text: experimental classical music

text: Nice

text: France

text: Kurt Wolff

text: Franz Kafka

text: Robert Musil

text: Walter Benjamin

text: Pantheon Books

text: fascism

text: I Ching

text: John Cage

text: Grete Sultan

text: new music

text: John Cage

text: New York School

text: Earle Brown

text: Morton Feldman

text: David Tudor

text: Merce Cunningham

text: Indeterminacy

text: Harvard University

text: Euripides

text: comparative literature

text: Dartmouth College

text: California Institute of the Arts

text: schema

text: Frederic Rzewski

text: Cornelius Cardew

text: musical improvisation

text: Wobblies

text: Harry Braverman

text: political

text: Merce Cunningham

text: Sonic Youth

text: John Cage

text: Yoko Ono

text: Steve Reich

text: Christian Marclay

text: William Winant

text: Wharton Tiers

text: Takehisa Kosugi

text: Harriet Tubman

text: Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp

text: John Heartfield

text: "The Algebra of Everyday Life"

text: New World Records

text: Schott Music

text: Grete Sultan

text: Art of the States: Christian Wolff

text: Works

text: Interview

text: Two pieces

text: Improvisations with Kui Dong

text: Larry Polansky

text: Christian Wolff papers, 1947-2017

categories: 20th-century classical composers,Harvard University alumni,Industrial Workers of the World,French people of German descent,Tzadik Records artists,20th-century American composers,Living people,American classical composers,Experimental composers,21st-century classical composers,1934 births,American male classical composers,American people of French descent,American people of German descent,21st-century American composers,Dartmouth College faculty,20th-century male musicians,French emigrants to the United States

paragraph: Christian Wolff (composer)

paragraph: Christian G. Wolff (born March 8, 1934) is an American composer of experimental classical music.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Wolff was born in Nice, France, to the German literary publishers Helen and Kurt Wolff, who had published works by Franz Kafka, Robert Musil, and Walter Benjamin. After relocating to the U.S. in 1941, they helped to found Pantheon Books with other European intellectuals who had fled Europe during the rise of fascism. The Wolffs published a series of notable English translations of European literature, mostly, as well as an edition of the "I Ching" that came to greatly impress John Cage after Wolff had given him a copy.

paragraph: Wolff became an American citizen in 1946. When he was sixteen (in 1950) his piano teacher Grete Sultan sent him for lessons in composition to the new music composer John Cage. Wolff soon became a close associate of Cage and his artistic circle which was part of the New York School and included the fellow composers Earle Brown and Morton Feldman, the pianist David Tudor, and the dancer and choreographer Merce Cunningham. Cage relates several anecdotes about Wolff in his one-minute "Indeterminacy" pieces.

paragraph: Almost completely self-taught as composer, Wolff studied music under Sultan and Cage. Later Wolff studied classics at Harvard University (BA, PhD) and became an expert on Euripides. Wolff taught Classics at Harvard until 1970; thereafter he taught classics, comparative literature, and music at Dartmouth College. After nine years, he became Strauss Professor of Music there. He retired from teaching at Dartmouth in 1999. In 2004, he received an honorary degree from the California Institute of the Arts. He was also awarded the Foundation for Contemporary Arts John Cage Award (1996).

paragraph: Wolff is married and has four children.

paragraph: Section::::Music.

paragraph: Wolff's early compositional work included a lot of silence and was based initially on complicated rhythmic schema, and later on a system of aural cues. He innovated unique notational methods in his early scores and found creative ways of dealing with improvisation in his music. During the 1960s he developed associations with the composers Frederic Rzewski and Cornelius Cardew who spurred each other on in their respective explorations of experimental composition techniques and musical improvisation, and then, from the early 1970s, in their attempts to engage with political matters in their music. For Wolff this often involved the use of music and texts associated with protest and political movements such as the Wobblies. His later pieces, such as the sequence of pieces "Exercises" (1973-), offer some freedom to the performers. Some works, such as "Changing the System" (1973), "Braverman Music" (1978, after Harry Braverman), and the series of pieces "Peace March" (1983–2005) have an explicit political dimension, in that they respond to contemporary world events and express political ideals.

paragraph: Wolff collaborated with Merce Cunningham for many years and developed a style which is more common now, but was revolutionary when they began working together in the 1950s – a style where music and dance occur simultaneously, yet somewhat independently of one another. Wolff stated, of any influence or affect, the greatest influence on his music over the years was the choreography of Cunningham. Wolff recently said of his work that it is motivated by his desire "to turn the making of music into a collaborative and transforming activity (performer into composer into listener into composer into performer, etc.), the cooperative character of the activity to the exact source of the music. To stir up, through the production of the music, a sense of social conditions in which we live and of how these might be changed."

paragraph: Wolff's music reached a new audience when Sonic Youth's "" featured works by avant-garde classical composers such as John Cage, Yoko Ono, Steve Reich, and Christian Wolff played by Sonic Youth along with several collaborators from the modern avant-garde music scene, such as Christian Marclay, William Winant, Wharton Tiers, Takehisa Kosugi and others, as well as Wolff himself.

paragraph: Section::::Major Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duo For Violins (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- For Prepared Piano (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duo for Pianists I (1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- For Piano With Preparations (1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- For Pianist (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Summer (for string quartet) (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- For 1, 2, or 3 People (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edges (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pairs (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prose Collection (1968–71)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tilbury 1, 2, and 3 (for piano) (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Snowdrop (for trombone, violin, and piano) (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burdocks (1970–71)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exercises (1973- )

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wobbly Music (1975–76)

paragraph: BULLET::::- I Like to Think of Harriet Tubman (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piano Trio (Greenham-Seneca-Camiso) (1985) Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp The Seneca Women's Encampment for a Future of Peace and Justice

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piano Miscellany (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Percussionist Songs (1994–95)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spring (for chamber orchestra) (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berlin Exercises (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ordinary Matter (2001–04)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Heartfield (Peace March 10) (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Microexercises (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winter Exercise (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trio IX - Accanto (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Resistance (2017)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1998) Wolff, Christian, Cues: Writings & Conversations/Hinweise: Schriften und Gespräche, Köln: Musiktexte (eds.) G. Gronemeyer & R.Oehlschagel.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2001) Robert Carl, Christian Wolff: On tunes, politics, and mystery, in Contemporary Music Review. Issue 4, pp. 61–69.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2004) Stephen Chase & Clemens Gresser, 'Ordinary Matters: Christian Wolff on his Recent Music', in Tempo 58/229 (July), pp. 19–27.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2006) Rzewski, Frederic "The Algebra of Everyday Life". Liner note essay on Christian Wolff. New World Records.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2009) Steenhuisen, Paul. "Interview with Christian Wolff". In "Sonic Mosaics: Conversations with Composers". Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2009) Tilbury, John "Christian Wolff and the Politics of Music". Liner note essay. New World Records.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2010) Chase, Stephen & Thomas, Philip (editors), "Changing the System: the Music of Christian Wolff" Ashgate, 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2012) Bredow, Moritz von, "Rebellische Pianistin. Das Leben der Grete Sultan zwischen Berlin und New York." (Biography). Schott Music, Mainz, Germany. (Detailed account of the life of pianist Grete Sultan, Christian Wolff's piano teacher who eventually acquainted him with Cage. Contains many references to the New York Avant-garde).

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2017) Wolff, Christian, Occasional Pieces - Writings and Interviews, 1952-2013, New York: Oxford University Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2018) Jim Igor Kallenberg, "Intergalactic mutant music: The music of Christian Wolff and the politics of 1968. Christian Wolff in conversation with Jim Igor Kallenberg", Wien Modern 31: Sicherheit. 28.10.-30.11.2018. Essays (Festivalkatalog Band 2), pp. 90–95.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art of the States: Christian Wolff

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview

paragraph: BULLET::::- Two pieces

paragraph: BULLET::::- Improvisations with Kui Dong and Larry Polansky /a

paragraph: BULLET::::- 19 interpretations of the piece "Stones" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christian Wolff papers, 1947-2017 Music Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts

description: American composer

enwikiquote_title: Christian Wolff

wikidata_label: Christian Wolff

wikipedia_title: Christian Wolff (composer)


text: French

text: philosopher

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text: postmodern art

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text: University of California, Berkeley

text: Yale University

text: Stony Brook University

text: University of California, San Diego

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text: Collège International de Philosophie

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text: La Condition postmoderne: Rapport sur le savoir (The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge)

text: progress of history

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text: no one seemed to agree on what, if anything, was real

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text: Sam Francis

text: Karel Appel

text: Barnett Newman

text: René Guiffrey

text: Albert Ayme

text: Paul Cézanne

text: Paul Klee

text: sublime

text: Immanuel Kant

text: Critique of Judgment

text: noumenal

text: Lessons on the Analytic of the Sublime

text: Libidinal Economy

text: libido

text: Libidinal Economy

text: Karl Marx

text: Centre Georges Pompidou

text: Thierry Chaput

text: hubris

text: Mancipium

text: André Malraux

text: phenomenology

text: postmodernism

text: media theory

text: leukemia

text: Père Lachaise Cemetery

text: Jacques Derrida

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text: deconstruction

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text: performative contradiction

text: Nietzschean

text: Deleuzian

text: nihilism

text: Jean-Claude Milner

text: politics

text: philosophy

text: sociology

text: literature

text: art

text: cultural studies

text: Collège International de Philosophie

text: Wlad Godzich

text: The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge

text: Geoffrey Bennington

text: Brian Massumi

text: Geoffrey Bennington

text: Robert Harvey

text: Robert Harvey

text: Bryan S. Turner

text: Robert Harvey

text: Continental philosophy

text: Post-structuralism

text: Aestheticism

text: Alain Badiou

text: Jean-Luc Nancy

text: Jacques Derrida

text: Jean-Claude Milner

text: David Harvey

text: Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Jean-François Lyotard

text: Jean-Francois Lyotard

text: European Graduate School

text: The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (The first 5 chapters)

text: International symposium.

text: Collège International de Philosophie

text: Les Immatériaux: A Conversation with Jean-François Lyotard

categories: University of Paris alumni,Libertarian socialists,French feminist writers,Continental philosophers,People from Versailles,French male writers,Deconstruction,Postmodern theory,Emory University faculty,Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery,French neopagans,Critical theorists,Deaths from leukemia,Postmodern writers,Male feminists,French Marxists,French literary theorists,Philosophers of art,1998 deaths,20th-century French philosophers,French rhetoricians,1924 births

paragraph: Jean-François Lyotard

paragraph: Jean-François Lyotard (; ; 10 August 1924 – 21 April 1998) was a French philosopher, sociologist, and literary theorist. His interdisciplinary discourse spans such topics as epistemology and communication, the human body, modern art and postmodern art, literature and critical theory, music, film, time and memory, space, the city and landscape, the sublime, and the relation between aesthetics and politics. He is best known for his articulation of postmodernism after the late 1970s and the analysis of the impact of postmodernity on the human condition. He was a director of the International College of Philosophy which was founded by Jacques Derrida, François Châtelet, Jean-Pierre Faye and Dominique Lecourt.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life, educational background, and family.

paragraph: Jean François Lyotard was born on August 10, 1924 in Vincennes, France to Jean-Pierre Lyotard, a sales representative, and Madeleine Cavalli. He went to primary school at the Paris Lycée Buffon and Louis-le-Grand. As a child, Lyotard had many aspirations: to be an artist, a historian, a Dominican friar, and a writer. He later gave up the dream of becoming a writer when he finished writing an unsuccessful fictional novel at the age of 15. Ultimately, Lyotard describes the realization that he would not become any of these occupations as "fate" in his intellectual biography called "Peregrinations", published in 1988.

paragraph: He studied philosophy at the Sorbonne in the late 1940s. His 1947 DES thesis, "Indifference as an Ethical Concept" ("L'indifférence comme notion éthique"), analyzed forms of indifference and detachment in Zen Buddhism, Stoicism, Taoism, and Epicureanism. In 1950, Lyotard took up a position teaching philosophy in Constantine in French Algeria but returned to mainland France in 1952 to teach at the Prytanée military academy in La Flèche, where he wrote a short work on Phenomenology, published in 1954. Lyotard moved to Paris in 1959 to teach at the Sorbonne: introductory lectures from this time (1964) have been posthumously published under the title "Why Philosophize?". Having moved to teach at the new campus of Nanterre in 1966, Lyotard participated in the events following March 22 and the tumult of May 1968. In 1971, Lyotard earned a State doctorate with his dissertation "Discours, figure" under Mikel Dufrenne—the work was published the same year. Lyotard joined the Philosophy department of the experimental University at Vincennes, later Paris 8, together with Gilles Deleuze, in the academic year 1970-71; it remained his academic home in France until 1987. He married his first wife, Andrée May, in 1948 with whom he had two children, Corinne and Laurence, and later married for a second time in 1993 to Dolores Djidzek, the mother of his son David (born in 1986).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Political life.

paragraph: In 1954, Lyotard became a member of "Socialisme ou Barbarie" ("Socialism or Barbarism"), a French political organisation formed in 1948 around the inadequacy of the Trotskyist analysis to explain the new forms of domination in the Soviet Union. "Socialisme ou Barbarie" had an objective to conduct a critique of Marxism from within during the Algerian war of liberation. His writings in this period are mostly concerned with ultra-left politics, with a focus on the Algerian situation—which he witnessed first-hand while teaching philosophy in Constantine. He wrote optimistic essays of hope and encouragement to the Algerians, which were reproduced in Political Writings. Lyotard hoped to encourage an Algerian fight for independence from France, and a social revolution. Following disputes with Cornelius Castoriadis in 1964, Lyotard left "Socialisme ou Barbarie" for the newly formed splinter group "Pouvoir Ouvrier" ("Worker Power"), from which he resigned in turn in 1966. Although Lyotard played an active part in the May 1968 uprisings, he distanced himself from revolutionary Marxism with his 1974 book "Libidinal Economy". He distanced himself from Marxism because he felt that Marxism had a rigid structuralist approach and they were imposing 'systematization of desires' through strong emphasis on industrial production as the ground culture.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Academic career.

paragraph: Lyotard taught at the , Algeria from 1950 to 1952. In 1972, Lyotard began teaching at the University of Paris VIII; he taught there until 1987 when he became Professor Emeritus. During the next two decades he lectured outside France, notably as a Professor of Critical Theory at the University of California, Irvine and as visiting professor at universities around the world. These included: Johns Hopkins University, University of California, Berkeley, Yale University, Stony Brook University and the University of California, San Diego in the U.S., the Université de Montréal in Quebec (Canada), and the University of São Paulo in Brazil. He was also a founding director and council member of the Collège International de Philosophie, Paris. Before his death, he split his time between Paris and Atlanta, where he taught at Emory University as the Woodruff Professor of Philosophy and French.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Lyotard's work is characterised by a persistent opposition to universals, meta-narratives, and generality. He is fiercely critical of many of the 'universalist' claims of the Enlightenment, and several of his works serve to undermine the fundamental principles that generate these broad claims.

paragraph: In his writings of the early 1970s, he rejects what he regards as theological underpinnings of both Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud: "In Freud, it is judaical, critical sombre (forgetful of the political); in Marx it is catholic. Hegelian, reconciliatory (...) in the one and in the other the relationship of the economic with meaning is blocked in the category of representation (...) Here a politics, there a therapeutics, in both cases a laical theology, on top of the arbitrariness and the roaming of forces". Consequently, he rejected Theodor W. Adorno's negative dialectics because he viewed them as seeking a "therapeutic resolution in the framework of a religion, here the religion of history." In Lyotard's "libidinal economics" he aimed at "discovering and describing different social modes of investment of libidinal intensities".

paragraph: Section::::Work.:"The Postmodern Condition".

paragraph: Lyotard is a skeptic for modern cultural thought. According to his 1979 "", the impact of the postmodern condition was to provoke skepticism about universalizing theories. Lyotard argues that we have outgrown our needs for metanarratives () due to the advancement of techniques and technologies since World War II. He argues against the possibility of justifying the narratives that bring together disciplines and social practices, such as science and culture; "the narratives we tell to justify a single set of laws and stakes are inherently unjust." A loss of faith in metanarratives has an effect on how we view science, art, and literature. Little narratives have now become the appropriate way for explaining social transformations and political problems. Lyotard argues that this is the driving force behind postmodern science. As metanarratives fade, science suffers a loss of faith in its search for truth, and therefore must find other ways of legitimating its efforts. Connected to this scientific legitimacy is the growing dominance for information machines. Lyotard argues that one day, in order for knowledge to be considered useful, it will have to be converted into computerized data. Years later, this led him into writing his book "The Inhuman", published in 1988, in which he illustrates a world where technology has taken over.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:The collapse of the "grand narrative" and "language-games".

paragraph: Most famously, in "La Condition postmoderne: Rapport sur le savoir (The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge)" (1979), he proposes what he calls an extreme simplification of the "postmodern" as an 'incredulity towards meta-narratives'. These meta-narratives—sometimes 'grand narratives'—are grand, large-scale theories and philosophies of the world, such as the progress of history, the knowability of everything by science, and the possibility of absolute freedom. Lyotard argues that we have ceased to believe that narratives of this kind are adequate to represent and contain us all. He points out that no one seemed to agree on what, if anything, was real and everyone had their own perspective and story. We have become alert to difference, diversity, the incompatibility of our aspirations, beliefs and desires, and for that reason postmodernity is characterised by an abundance of micronarratives. For this concept Lyotard draws from the notion of 'language-games' found in the work of Ludwig Wittgenstein. Lyotard notes that it is based on mapping of society according to the concept of the language games.

paragraph: In Lyotard's works, the term 'language games', sometimes also called 'phrase regimens', denotes the multiplicity of communities of meaning, the innumerable and incommensurable separate systems in which meanings are produced and rules for their circulation are created. This involves, for example, an incredulity towards the metanarrative of human emancipation. That is, the story of how the human race has set itself free that brings together the language game of science, the language game of human historical conflicts and the language game of human qualities into the overall justification of the steady development of the human race in terms of wealth and moral well-being. According to this metanarrative, the justification of science is related to wealth and education. The development of history is seen as a steady progress towards civilization or moral well-being. The language game of human passions, qualities and faults (c.f. character flaws (narratives)), is seen as steadily shifting in favor of our qualities and away from our faults as science and historical developments help us to conquer our faults in favor of our qualities. The point is that any event ought to be able to be understood in terms of the justifications of this metanarrative; anything that happens can be understood and judged according to the discourse of human emancipation. For example, for any new social, political or scientific revolution we could ask the question, "Is this revolution a step towards the greater well-being of the mass of human beings?" It should always be possible to answer this question in terms of the rules of justification of the metanarrative of human emancipation.

paragraph: This becomes more crucial in "Au juste: Conversations (Just Gaming)" (1979) and "Le Différend (The Differend)" (1983), which develop a postmodern theory of justice. It might appear that the atomisation of human beings implied by the notion of the micronarrative and the language game suggests a collapse of ethics. It has often been thought that universality is a condition for something to be a properly ethical statement: 'thou shalt not steal' is an ethical statement in a way that 'thou shalt not steal from Margaret' is not. The latter is too particular to be an ethical statement (what's so special about Margaret?); it is only ethical if it rests on a universal statement ('thou shalt not steal from anyone'). But universals are impermissible in a world that has lost faith in metanarratives, and so it would seem that ethics is impossible. Justice and injustice can only be terms within language games, and the universality of ethics is out of the window. Lyotard argues that notions of justice and injustice do in fact remain in postmodernism. The new definition of injustice is indeed to use the language rules from one 'phrase regimen' and apply them to another. Ethical behaviour is about remaining alert precisely to the threat of this injustice, about paying attention to things in their particularity and not enclosing them within abstract conceptuality. One must bear witness to the 'differend.' In a differend, there is a conflict between two parties that cannot be solved in a just manner. However, the act of being able to bridge the two and understand the claims of both parties, is the first step towards finding a solution.

paragraph: "I would like to call a differend the case where the plaintiff is divested of the means to argue and becomes for that reason a victim. If the addressor, the addressee, and the sense of the testimony are neutralized, everything takes place as if there were no damages. A case of differend between two parties takes place when the regulation of the conflict that opposes them is done in the idiom of one of the parties while the wrong suffered by the other is not signified in that idiom."

paragraph: In more than one book, Lyotard promoted what he called paganism and contrasted it with both the rejection of the pagan gods in Book II of Plato's The Republic and the monotheism of Judaism. Lyotard argued that the pagan gods, unlike Platonic philosophy and monotheism, never claimed to have universal truth, but instead were better than humans because they were better at deceit and metamorphosis. Lyotard's paganism was also feminist because he argued that women, like paganism, are antirational and antiphilosophical.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:"The Differend".

paragraph: In "The Differend", based on Immanuel Kant's views on the separation of Understanding, Judgment, and Reason, Lyotard identifies the moment in which language fails as the differend, and explains it as follows: "...the unstable state and instant of language wherein something which must be able to be put into phrases cannot yet be… the human beings who thought they could use language as an instrument of communication, learn through the feeling of pain which accompanies silence (and of pleasure which accompanies the invention of a new idiom)". Lyotard undermines the common view that the meanings of phrases can be determined by what they refer to (the referent). The meaning of a phrase—an event (something happens)--cannot be fixed by appealing to reality (what actually happened). Lyotard develops this view of language by defining "reality" in an original way, as a complex of possible senses attached to a referent through a name. The correct sense of a phrase cannot be determined by a reference to reality, since the referent itself does not fix sense, and reality itself is defined as the complex of competing senses attached to a referent. Therefore, the phrase event remains indeterminate.

paragraph: Lyotard uses the example of Auschwitz and the revisionist historian Robert Faurisson’s demands for proof of the Holocaust to show how the differend operates as a double bind. Faurisson will only accept proof of the existence of gas chambers from eyewitnesses who were themselves victims of the gas chambers. However, any such eyewitnesses are dead and are not able to testify. Either there were no gas chambers, in which case there would be no eyewitnesses to produce evidence, or there were gas chambers, in which case there would still be no eyewitnesses to produce evidence, because they would be dead. Since Faurisson will accept no evidence for the existence of gas chambers, except the testimony of actual victims, he will conclude from both possibilities (gas chambers existed and gas chambers did not exist) that gas chambers did not exist. This presents a double bind. There are two alternatives, either there were gas chambers or there were not, which lead to the same conclusion: there were no gas chambers (and no final solution). The case is a differend because the harm done to the victims cannot be presented in the standard of judgement upheld by Faurisson.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:The sublime.

paragraph: Lyotard was a frequent writer on aesthetic matters. He was, despite his reputation as a postmodernist, a great promoter of modernist art. Lyotard saw postmodernism as a latent tendency within thought throughout time and not a narrowly limited historical period. He favoured the startling and perplexing works of the high modernist avant-garde. In them he found a demonstration of the limits of our conceptuality, a valuable lesson for anyone too imbued with Enlightenment confidence. Lyotard has written extensively also on many contemporary artists of his choice: Valerio Adami, Daniel Buren, Marcel Duchamp, Jacques Monory, Ruth Francken, Shusaku Arakawa, Bracha Ettinger, Sam Francis, Karel Appel, Barnett Newman, René Guiffrey, , and Albert Ayme as well as on earlier artists, notably Paul Cézanne and Paul Klee.

paragraph: He developed these themes in particular by discussing the sublime. The "sublime" is a term in aesthetics whose fortunes revived under postmodernism after a century or more of neglect. It refers to the experience of pleasurable anxiety that we experience when confronting wild and threatening sights like, for example, a massive craggy mountain, black against the sky, looming terrifyingly in our vision. A sublime is the conjunction of two opposed feelings, which makes it harder for us to see the injustice of it, or a solution to it.

paragraph: Lyotard found particularly interesting the explanation of the sublime offered by Immanuel Kant in his "Critique of Judgment" (sometimes "Critique of the Power of Judgment"). In this book, Kant explains this mixture of anxiety and pleasure in the following terms: there are two kinds of 'sublime' experience. In the 'mathematically' sublime, an object strikes the mind in such a way that we find ourselves unable to take it in as a whole. More precisely, we experience a clash between our reason (which tells us that all objects are finite) and the imagination (the aspect of the mind that organizes what we see, and which sees an object incalculably larger than ourselves, and feels infinite). In the 'dynamically' sublime, the mind recoils at an object so immeasurably more powerful than we, whose weight, force, scale could crush us without the remotest hope of our being able to resist it. (Kant stresses that if we are in "actual" danger, our feeling of anxiety is very different from that of a sublime feeling. The sublime is an aesthetic experience, not a practical feeling of personal danger.) This explains the feeling of anxiety.

paragraph: What is deeply unsettling about the mathematically sublime is that the mental faculties that present visual perceptions to the mind are inadequate to the concept corresponding to it; in other words, what we are able to make ourselves see cannot fully match up to what we know is there. We know it's a mountain but we cannot take the whole thing into our perception. Our sensibility is incapable of coping with such sights, but our reason can assert the finitude of the presentation. With the dynamically sublime, our sense of physical danger should prompt an awareness that we are not just physical material beings, but moral and (in Kant's terms) noumenal beings as well. The body may be dwarfed by its power but our reason need not be. This explains, in both cases, why the sublime is an experience of pleasure as well as pain.

paragraph: Lyotard is fascinated by this admission, from one of the philosophical architects of the Enlightenment, that the mind cannot always organise the world rationally. Some objects are simply incapable of being brought neatly under concepts. For Lyotard, in "Lessons on the Analytic of the Sublime", but drawing on his argument in "The Differend", this is a good thing. Such generalities as 'concepts' fail to pay proper attention to the particularity of things. What happens in the sublime is a crisis where we realise the inadequacy of the imagination and reason to each other. What we are witnessing, says Lyotard, is actually the differend; the straining of the mind at the edges of itself and at the edges of its conceptuality.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:"Libidinal Economy".

paragraph: In one of Lyotard's most famous books, "Libidinal Economy" he offers a critique of Marx’s "false consciousness" and claims that the 19th century working class enjoyed being a part of the industrialization process. Lyotard claims that this is due to libidinal energy. The term "libidinal" coming from the term "libido" which is used to refer to the psychoanalytical desires of our deeper consciousness. Lyotard’s writings in "Libidinal Economy" is an achievement in our attempts to live with the rejection of all religious and moral principles through an undermining of the structures associated with it. Structures conceal libidinal intensities while intense feelings and desires force us away from set structures. However, there also can be no intensities or desires without structures, because there would be no dream of escaping the repressive structures if they do not exist. "Libidinal energy comes from this disruptive intervention of external events within structures that seek order and self-containment." This was the first of Lyotard's writings that had really criticized a Marxist view. It achieved great success, but was also the last of Lyotard's writings on this particular topic where he really went against the views of Karl Marx.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:"Les Immatériaux".

paragraph: In 1985, Lyotard co-curated the exhibition "Les Immatériaux" at the Centre de Création Industrielle of Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris, together with the design theorist and curator Thierry Chaput.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:"Mainmise".

paragraph: Lyotard was impressed by the importance of childhood in human life, which he saw as providing the opportunity of creativity, as opposed to the settled hubris of maturity. In "Mainmise" however, he also explored the hold of childhood experience on the individual through the (Roman) concept of the Mancipium, or authoritative right of possession. Because parental influences affect the new-born before it has the linguistic skill even to articulate – let alone oppose – them, Lyotard considered that "We are born from others but also to others, given over defenceless to them. Subject to their "mancipium"."

paragraph: Section::::Later life and death.

paragraph: Some of the latest works that Lyotard had been working on were both writings about a French writer, activist, and politician, André Malraux. One of them being a biography, "Signed, Malraux". Lyotard was interested in the aesthetic views of society that Malraux shared. Lyotard's other book was named "The Confession of Augustine" and was a study in the phenomenology of time. This work-in-progress was published posthumously in the same year of Lyotard's death.

paragraph: Lyotard repeatedly returned to the notion of the Postmodern in essays gathered in English as "The Postmodern Explained to Children", "Toward the Postmodern", and "Postmodern Fables". In 1998, while preparing for a conference on postmodernism and media theory, he died unexpectedly from a case of leukemia that had advanced rapidly. He is buried in Division 6 of Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Criticism.

paragraph: There are three major criticisms of Lyotard's work. Each coincides with a school of thought. Jacques Derrida and Jean-Luc Nancy have written deconstructions of Lyotard's work (Derrida 1992; Nancy 1985). They focus on Lyotard's postmodern work and on "The Differend" in particular. A differend depends upon a distinction drawn between groups that itself depends upon the heterogeneity of language games and genres of discourse. Why should these differences be privileged over an endless division and reconstruction of groups? In concentrating on specific differences, Lyotard's thought becomes overly dependent on differences; between categories that are given as fixed and well defined. From the point of view of deconstruction, Lyotard's philosophy gives too much credit to illegitimate categories and groups. Underlying any different there is a multiplicity of further differences; some of these will involve crossing the first divide, others will question the integrity of the groups that were originally separated.

paragraph: Manfred Frank (1988) has put the Frankfurt School criticism best. It attacks Lyotard's search for division over consensus on the grounds that it involves a philosophical mistake with serious political and social repercussions. Lyotard has failed to notice that an underlying condition for consensus is also a condition for the successful communication of his own thought. It is a performative contradiction to give an account that appeals to our reason on behalf of a difference that is supposed to elude it. So, in putting forward a false argument against a rational consensus, Lyotard plays into the hands of the irrational forces that often give rise to injustice and differ ends. Worse, he is then only in a position to testify to that injustice, rather than put forward a just and rational resolution.

paragraph: From a Nietzschean and Deleuzian point of view (James Williams 2000), Lyotard's postmodern philosophy took a turn toward a destructive modern nihilism that his early work avoids. The different and the sublime are negative terms that introduce a severe pessimism at the core of Lyotard's philosophy. Both terms draw lines that cannot be crossed and yet they mark the threshold of that which is most valuable for the philosophy, that which is to be testified to and its proper concern. It is not possible repetitively to lend an ear to the sublime without falling into despair due to its fleeting nature. Whenever we try to understand or even memorize: the activity of testimony through the sublime, it can only be as something that has now dissipated and that we cannot capture.

paragraph: Charles J. Stivale, of Wayne State University, wrote a critique of Lyotard's "The Differend" for "The French Review", in 1990. In it, he states: "Jean-François Lyotard's is a dense work of philosophical, political and ethical reflection aimed at a specialized audience versed in current debates in logic, pragmatics and post-structuralism. Even George Van Den Abbeele's excellent translation, complete with a glossary of French terms not available in the original text (Paris: Minuit, 1983), does not, indeed cannot, alleviate the often terse prose with which Lyotard develops his reasoning. With this said, I must also observe that this work is of vital importance in a period when revisionism of all stripes attempts to rewrite, and often simply deny, the occurrence of historical and cultural events, i.e. in attempting to reconstruct 'reality" in the convenient names of "truth" and "common sense" … This overview must leave unexplored the broad philosophical bases from which Lyotard draws support, as well as important questions that he raises regarding history, justice and critical judgement. I can conclude only by suggesting that this work, despite the formidable difficulties inherent to its carefully articulated arguments, offers readers a rich formulation of precise questions for and about the current period of critical transition and re-opening in philosophy, ethics and aesthetics."

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: The collective tribute to Lyotard following his death was organized by the Collège International de Philosophie, and chaired by Dolores Lyotard and Jean-Claude Milner, the College's director at that time. The proceedings were published by PUF in 2001 under the general title "Jean-François Lyotard, l'exercice du différend".

paragraph: Lyotard's work continues to be important in politics, philosophy, sociology, literature, art, and cultural studies. To mark the tenth anniversary of Lyotard's death, An international symposium about Jean-François Lyotard organized by the Collège International de Philosophie (under the direction of Dolores Lyotard, Jean-Claude Milner and Gerald Sfez) was held in Paris from January 25–27 in 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Phenomenology". Trans. Brian Beakley. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991 ["La Phénoménologie". Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1954] .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Discourse, Figure". Trans. Antony Hudek and Mary Lydon. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011 ["Discours, figure". Paris: Klincksieck, 1971] .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Libidinal Economy". Trans. Iain Hamilton Grant. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993 ["Économie libidinale". Paris: Éditions de Minuit, 1974] .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Duchamp's TRANS/formers". Trans. Ian McLeod. California: Lapis Press, 1990 ["Les transformateurs Duchamp". Paris: Editions Galilée, 1977] .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Just Gaming". Trans. Wlad Godzich. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1985 ["Au juste: Conversations". Paris: Christian Bourgois, 1979] .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge". Trans. Geoffrey Bennington and Brian Massumi. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984 ["La Condition postmoderne: Rapport sur le savoir". Paris: Éditions de Minuit, 1979] .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pacific Wall". Trans. Bruce Boone. California: Lapis Press, 1989 ["Le mur du pacifique". Paris: Editions Galilée, 1979].

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Differend: Phrases in Dispute". Trans. Georges Van Den Abbeele. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988 ["Le Différend". Paris: Éditions de Minuit, 1983].

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Assassination of Experience by Painting – Monory". Trans. Rachel Bowlby. London: Black Dog, 1998 ["L’Assassinat de l’expérience par la peinture, Monory". Bègles: Castor Astral, 1984].

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Driftworks". Ed. Roger McKeon. New York: Semiotext(e), 1984. [Essays and interviews dating from 1970 to 1972.]

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Enthusiasm: The Kantian Critique of History". Trans. George Van Den Abbeele. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009 ["L'enthousiasme, la critique kantienne de l'histoire". Paris: Galilée, 1986].

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Postmodern Explained: Correspondence, 1982–1985". Ed. Julian Pefanis andMorgan Thomas. Trans. Don Barry. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993 ["Le Postmoderne expliqué aux enfants: Correspondance, 1982–1985". Paris: Galilée, 1986].

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Inhuman: Reflections on Time". Trans. Geoffrey Bennington and Rachel Bowlby. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1991 ["L’Inhumain: Causeries sur le temps". Paris: Galilée, 1988].

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heidegger and "the jews."" Trans. Andreas Michael and Mark S. Roberts. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990 ["Heidegger et "les juifs."" Paris: Galilée, 1988].

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lyotard Reader". Ed. Andrew Benjamin. Oxford: Blackwell, 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Peregrinations: Law, Form, Event". New York: Columbia University Press, 1988 ["Pérégrinations: Loi, forme, événement". Paris: Galilée, 1990].

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lessons on the Analytic of the Sublime: Kant’s Critique of Judgment, §§ 23–29". Trans. Elizabeth Rottenberg. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994 ["Leçons sur l’"Analytique du sublime": Kant, "Critique de la faculté de juger," paragraphes 23–29". Paris: Galilée, 1991].

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Hyphen: Between Judaism and Christianity". Trans. Pascale-Anne Brault and Michael Naas. Amherst, NY: Humanity Books, 1999 ["Un trait d’union". Sainte-Foy, Quebec: Le Griffon d’argile, 1993].

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Political Writings". Trans. Bill Readings and Kevin Paul Geiman. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993. [Political texts composed 1956–1989.]

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Postmodern Fables". Trans. Georges Van Den Abbeele. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997 ["Moralités postmodernes". Paris: Galilée, 1993].

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Toward the Postmodern". Ed. Robert Harvey and Mark S. Roberts. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1993. [Essays composed 1970–1991].

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Signed, Malraux". Trans. Robert Harvey. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999 ["Signé Malraux". Paris: B. Grasset, 1996].

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jean-François Lyotard : Collected Writings on Art". London: Academy Editions, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Politics of Jean-François Lyotard". Ed. Chris Rojek and Bryan S. Turner. New York: Routledge, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Confession of Augustine". Trans. Richard Beardsworth. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000 ["La Confession d’Augustin". Paris: Galilée, 1998].

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Soundproof Room: Malraux’s Anti-Aesthetics". Trans. Robert Harvey. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001 ["Chambre sourde: L’Antiesthétique de Malraux". Paris: Galilée, 1998].

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Continental philosophy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Post-structuralism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aestheticism

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lewis, Jeff. "Cultural Studies". London: Sage, 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lyotard, Dolorès et al. "Jean-François Lyotard. L'Exercice du Différend" (with essays by Alain Badiou, Jean-Luc Nancy, Jacques Derrida, Jean-Claude Milner). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- The critical analysis of David Harvey in his book "The Condition of Postmodernity" (Blackwell, 1989).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elliott, Anthony, and Larry J. Ray. "Jean Francois Lyotard." Key contemporary social theorists. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lemert, Charles C.. "After Modern." Social theory: the multicultural and classic readings. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mann, Doug. "The Postmodern Condition." Understanding society: a survey of modern social theory. Don Mills, Ont.: Oxford University Press, 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parker, Noel. The A-Z guide to modern social and political theorists. London: Prentice Hall/Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Callinicos, Alex. Social theory: a historical introduction. New York: New York University Press, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sica, Alan. Social thought: from the Enlightenment to the present. Boston: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grebowicz, Margret. "Gender After Lyotard". SUNY Press, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bamford, Kiff. 'Lyotard and the 'figural' in Performance, Art and Writing'. London: Bloomsbury, 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bamford, Kiff. 'Jean-François Lyotard: Critical Lives'. London: Reaktion Books, 2017.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robbinis, Derek, ed. 2004 "J.F. Lyotard." Sage Publishing.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Jean-François Lyotard

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean-Francois Lyotard at European Graduate School (Biography, bibliography, quotes and web resources)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (The first 5 chapters)

paragraph: BULLET::::- International symposium. Collège International de Philosophie January 25–27, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Les Immatériaux: A Conversation with Jean-François Lyotard

description: French philosopher

enwikiquote_title: Jean-François Lyotard

wikidata_label: Jean-François Lyotard

wikipedia_title: Jean-François Lyotard


text:
guitarist
heavy metal
Satan
Martin Walkyier
heavy metal
folk
Skyclad
hard rock
Thin Lizzy
Uriah Heep
thrash metal
Skyclad's
Forgodsake
Official Skyclad MySpace site
Official Skyclad forums
Satan Myspace site

categories: British male guitarists,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people),British guitarists

paragraph: Steve Ramsey

paragraph: Steve Ramsey is a British guitarist who began his career with the British heavy metal band Satan in the early 1980s, releasing a single and an album, a second album under the band name Blind Fury, an EP and another album after changing the band name back to Satan and two more albums after renaming the band name once again - to Pariah.

paragraph: After the split of Pariah in 1990, he teamed up with singer Martin Walkyier (ex-Sabbat) to form a heavy metal band with strong folk influences, called Skyclad.

paragraph: Ramsey is influenced by classic hard rock acts like Thin Lizzy, Uriah Heep, etc. While initially starting as a thrash metal band with folk influences, these "classic" roots became more and more visible in Skyclad's music over the years.

paragraph: Steve Ramsey has also participated in other band projects, for example as album guest and live guitarist for Forgodsake.

paragraph: Steve Ramsey is also a guitar and bass-guitar teacher at many schools across the North-East; such as Benfield School.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Satan.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Satan.:"EP/Demo/Live Releases".

paragraph: BULLET::::- The First Demo (Demo), 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- Into the Fire (Demo), 1982

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kiss of Death (Single), 1982

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dirt Demo '86 (Demo), 1986

paragraph: BULLET::::- Into the Future (EP), 1987

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blitzkrieg in Holland (Live), 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- Live in the Act (Live), 2004

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Satan.:"Studio Albums".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Court in the Act, 1983

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suspended Sentence, 1987

paragraph: BULLET::::- Life Sentence, 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atom by Atom, 2015

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cruel Magic, 2018

paragraph: BULLET::::- Demo '84 (Demo), 1984

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Satan.:Blind Fury.:"Studio Albums".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Out of Reach, 1985

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Satan.:Pariah.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Satan.:Pariah.:"Studio Albums".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pariah The Kindred, 1988

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pariah Blaze of Obscurity, 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pariah Unity, 1998

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Satan.:Skyclad.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lemming Project / Skyclad (Split), 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tracks from the Wilderness (EP), 1992

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thinking Allowed? (EP), 1993

paragraph: BULLET::::- Old Rope (Compilation), 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- Outrageous Fourtunes (EP), 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- Classix Shape (EP), 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poetic Wisdom (Compilation), 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Another Fine Mess (Live), 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swords of a Thousand Men (Single), 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Live at the Dynamo (Live), 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- History Lessens (Compilation), 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jig-a-Jig (EP) 2006

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Satan.:Skyclad.:"Studio Albums".

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Wayward Sons of Mother Earth, 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Burnt Offering for the Bone Idol, 1992

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jonah's Ark, 1993

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince of the Poverty Line, 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Silent Whales of Lunar Sea, 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irrational Anthems, 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oui Avant-Garde A Chance, 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Answer Machine?, 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vintage Whine, 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- Folkémon, 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- No Daylights Nor Heeltaps (Re-recording album), 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Semblance of Normality , 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- In The...All Together, 2009

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Skyclad MySpace site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Skyclad forums

paragraph: BULLET::::- Satan Myspace site

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Steve Ramsey

wikipedia_title: Steve Ramsey


text: Yoshida Shinto

text: hermit

text: prefect

text: Iga Province

text: Emperor Go-Uda

text: nature

text: zuihitsu

text: stream-of-consciousness

text: Japanese high school

text: The Timeless Wisdom of Kenko

categories: Japanese hermits,Buddhist writers,1352 deaths,Japanese essayists,Japanese writers,1283 births

paragraph: Yoshida Kenkō

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Kenkō was probably born in 1283, the son of an administration official. Forged documents by the Yoshida Shinto authorities claimed that his original name was Urabe Kaneyoshi (卜部 兼好), and that his last name was later Yoshida (吉田); all of this was recently demonstrated to be false, in new research by Ogawa Takeo. He became an officer of guards at the Imperial palace. Late in life he retired from public life and became a Buddhist monk and hermit. The reasons for this are unknown, but it has been conjectured that either his unhappy love for the daughter of the prefect of Iga Province or his mourning over the death of Emperor Go-Uda caused his transformation.

paragraph: Although he also wrote poetry and entered some poetry contests at the imperial court (his participation in 1335 and 1344 is documented), Kenkō's enduring fame is based on "Tsurezuregusa", his collection of 243 short essays, published posthumously. Although traditionally translated as "Essays in Idleness," a more accurate translation would be "Notes from Leisure Hours" or "Leisure Hour Notes." Themes of the essays include the beauty of nature, the transience of life, traditions, friendship, and other abstract concepts. The work was written in the "zuihitsu" ("follow-the-brush") style, a type of stream-of-consciousness writing that allowed the writer's brush to skip from one topic to the next, led only by the direction of thoughts. Some are brief remarks of only a sentence or two; others recount a story over a few pages, often with discursive personal commentary added.

paragraph: The "Tsurezuregusa" was already popular in the 15th century and was considered a classic from the 17th century onward. It is part of the modern Japanese high school curriculum, as well in some International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme schools.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chance, Linda H. "Formless in Form: Kenko," Tsurezuregusa, "and the Rhetoric of Japanese Fragmentary Prose." Stanford UP, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keene, Donald. "Essays in Idleness: The" Tsurezuregusa "of Kenko." Columbia UP, 1967.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Essays by Yoshida Kenko at Quotidiana.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Timeless Wisdom of Kenko

alias:
Yoshida Kenko
Yoshida Kenkou

description: japanese writer

enwikiquote_title: Yoshida Kenkō

wikidata_label: Yoshida Kenkō

wikipedia_title: Yoshida Kenkō


text: professional wrestler

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text: tag team

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text: Sin

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text: WWE Hall of Fame

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text: Twin Cities

text: Eddie Sharkey

text: Mike Hegstrand

text: Richard Rood

text: Barry Darsow

text: gimmick

text: Paul Ellering

text: Paul Ellering

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text: The Road Warrior

text: interview

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text: kayfabe

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text: "Raw"

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text: linebacker

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text: New Orleans Saints

text: class action

text: Vanessa Lynne Bryant

text: All Japan Pro Wrestling

text: NWA International Tag Team Championship

text: 1 time

text: Road Warrior Hawk

text: American Wrestling Association

text: AWA World Tag Team Championship

text: 1 time

text: Fighting World of Japan Pro Wrestling

text: George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame

text: Georgia Championship Wrestling

text: NWA National Tag Team Championship

text: 4 times

text: i-Generation Superstars of Wrestling

text: i-Generation Tag Team Championship (3 times)

text: Jim Crockett Promotions

text: World Championship Wrestling

text: NWA World Six-Man Tag Team Championship

text: 3 times

text: Dusty Rhodes

text: Genichiro Tenryu

text: NWA World Tag Team Championship "(Mid-Atlantic version)"

text: 1 time

text: Jim Crockett, Sr. Memorial Cup

text: National Wrestling Alliance

text: NWA Hall of Fame

text: Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum

text: Class of 2011

text: The Road Warriors

text: Pro Wrestling Illustrated

text: PWI Comeback of the Year

text: PWI Feud of the Year

text: PWI Tag Team of the Year

text: PWI Years

text: Super World of Sports

text: Power Warrior

text: Tokyo Sports

text: Best Foreigner Award

text: World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment/WWE

text: WWF Tag Team Championship

text: (2 times

text: WWE Tag Team Championship

text: 1 time

text: Heidenreich

text: WWE Hall of Fame

text: Class of 2011

text: Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards

text: Rookies of the Year

text: Tag Team of the Year

text: Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame

text: Class of 1996

text: Road Warrior Hawk

text: The Road Warriors

text: Power Warrior

text: Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame profile

text: WWE Hall of Fame profile

text: Road Warrior Animal Speaks On Hawk's Death, WWE & More

text: Interview with Animal by Genickbruch.com

text: Road Warrior Animal on Facebook

text: Road Warrior Animal on Twitter

categories: 1960 births,Professional wrestlers from Illinois,The Road Warriors members,American male professional wrestlers,American people of Lithuanian descent,WWE Hall of Fame inductees,Sportspeople from Minneapolis,Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum,Living people

paragraph: Road Warrior Animal

paragraph: Joseph Michael Laurinaitis (born September 12, 1960) is an American professional wrestler, better known by his ring name, Road Warrior Animal (or simply Animal). Along with Road Warrior Hawk, he was one half of the tag team The Road Warriors/The Legion of Doom. Also a sporadic singles competitor, he headlined the 2001 WCW pay-per-view event Sin, in contention for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship.

paragraph: He is also known for his work in the WWF/E between 1990 to 2006, where he became a three-time tag team champion. He was inducted with Hawk into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Laurinaitis grew up in Minnesota, having to work for a living from a very early age. He attended Irondale High School. Because of his size and love of power lifting, Laurinaitis was an imposing figure and thus a very effective bouncer. He worked as a bouncer at Grandma B's in the Twin Cities where he caught the eye of Eddie Sharkey, a well-known wrestling trainer. Sharkey thought that Laurinaitis and Mike Hegstrand, Richard Rood, and Barry Darsow could make it big in professional wrestling, and trained all four of them.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Early career (1982–1983).

paragraph: Laurinaitis made his debut in November 1982, competing as The Road Warrior using a biker gimmick. After only a few matches as a singles competitor, Joe's career and life would change thanks to an idea by Paul Ellering.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:American and Japanese territories (1983–1986).

paragraph: When Paul Ellering was looking to put together a stable of heels in Georgia Championship Wrestling (GCW) called "The Legion of Doom", it was decided to put Laurinaitis together with his good friend Mike Hegstrand and change their names to "Animal" and "Hawk" respectively. Thus, the Road Warriors were born. They first started out as biker gimmicks; on The Road Warriors DVD, Animal said he felt like one of the Village People. To look more intimidating, the two shaved their heads into Mohawks and started wearing studded dog collars, spiked shoulder pads, and face paint. The look and name were taken from "The Road Warrior", helping to paint the two as no-mercy monsters. Their interview style was vicious, yet charismatic and a bit humorous.

paragraph: The team was an instant hit, revolutionizing the tag-team scene with their power moves, no mercy attitudes, and innovative face paint that would spawn many future imitators in wrestling. In Georgia, they won the NWA National Tag Team Championship four times before moving on to bigger promotions, such as the American Wrestling Association in the US and All Japan Pro Wrestling, winning more tag team titles.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Jim Crockett Promotions (1986–1990).

paragraph: Their hard hitting style, no nonsense attitude, and winning ways made the Road Warriors fan favorites. Even when they were booked as heels, the fans refused to boo them. They started to split their time between the AWA and the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) until finally leaving the AWA for big money contracts with the NWA and a huge push for the monster duo. The move paid off instantly as they won the inaugural Jim Crockett Sr. Memorial Cup Tag Team Tournament and feuded with the top stars of the NWA such as The Four Horsemen and The Russian Team (which included the Road Warriors' old training buddy Barry Darsow). During their initial run in the NWA, they helped popularize the WarGames match, the Scaffold match, and their trademark Chicago Street Fight.

paragraph: In 1988, the Road Warriors engaged in a violent feud with The Powers of Pain (The Barbarian and The Warlord) the first team that could truly match the Road Warriors in power (and who were one of the most well known Road Warrior clones). The Powers of Pain even went so far as to injure Animal's eye (kayfabe) during a weightlifting competition. When Animal returned, he initially wore a hockey goalie mask to protect his eye. The angle abruptly ended when the Powers of Pain left the NWA after finding out they were booked against the Road Warriors in a series of Scaffold Matches and they did not want to get hurt by falling off the scaffold.

paragraph: Near the end of 1988, the Road Warriors captured the NWA World Tag Team Championship from The Midnight Express whom they mauled in short order to win the titles. After being the "Uncrowned champions" for a long time the Road Warriors' run with the tag team titles was short lived. Teddy Long used a fast count to cheat the Road Warriors out of their titles. In their last year with the NWA, the Warriors feuded mainly with The Varsity Club, The Samoan Swat Team, and The Skyscrapers before leaving the NWA in the summer of 1990, due to conflicts with Jim Herd.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:World Wrestling Federation (1990–1992).

paragraph: The Road Warriors immediately signed with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1990 and were pushed into a feud with the most famous of all "Road Warrior Clones", Demolition, a group which included their old training partner Barry Darsow. Due to the ailing health of one of Demolition (Ax) he was replaced by Crush but the magic of the original Demolition was gone and the feud did not live up to the high hopes of the fans.

paragraph: Just over a year after signing with the WWF, the Legion of Doom won the WWF Tag Team Championship and held it for about eight months. When they lost the titles, they briefly left the WWF, only to return with longtime manager Paul Ellering by their side, as well as a wooden ventriloquist dummy called "Rocco". Both members of the L.O.D. thought the Rocco gimmick was stupid, and it led to Hegstrand walking out of the WWF immediately following SummerSlam 1992, leaving Laurinaitis on his own for the first time in nine years. Animal went ahead and finished his contractual obligations with the WWF, as a singles wrestler and occasionally teaming with former rival Crush, formerly of Demolition. During a handicap match in Japan against the Beverly Brothers in September 1992, Laurinaitis legitimately injured his back from a botched double suplex and had to take a lengthy hiatus. His last match was a victory over Papa Shango in San Francisco, California on October 16. After this his back was too injured to allow him to wrestle.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:World Championship Wrestling (1993, 1996).

paragraph: Laurinaitis made some non-wrestling appearances in WCW in 1993. On August 18, at the Clash of the Champions, Animal made his appearance, getting out of a black Camaro Z28 indicating his partner Hawk was Dustin Rhodes' mystery partner against Rick Rude and The Equalizer. On September 19, at Fall Brawl, Animal was the advisor for Sting's team, consisting of Sting, Davey Boy Smith, Dustin Rhodes, and The Shockmaster for WarGames, defeating Big Van Vader, Sid Vicious, and Harlem Heat. On January 4, 1995, Animal seconded Hawk in his match against Scott Norton in New Japan Pro Wrestling's annual Tokyo Dome show.

paragraph: For the next couple of years, Laurinaitis stayed out of the wrestling ring, collecting on an insurance policy from Lloyd's of London while Hegstrand competed all over the world. Near the end of 1995, Laurinaitis' back had finally recovered enough for him to return to active competition. Three years after everyone thought the Road Warriors had ended, they reunited and signed a contract with World Championship Wrestling. Upon their return in January 1996, they immediately started a feud with the Steiner Brothers, who returned in March, and Harlem Heat, before moving on to challenge the WCW Tag Team Champions Sting and Lex Luger. The Road Warriors had several shots at the champions but never won the title in the six months they were with the company. The Steiner Brothers also arrived shortly after the Warriors did, and feuded with them to try to prove who the best team of all time was. The Steiners got the better of the feud and the Warriors left WCW in June 1996.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Return to WWF (1997–1999).

paragraph: After leaving WCW they returned to the WWF where the Legion of Doom took part in the Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. the Hart Foundation feud, siding with Austin against the Harts. The Legion of Doom also became two-time tag team champions on October 7, 1997, when they defeated The Godwinns. In November 1997, the Legion of Doom faced the newly formed New Age Outlaws (Road Dogg and Billy Gunn) and lost the titles to the upstart team.

paragraph: After several unsuccessful challenges the L.O.D. were repackaged as Legion of Doom 2000 with manager Sunny, although she did not stay with the team for long. At the same time, Paul Ellering returned, but sided with D.O.A., whom L.O.D. were feuding with at the time; Ellering and Animal explained on the Road Warriors DVD that it was hard for Ellering to work with another team against the Road Warriors and difficult to rip on his former team on promos.

paragraph: In 1998, the Legion of Doom became involved in their most controversial angle; playing off Hegstrand's real life drug and alcohol problems. Hawk started to show up drunk or "unable to perform" on TV. As Hawk proved more and more erratic and unreliable, a third L.O.D. member, Puke, was introduced to team with Animal while Hawk dealt with his personal issues. The storyline ended with accusations that Puke had been the "enabler" of Hawk's problems, exploiting them to take Hawk's place in the team. During the controversial segment, Hawk was shown to have fallen off the Titan Tron. Neither Hegstrand nor Laurinaitis approved of the WWF exploiting Hegstrand's personal problems, which caused them to subsequently leave the WWF.

paragraph: While the Road Warriors never officially broke up, Animal started making an increasing number of solo appearances after they left the WWF as Hegstrand struggled with drug and alcohol addiction.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Return to WCW (2001).

paragraph: In 2001 Animal landed a prominent position in WCW as the "enforcer" of the stable known as The Magnificent Seven with the objective to protect WCW World Champion Scott Steiner. The Magnificent Seven split up shortly before Vince McMahon purchased WCW; Animal's contract was not one of the contracts the WWF picked up.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2002–2003, 2007, 2016).

paragraph: The Road Warriors appeared in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling in late 2002 to early 2003 as part of a group that opposed Vince Russo's faction Sports Entertainment Xtreme, but would only wrestle one actual match for the promotion.

paragraph: On June 17, 2007, Road Warrior Animal returned to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling on the pay-per-view, Slammiversary, with Rick Steiner; he replaced Scott Steiner, who was out with an injury. They ended up losing to Team 3D.

paragraph: On December 15, 2016, Animal returned to TNA for a guest appearance on the "Impact Wrestling" special, "Total Nonstop Deletion".

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Second return to WWE (2003–2012).

paragraph: Animal and Hawk made a surprise appearance on "Raw" on May 12, 2003 when they took on Kane and Rob Van Dam for the World Tag Team Championship. Hawk would die five months later, on October 19, 2003.

paragraph: Animal made a return to WWE on the July 14 episode of "SmackDown!" in 2005, where he was challenged by the then-WWE Tag Team Champions MNM to a title match at "The Great American Bash". Finding a new tag team partner in Heidenreich, Animal went on to defeat MNM for the titles, dedicating the win to Hawk by saying, "Hawk, this one was for you, brother!" The two would team up for a few months in a new chapter of the Legion of Doom, with Heidenreich adopting the L.O.D.'s shoulder pads, face paint, and mohawk haircut. However, this came to an end with Heidenreich's release from WWE on January 17, 2006.

paragraph: On the March 3, 2006, episode of "SmackDown!", Animal teamed up with Matt Hardy to face MNM. After he and Hardy lost the match, Animal turned heel for the second time in his career by attacking and injuring Hardy's knee. Animal reasoned that he had realized that Hardy and Heidenreich were screw-ups and that Road Warrior Hawk was the only tag team legend and partner for him. After the heel turn, Animal, once again known simply as The Road Warrior, would drop many aspects of the well-known Road Warrior gimmick, losing the face paint, and shoulder pads. Animal's look at this time was similar to his old Road Warrior gimmick in the early 1980s he had prior to teaming up with Hawk. On the March 17 episode of "SmackDown!", Animal lost to Hardy in a Money in the Bank qualifying match. Animal was defeated by United States Champion Chris Benoit on the March 31 episode of "SmackDown!".

paragraph: In his final WWE match, Animal defeated Paul Burchill on the May 6, 2006, episode of "Velocity". On June 26, 2006, Animal was released from his WWE contract.

paragraph: WWE announced on March 28, 2011, on "WWE Raw" that the Road Warriors would be inducted into the 2011 Hall of Fame. Animal also spoke openly about his future induction on Right After Wrestling just minutes after the announcement on "WWE Raw". Animal told hosts, Arda Ocal and Jim Korderas that the WWE was going to create a physical Hall of Fame in Tampa and he was going to donate his trademarked 'spiked-shoulder pads' to that Hall.

paragraph: On the July 20, 2012, episode of "WWE SmackDown" on Syfy, Animal returned to face Heath Slater in honor of "Raw"'s 1,000th episode. He went on to squash Slater. He then reappeared on the actual 1,000th episode on July 23 with other WWE Legends to help Lita take down Slater.

paragraph: Section::::Writing.

paragraph: Laurinaitis released an autobiography with William Andrew Wright titled "The Road Warriors: Danger, Death, and the Rush of Wrestling" on March 1, 2011 published by Medallion Press, Inc. The book talks about the rise of The Road Warriors, shares funny stories of life on the road, and offers behind-the-scenes accounts of the wrestling industry.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Laurinaitis and his former wife Julie, a former powerlifter and bodybuilder, have two children, son James (born 1986) and daughter Jessica (born 1989). Laurinaitis also has a son named Joseph (born 1981) from a previous marriage.

paragraph: Laurinaitis' brothers have both been involved in professional wrestling over the years. John Laurinaitis (Johnny Ace) is the former Executive Vice President of Talent Relations for World Wrestling Entertainment and a former wrestler. Marcus Laurinaitis is a former wrestler, mainly known as one half of the tag team "The Wrecking Crew" (Terminator / Fury).

paragraph: Laurinaitis' son, James Laurinaitis, played linebacker for the Ohio State University. As a sophomore, James won the Bronko Nagurski Trophy, given to the best defensive player in the country, and was a finalist for the Butkus Award, which is awarded to the best linebacker in the country. In 2007, James won the Butkus Award. In fact, "Sports Illustrated" made a joke about borrowing his father's shoulder pads and later did an interview with him that included a picture of him wearing them. He was drafted by the St. Louis Rams in the second round as the 35th overall pick in the 2009 NFL Draft, and played with the Rams through the team's final season in St. Louis in 2015, after which he moved to the New Orleans Saints.

paragraph: In July 2016, Laurinaitis was named part of a class action lawsuit filed against WWE which alleged that wrestlers incurred traumatic brain injuries during their tenure and that the company concealed the risks of injury. The suit was litigated by attorney Konstantine Kyros, who had been involved in a number of other lawsuits against WWE. US District Judge Vanessa Lynne Bryant dismissed the lawsuit in September 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- All Japan Pro Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA International Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Warrior Hawk

paragraph: BULLET::::- American Wrestling Association

paragraph: BULLET::::- AWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Warrior Hawk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fighting World of Japan Pro Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Japan Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Warrior Hawk

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frank Gotch Award (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georgia Championship Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA National Tag Team Championship (4 times) – with Road Warrior Hawk

paragraph: BULLET::::- i-Generation Superstars of Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- i-Generation Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Road Warrior Hawk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Independent Pro Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- IPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Warrior Hawk

paragraph: BULLET::::- International Wrestling Superstars

paragraph: BULLET::::- IWS World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Warrior Hawk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jim Crockett Promotions / World Championship Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA World Six-Man Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Road Warrior Hawk and Dusty Rhodes (2) and Road Warrior Hawk and Genichiro Tenryu (1)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA World Tag Team Championship "(Mid-Atlantic version)" (1 time) – with Road Warrior Hawk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iron Team Tournament (1989) – with Road Warrior Hawk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jim Crockett, Sr. Memorial Cup (1986) – with Road Warrior Hawk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minnesota Wrestling Hall of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- Class of 2019

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Wrestling Alliance

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Hall of Fame (Class of 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Legends Hall of Heroes (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Professional Championship Wrestling (Texas)

paragraph: BULLET::::- PCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Warrior Hawk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Class of 2011) (As a member of The Road Warriors)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWI Comeback of the Year (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWI Feud of the Year (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWI Tag Team of the Year (1983–1985, 1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWI ranked him #64 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWI ranked him #1 of the 100 best tag teams of the "PWI Years" with Road Warrior Hawk in 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quebec Wrestling Hall of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- Class of 2015 - with Road Warrior Hawk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Super World of Sports

paragraph: BULLET::::- One Night Tag Team Tournament (1991) – with Hawk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toryumon Mexico

paragraph: BULLET::::- UWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Power Warrior

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tokyo Sports

paragraph: BULLET::::- Best Foreigner Award (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment/WWE

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWF Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Road Warrior Hawk

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWE Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Heidenreich

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rookies of the Year (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tag Team of the Year (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Road Warrior Hawk

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Road Warriors

paragraph: BULLET::::- Power Warrior

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWE Hall of Fame profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Road Warrior Animal Speaks On Hawk's Death, WWE & More

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with Animal by Genickbruch.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Road Warrior Animal on Facebook

paragraph: BULLET::::- Road Warrior Animal on Twitter

alias:
Joe Laurinaitis
Joseph Laurinaitis
Joseph Michael Laurinaitis

description: American professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Road Warrior Animal

wikipedia_title: Road Warrior Animal