text:
courtesy name
emperor
Chinese
Chen Dynasty
Emperor Wu
Chen Chang
Northern Zhou
Liang Dynasty
Xiao Zhuang
Emperor Xuan of Western Liang
Liang Dynasty
Hou Jing
Jiankang
Huzhou
Zhejiang
Chen Baxian
Xiao Yi
Chen Chang
Wang Sengbian
Western Wei
Jingzhou
Hubei
Xiao Cha
Xiao Fangzhi
Northern Qi
Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi
Xiao Yuanming
Wuxi
Jiangsu
Wu Commandery
Suzhou
Jiangsu
Zhejiang
Chen Dynasty
Chen Xu
Wang Lin
Xiao Zhuang
Hou Andu
Anqing
Anhui
Empress Zhang Yao'er
empress dowager
Princess Shen Miaorong
empress
Chen Bozong
crown prince
Chang'an
Northern Zhou
Wu Mingche
Western Liang
Xiaogan
Hubei
Hunan
Wuhan
Hubei
Liu Jingyan
Chen Shubao
Jiangxi
Fujian
Zhejiang
Fuzhou, Jiangxi
Jiujiang
Jiangxi
Fuzhou
Fujian
Cheng Lingxi
Yao Silian
Book of Chen
Han Zigao
pixiu
Chen Baxian
Empress Ande
Chen Bozong

categories: Liang dynasty people,566 deaths,522 births,Chen dynasty generals,Chen dynasty emperors

paragraph: Emperor Wen of Chen

paragraph: Emperor Wen of Chen (陳文帝) (522–566), personal name Chen Qian (陳蒨), courtesy name Zihua (子華), was an emperor of the Chinese Chen Dynasty. He was the nephew of the founding emperor, Emperor Wu (Chen Baxian), and after Emperor Wu's death in 559, the officials supported him to be emperor since Emperor Wu's only surviving son, Chen Chang, was detained by rival Northern Zhou. At the time he took the throne, Chen had been devastated by war during the preceding Liang Dynasty, and many provinces nominally loyal to him were under control of relatively independent warlords. During his reign, he consolidated the state against warlords, and he also seized territory belonging to claimants to the Liang throne, Xiao Zhuang and Emperor Xuan of Western Liang, greatly expanding Chen's territory and strength.

paragraph: Section::::During Liang Dynasty.

paragraph: Chen Qian was born in 522, as the oldest son of Chen Daotan (陳道譚), a commander of the Liang Dynasty palace guards. His mother's name is not recorded in history. When the rebel general Hou Jing attacked the capital Jiankang in 548 and put it under siege, Chen Daotan participated in the defense of Jiankang against Hou's siege, commanding archers, and he was killed by a stray arrow during the siege. (As the palace did not fall to Hou until 549, it is not clear whether Chen Daotan died in 548 or 549.) It appeared that during the disturbance, in order to avoid the banditry that was common in the countryside, Chen Qian went to the Chens' home commandery of Wuxing (吳興, roughly modern Huzhou, Zhejiang). After his uncle Chen Baxian joined the campaign of Xiao Yi the Prince of Xiangdong (later Emperor Yuan) against Hou, Hou arrested both Chen Qian and Chen Baxian's son Chen Chang and imprisoned them. Only after the victory of Emperor Yuan's forces (commanded by Wang Sengbian with Chen Baxian as Wang's lieutenant) over Hou were Chen Qian and Chen Chang freed, and Chen Qian joined Chen Baxian's army. He quickly distinguished himself in minor campaigns against local bandits, and he became one of Chen Baxian's trusted generals.

paragraph: In 554, Western Wei forces attacked Emperor Yuan's new capital Jiangling (江陵, in modern Jingzhou, Hubei) and captured it, putting Emperor Yuan to death around new year 555. Western Wei declared Emperor Yuan's nephew Xiao Cha emperor (as Emperor Xuan), but Wang and Chen Baxian refused to recognize Xiao Cha as emperor. They welcomed Emperor Yuan's only surviving son Xiao Fangzhi the Prince of Jin'an to Jiankang, declaring him the Prince of Liang and preparing to declare him emperor. However, after Wang's forces suffered several defeats at the hands of Northern Qi forces, Wang accepted the proposal of Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi to make Emperor Yuan's cousin Xiao Yuanming emperor, and he declared Xiao Yuanming emperor in summer 555. Chen Baxian was displeased with Xiao Yuanming's ascension, and in fall 555, with Chen Qian as one of his confidants, he launched a surprise attack on Jiankang, killing Wang and deposing Xiao Yuanming. He declared Xiao Fangzhi emperor (as Emperor Jing).

paragraph: Prior to taking action against Wang, Chen Baxian considered the probability that Wang's son-in-law Du Kan (杜龕), then the governor of Wuxing Commandery, would act against Chen Baxian, and secretly sent Chen Qian back to their home county of Changcheng (長城) to prepare to intercept Du if he tried to come to Wang's aid. When Chen Baxian succeeded surprisingly quickly, Du, along with Wei Zai (韋載) the governor of Yixing Commandery (義興, roughly modern Wuxi, Jiangsu), and Wang Sengzhi (王僧智, Wang Sengbian's brother) the governor of Wu Commandery (roughly modern Suzhou, Jiangsu) rose against Chen Baxian. Chen Qian was holding his position at Changcheng with several hundred men, and when Du's army attacked him with 5,000 men, he was able to hold against Du's attack, preventing Du from attacking Chen Baxian. This allowed Chen Baxian to come to his aid, forcing Wei to surrender and Wang Sengzhi to flee to Du. Chen Baxian subsequently returned to Jiankang (with Northern Qi forces, along with those of the generals Xu Sihui (徐嗣徽) and Ren Yue (任約), attacking Jiankang), leaving Chen Qian in command of the armies facing Du, joined by Chen Baxian's general Zhou Wenyu (周文育). In spring 556, Chen Qian secretly persuaded Du Kan's general Du Tai (杜泰) to surrender to him, and subsequently, Du Kan was captured and executed. Chen Qian and Zhou were subsequently also able to take over Eastern Yang Province (東揚州, modern northeastern Zhejiang) from its governor Zhang Biao (張彪), who was loyal to Wang Sengbian. With Chen Baxian still facing Northern Qi troops at Jiankang and lacking food supplies, Chen Qian was able to round up supplies of rice and ducks and deliver them to Jiankang to supply Chen Baxian's army, which subsequently defeated an even-worse-supplied Northern Qi force.

paragraph: Section::::During Emperor Wu's reign.

paragraph: In 557, Chen Baxian had Emperor Jing yield the throne to him, establishing Chen Dynasty as its Emperor Wu. He created Chen Qian, as his only close male relative in his territory, the Prince of Linchuan. His son Chen Chang, along with Chen Qian's brother Chen Xu, had been taken captive by Western Wei in 554, as they were serving as low level officials in Emperor Yuan's administration. Chen Qian's father Chen Daotan was posthumously honored as the Prince of Shixing, and Chen Xu, although not physically in Chen territory, was created the Prince of Shixing to inherit Chen Daotan's title.

paragraph: In fall 558, after the Liang general Wang Lin (who had by that point declared Emperor Yuan's grandson Xiao Zhuang emperor) had defeated and captured Emperor Wu's key generals Zhou Wenyu and Hou Andu (although both Zhou and Hou were about to flee from their captivity soon thereafter), Emperor Wu, while negotiating a peace settlement with Wang, also sent Chen Qian with a large fleet to prepare to attack Wang should a peace agreement not happen. Subsequently, a peace was negotiated with Wang, although border conflicts continued, and Chen Qian, by Emperor Wu's orders, constructed a fortress at Nanhuan (南皖, in modern Anqing, Anhui) to defend a potential Wang attack.

paragraph: While Chen Qian was still at Nanhuan, in summer 559, Emperor Wu grew ill and quickly died. Emperor Wu's wife Empress Zhang Yao'er, after consulting the officials Du Leng (杜稜) and Cai Jingli (蔡景歷), chose not to announce Emperor Wu's death and summoned Chen Qian back from Nanhuan. The imperial officials, led by Hou, decided to support Chen Qian as emperor, and while Empress Zhang was initially hesitant, hoping that Chen Chang would return, she eventually agreed, and Chen Qian took the throne as Emperor Wen.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Emperor Wen honored Empress Zhang as empress dowager. He created his wife Princess Shen Miaorong empress and her son Chen Bozong crown prince. As he inherited the throne from Emperor Wu, he did not posthumously honor his father Chen Daotan as an emperor as might otherwise have been expected, but, in order to make sure that his father would be properly venerated (which would require Chen Daotan's legal heir—Emperor Wen's brother Chen Xu—to be present to offer sacrifices to him), he created his own son Chen Bomao (陳伯茂) the Prince of Shixing instead, and created Chen Xu, who was then still at Chang'an, the capital of Western Wei's successor state Northern Zhou, the Prince of Ancheng. (In 563, Emperor Wen himself began to offer sacrifices to Chen Daotan using ceremonies due an emperor, but never honored his father as an emperor.)

paragraph: Hearing that Emperor Wu had died, Wang Lin launched a major attack on Chen in winter 559. He was initially successful, defeating the Chen general Wu Mingche, but when Emperor Wen sent Hou Tian (侯瑱) against Wang, the forces stalemated, even though Wang was also assisted by Northern Qi forces. In spring 560, Hou defeated Wang, and both Wang and Xiao Zhuang fled to Northern Qi. Chen forces took about half of Xiao Zhuang's territory, while the other half went to the Northern Zhou-supported Western Liang.

paragraph: Wang's defeat brought a succession crisis. After hearing of Emperor Wu's death, Northern Zhou had sent Chen Chang back to Chen, but as his path was blocked by Wang's forces, he had to stop at Anlu (安陸, in modern Xiaogan, Hubei). After Wang was defeated, Chen Chang continued his journey, and as he proceeded from Anlu to the Yangtze River, he wrote impolite letters to Emperor Wen, which Emperor Wen took as a demand for the throne. Emperor Wen summoned Hou Andu, suggesting that perhaps he should yield the throne to Chen Chang and accept a princely title. Hou advised him not to, and offered to personally "greet" Chen Chang. Meanwhile, the officials were all suggesting creating Chen Chang an imperial prince, and Emperor Wen declared that Chen Chang was to be created the Prince of Hengyang. A month later, Chen Chang entered Chen territory and met Hou. However, as they travelled on the Yangtze River, Hou had him killed and his body thrown into the Yangtze, and then returned to Jiankang, claiming that Chen Chang had slipped into the river. Grateful that Hou had eliminated a rival for him, Emperor Wen created Hou the Duke of Qingyuan.

paragraph: In fall 560, Chen forces under Hou Tian began to engage Northern Zhou and Western Liang forces in the modern Hunan region, which Western Liang had taken from Xiao Zhuang when he fled to Northern Qi. The armies stalemated, and in spring 561, unable to prevail over the Northern Zhou general Heruo Dun (賀若敦), Hou Tian offered to allow Heruo to withdraw with his army if he would yield the territory. Heruo agreed, and the territory became Chen possession. Seeking peace, Northern Zhou offered to return Chen Xu to Chen, and Emperor Wen, pleased, offered to trade the city of Lushan (魯山, in modern Wuhan, Hubei) for Chen Xu's release. Chen Xu returned to Chen in 562 and became a key official in Emperor Wen's administration. Initially, Northern Zhou continued to detain Chen Xu's wife Liu Jingyan and son Chen Shubao, but after further negotiations, Northern Zhou released them as well.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Emperor Wen began to consider the problem of local warlordism—which rendered the modern Jiangxi, Fujian, and large parts of Zhejiang under warlord control and only nominally submissive to him. In spring 562, he tried to summon one of the key warlords, Zhou Di (周迪), to move from his base of Linchuan (臨川, in modern Fuzhou, Jiangxi), to Pencheng (湓城, in modern Jiujiang, Jiangxi). Zhou Di refused, and subsequently unsuccessfully attacked Emperor Wen's general Zhou Fu (周敷). Emperor Wen sent Wu Mingche to attack Zhou Di and sent Hou Andu against another warlord, Liu Yi (留異), who controlled modern southern Zhejiang. By summer 562, Hou had defeated Liu Yi, forcing him to flee to his son-in-law, Chen Baoying (陳寶應), who controlled modern Fujian. Wu, however, was unable to immediately defeat Zhou Di, and Emperor Wen sent Chen Xu to attack Zhou Di instead. In spring 563, Zhou Di's forces collapsed, and he fled to Chen Baoying as well. Chen Baoying, Liu Yi, and Zhou Di regrouped together and resisted Emperor Wen's forces and prepared to counterattack. Zhou soon began a guerrilla campaign, while Chen Baoying and Liu held out at Chen Baoying's headquarters at Jin'an (晉安, in modern Fuzhou, Fujian).

paragraph: Meanwhile, Emperor Wen had become increasingly angry and suspicious of Hou Andu's arrogance and protection of his officers' misdeeds. In summer 563, he arrested Hou and forced him to commit suicide. In summer 564, Zhou Di, after several successful battles, regained some of his following, and soon tricked and assassinated Zhou Fu. However, Emperor Wen's general Zhang Zhaoda (章昭達) was able to capture Jin'an. Chen Baoying and Liu fled but were captured and executed. By fall 565, Emperor Wen's general Cheng Lingxi (程靈洗) was able to defeat Zhou Di, who was subsequently betrayed by his own soldiers and killed. Emperor Wen had by now largely unified his state.

paragraph: In summer 566, Emperor Wen grew ill. Fearing that Crown Prince Bozong was weak in personality and unable to serve competently as emperor, he offered to pass the throne to Chen Xu. Chen Xu himself declined, and the official Kong Huan (孔奐) also opposed. Emperor Wen therefore did not make Chen Xu crown prince instead, but entrusted the important matters to Chen Xu, Kong, Dao Zhongju (到仲舉), Yuan Shu (袁樞), and Liu Shizhi (劉師知). He soon died, and Crown Prince Bozong took the throne as Emperor Fei.

paragraph: The historian Yao Silian had this to say about Emperor Wen in his "Book of Chen":

paragraph: Section::::Relationship with Han Zigao.

paragraph: Around 554, when he was still a general, he meet the 16-year-old Han Zigao, a poor country boy. He was immediately attracted to Han Zigao's breath-taking beauty and urged the boy to go with him, promising him a life of wealth. After he entered Chen's service, he gave him the new name of "Zigao" (he was formely known as Han Manzi) and made him his personal assistant. Not long after, Han Zigao became his favorite lover.

paragraph: Han Zigao learnt military skills quickly and became Chen's right-hand man. One day, Chen promised to Han Zigao: "people say I am destined to be an Emperor, if it comes true, you will become my queen." Chen became an Emperor in 559, but he was unable to keep his promise, and instead he made him a general. Han Zigao spent all his time with him until his death in 566. Less than a year after his death, Han Zigao was persecuted and executed.

paragraph: Outside the tomb of Chen, discovered in 2013, two statues of "pixiu" were found, different from the usual male and female design, since both of them are male. Female counterpart of this mythological species are known as "bìxié"; the only difference being that the females have a pair of horns on their heads.

paragraph: Section::::Era name.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tianjia" (天嘉 tiān jiā) 560-566

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tiankang" (天康 tiān kāng) 566

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parents:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Daotan, Prince Shixing Zhaolie (), a brother of Chen Baxian

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consorts and Issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Ande, of the Shen clan (; d. 605), personal name Miaorong ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Bozong, Prince Linhai (; 552–570), first son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Bomao, Marquis Wenma (; 551–568), second son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guifei", of the Jiang clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Bozhi, Prince Yongyang (), 12th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guifei", of the Kong clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Bomou, Prince Guiyang (), 13th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shuyuan", of the Yan clan (; d. 587)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Boshan, Prince Poyang (; 550–589), third son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Bogong, Prince Jin'an (), sixth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zhaohua", of the Liu clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Boxin, Prince Hengyang (; d. 589), seventh son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Xiuhua", of the Han clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Boli, Prince Wuling (), tenth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Xiurong", of the Zhang clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Boyi, Prince Jiangxia (; d. 589), ninth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ronghua", of the Pan clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Bogu, Prince Xin'an (; 555–582), fifth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chonghua", of the Wang clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Boren, Prince Luling (), eighth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unknown

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Feng'an (), first daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Liu Zhenchen () in 557

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Fuyang (), second daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Hou Jingcang (; d. 571)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Liu Pan of Hedong ()

alias:
Zihua
Shi Zu
Wen Di
Chen Qian(4)

description: Chen Dynasty emperor

wikidata_label: Emperor Wen of Chen

wikipedia_title: Emperor Wen of Chen


text: mummified corpse

text: Scandinavia

text: Pre-Roman Iron Age

text: bog body

text: Jutland

text: Denmark

text: Elling Woman

text: peat

text: Bjældskovdal

text: Silkeborg

text: Denmark

text: sheepskin

text: wool

text: hide

text: noose

text: plait

text: C

text: radiocarbon dating

text: acid

text: climate of the Nordic countries

text: bryophyte

text: Sphagnum

text: phenolic compounds

text: Silkeborg Museum

text: hanging

text: strangulation

text: cervical vertebrae

text: last meal

text: porridge

text: gruel

text: flax

text: Camelina sativa

text: knotgrass

text: formalin

text: fingerprint

text: Silkeborg Museum

text: replica

text: Iron Age

text: Borremose bodies

text: Huldremose Woman

text: Grauballe Man

text: Moesgaard Museum

text: Aarhus

text: Haraldskær Woman

text: Nobel Prize

text: Seamus Heaney

text: Jutland

text: Wintering Out

text: the Troubles

text: Margaret Drabble

text: A Natural Curiosity

text: Margaret Thatcher

text: Tollund Man

text: The Mountain Goats

text: Curse of the Tollund Man

text: The Darkness

text: Bones

text: Sacrifice

text: Silkeborg Museum

text: P.V. Glob

text: The Bog People: Iron-Age Man Preserved

text: Tollund Man at PBS

text: "The Tollund Man"

text: "The Tollund Man in Springtime"

text: Seamus Heaney

categories: 1950 in Denmark,Historical people who were forensically reconstructed,1950 archaeological discoveries,Archaeological discoveries in Denmark,4th-century BC births,Bog bodies,Germanic archaeological artifacts,4th-century BC deaths,Pre-Roman Iron Age

paragraph: Tollund Man

paragraph: Tollund Man is a naturally mummified corpse of a man who lived during the 4th century BC, during the period characterised in Scandinavia as the Pre-Roman Iron Age. He was found in 1950, preserved as a bog body, on the Jutland peninsula, in Denmark. The man's physical features were so well-preserved that he was mistaken at the time of discovery for a recent murder victim. Twelve years before Tollund Man's discovery, another bog body, Elling Woman, had been found in the same bog.

paragraph: Scholars believe the man was a human sacrifice rather than executed criminal because of the arranged position of his body, and the fact that his eyes and mouth were closed.

paragraph: Section::::Discovery.

paragraph: On 6 May 1950, peat cutters in the Bjældskovdal peat bog, west of Silkeborg, Denmark discovered a corpse in the peat layer which appeared so fresh that they at first believed they had discovered a recent murder victim.

paragraph: The Tollund Man lay away from firm ground, buried under of peat, his body arranged in a fetal position. He wore a pointed skin cap of sheepskin and wool, fastened under his chin by a hide thong, and a smooth hide belt around his waist. Additionally, a noose made of plaited animal hide was drawn tight around his neck and trailed down his back. Other than these, the body was naked. His hair was cropped so short as to be almost entirely hidden by his cap. There was short stubble (1 mm length) on his chin and upper lip, suggesting that he had not shaved on the day of his death.

paragraph: Section::::Scientific examination and conclusions.

paragraph: C radiocarbon dating of Tollund Man indicated that he died in approximately 375–210 BC. The preserved tender soft tissues of his body are the consequence of the acid in the peat, along with the lack of oxygen underneath the surface and the cold climate of the Nordic countries. The acid in the peat, needed for the preservation of a human body, is caused by a bryophyte named Sphagnum. Sphagnum fights against degradation due to resistant phenolic compounds contained in their cell walls. Due to the acidity of peat, bones are typically dissolved rather than preserved.

paragraph: Examinations and X-rays showed that the man's head was undamaged, and his heart, lungs and liver were well preserved. The Silkeborg Museum estimated his age as approximately 40 years and height at , a relatively short stature even for the time. It is likely that the body had shrunk in the bog.

paragraph: On the initial autopsy report in 1950, doctors concluded that Tollund Man died by hanging rather than strangulation. The rope left visible furrows in the skin beneath his chin and at the sides of his neck. There was no mark, however, at the back of the neck where the knot of the noose would have been located. After a re-examination in 2002, forensic scientists found further evidence to support these initial findings. Although the cervical vertebrae were undamaged (these vertebrae are often damaged as a result of hanging), radiography showed that the tongue was distended—an indication of death by hanging.

paragraph: The stomach and intestines were examined and tests carried out on their contents. Scientists identified the man's last meal as porridge or gruel made from grains and seeds, both cultivated and wild. Approximately 40 kinds of seeds were identified, but the porridge was primarily composed of four types: barley, flax, false flax ("Camelina sativa") and knotgrass. From the stage of digestion it was concluded that the man had eaten 12 to 24 hours prior to his death. Porridges were common for people of this time. Because neither meat nor fresh fruit were found in the last meal, it is suggested that the meal was eaten in winter or early spring when these items were not available.

paragraph: Both feet and the right thumb, being well conserved by the peat, were also preserved in formalin for later examination. In 1976, the Danish police made a fingerprint analysis, making Tollund Man's thumbprint one of the oldest prints on record.

paragraph: Section::::Display.

paragraph: The body is displayed at the Silkeborg Museum in Denmark, although only the head is original. Because conservation techniques for organic material were insufficiently advanced in the early 1950s for the entire body to be preserved, the forensic examiners suggested the head be severed and the rest of the body remain unpreserved. Subsequently, the body was desiccated and the tissue disappeared. In 1987, the Silkeborg Museum reconstructed the body using the skeletal remains as a base. As displayed today, the original head is attached to a replica of the body.

paragraph: Section::::Other bodies.

paragraph: In Denmark, more than 500 bog bodies and skeletal remains dating to the Iron Age have been recovered. Specimens from Jutland include the relatively well-preserved Borremose bodies, Huldremose Woman, Grauballe Man on display at Moesgaard Museum near Aarhus, and the similarly conserved Haraldskær Woman. Approximately 30 of these bog bodies are housed and/or displayed in Danish museums for continued research.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Nobel Prize-winning Irish poet Seamus Heaney wrote a series of poems inspired by P.V. Glob's study of the mummified Iron Age bodies found in Jutland's peat bogs, finding contemporary political relevance in the relics of the ritualistic killings. Heaney's poem "The Tollund Man", published in his "Wintering Out" collection, compares the ritual sacrifice to those who died in the sectarian violence of "the Troubles." Heaney wrote an excerpt from the poem in the Tollund Man exhibit's guest book in 1973.

paragraph: British author Margaret Drabble, in her 1989 novel, "A Natural Curiosity", uses her characters' obsession with the Tollund Man to provide a satirical criticism of Margaret Thatcher's modern England.

paragraph: Tollund Man is featured in separate songs: "Tollund Man" (1995) by the American folk band The Mountain Goats and "Curse of the Tollund Man" (2004) by the English rock band The Darkness.

paragraph: Tollund Man was mentioned in the episode "Mummy in the Maze" of the American television series "Bones" and was also mentioned in the 2016 movie "Sacrifice" in which a bog body was found in the Shetland Islands.

paragraph: He is also the subject of the modern novel, "Meet Me At the Museum," by Anne Youngson. One of the primary characters is a fictional curator at the Silkeborg Museum, who writes letters to an English woman, musing on the life and death of the Tollund Man.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Danish)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- P.V. Glob: "The Bog People: Iron-Age Man Preserved", New York Review of Books (New York) 2004, . Translated from the Danish original: "Mosefolket", 1965 .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tollund Man - A Face from Prehistoric Denmark

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tollund Man at PBS

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tollund Man" and "The Tollund Man in Springtime" by Seamus Heaney

paragraph: BULLET::::- "National Geographic" September 2007: "Tales From the Bog"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Image of the facial reconstruction to show what Tollund Man had looked when he was alive

description: Iron age bog body from Denmark that was hanged before death

wikidata_label: Tollund Man

wikipedia_title: Tollund Man


text: Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg

text: Felix of Bourbon-Parma

text: Jean

text: Grand Duke Henri

text: Luxembourg

text: Antoine, 13th Prince de Ligne

text: Michel, 14th Prince de Ligne

text: Princess Eleanora of Orléans-Braganza

text: Renesse

text: Jonkvrouw

text: Princess Christine de Ligne

text: Prince Antonio of Orléans-Braganza

text: Marie-Hélène de Rothschild

text: Lannoy

text: Group Captain Peter Townsend

categories: Luxembourgian princesses,Ligne,1929 births,Princesses of Bourbon-Parma,People from Colmar-Berg,2019 deaths

paragraph: Alix, Princess of Ligne

paragraph: Alix, Princess de Ligne (Alix Marie Anna Antoinette Charlotte Gabrielle; 24 August 1929 – 11 February 2019) was the fourth daughter and youngest child of Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, and Felix of Bourbon-Parma. She was, by birth, Princess of Luxembourg, Princess of Nassau and Princess of Bourbon-Parma. She was a sister of Grand Duke Jean and aunt of Grand Duke Henri.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: On 17 August 1950 in Luxembourg Princess Alix married Antoine, 13th Prince de Ligne, (8 March 1925 – 21 August 2005). They have issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michel, 14th Prince de Ligne (born 26 May 1951) married Princess Eleanora of Orléans-Braganza on 10 March 1981. They have two children and one granddaughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Alix de Ligne (born 3 July 1984), married on 18 June 2016 Count Guillaume de Dampierre (born 1985, third cousin twice-removed of Emanuelle de Dampierre, Duchess of Segovia, through shared descent from Aymar, Marquis de Dampierre 1787-1845).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Countess Olympia de Dampierre (born 17 December 2017, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henri Antoine, Hereditary Prince de Ligne (born 3 March 1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Wauthier de Ligne (born 10 July 1952) – In 1976 he married Countess Regine de Renesse. They have three children and seven grandchildren:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Philippe de Ligne (born 29 May 1977) – In 2008 he married "Jonkvrouw" Laetitia Rolin, and they have issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Jean-Charles de Ligne (born 11 June 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Alienor de Ligne (born 2 July 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Melanie-Yolande de Ligne (born 19 June 1979) married Paul Weingarten on 17 September 2011. They have one son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Felix Weingarten (27 May 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Elisabeth-Eleonore de Ligne (born 27 June 1983) married Baron Baudouin Gillès de Pelichy on 9 July 2005. They have four children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baron Antoine Gillès de Pelichy (5 July 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baron Charles Gillès de Pelichy (21 September 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baroness Philippine Gillès de Pelichy (4 February 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baroness Marguerite Gillès de Pelichy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Anne de Ligne (born 3 April 1954) – 1981 married Olivier Mortgat on 30 May 1981. They have two daughters.:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laure Mortgat (23 March 1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabelle-Marie Mortgat (2 January 1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Christine de Ligne (born 11 August 1955) – 1981 married Prince Antonio of Orléans-Braganza on 25 September 1981. They have four children and two grandchildren.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Sophie de Ligne (born 23 April 1957) married Count Philippe de Nicolay, son of Marie-Hélène de Rothschild on 26 June 1982. They have two sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Count François de Nicolay (20 October 1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Count Guy de Nicolay (19 December 1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Antoine Lamoral de Ligne (born 28 December 1959) married Countess Jacqueline de Lannoy on 16 June 2001. They have three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Louis de Ligne (born 4 March 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Marie de Ligne (born 29 September 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Florence de Ligne (born 14 March 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Yolande de Ligne (born 16 June 1964) married Hugo Townsend (born 1945), son of Group Captain Peter Townsend in 1994. They have four children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie Townsend (29 April 1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Townsend (16 March 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Townsend (9 May 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bartholomew Townsend (May 2001)

paragraph: Section::::Titles and styles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 24 August 192917 August 1950: "Her Royal Highness" Princess Alix of Luxembourg, Princess of Nassau, Princess of Bourbon-Parma

paragraph: BULLET::::- 17 August 19503 March 1985: "Her Royal Highness" Princess Alix de Ligne

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3 March 198521 August 2005: "Her Royal Highness" The Princess de Ligne

paragraph: BULLET::::- 21 August 200511 February 2019: "Her Royal Highness" The Dowager Princess de Ligne

description: Daughter of Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg and Felix of Bourbon-Parma

wikidata_label: Alix, Dowager Princess of Ligne

wikipedia_title: Alix, Princess of Ligne


text: Redondo Beach, California

text: Philip Hays

text: Art Center College of Design

text: Venice, California

text: Jonestown

text: Bollywood

text: Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles

text: Desert X

text: Diamond Area 1 and 2

text: Bollywood

text: Whitney Biennial

text: Venice Biennale

text: Vienna Secession

text: Serpentine Gallery

text: Klaus Biesenbach

text: MoMA PS1

text: Klaus Biesenbach

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: Donald Sutherland

text: Tilda Swinton

text: Seu Jorge

text: Cat Power

text: Carnegie International

text: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden

text: I Only Have Eyes for You

text: Camargue

text: POST

text: Bagley Wright

text: Seattle Art Museum

text: Distributed Art Publishers

text: Robert Altman

text: Claire Denis

text: Werner Herzog

text: Rem Koolhaas

text: Kenneth Anger

text: Devendra Banhart

text: Thomas Demand

text: Jack White

text: James Murphy

text: Mike Kelley

text: Jacques Herzog

text: Fischli & Weiss

text: Yayoi Kusama

text: Stephen Shore

text: Dan Graham

text: David Adjaye

text: William Eggleston

text: Philippe Parreno

text: Paolo Soleri

text: Tilda Swinton

text: Beck

text: Theater Basel

text: Isola Tiberina

text: Ed Ruscha

text: Deste Foundation

text: Hydra

text: Chloë Sevigny

text: Chloë Sevigny

text: Soufrière Hills

text: Creative Time

text: Brooklyn Bridge

text: Barcelona Pavilion

text: Inhotim

text: André 3000

text: Lichens

text: No Age

text: Dean Kuipers

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles

text: I Only Have Eyes for You

text: Happening

text: MoMA PS1

text: Kenneth Anger

text: Olaf Breuning

text: Peter Coffin

text: Thomas Demand

text: Urs Fischer

text: Meschac Gaba

text: Fischli & Weiss

text: Fritz Haeg

text: Carsten Höller

text: Olafur Eliasson

text: Christian Jankowski

text: Aaron Koblin

text: Ernesto Neto

text: Nam June Paik

text: Jorge Pardo

text: Jack Pierson

text: Nicolas Provost

text: Stephen Shore

text: Rirkrit Tiravanija

text: Lawrence Weiner

text: Beck

text: Boredoms

text: Jackson Browne

text: Cat Power

text: Cold Cave

text: The Congos

text: Dan Deacon

text: Eleanor Friedberger

text: The Handsome Family

text: Lia Ices

text: Lucky Dragons

text: Thurston Moore

text: Giorgio Moroder

text: Nite Jewel

text: No Age

text: Patti Smith

text: Ariel Pink

text: Savages (band)

text: Mavis Staples

text: Suicide (band)

text: Sun Araw

text: Thee Satisfaction

text: Twin Shadow

text: Yto Barrada

text: Sam Durant

text: Karen Kilimnik

text: Urs Fischer

text: Catherine Opie

text: Jack Pierson

text: Raymond Pettibon

text: Josh Smith

text: Alice Waters

text: Leif Hedendal

text: Olafur Eliasson

text: Martin Creed

text: Terry Riley

text: Whitney Museum of American Art

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: Centre Georges Pompidou

text: Schirn Kunsthalle

text: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden

text: Serpentine Gallery

text: Kunsthalle Zürich

text: Kunsthaus Bregenz

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: Deste Foundation

text: Aspen Art Museum

text: Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles

text: Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth

text: 303 Gallery

text: Galerie Eva Presenhuber

text: Victoria Miro Gallery

text: Venice Biennale

text: Aldrich Museum of Contemporary Art

text: Nam June Paik Art Center

text: Smithsonian

text: Americans for the Arts

text: List of video artists

text: Doug Aitken Workshop: official website

text: Station to Station: official website

text: Articles about Doug Aitken

text: Doug Aitken information at 303 Gallery

text: Installation "Nine New Destinations"

text: Centro de Arte Contemporânea Inhotim

text: Brumadinho

text: Brazil

text: Doug Aitken profile

text: Kadist Art Foundation

categories: Artists from California,American contemporary artists,American video artists,1968 births,People from Redondo Beach, California,American installation artists,Living people

paragraph: Doug Aitken

paragraph: Doug Aitken is an American artist.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Aitken was born in Redondo Beach, California in 1968. In 1987, he initially studied magazine illustration with Philip Hays at the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena before graduating in Fine Arts in 1991. He moved to New York in 1994 where he had his first solo show at 303 Gallery. He currently lives and works in Venice, California, and New York.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Aitken’s body of work ranges from photography, print media, sculpture, and architectural interventions, to narrative films, sound, single and multi-channel video works, installations, and live performance. Aitken's video works have taken place in such culturally loaded sites as Jonestown in Guyana, Africa's diamond mines, and India's Bollywood.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Site-specific projects.

paragraph: Aitken has created an array of site-specific installations, sometimes synthesizing interactive media with architecture. A recent site-specific work is "Underwater Pavilions" (2016), which consist of three temporary sculptures that were moored to the ocean floor off Catalina Island, CA. Geometric in design, the sculptures created environments that reflected and refracted light, opening a portal that physically connected a viewer to the expanse of the ocean while simultaneously disrupting preconceived visual ideas of the aquatic world. By merging the language of contemporary architecture, land art, and ocean research and conservation, the Underwater Pavilions were a living artwork within a vibrant ecosystem. In contrast to areas of the sculpture that have a rough and rock-like surface, mirrored sections reflected the seascape and, when approached, activated to become a kaleidoscopic observatory. The environments created by the sculptures changed and adjusted with the currents and time of day, focusing the attention of the viewer on the rhythm of the ocean and its life cycles. The artwork created a variety of converging perceptual encounters that played with the fluidity of time and space, resulting in a heightened awareness of the physical world. The sculptures were created in partnership with Parley for the Oceans and the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles. Another site-specific project, titled "Mirage", premiered at Desert X, near Palm Springs, CA from February 25 - April 30, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Video installations.

paragraph: Since the mid-1990s, Aitken has created installations by employing multiple screens in architecturally provocative environments. "diamond sea" (1997), for example, includes three video projections, one suspended video monitor, and one full-color, illuminated transparency photograph in a dimly lit space. Multiple speakers create an immersive sound experience; the multi-screen film explores a guarded region in the Namib desert in southwestern Africa known as Diamond Area 1 and 2. The territory, estimated at over 40,000 square miles and sealed off since 1908, contains the world’s largest and richest computer-controlled diamond mine. "Hysteria" (1998–2000) uses film footage from the past four decades that shows audiences at pop and rock concerts working themselves into a frenzy on four screens in an X formation. Filmed and photographed in the dusty sound stages and film sets of Bombay, "Into the Sun" (1999) focuses on the frenetic activity of Bollywood, recreating the sound stages of the Indian film industry with canvas projection screens, a red dirt floor, and video shown in a non-stop, twenty-four-hour loop. "diamond sea" was presented at the 1997 Whitney Biennial and his "electric earth" installation, an eight projection, multi-room post cinematic experience, drew international attention and earned him the International Prize at the Venice Biennale in 1999. His ambitious show "New Ocean", which included multiple sound, photo, and video works, began with a transformation of the Serpentine Gallery in London and traveled the world to Austria, Italy and Japan, each time in a new configuration. In 2010, Aitken exhibited his work "House", a study of destruction featuring the artist's parents. Recently, the artist displayed a three channel video installation titled "Underwater Pavilions" at Art Basel Unlimited, documenting sculptures of the same name.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Outdoor film installations.

paragraph: In 1998, "Glass Horizon", an installation comprising a projection of a pair of eyes onto the facade of the Vienna Secession building after it had closed for the night, showcased an interest in architectural structures and in art that interacts with urban environments. In 2001, Aitken’s exhibition at London’s Serpentine Gallery used the entire building for the complex installation "New Ocean" including transforming the museum's tower into a functional lighthouse at night.

paragraph: In 2004, after having worked together in Berlin, Doug Aitken and Klaus Biesenbach co-curated "Hard Light", a group exhibition at MoMA PS1. In the winter of 2007, Aitken's large-scale installation "Sleepwalkers", curated by Klaus Biesenbach in collaboration with "Creative Time", was presented at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. The project included actors such as Donald Sutherland and Tilda Swinton, as well as musicians Seu Jorge and Cat Power. Five interlocking vignettes shown through eight projections were displayed upon the exterior walls of the museum so as to be visible from the street. Concurrent with the exhibition, Aitken also presented a "happening" inside the museum that featured live drummers and auctioneers, and a performance by Cat Power. In the same year, he createad an interactive music table: "k-n-o-c-k-o-u-t".

paragraph: In 2008, Aitken produced another large scale outdoor film installation, titled "Migration" for the 55th Carnegie International show titled "Life on Mars" in Pittsburgh, PA. The first installment in a three-part trilogy entitled "Empire", the work features migratory wild animals of North America as they pass through and curiously inhabit empty and desolate hotel rooms.

paragraph: Continuing Aitken's work in large scale outdoor video installation, his artwork "SONG 1" (2012), created for the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, challenged the standard of public art in Washington D.C. The artwork, which deconstructed the popular song "I Only Have Eyes for You", created a 360 degree screen out of the circular facade of the museum. Rather than using a more typical concave surface for such a projection, Aitken projected the film onto the convex exterior of the museum creating a cinema experience that required moving around the building and could never be fully seen from any one location.

paragraph: Another example of what the artist has called 'liquid architecture', his freestanding installation "ALTERED EARTH" (2012) explores the Camargue region of southern France in a maze-like flowing arrangement of twelve large projections in the hangar-like Grande Halle of the Parc des Ateliers in Arles. The work also inspired an app created by the artist and POST for the Apple iPad.

paragraph: Commissioned by art patron Bagley Wright, "Mirror" (2013) is a large LED screen, wrapped around the corner of the Seattle Art Museum, with thin strips of vertical lights. For the project, Aitken had been filming for the project over five years, capturing images of central Seattle as well as the surrounding area. A computer program selects which parts of the footage to project in response to a live feed of information that ranges from the weather to the density of traffic in the streets of Seattle.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Conversations.

paragraph: In 2006, Aitken produced "Broken Screen: 26 Conversations with Doug Aitken" (Distributed Art Publishers, 2006), a book of interviews with twenty-six artists who aim to explore and challenge the conventions of linear narrative. Interviews included Robert Altman, Claire Denis, Werner Herzog, Rem Koolhaas, Kenneth Anger and others. "The Idea of the West" (2010) presents the collective response of 1000 people on the street who were asked “What is your idea of the West?” to create a manifesto from the quotes and comments of random individuals. Another interview project, "Patterns & Repetition" (2011) is a series of filmed conversations about creativity in the 21st Century in which Aitken conducts short conversations with pioneers in different artistic disciplines, including Devendra Banhart, Thomas Demand, Jack White, James Murphy, Mike Kelley, Jacques Herzog, Fischli & Weiss, Yayoi Kusama, Stephen Shore, and Dan Graham. Continuing his interest in the exchange of ideas, Aitken's work "THE SOURCE" (2012) explores the root of creativity. Six projections in a pavilion designed by David Adjaye, cycle through many more interviews with artists, architects, and musicians such as Adjaye, Liz Diller, William Eggleston, Philippe Parreno, Paolo Soleri, Tilda Swinton, and Beck among others.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Happenings.

paragraph: Aitken has directed many live "happenings" including his "Broken Screen" happenings from 2006 in Los Angeles and New York. In 2009, Aitken orchestrated a real-time opera titled "the handle comes up, the hammer comes down" that assembled auctioneers performing against the rhythms of his "Sonic Table", at Il Tempo del Postino, at Theater Basel.

paragraph: Also in 2009, along with his large-scale video installation, "Frontier", presented on the Tiber river’s Isola Tiberina in the heart of Rome, Aitken staged a happening by the same title. The film featured a protagonist played by the iconic American artist Ed Ruscha, as he's seen caught in a landscape between fiction and non-fiction. The work creates a futuristic journey from day to night in a world where reality is put into question. In the happening, performers from the film, such as a professional whip cracker, come alive in the installation while surrounded by the audience. First shown at the Deste Foundation’s project space "Slaughterhouse" on the Greek island of Hydra, "Black Mirror" is displayed on five screens reflected “into infinity” across black mirrors and stars Chloë Sevigny tethered only by brief conversations over the phone and through voiceover in such disparate locales as Mexico, Greece, and Central America. "Black Mirror" was also a four-night event staged on a custom barge, again featuring a performers from the film: Leo Gallo, Tim McAfee-Lewis, No Age, and Chloë Sevigny.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Photographs, light boxes, and sculptures.

paragraph: Aitken is well known for his many photographs, which often explore spatial and temporal disruption and narrative suggestion like his installations. For example, "Passenger", a group of still photographs made in 1999, shows planes in flight, most of which focus on the faint traceries of takeoffs and landings over desolate airport landscapes. More recently, Aitken has created aluminum light boxes that combine photographic image and text. Extending the theme of text and image, Aitken has produced sculptures from materials as diverse as plants inside clear acrylic and kaleidoscopic mirrors. Other sculptures, such as "sunset (black and white)", 2012, employ the use of hand-carved foam, epoxy and hand silk-screened acrylic.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Sound experiments.

paragraph: Interested in the uneasy intersection of nature and culture or narrative variability, the artist has incorporated into his scores what he calls "field recordings," such as jungle noises from Jonestown, Guyana (in his 1995 "monsoon"), and the reverberations of tremors generated by the eruption of the Soufrière Hills volcano on the Caribbean island of Montserrat (in "eraser", 1998). In 1996, for the public art organization Creative Time, Aitken conceived an installation piece in the Anchorage, a cavernous space inside the base of the Brooklyn Bridge, that used recordings of the traffic noises overhead. In 2004, he completed a sound sculpture for the Barcelona Pavilion composed of a central post supporting a few sweeping steel branches that rotated while highly directional speakers at the end of each branch played snippets of scripted conversation. In October 2009, Aitken's "Sonic Pavilion" opened to the public. The pavilion is located in the forested hills of Brazil, at Inhotim. The "Sonic Pavilion" provides a communal space to listen to the sounds of the earth as they are recorded through highly sensitive microphones buried close to a mile deep into the ground and carried back into the pavilion through a number of speakers. The sound heard inside the pavilion is the amplified sound of the moving interior of the earth. Aitken has collaborated on his films with a wide variety of musicians, from hip hop artist André 3000 of Outkast, who was in Aitken’s 2002 multiscreen "Interiors" to indie bands like Lichens and No Age, which contributed to his score for his 2008 film "Migration" and 2011's "Black Mirror", respectively.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Books.

paragraph: Aitken is also a producer of innovative books: "I AM A BULLET: Scenes from an Accelerating Culture" (2000) a collaboration with writer Dean Kuipers; "Doug Aitken: A-Z Book (Fractals)" (2003), the alphabet serves as structure to arrange Aitken's photography and video work, along with texts and interviews; "Broken Screen" (2005), a book of interviews with 26 artists pushing the limits of linear narrative; "Alpha", published in 2005 by the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris; "Sleepwalkers" (2007), published by the Museum of Modern Art, in correspondence to the film and video installation of the same name; "99 Cent Dreams" (2008), a collection of photographs that captures "moments between interaction" to create a 21st-century nomadic travelogue; "Write In Jerry Brown President" (2008), a folded artist book published by the Museum of Modern Art,; "The Idea of the West" (2010), which asked 1,000 people about their idea of the west, and was produced in conjunction with a happening at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles,; "Black Mirror" (2011), features a nomadic Chloë Sevigny, produced in conjunction with a video installation and live theater performance staged on a barge; "SONG 1" (2012), accompanied an exhibition of the same name at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, the book takes the form of the Hirshhorn itself, while examining the artwork that explores the idea of pure communication through the pop song I Only Have Eyes for You.

paragraph: Two monograph style books contain comprehensive information on the artist's career: "Doug Aitken: 100 YRS", published by Rizzoli and "Doug Aitken: Electric Earth", published by Prestel.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Station to Station.

paragraph: "Station to Station" is a nomadic “Happening” that first occurred in the fall of 2013 on a transcontinental train. It functioned as a moving platform for artistic experimentation stopping in cities, towns and remote locations across America. An artist-created project, "Station to Station" embraced constantly changing stories, unexpected encounters, and creative collisions between music, art and film.

paragraph: The project had the support of a wide range of institutions including MoMA PS1, Carnegie Museum of Art, MCA Chicago, Walker Art Center, SITE Santa Fe, LACMA and SFMOMA. All event proceeds went to fund multi-museum arts programs throughout 2014.

paragraph: Art works and musical performances changed with every stop. The train traveled from New York City to San Francisco, making a total of 9 stops at train stations across the country - New York; Pittsburgh; Chicago; Minneapolis/St. Paul; Santa Fe/Lamy, New Mexico; Winslow, Arizona; Barstow, California; Los Angeles; and Oakland. The project acted as a studio and cultural incubator, creating unplanned moments and artistic collisions. Artists that participated included Kenneth Anger, Olaf Breuning, Peter Coffin, Thomas Demand, Urs Fischer, Meschac Gaba, Liz Glynn, Fischli & Weiss, Fritz Haeg, Carsten Höller, Olafur Eliasson, Christian Jankowski, Aaron Koblin, Ernesto Neto, Nam June Paik, Jorge Pardo, Jack Pierson, Nicolas Provost, Stephen Shore, Rirkrit Tiravanija, and Lawrence Weiner. Musicians included Beck, The Black Monks of Mississippi, Boredoms, Jackson Browne, Cat Power, Cold Cave, The Congos, Dan Deacon, Eleanor Friedberger, The Handsome Family, Lia Ices, Kansas City Marching Cobras, Lucky Dragons, Thurston Moore, Giorgio Moroder, Nite Jewel, No Age, Patti Smith, Ariel Pink’s Haunted Graffiti, Savages (band), Mavis Staples, Suicide (band), Sun Araw, Thee Satisfaction, Twin Shadow and others. Printed matter contributors included Taylor-Ruth Baldwin, Yto Barrada, Sam Durant, Karen Kilimnik, Urs Fischer, Catherine Opie, Jack Pierson, Raymond Pettibon, and Josh Smith. Food was provided by Alice Waters and the Edible Schoolyard Project and chef Leif Hedendal.

paragraph: From June 27- July 26, 2015, Aitken staged "Station to Station: A 30 Day Happening" at the Barbican Centre in London. Envisioned as a living exhibition, the entire multi-arts facility was turned into a large scale multi-disciplinary event, with more than 100 artists, including Olafur Eliasson, Martin Creed, and Terry Riley.

paragraph: On August 21, 2015, a feature film directed by Aitken, shot with footage from the 2013 happenings, titled "Station to Station", premiered in Los Angeles. Experimental in format, the film was described as "...a textured, visceral collection of 62 shorts capturing moments during the three-week journey..."

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: Aitken has participated in over 200 art exhibitions throughout the world. His work has been featured in numerous group exhibitions in such institutions as the Whitney Museum of American Art, The Museum of Modern Art, and the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris. Among others, he has had solo exhibitions at the Schirn Kunsthalle, Frankfurt, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, the Serpentine Gallery, London, Kunsthalle Zürich, Switzerland, Kunsthaus Bregenz, Austria, Museum of Modern Art, New York, Deste Foundation, Greece and Tokyo Opera City Art Gallery, Japan. In 2006, the Aspen Art Museum mounted the first exhibition dedicated solely to Aitken's photography.

paragraph: From September 10, 2016 - January 15, 2017, The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, at the Geffen Contemporary at MOCA, exhibited "Doug Aitken: Electric Earth", the artist's first North American mid-career survey. The exhibition is traveling to The Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, TX from May 28, 2017 - Aug 20, 2017.

paragraph: Aitken is represented by 303 Gallery, New York; Regen Projects, Los Angeles; Galerie Eva Presenhuber, Zürich; and Victoria Miro Gallery, London.

paragraph: Section::::Prizes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 International Prize – Golden Lion, Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 Aldrich Award, Aldrich Museum of Contemporary Art, Ridgefield, CT

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 German Film Critic's Award, KunstFilmBiennale, Cologne, Germany

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 Aurora Award, Aurora Picture Show, Houston, Texas

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 Nam June Paik Art Center Prize

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 "Smithsonian" magazine's American Ingenuity Award in the Visual Arts category

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 Americans for the Arts National Arts Award: Outstanding Contributions to the Arts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 Frontier Art Prize by the World Frontiers Forum, inaugural recipient

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of video artists

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doug Aitken Workshop: official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Station to Station: official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Articles about Doug Aitken

paragraph: BULLET::::- "sleepwalkers" 30-second trailer on YouTube

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doug Aitken information at 303 Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doug Aitken: The Sonic Happening (Migration) / 303 Gallery, New York Video at VernissageTV.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Installation "Nine New Destinations" at the Centro de Arte Contemporânea Inhotim in Brumadinho, Brazil

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with Doug Aitken on the Louisiana Channel

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doug Aitken profile at Kadist Art Foundation

description: multimedia artist

wikidata_label: Doug Aitken

wikipedia_title: Doug Aitken


text:
American
Revolutionary War
Battle of Bunker Hill
Groton, Massachusetts
William
Pepperell, Massachusetts
King George's War
Siege of Louisbourg
William Pepperrell
Pepperell, Massachusetts
French and Indian War
Battle of Fort Beausejour
British Army
Massachusetts
Concord
Hollis
the day's battles
laid siege to Boston afterward
Dorchester Heights
Charlestown
Bunker Hill
redoubt
attacked the position
Lively
bayonet
saber
General Howe
Second Continental Congress
Continental Army
George Washington
Boston
7th Continental Regiment
defense of New York
Saratoga campaign
General Burgoyne
Saratoga
John Trumbull
U.S. Capitol Rotunda
Massachusetts General Court
Shays' Rebellion
Oliver Prescott
Prescott, Massachusetts
Quabbin Reservoir
Charlestown, Massachusetts
Warren-Prescott School
Pepperell, Massachusetts
science fiction
Harvard Yard
William Hickling Prescott
Prescott, Arizona
William Prescott Elementary School
Scranton, PA

categories: People of colonial Massachusetts,People of Massachusetts in the American Revolution,Continental Army officers from Massachusetts,1726 births,People from Groton, Massachusetts,Members of the Massachusetts General Court,1795 deaths,People of Massachusetts in the French and Indian War

paragraph: William Prescott

paragraph: William Prescott (February 20, 1726 – October 13, 1795) was an American colonel in the Revolutionary War who commanded the patriot forces in the Battle of Bunker Hill. Prescott is known for his order to his soldiers, "Do not fire until you see the whites of their eyes", such that the rebel troops may shoot at the enemy at shorter ranges, and therefore more accurately and lethally, and so conserve their limited stocks of ammunition. It is debated whether Prescott or someone earlier coined this memorable saying.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Prescott was born in Groton, Massachusetts, when East Pepperell was considered Groton, to Benjamin Prescott (1696–1738) and Abigail Oliver Prescott (1697–1765). He married Abigail Hale (1733–1821) on April 13, 1758, and they had one child, also named William. Prescott owned a house in Pepperell, Massachusetts, on Prescott Street.

paragraph: Prescott served in the provincial militia in King George's War where he served in the 1745 Siege of Louisbourg under William Pepperrell. He may have played a role in the naming of the town of Pepperell, Massachusetts, after his commander when it was separated from Groton in 1753. In 1755, when the French and Indian War widened, he saw action at the Battle of Fort Beausejour. He turned down an offer to join the British Army for his service in that war.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:American Revolutionary War.

paragraph: In 1774, when Massachusetts towns began forming militia companies, Prescott was made a colonel commanding the Pepperell company. The alarm that was raised on the evening of April 18, 1775, that British troops were marching on Concord reached Pepperell about 10 a.m. on April 19. Prescott immediately alerted the companies of Pepperell, Hollis, and Groton, and rode toward Concord. The companies arrived too late to participate in the day's battles, but they became part of the small army that laid siege to Boston afterward.

paragraph: When the American military commanders were alerted to British plans to capture undefended high ground at Dorchester Heights and Charlestown, Prescott was chosen to lead 1,200 men onto the Charlestown peninsula and erect defenses on Bunker Hill on the night of June 16, 1775. The actual defenses were built on Breeds Hill, as it was lower and closer to the harbor. The next day, his troops, who were tired from working to construct a redoubt and other defensive works, and had only limited ammunition, formed the centerpiece of the American defenses when the British attacked the position. The British began firing from the ship "Lively" at 4 a.m. and attacked at 3 p.m. In spirited battle, Prescott's men twice threw back British assaults on the redoubt. When the British made a third attempt, his men were almost out of ammunition; after an initial volley, he ordered a retreat from the redoubt. He was one of the last men to leave the redoubt, parrying bayonet thrusts with his ceremonial saber. While the British successfully captured Bunker Hill, the poorly organized colonial forces inflicted significant casualties, and the British were unable to capitalize their victory. They lost 50 percent of the force (killed or wounded) commanded by General Howe. Prescott is widely seen as having played a key role in the battle, keeping the relatively poorly trained militia under his command well-disciplined.

paragraph: When the Second Continental Congress established the Continental Army it sent George Washington to take command of the forces besieging Boston. Prescott received a colonel's commission, and his unit became the 7th Continental Regiment. The regiment saw service in the 1776 defense of New York. While he appears to have given up command of the regiment after that campaign, he apparently participated in some capacity in the 1777 Saratoga campaign, for he is depicted in the painting of the "Surrender of General Burgoyne at Saratoga" by John Trumbull,

paragraph: which hangs in the U.S. Capitol Rotunda. His departure from military service may have been due to injuries sustained in an accident on his farm.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Later life.

paragraph: Prescott served in the Massachusetts General Court in later years. He also served in the militia called out in 1786 to suppress Shays' Rebellion. His brother Oliver Prescott was said to be influential in the suppression of that outbreak. William died in 1795 in Pepperell and is buried there in Walton Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Prescott's likeness was made into a statue for a memorial for the Battle of Bunker Hill.

paragraph: The former town of Prescott, Massachusetts, was named in his honor. The town was disincorporated in 1938 as part of the building of the Quabbin Reservoir, and the land now makes up Prescott Peninsula, which divides the main branches of the reservoir.

paragraph: Colonel Prescott's famous order, "Do not fire until you see the whites of their eyes," is a significant part of the Schoolhouse Rock video and song, "The Shot Heard round the World."

paragraph: In 1856, the Prescott School, named in his honor, was built on the northeasterly portion of the Bunker Hill Burying Ground in Charlestown, Massachusetts. The Prescott School later merged with the Warren School to form the Warren-Prescott School.

paragraph: Prescott's house is located in Pepperell, Massachusetts.

paragraph: Prescott appears as a character in Thomas Wm. Hamilton's science fiction novel "Time for Patriots", .

paragraph: Cambridge, Massachusetts, has a small granite monument to the place where, on the night of June 16, 1775, 1,200 Patriot men assembled and were addressed by Prescott and Harvard President Langdon, before their march to Bunker and Breed's Hills. See citation for picture of its inscription, which erroneously calls him a general. This monument is located on the lawn west of Harvard's Littauer Center, itself west of Harvard's Science Center, just outside Harvard Yard. See citation for location map.

paragraph: However, Prescott Street, two blocks from Harvard Yard in Cambridge is "not" named after Colonel William Prescott, but after his grandson, William Hickling Prescott (May 4, 1796 – January 28, 1859). This grandson became a noted historian and author, who (in a remarkable moment of historical reconciliation) married the granddaughter of Captain John Linzee, captain of HMS "Falcon", one of the British ships that fired on Bunker Hill Patriots. The city of Prescott, Arizona, is also named in honor of the scholarly grandson.

paragraph: William Prescott Elementary School, in Scranton, PA, is named in his honor. Built in 1966, their mascot is the Patriots.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Paperback: )

description: Continental army soldier

enwikiquote_title: William Prescott

wikidata_label: William Prescott

wikipedia_title: William Prescott


text: né

text: Walt Disney Animation Studios

text: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

text: The Jungle Book

text: Walt Disney

text: The Wump World

text: The Ant and the Elephant

text: Grandview

text: Indiana

text: Arsenal Technical High School

text: John Herron Art Institute

text: Los Angeles

text: Donald Duck

text: Pinocchio

text: Walt Disney

text: Fantasia

text: Dumbo

text: Sleeping Beauty

text: Justin Marks

text: 2016 live-action "Jungle Book" film

text: Jon Favreau

text: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

text: Pinocchio

text: Fantasia

text: The Pastoral Symphony

text: Dumbo

text: How to Play Football

text: The Three Caballeros

text: Tiger Trouble

text: African Diary

text: Californy'er Bust

text: A Knight for a Day

text: Song of the South

text: So Dear to My Heart

text: Cinderella

text: Wonder Dog

text: Alice in Wonderland

text: Lambert the Sheepish Lion

text: Susie the Little Blue Coupe

text: The Little House

text: Peter Pan

text: Ben and Me

text: The Wonderful World of Disney

text: The Truth About Mother Goose

text: Sleeping Beauty

text: Goliath II

text: One Hundred and One Dalmatians

text: The Sword in the Stone

text: The Jungle Book

text: Caldecott Honor Book

text: ALA Honor Book

text: Hubert's Hair-Raising Adventure

text: Goliath II

text: Huge Harold

text: Smokey

text: The Pinkish, Purplish, Bluish Egg

text: Ella

text: Randy's Dandy Lions

text: Chester the Worldly Pig

text: Kermit the Hermit

text: Capyboppy

text: Farewell to Shady Glade

text: Jennifer and Josephine

text: Buford the Little Bighorn

text: Fly Homer Fly

text: The Wump World

text: The Whingdingdilly

text: How Droofus the Dragon Lost His Head

text: The Caboose Who Got Loose

text: The Ant and the Elephant

text: Countdown to Christmas

text: The Spooky Tail of Prewitt Peacock

text: Merle the High Flying Squirrel

text: Cyrus the Unsinkable Sea Serpent

text: The Gnats of Knotty Pine

text: Big Bad Bruce

text: Eli

text: Cowardly Clyde

text: Encore for Eleanor

text: The Luckiest One of All

text: No Such Things

text: Pamela Camel

text: The Kweeks of Kookatumdee

text: Zella, Zack, and Zodiac

text: Jethro and Joel Were a Troll

text: Cock-a-Doodle Dudley

text: Bill Peet Website

categories: 1915 births,American male screenwriters,People from Spencer County, Indiana,Herron School of Art and Design alumni,American illustrators,2002 deaths,Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills),American children's writers,American storyboard artists,Animation screenwriters,Animators from Indiana,20th-century American writers,Walt Disney Animation Studios people,American male writers,American children's book illustrators

paragraph: Bill Peet

paragraph: William Bartlett "Bill" Peet ("né" Peed; January 29, 1915 – May 11, 2002) was an American children's book illustrator and a story writer and animator for Walt Disney Animation Studios.

paragraph: Peet joined Disney in 1937 and worked first on "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" (1937) near the end of its production. Progressively, his involvement in the Disney studio's animated feature films and shorts increased, and he remained there until early in the development of "The Jungle Book" (1967). A row with Walt Disney over the direction of the project led to a permanent personal break.

paragraph: Peet's subsequent career was as a writer and illustrator of numerous children's books, including "Capyboppy" (1966), "The Wump World" (1970), "The Whingdingdilly" (1970), "The Ant and the Elephant" (1972), and "Cyrus the Unsinkable Serpent" (1975).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Bill Peet was born in Grandview, Indiana, on January 29, 1915. Peet began drawing at an early age and filled tablets full of sketches. Often, instead of doing lessons, Peet would draw the margins of his textbooks—which were very popular for their added illustrations when he sold them back. Animals were always a love of Peet's. He and his friends would go traipsing through the woods looking for frogs, tadpoles, and minnows. Most of his adventures as a boy to catch animals were in the hope that he could capture them and sketch them. The young Peet would also sneak onto greeting parties at the train station as a boy just to see the train's mechanical workings. In addition, as a teen, he would try to sketch the circus big top, but he was always in the way of the set up crew. He memorized the scene and would reconstruct it from memory.

paragraph: It was about this time Peet entered into Arsenal Technical High School. At first, he had little interest in pursuing a career as an artist. However, after failing all his classes but physical education, he followed the advice of a friend and took some art classes. Peet did extremely well and experimented with a broad range of media. He eventually received a scholarship to the John Herron Art Institute in Indianapolis, where he attended for three years. In the first class, Bill found himself very interested in a girl that sat in the front row. That girl, Margaret Brunst, eventually became his wife in 1937. Peet took quite a few painting classes that first year, and he admitted his paintings were always somewhat macabre. His favorite subjects were grizzled old men, “perfected with age, like a gnarled oak tree.” Another favorite subject was the circus—but always the big tops, never the people.

paragraph: Section::::Disney.

paragraph: Following college, Peet sent off some of his cartoon action sketches after hearing that the Disney Studio was hiring artists for their animated films. He was subsequently asked to come to try-outs. He trekked across the country to Los Angeles and participated in a one-month audition process; only three of fifteen survived the period. It was at this time Disney was working on "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", and Peet began work towards the end of its production. After the success of "Snow White", he began work as an in-betweener (making up the frames between the key drawings) on the "Donald Duck" shorts. However, he found the work somewhat tedious. To bring in additional income, he sent character sketches for "Pinocchio" to the production team. Before the verdict on his designs had come back, Peet felt like he'd had enough, and went screaming out of the studio, “No more ducks!” Fortuitously, he came back the next day to pick up his jacket and found an envelope, informing him he had been promoted to the story department.

paragraph: Peet then officially began working as a sketch artist, putting the words of a story man into pictures on the film. Peet's first encounter with Walt Disney directly was at this time, when Disney reviewed the storyboards Peet had put together. Even though both his boards were eventually cut from the film, Peet continued to work on "Pinocchio" for another year and a half. After that period, Peet worked on "Fantasia" and "Dumbo". When World War II broke out, Disney halted normal production, and contributed to the war effort making propaganda films. Peet helped here as well but received his big break after the war was over. His work was so impressive to Walt that he made him a fully fledged story man who also handled the sketching end of character design.

paragraph: Peet started to paint again at this time, but soon found he had lost touch with the brush. Fine art had changed dramatically during the years Peet had been at Disney; abstractionism was in vogue and Peet's realistic paintings were out of date. He attempted editorial cartoons but failed there as well. Peet decided to continue working at Disney, where he developed a few short cartoons and worked on the feature films of the period. At this point, he was working very closely with Walt Disney; Peet respected Disney's creative genius but found him to be a sometimes difficult man. A large part of his autobiography is dedicated to his dealings with Disney over the years. Peet described the Disney studio as a "brutal" place, rife with rivalries and jealousy. After successes developing short stories for the company, Peet had his first book published, "Hubert’s Hair-Raising Adventure".

paragraph: Although Walt Disney himself was not doing any animation by this time, he was in charge of the major decisions on the artistic side. He reviewed all the work and gave it the final go-ahead. As they were both strong-willed and passionately creative men, Peet and Disney quarreled frequently about parts in the films such as the dancing/romance scene in "Sleeping Beauty". Peet left the company on January 29, 1964, which was his 49th birthday, following an especially heated argument with Walt on "The Jungle Book".

paragraph: Section::::Children's books.

paragraph: Post-Disney, Peet turned his attention to writing and illustrating children's books. Peet developed many of his ideas from bedtime stories he had told his children. Much of the success Peet's stories have enjoyed is due to the memorable themes they contain: trying when there's not much obvious hope, not allowing taunting of others to prevent individual success, finding compromise in solutions and others. Unlike most other children's authors, Peet did not dumb down the vocabulary of his stories but included enough context to make the meaning of difficult words obvious. All of his books published by Houghton Mifflin Company remain actively in print.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Peet died on May 11, 2002, at the age of 87. His interment was at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills).

paragraph: Justin Marks, who wrote the screenplay for Disney’s 2016 live-action "Jungle Book" film directed by Jon Favreau, had commented that he plans to incorporate elements from Peet’s rejected screenplay of the original animated classic into the former film’s upcoming sequel:

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" (1937) (inbetweener) (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pinocchio" (1940) (story adaptation) (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fantasia" (1940) (story development) ("The Pastoral Symphony" segment)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dumbo" (1941) (story development)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "How to Play Football" (1944) (story) (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Three Caballeros" (1944) (story) (as Bill Peed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tiger Trouble" (1945) (story) (as Bill Peed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "African Diary" (1945) (story) (as Bill Peed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Californy'er Bust" (1945) (story) (as Bill Peed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Knight for a Day" (1946) (story) (as Bill Peed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Song of the South" (1946) (cartoon story, animation planner) (as William Peed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "So Dear to My Heart" (1948) (cartoon story treatment) (as William Peed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cinderella" (1950) (story) (as William Peed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wonder Dog" (1950) (story) (as Bill Peed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alice in Wonderland" (1951) (story)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lambert the Sheepish Lion" (1952) (story)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Susie the Little Blue Coupe" (1952) (original story, story adaptation)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Little House" (1952) (story adaptation)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Peter Pan" (1953) (story)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ben and Me" (1953) (story)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wonderful World of Disney" (1954–1970, fourteen episodes) (writer, story, cartoon story treatment)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Truth About Mother Goose" (1957) (story)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sleeping Beauty" (1959) (additional story)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Goliath II" (1960) (story)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "One Hundred and One Dalmatians" (1961) (story, character stylist)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Sword in the Stone" (1963) (story, character design)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Jungle Book" (1967) (early story treatment) (uncredited)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Caldecott Honor Book and ALA Honor Book.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hubert's Hair-Raising Adventure" (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Goliath II" (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Huge Harold" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Smokey" (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Pinkish, Purplish, Bluish Egg" (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ella" (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Randy's Dandy Lions" (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chester the Worldly Pig" (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kermit the Hermit" (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Capyboppy" (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Farewell to Shady Glade" (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jennifer and Josephine" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Buford the Little Bighorn" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fly Homer Fly" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wump World" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Whingdingdilly" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "How Droofus the Dragon Lost His Head" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Caboose Who Got Loose" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Ant and the Elephant" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Countdown to Christmas" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Spooky Tail of Prewitt Peacock" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Merle the High Flying Squirrel" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cyrus the Unsinkable Sea Serpent" (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Gnats of Knotty Pine" (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Big Bad Bruce" (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eli" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cowardly Clyde" (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Encore for Eleanor" (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Luckiest One of All" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No Such Things" (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pamela Camel" (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Kweeks of Kookatumdee" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zella, Zack, and Zodiac" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jethro and Joel Were a Troll" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cock-a-Doodle Dudley" (1990)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bill Peet Website

alias:
William Bartlett Peed
William Peet
Bill Peed
William Bartlett Peet

description: American artist and writer

wikidata_label: Bill Peet

wikipedia_title: Bill Peet


text: Dutch Golden Age

text: Savery

text: Roelant Savery

text: Rembrandt

text: Hercules Seghers

text: Rembrandt

text: Gerbrant van den Eekhout

text: Geertruydt

text: Claes Jansz Visscher

text: Jan Griffier

text: Pieter Wouwerman

text: Works and literature

categories: Dutch engravers,Dutch male painters,1692 deaths,Dutch Golden Age painters,1627 births

paragraph: Roelant Roghman

paragraph: Roelant Roghman (14 March 1627 - 3 January 1692) was a Dutch Golden Age painter, sketcher and engraver.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Roghman was born in Amsterdam, the son of the engraver Henrick Lambertsz Roghman and Maria Jacobs Savery. His mother was a daughter of the Savery family, and Roghman became a student of his namesake and great-uncle, Roelant Savery. According to Houbraken, he only had one eye, but painted in a rough and ready way, that perhaps was the result of his eyesight. He specialized in landscapes, and in later life became a history buff, working on several prints of old castle ruins and defunct family estates based on drawings he made during travels in his youth. He was a follower of Rembrandt and Hercules Seghers. Houbraken claimed that in his youth he had been a friend of Rembrandt and Gerbrant van den Eekhout.

paragraph: Roghman worked on one of his print series with his sister Geertruydt in (ca. 1645-1648), under the title "Plaisante Landschappen" (pleasant landscapes) by the printer Claes Jansz Visscher. His other sister Magdalena was also an engraver. Their landscape series of more than 200 prints, showing mostly castles and landed estates in the Dutch provinces of North Holland and Utrecht, were very popular. He never married, and died a resident of the old men's almshouse in Amsterdam.

paragraph: Aside from his sisters, he was the teacher of Jan Griffier and Pieter Wouwerman.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- North-Holland archives with online images by Roghman

paragraph: BULLET::::- Utrecht archives with online images by Roghman

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works and literature at PubHist

alias:
Roeland Rogmann
Roeland Rogman
Roeland Roghman
Roelant Rochman
Roelant Royman
Roelant Roghmau
Roelant Rogman
Roland Roughman
Rogoman
Rogeman
Rochman
R. Roghmann
R. Rogman
Roghman
Rogmens
Roeland Roghmann
Roland Roghman
R. Roghrnau
Roggemans
Roghmau
Rochmann
Rolandt Rogman
Rogmann
élève de Rembrand Roch Mance
R. Roghman
Rogmans
Royman
Roelant Roghmann
Rogmaan
Rogman
Rolant Kogkman
Roelant Rochmann

description: painter and engraver from the Northern Netherlands

wikidata_label: Roelant Roghman

wikipedia_title: Roelant Roghman


href: Greek%20mythology Partheniae Taranto ephor Antiochus%20of%20Syracuse FGrH FGrH

text:
Greek mythology
Partheniae
Taranto
ephor
Antiochus of Syracuse
FGrH
FGrH

categories: Laconian mythology,Greek mythological heroes,Ancient Tarantines

paragraph: Phalanthus of Tarentum

paragraph: In Greek mythology, Phalanthos (Φάλανθος) is a divine hero, the leader of the Spartan Partheniae and the founder of Taranto. He is said to have been condemned to death by the ephors.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pausanias, Travels (X, 10, 6-8 ; X, 13, 10).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strabo, Geography (VI, 3, 2-3) =

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antiochus of Syracuse ("FGrH" 555F13) ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ephorus of Cumae ("FGrH" 70F216).

paragraph: Section::::Sources.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean Bérard, "La colonisation grecque de l'Italie méridionale et de la Sicile dans l'Antiquité. L'histoire et la légende", Paris, 1957, pp.162-175.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marinella Corsano, « Sparte et Tarente : le mythe de fondation d'une colonie », in "Revue de l'histoire des religions" 196, 2, 1979, pp.113-140.

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. Maddoli, "Falanto spartiata", in "Mélange de l'École française de Rome" 95, 1983, pp.555-564.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Domenico Musti, "Strabone e la Magna Grecia", Padoue, 1988, pp.151-172.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irad Malkin, "Myth and Territory in the Spartan Mediterranean", Cambridge, 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- Claudia Antonetti, "Phalanthos “entre Corinthe et Sycione”", in "Dialogues d'histoire ancienne" 22/1, 1996, pp.65-78

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jonathan M. Hall, "A History of the Archaic Greek World, ca. 1200-479 BCE", Blackwell, 2007, , p111-114

wikidata_label: Phalanthus of Tarentum

wikipedia_title: Phalanthus of Tarentum


text:
Harari
Somali
Horn of Africa
Harar
Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
Muslim
Christian
Ethiopia
Ethiopian Highlands
Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
Bati del Wambara
defensive wall
Jihad
Bale
Hadiya
Fatagar
Galawdewos
Gibe
Kaffa
Oromo
famine
typhus

categories: Emirs of Harar,1567 deaths,People of the Adal Sultanate,16th-century monarchs in Africa

paragraph: Nur ibn Mujahid

paragraph: Nur ibn Mujahid ibn ‘Ali ibn ‘Abdullah al Dhuhi Suha (Harari አሚር ኑር, Somali: Nuur ibn Mujaahid, Arabic: نور بن مجاهد السمروني) (literally, "Light"; died 1567). Was a Somali ruler (emir) from the Marehan clan who ruled parts of the Horn of Africa, he was the primary reason for the construction of the five-gated wall that surrounds the city of Harar. He was known for marrying the widow of his uncle Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (also known as Ahmed Gurey and Ahmad Gragn), he also succeeded Imam Ahmad as leader of the Muslim forces fighting Christian Ethiopia.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Considered a saint from Harar, Mujahid was called the "Sahib al-Fath al-Thani", or "Master of the Second Conquest". When Imam Ahmad, who had led the Muslim conquest of the Ethiopian Highlands, was killed in 1543, the Muslim forces fell back in confusion to Harar. Nur, the dead leader’s sister’s son, married Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi's firebrand widow, Bati del Wambara, and undertook to renew the fortunes of the Muslim city, which had been sacked in 1550. Promoted to Emir around 1550-51, he spent the next two years reorganizing his forces, and constructing the defensive wall which still surrounds the city.

paragraph: In 1554-55, Nur departed on a Jihad in the eastern Ethiopian lowlands of Bale, and Hadiya. In 1559, he invaded Fatagar, where he fought against the Ethiopian emperor Galawdewos, and killed him in battle. Nur continued fighting for 12 years until, according to legend, at Gibe he said "Kaffa!", or "Enough!", and returned to Harar. Some believe the province is called Kaffa for this reason.

paragraph: During Nur’s absence, Harar witnessed internal power struggles, and the unlucky city was disturbed by encroaching Oromo clans. It was at this time that the walls of Harar were built; tradition attributes them to Nur ibn Mujahid with the help of two chiefs, Ahu Abadir and Ahu 'Ali. By 1567, repeated Oromo raids had brought famine to the city. Nur left the city for three months on a punitive raid against the invaders. On his return he found an epidemic afflicting Harar, and he himself died of typhus that year.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Contemporaries described Nur as a man of noble conduct, who was just, strong, and highly principled. Besides the wall which protected the city's inhabitants from invaders over the following centuries, he was noted for a number of buildings he erected in Harar. His tomb stands on a hill surrounded by houses and courtyards, and is a popular place of pilgrimage in Harar.

description: sultan

wikidata_label: Nur ibn Mujahid

wikipedia_title: Nur ibn Mujahid


text:
Knight of the Garter
Battle of Flodden
Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby
Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury
Richard, Duke of Gloucester
capture of Berwick upon Tweed
Henry of Richmond
battle of Bosworth
High Sheriff of Lancashire
Langley
knight of the body
Lonsdale
Westmoreland
Yorkshire
commissioner of array
battle of Flodden
Earl of Surrey
James IV of Scotland
Walter Scott
Marmion
Thomas Ruthall
bishop of Durham
Sir Thomas Lovell
Field of the Cloth of Gold
Hornby, Lancashire
Hornby Castle
Tretower
Brecknockshire
John Grey, 8th Baron Grey de Wilton
Thomas Stanley, 2nd Baron Monteagle
William Stanley, 3rd Baron Monteagle
Edward Parker, 12th Baron Morley
William Parker

categories: 1460 births,Barons in the Peerage of England,16th-century English soldiers,English soldiers,Knights of the Garter,1523 deaths,Stanley family,15th-century English people,High Sheriffs of Lancashire,15th-century soldiers,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Edward Stanley, 1st Baron Monteagle

paragraph: Edward Stanley, 1st Baron Monteagle (1460?–1523) was an English soldier who became a peer and Knight of the Garter. He is known for his deeds at the Battle of Flodden.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born about 1460, he was fifth son of Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby, by his first wife Eleanor, daughter of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury. He was knighted during the reign of Edward IV by Richard, Duke of Gloucester on 24 August 1482 at the capture of Berwick upon Tweed. On 17 April 1483 he was one of the pall-bearers at Edward IV's funeral. His father's marriage with Henry of Richmond's mother and services at the battle of Bosworth gained Henry's favour for the family, when he became King Henry VII.

paragraph: Edward became High Sheriff of Lancashire for life in the autumn of 1485; on 15 October he was directed to provide against Scottish attacks, and on 1 December he was granted the office of keeper of New Park, Langley; he also became knight of the body to the king. On 4 March 1488–9 he was granted the manors of Farleton in Lonsdale, Farleton in Westmoreland, and Brierley in Yorkshire.

paragraph: In 1511 he served as commissioner of array in Yorkshire and Westmoreland, and in 1513 was prominent in the battle of Flodden. Edward was paid £4220 for bringing his retinue and their wages during the Flodden campaign. Popular ballads represent the English army as begging the Earl of Surrey to put Stanley in command of the van; Surrey, out of jealousy, placed him in the rear, where nevertheless he distinguished himself, forcing the Scots to evacuate their position of vantage on the hill, and killing James IV of Scotland with his own hand (his name occurs in a line of Walter Scott's "Marmion": ‘Charge, Chester, charge—on, Stanley, on’). These details receive no confirmation from the official version; but Thomas Ruthall, bishop of Durham, reported that Stanley behaved well, and recommended his elevation to the peerage for his services. On 8 May 1514 he was installed Knight of the Garter.

paragraph: Six days later he is said to have landed at Calais with Sir Thomas Lovell, and fought the French. On 23 November 1514 he was summoned to the House of Lords as Baron Monteagle. He was present at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in June 1520. He died on 6 April 1523, and was buried at Hornby, Lancashire where the family owned Hornby Castle. There he had set up a religious foundation in commemoration of his success at Flodden.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Monteagle firstly married Anne Harrington, daughter of Sir John Harrington, by whom he had no issue

paragraph: He married secondly, Elizabeth Vaughan, daughter of Sir Thomas Vaughan of Tretower, Brecknockshire, and widow of John Grey, 8th Baron Grey de Wilton, by whom he had:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Stanley, 2nd Baron Monteagle, who succeeded to the peerage and died in 1560

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Stanley, 3rd Baron Monteagle, died without male issue in 1581, leaving a daughter Elizabeth who married Edward Parker, 12th Baron Morley, and was the mother of William Parker, who succeeded as 4th Baron Monteagle and 13th Baron Morley.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: English nobleman

wikidata_label: Edward Stanley, 1st Baron Monteagle

wikipedia_title: Edward Stanley, 1st Baron Monteagle


text: Siguiri

text: Camp Boiro

text: Guinea

text: Liberté

text: national anthem

text: École normale supérieure William Ponty

text: Les Ballets Africains

text: Léopold Sédar Senghor

text: Mandé

text: Poèmes africains

text: Le Maître d'école

text: French Africa

text: African Democratic Rally

text: Sékou Touré

categories: Executed Guinean people,Guinean dancers,Guinean politicians,20th-century dramatists and playwrights,Male composers,Male novelists,People executed by Guinea by firearm,20th-century male writers,Guinean composers,Choreographers,People from Siguiri,Male poets,20th-century novelists,Guinean novelists,20th-century poets,1969 deaths,Guinean dramatists and playwrights,Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,1921 births,National anthem writers,Guinean male writers,Guinean poets,20th-century composers,Male dramatists and playwrights

paragraph: Fodéba Keïta

paragraph: Fodéba Keïta (January 19, 1921 in Siguiri – May 27, 1969 at Camp Boiro) was a Guinean dancer, musician, writer, playwright, composer and politician. Founder of the first professional African theatrical troupe, Theatre Africain, he also arranged "Liberté", the national anthem of Guinea.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Keïta was the son of a male nurse. He received his early education at the École normale supérieure William Ponty.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: During his law studies in Paris in 1948, he founded the band Sud Jazz. Beginning in the late 1940s, he founded Théâtre Africain (later Les Ballets Africains), a successful ballet group which toured Africa for six years and later became the national dance company of Guinea; then president of Senegal Léopold Sédar Senghor held it in high esteem. With Kanté Facély and Les Ballets Africains, he became instrumental in showcasing previously unknown Mandé performance traditions to other continents as well.

paragraph: After returning to Guinea, he published the poetry collection "Poèmes africains" (1950), the novel "Le Maître d'école" (1952), and in 1957, Keïta wrote and staged the narrative poem "Aube africaine" ("African Dawn") as a theatre-ballet based on the shooting by French troops of protesting Africans who had served in the French army during World War II. However, his works were banned in French Africa as he was considered radical and anticolonial.

paragraph: Politically active in the African Democratic Rally, Keïta worked closely with Guinea's first president Sékou Touré from 1956, and in 1957 was elected to the Territorial Assembly. In 1961, Keïta was appointed minister for defense and security. He uncovered alleged plots against Sékou Touré, but was imprisoned in the infamous Camp Boiro, a prison he himself helped construct, for alleged complicity in the February 1969 Labé Plot, and was subjected to torture ("diète noire" – complete food and fluid withdrawal).

paragraph: On May 27, 1969, he was shot dead without trial.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Works cited

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iffono, Aly Gilbert: "Lexique historique de la Guinée-Conakry", l'Harmattan, Paris, 1992.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary at the Camp Boiro memorial website

description: Guinean entertainer and politician

wikidata_label: Fodéba Keita

wikipedia_title: Fodéba Keïta


text:
arena football
placekicker
Utah Blaze
Jacksonville Sharks
Spokane Empire
2010 Fiesta Bowl
Nevada Wolf Pack
Chris Petersen
Chris Ault
Facebook
Utah Blaze
Arena Football League
Pittsburgh Power
Jacksonville Sharks
Spokane Empire
Boise State Bio
Utah Blaze Bio

categories: People from Meridian, Idaho,American football placekickers,1986 births,Utah Blaze players,Boise State Broncos football players,Players of American football from Idaho,Jacksonville Sharks players,Living people

paragraph: Kyle Brotzman

paragraph: Kyle Brotzman (born October 3, 1986) is a arena football placekicker who is currently a free agent. He has also been a member of the Utah Blaze, Jacksonville Sharks and Spokane Empire.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: He played for the Boise State Broncos. A former walk-on, he became the Broncos' starting kicker and punter.

paragraph: He garnered second-team All-WAC honors in 2007 and was Boise State's co-Special Teams Player of the Year in 2008. In the 2010 Fiesta Bowl, Brotzman threw a fourth-down pass out of punt formation that led to the Broncos' winning touchdown.

paragraph: Brotzman gained national media attention when he missed two late-game field goals in the November 26, 2010 game versus the Nevada Wolf Pack. The first one, a 26-yarder at the end of regulation, would have sealed a victory for the Broncos as time ran out. The second failed attempt would have put the Broncos ahead in overtime, and was a 29-yard try. Nevada went on to win the game 34-31, dealing Boise State its first defeat of the 2010 season. Boise State coach Chris Petersen refused to directly blame the loss on Brotzman, stating that "one play can win a game but one play can't lose it. There's a lot of plays to be made that we didn't make for whatever reason." Meanwhile, Nevada's coach, Chris Ault characterized his win as the greatest in the program's history. After the game, over 45,000 Broncos fans showed their support for Brotzman on Facebook. However, he was also the recipient of death threats and hate-mail from angered Boise State fans. He graduated with the record for the most points in NCAA history by a Division I kicker.*

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: On June 15, 2011, he signed with the Utah Blaze of the Arena Football League. He debuted in Utah Blaze's 81-40 victory over the Pittsburgh Power.

paragraph: On November 12, 2015, Brotzman was assigned to the Jacksonville Sharks. On March 10, 2016, Brotzman was placed on reassignment.

paragraph: Brotzman was signed by the Spokane Empire on April 7, 2016. He was released on April 12, 2016. On March 10, 2017, Brotzman once again signed with the Empire. He was released on March 15, 2017.

paragraph: April 4, 2019 The IDAHO HORSEMEN SIGN FORMER BRONCO KYLE BROTZMAN as kicker.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boise State Bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Utah Blaze Bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Kyle Brotzman

wikipedia_title: Kyle Brotzman


text:
Eric IV of Denmark
Jutta of Saxony
Queen Sophia of Sweden
Queen Ingeborg of Norway
Agnes
Valdemar, King of Sweden
St. Agnes' Priory, Roskilde
Sweden
Rome
Eric V of Denmark
Eric Longbone, Lord of Langeland

categories: Danish princesses,Mistresses of Swedish royalty,1280s deaths,1246 births,13th-century Swedish people,1290s deaths,House of Estridsen,13th-century Danish people,13th-century Danish women

paragraph: Jutta of Denmark

paragraph: Jutta of Denmark also known as "Judith" (1246-1286/95) was a daughter of Eric IV of Denmark and his wife Jutta of Saxony. She was a younger sister of Queen Sophia of Sweden, and Queen Ingeborg of Norway, as well as an older sister of Agnes. Jutta was also mistress for a brief period of time to her brother-in-law Valdemar, King of Sweden. Jutta was a member of the House of Estridsen.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: In 1250, when Jutta was around four years old, her father was murdered. Her mother remarried to Burgrave Burchard VIII of Magdeburg. Her two eldest sisters Sophia and Ingeborg were soon married off, while Jutta and her sister Agnes were placed in St. Agnes' Priory, Roskilde. Neither Jutta or Agnes could find pleasure in the tough and lonely monastic life.

paragraph: In 1269, her sister queen Sophia of Sweden stopped at their father's grave in Denmark on a visit to her sisters, Agnes and Jutta in Roskilde. In 1272, Jutta journeyed to Sweden where she became the mistress to her brother-in-law, Valdemar. The affair resulted in a child who was born in 1273. The boy was named Erik although, some dispute this. The following year, Jutta was again placed in the convent of St. Agneta, and Valdemar was forced to make a pilgrimage to Rome to ask for the Pope's absolution. According to legend, Queen Sophia said: "I will never recover from this sorrow. Curse the day my sister saw the kingdom of Sweden" Sophia and Valdemar later separated.

paragraph: Jutta remained in the convent for the rest of her life. Eric V of Denmark (Jutta's cousin) denied Jutta and Agnes their rightful inheritance from their father; this, however, was settled in 1284 when the sisters received their inheritance. Judith died sometime between 1286 and 1295. Around the same time, Agnes supposedly married her cousin Eric Longbone, Lord of Langeland. Sophia died in 1286.

description: member of the House of Estridsen

wikidata_label: Jutta of Denmark

wikipedia_title: Jutta of Denmark