text: Rouen

text: Impressionists

text: Barbizon School

text: Hendrik Scheffer

text: Théodore Rousseau

text: Barbizon

text: Jean-François Millet

text: Ukiyo-e

text: Hôtel Drouot

text: Salon

text: Edgar Degas

text: Mary Cassatt

text: Albert Bartholomé

text: François Antoine Léon Fleury

text: Le Siècle

text: Charles Baudelaire

text: Société française de photographie

text: Durand-Ruel

text: Jean-François Raffaëlli

text: Musée d'Orsay

text: Gustave Courbet

text: Robert Laffont

text: Base Joconde

categories: French painters,1895 deaths,1825 births,Flower paintings

paragraph: Charles Tillot

paragraph: Charles-Victor Tillot (9 April 1825, Rouen - 1895, Rouen) was a French flower painter, collector, art critic and writer.He was associated with the Impressionists and the Barbizon School.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: His father, Claude, was a journalist. He arrived in Paris in 1839; studying art with Hendrik Scheffer and Théodore Rousseau. Later, after buying a house in Barbizon, he worked with Jean-François Millet, who was his next-door neighbor. He also shared Millet's interest in Ukiyo-e (Japanese prints) and collected them at his Paris apartment. He and his wife would become the godparents for Millet's daughter Anne-Marie and care for him when he entered his final illness. After his death, Charles wrote the catalogue for the sale of his paintings at the Hôtel Drouot.

paragraph: His first exhibit at the Salon came in 1846, where he presented a "Portrait of the Author" (Self-portrait?). In 1849, he exhibited a "Souvenir of the Pyrenees" and, in 1855, a "Forest Interior". He was a friend of Edgar Degas, who was a neighbor of his in Paris, and frequented the meetings of his friends; including Mary Cassatt, Albert Bartholomé and François Antoine Léon Fleury

paragraph: He also provided art criticism and commentary for the journal "Le Siècle", where his father was Managing Director. His writing impressed Charles Baudelaire, who asked to be introduced to him. In addition to writing, his journalistic activities included photography and, after 1871, he was listed as a member of the Société française de photographie.

paragraph: In 1876, he took part in the at the Durand-Ruel Gallery. He apparently exhibited flower paintings and landscapes, although no official record seems to exist. Despite this, some works are listed by Sophie Monneret in her monumental work on Impressionsim. He continued to participate in their exhibitions until the 8th in 1886, except for the 7th, which he boycotted to protest the exclusion of Jean-François Raffaëlli.

paragraph: He apparently became reclusive in his later life. With the exception of a series of photographs, showing the "Vues instantanées et paysages en 1880" (now at the Musée d'Orsay), much of his work has disappeared from museums. Given the number of exhibitions in which he participated, he was, in fact, fairly prolific. In the opinion of art critic , many of his paintings have been re-signed as the work of Gustave Courbet, although this opinion is not generally shared. Curiously, some sources give the year of his death as 1877, which is the year Courbet died.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sophie Monneret, "L'Impressionnisme et son époque", Robert Laffont (Ed.) 1987 Vol.1

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sophie Monneret, "L'Impressionnisme et son époque", Vol.2

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gérald Schurr, "Les petits maîtres de la peinture, 1820-1920", Valeur de demain, vol. 7, t. II, Paris, Éditions de l’amateur, 1982

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bellier de la Chavignerie, "Dictionnaire Général des artistes de l'école française 1882-1885"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Tillot, Exposition of 1876, works unknown @ the Base Joconde

alias:
Charles Victor Tillot
Charles-Victor Tillot

description: French painter

wikidata_label: Charles Tillot

wikipedia_title: Charles Tillot


text:
Danish
Christie's
Funen
Denmark
Gregers Juel
Ankarcrona
N. Zahle's School
Copenhagen
Queen Margrethe II of Denmark
Danish
Kjeld Hillingsø
Ellen Gunilla
Ellen
The Bridge
Rita
Rigshospitalet
Copenhagen
Médecins sans Frontières
Margrethe II
Prince Henrik
Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark

categories: 1940 births,Living people,People from the Region of Southern Denmark,Antiques dealers

paragraph: Birgitta Hillingsø

paragraph: Ellen Birgitta Hillingsø (née Juel; born 16 February 1940) is a Danish antiques dealer. Hillingsø is the consultant in Denmark for the British auction house Christie's.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Hillingsø was born Ellen Birgitta Juel on 16 February 1940 in Funen, Denmark to Gregers Juel, a chamberlain, and his second wife, Gunilla Hilma Inga Charlotta Ankarcrona, a member of the Swedish noble family Ankarcrona, born in Stockholm.

paragraph: Hillingsø graduated from N. Zahle's School in Copenhagen in 1959. Queen Margrethe II of Denmark was one of her classmates.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Marriage and children.

paragraph: Birgitta married Danish general Kjeld Hillingsø on 18 May 1963. They have two children together, Ellen Gunilla and Jens Georg.

paragraph: Hillingsø's daughter Ellen is an actress, perhaps best known internationally for her roles in the television series The Bridge and Rita. Hillingsø's son, Jens, is the head of the Department of Paediatric Surgery at the Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen and former chairman of Médecins sans Frontières. His daughter, Olivia, is also starting a career in acting, following in her aunt's footsteps.

paragraph: Hillingsø and her husband have been long-time good friends of the Queen of Denmark, Margrethe II, and her late husband, Prince Henrik. Margrethe is godmother to Hillingsø's daughter, Ellen, and Birgitta is also a godmother of Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark.

description: antique dealer

wikidata_label: Birgitta Hillingsø

wikipedia_title: Birgitta Hillingsø


text: Italian

text: Piadena

text: Renaissance humanist

text: gastronomist

text: condottieri

text: Gonzagas

text: Francesco

text: John Argyropulos

text: Medici family

text: Francesco Gonzaga

text: papal writer

text: Pius II

text: Platonism

text: Roman Academy

text: Julius Pomponius Laetus

text: Maestro Martino

text: Italian gastronomy

text: De honesta voluptate et valetudine

text: cookbook

text: Paul II

text: Castel Sant'Angelo

text: torture

text: Sixtus IV

text: Vatican librarian

text: a famous fresco

text: Melozzo da Forlì

text: pope

text: Roman history

text: Piadena

text: Latin

text: Cremona

text: Marquis Ludovico III Gonzaga

text: Florence

text: Argyropulos

text: Francesco Gonzaga

text: Pius II

text: College of Abbreviators

text: cookbook

text: medieval cuisine

text: Maestro Martino de' Rossi

text: cookbook

text: cannabis

text: Paul II

text: Castel Sant'Angelo

text: humanist

text: heresy

text: Roman Academy

text: immorality

text: Sixtus IV

text: Church

text: Pope Sixtus IV

text: Vatican Library

text: Giovanni Andrea Bussi

text: Bishop

text: Aleria

text: librarian

text: ducat

text: Vatican

text: privileges

text: Vatican archives

text: schism

text: Pinacoteca Vaticana

text: Melozzo da Forlì

text: excommunication

text: Halley's comet

text: Pope Callixtus III

text: Constantinople

text: Nicolas V

text: crusade

text: legate

text: bull

text: Mass

text: vespers

text: Our Father

text: Hail Mary

text: Turks

text: besiege

text: Belgrade

text: Italy

text: astrologers

text: Avogario

text: Ferrara

text: Celoria

text: Paolo Toscanelli

text: folio

text: St. Antoninus

text: Florence

text: Aeneas Sylvius

text: St. John Capistrano

text: Hungary

text: omen

text: Calvisius

text: Spondanus

text: Lubienietski

text: Fabre

text: Fleury

text: Bruys

text: apostate

text: Laplace

text: exorcized

text: Daru

text: Arago

text: Devil

text: anathema

text: Flammarion

categories: 1481 deaths,Italian food writers,15th-century Latin writers,1421 births,People from the Province of Cremona,Italian biographers,Male biographers

paragraph: Bartolomeo Platina

paragraph: Bartolomeo Sacchi (; 1421 – 21 September 1481), known as Platina (in Italian il Platina ) after his birthplace (Piadena), and commonly referred to in English as Bartolomeo Platina, was an Italian Renaissance humanist writer and gastronomist.

paragraph: Platina started his career as a soldier employed by condottieri, before gaining long-term patronage from the Gonzagas, including the young cardinal Francesco, for whom he wrote a family history. He studied under the Byzantine humanist philosopher John Argyropulos in Florence, where he frequented other fellow humanists, as well as members of the ruling Medici family.

paragraph: Around 1462 he moved with Francesco Gonzaga to Rome, where he purchased a post as a papal writer under the humanist Pius II (Enea Silvio Piccolomini) and became a member of the Platonism-influenced Roman Academy founded by Julius Pomponius Laetus. Close acquaintance with the renowned chef Maestro Martino in Rome seems to have provided inspiration for a theoretical treatise on Italian gastronomy entitled "De honesta voluptate et valetudine" ("On honourable pleasure and health"), which achieved considerable popularity and has the distinction of being considered the first printed cookbook.

paragraph: Platina's papal employment was abruptly curtailed on the arrival of an anti-humanist pope, Paul II (Pietro Barbo), who had the rebellious Platina locked up in Castel Sant'Angelo during the winter of 1464-65 as a punishment for his remonstrations. In 1468 he was again confined in Castel Sant'Angelo for a further year, where he was interrogated under torture, following accusations of an alleged conspiracy by members of Pomponio's Roman Academy involving plans to assassinate the pope.

paragraph: Platina's fortunes were revived by the return to power of the strongly pro-humanist pope, Sixtus IV (Francesco della Rovere), who in 1475 made him Vatican librarian—an appointment which was depicted in a famous fresco by Melozzo da Forlì. He was granted the post after writing an innovative and influential history of the lives of the popes that gives ample space to Roman history and the themes of Antiquity, and concludes by vilifying Platina's nemesis, Paul II.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Platina was born at Piadena ("Platina" in Latin), near Cremona.

paragraph: He first enlisted as a private soldier, and was then appointed tutor to the sons of the Marquis Ludovico III Gonzaga, task previously held by Iacopo da San Cassiano and Ognibene da Lonigo. In 1457, he went to Florence, and studied under the Greek scholar Argyropulos. In 1462 he proceeded to Rome, probably in the suite of Cardinal Francesco Gonzaga. After Pius II had reorganized the College of Abbreviators (1463), and increased the number to seventy, Platina, in May 1464, was elected a member.

paragraph: Probably in the summer of 1465 Platina composed "De honesta voluptate et valetudine" ("On honourable pleasure and health"). This first printed cookbook, a monument of medieval cuisine in Renaissance intellectual trappings, left the press in 1474 and ran into dozens of editions, disseminating Roman ideas about fine dining throughout Western Europe. In a display of humanist learning Platina embedded recipes from the famous chef, Maestro Martino de' Rossi, whom he had met in the summer of 1463 at Albano, where Platina was the guest of Martino's employer, a cardinal. The cookbook also happens to contain the oldest recorded usage of cannabis in cooking.

paragraph: When Paul II abolished the ordinances of Pius, Platina with the other new members was deprived of his office. Angered by this, he wrote a pamphlet insolently demanding from the pope the recall of his restrictions. When called upon to justify himself he answered with insolence and was imprisoned in the Castel Sant'Angelo, being released after four months on condition that he remain at Rome. In February 1468, with about twenty other humanists, he was again imprisoned on suspicion of heresy and of conspiring against the life of the pope. The latter charge was dropped for lack of evidence, while they were acquitted on the former. However, members of the Roman Academy were found guilty of immorality.

paragraph: After his release on July 7, 1469, he expected to be again in the employ of Paul II, who, however, declined his services. Platina threatened vengeance and executed his threat, when at the suggestion of Sixtus IV he wrote his ' (1479). In it he paints his enemy as cruel, and an archenemy of science. For centuries it influenced historical opinions until critical research proved otherwise. In other places party spirit is evident, especially when he treats of the condition of the Church. Notwithstanding, his "Lives of the Popes" is a work of no small merit, for it is the first systematic handbook of papal history. Platina felt the need of critical research, but shirked the examination of details. By the end of 1474 or the beginning of 1475 Platina offered his manuscript to Pope Sixtus IV; it is still preserved in the Vatican Library. The pope's acceptance may cause surprise, but it is probable he was ignorant of its contents except insofar as it concerned his own pontificate up to November, 1474. After the death of Giovanni Andrea Bussi, Bishop of Aleria, the pope appointed Platina librarian with a yearly salary of 120 ducats and an official residence in the Vatican. He also instructed him to make a collection of the chief privileges of the Roman Church. This collection, whose value is acknowledged by all the annalists, is still preserved in the Vatican archives. In the preface Platina not only avoids any antagonism towards the Church but even refers with approbation to the punishing of heretics and schismatics by the popes, which is the best proof that Sixtus IV, by his marks of favour, had won Platina for the interests of the Church. Besides his principal work Platina wrote several others of smaller importance, notably: '. The "Pinacoteca Vaticana" contains a famous fresco by Melozzo da Forlì representing "Sixtus IV Appointing Platina as Prefect of the Vatican Library".

paragraph: Section::::Halley's comet.

paragraph: As a paragraph from Platina's "Vitæ Pontificum" first gave rise to the legend of the excommunication of Halley's comet by Pope Callixtus III, we here give the legend briefly, after recalling some historical facts. After the fall of Constantinople (1453), Nicolas V appealed in vain to the Christian princes for a crusade. Callixtus III (1455–1458), immediately after his succession, sent legates to the various courts for the same purpose; and, meeting with no response, promulgated a bull June 29, 1456, prescribing the following:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. all priests were to say during Mass the "oratio contra paganos";

paragraph: BULLET::::2. daily, between noon and vespers, at the ringing of a bell, everybody had to say three Our Fathers and Hail Marys;

paragraph: BULLET::::3. processions were to be held by the clergy and the faithful on the first Sunday of each month, and the priests were to preach on faith, patience, and penance; to expose the cruelty of the Turks, and urge all to pray for their deliverance.

paragraph: The first Sunday of July (July 4), the first processions were held in Rome. On the same day the Turks began to besiege Belgrade. On July 14 the Christians gained a small advantage, and on the twenty-first and twenty-second the Turks were put to flight.

paragraph: In the same year Halley's comet appeared. In Italy it was first seen in June. Towards the end of the month it was still visible for three hours after sunset, causing great excitement everywhere by its extraordinary splendour. It naturally attracted the attention of astrologers as may appear from the long "judicium astrologicum" by Avogario, of Ferrara, dated June 17, 1467; it was found again by Celoria among the manuscripts of Paolo Toscanelli, who had copied it himself. The comet was seen till July 8. It is evident, from all the documents of that time, that it had disappeared from sight several days before the battle of Belgrade. These two simultaneous facts–the publication of the bull and the appearance of the comet–were connected by Platina in the following manner:

paragraph: Platina has, generally speaking, recorded the facts truly; but is wrong at one point, "viz.", where he says that the astrologers' predictions of great calamities induced the pope to prescribe public prayers. The bull does not contain a word on the comet, as can be verified in the original, authenticated document.

paragraph: A careful investigation of the authenticated "Regesta" of Callixtus (about one hundred folios), in the Vatican archives, shows that the comet is not mentioned in any other papal document. Nor do other writers of the time refer to any such prayers against the comet, though many speak both of the comet and of the prayers against the Turks. The silence of St. Antoninus, Archbishop of Florence (1446–1459), is particularly significant. In his "Chronicorum libri tres" he enumerates accurately all the prayers prescribed by Callixtus; he also mentions the comet of 1456 in a chapter entitled, "" – but never refers to prayers and processions against the comet, although all papal decrees were sent to him. Aeneas Sylvius and St. John Capistrano, who preached the crusade in Hungary, considered the comet rather as a favourable omen in the war against the Turks.

paragraph: Hence it is clear that Platina has looked wrongly upon the bull as the outcome of fear of comets. The historians of the 16th and 17th centuries contented themselves with quoting Platina more or less accurately (Calvisius 1605, Spondanus 1641, Lubienietski 1666). Fabre (1726) in his continuation of the "Histoire Ecclésiastique" by Fleury gave a somewhat free paraphrase. Bruys (1733), an apostate (who afterwards entered the Church again), copies Fleury-Fabre adding "que le Pape profita en habile homme de la superstition et de la crédulité des peuples." It is only when we come to Laplace's "," that we find the expression that the pope ordered the comet and the Turks to be exorcized ("conjuré"), which expression we find again in Daru's poem "L'Astronomie." Arago ("Des Comètes en général etc. Annuaire du Bureau des Longitudes" 1832, 244) converts it into an excommunication. Arago's treatise was soon translated into all the European languages after which time the appearance of the comet (1456) is hardly ever mentioned, but this historical lie must be repeated in various shapes. Smyth ("Cycle of celestial objects") speaks of a special protest and excommunication exorcizing the Devil, the Turks, and the comet. Grant ("History of physical astronomy") refers to the publication of a bull, in which Callixtus anathematized both the Turks and the comet. Babinet ("Revue des deux mondes," 23 ann., vol. 4, 1853, 831) has the pope "lancer un timide anathème sur la comète et sur les ennemis de la Chrétienté," whilst in the battle of Belgrade "les Frères Mineurs aux premiers rangs, invoquaient l'exorcisme du pape contre la comète." In different ways the legend is repeated by Chambers, Flammarion, Draper, Jamin, Dickson White, and others.

paragraph: Section::::Published and unpublished works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Divi Ludovici Marchionis Mantuae somnium" (ca. 1454-1456), ed. A. Portioli, Mantua 1887

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oratio de laudibus illustris ac divi Ludovici Marchionis Mantuae" (ca. 1457-1460), in F. Amadei, "Cronaca universale della città di Mantova", ed. G. Amadei, E. Marani and G. Praticò, vol. II, Mantua 1955, pp. 226–234

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vita Nerii Capponi" (ca. 1457-1460), in "Rerum Italicarum scriptores", vol. XX, Milan 1731, cols 478-516

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vocabula Bucolicorum", "Vocabula Georgicorum" (ca. 1460-1461), MS Berlin, Staatsbibliothek, "Lat. qu." 488, fols 58r-59v, 59v-65r

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Commentariolus de vita Victorini Feltrensis" (ca. 1462-1465), in "Il pensiero pedagogico dello Umanesimo", ed. E. Garin, Florence 1958, pp. 668–699

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Epitome ex primo" ["-XXXVII"] "C. Plinii Secundi libro De naturali historia" (ca. 1462-1466), e.g. MS Siena, Biblioteca comunale, L.III.8, fols 73r-357v

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oratio de laudibus bonarum artium" (ca. 1463-1464), in T. A. Vairani, "Cremonensium monumenta Romae extantia", vol. I, Rome 1778, pp. 109–118

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vita Pii Pontificis Maximi" (1464-1465), ed. G.C. Zimolo, in "Rerum Italicarum scriptores," 2nd ser., vol. III.3, Bologna 1964, pp. 89–121

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dialogus de falso ac vero bono", dedicated to Paul II (1464-1465), e.g. Milan, Biblioteca Trivulziana, "Mss"., 805

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dialogus" "de flosculis quibusdam linguae Latinae" (ca. 1465-1466), ed. P. A. Filelfo, Milan 1481

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dialogus contra amores (de amore)" (ca. 1465-1472), in Platina, "Hystoria de vitis pontificum", Venice 1504, fols B8r-C5r (ed. L. Mitarotondo, doctoral thesis, Università di Messina, 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De honesta voluptate e valitudine" (ca. 1466-1467), ed. E. Carnevale Schianca, Florence 2015

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historia urbis Mantuae Gonziacaeque familiae" (1466-1469), ed. P. Lambeck (1675), reprinted in "Rerum Italicarum scriptores", XX, Milan 1731, cols 617-862

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tractatus de laudibus pacis" (1468), in W. Benziger, "Zur Theorie von Krieg und Frieden in der italienischen Renaissance", Frankfurt a.M. 1996, part 2, pp. 1–21

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oratio de pace Italiae confirmanda et bello Thurcis indicendo" (1468), ed. Benziger, "Zur Theorie", part 2, pp. 95–105

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Panegyricus in laudem amplissimi patris Bessarionis" (1470), in "Patrologia Graeca", vol. CLXI, 1866, cols CIII-CXVI

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De principe" (1470), ed. G. Ferraù, Palermo 1979

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De falso et vero bono", dedicated to Sixtus IV (ca. 1471-1472), ed. M. G. Blasio, Rome 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Liber de vita Christi ac omnium pontificum" (ca. 1471-1475), first published Venice 1479; critical edition: G. Gaida, in "Rerum Italicarum, scriptores", 2nd ser., vol. III.1, Città di Castello 1913-1932; Latin and English: "Lives of the Popes", vol. I, ed. A. F. D’Elia, Cambridge (MA) 2008 (the other volumes are forthcoming); Latin edition of the Life of Paul II: "Bartolomeo Platina. Paul II. An Intermediate Reader of Renaissance Latin", ed. Hendrickson et al. Oxford (OH) 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De vera nobilitate" (ca. 1472-1477), in Platina, "Hystoria de vitis pontificum", Venice 1504, fols C5v-D3v

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De optimo cive" (1474), ed. F. Battaglia, Bologna 1944

paragraph: BULLET::::- A polemical treatise or letter against Battista de’ Giudici (1477); lost, but partly cited in the latter’s reply in B. De’ Giudici, "Apologia Iudaeorum; Invectiva contra Platinam", ed. D. Quaglioni, Rome 1987, pp. 94–127

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plutarch, "De ira sedanda", translated by Platina (ca. 1477), in Vairani, "Cremonensium monumenta", pp. 119–135

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vita amplissimi patris Ioannis Melini" (ca. 1478), ed. M.G. Blasio, Roma 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Liber privilegiorum" (ca. 1476-1480), MS Archivio segreto Vaticano, "A.A. Arm. I-XVIII", 1288-1290

paragraph: BULLET::::- Letters: "Platinae custodia detenti epistulae" (1468–69), ed. Vairani, "Cremonensium monumenta", pp. 29–66; critical edition: "Lettere", ed. D. Vecchia, Rome 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- Book edited by Platina: Josephus, "Historiarum libri numero VII", Rome 1475.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Contains detailed biography and bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bauer, Stefan (2017), "Sacchi, Bartolomeo, detto il Platina", in "Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani", 89 (2017), pp. 472-475

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A 1498 edition of "De honesta voluptate et valetudine"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Platina's Lives of the Popes in a 1485 edition

description: Italian humanist and gastronomer

wikidata_label: Bartolomeo Platina

wikipedia_title: Bartolomeo Platina


text:
Canadian football
running back
kick returner
Canadian Football League
National Football League
Calgary Stampeders
undrafted free agent
college football
Ohio Northern
Ohio Northern University
Division III
Dayton, Ohio
Stebbins High School
Riverside, Ohio
Mr. Football award
Rhein Fire
NFL Europa
Frankfurt Galaxy
Berlin Thunder
World Bowl X
San Francisco 49ers
Carolina Panthers
Stephen Davis
DeShaun Foster
Nick Goings
Seattle Seahawks
2006 NFL season
Atlanta Falcons
Warrick Dunn
Jerious Norwood
pre-season
Corey Holmes
Wes Cates
Josh Ranek
Toronto Argonauts
Leron Mitchell
BC Lions
BC Lions
99th Grey Cup
Just Sports Stats
BC Lions profile page
Official website

categories: Atlanta Falcons players,San Francisco 49ers players,Grey Cup champions,Carolina Panthers players,Canadian football running backs,American football running backs,Rhein Fire players,Saskatchewan Roughriders players,American players of Canadian football,1977 births,People from Washington, D.C.,African-American players of Canadian football,Ohio Northern Polar Bears football players,Living people

paragraph: Jamal Robertson

paragraph: Jamal Robertson (born January 10, 1977) is a former Canadian football running back and kick returner who played in the Canadian Football League and National Football League. He was originally signed by the Calgary Stampeders as an undrafted free agent in 2001. He played college football at Ohio Northern. Robertson was one of the greatest athletes in Ohio Northern University (ONU) history. During his career at ONU, he amassed numerous school records and won the Division III National Player of the Year award. Robertson is an alumnus of Walter E. Stebbins High School in Dayton, Ohio, where he was an all state running back and a state champion in track & field.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Robertson played for Stebbins High School from 1991 to 1995 in Riverside, Ohio. He rushed for 2029 yards his senior year, and was runner-up for the Mr. Football award in Ohio.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Calgary Stampeders.

paragraph: Robertson was signed by the Calgary Stampeders in 2001.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Rhein Fire.

paragraph: Robertson played for the Rhein Fire of NFL Europa in 2002. He set an NFL Europe record for the longest run from scrimmage (a 90-yard touchdown against the Frankfurt Galaxy), played against the Berlin Thunder in World Bowl X, and was eventually named NFL Europe's offensive MVP.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:San Francisco 49ers.

paragraph: After his stellar performance in NFL Europe, Robertson was signed as a free agent by the San Francisco 49ers in 2002.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Carolina Panthers.

paragraph: Robertson was signed by the Carolina Panthers in 2004 after being waived by the 49ers. He was used primarily as a kick returner, but injuries to Stephen Davis, DeShaun Foster, and Nick Goings gave him the opportunity to play from the running back position. He gained 71 yards on 16 attempts in 2004, and 41 yards on 14 attempts in 2005. At one point, he played as the #1 tailback during the 2005 NFC Championship Game against the Seattle Seahawks. However, Robertson was released in the final round of cuts before the 2006 NFL season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Atlanta Falcons.

paragraph: On December 13, 2006, Robertson was signed by the Atlanta Falcons due to injuries to Warrick Dunn and Jerious Norwood. He was released on August 8, 2007, prior to playing a single pre-season game.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Saskatchewan Roughriders.

paragraph: Due to injuries to running backs Corey Holmes, Wes Cates, and Josh Ranek the Saskatchewan Roughriders brought in Robertson for insurance on November 14, 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Toronto Argonauts.

paragraph: On June 5, 2008, he was traded to the Toronto Argonauts in exchange for Leron Mitchell. The trade came after Argonaut starter Tyler Ebell ruptured his Achilles tendon, necessitating a move for Toronto. He rushed for 1031 yards in 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:BC Lions.

paragraph: On March 22, 2010, it was announced that Robertson had signed with the BC Lions. He re-signed with the BC Lions on January 24, 2010.

paragraph: Robertson announced his retirement on December 1, 2011, after winning the 99th Grey Cup in 2011.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Just Sports Stats

paragraph: BULLET::::- BC Lions profile page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

description: Player of American and Canadian football

wikidata_label: Jamal Robertson

wikipedia_title: Jamal Robertson


text: Brazil

text: skateboarder

text: Santo André, São Paulo

text: Brazil

text: Santa Ana, California

text: the 900

text: X Games 12

text: About.com

text: EXPN.com

text: maloofmoneycup.com

categories: People from Santo André, São Paulo,1975 births,Brazilian skateboarders,X Games athletes,Sportspeople from Santa Ana, California,Living people

paragraph: Sandro Dias

paragraph: Sandro Dias, known as Mineirinho, is a Brazilian professional vert skateboarder who was born on April 18, 1975 in Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil and currently resides in Santa Ana, California. He started skateboarding in 1986 and turned pro in 1995. Best known for his high alley oop air tricks and for being one of ten people confirmed to have pulled the 900. He won the gold medal at X Games 12 in Skateboard Vert. He is sponsored by Red Bull, Oakley, & Positiv Skateboards. He won the world vert skateboarding titles in 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, and 2007.

paragraph: In 2011 Dias captured his sixth world vert skateboarding title. He beat out his close friend and teammate 8-time champion Andy Macdonald by only 50 championship points.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.sandrodias.com/br

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://positivskateboards.com/

paragraph: BULLET::::- About.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- EXPN.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lat34.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- maloofmoneycup.com

description: Brazilian skateboarder

wikidata_label: Sandro Dias

wikipedia_title: Sandro Dias


text: Ferdinand Marcos

text: Bantayog ng mga Bayani

text: Ratification Cases

text: Manila

text: University of Santo Tomas

text: Ratification Cases

text: J.B.L. Reyes

text: UST

text: writ of habeas corpus

text: People v. Hernandez

text: Stonehill v. Diokno

text: fruit of the poisonous tree

text: Lansang v. Garcia

text: writ of habeas corpus

text: Javellana v. Executive Secretary

categories: 1903 births,San Beda University alumni,People from Manila,Justices of the Court of Appeals of the Philippines,1987 deaths,Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines,Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines

paragraph: Roberto Concepcion

paragraph: Roberto Reyes Concepción (June 7, 1903 – May 3, 1987) was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines from June 17, 1966, until April 18, 1973. He is remembered in the history of the Philippine Supreme Court for protecting the independence of court, and for having fought decisions which would have legitimized the dictatorship of President Ferdinand Marcos. In recognition of his efforts against authoritarian rule, Concepción's name was inscribed on the Wall of Remembrance at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani in 1994.

paragraph: Concepción formally left the court in 1973 upon reaching the mandatory retirement age. But in actual practice, he had left 50 days earlier when he took a leave from the court to express dissent over the court's decision in the Ratification Cases ("Javellana v. Executive Secretary (1973)"), which upheld the 1973 Constitution, and paved the way for extending Marcos’ regime.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Concepción was born in Manila on June 7, 1903 to Isidro Concepción and Catalina Reyes.

paragraph: He was married to Dolores Concepción by whom he had five children: Catalina C. Buena, Carmen V. Valero, Roberto Jr., Milagros and Jesús.

paragraph: Section::::Judicial career.

paragraph: He graduated his Bachelor of Laws with summa cum laude from the University of Santo Tomas in 1924, then placed first in the bar examinations that same year.

paragraph: Starting out as a private practitioner, he then worked at the Office of the Solicitor General, from which he was subsequently appointed as a judge, then a Court of Appeals Justice before being appointed as Supreme Court Associate Justice in 1954.

paragraph: Section::::Achievements.

paragraph: Concepción, one of the leaders of the Civil Liberties Union and a Constitutional expert in his own right, advocated the promotion and protection of civil and individual liberties. His dedication to the Rule of Law was his hallmark.

paragraph: As Chief Justice, he paved the way of accepting a more liberal approach regarding the individual rights and liberties, whether personal or civil. Said acceptance was shown in the admissibility of evidence, in which the Supreme Court, under his helm, declared that illegally seized evidence is not admissible (though some jurisdictions, including the U.S., made inadmissible evidence illegally seized objects earlier on, it was only in 1967 that such evidence in Philippine jurisdiction was deemed unacceptable).

paragraph: He was a good administrator of the Court, and followed a systematic approach in the assignment and organization of the casework.

paragraph: Section::::The Martial Law Years.

paragraph: Concepción wrote the decision in the Ratification Cases which upheld the 1973 Constitution. In the said decision, he wrote the summary of facts, then his own opinion of the case (which he said that the 1973 Constitution has not been properly ratified according to law), then proceeded to make the summary of votes.

paragraph: The court was divided on the issues raised in the petition: but when the question of whether the petitioners in the cases are entitled to relief, Concepcion, together with three others answered ‘Yes’, while six other members denied the relief being sought, thus upholding the 1973 Constitution and made legitimate the rule of Marcos.

paragraph: When the decision came out to the public, the last sentence of Concepción's "ponencia" contained the following last words:

paragraph: ""This being the vote of the majority, there is no further judicial obstacle to the new Constitution being considered in force and effect"".

paragraph: It is disputed as to whether or not Concepcion placed the said sentence intentionally, or that someone intercalated the said words after he signed the decision. In any case, Concepcion wrote "I dissent" after this sentence.

paragraph: After leaving the Supreme Court, he became one of the advocates against the ensuing Marcos regime. Together with former Justice and best friend, J.B.L. Reyes, they encountered cases which questioned the validity of government acts, especially in the wake of suppressed civil and individual liberties at that time.

paragraph: He also found time to return to his alma mater, UST, where he briefly served as dean of its Faculty of Civil Law.

paragraph: Section::::Post-Marcos Years.

paragraph: After the toppling of Marcos from power, Concepción was appointed as one of the commissioners tasked to draft the 1987 Philippine Constitution. As one of its members, he is responsible for crafting the contents regarding civil liberties, as well as an added provision in the Executive Powers of the President, a clause limiting the effects of martial law with respect to the writ of habeas corpus, based on one of the decided cases of the Supreme Court in which he wrote. As chairman of the Judiciary Committee, he was responsible for introducing provisions designed to strengthen the independence of the judiciary, which was clearly abused by the Marcos regime.

paragraph: Section::::Decisions and Opinions.

paragraph: People v. Hernandez (99 Phil. Reports 515, 1956): the Supreme Court, through then Associate Justice Concepcion, ruled that rebellion cannot be complexed with other crimes, such as murder and arson. Rebellion in itself would include and absorb the said crimes, thus granting the accused his right to bail.

paragraph: Stonehill v. Diokno (G.R. No. L-19550, June 19, 1967; 20 SCRA 383): It was ruled that the articles that were seized illegally by the government cannot be used as admissible evidence, thus adopting the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine in Philippine jurisdiction. It abrogated the principle established in an earlier case (Moncado v. People's Court, 80 Phil. Reports 1). During the time between the Moncado and Stonehill decisions, Concepcion dissented in every case which would uphold the admissibility illegally seized evidence, citing the U.S. cases of Weeks v. U.S.(232 U.S. 383, 1920) and Elkins v. U.S.(364 U.S. 206, 1960). Said case also established the definition of probable cause, which requires that allegations should be specific in the description of the offense or crime committed, as well as to the evidence subject of the search warrant.

paragraph: Lansang v. Garcia (G.R. No. L-33964, December 11, 1971; 42 SCRA 448): The Supreme Court, through Concepcion, while it upheld the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus by Marcos, declared that the Judiciary has the authority to inquire to the factual basis of such suspension, and that the suspension is to be annulled if no legal ground would be established. This doctrine is now established by the 1987 Philippine Constitution as it is included in one of its provisions.

paragraph: Javellana v. Executive Secretary (G.R. No. L-36142, March 31, 1973; 50 SCRA 30): Concepción's last "ponencia", he formally delivered the summary of votes in upholding the 1973 Philippine Constitution, but delivered in his own opinion his disapproval that the said Constitution was in effect and ratified properly by the Filipino people.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernas, Joaquin G., S.J. (2003). "The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines: a Commentary". Rex Book Store, Manila

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cruz, Isagani A. (2000). "Res Gestae: A Brief History of the Supreme Court". Rex Book Store, Manila

paragraph: BULLET::::- Javellana v. Executive Secretary (G.R. No. L-36142, March 31, 1973)."Supreme Court Reports Annotated", Volume 50, pp. 30. Central Law Book Publishing, Manila

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zaide, Sonia M. (1996). "Philippines: A Unique Nation". All-Nations Publishing Co., Manila

description: Filipino judge

wikidata_label: Roberto Concepcion

wikipedia_title: Roberto Concepcion


text:
c.
Anglo-Norman
Bishop of Ely
Roger of Salisbury
Henry I
English Church
Alexander
Treasurer of England
see
cathedral chapter
Stephen
Matilda
Henry II
Richard fitzNeal
Exchequer
Norman
Duke of Normandy
William the Conqueror
William Rufus
Kingdom of England
Normandy
Robert Curthose
Henry
Bishop of Salisbury
Laon
Anselm of Laon
William de Corbeil
Archbishop of Canterbury
Robert de Bethune
Bishop of Hereford
Geoffrey le Breton
Archbishop of Rouen
prebend
see of London
archdeacon
diocese of Salisbury
Bishop of Lincoln
William of Malmesbury
Bernard
Bishop of St David's
Westminster
Geoffrey Rufus
Durham
Æthelwold
Diocese of Carlisle
Lambeth
Adelelm
C. Warren Hollister
Constitutio domus regis
Orderic Vitalis
sake and soke
Liber Eliensis
Stephen
Theobald II, Count of Champagne
Matilda
Holy Roman Emperor
Henry V
William
Geoffrey, Count of Anjou
David
Robert, Earl of Gloucester
Beaumont family
Robert, Earl of Leicester
Waleran, Count of Meulan
Gesta Stephani
Marjorie Chibnall
Henry of Blois
Alan of Brittany
Devizes
Newark Castle
Sleaford Castle
Bishop of Winchester
papal legate
Odo of Bayeux
William de St-Calais
David Crouch
Anarchy
Philip de Harcourt
East Anglia
Isle of Ely
Innocent II
papal bull
Geoffrey de Mandeville
Theobald of Bec
Lucius II
St Radegund's Priory
Hilary of Chichester
Bishop of Chichester
Henry of Anjou
Pipe Rolls
Richard de Lucy
tax exemptions
barons of the Exchequer
Pope Adrian IV
sacrist
Thomas Becket
disputes
Bishop of London
Dialogus de Scaccario
William of Ely
the Fens
C. R. Dodwell
Anglo-Saxon
alb
chasuble
Anglo-Saxon art
David Knowles

categories: Anglo-Normans,1100s births,Lord High Treasurers of England,1169 deaths,Bishops of Ely

paragraph: Nigel (bishop of Ely)

paragraph: Nigel (c. 1100 – 1169) was an Anglo-Norman Bishop of Ely. He came from an ecclesiastical family; his uncle Roger of Salisbury was a bishop and government minister for King Henry I, and other relatives also held offices in the English Church and government. Nigel owed his advancement to his uncle, as did Nigel's probable brother Alexander, who like Nigel was advanced to episcopal status. Nigel was educated on the continent before becoming a royal administrator. He served as Treasurer of England under King Henry, before being appointed to the see, or bishopric, of Ely in 1133. His tenure was marked by conflicts with the monks of his cathedral chapter, who believed that Nigel kept income for himself that should properly have gone to them.

paragraph: Following the accession of Henry I's successor, King Stephen, Nigel remained as treasurer only briefly before his family was ousted from political office by the new king. Nigel rebelled and deserted to Stephen's rival Matilda, but eventually reconciled with Stephen. Although he subsequently held some minor administrative posts, he never regained high office under Stephen. On the king's death, Nigel was returned to the treasurership by the new king, Henry II. Nigel's second tenure as treasurer saw him return the administration to the practices of Henry I. He withdrew from much of his public work after around 1164, following an attack of paralysis. He was succeeded as treasurer by his son, Richard fitzNeal, whom he had trained in the operations of the Exchequer, or Treasury of England. Most historians, then and now, have felt that Nigel's administrative abilities were excellent; he is considered to have been more talented as an administrator than as a religious figure.

paragraph: Section::::Background and early life.

paragraph: Nigel's date of birth is uncertain, but it is likely to have been some time around 1100. Historians occasionally refer to him as Nigel Poor or Nigel of Ely, but before his elevation to the episcopate he was commonly known as Nigel, the bishop's nephew, or Nigel, the treasurer. He was probably a Norman by ancestry although he was brought up in England, which in 1066 had been conquered by the Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror. Following William's death in 1087 his realm was divided between two of his sons. His middle son, William Rufus, inherited the Kingdom of England, and the Duchy of Normandy passed to his eldest son, Robert Curthose. The youngest son, Henry, received a grant of money, which he used to purchase a lordship in Normandy. The brothers fought amongst themselves for the next twenty years; the initial conflict was between Rufus and Robert, but after Rufus' death in 1100 Henry, who succeeded Rufus as King of England, also became involved. Eventually, in 1106, Henry captured Robert, imprisoned him for life, and took control of Normandy.

paragraph: Nigel's uncle Roger of Salisbury, Bishop of Salisbury, saw to Nigel's education at the school of Laon in France, where he probably studied mathematics under Anselm of Laon. It is likely that his father was Roger's brother Humphrey. Other students at Laon included William de Corbeil, later Archbishop of Canterbury, Robert de Bethune, who became Bishop of Hereford, Geoffrey le Breton, future Archbishop of Rouen, and other men subsequently to hold bishoprics in the Anglo-Norman dominions.

paragraph: When he took vows as a cleric is unrecorded, but Nigel held a prebend, an ecclesiastical office in the cathedral, in the see of London before holding one of the offices of archdeacon in the diocese of Salisbury, although which archdeaconry he held is unclear. Most modern historians believe that Nigel was brother to Alexander of Lincoln, later Bishop of Lincoln, but this relationship is not specifically attested in the sources, which merely state that both were Roger's nephews. William of Malmesbury, a medieval chronicler, considered both Alexander and Nigel to be well educated and diligent. Nigel attended the consecration of Bernard as Bishop of St David's at Westminster in 1115, and may have returned to England from Laon by 1112. From the time of his return until around 1120 he served as a royal chaplain and attested a number of royal charters.

paragraph: Section::::Under Henry I.

paragraph: Nigel first became Treasurer in the reign of Henry I, and seems to have held that office from around 1126. He was already a receiver, or auditor and administrator, in the treasury of Normandy, and he served as treasurer for both realms, moving with the king and court between England and Normandy. The date of his appointment is unclear, as until he became a bishop, royal charters listed him as "nephew of the bishop" (Roger of Salisbury), rather than by any office he held. In 1131, though, he was listed in a papal letter as "Nigel, the treasurer", which securely establishes that he held the office at that date.

paragraph: In 1133, Roger of Salisbury secured the bishopric of Ely for Nigel. Ely had been without a bishop since 1131; after the two-year vacancy, King Henry made the appointment because he was settling outstanding business before leaving England to return to Normandy. At this time Henry also appointed Geoffrey Rufus to Durham, and Æthelwold to the newly created Diocese of Carlisle. Nigel was consecrated on 1 October 1133 at Lambeth by William de Corbeil—who was by then Archbishop of Canterbury—possibly with the assistance of Roger of Salisbury. Nigel continued to hold the office of treasurer until 1136, when he was replaced by a relative, Adelelm, although the historian C. Warren Hollister placed his departure from the office in 1133 with his appointment to Ely. The "Constitutio domus regis", or "Establishment of the King's Household", may have been written by Nigel, or possibly for his use, and probably was composed around 1135.

paragraph: Ely had until 1109 been an independent monastery, but its last abbot, Richard, had proposed to the king a plan by which the abbey would become a bishopric, presumably with the abbot himself as bishop. Richard died before the proposal could be put into operation, but in 1109, the custodian of the vacant abbey secured permission to make the change, and became the first Bishop of Ely. However, the administrative changes needed to make the abbey into a bishopric took longer, and were still unresolved at the time of Nigel's appointment. Regardless, Nigel was constantly at court, as shown by his appearance 31 times as a witness to charters during the last 10 years of Henry I's reign. This left little time for administration of his diocese, and Nigel appointed a married clergyman, Ranulf of Salisbury, to administer the diocese. Ranulf seems to have tyrannized the monks of the cathedral chapter, and Nigel appears to have done little to protect his monks from abuse. Later, during the early years of Stephen's reign, Nigel claimed to have uncovered a plot led by Ranulf to assassinate Normans. The exact nature of the conspiracy is obscure, and it is unclear what prompted it. The medieval chronicler Orderic Vitalis claimed that Ranulf planned to kill all the Normans in the government and hand the country over to the Scots. After the discovery of the plot, Ranulf fled the country and Nigel made peace with the monks of his cathedral chapter. Another source of conflict with his monks was the desire of the cathedral chapter to enjoy the same "liberty" as a corporate body that the bishops did in the diocese. This liberty was a group of rights that the abbey had originally held, and had transferred to the bishop when the abbey became a bishopric. The rights included sake and soke, or the right to command dues from the land, and the right to levy tolls. They also included the right to hold courts dealing with theft. Around 1135, Nigel conceded this point to the monks. Although he restored some of the lands that had been taken from the monks by Ranulf, the "Liber Eliensis" (the house chronicle of the monks of Ely) continued to decry his administration of the diocese and the lands of the cathedral chapter, alleging that "he kept back for himself some properties of the church which he wanted, and very good ones they were". The chronicle contains a number of complaints that Nigel oppressed the monks or despoiled them.

paragraph: Section::::Stephen's early reign.

paragraph: Following King Henry's death in 1135, the succession was disputed between the king's nephews—Stephen and his elder brother, Theobald II, Count of Champagne—and Henry's surviving legitimate child Matilda, usually known as the Empress Matilda because of her first marriage to the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry V. King Henry's only legitimate son, William, had died in 1120. After Matilda was widowed in 1125, she returned to her father, who married her to Geoffrey, Count of Anjou. All the magnates of England and Normandy were required to declare fealty to Matilda as Henry's heir, but when Henry I died in 1135, Stephen rushed to England and had himself crowned before either Theobald or Matilda could react. The Norman barons accepted Stephen as Duke of Normandy, and Theobald contented himself with his possessions in France. Matilda, though, was less sanguine, and secured the support of the Scottish king, David, who was her maternal uncle, and in 1138 also the support of her half-brother, Robert, Earl of Gloucester, an illegitimate son of Henry I.

paragraph: After Stephen's accession, Nigel was at first retained as treasurer, but the king came to suspect him and his family of secretly supporting the Empress Matilda. The prime movers behind Stephen's suspicions against the bishops were the Beaumont family, headed by the twin brothers Robert, Earl of Leicester, and Waleran, Count of Meulan, who wished to be the main advisors of the king. Roger, Alexander, and Nigel together held key castles, including Salisbury, Devizes, Sherborne, Malmesbury, Sleaford, and Newark. The Beaumonts alleged that Roger and his family were fortifying the castles they held in preparation for turning them over to Matilda. They urged the king to confiscate the castles before they were lost. Although the "Gesta Stephani", or "Deeds of King Stephen", a medieval chronicle of the events of Stephen's reign, alleges that Roger was disloyal to Stephen, the evidence is against such action by Roger, as he had been an opponent of Matilda since 1126, when she was first put forward as her father's heir. Roger and his family also had been early supporters of Stephen's seizure of the crown after Henry I's death. The contemporary chronicler Orderic Vitalis felt that Roger's family were going to betray the king, but William of Malmesbury believed that the allegations were based on envy from "powerful laymen". Whatever Roger's position, Nigel's own position on Matilda is less clear, and it is possible that he was never as opposed to her as his uncle. No evidence survives that he was estranged from Stephen, however, as Nigel continued to witness charters throughout the first four years of Stephen's reign. According to the historian Marjorie Chibnall, Nigel's family may have been caught up in a dispute between Henry of Blois and the Beaumonts.

paragraph: Section::::Arrest of the bishops.

paragraph: In 1139, supporters of Roger and his family brawled in public with some men who supported Alan of Brittany. The brawl may have been provoked by the Beaumonts, for Alan was often associated with them. At a court held at Oxford in June 1139, Stephen required Roger of Salisbury, Alexander of Lincoln, and Nigel to surrender their castles as a consequence of the brawl. When Roger and his family delayed, the king ordered their arrest. Nigel managed to escape arrest by fleeing to the castle of Devizes, and the king followed and began a siege. The king threatened to hang Roger in front of the castle unless it capitulated, and Nigel, under pressure from Roger's wife, surrendered the castle after the siege had lasted three days. All three bishops then submitted and surrendered their secular offices and castles. They were, however, allowed to retain their dioceses. Nigel surrendered Newark Castle and Sleaford Castle, both of which had been constructed by Alexander. Stephen promptly gave Newark to Robert, Earl of Leicester, who was in turn excommunicated by Alexander of Lincoln.

paragraph: Stephen's brother, Henry of Blois, who was Bishop of Winchester and papal legate in England, called an ecclesiastical council at Winchester on 29 August 1139, and summoned the king to answer charges that he had unlawfully arrested clergy. The king refused to attend, and sent a representative instead. After meeting for a few days, the council was dismissed on 1 September without deciding anything except to appeal to the pope in Rome. In the end, the appeal never reached Rome. Part of the problem confronting the assembled bishops was that Stephen had not expelled Roger's family from their ecclesiastical offices, merely their secular ones. Stephen's representatives argued that the bishops had given up their castles and money voluntarily to avoid secular charges. The defence taken by the king was not novel; it had been used before by William I and William II against Odo of Bayeux and William de St-Calais, respectively.

paragraph: Traditionally, the arrest of the bishops has been seen as a turning point in Stephen's reign, and the event that turned the ecclesiastical hierarchy against him. Recent historians have held a lively debate on the issue; a few still hold to the traditional interpretation, but most have decided that reactions in the English church were more ambivalent. One modern historian, David Crouch, believes that the arrest of the bishops signalled the beginnings of the Anarchy, not because of any alienation of the church, but through court politics, where Stephen showed himself incapable of manipulating the factions of his court. The ascendency of the Beaumonts was marked by the placement of one of their protégés, Philip de Harcourt, as Chancellor.

paragraph: Roger died in December 1139 while in the king's custody. After the death of his uncle, Nigel, then in East Anglia, revolted. In January 1140, he fortified the Isle of Ely, but was soon besieged and forced to flee. Even his own cathedral chapter refused to support him, and his revolt collapsed in January. Nigel took refuge at the court of Stephen's rival, the Empress Matilda, who had landed in England in the south on 30 September 1139 in a bid to take the throne. The revolt stood little chance of succeeding, for there were no supporters of Matilda close to East Anglia, and it is likely that Nigel reacted more out of fear and anger at his uncle's death than anything else. It appears likely that Nigel appealed to Pope Innocent II at this time, for in October 1140 Innocent issued a papal bull, or papal instruction, ordering the restoration to Nigel of the lands of his bishopric, and it appears that after the capture of Stephen, Matilda managed to restore Nigel to Ely briefly. In 1141, Nigel, along with his brother Alexander, was one of the supporters of Matilda who, after the capture of Stephen by Matilda's forces, reached an agreement with Henry of Blois to replace Stephen with Matilda on the throne. Ultimately, this agreement came to nothing when Matilda's chief supporter, her half-brother Robert of Gloucester, was captured and later exchanged for Stephen. Stephen's release meant that the king was free to send Geoffrey de Mandeville against Nigel, and Nigel submitted to the king, probably in 1142.

paragraph: Section::::Stephen's later reign.

paragraph: In 1143, Nigel became involved in a quarrel with the powerful Henry of Blois. Charges of depriving a priest of a church, giving church property to laymen, and encouraging sedition were brought against Nigel, and he was forced to go to Rome to defend himself, only reaching Rome in 1144. He did not return to his diocese until 1145. He probably accompanied Theobald of Bec, the Archbishop of Canterbury, who went to Rome around this time on separate business. While he was in Rome, Pope Lucius II issued a number of rulings in Nigel's favor, ordering his restitution to Ely. He was then finally reconciled with Stephen by paying a fine of £200 and offering his son Richard fitzNeal as a hostage. While Nigel was at Rome, Ely was attacked by the king's forces. The monks sent to Geoffrey de Mandeville for aid, and Geoffrey came and occupied the Isle of Ely, while the king's forces occupied the lands of the diocese outside the Isle. Both occupying forces did damage to the lands of the diocese and the cathedral chapter. The monks, in the "Liber Eliensis", complained that Nigel had taken items from the church to finance his trip to Rome, and that they were required to help contribute to the bribe when Nigel was reconciled with Stephen.

paragraph: By 1147, Nigel was again witnessing Stephen's charters, and in 1153 or 1154 he was named in a grant of lands to St Radegund's Priory in Cambridge. He assisted with the consecration of Hilary of Chichester as Bishop of Chichester in August 1147. He took part in shire courts in both Norfolk and Suffolk in 1150, and continued to assist with episcopal consecrations throughout the remainder of Stephen's reign. No records exist of him being involved with treasury affairs during this time. His witnessing of charters is sparse, and almost always in company with other bishops; this suggests that he was only at court for councils or other similar events. Nigel was a witness to Stephen's charter that left England to Matilda's son, Henry of Anjou. When Henry succeeded Stephen, Nigel was present at the coronation.

paragraph: Section::::Return to the Exchequer.

paragraph: After the accession of Henry II, Nigel was summoned to reorganize the Exchequer, or treasury, that was responsible for the production of the government's financial records, including the Pipe Rolls. The king had to ask Nigel several times to return before the bishop agreed, and one reason for Nigel's reluctance may have been that he would have to work with Robert, Earl of Leicester, one of the Beaumonts, who had been responsible for turning Stephen against Nigel's family in 1139. Another of Nigel's colleagues in the administration was a layman, Richard de Lucy, who served as a justice until 1178. Nigel was the only surviving minister of Henry I, and his knowledge of the Exchequer was needed to help reorganize the revenues of the king and restore administrative practices lost during Stephen's reign. The lone pipe roll to survive from Henry I's reign, for the year 1130, may be Nigel's own copy, brought with him to the Exchequer when he returned under Henry II. Nigel was able to increase the revenues compared to what had been collected under Stephen, but he was unable to quickly return them to the amounts collected under Henry I. It may have been Nigel who urged the king to attempt to recover estates that had been alienated during Stephen's reign.

paragraph: The pipe roll for 1155–1156 has several entries which declare that Nigel was making decisions about monetary affairs and issuing writs, but later pipe rolls do not contain any such entries. It appears likely that after the initial reorganization of the Exchequer, Nigel's involvement lessened. He continued to be active, though, and obtained tax exemptions and other privileges until his death in 1169. His son, Richard fitzNeal, who is the main source for information about Nigel's career in the Exchequer, stated that he fulfilled Nigel's treasury duties when Nigel was ill. Nigel continued to spar with Robert, the Earl of Leicester, and Richard fitzNeal relays a story about Nigel and Robert confronting each other at the Exchequer over traditional exemptions of the barons of the Exchequer, or judges of the Exchequer. Among the reforms carried out by Nigel were the restoration of the "blanch farm" system, whereby a random sample of coins was assayed and any shortage was collected from the sheriff, and the restoration of collections from a swath of counties that had quit paying taxes during Stephen's reign. The most substantial change was the return to a unified system of finances, which in turn required a reconciliation of the two different systems in use by Stephen and Matilda. Despite Nigel's reinstatement to the Exchequer, and the nomination of his son as treasurer, Nigel did not enjoy the power that his uncle had wielded under Henry I. The exact date of Richard's appointment as treasurer is obscure, but it was sometime between 1158 and 1160, as he is securely attested as treasurer in 1160. The "Liber Eliensis" states that Nigel paid the king £400 to secure the office for Richard. Some historians have seen Nigel as Henry II's "minister of finance".

paragraph: Nigel also served as a royal justice under Henry II. Although his relations with the government had improved, his relations with the monks of his cathedral chapter, which had never been good, continued to be marked by quarrels. In 1156, the English Pope Adrian IV threatened to suspend Nigel from office unless the bishop restored all the lands that had belonged to the church when Nigel became bishop. The restitution was hampered by the absence of the king from England, and the dispute dragged on until finally it was resolved by Nigel pledging in front of Theobald of Bec, Archbishop of Canterbury, to restore the lands. By 1158, Nigel had managed to restore enough possessions that Adrian relaxed the conditions. Even this did not end the quarrels with the monks, as Nigel then named a married clerk as sacrist of Ely, an action which was condemned by Thomas Becket, the new Archbishop of Canterbury. Nigel did manage to secure a reduction in the assessment of knight's fees due from the diocese, from the 60 fees that were due under Henry I, to 40 in 1166.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Nigel died on 30 May 1169. In either 1164 or in 1166, or possibly both, he had been struck by paralysis, and after this he seems to have withdrawn from active affairs. He took little part in the disputes between the king and Thomas Becket, although he did agree with his fellow bishops who opposed the king's attempt to reduce clerical benefits. He may have been buried at Ely, where a 12th-century marble slab possibly marks his tomb.

paragraph: Nigel was a married bishop, and his son Richard fitzNeal was later Lord Treasurer and Bishop of London. Another son was William, called William the Englishman. Richard, who wrote the "Dialogus de Scaccario", or "Dialogue concerning the Exchequer" about the procedures of the Exchequer, had been taught those procedures by his father. Nigel's uncle Roger had at least one son, Roger, who was King Stephen's chancellor; Adelelm, who succeeded Nigel as treasurer after his first term, was probably Roger's son also. Another relative was William of Ely, who succeeded Richard fitzNeal as treasurer in 1196, although the exact relationship is unclear.

paragraph: Nigel was active in draining the Fens, the swampy land around Ely, to increase the agricultural lands around his bishopric. He also fortified the Isle of Ely with stone defences, probably starting around 1140. The remains of one castle on Cherry Hill in Ely probably date to Nigel's fortifications. Early in his time as bishop he was active in recovering lands of the church that had been granted to knights by his predecessors, and soon after his consecration he ordered an inquest made into the lands actually owned by the diocese and cathedral chapter. The bishop spent most of his life in debt, but in the year he died he managed to clear it with his son's help. The monks of his cathedral chapter did not like the fact that they were required to pay for the bishop's appeals to Rome to recover his see, or pay for regaining the king's favour. Their dislike of their bishop is evident in the "Liber Eliensis". The art historian C. R. Dodwell wrote of Nigel's efforts: When ... Nigel ... needed to raise money in order to repair his own political fortunes, he stripped down, sold, or used as security, a quite astounding number of Ely's monastic treasures. These numbered Crucifixes of gold and silver from the Anglo-Saxon past, and they included an alb with gold-embroidered apparels, given by St Æthelwold, and a chasuble, given by King Edgar, which was almost all of gold. A gold and bejewelled textile covering ... was sold to the Bishop of Lincoln, Alexander, who took it with him to Rome as a gift of particular splendour. It is a biting commentary on attitudes of the Anglo-Norman episcopy to Anglo-Saxon art, that it was left to the pope to point out that such an artistic heirloom should never have left Ely in the first place and to order its return.

paragraph: Most historians have seen Nigel as an administrator, not a religious bishop. The historian David Knowles wrote that Nigel "had devoted all his energies and abilities to matters purely secular; in the department of financial administration he was supreme, and more than any other man he helped to ensure the continuity and development of the excellent administrative practice initiated under Henry I". The historian W. L. Warren said that "Stephen probably paid dearly for the dismissal of Bishop Roger of Salisbury and Bishop Nigel of Ely, for the expertise of the exchequer was lodged in their expertise." Whatever Nigel's administrative talent, his ecclesiastical abilities are generally held to be low; the "Gesta Stephani" says of both him and Alexander that they were "men who loved display and were rash in their reckless presumption ... disregarding the holy and simple manner of life that befits a Christian priest they devoted themselves so utterly to warfare and the vanities of this world that whenever they attended court by appointment they ... aroused general astonishment on account of the extraordinary concourse of knights by which they were surrounded on every side."

alias:
Nigel Poor
Nigel of Ely

description: Anglo-Norman Bishop of Ely, Treasurer of England

wikidata_label: Nigel

wikipedia_title: Nigel (bishop of Ely)


text: Berlin

text: Antwerp

text: German

text: American

text: heraldic artist

text: Berlin-Charlottenburg

text: Gustaf von Numers Prize

text: Helsinki

text: Académie Internationale d'Héraldique

text: Hubert Chesshyre

categories: Heraldic artists,American artists,American people of German descent,German artists,2009 deaths,1919 births,German emigrants to the United States

paragraph: Carl-Alexander von Volborth

paragraph: Carl-Alexander von Volborth (February 21, 1919, Berlin - February 25, 2009, Antwerp) was a German-born American heraldic artist and heraldist.

paragraph: Born in Berlin-Charlottenburg, von Volborth received the Gustaf von Numers Prize 1984 in the XVIth International Congress of Genealogical and Heraldic Sciences in Helsinki. He was a member of HEROLD, Verein für Heraldik, Genealogie und verwandte Wissenschaften zu Berlin e. V. from 1990 and a member of Académie Internationale d'Héraldique.

paragraph: Von Volborth lived and worked in the United States (Cincinnati, Ohio) during the 1950s and 1960s. He was a teacher at the Cincinnati art school. Von Volborth married twice: Rose (divorced 1960s, 1970s?) and a Belgian diplomat, Diana Danys. His first marriage produced two sons.

paragraph: Von Volborth was admitted to the "Johanniterorden" ("Order of Saint John") in 1977. Four years later, he received the accolade as a Knight of Justice ("Rechtsritter") in the Order. In 1962, Von Volborth illustrated and published a roll of arms of the knights of the Order living in North America.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Roll of Arms of Knights of the Bailiwick of Brandenburg of the Chivalric Order of St. John of the Hospital of Jerusalem Called "Johanniter-Orden" Who live in the United States and Canada", 1962

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heraldry: Customs, Rules, and Styles" Poole, Dorset, New Orchard Editions, 1981, 229 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Art of Heraldry", Poole, Dorset, Blandford Press, 1984, 224 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heraldry of the World" (edited by Hubert Chesshyre) Poole, Dorset, Blandford Press, 1973, 251 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Little Manual of Heraldry: A Synoptical Approach"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Very Dubious Codex Senilski" (with Marc Van de Cruys), Homunculus, Wijnegem, 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Very Peculiar Codex of Pluckingham Court", Homunculus, Wijnegem, 2006

description: German heraldic artist (1909-2009)

wikidata_label: Carl-Alexander von Volborth

wikipedia_title: Carl-Alexander von Volborth


text:
Piacenza
Bianchi
Fiat
Portello
Milan
A.L.F.A 24 HP
Alfa Romeo Grand Prix
World War I
Alfa Romeo G1
Targa Florio
RL
RM
P1
Vittorio Jano
Isotta Fraschini

categories: Italian automotive engineers,Formula One people,1872 births,1956 deaths,Formula One designers,Alfa Romeo people,People from Piacenza

paragraph: Giuseppe Merosi

paragraph: Giuseppe Merosi (8 December 1872 – 27 March 1956) was a famous Italian automobile engineer.

paragraph: Born in Piacenza, Merosi trained as a building surveyor, before he discovered his gift for the automotive engineering. He gained first experiences at Bianchi and the running department of Fiats. Soon he was hired (1910) as a new chief engineer to new company A.L.F.A which was established at Portello in Milan.

paragraph: The predecessor company, which had manufactured licensed products of the French automaker Darracq, had failed. The first Alfa designed by Merosi was A.L.F.A 24 HP, which came on the market on 24 June 1910. From its 4.1 litres capacity were obtained a proud 42 hp and the cars reached , at that time a very considerable maximum speed. In the first year already 50 pieces were sold. The cars proved to be durable and reliable vehicles with an elegant design. Higher HP models followed in the coming years. In 1914 Merosi designed the first Alfa Romeo DOHC engine, 4 cylinders, 4.5 litres and 16 valve head, this was used in 1914 Alfa Romeo Grand Prix car. World War I stopped development and it was not until 1922 Merosi came again with DOHC engine. The beginning of the '20s also saw the luxurious Alfa Romeo G1.

paragraph: Merosi recognized also the meaning of racing both for the development and for the mark image. Thus already 1911 Alfa Romeo HP took part in the Targa Florio. The first pure racing cars were starting from 1920 the RL and RM as well as the P1. 1923 Targa Florio was won for the first time.

paragraph: 1926 Merosi left the company and he was replaced with new chief engineer Vittorio Jano. He worked afterwards for Isotta Fraschini and died at the age of 84 in 1956.

description: Italian automotive engineer

wikidata_label: Giuseppe Merosi

wikipedia_title: Giuseppe Merosi


text:
Manchester
Wiltshire
Lamb
Beloved One
Bloom
One Good Thing
808 State
A Guy Called Gerald
Funkstörung
Pale 3
Sugizo
Plump DJs
Sheila Chandra
Eliza Carthy
Art of Noise
The Cinematic Orchestra
Ma Fleur
record label
Beloved One
Nationwide Mercury Music Prize
Lamb
Nick Drake
Glastonbury Festival
Bloom
One Good Thing
The xx
Lamb
trip hop
jazz
drum and bass
folk music
Strata Books
Don Solaris
A Guy Called Gerald
The Princess and the Warrior
Disconnected
Crispin Robinson
Wiltshire
Beloved One
Bloom
One Good Thing
Ninja Tune
theyesandeye
Nude Records
Tremble
The Rain

categories: 1978 births,English female guitarists,English children's writers,Musicians from Manchester,21st-century women singers,English female singers,21st-century English singers,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people

paragraph: Lou Rhodes

paragraph: Lou Rhodes is an English singer and songwriter from Manchester, now living in Wiltshire. In addition to providing vocals and lyrics for the band Lamb, Rhodes has released four solo albums: "Beloved One", "Bloom" and "One Good Thing" and "theyesandeye". Rhodes has collaborated with 808 State, A Guy Called Gerald, Funkstörung, Pale 3, Sugizo, Plump DJs, Sheila Chandra, Eliza Carthy, Art of Noise, and The Cinematic Orchestra on "Ma Fleur" and the soundtrack to "".

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Originally from Manchester, Rhodes was born to a folk singer mother Annie Burton. She grew up around the English folk scene and worked as a photographer in the early 1990s. Rhodes met engineer Andy Barlow through a friend and recorded a demo tape together, forming the band Lamb. It resulted in a six album deal with Mercury Records in 1995. In 2004, Rhodes and Lamb collaborator Barlow split and both began to pursue solo ventures.

paragraph: Rhodes started her own record label, Infinite Bloom, at the beginning of 2006, to issue her debut solo album "Beloved One," which was shortlisted for the Nationwide Mercury Music Prize the same year. This album explored the folk side of Rhodes's music, which was previously undisplayed while performing in Lamb, although songs such as "Fortress" are reminiscent of her times playing in Lamb. She has been described as following a Nick Drake path as a singer-songwriter. In February 2006, she performed together with other female folk singers at the Daughters of Albion event, which was broadcast by BBC 4. Rhodes has performed at Glastonbury Festival a number of times.

paragraph: In April 2007, her debut was re-released in the US through Cooking Vinyl Records, adding three bonus tracks. Rhodes' second album "Bloom" was released through A&G Records on 1 September 2007. It featured Emre Ramazanoglu (drums) and Stephen Junior (guitar). On 24 September 2007 she released the first single from "Bloom", called "The Rain". In October 2007 Lou Rhodes began a tour to promote the album, however the tour was cut short after the death of her sister.

paragraph: In 2009, Lamb reunited for a tour followed by an album "5" in 2010. During this same period, Rhodes recorded her third album, "One Good Thing" in the space of two weeks"." Largely acoustic, the eleven songs were recorded with the assistance of Barlow at his studio. It was released in March 2010 and distributed by Ninja Tune.

paragraph: In anticipation of her fourth album release, Rhodes released the singles "All The Birds" in April, and "All I Need" in June 2016. A month later, the album "theyesandeye" was released through Nude records. Part financed through Pledge Music, the eleven songs were co-produced by Simon Byrt. It includes a cover of the song "Angels" originally performed by The xx. Other contributors include Ian Kellet (guitars), Nikolaj Bjerre (drums), Danny Keane (strings) and Tom Moth (harp).

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Musical style.

paragraph: Although Lamb is famous for blending trip hop with jazz and elements of drum and bass, Rhodes's solo work is more organic and rooted in folk music. Rhodes expressed a doubt that she will ever return to electronica. She combines finely tuned acoustic guitars—the essence of almost every arrangement—with violin, double bass, and rich percussion. Lyrically, her songs can be described as extremely romantic, soulful and very personal, this is how Rhodes explains the last album's lyrics:

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Author.

paragraph: Lou Rhodes is also a published author. Her children's picture book, 'The Phlunk' (Lou Rhodes/Tori Elliott), published by Strata Books in 2012, received good reviews. Follow-up "The Phlunk's Worldwide Symphony" appeared in 2015. In 2012 Rhodes also contributed an essay to 'The First Time I Heard The Smiths', part of an ongoing series where musicians/writers tell their stories of first hearing the music of an iconic artist or band.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Collaborations.

paragraph: Besides her solo work, Rhodes has provided vocals for a number of other artists. In 1996 she featured on the track "Azura" on the 808 State album Don Solaris. Released as a single, it reached no. 79. In 1997 she provided a vocal for the song "Kanon" on the album "Truth?" by the Japanese guitarist Sugizo. She also co-wrote and featured on the song "Humanity" on the A Guy Called Gerald album "Essence" released in 2000. The same year she also featured on the soundtrack for the film The Princess and the Warrior, performing the song "Escape (Afraid of No One)". In 2004 she featured on the album Disconnected by Funkstörung,

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Lou Rhodes was married to Crispin Robinson and has two sons. She lives in rural Wiltshire, England.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 "Beloved One" (Infinite Bloom Recordings)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 "Bloom" (A&G Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 "One Good Thing" (Motion Audio, distributed by Ninja Tune)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 "theyesandeye" (Nude Records) UK#100

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 "Tremble"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 "The Rain" (A&G Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 "There for the Taking" (Motion Audio)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 "The Phlunk" ( | 009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 "The Phlunk's Worldwide Symphony" ()

description: British singer

wikidata_label: Lou Rhodes

wikipedia_title: Lou Rhodes


text: DJ

text: record label

text: Hong Kong

text: Craig Richards

text: Global Underground

text: Hooj Choons

text: acid house

text: top 40

text: Wan Chai District

text: Burning Man

text: PLUG Award

text: DJ Magazine

text: Top 100

text: PLUG Awards

text: Lee Burridge

text: Lee Burridge

text: (2006) Lee Burridge Interview

text: Lee Burridge tracklisting archive

text: Lee Burridge @ Kudos Beach Romania

text: Lee Burridge rocks Movement 2008

paragraph: Lee Burridge

paragraph: Lee Burridge is a DJ, producer, and record label owner who helped launch the underground club scene in Hong Kong during the early 1990s, and today plays at nightclubs across the world. Renowned for his storytelling musical style in his DJ sets as well as for his energy and enthusiasm in the DJ booth, his style encompasses the deeper and groovier end of house and techno. Equally suited to night time as they are for sunrise or sunset events. Burridge was a member of England's Tyrant Soundsystem (along with DJs Craig Richards and Sasha) and has mixed albums for labels such as Balance, Fabric, Global Underground and Hooj Choons.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early career (1985 to 1990).

paragraph: Lee Burridge's DJ career began in the tiny tourist village of Eype in the county of Dorset on 26 December 1983, when he played for the first time at The New Inn. A bar owned and run by his parents at the time.

paragraph: With the help of his father, shortly thereafter Burridge started his own mobile DJ operation, "Cutz" and spent the next few years travelling the surrounding countryside villages and towns playing weddings, birthday parties and even the occasional funeral.

paragraph: Working as a mobile DJ led to a seasonal opportunity at a local holiday resort. Soon after that, Burridge began performing every weekend at the local town's nightclub where he played mostly chart music while also entertaining the crowd with his antics behind the decks as well as on the microphone.

paragraph: Burridge's first true big break came when he landed a residency at an award-winning club called The Palace in Somerset, where he played weekly and was introduced to the art of mixing records by one of the club's other resident DJs, Wayne Rideout. It was also at The Palace during the summer of 1987 that a group of visitors turned Burridge on to London's emerging acid house sound which would shape his career and define a path to this day.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Hong Kong (1991 to 1997).

paragraph: In early 1991 Burridge was spotted and headhunted by a club owner from overseas who offered him a job abroad in the then British colony of Hong Kong.

paragraph: Moving on his 22nd birthday, Burridge moved to Hong Kong starting his full-time DJ career for the first time at a club called Joe Bananas. He initially played to a mostly mainstream audience at his first Hong Kong job, where he earned a reputation for being a party DJ, hanging upside down from the sprinkler system on the ceiling above the booth and mixing top 40 music to a more commercial crowd. After 4:00 am though the crowd changed and drew local bar employees. Burridge played more underground house music which led to him forging a friendship with two managers of another local bar named The Beach Hut. All had attended some of the UK's early rave parties and decided to bring their experiences to Hong Kong. Aimed initially at the Western crowd the tiny venue hosted the first electronic music event in 1992 which thereafter led to a thriving dance music scene. The first event drew approximately one hundred people but by the second event a month later five hundred people turned up attempting to get into the bar causing a roadblock outside that the police had to disperse.

paragraph: The scene grew rapidly as other promoters popped up but it was the mainstay nightly venues that really cemented this period of Hong Kong's dance music history as unique and exciting. After finishing work at 5:00 am in Joe Banana's Burridge had discovered an empty basement bar with great sound directly across the street. The Big Apple slowly became the place to be as seven nights a week Burridge would be found playing into the mid morning or later.

paragraph: Burridge created and held two different club residencies in the once-seedy Wan Chai District between 1992–1997 which were The Big Apple and Neptunes. Playing an eclectic mix of dance music six or seven nights a week to packed dance floors these parties were the most popular nights in Hong Kong club scene helping establish Burridge's early DJ career and gaining attention from visiting artists and promoters.

paragraph: One of Burridge's arguably biggest Hong Kong achievements, which he rarely mentions, was the establishment of Neptune's. Burridge and his friends at the time had left for Hadrin in Thailand during Christmas of 1996. Being people of leisure, thought nothing about whether their regular gigs would be available when they got back to Hong Kong, if they decided a few more weeks in Thailand was a good idea, which they ultimately ended up doing.

paragraph: Also during his Hong Kong stint, Burridge discovered Haad Rin, Thailand, and was a key player in bringing electronic music and DJing to the island. Arriving in February 1992 after hearing about the location from a group of travellers who passed through Hong Kong, Burridge's performances helped grow the full moon parties from drum circles around open fires on the beach into what can be considered the Mecca of Full Moon parties.

paragraph: Burridge would continue to visit the island regularly until 1999, staying for three months at a time to play full moon as well as weekly parties held at the Backyard venue alongside local DJ A and another Haad Rin mainstay, Backyard Dave who was also institutional in bringing dance music to the island.

paragraph: In his final few years in Hong Kong he often invited visiting DJs to play at either the Big Apple or Neptune's and it was after one of these weekends that he began his friendship with UK DJs Sasha and Craig Richards, who ended up inviting him to form the Tyrant Sound System upon his return to the UK.[1]

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Return to England and Tyrant (1998 to 2001).

paragraph: Although Burridge's reputation in Hong Kong earned him gigs nearly every night in the city's top venues, he was completely unknown in the UK.

paragraph: Richards—who was running several successful club nights in London at the time, including Georgie and Malibu Stacey invited Burridge to play at several of his parties. Traction was slow and after one year back in the UK Lee considered returning to Asia. It was shortly after this that Tyrant was formed and the subsequent launch catapulted Burridge's career in the UK.

paragraph: As part of Tyrant, Burridge teamed up with Richards and Sasha to play regular monthly nights in London, first in a warehouse space In Park Royal, which then moved to the End nightclub. Adding a monthly night at The Bomb in Nottingham the brand garnered a great deal of interest and press allowing Burridge to begin playing more solo gigs at leading British nightclubs, such as Cream, Golden and Ministry of Sound.

paragraph: He mixed his first compilation for Hooj Choons, Deeper Shades of Hooj 2 in just a single night.

paragraph: In 1999, Burridge cracked "DJ Magazine"s prestigious annual Top 100 list for the first time, placing 33rd. That same year, Burridge also released his first solo mix album, "Metropolis" on Tide.

paragraph: While continuing to carve out a career of his own, Burridge's work with the Tyrant project blossomed. Sasha's production schedule caused him to miss several key shows allowing Burridge and Richards to forge forward. Picking up the slack they continued to evolve the Tyrant nights picking up new fans as they went. When Sasha eventually decided to leave the project, the duo solidified a new sound for the project leaning away from Sasha's more progressive vibes. This sound led the way for many artists and inspired many who followed their legendary nights. It was the release of their highly acclaimed Tyrant mix compilation in 2000 that opened the door to global recognition.

paragraph: Around that same time, Burridge and Richards began a monthly Tyrant residency at the newly opened Fabric Nightclub in London which they held down monthly until 2006.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early 2000s (2002 to 2004).

paragraph: In 2001 Burridge appeared on the cover of DJ Magazine and was asked to join an emerging group of young DJs for Global Underground's NuBreed series. Burridge's double disc NuBreed compilation, which featured a mixture of breakbeat, tech house and techno, again helping to cement the DJ's mass appeal and popularity. That same year he also moved into the top 30 DJ's in the world in the "DJ Magazine" poll.[1][2]

paragraph: In 2002 Burridge and Richards teamed up once again for another Tyrant mix CD. No Shoes, No Cake also featured Burridge's first single release, Lost and Found, on Fire recordings. The duo's monthly parties in London at Fabric had become one of the most popular nights in the city helping Burridge rise to the 9th most popular DJ in the world in the DJ Magazine poll. Burridge was regularly touring globally at this time playing cities such as Sydney, Buenos Aires, New York, Singapore and Ibiza in addition to playing festivals such as Creamfields, the Gatecrasher Summer Sound System, V Festival and Homelands.

paragraph: In 2003 Global Underground approached him once again to mix the second instalment of the label's 24:7 series. The two-disc release was conceptually themed as a day and a night disc foreshadowing his interest in the daytime sound he later began exploring.

paragraph: His appeal in the US really began through regular gigs in New York. Working alongside Made Events Burridge played at the legendary clubs, Twilo and Vinyl as well as an annual series of Halloween events. Winter Music conference in Miami also gave exposure to his long sets and passion for after parties.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:(2005 to 2010).

paragraph: In early 2005, Burridge and Richards were invited by James Lavelle to remix the single "Eye for an Eye" by his U.N.K.L.E. project. Later that year Burridge departed from London after nearly a decade and began an ambitious new project called 365. Following many years of global touring and one-off shows, Burridge developed the 365 project as a residency based tour where he would move to a city for a month or two at a time to play a series of parties allowing him time to learn both more about the city and its clubbing crowd. Beginning in New York, Burridge spent the next two years taking the 365 concept to Ibiza, Florence, Buenos Aires, Sydney, New York, San Francisco, Denver and Hong Kong. In each city, he worked with local promoters to build a series of four or more parties while also setting aside time to work with local producers. During the 365 project, Burridge kept a popular journal which was published online monthly by DJ Magazine describing the adventures he encountered and the humorous take he has on life on the road as a DJ. That year Burridge also joined Sander Kleinenberg to mix one half of This Is Everybody! On Tour, a more fan-friendly album than his previous endeavours[4] and he began what would become an annual mainstay party at the Winter Music Conference in Miami, Florida, in conjunction with MADE Events, the Burridge Barrage. In 2006, Burridge began another annual party at San Francisco's Love Parade called the LoveLee Party. He launched his own record label, Almost Anonymous, to release the music he produced with local artists he collaborated with during the 365 project.[5] The label released collaborations between Burridge and Andy Page, Steve Porter and Dan F, the latter of which, Treat 'Em Mean, Keep 'Em Keen, appeared on Ewan Pearson's Fabric 35 album. However, the label suffered the same fate as many others in 2007, going under when its distributor went into receivership.

paragraph: Burridge began visiting the Burning Man festival for the first time in 2004, and would go on to describe the annual eight-day arts and musical gathering in Nevada as the best event he had been to.[5]

paragraph: 2007 saw Burridge mix Balance: 012. The twelfth instalment of the Balance series for Australia's EQ Recordings, joining DJs such as James Holden, Chris Fortier and Desyn Masiello. The three-disc album, which received critical acclaim across the board, was nominated for "Compilation of the Year" at the PLUG Awards. It also featured artwork and packaging that Burridge helped design.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:All Day I Dream (ADID) & Burning Man Festival.

paragraph: In 2011, Burridge launched a new project encompassing both a daytime event and record label. Titled, 'All Day I Dream', Burridge continued investigating his new musical direction that leaned towards the more melodic and melancholic sounds of house and techno which have since grown enormously in popularity. The (re)exploration of a more melodic sound was actually first sited in his 'all day i dream' podcast for Resident Advisor in 2008. These monthly summertime events began on a New York roof top (office op's) in Williamsburg in June 2011. By the end of 2012's season their ever-growing popularity led to the event being moved to a much larger space (The Well) in Bushwick. Hosted on Sunday afternoons from 3:00 pm until just after sunset each unique event has been produced paying close attention to the sound and a more organic production aesthetic including floating materials above people's heads, bamboo structures, fresh flowers and many other loving details that help create a much warmer and more organic feeling environment that compliments the feeling of the music. All Day I Dream's popularity continues to grow across the world and, as well as hosting major festival stages such as Picnik Electronic and BPM in Mexico where ADID hosted their own stage from 2012 on, the event took up a second USA summer residency, opening in June 2012, in Los Angeles which joined New York as host city to the ADID summer season which runs over four months each summer. The melodic sound pushed by the event and Burridge has been supported strongly by releases on his All Day I Dream label. Matthew Dekay's productions alongside Burridge have created many magical moments both on the label as well as at the events. Dekay and Burridge first crossed paths at a party in New York in 2009 where the two instantly hit it off and began working together. First collaborating on the track 'Wongle' their friendship began to grow during this time. Burridge's plan for the ADID event was complimented by Dekay's studio brilliance creating the early music of the soon to be label and parties. The pair released Gemini spell, Holding On and Fur Die Liebe on ADID as well as 'Lost in a Moment' on Innervisions creating a definitive and unique sound for the time. Strong yet subtle grooves underpin orchestrated elements that delve into minor key harmonies with complex arrangements became the soundtrack to many people's musical experiences both at All Day I Dream as well as Burning Man festival. Burridge's popularity has grown exponentially once again in recent years. Both through the ADID brand as well as his affiliation to the Burning Man festival. Burridge's seven to ten hour DJ sets each closing Sunday (which the past few years have taken place at Pink Mammoth) still remain one of the playa's best kept little secrets.

paragraph: All Day I Dream took the lead in 2011 and continues to inspire many to follow in its footsteps. The event and label continue to grow and support and nurture emerging artists such as Yokoo, Lost Desert, Bedouin, Oona Dahl, Gorje & Izhevski Powel, Hoj and many more.

paragraph: Burridge continued to release new music in 2016 and 2017 after discovering Lost Desert. Collaborating, the pair have released some more club focussed tracks on Get Weird. Their releases on All Day I Dream perpetuate and epitomise the label's pursuit of the dreamier and melodic end of the dance music spectrum. Working alongside Congo-born singer Junior Akwerty "Lingala" was released in Summer 2017. A firm favourite at the events the track picked up traction with DJ's across the board gaining popularity in the clubs as well as on the radio. Remixed by Gorje and Izhevski the track has been streamed several million times on Spotify and continues to garner attention. Junior Akwerty toured with Burridge and Lost desert, Summer 2017, across the US to rapturous response.

paragraph: Currently, Burridge lives between London, New York and Los Angeles. He continues to follow his bliss, playing his own events as well as clubs and festivals across the globe. He is managed by Jazz Spinder from FM Artists and booked by Matthew Kingsley and Alex Becket at CAA in Los Angeles and Maria May at CAA UK.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honours.

paragraph: "DJ Magazine" Top 100 Poll Rankings

paragraph: 1999 33

paragraph: 2000 45

paragraph: 2001 29

paragraph: 2002 9

paragraph: 2003 30

paragraph: 2004 56

paragraph: 2005 76

paragraph: 2006 88

paragraph: 2007 85

paragraph: "Compilation of the Year" nomination at the PLUG Awards.

paragraph: Section::::Selected discography.

paragraph: DJ Mixes/Compilations:

paragraph: 1998: Deeper Shades of Hooj: Volume Two (Hooj Choons)

paragraph: 1999: Metropolis (Tide)

paragraph: 2000: Tyrant with Craig Richards (Distinct'ive Breaks Records)

paragraph: 2001: Global Underground: Nubreed 005 (Boxed)

paragraph: 2002: No Shoes, No Cake with Craig Richards (Fabric, London)

paragraph: 2003: 24:7 (Boxed)

paragraph: 2005: This Is Everybody! On Tour (Ultra Records)

paragraph: 2007: Balance 012 (EQ Recordings)

paragraph: Releases:

paragraph: 2001: Lost & Found EP (Fire)

paragraph: 2006: Treat 'Em Mean, Keep 'Em Keen (Almost Anonymous)

paragraph: 2007: Do You Smoke Pot? (Almost Anonymous)

paragraph: 2007: Raw Dog (Almost Anonymous)

paragraph: 2010: Wongel (Cecille)

paragraph: 2011: Here's Johnny (Leftroom)

paragraph: 2011: Groove me(Pooled music)

paragraph: 2012: Lost in a moment (Innervisions)

paragraph: 2012: Tubby (Get Weird)

paragraph: 2012: Gemini Spell (All Day I Dream)

paragraph: 2012: Fur Die Liebe (All Day I Dream)

paragraph: 2013: Holding on (All Day I Dream)

paragraph: 2016: Stand up right (Get Weird)

paragraph: 2016: Lingala EP (All Day I Dream)

paragraph: 2017: Loopyness EP (All Day I Dream)

paragraph: 2017: Absent without thoughts (All DAy I Dream)

paragraph: 2017: K Bug EP (Get Weird)

paragraph: 2018: Elongi EP (All Day I Dream)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lee Burridge on Twitter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lee Burridge on Myspace

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2006) Lee Burridge Interview

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lee Burridge tracklisting archive

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Video.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lee Burridge @ Kudos Beach Romania

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leeki Tikki Boat with Lee Burridge, Winter Music Conference 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lee Burridge rocks Movement 2008

description: British DJ

wikidata_label: Lee Burridge

wikipedia_title: Lee Burridge