text:
Sayyid
Iran
Shia
marja'
fatwa
Tobacco Protest
Qajar
Shiraz
Isfahan
Karbala
Morteza Ansari
Najaf
Samarra
Mohammed Kazem Yazdi
Sheikh Fazlollah Noori
Mirza Husain Noori Tabarsi
Imam Ali Mosque
Isfahan
Tobacco Protest
Sheikh Fazlollah Noori
Sheikh Fazlollah Noori
Mirza Husain Noori Tabarsi
Ismail as-Sadr
Abdul-Karim Ha'eri Yazdi
Qom Seminary
Mohammed Kazem Yazdi
Ali Tabatabaei
Muhammad Hossein Naini
List of Ayatollahs
Encyclopædia Iranica

wikipedia_title:
Sayyid
Iran
Shia Islam
Marja'
Fatwa
Tobacco Protest
Qajar dynasty
Shiraz
Isfahan
Karbala
Morteza Ansari
Najaf
Samarra
Mohammed Kazem Yazdi
Sheikh Fazlollah Noori
Mirza Husain Noori Tabarsi
Imam Ali Mosque
Isfahan
Tobacco Protest
Sheikh Fazlollah Noori
Sheikh Fazlollah Noori
Mirza Husain Noori Tabarsi
Ismail as-Sadr
Abdul-Karim Haeri Yazdi
Qom Seminary
Mohammed Kazem Yazdi
Ali Tabatabaei
Muhammad Hossein Naini
List of Ayatollahs
Encyclopædia Iranica

categories: Iranian emigrants to Iraq,Iraqi grand ayatollahs,1814 births,Iranian grand ayatollahs,Critics of Sunni Islam,1895 deaths

paragraph: Mirza Shirazi

paragraph: Sayyid Mohammed Hassan Husayni Nouri Shirazi (25 April 1814 – 20 February 1895), commonly known as Mirza Shirazi, was an Iranian Shia marja'. He is known for his 1891 verdict (misunderstood as a fatwa) against the usage of tobacco in what became known as the Tobacco Protest in the Qajar era.

paragraph: Born in Shiraz, Iran, Shirazi began his Islamic religious studies at the age of four. He completed his preliminary-level studies by age eight and at age 12, he began advanced lessons in jurisprudence and methodology at the Shiraz seminary. He later left Shiraz to study in Isfahan and Shi'ite holy city of Karbala in Iraq. At the age of 29, he began studying under Sheikh Morteza Ansari in Najaf. Upon Ansari's death in 1864, Shirazi succeeded him as marja'. In 1874, he settled in Samarra, where he established the city's first Shia seminary.

paragraph: Among his notable students were his son-in-law, Sayyed Ali Akbar Falasiri, who first proposed the boycott to him, Sayyed Mohammed Kazem Yazdi, Mulla Mohammad-Kazem Khorasani, Mirza Mohammad Taqi Shirazi (called as Mirza the second), Sheikh Fazlollah Noori Tabrasi, Mirza Husain Noori Tabarsi and Mirza Ismael Shirazi. He died in Samarra at the age of 80 and his body is buried in the Imam Ali Mosque.

paragraph: Section::::Education in Isfahan.

paragraph: Mirza Hasan to his stated on 17 Safar 1248 AH (1205 Solar) into Isfahan.The school "sadr" class and group lessons, Mohammad Taqi Razi joined at first because of the low number of students He did not provide for the possibility of talking to the teacher and asking questions .For this reason, along with a handful of students interested in the Master begged a certain time for questions to be put at their disposal.Sheikh Razi welcomed the proposal and then in the plenary session of the course, several private meeting was held with the presence of Mirza Hasan and his friends until the death of Sheikh continued.After the death of Muhammad Taqi Razi, in the course of Hassan Bidabadi known as Madras, were present before the age of twenty, he was allowed discretion. He spent ten years in Isfahan and in addition to the presence of Ebrahim Kalbasi Bidabadi "

paragraph: Section::::Political and social activities.

paragraph: BULLET::::- One of the major events that occurred during his life, ban Tobacco Protest.After the award of concession tobacco to a foreign company in four cities,People to lead four students Mirza Shirazi Widespread protests began.Sheikh Fazlullah Nuri in Tehran, Isfahan Aghanajafi Isfahan, Shiraz and Tabriz Sayed Ali Akbar fal asir Jawad Tabrizi were the leaders of this movement. His historical verdict on the treaty at the time of the Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar tobacco monopoly, as people brought to the scene of the Shah, was forced to terminate the contract tobacco.With this verdict, the political struggle against the colonial treaty is considered a religious duty and their strong opposition. So that the Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar was forced to pay compensation, to terminate the contract disgraceful.The historic decision by Mirza Shirazi tobacco ban was imposed on Samarra.The historic decision by Mirza Shirazi tobacco ban was imposed on Samarra."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Defend the oppressed Shiites in Afghanistan in 1309 AH

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shiite unity created in the year 1311 AH

paragraph: BULLET::::- Training and sending missionaries, especially for sensitive areas and under, such as India, Kashmir, Afghanistan, the Caucasus, ... and Iraq

paragraph: BULLET::::- Avoid violating Islamic law

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iran to send its representative to sensitive areas such as the martyr Mostafa Mousavi

paragraph: BULLET::::- The founders and leaders of the generation "legitimate constitutional" martyr Sheikh Fazlollah Noori, Aghanajafi Isfahani, ...

paragraph: Section::::Notable students.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sheikh Fazlollah Noori

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mirza Husain Noori Tabarsi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ismail as-Sadr

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abdul-Karim Ha'eri Yazdi, founder of Qom Seminary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mohammed Kazem Yazdi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ali Tabatabaei

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muhammad Hossein Naini

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mohammad-Kazem Khorasani

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Ayatollahs

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mirza Shirazi at Encyclopædia Iranica

description: Iraqi clergy

wikidata_label: Mirza Mohammed Hassan Husseini Shirazi

wikipedia_title: Mirza Shirazi


text:
shooter
10 metre air rifle
50 meter rifle three positions
50 meter rifle prone
50 meter rifle three positions
St. Stephen's College, Delhi
10 meter air rifle
ISSF World Cup
FISU

categories: Indian female sport shooters,1996 births,Sportswomen from Haryana,21st-century Indian women,Living people,ISSF rifle shooters

paragraph: Aditi Singh (shooter)

paragraph: Aditi Singh Rana ) is an Indian shooter who competes in the 10 metre air rifle, 50 meter rifle three positions, and 50 meter rifle prone events. Aditi has been a part of the Indian Shooting Team since 2014. She has represented India at the World University Games 2015 and World University Championship 2016.

paragraph: At the ISSF Jr. World Cup held in Gabala, Azerbaijan, 2016 she won the Bronze medal in Team Category in the 50 meter rifle three positions women event.

paragraph: She represents the state of Haryana and at the 60th National Shooting Championship,Pune,2016 she became National Champion in the event 50m 3-Position Jr. Women Event. She won a total of 6 medals in the same National Championship held at Pune.

paragraph: She also became the All-India University Champion for the year 2016, where she won 2 gold Medals. She has also captained her College Shooting Team at St.Stephen's College, Delhi University.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Aditi did her schooling from DPS International, Saket, New Delhi, and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts Degree in History from St. Stephen's College, Delhi.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In the 60th National Shooting Championship, 2016 held at Pune, Maharashtra she went onto become "National Champion" in 3-Position Jr.Women event and bagged "4th place" in 3-Position Jr.Women. Also, she won Senior Civilian Gold in 3-Pos women, and 2 silvers and 1 bronze for Haryana State in Team Medal Category.

paragraph: In the same year, she also became All-India University Champion, 2016 in the 10 meter air rifle event with a score of 399/400.

paragraph: At the ISSF World Cup Gabala, Azerbaijan 2016, Aditi won the Bronze Medal in 3-position Women event alongside Gayaathri and Sonika, her teammates.

paragraph: During the year she also represented India at the ISSF World Cup held in Suhl, Germany; 25th Meeting of Shooting Hopes held in Plzen, Czech Republic and FISU World University Shooting Championship, Bydgoszcz, Poland.

wikidata_label: Aditi Singh Rana

wikipedia_title: Aditi Singh (shooter)


text:
LPS
francophone
Switzerland
Geneva
female suffrage
1971
Meyrin
Canton of Geneva
the city
military service
Pedagogy
Geneva
Geneva
National Council
Swiss federal parliament
upper house
Liberal Party
equal rights
Minority rights
Ecological protection
internationally

categories: 20th-century women politicians,1922 births,Canton of Geneva politicians,2006 deaths,Members of the Council of States (Switzerland),Liberal Party of Switzerland politicians,Women members of the National Council (Switzerland),Swiss feminists,Swiss Calvinist and Reformed Christians,People from the canton of Geneva

paragraph: Monique Bauer-Lagier

paragraph: Monique Bauer-Lagier (1 December 1922 - 19 February 2006) was a politician (LPS) in francophone Switzerland. For cantonal elections Geneva, her home canton and political base, introduced female suffrage as early as 1960, but at a national level Switzerland was more of a laggard, retaining male only voting for general elections till 1971. This meant that Bauer-Lagier was something of a trail blazer: women's rights featured strongly on her political agenda.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Monique Lagier was born in Meyrin, then a farming village in the Canton of Geneva located a short distance to the north-west of the city. Jean and Thérèse Lagier, her parents, were teachers.

paragraph: She underwent a classical education and passed her school leaving exams (Matura) in 1941. Being female she was not required to perform military service, instead going on directly to obtain a degree in Pedagogy from the Institute of Education Sciences ("" Institut des sciences de l'éducation"") in Geneva. After this she worked for eight years as a teacher. Her political career started with her election in 1973 to the Geneva : she retained her seat till 1977. Meanwhile in 1975 she was elected to the National Council - effectively the lower house of the Swiss federal parliament. She switched to the upper house in 1979, remaining a member till 1987. She also became a member of the national committee of the Liberal Party.

paragraph: She supported women's rights and was a strong advocate for the new and for equal rights for men and women more broadly in government commissions. She focused on Minority rights, Ecological protection, a new economic world order internationally between north and south, and meaningful dialogue between east and west.

paragraph: She was chair of several organisations - a parliamentary group for refugees, the International Geneva Peace Institute, , and the International Union of Swiss language parliamentarians.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: She married Paul-A. Bauer, a physician. The couple had three children.

description: Swiss politician

wikidata_label: Monique Bauer-Lagier

wikipedia_title: Monique Bauer-Lagier


text:
Novyi Rozdil
Mykolaiv Raion, Lviv Oblast
Ukrainian SSR
Ukrainian Greek Catholic
Auxiliary bishop
Stryi
Ukrainian Army
Catholic University of Lublin
Pope Francis
Auxiliary Bishop
Stryi
Ukraine
Titular Bishop
Lesvi
Sviatoslav Shevchuk
Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church

categories: 1972 births,Ukrainian Eastern Catholics,John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin alumni,People from Novyi Rozdil,Living people

paragraph: Bohdan Manyshyn

paragraph: Bishop Bohdan Manyshyn (; born 24 October 1972 in Novyi Rozdil, Mykolaiv Raion, Lviv Oblast, Ukrainian SSR) is a Ukrainian Greek Catholic hierarch as Auxiliary bishop of Stryi since 2 April 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Bishop Manyshyn, after graduation of the school education, polytechnic college and an obligatory service in the Ukrainian Army, joined the Theological Seminary in Lviv. After graduation he was ordained as deacon on March 3, 2002 and as priest on September 15, 2002, while he continued his study in the Catholic University of Lublin with license in the pastoral theology. During 2004–2014 he served as a parish priest in the different parishes of the Eparchy of Stryi.

paragraph: On April 2, 2014, he was confirmed by the Pope Francis as an Auxiliary Bishop of Stryi, Ukraine and Titular Bishop of Lesvi. On May 24, 2014, he was consecrated as bishop by Major Archbishop Sviatoslav Shevchuk and other hierarchs of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.

wikidata_label: Bohdan Manyshyn

wikipedia_title: Bohdan Manyshyn


text: Brazil

text: Morocco

text: Yugoslavia

text: Egypt

text: Arab League

text: Spain

text: Holy See

text: Education Minister

text: Arabic

text: Ba'ath Party

text: socialism

text: pan-Arab unity

text: Gamal Abdel Nasser

text: Sami Moubayed

text: Homs

text: French occupation

text: Egypt

text: King Fuad University

text: Cairo

text: University of Paris

text: University of Damascus

text: Ba'ath Party

text: Michel Aflaq

text: Salah Bitar

text: Adib al-Shishakli

text: Gamal Abdel Nasser

text: United Arab Republic

text: Brazil

text: overthrown

text: Military Committee

text: junta

text: Jamal al-Atassi

text: Ziad al-Hariri

text: Algeria

text: Algiers

text: Amin al-Hafiz

text: Morocco

text: Yugoslavia

text: Salah Jadid

text: Nureddin al-Atassi

text: Arab League

text: Hafez al-Assad

text: Spain

text: Holy See

text: Vatican City

text: Arabic

text: Russia

text: Leo Tolstoy

text: Ivo Andrić

text: The Bridge on the Drina

categories: University of Paris alumni,Syrian Arab nationalists,Damascus University faculty,Syrian diplomats,People from Homs,Ambassadors of Syria to Egypt,Syrian translators,Ambassadors of Syria to Spain,1976 deaths,1921 births,20th-century Syrian writers,Cairo University alumni,Syrian ministers of education,Ambassadors of Syria to the Arab League,Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region politicians,Ambassadors of Syria to Brazil

paragraph: Sami Droubi

paragraph: Sami Droubi (surname also spelled "al-Durubi" or "al-Drubi"; 1921 – 12 February 1976) was a Syrian politician, career diplomat, writer, translator, university professor and philosopher. He worked as a Syrian diplomat throughout the 1960s, serving, succession, as the Syrian ambassador to Brazil, Morocco, Yugoslavia, and Egypt and the Arab League, Spain and the Holy See. He briefly served as Education Minister in 1963. He also translated numerous literary works into Arabic.

paragraph: A veteran member of the Ba'ath Party, Droubi was an advocate of socialism and pan-Arab unity. He was known to be a staunch supporter of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, and is regarded as "one of the most acclaimed philosophers of Arab nationalism" in Syria, according to historian Sami Moubayed.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Droubi was born in Homs, central Syria in 1921, during the early years of the French occupation (1920-1946). He was raised in the city, but moved to Egypt to study philosophy at the King Fuad University in Cairo. He later attained his graduate degree in philosophy at the University of Paris. He returned to Syria in 1946 to teach at the University of Damascus.

paragraph: During the 1950s, Droubi joined the Ba'ath Party, when it was led by Michel Aflaq and Salah Bitar. He immediately became one of its most influential leaders in the country. In 1953, during the reign of President Adib al-Shishakli, he was imprisoned along with other Ba'athist leaders for their political views. They were released and Shishakli was overthrown in February 1954. As Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser became the preeminent leader of the pan-Arabist movement in the latter half of the 1950s, Droubi was drawn to his leadership. Droubi increasingly preached pan-Arabist ideas and worked towards Arab unification, as well as call for the establishment of socialism in Syria along the lines of Egypt under Nasser.

paragraph: Section::::Diplomatic and political career.

paragraph: When Syria and Egypt united to form the United Arab Republic (UAR) in 1958 under Nasser's presidency, Droubi was appointed director of the Culture Ministry, and then was assigned to the UAR's embassy in Brazil to serve as its cultural consultant between 1960 and the union's dissolution by a military coup in Damascus in 1961. Afterward, Droubi returned to Syria and joined opposition to the secessionist government.

paragraph: When the Syrian government was overthrown by a coalition of Arab nationalist officers organized by the Ba'athist Military Committee in March 1963, Droubi allied with the unionist junta who promised to restore the union with Egypt. In Bitar's cabinet, Droubi was made education minister. He was also a member of the National Council for the Revolutionary Command (NCRC), which effectively served as the country's interim parliament.

paragraph: On 3 April, five of the six Nasserist ministers resigned from Bitar's government in protest at the Military Committee's purge of dozens of Nasserist officers. In Bitar's second cabinet, formed in May, Droubi and two other pro-Nasser Ba'athist ministers (Abd al-Karim al-Zuhur and Jamal al-Atassi) were not included. Droubi kept his position in the NCRC and on 19 June was part of a high-ranking delegation that included Bitar, Aflaq and Chief-of-Staff Ziad al-Hariri, the official leader of the 1963 coup, making a state visit to Algeria. During the visit, dozens of Hariri's politically independent loyalists in the officer corps were purged by the Ba'athist's Committee. Soon after Hariri returned to Syria to respond to the purges, he too was dismissed. Droubi remained in Algiers for a while longer, but returned to Syria later that month. Droubi was highly critical of the purges and condemned the lack of progress in restoring the UAR.

paragraph: In September, President Amin al-Hafiz assigned him ambassador to Morocco, until December 1964 when he reassigned as ambassador to Yugoslavia. After al-Hafiz was ousted by far-left elements of the Military Committee led by Salah Jadid in February 1966 and replaced by Nureddin al-Atassi, Atassi appointed Droubi ambassador to Egypt and Syria's representative to the Arab League on 16 April. His nomination was intended to prevent him from having influence over decision-making in Syria where he was a leading voice of opposition to Jadid's "de facto" rule. He condemned the expulsion of Aflaq and Bitar from Syria. When he presented his credentials to Nasser in Egypt, he reportedly wept and stated it hurt him that Egypt and Syria were still not reunited, "as if I were not in one proud day a citizen of the republic in which you were president."

paragraph: Nasser died in September 1970, and Droubi was recalled to Syria in November by President Hafez al-Assad, who ousted and imprisoned Jadid and Atassi. A year later, Droubi was posted to Spain as Syria's ambassador, and then in October 1973, Assad appointed him ambassador to the Holy See of Vatican City. In October 1975, Droubi resigned from his diplomatic post and retired out of health concerns.

paragraph: Section::::Writings and translations.

paragraph: Some works translated into Arabic by Droubi include those of the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy, and the works of Yugoslav author Ivo Andrić, including "The Bridge on the Drina" (1961) and "The Bosnian Story" (1964) He translated the entire works of Russian author Fyodor Dostoyevsky and French thinker Jean-Paul Sartre. He co-wrote al-Mujaz fi Ilm al-Nafs (Concise in Psychology) with Abdullah Abd al-Daim and wrote a number of his own works including "Ilm al-Nafs wal Adab" (Psychology and Literature), published in Cairo in 1971.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Droubi died in Syria on 12 February 1976. His wife Ihssan al-Baiyat wrote his biography, "Sami Al Droubi", published Dar al-Karmil in Damascus in 1982. In the late 2000s, the Syrian culture ministry established a state translation contest and award named after Droubi.

description: Syrian diplomat

wikidata_label: Sami Droubi

wikipedia_title: Sami Droubi


text: Grande Armée

text: Napoleon Bonaparte

text: Châlons-en-Champagne

text: French Revolution

text: Marne

text: Army of the Danube

text: Battle of Austerlitz

text: Battle of Jena-Auerstadt

text: Battle of Eylau

categories: French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars,French military personnel killed in the Napoleonic Wars,1767 births,1807 deaths

paragraph: Pierre-Charles Lochet

paragraph: Pierre-Charles Lochet (1767 1807) was a brigadier general of the Grande Armée of Napoleon Bonaparte.

paragraph: Born in Châlons-en-Champagne on 24 February 1767, he was attracted to the profession of arms, and he enlisted in the Queen's regiment in 1784. In 1789, at the outbreak of the French Revolution, he left the Queen's service.

paragraph: By 1792, he was a captain of the second battalion of volunteers of the Marne. He was promoted to commander of the 94th demi-brigade in 1794. He served in the Army of the Danube in southwestern Germany in 1799 and 1800. In 1803 he was brigadier general. He fought at the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805 at the head of a brigade of the Grand Army, and at the Battle of Jena-Auerstadt the following year.

paragraph: He was killed by a bullet in the head at the Battle of Eylau on 7 February 1807 and is buried there. His is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: "This article incorporates information from the French Wikipedia."

description: French general

wikidata_label: Pierre-Charles Lochet

wikipedia_title: Pierre-Charles Lochet


text:
Perfected Spelling
fl.
Yogyakarta
Albert Balink
Terang Boelan
Yogyakarta
Dutch East Indies
courtier
Jakarta
Chinese
microbat
Mohammad Husni Thamrin
"Antara" news agency
native
Albert Balink
Wong brothers
Terang Boelan
Rd. Mochtar
Roekiah
Straits dollar
British Malaya
Tan's Film
Fatima
Gagak Item
Zorro
Harta Berdarah
Bajar dengan Djiwa
Asmara Moerni
Star Film
Ajah Berdosa
Pah Wongso Tersangka
Japanese occupation
national revolution
Cipayung
flying foxes
roundleaf bats
Titien Sumarni
Bogor
West Java
Terang Boelan
Fatima
Gagak Item
Harta Berdarah
Bajar dengan Djiwa
Wanita dan Satria
Ajah Berdosa
Pah Wongso Tersangka
Asmara Moerni

categories: Indonesian journalists,1962 deaths,People from Yogyakarta,Screenwriters of the Dutch East Indies

paragraph: Saeroen

paragraph: Saeroen (Perfected Spelling: Saerun; fl. 1920s–1962) was an Indonesian journalist and screenwriter. Born in Yogyakarta, he became a journalist after a time working at a railway station. By the mid-1930s he had established the daily "Pemandangan" with Raden Hajji Djunaedi and was writing editorials with the pen name Kampret. When the paper was dissolved, Saeroen drifted into the film industry as a writer, making his debut with Albert Balink's "Terang Boelan" (1937). Much of his later life was spent working with several minor publications.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Saeroen was born in Yogyakarta, Dutch East Indies, to a courtier ("abdi dalem") and his wife. After failing to complete his schooling at two different elementary schools, during which time he worked cleaning horse-drawn carriages and delivering newspapers, he passed a written test equivalent to an elementary school diploma. He then went to Batavia (modern-day Jakarta) to work at a train station. After several months he was asked to work at the railway employees' news publication, "Vereniging van Spoor-en TramPersoneel".

paragraph: Interested in the press, Saeroen left his job and became involved with several mainstream publications, including the Chinese-owned "Siang Po" and "Keng Po". He later established the daily "Pemandangan" with Raden Hajji Djunaedi, writing heated editorials with the pen name Kampret (the Indonesian word for microbats). At the time editorials were mainstays of minor publications, and several reporters were better known by their pen names than their birth names. Although the newspaper's circulation grew quickly, Saeroen's editorials led to "Pemandangan" being closed by the Dutch colonial government in the mid-1930s. This reportedly followed a nationalist editorial in which Saeroen described Mohammad Husni Thamrin as prime minister of a "United Indonesian Republic".

paragraph: Section::::Film career.

paragraph: With "Pemandangan" closed and the newly established "Antara" news agency gaining greater strength, Saeroen was asked to head the native desk at the Dutch-run news agency Aneta, where he also served as a translator. Around 1936 Saeroen was approached by Albert Balink and the Wong brothers to work on their new film collaboration, "Terang Boelan" ("Full Moon"), reportedly first only to improve the dialogue but later as the primary scriptwriter. As Saeroen had had experience with the popular "toneel" theatrical troupes, he was able to write a story which drew on theatre traditions and became popular among natives. The film, a love story starring Rd. Mochtar and Roekiah, was a commercial success, earning 200,000 Straits dollars in British Malaya; it proved to be the most successful production in the area until 1953's "Krisis" ("Crisis"), released after Indonesia had become independent.

paragraph: After the success of "Terang Boelan" and Balink's emigration to the United States, much of the cast and crew – including Saeroen – were signed with Tan's Film. Saeroen's first film with the company, "Fatima" (1938), was a commercial success, earning 200,000 gulden on a 7,000 gulden budget. Around 1939 he was arrested for influencing the national media with Japanese funds, spending nine months in prison. During that year he also wrote "Gagak Item" ("Black Raven") for Tan's, a work inspired by Zorro.

paragraph: Over the following two years Saeroen wrote four further films while continuing to write in "Pemandangan", which had been reestablished. In 1940 he wrote two films for Union Film: "Harta Berdarah" ("Bloody Treasure"), a story about an accursed treasure; and "Bajar dengan Djiwa" ("Pay with Your Soul"), a drama following the interactions between several families, including the philanthropist Basuki and the ne'er-do-well Umar. A further film was completed for the company in 1941, "Asmara Moerni". In 1942 Saeroen wrote two works for Star Film: "Ajah Berdosa" ("Father Sins"), and "Pah Wongso Tersangka".

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Saeroen's activities during the Japanese occupation (1942–1945) and ensuing national revolution (1945–1949) are not known. He resurfaced in 1953 as a writer for several newspapers, including "Lukisan Dunia", "Dewan Rakjat", and "Warta Bogor" – the last of which he published himself. These writings were again published using the pen name Kampret.

paragraph: Over the next several years Saeroen continued to work as a journalist while opening several hotels in Cipayung with bat-themed names, including Kampret, Kalong (flying foxes), and Kelelawar (roundleaf bats); he is also reported to have helped raise the children of Titien Sumarni after the actress' death. Saeroen died in Bogor, West Java, on 6 October 1962.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: All as a screenwriter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Terang Boelan" ("Full Moon"; 1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fatima" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gagak Item" ("Black Crow"; 1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Harta Berdarah" ("Bloody Treasure"; 1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bajar dengan Djiwa" ("Pay with Your Soul"; 1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wanita dan Satria" ("The Woman and the Hero"; 1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ajah Berdosa" ("Father Sins"; 1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pah Wongso Tersangka" ("Pah Wongso the Suspect"; 1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Asmara Moerni" ("True Love"; 1941)

description: Journalist and screenwriter

wikidata_label: Saeroen

wikipedia_title: Saeroen


text:
LEN European Aquatics Championships
1988 Summer Olympics
East German doping program
nasal spray
anabolic steroid

categories: 1968 births,Swimmers at the 1988 Summer Olympics,Olympic swimmers of East Germany,European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,Sportspeople from Leipzig,East German male swimmers,Living people

paragraph: Raik Hannemann

paragraph: Raik Hannemann (born 19 February 1968) is a retired German swimmer who won three medals in medley events at the LEN European Aquatics Championships of 1985–1989. He also competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics and finished seventh in the 200 m medley.

paragraph: Hannemann started swimming in a club at age 6, and at age 11 enrolled to a sports school. He

paragraph: later became involved with the East German doping program, and since 1985 used performance-enhancing drugs. The drugs included a specially developed nasal spray that administered anabolic steroids with effects undetectable three days after use. After retirement around 1990 he became a sports reporter for a small Berlin newspaper "Kurier am Abend". The same year he wrote a series of articles and took part in televised interviews exposing the past doping practices. He blamed the doping problem on the East German Sports Federation, but believed that it had spread worldwide. As of 2012 he was still working as a sports reporter.

description: swimmer

wikidata_label: Raik Hannemann

wikipedia_title: Raik Hannemann


text: Jazz musician

text: trumpet

text: Roger Johansen

text: Chick Corea

text: Karin Krog

text: Kenny Wheeler

text: Steve Swallow

text: Lars Jansson

text: Hal Galper

text: Siri Gellein

text: Jan Gunnar Hoff

text: Bodø

text: Roger Johansen

text: Trondheim Musikkonservatorium

text: Nisse Sandström

text: Karin Krog

text: Lars Jansson

text: Jukka Perko

text: Hal Galper

text: NRK P2

text: Oslo

text: Trondheim Jazz Orchestra

text: Chick Corea

text: Kenny Wheeler

text: Steve Swallow

text: Bjørn Alterhaug

text: Jan Gunnar Hoff

text: Finn Sletten

text: Ole Morten Vågan

text: Ole Morten Vågan

text: Hallgeir Pedersen

text: Moldejazz

text: Roger Johansen

text: Lars Gullin

text: John Pål Inderberg

text: Lars Sjösten

text: Vigleik Storaas

text: Norsk Kulturråd

text: Stubøprisen

text: Gemini Records

text: Karin Krog

text: Jan Gunnar Hoff

text: Hallgeir Pedersen

text: Inner Ear

text: Vigleik Storaas

text: Ole Morten Vågan

text: Jukka Perko

text: Knut Riisnæs

text: Lars Jansson

text: Elin Rosseland

text: Bodø Domkor

text: Bodø Sinfonietta

text: Steve Swallow

text: Marit Sandvik

text: Olaf Kamfjord

text: Roger Johansen

text: Halvdan Sivertsen

text: Lars Bremnes

text: Fredrik William Olsen

text: Odd Børretzen

text: Jo Skaansar

text: Jon Christensen

text: Bodø Jazz Open

text: Sarah Riedels

text: Tomas Tranströmer

text: Tore Johansen Biografi at "Inner Ear"

text: "Stubøprisen 2005"

text: Tore Johansen at Myspace

text: YouTube

text: Tore Johansen Unity: Giving

text: YouTube

categories: Norwegian jazz trumpeters,Gemini Records artists,Male trumpeters,Inner Ear artists,Living people,21st-century male musicians,20th-century Norwegian trumpeters,Norwegian jazz composers,1977 births,21st-century Norwegian trumpeters,Norwegian University of Science and Technology alumni,Male jazz composers,20th-century male musicians,Musicians from Bodø

paragraph: Tore Johansen

paragraph: Tore Johansen (born 23 December 1977) is a Norwegian Jazz musician (trumpet), the younger brother of drummer Roger Johansen (b. 1972), and known from cooperations with Chick Corea, Karin Krog, Kenny Wheeler, Steve Swallow, Lars Jansson, Hal Galper, Siri Gellein and Jan Gunnar Hoff.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Johansen was born in Bodø. As a teenager, he played in the "Bodø Jazz Quintet" together with his drummer brother Roger Johansen and saxophonist Atle Nymo. In 1994 he started his first band together with his brother and Terje Venaas (double bass) and Einar Thorbjørnsen (piano), and joined «Bodø Big Band» (1994–96) led by saxophonist Henning Gravrok.

paragraph: He is educated on the Jazz program at Trondheim Musikkonservatorium where he later became Lecturer. He has played with the Swedish saxophonist Nisse Sandström and has many appearances with Karin Krog. He has also, in different settings, including performances with the Swedish pianist Lars Jansson and the Finnish alto saxophonist Jukka Perko. The cooperation with US pianist Hal Galper led to recordings at Norwegian radio NRK P2, in the program "Jazzklubben" (2004), from the Jazz club "Blå" in Oslo. He also toured with Trondheim Jazz Orchestra and Chick Corea in the U.S., Scandinavia and Japan among other places. This was documented on an album at "Midtnorsk Jazzsenters"'s label, MNJ Records. Other collaborators in recent years, includes the trumpeter Kenny Wheeler in 2008 and bassist Steve Swallow in 2009.

paragraph: Johansen often cooperate with musicians from Northern Norway, e.g. with Bjørn Alterhaug (double bass), Jan Gunnar Hoff (piano), Finn Sletten (drumes) and Ole Morten Vågan (bass). With Ole Morten Vågan he was part of guitarist Hallgeir Pedersen's Trio at Moldejazz in 2002. This project was extended to a Quartet including his brother Roger Johansen (drumes). They contributed to different other projects, such as with Northern Norwegian folk artist Terje Nilsen at "Trondheim Jazz Festival" in 2006, and the nonet «Lars Gullin Tribute» with among others John Pål Inderberg (bariton saxophone) and Lars Sjösten (piano).

paragraph: Johansen has also worked extensively in a duo format with pianist Vigleik Storaas, documented on his own release "Rainbow Session" (2007). This release is available on the Johansen brothers' recently established record label, «Inner Ear».

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: «Nordlandsprofil» at 'Nordland Musikkfestuke'

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: «Nordnorsk Jazzsenter's» trainee scheme 2002-2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: «Norsk Kulturråd's» ensemble support

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: Recipient of the «Stubøprisen»

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000: "Man, Woman and Child" (Gemini Records), with Karin Krog

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: "Happy Days" (Gemini Records), with Jan Gunnar Hoff

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: "Windows" (Gemini Records), with Hallgeir Pedersen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: "Like That" (Gemini Records), with Karin Krog

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: "Rainbow Session" (Inner Ear), with Vigleik Storaas and Ole Morten Vågan

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: "Giving" (Inner Ear), with Jukka Perko, Knut Riisnæs and Lars Jansson

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "Jazz Mass" (Inner Ear), with Elin Rosseland, Bodø Domkor and Bodø Sinfonietta

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "I.S." (Inner Ear), with Steve Swallow

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "Natt, stille" (Inner Ear), with Marit Sandvik, Jan Gunnar Hoff, Olaf Kamfjord, Roger Johansen, Halvdan Sivertsen, Lars Bremnes, and Fredrik William Olsen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "Nord" (Inner Ear), with Marit Sandvik, Jan Gunnar Hoff, Olaf Kamfjord, Roger Johansen, and Odd Børretzen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Double Rainbow" (Inner Ear), with Vigleik Storaas, Jo Skaansar and Jon Christensen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Open Minds" (Inner Ear), commission for Bodø Jazz Open 2012, with vocalist Sarah Riedels presenting lyrics by Tomas Tranströmer

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "The Set" (Inner Ear)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tore Johansen Biografi at "Inner Ear"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stubøprisen 2005"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tore Johansen at Myspace

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tore Johansen, Vigleik Storaas & Ole Morten Vågan - I Get Along Without You Very Well on YouTube

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tore Johansen Unity: Giving on YouTube

description: Jazz trumpeter

wikidata_label: Tore Johansen

wikipedia_title: Tore Johansen


text:
American football
Denver Broncos
National Football League
college football
West Virginia
Green Bay Packers
undrafted free agent
Mountaineers
2012 NFL Draft
Green Bay Packers
53-man roster
Arizona Cardinals
David Bakhtiari
Detroit Lions
New Orleans Saints
Denver Broncos
Green Bay Packers bio

categories: Players of American football from Virginia,Sportspeople from Newport News, Virginia,Detroit Lions players,Green Bay Packers players,Living people,West Virginia Mountaineers football players,1989 births,New Orleans Saints players,American football offensive guards,American football offensive tackles

paragraph: Don Barclay (American football)

paragraph: Donald Wayne Barclay III (born April 18, 1989) is an American football offensive lineman for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at West Virginia and was signed by the Green Bay Packers as an undrafted free agent in 2012.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Barclay was a three-year starter at left tackle for the Mountaineers. He played in 52 games, and was named fourth-team All-America and first-team All-Big East in 2011 by Phil Steele’s College Football. He also earned second-team All-Big East after starting all 13 games as a junior.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Green Bay Packers.

paragraph: After going undrafted in the 2012 NFL Draft, Barclay signed with the Green Bay Packers on May 11, 2012. He earned a spot on the Packers' 53-man roster in 2012. He played in all 16 regular-season games, and started both of Green Bay’s postseason games at right tackle.

paragraph: Barclay started 15 games for the Packers in 2013, including the NFC Wild Card Game.

paragraph: Barclay suffered a knee injury in training camp and missed the entire 2014 season.

paragraph: In 2015, Barclay played in all 16 regular-season games and made five starts. During a Week 16 game against the Arizona Cardinals, Barclay entered the game after David Bakhtiari was injured. However, he had one of the worst games of his career as he allowed four sacks, four quarterback hits, and three quarterback hits.

paragraph: Barclay played in all 16 regular-season games and three postseason games in 2016.

paragraph: On March 10, 2017, Barclay signed a one-year $1.3 million contract with the Packers. He was placed on injured reserve on September 3, 2017. He was released with an injury settlement on October 24, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Detroit Lions.

paragraph: On October 31, 2017, Barclay signed with the Detroit Lions. He was placed on injured reserve on December 26, 2017 with a concussion.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New Orleans Saints.

paragraph: On July 31, 2018, Barclay signed with the New Orleans Saints. He was released on September 1, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Denver Broncos.

paragraph: On January 22, 2019, Barclay signed a futures contract with the Denver Broncos.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Green Bay Packers bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Don Barclay

wikipedia_title: Don Barclay (American football)


text:
Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts
Battle of Điện Biên Phủ
Ho Chi Minh Prize
École des Beaux-Arts de l’Indochine
Tự Lực văn đoàn
To Ngoc Van (crater)
Van Giang
Hung Yen
Vietnam University of Fine Arts
Bangkok
Huế
Phnom Penh

categories: 1906 births,1954 deaths,20th-century Vietnamese painters

paragraph: Tô Ngọc Vân

paragraph: Tô Ngọc Vân (15 December 1906 or 1908 – 17 June 1954), also known as Tô Tử, was a Vietnamese painter. Several of his paintings are being displayed at the Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts. He taught a resistance art class in the northern zone during the war with the French, and died as the result of injuries received at the Battle of Điện Biên Phủ.

paragraph: He was among the first recipients of the Ho Chi Minh Prize in 1996.

paragraph: He worked as painting teacher in Bưởi school, professor at the École des Beaux-Arts de l’Indochine and principal of the Việt Bắc Art School and has had significant influence on a whole generation of artists in Vietnam.

paragraph: Vân contributed to the magazines of Tự Lực văn đoàn ("Self-Strengthening literary group") by drawing cartoons on current events, social issues, and everyday live.

paragraph: The To Ngoc Van (crater) on Mercury was named in his honour.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Ngọc Vân was born on December 15, 1906 (although some sources record his birth in 1906) in Xuan Cau village, Van Giang district, Hung Yen province.

paragraph: Ngọc Vân was born as a poor boy and skipped school during his third year in high school to follow his dream of becoming an artist. In 1926, he was able to pass the entrance exam in the Vietnam University of Fine Arts during the first generation of the school and graduated two years later. Ngọc Vân painted many places in his artwork, some of which include Bangkok, Huế, and Phnom Penh. He was also a writer and art critic in the art press. He cooperated with the Vietnamese newspapers Phong Hóa và Ngày Nay and Thanh Nghị.

description: painter

wikidata_label: Tô Ngọc Vân

wikipedia_title: Tô Ngọc Vân


text: King of Naples

text: Alfonso V of Aragon

text: Isabella of Clermont

text: Tristan di Chiaramonte

text: Copertino

text: Giovanni Antonio del Balzo Orsini

text: Taranto

text: Mary of Enghien

text: Pope Calixtus III

text: Aragon

text: fief

text: Pope Pius II

text: Giovanni Antonio Orsini

text: John of Anjou

text: René

text: defeated by John

text: Mount Vesuvius

text: pope

text: duke of Milan

text: Federico da Montefeltro

text: Alessandro Sforza

text: were themselves crushed

text: Albania

text: Skanderbeg

text: Pope Sixtus IV

text: Lorenzo de' Medici

text: Giovanni Antonio del Balzo Orsini

text: Taranto

text: Lecce

text: Apulia

text: Brienne

text: Kingdom of Jerusalem

text: Joanna of Aragon

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Mehmed II

text: Otranto

text: Calabria

text: Ferrara

text: Milan

text: Republic of Venice

text: War of Ferrara

text: Conspiracy of the Barons

text: Pope Innocent VIII

text: Antonello Petrucci

text: Castel Nuovo

text: William I, Landgrave of Hesse

text: Ludovico Sforza

text: Charles VIII of France

text: Italian Wars

text: Pope Alexander VI

text: Ludovico Sforza

text: Alphonse, Duke of Calabria

text: colorectal cancer

text: KRas

text: monopolies

text: hunting

text: Isabella of Clermont

text: Tristan de Clermont

text: Copertino

text: Caterina Orsini

text: Alfonso II of Naples

text: Eleanor of Naples

text: Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara

text: Isabella d'Este

text: Beatrice d'Este

text: Frederick I of Naples

text: John of Naples

text: Archbishop of Taranto

text: Cardinal

text: Archbishop of Esztergom

text: Beatrice of Naples

text: Queen consort

text: Matthias Corvinus of Hungary

text: Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary

text: Joanna of Aragon

text: John II of Aragon

text: Juana Enríquez

text: Ferdinand II of Aragon

text: Charles of Viana

text: Joanna of Naples

text: Queen consort

text: Ferdinand II of Naples

text: Alfonso II of Naples

text: Messina

text: concubine

text: Diana Guardato

text: Anna Sanseverino

text: Castellana de Cardona

text: Pope Pius II

text: Pope Pius III

text: Pope Sixtus IV

text: Pope Julius II

text: Eulalia Ravignano

text: Orsini

text: Giovanna Caracciolo

text: James II of Cyprus

text: Giovanna Caracciola

text: Eulalia Ravignano

text: Onorato III, Prince of Altamura

categories: Roman Catholic monarchs,Knights of the Golden Fleece,Illegitimate children of Neapolitan monarchs,Knights of the Garter,1494 deaths,Dukes of Calabria,House of Trastámara,Monarchs of Naples,1423 births

paragraph: Ferdinand I of Naples

paragraph: Ferdinand I (2 June 1423 – 25 January 1494), also called Ferrante, was the King of Naples from 1458 to 1494. He was the son of Alfonso V of Aragon and his mistress, Giraldona Carlino.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: His mother was Giraldona Carlino. In order to arrange a good future for Ferdinand, King Alfonso had him married in 1444 to a feudal heiress, Isabella of Clermont, who, besides being the elder daughter of Tristan di Chiaramonte (Tristan de Clermont-Lodeve), Count of Copertino, and Catherine of Baux Orsini, was the niece and heiress presumptive of childless prince Giovanni Antonio del Balzo Orsini of Taranto. She was a granddaughter of Mary of Enghien, who had been queen consort of Naples between 1406 and 1414. Ferdinand's wife was the heiress presumptive of remarkable feudal possessions in Southern Italy.

paragraph: He used the title Ferdinand I, King of Naples and Jerusalem. In accordance with his father's will, Ferdinand succeeded Alfonso on the throne of Naples in 1458, when he was 35 years old. Pope Calixtus III, however, declared the line of Aragon extinct and the kingdom a fief of the church. Calixtus died before he could make good his claim (August 1458), and the new Pope Pius II within the year publicly recognized Ferdinand's titles.

paragraph: In 1459, Ferdinand's rule was threatened by a long revolt of the barons. Among the leaders of revolt were Giovanni Antonio Orsini, prince of Taranto and uncle of Ferdinand's wife. The rebels joined to offer the crown to John of Anjou, a son of the former king René. With the help of the Genoese, John brought a fleet and landed, slowly taking some towns including Nocera. On July 7, 1460, Ferdinand was defeated by John in the plain beside the mouth of the Sarno River south of Mount Vesuvius. Ferdinand was nearly captured and escaped with a guard of only twenty men. The pope and the duke of Milan sent reinforcements under the count of Urbino Federico da Montefeltro and condottiero Alessandro Sforza, but these arrived after the defeat and were themselves crushed by John's ally Piccinino at San Fabriano.

paragraph: Despite subsequently receiving the surrender of most of the strongholds in Campania, John did not immediately march on Naples and Ferdinand and his wife Isabella were able to hold it and slowly regain their position. Isabella appears to have been responsible for dissuading Orsini from supporting John and Genoa removed its, assistance. The papacy, Milan, and the Albanian chief Skanderbeg—who came to the aid of the prince whose father had aided him—provided forces which decisively defeated John's land forces at Troia on August 18, 1462. His fleet was finally demolished by the combined forces of Ferdinand and King Juan II of Aragon off Ischia in July 1465. By 1464, Ferdinand had re-established his authority in the kingdom, although some antipathy from the barons remained.

paragraph: In 1478 he allied himself with Pope Sixtus IV against Lorenzo de' Medici, but the latter journeyed alone to Naples, where he succeeded in negotiating an honorable peace with Ferdinand.

paragraph: The original intent of making Taranto as his and his heirs' main principality was no longer current, but still it was a strengthening of Ferdinand's resources and position that his wife in 1463 succeeded her uncle Giovanni Antonio del Balzo Orsini as possessor of the rich Taranto, Lecce and other fiefs in Apulia. Isabella became also the holder of Brienne's rights to the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

paragraph: Ferdinand's wife Isabella had died in 1465, and by 1476, Ferdinand had remarried Joanna of Aragon, his first cousin.

paragraph: In 1480, forces of the Ottoman Empire under orders of Mehmed II captured Otranto, and massacred the majority of the inhabitants, but in the following year it was retaken by Ferdinand's son Alphonso, duke of Calabria. In 1482, abandoning his traditional position of paladin of the Papal States, he fought alongside Ferrara and Milan against the alliance of Sixtus IV and the Republic of Venice (see War of Ferrara).

paragraph: Ferdinand's oppressive government led in 1485 to a reinvigorated rebellion of the aristocracy, known as the Conspiracy of the Barons, which included Francesco Coppola and Antonello Sanseverino of Salerno and supported by Pope Innocent VIII. Coppola and Antonello Petrucci were arrested during a wedding at Castel Nuovo, and subsequently executed. Ultimately this uprising was crushed, and many of the nobles, notwithstanding Ferdinand's signing of a general amnesty, were afterwards jailed and executed at his command.

paragraph: In December 1491 Ferdinand was visited by a group of pilgrims on their return from the Holy Land. This group was led by William I, Landgrave of Hesse.

paragraph: Encouraged by Ludovico Sforza of Milan, in 1493 King Charles VIII of France was preparing to invade Italy for the conquest of Naples and starting the Italian Wars, and Ferdinand realized that this was a greater danger than any he had yet faced. With almost prophetic instinct he warned the Italian princes of the calamities in store for them, but his negotiations with Pope Alexander VI and Ludovico Sforza failed.

paragraph: He died on 25 January 1494, worn out with anxiety; he was succeeded by his son, Alphonse, Duke of Calabria, who was soon deposed by the invasion of King Charles which his father had so feared. The cause of his death was determined in 2006 to have been colorectal cancer (mucinous adenocarcinoma type with mutation in the KRas gene), by examination of his mummy. His remains show levels of carbon 13 and nitrogen 15 consistent with historical reports of considerable consumption of meat.

paragraph: Section::::Ferdinand's reputation.

paragraph: According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, "Ferdinand was gifted with great courage and real political ability, but his method of government was vicious and disastrous. His financial administration was based on oppressive and dishonest monopolies, and he was mercilessly severe and utterly treacherous towards his enemies."

paragraph: Ferdinand had many enemies, especially considering his kingdom's importance to other rulers, and he was ruthless in response to any perceived slight. He even fiercely plotted against Pope Alexander VI, after he realized that the pontiff could not secure his position.

paragraph: As further testimony to the latter, Jacob Burckhardt described his recreational activities as follows: "Besides hunting, which he practiced regardless of all rights of property, his pleasures were of two kinds: he liked to have his opponents near him, either alive in well-guarded prisons, or dead and embalmed, dressed in the costume which they wore in their lifetime." Fearing no one, he would take great pleasure in conducting his guests on a tour of his prized "museum of mummies".

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and children.

paragraph: Ferdinand married twice.

paragraph: BULLET::::- First to Isabella of Clermont in 1444. Isabel was daughter to Tristan de Clermont, Count di Copertino and Caterina Orsini. She died in 1465. They had six children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfonso II of Naples (4 November 1448 – 18 December 1495).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eleanor of Naples (22 June 1450 – 11 October 1493). She was consort to Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara and mother to Isabella d'Este and Beatrice d'Este.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederick I of Naples (19 April 1452 – 9 November 1504).

paragraph: BULLET::::- John of Naples (25 June 1456 – 17 October 1485). Later Archbishop of Taranto, then Cardinal, and Archbishop of Esztergom (1480–1485) until his death.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beatrice of Naples (14 September/16 November 1457 – 23 September 1508). She was Queen consort to Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and later to Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francis of Naples, Duke of Sant Angelo (16 December 1461 – 26 October 1486).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second to Joanna of Aragon (1454 – 9 January 1517). She was born to John II of Aragon and Juana Enríquez, his second wife. She was a full sister of King Ferdinand II of Aragon (died 1516) and a half sister of the unfortunate Prince Charles of Viana (1421–1461), John II's son by his first marriage. Joanna and Ferdinand I were married on 14 September 1476. They had two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joanna of Naples (1478 –married 1496 - 27 August 1518). Queen consort to Ferdinand II of Naples (1469–1496), who, as the son of Ferdinand I's son Alfonso II of Naples (1458 - king 1494 - 1495 in Messina), was also her half-nephew. No issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles of Naples (1480–1486).

paragraph: Ferdinand also had a number of illegitimate children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- By his concubine Diana Guardato, a member of the aristocratic Patriacian family of the Kingdom of Naples:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferdinando d' Aragona y Guardato, 1st Duke of Montalto, who married 1st, Anna Sanseverino, 2nd, Castellana de Cardona.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria d'Aragona, who married Antonio Todeschini Piccolomini, Duke of Amalfi, a nephew of Pope Pius II and brother of Pope Pius III.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giovanna d' Aragona, who married Leonardo della Rovere, Duke of Arce and Sora, a nephew of Pope Sixtus IV and brother of Pope Julius II.

paragraph: BULLET::::- By his concubine Eulalia Ravignano:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria d'Aragona, who married Gian Giordano Orsini.

paragraph: BULLET::::- By his concubine Giovanna Caracciolo:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferdinand d'Aragona, Count of Arsena.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arrigo d'Aragona, Marquess of Gerace.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cesare d'Aragona, Marquess of Santa Agata.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leonor d'Aragona.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alonso d'Aragona, bastard of Aragona (1460–1510), who married Charla of Lusignan (1468 – in prison in Padua, 1480), daughter of King James II of Cyprus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucrezia d'Aragona, daughter of either Giovanna Caracciola or Eulalia Ravignano, was consort to Onorato III, Prince of Altamura.

description: King of Naples

wikidata_label: Ferdinand I of Naples

wikipedia_title: Ferdinand I of Naples


text:
philosopher
humanist
Crete
Kingdom of Candia
Byzantine
Trapezuntine Empire
Italy
Venice
amanuensis
Francesco Barbaro
Italy
Council of Florence
Latin
Vittorino da Feltre
Latin literature
rhetoric
Aristotle
Pope Nicholas V
Plato
James Hankins
Basilios Bessarion
philosophy
Pius II
Alfonso V of Aragon
Rome
Priscian
Fathers
Fabricius
Harles
Byzantine scholars in Renaissance
G. Voigt
C. F. Behr
Ersch
Gruber

categories: Greek–Latin translators,Greek Renaissance humanists,1395 births,15th-century Greek people,Kingdom of Candia,14th-century Byzantine people,Byzantine philosophers,15th-century Venetian people,14th-century Venetian people,1486 deaths,14th-century Venetian writers,15th-century Byzantine people,Italian people of Greek descent,People from Crete,Amanuenses,15th-century philosophers

paragraph: George of Trebizond

paragraph: George of Trebizond (; 1395–1486) was a Greek philosopher, scholar and humanist.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born on the Greek island of Crete (then a Venetian colony known as the Kingdom of Candia), and derived his surname Trapezuntius from the fact that his ancestors were from the Byzantine Greek Trapezuntine Empire.

paragraph: When he went to Italy is not certain; according to some accounts he was summoned to Venice about 1430 to act as amanuensis to Francesco Barbaro, who appears to have already made his acquaintance; according to others he did not visit Italy till the time of the Council of Florence (1438–1439).

paragraph: He learned Latin from Vittorino da Feltre, and made such rapid progress that in three years he was able to teach Latin literature and rhetoric. His reputation as a teacher and a translator of Aristotle was very great, and he was selected as secretary by Pope Nicholas V, an ardent Aristotelian. The bitterness of his attacks upon Plato (in the "Comparatio Aristotelis et Platonis" of 1458, described by historian James Hankins as "one of the most remarkable mixtures of learning and lunacy ever penned"), which drew forth a powerful response from Basilios Bessarion ("In calumniatorem Platonis", printed in 1469) and the manifestly hurried and inaccurate character of his translations of Plato, Aristotle and other classical authors, combined to ruin his fame as a scholar, and to endanger his position as a teacher of philosophy. (Pope Pius II was among the critics of George's translations.) The indignation against George on account of his first-named work was so great that he would probably have been compelled to leave Italy had not Alfonso V of Aragon given him protection at the court of Naples.

paragraph: He subsequently returned to Rome, where in 1471 he published a very successful Latin grammar based on the work of another Greek grammarian of Latin, Priscian. Additionally, an earlier work on Greek rhetorical principles garnered him wide recognition, even from his former critics who admitted his brilliance and scholarship. He died in great poverty in 1486 in Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: For a complete list of his numerous works, consisting of translations from Greek into Latin (Plato, Aristotle and the Fathers) and original essays in Greek (chiefly theological) and Latin (grammatical and rhetorical), see Fabricius, "Bibliotheca Graeca" (ed. Harles), xii.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Byzantine scholars in Renaissance

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. Voigt, "Die Wiederbelebung des klassischen Altertums" (1893);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article by C. F. Behr in Ersch and Gruber's "Allgemeine Enzyklopadie".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harris, Jonathan, 'Byzantines in Renaissance Italy', in Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies – http://the-orb.net/encyclop/late/laterbyz/harris-ren.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monfasani, John (1976) "George of Trebizond : a biography and a study of his rhetoric and logic" Brill, Leiden,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reject Aeneas, Accept Pius: Selected Letters of Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini (Pope Pius II)", ed. and tr. T. M. Izbicki, G. Christianson and P. Krey (Washington, DC, 2006), letter no. 61.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007 ed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. J. Classen, 'The rhetorical works of George of Trebizond and their debt to Cicero', "Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes" 56 (1993), 75–84

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matthew DeCoursey, 'Continental European Rhetoricians, 1400–1600, and Their Influence in Renaissance England', "British Rhetoricians and Logicians, 1500–1660, First Series", DLB 236, Detroit: Gale, 2001, pp. 309–43.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jonathan Harris, "Greek Émigrés in the West, 1400–1520" (Camberley UK: Porphyrogenitus, 1995).

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Monfasani, "George of Trebizond. A biography and a study of his rhetoric and logic", Leiden, Brill, 1976.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Monfasani, ed., "Collectanea Trapezuntiana. Texts, Documents, and Bibliographies of George of Trebizond", Binghamton, NY: RSA, 1984.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucia Calboli Montefusco, "Ciceronian and Hermogenean Influences on George of Trebizond's "Rhetoricorum Libri V"," "Rhetorica" 26.2 (2008): 139–164.

paragraph: BULLET::::- N.G. Wilson, "From Byzantium to Italy. Greek Studies in the Italian Renaissance", London, 1992.

description: Greek philosopher

wikidata_label: George of Trebizond

wikipedia_title: George of Trebizond


text:
painter
originality
romanticism
realism
wealthy
Europe
Alejandro Ciccarelli
Europe
École des Beaux-Arts
Paris
Alexandre Cabanel
Hippolyte Taine
Italy
Spain
Belgium
Germany
Chile
Argentina
France
South American Continental Exhibition
National Museum of Fine Arts
Santigo Cathedral
Concepción, Chile
South American Continental Exhibition
Chilean National Museum of Fine Arts
Valdivia
South American Continental Exhibition
Diego Portales Palazuelos
Alberto Orrego Luco
Álvaro Casanova Zenteno
Eugenio Cruz Vargas

categories: 19th-century Chilean painters,1839 births,Chilean culture,Chilean art,1899 deaths,People from Santiago,Chilean people of Spanish descent

paragraph: Pascual Ortega Portales

paragraph: Pascual Ortega Portales (December 5, 1839 – December 22, 1899) was a notable Chilean painter. His art fits into the categories of originality, romanticism and realism.

paragraph: Section::::Biografy.

paragraph: Ortega Portales was born in a wealthy family. At 14 years old he was sent to Europe to study art. Studied there from 1854 to 1864 at the Academy of Painting with Alejandro Ciccarelli. In 1868 he received a scholarship from the Chilean government for a stay in Europe and studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris with Alexandre Cabanel and Hippolyte Taine. During this time Ortega Portales also visited Italy, Spain, Belgium and Germany, before returning to Chile in 1874. His paintings, he have been exhibited in Chile, Argentina and France, among others.

paragraph: In the 1882 South American Continental Exhibition in Buenos Aires, he received the second prize. Several of his works are in the collection of the National Museum of Fine Arts.

paragraph: Section::::Works in public collections.

paragraph: Section::::Works in public collections.:Works in the National Museum of Fine Art Collection.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neapolitan, oil on canvas, 36 x 27 cm.

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Alsaciana, 1874, oil on canvas, 55 x 39 cm.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Child portrait, oil on canvas, 47 x 33 cm.

paragraph: Section::::Works in public collections.:Works in other public Colleccions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berlin Museum , Gemany

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santigo Cathedral, Chile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of San Isidro, Santigo of Chile

paragraph: BULLET::::- School Concepción workshop, Concepción, Chile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Craftsman society, La Unión, Santiago, Chile

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.:Collective Exhibtions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1869 Salon of Paris, France.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1877 Official Hall, Santiago.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1882 South American Continental Exhibition, Buenos Aires.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1884 Official Hall, Santiago.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1896 Official Hall, Santiago. He also participated in 1925.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1889 Beaux Arts au Chili, Exposition Universelle de Paris, Paris.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1910 International Exhibition of Fine Arts, National Museum of Fine Arts, Santiago.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1930. Exhibition of the 50th anniversary of its Foundation, 1880 - 1930, Chilean National Museum of Fine Arts, Santiago.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1940 Chilean Art Exhibition, Buenos Aires.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1949 Exhibition of the Portrait in Chilean Plastic, National Museum of Fine Arts, Santiago.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972 Some Forgotten Painters, Cultural Institute of Las Condes, Santiago.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981 Rescue of Chilean Painting, National Museum of Fine Arts, Santiago.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 Chilean Plastic, Collection of the National Museum of Fine Arts, Valdivia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987 Panorama of Chilean Painting, Cultural Institute of Las Condes, Santiago.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 Chile 100 Years - First Period 1900 - 1950, National Museum of Fine Arts, Santiago.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and Distinctions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1864 Pensioned by the Government of Chile to study painting in France.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1877 Second Medal, Official Salon, Santiago.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1882 Second Medal, South American Continental Exhibition, Buenos Aires.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1884 Third Medal, Official Salon, Santiago.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diego Portales Palazuelos

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alberto Orrego Luco

paragraph: BULLET::::- Álvaro Casanova Zenteno

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eugenio Cruz Vargas

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ÁLVAREZ URQUIETA, LUIS. Painting in Chile: Luis Álvarez Urquieta Collection. Santiago: S / E., 1938.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ÁLVAREZ URQUIETA, LUIS. Brief History of Painting in Chile, some critical judgments and payroll of the Luis Álvarez Urquieta Collection. Santiago: S / E, 1938.

paragraph: BULLET::::- LIBRARY AND INFORMATION CENTER. Documentary Archive of the Artist Pascual Ortega.

paragraph: BULLET::::- BINDIS FULLER, RICARDO. Chilean Painting: From Gil de Castro to the present day. Santiago: Ed. Philips, 1980 - 1984. (Calendar - Philips Collection, V. 1).

paragraph: BULLET::::- BINDIS, RICARDO. Chilean painting, Two Hundred Years. Santiago: Origo Ediciones, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NATIONAL COMMISSION OF FINE ARTS. Chilean Art Exhibition. Buenos Aires, 1940.

paragraph: BULLET::::- COUSIÑO TALAVERA, LUIS. Catalog of the National Museum of Fine Arts. Santiago: Imp. Universe, 1922.

paragraph: BULLET::::- GALAZ GASPAR, IVELIC MILAN. Chile: Chilean Painting, Agenda 1973. Santiago: Ed. Lord Cochrane, 1973.

paragraph: BULLET::::- HERNANDEZ R., BALTAZAR. Mural Art of Chillán. Chillán: Imprenta La Discusión S.A., 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- CULTURAL INSTITUTE OF LAS CONDES. Some Forgotten Painters. Texts of F.L.P. and Vìctor Carvacho Herrera. Santiago, 1972.

paragraph: BULLET::::- CULTURAL INSTITUTE OF LAS CONDES. Panorama of Chilean Painting from the Precursors to Montparnasse: Retrospective Exhibition based on the History of Chilean Painting by Antonio R. Romera. Santiago, 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- CULTURAL INSTITUTE OF PROVIDENCE. Chilean painting rescue. Santiago, 1981.

paragraph: BULLET::::- IVELIC, MILAN AND GALAZ, GASPAR. Painting in Chile: From the Colony until 1981. Valparaíso: Eds. University of Valparaíso, 1981.

paragraph: BULLET::::- LIHN, ENRIQUE. Enrique Lihn, Texts about Art. Santiago: Diego Portales University, 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- MONTECINO, SERGIO. Between Musicians and Painters. Santiago: Editorial Amadeus, 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- MUNICIPALITY OF VALDIVIA. Chilean plastic. Collection of the National Museum of Fine Arts. Valdivia - Chile: Ministry of Public Education, 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NATIONAL MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS: Exhibition of the 50th anniversary of its Foundation: 1880 - 1930. Santiago, 1930.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NATIONAL MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS. Exhibition of the Portrait in Chilean Plastic. Santiago, 1949.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NATIONAL MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS. Chilean painting. Santiago: National Museum of Fine Arts, 1977.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NATIONAL MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS. The Child in Chilean Painting. Santiago, 1979.

alias:
Pascual Ortega Portales
Ortega Portales

description: Chilean Painter

wikidata_label: Pascual Ortega Portales

wikipedia_title: Pascual Ortega Portales


text: American

text: drummer

text: Elvis Presley

text: RCA

text: Louisiana Hayride

text: Sam Phillips

text: Scotty Moore

text: Bill Black

text: The Blue Moon Boys

text: Jordanaires

text: Heartbreak Hotel

text: Hound Dog

text: Don't Be Cruel

text: Jailhouse Rock

text: The Ed Sullivan Show

text: NBC

text: television special

text: Elvis' 'Comeback' Special

text: Stan Lynch

text: That's All Right (Mama)

text: Paul McCartney

text: phonecasting

text: Rockabilly Hall of Fame

text: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

text: Wayne Fontana

text: Ed Begley, Jr.

text: Elvis

text: CBS

text: Elvis

text: D. J. Fontana TCB website

text: Interview with D. J. Fontana

text: D. J. Fontana Phonecasting Channel

text: Rockabilly Hall of Fame

text: Drummerworld.com

categories: American rock drummers,1931 births,20th-century American drummers,American male drummers,Musicians from Shreveport, Louisiana,2018 deaths

paragraph: D. J. Fontana

paragraph: Dominic Joseph Fontana (March 15, 1931 – June 13, 2018) was an American musician best known as the drummer for Elvis Presley for 14 years. In October 1954 he was hired to play drums for Presley, which marked the beginning of a fifteen-year relationship. He played on over 460 RCA cuts with Elvis.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Nicknamed "D.J.", Fontana was employed by the Louisiana Hayride to be an in-house drummer on its Saturday night radio broadcast.

paragraph: Fontana joined a band (originally assembled by Sam Phillips) that was without a drummer. The band included Scotty Moore (lead guitar), Bill Black (bass), and Elvis Presley (rhythm guitar). They called themselves The Blue Moon Boys. This became the band that would perform and record the vast majority of Presley's hits of the 1950s. Along with the occasional piano and backing vocals from the Jordanaires, The Blue Moon Boys played on several Elvis hits, including "Heartbreak Hotel", "Hound Dog", "Don't Be Cruel", and "Jailhouse Rock". The band toured extensively. Throughout 1956 and 1957, the band had several television appearances, which included "The Ed Sullivan Show". The band broke up in 1958 and Black never played with Fontana or Presley again afterward. He died in 1965. Although the band had officially broken up, Fontana and Elvis still regularly played and recorded together throughout the 1960s. Moore would sometimes join them. In 1968, Fontana performed on the NBC television special, often referred to as Elvis' 'Comeback' Special.

paragraph: Stan Lynch said of Fontana: "Armed with accuracy, power, swing, dynamics, great time and — the biggest compliment of all — simplicity whenever it was best, D.J. rocked the greatest singer and the greatest songs ... ever. He did it year after year, record after classic record. In a world of one trick ponies and lucky "Rock Stars," D.J. is the real deal."

paragraph: Moore and Fontana also performed together without Presley, including a 2001 recording of "That's All Right (Mama) along with Paul McCartney.

paragraph: Section::::Other work.

paragraph: In 1983, Fontana published a book in pictorial form, titled "D.J. Fontana Remembers Elvis", detailing his years playing with Presley. Fontana's "Life and Times" weekly phonecasting debuted on July 3, 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.

paragraph: D. J. Fontana was inducted into the Rockabilly Hall of Fame on January 14, 2009, and on April 4, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, in the "sidemen" category. English musician Wayne Fontana (born Glyn Geoffrey Ellis) took his stage name from the drummer.

paragraph: Fontana was played by Ed Begley, Jr. in the 1979 motion picture "Elvis", and by Eric William Pierson in the 2005 CBS miniseries "Elvis".

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Fontana died on June 13, 2018 in Nashville at the age of 87. At the time of his death, he was suffering from complications of a broken hip.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ElvisInfoNetwork Interview with DJ Fontana 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- D. J. Fontana TCB website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with D. J. Fontana

paragraph: BULLET::::- D. J. Fontana Phonecasting Channel

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rockabilly Hall of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- Drummerworld.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- DJ Fontana Interview - NAMM Oral History Library (2001)

description: American musician

wikidata_label: D. J. Fontana

wikipedia_title: D. J. Fontana


text: Italian

text: Agerola

text: Napoleonic

text: Waterloo

text: Shah

text: Persia

text: Ranjit Singh

text: Punjab

text: Wazirabad

text: Hari Singh Nalwa

text: Peshawar

text: Sher Singh

text: Kingdom of Naples

text: Murat

text: Napoleon

text: Tolentino

text: Ferdinand I of Sicily

text: Kingdom of Two Sicilies

text: siege of Gaeta

text: America

text: Persia

text: Fath Ali Shah

text: Claude August Court

text: Jean-Baptiste Ventura

text: Ranjit Singh

text: Wazirabad

text: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

text: Peshawar

text: Afghans

text: Wazirabad

text: Peshawar

text: Alexander Gardner

text: Sir Henry Lawrence

text: Khyber Pass

text: First Anglo-Afghan War

text: Elphinstone

text: Captain Havelock

text: lakh

text: First Anglo-Afghan War

text: Naples

text: Agerola

text: Italy

text: "Flashman"

text: George MacDonald Fraser

text: Chevalier of the Legion of Honour

text: Jean-Baptiste Ventura

text: Fauj-i-Khas

text: Avitabile

categories: People from the Province of Naples,History of Peshawar,People of the First Anglo-Afghan War,Italian mercenaries,1850 deaths,1791 births,French soldiers,Italian generals,Italian soldiers

paragraph: Paolo Avitabile

paragraph: General Paolo Crescenzo Martino Avitabile ; ("ابوتبیلا Abu Tabela") (25 October 1791 – 28 March 1850) was an Italian soldier, mercenary and adventurer. A peasant's son born in Agerola, near Amalfi in Italy, he served in the Neapolitan militia during the Napoleonic wars. After Waterloo he drifted east like many other adventurous soldiers. In 1820 he joined the army of the Shah of Persia, attaining the rank of colonel and receiving several decorations before returning to Italy in 1824.

paragraph: He joined the army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh of the Punjab in 1827, and later also received various civilian appointments. In 1829 he was made administrator of Wazirabad and in 1837 he succeeded Hari Singh Nalwa as governor of Peshawar. He remained in the Punjab until the assassination of Maharaja Sher Singh in 1843, after which he retired to Italy, where his rank as a general was confirmed and he was knighted.

paragraph: Section::::Career in Europe.

paragraph: The young Avitabile served in the local levies of the Kingdom of Naples between 1807 and 1809, when he joined the artillery of the regular army. As a part of the Imperial Army, Avitabile served under Murat on several campaigns. In these campaigns he earned the rank of Lieutenant, as well as the command of the 15th Battery. After the fall of Napoleon and the defeat of Murat at Tolentino, Naples was restored to Ferdinand I of Sicily. Avitabile retained his rank and command and joined the army of the new Kingdom of Two Sicilies, where he joined the siege of Gaeta under the command of the Austrian general Delaver.

paragraph: During this siege, he displayed great bravery and was wounded twice. The general recommended him for a promotion and a decoration, but was not heard. Avitabile was transferred instead to a position of lieutenant in a regiment of light infantry. It is said he quit in disgust over this treatment. His European career had come to an end.

paragraph: Section::::In Persia.

paragraph: Having quit the army in Naples, Avitabile set his eyes on a career abroad. His initial idea was to, as many of his countrymen, seek fortune in America but this ended in a shipwreck off Marseille. Instead, he was advised to seek employment to the east. In Constantinople he was approached by an agent of the Persian Shah Fath Ali Shah recruiting European officers; in 1820, Avitabile took service with the Persian Shah. He remained in this employment for six years, during which period he rose to the rank of "khan" and a grade of colonel in the Persian army. Here he also met Claude August Court who would later accompany him on the travel to Punjab. Avitabile was rewarded for his services by two of Persia's highest decorations as Grand Commander of "The Lion and Sun" and of "The Two Lions and Crown", but found the pay lacking. When he heard favourable notice from Jean-Baptiste Ventura of his employment in Punjab Ventura again broke up to travel further to the east.

paragraph: Section::::In Punjab.

paragraph: Together with Court, Avitabile arrived in Lahore in 1827 and was hired by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. He was given a position with the artillery and put in charge of the arsenal and gun foundries. He was also given a civilian position as governor of Wazirabad. It would seem he was an able administrator, as he held the position for the next seven years. He governed the city with a firm - at times, cruel - hand and managed to impose order and discipline. As a result, Wazirabad prospered.

paragraph: Section::::In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

paragraph: In 1834 he was appointed governor of Peshawar, an area the Maharaja had conquered from the Afghans the previous year.

paragraph: Where as his rule of Wazirabad is described as just and rigorous, his governorship of Peshawar is depicted as a rule of "gallows and gibbets". Avitabile boasted: "When I marched into Peshawar, I sent on in advance a number of wooden posts which my men erected around the walls of the city. The men scoffed at them and laughed at the madness of the "feringhee" [a disparaging local language term for Westerners], and harder still when my men came in and laid coils of rope at the foot of the posts...However, when my preparations were completed and they found one fine morning danging from these posts, fifty of the worse characters in Peshawar, they thought different. And I repeated the exhibition every day till I had made a scarcity of brigands and murderers. Then I had to deal with the liars and tale bearers. My method with them was to cut out their tongues. When a surgeon appeared and professed to be able to restore their speech, I sent for him and cut out his tongue also. After that there was peace".

paragraph: With a ruthless, at times brutal, style of government, Avitabile established order in the province where he became known as Abu Tabela. Summary executions became usual, and it is said that he would have people executed by throwing them from the top of Mahabat Khan's mosque. The American adventurer Alexander Gardner wrote about Avitabile's rule in Peshawar: "Under his rule small pains are taken to distinguish between innocence and guilt, and many a man, ignorant of the alleged crime, pays for it with his life". While this brutality was shocking to visiting Europeans (in the words of Sir Henry Lawrence: "he acts like a savage among savage men, instead of showing them that a Christian can wield the iron sceptre without staining it by needless cruelty"), it proved both successful in maintaining order and even popular among the peaceful inhabitants.

paragraph: His iron fist rule over Peshawar has made a place for him in local folklore. Even today unruly children in the city are brought to control by invoking Abu Tabela's name. In times of unrest, law-abiding citizens send a small wish for the return of an Abu Tabela to finally re-impose law and order.

paragraph: As governor of Peshawar, Avitabile controlled the southern entrance to the Khyber Pass. The control of this strategic position, brought him in contact with the British army during the First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–42), where he was able to render vital assistance. During Elphinstone's advance in 1839, the British were well received in Peshawar and their officers received a princely treatment. Captain Havelock spent a month in Peshawar, and describes the splendour of Avitabile's court in his memoirs. He also gives a favourable characterisation of the governor: ""He is, moreover, a frank, gay, and good-humoured person, as well as an excellent and skilful officer.""

paragraph: Avitabile was also a scholar and an engineer, who worked very closely with the most brilliant Sikh engineer Lehna Singh Majithia.

paragraph: When the British returned in 1842, to avenge the defeat of Elphinstone, they were given every possible assistance by Avitabile's government, while he was still in employ of the Sikh Empire. In addition to supplies and transportation, he also personally advanced large sums of money to the British campaign treasury. By lending the British as much as ten lakhs (1 million) of rupees, he not only helped them paying their troops. He thus managed to transfer a considerable fortune to safety in Europe.

paragraph: Avitabile remained in the position of Governor during the First Anglo-Afghan War until he left in 1843. Having secured his retirement in Europe, he resigned his position to return home.

paragraph: Section::::Back home.

paragraph: As one of the few European adventurers in the area, he succeeded in building a fortune and getting away with it. He returned to Naples, where he built a grand home in San Lazzaro (Agerola). He died soon after marrying a local girl: Enrichetta Coccia. The following legal battle over his inheritance, and the many distant relatives asserting their claims, made "Avitabile's cousin" something of a byword in Italy.

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.

paragraph: Avitabile is a minor character in "Flashman", a 1969 novel by George MacDonald Fraser. The narrator describes him as a "great, grey-bearded ox of a man... the Sikhs and Afghans were more scared of him than of the Devil himself."

paragraph: Section::::Honours and awards.

paragraph: Avitabile won honours in every country he served. The inscription on his tomb at Agerola lists:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chevalier of the Legion of Honour

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of Merit of San Ferdinand of Naples

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cordon of the Lion and the Sun

paragraph: BULLET::::- Two Lions and Crown of Persia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Auspicious Star of the Punjab

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean-Baptiste Ventura

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fauj-i-Khas

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Major Pearse, Hugh; "Ranjit Singh and his white officers". In

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicola Forte: "Viaggio nella memoria persa del Regno delle Due Sicilie", ed. imagaenaria, p. 156, 2008, , .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Avitabile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Avitabile's term as governor in Peshawar, India 1838-1842

description: Italian general

wikidata_label: Paolo Avitabile

wikipedia_title: Paolo Avitabile


text: sachem

text: Pennacook

text: New England

text: New Hampshire

text: shaman

text: sachem

text: Mohawk Nation

text: Massachusetts

text: Maine

text: Native Americans

text: European

text: Pilgrims

text: Pawtucket Falls

text: Lowell, Massachusetts

text: Merrimack River falls

text: Manchester

text: Merrimack

text: Horseshoe Pond

text: Plymouth

text: Wampanoag

text: Massasoit

text: Great Spirit

text: Wonalancet

text: Montowampate

text: sagamore

text: Saugus

text: Boston

text: John Greenleaf Whittier

text: Nobhow

text: Pawtucket

text: Bashaba

text: John Elliot

text: minister

text: Christianity

text: Dracut, Massachusetts

text: Duffill

text: tobacco

text: Agamenticus

text: Mount Washington

text: St. Aspinquid

text: Kancamagus Highway

text: White Mountains

text: Kancamagus

text: White Mountain National Forest

text: Albany, New Hampshire

text: Jigger Johnson Campground

text: Russell-Colbath House

text: Mount Passaconaway

text: Sandwich Range

text: White Mountains

text: Wonalancet

text: Kancamagus Highway

text: Daniel Webster Council

text: Boy Scouts of America

text: Order of the Arrow

text: Jigger Johnson

text: Penacook, New Hampshire

text: Wonalancet, New Hampshire

text: Defunct placenames of New Hampshire

categories: People from Merrimack, New Hampshire,Year of birth unknown,Native American leaders,1679 deaths,Pennacook people,17th-century Native Americans

paragraph: Passaconaway

paragraph: Passaconaway, which translates to "Child of the Bear", was sachem of the Pennacook people in what is now northern New England in the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: One of the key native figures in the colonial history of New Hampshire, Passaconaway was believed to have been born between 1550 and 1570, and is said to have died in 1679. He was a powerful shaman and sachem (chief) of the Pennacook, eventually becoming "bashaba" (chief of chiefs) of a multi-tribal confederation that drew together for mutual protection against the Mohawk Nation. In his old age Passaconaway relinquished his positions of authority to travel among the tribes and settlers in the New Hampshire-Massachusetts-Maine area. He was revered by both Native Americans and European settlers.

paragraph: His native name was "Papisse Conewa", meaning, Child of the Bear, or Son of the Bear, but white settlers anglicized the name as Passaconaway. In his later years he was sometimes referred to as St. Aspenquid.

paragraph: Legend holds that Passaconaway was a giant, genius, and possessed magical powers, such as making water burn, and trees and rocks dance. According to folklore, he could make dried up leaves turn green and make living snakes out of dead snake skin. It was said that he could become invisible and create thunderstorms at will.

paragraph: Even before the Pilgrims' 1620 landing on the Massachusetts coast, a European ship's captain reported seeing a huge native standing atop a coastal cliff, surmising he was probably the native often referred to as Conway. European history records that Passaconaway lived at the top of the Pawtucket Falls at what is now Lowell, Massachusetts; a marker was placed there in 1935. Local New Hampshire history says that he lived and moved seasonally among various fishing and planting spots, including the Merrimack River falls in present-day Manchester, fertile islands in the river, coastal spots along the seashore, and other places along the Merrimack such as present-day Horseshoe Pond.

paragraph: Another legend indicates that Passaconaway was summoned to the Plymouth area of Massachusetts by the Wampanoag sachem Massasoit, asking Passaconaway to use his supernatural powers to rid the land of the Pilgrims who were building a village on the shore. At Massasoit's village, says the folklore, Passaconaway was for the first time in his life unable to bring up a storm. After conversing with the Great Spirit, Passaconaway declared that the Great Spirit had commanded him to live the rest of his life in peace with the white-faced tribes. From this time on, Passaconaway would not allow his sons or his tribe to fight with any European settlers, and counseled peace to all his native associates.

paragraph: Passaconaway was one of the first native chieftains to lease land to English settlers in New England. His second son Wonalancet eventually became sachem of the Pennacook, and his oldest son Nanamocomuck became sachem of the neighboring Wachusett. His daughter Wanunchus married Montowampate, the sagamore (chief) of the Saugus tribe north of what is now Boston (their marriage was the topic of John Greenleaf Whittier's poem "The Bridal of Penacook"), and daughter Nobhow married the sachem of the Pawtucket people. Historical records show that when each of Passaconaway's two oldest sons was arrested and jailed by a local white council, the Bashaba worked out with the white governor a peaceful settlement of the false charges and a release for each of his sons. On one occasion white settlers tried to arrest Passaconaway himself, but a sudden thunderstorm arose, slowing the posse, and the native emperor disappeared into the forest.

paragraph: Local New Hampshire history says that in 1647 a white preacher, John Elliot, attempted to speak with Passaconaway but was refused audience again and again before he was finally allowed to talk with the Bashaba. Eventually the minister was invited to live with the Pennacook people and teach the elderly sachem about Christianity. Legend says that after the preacher died suddenly from an illness, Passaconaway eventually decided to step down from his position of authority, announcing before an enormous crowd at the yearly native gathering that his son Wonalancet was now sachem of the Pennacook. After this, Passaconaway spent much of his time traveling from village to village for the Great Spirit, counseling prayer and peace to all who would open their homes to him.

paragraph: In October 1665, Passaconaway's daughter, Bess, wife of Nobb How, sold the land called Augumtoocooke (present-day Dracut, Massachusetts) to Captain John Evered, for the sum of four yards of "Duffill" and one pound of tobacco. Capt. Evered in turn sold tracts of the land to European families.

paragraph: Legends of Passaconaway's death say that his body was buried in a cave in the sacred native mountain Agamenticus in southern Maine, and that at least one member of his people saw his spirit carried up to the Great Spirit's earthly abode of Agiocochook (Mount Washington) atop a sled pulled by wolves and covered with hundreds of animal skins given to him by his people and his fellow sachems. There he burst into flame and was carried up to the heavens to live with the Great Spirit. (Chief Passaconaway has often been confused with St. Aspinquid.)

paragraph: The present-day Kancamagus Highway, a scenic two-lane highway through the White Mountains of New Hampshire, bears the name of Passaconaway's grandson, Kancamagus.

paragraph: Section::::Village.

paragraph: The Kancamagus Highway passes the former village of Passaconaway, much of which is now part of the White Mountain National Forest. The village of Passaconaway once contained a sawmill, hotel and post office, as well as several farms and homes. For a few years a logging railroad ran through the area. The short-lived Passaconaway Mountain Club was based there. The former settlement is located in the incorporated town of Albany, New Hampshire. Today the area is noted for its hiking and cross-country skiing trails. The U.S. Forest Service maintains the Passaconaway Campground and the Jigger Johnson Campground in this area, as well as the historic Russell-Colbath House and adjacent cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Mountain.

paragraph: Mount Passaconaway, a summit in the Sandwich Range of the White Mountains lying between the village of Wonalancet and the Kancamagus Highway, bears the sachem's name.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The Daniel Webster Council of the Boy Scouts of America, which serves most of New Hampshire, honors Passaconaway by naming their Order of the Arrow lodge for the sachem.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jigger Johnson

paragraph: BULLET::::- Penacook, New Hampshire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wonalancet, New Hampshire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Defunct placenames of New Hampshire

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beals, Charles Edward, Jr., Passaconaway in the White Mountains (Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carter, George Calvin, "Passaconaway: The Greatest of the New England Indians" (published transcript of 1947 speech) (Manchester, NH: Granite State Press, 1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Drake, Samuel Adams, "St. Aspenquid of Agamenticus," A Book of New England Legends and Folk Lore (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1884), pp. 359–362

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lyford, James O., ed., History of Concord, Vol I (Concord, NH: The Rumford Press, 1903)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Potter, C. E., The History of Manchester (Manchester, NH: C. E. Potter, 1856)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photos of Passaconaway U.S. Forest Service site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bio at "New Hampshire Individuals of Note"

description: Pennacook chieftain

wikidata_label: Passaconaway

wikipedia_title: Passaconaway