside his company, Harland served as a Belfast harbour commissioner. In 1885, Harland was granted a knighthood and a baronetcy. Harland was a member of the Conservative and Unionist Party, and served as Mayor of Belfast; later he moved to London and served as Member of Parliament for Belfast North until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Edward James Harland was born on 15 May 1831 in Newborough, a neighbourhood within Scarborough, North Yorkshire to Dr. William Harland and his wife Anne, the daughter of Gowan Pierson who was from Goathland, Yorkshire. Harland's birthplace is now the site of a Marks & Spencer store. Edward was the seventh child of ten, and the fourth boy of six. His antecedent brother died as an infant; Edward Harland is described as the sixth child in the family by alternative sources. Dr. Harland was a physician and an amateur engineer; he invented a patented steam powered carriage in 1827.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Early career.

paragraph: Edward Harland was educated at Edinburgh Academy. In 1846, aged 15, he went to Newcastle upon Tyne to serve an apprenticeship at Robert Stephenson and Company, an engineering works. The owner, Robert Stephenson, was the son of George Stephenson, the locomotive engineer, of whom Edward Harland's father was a friend. Harland served as an apprentice in Newcastle until 1851. During the apprenticeship, Harland met Gustav Christian Schwabe, who knew Dr. Thomas Harland, Edward's uncle; Schwabe was a partner in John Bibby & Sons, a shipping company based in Liverpool. Schwabe arranged for Harland to be employed at J. and G. Thomson marine engineers in Glasgow, who were shipbuilding for John Bibby, after he completed his apprenticeship. Here, Harland earned 20 shillings a week and became head draughtsman. In 1853, Harland left Glasgow to return to Newcastle, as the manager of the Thomas Toward shipyard on the Tyne.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Robert Hickson and Company.

paragraph: In December 1854, Harland moved to Belfast with Schwabe's encouragement, and was employed as manager of Robert Hickson's shipyard in Queen's Island. Here, Harland became known for strict management and improving workmanship, by cutting wages and banning smoking; he also carried a piece of chalk and an ivory ruler, used for marking mistakes. An employee at Harland's later venture, Harland and Wolff stated: Harland was able to keep the shipyard running despite the owner's financial problems. In 1857, Harland employed Gustav Wilhelm Wolff, Gustav Schwabe's nephew, as his personal assistant. Harland began attempting to open his own shipbuilding business, and was unsuccessful with several applications to open yards in Liverpool. But on 21 September 1858, Robert Hickson wrote to him:

paragraph: With the financial assistance of Gustav Schwabe, Harland purchased the business and on 1 November 1858, Edward James Harland and Company was created.

paragraph: Section::::Founding of Harland and Wolff.

paragraph: Edward Harland's new company quickly attracted an order of three boats from John Bibby & Sons. These boats were named "Venetian", "Sicilian" and "Syrian"; the current company's order book still has the three boats listed as "No. 1", "No. 2" and "No. 3". Impressed with the boats, Bibby ordered six more boats from Harland in 1860. The boats that Edward Harland designed were long, had a narrow beam and were flat-bottomed; the boats became known as "Bibby's coffins". On 26 January 1860, Harland married Rosa Matilda Wann, of Vermont, Belfast, who was the daughter of Thomas Wann, a stockbroker and insurance agent. In 1861, Harland chose the 27-year-old Gustav Wilhelm Wolff, his former personal assistant, to become a partner in the firm, forming Harland and Wolff. Harland's company had a prosperous relationship with Thomas Henry Ismay's White Star Line, a prominent shipping company, ensuring regular orders and financial success. Harland's designing skills created ships with flatter bottoms and squarer bilges to increase capacity. According to Edward Harland's obituary in "The Times", he designed his company's ocean liners "on the model of a fish swimming through the water." Harland's company received orders during the American Civil War from the Confederate States of America, who bought fast steamers to evade the Union blockade. In 1874 Edward Harland recruited William James Pirrie, a former apprentice at the company as a partner; Pirrie later became chairman of the company, and was given the task of finding buyers and negotiating deals. Harland was once asked the nature of the three men's business relationship and replied: Harland applied for several patents including, in 1860 for "improvements in constructing and covering the decks of ships and other floating bodies", in 1871 for "improvements in apparatus for propelling vessels", in 1878 for "improvements in screw-propellers." In 1880 Harland and his two partners decided to expand further and built their own engine works. Harland began having less involvement in the running of the shipyard, and in 1889 he retired from daily involvement in the business.

paragraph: Section::::Political career and later life.

paragraph: Edward Harland served as the chief Belfast Harbour Commissioner from 1875 until the 1880s. Harland was a Presbyterian and a member of the Church in Rosemary Street, Belfast. As a member of the Conservative and Unionist Party, he served as Mayor of Belfast in 1885 and 1886, and strongly opposed the 1886 Home Rule Bill. In 1885, Harland was granted a knighthood and on 25 July the same year, he was granted a baronetcy. In 1889 Harland was elected to serve as the Member of Parliament for Belfast North. Harland then moved to London, and was re-elected unopposed twice in 1892 and 1895 and served as MP for the constituency until his death, on Christmas Eve 1895 at his Irish home, Glenfarne Hall in County Leitrim. Harland left no heir to his baronetcy. He was appointed to a Royal Commission on industrial disputes in 1891.

paragraph: He is the great-uncle of Reginald Harland.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Edward Harland

wikipedia_title: Edward Harland


text:
Munich
oil paintings
acrylic
pastel
lithograph
woodcuts
ink
Providence, Rhode Island
upstate New York
Binghamton University
Binghamton
New York
Munich
Cooper Union
San Francisco Art Institute
Brown University
San Francisco Art Institute
graphic arts
lithography
etching
Nathan Oliveira
ink
woodcuts
oil painting
airbrush
airbrush
acrylic paint
pastel
charcoal
ink
Binghamton
upstate New York
Unitarian Universalist
Official Website

categories: Cooper Union alumni,1937 births,American abstract artists,American contemporary artists,San Francisco Art Institute alumni,Living people,Brown University alumni

paragraph: Renata Bernal

paragraph: Renata Bernal (born February 3, 1937, in Munich, (Germany)) is a contemporary American artist. Her work spans a broad range of media including oil paintings, acrylic paintings, pastel paintings, lithograph, woodcuts, and ink drawings. She has exhibited in New York City, San Francisco, Providence, Rhode Island, and in numerous cities in upstate New York, and her artwork can be seen in permanent collections at the Binghamton University Foundation and the historic Security Mutual Life building in Binghamton, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Renata Bernal was born in Munich, (Germany) in 1937, and came to the United States at the age of 13.

paragraph: She attended the Cooper Union Art School in New York City and graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the San Francisco Art Institute and a Masters in Art Education from Brown University.

paragraph: While a student at the San Francisco Art Institute, Bernal had a strong interest in the graphic arts. She studied lithography and etching with Nathan Oliveira between 1956 and 1959. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, she also worked with ink drawing, woodcuts and oil painting.

paragraph: In the late 1960s Bernal began working with acrylic airbrush ("air gun") on canvas. The airbrush allowed her to produce, with acrylic paint, the same feeling of luminosity that she had grown to love about oil paintings. Over the following decades this was the primary medium that she used for her large abstract pieces, although she continued to work in other media and styles: pastel and charcoal portraits in the 1970s and 1980s, and ink drawings in the 1990s.

paragraph: Renata has donated a number of her works to benefit local charities and non-profit organizations, such as the Art Mission Project and WSKG Public Broadcasting.

paragraph: Renata is currently retired in Binghamton in upstate New York, where she continues to enjoy practicing her artwork, writing poetry, and participating in her local Unitarian Universalist congregation.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Website

description: visual artist

wikidata_label: Renata Bernal

wikipedia_title: Renata Bernal