text: humanist

text: Italian Renaissance

text: gender

text: Adam and Eve

text: reductio ad absurdum

text: Angela Nogarola

text: Cicero

text: Plutarch

text: Diogenes Laertius

text: Petronius

text: Aulus Gellius

text: Martino Rizzoni

text: Guarino da Verona

text: Niccolo Venier

text: Edith Hall

categories: 1418 births,Italian Renaissance humanists,15th-century Italian women writers,15th-century Italian people,People from Verona,1466 deaths

paragraph: Isotta Nogarola

paragraph: Isotta Nogarola (1418–1466) was an Italian writer and intellectual who is said to be the first major female humanist and one of the most important humanists of the Italian Renaissance. She inspired generations of artists and writers, among them and and contributed to a centuries-long debate in Europe on gender and the nature of woman. Her most influential work was a literary dialogue, "De pari aut impari Evae atque Adae peccato ("trans. Dialogue on the Equal or Unequal Sin of Adam and Eve) written in 1451 in which she discussed the relative sinfulness of Adam and Eve. She argued that woman could not be held both to be weaker in nature and to be more culpable in original sin. Therefore, by a "reductio ad absurdum" argument women's weakness could be disproved. Nogarola also wrote Latin poems, orations, further dialogues, and letters, twenty-six of which survive.

paragraph: Section::::Early intellectual life.

paragraph: Isotta Nogarola was born in Verona, Italy, the daughter of Leonardo Nogarola and Bianca Borromeo, and the niece of the Latin poet Angela Nogarola. The family were well to-do, and of the ten children, seven survived into adulthood. Isotta's mother, Bianca Borromeo ensured that the children all received fine humanist educations, although she was herself illiterate. Two of her daughters, Isotta and her younger sister Ginevra, became renowned for their classical studies, although Ginevra gave up her humanist writing upon her marriage in 1438. Nogarola's early letters demonstrate her familiarity with Latin and Greek authors, including Cicero, Plutarch and Diogenes Laertius, as well as Petronius and Aulus Gellius. The girls, as were their male counterparts, were taught the rhetoric necessary for public speaking, and many of them delivered Latin speeches in public and conducted debates in Latin in their correspondence with other scholars, as was the practice among well-educated men of that era and necessary for anyone seeking recognition in learned circles.

paragraph: Nogarolla's first tutor was Martino Rizzoni, who was himself taught by Guarino da Verona, one of the leading humanists at that time. Nogarolla proved an extremely able student, attaining respect for her eloquence in Latin, and by the age of 18, she had become famous.

paragraph: Section::::Hostile reception of her humanistic work.

paragraph: The reception of her activities was condescending, with her work considered primarily to be that of a woman and not belonging to the intellectual world into which she sought entry: Niccolo Venier thought the whole female sex should rejoice and consecrate statues to Isotta as the ancient Egyptians had to Isis. Giorgio Bevilaqua claimed never before to have met a learned woman. For her own part, Nogarola was concerned that her fame did not come from the sheer volume of intelligence she seemed to possess, but from the novelty of her gender, and despite her erudition had little choice but to defer to the contemporary social norms by deprecating herself as an ignorant woman.

paragraph: Nonetheless, in 1438, after receiving praise from Guarino da Verona, to whom a friend had written the year before, Nogarolla wrote herself, calling Guarino a "wellspring of virtue and probity," and terming them heroic, she a Cicero to his Cato, she a Socrates to his Plato. This news spread throughout Verona, which inspired much ridicule from women in the city. A year passed without a reply, and she wrote again to Guarino, saying:

paragraph: "Why... was I born a woman, to be scorned by men in words and deeds? I ask myself this question in solitude... Your unfairness in not writing to me has caused me much suffering, that there could be no greater suffering... You yourself said there was no goal I could not achieve. But now that nothing has turned out as it should have, my joy has given way to sorrow... For they jeer at me throughout the city, the women mock me."

paragraph: This time, Guarino da Verona replied in a letter saying: "I believed and trusted that your soul was manly...But now you seem so humbled, so abject, and so truly a woman, that you demonstrate none of the estimable qualities I thought you possessed." Upon the death of her father the next year she travelled with her family to Venice, year where she remained until 1441. However anonymous accusations were made against her, alleging incest, male and female homosexuality and licentiousness . “An eloquent woman is never chaste,” was one such made against her. All such accusations were scandalous for a woman in Venice at that time.

paragraph: Section::::Retreat to her property in Verona and religion.

paragraph: Confronted with this hostile reception Isotta appears to have decided that devoting herself to literary studies meant the sacrifice of friendship, fame, comfort, and sexuality, and in 1441 returned to her property at Verona to live quietly, possibly with the company of her mother. She cut short her career as a secular humanist and turned instead to the study of sacred letter. Here it was that in 1451 that she published her most famous and perhaps most influential work "De pari aut impari Evae atque Adae peccato ("trans. Dialogue on the Equal or Unequal Sin of Adam and Eve).

paragraph: Isotta died in 1466, aged 48. She was honoured posthumously by two sonnets praising her chastity, but not her learning.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.

paragraph: As well as her famous dialogues her works include a biography of St Jerome, a letter urging a Crusade (1459), and a consolatory letter to a father on the death of his child.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carmel McCallum-Barry (2016), 'Learned women of the Renaissance and Early Modern period: the relevance of their scholarship', in "Women Classical Scholars: Unsealing the Fountain from the Renaissance to Jacqueline de Romilly", ed. Rosie Wyles and Edith Hall, 29-47. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Some full texts of her work in Angela Nogarola (ca. 1400) and Isotta Nogarola (1418-1466): Thieves of Language." in "Women Writing Latin: From Roman Antiquity to Early Modern Europe, v. 3". Early Modern Women Writing Latin, ed. Laurie J. Churchill, Phyllis R. Brown, and Jane E. Jeffrey, 11–30. New York: Routledge.

description: Italian writer

wikidata_label: Isotta Nogarola

wikipedia_title: Isotta Nogarola


text: Gronings

text: Dutch

text: Slochteren

text: Jan ter Laan

text: Hogere burgerschool

text: Sappemeer

text: Noordbroek

text: socialism

text: Social Democratic League

text: Social Democratic Workers' Party

text: Hoogezand

text: councillor

text: The Hague

text: socialist

text: city council

text: Zaandam

text: Utrecht

text: Groningen

text: Gronings

text: Grunneger toal

text: Multatuli

categories: Dutch educators,Mayors of Zaandam,1871 births,Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands),Linguists from the Netherlands,1963 deaths,People from Slochteren

paragraph: Kornelis ter Laan

paragraph: Kornelis ter Laan (Gronings: Knelis ter Loan) (8 July 1871 - 6 March 1963), also referred to as Kees ter Laan and Klaas ter Laan, was a Dutch politician and linguist.

paragraph: He published as K. ter Laan.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ter Laan was born on 8 July 1871 in Slochteren as the son of Remco ter Laan and his wife Metje Buurman.

paragraph: Jan ter Laan was his younger brother.

paragraph: His father used to be a day laborer, but had managed to get his own farm. Their income was just high enough to pay for his education at the Hogere burgerschool in Sappemeer. After additional lessons, he was able to become teacher at a school in Noordbroek.

paragraph: At a young age, Ter Laan became interested in socialism. He joined the Social Democratic League, but left when the league chose an anti-parliamentary way. He joined the Social Democratic Workers' Party. In 1901, he was elected member of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands by the district of Hoogezand. He would stay member of the House of Representatives until 1937. From 1905 to 1918, he was also a councillor in The Hague and was the first socialist of The Hague's city council. He was appointed the first social democrat mayor of Zaandam in 1914 by the Cabinet Cort van der Linden.

paragraph: he would remain mayor until 1937.

paragraph: He married Ida Groen on 27 April 1895. They had two sons and a daughter together.

paragraph: Ter Laan died on 6 March 1963 in Utrecht.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Ter Laan is known for his books about the dialect of Groningen, Gronings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De riekdom van de Grunneger toal" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Groninger overleveringen" (2 delen, 1928, 1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nederlandse overleveringen" (2 delen, 1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nieuw Groninger Woordenboek" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Encyclopedisch woordenboek voor Groot-Nederland" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Groningen voor honderd jaar" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Joodse overleveringen" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Woordenboek van de vaderlandse geschiedenis" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beknopte Nederlandse Encyclopedie" (1941, 1947, 1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Letterkundig woordenboek" (1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aardrijkskundig woordenboek van Nederland" (1942, 1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Folkloristisch woordenboek" (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nederlandse spreekwoorden, spreuken en zegswijzen" (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hoezen van Gruindiek " (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "K. ter Laan's Multatuli-Encyclopedie" (ed. Chantal Keijsper, posthumously published in 1995)

description: Dutch teacher and politician

wikidata_label: Kornelis ter Laan

wikipedia_title: Kornelis ter Laan


text: Roman Emperor

text: Alamanni

text: Goths

text: Vandals

text: Juthungi

text: Sarmatians

text: Carpi

text: Palmyrene Empire

text: Gallic Empire

text: Aurelian Walls

text: Rome

text: Dacia

text: Crisis of the Third Century

text: Domitian

text: Illyricum

text: Historia Augusta

text: Sirmium

text: Dacia Ripensis

text: Moesia

text: Dacia Ripensis

text: Moesia

text: Dacia

text: Eutropius

text: Dacia ripensis

text: nomen

text: freedwoman

text: Sun-God

text: procurator

text: Historia Augusta

text: Claudius II

text: Gallienus

text: Claudius

text: Goths

text: Battle of Naissus

text: Aureolus

text: Mediolanum

text: Ulpia Severina

text: Dacia

text: Magister equitum

text: Alamanni

text: Rhaetian limes

text: Danube

text: Raetia

text: Alps

text: Battle of Lake Benacus

text: Balkans

text: Heruli

text: Goths

text: Gepids

text: Bastarnae

text: Thessalonica

text: Upper Moesia

text: Thrace

text: Haemus Mountains

text: Quintillus

text: Crisis of the Third Century

text: legion

text: usurper

text: Philip the Arab

text: Valerian

text: Sassanids

text: Palmyra

text: Syria

text: Palmyrene Empire

text: Sassanid

text: limes

text: Rhine

text: Gallic Empire

text: Italia

text: Italia

text: Vandals

text: Juthungi

text: Sarmatians

text: usurpers

text: Septimius

text: Urbanus

text: Domitianus

text: Felicissimus

text: Alamanni

text: Po plain

text: Po River

text: Placentia

text: Fano

text: Vandals

text: ambush near Placentia

text: Metaurus River

text: Battle of Fano

text: Pavia

text: Rome

text: Aurelian Walls

text: Cannabaudes

text: Dacia

text: Moesia

text: Dacia Aureliana

text: Serdica

text: Palmyrene Empire

text: Zenobia

text: Palmyra

text: Syria

text: Palestine

text: Egypt

text: Asia Minor

text: Vaballathus

text: Byzantium

text: Tyana

text: fall of Tyana

text: Apollonius of Tyana

text: Sassanid Empire

text: Palmyrene Empire

text: Firmus

text: Library of Alexandria

text: Gallic Empire

text: Tetricus

text: Châlons-en-Champagne

text: Sol Invictus

text: a new temple

text: Campus Agrippae

text: Edict of Thessalonica

text: Lactantius

text: rationalis

text: Felicissimus

text: grain supply to Rome

text: Quintillus

text: Caelian hill

text: antoniniani

text: denarius

text: Lava Treasure

text: Corsica

text: Shapur I

text: Hormizd I

text: Bahram I

text: Vindelicia

text: Zosimus

text: Praetorian Guard

text: Caenophrurium

text: damnatio memoriae

text: Ulpia Severina

text: Augusta

text: interregnum

text: Marcus Claudius Tacitus

text: Orléans

text: Cenabum

text: Aurelius Victor

text: "Epitome de Caesaribus"

text: Eutropius

text: IX. 13–15

text: Historia Augusta

text: Life of Aurelian Part 1

text: Part 2

text: Part 3

text: Zosimus

text: Joannes Zonaras

text: Aurelian coinage

categories: Illyrian people,3rd-century murdered monarchs,Domitii,Assassinated heads of state,210s births,Imperial Roman consuls,Deified Roman emperors,3rd-century Roman emperors,275 deaths,Gothicus Maximus,Crisis of the Third Century,Roman emperors murdered by the Praetorian Guard

paragraph: Aurelian

paragraph: Aurelian (; 9 September 214 or 215September or October 275) was Roman Emperor from 270 to 275. Born in humble circumstances, he rose through the military ranks to become emperor. During his reign, he defeated the Alamanni after a devastating war. He also defeated the Goths, Vandals, Juthungi, Sarmatians, and Carpi. Aurelian restored the Empire's eastern provinces after his conquest of the Palmyrene Empire in 273. The following year he conquered the Gallic Empire in the west, reuniting the Empire in its entirety. He was also responsible for the construction of the Aurelian Walls in Rome, and the abandonment of the province of Dacia.

paragraph: His successes were instrumental in ending the Roman Empire's Crisis of the Third Century, earning him the title "Restitutor Orbis" or "Restorer of the World". Although Domitian was the first emperor who had demanded to be officially hailed as "dominus et deus" (master and god), these titles never occurred in written form on official documents until the reign of Aurelian.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Aurelian was born on 9 September, most likely in 214 AD, although 215 AD is also possible. The ancient sources do not agree on his place of birth, although he was generally accepted as being a native of Illyricum but, another common belief was that he was born in Greece. According to the author of the Historia Augusta, "Aurelian was born of a humble family, at Sirmium according to most writers, but in Dacia Ripensis according to some. I remember, moreover, having read one author who declared that he was born in Moesia". The province of Dacia Ripensis was actually created in Moesia by Aurelian as Emperor when he abandoned the old trans-Danubian territory of Dacia. The Roman historian Eutropius also opts for the area that later became Dacia ripensis. The academic consensus is that he was of humble birth and that his father was a peasant-farmer who took his Roman "nomen" from his landlord, a senator of the clan Aurelius. Saunders suggests that his family might in fact have been of Roman settler origin and of much higher social status; however, his suggestion has not been taken up by his more recent academic colleagues such as Southern and Watson.

paragraph: Using the evidence of the ancient sources, it was at one time suggested that Aurelian's mother was a freedwoman of a member of the clan Aurelius and that she herself was a priestess of the Sun-God in her native village. These two propositions, together with the tradition that the clan Aurelius had been entrusted with the maintenance of that deity's cult in Rome, inspired the notion that this could explain the devotion to the sun-god that Aurelian was to manifest as Emperor - see below. However, it seems that this pleasant extrapolation of dubious facts is now generally accepted as being no more than just that.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: It is commonly accepted that Aurelian probably joined the army in 235 AD at around age twenty. It is also generally assumed that, as a member of the lowest rank of societyalbeit a citizenhe would have enlisted in the ranks of the legions. Saunders suggests that his career is more easily understood if it is assumed that his family was of Roman settler origins with a tradition of military service and that he enlisted as an equestrian. This would have opened up for him the "tres militia"the three steps of the equestrian military careerone of the routes to higher equestrian office in the Imperial Service. This could be a more expeditious route to senior military and procuratorial offices than that pursued by ex-rankers, although not necessarily less laborious. However, Saunders's conjecture as to Aurelian's early career is not supported by any evidence other than his "nomen" which could indicate Italian settler ancestry—although even this is contested—and his rise to the highest ranks which is more easily understood if he did not have to start from the bottom. His suggestion has not been taken up by other academic authorities.

paragraph: Whatever his origins, Aurelian certainly must have built up a very solid reputation for military competence during the tumultuous mid-decades of the century. To be sure, the exploits detailed in the "Historia Augusta" "vita Divi Aureliani", while not always impossible, are not supported by any independent evidence and one at least is demonstrably an invention typical of that author. However, he was probably associated with Gallienus's cavalry army and shone as an officer of that "corps d'élite" because, when he finally emerged in a historically reliable context in the early part of the reign of Claudius II, he seems to have been its commander.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Service under Gallienus.

paragraph: His successes as a cavalry commander ultimately made him a member of Emperor Gallienus' entourage. In 268, Aurelian and his cavalry participated in general Claudius' victory over the Goths at the Battle of Naissus. Later that year Gallienus traveled to Italy and fought Aureolus, his former general and now usurper for the throne. Driving Aureolus back into Mediolanum, Gallienus promptly besieged his adversary in the city. However, while the siege was ongoing the Emperor was assassinated. One source says Aurelian, who was present at the siege, participated and supported general Claudius for the purple—which is plausible.

paragraph: Aurelian was married to Ulpia Severina, about whom little is known. Like Aurelian she was from Dacia. They are known to have had a daughter together.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Service under Claudius.

paragraph: Claudius was acclaimed Emperor by the soldiers outside Mediolanum. The new Emperor immediately ordered the senate to deify Gallienus. Next, he began to distance himself from those responsible for his predecessor's assassination, ordering the execution of those directly involved. Aureolus was still besieged in Mediolanum and sought reconciliation with the new emperor, but Claudius had no sympathy for a potential rival. The emperor had Aureolus killed and one source implicates Aurelian in the deed, perhaps even signing the warrant for his death himself.

paragraph: During the reign of Claudius, Aurelian was promoted rapidly: he was given command of the elite Dalmatian cavalry, and was soon promoted to overall "Magister equitum", effectively the head of the army after the Emperor – and the Emperor Claudius' own position before his acclamation. The war against Aureolus and the concentration of forces in Italy allowed the Alamanni to break through the Rhaetian limes along the upper Danube. Marching through Raetia and the Alps unhindered, they entered northern Italy and began pillaging the area. In early 269, emperor Claudius and Aurelian marched north to meet the Alamanni, defeating them decisively at the Battle of Lake Benacus.

paragraph: While still dealing with the defeated enemy, news came from the Balkans reporting large-scale attacks from the Heruli, Goths, Gepids, and Bastarnae. Claudius immediately dispatched Aurelian to the Balkans to contain the invasion as best he could until Claudius could arrive with his main army. The Goths were besieging Thessalonica when they heard of emperor Claudius' approach, causing them to abandon the siege and pillage north-eastern Macedonia. Aurelian intercepted the Goths with his Dalmatian cavalry and defeated them in a series of minor skirmishes, killing as many as three thousand of the enemy. Aurelian continued to harass the enemy, driving them northward into Upper Moesia where emperor Claudius had assembled his main army. The ensuing battle was indecisive: the northward advance of the Goths was halted but Roman losses were heavy.

paragraph: Claudius could not afford another pitched battle, so he instead laid a successful ambush, killing thousands. However, the majority of the Goths escaped and began retreating south the way they had come. For the rest of year, Aurelian harassed the enemy with his Dalmatian cavalry.

paragraph: Now stranded in Roman territory, the Goths' lack of provisions began to take its toll. Aurelian, sensing his enemies' desperation, attacked them with the full force of his cavalry, killing many and driving the remainder westward into Thrace. As winter set in, the Goths retreated into the Haemus Mountains, only to find themselves trapped and surrounded. The harsh conditions now exacerbated their shortage of food. However, the Romans underestimated the Goths and let their guard down, allowing the enemy to break through their lines and escape. Apparently emperor Claudius ignored advice, perhaps from Aurelian, and withheld the cavalry and sent in only the infantry to stop their break-out.

paragraph: The determined Goths killed many of the oncoming infantry and were only prevented from slaughtering them all when Aurelian finally charged in with his Dalmatian cavalry. The Goths still managed to escape and continued their march through Thrace. The Roman army continued to follow the Goths during the spring and summer of 270. Meanwhile, a devastating plague swept through the Balkans, killing many soldiers in both armies.

paragraph: Emperor Claudius fell ill on the march to the battle and returned to his regional headquarters in Sirmium, leaving Aurelian in charge of operations against the Goths. Aurelian used his cavalry to great effect, breaking the Goths into smaller groups which were easier to deal with. By late summer the Goths were defeated: any survivors were stripped of their animals and booty and were levied into the army or settled as farmers in frontier regions. Aurelian had no time to relish his victories; in late August news arrived from Sirmium that Emperor Claudius was dead.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Opposition to Quintillus.

paragraph: When Claudius died, his brother Quintillus seized power with support of the Senate. With an act typical of the Crisis of the Third Century, the army refused to recognize the new Emperor, preferring to support one of its own commanders: Aurelian was proclaimed emperor in September 270 by the legions in Sirmium. Aurelian defeated Quintillus' troops, and was recognized as Emperor by the Senate after Quintillus' death. The claim that Aurelian was chosen by Claudius on his death bed can be dismissed as propaganda; later, probably in 272, Aurelian put his own "dies imperii" the day of Claudius' death, thus implicitly considering Quintillus a usurper.

paragraph: With his base of power secure, he now turned his attention to Rome's greatest problems—recovering the vast territories lost over the previous two decades, and reforming the "res publica".

paragraph: Section::::Emperor.

paragraph: Section::::Emperor.:The Roman Empire in the 270s.

paragraph: In 248, Emperor Philip the Arab had celebrated the millennium of the city of Rome with great and expensive ceremonies and games, and the Empire had given a tremendous proof of self-confidence. In the following years, however, the Empire had to face a huge pressure from external enemies, while, at the same time, dangerous civil wars threatened the empire from within, with usurpers weakening the strength of the state. Also, the economic substrate of the state, agriculture and commerce, suffered from the disruption caused by the instability. On top of this an epidemic swept through the Empire around 250, greatly diminishing manpower both for the army and for agriculture.

paragraph: The end result was that the Empire could not endure the blow of the capture of Emperor Valerian in 260 by the Sassanids. The eastern provinces found their protectors in the rulers of the city of Palmyra, in Syria, whose autonomy grew until the formation of the Palmyrene Empire, which was successful in defending against the Sassanid threat. The western provinces, those facing the "limes" of the Rhine, seceded to form a third, autonomous state within the territories of the Roman Empire, which is now known as the Gallic Empire.

paragraph: In Rome, the Emperor was occupied with internal menaces to his power and with the defense of Italia and the Balkans.

paragraph: Section::::Emperor.:Reunification of the empire.

paragraph: The first actions of the new Emperor were aimed at strengthening his own position in his territories. Late in 270, Aurelian campaigned in northern Italia against the Vandals, Juthungi, and Sarmatians, expelling them from Roman territory. To celebrate these victories, Aurelian was granted the title of "Germanicus Maximus". The authority of the Emperor was challenged by several usurpers — Septimius, Urbanus, Domitianus, and the rebellion of Felicissimus — who tried to exploit the sense of insecurity of the empire and the overwhelming influence of the armies in Roman politics. Aurelian, being an experienced commander, was aware of the importance of the army, and his propaganda, known through his coinage, shows he wanted the support of the legions.

paragraph: Section::::Emperor.:Reunification of the empire.:Defending Italy against the Iuthungi.

paragraph: The burden of the northern barbarians was not yet over, however. In 271, the Alamanni moved towards Italia, entering the Po plain and sacking the villages; they passed the Po River, occupied Placentia and moved towards Fano. Aurelian, who was in Pannonia to control the Vandals' withdrawal, quickly entered Italia, but his army was defeated in an ambush near Placentia (January 271). When the news of the defeat arrived in Rome, it caused great fear for the arrival of the barbarians. But Aurelian attacked the Alamanni camping near the Metaurus River, defeating them in the Battle of Fano, and forcing them to re-cross the Po river; Aurelian finally routed them at Pavia. For this, he received the title "Germanicus Maximus". However, the menace of the Germanic people and a Germanic invasion was still perceived by the Romans as likely, so Aurelian resolved to build a new system of walls around Rome that became known as the Aurelian Walls.

paragraph: Section::::Emperor.:Reunification of the empire.:Defeat of the Goths and abandonment of Dacia.

paragraph: The emperor led his legions to the Balkans, where he defeated and routed the Goths beyond the Danube, killing the Gothic leader Cannabaudes, and assuming the title of "Gothicus Maximus". However, he decided to abandon the province of Dacia, on the exposed north bank of the Danube, as too difficult and expensive to defend. He reorganized a new province of Dacia south of the Danube, inside the former Moesia, called "Dacia Aureliana", with Serdica as the capital.

paragraph: Section::::Emperor.:Reunification of the empire.:Conquest of the Palmyrene Empire.

paragraph: In 272, Aurelian turned his attention to the lost eastern provinces of the empire, the so-called "Palmyrene Empire" ruled by Queen Zenobia from the city of Palmyra. Zenobia had carved out her own empire, encompassing Syria, Palestine, Egypt and large parts of Asia Minor. The Syrian queen cut off Rome's shipments of grain, and in a matter of weeks, the Romans started running low on bread. In the beginning, Aurelian had been recognized as Emperor, while Vaballathus, the son of Zenobia, held the title of "rex" and "imperator" ("king" and "supreme military commander"), but Aurelian decided to invade the eastern provinces as soon as he felt his army to be strong enough.

paragraph: Asia Minor was recovered easily; every city but Byzantium and Tyana surrendered to him with little resistance. The fall of Tyana lent itself to a legend: Aurelian to that point had destroyed every city that resisted him, but he spared Tyana after having a vision of the great 1st-century philosopher Apollonius of Tyana, whom he respected greatly, in a dream.

paragraph: Apollonius implored him, stating, "Aurelian, if you desire to rule, abstain from the blood of the innocent! Aurelian, if you will conquer, be merciful!" Whatever the reason, Aurelian spared Tyana. It paid off; many more cities submitted to him upon seeing that the Emperor would not exact revenge upon them. Within six months, his armies stood at the gates of Palmyra, which surrendered when Zenobia tried to flee to the Sassanid Empire. The "Palmyrene Empire" was no more.

paragraph: Eventually Zenobia and her son were captured and made to walk on the streets of Rome in his triumph, the woman in golden chains. With the grain stores once again shipped to Rome, Aurelian's soldiers handed out free bread to the citizens of the city, and the Emperor was hailed a hero by his subjects. After a brief clash with the Persians and another in Egypt against the usurper Firmus, Aurelian was obliged to return to Palmyra in 273 when that city rebelled once more. This time, Aurelian allowed his soldiers to sack the city, and Palmyra never recovered. More honors came his way; he was now known as "Parthicus Maximus" and "Restitutor Orientis" ("Restorer of the East").

paragraph: The rich province of Egypt was also recovered by Aurelian. The Brucheion (Royal Quarter) in Alexandria was burned to the ground. This section of the city once contained the Library of Alexandria, although the extent of the surviving Library in Aurelian's time is uncertain.

paragraph: Section::::Emperor.:Reunification of the empire.:Conquest of the Gallic Empire.

paragraph: In 274, the victorious emperor turned his attention to the west, and the "Gallic Empire" which had already been reduced in size by Claudius II. Aurelian won this campaign largely through diplomacy; the "Gallic Emperor" Tetricus was willing to abandon his throne and allow Gaul and Britain to return to the Empire, but could not openly submit to Aurelian. Instead, the two seem to have conspired so that when the armies met at Châlons-en-Champagne that autumn, Tetricus simply deserted to the Roman camp and Aurelian easily defeated the Gallic army facing him. Tetricus was rewarded for his part in the conspiracy with a high-ranking position in Italy itself.

paragraph: Aurelian returned to Rome and won his last honorific from the Senate – "Restitutor Orbis" ("Restorer of the World"). This title was first assumed by Aurelian in late summer of 272, and had been carried previously by both Valerian and Gallienus. In four years, Aurelian had secured the frontiers of the Empire and reunified it, effectively giving the Empire a new lease on life that lasted 200 years.

paragraph: Section::::Emperor.:Reforms.

paragraph: Aurelian was a reformer, and settled many important functions of the imperial apparatus, dealing with the economy and religion. He restored many public buildings, re-organized the management of the food reserves, set fixed prices for the most important goods, and prosecuted misconduct by the public officers.

paragraph: Section::::Emperor.:Reforms.:Religious reform.

paragraph: Aurelian strengthened the position of the Sun god Sol Invictus as the main divinity of the Roman pantheon. His intention was to give to all the peoples of the Empire, civilian or soldiers, easterners or westerners, a single god they could believe in without betraying their own gods. The center of the cult was a new temple, built in 274 and dedicated on December 25 of that year in the "Campus Agrippae" in Rome, with great decorations financed by the spoils of the Palmyrene Empire.

paragraph: During his short rule, Aurelian seemed to follow the principle of "one faith, one empire", which would not be made official until the Edict of Thessalonica. He appears with the title "deus et dominus natus" ("God and born ruler") on some of his coins, a style also later adopted by Diocletian. Lactantius argued that Aurelian would have outlawed all the other gods if he had had enough time. He was recorded by Christian historians as having organized persecutions.

paragraph: Section::::Emperor.:Reforms.:Felicissimus' rebellion and coinage reform.

paragraph: Aurelian's reign records the only uprising of mint workers. The "rationalis" Felicissimus, a senior public financial official whose responsibilities included supervision of the mint at Rome, revolted against Aurelian. The revolt seems to have been caused by the fact that the mint workers, and Felicissimus first, were accustomed to stealing the silver for the coins and producing coins of inferior quality. Aurelian wanted to eliminate this, and put Felicissimus on trial. The "rationalis" incited the mintworkers to revolt: the rebellion spread in the streets, even if it seems that Felicissimus was killed immediately, presumably executed.

paragraph: The Palmyrene rebellion in Egypt had probably reduced the grain supply to Rome, thus disaffecting the population to the emperor. This rebellion also had the support of some senators, probably those who had supported the election of Quintillus, and thus had something to fear from Aurelian.

paragraph: Aurelian ordered the urban cohorts, reinforced by some regular troops of the imperial army, to attack the rebelling mob: the resulting battle, fought on the Caelian hill, marked the end of the revolt, even if at a high price (some sources give the figure, probably exaggerated, of 7,000 casualties). Many of the rebels were executed; also some of the supporting senators were put to death. The mint of Rome was closed temporarily, and the institution of several other mints caused the main mint of the empire to lose its hegemony.

paragraph: His monetary reformation included the introduction of "antoniniani" containing 5% silver. They bore the mark (or its Greek numerals form ), which meant that twenty of such coins would contain the same silver quantity of an old silver "denarius". Considering that this was an improvement over the previous situation gives an idea of the severity of the economic situation Aurelian faced. The Emperor struggled to introduce the new "good" coin by recalling all the old "bad" coins prior to their introduction.

paragraph: A very large number of rare gold coins of Aurelian have been discovered as part of the Lava Treasure in Corsica, France, in the 1980s.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In 275, Aurelian marched towards Asia Minor, preparing another campaign against the Sassanids: the deaths of Kings Shapur I (272) and Hormizd I (273) in quick succession, and the rise to power of a weakened ruler (Bahram I), presented the opportunity to attack the Sassanid Empire.

paragraph: On his way, the Emperor suppressed a revolt in Gaul — possibly against Faustinus, an officer or usurper of Tetricus — and defeated barbarian marauders in Vindelicia (Germany).

paragraph: However, Aurelian never reached Persia, as he was murdered while waiting in Thrace to cross into Asia Minor. As an administrator, Aurelian had been very strict and handed out severe punishments to corrupt officials or soldiers. A secretary of Aurelian (called Eros by Zosimus) had told a lie on a minor issue. In fear of what the Emperor might do, he forged a document listing the names of high officials marked by the emperor for execution and showed it to collaborators. The "notarius" Mucapor and other high-ranking officers of the Praetorian Guard, fearing punishment from the Emperor, murdered him in September 275, in Caenophrurium, Thrace (modern Turkey).

paragraph: Aurelian's enemies in the Senate briefly succeeded in passing "damnatio memoriae" on the Emperor, but this was reversed before the end of the year and Aurelian, like his predecessor Claudius II, was deified as "Divus Aurelianus".

paragraph: There is substantial evidence that Aurelian's wife Ulpia Severina, who had been declared "Augusta" in 274, may have ruled the Empire by her own power for some time after his death. The sources indicate that there was an interregnum between Aurelian's death and the election of Marcus Claudius Tacitus as his successor. Additionally, some of Ulpia's coins appear to have been minted after Aurelian's death.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Aurelian's short reign reunited a fragmented Empire while saving Rome from barbarian invasions that had reached Italy itself. His death prevented a full restoration of political stability and a lasting dynasty that could end the cycle of assassination of emperors and civil war that marked this period. Even so, he brought the Empire through a very critical period in its history and, without Aurelian, it may never have survived the invasions and fragmentation of the decade in which he reigned. Moreover, the Western half of the Empire would survive another two hundred years, while the East would last another millennium, and for that Aurelian must be allowed much of the credit.

paragraph: The city of Orléans in France is named after Aurelian. Originally named Cenabum, Aurelian rebuilt and renamed it "Aurelianum" or "Aureliana Civitas" ("city of Aurelian", "cité d'Aurélien"), which evolved into "Orléans".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aurelius Victor "Epitome de Caesaribus", xxxv "Epitome de Caesaribus" (4th century)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eutropius, "Breviarium historiae Romanae", IX. 13–15 (4th century)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historia Augusta Aurelianus Life of Aurelian Part 1 Part 2 Part 3"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zosimus, "Historia Nova" Translation of the "Historia Nova" (published in 1814), book 1, (5th–6th century)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joannes Zonaras, "Compendium of History" Compendium excerpt: Claudius to Diocletian 268–284 (12th century)

paragraph: Section::::References.:Secondary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Korner:2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Southern:2001);

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aurelian coinage, at Wildwinds.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- On coins of Aurelian with the title "dominus et deus" (Section 1.9)

description: Roman Emperor

wikidata_label: Aurelian

wikipedia_title: Aurelian


text: Berta Lutz

text: Stela Guerra Duval

categories: Brazilian feminists,1880 births,Brazilian suffragists,1972 deaths

paragraph: Jerônima Mesquita

paragraph: Jerônima Mesquita (30 April 1880 – 1972) was a Brazilian feminist. She is regarded as the pioneer of the women's movement in Brazil, and co-founded the Federação Brasileira pelo Progresso Feminino with Berta Lutz and Stela Guerra Duval in 1922.

wikidata_label: Jerônyma Mesquita

wikipedia_title: Jerônima Mesquita


text:
songwriter
guitarist
Planet Funk
indie rock
Friday Night Hero
Tourist In Your Own Town
Planet Funk
The Great Shake
Hyundai i20 Sound Edition
Giuliano Sangiorgi
Negramaro
Nancy Sinatra
These Boots Are Made for Walkin'
The Great Shake + 2
Jamiroquai
Tiesto
Turin
Reebok
Reebok
MTV Digital Days
Alex Neri
MTV European Music Awards
Save The Children
Planet Funk
Bluvertigo
Sky
Mediaset
San Siro
Milano
AC Milan
Serie A
SSC Napoli
Nervous Records
David Morales
The Voice of Italy
Tourist In Your Own Town
The Great Shake
Universal Music
The Great Shake + 2
Universal Music
Giuliano Sangiorgi
Ora il mondo è perfetto
The Great Shake
These Boots Are Made for Walkin'
David Morales
Official web site of Alex Uhlmann
Official web site of Planet Funk

categories: Luxembourgian male singer-songwriters,1981 births,Lead guitarists,Rock guitarists,Luxembourgian musicians,21st-century guitarists,Living people

paragraph: Alex Uhlmann

paragraph: Alexander Uhlmann (born 26 February 1981) better known as Alex Uhlmann, is a singer-songwriter and guitarist, who has been the lead vocalist of the band Planet Funk since 2010. Parallel to working with Planet Funk, Alex started his career as a solo artist in 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Childhood and his entry into Friday Night Hero.

paragraph: Born in Luxembourg of German parents, Uhlmann in his adolescence was a promising tennis player, representing his country in many international tournaments.

paragraph: He started playing piano at a young age but later migrated to the guitar. Being self-taught he thought of it being an advantage rather than a burden especially in terms of songwriting:

paragraph: Uhlmann quickly moved to the UK in order to explore the vast British musical landscape, and formed the indie rock band‚ Friday Night Hero, with whom he released the album "Tourist In Your Own Town" on 2 October 2009 on "Capitol East Records". The band performed in several European countries and were nominated for the Indie award as “best UK live act” in 2008.

paragraph: In his time in the UK Uhlmann also obtained a master's degree in international relations at the University of Sussex in Brighton.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:With Planet Funk and the international success.

paragraph: In 2010 Uhlmann left Friday Night Hero to join Planet Funk, the famous international band, with whom he began a lively period of production. That is how he rose to international fame.

paragraph: On 22 September 2011 the album "The Great Shake" was released (the fourth Planet Funk studio album and the first with Uhlmann on vocals and guitar), including hit singles such as "Another Sunrise" (used as the soundtrack for the Hyundai i20 Sound Edition TV advertisement), and "Ora il mondo è perfetto", with Giuliano Sangiorgi, frontman of the Italian band Negramaro’.

paragraph: A month later Planet Funk were asked to record a cover of Nancy Sinatra’s classic "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'", as the soundtrack for the movie "La kryptonite nella borsa" by Ivan Cotroneo. The song rapidly topped the Italian dance charts and was awarded gold status in Italy for over 15.000 legal downloads. Later on, the single was included in the new version of the album, entitled "The Great Shake + 2". Moreover it was used for the italian Wind tv advertisement campaign in 2011/2012.

paragraph: Since May 2011, Planet Funk played over a hundred live concerts as part of "The Great Shake Tour" throughout Europe, including shows such as the Formula One Gran Prix in Monza with Jamiroquai, the Olympic stadium in Rome with Tiesto and at the MTV Days in Turin in 2011.

paragraph: In September 2012 Uhlmann was chosen as protagonist for the Italian Reebok campaign for which he shot a TV spot in Paris. Together with Planet Funk he also designed a Reebok shoe, the "PF 1999", that will be released in March 2013.

paragraph: In the same year, during the MTV Digital Days in Turin, Uhlmann performed the "Planet Funk DJ Set" for the first time alongside Alex Neri and a successful tour of Italy followed, which included a set at the MTV European Music Awards after party in Milan in October 2015.

paragraph: On 13 October 2015 Planet Funk released their single "We People", again with Uhlmann on vocals, chosen by Save The Children as soundtrack for their "Everyone" campaign, dedicating all profits to their fight against child mortality in the world.

paragraph: "We People" will be included in the upcoming 2017 album, which Planet Funk recorded between London and Rome. The album also sees the comeback of two memorable singers of the band: Dan Black and Sally Doherty, who also feature in the "Recall Tour", that Planet Funk started in November 2016, promoting the revival of the "collective nature" of Planet Funk:

paragraph: Thanks to his charisma, the success of "The Great Shake" album and tours as well as being able to interpret even Planet Funk's oldest songs with the necessary credibility, Uhlmann succeeded in establishing himself since 2010 as an integral part of the Planet Funk collective.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Solo career.

paragraph: Parallel to his activity in Planet Funk, Uhlmann started producing and writing for other artists as well as collaborating on a project created by Bluvertigo's drummer, Sergio Carnevale, the "Superband" which unites members of some of the most important Italian bands for events and special performances. With the "superband" (featuring Carnevale, Uhlmann, Ligabue's memorable guitarist, Federico Poggipollini and Marco Garrincha Castellani of Le Vibrazioni) Uhlmann took part in the documentary "Vinyl Talk", which was broadcast on Sky Italia in February 2016. A little later in the same year Uhlmann and the "Superband" appeared for a guest performance in the final episode of the talent show "Top DJ", aired on Mediaset on July 4, 2016.

paragraph: In 2017 Uhlmann has started a solo career. He released a single entitled "Anyway", January 24, 2017, in collaboration with one of the most important DJs of Central America, Francis Davila, from Guatemala:

paragraph: On 14 July 2017 Uhlmann released ""The Ocean ft. Edo"", through Sony Music.

paragraph: Later on that year Uhlmann began writing with the US DJ David Morales. The collaboration resulted in a first single entitled "Back home" which was released on 6 April 2018 to critical success, being also played on BBC radio 1 by Danny Howard.

paragraph: During the same time Uhlmann was chosen by IBM Italy to experiment with artificial Intelligence in songwriting. The result was the lyrics to his second solo single 'Butterfly', released on 15 June 2018 (Universal). With the help of IBM's Watson software, Uhlmann was provided with data retrieved from social media that inspired him to write lyrics about family values:

paragraph: On 7 June Uhlmann was awarded the 'Thinker Award for Creativity' for his work with IBM's Watson software.

paragraph: In the summer of 2018 Uhlmann started live activity with his solo project as well as several dates alongside David Morales throughout Europe.

paragraph: His first gig as a solo artist was the opening for Negramaro at the Olympic stadium in Rome on 30 June.

paragraph: 2019 started for Alex with a DJ set at the San Siro stadium in Milano for AC Milan’s Serie A home match against SSC Napoli. (Jan 26th).

paragraph: On April 19th the historical New York label ""Nervous Records"" released the second single of Alex’s ongoing collaboration with David Morales: "One Race" was remixed by Spanish house duo Chus & Ceballos and chosen by Hector Romero for his "Weaving Genres vol. 2" (Nervous Records).

paragraph: Alex was then appointed "Artistic and Musical director" for The Voice of Italy which aired on Rai 2 from April 23rd until June 4th and was presented by Simona Ventura.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Friday Night Hero.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 – "Tourist In Your Own Town" (label: Capitol East Records)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Planet Funk.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 – "The Great Shake" (label: Universal Music)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 – "The Great Shake + 2" (label: Universal Music)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Alex Uhlmann.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 - "The Ocean" (ft. Edo) (single, label: Sony Music)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 - "Butterfly" (single, label: Universal Music)

paragraph: Section::::Collaborations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 Giuliano Sangiorgi: vocals on "Ora il mondo è perfetto" on the album "The Great Shake"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 Ivan Cotroneo: Director of the music video for "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 Francis Davila: in "Anyway"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 - 2019 David Morales: in ""Back Home"" (single, label: "Diridim") and ""One Race"" (single, label: "Nervous Records")

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official web site of Alex Uhlmann

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official web site of Planet Funk

description: Luxembourgish singer

wikidata_label: Alex Uhlmann

wikipedia_title: Alex Uhlmann


text:
Charleston, South Carolina
John Bailey Adger
College of Charleston
14 Legare St.

categories: Mayors of Charleston, South Carolina,1837 births

paragraph: James Adger Smyth

paragraph: James Adger Smyth was Mayor of Charleston, South Carolina for two terms between 1896 and 1903.

paragraph: Smyth was born on June 8, 1837, in Charleston, South Carolina. His father, Thomas Smyth, was pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church in Charleston; his mother, Margaret Milligan Adger Smyth, was the daughter of a Charleston shipping merchant, James Adger, making his uncle the missionary John Bailey Adger.

paragraph: He attended Doctor Miller's Preparatory School, the Charleston High School, and Professor Sachtleben's School. He graduated from the College of Charleston in 1858 and began working at his uncles' wholesale hardware firm, J.E. Adger & Company. He married Annie Ransom Briggs, the daughter of Cedar Grove Plantation owner, Thomas Whitaker Briggs in March 1860. In 1862, he enlisted and fought with Company A of the 25th Regiment of the South Carolina Volunteers until the end of the Civil War in 1865.

paragraph: After the war he resumed work with his maternal uncles, Robert Adger and Joseph Ellison Adger, at J.E. Adger & Company. During his ten years in the company he became an active member in the Chamber of Commerce. In 1875, Smyth became an independent cotton broker, and along with his cousin, Andrew Moffett Adger, started the company Smyth and Adger, successfully brokering cotton from North Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama.

paragraph: Smyth grew increasingly involved in local politics. He was member of the State and County Democratic Executive Committees (1876), City Council (1885), and mayor for two four-year terms (1895 to 1903). He retired in 1904.

paragraph: He lived at 14 Legare St., Charleston, South Carolina from 1879 until he died on April 25, 1920.

description: American mayor

wikidata_label: James Adger Smyth

wikipedia_title: James Adger Smyth


text: Queen of England

text: Richard I of England

text: Sancho VI of Navarre

text: Sancha of Castile

text: medieval

text: Crusader

text: Third Crusade

text: John

text: fief

text: Monreal

text: Eleanor of Aquitaine

text: Duchy of Aquitaine

text: Eleanor

text: troubadour

text: Pamplona

text: Royal Palace of Olite

text: Alys

text: Philip II of France

text: Messina

text: Henry II of England

text: affinity

text: Third Crusade

text: Messina

text: Sicily

text: Joan

text: Holy Land

text: Cyprus

text: Isaac Comnenus

text: Limassol

text: Archbishop of Bordeaux

text: Bishops of Évreux

text: Bayonne

text: Third Crusade

text: Eleanor of Aquitaine

text: Queen of France

text: Second Crusade

text: Holy Land

text: Beaufort-en-Vallée

text: John

text: Pope Celestine III

text: Pope Innocent III

text: Henry III of England

text: Le Mans

text: L'Épau Abbey

text: effigy

text: chapter house

text: Ann Trindade

text: Propinquity

text: Jean Plaidy

text: Maureen Peters

text: Molly Costain Haycraft

text: Norah Lofts

text: Jack Whyte

text: The Talisman

text: Walter Scott

text: G. A. Henty

text: Fern Michaels

text: Cecelia Holland

text: Sharon Kay Penman

text: G.A. Henty

text: Rachel Bard

text: Pamela Kaufman

text: Pamela Kaufman

text: William Golding

text: David Eldridge

text: Shakespeare's Globe

text: The Crusades

text: Loretta Young

text: Henry Wilcoxon

text: drama film

text: King Richard and the Crusaders

text: George Sanders

text: Paula Raymond

text: Third Crusade

text: Richard the Lionheart

text: Richard the Lion-Hearted

text: Kathleen Clifford

text: Zoë Wanamaker

text: Cunard

text: RMS "Berengaria"

text: The Peerage on Berengaria

text: Berengaria, princess of Navarre

categories: Navarrese infantas,Christians of the Crusades,13th-century people from the Kingdom of Navarre,House of Jiménez,12th-century English people,12th-century births,12th-century people from the Kingdom of Navarre,13th-century English women,Countesses of Maine,13th-century English people,12th-century English women,Countesses of Anjou,Duchesses of Normandy,Richard I of England,1230 deaths,Duchesses of Aquitaine,English royal consorts,12th-century Spanish women

paragraph: Berengaria of Navarre

paragraph: Berengaria of Navarre (, , ; 1165–1170 – 23 December 1230) was Queen of England as the wife of Richard I of England. She was the eldest daughter of Sancho VI of Navarre and Sancha of Castile. As is the case with many of the medieval English queens, relatively little is known of her life.

paragraph: Traditionally known as "the only English queen never to set foot in the country", she may in fact have visited the country after her husband's death, but did not do so before, nor did she see much of him during her marriage, which was childless. She did (unusually for the wife of a Crusader) accompany him on the start of the Third Crusade, but mostly lived in his French possessions, where she gave generously to the Church, despite difficulties in collecting the pension she was due from Richard's brother and successor John after she became a widow.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: In 1185, Berengaria was given the fief of Monreal by her father. Eleanor of Aquitaine promoted the engagement of Berengaria to her son, Richard the Lionheart. An alliance with Navarre meant protection for the southern borders of Eleanor's Duchy of Aquitaine, and helped create better relations with neighbouring Castile whose queen was Eleanor, a sister of Richard. Also, Navarre had assimilated the troubadour culture of Aquitaine and Berengaria's reputation was unbesmirched. It seems that Berengaria and Richard did in fact meet once, years before their marriage, and writers have claimed that there was an attraction between them at that time.

paragraph: In 1190, Eleanor met Sancho in Pamplona and he hosted a banquet in the Royal Palace of Olite in her honour. The betrothal could not be celebrated openly, for Richard had been betrothed for many years to Alys, half-sister of King Philip II of France. Richard terminated his betrothal to Alys in 1190 while at Messina. It has been suggested that Alys had become the mistress of Richard's own father, Henry II of England, and possibly the mother of an illegitimate child; a marriage between Richard and Alys would therefore have been technically impossible for religious reasons of affinity.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: Richard had Berengaria brought to him by his mother Eleanor of Aquitaine. Since Richard was already on the Third Crusade, having wasted no time in setting off after his coronation, the two women had a long and difficult journey to catch up with him. They arrived at Messina in Sicily during Lent (when the marriage could not take place) in 1191 and were joined by Richard's sister Joan, the widowed Queen of Sicily. The two women became good friends and Berengaria was left in Joan's custody. En route to the Holy Land, the ship carrying Berengaria and Joan ran aground off the coast of Cyprus, and they were threatened by the island's ruler, Isaac Comnenus. Richard came to their rescue, captured the island, and overthrew Comnenus. Berengaria married Richard the Lionheart on 12 May 1191, in the Chapel of St George at Limassol on Cyprus, and was crowned the same day by the Archbishop of Bordeaux and Bishops of Évreux and Bayonne.

paragraph: Section::::Queen consort.

paragraph: Whether the marriage was ever even consummated is a matter for conjecture. In any case, Richard certainly took his new wife with him for the first part of the Third Crusade. This was unusual, although Richard's mother and Berengaria's predecessor, Eleanor of Aquitaine, had, when Queen of France, been with her husband throughout the Second Crusade, though the stresses and disputes of the unsuccessful campaign did serious damage to their relationship. Berengaria returned well before Richard left the Holy Land; on his return to Europe he was captured and imprisoned. Berengaria remained in Europe, based at Beaufort-en-Vallée, attempting to raise money for his ransom. After his release, Richard returned to England and was not joined by his wife.

paragraph: When Richard returned to England, he had to regain all the territory that had either been lost by his brother John or taken by King Philip of France. His focus was on his kingdom, not his queen. King Richard was ordered by Pope Celestine III to reunite with Queen Berengaria and to show fidelity to her in the future. Richard, now mostly spending his time in France, obeyed and took Berengaria to church every week thereafter. When he died in 1199, she was greatly distressed, perhaps more so at being deliberately overlooked as Queen of England and Cyprus. Some historians believe that Berengaria honestly loved her husband, while Richard's feelings for her were merely formal, as the marriage was a political rather than a romantic union.

paragraph: Section::::Queen dowager.

paragraph: Berengaria never visited England during King Richard's lifetime; during the entirety of their marriage, Richard spent less than six months in England. There is evidence, however, that she may have done so in the years following his death. The traditional description of her as "the only English queen never to set foot in the country" would still be literally true, as she did not visit England during the time she was Richard's consort. She certainly sent envoys to England several times, mainly to inquire about the pension she was due as dowager queen and Richard's widow, which King John failed to pay. Although Queen Eleanor intervened and Pope Innocent III threatened him with an interdict if he did not pay Berengaria what was due, King John still owed her more than £4000 when he died. During the reign of his son Henry III of England, however, her payments were made as they were supposed to be.

paragraph: Berengaria eventually settled in Le Mans, one of her dower properties. She was a benefactress of L'Épau Abbey in Le Mans, entered the conventual life, and was buried in the abbey. In 1240, Archbishop Rodrigo Jimenez de Rada of Toledo wrote of Berengaria that she lived, "as a most praiseworthy widow and stayed for the most part in the city of Le Mans, which she held as part of her marriage dower, devoting herself to almsgiving, prayer and good works, witnessing as an example to all women of chastity and religion and in the same city she came to the end of her days with a happy death." A skeleton thought to be hers was rediscovered in 1960 during the restoration of the abbey. These remains are preserved beneath the stone effigy of the queen, which is now to be found in the chapter house of the abbey.

paragraph: Section::::Historical significance.

paragraph: Historian Ann Trindade says about Berengaria that she “is remembered as a benefactor of several…religious congregations and institutions and was regarded as a model of piety." She also states that “Berengaria’s life illustrates very clearly the constraints under which medieval women, even aristocratic ones, were obliged to live.” Berengaria's struggles are a good example of what many women faced in the thirteenth century, and “those long years of widowhood reveal, on the basis of record, a strong courageous woman, independent, solitary, battling against difficult political and economic circumstances, with little interest in the trappings of courtly existence, sustained by her faith in Christ and her loyalty to the See of St Peter, not afraid to assert her rights against powerful enemies, both lay and clerical.”

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.

paragraph: Novels featuring Berengaria include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Propinquity" by John Macgregor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Heart Of The Lion" by Jean Plaidy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Willow Maid" by Maureen Peters

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Lord Brother the Lionheart" by Molly Costain Haycraft

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lute Player" by Norah Lofts

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Standard of Honor" by Jack Whyte

paragraph: BULLET::::- " The Talisman" by Sir Walter Scott

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Winning His Spurs" by G. A. Henty

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Valentina" by Fern Michaels

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Queen's Witch" by Cecelia Holland

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lionheart" by Sharon Kay Penman

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Boy Knight" by G.A. Henty

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Queen Without a Country" by Rachel Bard

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shield of Three Lions" by Pamela Kaufman

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Banners of Gold" by Pamela Kaufman

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord of the Flies by William Golding

paragraph: Section::::On the stage.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Holy Warriors" by David Eldridge, premiered at Shakespeare's Globe in July and August 2014.

paragraph: Section::::In media.

paragraph: The 1935 film "The Crusades", starring Loretta Young and Henry Wilcoxon, tells a fictionalized story of Richard and Berengaria's marriage. The 1954 historical drama film "King Richard and the Crusaders", starring George Sanders and Paula Raymond, shows Richard and Berengaria as married and on the Third Crusade. The 1960s' British television series "Richard the Lionheart" features their marriage prominently, with Berengaria played by Sheila Whittingham. In the 1923 film "Richard the Lion-Hearted", Queen Berengaria is played by Kathleen Clifford. All versions were highly romanticized and are not reliable sources of information about the queen.

paragraph: Berengaria of Navarre was played by Zoë Wanamaker in the BBC 13-part drama "The Devil's Crown" (1978).

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The early 20th-century Cunard passenger liner RMS "Berengaria" was named in her honour, the first Cunard ship to be named for a British queen.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Women's Biography: Berengaria of Navarre, queen of England", contains several letters to and from Berengaria.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Peerage on Berengaria

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berengaria, princess of Navarre

description: Medieval English queen consort

wikidata_label: Berengaria of Navarre

wikipedia_title: Berengaria of Navarre


text:
Rt Revd
British
Roman Catholic
prelate
Bishop of Lancaster
Garstang
Lancashire
England
Lancaster Royal Grammar School
school
Lancashire's county town
Mgr Thomas Adamson
Holy Orders
Ushaw College
seminary
County Durham
ordained
priest
Bishop Brian Foley
Roman Catholic Diocese of Lancaster
Kells, Whitehaven
Preston
Blackpool
chaplain
St Mary's Catholic High School
Pope Francis
Bishop of Lancaster
consecrated
Bishop Michael Campbell
Roman Catholic Diocese of Lancaster
Scarisbrick baronets

categories: Alumni of Ushaw College,People from Garstang,People educated at Lancaster Royal Grammar School,Post-Reformation Roman Catholic bishops in England,1958 births,Living people

paragraph: Paul Swarbrick

paragraph: Rt Revd Paul Swarbrick (born 2 July 1958) is a British Roman Catholic prelate, who has served as Bishop of Lancaster since 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Born on 2 July 1958 at Garstang, Lancashire, England, Swarbrick was educated at Lancaster Royal Grammar School, an all-boys school in Lancashire's county town.

paragraph: A distant cousin of Mgr Thomas Adamson, he prepared for Holy Orders at Ushaw College, a seminary in County Durham.

paragraph: Section::::Ordained ministry.

paragraph: On 10 July 1982, at the age of 24, he was ordained a priest by Bishop Brian Foley at St Mary and St Michael's Church, Garstang, in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lancaster..

paragraph: Swarbrick served as Assistant Priest at St Mary's Church, Kells, Whitehaven (1982–1983), and at St Maria Goretti Church, Preston (1983–1984), before moving to Blackpool, where he served as chaplain to St Mary's Catholic High School and Assistant Priest at St Cuthbert's Church from 1984 to 1990.

paragraph: On 12 February 2018, Pope Francis appointed him Bishop of Lancaster, being consecrated on 9 April 2018 by his predecessor, Bishop Michael Campbell.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Diocese of Lancaster

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scarisbrick baronets

description: British Roman Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Paul Swarbrick

wikipedia_title: Paul Swarbrick


text:
Charente
French Second Republic
Aubeterre
Faculty of Paris
Bordeaux
Louis-Philippe
dynastic
Gironde
February Revolution of 1848
Louis Blanc
Marc Caussidière
Jules Grévy
Louis-Eugène Cavaignac
Roman Republic
Pope
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
June Days uprising
Jules Grévy
Charles de Montalembert
Odilon Barrot
Napoléon Joseph Curial
François Joseph Ducoux
Félix Chadenet
Armand Fresneau
Victor Hugo
Mathieu de Combarel de Leyval
Jules Favre
Victor Lanjuinais
Élysée Palace
Legion of Honour

wikipedia_title:
Charente
French Second Republic
Aubeterre-sur-Dronne
Paris Law Faculty
Bordeaux
Louis Philippe I
Dynasty
Gironde
French Revolution of 1848
Louis Blanc
Marc Caussidière
Jules Grévy
Louis-Eugène Cavaignac
Roman Republic (19th century)
Pope
Napoleon III
June Days uprising
Jules Grévy
Charles Forbes René de Montalembert
Odilon Barrot
Napoléon Joseph Curial
François Joseph Ducoux
Félix Chadenet
Armand Fresneau
Victor Hugo
Mathieu de Combarel de Leyval
Jules Favre
Victor Lanjuinais
Élysée Palace
Legion of Honour

categories: 1800 births,French general councillors,Members of the 1848 Constituent Assembly,Members of the National Legislative Assembly of the French Second Republic,19th-century French lawyers,1887 deaths

paragraph: Jean-Pierre Rateau

paragraph: Jean-Pierre Lamotte-Rateau (24 April 1800 – 22 March 1887) was a French lawyer and politician who represented the department of Charente in the Constituent Assembly and then the Legislature during the French Second Republic.

paragraph: He is known as author of the Rateau proposal to dissolve the Constituent Assembly before all the organic laws had been passed, this preventing any reduction in the powers of the President Louis Napoleon Bonaparte.

paragraph: Section::::Early years (1800–48).

paragraph: Jean-Pierre Lamotte-Rateau was born on 24 April 1800 in Aubeterre, Charente.

paragraph: He studied law and obtained a degree at the Faculty of Paris in 1820.

paragraph: He joined the bar in Bordeaux on 10 December 1821, and became known as a strong speaker.

paragraph: He became involved in politics.

paragraph: He supported the government of Louis-Philippe, but sided with the dynastic opposition in asking for electoral reform to add capabilities.

paragraph: Under this program he was appointed a member of the General Council of Gironde.

paragraph: Section::::Second Republic (1848–51).

paragraph: After the February Revolution of 1848 Rateau ran for election to the Constitutuent Assembly and was elected as 5th of 6 with 37,839 out of 92,994 votes.

paragraph: He represented Charente in the National Constituent Assembly from 23 April 1848 to 26 May 1849.

paragraph: He sat with the Right parliamentary group.

paragraph: He was a member of the Justice Committee, and normally voted with the right.

paragraph: He voted for the restoration of security and physical coercion, for prosecution of Louis Blanc and Marc Caussidière, against abolition of the death penalty, against the Jules Grévy amendment to suppress the Presidency of the Republic, against the right to work, for the agenda in honor of Louis-Eugène Cavaignac, against reduction of the salt tax, against amnesty, for prohibition of clubs and for credits of the Expedition to Rome to remove the Roman Republic and restore the Pope.

paragraph: After the presidential election of 10 December 1848 he supported the government of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte.

paragraph: Rateau was the author of the Rateau proposal, which was to dissolve the Constituent Assembly before it had drafted and voted on the organic laws.

paragraph: This proposal, supported by the followers of Louis Napoleon, was intended to end the opposition to presidential power by the majority.

paragraph: Rateau proposed that 19 March 1849 be fixed as the date when the Constituent Assembly would be dissolved and replaced by a new Legislative Assembly.

paragraph: By forcing early elections Rateau and others on the right seem to have expected that the Republican-oriented assembly would be replaced by a more conservative assembly due to the loss of popular support for the Republic after the June Days uprising.

paragraph: Jules Grévy strongly opposed ending the Constituent Assembly before it had passed all the organic laws need to complement the constitution.

paragraph: At the session of 12 January 1849 the Rateau proposal was supported by Aurélien de Seze, Charles de Montalembert and Odilon Barrot, Minister of Justice and President of the Council.

paragraph: The recommendation of the Justice Committee that the Rateau proposal be thrown out was put to the vote and rejected by 400 votes to 396, and the proposal remained under consideration.

paragraph: However, the next day Napoléon Joseph Curial, François Joseph Ducoux and Félix Chadenet wrote letters that disputed the accuracy of the vote count.

paragraph: The Rateau proposal was revived on 29 January 1894, when the recommendation of the committee that the Assembly should pass all the organic laws before dissolution was rejected by 416 votes to 405.

paragraph: Armand Fresneau, Victor Hugo and Mathieu de Combarel de Leyval supported the Rateau proposal, which was definitively adopted, despite lengthy counter arguments by Jules Favre.

paragraph: The Rateau proposal was adopted after an amendment proposed by Victor Lanjuinais by 470 votes to 337.

paragraph: In the elections on 13 May 1849 Rateau was elected to the Legislative Assembly by 48,424, votes out of 79,163.

paragraph: He again sat with the Right parliamentary group.

paragraph: After being reelected Rateau continued to be hostile to the Republic, voted for the law of 31 May 1850 that restricted male universal suffrage and voted for revision of the constitution.

paragraph: He voted for the Rome expedition and for the Falloux-Parieu law on education.

paragraph: However, he remained attached to the parliamentary system and refused to support the policy of the Élysée Palace to the end.

paragraph: Section::::Last years (1851–87).

paragraph: After the coup d'état of 2 December 1851 in which Napoleon III seized power Rateau returned to private life, and resumed his place at the Bordeaux Bar, of which he was president in 1838, 1856 and 1873.

paragraph: He was made a Knight of the Legion of Honour in 1873.

paragraph: Rateau died on 22 March 1887 in Bordeaux.

description: French politician

wikidata_label: Jean-Pierre Rateau

wikipedia_title: Jean-Pierre Rateau


text:
Stuttgart
El Greco
Auguste Renoir
Camille Pissarro
Paul Cézanne
Odilon Redon
Canaletto
Cranach
Guido Reni
François Boucher
Thomas Gainsborough
Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot
Gustave Courbet
Edvard Munch
Édouard Manet
Claude Monet
Edgar Degas
Alfred Sisley
Camille Pissarro
Max Liebermann
Zürich Airport
Taddeo di Bartolo
Unicef

wikipedia_title:
Stuttgart
El Greco
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Camille Pissarro
Paul Cézanne
Odilon Redon
Canaletto
Cranach
Guido Reni
François Boucher
Thomas Gainsborough
Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot
Gustave Courbet
Edvard Munch
Édouard Manet
Claude Monet
Edgar Degas
Alfred Sisley
Camille Pissarro
Max Liebermann
Zurich Airport
Taddeo di Bartolo
UNICEF

paragraph: Gustav Rau (art collector)

paragraph: Gustav Rau (21 January 1922 - 3 January 2002) was a German doctor, philanthropist and art collector. Rau who was born and died in Stuttgart.

paragraph: Section::::Art collector.

paragraph: In 1958 Rau bought his first old master, "The Cook" by Gerard Dou. He attended auctions in London, Paris and New York. By 1997 he had collected 700 paintings, sculptures and craft works. It contains outstanding paintings from the 14th century to modernism, including El Greco's "Saint Dominic at Prayer", Auguste Renoir's "Lady with a Rose", Camille Pissarro's "Portrait of Jeanne" and Paul Cézanne's "La mer à l’estaque", a still-life flower painting by Odilon Redon, Canaletto's "St Mark's Square", works by Cranach, "The Beheading of Goliath by David" (1606-07), an early Guido Reni, paintings by Giandomenico Tiepolo, François Boucher, Thomas Gainsborough, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Gustave Courbet, Edvard Munch, Édouard Manet, Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, Alfred Sisley, Camille Pissarro, Max Liebermann, early Italian panel paintings and other Renaissance, Mannerist and Baroque paintings.

paragraph: The collection grew in an underground vault at Zürich Airport out of public view but under the watchful eye of the Swiss authorities. He made loans from the collection to international exhibitions, mostly credited as "from a Swiss private collection". However, the quality and scope of the collection remained mysterious until a major exhibition in Paris in 2001. The collection is valued between 500 and 750 million Euros. Eight works from the collection were auctioned at Sotheby's in London in 2008 for a total of £6.2 million - a triptych by Taddeo di Bartolo valued at £300,000 sold for £1.9 million and one of Tintoretto's self-portraits for the then record price of £1.6 million. The Foundation raised 43 million Euros for Unicef by selling some works from the collection in 2013. Early in 2014 "The Self-Assured Algerian" by Jean-Baptiste Corot and "View of the Hermitage" by Pissarro were sold for a total of 16 million Euros, again to raise money for UNICEF, though the sale was criticised since these two works were from the core collection, which was supposed to be kept together until 2026.

description: German physician and art collector

wikidata_label: Gustav Rau

wikipedia_title: Gustav Rau (art collector)


text:
Wallachia
Romania
usurped
Mircea I of Wallachia
Dan I
Dan II
Vlad I
Mircea the Elder
Ottoman
battle of Rovine
Serbia
Radoslav Radojičić
Romania
Anca Iancu
Sigismund of Luxembourg
Polish Kingdom
Polish king
Bulgaria
Thurocz's
Mircea the Elder
Sigismund
Mircea the Elder
Turnu
Wallachian
Mircea the Elder
Nicopole
Wallachia
Wallachian
Ottoman
Danube
Voivode
Stibor
Transylvanian voivode
Mircea the Elder
Thurocz
Sigismund
Panaitescu

categories: 14th-century rulers in Europe,Rulers of Wallachia,14th-century Romanian people,Usurpers,Romanian princes

paragraph: Vlad I of Wallachia

paragraph: Vlad I (? - 1397 ?) known as "Uzurpatorul (The Usurper)", was a ruler of Wallachia in what later became Romania. He usurped the throne from Mircea I of Wallachia. His rule lasted barely three years, from October/November 1394 to January 1397. while others suggest May 1395 to December 1396.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: His origin is controversial. He would have been either a nobleman or the son of Dan I and brother Dan II Other scholars have reservations about establishing any degree of kinship between Vlad I and Mircea the Elder invoking the lack of supporting documents.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: It is supposed that the throne takes him after the great Ottoman offensive in the fall of 1394, when the battle of Rovine (dated by several Serbian chronicles on 10th October 1394), but according to the arguable opinion of the Serbian historian Radoslav Radojičić would be was dated 17th May 1395, a theory taken over by some Romanian historians like Anca Iancu). A documentary, he appears at the end of 1395 when Sigismund of Luxembourg, willingly, of necessity, recognized him as the sovereign of Wallachia, blaming his pro-Ottoman policy. In a document dated May 28, 1396 (Hurmuzaki, I / 2, pp. 374-375), Vlad Voievod gives different privileges to the Polish Kingdom, affirming, thankfully, that he owed the throne of the Polish king.

paragraph: On the outside, the ruler tries to remove Wallachia from the anti-Ottoman coalition and the orientation towards the new European power which, with the annihilation of the Serbian states in the great battle of Kosovo in the autumn of 1389 and the total annexation of Bulgaria in 1393, power of the area. However, it does not break the Christian kingdoms, and the privileges and treaty with Poland made through the Moldovan prince , Stephen I, lead to the conclusion that despite the official non-recognition of the Hungarian kingdom and its allies (King Sigismund called it in an act of 28 December 1395"Vlad, who is a voivode"), Vlad I was a powerful and ruler in his country. This position is confirmed by the coins it has issued. The struggles for his removal from the Ottoman throne and the return of Wallachia to the anti-Ottoman front are going through the whole of his reign. Thus, the expedition of Stephen of Lozoncs in May 1395, also reported in Thurocz's chronicle as mentioned above, ends with a military disaster, when the Hungarian king himself recognized that "Walachia was lost and the Danube fell into the hand of the enemy" (Victor Motogna , Foreign Policy of Mircea the Elder, Gherla, 1924, p. 42). In July 1395, another Hungarian expedition led by Sigismund himself, probably seconded by Mircea the Elder, only succeeds in taking the Turnu fortress leaving a loyal garrison to the king, which disturbed his Wallachian ally.

paragraph: Throughout the following year, the struggles for the removal of Vlad (still backed by the Turks), continued, being interrupted only by the participation of the King and his vassals, including Mircea the Elder, to the crusade resulting in the severe defeat at Nicopole. During this expedition the territory of Wallachia was bypassed, given the importance of the Wallachian and Ottoman military force stationed in the territory. After the defeat, those who tried to find their way across the Danube, were either ransomed, or executed. This tough reaction from the Wallachian Voivode can also be attributed to the massacres made by the Crusaders among the Bulgarian Orthodox Christians in the conquered cities. On the other hand, a good part of the defeat suffered by Christians is also due to the Serbian Orthodox principles who betrayed themselves on the battlefield, passing by on the Ottoman side simply leaving or refusing to enter into battle. In October 1396, another military expedition headed by Stibor, the Transylvanian voivode, led to the defeat and capture of Vlad, who later died in captivity, which allowed Mircea the Elder to regain the throne in January 1397.

paragraph: Vlad I was the first Wallachian prince to pay homage to Ottomans as a Vassal, however, this is not surported by any existing documents.

paragraph: Section::::Controversy.

paragraph: In establishing the paternity of Vlad I, PP Panaitescu starts from an account of the Hungarian chronicler Thurocz, which speaks of a struggle for the reign of Dan helped by the Turks - and Mircea - supported by King Sigismund by the Stefan ban by Lozoncz who is missing in that confrontation - after which the last contender is defeated. The same chronicle mentions that both were of the same blood. Taking into account the theory of Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, according to which the struggle described was carried out between Dan I and Mircea in 1386, Panaitescu notes that Mircea is still defeated, the Turks have not yet reached the Danube, and Sigismund was not at that time on the throne. Also, from the diplomas of the Hungarian King, it is known that Stephen died in 1395. This last mention made Panaitescu reject also the assumption of C. Litzica, according to which a battle between Michael I and Dan II had been described, thin 1420, and to count the account as a mistake by Thurocz, confusing Vlad with Dan, and not Mihail with Mircea. Although the Hungarian chronicler places this event after 1415, Panaitescu notes that it is not the only chronological reversal of it and gives some examples. Finally, he explains the source of Thurocz's confusion in the fact that Vlad I was the son of Dan I. Gh. Bratianu also shares this theory.Al. V. Diţă qualifies the episode from Thurócz's chronicle as a ""nebulous narrative"", "an imaginary conflict reminiscent of the theme of" enemy brothers ""in folklore"" and "fantasy without a historical theme". Thurócz is not aware of the struggle at Rovine, but only of the siege of Turnu fortress in the summer of 1395. The conflict between the two principles ""born of the same blood"", Mircea ( Merche ) and Dan ( Daan ), is not placed by Thurócz near this event, but more than 20 years later. Campaign and the death of Stephen ( Stephano ) of Losoncz, as described chronicle is a "biography fantastic and erroneous" and no value in dating the entire episode.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexandru V. Diță, "„Fuga” și „restaurarea” lui Mircea cel Mare", Roza Vânturilor, București, 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicolae Iorga, "Studii asupra Chiliei și Cetății Albe", București, 1899

paragraph: BULLET::::- Constantin C. Giurescu, "Istoria românilor", 1935

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elemér Mályusz, "Zsigmond király uralma magyarországon (1387-1437)", Gondolat, Budapest, 1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ioan Bogdan, "Scrieri Alese", Cu o prefață de Emil Petrovici. Ediție îngrijită, studiu introductiv și note de G. Mihăilă, București, Editura Academiei, 1968

description: romanian ruler

wikidata_label: Nenea

wikipedia_title: Vlad I of Wallachia


text:
pseudonym
Amazing Stories
If
Fantastic
Ziff-Davis
Lester del Rey
Sherlock Holmes
Ellery Queen
Target Earth
Chicago
Michigan
Illinois
Invasion of the Saucer Men
The Eye Creatures
The Twilight Zone
People Are Alike All Over
Stanislaw Lem
filmed
Andrei Tarkovsky
Steven Soderbergh
2002

categories: Pulp fiction writers,American science fiction writers,American male short story writers,20th-century American novelists,1916 births,American speculative fiction editors,American male novelists,1977 deaths,Science fiction editors,20th-century American short story writers

paragraph: Paul W. Fairman

paragraph: Paul Warren Fairman (1909-1977) was an editor and writer in a variety of genres under his own name and under pseudonyms. His detective story "Late Rain" was published in the February 1947 issue of "Mammoth Detective". He published his story "No Teeth for the Tiger" in the February 1950 issue of "Amazing Stories". Two years later, he was the founding editor of "If", but only edited four issues. In 1955, he became the editor of "Amazing Stories" and "Fantastic". He held that dual position until 1958. His science fiction short stories "Deadly City" and "The Cosmic Frame" were made into motion pictures.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After leaving Ziff-Davis, the magazines' publisher, he focused on writing his own work, often under different names. He ghost-wrote several juveniles, such as "The Runaway Robot" (1965), based on outlines by Lester del Rey, whose name appeared on the books. He also wrote the Sherlock Holmes part of Ellery Queen's "A Study In Terror" (1966), in which Ellery finds a previously unknown Sherlock Holmes manuscript.

paragraph: Section::::Movie and television adaptations.

paragraph: His short story "Deadly City", which appeared in the March 1953 issue of "If" magazine under the pseudonym Ivar Jorgensen, was made into the motion picture "Target Earth". The story is about an alien invasion of Chicago and the evacuation of the city. The aliens had destroyed several Michigan towns, killing all the inhabitants, and had moved on to Illinois. The plot revolves around five characters who remain in the deserted city. They have to survive in a city devoid of people and facing annihilation by alien invaders.

paragraph: His short story "The Cosmic Frame", published in the May 1955 "Amazing Stories", was made into the 1957 science fiction movie "Invasion of the Saucer Men" and was remade, although uncredited, in 1965 as "The Eye Creatures". The 1960 "The Twilight Zone" episode "People Are Alike All Over" was based upon his 1952 short story "Brothers Beyond the Void". His short story "Some Day They'll Give Us Guns" was filmed for the 1952 TV series "The Unexpected", which was also known as "Times Square Playhouse".

paragraph: His short story "Beast of the Void" (currently available in Weird Science Fiction Tales: 101 Weird Scifi Stories Vol. 2, Civitas Library Classics) was published in 1956, and introduced the concept of amorphous intelligent matter in space capable of re-forming as perfect living copies of creatures from the memories of human explorers, including the protagonist's lost wife. (A similar theme was greatly expanded by Stanislaw Lem for his 1961 novel "Solaris", which was later filmed by Andrei Tarkovsky in 1972 and by Steven Soderbergh in 2002.)

paragraph: Section::::Novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Invasion From the Deep" (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rest in Agony" (1963) [as by Ivar Jorgensen]

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ten From Infinity" (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The World Grabbers" (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "City Under the Sea" (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Runaway Robot" (1965) with Lester del Rey [as by Lester del Rey]

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Forgetful Robot" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I, the Machine" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Whom the Gods Would Slay" (1968) [as by Ivar Jorgensen]

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Deadly Sky" (1971) [as by Ivar Jorgensen]

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Doomsday Exhibit" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "That Girl" (1971) [a gothic spin-off of the Marlo Thomas TV series]

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Frankenstein Wheel" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Diabolist" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Girl With Something Extra" (1973)

paragraph: Section::::Short stories.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Late Rain (February, 1947) "Mammoth Detective"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Body of Madelon Spain (August, 1947) "Mammoth Detective"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hallowed Be the Name (August, 1947) "Mammoth Mystery"

paragraph: BULLET::::- No Hero Stuff (September, 1947) "Mammoth Detective'

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Guns of God (November, 1947)'

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bullets For Breakfast (February, 1948) "Mammoth Western"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Lady and the Lynch Mob (August, 1948) "Mammoth Western"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nesters Die Hard (November, 1948) "Mammoth Western"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dead Man’s Gold (December, 1948) "Mammoth Western"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Memoirs of John Shevlin - The West’s Greatest Detective: The Case of the O’Henry Ending (December, 1949) "Mammoth Western"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Devil on the Mountain (1949) "Mammoth Western Quarterly"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Broken Doll (July, 1950) "Fantastic Adventures"

paragraph: BULLET::::- No Teeth for the Tiger (February, 1950) "Amazing Stories"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Never Trust a Martian! (January, 1951) "Amazing Stories"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Whom the Gods Would Slay (1951) [as by Ivar Jorgensen]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nine Worlds West (1951) [as by Clee Garson]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Invasion from the Deep (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Witness for the Defense (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Man with the Clutching Hand (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Terrible Puppets (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Man Who Stopped at Nothing (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Proud Asteroid (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deadly Cargo (December, 1951) "Fantastic Adventures"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Missing Symbol (1952) [as by Ivar Jorgensen]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rest in Agony (1952) [as by Ivar Jorgensen]

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Secret of Gallows Hill (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Child Is Missing (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brothers Beyond the Void (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strange Blood (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Dog with the Weird Tale (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Jack of Planets (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Let's Have a Little Reverence (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Someday They'll Give Us Guns" (1952) starring Bobby Driscoll.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Woman in Skin 13 (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Third Ear (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Girl Who Loved Death (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deadly City (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Side Road to Glory (1953) [as by Robert Eggert Lee]

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Cosmic Frame (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beyond the Black Horizon (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Smashers (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- One Man to Kill (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- This Is My Son (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Man in the Ice Box (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- All Walls Were Mist (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Beasts of the Void (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Black Blockade (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secret of the Martians (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Treasure is Mine! (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Beasts in the Void (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dalrymple's Equation (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jason and the Maker (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Traitor's Choice (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I'll Think You Dead!" (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Body Hunters (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The World Burners (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Give Me My Body! (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Great Night in the Heavens (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Culture for the Planets (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Not Born to Greatness (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Delenda Est Carthago (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interlude in the Desert (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robots Should Stick Together (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Pit (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Minefield (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mastermind of Zark (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phantoms of Zark (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Brown Package (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Long Hop (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Gallant Lady (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Space Museum (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Those Remarkable Ravencrafts (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lost in a Junkyard (1968)

paragraph: Section::::Essays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- They Write . . . (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Introducing the Author: Paul W. Fairman (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A New Kind of Fiction (1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Of Men and Dreams (1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- It Began With a Letter from the Russians (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jehovah's Witnesses Aren't Science Fiction (1958)

description: American writer

wikidata_label: Paul W. Fairman

wikipedia_title: Paul W. Fairman


text:
Voivode
Wallachia
House of Basarab
Mircea the Elder
Dan II of Wallachia
Basarab II
Radu II
Vlad II Dracul
Vlad Tepes
Dracula
Wallachian Rulers
Wallachian Ruler Timeline

categories: 1436 deaths,Rulers of Wallachia,1397 births

paragraph: Alexander I Aldea

paragraph: Alexander I Aldea (1397–1436) was a Voivode of Wallachia (1431–1436) from the House of Basarab, son of Mircea the Elder. He came to rule Wallachia during an extremely turbulent time when rule of the country changed hands by violence eighteen times during the 15th century. Alexander I took the throne by ousting Dan II of Wallachia, father to Basarab II. Dan II was on his 5th rule of Wallachia, having gone back and forth with Radu II several times over the course of seven years during the 1420s. He was strong enough to hold the throne for what was then a considerable time, a stretch of five years. However, in the winter of 1436 he died, most probably from illness, as there are no rumours to the contrary. Upon his death, his half-brother Vlad II Dracul assumed the throne and would hold it off and on until he was killed in 1447.

paragraph: Alexander I was the uncle of Vlad Tepes (son of Vlad II Dracul), the inspiration for the Bram Stoker's novel "Dracula".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wallachian Rulers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wallachian Ruler Timeline

description: Prince of Wallachia

wikidata_label: Alexander I Aldea

wikipedia_title: Alexander I Aldea


text: Deram

text: Life Is People

text: Deram

text: label

text: Bill Fay

text: Time of the Last Persecution

text: Wooden Hill

text: demos

text: Durtro Jnana

text: Wilco

text: Jeff Tweedy

text: Shepherd's Bush Empire

text: Union Chapel, Islington

text: John Howard

text: Ed Harcourt

text: cover version

text: Jim O'Rourke

text: Glenn Kotche

text: Kōji Wakamatsu

text: United Red Army

text: Apocalyptic folk

text: Current 93

text: Okkervil River

text: Golden Opportunities 2

text: The War on Drugs

text: Marc Almond

text: Bill Fay

text: Time of the Last Persecution

text: Life Is People

text: Who Is the Sender?

text: The only dedicated Bill Fay site

text: Dead Oceans, "Bill Fay"

categories: English folk singers,Folk pianists,British male pianists,English songwriters,English pop pianists,21st-century pianists,Deram Records artists,English male singers,20th-century male singers,English pop singers,20th-century English singers,21st-century English singers,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people,Year of birth missing (living people),Singers from London

paragraph: Bill Fay

paragraph: William "Bill" Fay is an English singer, pianist and songwriter whose early releases were made on the Deram label in 1967. Following the release of his second album in 1971, Fay was dropped by the label. His work enjoyed a growing cult status in the 1990s, and his older works were re-issued in 1998 and 2004/2005. Fay's 2012 album, "Life Is People", was his first album of all-new material since 1971. His next album, "Who Is The Sender" was released on 27 April 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early career.

paragraph: Fay was born in north London, where he still lives.

paragraph: His first single, "Some Good Advice" / "Screams in the Ears", was issued on the Deram label in 1967, and was followed by two albums, "Bill Fay" in 1970 and "Time of the Last Persecution" in 1971. The recordings did not sell well, and Fay was dropped from Deram soon after the release of his second album. They were re-issued in 1998, and then again in 2005.

paragraph: Despite returning to the recording studio in the late 1970s, the follow-up to "Time of the Last Persecution" was not released until January 2005, following the reissues of his earlier works.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Cult-status and come-back.

paragraph: Bill Fay's work enjoyed a growing cult status in the 1990s. His first two albums were re-issued in 1998, an event which Bill Fay described in 2012 as follows:

paragraph: In 2004, the British label Wooden Hill released a collection of demos recorded between 1966 and 1970 entitled "From the Bottom of an Old Grandfather Clock". In 2005 his late 1970s recordings were released January 2005. Entitled "Tomorrow, Tomorrow & Tomorrow", it was credited to the Bill Fay Group and was released on the Durtro Jnana label.

paragraph: The compilation album "Still Some Light" appeared on the Coptic Cat label in 2010, a double CD containing a mix of older material and newer, home-recorded songs.

paragraph: "Life is People", released 21 August 2012 on Dead Oceans, is his first new studio LP in over 40 years.

paragraph: A new album by Bill Fay was released in April 2015, titled "Who Is The Sender". The second album track, "War Machine", came out as a single in February 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Covers and appreciation.

paragraph: The American band Wilco has played Fay's song "Be Not So Fearful" in live performances and the band's singer, Jeff Tweedy, can be heard singing it in the documentary, "". Fay has joined the band and Tweedy onstage for the rendition of the song at shows at the Shepherd's Bush Empire in 2007, and at the Union Chapel, Islington in 2010 respectively, both in London.

paragraph: The English singer-songwriter and pianist John Howard recorded a cover version of the song "Be Not So Fearful" for his E.P. "Songs for the Lost and Found" (2008). The song "Be Not So Fearful" was also covered by Ed Harcourt on the benefit compilation album "Songs to Save a Life - In Aid of Samaritans" (2011).

paragraph: A cover version of Fay's "Pictures of Adolf Again", by producer and musician Jim O'Rourke and Wilco drummer Glenn Kotche, can be heard in the film from Kōji Wakamatsu, "United Red Army". The title track of "Time of the Last Persecution" became a live standard of the British Apocalyptic folk group, Current 93.

paragraph: The band Okkervil River covered Fay's song "Plan D" on their Golden Opportunities 2 EP in 2011.

paragraph: The American band The War on Drugs covered Fay's song "I Hear You Calling" at shows throughout 2014.

paragraph: His song "Be not so Fearful" got a cover by A.C. Newman in 2014, and was used in the episode "Us" of The Walking Dead.

paragraph: In 2008 the English singer Marc Almond recorded a live version of "Cosmic Boxer" and it was released on his album "In 'Bluegate Fields': Live at Wilton's Music Hall".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bill Fay" (Deram, 1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Time of the Last Persecution" (Deram, 1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tomorrow, Tomorrow & Tomorrow" (recorded 1978-1981; Durtro, 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Still Some Light" (2CD, recorded 2009; Coptic Cat, 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Life Is People" (Dead Oceans, 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who Is the Sender?" (Dead Oceans, 2015)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Compilation albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "From the Bottom of an Old Grandfather Clock" (recorded 1966-1970; Wooden Hill, 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Still Some Light" (CD, recorded 1970-71; Coptic Cat, 2010)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fansite & info

paragraph: BULLET::::- The only dedicated Bill Fay site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dead Oceans, "Bill Fay"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interviews

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Leeming, "A Conversation with Bill Fay – Part One"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Linda Wertheimer, "Bill Fay: A Cult Figure Returns, Skeptical But Optimistic", interview with Bill Fay

paragraph: BULLET::::- aquarium drunkard, "Bill Fay :: The Aquarium Drunkard Interview"

paragraph: BULLET::::- SPIN, "The Strange and Wonderful Return of Cult Hero Bill Fay"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Videoclips

paragraph: BULLET::::- Video of John Howard's 2008 cover version of Bill Fay's "Be Not So Fearful"

description: British singer

wikidata_label: Bill Fay

wikipedia_title: Bill Fay