text:
D. W. Griffith
Orphans of the Storm
Lillian
Dorothy Gish
The Shielding Shadow
Here Comes the Bride
The Witness for the Defense
The Evil Eye
Idols of Clay
Experience
Orphans of the Storm
The Bond Boy
The Streets of New York
If Winter Comes
Alice in Wonderland
The Horror
Leslie King at IMDb.com
Leslie King at IBDb.com
portraits

categories: American male silent film actors,1947 deaths,Male actors from Baltimore,1876 births,20th-century American male actors

paragraph: Leslie King (actor)

paragraph: Leslie King (1876 - October 10, 1947) was an American stage and screen actor. He is best remembered for appearing in D. W. Griffith's "Orphans of the Storm" opposite Lillian and Dorothy Gish.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Shielding Shadow" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Here Comes the Bride" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Witness for the Defense" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fatal Fortune" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Evil Eye" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Idols of Clay" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Experience" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Orphans of the Storm" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bond Boy" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Streets of New York" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "If Winter Comes" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Broadway Broke" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The New School Teacher" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alice in Wonderland" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Horror" (1932)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leslie King at IMDb.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leslie King at IBDb.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- portraits(NY Public Library, Billy Rose collection)

description: actor

wikidata_label: Leslie King

wikipedia_title: Leslie King (actor)


text: DL

text: Conservative

text: Lord Richard Cavendish

text: Grenadier Guards

text: Harold Macmillan

text: Conservative

text: Member of Parliament

text: Bournemouth West

text: marquess

text: House of Lords

text: Conservative Monday Club

text: Salisbury Review

text: Lord Richard Valentine Gascoyne-Cecil

categories: Cecil family,Marquesses of Salisbury,UK MPs 1951–1955,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,2003 deaths,Deputy Lieutenants of Dorset,UK MPs 1950–1951,Grenadier Guards officers,1916 births,British Army personnel of World War II

paragraph: Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 6th Marquess of Salisbury

paragraph: Robert Edward Peter Gascoyne-Cecil, 6th Marquess of Salisbury, DL (24 October 1916 – 11 July 2003), styled Viscount Cranborne from 1947 to 1972, was a British landowner and Conservative politician.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Salisbury was the eldest and only surviving son of Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury, by Elizabeth Vere Cavendish, daughter of Lord Richard Cavendish. During the Second World War he served in the Grenadier Guards. He took part in the invasion of Normandy in 1944 with the 2nd Battalion and was a member of the first British unit to enter Brussels. He was later appointed Military Assistant to Harold Macmillan, then the Resident Minister in North Africa.

paragraph: He later sat as Conservative Member of Parliament for Bournemouth West from 1950 to 1954. In 1972 he succeeded his father in the marquessate and entered the House of Lords. He also succeeded his father as President of the Conservative Monday Club. He supported the Salisbury Review and was also president of the Anglo-Rhodesian Society and Friends of the Union.

paragraph: Section::::Property.

paragraph: Lord Salisbury ran holdings of 8,500 acres around Hatfield House, and 1,300 acres at Cranborne Manor, Dorset. At the time of his obituary he owned property around Leicester and Leicester Square, London, held by Gascoyne Holdings.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: Lord Salisbury married Marjorie "Mollie" Olein Wyndham-Quin (15 July 1922 – 12 December 2016), granddaughter of Windham Wyndham-Quin, 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl, on 18 December 1945. Lady Salisbury was a noted gardener.

paragraph: They had seven children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Michael James Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury (b. 30 September 1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord Richard Valentine Gascoyne-Cecil (b. 26 January 1948 – 20 April 1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord Charles Edward Vere Gascoyne-Cecil (b. 13 July 1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord Valentine William Gascoyne-Cecil (b. 13 May 1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Henry Gascoyne-Cecil (b. 3 May 1955 – 6 May 1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Rose Alice Elizabeth Cecil (b. 11 September 1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord Michael Hugh Cecil (b. 23 March 1960)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Copping, Robert, "The Monday Club – Crisis and After" May 1975, pps: 15 & 25, published by the Current Affairs Information Service, Ilford, Essex, (P/B).

description: British politician


text:
Winchester College
Bishop of Salisbury
St Petersburg
Russia
Winchester College
Balliol College, Oxford
St. Mary's Church, Brighstone
Canon
Chester Cathedral
William Ewart Gladstone
Bishop of Salisbury
Hamilton
Denison
synod
Oxford Movement
Keble
Otterbourne
High Church
Athanasian Creed
Bampton Lectures
Leghorn
George Ridding
Robert Campbell Moberly
Charlotte Anne Moberly
St Hugh's College, Oxford
Moberly-Jourdain incident
John Cornelius Moberly
Dick Milford
clergyman
educator
Oxfam
Bibliographic directory
Project Canterbury

categories: People educated at Winchester College,Headmasters of Winchester College,1885 deaths,Bishops of Salisbury,Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford,1803 births

paragraph: George Moberly

paragraph: George Moberly (10 October 1803 – 6 July 1885) was an English cleric who was headmaster of Winchester College, and then served as Bishop of Salisbury from 1869 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in St Petersburg, Russia in 1803, the seventh son of Edward Moberly, merchant, and his wife, Sarah Cayley] and educated at Winchester College. He matriculated at Balliol College, Oxford, matriculating in 1822, and graduating B.A. 1825, and M.A. 1828. He was a Fellow of Balliol from 1826 to 1834. He was ordained deacon in 1826, and priest in 1828.

paragraph: Moberly married Mary Anne Crokat on 22 December 1834 at Oxford. After his academic career he became headmaster of Winchester in 1835.

paragraph: This post Moberly resigned in 1866, and retired to the Rectory of St. Mary's Church, Brighstone, Isle of Wight, he was also a Canon of Chester Cathedral. The Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone, however, in 1869 called him to be Bishop of Salisbury, in which see he kept up the traditions of his predecessors, Bishops Hamilton and Denison, his chief addition being the summoning of a diocesan synod.

paragraph: Though Moberly left Oxford at the beginning of the Oxford Movement, he fell under its influence: the more so that at Winchester he formed a most intimate friendship with Keble, spending several weeks every year at Otterbourne, the next parish to Hursley.

paragraph: Moberly, however, retained his independence of thought, and in 1872 he astonished his High Church friends by joining in the movement for the disuse of the damnatory clauses in the Athanasian Creed. His chief contribution to theology is his Bampton Lectures of 1868, on "The Administration of the Holy Spirit in the Body of Christ". He died on 6 July 1885.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Moberly married in 1834 Mary Crokat, daughter of Thomas Crokat of Leghorn. There were 15 children of the marriage, eight daughters and seven sons. Five sons and seven daughters survived their father. The children included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Louisa, the third child, married George Ridding.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Campbell Moberly (1845–1903), was the third son.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charlotte Anne Moberly (1846–1937), the tenth child, became the first principal of St Hugh's College, Oxford, and was involved in the Moberly-Jourdain incident.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Cornelius Moberly was the fourth son.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Hugh Moberly (born c.1850), son, was a cleric.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walter Allan Moberly, a cleric, was the sixth son.

paragraph: His great-grandson, Dick Milford, was a clergyman and educator who was involved in the founding of Oxfam.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliographic directory from Project Canterbury

description: English divine

wikidata_label: George Moberly

wikipedia_title: George Moberly


text: Iceland

text: múm

text: David Portner

text: Avey Tare & Kría Brekkan

text: Yesterday Was Dramatic – Today Is OK

text: Finally We Are No One

text: Summer Make Good

text: goth punk

text: Stórsveit Nix Noltes

text: Mice Parade

text: Slowblow

text: Feels

text: Animal Collective

text: Eyvind Kang

text: The Stone

text: Belle & Sebastian

text: Rings

text: First Nation

text: Take-Away Show

text: Vincent Moon

text: Animal Collective

text: All Tomorrow's Parties

text: Avey Tare

text: Gyða Valtýsdóttir

text: Paw Tracks

text: Morr Music

text: Fat Cat Records

text: Feels

text: Pullhair Rubeye

text: Rough Trade

text: Antony Hegarty

text: Reverend Green

text: Kría Brekkan's MySpace Page

text: Kria Brekkan live in Berlin Video

text: Paw Tracks Records

categories: Icelandic female singers,Women in electronic music,20th-century women singers,Twin people from Iceland,20th-century Icelandic singers,21st-century Icelandic singers,Icelandic electronic musicians,Living people,1982 births

paragraph: Kristín Anna Valtýsdóttir

paragraph: Kristín Anna Valtýsdóttir (a.k.a. Kría Brekkan, born 5 January 1982) is an Icelandic vocalist and classically trained multi-instrumentalist. She is best known as a former frontwoman of múm, and later on for collaborating with former husband David Portner as Avey Tare & Kría Brekkan.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Kristín Anna was a member of the band múm from 1998 until 2006. During that time the band released three full-length albums, "Yesterday Was Dramatic – Today Is OK", "Finally We Are No One", and "Summer Make Good"

paragraph: She was accordion player in a Bulgarian goth punk band Stórsveit Nix Noltes in 2003-2010. Those years she also appeared on recordings and performed live with the bands Mice Parade and Slowblow.

paragraph: In 2005 she recorded the album "Feels" with Animal Collective. She is credited as "Doctess" on the album. While in the studio, Eyvind Kang heard her piano playing and asked if she'd perform solo at The Stone in New York City.

paragraph: On April 16, 2006 she performed at The Stone, appearing for the first time as Kría Brekkan, with Avey Tare of Animal Collective, playing grand piano, guitar and singing. The duo performed songs they later released on an LP titled "Pullhair Rubeye".

paragraph: She performed her own songwriting for piano and voice for the first time April 21, 2006 at The Stone in New York under the name Kría Brekkan.

paragraph: In late 2006, Kristín acknowledged that she had left múm in the beginning of that year, and published an open letter briefly describing her thoughts on the matter.

paragraph: Kristín Anna appeared on the cover of Belle & Sebastian's 2000 "Fold Your Hands Child, You Walk Like a Peasant" LP with her twin sister, Gyða.

paragraph: She recorded and mixed the "Black Habit" LP by Rings (featuring ex-members of First Nation). In 2006, she did a Take-Away Show video session shot by Vincent Moon. She was chosen by Animal Collective to perform at the All Tomorrow's Parties festival that they curated in May 2011. In 2012, Kristín performed in an exhibition by fellow Icelandic artist, Hrafnhildur Arnardottir. In 2014, she performed at ATP Iceland and the Reykjavík Arts Festival.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Kristín was married to David Portner (Avey Tare) of Animal Collective from 2006-2008.

paragraph: Her twin sister is Gyða Valtýsdóttir.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Howl" double LP (27 November 2015, Bel-Air Glamour Records)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:as Kristín Anna.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Must Be The Devil" (5 April 2019, Bel-Air Glamour Records)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:as Kría Brekkan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wildering" 7" (14 November 2007, After Hours)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Apotropaíosong Armor" Ep (November 2008, self-released)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Uterus Water" 7" (10 January 2010, Paw Tracks)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:with múm.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yesterday Was Dramatic – Today Is OK" (1999 TMT, reissue 2005 Morr Music)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Finally We Are No One" (2002 Fat Cat Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Summer Make Good" (2004 Fat Cat Records)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:with Animal Collective.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Feels" (credited as "Doctess") (18 October 2005 Fat Cat Records)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:with Avey Tare.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pullhair Rubeye" (24 April 2007, Paw Tracks)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:with Rings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Black Habit" (January 2008)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:with Stórsveit Nix Noltes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Orkideur Hawai" (21 March 2006, Bubblecore)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Royal Family - Divorce" (5 May 2009, Fat Cat Records/Rough Trade)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Appearances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Be Good To Earth This Season" with Antony Hegarty featured by Reverend Green on "Be Good To Earth This Season/Wolfie's Christmas" 7" (December 2008, Paw Tracks)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kría Brekkan's MySpace Page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kría Brekkan as #27 in "La Blogothèque: les concerts à emporter!" (The Take-Away Shows)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kria Brekkan live in Berlin Video

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paw Tracks Records

alias:
Kría Brekkan
Kria Brekkan

description: Icelandic singer

wikidata_label: Kristín Anna Valtýsdóttir

wikipedia_title: Kristín Anna Valtýsdóttir


text: Eschweiler

text: German

text: pool

text: European Pool Championships

text: pub

text: Silberne Lorbeerblatt

text: sport

text: German President

text: Roman Herzog

text: Mika Immonen

text: Ronato Alcano

text: Alex Pagulayan

text: WPA World Eight-ball Championship

text: WPA World Eight-ball Championship

text: World Pool Masters

text: World Cup of Pool

text: WPA World Nine-ball Championship

text: US Open Nine-ball Championship

text: International Challenge of Champions

text: US Open 14.1 Championship

text: BCA Open Nine-ball Championship

text: All-Japan Pool Championship

text: Derby City Nine-ball Classic

text: Ralf Souquet official website

text: An industry profile of Souquet

categories: WPA World Eight-ball Champions,Competitors at the 2001 World Games,Competitors at the 2009 World Games,World Games silver medalists,People from Eschweiler,1968 births,World champions in pool,German pool players,World Games gold medalists,Living people

paragraph: Ralf Souquet

paragraph: Ralf Souquet ( ; born 29 November 1968 in Eschweiler) is a German professional pool player. His nickname is "The Kaiser". Since 1981, he has won more than 500 tournament titles, including 41 German Championship titles and 34 European Pool Championships titles.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He began playing billiards at the age of six in his parents' pub, practicing up to five hours per day. He won his first German Championship title at the age of fourteen in the juniors division. In 1985, Souquet co-won his first European Championship team title with the National Team, and in 1986 won his first individual title at the European Championship (juniors division). In 1997, he received the "Silberne Lorbeerblatt" (Silver Laurel Leaf), the highest official distinction awarded to sportspeople by Germany, which was presented to him by German President Roman Herzog.

paragraph: In 1996, Souquet won the WPA World Nine-ball Championship where he triumphed over Tom Storm of Sweden. He also reached the finals of the same event in 2001 and 2006, only to be bested by Mika Immonen and Ronato Alcano.

paragraph: Souquet also won the US Open Nine-ball Championship in 2002 by defeating Alex Pagulayan who would also win the event in the next three years.

paragraph: In 2008, Souquet won his second world title at the WPA World Eight-ball Championship with a victory over Ronato Alcano (Alcano was also a winner of this event).

paragraph: Section::::Titles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- WPA World Eight-ball Championship (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Pool Masters (1994, 1996, 2000, 2002, 2006, 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Cup of Pool (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- WPA World Nine-ball Championship (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- US Open Nine-ball Championship (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- International Challenge of Champions (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- US Open 14.1 Championship (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- BCA Open Nine-ball Championship (2003, 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- All-Japan Pool Championship (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Derby City Nine-ball Classic (2004, 2006, 2008)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ralf Souquet official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- An industry profile of Souquet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article on his 2006 World Pool Masters victory

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article on his 2006 World Pool Championship loss

description: German pool player

wikidata_label: Ralf Souquet

wikipedia_title: Ralf Souquet


text: Istanbul

text: Turkish

text: journalist

text: columnist

text: Sevin

text: Yildiz Moran

text: Harry Potter

text: Kutlukhan Kutlu

text: Weasley twins

text: Tales of the Early World

text: Ted Hughes

text: Delights of Turkey

text: Edouard Roditi

text: Raise High the Roof-Beam, Carpenters

text: J.D. Salinger

text: Animal Farm

text: George Orwell

text: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets

text: J.K. Rowling

text: J.K. Rowling

text: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: J.K. Rowling

text: J.K. Rowling

text: J.K. Rowling

text: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince

text: J.K. Rowling

categories: Turkish women writers,1942 births,Harry Potter in translation,Turkish translators,Translators to Turkish,Translators from English,People from Istanbul,Turkish writers

paragraph: Sevin Okyay

paragraph: Sevin Okyay (Istanbul, 1942) is a Turkish literary critic, journalist, author, regular columnist and a prolific translator. Sevin had been a radio host and a teacher as well.

paragraph: She is a graduate of the Arnavutköy American Girl's (High) School. During her youth she worked with Yildiz Moran, the first formally educated female photographer in Turkey. Okyay is best known for translating the Harry Potter books, and for her positive and appreciative criticism in "Radikal", a Turkish newspaper. Her son, Kutlukhan Kutlu, is also following his mother's footsteps and is accompanying her in translating the Harry Potter series.

paragraph: Okyay has been translating since 1963. She started working as a journalist in 1976. She writes mainly about cinema, literature, jazz and sports. She is hailed as a milestone of modern translation in Turkey. She used to have two cats who were twins, named after the Weasley twins. A serious jazz aficionado, she was the host of a radio show in Turkey, and her playlist included mainly jazz standards.

paragraph: Section::::Selected bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ilk Romanim" ("My First Novel") novel, 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- "120 Filmde Seyriâlem" ("A Cinema Tour in 120 Films") selected movie critiques, 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Çiçek Dürbünü" ("Kaleidoscope") collected essays, 1998

paragraph: Section::::Her Major Translation Work.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tales of the Early World, by Ted Hughes

paragraph: "Ilk Dünya Hikayeleri" YKY, 1999,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Delights of Turkey, by Edouard Roditi

paragraph: "Türkiye Tatlari", YKY, 1999,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Raise High the Roof-Beam, Carpenters and , by J.D. Salinger

paragraph: "Yükseltin Tavan Kirisini, Ustalar ve Seymour - bir Giris", with Coskun Yerli, YKY, 1999,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Animal Farm, by George Orwell

paragraph: "Hayvanlar Çiftliği", YKY 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, by J.K. Rowling

paragraph: "Harry Potter ve Sirlar Odasi", YKY 2001,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, by J.K. Rowling

paragraph: "Harry Potter ve Azkaban Tutsagi", with K. Kutlu, YKY 2001,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, by J.K. Rowling

paragraph: "Harry Potter ve Ates Kadehi", with K. Kutlu, YKY 2001,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them?, by J.K. Rowling

paragraph: "Fantastik Canavlar Nelerdir, Nerelerde Bulunurlar?", with Gül Sarioglu, YKY 2002,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, by J.K. Rowling

paragraph: "Harry Potter ve Zümrüdüanka Yoldasligi", with K. Kutlu, YKY 2003,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, by J.K. Rowling

paragraph: "Harry Potter ve Melez Prens", with K. Kutlu, YKY 2005,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A collection of her critiques (in Turkish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- An article in English by Okyay on the 9th Flying Broom International Women's Film Festival

description: Turkish writer and translator

wikidata_label: Sevin Okyay

wikipedia_title: Sevin Okyay


text: Earl of Buchan

text: Scoto-Norman

text: Kingdom of Scotland

text: Marjory, Countess of Buchan

text: native Scottish

text: Mormaer of Buchan

text: Fergus

text: Alexander III

text: Justiciar of Scotia

text: Constable of Scotland

text: Sheriff of Wigtown

text: Sheriff of Dingwall

text: Ballie

text: Inverie

text: Knoydart

text: Guardian of Scotland

text: interregnum

text: Alexander III

text: Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester

text: John Comyn, 3rd Earl of Buchan

text: Alexander Comyn

text: sheriff

text: Aberdeen

text: Henry de Beaumont

text: Alice

text: Patrick Dunbar, 8th Earl of Dunbar

text: Maol Íosa III, Earl of Strathearn

text: Nicholas de Soules

text: Rymer, Thomas

categories: Earls or mormaers of Buchan,1289 deaths,Guardians of Scotland,Clan Comyn,Scoto-Normans,13th-century births

paragraph: Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan

paragraph: Alexander Comyn, 2nd Earl of Buchan (died 1289) was a Scoto-Norman magnate who was one of the most important figures in the 13th century Kingdom of Scotland. He was the son of William Comyn, jure uxoris Earl of Buchan, and Marjory, Countess of Buchan, the heiress of the last native Scottish Mormaer of Buchan, Fergus. He was the chief counsellor of Alexander III, King of Scots for the entire period of the king's majority and, as Scotland's leading magnate, played a key role in safeguarding the independence of the Scottish monarchy. During his long career, Alexander Comyn was Justiciar of Scotia (1258–89), Constable of Scotland (1275–89), Sheriff of Wigtown (1263–66), Sheriff of Dingwall (1264–66), Ballie of Inverie (in Knoydart) and finally, Guardian of Scotland (1286–89) during the first interregnum following the death of Alexander III. In 1284 he joined with other Scottish noblemen who acknowledged Margaret of Norway as the heiress to King Alexander. He died sometime after 10 July 1289.

paragraph: Alexander had at least nine children with his wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Comyn, 3rd Earl of Buchan, Alexander's successor as Earl of Buchan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roger

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord Alexander Comyn, sheriff of Aberdeen, married Joan, sister of William le Latimer, and had issue. Henry de Beaumont would claim the Earldom of Buchan through marriage to their daughter, Alice.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord William Comyn, Provost of St. Mary's Church, St. Andrews

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Marjorie Comyn, m. Patrick Dunbar, 8th Earl of Dunbar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Agnes Egidia Comyn, m. Maol Íosa III, Earl of Strathearn

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Elisabetha Comyn, m. Gilbert de Umfraville, 1st Earl of Angus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Elena Comyn, m. Sir William de Brechin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Annora Comyn, m. Nicholas de Soules

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rymer, Thomas,"Foedera Conventiones, Literae et cuiuscunque generis Acta Publica inter Reges Angliae". London. 1745. (Latin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Young, Alan, "Robert the Bruce's Rivals: The Comyns, 1213-1314", (East Linton, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Young, Alan & Cumming, George, "The Real Patriots of Early Scottish Independence", Birlinn, (Edinburgh, 2014)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medieval Lands Project on Alexander Comyn

description: Scoto-Norman magnate in 13th century Kingdom of Scotland

wikidata_label: Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan

wikipedia_title: Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan


text: Conservative

text: James Bruce

text: Inverness Burghs

text: Elginshire and Nairnshire

text: James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin

categories: UK MPs 1832–1835,UK MPs 1831–1832,UK MPs 1835–1837,UK MPs 1859–1865,UK MPs 1847–1852,UK MPs 1865–1868,UK MPs 1837–1841,1790 births,1875 deaths,UK MPs 1852–1857,UK MPs 1857–1859,UK MPs 1841–1847,Younger sons of baronets,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies

paragraph: Charles Cumming-Bruce

paragraph: Charles Lennox Cumming-Bruce (20 February 1790 – 1 January 1875), was a Scottish Conservative politician. He was the second son of Sir Alexander Cumming-Gordon, 1st Baronet, and in 1820 married Mary Elizabeth Bruce, the only daughter of James Bruce.

paragraph: He served as the Member of Parliament for the Inverness Burghs constituency from 1831 to 1837 - being re-elected in 1834 with a majority of only four votes, and for Elginshire and Nairnshire from 1840 to 1868.

paragraph: Cumming-Bruce's only child Elizabeth Mary Cumming-Bruce married James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Charles Cumming-Bruce

wikipedia_title: Charles Cumming-Bruce


text:
count of Tripoli
regent
Antioch
Bohemond III of Antioch
Raymond III of Tripoli
Bohemond IV
Leo II of Armenia
Alice of Armenia
Roupen III
Raymond-Roupen

categories: 1199 deaths,House of Poitiers,Counts of Tripoli,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Raymond IV, Count of Tripoli

paragraph: Raymond IV of Tripoli (died 1199) was the count of Tripoli (1187–1189) and regent of Antioch (1193–1194). He was the son of Bohemond III of Antioch and Orgueilleuse d'Harenc.

paragraph: When Raymond III of Tripoli died in 1187 without heirs, he left his county to Raymond, who was his godson. After two years, Bohemond III desired to keep his heir closer to his Antiochene court and so brought him back and sent his second son, Bohemond IV, as count to Tripoli. After the elder Bohemond was captured by Leo II of Armenia, Raymond acted as regent until his return.

paragraph: In 1195, Raymond married Alice of Armenia, Leo II's niece, the daughter of Roupen III, to solidify the peace. They had one son, Raymond-Roupen, who fought for his inheritance as the eldest grandson of Bohemond III.

description: Count of Tripoli

wikidata_label: Raymond IV

wikipedia_title: Raymond IV, Count of Tripoli


text: English Catholics

text: Gunpowder Plot

text: York

text: recusant

text: Eighty Years' War

text: reformers

text: Low Countries

text: Thomas Wintour

text: Robert Catesby

text: undercroft

text: Westminster Palace

text: hanged, drawn and quartered

text: Guy Fawkes Night

text: York

text: proctor

text: consistory court

text: Church of England

text: Lord Mayor of York

text: recusant Catholics

text: Jesuit

text: Guy Fairfax

text: baptised

text: St Michael le Belfrey

text: Scotton, Harrogate

text: St. Peter's School

text: Blubberhouses

text: Flanders

text: John Wright

text: Christopher

text: Gunpowder Plot

text: Oswald Tesimond

text: Edward Oldcorne

text: Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu

text: Clifton

text: Eighty Years War

text: Dutch Republic

text: Peace of Vervins

text: still at war

text: Spanish Armada

text: Sir William Stanley

text: Elizabeth I

text: Deventer

text: alférez

text: siege of Calais in 1596

text: captaincy

text: James I

text: favourite

text: Philip III

text: Robert Catesby

text: Protestant

text: King James

text: Princess Elizabeth

text: Oswald Tesimond

text: Antonia Fraser

text: Strand

text: Thomas Wintour

text: Thomas Percy

text: undercroft

text: Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury

text: regicide

text: the continent

text: Lord Monteagle

text: Sir Thomas Knyvet

text: Privy chamber

text: pleurisy

text: manacles

text: the rack

text: Tower of London

text: Sir William Waad

text: Francis Tresham

text: Ridolfi plot

text: Westminster Hall

text: Star Chamber

text: Lord Chief Justice

text: John Popham

text: high treason

text: Attorney General

text: Sir Edward Coke

text: drawn backwards

text: Ambrose Rookwood

text: hurdle

text: An Act of Parliament

text: Guy Fawkes Night

text: James, Duke of York

text: Paul Kruger

text: Margaret Thatcher

text: William Harrison Ainsworth

text: Guy Fawkes; or, The Gunpowder Treason

text: penny dreadful

text: Lewis Call

categories: 1570 births,16th-century English criminals,Converts to Roman Catholicism,English criminals,People educated at St Peter's School, York,Guy Fawkes,Roman Catholic activists,English revolutionaries,English Roman Catholics,17th-century English criminals,People of the Stuart period,17th-century Roman Catholics,Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism,History of Catholicism in England,1606 deaths,People associated with the Gunpowder Plot,Prisoners in the Tower of London,English military personnel of the Eighty Years' War,Failed assassins,People from York,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Guy Fawkes

paragraph: Guy Fawkes (; 13 April 1570 – 31 January 1606), also known as Guido Fawkes while fighting for the Spanish, was a member of a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605. He was born and educated in York, England; his father died when Fawkes was eight years old, after which his mother married a recusant Catholic.

paragraph: Fawkes converted to Catholicism and left for mainland Europe, where he fought for Catholic Spain in the Eighty Years' War against Protestant Dutch reformers in the Low Countries. He travelled to Spain to seek support for a Catholic rebellion in England without success. He later met Thomas Wintour, with whom he returned to England, and Wintour introduced him to Robert Catesby, who planned to assassinate and restore a Catholic monarch to the throne. The plotters leased an undercroft beneath the House of Lords, and Fawkes was placed in charge of the gunpowder which they stockpiled there. The authorities were prompted by an anonymous letter to search Westminster Palace during the early hours of 5 November, and they found Fawkes guarding the explosives. He was questioned and tortured over the next few days, and he finally confessed.

paragraph: Immediately before his execution on 31 January, Fawkes fell from the scaffold where he was to be hanged and broke his neck, thus avoiding the agony of being hanged, drawn and quartered. He became synonymous with the Gunpowder Plot, the failure of which has been commemorated in Britain as Guy Fawkes Night since 5 November 1605, when his effigy is traditionally burned on a bonfire, commonly accompanied by fireworks.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Childhood.

paragraph: Guy Fawkes was born in 1570 in Stonegate, York. He was the second of four children born to Edward Fawkes, a proctor and an advocate of the consistory court at York, and his wife, Edith. Guy's parents were regular communicants of the Church of England, as were his paternal grandparents; his grandmother, born Ellen Harrington, was the daughter of a prominent merchant, who served as Lord Mayor of York in 1536. Guy's mother's family were recusant Catholics, and his cousin, Richard Cowling, became a Jesuit priest. "Guy" was an uncommon name in England, but may have been popular in York on account of a local notable, Sir Guy Fairfax of Steeton.

paragraph: The date of Fawkes's birth is unknown, but he was baptised in the church of St Michael le Belfrey on 16 April. As the customary gap between birth and baptism was three days, he was probably born about 13 April. In 1568, Edith had given birth to a daughter named Anne, but the child died aged about seven weeks, in November that year. She bore two more children after Guy: Anne (b. 1572), and Elizabeth (b. 1575). Both were married, in 1599 and 1594 respectively.

paragraph: In 1579, when Guy was eight years old, his father died. His mother remarried several years later, to the Catholic Dionis Baynbrigge (or Denis Bainbridge) of Scotton, Harrogate. Fawkes may have become a Catholic through the Baynbrigge family's recusant tendencies, and also the Catholic branches of the Pulleyn and Percy families of Scotton, but also from his time at St. Peter's School in York. A governor of the school had spent about 20 years in prison for recusancy, and its headmaster, John Pulleyn, came from a family of noted Yorkshire recusants, the Pulleyns of Blubberhouses. In her 1915 work "The Pulleynes of Yorkshire", author Catharine Pullein suggested that Fawkes's Catholic education came from his Harrington relatives, who were known for harbouring priests, one of whom later accompanied Fawkes to Flanders in 1592–1593. Fawkes's fellow students included John Wright and his brother Christopher (both later involved with Fawkes in the Gunpowder Plot) and Oswald Tesimond, Edward Oldcorne and Robert Middleton, who became priests (the latter executed in 1601).

paragraph: After leaving school Fawkes entered the service of Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu. The Viscount took a dislike to Fawkes and after a short time dismissed him; he was subsequently employed by Anthony-Maria Browne, 2nd Viscount Montagu, who succeeded his grandfather at the age of 18. At least one source claims that Fawkes married and had a son, but no known contemporary accounts confirm this.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Military career.

paragraph: In October 1591 Fawkes sold the estate in Clifton in York that he had inherited from his father. He travelled to the continent to fight in the Eighty Years War for Catholic Spain against the new Dutch Republic and, from 1595 until the Peace of Vervins in 1598, France. Although England was not by then engaged in land operations against Spain, the two countries were still at war, and the Spanish Armada of 1588 was only five years in the past. He joined Sir William Stanley, an English Catholic and veteran commander in his mid-fifties who had raised an army in Ireland to fight in Leicester's expedition to the Netherlands. Stanley had been held in high regard by Elizabeth I, but following his surrender of Deventer to the Spanish in 1587 he, and most of his troops, had switched sides to serve Spain. Fawkes became an alférez or junior officer, fought well at the siege of Calais in 1596, and by 1603 had been recommended for a captaincy. That year, he travelled to Spain to seek support for a Catholic rebellion in England. He used the occasion to adopt the Italian version of his name, Guido, and in his memorandum described James I (who became king of England that year) as "a heretic", who intended "to have all of the Papist sect driven out of England." He denounced Scotland, and the King's favourites among the Scottish nobles, writing "it will not be possible to reconcile these two nations, as they are, for very long". Although he was received politely, the court of Philip III was unwilling to offer him any support.

paragraph: Section::::Gunpowder Plot.

paragraph: In 1604 Fawkes became involved with a small group of English Catholics, led by Robert Catesby, who planned to assassinate the Protestant King James and replace him with his daughter, third in the line of succession, Princess Elizabeth. Fawkes was described by the Jesuit priest and former school friend Oswald Tesimond as "pleasant of approach and cheerful of manner, opposed to quarrels and strife ... loyal to his friends". Tesimond also claimed Fawkes was "a man highly skilled in matters of war", and that it was this mixture of piety and professionalism that endeared him to his fellow conspirators. The author Antonia Fraser describes Fawkes as "a tall, powerfully built man, with thick reddish-brown hair, a flowing moustache in the tradition of the time, and a bushy reddish-brown beard", and that he was "a man of action ... capable of intelligent argument as well as physical endurance, somewhat to the surprise of his enemies."

paragraph: The first meeting of the five central conspirators took place on Sunday 20 May 1604, at an inn called the Duck and Drake, in the fashionable Strand district of London. Catesby had already proposed at an earlier meeting with Thomas Wintour and John Wright to kill the King and his government by blowing up "the Parliament House with gunpowder". Wintour, who at first objected to the plan, was convinced by Catesby to travel to the continent to seek help. Wintour met with the Constable of Castile, the exiled Welsh spy Hugh Owen, and Sir William Stanley, who said that Catesby would receive no support from Spain. Owen did, however, introduce Wintour to Fawkes, who had by then been away from England for many years, and thus was largely unknown in the country. Wintour and Fawkes were contemporaries; each was militant, and had first-hand experience of the unwillingness of the Spaniards to help. Wintour told Fawkes of their plan to "doe some whatt in Ingland if the pece with Spaine healped us nott", and thus in April 1604 the two men returned to England. Wintour's news did not surprise Catesby; despite positive noises from the Spanish authorities, he feared that "the deeds would nott answere".

paragraph: One of the conspirators, Thomas Percy, was promoted in June 1604, gaining access to a house in London that belonged to John Whynniard, Keeper of the King's Wardrobe. Fawkes was installed as a caretaker and began using the pseudonym John Johnson, servant to Percy. The contemporaneous account of the prosecution (taken from Thomas Wintour's confession) claimed that the conspirators attempted to dig a tunnel from beneath Whynniard's house to Parliament, although this story may have been a government fabrication; no evidence for the existence of a tunnel was presented by the prosecution, and no trace of one has ever been found; Fawkes himself did not admit the existence of such a scheme until his fifth interrogation, but even then he could not locate the tunnel. If the story is true, however, by December 1604 the conspirators were busy tunnelling from their rented house to the House of Lords. They ceased their efforts when, during tunnelling, they heard a noise from above. Fawkes was sent out to investigate, and returned with the news that the tenant's widow was clearing out a nearby undercroft, directly beneath the House of Lords.

paragraph: The plotters purchased the lease to the room, which also belonged to John Whynniard. Unused and filthy, it was considered an ideal hiding place for the gunpowder the plotters planned to store. According to Fawkes, 20 barrels of gunpowder were brought in at first, followed by 16 more on 20 July. On 28 July however, the ever-present threat of the plague delayed the opening of Parliament until Tuesday, 5 November.

paragraph: Section::::Gunpowder Plot.:Overseas.

paragraph: In an attempt to gain foreign support, in May 1605 Fawkes travelled overseas and informed Hugh Owen of the plotters' plan. At some point during this trip his name made its way into the files of Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, who employed a network of spies across Europe. One of these spies, Captain William Turner, may have been responsible. Although the information he provided to Salisbury usually amounted to no more than a vague pattern of invasion reports, and included nothing which regarded the Gunpowder Plot, on 21 April he told how Fawkes was to be brought by Tesimond to England. Fawkes was a well-known Flemish mercenary, and would be introduced to "Mr Catesby" and "honourable friends of the nobility and others who would have arms and horses in readiness". Turner's report did not, however, mention Fawkes's pseudonym in England, John Johnson, and did not reach Cecil until late in November, well after the plot had been discovered.

paragraph: It is uncertain when Fawkes returned to England, but he was back in London by late August 1605, when he and Wintour discovered that the gunpowder stored in the undercroft had decayed. More gunpowder was brought into the room, along with firewood to conceal it. Fawkes's final role in the plot was settled during a series of meetings in October. He was to light the fuse and then escape across the Thames. Simultaneously, a revolt in the Midlands would help to ensure the capture of Princess Elizabeth. Acts of regicide were frowned upon, and Fawkes would therefore head to the continent, where he would explain to the Catholic powers his holy duty to kill the King and his retinue.

paragraph: Section::::Gunpowder Plot.:Discovery.

paragraph: A few of the conspirators were concerned about fellow Catholics who would be present at Parliament during the opening. On the evening of 26 October, Lord Monteagle received an anonymous letter warning him to stay away, and to "retyre youre self into yowre contee whence yow maye expect the event in safti for ... they shall receyve a terrible blowe this parleament". Despite quickly becoming aware of the letterinformed by one of Monteagle's servantsthe conspirators resolved to continue with their plans, as it appeared that it "was clearly thought to be a hoax". Fawkes checked the undercroft on 30 October, and reported that nothing had been disturbed. Monteagle's suspicions had been aroused, however, and the letter was shown to King James. The King ordered Sir Thomas Knyvet to conduct a search of the cellars underneath Parliament, which he did in the early hours of 5 November. Fawkes had taken up his station late on the previous night, armed with a slow match and a watch given to him by Percy "becaus he should knowe howe the time went away". He was found leaving the cellar, shortly after midnight, and arrested. Inside, the barrels of gunpowder were discovered hidden under piles of firewood and coal.

paragraph: Section::::Gunpowder Plot.:Torture.

paragraph: Fawkes gave his name as John Johnson and was first interrogated by members of the King's Privy chamber, where he remained defiant. When asked by one of the lords what he was doing in possession of so much gunpowder, Fawkes answered that his intention was "to blow you Scotch beggars back to your native mountains." He identified himself as a 36-year-old Catholic from Netherdale in Yorkshire, and gave his father's name as Thomas and his mother's as Edith Jackson. Wounds on his body noted by his questioners he explained as the effects of pleurisy. Fawkes admitted his intention to blow up the House of Lords, and expressed regret at his failure to do so. His steadfast manner earned him the admiration of King James, who described Fawkes as possessing "a Roman resolution".

paragraph: James's admiration did not, however, prevent him from ordering on 6 November that "John Johnson" be tortured, to reveal the names of his co-conspirators. He directed that the torture be light at first, referring to the use of manacles, but more severe if necessary, authorising the use of the rack: "the gentler Tortures are to be first used unto him "et sic per gradus ad ima tenditur" [and so by degrees proceeding to the worst]". Fawkes was transferred to the Tower of London. The King composed a list of questions to be put to "Johnson", such as ""as to what he is", For I can never yet hear of any man that knows him", "When and where he learned to speak French?", and "If he was a Papist, who brought him up in it?" The room in which Fawkes was interrogated subsequently became known as the Guy Fawkes Room.

paragraph: Sir William Waad, Lieutenant of the Tower, supervised the torture and obtained Fawkes's confession. He searched his prisoner, and found a letter addressed to Guy Fawkes. To Waad's surprise, "Johnson" remained silent, revealing nothing about the plot or its authors. On the night of 6 November he spoke with Waad, who reported to Salisbury "He [Johnson] told us that since he undertook this action he did every day pray to God he might perform that which might be for the advancement of the Catholic Faith and saving his own soul". According to Waad, Fawkes managed to rest through the night, despite his being warned that he would be interrogated until "I had gotton the inwards secret of his thoughts and all his complices". His composure was broken at some point during the following day.

paragraph: The observer Sir Edward Hoby remarked "Since Johnson's being in the Tower, he beginneth to speak English". Fawkes revealed his true identity on 7 November, and told his interrogators that there were five people involved in the plot to kill the King. He began to reveal their names on 8 November, and told how they intended to place Princess Elizabeth on the throne. His third confession, on 9 November, implicated Francis Tresham. Following the Ridolfi plot of 1571 prisoners were made to dictate their confessions, before copying and signing them, if they still could. Although it is uncertain if he was tortured on the rack, Fawkes's scrawled signature bears testament to the suffering he endured at the hands of his interrogators.

paragraph: Section::::Trial and execution.

paragraph: The trial of eight of the plotters began on Monday 27 January 1606. Fawkes shared the barge from the Tower to Westminster Hall with seven of his co-conspirators. They were kept in the Star Chamber before being taken to Westminster Hall, where they were displayed on a purpose-built scaffold. The King and his close family, watching in secret, were among the spectators as the Lords Commissioners read out the list of charges. Fawkes was identified as Guido Fawkes, "otherwise called Guido Johnson". He pleaded not guilty, despite his apparent acceptance of guilt from the moment he was captured.

paragraph: The jury found all the defendants guilty, and the Lord Chief Justice Sir John Popham pronounced them guilty of high treason. The Attorney General Sir Edward Coke told the court that each of the condemned would be drawn backwards to his death, by a horse, his head near the ground. They were to be "put to death halfway between heaven and earth as unworthy of both". Their genitals would be cut off and burnt before their eyes, and their bowels and hearts removed. They would then be decapitated, and the dismembered parts of their bodies displayed so that they might become "prey for the fowls of the air". Fawkes's and Tresham's testimony regarding the Spanish treason was read aloud, as well as confessions related specifically to the Gunpowder Plot. The last piece of evidence offered was a conversation between Fawkes and Wintour, who had been kept in adjacent cells. The two men apparently thought they had been speaking in private, but their conversation was intercepted by a government spy. When the prisoners were allowed to speak, Fawkes explained his not guilty plea as ignorance of certain aspects of the indictment.

paragraph: On 31 January 1606, Fawkes and three others – Thomas Wintour, Ambrose Rookwood, and Robert Keyes – were dragged ("i.e.", "drawn") from the Tower on wattled hurdles to the Old Palace Yard at Westminster, opposite the building they had attempted to destroy. His fellow plotters were then hanged and quartered. Fawkes was the last to stand on the scaffold. He asked for forgiveness of the King and state, while keeping up his "crosses and idle ceremonies" (Catholic practices). Weakened by torture and aided by the hangman, Fawkes began to climb the ladder to the noose, but either through jumping to his death or climbing too high so the rope was incorrectly set, he managed to avoid the agony of the latter part of his execution by breaking his neck. His lifeless body was nevertheless quartered and, as was the custom, his body parts were then distributed to "the four corners of the kingdom", to be displayed as a warning to other would-be traitors.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: On 5 November 1605, Londoners were encouraged to celebrate the King's escape from assassination by lighting bonfires, provided that "this testemonye of joy be carefull done without any danger or disorder". An Act of Parliament designated each 5 November as a day of thanksgiving for "the joyful day of deliverance", and remained in force until 1859. Fawkes was one of 13 conspirators, but he is the individual most associated with the plot.

paragraph: In Britain, 5 November has variously been called Guy Fawkes Night, Guy Fawkes Day, Plot Night, and Bonfire Night (which can be traced directly back to the original celebration of 5 November 1605). Bonfires were accompanied by fireworks from the 1650s onwards, and it became the custom after 1673 to burn an effigy (usually of the pope) when heir presumptive James, Duke of York converted to Catholicism. Effigies of other notable figures have found their way onto the bonfires, such as Paul Kruger and Margaret Thatcher, although most modern effigies are of Fawkes. The "guy" is normally created by children from old clothes, newspapers, and a mask. During the 19th century, "guy" came to mean an oddly dressed person, but in American English it has lost any pejorative connotation and is used to refer to any male person.

paragraph: James Sharpe, professor of history at the University of York, has described how Guy Fawkes came to be toasted as "the last man to enter Parliament with honest intentions". William Harrison Ainsworth's 1841 historical romance "Guy Fawkes; or, The Gunpowder Treason" portrays Fawkes in a generally sympathetic light, and his novel transformed Fawkes in the public perception into an "acceptable fictional character". Fawkes subsequently appeared as "essentially an action hero" in children's books and penny dreadfuls such as "The Boyhood Days of Guy Fawkes; or, The Conspirators of Old London", published around 1905. According to historian Lewis Call, Fawkes is now "a major icon in modern political culture" whose face has become "a potentially powerful instrument for the articulation of postmodern anarchism" in the late 20th century.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Footnotes

paragraph: Citations

paragraph: Bibliography

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guy Fawkes story from the BBC, including archive video clips

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Trials of Robert Winter, Thomas Winter, Guy Fawkes, John Grant, Ambrose Rookwood, Robert Keyes, Thomas Bates, and Sir Everard Digby

description: English member of the Gunpowder Plot of 1605

enwikiquote_title: Guy Fawkes

wikidata_label: Guy Fawkes

wikipedia_title: Guy Fawkes


text:
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categories: Tang dynasty jiedushi of Hexi Circuit,8th-century Chinese monarchs,Tang dynasty jiedushi of Shuofang Circuit,711 births,Tang dynasty Taoists,Tang dynasty emperors,762 deaths,Tang dynasty Buddhists

paragraph: Emperor Suzong of Tang

paragraph: Emperor Suzong of Tang (19 October 711 – 16 May 762; r. 756 – 762), personal name Li Heng, né Li Sisheng (李嗣升), known as Li Jun (李浚) from 725 to 736, known as Li Yu (李璵) from 736 to 738, known briefly as Li Shao (李紹) in 738, was an emperor of the Tang dynasty and the son of Emperor Xuanzong. Suzong ascended the throne after his father fled to Sichuan during the An Lushan Rebellion in 756; Li Heng himself had fled in the opposite direction, to Lingwu, where he was declared emperor by the army. Much of Emperor Suzong's reign was spent in quelling the aforementioned rebellion, which was ultimately put down in 763 during the reign of his son Emperor Daizong.

paragraph: During Emperor Suzong's reign, the tradition of eunuchs becoming top-ranked officials began, with Li Fuguo becoming the commander of the imperial guards and possessing nearly absolute power near Emperor Suzong's reign. In 762, with Emperor Suzong gravely ill, Li Fuguo killed Emperor Suzong's wife Empress Zhang in a power struggle and shortly after that, Emperor Suzong died of myocardial infarction. He was succeeded by his son Emperor Daizong, who was eventually able to kill Li Fuguo, but the tradition of eunuchs in power had started. Suzong's death on 16 May came only 13 days after the death of his father, the Emperor Xuanzong.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Li Sisheng was born in 711, during the second reign of his grandfather Emperor Ruizong, as the third son of his father, then the Crown Prince, Li Longji, who would later become Emperor Xuanzong. His mother Consort Yang Guipin (posthumously Empress Yuanxian) was from the imperial clan of the preceding Sui dynasty. Her great-grandfather Yang Shida (楊士達) was a high -level official during Sui and had been given the title Prince of Zheng (鄭王). Her father Yang Zhiqing (楊知慶) was a general of the imperial guards during Tang. At the time that Consort Yang Guipin was pregnant with Li Sisheng, Li Longji was locked in a power struggle with his aunt, Emperor Ruizong's sister Princess Taiping, and it was said that Princess Taiping had placed many associates in the crown prince's palace to spy on Li Longji and that she did not want him to have many sons. (He already had two by that point—Li Sisheng's older brothers Li Sizhi, later named Li Cong (by Consort Liu) and Li Siqian, later named Li Ying (by Consort Zhao).) Li Longji was worried that, if Princess Taiping found out that Yang Guipin was pregnant, Princess Taiping's associates might harm him, and he spoke to a close associate, Zhang Shuo, stating: "A powerful individual did not want me to have many sons. I am afraid that this woman would become a target. What do you think?" Li Longji began to prepare an herbal stew that, in traditional Chinese medicine, was believed to be able to induce an abortion, but as he did so, fell asleep and had a dream that a god descended and overturned the "ding" holding the stew. When he told Zhang this as well, Zhang responded, "This is heaven's will. You should not worry." (As a result, later on in life, Li Sisheng would feel personally indebted to Zhang Shuo.)

paragraph: In 712, Emperor Ruizong passed the throne to Li Longji, who took the throne as Emperor Xuanzong, but Emperor Ruizong retained actual power as "Taishang Huang" (retired emperor). Shortly after Emperor Xuanzong took the throne, Emperor Ruizong, as retired emperor, was the one who created Li Sisheng the Prince of Shan. (After Emperor Xuanzong suppressed Princess Taiping's associates in 713 and forced her to commit suicide, Emperor Ruizong transferred imperial authorities to Emperor Xuanzong and was no longer involved in politics.) Li Siqian, whose mother Consort Zhao was then Emperor Xuanzong's favorite concubine, was created crown prince. Li Sisheng, although his mother alive, was raised by Emperor Xuanzong's wife Empress Wang, who was herself sonless. It was said that in his childhood, he was kind and studious, and Emperor Xuanzong was pleased with him. Emperor Xuanzong thus made the officials He Zhizhang (賀知章), Pan Su (潘肅), Lü Xiang (呂向), Huangfu Bin (皇甫彬), and Xing Su (邢璹) accompany him in his studies.

paragraph: In 724, due to the machinations of Consort Wu, who had by then become Emperor Xuanzong's favorite concubine, Empress Wang was deposed, and she died shortly after. Thereafter, Consort Wu began a campaign, in association with the chancellor Li Linfu, to have her own son Li Qing the Prince of Shou made crown prince, but was not able to initially succeed. Meanwhile, in 726, Li Sisheng's title was changed to the Prince of Zhong, and his name was changed to Li Jun. In 728, his own mother Consort Yang Guipin died.

paragraph: In 729, when there was a Khitan and Kumo Xi incursion, Li Jun was put in titular command of the army sent to repel the Khitan and the Xi, with Emperor Xuanzong's second cousin Li Hui (李褘) the Prince of Xin'an in actual command of the army. After Li Hui defeated the Khitan and the Xi, Li Jun was nevertheless rewarded with the honorific title of "Situ" (司徒), one of the Three Ducal Ministers. In 735, his name was changed to Li Yu.

paragraph: In 737, due to the machinations of Consort Wu, Li Ying, along with his brothers Li Yao (李瑤) the Prince of E and Li Ju (李琚) the Prince of Guang, was accused of crimes, deposed, and forced to commit suicide. Consort Wu and Li Linfu continued to lobby for Li Qing (whose name had been changed to Li Mao at this point) to be created crown prince, but with Consort Wu having died herself later in 737 and Emperor Xuanzong believing that Li Yu was capable, he hesitated. At the urging of the eunuch Gao Lishi, who believed that one of his older sons should be made crown prince, Emperor Xuanzong created Li Yu crown prince in 738 and renamed him Li Shao. (As it was quickly pointed out that he thus shared a name with the Liu Song crown prince Liu Shao, who killed his father and usurped the throne, his name was then quickly changed to Li Heng and would not change again thereafter.) One of his consorts, Consort Wei, the sister of the official Wei Jian (韋堅), was created crown princess.

paragraph: Section::::As crown prince.

paragraph: As Li Heng's ascension to be crown prince was against Li Linfu's wishes, and also because Wei Jian, who drew favor from Emperor Xuanzong due to his abilities to increase revenues for the imperial treasury, was becoming a rival to Li Linfu at court, Li Linfu looked for ways to incriminate both Wei and Li Heng. In 746, when the official Yang Shenjin (楊慎矜), at Li Linfu's instigation, reported to Emperor Xuanzong that, one night, Li Heng met Wei while both were sightseeing, and shortly after, Wei met a friend of his, the general Huangfu Weiming (皇甫惟明) at a Taoist temple, Li Linfu used these incidents to accuse Wei and Huangfu of secretly pledging allegiance to Li Heng and planning to remove Emperor Xuanzong to replace him with Li Heng. Wei and Huangfu were arrested and interrogated by Yang, Wang Hong (王鉷), and Ji Wen (吉溫), but Emperor Xuanzong, who did not want the case to further explode into a major incident although he believed Li Linfu's accusations, demoted Wei and Huangfu out of the capital and, for the time being, stopped the investigation. However, when Wei Jian's brothers Wei Lan (韋蘭) and Wei Zhi (韋芝) submitted a defense of their brother Wei Jian later in 746—and the defense cited words from Li Heng—Emperor Xuanzong was incensed. Li Heng, in fear, divorced Crown Princess Wei and asked for the Wei brothers to be punished. The Wei brothers, along with a number of their associates—including the former chancellor Li Shizhi, Wei Bin (韋斌), Wei Jian's nephew Li Quan (李琄) the Prince of Xue, Pei Kuan (裴寬), and Li Qiwu (李齊物), were all demoted. (In 747, at Li Linfu's instigation, the Wei brothers, Huangfu, and Li Shizhi were all forced to commit suicide.)

paragraph: Later in 746, yet another incident again nearly brought disaster to Li Heng. One of Li Heng's other consorts, Consort Du, was a daughter of the official Du Youlin (杜有鄰). Consort Du's brother-in-law Liu Ji (柳勣) had a dispute with the Du family and falsely accused them of using witchcraft in favor of Li Heng. Li Linfu had Ji Wen interrogate Liu, and Ji implicated Liu in the alleged plot as well. Du Youlin, Liu, and Liu's friend Wang Zeng (王曾) were all caned to death, and Li Heng felt compelled to expel Consort Du from the household as well. Li Linfu also used this case to have two other officials friendly with Liu, Li Yong (李邕) and Pei Dunfu (裴敦復), executed by caning.

paragraph: In 747, when one of Emperor Xuanzong's favorite generals, An Lushan, visited the capital Chang'an to pay respect to Emperor Xuanzong, An, who was not Han, initially refused to bow to Li Heng—pretending that he was only loyal to Emperor Xuanzong and to no one else, including the crown prince, and that he did not even know what a crown prince was. Only after Emperor Xuanzong explained what a crown prince is—the reserve emperor, to succeed him later—was An willing to bow to Li Heng. This caused Emperor Xuanzong to favor An even more, but also later caused An to be apprehensive of whether Li Heng would bear continued resentment toward him over the incident.

paragraph: Later in 747, Li Linfu tried to use yet another case to undermine Li Heng. The general Wang Zhongsi, who was raised with Li Heng inside the palace on account of the fact that his father Wang Haibin (王海賓) had died in battle in service to the empire, was accused of interfering with the campaign of another general, Dong Yan'guang (董延光), against Tibetan Empire. Li Linfu broadened the accusation to an accusation that Wang was planning to start a coup to overthrow Emperor Xuanzong and replace him with Li Heng. At the intercession of another general, Geshu Han, however, Wang was spared from death, and Li Heng was not implicated. It was said that during this time period, Li Linfu made other attempts to undermine Li Heng, but with Gao Lishi and Zhang Shuo's son Zhang Ji (張垍), who had married Li Heng's sister Princess Ningqing, protecting Li Heng, Li Heng escaped unharmed each time.

paragraph: As of 754, the chancellor in power was Yang Guozhong (Li Linfu having died in 752), the cousin of Emperor Xuanzong's then-favorite concubine Yang Guifei (unrelated to Li Heng's mother). Yang Guozhong and An were locked in a power struggle, and Yang repeatedly accused An of plotting a rebellion, but Emperor Xuanzong would not believe it, although Li Heng eventually came to agree with Yang Guozhong. In late 755, with Yang Guozhong repeatedly trying to provoke An into a rebellion, An finally did, from his base at Fanyang (范陽, in modern Beijing). After the rebellion started, Emperor Xuanzong briefly considered making Li Heng regent, but at the pleas of Consort Yang and her three sisters (who were fearful that Li Heng would act against them if he had regent powers), did not actually do so.

paragraph: By summer 756, An had declared a new state of Yan as its emperor, and his forces were approaching Chang'an. on July 14, 756, Emperor Xuanzong, with Yang Guozhong suggesting that they flee to Jiannan Circuit (劍南, headquartered in modern Chengdu), abandoned Chang'an and fled with Gao Lishi, Yang Guozhong, Wei, Li Heng, Consort Yang, and her family. The following day, July 15, the imperial guards accompanying the emperor, angry at Yang Guozhong, rose at Mawei Station (馬嵬, in modern Baoji, Shaanxi) and killed him and forced Emperor Xuanzong to kill Consort Yang as well. Emperor Xuanzong then poised to continue to head toward Jiannan. The people in the Mawei region tried to persuade Emperor Xuanzong not to continue on—believing that Chang'an could be recaptured. Emperor Xuanzong asked Li Heng to try to comfort the people. Once Li Heng left Emperor Xuanzong's presence, however, Li Fuguo and Li Heng's sons Li Tan the Prince of Jianning and Li Chu the Prince of Guangping, persuaded Li Heng not to follow Emperor Xuanzong to Jiannan—arguing that with the physical barriers between Chang'an and Jiannan, that once they had left the region, Chang'an could no longer be captured. Li Heng agreed and had Li Chu report this to Emperor Xuanzong. Emperor Xuanzong agreed with Li Heng's decision, but he himself continued on to Jiannan. Li Heng, escorted by a small number of guard soldiers commanded by Li Tan, then headed to the border city of Lingwu. With the army at Lingwu pressuring him to take imperial title, Li Heng declared himself emperor on August 13 (as Emperor Suzong). When news of this reached Emperor Xuanzong in Jiannan, Emperor Xuanzong recognized Emperor Suzong as emperor and took the title of "Taishang Huang" (retired emperor), although he continued to exercise some imperial authority—including, for example, issuing an edict that posthumously honored Emperor Suzong's mother Consort Yang as Empress Yuanxian. (Some historians, including the modern historian Bo Yang, believed that Emperor Xuanzong's continued issuance of edicts, while not on the surface conflicting with Emperor Suzong's authority, caused Emperor Suzong pressure to try to recapture Chang'an as quickly as possible to avoid any contention for the throne—either in the form of Emperor Xuanzong himself resuming imperial authority or in the form of another imperial prince rising to defeat Yan.)

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Emperor Suzong, once he became emperor, set his eyes on recapturing Chang'an from Yan forces, as Yan forces faced heavy resistance from the people of the Guanzhong region (i.e., the region around Chang'an) and was not able to keep the region under firm control. (By this point, An Lushan had been assassinated and succeeded by his son An Qingxu, as the emperor of Yan.) However, an immediate attempt to do so, commanded by the chancellor Fang Guan, was defeated by the Yan forces near Chang'an with heavy losses. Meanwhile, around the same time, Emperor Suzong's brother Li Lin the Prince of Yong tried to mount a challenge against him, seeking to effectively secede with the region south of the Yangtze River, but was quickly defeated and killed by forces loyal to Emperor Suzong. Emperor Suzong's court was also itself filled with internal struggles, with Li Fuguo aligned with Emperor Suzong's favorite concubine Consort Zhang, in opposition to Li Chu, Li Tan, and Emperor Suzong's trusted advisor Li Mi. In early 757, after Li Tan repeatedly accused Li Fuguo and Consort Zhang of corruption, Li Fuguo and Empress Zhang in turn falsely accused him of trying to assassinate Li Chu, who was older than he was, in order to become the heir. Emperor Suzong, in anger, ordered Li Tan to commit suicide, which drew fear from Li Chu and Li Mi. Li Chu considered assassinating Li Fuguo and Consort Zhang, but at Li Mi's urging, stopped his plans to do so.

paragraph: Emperor Suzong, finding it difficult to recapture Chang'an just with his own troops, then entered into an alliance with Huige's Bayanchur Khan Yaoluoge Moyanchuo, where Huige forces arrived at Emperor Suzong's then-headquarters at Fengxiang (鳳翔, in modern Baoji) to join the elite Tang forces recalled from the Anxi Circuit and the Western Regions ("Xiyu"). (Emperor Suzong did so by promising that the Huige forces would be permitted to pillage the Chnag'an region once it was recaptured.) Li Mi suggested that these forces be used to attack Yan's power base at Fanyang first, to root out the possibility of a Yan recovery. Emperor Suzong chose not to do so and decided to attack Chang'an first, with Li Chu in command of the joint forces. The forces recaptured Chang'an in fall 757, allowing Emperor Suzong to rebuild his administration in the capital. (Huige forces were set to pillage Chang'an, but Li Chu bowed to the Huige prince commanding Huige forces to plead to delay the pillage—pointing out that if pillaging were carried out, the people of the eastern capital Luoyang, then serving as Yan's capital, would resist heavily, and asking that Huige pillage "Luoyang" instead. The Huige prince agreed.) After Emperor Suzong recaptured Chang'an, Li Mi resigned and became a hermit, leaving Li Fuguo, Consort Zhang (who was then created empress), and Li Chu the lead figures at court, and Li Fuguo, in command of the imperial guards, would soon have such paramount powers that even Emperor Suzong was afraid of offending him. Empress Zhang, meanwhile, wanted to make her son Li Shao (李佋) crown prince, but Emperor Suzong, believing Li Chu, who was his oldest son, to be capable and accomplished, created him crown prince instead and changed his name to Li Yu. Emperor Suzong also welcomed Emperor Xuanzong back from Jiannan and housed him at a palace converted from Emperor Xuanzong's old residence as an imperial prince, Xingqing Palace (興慶宮).

paragraph: A month after Chang'an was recaptured, Tang and Huige forces recaptured Luoyang as well, and Luoyang suffered heavy pillaging by Huige forces. An Qingxu fled to Yecheng and took up position there, but most Yan territory resubmitted to Tang, and war appeared to be poised to end. To cement the alliance with Huige, Emperor Suzong also gave his daughter Princess Ningguo in marriage to Yaoluoge Moyanchuo.

paragraph: In 758, however, one of the major Yan generals who had submitted to Tang, Shi Siming, claiming that there had been a plot by Emperor Suzong and the Tang general Li Guangbi, to have his subordinate Wu Cheng'en (烏承恩) assassinate him, re-rebelled and advanced south. In spring 759, he engaged the Tang forces then sieging An Qingxu at Yecheng, and while the initial battle was indecisive, the Tang forces panicked during the battle and collapsed, allowing the siege of Yecheng to be lifted. Shi Siming then led An Qingxu into a trap and killed him, taking over as the emperor of Yan and further advancing south to recapture Luoyang, again making it Yan's capital. However, his further attempts to advance against Chang'an was blocked by Li Guangbi, and the Yan and Tang forces went into a stalemate. While the stalemate was continuing, in 760, after the eunuch Xing Yan'en (邢延恩) reported to Emperor Suzong that the general Liu Zhan (劉展) was disobeying orders, and that Liu's name was in mystical prophecies, Emperor Suzong accepted Xing's suggestion to find a way to eliminate Liu. After Liu found this out, he was forced into rebellion in late 760; he had successes against other Tang generals and controlled the lower Yangtze region for several months until he was defeated by another Tang general, Tian Shen'gong (田神功).

paragraph: Meanwhile, Emperor Xuanzong settled into a routine at Xingqing Palace, with Chen Xuanli (陳玄禮) and Gao Lishi attending to him. Also often attending to him were his sister Li Chiying (李持盈) the Princess Yuzhen, the lady-in-waiting Ru Xianyuan (如仙媛), and the eunuchs Wang Cheng'en (王承恩) and Wei Yue (魏悅). The imperial musicians often played for him, and he often climbed up Changqing Tower (長慶樓) to receive well wishes from the populace. He also often held feasts for generals and people from Jiannan, with Li Chiying and Ru serving as hostesses. Emperor Xuanzong's attendants looked down at Li Fuguo. To retaliate, Li Fuguo began to try to convince Emperor Suzong that Emperor Xuanzong and his attendants were plotting to seize power back. In 760, with Emperor Suzong's tacit, although not explicit, approval, on one occasion when Emperor Xuanzong was out riding, Li Fuguo intercepted him and forced him to move back to the main palace. Even on that occasion, however, Gao would not submit to Li Fuguo, and even yelled at Li Fuguo to force him to get off his horse and to escort Emperor Xuanzong on foot, along with Gao. Soon after Emperor Xuanzong was forcibly moved, Li Fuguo forced Chen to retire, Li Chiying to return to her temple (she had become an ordained Daoist nun in 711), and exiled Gao, Wang, Wei, and Ru. Emperor Suzong then had his daughters Princesses Wan'an and Xianyi attend to Emperor Xuanzong, but Emperor Xuanzong, having lost his trusted attendants, became silent and ill. For the time being, Emperor Suzong frequently visited Emperor Xuanzong, but he himself grew ill as well and rarely visited. He also regretted permitting Li Fuguo to take these actions and considered killing him, but hesitated and ultimately did not do so because Li Fuguo commanded the imperial guards. Indeed, thereafter, Li Fuguo became minister of defense, and Emperor Suzong was often forced to comply with his wishes as far as governance was concerned, although Emperor Suzong rebuffed his wishes to become chancellor.

paragraph: In 761, Shi Siming was assassinated and succeeded by his son Shi Chaoyi, and it was said that other Yan generals, who were originally Shi Siming's equals, began to disobey Shi Chaoyi's orders. Tang forces thus were able to beat back the Yan forces, but were not able to dislodge Shi Huaiyi from Luoyang, and final victory over Yan would not come in Emperor Suzong's lifetime.

paragraph: In summer 762, Emperor Xuanzong died. Emperor Suzong was himself bedridden by this point, and it was said that he was so saddened by Emperor Xuanzong's death that his illness further advanced. He thus granted regent powers on Li Yu. By this point, Empress Zhang and Li Fuguo were no longer allies, and Empress Zhang summoned Li Yu, wanting an alliance with him to kill Li Fuguo and his subordinate Cheng Yuanzhen. Li Yu refused, pointing out that this would cause alarm to the very-ill Emperor Suzong. Empress Zhang then entered into an alliance with Li Yu's younger brother Li Xi (李係) the Prince of Yue, and they tried to set a trap for Li Fuguo, with 200 strong eunuchs loyal to her and Li Xi ready to act against Li Fuguo. On May 14, 762, she issued an order in Emperor Suzong's name, summoning Li Yu into the palace. However, Cheng received this news and reported this to Li Fuguo and Li Yu, and Cheng then escorted Li Yu to the imperial guard headquarters. Imperial guards commanded by Li Fuguo and Cheng then entered the palace and arrested Empress Zhang, Li Xi, and their associates. It was said that with Emperor Suzong resting at Changsheng Hall (長生殿), the soldiers dragged Empress Zhang and the attending ladies in waiting and eunuchs away from his presence. Emperor Suzong was said to be left alone without attendants. He died on May 16, only 13 days after Emperor Xuanzong's death. Li Fuguo executed Empress Zhang, Li Xi, and Li Xian (李僩) the Prince of Yan and then declared Li Yu emperor (as Emperor Daizong).

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Relations with Muslims.

paragraph: Faced with the devastating An Lushan Rebellion, Emperor Suzong of Tang wrote a desperate letter to Al-Mansur requesting for armed assistance. Al-Mansur responded by sending 4000 men to China in order to aid Emperor Suzong of Tang. In return they were allowed to settle down permanently in China after the rebellion was repressed. Some of them married local Chinese people. This helped in founding of the earliest Muslim communities of China.

paragraph: Section::::Chancellors during reign.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wei Jiansu (756–757)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cui Yuan (756–758)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fang Guan (756–757)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei Mian (756–757)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cui Huan (756–757)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Lin (757–758)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miao Jinqing (757–759, 760–762)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhang Gao (757–758)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang Yu (758–759)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lü Yin (759, 759–760)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Xian (759)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Kui (759–761)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diwu Qi (759)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Hua (761–762)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei Zunqing (761–762)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yuan Zai (762)

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parents:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Longji, Xuanzong (; 685–762)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Yuanxian, of the Yang clan of Hongnong (; 699–729)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consorts and Issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crown Princess consort, of the Wei clan of Jingzhao (; d. 757)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Xian, Prince Yan (; d. 762), sixth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Yonghe (; d. 768), eighth daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Wang Quan of Langya, Duke Xintai (), and had issue (three sons, one daughter)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Yongmu (), personal name Shu ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Wei Hui of Jingzhao (), and had issue (one daughter)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress, of the Zhang clan (; d. 762)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Li Zhao, Crown Prince Gongyi" (; 753–760), 12th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- A daughter (b. 755)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Li Dong, Prince Ding" (; d. 762), 13th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Zhangjing, of the Wu clan (; 713–730)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Yu, Daizong (; 726–779), first son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Hezheng (; 728–764), second daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Liu Tan of Hedong (; d. 768) in 750, and had issue (five sons, three daughters)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zhaoyi", of the Pei clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Guang, Prince Xiang (; d. 791), ninth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jieyu", of the Chen clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Jin, Prince Peng (; d. 783), fifth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jieyu", of the Duan clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Chui, Prince Qi (; d. 798), tenth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meiren", of the Zhang clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Ting, Prince Jing (; d. 784), seventh son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Sun clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Xi, Prince Yue (; d. 762), second son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Zhang clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Tan, Emperor Chengtian (; d. 757), third son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Wang clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Li Bi, Prince Wei" (), fourth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unknown

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Li Rong, Prince Yun" (), eighth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Li Xi, Prince Song" (), 14th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Su ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Doulu Zhan of Changli ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Xiao (), second daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Zheng Xun of Xingyang ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Xue Kangheng of Hedong ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Bayanchur Khan (d. 759) in 758

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Tan (; 729–786), fifth daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Zhang Qing, Duke Fanyang (), and had issue (one son)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Ji (; 733–807), personal name Shu (), sixth daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Zheng Pei of Xingyang (; 738–796) in 759, and had issue (one son, one daughter)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Gao (; d. 790)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Pei Hui of Hedong (; d. 756), and had issue (one son)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Xiao Sheng of Lanling (), and had issue (five sons, one daughter)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Chinese emperors family tree (middle)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Old Book of Tang", vol. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New Book of Tang", vol. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zizhi Tongjian", vols. , , , , , , , , , , , , .

alias:
Li Sisheng
Li Shao
Li Jun
Li Yu
Su Zong
Li Heng

description: emperor of the Tang Dynasty

wikidata_label: Emperor Suzong of Tang

wikipedia_title: Emperor Suzong of Tang


text:
Counts of Périgord
Knights Templar
Apulia
Sicily
Cana
Safita
Sephoria
Sea of Galilee
Syria
Cilicia
Turcopole
Darbsâk
Terbezek
Aleppo
Bagras
Acre
Damascus
Hospitaller
Khwarezmians
Asia Minor
Teutonic Knights
Battle of La Forbie
Ascalon

categories: 1178 births,13th-century soldiers,People from Périgueux,1247 deaths,Grand Masters of the Knights Templar

paragraph: Armand de Périgord

paragraph: Armand de Périgord (or Hermann de Pierre-Grosse) (1178–1247?) was a descendant of the Counts of Périgord and a Grand Master of the Knights Templar.

paragraph: He was master of the Province of Apulia and Sicily from 1205 to 1232. In 1232, he was elected Grand Master of the Templars. He organized attacks on Cana, Safita, Sephoria and Praetoria, and against the Muslim positions around the Sea of Galilee. All of these expeditions were failures and diminished the Templars' effectiveness.

paragraph: In 1236, on the border between Syria and Cilicia, 120 knights, along with some archers and Turcopoles, were ambushed near the town of Darbsâk (Terbezek). In the first phase of the battle, the Templars reached the town but they met fierce resistance. When reinforcements from Aleppo arrived, the Templars were massacred. Fewer than twenty of them returned to their castle in Bagras, fifteen km from the battle.

paragraph: In September 1239, Armand arrived at Acre. He made a treaty with Sultan of Damascus, in parallel with the Hospitaller treaty with the Sultan of Egypt. In 1244 the Sultan of Damascus demanded that the Templars help repel the Khwarezmians from Asia Minor. In October 1244, the Templars, Hospitallers and Teutonic Knights, together with the Sultan of Damascus, confronted the Sultan of Egypt and his Khwarezmian allies at the Battle of La Forbie. The Christian-Muslim coalition was defeated, with more than 30,000 deaths. Some Templars and Hospitallers reached Ascalon, still in Christian hands. Armand de Périgord may have been killed during the battle, or may have been captured and survived until 1247.

alias:
Hermann de Pierre-Grosse
Armand de Perigord

description: Templar Grand Master

wikidata_label: Armand de Périgord

wikipedia_title: Armand de Périgord


text: Slovakia

text: Valašské Meziříčí

text: Women's Slalom

categories: Paralympic alpine skiers of Slovakia,Medalists at the 2014 Winter Paralympics,Slovak female alpine skiers,1990 births,People from Valašské Meziříčí,Paralympic bronze medalists for Slovakia,Living people

paragraph: Petra Smaržová

paragraph: Petra Smaržová is a disabled skier from Slovakia.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Smaržová was born in Valašské Meziříčí on 4 June 1990. Smaržová speaks English, German and Slovak. She started her skiing career at the World Championships in Austria in 2002.

paragraph: She was the second skier to finish in the standing women's slalom race and giant slalom race at the 2011 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships.

paragraph: Smaržová also took part in the 2014 Winter Olympic Games in Sochi, where she again competed in the Women's Slalom. She is coached by Peter Matiasko and Branislav Mazgut.

description: paralympic skier from Slovakia

wikidata_label: Petra Smarzova

wikipedia_title: Petra Smaržová


text:
American
professional baseball
outfielder
San Francisco Giants
Major League Baseball
college baseball
Vanderbilt Commodores
Carl Yastrzemski
St. John's Preparatory School
Danvers, Massachusetts
team captain
Vanderbilt University
college baseball
2009 Major League Baseball (MLB) Draft
Boston Red Sox
Vanderbilt Commodores baseball
Seattle Mariners
2012 MLB draft
signing bonus
Southeastern Conference
Baltimore Orioles
2013 MLB draft
Aberdeen IronBirds
Class A-Short Season
New York–Penn League
batting average
home run
runs batted in
all-star game
Delmarva Shorebirds
Class A
South Atlantic League
Frederick Keys
Class A-Advanced
Carolina League
at-bat
Bowie Baysox
Class AA
Eastern League
stolen base
triples
Minor League Baseball
Norfolk Tides
Class AAA
International League
spring training
Tyler Herb
Sacramento River Cats
Pacific Coast League
Arizona Diamondbacks
Andrew Cashner
Andover, Massachusetts
Florida State Seminoles baseball
blood clot
Carl Yastrzemski
National Baseball Hall of Fame

categories: Vanderbilt Commodores baseball players,Aberdeen IronBirds players,Frederick Keys players,American people of Polish descent,Bowie Baysox players,Delmarva Shorebirds players,Baseball players from Massachusetts,1990 births,Major League Baseball outfielders,People from Andover, Massachusetts,Sacramento River Cats players,San Francisco Giants players,Norfolk Tides players,Living people

paragraph: Mike Yastrzemski

paragraph: Michael Andrew Yastrzemski (born August 23, 1990) is an American professional baseball outfielder for the San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball (MLB). Prior to playing professionally, Yastrzemski played college baseball for the Vanderbilt Commodores. He is the grandson of Carl Yastrzemski.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and amateur career.

paragraph: Yastrzemski attended St. John's Preparatory School in Danvers, Massachusetts. Yastrzemski played for the school's baseball team, and was named team captain in his senior year. He committed to attend Vanderbilt University, on a college baseball scholarship. Seen as a potential early round selection in the 2009 Major League Baseball (MLB) Draft, Yastrzemski indicated that he would attend college unless chosen in the first round. The Boston Red Sox selected him in the 36th round of the 2009 MLB Draft. Yastrzemski did not sign with the Red Sox, and instead enrolled at Vanderbilt to play for the Vanderbilt Commodores baseball team.

paragraph: Yastrzemski became a starter for the Commodores in the middle of his freshman year. After his junior year, the Seattle Mariners selected him in the 30th round of the 2012 MLB draft. The Mariners offered Yastrzemski a $300,000 signing bonus, well above the suggested bonus for a player chosen in that round. Yastrzemski chose not to sign, and returned to Vanderbilt for his senior year. As a senior, Yastrzemski was named All-Southeastern Conference. The Baltimore Orioles selected Yastrzemski in the 14th round of the 2013 MLB draft, and he signed.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: After signing with the Orioles, Yastrzemski began his professional career with the Aberdeen IronBirds of the Class A-Short Season New York–Penn League (NY-P), where he had a .273 batting average, three home runs, and 25 runs batted in (RBIs). He appeared in the NY-P all-star game.

paragraph: Yastrzemski began the 2014 season with the Delmarva Shorebirds of the Class A South Atlantic League (SAL), where he batted .306 with 10 home runs and 44 RBIs. He appeared in the SAL all-star game. After the all-star game, he was promoted to the Frederick Keys of the Class A-Advanced Carolina League, where he batted .312 in 93 at-bats. He was then promoted again, to the Bowie Baysox of the Class AA Eastern League. Between Frederick and Bowie, Yastrzemski combined to bat .288 with 14 home runs, 18 stolen bases in 24 attempts, and 18 triples, which led all of Minor League Baseball.

paragraph: Yastrzemski spent the 2015 season with Bowie, where he batted .246 with six home runs and 59 RBIs. He spent 2016 with both Bowie and the Norfolk Tides of the Class AAA International League, where he posted combined statistics of a .234 batting average, with 13 home runs, and 59 RBI's. Yastrzemski underwent surgery after the 2016 season and was not healthy for the beginning of the 2017 season. During the 2017 season, he was with the Tides for 81 games between May and September, except for several weeks in June and July when he played 20 games with the Baysox. He returned to Norfolk in 2018.

paragraph: The Orioles invited Yastrzemski to spring training as a non-roster player in 2019. On March 22, 2019, the Orioles traded Yastrzemski to the San Francisco Giants in exchange for Tyler Herb. He was assigned to the Sacramento River Cats of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League to start the 2019 season.

paragraph: The Giants promoted Yastrzemski to the Major Leagues on May 25, 2019, and he made his debut the same day, going 0-3 with a run scored in a 10-4 loss to the Arizona Diamondbacks. He collected his first career hit, a single, the following day but was thrown out returning to first base and went 3-4 with a run scored in the Giants 6-2 loss. Yastrzemski hit his first career home run off Andrew Cashner on May 31, 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Yastrzemski grew up in Andover, Massachusetts. His father, Carl Jr. (who went by Mike), played college baseball for the Florida State Seminoles baseball team, and played professionally in the minor leagues from 1984 to 1988. His father and mother, Anne-Marie, divorced when he was six years old. Carl Jr. died at the age of 43 from a blood clot after having hip surgery. His grandfather, Carl Yastrzemski, is a member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and began teaching young Mike hitting during his grandson’s freshman year in high school.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Mike Yastrzemski

wikipedia_title: Mike Yastrzemski


text: FRS

text: Welsh

text: biochemist

text: xenobiotic metabolism

text: glucuronic acid

text: borneol

text: Secondary School, Abertillery

text: University College, Cardiff

text: St Mary's Hospital Medical School

text: Fellow of the Royal Society

text: Article on R.T.Williams

categories: 1979 deaths,Fellows of the Royal Society,1909 births,People from Abertillery,British biochemists

paragraph: Richard Tecwyn Williams

paragraph: Richard Tecwyn Williams FRS (20 February 1909 – 29 December 1979) was a Welsh biochemist who founded the systematic study of xenobiotic metabolism with the publication of his book "Detoxication mechanisms" in 1947. This seminal book built on his earlier work on the role of glucuronic acid in the metabolism of borneol.

paragraph: He was born in Abertillery, Wales in 1909 and educated at the Gelli Crug Junior School and Secondary School, Abertillery. He then went on to University College, Cardiff to study chemistry and physiology and was awarded his B.Sc. degree in 1928. In 1931, he published the structure of glucuronic acid in the leading scientific journal, "Nature".

paragraph: In 1949 he took up the chair of biochemistry at St Mary's Hospital Medical School in London where, in the 1950s, he worked on the metabolism of thalidomide.

paragraph: He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in March 1967. His application citation read: ""The researches of Williams have been largely responsible for laying the foundations of biochemical toxicology. He has worked on the metabolism of aliphatic alcohols, alicyclic hydrocarbons, benzenes and alkylbenzenes, sulphonamides, drugs of a wide variety, heterocycles, and organotin compounds. He is especially known for his work on fluorescence and his studies on thalidomide in which he has shown that none of the twelve breakdown products which he identified is teratogenic. Williams has also defined the structural factors required for a compound to be excreted through the bile. He has discovered species differences which may have an application in primate classification. His work is of immediate relevance to an understanding of drug metabolism and action and that of the biological effects of food additives, pesticides, and other compounds foreign to the body"."

paragraph: He died of cancer in 1979. He married Josephine Sullivan in 1937; they had five children.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Williams, R.T., "Detoxication Mechanisms, J.Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y. (1947)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Xenobiotic Metabolism: R.T.Williams:The Founding of the Field International Society for the Study of Xenobiotics

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article on R.T.Williams

alias:
Richard Williams
Richard T. Williams

description: Welsh biochemist

wikidata_label: Richard Tecwyn Williams

wikipedia_title: Richard Tecwyn Williams


text:
Serbian Cyrillic
Stefan Uroš III Dečanski of Serbia
Stefan Dušan
Croatian
Mladen III Šubić
Bribir
Šubić family
Klis Fortress
Dalmatia
Skradin
Klis
Krka monastery
Jelena Šubić
Tvrtko I of Bosnia
Louis I of Hungary
Palman
Đuraš Ilijić
Šubić
Nemanjić family tree

categories: Medieval Serbian people of Greek descent,Serbs of Croatia,14th-century Croatian people,14th-century Serbian royalty,Medieval Serbian princesses,Šubić,14th-century Serbian women

paragraph: Jelena Nemanjić Šubić

paragraph: Jelena Šubić (Serbian Cyrillic: Јелена Шубић; Jelena Nemanjić Šubić (Јелена Немањић Шубић)) was the daughter of Stefan Uroš III Dečanski of Serbia and the half-sister of Stefan Dušan. She was married to the Croatian magnate Mladen III Šubić, Prince of Bribir from noble Šubić family. They ruled from Klis Fortress in Dalmatia. After Mladen III Šubić's death, she ruled as his widow over Skradin and Klis.

paragraph: Section::::Krka monastery.

paragraph: In 1345, Krka monastery was mentioned for the first time as the endowment of princess Jelena.

paragraph: Section::::Klis and Skradin.

paragraph: After the death of Prince Mladen III (1348), the Dalmatian cities of Klis and Skradin were ruled by Jelena, in the name of their son Mladen IV. She had many opponents, beginning from 1351. Firstly, from the wife of Paul III, Catherine Dandolo from Venice, then Jelena Šubić, the mother of Ban Tvrtko I of Bosnia. The mother of Tvrtko was openly supported by King Louis I of Hungary, although Louis I in reality wanted these cities for himself. In 1355, the Republic of Venice sent an offer to buy the cities from her, but as she refused, and was unable to defend the cities from the many pretenders, she asked her brother Emperor Stefan Dušan for aid. Dušan sent Palman to Klis and Đuraš Ilijić to Skradin. The cities were subsequently given up, after the inhabitants showed unreadiness and some non-decisive fighting, with Đuraš ceding Skradin to Venice after the death of Dušan (December 20, 1355). Dušan had sought a flotilla from Venice for his planned campaign on Constantinople, and had ordered Đuraš to cede Skradin if it was unable to be defended. Klis was subsequently ceded to the Hungarians by Palman without conflict. Palman took Jelena with him, but Mladen IV stayed as a political hostage.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Šubić

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nemanjić family tree

description: Countess of Klis, Omiš and Skradin

wikidata_label: Jelena Nemanjić Šubić

wikipedia_title: Jelena Nemanjić Šubić