href: Buyid Ray%2C%20Iran Iran Fakhr%20al-Dawla Iran laqab Shams%20al-Dawla Hamadan Sayyida%20Shirin Shah Baha%27%20al-Dawla Fars%20Province Iraq Persian%20literature Boanthropy Avicenna Kurd Gorgan Tabaristan Ziyarid Sallarids Azerbaijan melancholia Avicenna Ibn%20Fuladh Dailamite Qazvin Ray%2C%20Iran Bavandid Abu%20Ja%27far%20Muhammad Manuchihr Isfahan Kakuyid Muhammad%20ibn%20Rustam%20Dushmanziyar Sama%27%20al-Dawla Hamadan Dinavar Khorramabad ispahbadh Nahavand Jibal Al-Qadir Dailamite Mahmud%20of%20Ghazni Fana-Khusrau

text:
Buyid
Rayy
Iran
Fakhr al-Dawla
Iran
laqab
Abu Taher
Hamadan
Sayyida Shirin
Shâhanshâh
Baha' al-Dawla
Fars
Iraq
Persian traditions
an illusion that he is a cow
Avicenna
Kurd
Gorgan
Tabaristan
Ziyarid
Sallarids
Azerbaijan
melancholia
Avicenna
Ibn Fuladh
Dailamite
Qazvin
Ray
Bavandid
Abu Ja'far Muhammad
Manuchihr
Isfahan
Kakuyid
Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar
Sama' al-Dawla
Hamadan
Dinavar
Khorramabad
ispahbadh
Nahavand
Jibal
Al-Qadir
Dailamite
Mahmud of Ghazni
Fana-Khusrau

categories: 11th-century rulers in Asia,Medieval child rulers,Buyid dynasty,997 births,10th-century Iranian people,1029 deaths,10th-century rulers in Asia

paragraph: Majd al-Dawla

paragraph: Abu Taleb Rostam (), known as Majd al-Dawla, was the Buyid emir of Rayy, a city in Iran (997–1029). He was the eldest son of Fakhr al-Dawla. His reign saw the removal of the Buyids as a power in central Iran.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Abu Taleb Rostam succeeded his father upon the latter's death in 997, and was given the "laqab" of "Majd al-Dawla". At the time he was four years old. His younger brother, Abu Taher ("Shams al-Dawla"), meanwhile, became the ruler of Hamadan. Since both brothers were in the age of minority, power was assumed by their mother Sayyida Shirin. Both sons initially declared themselves independent and assumed the title of Shâhanshâh, but by 1009 or 1010 at the latest had recognized the authority of Baha' al-Dawla, who controlled Fars and Iraq, and abandoned the title.

paragraph: According to Persian traditions, he was suffering from an illusion that he is a cow, and he was cured by Avicenna.

paragraph: In 1006 or 1007, with the assistance of his vizier Abu 'Ali ibn 'Ali, Majd al-Dawla attempted to throw off the regency of his mother. Sayyida, however, escaped to the Kurd Abu Najr Badr ibn Hasanuya, and together with Shams al-Dawla they put Ray under siege. After several battles, the city was taken and Majd al-Dawla was captured. He was imprisoned by his mother in the fort of Tabarak, while Shams al-Dawla took to power in Ray. After a year, Majd al-Dawla was released and reinstated in Ray; Shams al-Dawla returned to Hamadan. Power continued to be held by his mother.

paragraph: Majd al-Dawla's reign saw the gradual shrinking of Buyid holdings in central Iran; Gorgan and Tabaristan had been lost to the Ziyarids in 997, while several of the western towns were seized by the Sallarids of Azerbaijan. Sayyida later prevented Shams al-Dawla from seizing Ray from Majd al-Dawla. In ca. 1015, Majd al-Dawla, who was suffering melancholia, was treated by the famous Persian scholar Avicenna.

paragraph: Ibn Fuladh, a Dailamite military officer, who claimed Qazvin for himself, revolted against Majd al-Dawla in 1016. Majd al-Dawla, however, refused to make him governor of Qazvin, which made Ibn Fuladh threaten him around the countryside of his capital in Ray. Majd al-Dawla then requested the aid of his vassal, the Bavandid ruler Abu Ja'far Muhammad, who managed to defeat Ibn Fuladh and repel him from Ray. Ibn Fuladh then requested aid from the Ziyarid ruler Manuchihr. Ibn Fuladh agreed to become Manuchihr's vassal in return for his aid. The following year, a combined army of Ibn Fuladh and Manuchihr besieged Ray, which forced Majd al-Dawla to make Ibn Fuladh the governor of Isfahan. However, the Kakuyid ruler Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar, who was a Buyid vassal king of Isfahan, defeated Ibn Fuladh, possibly killing him during the battle. Shams al-Dawla later died in 1021 and was succeeded by his son Sama' al-Dawla.

paragraph: The fragility of Majd al-Dawla's kingdom later encouraged Muhammad to extend his domains in the Kurdish held mountains of Iran. In 1023, Muhammad seized Hamadan from Sama' al-Dawla, and then proceeded to capture Dinavar and Khorramabad from its Kurdish leaders. He spent the following years in protecting his realm from invasions by the Kurds and princes ("ispahbadh") from Tabaristan.

paragraph: Five years later, Majd al-Dawla sent a combined Buyid-Bavand army under Abu Ja'far Muhammad and his two sons against Muhammad. Muhammad, however, managed win a great victory over the Buyid-Bavand army at Nahavand, and managed to capture Abu Ja'far including his two sons. After this great victory, Muhammad consolidated his position as the strongest ruler of Jibal, even though Majd al-Dawla was his overlord, Muhammad minted coins in his own name. He was later personally awarded, and without the intervention of the Buyids, from the Caliph Abbasid Al-Qadir, the title of "Ḥusām Amīr-al-muʾmenīn" (Sword of the Commander of the Faithful).

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: When Sayyida died in 1028, the consequences of the political seclusion of Majd al-Dawla became apparent. He was soon faced with a revolt by his Dailamite soldiers, and requested the assistance of Mahmud of Ghazni in dealing with them. Mahmud came to Ray, deposed Majd al-Dawla as ruler, and sacked the city, bringing an end to Buyid rule there. One of his sons, Fana-Khusrau, would attempt to restore the power of the Buyids in the following years, but failed.

description: Buyid Emir

wikidata_label: Abu Taleb Rostam

wikipedia_title: Majd al-Dawla


text:
Admiral
Royal Navy
Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet
Royal Navy
First World War
Second World War
China Station
Chatham
Australian Fleet
Flag Officer Air (Home)
Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet
NATO

categories: 1898 births,Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order,Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath,Royal Navy admirals,1966 deaths,Commanders of the Order of the British Empire,Royal Navy personnel of World War I

paragraph: John Eccles (Royal Navy officer)

paragraph: Admiral Sir John Arthur Symons Eccles, (20 June 1898 – 1 March 1966) was a Royal Navy officer who served as Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet from 1955 until his retirement in 1958.

paragraph: Section::::Naval career.

paragraph: Eccles joined the Royal Navy in 1916 during the First World War. He also served in the Second World War as Captain of on the China Station.

paragraph: Eccles then became Commander of the Royal Navy Barracks at Chatham in 1948. He was appointed Flag Officer commanding the Australian Fleet in 1949 and Admiral commanding the Reserves in 1952. He went on to be Flag Officer Air (Home) in 1953 and Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet and NATO Allied Commander-in-Chief Eastern Fleet in 1955 before retiring in 1958.

description: Royal Navy admiral

wikidata_label: John Eccles

wikipedia_title: John Eccles (Royal Navy officer)


text:
dramatic soprano
spinto soprano
Wagner
Strauss
mezzo-soprano
French provinces
Opéra National de Paris
Richard Wagner
Parsifal
Bayreuth Festival
Metropolitan Opera
Conservatoire de Paris
master class
Long-Thibaud-Crespin Competition
Marseille
Nîmes
Baccalauréat
Conservatoire de Paris
Georges Jouatte
Opéra National de Paris
Opéra national du Rhin
Richard Wagner
Lohengrin
Mulhouse
Opéra-Comique
Giacomo Puccini
Tosca
Cavalleria rusticana
provinces of France
Richard Strauss
Der Rosenkavalier
Carl Maria von Weber
Oberon
Giuseppe Verdi
Otello
Un ballo in maschera
Sigurd
Francis Poulenc
Dialogues of the Carmelites
Henri Tomasi
Sampiero Corsu
Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux
Wieland Wagner
Parsifal
Bayreuth Festival
Die Walküre
Götterdämmerung
La Scala
Ildebrando Pizzetti
Fedra
Vienna State Opera
Glyndebourne Festival
Royal Opera
Covent Garden
Deutsche Oper Berlin
Lyric Opera of Chicago
Tito Gobbi
Beethoven
Fidelio
Tannhäuser
Ariadne auf Naxos
Peabody Mason Concert
Metropolitan Opera
Hertha Töpper
Otto Edelmann
Anneliese Rothenberger
Lorin Maazel
Carmen
Werther
Les Contes d'Hoffmann
Cavalleria rusticana
Der fliegende Holländer
Dialogues des Carmélites
Lucine Amara
Gabriel Bacquier
Kathleen Battle
Carlo Bergonzi
Walter Cassel
Franco Corelli
Nicolai Gedda
Enrico Di Giuseppe
Plácido Domingo
Reri Grist
Alfredo Kraus
Evelyn Lear
William Lewis
George London
Christa Ludwig
Cornell MacNeil
James McCracken
Sherrill Milnes
Birgit Nilsson
Jessye Norman
Nell Rankin
Leonie Rysanek
Jeanette Scovotti
Shirley Verrett
Jon Vickers
Teatro Colón
Buenos Aires
Fauré
Pénélope
Gluck
Iphigénie en Tauride
The Queen of Spades
The Medium
Aix-en-Provence Festival
San Francisco Opera
Berlioz
Les Troyens
Offenbach
La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein
Tchaikovsky
The Queen of Spades
Philadelphia Lyric Opera Company
Opera Company of Philadelphia
Die Walküre
Salzburg Festival
Fauré
Pénélope
Les nuits d'été
San Francisco Opera
Merola Opera Program
Schumann
Frauenliebe und -leben
Légion d'honneur
Berlioz
Les nuits d'été
Ravel
Ernest Ansermet
Suisse Romande Orchestra
Der Rosenkavalier
Decca
Vienna Philharmonic
Georg Solti
Die Walküre
Berlin Philharmonic
Herbert von Karajan
Deutsche Grammophon
Interview with Regine Crespin
Régine Crespin sings 'C'est vrai'

categories: Deaths from liver cancer,20th-century opera singers,20th-century French singers,Conservatoire de Paris alumni,2007 deaths,Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery,Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur,People from Marseille,1927 births,French operatic mezzo-sopranos,Deaths from cancer in France

paragraph: Régine Crespin

paragraph: Régine Crespin (23 February 1927 – 5 July 2007) was a French singer who had a major international career in opera and on the concert stage between 1950 and 1989. She started her career singing roles in the dramatic soprano and spinto soprano repertoire, drawing particular acclaim singing Wagner and Strauss heroines. She went on to sing a wider repertoire that embraced Italian, French, German, and Russian opera from a variety of musical periods. In the early 1970s Crespin began experiencing vocal difficulties for the first time and ultimately began performing roles from the mezzo-soprano repertoire. Throughout her career she was widely admired for the elegance, warmth and subtlety of her singing, especially in the French and German operatic repertories.

paragraph: Crespin began her career in France, earning her first critical successes in the French provinces during the early 1950s and then becoming a fixture at the Opéra National de Paris in the mid-1950s. Her international career was launched in 1958 with a critically acclaimed performance of Kundry in Richard Wagner's "Parsifal" at the Bayreuth Festival. She soon appeared at most of the major opera houses in the United States and Europe and made a number of appearances in South America as well. She had a long and fruitful association with the Metropolitan Opera in New York City, making over 125 appearances at that house between 1962 and 1987. Crespin retired from the stage in 1989, after which she taught singing for many years at her alma mater, the Conservatoire de Paris, and gave numerous acclaimed master classes at conservatories and universities internationally.

paragraph: In recognition of Crespin's artistry as a singer, the Marguerite Long–Jacques Thibaud Competition, which had been restricted to pianists and violinists, was expanded in 2011 to include singers, and renamed the Long-Thibaud-Crespin Competition.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education: 1927–1950.

paragraph: Crespin was born in Marseille in 1927. She moved to Nîmes with her family at the age of five and her parents opened a large shoe store in that city which they ran for many years. Crespin's childhood was not an easy one, being affected both by growing up during World War II and her mother's alcoholism. She initially intended to be a pharmacist but was prevented in pursuing this path after failing to pass her "Baccalauréat" at the age of 16. Up to this point her father had not allowed her to study singing. However, as her career path was limited by the exam results he finally allowed her to start taking lessons for purely pragmatic reasons. She went on to win first prize in a singing competition a few years later, and, at the age of nineteen, she went to Paris to study at the Conservatoire de Paris in the classes of Suzanne Cesbon-Viseur and Georges Jouatte. Four years later, in 1950, she was awarded first prize in the school's onstage competitions for opera and opéra comique and second prize in the school's singing competition. Traditionally past winners of Conservatoire's competitions were offered performance contracts with the Opéra National de Paris, but Crespin was for some unknown reason not offered one. This created a somewhat tenuous relationship between Crespin and her country's musical establishment which extended into the early portion of her career.

paragraph: Section::::Early career in France: 1950–1957.

paragraph: Her first professional stage engagement was in Reims in 1949 (Charlotte in "Werther"). Crespin was then engaged by the Opéra national du Rhin to portray Elsa in Richard Wagner's "Lohengrin" – sung in French – at Mulhouse in 1950. Received with positive reviews, Crespin was finally approached by the Paris Opéra with a contract. She accepted and made her debut there in 1951 singing Elsa. On 27 June 1951 she made her debut at the Opéra-Comique singing the title role in Giacomo Puccini's "Tosca", later singing Santuzza in "Cavalleria rusticana". However, her reception in Paris was somewhat cool and did not improve, despite performing a number of roles in that city from 1951/52.

paragraph: Crespin decided to leave Paris in 1952 and try her luck performing with opera houses in the provinces of France. There she found her first critical successes, particularly in the roles of the Marschallin in Richard Strauss's "Der Rosenkavalier" and Tosca, both sung in French. In 1955 she returned to the Paris Opéra as Rezia in Carl Maria von Weber's "Oberon". This time enthusiastically received by Paris audiences, Crespin went on to sing several triumphant performances at that house over the next three years in Desdemona in Giuseppe Verdi's "Otello", Amelia in Verdi's "Un ballo in maschera", Brunehild in "Sigurd" and Lidoine in the 1957 Paris premiere of Francis Poulenc's "Dialogues of the Carmelites" among others. She also continued to remain active in opera houses throughout France, notably singing in the world premiere of Henri Tomasi's "Sampiero Corsu" at the Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux in 1956.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to international success: 1958–1962.

paragraph: Crespin's international career began when she was chosen by Wieland Wagner to portray the role of Kundry in Wagner's "Parsifal" at the 1958 Bayreuth Festival, despite the fact that she had never sung Wagner in German. To learn the role in German, she was coached by Lou Bruder, a professor of German literature who later became her husband. When Crespin first auditioned for Wieland she had initially assumed that he would cast her in what the French call "les wagnériennes blondes", roles like Elsa, Eva, Sieglinde, and Elisabeth. She was therefore surprised when she was asked to tackle Kundry. Crespin recalls that when she expressed her surprise to Wieland he dismissed the other roles, saying, "Oh, those dummies, I don't like them. Look, you are not born for that, you have a better job to do." Crespin essayed the task and her performance was so well liked that she was invited to sing Kundry again for the 1959 and 1960 Bayreuth Festivals. She returned to the Bayreuth Festival again in 1961 to sing Sieglinde in Wagner's "Die Walküre" and the third norn in Wagner's "Götterdämmerung".

paragraph: Crespin's performances of Kundry effectively launched her international opera career, and she was soon invited to perform on the stages of the world's great opera houses. In 1959 she made her debut at La Scala singing the title role in Ildebrando Pizzetti's "Fedra". That same year she made her first appearances at the Vienna State Opera singing Sieglinde in "Die Walküre" and the Marschallin in "Der Rosenkavalier". She sang the Marschallin again for the 1959 Glyndebourne Festival and for her debut at the Royal Opera Covent Garden in 1960, bringing "Gallic finesse, complemented by an ideal sense of proportion, supported by perfect German… she never succumbed to exaggeration, physical or vocal, never seemed fussy, never confused sadness with tragedy". She returned to Covent Garden numerous times over the next four years singing such roles as Elsa in "Lohengrin" and Tosca. In 1961 she sang for the first time at the Deutsche Oper Berlin. She sang Tosca for her United States debut at the Lyric Opera of Chicago in 1962 with Giuseppe Zampieri as Cavaradossi and Tito Gobbi as Scarpia. She returned to Chicago numerous times, singing such roles as Amelia (1963), Leonore in Beethoven's "Fidelio" (1963), Elisabeth in Wagner's "Tannhäuser" (1963), and the title role in Strauss's "Ariadne auf Naxos" (1964). In 1966, Crespin performed in Boston for the Peabody Mason Concert series.

paragraph: Section::::International acclaim: 1962–1989.

paragraph: In 1962 Crespin joined the roster of principal sopranos at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City where she sang every year – with the exception of 1974 – through 1981. Her first performance at the house was on 19 November 1962 singing the Marschallin with Hertha Töpper as Octavian, Otto Edelmann as Baron Ochs, Anneliese Rothenberger as Sophie, and Lorin Maazel conducting. Among the many roles she sang at the Met over the next two decades included Amelia, the title role in "Carmen", Charlotte in "Werther", Elsa, Giulietta in "Les Contes d'Hoffmann" Kundry, Santuzza in "Cavalleria rusticana", Senta in "Der fliegende Holländer", Sieglinde, and Tosca among others. After leaving the Met in 1981, Crespin returned to the house twice more during her career: once to perform for the Met's 100th Anniversary Gala in 1983 and a final appearance in April 1987 as Madame de Croissy in "Dialogues des Carmélites". All told Crespin appeared in 129 performances at the Metropolitan Opera during her career, performing with many great singers like Lucine Amara, Gabriel Bacquier, Kathleen Battle, Carlo Bergonzi, Walter Cassel, Franco Corelli, Nicolai Gedda, Enrico Di Giuseppe, Plácido Domingo, Reri Grist, Alfredo Kraus, Evelyn Lear, William Lewis, George London, Christa Ludwig, Cornell MacNeil, James McCracken, Sherrill Milnes, Birgit Nilsson, Jessye Norman, Nell Rankin, Leonie Rysanek, Jeanette Scovotti, Shirley Verrett, and Jon Vickers among many others.

paragraph: During her years at the Metropolitan Opera, Crespin remained active on the international opera stage. In 1961 she made the first of many appearances at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires singing the Marschallin and Kundry, returning the next year as Tosca, Fauré's "Pénélope" and the title role in Gluck's "Iphigénie en Tauride" and 1964 as both Cassandre and Didon in "Les Troyens". She came back as Berlioz's Marguerite, Werther's Charlotte, Carmen and "The Queen of Spades". Her last role at that house was Madame Flora (Baba) in "The Medium" in 1987.

paragraph: She appeared as Tosca in Geneva in 1962. In 1966 she sang Ariadne at the Aix-en-Provence Festival and that same year made her first appearance at the San Francisco Opera singing both Cassandre and Didon in Berlioz's "Les Troyens". She returned to the San Francisco Opera numerous times, singing such roles as Elisabeth in "Tannhäuser" (1966), the Marschallin (1967), Sieglinde (1968), Tosca (1970), Santuzza (1976), Mme de Croissy (1982), the title role in Offenbach's "La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein" (1983), Madame Flora (1986), and the Countess in Tchaikovsky's "The Queen of Spades" (1987). In 1963 she made her debut with the Philadelphia Lyric Opera Company portraying Sieglinde, a role which she repeated there in 1965. She later sang with the Opera Company of Philadelphia as Carmen (1978), the Countess (1983), and Madame Flora (1986). Under Karajan, in 1967 Crespin portrayed Brünnhilde in Wagner's "Die Walküre" for her first appearance at the Salzburg Festival. She also returned to the Opéra National de Paris a handful of times during her career, notably singing the title role in Fauré's "Pénélope". Her last opera performance was at the Paris Opéra in 1989 singing the Countess in "The Queen of Spades".

paragraph: In 1970, after almost twenty years of faultless reviews, Crespin began experiencing some vocal challenges which caused her to re-evaluate her career. This coincided with the end of her marriage to Lou Bruder to whom she had been married for eleven years; the couple had no children. She also had illnesses and personal issues, all of which brought her to contemplate suicide.

paragraph: With Charlotte in "Werther" in 1974, Crespin began performing opera roles from the mezzo-soprano repertoire to adjust to the change in her voice. However the timbre of her voice had not altered much from her earlier singing years and she therefore brought a different sound to the roles from that of the typical mezzo-soprano. Regardless, she was well received in her new choice of repertoire. This period also led to her interest in Offenbach and her sophisticated wit found its place in recordings of Métella, the Grand Duchess of Gérolstein and Périchole, along with Dulcinée (Massenet's "Don Quichotte").

paragraph: Crespin sang in many concert halls around the world, where her repertoire included Marguerite in "La Damnation de Faust", and "Les nuits d'été" by Berlioz. In recital, along with lieder (Schumann, Schubert, Brahms) she excelled in the French mélodie repertoire, especially Debussy and Poulenc, where the savouring of words and ability to capture the mood of songs made her a memorable interpreter.

paragraph: Section::::Later life: 1990–2007.

paragraph: After retiring from singing in 1989, Crespin focused mainly on teaching. She had joined the faculty at the Conservatoire de Paris in 1974 and continued to teach there until 1995. She had also begun teaching at the San Francisco Opera's Merola Opera Program during the latter part of her career, and was involved with that program for more than twenty years. Crespin also frequently traveled to give master classes at Universities and music conservatories in Europe and the United States during her retirement years. She continued to teach until her death from liver cancer in Paris in 2007. She had previously overcome battles with cancer in 1978 and 1984.

paragraph: Her memoirs, "La vie et l'amour d'une femme" (the French name for Schumann's song cycle "Frauenliebe und -leben"), are quite candid, providing much detail of the singer's private life as well as unusual insights into her professional world. It was first published in French in 1982 and was republished in an expanded version called "À la scene, à la ville" - in English "On Stage, Off Stage: A Memoir" - in 1997.

paragraph: Crespin was appointed Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur in 1972, and later made an Officer in 1982 and a Commander in 1994.

paragraph: Section::::Recordings.

paragraph: In her autobiography Crespin analyses the difficulties she found in the recording process, and notes that the Decca engineers called her, affectionately, 'the French cannon' due to the size of her voice.

paragraph: Crespin left a considerable discography, starting, in the early part of her career, with recital discs for Vega, Pathé and Decca. Her classic recording of Berlioz's "Les nuits d'été" and Ravel's "Shéhérazade" with Ernest Ansermet and the Suisse Romande Orchestra is regarded by many as one of the finest versions on disc. Among her other important recordings were Sieglinde in "Die Walküre", and the Marschallin in "Der Rosenkavalier", both for Decca with the Vienna Philharmonic conducted by Sir Georg Solti, and Brünnhilde in "Die Walküre" with the Berlin Philharmonic conducted by Herbert von Karajan on Deutsche Grammophon.

paragraph: The discography section of her autobiography contains entries for complete works of composers from Berlioz, Bizet, Fauré, Massenet, Offenbach, Poulenc, Strauss to Wagner. She won prizes from the Académie du Disque lyrique, Grand Prix du Disque and Académie Charles-Cros.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with Regine Crespin by Bruce Duffie, March 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- Régine Crespin sings 'C'est vrai' with dancers, on French TV programme Palmarès des chansons, 30 March 1967; INA website

description: French singer

wikidata_label: Régine Crespin

wikipedia_title: Régine Crespin


text:
Count of Geneva
Genevois
Geneva
Count Rudolf
Aymon II
Versoix
Countess of Albon
John I
William II
Peter “the Little Charlemagne”
war indemnity
marks
Guigues VII of Albon
allod
fief
house of Savoy
Bishop of Geneva
Humbert I of La Tour-du-Pin
Avalon
Bellecombe
La Buissière
Louis I of Vaud
Grésivaudan
Amadeus
Bresse
Moirans
Philip I, Count of Savoy
Faucigny
castellany
Châtelard-en-Bauges
Bourg-du-Four
Rudolf of Habsburg
Morat
Payerne
Fribourg
knight
John, Count of Chalon
William III
Amadeus
Bishop of Toul
Hugh
Amadeus VI of Savoy
Montagny

categories: Counts of Geneva,1308 deaths,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Amadeus II of Geneva

paragraph: Amadeus II (died 22 May 1308) was the Count of Geneva, which included the Genevois, but not the city of Geneva, from 1280. He was the second son of Count Rudolf and succeeded his heirless brother Aymon II.

paragraph: Section::::Alliance and war (1282–83).

paragraph: In June 1282 at Versoix, Amadeus and Béatrice “la Grande Dauphine”, the dowager Countess of Albon and regent for her son John I, came to an agreement whereby all the places that Amadeus' father and grandfather, William II, had been forced to cede to Peter “the Little Charlemagne” in 1250 and 1260—the so-called "gagerie"—would be returned to Geneva. The "gagerie" was originally to be held by Peter and his heirs until the Count of Geneva paid a war indemnity of 20,000 marks, later reduced to 10,000. Béatrice was Peter's only daughter and heir, and the widow of Guigues VII of Albon. In return for these lands, Amadeus granted to Béatrice suzerainty over certain lordships and agreed to take any allods within the returned "gagerie" as fiefs of her and her heirs, the Counts of Albon, instead. The treaty also created a mutual defensive alliance and cooperation in an offensive against "those detaining and possessing the properties and men belonging to the above-mentioned "gagerie"", that is, men of the house of Savoy, Béatrice's relatives. The conference of Versoix was under the presidency of Amadeus' uncl,e the Bishop of Geneva, who promised to help both parties so far as it did not threaten the rights of his diocese. The privilege of arbitrating disputes between Amadeus and Béatrice fell to Humbert I of La Tour-du-Pin, who was Béatrice's son-in-law as the husband of her daughter Anne.

paragraph: War with Savoy immediately broke out following the alliance between Amadeus and the Dauphine. By 1 November 1282 the Savoyards had attacked Avalon in the Dauphiné and Bellecombe in the Genevois. The castle of La Buissière in the Dauphiné was captured by Louis I of Vaud, who then invaded the Grésivaudan, while his brother Amadeus, marching from the Bresse, assaulted Moirans. These attacks caused the bishop to withdraw from the alliance and make peace with Philip I, Count of Savoy, the brothers' uncle. In February 1283 the Genevois and men form the Faucigny, enemies ("inimicos") of Savoy, invaded the Savoyard castellany of Châtelard-en-Bauges and burned the village. In the Genevan citadel of Bourg-du-Four, agents of Count Philip fomented unrest in the city against both Amadeus II and the bishop. At this point in the spring of 1283 the emperor-elect Rudolf of Habsburg intervened against Savoy. Rudolf first attacked Morat and, failing in this, Payerne, where his assault was repulsed and the Louis of Vaud came to the city's defence. He then ordered the citizens of Fribourg to join the ‘imperial’ host and wrote to Amadeus II ordering him to invade Savoy an open up a “second front”. Although Amadeus received an offer of one hundred knights if he needed assistance, he does not appear to have actually opened up a “second front”, perhaps understanding better than the emperor the difficulty such an effort would face.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Amadeus married Agnes, daughter of John, Count of Chalon, and his second wife, Laurette de Commercy, by a marriage contract drawn up 1 June 1285. She bore him three sons, the eldest of which, William III, succeeded him. The second, Amadeus entered the church and became Bishop of Toul, while the youngest, Hugh, continued his father's feuding with the house of Savoy well into the reign of Amadeus VI of Savoy. Amadeus II also had two daughters: Jeanne (died 23 February 1303), who married Guichard VI de Beaujeu (1300), and Marie, who is mentioned in a document of 1306.

paragraph: Amadeus died 22 May 1308 "apud lu Bacho", and was buried the next day (23 May) at Montagny.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eugene L. Cox. "The Eagles of Savoy: The House of Savoy in Thirteenth-Century Europe". Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1974.

description: Count of Geneva

wikidata_label: Amadeus II of Geneva

wikipedia_title: Amadeus II of Geneva


text:
Eindhoven
Dutch
sculptor
painter
collage
Rotterdam Academy
abstract
United States
Andy Warhol
Robert Rauschenberg
pop art
consumer
Netherlands
assemblage art
geraniums
Schiedam
Switzerland
Southeast Asia
Matterhorn
Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds
Museum Valkhof
catalogue raisonné
shuangxi
film
Tent
Hidde van Schie
List of Dutch painters

categories: Willem de Kooning Academy alumni,Dutch sculptors,Dutch male sculptors,Dutch painters,Dutch male painters,People from Eindhoven,1936 births,Living people

paragraph: Woody van Amen

paragraph: Wilhelmus Josephus (Woody) van Amen (Eindhoven August 26, 1936) is a Dutch sculptor, painter and collage artist.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Van Amen studied at the Rotterdam Academy. His teachers included . From 1970 he taught at the same Academy. In 1959 he made the "longest paintings in the world", which were abstract paintings made on organ books.

paragraph: Section::::Pop Art.

paragraph: From 1961 he spent two years in the United States. He was introduced to the work of American artists such as Andy Warhol and Robert Rauschenberg, pioneers in the pop art movement. These artists used everyday consumer objects in their work. Van Amen drew inspiration from this approach and made a number of paintings in which he incorporated familiar brands from the Netherlands.

paragraph: Back in the Netherlands, he developed his own style and at one point moved on to using other techniques. He devoted himself to assemblage art. He made his works from a variety of objects taken from everyday life. He created art that was intended to shock the establishment. For example, his work "Electric Chair" from 1964 was an assemblage piece made of waste wood and had everything necessary for the execution of the death sentence. At the same time it looks clumsy and too cozy with a flower pot full of geraniums. The public reaction to the work was negative and the work was not regarded as art but as mockery. The work was rejected for an exhibition in Schiedam.

paragraph: Section::::After Pop Art.

paragraph: The period 1966-1967 saw a change in the themes prevalent in Woody van Amen's work. The new work involved a study of the visual aspects of movement, light and light reflection. The artist also started to experiment with new materials such as perspex and neon.

paragraph: In 1968 Woody van Amen started to experiment with ice. He took a freezer apart and resassembled it inside out. A beautiful coat of white frost formed on the modified shape of the cooling element.

paragraph: Woody van Amen also made a series of "Vibro-objects" intended as an ironic take on consumer society. He modified the weight loss devices of that time so that they were completely deprived of their function and became components of large torture instruments made of cold chrome. The steel springs that were attached to the devices vibrated so that the whole resembled fat western bodies that were trembling and shivering.

paragraph: Section::::Later evolution of his work.

paragraph: In the 1970s he started to make frequent trips to Switzerland and Southeast Asia, which is the basis of an oriental influence in his work. His art moved away from pop art and became difficult to classify. He started using a few recurring forms in his works such as the Matterhorn and a form he refers to as the "taxat", which is based on an Oriental symbol.

paragraph: In 1993 he was the recipient of the Chabot Prize which is awarded by the Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds (Prince Bernhard Culture Fund). Museum Valkhof organised in 2003 a retrospective of his work and a catalogue raisonné of his work was published.

paragraph: After recovering from a serious illness, he visited Singapore in 2003 where he came upon flashcards of Chinese characters. Chinese characters, particularly the characters shuangxi or "double happiness" (喜喜) (usually associated with Chinese weddings), have since played an important role in his work.

paragraph: In 2007, van Amen made the film "Sources of Inspiration". It records his travels to Vietnam, Burma and Indonesia. Man, religion and the beauty of nature play an important role in the film. Rotterdam based art centre Tent organised the large duo exhibition "New Romantic Spirit" of van Amen and the Dutch artist Hidde van Schie.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Dutch painters

alias:
Woody Van Amen
Wilhelmus Josephus van Amen
Wilhelmus Josephus Van Amen

description: painter and sculptor

wikidata_label: Woody van Amen

wikipedia_title: Woody van Amen


text: Bangladesh

text: Madhupur Upazila

text: Tangail

text: Bangladesh

text: Presidency University

text: Calcutta

text: Bangladesh War of Liberation

text: Zamindar

text: Maharaja

text: Muktagacha

text: Jawail Union

text: Gopalpur Upazila

text: Mymensingh

text: Calcutta

text: Dhaka

text: Dhaka University

text: Anandamohon College

text: malaria

text: quinine

text: Chandranath Temple

text: Sitakunda

text: Bangladesh Liberation War

text: Delhi

text: Durja Puja

text: pandal

text: ghat

text: Hemnagar

text: Varanasi

text: Partition of India and Pakistan

text: Bangladesh War of Liberation

text: Tagore family

text: Rabindranath Tagore

text: Nobel Prize in Literature

text: Partition of Bengal

text: Sri Aurobindo

categories: Businesspeople from Kolkata,Indian real estate businesspeople,1833 births

paragraph: Hem Chandra Chowdhury

paragraph: Hemchandra Chowdhury (1833-1915) was a Bangladeshi king, educator, builder and social worker. He was born in the village of Ambaria in Madhupur Upazila, Tangail, Bangladesh. He was educated at the Presidency University in Calcutta. He built the Hemnagar Palace, which later sheltered freedom fighters during the Bangladesh War of Liberation.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Hemchandra Chowdhury's grandfather, Padmalochon Banerjee, was a Zamindar landlord. In 1848 he bought two pieces of property from Bhairab Chandra, the Zamindar of Puthuria Pargana. Hemchandra's father, Kalichandra banerjee, bought the remaining four pieces of property from Chandra in 1855, after his death.

paragraph: After the death of his father, Hemchandra banerjee, with the Maharaja of Muktagacha, bought 85 thousand acres of land.

paragraph: Hemchandra was also known as a poet and lyricist. He also wrote a few books of poetry, and built a stage for exhibition of drama within his residence.

paragraph: Section::::Social Work and Freedom Struggle.

paragraph: Hemchandra Chowdhury left his home village of Ambaria in 1880, and built a Rajbari or palace in the village of Subarnkhali in the Jawail Union administrative area, in Gopalpur Upazila. In 1905, Chowdhury helped to develop the railways between towns and villages across Bangladesh, such as Mymensingh. This also improved links between the rural communities and major cities like Calcutta and Dhaka. He also built the first concrete road in Gopalpur Upazila, known as the Hemnagar-Gopalpur-Amberia road.

paragraph: He was known as a benevolent king, and built roads, hospitals and bridges for the welfare of his people. He established the Shashimukhi English High School, named after his mother, in order to expand educational opportunities. It was built on 20 acres of land, and is still open. He also donated a large amount of money to the Dhaka University, and is one of ten donors inscribed onto the foundation of Anandamohon College in Calcutta.

paragraph: At the beginning of the twentieth century, when there was an outbreak of malaria in Tangail, he distributed quinine medicine by post among the local people. To enable access to drinking water to the public, many wells and ponds were built at road junctions. He also built iron bridges for the pilgrims of the Chandranath Temple in Sitakunda.During the Bangladesh Liberation War, the Hemnagar Rajbari was used as a shelter for freedom fighters, and helped with humanitarian aid.

paragraph: Section::::Buildings.

paragraph: Chowdhury constructed the Hemnagar Rajbari in 1890, a two-storied palace in Shimlapara, located three kilometres south-east of Subarnakhali. The palace was sometimes referred to as 'Parir Dalan', which translates to "the Building of the Fairy". The house is made up of 100 rooms, built of expensive glass imported from Delhi and Calcutta. It was built on 60 acres of land, and the property includes zoos, Durja Puja pandals and flower gardens. In the front palace there is a two-story theatre, and out the front there is a large pond with paved ghats. He built bungalows near the Rajbari, with a 24-hour chowkidar (night watchman), and surrounded them with high walls with flower gardens inside. Here his relatives and British officials from Calcutta stayed, as well as entertained. The area it was built in was called 'Hemnagar', named after Chowdhury. Currently the Hemnagar College is located inside the house, established in 1979.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Hemchandra Chowdhury died in Varanasi in 1925. At the time of his death, he was 92 years old. After this in 1946, his descendants crossed the country in fear of riots during the Partition of India and Pakistan.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: After Hemchandra Chowdhury's death, his successors crossed the country in fear of communal riots during the partition of India and Pakistan in 1946. Shyamkanta Ganguly and his son Kamal Ganguly went to Hemnagar, but during the war of 1965, they also emigrated. During the Bangladesh War of Liberation, the Rajbari of Hemanagar was used as a shelter for the freedom fighters.

paragraph: His descendants currently live in parts of Bangladesh and West Bengal. In West Bengal, they married into Maharaja (King) Kaliprasad Mukhopadhayay's family and the Tagore family, of which Rabindranath Tagore became the first Asian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.

paragraph: His great-granddaughter, Indrani Roy (1943-2016), was part of the first generation of feminist Bengali poets writing after the Partition of Bengal, and one of the founding members of the Aurobindo Nari Chetana Mancha (The Aurobindo Society for Women's Empowerment), a feminist writers' society in Calcutta under the Sri Aurobindo Foundation for Indian Culture (SAFIC), named after Sri Aurobindo, the Indian political philosopher. Roy's family lives in the Ballygunge,Naihati area of [[Kolkata|Kolkata, India] & jabalpur[Madhya pradesh, India], and visits the [[Kalibabur Bari|Janai Palace]] for festivities during [[Durga Puja]]. The festivities have continued since [[Kalibabur Bari|1234]], when Maharaja Kaliprasad Mukhopadhayay, a Dewan of the East India Company built the Janai Palace near the bank of Saraswati River. Roy's granddaughter, also a poet, currently works as a journalist in London.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: [[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]

paragraph: [[Category:Indian real estate businesspeople]]

paragraph: [[Category:1833 births]]

paragraph: [[Category:1915 deaths]]

description: Indian businessman

wikidata_label: Hem Chandra Chowdhury

wikipedia_title: Hem Chandra Chowdhury


text:
Louis-le-Grand college
rhetoric
college of Navarre
French Revolution
French literature
Sorbonne
Achilleid
Statius
Comédie française
Iliad
Napoleon
French franc
Stendhal
Comédie-Française
Julien Louis Geoffroy
Jacques Cazotte
Jean-Charles-Julien Luce de Lancival
data.bnf.fr
His plays
CESAR

categories: People from Aisne,19th-century French poets,18th-century French dramatists and playwrights,1764 births,1810 deaths,18th-century French poets

paragraph: Jean-Charles-Julien Luce de Lancival

paragraph: Jean-Charles-Julien Luce de Lancival (28 April 1764 – 17 August 1810). was an 18th–19th-century French poet and playwright.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Luce Lancival made brilliant studies at the Louis-le-Grand college and was appointed professor of rhetoric at the college of Navarre aged just 22 years (1786). The following year, under the influence of a disappointment in love, he left teaching and took orders. He was noted for his preaching talents. At the French Revolution, he broke his vows and turned to theater.

paragraph: Around 1797, he was in charge of French literature at the French Prytanée, former Louis-le-Grand college. He remained professor of rhetoric at the Imperial High School at the time of the reorganization of the University. He was then called to the Latin poetry chair at the Sorbonne.

paragraph: In 1805, he gave his poem in six songs "Achille à Scyros", his best known work. Imitated from the "Achilleid" by Statius, it is a book written with care, which includes interesting and ingenious features descriptions, even if the whole lacks of movement and relieves some boredom.

paragraph: In theater, Luce Lancival won his greatest success shortly before his death, with his tragedy "Hector", shown in 1809 at the Comédie française. On a topic drawn from the "Iliad", the play caused a sensation with a character judged by the very contemporary faithful to the spirit of ancient Greece. Napoleon rewarded the author by giving him a pension of 6,000 French francs.

paragraph: His love of life, pushed to debauchery, was famous in his time. He was to lose a leg in an accident and used a wooden substitute. Despite this weakness and failing health, he committed himself with great dedication to the teaching of literature and was an outstanding educator. Stendhal wrote "Luce Lancival had a wooden leg and kindness".His early death was caused by syphilis.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1784: "De Pace", Latin poem

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1784: "Poème sur le globe"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1794: "Hormisdas", three-act tragedy, non presented

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1794: "Mucius Scaevola", three-act tragedy

paragraph: BULLET::::- unpublished "Archibal", three-act tragedy, unpublished

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1797: "Fernandez", three-act tragedy

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1798: "Périandre", five-act tragedy

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1802: "Ode sur le rob anti-syphilitique du citoyen B. Laffecteur"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1805: "Achille à Scyros", poem in six songs

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1809: "Hector", five-act tragedy given at the Comédie-Française 2 February

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1812: "Folliculus", satire in four chants against the critic Julien Louis Geoffroy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Lord impromptu", four-act comedy in verse, from a novel by Jacques Cazotte

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean-Charles-Julien Luce de Lancival on data.bnf.fr

paragraph: BULLET::::- His plays on CESAR

description: French poet

wikidata_label: Jean-Charles-Julien Luce de Lancival

wikipedia_title: Jean-Charles-Julien Luce de Lancival


text:
French
historical painter
Nantes
Paul Delaroche
Reformation
Jean-Henri Merle d'Aubigné
Guizot

categories: 1807 births,1873 deaths,19th-century French painters

paragraph: Pierre-Antoine Labouchère

paragraph: Pierre-Antoine Labouchère (1807-1873) was a French historical painter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Nantes, and was intended for a commercial career. He began business in Antwerp. Afterwards he traveled in America, China, and Italy, and finally became a pupil of Paul Delaroche in Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: The subjects of his works are largely drawn from the actors and incidents of the Reformation. They include: "Charles Quint à Londres" ("Charles V in London," 1844), "Melanchthon, Pomeranus et Cruciger traduisant la Bible" ("Melanchthon, Pomeranus, and Cruciger translating the Bible," 1846). He also did some drawings for Jean-Henri Merle d'Aubigné's "Vie de Luther". Among his portraits is one of Guizot (1863).

alias:
Pierre Antoine Labouchere
Pierre Antoine Labouchère
Pierre-Antoine Labouchere

description: French painter

wikidata_label: Pierre-Antoine Labouchère

wikipedia_title: Pierre-Antoine Labouchère


text:
Oregon House of Representatives
Milwaukie, Oregon
Portland University
Stanford University
Joseph, Oregon
Wallowa County, Oregon
Oregon House of Representatives
United States House of Representatives
2nd district
Nicholas J. Sinnott
Newcastle, Wyoming
Weston County, Wyoming

categories: Stanford University alumni,1943 deaths,People from Newcastle, Wyoming,Speakers of the Oregon House of Representatives,People from Milwaukie, Oregon,Oregon lawyers,1873 births

paragraph: John P. Rusk

paragraph: John Perley "Jerry" Rusk (June 17, 1873 – December 8, 1943) was an American politician who served in the Oregon House of Representatives.

paragraph: Rusk was born in Milwaukie, Oregon in 1873 and attended Portland University and Stanford University for his schooling. He returned to Oregon in 1900 and began to practise law first in Portland, then in Joseph, Oregon in 1903. In 1906, he became deputy district attorney of Wallowa County, Oregon, and served until 1908. From 1908 to 1913, Rusk, a Republican, served in the Oregon House of Representatives for Wallowa County. From 1911 to 1913, he was chosen to serve as the Speaker of the Oregon House of Representatives. He attempted to run for the United States House of Representatives in the 1912 election, but lost the Republican primary to represent the state's 2nd district to Nicholas J. Sinnott.

paragraph: Rusk later settled in Newcastle, Wyoming and continued his law practice. He was elected to the office of prosecuting attorney of Weston County, Wyoming in 1925. He had defeated the incumbent, James A. Greenwood, whom he later accused of retaining items that had belonged to the public office. The two men engaged in a fist fight in which Rusk sustained a fractured skull. Rusk made another unsuccessful attempt at running for Congress in 1930, this time as a Democrat in Wyoming. He died in Silver Spring, Maryland in 1943.

wikidata_label: John P. Rusk

wikipedia_title: John P. Rusk


text: mathematician

text: astronomer

text: cartographer

text: trigonometric

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

text: Feldkirch

text: Archduchy of Austria

text: surname

text: toponym

text: Latin

text: Rhaetia

text: Roman province

text: Switzerland

text: Germany

text: University of Leipzig

text: Rhaeticus

text: 15949 Rhaeticus

text: Achilles Gasser

text: Zürich

text: University of Wittenberg

text: Reformation

text: Philipp Melanchthon

text: Wittenberg University

text: Nuremberg

text: Johannes Schöner

text: Georg Hartmann

text: Thomas Venatorius

text: Johannes Petreius

text: Regiomontanus

text: Peter Apian

text: University of Ingolstadt

text: Joachim Camerarius

text: University of Tübingen

text: Frombork

text: Frombork

text: Commentariolus

text: heliocentric theory

text: De revolutionibus

text: Danzig

text: Narratio Prima

text: Rhode

text: maritime pilot

text: navigation

text: Tiedemann Giese

text: Bishop of Chełmno

text: Albert, Duke of Prussia

text: Andreas Osiander

text: St. Augustine

text: accommodation

text: Melanchthon

text: Warmia

text: Georg Donner

text: bishop of Warmia

text: Johannes Dantiscus

text: Kraków

text: Košice

text: Kingdom of Hungary

text: trigonometry

text: Valentinus Otho

text: John Banville

text: "Claudia"

text: Warehouse 13

text: Owen Tromans

text: Dava Sobel

text: Rheticus, George Joachim

text: The Galileo Project

text: Scienceworld article on Rheticus

text: "Narratio Prima", 1540

text: Linda Hall Library

categories: 16th-century cartographers,16th-century astrologers,Scientific instrument makers,16th-century German writers,Austrian cartographers,German astronomers,16th-century male writers,Austrian astronomers,16th-century German mathematicians,1514 births,German cartographers,People from Feldkirch, Vorarlberg,1574 deaths,Austrian astrologers,Austrian Renaissance humanists,Austrian mathematicians,German astrologers

paragraph: Georg Joachim Rheticus

paragraph: Georg Joachim de Porris, also known as Rheticus (; 16 February 1514 – 4 December 1574), was a mathematician, astronomer, cartographer, navigational-instrument maker, medical practitioner, and teacher. He is perhaps best known for his trigonometric tables and as Nicolaus Copernicus's sole pupil. He facilitated the publication of his master's "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" ("On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres").

paragraph: Section::::Surname.

paragraph: Rheticus was born at Feldkirch in the Archduchy of Austria. Both his parents, Georg Iserin and Thomasina de Porris, possessed considerable wealth, his father being the town physician. However, Georg (Iserin) abused the trust of many of his patients, stealing belongings and money from their homes. In 1528 he was convicted and executed for his crimes, and as a result his family was stripped of their surname.

paragraph: The family adopted the mother's maiden name: de Porris. Later as a student in Wittenberg, Georg Joachim adopted the toponym Rheticus, a form of the Latin name for his home region, Rhaetia, a Roman province that had included parts of Austria, Switzerland and Germany. In the matriculation list for the University of Leipzig his family name, de Porris, is translated into German as von Lauchen. The lunar crater "Rhaeticus" as well as asteroid 15949 Rhaeticus were named for him.

paragraph: Section::::Patrons.

paragraph: After Georg Iserin's death, Achilles Gasser took over his medical practice, helping Rheticus to continue his studies and supporting him. Rheticus studied at Feldkirch, Zürich and the University of Wittenberg, where he received his M.A. in 1536.

paragraph: During the Reformation the theologian and educator Philipp Melanchthon reorganized the whole educational system of the Lutheran Protestant parts of Germany, reforming and founding several new universities. In 1536 Melanchthon appointed Rheticus as professor of the lower mathematics, arithmetic and geometry, at the Wittenberg University.

paragraph: Two years later, Melanchthon arranged a two-year leave for Rheticus to study with noted astronomers. Leaving Wittenberg in October 1538, he first went to Nuremberg to visit the professor of mathematics at the Eigidien Oberschule Johannes Schöner. In Nuremberg he also made the acquaintance of other mathematicians such as Georg Hartmann and Thomas Venatorius as well as the printer-publisher Johannes Petreius. During his journey, probably in Nuremberg, Rheticus heard of Copernicus and decided to seek him out. From Johannes Petreius Rheticus was given works by Regiomontanus and others, intended as presents for Copernicus. He went on to Peter Apian at the University of Ingolstadt and Joachim Camerarius at the University of Tübingen, then to Gasser in his hometown. From Feldkirch he set out on his journey to visit Copernicus in Frombork.

paragraph: Section::::Copernicus.

paragraph: In May 1539, Rheticus arrived in Frombork (Frauenburg), where he spent two years with Copernicus. It is unknown whether he had prior access to Copernicus' Commentariolus, an unsigned, unpublished outline of Copernicus' revolutionary heliocentric theory that Copernicus distributed to friends and colleagues three decades before he published "De revolutionibus".

paragraph: In September 1539, Rheticus went to Danzig (Gdańsk) to visit the mayor, who gave him financial assistance to publish his "Narratio Prima" ("First Report") of Copernicus' forthcoming treatise. Rhode in Danzig published Narratio Prima in 1540. While in Danzig, Rheticus interviewed maritime pilots to learn about their problems in navigation. Rheticus also visited Copernicus' friend, Tiedemann Giese, who was Bishop of Chełmno (Culm).

paragraph: In August 1541, Rheticus presented a copy of his "Tabula chorographica auff Preussen und etliche umbliegende lender" ("Map of Prussia and Neighboring Lands") to Albert, Duke of Prussia, who had been trying to compute the exact time of sunrise. Rheticus made an instrument for him that determined the length of the day. Rheticus obtained the duke's permission to publish "De revolutionibus". Albrecht asked Rheticus to end his travels and return to his teaching position. Rheticus returned to the University of Wittenberg in October 1541. In May 1542, he traveled to Nürnberg to supervise the printing by Johannes Petreius of the first edition of "De revolutionibus", but had to leave in fall to take a position at the University Leipzig, and Andreas Osiander replaced him. Copernicus' major work was published shortly before his death in 1543.

paragraph: In a work tentatively titled "Epistolae de Terrae Motu", published posthumously and anonymously in 1651, Rheticus attempts to reconcile Copernicanism with scripture by employing St. Augustine's principle of accommodation. According to historian Robert Westman, the "Epistolae", also known as the "Opusculum", demonstrates that Copernicus and Rheticus recognized the problem of conflict between their finding of earthly motion and biblical scripture, and had therefore developed a systematic defense of compatibility. Rheticus argues that biblical language was written in terms meant to be readily comprehensible to a wide audience:

paragraph: While relying heavily upon citations to appease religious authorities, Rheticus may have nevertheless refrained from publishing the work in his life in order to avoid angering more conservative Christians such as Melanchthon.

paragraph: Section::::Criminal history.

paragraph: In 1552, Rheticus was found guilty of raping the son of Hans Meusel, a merchant. According to Meusel, Rheticus "plied him with a strong drink, until he was inebriated; and finally did with violence overcome him and practice upon him the shameful and cruel vice of sodomy". Rheticus was consequently exiled from Leipzig for 101 years.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: The canon of Warmia Georg Donner and the bishop of Warmia Johannes Dantiscus were both patrons of Rheticus. Rheticus was also commissioned to make a staff for king Sigismund II of Poland, while he held a position as teacher in Kraków for many years. From there he went to Košice in the Kingdom of Hungary, where he died.

paragraph: Section::::Trigonometry.

paragraph: For much of his life, Rheticus displayed a passion for the study of triangles, the branch of mathematics now called trigonometry. In 1542 he had the trigonometric sections of Copernicus' "De revolutionibis" published separately under the title "De lateribus et angulis triangulorum" ("On the Sides and Angles of Triangles"). In 1551 Rheticus produced a tract titled "Canon of the Science of Triangles," the first publication of six-function trigonometric tables (although the word "trigonometry" was not yet coined). This pamphlet was to be an introduction to Rheticus' greatest work, a full set of tables to be used in angular astronomical measurements.

paragraph: At his death, the "Science of Triangles" was still unfinished. However, paralleling his own relationship with Copernicus, Rheticus had acquired a student who devoted himself to completing his teacher's work. Valentinus Otho oversaw the hand computation of approximately 100,000 ratios to at least ten decimal places. When completed in 1596, the volume, "Opus palatinum de triangulis," filled nearly 1,500 pages. Its tables were accurate enough to be used in astronomical computation into the early twentieth century.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Rheticus narrates the third part of John Banville's 1975 novel "Doctor Copernicus", relating how he convinced Copernicus to publish the book. The novel itself is less about Copernicus's work than about his life and the 16th century world in which he lived.

paragraph: The episode "Claudia" of the U.S. science fiction series "Warehouse 13" referencing a teleportation device in the form of a compass said to have been built by Rheticus.

paragraph: Rheticus is referenced several times in the song "Like Rheticus" on the 2004 album "Place" by British songwriter Owen Tromans.

paragraph: Dava Sobel's 2011 book, "", features a fictional play about Rheticus' visit to Copernicus, sandwiched between chapters about the visit's pre-history and post-history.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Narratio prima de libris revolutionum Copernici" (1540)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tabula chorographica auff Preussen und etliche umbliegende lender" (1541)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De lateribus et angulis triangulorum" (with Copernicus; 1542)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ephemerides novae" (1550)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Canon doctrinae triangulorum" (1551)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Epistolae de Terrae Motu" (posthumous)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard S. Westfall (August 4, 2003). "Rheticus, George Joachim" in "Catalog of the Scientific Community of the 16th and 17th Centuries". The Galileo Project.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dennis Danielson (2006). "The First Copernican: Georg Joachim Rheticus and the Rise of the Copernican Revolution". Walker & Company, New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karl Heinz Burmeister: "Georg Joachim Rhetikus 1514-1574." Guido Pressler Verlag, Wiesbaden 1967.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stefan Deschauer: "Die Arithmetik-Vorlesung des Georg Joachim Rheticus, Wittenberg 1536: eine kommentierte Edition der Handschrift X-278 (8) der Estnischen Akademischen Bibliothek"; Augsburg: Rauner, 2003;

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. Hooykaas: "G. J. Rheticus’ Treatise on holy scripture and the motion of the earth / with transl., annotations, commentary and additional chapters on Ramus-Rheticus and the development of the problem before 1650"; Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1984

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scienceworld article on Rheticus

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Narratio Prima", 1540 - Full digital facsimile, Linda Hall Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christian Pinter: Der erste Kopernikaner

description: Austrian astronomist and mathematician

wikidata_label: Georg Joachim Rheticus

wikipedia_title: Georg Joachim Rheticus


text:
Emeralds
psychedelic
Julianna Barwick
Jenny Hval
Cleveland, Ohio
Emeralds
Steve Lowenthal
VDSQ
Hot Chip
favourable reviews
Portland
New York Times
Emeralds
Along the Way
Dead Oceans
Along the Way

paragraph: Mark McGuire (musician)

paragraph: Mark McGuire (born December 31, 1986) is an American musician. A former member of Emeralds, McGuire a multi-instrumentalist who has been producing solo material since 2007. He has released three solo albums and produces mostly instrumental music that combines electronica and acoustic guitars with psychedelic influences. He has toured internationally as a solo artist supporting among others Julianna Barwick and Jenny Hval while playing headlining shows in Europe, North America, Japan and Australia.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Originally from Cleveland, Ohio, McGuire first picked up a guitar at the age of 9 and played in a variety of high-school bands. In 2005 he joined the first incarnation of Emeralds but continued to work on his own material. Much of these recordings appeared on limited-run CD-Rs and cassettes distributed among friends. His first regular release was a 5-track EP, "Solo Acoustic Vol. 2", that was part of a Steve Lowenthal curated series of acoustic songs on the VDSQ label. The record received praise from among others Al Doyle of Hot Chip.

paragraph: In 2010 he released his first regular solo album "Living With Yourself" that included various pieces and arrangements recorded over a three year period. The album was "inspired by my family, the friends I've known the best throughout my life, and everything that has led me to where I am right now". The album appeared on the Austrian label editions Mego to generally favourable reviews.

paragraph: In 2011 McGuire decided to leave his native city and moved to Portland (OR). In the same year, Peter Rehberg of editions Mego curated and edited a collection of the self-released material McGuire had accumulated of the years. Entitled "A Young Person's Guide To Mark McGuire," it contained two discs with twenty selected tracks. Before leaving Cleveland, McGuire had begun work on his next solo album, "Get Lost", completing it in the first months after the move. He described it as 'reflection of a lot that was going on inside my head at that time and the things that were happening around me'. Released in September 2011, the album was described by the New York Times as 'album is warm, well paced, reassuring, confident and manageable in length; it's also self-consciously naïve in feeling, floppy and weirdly distant'.

paragraph: In January 2013 it was announced that McGuire had left Emeralds for unspecified reasons. In the course of the year, he moved to Los Angeles after completing his third solo album, "Along the Way". Released on February 3, 2014, through Dead Oceans Records, McGuire described the album as 'about the journey of an individual entering the world, and his quest for true knowledge about the universe and about himself'.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Living With Yourself (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Get Lost" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Along the Way" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Noctilucence" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beyond Belief" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ideas of Beginning" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- EP

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Solo Acoustic Vol. 2" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collection

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Young Person's Guide to Mark McGuire" (May 2011)

description: musician

wikidata_label: Mark McGuire

wikipedia_title: Mark McGuire (musician)


text: speed skater

text: 2013 World Allround Championships

text: Vikingskipet

text: Adler Arena

text: men's team pursuit

text: men's 5000 metres

text: 2014 Winter Olympics

categories: Olympic gold medalists for Norway,Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics,Living people,Olympic speed skaters of Norway,World Single Distances Speed Skating Championships medalists,People from Arendal,Norwegian male speed skaters,1993 births,Olympic medalists in speed skating,Speed skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics,Speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Simen Spieler Nilsen

paragraph: Simen Spieler Nilsen (born 4 August 1993) is a Norwegian speed skater.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He placed 15th in the 2013 World Allround Championships in Vikingskipet, Hamar. In the 2013 World Single Distance Championships in Adler Arena, Sochi, he placed 5th in the men's team pursuit.

paragraph: Nilsen placed 25th in the men's 5000 metres in the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.

description: Norwegian speed skater

wikidata_label: Simen Spieler Nilsen

wikipedia_title: Simen Spieler Nilsen


text: ancient Egypt

text: nomarch

text: nomos

text: Upper Egypt

text: Land of the Bow

text: Pepi II Neferkare

text: 6th Dynasty

text: Nubia

text: Qubbet el-Hawa

text: Aswan

text: "Wawat" and "Irthet"

text: pharaoh

text: Land of Punt

text: autobiography

text: apotheosis

text: Mentuhotep I

text: Intef II

text: Senusret III

text: Sekhemkare Amenemhat V

text: Neferhotep I

text: Sekhemre-Wadjkhaw Sobekemsaf I

text: Intef III

text: 11th Dynasty

text: Middle Kingdom

text: Sarenput I

text: Sarenput II

text: Heqaib III

text: Second Intermediate Period

text: Edouard Ghazouli

text: Labib Habachi

categories: People of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt,Deified people

paragraph: Heqaib

paragraph: Heqaib, also Hekaib or Hekayeb, was an ancient Egyptian nomarch of the 1st "nomos" of Upper Egypt ("Land of the Bow") under king Pepi II Neferkare, towards the end of the 6th Dynasty. He was also an officer in charge of military expeditions in Nubia.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: His real name was Pepinakht ("ppjj-nḫt" - "[King] Pepi is strong"). As officer, he led at least three expeditions. All of these are registered on the façade of his tomb at Qubbet el-Hawa (near Aswan), after a long list of his titles.br

paragraph: In the first expedition, Pepinakht led a surprise attack in the lands of "Wawat" and "Irthet", slaying many warriors and taking many prisoners to the court of the pharaoh. Then, he was sent back to the same places (second expedition) where he captured some chieftains, and also brought back a booty. For his third expedition, Pepinakht was instructed to bring back the corpse of Enenkhet; he was an expedition leader in charge to build a ship to reach the Land of Punt, but he was attacked and killed along with his escort by the "sand dwellers". Pepinakht's autobiography abruptly ends while he was attacking the "sand dwellers". However, it's very likely that he was able to accomplish even this mission.br

paragraph: His capabilities and charisma earned him the nickname Heqaib ("ḥq3-ỉb" - "He who controls his heart") and then, after his death, a quick apotheosis. This fact may be representative of the great power achieved by local authorities in this period, which is a prelude to the forthcoming collapse of the Egyptian state. His son, named Sebni, apparently succeeded him in his charges. In a room in an official building on Elephantine were found several wooden boxes with names of local officials. One box bears the name of Heqaib. These boxes were most likely used in rituals around the funerary cult of the people mentioned on them.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Shortly after Heqaib's death and divinization, a great number of people started to worship this "local saint" initially in front of his tomb at Qubbet el-Hawa, and later in a purpose-built sanctuary. From the various documents left by those devotees it is known that many of them were named "Heqaib" in his honour, and even some pharaohs are known to having left dedications in the sanctuary: among the royal statues found here can be mentioned those of Mentuhotep I (although posthumous), Intef II, Senusret III, Sekhemkare Amenemhat V, Neferhotep I, and Sekhemre-Wadjkhaw Sobekemsaf I, while it is known that Intef III ordered a restoration of the sanctuary during the early 11th Dynasty.br

paragraph: Heqaib's distant successors during the Middle Kingdom such as Sarenput I, Sarenput II and Heqaib III, expanded the sanctuary by building shrines dedicated to him and to themselves. However, with the advent of the troubled Second Intermediate Period the sanctuary was progressively abandoned and filled with debris, until its rediscovery by Edouard Ghazouli in 1932 and the subsequent excavations by himself and Labib Habachi.

description: ancient Egyptian nomarch

wikidata_label: Heqaib

wikipedia_title: Heqaib


text:
Drammen
Norwegian
snowboarder
slopestyle
big air
2014 Winter Olympics
Sochi
Russia
qualification event
Øystein Bråten
Bråten Sochi profile

categories: Norwegian male snowboarders,1990 births,Living people,Olympic snowboarders of Norway

paragraph: Gjermund Bråten

paragraph: Gjermund Bråten (born 23 October 1990, Drammen) is a Norwegian snowboarder who competes in slopestyle and big air.

paragraph: Bråten qualified for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. On February 6, 2014 in the qualification event Bråten finished the fourth in his heat and thereby qualified directly to the final. In the final, he was ranked twelfth.

paragraph: His best World Cup result in slopestyle before the 2014 Olympics was the seventh-place finish in Sierra Nevada on March 26, 2013. Before 2011, Bråten also achieved three World Cup podium finishes (one second place and two third places) in big air.

paragraph: His brother Øystein Bråten represented Norway at the 2014 Winter Olympics in freestyle skiing, also in slopestyle.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bråten Sochi profile

description: Norwegian snowboarder

wikidata_label: Gjermund Bråten

wikipedia_title: Gjermund Bråten


text:
tennis
San Francisco, California
U.S. National Championships
1917
1913
Tennis Archives

categories: Tennis people from California,1970 deaths,1895 births,American male tennis players

paragraph: John R. Strachan

paragraph: John Richard Strachan (March 17, 1895 – December 11, 1970) was an American tennis player active in the 1910s.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in San Francisco, California on 17 March 1895.

paragraph: Strachan reached the semifinals of the U.S. National Championships in 1917 and the quarterfinals in 1913.

paragraph: He died on 11 December 1970 in San Francisco, California.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tennis Archives

description: American tennis player

wikidata_label: John Strachan

wikipedia_title: John R. Strachan


text: UnitedHealthcare Women’s Team

categories: Living people,American female cyclists,1979 births

paragraph: Alison Powers

paragraph: Alison Powers is an American former racing cyclist who last rode for the UnitedHealthcare Women’s Team.

paragraph: Powers is the first American rider to simultaneously be National Champion in all three disciplines of road cycling (Criterium, Road and Time trial).

paragraph: On October 23, 2014, Powers announced her retirement from the sport.

paragraph: Section::::Palmares.

paragraph: Source:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014

description: American female cyclist

wikidata_label: Alison Powers

wikipedia_title: Alison Powers


text:
Count of Nassau
Henry II of Nassau
Matilda of Guelders
Dillenburg
Hadamar
Siegen
Herborn
Beilstein
Count Walram II
Lahn
House of Nassau
Greifenstein
Dernbach
Teutonic Knights
Cologne
Trier
Emsland
Koblenz
William III of the Netherlands
Leiningen
Emich IV of Leiningen
Henry, Count of Nassau in Siegen
Ginsburg
Haiger
Westerwald
Emicho I, Count of Nassau-Hadamar
Driedorf
Hadamar
John
Katzenelnbogen
Altenberg
Arnstein
www.genealogie-mittelalter.de

paragraph: Otto I, Count of Nassau

paragraph: Otto I of Nassau (–1290), Count of Nassau was the younger son of Count Henry II of Nassau and Matilda of Guelders.

paragraph: Otto I became the count of Dillenburg, Hadamar, Siegen, Herborn and Beilstein after many years of quarrel with his brother Count Walram II. In the division of 17 December 1255 he received possessions north to the Lahn. And thus began the geographical and political separation of the House of Nassau. He became the founder of the Ottonian line of the house. He stood against the local aristocracy, particularly the counts of Greifenstein and of Dernbach and was for many years banished, since he withheld lands of Teutonic Knights, which his uncle had left to him. Among his opponents were the archbishops of Cologne and Trier, who presented the territorial claims. He lost also the lordships in Emsland and Koblenz.

paragraph: His last agnatic dynastic descendant was William III of the Netherlands.

paragraph: Section::::Family and children.

paragraph: He married Agnes of Leiningen, a daughter of Count Emich IV of Leiningen and had following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Henry, Count of Nassau in Siegen (d. 1343), Count in Nassau-Siegen, Ginsburg, Haiger and in Westerwald since 1303, in Dillenburg, Herborn and Beilstein in 1328–43.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Emicho I, Count of Nassau-Hadamar (d. 7 June 1334) in Driedorf, Esterau and Hadamar.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. John (d. 1328), Count in Beilstein and Herborn since 1303, in Katzenelnbogen since 1320.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Mechtild (d. 28 October 1319), married ca. 1289 to Gerhard von Schönecken.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Gertrud (d. 19 September 1359), Abbess of Altenberg.

paragraph: He also had an illegitimate son Henry, who was a monk in Arnstein and a priest in Nassau.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.genealogie-mittelalter.de

description: Count of Nassau (1251-1289/90)

wikidata_label: Otto I of Nassau

wikipedia_title: Otto I, Count of Nassau


text: Rover Company

text: Land Rover

text: Hayling Island

text: Suffragette

text: Spencer Wilks

text: Rover Car Company

text: Malvern College

text: Hillman Motor Car Company

text: Coventry

text: General Motors

text: Rover Company

text: Frank Searle

text: World War II

text: Frank Whittle

text: gas turbine

text: Willys Jeep

text: Motor Industry Research Association

text: Newborough, Anglesey

text: Frank Searle

text: John Black

text: Rootes brothers

text: Spencer King

text: John Black

text: Standard Motor Company

text: William Hillman

categories: British automobile designers,British founders of automobile manufacturers,1904 births,1963 deaths,Rover Company,Land Rover,People educated at Malvern College

paragraph: Maurice Wilks

paragraph: Maurice Fernand Cary Wilks (1904–1963) was a British automotive and aeronautical engineer, and by the time of his death in 1963, was the chairman of the Rover Company, a British car manufacturer. He was the founder of the Land Rover brand and responsible for the inspiration and concept work that led to the development of the Land Rover off-road utility vehicle.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Wilks was born on 19 August 1904 at Hayling Island, Hampshire, England, the youngest of five sons and one daughter of Thomas Wilks (born Balham), a Director of Leather Co and his wife Jane Eliza (born St. Sepulchre, London), a Suffragette. One of his brothers was Spencer Wilks who became managing director, chairman and president of the Rover Car Company. He was educated at Malvern College.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Maurice Wilks worked from 1922 to 1926 for the Hillman Motor Car Company in Coventry. In 1926 he went to work for General Motors in the United States but after two years in the U.S., returned to England and Hillman.

paragraph: Wilks remained at Hillman as a planning engineer until 1930, when he moved to the Rover Company as chief engineer following his much older brother, Spencer. Spencer Wilks had been brought in from Hillman in September 1929 by Rover's Frank Searle made general manager and given a seat on Rover's board the following year. Spencer would be appointed managing director of Rover from 1932

paragraph: In 1930 Spencer and Maurice Wilks on Spencer's appointment to the board made the important decision to make only high quality cars.

paragraph: During World War II, Wilks led Rover's team developing Frank Whittle's gas turbine aircraft engines. Experiencing difficulties with Whittle's team Rover passed the project to Rolls-Royce in 1943. After the war, Wilks continued working with gas turbine engines, leading to Rover unveiling the first gas turbine powered car in 1949.

paragraph: Shortly after the war, whilst at his farm in Anglesey, Wilks, who used an army surplus Willys Jeep for farm work, and his brother Spencer who was visiting him, were inspired to develop and produce a utility four-wheel-drive vehicle for farmers, and the name "Land Rover" was coined for it.

paragraph: By the summer of 1947 Rover had built a prototype "Land Rover" vehicle based on a Jeep chassis. In September 1947, the Rover company authorised the production of 50 pre-production models for evaluation purposes. The "Land Rover" was launched to the world at the 1948 Amsterdam Motor Show.

paragraph: Maurice Wilks was a leading light in the establishment and development of the proving ground facilities of the Motor Industry Research Association.

paragraph: Maurice Wilks remained chief engineer until appointed technical director in 1946. He was appointed joint managing director with brother Spencer Wilks in August 1956 and succeeded his brother as managing director in November 1960. In January 1962 preferring policy to day-to-day management he was appointed chairman of the Rover Company in succession to his older brother Spencer Wilks. The managing director appointment was given to W F F Martin-Hurst.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Wilks died at his farm near Newborough, Anglesey, on 8 September 1963.

paragraph: His obituary in The Times described him as shunning publicity but added that he was farsighted and regarded as one of the industry's outstanding engineers with a brilliant knowledge of engineering detail. He was survived by his wife and three children.

paragraph: He married Barbara Martin-Hurst in 1937.

paragraph: Section::::Wilks family.

paragraph: From the early 1930s, until merged with British Leyland, Rover had much of the nature of a family business.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maurice Wilks's elder brother, Spencer, Spencer Bernau Wilks (1891—1971), was general manager from September 1929 then managing director of Rover from 1932 until 1957 when he was appointed chairman of the board of directors. Spencer was hired by Rover managing director, Frank Searle, from his position of joint (with John Black) managing director of Hillman following the purchase of Hillman by the Rootes brothers. Spencer brought Maurice from Hillman to Rover the following year to be Rover's chief engineer.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Martin-Hurst (1905-1988) Rover's well-liked managing director, was a Maurice Wilks relative by marriage.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Wilks (1920-1972), son of Geoffrey Wilks, took over his uncle Maurice Wilks' technical directorship in 1963 and later became engineering director but he retired for health reasons in July 1971 when only 51 and died the following year.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spencer King (1925-2010) was a nephew of Spencer and Maurice Wilks. He took over as technical director on the retirement of Peter Wilks.

paragraph: Spencer Wilks and John Black of the Standard Motor Company married sisters, daughters of William Hillman bicycle and automobile manufacturer.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Still photograph of M C Wilks by British Pathé

description: British automobile designer

wikidata_label: Maurice Wilks

wikipedia_title: Maurice Wilks


text: United States Army

text: Medal of Honor

text: Vietnam War

text: Hegewisch

text: Chicago, Illinois

text: specialist four

text: 5th Cavalry Regiment

text: 1st Cavalry Division

text: Binh Dinh Province

text: Republic of Vietnam

text: hand grenade

text: Calumet Park, Illinois

text: Olive-Harvey College

text: City Colleges of Chicago

text: Milton L. Olive, III

text: Fort Hood

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients

categories: People from Chicago,Vietnam War recipients of the Medal of Honor,People from Montgomery, West Virginia,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,American military personnel killed in the Vietnam War,Military personnel from Illinois,1946 births,United States Army soldiers,1967 deaths

paragraph: Carmel Bernon Harvey Jr.

paragraph: Carmel Bernon Harvey Jr. (October 6, 1946–June 21, 1967) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Vietnam War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Harvey joined the Army from his hometown in the Hegewisch community area of Chicago, Illinois in 1965, and by June 21, 1967 was serving as a specialist four in Company B, 1st Battalion, 5th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile). During a firefight on that day, in Binh Dinh Province, Republic of Vietnam, an enemy bullet hit and activated a hand grenade attached to Harvey's belt. Unable to remove the live device from his belt, he ran towards an enemy machinegun emplacement until the grenade exploded, killing him and momentarily halting the enemy's fire.

paragraph: Harvey, aged 20 at his death, was buried in Cedar Park Cemetery, Calumet Park, Illinois. Olive-Harvey College, one of the City Colleges of Chicago is named after him and fellow Medal of Honor recipient Milton L. Olive, III. A fitness center on Fort Hood is also named after Harvey. The auditorium of George Washington High School in Chicago, which serves his home community of Hegewisch, is named Harvey Hall in his honor.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War

wikidata_label: Carmel Bernon Harvey, Jr.

wikipedia_title: Carmel Bernon Harvey Jr.


text: American

text: industrial designer

text: ergonomic

text: Star, Mississippi

text: Great Depression

text: Detroit

text: Cass Technical High School

text: Wayne State University

text: Cranbrook Academy of Art

text: Bachelor of Fine Arts

text: design

text: architecture

text: Italy

text: Fulbright Scholarship

text: Marco Zanuso

text: United States

text: Dreyfuss Associates

text: Princess telephone

text: Polaroid SX-70

text: John Deere

text: Helena Hernmarck

text: computers

text: human factors

text: ergonomics

text: human factors engineering

text: UCLA

text: Yale University

text: Ridgefield, Connecticut

text: I.D. (magazine)

text: Chrysler Award

text: Smithsonian’s

text: Cooper-Hewitt National Design Award

text: Forbes

text: Royal Designer for Industry

text: counterbalance

text: task chair

text: patent

text: lumbar

text: ergonomic

text: Knoll

text: KI

text: Henry Dreyfuss

text: Chrysler Design Awards

text: Freedom Chair

text: Liberty Chair

text: Niels Diffrient Bio: Contract Magazine

text: Henry Dreyfuss Associates

categories: 2013 deaths,Cranbrook Academy of Art alumni,Cass Technical High School alumni,American industrial designers,American furniture designers,1928 births,Wayne State University alumni

paragraph: Niels Diffrient

paragraph: Niels Diffrient (6 September 1928 – 8 June 2013) was an American industrial designer. Diffrient focused mainly on ergonomic seating, and his most well known designs are the Freedom and Liberty chairs, manufactured by Humanscale.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Diffrient was born in 1928 in a farmhouse near Star, Mississippi.

paragraph: During the Great Depression his family relocated to Detroit, where Diffrient attended Cass Technical High School. He then attended Wayne State University, and finally Cranbrook Academy of Art, where he received a Bachelor of Fine Arts in design and architecture and excelled as an outstanding student, winning the First Medal in Design three of his four years there.

paragraph: While in Italy on a Fulbright Scholarship in 1954, Diffrient went to work in the studio of Marco Zanuso, where he assisted with the design of an award-winning Borletti sewing machine.

paragraph: Upon arriving back in the United States in 1955, Diffrient joined Dreyfuss Associates in their Pasadena offices, and spent the next few decades revolutionizing American industrial design through his development of interiors and corporate identity for American Airlines planes, the landmark Princess telephone, the Polaroid SX-70 camera, and tractor seats for John Deere. In 1980 after 25 years with Henry Dreyfuss Associates, Diffrient left to start his own independent practice, establishing a design studio in Ridgefield, Connecticut which he shared with his wife, tapestry artist Helena Hernmarck.

paragraph: In his career, which has now lasted over a half century, Diffrient designed every type of equipment, as well as computers, exhibits, trucks, airplane interiors and corporate identity programs. He has also been broadly published in the field of design and human factors, most notably as co-author of the three-volume publication, Humanscale, in 1974 and 1981. He is credited with pioneering the use of ergonomics, or what he called human factors engineering, in dozens of office furniture designs.

paragraph: Additionally, Niels spent time as adjunct Professor of Design at UCLA for eight years and was a visiting critic at the Yale University School of Architecture for two years.

paragraph: Articles about him and his work have appeared in Time Magazine, Fortune, Business Week and The New York Times to name a few.

paragraph: Diffrient died on 8 June 2013 at his home in Ridgefield, Connecticut.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: In the field of furniture design, most notably ergonomic seating, Niels has won a total of 24 awards, including two Best of Show and 10 Gold and Top awards. Diffrient holds more than 46 design and utility patents on furniture designs in America and abroad, and his many honors include the I.D. (magazine) Top 40 Design Innovators of 1996, the 1996 Chrysler Award for Innovation, the Smithsonian’s 2002 Cooper-Hewitt National Design Award for Product Design, and the 2005 Legend Award from Contract magazine. In 2007, Forbes.com named Diffrient the "granddaddy of the ergonomic revolution" and one of ten "Tastemakers" in the field of industrial design. Diffrient is also an Honorary Royal Designer for Industry, awarded by the Royal Society of Arts and Industry, London. Lifetime Contribution to Design Award, FX Magazine International Interior Design Awards, 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Products designed by Niels Diffrient.:Humanscale.

paragraph: Humanscale is an American company based in New York City, best known for its Freedom chair designed by Niels Diffrient and introduced in 1999.

paragraph: Chairs:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Freedom Chair, 1999: The chair was considered innovative for its internal counterbalance mechanism that allegedly supports the user’s body at all points during recline, a first for task chairs. The Freedom chair has patented synchronous arms, which adjust simultaneously.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liberty Chair, 2004: Humanscale’s other notable task chair is its Liberty chair, also designed by Niels Diffrient, which was introduced in 2004. The Liberty chair is a tri-panel mesh back design, which allegedly provides lumbar support. Like the Freedom chair, Liberty is also outfitted with a balanced recline mechanism that is supposed to support all sitters throughout recline.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diffrient World Chair, 2009

paragraph: Humanscale also manufactures keyboard support systems, monitor arms, task lighting, and various other ergonomic work tools, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diffrient Task and Work Light, 2002

paragraph: Section::::Products designed by Niels Diffrient.:Other.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diffrient Chair (Knoll), 1979

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helena Chair and Jefferson Chair (SunarHauserman), 1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flexible Workspace Furniture System (KI), 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Deere tractors (Henry Dreyfuss)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Borletti Sewing Machine (Marco Zanuso)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Confessions of a Generalist (Generalist Ink, LLC)

paragraph: Section::::Selected bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diffrient, Niels. "Humanscale: Manual". Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1974. Print.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diffrient, Niels, Mildred S. Friedman, Joan Bardagjy, and Nicholas Polites. "Dimensions of Experience: Understanding and Measuring Human Experience in the Designed Environment". Minneapolis, Minn: Walker Art Center, 1975. Print.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diffrient, Niels. "Confessions of a Generalist." Danbury, Conn.: Generalist Ink, LLC, 2012. Print.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lutz, Brian. "Eero Saarinen: Furniture for Everyman". New York: Pointed Leaf Press, 2012. Print.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pedersen, Martin C. "Niels Diffrient." "Metropolis: Architecture Design" 32.8 (2013): 88. "Biography Reference Bank (H.W. Wilson)". Web. 10 Dec. 2015.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chrysler Design Awards

paragraph: BULLET::::- Freedom Chair

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liberty Chair

paragraph: BULLET::::- Niels Diffrient Bio: Contract Magazine

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neils Diffrient Bio: Design Within Reach

paragraph: BULLET::::- Niels Diffrient rethinks the way we sit down - Video on TED.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archives of American Art Oral History Interview with Niels Diffrient, 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Dreyfuss Associates

paragraph: BULLET::::- Niels Diffrient: Rethinking the way we sit down (TED2002)

description: American designer

wikidata_label: Niels Diffrient

wikipedia_title: Niels Diffrient


text:
German Bohemian
opera
tenor
Bedřich Smetana
Antonín Dvořák
Prague
Pilsen Theatre
Provisional Theatre
Gaetano Donizetti
Lucrezia Borgia
Bedřich Smetana
The Bartered Bride
Prague National Theatre
The Secret
The Devil's Wall
Antonín Dvořák
The Cunning Peasant
The Stubborn Lovers
The Jacobin
Rusalka
Armida
Karel Kovarovic
silent film
Růžena Maturová
diabetes
Vyšehrad cemetery
Gramophone record
Les Huguenots
Eugene Onegin
The Bartered Bride

categories: Czech male film actors,Musicians from Prague,Male actors from Prague,Czech operatic tenors,1848 births,1933 deaths,Czech male stage actors,Czech theatre directors,Czech people of French descent,German Bohemian people,Deaths from diabetes

paragraph: Adolf Krössing

paragraph: Adolf Krössing (5 January 1848 – 28 January 1933) was a German Bohemian operatic tenor, stage director, and actor of both the stage and film. Possessing a smaller voice, Krössing impressed audiences not with his vocal prowess but with his dramatic gifts. A master of improvisation and comic timing, he excelled in character roles. He is particularly remembered for creating roles in several world premieres by Bedřich Smetana and Antonín Dvořák.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Krössing was born in Prague, the son of a German father and a French mother. He was brought up in an entirely German environment, being schooled by German tutors and speaking primarily German at home. His father wanted Krössing to become a lawyer, but his own proclivities lay towards the theatre. Under the advice of a friend, he began taking singing lessons with František Vogl in Prague. Shortly thereafter he began appearing in stage plays in that city.

paragraph: Krössing made his first singing appearances in concerts at the Pilsen Theatre. His performances attracted the attention of František Saak, the director of the Provisional Theatre in Prague. Saak offered him an opera contract and in December 1870 Krössing made his professional opera debut in Gaetano Donizetti's "Lucrezia Borgia". In September of that same year he played Wenzel in the premiere of the final version of Bedřich Smetana's opera "The Bartered Bride", a role which he would repeat often throughout his career. His portrayal in this production impressed Smetana, and Krössing was soon invited to join his group of artists that would later be established at the Prague National Theatre.

paragraph: Krössing performed with Smetana's group of artists at the Nové České Divadlo (New Czech Theatre) up until 1881 when the National Theatre opened. He continued to appear at that house in operas, operettas, plays, and even the occasional ballet up until 1914. While there he portrayed over 300 roles, both large and small, in well over 4,000 performances. He was also active as a stage director for plays and operas at the theatre from 1890 until his retirement.

paragraph: Krössing notably appeared in several world premieres during his career. He sang in two premieres of operas by Smetana, singing Skřivánek in "The Secret" (1878) and Michǎlek in "The Devil's Wall" (1882). He also sang in the premiers of five operas by Antonín Dvořák; the roles of Jean in "The Cunning Peasant" (1878), Toník in "The Stubborn Lovers" (1881), Benda in "The Jacobin" (1889), the Gamekeeper in "Rusalka" (1901), and Sven in "Armida" (1904). He also portrayed the role of Adam Ecl in the first production of Karel Kovarovic's "The Dogheads" on 24 April 1898.

paragraph: In his advanced age, Krössing performed in five Czech silent films. His first role was of one of his signature stage roles, Wenzel in "The Bartered Bride", for a silent film version of the opera. He also worked as a voice teacher both during his opera career and after. His most famous pupil was soprano Růžena Maturová. By his early 80s, Krössing was seriously ill with a severe case of diabetes. The disease caused his death in 1933 at the age of 85. He is buried at the Vyšehrad cemetery in Prague.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prodaná nevěsta" (The Bartered Bride), 1913 – Vašek

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Legionář", 1920 – Count Otto Rosenberk

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Píseň života" (Song of Life), 1924 – Conrad the beggar

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vdavky Nanynky Kulichovy", 1925 – the role of neuvedena

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Svéhlavička", 1926 – gardener

paragraph: Section::::Recordings.

paragraph: Krössing made a number of recordings of opera arias between 1906 and 1907 on the Gramophone record. He recorded selections from "Les Huguenots", "Eugene Onegin", and "The Bartered Bride".

description: Czech actor, opera singer and director

wikidata_label: Adolf Krössing

wikipedia_title: Adolf Krössing


text:
Catholic
Boppard
Bonn
Tübingen
Trier
Vienna
Anton Günther
Breslau
University of Bonn
Franz Jakob Clemens
Index Librorum Prohibitorum
Roman Catholic Church

wikipedia_title:
Catholic Church
Boppard
Bonn
Tübingen
Trier
Vienna
Anton Günther
University of Wrocław
University of Bonn
Franz Jakob Clemens
Index Librorum Prohibitorum
Catholic Church

categories: People from Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis,1889 deaths,German male non-fiction writers,19th-century German Catholic theologians,University of Bonn faculty,People from the Rhine Province,19th-century male writers,1811 births

paragraph: Franz Peter Knoodt

paragraph: Franz Peter Knoodt (6 November 1811 – 27 January 1889) was a German Catholic theologian who was a native of Boppard.

paragraph: He studied theology in Bonn und Tübingen, and later worked as a chaplain and teacher in Trier. In 1841-43 he furthered his studies in Vienna, where he was a student of Anton Günther (1783-1863). In 1844 he earned his doctorate of theology at Breslau, and in 1845 became a professor of philosophy at the Catholic faculty of theology at the University of Bonn. From May 1848 to February 1849 he was a member of the Frankfurt National Assembly.

paragraph: Knoodt was an ardent follower of the philosophical teachings of Anton Günther, and several years after Günther's death, he published the biographical "Anton Günther. Eine Biographie" (1881, 2 volumes). This work has been praised as an important source of Catholic church history. Another noted work of Knoodt's was "Günther und Clemens; Offene Briefe" (Günther and Franz Jakob Clemens; Open Letters, 1853–54). Both publications were placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum (List of Prohibited Books) by the Roman Catholic Church.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- English translation

description: German theologian

wikidata_label: Franz Peter Knoodt

wikipedia_title: Franz Peter Knoodt