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wikipedia_title: Royal Central School of Speech and Drama

wikipedia_title: In Concert with The London Symphony Orchestra

categories: 1941 births,Extensive Music artists,The Flower Pot Men members,People from Sonning,People educated at Wyggeston Grammar School for Boys,2012 deaths,Male organists,English organists,English rock keyboardists,Alumni of the Central School of Speech and Drama,Whitesnake members,Deaths from cancer in England,Deep Purple members,People from Leicester,English composers,Deaths from pancreatic cancer,English heavy metal keyboardists,Paice Ashton Lord members,Musicians from Leicestershire

paragraph: Jon Lord

paragraph: John Douglas Lord (9 June 194116 July 2012) was an English composer, pianist, and Hammond organ player known for his pioneering work in fusing rock with classical or baroque forms, especially with Deep Purple, as well as Whitesnake, Paice Ashton Lord, The Artwoods, and The Flower Pot Men. In 1968, Lord co-founded Deep Purple, a hard rock band of which he was regarded as the leader until 1970. Together with the other members, he collaborated on most of his band's most popular songs. He and drummer Ian Paice were the only continuous presence in the band during the period from 1968 to 1976, and also from when it was reestablished in 1984 until Lord's retirement from Deep Purple in 2002. On 11 November 2010, he was inducted as an Honorary Fellow of Stevenson College in Edinburgh, Scotland. On 15 July 2011, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Music degree at De Montfort Hall by the University of Leicester. Lord was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on 8 April 2016 as a member of Deep Purple.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Growing up in Leicester.

paragraph: Lord was born in Leicester on 9 June 1941 to Miriam (1909–1995; née Hudson) and Reginald Lord, growing up at 120 Averill Road and retaining a strong bond with the city throughout his life. His father was an amateur saxophonist and encouraged Lord from an early age. He studied classical piano from the age of five, with a local teacher, Frederick Allt, and this focus on a classical grounding to his material was a recurring trademark in his work, both in composition, arranging and his instrumental solos on piano, organ and electronic keyboards. In particular his influences ranged from Johann Sebastian Bach (a constant connection in his music and his keyboard improvisation) to Medieval popular music and the English tradition of Edward Elgar. He attended Wyggeston Grammar School for Boys between 1952 and 1958 where he gained O Level passes in French, music and mathematics, participated in amateur dramatics and the school choir alongside his organ and piano studies and then worked as a clerk in a solicitor's office for two years.

paragraph: Lord absorbed the blues sounds that played a key part in his rock career, principally the raw sounds of the great American blues organists Jimmy Smith, Jimmy McGriff and "Brother" Jack McDuff ("Rock Candy"), as well as the stage showmanship of Jerry Lee Lewis and performers like Buddy Holly, whom he saw perform at the De Montfort Hall in Leicester in March 1958. The jazz-blues organ style of black R&B organ players in the 1950s and 1960s, using the trademark blues-organ sound of the Hammond organ (B3 and C3 models) and combining it with the Leslie speaker system (the well-known Hammond-Leslie speaker combination), were seminal influences on Lord. Lord also stated that he was heavily influenced by the organ-based progressive rock played by Vanilla Fudge after seeing that band perform in Great Britain in 1967, and earlier by the personal direction he received from British organ pioneer Graham Bond.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Move to London.

paragraph: Lord moved to London in 1959–60, intent on an acting career and enrolling at the Central School of Speech and Drama, in London's Swiss Cottage. Following a celebrated student rebellion he became a founder of Drama Centre London, from where he graduated in 1964. Small acting parts followed, including in the British TV series, Emergency - Ward 10 and Lord continued playing the piano and the organ in nightclubs and as a session musician to earn a living. He started his band career in London in 1960 with the jazz ensemble The Bill Ashton Combo. Ashton became a key figure in jazz education in Britain, creating what later became the National Youth Jazz Orchestra. Between 1960 and 1963, Lord and Ashton both moved on to Red Bludd's Bluesicians (also known as The Don Wilson Quartet), the latter of which featured the singer Arthur "Art" Wood, brother of guitarist Ronnie Wood. Wood had previously sung with Alexis Korner's Blues Incorporated and was a junior figure in the British blues movement. In this period, Lord altered the spelling of his name from his birth name "John" to "Jon" and his session credits included playing the keyboards in "You Really Got Me", The Kinks number one hit of 1964 however in a "Guitar World" interview Ray Davies of The Kinks stated it was actually Arthur Greenslade playing piano on that particular track.

paragraph: Following the break-up of Redd Bludd's Bluesicians in late 1963, Wood, Lord, and the drummer Red Dunnage put together a new band, The Art Wood Combo. This also included Derek Griffiths (guitar) and Malcolm Pool (bass guitar). Dunnage left in December 1964 to be replaced by Keef Hartley, who had previously replaced Ringo Starr in Rory Storm and the Hurricanes. This band, later known as "The Artwoods", focused on the organ as the bluesy, rhythmic core of their sound, in common with the contemporary bands The Spencer Davis Group (Steve Winwood on organ) and The Animals (with Alan Price). They made appearances on the BBC's "Saturday Club" radio show and on such TV programs as "Ready Steady Go!". It also performed abroad, and it appeared on the first "Ready Steady Goes Live", promoting its first single the Lead Belly song "Sweet Mary" — but significant commercial success eluded it. Its only charting single was "I Take What I Want", which reached number 28 on 8 May 1966.

paragraph: This band regrouped in 1967 as the "St. Valentine's Day Massacre". This was an attempt to cash in on the 1930s gangster craze set off by the American film "Bonnie and Clyde". Hartley left the band in 1967 to join John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers. Lord next founded the "Santa Barbara Machine Head", featuring Art's brother, Ronnie Wood, writing and recording three powerful keyboard-driven instrumental tracks, giving a preview of the future style of Deep Purple. Soon thereafter, Lord went on to cover for the keyboard player Billy Day in The Flower Pot Men, where he met the bass guitarist Nick Simper along with drummer Carlo Little and guitarist Ged Peck. Lord and Simper then toured with this band in 1967 to promote its hit single "Let's Go To San Francisco", but the two men never recorded with this band.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Formation of Deep Purple.

paragraph: In early 1967, through his roommate Chris Curtis of the Searchers, Lord met businessman Tony Edwards who was looking to invest in the music business alongside partners Ron Hire and John Coletta (HEC Enterprises). Session guitarist Ritchie Blackmore was called in and he met Lord for the first time, but Chris Curtis's erratic behaviour led the trio nowhere. Edwards was impressed enough by Jon Lord to ask him to form a band after Curtis faded out. Simper was contacted, and Blackmore was recalled from Hamburg. Although top British player Bobbie Clarke was the first choice as drummer, during the auditions for a singer, Rod Evans of "The Maze" came in with his own drummer, Ian Paice. Blackmore, who had been impressed by Paice's drumming when he met him in 1967, set up an audition for Paice as well. The band was called the "Roundabout" at first and began rehearsals at Deeves Hall in Hertfordshire. By March 1968, this became the "Mark 1" line-up of "Deep Purple": Lord, Simper, Blackmore, Paice, and Evans. Lord also helped form the band "Boz" with some of its recordings being produced by Derek Lawrence. "Boz" included Boz Burrell (later of King Crimson and Bad Company), Blackmore (guitarist), Paice (drummer), Chas Hodges (bass guitarist).

paragraph: Section::::Deep Purple.

paragraph: Section::::Deep Purple.:1968–1970.

paragraph: It was in these three years that Lord's trademark keyboard sound emerged. Ignoring the emergence of the Moog synthesizer, as pioneered in rock by such players as Keith Emerson, Lord began experimenting with a keyboard sound produced by driving the Hammond organ through Marshall speakers in an effort to match the attack and volume of Blackmore's guitar. Lord's version was heavier than a blues sound, and it often featured distortion and a far harder, industrial type sound that became the trademark Jon Lord organ sound, admired by fans and peers alike but rarely replicated. Both Emerson and Rick Wakeman publicly expressed admiration for Lord's mould-breaking work on the organ. This delivered a rhythmic foundation to complement Blackmore's speed and virtuosity on lead guitar. Lord also loved the sound of an RMI 368 Electra-Piano and Harpsichord, which he used on such songs as "Demon's Eye" and "Space Truckin'".

paragraph: In 1973 Lord's original Hammond C3 gave out and he bought another from Christine McVie of Fleetwood Mac. Also around this time, Lord and his keyboard technician, Mike Phillips, combined his Hammond C3 Organ with the RMI. Lord kept this particular Hammond C3 until his retirement from the band in 2002, when he passed it to successor Don Airey. That instrument was retired from stage use a few years later, as it had become "pretty knackered" according to Airey.

paragraph: Lord pushed the Hammond-Leslie sound through Marshall amplification, creating a growling, heavy, mechanical sound which allowed Lord to compete with Blackmore as a soloist, with an organ that sounded as prominent as the lead guitar. Said one reviewer, "many have tried to imitate [Lord's] style, and all failed." Said Lord himself, "There's a way of playing a Hammond [that's] different. A lot of people make the mistake of thinking that you can play a Hammond with a piano technique. Well, you can, but it "sounds" like you are playing a Hammond with a piano technique. Really, you have to learn how to play an organ. It's a legato technique; it's a technique to achieve legato on a non-legato instrument."

paragraph: In early Deep Purple recordings, Lord had appeared to be the leader of the band. Despite the cover songs "Hush" and "Kentucky Woman" becoming hits in North America, Deep Purple never made chart success in the UK until the "Concerto for Group and Orchestra" album (1970). Lord's willingness later to play many of the key rhythm parts gave Blackmore the freedom to let loose both live and on record.

paragraph: On Deep Purple's second and third albums, Lord began indulging his ambition to fuse rock with classical music. An early example of this is the song "Anthem" from the album "The Book of Taliesyn" (1968), but a more prominent example is the song "April" from the band's self-titled third album (1969). The song is recorded in three parts: 1. Lord and Blackmore only, on keyboards and acoustic guitar, respectively; 2. an orchestral arrangement complete with strings; and 3. the full rock band with vocals. Lord's ambition enhanced his reputation among fellow musicians, but caused tension within the group. Simper later said, "The reason the music lacked direction was Jon Lord fucked everything up with his classical ideas." Blackmore agreed to go along with Lord's experimentation, provided he was given his head on the next band album.

paragraph: The resulting "Concerto For Group and Orchestra" (in 1969) was one of rock's earliest attempts to fuse two distinct musical idioms. Performed live at the Royal Albert Hall on 24 September 1969 (with new band members Ian Gillan and Roger Glover, Evans and Simper having been fired), it was recorded by the BBC and later released as an album. The Concerto gave Deep Purple its first highly publicised taste of mainstream fame and gave Lord the confidence to believe that his experiment and his compositional skill had a future, as well as giving Lord the opportunity to work with established classical figures, such as conductor Sir Malcolm Arnold, who brought his skills to bear by helping Lord realise the work and to protect him from the inevitable disdain of the older members of the orchestra.

paragraph: Section::::Deep Purple.:1970–1976.

paragraph: Purple began work on "Deep Purple in Rock," released by their new label Harvest in 1970 and now recognised as one of hard rock's key early works. Lord and Blackmore competed to out-dazzle each other, often in classical-style, midsection 'call and answer' improvisation (on tracks like "Speed King"), something they employed to great effect live. Ian Gillan said that Lord provided the idea on the main organ riff for "Child in Time" although the riff was also based on It's a Beautiful Day's 1969 psychedelic hit song "Bombay Calling". Lord's experimental solo on "Hard Lovin' Man" (complete with police-siren interpolation) from this album was his personal favourite among his Deep Purple studio performances.

paragraph: Deep Purple released another six studio albums between 1971 ("Fireball") and 1975 ("Come Taste the Band"). Gillan and Glover left in 1973 and Blackmore in 1975, and the band disintegrated in 1976. The highlights of Lord's Purple work in the period include the 1972 album "Machine Head" (featuring his rhythmic underpinnings on "Smoke on the Water" and "Space Truckin'", plus the organ solos on "Highway Star", "Pictures of Home" and "Lazy"), the sonic bombast of the "Made in Japan" live album (1972), an extended, effect-laden solo on "Rat Bat Blue" from the "Who Do We Think We Are" album (1973), and his overall playing on the "Burn" album from 1974.

paragraph: Roger Glover would later describe Lord as a true "Zen-archer soloist", someone whose best keyboard improvisation often came at the first attempt. Lord's strict reliance on the Hammond C3 organ sound, as opposed to the synthesizer experimentation of his contemporaries, places him firmly in the jazz-blues category as a band musician and far from the progressive-rock sound of Keith Emerson and Rick Wakeman. Lord rarely ventured into the synthesizer territory on Purple albums, often limiting his experimentation to the use of the ring modulator with the Hammond, to give live performances on tracks like Space Truckin' a distinctive 'spacy' sound. Instances of his Deep Purple synthesizer use (he became an endorser of the ARP Oyssey) include "'A' 200", the final track from "Burn", and "Love Child" on the "Come Taste the Band" album.

paragraph: In early 1973 Lord stated: "We're as valid as anything by Beethoven."

paragraph: Section::::As a composer.

paragraph: Lord continued to focus on his classical aspirations alongside his Deep Purple career. The BBC, buoyed by the success of the Concerto, commissioned him to write another piece and the resulting "Gemini Suite" was performed by Deep Purple and the Light Music Society under Malcolm Arnold at the Royal Festival Hall in September 1970, and then in Munich with the Kammerorchester conducted by Eberhard Schoener in January 1972. It then became the basis for Lord's first solo album, "Gemini Suite", released in November 1972, with vocals by Yvonne Elliman and Tony Ashton and with the London Symphony Orchestra backing a band that included Albert Lee on guitar.

paragraph: Lord's collaboration with the highly experimental and supportive Schoener resulted in a second live performance of the Suite in late 1973 and a new Lord album with Schoener, entitled "Windows", in 1974. It proved to be Lord's most experimental work and was released to mixed reactions. However, the dalliances with Bach on "Windows" and the pleasure of collaborating with Schoener resulted in perhaps Lord's most confident solo work and perhaps his strongest orchestral album, "Sarabande", recorded in Germany in September 1975 with the Philharmonia Hungarica conducted by Schoener.

paragraph: Composed of eight pieces (from the opening sweep of Fantasia to the Finale), at least five pieces form the typical construction of a baroque dance suite. The key pieces (Sarabande, Gigue, Bouree, Pavane and Caprice) feature rich orchestration complemented sometimes by the interpolation of rock themes, played by a session band comprising Pete York, Mark Nauseef and Andy Summers, with organ and synthesizers played by Lord.

paragraph: In March 1974, Lord and Paice had collaborated with friend Tony Ashton on "First of the Big Bands", credited to 'Tony Ashton & Jon Lord' and featuring a rich array of session talent, including Carmine Appice, Ian Paice, Peter Frampton and Pink Floyd saxophonist/sessioner, Dick Parry. They performed much of the set live at the London Palladium in September 1974.

paragraph: This formed the basis of Lord's first post-Deep Purple project Paice Ashton Lord, which lasted only a year and spawned a single album, "Malice in Wonderland" in 1977, recorded at Musicland Studios at the Arabella Hotel in Munich. A second album was begun but subsequently abandoned. He created an informal group of friends and collaborators including Ashton, Paice, Bernie Marsden, Boz Burrell and later, Bad Company's Mick Ralphs, Simon Kirke and others. Over the same period, Lord guested on albums by Maggie Bell, Nazareth and even folk artist Richard Digance. Eager to pay off a huge tax bill upon his return the UK in the late-1970s (Purple's excesses included their own tour jet and a home Lord rented in Malibu from actress Ann-Margret and where he wrote the Sarabande album), Lord joined former Deep Purple band member David Coverdale's new band, Whitesnake in August 1978 (Ian Paice joined them in 1980 and stayed till 1982).

paragraph: Section::::Whitesnake, 1978–1984.

paragraph: Lord's job in Whitesnake was largely limited to adding colour (or, in his own words, a 'halo') to round out a blues-rock sound that already accommodated two lead guitarists, Bernie Marsden and Micky Moody. He added a Yamaha CP-70 electric piano to his set-up and finally a huge bank of synthesizers onstage courtesy of Moog (Minimoog, Opus, Polymoog) so he could play the 12-bar blues the band often required and recreate string section and other effects. Such varied work is evident on tracks like "Here I Go Again", "Wine, Women and Song", "She's a Woman" and "Till the Day I Die". A number of singles entered the UK chart, taking the now 40-something Lord onto "Top of the Pops" with regularity between 1980 and 1983. He later expressed frustration that he was a poorly paid hired-hand, but fans saw little of this discord and Whitesnake's commercial success kept him at the forefront of readers' polls as heavy rock's foremost keyboard maestro. His dissatisfaction (and Coverdale's eagerness to revamp the band's line-up and lower the average age to help crack the US market) smoothed the way for the reformation of Deep Purple Mk II in 1984.

paragraph: Jon Lord's last Whitesnake concert took place in the Swedish TV programme "Måndagsbörsen" on 16 April 1984.

paragraph: During his tenure in Whitesnake, Lord had the opportunity to record two distinctly different solo albums. 1982s "Before I Forget" featured a largely conventional eight-song line-up, no orchestra and with the bulk of the songs being either mainstream rock tracks ("Hollywood Rock And Roll", "Chance on a Feeling"), or – specifically on side two – a series of very English classical piano ballads sung by mother and daughter duo, Vicki Brown and Sam Brown (wife and daughter of entertainer Joe Brown) and vocalist Elmer Gantry as well as piano and synthesiser instrumentals such as Burntwood, named after Lord's stately Oxfordshire home at the time. The album also boasted the cream of British rock talent, including session drummer (and National Youth Jazz Orchestra alumnus) Simon Phillips, Cozy Powell, Neil Murray, Simon Kirke, Boz Burrell and Mick Ralphs.

paragraph: Additionally, Lord was commissioned by producer Patrick Gamble for Central Television to write the soundtrack for their 1984 TV series, "Country Diary of an Edwardian Lady", based on the book by Edith Holden, with an orchestra conducted by Alfred Ralston and with a distinctly gentle, pastoral series of themes composed by Lord. Lord became firmly established as a member of UK rock's "Oxfordshire mansion aristocracy" – with a home, Burntwood Hall, set in at Goring-on-Thames, complete with its own cricket pitch and a hand-painted Challen baby grand piano, previously owned by Shirley Bassey. He was asked to guest on albums by friends George Harrison ("Gone Troppo" from 1982) and Pink Floyd's David Gilmour (1984's "About Face"), Cozy Powell ("Octopuss" in 1983) and to play on an adaptation of Kenneth Grahame's classic, "Wind in the Willows". He composed and produced the score for "White Fire" (1984), which consisted largely of two songs performed by Limelight. In 1985 he made a brief appearance as a member of The Singing Rebel's band (which also featured Eric Clapton, George Harrison and Ringo Starr) in the Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais-scripted film "Water" (1985) (Handmade Films).

paragraph: In the 1980s he was also a member of an all-star band called Olympic Rock & Blues Circus fronted by Pete York and featuring a rotating line-up of the likes of Miller Anderson, Tony Ashton, Brian Auger, Zoot Money, Colin Hodgkinson, Chris Farlowe and many others. Olympic Rock & Blues Circus toured primarily in Germany between 1981 and 1989. Some musicians, including Lord, took part in York's TV musical extravaganza "Superdrumming" between 1987 and 1989.

paragraph: Section::::Later work, 1984–2006.

paragraph: Lord's re-emergence with Deep Purple in 1984 resulted in huge audiences for the reformed Mk II line-up, including 1985s second largest grossing tour in the US and an appearance in front of 80,000 rain-soaked fans headlining Knebworth on 22 June 1985, all to support the "Perfect Strangers" album. Playing with a rejuvenated Mk. II Purple line-up (including spells at a health farm to get the band including Lord into shape) and being onstage and in the studio with Blackmore, gave Lord the chance to push himself once again. His 'rubato' classical opening sequence to the album's opener, "Knocking at Your Back Door" (complete with F-Minor to G polychordal harmony sequence), gave Lord the chance to do his most powerful work for years, including the song "Perfect Strangers". Further Deep Purple albums followed, often of varying quality, and by the late-1990s, Lord was clearly keen to explore new avenues for his musical career.

paragraph: In 1997, he created perhaps his most personal work to date, "Pictured Within", released in 1998 with a European tour to support it. Lord's mother Miriam had died in August 1995 and the album is inflected at all stages by Lord's sense of grief. Recorded largely in Lord's home-away-from-home, the city of Cologne, the album's themes are Elgarian and alpine in equal measure. Lord signed to Virgin Classics to release it, and perhaps saw it as the first stage in his eventual departure from Purple to embark on a low-key and altogether more gentle solo career. One song from "Pictured Within", entitled "Wait A While" was later covered by Norwegian singer Sissel Kyrkjebø on her 2003/2004 album "My Heart". Lord finally retired from Deep Purple amicably in 2002, preceded by a knee injury that eventually resolved itself without surgery. He said subsequently, "Leaving Deep Purple was just as traumatic as I had always suspected it would be and more so – if you see what I mean". He even dedicated a song to it on 2004's solo effort, "Beyond the Notes", called "De Profundis". The album was recorded in Bonn with producer between June and July 2004.

paragraph: "Pictured Within" and "Beyond the Notes" provide the most personal work by Lord. He collaborated with former ABBA superstar and family friend, Frida (Anni-Frid Lyngstad,) on the 2004 track, "The Sun Will Shine Again" (with lyrics by Sam Brown) and performed with her across Europe. He subsequently also performed European concerts to première the 2007-scheduled "Boom of the Tingling Strings" orchestral piece.

paragraph: In 2003 he also returned to his beloved R-n-B/blues heritage to record an album of standards in Sydney, with Australia's Jimmy Barnes, entitled "Live in the Basement", by Jon Lord and the Hoochie Coochie Men. Lord was also happy to support the Sam Buxton Sunflower Jam Healing Trust and in September 2006, performed at a star-studded event to support the charity led by Ian Paice's wife, Jacky (twin sister of Lord's wife Vicky). Featured artists on stage with Lord included Paul Weller, Robert Plant, Phil Manzanera, Ian Paice and Bernie Marsden.

paragraph: Section::::Final work, after 2006.

paragraph: Two Lord compositions, "Boom of the Tingling Strings" and "Disguises (Suite for String Orchestra)", were recorded in Denmark in 2006 and released in April 2008 on EMI Classics. Both featured the Odense Symfoniorkester, conducted by Paul Mann. Additionally, a second Hoochie Coochie Men album was recorded in July 2006 in London. This album, "Danger – White Men Dancing", was released in October 2007. His "Durham Concerto", commissioned by Durham University for its 175th anniversary celebrations, received its world premiere on 20 October 2007 in Durham Cathedral by the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, and featured soloists Lord on Hammond Organ, Kathryn Tickell on Northumbrian pipes, Matthew Barley on cello and Ruth Palmer on violin. It became a hit in Classic FM's "Hall of Fame", alongside his piano concerto "Boom of the Tingling Strings".

paragraph: Lord played piano on George Harrison's posthumously released "Brainwashed" album (2002) and became an important member of Harrison's social circle in Oxfordshire (Lord by now living at Hill House, in Fawley, Henley-On-Thames), the two having first met at Abbey Road studios in the late 1960s. He was also a close friend of Sir John Mortimer, the English barrister, dramatist, screenwriter, author and creator of British television series "Rumpole of the Bailey", whom he had accompanied on many occasions during Mortimer's performances of "Mortimer Miscellany." In 2007, Lord joined Derek Griffiths, Colin Martin and Malcolm Pool at an Artwoods reunion at the ART Tribute night, at York House in Twickenham. Ali Mackenzie took over Art Wood's role on vocals, and Chris Hunt played drums. They were joined on stage by guitarist Ronnie Wood and vocalist Geno Washington. Lord released his solo album "To Notice Such Things" on 29 March 2010. Titled after the main work—a six movement suite for solo flute, piano and string orchestra—the album was inspired by, and was dedicated to the memory of Jon's dear friend John Mortimer, who died in January 2009. On its first day of release, the album entered Amazon's Movers And Shakers index, nestling at No. 12 at the end of the day. Six days later it entered the UK's official classical chart at No. 4. Lord had been commissioned to compose a concerto for Hammond organ and orchestra with special parts for tympani. The piece was to be premiered with the Oslo Philharmonic Orchestra with Tom Vissgren on tympani in Oslo, Norway in the Spring of 2012. With Vladimir Ashkenazy and Josef Suk, Lord was one of three artistic sponsors of Toccata Classics.

paragraph: In July 2011, Lord performed his final live concert appearance, the Sunflower Jam at the Royal Albert Hall, where he premiered his joint composition with Rick Wakeman. At that point, they had begun informal discussion on recording an album together. Up until 2011, Lord had also been working on material with recently formed rock supergroup WhoCares, also featuring singer Ian Gillan from Deep Purple, guitarist Tony Iommi from Black Sabbath, second guitarist Mikko Lindström from HIM, bassist Jason Newsted formerly from Metallica and drummer Nicko McBrain from Iron Maiden, specifically the composition "Out of My Mind," in addition to new compositions with Steve Balsamo and a Hammond Organ Concerto. Lord subsequently cancelled a performance of his "Durham Concerto" in Hagen, Germany, for what his website said was a continuation of his medical treatment (the concert, scheduled for 6 July 2012, would have been his return to live performance after treatment).

paragraph: Lord's Concerto for Group and Orchestra was effectively recommissioned by him, recorded in Liverpool and at Abbey Road Studios across 2011 and under post-production in 2012 with the Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra performing, conducted by long-time collaborator, conductor Paul Mann. The recording was at completion at the time of Lord's death, with Lord having been able to review the final master recordings. The album and DVD were subsequently released in 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Lord's first marriage, from 1969 to 1981, was to Judith Feldman, with whom he had one daughter, Sara. Lord's second wife, Vickie Gibbs was a former girlfriend of Purple bandmate Glenn Hughes and twin sister of Ian Paice's wife, Jacky Paice (founder of the charity Sunflower Jam). The sisters' father was Frank Gibbs, owner of the Oakley House Country Club in Brewood, South Staffordshire. Jon and Vickie also had one daughter, Amy.

paragraph: In July 2011, Lord was found to be suffering from pancreatic cancer. After treatment in both England and in Israel, he died on 16 July 2012 at the London Clinic after suffering from a pulmonary embolism. His interment was at the new churchyard of Saint Mary the Virgin Church in Hambleden.

paragraph: Section::::Influence and legacy.

paragraph: Lars Ulrich, founding member and drummer in Metallica commented, "Ever since my father took me to see them in 1973 in Copenhagen, at the impressionable age of 9, Deep Purple has been the most constant, continuous and inspiring musical presence in my life. They have meant more to me than any other band in existence, and have had an enormous part in shaping who I am. We can all be guilty of lightly throwing adjectives like 'unique,' 'one-of-a-kind' and 'pioneering' around when we want to describe our heroes and the people who've moved us, but there are no more fitting words than those right now and there simply was no musician like Jon Lord in the history of hard rock. Nobody. Period. There was nobody that played like him. There was nobody that sounded like him. There was nobody that wrote like him. There was nobody that looked like him. There was nobody more articulate, gentlemanly, warm, or fucking cooler that ever played keyboards or got anywhere near a keyboard. What he did was all his own."

paragraph: Interviewed in 2012 for Blabbermouth.net, Motörhead frontman Lemmy said: "It's just a shame, because Jon Lord was, to a large extent, responsible for me being in rock and roll. He was in a band called the Artwoods years ago, with Ronnie Wood’s brother Arthur. They were sort of a jazz-blues band, I guess. They played at the place in Wales where I was living, this dingy little boozer, and I was talking to Jon and, like an idiot, he gave me his address in London. So, of course, I went down there and he wasn't there, but he was living at Art’s mother's house where Ronnie Wood who was in a band called The Birds was living and they let me crash on the couch... I saw him late last year in a hotel in Germany in Cologne. He was over there doing some orchestral stuff, and we talked in the bar for awhile... I'm glad I saw him, since he's since departed."

paragraph: Former keyboard player of rock band Yes, Rick Wakeman, who was a friend of Lord's, said he was "a great fan" and added "We were going to write and record an album before he became ill. His contribution to music and to classic rock was immeasurable and I will miss him terribly." In mid-2013, Wakeman presented a BBC One East Midlands-produced TV programme about Lord and his connection to the town of his birth.

paragraph: Singer Anni-Frid Lyngstad (ABBA), who described Jon Lord as her "dearest friend", paid him tribute at the 2013 edition of Zermatt Unplugged, the annual music festival which both he and she served as patrons. "He was graceful, intelligent, polite, with a strong integrity," she said. "(He) had a strong empathy and a great deal of humour for his own and other people's weaknesses."

paragraph: Keyboardist Keith Emerson said of Lord's death, "Jon left us now but his music and inspiration will live forever. I am deeply saddened by his departure." In a later interview in November 2013, he added, "In the early years I remember being quite jealous of Jon Lord – may he rest in peace. In September 1969 I heard he was debuting his "Concerto For Group & Orchestra" at the Royal Albert Hall, with none other than Malcolm Arnold conducting. Wow! I had to go along and see that. Jon and I ribbed each other, we were pretty much pals, but I walked away and thought: 'Shit, in a couple of weeks' time I'm going to be recording The Nice's "Five Bridges Suite" ... not at the Albert Hall but at the Fairfield Halls, Croydon!' A much more prosaic venue. Later, Jon wanted me to play on his solo album, "Gemini Suite", but that was around the time ELP were breaking big and we were touring. He was a lovely guy, a real gentleman."

paragraph: A concert tribute to Lord took place on 4 April 2014 at the Royal Albert Hall. Performers and presenters included Deep Purple, Bruce Dickinson, Alfie Boe, Jeremy Irons, Joe Brown, Glenn Hughes, Miller Anderson and Steve Balsamo.

paragraph: In December 2012 the Mayor of Leicester, Sir Peter Soulsby, joined the campaign to honour Lord with a blue plaque at his childhood home at 120 Averill Road, where he lived until he was twenty, saying it would be "an important reminder of the city's contribution to the world of contemporary music."

paragraph: Lord was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Deep Purple in April 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sessions

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964 "Kinks" (The Kinks, "You Really Got Me", piano, claimed by Lord himself).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967 "Sound & Movement" (The Leading Figures)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968 "I Shall Be Released/Down in the Flood" (Boz Burrell, SP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968 "Sun Dragon" (Sun Dragon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968 "Madena/Standing Still" (Anan, SP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santa Barbara Machine Head

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968 "Blues Anytime Vol. 3" ("Porcupine Juice", "Albert", "Rubber Monkey")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo and orchestral works with Deep Purple

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969 "Concerto for Group and Orchestra" (with Deep Purple)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971 "The Last Rebel" (with Ashton, Gardner & Dyke) – motion picture soundtrack

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972 "Gemini Suite"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974 "First of the Big Bands" (with Tony Ashton)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974 "Windows" (with Eberhard Schoener, recorded live)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976 "Sarabande"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982 "Before I Forget"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984 "Country Diary of an Edwardian Lady" (with Alfred Ralston) – TV series soundtrack

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 "Gemini Suite Live" (with Deep Purple, recorded live in 1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 "First of the Big Bands - BBC Live in Concert 1974" (with Tony Ashton, recorded live)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 "Pictured Within"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 "In Concert with The London Symphony Orchestra" (with Deep Purple, recorded live)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 "Jon Lord With Pictures" (DVD documentary)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 "Beyond The Notes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 "Beyond The Notes Live" (DVD, recorded live)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 "Boom of the Tingling Strings"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 "Durham Concerto"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 "To Notice Such Things"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 "Jon Lord Blues Project Live" (recorded live in 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 "Jon Lord Live" (recorded live in 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 "Concerto for Group and Orchestra" (new studio version)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with The Hoochie Coochie Men

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 "Live at the Basement" (recorded live)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 "Danger. White Men Dancing"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Film and TV appearances

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 "Water", (as himself, member of "The Singing Rebels' Band")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 "Deep Purple – Heavy Metal Pioneers" (Warner, interviewee)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 "Rock Family Trees", ep. "Deep Purple" (BBC, interviewee)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 "Classic Albums", ep. "Deep Purple – Machine Head"' (ITV, interviewee)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 "The South Bank Show", ep. "Malcolm Arnold – Toward the Unknown Region" (ITV, interviewee)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 "Ian Gillan: Highway Star – A Journey in Rock" (feature documentary, interviewee)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 "John Mortimer – A Life in Words" (BBC, interviewee)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 "Soul To Song", ep. "Smoke On The Water" (Japanese TV, interviewee)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 "Heavy Metal Britannia" (BBC, interviewee)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 "I'm in a Rock n' Roll Band", ep. "The Other One" (BBC, interviewee)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 "Metal Evolution" (SkyArts, interviewee)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 "How the Brits Rocked America", ep. "Stairway to Heaven" (BBC, interviewee)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 "Deep Purple Remastered", ep. "Deep Purple" (VH1, interviewee)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 "Jon Lord: It's All Music" (BBC, interviewee)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other credits

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972 "What a Bloody Long Day It's Been" (Ashton, Gardner & Dyke, "The Falling Song" – strings arr.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974 "Rampant" (Nazareth, "Glad When You're Gone", "Shanghai'd in Shanghai")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975 "American Blues Legends 1975" ("Biscuit Bakin' Mama", "Bury Me Back in the USA" – recorded live in 1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975 "Get Off II" (NAPRA, with Ian Paice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976 "Wizard's Convention" (Eddie Hardin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978 "More Than Meets the Eye" (Joe Breen)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 "Commercial Road" (Richard Digance)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 "And About Time Too" (Bernie Marsden)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 "Look at Me Now" (Bernie Marsden)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981 "Line-Up" (Graham Bonnet, "Don't Stand in the Open")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982 "Gone Troppo" (George Harrison, "Circles")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983 "Octopuss" (Cozy Powell)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984 "About Face" (David Gilmour)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 "Wind in the Willows" (Eddie Hardin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 "Detroit Diesel" (Alvin Lee, "Ordinary Man", "Let's Go")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989 "Super Drumming Folge 1 & 2" (Pete York)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 "Rock Aid Armenia – The Earthquake Album" ("Smoke on the Water '90")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 "About Love and Life" (Vicki Brown, "We Are One")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 "April Moon" (Sam Brown, "Contradictions")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 "Pete York Presents Super Drumming Volume 3" ("I Got Rhythm", "Heavy Ravel", "Gemini – Voice", "Windows")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 "Cherkazoo & Other Stories" (Ian Gillan, archival recordings 1972–74)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 "Wind in the Willows – A Rock Concert" (Eddie Hardin, recorded live in 1991, DVD ed. 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 "The Drums Are Back" (Cozy Powell, "The Rocket", "The Legend of the Glass Mountain")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 "Zoom" (Alvin Lee, "Real Life Blues", "Wake Up Moma")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 "Carnival of Light" (Ride, "Moonlight Medicine")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 "How Does It Feel to Feel" (Ride, EP, "Journey to the End of Universe")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 "Still a Few Pages Left" (Hardin & York, "Stuck on You")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 "Brainwashed" (George Harrison, "Brainwashed")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 "Bluesheart" (Miller Anderson, "Help Me", "Runnin' Blues")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 "Legends of Rock – 50 Jahre Rock" (CD/DVD, recorded live in 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 "Min Jul" (Maria Arredondo, arrangements)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 "Gillan's Inn" (Ian Gillan, "When A Blind Man Cries", "Demon's Eye", "Smoke on the Water")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 "Army of One" (Espen Lind, "Sweet Love", "The Music Takes You There")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 "Endangered Species – Live at Abbey Road 2000" (Tony Ashton & Friends, CD/DVD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 "Childline Rocks 2009" ("Pictured Within", "Child in Time", "You Keep on Moving")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 "Stay Tuned" (Bernhard Welz, "Child in Time")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 "Dance" (The Smith Quartet, writer of "Zarabanda Solitaria")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 "Out of My Mind" (WhoCares, charity CD single)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 "The Odyssey, Live" (David Bedford, recorded live in 1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 "The Sunflower Jam 2012" (incl. JL's performance from 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 "BudaBest" (Mandoki Soulmates)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 "Celebrating Jon Lord" (VA)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 "Music For My Love - Celebrating the Life of a Special Woman" (100+ New Works for String Orchestra, Vol. 1, writer of "Zarabanda Solitaria" - string vsn)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deep Purple: Charlesworth, Chris (Omnibus Press, 1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deep Purple, Heavy Metal Photo Book: Welch, Chris with Hasebe, Koh (Omnibus Press, 1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deep Purple: Tomasz Szmajter, Roland Bury (In Rock, 1998, 2003, 2009, 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deep Purple: Sailor, Michael (Hannibal Verlag, 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smoke on the Water, The Deep Purple Story: Thompson, Dave (ECW Press, 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Complete Deep Purple: Heatley, Michael (Reynolds & Hearn, 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Gemini Man: an Introduction to the Orchestral Works of Jon Lord, Vincent Budd (Gnosis Press, 2003)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jon Lord's Official Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jon Lord interview in the Leicester Mercury

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://jonlord.org/2014/12/04/jon-lord-monument-revealed/

description: English musician

wikidata_label: Jon Lord

wikipedia_title: Jon Lord


text:
Cremona
Roman Republic
Kalkriese
Roman emperor
Augustus
Roman legion
Arminius
Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
gens Quinctilia
patrician
Ronald Syme
quaestor
civil war
Julius Caesar
Battle of Philippi
Publius Cornelius Dolabella
Sextus Appuleius
Lucius Nonius Asprenas
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
consulate
Tiberius
Vipsania Marcella Agrippina
Josephus
Publius Quinctilius Varus
Claudia Pulchra
Claudia Marcella
Marcus Valerius Messalla Appianus
Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor
Octavia the Younger
Publius Quinctilius Varus
Syria
Josephus
Judaea
Herod the Great
Jerusalem
Drusus
Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus
Germanicus
Danube
Rhine
Cherusci
Augustus
Roman province of Germania
Xanten
Seventeenth
Eighteenth
Nineteenth
Mainz
Arminius
Segestes
Cherusci
Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
Osnabrück
defeat the legions in detail
Kalkriese
Marbod
Marcomanni
Edward Gibbon
Tacitus
Suetonius
Gibbon
the younger Varus
Ara Pacis
Claudius
Pomponius Secundus
POWs
I, Claudius
Robert Graves
The Iron Hand of Mars
Lindsey Davis
Give Me Back My Legions!
Harry Turtledove
Edward Gibbon
Tacitus
Suetonius
Project Gutenberg

wikipedia_title: Publius Cornelius Dolabella (suffect consul 35 BC)

wikipedia_title: Lucius Nonius Asprenas (son of consul 36 BC)

wikipedia_title: Claudia Pulchra (great-niece of Augustus)

wikipedia_title: Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 16 BC)

categories: Male suicides,Roman governors of Syria,People from Cremona,Roman Republican consuls,Suicides by sharp instrument in Germany,1st-century Romans,Roman governors of Africa,46 BC births,Julio-Claudian dynasty,Germania,AD 9 deaths,Ancient Roman military personnel who committed suicide

paragraph: Publius Quinctilius Varus

paragraph: Publius Quinctilius Varus (46 BC Cremona, Roman Republic – September 15, 9 AD near Kalkriese, Germany) was a Roman general and politician under the first Roman emperor Augustus. Varus is generally remembered for having lost three Roman legions when ambushed by Germanic tribes led by Arminius in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, whereupon he took his own life.

paragraph: Section::::Background and early career.

paragraph: Varus was born into the gens Quinctilia. Although he was a patrician by birth, his family, though aristocratic, had long been impoverished and was unimportant; Ronald Syme notes, "The sole and last consul of that family had been two years antecedent to the Decemvirs." His father, Sextus Quinctilius Varus, was a senator who had served as a quaestor in 49 BC. This Sextus aligned with the Senatorial Party in the civil war against Gaius Julius Caesar. Although Sextus survived the defeat, it is unknown whether he was involved in the assassination of Gaius Julius Caesar. Sextus committed suicide after the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC. The mother of Varus is unknown; Syme notes that "no relatives on either side of the family can be discovered or surmised."

paragraph: Varus had three sisters, all named Quinctilia. They were probably all younger based on when they started having children, so it seems likely he was born at least four years before his father's suicide. The fact that they had advantageous marriages indicates someone was involved in their upbringing. One sister married Publius Cornelius Dolabella, consul of 35 BC; another married the Roman Senator Sextus Appuleius, consul in 29; and the third married Lucius Nonius Asprenas, son of the consul of 36 BC.

paragraph: Despite Varus’ father's political allegiances, he became one of the supporters of the heir of Julius Caesar, Octavian. When Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa died in early 12 BC, Varus delivered his funeral eulogy. His political career was boosted and he achieved the consulate in 13 BC, when he was elected as the colleague of Tiberius, the stepson and eventual successor of Augustus.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and children.

paragraph: Varus married Vipsania Marcella Agrippina, a daughter of Agrippa, at an unknown date before 13 BC. Varus became a personal friend to Marcus Agrippa and Tiberius. The historian Josephus says (in a section of his "Antiquities" whose manuscript tradition Walther John believed to be corrupt) that the son of Varus, also named Publius Quinctilius Varus, served under him during his command in Syria. If true, that son would have to be a son by a prior marriage and not the son by his last wife, Claudia Pulchra.

paragraph: Vipsania Marcella disappears from history. It is unknown whether she died or was divorced. Varus married again to Claudia Pulchra. She was a daughter of Claudia Marcella Minor and the Roman consul of 12 BC, Marcus Valerius Messalla Appianus. Her maternal grandparents were the consul Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor and Octavia the Younger, sister of Augustus. Hence she was a grand-niece of Augustus. His marriage to Pulchra shows that Varus still enjoyed political favor. Pulchra bore Varus a son, also called Publius Quinctilius Varus. Through their son, they may have had further descendants.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: In 8–7 BC, Varus governed the province of Africa. Later he went to govern Syria from 7/6 BC until 4 BC with four legions under his command, where he was known for his harsh rule and high taxes. The Jewish historian Josephus mentions the swift action of Varus against a messianic revolt in Judaea after the death of the Roman client king, Herod the Great, in 4 BC. After occupying Jerusalem, he crucified 2000 Jewish rebels and may have thus been one of the prime objects of popular anti-Roman sentiment in Judaea (Josephus, who made every effort to reconcile the Jewish people to Roman rule, felt it necessary to point out how lenient this judicial massacre had been). Indeed, at precisely this moment the Jews, nearly "en masse", began a full-scale boycott of Roman pottery (Red Slip Ware). Thus, the archaeological record seems to verify mass popular protest against Rome because of Varus' cruelty.

paragraph: Following the governorship of Syria, Varus returned to Rome and remained there for the next few years. Between 10 BC and 6 AD Tiberius, his brother Drusus, Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, and Germanicus conducted long campaigns in Germania, the area north of the Upper Danube and east of the Rhine, in an attempt at achieving a further major expansion of the Roman Empire together with a shortening of its frontier line. They subdued several Germanic tribes, such as the Cherusci. In 6 AD, Tiberius declared Germany pacified, and Varus was appointed to govern Germania. Tiberius, who would later rule as Emperor, left the region to suppress the Great Illyrian Revolt.

paragraph: Augustus made Publius Quinctilius Varus the first "officially appointed" governor of the newly created Roman province of Germania in 7 AD.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of the Teutoburg Forest and death.

paragraph: In September 9 AD Varus was preparing to leave his summer headquarters in Vetera (today Xanten) and march three legions – the Seventeenth, the Eighteenth and the Nineteenth – with him to Moguntiacum (modern-day Mainz), when news arrived from the Germanic prince Arminius (a Roman citizen and leader of an auxiliary cavalry unit) of a growing revolt in the Rhine area to the West. Ignoring a warning from Segestes not to trust Arminius, Varus marched his forces behind the latter's lead.

paragraph: Not only was Varus' trust in Arminius a terrible misjudgement, but Varus compounded it by placing his legions in a position where their fighting strengths would be minimized and those of the Germanic tribesmen maximized – because he expected no ambush and very little trouble in intimidating the rebels. Arminius and the Cherusci tribe along with other allies, had skillfully laid an ambush, and in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in September at Kalkriese (East of modern Osnabrück), the Romans marched right into it.

paragraph: The heavily forested, swampy terrain made the infantry manoeuvres of the legions impossible to execute and allowed the Germans to defeat the legions in detail. On the third day of fighting, the Germans overwhelmed the Romans at Kalkriese Hill, north of Osnabrück. Accounts of the defeat are scarce, due to the totality of the defeat, but Velleius Paterculus testifies that some Roman cavalrymen abandoned the infantry and fled towards the Rhine, but they were intercepted by the German tribesmen and killed. Varus himself, upon seeing all hope was lost, committed suicide. Arminius cut off his head and sent it to Bohemia as a present to King Marbod of the Marcomanni, the other most important Germanic leader, whom Arminius wanted to coax into an alliance, but Marbod declined the offer and sent the head on to Rome for burial.

paragraph: Some captured Romans were caged and burned alive (see Edward Gibbon); others were enslaved or ransomed. Tacitus and Florus report that the victorious Germanic tribes tortured and sacrificed captive officers to their gods on altars that could still be seen years later. The Romans did later recover the lost legions' eagles, one each in 15 AD, 16 AD and 42 AD.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: Due to the shame and the ill luck thought created by the Roman defeat, the XVII, XVIII and XIX legions never again appeared in the Roman Army's order of battle. The loss at the Teutoburg Forest was keenly felt by Augustus in his remaining years. According to the biographer Suetonius, upon hearing the news, Augustus tore his clothes, refused to cut his hair for months and, for years afterwards, was heard, upon occasion, to moan, "Quinctilius Varus, give me back my Legions!" (). Roman historians referred to the battle as the "clades Variana" ("Varian disaster").

paragraph: Gibbon describes Augustus' reaction to the defeat as one of the few times the normally stoic ruler lost his composure. Varus' political legacy in Rome was destroyed, and the government blamed him for the defeat. His son's (the younger Varus) chances for a political career were ruined. Tiberius himself fell under severe criticism for recommending Varus as the governor of Germania. Tiberius, according to Gaius Stern, was forced to sacrifice his friend and former brother-in-law to save his career. Furthermore, Varus himself had been one of the figures on the Ara Pacis, but the figure is lost today.

paragraph: Stern has proposed that common citizens vandalized the Ara Pacis by damaging Varus in anger over their lost loved ones, leaving the regime, which had blamed Varus, uncertain as to whether or not to fix the damage. Approximately 40 years after Varus' death, a general under Claudius, Pomponius Secundus, raided Germany and by chance rescued a few POWs from Varus’ army. Claudius welcomed them home after so many years, and their sad stories aroused much pity.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:In fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I, Claudius" (1934) by Robert Graves, a novelization of the reigns of the first four emperors. Varus does not actually appear in the novel, but his defeat by the Germans is an important event.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Iron Hand of Mars" (1994) by Lindsey Davis; fourth book of the mystery series set during the reign of Vespasian, a portion of the novel occurs in the Teutoburger Wald.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Give Me Back My Legions!" (2009) by Harry Turtledove, which details the events leading up to the battle, including a great deal of background information on Varus himself.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Undying Mercenaries" (2014) by B. V. Larson, a series set in 2099, in which the main character fights with the Earth Mercenary Legion Varus. Much of the legion's culture and structure sources from Roman history and general Varus's life.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. R. Abdale, "Four days in September: The Battle of Teutoburg (Google eBook)", Trafford Publishing, 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. Lightman & B. Lightman, "A to Z of Ancient Greek and Roman Women", Infobase Publishing, 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. Seager, "Tiberius (Google eBook)", John Wiley & Sons, 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rome's Greatest Defeat: Massacre in the Teutoburg Forest (Hardcover)" by Adrian Murdoch, Hardcover: 256 pages, Publisher: Sutton Publishing (June 14, 2006), ,

paragraph: BULLET::::- B. Severy, "Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Roman Empire", Routledge, 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Battle That Stopped Rome: Emperor Augustus, Arminius, and the Slaughter of the Legions in the Teutoburg Forest " by Peter S. Wells, W. W. Norton & Company, October 2003, ,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Roman Encyclopedia" by Matthew Bunson, 1995 Oxford Paperback Reference

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. Syme, "The Augustan Aristocracy", Oxford University Press, 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Compendium of Roman History (Res gestae divi Augusti)" by Velleius Paterculus, Harvard University Press; 1924. Brief mention of the Varus Disaster by the author, who was serving as a staff officer with Tiberius in Pannonia at the time.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" by Edward Gibbon, Modern Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Annals" by Tacitus (various editions). Summarizes reports of later Romans who found the battlefield.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Twelve Caesars", Suetonius, translated by Robert Graves, 1957, Penguin Books; Also available from Project Gutenberg: The Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Complete

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Varusbattle in Netherland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livius.org: Publius Quinctilius Varus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Discussion on the meaning of the "VAR" countermark

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arminius / Varus. The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest – Internet-Portal "Westfälische Geschichte", LWL-Institut für westfälische Regionalgeschichte, Münster

description: Roman governor

wikidata_label: Publius Quinctilius Varus

wikipedia_title: Publius Quinctilius Varus


text:
bog body
peat
Osterby
Suebian knot
Gottorf Castle
Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein
cervical vertebra
gypsum
isotopic analysis
Parasitological
head lice
Suebian knot
Tacitus
Germania
Suebi
tanned
roe deer
catgut
Elling Woman
Haraldskær Woman
Kayhausen Boy
Karl Schlabow
Iron Age
radiocarbon dating
CE
Alfred Dieck
Karl Schlabow

wikipedia_title:
Bog body
Peat
Osterby, Rendsburg-Eckernförde
Suebian knot
Gottorf Castle
Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein
Cervical vertebrae
Gypsum
Isotope analysis
Parasitology
Head louse
Suebian knot
Tacitus
Germania (book)
Suebi
Tanning (leather)
Roe deer
Catgut
Elling Woman
Haraldskær Woman
Kayhausen Boy
Karl Schlabow
Iron Age
Radiocarbon dating
Common Era
Alfred Dieck
Karl Schlabow

categories: Human remains (archaeological),130 deaths,Mummies,Deaths by decapitation,75 deaths,1948 in Germany,Bog bodies,Germanic archaeological artifacts

paragraph: Osterby Man

paragraph: Osterby Man or the Osterby Head () is a bog body of which only the skull and hair survived. It was discovered in 1948 by peat cutters to the southeast of Osterby, Germany. The hair is tied in a Suebian knot. The head is at the State Archaeological Museum at Gottorf Castle in Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein.

paragraph: Section::::Find circumstances.

paragraph: The head was discovered on 26 May 1948 by Otto and Max Müller of Osterby, who were cutting peat on their father's land, at . It was found approximately beneath the current ground level. The head was wrapped in fragments of a deerskin cape, which Max Müller noticed protruding from the peat. The find was reported to the museum in Schleswig; despite intensive searching by the brothers and others, no more of the body has been found.

paragraph: Section::::Description and analysis.

paragraph: The skull was wrapped in fragments of a deerskin cape and had been damaged by striking with a blunt object before being sunk in the bog.

paragraph: Section::::Description and analysis.:Anthropology.

paragraph: The skull had been broken into several pieces. The acids in the bog have decalcified the bone, which has shrunk somewhat and is dark brown. The hair and small sections of scalp are well preserved, but the skin and other soft tissues of the face have disappeared. There is a large wound on the left side of the head, which may have been fatal: the skull had been depressed by a blow with a blunt object over an area approximately in diameter, and the bone of the left temple was shattered with splinters penetrating the brain area. The skull had also been deformed by the weight of the peat above it, but the facial area was generally well preserved. Skeletal evidence suggests a man 50 to 60 years of age. Hack marks on the second cervical vertebra show that the head was cut off. The skull was stabilised for exhibition by filling with gypsum.

paragraph: The hair is thin and slightly wavy, long. It has been coloured a reddish brown by the acids in the bog; microscopic analysis showed that it had been dark blond and that the man had had some white hairs. In a re-examination in 2005, isotopic analysis showed that at least during his last year of life, the man ate meat remarkably rarely, and did not eat seafood. Parasitological analysis of the hair showed no head lice, unusual for the time.

paragraph: Section::::Description and analysis.:Hairstyle.

paragraph: The hair is unusually well preserved and is tied above the right temple in a Suebian knot. Tacitus describes this in Chapter 38 of his "Germania" as a characteristic of free men among the Germanic tribe of Suebi. The knot appears in several Roman depictions and on at least one other bog body, Dätgen Man (who wore his on the back of his head). Osterby has featured the Suebian knot on its coat of arms since 1998.

paragraph: Section::::Description and analysis.:Skin cape.

paragraph: The skull was wrapped in fragments of a garment, measuring approximately , consisting of tanned pieces of leather sewn together. Microscopic analysis suggested on the basis of the hairs that they were from roe deer. The neck opening was lined with a strip of leather about wide. All seams had been sewn with small stitches in catgut. Some appeared to be repairs. Textile archaeologists identified the garment as a skin cape; similar cloaks or capes have been found with other archaeological finds, including Elling Woman, Haraldskær Woman, Dröbnitz Girl, Kayhausen Boy and Jührdenerfeld Man.

paragraph: Section::::Description and analysis.:Treatment.

paragraph: Peter Löhr performed the anthropological analysis, which determined that the skull had shrunk while immersed in the bog. For his doctoral dissertation, he performed experiments on it involving repeated soaking and drying and detailed measurements; in his view, soaking caused it to swell to almost its original dimensions. Löhr's data included markedly shrunk teeth and the complete lower jaw associated with the skull, which has a protruding chin. However, more recent analysis has shown that in his original preparation of the skull for exhibition, Karl Schlabow added an unrelated lower jaw.

paragraph: Section::::Description and analysis.:Dating.

paragraph: The Suebian knot indicates the man died in the Late Iron Age or the Roman period, and radiocarbon dating likewise indicates a date between 75 and 130 CE; however, the hair sample used was taken from Alfred Dieck's private collection and may thus be unreliable.

paragraph: Section::::Interpretation.

paragraph: Other Iron Age bog bodies have also been beheaded; the body of Dätgen Man, who also had a Suebian knot, was found several metres from his head. The beheading together with the fractured skull indicates deliberate execution by multiple methods. It is impossible to determine whether Osterby Man was sunk in the bog as a judicial punishment or a sacrifice, or whether his body was also deposited in the bog; but it has been suggested that his relatively advanced age may indicate an honorable death.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stidsholt Woman

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Gebühr. "Moorleichen in Schleswig-Holstein". Verein zur Förderung des Archäologischen Landesmuseums e.V., Schloß Gottorf. Neumünster: Wachholtz, 2002,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karl Schlabow. "Haartracht und Pelzschulterkragen der Moorleiche von Osterby". "Offa" 8 (1949) 3–7

wikidata_label: Osterby Man

wikipedia_title: Osterby Man


text: industrialist

text: Berliner Maschinenbau

text: steam locomotive

text: Magdeburg

text: Prussian

text: Saxony

text: Carl Wilhelm Siemens

text: Werner von Siemens

text: Wilhelm Beuth

text: Berlin

text: August Borsig

text: engine driver

text: Berlin-Hamburg Railway

text: Magdeburg-Wittenberge Railway

text: Berlin-Stettin Railway

text: Nordbahnhof

text: Nitsche

text: Lower Silesian-Märkische Railway

text: Berlin-Gesundbrunnen

text: stroke

text: Berlin-Mitte

text: Dorotheenstadt cemetery

categories: Pioneers of rail transport,1892 deaths,1825 births,German railway entrepreneurs

paragraph: Louis Victor Robert Schwartzkopff

paragraph: Louis Victor Robert Schwartzkopff (5 June 1825 - 7 March 1892) was a German industrialist and founder of the Berliner Maschinenbau (BMAG) mechanical engineering company, chiefly known as manufacturer of steam locomotives.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Louis Schwartzkopff was born in Magdeburg, then capital of the Prussian province of Saxony. Between 1831 and 1842 he attended the grammar school in Magdeburg as well as the trade school there, where he, together with Carl Wilhelm Siemens, studied mathematics under Carl’s brother, Werner von Siemens. From 1842 to 1845 Schwartzkopff attended the trade institute ("Gewerbeinstitut") founded by Wilhelm Beuth in Berlin. After that he did his practical training at the firm of Borsig, where he got to know August Borsig personally. Schwartzkopff finished his training with a six-month post as an engine driver on the Berlin-Hamburg Railway. Between 1847 and 1851 he was the chief mechanical engineer ("Maschinenmeister") of the Magdeburg-Wittenberge Railway.

paragraph: With the support of his family he bought the site at Chausseestrasse 20, which was bordered to the south by Invalidenstrasse and to the east by the Berlin-Stettin Railway. Under the terrain of the latter is the underground S-Bahn station called Nordbahnhof.

paragraph: On 3 October 1852 he founded, together with the then Berliner Gießereimeister Nitsche the Schwartzkopff and Nitsche Iron Foundry & Engineering Works ("Eisengießerei and Maschinenfabrik Schwartzkopff and Nitsche") in Berlin, from which the Berliner Maschinenbau AG vorm. L. Schwartzkopff emerged in 1870. Schwartzkopff wanted above all to expand the engineering works, whilst Nitsche preferred to concentrate on artistic castings. So Schwartzkopff bought Nitsche out in 1853 and from then on ran the firm as the only owner. Until 30 June 1888 he was the general manager of the company, but then pulled out of the firm entirely.

paragraph: The company's production in support of the military and the railway industry resulted, in the 1860s, in Schwartzkopff being granted the title of "Kommerzienrat", a historical title conferred on distinguished industrialists or financiers. In 1867, when the production of goods locomotives for the Lower Silesian-Märkische Railway began, Schwartzkopff moved the general engineering side of the business to a newly acquired site in Ackerstrasse, whilst the core business expanded on the previous sites at Chausseestrasse 19 and 23. Schwartzkopff had also acquired the site at Scheringstrasse 13-28 in Berlin-Gesundbrunnen.

paragraph: At the end of the 1880s Schwartzkopff was appointed to the Council of State for the Prussian Government ("Staatsrat der Preußischen Regierung"). On 7 March 1892 he died as the result of a stroke. During his life Schwartzkopff always held his master, August Borsig, in high esteem.

paragraph: Schwartzkopff was curator of the Lazarus Hospital. Schwartzkopffstrasse in Berlin-Mitte was named in his honour on 12 March 1889.

paragraph: He was buried at the Dorotheenstadt cemetery in Berlin.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.schwartzkopff-wildau.de - A short biography with a photograph (German).

description: German railway pioneer

wikidata_label: Louis Victor Robert Schwartzkopff

wikipedia_title: Louis Victor Robert Schwartzkopff


text:
short chronology
Kassite
Babylon
Karduniaš
Assyria
Tukulti-Ninurta I
Enlil
Ninlil
Adad
Sîn
Ur
estate of Takil-ana-ilīšu kudurru
kudurru
Elam
Isin
Tigris
Marad
Adad-šuma-uṣur
Dūr-Katlimmu
eponym
Tell Sabi Abyad
Kaštiliašu IV
Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē

categories: Babylonian kings,Kassite kings,13th-century BC Babylonian kings

paragraph: Adad-shuma-iddina

paragraph: Adad-šuma-iddina, inscribed IM-MU-SUM"-na", ("Adad has given a name") and dated to around ca. 1222–1217 BC (short chronology), was the 31st king of the 3rd or Kassite dynasty of Babylon and the country contemporarily known as Karduniaš. He reigned for 6 years some time during the period following the conquest of Babylonia by the Assyrian king, Tukulti-Ninurta I, and has been identified as a vassal king by several historians, a position which is not directly supported by any contemporary evidence.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: In many respects, the reign of Adad-šuma-iddina was indistinguishable from other Kassite monarchs. The same iconography of a suckling animal, a characteristic metaphor for the Kassite king’s care for his subjects, is used on a light green and white quartz cylinder seal of one of his servants. It reads: "Kidin-Ninurta, administrator for Enlil and Ninlil, chief cup-bearer for Enlil, chief exorcist of (the temple) Ekurra, exalted exorcist of Adad-šuma-iddina, king of the world, anointed one, butler, the ..., and the ..., son of Ilum-bun[aya], descendant (?) of Amel-..., exalted exorcist of Enlil, the man of ..." A weight is inscribed: “1 true mina, of Adad-šuma-iddina, son of priest-of-Adad” which may be this individual, as regnal inscriptions were often used to authenticate such measures.

paragraph: Two or three legal texts from the archive of the family of Dayyanatu and some other brewers of the temple of Sîn in Ur have come to light dated to his accession year. One is an adoption contract which warns the "kith or kin whoever lays a claim for the boy, they shall deal with him according to the order of King Adad-šuma-iddina ("rikilti šarri Adad-šuma-iddina"); they shall drive a copper peg into his mouth." The estate of Takil-ana-ilīšu kudurru, a kudurru of Meli-Šipak, relates the lengthy history of litigation affecting a family estate over three reigns beginning with that of Adad-šuma-iddina. It begins with Takil-ana-ilīšu dying intestate, his son being illegitimate, and then proceeds with the tale of the relatives’ rival claims and the legal mayhem that ensues. Although considered a puppet of Tukulti-Ninurta by many modern historians, this case shows his decisions were honored by later kings.

paragraph: The Assyrian "Synchronistic King List" is damaged in the part where one would suppose he appear and could possibly be restored on any of the first six lines of column two, as a contemporary of Tukulti-Ninurta or his immediate successors. Babylon, again felt the predations of the Elamites under Kidin-Hutran, who seized the city of Isin and crossed the Tigris, and laid waste to Marad. A late chronicle recalls:

paragraph: Whether it was directly due to the actions of the Elamites or due to internal pressures following his inability to effectively counter their invasion, the outcome was that his regime was deposed. It is unclear if the seven-year period of Tukulti-Ninurta’s rule preceded or followed his, or whether his reign is counted amongst the years of Assyrian governorship. The rise of Adad-šuma-uṣur, as a focal point for anti-Assyrian sentiment, may have taken place at this time, as suggested by the "King List A", or may have preceded his reign as a movement in the south as described in the "Walker Chronicle".

paragraph: Middle Assyrian texts recovered at modern Tell Sheikh Hamad, ancient Dūr-Katlimmu, which was the regional capital of the vassal Ḫanigalbat, include a letter from Tukulti-Ninurta to his "sukkal rabi’u", or grand vizier, Aššur-iddin advising him of the approach of Šulman-mušabši escorting a Kassite king, his wife, and his retinue which incorporated a large number of women. The text gives no indication of which king was expected, however the care taken over the arrangements would suggest the reception of an ally or perhaps a loyal vassal being assisted into exile following the collapse of his rule. The journey to Dūr-Katlimmu seems to have traveled via Jezireh. A second letter dated to 24th day of the month of Ša-kenate in the year of the eponym Ina-Aššur-šumi-aṣbat, mentions that the king of Assyria was himself heading for Dur-Katlimmu, perhaps four days later if the earlier letter’s date can be restored accordingly.

paragraph: Although his name was not an uncommon one over the millennia, it is tempting to identify him with an individual of the same time. A letter from Tell Sabi Abyad, the "dunnu" or fort of the grand vizier, details the arrangement of a bribe to Aššur-iddin and mentions someone with the name of Adad-šuma-iddina as the unwelcome recipient of a widow’s legacy:

paragraph: The literary work known as the "Šulgi Prophecy", named for the prominent king of the Ur III period, may have its description of a crisis as its subject matter the events of his reign. The text is fragmentary and the events could equally be ascribed to his predecessor Kaštiliašu IV or later successor Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē.

paragraph: Section::::References.

wikidata_label: Adad-shuma-iddina

wikipedia_title: Adad-shuma-iddina


text: street artist

text: Clifton, Bristol

text: graffiti

text: Banksy

text: Nick Walker

text: At-Bristol

text: video game industry

text: Sega

text: Jet Set Radio

text: classical musicians

text: Maya architecture

text: William Morris

text: Alphonse Mucha

text: Arts and Crafts movement

text: Islamic geometry

text: Royal West of England Academy

text: Ibiza

text: Southmead Hospital

text: cochlear implant

text: Keynsham

text: Clifton

text: Bill Butt

text: Upfest

text: See No Evil

text: Art Below

text: billboard

text: America

text: New Orleans

text: urban

text: contemporary art

text: New Orleans Mardi Gras

text: Gallery Orange

text: French Quarter

categories: English male painters,Public art in England,Artists from Bristol,20th-century English painters,English graffiti artists,21st-century English painters,1960s births,Living people

paragraph: Inkie

paragraph: Inkie is a London-based painter and street artist, originally from Clifton, Bristol. He is cited as being part of Bristol's graffiti heritage, along with Banksy, 3D and Nick Walker.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Inkie began working as part of "Crime Incorporated Crew" (also known as the "CIC" or the Crime inc.crew) in 1983, along with Felix and Joe Braun. He was the head of the many artists arrested in 1989 during "Operation Anderson", the UK's largest ever graffiti bust. He arranged 1998's "Walls on Fire" event with Banksy, on the site of the future At-Bristol centre. He has subsequently worked in the video game industry, including some time as head of creative design at Sega, where his work was included in "Jet Set Radio". Inkie was one artist present to do live painting at the launch of Banksy's book "Bristol: Home Sweet Home". Inkie has likened the time spent training as a graffiti artist to that of classical musicians.

paragraph: He now teaches art and graphic design to young children and college students.

paragraph: Section::::Influences.

paragraph: Inkie's works have been described as "diverse", incorporating styles from Maya architecture, William Morris, Mouse & Kelly, Alphonse Mucha, the Arts and Crafts movement and Islamic geometry.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: "CIC" painted a mural in the canteen of South Gloucestershire and Stroud College, where Inkie and Felix Braun were students. Inkie's works were featured in a 2009 exhibition at Bristol's Royal West of England Academy and he curated 2009's Ibiza street art festival, "Urban in Ibiza".

paragraph: He hosted a show of his works in 2010 for which 25% of the proceeds would be donated to Southmead Hospital's cochlear implant programme.

paragraph: His works have included murals in buildings in the Bristol area, including a friend's restaurant in Keynsham and Clifton pub (after being taken over by former video director Bill Butt). He has taken part in Bristol's annual Upfest, the largest free urban paint festival in Europe.

paragraph: In August 2011 and 2012 Inkie was named as the organiser of a major street art event in Bristol, "See No Evil", which involved painting the buildings of an entire street, turning it into Europe's largest outdoor art gallery. Nelson Street, in the city centre, was painted by a large number of international graffiti artists over a two-week period.

paragraph: Between 30 January and 29 February 2013, Inkie's work was featured at Art Below's first "pop up" billboard show in America in New Orleans. For the show, billboard space used normally for advertising featured a mix of urban and contemporary art. A curated selection of 20 billboards flanked the major New Orleans Mardi Gras parade routes. Running alongside the billboard show was an exhibition of the artists original works at Gallery Orange in the French Quarter. Scenes and moments from this exhibition were screened on the Art Below web site in April 2012.

description: British artist

wikidata_label: Inkie

wikipedia_title: Inkie


text:
Jerez de la Frontera
Charterhouse of Jerez de la Frontera
Kingdom of Castile

categories: 1482 deaths,1427 births,People from Jerez de la Frontera

paragraph: Álvaro Obertos de Valeto

paragraph: Álvaro Obertos de Valeto (Jerez de la Frontera 1427 - Jerez de la Frontera March 12, 1482), was a knight of the Spanish nobility, as well as a pious jurist who donated the land for construction of the Charterhouse of Jerez de la Frontera ("la Cartuja de Jerez de la Frontera"), the first stone of which was laid on December 17, 1478.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Genoese family of Fíeseos who participated in the capture of Seville and Jerez in the service of Kingdom of Castile Fernando III and Alfonso X. His parents were Francisco de Morla and Francisca Martinez Obertos de Valeto, the daughter of Miguel Vargas Obertos de Valeto and Juana and Martinez Trujillo.

paragraph: He met the Carthusian prior Hernando de Torres, who gave all his possessions to carry out the erection of a monastery in the municipality of Jerez. He put his property by deed executed before the notary in Seville Alonso Ruiz de Porras, on May 3 the same year of 1463.

paragraph: With the permission of Cardinal Pedro Mendoza, archbishop of Seville, and the mayor of Jerez don Rodrigo Ponce de Leon laid the foundation stone on December 17, 1478.

paragraph: The monastery was incorporated into the Order of the General Chapter of Grenoble, held in 1484 and named prior to Don Alonso de Abrego, who was Cazalla.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los cartujos en la religiosidad y la sociedad españolas: 1390-1563, Volumen 166,Número 2. Santiago Cantera Montenegro. Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik, Universität Salzburg, 2000 - 710 páginas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annales ecclesiasticos, y secvlares, de la ... civdad de Sevilla ... Desde el año de 1246 ... hasta el de 1671 ... Diego Ortiz de Zúñiga. En la Imprenta real, 1795

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hombres ilustres de la ciudad de Jerez de la Frontera: precedidos de un resúmen histórico de la misma poblacion. Diego Ignacio Parada y Barreto. Impr. del Guadalete, 1875 - 524 páginas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arquitectura religiosa del Renacimiento en Jerez: una aproximación iconológica. Cartuja de la Defensión ; Convento de Santo Domingo. Antonio Aguayo Cobo. Alienta Editorial, 2006 - 259 páginas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Protocolo primitivo y de fundación de la Cartuja Santa María de la Defensión de Jerez de la Frontera (Cádiz. Juan Mayo Escudero. Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik, Universität Salzburg, 2001 - 341 páginas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manuscrito misceláneo de la Cartuja de Jerez del P.D. Gaspar del Castillo ([gest.] 1696): (Ms. 18259 de la Biblioteca Nacional de Madrid). Juan Mayo Escudero, Gaspar del Castillo, Monasterio de Santa María de la Defensión (Jerez de la Frontera, Spain). Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik, Universität Salzburg, 2007 - 663 páginas

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Orden de la Cartuja en Andalucía en los siglos XV y XVI.Santiago Cantera Montenegro, Margarita Cantera Montenegro. Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik, Universität Salzburg, 2005 - 141 páginas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monasticon Cartusiense, Volumen 185,Número 4,Parte 2,Gerhard Schlegel, James Hogg. Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik, 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boticas monásticas, cartujanas y conventuales en España. José de Vicente González. tresCtres, 2002 - 327 páginas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los cartujos en Andalucía, Volumen 2;Volumen 150. James Hogg, Alain Girard, Daniel Le Blévec, Cartuja de Santa María de las Cuevas (Seville, Spain). Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik, Universität Salzburg, 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- Primer instituto de la sagrada religion de la cartuxa: fundaciones de los conventos de toda Espana, martires de Inglaterra, y generales de toda la orden. Joseph de Valles. M. Barcelo, 1792 - 380 páginas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zurbarán: Museo del Prado, 3 Mayo-30 Julio 1988. Francisco Zurbarán, Museo del Prado. Ministerio de Cultura, 1988 - 461 páginas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jérez de la Frontera: guía official de arte. Manuel Esteve Guerrero. Editorial "Jerez Gráfico,", 1952 - 213 páginas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diccionario Heraldico y Nobiliario de los reinos de España. Fernando Gonzalez-Doria. Bitacora 1987.

description: knight

wikidata_label: Alvaro Obertos de Valeto

wikipedia_title: Álvaro Obertos de Valeto


text: Brzeg

text: House of Hohenzollern

text: Brzeg

text: George, Duke of Saxony

text: George (later George II the Pious)

text: Frederick II of Legnica

text: Berlin

text: John George

text: florins

text: Brzeg

text: Oława

text: Strzelin

text: Niemcza

text: Kluczbork

text: Byczyna

text: Wołów

text: Ścinawa

text: Oława

text: Wołów

text: Genealogical database by Herbert Stoyan

categories: 1527 births,House of Hohenzollern,1595 deaths

paragraph: Barbara of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brieg

paragraph: Barbara of Brandenburg (; 10 August 1527 – Brzeg, 2 January 1595), was a German princess member of the House of Hohenzollern She was a Margravine of Brandenburg by birth and by marriage a Duchess of Brieg (Brzeg).

paragraph: She was the second child but eldest daughter of Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg, by his first wife Magdalena, daughter of George, Duke of Saxony.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: In 1537 Barbara was betrothed to George (later George II the Pious), second son of Duke Frederick II of Legnica as a part of the alliance signed between her father and Frederick II. The wedding took place eight years later, on 15 February 1545 in her homeland, Berlin. In the same ceremony, was also performed the marriage of her brother John George with Frederick II's daughter, Sophie. As a dowry, Barbara received the amount of 20,000 Rhenish florins, who was provided by the citizens of Brzeg.

paragraph: Two years later (1547), Duke Frederick II died and George inherited the Duchy of Brzeg, who included the towns of Oława, Strzelin, Niemcza, Kluczbork, Byczyna, Wołów and Ścinawa. In all, Barbara bore her husband seven children, two sons and five daughters.

paragraph: Duke George II died on 7 May 1586, after forty-one years of marriage. In his will, he left the Duchy of Brzeg to his wife as her with the full sovereignty over this land until her own death. The Duchies of Oława and Wołów were received by her sons Joachim Frederick and John George as co-rulers, and because Barbara was the Regnant Duchess in Brzeg, both brothers decided to settle his residence in Oława.

paragraph: After Barbara's death, Brzeg was inherited by her only surviving son Joachim Frederick, because her other son, John George, already died in 1592.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogical database by Herbert Stoyan

description: German princess


href: Poland Netherlands Europe Denmark Russia Poland John%20III%20Sobieski Warsaw Netherlands Italy Copenhagen Denmark Wilhelm%20Friedrich%20von%20Platen Garrison%20Church%2C%20Copenhagen Staldmesterg%C3%A5rden Frederiksberg%20Palace Germany Russia Saint%20Petersburg Moscow

text:
Polish
Dutch
Europe
Denmark
Russia
Poland
John III Sobieski
Warsaw
Netherlands
Italy
Copenhagen
Denmark
Wilhelm Friedrich von Platen
Garrison Church
Stable Master's House
Frederiksberg Palace
Germany
Russia
Saint Petersburg
Moscow

paragraph: Christof Marselis

paragraph: Christof Marselis (1670s – 1731) was a Polish-Dutch architect who worked in several European countries, including Denmark and Russia.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Christof Marselis was born in Poland some time in the 1670s. He lost his parents at an early age and worked in the household of John III Sobieski in Warsaw before studying architecture and working as an architect in the Netherlands. He later continued to Italy to further his studies.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Years in Denmark, 1702–1716.

paragraph: In c. 1702 he travelled to Copenhagen, Denmark, where he worked as royal architect under Wilhelm Friedrich von Platen. The exact extent of his contributions remain uncertain but he worked on such buildings as the Garrison Church (1703–06), the Stable Master's House (1703–05) and Frederiksberg Palace in Copenhagen.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Late career in Russia.

paragraph: In about 1716 he left Denmark and worked his way through Germany and Poland before ending up in Russia, where he designed mansions in both Saint Petersburg and Moscow. He also made a design for a cathedral in Moscow which was never built.

description: POlish architect

wikidata_label: Christof Marselis

wikipedia_title: Christof Marselis


text:
Norwegian
Canadian
ski jumper
world record
Salangen
Revelstoke, British Columbia
Big Hill
1928 Winter Olympics
Canadian Pacific Railway
North Vancouver
British Columbia
Western Canada Amateur Ski Association
Canadian Amateur Ski Association
National Ski Hall of Fame
Canadian Ski Hall of Fame
Seljeskog
Salangen
Big Eddy
Ivind Nilsen
brakeman
conductor
Canadian Pacific Railway
North Vancouver
British Columbia
Nelson
Trail
Rossland
Princeton
Kamloops
Sandon
Nakusp
Kimberley
Cranbrook
Alberta
Calgary
Edmonton
Banff
Camrose
Ottawa
Montreal
Mount Rainier
Leavenworth
Washington
Dillon
Steamboat Springs
Denver
Colorado
Salt Lake City
Brattleboro, Vermont
influenza
Adolph Badrut
Bernina-Roseg-Schanze
Bob Lymburne
Melbourne McKenzie
St. Moritz
1928 Winter Olympics
Quebec
Mount Revelstoke National Park
Grouse Mountain
amateur code
professionalism
National Ski Association
Canadian Amateur Ski Association
Western Canada Amateur Ski Association
National Ski Hall of Fame
Canadian Ski Hall of Fame
BC Sports Hall of Fame

categories: People from Salangen,People from North Vancouver,Norwegian male ski jumpers,Norwegian emigrants to Canada,People from Revelstoke, British Columbia,1894 births,Canadian male ski jumpers

paragraph: Nels Nelsen

paragraph: Nels Nelsen (3 June 1894 – 3 June 1943), born Nils Johan Nilsen and sometimes referred to as Nels Nelson, was a Norwegian-born Canadian ski jumper and later ski jumping organizer. He was among the world's best ski jumpers during the 1920s, and held the world record of 73 meters from 1925 to 1930. Born in Salangen, he moved with his family to Revelstoke, British Columbia, in 1912. Credited with bringing the sport of ski jumping to Canada, he made his debut on the nearby Big Hill in 1915. He competed throughout Canada and the United States, and became Canadian champion five times. Despite holding the world record at the time, he was not allowed to participate in the 1928 Winter Olympics because the officials did not find it suitable for him to have to work his way to Switzerland.

paragraph: Nelsen worked for the Canadian Pacific Railway, and moved to North Vancouver, British Columbia, where he raised a family. Nelsen lost his hand in a hunting accident in 1933, and was forced to retire as a ski jumper. He continued as an organizer, and was among other things president of the Western Canada Amateur Ski Association and later vice-president of the Canadian Amateur Ski Association. In 1948, after Big Hill had been expanded, it was renamed Nels Nelsen Hill. Nelsen was inscribed in the U.S. National Ski Hall of Fame in 1971 and the Canadian Ski Hall of Fame in 1983.

paragraph: Section::::Early and personal life.

paragraph: He was born Nils Johan Nilsen to a Norwegian family in Seljeskog in Salangen on 3 June 1894, as the oldest of six children. As a child, Nelsen was an active skier and ski jumper, with more than fifteen ski jumps located in the area. In 1913, his family emigrated to Big Eddy near Revelstoke. Once in Canada, he anglicized his name. His brother, Ivind Nilsen was also a champion ski jumper, and became among other things Boy's World Champion in 1922. Ivind, who chose not to anglicize his last name, was known for his supreme style, while Nels was better known for his length. Nelsen married Emma Pickard, with whom he had ten children. Except for a brief period as a ski instructor, he worked as a brakeman and conductor for the Canadian Pacific Railway, whose flexibility made it easier to participate in tournaments. He moved to North Vancouver where he raised his family.

paragraph: Section::::Athletic career.

paragraph: Nelsen won the home-town Winter Carnival Tournament, setting the hill record of 56 meters (183 ft) in Big Hill in the inauguration tournament in 1916. With this and subsequent better distances, he would hold the hill record in Revelstoke until 1932. In 1916, he won the Championship of Canada Ski Jumping Contest, which he would subsequently defend every year until 1920. He continued by setting the Canadian amateur record in 1920, and breaking it again in 1921 and 1923. He was among the most successful jumpers in Canada from 1916 to 1925, taking home most trophies. Among his methods to improve his jumps was placing pieces of lead at the front or back of the skies to give optimal balance.

paragraph: Nelsen traveled throughout Canada and the United States to attend ski jumping competitions. In British Columbia, he attended competitions in Nelson, Trail, Rossland, Princeton, Kamloops, Sandon, Nakusp, Kimberley and Cranbrook. In Alberta, he attended tournaments in Calgary, Edmonton, Banff and Camrose; in eastern Canada in Ottawa and Montreal. In the United States, he attended events in Mount Rainier and Leavenworth in Washington; Dillon, Steamboat Springs and Denver in Colorado; Salt Lake City; and Brattleboro, Vermont. He became Canadian champion five times, in 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1922. His various best jumps were Canadian records from 1916 to 1932.

paragraph: During the 1925 Winter Carnival Tournament, Nelsen, sick with influenza, set a world record at the Big Hill. Jumping 73 meters (240 ft), the record remained until it was broken by Adolph Badrut at Bernina-Roseg-Schanze in Switzerland in 1930, who jumped . However, Bob Lymburne was able to again claim the world record for the Big Hill, when he jumped in 1932. Although accepted as a record, it was not at the time favored in Europe to stress distance records. This was because it was regarded that simply building a larger hill would undoubtedly give a longer jump, and in part because such records did not take style into consideration. Nelsen and Melbourne McKenzie planned to travel to St. Moritz, Switzerland, to attend the 1928 Winter Olympics, but lack of funding meant that they planned for work for their fare on a freighter. These plans were stopped by officials from the British delegation, who felt it was inappropriate and not fitting for the team, and Nelsen never competed in any Winter Olympics. Nelsen kept his amateur status, but did well against professionals those times he competed against them. During the winter of 1932, he worked as a ski instructor in Quebec. In a hunting accident in 1932, he lost an arm, and never jumped again.

paragraph: Section::::Organizer career and legacy.

paragraph: After arriving in Revelstoke, Nelsen was instrumental in the establishment of Revelstoke Ski Club and the Big Hill located within Mount Revelstoke National Park. In 1927, he helped establish a ski jump in Grouse Mountain in North Vancouver. After his accident, he started working to establish Field Ski Club in Field, British Columbia, where he spent time between trains. He promoted a strict adherence to the amateur code, and stated that debates regarding professionalism were disruptive for the United States National Ski Association.

paragraph: Traditionally, governing of skiing in Canada was split between the Canadian Amateur Ski Association (CASA) and the Western Canada Amateur Ski Association (WCASA). Nelsen was the latter's president, and after years of rivalry, which even reached the point where they did not recognize each other, Nelsen eventually was part of the negotiation for an amalgamation which took into consideration the needs of the western clubs. Nelsen subsequently became vice-president of CASA from 1934.

paragraph: He died of heart failure in Field on 3 June 1943—his 49th birthday. In 1948, after Big Hill had been expanded, it was renamed Nels Nelsen Hill. Nelsen was inscribed in the U.S. National Ski Hall of Fame in 1971, the Canadian Ski Hall of Fame in 1983, and the following year in the BC Sports Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography

description: Canadian ski jumper

wikidata_label: Nels Nelsen

wikipedia_title: Nels Nelsen