text: Julian calendar

text: Ukraine

text: Russian Empire

text: chemical engineer

text: Moscow State University

text: Stalino

text: Donets Basin

text: Second World War

text: war correspondent

text: Red Army

text: Krasnaya Zvezda

text: Moscow

text: Stalingrad

text: Kursk

text: Berlin

text: extermination camp

text: Treblinka

text: Life and Fate

text: censored

text: Nikita Khrushchev

text: nonperson

text: KGB

text: typewriter

text: Mikhail Suslov

text: could not be published

text: stomach cancer

text: network of dissidents

text: Andrei Sakharov

text: Vladimir Voinovich

text: Soviet Union

text: Berdychiv

text: emancipated

text: Jewish

text: diminutive

text: social-democratic

text: Menshevik

text: 1905 Revolution

text: Sebastopol

text: Russian Revolution of 1917

text: Moscow State University

text: Donbass

text: Maxim Gorky

text: Mikhail Bulgakov

text: Commissar

text: Aleksandr Askoldov

text: KGB

text: Union of Writers

text: Stalin prize

text: Menshevik

text: Boris Guber

text: Great Purge

text: enemy of the people

text: Nikolay Yezhov

text: NKVD

text: Semyon Lipkin

text: Nazi Germany

text: invaded

text: German Army

text: war correspondent

text: Red Army

text: Krasnaya Zvezda

text: Battle of Moscow

text: Battle of Stalingrad

text: Battle of Kursk

text: Battle of Berlin

text: ethnic cleansing

text: Ukraine

text: Red Army

text: Treblinka

text: Majdanek

text: extermination camp

text: the Holocaust

text: Nuremberg Trials

text: Sonderkommando

text: Josef Hirtreiter

text: Treblinka extermination camp

text: Jankiel Wiernik

text: Black Book

text: Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee

text: Ukrainians

text: Nazis

text: collectivization

text: political repression

text: Holodomor

text: Ukraine

text: Kuban

text: magnum opus

text: Life and Fate

text: KGB

text: typewriter ribbon

text: Politburo

text: Mikhail Suslov

text: Nikita Khrushchev

text: dissident

text: nonperson

text: stomach cancer

text: Troyekurovskoye Cemetery

text: Andrei Sakharov

text: Semyon Lipkin

text: Vladimir Voinovich

text: photographic film

text: Efim Etkind

text: Shimon Markish

text: glasnost

text: Mikhail Gorbachev

text: Robert Chandler

text: Frederick Wiseman

text: Catherine Samie

text: Lev Landau

text: Leo Tolstoy

text: Life and Fate

text: Rosemary Edmonds

text: Ilya Ehrenburg

text: Sovlit.net

text: Grossman's publications

text: History of the Soviet Union

text: Ilya Ehrenburg

text: Varlam Shalamov

text: Solomon Mikhoels

text: Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee

text: Doctors' plot

text: Stalin and antisemitism

text: Gulag

text: Samizdat

text: Antony Beevor

text: Full text in English, HTML

text: Full text in English, PDF

text: "Out of the Ruins of Stalingrad"

text: "Under Siege"

text: The New Yorker

text: Zerkalo Nedeli

text: Kiev

text: in Russian

text: in Ukrainian

text: "Vasily Grossman" (HTML)

text: (PDF)

text: "Prospect"

text: Eyewitness to hell

text: Ha'aretz

text: Introduction from "Life and Fate"

text: Святой Василий, не веривший в Бога

categories: People from Berdychiv,Burials in Troyekurovskoye Cemetery,20th-century Russian short story writers,Jewish Russian writers,Soviet Jews in the military,1905 births,Soviet non-fiction writers,Russian male short story writers,Soviet dissidents,Jewish novelists,Soviet novelists,Russian male novelists,Soviet people of World War II,Russian male journalists,Ukrainian Jews,1964 deaths,Moscow State University alumni,Soviet journalists,Russian journalists,Jewish socialists,Deaths from stomach cancer,20th-century Russian male writers,Soviet male writers,Soviet short story writers,Soviet Jews

paragraph: Vasily Grossman

paragraph: Vasily Semyonovich Grossman (, ; 12 December (29 November, Julian calendar) 1905 – 14 September 1964) was a Russian writer and journalist. Born to a Jewish family in Ukraine, then a part of the Russian Empire, Grossman trained as a chemical engineer at Moscow State University, earning the nickname "Vasya-khimik" (Vasya the Chemist) because of his diligence as a student. Upon graduation he took a job in Stalino (now Donetsk) in the Donets Basin. In the 1930s he changed careers. He began writing full-time and published a number of short stories and several novels. At the outbreak of the Second World War, he was engaged as a war correspondent by the Red Army newspaper "Krasnaya Zvezda"; he wrote first-hand accounts of the battles of Moscow, Stalingrad, Kursk and Berlin. Grossman's eyewitness reports of a Nazi extermination camp, following the discovery of Treblinka, were among the earliest accounts of a Nazi death camp by a reporter.

paragraph: While Grossman was never arrested by the Soviet authorities, his two major literary works ("Life and Fate" and "Forever Flowing") were censored during the ensuing Nikita Khrushchev period as unacceptably anti-Soviet, and Grossman himself became in effect a nonperson. The KGB raided Grossman's flat after he had completed "Life and Fate", seizing manuscripts, notes and even the ribbon from the typewriter on which the text had been written. Grossman was told by the Communist Party's chief ideologist Mikhail Suslov that the book could not be published for two or three hundred years. At the time of Grossman's death from stomach cancer in 1964 these books remained unreleased. Hidden copies were eventually smuggled out of the Soviet Union by a network of dissidents, including Andrei Sakharov and Vladimir Voinovich, and first published in the West, before appearing in the Soviet Union in 1988.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Born Iosif Solomonovich Grossman in Berdychiv, Ukraine, Russian Empire into an emancipated Jewish family, he did not receive a traditional Jewish education. His father Semyon Osipovich Grossman was a chemical engineer, and his mother Yekaterina Savelievna was a teacher of French. A Russian nanny turned his name "Yossya" into Russian "Vasya" (a diminutive of "Vasily"), which was accepted by the whole family. His father had social-democratic convictions and joined the Mensheviks, and was active in the 1905 Revolution; he helped organise events in Sebastopol. From 1910 to 1912, he lived together with his mother in Geneva after his parents had separated. After returning to Berdychiv in 1912, he moved to Kiev in 1914 where, while living with his father, he attended secondary school and later the Kiev Higher Institute of Soviet Education. Young Vasily Grossman idealistically supported the hope of the Russian Revolution of 1917.

paragraph: In January 1928, Grossman married Anna Petrovna Matsuk; his daughter, named Yekaterina after his mother, was born two years later. When he had to move to Moscow, she refused to leave her job in Kiev, but in any case, she could not get a permit to stay in Moscow. When he moved to Stalino, she certainly did not want to go; she had started having affairs. Their daughter was sent to live with his mother in Berdychiv.

paragraph: Grossman began writing short stories while studying chemical engineering at Moscow State University and later continued his literary activity while working running chemical tests at a coal-mining concern in Stalino in the Donbass, and later in a pencil factory. One of his first short stories, "In the Town of Berdichev" ("В городе Бердичеве"), drew favourable attention and encouragement from Maxim Gorky and Mikhail Bulgakov. The film "Commissar" (director Aleksandr Askoldov), made in 1967, suppressed by the KGB and released only in October 1990, is based on this four-page story.

paragraph: In the mid-1930s Grossman left his job and committed himself fully to writing. By 1936 he had published two collections of stories and the novel "Glyukauf", and in 1937 was accepted into the privileged Union of Writers. His novel "Stepan Kol'chugin" (published 1937-40) was nominated for a Stalin prize, but deleted from the list by Stalin himself for alleged Menshevik sympathies.

paragraph: Grossman's first marriage ended in 1933, and in the summer of 1935 he began an affair with Olga Mikhailovna Guber, the wife of his friend, writer Boris Guber. Grossman and Olga began living together in October 1935, and they married in May 1936, a few days after Olga and Boris Guber divorced. In 1937 during the Great Purge Boris Guber was arrested, and later Olga was also arrested for failing to denounce her previous husband as an "enemy of the people". Grossman quickly had himself registered as the official guardian of Olga's two sons by Boris Guber, thus saving them from being sent to orphanages. He then wrote to Nikolay Yezhov, the head of the NKVD, pointing out that Olga was now his wife, not Guber's, and that she should not be held responsible for a man from whom she had separated long before his arrest. Grossman's friend, Semyon Lipkin, commented, "In 1937 only a very brave man would have dared to write a letter like this to the State's chief executioner." Astonishingly, Olga Guber was released.

paragraph: Section::::War reporter.

paragraph: When Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, Grossman's mother was trapped in Berdychiv by the invading German Army, and eventually murdered together with 20,000 to 30,000 other Jews who had not evacuated. Grossman was exempt from military service, but volunteered for the front, where he spent more than 1,000 days. He became a war correspondent for the popular Red Army newspaper "Krasnaya Zvezda" (Red Star). As the war raged on, he covered its major events, including the Battle of Moscow, the Battle of Stalingrad, the Battle of Kursk and the Battle of Berlin. In addition to war journalism, his novels (such as "The People are Immortal" (Народ бессмертен)) were published in newspapers and he came to be regarded as a legendary war hero. The novel "Stalingrad" (1950), later renamed "For a Just Cause" (За правое дело), is based on his experiences during the siege. A new English translation, with added material from Grossman's politically risky early drafts, was published in 2019 under the original title, "Stalingrad".

paragraph: Grossman described Nazi ethnic cleansing in German occupied Ukraine and Poland, and the liberation by the Red Army of the Nazi-German Treblinka and Majdanek extermination camps. He collected some of the first eyewitness accounts — as early as 1943 — of what later became known as the Holocaust. His article "The Hell of Treblinka" (1944) was disseminated at the Nuremberg Trials as evidence for the prosecution.

paragraph: Section::::War reporter.:"The Hell of Treblinka".

paragraph: Grossman interviewed former "Sonderkommando" inmates who escaped from Treblinka, and wrote his manuscript without revealing their identities. He had access to materials already published. Grossman described Treblinka's operation in the first person. Of Josef Hirtreiter, the "SS" man who served at the reception zone of the Treblinka extermination camp during the arrival of transports, Grossman wrote:

paragraph: Grossman's description of a physically unlikely method of killing a living human through tearing-by-hand originated from the 1944 memoir of the Treblinka revolt survivor Jankiel Wiernik, where the phrase to "tear the child in half" appeared for the first time. Wiernik himself never worked in the "Auffanglager" receiving area of the camp where Hirtreiter served, and so was repeating hearsay. But the narrative repetition reveals that such stories were retold routinely. Wiernik's memoir was published in Warsaw as a clandestine booklet before the war's end, and translated in 1945 as "A Year in Treblinka". In his article, Grossman claimed that 3 million people had been killed at Treblinka, the highest estimate ever proposed, in line with the Soviet trend of exaggerating Nazi crimes for propaganda purposes.

paragraph: Section::::Conflict with the Soviet regime.

paragraph: Grossman participated in the assembly of the Black Book, a project of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee to document the crimes of the Holocaust. The post-war suppression of the Black Book by the Soviet state shook him to the core, and he began to question his own loyal support of the Soviet regime. First the censors ordered changes in the text to conceal the specifically anti-Jewish character of the atrocities and to downplay the role of Ukrainians who worked with the Nazis as police. Then, in 1948, the Soviet edition of the book was scrapped completely.

paragraph: Grossman also criticized collectivization and political repression of peasants that led to the Holodomor tragedy. He wrote that "The decree about grain procurement required that the peasants of Ukraine, the Don and the Kuban be put to death by starvation, put to death along with their little children."

paragraph: Because of state persecution, only a few of Grossman's post-war works were published during his lifetime. After he submitted for publication his magnum opus, the novel "Life and Fate" (Жизнь и судьба, 1959), the KGB raided his flat. The manuscripts, carbon copies, notebooks, as well as the typists' copies and even the typewriter ribbons were seized. The Politburo ideology chief Mikhail Suslov told Grossman that his book could not be published for two or three hundred years:

paragraph: Grossman wrote to Nikita Khrushchev: "What is the point of me being physically free when the book I dedicated my life to is arrested... I am not renouncing it... I am requesting freedom for my book." However, "Life and Fate" and his last major novel, "Everything Flows" (Все течет, 1961) were considered a threat to the Soviet power; these novels were suppressed and the dissident writer effectively transformed into a nonperson. Grossman died in 1964, not knowing whether his major novels would ever be read by the public.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Grossman died of stomach cancer on 14 September 1964. He was buried at the Troyekurovskoye Cemetery on the edge of Moscow.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: "Life and Fate" was first published in Russian in 1980 in Switzerland, thanks to fellow dissidents: physicist Andrei Sakharov secretly photographed draft pages preserved by Semyon Lipkin, and the writer Vladimir Voinovich smuggled the photographic films abroad. Two dissident researchers, professors and writers, Efim Etkind and Shimon Markish retyped the text from the microfilm, with some mistakes and misreadings due to the bad quality. The book was finally published in the Soviet Union in 1988 after the policy of glasnost was initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev. The text was published again in 1989 after further original manuscripts emerged after the first publication. "Everything Flows" was also published in the Soviet Union in 1989. It was first published in English in 1985; a revised English translation by Robert Chandler was published in 2006, and widely praised, being described as "World War II's "War and Peace".

paragraph: "Life and Fate" is considered to be in part an autobiographical work. Robert Chandler wrote in his introduction to the Harvill edition that its leading character, Viktor Shtrum, "is a portrait of the author himself," reflecting in particular his anguish at the murder of his mother at the Berdichev Ghetto. Chapter 18, a letter from Shtrum's mother, Anna, has been dramatized for the stage and film "The Last Letter" (2002), directed by Frederick Wiseman, and starring Catherine Samie. Chandler additionally suggests that aspects of the character and experience of Shtrum are based on the physicist Lev Landau. The late novel "Everything Flows", in turn, is especially noted for its quiet, unforced, and yet horrifying condemnation of the Soviet totalitarian state: a work in which Grossman, liberated from worries about censors, spoke honestly about Soviet history.

paragraph: Some critics have compared Grossman's novels to the work of Leo Tolstoy.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "For a Just Cause" (1956), originally titled "Stalingrad". Published in the Soviet Union in Russian in 1952. English translation with additional material from Grossman's unpublished manuscripts by Robert and Elizabeth Chandler published under original name "Stalingrad" (June 2019 )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Life and Fate" (1960) ( - first English translation edition, other editions ; ; ) The novel was praised as a masterpiece in Chandler's 2006 translation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The People Immortal", translated from the Russian by Elizabeth Donnelly (1943), Moscow, Foreign Languages Publishing House (published in U.S. as "No Beautiful Nights", New York, J. Messner (1944) and in U.K. as "The People Immortal", London: Hutchinson International Authors (1945))

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kolchugin's Youth: A Novel", translated from the Russian by Rosemary Edmonds (1946), Hutchinsons International Authors Ltd

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Forever Flowing" (European Classics - )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Black Book: The Ruthless Murder of Jews by German-Fascist Invaders Throughout the Temporarily-Occupied Regions of the Soviet Union and in the Death Camps of Poland during the War 1941–1945." by Vasily Grossman and Ilya Ehrenburg ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Everything Flows", Trans Robert & Elizabeth Chandler (2010), Harvill Secker and New York Review Books ().

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Road, Stories, Journalism, and Essays", translated from the Russian by Robert and Elizabeth Chandler with Olga Mukovnikova, commentary and notes by Robert Chandler with Yury Bit-Yunan, afterword by Fyodor Guber, New York, New York Review Books, 2010,

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""In The War" and Other Stories". Trans Andrew Glikin-Gusinsky. Sovlit.net

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grossman's publications at lib.ru

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Writer at War : a Soviet Journalist with the Red Army, 1941-1945" edited and translated by Antony Beevor and Luba Vinogradova from Grossman's wartime notebooks. New York : Vintage Books, 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Armenian Sketchbook." Translation Robert Chandler. New York Review Books Classics, 2013, .

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the Soviet Union

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the Jews in Russia and Soviet Union

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ilya Ehrenburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Varlam Shalamov

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solomon Mikhoels

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doctors' plot

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stalin and antisemitism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gulag

paragraph: BULLET::::- Samizdat

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bones of Berdichev: The Life and Fate of Vasily Grossman" by John Gordon Garrard, Carol Garrard ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vasiliy Grossman: The Genesis and Evolution of a Russian Heretic" by Frank Ellis ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Writer at War: Vasily Grossman with the Red Army, 1941-1945" by Antony Beevor and Luba Vinogradova (Pantheon, 2006 - ) - Based on Grossman's notebooks, war diaries, personal correspondence and articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Between the Icon and the idol. The Human Person and the Modern State in Russian Literature and Thought - Chaadayev, Soloviev, Grossman" by Artur Mrówczyński-Van Allen,(Cascade Books, /Theopolitical Visions/, Eugene, Or., 2013). .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Study Center Vasily Grossman: http://www.grossmanweb.eu (Italian/Russian)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Study Centre Vasily Grossman Documentation Center digital collection of works by and about the author (English, Russian and Italian)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Full text in English, HTML

paragraph: BULLET::::- Full text in English, PDF

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Out of the Ruins of Stalingrad" March 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- 100th anniversary of Vasily Grossman's birthday Interview with Yekaterina Korotkova (Grossman)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Under Siege", from The New Yorker, March 6, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The one who said the forbidden words. To centennial anniversary of Vasily Grossman", an article in Zerkalo Nedeli "(Mirror Weekly)", Kiev, available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chandler, Robert. "Vasily Grossman" (HTML) (PDF), "Prospect", Issue 126, September 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eli Shaltiel: "Eyewitness to hell" (Ha'aretz, 30 October 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Introduction from "Life and Fate"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Святой Василий, не веривший в Бога (St. Vasily Who Did Not Believe in God) by Antonina Krishchenko. 20 September 2002

description: Soviet writer and journalist who originally trained as an engineer

enwikiquote_title: Vasily Grossman

wikidata_label: Vasily Grossman

wikipedia_title: Vasily Grossman


text:
Moghulistan
Chagatai Khanate
Esen Buqa
Chagatai Khan
Islam
Transoxiana
Qazan Khan
Chagatai Khanate
Turko-Mongol
Qara'unas
Genghis Khan
Mongols
Buddhist
Shamanist
Kashgar
Aksu
Yarkand
Khotan
Muslim
Persian
dog
Islam
Buyan Suldus
Hajji Beg
Barlas
Timur
Timurid Empire
Amir Bayazid
Amir Husayn
Amu Darya
Kunduz
Ilyas Khoja
'Ali-Sultan
Franciscan
Buddhism
Tibet
lama
Yuan Dynasty
Almaliq
Babur
Dr Abdul Rauf Mughal
Grousset, René
Mirza Muhammad Haidar
Edward Denison Ross

categories: 1363 deaths,States and territories established in 1225,Year of birth uncertain,14th-century Mongol rulers,Mongol Empire Muslims,Converts to Islam,1687 disestablishments,Chagatai khans

paragraph: Tughlugh Timur

paragraph: Tughlugh Timur Khan (also Tughluq Tömür or Tughluk Timur) (1329/30-1363) was the Khan of Moghulistan from c. 1347 and Khan of the whole Chagatai Khanate from c. 1360 until his death. Esen Buqa (a direct descendant of Chagatai Khan) is believed to be his father. His reign is known for his conversion to Islam and his invasions of Transoxiana.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: After the Chagatayid Qazan Khan was killed in 1346, the Chagatai Khanate underwent a transformation. In the west (Transoxiana), the mostly Turko-Mongol tribes, led by the Qara'unas amirs, seized control. In order to maintain a link to the house of Genghis Khan, the amirs set several of his descendants on the throne, though these khans ruled in name only and had no real power.

paragraph: The eastern part of the khanate, meanwhile, had been largely autonomous for several years as a result of the khans' weakening power. This eastern portion (most of which was known as "Moghulistan") was, in contrast to Transoxiana, primarily inhabited by Mongols and was largely Buddhist and Shamanist.

paragraph: The most powerful family in the eastern part of the khanate during this time was a Mongol one, that of the Dughlat amirs. The Dughlats held several important towns as vassals to the khans, including Kashgar, Aksu, Yarkand, and Khotan. In around 1347, the Dughlat amir Bulaji, after seeing the situation in Transoxiana, decided to raise a khan of his own choosing. His choice fell on Tughlugh Timur, who was at that time little more than an adventurer.

paragraph: Section::::Conversion to Islam.

paragraph: Tughlugh was converted by a Muslim cleric Mauláná Arshad-ud-Din, who unwittingly trespassed on the game-preserves of Tughlugh. Tughlugh ordered the cleric before him and demanded to know the reason for the cleric's interference with his hunting. The cleric answered that he wasn't aware that he was trespassing. At this point, Tughlugh noticed that the cleric was Persian, and Tughlugh said that "a dog was worth more than a Persian." The cleric responded, "Yes, if we had not the true faith, we should indeed be worse than dogs." Puzzled, Tughlugh ordered the cleric to explain the "true faith"; thus was Tughlugh taught the doctrines of Islam. Thereafter, Tughlugh embraced Islam. This act resulted in the amirs of Moghulistan doing the same, although the general population of the region was slower in converting. According to an account "He received circumcision, and on the same day 160,000 people shaved their heads and confessed Islam."

paragraph: Section::::Khanship.

paragraph: Meanwhile, in Transoxiana the Qara'unas lost their status as de facto leaders of the Chagatai ulus; they were replaced by Buyan Suldus, an easygoing and ineffective amir. Tughlugh Timur judged that he would face little resistance in Transoxiana and invaded in March 1360. As predicted, most of the tribal amirs declared their support for him; those that didn't (notably Hajji Beg of the Barlas tribe) decided to flee. The Moghuls decided to find someone else to administer Hajji Beg's former territories; they agreed on Hajji Beg's young nephew Timur, who had submitted to them. This, incidentally, was the first step in Timur's rise to power as amir of the Timurid Empire.

paragraph: The Moghuls soon left Transoxiana after a dispute ensued amongst their amirs. In 1361, however, Tughlugh Timur and his army rode into the region for the second time. This time the khan seems to have decided to depose the Transoxianan amirs and centralize power in his own hands. He executed several amirs, including Amir Bayazid and Buyan Suldus, while Hajji Beg, who had returned following the departure of the Moghuls in 1360, again retreated. When the Qara'unas Amir Husayn opposed him, Tughlugh Timur invaded his extensive territories located south of the Amu Darya and defeated him in battle. Amir Husayn fled; the Moghul army advanced as far south as Kunduz in pursuit of him and plundered the region.

paragraph: Having destroyed the power of the Transoxianan amirs and reunified the Chagatai Khanate, Tughlugh Timur appointed his son Ilyas Khoja as viceroy of Transoxiana and departed for Moghulistan.

paragraph: Unlike 'Ali-Sultan who murdered the Franciscan missionaries, Tughlugh Timur appears to have been tolerant towards other religions and intellectuals and shared his Chagatayid and Yuan predecessors' interests in Buddhism. In around 1363 he invited the Tibetan lama, Rol-pai Dorji, who was going back from the court of the Yuan Dynasty headquartered in Dadu (modern Beijing). However, the latter politely declined the invitation due to the distance and the Khan's conversion to Islam.

paragraph: During his reign, the Moghuls (Persian designation of Mongols) still preserved their Mongol identity and spoke in Mongolian language.

paragraph: Not long after this he died at the age of 34. His tomb is located in Almaliq. His conquest of Transoxiana proved to be short-lived, as Amir Husayn and Timur quickly wrested it from Ilyas Khoja.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy of Chaghatai Khanate.

paragraph: In Babr Nama written by Babur, Page 19, Chapter 1; described genealogy of his maternal grandfather Yunas Khan as:

paragraph: "Yunas Khan descended from Chaghatal Khan, the second

paragraph: son of Chlngiz Khan (as follows,) Yunas Khan, son of Wais

paragraph: Khan, son of Sher-'ali Aughldn, son of Muhammad Khan, son

paragraph: of Khizr Khwaja Khan, son of Tughluq-timur Khan, son of

paragraph: Aisan-bugha Khan, son of Dawa Khan, son of Baraq Khan,

paragraph: son of Yesuntawa Khan, son of Muatukan, son of Chaghatal

paragraph: Khan, son of Chingiz Khan"

paragraph: "Chughtai Khanates" A research project by Dr Abdul Rauf Mughal

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grousset, René. "The Empire of the Steppes: a History of Central Asia." Trans. Naomi Walford. Rutgers University Press, 1970. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mirza Muhammad Haidar. "The Tarikh-i-Rashidi: A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia."Trans. Edward Denison Ross.

description: Chagatai khan

wikidata_label: Tughlugh Timur

wikipedia_title: Tughlugh Timur


text:
Tendai
The Six Major Disciples of Nichiren

categories: 1323 deaths,1236 births,Nichiren-shū Buddhist monks,Nichiren Buddhism,Japanese Buddhist monks

paragraph: Nisshō

paragraph: He was a Tendai priest in his youth, and after Nichiren's death he continued to claim that he was merely carrying out a reform of this sect. He founded Myōhokke-ji in 1284. His Hama-ha subsect continued to hold good relations with the Tendai sect.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Six Major Disciples of Nichiren

description: Japanese Buddhist monk

wikidata_label: Nisshō

wikipedia_title: Nisshō


text:
CB
MC
Canadian
First World War
flying ace
Canadian Expeditionary Force
116th (Ontario County) Battalion, CEF
182nd (Ontario County) Battalion, CEF
Royal Flying Corps
Deseronto
Camp Borden
Sopwith Camel
Albatros
Zarren
Moorslede
Albatros D.V
Frank Granger Quigley
Home Establishment
Flight Commander
Sopwith Snipe
Fokker D.VII
RAF Staff College

categories: Royal Canadian Air Force air marshals of World War II,Canadian Companions of the Order of the Bath,1895 births,Canadian World War I flying aces,Canadian recipients of the Military Cross,1988 deaths,Recipients of the Order of the White Lion,Canadian aviators,Commanders of the Legion of Merit

paragraph: George R. Howsam

paragraph: Air Vice Marshal George Roberts Howsam, CB, MC (29 January 1895 –16 April 1988) was a Canadian First World War flying ace, officially credited with 13 victories.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and service.

paragraph: George Roberts Howsam's parents were George and Ida Cutting Howsam. The younger George Howsam joined the Canadian Expeditionary Force right out of high school, on 23 March 1916. He gave his home address as Rural Route 4, Port Perry, Ontario. He is described as being a Methodist, five feet six inches tall, blue eyed, with fair complexion. He served successively with the 116th (Ontario County) Battalion, CEF and the 182nd (Ontario County) Battalion, CEF. He transferred to the Royal Flying Corps in Spring 1917, while he was still in Canada; he trained at Deseronto and Camp Borden.

paragraph: Section::::World War I aerial service.

paragraph: Howsam joined 70 Squadron in Autumn 1917 as a Sopwith Camel pilot. He barely made the 1917 scoring lists, destroying an Albatros two-seater over Zarren, Belgium on 28 December 1917 for his first win. He repeated on 19 January 1918, sending the Albatros down out of control at Moorslede, Belgium. Three days later, he flew three sorties, and scored every time. He destroyed an Albatros D.V at 1245; his next sortie set an observation plane aflame at 1315; on his last sortie, he and Captain Frank Granger Quigley cooperated in flaming one Albatros D.V and putting another down out of control. A victory apiece on the 24th and 25th, and Howsam ended January 1918 with eight wins. Another followed on 27 February. Howsam won a Military Cross, awarded 4 March. Within a week, he downed three more planes. On 24 March, he was wounded in action and withdrawn to Home Establishment. He would return to the front as a Flight Commander in 43 Squadron in October. Flying a Sopwith Snipe, he set a Fokker D.VII afire on 30 October to cap his career as an ace. His final total was eight German planes destroyed and five driven down out of control.

paragraph: Section::::Post World War I.

paragraph: Howsam did not return to Canada until May 1921. He attended the RAF Staff College in 1930. During World War II, he served as Director of Training for the RCAF. He retired in 1945.

paragraph: Section::::Text of citations.

paragraph: Section::::Text of citations.:Military Cross.

paragraph: T./2nd Lt. George Robert Howsam, Gen. List and R.F.C.

paragraph: For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty in aerial combats. He has destroyed five enemy machines and driven down others out of control, showing splendid courage and initiative on all occasions.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920" Christopher F. Shores, Norman L. R. Franks, Russell Guest. Grub Street, 1990. , .

description: Canadian flying ace

wikidata_label: George R. Howsam

wikipedia_title: George R. Howsam


text:
Union Army
American Civil War
Medal of Honor
Battle of Globe Tavern
Mercer County, Pennsylvania
Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin
4th US Artillery Regiment
Battle of White Oak Road
Eagle Point, Wisconsin

categories: People from Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin,1867 deaths,People of Wisconsin in the American Civil War,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Union Army soldiers,1843 births

paragraph: Horace Ellis

paragraph: Horace Ellis (May 23, 1843 – June 27, 1867) served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Battle of Globe Tavern.

paragraph: Ellis was born in Mercer County, Pennsylvania. He joined the 7th Wisconsin Infantry from Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin in July 1861. He was detailed to the 4th US Artillery Regiment from February 1863 to January 1864. He was wounded at the Battle of White Oak Road, and mustered out in July 1865.

paragraph: Ellis died in Eagle Point, Wisconsin, aged only 24, and was buried in O'Neil Creek Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Citation:

paragraph: For extraordinary heroism on 21 August 1864, while serving with Company A, 7th Wisconsin Infantry, in action at Weldon Railroad, Virginia, for capture of flag of 16th Mississippi (Confederate States of America).

description: Union Army Medal of Honor recipient

wikidata_label: Horace Ellis

wikipedia_title: Horace Ellis


text:
Guam
Governor of Guam
Agaña
Guam
Don
George Washington High School
Santa Clara University
Republican Party
Legislature of Guam
Tony Palomo
Carlos Camacho
Kurt Moylan
Ricardo J. Bordallo
Eddie Baza Calvo
Ray Tenorio
Edward J.B. Calvo
Paul M. Calvo Bio

categories: Guamanian Republicans,Santa Clara University alumni,Members of the Legislature of Guam,Governors of Guam,Chamorro people,1934 births,Guamanian businesspeople,Living people,Guamanian politicians

paragraph: Paul McDonald Calvo

paragraph: Paul McDonald Calvo (born July 25, 1934) is a Guamanian politician. He was the third elected Governor of Guam from 1979 to 1983.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Calvo was born in Agaña, Guam, and is the eldest son of Eduardo "Jake" Torres Calvo (1909–1963) and Veronica Mariano McDonald (1913–2009). His only two brothers and two sisters-in-law are Edward (1936–2004), Thomas (1940–2015), Frances Matias Calvo & Rosario Castro Calvo. His paternal grandparents were Attorney Don Tomas Anderson Calvo and Doña Regina Martinez Torres. His maternal grandparents were John Francis McDonald and Dolores Mariano. He attended George Washington High School in Guam. He then attended the Peacock Military Academy and Santa Clara University.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: He embarked on a business career in his family's insurance company in 1958, and entered politics during the 1960s as a member of the Republican Party. He was elected as a senator in the Legislature of Guam in 1965, and during his three terms in the body served as chair of the government Committee on Finance and Taxation and parliamentary leader of the Republican Party. Calvo was elected governor in 1978, and served until 1982.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:Calvo-Palomo Campaign (1974).

paragraph: Calvo teamed up with Senator Tony Palomo to challenge the incumbents, Gov. Carlos Camacho and Lt. Gov. Kurt Moylan. The Calvo-Palomo ticket's attacks on the administration included charges of corruption and favoritism, and the primary election was so close – Camacho-Moylan won by only 261 votes – that Calvo-Palomo decided to run as a write-in team for the general election. While Calvo-Palomo lost in the general election, they forced a runoff election to be held between Camacho-Moylan and the Democratic team of Ricardo J. Bordallo and Rudy Sablan. Camacho-Moylan lost the runoff, and afterward Carlos Camacho retired from politics and gave control of the Republican Party to Calvo.

paragraph: Section::::Governorship (1979–1983).

paragraph: During his first year as governor, Calvo reduced the government of Guam's deficit by $27 million, but the deficit continued to climb for the rest of his term due mainly to long-standing problems with tax collections.

paragraph: Guam's economy began to regain health under Calvo's administration, as he sought to attract new businesses to Guam, including a tuna-fishing fleet, a garment manufacturer, and hotel construction. Visitor arrivals also registered sharp increases.

paragraph: But Calvo's term as governor was marred by the teacher's strike of 1981, which lasted many months and caused deep divisions in Guam's education system. He lost to Bordallo-Reyes Campaign in the 1982 election and decided to retire from politics. Although he has never run for office since, Calvo remains strongly influential in Republican politics, as its senior statesman, and his son Eddie Baza Calvo was one of the most popular senators in I Liheslaturan Guåhan/the Guam Legislature and was elected governor of Guam in 2010 along with running mate Ray Tenorio.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He is married to Rosa Herrero Baza and had eight children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vera Calvo-Garces, married to Fabian Garces.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kathrine "Kathy" Calvo-Sgro, married to Peter "Pete" Sgro, Jr.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Anthony Calvo, Jr., married to Shelly Vargas Calvo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward J.B. Calvo (b. August 29, 1961), married to Christine Lujan Sonido

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barbara Calvo-Damron, married to Mark Damron.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie Calvo-Benito, married to Michael "Mike" Benito.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reyna Calvo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clare Calvo

paragraph: He has 23 grandchildren and 13 great-grandchildren:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pablo Garces

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fabian Garces

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julia Garces French

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christopher Sgro (Ricardo, Natalia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matthew Sgro

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katarina Sgro

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Sgro

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Daniel Calvo (Paul Mason, Paulo)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mason Calvo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brittany Calvo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Danny Calvo (Thomas)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eddie Calvo (Sabian)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vinson Calvo (Eden Mason, Isaac)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rosae Calvo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Jerome Calvo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Melva Calvo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Celine Calvo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matthew Damron (Camden)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rose Damron

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aubrey Lyles (Bailey)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alyssa Benito (Gabriel Luke, Mia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brianna Benito (Madison)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jake Benito

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kenneth Paul Smith

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul M. Calvo Bio at Guampedia, Guam's Online Encyclopedia

description: Governor of Guam

wikidata_label: Paul McDonald Calvo

wikipedia_title: Paul McDonald Calvo


text:
Capua
Rome
Italian
Charles Burney
Marcello Bernardini
Pietro Metastasio
Francesco Vanneschi
Vologeso
Guido Eustachio Luccarelli
Apostolo Zeno
Antonio Maria Lucchini
Pietro Metastasio
Pietro Metastasio
Pietro Metastasio
intermezzo
Adriano in Siria
Pietro Metastasio
Carlo Goldoni
Pietro Chiari
Zingara Bohémienne

categories: Italian male classical composers,1780s deaths,Italian Baroque composers,Italian opera composers,18th-century classical composers,Italian classical composers,Classical-period composers,People from the Province of Caserta,Male opera composers,1700s births

paragraph: Rinaldo di Capua

paragraph: Rinaldo di (da) Capua (Capua, c. 1705 – probably Rome, c. 1780) was an Italian composer. Little is known of him with any certainty, including his name, although he was known to Charles Burney. He may have been the father of composer Marcello Bernardini.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Operas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ciro riconosciuto" (dramma per musica, libretto by Pietro Metastasio, 1737, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Untitled comic opera (1737, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La commedia in commedia" (dramma giocoso, libretto by Francesco Vanneschi, after C. A. Pelli, 1738, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vologeso, re de' Parti" (dramma per musica, libretto by Guido Eustachio Luccarelli, after "Lucio Vero" of Apostolo Zeno, 1739, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Farnace" (dramma per musica, libretto by Antonio Maria Lucchini, 1739, Venice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La libertà nociva" (dramma giocoso, libretto by Giovanni Gualtiero Barlocci, 1740, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Catone in Utica" (dramma per musica, libretto by Pietro Metastasio, 1740, Lisbon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Didone abbandonata" (dramma per musica, libretto by Pietro Metastasio, 1741, Lisbon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ipermestra" (dramma per musica, libretto by Pietro Metastasio, 1741, Lisbon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le nozze di Don Trifone" (intermezzo, libretto by N. G. Neri, 1743, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Turno Heredonio Aricino" (dramma per musica, libretto by Silvio Stampiglia, 1743, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il bravo burlato" (intermezzo, libretto by Antonio Pavoni, 1745, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La forza del sangue" (intermezzo, 1746, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La finta zingarella" (intermezzo, 1748, Perugia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il vecchio amante" (dramma giocoso, 1748, Turin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il bravo e il bello" (intermezzo, 1748, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mario in Numidia" (dramma per musica, libretto by Giampietro Tagliazucchi, 1749, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Opera comica senza titolo (1750)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il ripiego in amore di Flaminia finta cameriera e Turno" (farsetta, libretto by Angelo Lungi, 1751, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il galoppino" (intermezzo, 1751, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gli impostori" (dramma giocoso, 1751, Modena)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il cavalier Mignatta' (intermezzo, 1751, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La forza della pace" (intermezzo, libretto by G. Puccinelli and G. Aureli, 1752, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La serva sposa" (intermezzo, 1753, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'amante delusa" (farsetta giocosa, 1753, libretto by Antonio Pavoni, 1753, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La zingara" (intermezzo, 1753, Parigi) - reworked in French as "La bohemienne" by Favart.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La chiavarina" (intermezzo, libretto by G. Peruzzini and A. Luigi, 1754, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Attalo" (dramma per musica, libretto by Antonio Papi (pseudonimo di Cleofonte Doriano), 1754, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La smorfiosa" (intermezzo, 1756, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il capitano napoletano" (commedia, 1756, Firenze)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adriano in Siria" (dramma per musica, libretto by Pietro Metastasio, 1756, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le donne ridicole" (intermezzo, libretto by Carlo Goldoni, 1759, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il giocatore ed il cavatesori" (intermezzo, 1762, Cagli)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il matrimonio in villa o sia L'amante di tutte" (farsetta, libretto by A. Galuppi, 1762, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il caffè di campagna" (farsetta, libretto by Pietro Chiari, 1764, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il passeggio in villa" (farsetta, 1765, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il contadino schernito"(intermezzo, 1768, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I finti pazzi per amore" (farsetta, libretto by Tommaso Mariani, 1770, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La donna vendicata, o sia L'erudito spropositato" (farsetta, libretto by A. Pioli, 1771, Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Giocondina" (opera buffa, 1778, Rome)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: "The article had no references."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zingara Bohémienne

description: Italian composer

wikidata_label: Rinaldo di Capua

wikipedia_title: Rinaldo di Capua


text: University of California, Berkeley

text: Yale

text: fellow

text: Oxford

text: University of Idaho

text: Lewiston State Normal School

text: University of California

text: Mills College

text: peace activist

text: First World War

text: Republican Party

text: Treaty of Versailles

text: League of Nations

text: education of women

text: women's suffrage

text: world peace

text: international cooperation

text: American Unitarian Association

text: Ware Lecture

text: Oakland, California

text: Starr King School for the Ministry

text: inaugural meeting

text: United Nations

text: honorary degrees

text: San Francisco, California

text: San Jacinto

text: Escondido

text: elocution

text: physical culture

text: Epicoene, or the Silent Woman

text: Ben Jonson

text: De Monarchia

text: Dante Alighieri

text: University of California, Berkeley

text: Phi Beta Kappa

text: Dante Society of America

text: Mills College

text: Oakland, California

text: West Coast

text: perambulator

text: Chamber of Commerce

text: Democratic

text: Woodrow Wilson

text: Institute of Pacific Relations

text: Washington, D.C.

text: elector

text: Franklin D. Roosevelt's

text: New Deal

text: General Federation of Women's Clubs

text: 1936 presidential election

text: Republican National Convention

text: First Unitarian Church of Oakland

text: Starr King School for the Ministry

text: UNESCO

text: Palo Alto, California

text: Columbarium

text: G. Frederick Reinhardt

text: U.S. Navy

text: Pacific Theater

text: Second World War

text: Stanford University

text: University of Southern California

text: Colorado College

text: Williams College

text: Mount Holyoke College

text: Oberlin College

text: bequest

text: Aurelia Henry Reinhardt Alumnae House

text: Clarence W. W. Mayhew

text: Aurelia Harwood

text: List of Presidents of Mills College

text: List of women's firsts

text: List of women's rights activists

text: Women's education in the United States

text: Mary Emma Woolley

categories: Activists from California,American women's rights activists,Educators from California,University of California, Berkeley alumni,Religious leaders from California,20th-century American non-fiction writers,People from Escondido, California,Presidents of Mills College,Yale University alumni,People from San Jacinto, California,American school administrators,1877 births,California Republicans,Fellows of the American Association of University Women,Writers from San Francisco,American women educators,20th-century American educators,American Unitarians,American social activists,American translators,20th-century Unitarians,20th-century translators,American political activists,1948 deaths,Translators of Dante Alighieri,Presidents of the American Association of University Women

paragraph: Aurelia Henry Reinhardt

paragraph: Aurelia Isabel Henry Reinhardt (April 1, 1877 – January 28, 1948) was an American educator, activist, and prominent member and leader of numerous organizations. She completed her undergraduate studies at the University of California, Berkeley, her doctoral dissertation at Yale, and studied as a fellow at Oxford. After teaching at the University of Idaho, the Lewiston State Normal School, and with the Extension Division of the University of California, Reinhardt was elected president of Mills College in 1916, and held the position until 1943, making her the longest serving president in the history of the school.

paragraph: Reinhardt was a peace activist during the First World War, an active member of the Republican Party, and supported the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles as well as the formation of the League of Nations. She wrote and spoke extensively throughout the US and Europe, to a range of social, political and business groups, on topics including the education of women, women's suffrage, world peace, and international cooperation. Reinhardt was president of the American Association of University Women, and a prominent member of the American Unitarian Association, serving for two years as its first female moderator. As the only female member of the Unitarian Commission of Appraisal, she delivered the Ware Lecture in 1932, and was briefly a minister in Oakland, California. She was a director of the Starr King School for the Ministry, and was a delegate at the inaugural meeting of the United Nations in 1945.

paragraph: Aurelia Henry Reinhardt was married to George F. Reinhardt in 1909. They had two sons, who she raised after his unexpected death in 1914. Following her retirement in 1943, she traveled internationally before returning to California, where she died on January 28, 1948, due to heart problems. A lifelong advocate for the marginalized and dispossessed, she was the recipient of honorary degrees from a number of educational institutions, and has been commemorated through the establishment of a society, fellowship, a university building, and a professorship bearing her name. She was named nationally as "one of the ten outstanding women of 1940," and honored as the California State Mother in 1946.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Aurelia Isabel Henry was born on April 1, 1877, in San Francisco, California. The second of six children, she was the daughter of Mary and William Warner Henry, a wholesale grocer, land owner, and businessman. She spent part of her childhood in San Jacinto and Escondido, California. After graduating from Boys High School in San Francisco in 1888, she studied at the University of California, Berkeley, completing a bachelor's degree with a major in English literature in 1898. While attending the University of California she, along with her sisters, worked with their mother who ran a boardinghouse in Berkeley. Henry then taught elocution and physical culture at the University of Idaho from 1898 to 1901.

paragraph: She completed a Ph.D. in literature at Yale in 1905 with a doctoral dissertation on "Epicoene, or the Silent Woman" by Ben Jonson. She taught at Lewiston State Normal School in Idaho beginning in 1903, taking one year off to revise her dissertation for publication, and eventually becoming the head of the English Department. She traveled abroad as a recipient of an Association of Collegiate Alumnae Fellowship, studied as a fellow at the University of Oxford, traveled Italy, and published an English language translation of "De Monarchia" by Dante Alighieri. She then returned to teaching in Idaho for another three years.

paragraph: By 1908 her brother Paul had fallen ill, and she left her teaching position to care for him in Arizona, until his death in 1909. While there, she met and began a relationship with Paul's doctor, George F. Reinhardt, professor of hygiene, founder and director of the student health service at the University of California, Berkeley, and member of the California Board of Medical Examiners. The two were wed in 1909, in a ceremony at the Unitarian Universalist Church of Berkeley. He later died unexpectedly in 1914, following an "operation for a minor affliction" and four days of illness. They had two sons, who Aurelia Henry Reinhardt cared for alone following her husband's death.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1914 Reinhardt became a lecturer in English in the Extension Division of the University of California. She was a member of the Town and Gown Club of Berkeley, Prytancan and English Club of the University of California, Phi Beta Kappa, the Dante Society of America, and Concordance Society of America.

paragraph: After two years of teaching she was appointed president of the then struggling Mills College in Oakland, California, at that time the only women's college on the West Coast and the second oldest women's college in the country. Arriving with her two young children, she is said to have remarked that she was "the first college president who arrived on campus pushing a perambulator". There she served from 1916 to 1943, through a period of substantial growth, making her the longest serving president in the institution's history. During her tenure Mills constructed 17 additional buildings (growing from 11 to 28 total), increased enrollment three-fold in 15 years, and "gained national, even worldwide favor", including admission to the Association of American Colleges and Universities in 1917.

paragraph: Reinhardt was active in local, national, and international organizations, lecturing and writing on topics including international cooperation, suffrage, and women's rights. In 1919 she served the Oakland Chamber of Commerce as chair of the City Planning Committee, and she was regularly invited to speak at a range of organizations, such as the Retail Furniture Association of California, the Western Fruit Jobbers Association, the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce, and the Advertising Club of Los Angeles.

paragraph: Starting in the First World War, Reinhardt worked as an advocate for world peace. She supported Democratic President Woodrow Wilson's proposal to create the League of Nations, despite herself being active in the Republican Party. In 1919 she traveled as a delegate to Tokyo for the meeting of the Institute of Pacific Relations, and in 1920 to Washington, D.C., to deliver a petition of 30,000 signatures from Californians urging the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles to end the war. In total, she was a member of more than a dozen peace organizations over the course of her career.

paragraph: In 1922 Reinhardt traveled again to Oxford and then to France as a representative of the American Association of University Women. She served as vice president, and then in 1923, president of the Association, a position she held until 1927, helping to strengthen that organization significantly. In 1928 she was a Republican elector from California, and opponent of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. She continued her work with the Association of University Women into the 1930s, as chair of their Committee on International Relations from 1927 to 1933, also held the chair for the General Federation of Women's Clubs in their Department of Education from 1928 to 1930. Then, during the 1936 presidential election, traveled as a delegate to the Republican National Convention. In 1929 she again traveled to Japan in the interest of the Institute of Pacific Relations, this time meeting in Kyoto.

paragraph: Reinhardt was a devoted and active Unitarian throughout her life. In the 1940s she served as the first female moderator of the American Unitarian Association from 1940 to 1942, which according to contemporary news reports was the first time a large church in the nation had been represented by a woman. Reinhardt served briefly as a minister at the First Unitarian Church of Oakland and delivered the Ware Lecture at the May 1932 meeting of the American Unitarian Association. She also served for a decade on the board of directors at the Starr King School for the Ministry. Reinhardt was the only woman member of the Unitarian Commission of Appraisal, commissioned to "study the church and find new directions for its re invigoration".

paragraph: In 1945 Reinhardt was a delegate to the inaugural meeting of the United Nations in San Francisco, and spoke to numerous groups throughout the country, advocating for the value of organizations such as UNESCO.

paragraph: Throughout her life, Reinhardt "invariably took the side of those individuals who had no resources, who lacked adequate support, or who had in some other way been marginalized by society." She has also been described as an "avid nature lover", and advocated variously for environmental preservation efforts, and against unchecked and reckless development.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and death.

paragraph: Following her retirement as president of Mills College in 1943, Reinhardt traveled in Latin America, Europe, and finally Russia before returning to California. She died on January 28, 1948, in Palo Alto, California, from heart problems. Her ashes are interred at the Columbarium in Oakland. Her eldest son, G. Frederick Reinhardt, was a diplomat. His brother Paul Henry Reinhardt, an ophthalmologist in Palo Alto, served with the U.S. Navy in the Pacific Theater of the Second World War and later taught ophthalmology at Stanford University.

paragraph: Section::::Recognition and commemoration.

paragraph: Reinhardt was the recipient of multiple honorary degrees, including from:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The University of California (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The University of Southern California (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colorado College (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Williams College (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mount Holyoke College (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oberlin College (1937)

paragraph: Mills College hosts the namesake Aurelia Henry Reinhardt Society, which recognizes those who financially support the college through a bequest or other charitable gift, as well as the Aurelia Henry Reinhardt Faculty Purse, awarded to seniors to support post-graduate study. The school's campus also includes the Aurelia Henry Reinhardt Alumnae House, designed by architect Clarence W. W. Mayhew and built in 1949.

paragraph: The Aurelia Henry Reinhardt Fellowship was established in 1940 with fundraising from the South Pacific section of the American Association of University Women and is offered annually to distinguished women scholars. In 1981 the Starr King School for the Ministry introduced the Aurelia Henry Reinhardt Professorship, in order to "ensure a feminist perspective on the faculty".

paragraph: The archives at Mills College hosts the Reinhardt Collection, a compilation of texts related to "women, with a strength in women’s suffrage, birth control, and social issues", and the school also includes the student run Aurelia Reinhardt Historical Society, established to "inspire an appreciation of the history of the Mills community".

paragraph: Reinhardt was named "one of the ten outstanding women of 1940" by the publication "American Women". She was also selected as the California State Mother in 1946, by the American Mothers Committee of the Golden Rule Foundation.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aurelia Harwood (1865–1928), Reinhardt's first cousin and the first female president of the Sierra Club

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Mills College honorary degree recipients

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Presidents of Mills College

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of women's firsts

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of women's rights activists

paragraph: BULLET::::- Women's education in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Emma Woolley (1863–1947), president of Mount Holyoke College, who succeeded Reinhardt as president of the American Association of University Women

description: American educator and social activist

enwikiquote_title: Aurelia Henry Reinhardt

wikidata_label: Aurelia Henry Reinhardt

wikipedia_title: Aurelia Henry Reinhardt


text:
college football
University of Kentucky
defensive coordinator
University of Arizona
Florida State University
Cardinal Mooney High School
Youngstown, Ohio
Oklahoma
Bob Stoops
Arizona
Mike Stoops
college football
Iowa Hawkeyes
1986
1988
graduate assistant
Iowa
athletic director
defensive backs coach
Nordonia High School
Macedonia, Ohio
Kansas State
Jim Leavitt
South Florida Bulls
University of Wyoming
Cowboys
Dana Dimel
University of Houston
Cougars
defensive coordinator
defensive backs coach
University of Miami
Hurricanes
Chuck Pagano
Cleveland Browns
Mike
Arizona Wildcats
Joker Phillips
2016 season
Louisville Cardinals
Benny Snell
Florida
Penn State
Citrus Bowl
Oklahoma
Bob Stoops
Mike Stoops
Youngstown State
Neal Brown
Troy
West Virginia
Kentucky profile

categories: Sportspeople from Youngstown, Ohio,Florida State Seminoles football coaches,Kentucky Wildcats football coaches,1967 births,Arizona Wildcats football coaches,Players of American football from Ohio,Houston Cougars football coaches,Iowa Hawkeyes football coaches,South Florida Bulls football coaches,American football defensive backs,Wyoming Cowboys football coaches,High school football coaches in the United States,Living people,Iowa Hawkeyes football players,Miami Hurricanes football coaches

paragraph: Mark Stoops

paragraph: Mark Thomas Stoops (born July 9, 1967) is an American college football coach and former player. He is the head football coach at the University of Kentucky, a position he assumed in November 2012. Stoops previously served as defensive coordinator at the University of Arizona from 2004 to 2009 and Florida State University from 2010 to 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Stoops, one of six children born to Ron and Evelyn "Dee Dee" Stoops, attended Cardinal Mooney High School in Youngstown, Ohio, where his father was an assistant coach and defensive coordinator. He is the brother of former Oklahoma head coach Bob Stoops and former Arizona head coach Mike Stoops, who also served as defensive coordinator for the University of Oklahoma until he was fired on October 7, 2018 after losing 48-45 to Texas.

paragraph: After graduating from high school, Stoops played college football for the Iowa Hawkeyes from 1986 to 1988.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: Stoops was a graduate assistant coach at Iowa from 1989 to 1991, and then became the athletic director and defensive backs coach at Nordonia High School in Macedonia, Ohio (1992–1995).

paragraph: In 1996, when Kansas State assistant Jim Leavitt was hired as the head coach for the South Florida Bulls, he hired Stoops as defensive backs coach.

paragraph: Stoops served as the defensive backs coach for the University of Wyoming Cowboys from 1997–1999.

paragraph: At Wyoming, Stoops served under head coach Dana Dimel. When Dimel was hired at the University of Houston, he took Stoops with him to join the Cougars as co-defensive coordinator (along with Dick Bumpas) and safeties coach in 2000.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.:Miami(FL).

paragraph: In February 2001, Stoops was named the defensive backs coach for the University of Miami Hurricanes, replacing Chuck Pagano, who left to go to the Cleveland Browns.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.:Arizona.

paragraph: Mark's brother, Mike, was hired as the head coach of the Arizona Wildcats for the 2004 season. Mike then hired Mark as part of his staff.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.:Florida State.

paragraph: On December 11, 2009, Stoops accepted the job as defensive coordinator at Florida State University.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.:Kentucky.

paragraph: On November 27, 2012, Stoops was hired as the new head coach of the University of Kentucky football program, replacing former head coach Joker Phillips, who was fired after a 2–10 season. In Stoops' first season as the Kentucky Head coach, he went 2-10, followed by back to back 5-7 seasons.

paragraph: After an 0–2 start to the 2016 season, Stoops led the Wildcats to a 7–3 finish after that start and defeated their in-state rival, the eleventh-ranked Louisville Cardinals. They lost in the Taxslayer Bowl to Georgia Tech.

paragraph: The 2017 season featured ups and downs and the breakout of star running back Benny Snell. they finished 7-5, losing afterwards in the Music City Bowl to Northwestern

paragraph: The 2018 season was a historic one for the Wildcats. Paced by Snell, they snapped a 31-year losing streak to Florida, finishing 9-3–only the fourth time in school history that the Wildcats have won at least nine games. Kentucky defeated Penn State in the Citrus Bowl on January, 1st, 2019 giving the Wildcats their first 10 win season since 1977.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Stoops is the younger brother of former Oklahoma head coach Bob Stoops, former Oklahoma defensive coordinator Mike Stoops, and Ron, Jr., the oldest of the brothers, who is an assistant coach at Youngstown State. Stoops and his wife Chantel have two sons, Will and Zach.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching tree.

paragraph: Assistant coaches under Mark Stoops who became NCAA head coaches:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neal Brown: Troy (2015–2018); West Virginia (2019–present)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kentucky profile

description: American football player and coach

wikidata_label: Mark Stoops

wikipedia_title: Mark Stoops


text: Australian

text: Orange, New South Wales

text: 1955 Isle of Man TT

text: Karts

text: touring cars

text: open wheel

text: Alec Mildren Racing

text: 1970 Australian Formula 2 Championship

text: Mildren Waggott

text: Mildren Waggott

text: 1970 Tasman Series

text: Jackie Stewart

text: 1970 JAF Grand Prix

text: Formula Libre

text: 1971 Australian Drivers' Championship

text: 1972 Singapore Grand Prix

text: Lola T330

text: 1974 Australian Drivers' Championship

text: 1974 Australian Grand Prix

text: Lola T400

text: 1975 Australian Grand Prix

text: 1975 Toby Lee Series

text: 1976 Australian Grand Prix

text: Vern Schuppan

text: John Goss

text: Calder Park Raceway

text: Victoria

categories: People from the Central West (New South Wales),Sport deaths in Australia,1935 births,Racing drivers killed while racing,Australian Formula 2 drivers,Racing drivers from New South Wales,Accidental deaths in Victoria (Australia),1977 deaths

paragraph: Max Stewart

paragraph: Malcolm Clarke Stewart (14 March 1935 – 19 March 1977) was an Australian racing driver. He was known as the "Jolly Green Giant" for his disposition and height.

paragraph: Stewart was born in Orange, New South Wales. He began his motorsport career racing motorcycles, being selected to represent Australia at the 1955 Isle of Man TT, but withdrew due to work commitments. After racing Karts and touring cars he moved to open wheelers in 1965 with much success, winning the 1967 and 1968 Australian One and a Half Litre Championships. Stewart was selected to drive for Alec Mildren Racing, and went on to win the 1969 and 1970 Australian Formula 2 Championships driving a 1.6 litre Mildren Waggott. In 1970 he competed in a 2-litre Mildren Waggott in which he ran strongly in the 1970 Tasman Series with a number of podiums, and finished second to Jackie Stewart in the 1970 JAF Grand Prix for Formula Libre cars. He also won the 1971 Australian Drivers' Championship and the 1972 Singapore Grand Prix.

paragraph: Stewart later raced a Lola T330, winning the 1974 Australian Drivers' Championship  and the 1974 Australian Grand Prix. He then developed an initially troublesome Lola T400, winning the 1975 Australian Grand Prix and the 1975 Toby Lee Series. He led the 1976 Australian Grand Prix from Vern Schuppan and John Goss until he retired a few laps from the end.

paragraph: Max Stewart lost his life on 19 March 1977 in an accident while practicing at Calder Park Raceway, Victoria.

description: Australian racing driver

wikidata_label: Max Stewart

wikipedia_title: Max Stewart


text: Academy Award for Best Director

text: Marty

text: teleplay of the same name

text: Directors Guild of America

text: Lawrence, Kansas

text: University of Kansas

text: Pennsylvania

text: Chicago

text: Nashville

text: Scarritt College for Christian Workers

text: Fred Coe

text: Vanderbilt University

text: World War II

text: Army Air Corps

text: 8th Air Force

text: England

text: Yale School of Drama

text: Town Theatre

text: Columbia, South Carolina

text: NBC

text: The Philco Television Playhouse

text: Playhouse 90

text: Ford Star Jubilee

text: Heidi

text: David Copperfield

text: Jane Eyre

text: All Quiet on the Western Front

text: The Bachelor Party

text: Desire Under the Elms

text: Separate Tables

text: Middle of the Night

text: The Dark at the Top of the Stairs

text: The Outsider

text: That Touch of Mink

text: A Gathering of Eagles

text: Dear Heart

text: Fitzwilly

text: Kidnapped

text: Night Crossing

text: Alzheimer's disease

text: National Student Film Institute

text: Cedars-Sinai Medical Center

text: Marty

text: The Bachelor Party

text: Desire Under the Elms

text: Separate Tables

text: Middle of the Night

text: The Dark at the Top of the Stairs

text: Lover Come Back

text: The Outsider

text: That Touch of Mink

text: A Gathering of Eagles

text: Dear Heart

text: Quick, Before It Melts

text: Mister Buddwing

text: Fitzwilly

text: The Pink Jungle

text: Heidi

text: Heidi Game

text: David Copperfield

text: Jane Eyre

text: Kidnapped

text: The Man Without a Country

text: Birch Interval

text: All Quiet on the Western Front

text: Night Crossing

text: Love Leads The Way

text: Disney Channel original film

text: The Last Days of Patton

categories: United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II,1920 births,Deaths from pneumonia,Infectious disease deaths in California,Directors Guild of America Award winners,Vanderbilt University alumni,Best Directing Academy Award winners,2007 deaths,People from Lawrence, Kansas,Yale School of Drama alumni,Presidents of the Directors Guild of America,Directors of Palme d'Or winners

paragraph: Delbert Mann

paragraph: Delbert Martin Mann Jr. (January 30, 1920 – November 11, 2007) was an American television and film director. He won the Academy Award for Best Director for the film "Marty" (1955), adapted from a 1953 teleplay of the same name which he had also directed. From 1967 to 1971, he was president of the Directors Guild of America. In 2002, he received the DGA's honorary life member award. Mann was credited to have "helped bring TV techniques to the film world."

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Delbert Martin Mann Jr. was born on January 30, 1920 in Lawrence, Kansas, to Delbert Mann Sr. and Ora (Patton) Mann (died 1961). His father taught sociology at the University of Kansas from 1920 to 1926. In 1926, the Manns left Lawrence and moved to Pennsylvania and then Chicago before finally settling in Nashville in 1931. There, his father continued to teach sociology at the Scarritt College for Christian Workers. His mother was also a schoolteacher.

paragraph: Mann was head of his high school drama club when he met Fred Coe, the future television producer and director, who was leading a church-sponsored acting society. Coe would later figure prominently in Mann's career as a director. Coe would also serve as Mann's mentor. Mann studied political science in Vanderbilt University. He graduated there in 1941 with a bachelor's degree on political science. During World War II, Mann served with the Army Air Corps as a B-24 bomber pilot and then as an intelligence officer with the 8th Air Force stationed in England. Mann also attended the Yale School of Drama, where he earned a master's fine arts degree in directing.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Television.

paragraph: Mann took a directing job at the Town Theatre, a community playhouse in Columbia, South Carolina. Mann was affiliated with the Town Theatre from 1947 to 1949, before moving to New York to work with Coe in television. In 1949, at Coe's invitation, Mann joined him in New York, where he became a stage manager and assistant director at NBC. Within months, he became an alternating director of the anthology series, "The Philco Television Playhouse".

paragraph: Between 1949 and 1955, Mann directed more than 100 live television dramas. But even after turning to films, he returned to television and directed productions for "Playhouse 90", "Ford Star Jubilee" and other dramatic television anthology series. He also directed more than two dozen films for television from the late 1960s to the early 1990s, including "Heidi" (1968), "David Copperfield" (1969), "Jane Eyre" (1970) and "All Quiet on the Western Front" (1979).

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Film.

paragraph: In addition to "Marty" (1955), other films directed by Mann include "The Bachelor Party" (1957), "Desire Under the Elms" (1958), "Separate Tables" (1958), "Middle of the Night" (1959), "The Dark at the Top of the Stairs" (1960), "The Outsider" (1961), "That Touch of Mink" (1962), "A Gathering of Eagles" (1963), "Dear Heart" (1964), "Fitzwilly" (1967), "Kidnapped" (1971) and "Night Crossing" (1982).

paragraph: Section::::Personal life and death.

paragraph: Mann was married to Ann Caroline Gillespie from 1942 until her death by Alzheimer's disease in 2001. They had four children: Fred, David, Steven and Susan. Susan died in a car accident in 1976.

paragraph: During the 1980s and 1990s, Mann served on the advisory board of the National Student Film Institute. He also served as honorary chairman of the institute for a one-year term.

paragraph: On November 11, 2007, Mann died of pneumonia at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. He was 87.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Marty" (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bachelor Party" (1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Desire Under the Elms" (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Separate Tables" (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Middle of the Night" (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dark at the Top of the Stairs" (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lover Come Back" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Outsider" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "That Touch of Mink" (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Gathering of Eagles" (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dear Heart" (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quick, Before It Melts" (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mister Buddwing" (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fitzwilly" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Pink Jungle" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heidi" (TV adaptation, 1968) "See" ""Heidi Game""

paragraph: BULLET::::- "David Copperfield" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jane Eyre" (TV adaptation, 1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kidnapped" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Man Without a Country" (TV adaptation, 1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Birch Interval" (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "All Quiet on the Western Front" (TV adaptation, 1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Night Crossing" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1983 television movie)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love Leads The Way" (1984 Disney Channel original film)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Last Days of Patton" (1986 made-for-television movie)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lily in Winter" (1994 television movie)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hollywood Reporter: Director Delbert Mann dies at 87

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archive of American Television Interview With Delbert Mann

description: American television and film director

wikidata_label: Delbert Mann

wikipedia_title: Delbert Mann


text: Villajoyosa

text: Alicante

text: Spanish

text: rhythmic gymnast

categories: People from Villajoyosa,Gymnasts at the 1988 Summer Olympics,Spanish rhythmic gymnasts,1971 births,Olympic gymnasts of Spain,Living people

paragraph: Maisa Lloret

paragraph: María Isabel Lloret Ivorra (born June 4, 1971 in Villajoyosa, Alicante), better known as Maisa Lloret, is a retired Spanish rhythmic gymnast, currently a Valencian politician.

paragraph: She competed for Spain in the rhythmic gymnastics all-around competition at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, placing fifth overall.

alias:
Maisa Lloret
María Isabel Lloret
Maria Isabel Lloret

description: Spanish rhythmic gymnast and politician

wikidata_label: Isabel Lloret Ivorra

wikipedia_title: Maisa Lloret


text:
Skopje
Jashar Pasha Mosque

paragraph: Mehmet Yasar

paragraph: Jashar Mehmet Pasha was a citizen of Pristina and also the mayor of Skopje in 1842.

paragraph: He built the Jashar Pasha Mosque in 1834.

description: Mehmet Yasar was a wealthy citizen of Pristina and Skopje governor in 1842

wikidata_label: Mehmet Yasar

wikipedia_title: Mehmet Yasar


text:
Amsterdam
Dutch Golden Age painter
pastoral
Rijksmuseum
Fitzwilliam Museum
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Paulus Potter

categories: Dutch Golden Age painters,Landscape artists,1688 deaths,1625 births

paragraph: Albert Jansz. Klomp

paragraph: Albert Jansz. Klomp or Albert Klomp (Amsterdam, Baptized March 11, 1625 - earliest December 20, 1688) was a Dutch Golden Age painter, who specialized in painting rural landscapes with animals.

paragraph: Klomp's typical pastoral landscape paintings can be seen in museums such as the Rijksmuseum, the Fitzwilliam Museum, and The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

paragraph: Klomp's work is reminiscent of that of Paulus Potter. Although it is not certain that they worked together, the two artists share similar subjects and style, and Klomp's work has been wrongly attributed to Potter in the past.

alias:
Komp
A. Klomp
Aelbert Klomp
Van Clomp
Clomp
Cloomp
Albert Jansz. Clomp
Clump
Albert Jansz Klomp
Albert Jansz. Klomp

description: Dutch painter

wikidata_label: Albert Klomp

wikipedia_title: Albert Jansz. Klomp


text:
Indo-Greek
Strato II
Indo-Scythian
Northern Satraps
Rajuvula
Bhadayasa
Menander I
Pallas Athena
Bopearachchi
Indo-Scythian
sigma
Northern Satraps
Sagala
Eastern Punjab
Mathura
Rajuvula
Yuezhi
Greco-Bactrian
Heliocles
Bactria
Indo-Scythians
Indo-Greek
Hermaios
Kabul
Indo-Scythian
Indo-Greek Kingdom
Greco-Buddhism
Indo-Scythians
Les Rois Straton II et III
Coin India Strato II and III

categories: Indo-Greek kings,1st-century BC rulers in Asia

paragraph: Strato III

paragraph: Strato III often called ""Philopator"" ("the Father-loving") was an Indo-Greek king who ruled c. 25 BCE to 10 CE. He is only known through the joint coins with his father Strato II. He may have been supplanted, in conjunction with his father or later as an independent king, by the Indo-Scythian Northern Satraps, particularly Rajuvula and Bhadayasa, whose coins were often copied on those of the last Indo-Greek kings.

paragraph: Section::::Coinage.

paragraph: Strato III may also have issued coins on his own, but these are rare and unconfirmed.

paragraph: A few silver coins with a different portrait and the inscription Strato Soter "Dikaios" ("the just") may also belong to Strato III as sole ruler, or to a fourth king named Strato.

paragraph: Just like the earlier king Strato I, Strato III is thought to belong to the dynasty of Menander I, who also used the epithet Soter and the symbol of standing Pallas Athena.

paragraph: The chronology of the late Indo-Greek kingdom has been established by Bopearachchi and other scholars from numismatical evidence alone. The coins deteriorated continuously, the Strato coins being the most debased and crude in style, a striking contrast to earlier kings who struck some of the most beautiful coins of antiquity. The decay was due to the increasing pressure of the Indo-Scythian nomads on the remaining Greek pockets, as well as their long isolation from the rest of the Hellenistic world.

paragraph: Strato II, Strato III and Strato Dikaios struck debased silver drachms, which as mentioned portray Pallas on the reverse. Strato II appears as an old man with a sunken jaw on some of his coins, which is not surprising given that his grandson was co-regent. Strato II also issued bronzes and even lead coins of the common type Apollo/tripod. On some of Strato II's silver drachms the letter sigma is written as C, a not uncommon trait on late Hellenistic coins in the east.

paragraph: Section::::Imitations by Indo-Scythian rulers.

paragraph: Subsequent Indo-Scythian rulers, who replaced the Stratos in their territories, designed their coins in direct imitation of those of Strato II and Strato III. This is the case of the Northern Satraps, who ruled in the territories from Sagala in Eastern Punjab to Mathura, such as Rajuvula.

paragraph: Just as the Yuezhi had copied the coins of the last Greco-Bactrian ruler Heliocles in Bactria, or the Indo-Scythians had copied the coins of the last western Indo-Greek ruler Hermaios in the area of Kabul, here again the Indo-Scythian Northern Satraps relied heavily on the numismatics of their predecessors.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Greek Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Buddhism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Scythians

paragraph: Section::::Notes and references.

paragraph: Notes

paragraph: References

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- At the Internet Archive.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Les Rois Straton II et III

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coin India Strato II and III

wikidata_label: Strato III

wikipedia_title: Strato III


text:
soccer
goalkeeper
LA Galaxy
Castro Valley, California
University of California, Berkeley
Akron Zips
Stefan Frei
Generation Adidas
Major League Soccer
2011 MLS SuperDraft
weighted lottery
San Jose Earthquakes
West Bromwich Albion
Buck Shaw Stadium
San Antonio Scorpions
Strømmen IF
LA Galaxy
United States national team
Canada
Kimberly Bingham
Arizona State University
U.S. Women's National Soccer Team

categories: 1. divisjon players,Association football goalkeepers,California Golden Bears men's soccer players,American expatriate soccer players,San Jose Earthquakes players,People from Castro Valley, California,Sportspeople from Alameda County, California,Strømmen IF players,LA Galaxy players,People from Pleasanton, California,North American Soccer League players,Soccer players from California,Living people,Expatriate footballers in Norway,American soccer players,Association football goalkeepers who have scored,San Antonio Scorpions players,Major League Soccer players,1989 births

paragraph: David Bingham (soccer, born 1989)

paragraph: David Matthew Bingham (born October 19, 1989) is an American soccer player who plays as a goalkeeper for the LA Galaxy.

paragraph: Section::::Youth.

paragraph: David Bingham was born October 19, 1989 in Castro Valley, California to his parents Greg and Lisa Bingham. Bingham played for the youth club, Mustang United based out of Danville, California. In 2007, his club team made it to the Super- Y league National Championships. Bingham was a member of the Super-Y national team in 2006 and 2007. He had 13 shutouts and had a 0.60 goals against average during his senior year in high school. Bingham was a member of both the Bay Areas All-Area team as well as the all Tri-Valley team's first selection.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:College.

paragraph: Bingham played his college career at the University of California, Berkeley between the years of 2008 and 2010. Bingham led the Golden Bears to the quarterfinals of the NCAA Tournament in 2010, where they fell to eventual NCAA Champion Akron Zips on penalties. In 2009, Bingham earned himself All-Pac-10 second team honors and posted a 0.95 goals against average. The majority of his 2008 year was spent as backup to Stefan Frei.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Professional.

paragraph: Bingham signed a Generation Adidas contract with Major League Soccer soon after the 2011 MLS SuperDraft. Due to signing post-SuperDraft, Bingham was allocated to an MLS team via a weighted lottery. He was awarded to San Jose Earthquakes, the team he supported as a boy, on January 26, 2011.

paragraph: He notably scored a goal on a 90-yard clearance from his own penalty box on July 13, 2011 against West Bromwich Albion in an exhibition match at Buck Shaw Stadium.

paragraph: After spending time on loan with the San Antonio Scorpions and Strømmen IF, Bingham emerged as a starter for the Earthquakes during the 2015 season.

paragraph: Bingham was traded to the LA Galaxy on December 18, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:International.

paragraph: Bingham made his debut with the United States national team on February 5, 2016 against Canada, playing the full match and keeping a clean sheet in a 1-0 victory.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Bingham has one sister, Kimberly Bingham, who played goalkeeper at Arizona State University and later for the U.S. Women's National Soccer Team.

description: American soccer player

wikidata_label: David Bingham

wikipedia_title: David Bingham (soccer, born 1989)


text:
Italian
Renaissance
Florence
Verona
Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici
florins
Old Sacristy
San Lorenzo
Carlo Marsuppini
Penelope
Artemisia II of Caria
Julia
Porcia Catonis
Cosimo di Giovanni de' Medici
Lorenzo di Giovanni de' Medici
Frances Barber

categories: Women of medieval Italy,14th-century Italian people,15th-century Italian people,1368 births,1433 deaths,Patrons of literature,House of Medici

paragraph: Piccarda Bueri

paragraph: Piccarda Bueri (1368–1433) was an Italian noblewoman of the Renaissance.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: She was the daughter of Edoardo Bueri, a member of a family of ancient lineage from Florence with economic interests in other cities; the family was in fact in Verona in the first half of the fourteenth century when she was born. She was married to the young banker Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici in 1386. She brought a dowry of 1500 florins to the marriage.

paragraph: She was known for her beauty, but her husband was known for being ugly. The marriage brought respectability to Giovanni and their children, since he was not of noble descent. Just before he died, he asked her to take care of their children. She was buried with him after her death in the Old Sacristy of San Lorenzo.

paragraph: Upon her death, Carlo Marsuppini wrote a eulogy in which he sang her praises, in which he compared the love between Piccarda and Giovanni with that of famous couples from antiquity. In it, he compared her with Penelope, Artemisia II of Caria, Julia and Porcia Catonis.

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cosimo di Giovanni de' Medici (1389–1464)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lorenzo di Giovanni de' Medici (1395–1440)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Damiano (d.1390)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antonio (born c. 1398)

paragraph: Section::::Fictional Depictions.

paragraph: Bueri is portrayed by Frances Barber in the 2016 television series "".

description: Italian noblewoman

wikidata_label: Piccarda Bueri

wikipedia_title: Piccarda Bueri


text: country

text: Dora

text: guitar

text: mandolin

text: California

text: Civilian Conservation Corps

text: bassist

text: Merl Lindsay

text: Billy Hughes

text: Hollywood

text: Truck Drivin Man

text: Ozark Jubilee

text: Sandy

text: U.S. Army

text: West Germany

text: Elvis Presley

text: Buck Owens

text: Nashville

text: Alabama Music Hall of Fame

text: Madison

text: Biography from the Alabama Music Office

categories: Country musicians from Alabama,Crest Records artists,American country singer-songwriters,2007 deaths,20th-century American singers,1921 births,People from Walker County, Alabama

paragraph: Terry Fell

paragraph: Terry Fell (May 13, 1921 – April 4, 2007) was an American country musician.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Childhood and adolescence.

paragraph: Fell was born in Dora, Alabama on May 13, 1921, and got his first guitar at the age of nine. Later, he learned mandolin and took singing lessons. When he was 13 years old, his father died; three years later, he moved alone to California, where he spent some time in a camp of the Civilian Conservation Corps. After he briefly lived in Alabama again, Fell and his mother moved to the US West Coast. There, he began playing in 1943 as bassist for Merl Lindsay.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Musical career.

paragraph: Fell started his record career in 1945 as a member of Billy Hughes' band, Pals of The Pecos. His first record was with Hughes on the Fargo label. He began his solo career with Memo, then Courtney, 4 Star, and Gilt-Edge Records, although none of his releases became hits there.

paragraph: During his first session for RCA in Hollywood (1954), he recorded a song that would become a hit. Although the A-side, "Don't Drop It", was underplayed, the B-side, "Truck Drivin Man", became a classic, especially in the trucker country-music scene. In 1955, he made a guest appearance on ABC-TV's "Ozark Jubilee".

paragraph: Fell remained with RCA for the following two years; however, he never produced a single with the same success. RCA extended his contract in 1956.

paragraph: In 1958, he recorded some sides for Lode records. One of them, released under the name "Johnny Valentine," was a song he wrote called "Sandy" which became a #15 pop hit for Larry Hall in 1960.

paragraph: In 1959, he began military service in the U.S. Army and was stationed in West Germany. Along with Elvis Presley, who was at the same time a G.I. stationed in West Germany, he wrote the song "Mississippi River". The single was never released, but the rights were later sold for $30,000 in 1996.

paragraph: Due to the lack of success and health problems, his career fell short. Later, for a short time, he managed country star Buck Owens and wrote a song in 1961 with Bobby Edwards titled "You're The Reason". In 1962, Fell moved to Nashville, Tennessee, where he was a songwriter for various publishing companies until he retired. Published in 1993 with Bear Family Records, the album "Truck Drivin Man" was released with his collected RCA works. Terry Gordon noted that it was discontinued in 1998, but revised/reissued again. Because of his achievements in country music, he was inducted into the Alabama Music Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Fell died on April 4, 2007, in Madison, Tennessee.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: He wrote and recorded a novelty record on the Lode label under the name Brother George Underbrush, called "Green Garden Hose". It was divided into two parts, one on each side. He later released a cassette on Lode that contained several more of his strange musings.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: All of the Memo, 4 Star, Gilt-Edge, and "X"/RCA singles were published under the name 'Terry Fell & The Fellers'.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Album.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Truck Driving Man" (Bear Family BCD 15762, 1993) all RCA material

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Get Aboard My Wagon" (B.A.C.M. CDD 191, 2007) Memo/Gilt-Edge/RCA material

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ramblin' Oakie" (B.A.C.M. CDD 333, 2011) Fargo/Courtney/4 Star material

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Terry Fell from rockabilly.nl

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography from the Alabama Music Office

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alabama Music History Blog: "Dora Native Terry Fell"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Terry Fell, Forgotten Father of Trucker Music"

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Terry Fell

wikipedia_title: Terry Fell


text:
Tehran
Iran
Iranian
physicist
politician
commander
guerrilla
defense minister
member of parliament
Iran–Iraq War
Irregular Warfare Headquarters
Iran–Iraq War
University of California, Berkeley
Islamic revolution
Amal Movement
Lebanon
Ayatollah Taleqani
Morteza Motahari
Alborz High School
Tehran University
electro mechanics
the United States
Texas A&M University
plasma physics
University of California, Berkeley
Bell Laboratories
NASA
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
the Freedom Movement
Mehdi Bazargan
Ebrahim Yazdi
Sadegh Ghotbzadeh
Ali Shariati
Cuba
Egypt
San Jose
Mehdi
the United Kingdom
France
Lebanon
the Palestine Liberation Organization
the Amal movement
Middle East
Algeria
Egypt
Syria
the civil war
Lebanon
Musa Al Sadr
Mohammad Montazeri
Islamic Revolution
Kurdistan
Kurds
Interim Government of Iran
Majlis of Iran
Supreme Council of National
Iran–Iraq War
the Behesht-e Zahra cemetery
major expressway
species of moth
the United Kingdom
Che
1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran
Asghar Vesali

categories: Burials at Behesht-e Zahra,People of the Iranian Revolution,University of Tehran alumni,Alborz High School alumni,Military personnel killed in action,Iranian military personnel killed in the Iran–Iraq War,Iranian Shia Muslims,Unsolved deaths,1981 deaths,Deputies of Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat and Eslamshahr,1932 births,Members of the 1st Islamic Consultative Assembly,Amal Movement politicians,Freedom Movement of Iran politicians,University of California, Berkeley College of Engineering alumni,Defence ministers of Iran,Iranian Irregular Warfare Headquarters guerrillas,University of Texas at Austin alumni,Iranian scientists,Iranian revolutionaries

paragraph: Mostafa Chamran

paragraph: Mostafa Chamran Save'ei () (2 October 1932 – 21 June 1981, Tehran, Iran) was an Iranian physicist, politician, commander and guerrilla who served as the first defense minister of post-revolutionary Iran and as member of parliament, as well as the commander of paramilitary volunteers in Iran–Iraq War, known as "Irregular Warfare Headquarters". He was killed during the Iran–Iraq War. In Iran, he is known as a martyr and a symbol of an ideological and revolutionary Muslim who left academic careers and prestigious positions as a scientist and professor in the US, University of California, Berkeley and migrated in order to help the Islamic movements in Palestine, Lebanon, Egypt as a chief revolutionary guerilla, as well as in the Islamic revolution of Iran. He helped to found the Amal Movement in southern Lebanon.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Chamran was born into a religious family on 2 October 1932 in Tehran. Earlier he was educated by Ayatollah Taleqani and Morteza Motahari. He studied at Alborz High School and then graduated from Tehran University with a bachelor's degree in electro mechanics.

paragraph: In the late 1950s, he moved to the United States for higher education, obtaining a M.S. degree from the Texas A&M University. He then went on to obtain his Ph.D. in electrical engineering and plasma physics in 1963 from the University of California, Berkeley.

paragraph: In the book ""Self-construction and developmen"t" he said he was hired as research staff scientist at Bell Laboratories and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in the 1960s.

paragraph: Section::::Career and activities.

paragraph: Chamran was one of the senior members of the Freedom Movement led by Mehdi Bazargan in the 1960s. He was part of the radical external wing together with Ebrahim Yazdi, Sadegh Ghotbzadeh and Ali Shariati.

paragraph: Following graduation, Chamran went to Cuba to receive military training. In December 1963, he along with Ghotbzadeh and Yazdi left the US for Egypt where he was trained in guerilla warfare. They met the Egyptian authorities to establish an anti-Shah organization in the country, which was later called SAMA, special organization for unity and action. Chamran was chosen as its military head. Upon his return to the US in 1965 he founded a group, Red Shiism, in San Jose with the aim of training militants. His brother, Mehdi, was also part of the group. In 1968, he founded another group, the Muslim Students’ Association of America (MSA), and it was led by Ebrahim Yazdi. The group managed to establish branches in the United Kingdom and France.

paragraph: In 1971 Chamran left the US for Lebanon and joined the camps of the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Amal movement. He became a leading and founding member of the Islamic revolutionary movement in the Middle East, organizing and training guerrillas and revolutionary forces in Algeria, Egypt, Syria. During the civil war in Lebanon he actively cooperated with Musa Al Sadr, founder of the Amal movement. Chamran also became an Amal member and "right-hand man of Sadr".

paragraph: Chamran along with Sadegh Ghotbzadeh was part of the faction, called "Syrian mafia", in the court of Khomeini, and there was a feud between his group and the Libya-friendly group, led by Mohammad Montazeri.

paragraph: With the Islamic Revolution taking place in Iran, Chamran returned to Iran. In 1979, he served as deputy prime minister in the cabinet of Mehdi Bazargan. He led the military operations in Kurdistan where Kurds rebelled against the Interim Government of Iran. He served as minister of defense from September 1979 to 1980, being the first civil defense minister of the Islamic Republic.

paragraph: In March 1980, he was elected to the Majlis of Iran (the Iranian Parliament) as a representative of Tehran. In May 1980, he was named the Ayatollah's representative to the Supreme Council of National Defense.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Chamran was married to Tamsen Heiman, an American Muslim, in 1961. They had one daughter Roushan and three sons Ali, Jamal and Rahim. Jamal was drowned in childhood and the rest of them live in the US. After migrating to Lebanon, due to the difficulties they were facing, Tamsen left Chamran in 1973 and went back to the US. She died in 2009.

paragraph: Later on Chamran was married to a woman from Lebanon, Ghadeh Jaber.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Chamran led an infantry unit during the Iran–Iraq War and received two wounds in his left leg by shrapnel from a mortar shell. However, he refused to leave his unit. He was killed in Dehlavieh on 21 June 1981 as the war was raging on. His death was regarded as "suspicious" and the related details have remained unclear. Chamran was buried in the Behesht-e Zahra cemetery in Tehran.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Ayatullah Khomenei(R.A) publicly proclaimed Chamran as a "proud commander of Islam." Chamran was posthumously given a hero status, and many buildings and streets in Iran and Lebanon were named for him, as well as a major expressway. In 2012, Mohsen Alavi Pour published Chamran's biography. A species of moth were named after him in 2013. Nick Robinson published an English biography of Chamran in the United Kingdom in 2013, "22: Not a new lifestyle for those who thirst for humanity!".

paragraph: In 2014 a film named "Che" was released to honor Chamran. The film portrays two days of Chamran's life after the Islamic Revolution defending Paveh and received lots of attention and won some awards.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asghar Vesali

description: Iranian politician

wikidata_label: Mostafa Chamran

wikipedia_title: Mostafa Chamran


text:
Austria
textile
wallpaper
Japan
Japanese
modern art
Vienna
University of Applied Arts Vienna
Josef Hoffmann
Wiener Werkstätte
wallpaper
Japan
Isaburo Ueno
architecture firm
Kyoto School of Arts
World War II
Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Art Institute of Chicago
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto

categories: Artists from Kyoto,University of Applied Arts Vienna alumni,Textile artists,Austrian artists,1893 births,Artists from Vienna,1967 deaths

paragraph: Felice Rix-Ueno

paragraph: Felice "Lizzie" Rix-Ueno (1893–1967) was an Austrian textile, wallpaper, and craft designer. She lived in Japan, and became an influential figure in the Japanese modern art scene.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Felice Rix was born in Vienna. She studied at University of Applied Arts Vienna and Josef Hoffmann was her teacher.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: She worked at Wiener Werkstätte. There, she designed wallpaper and textiles. She married Japanese architect Isaburo Ueno in 1925, who worked at Hoffmann's architecture firm. They moved to Japan. She would teach at the Kyoto School of Arts after World War II.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Her work is in held in the collection of the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Art Institute of Chicago, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto. The National Museum of Modern Art describes her work as "demonstrating the fusion of sensibilities of Vienna and Kyoto."

description: Austrian textile, wallpaper and craft designer

wikidata_label: Felice Rix-Ueno

wikipedia_title: Felice Rix-Ueno