text: The Mission

text: Tricky

text: Peter Murphy

text: New Disease

text: Spear of Destiny

text: Theatre of Hate

text: Mob Research

text: Paul Raven

text: Killing Joke

text: National Velvet

text: Gary Numan

text: Al Jourgensen

text: Ministry

text: Revolting Cocks

text: Roger Daltrey

text: the Who

text: P.J. Harvey

text: Alanis Morissette

text: Primitive Race

text: Faith No More

text: Ricky Warwick

text: Thin Lizzy

text: Ginger

text: The Wildhearts

text: Stan Lee

text: The Young Gods

text: Miles Hunt

text: The Wonder Stuff

text: Ashton Nyte

text: The Awakening

text: Burton C. Bell

text: Fear Factory

text: Laurence "Lol" Tolhurst

text: Porl Thompson

text: The Cure

text: Ville Valo

text: HIM

text: Lichfield

text: Staffordshire

text: Wolfsbane

text: Lichfield

text: Computerchemist

text: Toronto

text: Gothic rock

text: National Velvet

text: Birmingham

text: London

text: Dave Roberts

text: Sex Gang Children

text: Kirk Brandon

text: Spear of Destiny

text: Theatre of Hate

text: Spear of Destiny

text: Theatre of Hate

text: Billy Duffy

text: Sod's Law

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text: Roger Daltrey

text: The Who

text: BBC

text: Twiggy

text: Justin de Villeneuve

text: Terminal Power Company

text: Neverland

text: Blue

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text: All About Eve

text: Julianne Regan

text: Andy Cousin

text: Tricky

text: Angels with Dirty Faces

text: P.J. Harvey

text: Late Show with David Letterman

text: Conan O'Brien

text: Tricky

text: Jools Holland

text: Tricky

text: MethodMan

text: Ever After

text: Aura

text: Tricky

text: Blowback

text: Alanis Morissette

text: Flea

text: Anthony Kiedis

text: John Frusciante

text: Tricky

text: The Mission

text: Tricky

text: Tool

text: Tricky

text: Gary Numan

text: heavy industrial metal

text: Are 'Friends' Electric?

text: Hybrid

text: New Disease

text: John Fryer

text: David Bottrill

text: Bauhaus

text: Peter Murphy

text: Unshattered

text: Wayne Hussey

text: The Mission

text: Sarah Fimm

text: Bauhaus

text: session

text: Josh Freese

text: Nine Inch Nails

text: Devo

text: Tony Levin

text: King Crimson

text: Peter Gabriel

text: Peter Murphy

text: Ninth

text: David J

text: Mob Research

text: Killing Joke

text: Ministry

text: Paul Raven

text: Warrior Soul

text: The Young Gods

text: Warrior Soul

text: Tricky

text: Knowle West Boy

text: God is a Bullet

text: Shepherds Bush Empire

text: Al Jourgensen

text: Ministry

text: Revolting Cocks

text: El Paso, Texas

text: Revolting Cocks

text: Got Cock?

text: Mike Scaccia

text: Ministry

text: Peter Murphy

text: Andy LaPlegua

text: Combichrist

text: The Mission

text: Fields of the Nephilim

text: Peter Murphy

text: Stan Lee

text: Peter Murphy

text: Bauhaus

text: Gary Numan

text: Nine Inch Nails

text: Robin Finck

text: Peter Murphy

text: Ginger

text: The Wildhearts

text: Courtney Love

text: Buckcherry

text: Ricky Warwick

text: Thin Lizzy

text: Black Star Riders

text: Black Star Riders

text: The Killer Instinct

text: Primitive Race

text: Long In The Tooth

text: Metropolis Records

text: Raymond Watts

text: PIG

text: Tommy Victor

text: Prong

text: Dave Ogilvie

text: Skinny Puppy

text: Graham Crabb

text: Pop Will Eat Itself

text: Primitive Race

text: Faith No More

text: Chuck Mosley

text: Dale Crover

text: Melvins

text: Joe Elliott

text: Def Leppard

text: Damon Johnson

text: Andy Cairns

text: Therapy?

text: Billy Morrison

text: Billy Idol

text: Nathan Connolly

text: Snow Patrol

text: Ginger Wildheart

text: Jake Burns

text: Stiff Little Fingers

text: Richard Fortus

text: Guns n' Roses

text: ABBA

text: Ville Valo

text: HIM

text: Tim Palmer

text: The Mission

text: Miles Hunt

text: The Wonder Stuff

text: Black Star Riders

text: Thin Lizzy

text: KMFDM

text: Saffron

text: Republica

text: All About Eve

text: Ashton Nyte

text: The Awakening

text: Andi Sex Gang

text: Ashton Nyte

text: The Mission

text: Cleopatra records

text: Laurence "Lol" Tolhurst

text: Porl Thompson

text: The Cure

text: Paul Ferguson

text: Killing Joke

text: Burton C. Bell

text: Fear Factory

text: Ascension of the Watchers

text: The Wonder Stuff

text: Schecter Guitar Research

text: Gibson Les Paul

text: Spear of Destiny

text: Official website

text: Official MGT website

text: The Mission UK official site

text: Peter Murphy official site

text: Mob Research official site

categories: English rock guitarists,English expatriates in the United States,English songwriters,Alternative rock guitarists,Gothic rock musicians,1965 births,Theatre of Hate members,Musicians from Birmingham, West Midlands,Living people

paragraph: Mark Thwaite

paragraph: Mark Gemini Thwaite (born 15 June 1965) also known as MGT is a British musician, and has been the guitarist for a number of rock bands and artists over the last two decades, including The Mission, Tricky, Peter Murphy, New Disease, Spear of Destiny, Theatre of Hate, Mob Research (with Paul Raven of Killing Joke), and Canadian band National Velvet plus various live and recorded appearances with Gary Numan, Al Jourgensen of Ministry, Revolting Cocks, Roger Daltrey of the Who, P.J. Harvey, Alanis Morissette, Primitive Race (with Chuck Mosley of Faith No More), Ricky Warwick of Thin Lizzy, Ginger of The Wildhearts, Stan Lee of Marvel Comics, Franz Treichler of The Young Gods, Miles Hunt & The Wonder Stuff, Ashton Nyte of The Awakening, Burton C. Bell of Fear Factory, Laurence "Lol" Tolhurst and Porl Thompson of The Cure and Ville Valo of Finnish band HIM.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Thwaite was born in Marston Green Birmingham and moved to Lichfield in Staffordshire in the early 1970s, attending Christ Church primary school and then Lichfield Friary Grange comprehensive school from 1977. He formed his first school band with fellow school-mate Steve Ellett (drums), aka Steve Danger from British metal band Wolfsbane. Thwaite later formed Lichfield based rock band Monteagle with local musicians including Martin Wilkins (drums) and Dave Pearson, later known as Computerchemist. Thwaite spent part of 1985 living in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, joining Gothic rock band National Velvet, before returning to the UK in 1986. After forming a few bands in the Birmingham area including The First, he relocated to London in 1989.

paragraph: In 1989 Thwaite joined London-based Gothic group The Children (featuring Dave Roberts of Sex Gang Children on vocals), and performed on the 12" single "Never Get Out Alive" released in 1990. During this time Thwaite was introduced to Kirk Brandon, founder member and vocalist for Spear of Destiny and Theatre of Hate. This began a 3-year collaboration between Thwaite and Brandon.

paragraph: Thwaite performed live with Spear of Destiny in 1990, and replaced original Theatre of Hate guitarist Billy Duffy on the 10th anniversary Theatre of Hate UK tour in 1991. A TOH live album 'Live at the Astoria '91' including Thwaite on guitar was subsequently released by Easterstone records. Thwaite continued as a member of Spear of Destiny, contributing guitars and some bass guitar to their 1992 album "Sod's Law" and the subsequent tour that same year.

paragraph: Section::::The Mission, 1992–1996.

paragraph: In 1992, Thwaite joined UK Gothic rock band The Mission. During this period, Thwaite also collaborated with Roger Daltrey of The Who on a BBC radio play titled "A Fake’s Progress", based on the life of Twiggy's manager Justin de Villeneuve. Thwaite also contributed guitars to a remix for Situation 2 release "Salvation" (SIT 98) by UK band Terminal Power Company.

paragraph: Thwaite featured on two studio albums with The Mission during this period, "Neverland" and "Blue", and singles compilation album 'Sum and Substance' before they disbanded in 1996; he would later rejoin the reformed band in 1999 and record on three more studio albums and several live albums and DVD's with the band. He toured with the band throughout this period, which included two broadcasts on German television. Thwaite also performed live with UK band Mice at the UK Phoenix Festival and London's Highbury Garage in 1997, with a lineup featuring All About Eve singer Julianne Regan and AAE/Mission bassist Andy Cousin.

paragraph: Section::::Tricky.

paragraph: In 1998, Thwaite was invited to join Tricky's live band for his upcoming world tour to promote studio album "Angels with Dirty Faces". Thwaite continued to work with Tricky, touring with the live band worldwide and contributing to three studio albums and an EP - "Mission Accomplished EP" (2000), "Blowback" (2001), "Vulnerable" (2003) and "Knowle West Boy" (2008) and performing with Tricky and P.J. Harvey on the Late Show with David Letterman and "Late Night with Conan O'Brien". He also performed with Tricky on UK show "Later With Jools Holland". He also performed guitar on Tricky's remix of MethodMan's "Judgement Day" single.

paragraph: Section::::The Mission, 1999 and onwards.

paragraph: The Mission re-formed once again in 1999, with Thwaite rejoining the band to tour the USA and Europe. Following the success of the tour, the band continued, undertaking a world tour in 2000 and releasing a live CD, entitled "Ever After". Thwaite remained with the band to record their next studio album, "Aura" (2001).

paragraph: During the same period, Thwaite also recorded guitars for Tricky's "Mission Accomplished" EP - his first for Epitaph records, released in 2000, followed by "Blowback", an album which included collaborations between Thwaite and Alanis Morissette, Flea, Anthony Kiedis and John Frusciante.

paragraph: Owing to touring commitments with Tricky, Thwaite was unable to play on The Mission's next tour, and officially left the band in September 2001. He toured the United States with Tricky, as special guests of rock band Tool in 2001. While continuing to work with Tricky, Thwaite also collaborated with Gary Numan on heavy industrial metal reworkings of "Are 'Friends' Electric?" and "This Wreckage" for Numan's "RIP" single (released in 2002) and "Hybrid" album (2003).

paragraph: Section::::New Disease.

paragraph: In 2002 Thwaite formed UK based rock band New Disease. releasing the "Axiomatic" EP in 2003, co-produced by John Fryer. In 2004 the band signed to Universal records and released the single "Like Rain" produced by Canadian producer David Bottrill (Tool, Muse, Rush), the band were later dropped by Universal during a restructure, with the band's debut album unreleased, and Thwaite relocated to the USA in 2005. The band would later release the posthumous album 'Patent Life' ten years later in 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Peter Murphy.

paragraph: Thwaite toured the United States and Europe in summer 2005 with Bauhaus vocalist Peter Murphy to promote Murphy's album "Unshattered". During this period, Wayne Hussey invited Thwaite to rejoin The Mission for shows in South Africa in July 2005; Thwaite agreed, and played shows in South Africa followed by an extensive Europe-wide tour later that year.

paragraph: In 2006 Thwaite joined New York based singer songwriter Sarah Fimm for a concert supporting British goth pioneers Bauhaus in Buffalo, New York, which was followed by a week of recording sessions in Woodstock, NY featuring session drummer Josh Freese, best known for his work with Nine Inch Nails and Devo plus Tony Levin on bass, known for his work with King Crimson and Peter Gabriel. Peter Murphy also makes a guest appearance on vocals.

paragraph: MGT would continue to perform with Murphy's band until 2015, recording on his "Ninth" album and "The Secret Bees of Ninth" EP (both 2011), as well as the "Mr. Moonlight Tour: 35 Years of Bauhaus" live DVD (2014). Thwaite toured once again with Murphy from October 2018 through March 2019 for his 40 Years of Bauhaus Ruby Celebration featuring David J tour of North and South America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and Russia.

paragraph: Section::::Mob Research.

paragraph: In March 2007 Thwaite formed a studio-based project Mob Research with Killing Joke / Ministry bassist Paul Raven and Warrior Soul vocalist Kory Clarke. Work on the band's debut album, "Holy City Zoo", was halted by Raven's sudden death in October 2007: the remaining band members decided to complete the album in honour of Raven. The album was finally released by Echozone Records in 2009. The remaining band members reconvened three years later in 2012 and released the "Motormouth" EP on Echozone records.

paragraph: The release also featured a collaboration between Thwaite and Franz Treichler of The Young Gods Thwaite also appeared on the Warrior Soul album "Stiff Middle Finger", released in October 2012, contributing lead guitars.

paragraph: Thwaite's ongoing collaboration with Trip Hop pioneer Tricky also continues, with contributions to 2008 studio album "Knowle West Boy": he also continued as a member of The Mission, contributing to their 2007 album "God is a Bullet", and playing live with them, first to promote the GIAB album and then for their four-show "farewell" event at the Shepherds Bush Empire in London.

paragraph: Section::::Al Jourgensen.

paragraph: During 2009, Thwaite collaborated with Al Jourgensen of Ministry and Revolting Cocks on "It's Always Christmas Time", a Christmas-themed single released in November 2009. In December 2009 Thwaite joined Jourgensen in his recording studio in El Paso, Texas to write and record material for a forthcoming solo project by Jourgensen. The Mission released the live video of the Farewell shows recorded in 2008 on the "Final Chapter"DVD box set, which reached No.6 in the UK Music DVD chart.

paragraph: Thwaite continued to work with Jourgensen, playing lead guitar on the track "Filthy Senoritas", from the Revolting Cocks 2010 album Got Cock? released in April 2010. He also played on "Voices in My Head" and "Walkie Talkie", which was made available as a bonus download to those who purchased the 'Got Cock?' RevCo album. Works also commences on a Jourgensen 'solo' album with Thwaite, Mike Scaccia and Tony Campos of Ministry.

paragraph: In summer 2010 Thwaite resumed touring with Peter Murphy, undertaking the "Dirty Dirt" European tour and some dates in Canada. During the tour Thwaite joined frontman Andy LaPlegua and his band Combichrist onstage playing guitar during the band's encore at London Electric Ballroom on 5 August 2010. Thwaite had previously remixed a track by the band in 2008 under his "Metalmorphosis" alter ego.

paragraph: In 2011 Thwaite joined Peter Murphy and band for a 29 date US tour promoting the studio album "Ninth" released on 7 June 2011. In the autumn of 2011 Thwaite also made a guest appearance onstage with his old band The Mission at their sold out 25th Anniversary show at London Brixton Academy on 22 October with special guests Fields of the Nephilim. The concert was filmed and later released as "Silver" on DVD/Blu-ray.

paragraph: In 2012 Thwaite also undertook more international touring with Peter Murphy, including a performance at Club Nokia on 15 September in Los Angeles featuring a duet between Peter Murphy and Marvel Comics legend Stan Lee, with Thwaite on guitar. In 2013 Peter Murphy undertakes a world tour performing a 100% Bauhaus set, billed as ‘Mr. Moonlight - Celebrating 35yrs of Bauhaus’, including Thwaite on guitar. The tour rates in the top 50 Pollstar US tours of 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Gary Numan.

paragraph: Thwaite joins electronic icon Gary Numan and his band for a US tour in the summer of 2013, in place of Nine Inch Nails guitarist Robin Finck, who was originally signed on for the tour but was called back to Nine Inch Nails. Thwaite subsequently played guitar on the tour and performed with both Numan and Finck at the band’s Santa Ana show in September 2013, where Finck guests with the band for 6 songs.

paragraph: Later that year Thwaite announces he is leaving the Peter Murphy band due to ‘personal differences’. Thwaite subsequently appears as guitarist on the ‘Mr Moonlight’ live DVD, which is released by Nettwerk records in June 2014, recorded live at the Henry Fonda Theatre in Hollywood. In 2014 Thwaite collaborates with Ginger Wildheart of The Wildhearts, along with Robin Diaz of the Courtney Love band and Jimmy Ashhurst ex Buckcherry on several recordings for G-A-S-S, subsequently appearing on Ginger's 'Year of the Fanclub' solo album released in 2016. Thwaite also recorded guest guitars on "Toffee Town" from the solo album for Ricky Warwick of Thin Lizzy and Black Star Riders. In addition he contributed strings and mixes 4 acoustic tracks for Black Star Riders second album "The Killer Instinct" on Nuclear Blast records, also fronted by Warwick, which debuted at #2 in the UK National Rock Charts in March 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Primitive Race.

paragraph: On 10 March 2015 Primitive Race announced the release of their first E.P. "Long In The Tooth" through Metropolis Records on 19 June 2015. The EP features vocals by Raymond Watts (of PIG) and guitars by Thwaite. This was followed by the full-length album 'Primitive Race' also on Metropolis records released on 7 August, featuring Thwaite on many of the tracks, including collaborations with Tommy Victor of US metal band Prong, Dave Ogilvie (Skinny Puppy), and Graham Crabb (Pop Will Eat Itself)

paragraph: In 2017 Primitive Race announced a sophomore album with ex Faith No More frontman Chuck Mosley on vocals, guitarist Mark Gemini Thwaite, Erie Loch (LUXT, Blownload, Exageist), bassist Chris Kniker and drummer Dale Crover of Melvins. The new lineup recorded and released the sophomore album 'Soul Pretender' on 3 November 2017 on Metropolis records to positive reviews, only a week before Mosley passed away suddenly at age 57.

paragraph: Section::::Ricky Warwick & The Fighting Hearts.

paragraph: Thwaite tours with Ricky Warwick and the Fighting Hearts twice in 2016. MGT appeared on Warwick's latest solo album "When Patsy Cline Was Crazy (And Guy Mitchell Sang The Blues)", and appears in the promotional video for 'Celebrating Sinking', released on Nuclear Blast records in February 2016. The release also includes guest appearances by Joe Elliott (Def Leppard), Damon Johnson (Thin Lizzy), Andy Cairns (Therapy?), Billy Morrison (Billy Idol), Nathan Connolly (Snow Patrol), Ginger Wildheart, Jake Burns (Stiff Little Fingers) and Richard Fortus (Guns n' Roses)

paragraph: Section::::MGT.

paragraph: In March 2016 Thwaite announced that he had signed with Hanover record imprint SPV records and released his debut solo album, "Volumes" under his MGT acronym at the end of June worldwide. The lead single, "Knowing Me Knowing You", a cover version of the ABBA classic featuring guest vocalist Ville Valo of HIM, is released in April, mixed by Tim Palmer and mastered by Maor Appelbaum, and a promotional video featuring both MGT & Valo is posted on YouTube, with over half a million views in one month (over 2M views in 18 months). Valo is not the only guest musician on "Volumes", other appearances include Wayne Hussey of Mark's previous band The Mission, Miles Hunt and Erica Nockalls of The Wonder Stuff, Ricky Warwick (Black Star Riders, Thin Lizzy), Raymond Watts (PIG, KMFDM), Saffron (Republica), Julianne Regan (All About Eve), Ashton Nyte (The Awakening), Carlo Van Putten (Dead Guitars) and goth legend Andi Sex Gang.

paragraph: Thwaite and Ashton Nyte convene to perform live as 'MGT & Friends' at Wave Gotik Treffen festival in Germany in 2017, as well as an MGT show as part of Camden Rocks Festival in London UK, with a live band featuring Nyte on vocals, Thwaite on guitar, Belle Star on drums and Richard Vernon (previously of |The Mission) on bass. In July 2017 Cleopatra records announced that MGT -now featuring both Thwaite and Nyte - had signed a deal with the US based label for a new record. In February 2018 MGT release 'The Assembly Line Cured mix', a standalone single collaboration with Laurence "Lol" Tolhurst & Porl Thompson, both founder members of The Cure. This is followed by the sophomore album 'Gemini Nyte', released on 23 February 2018, co-written with Nyte who handles all vocal duties, along with 'Big' Paul Ferguson from Killing Joke on drums, plus a guest vocal appearance by Burton C. Bell of Fear Factory, who Thwaite also performs live with as part of Ascension of the Watchers at Cold Waves festival in late 2017. In May 2019 Thwaite joins UK band The Wonder Stuff as temporary bassist on live UK tour dates, and co-writes & records guitars on the band's forthcoming new album 'Better Being Lucky', scheduled for an October release .

paragraph: Section::::Equipment.

paragraph: Thwaite currently holds an artist endorsement with Schecter Guitar Research, and the Schecter Mark Thwaite Signature Solo-II guitar model debuted at NAMM in January 2017. MGT also holds endorsement deals with Mesa Amplification, GHS Strings, Roland/Boss FX USA, Seymour Duncan, and Pro Tone effects pedals who also released the MGT Dirty Chorus signature pedal in autumn 2016. He also has a long association with Gibson Les Paul guitars, having played them frequently since first joining Spear of Destiny back in 1990.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: For a more detailed discography (including singles):

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mark Gemini Thwaite discography at Discogs.com

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official MGT website

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Mission UK official site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Murphy official site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mob Research official site

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Mark Thwaite

wikipedia_title: Mark Thwaite


text: children's fantasy

text: Cheshire

text: North West England

text: Cheshire dialect

text: Congleton

text: Alderley Edge

text: Manchester Grammar School

text: Oxford University

text: The Weirdstone of Brisingamen

text: The Moon of Gomrath

text: Elidor

text: The Owl Service

text: Red Shift

text: The Stone Book Quartet

text: Strandloper

text: Thursbitch

text: Boneland

text: Congleton

text: Alderley Edge

text: Manchester

text: Cheshire dialect

text: Manchester Grammar School

text: means-tested

text: sprinting

text: Alan Turing

text: Disney

text: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

text: national service

text: Royal Artillery

text: Woolwich

text: Southeast London

text: Aeschylus

text: Homer

text: Ancient Greek language

text: Classics

text: Magdalen College, Oxford

text: Mark Antony

text: William Shakespeare

text: Antony and Cleopatra

text: Dudley Moore

text: Kenneth Baker

text: Oddfellow

text: Collins

text: J. R. R. Tolkien

text: The Lord of the Rings

text: The Moon of Gomrath

text: Brollachan

text: Boneland

text: radio play

text: The Owl Service

text: Math fab Mathonwy

text: Mabinogion

text: Carnegie Medal

text: Guardian Children's Fiction Prize

text: Red Shift

text: English Civil War

text: Maria Nikolajeva

text: The Stone Book

text: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

text: University of London

text: Strandloper

text: bipolar disorder

text: Thursbitch

text: The Weirdstone of Brisingamen

text: Mike Pitts

text: Charles Butler

text: Times Literary Supplement

text: HarperCollins

text: Susan Cooper

text: David Almond

text: Philip Pullman

text: His Dark Materials

text: Neil Gaiman

text: HarperCollins

text: Hans Christian Andersen Award

text: New Year's Honours list

text: British Fantasy Society

text: Karl Edward Wagner Award

text: World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement

text: University of Warwick

text: Doctor of Letters

text: honoris causa

text: The Owl Service

text: Carnegie Medal

text: Guardian Children's Fiction Prize

text: The Weirdstone of Brisingamen

text: Lewis Carroll Shelf Award

text: Alice in Wonderland

text: The Stone Book

text: Phoenix Award

text: Chicago International Film Festival

text: John Stride

text: Jackanory

text: The Owl Service

text: Play for Today

text: Leap in the Dark

text: Dramarama

text: Don Webb

text: Damian Zuk

text: Suzanne Shaw

text: Don Webb

text: The Weirdstone of Brisingamen

text: The Moon of Gomrath

text: Elidor

text: The Owl Service

text: Red Shift

text: Strandloper

text: Thursbitch

text: Boneland

text: The Stone Book Quartet

text: The Lad of the Gad

text: Fairytales of Gold

text: Michael Foreman

text: Book of British Fairy Tales

text: Derek Collard

text: A Bag of Moonshine

text: P. J. Lynch

text: Once Upon a Time

text: Collected Folk Tales

text: The Old Man of Mow

text: The Breadhorse

text: Jack and the Beanstalk

text: Julek Heller

text: The Little Red Hen

text: The Well of the Wind

text: Grey Wolf, Prince Jack and the Firebird

text: The Voice That Thunders

text: Where Shall We Run To?

text: Alan Garner

text: The Guardian

categories: Guardian Children's Fiction Prize winners,English children's writers,People from Alderley Edge,World Fantasy Award-winning writers,English fantasy writers,Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature,Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford,People educated at Manchester Grammar School,Carnegie Medal in Literature winners,People with bipolar disorder,1934 births,Officers of the Order of the British Empire,English short story writers,People from Congleton

paragraph: Alan Garner

paragraph: Alan Garner (born 17 October 1934) is an English novelist best known for his children's fantasy novels and his retellings of traditional British folk tales. Much of his work is rooted in the landscape, history and folklore of his native county of Cheshire, North West England, being set in the region and making use of the native Cheshire dialect.

paragraph: Born in Congleton, Garner grew up around the nearby town of Alderley Edge, and spent much of his youth in the wooded area known locally as "The Edge", where he gained an early interest in the folklore of the region. Studying at Manchester Grammar School and then briefly at Oxford University, in 1957 he moved to the nearby village of Blackden, where he bought and renovated an Early Modern building known as Toad Hall. His first novel, "The Weirdstone of Brisingamen", was published in 1960. A children's fantasy novel set on the Edge, it incorporated elements of local folklore in its plot and characters. Garner completed a sequel, "The Moon of Gomrath" (1963), but left the third book of the trilogy he had envisioned. Instead he wrote several fantasy novels, "Elidor" (1965), "The Owl Service" (1967) and "Red Shift" (1973).

paragraph: Turning away from fantasy as a genre, Garner produced "The Stone Book Quartet" (1979), a series of four short novellas detailing a day in the life of four generations of his family. He also published a series of British folk tales which he had rewritten in a series of books entitled "Alan Garner's Fairy Tales of Gold" (1979), "Alan Garner's Book of British Fairy Tales" (1984) and "A Bag of Moonshine" (1986). In his subsequent novels, "Strandloper" (1996) and "Thursbitch" (2003), he continued writing tales revolving around Cheshire, although without the fantasy elements which had characterised his earlier work. In 2012, he finally published a third book in the Weirdstone trilogy, "Boneland".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life: 1934–56.

paragraph: Garner was born in the front room of his grandmother's house in Congleton, Cheshire, on 17 October 1934. He was raised in nearby Alderley Edge, a well-to-do village that had effectively become a suburb of Manchester. His "rural working-class family", had been connected to Alderley Edge since at least the sixteenth century, and could be traced back to the death of William Garner in 1592. Garner has stated that his family had passed on "a genuine oral tradition" involving folk tales about The Edge, which included a description of a king and his army of knights who slept under it, guarded by a wizard. In the mid-nineteenth century Alan's great-great grandfather Robert had carved the face of a bearded wizard onto the face of a cliff next to a well, known locally at that time as the Wizard's Well.

paragraph: Robert Garner and his other relatives had all been craftsmen, and, according to Garner, each successive generation had tried to "improve on, or do something different from, the previous generation". Garner's grandfather, Joseph Garner, "could read, but didn't and so was virtually unlettered". Instead he taught his grandson the folk tales he knew about The Edge. Garner later remarked that as a result he was "aware of [the Edge's] magic" as a child, and he and his friends often played there. The story of the king and the wizard living under the hill played an important part in his life, becoming, he explained, "deeply embedded in my psyche" and heavily influencing his later novels.

paragraph: Garner faced several life-threatening childhood illnesses, which left him bed ridden for much of the time. He attended a local village school, where he found that, despite being praised for his intelligence, he was punished for speaking in his native Cheshire dialect; for instance, when he was six his primary school teacher washed his mouth out with soapy water. Garner then won a place at Manchester Grammar School, where he received his secondary education; entry was means-tested, resulting in his school fees being waived. Rather than focusing his interest on creative writing, it was here that he excelled at sprinting. He used to go jogging along the highway, and later claimed that in doing so he was sometimes accompanied by the mathematician Alan Turing, who shared his fascination with the Disney film "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs". Garner was then conscripted into national service, serving for a time with the Royal Artillery while posted to Woolwich in Southeast London.

paragraph: At school, Garner had developed a keen interest in the work of Aeschylus and Homer, as well as the Ancient Greek language. Thus, he decided to pursue the study of Classics at Magdalen College, Oxford, passing his entrance exams in January 1953; at the time he had thoughts of becoming a professional academic. He was the first member of his family to receive anything more than a basic education, and he noted that this removed him from his "cultural background" and led to something of a schism with other members of his family, who "could not cope with me, and I could not cope with" them. Looking back, he remarked, "I soon learned that it was not a good idea to come home excited over irregular verbs". In 1955, he joined the university theatrical society, playing the role of Mark Antony in a performance of William Shakespeare's "Antony and Cleopatra" where he co-starred alongside Dudley Moore and where Kenneth Baker was the stage manager. In August 1956, he decided that he wished to devote himself to novel writing, and decided to abandon his university education without taking a degree; he left Oxford in late 1956. He nevertheless felt that the academic rigour which he learned during his university studies has remained "a permanent strength through all my life".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:"The Weirdstone of Brisingamen" and "The Moon of Gomrath": 1957–64.

paragraph: Aged 22, Garner was out cycling when he came across a hand-painted sign announcing that an agricultural cottage in Toad Hall – a Late Medieval building situated in Blackden, seven miles from Alderley Edge – was on sale for £510. Although he personally could not afford it, he was lent the money by the local Oddfellow lodge, enabling him to purchase and move into the cottage in June 1957. In the late nineteenth century the Hall had been divided into two agricultural labourers' cottages, but Garner was able to purchase the second for £150 about a year later; he proceeded to knock down the dividing walls and convert both halves back into a single home.

paragraph: Garner had begun writing his first novel, "The Weirdstone of Brisingamen: A Tale of Alderley", in September 1956. However it was while at Toad Hall that he finished the book. Set in Alderley Edge, it revolved around two children, Susan and Colin, who are sent to live in the area with their mother's old nurse maid, Bess, and her husband, Gowther Mossock. Setting about to explore the Edge, they discover a race of malevolent creatures, the "svart alfar", who dwell in the Edge's abandoned mines and who seem intent on capturing them, until they are rescued by the wizard Cadellin who reveals that the forces of darkness are massing at the Edge in search of the eponymous "weirdstone of Brisingamen". Whilst engaged in writing in his spare time, Garner attempted to gain employment as a teacher, but soon gave that up, believing that "I couldn't write and teach; the energies were too similar", and so began working as a general labourer for four years, remaining unemployed for much of that time.

paragraph: Garner sent his debut novel to the publishing company Collins, where it was picked up by the company's head, Sir William Collins, who was on the look out for new fantasy novels following on from the recent commercial and critical success of J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings" (1954–55). Garner, who went on to become a personal friend of Collins, would later relate that "Billy Collins saw a title with funny-looking words in it on the stockpile, and he decided to publish it." On its release in 1960, "The Weirdstone of Brisingamen" proved to be a critical and commercial success, later being described as "a tour de force of the imagination, a novel that showed almost every writer who came afterwards what it was possible to achieve in novels ostensibly published for children." Garner himself however would later denounce this novel as "a fairly bad book" in 1968.

paragraph: With his first book published, Garner abandoned his work as a labourer and gained a job as a freelance television reporter, living a "hand to mouth" lifestyle on a "shoestring" budget. He also worked on a sequel to "The Weirdstone of Brisingamen", which would be known as "The Moon of Gomrath". "The Moon of Gomrath" also revolves around the adventures of Colin and Susan, with the latter being possessed by a malevolent creature called the Brollachan who has recently entered the world. With the help of the wizard Cadellin, the Brollachan is exorcised, but Susan's soul also leaves her body, being sent to another dimension, leading Colin to find a way to bring it back. Critic Neil Philip characterised it as "an artistic advance" but "a less satisfying story". In a 1989 interview, Garner stated that he had left scope for a third book following the adventures of Colin and Susan, envisioning a trilogy, but that he had intentionally decided not to write it, instead moving on to write something different. However "Boneland", the conclusion to the sequence, was belatedly published in August 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:"Elidor", "The Owl Service" and "Red Shift": 1964–73.

paragraph: In 1962 Garner began work on a radio play named "Elidor", which would result in the completion of a novel of the same name. Set in contemporary Manchester, "Elidor" tells the story of four children who enter into a derelict Victorian church, in which they find a portal to the magical realm of Elidor. Here, they are entrusted by King Malebron to help rescue four treasures which have been stolen by the forces of evil who are attempting to take control of the kingdom. Successfully doing so, the children return to Manchester with the treasures, but are pursued by the malevolent forces who need them to seal their victory.

paragraph: Before writing "Elidor", Garner had seen a dinner service set which could be arranged to make pictures of either flowers or owls. Inspired by this design, he produced his fourth novel, "The Owl Service". The story was also heavily influenced by the Medieval Welsh tale of Math fab Mathonwy from, the "Mabinogion". "The Owl Service" was critically acclaimed, winning both the Carnegie Medal and Guardian Children's Fiction Prize. It also sparked discussions among critics as to whether Garner should properly be considered a children's writer, given that this book in particular was deemed equally suitable for an adult readership.

paragraph: It took Garner six years to write his next novel, "Red Shift". In this, he provided three intertwined love stories, one set in the present, another during the English Civil War, and the third in the second century CE. Philip referred to it as "a complex book but not a complicated one: the bare lines of story and emotion stand clear".

paragraph: Academic specialist in children's literature Maria Nikolajeva characterised "Red Shift" as "a difficult book" for an unprepared reader, identifying its main themes as those of "loneliness and failure to communicate". Ultimately, she thought that repeated re-readings of the novel bring about the realisation that "it is a perfectly realistic story with much more depth and psychologically more credible than the most so-called "realistic" juvenile novels."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:"The Stone Book" series and folkloric collections: 1974–94.

paragraph: From 1976 to 1978, Garner published a series of four novellas, which have come to be collectively known as "The Stone Book" quartet: "The Stone Book", "Granny Reardun", "The Aimer Gate", and "Tom Fobble's Day". Each focused on a day in the life of a child in the Garner family, each from a different generation.

paragraph: In a 1989 interview, Garner noted that although writing "The Stone Book Quartet" had been "exhausting", it had been "the most rewarding of everything" he'd done to date. Philip described the quartet as "a complete command of the material he had been working and reworking since the start of his career".

paragraph: Garner pays particular attention to language, and strives to render the cadence of the Cheshire tongue in modern English. This he explains by the sense of anger he felt on reading "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight": the footnotes would not have been needed by his father.

paragraph: In 1981, the literary critic Neil Philip published an analysis of Garner's novels as "A Fine Anger", which was based on his doctoral thesis, produced for the University of London in 1980. In this study he noted that ""The Stone Book" quartet marks a watershed in Garner's writing career, and provides a suitable moment for an evaluation of his work thus far."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:"Strandloper", "Thursbitch" and "Boneland": 1995–present.

paragraph: In 1996, Garner's novel "Strandloper" was published. His collection of essays and public talks, "The Voice That Thunders", contains much autobiographical material (including an account of his life with bipolar disorder), as well as critical reflection upon folklore and language, literature and education, the nature of myth and time. In "The Voice That Thunders" he reveals the commercial pressure placed upon him during the decade-long drought which preceded "Strandloper" to 'forsake "literature", and become instead a "popular" writer, cashing in on my established name by producing sequels to, and making series of, the earlier books'. Garner feared that "making series ... would render sterile the existing work, the life that produced it, and bring about my artistic and spiritual death" and felt unable to comply.

paragraph: Garner's novel "Thursbitch" was published in 2003. Garner's novel, "Boneland", was published in 2012, nominally completing a trilogy begun some 50 years earlier with "The Weirdstone of Brisingamen".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:"Where Shall We Run To?" 2018.

paragraph: In August 2018 Garner published his only set of memoirs, "Where Shall We Run To?", which describes his childhood during the Second World War.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: With his first wife Ann Cook he had three children. In 1972 he married for a second time, this time to Griselda Greaves, a teacher and critic with whom he had two children. In a 2014 interview conducted with Mike Pitts for "British Archaeology" magazine, Garner stated that "I don't have anything to do with the literary world. I avoid writers. I don't like them. Most of my close personal friends are professional archaeologists."

paragraph: Section::::Literary style.

paragraph: Although Garner's early work is often labelled as "children's literature", Garner himself rejects such a description, informing one interviewer that "I certainly have never written for children" but that instead he has always written purely for himself. Neil Philip, in his critical study of Garner's work (1981), commented that up till that point, "Everything Alan Garner has published has been published for children", although he went on to relate that "It may be that Garner's is a case" where the division between children's and adult's literature is "meaningless" and that his fiction is instead "enjoyed by a type of person, no matter what their age."

paragraph: Philip offered the opinion that the "essence of his work" was "the struggle to render the complex in simple, bare terms; to couch the abstract in the concrete and communicate it directly to the reader". He added that Garner's work is "intensely autobiographical, in both obvious and subtle ways". Highlighting Garner's use of mythological and folkloric sources, Philip stated that his work explores "the disjointed and troubled psychological and emotional landscape of the twentieth century through the symbolism of myth and folklore." He also expressed the opinion that "Time is Garner's most consistent theme".

paragraph: The English author and academic Charles Butler noted that Garner was attentive to the "geological, archaeological and cultural history of his settings, and careful to integrate his fiction with the physical reality beyond the page." As a part of this, Garner had included maps of Alderley Edge in both "The Weirdstone of Brisingamen" and "The Moon of Gomrath". Garner has spent much time investigating the areas that he deals with in his books; writing in the "Times Literary Supplement" in 1968, Garner commented that in preparation for writing his book "Elidor":

paragraph: Section::::Recognition and legacy.

paragraph: In a paper published in the "Children's Literature Association Quarterly", Maria Nikolajeva characterised Garner as "one of the most controversial" authors of modern children's literature.

paragraph: In the fiftieth anniversary edition of "The Weirdstone of Brisingamen", published by HarperCollins in 2010, several notable British fantasy novelists praised Garner and his work. Susan Cooper related that "The power and range of Alan Garner's astounding talent has grown with every book he's written", whilst David Almond called him one of Britain's "greatest writers" whose works "really matter". Philip Pullman, the author of the "His Dark Materials" trilogy, went further when he remarked that:

paragraph: Another British fantasy writer, Neil Gaiman, claimed that "Garner's fiction is something special" in that it was "smart and challenging, based in the here and the now, in which real English places emerged from the shadows of folklore, and in which people found themselves walking, living and battling their way through the dreams and patterns of myth." Praise also came from Nick Lake, the editorial director of HarperCollins Children's Books, who proclaimed that "Garner is, quite simply, one of the greatest and most influential writers this country has ever produced."

paragraph: Section::::Recognition and legacy.:Awards.

paragraph: The biennial Hans Christian Andersen Award conferred by the International Board on Books for Young People is the highest recognition available to a writer or illustrator of children's books. Garner was the sole runner-up for the writing award in 1978.

paragraph: Garner was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to literature in the 2001 New Year's Honours list. He received the British Fantasy Society's occasional Karl Edward Wagner Award in 2003 and the World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement in 2012. In January 2011, the University of Warwick awarded the degree of Doctor of Letters (honoris causa). On that occasion he gave a half-hour interview about his work.. He has also been awarded honorary doctorates from the University of Salford (2011) and the University of Huddersfield in (2012).

paragraph: He has been recognised several times for particular works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Owl Service" (1967) won both the Carnegie Medal and the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize, For the 70th anniversary of the Carnegie in 2007 it was named one of the top ten Medal-winning works, selected by a panel to compose the ballot for a public election of the all-time favourite.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Weirdstone of Brisingamen" (1960) was named to the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award list by the University of Wisconsin–Madison School of Education in 1970, denoting that it "belongs on the same shelf" with the 1865 classic "Alice in Wonderland" and its sequel.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Stone Book" (1976), first in the Stone Book series, won the 1996 Phoenix Award as the best English-language children's book that did not win a major award when it was originally published twenty years earlier.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The 1981 film "Images" won First Prize at the Chicago International Film Festival

paragraph: Section::::Television and radio adaptations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Elidor" was read in instalments by John Stride for the BBC's Jackanory programme in June 1968.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Owl Service " (1969), a British TV series transmitted by Granada Television based on Garner's novel of the same name.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A second adaptation of "Elidor" was read on a BBC Radio 4 in July 1972.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Red Shift" (BBC, transmitted 17 January 1978); directed by John Mackenzie; part of the BBC's "Play for Today" series.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "To Kill a King" (1980), part of the BBC series of plays on supernatural themes, "Leap in the Dark": an atmospheric story about a writer overcoming depression and writer's block. The hero's home appears to be Garner's own house.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Keeper" (ITV, transmitted 13 June 1983), an episode of the ITV children's series "Dramarama: Spooky" series

paragraph: BULLET::::- Garner and Don Webb adapted "Elidor" as a BBC children's television series shown in 1995, comprising six half-hour episodes starring Damian Zuk as Roland and Suzanne Shaw as Helen.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Elidor" was dramatised as a radio play in four-parts by Don Webb, broadcast on BBC Radio 4 Extra in 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Weirdstone of Brisingamen", 1960

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Moon of Gomrath", 1963

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Elidor", 1965

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Owl Service", 1967

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Red Shift", 1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Strandloper", 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thursbitch", 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Boneland", 2012

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Short story collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "", 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Stone Book Quartet", 1979

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lad of the Gad", 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fairytales of Gold", 1980, (Illustrated by Michael Foreman).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Book of British Fairy Tales", 1984, (Illustrated by Derek Collard).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Bag of Moonshine", 1986, (Illustrated by P. J. Lynch).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Once Upon a Time", 1993

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Collected Folk Tales", 2011

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Other books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "", 1966

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Old Man of Mow", 1967

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Breadhorse", 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jack and the Beanstalk", 1992, (Illustrated by Julek Heller).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Little Red Hen", 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Well of the Wind", 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grey Wolf, Prince Jack and the Firebird", 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Voice That Thunders", 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Where Shall We Run To?", 2018

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alan Garner coverage by "The Guardian"

description: English fiction writer and folklorist

wikidata_label: Alan Garner

wikipedia_title: Alan Garner


text: Tatar

text: Time of Troubles

text: Arzamas

text: Nogays

text: Mikhail Feodorovich

text: Bayushev

text: Статья о Поволжье в Смутное время

paragraph: Bayush Razgildeyev

paragraph: Prince Bayush Razgildeyev () was a Tatar warlord of the 17th century Time of Troubles. In 1612 he defended Arzamas lands and defeated Nogays, killed 500 people, captured the enemy banner and freed about 7000 hostages. For this feat he was awarded the title of Prince in 1613 by provisional rulers of wartime Russia, Trubetskoy and Pozharsky. This title was confirmed in 1618 by the czar Mikhail Feodorovich. he was the ancestor of Bayushev noble family in Russia.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Сборник исторических и статистических материалов о Симбирской губернии. Симбирск, 1868. — С. 259—261.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Текст царских грамот, данных мурзе Разгильдееву

paragraph: BULLET::::- Статья о Поволжье в Смутное время

wikidata_label: Bayush Razgildeyev

wikipedia_title: Bayush Razgildeyev


text:
Dean of Exeter
Church of England
Derry
Trinity College, Dublin
M.A.
B.D.
D.D.
curate
cathedral
presbyterians
Church of Ireland
Ireland
Christ Church Cheltenham
Sunday school
Paddington
deanery of Exeter
Gloucester Cathedral
evangelical
reredos
bas-relief
Ascension
Transfiguration
Descent of the Holy Ghost
Frederick Temple
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
Vienna
diocese of Exeter
Ospringe

categories: Deans of Exeter,Alumni of Trinity College Dublin,1883 deaths,Date of birth unknown,People from Derry (city),1803 births

paragraph: Archibald Boyd

paragraph: Archibald Boyd (1803 – 11 July 1883) was Dean of Exeter in the Church of England.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in 1803 in Derry, Ireland, Boyd was the son of Archibald Boyd, treasurer of Derry. After being educated at the diocesan college in that city, proceeded to Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated B.A. 1823, proceeding to Master of Arts M.A. 1834, and B.D. and D.D. long after, in 1868.

paragraph: He officiated as curate and preacher in the cathedral in Derry from 1827 to 1842, and here he first distinguished himself as an able and powerful preacher, as a controversialist, and as an author. At that time the controversy between the presbyterians and the Church of Ireland in the north of Ireland was at its height. Boyd came to the defence of the church and preached a series of discourses in reply to attacks. These discourses attracted great attention, and were afterwards printed. In 1842, he was appointed perpetual curate of Christ Church Cheltenham. With Francis Close, his fellow-worker here, he joined in a scheme for establishing additional Sunday schools, infant schools, and bible classes. For eight years after 1859, he was entrusted with the care of Paddington.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Dean of Exeter.

paragraph: On 11 November 1867 he accepted the deanery of Exeter, and resigned, with his vicarage, an honorary canonry in Gloucester Cathedral, which he had held since 1857. He was a preaching and a working dean. He was a firm but moderate evangelical, and was a voluminous writer on the ecclesiastical questions of the day. His name is connected with the—at the time well-known—Exeter reredos case. The dean and chapter erected in the cathedral, 1872–3, a stone reredos, on which were sculptured representations in bas-relief of the Ascension, the Transfiguration, and the Descent of the Holy Ghost, with some figures of angels. In accordance with a petition presented by William John Phillpotts, chancellor of the diocese, the bishop (Frederick Temple) on 7 January 1874 declared the reredos to be contrary to law and ordered its removal. After much litigation touching the bishop's jurisdiction in the matter, the structure was declared not illegal by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council on 25 February 1875

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: On the continent during the autumn of 1882, Boyd met with an accident at Vienna, from the effects of which he never fully recovered. He died at the deanery, Exeter, on 11 July 1883, bequeathing nearly £40,000 to various societies and institutions in the diocese of Exeter. He left behind his wife, Frances, the daughter of Thomas Waller of Ospringe, and widow of the Rev. Robert Day Denny. She herself died on 6 January 1877.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.:Works.

paragraph: His works include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sermons on the Church, or the Episcopacy, Liturgy, and Ceremonies of the Church of England" 1838

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Episcopacy, Ordination, Lay-eldership, and Liturgies" 1839

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Episcopacy and Presbytery" 1841

paragraph: BULLET::::- "England, Rome, and Oxford compared as to certain Doctrines" 1846

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The History of the Book of Common Prayer" 1850

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Turkey and the Turks" 1853

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Baptism and Baptismal Regeneration" 1865

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Confession, Absolution, and the Real Presence" 1867

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Book of Common Prayer" 1869

paragraph: He also printed many single sermons and minor publications.

description: Dean of Exeter

wikidata_label: Archibald Boyd

wikipedia_title: Archibald Boyd


text:
king of Cappadocia
Persian
Roman Senate
Ariarathes IX of Cappadocia
Roman consul
Lucius Cornelius Sulla
Mithridates
Pompey
Third Mithridatic War
Ariobarzanes II of Cappadocia
Athenais Philostorgos I
Isias
Antiochus I Theos of Commagene

categories: 1st-century BC rulers in Asia,1st-century BC Iranian people,Kings of Cappadocia

paragraph: Ariobarzanes I of Cappadocia

paragraph: Ariobarzanes I, named "Philoromaios" (, Ariobarzánēs Philorōmaíos, "friend of Rome"), was the king of Cappadocia from 95 BC to c. 63 BC–62 BC. Ariobarzanes I was a Cappadocian nobleman of obscure origins who was of Persian descent.

paragraph: Ariobarzanes I was originally put in place by the citizens vote of Cappadocia after the Roman Senate rejected the claims of Ariarathes IX of Cappadocia and was supported by the Roman consul Lucius Cornelius Sulla. He was in control on-and-off of a kingdom that was considered a Roman protectorate and he was removed three separate times by King Mithridates before not only securing but actually increasing his lands under general Pompey in the Third Mithridatic War. He eventually abdicated, making way for the rule of his son Ariobarzanes II of Cappadocia in c. 63 BC–62 BC.

paragraph: Ariobarzanes' queen was a Greek noblewoman, Athenais Philostorgos I. Athenais bore Ariobarzanes I two children: a son, Ariobarzanes II, who succeeded him, and a daughter, Isias Philostorgos, who married the King Antiochus I Theos of Commagene.

description: king of Cappadocia from 95 BC to ca

wikidata_label: Ariobarzanes I of Cappadocia

wikipedia_title: Ariobarzanes I of Cappadocia


text:
Cappadocia
Ariobarzanes I of Cappadocia
Athenais Philostorgos I
Isias
Antiochus I Theos of Commagene
Persian
Greek
Athenais Philostorgos II
Mithridates VI of Pontus
Gabinius
Cappadocia
Parthian
Ariobarzanes III of Cappadocia
Ariarathes X of Cappadocia

categories: Kings of Cappadocia,1st-century BC rulers in Asia,51 BC deaths,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Ariobarzanes II of Cappadocia

paragraph: Ariobarzanes II, surnamed "Philopator", "father-loving", (, Ariobarzánēs Philopátōr), was the king of Cappadocia from c. 63 BC or 62 BC to c. 51 BC. He was the son of King Ariobarzanes I of Cappadocia and his wife Queen Athenais Philostorgos I, while his sister was Isias Philostorgos, who married King Antiochus I Theos of Commagene. Ariobarzanes II was half Persian and half Greek.

paragraph: Ariobarzanes II married the princess Athenais Philostorgos II, one of the daughters of King Mithridates VI of Pontus. He was an ineffective ruler, requiring the aid of Gabinius in 57 BC to ward off his enemies. He was successful in maintaining rule over Cappadocia for approximately eight years before being assassinated by Parthian favorites. By his wife, he had two sons: Ariobarzanes III of Cappadocia and Ariarathes X of Cappadocia. He was succeeded by his first son.

wikidata_label: Ariobarzanes II of Cappadocia

wikipedia_title: Ariobarzanes II of Cappadocia


text:
Kingdom of Cappadocia
Persian
Greek
Roman Senate
Ariobarzanes II of Cappadocia
Cicero
Roman governor
Cilicia
Athenais
Pompey
Julius Caesar
civil war
Rome
Lesser Armenia
liberator
Cassius Longinus
Roman
Ariarathes X of Cappadocia

categories: People executed by the Roman Republic,1st-century BC rulers in Asia,42 BC deaths,Year of birth unknown,Kings of Cappadocia,Roman client rulers,1st-century BC executions

paragraph: Ariobarzanes III of Cappadocia

paragraph: Ariobarzanes III, surnamed "Eusebes Philorhomaios", "Pious and Friend of the Romans" (, Ariobarzánēs Eusebḗs Philorōmaíos), was the king of Kingdom of Cappadocia from ca. 51 BC until 42 BC.

paragraph: He was of Persian and Greek ancestry. The Roman Senate agreed that he was to be the successor of his father, Ariobarzanes II of Cappadocia; Cicero, Roman governor of Cilicia, noted that he was surrounded by enemies who included his mother, Athenais.

paragraph: Originally highly supportive of Pompey despite the cost, he was maintained in his position after Julius Caesar won the civil war in Rome, even gaining territory with the addition of Lesser Armenia. The liberator Cassius Longinus had him executed in 42 BC because he would not allow more Roman intervention in his kingdom. His brother was Ariarathes X of Cappadocia.

wikidata_label: Ariobarzanes III of Cappadocia

wikipedia_title: Ariobarzanes III of Cappadocia


text: French Renaissance

text: essay

text: literary genre

text: Essais

text: Francis Bacon

text: René Descartes

text: Blaise Pascal

text: Jean-Jacques Rousseau

text: Albert Hirschman

text: William Hazlitt

text: Ralph Waldo Emerson

text: Friedrich Nietzsche

text: Stefan Zweig

text: Eric Hoffer

text: Isaac Asimov

text: William Shakespeare

text: statesman

text: skeptical

text: Middle French

text: Aquitaine

text: Château de Montaigne

text: Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne

text: Bordeaux

text: French Catholic

text: patronym

text: Marrano

text: Spanish and Portuguese Jewish

text: Zaragoza

text: Marrano

text: Sephardic Jewish

text: Gascony

text: pedagogical plan

text: humanist

text: Latin

text: épinettier

text: zither

text: boarding school

text: Collège de Guyenne

text: George Buchanan

text: University of Toulouse

text: Périgueux

text: Parlement

text: courtier

text: Charles IX

text: siege of Rouen (1562)

text: collar

text: Étienne de la Boétie

text: Essais

text: Raymond Sebond

text: Theologia naturalis

text: Index Librorum Prohibitorum

text: Tower of the château

text: Dordogne

text: Wars of Religion

text: King Henry III

text: Henry of Navarre

text: kidney stone

text: Bagni di Lucca

text: Holy House of Loreto

text: Sisto Fabri

text: Master of the Sacred Palace

text: Pope Gregory XIII

text: Julian the Apostate

text: Lucca

text: plague

text: Marie de Gournay

text: Henry III

text: Henry of Navarre

text: quinsy

text: Saint Antoine

text: Convent des Feuillants

text: Pessac

text: Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne

text: University of Bordeaux

text: Plutarch

text: Lucretius

text: Pyrrhonism

text: Diana of Foix

text: Francis Bacon

text: "Essays"

text: psychology

text: child education

text: Erasmus

text: Thomas More

text: Guillaume Budé

text: Adagia

text: Socrates

text: Plutarch

text: Edward Capell

text: John Florio

text: The Tempest

text: Of Cannibals

text: Cervantes

text: Shakespeare

text: Seneca the Younger

text: Horace

text: Ovid

text: Virgil

text: Blaise Pascal

text: Pensées

text: William Hazlitt

text: familiar

text: Table-Talk

text: Ralph Waldo Emerson

text: Friedrich Nietzsche

text: Sainte-Beuve

text: Eric Hoffer

text: John Cowper Powys

text: Judith N. Shklar

text: Erich Auerbach

text: Essays by Montaigne

text: Charles Cotton

text: plain text version

text: Project Gutenberg

text: "Essays"

text: Villey-Saulnier edition

text: University of Chicago

text: Montaigne Studies

text: Michel de Montaigne

text: Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

text: University of Virginia

text: Alain de Botton

text: Titi Lucretii Cari "De rerum natura libri sex"

text: Cambridge Digital Library

text: The Montaigne Library

text: Gilbert de Botton

text: Cambridge Digital Library

text: Essays of Michel De Montaigne

categories: 16th-century French writers,16th-century male writers,French male writers,Epistemologists,Skeptics,People from Dordogne,Writers from Nouvelle-Aquitaine,Aphorists,French essayists,French Roman Catholic writers,Early Modern philosophers,Christian humanists,Catholic philosophers,Mayors of Bordeaux,French Renaissance humanists,French people of Spanish-Jewish descent,French nobility,16th-century French philosophers,French philosophers,1592 deaths,1533 births,Pyrrhonism

paragraph: Michel de Montaigne

paragraph: Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, Lord of Montaigne (; ; 28 February 1533 – 13 September 1592) was one of the most significant philosophers of the French Renaissance, known for popularizing the essay as a literary genre. His work is noted for its merging of casual anecdotes and autobiography with intellectual insight. His massive volume "Essais" contains some of the most influential essays ever written.

paragraph: Montaigne had a direct influence on Western writers, including Francis Bacon, René Descartes, Blaise Pascal, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Albert Hirschman, William Hazlitt, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Friedrich Nietzsche, Stefan Zweig, Eric Hoffer, Isaac Asimov, and possibly, on the later works of William Shakespeare.

paragraph: During his lifetime, Montaigne was admired more as a statesman than as an author. The tendency in his essays to digress into anecdotes and personal ruminations was seen as detrimental to proper style rather than as an innovation, and his declaration that, "I am myself the matter of my book", was viewed by his contemporaries as self-indulgent. In time, however, Montaigne came to be recognized as embodying, perhaps better than any other author of his time, the spirit of freely entertaining doubt that began to emerge at that time. He is most famously known for his skeptical remark, ""Que sçay-je"?" ("What do I know?", in Middle French; now rendered as "Que sais-je?" in modern French).

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Montaigne was born in the Aquitaine region of France, on the family estate Château de Montaigne, in a town now called Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne, close to Bordeaux. The family was very wealthy; his great-grandfather, Ramon Felipe Eyquem, had made a fortune as a herring merchant and had bought the estate in 1477, thus becoming the Lord of Montaigne. His father, Pierre Eyquem, Seigneur of Montaigne, was a French Catholic soldier in Italy for a time and he also had been the mayor of Bordeaux.

paragraph: Although there were several families bearing the patronym "Eyquem" in Guyenne, his father's family is thought to have had some degree of Marrano (Spanish and Portuguese Jewish) origins, while his mother, Antoinette López de Villanueva, was a convert to Protestantism. His maternal grandfather, Pedro Lopez, from Zaragoza, was from a wealthy Marrano (Sephardic Jewish) family that had converted to Catholicism. His maternal grandmother, Honorette Dupuy, was from a Catholic family in Gascony, France.

paragraph: During a great part of Montaigne's life his mother lived near him and even survived him, but is mentioned only twice in his essays. Montaigne's relationship with his father, however, is frequently reflected upon and discussed in his essays.

paragraph: Montaigne's education began in early childhood and followed a pedagogical plan that his father had developed, refined by the advice of the latter's humanist friends. Soon after his birth, Montaigne was brought to a small cottage, where he lived the first three years of life in the sole company of a peasant family, in order to, according to the elder Montaigne, "draw the boy close to the people, and to the life conditions of the people, who need our help". After these first spartan years, Montaigne was brought back to the château. Another objective was for Latin to become his first language.

paragraph: The intellectual education of Montaigne was assigned to a German tutor (a doctor named Horstanus, who could not speak French). His father hired only servants who could speak Latin, and they also were given strict orders always to speak to the boy in Latin. The same rule applied to his mother, father, and servants, who were obliged to use only Latin words he employed, and thus they acquired a knowledge of the very language his tutor taught him. Montaigne's Latin education was accompanied by constant intellectual and spiritual stimulation. He was familiarized with Greek by a pedagogical method that employed games, conversation, and exercises of solitary meditation, rather than the more traditional books.

paragraph: The atmosphere of the boy's upbringing, although designed by highly refined rules taken under advisement by his father, created in the boy's life the spirit of "liberty and delight" that he later would describe as making him "relish... duty by an unforced will, and of my own voluntary motion...without any severity or constraint"; yet he would have everything to take advantage of his freedom. And so a musician woke him every morning, playing one instrument or another, and an "épinettier" (with a zither) was the constant companion to Montaigne and his tutor, playing tunes to alleviate boredom and tiredness.

paragraph: Around the year 1539, Montaigne was sent to study at a highly-regarded boarding school in Bordeaux, the Collège de Guyenne, then under the direction of the greatest Latin scholar of the era, George Buchanan, where he mastered the whole curriculum by his thirteenth year. He then began his study of law at the University of Toulouse in 1546 and entered a career in the local legal system. He was a counselor of the Court des Aides of Périgueux and, in 1557, he was appointed counselor of the Parlement in Bordeaux, a high court. From 1561 to 1563 he was courtier at the court of Charles IX and he was present with the king at the siege of Rouen (1562). He was awarded the highest honour of the French nobility, the collar of the Order of St. Michael, something to which he aspired from his youth.

paragraph: While serving at the Bordeaux Parlement, he became a very close friend of the humanist poet Étienne de la Boétie, whose death in 1563 deeply affected Montaigne. It has been suggested by Donald M. Frame, in his introduction to "The Complete Essays of Montaigne" that because of Montaigne's "imperious need to communicate", after losing Étienne he began the "Essais" as a new "means of communication" and that "the reader takes the place of the dead friend".

paragraph: Montaigne married Françoise de la Cassaigne in 1565, probably in an arranged marriage. She was the daughter and niece of wealthy merchants of Toulouse and Bordeaux. They had six daughters, but only the second-born, Léonor, survived infancy. Little is known about their marriage, he wrote very little about their relationship, however, he did write about of his daughter Léonor, "All my children die at nurse; but Léonore, our only daughter, who has escaped this misfortune, has reached the age of six and more without having been punished, the indulgence of her mother aiding, except in words, and those very gentle ones." His daughter married François de la Tour and later, Charles de Gamaches. She had a daughter by each.

paragraph: Following the petition of his father, Montaigne started to work on the first translation of the Catalan monk Raymond Sebond's "Theologia naturalis", which he published a year after his father's death in 1568 (in 1595, Sebond's Prologue was put on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum because of its declaration that the Bible is not the only source of revealed truth). After this, he inherited the family's estate, the Château de Montaigne, to which he moved back in 1570, thus becoming the Lord of Montaigne. Another literary accomplishment was Montaigne's posthumous edition of the works of his friend, Boétie.

paragraph: In 1571, he retired from public life to the Tower of the château, his so-called "citadel", in the Dordogne, where he almost totally isolated himself from every social and family affair. Locked up in his library, which contained a collection of some 1,500 works, he began work on his "Essais" ("Essays"), first published in 1580. On the day of his 38th birthday, as he entered this almost ten-year period of self-imposed reclusion, he had the following inscription placed on the crown of the bookshelves of his working chamber:

paragraph: In the year of Christ 1571, at the age of thirty-eight, on the last day of February, his birthday, Michael de Montaigne, long weary of the servitude of the court and of public employments, while still entire, retired to the bosom of the learned virgins, where in calm and freedom from all cares he will spend what little remains of his life, now more than half run out. If the fates permit, he will complete this abode, this sweet ancestral retreat; and he has consecrated it to his freedom, tranquility, and leisure.

paragraph: During this time of the Wars of Religion in France, Montaigne, a Roman Catholic, acted as a moderating force, respected both by the Catholic King Henry III and the Protestant Henry of Navarre. Montaigne believed that a knowledge of devastating effects of vice is calculated to excite an aversion to vicious habits.

paragraph: In 1578, Montaigne, whose health had always been excellent, started suffering from painful kidney stones, a tendency he inherited from his father's family. Throughout this illness, he would have nothing to do with doctors or drugs. From 1580 to 1581, Montaigne traveled in France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Italy, partly in search of a cure, establishing himself at Bagni di Lucca, where he took the waters. His journey was also a pilgrimage to the Holy House of Loreto, to which he presented a silver relief depicting him, his wife, and their daughter kneeling before the Madonna, considering himself fortunate that it should be hung on a wall within the shrine. He kept a journal recording regional differences and customs and a variety of personal episodes, including the dimensions of the stones he succeeded in expelling. This was published much later, in 1774, after its discovery in a trunk that is displayed in his tower.

paragraph: During a visit to the Vatican that Montaigne described in his travel journal, the "Essais" were examined by Sisto Fabri, who served as Master of the Sacred Palace under Pope Gregory XIII. After Fabri examined Montaigne's "Essais" the text was returned to him on 20 March 1581. Montaigne had apologized for references to the pagan notion of "fortuna" as well as for writing favorably of Julian the Apostate and of heretical poets, and was released to follow his own conscience in making emendations to the text.

paragraph: While in the city of Lucca in 1581, he learned that, like his father before him, he had been elected mayor of Bordeaux. He returned and served as mayor. He was re-elected in 1583 and served until 1585, again moderating between Catholics and Protestants. The plague broke out in Bordeaux toward the end of his second term in office, in 1585. In 1586, the plague and the Wars of Religion prompted him to leave his château for two years.

paragraph: Montaigne continued to extend, revise, and oversee the publication of the "Essais". In 1588 he wrote its third book and also met Marie de Gournay, an author who admired his work and later edited and published it. Montaigne later referred to her as his adopted daughter. King Henry III was assassinated in 1589, and Montaigne then helped to keep Bordeaux loyal to Henry of Navarre, who would go on to become King Henry IV.

paragraph: Montaigne died of quinsy at the age of 59, in 1592 at the Château de Montaigne. In his case the disease "brought about paralysis of the tongue", especially difficult for one who once said, "the most fruitful and natural play of the mind is conversation. I find it sweeter than any other action in life; and if I were forced to choose, I think I would rather lose my sight than my hearing and voice." Remaining in possession of all his other faculties, he requested Mass, and died during the celebration of that Mass.

paragraph: He was buried nearby. Later his remains were moved to the church of Saint Antoine at Bordeaux. The church no longer exists: it became the Convent des Feuillants, which also has disappeared. The Bordeaux Tourist Office says that Montaigne is buried at the Musée Aquitaine, Faculté des Lettres, Université Bordeaux 3 Michel de Montaigne, Pessac. His heart is preserved in the parish church of Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne.

paragraph: The humanities branch of the University of Bordeaux is named after him: .

paragraph: Section::::"Essais".

paragraph: His humanism finds expression in his "Essais", a collection of a large number of short subjective essays on various topics published in 1580 that were inspired by his studies in the classics, especially by the works of Plutarch and Lucretius. Montaigne's stated goal was to describe humans, and especially himself, with utter frankness. Montaigne's writings are studied as literature and philosophy around the world.

paragraph: Inspired by his consideration of the lives and ideals of the leading figures of his age, he finds the great variety and volatility of human nature to be its most basic features. He describes his own poor memory, his ability to solve problems and mediate conflicts without truly getting emotionally involved, his disdain for the human pursuit of lasting fame, and his attempts to detach himself from worldly things to prepare for his timely death. He writes about his disgust with the religious conflicts of his time. He believed that humans are not able to attain true certainty. The longest of his essays, "Apology for Raymond Sebond", marking his adoption of Pyrrhonism contains his famous motto, "What do I know?"

paragraph: Montaigne considered marriage necessary for the raising of children, but disliked strong feelings of passionate love because he saw them as detrimental to freedom. In education, he favored concrete examples and experience over the teaching of abstract knowledge intended to be accepted uncritically. His essay "On the Education of Children" is dedicated to Diana of Foix.

paragraph: The "Essais" exercised an important influence on both French and English literature, in thought and style. Francis Bacon's "Essays", published over a decade later, in 1596, usually are presumed to be directly influenced by Montaigne's collection, and Montaigne is cited by Bacon alongside other classical sources in later essays.

paragraph: Although not a scientist, Montaigne made observations on topics in psychology. In his essays, he developed and explained his observations of these topics. His thoughts and ideas covered topics such as thought, motivation, fear, happiness, child education, experience, and human action. Montaigne’s ideas have influenced psychology and are a part of its rich history.

paragraph: Section::::Montaigne's influence on psychology.:Child education.

paragraph: Child education was among the psychological topics that he wrote about. His essays "On the Education of Children", "On Pedantry", and "On Experience" explain the views he had on child education. Some of his views on child education are still relevant today.

paragraph: Montaigne’s views on the education of children were opposed to the common educational practices of his day. He found fault both with what was taught and how it was taught. Much of the education during Montaigne’s time was focused on the reading of the classics and learning through books.Montaigne disagreed with learning strictly through books. He believed it was necessary to educate children in a variety of ways. He also disagreed with the way information was being presented to students. It was being presented in a way that encouraged students to take the information that was taught to them as absolute truth. Students were denied the chance to question the information. Therefore, students could not truly learn. Montaigne believed that, to learn truly, a student had to take the information and make it their own.

paragraph: At the foundation Montaigne believed that the selection of a good tutor was important for the student to become well educated. Education by a tutor was to be conducted at the pace of the student.He believed that a tutor should be in dialogue with the student, letting the student speak first. The tutor also should allow for discussions and debates to be had. Such a dialogue was intended to create an environment in which students would teach themselves. They would be able to realize their mistakes and make corrections to them as necessary.

paragraph: Individualized learning was integral to his theory of child education. He argued that the student combines information already known with what is learned and forms a unique perspective on the newly learned information. Montaigne also thought that tutors should encourage the natural curiosity of students and allow them to question things.He postulated that successful students were those who were encouraged to question new information and study it for themselves, rather than simply accepting what they had heard from the authorities on any given topic. Montaigne believed that a child’s curiosity could serve as an important teaching tool when the child is allowed to explore the things that the child is curious about.

paragraph: Experience also was a key element to learning for Montaigne. Tutors needed to teach students through experience rather than through the mere memorization of information often practised in book learning.He argued that students would become passive adults, blindly obeying and lacking the ability to think on their own. Nothing of importance would be retained and no abilities would be learned. He believed that learning through experience was superior to learning through the use of books. For this reason he encouraged tutors to educate their students through practice, travel, and human interaction. In doing so, he argued that students would become active learners, who could claim knowledge for themselves.

paragraph: Montaigne’s views on child education continue to have an influence in the present. Variations of Montaigne’s ideas on education are incorporated into modern learning in some ways. He argued against the popular way of teaching in his day, encouraging individualized learning. He believed in the importance of experience, over book learning and memorization. Ultimately, Montaigne postulated that the point of education was to teach a student how to have a successful life by practising an active and socially interactive lifestyle.

paragraph: Section::::Related writers and influence.

paragraph: Thinkers exploring ideas similar to Montaigne include Erasmus, Thomas More, and Guillaume Budé, who all worked about fifty years before Montaigne. Many of Montaigne's Latin quotations are from Erasmus' "Adagia", and most critically, all of his quotations from Socrates. Plutarch remains perhaps Montaigne's strongest influence, in terms of substance and style. Montaigne's quotations from Plutarch in the "Essays" number more than 500.

paragraph: Ever since Edward Capell first made the suggestion in 1780, scholars have suggested Montaigne to be an influence on Shakespeare. The latter would have had access to John Florio's translation of Montaigne's "Essais", published in English in 1603, and a scene in "The Tempest" "follows the wording of Florio [translating "Of Cannibals"] so closely that his indebtedness is unmistakable".

paragraph: Most parallels between the two may be explained, however, as : as similarities with writers in other nations to the works of Cervantes and Shakespeare could be due simply to their own study of Latin moral and philosophical writers such as Seneca the Younger, Horace, Ovid, and Virgil.

paragraph: Much of Blaise Pascal's skepticism in his "Pensées" has been attributed traditionally to his reading Montaigne.

paragraph: The English essayist William Hazlitt expressed boundless admiration for Montaigne, exclaiming that "he was the first who had the courage to say as an author what he felt as a man. ... He was neither a pedant nor a bigot. ... In treating of men and manners, he spoke of them as he found them, not according to preconceived notions and abstract dogmas". Beginning most overtly with the essays in the "familiar" style in his own "Table-Talk", Hazlitt tried to follow Montaigne's example.

paragraph: Ralph Waldo Emerson chose "Montaigne; or, the Skeptic" as a subject of one of his series of lectures entitled, "Representative Men", alongside other subjects such as Shakespeare and Plato. In "The Skeptic" Emerson writes of his experience reading Montaigne, "It seemed to me as if I had myself written the book, in some former life, so sincerely it spoke to my thought and experience." Friedrich Nietzsche judged of Montaigne: "That such a man wrote has truly augmented the joy of living on this Earth". Sainte-Beuve advises us that "to restore lucidity and proportion to our judgments, let us read every evening a page of Montaigne."

paragraph: The American philosopher Eric Hoffer employed Montaigne both stylistically and in thought. In Hoffer's memoir, "Truth Imagined", he said of Montaigne, "He was writing about me. He knew my innermost thoughts." The British novelist John Cowper Powys expressed his admiration for Montaigne's philosophy in his books, "Suspended Judgements" (1916) and "The Pleasures of Literature" (1938). Judith N. Shklar introduces her book "Ordinary Vices" (1984), "It is only if we step outside the divinely ruled moral universe that we can really put our minds to the common ills we inflict upon one another each day. That is what Montaigne did and that is why he is the hero of this book. In spirit he is on every one of its pages..."

paragraph: Twentieth-century literary critic Erich Auerbach called Montaigne the first modern man. "Among all his contemporaries", writes Auerbach ("Mimesis", Chapter 12), "he had the clearest conception of the problem of man's self-orientation; that is, the task of making oneself at home in existence without fixed points of support".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Contains Book 1 of the Essays, lightly edited for easier reading

paragraph: BULLET::::- Facsimile and HTML versions of the 10 Volume Essays of Montaigne at the Online Library of Liberty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Essays by Montaigne at Quotidiana.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Charles Cotton translation of some of Montaigne's Essays:

paragraph: BULLET::::- plain text version by Project Gutenberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Essays" English audio by Librivox

paragraph: BULLET::::- The complete, searchable text of the Villey-Saulnier edition from the ARFTL project at the University of Chicago

paragraph: BULLET::::- Montaigne Studies  at the University of Chicago

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michel de Montaigne, entry by Christopher Edelman in the "Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Background and digital facsimile of 1595 volume at the Gordon Collection of the University of Virginia

paragraph: BULLET::::- , a documentary by Alain de Botton about Montaigne and his philosophy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titi Lucretii Cari "De rerum natura libri sex", published in Paris 1563, later owned and annotated by Montaigne, fully digitised in Cambridge Digital Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Montaigne “On Cruelty”: A Close Reading of a Classic Essay from EDSITEment

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Montaigne Library of Gilbert de Botton, digitised in Cambridge Digital Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Essays of Michel De Montaigne

alias:
Michel Eyquem de Montaigne
Miquèu Eiquèm de Montanha
Miqueu Eiquem de Montanha

description: French-Occitan author, humanistic philosopher, statesman

enwikiquote_title: Michel de Montaigne

wikidata_label: Michel de Montaigne

wikipedia_title: Michel de Montaigne


text: Latinized

text: cartographer

text: Matthias Ringmann

text: America

text: Universalis Cosmographia

text: Amerigo Vespucci

text: Wolfenweiler

text: Freiburg im Breisgau

text: Radolfzell

text: University of Freiburg

text: Gymnasium

text: Duchy of Lorraine

text: Saint-Dié-des-Vosges

text: Universalis Cosmographia

text: Cosmographiae Introductio

text: cosmography

text: Amerigo Vespucci

text: Matthias Ringmann

text: Ptolemy

text: North America

text: Schloss Wolfegg

text: Joseph Fischer

text: Library of Congress

text: Americas

text: James Ford Bell Library

text: University of Minnesota

text: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek

text: LMU Munich

text: Stadtbibliothek Offenburg

text: intestate

text: Saint-Dié

text: Waldseemüller map

text: Naming of America

text: Discoverer of the Americas

text: Richard Amerike

text: History of cartography

text: Peter W. Dickson

text: Smithsonian

text: Imago Mundi

text: Google Books

text: The Washington Post

text: The Wall Street Journal

text: "The map that changed the world"

text: The BBC

text: "Naming of America"

text: BBC

text: World Digital Library

text: Library of Congress

text: Library of Congress

text: John Boyd Thacher Collection

text: Library of Congress

text: Library of Congress

text: Carta Marina of 1516

categories: Medieval cartographers,16th-century German writers,1520s deaths,1470s births,German cartographers,Catholic clergy scientists,People from Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald,University of Freiburg alumni

paragraph: Martin Waldseemüller

paragraph: Martin Waldseemüller (Latinized as Martinus Ilacomylus, Ilacomilus or Hylacomylus; c. 1470 – 16 March 1520) was a German cartographer.

paragraph: He and Matthias Ringmann are credited with the first recorded usage of the word "America", on the 1507 map "Universalis Cosmographia" in honour of the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Waldseemüller was born in Wolfenweiler near Freiburg im Breisgau (his mother came from Radolfzell) and he studied at the University of Freiburg.

paragraph: On 25 April 1507, as a member of the Gymnasium Vosagense at Saint Diey (German: Sankt Didel) in the Duchy of Lorraine (today Saint-Dié-des-Vosges, France), he produced a globular world map and a large 12-panel world wall map using the information from Columbus and Vespucci's travels ("Universalis Cosmographia"), both bearing the first use of the name "America". The globular and wall maps were accompanied by a book "Cosmographiae Introductio", an introduction to cosmography. The book, first printed in the city of Saint-Dié-des-Vosges, includes in its second part, a translation to Latin of the "Quattuor Americi Vespuccij navigationes" ("Four Voyages of Americo Vespucci"), which is apparently a letter written by Amerigo Vespucci, although some historians consider it to have been a forgery written by its supposed recipient in Italy.

paragraph: In the seventh chapter of the "Cosmographiæ Introduction", written by Matthias Ringmann, it is explained why the name America was proposed for the then New World, or the Fourth Part of the World:

paragraph: "Atque in sexto climate Antarcticum versus et pars extrema Africæ nuper reperta. . . . et quarta orbis pars (quam quia Americus invenit Amerigen, quasi Americi terram, sive American nuncupare licet) sitae sunt"

paragraph: Translation:

paragraph: And in the sixth climate toward the Antarctic, the recently discovered farther part of Africa . . . and a fourth part of the world (which may be called "Amerige", as if meaning "Americus' land", or "America") are situated

paragraph: In the ninth chapter of the same book the reasons for the name America are given in more detail:

paragraph: "Nunc vero et hæ partes sunt latius lustratæ et alia quarta pars per Americum Vesputium (ut in sequentibus audietur) inventa est, quam non video cur quis jure vetet ab Americo Inventore sagacis ingenii viro, Amerigen quasi Americi terram sive Americam dicendam; cum et Europa et Asia a mulieribus sua sortita sunt nomina."

paragraph: Translation:

paragraph: But now these parts have been more widely explored, and also another fourth part has been discovered by Americus Vesputius (as will be heard in the following), and I do not see why anyone should justifiably forbid it to be called "Amerige", as if "Americus' Land", or "America", from its discoverer Americus, a man of perceptive character; since both Europa and Asia have received their names from women.

paragraph: In 1513, Waldseemüller appears to have had second thoughts about the name, probably due to contemporary protests about Vespucci’s role in the discovery and naming of America, or just carefully waiting for the official discovery of the whole northwestern coast of what is now called North America, as separated from East Asia. In his reworking of the Ptolemy atlas, the continent is labelled simply "Terra Incognita" (unknown land). Despite the revision, 1,000 copies of the world maps had since been distributed, and the original suggestion took hold. While North America was still called "Indies" in documents for some time, it was eventually called "America" as well.

paragraph: The wall map was lost for a long time, but a copy was found in Schloss Wolfegg in southern Germany by Joseph Fischer in 1901. It is still the only copy known to survive, and it was purchased by the United States Library of Congress in May 2003 after an agreement was reached in 2001. Five copies of the globular map survive in the form of "gores": printed maps that were intended to be cut out and pasted onto a wooden globe. Only one of these lies in the Americas today, residing at the James Ford Bell Library University of Minnesota; three copies are in Germany (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, LMU Munich, Stadtbibliothek Offenburg), and one is in London, UK, in private hands.

paragraph: Waldseemüller died intestate 16 March 1520 in Sankt Didel, then a canon of the collegiate Church of Saint-Dié.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Waldseemüller map

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naming of America

paragraph: BULLET::::- Discoverer of the Americas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Amerike

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of cartography

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of German inventors and discoverers

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter W. Dickson: "The Magellan Myth: Reflections on Columbus, Vespucci and the Waldseemueller Map of 1507", Printing Arts Press, 2007, 2009 (Second Edition)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Hessler: "The Naming of America: Martin Waldseemüller's 1507 World Map and the Cosmographiae Introductio", Library of Congress, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seymour Schwartz: "Putting "America" on the Map, the Story of the Most Important Graphic Document in the History of the United States", Prometheus Books, Amherst, New York, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Brown: "16th-Century Mapmaker's Intriguing Knowledge", in: Washington Post, 2008-11-17, p. A7

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toby Lester: "Putting America on the Map", Smithsonian, Volume 40, Number 9, p. 78, December 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toby Lester: "The Fourth Part of the World, The Epic Story of History's Greatest Map", Profile Books, London, 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chet van Duzer and Benoît Larger: "Martin Waldseemüller Death Date", Imago Mundi, Volume 63, Part 2: 219-221, 2011

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Cosmographiæ Introductio of Martin Waldseemüller (Facsimile), via Google Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "16th-Century Mapmaker's Intriguing Knowledge", David Brown, The Washington Post. November 17, 2008; Page A07.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "You Are Here—The Library of Congress buys 'America's birth certificate'.", John J. Miller, The Wall Street Journal. July 25, 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The map that changed the world", Toby Lester The BBC, October 28, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Naming of America", BBC.

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Digital Library presentation of "Universalis cosmographia secundum Ptholomaei traditionem et Americi Vespucii aliorum que lustrationes" or "A Map of the Entire World According to the Traditional Method of Ptolemy and Corrected with Other Lands of Amerigo Vespucci". Library of Congress.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cosmographiae Introductio: cum Quibusdam Geometriae ac Astronomiae Principiis ad eam rem Necessariis From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cosmographiae introductio: cum quibusdam geometriae ac astronomiae principiis ad eam rem necessariis..." From the John Boyd Thacher Collection at the Library of Congress

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carta Marina of 1516, Speaker: Chet Van Duzer Video from the Library of Congress

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carta Marina of 1516, digital copy at the Library of Congress

description: German cartographer

wikidata_label: Martin Waldseemüller

wikipedia_title: Martin Waldseemüller


text: Henrietta Tiarks

text: Hall School

text: Heatherdown School

text: Ascot

text: Berkshire

text: Harrow School

text: Harvard

text: BA

text: Robin Russell, 14th Duke of Bedford

text: Dukedom of Bedford

text: Mary Boleyn

text: Anne Boleyn

text: Doddington Park

text: St Margaret's Church, Westminster

text: Andrew Russell, 15th Duke of Bedford

categories: Harvard University alumni,People educated at The Hall School, Hampstead,People educated at Harrow School,People connected with Tavistock,1962 births,People educated at Heatherdown School,Dukes of Bedford,Living people

paragraph: Andrew Russell, 15th Duke of Bedford

paragraph: Andrew Ian Henry Russell, 15th Duke of Bedford (born 30 March 1962) is a British nobleman and peer. He is the son of Henry Robin Ian Russell, 14th Duke of Bedford, and his wife, Henrietta Tiarks.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Bedford was educated at Hall School, Hampstead and Heatherdown School, near Ascot in Berkshire, followed by Harrow School and Harvard, where he received his BA degree. He was known as Lord Howland until his grandfather's death in 2002, when he adopted the courtesy title Marquess of Tavistock, previously held by his father, Robin Russell, 14th Duke of Bedford. He succeeded to the Dukedom of Bedford the following year after his father suffered a fatal stroke. He also succeeded to the titles of 19th Earl of Bedford, 15th Marquess of Tavistock, 17th Baron Russell of Thornhaugh, and 15th Baron Howland of Streatham, all on 13 June 2003. Since then has been styled His Grace The Duke of Bedford. He is also a descendant of Mary Boleyn, sister of Anne Boleyn.

paragraph: Section::::Family and children.

paragraph: Bedford married Louise Rona Crammond, daughter of Donald Ian Crammond and his wife Rona Zara Clifford-Johns and stepdaughter of Sir Evelyn Delves Broughton, 12th Baronet, of Doddington Park on 16 October 2000 at St Margaret's Church, Westminster, London. They have two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Alexandra Lucy Clare Russell (b. 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Robin Charles Russell, Marquess of Tavistock (b. London, 7 June 2005)

paragraph: Section::::Titles and style.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 30 March 1962 – 10 October 2002: Lord Howland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 10 October 2002 – 13 June 2003: Marquess of Tavistock

paragraph: BULLET::::- 13 June 2003 – present: His Grace The Duke of Bedford

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Peerage – Andrew Russell, 15th Duke of Bedford"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrew Russell, 15th Duke of Bedford

description: British noble

wikidata_label: Andrew Russell, 15th Duke of Bedford

wikipedia_title: Andrew Russell, 15th Duke of Bedford


text:
Antonius
Mark Antony
Roman
Marcus Antonius Creticus
Marcus Antonius Orator
Gaius Marius
Julia Antonia
Julius Caesar
Gaius Antonius
Plutarch
Julius Caesar
tribune of the plebs
Mutina
consul
Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus
Fulvia
Cleopatra
legion
fight
Octavian
Lepidus
Perusia
Cicero

categories: Ancient Roman generals,Antonii,Roman Republican consuls

paragraph: Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony)

paragraph: Lucius Antonius (1st century BC) was the younger brother and supporter of Mark Antony, a Roman politician.

paragraph: Lucius was a son of Marcus Antonius Creticus, son of the rhetorician Marcus Antonius Orator executed by Gaius Marius' supporters in 86 BC, and Julia Antonia, a cousin of Julius Caesar. Together with his older brothers Mark Antony and Gaius Antonius, he spent his early years roaming through Rome in bad company. Plutarch refers to the untamed life of the youths and their friends, frequenting gambling houses and drinking too much.

paragraph: Lucius was always a strong supporter of Mark Antony. In 44 BC, the year of Antony's consulship and Julius Caesar's assassination, Lucius, as tribune of the plebs, brought forward a law authorizing Caesar to nominate the chief magistrates during his absence from Rome. After the murder of Caesar, he supported his brother Marcus. He proposed an agrarian law in favor of the people and Caesar's veterans and took part in the operations at Mutina (43 BC).

paragraph: In 41 BC, he was consul with Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus as his senior partner. In this year, he assisted Mark Antony's wife, Fulvia, who was anxious to recall her husband from Cleopatra's court, in the raising of an eight legion army to fight against Octavian's unpopular policies. Later, observing the bitter feelings that had been evoked by the distribution of land among the veterans of Caesar, Antonius and Fulvia changed their attitude and stood forward as the defenders of those who had suffered from its operation. Antonius marched on Rome, drove out Lepidus, and promised the people that the triumvirate would be abolished. On the approach of Octavian, he retired to Perusia in Etruria, where he was besieged by three armies, and compelled to surrender (winter of 41 BC). The city was destroyed but his life was spared, and he was sent by Octavian to Spain as governor. Nothing is known of the circumstances or date of his death. Cicero, in his "Philippics", actuated in great measure by personal animosity, gives a highly unfavorable view of his character.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appian, "Bellum Civile", v. 14 ff.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dio Cassius xlviii. 5-14.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suetonius, "De Vita Caesarum", II, 14-5.

description: politician and soldier

wikidata_label: Lucius Antonius