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paragraph: Allan Moffat

paragraph: Allan George Moffat (born 10 November 1939 in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada) is an Australian racing driver known for his four wins in the Australian Touring Car Championship, six wins in the Sandown 500 and his four wins in the Bathurst 500/1000. Moffat was inducted into the V8 Supercars Hall of Fame in 1999.

paragraph: Moffat and his long-time friend and rival (and later co-driver) Peter Brock are the only drivers to have won The Great Race at Bathurst in both its 500-mile and 1000-kilometre formats.

paragraph: In October 2018, he was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.

paragraph: Born in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Moffat moved to Australia as a 17-year-old college student with his parents when his father, who worked for Massey Ferguson, was transferred to Melbourne for work and in the early 1960s embarked on his record-setting motor racing career. He started his racing career at the wheel of a Triumph TR3.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:1964 to 1971.

paragraph: Allan Moffat and Jon Leighton drove a Ford Cortina Lotus to fourth place in the 1964 Sandown 6 Hour International at Melbourne's Sandown Park. The race was the first of what would eventually become the Sandown 500.

paragraph: Moffat first entered the Australian Touring Car Championship (ATCC) in 1965, driving a Lotus Cortina. Following this Moffat spent time in the United States where he drove in the new Trans-Am Series in 1966, showing his talent by winning the 3rd round of the series, the Bryar 250, at the Bryar Motorsports Park, outright in an Under 2L division Lotus Cortina on 10 July 1966, leading home Bruce Jennings driving a Plymouth Barracuda by over a lap.

paragraph: Moffat returned to Australia but also spent more time in the USA, continuing to drive the Cortina as well as Ford Mustangs for Carroll Shelby in Trans-Am with various Australian co-drivers including Trans-Am regular Horst Kwech and Ford Australia's, and future Holden rival, Harry Firth. Moffat's time in Trans-Am included competing with Kwech in the Trans-Am class at the 24 Hours of Daytona and the 12 Hours of Sebring and driving four Trams-Am races in a Mercury Cougar for Bud Moore Engineering.

paragraph: By 1969 Moffat had returned to live full-time in Australia and from 1969 he had become a regular ATCC competitor and his bright red Coca-Cola-sponsored Ford Boss 302 Mustang, which was supplied brand-new to Moffat from Ford's American 'in-house' race car fabrication and engineering facility "Kar Kraft" and finished off by Bud Moore Engineering, was unmistakable at circuits around Australia. With the help of Tom Hamilton and chief mechanic Lou Mallia, he would go on to win 101 championship and non-championship touring car races from 151 starts in this car between 1969 and 1972, including the first ever win by one of the seven factory Boss Mustangs built for racing in its debut at the Southern 60 at Sandown in May 1969, yet his dream of winning the ATCC in the Mustang eluded him. He failed to place in the top 10 in 1969, finished 6th in 1970, 2nd in 1971 and 3rd in 1972.

paragraph: Moffat and his Coke Mustang were involved in two of the most memorable ATCC races on record. In 1971 he went into the 7th and final round at Oran Park only 4 points behind three time ATCC champion Bob Jane in his 7.0 litre Chevrolet Camaro ZL-1. Both started from the front row (Moffat on pole) and entered into an enticing duel. In mid-race Moffat was forced to pit in order to free a jammed gearbox but battled back to only be six-tenths of a second behind Jane at the finish. Then in 1972 he was involved in a race long dice with Ian Geoghegan at the Easter round of the series (Round 3) at the 6.172 km Mount Panorama Circuit at Bathurst. Up against Geohegan's more powerful, 5.8L "Super Falcon", Moffat, while being left behind on the long Mountain and Conrod Straights, was able to keep with the Falcon using its superior handling and brakes and again only lost by less than a second. Moffat drove for over half the race with his safety belts undone so that he could put his head out of the drivers window in order to see where he was going, the Falcon having a small oil leak which saw some oil sprayed onto the Mustangs windscreen. By his own admission, Moffat did the wrong thing and turned his wipers on which only made the situation worse as it smeared the oil over the window and with the race only being 13 laps long he was forced to carry on. Following the race Moffat protested Geoghegan's Falcon but the protest was dismissed after Geoghegan's crew had time to wipe away the excess oil before the scrutineers could examine the car.

paragraph: Although Moffat and a number of other drivers raced Mustangs for ATCC competition - the five ATCC titles from 1965 to 1969 were won by Norm Beechey (1965) and Ian Geoghegan (1966–69) driving Mustangs - this car, modified to CAMS Improved Production Touring Car regulations was ineligible for the Bathurst 500 (later Bathurst 1000), which was restricted to standard production cars prior to 1973. Moffat therefore made his debut in that race in 1969 in a Ford works team entered Ford Falcon XW GTHO. He and co-driver Alan Hamilton finished fourth. Due to the severe tyre problems suffered by the works GTHOs, Moffat was called into the pits early to change tyres. To the amazement of Ford team manager Al Turner, Moffat's tyres were not as near worn as those on the lead Geoghegan brothers or the Gibson/Seton Falcons, showing that Moffat was a driver who could be kind to his car and still go fast. Moffat maintains the view that he never wanted to pit at the time and that had he been left "to his own devices", he and Alan Hamilton would have won the 1969 500. Moffat had actually been near last on the first lap of the race after his Falcon became stuck in neutral as he was powering out of The Cutting. This turned out to be fortunate as it allowed him to avoid the Bill Brown rollover going over Skyline which blocked the track and took out approximately a quarter of the field who had no warning of the impending disaster.

paragraph: The following two years would see Moffat come into his own as one of Australia's most dominant race drivers, and the Falcon GTHO as an almost unbeatable car. For 1970, Ford Australia had made significant improvements to the Falcon XW GTHO Phase II over the previous year's model and Moffat, racing without a co-driver, took the car to two crushing victories in both the 1970 and 1971 Bathurst races, and also the 1970 Rothmans 250 Production Classic endurance race. In 1971 he became the first driver to lead the Bathurst 500 from start to finish while driving the famed Ford Falcon GTHO Phase III.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:1972.

paragraph: Moffat looked headed for an historic third straight Bathurst victory in 1972 when Ford unveiled plans for a "Phase IV" Falcon GTHO, even faster but more subtle than the Phase III which Moffat had taken to victory in 1971. Sydney based motoring journalist Evan Green caught wind of these plans however and his article, with headlines across the country that screamed, "160mph Supercars On Our Roads!" created the Supercar scare. Facing pressure from the media and government not to produce this car, as entering it at Bathurst would also require at least 200 units to be sold at dealerships in Australia, Ford scrapped production of the Phase IV and forced Moffat and other Ford drivers to resort to year-old Phase III cars for Bathurst that year. Peter Brock won the race that year for arch-rival manufacturer Holden after wet weather and brake dramas hobbled the Fords. This race would be seen as the start of the Moffat-Brock rivalry that would dominate Australian touring car racing in the years to come.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:1973 to 1980.

paragraph: In 1973, both the ATCC and the Bathurst endurance race were open for the first time only to the newly introduced CAMS Group C Touring Cars. These mildly modified cars replaced both the existing highly modified Group C Improved Production Touring Cars (which had contested the ATCC since 1965) and the virtually standard Group E Series Production Touring Cars (which had previously contested the Bathurst event). Ford, smarting from the Phase IV controversy the year before, withdrew their factory teams from competition at the end of 1973. This left Moffat and other Ford drivers to form their own privateer teams, despite the Factory team and Moffat being victorious in both the 1973 ATCC - his first ever - and the 1973 Hardie-Ferodo 1000 (with co-driver Ian Geoghegan). Moffat, Geoghegan and Ford have the distinction of being the first winners of the Bathurst race following its conversion from a 500-mile event to 1000 km. The night before Round 6 of the ATCC at the Adelaide International Raceway, Moffat's GTHO Falcon Phase III was stolen from Stillwell Ford in the northern Adelaide suburb of Medindie. Rather than see Moffat out of the race (he was the series points leader at the time), Murray Carter loaned Moffat his GTHO Falcon for the race. Peter Brock won the race in his XU-1 Torana while Moffat kept his points lead by finishing second despite having to start at the rear of the grid. Moffat's stolen Falcon was later found abandoned in the Adelaide Hills where the thieves who had taken it for a "joy ride" dumped it after running out of fuel.

paragraph: Following the change from Improved Production to Group C for the ATCC in 1973, Moffat's Boss 302 Mustang was no longer eligible for that series. Moffat ran the Mustang in Sports Sedans in 1973 and 1974, though he refused to follow the trend at the time of moving the engine back in the cabin, later stating in a 2004 interview he "was never going to contaminate such a jewel", though he did replace the bodywork with fibreglass to avoid damaging the cars sheetmetal. Following 1974 Moffat sent the Mustang back to Bud Moore in America where it sat for sale until 1995 when it was purchased and restored by Queensland based entrepreneur David Bowden (who other than himself and his sons has never let anyone other than Moffat drive the car, even turning down a request from the late Ian Geoghegan). The Mustang was voted the most popular 'Muscle Car' ever to race in Australia by readers of "Australian Muscle Car" magazine.

paragraph: With Ford Australia pulling out of motor racing after 1973, Moffat struggled as a privateer through the 1974 and 1975 seasons. He failed to finish Bathurst in those years, and was only moderately competitive in ATCC races. On 21 March 1975, he enhanced his reputation as an international class driver when he drove a BMW 3.0CSL with West Germany's Hans-Joachim Stuck, British driver Brian Redman and American Sam Posey to win the 12 Hours of Sebring for the factory backed BMW Motorsport with many considering this win to be the 3.0CSL's crowning achievement in racing.

paragraph: Moffat returned to drive his XB Falcon GT Hardtop full-time in the 1976 ATCC and won his second title. This occurred despite the setback of a transporter fire which destroyed his race car with several rounds left to run, forcing Moffat to borrow a car from rival John Goss for two rounds. Moffat also won the inaugural Australian Sports Sedan Championship that year, driving firstly a Chevrolet Monza and later a Ford Capri RS3100. He failed to finish Bathurst again in 1976 despite taking pole and leading comfortably with co-driver Vern Schuppan.

paragraph: Moffat re-established his dominance in 1977 with a two-car factory-supported team under the Moffat Ford Dealers Team banner. He won his second consecutive ATCC title in 1977, backed up brilliantly by new teammate Colin Bond who had switched to Ford after driving the previous eight years for the Holden Dealer Team. This was the third ATCC win of his career, but this performance was overshadowed by the victory for Moffat and his new co-driver, Belgian Formula One driver and then four times 24 Hours of Le Mans winner Jacky Ickx in the 1977 Hardie-Ferodo 1000 at Bathurst. By the midpoint of the race the Moffat/Ickx car and the Bond/Alan Hamilton car led the field by over two laps. Late in the race Moffat's car encountered serious brake problems due to Ickx's hard driving of what was to him an unfamiliar car and had to slow, allowing Bond to catch up for the cars to complete the final two laps of the race side-by-side and cross the finish line in tandem with Bond allowing Moffat to stay barely in front for a crushing 1-2 victory for Ford. This moment is remembered as one of the most famous in Australian motor sport history and still regarded by many as Ford's finest hour. The following year Moffat received an Order of the British Empire in 1978 for exceptional services to motor sport.

paragraph: Moffat was unable to repeat his 1977 successes over the following three years. Moffat and Bond split at the end of the 1978 season and Moffat continued racing in Falcons until the 1980 Bathurst race when he competed for the last time in a Ford Falcon with the XD model.

paragraph: In 1980 he competed in various cars and in various countries. He drove a Porsche 934 turbo to win the Australian Sports Car Championship. He also drove at the 1980 24 Hours of Le Mans, sharing a Porsche 935 turbo with future Indycar legend Bobby Rahal, where they were forced to withdraw whilst in fourth place. He also did a guest drive for the Holden Dealer Team taking third place in the 1980 Hang Ten 400 at Sandown driving a Holden Commodore. The event was marked by the fact that it was only the second time Moffat had raced a Holden and the first time that he was driving in the same team as his archrival Peter Brock.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:1981 and beyond.

paragraph: Allan Moffat also tested a Jaguar XJS at Bathurst in 1985.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:Mazda.

paragraph: Much to the dismay of the Aussie Ford fans, Moffat left the "Blue Oval" brand in 1981 to drive a Peter Stuyvesant-sponsored Mazda RX-7 as both the ATCC and Bathurst began to exhibit a shift towards lighter touring cars with less raw power. Moffat drove the RX-7 to four consecutive top-six finishes at Bathurst between 1981 and 1984 including a second in 1983 and 3rd in 1984, while winning his fourth and final ATCC title in 1983. During this time Moffat drove his RX-7 to victories in the 1982 and 1984 Australian Endurance Championships.

paragraph: Moffat also competed at the 24 Hours of Daytona in an RX-7, taking a class win in 1982 with co-drivers Lee Mulle and Kathy Rude. In 1982 he again competed at Le Mans in a factory RX-7-based sportscar, achieving a class win alongside Japanese co-drivers Yojiro Terada and Takashi Yorino. In his bid to win the 1983 ATCC, Moffat had to turn down a factory drive for Mazda at the 1983 24 Hours of Le Mans as the final round of the ATCC at Lakeside was held the same weekend as the French classic (the Mazda 717C he was to drive would win the races' Group C Junior class). Moffat went into the ATCC race in second place behind the Nissan of George Fury, and with the Nissan team not attending the meeting Moffat needed to finish no lower than fifth to claim his fourth title. He eventually finished in an easy third place behind teammate Gregg Hansford in the team's second RX-7, and race winner Peter Brock in his HDT Commodore SS to claim the ATCC by just six points. Brock lapped the field, the first time in ATCC history a driver had won a race by over a lap, while Moffat, who lead from pole (his 4th of the 8 round series) but gave best to the flying Brock on lap 2, simply drove for the points on a wet track which normally would normally have suited the RX-7 over the heavier Holden.

paragraph: 1984 would prove to be a frustrating year for Moffat. After finishing 3rd in the opening round of the ATCC at Sandown behind winner Brock and second placed Dick Johnson (Johnson had taken Moffat's 1970's mantle of being the leading Ford driver in the country), he claimed pole in his RX-7 (fitted with the 13B rotary engine instead of the 12A of 1983) at Symmons Plains. However, due to the cold conditions the team put a cover over the front of the car to help warm up the engine. Unfortunately the fuse for the overheating warning light had blown and Moffat's race only lasted until the hairpin on lap one before his rotary engine expired, handing an easy win to Brock. He then won at Wannerroo in Perth, before crashing out of the championship at Surfers Paradise when his Mazda was hit while lapping the XD Falcon of Gary Willmington at high speed going under the Dunlop Bridge at the end of the main straight. Due to the wet conditions the Mazda slid off the road at high speed, took out an ABC television camera cable and slammed head on into a bush that was hiding a tree stump. In what was his biggest crash since rolling his XA Falcon at Phillip Island in 1973, Moffat suffered a fractured sternum and broken finger in the accident, while the RX-7 was a write off.

paragraph: After his crash at Surfers, there was much speculation in the motor racing press that the 45-year-old was going to retire from full-time driving at the end of the year. Moffat refuted these claims and made his comeback in Round 2 of the 1984 Australian Endurance Championship at Oran Park. Despite suffering from the flu, Moffat put the RX-7 on pole and he and Gregg Hansford went on to win the Valvoline 250 from the XE Falcon of ATCC winner Dick Johnson. Moffat and Hansford then finished second to Peter Brock and Larry Perkins in the Castrol 500 at Sandown, and claimed third at the James Hardie 1000 behind the two Holden Dealer Team Commodores, who staged a 1-2 finish trying to copy what Moffat and Bond had achieved in 1977, though unlike the Moffat Ford Dealers Falcons which were on the same lap, the Brock/Perkins car was 2 laps ahead of teammates John Harvey and David Parsons. Moffat's team entered two cars in the race, but only listed Moffat and Hansford as drivers, and had to fight with Bathurst race organisers the Australian Racing Drivers Club (ARDC) to be allowed to start both cars, as both drivers had qualified inside the top 10 (race regulations stated that the top 8 qualifiers were locked in to participate in the Hardies Heroes top 10 run-off, with Moffat 5th and Hansford 6th). Moffat won the fight with the ARDC and his decision to start both cars was vindicated when his own #43 RX-7 was involved in a car banging dual with the Falcon of Steve Masterson soon after the original start. After only 15 laps of the second start (the first was aborted after the John Goss Jaguar XJS driven by European Touring Car Champion Tom Walkinshaw had stalled and was hit from behind causing the pit straight to be blocked), Moffat was forced to retire his car with terminal engine problems after only 15 laps and move into Hansford's, which had been originally intended to run about 20 laps, but lasted 161 (with Moffat himself only driving the middle 'lunchtime' stint and Hansford driving the majority of the race). Moffat then went on to finish second behind Brock in the Surfers Paradise 300 to claim the final Australian Endurance Championship, and the final ever championship run under CAMS Group C rules.

paragraph: In 1985 he took his own RX-7 that he campaigned previously in Australia to Daytona for the 24 Hour race, sharing the car with Australian drivers Gregg Hansford, Kevin Bartlett and Peter McLeod. The car differed from its Australian configuration, a new rear wing was run on the car and 20 kg of ballast was removed, bringing it down to its actual homologated weight of 930 kg, while the engine was the same 13B that had carried Moffat and Hansford to third place at Bathurst the previous year. Moffat qualified the car in 38th (12th in the GTO class) and eventually finished 24th and 7th in class, some 221 laps behind the race winners. Regular RX-7 drivers Moffat, Hansford and McLeod all expressed how much more effective the 13B motor was without the CAMS imposed extra 20 kg. While Moffat made the RX-7 a regular race winner on the shorter and generally flatter Australian tracks, he believes the extra weight in the car was what made it impossible to match the V8's at Bathurst

paragraph: With Mazda not interested in Group A racing (he tested a Mazda 626 at Calder Park but it proved to be uncompetitive), Moffat was forced to sit out the 1985 Australian season. He joined the ABC television coverage of the 1985 Castrol 500 at Sandown, and was an expert commentator for Channel 7's coverage of the 1985 James Hardie 1000, testing several cars for the coverage including a HDT VK Commodore, a BMW 635 CSi from JPS Team BMW and also the turbocharged Volvo 240T.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:Holden.

paragraph: Moffat then returned to touring car racing for four more years (1986–1989). 1986 was notable in that Moffat had joined longtime rival and friend Peter Brock and the Holden Dealer Team (though he had previously driven for the team in the 1980 Hang Ten 400 at Sandown). The two most successful drivers in Australia were immediately successful, winning the 1986 Wellington 500 in New Zealand in the brand-new Holden VK Commodore SS Group A. Moffat and Brock then went to Europe to race in the FIA Touring Car Championship (formerly the European Touring Car Championship) with two 5th placings at Donington and Hockenheim being their best on-track results. Despite not actually winning the race overall, the HDT's two-car attack on the 1986 Spa 24 Hours was considered to be a success because they won the prestigious "Kings Cup" teams prize along with Allan Grice's Commodore (the Kings Cup is awarded to the "team" who has the highest overall placings for at least 3 of their cars at the end of the race). Moffat, Brock and John Harvey finished the race itself in 22nd place after suffering two head gasket failures. The lead car finished four places behind the team's second car, which finished in 18th spot. The HDT's 1986 European campaign was to be a precursor to an all-out attack on the 1987 World Touring Car Championship.

paragraph: Before Spa the HDT came home and Moffat partnered Brock to 5th place in the BP Plus 300 at Surfers Paradise after several punctures. This was followed by the 1986 Castrol 500 at Sandown. Between them Moffat and Brock had won 14 of the previous 17 Sandown Enduro's. Brock qualified the car on pole but tyre problems in the race meant only a 4th-placed finish for the pair in their second ever Australian race together. Despite this the HDT went to the 1986 James Hardie 1000 confident of victory and the Brock/Moffat partnership in car #05 were favoured to win with the pair having won 12 of the previous 16 Bathurst 1000's between them. Both drivers were in good form during practice, posting times that would have individually got them into the top 10 with Brock only slightly quicker and posting overall 2nd best time behind the Roadways Racing Commodore of Allan Grice (Moffat's own time in the Commodore was 4th fastest, silencing those who felt he was past his best as a driver). Then early in Friday's qualifying session Moffat, in what turned out to be his only serious crash at Bathurst, put the 05 Commodore into the wall at the top of the mountain. This unfortunately caused the car to miss the Hardies Heroes Top 10 run off the next day as the car could not be repaired in time, its place in the top 10 being taken by the Commodore of former motorcycle racer Graeme Crosby. This meant that the Brock/Moffat car would start 11th on the grid. According to the team the car was repaired 'better than new' and Brock recorded a 2:18.80 lap in Saturday afternoon's practice. The race though only gave the Brock/Moffat team 5th place after they lost some 7 minutes in the pits bypassing a leaking oil cooler. Moffat himself was hampered by an injured wrist sustained in Friday's crash. While not showing any discomfort on RaceCam, he was unable to push as hard as he would have liked although he lost no time to the leaders during his driving stints. Despite the loss of two and a half laps and with the engine close to overheating due to not running the oil cooler, Brock and Moffat ran hard and fast for the rest of the race and made up ground to be only 1 lap down on the winning Grice/Graeme Bailey car at race end. The HDT's other car driven by John Harvey and Neal Lowe finished the race in 2nd place after a relatively trouble free run.

paragraph: 1987 started well with Brock and Moffat again winning the Wellington 500 before the pair went on to claim the 1987 Nissan-Mobil 500 series with a strong 3rd place in the Pukekohe 500 a week later. Then the HDT as a factory team fell apart after Holden cut all official ties with Brock over his public launch of the VL Commodore based HDT Director. Moffat then quit the team and purchased the brand-new Holden VL Commodore SS Group A that Brock had intended to take to Europe to compete in the World Touring Car Championship. Although Moffat left the HDT still on good terms with Brock, he purchased the car through a middleman to avoid any friction with having his former employer knowing the true buyer. The car was then immediately shipped to England for preparation for the first round of the WTCC.

paragraph: In the first round held at Monza, Moffat and his co-driver, ex-HDT driver John Harvey who had also quit the Brock team after 11 years of loyal service, qualified the car in 9th place and finished the race 7th on the road. Hours after the race, the Rothmans sponsored Commodore was declared the winner after a protest by a private BMW entry from Hungary had seen the works BMW M3's (which had finished 1-6) disqualified for being underweight (as of 2016 neither Moffat, nor Harvey, have possession of the winner's trophy as they never received it). Despite being declared the outright winners of the race, they did not receive championship points as the team had not paid the USD$60,000 championship entry fee imposed by series promoter Bernie Ecclestone (only cars whose teams had paid the fee were eligible for points, this saw some leading teams, notably Tom Walkinshaw's TWR who were also to race a Holden Commodore, pull out of the championship before it began).

paragraph: The car was then a DNF at the next two rounds at Jarama and Dijon before Moffat and Harvey drove the Commodore to a sensational fourth place outright and a class win at the Spa 24-hour race. The pair were due to co-drive with Aussie privateer racer Tony Mulvihill at Spa, but unfortunately the Sydney driver failed to qualify. Qualifying at the famous circuit had been hit by the notorious Ardennes weather and while Mulvihill set a good enough time when the track was wet, he had not set a time on a dry track and towards the end of the final session the circuit dried and the Texaco sponsored Eggenberger Motorsport Ford Sierra RS Cosworth's significantly improved their times which left only Moffat and Harvey to drive the Commodore.

paragraph: Moffat qualified the Commodore in 18th place, one place behind Peter Brock's HDT Commodore and 5.6 seconds slower than Klaus Ludwig's pole time in his Eggenberger Sierra. Moffat and Harvey then drove a steady race (mostly in the rain) to finish 4th with 468 laps completed.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:Return to Ford.

paragraph: This also proved to be the Commodore's final race as Moffat, realising that to be competitive at Bathurst he would need one of the new, powerful Ford Sierra RS500's, completed a deal to lease the Andy Rouse run Sierra for the Australian rounds of the championship which was backed by new major sponsor ANZ Bank. This deal also left Harvey without a drive for the rest of the year as Rouse and his co-driver Thierry Tassin would share the driving with Moffat. The deal proved a disaster for Moffat as the car was retired at both the James Hardie 1000 and the Calder 500 before Moffat got his turn to race.

paragraph: In 1988, Moffat was keen to keep driving the Sierra which was the car to have at the time, but after the failures of the Rouse cars in 1987 had decided not to continue using the British driver/engineer's machinery. In a 2014 interview with "Australian Muscle Car" magazine, Moffat told that he was livid following the failure at Bathurst after finding that the Getrag gearbox that broke in the Sierra had been the same one Rouse had used at the Spa 24 Hours and had done some 36 hours of practice and racing, well past its rebuild point. Instead he managed to do something that very few had managed to do. He persuaded Swiss touring car tuning ace Ruedi Eggenberger to build him a customer Sierra RS500 that was identical to the works Fords that the Eggenberger team was using in the renamed ETCC. The deal was rumored to have cost Moffat around A$300,000. Moffat and former Mazda co-driver Gregg Hansford campaigned the car in the 1988 ATCC in a low-key run while his team after years of racing rotary Mazda's and V8 Commodores and Falcons, got to know the sophisticated turbocharged car.

paragraph: Moffat and Hansford went on to win the 1988 Enzed 500 at Sandown in what was Moffat's last ever win in Australia. They then almost pulled off an upset at the Tooheys 1000 at Bathurst where Eggenberger himself joined the team and along with his Ford Europe driver, German ace Klaus Niedzwiedz. With Eggenberger waving his 'magic wand' over the Sierra, and Niedzwiedz leading the driving, the pair turned the car into one of the fastest on the track, qualifying 4th and winning the $40,000 "Tooheys Top Gun" run-off, which for the only time in its history wasn't for pole (Moffat's fastest time in practice was some six seconds slower than the German and eight seconds off the pole time set by Dick Johnson). The car ultimately was a DNF after head gasket failure on lap 129 of 161 with Hansford at the wheel. Neidzwiedz had taken the lead from the Sierra of Tony Longhurst on lap 29 when Longhurst lost a lap with a throttle problem, and the car remained in the lead for 100 laps before a vapor lock (caused by the car cooling down too much during a safety car period) led to the car's failure. Moffat later claimed that the 1988 Bathurst was the "one that got away", and with a one lap lead with just 32 laps remaining and ace driver Neidzwiedz up against Longhurst's slower co-driver Tomas Mezera, not many people were disagreeing with him. In a pit interview moments after the car was officially retired, a glum but remarkably composed Moffat said that the engine of the Sierra basically had a "heart attack". The team would later find that it was a blown head gasket and a cracked block.

paragraph: This race was also significant in that it was the last time Moffat raced at Bathurst. He did enter and qualify for the 1989 Tooheys 1000, but decided not to actually race as the lead team car driven by Neidzwiedz and fellow German Frank Biela had a chance at victory, and since they were much faster than he was in the car (approximately 6–8 seconds per lap in qualifying) he felt it best to leave them to it. Ultimately the Moffat lead Sierra would finish second behind the Sierra of Dick Johnson and John Bowe.

paragraph: Other than his four wins at Bathurst, Moffat also won the Sandown Endurance race six times, being the only driver to win it under three different national regulations, these being Series Production (1969, 1970), Group C (1974, 1982, 1983) and Group A (1988).

paragraph: Moffat's last race, and indeed last race win, was in 1989 driving with Niedzwiedz. The pair drive Moffat's Sierra (with Ruedi Eggenberger again on hand to engineer the car) in the InterTEC 500 km race at the Fuji Speedway in Japan. Allan Moffat quietly retired from competitive race driving after the Fuji win, keeping a promise he had made to himself and wife Pauline that he wouldn't race beyond his 50th birthday (the Fuji 500 was run 2 days after Moffat's 50th). He has since worked as a TV commentator for Channel 7 and a spokesman for BMW. He also appears at various Ford club events across Australia, promotes his longtime backer GT Radial Tyres, and more recently (2009-) has been seen in television adverts in Australia promoting Ford Performance Vehicles GT Falcons.

paragraph: Section::::Post-driving career.

paragraph: Moffat continued as the team owner and manager of Allan Moffat Enterprises, which ran the RS500 Sierra's until the demise of Group A at the end of 1992. In a significant partnership, car builder Eggenberger and ace driver Niedzwiedz joined Moffat at Bathurst every year from 1988-1992 excluding the 1991 race when they were not available due to other commitments. The best result for the team during this period was Niedzwiedz's second place with Frank Biela at the 1989 race. Neidzwiedz gave the Moffat-ANZ team pole position at the 1990 Tooheys 1000 while he had also won the Top 10 run-off in 1988 when race regulations meant that the run-off did not count for grid positions. Eggenberger and Niedzwiedz also managed to join Moffat for other Australian races, with Reudi joining the team for the Phillip Island round of the 1990 ATCC which saw Hansford finish 5th, and also the 1990 Sandown 500 where Niedzwiedz qualified 5th in his first look at the Sandown circuit, though he and Hansford would fail to finish the race.

paragraph: At the end of 1990, the team suffered a blow when it lost its major sponsor ANZ. The bank had been recording end of financial year losses and had decided that it would not be right to continue sponsoring the team after it was forced to lay off some 3,000 employees. This significantly cut into the teams finances and plans to run the car in the 1991 Australian Touring Car Championship were shelved. However, with new sponsorship from Cenovis Vitamins, the team was able to carry on running the Sierra's (which by this stage were only seen at Sandown and Bathurst) until they and other turbo cars (such as the 4WD Nissan GT-R) were banned by CAMS at the end of 1992.

paragraph: After the Sierra's were banned in their RS500 form at the end of 1992, Moffat decided to continue his long association with Ford and built an eye-catching Ford EB Falcon painted black and yellow in the colours of team sponsor Cenovis for the 1993 Tooheys 1000. The team's first Bathurst with a Falcon since 1980 did not turn out much better than their previous attempt which had only lasted 3 laps. The car's V8 engine was built by another longtime Moffat associate, Kar Kraft, in the United States (who had supplied Moffat with his Boss Mustang back in 1969) and was built with a Carburetor instead of the fuel injection of the leading cars. Driven by Charlie O'Brien and Andrew Miedecke, the car qualified 18th but retired with gearbox failure after completing just 41 of the races 161 laps. For the 1994 Tooheys 1000, Moffat had his race engines supplied by Dick Johnson Racing and the team, with drivers Miedecke and Englishman Jeff Allam were more competitive, qualifying 16th and finished a well-deserved 8th, only four laps behind the winning Falcon of Dick Johnson and John Bowe.

paragraph: The 1995 Tooheys 1000 saw the team struggle once more. Andrew Miedecke was again lead driver and qualified the aging EB Falcon in 16th place but co-driver Mark Noske never got a drive with the car retiring on lap 16 with engine trouble. The 1996 AMP Bathurst 1000 was the last time that an Allan Moffat-built or driven (in this case just built) car raced at Bathurst. In what was also his last Bathrust race, Klaus Niedzwiedz returned to the team, where he joined production car expert Ken Douglas in a strong run to finish 10th after Niedzwiedz qualified the older model (EB compared to the EF) and underpowered Falcon in 25th place.

paragraph: During the period from 1991 until 1996, Moffat's cars only ever raced at the Sandown 500 or Bathurst 1000 races as the team's finances and resources were not enough to allow them to race in rounds of the Touring car Championship. Moffat himself also doubled as an expert commentator for Channel 7 during its motor sport telecasts during this time, including at Bathurst, where he had the dual role of commentator and race team manager. Moffat also joined Murray Walker and later Darrell Eastlake in the Channel 9 commentary box during the touring car support races at the Australian Grand Prix meetings in Adelaide from 1985-1995.

paragraph: Section::::Beyond motor racing.

paragraph: On 2 February 2004, he received Australian citizenship in a ceremony at the Australian Grand Prix Corporation offices in Melbourne. He had been eligible for citizenship since the early 1970s but, in his own words, "one way or another I never followed it through." The citation itself was given by his old friend and sparring partner, Peter Brock.

paragraph: Although Moffat has lived permanently in Australia for over 35 years, his broad Canadian accent has remained intact and continues to be his trademark. Moffat is a Director of the Australian Institute for Motor Sport Safety (AIMSS).

paragraph: Moffat's two sons Andrew Moffat and James Moffat have followed their father into motor racing. James Moffat finished second driving for Nissan Motorsport in the 2014 Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000. It was the first time the Moffat name had been on the Bathurst 1000 podium since Allan finished third in 1984.

paragraph: Section::::Career results.

paragraph: Section::::Career results.:Complete World Touring Car Championship results.

paragraph: † Not registered for series & points

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Allan Moffat Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Allan Moffat image

description: Canadian racing driver

wikidata_label: Allan Moffat

wikipedia_title: Allan Moffat


text:
ancient Egypt
pharaoh
Second Intermediate Period
Abydos Dynasty
Fifteenth
Sixteenth Dynasties
Second Intermediate Period
Turin Canon
magical wand
Sebkay
Abydos
13th Dynasty
Detlef Franke
Kim Ryholt
Josef W. Wegner
University of Pennsylvania
Abydos, Egypt
limestone
Wadjet
Neith
Nut
Duamutef
Qebehsenuf
Amset
Hapi
Upper and Lower Egypt
Re
cartouche
S10
Sobekhotep IV
battle axe

categories: 2014 archaeological discoveries,2nd-millennium BC deaths,Pharaohs of the Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt,2nd-millennium BC births,Pharaohs of the Abydos Dynasty,Monarchs killed in action,17th-century BC Pharaohs

paragraph: Senebkay

paragraph: Woseribre Senebkay (alternatively Seneb Kay) was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh during the Second Intermediate Period. The discovery of his tomb in January 2014 supports the existence of an independent Abydos Dynasty, contemporary with the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Dynasties during the Second Intermediate Period. He might also appear in the Turin Canon, where there appear two kings with the throne name "Weser... re" (the names are only partly preserved). A further possible object with his name is a magical wand bearing the name "Sebkay". The wand was found at Abydos but could refer to one or possibly two kings of the earlier 13th Dynasty. The existence of the so-called Abydos Dynasty was first proposed by Detlef Franke and later further developed by Kim Ryholt in 1997.

paragraph: Section::::Tomb.

paragraph: Senebkay's tomb (CS9) was discovered in 2014 by Josef W. Wegner of the University of Pennsylvania and a team of Egyptian archaeologists in the southern part of Abydos, Egypt The four-chamber tomb has a decorated limestone burial chamber. On the east, short wall there is a painted depiction of the two Wadjet-eyes. Left and right are standing the goddess Neith and Nut. Over the scene is depicted a winged sun disc. On the North wall is depicted a standing goddess, her name is destroyed. There are short text lines mentioning the deities Duamutef and Qebehsenuf. In the center of the wall appears the cartouche with the king's name Senebkay. The South wall is much destroyed. There are visible the remains of two female deities. Texts are mentioning the deities Amset and Hapi. The head of the king was once decorated with a mummy mask. The texts record the pharaoh's titulary and call him the "king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Woseribre, the son of Re, Senebkay". Senebkay's name was found inscribed inside a royal cartouche. Some of the burial equipment, such as the wooden canopic box, were taken from older tombs. The remains of the canopic box was originally inscribed for a king Sobekhotep, likely from the nearby tomb S10, now believed to belong to Sobekhotep IV.

paragraph: The tomb did not house many funerary goods and may have been robbed in ancient times. The king was around tall and died between the ages of 35 and 40. Studies on his skeleton reveal he was most likely killed in battle. There are eighteen wounds on his bones, impacting his lower back, feet and ankles. The cutting angles suggest he was hit from below, perhaps while he was on a chariot or on horseback. Upon falling to the ground, he was killed by several axe blows to the skull. The curvature of the wounds on the skull indicate the use of battle axes contemporary to the Second Intermediate Period.

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Seneb Kay

wikipedia_title: Senebkay


text:
House of Spanheim
margrave of Verona
duke of Carinthia
Otto of Freising
Ulrich I
Hermann II of Baden
Rudolf II of Stade
Leopold of Styria
Bernard of Trixen
allods
ministeriales
Mark an der Drau
Ottokar III of Styria
Hermann III of Baden
Roman I of Gurk
Emperor Frederick I
Rahewin
Henry II of Austria
Hungarian
"counts and barons"
Val Canale
Byzantine emperor
Manuel I
Engelbert III of Istria
Matilda of Sulzbach
Empress Irene
Tagliamento
Rosazzo
Hermann II

categories: 1161 deaths,Dukes of Carinthia,Margraves of Verona

paragraph: Henry V, Duke of Carinthia

paragraph: Henry V (died 12 October 1161), of the House of Spanheim, was the margrave of Verona from 1144 until 1151 and the duke of Carinthia from 1144 to his death. According to the contemporary chronicler Otto of Freising, Henry was "a valiant man, experienced in the councils of war" ("fortem et exercitatum in bellicis consiliis virum").

paragraph: Henry was the eldest son of Duke Ulrich I and Judith, daughter of Margrave Hermann II of Baden. He married Elizabeth, widow of Count Rudolf II of Stade and daughter of Margrave Leopold of Styria, but their marriage was childless. He succeeded his father while still a youth. In 1147 his rich uncle, Count Bernard of Trixen, bequeathed his allods and his "ministeriales" (high-status serfs) in Carinthia and in the Styrian "Mark an der Drau" to Margrave Ottokar III of Styria.

paragraph: In 1151 another uncle, Hermann III of Baden, was invested with the march of Verona, which had been held by the dukes of Carinthia since 976. Henry is not known to have objected to the loss of this large territory in northern Italy. In 1158 Bishop Roman I of Gurk granted the bailiwick (secular protection) of his diocese to Henry, but this was a small gain for a prince whose territory was dominated by estates with non-resident lords both ecclesiastical and secular. Henry took part in the wars of the Emperor Frederick I in northern Italy in 1154–55 and 1158–60. Otto of Freising lists him among the most distinguished who returned home with the emperor's permission in mid-1155. Otto's continuator, Rahewin, reports that during the 1158 campaign, Henry and Duke Henry II of Austria were given command of the Hungarian contingent of 600 archers, with their "counts and barons", which marched through the Val Canale into the march of Verona, the route known as the "via Canalis".

paragraph: Henry was a member of the embassy Frederick sent to the Byzantine emperor Manuel I in 1160–61. Henry was probably sent because his brother, Margrave Engelbert III of Istria was married to Matilda of Sulzbach, a sister of Manuel's wife, the Empress Irene. While returning, Henry drowned in the mouth of the Tagliamento river. His body was buried in the abbey of Rosazzo. He was succeeded by his brother, Hermann II.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hausmann, Friedrich. "Die Grafen zu Ortenburg und ihre Vorfahren im Mannesstamm, die Spanheimer in Kärnten, Sachsen und Bayern, sowie deren Nebenlinien". "Ostbairische Grenzmarken – Passauer Jahrbuch für Geschichte Kunst und Volkskunde" 36 (1994): 9–62.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ortenburg-Tambach, Eberhard Graf zu. "Geschichte des reichsständischen, herzoglichen und gräflichen Gesamthauses Ortenburg", vol. 1: Das herzogliche Haus in Kärnten. Vilshofen, 1931.

wikidata_label: Henry V of Carinthia

wikipedia_title: Henry V, Duke of Carinthia


text:
Tønsberg
Norwegian
cross-country skier
Olympic
Oslo
athletics
5000 meters
10,000 metres
Tønsberg FIK
IK Tjalve
Egebergs Ærespris
Vasaloppet
Sweden
Ole Ellefsæter
Jørgen
Birkebeinerrennet
Marcialonga
Norwegian School of Sport Sciences
International Ski Federation (FIS)

categories: Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing,Olympic gold medalists for Norway,Sportspeople from Tønsberg,Norwegian School of Sport Sciences alumni,Vasaloppet winners,1972 births,Aukland family,Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics,Norwegian male cross-country skiers,Olympic cross-country skiers of Norway,Cross-country skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics,FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing,Living people,Norwegian male middle-distance runners

paragraph: Anders Aukland

paragraph: Anders Aukland (born 12 September 1972 in Tønsberg) is a professional Norwegian cross-country skier who has won both Olympic and World Championship gold medals. He lives in Oslo.

paragraph: Aukland also used to compete in athletics, and is a former national champion in 5000 meters (1995) and 10,000 metres (1996 and 1997) as well as cross-country running. He has represented Tønsberg FIK and IK Tjalve. In his only international athletics competition he finished seventh in 5000 m at the 1991 European Junior Championships.

paragraph: Aukland received the Egebergs Ærespris in 2001.

paragraph: On 7 March 2004, Aukland won the Vasaloppet in Sweden, becoming the second Norwegian to accomplish this feat after 1971 winner Ole Ellefsæter. Aukland's brother Jørgen finished 3rd in that event. In 2010 Anders won the 54 km Birkebeinerrennet. In 2008 he won Marcialonga.

paragraph: He has his education from the Norwegian School of Sport Sciences.

paragraph: Section::::World Cup results.

paragraph: All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

paragraph: Section::::World Cup results.:Individual podiums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 6 victories

paragraph: BULLET::::- 13 podiums

paragraph: Section::::World Cup results.:Team podiums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 4 victories

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5 podiums

description: Norwegian cross-country skier

wikidata_label: Anders Aukland

wikipedia_title: Anders Aukland


text:
Soviet
sculptor
artist
The Motherland Calls
Yekaterinoslav
Russian Empire
Dnipropetrovsk
Ukraine
Serbian ethnicity
Russian
French
Socialist Realism
Lenin Prize
Stalin Prize
Order of Lenin
Order of the Patriotic War
Hero of Socialist Labor
People's Artist of the USSR
Ksenia Svetlova
Soviet War Memorial
Treptower Park
Berlin
swastika
coins
medals
Let Us Beat Swords into Plowshares
United Nations
Volgograd
Felix Dzerzhinsky
Moscow
Lubyanka Square
The Motherland Calls
Mamayev Kurgan
List of Russian artists

categories: 1974 deaths,Ukrainian people of Serbian descent,People's Artists of the USSR (visual arts),1908 births,Russian male sculptors,Soviet artists,20th-century sculptors,Heroes of Socialist Labour,Soviet people of Serbian descent,Lenin Prize winners,Soviet sculptors,Ukrainian people of Russian descent,Socialist realism artists,Stalin Prize winners,Russian people of Serbian descent

paragraph: Yevgeny Vuchetich

paragraph: Yevgeny Viktorovich Vuchetich (–12 April 1974) (, "Evhen Viktorovich Vuchetich"; ) was a prominent Soviet sculptor and artist. He is known for his heroic monuments, often of allegoric style, including "The Motherland Calls", the largest sculpture in the world at the time.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Vuchetich was born in Yekaterinoslav, Russian Empire (now Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine), the son of Viktor Vučetić, of Serbian ethnicity, and Anna Andreevna Stewart, of Russian and of French descent.

paragraph: He was a prominent representative of the Socialist Realism style and was awarded with the Lenin Prize in 1970, the Stalin Prize (1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950), Order of Lenin (twice), Order of the Patriotic War (2nd degree), Hero of Socialist Labor (1967) and People's Artist of the USSR (1959).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Family.

paragraph: One of his step-granddaughters is Israeli politician Ksenia Svetlova.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Soviet War Memorial in Treptower Park, Berlin (1946–1949), overseen by a 13m tall monument of a Soviet soldier holding a German child, with a sword, over a broken swastika. This war memorial design was later used on coins and medals commemorating the end of fascist rule in 1945.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Let Us Beat Swords into Plowshares" in the United Nations garden (1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Let Us Beat Swords into Plowshares" in front of the plant "Gazoapparat" in Volgograd.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A sculpture of Felix Dzerzhinsky (1958), colloquially known as "Iron Felix", used to be in Moscow at the Lubyanka Square.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Motherland Calls!" at Mamayev Kurgan (1963–1967)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Russian artists

alias:
Yevgeny Viktorovich Vuchetich
Evgenij Viktorovič Vučetič
Yevgeny Vuchetich

description: Soviet artist and pedagogist (1908-1974)

wikidata_label: Yevgeny Viktorovich Vuchetich

wikipedia_title: Yevgeny Vuchetich


text: Romania

text: military band

text: composer

text: Banat

text: Serbian

text: Waves of the Danube

text: Timișoara

text: Austrian Empire

text: flute

text: clarinet

text: Emil Lehr

text: bandmaster

text: Waves of the Danube

text: World Exhibition

text: Bucharest

text: Andrei Ivanovitch

categories: 1845 births,19th-century classical composers,Romanian classical composers,Male classical composers,People from Timișoara,Serbian composers,Romanian people of Serbian descent,Romantic composers,Military musicians,1902 deaths,20th-century male musicians

paragraph: Ion Ivanovici

paragraph: Ion Ivanovici (alternatively: Jovan Ivanović, Iosif Ivanovici, Josef Ivanovich) (1845 – ) was a Romanian military band leader and composer of Banat Serbian origin, best remembered today for his waltz "Waves of the Danube".

paragraph: Ivanovici was born in Timișoara, Austrian Empire. His interest in music began after he learned to play a flute given to him when he was a child. Later, he enrolled in the 6th Army Regiment, where he also learned to play the clarinet. His talent for music soon led him to become among the best musicians in the regiment, and he continued to study with Emil Lehr, one of the most prominent musicians of the latter half of the nineteenth century. Ivanovici later became a bandmaster, and toured Romania. In 1900, he was appointed the Inspector of Military Music, a position that he held until his death next year.

paragraph: Although today Ivanovici is chiefly remembered for his waltz "Waves of the Danube" ("Donauwellen" in German, Flots du Danube, in French), in his lifetime he composed over 350 dances, and his works were published by over sixty publishing houses throughout the world. In 1889, Ivanovici won the coveted march prize to mark the World Exhibition in Paris, out of 116 entries. He died in Bucharest.

paragraph: His great-grandson Andrei Ivanovitch is a successful international classical pianist.

paragraph: Section::::Compositions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Souvenir Moskau (Souvenir from Moscow) Waltz"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Erzherzog Carl Ludwig March", Op. 129

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Serenade"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Daughter of the Boatman", or "Schiffers Tochterlein (La Fille du Marin)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seufzer Waltz" (Sigh Waltz)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sinaia Waltz"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Szerenade Zigeuneren (Gypsy Serenade)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carmen Sylva Waltz" from 1892

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mariana Polka"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Romania's Heart Waltz", Op. 51

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Incognito Waltz"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Abschied von Focșani March (Farewell to Focsani March)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vision de l'Orient Waltz (Vision of the East)", Op. 147

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meteor Waltz"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Im Mondenglanz Waltz (Moonglow Waltz)", Op. 122

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Magic of the Mountains Waltz"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Liebes Klange Polka (Love of Music Po"lka)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Storm Galopp"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wild Flowers Waltz"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Abendtraume Polka-Mazurka (Evening Dream Polka-Mazurka)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Agatha Waltz"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Liebesbote Waltz (Messenger of Love Waltz)", Op. 136

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Easy, like a Dream", also known as "Legere, comme un reve" in French and "Leicht, wie der Traum" in German

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poker Polka", Op. 123

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Am Hofe der Czarin Waltz (In the Courts of the Princess Waltz)", Op. 124

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Ballkönigin Waltz (King of the Ball Waltz)", Op. 127

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Goldene Stunden Waltz (Golden Hours Waltz)", Op. 128 from 1893

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Céline Polka-Mazurka", Op. 130

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Natalia Waltz", Op. 134

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beim Pfanderspiel Polka", Op. 137

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bluthenzauber Waltz", Op. 149

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lieb' um Liebe Waltz (Love for Love Waltz)", Op. 155

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alina Waltz"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amalia Waltz"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Life in Cyprus"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Souvenir de Brăila Quadrille"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aurel Waltz"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cleopatra Waltz"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Elena Polka-Mazurka"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Farmecul Peleșului"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fata pescarului"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frumoasa româncă Waltz"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frumoșii ochi albaștri Song" ("The Beautiful Blue Eyes")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hora micilor dorobanți"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Herzliebchen Waltz"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kalinderu March"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La balul curții Mazurka" ("The Mazurka of the Court's Ball")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Luceafărul Waltz" ("Luceafăr" is the popular name of the Venus star in Romanian)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Military March"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Marșul Carol"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Odalisque Polka-Mazurka"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pe Dunăre Mazurka" ("On the Danube Mazurka")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Plăcerea balului Mazurka" ("The Pleasure of the Ball Mazurka")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Porumbeii albi" ("The White Doves")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Konigin des Morgens" or "The Queen of the Morning"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rosina Polka" from 1902

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sârba moților" ("Sârba" is a traditional dance, "moți" are peasants of Maramureș region)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Suvenire Quadrille"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maus Polka" or "Mouse Polka"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tatiana Waltz"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Roses from the Orient Waltz"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Viața la București Waltz" ("Life in Bucharest Waltz")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Visuri de aur Waltz" ("Golden Dreams Waltz")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zâna Dunării" ("The Fairy of The Danube")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anniversary Waltz"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bavarian Ländler"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kaiserreise" or "Voyage Imperial March"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Bella Roumaine Waltz" from 1901

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Danube Waves"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Johann Strauss Society of Great Britain: Iosef Ivanovici

wikidata_label: Ion Ivanovici

wikipedia_title: Ion Ivanovici


text:
Persian
laqab
of the Dynasty
Buyid
emir
Iraq
Daylamite
Islam
Daylam
Makan ibn Kaki
Ziyarid
Mardavij
Kerman
Istakhr
Khuzestan
Caliph
Hamdanid
Nasir al-Dawla
Batihah amirate
Ruzbahan
Izz al-Dawla
Daylamite
Lahijan
Zoroastrian
Islam
'Ali
Hasan
Makan ibn Kaki
Samanid
Ray
Ziyarid
Mardavij
Fars
Kerman
Banu Ilyas
Baluchis
Arab
Istakhr
Khuzestan
Abbasid Caliphate
Iraq
Wasit
Al-Mada'in
de facto
Tuzun
Ahvaz
amir al-umara
Al-Mustakfi
honorific title
Hasan
Persia
Persian
Abu'l-Fadl al-Abbas ibn Fasanjas
Fasanjas family
Basra
Shiraz
Hamdanid
Nasir al-Dawla
Mosul
Jazira
Turkish
al-Muti'
Ukbara
Samarra
Abu Ja'far ibn Shirzad
Tikrit
Abu Ja'far Saymari
Arab
Diyar Bakr
Ikhshidid
Egypt
Syria
Basra
Wasit
Rukn al-Dawla
Persia
Nasir al-Dawla
Friday prayer
Batihah amirate
'Imran ibn Shahin
Ispahdost
al-Muti
Fana-Khusrau
Ruzbahan
Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Muhallabi
Turkic
ghulams
Tigris river
indemnity
Mayyafariqin
Nasibin
guerrilla
Diyar Rabi'a
Fadl Allah Abu Taghlib al-Ghadanfar
Oman
Shahinids
Mesopotamian
'Izz al-Dawla
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim
Shi'ite
Sunni
Ahvaz
Byzantines
Turks
Daylamites
H. F. Amedroz

categories: Buyid dynasty,10th-century people of the Abbasid Caliphate,10th-century Iranian people,967 deaths,Ziyarid generals,Year of birth unknown,10th-century rulers in Asia

paragraph: Mu'izz al-Dawla

paragraph: Ahmad ibn Buya (Persian: احمد بن بویه, died April 8, 967), after 945 better known by his "laqab" of Mu'izz al-Dawla (, "Fortifier of the Dynasty"), was the first of the Buyid emirs of Iraq, ruling from 945 until his death.

paragraph: The son of Daylamite fisherman who had converted to Islam, Ahmad ibn Buya was born in the mountainous region of Daylam, and by 928, he along with his two brothers served the Daylamite military leader Makan ibn Kaki. However, they quickly changed their allegiance to the Ziyarid ruler Mardavij, but some years later rebelled against him after founding out that he planned to murder one of the brothers. In 935/6, Ahmad ibn Buya unsuccessfully invaded Kerman, and was later sent to Istakhr. From there he started making incursions into Khuzestan and later Iraq; by 945, he was officially recognized as the ruler of Iraq and Khuzestan and had received the title of "Mu'izz al-Dawla" from the Caliph, while his two other brother were the rulers of other territories and had also received titles from the Caliph.

paragraph: Throughout his rule, Mu'izz al-Dawla was devoted in conflicts with other dynasties for control over Iraq—in 946, an important battle took place in Baghdad between Mu'izz al-Dawla and the Hamdanid amir Nasir al-Dawla, which lasted several months, with Mu'izz al-Dawla ending as the victor. Mu'izz al-Dawla also fought against the Batihah amirate several times, but was unable to decisively defeat it. Mu'izz al-Dawla also had problems with some of his Daylamite kinsmen, who would sometimes rebel against him, the most dangerous rebellion being under Ruzbahan from 955 to 957. By Mu'izz al-Dawla's death in 967, he had defeated all his foes and was the unchallenged ruler of Iraq. He was succeeded by his son Izz al-Dawla.

paragraph: Section::::Family and early career.

paragraph: Ahmad was the son of Buya, a Daylamite fisherman from Lahijan, who had left his Zoroastrian faith and converted to Islam. Ahmad had two older brothers named 'Ali and Hasan, and a sister named Kama.

paragraph: In around 928, Ahmad's brother Ali joined the services of Makan ibn Kaki, who was the Samanid governor of Ray. 'Ali then managed to gain military positions for Ahmad and another their other brother Hasan. At the time, Ahmad was about thirteen years old. When Makan attacked his Samanid overlords and was subsequently defeated by the Ziyarid prince Mardavij, the brothers transferred their allegiance to the latter. In the following years, 'Ali repudiated his subservience to Mardavij and, after some time, managed to create an empire in Fars, where Ahmad distinguished himself in battle.

paragraph: In 935 or 936, 'Ali sent Ahmad to Kerman with the task of conquering that province from the Banu Ilyas. Ahmad overran much of Kerman, but encountered resistance from the Baluchis and Arab Qafs, receiving a wound to the head and losing a hand and several fingers on the other. Direct Buyid control over Kerman was not established, resulting in 'Ali's recall of Ahmad. The latter was then sent to Istakhr to await further orders.

paragraph: Ahmad's next opportunity to expand the possessions of the Buyids came when the Baridis requested help from 'Ali. The Baridis, who ruled in Khuzestan, were nominally subordinate to the Abbasid Caliphate, but were attempting to establish their independence. Ahmad was sent by 'Ali to the area; he succeeded in uprooting the authority of the Baridis and taking control of that province.

paragraph: Section::::Invasion and conquest of Iraq.

paragraph: From Khuzestan he launched several campaigns into Iraq, where the Caliphate was in serious internal disarray. These expeditions were of his own initiative; 'Ali had not ordered them and did not send support for them. In 944, Ahmad captured Wasit, but was near Al-Mada'in met by an Abbasid army under the "de facto" ruler of the Caliphate, Tuzun. Ahmad eventually emerged victorious during the battle, and then marched towards Baghdad, but was on July 28 forced to retreat back to Ahvaz after Tuzun had destroyed the bridge to Baghdad. In 945, a Abbasid officer, Yanal Kushah, joined Ahmad, who shortly once again invaded Iraq.

paragraph: Ahmad then gained control of Baghdad on December 19, 945 without a struggle. He took charge of the administration of the Caliphate by taking the position of "amir al-umara"'. The Caliph Al-Mustakfi also gave him the honorific title of "Mu'izz al-Dawla" ("Glorifier of the State"). 'Ali was given the title of "'Imad al-Dawla" ("Support of the State"); another of Ahmad's brothers, Hasan, who had gained control of northern Persia, gained the title of "Rukn al-Dawla" ("Pillar of the State"). Mu'izz had brought many of his Daylamite soldiers to Iraq, whom he settled there. He also brought many prominent Persian statesmen, including Abu'l-Fadl al-Abbas ibn Fasanjas from the Fasanjas family, who served as the financial minister of Basra.

paragraph: Despite the fact that Mu'izz al-Dawla had taken control of Iraq by himself, he remained subordinate to 'Imad al-Dawla, who ruled in Shiraz. Coins bearing 'Imad al-Dawla's name in addition to his own were made. His title of "amir al-umara"', which in theory made him the senior amir of the Buyids, meant little in reality and was soon claimed by 'Imad al-Dawla. Although he maintained a certain level of independence, it was clear that he should respect the authority of the 'Imad al-Dawla.

paragraph: Section::::First war with the Hamdanids.:Background.

paragraph: News of this event was received negatively by the Hamdanid amir Nasir al-Dawla, who ruled over Mosul and the districts of the eastern Jazira. Nasir al-Dawla had previously controlled Baghdad in 942 and he still entertained hopes of regaining the city; Mu'izz al-Dawla's takeover of the capital was therefore an unwelcome development for him.

paragraph: Nasir al-Dawla had reason to be confident that he could defeat Mu'izz al-Dawla if he made an attempt to capture Baghdad. His army had been bolstered by the arrival of numerous Turkish soldiers who had fled from Baghdad just before Mu'izz al-Dawla's entrance into the capital, and he was much more familiar with the territory between Mosul and Baghdad than his rival was. Mu'izz al-Dawla, on the other hand, was on less secure ground; Baghdad was in a sorry state thanks to years of mismanagement and he was hamstrung by its numerous financial and military problems. Nasir al-Dawla furthermore gained a pretext for war when in January 946 Mu'izz al-Dawla deposed and blinded the caliph al-Mustakfi and replaced him with the more obedient al-Muti'. As a result of these factors, Nasir al-Dawla took a belligerent tone with the Buyids; he withheld the payment of tribute to Baghdad, refused to recognize al-Muti' as caliph and continued to mint coins in al-Mustakfi's name.

paragraph: Section::::First war with the Hamdanids.:Initial hostilities.

paragraph: It quickly became clear that the two amirs would be unable to work out an agreement with each other. In February 946, Mu'izz al-Dawla sent an army under the command of Musa Fayadhah and Yanal Kushah to Ukbara, in preparation for a campaign to conquer Mosul. The expedition was terminated, however, when Yanal Kushah suddenly attacked Musa and deserted to the Hamdanids. Nasir al-Dawla responded to this act of aggression by leading his army, which included a number of Turks, to Samarra the following month. Mu'izz al-Dawla similarly gathered his forces and departed from Baghdad with the caliph al-Muti' for Ukbara.

paragraph: While stationed at Samarra, Nasir al-Dawla sent his brother Jubayr to sneak around the Buyid army and head south to Baghdad. When Jubayr arrived at the city, he was welcomed by the citizens and by Mu'izz al-Dawla's former secretary Abu Ja'far ibn Shirzad, who declared his allegiance to the Hamdanids and administered the affairs of Baghdad on their behalf. Nasir al-Dawla then decided to head for Baghdad himself. Leaving his cousin al-Husayn ibn Sa'id in the field to distract Mu'izz al-Dawla, he headed south and reached western Baghdad on April 15, and though he was forced to destroy his baggage when a number of Daylamites threatened to seize it, he and his forces were able to gain control of the city.

paragraph: When Mu'izz al-Dawla learned that he had lost Baghdad, he gathered his Daylamite soldiers, who had been busy plundering Tikrit and Samarra, and headed back to the city. When he arrived, he found that Nasir al-Dawla had crossed the Tigris and set up camp outside the Shammasiyyah quarter of eastern Baghdad; he therefore dug in on the western side of the city, and the two sides prepared for fighting.

paragraph: Section::::First war with the Hamdanids.:Stalemate.

paragraph: For the next three months, control of Baghdad was divided between the Hamdanids and Buyids, with the Tigris acting as a dividing line between them. On the Hamdanid side, Nasir al-Dawla promoted Ibn Shirzad to serve as one of his chief commanders, while on the western side, Abu Ja'far Saymari, the chief secretary of Mu'izz al-Dawla, managed the Buyid war effort.

paragraph: Both sides were clearly determined to take permanent control of the city, and the battle quickly turned into a stalemate. Combat took place in multiple locations throughout Baghdad, with both the Hamdanid and Buyid forces launching offensive sorties against each other. Neither side, however was able to generate a victory large enough to win control of both halves of the city. Getting troops across the Tigris successfully was a challenge, and even if an army managed to make it to the opposite shore, they were usually forced to retreat in short order.

paragraph: The attempts of the opposing sides to gain control of the Tigris was a major aspect of the fighting. The Hamdanid and Buyid armies both built "zabzabs" or small riverboats and used these to launch attacks on each other. Each day, Ibn Shirzad led a number of "zabzabs" filled with Turks up and down the Tigris, and they shot arrows at the Daylamites stationed on the western side of the city. Mu'izz al-Dawla also constructed a fleet of "zabzabs", and his troops used these to battle the Hamdanid forces patrolling the river.

paragraph: On the eastern side, Nasir al-Dawla attempted to legitimize his seizure of the city by re-issuing the coinage of 942-3, from when he had last been in control of Baghdad. At least part of the population accepted his claims and supported him throughout the fighting. Ibn Shirzad was also able to augment the ranks of the Hamdanid forces by enlisting local citizens and criminals, and they participated in attacks on Mu'izz al-Dawla's Daylamite troops.

paragraph: The economy of Baghdad suffered greatly throughout the fighting. Both sides seized the produce of local cultivators to feed their troops. Eastern Baghdad was able to avoid any serious shortages thanks to shipments flowing down from Mosul, but the western side was subjected to a blockade for the duration of the conflict. Nasir al-Dawla's forces prevented civilians on the western side from crossing to the eastern, while a number of allied Arab tribes surrounded western Baghdad and cut off the flow of supplies. The blockade was effective and soon shortages were rampant on the Buyid side; the price of bread soared to more than six times what it was selling for on the eastern side of the river, and was sometimes not available at all. Starving people were reduced to eating grass and carrion, and several women were executed for acts of cannibalism.

paragraph: Section::::First war with the Hamdanids.:Buyid victory.

paragraph: By July 945, with no end to the battle in sight and with the blockade making supplies increasingly scarce, Mu'izz al-Dawla was giving serious thought to abandoning western Baghdad and retreating to al-Ahwaz. He eventually decided to make one final attempt to take the eastern side, and if the effort failed he would give the order to withdraw. He gave orders to his chief secretary Saymari to cross to the eastern bank with a number of handpicked Daylamites, while he himself would attempt to distract the Hamdanid forces with a ruse.

paragraph: The plan was carried out on the night of August 1. Mu'izz al-Dawla led a number of men north, instructing them to light torches and blast trumpets along the way. The Hamdanid army, seeing his movements, moved north as well to prevent him from crossing the river. Saymari and his soldiers were therefore free to cross to the eastern side and began to do so. When the Hamdanid army realized what was happening, they sent a number of men in "zabzabs" to stop him, and a fierce fight broke out. Eventually the Daylamites were victorious and the Hamdanid forces were pushed back to the Shammasiyyah gate at the northeastern corner of the city.

paragraph: As the Daylamites spread throughout eastern Baghdad, the Hamdanid army began to fall apart in disorder. Nasir al-Dawla, realizing that he was in danger of losing the city, ordered Ibn Shirzad to take command of the troops and push the Daylamites back across the river. Ibn Shirzad set out, but when he attempted to convince the panicking soldiers to regroup he was unable to do so and therefore decided to flee. Nasir al-Dawla then realized that the fight was lost and joined the retreat; the Hamdanid forces withdrew from Baghdad and allowed the Buyids to take control of the city.

paragraph: Eastern Baghdad, meanwhile, remained in a state of turmoil. The Daylamite army occupied the eastern quarters of the city and began retaliating against the population for their support of the Hamdanids during the fighting. Ignoring an order by Mu'izz al-Dawla to refrain from pillaging, they began looting, set fire to houses and killed a number of civilians. Many of the residents fled in fear and attempted to head north to Ukbara, but died along the way in the summer heat. The chaos ceased only when Saymari executed several pillagers and sent out patrols to reestablish order.

paragraph: Section::::First war with the Hamdanids.:Aftermath and war against minor rulers.

paragraph: Following their expulsion from Baghdad, Nasir al-Dawla, Ibn Shirzad and the Hamdanid army proceeded up the Tigris to Ukbara to regroup. After they arrived, Nasir al-Dawla sent an envoy to Mu'izz al-Dawla to sue for peace. Mu'izz al-Dawla agreed to the terms, and the war between the two sides came to an end. Mu'izz al-Dawla agreed to recognize the Hamdanid as ruler of the territory from Tikrit northwards, and to release him from the obligation of transmitting tax revenues from Mosul and the Diyar Bakr district. In exchange, Nasir al-Dawla was made responsible for forwarding the tax proceeds of Ikhshidid Egypt and Syria on to Baghdad, and promised to regularly send supplies to the city which were to be exempt from any taxes; in addition, he agreed to recognize al-Muti' as the legitimate caliph.

paragraph: The Turkish mercenaries in the Hamdanid army, who were vehemently opposed to Mu'izz al-Dawla's continued occupation of Baghdad, were not informed that Nasir al-Dawla was seeking peace with the Buyids. When they learned that the two amirs had agreed to a treaty, they rebelled against Nasir al-Dawla and compelled him to flee. Nasir al-Dawla was forced to call on Mu'izz al-Dawla for assistance, and a Buyid army under the command of Saymari was sent to quell the Turks and enforce the treaty. Saymari defeated the rebels and confirmed Nasir al-Dawla in his position, but also confiscated a number of supplies and took a son of Nasir al-Dawla as a hostage to ensure that he would abide by the terms of the peace; he then returned to Baghdad.

paragraph: Mu'izz al-Dawla now focused on the Baridis, who still controlled Basra and Wasit. He managed to defeat them and annex their lands in 947. Their defeat marked the end of major fighting.

paragraph: Conflict between the Buyids and Hamdanids was renewed in 948, when Mu'izz al-Dawla again marched against Mosul, but was forced to cut off his campaign to assist his brother Rukn al-Dawla, who was having trouble in Persia. In exchange, Nasir al-Dawla agreed to recommence the payment of tribute for the Jazira and Syria, as well as to add the names of the three Buyid brothers after that of the Caliph in the Friday prayer.

paragraph: Section::::War against the Batihah amirate and death of Imad al-Dawla.

paragraph: Mu'izz al-Dawla, after having assisted his brother, then sent Abu Ja'far al-Saymari to subdue the Batihah amirate. He managed to inflict a series of defeats upon the Batihah ruler 'Imran ibn Shahin, who fled and whose family was imprisoned. During the same period, Mu'izz al-Dawla had his brother-in-law Ispahdost imprisoned for planning a plot along with al-Muti against him.

paragraph: 'Imad al-Dawla shortly died in 949, and Rukn al-Dawla then took the title of senior amir, Mu'izz al-Dawla accepted the change of rulers, and then sent al-Saymari to Shiraz to ensure that Fana-Khusrau, who was the son of Rukn al-Dawla and 'Imad al-Dawla's successor, would take power there. Still, he raised objections when Fana-Khusrau requested the title of "Taj al-Dawla". The title of "Taj" ("crown") implied that Fana-Khusrau was superior to his father and uncle, provoking a reaction from Mu'izz al-Dawla. A more suitable title ("'Adud al-Dawla") was instead chosen. Shortly afterwards, Mu'izz al-Dawla sent another expedition against the Batihah. This campaign, led by a Daylamite officer named Ruzbahan, ended badly. Ruzbahan discovered 'Imran's location and attacked him, but was heavily defeated and forced to withdraw.

paragraph: 'Imran then became even more bold, with his subjects demanding protection money from anyone, including government officials, that crossed their path, and the path to Basra by water was effectively closed off. Mu'izz al-Dawla's prominent chief sectary Abu Ja'far al-Saymari shortly died in 650/651, which made him appoint Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Muhallabi as his vizier. Mu'izz al-Dawla, after receiving numerous complaints from his officers about 'Imran, sent another army in 950 or 951, under the joint command of al-Muhallabi and Ruzbahan.

paragraph: Ruzbahan, who disliked the vizier, convinced him to directly attack 'Imran. He kept his forces in the rear and fled as soon as fighting between the two sides began. 'Imran used the terrain effectively, laying ambushes and confusing al-Muhallabi's army. Many of the vizier's soldiers died in the fighting and he himself only narrowly escaped capture, swimming to safety. Mu'izz al-Dawla then came to terms with 'Imran, acceding to his terms. Prisoners were exchanged and 'Imran was made a vassal of the Buyids, being instated as governor of the Batihah.

paragraph: Peace lasted for approximately five years between the two sides. A false rumor of Mu'izz al-Dawla's death in 955, however, prompted 'Imran to seize a Buyid convoy traveling from Ahvaz to Baghdad. Mu'izz al-Dawla demanded that the items confiscated be returned, at which point 'Imran returned the money gained, but kept the goods taken. Mu'izz al-Dawla sent Ruzbahan a third time to the swamp, but the latter revolted and 'Imran was spared from a new attack. Ruzbahan was further joined by the Daylamite soldiers of al-Muhallabi.

paragraph: Section::::Rebellion of Ruzbahan.

paragraph: While Mu'izz was preoccupied with the rebellion of his Daylamite troops under Ruzbahan in southern Iraq, Nasir al-Dawla used the opportunity to advance south and capture Baghdad. In 957, Mu'izz al-Dawla fought a final battle against Ruzbahan. Ruzbahan almost managed to win the battle, but was defeated by Mu'izz al-Dawla's Turkic "ghulams". The defeat marked the end of Ruzbahan's rebellion. Ruzbahan was captured during the battle and was imprisoned in a fortress known as Sarat. The Daylamite supporters of Ruzbahan then began planning to capture the fortress and rescue Ruzbahan.

paragraph: Abu'l-Abbas Musafir, an officer of Mu'izz al-Dawla, who managed to discover of the Daylamite's plan, quickly urged Mu'izz al-Dawla to have Ruzbahan killed. Mu'izz al-Dawla, however, did not agree with him. A number of Mu'izz al-Dawla's officer shortly told him the same, which made him agree with them. When it became night, the guards of Mu'izz al-Dawla took Ruzbahan to the Tigris river, where he was drowned.

paragraph: Mu'izz al-Dawla then began removing the Daylamite who had followed Ruzbahan from their offices, arrested a number of them, and disregarded the rest of the Daylamites, while favoring and promoting his Turkic ghulams to higher offices, and giving them more land.

paragraph: Section::::Second war with the Hamdanids.

paragraph: Mu'izz al-Dawla then began counter-attacking Nasir al-Dawla, who was not able to maintain his position, and abandoned Baghdad. Peace was renewed in exchange for the recommencement of tribute and an additional indemnity, but when Nasir al-Dawla refused to send the second year's payment, the Buyid ruler advanced north. Unable to confront the Buyid army in the field, Nasir al-Dawla abandoned Mosul and fled to Mayyafariqin and then to his brother Sayf al-Dawla in Aleppo. The Buyids captured Mosul and Nasibin, but the Hamdanids and their supporters withdrew to their home territory in the mountains of the north, taking with them their treasures as well as all government records and tax registers. As a result, the Buyid army was unable to support itself in the conquered territory, all the more since the predominantly Daylamite troops were resented by the local people, who launched guerrilla attacks on them. Sayf al-Dawla tried to mediate with Mu'izz al-Dawla, but his first approaches were rebuffed. Only when he agreed to assume the burden of paying his brother's tribute for the entire Diyar Rabi'a, did Mu'izz al-Dawla agree to peace.

paragraph: In 964, Nasir al-Dawla tried to renegotiate the terms of the arrangement he had made with Mu'izz al-Dawla, but also to secure Buyid recognition for his eldest son, Fadl Allah Abu Taghlib al-Ghadanfar, as his successor. Mu'izz al-Dawla refused Nasir al-Dawla's demands, and again invaded Hamdanid territory. Once again Mosul and Nasibin were captured, while the Hamdanids fled to the mountain fortresses. As in 958, the Buyids were unable to maintain themselves for long in the Jazira, and soon an agreement was reached which allowed the Hamdanids to return to Mosul. This time, however, Abu Taghlib emerged as the effective leader in his father's place: it was with him, rather than the aged Nasir al-Dawla, that Mu'izz al-Dawla concluded a treaty.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and death.

paragraph: Rukn al-Dawla's struggles in northern Persia against various enemies caused Mu'izz al-Dawla to send military aid for several years. This, combined with continually having to deal with the Hamdanids, prevented Mu'izz al-Dawla from expanding the borders of his state for several years. Despite this, he managed to annex Oman with military support from 'Adud al-Dawla, and shortly afterwards undertook a campaign against the Shahinids of the Mesopotamian marshlands. It was during this campaign that he died, in 967. His son 'Izz al-Dawla, whom he had named his successor during a serious illness in 955, took power following his death. Mu'izz al-Dawla also had other sons named Habashi (known by his title of "Sanad al-Dawla"), Abu Ishaq Ibrahim, Abu Tahir, Marzuban, and a daughter Zubayda.

paragraph: Section::::Impact and assessment.

paragraph: Mu'izz al-Dawla's entrance into Baghdad in 945 marked over a century of Buyid rule in Iraq, and also of Shi'ite Buyid control over the Sunni Caliphate. Nevertheless, by the time of his death several problems remained unsolved. The Buyids had difficulty becoming accustomed to Baghdad; Mu'izz al-Dawla almost left the city in favor of Ahvaz. The enemies of the Buyids, such as the Hamdanids and the Byzantines, continued to pose a threat. The struggle for power between Baghdad and Shiraz that first showed itself during Mu'izz al-Dawla's lifetime exploded into violence soon after his death.

paragraph: Finally, the hostility between the Turks and Daylamites in Baghdad continued to pose a problem. The Sunni Turks, who found their privileges eroded by the Daylamite troops that had entered Baghdad with their master in 945, constantly threatened to upset the internal stability of the state. Mu'izz al-Dawla at first favored the Daylamite troops but later attempted to compromise between the two groups, making a Turk named Sebük-Tegin his chief commander. 'Izz al-Dawla's ascension would soon upset this balance, however, resulting in internal disunity.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miskawaihi. "The Eclipse of the Abbasid Caliphate: the Concluding Portion of the Experiences of the Nations, Vol. II." Trans. & ed. H. F. Amedroz and D. S. Margoliouth. London, 1921.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Donahue, John J. "The Buwayhid Dynasty in Iraq 334H./945 to 403H./1012: Shaping Institutions for the Future." Leiden: Brill NV, 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bacharach, Jere L. "Islamic History through Coins: An Analysis and Catalogue of Tenth-Century Ikhshidid Coinage." Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kabir, Mafizullah. "The Buwayhid dynasty of Baghdad." Calcutta: Iran Society, 1964.

description: Buwayhid emir of Iraq

wikidata_label: Mu'izz al-Dawla

wikipedia_title: Mu'izz al-Dawla