text:
Renaissance
School of Ferrara
Ferrara
fresco
Ferrara
Leonardo Scaletti
Faenza
Cosimo Tura
Palazzo Schifanoia
Rockettes
Sandro Botticelli
Primavera
Three Graces
Chantilly
Duke Borso
Bologna
Bentivoglio
Alberto de' Catanei
Madonna del Baracano
Giovanni Bentivoglio
Maria Vinziguerra
San Giovanni in Monte
St. John in Patmos
National Gallery
St. Vincent Ferrer
Duke Ercole I
Dresden collection
Pollaiuolo
Ali Smith
How to Be Both
2014 Man Booker Prize
Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya
Polyhymnia
Web Gallery of Art

categories: 1430s births,Italian male painters,Italian Renaissance painters,Ferrarese painters,Quattrocento painters,1470s deaths,People from Ferrara

paragraph: Francesco del Cossa

paragraph: Francesco del Cossa (c. 1430 – c. 1477) was an Italian Renaissance painter of the School of Ferrara.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The son of a stonemason in Ferrara, little is known about his early works, although it is known that he travelled outside of Ferrara in his late twenties or early thirties.

paragraph: Cossa is best known for his frescoes. One of the first records we have of him is in 1456 when he was an assistant to his father, Cristofano del Cossa, at that time employed in painting the carvings and statues on the high altar in the chapel of the bishop's palace at Ferrara. One of his followers was Leonardo Scaletti of Faenza.

paragraph: Section::::Allegorical frescoes in the Palazzo Schifanoia.

paragraph: In conjunction with Cosimo Tura, Cossa is now known for fresco decoration of the summer pleasure villa/palazzo known as the Palazzo Schifanoia, located just outside the city gates. Together, they painted a series of the elaborate allegories around the themes of zodiacal signs and months of the year. These were only partially restored in the 20th century, and there are three that are reasonably assigned to Cossa. Of these, one of the most remarkable images is the horde of naked toddlers in the "Allegory of May – Triumph of Apollo". Apparently a sign of springtime's prolific blossoming, the crowded rows of babies mass like a phalanx of infantile Rockettes.

paragraph: The "Allegory of April" has a depiction of the trio of Graces, one of the earliest Post-classical representations of the naked intertwined dancers in painting. Sandro Botticelli's version in "Primavera" dates from 1482. See the 1501 version of the "Three Graces" (now at Chantilly). Assuming the date of death of Cossa is correct, this one must have been completed prior to the others.

paragraph: Section::::Cossa in Bologna.

paragraph: Unhappy that he had been paid by the square foot for his work for Duke Borso and complaining he was being paid the same as the "worst dauber in Ferrara", Cossa left Ferrara for Bologna in 1470.

paragraph: In Bologna he obtained many commissions under the patronage of the Bentivoglio family. Here he painted his two masterpieces: the "Virgin and Child with two saints and a portrait of Alberto de' Catanei" (1474) and fresco of the Madonna del Baracano, representing the "Virgin and Child with portraits of Giovanni Bentivoglio and Maria Vinziguerra" (1472).

paragraph: He executed stained glass windows in Bologna, the best of which is a circular window, in the church of San Giovanni in Monte, representing St. John in Patmos. This bears his signature.

paragraph: In the National Gallery of London there is a picture by him representing St. Vincent Ferrer. There is a fine profile portrait at Locko Park near Derby, said to represent Duke Ercole I of Ferrara. In the Dresden collection there is also an "Annunciation" that has, however, been attributed to Pollaiuolo.

paragraph: Del Cossa features as one of the two protagonists in Ali Smith's novel "How to Be Both", short-listed for the 2014 Man Booker Prize.

paragraph: Section::::Anthology of works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Annunciation and Nativity" (1470–1472 Dresden Gemäldegallerie alte Meister)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Griffoni Polyptych

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St Vincent Ferrer" (1473, National Gallery, London)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St Peter" (1473, Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St John the Baptist" (1473, Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St Florian" 1473,National Gallery of Art, Washington)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St Lucy" (1473, National Gallery of Art, Washington)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Crucifixion" (1473, National Gallery of Art, Washington)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St Petronius" (1473, Palazzo dei Diamanti, Ferrara)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "11 other small pictures from altarpiece (1473, ?, ?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Madonna with the Child and Saints"(1474, Pinacoteca Nazionale, Bologna)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Madonna with the Child and an angel" (1460, Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, Barcelona)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frescoes for Hall of Months, Palazzo Schifanoia, Ferrara (before 1470?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Allegory of April: Triumph of Venus"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Allegory of May: Triumph of Apollo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Allegory of March: Triumph of Minerva"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Polyhymnia, the Muse of Many Songs"

paragraph: Section::::The Great Google Earth Treasure Hunt.

paragraph: The stained glass window was revealed to be the final answer of the Great Google Earth Treasure Hunt.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Encyclopedia of Artists, volume 2", edited by William H. T. Vaughan, , 2000

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Web Gallery of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::-

alias:
Francesco Del Cossa
Francesco Cossa o del Cossa
F. del Cossa
Francesco Cossa
Cossa
francesco cossa

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Francesco del Cossa

wikipedia_title: Francesco del Cossa


text: Sufi

text: mystic

text: poet

text: scholar

text: Mughal empire

text: Punjab

text: Pakistan

text: Qadiri

text: Sufi order

text: Sarwari Qadiri

text: hagiography

text: Shorekot

text: Jhang

text: Sufism

text: Persian

text: Islamic mysticism

text: Punjabi

text: qawwali

text: kafi

text: Mian Channu

text: Delhi

text: Syed Abdul Rehman Jilani Dehlvi

text: Qadiriyya

text: Persian Language

text: Punjabi

text: Abdul Qadir Jilani

text: mystic

text: Qadiriyya

text: Alvi

text: Awan

text: Sufi order

text: Allah

text: Muhammad

text: Ali ibn Abi Talib

text: Hasan al Basri

text: Habib al Ajami

text: Dawud Tai

text: Maruf Karkhi

text: Sirri Saqti

text: Junaid Baghdadi

text: Abu Bakr Shibli

text: Abu Al Fazal Abdul Wahid Yemeni Tamimi

text: Mohammad Yousaf Abu al-Farah Tartusi

text: Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi

text: Abdul Qadir Jilani

text: Abdul Razzaq Jilani

text: Syed Abdul Rehman Jilani Dehlvi

text: shrine

text: Garh Maharaja

text: Chenab River

text: Urs

text: Jumada al-Thani

text: Karbala

text: Muharram

text: pilgrim

text: List of famous Sufis

text: Sufism in Pakistan

categories: Persian-language poets,17th-century Muslim scholars of Islam,Punjabi-language poets,17th-century Islamic religious leaders,Poets from Punjab, Pakistan,1691 deaths,People from Jhang District,Jhang District,Sufi poets,17th-century Indian poets,1630 births,Indian Sufi saints,Sufi shrines in Pakistan

paragraph: Sultan Bahu

paragraph: Sultan Bahu (; also spelled Bahoo; ca 1630–1691) was a Sufi mystic, poet, and scholar active during the Mughal empire mostly in the present-day Punjab province of Pakistan. He belonged to Qadiri Sufi order, and founded the mystic tradition known as Sarwari Qadiri.

paragraph: Little is known about Bahu's life, other than what is written in a hagiography called "Manaqib-i Sultani", which was written by one of Bahu's descendants seven generations after Bahu's own time. Sultan Bahu was born in Shorekot, Jhang, in the current Punjab Province of Pakistan. More than forty books on Sufism are attributed to him (mostly written in Persian), largely dealing with specialised aspects of Islam and Islamic mysticism. However, it was his Punjabi poetry which had popular appeal and earned him lasting fame. His verses are sung in many genres of Sufi music, including qawwali and kafi, and tradition has established a unique style of singing his couplets.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Sultan Bahu's first teacher was his mother, Mai Rasti. She pushed him to seek spiritual guidance from Shah Habib Gilani, whose shrine still remains in the village of Bagdad Shareef, near Mian Channu, to this day.

paragraph: Around 1668, Sultan Bahu moved to Delhi for further training under the guidance of Syed Abdul Rehman Jilani Dehlvi, a notable Sufi saint of the Qadiriyya order, and thereafter returned to Punjab where he spent the rest of his life.

paragraph: Section::::Literary works.

paragraph: The exact number of books written by Sultan Bahu is not known, but it is assumed to be at least one hundred. Forty of them are on Sufism and Islamic mysticism. Most of his writings are in the Persian Language except "Abyat-e-Bahoo" which is written in Punjabi verse. Only the following books written by Sultan Bahu can be found today.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Abyat e Bahu"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Risala e Ruhi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sultan ul Waham"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nur ul Huda"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aql e Baidar"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mahq ul Faqr"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aurang e Shahi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jami ul Israr"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Taufiq e Hidiyat"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kalid Tauheed"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ain ul Faqr"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Israr e Qadri"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kaleed e Jannat"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Muhqam ul Faqr"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Majalis un Nabi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Muftah ul Arifeen"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hujjat ul Israr"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kashf ul Israar"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mahabat ul Israr"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ganj ul Israr"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fazl ul Liqa"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dewaan e Bahu"

paragraph: Section::::Spiritual lineage.

paragraph: In his writings, Sultan Bahu refers to Abdul Qadir Jilani as his spiritual master, even though Jilani died long before the birth of Sultan Bahu. However, most Sufis maintain that Abdul Qadir Jilani plays a special role in the mystic world and that all orders and saints are forever indebted to him in some way either directly or indirectly. While acknowledging that he is a follower of Jilani's Qadiriyya tradition, Sultan Bahu initiated an offshoot of his own which he named "Sarwari Qadiri". The Awan tribe of Pakistan claim he belonged to the Alvi Awan tribe.

paragraph: Bahu's Sarwari Qadiri tradition (or Sufi order) is similar in its overall philosophy to the Qadiri order. Unlike many other Sufi orders, the Sarwari Qadiri tradition does not prescribe a specific dress code, ascetic practices, breathing exercises, etc. Instead, it focuses on practicing mental exercises, an important one, being the visualisation of the word الله (Allah, God) as written on one's own heart.

paragraph: According to tradition, the lineage reaches Sultan Bahu as follows:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Muhammad

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Ali ibn Abi Talib

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Hasan al Basri

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Habib al Ajami

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Dawud Tai

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Maruf Karkhi

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Sirri Saqti

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Junaid Baghdadi

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Abu Bakr Shibli

paragraph: BULLET::::10. Abdul Aziz bin Hars bin Asad Yemeni Tamimi

paragraph: BULLET::::11. Abu Al Fazal Abdul Wahid Yemeni Tamimi

paragraph: BULLET::::12. Mohammad Yousaf Abu al-Farah Tartusi

paragraph: BULLET::::13. Abu-al-Hassan Ali Bin Mohammad Qureshi Hankari

paragraph: BULLET::::14. Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi

paragraph: BULLET::::15. Abdul Qadir Jilani

paragraph: BULLET::::16. Abdul Razzaq Jilani

paragraph: BULLET::::17. Abdul Jabbar Jilani

paragraph: BULLET::::18. Syed Mohammad Sadiq Yahya

paragraph: BULLET::::19. Najm-ud-Din Burhan Puri

paragraph: BULLET::::20. Abdul Fattah

paragraph: BULLET::::21. Abdul Sattar

paragraph: BULLET::::22. Abdul Baqqa

paragraph: BULLET::::23. Abdul Jaleel

paragraph: BULLET::::24. Syed Abdul Rehman Jilani Dehlvi

paragraph: BULLET::::25. Sultan Bahu

paragraph: The Sultan Bahu tradition is still practiced to this day by Sultan Bahu's successors.

paragraph: Section::::Shrine.

paragraph: The shrine of Sultan Bahu is located in Garh Maharaja, Punjab. It was originally built on Bahu's gravesite until the Chenab River changed its course causing the need to relocate twice and as witnessed by those present at the time of relocation, claimed that his body was, in fact, still intact at the time. It is a popular Sufi shrine, and the annual "Urs" festival commemorating his death is celebrated there with great fervor on the first Thursday of Jumada al-Thani month. People come from far off places to join the celebrations.

paragraph: Sultan Bahu also used to hold an annual Urs to commemorate the martyrs of Karbala from the 1st to the 10th day of the month of Muharram. This tradition continues to this day and every year, thousands of pilgrims visit the shrine during the first 10 days of Muharram.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of famous Sufis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sufism in Pakistan

alias: Sultan-ul-Arifeen Hazrat Sakhi Sultan Bahoo

description: Sufi saint

enwikiquote_title: Sultan Bahu

wikidata_label: Sultan Bahu

wikipedia_title: Sultan Bahu


text: United States Army Air Service

text: World War I

text: Texaco

text: The Mysterious Pilot

text: Marshalltown, Iowa

text: Long Beach

text: Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps

text: Junior Military Aviator rating

text: Dallas Love Field

text: Brooks Field

text: San Antonio, Texas

text: United States Army Air Service

text: Amelia Earhart

text: Long Beach, California

text: Stadium Jalapeño

text: Xalapa

text: Veracruz

text: Mexico

text: Tampico

text: Mahoney Ryan B-1 Brougham

text: Charles Lindbergh

text: Ford National Reliability Air Tour

text: National Air Races

text: Texaco

text: Ford Trimotor

text: cross-country flying

text: Air Express

text: United States Army Air Corps

text: Texaco Eaglet

text: Travel Air Type R Mystery Ship

text: Thompson Trophy Race

text: World Series

text: Worcester, Massachusetts

text: Travel Air

text: Harvard Medical School

text: Varaztad Hovhannes Kazanjian

text: Will Rogers

text: Museum of Science and Industry

text: Chicago

text: Illinois

text: United States Naval Reserve

text: lieutenant commander

text: Northrop Gamma

text: Wright Whirlwind

text: Sioux Indian

text: Texaco Sky Chief

text: transcontinental airspeed record

text: Northrop

text: Buenos Aires

text: Gruen Watch Company

text: Hawks Miller HM-1

text: Military Aircraft HM-1

text: Jimmy Doolittle

text: Eddie Rickenbacker

text: Alexander P. de Seversky

text: Post Cereals

text: Will Rogers

text: "Klondike"

text: The Mysterious Pilot

text: Gwinn Aircar Company

text: Gwinn Aircar

text: East Aurora, New York

text: American Legion

text: Juan Trippe

text: William (Bill) Powell Lear

text: Howard Hughes

text: Charles Lindbergh

text: National Air Race

text: Northrop Gamma

text: Roscoe Turner

text: The Mysterious Pilot

text: "Aeronautics: Flights and Flyers."

text: Aeronautics: "Hawks and Grubb."

text: "Aeronautics: International Races."

text: "Aeronautics: Shrewd Hawks."

text: "Aeronautics: Speed."

text: "Frank Hawks dies as plane falls."

text: The New York Times

text: Lima News

text: Lima, Ohio

text: The New York Times

text: Frank Hawks

text: Flickr

text: San Diego Air & Space Museum

text: Frank Hawks bibliography

text: Ace Pilots: Frank Hawks

categories: Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States,Accidental deaths in Massachusetts,Aviators from Iowa,1897 births,People from Marshalltown, Iowa,Gliding in the United States,1938 deaths

paragraph: Frank Hawks

paragraph: Frank Monroe Hawks (March 28, 1897 - August 23, 1938) was a pilot in the United States Army Air Service during World War I and was known during the 1920s and 1930s as a record breaking aviator, using a series of Texaco-sponsored aircraft, setting 214 point-to-point records in the United States and Europe. Prolific in the media and continually in the "public eye", in the 1937 "The Mysterious Pilot" movie serial, Hawks was billed as the "fastest airman in the world." A popular saying from the time was, "Don't send it by mail ... send it by Hawks." After retiring from a career as an air racer, he died in 1938, flying an experimental aircraft.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Born in Marshalltown, Iowa on March 28, 1897, Hawks attended grammar school before his parents who were actors, joined a stock company and toured Minnesota. Hawks took on juvenile parts during his parent's engagements but when the family settled in California, Hawks resumed his formal schooling and graduated in 1916 from a high school in Long Beach. An early exposure to the thrill of flying came when Hawks convinced local Long Beach air field owners, the Christofferson brothers to give him a free flight in exchange for a newspaper article. He had convinced the owners that a high school student's impressions would result in increased interest in flying and more business for the air field. It worked and Hawks was able to parlay a series of pleasure flights. After enrolling at the University of California where he played halfback on the freshman football team, Hawks enlisted in 1917 when war was declared.

paragraph: Section::::World War I.

paragraph: Hawks joined the U.S. Army with the aspiration to become a pilot in the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps. After he received his Junior Military Aviator rating and a second lieutenant's commission in the Signal Officer's Reserve Corps, Hawks became a flying instructor at Dallas Love Field, Texas, receiving a promotion to first lieutenant and a short time later was made the assistant officer in charge of flying at U.S. Army Air Service's Brooks Field at San Antonio, Texas. One incident that nearly proved fatal occurred when Hawks and Lieutenant Wendell Brookley collided in midair over the San Antonio football stadium. Both pilots were carrying out an exuberant aerial exhibition to support the United War Work campaign when the aircraft tangled but they managed to land their damaged aircraft, only to receive a reprimand for dangerous flying. Both flyers served a week in confinement.

paragraph: Leaving active duty in 1919, Hawks was promoted to a captain in the United States Army Air Service Reserve. During the immediate postwar years, he did a stint of aerial barnstorming in the United States and Mexico. Besides his barnstorming feats, Hawks became known for his appearances at aerial exhibitions and on December 28, 1920 he took a 23-year-old Amelia Earhart on her first flight at a state fair in Los Angeles, California. Earhart's father arranged for the flight and paid the fee of $10 for a 10-minute "hop".

paragraph: Section::::Achieving fame as a pilot.

paragraph: Hawks began to be in public eye when he joined the Gates Flying Circus and was involved in a demonstration of the first in-flight refueling in 1921. Earl Daugherty in his JN4D Jenny had been touted as being able to stay in the air for 24 hours. Hawks flew his Standard J-1 World War I trainer carrying wing-walker Wesley May aloft to join up with Daugherty, circling over Long Beach, California. May, carrying a five-gallon can of gasoline, stepped over to Earl's ship and poured the gas in the Jenny's tank.

paragraph: On May 7, 1922, Hawks landed his small Standard biplane within the grounds at the Stadium Jalapeño at Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico, as part of the inaugural ceremonies. In 1924 Hawks was hired by "Compañía Mexicana de Aviación" as a pilot flying special charter service routes, piloting his Standard J-1 two-place modified for five-place passenger service. While in Mexico, Hawks managed a large ranch and estate near Tampico, using his aircraft to fly to Mexico City and back, to run errands such as carrying payrolls to the oil field companies operating around Tampico.

paragraph: By 1927, Hawks continued to eke out a living as a pilot but with money from his wife, Hawks purchased a Mahoney Ryan B-1 Brougham (NC3009) he named the "Spirit of San Diego." In the aftermath of Charles Lindbergh's transatlantic flight, he flew to Washington with his wife on board, to greet the triumphant Lindbergh, and in the ensuing glare of publicity, Hawks was hired by the Ryan Aircraft company to be its official representative. In the Ford National Reliability Air Tour, Hawks placed sixth and earned $1,000.00 in prize money. With the public idolizing Lindbergh, Hawks toured the country, selling rides in the aircraft "like Lindy flew."

paragraph: Section::::Achieving fame as a pilot.:Record breaking flights.

paragraph: The notoriety that Hawks gained by his self-promotion led to a contract with Maxwell House Coffee and with their sponsorship, he entered the 1927 National Air Races in Spokane, Washington where the now renamed "Miss Maxwell House" came in first for speed in the Detroit news Air Transport Speed and Efficiency Trophy Race. Also on December 5, 1927, the Texas Company (Texaco) hired Hawks to head up its own Aviation Division as a Superintendent to market aviation products. The "Texaco One", a custom-built Ford Trimotor (NC3443) was delivered in January 1928 and Hawks was dispatched to advertise the company across the United States and abroad beginning with flying a Texas delegation from Houston to Mexico City and back. It was the first goodwill trade extension air tour from the U.S. to Mexico and received wide coverage in American and Mexican newspapers.

paragraph: Later in the same year, Hawks embarked on a nationwide goodwill tour, visiting more than 150 cities and covering approximately . It was estimated that 500,000 people saw the "Texaco One". He described the tour in his autobiography "Speed": "In the course [of the tour]. I visited 175 cities, carried 7,200 passengers, and did 56,000 miles of cross-country flying. All of this without a mishap to plane and passengers."

paragraph: In December 1928, the Trimotor was destroyed in a crash at Floresville, Florida. In early 1929, Hawks was approached by Lockheed to ferry their new Air Express (NR7955) to New York in time for an air show. On February 4, 1929, flying with Oscar Grubb, superintendent of final assembly at the Lockheed factory, who had volunteered to serve as flight engineer to pump fuel from auxiliary fuselage tanks, Hawks set a transcontinental speed record. He flew from the Lockheed factory in Burbank, California to New York in 18 hours and 21 minutes. Hawks shortly after convinced Texaco to purchase the record-breaking Lockheed Air Express, named "Texaco Five" as a replacement for "Texaco One". Four months later, Hawks shattered the record again by 43 minutes in "Texaco Five". The aircraft accumulated some before being lost in a January 1930 accident when Hawks attempted a takeoff from a soggy field in West Palm Beach, Florida, destroying the "Texaco Five" in a spectacular crash that catapulted it into a row of three parked aircraft. Hawks walked away from the carnage with no injuries.

paragraph: Section::::Achieving fame as a pilot.:Gliding.

paragraph: In 1930, Hawks convinced Texaco to back a proving flight that would demonstrate the effectiveness of gliders. As a reserve officer in what was by then known as the United States Army Air Corps, Hawks foresaw the military usefulness of gliders, and despite a lack of government support and critical reaction from seasoned glider pilots, Hawks mapped out a transcontinental flight. The appropriately named Texaco Eaglet was a custom-made wingspan glider built by R.E. and Wallace Franklin. Designed to achieve a maximum speed of 125 miles per hour, it was fitted with a two-way radio and telephone connection with the tow plane, the "Texaco 7", a Waco ASO biplane, flown by J. D. "Duke" Jernigan, Jr., a member of Texaco's domestic sales division.

paragraph: The flight left San Diego on March 30, 1930, with Hawks being attached by a towline, taking eight days elapsed time and 44 hours, 10 minutes of actual flying time. Hawks also spent 10 hours in soaring exhibitions at scores of towns and cities along the route. Surmounting all the predicted obstacles, even the Rocky Mountains which German glider pilots had feared would jeopardize the flight, only occasional turbulence was encountered. Hawks arrived in New York on April 6, 1930, effectively proving the feasibility of long-distance glider-towing.

paragraph: Section::::Achieving fame as a pilot.:Texaco 13.

paragraph: In 1930, Hawks proposed that Texaco replace the lost "Texaco Five" with a revolutionary new racing aircraft, the Travel Air Type R Mystery Ship that had been debuted at the 1929 National Air Races where its turn-of-speed saw it best the latest U.S. Army and U.S. Navy fighters. While overseeing the construction of "Texaco 13" (NR1313), Hawks was involved in an accident on a test flight when the engine failed. Hawks tried to coax "Texaco 13" back but impacted telephone lines at the edge of the factory field; the aircraft crashed nose-first and flipped onto its back. Repairs were carried out by the summer of 1930, when Hawks embarked on a series of exhibition flights and record-breaking flights across the United States including a new transcontinental west-to-east record on August 13, 1930 of 12 hours, 25 minutes, three seconds, the fastest crossing made up to that time.

paragraph: The Travel Air Type R Hawks flew, was the fourth of a series of five racers and was configured for long-distance racing with longer wings and a full set of instrumentation, features that differentiated the aircraft from the rest of the series. Hawks raced "Texaco 13" as "race No. 28" in the 1930 Thompson Trophy Race at the National Air Races on September 1, 1930, using a set of "racing wings", a pair of shorter wingspan wings fitted out at the factory. Hawks pulled out of the race on the third lap when the engine began to falter at full throttle. It was revealed later that a piece of masking tape placed over the gas cap (for streamlining) caused a loss of pressure.

paragraph: Hawks used the media attention that was garnered by his record flights to promote aviation, especially demonstrating that fast courier air service was feasible. On October 7, 1930, with the completion of the final World Series game at Philadelphia, Hawks flew to North Beach, Queens, delivering the game photographs exactly 20 minutes later, faster than wire service at the time. Each of his highly publicized flights served to illustrate the speed and safety of modern air travel. His autobiography "Speed" was also published in 1930 documenting his life and aviation career. The book was well written and became a highly popular title (still sought-after to this day). During his goodwill tour of Europe in 1931, Hawks established 55 intercity records in 12 countries and after returning from Europe in late 1931, continuing to set over 130 U.S. point-to-point records in the "Texaco 13" until April 16, 1932, when the aircraft was heavily damaged in a crash.

paragraph: Section::::Achieving fame as a pilot.:Crash.

paragraph: "Time" magazine on April 18, 1932 wrote:

paragraph: Stocky, grinning Capt. Frank Monroe Hawks, famed publicity flyer, holder of nearly all informal city-to-city speed records in the U.S. and Europe, was not grinning one day last week when attendants at the Worcester, Massachusetts, airport pulled him from beneath his crashed Travel Air "Mystery Plane" Texaco 13. Day before he had hopped from Detroit (in 3 hr. 5 min.). lectured the Worcester Boy Scouts on the necessity of developing foolproof planes, but had delayed his departure until the next morning because of a soggy field. An escort plane had nosed up when it landed just ahead of Capt. Hawks. After attempting to take off from a short dirt road which cut diagonally across the airport, he headed his low-wing monoplane down the field, less than 700 ft. in length. Oozy ground sucked at the wheels, kept him from attaining the 70 m.p.h. required to zoom off. Toward the end of the runway, going about 50 m.p.h., the ship bounced off a low mound, cut through heavy undergrowth, somersaulted over a stone wall. Hawks cut the motor in time, and saved himself from cremation. Capt. Hawks's nose and jaw were fractured, his face badly battered, several of his big, white teeth knocked out. He lay unconscious in the hospital for hours. Said Harvard Medical School's famed plastic surgeon, Dr. Varaztad Hovhannes Kazanjian: "I do not think his speech will be affected. The operation for restoring his face should leave scarcely a scar." Capt. Hawks's good friend Will Rogers wired: "Sure glad nothing broke but your jaw. That will keep you still for a while. If I broke my jaw, I could still wire gags. What's the matter with you anyhow; are you getting ... brittle?"

paragraph: Following its repair, the aircraft was subsequently acquired in 1938 by the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, Illinois, where it remains on display.

paragraph: Section::::Achieving fame as a pilot.:More records.

paragraph: In June 1932, Hawks left the U.S. Army Air Corps Reserve, exchanging his commission for that of a United States Naval Reserve lieutenant commander. Texaco purchased the first Northrop Gamma 2A as the replacement for the "Texaco 13". The new aircraft was the first of the Gamma series and was specially designed for Hawks, fitted with then-new Sperry automatic pilot. This sleek, all metal high-speed mail and cargo aircraft was powered by a , 14-cylinder Wright Whirlwind twin-row, air-cooled radial engine and was first called "Texaco 11". The name was later changed to "Sky Chief" when Hawks had been honored by the Sioux Indian nation as a chief. "Texaco Sky Chief" became linked to all Northrop Gammas and was adopted as the name for Texaco's premium gasoline.

paragraph: Hawks continued to set records in his new aircraft, and on June 2, 1933, he set the west-to-east transcontinental airspeed record in "Texaco Sky Chief", flying from Los Angeles to Floyd Bennett Field, Brooklyn, New York in 13 hours, 26 minutes, and 15 seconds at an average speed of . After setting a bevy of new intercity marks, Hawks resigned from Texaco in 1935, but remained active as an aviation consultant and a test and demonstration pilot. Northrop hired him to fly the Gamma 2E attack bomber, a conversion of the original Gamma 2A. He demonstrated the aircraft to the Argentine Navy and effectively demonstrating the long-distance capabilities of the new type by flying from Buenos Aires to Los Angeles in three days. Taking off on May 3, 1935, with Gage H. Irving, Northrop's chief test pilot in the gunner's seat, Hawks broke 10 intercity speed records on the way to Los Angeles, with the resultant publicity ultimately responsible for orders of 51 Gamma 2E attack aircraft.

paragraph: Section::::Achieving fame as a pilot.:Designing his own aircraft.

paragraph: In 1936, Hawks approached Howell W. "Pete" Miller, chief engineer for the Granville Brothers and their famous Gee Bee racers, to create a racing aircraft to his own design. Hawks obtained sponsorship from the Gruen Watch Company and named the aircraft "Time Flies". The Hawks Miller HM-1 design featured streamlined lines including the unusual feature of "burying" the cockpit with a curved windshield contoured to fit the fuselage top extended in takeoff and landing but retracted in flight, with the pilot's seat lowered and the windshield flush with the fuselage. After its first flight on October 18, 1936, Hawks flew "Time Flies" on April 13, 1937, from Hartford, Connecticut to Miami, Florida, 4 hours and 55 minutes later. He then flew to Newark Airport, New Jersey, in 4 hours and 21 minutes but bounced on landing at Newark, and on the third bounce, a wooden spar had broken in the right wing, and others were also damaged. Short of funds, Hawks decided not to rebuild the aircraft which was sold to Tri-American Aviation where Miller rebuilt the aircraft as a two-seater, renamed the Miller HM-2, then the MAC-1 and Military Aircraft HM-1, to become a fast attack/observation aircraft. The aircraft was not successful in its new configuration, and after the sole example was destroyed in a crash, the project was abandoned.

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: Throughout his aviation career, Hawks was continually in the news, and was often linked with other famous aviators, including Jimmy Doolittle, Amelia Earhart, Charles Lindbergh and Eddie Rickenbacker, all of whom were personal friends. More than any other contemporary aviation figure, with the possible exception of Alexander P. de Seversky, Hawks exploited his image as an "ace" pilot with countless promotional ventures. Besides numerous advertisements that spotlighted the Hawks image (commonly billed above the title as "Captain Frank Hawks" but sometimes oddly called "Meteor Man"), he was a prominent spokesman for Post Cereals, featured in newspaper comic strips and children's adventure books. Through his "Air Hawks" and "Sky Patrol" fan clubs, Hawks was a favorite with young children.

paragraph: Hawks was also active in many causes; he flew noted humorist Will Rogers in a fund-raising campaign for the Red Cross to assist Oklahoma drought victims in 1931. During his odyssey with Rogers, they became friends and when the humorist realized that Hawks had natural acting ability, enlisted the pilot into his folksy act. Hawks gradually became more active in entertainment ventures with his long-running radio serial ("Hawk's Trail"), a starring role in "Klondike" (1932), and becoming the leading actor in a film serial, "The Mysterious Pilot" (1937). A prolific writer, he wrote a second book, "Once to Every Pilot" in 1936, along with numerous articles for publication, always promoting aviation.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Hawks announced his retirement from air racing in 1937 and joined the Gwinn Aircar Company, taking on the title of vice president in charge of sales. He toured the United States, giving flying demonstrations in the new "safety" aircraft, the Gwinn Aircar. By 1938, Hawks was listed as Gwinn Aircar Company Vice-President and Production Manager.

paragraph: Hawks, who told friends years before, "I expect to die in an airplane," died in 1938 flying a Gwinn Aircar which crashed in East Aurora, New York. "Time" magazine reported on September 5, 1938:

paragraph: Last week, Frank Hawks shuttled to East Aurora, N. Y. to show off his polliwog to a prospect, Sportsman J. Hazard Campbell. He landed neatly on the polo field in a nearby estate at about 5 p.m., climbed out, chatted awhile with Prospect Campbell and a cluster of friends. Presently he and Campbell took off smartly, cleared a fence, went atilt between two tall trees, and passed from sight. Then there was a rending crash, a smear of flame, silence. Half a mile the fearful group raced from the polo field. From the crackling wreck they pulled Frank Hawks; from beneath a burning wing, Prospect Campbell — both fatally hurt. The ship that could not stub its toe aground had tripped on overhead telephone wires.

paragraph: An article and plans for modeling the Gwinn Aircar in which Hawks died was published in the November 1938 issue of "Flying Aces" magazine as a tribute to Hawks.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The Frank M. Hawks Memorial Award bestowed from the American Legion Air Service Post 501 of New York City recognized significant achievement in aviation. Juan Trippe and William (Bill) Powell Lear have been past recipients.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Howard Hughes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Lindbergh

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Air Race

paragraph: BULLET::::- Northrop Gamma

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roscoe Turner

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Mysterious Pilot

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aeronautics: Flights and Flyers.""Time". August 18, 1930.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aeronautics: "Hawks and Grubb." "Time", February 18, 1929.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aeronautics: International Races." "Time", September 11, 1933.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aeronautics: Shrewd Hawks." "Time", April 7, 1930.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aeronautics: Speed." "Time", December 14, 1931.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Allen, Richard Sanders. "Revolution in the Sky: Those Fabulous Lockheeds, The Pilots Who Flew Them". Brattleboro, Vermont: The Stephen Greene Press, 1964.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boyne, Walt. "Built for Speed: Pt. II of the Howell Miller Legend." "Wings," Vol. 8, No. 2, April 78.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cowin, Hugh W. "The Risk Takers, A Unique Pictorial Record 1908-1972: Racing & Record-setting Aircraft" (Aviation Pioneer 2). London: Osprey Aviation, 1999. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daniels, C.M. "Speed: The Story of Frank Hawks." "Air Classics", Vol. 6, No. 2, December 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dwiggins, Don. "The Air Devils: The Story of Ballonists, Barnstormers, and Stunt Pilots". Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1966.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Forden, Lesley. "The Ford Air Tours: 1925-1931". Alameda, California: Nottingham Press, 1973. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frank Hawks dies as plane falls." "The New York Times", August 24, 1938.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frank Hawks Obituary." "Lima News", Lima, Ohio, August 24, 1938.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frank Hawks, Takes the Continent in His Stride." "The New York Times", July 19, 1931.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fraser, Chelsea Curtis. "Famous American Flyers" (Flight, Its First Seventy-five Years). Manchester, New Hampshire: Ayer Company Publishers Inc., 1979. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harmon, Jim and Donald F. Glut. "Real Life Heroes: Just Strangle the Lion in Your Usual Way". "The Great Movie Serials: Their Sound and Fury". London: Routledge Publishing, 1973. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hawks, Captain Frank. "Once to Every Pilot". New York: Stackpole Sons, 1936.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hawks, Frank. "Speed." New York: Brewer, Warren & Putnam, 1931.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hull, Robert. "September Champions: The Story of America's Air Racing Pioneers". Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 1979. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kinert, Reed. "American Racing Planes and Historic Air Races". New York: Wilcox and Follett Company, 1952.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kinert, Reed. "Racing Planes and Air Races: A Complete History, Vol. 1 1909-1923". Fallbrook, California: Aero Publishers, Inc., 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lewis, Peter. "Hawks HM-1 'Time Flies'." "Air Pictorial", Volume 3, No. 11, November 1973.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matthews, Birch. "Race With The Wind: How Air Racing Advanced Aviation". St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks, 2001. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musciano, Walter A. "Frank Hawks: The Story of the Legendary Speed Flying King." "Aviation History", November 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- O'Hare, Bob. "Gamma." "Air Classics", Volume 7, No. 2, December 1970.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pahl, Gerard. "Mystery Ship." "Air Classics", Volume 41, No. 9, September 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phillips, Edward H. "Travel Air: Wings Over the Prairie". Egan, Minnesota: Flying Books International, 1994. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frank Hawks at Flickr via San Diego Air & Space Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frank Hawks bibliography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ace Pilots: Frank Hawks

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Air Controlled Robot Relieves Human Flyer","Popular Mechanics", March 1933

description: American aviator

wikidata_label: Frank Hawks

wikipedia_title: Frank Hawks


text: East Lothian

text: Scottish

text: Member of Parliament

text: Prime Minister

text: Arthur Balfour, 1st Earl of Balfour

text: James Balfour

text: James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale

text: Eton

text: Trinity College, Cambridge

text: Whittingehame House

text: Strathconan

text: Grosvenor Square

text: North British Railway

text: railway mania

text: Member of Parliament

text: Haddington

text: Traprain Law

text: East Linton

text: Scotland

text: Robert

text: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

text: Eleanor Mildred Balfour

text: Henry Sidgwick

text: Newnham College, Cambridge

text: John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh

text: Arthur James Balfour, 1st Earl Balfour

text: Conservative

text: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

text: Alice Blanche Balfour

text: Francis Maitland Balfour

text: University of Cambridge

text: Chief Secretary for Ireland

text: President of the Board of Trade

text: Eustace James Anthony Balfour

text: ADC

text: King Edward VII

text: Lady Frances Balfour

text: suffragist

text: tuberculosis

text: Funchal

text: Madeira

text: The Peerage

categories: People educated at Eton College,Balfour family of Whittingehame,Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,Scottish landowners,British railway entrepreneurs,19th-century deaths from tuberculosis,People from Haddington, East Lothian,1856 deaths,Infectious disease deaths in Portugal,1820 births,UK MPs 1841–1847,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies

paragraph: James Maitland Balfour

paragraph: James Maitland Balfour (5 January 1820 – 23 February 1856), of Whittinghame, East Lothian, was a Scottish land-owner and businessman. He made a fortune in the 19th-century railway boom, and inherited a significant portion of his father's great wealth.

paragraph: He was a Conservative Member of Parliament in the 1840s, and was the father of Prime Minister Arthur Balfour, 1st Earl of Balfour.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Balfour was the son of James Balfour ("c."1775–1845) and his wife Lady Eleanor, daughter of James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge.

paragraph: Balfour inherited his father's neo-classical mansion Whittingehame House and his Highland estate at Strathconan, as well as a house in Grosvenor Square, London.

paragraph: He also inherited his father's business skills, and became a director of the North British Railway at the height of the railway mania, which earned him a fortune.

paragraph: He served as Member of Parliament for Haddington from 1841 until 1847 and was also Major Commandant of the East Lothian Yeomanry Cavalry, who erected the Balfour Monument in his honour overlooking Traprain Law, south west of East Linton in Scotland.

paragraph: Balfour married Lady Blanche Mary Harriet Gascoyne-Cecil, daughter of James Gascoyne-Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Salisbury, on 15 August 1843 (her brother Robert later became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom). They had eight children, five sons and three daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eleanor Mildred Balfour (1845–1936), who married Henry Sidgwick and was Principal of Newnham College, Cambridge

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evelyn Georgiana Mary Balfour (1846/7–1934), married John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur James Balfour, 1st Earl Balfour (1848–1930), Conservative politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1902 to 1905

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cecil Charles Balfour (1849–1881)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alice Blanche Balfour (1850–1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francis Maitland Balfour (1851–1882), Professor of Animal Morphology at the University of Cambridge

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerald William Balfour, 2nd Earl Balfour (1853–1945), Conservative politician who served as Chief Secretary for Ireland and President of the Board of Trade

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colonel Eustace James Anthony Balfour (1854–1911), an architect who served as ADC to King Edward VII. His wife Lady Frances Balfour was a leading suffragist.

paragraph: Balfour died of tuberculosis on 23 February 1856 in Funchal, Madeira, aged 36. Lady Blanche Balfour died in 1872.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Peerage

description: British politician

wikidata_label: James Maitland Balfour

wikipedia_title: James Maitland Balfour


text: Roman dictator

text: Julius Caesar

text: Cornelia

text: Pompey

text: Aurelia Cotta

text: Servilia

text: Marcus Junius Brutus

text: Pompey

text: First Triumvirate

text: optimates

text: oligarchal

text: Marcus Tullius Cicero

text: Cato the Younger

text: Hispania Ulterior

text: Roman grain supply

text: Carinae

text: Alban

text: field of Mars

text: Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus

text: Marcus Antonius

text: Forum

text: Caesar's civil war

text: omen

text: Augustus

text: manes

text: Venus Genetrix

text: Julians

text: Cornelia

text: Caesar

text: Pompey

text: Colleen McCullough

text: Dante Alighieri

text: The Divine Comedy

text: Limbo

text: Renaissance

text: Carlo Marsuppini

text: Piccarda Bueri

text: Julius Caesar

text: Nicole Grimaudo

text: Rome

text: Livy

text: Tacitus

text: Annals

text: Appian

text: Cicero

text: Letters to Atticus

text: Plutarch

text: Parallel Lives

text: Life of Caesar

text: Life of Pompey

text: Life of Cato the Younger

text: Suetonius

text: Life of Julius Caesar

text: Seneca

text: To Marcia, On consolation

text: Augustine of Hippo

text: Valerius Maximus

text: William Smith

text: Dante Alighieri

text: Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton

categories: 54 BC deaths,70s BC births,Wives of Pompey,Julio-Claudian dynasty,Julii,Deaths in childbirth,1st-century BC Roman women

paragraph: Julia (daughter of Caesar)

paragraph: Julia (c. 76 BC–54 BC) was the daughter of Roman dictator Julius Caesar by his first wife Cornelia, and his only child from his three marriages. Julia became the fourth wife of Pompey the Great and was renowned for her beauty and virtue.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Julia was probably born around 76 BC. Her mother died in 69 BC when Julia was only seven years old, after which she was raised by her paternal grandmother Aurelia Cotta. Her father engaged her to Quintus Servilius Caepio, who was the brother of Caesar's long-time mistress Servilia. The notion that it could have been Marcus Junius Brutus (Caesar's most famous assassin), who, after being adopted by his uncle, was known as Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus for an unknown period of time, is just a conjecture. Caesar broke off this engagement and married her to Pompey in April 59 BC, with whom Caesar sought a strong political alliance in forming the First Triumvirate. This family-alliance of its two great chiefs was regarded as the firmest bond between Caesar and Pompey, and was accordingly viewed with much alarm by the "optimates" (the oligarchal party in Rome), especially by Marcus Tullius Cicero and Cato the Younger.

paragraph: Pompey was supposedly infatuated with his bride. The personal charms of Julia were remarkable: she was a kind woman of beauty and virtue; and although policy prompted her union, and she was thirty years younger than her husband, she possessed in Pompey a devoted husband, to whom she was, in return, devotedly attached. A rumor suggested that the middle aged conqueror was losing interest in politics in favor of domestic life with his young wife. In fact, Pompey had been given the governorship of Hispania Ulterior, but had been permitted to remain in Rome to oversee the Roman grain supply as "curator annonae", exercising his command through subordinates.

paragraph: Julia died before a breach between her husband and father had become inevitable. At the election of aediles in 55 BC, Pompey was surrounded by a tumultuous mob, and his gown was sprinkled with blood of the rioters. A slave carried the stained toga to his house on the Carinae and was seen by Julia. Imagining that her husband was slain, she fell into premature labor, and her constitution received an irreparable shock. In August of the next year, 54 BC, she died in child birth, and her infant—a son, according to some writers, a daughter, according to others,—did not survive and died along with Julia. Caesar was in Britain, according to Seneca, when he received the tidings of Julia's death.

paragraph: Pompey wished her ashes to repose in his favourite Alban villa, but the Roman people, who loved Julia, determined they should rest in the field of Mars ("Campus Martius"). For permission a special decree of the senate was necessary, and Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, one of the consuls of 54 BC, impelled by his hatred for Pompey and Caesar, procured an interdict from the tribunes. But the popular will prevailed, and, after listening to a funeral oration in the forum, the people placed her urn in the field of Mars. Ten years later the official pyre for Caesar's cremation would be erected near the tomb of his daughter, but the people intervened after the funeral oration by Marcus Antonius and cremated Caesar's body in the Forum.

paragraph: After Julia’s death, Pompey and Caesar’s alliance began to fade, which resulted in Caesar's civil war. It was allegedly remarked, as a singular omen, that on the day Augustus entered Rome as Caesar's adoptive son (in May 44 BC), the monument of Julia was struck by lightning. Caesar himself vowed a ceremony to her manes, which he exhibited in 46 BC as extensive funeral games including gladiatorial combats. The date of the ceremony was chosen to coincide with the "ludi Veneris Genetricis" on September 26, the festival in honor of Venus Genetrix, the divine ancestress of the Julians.

paragraph: Section::::Chronology.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 76 BC — Julia's birth

paragraph: BULLET::::- 69 BC–68 BC — Cornelia (Julia's mother and Caesar's first wife) dies in childbirth

paragraph: BULLET::::- 59 BC — marriage to Pompey

paragraph: BULLET::::- 55 BC — Julia has a miscarriage

paragraph: BULLET::::- 54 BC — Julia dies in child birth, her child only survives a few days

paragraph: Section::::Cultural depictions of Julia.:Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the novel "Caesar's Women" by Colleen McCullough, Julia is one of the three main female characters, along with her grandmother Aurelia Cotta and her father's mistress Servilia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Dante Alighieri's epic poem "The Divine Comedy" (14th century), Julia was encountered by Dante in the first circle of Hell, the "Limbo" (where rest souls who are not in torture, the pagans that lived righteous existences):

paragraph: The Italian Renaissance poet Carlo Marsuppini wrote a eulogy about Piccarda Bueri, in which he compared her to Julia. He names her as an example of great marital devotion.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural depictions of Julia.:Television.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In "Julius Caesar" (2002 television movie), the role of the child Julia is played by Alexandra Morris, while the role of the adult Julia is played by Italian actress Nicole Grimaudo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julia's death is portrayed in the premiere episode of HBO's 2005 television series "Rome". However, Julia actually died in childbirth in 54 BC, at least 5 years before the events of this episode.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livy, "Periochae".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tacitus, "Annals".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appian, "Civil Wars".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cicero

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Letters to Atticus".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oration for Publius Quinctius".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plutarch, "Parallel Lives

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Life of Caesar".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Life of Pompey".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Life of Cato the Younger".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suetonius, "Life of Julius Caesar".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seneca, "To Marcia, On consolation".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Augustine of Hippo, "The city of God".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Valerius Maximus, "Factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri iv.6.4"

paragraph: Section::::References.:Secondary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This entry incorporates public domain text originally from:"

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Smith (ed.), "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology", 1870.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Smith (ed.), "A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology and Geography", 1851.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dante Alighieri, "The Divine Comedy", translated by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Boston: Ticknor & Fields, 1867.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton, "Magistrates of the Roman Republic", vol. 2, 132, New York, (1951–1986).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matthias Gelzer, "Caesar, Politician and Statesman", (translated by Peter Needham), Oxford, 1968.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John T. Ramsey, A. Lewis Licht, "Comet of 44 B.C. and Caesar's Funeral Games", Oxford University Press US, 1997.

alias:
Julia, daughter of Gaius Caesar
Julia C. Caesaris f.
Julia Gaii Caesaris filia
Julia Caesaris filia

description: daughter of Julius Caesar and Cornelia Cinna minor

wikidata_label: Julia

wikipedia_title: Julia (daughter of Caesar)


text:
Gaius Julius Caesar
Aurelia Cotta
Gaius Julius Caesar
Augustus
praenomina
Publius Clodius Pulcher
Pompeia, Julius Caesar's wife
Marcus Atius Balbus
plebeian
Atia Balba Caesonia
Octavia Minor
Mark Antony
Augustus
Lucius Marcius Philippus
Paullus Fabius Maximus
Paullus Fabius Persicus
Fabia Numantina
Africanus Fabius Maximus
Claudia
Gaius Junius Silanus
Appia
Appius Junius Silanus
Decimus Junius Silanus
Julia the Younger
Marcus Junius Silanus
Octavius
Suetonius
Julia

categories: 51 BC deaths,2nd-century BC  Roman women,Julio-Claudian dynasty,Julii,101 BC births,1st-century BC  Roman women

paragraph: Julia Minor (sister of Caesar)

paragraph: Julia, also known as Julia Minor and Julia the Younger, (101–51 BC) was the second of two daughters of Gaius Julius Caesar and Aurelia Cotta. She was the sister of the dictator Gaius Julius Caesar, and the maternal grandmother of Augustus.

paragraph: Section::::Siblings.

paragraph: Julia and her siblings were born and raised at Rome. Because Roman daughters typically received praenomina only if they had several elder sisters, the elder sister came to be known as "Julia Major", and the younger as "Julia Minor", when it was necessary to distinguish between them.

paragraph: It is not known if it was the elder or the younger of the dictator's sisters who gave evidence against Publius Clodius Pulcher when he was impeached for impiety in 61 BC. Julia and her mother gave the legal courts a detailed account of the affair he had with Pompeia, Julius Caesar's wife. Caesar divorced Pompeia over the scandal.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and offspring.

paragraph: Caesar's youngest sister married Marcus Atius Balbus, a praetor and commissioner who came from a senatorial family of plebeian status. Julia bore him three (or two, according to other sources) daughters. The second daughter, known as Atia Balba Caesonia was the mother of Octavia Minor (fourth wife of triumvir Mark Antony) and of first Emperor Augustus. Atia Balba Caesonia' sister, Atia Balba Prima (or Atia Balba Tertia) was the wife of Lucius Marcius Philippus. Their daughter, Marcia, later married to Paullus Fabius Maximus and bore him a son, Paullus Fabius Persicus. Fabia Numantina was either Marcia's daughter with Maximus or a daughter of his brother Africanus Fabius Maximus.

paragraph: Another Atia, who may have been her daughter or her husband's daughter with a woman named Claudia, was married to Gaius Junius Silanus. Their son, also named Gaius Junius Silanus, became consul in AD 10. Though, Atia may have been the emendation of "Appia". Sons of the consul in 10 were Appius Junius Silanus, consul in 28, Decimus Junius Silanus, who involved in the disgrace of Julia the Younger, and Marcus Junius Silanus, "consul suffectus" in 15.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Balbus died in 52 BC and Julia died a year later. At age 12 Octavius, her youngest grandson, the future Emperor Augustus, delivered her funeral oration.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suetonius - The Twelve Caesars - Caesar and Augustus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julia, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology

alias:
Iulia
Julia C. Caesaris f.
Julia Gaii Caesaris filia
Julia, daughter of Gaius Caesar
Iulia Minor
Julia Minor
Julia Caesaris filia

description: second eldest sister of Julius Caesar and grandmother of August

wikidata_label: Julia the Younger

wikipedia_title: Julia Minor (sister of Caesar)


text: Gaius Julius Caesar II

text: Caesar

text: Quintus Marcius Rex

text: Gaius Julius Caesar III

text: Julius Caesar

text: Sextus Julius Caesar III

text: Gaius Marius

text: Gaius Marius the Younger

text: Plutarch

text: patrician

text: Roman Senate

text: Sulla

text: a devoted funeral eulogy

text: Julius Caesar

text: Women of the Julii Caesares

text: Julia (gens)

text: Julii Caesares

text: Julio-Claudian family tree

text: Plutarch

text: Parallel Lives

text: (Gaius) Marius

text: John Dryden translation at MIT classics

text: (Julius) Caesar

text: John Dryden translation at MIT classics

text: Livius.org: Julia

categories: 2nd-century BC Roman women,130s BC births,Ancient Roman women,1st-century BC Romans,2nd-century BC Romans,Julio-Claudian dynasty,69 BC deaths,1st-century BC Roman women

paragraph: Julia (wife of Marius)

paragraph: Julia (c. 130 BC – 69 BC) was a daughter of Gaius Julius Caesar II (praetor-grandfather of Caesar) and Marcia (daughter of praetor Quintus Marcius Rex). She was a sister of Gaius Julius Caesar III (the father of Julius Caesar) and Sextus Julius Caesar III, consul in 91 BC.

paragraph: At about 110 BC she married Gaius Marius; as a result, she is sometimes referred to as Julia Maria. They had a son, Gaius Marius the Younger.

paragraph: According to Plutarch, it was by marrying her, a patrician woman, that the upstart Marius got the snobbish attention of the Roman Senate and launched his political career. Julia is remembered as a virtuous woman devoted to her husband and their only child. Her reputation alone permitted her to keep her status, even after Sulla's persecutions against Marius himself and his allies.

paragraph: Julia died in 69 BC and received a devoted funeral eulogy from her nephew Julius Caesar.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Women of the Julii Caesares

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julia (gens)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julii Caesares

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julio-Claudian family tree

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plutarch, "Parallel Lives", written approx. 75 CE:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "(The Life of) (Gaius) Marius"

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Dryden translation at MIT classics

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stewart/Long translation at Project Gutenberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernadotte Perrin (ed.) translation at LacusCurtius

paragraph: BULLET::::- "(The Life of) (Julius) Caesar"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernadotte Perrin (ed.) translation at Perseus project

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas North (ed.) translation at Perseus project

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livius.org: Julia

alias:
Julia Caesaris filia
Julia Gaii Caesaris filia
Julia C. Caesaris f.
Julia Marii uxor
Julia, daughter of Gaius Caesar
Julia, wife of Marius
Julia Maria
Júlia

description: wife of Gaius Marius

wikipedia_title: Julia (wife of Marius)


text:
Armenian
Getabek
Elisabethpol Governorate
Azerbaijan
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Armenian
composer
European classical music
Armenian
folk music
religious music
Echmiadzin
Yerevan
Soghomon Soghomonian
St. Petersburg
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
Alexander Glazunov
Anatoly Lyadov
Fath-Ali Shah
Ronald Grigor Suny
The Suni Project

categories: 20th-century classical composers,Armenian composers,20th-century American composers,Male classical composers,American musicians of Armenian descent,1876 births,People from Gadabay District,People from Elisabethpol Governorate,20th-century male musicians,1939 deaths,Imperial Russian emigrants to the United States

paragraph: Grikor Suni

paragraph: Grikor Mirzaian Suni (Armenian Գրիգոր Միրզայեան Սիւնի) (originally Grikor Mirzaian, given name also transliterated as Grigor) (September 10, 1876, Getabek (now Gədəbəy), at the time a village in Elisabethpol Governorate of the Russian empire, now part of Azerbaijan – December 18, 1939, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was an Armenian composer.

paragraph: The music he wrote—choral works, songs, several operas, and orchestral and instrumental works—is European classical music, but suffused with the tradition of Armenian folk music and religious music, of which he was an avid collector and registrator.

paragraph: Originating from a line of musicians, he studied music from 1891 to 1895 at the Gevorgian Academy in Echmiadzin, near Yerevan, with Soghomon Soghomonian (later known as Komitas Vardapet), with whom he became friends and a long-time collaborator.

paragraph: Then he moved to St. Petersburg, where he studied music from 1895 to 1904 with Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Alexander Glazunov and Anatoly Lyadov.

paragraph: His great grandfather was Ashiq-Bashi (Chief Minstrel) at the court of Fath-Ali Shah. Ronald Grigor Suny, Emeritus Professor of political science at the University of Chicago, is a grandson of Grikor Mirzaian Suni.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Suni Project

alias:
Grikor Mirzaian
Grigor Suni
Grigor Mirzaian

description: Armenian and American composer

wikidata_label: Grikor Suni

wikipedia_title: Grikor Suni


text: Italian

text: French

text: Serlo of Hauteville

text: Tancred of Hauteville

text: Mezzogiorno

text: Roger

text: Calabria

text: Sicily

text: Saracens

text: Cape Farò

text: Messina

text: Cerami

text: Enna

text: Palermo

text: Nicosia

text: Gerace

text: Serrata

text: Surito

text: Cerami

text: Boiano

text: Serlo III

text: Ingelmarius

paragraph: Serlo II of Hauteville

paragraph: Serlo II (also "Sarlo", "Serlone" in Italian and "Serlon" in French : after 1027/35 – 1072), son and namesake of Serlo of Hauteville and grandson of Tancred of Hauteville, went to seek his fortunes in the Mezzogiorno along with his numerous uncles and cousins, following Roger around 1056, for he is found in Calabria in 1060.

paragraph: He joined Roger's expedition to Sicily in 1060 and, the next year, he routed the Saracens at Cape Farò, preventing their retreat to Messina. This expedition ended, however, in failure. Serlo accompanied Roger on his 1065 expedition as well, and there he was one of the commanders, being given charge of holding the town of Cerami when the Saracens surprised them there. He was holding off reinforcements from the central stronghold of Enna when, in 1071, Palermo itself fell. In 1072, he and his small band of followers were ambushed near Nicosia by a large Saracen army. They managed to climb to the flat top of a large rock, where they fought to the last man. The rock was commemorated with a large carving of a cross and was remembered as the "Pietra di Serlone", "Serlo's Rock", until it was demolished in the 1960s by a construction firm.

paragraph: He was made lord of Gerace, Serrata, Surito, and Cerami soon before his death, but he never took up control of his fiefs. He was married to Altruda, daughter of Rudolf, count of Boiano, and had two children: Serlo III and Eliusa. His widow remarried to Ingelmarius.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Le origine della “Rocca di Sarro” (Serlo's Rock)

description: Italo-Norman soldier of fortune

wikidata_label: Serlo II of Hauteville

wikipedia_title: Serlo II of Hauteville


text: Isshin-ryū

text: Tatsuo Shimabuku

text: United States Marine Corps

text: Vietnam War

text: Master Sergeant

text: Operation Frequent Wind

text: MCRD San Diego

text: Camp Pendleton

text: Camp S. D. Butler

text: Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton

text: Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal

text: Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal

text: Presidential Unit Citation

text: Navy Unit Commendation

text: Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation

text: Marine Corps Good Conduct Medal

text: National Defense Service Medal

text: Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal

text: Vietnam Service Medal

text: Humanitarian Service Medal

text: Sea Service Deployment Ribbon

text: Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation

text: Republic of Vietnam Civil Action Unit Citation

text: Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal

text: Shorinryu

text: Gojuryu

text: Uechi-ryu

text: James Byron Huggins

text: James Byron Huggins

text: Advinculavideos.com

text: Msisshinryu.com

paragraph: Arcenio James Advincula

paragraph: Arcenio James Advincula is a martial artist and a first-generation student of the founder of Isshin-ryū Karate, Tatsuo Shimabuku. He also has an extensive background in Largo Mano Eskrima, Hindiandi Gung Fu, Ryukyu Kobudo and Combat Judo. He is a veteran of the United States Marine Corps who served for 22 years, 6 months, 18 days including two tours in Vietnam during the Vietnam War. He retired in 1981 as a Master Sergeant.

paragraph: Some of his other notable accomplishments include; designing the Isshinryu patch, receiving a Black Belt Emeritus from the United States Marine Corps, working with the San Diego Chargers on body mechanics, selected by the Okinawan Government to represent the U.S. at the 2005 Okinawa Karate and Kobudo Exchange Symposium.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Arcenio James Advincula was born in Juneau, Alaska on January 25, 1938. When World War Two broke out Advincula's father, who was Filipino, brought him to a Filipino family by the name of Diaz to take care of him. His father left for Anchorage where he worked for the U. S. Army Air Corps at Elmendorf Air Base. At the conclusion of the war in 1945 Advincula was reunited with his father in Anchorage.

paragraph: Advincula began his Martial Arts training in 1946 at the age of 8. His father hired two of his friends who were close-combat instructors for the Philippine Army, Pete Rado and Tony Navarro, to train him. Pete Rado began teaching Advincula Escrima knife fighting and Tony Navarro began teaching him knife fighting with a K-Bar. They both taught him Combat Judo. Around this time his father bought him a Springfield Navy Training Rifle and he started rifle and bayonet training as well.

paragraph: Section::::Military background.

paragraph: Advincula's active duty career in the United States Marine Corps spanned 24 years and began on April 30, 1957 when he enlisted at Anchorage, Alaska at the age of 19. During the course of his career he served 2 tours in Vietnam, one of which was ended by a back injury. He returned to Vietnam for about 40 days in 1975 after volunteering to assist in Operation Frequent Wind, the evacuation of U.S. citizens and allies before the impending fall of South Vietnam. Some of the highlights of his distinguished military service include the following:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Enlisted in the United States Marine Corps in Anchorage, Alaska, 30 April 1957 at the age of 19

paragraph: BULLET::::- Went through Boot Camp at MCRD San Diego, CA (May-Aug 1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Assigned to the First Pioneer Battalion (MOS 1371 Combat Engineer) Camp Pendleton, CA

paragraph: BULLET::::- Assigned to Okinawa - Camp S. D. Butler - 26 November 1958 for a 13½-month tour (concluded first tour on Okinawa 10 March 1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Returned to Alaska (3 April 1960). Released from Active Duty 18 April 1960

paragraph: BULLET::::- Returned to Okinawa as a civilian on 2 January 1961

paragraph: BULLET::::- Returned to Alaska May 1961

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reenlisted for active duty 25 September 1961

paragraph: BULLET::::- Returned to Okinawa on active duty 28 November 1961

paragraph: BULLET::::- 18 November 1964 returned to Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton

paragraph: BULLET::::- 24 August 1965 - 15 August 1966 deployed to Camp Love, Danang Vietnam as a member of Bravo Company, 7th Engineer Battalion,1st Marine Division

paragraph: BULLET::::- 28 September 1966 - 13 January 1969 Stationed at Maint Co. H&S Battalion, Marine Corps Base (MCB) 29 Palms, CA

paragraph: BULLET::::- Returned to Vietnam 16 March 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- 22 April 1970 - 27 August 1972 assigned to Headquarters Company, H&S Battalion, Parris Island, SC

paragraph: BULLET::::- 28 August 1972 - 2 January 1975 assigned to "F" Company, 2nd Recruiting and Training Battalion, Parris Island, SC

paragraph: BULLET::::- 16 January 1975 - 8 February 1976 reassigned to Okinawa

paragraph: BULLET::::- 21 April 1981 retired from the United States Marine Corp as Master Sergeant, after 22 ½ years of distinguished service to his country.

paragraph: Section::::Military background.:Military decorations.

paragraph: Advincula’s personal decorations include (Foreign and non-U.S. personal and unit decorations are in order of precedence based on military guidelines and award date):

paragraph: BULLET::::- Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal w/ "V" Valor device & 1 service star

paragraph: BULLET::::- Presidential Unit Citation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Navy Unit Commendation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marine Corps Good Conduct Medal w/ 6 service stars

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Defense Service Medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal w/ 1 service star

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vietnam Service Medal w/ 4 service stars

paragraph: BULLET::::- Humanitarian Service Medal w/ 2 service stars

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sea Service Deployment Ribbon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation w/ Palm & Frame

paragraph: BULLET::::- Republic of Vietnam Civil Action Unit Citation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal (1960-)

paragraph: Section::::Military background.:USMC legacy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 Established use of the vertical punch at USMC Recruit Depot in San Diego, CA.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 The Marine Corps adopted Advincula's rifle & bayonet/knife and close combat :system by holding the rifles pistol grip in bayonet fighting instead of changing the grip and holding the rear stock of the rifle.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 Received Black Belt Emeritus from USMC for helping to pioneer the Marine Corps Martial Arts program.

paragraph: Section::::Martial arts background.

paragraph: Section::::Martial arts background.:Escrima/Knife/Combat Judo.

paragraph: Began in 1946 at the age of eight. Instructors were Pete Rado and Tony Navarro, both of whom were Filipino Scouts and close combat instructors. Pete Rado taught Advincula escrima and Tony Navarro knife fighting. Later he trained with Loi Miranda in Alaska (1961).

paragraph: Section::::Martial arts background.:Hindiandi Gung Fu.

paragraph: In 1961, after returning to Okinawa, Advincula encountered an Okinawan friend with whom he had worked during his prior active duty. The man, Nago Shinu, asked him if he would like to meet "#1 strong man on Okinawa". Advincula at first declined because he thought Nago was talking about a weight lifter and he had no interest. Nago explained that he was referring a man who had studied Martial Arts in China. When he found this out he agreed accepted the invitation. He and Gayle Beams, who was one of his students at the Anchorage Dojo (see Isshinryu section below) went with Nago to meet Kang Kaneshiro (Kinjo) in Hamada. Kaneshiro initially agreed to teach Advincula but not Beams. He later accepted Beams as a student as well after Advincula requested that he do so.

paragraph: Later, when Advincula began Ryu Kon Kai kobudo training with Kotaro Iha, he found out that one of the instructors in Iha's dojo, Aka Seiko, was a cousin of Kaneshiro.

paragraph: Section::::Martial arts background.:Shorin Ryu.

paragraph: Advincula began training in Shorinryu with Segin Nagamine at Kin Village, Okinawa in 1962.

paragraph: Section::::Martial arts background.:Goju Ryu.

paragraph: Trained in Gojuryu with Kinei Nakasone and Masanobu Shinjo (Nakasone's teacher) beginning in 1963 at Kin village & at New Koza, Okinawa.

paragraph: Section::::Martial arts background.:Uechi Ryu.

paragraph: Began studying Uechi-ryu from Kosuke Yonamine at Koza, Okinawa, 1975 after the death of Shimabuku.

paragraph: Section::::Martial arts background.:Ryu Kon Kai Ryukyu Kobudo.

paragraph: In 1975 started training in Ryu Kon Kai kobudo from Kotaro Iha at Taba village, Okinawa. After Shimabuku died, Advincula's brother in law asked him if he would like to continue his kobudo training with Iha, his friend. He has continued his relationship with Iha to this day and he was promoted to Nanadan and received his Shihan Menkyo (Instructors License) in Ryukonkai Kobudo from Iha in September 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Martial arts background.:Isshinryu.

paragraph: Advincula was first stationed on Okinawa in late November 1958. After he had completed his check in sheet and was reporting to his NCOIC he saw a sign for judo classes and he asked the NCOIC about the classes. The NCOIC, who was a Green Belt in Isshinryu, asked him if he would like to try karate and told Advincula that he would take him to meet "Papasan" on Advincula's first liberty. Advincula accepted the invitation and on December 1, 1958 he went to the Agena Dojo and met Shimabuku for the first time.

paragraph: Advincula trained with Shimabuku regularly until his departure from Okinawa nearly fourteen months later. After returning to Alaska in April 1960 he opened his first dojo in Anchorage, teaching out of a health club facility.

paragraph: Advincula returned to Okinawa as a civilian on January 2, 1961. He once again began training with Shimabuku at the Agena Dojo. It was during this period that Advincula received the consent of Shimabuku to design and have made the Isshinryu Megami patch. This is the only patch that is known to have been approved by Shimabuku.

paragraph: Around May 1961 Advincula returned to Alaska but shortly thereafter (25 September 1961) he re-enlisted for active duty and he returned to Okinawa in November 1961. He continued his Isshinryu training with Shimabuku at this time.

paragraph: In late 1964 Advincula was reassigned to Camp Pendleton and he returned to California, where he opened a dojo in Carlsbad, California with H. Mitchum.

paragraph: In August 1965 he was deployed to the Republic of Vietnam to serve a 12-month tour (see Military Background). He returned to California once again in August 1966.

paragraph: In February 1969 he returned to Vietnam for his second tour of duty. After he sustained an injury he was med-evaced to Okinawa and assigned to Casual Company, Camp Butler. He continued his training with Shimabuku once again.

paragraph: Upon completion of his tour Advincula was assigned to Parris Island, SC from April 1970 until January 1975 at which time he was once again stationed on Okinawa. It was during this period, on May 1, that Kichiro Shimabuku opened his Kinaka dojo and hosted a Grand Opening. Advincula encouraged Shimabuku to attend and one of the last pictures of Shimabuku was taken as he left the event.

paragraph: 1977 Co-founded the United Isshin-ryu Karate Association with Harold Mitchum.

paragraph: 1983 Made three Escrima Videos for Panther Productions.

paragraph: 1986 Published author in Black Belt Magazine & Wholeheart News.

paragraph: 1987 Black Belt Magazine Co-instructor of the year with Ray Dalke.

paragraph: 1988 Featured in Karate/Kung-fu Illustrated.

paragraph: 1996 Commemorated 50th anniversary in the martial arts.

paragraph: 2001 Co-founded the Isshinkai (Isshin-ryu Karatedo & Kobudo & TOMO NO KAI) with Kensho Tokumura

paragraph: 2002 Created Video (now DVD) series of instruction on Isshin-ryu Karate and Kobudo.

paragraph: 2008 Commemorated 50th anniversary in Isshin-ryu Karate.

paragraph: Section::::Martial arts background.:Additional martial arts highlights.:Martial arts legacy.

paragraph: Advincula began hosting Okinawan cultural tours in April 1994. He takes small groups to Okinawa to meet, train and socialize with friends, family and Okinawan Martial Artists. One of the primary purposes of the tours is to give those participating an opportunity to learn about and experience the culture of Okinawa, as his teacher, Shimabuku requested:

paragraph: "Even if we cannot promote friendship between Okinawa and America through karate, my true hope is that if karate becomes popular in the U.S.A. and Hawaii, then Okinawa would also become more well understood."

paragraph: On one of these tours, April 15, 1999, Shimabuku's second son Shinsho (Ciso) presented Advincula with his father's bo cover.

paragraph: In January 2005 the government of Okinawa held the "Okinawa Karate and Kobudo Exchange Symposium". This symposium was organized to educate and demonstrate the difference between Japanese and Okinawan karate. Guests were invited from several of the different prefectures in Japan, and one guest from each of the following countries Argentina, France, Germany, Iraq, and Advincula from the United States. Only five people from outside of Okinawa and Japan were to selected to attend and he was one of them.

paragraph: Section::::Additional accomplishments.

paragraph: 1987 to 1993 - Body Management Coach (body mechanics) of the San Diego Chargers (NFL) Football Team.

paragraph: 1992 Designed Fighting Knife (FleshEAteR) for knife maker, Jim Hammond.

paragraph: 1994 Interviewed by CNN as knife expert on O.J. Simpson case.

paragraph: 1994 Flesheater knife plays a major role in the 1994 action novel, The Reckoning, by James Byron Huggins. One editor said, “This book does for knife fighting what Tom Clancy did for submarine warfare.”

paragraph: 2010 The book “The Reckoning” by James Byron Huggins is to be made into a movie with Arcenio Advincula as the martial arts choreographer and technical advisor for the knife fighting scenes.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Advinculavideos.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Msisshinryu.com

description: martial artist

wikidata_label: Arcenio James Advincula

wikipedia_title: Arcenio James Advincula


text:
Renaissance humanist
Saint Médard
Barbezieux
Charente
Angoulême
Poitiers
Cognac
Louise de Savoie
Marguerite d'Angoulême
Paris
Greek
mathematics
André de Gouveia
Collège de Guyenne
Bordeaux
Coimbra
Joseph Juste Scaliger
Pierre Daniel
Orléans
Eginhard
Ausonius
Catullus
Censorinus
sundial

categories: 1509 births,16th-century French historians,1587 deaths,French Renaissance humanists,French male non-fiction writers,Latin–French translators,French philologists

paragraph: Élie Vinet

paragraph: Élie Vinet (1509–1587) was a French Renaissance humanist, known as a classical scholar, translator and antiquary.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Vinet was born at Vinets, in the commune of Saint Médard, near Barbezieux in what is now Charente. Brought up at Barbezieux, he studied at Angoulême, then at Poitiers, where he graduated M.A. At the court of Cognac he associated with Louise de Savoie, and also Marguerite d'Angoulême. He then went to Paris to master Greek and mathematics.

paragraph: In 1539 André de Gouveia invited Vinet to become regent at the Collège de Guyenne, founded in 1533 in Bordeaux. Leaving aside some travels to Coimbra and Paris, he taught there until his death; during much of his time he was principal of the college. He formed its teaching and discipline.

paragraph: Joseph Juste Scaliger was one of his pupils, and he kept up a correspondence with numerous scholars which survives through letters exchanged with Pierre Daniel of Orléans.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: In 1546, he published the first translation into French of the "Life of Charlemagne" of Eginhard. He worked on the Roman remains at Bordeaux, making attempts at reconstruction. He wrote

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Antiquité de Bordeaux et celle d'Angoulême" (1567);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Antiquité de Saintes et de Barbezieux" (1568); and

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Antiquité de Bourdeaus et de Bourg présentée au Roi Charles neufiesme" (1574).

paragraph: His many translations included Ausonius et Catullus. He commented on the "De die natali" of Censorinus. His other interests covered science, in particular sundials, and he wrote a work "La Manière de faire le solaire que communément on appelle cadrans".

description: French historian

wikidata_label: Élie Vinet

wikipedia_title: Élie Vinet


text:
Protestant
Marian exiles
bishop of Winchester
St. John's College, Cambridge
Dean of Durham
Durham Cathedral
Zurich
Frankfurt
Strasburg
homilies
Jean Calvin
Thomas Beccon
John Jewel
Edwin Sandys
Elizabeth I of England
John Feckenham
Thomas Stapleton
Papacy
Bartolomeo Platina
Bishops' Bible
Book of Isaiah
Book of Jeremiah
Book of Lamentations

categories: 1579 deaths,People educated at Royal Grammar School, Guildford,Marian exiles,1510s births,16th-century English bishops,Deans of Durham,Bishops of Winchester,Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge,16th-century Protestants,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Robert Horne (bishop)

paragraph: Robert Horne (1510s – 1579) was an English churchman, and a leading reforming Protestant. One of the Marian exiles, he was subsequently bishop of Winchester from 1560 to 1580.

paragraph: He was a Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge in 1537. He was Dean of Durham 1551 to 1553, and again 1559 to 1560. During his time as Dean he was responsible for removing ornamentation from Durham Cathedral. He was somewhat isolated.

paragraph: In exile, he was at Zurich, Frankfurt and Strasburg. He wrote additional material for a book of homilies by Jean Calvin (1553).

paragraph: With Thomas Beccon, John Jewel and Edwin Sandys, he was one of the commissioners of 1559, enforcing the Injunctions of Elizabeth I of England from July of that year.

paragraph: In controversy with John Feckenham, he wrote in 1566 on the issues of medieval church and state relations. He was then attacked by Thomas Stapleton, for his reliance on the history of the Papacy to be found in Bartolomeo Platina.

paragraph: He was one of the Bishops' Bible translators (1568), responsible for the "Book of Isaiah", "Book of Jeremiah", and "Book of Lamentations".

description: English Marian exile and Bishop of Winchester

wikidata_label: Robert Horne

wikipedia_title: Robert Horne (bishop)


text:
jain monk
Jain philosophy
Sanskrit
Acharya
prakrit
Sanskrit
Jain temple
Linga temple
Linga
Shiva
Vikramaditya
Parshvanatha
Anekantavada
Nyāyāvatāra
Acharya Rajendrasuri

categories: 5th-century Jain monks,Jain writers,Jain acharyas,Year of birth unknown,Indian Jain monks,5th-century Indian Jains,Year of death unknown

paragraph: Siddhasena

paragraph: Siddhasēna Divākara () was a "jain monk" in the fifth century CE who wrote works on Jain philosophy and epistemology. He was like the illuminating lamp of the Jain order and therefore came to be known as "Divākara" "Lamp-Maker". He is credited with the authorship of many books, most of which are not available. "Sanmatitarka" (‘The Logic of the True Doctrine’) is the first major Jain work on logic written in Sanskrit.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Siddhasena Divakara is said to have lived from 500 CE to 610 CE. He was a Brahmin by birth and a scholar. He was initiated by "Acharya" Vruddhavadi. According to the tradition, Siddhasena Divakara once planned to translate all the Jaina works from prakrit to Sanskrit. He was asked by his master to visit all the Jain temples as a punishment. He thus visited the Jain temples for twelve years. He then came upon a Linga temple in Ujjain. He slept at the temple with his feet towards the Linga, which is a symbol of Shiva. King Vikramaditya had him beaten for the sin on request of the devotees. However, with miraculous powers, Siddhasena Divakara made that the King's wife received the beating instead of him. He was then set free. He broke the Linga by raising his hand and an idol of Parshvanatha emerged from there.

paragraph: Section::::Thought.

paragraph: Siddhasena's main contribution in the Sanmatitarka is his analysis of the Jain theory of Anekantavada. According to Jeffery Long, Siddhasena divides two the seven classical Jain "nayas" (stadpoints, viewpoints) into two categories: "those which affirm the substantiality of existence (dravyāstikanayas) and those which affirm the impermanent, changing aspects of existence (paryāyāstikanayas)." This view sees the best account of reality as one which includes permanence and impermanence, identity and difference in a complex set of contradictory relations. Siddhasena also argued that the number of possible "nayas" or viewpoints of reality is potentially limitless. He then goes on to correlate each of the nayas with the positions of Indian philosophical schools, showing how each view is only a partial, one sided view.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: He was the author of "Sammati-tarka-prakarana" and is said to have written the "Nyāyāvatāra", "Sanmati sutra" and "Kalyan Mandir stotra".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shri Abhidhan Rajendra Kosh Vol 5, written by Acharya Rajendrasuri (1827–1906)

description: Indian Jain monk

wikidata_label: Siddhasena

wikipedia_title: Siddhasena


text:
Nagayoshi
samurai
Sengoku period
Miyoshi clan
daimyō
Kawachi Province
Japan
Sogō Kazumasa
Yoshioki
surname
Nagamoto
Japanese wikipedia

categories: Daimyo,Samurai,Miyoshi clan,1573 deaths,1549 births

paragraph: Miyoshi Yoshitsugu

paragraph: , adopted son of Nagayoshi, was a samurai of the Sengoku period who was practically the last head of Miyoshi clan, "daimyō" of Kawachi Province of Japan.

paragraph: Born to Sogō Kazumasa, younger brother of Miyoshi Nagayoshi, he was initially known as Sogō Shigemasa (). After 1561 when his father died, he was reared by Nagayoshi. When Nagayoshi's eldest son Yoshioki died in 1563, he was adopted as a son and changed his surname to "Miyoshi". The following year when Nagayoshi died, Yoshitsugu succeeded him as head of the clan.

paragraph: Nagamoto is his son.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Japanese wikipedia

description: samurai of the Sengoku period

wikidata_label: Miyoshi Yoshitsugu

wikipedia_title: Miyoshi Yoshitsugu


text:
Ramesses III
Ramesses II
Amun-her-khepeshef
khepesh
Ramesses VI
Medinet Habu
QV55
Valley of the Queens

categories: Ancient Egyptian princes,12th-century BC people,Heirs to the ancient Egyptian throne,Ramesses III,People of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt

paragraph: Amun-her-khepeshef (20th dynasty)

paragraph: Amun-her-khepeshef (also Amun-her-khepeshef B) was the eldest son and appointed heir of Pharaoh Ramesses III. Like at least another of his brothers, he was named after a son of Ramesses II, Amun-her-khepeshef.

paragraph: He is also mentioned as "Ramesses Amun-her-khepeshef." He is not identical with his brother Ramesses VI, who was also called Amun-her-khepeshef before he became pharaoh.

paragraph: He is depicted in his father's temple at Medinet Habu. His well preserved tomb, QV55 (in the Valley of the Queens) was excavated by Italian archaeologists in 1903-1904.

description: ancient Egyptian prince

wikidata_label: Amun-her-khepeshef

wikipedia_title: Amun-her-khepeshef (20th dynasty)


text:
Ancient Egypt
Ramesses III
Ramesses II
Khaemwaset
Ptah
Memphis
Medinet Habu
Pareherwenemef
QV44
Valley of the Queens
canopic jar
Egyptian Museum
Cairo
Museo Egizio
Turin
Ramesses IV

categories: Ancient Egyptian princes,Ramesses III,People of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt

paragraph: Khaemwaset (20th dynasty)

paragraph: Khaemwaset or Khaemwase was an Ancient Egyptian prince, a son of Pharaoh Ramesses III. His name can also be found as "Ramesses Khaemwaset."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Like many of his brothers, he was named after a son of Ramesses II, Khaemwaset, and like the 19th dynasty Khaemwaset, he was a priest of Ptah in Memphis (though, unlike his namesake, not the high priest, only a "sem"-priest). He is depicted in his father's temple at Medinet Habu. Both Khaemwaset and his brother Pareherwenemef are mentioned as "Eldest King's Son," which probably means that they were firstborn sons of different mothers.

paragraph: His well preserved tomb, QV44 (in the Valley of the Queens) was excavated by Italian archaeologists in 1903-1904. A canopic jar of his is now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo; his sarcophagus and probable mummy is in the Museo Egizio Turin. He outlived his father and was buried under the reign of his brother Ramesses IV, since the text on the sarcophagus mentions Ramesses IV.

description: Son of Ramesses III

wikidata_label: Khaemwaset

wikipedia_title: Khaemwaset (20th dynasty)


text:
Orchard Wyndham
Member of Parliament
Ilchester
Sir William Wyndham, 1st Baronet
Sheriff of Somerset
Farleigh Castle
Sir William Leveson-Gower, 4th Baronet
Sir William Wyndham, 3rd Baronet

categories: 1660s births,1695 deaths,Wyndham family,English MPs 1690–1695,English MPs 1689–1690,People from Somerset,English MPs 1685–1687,People of the Stuart period,Baronets in the Baronetage of England

paragraph: Sir Edward Wyndham, 2nd Baronet

paragraph: Sir Edward Wyndham, 2nd Baronet ("c." 1667 – 29 June 1695), of Orchard Wyndham, Somerset, was three times Member of Parliament for Ilchester, Somerset, from 1685 to 1687, from 1689 to 1690, and from 1690 to 1695.

paragraph: He was the fourth and only surviving son of Sir William Wyndham, 1st Baronet (c. 1632 – 1683) of Orchard Wyndham, MP and Sheriff of Somerset in 1679–80, by his wife Frances Hungerford, daughter of Anthony Hungerford of Farleigh Castle, Somerset.

paragraph: Wyndham married to Katherine Leveson-Gower, daughter of Sir William Leveson-Gower, 4th Baronet. His heir was his son, Sir William Wyndham, 3rd Baronet (c. 1688 – 1740), of Orchard Wyndham.

description: politician

wikidata_label: Sir Edward Wyndham, 2nd Baronet

wikipedia_title: Sir Edward Wyndham, 2nd Baronet


text:
American football
offensive tackle
Los Angeles Rams
National Football League
college football
Wisconsin
Downers Grove North High School
2018 NFL draft
Cleveland Browns
Joe Thomas
Sporting News
Sports Illustrated
Associated Press
Athlon Sports
2019 NFL Draft
Los Angeles Rams
2019 NFL Draft
Wisconsin Badgers bio

categories: Wisconsin Badgers football players,People from Downers Grove, Illinois,Players of American football from Illinois,Sportspeople from DuPage County, Illinois,Living people,Los Angeles Rams players,American football offensive tackles

paragraph: David Edwards (offensive lineman)

paragraph: David Edwards (born March 20, 1997) is an American football offensive tackle for the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Wisconsin.

paragraph: Section::::High School career.

paragraph: During high school, Edwards played quarterback for Downers Grove North High School. While in high school, he weighed 215 pounds, didn't lift weights, and didn't eat breakfast.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: During college, Edwards started eating breakfast and gained 20 pounds in his first six months. By August 2016, Edwards had grown to 275 pounds. After his Sophomore season, Edwards was named to the AFCA First-team All-American. Edwards considered declaring for the 2018 NFL draft, but eventually decided against it. One factor that swayed Edwards was a talk with Wisconsin alumnus and Cleveland Browns player Joe Thomas, who told Edwards that he would remember his final year at Wisconsin more than his rookie season in the NFL. Prior to the 2018 season, Edwards was named pre-season second team All-Ameriacan by Sporting News, Sports Illustrated, and the Associated Press. Edwards was also named a first team All-Ameriacan by Athlon Sports. On January 1, 2019, Edwards announced that he would forgo his final year of eligibility and declare for the 2019 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Edwards was drafted by the Los Angeles Rams in the fifth round (169th overall) of the 2019 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wisconsin Badgers bio

description: American football offensive lineman

wikidata_label: David Edwards

wikipedia_title: David Edwards (offensive lineman)


text:
Belfast
Northern Ireland
Shankill Road
Belfast
University of Ulster
Oxford university
University College Cork
Ruefrex
Good Vibrations

categories: Academics of University College Cork,1959 births,Alumni of the University of Oxford,Alumni of Ulster University,Academics from Northern Ireland,Alumni of University College Cork,Male musicians from Northern Ireland,Male novelists from Northern Ireland,Living people

paragraph: Thomas Paul Burgess

paragraph: Thomas Paul Burgess (born 1959) is an academic, novelist and musician from Belfast, Northern Ireland.

paragraph: Section::::Background and academic career.

paragraph: Paul from Northern Ireland was born in Shankill Road, Belfast. He attended University of Ulster and had his Bachelor of Art (BA) degree in English Literature. He had a scholarship and studied Ethics & Moral Education at Oxford university. He had his PhD at the University College Cork where he researched social policy developments in the area of conflict resolution.

paragraph: He is a lecturer at the university college Cork.

paragraph: Section::::Music.

paragraph: As a songwriter with his band Ruefrex his work met with considerable critical acclaim, the group being described as "…the most important band in Britain".

paragraph: He appeared on the cover of the Melody Maker after they had recorded the controversial ‘The Wild Colonial Boy’ denouncing Irish-Americans for sending guns and money to the IRA. The record entered the UK top 30.

paragraph: Their music was featured in the motion picture ‘Good Vibrations’.

paragraph: Fiction & Academic Writing

paragraph: Burgess has published a number of titles ranging from critically acclaimed fiction, 'Through Hollow Lands'(2018.Urbane) and 'White Church Black Mountain'(2015.Matador) to academic peer reviewed titles on cultural identity and politics 'The Contested Identities of Ulster Protestants' (2015.Palgrave MacMillan) and 'The Contested Identities of Ulster Catholics' (2018. Palgrave MacMillan). He has also published in the areas of Moral Education and Youth Participation and Citizenship in Europe.

wikidata_label: Thomas Paul Burgess (Ruefrex)

wikipedia_title: Thomas Paul Burgess