text: Emperor

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: Salian dynasty

text: King of Germany

text: King of Italy

text: King of Burgundy

text: Franconia

text: Count Henry of Speyer

text: Adelaide of Metz

text: Speyer

text: Worms

text: princes

text: Kingdom of Germany

text: Saxon

text: Ottonian dynasty

text: Emperor Henry II

text: Catholic Church

text: benign neglect

text: Rome

text: Rudolph III of Burgundy

text: Kingdom of Arles

text: Salian dynasty

text: Count Werner V of Worms

text: Frankish

text: Duchy of Franconia

text: Rhine River

text: Conrad the Red

text: King Otto I of Germany

text: Holy Roman Emperor

text: Duke of Lorraine

text: Liutgarde

text: Berengar II of Italy

text: Henry I of Bavaria

text: Liudolf

text: Battle of Lechfeld

text: Hungarian invasions of Europe

text: Otto of Worms

text: Henry of Speyer

text: Henry of Speyer

text: Adelaide of Metz

text: Upper Lorraine

text: Emperor Otto II

text: Duke of Carinthia

text: Henry I of Carinthia

text: War of the Three Henries

text: Hildebald

text: Otto III

text: Theophanu

text: March of Verona

text: Henry IV of Bavaria

text: Pope Gregory V

text: Bishop Burchard of Worms

text: Conrad I of Carinthia

text: Conrad the Younger

text: Adalbero of Eppenstein

text: Gisela of Swabia

text: duchess

text: Duke Herman II of Swabia

text: Emperor Otto III

text: Emperor Henry II

text: Count Bruno I of Brunswick

text: Ernest I

text: House of Babenberg

text: Duchy of Swabia

text: Duke Herman III of Swabia

text: Ernest II

text: Archbishop Poppo of Trier

text: House of Otto

text: Salian family

text: Gerberga of Burgundy

text: Burgundian King

text: Conrad of Burgundy

text: Frankish King

text: Louis IV

text: Charlemagne

text: Ottonian King

text: Henry I

text: canon law

text: Emperor Henry II

text: Henry III

text: Ottonian dynasty

text: King of Germany

text: Cunigunde of Luxembourg

text: Bishop Dietrich I of Metz

text: Duke Henry V of Bavaria

text: Archbiship Aribo of Mainz

text: Primate of Germany

text: Rhine River

text: Oppenheim

text: Conrad the Younger

text: Emperor Otto I

text: Otto of Worms

text: Wipo of Burgundy

text: chaplain

text: Duchy of Saxony

text: Duchy of Lorraine

text: Pilgrim of Cologne

text: Duke Gothelo I of Lower Lorraine

text: Duke Frederick II of Upper Lorraine

text: Mainz Cathedral

text: Speyer Cathedral

text: Speyer

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: Augsburg

text: Bishop Bruno

text: Strasbourg

text: Bishop Werner

text: Aachen

text: Abbess Adelaide I of Quedlinburg

text: Abbess Sophia I of Gandersheim

text: Emperor Otto II

text: Christmas

text: Minden

text: Duke Bernard II

text: Duchy of Swabia

text: Easter

text: Augsburg

text: Duchy of Bavaria

text: Pentecost

text: Regensburg

text: Zurich

text: Rudolph III

text: Gandersheim Conflict

text: Emperor Otto III

text: Gandersheim Abbey

text: Archbishop of Mainz

text: Bishop of Hildesheim

text: Archbishop Aribo of Mainz

text: Primate of Germany

text: synod

text: Frankfurt

text: Bishop Gotthard of Hildesheim

text: Conrad the Younger

text: Archbishop Aribert of Milan

text: Northern Italy

text: Iron Crown of Lombardy

text: Capetian

text: King Robert II of France

text: Hugh Magnus

text: Duke William V of Aquitaine

text: Pavia

text: Emperor Henry II

text: Kingdom of Italy

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: Pavia

text: Ostrogothic King

text: Theodoric the Great

text: personal union

text: political union

text: Salian

text: Archbishop Aribo of Mainz

text: Archbishop Pilgrim of Cologne

text: Milan

text: Iron Crown of the Lombards

text: Archbishop Aribert of Milan

text: King of the Lombards

text: Vercelli

text: Easter

text: Bishop Leo of Vercelli

text: Emperor Otto III

text: Salian dynasty

text: Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio

text: Ravenna

text: Po valley

text: Christmas

text: Ivrea

text: Abbot Odilo of Cluny

text: Pope John XIX

text: Emperor

text: Old Saint Peter's Basilica

text: Rome

text: Cnut the Great, King of England, Denmark and Norway

text: Rudolph III of Burgundy

text: Henry

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: homage

text: Principality of Capua

text: Principality of Salerno

text: Duchy of Benevento

text: Venice

text: Schism of the Three Chapters

text: synod

text: Lateran Basilica

text: Pope John XIX

text: Patriarch of Aquleia

text: Poppo

text: Duke Henry V of Bavaria

text: Regensburg

text: Duchy of Bavaria

text: royal prerogative

text: Henry

text: Dowager Empress

text: Cunigunde of Luxembourg

text: wittum

text: Duke Ernest II of Swabia

text: Gisela of Swabia

text: Conrad of Carinthia

text: Count Welf II of Swabia

text: Bishop Bruno of Augsburg

text: Augsburg

text: Wipo of Burgundy

text: Worms

text: Giebichenstein Castle

text: Saxony

text: Henry

text: excommunicated

text: Bishop of Constance

text: Black Forest

text: Herman

text: royal prerogative

text: Duchy of Carinthia

text: Duchy of Swabia

text: Duke Adalbero of Carinthia

text: synod

text: Frankfurt

text: King Stephen I

text: Kingdom of Hungary

text: Bamberg

text: treason

text: Henry

text: exile

text: Ebersberg

text: Duchy of Bavaria

text: Conrad the Younger

text: Ottonian dynasty

text: Ernest II of Swabia

text: Ottonian dynasty

text: divine right

text: protectors of the Church

text: Wipo of Burgundy

text: Salian dynasty

text: Limburg Abbey

text: synods

text: Gisela of Swabia

text: Archbishop Aribo of Mainz

text: Primate of Germany

text: Abbot Bardo

text: Hersfeld Abbey

text: theologian

text: Wazo of Liège

text: cathedral chapter

text: Bishop of Liege

text: Duke Bolesław I of Poland

text: Emperor Henry II

text: German-Polish Wars from 1002 to 1018

text: Peace of Bautzen

text: Oda of Meissen

text: Easter

text: Mieszko II Lambert

text: Bezprym

text: Otto Bolesławowic

text: Duke Ernest II of Swabia

text: Conrad the Younger

text: Duke Frederick II of Upper Lorraine

text: Cnut, King of England and Denmark

text: March of Schleswig

text: March of Lusatia

text: Lutician Federation

text: West Slavic

text: Polabian

text: Ottonian dynasty

text: Emperor Otto I

text: Herman Billung

text: Gero

text: Great Slav Rising

text: Billung March

text: Northern March

text: Emperor Otto III

text: Duke Bolesław I of Poland

text: Peace of Bautzen

text: Margraviate of Meissen

text: March of Lusatia

text: Bautzen

text: Yaroslav the Wise

text: Grand Prince of Kiev

text: Red Ruthenia

text: Carinithia

text: Bautzen

text: Margraviate of Meissen

text: Bezprym

text: Treaty of Merseburg

text: Margraviate of Meissen

text: March of Lusatia

text: Bezprym

text: Kievan Rus

text: Yaroslav I the Wise

text: Duchy of Bohemia

text: castrated

text: Duke Oldrich

text: Bolesław

text: Duke Boleslaus III

text: Polish royal crown and regalia

text: Queen Richeza

text: Otto Bolesławowic

text: power vacuum

text: assembly

text: Merseburg

text: Gisela of Swabia

text: Treaty of Merseburg

text: Pagan reaction in Poland

text: Richeza

text: Casimir I

text: Duchy of Bohemia

text: German-Polish Wars

text: Emperor Henry II

text: Jaromir

text: Duke of Bohemia

text: Moravia

text: Silesia

text: Lesser Poland

text: Lusatia

text: Oldrich

text: Mieszko II

text: Bolesław I of Poland

text: Duke Boleslaus III

text: Treaty of Merseburg

text: Duke Henry of Bavaria

text: Bretislaus I

text: Moravia

text: king of Hungary

text: Christmas Day

text: Emperor Henry II

text: Gisela

text: Otto Orseolo

text: Grimelda of Hungary

text: Henry

text: Emeric of Hungary

text: Duchy of Bavaria

text: Werner of Strasbourg

text: Wipo of Burgundy

text: scorched earth tactics

text: Ernest II

text: Duke of Swabia

text: Leitha River

text: Fischa River

text: Rudolph III of Burgundy

text: Kingdom of Arles

text: Emperor Henry II

text: Gisela of Burgundy

text: Count Odo II of Blois

text: Basel

text: Cunigunde of Luxembourg

text: Duke Mieszko II of Poland

text: Vaud

text: abbey of Payerne

text: Zurich

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: Cathedral of Geneva

text: Henry

text: legal

text: Saxony

text: Lombardy

text: Aachen

text: Germany

text: Gunhilda of Denmark

text: Canute the Great

text: England

text: Denmark

text: Norway

text: Emma of Normandy

text: Henry III

text: Poland

text: Kievan Rus'

text: Mieszko II

text: Bolesław I

text: Bavaria

text: Stephen I of Hungary

text: Hungary

text: scorched earth tactics

text: Vienna

text: Rudolph III, King of Burgundy

text: Burgundy

text: Zürich

text: Kingdom of Arles

text: Duchy of Burgundy

text: King of France

text: Italy

text: bishop

text: Guaimar IV of Salerno

text: Capua

text: Pandulf

text: Michael IV the Paphlagonian

text: Byzantine Empire

text: Southern Italy

text: Salerno

text: Aversa

text: Monte Cassino

text: Troia

text: Sant'Agata de' Goti

text: Rainulf Drengot

text: Norman

text: Constantinople

text: Mezzogiorno

text: Solothurn

text: Strasbourg

text: Goslar

text: gout

text: Utrecht

text: Cathedral of Saint Martin, Utrecht

text: Cologne

text: Mainz

text: Worms

text: Wipo of Burgundy

text: Henry III

text: Matilda

text: at Google Books

categories: 11th-century kings of Italy,11th-century Kings of Germany,Kings of the Romans,1039 deaths,11th-century Holy Roman Emperors,German kings of Burgundy,11th-century Kings of the Romans,Burials at St. Martin's Cathedral, Utrecht,Salian dynasty,Dukes of Carinthia,990 births,Burials at Speyer Cathedral

paragraph: Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor

paragraph: Conrad II ( 4 June 1039), also known as and , was Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 1027 until his death in 1039. The founder of the Salian dynasty of emperors who ruled for over a century, Conrad also served as King of Germany from 1024, King of Italy from 1026, and King of Burgundy from 1033.

paragraph: The son of a mid-level nobleman in Franconia, Count Henry of Speyer and Adelaide of Metz, he inherited the titles of count of Speyer and of Worms as an infant when his father died. Conrad extended his power beyond his inherited lands, receiving the favor of the princes of the Kingdom of Germany. When the Saxon-based Ottonian dynasty of emperors died off with the childless Emperor Henry II, Conrad was elected to succeed him as King in 1024 at the age of 34.

paragraph: Conrad continued the policies and achievements of the Ottonian Henry II regarding the Catholic Church and the affairs of Italy. Conrad continued to build the Church as a center for imperial power, preferring to appoint church bishops over secular lords to important posts across the Empire. Like Henry II before him, Conrad also continued a policy of benign neglect over Italy, especially for the city of Rome. His reign marked a high point of the medieval imperial rule and a relatively peaceful period for the Empire. Following the death of the childless King Rudolph III of Burgundy in 1032, Conrad claimed dominion over the Kingdom of Arles and incorporated it into the Empire. The three kingdoms (Germany, Italy, and Burgundy) formed the basis of the Empire as the "royal triad" ("regna tria").

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Family background.

paragraph: The Salian dynasty has its origins with Count Werner V of Worms, a mid-level Frankish noble from Germany's Duchy of Franconia east of the Rhine River. His son, Conrad the Red, succeeded him as Count in 941 and King Otto I of Germany (the future Holy Roman Emperor) appointed him as Duke of Lorraine in 944. He was subsequently married to Liutgarde, one of Otto's daughters, in 947 and became one of the king's closest allies. The relationship was strained, however, when Otto refused to honor a peace treaty Conrad, as Otto's representative, had conducted with the rebellious Berengar II of Italy. Conrad also resented the growing influence of Otto's brother Henry I of Bavaria, which he saw as threatening his own power. In 953 Conrad joined the king's son Liudolf in rebellion against Otto, but the rebellion was defeated and Conrad was stripped of his duchy. Conrad and Otto were soon reconciled, with Conrad fighting for Otto in the great Battle of Lechfeld in 955. Though the Germans were successful in halting the Hungarian invasions of Europe, Conrad lost his life in the battle. Conrad was succeeded as Count of Worms in 956 by his son Otto of Worms, a grandson of Otto I. Sometime between 965 and 970 Otto of Worms' oldest son, Henry of Speyer, was born. Little is known of his life as he died the age of 20 between 985 and 990. Conrad II's father was Henry of Speyer, and his mother was Adelaide of Metz, an area of Upper Lorraine. After Henry's death, Adelaide married a Frankish nobleman. After her remarriage, Adelaide demonstrated no close relationship with her son.

paragraph: In 978 Emperor Otto II appointed his nephew Otto of Worms as Duke of Carinthia after deposing the rebellious Duke Henry I of Carinthia during the War of the Three Henries. Upon receiving the ducal title, however, Otto lost his position at Worms, which was given to Bishop Hildebald, Otto II's imperial chancellor. When Otto II died suddenly in 983, his infant son Otto III succeeded him, with his mother Theophanu serving as regent. Theophanu sought to reconcile the imperial house with Henry I, restoring him as Duke of Carinthia in 985, with Otto of Worms allowed to regain his ancestral position as Count of Worms. However, Otto was allowed to style himself "Duke of Worms" and his original territory was expanded so as not to diminish his rank. Otto of Worms remained loyal to the new Emperor, receiving rulership of the March of Verona in 955, though the actual Duchy of Carinthia passed to Henry IV of Bavaria. In 996, Otto III appointed Otto of Worms' son Bruno as Pope Gregory V. When Emperor Otto III died in 1002, both Otto of Worms, Conrad's grandfather, and Henry IV were candidates for election as King of Germany. In a compromise, Otto withdrew and received the Duchy of Carinthia from the newly elected Henry IV, who ruled as "Henry II of Germany", in return. As a result, Otto of Worms renounced his holdings in Worms to Bishop Burchard of Worms, a long-time political rival. Buchard assumed care for Conrad, providing his education and upbringing by 1000.

paragraph: After the early death of his uncle Duke Conrad I of Carinthia, the elder Conrad's infant son, Conrad the Younger, was named Count of Worms by Emperor Henry II while the Duchy of Carinthia passed to Adalbero of Eppenstein due to Conrad the Younger's infancy. Conrad the Younger was placed in Conrad's care.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Adulthood.

paragraph: Conrad married Gisela of Swabia, a twice widowed duchess, in 1016. Gisela was the daughter of Duke Herman II of Swabia who, in 1002, unsuccessfully claimed the German throne following Emperor Otto III's death, losing the election to Emperor Henry II. Gisela was first married to Count Bruno I of Brunswick the same year. Following Bruno's death around 1010, Gisela married Ernest I of the House of Babenberg. By the marriage, Ernest I inherited the Duchy of Swabia at the death of Gisela's brother Duke Herman III of Swabia in 1012. This marriage produced two sons: Ernest II and Herman. After the death of Ernest I in 1015, Emperor Henry II named Ernest II as Duke of Swabia. As Gisela's new husband, Conrad hoped to serve as regent for his minor stepson in the administration of the duchy, seeing it as an opportunity to increase his own rank and subsequently make a claim for his own duchy. Emperor Henry II blocked this attempt by placing the guardianship of Ernest II, and regency over Swabia, in the hands of Archbishop Poppo of Trier in 1016. This action further strained the already rough relationship between the imperial House of Otto and the Salian family.

paragraph: Conrad II's hopes of obtaining his own duchy failed, but his marriage to Gisela brought him wealth. Her mother, Gerberga of Burgundy, was the daughter of reigning Burgundian King Conrad of Burgundy and granddaughter of the late Frankish King Louis IV. Gisela also claimed descent from Charlemagne through both her mother and her father. The marriage was problematic because of the familial relationship shared by Gisela and Conrad: both were descendants of Ottonian King Henry I, Henry in the fifth generation and Gisela in the fourth. According to canon law, marriage was not allowed among relatives of the first to seventh generations. Though Conrad's marriage differed little from the usual practice of the time, strict canonists took exception to the marriage and Emperor Henry II used this breach of canonical law to force Conrad into temporary exile. During this exile, Gisela bore Conrad a son, Henry III, on October 28, 1017. Conrad and Emperor Henry II were eventually reconciled, allowing him to return to Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as King.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as King.:Royal election.

paragraph: Emperor Henry II died in 1024. Childless, Henry's death brought the Ottonian dynasty, which had ruled Germany since 919, to an end. Without a clear successor as King of Germany, Henry's widow Cunigunde of Luxembourg served as regent while the German dukes gathered to elect a new king. Cunigunde was assisted by her brothers Bishop Dietrich I of Metz and Duke Henry V of Bavaria. Archbiship Aribo of Mainz, the Primate of Germany, also assisted Cunigunde.

paragraph: On September 4, 1024, the German princes gathered at Kamba, an historical name for an area on the east banks of the Rhine River opposite the German town Oppenheim. (Today the position of Kamba is marked by a small monument, which displays Conrad on a horse.) Archbishop Aribo served as the assembly's president. Conrad presented himself before the assembly as a candidate for election, as did his younger cousin Conrad the Younger. Both were descendants from Emperor Otto I by their common grandfather Otto of Worms, son of Liutgarde, one of Otto's daughters. Although other extended members of the Ottonian dynasty existed, none were seriously considered for election. The chronicler Wipo of Burgundy, Conrad's chaplain, attended the meeting and recorded the election. The Duchy of Saxony adopted a neutral strategy while the Duchy of Lorraine favored the younger Conrad. A majority of the assembled princes favored the elder Conrad, whose seven-year-old son ensured a stable dynasty for the kingdom. As president of the assembly, Archbishop Aribo cast the first vote and supported the elder Conrad. He was joined by the other clergy in supporting the elder Conrad. The secular dukes then cast their votes for the elder Conrad as well. Only Archbishop Pilgrim of Cologne, Duke Gothelo I of Lower Lorraine, and Duke Frederick II of Upper Lorraine refused to support him.

paragraph: Conrad was crowned King of Germany by Archbishop Aribo in Mainz Cathedral on September 8, 1024 at the age of 34. To mark his election, Conrad commissioned the construction of the Speyer Cathedral in Speyer, near his ancestral home of Worms. Construction began in 1030. Archbishop Aribo, as archbishop of Mainz, was already the chancellor of Germany. Conrad wanted to reward the archbishop for his electoral support, so he made Aribo chancellor of Italy as well, making Aribo the second most powerful man in the Holy Roman Empire as the imperial chancellor.

paragraph: Aribo refused to crown Conrad's wife Gisela as queen due to a violation of canon law. Conrad refused to accept Archbishop Aribo's position. Archbishop Pilgrim of Cologne saw the situation as an opportunity to restore his relationship with the king, after refusing to support Conrad's election, and he crowned Gisela queen on September 21, 1024. The political reorientation of Pilgrim also weakened the opposition towards the new king.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as King.:Early reign.

paragraph: Conrad inherited a kingdom troubled by numerous problems. The duchies of Saxony and Lorraine were in opposition to his rule, as well as his cousin Conrad of Carinthia. To secure his reign, Conrad went on a tour of Germany, making stops in Augsburg to receive the support of Bishop Bruno, and at Strasbourg to receive the support of Bishop Werner, the brothers of the late Emperor Henry II. Both were appointed to high-ranking offices at Conrad's court. Traveling from Cologne to Aachen, the site of Charlemagne's old capital, Conrad continued the tradition of claiming the right to rule Germany as successor to Charlemagne. Despite the continuance of this Ottonian tradition, the Duchy of Lorraine still did not accept his rule. Conrad then traveled north to Saxony, visiting Abbess Adelaide I of Quedlinburg and Abbess Sophia I of Gandersheim, both daughters of the late Ottonian Emperor Otto II. Their support of Conrad's rule greatly influenced the Saxony nobility. Celebrating Christmas at Minden, the Saxon nobles, led by Duke Bernard II, recognized Conrad as their king after he promised he would respect Saxon law. Conrad and Gisela would remain in Saxony during the winter until March 1025. Upon leaving Saxony, Conrad traveled to the Duchy of Swabia, celebrating Easter at Augsburg. He then traveled to the Duchy of Bavaria to celebrate Pentecost at Regensburg. Conrad next traveled to Zurich near the German-Burgundian border. In 1016, Emperor Henry II forced the childless Burgundian King Rudolph III to name him as his heir. With Henry's death in 1024, Conrad claimed the same rights over Burgundy. This ended his tour of Germany, visiting all major regions of the kingdom within ten months of his election.

paragraph: Conrad had to address the longstanding "Gandersheim Conflict" upon assuming the German throne. The forty-year conflict stretched back to 989, during the reign of Emperor Otto III, over control of Gandersheim Abbey and its estates. Both the Archbishop of Mainz and the Bishop of Hildesheim claimed authority over the Abbey, including the authority to anoint the Abbey's nuns. Though Otto III eased the tensions between the parties by declaring that both bishops would anoint the Abbess, the conflict continued. Archbishop Aribo of Mainz, the new Primate of Germany, sought to overturn this precedent. Conrad was indebted to Aribo for his support during the royal election and worked to support his ally. In January 1027, the king called a synod at Frankfurt to resolve the dispute, but a conclusion was not reached. Conrad called a second synod in September 1028, which likewise failed to find a solution. Only a third synod in 1030 ended the conflict when Bishop Gotthard of Hildesheim renounced his claims to the monastery in favor of Aribo.

paragraph: During his travel to Augsburg, a conflict broke out between Conrad and his younger cousin Conrad the Younger. The reasons for the rebellion are not recorded, but the younger Conrad claimed he did not receive some compensation the king promised him for withdrawing from the 1024 election.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as King.:Unrest in Italy.

paragraph: In Bavaria, Conrad was brought into contact with the Italian ruling elite for the first time. In June 1025, Archbishop Aribert of Milan, and other bishops from Northern Italy, traveled north over the Alps to pay homage to Conrad. In exchange for certain privileges in the governing of Italy, Aribert agreed to crown Conrad with the Iron Crown of Lombardy. The situation in Italy was unstable after the death of the Henry II. The secular nobles believed the Italian throne to be vacant, not accepting Conrad's automatic succession as a matter of right. Instead, the secular nobles offered the Italian crown to the Capetian King Robert II of France and his son Hugh Magnus. After he rejected the offer, the secular lords approached Duke William V of Aquitaine. Though initially excited by the offer, William V subsequently rejected it as well.

paragraph: In addition to the ecclesiastical mission, secular Italian nobles from Pavia also traveled north to Conrad. While Conrad's election did not meet significant obstacles north of the Alps, in Italy, in the aftermath of the death of Emperor Henry II, there were several riots, and some Italian nobles attempted to separate the Kingdom of Italy from the Holy Roman Empire. When the news spread of Henry's death, the citizens of Pavia revolted, destroying the imperial palace, which dated to the Ostrogothic King Theodoric the Great during the 5th century. Though Pavia had lost is position as the seat of royal administration in Italy under the Ottonian dynasty, the palace had been a great symbol of imperial authority in Italy. Pavia, thanks to its strategic location situated on the trade routes from Italy to Burgundy and France, had become an important commercial center. Traders of the lower nobility demanded greater autonomy from imperial control. The nobility saw the mere presence of the imperial palace within the city walls intolerable.

paragraph: Ambassadors from Pavia traveled north to meet with the German king. According to Conrad's personal cleric Wipo, the Italian kingship was not "durable" with the German throne but instead a mere "personal union". Italy was a separate nation from Germany with its own identity, not a permanent political union. They tried to justify the actions of their fellow citizens, claiming that Pavia had always been loyal to the Italian king, as long as the king was alive, and that the revolt had taken place when the Italian throne was vacant. Therefore, the burning of the palace should be excused. Conrad rejected their argument, however, saying that just as a ship remains after the death of its captain, the Empire remains after the death of the Emperor. The kingship of Italy, according to Conrad, belonged to him as king of Germany as a matter of legal right. Conrad also declared that the palace was property of the Empire, not of the old king, and therefore the new king had the right to punish those responsible. The secular nobles returned to Italy in opposition to Salian rule.

paragraph: In February 1026, Conrad assembled an army of thousands of armored knights for an expedition into Italy, including troops commanded by both Archbishop Aribo of Mainz and Archbishop Pilgrim of Cologne. Conrad's army marched south, besieging Pavia, but the city walls blocked the attackers. Conrad decided to leave a contingent of soldiers to keep the city under siege, blocking all trade in the area, and continued his campaign. By March 1026, Conrad arrived in Milan and was crowned with the Iron Crown of the Lombards by Archbishop Aribert of Milan as King of the Lombards. From Milan, Conrad traveled to Vercelli, where he celebrated Easter with the aged Bishop Leo of Vercelli, who had been a chief advisor to the late Emperor Otto III. When Leo died a few days later, Archbishop Aribert became the chief supporter of the Salian dynasty in Italy. With Conrad's assistance, Aribert became highest ranking religious figure in Italy and oversaw the expansion of the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio in Milan. In June 1026, Conrad marched with his army to Ravenna, but quartering his soldiers alongside the Ravennese population caused tension in the city. Conrad marched north to mitigate the risk the summer heat posed to his army. In autumn Conrad left his summer camp in the Po valley and marched to the Burgundian border. Conrad then celebrated Christmas at Ivrea. By the end of winter, the secular nobles of Italy voluntarily ended their opposition to Conrad's reign. Pavia, however, remained in revolt until early 1027 when Abbot Odilo of Cluny brokered a peace deal between the city and Conrad.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as Emperor.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as Emperor.:Imperial coronation.

paragraph: On March 26, 1027, Pope John XIX crowned Conrad and his wife Gisela as Emperor and Empress, respectively, in Old Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome. The coronation was attended by Cnut the Great, King of England, Denmark and Norway, Rudolph III of Burgundy and 70 high-ranking clerics, including the Archbishops of Cologne, Mainz, Trier, Magdeburg, Salzburg, Milan, and Ravenna. Conrad's son and heir Henry also attended. Rudolph's attendance marked an improvement in the relationship between Burgundy and the Holy Roman Empire. During the seven-day coronation ceremony, a rank dispute between the archbishops of Milan and Ravenna arose, with Conrad deciding in favor of Milan. Following the synod, Conrad traveled south to receive homage from the southern Italian states of Principality of Capua, the Principality of Salerno, and the Duchy of Benevento.

paragraph: After his coronation, Conrad issued decrees to reorganize the monasteries and dioceses of Italy with the particular goal of bringing the church at Venice under Imperial control (see the "Schism of the Three Chapters"). On April 6, 1027, at a synod held in the Lateran Basilica with Pope John XIX, the Emperor resolved the dispute in favor of Old-Aquileia. The Patriarch of Aquleia Poppo had been a loyal supporter of Emperor Henry II, who appointed him as Patriarch in 1020 during the Emperor's campaign to reassert his authority in Italy. Conrad's action placed the church at Grado under Poppo's authority, securing Poppo's loyalty by making him the Emperor's top official in northern Italy. The synod ended the independence of the Grado church and limited the political autonomy of Venice. In so doing, Conrad broke with the policies of his predecessors and revoked Venice's privileged trading status.

paragraph: Toward the end of May 1027, Conrad returned north to Germany to attend the funeral of Duke Henry V of Bavaria at Regensburg. With the Duchy of Bavaria left vacant, Conrad asserted his right to name a next duke as a matter of royal prerogative, taking the unprecedented decision of naming his 10-year-old son Henry as Duke of Bavaria despite the existence of candidates with a better claim to the Duchy. Never before had the Bavarian Duchy passed to a non-member of the Bavarian ducal family.

paragraph: The young prince assumed the Bavarian dignity on 24 June 1027. Following Henry's appointment, Conrad held court at Regensburg and issued a decree requiring an accounting of all imperial property in the duchy. This required the various counts and bishops to report to Conrad all property they possessed in their castles and abbeys that belonged to the Emperor. Even the Dowager Empress Cunigunde of Luxembourg was required to report to Conrad, with the Emperor even claiming Cunegonde's "wittum" (money and property left to her by her late husband Emperor Henry II) as belonging to him. Conrad's promotion of imperial authority over the ducal succession and his claims to property throughout Bavaria caused tension between him and the German aristocracy, who viewed Conrad's actions as infringing upon their privileges.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as Emperor.:Uprising in Swabia.

paragraph: In 1025, Duke Ernest II of Swabia, Conrad's stepson from his marriage to Gisela of Swabia, rebelled against his stepfather when he was elected king of Germany. By 1026, Conrad had defeated the resistance and Ernest submitted to his reign. Due to the intervention of his mother Gisela, Ernest was allowed to accompany Conrad on his expedition to Italy in 1026. During the expedition, the rebellion led by Conrad of Carinthia and Count Welf II of Swabia continued. Conrad had named Bishop Bruno of Augsburg regent of Germany while he marched south to Italy. When Bruno was defeated by the rebels, Conrad sent Ernest back to Germany in September 1026 to end the revolt. When Ernest returned, he joined the opposition and rebelled against Conrad again.

paragraph: Conrad returned to Germany in 1027, after being crowned Emperor, and held court at Augsburg in Swabia, calling upon the rebels to surrender. Ernest, trusting in the number and fidelity of his vassals, rejected the peace officer, and appealed to his Swabian counts to join him in rebellion. According to Wipo of Burgundy, the counts refused, stating that while they had sworn loyalty to Ernest, they would not rebel against their Emperor. Without the support of the Swabian counts, Ernest, Conrad of Carinthia and Count Welf submitted to Conrad at Worms on September 9, 1027, ending the rebellion. Conrad stripped Ernest of his ducal title and imprisoned him at Giebichenstein Castle in Saxony. Gisela supported Conrad against her son, but did not want Ernest to be entirely humiliated. As a result of his mother's intervention, Conrad allowed Ernest to retain his title while imprisoned, with Gisela serving as regent over the duchy.

paragraph: In 1028, after Conrad's son Henry was crowned as King of Germany, Gisela again intervened on Ernest's behalf. Conrad pardoned Ernest and released him from prison in 1028, but Gisela retained regency over Swabia. Ernest served as duke in name only. On Easter 1030, Conrad offered to restore Ernest his full powers as Duke of Swabia if he would crack down on the Emperor's enemies there. Ernest's refusal, especially against his friend Count Werner of Kyburg, resulted in his final downfall. Conrad stripped his stepson of his title, declared him a public enemy, and had him excommunicated. Even his mother Gisela did not come to his rescue. Within a few months, both Ernest and Werner were killed in battle against the Bishop of Constance near in the Black Forest. The fall of Ernest greatly weakened the independence of Swabia. Conrad named Ernest's younger brother Herman as the new Duke. Herman was a minor, so Conrad named the Bishop of Constance regent. Eight years later in 1038, Herman was dead and Conrad named his own son Henry as duke, securing imperial control over the duchy.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as Emperor.:Conflict with Adalbero.

paragraph: Conrad had to enforce his royal prerogatives in the Duchy of Carinthia and the Duchy of Swabia. Duke Adalbero of Carinthia had been appointed as duke in 1012 under Emperor Henry II and remained loyal to imperial authority, supporting Conrad's election as German king in 1024. At a synod in Frankfurt in September 1027, Conrad attempted to resolve the decades' long "Gandersheim Conflict". Adalbero accompanied the Emperor and acted as his sword-bearer during the proceeding, indicating Conrad's trust in him. From 1028 on, Adalbero governed his Duchy as an independent state.

paragraph: In particular, he attempted to conduct peaceful relations with the King Stephen I of the Kingdom of Hungary. Under Emperor Henry II, who was the brother-in-law to Stephen, relations between the Empire and Hungary had been friendly. Upon Henry's death in 1024, Conrad adopted a more aggressive policy, prompting border raids into the Empire from Hungary. The raids particularly affected Adalbero's domain of Carinthia, which shared a long, eastern border with Hungary.

paragraph: Conrad summoned Adalbero to court at Bamberg on 18 May 1035, to answer an indictment of treason for his actions regarding Hungary. In the presence of the German dukes, Conrad demanded that Adalbero be stripped of all his titles and lands. The dukes hesitated and demanded that Conrad's son Henry, the Germany's co-King and Conrad's designated successor, join the assembly before a decision was made. Henry refused to depose Adalbero, citing an earlier agreement with Adelbero to be his ally in negotiating a settlement between him and his father. Conrad resorted to exhortations, pleas, and threats to convince Henry to support Adalbero's deposition. Henry's support was soon followed by that of the other dukes. Conrad then ordered Adalbero to be removed as Duke and sentenced him and his son to exile. After attacking Conrad's allies in Carinthia, Adalbero fled to his mother's estates in Ebersberg in the Duchy of Bavaria, where he remained until his death in 1039. The duchy of Carinthia remained unoccupied until February 2, 1035, when Conrad named his cousin Conrad the Younger as the new duke. With the appointment, the three southern German duchies of Swabia, Bavaria, and Carinthia were all under the control of Emperor Conrad through his family members (his stepson Herman in Swabia, his son Henry in Bavaria, and his cousin Conrad in Carinthia).

paragraph: Control of the southern duchies allowed Conrad to continue the process begun under the Ottonian dynasty, centralizing the Emperors authority over the Empire at the expense of the regional dukes. Conrad broke with Ottonian tradition, however, in favoring a more strict means of controlling rebellious vassals. Whereas the Ottonians followed a policy of informal public submission and subsequent reconciliation, Conrad used treason trials to declare rebels as "public enemies" to legitimize his subsequent harsh treatment, as he had done with Ernest II of Swabia and Adalbero. The nobles saw use of these treason trials not as mere power shifts in favor of the Emperor, but as a cruel breach of German tradition.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as Emperor.:Policy towards the Church.

paragraph: Conrad continued the Ottonian dynasty's policy of using the German Church as a vehicle for imperial control. Beginning in the 950s, the Ottonians had favored Church officials over secular nobles for appointment to the Empire's most important offices. Claiming "divine right" to rule the Empire, the Ottonians increasingly viewed themselves as protectors of the Church and thus demanded loyalty from the Church officials. In return, the various bishoprics and abbeys of the Empire were granted extensive landholdings and secular authority, providing immunity from the jurisdiction of the secular nobles. As such, the Church officials reported exclusively to the Emperor, acting as his personal vassals. As the Emperor's vassals, the Church officials were subject to providing two services to him: the "servitium regis" (royal service) and "servitium militum" (military service). Under royal service, the bishops and abbots were required to provide hospitality and accommodations to the Emperor and his court when he arrived. It also required the Church officials to act as quasi-bureaucracy for the Empire. Under military service, the Church was required to supply soldiers for the Emperors' army or to act as diplomats at his direction. Conrad energetically continued this tradition.

paragraph: In his biography of Conrad, the chronicler Wipo of Burgundy stated the promotion of the Church was of little value to the Emperor. Conrad and the other members of the Salian dynasty had little interest in the founding of new monasteries. Through their hundred-year dynasty, the Salians only founded one: Limburg Abbey which was converted from a fortress to a monastery in 1025. The Ottonians established at least eight in their hundred-year reign. Additionally, the Ottonians were active in the establishment of Church affairs, but Conrad was uninterested, only calling five synods during his reign and usually only to restore peace. Conrad's decisions on Church policy were often left to his wife Gisela of Swabia. When Archbishop Aribo of Mainz, Primate of Germany, died in 1031, Conrad considered both Abbot Bardo of Hersfeld Abbey and the renowned theologian Wazo of Liège, then serving as the dean of the cathedral chapter for the Bishop of Liege. Though Conrad favored Wazo to lead the German Church as Archbishop and Primate, Gisela convinced him to appoint Bardo instead.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as Emperor.:Relations with Poland.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as Emperor.:Relations with Poland.:War with Mieszko.

paragraph: Duke Bolesław I of Poland warred with Emperor Henry II three times during the German-Polish Wars from 1002 to 1018. In January 1018, Henry II and Bolesław I signed a peace treaty, known as the Peace of Bautzen, in which the Empire and Poland declared a permanent peace with Bolesław recognizing Henry II as his nominal feudal lord. In return, Henry II granted to Bolesław lands on the Empire's eastern border. To seal the peace, Bolesław I, a widower, reinforced his dynastic bonds with the German nobility by marrying Oda of Meissen, daughter of the Saxon Margrave Eckard I of Meissen. Empire and Poland remained at peace for the remainder of Henry's reign. Henry's death in 1024 gave Bolesław an opportunity to increase his own power. Bolesław took advantage of the interregnum in Germany and crowned himself king on Easter, April 25, 1025. Bolesław was thus the first Polish king as his predecessors had been considered mere "dukes" by both the Empire and the Pope in Rome. Bolesław died within two months of the coronation, most likely due to an illness. Bolesław's son, Mieszko II Lambert, succeeded him as King, being crowned on Christmas Day 1025. Upon assuming the Polish throne, Mieszko expelled his older half-brother Bezprym and his younger brother Otto Bolesławowic. Otto went to Germany to seek Conrad's protection.

paragraph: Conrad considered the assumption of the title "king" by Mieszko an act of war and a disregard of his imperial authority, but had to address domestic issues before marching against Mieszko. In 1026 Conrad II marched into Italy to assert German authority south of the Alps and to claim the imperial crown from the Pope. In his absence, Duke Ernest II of Swabia, Conrad the Younger, and Duke Frederick II of Upper Lorraine rebelled against his authority.

paragraph: The rebels sought the support of Mieszko, which the Polish king granted and promised to take military action against Conrad. Conrad returned to Germany in mid-1027, putting an end to the rebellion before Mieszko could marshal his forces. In preparations for his own invasion of Poland, Conrad developed a closer relationship with Cnut, King of England and Denmark (whose kingdom lay along the Empire's northern border). Cnut accompanied Conrad to his coronation as emperor in 1027, and Conrad granted authority over the March of Schleswig, the land-bridge between Denmark and Germany.

paragraph: Fearing a joint German-Danish attack, Mieszko invaded the Empire's March of Lusatia and the territory of the Lutician Federation in 1028. The Lutici were a federation of West Slavic Polabian tribes that developed in the 10th century. Located on the northeast border of Germany, the Lutici were the regular target of German aggression during the early years of the Ottonian dynasty with Emperor Otto I's lieutenants Herman Billung and Gero, subjugating many of the Slavic tribes beginning in the 940s. In 983, as part of the Great Slav Rising, the Lutici initiated an open rebellion. In the ensuing war (983-995), the Lutici succeeded in reclaiming their independence and gained control of the Billung March and Northern March from the Empire. Though Emperor Otto III allied with Duke Bolesław I of Poland to reintegrate them into the Empire, Otto III's death ended the friendly relationship between Poland the Empire. Instead, Bolesław competed with Otto III's successor, Emperor Henry II, for dominion over the Lutici, causing Henry II to ally the Empire with the Lutici against Poland. Under the Peace of Bautzen in 1018, all three parties remained in uneasy peace, with Poland allowed to hold the Empire's Margraviate of Meissen. Of the eastern marches, the Empire only retained the March of Lusatia. Mieszko's 1028 invasion ended the peace. The Lutici sent ambassadors to seek Conrad's protection against Mieszko, which Conrad granted and renewed the German-Lutician alliance.

paragraph: Seeking to protect the Lutici from Polish invasion, Conrad launched a counter-invasion in 1029 and placed the Polish-held Bautzen under siege. Faced with a potential invasion by Hungary and the failure of the Lutici to provide their promised contingent of troops, Conrad retreated. In 1030, Poland secured an alliance with Hungary, with Stephen I invading Bavaria while Mieszko invaded Saxony. Conrad responded by allying with Yaroslav the Wise, Grand Prince of Kiev, to attack and capture Red Ruthenia on Poland's eastern border. In 1031, Conrad concluded a peace treaty with Hungary by ceding territory in eastern Carinithia to Hungarian control. Freed from the threat of Hungarian attack, the Emperor was able to focus his attention on attacking Poland. Marching on Mieszko in autumn 1031, Conrad laid siege at the Polish held-Bautzen in the Margraviate of Meissen. Mieszko's authority was shaken by the German and Kieven invasions, and the rebellion led by his exiled brother Bezprym. Mieszko surrendered to Conrad in fall 1031. Under the Treaty of Merseburg, Mieszko returned control over the Margraviate of Meissen and the March of Lusatia to the Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as Emperor.:Relations with Poland.:Treaty of Merseburg.

paragraph: Soon after Mieszko concluded peace with the Empire, he was deposed by his half-brother Bezprym. When Mieszko assumed the Polish throne in 1025 he exiled his brother, who fled to the protection of Kievan Rus to the east of Poland. With Meiszko's position weakened by his wars with the Empire, Bezprym, supported by Conrad, persuaded the Kevian Grand Price Yaroslav I the Wise to invade Poland and install Bezprym as the country's ruler. The Kievan invasion was a success. Mieszko fled to the Duchy of Bohemia where he was imprisoned and castrated by Duke Oldrich in retribution for Mieszko's father Bolesław's blinding Duke Boleslaus III, Oldrich's brother, thirty years earlier. Shortly after taking power, Bezprym sent the Polish royal crown and regalia to Conrad, officially renouncing the title "king" in favor of the traditional title "duke" and accepting the overlordship of the Empire over Poland. The Royal crown and regalia were delivered by Mieszko II's wife, Queen Richeza.

paragraph: Bezprym's reign was short. Bezprym's extreme cruelty caused his half-brother Otto Bolesławowic to lead a conspiracy. Bezprym's own men murdered him in spring 1032, created a power vacuum in Poland. Conrad responded by holding an assembly at Merseburg in 1033 to address the situation. Conrad's wife, the Empress Gisela of Swabia, interceded on Mieszko's behalf and requested he be freed from imprisonment in Bohemia and allowed to regain the Polish throne. Under the terms of the Treaty of Merseburg, Conrad divided Poland between Mieszko, Otto, and another half brother Detric. Mieszko was allowed to retain the title Duke and nominal authority over all of Poland. With a strong central leader to guide it, the treaty significantly increased the Empire's influence over Poland.

paragraph: The division was short-lived: in 1033 Otto was killed by one of his own men, and Mieszko II took his domains. Shortly after, Mieszko expelled Detric, reuniting the whole country in his hands. Though Mieszko regained his former power, he still had to fight against the nobility and his own subjects. Mieszko did not accept Bezprym's renunciation of the Polish crown and continued to style himself as "King" instead of "Duke". Mieszko II died soon after in 1034, and upon his death, a Pagan reaction in Poland erupted. Subsequently, his wife Richeza and son Casimir I fled to Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as Emperor.:Relations with Eastern Europe.:Bohemia.

paragraph: The Duchy of Bohemia was incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire in 1004 during the German-Polish Wars, which stretched from 1002 to 1018. Emperor Henry II installed Jaromir as Duke of Bohemia and promised protection against Polish aggression in return for incorporation. Jaromir ruled only a smaller territory, however, as Poland occupied the traditional Czech territories of Moravia, Silesia, Lesser Poland and Lusatia. In 1012, Jaromir was deposed by his brother Oldrich, who assumed the Bohemian throne for himself. Following the resumption of hostilities between the Empire and Poland in 1028, Oldrich went on the offensive against Poland, reconquering Moravia by 1029, which helped to stabilize his duchy. The war ended in 1031 when Polish King Mieszko II surrendered to Conrad. In the civil war which followed, Meiszko was forced to flee Poland for Bohemia, where Oldrich had him imprisoned and castrated in revenge for the torture Meiszko's father, Bolesław I of Poland, inflicted upon Duke Boleslaus III, Oldrich's brother, thirty years before.

paragraph: Poland was unable to stabilize in the wake of Mieszko's exile, forcing Conrad to convene an assembly in July 1033 to issue the Treaty of Merseburg which restored Meiszko to the Polish throne. Conrad summoned Oldrich to appear to the assembly, but Oldrich refused. His absence raised the ire of the Emperor and Conrad, busy with securing his succession to the Burgundy throne, charged his son Duke Henry of Bavaria with punishing the recalcitrant Bohemian. At age 17, Henry's march on Bohemia was his first independent military command. The expedition was complete success, with Henry deposing Oldrich and restoring his brother Jaromir to the Bohemian throne, with Oldrich's son Bretislaus I appointed as Count of Moravia. Oldrich was imprisoned in Bavaria but by 1034 was pardoned and allowed to return to Bohemia.

paragraph: Oldrich deposed and blinded Jaromir, reclaimed the Bohemian throne, and exiled his son. While the reason for the conflict between father and son has been lost, it is believed Bretislaus supported Jaromir over his father. Oldrich died suddenly on November 9, 1034, allowing Bretislaus to return from exile. Though Jaromir was offered the throne, he declined in favor of his nephew. Bretislaus was then installed as the new Duke of Bohemia by Conrad.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as Emperor.:Relations with Eastern Europe.:Hungary.

paragraph: With Otto III's approval, Stephen was crowned as the first Christian king of Hungary on Christmas Day, 1000. Otto III's successor, Emperor Henry II, was Stephen's brother-in-law by Stephen's marriage to Henry's sister Gisela, furthering the friendly relationship between the Empire and Germany. Under Conrad, however, relations quickly turned hostile as Conrad pursued a more aggressive policy regarding eastern Europe. Conrad II expelled Venetian Doge Otto Orseolo, the husband of Stephen's sister Grimelda of Hungary, from Venice in 1026. Conrad also persuaded the Bavarians to proclaim his own son, Henry, as their duke in 1027, although Stephen's son, Emeric of Hungary, had a strong claim to the Duchy of Bavaria through his mother.

paragraph: Emperor Conrad planned a marriage alliance with the Byzantine Empire and dispatched one of his advisors, Bishop Werner of Strasbourg, to Constantinople. The bishop seemingly traveled as a pilgrim, but Stephen, who had been informed of his actual purpose, refused to let him enter into his country in the autumn of 1027. Conrad's biographer, Wipo of Burgundy recorded that the Bavarians incited skirmishes along the common Imperial-Hungarian border in 1029, causing a rapid deterioration in relations between the two countries. In 1030, open conflict erupted. Conrad launched an invasion of Hungary, but had to retreat when the Hungarians successfully used scorched earth tactics. Conrad left matters in Hungary to his son Henry, so he could address his problems with his stepson Ernest II, the deposed Duke of Swabia. Henry settled the conflict by 1031 by granting lands between the Leitha River and Fischa River in eastern Bavaria to Hungary. Hungary and the Empire remained at peace from 1031 through to Henry's own reign as Emperor in 1040.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as Emperor.:Conquest of Burgundy.

paragraph: King Rudolph III of Burgundy, ruler of the Kingdom of Arles, had no sons, so Emperor Henry II was able to force the Burgundian ruler to name Henry as Rudolph's successor in 1016. Henry II was Rudolph's nephew, and his closest living male relative, as Henry II was the son of Rudolph's sister Gisela of Burgundy. When Emperor Henry II died in 1024, Rudolph was still alive, sparking a new controversy in the Burgundian succession. Conrad II, as Henry II's successor, claimed he inherited Henry II's rights, but Rudolph disputed his claim. Count Odo II of Blois, who had familial ties to Rudolph, also claimed a right in the succession. Conrad II met Rudolph in August 1027 near Basel to settle the dispute. Henry II's widowed wife, the Empress Cunigunde of Luxembourg, mediated between the two parties. A settlement was reached that allowed Conrad II to succeed to the Burgundian throne upon Rudolph's death under the same conditions as Henry II. In return, Rudolph was allowed to retain independent rule over his kingdom.

paragraph: Rudolph died on September 6, 1032, while Conrad was campaigning against Duke Mieszko II of Poland. Having forced Mieszko II to surrender, Conrad marched with his army to Burgundy in the winter of 1032/1033. Count Odo II of Blois, Conrad's former rival for the Burgundian throne, had already invaded the kingdom to secure his rule, controlling large portions of the kingdom's western territories. On February 2, 1033, Conrad arrived at Vaud, where he held an assembly at the abbey of Payerne and was crowned King of Burgundy. Initially, Conrad made little headway against Odo and had to withdraw to Zurich in March. After two large-scale military campaigns in summer 1033 and summer 1034, Conrad defeated Odo. On August 1, 1034, Conrad officially incorporated Burgundy into the Holy Roman Empire at a ceremony held in the Cathedral of Geneva.

paragraph: Though Burgundy was definitively under imperial control, the kingdom was allowed significant autonomy. Conrad rarely intervened in its affairs following his coronation, returning only in 1038 to name his son Henry as the kingdom's new ruler. The chief importance of the conquest of Burgundy was to augment the influence and dignity of the Emperor himself. Control of Burgundy did benefit the Empire. With Burgundy secured, the Empire controlled the western Alpine passes in Italy, allowing the Empire to secure its hold over Italy by blocking foreign invasions.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.

paragraph: Conrad formally confirmed the popular legal traditions of Saxony and issued new constitutions for Lombardy. In 1028 at Aachen, he had his son Henry elected and anointed king of Germany. Henry married Gunhilda of Denmark, daughter of King Canute the Great of England, Denmark, and Norway by Emma of Normandy. This was an arrangement that Conrad had made many years prior, when he gave Canute parts of northern Germany to administer. Henry, who would later become Emperor Henry III, became his father's chief counselor.

paragraph: Conrad campaigned unsuccessfully against Poland in 1028–1030. In 1031, Conrad and the Kievan Rus' forced King Mieszko II, son and heir of Bolesław I, to make peace and return the land that Bolesław had taken from the Empire during the reign of Henry II. Mieszko II was compelled to give up his royal title, and for the remainder of his troubled rule became the Duke of Poland and Conrad's vassal.

paragraph: In 1029 some Bavarian border conflicts undermined the good relations with Stephen I of Hungary. One year later Conrad launched a campaign against Hungary. The Hungarians successfully used scorched earth tactics, and Conrad had to withdraw his army. Finally, the Hungarian army forced him to surrender at Vienna. After his defeat, Conrad was obliged to cede some border territory to Hungary.

paragraph: When Rudolph III, King of Burgundy died on February 2, 1032, Conrad claimed the Kingship on the basis of an inheritance that Henry II had extorted from Rudolph in 1006, after Henry invaded Burgundy to enforce his claim in 1016. Despite some opposition, the Burgundian and Provençal nobles paid homage to Conrad in Zürich in 1034. This Kingdom of Burgundy, later known as the Kingdom of Arles under Conrad's successors, corresponded to most of the southeastern quarter of modern France and included western Switzerland, the Franche-Comté, and Dauphiné. It did not include the smaller Duchy of Burgundy to the north, ruled by a cadet branch of the Capetian King of France. (Most of the former Kingdom of Arles was incorporated into France piecemeal over the next centuries, but the King of Arles remained one of the Holy Roman Emperor's subsidiary titles until the dissolution of the Empire in 1806.)

paragraph: Conrad upheld the rights of the "valvassores" (knights and burghers of the cities) of Italy against Archbishop Aribert of Milan and the local nobles. The nobles, as vassal lords, and the bishop had conspired to rescind rights from the burghers. Conrad restored order with skillful diplomacy and luck.

paragraph: Section::::Late life.

paragraph: Section::::Late life.:Second Italian expedition.

paragraph: In 1038, Prince Guaimar IV of Salerno requested that Conrad adjudicate in a dispute over Capua with its Prince Pandulf, whom Conrad had released from imprisonment in 1024, immediately after his coronation. Hearing that Michael IV the Paphlagonian of the Byzantine Empire had received the same request, Conrad went to Southern Italy, to Salerno and Aversa. He appointed Richer, from Germany, as abbot of Monte Cassino, the abbot Theobald being imprisoned by Pandulf. At Troia, he ordered Pandulf to restore stolen property to Monte Cassino. Pandulf sent his wife and son to ask for peace, giving 300 lb of gold and a son and daughter as hostages. The Emperor accepted Pandulf's offer, but the hostage escaped and Pandulf holed up in his outlying castle of Sant'Agata de' Goti. Conrad besieged and took Capua and gave it to Guaimar with the title of Prince. He also recognised Aversa as a county of Salerno under Rainulf Drengot, the Norman adventurer. Pandulf, meanwhile, fled to Constantinople. Conrad thus left the "Mezzogiorno" firmly in Guaimar's hands and loyal, for once, to the Holy Roman Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Late life.:Death.

paragraph: During the return trip to Germany an epidemic broke out among the troops. Conrad's daughter-in-law and stepson died. Conrad himself returned safely and held several important courts in Solothurn, Strasbourg, and Goslar. His son Henry was invested with the duchies of Swabia and Carinthia.

paragraph: A year later in 1039 Conrad fell ill and died of gout in Utrecht. His heart and bowels are buried at the Cathedral of Saint Martin, Utrecht. His body was transferred to Speyer via Cologne, Mainz, and Worms, where the funeral procession made stops. His body is buried at Speyer Cathedral, which was still under construction at this time. During a major excavation in 1900 his sarcophagus was relocated from his original resting place in front of the altar to the crypt, where it is still visible today along with those of seven of his successors.

paragraph: A biography of Conrad II in chronicle form, "Gesta Chuonradi II imperatoris", was written by his chaplain Wipo of Burgundy, and presented to Henry III in 1046, not long after the latter was crowned.

paragraph: Section::::Family and children.

paragraph: Conrad married Gisela of Swabia in 1016, the daughter of Duke Herman II of Swabia. They had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry III b.1017 d.1056

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beatrix b.1020c d.1036

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matilda b.1027c d.1034

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 264

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Google Books

description: Holy Roman Emperor

wikidata_label: Conrad II

wikipedia_title: Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor


text:
Major League Baseball
second baseman
Montreal Expos
Sabana Grande, Puerto Rico
minor leagues
Robinson Cancel
Jonathan Sánchez
Sabana Grande
hit
home run
RBI
National League
doubles
hits
Silver Slugger
Washington Nationals
Washington Nationals
pinch hitter
Seattle Mariners
outfielder
Chris Snelling
pitcher
Emiliano Fruto
slugging

categories: Montreal Expos players,National League All-Stars,Harrisburg Senators players,People from Mayagüez, Puerto Rico,Potomac Nationals players,Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico,Puerto Rican expatriate baseball players in Canada,Silver Slugger Award winners,Living people,1974 births,Seattle Mariners players,Burlington Bees players,Major League Baseball second basemen,Ottawa Lynx players,Washington Nationals players

paragraph: José Vidro

paragraph: José Angel Vidro (born August 27, 1974) is a Puerto-Rican born former Major League Baseball second baseman. He played for the Montreal Expos, Washington Nationals and Seattle Mariners.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Montreal Expos/Washington Nationals.

paragraph: Vidro was drafted in the sixth round of the 1992 amateur draft by the Montreal Expos from Blanca Malaret High School in Sabana Grande, Puerto Rico. He spent four seasons in the minor leagues before making his major league debut on June 8, 1997. He was primarily a reserve infielder for the Expos in 1997 and 1998. Vidro is the first of three players, including Robinson Cancel (New York Mets) and Jonathan Sánchez (San Francisco Giants), from Sabana Grande to make it to the major leagues.

paragraph: In 1999, Vidro became a full-time player as the Expos starting second baseman. He hit .304 with 12 home runs and 59 RBI and was second in the National League with 45 doubles.

paragraph: In 2000, Vidro was named an All-Star for the first time in his career. His career high .330 batting average was seventh best in the NL. His 200 hits were 2nd best in the NL and his 51 doubles on the season were good for 3rd best. He also set career high numbers with 24 homers and 97 RBI. Vidro continued as the starting second baseman for the Expos in 2001 when he hit .319 with 15 homers and 59 RBI.

paragraph: Vidro made the NL All-Star team in both 2002 and 2003, hitting over .300 both seasons and winning the Silver Slugger as the best hitting 2nd baseman in the NL in 2003. Vidro played 3 more seasons with the franchise, including the first two seasons when the Expos moved and became the Washington Nationals. Due to injuries to his right knee, ankle, and quadriceps muscle, Vidro played in only 87 games for the Washington Nationals in 2005, 8 of which were as a pinch hitter.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Seattle Mariners.

paragraph: On December 14, 2006, the Nationals traded Vidro to the Seattle Mariners for outfielder Chris Snelling and pitcher Emiliano Fruto. Vidro spent two seasons with Seattle primarily playing DH. He hit .314 in 147 games in 2007; but, had only 6 homers while slugging .394.

paragraph: On August 5, 2008, the Mariners designated Vidro for assignment, and he was released on August 13. He was hitting .234 with seven home runs and 45 RBI at the time.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Career statistics.

paragraph: Vidro played 1046 games at second base, 45 games at third base, 42 games at first base and 3 games at left field.

description: Puerto Rican baseball player

wikidata_label: José Vidro

wikipedia_title: José Vidro


text:
French
ethics
Besançon
Paris
dethronement
Louis XVI of France
Doubs
Army of the Rhine
Fructidor, An VII.
Hugh Blair
Ducis
Cabanis
Sainte-Beuve
Montyon Prize
Académie française
Michel Chevalier

categories: 1773 births,1850 deaths,People from Besançon,Members of the Académie française

paragraph: Joseph Droz

paragraph: François-Xavier-Joseph Droz (; 31 December 1773 – 9 November 1850) was a French writer on ethics, political science and political economy.

paragraph: He was born at Besançon, where his family had supplied many notable members of the legal profession. Droz's own legal studies led him to Paris in 1792; he arrived the day after the dethronement of King Louis XVI of France, and was present during the massacres of September. On the declaration of war he joined the volunteer battalion of the Doubs, and for the next three years served in the Army of the Rhine.

paragraph: Discharged on health grounds, he obtained a much more congenial post in the newly founded école centrale of Besançon; and in 1799 he made his first appearance as an author by an "Essai sur l'art oratoire" (Paris, Fructidor, An VII.), in which he acknowledges his indebtedness more especially to Hugh Blair.

paragraph: Moving to Paris in 1803, he became friendly not only with the like-minded Ducis, but also with the sceptical Cabanis; and it was on this philosopher's advice that, in order to catch the public ear, he produced the romance of "Lina", which Sainte-Beuve has characterized as a mingled echo of "Florian" and "Werther".

paragraph: Like several other literary men of the time, he obtained a post in the revenue office known as the "Droits runis"; but from 1814 he devoted himself exclusively to literature and became a contributor to various journals. Already favorably known by his "Essai sur l'art d'être heureux" (Paris, 1806), his "Éloge de Montaigne" (1812), and his "Essai sur le beau dans les arts" (1815), he not only gained the Montyon Prize in 1823 by his work "De la philosophie morale ou des différents systèmes sur la science de la vie", but also in 1824 obtained admission to the Académie française.

paragraph: The main doctrine that this treatise seeks to inculcate is that society will never be in a proper state until men have been educated to think of their duties and not of their rights. It was followed in 1825 by "Application de la morale à la politique", and in 1829 by "L'économie politique ou principes de la science des richesses", a methodical and clearly written treatise, which was edited by Michel Chevalier in 1854. His next and greatest work was a "Histoire du règne de Louix XVI" in three volumes (Paris, 1839 1842). As he advanced in life, Droz became more and more decidedly religious, and the last work of his prolific pen was "Pensées sur le christianisme" (1842). In the words of Sainte-Beuve, "he was born and he remained all his life of the race of the good and the just."

paragraph: He died in Paris.

description: French writer

wikidata_label: Joseph Droz

wikipedia_title: Joseph Droz


text:
Ostel
Picardy
Académie française
Napoleon
Malesherbes
Chantilly
Charles V
Henry IV
Descartes
Corneille
La Fontaine

categories: 1806 deaths,1726 births,18th-century French historians,French male non-fiction writers,Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres,Members of the Académie française,Expelled members of the Académie française

paragraph: Gabriel-Henri Gaillard

paragraph: Gabriel-Henri Gaillard (26 March 1726 – 13 February 1806) was a French historian.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in Ostel, Picardy.

paragraph: He was educated for the bar, but after finishing his studies adopted a literary career, ultimately devoting his chief attention to history. He was already a member of the Academy of Inscriptions and, Belles-lettres (1760), when, after the publication of the three first volumes of his "Histoire de la rivalité de la France et d'Angleterre", he was elected to the Académie française (1771); and when Napoleon created the Institute he was admitted into its third class (Académie française) in 1803. For forty years he was the intimate friend of Malesherbes, whose life (1805) he wrote. He died at St Firmin, near Chantilly, on 13 February 1806.

paragraph: Gaillard is painstaking and impartial in his statement of facts, and his style is correct and elegant, but the unity of his narrative is somewhat destroyed by digressions, and by his method of treating war, politics, civil administration, and ecclesiastical affairs under separate heads.

paragraph: His most important work is his "Histoire de la rivalité de la France et de l'Angleterre" (in 11 vols., 1771–1777); and among his other works may be mentioned:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Essai de la rhétorique française à l'usage des demoiselles" (1745), often reprinted, and in 1822 with a life of the author

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire de Marie de Bourgogne" (1757)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire de François I" (5 vols., 1776–1779)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire des grandes querelles entre Charles V. et François II" (2 vols., 1777)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire dc Charlemagne" (2 vols., 1782)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire de la rivalité de la France et de l'Espagne" (8 vols., 1801)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dictionnaire historique" (6 vols., 1789–1804), making part of the "Encyclopédie methodique"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mélanges littéraires", containing éloges on Charles V, Henry IV, Descartes, Corneille, La Fontaine, Malesherbes and others.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: French historian

wikidata_label: Gabriel-Henri Gaillard

wikipedia_title: Gabriel-Henri Gaillard


text:
Propoysk
Princeton, New Jersey
1917 Revolution
Igor Stravinsky
Jew
Catholicism
van Gogh
Barinova
Glazunov
Saint Petersburg Conservatory
Futurist
Anna Akhmatova
Vladimir Mayakovsky
Nikolai Kulbin
Fyodor Sologub
Alexander Blok
Scriabin
Picasso
Cubist
Nikolai Roslavets
decadent
Georgy Yakulov
Benedikt Livshitz
Futurist Manifesto
Lunacharsky
Narkompros
Serge Sudeikin
Vera Sudeikina
Berlin
Busoni
Paris
Jacques Maritain
neoclassicism
Sappho
Pushkin
Heine
Verlaine
Dante
Serge Koussevitzky
film score
The Moor of Peter the Great
T. S. Eliot
Anna Akhmatova
Alexander Blok
Natalia Gerassimova
LTM
Ludmila Shkirtil
Arthur Lourié Gesellschaft, Basel

categories: 20th-century classical composers,Belarusian composers,Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism,Jewish classical composers,People from Mogilev Governorate,Saint Petersburg Conservatory alumni,Belarusian Jews,Russian male classical composers,Imperial Russian composers,People from Slawharad District,1966 deaths,Russian people of Belarusian descent,Russian people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent,1892 births,Soviet emigrants to the United States,Imperial Russian Jews,Belarusian Roman Catholics,American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent

paragraph: Arthur Lourié

paragraph: Arthur-Vincent Lourié, born "Naum Izrailevich Luria" (), later changed his name to "Artur Sergeyevich Luriye" (, 14 May 1892 in Propoysk – 12 October 1966 in Princeton, New Jersey) was a significant Russian composer. Lourié played an important role in the earliest stages of the organization of Soviet music after the 1917 Revolution but later went into exile. His music reflects his close connections with contemporary writers and artists, and also his close relationship with Igor Stravinsky.

paragraph: Section::::Russian career.

paragraph: Born into a prosperous Jewish family, he converted to Catholicism while still in Russia. An admirer of van Gogh, from whom he derived the name 'Vincent', Lourié was partly self-taught, but also studied piano with Barinova and composition with Glazunov at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, graduating in 1913. He became friendly with the Futurist poets and particularly Anna Akhmatova, whose poetry he was among the first to set. He was also acquainted with Vladimir Mayakovsky, Nikolai Kulbin, Fyodor Sologub and Alexander Blok; and was deeply influenced by contemporary art. His early piano pieces, from 1908 onward, take on from the late works of Scriabin but evolve new kinds of discourse, arriving in 1914 at an early form of dodecaphony (the "Synthèses") and in 1915 at the "Formes en l'air", dedicated to Picasso, a rather Cubist conception using an innovative form of notation in which different systems are placed spatially on the page in independent blocks, with blanks instead of bars' rest. At this stage of his career he seems a parallel figure to Nikolai Roslavets, though Lourié's aesthetic appears more 'decadent'. Essentially he was the first Russian Futurist in music, and in 1914 was the co-signatory, with the painter Georgy Yakulov and the poet Benedikt Livshitz, of the Petersburg Futurist Manifesto, 'We and the West', proclaiming principles common to all three arts.

paragraph: Section::::Into exile.

paragraph: After the Revolution of 1917 Lourié served under Lunacharsky as head of the music division of the Commissariat of Popular Enlightenment (Narkompros). For a while he shared a house with Serge Sudeikin and his wife Vera Sudeikina. Though his sympathies were initially Leftist he became increasingly disenchanted with the new order in Russia. In 1921 he went on an official visit to Berlin, where he befriended Busoni, and from which he failed to return. His works were thereafter proscribed in the USSR. In 1922 he settled in Paris, where he became friends with the philosopher Jacques Maritain and was introduced to Stravinsky by Vera Sudeykina. From 1924 to 1931 he was one of Stravinsky's most important champions, often becoming part of the Stravinsky household as he wrote articles about his fellow composer and preparing piano reductions of his works. He and the Stravinskys eventually parted company over a feud with Vera, and Stravinsky seldom afterwards mentioned his existence. In his works of the Paris years Lourié's early radicalism turns to an astringent form of neoclassicism and Russophile nostalgia; a dialogue with Stravinsky's works of the same period is evident, even to the extent that Stravinsky may have taken ideas from the younger composer: Lourié's "A Little Chamber Music" (1924) seems to prophesy Stravinsky's "Apollon musagète" (1927), his "Concerto spirituale" for chorus, piano and orchestra (1929) the latter's "Symphony of Psalms" (1930). Certainly in his later works Stravinsky adopted Lourié's style of notation with blank space instead of empty bars. Lourié also composed two symphonies (No. 1 subtitled "Sinfonia dialectica") and an opera, "The Feast in a Time of Plague". A man of very wide culture, who cultivated the image of a dandy and aesthete, he set poems of Sappho, Pushkin, Heine, Verlaine, Blok, Mayakovsky, Dante, classical Latin and medieval French poets. He was also a talented painter.

paragraph: Section::::American years.

paragraph: When the Germans occupied Paris in 1940, Lourié fled to the USA, assisted by Serge Koussevitzky. He settled in New York. He wrote some film scores but gained almost no performances for his more serious works, though he continued to compose. He spent over ten years writing an opera after Pushkin's The Moor of Peter the Great called "The Blackamoor of Peter the Great", so far unperformed, though a lapidary orchestral suite has been recorded. He also composed a setting of sections from T. S. Eliot's "Little Gidding" for tenor and instruments (1959): this could be seen as another instance of pre-Stravinsky-ing Stravinsky, who set one of the same texts as the anthem "The Dove Descending" in 1962.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: This list is based on that of the Arthur Lourié Society.

paragraph: Section::::Selected Recordings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur Lourié Songs & Choruses: "The Rosary", "Voice of the muse", on poems of Anna Akhmatova. Cantata "In the Sanctuary of a Golden Dream" on collected texts of Alexander Blok Natalia Gerassimova, Vladimir Skanavy et al., rec. 1994, reissued by Brilliant (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Futurpiano: "Synthèses" (Op. 16), "Formes en l'air" (for Pablo Picasso). Daniele Lombardi, piano. Rec. 1995. Issued by LTM (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "12 Greek Songs to Texts from Sappho", translated by Viacheslav Ivanov (1914) on: "Viacheslav Ivanov in Music of Miaskovsky, Lourié, Shebalin, Gretchaninov" Ludmila Shkirtil (mezzo-soprano), Northern Flowers (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Solo Piano Works", plus "Der Irrtum der Frau Tod"/"Death's Mistake" for speaker and piano; 3-CD set, Moritz Ernst (piano), Oskar Ansull (speaker), Capriccio (2016)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Л.Корабельникова.Там,за океаном ... В кн: Русские евреи в Америке,кн.1. Ред.-сост. Э.Зальцберг. Иерусалим-Торонто-Москва.2005. С.125-142.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur Lourié Gesellschaft, Basel

alias:
Vincent Arthur
Arthur Vincent Lourie
Arthur Lourie

description: Russian composer

wikidata_label: Arthur Lourié

wikipedia_title: Arthur Lourié


text:
Ghurid
Bamiyan
Baha al-Din Sam II
Ala al-Din Muhammad
Ala al-Din Atsiz
Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad
Iranian
Turkic
ghulams
Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud
Ghazni
Taj al-Din Yildiz
Khwarazmian Empire
Muhammad II

categories: 13th-century Iranian people,12th-century Iranian people,Ghurid dynasty,1215 deaths

paragraph: Jalal al-Din Ali

paragraph: Jalal al-Din Ali () was the last ruler of the Ghurid branch of Bamiyan, ruling from 1206 to 1215.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the son of Baha al-Din Sam II, and had a brother named Ala al-Din Muhammad. Not much is known about Jalal al-Din's early life, except that he married the daughter of his relative Ala al-Din Atsiz.

paragraph: After the assassination of the Ghurid supreme leader Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad in 1206, Jalal al-Din's father Baha al-Din Sam II was supported by the native Iranian soldiers, while the Turkic "ghulams" supported another Ghurid prince named Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud. Baha al-Din Sam II, however, died a few days later, and was succeeded by Jalal al-Din, who, along with his brother Ala al-Din Muhammad, were supported by their father's supporters. Jalal al-Din shortly crowned Ala al-Din Muhammad as the ruler of Ghazni, and then went back to his capital, Bamiyan. However, the two brothers shortly came in a dispute between Bamiyan, and meanwhile the Turkic general Taj al-Din Yildiz wrested Ghazna from Ala al-Din Muhammad.

paragraph: During the following years, the Khwarazmian Empire began slowly conquering the Ghurid kingdom, and in 1215 the Khwarazm-shah Muhammad II invaded the domains of Jalal al-Din, where he defeated and killed the latter, while incorporating Bamiyan into his empire, thus putting an end to the Ghurid branch of Bamiyan.

wikidata_label: Jalal al-Din Ali

wikipedia_title: Jalal al-Din Ali


text:
the Hague
Jeronymus van Diest
sea-pieces
Granville, Earl of Bath
Horace Walpole
Peter Lely

categories: 1704 deaths,Artists from The Hague,1655 births,17th-century Dutch painters,Dutch expatriates in England,Dutch landscape painters

paragraph: Adriaen van Diest

paragraph: Adriaen van Diest (1655–1704) was a Dutch painter, who worked in England.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born at the Hague in 1655, the son of Jeronymus van Diest, a painter of sea-pieces, by whom he was instructed in the art. When he was seventeen years old he moved to London, where he was employed by Granville, Earl of Bath, for whom he painted several views and ruins in the west of England. He also painted portraits, but did not meet with much encouragement, although his pictures, particularly his landscapes, possess considerable merit; as a proof of which Horace Walpole states that there were seven pictures by Van Diest in Sir Peter Lely's collection. He etched several landscapes from his own designs, in a slight, masterly style. Van Diest died in London in 1704.

paragraph: Unfortunately for his reputation, he is generally known by his worst pictures, which are frequently found in old houses, on wainscots, or over doors, and are executed in a hasty manner, with much mountainous background. His better pictures have changed their name.

alias:
Adriaen van Deist
Ad. Van Diest
Adriaen van Deeit
Adriaen van Dyst
A. van Dienst
Adriaen Vandeist
Adriaen van Diss
Adriaen Vandiest
Adriaan van Diest
Adriaen Van Diest
A. Van Dienst
Adriaen Diest
Adriaen van Dist
Mr. Vandeece
Van Diess
Van Diest
A. Diest
Vandeece
A. V. Diest
Mr. Van Deist
Van Dyst
Vandist
Vandeist
Van Dest
Vendeest
Mr. Vandist
Vandiest
V. Diest
Mr. Vandiest
Diest
a. van diest
Van Deeit
Mr. Vandyst
Vandest
Vandyst
Mr. Van Deest
Van Dist
Vandeest
A. Vandiest
Van Deist
Vaudeist
Mr. Vandeest
Mr. Van Deece
Vandieste
V. Deist
Adrian Van Diest
V Diest
Adrian V. Diest
Van Deest
Van Diss

description: Dutch painter

wikidata_label: Adriaen van Diest

wikipedia_title: Adriaen van Diest


text:
Conservative Party
Peter Holm
Finn Lützow-Holm
Peter Andreas Jensen
Hans Riddervold
Alv Johnsen
Parliament of Norway
Finmarkens Amt
Østerrisør

categories: Members of the Storting,Conservative Party (Norway) politicians,Østfold politicians,1936 deaths,1853 births,Norwegian priest-politicians,People from Risør,Finnmark politicians

paragraph: Ole Arntzen Lützow-Holm

paragraph: Ole Arntzen Lützow-Holm (1853–1936) was a Norwegian priest and politician for the Conservative Party.

paragraph: He was a son of priest and politician Peter Holm. Together with Anne Marie Riddervold Jensen (1855–1934) he had the son Finn Lützow-Holm, an aviator. His wife was a daughter of Peter Andreas Jensen and granddaughter of Hans Riddervold. Ole's granddaughter was married to Alv Johnsen.

paragraph: He was elected to the Parliament of Norway in 1889 and 1892 for the constituency Finmarkens Amt, and then in 1898 and 1900 for the constituency of Østerrisør. He had previously served as a deputy representative during the term 1886–1888.

description: Norwegian politician

wikidata_label: Ole Arntzen Lützow-Holm

wikipedia_title: Ole Arntzen Lützow-Holm


text:
Avranchin
Normandy
Norman conquest of England
Domesday Book
Farnham Royal
Goda of England
Domesday Book
William II
William de Saint-Calais
Durham
Staffordshire
Leicestershire
Henry II
Geoffrey de Clinton
Henry I
Le Mont St-Michel
Bouillon
Manche
Avranches
Granville
Chavoy
Avranches
Lolif
Avranches
William Basset
Caen
Richard de Humet
Alton
Croxden
Aunay
Dermot MacMurrough
Richard FitzGilbert
Seneschal
Louth
Drogheda
Uriel
Dundalk
Curia Regis
Kenilworth
Alnwick
William the Lion
Chinon
Pontorson
sheriff
Warwickshire
Leicestershire
itinerant justice
Chester
Third Crusade
counsel
Richard I
castellan
Holy Land
Berengaria of Navarre
Stephen Longchamp
Jaffa
Jerusalem
Alton Castle

paragraph: Bertram de Verdun

paragraph: Bertram de Verdun was the name of several members of the Norman family of Verdun, native of Avranchin.

paragraph: According to the historian Mark Hagger, the Verdun family lived lavishly in Normandy where they were minor land holders, and after the Norman conquest of England they were granted land in England.

paragraph: Section::::Bertram I de Verdun.

paragraph: Bertram I de Verdun appears in the Domesday Book (1086), holding the land and the manor of Farnham Royal in Buckinghamshire, held before the conquest by princess Goda of England. In Domesday Book, Bertram is said to have been in Normandy for William II's business, ""duc est transmare in servicio regis"", and appears in two charts of William de Saint-Calais, bishop of Durham, and King's chief advisor. Bertram's wife's name is unknown, but his son and heir was Bertram II de Verdun (? – c. 1129/30).

paragraph: Section::::Bertram II de Verdun.

paragraph: Bertram II de Verdun continued to amass land in England, and by 1128 also had been granted land in Staffordshire and Leicestershire. Hagger suggests that he also had assumed an administrative position for Henry I, and was possibly sheriff of Yorkshire in 1100.

paragraph: Section::::Bertram III de Verdun.

paragraph: Bertram II's grandson was Bertram III de Verdun, one of the "familiares" of king Henry II. His parents are Norman de Verdun, son of Bertram II, and Lesceline de Clinton, daughter of Geoffrey de Clinton, chamberlain of king Henry I. Bertram would, in the course of his life, hold very high office. He married Maud the daughter of Robert de Ferrers 2nd Earl of Derby. Maud was a minor and it is unlikely that the marriage was ever consummated; in any event she died young without children. Soon after, Bertram married Rohese de Salford who gave her husband eight children.

paragraph: In "The Origins of Some Anglo-Norman Families", it could be read : "In 1166 Bertram de Verdun held two knights' fees in chief. In a return of the knights of Le Mont St-Michel in 1172 there is the entry ""Radulfus de Fulgeriis debet unum militem de medietate de Buillun et de Chavei et de quadam parte Olivi. Istud autem servicium debet facere pro eo Bertramnus de Verdum, filius Normanni."" The places are Bouillon (Manche, arr. Avranches, cant. Granville) and Chavoy (arr. and cant. Avranches)." The third place is very likely Lolif, ("Olivi" in Latin, close to Avranches).

paragraph: In 1168 William Basset of Sapcote was Sheriff of Warwickshire and was accused of misappropriation of treasury monies. Bertram, who was at that time with the king in Caen, was sent, together with Richard de Humet, to investigate with the result that Bertram was in 1169 given the dual shrievalty of Warwickshire and Leicestershire in Basset's place. Four years later he rebuilt in stone his house at Alton, which had, up to that time, been little more than a wooden hall. In 1179 Bertram founded the Cistercian abbey of Croxden in Staffordshire, where settled monks from abbey of Aunay in Normandy.

paragraph: At the beginning of the reign of Henry II a papal bull had been obtained authorizing the King to conquer Ireland and bring the Irish church in line with the rest of Europe. Henry had not found the time to act upon it but, in 1169, Dermot MacMurrough, the expelled king of Leinster, together with Richard FitzGilbert (Strongbow) Earl of Pembroke and Clare landed in Ireland. Dublin was taken and held against both Norse and Irish attacks. Henry II decided to go to Ireland to clarify his own position as Strongbow's liege Lord. Bertram de Verdun was appointed Seneschal for the undertaking, that is to say he was responsible for provisions and stores. The expedition left for Waterford on October 16, 1171. Further to this campaign, Bertram was granted by king of land in Louth, north of Ireland, where he held the towns of Drogheda-in-Uriel and Dundalk and several castles.

paragraph: From 1172 Bertram was one of the king's "Justices in Eyre" (circuit judges) along with William Basset. Later, in 1175, he became one of the regular members of the Curia Regis.

paragraph: Henry II had undertaken policies to put the kingdom into good order after the anarchy of the previous reign. This however did not meet with everyone's approval and many of the powerful barons rebelled against the crown. The French were not slow in attempting to gain an advantage from the situation and neither were the Scots. Bertram de Verdun, whose lands were in the main surrounded by rebel lords, supported the king and successfully defended Kenilworth. He also fought at Alnwick against the Scots. Here William the Lion, the Scottish King, was taken and shortly afterwards the rebellion was finally put down. Henry Plantagenet was now able to devote his time to completing his reforms in England.

paragraph: Bertram de Verdun was sheriff of Leicestershire until 1183 but it is unclear as to whether he held this office continually. He spent a good deal of his time in both Ireland and Normandy where he founded or endowed many monastic houses not to mention his patronage in England. He was a close friend of his sovereign Henry II and it is likely that he was with the king in France when Henry became ill in 1189. The king retired to Chinon, where he died on July 6.

paragraph: Undignified by any great office yet close to the king, but ready for any kind of business, Bertram was sometime custodian of Pontorson, sheriff of Warwickshire and Leicestershire from 1169 to 1184, itinerant justice, sent to a mission to Spain in 1177, despatched to clear up dangerous muddle in Ireland in 1185, guardian of the heir to the earldom of Chester. Clearly he was a man of many parts (he was put in charge of Acre on the Third Crusade and died in Jaffa); but again, when not entrusted with a special task, he was to be found constantly with the king Henry II and numbered among his most intimate counselors.

paragraph: After Henry’s death Bertram III remained an influential figure with king Richard I, he became castellan and went on Holy Land with king. Richard's wish was to lead a crusade and gain glory in the holy land. Bertram de Verdun set sail with Richard on what has come to be known as the Third Crusade and after many delays (including the king's marriage to Berengaria of Navarre) finally reached Acre in 1191. The Christians lay siege to the city, which soon fell and Bertram together with Stephen Longchamp was appointed governor. On August 25, 1192, St Bartholomew's day in the old calendar, Bertram died at Jaffa three days before the signing of the treaty allowing free passage to Jerusalem for pilgrims. He was buried in St. John's Church in Acre. His sword, banner and armour were returned to Alton Castle.

paragraph: Section::::Filiation.

paragraph: Bertram I de Verdun, († v. 1100)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fortunes of a Norman Family: the de Verduns in England, Ireland & Wales, 1066–1316", by Mark S. HAGGER, p. 34–57.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Verdun family at Medieval Lands Project"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cartulary of Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey", p. 83 – 84.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Page about the De Verdun family"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Page about Bertram III de Verdun"

wikipedia_title: Bertram de Verdun