text:
Sultan
Khalji dynasty
Delhi Sultanate
Mamluk dynasty
Muizzuddin Qaiqabad
Shamsuddin Kayumars
Mongol invasion
Mandawar
Jhain
Chahamana
Hammira
Ranthambore
Bhilsa in 1293
Devagiri in 1296
Turkic
dervish
Alauddin Khalji
Turk
Khalaj
Turkestan
Afghanistan
Helmand
Laghman
Alauddin Khalji
Balban
Samana
Mongol
kotwal
Muiz ud din Qaiqabad
Baran
Kayumars
Ziauddin Barani
Baran
Mongol invasion
Kannauj
Yamuna River
kotwal
Bhatinda
Dipalpur
Multan
Kara-Manikpur
Yahya Sirhindi
wazir
Ali Gurshasp
Almas Beg
Master of ceremonies
Master of the Horse
Bughra Khan
Bengal
khutba
Awadh
Hindu
Ganga-Yamuna Doab
Ramganga River
Amroha area
Badaun
Koil
raft
skiff
tribute
Hulagu Khan
Ziauddin Barani
Khurasan
Yahya
Dipalpur
Multan
Samana
vanguard
Islam
Lakhnauti
Chahamana
Hammira-deva
Ranthambore
Ajmer
Haryana
Rewari
Alwar
Mandawar
Ziauddin Barani
Yahya Sirhindi
Karauli
Jhain
Gardan Saini
Chambal
Kunwari
Banas
iconoclast
Amir Khusrau
Ranthambore Fort
siege engines
catapult
Ziauddin Barani
Mahmud
Sanjar
idolater
alcohol intoxication
iqtas
dervish
khanqah
amirs
khalifa
pahilwans
Ziauddin Barani
ulama
trial by fire
qalandar
dust storm
drought
famine
Yamuna River
Alauddin Khalji
Ulugh Khan
raided Bhilsa in 1293
Paramara
Malwa
Vaghela
Chahamana
Yadava
Devagiri
Awadh
Kara-Manikpur
raid on Devagiri
Gwalior
Ramadan
Ganges River
Quran
Amir Khusrau
Alauddin Khalji
Ziauddin Barani
Amir Khusrau
Raza Murad
Sanjay Leela Bhansali
Padmaavat

categories: Indian Sunni Muslims,Turkic rulers,13th-century Turkic people,13th-century Indian monarchs,Year of birth unknown,1296 deaths,Sultans of the Khalji dynasty

paragraph: Jalal-ud-din Khalji

paragraph: Jalal-ud-din Khalji (r. 1290-1296; died 19 July 1296) was the founder and first Sultan of the Khalji dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1290 to 1320.

paragraph: Originally named Firuz, Jalal-ud-din started his career as an officer of the Mamluk dynasty, and rose to an important position under Sultan Muizzuddin Qaiqabad. After Qaiqabad was paralyzed, a group of nobles appointed his infant son Shamsuddin Kayumars as the new Sultan, and tried to kill Jalal-ud-din. Instead, Jalal-ud-din had them killed, and became the regent. A few months later, he deposed Kayumars, and became the new Sultan.

paragraph: As a Sultan, he repulsed a Mongol invasion, and allowed many Mongols to settle in India after their conversion to Islam. He captured Mandawar and Jhain from the Chahamana king Hammira, although he was unable to capture the Chahamana capital Ranthambore. During his reign, his nephew Ali Gurshasp raided Bhilsa in 1293 and Devagiri in 1296.

paragraph: Jalal-ud-din, who was around 70 years old at the time of his ascension, was known as a mild-mannered, humble and kind monarch to the general public. During the first year of his reign, he ruled from Kilokhri to avoid confrontations with the old Turkic nobles of the imperial capital Delhi. Several nobles considered him as a weak ruler, and unsuccessfully attempted to overthrow him at different times. He meted out lenient punishments to the rebels, except in case of a dervish Sidi Maula, who was executed for allegedly conspiring to dethrone him. Jalal-ud-din was ultimately assassinated by his nephew Ali Gurshasp, who subsequently ascended the throne as Alauddin Khalji.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Jalal-ud-din was a Turk of the Khalaj tribe. His ancestors had migrated from Turkestan to present-day Afghanistan, where they had lived in Helmand and Laghman for over 200 years, intermarried with local Afghans, and adopted Afghan customs and manners. Because of this, when his family migrated to India, the Turkic nobles of Delhi considered them to be Afghans. They were treated as Afghans in the Delhi Court.

paragraph: Before his ascension to the throne, Jalal-ud-din was known as Malik Firuz. He and his brother Shihabuddin ( father of Alauddin Khalji) served the Delhi Sultan Balban for several years. He rose to the position of "sar-i-jandar" (chief of the royal bodyguards), and was later appointed as the governor of the frontier province of Samana. As the governor of Samana, he distinguished himself in the Sultanate's conflicts with the Mongol invaders.

paragraph: After Balban's death in 1287, Delhi's kotwal Malik al-Umara Fakhruddin enthroned Balban's teenage grandson Muiz ud din Qaiqabad (or Kayqubad) with the title Muizzuddin. Qaiqabad was a weak ruler, and the administration was actually run by his officer Malik Nizamuddin. After Nizamuddin was poisoned by some rival officers, Qaiqabad summoned Jalal-ud-din from Samana to Delhi, gave him the title "Shaista Khan", appointed him as the "ariz-i-mumalik", and made him the governor of Baran.

paragraph: By this time, Qaiqabad's health had deteriorated, and two rival factions of nobles vied for the power in Delhi. One faction, led by Malik Aytemur Surkha, sought to maintain the power of the old Turkic nobility, and wanted to retain Balban's family on the throne. The other faction, led by Jalal-ud-din, supported the rise of the new nobility.

paragraph: Section::::As a regent of Kayumars.

paragraph: When Qaiqabad was incurably paralyzed, Malik Surkha and his associate Malik Kachhan appointed his infant son Kayumars (or Kayumarth) on the throne with the title Shamsuddin II. The two nobles then conspired to kill their rival nobles, including Jalal-ud-din (then Malik Firuz). At this time, Jalal-ud-din was conducting an inspection of the royal army at Bhugal Pahari (Baharpur according to Ziauddin Barani). His nephew Malik Ahmad Chap, who held the office of "naib-i amir-i hajib", informed him about the conspiracy. Jalal-ud-din then moved his quarters to Ghiyaspur, and summoned his relatives from Baran on the pretext of preparing for an impending Mongol invasion. Other officers on Surkha's hit list also joined the Khaljis.

paragraph: Shortly after, Jalal-ud-din received an order summoning him to the royal court in Delhi, and realized that this was part of a plot to kill him. He excused himself on the pretext of conducting an inspection of the army at Kannauj. Kachhan then personally marched from Delhi to Kannauj, and told Jalal-ud-din that his presence was sought in Delhi immediately. Jalal-ud-din pretended not knowing anything about the conspiracy, and requested Kachhan to rest in a tent, while he finished the inspection. In the tent, Jalal-ud-din had Kachhan beheaded, and had his body thrown into the Yamuna River, starting a war between the two rival factions.

paragraph: Jalal-ud-din's sons marched to Delhi, entered the royal palace, and brought the titular Sultan Kayumars to Jalal-ud-din's camp. Malik Surkha and his associates tried to retrieve Kayumars, but were captured and killed. Jalal-ud-din's men also abducted some sons of Malik al-Umara Fakhruddin, the kotwal of Delhi, and therefore, Fakhruddin dissuaded the people of Delhi from trying to retrieve Kayumars.

paragraph: After eliminating the officers of the rival faction, Jalal-ud-din continued to acknowledge Kayumars as the Sultan of Delhi. He became the governor of Bhatinda, Dipalpur and Multan provinces. Initially, he offered Kayumars' regency to Balban's nephew Malik Chajju and Fakhruddin. However, Malik Chajju preferred to be the governor of Kara-Manikpur, and Fakhruddin also rejected the offer. Therefore, Jalal-ud-din himself became the regent.

paragraph: Qaiqabad died on 1 February 1290: according to Yahya Sirhindi he died of starvation after being neglected, but another account states that he was murdered on Jalal-ud-din's orders by an officer whose father had been executed by him. Kayumars' titular reign (1290) lasted for around 3 months, before he was deposed by Jalal-ud-din.

paragraph: Section::::Ascension to the throne.

paragraph: Jalal-ud-din (known as Malik Firuz until this point), ascended the throne of Delhi in June 1290, at the unfinished Kilokhri (also Kilughari or Kailugarhi) Palace near Delhi. At the time of his ascension, Jalal-ud-din was very unpopular. He had little support among the old Turkic nobles, who wrongly believed him to be of non-Turkic ancestry. In addition, he was an old man of around 70 years, and his mild nature was seen as unsuitable for the position. Because of his unpopularity, he decided not to move to Balban's palace at Delhi, and lived at Kilokhri for around one year. He finished the palace, and turned Kilokhri into an important town.

paragraph: Jalal-ud-din avoided making any radical changes to the administrative set-up, and retained the old Turkic nobles in the offices that they held during Balban's reign. For example, Fakhruddin was retained as the "kotwal" of Delhi, Khwaja Khatir was retained as the "wazir", and Balban's nephew Malik Chajju was retained as the governor of Kara-Manikpur. The surviving members of Balban's royal family moved to Kara under Chajju's governship.

paragraph: At the same time, Jalal-ud-din appointed his relatives and associates to the important offices. He appointed his brother Yaghrash Khan as the head of the army ministry ("ariz-i-mamalik"), and his nephew Ahmad Chap as "naib-i barbek". He gave his eldest son Mahmud the title Khan-i-Khan; the next two sons were given the titles Arkali Khan and Qadr Khan. He also appointed his nephews Ali Gurshasp (later Sultan Alauddin) and Almas Beg as "Amir-i-Tuzuk" (equivalent to Master of ceremonies) and "Akhur-beg" (equivalent to Master of the Horse) respectively.

paragraph: Gradually, Jalal-ud-din overcame the initial hostility that he had faced from the citizens of Delhi. He gained reputation as a humble and kind-hearted monarch, as opposed to the preceding despots like Balban. After entering Delhi, he had the royal entrance to the Red Palace dismounted, and refused to sit on the king's seat in the royal audience-hall, saying that the crown had been forced upon him because of the malicious intents of Surkha and Kachhan.

paragraph: Section::::Malik Chajju's revolt.

paragraph: While the general public admired Jalal-ud-din as a kind-hearted and sincere person, a section of nobles despised him as a weak ruler. In August 1290, Balban's nephew Malik Chajju Kashli Khan, who now headed the former royal family, staged a revolt against Jalal-ud-din at Kara. Chajju seems to have opted for the governship of the easternmost province of Kara-Manikpur to remain away from imperial control, and possibly, because he hoped to seek support from his cousin Bughra Khan (father of Qaiqabad), who had become an independent ruler of the eastern Bengal region in 1287.

paragraph: Chajju styled himself as Sultan Mughisuddin, and declared his independence. As a mark of his sovereignty, he issued his own coins, and had the "khutba" read in his name. Ali Hatim Khan, the governor of Awadh, as well as other older nobles appointed in the eastern region, supported him. Chajju was also supported by a number of Hindu chiefs of the Gangetic plains, who had not paid their tribute for some years, and who swore allegiance to Balban's family. Under these circumstances, Jalal-ud-din's loyal officers in the Ganga-Yamuna Doab region started withdrawing from the region.

paragraph: Chajju was confident that he enjoyed more support than Jalal-ud-din, who was yet to find favour among the old nobles of Delhi and its neighbouring areas. Therefore, he marched towards Delhi along the left bank of the Ganges River, and then the Ramganga River. He probably planned to enter Delhi from Amroha area. At Badaun, his supporters Malik Bahadur and Alp Ghazi joined him with their troops.

paragraph: Jalal-ud-din set out to crush the revolt after appointing his eldest son, who held the title "Khan-i Khanan", in-charge of Delhi. He led his army towards Badaun via Koil (modern Aligarh). The vanguard of his army, led by his second eldest son Arkali Khan, marched ahead of the rest of the army, and spotted Chajju's army on the other side of the Ramganga River. Chajju's soldiers had seized all the boats, so Arkali Khan's contingent could not cross the river. At night, Arkali Khan sent a raiding party to Chajju's camp on rafts and skiffs. The raids caused panic among Chajju's soldiers, who deserted their camp, and moved northwards. Arkali Khan plundered the deserted camp for two days, and then pursued the enemy. He came across Chajju's army at a Ramganga river crossing, and fought an indecisive battle. Meanwhile, Jalal-ud-din's army crossed the Ganges river at Bhojpur (near Farrukhabad), and engaged Chajju's supporters in another battle.

paragraph: At night, an agent of Chajju's Hindu supporter Bhim Deva (Biram Deva Kotla according to "Tarikh-i Mubarak Shahi") informed him that Jalal-ud-din would attack his army from rear. Chajju then secretly left the camp with some of his followers. In the morning, Arkali Khan crossed the river, and easily defeated the remaining army of Chajju. Chajju's supporters Alp Ghazi and Bhim Deva were killed, while Malik Masud and Malik Muhammad Balban were captured. The rest of Chajju's army then surrendered. Chajju himself took shelter in a walled village, but the village headman turned him over to Jalal-ud-din's army.

paragraph: Aakali Khan then joined Jalal-ud-din, and the combined imperial army marched to the eastern districts to punish the chiefs who had supported Chajju. Some chiefs, such as that of Rupal, surrendered and saved themselves by offering heavy tributes. Others, such as that of Kahsun, faced plundering raids. The Hindu rebels were executed, and the Muslim rebels of Indian origin were sold as slaves.

paragraph: Jalal-ud-din treated the Turkic Muslim rebels kindly, despite objections by his nephew Ahmad Chhap. When the imprisoned rebel nobles were brought to his camp in chains, he disapproved of their mistreatment. He ordered them to be released, dressed well and entertained. He invited the high-ranking rebel nobles, such as Amir Ali Sarjandar, to a feast. Even Malik Chajju, who was captured a few days later, was sent to an honourable confinement at Multan instead of being executed; his associates were released. Jalal-ud-din openly praised the rebels for their loyalty to their deceased master Balban. When Ahmad Chhap objected to such leniency, Jalal-ud-din declared that he was incapable of being tyrannical, and argued that the pardoned nobles would be grateful to him and remain loyal to him.

paragraph: Section::::Mongol invasion.

paragraph: Sometime after Chajju's revolt, the Mongols invaded the north-west frontier of the Delhi Sultanate. The invasion was led by Abdullah, who was a grandson of Hallu (Hulagu Khan) according to Ziauddin Barani, and a son of "the prince of Khurasan" according to Yahya's "Tarikh-i Mubarak Shahi".

paragraph: The frontier provinces of Dipalpur, Multan, and Samana were governed by Jalal-ud-din's son Arkali Khan. Jalal-ud-din personally led an army to repulse the invaders. The two armies faced each other at a place named Bar-ram, and their vanguards engaged in some skirmishes. The skirmishes ended with advantage for the Delhi forces, and the Mongols agreed to retreat. Jalal-ud-din called Abdullah his son after exchanging friendly greetings.

paragraph: A group of Mongols, led by Ulghu (another grandson of Hulagu), decided to embrace Islam, and sought Jalal-ud-din's permission to settle in India. In the Delhi Sultanate, the Mongols were regarded as hardened criminals, who had been involved in murders and highway robbery. Despite this, Jalal-ud-din accepted their regrets, and allowed them to settle in the lower Ganges plain, on the Lakhnauti (Bengal) frontier of his kingdom. He also provided the new settlers with accommodation, allowances and social ranks. These Mongols came to be known as "New Muslims".

paragraph: Section::::Ranthambore campaign.

paragraph: The Chahamana king Hammira-deva ruled a kingdom centred around Ranthambore, located to the south-west of Delhi. Hammira's expansionist policy had threatened the Ajmer and Haryana frontiers of the Delhi Sultanate, which prompted Jalal-ud-din to invade his kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Ranthambore campaign.:Siege of Mandawar.

paragraph: Jalal-ud-din marched via Rewari and Narnaul to reach the Alwar frontier of Hammira's kingdom. He first besieged fortress of Mandawar (called "Mandor" by Ziauddin Barani and Yahya Sirhindi). Mandawar was once a part of the Delhi Sultanate, but had been lost to the Chahamanas in the preceding years; Jalal-ud-din recaptured it in 1292. After this victory, he raided the countryside, obtaining a large number of cattle.

paragraph: According to Yahya's "Tarikh-i Mubarak Shahi", the siege of Mandawar lasted for four months. However, historian A. B. M. Habibullah believes that this was the duration of the entire Ranthambore campaign, including the sieges of Mandawar, Jhain and Ranthambore.

paragraph: Jalal-ud-din's eldest son, "Khan-i Khanan", died on the eve of the Mandawar campaign.

paragraph: Section::::Ranthambore campaign.:Siege of Jhain.

paragraph: In 1291, Jalal-ud-din marched across the Karauli region to Jhain, a town that guarded the approaches to the Chahamana capital Ranthambore. A reconnaissance party of the Delhi army, led by Qara Bahadur, defeated a Chahamana contingent. Jalal-ud-din then sent a larger detachment to besiege the Jhain fort. When the invaders reached within two "farsang"s of the fort, a Chahamana army led by Gardan Saini came out of the fort and engaged them in a battle. The Delhi army emerged victorious, and Gardan Saini was killed in action. The invaders then pursued the retreating Chahamana soldiers across Chambal, Kunwari and Banas rivers. The remaining Chahamana contingents stationed at Jhain then evacuated the fort, and retreated to Ranthambore.

paragraph: Following this victory, the invaders engaged in plunder, and dismantled the Jhain fort. Jalal-ud-din, an iconoclast, broke the non-Islamic idols, although he admired their sculpture and carvings.

paragraph: The "Miftah al-Futuh", written by his courtier Amir Khusrau, claims that thousands of defenders were killed in the siege of Jhain, while the Delhi army lost only one Turkic soldier.

paragraph: Section::::Ranthambore campaign.:Siege of Ranthambore.

paragraph: After conquering Jhain, Jalal-ud-din ordered his army to besiege the Ranthambore Fort, which was situated on a steep hill, and was reputed to be impregnable. He issued orders for the construction of siege engines such as "maghrabis" (catapults), "sabats", "gargajes", and a "pasheb" (mound to reach the hilltop). According to the Delhi chronicler Ziauddin Barani, he abandoned the siege when he came out to inspect the progress of the construction, and realized the ensuing siege would cost many Muslim lives. Barani states that Jalal-ud-din declared he would not risk the hair of a single Muslim for "ten such forts". Jalal-ud-din's nephew Ahmad Chap opposed this decision saying that it would embolden the Hindus, and asked him to emulate the earlier Muslim kings such as Mahmud and Sanjar, "whose undoubted piety never limited their kingly action." But Jalal-ud-din argued that the comparisons to Mahmud and Sanjar were unfair, because their dominions did not include "a single idolater".

paragraph: Section::::Conspiracies against Jalal-ud-din.:Conspiracy of Tajuddin Kuchi.

paragraph: Several of Jalal-ud-din's courtiers believed that he was a weak king, who could not inspire the necessary fear among his subjects and the enemies of the Sultanate. During the Ranthambore campaign, some of his closest associates met at the house of Malik Tajuddin Kuchi. In a drunken stupor, they talked about killing Jalal-ud-din and raising Tajuddin to throne.

paragraph: When Jalal-ud-din came to know about this, he summoned the erring courtiers to a private conference. But instead of punishing them, he shamed them by daring them to kill him with his own sword. The courtiers asked for forgiveness, attributing their behavior to alcohol intoxication, with Nusrat Sabbah making a "clever and flattering confession". The meeting ended with wine-drinking and poetry recitals by Jalal-ud-din.

paragraph: Section::::Conspiracies against Jalal-ud-din.:Alleged conspiracy of Sidi Maula.

paragraph: Jalal-ud-din was lenient towards his detractors, and even the most persistent detractors were only banished to their "iqtas" for one year. The only instance in which he meted out more severe punishments was during the alleged conspiracy of Sidi Maula.

paragraph: Sidi Maula was a foreign-born religious leader, who belonged to a sect of unorthodox Muslim "dervishes". He owned a huge "khanqah", and had been reputed for his vast charities since the reign of Qaiqabad. His institution attracted most of the dispossed Balban-era amirs and officers. His followers also included Jalal-ud-din's nobles, including Qazi Jalal Kashani and the now-deceased crown prince "Khan-i Khanan".

paragraph: Sidi Maula allegedly planned to kill Jalal-ud-din to become "khalifa", although these allegations were never proven. According to a near-contemporary account, the allegations were first made by the jealous "dervishes" of a rival sect. It was alleged that Sidi Maula had asked Hathya "Paik" and Niranjan "Kotwal" to assassinate Jalal-ud-din on a Friday. These two were Balban-era Hindu officers ("pahilwans" or wrestlers, according to Ziauddin Barani). Malik Ulghu, the Mongol commander who had entered Jalal-ud-din's service, reported the allegations to Arkali Khan, while Jalal-ud-din was busy besieging Mandawar. Arkali Khan, who disliked the associates of his elder brother "Khan-i Khanan", accepted the allegations as true, and arrested the alleged conspirators.

paragraph: When Jalal-ud-din returned to Delhi, the alleged conspirators were brought before him, and pleaded not guilty. The orthodox Muslim "ulama", who were unable to present any concrete evidence against the accused, suggested a trial by fire. When Jalal-ud-din was convinced that the accused were guilty, he ordered the Hindu conspirators Hathya and Niranjan to be executed. He then banished Qazi Jalal Kashani and the Balban-era officers who followed Sidi Maula. Next, Jalal-ud-din turned to Sidi Maula, and lost his composure when Sidi Maula repeatedly denied his involvement in the conspiracy. An annoyed Jalal-ud-din asked a group of "qalandars" to knife Sidi Maula. Arkali Khan later had the wounded Sidi Maula crushed under the feet of an elephant.

paragraph: Sidi Maula's execution was followed by a severe dust storm, and a drought resulting from the failure of seasonal rains. These conditions resulted in a severe famine, during which the prices of foodgrains became exorbitant, and a number of people committed suicide by jumping into the Yamuna River. Sidi Maula's admirers considered these unfortunate events as proof of his innocence.

paragraph: Section::::Ali Gurshasp's conspiracy.

paragraph: After deposing Malik Chajju, Jalal-ud-din had appointed his nephew Ali Gurshasp (later Sultan Alauddin Khalji) as the governor of Kara. Ali's father had died when he was young, and Jalal-ud-din had brought him and his brother Almas Beg (later Ulugh Khan) up. Jalal-ud-din had also married his daughters to Ali and Almas. Ali's domestic life was miserable, as he was not on good terms with his wife and his mother-in-law, and he wanted to end his dependence on Jalal-ud-din's family. At Kara, the former supporters of Malik Chajju instigated him to overthrow Jalal-ud-din.

paragraph: To raise money for a coup against Jalal-ud-din, Ali raided Bhilsa in 1293. Bhilsa was a temple town in the Paramara kingdom of Malwa, which had already been weakened by Vaghela, Chahamana, and Yadava invasions. As a result of this raid, he obtained a large number of cattle and precious metals. During his stay in Bhilsa, he came to know about the immense wealth of the southern Yadava kingdom, as well as the routes leading to their capital Devagiri. He shrewdly surrendered the loot from Bhilsa to Jalal-ud-din to win the Sultan's confidence, but withheld the information on the Yadava kingdom. Pleased with the loot, Jalal-ud-din gave Ali the office of "Ariz-i Mamalik", which was once held by Ali's father. He also granted Ali the governorship of Awadh in addition to that of Kara-Manikpur. He also granted Ali's request to use the surplus revenue for enlisting additional troops to raid the other wealthy but weakly-defended territories beyond Chanderi.

paragraph: Over the next few years, Ali secretly planned a raid on Devagiri. In 1296, he set out for Devagiri with an 8,000-strong cavalry. He left the administration of Kara to Alaul Mulk, who misled Jalal-ud-din's administration in Delhi about Ali's real destination. At Devagiri, Ali collected a large amount of wealth. When Jalal-ud-din heard about Ali's success at Devagiri, he was pleased at the prospect of a vast treasure coming to him. He moved to Gwalior, hoping that Ali would come there to meet him en route to Kara. However, Ali marched directly towards Kara. Jalal-ud-din's councillors, such as Ahmad Chap, advised him to intercept Ali at Kara, but Jalal-ud-din trusted his nephew, and returned to Delhi. In Delhi, Ali's brother Almas Beg assured the Sultan of Ali's loyalty.

paragraph: After reaching Kara, Ali sent Jalal-ud-din a detailed report on the raid, and expressed concern that his enemies may have poisoned Jalal-ud-din's mind against him. He asked for a signed letter of pardon, which Jalal-ud-din dispatched immediately. At Kara, Jalal-ud-din's messengers were astonished when they learned about Ali's military strength and his plans to dethrone Jalal-ud-din. Ali detained them, and prevented them from communicating with Delhi. Meanwhile, Almas Beg convinced Jalal-ud-din that Ali always carried poison in his handkerchief and would commit suicide out of guilt, if not personally pardoned by Jalal-ud-din. A gullible Jalal-ud-din, concerned about his beloved nephew, asked Almas to visit Kara and dissuade Ali from committing suicide, promising to visit Kara himself shortly after.

paragraph: Section::::Assassination.

paragraph: In July 1296, Jalal-ud-din marched to Kara with a large army to meet Ali during the holy month of Ramadan. He directed his commander Ahmad Chap to take the major part of the army to Kara by land, while he himself journeyed down the Ganges River with 1,000 soldiers. When Jalal-ud-din's entourage came close to Kara, Ali sent Almas Beg to meet him. Almas Beg convinced Jalal-ud-din to leave behind his soldiers, saying that their presence would frighten Ali into committing suicide. Jalal-ud-din boarded a boat with a few of his companions, who were made to unbuckle their weapons. As they rode the boat, they saw Ali's armed troops stationed along the riverbank. Almas told them that these troops had been summoned to accord a worthy reception to Jalal-ud-din. Jalal-ud-din complained about Ali's lack of courtesy in not coming to greet him at this point. However, Almas convinced him of Ali's loyalty by saying that Ali was busy arranging a presentation of the loot from Devagiri and a feast for him.

paragraph: Satisfied by this explanation, Jalal-ud-din continued his journey to Kara, reciting Quran on the boat. When he landed at Kara, Ali's retinue greeted him, and Ali ceremoniously threw himself at his feet. Jalal-ud-din lovingly raised Ali, gave him a kiss on cheek, and chided him for doubting his uncle's affection. At this point, Ali signaled his follower Muhammad Salim, who struck Jalal-ud-din with his sword twice. Jalal-ud-din survived the first blow, and ran towards his boat, but the second blow killed him. Ali raised the royal canopy over his head, and proclaimed himself the new Sultan. Jalal-ud-din's head was put on a spear and paraded across Ali's provinces of Kara-Manikpur and Awadh. His companions on the boat were also killed, and Ahmad Chap's army retreated to Delhi.

paragraph: According to the contemporary writer Amir Khusrau, Ali ascended the throne (as Alauddin Khalji) on 19 July 1296 (16 Ramadan 695). The later writer Ziauddin Barani dates Jalal-ud-din's death and Ali's ascension to 20 July 1296, but Amir Khusrau is more reliable.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural activities.

paragraph: Jalal-ud-din's courtier Amir Khusrau wrote "Miftah al-Futuh" (1291) to commemorate his victories.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jalal-ud-din is portrayed by Raza Murad in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's epic film "Padmaavat" (2018).

description: 12th Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate and 1st from the Khalji dynasty

wikidata_label: Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji

wikipedia_title: Jalal-ud-din Khalji


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categories: Horatio Nelson,1835 deaths,Ordained peers,Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,1757 births,People from King's Lynn and West Norfolk (district)

paragraph: William Nelson, 1st Earl Nelson

paragraph: William Nelson, 1st Earl Nelson, 2nd Duke of Bronté (20 April 1757, Burnham Thorpe – 28 February 1835), was an Anglican clergyman and an older brother of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson.

paragraph: Section::::Life and family.

paragraph: He was a son of the Reverend Edmund Nelson (1722–1802), and the Nelson family had been settled in Norfolk for many generations. The Reverend Edmund Nelson was Rector of Hillborough and of Burnham Thorpe in that county and married Catherine Suckling, whose maternal grandmother Mary was the sister of Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford and of Horatio Walpole, 1st Baron Walpole of Wolterton. Their fifth but third-surviving son was the renowned naval commander Horatio Nelson.

paragraph: William married first Sarah Yonge on 9 November 1786. A daughter, Charlotte, was born in 1787 and a son, Horatio, the following year. After Sarah's death on 13 April 1828, at the age of 71, Nelson married the much younger Hilare Barlow on 26 March 1829.

paragraph: William Nelson succeeded by a special remainder, which included his father's and sisters' male issue, to one of Horatio Nelson's baronies ("Baron Nelson", of the Nile and of Hilborough in the County of Norfolk, created in 1801) upon the latter's death at the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October 1805, as well as to the dukedom of Bronté, of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. A month later, on 20 November 1805, in honour of his late brother's achievements, he was created Earl Nelson and Viscount Merton, both of Trafalgar and of Merton in the County of Surrey, again with a special remainder including the male issue of his sisters.

paragraph: He was reportedly an ambitious man, and used Nelson's mistress Emma Hamilton's generosity and hospitality when it served his purpose, including hosting his son Horace at her home during the Eton school holidays, but cut both her and Horatia Nelson, Emma's daughter by Lord Nelson, off after Nelson's death. He did not respect his brother's wishes to look after Horatia.

paragraph: He moved to Trafalgar Park after Standlynch Park was renamed thus by an Act of Parliament in 1814.

paragraph: He died without surviving male issue, Horatio (recently made Viscount Trafalgar) having died at the age of 19 of tuberculosis in 1808, and all of his British titles passed to Thomas Bolton, the son of his sister Susannah. The Sicilian dukedom of Bronté passed to his daughter Charlotte, wife of Samuel Hood, 2nd Baron Bridport.

description: Elder brother of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson

wikidata_label: William Nelson, 1st Earl Nelson

wikipedia_title: William Nelson, 1st Earl Nelson


text: Italian

text: Chioggia

text: India

text: Fra Mauro map

text: Damascus

text: Arabic

text: Timurid relations with Europe

text: Zheng He

text: Ma Huan

text: Fei Xin

text: Marco Polo

text: Odoricus Mattiuzzi

text: Baghdad

text: Tigris

text: Basra

text: Persian Gulf

text: Iran

text: Persian

text: Cambay

text: Gujarat

text: India

text: Vijayanagar

text: Deccan

text: Telugu

text: Mylapore

text: Chennai

text: St. Thomas

text: Sumatra

text: spice trade

text: Zheng He

text: Tenasserim

text: Malay peninsula

text: Ganges

text: Sonargaon

text: Chittagong

text: Bangladesh

text: Arakan

text: Burma

text: Burma

text: Java

text: Champa

text: Vietnam

text: Italy

text: Quilon

text: Kochi

text: Calicut

text: Cambay

text: Socotra

text: Aden

text: Berbera

text: Jidda

text: Mt. Sinai

text: Pedro Tafur

text: Prester John

text: Cairo

text: manuscript

text: Sunda Islands

text: Spice Islands

text: Marco Polo

text: Fra Mauro

text: European travels of exploration

text: Genoese map

text: Fra Mauro

text: Fra Mauro map

text: Old World

text: Zoncho

text: junk

text: China

text: Nusantara

text: Cape of Good Hope

text: galleons

text: Cathay

text: Paolo Toscanelli

text: Christopher Columbus

text: Pope Eugenius IV

text: Ludovico di Varthema

text: Antonio Pigafetta

text: Magellan

text: Alfred Russel Wallace

text: Java

text: Sumatra

text: The Malay Archipelago

text: Latin

text: Cristoforo da Bollate

text: Pietro Cara

text: Portuguese

text: Giovanni Battista Ramusio

text: John Frampton

text: Afanasy Nikitin

text: Bracciolini, Poggio

text: Parry, J. H.

text: Conti, Niccolò de'

text: Le Goff, Jacques

categories: 15th-century merchants,Republic of Venice merchants,1395 births,15th-century Italian writers,Explorers of Asia,People from Chioggia,Explorers from the Republic of Venice,1469 deaths,Medieval Italian merchants,Italian explorers

paragraph: Niccolò de' Conti

paragraph: Niccolò de' Conti (c. 1395–1469) was an Italian merchant and explorer, born in Chioggia, who traveled to India and Southeast Asia, and possibly to Southern China, during the early 15th century. He was one of the human sources used to create the 1450 Fra Mauro map, which indicated that there was a sea route from Europe around Africa to India.

paragraph: De' Conti departed from Venice about 1419 and established himself in Damascus, Syria, where he studied Arabic. Over a period of 25 years, he traveled as a merchant to numerous places in Asia. His familiarity with the languages and cultures of the Islamic world allowed him to travel to many places on board ships owned by Islamic merchants.

paragraph: De' Conti's travels followed the period of Timurid relations with Europe. They also occurred around the same time and in the same places as the Chinese expeditions of Admiral Zheng He. His accounts are contemporary, and fairly consistent with those of the Chinese writers who were on Zheng He's ships, such as Ma Huan (writing in 1433) and Fei Xin (writing in about 1436).

paragraph: Section::::Travels.

paragraph: After the return of Marco Polo in 1295, there is no record of Italian traders returning from China until the return of de' Conti by sea in 1439. However, we do have the account of the travels of a Franciscan friar by the name of Odoricus Mattiuzzi (1286-1331) from Friuli who in 1310 visited Armenia, Mesopotamia, Persia, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Sumatra, Java, Cambodia, Champa and China.

paragraph: De' Conti first crossed the desert to reach Baghdad and from there sailed down the Tigris to Basra. He then sailed through the Persian Gulf and went to Iran where he learnt Persian.

paragraph: He then crossed the Arabian sea to Cambay, in Gujarat. He travelled in India to "Pacamuria", "Helly" and Vijayanagar, capital of the Deccan before 1420. It was in India that he coined the phrase 'Italian of the East' to refer to the Telugu language, which he found had words ending with vowels, similar to Italian. He went to "Maliapur" on the east coast of India (probably modern-day Mylapore, in Chennai), where he visited the tomb of St. Thomas, who in Christian tradition is recorded to have founded a Christian community there.

paragraph: About 1421, de' Conti crossed to "Pedir" in northern Sumatra, where he spent a year, gaining local knowledge, particularly on the gold and spice trade. (This was the period of fairly intensive contact between Sumatra and China, thanks in particular to the voyages of Zheng He.) He then continued after sailing 16 days to Tenasserim on the Malay peninsula. He then sailed to the mouth of the Ganges, visited Sonargaon and Chittagong (in modern Bangladesh) and then went overland to Arakan (in Burma). After traveling through Burma, he left for Java where he spent nine months, before going to Champa (in modern Vietnam).

paragraph: De' Conti described South-East Asia as "exceeding all other regions in wealth, culture and magnificence, and abreast of Italy in civilization".

paragraph: In the 1430s he sailed back to India (Quilon, Kochi, Calicut, Cambay) and then to the Middle-East (Socotra, Aden, Berbera in Somalia, Jidda in Egypt), from where he travelled overland via Mt. Sinai, where the Spanish traveller Pedro Tafur encountered him in 1436 and reported some of Niccolò's marvels, including detailed accounts of Prester John, and thence, in company with Pedro, to Cairo.

paragraph: Throughout his travels, he was accompanied by his family. However his wife, whom he had met in India, and two of his four children died in Egypt during an epidemic. He continued to Italy with his remaining children. de' Conti returned to Venice in 1444, where he remained as a respected merchant.

paragraph: Section::::Account of voyages.

paragraph: Poggio's record of de' Conti's account, made in 1444, constitutes one of the best accounts of the East by a 15th-century traveler. It was included in the Book IV of his "De varietate fortunae" ("On the Vicissitudes of Fortune").

paragraph: Accounts of Niccolò de' Conti's travels, which first circulated in manuscript form, are said to have profoundly influenced the European geographical understanding of the areas around the Indian Ocean during the middle of the 15th century. They were the first accounts to detail the Sunda Islands and Spice Islands since the accounts of Marco Polo, and there is reason to believe that some of the new information on Fra Mauro's map was gleaned from conversation with Niccolò. His accounts probably encouraged the European travels of exploration of the end of the century.

paragraph: de' Conti also influenced 15th century cartography, as can be seen on the Genoese map (1447–1457), and in the work of the mapmaker Fra Mauro, whose influential Fra Mauro map (1450) offered one of the clearest depiction of the Old World. In these two maps, many new location names, and several verbatim descriptions, were taken directly from de Conti's account. The "trustworthy source" whom Fra Mauro quoted in writing is thought to have been de' Conti himself. Mauro's map discusses the travels of a "Zoncho de India", a "junk from India" (likely referring to China or kingdoms in the Nusantaran archipelago, as both was often referred to as India during this period), beyond the Cape of Good Hope into the Atlantic Ocean around 1420, confirming that it was possible to sail around Africa through the south. In his descriptions of East Asia, de' Conti describes huge junks of about 1,000 tons (some translations have 2,000 tons*), larger than the typical 16th century Western galleons and equal to the large Manila galleons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Some translations have 2000 butts (Hayluyt Society), which is around 1,000 tons, while other translations of de' Conti have 2,000 tons (Needham). The translation about is from the Hakluyt Society's translation. A butt was unit of volume that was half a tun.

paragraph: The man "from Cathay" whom Paolo Toscanelli, in a 1474 letter to Christopher Columbus, described as visiting Pope Eugenius IV (1431–1447) might have been de' Conti, who, after returning from the east, did meet Pope Eugenius in 1444:

paragraph: De' Conti's book was used by several explorers and travel writers, such as Ludovico di Varthema (1510), and Antonio Pigafetta, who travelled around the world with Magellan's expedition. Alfred Russel Wallace cited de' Conti's account of the peoples of Java and Sumatra in his 1869 book "The Malay Archipelago".

paragraph: Section::::Editions.

paragraph: The first printed edition of de' Conti's account was made in 1492 in the original Latin by Cristoforo da Bollate and dedicated to Pietro Cara, who was going on a journey to India. Various translations followed, into Portuguese (1502) and Spanish (1503). The first Italian-language edition appears to have been translated from the Portuguese edition, and was made a part of the collection of travellers’ accounts published in 1550 by Giovanni Battista Ramusio. The first English edition was translated from the Spanish, and printed in 1579 by John Frampton, using a combination of Marco Polo's and de Conti's narrations.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chronology of European exploration of Asia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Afanasy Nikitin

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bracciolini, Poggio: "De varietate fortunae", book iv [ 1445] (ed. by Abbé Oliva, Paris 1723).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Niccolò de' Conti, Chandeigne (ed.), "Le voyage aux Indes" (in French), 2004,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Major, R. H. (ed.). "India in the fifteenth century: Being a collection of narratives of voyages to India in the century preceding the Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, (Works issued by the Hakluyt Society)" (English trans. by J. Winter Jones, Hakluyt Society, London 1857). Republished by Asian Educational Services (30 June 1992). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parry, J. H. "The European Reconnaissance: Selected Documents". London, Macmillan, 1968

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francesco Surdich, "Conti, Niccolò de'" in "Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani" vol. 28 (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Le Goff, Jacques. 'The Medieval West and the Indian Ocean: An Oneiric Horizon' in "Time, Work, and Culture in the Middle Ages", University of Chicago Press, 1980.

description: Venetian merchant

wikidata_label: Niccolò de' Conti

wikipedia_title: Niccolò de' Conti


text:
Bishop of Exeter
Lord High Treasurer
Exeter College, Oxford
Exeter Cathedral
Cookbury
Devon
Annery
Monkleigh
Holsworthy, Devon
Richard Stapledon
Bishop of Exeter
Edward I
Edward II
Lord High Treasurer
Exeter College, Oxford
Queen Isabella
City of London
Lord Mayor of London
Blackfriars
Richard de Stapledon
Guildhall
Richard de Stapledon
Assizes
Cripplegate
Exeter Cathedral
St Paul's Cathedral
Cheapside
River Thames
Temple Bar
The Strand
Essex House
townhouse
Earl of Essex
John Hooker
William Alleigh
John Fisher
Beer stone
in pontificalibus
crozier
Five Holy Wounds
Bishop John Fisher

categories: Exeter College, Oxford,Founders of English schools and colleges,1261 births,1326 deaths,14th-century English people,14th-century Roman Catholic bishops,People from Devon,Lord High Treasurers of England,Bishops of Exeter

paragraph: Walter de Stapledon

paragraph: Walter de Stapledon (or Stapeldon) (1 February 1261 – 14 October 1326) was Bishop of Exeter 1308–1326 and twice Lord High Treasurer of England, in 1320 and 1322. He founded Exeter College, Oxford and contributed liberally to the rebuilding of Exeter Cathedral. His tomb and monument, of great architectural importance, survives in Exeter Cathedral.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: Walter Stapledon was born either at Stapledon in the parish of Cookbury, North Devon or at

paragraph: Annery in the parish of Monkleigh. He was the son of Sir Richard Stapledon, descended from a noble stock. The Stapledons originated at the estate of Stapledon, in the parish of Cookbury, near Holsworthy, Devon. His elder brother was Richard Stapledon (d.1326) of Annery, a judge, whose monument survives in Exeter Cathedral near that of his brother the bishop.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: On 13 March 1307 Stapledon was appointed Bishop of Exeter, and was consecrated on 13 October 1308. He went on embassies to France for both Kings Edward I and Edward II, and attended the councils and parliaments of his time. He was twice appointed Lord High Treasurer of England, in 1320 and 1322,

paragraph: Section::::Founds Exeter College, Oxford.

paragraph: Stapeldon founded Exeter College, Oxford, which originated in Stapeldon Hall, established in 1314 by the bishop and his elder brother, Sir Richard Stapeldon, a judge of the king's bench, whose monument with effigy also exists in Exeter Cathedral near to that of his brother. The college was much frequented by sons of the Devonshire gentry for many centuries. The armorials of the college are those of Bishop Stapledon.

paragraph: Section::::Death and burial.

paragraph: Stapledon was associated in the popular mind with the misdeeds of King Edward II. On fleeing London before the advancing troops of Queen Isabella, that king appointed Stapledon "Custos" or "Keeper" of the City of London, the population of which was mostly in favour of the Queen. Foreseeing her forced entry into the City, Stapledon demanded from the Lord Mayor of London the keys to the gates, to lock her out. The following account is related by William de Dene in his History of the See of Rochester. A gathering of bishops took place at Lambeth Palace, south of the River Thames, aimed at arranging a mission of two of their number to convene peace talks between the warring king and queen in St Paul's Cathedral in the City. However all the bishops were wary of crossing the Thames into London, where the population was known to be hostile to them. Eventually The Bishop of London and Stapledon, Bishop of Exeter, appear to have volunteered and crossed the Thames to convene at the Blackfriars, just outside the City gates. Here they met with a group of the Kings Justices (possibly therefore including Sir Richard de Stapledon, the bishop's brother). When the Londoners heard of this they met in the Guildhall and plotted how to ambush, capture and kill the two bishops, and then loot the merchants, and sent out scouting parties to report on the route of their journey. The plot came to fruition when Stapledon was ambushed on his journey. He was accompanied by his elder brother Richard de Stapledon, a Justice of Assizes for the western circuit, who in trying to save him was dragged from his horse and murdered. This is said by Prince to have happened as he rode through the city gate of Cripplegate, when a cripple grasped one of the forelegs of Sir Richard's horse and by crossing it threw the horse and rider to the ground, whereupon Sir Richard was murdered by the mob. Sir Richard's elaborate monument with effigies survives in Exeter Cathedral, near to that of his brother the bishop . The bishop fled for safety into St Paul's Cathedral. However he found no safety there as a mob entered and dragged him out and proceeded to beat and wound him and dragged him to the Great Cross at Cheapside "where those sons of the devil most barborously murdered him" on 15 October 1326. His head was chopped off and his body was thrown onto a dunghill "to be torn and devoured by dogs". Later some of his supporters took away his body and re-buried it in the sand of the shoreline of the River Thames next to the bishop's palace, Exeter House, beyond Temple Bar on The Strand, which site was later occupied by Essex House, the townhouse of the Earl of Essex during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. About six months later the Queen "reflecting how dishonourable a thing it was to suffer the corps of so truly great and good prelate to lie thus vilely buried" ordered his body to be disinterred and removed for burial in Exeter Cathedral, "there to be honoured with most magnificent exequies", which duly occurred on 28 March 1327.

paragraph: Section::::Epitaph by John Hooker.

paragraph: A lengthy epitaph in Latin verse was later composed by John Hooker (d.1601) and was inscribed on a heavy wooden tablet erected in 1568 over his tomb at the expense of Bishop William Alleigh. This was still in place at the time of Prince, who transcribed it. It was destroyed in 1805 by Bishop John Fisher, who erected in its place coronet-work in gilded stone. A shorter Latin eulogy inscribed on three white marble tablets survives attached to the north (rear) side of the monument.

paragraph: Section::::Monument.

paragraph: Stapledon's monument is located in Exeter Cathedral in the choir on the north side of the high altar, and is the cathedral's most important 14th-century monument. It consists of a recumbent effigy within a gothic canopy all made of Beer stone. The colour scheme dates from an early 19th-century restoration since restored again (see below). The effigy is shown "in pontificalibus" and holds in his left hand a crozier and in his right hand a book. On the outside of the tomb at his feet is shown a heraldic escutcheon bearing the bishop's arms. On the ceiling of the canopy, invisible to the casual observer, but looking down onto the bishop's effigy is a contemporary painting of Christ displaying his Five Holy Wounds. In 1733 the monument was repaired at the cost of Exeter College, Oxford, his foundation, and was apparently re-painted with bright colours. In the summer of 1805 however at the direction of Bishop John Fisher (reg.1803–1807) the removal was effected of "the gaudy colours with which the whole of the monument had been painted". In the late 1950s the monument was restored and recoloured. In the 1980s the mediaeval painting on the ceiling of the canopy was restored.

description: Bishop of Exeter; Lord High Treasurer of England

wikidata_label: Walter de Stapledon

wikipedia_title: Walter de Stapledon


text:
Vermandois
Picardy
Milan
Lombardy
King of the Lombards
Emperor
Louis the Pious
Lothair
blinded
Pepin of Italy
Charlemagne
Venice
Cunigunde
Pepin, Count of Vermandois
Reginhar
Theodulf, Bishop of Orléans
Chalon
Aix-la-Chapelle
Drogo
Hugh
tonsured
Attigny
Frankish

categories: 9th-century kings of Italy,Medieval child rulers,797 births,Herbertien dynasty,Rulers of the Carolingian Empire,Frankish warriors,818 deaths,9th-century rulers in Europe,Italian monarchs

paragraph: Bernard of Italy

paragraph: Bernard (797 in Vermandois, Picardy – 17 April 818 in Milan, Lombardy) was the King of the Lombards from 810 to 818. He plotted against his uncle, Emperor Louis the Pious, when the latter's "Ordinatio Imperii" made Bernard a vassal of his cousin Lothair. When his plot was discovered, Louis had him blinded, a procedure which killed him.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Bernard was born in 797, the illegitimate son of King Pepin of Italy, himself the son of the Emperor Charlemagne. In 810, Pepin died from an illness contracted at the siege of Venice. Despite being illegitimate, his grandfather allowed Bernard to inherit Italy. Bernard married a woman named Cunigunde, but the year of their marriage, and her origins are obscure. Some sources refer to her as "of Laon". They had one son, Pepin, Count of Vermandois, who was born in 817.

paragraph: In 817, Louis the Pious drew the "Ordinatio Imperii", detailing the future of the Frankish Empire. Under this, the bulk of the Frankish territory went to Louis' eldest son, Lothair; Bernard received no further territory, and although his Kingship of Italy was confirmed, he would be a vassal of Lothair, as he had been to Louis and to Charles. Certain of his counselors, including Count Eggideo, and his chamberlain Reginhard, persuaded Bernard that arrangement threatened his position. Other named were Reginhar, the last being the grandson of a Thuringian rebel against Charlemagne, and Hardrad. Anshelm, Bishop of Milan and Theodulf, Bishop of Orléans, were also accused of being involved: there is no evidence either to support or contradict this in the case of Theodulf, whilst the case for Anshelm is murkier.

paragraph: Prior to this, Bernard's relationship with his uncle appears to have been cooperative. Bernard's main complaint was the notion of his being a vassal of Lothair. In practical terms, his actual position had not been altered at all by the terms of the decree, and he could safely have continued to rule under such a system. Nonetheless, "partly true" reports came to Louis the Pious that his nephew was planning to set up an 'unlawful' – i.e. independent – regime in Italy.

paragraph: Louis the Pious reacted swiftly to the plot, marching south to Chalon. Bernard and his associates were taken by surprise; Bernard travelled to Chalon in an attempt to negotiate terms, but he and the ringleaders were forced to surrender to Louis, who had them taken to Aix-la-Chapelle where they were tried and condemned to death. Louis 'mercifully' commuted their sentences to blinding, which would neutralize Bernard as a threat without actually killing him; however, the process of blinding (carried out by means of pressing a red-hot stiletto to the eyeballs) proved so traumatic that Bernard died in agony two days after the procedure was carried out. At the same time, Louis also had his half-brothers Drogo, Hugh and Theoderic tonsured and confined to monasteries, to prevent other Carolingian offshoots challenging the main line. He also treated those guilty or suspected of conspiring with Bernard harshly: Theodulf of Orleans was imprisoned, and died soon afterwards; the lay conspirators were blinded, the clerics deposed and imprisoned; all lost lands and honours.

paragraph: A text called "The Vision of the Poor woman of Laon" criticizes Louis for Bernard's death.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: His Kingdom of Italy was reabsorbed into the Frankish empire, and soon after bestowed upon Louis' eldest son Lothair. In 822, Louis made a display of public penance at Attigny, where he confessed before all the court to having sinfully slain his nephew; he also welcomed his half-brothers back into his favour. These actions possibly stemmed from guilt over his part in Bernard's death. It has been argued by some historians that his behaviour left him open to clerical domination, and reduced his prestige and respect amongst the Frankish nobility. Others, however, point out that Bernard's plot had been a serious threat to the stability of the kingdom, and the reaction no less a threat; Louis' display of penance, then, "was a well-judged gesture to restore harmony and re-establish his authority."

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- McKitterick, Rosamond, "The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Riché, Pierre, "The Carolingians"

paragraph: BULLET::::- McKitterick, Rosamond, "The New Cambridge History, 700–900"

description: King of the Lombards

wikidata_label: Bernard of Italy

wikipedia_title: Bernard of Italy


text:
Count of Brienne
Walter III of Brienne
Elvira of Sicily
Principality of Taranto
Outremer
John of Brienne
Jerusalem
County of Jaffa and Ascalon
Marie de Lusignan
Hugh I of Cyprus
Frederick II
Crusader
As-Salih Ayyub
al-Mansur of Homs
Khwarezmians
Battle of La Forbie
Jaffa
Homs
Cairo
John
Hugh of Brienne
Charles of Anjou
Lecce

categories: Counts of Brienne,Christians of the Barons' Crusade,1246 deaths,1205 births,Christians of the Crusades

paragraph: Walter IV, Count of Brienne

paragraph: Walter IV the Great of Brienne ( (1205–1244) was Count of Brienne 1205–1244. He was the son of Walter III of Brienne and Elvira of Sicily. Around the time of his birth, his father lost his bid for the Sicilian throne and died in prison. His inheritance of the Principality of Taranto and the County of Lecce was confiscated.

paragraph: While a teenager, Walter was sent to Outremer where his uncle John of Brienne was the ruler of Jerusalem. In 1221 John gave him the County of Jaffa and Ascalon, and arranged a marriage with Marie de Lusignan (before March, 1215 – ca. 1252 or 1254), daughter of Hugh I of Cyprus, in 1233.

paragraph: Even after his uncle had been forced out of the Kingdom by Frederick II, Walter remained one of the most important lords of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. He was commander of the Crusader army that marched against the forces of As-Salih Ayyub in 1244. Against the advice of al-Mansur of Homs, his Syrian ally, Walter insisted on taking the offensive, rather than fortifying his camp and awaiting the retreat of the Khwarezmians. In the disastrous Battle of La Forbie, the Crusader-Syrian forces were nearly annihilated. Walter was captured, tortured before the walls of Jaffa, and ultimately turned over to the Egyptians after the Khwarezmian defeat before Homs in 1246. He was imprisoned in Cairo and murdered by merchants whose caravans he had robbed, with the sultan's consent.

paragraph: He was succeeded by his elder son John, who died childless. His younger son Hugh of Brienne settled in Southern Italy and became a partisan of Charles of Anjou, who returned to him the family's county of Lecce.

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: Count of Brienne 1205–1244

wikidata_label: Walter IV, Count of Brienne

wikipedia_title: Walter IV, Count of Brienne


text:
Norwegian
economist
University of Oslo
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
Norwegian School of Economics
Carnegie Mellon University
Finn Kydland
Website at the University of Oslo

categories: Norwegian economists,21st-century economists,1967 births,Carnegie Mellon University alumni,Fellows of the Econometric Society,20th-century economists,University of Oslo faculty,Stockholm University academics,Living people

paragraph: Kjetil Storesletten

paragraph: Kjetil Storesletten (born 1 February 1967) is a Norwegian economist. He is a professor of economics at the University of Oslo. Between 2009 and 2012 he was a monetary advisor to the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.

paragraph: Storesletten graduated from Norwegian School of Economics in 1991, and earned his doctorate in economics from Carnegie Mellon University in 1995, where Finn Kydland was among his teachers.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Website at the University of Oslo

description: Norwegian economist

wikidata_label: Kjetil Storesletten

wikipedia_title: Kjetil Storesletten


text:
rower
double scull
Fiona Bourke
2014 World Rowing Championships
Tauranga Girls' College
University of Waikato
World Rowing Junior Championships
Brive-la-Gaillarde
Varese
double scull
Eve MacFarlane
2015 World Rowing Championships
Lac d'Aiguebelette
Aiguebelette
2016 Summer Olympics
Andrew Stevenson

categories: World Rowing Championships medalists for New Zealand,University of Waikato alumni,People educated at Tauranga Girls' College,Rowers at the 2016 Summer Olympics,New Zealand female rowers,Olympic rowers of New Zealand,1991 births,Living people

paragraph: Zoe Stevenson

paragraph: Zoe Stevenson (born 19 June 1991) is a New Zealand rower. She won gold in the women's double sculls with Fiona Bourke at the 2014 World Rowing Championships.

paragraph: Stevenson was born in 1991. She obtained her secondary education at Tauranga Girls' College, and then obtained a Bachelor of Science (BSc) from the University of Waikato. As of 2017 she is a stay at home mother to son 'Ted'.

paragraph: Stevenson took up rowing in 2007. She first competed internationally at the 2009 World Rowing Junior Championships in Brive-la-Gaillarde, France, where she won silver with the junior women's eight.

paragraph: At regattas in Varese (Italy) and Lucerne (Switzerland) in 2015, she competed in the double sculls with Eve MacFarlane, winning gold in both finals. The pair went to the 2015 World Rowing Championships held at Lac d'Aiguebelette in Aiguebelette, France, and again won gold. Stevenson and MacFarlane qualified for the 2016 Summer Olympics, but were beaten in the semi-finals by the US by 5/100 into fourth place, thus missing the A final. In November 2016, she announced that she would take 2017 off from rowing. She did not return to rowing for the 2018 season either, but has not announced her retirement from rowing.

paragraph: Zoe is the daughter of retired NZ rower Andrew Stevenson.

description: New Zealand rower

wikidata_label: Zoe Stevenson

wikipedia_title: Zoe Stevenson


text: Gabon

text: footballer

text: midfielder

text: Qatar Stars League

text: Al-Khor

text: Gabon national team

text: goalkeeper

text: football club

text: Amiens SC

text: Racing Club de France Colombes 92

text: London

text: Queens Park Rangers F.C.

text: AFC Wimbledon

text: Huw Johnson

text: Jim Fenlon

text: Alki Larnaca F.C.

text: Othellos Athienou

text: Bulgarian First League

text: Lokomotiv Gorna Oryahovitsa

text: Slavia Sofia

text: Al-Khor

text: Gabon national football team

text: Sierra Leone

text: Player Profile

categories: Othellos Athienou F.C. players,FC Lokomotiv Gorna Oryahovitsa players,Sportspeople from Paris,Gabonese footballers,Ermis Aradippou FC players,Qatar Stars League players,Cypriot Second Division players,Expatriate footballers in Bulgaria,1992 births,Gabon international footballers,French footballers,Expatriate footballers in Qatar,French expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus,PFC Slavia Sofia players,French expatriate footballers,French expatriate sportspeople in Qatar,Gabonese expatriate footballers,FC Vereya players,Expatriate footballers in Cyprus,Cypriot First Division players,Association football midfielders,Living people,French people of Gabonese descent,French expatriate sportspeople in Bulgaria,Bulgarian First League players,Al-Khor SC players

paragraph: Ulysse Ndong

paragraph: Ulysse Ndong (born 24 November 1992) is a French-born Gabonese professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Qatar Stars League club Al-Khor and for the Gabon national team.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Ulysse Obame-Ndong started his career playing as goalkeeper and he joined with his first professional football club at the age of 16 when he joined Amiens SC from a very mythical club of Racing Club de France Colombes 92. Two years later, he went on trials to London for Queens Park Rangers F.C. where he stayed two months before joining AFC Wimbledon where he played with young talents such as Huw Johnson, Jim Fenlon. On October 2012, Ulysse joined Alki Larnaca F.C. as a free agent. On June 2013, he moved to Othellos Athienou. During 2014-15 with Othellos he had a very good performance and he is considered an upcoming talent.

paragraph: On 16 October 2016, Ndong joined Bulgarian First League side Lokomotiv Gorna Oryahovitsa but he left the club in July 2017.

paragraph: On 1 September 2017, Ndong signed with Slavia Sofia.

paragraph: On 1 July 2018, Ndong signed with Qatari club Al-Khor for two years.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: Ndong is born in France to parents of Gabonese descent. He was called up to the Gabon national football team for a set of 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification matches and made his debut in a 1-0 loss against Sierra Leone.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Player Profile at National-Football-Teams

description: French Gabonese footballer

wikidata_label: Ulysse Ndong

wikipedia_title: Ulysse Ndong


text:
Roman Catholic
Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Jérôme
Quebec
Canada
Roman Catholic Diocese of Baie-Comeau
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec
titular bishop
Mesarfelta
Baie-Comeau
Saint-Jérôme

wikipedia_title:
Catholic Church
Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Jérôme
Quebec
Canada
Roman Catholic Diocese of Baie-Comeau
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec
Titular see
Mesarfelta
Roman Catholic Diocese of Baie-Comeau
Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Jérôme

categories: Living people,1944 births,Canadian Roman Catholic bishops

paragraph: Pierre Morissette

paragraph: Joseph Paul Pierre Morissette (November 22, 1944 – ) is the Roman Catholic bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Jérôme, Quebec, Canada. He was formerly bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Baie-Comeau.

paragraph: He was ordained to the priesthood on June 8, 1968. On February 27, 1987, he was appointed auxiliary bishop in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec and titular bishop of Mesarfelta. On March 17, 1990, he was appointed bishop of Baie-Comeau, and on July 3, 2008 he was appointed bishop of Saint-Jérôme.

description: Canadian Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Joseph Paul Pierre Morissette

wikipedia_title: Pierre Morissette


text:
Russia
Imperial Public Library
French Revolution
Bastille
Saint-Germain-des-Prés
Corbie Abbey
Anne
Saint Petersburg Bede
Insular
Alexander I of Russia
Serb
Załuski Library
second Partition of Poland
Kościuszko Uprising
Graham Stewart
Codex Sangermanensis
Codex Coislinianus
Codex Corbeiensis I
Minuscule 330
Lectionary 246
Lectionary 247
Lectionary 253
Lectionary 254
Saint Petersburg Bede

wikipedia_title:
Russia
National Library of Russia
French Revolution
Bastille
Saint-Germain-des-Prés
Corbie Abbey
Anne, Queen of Great Britain
Saint Petersburg Bede
Insular art
Alexander I of Russia
Serbia
Załuski Library
Second Partition of Poland
Kościuszko Uprising
Graham Stewart
Codex Sangermanensis
Codex Coislinianus
Codex Corbeiensis I
Minuscule 330
Lectionary 246
Lectionary 247
Lectionary 253
Lectionary 254
Saint Petersburg Bede

categories: Book and manuscript collectors,Russian librarians,1754 births,Imperial Russian diplomats

paragraph: Peter P. Dubrovsky

paragraph: Peter Petrovich Dubrovsky (born December 9, 1754 in Kiev, died January 9, 1816 in Petersburg), was a Russian bibliophile, diplomat, paleographer, secretary of the Russian Embassy in France, collector of manuscripts and books. Throughout his life he collected about 2000 manuscripts. Between 1805 and 1812 he worked at the Imperial Public Library.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: In 1772 Dubrovsky finished his studies at the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy in Kyiv (). In 1773 he served as a copyist in the Synod. Between 1780 and 1805 Dubrovsky worked in the Board of foreign affairs as a churchman at the Russian ambassadorial church in Paris and as a secretary-translator for embassies in France and Holland.

paragraph: During the French Revolution he acquired manuscripts and documents from the public libraries in France. Most of them were stored at the Bastille, in the Saint-Germain-des-Prés, and the monastic Library of Corbie Abbey. The material was not safe as the Jacobin mobs plundered French cities.

paragraph: In February 1800, Dubrovsky returned to Petersburg with a collection of 400 Western European medieval manuscripts, miniatures, and early books. Somehow he came into possession of 94 manuscripts from the East (in Greek, Persian, Arabian, Hebrew and 11 other languages), about 50 Slavic manuscripts. In England some proposals were made to Dubrovsky; he was offered a fabulous sum for his collection, but he flatly refused negotiations with foreigners, having declared that it was his sincere desire to transport the collection home.

paragraph: In his collection there were also some runic books from the collection of Anne Queen of England (this collection has been lost). and the Saint Petersburg Bede, an Insular 8th-century manuscript of the "Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum" of the English People written by Venerable Bede.

paragraph: Originally Dubrovsky's collection interested Russian bibliophiles. In 1805, Alexander I of Russia accepted the collection as donation to the Imperial Public Library, where his collection became the basis of the "Manuscript Depository". (Recently it was established that one manuscript with an inscription allegedly by Anne of Kiev is in fact a Serb manuscript of the 14th century.) As a consequence of the donation, Dubrovsky received the Anna's award of the 2nd class and he was also appointed as a keeper of the manuscripts under an offer by the Department of Manuscripts (). He described every document in his collection. Unfortunately some of the descriptions were lost.

paragraph: As part of his duties, Dubrovsky examined and described 11,000 manuscripts dispatched from the Załuski Library, after the second Partition of Poland and Kościuszko Uprising.

paragraph: He was discharged from the post on 5 April 1812. Dubrovsky wrote: "Жизнь наша коротка, все условия, все награды с нею кончаются, но полезное для ума человеческого служит до окончания мира" ("Our life is short, all conditions, all awards with it come to an end, but useful to the mind of human serves before the termination of the world").

paragraph: After his death, no any valuable items were found in his private collection. He took to the grave the secret of the runic books.

paragraph: According to Graham Stewart, a journalist: "We should recognise that Dubrovsky did not just Russia a favour, but also the world," because he rescued many manuscripts from possible destruction.

paragraph: Section::::Some manuscripts acquired by Dubrovsky.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Codex Sangermanensis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Two leaves from Codex Coislinianus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Codex Corbeiensis I

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minuscule 330

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lectionary 246

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lectionary 247

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lectionary 253

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lectionary 254

paragraph: BULLET::::- Part of the manuscript of Origen's "Homiliae" (MS. Lat. F v I 4)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The manuscript of the "Breviloquium Vitae Wilfridi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Petersburg Bede, the 8th-century manuscript of the "Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum" of Bede

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Луизова Т. В., "Собрание рукописей П. П. Дубровского в Государственной публичной библиотеке им. М. Е. Салтыкова-Щедрина"//Вопр. истории. 1952. № 8;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Воронова Т. П., "П. П. Дубровский - первый хранитель "Депо Манускриптов" Публичной библиотеки" //Археогр. ежегод. за 1980 г. М., 1981;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Воронова Т. П., "Первые описи собрания П. П. Дубровского//Проблемы научного описания рукописей и факсимильного издания памятников письменности: Материалы Всесоюз. конф. Л.", 1981;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Logutowa M., "Insular Codices from Dubrovsky's Collection in the National Library of Russia", in Kilpiõ and Kahlas-Tarkka, "Ex Insula Lux", pp. 93–98.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thompson P. Z., "Biography of a Library: The Western European Manuscript Collection of Peter P. Dubrovski in Leningrad", "The Journal of Library History", 19 (1984), pp. 477–503.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lyons S., "Music in the Odes of Horace", Oxford, Aris & Phillips, 2010, pp. 135–178, .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- История в лицах

paragraph: BULLET::::- Серия «100 великих»: Сто великих сокровищ

paragraph: BULLET::::- Русская история в портрете

description: Russian diplomat and librarian

wikidata_label: Peter P. Dubrovsky

wikipedia_title: Peter P. Dubrovsky


text:
Count of Armagnac
Gaston VII, Viscount of Béarn
Martha, Viscountess of Marsan

paragraph: Gerald VI, Count of Armagnac

paragraph: Gerald VI, (1235–1285), was Viscount Fezensaguet from 1240 to 1285, then Count of Armagnac and Fezensac from 1256 to 1285. He was the son of Roger d'Armagnac, Viscount of Fezensaguet, and Pincelle d'Albret.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: In 1249 he contested the possession of Armagnac and Fézensac which led to war with Arnaud Odon, Viscount Lomagne and Auvillars, husband of Mascarós I of Armagnac, heir to the counties of Armagnac and Fezensac and father of Mascarós Lomagne II. In this war Gerald was supported by his overlord, Count Raymond VII of Toulouse. Captured, he was released for ransom and continued the fight successfully. During his captivity, his mother, Pincelle d'Albret, presented in his name the county of Fezensaguet as tribute to Alphonse of Poitiers, the successor of Raymond VII, in return for continued support. It was not until 1255 that Gaston, Viscount of Bearn, managed to reconcile the adversaries.

paragraph: In 1256, after the death of the childless Mascarós II Lomagne, Gerald, being her closest relative, inherited the counties of Armagnac and Fezensac. Following numerous quarrels with the Seneschal of Languedoc, he was captured and imprisoned two years in the castle of Peronne. Liberated, he paid homage to Edward I, King of England.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: In 1260, he married Mathe de Béarn (1250 † ap.1317), daughter of Gaston VII, Viscount of Béarn and Martha, Viscountess of Marsan

paragraph: They had six children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernard VI (v.1270 † 1319), Count of Armagnac and Fezensac

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gaston d'Armagnac (v.1275 † 1320), stem from the branch of the Viscounts of Fezensaguet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roger d'Armagnac († 1339), Archbishop of Auch, Bishop of Laon and Lavaur

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mascarós Armagnac (v.1285 †), wife of William Arnaud Fumel (v.1280 †), Vicomte de Labarthe and Aure

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alarcon Armagnac (v.1285 † 1313), married Bernard VIII (v.1285 † 1336), Count of Comminges

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mathe d'Armagnac (v.1285 † 1313), married Bernard Trenqueléon Lomagne (v.1280 † 1337), Lord of Fimarcon.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bulletin de la Section de géographie", Vol.15, Ed. Ernest Leroux, Imprimerie Nationale, 1900.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Revue de gascogne", Vol.21, Ed. Société historique de Gascogne, Imprimerie et Lithographie Felix Foix, 1880.

description: Count of Armagnac

wikidata_label: Gerald VI of Armagnac

wikipedia_title: Gerald VI, Count of Armagnac


text:
Count of Armagnac
Flanders
Philippe le Bel
Louis X
Viscount of Béarn
Henri II
Bernard Ezi IV

wikipedia_title:
Count of Armagnac
County of Flanders
Philip IV of France
Louis X of France
Viscounts of Béarn
Henry II of Rodez
Bernard Ezi IV

categories: French soldiers,1270s births,1319 deaths

paragraph: Bernard VI, Count of Armagnac

paragraph: Bernard VI, ( 1270 – 1319), Count of Armagnac and Fezensac, was the son of Gerald VI, Count of Armagnac, and Mathe de Béarn.

paragraph: Section::::Service for King of France.

paragraph: In 1302, Bernard fought in Italy under the command of Charles of Valois. Subsequently, he participated in all the campaigns in Flanders directed by Philippe le Bel and his son Louis X (in 1303, 1304, 1313 and 1315). He then served as head of large detachments of the royal army. He contributed particularly to the victory of Mons-en-Alarcon on 18 August 1304, with four hundred armed men and a thousand policemen on foot. This military activity was very expensive and impoverished Bernard VI and he was obliged to borrow 2500 gold florins for the funeral of his wife.

paragraph: Section::::Conflict with House of Foix.

paragraph: After the death of Gaston VII, Viscount of Béarn, his grandfather, he maintained a long war against the Counts of Foix following the controversy over the will. The will favored the Count of Foix and Bernard refuted its legitimacy. The conflict escalated into an undeclared war between the houses of Foix and Armagnac, which took place during nearly all of the fourteenth century.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and Children.

paragraph: He first married Isabella d'Albret (c. 1275 † 1 December 1294), daughter of Bernard Ezy IV Sire of Albret and Jeanne de Lusignan. Through this marriage, Bernard VI carried the title of lord of Albret between the years 1280 and 1294.

paragraph: In 1298, he married Cecilia de Rodez, heiress of Henri II Count of Rodez.

paragraph: Children, all born of the second marriage were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John I (1305 † 1373), Count of Armagnac, of Fezensac and Rodez.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mathe († 1364), married in 1321 to Bernard Ezi IV, Sire d'Albret.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabella, Lady of Beras.

paragraph: Bernard had an illegitimate son;

paragraph: BULLET::::- John, Bastard of Armagnac, called "la Guerre"(the War), participated in wars in Gascony. He was captured by the king's men, then released after promising to be faithful and loyal to the king. He left arms, embraced the ecclesiastical state, was Patriarch of Alexandria, then took the administration of the diocese of Rodez in 1376.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Archives historiques de la Gascogne", Ed. Société historique de Gascogne, Cocharaux Frères Imprimeur, 1887.

description: Count of Armagnac

wikidata_label: Bernard VI

wikipedia_title: Bernard VI, Count of Armagnac


text: laqab

text: Naqshbandī

text: Sufi

text: Delhi

text: Urdu

text: Sunnah

text: Kālā Bāgh

text: Mālwa

text: Shaikh Muhammad Tahir Bakhshi

text: Ramadan

text: Afghan

text: Aurangzeb

text: hadith

text: Qur'an

text: Ahmad Sirhindī

text: Urdu

text: Persian

text: Murid

text: Hanafī

text: Qādī Thanāullāh Panipatī

text: Tafsir

text: silsila

text: Ibn 'Abidīn

text: Mujaddid

text: Naqshbandi

text: Shi'a

text: Mujaddidi

text: Sufism

text: Naqshbandi

text: Ahmad Sirhindi

text: Mujaddid

text: Hijri

text: Qadi Thanaullah Panipati

text: Tafsir Mazhari

text: Usman

text: Qadi Thanaullah Panipati

text: Qadi Thanaullah Panipati

text: Qadi Thanaullah Panipati

text: British Museum

text: London

text: Urdu poetry

text: List of Urdu language poets

categories: 1781 deaths,17th century urdu writers,Ziyarat,Urdu poets from India,Indian male poets,Indian people of Afghan descent,Poets from Delhi,Hanafis,Urdu writers from British India,Urdu writers from Mughal India,18th-century Indian poets,Dargahs in India,Sufi poets,1699 births,Sunni Sufis,18th-century Muslim scholars of Islam,Indian Sufis

paragraph: Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan

paragraph: Mirzā Mazhar Jān-i Jānān (), also known by his laqab Shamsuddīn Habībullāh (1699–1781), was a renowned Naqshbandī Sufi poet of Delhi, distinguished as one the "four pillars of Urdu poetry." He was also known to his contemporaries as the "sunnītarāsh", "Sunnicizer", for his absolute, unflinching commitment to and imitation of the Sunnah.

paragraph: He established the Naqshbandī suborder Mazhariyya Shamsiyya.

paragraph: Section::::His birth and early life.

paragraph: The date of birth is variously given as 1111 or 1113 A.H, and it took place in Kālā Bāgh, Mālwa. Shaikh Muhammad Tahir Bakhshi notes his date of birth as 11th Ramadan 1111 AH. He was born into a noble family of Afghan extraction. His father Mirzā Jān was employed in the army of the mighty Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Following a custom according to which the Emperor had the right to name the sons of his officers, Aurangzeb is reported to have said:

paragraph: "A son is the soul of his father. Since the name of his father is Mirzā Jān, the name of the son will be Jān-i Jānān."

paragraph: His early religious instruction was entrusted to "hājjī" Afzal Siyālkōtī (hadith) and "hāfiz" Abd al-Rasūl Dihlawī (Qur'an). At the age of 18, he joined the Naqshbandī order under Nūr Muhammad Bada'ūni, who was closely connected to the teachings of Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindī, and completed his studies in four years. He was also initiated in the Qādirī, Chishtī and Suhrawardī orders.

paragraph: In his prime, Mazhar was advised to write poetry in Urdu rather than Persian as the days of the latter language were said to be numbered in India. Besides authoring poetry and polemics, Mazhar also wrote a large number of letters relating to Sufi thought and practice.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and influence.

paragraph: Among his 'disciples' or Muridīn was the great Hanafī scholar, Qādī Thanāullāh Panipatī, who wrote a famous Tafsir of the Qur'an by the name Tafsir-i Mazharī, which he named after his teacher. Also in his spiritual lineage (silsila) came the great Hanafī jurist Imam Ibn 'Abidīn and the Qur'an exegete Allāma Alusī.

paragraph: His Naqshbandī lineage came to be known as Mazhariyya Shamsiyya. Mazhar apparently authorised more disciples than any of his predecessors. He regularly corresponded with his deputies, and his letters form much of the basis of our knowledge about his life and ideas.

paragraph: He was succeeded by his khalifa (deputy) Abdullah alias Shah Ghulam Ali Dahlavi, who is considered Mujaddid of the 13th Islamic century by most Naqshbandi followers today. His tariqah spread to whole India and Middle East.

paragraph: Section::::His death and martyrdom.

paragraph: Mirzā Mazhar was shot and seriously injured on the 7th of Muharram, of the year 1195 AH/1780 CE. The author of Āb-i Ḥayāt writes:

paragraph: "The cause of this murder was widely rumored in Delhi among high and low: that according to custom, on the seventh day [of Muḥarram], the standards were carried aloft [in procession]. Mirzā Mazhar sat by the side of the road in the upper veranda of his house, with some of his special disciples. Just as ordinary barbarous people do, his [Sunni] group and the [Shia] procession group may perhaps have hurled some insults and abuse, and some barbarous person was offended. Among them was one stony-hearted person named Faulād [=steel] Ḳhān, who was extremely barbarous. He did this evil deed. But Ḥakīm Qudratullāh Ḳhān 'Qāsim', in his anthology, says that in his poetry Mirzā Sahib used to compose a number of verses in praise of Hazrat ʿAlī, and some Sunni took this amiss and did this evil deed.

paragraph: The author of Āb-i Ḥayāt, a determined Shi'a, has been suspected of indulging in partisan religious bias. Professor Frances Pritchett has noted that the latter account of the death of Mirzā Mazhar in Āb-i Ḥayāt is a deliberate distortion. Professor Friedmann, as well as Annemarie Schimmel and Itzchad Weismann, have all noted that Mirzā Mazhar was killed by a Shi'ite zealot.

paragraph: Most of his Urdu biographers have also written that he was killed by a gunshot by a Shi'ite on 7th Muharram, and he died on 10th Muharram 1195 AH.

paragraph: Section::::Spiritual Chain of Succession.

paragraph: Mirza Mazhar belonged to the Mujaddidi order of Sufism, which is the main branch of Naqshbandi Sufi tariqah. His spiritual lineage goes through Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi, the Mujaddid of eleventh Hijri century.

paragraph: Section::::His Khulafa.

paragraph: In Maqamat Mazhari, his foremost Khalifa and successor Shah Ghulam Ali Dahlwai writes short biographies of many of his Khulafa (deputies). Among them were:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Qadi Thanaullah Panipati, author of Tafsir Mazhari and other notable Islamic books, descendant of Usman the third caliph of Islam

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Mawlana FadalUllah, elder brother of Qadi Thanaullah Panipati

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Mawlana AhmadUllah, eldest son of Qadi Thanaullah Panipati, famous for his braveness and fighting skills

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Wife of Qadi Thanaullah Panipati

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Shah Naim Ullah Bahraichi, author of Mamoolaat-e- Mazhariya, Basharaat-e- Mazhariya (Hand written copy in British Museum India office London.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Urdu poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Urdu language poets

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maqamat Mazhari (Urdu translation): Biography of Mirza Mazhar

description: Indian author

wikidata_label: Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan

wikipedia_title: Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan


text:
Canadian
athlete
1912 Summer Olympics
Cape Breton, Nova Scotia
North Vancouver
British Columbia
1912 Summer Olympics
Stockholm
Sweden
hammer throw
discus throw event
profile

categories: Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics,Sportspeople from Nova Scotia,Olympic silver medalists for Canada,Athletes (track and field) at the 1912 Summer Olympics,Canadian male hammer throwers,Olympic track and field athletes of Canada,People from Cape Breton Island,Canadian male discus throwers,Canadian people of Scottish descent,1963 deaths,1883 births,Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)

paragraph: Duncan Gillis

paragraph: Duncan Gillis (January 3, 1883 – May 2, 1963) was a Canadian athlete who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. Gillis was the first to serve as Canada's flag bearer during the Olympic opening ceremonies.

paragraph: Section::::Early Life and Career.

paragraph: Gillis was born in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia and died in North Vancouver, British Columbia.

paragraph: He competed for Canada in the 1912 Summer Olympics held in Stockholm, Sweden in the hammer throw where he won the silver medal with a best throw of 48.39 meters. He also participated in the discus throw event and finished 14th.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- profile

description: Canadian hammer and discus thrower

wikidata_label: Duncan Gillis

wikipedia_title: Duncan Gillis


text:
Persian
Science of hadith
Musannaf of Abd al-Razzaq
Mustadrak al-Hakem

categories: Yemenite people of Iranian descent,8th-century Muslim scholars of Islam,Persian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam,Medieval Persian people

image: 512px-عبد_الرزاق_الصنعاني.png

paragraph: ‘Abd al-Razzaq al-San‘ani

paragraph: ‘Abd al-Razzaq ibn Hammam ibn Nafi’ al-San'ani (126 AH – 211 AH) was a Muslim scholar from San'a in Yemen with purportedly Persian origins who specialised in the Science of hadith.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musannaf of Abd al-Razzaq

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tafsir book that was included in Mustadrak al-Hakem

wikidata_label: ‘Abd ar-Razzaq as-San‘ani

wikipedia_title: ‘Abd al-Razzaq al-San‘ani


text:
India
Indian independence movement
British Indian
Tamluk
Midnapore District
Bengali
Tamluk
Gandhian
Civil Disobedience movement
Salt Act
Baharampur
Indian National Congress
Khadi
Serampore
baton charge
Quit India Movement
Section 144
Indian Penal Code
Crown police
Vande Mataram
Indian National Congress
Kolkata
postage stamp
rupee

categories: Indian women activists,Revolutionary movement for Indian independence,1870 births,20th-century Indian women,1942 deaths,People from Purba Medinipur district,History of Bengal,Activists from West Bengal,Indian revolutionaries,19th-century Indian women,Women from West Bengal

paragraph: Matangini Hazra

paragraph: Matangini Hazra (19 October 1870 – 29 September 1942) was an Indian revolutionary who participated in the Indian independence movement until she was shot dead by the British Indian police in front of the Tamluk Police Station (of erstwhile Midnapore District) on 29 September 1942. She was affectionately known as "Gandhi buri", Bengali for "old lady Gandhi."

paragraph: Section::::Early life and involvement in the freedom movement.

paragraph: Not much is known of her early life apart from that she was born in the small village of Hogla, near Tamluk in 1869, and that because she was the daughter of a poor peasant, she did not receive a formal education. She was married early and became widowed at the age of eighteen without bearing any offspring

paragraph: In 1905, she became actively interested in the Indian independence movement as a Gandhian. A notable feature of the freedom struggle in Midnapore was the participation of women. In 1932, she took part in the Civil Disobedience movement and was arrested for breaking the Salt Act. She was promptly released, but protested for the abolition of the tax. Arrested again, she was incarcerated for six months at Baharampur. After being released, she became an active member of the Indian National Congress and took to spinning her own "Khadi". In 1933, she attended the subdivisional Congress conference at Serampore and was injured in the ensuing baton charge by the police.

paragraph: Section::::Involvement in the Quit India Movement.

paragraph: As part of the Quit India Movement, members of the Congress planned to take over the various police stations of Medinipore district and other government offices. This was to be a step in overthrowing the British government in the district and establishing an independent Indian state. Hazra, who was 71 years at the time, led a procession of six thousand supporters, mostly women volunteers, with the purpose of taking over the Tamluk police station. When the procession reached the outskirts of the town, they were ordered to disband under Section 144 of the Indian Penal Code by the Crown police. As she stepped forward, Hazra was shot once. Apparently, she had stepped forward and appealed to the police not to open fire at the crowd.

paragraph: The "Biplabi" newspaper of the parallel Tamluk National Government commented:

paragraph: As she was repeatedly shot, she kept chanting "Vande Mataram", "hail to the Motherland". She died with the flag of the Indian National Congress held high and still flying.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The parallel Tamluk government incited open rebellion by praising her "martyrdom for her country" and was able to function for two more years, until it was disbanded in 1944, at Gandhi's request.

paragraph: India earned Independence in 1947 and numerous schools, colonies, and streets were named after Hazra. The first statue of a woman put up in Kolkata, in independent India, was Hazra's in 1977.

paragraph: A statue now stands at the spot where she was killed in Tamluk.

paragraph: In 2002, as part of a series of postage stamps commemorating sixty years of the Quit India Movement and the formation of the Tamluk National Government, the Department of Posts of India issued a five rupee postage stamp with Matangini Hazra's likeness. Hazra Road in South Kolkata is named after her.

description: Indian revolutionary

wikidata_label: Matangini Hazra

wikipedia_title: Matangini Hazra


text:
fake news website
Huzlers
Comscore
BuzzFeed
Pokémon Go
Huzlers
Huzlers
Coors Light
cocaine
mixtapes
Happy Meals

paragraph: Pablo Reyes Jr

paragraph: Pablo Reyes is a Mexican writer, prankster and contributor to fake news websites. He is the founder of Huzlers a fictional news website that attracts about 387,000 unique visitors per month, according to Comscore. That makes it the No. 1 American site tracked by Comscore in a new genre that Huzler's founder calls “fauxtire” — not quite The Onion, but not quite PBS.

paragraph: Section::::Future prediction hoax.

paragraph: Reyes created a post on Facebook that was shared over 170,000 times, for good reason: it appears to predict the future. His predictions for 2016 that have already happened include the deaths of Prince, Muhammad Ali and Kimbo Slice, a terrible mass shooting and everyone freaking out about a gorilla. He also goes on to say that Hillary Clinton will be elected, and Donald Trump will die. His hoax was quickly debunked by BuzzFeed and Daily Mirror who explained how he edited an old Facebook post.

paragraph: Section::::Pokemon Go crime wave hoaxes.

paragraph: Pokémon Go was a phenomenon. The mobile game inspired a parade of viral hoax stories, many of which came from a single sketchy website CartelPress a website with connections to one of the more notorious faux news organizations Huzlers. Reyes later came clean and said these Pokémon Go hoaxes went viral by mistake. Many of the published articles on CartelPress were mistaken as real news.

paragraph: Section::::Huzlers.

paragraph: Articles from Huzlers often involve popular restaurants and brands to disgust readers with its gross-out stories. One story by the site falsely reported that Coors Light was laced with cocaine. Another story made up an incident where a person working at a McDonald's restaurant put his mixtapes in Happy Meals. The site describes itself as "fauxtire and fictional news blog".

alias:
Pablo Reyes Jr
Reyes Pablo
Pablo Reyes Santiago

description: Writer

wikidata_label: Pablo Reyes

wikipedia_title: Pablo Reyes Jr


text:
Broadway
Progressive Era
Manchester
Carl Rosa Opera Company
Royal English Opera House
Theatre Royal, Sheffield
Covent Garden Opera House
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
James C. Duff
Harry B. Smith
Stanislaus Stange
the medieval Irish king
Edward Siedle
Ernestine Schumann-Heink
Lillian Russell
Jefferson De Angelis
Della Fox
Christie MacDonald
Lulu Glaser
King René's Daughter
Sonzogno prize
P. D. A. Atterbom
Quo Vadis
Tams-Witmark
Library of Congress
Richard Strauss
Salome
Scores on imslp

categories: 19th-century classical composers,20th-century classical composers,20th-century American composers,19th-century American composers,American opera composers,20th-century English musicians,American classical composers,1910 deaths,Male opera composers,20th-century male musicians,English classical composers,19th-century English musicians,English emigrants to the United States,1855 births,19th-century British composers,Musicians from Manchester,English male classical composers,American musical theatre composers,American male classical composers,20th-century British composers

paragraph: Julian Edwards

paragraph: Julian Edwards (December 11, 1855 - September 5, 1910) was an Anglo-American composer of light operatic music who composed many successful Broadway shows in the Progressive Era. He attempted to introduce new levels of musical sophistication to the genre. Some of his songs achieved popularity at the time.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Edwards was born in Manchester, England and studied in Edinburgh and London. He became conductor of the Carl Rosa Opera Company. He also conducted at the Royal English Opera House, where he met his wife, "prima donna" Philippine Siedle. He composed a grand opera entitled "Victorian", first performed at the Theatre Royal, Sheffield on 6 April 1883, which was also performed at Covent Garden Opera House on 19 January 1884. The libretto, by J F Reynolds-Anderson, was based on Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's play "The Spanish Student".

paragraph: Section::::Broadway career.

paragraph: He soon turned his attention to lighter music, moving to New York at the invitation of Broadway producer James C. Duff, and creating a number of Broadway shows, beginning with "Jupiter" (1892), to a libretto by Harry B. Smith. He followed it with 17 more musicals.

paragraph: His first big success was "Madeleine, or the Magic Kiss" (1893). This was his first collaboration with playwright and lyricist Stanislaus Stange, with whom he worked on several other projects. They later had an even greater success with "Brian Boru" (1896), a "Romantic Irish Opera" based on the life of the medieval Irish king.

paragraph: Among his many other works, he also wrote "Jolly Musketeer" (1898), "Princess Chic" (1900), "Dolly Varden" (1902), "When Johnny Comes Marching Home" (1902), "Love's Lottery" (1904), "The Gay Musician" (1908, with book and lyrics by Chas. J. Campbell and Edward Siedle, his brother-in-law), "The Motor Girl" (1909) and "The Girl and the Wizard" (1909). "Love's Lottery" was intended as a vehicle for the German opera singer Ernestine Schumann-Heink, who withdrew after fifty performances.

paragraph: Some of Edwards' songs with lyricist Stanislaus Stange were published as independent pieces. Their patriotic song "My Own United States" from "When Johnny Comes Marching Home", achieved particular popularity. Among the stars of the era who performed his work were Lillian Russell, Jefferson De Angelis, Della Fox, Christie MacDonald, and Lulu Glaser.

paragraph: Section::::Other works.

paragraph: While writing his Broadway shows, Edwards continued to work on more serious pieces. He made his name in America with an operatic adaptation of the play "King René's Daughter" (1893), presented as a one-act lyrical drama. Edwards wrote the libretto himself, from an existing English translation. The opera was criticised on the grounds that his music "wallows in Wagner". Edwards had intended to submit it for the Sonzogno prize for one-act operas, but it was completed too late. The work had only limited success.

paragraph: He also composed "The Patriot" (1907), another one-act grand opera, to a libretto by Stange, set in the American War of Independence. He completed two more grand operas, "Elfinella" and "Corinne", but these were unproduced. He was particularly proud of his sacred cantatas, including "The Redeemer" and "Lazarus". His oratorio "Mary Magdalene" was not fully completed before his death. In 1907 he set a translation of P. D. A. Atterbom's poem "The Mermaid".

paragraph: He wrote incidental music for productions of many plays, including "Quo Vadis", "In the Palace of the King", "Gringoire", "The Wooing of Priscilla", "King Robert of Sicily", "The Cipher Code", "In a Balcony", "The Land of Heart's Desire" and others.

paragraph: He also published collections of songs, including "Sunlight and Shadow", and copyists' full scores of two symphonies, in E major and A minor, exist in the Tams-Witmark collection at the Library of Congress.

paragraph: Section::::Views on music and songwriting.

paragraph: When interviewed in 1908 Edwards was asked about the proper relationship between a composer and a lyricist. He took the view that there is no single model, but stated that "to my mind the ideal collaboration between the musician and the librettist is that of Gilbert & Sullivan. They stand alone." He especially praised Gilbert's libretti, and described Sullivan's music as "clever". He dismissed his own work in light music, emphasising his serious works, particularly his operas and cantatas. Initially an opponent of Wagnerism, Edwards had become a strong supporter of the movement. He believed that Richard Strauss's "Salome" (1905) was the most important work of recent modern music.

paragraph: Edwards died of heart failure in 1910. He is described as a "serious, but poorly endowed" composer by theatre historian Gerald Bordman, but Bordman's comments on Edwards concern only his operettas.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scores on imslp

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Julian Edwards

wikipedia_title: Julian Edwards