text: shōgun

text: Ashikaga shogunate

text: Muromachi period

text: Japan

text: Ashikaga Yoshiharu

text: Konoe Hisamichi

text: Ashikaga Yoshiaki

text: Ashikaga Yoshiharu

text: Konoe Taneie

text: Hosokawa Harumoto

text: Sei-i Taishōgun

text: Ōmi Province

text: Kyoto

text: Miyoshi Nagayoshi

text: Hosokawa Ujitsuna

text: Rokkaku Yoshikata

text: Sue Harukata

text: Ōuchi Yoshitaka

text: Matsunaga Hisahide

text: Mōri Motonari

text: Oda Nobunaga

text: Imagawa Yoshimoto

text: Uesugi Kenshin

text: Takeda Shingen

text: Matsunaga Danjo Hisahide

text: daimyō

text: Takeda Shingen

text: Uesugi Kenshin

text: Shimazu Takahisa

text: Ōtomo Yoshishige

text: Mōri Motonari

text: Amago Haruhisa

text: Mōri Terumoto

text: Oda Nobunaga

text: Uesugi Kenshin

text: Matsunaga Danjo Hisahide

text: Miyoshi

text: Ashikaga Yoshihide

text: Matsunaga Danjo Hisahide

text: Miyoshi Yoshitsugu

text: Nijō Castle

text: Luís Fróis

text: Ashikaga Yoshihide

text: Ashikaga Takauji

text: Tsukahara Bokuden

text: Kashima Shintō-ryū

text: waka

text: era name

text: nengō

text: Tenbun

text: Kōji

text: Eiroku

text: University of Queensland Press

text: OCLC 7574544

text: Titsingh, Isaac.

text: Nihon Ōdai Ichiran

text: "Annales des empereurs du Japon."

text: OCLC 585069

categories: 1536 births,Ashikaga shōguns,16th-century shōguns,Japanese swordsmen,1565 deaths,Japanese warriors killed in battle

paragraph: Ashikaga Yoshiteru

paragraph: , also known as Yoshifushi or Yoshifuji, was the 13th "shōgun" of the Ashikaga shogunate who reigned from 1546 to 1565 during the late Muromachi period of Japan. He was the eldest son of the 12th "shōgun", Ashikaga Yoshiharu; and his mother was a daughter of Konoe Hisamichi (later called "Keijuin"). When he became shogun in 1546 at age 11, Yoshiteru's name was Yoshifushi (sometimes transliterated as Yoshifuji); but some years later in 1554, he changed his name to the one by which he is conventionally known today. His childhood name was Kikubemaru (). His younger brother Ashikaga Yoshiaki became the fifteenth "shōgun".

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Ashikaga Yoshiharu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Keijuin (1514–1565)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: daughter of Konoe Taneie

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concubines:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kojiju no Tsubone

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karasumaru-dono

paragraph: BULLET::::- Children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Teruwakamaru (1562-1562)

paragraph: BULLET::::- nun in Kyokoji temple

paragraph: BULLET::::- nun in Kyokoji temple

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ashikaga Yoshitaka

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oike Yoshitatsu by Karasumaru-dono

paragraph: Section::::Installed as "shōgun".

paragraph: After his father, Yoshiharu, was forced to retire in 1546 over a political struggle with Hosokawa Harumoto, Yoshiteru became "Sei-i Taishōgun", albeit a puppet "shōgun" like his father. Yoshiteru was only 11 at the time and his investiture ceremony was held at Sakamoto, Ōmi Province, outside Kyoto.

paragraph: Yoshiteru had barely been confirmed as "shōgun" when his father Yoshiharu made a truce with Harumoto to return to Kyoto. Yet, Harumoto's retainer Miyoshi Nagayoshi parted with Harumoto to take the side of Hosokawa Ujitsuna and the two Hosokawa started a war that drove out Yoshiteru, his father Yoshiharu, and Harumoto as well, from Kyoto. In 1550, Yoshiharu died in Ōmi, unable to return to Kyoto.

paragraph: In 1552, Yoshiteru made a peace with Nagayoshi to return to Kyoto. However, the next year, Yoshiteru and Harumoto started a war against Nagayoshi to remove his influence. With the help of Rokkaku Yoshikata, the war initially went well for Yoshiteru but he was driven out of Kyoto again in 1558 with a counterattack from Nagayoshi. Nagayoshi did not press on after the victory to kill Yoshiteru for fear of being accused of killing a shogun, and instead signed a truce to have Yoshiteru back in Kyoto under his influence. Nagayoshi continued as the real power in Kyoto, with Yoshiteru nothing more than a rubber stamp.

paragraph: Section::::Installed as "shōgun".:Timeline.

paragraph: Significant events shaped the period during which Yoshiteru was "shōgun":

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1550 – Yoshiharu dies in exile; Yoshiteru's "shogunate" in exile begins.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1551 – Sue Harukata rebels against Ōuchi Yoshitaka.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1552 – Yoshiteru returns to Kyoto, actual power being held by Miyoshi Nagayoshi and Matsunaga Hisahide.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1554–1564 – Ōuchi's retainer Mōri Motonari succeeds him and consolidates his power.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1557 – Ōgimachi succeeds.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1558 – Nagayoshi drives out Yoshiteru who, however, is reinstated.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1560 – Oda Nobunaga slays Imagawa Yoshimoto.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1564 – Uesugi Kenshin and Takeda Shingen reach a stalemate at Kawanakajima after continuous battles, checking each other's power. (1553–1564).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1565 – Matsunaga Danjo Hisahide invades Kyoto; Yoshiteru commits suicide.

paragraph: Section::::Governance.

paragraph: Surrounded by "daimyōs" who intended only to use the authority of shogun for their own good, Yoshiteru still managed to reaffirm the "shōgun"s authority by active diplomacy that extended to every part of Japan. By trying to negotiate a peace between such well-known "daimyōs" as Takeda Shingen and Uesugi Kenshin, Shimazu Takahisa, Ōtomo Yoshishige, Mōri Motonari, and Amago Haruhisa, the shogun's authority was again recognized by various "daimyōs". Lacking resources, Yoshiteru nevertheless saw opportunities to assign his kanji "" on various samurai such as Mōri Terumoto to become something close to a godfather. Yoshiteru was well respected for his actions and many researchers credit him as being the last effective "shōgun" to hold the post. Oda Nobunaga and Uesugi Kenshin were among the many "daimyōs" and samurai who travelled to Kyoto to pay their respects to the "shōgun".

paragraph: Section::::End of reign.

paragraph: In 1564, Nagayoshi died of illness and Yoshiteru saw an opportunity to fully reclaim the "shōgun"s authority. However, Matsunaga Danjo Hisahide and the three member council of Miyoshi, the Miyoshi Triumvirs, who wanted to rule just as Nagayoshi had, were willing to go to any lengths to remove Yoshiteru from the power and to have Ashikaga Yoshihide as the puppet "shōgun".

paragraph: In 1565, Matsunaga Danjo Hisahide and Miyoshi Yoshitsugu laid siege against a collection of buildings (that would later become Nijō Castle) where Yoshiteru lived. With no help arriving in time from the "daimyōs" that could have supported him, Yoshiteru and the few troops under him were overrun by Miyoshi.

paragraph: Jesuit missionary Father Luís Fróis, in his account of the overthrow of Ashikaga Yoshiteru, wrote about the strong sexual love relationship between Yoshiteru and his squire, Odachidono. Such homosexual love relationships were very common in the world of samurais, where relationships between knights and their squires were infused with an idealism in which romance and valour in battle were closely linked. According to Father Fróis, the "shōgun"s squire, Odachidono, "fought so valiantly and with such intrepid spirit that all the rebels started to shout out that he should not be killed, but that he should be taken alive. Nonetheless, seeing his master die, and believing it a great dishonour to survive him, the youth threw away his sword, and pulling out his dagger, he cut open his throat and then his belly. Finally he killed himself by lying down flat with the dagger in his belly."

paragraph: Three years passed before his cousin Ashikaga Yoshihide became the fourteenth "shōgun".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Because of his inner strength and the katana skills that he was known to have practiced regularly, Yoshiteru was called the "Kengo "shōgun"" (剣豪将軍) and was closer to being a samurai and a warlord than any "shōgun" since Ashikaga Takauji. One of his sword-fighting instructors was Tsukahara Bokuden, the founder of Kashima Shintō-ryū. His governance was highly credited but to have been killed in spite of his efforts completely destroyed what little recognition and authority Yoshiteru built up.

paragraph: The waka Yoshiteru was said to have left on his death shows the extent of his aspirations compared with the limits of achievements.

paragraph: Section::::Eras of Yoshiteru's "bakufu".

paragraph: There were more than one era name or "nengō" in which Yoshiteru was identified as Shogun .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tenbun" (1532–1555)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kōji" (1555–1558)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eiroku" (1558–1570)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ackroyd, Joyce. (1982) "Lessons from History: The Tokushi Yoron." Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. ; OCLC 7574544

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). "Nihon Ōdai Ichiran"; ou, "Annales des empereurs du Japon." Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 585069

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Momoyama, Japanese Art in the Age of Grandeur, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Ashikaga Yoshiteru

description: 13th shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate

wikidata_label: Ashikaga Yoshiteru

wikipedia_title: Ashikaga Yoshiteru


text: Volterra

text: Roman

text: poet

text: satirist

text: Etruscan

text: satire

text: stoic

text: Middle Ages

text: Lucius Annaeus Cornutus

text: Volterra

text: Pisa

text: Remmius Palaemon

text: rhetor

text: Verginius Flavus

text: Stoic

text: Lucius Annaeus Cornutus

text: Caesius Bassus

text: Lucan

text: Thrasea Paetus

text: Arria

text: Seneca

text: tragedy

text: Roman history

text: Lucilius

text: Valerius Probus

text: Virgil

text: Horace

text: Berytus

text: philistines

text: Montaigne

text: Stoicism

text: Juvenal

text: Plato

text: Sophron

text: Lydus

text: Theocritus

text: Herodas

text: hexameter

text: Second Alcibiades

text: First Alcibiades

text: Cornutus

text: Lucan

text: Phars.

text: Petrus Pithoeus

text: Juvenal

text: J. Bieger

text: Isaac Casaubon

text: Johann Friedrich Dübner

text: Otto Jahn

text: scholia

text: John Conington

text: Otto Jahn

text: The Life of Aulus Persius Flaccus

text: Suetonius

categories: Roman-era satirists,Roman-era poets,34 births,Silver Age Latin writers,1st-century Romans,Latin-language writers,62 deaths

paragraph: Persius

paragraph: Persius, in full Aulus Persius Flaccus (; 4 December 34, in Volterra24 November 62), was a Roman poet and satirist of Etruscan origin. In his works, poems and satires, he shows a stoic wisdom and a strong criticism for what he considered to be the stylistic abuses of his poetic contemporaries. His works, which became very popular in the Middle Ages, were published after his death by his friend and mentor, the stoic philosopher Lucius Annaeus Cornutus.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: According to the "Life" contained in the manuscripts, Persius was born into an equestrian family at Volterra (Volaterrae, in Latin), a small Etruscan city in the province of Pisa, of good stock on both parents' side. When six years old he lost his father; his stepfather died a few years later. At the age of twelve Persius came to Rome, where he was taught by Remmius Palaemon and the rhetor Verginius Flavus. During the next four years he developed friendships with the Stoic Lucius Annaeus Cornutus, the lyric poet Caesius Bassus, and the poet Lucan. Lucan would become a generous admirer of all Persius wrote. He also became close friends with Thrasea Paetus, the husband of Arria, a relative of Persius's; over the next ten years Persius and Thrasea Paetus shared many travels together. Later, he met Seneca, but was not impressed by his genius.

paragraph: In his boyhood, Persius wrote a tragedy dealing with an episode in Roman history, and another work, probably on travel (although this would have been before the travels with Thrasea Paetus). Reading the satires of Lucilius made Persius want to write like him, and he set to work on a book of his own satires. But he wrote seldom and slowly; a premature death ("uitio stomachi") prevented him from completing the book. He has been described as having "a gentle disposition, girlish modesty and personal beauty", and is said to have lived a life of exemplary devotion towards his mother Fulvia Sisennia, his sister and his aunt. To his mother and sister he left his considerable fortune. Cornutus suppressed all his work except the satires, to which he made some slight alterations before handing it over to Bassus for editing. It proved an immediate success.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Doubts over his biography.

paragraph: The "scholia" add a few details—on what authority is, as generally with such sources, very doubtful. The "Life" itself, though not free from the suspicion of interpolation and undoubtedly corrupt and disordered in places, is probably trustworthy. The manuscripts say it came from the commentary of Valerius Probus, no doubt a learned edition of Persius like those of Virgil and Horace by this same famous "grammarian" of Berytus, the poet's contemporary. The only case in which it seems to conflict with the "Satires" () themselves is in its statement as to the death of Persius's father. The declaiming of a "suasoria" in his presence (Sat. 3.4 sqq.) implies a more mature age than that of six in the performer. But "pater" might here mean "stepfather," or Persius may have forgotten his own autobiography, may be simply reproducing one of his models. The mere fact that the "Life" and the "Satires" agree so closely does not of course prove the authenticity of the former. One of the points of harmony is, however, too subtle for us to believe that a forger evolved it from the works of Persius: the "Life" gives the impression of a "bookish" youth, who never strayed far from home and family. This is also the picture drawn by the "Satires"; many of the characters that Persius creates have the same names as characters found in Horace.

paragraph: A keen observer of what occurs within his narrow horizon, Persius did not shy away from describing the seamy side of life (cf. e.g. such hints as "Sat." iii.110), especially the relationship between excesses of consumption and moral failure; he shows little of Horace's easy-going acceptance of human weaknesses. Perhaps the sensitive, homebred nature of Persius can also be glimpsed in his frequent references to ridicule, whether of great men by street gamins or of the cultured by philistines. Montaigne mentions Persius several times.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: The chief interest of Persius's work lies in its relation to Roman satire, in its interpretation of Roman Stoicism, and in its use of the Latin tongue. The influence of Horace on Persius can, in spite of the silence of the "Life," hardly have been less than that of Lucilius. Not only characters, as noted above, but whole phrases, thoughts and situations come direct from him. The resemblance only emphasizes the difference between the caricaturist of Stoicism and its preacher. Persius strikes the highest note that Roman satire reached; in earnestness and moral purpose he rises far superior to the political rancour or good-natured persiflage of his predecessors and the rhetorical indignation of Juvenal. From him we learn how that philosophy could work on minds that still preserved the depth and purity of the old Roman "gravitas." Some of the parallel passages in the works of Persius and Seneca are very close, and cannot be explained by assuming the use of a common source. Like Seneca, Persius censures the style of the day, and imitates it. Indeed, in some of its worst failings, straining of expression, excess of detail, exaggeration, he outbids Seneca, whilst the obscurity, which makes his little book of not seven hundred lines so difficult to read and is in no way due to great depth of thought, compares poorly with the terse clearness of the "Epistolae morales". A curious contrast to this tendency is presented by his free use of "popular" words. As of Plato, so of Persius, we hear that he emulated Sophron; the authority is a late one (the Byzantine Lydus, "De mag." I.41), but we can at least recognize in the scene that opens "Sat." 3 kinship with such work as Theocritus' "Adoniazusae" and the "Mimes" of Herodas.

paragraph: Persius's satires are composed in hexameters, except for the scazons of the short prologue above referred to. The first satire censures the literary tastes of the day as a reflection of the decadence of the national morals. The theme of Seneca's 114th letter is similar. The description of the recitator and the literary twaddlers after dinner is vividly natural, but an interesting passage which cites specimens of smooth versification and the languishing style is greatly spoiled by the difficulty of appreciating the points involved and indeed of distributing the dialogue (a not uncommon crux in Persius). The remaining satires handle in order (2) the question as to what we may justly ask of the gods (cf. "Second Alcibiades"), (3) the importance of having a definite aim in life, (4) the necessity of self-knowledge for public men (cf. Plato's "First Alcibiades"), (5) the Stoic doctrine of liberty (introduced by generous allusions to Cornutus' teaching), and (6) the proper use of money.

paragraph: The "Life" tells us that the "Satires" were not left complete; some lines were taken (presumably by Cornutus or Bassus) from the end of the work so that it might be "quasi finitus." This perhaps means that a sentence in which Persius had left a line imperfect, or a paragraph which he had not completed, had to be omitted. The same authority says that Cornutus definitely blacked out an offensive allusion to the emperor's literary taste, and that we owe to him the reading of the manuscripts in Sat. i.121,—""auriculas asini "quis non" (for "Mida rex" ) habet!"" Traces of lack of revision are, however, still visible; cf. e.g. v.176 (sudden transition from ambition to superstition) and vi.37 (where criticism of Greek "doctores" has nothing to do with the context). The parallels to passages of Horace and Seneca are recorded in the commentaries: in view of what the "Life" says about Lucan, the verbal resemblance of "Sat." iii.3 to "Phars." x.163 is interesting. Examples of bold language or metaphor: i.25, "rupto iecore exierit caprificus," 60, "linguae quantum sitiat canis"; iii.42, "intus palleat," 81, "silentia rodunt"; v.92, "ueteres auiae de pulmone reuello." Passages like iii.87, 100 sqq. show elaboration carried beyond the rules of good taste. "Popular" words: "baro", "cerdo", "ebullire", "glutto", "lallare", "mamma", "muttire", "obba", "palpo", "scloppus". Fine lines, etc., in i.116 sqq., ii.6 sqq., 61 sqq., 73 sqq., iii.39 sqq.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Authorities.

paragraph: The manuscripts of Persius fall into two groups, one represented by two of the best of them, the other by that of Petrus Pithoeus, so important for the text of Juvenal. Since the publication of J. Bieger's "de Persii cod. pith. recte aestimando" (Berlin, 1890) the tendency has been to prefer the tradition of the latter.

paragraph: The first important editions were: (1) with explanatory notes: Isaac Casaubon (Paris, 1605, enlarged edition by Johann Friedrich Dübner, Leipzig, 1833); Otto Jahn (with the "scholia" and valuable "prolegomena," Leipzig, 1843); John Conington (with translation; 3rd ed., Oxford, 1893), etc.; but there are several modern editions.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bartsch, Shadi. "Persius: A Study in Food, Philosophy, and the Figural." (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hooley, D. M. "The Knotted Thong: Structures of Mimesis in Persius" (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reckford, Kenneth J. "Recognizing Persius" (Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2009) (Martin Classical Lectures).

paragraph: Section::::Editions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Braund, Susanna M. (2004) "Juvenal and Persius". Loeb Classical Library. Harvard University Press.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries High resolution images of works by Persius in .jpg and .tiff format.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Auli Persii Flacci satirarum liber, cum scholiis antiquis", Otto Jahn (ed.), Lipsiae, typis et impensis Breitropfii er Baertelii, 1843.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Life of Aulus Persius Flaccus" from Suetonius's "De Viris Illustribus"

description: ancient latin poet

enwikiquote_title: Persius

wikidata_label: Persius

wikipedia_title: Persius


text: KG

text: John Scrope, 8th Baron Scrope of Bolton

text: Henry Clifford, Earl of Cumberland

text: Elizabeth I

text: Auld Alliance

text: Warden of the West Marches

text: Captain of Carlisle

text: Mary, Queen of Scots

text: Battle of Langside

text: Sir Francis Knollys

text: Carlisle Castle

text: Bolton Castle

text: Rising of the North

text: Knight of the Garter

text: James VI of Scotland

text: Anne of Denmark

text: Edward North, 1st Baron North

text: Streatlam

text: Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey

categories: Barons in the Peerage of England,16th-century English soldiers,Scrope family,Knights of the Garter,1530s births,1592 deaths,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Henry Scrope, 9th Baron Scrope of Bolton, KG (c. 1534 – 13 June 1592) was the son and heir of John Scrope, 8th Baron Scrope of Bolton and Catherine Clifford, daughter of Henry Clifford, Earl of Cumberland.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Henry Scrope, a loyal supporter of Elizabeth I, was Marshal of the Army during the siege of Leith in 1559 which saw the end of the "Auld Alliance" between Scotland and France. He was appointed Warden of the West Marches and Captain of Carlisle from 1562 until the end of his life.

paragraph: In April 1568 Mary, Queen of Scots fled across the Solway Firth to England after losing the Battle of Langside. She landed at Workington, travelling from there to Cockermouth and from thence to Carlisle. Scrope was at court at the time, but hurried north with Sir Francis Knollys to take charge of her. After a brief imprisonment in Carlisle Castle Mary was moved with a large retinue of servants to Lord Scrope's home in Yorkshire, Bolton Castle. Six months later she was moved on to Tutbury Castle.

paragraph: In 1569, in the abortive Rising of the North, the Catholic Northern Earls rebelled with the objective of releasing Mary, Queen of Scots from her imprisonment at Tutbury and reinstating the old religion with Mary as queen. As Captain of Carlisle Scrope was involved in the suppression of the rising. He was made a Knight of the Garter in 1584.

paragraph: In September 1589 James VI of Scotland was expecting his wife Anne of Denmark to sail to Scotland. Scrope sent "a brace of verie fatt stagges redy baked" to Edinburgh, and sought out a company of her majesty's players who were in Lancashire to send to Scotland. The bride was delayed and these preparations were wasted.

paragraph: He died in Carlisle on 13 June 1592 and was succeeded by his eldest son Thomas Scrope, 10th Baron Scrope of Bolton. After his death in 1592 queen Elizabeth wrote a letter praising his loyal service.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: His first wife was Mary, daughter of Edward North, 1st Baron North, who died in 1558. By her he had a daughter Mary, who married William Bowes of Streatlam.

paragraph: He married as his second wife Margaret Howard, daughter of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey and Frances De Vere.. They had two sons, the eldest of which was his heir, Thomas.

description: English nobleman and soldier


text: William Steele

text: Broadway

text: Manhattan

text: St. Ann's Episcopal Church

text: Packer Collegiate Institute

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: St. Mary's Episcopal Church

text: St. Matthew's Episcopal Church

categories: Defunct companies based in New York City,Culture in Belfast,Companies established in 1850,Companies based in Manhattan,American stained glass artists and manufacturers,Companies disestablished in 1897,Year of death missing

paragraph: Henry E. Sharp

paragraph: Henry E. Sharp was a nineteenth-century American stained glass maker active with William Steele from c.1850 to c.1897.

paragraph: Sharp established himself with Steele as a glass stainer at offices at 216 Sixth Avenue.

paragraph: Like much of the mid-nineteenth-century American stained glass produced in and around Broadway in Manhattan, the stained glass window designs featured full-length painted figures in ornate Gothic canopies, all executed with rich colors.

paragraph: Section::::List of works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Windows (1867–1868) at St. Ann's Episcopal Church in Brooklyn, New York (Renwick & Sands), now the gymnasium of Packer Collegiate Institute; the window "Faith and Hope" was donated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art and is on permanent display in the American Wing.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Windows (1872) at St. Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran Church in Charleston, South Carolina. The Henry E. Sharp chancel windows survived the church fire of January 13, 1965.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Windows (1878) at St. Mary's Episcopal Church in Green Cove Springs, Florida.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Altar Windows (1868) and Good Shepherd Window (1872) at St. Matthew's Episcopal Church in Hillsborough, North Carolina.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Consolation" Window in the middle of the south nave wall, after 1877. Christ Church in Raleigh, North Carolina. Made by Henry E. Sharp & Sons, New York. Two similar windows in the south wall, one nearest the narthex ("Blessed are the pure in heart") and one in the chancel ("Nearer my God to thee"), may also be Sharp windows. All three windows were given by the Battle family within a similar time frame.

paragraph: Altar windows (1856), St. Luke's Episcopal Church, Jacksonville, Alabama. refA History of Saint Luke's Episcopal Church, Jacksonville, Alabama, 1844-1994. Author, Ronald J. Caldwell, p. 63ref

description: American stained glass artist

wikidata_label: Henry E. Sharp

wikipedia_title: Henry E. Sharp


text: Hegang

text: snowboarder

text: half-pipe

text: Hegang

text: Harbin

categories: Snowboarders at the 2014 Winter Olympics,Snowboarders at the 2018 Winter Olympics,Universiade gold medalists for China,Universiade medalists in snowboarding,People from Hegang,Olympic medalists in snowboarding,Competitors at the 2009 Winter Universiade,Asian Games medalists in snowboarding,Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics,Asian Games bronze medalists for China,1992 births,Medalists at the 2017 Asian Winter Games,Snowboarders at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Chinese female snowboarders,Living people,Sportspeople from Heilongjiang,Olympic silver medalists for China,Snowboarders at the 2017 Asian Winter Games,Medalists at the 2007 Asian Winter Games,Snowboarders at the 2007 Asian Winter Games,Olympic snowboarders of China,Asian Games gold medalists for China

paragraph: Liu Jiayu

paragraph: Liu Jiayu (born 17 September 1992 in Hegang) is a Chinese snowboarder whose specialization is the half-pipe. She has six World Cup Victories and a halfpipe victory at the FIS Snowboarding World Championships 2009. She began snowboarding in 2003, switching over from martial arts at the relatively late age of 11. Liu competed for China at the 2010, 2014, and 2018 Winter Olympics, where she achieved 4th, 9th, and 2nd place respectively.

paragraph: Liu is from Hegang, but moved to Harbin for winter-sports training. Her nickname is Birdie.

description: Chinese snowboarder

wikidata_label: Liu Jiayu

wikipedia_title: Liu Jiayu


text:
Treviso
long track speed skater
2002 Winter Olympics
2006 Winter Olympics
Italy at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Chiara Simionato's website

categories: Speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics,1976 births,Speed skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics,Olympic speed skaters of Italy,Speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics,World Sprint Speed Skating Championships medalists,Italian female speed skaters,Living people

paragraph: Chiara Simionato

paragraph: Chiara Simionato (born 4 July 1975 in Treviso) is an Italian long track speed skater who competed in 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2006 Winter Olympics. She competed for Italy at the 2010 Winter Olympics in the women's 500m, 1000m, and 1500m.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chiara Simionato's website

description: Italian speed skater

wikidata_label: Chiara Simionato

wikipedia_title: Chiara Simionato


text: Lieutenant General

text: Australian soldier

text: Second World War

text: Battle of Milne Bay

text: Papuan campaign

text: Sir Thomas Blamey

text: Warwick

text: Queensland

text: Royal Military College, Duntroon

text: Australian Imperial Force

text: Gallipoli

text: Egypt

text: Western Front

text: Military Cross

text: Distinguished Service Order

text: Villers-Bretonneux

text: Brisbane

text: Sydney

text: Darwin

text: Royal Australian Artillery

text: I Corps

text: Pinios Gorge, Greece

text: General Sir Thomas Blamey

text: Colonel Sydney Rowell

text: 1st Division

text: General Douglas MacArthur

text: Milne Bay

text: New Guinea

text: Rabaul

text: Battle of Milne Bay

text: Yoshihide Hayashi

text: 61st Militia Battalion

text: 2/10th Infantry Battalion

text: 25th Battalion

text: banzai charge

text: Buna

text: barge

text: four-wheel drive

text: 18th Infantry Brigade

text: Australian 7th Division

text: 7th Militia Brigade

text: lieutenant general

text: Australian War Memorial

categories: People educated at Toowoomba Grammar School,Australian military personnel of World War I,Australian generals,Australian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order,People from Warwick, Queensland,Australian military personnel of World War II,1892 births,1968 deaths,Australian recipients of the Military Cross,Australian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire,Commanders of the Order of the White Eagle (Serbia)

paragraph: Cyril Clowes

paragraph: Lieutenant General Cyril Albert Clowes, (11 March 1892 – 19 May 1968) was an Australian soldier. He won the first land victory against the Japanese in the Second World War, at the Battle of Milne Bay, New Guinea. Like many other senior officers involved in the Papuan campaign, he was then transferred to a less important posting by General Sir Thomas Blamey.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and First World War.

paragraph: Clowes was born at Warwick in Queensland, and entered the Royal Military College, Duntroon in 1911. In August 1914 he graduated and was appointed lieutenant in the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) with a commission in the Permanent Military Force. Posted to the 1st Field Artillery Brigade, he landed at Gallipoli on 25 April 1915, serving as a forward observation officer and directing naval gunfire against Turkish positions. He was wounded at Gallipoli. After he recuperated Clowes was promoted to captain in the 2nd Divisional Artillery in Egypt during January 1916.

paragraph: On the Western Front during 1916, Clowes served as the 2nd Division's Trench Mortar Officer and was awarded the Military Cross. He received a promotion to major in January 1917 and the following year was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his work at Villers-Bretonneux. He returned to Australia in April 1919, and left the AIF in late June.

paragraph: Section::::Inter war years.

paragraph: In 1920 Clowes took up a post as instructor at Duntroon, and remained there until 1925. That year he married Eva Magennis, and moved to Brisbane. There Clowes undertook staff, training, and command duties until 1930. He filled similar positions in Sydney and Darwin until, in 1936, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. He went to England and completed a gunnery staff course, before returning to Australia as the Chief Instructor at Sydney's School of Artillery. In August 1939 he was given command of Australia's 6th Military District, receiving a promotion to colonel.

paragraph: Section::::Second World War.

paragraph: When the Second World War began, Clowes was made a temporary brigadier in the AIF, and in April 1940 was appointed commander of the Royal Australian Artillery, I Corps. Clowes performed very well under pressure in directing the fighting withdrawal at Pinios Gorge, Greece, in April 1941. The Germans were attempting to drive a wedge between Greek units and the allied force sent to their aid. Clowes was successful in holding the gorge against a strong German tank attack, until the situation on other parts of the front stabilised.

paragraph: Although Greece fell and the campaign was a failure, Clowes' tactics minimised casualties in the withdrawal of the allied force. This battle saw the beginning of a problem that would dog Clowes' career – disputes between his superior General Sir Thomas Blamey, and Blamey's Chief of Staff, Colonel Sydney Rowell, a personal friend of Clowes. Clowes returned to Australia in January 1942, was promoted to temporary Major General, and given command of the 1st Division.

paragraph: Section::::Second World War.:Milne Force.

paragraph: In May 1942 General Douglas MacArthur, Allied Commander in Chief of the South West Pacific Area (C in C SWPA), ordered the construction of an airfield at Milne Bay, at the eastern tip of New Guinea. His intention was to use this and other new airfields to attempt the reconquest of Rabaul, taken by the Japanese early in the war. However the airfield would also be a prize for the Japanese to attack. Once taken it could be a base for bombing sorties over the cities of south eastern Australia. MacArthur requested Thomas Blamey send troops to secure the construction site.

paragraph: Initially a militia brigade was dispatched. As building progressed this was progressively reinforced with regular troops. Once buildup was complete, the garrison assumed the name Milne Force, and Clowes, now promoted to Major General, was given command. He reached Milne Bay and assumed command of the Australian troops there just four days before the Japanese began landing, beginning the Battle of Milne Bay.

paragraph: Section::::Second World War.:Battle of Milne Bay.

paragraph: The Japanese made their initial landing on 25 August 1942 under Commander Yoshihide Hayashi.

paragraph: By dawn of 26 August, the Japanese had reached KB Mission. A counterattack by the 61st Militia Battalion drove the Japanese from KB Mission, however after six hours of intense fighting, the militia withdrew to the Gama River. Clowes ordered the Australian 2/10th Infantry Battalion to the Gama River, where they attacked. The Japanese troops and the supporting tanks inflicted severe casualties on the 2/10th, which was forced to retreat to north of No. 3 Strip (under construction), on 27 August. The 25th Battalion held the Japanese back and a two-day lull followed.

paragraph: On 29 August 768 Japanese marine reinforcements were landed with Commander Minoru Yano, who took over from Hayashi. On 31 August at 3:00am, three banzai charges were repelled at No. 3 Strip with withering machine gun and mortar fire from Milne Force. The Australians launched a counter offensive at 9:00am on 31 August, and pushed the Japanese along the north coast of Milne Bay. By 4 September Japanese resistance was suicidal in intensity.

paragraph: On 5 September, the Japanese high command ordered a withdrawal. On 6 September the offensive reached the main camp of the Japanese landing force. That night most Japanese survivors were evacuated. Some, trying to reach the Japanese beachhead at Buna through the mountains, were intercepted and routed.

paragraph: Section::::Second World War.:Difficulties at Milne Bay.

paragraph: Milne Bay is a very high rainfall area, and the all-pervading mud made transport a constant problem for Clowes. He had no barges or four-wheel drive vehicles for moving troops around. Milne Force included the highly trained 18th Infantry Brigade of the Australian 7th Division, but also the inexperienced and poorly-equipped 7th Militia Brigade. Of the total force of 8,824, only about 4,500 were infantry.

paragraph: Several times during the battle, urgent signals arrived from MacArthur and Blamey, warning of imminent Japanese reinforcements, and urging him to pursue and exterminate the enemy landing force immediately. However, Clowes' original orders confirmed that his priority was holding the completed airstrip at Gili Gili. He maintained a defensive perimeter there which was never penetrated, even while taking the fight to the enemy at some distance from this base. MacArthur was responding to inaccurate intelligence. Clowes had no choice but to heed the new intelligence, and try to relocate his forces to deal with threats that in fact did not materialise.

paragraph: At one point Rowell received orders from Blamey that the "landed force must be attacked with greatest vigor and destroyed as soon as possible". Rowell refused to relay this to Clowes, and instead wrote "Confident you have the situation well in hand and will administer stern punishment".

paragraph: Section::::Second World War.:Relieved of command.

paragraph: MacArthur and Thomas Blamey determined that rather than being commended and rewarded for the victory, Clowes should be relieved of his command and sidelined for the duration of the war, for showing insufficient "vigour". Blamey wrote to Sydney Rowell, now Clowes' superior officer in Port Moresby:

paragraph: Blamey subsequently sacked Rowell and shortly after, Rowell's friend Clowes. Clowes returned to Australia in 1943 and held various postings until the end of the war.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Clowes retired from the Army with the rank of lieutenant general in June 1949. His chief staff officer at Milne Bay, Colonel Fred Chilton, said he was

paragraph: He was known as "Silent" Cyril Clowes. In "A Bastard of a Place: The Australians in Papua", Australian historian Peter Brune explained why;

paragraph: Clowes died on 19 May 1968 at Repatriation General Hospital, Heidelberg, Melbourne.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Who's who in Australian Military History – Australian War Memorial

description: Australian army officer

wikidata_label: Cyril Clowes

wikipedia_title: Cyril Clowes


text:
Hangul
South Korea
speed skater
South Korea at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Vancouver
skateresults

categories: Speed skaters at the 2007 Asian Winter Games,Universiade silver medalists for South Korea,Medalists at the 2007 Winter Universiade,Universiade medalists in speed skating,1984 births,Olympic speed skaters of South Korea,South Korean male speed skaters,Speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Living people

paragraph: Lee Ki-ho

paragraph: Lee Ki-ho (Hangul: 이기호, born 17 August 1984) is a South Korean speed skater. He competed for South Korea at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

paragraph: Section::::Personal records.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 500m – 34.59 (16 November 2007, Calgary)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1000m – 1:08.36 (18 November 2007, Calgary)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1500m – 1:59.09 (28 December 2002, Seoul)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- skateresults

description: South Korean speed skater

wikidata_label: Lee Ki-Ho

wikipedia_title: Lee Ki-ho


text:
San Carlos de Bariloche
Argentinian
2002
2006
2010 Winter Olympics
2010 Winter Olympics opening ceremony
María Belén Simari Birkner
Macarena Simari Birkner

categories: Alpine skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics,1980 births,Argentine people of Italian descent,Living people,Olympic alpine skiers of Argentina,People from Bariloche,Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics,Alpine skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics,Argentine people of German descent,Alpine skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics,Argentine male alpine skiers

paragraph: Cristian Javier Simari Birkner

paragraph: Cristian Simari Birkner (born October 4, 1980 in San Carlos de Bariloche) is an Argentinian alpine skier. He competed in the 2002, 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics. He served as Argentina's flag bearer at the 2010 Winter Olympics opening ceremony. and followed in 2014 as flagbearer. He is the brother of fellow alpine skiers María Belén Simari Birkner and Macarena Simari Birkner.

description: alpine skier from Argentina

wikidata_label: Cristian Javier Simari Birkner

wikipedia_title: Cristian Javier Simari Birkner


text: Santa Ana, California

text: alpine skier

text: Colombia at the 2010 Winter Olympics

text: slalom

text: giant slalom

text: Winter Olympic Games

text: nanny

text: Colombian Ski Team

categories: Olympic alpine skiers of Colombia,Colombian people of Swiss descent,Alpine skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Colombian female alpine skiers,Naturalized citizens of Colombia,1983 births,Sportspeople from Santa Ana, California,Living people

paragraph: Cynthia Denzler

paragraph: Cynthia Jennifer "Cici" Denzler (born May 12, 1983 in Santa Ana, California) is a Colombian/American/Swiss alpine skier. She competed for Colombia at the 2010 Winter Olympics in the women's slalom and giant slalom skiing competitions. Denzler was the first athlete to represent Colombia at the Winter Olympic Games.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Denzler was born in Santa Ana, California, on May 12, 1983. Her parents are Swiss. Denzler and her parents moved to Switzerland, where she still lives, when she was four years old. Denzler began skiing when she was eight years old.

paragraph: Denzler's father, who is also her coach, first arrived to Colombia in 2000 to open a clothes factory. Denzler acquired her Colombian citizenship through her father's residence and activities in Colombia.

paragraph: Denzler's nickname is "Cici". She gained this nickname from a Swiss nanny who found that she could not pronounce Cynthia and decided to call Denzler "Cici" instead.

paragraph: Section::::Skiing career.

paragraph: Denzler debuted internationally as an alpine skier in 1998.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colombian Ski Team

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cynthia's Page at McBoard | Paragon Sport

description: alpine skier

wikidata_label: Cynthia Denzler

wikipedia_title: Cynthia Denzler


text: Battle of Odaihara

text: sieges of Toishi

text: Sanada Nobutsuna

text: Sanada Masayuki

text: Sanada Yukimura

text: Toyotomi Hideyoshi

categories: Samurai,Year of birth uncertain,1574 deaths,Takeda retainers,Sanada clan,1512 births

paragraph: Sanada Yukitaka

paragraph: Under Takeda Shingen, Sanada Yukitaka participated in the Battle of Odaihara in 1546 and the sieges of Toishi in 1550 and 1551, and was one of three generals to be named "Danjōchū" by Shingen.

paragraph: He was the father of Sanada Nobutsuna and Sanada Masayuki and grandfather of the legendary samurai warrior Sanada Yukimura of whom Toyotomi Hideyoshi once said "A hero appears once every hundred years".

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turnbull, Stephen (1998). "The Samurai Sourcebook". London: Cassell & Co.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Legendary Takeda's 24 Generals" at Yamanashi-kankou.jp

description: Daimyo of Shinano Province and one of Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen

wikidata_label: Sanada Yukitaka

wikipedia_title: Sanada Yukitaka


text:
Charles Hubert Parry
"The Times of London"
Yale University
Women's Suffrage
Rhoda Garrett
Millicent Fawcett
Agnes Garrett
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
Mozart
The Great War Forum
Lyrics and musical score
Smithsonian Library

categories: 1850 births,Hymn writers,1943 deaths,Scottish women writers

paragraph: Mary Christian Dundas Hamilton

paragraph: Mary Christian Dundas Hamilton (24 May 1850 - 10 June 1943) was a Scottish writer and poet. She is known for writing "A Hymn for Aviators" (1915). The music to this hymn was composed by Charles Hubert Parry. Hamilton's verse was printed in "The Times of London" in 1915 and was also included in the anthology "A Book of Verse of the Great War" by W. Reginald Wheeler, published by Yale University in 1917.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Mary Christian Dundas Hamilton was born in Edinburgh to parents John Hamilton and Catherine Barbara Stobart. She grew up in Ayrshire and moved to Sussex, England, where she lived until her death in 1943, leaving an estate worth £5781. Hamilton had a house in Rustington, Sussex, where she was a keen fund raiser for the Women's Suffrage movement which was active in this part of the country seeing visits from Rhoda Garrett and her cousins Millicent Fawcett, Agnes Garrett and Elizabeth Garrett Anderson at various points around 1879.

paragraph: This poem was adapted at various times and given different titles"." It was known as ""Lord, Guard and Guide the Men Who Fly"" and also as ""United States Air Force Hymn"", it first appeared in the "American Student Hymnal" in 1928 and was set to Mozart's ""Dona Nobis Pacem"." This text was also used for ""A Hymn for Aviators"" and later when World War II began, it was adapted and used as part of ""The Navy Hymn"" for naval aviators.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Hymn for Aviators" (1915)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wheeler, W.R. 1917. "". Yale University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Great War Forum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lyrics and musical score held on Smithsonian Library digital archive.

description: Scottish writer

wikidata_label: Mary C. D. Hamilton

wikipedia_title: Mary Christian Dundas Hamilton


text:
Kempinski
Raschkow
Province of Posen
Kingdom of Prussia
Ring
Breslau
Berlin
Friedrichstraße
Leipziger Straße
oyster
crayfish
table d'hôte
Mark
fine dining
Wilhelm II
mayolica
Cadiner Majolika
Weißensee cemetery
Berliner Tageblatt

categories: People from the Province of Posen,German hoteliers,German Jews,Kempinski Hotels,1843 births,1910 deaths,German restaurateurs,People from Raszków

paragraph: Berthold Kempinski

paragraph: Berthold Kempinsky (10 October 1843 – 14 March 1910) was a German hotelier, the founder of the Kempinski hotels.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Kempinski was born in Raschkow, Province of Posen, Kingdom of Prussia (Raszków, Poland), he became a travelling salesman in winetrade in his homeregion. Kempinski and his younger brother operated a wine tavern at the Ring (Market Square) of Breslau (Wrocław). In 1872 he moved to Berlin and started a small premise at Kronenstraße and soon after the M. Kempinski & Co. wine restaurant at Friedrichstraße / Leipziger Straße junction.

paragraph: The restaurant became popular for its huge selection of wine and seasonal delicacies like oysters and crayfish. Kempinski invented the table d'hôte for a fixed price (1,25 Mark) and the "half portion" for (0,75 Mark, later 0,85 Mark) which made fine dining affordable for the middleclass population.

paragraph: In 1889 the Kempinki restaurant at Leipziger Straße 25 was opened, the largest business of its kind in Berlin. Wilhelm II selected the mayolica tiles from his Cadiner Majolika manufactury and attended the opening of the Kaisersaal (Emperor's hall). Kempinsky later specialised on wine trading and devolved the management to his son in law and his nephew.

paragraph: Kempinski died 14 March 1910 in Berlin and was buried in an honorary grave at the Jewish Weißensee cemetery. In an obituary the Berliner Tageblatt called him one of the most popular men of Berlin.

wikidata_label: Berthold Kempinski

wikipedia_title: Berthold Kempinski


text:
racing cyclist
UCI Women's Team
2019 women's road cycling season

categories: Mexican female cyclists,1999 births,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people

paragraph: Andrea Ramírez

paragraph: Andrea Ramírez (born 25 September 1999) is a Mexican professional racing cyclist. She signed to ride for the UCI Women's Team for the 2019 women's road cycling season.

description: Mexican cyclist

wikidata_label: Andrea Ramírez Fregoso

wikipedia_title: Andrea Ramírez


text:
convert
Inquisition
Seville
Carmona
Utrera
Diego de Merlo
Maria Luisa Park

paragraph: Susana Ben Susón

paragraph: Susana Ben Susón, nicknamed La Susona, was a young Jewish convert from Seville and features in a legend. She was the daughter of don Diego Susón a Jewish convert.

paragraph: Jews were an oppressed minority in Seville in the late Middle Ages and in 1391 a violent pogrom in the Jewish quarter (la Judería) reduced the Jewish population of 500 families by two thirds through forced conversions, expulsion and murder. In 1478 the Inquisition was founded in Spain to uphold religious orthodoxy in the Spanish realm and to monitor and prevent "conversos" from engaging in Jewish practices, which, as Christians, they were supposed to have given up.

paragraph: In an attempt to secure their continued existence and regain their previous standing in Spanish life, around 1480, the Jews in Seville, Carmona, and Utrera plotted a conspiracy to destabilize the state and one of its leaders was the father of Susona. The conspirators met at the home of Diego Susón to plot the spread of their plans, including the release of prisoners to create disorder, benefit the Muslim powers, and carry out violent uprisings in major cities.

paragraph: However, Susona feared the direction the conspiracy was unfolding, she told everything to her young husband Christian.

paragraph: Christian went to the chief assistant of the city of Seville, don Diego de Merlo, to inform him of what Susona had told him. Diego de Merlo investigated the allegations and arrested all participants, who were condemned to death.

paragraph: Susona suffered great guilt for having betrayed her father and hid herself in a convent. On the death of Diego Susón, she requested her head to be hung from the door of her house in the Barrio Santa Cruz Seville, to remind people of her betrayal. However, the head decomposed and was replaced by an oil lamp. Subsequently, the lamp was changed to a tile on which her skull is displayed.

paragraph: La Bella Susona in a tile of a roundabout Maria Luisa Park of Seville, Spain. The tile is based on a painting by José García Ramos and is drawn by Enrique Orcel in the Factory of Manuel Ramos Rejano.

wikidata_label: Susana Ben Susón

wikipedia_title: Susana Ben Susón


text: Summer Olympics

text: Margaret Swan Forbes

text: 1996 Summer Olympics

text: 4×100-meter freestyle relay

text: 4×200-meter freestyle relay

text: 4×100-meter medley relay

text: 200-meter freestyle

text: 2000 Summer Olympics

text: 4×100-meter freestyle relay

text: 4×200-meter freestyle relay

text: 200-meter freestyle

text: University of Texas at Austin

text: Eddie Reese

text: Texas Longhorns swimming and diving

text: St. Louis

text: natatorium

text: Virgil T. Blossom Athletic Center

text: Oklahoma Christian University

text: Oklahoma Christian University

text: Bill Boomer

text: List of multiple Olympic gold medalists

text: US Olympic Committee

text: SanAntonioSports.com

text: Josh Davis homepage

categories: Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics,Pan American Games medalists in swimming,World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,Swimmers at the 1995 Pan American Games,American male freestyle swimmers,Olympic silver medalists for the United States in swimming,Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States,Olympic swimmers of the United States,Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics,Universiade gold medalists for the United States,Universiade medalists in swimming,Olympic gold medalists for the United States in swimming,Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics,1972 births,Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics,Oklahoma Christian Eagles and Lady Eagles swimming coaches,Living people,Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m),Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States,Former world record holders in swimming,Texas Longhorns men's swimmers,Universiade silver medalists for the United States,Sportspeople from San Antonio,Goodwill Games medalists in swimming

paragraph: Josh Davis (swimmer)

paragraph: Joshua Clark Davis (born September 1, 1972) is an American former competition swimmer, Olympic gold medalist, and former world record-holder. Davis represented the United States at two consecutive Summer Olympics.

paragraph: Margaret Swan Forbes taught him how to swim.

paragraph: At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, he won gold medals by swimming for the winning U.S. teams in the 4×100-meter freestyle relay and 4×200-meter freestyle relay. He earned a third gold medal by swimming for the first-place U.S. team in the preliminary heats of the 4×100-meter medley relay. He also competed in the 200-meter freestyle, and finished seventh in the event final with a time of 1:48.54.

paragraph: Four years later at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, he served as the captain of the U.S. swimming team. At the 2000 Olympics, he won silver medals swimming for the second-place U.S. teams in the preliminary heats of the 4×100-meter freestyle relay, and the final of the 4×200-meter freestyle relay. He again competed in the 200-meter freestyle, finishing in fourth place in the final with a time of 1:46.73.

paragraph: He attended the University of Texas at Austin, where he swam for coach Eddie Reese's Texas Longhorns swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition.

paragraph: He also swam for the U.S. national team at:

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Championships: 1994, 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pan American Games: 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pan Pacific Championships: 1993, 1997, 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- World University Games: 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- Short Course Worlds: 2000

paragraph: In February 2009 four of Davis' Olympic medals—three gold medals and one silver medal—were stolen from his car after he returned from a swim clinic in St. Louis. On February 13, 2009, cleanup crews found the medals outside one of the Salvation Army's Boys and Girls Clubs in San Antonio. The medals were returned to Davis at a news conference later that night.

paragraph: Completed in 2001, the newer natatorium at North East independent school District's Virgil T. Blossom Athletic Center (the district where Davis attended school) in San Antonio was named in his honor.

paragraph: On June 1, 2016, Davis was named as the first coach of Oklahoma Christian University's swimming programs, charged with building men's and women's teams for competition that will begin with the 2017-18 season. It is Davis' first collegiate coaching job. Oklahoma Christian University is one of three universities in Oklahoma offering intercollegiate swimming.

paragraph: Davis and wife Shantel live in Edmond, Oklahoma, and have six children.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bill Boomer, swimming coach

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of University of Texas at Austin alumni

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming (men)

paragraph: BULLET::::- World record progression 4 × 200 metres freestyle relay

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- US Olympic Committee

paragraph: BULLET::::- SanAntonioSports.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josh Davis homepage

alias:
Joshua Clark Davis
Joshua Davis

description: American swimmer, Olympic gold medalist, world champion, former world record-holder

wikidata_label: Josh Davis

wikipedia_title: Josh Davis (swimmer)


text:
C.R.S.A.
Catholic Church
canon regular
bishop
Patriarch of Venice
Giustiniani
ordained
deacon
Canons Regular
San Giorgio in Alga
Catholic priesthood
Rule of St. Augustine
prior
Prior
Pope Eugene IV
Bishop
Castello
Pope Nicholas V
Diocese of Castello
Grado
Constantinople
Muslim
Byzantine Empire
canonized
Pope Alexander VIII
sermon
ascetic
Pope Innocent XII
feast day
General Roman Calendar
Louis Barbo
Lawrence Justinian
Catholic Encyclopedia

categories: Burials at San Pietro di Castello (church),Italian Roman Catholic saints,1381 births,House of Giustiniani,Canonical Augustinian saints,Patriarchs of Venice,1456 deaths,Italian Renaissance people,Canonical Augustinian bishops,People from Venice,15th-century Christian saints

paragraph: Lawrence Giustiniani

paragraph: Lawrence Justinian, C.R.S.A. (, 1 July 1381 – 8 January 1456), is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church. He was a canon regular who was appointed as a bishop and became the first Patriarch of Venice.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Lawrence Justinian was a member of the well-known Giustiniani family, which includes several saints. The piety of his mother seems to have served as an inspiration for his own spirituality, as he chose of a life of prayer and service. In 1404, after he had been ordained a deacon, at the suggestion of an uncle who was a priest, he joined a community of Canons Regular following a monastic form of life on the island of San Giorgio in Alga.

paragraph: He was admired by his fellows for his poverty, mortification, and fervency of prayer. Two years after his ordination to the Catholic priesthood in 1407, the community accepted the Rule of St. Augustine. He was chosen to be the first prior of the community.

paragraph: Lawrence promoted the Constitutions which he been established for the Canons of St. George, which was embraced by other communities of Canons in the region and shortly thereafter he became the Prior General of a Congregation. He was so zealous in spreading it that he was looked upon as if he were the actual founder of the Order.

paragraph: In 1433, Pope Eugene IV, one of the founders of the Monastery of San Giorgio, named Gustiniani as the Bishop of Castello. He found a diocese in shambles and his administration was marked by considerable growth and reform. In 1451, Pope Nicholas V united the Diocese of Castello with the Patriarchate of Grado, and the seat of the patriarchate was moved to Venice, making Giustiniani the first Patriarch of Venice, a post that he held for over four years.

paragraph: It was during Lawrence's rule that Constantinople fell to Muslim forces. Due to their centuries of close trading partnerships with Byzantine Empire, the people of Venice were in panic as to their future. He took a leading role in helping the Republic to deal with the crisis, working with the Senate to help chart its future, as well as with the clergy and people to calm them.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: He died on January 8, 1456, and was canonized by Pope Alexander VIII (1689–1691). His works, consisting of sermons, letters and ascetic treatises, have been frequently reprinted.

paragraph: Pope Innocent XII (1691–1700) inserted his feast day in the General Roman Calendar for celebration on 5 September, the anniversary of his elevation to the episcopate. Because of the saint's limited importance worldwide, his liturgical celebration is no longer included in the General Roman Calendar, and his feast was moved to 8 January, the day of his death.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis Barbo

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lawrence Justinian at the Catholic Encyclopedia

alias:
Lorenzo Giustiniani
Saint Lorenzo Giustiniani
San Lorenzo Giustiniani
Saint Lawrence Justinian

description: first Patriarch of Venice

wikidata_label: Lawrence Giustiniani

wikipedia_title: Lawrence Justinian

wikipedia_title: Lawrence Giustiniani


text: Czech

text: Sautens

text: Innsbruck

text: Prague

text: sculptor

text: Czech lands

text: baroque

text: Austria

text: Salzburg

text: Italy

text: Venice

text: Bologna

text: Rome

text: Michelangelo Buonarroti

text: Gian Lorenzo Bernini

text: Prague

text: sandstone

text: Bohemia

text: statuary of the Vision of St. Luthgard

text: Charles Bridge

text: tuberculosis

text: Virtue

text: Vice

text: Kuks

text: František Antonín Špork

text: Bethlehem

text: Charles Bridge

text: Holy Trinity

text: Teplice

text: Czernin

text: Statue of Saint Ludmila, Charles Bridge

text: An online tour

text: The Rescue of M. Braun's Area by Kuks

text: Some more biographic info

categories: 1684 births,Czech sculptors,Austrian sculptors,Austrian male sculptors,1738 deaths,Czech male sculptors

paragraph: Matthias Braun

paragraph: Matthias Bernard Braun (Czech: "Matyáš Bernard Braun", 24 February 1684 in Sautens near Innsbruck – 15 February 1738 in Prague) was a sculptor and carver active in the Czech lands, one of the most prominent late baroque style sculptors in the area.

paragraph: Matthias Bernard Braun was born as the fifth child of Jacob Braun and Magdalene born Neureuter. He apprenticed in Austria (Salzburg) and Italy (Venice, Bologna, Rome). And in his work, it is the Italian influence, that is the most prominent. He was inspired by Michelangelo Buonarroti, Gian Lorenzo Bernini and by the Venetian sculptural school of the 17th century and thus became a great propagator of the Italian-provenience sculpture in the Central-European context.

paragraph: Some time before 1710, Braun came to visit Prague, already as a full-fledged artist creating from sandstone, and soon he became domestic in Bohemia. He found his wife and friends there, and became a citizen to the New Town of Prague. Already his first work - the statuary of the Vision of St. Luthgard (Czech: "Vidění sv. Luitgardy") from 1710, situated on Charles Bridge in Prague - brought to him much attention and many new orders. Braun then was able to found the biggest workshop in Prague, employing six journeymen and having an income of 900 golden a year around 1725. Soon, he himself could not manage the number of new commissions for Prague palaces, gardens, churches and many other places in Bohemia, a situation worsened by the progressing tuberculosis. That is why he only created the designs and models, had his cooperators realize them and completed the work into the final appearance. He had five children, none of which continued his work, though. He died in Prague in 1738.

paragraph: Matthias Braun is probably the most famous for his collection of the "allegories of Virtues and Vices" situated at the Kuks Hospital in Bohemia, a commission of count František Antonín Špork. Other notable sculptures include: the "Bethlehem" - monumental statues chiselled directly in sandstone rocks near Kuks, forty pitoresque statues of dwarfs at the Kuks race-course, several statuaries at Charles Bridge in Prague, statues in the St. Kliment's church (Prague), the stone pillar of the Holy Trinity in Teplice, the sculptures in the interior of Czernin palace (Prague), and many others.

paragraph: There is an asteroid named Mathiasbraun (number 6768), discovered in 1983.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Statue of Ivo of Kermartin, Charles Bridge

paragraph: BULLET::::- Statue of Saint Ludmila, Charles Bridge

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- An online tour of the "Betlehem" sculptures

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Rescue of M. Braun's Area by Kuks

paragraph: BULLET::::- Some more biographic info

paragraph: BULLET::::- The allegories of Virtues and Vices at Kuks (Czech text, and photos)

paragraph: Section::::Books about Braun.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neumann, Jaromír: "Český barok". Praha: Odeon 1968, 2.vyd. 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poche, Emanuel: "Matyáš Bernard Braun, sochař českého baroka a jeho dílna". Praha: Odeon 1986

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blažíček, Oldřich J.: Sochařství vrcholného baroka v Čechách, v: "Dějiny českého výtvarného umění", díl II/2. Praha 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kořán, Ivo: "Karlův most". Praha: Odeon 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hoferica, Jilji: "3x Mathias Bernard Braun". Praha 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hoferica Jilji: Mathias Braun a Georg Patzak. Praha 2013

paragraph: Durant James (2007)

paragraph: Jordan Videcoqs (2012)

paragraph: Machias Brownlli (CKS)

alias:
Mathias Bernhard
Matyas Bernard Braun
Mathias Bernhard Braun
Mathias Braun Von Braun
Mathias Braun von Braun
Matyáš Bernard Braun
Matyáš Bernard Praun

description: Czech sculptor

wikidata_label: Matthias Braun

wikipedia_title: Matthias Braun


text: college football

text: United States Military Academy

text: United States Military Academy

text: Vietnam War

text: Irondequoit, New York

text: Aquinas Institute

text: Rochester

text: Vince Lombardi

text: United States Military Academy

text: West Point

text: Red Blaik

text: Navy

text: Sports Illustrated

text: Norman Schwarzkopf

text: New York Giants

text: 1956 NFL Draft

text: West Point

text: U.S. Army

text: major

text: 1st Brigade

text: 1st Infantry Division

text: Battle of Ong Thanh

text: Arlington National Cemetery

text: Holleder Memorial Stadium

text: Aquinas Institute

text: College Football Hall of Fame

text: Donald W. Holleder Center

text: Black Lion Award

text: Distinguished Service Cross

text: David Maraniss

text: They Marched Into Sunlight

text: FX

text: 1954 College Football All-America Team

text: Pat Tillman

text: Bob Kalsu

text: Holleder biography and tribute

text: Entry at Arlington National Cemetery

text: Holleder Center at USMA

text: A Salute to Our Local Heroes

text: Military Times Hall of Valor page

categories: Army Black Knights football players,United States Military Academy alumni,United States Army officers,People from Irondequoit, New York,1934 births,Recipients of the Soldier's Medal,American military personnel killed in the Vietnam War,College Football Hall of Fame inductees,American army personnel of the Vietnam War,Burials at Arlington National Cemetery,Recipients of the Silver Star,Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States),Sportspeople from Rochester, New York,1967 deaths

paragraph: Don Holleder

paragraph: Donald Walter Holleder (August 3, 1934 – October 17, 1967) was an American college football star while attending the United States Military Academy and later assistant football coach for the United States Military Academy, who was later killed in the Vietnam War.

paragraph: Holleder was born in Buffalo, New York, and at age 13, he and his family moved to Irondequoit, New York. He attended high school at the Aquinas Institute in nearby Rochester. He was heavily recruited by a number of top college football recruiters, including West Point's offensive coach Vince Lombardi.

paragraph: He elected to enroll at the United States Military Academy at West Point. As a junior in 1954, he was named to the All-America team as an end. The following season, Army head coach Colonel Red Blaik asked him to move to quarterback. Holleder clearly lacked the skills to be a productive passer, but Blaik felt that his leadership skills were important and would help the struggling team improve. Blaik's move was ridiculed but it paid off. The team finished with a record of 6-3-0, including a rousing upset of Navy that led to Holleder's appearance on the cover of "Sports Illustrated".

paragraph: One of Holleder's classmates at West Point was General Norman Schwarzkopf. They both graduated in the Class of 1956.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and football career.:1956 NFL draft.

paragraph: The New York Giants selected Holleder in the 1956 NFL Draft college draft. However, Holleder was not interested in a professional football career.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: After graduating from West Point, he continued to serve in the U.S. Army. Over the next ten years, he rose to the rank of major, serving posts in Hawaii and Korea, and in between returning to West Point for three years as an assistant football coach, recruiter, and scout.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Battle of Ong Thanh.

paragraph: In 1967, Holleder, now a major, requested to be sent to Vietnam, where he became the Operations Officer for 1st Brigade of the 1st Infantry Division.

paragraph: During the Battle of Ong Thanh on Tuesday October 17, 1967, he and his commanding officer were overflying the battle in a helicopter. They observed the entire command unit on the ground had been killed and the remaining men were in serious trouble. Don volunteered to organize a rescue effort. Upon landing, Holleder secured three volunteers and rushed to the battle site. Running far in front of his volunteers, he was shot by a sniper. The volunteers who accompanied him pulled him into cover behind a tree. Before they could apply emergency first aid, Holleder died. He is interred in Arlington National Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Holleder had a wife and four daughters.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In 1974, the football stadium in his hometown of Rochester was renamed Holleder Memorial Stadium in his honor. The stadium was home to the football team of his high school Alma Mater, Aquinas Institute. In 1985 the stadium was torn down where the Holleder Technology Park now stands on the site, bisected by Holleder Parkway.

paragraph: In 1985, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, and that same year, West Point's basketball/hockey arena was named in his honor (The Donald W. Holleder Center). Each year, the Army football team recognizes one of their players with the Black Lion Award, given "to a player who best exemplifies the character of Don Holleder, leadership, courage, devotion to duty, self sacrifice and, above all, an unselfish concern to put the team ahead of himself."

paragraph: He was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Cross on April 27, 2012.

paragraph: David Maraniss' book "They Marched Into Sunlight" is currently in production for a 6-part series for FX and will include Holleder's story.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1954 College Football All-America Team

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pat Tillman

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bob Kalsu

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holleder biography and tribute

paragraph: BULLET::::- Entry at Arlington National Cemetery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holleder Center at USMA

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holleder in high school football Hall of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photo of Holleder in Army-Navy game from Sports Illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Salute to Our Local Heroes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Military Times Hall of Valor page

description: Recipient of the Purple Heart medal

wikidata_label: Don Holleder

wikipedia_title: Don Holleder


text: Danish

text: Boy Scout

text: Guard Hussars

text: Robert Baden-Powell

text: 1930 German federal election

text: 1932 Danish general election

text: Frits Clausen

categories: National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark politicians,1885 births,1965 deaths,Scouting and Guiding in Denmark

paragraph: Cay Lembcke

paragraph: Cay Lembcke (15 December 1885 – 31 January 1965) was a co-founder of the Danish Boy Scouts Organization in 1910 and the National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark in 1930. He was captain of the Danish Guard Hussars until his resignation in 1923, following public disagreement with the Danish government over budget cuts in the Danish defence.

paragraph: Lembcke was co-founder of the Danish Boy Scouts Organization ("Det Danske Spejderkorps"). He wrote a Danish adaptation of Robert Baden-Powell's "Scouting for Boys" in December 1910, titled "Patrouilleøvelser for Drenge" (Patrol exercises for Boys). He left the Danish Boy Scout movement in 1923, after many years of disagreement because of his fascist tendencies.

paragraph: Following the success of the National Socialist German Workers' Party in the 1930 German federal election, Lembcke was the co-founder of National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark ("Danmarks National Socialistiske Arbejderparti") and the first leader of the party. After a disappointing 1932 Danish general election result, Lembcke was replaced as leader by Frits Clausen in July 1933.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sondre Ljoså, "Alltid beredt til hva?", University of Oslo, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Per Biensø, "Cay Lembcke, Spejdersport og Fascisme, 1910-1923", Aalborg University, 2005

description: Danish politician

wikidata_label: Cay Lembcke

wikipedia_title: Cay Lembcke


text:
Brazil
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Curitiba
Roman Catholic Diocese of Foz do Iguaçu

categories: 2018 deaths,Brazilian Roman Catholic bishops,1952 births

paragraph: Dirceu Vegini

paragraph: Dirceu Vegini (14 April 1952 – 29 September 2018) was an Brazilian Roman Catholic bishop.

paragraph: Vegini was born in Brazil and was ordained to the priesthood in 1984. He served as titular bishop of "Putia in Byzacena" and was auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Curitiba, Brazil from 2006 to 2010. He then as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Foz do Iguaçu. Brazil, from 2010 until his death.

description: Brazilian priest and theologian

wikidata_label: Dirceu Vegini

wikipedia_title: Dirceu Vegini


text:
footballer
men's tournament
1920 Summer Olympics
AC Sparta Prague
SK Slavia Prague
Czechoslovak First League
1925 season

categories: Sportspeople from Prague,Czechoslovakia international footballers,Czech footballers,SK Slavia Prague players,1891 births,Association football forwards,Footballers at the 1920 Summer Olympics,Olympic footballers of Czechoslovakia,Czechoslovak footballers,AC Sparta Prague players,1950 deaths

paragraph: Jan Vaník

paragraph: Jan Vaník (7 May 1891 – 12 June 1950) was a Czechoslovak footballer. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1920 Summer Olympics. On a club level, he played for AC Sparta Prague and SK Slavia Prague, becoming the top goalscorer of the Czechoslovak First League in the 1925 season.

description: Czech soccer player

wikidata_label: Jan Vaník

wikipedia_title: Jan Vaník


text: botanical illustrator

text: Huntington Library

text: Alexandria

text: Howard Pyle

text: Philadelphia

text: Henry Troth

text: The Plastic Club

text: bookplate

text: Pasadena

categories: 20th-century women artists,American illustrators,1861 births,1910 deaths

paragraph: Elisabeth Hallowell Saunders

paragraph: Elisabeth Moore Hallowell Saunders (February 21, 1861 – 1910) was an American botanical illustrator, author and photographer. Her best known works are illustrations and photographs she completed for her and her husband's books. A collection of her photographs is held by the Huntington Library.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Saunders was born Elisabeth Moore Hallowell on the February 2, 1861 to Anne Reese and Caleb S. Hallowell in Alexandria, Virginia. In 1888 Saunders studied art with Howard Pyle in Philadelphia. In that year Saunders formed a walking club with her future husband Charles Francis Saunders and Henry Troth. Saunders was an avid naturalist and gained the nickname "The Botanist" from the other two. They visited inns in Philadelphia, which culminated in a collaborated book "Inns and Outs." The book was written by Charles and illustrated by Saunders and Troth.

paragraph: In 1891 Saunders was a student at the Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art where she was awarded first place in the Richards Prize for her portfolio of etchings.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Saunders worked at the Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art in 1893 as an instructor in pen and ink drawing. She continued to teach there until 1900 when she took a leave of absence as a result of ill health.

paragraph: During this time Saunders was a member of The Plastic Club, an arts organisation for women to promote collaboration and members' works. In 1902 Saunders designed the bookplate and insignia for the club.

paragraph: Also in 1902 she married Charles and they honeymooned in California and the American southwest. In 1904 Charles published his first book, a book of poems dedicated to Saunders and entitled "In a Poppy Garden." Saunders illustrated that volume. The following year Saunders published a book of illustrations, "California Wild Flowers." Charles wrote the descriptive text for that work.

paragraph: Partly in an attempt to improve Saunders failing health, the couple moved to Pasadena in 1906. Along with her illustration work, Saunders was a keen photographer. Many of her photographs were used to illustrate Charles' books including "The Indians of the Terraced Houses" and "Under the Sky in California," both of which were published after her death.

paragraph: Saunders died in Pasadena in 1910.

alias:
Elizabeth H. Saunders
Mrs Charles Francis Saunders
E. M. Hallowell
E. H. Saunders
E. M. H. Saunders
Elizabeth Hallowell Saunders
Elisabeth Moore Hallowell
Elisabeth M. Hallowell
Elisabeth H. Saunders
Elisabeth M. H. Saunders
Elisabeth Hallowell
Elisabeth Moore Hallowell Saunders
E.M.H.S.

description: American scientific illustrator, photographer, naturalist and teacher (1861-1910)

wikidata_label: Elisabeth Hallowell Saunders

wikipedia_title: Elisabeth Hallowell Saunders


text:
Enlil
short chronology
Kassite
Babylon
Kadašman-Turgu
Ḫattušili III
Hittites
Assyria
tablet
Bābu-aḫa-iddina
Tukulti-Ninurta I
Tudhaliya IV
Puduhepa
Amarna
Rabâ-ša-Marduk
economic text

wikipedia_title:
Enlil
Short chronology
Kassites
Babylon
Kadashman-Turgu
Ḫattušili III
Hittites
Assyria
Clay tablet
Bābu-aḫa-iddina
Tukulti-Ninurta I
Tudḫaliya IV
Puduḫepa
Amarna letters
Rabâ-ša-Marduk
Text corpus

categories: Babylonian kings,13th-century BC Babylonian kings

paragraph: Kadashman-Enlil II

paragraph: Kadašman-Enlil II, typically rendered "ka-dáš-man-" in contemporary inscriptions, meaning “he believes in Enlil” (1263-1255 BC short chronology) was the 25th king of the Kassite or 3rd dynasty of Babylon.

paragraph: He succeeded Kadašman-Turgu as a child and political power was exercised at first by an influential vizier, Itti-Marduk-balatu, “whom the gods have caused to live far too long and whose mouth unfavourable words never cease”, according to Ḫattušili III. The vizier seems to have adopted a sharply antagonistic position towards the Hittites, favoring the appeasement of their belligerent Assyrian northerly neighbor.

paragraph: Section::::Correspondence with Ḫattušili III.

paragraph: In the first place the Hittite king, Ḫattušili III, wrote to Itti-Marduk-balatu (“With-Marduk-[there is]-Life”) to reestablish relations with Kadašman-Turgu's successor, because “my brother (Kadašman-Enlil) was a child in those days, and they did not read out the tablets in your presence.” Itti-Marduk-balatu seems to have adopted the part of viceroy and, on one hand, Ḫattušili tried to renew the alliance entered into by the late king and, on the other, warn him – “If you do not protect my brother’s progeny in the kingship, I shall become your enemy.” This drew an angry response from the vizier, who accused Ḫattušili of treating them like vassals.

paragraph: Kadašman-Enlil had allowed his diplomatic missions with the Hittite court to lapse, prompting an anxious Ḫattušili to ask why. “Since the Ahlamu are hostile I have stopped sending my messengers. The King of Assyria prevents my messenger from crossing his territory” – were his feeble responses, and this drew the curt reply: “Only when two kings are at enmity do their messengers cease regular travel between them”. However, when Kadašman-Enlil complained to Ḫattušili that his traders were being killed in Amurru and Ugarit, he refuted that any such thing could happen in Hittite territory. Kadašman Enlil's envoy, Adad-šar-ilani, had witnessed Bentešina of Amurru's sworn rebuttal that he had cursed Babylonia, helping to diffuse an international crisis.

paragraph: Complimenting him on his hunting prowess, Ḫattušili observed, “I have heard that my brother has become a grown man and regularly goes out to hunt,” before goading him to make war on a weaker neighbor, presumably Assyria. “Do not keep sitting around, my brother, but go against an enemy land and defeat the enemy! [Against which land] should [my brother] go out? Go against a land over which you enjoy three – or fourfold numerical superiority.” The exact same advice was given to Bābu-aḫa-iddina, an important Assyrian official, for a young Tukulti-Ninurta I on his accession to the throne of Assyria, very possibly by Ḫattušili or his son Tudhaliya IV. A diplomatic marriage may have been in the offing with Ḫattušili's wife Puduhepa matchmaking Kadašman Enlil's betrothal to one of her daughters, if the assignment of the recipients and sequence of related letters is correct, but alas it was not to come to pass as he died young.

paragraph: Section::::Diplomacy with Egypt.

paragraph: Relations with Egypt were restored and possibly cemented with a diplomatic marriage of a “daughter of Babylon who had been given to Egypt”, who must surely have been Kadašman-Enlil's sister.

paragraph: Section::::More horses than straw.

paragraph: In his correspondence with Kadašman-Enlil, Ḫattušili had observed that “in my brother’s country, the horses are more plentiful than straw,” echoing the earlier sentiment of a letter from the Amarna corpus that stated, ‘’gold is like dust in the land of my brother,” rejoined by ‘’there are more horses than straw in the land of my Kassite brother.”

paragraph: However, Babylon was the source of more than equine commodities. It also provided high-in-demand physicians and other skilled artisans, such as sculptors, conjurers, and incantation priests. Kadašman-Enlil had complained about the failure to return loaned doctors. Ḫattušili had concurred: "Detaining a doctor is not right!" But one named Rabâ-ša-Marduk had been enticed to stay, with provision of a “fine house” and a royal marriage. Another had the misfortune to have died, which failed to shame the unabashed Ḫattušili from requesting the services of a sculptor.

paragraph: Kadashman-Enlil II's reign was fairly short, up to nine years attested on the date formulae of more than forty economic texts.

wikidata_label: Kadashman-Enlil II

wikipedia_title: Kadashman-Enlil II


text: Gorinchem

text: Delft

text: Dutch

text: vice-admiral

text: Dutch Republic

text: French Revolutionary

text: House of Orange-Nassau

text: William I

text: jonkheer

text: Gorinchem

text: Amsterdam

text: Nieuwe Kerk

text: Patriot

text: stadtholder

text: William V

text: Tulleken

text: cutter

text: Texel

text: States of Holland

text: Prussia

text: Batavian Revolution

text: Batavian Republic

text: Orangist

text: ship of the line

text: squadron

text: Daendels

text: Java

text: Carel Hendrik Ver Huell

text: Theodorus Frederik van Capellen

text: mutiny

text: North Holland

text: Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland

text: Den Helder

text: Story

text: Peace of Amiens

text: perjury

text: William I

text: United Kingdom of the Netherlands

text: jonkheer

text: Military William Order

text: Order of Charles III

text: Doggersbank Medal

text: Vlissingen

text: Surinam

text: bombardment of Algiers

text: West Indies

text: Genealogie familie van Braam

categories: Admirals of the navy of the Dutch Republic,Dutch nobility,People of the Patriottentijd,People from Delft,Dutch military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars,Knights Third Class of the Military Order of William,1758 births,People from Gorinchem,1822 deaths

paragraph: Aegidius van Braam

paragraph: Aegidius van Braam (30 July 1758, in Gorinchem – 17 May 1822, in Delft) was a Dutch naval officer who attained the rank of vice-admiral. When the Dutch Republic was overrun by French Revolutionary troops in 1795, he remained loyal to the House of Orange-Nassau and fled to England. Following the restoration in 1814, he was repatriated by King William I and received the hereditary noble title of "jonkheer".

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Aegidius van Braam was born in the town of Gorinchem to Everhardus van Braam (1763–1812) and his first wife Aletta van der Sleijden (1729–1767). He left for Amsterdam and in 1783 joined the Dutch fleet as an officer.

paragraph: Van Braam lived in Delft for much of his life, in a chique mansion on the Oude Delft canal, on the corner with Nickersteeg alley (house number 73, now 36). On 12 March 1783, he wed Sophie Thierens (1767–1825). After his death, Van Braam was buried in a niche in the Nieuwe Kerk church in Delft.

paragraph: His sons also became naval officers. The noble line of the Van Braam family, his descendents, died out in 1939.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:"Patriotten" era.

paragraph: In 1797, during the conflict between the "Patriot" faction and the stadtholder, William V, he served as lieutenant to Captain Tulleken of the cutter "Salamander", which lay anchored off the island of Texel. Tulleken was arrested by the States of Holland on charges of remaining loyal to the stadholder, ignoring the orders of the States of Holland, and inciting his crew to rebellion. Van Braam protested against the arrest of his captain and demanded his release, upon which Van Braam was himself arrested and dismissed from the navy. After the restoration of the stadholder by Prussian troops later that year, Van Braam was restored to the navy and promoted to captain of the "Argo", a warship carrying 36 cannon.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:The Vlieter Incident.

paragraph: When the Batavian Revolution in 1795 swept away the old republic and replaced it with the revolutionary Batavian Republic, many Orangist officers resigned from the fleet, including Van Braam. He however re-enlisted in 1798.

paragraph: In 1799, Van Braam held command over the "Leyden", a ship of the line carrying 64 guns. The ship was part of a squadron that was to escort a force of some 5,000 men under the command of General Daendels to Java. Another Orangist naval officer who had left the fleet in 1795, Carel Hendrik Ver Huell, contacted Van Braam and another captain, Theodorus Frederik van Capellen. Ver Huell proposed that they mount a mutiny on board the ships of the squadron. Around the same time, a British-Russian force invaded the North Holland peninsula (see further Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland).

paragraph: The crews of the Batavian war ships could see that in the distance, orange flags were being raised on the forts and church steeples of allied-overrun Den Helder as a sign of loyalty to the House of Orange-Nassau. Mutiny broke out on a number of ships, including Van Braam's ship, the "Leyden". Van Braam later admitted that he could have easily crushed the mutiny, but decided to do nothing. He did however notify his commanding officer, Rear Admiral Story, of the "dangerous situation" on board the other ships of the fleet.

paragraph: Confronted with a British ultimatum on one hand and mutiny on his ship on the other, Story on 30 August 1799 surrendered his squadron to the British. This surrender was such a blow for the Dutch fleet that it would never again play a role of any significance in the subsequent French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars.

paragraph: Van Braam, Story, and other officers were taken back to England as British prisoners of war. Following the Peace of Amiens in 1802, they were set free. However, they did not return to Holland, and in 1803 they were convicted in absentia by a Dutch court-martial of dereliction of duty, cowardice and disloyalty. The Dutch court also convicted the officers of perjury (having broken their oath of loyalty). They were dishonourably dismissed and banned from Holland for life, on punishment of execution (in the case of Van Braam by a firing squad).

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Restoration.

paragraph: In 1814, following the restoration of the House of Orange-Nassau and the coronation of William I as first king of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, Van Braam and other surviving officers returned to Holland and were restored in rank and honour by William I. On 1 July 1814, Van Braam was promoted to the rank of vice-admiral, and on 8 July 1816 he was raised to the nobility as "jonkheer". He also received the Military William Order (Knight Third Class), the Order of Charles III (Knight Grand Cross), and the Doggersbank Medal.

paragraph: In 1815, he commanded a squadron which sailed from Vlissingen to Surinam. In 1817 he sailed with the frigate "Frederika" to the Mediterranean to assume command of Vice-Admiral Van de Capellen's squadron, which had taken part in the bombardment of Algiers a year earlier. Later, he likely held command over a squadron in the West Indies. In 1822, he ended his naval career, and died soon after.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A.J. van der Aa, Biografisch woordenboek der Nederlanden. Vol. 2 (Dutch)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogie familie van Braam (Dutch)

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. van der Tas, "Kwartierstaat van der Tas-Einthoven". Genealogische Vereniging Prometheus (Dutch, PDF)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roodhuyzen, T. (1998) "In woelig vaarwater: marineofficieren in de jaren 1779-1802", De Bataafsche Leeuw, (Dutch)

description: Dutch Navy admiral

wikidata_label: Aegidius van Braam

wikipedia_title: Aegidius van Braam