text:
general
Silla
Korean Peninsula
Silla
Muyeol of Silla
Munmu of Silla
Guhae of Geumgwan Gaya
Geumgwan Gaya
bone rank system
Samguk Sagi
Samguk Yusa
im Mu-ryeok
Lady Manmyeong
King Jinheung of Silla
Gyeyang
Jincheon County
Hwarang
Queen Seondeok of Silla
Queen Seondeok of Silla
Baekje
Baekje
Goguryeo
Tang Dynasty
Sabi
Battle of Hwangsanbeol
Gyebaek
difficult conflicts
kite
So Jung-Bang
Korean Peninsula
Three Kingdoms
Hangul
Hanja
Korean sword
Songhwa Mountain
Gyeongju
Hangul
Hanja
King Taejong Muyeol of Silla
Silla
King Munmu of Silla
Gim Inmun
Hanja
King Muyeol of Silla
Kim Won-sul
Silla
Tang Dynasty
Samguk Sagi
Shaohao
Kim Won-sul
Uhm Tae-woong
Lee Hyun-woo
MBC
Queen Seondeok
Park Sung-woong
Gyebaek
Kim Yu-seok
Noh Young-hak
KBS1
The King's Dream
List of Korea-related topics
Korean history
Three Kingdoms of Korea
Queen Seondeok (TV series)
Gim Yusin

categories: 673 deaths,Korean generals,Korean folk religion,Silla people,Gim clan of Gimhae,People from Gyeongju,Military history of Korea,595 births

image: 512px-조선명현초상화사진첩에_실린_김유신의_초상화.jpg

paragraph: Gim Yu-sin

paragraph: Kim Yu-shin (595 – 18 August 673), also known as Kim Yu-shin, was a general in 7th-century Silla. He led the unification of the Korean Peninsula by Silla under the reign of King Muyeol of Silla and King Munmu of Silla. He is said to have been the great-grandchild of King Guhae of Geumgwan Gaya, the last ruler of the Geumgwan Gaya state. This would have given him a very high position in the Silla bone rank system, which governed the political and military status that a person could attain.

paragraph: Much of what is known about Kim's life comes from the detailed account in the "Samguk Sagi", Yeoljeon 1-3, and the much briefer record in the "Samguk Yusa", vol. 1.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Kim Yu-shin was the son of General Gim Seohyeon (the second son of General Kim Mu-ryeok) and Lady Manmyeong, who was a daughter of Kim Sukheuljong (, King Jinheung of Silla's younger brother). He was born in Gyeyang, Jincheon County in 595, became a Hwarang warrior at just 15 and was an accomplished swordsman and a Gukseon (; Hwarang leader) by the time he was 18 years old. By the age of 34 (in 629) he had been given total command of the Silla armed forces. Three years later, Kim Yu-shin's cousin, Princess Deokman, became Queen Seondeok of Silla and kept Kim Yu-sin as commander in chief of the royal army. During the reign of Queen Seondeok of Silla (632-647), Kim Yu-shin owned ten thousand private soldiers, won many battles against Baekje and became one of the most powerful man in Silla.

paragraph: Section::::Military accomplishments.

paragraph: Kim Yu-Shin's first military engagement in command is believed to have occurred around 629 AD, and through it he quickly proved his capabilities as a warrior. Silla was in a constant struggle with its neighbor to the west, Baekje, over territory. There had been gains and losses on both sides, and the struggle lasted for many years. It was during this period that Yu-shin rose through the ranks of the military, rising to the position of general and becoming a skilled field commander.

paragraph: Baekje and Silla had formed an alliance to counter Goguryeo's power and its intentions to push southwards, and together they launched a successful attack on it, Silla taking the northern territory and Baekje the one south of the Han river. But Silla broke the alliance and attacked Baekje in order to claim both territories for itself. After this betrayal, Baekje allied with Goguryeo. When Goguryeo and Baekje attacked Silla in 655, Silla joined forces with Tang Dynasty China to battle the invaders. Although it is not clear when Kim Yu-shin first became a general, he was certainly commanding the Silla forces by this time. Eventually, with the help of the Silla navy and some 130,000 Tang forces, Yushin attacked the Baekje capital, Sabi, in 660, in one of the most famous battles of that century, the Battle of Hwangsanbeol.

paragraph: The Baekje defenders were commanded by none other than General Gyebaek, although the Baekje forces consisted of about 5,000 men and were no match for Yu-Shin's warriors, which numbered about ten times as many. Baekje, which had already been experiencing internal political problems, crumbled. Kim Yu-Shin's Silla forces and their Tang allies now moved on Goguryeo from two directions, and in 661 they attacked the seemingly impregnable Goguryeo kingdom, but were repelled. The attack had weakened Goguryeo, though. In 667 another offensive was launched which, in 668, finally destroyed Goguryeo.

paragraph: Silla still had to subdue various pockets of resistance, but their efforts were then focused on ensuring that their Tang allies did not overstay their welcome on the peninsula. After some difficult conflicts, Silla eventually forced out the Tang troops and united the peninsula under their rule.

paragraph: Section::::Legends.

paragraph: Many stories exist about Kim Yu-Shin. It is told that he once was ordered to subdue a rebel army, but his troops refused to fight as they had seen a large star fall from the sky and took this to be a bad omen. To regain the confidence of his troops, the General used a large kite to carry a fire ball into the sky. The soldiers, seeing the star return to heaven, rallied and defeated the rebels. It is also related how General Kim ingeniously used kites as a means of communication between his troops when they had become divided between islands and the mainland.

paragraph: Another story relates how, while Silla was allied with the Tang Dynasty against Baekje, an argument broke out between Yu-Shin's commander and So Jung-Bang, a Tang general. As the argument escalated into a potentially bloody confrontation, Kim Yu-Shin's sword was said to have leaped from its scabbard into his hand. Because the sword of a warrior was believed to be his soul, this occurrence so frightened the Tang general that he immediately apologized to the Silla officers.

paragraph: Kim Yu-Shin spend the night at a courtesan's tavern, when his mother learned of this, she cried and asked Kim Yu-Shin to never set his foot in that kind of place again. One night, Kim Yushin was very drunk, and his horse took him to the courtesan's house. When Kim Yu-Shin woke up, he was so angry thinking that he broke his promise to his mother and slit the horse's throat.

paragraph: Section::::His final years.

paragraph: Throughout his life, Kim Yu-Shin felt that Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla should not be separate countries but rather united as one. He is regarded as the driving force in the unification of the Korean Peninsula, and is the most famous of all the generals in the unification wars of the Three Kingdoms.

paragraph: Kim Yu-Shin was rewarded handsomely for his efforts in the campaigns. In 668, King Munmu bestowed upon him the honorary title of "Taedaegakgan" (Hangul:태대각간 Hanja:太大角干), something like "Supreme Herald of Defense" (literally "greatest-great-trumpet-shield"). He reportedly received a village of over 500 households, and in 669 was given some 142 separate horse farms, spread throughout the kingdom. He died four years later, leaving behind ten children.

paragraph: Kim Yu-Shin lived to the age of 79 and is considered to be one of the most famous generals and masters of Korean swords in Korean history. He is the focus of numerous stories and legends, and is familiar to most Koreans from a very early age. Following his death on 18 August (the 1st day of the 7th lunar month) 673, General Kim was awarded the honorary title of King Heungmu, and was buried at the foot of Songhwa Mountain, near Gyeongju in southeastern Korea, in a tomb as splendid as that of kings.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Kim Yu-Shin had two sisters, Kim Bohee and Kim Moonhee (). Kim Moonhee, later known as Queen Munmyeong (Hangul:문명왕후 Hanja:文明王后), married Yushin's friend Kim Chunchu, King Taejong Muyeol of Silla, who is credited for having led the unification of the Korean peninsula under Silla. Muyeol and Munmyeong were the parents of King Munmu of Silla and Gim Inmun.

paragraph: Kim Yu-Shin's third wife, Lady Jiso (Hanja:智炤夫人), was the third daughter of King Muyeol of Silla. Yushin had ten children. His second son, Kim Won-sul, would later play a central role in completing the independence of Silla from the Tang Dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: According to "Samguk Sagi", Kim Yu-Shin was the descendant of Shaohao.

paragraph: Today, Kim Yu-Shin is remembered by Koreans as one of the greatest generals in Korean history. His ultimate legacy is the first unification of the Korean nation. One of his ten children, his second son Kim Won-sul, became a general during the time of King Munmu of Silla, and he was essential in unifying Silla.

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Uhm Tae-woong and Lee Hyun-woo in the 2009 MBC TV series "Queen Seondeok".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Park Sung-woong in the 2011 MBC TV series "Gyebaek".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Kim Yu-seok and Noh Young-hak in the 2012-2013 KBS1 TV series "The King's Dream".

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- McBride, Richard D., II. “Hidden Agendas in the Life Writings of Kim Yusin.” "Acta Koreana" 1 (August 1998): 101-142.

paragraph: BULLET::::- McBride, Richard D., II. “The Structure and Sources of the Biography of Kim Yusin.” "Acta Koreana" 16, no. 2 (December 2013): 497–535.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Korea-related topics

paragraph: BULLET::::- Korean history

paragraph: BULLET::::- Three Kingdoms of Korea

paragraph: BULLET::::- Queen Seondeok (TV series)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gim Yusin

alias:
Kim Yu-sin
Kim Yu-shin
김유신

description: Korean general

wikidata_label: Kim Yushin

wikipedia_title: Gim Yu-sin


text: Grand Prix

text: motorcycle

text: road racer

text: Northern Ireland

text: trials

text: scrambles

text: James

text: grasstrack

text: tarmac

text: road-racing

text: Lurgan Park

text: MV

text: NSU Sportmax

text: Geoff Monty

text: Ulster Grand Prix

text: Honda

text: Jim Redman

text: Lightweight 125 TT

text: Isle of Man TT

text: Yamaha

text: North West 200

text: "Motor Cycle"

text: Yoshimura

text: Yoshimura

text: "Miss Pears"

categories: British motorcycle racers,350cc World Championship riders,50cc World Championship riders,1934 births,250cc World Championship riders,500cc World Championship riders,Isle of Man TT riders,Motorcycle racers from Northern Ireland,125cc World Championship riders

paragraph: Tommy Robb (motorcyclist)

paragraph: Tommy Robb (born 14 October 1934) is a former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer from Northern Ireland.

paragraph: Robb began riding in trials and scrambles during 1950. His first event was a road time-trial riding a 197 cc James. He then competed on Irish grasstracks, winning six national titles and a 25-mile sand race between 1954 and 1956, before turning to short circuits on tarmac and road-racing. His first road race was at Lurgan Park, outside of Belfast, in 1957 riding a 197 HJH. He was noticed by Belfast sponsor Terry Hill, himself a trials rider, who provided a 173 MV and a 250 cc NSU Sportmax for 1957 and 1958 with Robb finishing third in the 1957 Ulster Grand Prix and second in the 1958 race.

paragraph: Robb was then sponsored by tuners Geoff Monty and his business partner Allen Dudley-Ward until joining the works Honda team from 1962, winning his first world championship race in the 1962 250 class at the Ulster Grand Prix with two further wins at the inaugural Japanese Grand Prix in Tokyo.

paragraph: In the 1962 season, Robb became one of the first non-Japanese riders hired by the Honda factory racing team. He enjoyed his greatest success with Honda, finishing second to his teammate, Jim Redman, in the 1962 350 world championship.

paragraph: In 1973, he won the Lightweight 125 TT at the Isle of Man TT races, aboard a Yamaha. He was also a five-time winner of the North West 200 race in Northern Ireland.

paragraph: Towards the end of his competitive riding, Robb established a road-race school in conjunction with former "Motor Cycle" magazine journalist and retail motorcycle shop owner "David Dixon", using Yoshimura-equipped CB250, and CB450 Hondas, with Dixon being the UK importer and distributor of Yoshimura tuning equipment.

paragraph: Section::::Trivia.

paragraph: In 1964, Robb's daughter Corienne won the annual "Miss Pears" competition - a year's modelling and a cash prize.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Images of Tommy Robb and David Dixon at the Dixon-Robb racing school

description: British motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Tommy Robb

wikipedia_title: Tommy Robb (motorcyclist)


text:
Midnapore
Abdul-Qadir Gilani
Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi
Pir (Sufism)
Abdullah Al-Mamun Suhrawardy
Hassan Suhrawardy
Shahid Suhrawardy
Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy
Madrasa ʿAliya
scrivener
Hooghly Mohsin College
University of Calcutta
Syed Ahmed Khan
Nawab Abdul Latif
Syed Ahmed Khan
Muhammedan Anglo-Oriental College
University of Dhaka

paragraph: Ubaidullah Al Ubaidi Suhrawardy

paragraph: Ubaidullah Al Ubaidi Suhrawardy (1832–9 February 1885) was an educationist and writer, was born in the famous Suhrawardy family of Chitwa in Midnapore, West Bengal.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.

paragraph: Ubaidullah was directly descended from the Sufi mystic and saint Shaikh Shahabuddin Suhrawardy, who lived in Baghdad in the 12th Century. Shaikh Shahabuddin, was the author of what came to be regarded as the standard work on mysticism "Awriful-Maariffi". He was a disciple and successor of Shaikh Abdul-Qadir Gilani, and the mosques and shrines over their tombs still survive in Baghdad and are places of pilgrimage to this day.

paragraph: He was also a descendant of Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi.

paragraph: Ubaidullah's father was Shah Aminuddin Suhrawardy (the last Pir (Sufism) in the Suhrawardy family). He had two brothers both of whom were lawyers and subordinate judges (the highest rank available to Indians under British rule at the time). One of his brothers' was named Maulvi Mubarak Ali Suhrawardy alias Mohammad Ali.

paragraph: One of Ubaidullah's son Sir Abdullah Al-Mamun Suhrawardy earned fame in academia while another son, Lt. Col. Dr. Hassan Suhrawardy, OBE became famous in politics. His daughter, Khujastha Akhtar Banu (c. 1874–1919) was a noted name in Urdu literature and scholar of Persian and mother of Hassan Shahid Suhrawardy and Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy.

paragraph: Ubaidullah's other children included: Mr Mamun Suhrawardy, Mr Mahmud Suhrawardy (a politician who was a Member of the Council of State), Humayun Akhtar Banu Begum and another daughter. He had 8 children in total.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: He learnt Arabic and Persian at home and then passed the Final Central Examinations (1857) from the Madrasa ʿAliya of Calcutta. He also learnt English on his own. He was first employed as an aide to Prince Jalaluddin, a grandson of Tipu Sultan of Mysore in Calcutta, and then was appointed as a scrivener to the translation department of the Legislative Council of the Viceroy of India.

paragraph: In 1865 he joined Hooghly Mohsin College (then affiliated with the University of Calcutta) as a teacher of Anglo-Arabic. He was appointed the first superintendent of Dhaka Madrasah in 1874 and remained there till his death. A social reformer, he was a man of secular, rational and liberal bent. He was a friend of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.

paragraph: Ubaidullah was also one of the founders of the Dacca Maddrassah, which was one of the very first trilingual schools with an international curriculum in the sub-continent.

paragraph: Ubaidullah was a follower of Nawab Abdul Latif and Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. He was affiliated with the Mohammedan Literary Society (1863), Central National Mohammedan Association (1877), Bengal Social Science Association and other organisations in Caluctta. He was also a member of the managing committee of the Muhammedan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh (1875). He founded, in Dacca, two reformist and community development associations: Samaj Sammilani Sabha in 1879, and Mussalman Suhrid Sammilani (Mohhamedan Friends Association) in 1883.

paragraph: Ubaidullah wrote books in Urdu, Arabic, Persian and English and translated many works. Noted among his works are "Grammar of Arabic Language", "Urdu Diwan" (Urdu poems, 1880), "Farsi Dewan" (Persian poems, 1886), "Dastar-e-Parsi Amuz" (Persian grammar), "Lubbul Arab" (Arabic grammar), "Miftahul Adab" (Urdu grammar), "Dabistan-i-Danish Amuz" (Urdu, physics), "Dastar-e-Farsi Amuz" (Persian, rhythm and rhetorics), "Dastan-i-Ibratbar" (Persian, autobiography). With the assistance of Syed Amir Ali, he rendered "Makhaz-ul-Ulm" by Syed Keramat Ali into English as a Treatise on the Sciences (1867) and Rammohun Roy's "Tuhfatul Muwahedin" into English in 1884. His "Mohammedan Education in Bengal" (1867) is an original work on education. He edited "Guide" (Urdu) and "Durbeen" (Persian). A number of his manuscripts on philology, psychology, women's education, in Urdu, still remain unpublished. He also understood basic Latin and Greek.

paragraph: The Indian government awarded him the title "Bahrul Ulm" (Sea of knowledge) in recognition of his contribution to knowledge, education and society. The Bahrul Ulm Ubaidi Suhrawardy medal, named after him, is still awarded by the University of Dhaka. Acharya Harinath De made an oil painting of him as a token of respect.

paragraph: Ubaidullah died in Dhaka on 9 February 1885.

description: Professor, translator and writer

wikidata_label: Ubaidullah Al Ubaidi Suhrawardy

wikipedia_title: Ubaidullah Al Ubaidi Suhrawardy


text:
Jamaica
Baptist
missionary
Joseph Jackson Fuller
mission
Cameroon
John Clarke
G. K. Prince
Baptist Missionary Society
Santa Isabel
Fernando Po
Bimbia
William
Isubu
New Testament
Isubu language
Mount Cameroon
Bakoko people
Joseph Jackson Fuller
Alfred Saker
Duala
Ndu
Northwest Province

categories: Jamaican expatriates in Equatorial Guinea,Translators of the Bible into Bantu languages,1849 deaths,19th-century translators,Explorers of Africa,Baptist missionaries in Cameroon,Jamaican expatriates in Cameroon,1808 births,Jamaican explorers,Jamaican Baptist missionaries

paragraph: Joseph Merrick (missionary)

paragraph: Joseph Merrick (August 1808 – 22 October 1849) was a Jamaican Baptist missionary who, assisted by Joseph Jackson Fuller, established the first successful mission on the Cameroon coast of Africa. Merrick began preaching in 1837 in Jamaica and was ordained a full missionary in 1838. In 1842, Reverend John Clarke and Dr. G. K. Prince, members of the Baptist Missionary Society of London, were seeking Jamaican lay missionaries to join them on an expedition to the Cameroon coast. Merrick signed on. The party reached England on 8 September 1842, and arrived at Spanish-controlled Santa Isabel on the island of Fernando Po in 1843.

paragraph: The following year, 1844, Merrick visited Bimbia and spoke to King William of the Isubu people to request permission to establish a church on the mainland. Despite some initial resistance, the king acquiesced. Merrick founded the Jubilee Mission in 1844/5, and over the next four to five years, translated parts of the New Testament into the Isubu language, set up a brick-making machine and a printing press, and used the latter to publish his Bible translation and a textbook for teaching in Isubu. Merrick made excursions into the interior, as when he climbed Mount Cameroon and when he became the first non-African to visit the Bakoko people.

paragraph: In 1849, Merrick was in ill health. He set off for England on furlough, and on 22 October, he died at sea. On Merrick's death, Joseph Jackson Fuller took charge of the mission station and congregation at Bimbia. Merrick's efforts also paved the way for Alfred Saker to make further progress - he made use of Merrick's printing press to translate and print the Bible in Duala. Joseph Merrick Baptist College in Ndu, Northwest Province, Cameroon, is named for him.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- DeLancey, Mark W., and Mark Dike DeLancey (2000): "Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon" (3rd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fanso, V. G. (1989). "Cameroon History for Secondary Schools and Colleges, Vol. 1: From Prehistoric Times to the Nineteenth Century." Hong Kong: Macmillan Education Ltd.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ngoh, Victor Julius (1996). "History of Cameroon Since 1800." Limbe: Presbook.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sundkler, B. & Steed, C. (1993) "A History of the Christian Church in Africa"

description: Jamaican missionary

wikidata_label: Joseph Merrick

wikipedia_title: Joseph Merrick (missionary)


text: historian

text: philologist

text: archaeologist

text: historian

text: French literature

text: Fustel de Coulanges

text: Marseille

text: Gaul

text: Roman epoch

text: École Normale Supérieure

text: École française de Rome

text: Collège de France

text: Académie française

text: Legion of Honour

text: Paris

text: Philippe Jullian

text: Read online

text: Read online

text: Christian Goudineau

text: Actes Sud

text: Albert Grenier

text: Albin Michel

text: Charles-Olivier Carbonnell

categories: Legion of Honour recipients,20th-century French historians,19th-century French historians,French archaeologists,1933 deaths,École Normale Supérieure alumni,Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres,People from Marseille,Members of the Académie française,French philologists,1859 births

paragraph: Camille Jullian

paragraph: Camille Jullian (15 March 1859 – 12 December 1933) was a French historian, philologist, archaeologist and historian of French literature, student of Fustel de Coulanges, whose posthumously published work he helped to compile.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Jullian was born in Marseille. Specialising in Gaul and the Roman epoch, he was notably a student of the École Normale Supérieure, member of the École française de Rome and professor of national antiquities at the Collège de France. His major work is a multi-volume history of Gaul.

paragraph: He was involved with the controversy over the archaeological findings at Glozel in France; he was among those who believed the artefacts recovered were faked.

paragraph: Jullian was elected member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 1908 and the Académie française in 1924. He was a member of the Legion of Honour.

paragraph: He died in Paris in 1933. His daughter married a man of questionable background named Simounet, a war veteran who ended his life in poverty; their son, the author Philippe Jullian, took instead his grandfather's name.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:On Bordeaux and la Gironde.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Étude d'épigraphie bordelaise. Les Bordelais dans l'armée romaine. Notes concernant les inscriptions de Bordeaux extraites des papiers de M. de Lamontagne", 1884

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les antiquités de Bordeaux" (Revue archéologique), 1885

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Inscriptions romaines de Bordeaux", 1887-1890

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ausone et Bordeaux. Études sur les derniers temps de la Gaule romaine", 1893 Read online

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire de Bordeaux depuis les origines jusqu'en 1895", 1895 Read online

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Works on Gaule.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De protectoribus et domesticis augustorum", 1883

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire des institutions politiques de l'ancienne France, de Fustel de Coulanges" (posthumous edition of his works), 1890

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gallia, tableau sommaire de la Gaule sous la domination romaine", Hachette, 1892

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fréjus romain", 1886

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Notes d'épigraphie", 1886

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les transformations politiques de l'Italie sous les empereurs romains, 43 av JC-330 après J.-C.", 1884

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Extraits des historiens du XIXe", publiés, annotés et précédés d'une introduction sur l'histoire de France, 1897

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Inscriptiones Galliae narbonensis Latinae (CIL XII)", en collaboration, 1899

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La politique romaine en Provence (218-59 avant notre ère)", 1901

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Recherches sur la religion gauloise", 1903

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Plaidoyer pour la préhistoire", 1907

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les anciens dieux de l'Occident", 1913

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Paris des Romains. Les Arènes. Les Thermes", 1924

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire de la Gaule", rééd. Hachette, Coll. Références, 1993, 1270 pages, ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Au seuil de notre histoire. Leçons faites au Collège de France", 1905-1930, 3 vol. 1930-1931

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Les œuvres du patriote.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Rhin gaulois : le Rhin français", 1915

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pas de paix avec Hohenzollern. À un ami du front", 1918

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La guerre pour la patrie", 1919

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aimons la France, conférences : 1914-1919", 1920

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De la Gaule à la France. Nos origines historiques", 1922

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christian Goudineau, "Le dossier Vercingétorix", co-ed Actes Sud/Errance, 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albert Grenier, "Camille Jullian, un demi-siècle de science historique et de progrès français", Albin Michel, 1944

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles-Olivier Carbonnell, "Histoire et historiens, une mutation idéologique des historiens français, 1865-1885", Institut d'études politiques de Toulouse, 1976.

description: French historian

wikidata_label: Camille Jullian

wikipedia_title: Camille Jullian


text: Armenia

text: Orontid dynasty

text: Commagene

text: Emesene dynasty

text: Syria

text: Iamblichus

text: Arsacid

text: Achaemenid

text: Iotapa

text: Ptolemaic Prince

text: Alexander Helios

text: Roman Senator

text: Antoninus Pius

text: Vologases I

text: Roman emperor

text: Marcus Aurelius

text: Lucius Verus

text: Commodus

text: Nerva–Antonine dynasty

text: Sohaemus of Emesa

text: Vologases IV of Parthia

text: Mithridates IV of Parthia

text: legatus

text: Marcus Sedatius Severianus

text: Spahbod

text: Rome

text: Roman-Parthian war

text: Antioch

text: Ephesus

text: Marcus Aurelius

text: Vagharshapat

text: Osroene

text: Publius Martius Verus

text: Cappadocia

text: Roman Britain

text: Vologases IV of Parthia

text: Vologases II

text: Garni Temple

text: Julius Alexander

text: Omar Sharif

text: The Fall of the Roman Empire

text: Arsacid dynasty of Armenia

text: Garni Temple

text: Lucius Verus

text: Marcus Aurelius

text: Royal family of Emesa

categories: 2nd-century monarchs in Europe,Roman client kings of Armenia,2nd-century Romans,Nerva–Antonine dynasty,People from Homs,2nd-century monarchs in Asia,People of Roman Syria,Imperial Roman consuls,Senators of the Roman Empire,Orontid dynasty,Royal Family of Emesa,2nd-century monarchs in the Middle East

paragraph: Sohaemus of Armenia

paragraph: Sohaemus of Armenia (), also known as Sohaemo and Gaius Julius Sohaemus (), was a Roman Client King of Armenia.

paragraph: Sohaemus was a prominent person in the Roman Empire in the 2nd century from the Orontid dynasty of Commagene and the Emesene dynasty from Syria. The novelist of the 2nd century, his contemporary Iamblichus claims Sohaemus as his fellow-countryman. Iamblichus calls Sohaemus as an Arsacid and Achaemenid, in his lineage and was a descendant of the Median Princess Iotapa, who was once betrothed to the Ptolemaic Prince Alexander Helios. Little is known about Sohaemus’ family and early life prior to becoming King of Armenia. Before becoming King, Sohaemus had been a Roman Senator and served as a Consul in Rome at an unknown date.

paragraph: In 144, Sohaemus received the Armenian throne from the Roman emperor Antoninus Pius after the overthrow of Vologases I. In honor of his first ascent to the throne of Armenia, a copper medal with images of Sohaemus and Antoninus Pius was issued in Rome with the inscription "King of Armenians granted by decision of the Senate". Sohaemus was a contemporary to the rule of the Roman emperors: Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus and Commodus of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty. In the first reign, he ruled from the year 144 until 161. Not much is known about his first reign. The novelist Iamblichus living in Armenia at the time of his rule describes his reign as ‘in succession to his ancestors’. This statement can also refer to his former ancestor Sohaemus of Emesa who lived in the 1st century.

paragraph: In 161 Vologases IV of Parthia, son of the legitimate King Mithridates IV of Parthia, dispatched his troops to seize Armenia and eradicated the Roman legions stationed in the country under the "legatus" Marcus Sedatius Severianus. Encouraged by the Spahbod Osroes, Parthian troops marched further West into Roman Syria. After Armenia was seized by the Parthians, Sohaemus went into political exile, living in Rome where he became a senator. Sohaemus was well known in Rome and there were rumors in some quarters that he was not the right man in the right place.

paragraph: These events provoked a new Roman-Parthian war and peace was made on Roman terms, with Sohaemus installed as King of Armenia by Lucius Verus in either 163 or 164. The ceremony for Sohaemus in becoming Armenian King for the second time, may have taken place in Antioch or Ephesus. This war cost Rome dearly, because the victorious army brought with it from the east a plague that spread very quickly throughout the empire. Emperor Marcus Aurelius tried to declare Armenia as a province of Rome, but the uprising of Armenians led by Prince Tiridates forced the Romans to abandon their plans. In 164, Latin coinage were struck in Armenia with the inscription "L. Verus. Aug. Armeniacus" and on the reverse "Rex Armen(ii)s datus".

paragraph: The time of his second reign is unknown. Sohaemus reigned from 163 perhaps up to 186. Under Sohaemus, construction work continued in the capital Vagharshapat. A citadel, defensive fortifications, a palace complex, and several pagan temples were built in the city. Sometime during his reign, Sohaemus was expelled by elements favorable to Parthia. Sohaemus was expelled because a man called Tiridates stirred up trouble in Armenia who had murdered the King of the Osroenes and had thrust his sword in the face of Publius Martius Verus, the governor of Cappadocia when rebuked for it. Tiridates only punishment for his crimes was to be exiled to Roman Britain, by Marcus Aurelius.

paragraph: As a result of Sohaemus’ second expulsion from Armenia; Roman forces went to war with Parthian soldiers. Parthia retook most of their lost territory in 166, as Sohaemus from his expulsion retreated to Syria. After Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus and the Parthian rulers intervened in the conflict, the son of Vologases IV of Parthia, Vologases II assumed the Armenian throne in 186.

paragraph: It has been suggested that the Garni Temple in Armenia, may have been the tomb probably belonging to Sohaemus, based on the construction date as the temple was probably built in 175. The Emesene prince, Julius Alexander may have been the possible son of Sohaemus. Sohaemus is played by Omar Sharif in the 1964 film "The Fall of the Roman Empire".

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal Ancient Egyptian Genealogy: Ptolemaic Dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- A.R. Birley, "Septimius Severus: the African emperor", Routledge, 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- A.R. Birley, "Marcus Aurelius", Routledge, 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- A.K. Bowman, P. Garnsey & D. Rathbone, "The High Empire, A.D. 70-192", Cambridge University Press, 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- A.E. Redgate, "The Armenians, Blackwell Publishing, 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. Settipani, "Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines à l’époque imperial", Oxford, 2000

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coinage of Lucius Verus & Sohaemus at acsearch.info ancient coin search engine

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arsacid dynasty of Armenia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Garni Temple

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucius Verus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marcus Aurelius

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal family of Emesa

description: King of Armenia

wikidata_label: Sohaemus of Armenia

wikipedia_title: Sohaemus of Armenia


text:
king
Seibal
Chan Ekʼ Hopet
Ucanal
king
Tikal
Calakmul
temple
jaguar
God
Maize God
Vision Serpent
Motul de San José

paragraph: Watʼul Chatel

paragraph: Watʼul Chatel was a king of Seibal, the Maya city. He is also known as Aj Bʼolon Haabʼtal.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Seibal's refounding took place in AD 830 when Watʼul Chatel became a king, as a vassal of Chan Ekʼ Hopet of Ucanal. The new king dedicated a new building and stelae in 849, overseen by Jewel Kʼawil, the king of Tikal, and Chan Pet, king of Calakmul. Watʼul Chatel built an innovative new temple-stelae arrangement to the south of the Central Plaza of Group A.

paragraph: His last monument was erected in 889, almost 60 years after his accession.

paragraph: Section::::Depictions.

paragraph: On Stela 8 Watʼul Chatel wears jaguar claws on his hands and feet, together with other attributes of the Bearded Jaguar God.

paragraph: Stela 9 depicts Watʼul Chatel with the attributes of the Maize God and describes him invoking the Vision Serpent, which he grasps in his hands.

paragraph: Stela 10 depicts Watʼul Chatel dressed in Terminal Classic Maya style, although his foreign-looking face bears a moustache. The text on this stela displays the glyphs of Tikal, Calakmul and Motul de San José, describing how he received noble visitors from those cities.

paragraph: Stela 11 describes the refounding of Seibal on 14 March 830 and the installation of Watʼul Chatel.

wikidata_label: Wat'ul Chatel

wikipedia_title: Watʼul Chatel


text:
Liberal Party
House of Commons
London University
Inner Temple
Old Bailey
1885 general election
Member of Parliament
Bethnal Green South West
Progressive Party
London County Council
general election of 1900
Unionist
six years later
resigned from the Commons
Manor of Northstead
pneumonia
Putney

categories: UK MPs 1906–1910,Members of London County Council,UK MPs 1892–1895,Alumni of the University of London,UK MPs 1910–1918,UK MPs 1885–1886,1850 births,Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,UK MPs 1886–1892,UK MPs 1895–1900,Members of the Inner Temple,Progressive Party (London) politicians,UK MPs 1910,1911 deaths

paragraph: Edward Pickersgill

paragraph: Edward Hare Pickersgill (1850 – 13 October 1911) was an English Liberal Party politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1911.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Pickersgill was the son of Thomas Pickersgill, an architect of York. He was educated at York Grammar School before entering employment at the age of 18 as a clerk in Savings Bank Department of the Post Office, remaining there until 1885. He graduated with a B.A. from London University in 1872 and was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1884, and practiced as a Treasury counsel at the Old Bailey.

paragraph: At the 1885 general election Pickersgill was elected Member of Parliament for Bethnal Green South West. He was regarded as being on the Radical wing of the Liberal Party, and campaigned for reform of criminal law, in particular seeking to end imprisonment for non-payment of debt. He also sought the abolition of the death penalty and the ending of flogging as a punishment. From 1892 to 1895 he was a Progressive Party member of the London County Council representing Hackney Central. At the "khaki" general election of 1900 he lost his seat to a Unionist opponent, but regained it six years later when there was a swing to the Liberals. He held the seat at the two general elections of 1910, but resigned from the Commons by taking the Manor of Northstead in July 1911 in order to take up a post as a stipendary magistrate.

paragraph: In October 1911 he contracted pneumonia and died at his sister's house in Putney, aged 61.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Edward Pickersgill

wikipedia_title: Edward Pickersgill


text:
Lutheran
Berlin
sexton
Lübz
Rostock
Bauakademie
Prussian Academy of Art
Rudolf Siemering
Centennial Exhibition
Philadelphia
House Order of the Wendish Crown
Mecklenburg-Schwerin
chamber music
Heinrich Seidel
Helmut von Moltke
Parchim
Frederick I
Berlin-Mitte
Hohenzollern Castle
Frederick William II
Hohenzollern Castle
Gustavus II Adolphus
Lützen
John Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg
Frederick Francis II
Schwerin
Otto von Bismarck
Elberfeld
Wilhelm I
Erfurt
Ernst Dircksen
Friedrichstraße

categories: People from the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin,Recipients of the House Order of the Wendish Crown,People from Lübz,1913 deaths,Prussian Academy of Arts alumni,20th-century German sculptors,1843 births,German male sculptors

paragraph: Ludwig Brunow

paragraph: Ludwig Brunow (9 July 1843, Lutheran - 13 January 1913, Berlin) was a German sculptor.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was the illegitimate child of the local sexton's daughter and spent most of his youth working as a shepherd, but quickly caught up on his education when the opportunity arose. First, he went to Lübz, completing an apprenticeship in carpentry, then found work as a journeyman in Rostock, where he began taking drawing lessons. In 1866, he planned to emigrate to America, but his plans fell through and he became a student of at the Bauakademie in Berlin. The following year, his talent was recognized by the art historian and, at Eggers request, he moved to the Prussian Academy of Art. From 1871 to 1873, he worked as an assistant on the staffs of Rudolf Siemering and .

paragraph: He won his first award in 1876 at the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, followed that same year by the "Verdienstkreuz" of the House Order of the Wendish Crown of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. In 1893, he was appointed a "Grand Ducal Professor". In 1901 he closed his studio and stopped accepting large projects. In his spare time, he was a member of a private chamber music quartet, along with the poet (Friedrich's brother) and Heinrich Seidel. His grave in the is unmarked.

paragraph: Section::::Selected major works.

paragraph: "An exhaustive list of his works may be found in the corresponding article on German Wikipedia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1876: Statue of Helmut von Moltke, Moltkeplatz, Parchim

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1884: Statue of Frederick I, Berlin-Mitte, Ruhmeshalle (Hall of Fame); in Hohenzollern Castle since 1961.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1884: Statue of Frederick William II, Berlin-Mitte, Ruhmeshalle; in Hohenzollern Castle since 1961.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1886:: Cornice sculpture of Gustavus II Adolphus, Lützen, Rathaus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1891: Statues with copper sheet of John Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg and Frederick Francis II, Rostock, Ständehaus; part of a four figure group (the other two are by )

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1893: Equestrian statue of Frederick Francis II. Schwerin, castle garden.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1898: Statue of Otto von Bismarck, Elberfeld; melted down during World War II.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1900: Equestrian statue of Kaiser Wilhelm I, Erfurt, Kaiserplatz; melted down during World War II.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1902: Bust on a pedestal of Ernst Dircksen, Berlin, Bahnhof Friedrichstraße; melted down during World War II.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fred Ruchhöft: "Aus dem Leben des Bildhauers Ludwig Brunow." In: "Stier und Greif", Vol.4, 1994, pgs.62–65

description: German sculptor

wikidata_label: Ludwig Brunow

wikipedia_title: Ludwig Brunow


text: Mecklenburg-Grabow

text: Schwerin

text: Grabow

text: duke of Mecklenburg

text: Schwerin

text: Strasbourg Cathedral

text: Grabow

text: Schelfkirche St. Nikolai

text: Christine Wilhelmine of Hesse-Homburg

text: William Christoph of Hesse-Homburg

text: Frederick William I

text: Hesse-Kassel

text: Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel

text: Carl Leopold

text: Empress Anna

text: Ivan VI of Russia

text: Christian Ludwig II

text: Sophie Louise

text: Frederick I of Prussia

text: Frederick at www.emecklenburg.de

text: Stammtafel of the House of Mecklenburg

categories: 1638 births,People from Grabow,1688 deaths,House of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

paragraph: Frederick, Duke of Mecklenburg-Grabow

paragraph: Frederick I of Mecklenburg-Grabow, Duke of Mecklenburg-Grabow (13 February 1638, Schwerin – 28 April 1688, Grabow)

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was the son of Adolf Frederick I, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and his second wife Marie Katharina (1616-1665), daughter of Julius Ernst, Duke of Brunswick-Dannenberg (1571-1636).

paragraph: Through his late birth, he was excluded from active government and was an "apanagierter" prince. Via the death of his brother without issue Frederick I's three sons became ruling duke of Mecklenburg [-Schwerin] one after the other. In 1667 Frederick became Domherr of Strasbourg Cathedral and from 1669, he lived in the family castle in Grabow. Frederick died in a fire in the castle and was on 3 June 1725 buried in the Schelfkirche St. Nikolai in Schwerin

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: On 28 May 1671 he married Christine Wilhelmine of Hesse-Homburg (30 June 1653, Bingenheim – 16 May 1722, Grabow), daughter of William Christoph of Hesse-Homburg. They had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederick William I (28 March 1675 – 31 July 1713); married Sophie Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel (July 16, 1678 – May 30, 1749), daughter of Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel; no children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carl Leopold (26 November 1678 – 28 November 1747); married Tsarevna Catherine of Russia (sister of Empress Anna); their daughter was Grand Duchess Anna Leopoldovna of Russia, mother of Ivan VI of Russia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christian Ludwig II (15 May 1683 – 30 May 1756); married his first cousin, Duchess Gustave Caroline of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; had five children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sophie Louise (16 May 1685 – 29 July 1735); third wife of Frederick I of Prussia; no children.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederick at www.emecklenburg.de

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stammtafel of the House of Mecklenburg

description: German noblemen, titular Duke of Mecklenburg

wikidata_label: Frederick, Duke of Mecklenburg-Grabow

wikipedia_title: Frederick, Duke of Mecklenburg-Grabow


text:
Le Gua
French
"Vengeur du Peuple"
Third Battle of Ushant
"Dorade"
French Revolution
"Perdrix"
"Andromaque"
"Vengeur du Peuple"
Villaret-Joyeuse
Action of 29 May 1794
line of battle
Glorious First of June
HMS "Brunswick"
HMS "Culloden"
contre-amiral
Jean-Jacques Bréard
Lamartine
Dupetit-Thouars
Thiers
Jemmapes
Martin
Lelarge
Napoli
Jean Gaspard Vence
Bruix
Le Gua
engraved on the Arc de Triomphe
French navy
"Renaudin"
RENAUDIN Jean-François.Contre-Amiral

categories: People from Charente-Maritime,1809 deaths,Mayors of places in France,French naval commanders of the Napoleonic Wars,1750 births,French Navy admirals

paragraph: Jean François Renaudin

paragraph: Jean François Renaudin (13 July 1750, in Le Gua – 29 April 1809, Le Gua) was a French Navy officer and Rear-Admiral. He is mostly known for captaining the "Vengeur du Peuple" at the Third Battle of Ushant.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early life.

paragraph: Renaudin was born to a modest family of Saint-Martin du Gua, and joined the merchant navy before enlisting in the French Royal Navy as a suppleant frigate lieutenant in 1779. He served on the fluyt "Dorade", on which he took part in four battles. He was promoted to Sous Lieutenant de Vaisseau on 1 May 1786.

paragraph: At the French Revolution, Renaudin was promoted to Lieutenant de Vaisseau on 1 January 1792, and to Captain on 1 January 1793; he was appointed to command the 20-gun corvette "Perdrix", cruising off Belle-Ile and Rochefort. He later transferred to the frigate "Andromaque", on which sustained a fight against a ship of the line and four Spanish frigates.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:The "Vengeur du Peuple" at the Glorious First of June.

paragraph: Renaudin commanded the "Vengeur du Peuple" in the fleet of Admiral Villaret-Joyeuse. Exiting Brest, "Vengeur" was separated from her fleet, which prevented her from taking part in the Action of 29 May 1794; on the next day, however, she sustained fire from ten British ships while preventing them from cutting the French line of battle.

paragraph: On the next day, at the Glorious First of June, Renaudin led a fierce battle against HMS "Brunswick", in which "Brunswick" and "Vengeur" disabled each other. As "Vengeur" could not be rescued by French frigates, Renaudin asked for help from the British.

paragraph: Renaudin was rescued by HMS "Culloden" and abandoned his ship with the first British boat, leaving his men behind in disregard for military customs and the 1765 standing order that Captains had to be last to abandon ship. Though his account of the event insinuated that he was on a boat close to "Vengeur" when she foundered, he was in fact dining in the mess of "Culloden" at the moment of the sinking. Taken in captivity in Tavistock, he wrote an account of the fight of "Vengeur" on 1 Messidor an II (19 June 1794), signed and had it co-signed by his staff, comprising, Jean Hugine, Louis Rousseau, Pelet, Trouvée, Lussot and others.

paragraph: In France, Renaudin was assumed to be dead, and posthumously promoted to contre-amiral on 29 August 1794. His return astonished the Convention on 10 September 1794, when Jean-Jacques Bréard stated:

paragraph: Nevertheless, in 1847, Lamartine wrote a description where Renaudin was killed, cut in half by a cannon shot like Dupetit-Thouars, and Thiers later wrote an account repeating Barère's version, where "Vengeur" refused to surrender.

paragraph: Remarkably, neither the national Archives, nor the archives of the Navy, nor the archives of the War Council nor Renaudin's personal file mention any court-martial that should have been held automatically for the loss of the ship, in accordance with French law.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Later life.

paragraph: Renaudin was promoted to Rear Admiral on 29 August 1794, purportedly a postumeous honour, before being exchanged. He was put in command of "Jemmapes" before obtaining command of the 3rd Squadron of the naval army of the Ocean (the Brest fleet under AdmiralMartin), a 6-ship division, on 29 October 1794, with his flag on "Jemmapes". In late February 1795, Renaudin's division left Brest to reinforce the naval forces of Toulon, where it arrived on 3 April 1795.

paragraph: On 24 March 1798, Renaudin was appointed to the 2nd squadron of the Brest fleet, succeeding Admiral Lelarge. From 21 March 1799, he commanded the naval forces of Napoli, before moving to Toulon to become the senior officer of the garrison on 25 May 1799, replacing Jean Gaspard Vence who had fallen in disfavour after an altercation with Bruix.

paragraph: On 23 September 1799, Renaudin became general inspector of oceanic harbours from Cherbourg to Bayonne. He retired on 4 April 1801, and died in Le Gua.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Renaudin's name is engraved on the Arc de Triomphe (40th column).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Three ships of the French navy named "Renaudin" in his honour.

paragraph: Section::::Notes and references.

paragraph: Section::::Notes and references.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fonds Marine. Campagnes (opérations ; divisions et stations navales ; missions diverses). Inventaire de la sous-série Marine BB4. Tome premier : BB4 1 à 482 (1790-1826)

paragraph: Section::::Notes and references.:External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- RENAUDIN Jean-François.Contre-Amiral, Les Amis du Patrimois napoléonien

description: French admiral

wikidata_label: Jean François Renaudin

wikipedia_title: Jean François Renaudin


text: Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein

text: Prussian

text: Cabinet of Three Counts

text: Johann Kasimir Kolbe von Wartenberg

text: Berlin

text: Siegen

text: Charles Paul Ernest

text: Kamen

categories: 1735 deaths,Counts of Germany,1663 births,Prussian politicians,House of Sayn-Wittgenstein

paragraph: August David zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein

paragraph: Graf August David of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein (14 April 1663 – 1735) was a Prussian politician. He was a member of the Cabinet of Three Counts, with Johann Kasimir Kolbe von Wartenberg and Alexander Hermann, Count of Wartensleben, also known due to their heavy taxation as "the great W(oes) of Prussia (Wartenberg, Wartensleben, Wittgenstein).

paragraph: His daughter Sophie Polyxena Concórdia of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein (28 May 1709 in Berlin – 15 December 1781 in Siegen) married Frederick William II, Prince of Nassau-Siegen, on 23 September 1728, and had five daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sophie Charlotte (6 June 1729 – 2 April 1759) married on 30 September 1748 to Count Charles Paul Ernest of Bentheim-Steinfurt (younger line)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friederike Wilhelmine (3 April 1730 – 18 November 1733)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie Eleanor Concordia (2 March 1731 – 20 April 1759). She died of smallpox in the house of the preacher Theodore Diederich Henrich Wever in Kamen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friederike Auguste (1 June 1732 – 23 March 1733)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anna Catharina Charlotte Auguste (19 June 1734 – 9 June 1759)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.preußenchronik.de

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Werner Schmidt: "Friedrich I. - Kurfürst von Brandenburg, König in Preußen", Heinrich Hugendubel Verlag, München 2004,

description: Prussian politician


text:
Bishop of Bath
Hugh de Wells
Bishop of Lincoln
canon
Wells Cathedral
John of England
Innocent III
excommunication
Magna Carta
Henry III
Wells
Glastonbury Abbey
memorial brass
Somerset
Simon of Wells
Bishop of Chichester
Margam Annals
diocese of Lincoln
Reading
William of Sainte-Mère-Eglise
cathedral chapter
King John
Stephen Langton
Pope Innocent III
interdict
Gilbert Glanvill
Bishop of Rochester
scutage
Peter des Roches
Bishop of Winchester
Eustace the Monk
Hubert de Burgh
Falkes de Breauté
justiciar
Bishop of Bath and Wells
David Knowles
Richard Poore
Bishop of Durham
Wardrobe
William de Blois
Bishop of Worcester
Tewkesbury Abbey
Early English Gothic
bishop's palace at Wells
Wookey
Elias of Dereham

categories: 1242 deaths,English Roman Catholic priests,Bishops of Bath,Year of birth missing,People from Wells, Somerset,Bishops of Bath and Glastonbury,13th-century Roman Catholic bishops

paragraph: Jocelin of Wells

paragraph: Jocelin of Wells (died 19 November 1242) was a medieval Bishop of Bath (and Glastonbury). He was the brother of Hugh de Wells, who became Bishop of Lincoln. Jocelin became a canon of Wells Cathedral before 1200, and was elected bishop in 1206. During King John of England's dispute with Pope Innocent III, Jocelin at first remained with the king, but after the excommunication of John in late 1209, Jocelin went into exile. He returned to England in 1213, and was mentioned in Magna Carta in 1215.

paragraph: Jocelin was one of the bishops that crowned John's son Henry III, and throughout the rest of Jocelin's life was involved in royal administration. He was also active in his diocese, ordering construction on the cathedral at Wells, and issuing rules for his diocesan clergy. During his time as bishop, he settled a dispute between his diocese and Glastonbury Abbey that had started during the bishopric of his predecessor. The memorial brass on his tomb in Wells Cathedral is probably one of the earliest in England.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Jocelin born in Wells in Somerset, and was the son of Edward of Wells, a small landowner in the city of Wells. His brother Hugh de Wells, was archdeacon of Wells and Bishop of Lincoln. Some historians say that another relative, although the exact relationship is unknown, was Simon of Wells, who became Bishop of Chichester in 1207, but other historians dispute this. The name Jocelin Trotman or Thotman, by which he was occasionally known by some modern historians, only dates from the "Margam Annals", and is not contemporary with his life.

paragraph: Jocelin was a royal justiciar in 1203, as well as the custodian of the vacant diocese of Lincoln. He was a royal clerk as well as a canon of Wells, becoming a canon and a deacon by 1200. The previous bishop of Wells died in 1205, and on 3 February 1206, Jocelin was elected bishop. He was consecrated on 28 May 1206, at Reading by Bishop William of Sainte-Mère-Eglise of London. It is unclear if the cathedral chapters of Bath and of Wells took the action on their own, or if King John was the driving force behind the election.

paragraph: Section::::Advisor to King John.

paragraph: Jocelin was one of the main advisors of King John during the dispute with the pope over Stephen Langton's appointment to the Archbishopric of Canterbury. Jocelin did not immediately leave England after Pope Innocent III placed an interdict on England. Jocelin encouraged John to settle with Innocent in early 1209, worried that Innocent would expand the interdict into an excommunication, forcing John's advisors to choose between serving the king or obeying the pope. Nothing came of the negotiations, however. Jocelin did leave England when John was excommunicated in late 1209. Jocelin, along with Gilbert Glanvill, the Bishop of Rochester, was the subject of a mocking song on his conduct during the interdict.

paragraph: Jocelin and Hugh were in exile together in Bordeaux in 1212, but they both returned to England in May 1213, along with the other English bishops. Jocelin was one of the bishops in August 1214 who refused to pay a scutage to the king. In 1215, Jocelin sided with Stephen Langton and the barons, and Magna Charta lists Jocelin as one of the king's councillors.

paragraph: Section::::Henry III's reign.

paragraph: Jocelin and Peter des Roches, the Bishop of Winchester, anointed and crowned King Henry III, the young son of John, after John's death. Later, Jocelin was present at the battle with Eustace the Monk in 1217, which helped to secure Henry's rule. Jocelin supported Hubert de Burgh's work of ejecting French forces from England and regaining control of royal castles seized by Falkes de Breauté and other barons. In 1218, Jocelin was one of the itinerant justiciars for southwestern England.

paragraph: In 1218 and 1219, Jocelin also ended the dispute between his diocese and Glastonbury Abbey. Jocelin gave up any claim to control of the abbey, and the abbey gave the bishopric a number of estates. Previously, the bishops, as part of their attempt to annexe Glastonbury to their bishopric, had been known as the Bishop of Bath and Glastonbury. They also had held the office of abbot. In 1218, as part of the settlement, a new abbot was elected at Glastonbury. The papacy had never acknowledged Jocelin's claiming of the title of abbot. The historian J. A. Robinson felt that as part of the settlement, Jocelin began to use the title Bishop of Bath and Wells, but another historian, David Knowles, disagreed.

paragraph: After 1223, Jocelin was a baron of the exchequer. In 1225 he served the king as head of one of the receivers of the tax of a fifteenth. After the dismissal of Walter Mauclerk as treasurer, at first Jocelin, along with Richard Poore, the Bishop of Durham, took over many of the treasurers functions, but this did not last long, and after 1233, Jocelin no longer was involved with financial affairs. He occasionally witnessed charters, however. After the fall of Peter des Roches in April 1234, Jocelin was given control of the Wardrobe. After this, he appears less regularly in royal government, but he did witness the reconfirmation of Magna Carta in 1237.

paragraph: Section::::Diocesan affairs.

paragraph: With his brother Hugh, Jocelin founded St. John's Hospital at Wells. Jocelin promulgated a set of constitutions for the diocese, ordered that his diocesan clergy reside in their benefices, and gave land and income to the cathedral school. Glastonbury Abbey complained of Jocelin that he plundered lands of the abbey. Jocelin was also involved in mediating between William de Blois, the Bishop of Worcester, and Tewkesbury Abbey over William's rights over the abbey. Jocelin finally settled the dispute in 1232.

paragraph: Jocelin funded the building of Wells Cathedral, begun at the east end in the Early English Gothic style under Reginald Fitz Jocelin. The nave was completed, the west front begun. The new cathedral was consecrated on 23 October 1239 by Jocelin. Other construction work undertaken by Jocelin included the cloisters and bishop's palace at Wells, and a manor house at Wookey.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Jocelin died on 19 November 1242 at Wells and was buried in the choir of Wells Cathedral. He may have been the father of Nicholas of Wells. The memorial brass on his tomb is allegedly one of the earliest brasses in England. He employed the medieval architect Elias of Dereham as a household official.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Accessed on 31 March 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Accessed on 23 September 2007

description: Bishop of Bath; Bishop of Bath and Glastonbury

wikidata_label: Jocelin of Wells

wikipedia_title: Jocelin of Wells


text: speed skater

text: Soviet Union

text: Leningrad

text: Saint Petersburg

text: World Allround Championships

text: Oleg Goncharenko

text: European Allround Champion

text: Medeo

text: Dmitry Sakunenko

text: 1956 Winter Olympics

text: Cortina d'Ampezzo

text: world record

text: Adelskalender

text: Ants Antson

text: Igor Ostashov

text: Stanislav Selyanin

text: Vladimir Sveshnikov

text: Order of the Red Banner of Labour

text: Boris Shilkov at SpeedSkatingStats.com

text: Legends of Soviet Sport: Boris Shilkov

text: Boris Shilkov's obituary

categories: Medalists at the 1956 Winter Olympics,Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union,2015 deaths,People from Arkhangelsk,Olympic speed skaters of the Soviet Union,Speed skaters at the 1956 Winter Olympics,1927 births,Olympic medalists in speed skating,Soviet male speed skaters

paragraph: Boris Shilkov

paragraph: Boris Arsenyevich Shilkov (; 28 June 1927 – 29 June 2015) was a speed skater.

paragraph: Section::::Skating career.

paragraph: Competing for the Soviet Union, Shilkov lived in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg), where he worked as an engineer. He became Soviet Allround Champion in 1953 and made his international debut three weeks later at the World Allround Championships, where he won silver behind teammate and rival Oleg Goncharenko after having just recovered from an illness. The following year (1954) he became Soviet Allround Champion again (with Goncharenko, again, winning silver), European Allround Champion (with Goncharenko finishing 4th), and World Allround Champion (with Goncharenko taking the silver – a reversal of the roles of the year before).

paragraph: In an international meet at Medeo, on 9 January 1955, Dmitry Sakunenko became the first person to skate the 5000 m below eight minutes, with 7:54.9. In a later pair Shilkov then improved this world record to 7:45.6. The following year, at the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo, he became Olympic Champion on the 5000 m, finishing only three seconds above his own world record.

paragraph: Despite his 5000 m results, Shilkov had trouble with the 10000 m. This is illustrated by his performances at the World Allround Championships of 1953 (where he won silver), 1955 (where he won bronze), and 1957 (where he won silver): At each of these three World Championships he was in the lead after three distances, but lost too much on the final distance – the 10000 m – to win the title. His bronze medal at the World Championships of 1955 was 0.026 points behind the silver medallist (his eternal rival, Goncharenko) – a mere 0.52 seconds of difference on the 10000 m.

paragraph: Section::::Medals.

paragraph: An overview of medals won by Shilkov at major championships, listing the years in which he won each:

paragraph: Section::::Records.

paragraph: Section::::Records.:World record.

paragraph: Over the course of his career, Shilkov skated one world record:

paragraph: Section::::Records.:Personal records.

paragraph: To put these personal records in perspective, the last column ("WR") lists the official world records on the dates that Shilkov skated his personal records.

paragraph: Shilkov was number one on the Adelskalender – the all-time allround speed skating ranking – for a total of 1,518 days, divided over three periods between 1955 and 1960. He has an Adelskalender score of 182.436 points.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: After retiring from competitions Shilkov worked as a skating coach and functionary until 1989. He started at "Trud Leningrad" in 1959–62, then in 1962–64 and 1966–68 headed the national team, and spent his later years with "Dynamo Leningrad". His pupils included Ants Antson, Igor Ostashov, Stanislav Selyanin and Vladimir Sveshnikov. Shilkov was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour in 1957.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boris Shilkov at SpeedSkatingStats.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- An article about Boris Shilkov (in Russian)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Legends of Soviet Sport: Boris Shilkov

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boris Shilkov's obituary

description: speed skater

wikidata_label: Boris Shilkov

wikipedia_title: Boris Shilkov


text:
Colonial Secretary
Hong Kong
Lieutenant Colonel
Governor of Hong Kong
British Army
26th (Cameronian) Regiment of Foot
Chief Magistrate
Hong Kong Police Force
Auditor General
Sir John Bowring
Colonial Secretary
Hong Kong
Governor of Hong Kong
William Tarrant
comprador
Central Market
Friend of China
Caine Road
Mid-levels
Hong Kong Police Headquarters
List of heads of Hong Kong by education

categories: British military personnel of the First Opium War,Cameronians officers,1799 births,Chief Secretaries of Hong Kong,British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars,19th-century Hong Kong people,19th-century British politicians,1871 deaths,Governors of Hong Kong

paragraph: William Caine (Hong Kong)

paragraph: William Hull Caine (1799–1871) was the Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong from 1854 to 1859. He attained the rank of Lieutenant Colonel prior to his secretary appointment. Caine was also the acting Governor of Hong Kong between May and September 1859.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Captain Caine was born in England in 1799 and served in the British Army's 26th (Cameronian) Regiment of Foot during the Peninsular War against Napoleon in Spain. His regiment was later transferred to Hong Kong and he began his long association with the colony.

paragraph: Caine was Chief Magistrate, the head of pre-Hong Kong Police Force from 1841 to 1844. The then Major Caine was appointed Colonial Secretary and Auditor General from 1846 to 1854. His role was considerably diminished after the arrival in 1849 of the new governor Sir John Bowring who stamped his authority on Hong Kong after his power struggle with Caine went all the way to the Colonial Office for resolution.

paragraph: He was the Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong from 1854 to 1859. He was the acting Governor of Hong Kong between May and September 1859.

paragraph: Caine was party to a long-running feud with William Tarrant, who, as Registrar of Deeds in 1847, accused Caine of permitting his comprador to extort vendors in Central Market. An internal government inquiry held Tarrant's claim to be baseless, and Tarrant was sacked from the civil service and effectively barred from future re-employment. Tarrant then became a journalist and after purchasing the "Friend of China" newspaper in 1850 repeatedly attacked Caine in its pages until the latter sued Tarrant for libel in 1859, as a result of which Tarrant was sentenced to prison.

paragraph: Caine had four sons, Charles Henry Fearon Caine, Henry Monteith Caine, George Whittingham Caine (in 1855, a junior clerk in the Plenipotentiary's Department), William Hull Caine.

paragraph: Caine retired and left Hong Kong in 1859 and died in 1871.

paragraph: Section::::Memorial.

paragraph: Caine Road on Mid-levels was named after him. A 29 floor L-shaped building called Caine House, part of the Hong Kong Police Headquarters, was named after him and completed in 1987.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of heads of Hong Kong by education

description: British colonial administrator

wikidata_label: William Caine

wikipedia_title: William Caine (Hong Kong)


text: Jacobean

text: Caroline

text: Ilsington

text: Devon

text: baptised

text: Ilsington

text: Popham family

text: Huntworth

text: Ashburton

text: Chagford

text: Ilsington

text: London

text: Exeter College, Oxford

text: law school

text: Middle Temple

text: John Marston

text: patronage

text: elegy

text: Charles Blount, 1st Earl of Devonshire

text: Christian IV of Denmark

text: Thomas Dekker

text: John Webster

text: William Rowley

text: 'Tis Pity She's a Whore

text: incest

text: My Sister, My Love

text: 'Tis Pity She's a Whore

text: Charles I

text: conscience

text: laws

text: morals

text: society

text: Robert Burton

text: The Anatomy of Melancholy

text: melancholia

text: The Laws of Candy

text: The Witch of Edmonton

text: The Spanish Gypsy

text: The Sun's Darling

text: The Fair Maid of the Inn

text: The Queen

text: The Lover's Melancholy

text: The Broken Heart

text: 'Tis Pity She's a Whore

text: Love's Sacrifice

text: "Perkin Warbeck"

text: The Fancies Chaste and Noble

text: The Lady's Trial

text: Keep the Widow Waking

text: Alfred Harbage

text: Robert Howard

text: John Gough

text: Halliday, F. E.

text: Sir Brian Vickers

text: Sir Brian Vickers

categories: Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford,English male dramatists and playwrights,1630s deaths,1586 births,Place of death unknown,17th-century English dramatists and playwrights,English Renaissance dramatists,17th-century male writers,People from Devon,Date of death unknown,Date of birth unknown

paragraph: John Ford (dramatist)

paragraph: John Ford (1586c. 1639) was an English playwright and poet of the Jacobean and Caroline eras born in Ilsington in Devon, England.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: John Ford was baptised 17 April 1586 at Ilsington Church, Devon. He was the second son of Thomas Ford (1556–1610) of Bagtor in the parish of Ilsington, and his wife Elizabeth Popham (died 1629) of the Popham family of Huntworth in Somerset. Her monument exists in Ilsington Church. Thomas Ford's grandfather was John Ford (died 1538) of Ashburton (the son and heir of William Ford of Chagford,) who purchased the estate of Bagtor in the parish of Ilsington, which his male heirs successively made their seat. The Elizabethan mansion of the Fords survives today at Bagtor as the service wing of a later house appended in about 1700.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Ford left home to study in London, although more specific details are unclear — a sixteen-year-old John Ford of Devon was admitted to Exeter College, Oxford on 26 March 1601, but this was when the dramatist had not yet reached his sixteenth birthday. He joined an institution that was a prestigious law school but also a centre of literary and dramatic activity — the Middle Temple. A prominent junior member in 1601 was the playwright John Marston. (It is unknown whether Ford ever actually studied law while a resident of the Middle Temple, or whether he was strictly a gentleman boarder, which was a common arrangement at the time).

paragraph: It was not until 1606 that Ford wrote his first works for publication. In the spring of that year he was expelled from Middle Temple, due to his financial problems, and "Fame's Memorial" and "Honour Triumphant" soon followed. Both works are clear bids for patronage: "Fame's Memorial" is an elegy of 1169 lines on the recently deceased Charles Blount, 1st Earl of Devonshire, while "Honour Triumphant" is a prose pamphlet, a verbal fantasia written in connection with the jousts planned for the summer 1606 visit of King Christian IV of Denmark. It is unknown whether either of these brought any financial remuneration to Ford; yet by June 1608 he had enough money to be readmitted to the Middle Temple.

paragraph: Prior to the start of his career as a playwright, Ford wrote other non-dramatic literary works—the long religious poem "Christ's Bloody Sweat" (1613), and two prose essays published as pamphlets, "The Golden Mean" (1613) and "A Line of Life" (1620). After 1620 he began active dramatic writing, first as a collaborator with more experienced playwrights — primarily Thomas Dekker, but also John Webster and William Rowley — and by the later 1620s as a solo artist.

paragraph: Ford is best known for the tragedy "'Tis Pity She's a Whore" (1633), a family drama with a plot line of incest. The play's title has often been changed in new productions, sometimes being referred to as simply "Giovanni and Annabella" — the play's leading, incestuous brother-and-sister characters; in a nineteenth-century work it is coyly called "The Brother and Sister." Shocking as the play is, it is still widely regarded as a classic piece of English drama. It has been adapted to film at least twice: "My Sister, My Love" (Sweden, 1966) and "'Tis Pity She's a Whore" (Belgium, 1978).

paragraph: He was a major playwright during the reign of Charles I. His plays deal with conflicts between individual passion and conscience and the laws and morals of society at large; Ford had a strong interest in abnormal psychology that is expressed through his dramas. His plays often show the influence of Robert Burton's "The Anatomy of Melancholy". While virtually nothing is known of Ford's personal life, one reference suggests that Ford's interest in melancholia may have been more than merely intellectual. The volume "Choice Drollery" (1656) asserts that

paragraph: Section::::The canon of Ford's plays.

paragraph: Ford began his dramatic career in a way common in the period, by contributing to plays co-authored with more established dramatists. Six such plays survive:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Laws of Candy" (1620; printed 1647), with Philip Massinger;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Witch of Edmonton" (1621; printed 1658), with Thomas Dekker and William Rowley;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Welsh Ambassador" (1623; printed 1920), with Dekker;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Spanish Gypsy" (licensed 9 July 1623; printed 1653), with Dekker, Thomas Middleton, and Rowley;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Sun's Darling" (licensed 3 March 1624; revised 1638–39; printed 1656), with Dekker;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fair Maid of the Inn" (1626; printed 1647), with Massinger, John Webster, and John Fletcher.

paragraph: The attributions of several of these plays to their various authors were often debated or regarded as uncertain. Such questions were placed beyond reasonable doubt in 2017 with the publication of Volume II of "The Collected Works of John Ford", ed. Brian Vickers, which contains 300 pages of evidence and discussion clearly identifying each of the above authors’ contributions to those six plays.

paragraph: After 1626 Ford made the transition to sole author and wrote a further eight surviving plays:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Queen" (1627; printed 1653)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lover's Melancholy" (licensed 24 November 1628; printed 1629)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Broken Heart" (1629; printed 1633)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "'Tis Pity She's a Whore" (1631; printed 1633)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love's Sacrifice" (1632; printed 1633)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Perkin Warbeck" (1633; printed 1634)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fancies Chaste and Noble" (1636; printed 1638)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lady's Trial" (licensed 3 May 1638; printed 1639)

paragraph: As is typical for pre-Restoration playwrights, a significant portion of Ford's output has not survived. Lost plays by Ford include "The Royal Combat" and "Beauty in a Trance", plus more collaborations with Dekker: "The London Merchant, The Bristol Merchant, The Fairy Knight," and "Keep the Widow Waking," the last also with William Rowley and John Webster.

paragraph: In 1940, critic Alfred Harbage argued that Sir Robert Howard's play "The Great Favourite, or The Duke of Lerma" is an adaptation of a lost play by Ford. Harbage noted that many previous critics had judged the play suspiciously good, too good for Howard; and Harbage pointed to a range of resemblances between the play and Ford's work. The case, however, relies solely upon internal evidence and subjective judgements.

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.

paragraph: As well as the poems already mentioned, several others have survived. In the 1920s, Australian-born composer John Gough set Ford's "Beauty's Beauty" to music.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Halliday, F. E. "A Shakespeare Companion 1564–1964." Baltimore, Penguin, 1964.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harbage, Alfred. "Elizabethan:Restoration Palimpsest." "Modern Language Review" Vol. 35 No. 3 (July 1940), pp. 278–319.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Logan, Terence P. and Denzell, S. Smith, eds. "The Later Jacobean and Caroline Dramatists: A Survey and Bibliography of Recent Studies in English Renaissance Drama." Lincoln, Nebraska, University of Nebraska Press, 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stavig, Mark. "John Ford and the Traditional Moral Order." Madison, WI, University of Wisconsin Press, 1968.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1831 Edition of the Works of John Ford (Volume One of Two) at the Internet Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1831 Edition of the Works of John Ford (Volume Two of Two) at the Internet Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- The John Ford Editorial Project at the Institute of English Studies, directed by Sir Brian Vickers

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Collected Works of John Ford, vol.1 (2011); vols. 2 and 3 (2017), Gen. ed. Sir Brian Vickers, published by Oxford University Press.

description: English Caroline dramatist and poet

enwikiquote_title: John Ford (dramatist)

wikidata_label: John Ford

wikipedia_title: John Ford (dramatist)


text:
Ottonian dynasty
Duchess consort of the Franks
Robertian
Hugh the Great
regent
Hugh Capet
House of Capet
Saxon
Henry the Fowler
King of East Francia
Matilda of Ringelheim
Otto I
Holy Roman Emperor
Henry I of Bavaria
Gerberga of Saxony
Louis IV of France
Bruno of Cologne
West Frankish
Lothair of France
Reginar III of Hainaut
Flodoard of Reims
Sigebert of Gembloux
Hugh the Great
Beatrice of France
Frederick I, Duke of Upper Lorraine
Hugh Capet
Emma of Paris
Richard I of Normandy
Otto, Duke of Burgundy
Henry I, Duke of Burgundy
Medieval Lands Project
Hadwig von Sachsen

categories: 910 births,Countesses of Paris,Ottonian dynasty,Year of birth uncertain,965 deaths,10th-century French women,10th-century French people,10th-century Saxon people,Duchesses of Aquitaine,10th-century women rulers

paragraph: Hedwig of Saxony

paragraph: Hedwige of Saxony (also "Hedwig", ; – after 958), a member of the Ottonian dynasty, was Duchess consort of the Franks by her marriage to the Robertian duke Hugh the Great. Upon her husband's death in 956, she acted as a regent during the minority of their son Hugh Capet, the founder of the Elder House of Capet.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Hedwig was a younger daughter of the Saxon duke Henry the Fowler ( – 936), elected King of East Francia from 919, and his second wife Matilda of Ringelheim ( – 968). Her siblings were Otto I, who succeeded his father as king and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962; Duke Henry I of Bavaria; Gerberga of Saxony, who married King Louis IV of France in 939; and Archbishop Bruno of Cologne.

paragraph: After her brother Otto I came to power in 936, an alliance and marriage was arranged with the West Frankish duke Hugh the Great, who sought support in his struggles with King Louis IV. Hedwig was Hugh's third wife. They married probably in May 937.

paragraph: When Hedwig's husband died in 956, her son Hugh Capet was still underage. Although Hugh inherited his father's estates, he did not rule independently from the beginning. Along with her brother, Archbishop Bruno, Hedwig acted as Hugh's regent and administrator of the Robertian estates until he came of age. Bruno also held guardianship over his nephew King Lothair of France, son of his sister Gerberga, and temporarily raised to one of the most powerful nobles in West Francia. Hedwig backed her brother in his conflict with Count Reginar III of Hainaut and arbitrated in the rivalry between her son Hugh Capet and King Lothair.

paragraph: Hedwig is last mentioned in 958 by the West Frankish chronicler Flodoard of Reims and may have died soon afterward; a 965 entry by Sigebert of Gembloux seems doubtful.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: Hedwig had five children with her husband Hugh the Great:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beatrice of France married Frederick I, Duke of Upper Lorraine.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh Capet (c. 941 – 996), who was crowned King of France in 987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emma of Paris (943–968), who married Duke Richard I of Normandy in 960.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otto, Duke of Burgundy (945–965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry I, Duke of Burgundy (946–1002)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medieval Lands Project

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hadwig von Sachsen (in German)

description: Mother of Hugh Capet

wikidata_label: Hedwig of Saxony

wikipedia_title: Hedwig of Saxony


text: Sicily

text: Martin I of Aragon

text: Peter IV of Aragon

text: Eleanor of Sicily

text: Maria of Sicily

text: Peter

text: Lentini

text: Treaty of Villeneuve

text: Cagliari

text: Sardinia

text: Catania

text: Blanche of Navarre

text: Evreux

text: Navarre

text: Valencia

text: Fadrique of Aragon

text: Luna

text: Ejerica

text: Segorbe

text: Aragonese Empire

text: Fadrique

text: Pact of Caspe

text: Urena

text: Violante of Aragon

text: mistress

text: Sardinia

text: ruler of Arborea

text: Battle of Sanluri

categories: 1409 deaths,15th-century monarchs in Europe,House of Aragon,14th-century monarchs in Europe,Aragonese infantes,Kings of Sicily,Jure uxoris kings,1374 births

paragraph: Martin I of Sicily

paragraph: Martin I of Sicily (c. 1374/1376 – 25 July 1409), called "The Younger", was King of Sicily from 1390 to 1409.

paragraph: Martin's father was the future King Martin I of Aragon, and his grandparents were King Peter IV of Aragon and Eleanor of Sicily. In February, 1392 he married Maria of Sicily, born in 1362/1363. In 1392 he returned with Maria to Sicily with a military force and defeated a group of opposing barons. In 1394 the couple had their only son Peter, crown prince of Sicily, who died in 1400. He ruled Sicily jointly with Maria until her death at Lentini on 25 May 1401. At that time, he repudiated the Treaty of Villeneuve (1372) and ruled Sicily alone. After his death in 1409 in Cagliari, Sardinia, his father, by then king of Aragon, ruled Sicily as Martin II.

paragraph: After Maria's death Martin I the Younger married at Catania on 21 May 1402 by proxy and on 26 December 1402 in person Blanche of Navarre, who was heiress of the Evreux family and the future queen of Navarre, by whom he had an only son Martin in 1403, who died in Valencia in 1407. No offspring of his two marriages survived childhood; the only issue he left was a bastard son by Sicilian-born Tarsia Rizzari, Fadrique of Aragon, Count of Luna and Ejerica and Lord of Segorbe, born in 1400/1403, whom Martin II tried to make his successor in the Aragonese Empire. But the effort failed, and Fadrique was denied the succession by the Pact of Caspe. Fadrique married Yolande Louise (Violante Luisa) de Mur and died at Urena in 1438 without issue.

paragraph: He also left a bastard daughter by Sicilian-born Agathe de Pesce, named Violante of Aragon, who died c. 1428 and was married twice: firstly in 1405 as his second wife (some say she was his mistress) to Enrique Pérez de Guzmán, 2nd Count de Niebla (1371–1436), and secondly to his cousin Martín de Guzmán.

paragraph: Martin the Younger led the troops in the conquest of Sardinia in 1409, decisively defeating the ruler of Arborea at the Battle of Sanluri just before his own death.

alias:
Martin of Aragon
Martin the Younger
Martin Robert

description: King of Sicily and Infante and Crown prince of Aragon

wikidata_label: Martin I of Sicily

wikipedia_title: Martin I of Sicily


text:
Kelowna
British Columbia
Canadian
rower
Kelowna
British Columbia
Brentwood College
University of California, Berkeley
Craig Amerkhanian
Intercollegiate Rowing Association
St Edmund Hall, Oxford
The Boat Race
race
Cambridge
Wayne Pommen
World Rowing Championships
Milan
Athens Olympics
Munich
Germany
Lucerne
Switzerland
2004 Summer Olympics
2008 Summer Olympics
Beijing
China
silver medal
Men's coxless pairs
Dave Calder
Canada's first medal
Terry Paul
Profile

categories: Rowers at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Olympic medalists in rowing,1980 births,Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Canadian people of Swedish descent,Canadian people of Danish descent,Alumni of St Edmund Hall, Oxford,Olympic silver medalists for Canada,Sportspeople from Kelowna,Rowers at the 2004 Summer Olympics,Canadian male rowers,Olympic rowers of Canada,Rowers at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Oxford University Boat Club rowers,Living people

paragraph: Scott Frandsen

paragraph: Scott Frandsen (born July 21, 1980 in Kelowna, British Columbia) is a Canadian rower of Swedish and Danish descent.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Kelowna, British Columbia, he began rowing at age 16 at Brentwood College (High School), in British Columbia, Canada.

paragraph: He rowed for four years at the University of California, Berkeley. His freshman boat in 1999, coached by Craig Amerkhanian finished second at the Intercollegiate Rowing Association championship, which serves as the national championship race for men's collegiate rowing in the United States. In 2000, 2001, and 2002, he was in the varsity eight man boat, which won the IRA championship each year. In 2000 and 2001, his boats were undefeated and are considered by many as the fastest collegiate boats ever.

paragraph: In 2003, he went to St Edmund Hall, Oxford, for graduate work. There he rowed for the University in the Oxford Blue Boat against rivals Cambridge in The Boat Race. Despite their diminutive stature his Oxford crew won a dramatic race by the smallest ever recorded margin (one foot), and in so winning, they overturned the biggest weight deficit in the history of the contest. They achieved this by over-rating and out-racing their heavier Cambridge counterparts on the outside of the long Surrey bend through the middle of the race. This took considerable guts and fortitude, and the attitude the crew exemplified in doing so was reflective of Frandsen's natural tenacity and stubbornness. Commentators cite this tenacity as the main factor allowing the Oxford crew to upset the much bigger, more powerful and more experienced 2003 Cambridge boat.

paragraph: Frandsen went on to row that summer with one of his Cambridge rivals from the 2003 Boat Race, Wayne Pommen, at the 2003 World Rowing Championships in Milan. The Boat Race pairing took sixth place for Canada in a hotly contested final of the coxless pairs event.

paragraph: The following year Frandsen pursued selection for the 2004 Athens Olympics. He won two gold medals on the 2004 World Cup circuit, both in the Men's Eight event (in Munich, Germany and in Lucerne, Switzerland). At the 2004 Summer Olympics he was in the Canadian Men's Eight (M8+) which was the favourite for the event. His boat narrowly lost out to the Americans in the Heat, with both crews going under the previous World Record time. Come the Final the Canadians had a disappointing row and finished out of the medals in fifth place.

paragraph: In 2005, Frandsen was again in the Canadian Men's Eight. This time, his boat finished seventh at the World Championships held in Gifu-Nagaragawa, Japan. After a frustrating couple of years in the Canadian National Team system, at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China Scott won a silver medal in the Men's coxless pairs with Dave Calder. It was Canada's first medal of the Games. Terry Paul coached them for the event.

paragraph: He and David Calder teamed again at the 2012 Summer Olympics, finishing 6th in the final.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at Rowing Canada

description: Canadian rower

wikidata_label: Scott Frandsen

wikipedia_title: Scott Frandsen


text:
poet
Southern Song Dynasty
Chinese calendar
Song dynasty
Jurchens
Jin dynasty
Jin–Song wars
Fonqhwang Hairpinin
Jin dynasty
Sichuan
Yue opera
civil service examination
Qin Hui
Qin Hui
Xiaozong
Jinshi
irredentist
Jurchen
art name
Shaoxing
pearl barley
tree-ear mushrooms
Chinese calendar
shi
ci
prose
poetry
Du Fu
Bai Juyi
Tao Qian
Book of Southern Tang
Fonqhwang Hairpin
marriage
Song poetry
Classical Chinese poetry
Chinese poetry
Burton Watson
Columbia University Press
Burton Watson
Frances Lincoln Publishers
Rexroth, Kenneth
Lu You Poems

categories: 12th-century Chinese poets,1210 deaths,13th-century Chinese poets,1125 births,Song dynasty poets,Poets from Zhejiang,12th-century Chinese historians,Writers from Shaoxing,Song dynasty historians

paragraph: Lu You

paragraph: Lu You (; 1125–1209) was a prominent poet of China's Southern Song Dynasty(南宋).

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early life and marriage.

paragraph: Lu You was born on a boat floating in the Wei River early on a rainy morning, October 17, 1125 (Chinese calendar). At the time of his birth, China was divided and the once-glorious Song dynasty in the northern part of the country had been invaded by the Jurchens of the Jin dynasty in the Jin–Song wars. The southern part of China continued to hold out as the Southern Song dynasty for another 150 years, but during Lu You's entire life, the country was threatened by invasion from the north. He is known for his many patriotic poems.

paragraph: One year after his birth, the troops of the Jin dynasty conquered the capital of the Northern Song dynasty; his family fled to the south. Lu You's family included government officials, and he received a good education. He was brought up to be patriotic, and grew up determined to expel the foreign Jurchen from the North and bring about the reunification of China under the Song dynasty.

paragraph: Lu You grew up with his cousin Tang Wan (唐琬), who was quiet but loved literature. They fell deeply in love and were married when he was 20. But they had no children, and his mother did not like Tang Wan. Though they had lived happily together, his mother forced them to divorce in order to make Lu You concentrate on studying to fulfill his aspiration of saving the Song dynasty. In traditional Chinese culture, children were required to obey their parents. Lu You loved his mother and reluctantly divorced Tang Wan. She later married a nobleman named Zhao Shicheng (趙士程), and he married a woman from the Wang clan (her personal name eludes most researchers).

paragraph: Lu You was sad after his first marriage broke up. One spring day, at age 31, eight years after their divorce, he passed by Shen's Garden (沈園) and by chance encountered Tang Wan and her husband. Tang Wan asked her husband to let her send a cup of wine to Lu You. When her hands passed the wine to him, he saw her eyes brimmed with tears. His heart was broken, and he drank the cup of bitter wine to the bottom. He turned away and on the spot wrote the poem "Fonqhwang Hairpinin" (Chai Tou Feng, 釵頭鳳) on the wall of Shen's Garden. After this meeting with Tang Wan, Lu You went to the North to struggle against the foreign Jin dynasty, before returning to southern Shu (蜀, today's Sichuan) to pursue his dream of unifying China.

paragraph: When Tang Wan read Lu You's poem in the garden, she immediately wrote one in the same form in response. Less than a year later, she died. In the year before Lu You’s death, at age 85, he wrote another poem called “Shen's Garden” to commemorate Tang Wan, his first love. A traditional Yue opera was written about Lu You and Tang Wan, and their love story is very famous in China.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Official career.

paragraph: At age 12, Lu You was already an excellent writer, had mastered the skill of sword fighting, and had delved deeply into war strategy. At age 19, he took the civil service examination, but did not pass. Ten years later, he took it again; this time he not only passed it, he was the first winner in the Lin An region. But this triumph brought him trouble. Qin Sun, the grandson of the powerful Qin Hui (秦檜, a notorious aristocratic traitor in the Song Dynasty), had also taken the exam. Lu You's win threatened Qin Sun's position, as Lu You was now likely to take first place in the next year's national examination. In fact, not only Lu You, but all the potential winners of the next year's nationwide competition were excluded, along with even some of the examination officers.

paragraph: After Qin Hui's death, Lu You started his official career in government. Because he avidly insisted on fighting against the Jin dynasty and did not follow the mainstream official lethargy on the subject, he was dismissed from his job. In 1172, he was hired to do strategic planning in the military. Military life opened his eyes and mind; he hoped to fulfill his aspiration of bringing a divided China back together. He wrote many unrestrained poems to express his passionate patriotism. But the Song Dynasty was by now corrupt and indolent; most officers just wanted to make a nice living; Lu You had no opportunity to deploy his talent."Entering upon a public career by virtue of his father's services, he fell into disfavour with Qin Hui; but after the latter's death he received an appointment, and in 1163 the Emperor Xiaozong(孝宗) made him a Compiler for the Privy Council and conferred upon him the honorary degree of Jinshi(進士)."

paragraph: He was unsuccessful in his official career: he adopted a patriotic irredentist stance, advocating the expulsion of the Jurchen from northern China, but this position was out of tune with the times. In 1175, Fan Chengda(范成大) asked him to join his party. They shared literary interests, and now behaved casually in official society. Lu You felt there was no place for him in official life, and started to become self-indulgent, enjoying drinking to forget his lack of success in his personal life and career pursuit. He gave himself the art name "Fangweng" (放翁), meaning "Liberated Old Man", and was sarcastic about himself in his poems.

paragraph: After several promotions and demotions, Lu You retired in 1190 to live in seclusion in his hometown Shaoxing (紹興, now in Zhejiang province), then a rural area. He spent the last twenty years of his life there. Lu You enjoy good health and liked eating pearl barley and tree-ear mushrooms. This habit kept his vision and hearing keen until death. During his retirement, he still ardently supported fighting against the Jin dynasty, but without success. His wife died in 1197. On December 29, 1209 (Chinese calendar), he died at age 86. His great regret was knowing that northern China was still in the control of the foreigners.

paragraph: Section::::Style.

paragraph: Lu You wrote about eleven thousand poems, in both the "shi" (詩) and "ci" (詞) forms, plus a number of prose works, which made him the poet who rank the top in the list of numbers of the poems left before 15C. In his poetry he continues to articulate the beliefs which cost him his official career, calling for reconquest of the north. Watson identifies these works as part of the legacy of Du Fu (杜甫). Watson compares a second body of work, poems on country life and growing old, to those of Bai Juyi (白居易) and Tao Qian (陶潛).

paragraph: His style can be divided into three periods.

paragraph: Section::::Style.:First Period.

paragraph: The first Period of Lu You's works is from his teenage years to age 46. This period, although the longest, contains the fewest of his works, about two hundred poems, because he himself destroyed his early works in his later years.

paragraph: Section::::Style.:Second Period.

paragraph: Second Period runs from age 46 to 54, including more than 2400 "shi" and "ci". During this period, Lu You joined the military and was affected by that experience.

paragraph: Section::::Style.:Third Period.

paragraph: The third Period runs from the time Lu You retired to his home town until his death. He did not have time to edit his work, and 6500 poems survive from this period. His work in this period includes peaceful pastoral images as well as desolation and bleakness.

paragraph: Though his style changed throughout his life, his work is always full of patriotism. This is the most important feature of his poetry, and the major reason they have been valued for almost a thousand years.

paragraph: Section::::Style.:Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 《劍南詩稿》(Jian Nan Shi Gao, the draft of poems when holding a sword in the southern borders)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 《渭南文集》(Wei Nan Wen Ji, the collection of proses in the south of the Wei River)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 《放翁逸稿》(Fang Weng Yi Gao, the lost drafts of the Liberated Old Man)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 《南唐書》(Nan Tang Shu, "Book of Southern Tang")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 《老學庵筆記》(Lao Xue An Bi Ji, the notebook from the House of a Person Who Studies When He Is Old)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 《放翁家訓》(Fang Weng Jia Xun, family precepts from the Liberated Old Man)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 《家世舊文》(Jia Shi Jiu Wen, an old prose about the history of my family)

paragraph: Section::::Style.:Poems.

paragraph: Lu You wrote many poems. One of his most famous is "To My Son" (示兒, Shi Er). This is how it goes:

paragraph: BULLET::::- To My Son (示兒)

paragraph: 死去元知萬事空，br

paragraph: 但悲不見九州同。br

paragraph: 王師北定中原日，br

paragraph: 家祭無忘告乃翁。

paragraph: "All turns to dust in my dying eyes,br

paragraph: only hatred is that a unified land is not seen.br

paragraph: When the day of the emperor's troops sweeping the North comes,br

paragraph: you must not forget to tell me at my tombstone.br"

paragraph: He composed this last poem when he was near death.

paragraph: What this poem means is that he does not mind not being able to take anything with him when he dies, but he is upset to see that China is still not united as a nation. He is telling his son that if this day ever comes, his family must not forget to go to his grave and tell him there.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rainstorm on the Eleventh month 4th (十一月四日風雨大作)

paragraph: 僵臥孤邨不自哀，br

paragraph: 尚思爲國戍輪台。br

paragraph: 夜闌臥聽風吹雨，br

paragraph: 鐵馬冰河入夢來。

paragraph: "I slept stiff and alone in a lonely village without feeling self-pity.br

paragraph: I am still thinking of fighting for my country. br

paragraph: Deep into the night I lie down and hear the wind blowing the rain. br

paragraph: The armored horses and the ice river came into my dream.br"

paragraph: This poem was written when Lu was old and retired, but it shines with his patriotism and vivid depiction of the fighting scenes in the North.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fonqhwang Hairpin (釵頭鳳)

paragraph: 紅酥手，黃藤酒，br

paragraph: 滿城春色宮墻柳。br

paragraph: 東風惡，歡情薄，br

paragraph: 一杯愁緒，幾年離索，錯，錯，錯。

paragraph: 萅如舊，人空瘦，br

paragraph: 淚痕紅浥鮫綃透。 br

paragraph: 桃花落，閒池閣， br

paragraph: 山盟雖在，錦書難托，莫，莫，莫。

paragraph: "Pink soft hands, yellow rippling wine,br

paragraph: The town is filled with Spring, willows by palace walls. br

paragraph: The east wind is biting, happiness is thin,br

paragraph: heart full of sorrow, so many years apart.

paragraph: Wrong, Wrong, Wrong!

paragraph: Spring is as of old; the person is empty and thin.br

paragraph: Traces of tears show through the sheer silk.br

paragraph: Peach blossoms falling, glimmering pond freezing,br

paragraph: The huge oath remains, the brocade book is hard to hold.

paragraph: Don't, Don't, Don't!br"

paragraph: "Note: The words "wrong" and "don't" rhyme in Chinese."

paragraph: This poem is about his real love story (see his marriage). In this poem, "Biting east wind" is a metaphor for traditional Chinese view about women. This view broke up his first marriage. "Brocade book", or "glorious/bright book," is another metaphor for his ambition of unifying China. But he doesn't seem to be successful in either of them (marriage and career). He also uses antithesis, which is very popular in Chinese poetry. It matches both sound and sense in two poetic lines, like "a heart of sorrow" pairing with "years apart" and "paramount promise" pairing "brocade book". The sounds match perfectly in Chinese. This poem falls in the first period of his works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plum Blossom (卜算子-咏楳)

paragraph: 驛外斷橋邊br

paragraph: 寂寞開無主br

paragraph: 已是黃昏獨自愁br

paragraph: 更著風和雨br

paragraph: 無意苦爭春br

paragraph: 一任群芳妒br

paragraph: 零落成泥碾作塵br

paragraph: 只有香如故

paragraph: "Near the broken bridge outside the fortress,br

paragraph: I go, lonely and disoriented. br

paragraph: It is dusk and I am alone and anxious,br

paragraph: especially when the wind and rain start to blow. br

paragraph: I do not mean to fight for Springtime,br

paragraph: I would rather be alone and envied by the crowd. br

paragraph: I will fall down, become earth, be crushed to dust. br

paragraph: My glory will be same as before.br"

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Song poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Classical Chinese poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chinese poetry

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burton Watson (ed.) (1984), "The Columbia Book of Chinese Poetry", Columbia University Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burton Watson (trans.) (1994), "The old man who does as he pleases", Columbia University Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip Watson (trans.) (2007), "Grand Canal, Great River: The Travel Diary of a Twelfth-century Chinese Poet", Frances Lincoln Publishers. .

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rexroth, Kenneth (1970). "Love and the Turning Year: One Hundred More Poems from the Chinese". New York: New Directions.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lu You Poems

alias:
yan seng
gui tang lao ren
Wuguan
Fangweng

description: Chinese writer

wikidata_label: Lu You

wikipedia_title: Lu You