text:
King
Sweden
Magnus
Slavic
Birger Jarl
Ingeborg
King Eric XI
King Eric X
Valdemar, King of Sweden
Jarl
Duke of Sweden
Battle of Hova
Tiveden
Stones of Mora
Helwig
Gerard I of Holstein
King Sverker II
consanguinity
Gothenland
King of the Goths
Benedict
archdeacon
Lord High Chancellor of Sweden
Duchy of Finland
Thurchetel Canuteson
Lord High Constable of Sweden
King Birger
archaeologist
osteologist
University of Stockholm
Riddarholm Church
SVT
Carbon-14
Charles VIII
Helwig of Holstein
Ingiburga Magnusdotter of Sweden
Eric VI of Denmark
Birger, King of Sweden
Eric Magnuson
Duke of Sudermannia
Waldemar Magnuson
Duke of Finland
Nyköpingshus
Richeza Magnusdotter of Sweden
St. Clare's Priory, Stockholm

categories: 13th-century Swedish monarchs,1290 deaths,Rulers of Finland,1240 births,Swedish monarchs,House of Bjelbo,Burials at Riddarholmen Church

paragraph: Magnus III of Sweden

paragraph: Magnus III (; ca. 1240 – 18 December 1290) was King of Sweden from 1275 until his death in 1290.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: He was the "first Magnus" to rule Sweden for any length of time, not generally regarded as a usurper or a pretender (but third Magnus to have been proclaimed Sweden's king and ruled there). Later historians ascribe his epithet "Ladulås" – "Barnlock" – to a royal decree of 1279 or 1280 freeing the yeomanry from the duty to provide sustenance for travelling nobles and bishops ("Peasants! Lock your barns!"); another theory is that it's a corruption of Ladislaus, which could possibly have been his second name, considering his Slavic heritage. This king has also been referred to as Magnus I, but that is not recognized by any Swedish historians today.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Magnus, whose birth year has never been confirmed in modern times, was probably the second son of Birger Jarl (1200–66) and Princess Ingeborg, herself the sister of the childless King Eric XI and daughter of King Eric X. Thus, Valdemar Birgersson (1239–1302) was the eldest son and ruled as Valdemar, King of Sweden from 1250-1275, succeeding King Eric, their maternal uncle who ruled until 1250. Birger Jarl had designated Magnus as Jarl, henceforth titled Duke of Sweden, and as Valdemar's successor. Even after Valdemar's coming of age in 1257, Birger Jarl kept his grip over the country. After Birger's death in 1266 Valdemar came into conflict with Magnus who wanted the throne for himself.

paragraph: Section::::Accession and marriage.

paragraph: In 1275, Duke Magnus started a rebellion against his brother with Danish help, and ousted him from the throne. Valdemar was deposed by Magnus after the Battle of Hova in the forest of Tiveden on June 14, 1275. Magnus was elected king at the Stones of Mora ("Mora stenar"). In 1276, Magnus allegedly married a second wife Helwig, daughter of Gerard I of Holstein. Through her mother, Elizabeth of Mecklenburg, Helwig was a descendant of Christina, the putative daughter of King Sverker II. A papal annulment of Magnus' alleged first marriage and a dispensation for the second (necessary because of consanguinity) were issued ten years later, in 1286. Haelwig later acted as regent, probably 1290–1302 and 1320–1327.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: The deposed King Valdemar managed, with Danish help in turn, to regain provinces in Gothenland in the southern part of the kingdom, and Magnus had to recognize that in 1277. However, Magnus regained them about 1278 and assumed the additional title "rex Gothorum", King of the Goths, starting the tradition of "King of the Swedes and the Goths".

paragraph: King Magnus's youngest brother, Benedict (1254-1291), then archdeacon, acted as his Lord High Chancellor of Sweden, and in 1284 Magnus rewarded him with the Duchy of Finland.

paragraph: Magnus died when his sons were yet underage. Magnus ordered his kinsman Thurchetel Canuteson, the Lord High Constable of Sweden as the guardian of his heir, the future King Birger, who was about ten years old at father's death.

paragraph: Section::::Modern research.

paragraph: In spring 2011, archaeologists and osteologists from the University of Stockholm were given permission to open one of the royal graves in Riddarholm Church ("Riddarholmskyrkan") in order to study the remains of what was presumed to be Magnus Ladulås and some of his relatives. SVT broadcast a presentation of the preliminary studies, where a number of results were presented; among others his sickly disposition. Carbon-14 tests dated the bones to the 15th century, indicating the remains could not be those of the king and his family. In December 2011, the researchers applied for permission to open the neighbouring sarcophagus, which has hitherto been presumed to contain the bones of a later king, Charles VIII.

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: From his alleged first (annulled) marriage to an unknown woman:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eric Magnusson (born c. 1275 – c. 1277)

paragraph: From his second marriage to Helwig of Holstein:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ingiburga Magnusdotter of Sweden (born c. 1279); married King Eric VI of Denmark.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Birger, King of Sweden (born c. 1280)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eric Magnuson, Duke of Sudermannia in 1302 and Halland etc. c 1305, born c. 1282. Died of starvation in 1318 at Nyköpingshus Castle while imprisoned by his brother King Birger.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Waldemar Magnuson, Duke of Finland in 1302 and Öland 1310. Died of starvation 1318 at Nyköpingshus Castle while imprisoned by his brother, King Birger.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richeza Magnusdotter of Sweden (d. after 1347), Abbess of the convent of St. Clare's Priory, Stockholm.

description: King of Sweden

wikidata_label: Magnus III of Sweden

wikipedia_title: Magnus III of Sweden


text: GCB

text: GBE

text: Greek

text: arms

text: dealer

text: industrialist

text: Russian

text: Greek

text: merchant

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Muğla

text: Russia

text: Constantinople

text: Tatavla

text: tour guide

text: Galata

text: arsonist

text: London

text: Greeks

text: Constantinople

text: Athens

text: political journalist

text: Etienne Skouloudis

text: Thorsten Nordenfelt

text: Balkan states

text: 1878 Treaty of Berlin

text: Cyprus

text: Great Britain

text: Germany

text: Russian

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Greece

text: Spain

text: Japan

text: United States

text: Maxim gun

text: submarine

text: Erith

text: Kent

text: Stockholm

text: Spain

text: Vickers

text: munitions

text: Hiram Maxim

text: automatic machine gun

text: La Spezia

text: Italy

text: Duke of Genoa

text: La Spezia

text: Vienna

text: Austria

text: Maxim gun

text: Rothschild

text: Vickers

text: Maxim

text: Maxim Nordenfelt Guns and Ammunition Company

text: Isaac Peral

text: George Garrett

text: torpedo

text: Isaac Peral

text: compass

text: gyroscope

text: servomotor

text: Segismundo Moret

text: Euskalduna

text: Placencia de las Armas Co. Ltd

text: Sociedad Española de Construcciones Navales

text: Vickers

text: Spanish Navy

text: Spanish Civil War

text: Nye Committee

text: Siemens scandal

text: Vickers

text: Germany

text: United Kingdom

text: Tsaritsyn

text: World War I

text: Paris

text: press release

text: German re-armament

text: Reichstag

text: World War I

text: antimilitarist

text: Jean Jaurès

text: Raymond Poincaré

text: Legion of Honour

text: David Lloyd George

text: Aristide Briand

text: King Constantine

text: Kaiser

text: Eleftherios Venizelos

text: World War I

text: Big Four

text: gold franc

text: Greek State

text: Greek

text: Megali Idea

text: Mustafa Kemal

text: British Petroleum

text: Prince Louis II of Monaco

text: Société des Bains de Mer

text: Monte Carlo Casino

text: Clemenceau

text: Treaty of Versailles

text: Monaco

text: Sarah Bernhardt

text: Jacques Damala

text: Thrace

text: Adrianopole

text: aviation

text: Bexley

text: English

text: British passport

text: King of Spain

text: Alfonso XII

text: Arronville

text: Leopold II of Belgium

text: FF

text: Saint Petersburg State University

text: Imperial College, London

text: French Literature

text: Oxford University

text: English Literature

text: University of Paris

text: Biarritz

text: FF

text: Corinth

text: Legion of Honour

text: Order of the Bath

text: Order of the British Empire

text: Order of the Redeemer

text: The Adventures of Tintin

text: The Broken Ear

text: Patrick Leigh-Fermor

text: Leo McKern

text: ITV

text: Reilly, Ace of Spies

text: Lanny Budd

text: Upton Sinclair

text: Church of Satan

text: Anton LaVey

text: The Satanic Bible

text: Eric Ambler

text: Thomas Pynchon

text: Against the Day

text: George Bernard Shaw

text: Major Barbara

text: Duncan Kyle

text: Morris L. West

text: Tom Mix

text: The Miracle Rider

text: Paul Lukas

text: Espionage

text: Alpine Rose

text: Friedrich Dürrenmatt

text: The Visit

text: Aristoteles Onassis

text: Calouste Gulbenkian

text: The Great Abraham Lincoln Pocket Watch Conspiracy

text: Vickers-Armstrongs

text: Union of Democratic Control

text: The Secret International Armament Firms At Work

text: Dimitri Kitsikis

text: extract from "Men of Wealth" The Merchant of Death: Basil Zaharoff pp 337–372

text: Basil Zaharoff profile -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia"

text: The mysterious Mr. Zedzed -- Smithsonian

text: The Merchant of Death - Basil Zaharoff I WHO DID WHAT IN WW1? -- The Great War

categories: Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath,Greek businesspeople,1936 deaths,People from Muğla,Vickers,1849 births,French people of Greek descent,Arms traders,Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur,Greeks of the Ottoman Empire,Anglo-Persian Oil Company

paragraph: Basil Zaharoff

paragraph: Sir Basil Zaharoff, GCB, GBE (; October 6, 1849 – November 27, 1936), was a Greek arms dealer and industrialist with Russian roots. One of the richest men in the world during his lifetime, Zaharoff was described as a "merchant of death" and "mystery man of Europe". His success was forged through his cunning, often aggressive and sharp business tactics. These included the sale of arms to opposing sides in conflicts, sometimes delivering fake or faulty machinery.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Basileios Zacharias was the son and eldest of four children of a Greek merchant, born in the Ottoman Empire town of Muğla. His family adopted the surname Zaharoff when they lived in Russia, as exiles following the anti-Greek "Easter pogroms" of 1821. The family returned to the Ottoman Empire in the 1840s and, by 1855, had returned to Constantinople's Greek neighbourhood of Tatavla.

paragraph: Basileios' first job was as a tour guide in the Galata. It is thought he became an arsonist with the Istanbul firefighters: on payment 19th-century firemen in Istanbul recovered or salvaged treasures for their wealthy owners.

paragraph: Zaharoff was summoned to court in London due to irregular exports of goods from Istanbul to London. The London Greeks from Constantinople preferred disputes involving members of their community to be settled outside English courts, and he was discharged on the conditions that he paid £100 restitution to the claimant and remained within the court's jurisdiction. He immediately left for Athens, where the 24-year-old Zaharoff was befriended by a political journalist, Etienne Skouloudis. The eloquent Zaharoff succeeded in convincing Skouloudis of the rightness of his London court case.

paragraph: By a stroke of good fortune, Skouloudis was a friend of a Swedish captain, who was about to leave his job as an agent of arms manufacturer Thorsten Nordenfelt. Skouloudis used his influence to recommend Zaharoff for the role. Zaharoff was hired on October 14, 1877, beginning a spectacular career. The political and military instability in the Balkan states, Turkey and Russia provided an excellent opportunity for the arms sales, as each state spent to match the perceived aggressive intentions of its neighbours, even after the 1878 Treaty of Berlin.

paragraph: Section::::Arms dealing.

paragraph: Zaharoff did not make arms dealing his sole business at first. After Cyprus passed under British control in 1878 he seems to have slipped back into Britain; by 1883 he was working as a shipping agent in Galway, Ireland, where he recruited local girls for work in American factories. He also had a spell in the United States where he worked as a confidence man, and later as a salesman for a St. Louis railcar business. In 1885, posing as "Prince Zacharias Basileus Zacharoff", he married a Philadelphia heiress, Jennie Billings, and was pursued to Rotterdam by detectives after his exposure as a bigamist by an Englishman who recognised him as the same man who had married an English girl in Bristol in 1872.

paragraph: Zaharoff sold munitions to many nations, including Great Britain, Germany, the Russian and Ottoman Empires, Greece, Spain, Japan and the United States. Despite his reputation for corruption, he was instrumental in marketing military equipment, including various famous weapons such as the Maxim gun (one of the first fully automatic machine guns) and the first working submarine. The British-Swedish Nordenfelt produced a range of anti-torpedoboat guns in Erith, Kent, Stockholm and Spain.

paragraph: Zaharoff worked for Vickers, the munitions firm, from 1897 to 1927.

paragraph: Section::::Arms dealing.:Maxim's machine gun.

paragraph: Hiram Maxim's automatic machine gun was a significant improvement over the then-current hand-cranked models. Maxim's gun was better than anything that Nordenfelt sold at the time. Zaharoff is believed to have had a hand in the events surrounding Maxim's attempts to demonstrate his invention between 1886 and 1888. In the first, Maxim's and Nordenfelt's machine guns were to be demonstrated at La Spezia, Italy, before a distinguished audience which included the Duke of Genoa. Maxim's representatives did not show up; a person unknown had waylaid them with a tour of La Spezia's nocturnal establishments leaving them unfit for purpose the next morning.

paragraph: Round 2 took place at Vienna, where the exhibitors were instructed to modify their weapons to comply with Austrian Infantry-standard sized cartridges. After shooting a few hundred rounds, the Maxim gun became erratic before stopping altogether. When Maxim took one weapon apart to see what had happened, he discovered that they had been sabotaged, but it was too late to repair. A third demonstration also took place in Vienna, and here the gun worked perfectly. But again an unknown person went through the gathering of senior officers, convincing them that the workmanship required to produce such a marvellous weapon could only be done by hand, one at a time, and that without the means for mass production, Maxim could never produce machine guns in sufficient quantities to satisfy the needs of a modern army. Nordenfelt and Zaharoff had won. Maxim, who knew he had a good product, successfully sought a merger with Nordenfelt, engaging Zaharoff as their principal salesman on a huge commission.

paragraph: Under pressure from Rothschild and Vickers, Thorsten Nordenfelt merged with Maxim's in 1888 to form the Maxim Nordenfelt Guns and Ammunition Company. Two years later, a bankrupt Nordenfelt was forced out of the company.

paragraph: Section::::Arms dealing.:Corrupt business tactics.

paragraph: From 1886 to 1889, at the same time that Zaharoff got the Maxim machine gun, he managed to appropriate Isaac Peral's submarine; although these facts are less well known. Zaharoff and Nordenfelt tried at this time to develop a submarine for their own business purposes.

paragraph: One of the most notorious sales by Zaharoff was that of the "Nordenfelt I", a faulty steam-driven submarine model based on a design by the English inventor and clergyman George Garrett, which US Navy intelligence characterized as capable of "dangerous and eccentric movements." Thorsten Nordenfelt had already demonstrated his vessel at an international gathering of the military elite, and whilst the major powers would have none of it, smaller nations, attracted by the prestige, were a different matter.

paragraph: It was thus that, with a promise of generous payment terms, Zaharoff sold the first model to the Greeks. He then persuaded the Turks that the Greek submarine posed a threat, selling them two. After that, he persuaded the Russians that there was now a new and significant threat on the Black Sea, and they bought another two.

paragraph: None of these submarines ever saw action. The mechanics, driven by steam propulsion, were completely inadequate for underwater navigation, and failed demonstrably when undergoing sea trials by the respective Navies.

paragraph: Besides the underlying problems of the faulty propulsion system, they were also chronically unstable. One of the Turkish Navy's submarines sank, capsizing during a torpedo firing test. The vessel reared in a vertical position, from which it sank by the stern.

paragraph: At this time Spanish inventor Isaac Peral designed and built the first submarine capable of navigating underwater with a decent level of control and with the ability to launch torpedoes both submerged and on the surface. This was the first proper submarine, solving the problems of propulsion, stability and armament all at once. Peral's submarine was driven by electric propulsion, and had a periscope, target practice apparatus, compensating compass needle, gyroscope, sliding electric torpedo tube launcher and servomotor (to maintain the stability and the trim of the ship in all circumstances).

paragraph: Zaharoff found out within no time about this young Spanish Naval officer's invention. Previously in shipbuilding, he had already seen the plans and memorandum reports sent by Peral to the Spanish Navy's HQ at the Defence Ministry.

paragraph: Later on, during Peral's visit to London, Zaharoff tried meeting with him unsuccessfully, with the help of one of Peral's Spanish Navy fellow officers. Peral refused twice, but after several attempts, he had a meeting with Thorsten Nordenfelt, the company owner, who offered him a deal to purchase the patent of the stability servomotor. Isaac Peral rejected both offers but signed his sentence in that same instant, without knowing it.

paragraph: Zaharoff then got to work with his own Machiavellian plan. The Spanish inventor, as with Maxim, suffered four sabotages during the tests: the first of them, in the previous test, in the presence of the Head of the Spanish State, but, Peral, more cautious than the North American inventor, proved successful in all of them.

paragraph: Despite this, Zaharoff used underhand methods, which came to light later, and was able to cause a controversy between the inventor and his own government leading to the Spanish Government's disapproval of this submarine invention, although it would have been a formidable weapon in the conflict with the United States, several years after.

paragraph: Zaharoff traveled to Spain several times between 1886 and 1890 with three objectives: boycott Peral's submarine, sell weapons to the Spanish Army, and acquire a Spanish munitions factory. He was successful in all three objectives, mainly because his initiation of an amorous relationship with Pilar de Muguiro y Beruete opened many doors for him.

paragraph: Pilar's father, influential banker Fermín Muguiro, Count of Muguiro, was a close friend of the King, and leader of Spanish Conservative Party. She was a personal friend and niece of Segismundo Moret, a leading Spanish progressive thinker and the Liberal Party Leader's right-hand man. Unhappily married to King Alfonso XII's cousin, the Spanish Grandee, Francisco de Borbón, Duke of Marchena, she had unrestricted access to the Royal Palaces. During one trip, Zaharoff was spotted at the shipyard where the Spanish submarine was being built, but the Spanish authorities "covered up" the matter.

paragraph: The acquisition of one of the best Spanish armament companies, Euskalduna, located in north Spain and renamed “Placencia de las Armas Co. Ltd” was in large part thanks to his love affair (later attributing his professional success to his sexual prowess), and through establishing a powerful network among Spanish politicians, journalists and military commanders, who served his business interests well. This influential group of people took his side against the development of Isaac Peral's submarine, and the Spanish Government, despite the astounding success in sea trials, finally pulled the rug from the project.

paragraph: After “Placencia de Armas Co. Ltd” swindled the Spanish Government by selling useless arms during the 1898 War (also handing Maxim important and "sensitive" information, which reached his government during the conflict), the Sociedad Española de Construcciones Navales in Spain, a branch of Vickers were awarded, by the Spanish Government, exclusive naval construction rights for the Spanish Navy.

paragraph: In the aftermath of this scandal, accusations of bribery and manipulation flew in the direction of this dangerous trafficker of weapons. A Spanish Navy lawyer denounced the Spanish Government for two alleged crimes of "prevarication." The Spanish Government acted expeditiously and especially cruelly against any naval officers who went public with their discontent. The Central Chief of Staff and the Boss of the Armada Juridic Service were fired, and hundreds of officers were imprisoned and lost their jobs.

paragraph: Zaharoff's power and influence in Spain lasted until his death in 1936, the year in which the Spanish Civil War began.

paragraph: Also, the 1934 United States Senate Nye Committee Memorandum shows that Zaharoff was paid considerable sums for transactions made between foreign companies and the Spanish Government (for example, he got paid between a 5 and 7% commission for the price of American submarines sold to Spain, throughout all these years).

paragraph: Although very little could be proved, Zaharoff was viewed as a master of bribery and corruption, but the few incidents that did become public, such as the large bribes received by Japanese Admiral Fuji (is this anachronistically referring to the 1914 Siemens scandal?), indicated that a lot more was going on behind the scenes. In 1890, the Maxim-Nordenfelt association broke up, and Zaharoff chose to go with Maxim. Using his commissions, Zaharoff bought shares in Maxim's company until he was in a position to tell Maxim that he was no longer an employee, but an equal shareholder.

paragraph: By 1897, the Maxim company had become important enough that it received a buyout offer from Vickers, one of the then giants of the armaments industry. This involved substantial settlements in both cash and shares for Maxim and Zaharoff. From then until 1911, while Maxim's business enthusiasm waned, Zaharoff's enthusiasm grew, and he expanded his portfolio of Vickers shares. After Maxim's retirement, Zaharoff was appointed to Vickers' board of directors.

paragraph: The 1900s (decade) was a time for many European armies to rebuild and modernize. Germany and the United Kingdom both sought improved naval capability, and Vickers, with Zaharoff, were willing and able to service both sides. After its disastrous defeat by Japan in 1905, the Russian Navy also needed new equipment, but Russia was handcuffed by a wave of protectionism that required domestic industry for the rebuilding. Zaharoff's response was to build a huge Russian arms production complex at Tsaritsyn as a subsidiary of Vickers.

paragraph: The opening of Russian Tsarist archives after World War I led to some insights into the tactics of the arms industry. One 1907 letter, in particular, was written from the Paul von Gontard Factory (a secretly-controlled Vickers company in Germany) to a Vickers-associate in Paris recommending that press releases be sent out to the French press suggesting that the French improve their military to meet the threat posed by German re-armament. These French newspaper articles were recorded by the Reichstag, and instigated a vote to increase military spending, all of which worked to the advantage of Zaharoff.

paragraph: Section::::World War I.

paragraph: In the years immediately preceding World War I, Zaharoff's fortunes grew in other areas to support his arms business. By purchasing the "L'Union Parisienne des Banques" (Union Parisienne Bank), which was traditionally associated with heavy industry, he was better able to control his financing arrangements. By gaining control of "Excelsior," the popular French daily newspaper, he could guarantee favourable editorials for the arms industry. To gain public recognition and acclaim, he founded a retirement home for ex-French sailors, while a Chair in Aerodynamics at the University of Paris led to further honours.

paragraph: In April 1914, Australian newspapers published reports from London dated 25 April that M. Zaharoff had donated ₤20,000 "in order to enable France to be worthily represented at the forthcoming Olympic Games in Berlin" in 1916. The 1916 Olympic Games were subsequently cancelled because of the war. Zaharoff's donation represented a substantial contribution. On May 10, the French Government announced it would donate ₤6,000 to its Olympic team, and would distribute ₤12,000 of Zaharoff's donation among its Olympic teams, with the remaining ₤8,000 to "the furtherance of the Olympic cause."

paragraph: On July 31, 1914, coincidentally the same day that the noted antimilitarist Jean Jaurès was assassinated, Raymond Poincaré signed a decree appointing Zaharoff a Commander of the Legion of Honour.

paragraph: In March 1914, Vickers announced a new dawn of prosperity. During the course of the war, Vickers would produce 4 ships of the line, 3 cruisers, 53 submarines, 3 auxiliary vessels, 62 light vessels, 2,328 cannon, 8,000,000 tonnes of steel ordnance, 90,000 mines, 22,000 torpedoes, 5,500 airplanes and 100,000 machine guns. By 1915, Zaharoff had close ties with both David Lloyd George and Aristide Briand. It is reported that, on the occasion of one visit with Briand, Zaharoff surreptitiously left an envelope on Aristide Briand's desk; the envelope contained a million francs for war widows.

paragraph: One of Zaharoff's tasks during the Great War was to ensure that Greece joined the war on the Allied side, helping to reinforce the eastern front. On the surface, this seemed impossible since King Constantine was a brother-in-law of the Kaiser. Setting up a press agency in Greece to spread news favourable to the Allies, led, within a few months, to Constantine's deposal in favour of Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos.

paragraph: By the end of World War I, "The Times" estimated that Zaharoff had laid out £50 million in the Allied cause.

paragraph: Section::::Post-war dealings.

paragraph: In the years that followed, Zaharoff involved himself in the affairs of the lesser powers, which the Big Four, involved in remaking Europe, could happily ignore. In particular, he set out to ensure that Greece and Venizelos received a proper share from the spoils from the badly weakened Turkey. In 1920, he donated half a billion gold francs to the Greek State for the Greek cause (Megali Idea). Zaharoff convinced Venizelos to attack but, after some impressive initial success, the Greek Army was eventually driven back. In the elections that followed, Constantine's loyalists managed to force Venizelos to flee, but Zaharoff stayed around to persuade the same King that he had to attack Turkey again. But with Mustafa Kemal now in charge of Turkey, this venture was bound to fail. Zaharoff's war adventures were not well received by the press in Paris and London.

paragraph: Zaharoff was also involved in two more significant financial ventures in October 1920, becoming involved in the incorporation of a company that was a predecessor to oil giant British Petroleum. He foresaw that there was a great future in the oil business.

paragraph: His association with Prince Louis II of Monaco led to his purchase of the debt-ridden "Société des Bains de Mer", which ran world famous Monte Carlo Casino and was the principal source of revenue for the principality. He succeeded in returning the casino to profit again. At the same time, Zaharoff had prevailed upon Clemenceau to ensure that the Treaty of Versailles included protection of Monaco’s rights as established in 1641. Louis had noted their gradual erosion over the subsequent three centuries.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Zaharoff was friends with the actress Sarah Bernhardt and her Greek husband Jacques Damala. When Damala's mistress had an illegitimate daughter by Damala in 1889, she left the baby and a note in a basket on Sarah Bernhardt's doorstep. Baptised Teresa, the baby was given to Zaharoff, who found a family to raise her in eastern Thrace (at Adrianopole).

paragraph: Zaharoff was fascinated by aviation, and gave money and other support to pioneers in Great Britain, France and Russia. He encouraged Hiram Maxim's attempt to build a flying machine, and claimed he and Maxim were the first men to be lifted off the earth, when Maxim tested his first "flying machine" at Bexley in 1894.

paragraph: He married an English woman — it is believed as of mid-February 1911 — primarily to obtain a British passport.

paragraph: In September 1924, Zaharoff, 74, married María del Pilar Antonia Angela Patrocinio Fermina Simona de Muguiro y Beruete, 1st Duchess de Villafranca de los Caballeros. Previously married to a cousin of the King of Spain Alfonso XII, Lady Zaharoff was reputed to be one of the richest women in Spain. About eighteen months after their marriage, she died of an infection.

paragraph: After the death of Lady Zaharoff he began selling his business assets and drafted his memoirs. He apparently burnt the manuscript after it was stolen by a valet and recovered by police.

paragraph: Zaharoff's country house, the Château de Balincourt, at Arronville near Paris, was formerly the property of King Leopold II of Belgium was filled with works of art and one of the most beautiful in France.

paragraph: Princess Marthe Bibesco claims Basil Zaharoff was an illegitimate son of her maternal grandfather.

paragraph: Section::::Philanthropy.

paragraph: Zaharoff was a major financial benefactor to various institutions:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chair of Aviation at the University of Paris (cost: FF 700,000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chair of Aviation at Saint Petersburg State University

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chair of Aviation at Imperial College, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chair of French Literature at Oxford University

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chair of English Literature at the University of Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- Donation of ₤20,000 to refurbish Paris Zoo's monkey house (initially treated as a hoax by Zoo staff who left the cheque in a drawer for two months)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Financial contribution to studying aviation problems in England (cost: ₤125,000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The construction of a War Hospital at Biarritz (FF 200,000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Donation towards building the Greek Embassy in Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- Help for the earthquake victims at Corinth, Greece

paragraph: BULLET::::- Establishing the "Institut Pasteur à Athènes" in 1919

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cross, Legion of Honour

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary Knight Grand Cross, Order of the Bath

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary Knight Grand Cross, Order of the British Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cross, Order of the Redeemer

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In "The Adventures of Tintin" comic "The Broken Ear", Zaharoff is parodied as weapons trader "Basil Bazarov", who sells to both parties of a single conflict that he helps provoke.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zaharoff was the model for the title character in the 1938 novel "No Innocent Abroad" (published in USA as "Forever Ulysses") by Constantine P Rodocanachi, translated from the Greek into English by Sir Patrick Leigh-Fermor

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zaharoff was portrayed by Leo McKern in the 1983 ITV series "Reilly, Ace of Spies".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zaharoff was depicted in the "Lanny Budd" series by reformer Upton Sinclair.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zaharoff's Machiavellian ethic as an arms dealer was a cultural influence on Church of Satan founder Anton LaVey. LaVey included Zaharoff on the dedication page to The Satanic Bible.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In his novel "A Coffin for Dimitrios", Eric Ambler is claimed to have patterned Dimitrios on Sir Basil Zaharoff, although Ambler denied having first-hand knowledge of him.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zaharoff appears in Thomas Pynchon novel "Against the Day".

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Ezra Pound's "Canto XVIII" and "Canto XXXVIII," Zaharoff makes numerous appearances under the name "Metevsky."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zaharoff was one of the inspirations for the unscrupulous arms manufacturer Andrew Undershaft in George Bernard Shaw's play "Major Barbara".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zaharoff is a character in the novel "The King's Commisar" by Duncan Kyle.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zaharoff is also a character in the novel "The World is made of glass" by Morris L. West (1983).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Basil Zaharoff is mentioned in a list of mysterious "Orient Express" characters in the Madrid - Lisbon train corridor conversation between Lucas Corso and "Irene Adler" in The Club Dumas (Chapter VII) by Arturo Perez-Reverte

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Zaroff' is an unscrupulous arms dealer in the Tom Mix serial "The Miracle Rider" (1935).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Lukas played a famous arms dealer (based on Zaharoff) in the film "Espionage" (1937).

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the manga "Alpine Rose", the character Matilda Toulonchamp claims to be a descendant of Zaharoff. In-story, Mathilda's father Michel Toulonchamp succeeded Zaharoff himself as the leader of his arms and financing empire.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zaharoff is played by Serhat Tutumluer in the Turkish crime and detective movie series 'Filinta', portraying crime, secrets and action in late 19th century Ottoman era Istanbul.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swiss playwright Friedrich Dürrenmatt called the main protagonist of his play "The Visit" Claire Zachanassian. The name "Zachanassian" refers to Basil Zaharoff (in German spelling) as well as Aristoteles Onassis and Calouste Gulbenkian.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zaharoff is portrayed as a main antagonist in Jacopo Della Quercia's 2015 novel The Great Abraham Lincoln Pocket Watch Conspiracy.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vickers-Armstrongs

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Union of Democratic Control, "The Secret International Armament Firms At Work", Oct., 1932.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Neumann, "Zaharoff the Armaments King" (1935, revised 1938) London: George Allen & Unwin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dimitri Kitsikis, "Propagande et pressions en politique internationale. La Grèce et ses revendications à la Conférence de la Paix 1919-1920". (1963) Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. (Chapter on Sir Basil Zaharoff)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anthony Allfrey, "Man of Arms: the Life and Legend of Sir Basil Zaharoff." (1989) London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Donald McCormick, "Peddler of Death: the Life and Times of Sir Basil Zaharoff." (1965) New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston,

paragraph: BULLET::::- John T. Flynn extract from "Men of Wealth" The Merchant of Death: Basil Zaharoff pp 337–372

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dr. Richard Lewinsohn "The Man Behind the Scenes: The Career of Sir Basil Zaharoff, 'The Mystery Man of Europe"' London, Gollancz (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dominique Venner, "Le plus grand marchand d'armes de l'Histoire: Sir Basil Zaharoff." Historia N° 368 - juillet 1977 (French periodical).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Javier Sanmateo, "El submarino Peral La gran conjura" (2008) Cartagena: Divum & Mare,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bohumír Polách, "Muž v pozadí (Basil Zacharov)" - "(Man in the background - Basil Zaharoff)". (1948) Prague: A. Neubert. Drama by Czech author.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul De Mont : De Internationale der Wapenfabrikanten (1934).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Basil Zaharoff profile -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The mysterious Mr. Zedzed -- Smithsonian

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Merchant of Death - Basil Zaharoff I WHO DID WHAT IN WW1? -- The Great War

description: Greek-born arms dealer and industrialist

wikidata_label: Basil Zaharoff

wikipedia_title: Basil Zaharoff


text:
Queensland Legislative Assembly
Sydney
New South Wales
Brisbane
Christmas Day
Toowong Cemetery
Kennedy
Labor Party
Hinchinbrook

categories: Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Queensland,1899 births,Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly,Burials at Toowong Cemetery,1961 deaths

paragraph: Cecil Jesson

paragraph: Cecil George "Nugget" Jesson (7 July 1899 – 25 December 1961) was a member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Jesson was born in Sydney, New South Wales, the son of George Jesson and his wife Lillian Maude (née Jones). He married Dorothy J Harris in 1922 and they had one son. He then married Wilhelmina Mary Graham in 1928 and they had one son and four daughters.

paragraph: He died in Brisbane on Christmas Day and was buried in the Toowong Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Public career.

paragraph: Jesson held the seat of Kennedy for the Labor Party in the Queensland Legislative Assembly from 1935 until 1950. He then held the new seat of Hinchinbrook from 1950 to 1960.

paragraph: He was the government from 1950 until 1957 and opposition whip from 1957 to 1960.

wikidata_label: Cecil Jesson

wikipedia_title: Cecil Jesson


text:
Democratic Republic of Congolese
Rahmatganj MFS
Bangladesh Football Premier League
DC Virunga
Farashganj SC
Al najma benghazi
Al najma benghazi
Al mojzel
Churchill Brothers
I-League
Mechac Koffi
Farashganj SC

categories: Expatriate footballers in India,Churchill Brothers S.C. players,1988 births,Democratic Republic of the Congo footballers,Association football forwards,Expatriate footballers in Tanzania,Expatriate footballers in Bangladesh,Expatriate footballers in Libya,Living people

paragraph: Siyo Zunapio

paragraph: Siyo Zunapio (born 15 March 1988) is a Democratic Republic of Congolese football player who plays for Rahmatganj MFS in the Bangladesh Football Premier League.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Youth years.

paragraph: Siyo Zunapio Jeancy started playing while at primary school. As a youth he also played at various age levels for now DC Virunga,

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Early career.

paragraph: In 2005, he joined DC Virunga FC,the same year that his friend Sina was signed with rayon sport then playing in Linafoot,

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Simba SC.

paragraph: At the end of 2009, he moved to Tanzania club Simba, turning down trial offers from Swedish clubs. He won KAGAME CUP CECA FA with Simba SC.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Farashganj SC.

paragraph: At the end of January 2010, he moved to Bangladesh Farashganj SC on that year he proved to be a valuable player and was handed the captain armband as the first foreigner to be give the armband he managed to lead the team to its first silver ware in the club history

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Al najma benghazi.

paragraph: At the beginning of the year 2013 Al najma benghazi, Siyo signed a loan deal with Al najma benghazi until 11 November 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Al-Mojzel Club.

paragraph: On 4 June 2014,he agreed to a one-year contract with the Sudanese giants Al mojzel.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Churchill Brothers.

paragraph: In February 2018 he joined Churchill Brothers of I-League as a replacement for injured Mechac Koffi.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Farashganj SC.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Farashganj SC: 2012 FA CUP CHAMPION

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: association football player

wikidata_label: Siyo Zunapio

wikipedia_title: Siyo Zunapio


text:
Buenos Aires
Argentina
menswear
London Fashion Week
Damon Albarn
Kasabian
Flying Lotus
Umbro
C.P. Company
Stone Island
G-Star Raw
Wayne McGregor
anatomy
Burnley
Burnley
football culture
kit
anatomy
BA
Manchester Metropolitan University
MA
Royal College of Art
London Fashion Week
Stone Island
Victoria & Albert Museum
Dazed & Confused
Umbro
Umbro
Dover Street Market
C.P. Company
Goggle Jacket
Kasabian
Velociraptor!
Instagram
Damon Albarn
Everyday Robots
Kasabian
Pyramid stage
Glastonbury Festival
Noomi Rapace
Flying Lotus
Nowness
Flying Lotus
The Hunger Games
The Hunger Games
Kasabian
Wayne McGregor
Tim Blanks
Igor Stravinsky
The Rite of Spring
Tim Blanks
Dover Street Market
G-Star Raw
G-Star RAW
G-Star RAW
G-Star RAW
G-Star RAW
Palais de Tokyo
British Vogue
i-D
International Talent Support
Goggle Jacket
Design Museum
Barcelona
International Talent Support
Trieste
Royal College of Art
Design Museum

categories: 1980 births,Menswear designers,Luxury brands,Creative directors,Clothing brands of the United Kingdom,Argentine emigrants to the United Kingdom,English chief executives,British fashion designers,Living people

paragraph: Aitor Throup

paragraph: Aitor Throup (born 1980, Buenos Aires, Argentina) is an artist, designer and creative director.

paragraph: Throup is best known for his menswear label 'New Object Research' which has shown at London Fashion Week Men's. Throup's G-Star Raw Research line is shown during Paris Fashion Week in a gallery setting. His work for, and collaborations with, Damon Albarn, Kasabian, Flying Lotus, Umbro, C.P. Company, Stone Island, and G-Star Raw are well known and often still studied.

paragraph: Throup most recently debuted his modular costume designs for the 'Autobiography' dance work by Company Wayne McGregor. Aitor Throup's work is always informed by anatomy and movement.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Born in Argentina, Throup moved first to Spain and then to Burnley, Lancashire in 1992. Growing up in Burnley influenced his interest in football culture and kit. Throup's interest in anatomy and movement came at an earlier age when his mother was training to become a medical doctor, and he would find himself surrounded by medical books and references.

paragraph: After completing a BA in Fashion Design at Manchester Metropolitan University he obtained an MA in Fashion Menswear from London's Royal College of Art in 2006.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Throup opened his studio in east London in 2006. The following year Throup established his multi-disciplinary design house 'A.T. Studio'

paragraph: Section::::Career.:A.T. Studio.

paragraph: A.T. Studio presented its first menswear collection at London Fashion Week titled 'The Funeral of New Orleans' (Part One) in 2007.

paragraph: The following year, Throup began a two-season collaboration with Stone Island titled 'Modular Anatomy' and 'Articulated Anatomy'. Stone Island 'Modular Anatomy' and selected pieces from Throup's MA collection were presented at the 'Fashion V Sport' exhibition at the Victoria & Albert Museum in London. Throup was also commissioned to design and illustrate the cover of the December issue of "Dazed & Confused" Japan that year.

paragraph: Throup also began working as a creative consultant for Umbro in 2008, designing the 2009 English national football team's official 'home' kit and the 2010 English national football team's 'away' kit for the World Cup. Throup later presented a third collaboration with Umbro in 2011 titled 'Archive Research Project', which launched exclusively at London's Dover Street Market.

paragraph: In 2009, Throup collaborated with C.P. Company, re-designing the Goggle Jacket for the company's 20th anniversary.

paragraph: In 2010, Throup presented 'Legs', a 45 piece retrospective of all Aitor Throup trouser concepts and prototypes to date at Paris Fashion Week.

paragraph: In 2011, Throup was appointed as creative director of British rock band Kasabian, designing the artwork and global tour of their fourth album 'Velociraptor!'. Throup makes his first music video directorial debut for Kasabian's single 'Switchblade Smiles', and the animated TV advertisement for 'Velociraptor!' wins 'Best Music Ad' at the UK Music Video Awards.

paragraph: In 2012, an ongoing series of daily sketches of musings and investigations in movement by Throup titled 'The Daily Sketchbook Archives' was published by Throup on his official website and Instagram account.

paragraph: In 2014, Throup was appointed as creative director for Damon Albarn's debut solo album 'Everyday Robots', resulting in designing and photographing the album and lead single artworks, as well as the direction of the lead single's video.

paragraph: Also in 2014 Throup continued creative direction for Kasabian's 5th studio album titled '', and direction for the transformative stage design for the band's Pyramid stage headline set at Glastonbury Festival in June of that year.

paragraph: That same year, Throup directed a short film titled, 'A Portrait of Noomi Rapace' scored by Flying Lotus, and commissioned by online video portal Nowness to mark the website's re-launch.

paragraph: In October 2014, Throup designed the 'Death Veil Mask' for Flying Lotus, worn during his American tour dates and one performance at London's Roundhouse.

paragraph: In 2014 Throup created new designs for the District 13 and Castor & Pollux combat uniforms for the Hollywood movie 'The Hunger Games: Mockingjay Part 1', and in 2015 completed new designs for the District 13 and Castor & Pollux combat uniforms for the Hollywood movie 'The Hunger Games: Mockingjay Part 2'.

paragraph: In March 2017 Throup worked with long-term collaborators Kasabian again on their 6th studio album 'For Crying Out Loud' album artwork, stating to journalist Bryony Stone "I really wanted to challenge how I previously approached art direction, through the deconstruction of the graphic design tools and their known formulas — which I have used in previous works with Kasabian".

paragraph: In May, Throup co-directed Kasabian's single 'Are You Looking For Action?' with Sing J Lee, and created a music video shot in one continuous take whilst streaming it live worldwide simultaneously.

paragraph: In October, Throup debuted his modular costume designs for the worldwide premier of 'Autobiography', the dance work by Wayne McGregor. In response to McGregor’s ‘autobiography’ theme, Throup retrospectively looked into his own oeuvre to construct garments from memory fragments of his own archived identity. In an article on Dezeen, the journalist explained, "The concept of 'autobiography' also resonated with Throup, and he began his research process by looking back on his studio's 12-year archive to create a series of 'design archetypes'."

paragraph: Section::::Career.:New Object Research.

paragraph: Throup announced a preview of his brand and product line 'New Object Research' at London Fashion Week Men's in 2012, hosted by fashion ambassadors Sarah Mower and Tim Blanks.

paragraph: Throup's first complete 'New Object Research' line was presented at London Fashion Week Men's in 2013, and later that year he published his design manifesto for 'New Object Research'.

paragraph: Two years later, Throup revealed his photographic series 'The Rite of Spring' in December 2015, inspired by Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring which Throup stated that it "represented the death of the old me and the rebirth of the new."

paragraph: In June 2016, Throup held a debut catwalk show for New Object Research titled 'The Rite of Spring / Summer / Autumn / Winter' during London Fashion Week Men's.

paragraph: Fashion journalist Tim Blanks explained it as, "much less fashion show than performance art piece."

paragraph: ’The Rite of Spring / Summer / Autumn / Winter' articulated sculptures and exclusive prototypes were then exhibited in Dover Street Market London.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:G-Star RAW.

paragraph: In April 2014 Throup was announced as a creative consultant for G-Star Raw.

paragraph: Throughout his tenure as creative consultant, Throup created the concept of the G-Star RAW flagship in London, directed the "What Is Raw?" advertising campaign, and designed the 3-D denim 'Staq' jeans.

paragraph: In June 2016, Throup launched his first collection with G-Star RAW titled 'Raw Research', created in the innovation laboratory also set up by the designer.

paragraph: Throup was appointed as Executive Creative Director of G-Star RAW on 25 October, after 3 years as a creative consultant for the company. WWD broke the news exclusively, with Throup explaining to journalist Lorelei Marfil, "I genuinely believe in the brand’s manifesto to become the definitive denim brand of the 21st century, so I just want to facilitate that through a really focused vision and commitment to innovation".

paragraph: In January 2017 Throup presented his second 'Raw Research' collection - his debut as Executive Creative Director of G-Star RAW.

paragraph: Raw Research II was presented in a gallery-like space during Paris Men's Fashion Week at Palais de Tokyo "true to Throup’s highly artistic sensibilities" as noted by journalist Vanessa Hsieh.

paragraph: In June, the third 'Raw Research' collection - Raw Research III - was presented in the raw and industrial setting of Galerie Lübeck in the 16th arrondissement, during Paris Men's Fashion Week.

paragraph: In 2017 British Vogue broke the news exclusively of Aitor Throup designing womenswear in the Raw Research III collection, his first ever womenswear line. Throup explained the design process to journalist Scarlett Conlon, stating "Our approach to design is actually very instinctive from a product design perspective. In essence, we don’t approach womenswear design any differently to how we approach menswear design, because we are prioritising product design values first and foremost."

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 Winner of the 'Collection of the Year' award and i-D Styling Award at ITS No. 5 International Talent Support.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 Goggle Jacket nominated for the 'Design of the Year' award at the Design Museum in London.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 Winner of 'XII Premi a la Moda Felicidad Duce' from the Superior Fashion School of Design in Barcelona.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 Awarded the 'Generali Special Award' at ITS No. 14 International Talent Support in Trieste, Italy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 Awarded an Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Art.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 New Object Research 'The Rite of Spring/Summer/Autumn/Winter' runway show and collection nominated for the 'Beazley Design of the Year' award at the Design Museum in London.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 Awarded two The Lovie Awards after the Kasabian 'Are You Looking For Action?' music video which Throup co-directed (together with Sing J Lee) is selected in the Internet Video: Music & Entertainment Category.

wikidata_label: Aitor Throup

wikipedia_title: Aitor Throup


text: Płock

text: Algirdas

text: Grand Duke of Lithuania

text: Uliana of Tver

text: Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia

text: Union of Krewo

text: Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia

text: Jadwiga of Poland

text: Jogaila

text: Kingdom of Poland

text: homage

text: vassal

text: Prague groschen

text: fief

text: Duchy of Belz

text: Płock

text: Dominican Order

text: Kazimierz II of Masovia

text: Trojden II of Masovia

text: Władysław I of Płock

text: Siemowit V of Masovia

text: Alexander of Masovia

text: Bishop of Trento

text: Bishop of Chur

text: Cardinal

text: Damascus

text: Patriarch of Aquileia

text: Euphemia of Masovia

text: Bolesław I, Duke of Cieszyn

text: Cymburgis of Masovia

text: Ernest, Duke of Austria

text: Jadwiga of Masovia

text: John Garay

text: Nicholas I Garay

text: William II, Margrave of Meissen

text: Michael Žygimantaitis

text: Bogislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania

text: Catherine of Masovia

text: Michael Žygimantaitis

text: Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Przemyslaus II, Duke of Cieszyn

text: Dorothy Garai

text: Polish Biographical Dictionary

categories: 14th-century births,15th-century Polish people,1434 deaths,Lithuanian nobility,People from Vilnius,Medieval Polish nobility,Gediminids,14th-century Polish people,14th-century Polish women,Piast dynasty

paragraph: Alexandra of Lithuania

paragraph: Alexandra (, ; died 20 April 1434 in Płock) was the youngest daughter of Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and his second wife, Uliana of Tver. Though Alexandra's exact date of birth is not known, it is thought that she was born in the late 1360s or early 1370s. In 1387, she married Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia, and bore him thirteen children.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: On 12 December 1385, few months after the Union of Krewo, Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia, reached a compromise with king Jadwiga of Poland and her intended consort king Jogaila (Władysław II Jagiełło), brother of Alexandra. Siemowit IV agreed to cease his rival claims to the Kingdom of Poland, pay homage to Jadwiga and Jogaila, and to assume position of a hereditary vassal to the Polish Crown in exchange for 10,000 Prague groschen and fief Duchy of Belz. The agreement was solidified by marriage of Siemowit IV and Alexandra in 1387.

paragraph: Alexandra died and was buried in Płock. Her final resting place is likely a church of the Dominican Order.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: In her union with Siemowit, Alexandra bore 13 children—five sons and eight daughters.

paragraph: Sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kazimierz II of Masovia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trojden II of Masovia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Władysław I of Płock

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siemowit V of Masovia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander of Masovia; who was a diplomat and Bishop of Trento, titular Bishop of Chur, titular Cardinal of Damascus, and Patriarch of Aquileia.

paragraph: Daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Euphemia of Masovia; married Bolesław I, Duke of Cieszyn

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cymburgis of Masovia; married Ernest, Duke of Austria

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jadwiga of Masovia; married John Garay, son of Nicholas I Garay

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amelia of Masovia; married William II, Margrave of Meissen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anna of Masovia; possibly married Michael Žygimantaitis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria of Masovia; married Bogislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexandra of Masovia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine of Masovia; married Michael Žygimantaitis

paragraph: Grandchildren of Alexandra and Siemowit IV included Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, Przemyslaus II, Duke of Cieszyn, Sophie of Pomerania, Duchess of Pomerania and Dorothy Garai.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Karol Piotrowicz, w: Polski Słownik Biograficzny/ Polish Biographical Dictionary. T. 1. Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności – Skład Główny w Księgarniach Gebethnera i Wolffa, 1935, p. 66–67

description: Youngest daughter of Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and his second wife, Uliana of Tver

wikidata_label: Alexandra of Lithuania

wikipedia_title: Alexandra of Lithuania


text:
pioneer
Omaha, Nebraska
John A. Creighton
Mary Lucretia Creighton
Dayton, Ohio
Creighton University
Belmont County, Ohio
Irish Catholic
Mary Lucretia Wareham
Dayton, Ohio
Transcontinental Telegraph
Sacramento
Western Union
First National Bank of Omaha
Omaha and Northwestern Railroad
Union Pacific Railroad
Council Bluffs, Iowa
Papal Count
Naples
Creighton University
Creighton University
Hanscom Park

categories: Creighton family,Creighton University,Catholics from Nebraska,Catholics from Ohio,1874 deaths,Place of death missing,People from Omaha, Nebraska,People from Belmont County, Ohio,Businesspeople from Omaha, Nebraska,1820 births,American Roman Catholics,Irish American

paragraph: Edward Creighton

paragraph: Edward Charles Creighton (August 31, 1820 – November 5, 1874) was a prominent pioneer businessman in early Omaha, Nebraska. The brother of John A. Creighton, the Creightons were responsible for founding many institutions that were central to the growth and development of Omaha. Married to Mary Lucretia Creighton in their native Dayton, Ohio, Edward relied on Mary to carry out his request to create a college, which eventually became Creighton University.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Creighton was born on a farm in Belmont County, Ohio in 1820. He was raised in an Irish Catholic family, and was always active in Church affairs. In the 1840s, he became involved in the freight shipping/telegraph businesses. By 1856, he had become one of the largest builders of telegraph lines in the United States. He married Mary Lucretia Wareham in Dayton, Ohio on October 7, 1856; the couple moved to Omaha after their wedding. He quickly became involved in several business ventures in Omaha, including wagon freighting, merchandising, real estate, banking, railroading and ranching.

paragraph: In the winter of 1860-61, Creighton surveyed the route of the proposed Transcontinental Telegraph line between Omaha and Sacramento, to be built with the financial support of Western Union. He dug the first post hole for the telegraph line on July 2, 1861; the line was completed on October 24, 1861. During this expedition, Creighton established friendly relationships with a number of tribes along the route. Throughout his life, Creighton championed the cause of Native Americans and repeatedly spoke out against their mistreatment. This stance brought him into conflict with the U.S. Army as well as local politicians including his brother, John Creighton.

paragraph: Creighton turned his attention to banking and railroading. He served as the first president of First National Bank of Omaha and was one of the founders of the Omaha and Northwestern Railroad. The Creighton brothers invested heavily in the Union Pacific Railroad which ran a route parallel to their telegraph line. The Creighton brothers knew both Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas, both of whom had stated their desire to construct a transcontinental railroad. He very well fought unsuccessfully for Omaha's selection as the eastern terminus of the Union Pacific Railroad (an honor given to Council Bluffs, Iowa). A high ranking railroad official touring early Omaha had been beaten and robbed and the city was considered to be too wild and corrupt for such a venture.

paragraph: During the Civil War, the Creighton brothers were staunchly anti-slavery and vocally pro-Union. They raised volunteer regiments in Nebraska, Iowa, and Ohio to fight for the Union. John Creighton worked in the quartermaster corp and was responsible for stringing telegraph lines between the War office and the mobile fronts. Edward Creighton had been told to stay out of southeast Nebraska and northwest Missouri due to threats made against him by Confederate sympathizers who controlled these areas.

paragraph: After the armistice, The Creightons bought up parcels of land along the railroad route and opened cattle ranches. They began to ship their cattle to Omaha and markets in Kansas. John Creighton opened the first packing plant on land he owned in South Omaha which became the nucleus for the city's huge food processing industry. They encouraged Irish and German immigrants to settle along the route by building Catholic and Lutheran churches along the right of way and seeing to it that local Indian tribes were placated. All their business ventures thrived and the brothers amassed a considerable fortune.

paragraph: For his church building and other services, John Creighton was made a Papal Count, and given a titled estate on Vatican held lands outside Naples.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Both Creighton brothers contributed heavily to social and educational causes in the Omaha area. Edward Creighton provided the funds for an order of hospital nuns to come to Omaha in the 1860s, and a second order shortly thereafter. St. Catherine's and St. Joseph's hospitals were built and staffed as a result of their support. John Creighton also contributed heavily to the construction of a Methodist hospital.

paragraph: St. Joseph's entered into a working relationship with the burgeoning railroads in the area and at one time was the largest hospital west of Chicago. After Edward's death, his widow oversaw a further expansion and the hospital was officially renamed as the Creighton Brothers St. Joseph's hospital. It was the prime teaching hospital for the city based medical school which was incorporated into Creighton University in the 1890s. The present day route of Interstate 80 runs along the course taken by Edward Creighton's telegraph line.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Creighton College, known today as Creighton University.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Edward Creighton Institute was built in 1905 at 210 South 18th Street in downtown Omaha. It served as the home of Creighton University's law and dental schools from 1905 to 1921, when an expanding enrollment forced both schools to move to other, larger buildings. The Institute building is now known as the Arthur Building.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Creighton Avenue lies on the south side of Hanscom Park in Omaha.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John A. Creighton Boulevard, North Omaha, Nebraska.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Byrne, James Patrick, Philip Coleman, and Jason Francis King, eds. Ireland and the Americas: culture, politics, and history: a multidisciplinary encyclopedia (2008) 1:215-17.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mullens, Patrick Aloysius. "Creighton: Biographical Sketches of Edward Creighton, John A. Creighton, Mary Lucretia Creighton, Sarah Emily Creighton" (Creighton University, 1901)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nelson, P. Raymond. "Edward Creighton and the Pacific Telegraph," "Mid-America" (Jan 1942) 24:61-74

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sorenson, Alfred. "Biographical Sketch of Edward Creighton." "Nebraska History Magazine" 17 (1936): 163-169.

description: American businessman and philanthropist

wikidata_label: Edward Creighton

wikipedia_title: Edward Creighton


text: mathematician

text: geometric group theory

text: Bible code

text: Torah

text: Latvia

text: Soviet Union

text: Riga

text: Rumbula

text: Belarus

text: The Holocaust

text: International Mathematical Olympiad

text: Jan Palach

text: University of Latvia

text: self-immolation

text: Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia

text: Israel

text: Hebrew University of Jerusalem

text: Aharon Karzir Prize

text: Erdős Prize

text: group actions

text: Rips machine

text: Zlil Sela

text: isomorphism problem

text: hyperbolic group

text: Statistical Science

text: Hebrew

text: Genesis

text: The Bible Code

text: Michael Drosnin

text: Bible code

text: Brendan McKay

text: Robert Aumann

text: Torah

text: The Bible Code

text: Brendan McKay

text: Ig Nobel Prize

text: The Bible Code

text: Brendan McKay

categories: Baalei teshuva,1948 births,Latvian emigrants to Israel,University of Latvia alumni,Israeli mathematicians,Bible code,Israeli scientists,20th-century mathematicians,Soviet dissidents,Soviet mathematicians,Group theorists,21st-century mathematicians,International Mathematical Olympiad participants,Hebrew University of Jerusalem faculty,Living people,People from Riga,Latvian mathematicians,Israeli Jews,Latvian Jews,Soviet Jews

paragraph: Eliyahu Rips

paragraph: Eliyahu Rips, also Ilya Rips (; ; ; born 12 December 1948) is an Israeli mathematician of Latvian origin known for his research in geometric group theory. He became known to the general public following his coauthoring a paper on what is popularly known as Bible code, the supposed coded messaging in the Hebrew text of the Torah.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Rips grew up in Latvia (then part of Soviet Union). His mother was Jewish and from Riga, the only of nine siblings that survived the war; the others were killed in Rumbula and other places. His father Aaron was a Jewish mathematician from Belarus; his wife, children and all of his relatives were killed during The Holocaust. Rips was the first high school student from Latvia to participate in the International Mathematical Olympiad. In January 1969 he learnt from listening to Western radio broadcast---then illegal in the USSR---of the self-immolation of Czechoslovak student Jan Palach. On 13 April 1969, Rips, then a graduate student at the University of Latvia, attempted self-immolation in a protest against the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. After unwrapping a self-made slogan condemning the occupation of Czechoslovakia he lit a candle and set his gasoline-soaked cloths ablaze. A group of bystanders were able to quickly put the fire out, resulting only in burns to Rips' neck and hands. Though injured, he was first taken to the local KGB office and interrogated. The secret service wanted to make sure he was not a member of a group of would-be self-immolators. He was then incarcerated by the Soviet government for two years. It was only after his story spread among Western mathematical circles and a following wave of petitions by Western mathematicians that Rips was freed in 1971. The following year, under further protests by mathematicians in the U.S., he was allowed to emigrate to Israel in 1972.

paragraph: After recovering from his wounds and finishing his Ph.D., Rips joined the Department of Mathematics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and in 1975 completed his Ph.D. in mathematics there. His topic was the dimensional subgroup problem. He was awarded the Aharon Karzir Prize. In 1979, Rips received the Erdős Prize from the Israel Mathematical Society, and was a sectional speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1994.

paragraph: Since completing his Ph.D., Rips has been on the faculty of the Department of Mathematics at Hebrew University where he holds the position of Professor. His current research interests concentrate on geometric and combinatorial methods in infinite group theory. This includes small cancellation theory and its generalizations, (Gromov) hyperbolic group theory, Bass-Serre theory and the actions of groups on formula_1-trees.

paragraph: Rips' work on group actions on formula_1-trees is mostly unpublished. The Rips machine, in the hands of Rips and his student Zlil Sela, has proven to be effective in obtaining classification results such as a solution to the isomorphism problem for hyperbolic groups.

paragraph: Section::::"The Bible Code" controversy.

paragraph: In the late seventies, Rips began looking with the help of a computer for codes in the Torah. In 1994, Rips, together with Doron Witztum and Yoav Rosenberg, published an article in the journal "Statistical Science", "Equidistant Letter Sequences in the Book of Genesis", which claimed the discovery of encoded messages in the Hebrew text of Genesis. This, in turn, was the inspiration for the 1997 book "The Bible Code" by journalist Michael Drosnin. While Rips originally claimed that he agreed with Drosnin's findings, he later distanced himself from his interpretations. Since Drosnin's book, Bible codes have been a subject of controversy, with the claims being criticized by Brendan McKay and others. An early supporter of Rips' theories was Robert Aumann, Nobel Prize Laureate in Economics 2005, who headed a commission overseeing Rips' experiments attempting to prove the existence of a secret code from God in the Torah. Eventually, Aumann abandoned the idea and withdrew his support from Rips.

paragraph: Section::::Statistical criticism.

paragraph: A popular puzzle is to find words in a square array of letters that conform to a pattern, for example, a word may be spelled diagonally moving in a north west direction, or perhaps left-to-right taking every second letter. One can also look for hidden words

paragraph: in printed books, and this is what was done in "The Bible Code". The more patterns that are allowed, the more words that can be

paragraph: found, and elementary statistics can be used to estimate the probabilities of finding certain hidden messages. The statistician

paragraph: Jeffrey S. Rosenthal shows in his book that hidden messages are expected and

paragraph: hence should not be seen as divine messages, or predictions of the future. This point was illustrated by Brendan McKay by finding messages in text of Moby Dick that supposedly "predict" future assassinations of famous people.

paragraph: In 1997, Eliyahu Rips shared an Ig Nobel Prize for Literature with Doron Witztum and Yoav Rosenberg from Israel, and Michael Drosnin from the United States, for their claimed statistical discovery of hidden equidistant letter sequences in the Bible.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grūtups, A. (2009). Observators. Rīga: Atēna.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Bible Code, transcript of a story which aired on "BBC Two", Thursday 20 November 2003, featuring comments by Drosnin, Rips, and Brendan McKay.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2015), a documentary in which Rips features prominently. In addition to discussing his text analyses, he relates the story of his self-immolation attempt.

description: Russian mathematician

wikidata_label: Eliyahu Rips

wikipedia_title: Eliyahu Rips


text:
Belgian
Italian
Université Libre de Bruxelles
new historians
nationalist
historiography
nation-building
atheist
far left
cult
sociologist
totalitarian
Ghent
anti-globalism
Pierre Carette
Communist Combatant Cells
Arthur Ponsonby
ten commandments of propaganda
techniques of propaganda
God Bless America

categories: Belgian historians,1948 births,Living people

paragraph: Anne Morelli

paragraph: Anne Morelli (born in 1948, also known as Anne Mettewie-Morelli) is a Belgian historian of Italian origins, specialized in the history of religions and minorities. She is currently assistant director of the Interdisciplinary center for study of religion and secularism ("Centre interdisciplinaire d'étude des religions et de la laïcité") of the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), where she is a teacher.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: She directed in 1995 a book about "The Great myths of the history of Belgium, Flanders and Wallonia" ("Les grands mythes de l'histoire de Belgique, de Flandre et de Wallonie"), a global attempt by new historians of Belgium to deconstruct nationalist myths e.g. created by the official historiography for nation-building purpose.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.

paragraph: Morelli claims she is atheist and considers herself as belonging to the far left.

paragraph: Anne Morelli is particularly known for her opinions on cults or new religious movements. Like other sociologists and historians, she believes that churches are different from cults only through their relationship to power, and that they are "totalitarian institutions" as well as prisons, hospitals, barracks, boarding houses and some companies.

paragraph: In 2005, during the 36th annual conference of the International Association of Labour History Institutions in Ghent, she said at the international conference of anti-globalism that no movement has ever achieved a change without using violence. Morelli was part of a group which welcomed Pierre Carette, the main leader of a terrorist group active in 1984-1985, Communist Combatant Cells, when he was released from prison after 17 years, an unusual long imprisonment in Belgium.

paragraph: Anne Morelli has summarized and systematized the contents of Arthur Ponsonby's classic on war propaganda in "ten commandments of propaganda", which constitute 10 of the essential techniques of propaganda.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. We do not want war.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. The enemy alone is to be blamed for the war.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. The enemy is inherently evil, resembling the devil.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. We defend a noble cause, not our own interest.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. The enemy commits atrocities on purpose; our mishaps are involuntary.

paragraph: BULLET::::6. The enemy uses illegal weapons.

paragraph: BULLET::::7. We suffer small losses, those of the enemy are enormous.

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Artists and intellectuals back our cause.

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Our cause is holy, it has a sacred character. "The ages-old 'God Bless America' is playing once more."

paragraph: BULLET::::10. Whoever doubts our propaganda, is a traitor.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Presse italienne en Belgique (1919-1945)", 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La participation des émigrés italiens à la Résistance belge", 1983

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fascismo e antifascismo nell'emigrazione italiana in Belgio, 1922-1940", 1987

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les grands mythes de l'histoire de Belgique, de Flandre et de Wallonie" (dir.), 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rital-littérature. Anthologie de la littérature des Italiens de Belgique",1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lettre ouverte à la secte des adversaires des sectes", 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les émigrants belges : réfugiés de guerre, émigrés économiques, réfugiés religieux et émigrés politiques ayant quitté nos régions du XVIe à nos jours" (dir.),1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les religions et la violence" avec Lemaire Jacques et Suzanne Charles, 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le racisme, élément du conflit flamands-francophones ?", 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Principes élémentaires de propagande de guerre (utilisables en cas de guerre froide, chaude ou tiède...)", 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- " - with Alain Dierkens, 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les solidarités internationales. Histoire & perspectives" with Gotovitch José, 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire des étrangers et de l'immigration en Belgique: de la préhistoire à nos jours" (dir.), 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rubino, l'anarchiste qui tenta d’assassiner Léopold II", 2007

description: Belgian historian

wikidata_label: Anne Morelli

wikipedia_title: Anne Morelli


text: tango

text: classical music

text: Rosario

text: Argentina

text: Córdoba

text: Aníbal Troilo

text: Ástor Piazzolla

text: Quinteto Nuevo Tango

text: Osvaldo Fresedo

text: Horacio Salgán

text: Mariano Mores

text: Alberto Caracciolo

text: Roberto Pansera

text: María de Buenos Aires

text: Conjunto 9

text: RCA Records

text: Teatro Colón

text: violin

text: viola

text: cello

text: double bass

text: Paris

text: Horacio Salgán

text: bandoneon

text: Leopoldo Federico

text: Néstor Marconi

text: Ubaldo De Lío

text: bandoneon

text: Aníbal Troilo

text: Royal Philharmonic Orchestra

text: Paris

text: flamenco

text: Paco de Lucía

text: Yo-Yo Ma

text: Carlos Saura

text: Tango

text: Atahualpa Yupanqui

categories: 1932 births,1998 deaths,Argentine people of Italian descent,20th-century violinists,Deaths from cancer in Argentina,Argentine violinists,Grammy Award winners,Argentine tango musicians,Musicians from Rosario, Santa Fe,Argentine composers

paragraph: Antonio Agri

paragraph: Antonio Agri (May 5, 1932 – October 17, 1998) was an Argentine violinist, composer and conductor prominent in both the tango and classical music genres.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Antonio Agri was born in Rosario, Argentina, in 1932. He was taught music locally by Dermidio Guastavino, and in 1947, he made his professional debut in Córdoba as member of a quartet. Later, in Rosario, he joined orchestras led by Julián Chera, Lincoln Garrot and José Sala. He later joined a quartet, Los poetas del Tango, and eventually led a string quintet, the Quinteto de Arcos Torres/Agri.

paragraph: He later joined the Rosario Symphony Orchestra, though in 1961, Nito Farace (a violinist in the Aníbal Troilo Orchestra for decades) recommended him to Ástor Piazzolla. Piazzolla invited Agri to take part in the Quinteto Nuevo Tango, and the debut took place in April 1962. Agri later played in the Nuevo Octeto (1963), and played as sideman in well-known orchestras headed by Osvaldo Fresedo, Horacio Salgán, Mariano Mores, Alberto Caracciolo and Roberto Pansera. Piazzolla made Agri the lead violin in his 1968 musical, "María de Buenos Aires", and the two continued their association in 1971 as part of the Conjunto 9, recording for RCA Records. Agri toured with the Conjunto internationally, though he left to accept a commission as a company violinist in the prestigious Teatro Colón opera house, in Buenos Aires (Agri later admitted regretting this move).

paragraph: He formed his own string ensemble (violins, violas, cellos and double bass), in 1973. His Mosalini/Agri Quintet, based in Paris and co-directed by Juan José Mosalini, also featured Agri's son, Pablo, with whom the violinist often performed as a duo. He later co-founded the Nuevo Quinteto Real with pianist Horacio Salgán, bandoneonist Leopoldo Federico (later replaced by Néstor Marconi), guitarist Ubaldo De Lío, and drummers Omar Murtagh and Oscar Giunta. Among their best known albums was the 1975 anthology of the work of bandoneonist Aníbal Troilo, "Suite Troileana".

paragraph: Agri recorded as featured guest soloist with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and in Paris with flamenco guitarist Paco de Lucía, during the 1990s. The prolific volume of Agri's performances include solos in "Retrato de Alfredo Gobbi", "Ciudad triste", "Los mareados", "Éxtasis", "Romance del diablo", "Otoño porteño", and probably the best-known, in Piazzolla's intense"Milonga del ángel". He recorded "Kokoró Kará" ("From the Inside," in Japanese) with José Carli, and a compilation of his works, "Antonio Agri: Tango Sinfónico", in 1997. The album included his numbers, "Carambón" and "Sin pretención de nada" ("With No Pretense at All").

paragraph: The diminutive violinist was invited to take part in world-renowned cellist Yo-Yo Ma's dedication to Ástor Piazzolla, "Soul of the Tango", in 1997. Following the album's recording, Agri joined the famous cellist on his promotional tour for the album. Agri's health, however, forced him to return to Buenos Aires. He was featured in Carlos Saura's "Tango", and shortly after its premiere, Agri lost a battle with cancer on October 17, 1998, at age 66.

paragraph: "Soul of the Tango" earned the 1999 Grammy Award for Best Classical Crossover Album, and Antonio Agri was honored posthumously.

paragraph: Music critic Julio Nudler of the Buenos Aires daily "Pagina/12" reflected that ""Connoisseurs enjoy the profound tango flavor that he achieved hitting the violin with his bow, and if they had ever seen him playing, could listen to his records and picture his challenging posture, his chest sticking out and his feet firmly on the dais.""

paragraph: Agri, for his part, summarized his career by his belief that ""The violin chose me. Because of that I’m a musician. Besides, as Atahualpa Yupanqui said “there are people who dazzle and there are others who illuminate” –and I don’t want to dazzle.""

wikidata_label: Antonio Agri

wikipedia_title: Antonio Agri