text:
Shatuo
Later Han
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
Northern Han
Emperor Zhaozong of Tang
Taiyuan
Shatuo
Tang
Li Keyong
Liu Chong
Murong Yanchao
Li Siyuan
Zhu Quanzhong
Kaifeng
Henan
Emperor Ai
Later Liang
Jin
Li Cunxu
Puyang
Henan
Yellow River
Shi Jingtang
Later Tang
Li Conghou
Zhu Hongzhao
Feng Yun
Li Congke
Baoji
Shaanxi
Shijiazhuang
Hebei
Fan Yanguang
Handan
Hebei
Wang Sitong
Luoyang
Empress Dowager Cao
Xinzhou
Shanxi
Khitan
Tai'an
Shandong
Zhao Ying
Sang Weihan
Emperor Taizong
Beijing
Yanmen Pass
Zhang Jingda
Later Jin
Luoyang
Yang Guangyuan
Sanmenxia
Henan
Changzhi
Shanxi
Han Chinese
Kaifeng
Du Chongwei
Anyang
Henan
Xuchang
Henan
Shangqiu
Henan
He Ning
An Chongrong
Feng Dao
Li Song
An Congjin
Xiangyang
Hubei
Tuyuhun
Guo Wei
Lüliang
Shanxi
Datong
Shanxi
Shi Chonggui
Jing Yanguang
Weifang
Shandong
naming taboo
Baoding
Hebei
Xingtai
Hebei
Puyang
Henan
Feng Yu
Li Song
Shiyan
Hubei
Li Shouzhen
Baoding
Hebei
Pingliang
Gansu
Tianshui
Gansu
Later Shu
Wang Jun
Changzhi
Shanxi
Gao Conghui
Jingnan
Yang Bin
Later Han
era name
Empress Dowager Shulü
Xiao Han
Yelü Ruan
Zhao Yanshou
Empress Li
Shi Hongzhao
Li Congyi
Consort Dowager Wang
Gao Xingzhou
Song
Sima Guang
Zizhi Tongjian
Xi'an
Shaanxi
Wang Jingchong
Chengdu
Ganzhou Huigu
Dangxiang
Dingnan Circuit
Chang'an
Liu Chengyou
Su Fengji
Empress Li
Liu Chengyou
Guo Wei
Liu Yun
Liu Chong
Guo Wei
Old History of the Five Dynasties
New History of the Five Dynasties
Zizhi Tongjian

categories: 948 deaths,Later Jin (Five Dynasties) jiedushi of Zhongwu Circuit,895 births,Later Jin (Five Dynasties) jiedushi of Baoyi Circuit,Later Jin (Five Dynasties) jiedushi of Guide Circuit,Later Han (Five Dynasties) emperors,Later Tang people,Later Jin (Five Dynasties) jiedushi of Hedong Circuit,Generals from Shanxi,Liao dynasty jiedushi of Hedong Circuit,Politicians from Taiyuan

paragraph: Liu Zhiyuan

paragraph: Liu Zhiyuan (劉知遠) (March 4, 895 – March 10, 948), later changed to Liu Gao (劉暠), formally Emperor Gaozu of (Later) Han ((後)漢高祖), was the ethnically-Shatuo founder of the Later Han, the fourth of the Five Dynasties in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of Chinese history. It, if the subsequent Northern Han is not considered part of its history, was also one of the shortest-lived states in Chinese history, lasting only three years.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Liu Zhiyuan was born in 895, during the reign of Emperor Zhaozong of Tang, at Taiyuan. His ancestors were of Shatuo extraction. His father Liu Dian (劉琠) served as an officer under the major late-Tang warlord Li Keyong the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered at Taiyuan). His mother was a Lady An, likely Liu Dian's wife. He had at least one other brother of the same father (and possibly of the same mother), Liu Chong. Lady An — likely after Liu Dian's death — bore a son to a man with the surname of Murong. This half-brother of Liu Zhiyuan's was named Murong Yanchao. Liu Zhiyuan was said to be serious in his disposition as a young man. He became a guard soldier for Li Keyong's adoptive son Li Siyuan.

paragraph: Section::::During Jin and Later Tang.

paragraph: In 907, Li Keyong's rival Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan), who then had the Tang imperial court under his control, seized the throne from Emperor Zhaozong's son and successor Emperor Ai, ending Tang and starting a new dynasty known as Later Liang. Li Keyong and several other warlords refused to recognize him as the new emperor, and Li Keyong, from that on, became effectively the ruler of an independent state of Jin, which, under him and his son and successor Li Cunxu, engaged in numerous wars with Later Liang. In 919, there was a battle at Desheng (德勝, in modern Puyang, Henan), a fortress on the Yellow River that Li Cunxu was trying to enlarge. During the battle, Li Siyuan's son-in-law Shi Jingtang, who served as one of the commanders under him, was stricken by a Later Liang soldier, and his horse's armor was broken. Liu Zhiyuan, who was near Shi at that time, gave Shi his own armored horse, while taking Shi's horse and moving gradually, such that the Later Liang soldiers in pursuit believed that he was leading them into a trap, and broke off the pursuit. From this point on, he became close to Shi.

paragraph: By 932 — at which point Jin had destroyed Later Liang and taken over its territory as a new state of Later Tang, and Li Siyuan was its emperor — Shi was made the military governor of Hedong. He made Liu and Zhou Gui (周瓌) the commanders of his guards, entrusting military matters to Liu and financial matters to Zhou.

paragraph: In 934, by which time Li Siyuan's biological son Li Conghou was emperor, Li Conghou's chiefs of staff Zhu Hongzhao and Feng Yun, suspicious of both Shi and Li Siyuan's adoptive son Li Congke, then the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), decided to move them to other circuits. They issued a number of orders, moving Li Congke from Fengxiang to Hedong, Shi from Hedong to Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei), and Chengde's military governor Fan Yanguang to Tianxiong Circuit (天雄, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei). Li Congke, fearful of what the consequences might be if he gave up his military command, rebelled. He defeated the first army Li Conghou sent against him, commanded by Wang Sitong, and a second army that Li Conghou sent against him, commanded by Kang Yicheng (康義誠), defected and submitted to him. Li Conghou fled the capital Luoyang and headed north, while Shi, hearing of Li Congke's rebellion, was heading toward Luoyang himself, with the intent of bolstering Li Conghou. They encountered each other near Wei Prefecture (衛州, in modern Puyang). Li Conghou was initially pleased at Shi's arrival, but Shi, realizing that it would be difficult to defeat Li Congke at this point, changed his mind and refused to support Li Conghou. Angry at Shi's betrayal, Li Conghou's guards She Shourong (沙守榮) and Ben Hongjin (奔洪進) rebuked Shi and tried to attack him, resulting in a melee in which Sha and Shi's guard Chen Hui (陳暉) killed each other, and Ben committed suicide. Hearing of the melee, Liu led Shi's guard soldiers in and slaughtered all of Li Conghou's guards. Shi then departed for Luoyang to pay allegiance to Li Congke, while leaving Li Conghou, by himself, at Wei. (Li Congke subsequently declared himself emperor, and ordered Li Conghou's death.) While Li Congke had long disliked and was apprehensive of Shi, he, at the urging of Shi's wife (his sister) the Princess of Wei, and the princess' mother Empress Dowager Cao, returned Shi to Hedong.

paragraph: In 935, there was an incident where Shi, then with the Hedong army at Xin Prefecture (忻州, in modern Xinzhou, Shanxi) to defend against a potential Khitan incursion, was present with an imperial messenger, who was delivering Li Congke's edict issuing the soldiers summer clothing. As the messenger read the edict, the soldiers instead were chanting, "May you live 10,000 years!" at Shi — a blessing that should have been reserved to the emperor. Shi, in fear that he would be seen as contending to the throne, considered what to do. At the urging of the staff member Duan Xiyao (段希堯), Shi had Liu arrest 36 of the leading chanters and execute them. Still, these executions did not calm Li Congke's apprehension of Shi.

paragraph: In 936, believing that Shi might rebel anyway and that he should catch Shi unprepared, Li Congke issued an edict moving Shi from Hedong to Tianping Circuit (天平, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong) and making the imperial guard general Song Shenqian (宋審虔) the military governor of Hedong. Fearful of the consequences, Shi summoned his key officers and sought their advice. Zhao Ying recommended that he report to Tianping. Xue Rong (薛融) was noncommittal. Liu recommended resistance, a recommendation that joined by Sang Weihan, who further suggested that he seek aid from Khitan's Emperor Taizong. Shi agreed, and had Sang draft a petition for him in which he offered to submit to Emperor Taizong as subject and son and to cede Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing) and Hedong's prefectures north of the Yanmen Pass to Khitan. Liu argued against the contents of the petition, finding it too humiliating to submit as a "son" in addition to be subject, and also finding the cession to be unnecessary, but Shi did not listen to him.

paragraph: When the Later Tang army, commanded by Zhang Jingda, subsequently arrived at Taiyuan, it put Taiyuan under siege. Shi put Liu in charge of Taiyuan's defenses. It was said that Liu carried out discipline fairly and treated the soldiers equally, such that none resented it and all stayed loyal to Shi. When Shi climbed up the city walls to review its defenses, Liu stated to him, "I see that Zhang Jingda and his ilk built tall fortresses and deep trenches, hoping to make the siege last a long time. They have no other special tactics for us to worry about. May you, Lord, send out messengers to try to manage the external relations. Defending this city is easy, and I, Liu Zhiyuan, can do it myself." Shi held his hand and caressed his back, greatly appreciating him.

paragraph: Later in the year, Emperor Taizong arrived with a Khitan relief army, which engaged the Later Tang army. Shi sent Liu to aid the Khitan army in the engagement, in which the joint Khitan/Hedong forces eventually routed the Later Tang army, killing many. The remnants of the Later Tang army withdrew to Jin'an Base (晉安寨), near Taiyuan, and the Khitan and Hedong armies then had Jin'an surrounded. Under Liu's suggestion, Shi slaughtered the 1,000 Later Tang soldiers that the Hedong army captured.

paragraph: Section::::During Later Jin.

paragraph: Section::::During Later Jin.:During Shi Jingtang's reign.

paragraph: In winter 936, Emperor Taizong declared Shi Jingtang the emperor of a new state of Later Jin. As part of Shi's orders establishing an imperial administration, Liu Zhiyuan was made the commander of his guards. Subsequently, after the Later Tang army at Jin'an finally capitulated, and the joint Khitan/Later Jin forces prepared to head south toward the Later Tang capital Luoyang, the former Later Tang general Yang Guangyuan (who had assassinated Zhang Jingda and surrendered) was made the commander of the imperial guards, and Liu made the discipline officer of the guards, but was also given the military governorship of Baoyi Circuit (保義, headquartered in modern Sanmenxia, Henan). Eventually, when the joint army reached Lu Prefecture (潞州, in modern Changzhi, Shanxi), Emperor Taizong decided to head back to Liao with his Khitan army to avoid the Han Chinese from being shocked by the presence of Khitans. As he prepared to leave, he stated to Shi, "Liu Zhiyuan, Zhao Ying, and Sang Weihan are all great contributors to your establishment of the empire. Do not abandon them unless they had major faults."

paragraph: As Shi headed for Luoyang, Li Congke, finding defeat inevitable, committed suicide by immolation with his family and officers closed to him. Shi subsequently entered Luoyang. As part of his initial preparations, he put Liu in charge of the city. It was said that Liu was effective in making sure that the Han soldiers were all properly housed in their camps and that the Khitan support soldiers that Emperor Taizong left for Shi were housed at a temple, with neither the Han nor the Khitan pillaging the people. Within a few days, the city was back in order.

paragraph: In 937, Fan Yanguang, who had initially submitted to Shi, rebelled at Tianxiong. Soon, the general Zhang Congbin (張從賓) also rebelled near Luoyang and seized control of the city. Shi, who had made Kaifeng his capital, sent Yang to lead the army against Fan and Shi's brother-in-law Du Chongwei against Zhang. At that time, it was said that because of these rebellions (as well as a suppressed mutiny at Hua Prefecture (滑州, in modern Anyang, Henan), the people of the new Later Jin state were in great shock. When Shi asked Liu for his opinions on what to do, Liu responded:

paragraph: Liu subsequently imposed strict discipline on the soldiers, such that the imperial guard soldiers did not dare to violate his regulations. Subsequently, Zhang was defeated in battle and died in flight, while Fan surrendered. In fall 937, Liu's military governorship was moved to Zhongwu Circuit (忠武, headquartered in modern Xuchang, Henan), and he remained the discipline officer of the imperial guards. In winter 938, he was made the commander of the imperial guards, after Yang was made the military governor of Tianxiong. His military governorship was shortly after moved to Guide Circuit (歸德, headquartered in modern Shangqiu, Henan). When, subsequently, Shi bestowed — in the same edict — honorary chancellorships (with the title of "Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi" (同中書門下平章事) on both him and Du, Liu felt insulted that he was named in the same edict as Du, whom he considered to be lacking in achievement and receiving honors only because of his marital relationship with Shi. He therefore initially declined. Knowing that Liu felt insulted, Shi was angered, and considered relieving Liu of his military command. Zhao, however, pointed out Liu's great contribution in defending Taiyuan, urged against Shi's doing so. Shi thereafter had the imperial scholar He Ning visit Liu to deliver the edict again. Liu, realizing the seriousness of the situation, this time accepted with humility.

paragraph: In 940, Liu was made the defender of Yedu (鄴都, i.e., formerly Tianxiong's capital Wei Prefecture (魏州)). In 941, with Shi being apprehensive that An Chongrong the military governor of Chengde, who continuously made an issue of Shi's alliance with Khitan (now known as Liao) would rebel, Liu was moved to Hedong to serve as its military governor. Du, who was Liu's deputy as the commander of the imperial guards at that point, was made the commander of the imperial guards. As this change came at the endorsement of the chancellors Feng Dao and Li Song, Liu became resentful of them.

paragraph: In late 941, as An Chongrong prepared to rebel (in alliance with An Congjin the military governor of Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangyang, Hubei)), he declared to nearby circuits that he had the support of Tuyuhun, Dada (達韃), and Qibi (契苾) tribes. In order to divert the Tuyuhun support from An Chongrong, Liu sent his close associate Guo Wei to meet with the Tuyuhun chieftain Bai Chengfu (白承福), offering to give his people good grazing land (as their prior grazing land, in the northern part of Hedong, had been ceded to Liao) and pointing out that An Chongrong's rebellion was not likely to succeed. Bai was enticed, and left An Chongrong to submit to Liu. Liu settled Bai's Tuyuhun people between Taiyuan and Lan (嵐州) and Shi (石州) Prefectures (both in modern Lüliang, Shanxi), took Bai's elite soldiers under his own command, and endorsed having Bai be given the military governorship of Datong Circuit (大同, headquartered in modern Datong, Shanxi — but honorary at that time, as Datong had been ceded to Liao). This, as well as the Dada's and Qibi's failure to join An Chongrong, weakened An Chongrong's rebellion, which soon failed.

paragraph: At this time, Shi Jingtang was very ill. He intended to have his only surviving biological son, Shi Chongrui (石重睿), succeed him, and have Feng be the chief chancellor for Shi Chongrui in the coming administration. As part of what he planned, he also drafted an order summoning Liu from Hedong to assist. However, Shi Jingtang's biological nephew and adoptive son Shi Chonggui the Prince of Qi suppressed that order and did not have it actually issued. When Shi Jingtang died shortly after, Feng, after consulting the imperial guard discipline officer Jing Yanguang, believed that an older emperor would more appropriate for the state at that time given the frequent rebellions. They thus supported Shi Chonggui as the new emperor. When Liu later found out about this sequence of events, he came to resent the new emperor.

paragraph: Section::::During Later Jin.:During Shi Chonggui's reign.

paragraph: Under Jing Yanguang's advice, Shi Chonggui took a hard line against Liao, including refusing to submit as a subject (referring to himself only as "grandson," as Shi Jingtang had referred to himself as "son emperor" and honored Liao's Emperor Taizong as "father emperor"), and arresting Liao merchants in Later Jin territory and seizing their assets. It was said that Liu Zhiyuan knew that Jing's advice would eventually bring disaster on the state, but because Jing was the leading chancellor at that point, he did not dare to speak. Instead, he recruited more soldiers to add to the Hedong army, establishing more than 10 corps to defend against the potential Liao attack.

paragraph: In 944, Liao launched a major invasion into Later Jin, anticipating that Yang Guangyuan, then the military governor of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Weifang, Shandong) and in secret communications with Liao, would rebel and join the Liao operations. As part of the operations, Emperor Taizong, whose main forces headed toward Tianxiong, sent his uncle Yelü Anduan (耶律安端) the Prince of Wei to attack Hedong. As part of the Later Jin defense, Shi Chonggui commissioned Liu as the commander of the operations against You Prefecture (幽州, capital of Lulong) with Du Wei (i.e., Du Chongwei, who changed his name to Du Wei to observe naming taboo for Shi Chonggui), then the military governor of Shunguo Circuit (順國, i.e., Chengde, the name of which was changed to Shunguo after An Chongrong's rebellion) serving as his deputy and Ma Quanjie (馬全節) the military governor of Yiwu Circuit (義武, headquartered in modern Baoding, Hebei) serving as the disciplinary officer, apparently to try to distract the main Liao operations. However, after Liu, in cooperation with Bai Chengfu, repelled Yelü Anduan's incursion, Liu made no additional action against Liao despite Shi Chonggui's orders to have him join forces with Du and Ma at Xing Prefecture (邢州, in modern Xingtai, Hebei) and to send forces north to attack Liao. Still, after the eventual Liao withdrawal (and Yang's defeat and death), Liu was given the title of the commander of the armies to the north, although he had no actual participation in the overall strategies, as Shi was suspicious of him, stating to close associates, "Given that Taiyuan is not aiding me, he [(i.e., Liu)] must have other plans. If so, it would be good it he carried out soon!" Liu was aware of the alienation, and decided to just be careful and defend Hedong. When Guo Wei saw Liu with worried expressions, he stated to Liu, "Hedong's mountains and rivers are secure to defend. Its people have a military tradition, and it is full of soldiers and horses. When they are at peace, they are diligent in tending the fields. When they are active, they get trained in military matters. This is your asset in becoming the lord of the people. Why do you worry?" Shi also created him the title of Prince of Taiyuan, later changed to Prince of Beiping.

paragraph: Meanwhile, due to Bai's contributions in the resistance against Liao, Shi often summoned him to the imperial court and awarded him greatly. As of 946, Bai was defending Hua Prefecture with Zhang Cong'en (張從恩), while his Tuyuhun tribespeople were grazing in the Taiyuan-Lan-Shi region. When they violated the law, Liu did not treat them with grace. The tribespeople, knowing that the Later Jin imperial forces were weak and fearing Liu's strictness, considered fleeing back to their former lands (now possessed by Liao). One of the tribal leaders, Bai Kejiu (白可久), whose position in the tribe was only second to Bai Chengfu, first took his own people and fled to Liao. Emperor Taizong commissioned him as the governor of Yun Prefecture (雲州, in modern Datong), to try to entice Bai Chengfu. Liu began to be apprehensive of Bai Chengfu, and he, in consulting with Guo, decided to act against Bai, who, at that point, was said to be so rich that his horses had silver-lined stables. Guo suggested that Liu kill Bai and confiscate his assets for military use. Liu thereafter submitted a secret petition to Shi, stating, "The Tuyuhun keep changing positions, and it is difficult to keep them loyal. Please move them to the interior." Shi ordered that some 1,900 of the Tuyuhun tribespeople be moved to the interior prefectures. Liu then tricked Bai and some of his key followers into the city of Taiyuan, and then falsely accused Bai and four other tribal leaders of planning a rebellion. He had soldiers surround and kill them and their clans, for a total of some 400 people. He seized their assets. Shi issued an edict praising Liu for his actions. It was said that from that point on, the Tuyuhun people were weakened.

paragraph: Around the same time, Liu's half-brother Murong Yanchao the prefect of Pu Prefecture (濮州, in modern Puyang, Henan), was accused of collecting an unauthorized tax, and making an unauthorized withdrawal from the wheat storage to give to his soldiers. The imperial guard general Li Yantao (李彥韜) long had an adversarial relationship with Murong, and tried to persuade Shi's chief of staff Feng Yu to have Murong executed. Liu submitted a petition to try to save Murong's life. The other chief of staff, Li Song believed that Murong's offenses were shared by many generals throughout the realm, and that if Murong were executed, no one would feel secure. As a result, Murong was spared of his life, but he was stripped of his offices and exiled to Fang Prefecture (房州, in modern Shiyan, Hubei).

paragraph: In 946, Emperor Taizong decided to create a trap for Later Jin. He spread false news that Zhao Yanshou was intending to defect to Later Jin, rumors that were believed by Feng and Li Song. After discussions between Shi Chonggui, Feng, and Li Song, it was agreed that a large army would be launched, commanded by Du, with Li Shouzhen serving as his deputy. Du's army was soon launched, but as it approached Liao territory, was met by a large, highly mobile Liao army commanded by Emperor Taizong himself. It tried to retreat, but became encircled by the Liao army at Zhongdu Bridge (中度橋, in modern Baoding, Hebei). After Emperor Taizong made a promise (which he would eventually repudiate) to have Du made emperor, Du and Li Shouzhen surrendered with their army. As virtually the entire Later Jin imperial army was under Du's command, Kaifeng was left defenseless, and the Liao army advanced quickly toward it. Shi Chonggui, after initially considering summoning Liu but then deciding against it, surrendered, ending Later Jin.

paragraph: Section::::During Liao occupation of central China.

paragraph: Liao's Emperor Taizong declared himself emperor of China, and most Later Jin military governors submitted to him and went to Kaifeng to pay homage to him; two exceptions were Shi Kuangwei (史匡威) the military governor of Zhangyi Circuit (彰義, headquartered in modern Pingliang, Gansu), who refused his orders, and He Chongjian (何重建) the military governor of Xiongwu Circuit (雄武, headquartered in modern Tianshui, Gansu), who executed his messengers and submitted the circuit to Later Shu. As for Liu Zhiyuan, he firmed up Hedong's defenses and then sent his subordinate Wang Jun to submit three petitions to Emperor Taizong, showing submission. First, he congratulated the Liao emperor on entering Kaifeng. Second, he claimed that he could not leave Taiyuan to come pay homage because Taiyuan was where the Han and the non-Han were mixed and where many soldiers were stationed. Third, he claimed that he was ready to submit tributes to the emperor, but that the Liao general Liu Jiu (劉久) was just outside Taiyuan and watching the city, causing the people of the city to be apprehensive, so (he claimed) if Liu Jiu's army were withdrawn, he would submit tributes immediately.

paragraph: In response to Liu's petitions, Emperor Taizong issued an edict praising him, referring to him as "son" in the edict. He also bestowed a wooden cane on Liu — a special award that he had only previously bestowed on Yelü Anduan, as his uncle. Subsequently, Liu sent the deputy defender of Taiyuan, Bai Wenke (白文珂), to submit an unusual horse as a tribute. However, Emperor Taizong realized that Liu was still observing the situation and not committing to Liao, and therefore had Bai return and deliver the message from him, stating, "You did not serve the southern dynasty [(i.e., Later Jin)], and now you are not serving the northern dynasty [(i.e., Liao)]. What are you intending?" Guo Wei advised against fully submitting to Liao, stating to Liu, "Barbarians hate us deeply. As Wang Jun opined, the Khitan are greedy and cruel, and they will not have China for long." There were also others who suggested that Liu rise against Liao immediately, but he responded:

paragraph: However, when Zhang Cong'en, then the military governor of Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in Changzhi, Shanxi), whose territory was close to Luoyang, which Liao controlled, considered going to Kaifeng to pay homage to Emperor Taizong but secretly consulted Liu, Liu stated to him, "I have but a small piece of territory, so how would I dare to oppose the great realm? You, Lord, should go first. I will follow you." Zhang therefore went to Kaifeng. Meanwhile, Gao Conghui, the ruler of the semi-independent realm Jingnan, offered tributes to Emperor Taizong, but also sent messengers to Hedong to encourage Liu to declare himself emperor.

paragraph: When Liu subsequently received the news of He Chongjian's submission to Later Shu and lamented that it was the lack of a Chinese emperor that led to He's submission, his staff members encouraged him to take the throne himself, but he hesitated. Hearing that Emperor Taizong was having Shi Chonggui delivered north to Liao proper, Liu declared that he would launch a campaign and intercept the Later Jin emperor and welcome him back to Taiyuan. Guo Wei and Yang Bin, however, argued to him that right now the people's minds are unsettled, and that if he continued to hesitate, someone else might take advantage of the situation. He agreed, and on March 10 declared himself emperor. (This state would later be known as Later Han, but Liu himself did not declare the name of the state at this point; in fact, stating that he did not want to forget Later Jin, he used Shi Jingtang's era name of "Tianfu" at this point (while ignoring Shi Chonggui's era name of "Kaiyun").)

paragraph: Section::::Reign as emperor of Later Han.:March to Kaifeng.

paragraph: Upon hearing the news that Liu Zhiyuan had declared himself emperor, Liao's Emperor Taizong initially stationed several generals to prepare to impede him. However, the nearby circuits soon began to declare loyalty to Liu. Finding the Han Chinese to be turning against him, Emperor Taizong decided to return to Liao proper, although he left his cousin (his mother Empress Dowager Shulü's nephew) Xiao Han in command at Kaifeng as Xuanwu Circuit's military governor. He fell ill on the way back to Liao proper, and died near Heng Prefecture (恆州, Shunguo's capital). His nephew Yelü Ruan the Prince of Yongkang, after a power struggle with the Han Chinese general Zhao Yanshou, claimed the Liao throne (as Emperor Shizong).

paragraph: Meanwhile, Liu created his wife Empress Li empress. Hearing of Emperor Taizong's departure from Kaifeng, he decided to march toward it, with Shi Hongzhao serving as his forward commander. He marched toward the Luoyang-Kaifeng region. Xiao became fearful and decided that he should withdraw from the region as well, but also believed that if there were no one in command at Kaifeng, the region would fall into turmoil and it would be impossible for him to withdraw. He therefore seized Li Siyuan's youngest son Li Congyi and declared Li Congyi emperor, before departing Kaifeng. Li Congyi's mother Consort Dowager Wang, however, finding the situation hopeless, had Li Congyi demote his own title to Prince of Liang after Xiao left, and submitted a petition welcoming Liu to Kaifeng. Liu subsequently arrived at Luoyang, and sent the general Guo Congyi (郭從義) to Kaifeng to kill Li Congyi and Consort Dowager Wang, before he headed to Kaifeng himself.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as emperor of Later Han.:Reign at Kaifeng.

paragraph: Once at Kaifeng, Liu Zhiyuan declared it the eastern capital and Luoyang the western capital. He also declared the name of his state to be Han, but (for the time being) continued to use the era name of "Tianfu", stating, "I do not yet have the heart to forget Jin." Meanwhile, the military governors of various circuits continued to submit to him. That included Du Chongwei, who was then the military governor of Tianxiong, but Du was apprehensive because of his prior submission to Liao. When Liu then issued an edict moving him to Guide Circuit and moving Guide's military governor Gao Xingzhou to Tianxiong, Du rebelled and sought aid from the Liao general Yelü Mada (耶律麻荅), who had been left in control of Heng by Emperor Shizong. Liu declared a campaign against Du and commissioned Gao as the commander of the army against Du, with Murong Yanchao serving as Gao's deputy. Shortly after, the Han soldiers at Heng rose against Yelü Mada, and he was forced to flee himself, leaving Du supportless.

paragraph: However, Du continued to hold Yedu's defenses, aided by the Liao general Zhang Lian (張璉), who commanded Han Chinese soldiers from You Prefecture and who was particularly against Liu, because Liu had, upon entering Kaifeng, slaughtered the You Prefecture soldiers stationed there. Gao decided to try to surround the city for a long time to force its surrender, rather than force a costly battle. When Liu decided to go to the front himself to oversee the situation (as Du had previously claimed that if Liu came, he would surrender), Du continued to hold the defenses, and an attack advocated by Murong was unsuccessful, so Gao continued his strategy of surrounding the city. By the end of the year, the city was starving, and Du surrendered. Liu, against his own promise that Zhang would be spared, executed Zhang and his officers, although the soldiers were allowed to leave for You. Du was spared, but his assets were confiscated and awarded to the Later Han soldiers. This episode brought a strong criticism from the Song historian Sima Guang, the lead editor of the "Zizhi Tongjian":

paragraph: Meanwhile, on Later Han's western border, there was the issue that Zhao Yanshou's son Zhao Kuangzan (趙匡贊) the military governor of Jinchang Circuit (晉昌, headquartered in modern Xi'an, Shaanxi) and Hou Yi (侯益) the military governor of Fengxiang, both having apprehensions about how they might be received by the Later Han emperor, submitted to Later Shu. In spring 948, Liu sent the imperial guard general Wang Jingchong west to attack Zhao and Hou. As Zhao was preparing to leave his own circuit and head to Later Shi's capital Chengdu, Zhao's staff member Li Su (李恕), however, persuaded Zhao that he should submit to Later Han, pointing out that Later Shu was a smaller state. Zhao therefore sent Li to Kaifeng to pay homage to Liu and to explain his prior actions. After receiving assurances from Liu that he would be accepted, Zhao offered to submit. Hou also changed his mind and resubmitted to Later Han. Liu decided to nevertheless send Wang to the west, under the excuse that the Ganzhou Huigu's emissaries were being intercepted by the Dangxiang (i.e., Dingnan Circuit) and needed escort. He gave Wang secret instructions, "The hearts of Zhao Kuangzan and Hou Yi still cannot be known. When you get there, if they have already departed to come pay homage to me, then do not act further. If they were delaying and observing developments, act as you see fit." When Wang reached the Jinchang capital Chang'an, Zhao had already departed, so Wang took his soldiers as well while trying to decide what to do with Hou, who resisted Later Shu but was also not immediately departing for Kaifeng.

paragraph: While Liu Zhiyuan was on the campaign against Du, his oldest son Liu Chengxun (劉承訓), who was said to be kind, faithful, gentle, and capable, died. It was said that the people were saddened by Liu Chengxun's passing. Liu Zhiyuan himself was greatly saddened, and it caused him to begin to be ill. By spring 948, he was extremely ill. He entrusted his younger son Liu Chengyou to Su Fengji, Yang Bin, Shi Hongzhao, and Guo Wei, stating, "My remaining breaths are getting short, and I cannot speak much. Chengyou is young and weak, so what happens after my death has to be entrusted to you." He also told them to guard against Du Chongwei. After Liu Zhiyuan died the same day, these officials, without announcing his death, had Du and his sons put to death. Liu Chengyou was created the Prince of Zhou, and shortly after, when Liu Zhiyuan's death was announced, Liu Chengyou succeeded him as emperor.

paragraph: Section::::Personal information.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Dian (劉琠), posthumously honored Emperor Zhangsheng with the temple name of Xianzu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady An, Lady Dowager of Wu, posthumously honored Empress Zhangyi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Li (created 947), mother of Prince Chengyou

paragraph: BULLET::::- Children

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Chengxùn (劉承訓, note different tone than his brother) (922-948), posthumously created the Prince of Wei

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Chengyou (劉承祐) (931-950), the Prince of Zhou (created 948), later Emperor Yin of Later Han

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Chengxūn (劉承勛, note different tone than his brother) (d. 951), name later changed to Liu Xun (劉勛), posthumously created the Prince of Chen by Guo Wei

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Yongning (created 947), posthumously created Princess Qin (created 949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adopted Child

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Yun (劉贇), biological child of Emperor Gaozu's brother Liu Chong (Emperor Shizu of Northern Han), the Duke of Huaiyin (created 951, executed by Guo Wei 951)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Old History of the Five Dynasties", vols. , .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New History of the Five Dynasties", .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zizhi Tongjian", vols. , , , , , , , , , , .

alias:
Gao Zu
Liu Zhiyuan

description: Chinese ruler

wikidata_label: Emperor Gaozu of Later Han

wikipedia_title: Liu Zhiyuan


text: Cannes

text: accordion

text: jazz

text: Clifford Brown

text: Max Roach

text: Astor Piazolla

text: George Mraz

text: Brigitte Fontaine

text: Al Foster

text: Juliette Greco

text: Charles Aznavour

text: Ron Carter

text: Chet Baker

text: Enrico Rava

text: Martial Solal

text: Miroslav Vitouš

text: Trilok Gurtu

text: Jan Garbarek

text: Michel Petrucciani

text: Michel Portal

text: Eddy Louiss

text: Biréli Lagrène

text: Sylvain Luc

text: Renaud Garcia-Fons

text: Ivan Paduart

text: Anouar Brahem

text: Wynton Marsalis

text: Toots Thielemans

text: Claude Nougaro

text: Panamanhattan

text: Ron Carter

text: 52e Rue Est

text: Jimmy Gourley

text: Pierre Michelot

text: Phillip Catherine

text: Aldo Romano

text: Gabriele Mirabassi

text: Dreyfus

text: Biréli Lagrène

text: Palle Danielsson

text: Joey Baron

text: Michel Portal

text: Toots Thielemans

text: Didier Lockwood

text: George Mraz

text: Al Foster

text: Jean-François Jenny-Clark

text: Daniel Humair

text: André Ceccarelli

text: Larry Grenadier

text: Milan

text: CAM Jazz

text: Gary Burton

text: Brussels Jazz Orchestra

text: Deutsche Grammophon

text: Musica Jazz

text: Ivan Paduart

text: Igloo

text: Anouar Brahem

text: Khomsa

text: ECM

text: Mango

text: Come l'acqua

text: Astor Piazzolla

text: Eddy Louiss

text: Stunt

text: Josefine Cronholm

text: Michel Portal

text: Nicolosi

text: Toots Thielemans

text: Jan Lundgren

text: Paolo Fresu

text: ACT

text: ACT

text: Christian Howes

text: Resonance

text: YouTube

text: YouTube

text: YouTube

categories: French accordionists,French jazz accordionists,21st-century French musicians,20th-century French musicians,1950 births,Jazz accordionists,People from Cannes,French people of Italian descent,Living people

paragraph: Richard Galliano

paragraph: Richard Galliano (born December 12, 1950, Cannes, Alpes-Maritimes) is a French accordionist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was drawn to music at an early age, starting with the accordion at 4, influenced by his father Luciano, an accordionist originally from Italy, living in Nice.

paragraph: After a long and intense period of study (he took up lessons on the trombone, harmony, and counterpoint at the Academy of Music in Nice), at 14, in a search to expand his ideas on the accordion, he began listening to jazz and heard records by the trumpet player Clifford Brown. "I copied all the choruses of Clifford Brown, impressed by his tone and his drive, his way of phrasing over the thunderous playing of Max Roach". Fascinated by this new world, Richard was amazed that the accordion had never been part of this musical adventure. In this period, Galliano won twice the first prize in the "world accordion cap competition" which took place in Spain (1966) and France (1967). In the Spanish competition, the participants' duty work was "Chaconne" by the Israeli accordionist Yehuda Oppenheimer. Galliano and Oppenheimer kept up their musical collaboration and personal friendship until Oppenheimer's death in 2012.

paragraph: Some later collaborations include Astor Piazolla, George Mraz, Brigitte Fontaine, Al Foster, Juliette Greco, Charles Aznavour, Ron Carter, Chet Baker, Enrico Rava, Martial Solal, Miroslav Vitouš, Trilok Gurtu, Jan Garbarek, Michel Petrucciani, Michel Portal, Eddy Louiss, Biréli Lagrène, Sylvain Luc, Renaud Garcia-Fons, Ivan Paduart, Anouar Brahem, Wynton Marsalis, and Toots Thielemans. He was a key member of Claude Nougaro's band for several years as a pianist and accordionist.

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993: Django Reinhardt prize by the Académie du Jazz

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As leader.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985: "Spleen" (CY)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990: "Panamanhattan" (Dreyfus Jazz) with Ron Carter

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991: "Flyin' the Coop" (52e Rue Est), with Jimmy Gourley

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991: "New Musette" (Label Bleu), R.G. Quartet including with Pierre Michelot, Phillip Catherine, Aldo Romano

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: "Blues Sur Seine" (La Lichère), with Jean-Charles Capon

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: "Coloriage" (Egea), with Gabriele Mirabassi

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993: "Viaggio" (Dreyfus), with Charles Bellonzi, Pierre Michelot and Biréli Lagrène

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995: "Laurita" (Dreyfus), with Palle Danielsson and Joey Baron, and guests Michel Portal, Toots Thielemans and Didier Lockwood

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996: "New York Tango" (Dreyfus), with Biréli Lagrène, George Mraz and Al Foster

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997: "Blow Up" (Dreyfus) with Michel Portal

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998: "French Touch" (Dreyfus), with Michel Portal, Jean-François Jenny-Clark and Daniel Humair (first session; May 1998), and André Ceccarelli, Remi Vignolo and Jean-Marie Ecay (second session; June 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999: "Passatori" (Dreyfus), with "I Solist Dell' Orchestra Della Toscana"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: "Piazzolla Forever" (2003), with string quartet, piano and double bass

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: "Ruby, My Dear" (Dreyfus), the New York Trio including with Larry Grenadier and Clarence Penn

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "Luz Negra" (Milan)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "Solo" (Milan)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: "If You Love Me (L'Hymne a l'amour)" (CAM Jazz), R. G. Quartet including George Mraz, Clarence Penn featuring Gary Burton

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: "Love Day – Los Angeles Sessions" (Milan)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: "Ten Years Ago" (Milan), with Brussels Jazz Orchestra

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "Bach" (Deutsche Grammophon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "Nino Rota" (Deutsche Grammophon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "Vivaldi" (Deutsche Grammophon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: "Mozart" (Deutsche Grammophon)

paragraph: Compilations

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997: "Opale" (Musica Jazz)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: "Gallianissimo! – The Best of Richard Galliano" (Via Music)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As sideman.

paragraph: With Ivan Paduart

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993: "Illusions Sensorielles" (Igloo)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994: "Douces Illusions" (Igloo)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995: "Folies Douces" (Igloo)

paragraph: With Anouar Brahem

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994: "Khomsa" (ECM)

paragraph: With Mango

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: "Come l'acqua" (Fonit Cetra)

paragraph: With Matthieu Michel

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995: "Estate" (TCB)

paragraph: With Astor Piazzolla

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997: "El Suenio De Una Noche De Verano" (Fundacion Piazzolla), with Roberto Lara

paragraph: With Eddy Louiss

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: "Face to Face" (Dreyfus)

paragraph: With Søren Siegumfeldt's String Swing

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: "Blue Hat" (Stunt), with Josefine Cronholm

paragraph: With Michel Portal

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: "Concerts" (Dreyfus), duo

paragraph: With Mike del Ferro

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: "New Belcanto Opera Meets Jazz" (Nicolosi), featuring Galliano and Toots Thielemans

paragraph: With Jan Lundgren and Paolo Fresu

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: "Mare Nostrum" (ACT)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: "Mare Nostrum II" (ACT)

paragraph: With Christian Howes

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Southern Exposure" (Resonance)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Galliano & French Touch Quartet - Laurita - Chivas Jazz Festival - SP - 2004 on YouTube

paragraph: BULLET::::- L'Hymne A L'Amour - Richard Galliano & Gary Burton on YouTube

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Galliano playing Libertango (Piazzolla Forever) NEW VIDEO !!! on YouTube

description: French musician

wikidata_label: Richard Galliano

wikipedia_title: Richard Galliano


text: United States

text: Native American

text: Racine, Wisconsin

text: Detroit

text: Detroit Medical School

text: Newton-Jenney Party

text: Harney Peak

text: Black Elk Peak

text: Black Hills

text: South Dakota

text: George Crook

text: Battle of the Rosebud

text: Battle of Slim Buttes

text: Horsemeat March

text: Fort Robinson

text: Lakota

text: Crazy Horse

text: Washington D.C.

text: Indian Agent

text: Pine Ridge Indian Reservation

text: Red Cloud

text: Wounded Knee Massacre

text: Red Cloud

text: Rapid City, South Dakota

text: State Surgeon General

text: World War I

text: influenza

text: pandemic

text: Berkeley

text: California

text: ashes

text: Black Elk Peak

text: Journey Museum

text: Fort Robinson Historical Museum

text: Fort Robinson, Nebraska

text: Compilation of McGillycuddy archives

text: Valentine McGillycuddy diary online

text: L. Tom Perry Special Collections

text: Brigham Young University

categories: South Dakota School of Mines and Technology faculty,1849 births,People of the Great Sioux War of 1876,Mayors of Rapid City, South Dakota,1939 deaths,Black Hills

paragraph: Valentine McGillycuddy

paragraph: Valentine Trant McGillycuddy (1849–1939) was a surgeon who served with expeditions and United States military forces in the West. He was considered controversial for his efforts to build a sustainable relationship between the United States and Native American peoples.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Valentine Trant O'Connell McGillycuddy was born on February 14, 1849 in Racine, Wisconsin. When he was 13, his family moved to Detroit.

paragraph: He graduated from the Detroit Medical School at 20 years of age. He began working as a doctor at the Wayne County Insane Asylum and practiced medicine for one year. Next he began teaching at the medical college. McGillycuddy's longstanding love for the outdoors led him to leave the city medical field.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career.

paragraph: From 1871 to 1874, McGillycuddy worked for the United States Boundary Survey Commission. He became a topographer and surgeon for the International Expedition. This group headed an expedition to define the border between the United States and Canada along the 49th parallel. They began their expedition in North Dakota, where the ground had frozen due to a wet season. In order to keep their feet warm, the men wore several pairs of socks, wrapped their feet in a square blanket, and last wore a pair of over-sized moccasins. After the expedition ended, McGillycuddy returned to Washington, DC. He was soon sent out to Wyoming to continue his career as a topographer.

paragraph: The following year, in 1875, he was invited on the Newton-Jenney Party. As the surveyor for the expedition, McGillycuddy was the first person to record their climb of Harney Peak (now Black Elk Peak) in the Black Hills of South Dakota. He was responsible for mapping the topography and geology of the region, while the expedition assessed the area for major gold deposits.

paragraph: Upon returning from the expedition, McGillycuddy married Fanny Hoyt. He was recruited as the Contract Surgeon with General George Crook during the Battle of the Rosebud (June 17, 1876), the Battle of Slim Buttes (September 9 and 10, 1876), and the Horsemeat March (1876).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career.:Relations with Indians.

paragraph: McGillycuddy was appointed Assistant Post Surgeon at Fort Robinson in what became Nebraska. He was known to the Lakota at the agency as a "Friend of Crazy Horse," a notable Lakota leader. McGillycuddy treated Crazy Horse after he was fatally stabbed by guards who said he was trying to escape. After Crazy Horse's death, McGillycuddy went to Washington D.C. to lobby for more humane treatment of Indians at Fort Robinson.

paragraph: McGillycuddy was appointed as Indian Agent in 1879, when he was 30. He served at the Pine Ridge Agency (now Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota). He did not manage to achieve such friendly relations here as he had with Crazy Horse and other Lakota. Red Cloud, a major chief, accused McGillycuddy of mismanagement, leading to several investigations of the Agent's administration. Despite this, McGillycuddy established an Indian police force, and set up a boarding school to educate Indian children of the region. Under pressure to fire a loyal clerk for no reason he could see, McGillycuddy eventually resigned his post. He was suspended from his position in October 1882 (see letter above).

paragraph: Later, in the days leading up to the Wounded Knee Massacre (1890), Red Cloud said that McGillycuddy had been a "young man with an old man's head on his shoulders."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career.:Other government appointments.

paragraph: After leaving Pine Ridge, McGillycuddy settled in Rapid City, South Dakota. He would later serve as president of Lakota Bank and as Dean of the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. He also was appointed as South Dakota's first State Surgeon General. While living in Rapid City, he built a mansion in 1888, which is still standing.

paragraph: In 1890 McGillycuddy was elected as a delegate to the South Dakota State Constitutional Convention. Continuing his activism in politics, he was elected mayor of Rapid City in 1897. His wife, Fanny, died that same year.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later life.

paragraph: After Fanny died, the widower McGillycuddy moved to northern California. There he met Julia Blanchard, who as a girl had asked Fanny if she could marry the doctor after her death. He served as a medical inspector for an insurance agency until retiring in 1912.

paragraph: But McGillycuddy enlisted in World War I. He was sent to Alaska and other western states to treat patients with influenza during the pandemic of 1918-1919.

paragraph: McGillycuddy died in Berkeley, California in 1939. He was cremated, and his ashes were entombed at the top of Black Elk Peak. A plaque was installed that reads: "Valentine T. McGillycuddy, ′Wasicu Wakan′, 1849–1939″ (In Lakota, "Wasicu Wakan" means ″Holy White Man″).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Books based on McGillycuddy's life.

paragraph: BULLET::::- - new edition of "McGillycuddy, Agent"

paragraph: BULLET::::- , historical novel for young adults

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Museum and archival collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Journey Museum, Rapid City, South Dakota

paragraph: BULLET::::- McGillycuddy House

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fort Robinson Historical Museum, Fort Robinson, Nebraska

paragraph: BULLET::::- Compilation of McGillycuddy archives at Social Networks and Archival Context

paragraph: BULLET::::- Valentine McGillycuddy diary online through L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University

description: United States Indian agent

wikidata_label: Valentine McGillycuddy

wikipedia_title: Valentine McGillycuddy


text: Swedish American

text: physiologist

text: University of Chicago

text: Västra Götaland County

text: Augustana College

text: Rock Island, Illinois

text: doctorate

text: physiology

text: Stanford

text: University of Chicago

text: Chicago

text: Fred Vlcek

text: Alexis St. Martin

text: William Beaumont

text: fistula

text: American Physiological Society

text: AAAS

text: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

text: Humanist Manifesto

text: American Humanist Association

text: Carlson page at the AAAS web site

categories: Stanford University alumni,Swedish physiologists,1875 births,1956 deaths,People from Munkedal Municipality,Augustana College (Illinois) alumni,Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,American physiologists

paragraph: Anton Julius Carlson

paragraph: Anton Julius Carlson (January 29, 1875 – September 2, 1956) was a Swedish American physiologist. Carlson was Chairman of the Physiology Department at the University of Chicago from 1916 until 1940.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Carlson was born the son of Carl Jacobson and Hedvig Andersdotter in Svarteborg, in Västra Götaland County, Sweden. He came to the United States in 1891. He graduated from Augustana College in Rock Island, Illinois (BA,1898)(MS, 1899). He received a doctorate in physiology at Stanford in 1902 and began working at the University of Chicago in 1904. While Carlson was at Chicago, he conducted experiments on Fred Vlcek, similar to those conducted on Alexis St. Martin by William Beaumont, regarding his gastric fistula. These included illuminating his stomach with electric lights in order to observe digestion. Carlson became chairman of the physiology department at the University of Chicago in 1916 and remained chairman until 1940.

paragraph: Carlson was president of the American Physiological Society from 1923 to 1925, and president of the AAAS in 1944. Carlson was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1929.

paragraph: The cover story of the February 10, 1941, issue of "Time" Magazine was devoted to Carlson's success as a teacher and his comparative studies of the muscular action of the heart in humans and the horseshoe crab. Carlson was one of 34 original signers of the Humanist Manifesto and in 1953 he was the first person to receive the American Humanist Association's Humanist of the Year award.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Control of Hunger In Health And Disease" (University of Chicago Press. 1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Organotherapeutics" (D. Appleton and Company. 1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Machinery of the Body" (University of Chicago Press, 1930). With Victor E. Johnson (1901-1986)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Specific citations

paragraph: BULLET::::- General references

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dragstedt, Lester R "Anton Julius Carlson, January 29, 1875 - September 2, 1956" (Biographical memoirs. National Academy of Sciences. 1961)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carlson in "The University of Chicago Faculty: A Centennial View"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carlson page at the AAAS web site

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

description: Swedish-American physiologist

wikidata_label: Anton Julius Carlson

wikipedia_title: Anton Julius Carlson


text:
Ramsgate
Georgia
Edward Welby Pugin
The Granville Hotel, Ramsgate

paragraph: John Barnet Hodgson

paragraph: John Barnet Hodgson was a Ramsgate Mayor, businessman and long serving Ramsgate postmaster.

paragraph: He was born on 24 October 1819 in Georgia, United States. He moved to England as a child in 1821. In July 1845 he was appointed postmaster of Ramsgate, a position he held for 46 years, before retiring on 31 December 1891. He was a business partner of Edward Welby Pugin and contractor for The Granville Hotel, Ramsgate.

paragraph: He was mayor of Ramsgate between 1898 and 1899. He died at his home at 30 Augusta Road, Ramsgate on 24 January 1908. He was interred in the family vault in St. George's churchyard, Ramsgate.

description: businessman and mayor of Ramsgate, England

wikidata_label: John Barnet Hodgson

wikipedia_title: John Barnet Hodgson


text:
Methodist
Methodist Episcopal Church
Clifton Springs, New York

paragraph: Freeborn Garretson Hibbard

paragraph: Reverend Freeborn Garrettson Hibbard (February 22, 1811 - January 27, 1895) was an American Methodist minister, theologian, and author.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: His father, Reverend Billy Hibbard, was a well-known clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Freeborn entered the ministry of the same church in the New York conference at the age of eighteen, before he had completed his college course, and continued in this work chiefly in western New York from 1830 till 1856, when he was elected editor of the "Northern Christian Advocate", printed in Auburn, New York. In 1860 he resumed the pastorate and became presiding elder of the Geneva district.

paragraph: Hibbard died on January 27, 1895 in Clifton Springs, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Dr. Hibbard's principal works are as follows:

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""Christian Baptism, its Subjects, and its Import, mode, Efficacy, and Relative Order"" (New York, 1845).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" Palestine: its geography and Bible history"" (1851).

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""The Psalms, chronologically Arranged, with Historical Introductions, and a General Introduction to the Whole Book"" (1856).

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""The Religion of Childhood, or Children in their Relation to Native Depravity, to the Atonement, to the Family, and to the Church"" (1864).

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""Eschatology; or, The doctrine of the last things, according to the chronology and symbolism of the Apocalypse"" (1890).

paragraph: He also edited the ""Sermons"" (1869) and ""Works"" (1872), and published a ""Biography of Bishop Leonidas L. Hamline"" (1880). The ""Commentary on the Psalm"" (1882) in the Whedon series of ""Commentaries on the Old Testament"" was written by him. He also published a ""History of the late East Genesee conference"" (1887).

description: American Methodist minister

wikidata_label: Freeborn Garretson Hibbard

wikipedia_title: Freeborn Garretson Hibbard


text:
Christian Democratic Union
Löningen
Free State of Oldenburg
World War II
Nazi Party
Cloppenburg – Vechta
minister for the Treasury

categories: Christian Democratic Union of Germany politicians,Government ministers of Germany,Finance ministers of Germany,Members of the Bundestag for Lower Saxony,Nazi Party members,German military personnel of World War II,Economy ministers of Germany,1996 deaths,People from Cloppenburg (district),Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,1919 births,People from the Province of Hanover

paragraph: Kurt Schmücker

paragraph: Kurt Schmücker (10 November 1919 – 6 January 1996) was a German politician, member of Christian Democratic Union.

paragraph: Kurt Schmücker was born on 10 November 1919 in Löningen, in the Free State of Oldenburg.

paragraph: In 1938 Schmücker ended a book printing course and started working in local newspapers. From 1940 to 1945 he served in the German infantry during World War II.

paragraph: In 1937, Schmücker joined Nazi Party. Schmücker joined the CDU in 1946. He represented Cloppenburg – Vechta in the German Federal Parliament from 1953 to 1972.

paragraph: From 17 October 1963 to 30 November 1966 he served as minister for Economics and Technology. From 1966 to 1969 he was served as minister for the Treasury.

description: German politician

wikidata_label: Kurt Schmücker

wikipedia_title: Kurt Schmücker


text: Valdemar, King of Sweden

text: Sophia of Denmark

text: Eric IV

text: Otto

text: John, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

text: Magnus

text: marriage by proxy

text: Przemysł II

text: Greater Poland

text: Nyköping

text: Poznań

text: Richeza

text: Wenceslaus II

text: Rudolph III of Habsburg

text: Jan Długosz

text: Kobylniki

categories: Poland–Sweden relations,13th-century deaths,Duchesses of Greater Poland,Year of birth uncertain,Polish queens consort,Swedish princesses,Year of death uncertain,13th-century Swedish people,13th-century Swedish women,13th-century Polish people,House of Bjelbo,13th-century births

paragraph: Richeza of Sweden, Duchess of Poland

paragraph: Richeza of Sweden (, ; born between 1265 and 1270 – died before 1292), was a Swedish princess member of the House of Bjelbo and by marriage Duchess of Greater Poland during 1285-1292 and High Duchess consort of Poland during 1290-1291.

paragraph: She was a daughter of Valdemar, King of Sweden and Sophia of Denmark, daughter of the King Eric IV.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Her exact date of birth is unknown, but is generally placed as the third daughter and fifth child born of her parents' marriage (at all, they had seven children, two sons and five daughters). She was certainly born before 1273, because by that year she and her sister Katharina were considered for possible marriage with Otto, only son and heir of John, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. However, the marriage negotiations ended without results.

paragraph: In 1275, King Valdemar was deposed by his brother Magnus, and a year later his wife Sophia divorced him and returned to Denmark. Apparently, young Richeza and her siblings remained in Sweden probably under the care of their father. Her marriage by proxy with Przemysł II, Duke of Greater Poland, took place in the Swedish city of Nyköping on 11 October 1285. In the same ceremony, Richeza's younger sister Marianne (or Marina), was married to a German nobleman, Count Rudolph II of Diepholz. Richeza's marriage, concluded through the mediation of the House of Ascania, rulers of Brandenburg, was performed without the consent of her father, ex-King Valdemar.

paragraph: In the proxy marriage the Polish Duke was represented by the notary Tylon, one of his closest subjects. There is no information about when and where the formal marriage took place between Przemysł II and Richeza.

paragraph: Traditionally, Richeza and Przemysł II's marriage is described as happy. Their only child was born on 1 September 1288 in the city of Poznań: a daughter, named Richeza, who later became in Queen consort of Bohemia and Poland as a wife of Wenceslaus II and after his death, of Rudolph III of Habsburg.

paragraph: The news of the birth of her daughter was also the last information about Richeza. She certainly died between 1 September 1288 and before 13 April 1293, most likely between 1289-1292. The reports of Jan Długosz, who placed her next to her husband in his royal coronation on 26 June 1295, proved to be erroneous.

paragraph: The deep and strong feelings of Przemysł II for Richeza are evidenced in two facts: firstly, he named their daughter after her, and secondly, he mentioned her in a document issued on 19 April 1293 where Przemysł II ceded to the Bishopric of Poznań the village of Kobylniki as payment for a lamp lit eternally at Richeza's tomb, and also expressed his desire to be buried next to her.

paragraph: Richeza was buried in the Archcathedral Basilica of St. Peter and St. Paul in Poznań. After Przemysł II's murder in 1296 and following his wishes, he was buried next to her.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michał Haykowski, "Szwedzkimi śladami w Polsce (6) - Szwedzka królewna na poznańskim tronie"

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://runeberg.org/nfam/0569.html

description: Polish Queen

wikidata_label: Richeza of Sweden, Queen of Poland

wikipedia_title: Richeza of Sweden, Duchess of Poland


text: Stockholm

text: poet

text: translator

text: Gustavian age

text: Carl Julius Lénström

text: Royal Swedish Academy

text: Carl Gustaf af Leopold

text: Bengt Lidner

text: Thomas Thorild

text: Per Daniel Amadeus Atterbom

text: Sven Widström

text: the royal Capell

text: Mariestad

text: Anna Laestadius Larsson

text: Ulrika Pasch

text: Anna Maria Lenngren

text: Jeanna von Lantingshausen

text: Marianne Ehrenström

text: Sophie von Fersen

text: Blue Stockings Society

text: Julia Nyberg

text: Widström, Ulrika Carolina

text: Widström, Ulrika Karolina

text: Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon

text: Widström, Ulrika Karolina

text: Nordisk familjebok

categories: 18th-century Swedish writers,Writers from Stockholm,Swedish women poets,19th-century Swedish women writers,18th-century Swedish women writers,1841 deaths,Translators from German,18th-century Swedish poets,Translators to Swedish,1764 births,19th-century Swedish poets,Translators from French,Swedish-language writers

paragraph: Ulrika Widström

paragraph: Ulrika Carolina Widström (24 November 1764, in Stockholm – 19 February 1841), was a Swedish poet and translator.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Born to the organist manufacturer Peter Forsberg and Katarina Maria Grip. She was educated in both French and German.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: She debuted as a poet in the 1780s, when she aroused attention by some poems, published in the literary papers of the day. Her breakthrough came by the publication of "Erotiska sånger" (Erotic songs) in 1799. Her poetry was described as very affected by the Gustavian age. Her collected work was published by Carl Julius Lénström in 1840. This was a success, and was reprinted many times. The same year, she was awarded the Grand gold medal of the Royal Swedish Academy.

paragraph: Widstrom was very well known and admired by her contemporaries and artists, such as Carl Gustaf af Leopold, Bengt Lidner, Thomas Thorild and Per Daniel Amadeus Atterbom.

paragraph: She married Sven Widström (d. 1814), violinist in the royal Capell, in 1790. In 1814, she moved to Mariestad, where she opened a girls' school in 1830.

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.

paragraph: Ulrika Widström is portrayed in the novel "Pottungen" (Chamber pot child) by Anna Laestadius Larsson from 2014, where she, alongside Ulrika Pasch, Anna Maria Lenngren, Jeanna von Lantingshausen, Marianne Ehrenström and Sophie von Fersen, becomes a member in a Blue Stockings Society organized by Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julia Nyberg

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Widström, Ulrika Carolina, i Wilhelmina Stålberg, "Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor" (1864-1866)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Widström, Ulrika Karolina, i Hofberg, "Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon" (1906)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Widström, Ulrika Karolina, "Nordisk familjebok" (1921)

description: Swedish poet

wikidata_label: Ulrika Widström

wikipedia_title: Ulrika Widström


text:
free jazz
Brooklyn
cantor
ambidextrous
Earl Hines
Bud Powell
Lennie Tristano
Ornette Coleman
Soul Note
Art Tatum
Borah Bergman: The Long Look

categories: Musicians from Brooklyn,Tzadik Records artists,American jazz pianists,2012 deaths,American male pianists,20th-century American pianists,Jazz musicians from New York (state),20th-century male musicians,1926 births

paragraph: Borah Bergman

paragraph: Borah Bergman (December 13, 1926 – October 18, 2012) was an American free jazz pianist.

paragraph: Section::::Training and influences.

paragraph: Bergman was born in Brooklyn to Russian-Jewish immigrant parents. His grandfather Meir Pergamenick was a cantor. Accounts of when he began to learn the piano vary: some assert that he learned clarinet as a child and did not commence his piano studies until adulthood; others, that he had piano lessons from a young age; one of his own accounts is that he took piano lessons as a child, then changed to clarinet, before returning to piano after being discharged from the army. As an adult, he developed his left hand playing to the point where he became essentially ambidextrous as a pianist, and could play equally fast in both hands, and they could act completely independently of each other; Bergman himself preferred the term "ambi-ideation" to "ambidextrous", as it conveyed the added ability to express ideas achieved when both hands were equal. Bergman cited Earl Hines, Bud Powell, and Lennie Tristano as formative influences, although his own style was based on free improvisation rather than song form. Commenting on his other influences, Bergman said that "I was influenced strongly by Ornette Coleman... I was also very influenced by chamber music and Bach and Dixieland or New Orleans, where all of the instruments were playing contrapuntally and polyphonically. So I figured I'd like to do it myself".

paragraph: Section::::Performance and recordings.

paragraph: Until the 1970s he played little in public, concentrating on private practice and his work as a school teacher. He recorded four albums as a soloist, most notably on the European label Soul Note, before embarking on duo and trio albums from the 1990s. A small number of solo and quartet albums were also released from the mid-1990s. The style for which he is best known is described in "The Penguin guide to jazz recordings": "His astonishing solo performances recall the 'two pianists' illusion associated with Art Tatum, though in a more fragmentary and disorderly sound-world".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Borah Bergman: The Long Look

description: American pianist

wikidata_label: Borah Bergman

wikipedia_title: Borah Bergman


text:
Archbishop of Cosenza
Bishop of Venafro
Pope Paul IV
Bishop of Venafro
Pope Gregory XIII
Archbishop of Cosenza
Bishop of Chur

wikipedia_title: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cosenza-Bisignano

categories: Bishops appointed by Pope Gregory XIII,16th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Bishops appointed by Pope Paul IV,1576 deaths

paragraph: Andrea Matteo Acquaviva d'Aragona

paragraph: Andrea Matteo Acquaviva d'Aragona (died 1576) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Cosenza (1573–1576) and Bishop of Venafro (1558–1573).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: On 20 July 1558, Andrea Matteo Acquaviva d'Aragona was appointed during the papacy of Pope Paul IV as Bishop of Venafro. On 16 September 1573, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Gregory XIII as Archbishop of Cosenza. He served as Archbishop of Cosenza until his death in 1576. While bishop, he was the principal co-consecrator of Beatus di Porta, Bishop of Chur (1565).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gennaro Morra, Un vescovo riformatore di Venafro. Andrea Matteo Acquaviva d'Aragona, 1558-1573, in "Campania Sacra: studi e documenti", 13-14 (1982-1983), pagg. 107-148

paragraph: Section::::External links and additional sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

wikidata_label: Andrea Matteo Acquaviva

wikipedia_title: Andrea Matteo Acquaviva d'Aragona


text:
Vermont
Long Trail
Vermont State Police
Mount Kisco, New York
Venice, Florida
Stamford, Connecticut
Bennington College
North Bennington, Vermont
botany
Williams College
Williamstown, Massachusetts
State Route 9
Bennington
Bennington County
State's Attorney
sheriff
Glastenbury Mountain
Brattleboro
amnesia
depressed
suicide
kidnapped
murder
Connecticut State Police
Vermont State Police
Joseph A. Citro
Bennington Triangle
Bermuda Triangle
Shirley Jackson
Hangsaman
Library of Congress

wikipedia_title:
Vermont
Long Trail
Vermont State Police
Mount Kisco, New York
Venice, Florida
Stamford, Connecticut
Bennington College
North Bennington, Vermont
Botany
Williams College
Williamstown, Massachusetts
Vermont Route 9
Bennington, Vermont
Bennington County, Vermont
District attorney
Sheriff
Glastenbury Mountain
Brattleboro, Vermont
Amnesia
Depression (mood)
Suicide
Kidnapping
Murder
Connecticut State Police
Vermont State Police
Joseph A. Citro
Bennington Triangle
Bermuda Triangle
Shirley Jackson
Hangsaman
Library of Congress

categories: 20th-century American people,Missing person cases in Vermont,Missing people,1940s missing person cases,1928 births,1946 in Vermont,People declared dead in absentia,Bennington College alumni,20th-century American women,People from Stamford, Connecticut

paragraph: Paula Jean Welden

paragraph: Paula Jean Welden (October 19, 1928 – disappeared December 1, 1946) was an American college student who disappeared while walking on Vermont's Long Trail hiking route. The local sheriffs were criticized for their poor investigation, and this led to the creation of the Vermont State Police. Weldon's fate remains uncertain, and was one of several other unexplained disappearances in the same area and time.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Paula Welden was the eldest of four daughters of the well-known industrial engineer, architect and designer William Archibald Welden (1900–1970) and his wife Jean Douglas (born at Mount Kisco, New York, 1901; died at Venice, Florida, 1976), née Wilson, of Brookdale Road, Stamford, Connecticut. Employed by the Revere Copper and Brass Company, W. Archibald Welden was the designer of many familiar household utensils, as well as stylish cocktail shakers and other objects. Paula was a 1945 graduate of Stamford High School.

paragraph: Section::::Bennington College.

paragraph: In 1946, Welden was a sophomore at Bennington College in North Bennington, Vermont. Her college dormitory was Dewey House one of the older dormitories on the college grounds, and which remains to this day. She was an art major but, dissatisfied with the faculty and her progress, was contemplating changing her major; she had discovered a newfound love of botany. Welden, a typical student, was sorting out her own interests from those of her parents and was trying to expand her circle of friends. She and her roommate were quite close and both realized how dependent they were on one another for a social life. Paula started to befriend other students and became involved in square dancing and hiking with groups of friends from Bennington College and Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts.

paragraph: Welden worked part-time at the Commons dining hall on campus. On Sunday, December 1 she worked the lunch shift. She decided to find and walk a portion of the Long Trail, a few miles from the campus. Paula knew of the famous trail but hadn't yet had an opportunity to hike it. She tried to get some other students to join her that day, but they were busy. Paula went by herself.

paragraph: Section::::Long Trail.

paragraph: After finishing her shift in the dining hall, Welden returned to her room and changed into walking clothes. Her clothing was adequate for the weather that afternoon but not for the anticipated drop in temperature that night. She packed no bag, took no extra clothing, and did not take any extra money. From all appearances, she did not expect to be gone more than a few hours. Welden walked down the campus driveway and hitched a ride from State Route 67A near the college entrance in North Bennington to a point on State Route 9 near the Furnace Bridge between downtown Bennington and Woodford Hollow. Local contractor Louis Knapp picked her up and drove her as far as his house on Route 9, about from the Long Trail. From this point, Welden either hitchhiked or walked the rest of the way to the start of the Long Trail in Woodford Hollow.

paragraph: A group of hikers were walking down the trail as Welden was walking up. She approached them and asked them a few questions about the Long Trail. She continued walking in a northerly direction on the road portion of the trail now known as Harbour Road. Welden was on the Long Trail late in the afternoon and darkness was falling as she approached the end of Harbour Road. She may have continued into quickly darkening woods and it was presumed that she must have continued her Long Trail walk along the Bolles Brook valley, although there are no known confirmed sightings of her past the Fay Fuller Camp.

paragraph: Section::::Search.

paragraph: Welden didn't return to campus. Her roommate thought she must have gone to the library to study for exams, but the next morning, Welden still hadn't returned. Once the college administrators were notified, they immediately started a search of the campus itself. The Bennington County State's Attorney was notified, and the county sheriff was brought in to help with the search. Over the next couple of days, her visit to the Long Trail was discovered when one of the hikers she had approached identified her from the photo in the "Bennington Banner" newspaper, where he worked.

paragraph: Weeks of searching ensued. The college closed for several days, and the students and faculty participated in organized searches. Hundreds of volunteers, family members, National Guard troops, students, and firefighters searched for her to no avail. Ground and air searches concentrated on the Long Trail up as far as Glastenbury Mountain (ten miles to the north), the trail's various branches, and along Vermont Route 9 from Bennington to Brattleboro. Most of those searching assumed Paula had gotten lost in the woods. When no clues were found as to her whereabouts, other theories started to be considered.

paragraph: Section::::Connecticut State Police investigation.

paragraph: Alternative theories speculated that she had been in unusually high spirits and had decided to run away to start a new life, was going to meet a secret lover and went off with him, or had become injured and suffered from amnesia. Darker theories speculated that Paula was depressed and may have committed suicide, she might have been kidnapped or murdered.

paragraph: At the time of Paula's disappearance, there was no state police organization in Vermont, and the state's attorney, county sheriff and state investigator Almo Franzoni were responsible for the investigation. Paula's father pressed the investigators and the governor to bring in additional professional law enforcement help. Vermont's governor asked Connecticut's governor to lend assistance. Connecticut State Police detective Robert Rundle and state policewoman Dorothy Scoville were assigned to the case. They interviewed every person who saw, or thought they saw Paula, every person who lived along the route she took or who were simply in the vicinity of the Long Trail on that December afternoon.

paragraph: Investigators discovered that one of the last people to see Paula alive was a man who lived along Harbour Road. He was in the midst of an argument with his girlfriend when she walked by. The man stormed off in a jealous rage shortly thereafter and depending on different statements he made, he went to his shack and spent the evening by himself, or he drove his truck up the travel portion of the trail (where Paula was heading). He lied to police on several occasions and was a person of interest in 1946 and again in 1952 when the case was revisited. Reportedly, he told at least two people that he knew within a hundred feet where Paula was buried but later claimed it was just idle talk. When no evidence was found that a crime had actually been committed, no body was ever discovered, and no forensic clues were identified, this avenue of the investigation ended.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: The manner in which Paula's disappearance was handled was sharply criticized by Paula's father and many others. He pointed out that the lack of a statewide law enforcement organization and the lack of training of local sheriffs contributed to a poorly run investigation. Within seven months of Paula's disappearance, the Vermont legislature created the Vermont State Police.

paragraph: Section::::Other cases.

paragraph: In the same general area where Welden disappeared, at least four other unexplained vanishings were reported to have taken place between 1945 and 1950. Due to the strangeness of these events, Vermont broadcaster and author Joseph A. Citro dubbed the wilderness area northeast of Bennington "the Bennington Triangle" – a reference to unexplained disappearances in the Bermuda Triangle.

paragraph: Section::::In literature.

paragraph: Author Shirley Jackson (1916–1965) was inspired by Welden's vanishing when she wrote her novel "Hangsaman" (1951), as indicated by Jackson's papers in the Library of Congress. At the time of Welden's disappearance in 1946, Shirley Jackson was living in North Bennington, Vermont, where her husband was employed at Bennington College. Jackson's short story "The Missing Girl," included in "Just An Ordinary Day" (the 1996 collection of her previously unpublished/uncollected short stories), also references the Welden case.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paula Jean Welden at the Charley Project

description: American missing hiker

wikidata_label: Paula Jean Welden

wikipedia_title: Paula Jean Welden


text:
André Breton
Art et Liberté
Albert Cossery
Edmond Jabès
Ramsès Younane
Jeune Afrique
L’Express
Louis-Ferdinand Céline
Marilyn Monroe
Françoise Hardy
Raymond Roussel
Marcel Proust

wikipedia_title:
André Breton
Art et Liberté
Albert Cossery
Edmond Jabès
Ramses Younan
Jeune Afrique
L'Express
Louis-Ferdinand Céline
Marilyn Monroe
Françoise Hardy
Raymond Roussel
Marcel Proust

paragraph: Georges Henein

paragraph: Georges Henein (1914 – 1973) was an Egyptian surrealist author.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Cairo in 1914, son of a coptic diplomat father and an Italian mother, Henein studied in Europe, where he befriended André Breton and Henri Calet. In 1933 he became a columnist in Egyptian newspapers, notable for his juicy, enlightening or nasty tone.

paragraph: Back from Paris in the 30’s, he spread surrealism in Cairo by founding the group Art et Liberté (Albert Cossery was a member ), and then by creating the journal (and publishing house) "La Part du Sable" with poet Edmond Jabès and painter Ramsès Younane. In 1938, Georges met surrealist poet, Ikbal El-Alailly, who he would marry in 1954. He participated in the journal "Troisième Convoi" (1945–1951), created by his friend Michel Fardoulis-Lagrange and Jean Maquet.

paragraph: In Paris, he co-directed the surrealist liaison office “Cause”, but in 1948, he withdrew from the Surrealist movement, while still publishing his poems in Phases journal .In the 60’s, he got involved in journalism, in charge of Third World issues for the news magazines Jeune Afrique and L’Express.

paragraph: While forced to exile in France by the Egyptian government in 1962 - due to his anti-fascist ideas, Henein worked as a journalist. Writing on Louis-Ferdinand Céline, Marilyn Monroe or Françoise Hardy, Henein stood out for his free, alert and unalterable tone. He used to work with an urgency allowing him to be scandalized or to be moved in the same breath, with a rage sometimes tinged with melancholy, sometimes with perfidy. An example : “ Raymond Roussel snubbed Marcel Proust , and, for that alone, he deserves our sympathy.” (Guliver, Paris, 1973)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Déraisons d'être, José Corti, Paris, 1938

paragraph: BULLET::::- Un temps de petite fille, Editions de Minuit, Paris, 1947

paragraph: BULLET::::- L'Incompatible, La Part du sable, Paris, 1949

paragraph: BULLET::::- Le Seuil interdit, Mercure de France, Paris, 1956

paragraph: BULLET::::- Le Signe le plus obscur, Présence, Paris, 1977

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Force de saluer, La Différence, Paris, 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- L'Esprit frappeur : carnets 1940-1973, Encre, 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- Œuvres. Poésies, récits, essais et articles, forewords by Yves Bonnefoy and Berto Fahri, Denoël, Paris, 2006

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Egyptian Surrealism

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Prestige of Terror - translated from the french by Tom Ridgway

paragraph: BULLET::::- Long Live Degenerate Art manifesto

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ramsès Younan

description: Egyptian writer

wikidata_label: Georges Henein

wikipedia_title: Georges Henein


text:
House of Commons
Combe-in-Teignhead
Corpus Christi, Oxford
Middle Temple
Member of Parliament
St Mawes

wikipedia_title:
House of Commons of England
Combeinteignhead
Corpus Christi College, Oxford
Middle Temple
Member of parliament
St Mawes (UK Parliament constituency)

categories: English MPs 1624–1625,Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford,Members of the Middle Temple,Members of the pre-1707 English Parliament for constituencies in Cornwall,1626 deaths,1581 births,English MPs 1621–1622

paragraph: William Hockmore

paragraph: William Hockmore (1 November 1581 – 10 October 1626) was an English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1621 and 1624.

paragraph: Hockmore was the son of John Hockmore of Buckland Baron in the parish of Combe-in-Teignhead, Devon. He matriculated at Corpus Christi, Oxford on 23 July 1596, aged 14. He was called to the bar at Middle Temple in 1610. In 1621, he was elected Member of Parliament for St Mawes. He was re-elected MP for St Mawes in 1624 for the Happy Parliament.

paragraph: Hockmore died in 1626 at the age of 44. He had married Jane, the daughter and coheiress of Sir Bartholomew Michell of Cannington, Somerset and left 3 sons and 2 daughters.

description: English politician

wikidata_label: William Hockmere

wikipedia_title: William Hockmore


text: Russia

text: geographer

text: Africa

text: Ethiopian Empire

text: First Italo-Ethiopian War

text: Boxer Rebellion

text: Russo-Japanese War

text: Kherson Province

text: Uhlan

text: Leib Guard regiment

text: esaul

text: Kuban Cossack army

text: Russian Geographical Society

text: Russia

text: Ethiopia

text: stabskapitan

text: Menelik II

text: battle of Adwa

text: first Italo-Ethiopian War

text: Leonid Artamonov

text: Alexander Bulatovich

text: Lake Rudolf

text: poruchik

text: Lake Rudolf

text: regular Ethiopian army

text: Senegal

text: in Peking

text: Boxer Rebellion

text: Russo-Japanese War

text: Paris

text: Saint Petersburg

text: Cross of St. George

text: Order of the Seal of Solomon

text: Alexander Bulatovich

text: Leonid Artamonov

text: Nikolay Gumilev

text: Who Was Count Abai?

text: Count Leontiev is spy or adventurer...

text: Nikolay Stepanovich Leontiev"

categories: People from Saint Petersburg,Imperial Russian geographers,First Italo-Ethiopian War,Russian nobility,Imperial Russian explorers,1862 births,Explorers of Africa,Russian military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War,Grand Cordons of the Order of the Seal of Solomon,Ethiopian nobility,Russian military personnel of the Boxer Rebellion,1910 deaths,Imperial Russian military personnel

paragraph: Nikolay Leontiev

paragraph: Nikolay Stepanovich Leontiev, Count of Abai, (; 26 October 1862 – 1910) was a Russian military officer and adviser, geographer and traveler, explorer of Africa, writer, first Count of the Ethiopian Empire, and veteran of the First Italo-Ethiopian War, the Boxer Rebellion, and the Russo-Japanese War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Leontiev was born on 25 February 1862 to a noble family in Kherson Province. He studied in Nikolaev's Cavalry military school, then served in the Uhlan Leib Guard regiment. In 1891, he became esaul of a military reserve force of the Umansk regiment of the Kuban Cossack army.

paragraph: Like Mashkov and Ashinov before him, Leontiev had dreamed of going to Ethiopia and for many years he collected information about the country. Finally, Leontiev was able to go to Ethiopia on a research trip. Famous scientists, the Science Academy and the Russian Geographical Society took great interest in this programme. But the main task of the Leontiev expedition was to establish friendly relations between Russia and Ethiopia.

paragraph: Leontiev was the chief of the eleven-man Russian expedition;stabskapitan Zviagin was his deputy. The meeting between Leontiev and the Ethiopian emperor Menelik II set up the foundation for their mutual friendship. When Leontiev decided to go home, Menelik sent his first diplomatic mission to Russia with him, and in doing so abrogated an agreement with Italy that forbade such diplomatic missions.

paragraph: Section::::First Italo-Ethiopian War.

paragraph: Menelik invited Leontiev to return to Ethiopia with a Russian military mission. In 1895 Leontiev organized a delivery of Russian weapons for Ethiopia: 30,000 rifles, 5,000,000 cartridges, 5000 sabres, and a few cannons. The presence of the Russian advisers at the battle of Adwa helped the Ethiopians achieve victory in the first Italo-Ethiopian War. The Russian advisor Leonid Artamonov wrote that the Ethiopian artillery comprised 42 Russian mountain guns supported by a team of fifteen advisers.

paragraph: How writes in the book of Alexander Bulatovich during him courier's marathon for arrival to Ethiopia so phenomenal showy by reason of record speed with the use of camel, Leontiev meets him to give help.

paragraph: Leontiev returned to St. Petersburg, and then visited Italy and Turkey. In summer 1897, Count Abai was appointed governor-general of the Ethiopian equatorial provinces.

paragraph: In accordance with the order of emperor of Ethiopia, Directly Nikolay Leontiev organized one of military expeditions of the Ethiopian army to the region of Lake Rudolf. The Russian officers-volunteers participated in this expedition: Shedevr, Babichev, Agapov, Adzeiv, Petrov et cetera. A brigade had more 2000 Ethiopian soldiers, but cossacks there were most exotic of all. A brigade lost 216 persons as killed or injured, Shedevr was injured and the cossack Gogasov perished. Count Abai was able solemnly report to the emperor Menelik II, how the young romantic poruchik Shedevr solemnly heaved up the flag of Ethiopia above one of banks of Lake Rudolf.

paragraph: Emperor of Ethiopia introduced the title of count, which had never existed in his country before, Nicholai Leontyev was handed an official document that declared him to be Count Abai.

paragraph: Leontiev organized the first modern battalion of the regular Ethiopian army and presented it to Menelik in February 1899. Leontiev formed the first regular battalion, the kernel of which became the company of volunteers from the former Senegal shooters (disappointed or unreliable for colonial authorities), which he chose and invited from Western Africa, with training of the Russian and French officers. The first Ethiopian military orchestra was organized at the same time.

paragraph: Leontiev was in Peking with the Russian contingent in 1900 during the Boxer Rebellion.

paragraph: A wound forced Leontiev to leave Ethiopia. Later, he took part in the Russo-Japanese War.

paragraph: Leontiev died in Paris in 1910, but his body is buried in Saint Petersburg.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Russian order of St. Vladimir

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ethiopian of First Degree Star

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cross of St. George

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cordon of the Order of the Seal of Solomon

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Russian people in Ethiopia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Bulatovich

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leonid Artamonov

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nikolay Gumilev

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Who Was Count Abai?

paragraph: BULLET::::- The activities of the officer the Kuban Cossack army N.S. Leontjev in the Italian-Ethiopic war in 1895-1896.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Count Leontiev is spy or adventurer...

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nikolay Stepanovich Leontiev"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vesti" Len.region Rostislav Nikolaev - EMBASSY OF ABYSSINIA IN PETERSBURG

paragraph: BULLET::::- Диссертация - Эфиопия в оценке российского общественного мнения в конце XIX - начале XX вв.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Елец Ю. Император Менелик и война его с Италией (по документам и походным дневникам Н. С. Леонтьева) СПб., 1898. С. 302.

description: Russian explorer

wikidata_label: Nikolay Leontiev

wikipedia_title: Nikolay Leontiev


text:
Regensburg
bishop
emeritus
Roman Catholic Diocese of Passau
Germany
Diocese of Regensburg
Kolpingwerk
chapter
bishop of Passau
canon law
Catholic Hierarchy bio

categories: 1935 births,People from Regensburg,20th-century Roman Catholic bishops,20th-century Roman Catholic priests,Roman Catholic bishops of Passau

paragraph: Wilhelm Schraml

paragraph: Wilhelm Schraml (Regensburg, 26 June 1935) is the bishop emeritus of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Passau, Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Schraml was ordained a priest on 29 June 1961 for the Diocese of Regensburg. In 1971 he became chairman of Kolpingwerk. In 1983 he became a member of the chapter of the diocese of Regensburg.

paragraph: In 1986 he was appointed an Auxiliary Bishop of Regensburg. On 8 March 1986 he was created titulary bishop of Munatiana. On 13 December 2001 he was appointed as bishop of Passau and installed on 23 February 2002.

paragraph: Following canon law, Schraml offered his resignation to the pope in 2010, upon reaching the age of 75. He retired on 1 October 2012.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Hierarchy bio

description: Roman Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Wilhelm Schraml

wikipedia_title: Wilhelm Schraml


text:
Escot
Talaton
English
British House of Commons
Sir Walter Yonge, 2nd Baronet
Great House
Colyton
Sir John Davie, 1st Baronet
Exeter College, Oxford
baronetcy
Escot House
Talaton
Robert Hooke
manor
Mohuns Ottery
Luppit
Member of Parliament
Honiton
Ashburton
Sir William Morice, 1st Baronet
Sir Robert Williams, 2nd Baronet
Sir William Yonge, 4th Baronet

categories: English MPs 1680–1681,1731 deaths,1653 births,English MPs 1701,English MPs 1705–1707,Members of the Green Ribbon Club,English MPs 1695–1698,English MPs 1701–1702,English MPs 1681,English MPs 1690–1695,English MPs 1689–1690,English MPs 1698–1700,English MPs 1679,People of the Stuart period,British MPs 1707–1708,Baronets in the Baronetage of England,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies,English MPs 1702–1705

paragraph: Sir Walter Yonge, 3rd Baronet

paragraph: Sir Walter Yonge, 3rd Baronet (1653 – 18 July 1731) of Escot in the parish of Talaton, Devon, was an English landowner and Whig politician who sat in the English and British House of Commons betweem 1679 and 1710.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Yonge was baptized on 8 September 1653, the son and heir of Sir Walter Yonge, 2nd Baronet (c.1625–1670) of Great House in the parish of Colyton, Devon and his wife Isabella Davie, daughter of Sir John Davie, 1st Baronet, of Sandford, Devon. He matriculated at Exeter College, Oxford in 1670. He also succeeded his father in the baronetcy in 1670. In about 1680 he moved from his ancestral seat of Great House, Colyton, having built for himself Escot House, a grand mansion in the parish of Talaton in Devon, to the design of Robert Hooke. His father had purchased the manor of Mohuns Ottery in the parish of Luppit, Devon, and had started to build a new residence there, which the 3rd Baronet discontinued, preferring the situation of Escot.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Yonge was returned as Member of Parliament for Honiton from 1679 to 1689. In 1689 he was returned as MP for Ashburton. He sat for Honiton again from 1690 to 1710.

paragraph: Yonge died in 1731. He had married twice; firstly in 1677, Gertrude, the daughter of Sir William Morice, 1st Baronet of Werrington, Devon, who gave him a daughter and secondly in 1691, Gwen, the daughter and coheiress of Sir Robert Williams, 2nd Baronet, of Penrhyn, Caernarvonshire, with whom he had a son and 3 daughters. He was succeeded by his son Sir William Yonge, 4th Baronet.

description: English politician

wikidata_label: Sir Walter Yonge, 3rd Baronet

wikipedia_title: Sir Walter Yonge, 3rd Baronet


text: Great House

text: Colyton

text: Axminster

text: Vivian

text: John Young

text: The Great House

text: Bristol

text: Plymouth

text: Axmouth

text: Peter Carew

text: Mohuns Ottery

text: Axmouth

text: Honiton

text: moiety

text: Amias Paulet

text: Whimple

text: Amias Paulet

text: Magdalen College, Oxford

text: called to the bar

text: Middle Temple

text: Sheriff of Devon

text: Dorchester Company

text: New England

text: Member of Parliament

text: Honiton

text: Long Parliament

text: Pride's Purge

text: John Peryam

text: Exeter

text: Mayor of Exeter

text: Ottery

text: William Peryam

text: Little Fulford

text: Crediton

text: Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer

text: Sir John Yonge, 1st Baronet

text: Inner Temple

text: Britain

text: Camden Society

text: Yonge family

categories: Lay members of the Westminster Assembly,English merchants,High Sheriffs of Devon,17th-century merchants,Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford,17th-century English writers,English diarists,17th-century male writers,People from Devon,People of the Stuart period,16th-century merchants,1649 deaths,1579 births,Members of the Middle Temple,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Walter Yonge (died 1649)

paragraph: Walter Yonge (1579–1649) of Great House in the parish of Colyton in Devon, England, was a lawyer, merchant and diarist.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: He was the eldest son and heir of John II Yonge (d.1612) of Colyton by his wife Alice Stere. His grandfather was John I Yonge

paragraph: of Axminster, Devon (who has been confused in Vivian (1895) with John Young (died 1589) of The Great House, Bristol, Gloucestershire, MP for Plymouth in 1555.) His great-grandfather was Walter I Yonge (fl. "tempore" Henry VII (1485-1509) & Henry VIII (1509-1547)) of Bossington, Berkshire (sic), who having been the first of his family to settle in Devonshire purchased several estates in that county, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stuttecomb, in the parish of Axmouth, purchased during the reign of Henry VIII (1509-1547) from Sir Peter Carew (c.1514-1575) of Mohuns Ottery, Devon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buckland Trill, in the parish of Axmouth, purchased from Sir Peter Carew.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Batteshorn, in the parish of Honiton (one moiety), purchased from Sir Amias Paulet (1532-1588) of Hinton St. George, Somerset.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cob Whimpell, in the parish of Whimple, purchased from Sir Amias Paulet

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Yonge was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford, and was called to the bar from Middle Temple. In 1628 he was Sheriff of Devon. As a merchant he invested in the Dorchester Company, a joint-stock company promoting fishing and colonisation in New England. He was a Member of Parliament for Honiton, Devon, in the Long Parliament from 1640, but did not sit after Pride's Purge in December 1648. From 1642 to 1648 he was one of the victuallers of the Navy.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage & progeny.

paragraph: Yonge married Jane Periam, a daughter and co-heiress of Sir John Peryam (1541 – c. 1618) of Exeter, Devon, MP four times (Barnstaple 1584, Bossiney 1586, Exeter 1589 and 1593) and Mayor of Exeter, by his wife Elizabeth Hone, a daughter and co-heir of Robert Hone of Ottery. Jane's uncle was Sir William Peryam (15349 October 1604) of Little Fulford, near Crediton in Devon, Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer. By his wife he had two sons and one daughter as follows:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir John Yonge, 1st Baronet (1603-1663), MP, of Colyton, eldest son and heir, who served alongside his father in the Long Parliament.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walter Yonge (1608-1667) of Ford, 2nd son, a lawyer at the Inner Temple.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jane Young (1605-1666), died unmarried.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Yonge is now best remembered as an author: his well-known diaries (1604–27 and 1642–45) are valuable historical material, especially four volumes now in the British Museum (Add. MSS. 18777-18780). These were published in Britain in the 19th century by the Camden Society. Full text on-line at archive.org.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- D. Brunton & D. H. Pennington, "Members of the Long Parliament" (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yonge family

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Concise Dictionary of National Biography" (1930)

description: English writer

wikidata_label: Walter Yonge

wikipedia_title: Walter Yonge (died 1649)