text:
Persian
Basra
Firuzabad, Fars
Iran
Fars
Umayyads
Shapur
Kirman
Abbasids
al-Mansur
Abdallah ibn Ali
Manichaean
Quran
Kalīla wa Dimna
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Arabic literature
al-Hamadani
al-Saraqusti
Middle Persian
Kalīla wa Dimna
Borzōē/Borzūya
Sasanian
India
Syriac
Greek
Hebrew
Latin
Castilian
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Ghaznavid
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Khwaday-Namag
Mazdak
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Ibn Qutayba
Ibn al-Nadim
divination
physiognomy
polo
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Khosrau II (Parviz)
Nāma-ye Tansar
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Ibn Isfandiar
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Basra
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Dzevad Karahasan
Bosnia-Hercegovina
Zijah Sokolović
Herbert Gantschacher
ARBOS - Company for Music and Theatre
Al-Adab al-Kabīr
Mirrors for princes
"EBN AL-MOQAFFAʿ", Encyclopedia Iranica

categories: People from Basra,Converts to Islam from Zoroastrianism,8th-century Muslims,Shu'ubiyya,750s deaths,8th-century executions by the Abbasid Caliphate,Year of birth unknown,Executed Iranian people,Iranian writers,8th-century Iranian people,Medieval Persian writers,People from Firuzabad, Fars,Persian–Arabic translators,8th-century Arabic writers,Translators of medieval Islam

paragraph: Ibn al-Muqaffa'

paragraph: Abū Muhammad ʿAbd Allāh Rūzbih ibn Dādūya (), born Rōzbih pūr-i Dādōē (), more commonly known as Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ (), (), was a Persian translator, author and thinker who wrote in the Arabic language.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ibn al-Muqaffa, though a resident of Basra, was originally from the town of Goor (or Gur, Firuzabad, Fars) in the Iranian province of Fars and was born to a family of local notables. His father had been a state official in charge of taxes under the Umayyads, and after being accused and convicted of embezzling some of the money entrusted to him, was punished by the ruler by having his hand crushed, hence the name "Muqaffa" (shrivelled hand).

paragraph: Ibn al-Muqaffa served in sectarial posts under the Umayyad governors of Shapur and Kirman. Unlike his other colleagues, he escaped persecution at the hands of Abbasids after their overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty. He later returned to Basra and served as a secretary under Isa ibn Ali and Sulayman ibn Ali, the uncles of the Abbasid caliph al-Mansur.

paragraph: After their brother Abdallah ibn Ali made an abortive bid for the throne, they asked Ibn al-Muqaffa to write a letter to the Caliph to not retaliate against his uncle and pardon him. The language of the letter offended al-Mansur, who wished to be rid of Ibn al-Muqaffa. He was executed around 756 or 759 AD by the governor of Basra.

paragraph: A defense of Manichaean dualism and a few lines of prose written in imitation of the Quran have been ascribed to him. Whether authentic or not, and despite his conversion to Islam, these texts contributed to his posthumous reputation as a heretic.

paragraph: Section::::Literary career.

paragraph: Ibn al-Muqaffa's translation of the "Kalīla wa Dimna" from Middle Persian is considered the first masterpiece of Arabic literary prose. "Ibn al-Muqaffa' was a pioneer in the introduction of literary prose narrative to Arabic literature. He paved the way for later innovators such as al-Hamadani and al-Saraqusti, who brought literary fiction to Arabic literature by adapting traditionally accepted modes of oral narrative transmission into literary prose." Ibn al-Muqaffa was also an accomplished scholar of Middle Persian, and was the author of several moral fables.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Translations and adaptations.

paragraph: Kalīla wa Dimna : His translation of a Middle Persian collection of animal fables, mostly of Indian origin, involving two jackals, Kalīla and Demna. The Middle Persian original, now lost but thought have been entitled "Karīrak ud Damanak" was written by one Borzōē/Borzūya, a Persian physician attached to the Sasanian court in the 6th century. Prefaced by a putative autobiography of Borzūya and an account of his voyage to India, the full work was done into Arabic by Ibn al-Muqaffa', who introduced it with a prologue of his own and may have been responsible for four added stories. From Ibn al-Moqaffaʿ’s Arabic rendering of Borzūya’s work are descended not only all later Arabic versions of Kalīla wa Dimna, but also one of two Syriac versions (the other one is pre-Islamic ) and the medieval Greek, Persian (6th/12th century), Hebrew, Latin, and Castilian versions. Though there are many Arabic manuscripts of Kalīla wa Dimna, Ibn al-Muqaffa'’s version is not among them, and the oldest dated copy was written almost five centuries after his death. That he aimed at an idiomatic rather than a slavishly literal rendering is generally agreed, and all indications are that he achieved clarity of expression by simplicity of diction and plain syntactical structures. As no medieval Arab critic seems to have impugned his style, it was evidently pleasing and well suited to the taste of his Arab readers.

paragraph: Ibn al-Muqaffa'’s translation of Kalīla wa Dimna was not a conscious attempt to start a new literary trend; it was clearly just one of several works of old Sasanian court literature which Ibn al-Muqaffa' introduced to an exclusive readership within court circles, its function being to illustrate what should or should not be done by those aiming at political and social success. Kalīla wa Dimna, nonetheless, served as a stimulus to the development of Arabic prose literature and inspired imitators, artists, and poets. A prose Persian translation of the Arabic text was available as early as the 10th century, of which a versified version was made by Rudaki (d.941-42). Both versions are lost except for a few lines of Rūdakī’s poem preserved in other sources. A later prose translation was rendered by Abu’l-Maʿālī Nasr-Allāh Ibn Mohammad Shirazi and dedicated to the Ghaznavid Bahramshah.

paragraph: Khwaday-Namag: Ibn al-Muqaffa' is thought to have produced an Arabic adaptation of the late Sasanian Khwaday-Namag, a chronicle of pre-Islamic Persian kings, princes, and warriors. A mixture of legend, myth, and fact, it served as a quasi-national history inspired by a vision of kingship as a well-ordered autocracy with a sacred duty to rule and to regulate its subjects’ conduct within a rigid class system. Interspersed with maxims characteristic of "andarz" literature, the narrative also offered practical advice on civil and military matters. Ibn al-Muqaffa' is known to have modified certain parts of the original and excluded others, possibly to make it intelligible to his Arab Muslim readers. He is thought to have inserted an account of Mazdak, from which later Perso-Arab historians derived much of their knowledge of the Mazdakite movement. Like its Middle Persian original, Ibn al-Muqaffa'’s Arabic version is not extant. The "Oyun al-akhbar" and the "Ketab al-maʿaref" of Ibn Qutayba (d. 889) may preserve fragments of it; certainly the "Sīar al-ʿAjam", quoted by Ibn Qutayba without ascription, renders the Khwaday-Namag.

paragraph: Other books: Ibn al-Nadim attributes several other Arabic translations of Middle Persian works to Ibn al-Muqaffa', namely Āʾīn-nāma, Kitāb al-tāj, and Kitāb Mazdak. Ibn Qutayba is thought to have preserved parts of the Āʾīn-nāma, for in his Oyun a number of passages are quoted, albeit without ascription, with the opening words "I have read in the Aiin (or Kitāb al-āʾīn)". The quotations bear on topics such as court manners and customs, military tactics, divination and physiognomy, archery, and polo, subjects typical of various works on Sasanian institutions, protocol, entertainment, general savoir faire, and so on. Also in the Oyun are extracts from a Kitāb al-tāj . Ebn al-Nadim describes this book as a biography of Khosrau I (Anoshirvan), but Ibn Qutayba’s extracts mostly pertain to Khosrau II (Parviz) and suggest a "mirror for princes". The subject of the Ketab Mazdak was, as its title implies, the leader of the revolutionary religious movement whose activities led to his execution in 531.A better product of Ibn al-Muqaffa'’s translation activities is the Nāma-ye Tansar, a political work taking its name from its putative author Tansar , the Zoroastrian priestly adviser to the first Sasanian monarch, Ardashir I . Ibn al-Muqaffa'’s Arabic version is lost, but Ibn Isfandiar’s Persian rendering of it, made in the early 13th century and embodied in his "Tarikh-e Tabarestan" (History of Tabarestan), reveals its content . Apart from adding various illustrative verses, some…in elegant Persian, Ibn al-Muqaffa evidently inserted Quranic and Biblical quotations, presumably as a concession to Muslims. Be that as it may, his Sasanian text is still Iranocentric: ...we are the best of Persians, and there is no quality or trait of excellence or nobility which we hold dearer than the fact that we have ever showed humility and lowliness…in the service of kings, and have chosen obedience and loyalty, devotion and fidelity. Through this quality…we came to be the head and neck of all the climes...

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Original works.

paragraph: Two preceptive works in Arabic are ascribed to Ibn al-Muqaffa', al-Adab al-kabīr and al-Adab al-saghir, but only the first, now known as Kitāb al-ādāb al-kabīr, can be accepted as his . The first of its four parts is a very brief rhetorical retrospect on the excellence of the ancients’ legacy, clearly Sasanian, of spiritual and temporal knowledge. The second is a miniature mirror for princes. The addressee, seemingly the caliph’s son, is apostrophized as one in pursuit of the rule of seemly conduct (adab). He is to give strict priority to the mastery of fundamentals, examples of which are given along with illustrations of the ways in which they can be applied. The author then turns to pitfalls before a prince (e.g., the love of flattery and the fault of allowing others to detect it). More positively, he urges the prince to cultivate men of religion and moral perfection as potential aides and intimates, to take advice, even if unpalatable, from those best qualified to give it, to keep abreast of his officials’ conduct, to be sparing with his favors, and so on. Having defined, very much in a Sasanian vein, the bases of kingship, he discusses particular circumstances calling for caution and prudence. After exhortation to seemly conduct and sundry observations on statecraft he ends by stressing the pivotal role in government of power and a seemly public image. The Ādāb’s third part, longer than the second, is a pragmatic guide to survival for a ruler’s intimates and highly, but precariously, placed officers of state. It offers advice in a high moral vein, but it rests on no philosophical, ethico-religious, or spiritual basis: it rests on familiarity with age-old vagaries of oriental despots and their entourages. The fourth and longest part of the Ādāb treats of a man’s relations with colleagues in what we may take to be the secretarial fraternity. The main theme is friendship and the avoidance of enmity. For Ibn al-Muqaffa', the ideal is a permanent relationship, sustained by fidelity, loyalty, and devotion, and proof against all corrosive forces. As always, his treatment of the subject is didactic and heavily dependent on aphorisms. He remains pragmatic: A friendship should be formed, not with an inferior, but with a superior, for to make friends of inferiors bespeaks envy, which is reprehensible. To shed a friend is a threat to honor—unlike a divorce. To women and their allure he makes certain disparaging references, but they are only incidental to his main interest,promoting companionship and amity in the circles that concern him. One can detect in the Ādāb as a whole certain ideas known to Sasanian Persia from pre-Islamic translations of Greek works . The Ādāb is cast in the parallelistic mode of expression born of the early Khotba and expanded and elaborated in Omayyad hortatory compositions, unembroidered with contrived rhyming of the sort found in later Abbasid prose literature. To point contrasts and enforce parallels, full use is made of devices well known to the ancient schools of rhetoric.

paragraph: The Risala fi-l-Sahaba is a short but remarkably percipient administrative text. In less than 5,000 words, he discusses specific problems facing the new Abbasid regime. The unnamed addressee is identifiable as al-Mansur, who may never have seen it. There is no logical arrangement. After an opening eulogy, purposefully complimentary but devoid of extravagant panegyric, he discusses the army, praising the Khorasanis in Iraq but suggesting that, as an ethnically mixed body exposed to heterodox thinking, they should be taught only the tenets of a clear, concise religious code issued by the caliph. Concern for the army’s standing, morale, and future loyalty leads him to suggest reforms, including the removal of fiscal duties from the military, officer recruitment from the ranks based on merit, religious education, inculcation of integrity and loyalty, regular pay linked to inflation, and maintenance of an efficient intelligence service throughout Khorasan and peripheral provinces, regardless of cost. He calls for vigilance and good intelligence in Iraq to counter discontent in Basra and Kufa and pleads for deserving Iraqis to be afforded scope for the exercise of their talents in government service. In view of wide divergences in legal theory and practice, born of local precedents or flawed personal reasoning, he suggests to the caliph a scrutiny and resolution of all conflicts of law by his own command and the imposition of unity by a comprehensive enactment. He recommends cautious clemency for the conquered Syrians, the recruitment from among them of a hand-picked caliphal elite, the lifting of ruinous economic sanctions, and fair distribution of foodstuffs in the Syrian military districts. At long last, he comes to the caliph’s entourage, which, though introduced in glowing terms, can be perceived as far from ideal. In the past, ministers and secretaries—the approach is tactful—brought the entourage into disrepute: men unworthy of access to the caliph became members to the exclusion of, for instance, scions of the great families of early Islam. The caliph should now remedy the situation by taking account of claims to precedence and singling out for preferment men with special talents and distinguished service records, as well as men of religion and virtue and incorruptible and uncorrupting men of noble lineage. Also, the caliph’s kin and princes of his house should be considered. In a section on land-tax (Kharaj) the author focuses on the arbitrary exploitation of cultivators and recommends taxation governed by known rules and registers. After a few lines on Arabia he closes with a proposal for mass education aimed at achieving uniformity of orthodox belief through a body of paid professional instructors. This would make for stability, and trouble-makers would not go unobserved. The Resāla ends with an expression of pious hopes and prayers for the caliph and his people. Stylistically, the work markedly differs from the Ādāb in certain important respects, the reason for which may be the subject-matter.

paragraph: Of the various works attributed, rightly or wrongly, to Ibn al-Muqaffa', there are two of which we have only fragments quoted in hostile sources. One, posing a problem of authenticity, may be described as a Manichaean apologia. The other is the Moarazat al-Quran, which sees not as anti-Islamic, but rather as an exercise designed to show that in the author’s time something stylistically comparable to the Quran could be composed. Other compositions and occasional pieces attributed to Ibn al-Muqaffa' are the Yatima tania a short, sententious epistle on good and bad rulers and subjects ; may be authentic, though the long resāla entitled Yatimat al-soltan and the collection of aphorisms labeled Hekam certainly are not. A doxology is almost certainly spurious, though a series of passages and sentences that follow it may have come from the lost Yatima fi’l-rasael.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and commemoration.

paragraph: The Bosnian poet Dzevad Karahasan wrote a play about al-Muqaffa. The world premiere was performed in 1994 during the civil war in Bosnia-Hercegovina by the Bosnian actors Zijah Sokolović and Selma Alispahić from the National Theatre of Sarajevo under the direction of Herbert Gantschacher in a production of the Austrian theatre ARBOS - Company for Music and Theatre in Vienna

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al-Adab al-Kabīr

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mirrors for princes

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "EBN AL-MOQAFFAʿ", Encyclopedia Iranica

description: Persian writer

wikidata_label: Ibn al-Muqaffa'

wikipedia_title: Ibn al-Muqaffa'


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categories: Creativity researchers,Intelligence researchers,Educational psychologists,Presidents of the American Psychological Association,Yale University alumni,Fellows of the Society of Experimental Psychologists,Tufts University faculty,Stanford University alumni,Jewish American scientists,Guggenheim Fellows,People from Newark, New Jersey,Cognitive scientists,American psychologists,Living people,Yale University faculty,1949 births,Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,Oklahoma State University faculty,Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science

paragraph: Robert Sternberg

paragraph: Robert J. Sternberg (born December 8, 1949) is an American psychologist and psychometrician. He is Professor of Human Development at Cornell University. Prior to joining Cornell, Sternberg was president of the University of Wyoming. He has been Provost and Professor at Oklahoma State University, Dean of Arts and Sciences at Tufts University, IBM Professor of Psychology and Education at Yale University. He is a member of the editorial boards of numerous journals, including "American Psychologist". He was the past President for the American Psychological Association.

paragraph: Sternberg has a BA from Yale University and a PhD from Stanford University, under advisor Gordon Bower. He holds thirteen honorary doctorates from two North American, one South American, one Asian, and nine European universities, and additionally holds an honorary professorship at the University of Heidelberg, in Germany. He is a Distinguished Associate of the Psychometrics Centre at the University of Cambridge.

paragraph: Among his major contributions to psychology are the triarchic theory of intelligence and several influential theories related to creativity, wisdom, thinking styles, love, and hate. A "Review of General Psychology" survey, published in 2002, ranked Sternberg as the 60th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Sternberg has acquired over $20 million in grants and contracts for his research and has conducted research on five continents. The central focus of his research is on intelligence, creativity, and wisdom. He has also studied close relationships, love, and hatred. He has authored or co-authored over 1,500 publications, including articles, book chapters, and books.

paragraph: Robert Sternberg is married to Karin Sternberg, a German psychologist, with whom he has a set of triplets, consisting of a boy and two girls. Sternberg and his first wife had a son and a daughter.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Sternberg was born on December 8, 1949, to a Jewish family, in New Jersey. Sternberg suffered from test anxiety as a child. As a result, he became an inadequate test taker. This upset him and he reasoned that a test was not an adequate measurement of his true knowledge and academic abilities. When he later retook a test in a room that consisted of younger students, he felt more comfortable and his scores increased dramatically. Sternberg later constructed the Test of Mental Ability (STOMA), his first intelligence test. This problem of test taking is what sparked Sternberg's interest in psychology.

paragraph: Section::::Academic career.

paragraph: Sternberg was an undergraduate student at Yale University. Neither of Sternberg's parents finished high school, and he was only able to attend Yale by achieving a National Merit Scholarship and receiving financial aid. He did so poorly in his introductory psychology class that his professor insisted that he pursue another major. Determined to succeed, Sternberg earned a BA summa cum laude, and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa, gaining honors and exceptional distinction in psychology. Sternberg continued his academic career at Stanford University, where he earned his PhD, in 1975.

paragraph: Sternberg returned to Yale as an assistant professor of Psychology in 1975, and would work at Yale for three decades, eventually becoming the IBM Professor of Psychology and Education, as well as the founder and director of the Center for the Psychology of Abilities, Competencies and Expertise.

paragraph: He left Yale in 2005 to assume the position of Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at Tufts University, where he quickly began his job search for a promotion to a Provost position. After multiple unsuccessful high-profile attempts to gain other academic leadership positions within a few years of arriving at Tufts, including at the University of Colorado and the University of Iowa, Sternberg was offered a position at Oklahoma State University in 2010, where he remained as provost for three years. In early 2013, Sternberg was named the new president of the University of Wyoming. After resigning from the University of Wyoming in late 2013, Sternberg joined the faculty of Cornell University.

paragraph: Section::::University of Wyoming presidency.

paragraph: Sternberg took office in July 2013 as the University of Wyoming’s 24th president. His major aim was to push the “development of ethical leadership in students, faculty and staff". Therefore, Sternberg wanted to change the University of Wyoming’s test-based selection process of applicants towards an ethics-based admission process: “The set of analytical skills evaluated in the ACT [American College Testing] is only a small sliver of what you need to be an ethical leader.”

paragraph: After arriving at the University of Wyoming, President Sternberg's term was marked by tumult in the faculty. Three weeks after taking in office as Wyoming’s new president, the provost and vice president for academic affairs was asked to resign and stepped down. In the next four months, three associate provosts and four deans were asked to resign or resigned voluntarily—many explicitly citing disagreements with President Sternberg's approach. In the "Chronicle of Higher Education", November 15, 2013 ("President of U of Wyoming Abruptly Resigns" by Lindsay Ellis), Sternberg's tenure was described as "a period that saw rapid turnover among senior administrators and unsettled the campus."

paragraph: The last dean who stepped down, the Dean of the College of Law, Stephen Easton, accused Sternberg at a university meeting of unethical treatment of staff, professors and schools. “You have not treated this law school ethically.” Sternberg refused to discuss the case at the meeting. The "Casper Star Tribune" portrayed the situation at the university as “chaos in the college”. Additionally, other provosts blamed a lack of respect for and interest in human capital. According to Peter Shive, a professor emeritus, Sternberg asked everyone to wear the school colors, brown and gold, on Fridays. Shive said the farther away from the administrative building he went, the fewer people were wearing brown and gold.

paragraph: Ray Hunkins, a UW Law College graduate, former counsel to the UW trustees, a member of the board of directors of the UW Foundation, and the Republican nominee for governor of Wyoming in 2006, questioned Sternberg's policies which led to the dismissal or resignation of the administrators. "I think there's chaos in the university," Hunkins said.

paragraph: On November 14, 2013, 137 days after Sternberg took the helm of UW, it was announced at a press conference following a trustees meeting in William Robertson Coe Library that Sternberg had tendered his resignation to the board. In a public statement read by trustee President David Bostrom, Sternberg said that despite his care for the university, "It may not be the best fit for me as president." Laughter arose immediately upon the reading of Sternberg's statement. In accordance to university regulations, vice president for academic affairs Dr. Dick McGinity took the office as interim president. His resignation was neither asked for, nor forced by the Board of Trustees.

paragraph: According to the "Wyoming News", Sternberg’s four-month presidency produced more than $1.25 million in administration-related costs equivalent to the costs of 31 faculty staff positions for one year. This includes: $377,000 for Sternberg’s severance pay, including $325,000 that he will be paid 2014; $37,500 in deferred compensation Sternberg is due by December 31; about $89,000 for the next presidential search; $330,000 for search firms to find replacements for administrators and deans who resigned; $265,000 for renovations to the house and garage that Sternberg was allowed to continue to rent at a price of $1,100 a month until May 31.

paragraph: Section::::Honorary degrees.

paragraph: Sternberg holds thirteen honorary doctorates, including some from universities outside the United States. The list of foreign universities that awarded the degrees includes Complutense University of Madrid (Spain), University of Durham (UK), University of Leuven (Belgium), University of Cyprus, University of Paris V (France), and St. Petersburg State University (Russia).

paragraph: Section::::Publication ethics.

paragraph: Sternberg began serving as editor of the prestigious "Perspectives on Psychological Science" in 2015. As editor he published eight commentaries in his own journal between 2016 and 2018 with apparently little or no external peer review. In response to one of these pieces, a letter of concern was drafted, which over 100 psychologists endorsed. In addition to the concerns about the lack of peer review, the letter of concern also mentioned that these articles feature extreme levels of self-citation, ranging from 42% to 65%. In response to the letter and from pressure on social media, Sternberg resigned in late April 2018 from his position of editor of "Perspectives on Psychological Science", over a year and a half before his term was scheduled to end.

paragraph: Several of Sternberg's published articles contain "self-plagiarism" in what appears, based on a small sample, to be a significant portion of his publications. The extent of this is still unknown. A report in Inside Higher Ed reports that he cited himself as much as up to 65% of the time

paragraph: Section::::Awards and recognition.

paragraph: Sternberg’s awards include the Cattell Award from the American Psychological Society, Sir Francis Galton Award from the International Association of Empirical Aesthetics, the Arthur W. Staats Award from the American Psychological Foundation and the Society for General Psychology, the E. L. Thorndike Award for Career Achievement in Educational Psychology Award from the Society for Educational Psychology of the American Psychological Association (APA) and the Grawemeyer Award for Psychology in 2018. In the APA Monitor on Psychology, Sternberg has been rated as one of the top 100 psychologists of the twentieth century. The ISI has rated Sternberg as one of the most highly cited authors in psychology and psychiatry (top .5 percent). Sternberg is a fellow of the National Academy of Education, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and other organizations. He is past-president of the American Psychological Association and the Eastern Psychological Association, and currently is President of the Federation of Associations in the Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

paragraph: Section::::Research interests.

paragraph: Sternberg's main research include the following interests:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Higher mental functions, including intelligence and creativity and wisdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Styles of thinking

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cognitive modifiability

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leadership

paragraph: BULLET::::- Love and hate

paragraph: Sternberg has proposed a triarchic theory of intelligence and a triangular theory of love. He is the creator (with Todd Lubart) of the investment theory of creativity, which states that creative people buy low and sell high in the world of ideas, and a propulsion theory of creative contributions, which states that creativity is a form of leadership.

paragraph: He spearheaded an experimental admissions process at Tufts to quantify and test the creativity, practical skills, and wisdom-based skills of an applicant. He used similar techniques when he was provost at Oklahoma State.

paragraph: Sternberg has criticized IQ tests, saying they are "convenient partial operationalizations of the construct of intelligence, and nothing more. They do not provide the kind of measurement of intelligence that tape measures provide of height."

paragraph: In 1995, he was on an American Psychological Association task force writing a consensus statement on the state of intelligence research in response to the claims being advanced amid the "Bell Curve" controversy, titled "."

paragraph: Section::::Triarchic theory of intelligence.

paragraph: Many descriptions of intelligence focus on mental abilities such as vocabulary, comprehension, memory and problem-solving that can be measured through intelligence tests. This reflects the tendency of psychologists to develop their understanding of intelligence by observing behavior believed to be associated with intelligence.

paragraph: Sternberg believes that this focus on specific types of measurable mental abilities is too narrow. He believes that studying intelligence in this way leads to an understanding of only one part of intelligence and that this part is only seen in people who are "school smart" or "book smart".

paragraph: There are, for example, many individuals who score poorly on intelligence tests, but are creative or are "street smart" and therefore have a very good ability to adapt and shape their environment. According to Sternberg (2003), giftedness should be examined in a broader way incorporating other parts of intelligence.

paragraph: Section::::Triarchic theory of intelligence.:The triarchic model.

paragraph: Sternberg (2003) categorizes intelligence into three parts, which are central in his theory:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Analytical intelligence, the ability to complete academic, problem-solving tasks, such as those used in traditional intelligence tests. These types of tasks usually present well-defined problems that have only a single correct answer.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Creative or synthetic intelligence, the ability to successfully deal with new and unusual situations by drawing on existing knowledge and skills. Individuals high in creative intelligence may give 'wrong' answers because they see things from a different perspective.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Practical intelligence, the ability to adapt to everyday life by drawing on existing knowledge and skills. Practical intelligence enables an individual to understand what needs to be done in a specific setting and then do it.

paragraph: Sternberg (2003) discusses experience and its role in intelligence. Creative or synthetic intelligence helps individuals to transfer information from one problem to another. Sternberg calls the application of ideas from one problem to a new type of problem "relative novelty". In contrast to the skills of relative novelty there is "relative familiarity" which enables an individual to become so familiar with a process that it becomes automatized. This can free up brain resources for coping with new ideas.

paragraph: Context, or how one adapts, selects and shapes their environment is another area that is not represented by traditional measures of giftedness. Practically intelligent people are good at picking up tacit information and utilizing that information. They tend to shape their environment around them. (Sternberg, 2003)

paragraph: Sternberg (2003) developed a testing instrument to identify people who are gifted in ways that other tests don't identify. The Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test measures not only traditional intelligence abilities but analytic, synthetic, automatization and practical abilities as well. There are four ways in which this test is different from conventional intelligence tests.

paragraph: BULLET::::- This test is broader, measuring synthetic and practical skills in addition to analytic skills. The test provides scores on analytic, synthetic, automatization, and practical abilities, as well as verbal, quantitative, and figural processing abilities.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The test measures the ability to understand unknown words in context rather than vocabulary skills which are dependent on an individual's background.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The automatization subtest is the only part of the test that measures mental speed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The test is based on a theory of intelligence.

paragraph: Section::::Triarchic theory of intelligence.:Practical application.

paragraph: Sternberg added experimental criteria to the application process for undergraduates to Tufts University, where he was Dean of Arts and Sciences, to test "creativity and other non-academic factors." Calling it the "first major university to try such a departure from the norm," "Inside Higher Ed" noted that Tufts continues to consider the SAT and other traditional criteria.

paragraph: Section::::Theory in cognitive styles.

paragraph: Sternberg proposed a theory of cognitive styles in 1988.

paragraph: Sternberg's basic idea is that the forms of government we have in the world are external reflections of the way different people view and act in the world, that is, different ways of organizing and thinking. Cognitive styles should not be confused with abilities, they are the way we prefer to use these abilities. Indeed, a good fit between a person's preferred cognitive profile and his abilities can create a powerful synergy that outweighs the sum of its parts.

paragraph: The main three branches of government are the executive branch, legislative branch and judicial branch. People also need to perform these functions in their own thinking and working. Legislative people like to build new structures, creating their own rules along the way. Executive people are rule followers, they like to be given a predetermined structure in which to work. Judicial people like to evaluate rules and procedures, to analyze a given structure.

paragraph: The four forms of mental self-government are hierarchical, monarchic, oligarchic, and anarchic. The hierarchic style holds multiple goals simultaneously and prioritizes them. The oligarchic style is similar but differs in involving difficulty prioritizing. The monarchic style, in comparison, focuses on a single activity until completion. The anarchic style resists conformity to "systems, rules, or particular approaches to problems."

paragraph: The two levels of mental self-government are local and global. The local style focuses on more specific and concrete problems, in extreme case they "can't see the forest for the trees". The global style, in comparison, focuses on more abstract and global problems, in extreme cases they "can't see the trees for the forest".

paragraph: The two scopes of mental self-government are internal and external. The internal style focuses inwards and prefers to work independently. The external style focuses outwards and prefers to work in collaboration.

paragraph: The two leanings of mental self-government are the liberal and conservative. These styles have nothing to do with politics. The liberal individual likes change, to go beyond existing rules and procedures. The conservative individual dislikes change and ambiguity, he will be happiest in a familiar and predictable environment.

paragraph: We all have different profiles of thinking styles which can change over situations and time of life. Moreover, a person can, and often does, have a secondary preferred thinking style.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography (selection).

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography (selection).:On human intelligence.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sternberg, R. J. (1977): "Intelligence, information processing, and analogical reasoning: The componential analysis of human abilities".Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sternberg, R. J. (1985): "Beyond IQ: A triarchic theory of human intelligence". New York City: Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sternberg, R. J. (1990): "Metaphors of mind: Conceptions of the nature of intelligence". New York: Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sternberg, R. J. (1997): "Successful intelligence". New York: Plume.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sternberg, R. J. et al. (2000): "Practical intelligence in everyday life". New York: Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sternberg, R. J., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2000): "Teaching for successful intelligence". Arlington Heights, IL: Skylight.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sternberg, R.J. (2007): "Wisdom, Intelligence, and Creativity Synthesized". New York: Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sternberg, R. J. (2010): "College admissions for the 21st century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography (selection).:On creativity and intellectual giftedness.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1995): "Defying the crowd: Cultivating creativity in a culture of conformity". New York: Free Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sternberg, R. J., & Williams, W. M. (1996): "How to develop student creativity". Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sternberg, R. J., James C Kaufman, & Pretz, J. E. (2002): "The creativity conundrum: A propulsion model of creative contributions". Philadelphia, PA.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography (selection).:Other works, including edited volumes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert J. Sternberg. A page dedicated to his life's work.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biographical sketch, The Psychometrics Centre

paragraph: BULLET::::- , University of Cambridge

paragraph: BULLET::::- Triarchic Theory of Intelligence - uwsp.edu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Video (with mp3 available) of discussion about intelligence and creativity with Sternberg on Bloggingheads.tv

description: American psychologist & scholar

wikidata_label: Robert Sternberg

wikipedia_title: Robert Sternberg


text: Burji

text: Mamluk

text: Sultan of Egypt

text: A.H.

text: C.E.

text: Circassian

text: Barsbay

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Mecca

text: Medina

text: Jerusalem

text: Damascus

text: Aleppo

text: Alexandria

text: Cairo

text: Lighthouse of Alexandria

text: Great Circassia

text: Caucasus

text: Sayf ad-Din Inal

text: Timurbugha

text: Turkmen

text: Bab Zuwayla

text: Borama

text: Somalia

text: Sultanate of Adal

text: British Museum

text: London

text: Citadel

text: Alexandria

text: Damascus

text: Aleppo

text: Hajj

text: Mecca

text: Medina

text: Ak Koyunlu

text: Urfa

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Adana

text: Catholic Monarchs

text: Ferdinand II of Aragon

text: Bayezid II

text: plague

text: mausoleum

text: Sultan An-Nasir Muhammad

text: Al-Aziz Muhammad

text: As-Salih Muhammad

text: Sultan Qanush al-Ghawri

text: Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri

text: Cairo

text: Alexandria

text: Rosetta

text: Aleppo

text: Damascus

text: Jerusalem

text: Gaza

text: Fountain of Qayt Bay

text: Mecca

text: Medina

text: Mosque of the Prophet

text: Bayt Al-Razzaz palace

text: Cambridge

categories: 1496 deaths,Circassians,1410s births,Burji sultans

paragraph: Qaitbay

paragraph: Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf ad-Din Qa'it Bay () (c. 1416/14181496) was the eighteenth Burji Mamluk Sultan of Egypt from 872-901 A.H. (1468-1496 C.E.). (Other transliterations of his name include Qaytbay and Kait Bey.) He was Circassian () by birth, and was purchased by the ninth sultan Barsbay (1422 to 1438 C.E.) before being freed by the eleventh Sultan Jaqmaq (1438 to 1453 C.E.). During his reign, he stabilized the Mamluk state and economy, consolidated the northern boundaries of the Sultanate with the Ottoman Empire, engaged in trade with other contemporaneous polities, and emerged as a great patron of art and architecture. In fact, although Qaitbay fought sixteen military campaigns, he is best remembered for the spectacular building projects that he sponsored, leaving his mark as an architectural patron on Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem, Damascus, Aleppo, Alexandria, and every quarter of Cairo. To some historians, he is infamous for building a fortress on the remains of the ancient wonder, the Lighthouse of Alexandria, in 1480, resulting in the final disappearance of the lighthouse, confining it to the history books.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Qaitbay was born between 1416 and 1418 in Great Circassia of the Caucasus. His skill in archery and horsemanship attracted the attention of a slave merchant who purchased him and brought him to Cairo when he was already over twenty years of age. He was quickly purchased by the reigning sultan Barsbay and became a member of the palace guard. He was freed by Barsbay's successor, Jaqmaq, after knowing that Qaitbay a descendant of Al-Ashraf Musa Abu'l-Fath al-Muzaffar ad-Din and appointed third executive secretary; under the reigns of Sayf ad-Din Inal, Khushqadam, and Yilbay he was further promoted through the Mamluk military hierarchy, eventually becoming "taqaddimat alf", commander of a thousand Mamluks. Under the Sultan Timurbugha, finally, Qaitbay was appointed "atabak", or field marshal of the entire Mamluk army. During this period Qaitbay amassed a considerable personal fortune which would enable him to exercise substantial acts of beneficence as sultan without draining the royal treasury.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Accession.

paragraph: The reign of Timubugha lasted less than two months, as he was dethroned in a palace coup on 30 January 1468. Qaitbay was proposed as a compromise candidate acceptable to the various court factions. Despite some apparent reluctance, he was enthroned on 31 January. Qaitbay insisted that Timurburgha be granted an honorable retirement, instead of the enforced exile usually imposed on dethroned sovereigns. He did, however, exile the leaders of the coup, and created a new ruling council composed of his own followers and more veteran courtiers who had fallen into disgrace under his predecessors. Yashbak min Mahdi was appointed "dawadar", or executive secretary, and Azbak min Tutkh was named "atabak"; the two men would remain Qaitbay's closest advisors until the ends of their careers, despite their profound dislike for each other. In general Qaitbay seems to have pursued a policy of appointing rivals to posts of equal authority, thus preventing any single subordinate from acquiring too much power and maintaining the ability to settle all disputes via his own autocratic authority.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early reign.

paragraph: Qaitbay's first major challenge was the insurrection of Shah Suwar, leader of a small Turkmen dynasty, the Dhu'l-Qadrids, in eastern Anatolia. A first expedition against the upstart was soundly defeated, and Suwar threatened to invade Syria. A second Mamluk army was sent in 1469 under the leadership of Azbak, but was likewise defeated. Not until 1471 did a third expedition, this time commanded by Yashbak, succeed in routing Suwar's army. In 1473, Suwar was captured and led back to Cairo, together with his brothers; the prisoners were drawn and quartered and their remains were hung from Bab Zuwayla.

paragraph: Qaitbay's reign was also marked by trade with other contemporaneous polities. Excavations in the late 1800s and early 1900s at over fourteen sites in the vicinity of Borama in modern-day northwestern Somalia unearthed, among other things, coins identified as having been derived from Qaitbay. Most of these finds are associated with the medieval Sultanate of Adal, and were sent to the British Museum in London for preservation shortly after their discovery.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Consolidation of power.

paragraph: Following the defeat of Suwar, Qaitbay set about purging his court of the remaining factions and installing his own purchased Mamluks in all positions of power. He frequently went on excursions, ostentatiously leaving the Citadel with limited guards to display his trust of his subordinates and of the populace. He traveled throughout his reign, visiting Alexandria, Damascus, and Aleppo, among other cities, and personally inspecting his many building projects. In 1472 he performed the Hajj to Mecca. He was struck by the poverty of the citizens of Medina and devoted a substantial portion of his private fortune to the alleviation of their plight. Through such measures Qaitbay gained a reputation for piety, charity, and royal self-confidence.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Ottoman-Mamluk war.

paragraph: In 1480 Yashbak led an army against the Ak Koyunlu dynasty in Northern Mesopotamia, but was soundly defeated while attacking Urfa, taken prisoner, and executed. These events foreshadowed a longer military engagement with the far more powerful Ottoman Empire in Anatolia. In 1485 Ottoman armies began to campaign on the Mamluk frontier, and an expedition was dispatched from Cairo to confront them. These Mamluk troops won a surprising victory in 1486 near Adana. A temporary truce ensued, but in 1487 the Ottomans reoccupied Adana, only to be defeated once more by a massive Mamluk army. As the concomitant Turkish expansion in the western Mediterranean represented an increased threat to the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, Ferdinand II of Aragon made a temporary alliance with the Mamluks against the Ottomans from 1488 until 1491, shipping wheat and offering a fleet of 50 caravels against the Ottomans.

paragraph: In 1491 a final truce was signed that would last through the remaining reigns of Qaitbay and the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II. Qaitbay's ability to enforce a peace with the greatest military power in the Muslim world further enhanced his prestige at home and abroad.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Final years.

paragraph: The end of Qaitbay's reign was marred by increasing unrest among his troops and a decline in his personal health, including a riding accident that left him comatose for days. Many of his most trusted officials died, and were replaced by far less scrupulous upstarts; a long period of palace intrigue ensued. In 1492 the plague returned to Cairo, and was reported to have claimed 200,000 lives. Qaitbay's health became markedly poor in 1494, and his court, now lacking a figure of central authority, was wracked by infighting, factionalism, and purges.

paragraph: He died on 8 August 1496 and was interred in the spectacular mausoleum attached to his mosque in Cairo's Northern Cemetery which he had built during his lifetime. He was succeeded by his son, an-Nasir Muhammad (not to be confused with the famed 14th-century sultan of the same name.)

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Al-Ashraf Sayf ad-Din Qaitbay fathered three sons. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Sultan An-Nasir Muhammad, who was born in 1482. His second son, Al-Aziz Muhammad was born in 1484, and his third son As-Salih Muhammad, born in 1487, would later became a "muqaddim" a commander in the army of Sultan Qanush al-Ghawri.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Qaitbay's reign has traditionally been seen as the "happy culmination" of the Burji Mamluk dynasty. It was a period of unparalleled political stability, military success, and prosperity, and Qaitbay's contemporaries admired him as a defender of traditional Mamluk values. At the same time, he may be criticized for his conservatism, and for his failure to innovate in the face of new challenges. Following Qaitbay's death, the Mamluk state descended into a prolonged succession crisis lasting for five years until the accession of Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri.

paragraph: Today Qaitbay is perhaps best known for his wide-ranging architectural patronage. At least 230 monuments, either surviving or mentioned in contemporary sources, are associated with his reign. In Egypt, Qaitbay's buildings were to be found throughout Cairo, as well as in Alexandria and Rosetta; in Syria he sponsored projects in Aleppo and Damascus; in addition, he was responsible for the construction of madrasas and fountains in Jerusalem and Gaza, which still stand — most notably the Fountain of Qayt Bay and al-Ashrafiyya Madrasa. On the Arabian peninsula, Qaitbay sponsored the restoration of mosques and the construction of madrasas, fountains and hostels in Mecca and Medina. After a serious fire struck the Mosque of the Prophet in Medina in 1481, the building, including the Tomb of the Prophet, was extensively renewed through Qaitbay's patronage.

paragraph: One of the palaces that were built in his time is the Bayt Al-Razzaz palace.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stefano Carboni, "Venice and the Islamic World, 828–1797" (New Haven, 2007).

paragraph: BULLET::::- J.-C. Garcin, "The regime of the Circassian Mamluks," in C.F. Petry, ed., "The Cambridge History of Egypt I: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517" (Cambridge, 1998), 290–317.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. W. Newhall, "The patronage of the Mamluk Sultan Qā’it Bay, 872–901/1468–1496" (Diss. Harvard, 1987).

paragraph: BULLET::::- C.F. Petry, "Twilight of majesty: the reigns of the Mamlūk Sultans al-Ashrāf Qāytbāy and Qānṣūh al-Ghawrī in Egypt" (Seattle, 1993).

alias:
Qaytbay
al-Ashraf Qaytbay

description: Burji Mamluk Sultan of Egypt

wikidata_label: Qaitbay

wikipedia_title: Qaitbay


text:
Music Director
Playback Singer
Actor
Lyricist
Anchor
Telugu
Tamil
Kannada
Hyderabad
Telangana
Andhra Pradesh
Bachi
Bumper Offer
Anchor
Telugu
Bumper Offer
Mirchi Music Awards South

categories: Singers from Andhra Pradesh,20th-century births,Living people,Telugu film score composers,Telugu playback singers,People from East Godavari district,Film musicians from Andhra Pradesh

paragraph: Raghu Kunche

paragraph: Raghu Kunche is an Indian Film Music Director, Playback Singer, Actor, Lyricist, Dubbing Artist and Anchor in the Telugu, Tamil, Kannada Film Industries, currently residing in Hyderabad, Telangana. He has won 5 NANDI awards given by the state government of Andhra Pradesh.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Raghu Kunche began his singing career in 2000 with the movie Bachi. He has sung about 600 songs for Telugu Films. Raghu Kunche made his debut as a Music Director for the movie "Bumper Offer" in 2009. He won 5 NANDI Awards in his career. He worked as a Dubbing Artist for movies and Anchor for various Telugu TV channels before he became a Playback Singer and then a Music Director.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Playback singer.

paragraph: Raghu Kunche sang about 600 songs in Telugu films. "Enduke Ravanamma" - a song about recession from the movie "Bumper Offer" shot him to fame.

paragraph: His most popular songs are:

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Anchor/Actor/Dubbing Artist.

paragraph: Raghu Kunche is actor/anchor/dubbing artist who has acted in many TV serials and played roles in movies and short films.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nandi Awards

paragraph: Raghu Kunche has received 5 Nandi Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other Awards

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mirchi Music Awards South for Best Upcoming Music Director

paragraph: BULLET::::- BIG FM Award

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nominated for Best Music Director for DONGATA at IIFA 2015

description: film score composer

wikidata_label: Raghu Kunche

wikipedia_title: Raghu Kunche


text:
Graus
Spain
Huete
Spain
politician
diplomat
Prime Minister of Spain
Minister of State

categories: 19th-century Spanish politicians,Foreign ministers of Spain,1842 deaths,Moderate Party (Spain) politicians,Prime Ministers of Spain,1776 births,People from Ribagorza

paragraph: Eusebio Bardají y Azara

paragraph: Eusebio Bardají y Azara (Graus, Spain, 19 December 1776 – Huete, Spain, 7 March 1842) was a Spanish politician and diplomat who served as the Prime Minister of Spain in 1837 and held other offices such as Minister of State.

description: Prime Minister of Spain

wikidata_label: Eusebio Bardají y Azara

wikipedia_title: Eusebio Bardají y Azara


text:
Christian
martyr
saint
lapidation
Julian the Apostate
Nisibis
Mesopotamia
Roman Martyrology
feast days
fresco
Santa Maria Antiqua
Rome
Barachisius
Euthymius
Sabas of Palestine

categories: 363 deaths,4th-century Christian martyrs,Persian saints

paragraph: Dometius of Persia

paragraph: Saint Dometius ("Domitius") the Persian (died 363) is venerated as a Christian martyr and saint. According to tradition, he was martyred by lapidation during the reign of Julian the Apostate with two companions. He was killed at Nisibis in Mesopotamia.

paragraph: The name Domitius appears three times in the "Roman Martyrology" on different feast days (August 7, March 23, July 5); “it is uncertain that they were indeed the same person.”

paragraph: Dometius of Persia was depicted in an 8th-century fresco in the church of Santa Maria Antiqua, in Rome. This may indicate that there were Greek-speaking monks at Santa Maria Antiqua, as evidenced by these frescoes, which not only depicted Dometius but also Saints Barachisius, Euthymius, and Sabas of Palestine.

description: Christian martyr and saints

wikidata_label: Dometius of Persia

wikipedia_title: Dometius of Persia


text:
Cheating Cheaters
titian hair
The Soul Market
Nothing But Lies
The Scarlet Runner
Earle Williams
Betty Howe
Adele Kelly
Billie Billings
Edith Storey
Lillian Tucker
The Soul Market
Nothing but Lies
Lawrence C. Windom
The Master Mind
Lionel Barrymore
Salvation Nell
The Young Diana
The Broken Silence
Little old New York

paragraph: Gypsy O'Brien

paragraph: Gypsy O'Brien (1889 - 1975) was theater and film actress. Her theater performances included a role in "Cheating Cheaters". She also appeared in "Bunny" at the Hudson Theatre. Her performance was described as pretty and spirited as the persecuted heroine. According to marketing materials she had titian hair. Her film debut was in The Soul Market in 1916. She portrayed an investigative reporter in "Nothing But Lies".

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Scarlet Runner" (1916), a serial co-starring with Earle Williams, Betty Howe, Adele Kelly, Billie Billings, Edith Storey, and Lillian Tucker

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Soul Market" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nothing but Lies" (1920) directed by Lawrence C. Windom

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Master Mind" (1920) with Lionel Barrymore

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Salvation Nell" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Young Diana" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Broken Silence" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Little old New York" (1923)

description: American theater and film actress

wikidata_label: Gypsy O'Brien

wikipedia_title: Gypsy O'Brien


text: Norman

text: Louis XVIII

text: Henri Conneau

text: Napoleon III

text: Egypt

text: Khartoum

text: cotton

text: Sudan

text: İsmail Paşa

text: Ethiopia

text: Musa Paşa Hamdi

text: persona non grata

text: Kassala

text: Kufit

text: Tewodros II

text: Beja tribesmen

text: Sawakin

text: mutiny of the 4th Regiment

text: siege of Paris

text: Paris Commune

text: Carlist

text: Legitimist

text: Second Empire

text: Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies

paragraph: Raoul du Bisson

paragraph: Count Raoul du Bisson (fl. 1863–65) was a French aristocrat, adventurer and "agent provocateur". He belonged to a Norman family ennobled by Louis XVIII and was a relative of Henri Conneau, a personal friend and physician of Napoleon III.

paragraph: In 1863, Du Bisson recruited a band of directionless Europeans in the cafés of Egypt and marched them down to Khartoum, where he pronounced it his intention to establish a colony for the production of cotton. Crossing into the Sudan, his party had been inspected by Egyptian customs and was found to be in possession of numerous arms and even cannon. This has led to the supposition that he may have been acting on the orders of Khedive İsmail Paşa, who was planning an invasion of Ethiopia. After inquiries with the French authorities regarding his credentials, İsmail abandoned his plans and Du Bisson was on his own.

paragraph: In Khartoum, Du Bisson made numerous demands on the governor-general, Musa Paşa Hamdi, who eventually declared him "persona non grata". In early 1864 he led his band to Kassala, thence eastward to Kufit. There he claimed that he had the support of the French government to punish the Ethiopian emperor Tewodros II for having declared the French vice-consul Guillaume Le Jean "persona non grata" in Ethiopia. The British formally protested Du Bisson's presence, but the French government denied any involvement. Nevertheless, the presence of a group of sixty armed Europeans on his border—and who had only gotten there with the connivance of the khedive and the governor-general—led Tewodros to suspect a French–Turkish–Egyptian alliance against him.

paragraph: Du Bisson also intrigued with the local Beja tribesmen and the Egyptian government eventually ordered him to leave. His men left via Kassala and Sawakin, but not before helping put down the mutiny of the 4th Regiment at Kassala. He published an account of his Sudan adventure in 1868.

paragraph: After the Sudan, Du Bisson returned to France. There are contradictory reports of his ultimate fate. According to some, he was killed in the fighting during the siege of Paris by the Germans in 1870. According to others, he got involved in the Paris Commune in 1871 and was forced into exile, where he died. According to yet others, he was the leader of the republican Central Committee of the Twenty Arrondissements and boastfully claimed to have been a Carlist in Spain, a Legitimist under the Second Empire, and a general of King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies.

paragraph: Section::::Works by Du Bisson.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Du Bisson, Raoul. "Les Femmes, les eunuques et les guerriers du Soudan" [The Women, Eunuchs and Warriors of the Sudan]. Paris: H. Dufton, 1868.

wikidata_label: Raoul du Bisson

wikipedia_title: Raoul du Bisson


text:
Ferdinand Marcos
Cristina Catalla
Gerardo "Gerry" Faustino
Rizalina Ilagan
Southern Tagalog 10
Bantayog ng mga Bayani

categories: Forced disappearances in the Philippines,1951 births,Individuals honored at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani,20th-century Filipino women,Year of death missing,Marcos martial law victims

paragraph: Jessica Sales

paragraph: Jessica Sales (born October 15, 1951—disappeared July 31, 1977) was a college professor and community organizer in the Philippines who disappeared during martial law under the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos.

paragraph: Sales was arrested by state agents, at the age of 26, along with nine other activists working with community organizations in the Southern Tagalog region in the Philippines: Cristina Catalla, Gerardo "Gerry" Faustino, Rizalina Ilagan, Ramon Jasul, Salvador Panganiban, Emmanuel Salvacruz, Virgilio Silva, Modesto "Bong" Sison, and Erwin de la Torre. The group came to be known as the Southern Tagalog 10.

paragraph: Sales' name is inscribed on the Bantayog ng mga Bayani Wall of Remembrance honoring martyrs and heroes of martial law.

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: Philippines college professor and community organizer

wikidata_label: Jessica Sales

wikipedia_title: Jessica Sales


text:
Mizoguchi Shigemoto
Shibata
Shōgun
Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
koku
tenryō
Edo
Kisshō-ji
Sakakibara Masakuni
Himeji Domain
hatamoto
Mizoguchi clan
"Shibata-han" on "Edo 300 HTML"

categories: Tozama daimyo,1708 births,1732 deaths,Mizoguchi clan

paragraph: Mizoguchi Naoharu

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Mizoguchi Naoharu was the second son of Mizoguchi Shigemoto and was born in Shibata. He was received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi in 1694 and became "daimyō" in 1719 on the death of his father. In 1724, he was entrusted with the administration of 43,000 "koku" of "tenryō" lands in Echigo Province, and another 20,000 "koku" in 1729. Despite this addition income, the domain was unable to free itself from debt due to repeated flood disasters, and was forced to terminate the employment of some low-level samurai and to reduce the stipends of others. Naoharu died in Edo in 1732 at the age of 23. His grave is at the temple of Kisshō-ji in Tokyo.

paragraph: Naoharu was engaged to a daughter of Sakakibara Masakuni of Himeji Domain, but fell ill before the marriage was finalized and the engagement was cancelled. As he died without heir, the domain quickly adopted Kamenosuke, the son of a "hatamoto" cadet branch of the clan as heir.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mizoguchi clan

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shibata-han" on "Edo 300 HTML" )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The content of much of this article was derived from that of the corresponding article on Japanese Wikipedia."

description: Japanese daimyō

wikidata_label: Mizoguchi Naoharu

wikipedia_title: Mizoguchi Naoharu


text:
hatamoto
Mizoguchi clan
Shōgun
Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
Edo Castle
land reclamation
koku
tenryō
Korean embassy to Japan
Kanagawa-juku
Tōkaidō
kokudaka
Kisshō-ji
Matsudaira Nobutoki
Hamamatsu Domain
Mizoguchi clan
"Shibata-han" on "Edo 300 HTML"

categories: 1780 deaths,Tozama daimyo,1716 births,Mizoguchi clan

paragraph: Mizoguchi Naoatsu

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Mizoguchi Naoatsu was the fourth son of Mizoguchi Naomichi, a "hatamoto" retainer of Shibata Domain from a cadet branch of the Mizoguchi clan. His childhood name was Kamenosuke. He was adopted as posthumous heir to Mizoguchi Naoharu in 1732 and received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi the same year. In 1733, the clan was ordered to help repair the moats on Edo Castle. In 1735, the clan was ordered to survey and assist in land reclamation of the Shiunjigata marshes in Echigo Province, after which the clan was entrusted with administration of 16,850 "koku" of new "tenryō" lands. Although the domain suffered from fewer flooding disasters than under his predecessors, good harvests conversely drove the price of rice down, and the domain remained unable to free itself of debt. Furthermore, in 1738, the domain was ordered to return the 83,400 koku of "tenryō" lands back to direct administration by the shogunate. In 1748, the domain was ordered to assist the Korean embassy to Japan during its stay ate Kanagawa-juku on the Tōkaidō. In 1754, the domain traded 52 villages with an assessed "kokudaka" of 10,000 "koku" to the shogunate in exchange for 33 villages in another location. A similar trade occurred the following year, with the domain trading 15 villages for 31 others. Naoatsu retired in 1761, citing illness, and died in 1780. His grave is at the temple of Kisshō-ji in Tokyo.

paragraph: Naoatsu was married to a daughter of Matsudaira Nobutoki of Hamamatsu Domain, and had 8 sons and 4 daughters.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mizoguchi clan

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: Japanese daimyō

wikidata_label: Mizoguchi Naoatsu

wikipedia_title: Mizoguchi Naoatsu


text: graphic designer

text: Academy of Fine Arts in Łódź

text: Rhode Island School of Design

text: Dynamic Diagrams

text: Academy of Fine Arts in Katowice

text: Warsaw, Poland

text: Warsaw Academy of Fine Art

text: Academy of Fine Arts in Katowice

text: TBWA

text: Jeune Afrique

text: ERCO Leuchten

text: Academy of Fine Arts in Łódź

text: Ohio State University

text: Martial Law in Poland

text: Rhode Island School of Design

text: World Wide Web

text: Dynamic Diagrams

text: IBM

text: Sun Microsystems

text: Microsoft

text: Harvard University

text: Yale University

text: Holocaust Museum

text: Asian Art Museum

text: Merrill Lynch

text: MacMillan

text: Musee des Arts et Metier

text: Samsung Electronics

text: Tellart

text: International Design Conference

text: IBM Fellow

text: TED Conference

text: American Institute of Graphic Arts

text: Krotkie teksty o sztuce projektowania

text: “Krzysztof Lenk”

categories: 1936 births,2018 deaths,Artists from Warsaw

paragraph: Krzysztof Lenk

paragraph: Krzysztof Lenk (also known as Kris; July 21, 1936 — May 22, 2018) was a graphic designer known as a specialist of visual communication, and a celebrated educator. During his career, he designed numerous magazines and publications, posters and book covers, diagrams and information maps; he was a professor of graphic design at Academy of Fine Arts in Łódź, Poland, and later at Rhode Island School of Design (RISD) in the US; co-founder (with Paul Kahn) of Dynamic Diagrams, a firm specializing in information design, where he served as creative director between 1990 and 2001. Krzysztof Lenk shared his expertise through numerous lectures, workshops and conferences in many countries. He was an author and co-author of many books and articles. For his achievements he received an Honorary Doctorate Degree at the Academy of Fine Arts in Katowice, Poland, his alma mater.

paragraph: Section::::Early years and education.

paragraph: Krzysztof Lenk was born in 1936 in Warsaw, Poland. His early memories include time witnessing World War II. After the war he lived in Warsaw with his parents and later his wife and children throughout the first half of his life. He studied at the Warsaw Academy of Fine Art and then at the Department of Graphic Design of the Academy of Fine Arts in Katowice, where he graduated in 1961. After earning his degree, Lenk worked as a freelance artist designing books, book covers and posters. He travelled to Paris, where he worked for the Société Nouvelle d’Information et Publicité (SNIP) advertising agency (which later became TBWA) and for the magazine Jeune Afrique. These experiences led him to discover his interest for design of information and narration, and steered his work toward magazines.

paragraph: Back in Warsaw, in 1969 he designed a weekly magazine, Perspektywy, and maintained position as its art director until 1972. Between 1970 and 1981, he also art directed other magazines, such as Polish Art Review, Problemy, Ilustrowany Magazyn Turystyczny, Przeglad Techniczny, and Animafilm. During this time he also designed numerous books, albums and professional publications.

paragraph: In 1970-71 he co-designed a large promotional campaign for the German company ERCO Leuchten, which produced lighting fixtures made by leading designers of Europe.

paragraph: In 1973, Lenk started his carrier as an educator in Academy of Fine Arts in Łódź, where he taught typography and design of periodicals in the Graphic Design department until 1982. During the academic year of 1979/80, he travelled on invitation to teach at Ohio State University in Columbus, OH. Over the course of those years he received an award from the Polish Ministry of Art and Culture for his educational excellence.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: In 1982, living under Martial Law in Poland, Krzysztof Lenk was invited to Rhode Island School of Design (RISD) as a visiting professor. While there, a permanent position opened up in the Graphic Design department, which led to his tenure at RISD for nearly thirty years until he retired in 2010. Professor Lenk taught information design and typography to undergraduates and graduate students, and traveled widely abroad as a visiting scholar. He brought workshops and lectures to many schools and institutions throughout the US and around the world, including Canada, Netherlands, Scandinavia, England, India, Australia, and New Zealand.

paragraph: Krzysztof Lenk’s renown expertise in logic of visual communication coincided with the launch of the World Wide Web and the internet revolution. Together with Paul Kahn he founded the information architecture firm, Dynamic Diagrams. The studio rapidly grew to a company with offices in Providence, Baltimore, and London, England. Between 1990 and 2001 Krzysztof led the company as its Creative Director. After retiring from the company, he remained active there as an advisor and consultant.

paragraph: Dynamic Diagrams worked with many global institutions, including IBM, Sun Microsystems, Microsoft, Harvard University, Yale University, Holocaust Museum in Washington, Asian Art Museum in San Francisco, Merrill Lynch, MacMillan in London, Musee des Arts et Metier in Paris, and Samsung Electronics in Korea. The Samsung commission was one of their largest – Dynamic Diagrams coordinated the design of 75 websites, across 35 countries and 18 languages.

paragraph: Since 2000, Krzysztof Lenk had also served as an advisor to Tellart, a Providence-based experience design firm founded by RISD alumni.

paragraph: Lenk contributed as a lecturer to various conferences and professional events around the world, including the International Design Conference in Aspen, where he was invited in 1983 as an IBM Fellow. In 2001, he gave a talk at the TED Conference, where he presented a dynamic statistical model of the world as represented by a village of 1000 inhabitants. Lenk was also an active member of American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA).

paragraph: Lenk devoted his final years to writing his memoirs. In 2018, he died of cancer at age 81 in Barrington, Rhode Island. He is survived by his wife, Ewa Zembrzuska Lenk (married in 1963) and their two children, Honorata and Jack.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 - Excellence in Teaching Design award from the Ministry of Culture and Art in Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983 - IBM Fellow at the International Design Conference in Aspen, Colorado

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 - A ‘Silver Cane' recognition for excellence in teaching awarded by the Association of the Friends of Academy of Fine Art in Warsaw, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 - Honorary Doctorate Degree from The Academy of Fine Art in Katowice, Poland

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: Krzysztof Lenk, Paul Kahn (1997). "Krysztof Lenk and Paul Kahn: Dynamic Diagrams". In Richard Saul Wurman. "Information Architects". New York: Graphis. pp. 190-201.

paragraph: Paul Kahn, Krzysztof Lenk (2001). "Mapping Web Sites". RotoVision SA. ISBN 2880464641

paragraph: Krszysztof Lenk (2009). "Projects and Doodles / Projekty i bazgroly". Gdańsk, Poland: słowo/obraz teorytoria. ISBN 978-83-7453-914-2

paragraph: Krzysztof Lenk (2011). "Krotkie teksty o sztuce projektowania". Gdańsk, Poland: słowo/obraz teorytoria. ISBN 9788374539982

paragraph: Krzysztof Lenk (2010). "Pokazać. Wyjaśnić. Prowadzić. / To show. To explain. To guide." Cieszyn, Poland: Śląski Zamek Sztuki i Przedsiębiorczości. ISBN 9788392954194

paragraph: Krzysztof Lenk (2011). "Typografia – Wystawa prac studentów programu typografii, Wykład "Słowa i teksty", Warsztat z typografii." Uniwersytet Artystyczny w Poznaniu. ISBN 9788388400780

paragraph: Krzysztof Lenk (2011). “Czarne na białyn, w ruchu…”. In Przemek Dębowski and Jacek Mrowczyk. "Widzieć/Wiedzieć, Wybór najważniejszych tekstów o dizajnie." Kraków, Poland: Karakter. pp. 429-435. ISBN 978-83-62376-90-2

paragraph: Krzysztof Lenk, Ewa Satelecka (2018). "Padaj dalej: Dizajn, nauczanie, życie." "Krzysztof Lenk w rozmowie z Ewą Satelecką""." Kraków, Poland: Karakter. ISBN 9788365271709

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lidia Becela (1984). "Kto jest kim w Polsce. Informator biograficzny". Warszawa: Interpress. ISBN 9788322320730

paragraph: BULLET::::- Szymon Bojko (1985). “Diagrams, Charts and Graphs - Rhode Island School of Design”". Graphis". Issue 238: pp. 50-62

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steven Heller (1998). "The Education of Graphic Designer". New York: Allworth Press. pp. 203-207. ISBN 1880559994

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Saul Wurman (2002). "1000: Richard Saul Wurman's Who's Really Who". AAA. pp. 558. ISBN 9780967943619

paragraph: BULLET::::- Natalia Ilyin (2009). “Book Review: Projects and Doodles/Projekty i bazgroly”. "Communication Arts"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2018) – “Krzysztof Lenk”. "Culture.pl’’. Adam Mickiewicz Institute

wikidata_label: Krzysztof Lenk

wikipedia_title: Krzysztof Lenk


text:
Konjaku Monogatarishū
Ōeyama

wikipedia_title:
Konjaku Monogatarishū
Ōeyama

paragraph: Urabe no Suetake

paragraph: Suetake is the subject of a tale in the Konjaku Monogatarishū, a collection of folk legends compiled in the late Heian period. The Japanese tale in which Suetake appears is known as Ōeyama. He died in 1022 at the age of 73.

description: Japanese samurai

wikidata_label: Urabe no Suetake

wikipedia_title: Urabe no Suetake


text:
London, England
English
DCI Jill Marsden
BBC
soap opera
EastEnders
Suffolk
Onehouse
Stowmarket
Who Shot Phil?
Archie Mitchell
National Theatre
England People Very Nice
Who Killed Lucy Beale?
The Wilsons
Prime Suspect
Dangerous Lady
Gimme Gimme Gimme
The Vice
Black Books
Coupling
Midsomer Murders
Jekyll
Ashes to Ashes
Lewis
Silent Witness
Wallander
Outnumbered
My Mad Fat Diary
A Touch of Frost
ITV2
The Job Lot
Slaughter City
Love's Labour's Lost
Hindle Wakes
Hampstead Theatre
Top Girls
Mercury Fur
Menier Chocolate Factory
Liverpool Playhouse
England People Very Nice
Almeida
Royal Court
Closer
Beautiful Thing
Grow Your Own
Shadowlands
Cheerful Weather for the Wedding
How I Live Now
Suffolk
Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Made in Dagenham: The Musical

wikipedia_title:
London
English people
Jill Marsden (EastEnders)
BBC
Soap opera
EastEnders
Suffolk
Onehouse
Stowmarket
Who Shot Phil?
Archie Mitchell
Royal National Theatre
England People Very Nice
Who Killed Lucy Beale?
The Wilsons
Prime Suspect
Dangerous Lady
Gimme Gimme Gimme (TV series)
The Vice (TV series)
Black Books
Coupling (British TV series)
Midsomer Murders
Jekyll (TV series)
Ashes to Ashes (TV series)
Lewis (TV series)
Silent Witness
Wallander (British TV series)
Outnumbered (British TV series)
My Mad Fat Diary
A Touch of Frost
ITV2
The Job Lot
Slaughter City
Love's Labour's Lost
Hindle Wakes (play)
Hampstead Theatre
Top Girls
Mercury Fur
Menier Chocolate Factory
Liverpool Playhouse
England People Very Nice
Almeida Theatre
Royal Court Theatre
Closer (2004 film)
Beautiful Thing (film)
Grow Your Own (film)
Shadowlands (1993 film)
Cheerful Weather for the Wedding (film)
How I Live Now (film)
Suffolk
Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Made in Dagenham (musical)

categories: People from Stowmarket,English television actresses,English film actresses,English dramatists and playwrights,English people of Welsh descent,1971 births,Actresses from London,Living people

paragraph: Sophie Stanton

paragraph: Sophie Stanton (born 1971 in London, England) is an English actress, director and playwright. She is best known for her role as DCI Jill Marsden in the BBC soap opera "EastEnders" in which she has appeared on and off since 2001.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:EastEnders.

paragraph: Born in London and raised in Suffolk from the age of three, first in Onehouse and then in Stowmarket from age nine Marsden first appeared on 5 March 2001, appearing for the storyline labelled 'Who Shot Phil?'. She left on 27 March 2001 In 2002, she appeared in January, April and then from 14 November to 6 December. Again, in 2003 Marsden made numerous returns, in March, July, August, November and for a longer stint in December.

paragraph: In November 2009, it was reported that Stanton would be reprising her role as Jill. Marsden returned to investigate the murder of Archie Mitchell (Larry Lamb). Speaking of her return, she said: 'It came completely out of the blue, and knocked me for six.' Continuing, she said, 'I really thought Marsden was no more. It was a really great surprise because I’d just finished a year’s run at the National Theatre, appearing in a new play called "England People Very Nice" – so it couldn’t have come at a better time.' She made her return on 28 December 2009. Marsden left on 22 February 2010. Marsden returned on 5 January 2012 and appeared until May 2012, with two further appearances in August 2012. It was reported again in July 2015 that Stanton would be reprising her role as Marsden for the Who Killed Lucy Beale? storyline.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Other work.

paragraph: Other television includes Rose in "Dressing For Breakfast", Dilly in "The Wilsons", "Prime Suspect", "Dangerous Lady", "Wall of Silence", "Gimme Gimme Gimme", "Plastic Man", "The Vice", "Black Books", "The Sculptress", "Coupling", "Midsomer Murders", "The Mayor of Casterbridge", "Fingersmith", "Jekyll", "Ashes to Ashes", "Lewis", "Silent Witness", "Wallander", "Outnumbered", "My Mad Fat Diary " Series 2 & 3, "A Touch of Frost", and "The Smoke". She made a cameo appearance as regular character Bryony's nan in ITV2 sitcom "The Job Lot". Lyndsey in "Brexit: The Uncivil War" (Channel 4).

paragraph: Stanton's extensive theatre work includes "Slaughter City" (RSC), "Love's Labour's Lost" and "Hindle Wakes" (Manchester Royal Exchange), "A Collier's Friday Night" (Hampstead Theatre), "Beautiful Thing" (Bush/Donmar Warehouse), "Top Girls" (BAC), "She Stoops To Conquer" (Margate), "Sleeping Around" (Donmar Warehouse), "Mercury Fur" (Menier Chocolate Factory), "Breezeblock Park" (Liverpool Playhouse), "Market Boy" and "England People Very Nice" (National Theatre), "The Knot of the Heart", "Dying For It" and "Cloud Nine" (Almeida), "Ding Dong The Wicked" (Royal Court), "Nut" (The Shed/National Theatre), Falstaff in "Henry V" (St Ann's Warehouse, New York), Caliban in "The Tempest" (Donmar Warehouse/St Ann's Warehouse, New York), Joyce Hopkirk in "Ink" (Almeida/Duke of York's), Jaques in "As You Like It" & Gremia in "The Taming of the Shrew" (RSC).

paragraph: Mrs Rich in “The Fantastic Follies of Mrs Rich” (RSC) "Sophie Stanton is a joy as Mrs Rich" (Michael Billington The Guardian), "Stanton-a forthright comic joy throughout" (Dominic Cavendish, The Telegraph).

paragraph: Her film credits include "Girls Night", "Closer", "Beautiful Thing", "Grow Your Own", "Shadowlands", Milman in "Cheerful Weather for the Wedding" (2012) and "How I Live Now" (2013).

paragraph: Her home county is Suffolk. In 1991 she graduated from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art where she won the Gold Medal.

paragraph: Stanton both wrote and performed in the theatre play "Cariad" (Tristan Bates Theatre and Theatre Clwyd), and later directed "Winged" (Tristan Bates Theatre). Stanton also contributed the voice-over for "Robbed, Raided, Reunited" (BBC).

paragraph: Sophie Stanton created the role of Leah in “Beautiful Thing” and Beryl in "Made in Dagenham: The Musical".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "EastEnders" (BBC): Sophie Stanton profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tristan Bates Theatre (reference to "Cariad")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Operating Theatre Company: Cariad - reviews and photographs

description: British actress

wikidata_label: Sophie Stanton

wikipedia_title: Sophie Stanton


text:
Italian
postglossator
Sassoferrato
Marche
Perugia
Cinus
Bologna
Oldradus
Belviso
Pisa
Bologna
Charles IV
Baldus de Ubaldis
Corpus Juris Civilis
Justinian's Institutes
city-state
constitutional law
trademark
city government
Empire
Roman law
Spain
Portugal
Accursian
Lorenzo Valla
Pavia
civil law
Alberico Gentili
Richard Zouch
Pierre Beaumarchais
The Barber of Seville (play)
Gioachino Rossini
The Barber of Seville
Mozart's
The Marriage of Figaro
Friedrich Carl von Savigny
Ephraim Emerton
Guelphis et Gebellinis

wikipedia_title:
Italy
Postglossator
Sassoferrato
Marche
Perugia
Cino da Pistoia
Bologna
Oldradus de Ponte
Jacobus de Belviso
Pisa
Bologna
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Baldus de Ubaldis
Corpus Juris Civilis
Corpus Juris Civilis
City-state
Constitutional law
Trademark
Local government
Holy Roman Empire
Roman law
Spain
Portugal
Accursius
Lorenzo Valla
Pavia
Civil law (legal system)
Alberico Gentili
Richard Zouch
Pierre Beaumarchais
The Barber of Seville (play)
Gioachino Rossini
The Barber of Seville
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
The Marriage of Figaro
Friedrich Carl von Savigny
Ephraim Emerton
Guelphs and Ghibellines

categories: University of Perugia alumni,Italian heraldists,14th-century Latin writers,Italian jurists,University of Pisa faculty,University of Bologna alumni,1313 births,University of Perugia faculty,1357 deaths,14th-century Italian writers,People from the Province of Ancona

paragraph: Bartolus de Saxoferrato

paragraph: Bartolus de Saxoferrato (Italian: "Bartolo da Sassoferrato") (131313 July 1357) was an Italian law professor and one of the most prominent continental jurists of Medieval Roman Law. He belonged to the school known as the commentators or postglossators. The admiration of later generations of civil lawyers is shown by the adage "nemo bonus íurista nisi bartolista" — no one is a good jurist unless he is a Bartolist (i.e. a follower of Bartolus).

paragraph: Section::::Life and works.

paragraph: Bartolus was born in the village of Venatura, near Sassoferrato, in the Italian region of Marche. His father was Franciscus Severi, and his mother was of the Alfani family. He read civil law at the universities of Perugia under Cinus, and Bologna under Oldradus and Belviso, and graduated to doctor of law in 1334. In 1339 he started teaching himself first in Pisa, then in Perugia. He raised the character of Perugia's law school to a level with that of Bologna, and this city made him an honorary citizen in 1348. In 1355, Emperor Charles IV appointed him as his "consiliarius". In Perugia Baldus de Ubaldis and his brothers Angelus and Petrus became pupils of Bartolus. Bartolus died in Perugia at the age of 43, and was interred in the church of San Francisco with a monument inscribed with "Ossa Bartoli".

paragraph: Despite his short life, Bartolus left an extraordinary number of works. He wrote commentaries on all parts of the Corpus Juris Civilis (except Justinian's Institutes). He is also the author of a large number of treatises on specific subjects. Among these treatises is his famous book on the law relating to rivers ("De fluminibus seu Tyberiadis"). There are also almost 400 legal opinions ("consilia") written at the request of judges or private parties seeking legal advice.

paragraph: Bartolus developed many novel legal concepts, which became part of the civil law tradition. Among his most important contributions were those to the area of conflict of laws — a field of great importance in 14th century Italy, where every city-state had its own statutes and customs. Bartolus also dealt with a variety of constitutional law issues. In his treatise "De insigniis et armis" he discussed not only the law of Arms but also some problems of trademark law.

paragraph: Bartolus also wrote on political issues, including the legitimacy of city governments, partisan divisions and the regimes of Italy's petty tyrants. His political thought balanced respect for the Empire with defense of the legitimacy of local Italian governments.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Already famous at his lifetime, Bartolus was later regarded as the greatest jurist after the renaissance of Roman law.

paragraph: This is not only evident from the above-quoted saying, but also from the fact that statutes in Spain 1427/1433 and Portugal 1446 provided that his opinions should be followed where the Roman source texts and the Accursian gloss were silent.

paragraph: Lorenzo Valla was driven out of the university of Pavia in 1431 for his critique of Bartolus' Latin style.

paragraph: Even in England, where the civil law he had worked on was not applicable, Bartolus was held in high esteem.

paragraph: He influenced civilian writers such as Alberico Gentili and Richard Zouch.

paragraph: Due to Bartolus' fame, his name was used for the character of a lawyer in many Italian plays. A well-known example is Dr. Bartolo in Pierre Beaumarchais' "The Barber of Seville (play)", Gioachino Rossini's opera "The Barber of Seville" and in Mozart's "The Marriage of Figaro".

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Primary Sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diego Quaglioni, "Politica e diritto nel trecento italiano. Il "De tyranno" di Bartolo da Sassoferrato (1314–1357). Con l'edizione critica dei trattati "De Guelphis et Gebellinis", "De regimine civitatis", e "De tyranno"", Olschki, Firenze, 1983.

paragraph: Secondary Sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Ada Benedetto (1958). "Bartolo da Sassoferrato". In "Novissimo Digesto Italiano. Vol 2". . pp. 279–280.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friedrich Carl von Savigny (1850). "Geschichte des römischen Rechts im Mittelalter. Vol. 6". pp. 137–184.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walter Ullmann (1962). "Bartolus and English Jurisprudence". In "Bartolo da Sassoferrato. Studi e Documenti per il VI centenario. Vol. 1". pp. 47–73.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ephraim Emerton, "Humanism and Tyranny" (Gloucester, Mass., P. Smith, 1964 [c1925]). Includes translations of Bartolus, "De tyrannia" and "De Guelphis et Gebellinis".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Osvaldo Cavallar et al., "A grammar of signs: Bartolo da Sassoferrato's Tract on insignia and coats of arms" (Berkeley, CA: Robbins Collection, University of California at Berkeley, 1994).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Osvaldo Cavallar,"River of Law," in "A Renaissance of conflicts: visions and revisions of law and society in Italy and Spain", ed. John A Marino and Thomas Kuehn (Toronto, Ont.: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2004), pp. 31–129. (Includes editions of parts of the "Tyberiadis" and of a "consilium".)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anna T. Sheedy, "Bartolus on Social Conditions in the Fourteenth Century" (New York: Columbia University Press, 1942).

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. N. S. Woolf, Bartolus of Sassoferrato: His Position in the History of Medieval Political Thought (Cambridge, 1913).

paragraph: Section::::Catalogs of manuscripts.

paragraph: Catalogs:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Casamassima, Emanuele, "Codices operum Bartoli a Saxoferrato recensiti" 1, "Iter Germanicum" (Firenze: Olschki, 1971).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dolezalek, Gero, "Verzeichnis der Handschriften zum römischen Recht bis 1600", 4 vols. (Frankfurt: Max-Planck-Institut für europäische Rechtsgeschichte, 1972).

paragraph: BULLET::::- García y García, Antonio, "Codices operum Bartoli a Saxoferrato recensiti" 2, "Iter Hispanicum" (Firenze: Olschki, 1973).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Izbicki, Thomas M., and Patrick Lally, "Texts Attributed to Bartolus de Saxoferrato in North American Manuscript Collections," "Manuscripta" 35 (1991): 146-155.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Izbicki, Thomas M., "Additional Texts Attributed to Bartolus de Saxoferrato in North American Manuscript Collections," "Manuscripta" 55 (2011): 146-155.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Izbicki, Thomas M., "Manuscript Works of Bartolus de Saxoferrato in the Vatican Library," "Rivista Internazionale di Diritto Comune" 23 (2012): 147-210.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Krafzik, Sebastian: "Die Herrschereinsetzung aus der Sicht des Bartolus von Sassoferato" In: Journal on European History of Law, London: STS Science Centre, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 39–43, (ISSN 2042-6402).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kuttner, Stephan, and Reinhard Elze, "A Catalogue of Canon and Roman Law Manuscripts in the Vatican Library", 2 vols. (Città del Vaticano: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1986–1987). Volume 1: Codices Vaticani latini 541-2299; volume 2: Codices Vaticani latini 2300-2746.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In primam, secundam Codicis partem commentaria

paragraph: BULLET::::- In primam, secundam Infortiati partem commentaria

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bartolo's De Insigniis et Armis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commentary on Digestum Vetus part 1

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commentary on Digestum Vetus, part 2

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commentary on Digestum Novum, part 1

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commentary on Digestum Novum, part 2

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commentary on three books of Codex

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commentary on Codex, part 1

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commentary on Codex, part 2

paragraph: BULLET::::- Translations of his tracts "On Guelphs and Ghibellines" and "On the Government of a City"

description: Italian law professor

wikidata_label: Bartolus de Saxoferrato

wikipedia_title: Bartolus de Saxoferrato


text:
Omaha, Nebraska
Topeka, Kansas
Kinkaider
Cherry County, Nebraska
Mason
Knights of Tabor
Thomas P. Mahammitt
David Henry Mercer
Victor B. Walker
Frank E. Moore
James C. Dahlman
1908 Republican National Convention
Des Moines
Harrison J. Pinkett
John William McKissick
John Albert Williams

categories: 1868 births,Nebraska Republicans,People from Omaha, Nebraska,1916 deaths

paragraph: John Grant Pegg

paragraph: John Grant Pegg (1868-August 3, 1916) was a political and civil leader in Omaha, Nebraska. He was a leader in the local African-American community and was the city inspector of weights and measures from 1906 until his death in 1916.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: John Grant Pegg was born in Richmond, Virginia in 1868. As a boy he moved to Kansas where he went to school. He was the oldest child and began work at an early age to help support his family, for a time working on the railroad. Page married Mary Page of Topeka, Kansas in 1899. They had five children: Mary, James, John, Ruth, and Gaitha. Four brothers and a sister survived him after his death: James, Henry, Charles, Bayliss, and Ida. Pegg's brother, Charles T. Pegg, was a Kinkaiderin the colored colony in Cherry County, Nebraska.

paragraph: In Omaha, he was a Mason and a member of the Rescue Lodge No. 25, and a member of the First African Methodist Church. He was also a leader in the Omaha branch of the Knights of Tabor and Daughters.

paragraph: In late September 1916 he had a paralytic stroke and he died on August 3, 1916 at his home in Omaha.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Pegg became involved in politics in the late 1880s. While living in Dunlap, Kansas in 1888, Pegg was an officer in an African-American Republican Club.

paragraph: In 1899, he moved to Omaha, Nebraska where he became involved in local politics and became a leader in the black community there. In the early 1900s, Pegg was president of the Colored Men's Roosevelt Club in Omaha. In 1902, he worked with Thomas P. Mahammitt and to organize black opposition to the reelection of Congressman David Henry Mercer in favor of E. J. Cornish. Mercer's reelection was supported by some of Omaha's black leaders, including Victor B. Walker.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Local government.

paragraph: He also gained appointed positions in the local government. From 1901 to 1906 he served as a messenger for Republican Omaha Mayor Frank E. Moore. After Moore died in 1906, he was nominated by his successor, James C. Dahlman, a Democrat, to the position of inspector of weights and measures.

paragraph: His candidacy for inspector of weights and measures was supported by democrats as well, and he was confirmed.

paragraph: Pegg was very highly regarded in his position of inspector. In 1913, Pegg led an effort to create a state inspector of weights and measures whose jurisdiction would be small towns and villages who otherwise did not have such an officeholder.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Community leadership.

paragraph: Along with his increased role in city affairs, his role in local leadership increased. In 1907, he was the president of a local branch of the People's Mutual Interest Club, a group which included many prominent black Omahans. The club had branches in Kansas, Missouri, Iowa, and Nebraska and Pegg was named chairman of the executive committee of the association in late 1907. He was also a member of the Lincoln Club.

paragraph: In the summer of 1908, Pegg attended the 1908 Republican National Convention as a page and doorkeeper. Later in 1908, he was elected president of the Interstate Literary Association of Kansas and the West with S. Joe Brown of Des Moines elected first vice president. Pegg's main position for the position was A. G. Hill of Des Moines, who was supported by Omahan Harrison J. Pinkett, while Pegg was supoprted by Omahan Henry V. Plummer. Pegg and Plummer's relationship later soured, although they appeared to bury the hatched in March of 1909.

paragraph: In 1911, Pegg was a leading opponent of a Jim Crow bill, HR 512, introduced by representative John William McKissick of Gage County. The bill died in committee after Pegg and a delegation of ten Omaha blacks spoke against the bill in the legislature. Along with Walker and Plummer, another collaborator with Pegg in efforts to increase black representation in local government positions was John Albert Williams, with whom he protested the demotion of black fire patrol captains later in 1911.

paragraph: Pegg was a leader of the Negro Woman's Christian association and was chairman of a committee in that group which ran a home for the elderly. He was ousted from mthat position in March 1915 after a dispute over how to handle financial difficulties. In 1916, Pegg was elected chairman of the Western States Negro Republican Convention held in Kansas City. He died unexpectedly later that year.

wikidata_label: John Grant Pegg

wikipedia_title: John Grant Pegg


text: Chile

text: postmodern dance

text: Santiago

text: University of Chile

text: Joan Turner

text: Sigurd Leeder

text: New York

text: Whitney Museum

text: The Kitchen

text: Judson Church

text: Everson Museum of Art

text: Bronx Museum

text: Juan Downey

text: Gordon Matta-Clark

text: Richard Nonas

text: Robert Rauschenberg

text: Trisha Brown

text: Kei Takei

text: contact improvisation

text: military dictatorship

text: University ARCIS

text: Valparaíso

text: Araucanía Region

categories: 1941 births,Chilean female dancers,21st-century dancers,Living people,Artists from Santiago,20th-century dancers,University of Chile alumni

paragraph: Carmen Beuchat

paragraph: Carmen Luz Beuchat Leiva (born 27 December 1941) is a Chilean artist, choreographer, and dancer recognized for her development of postmodern dance in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Carmen Beuchat was born in Santiago, Chile in 1941. She began her career in classical and modern dance as a student of Yerka Luksic, at four years of age. She continued her studies at the Dance School of the University of Chile with professors such as , Joan Turner, and Sigurd Leeder.

paragraph: In 1964 she formed Trío 65, the first Chilean independent dance company, with dancers Gaby Concha and Rosa Celis. Towards the end of the same decade, she migrated to the United States, actively participating in the New York art scene. A founding member of the collective The Natural History of the American Dancer, Carmen Beuchat developed a link between her visual and choreographic work with a strong emphasis on spatial composition, incorporating the use of mobile structures in her choreography, presenting her work in spaces such as the 112 Greene St. Gallery, Whitney Museum, The Kitchen, Judson Church, Everson Museum of Art, and the Bronx Museum, among many others.

paragraph: During her life, Carmen Beuchat has collaborated with artists such as Juan Downey, Gordon Matta-Clark, Richard Nonas, and Enrique Castro-Cid. She was an assistant to Robert Rauschenberg, danced in the first company of Trisha Brown, and in Kei Takei's Moving Earth Dance Company. She participated in projects with Jaime and Alfonso Barrios and photographer Marcelo Montealegre.

paragraph: In Chile she is recognized as the originator of contact improvisation and other postmodern dance techniques. In the midst of the military dictatorship, during her trips to Chile in 1977 and 1985, she conducted dance workshops promoting an aesthetic transformation in the local scene, promoting a philosophy of democratization around the body in movement.

paragraph: In the 1990s she settled in Chile, serving as director of the Dance School of University ARCIS, and generating a series of creative and educational projects in Santiago and Valparaíso.

paragraph: She currently lives in Quetroleufú, Araucanía Region, where she receives constant visits from students, dancers, and creators.

paragraph: Section::::Distinctions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 Pablo Neruda Order of Artistic and Cultural Merit

wikidata_label: Carmen Beuchat

wikipedia_title: Carmen Beuchat