text: VC

text: English

text: Victoria Cross

text: British

text: Commonwealth

text: lance-corporal

text: London Regiment

text: British Army

text: First World War

text: Palestine

text: London and North Western Railway

text: Euston Station

text: "Claughton"-class

text: Monuments to Courage

text: The Register of the Victoria Cross

text: Scotland's Forgotten Valour

text: Memorial bench

text: Location of grave and VC medal

categories: People from Edmonton, London,1895 births,British Army personnel of World War I,British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross,London Regiment soldiers,English people of Scottish descent,1967 deaths

paragraph: John Alexander Christie

paragraph: John Alexander Christie VC (14 May 1895 – 10 September 1967) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Christie was 22 years old, and a lance-corporal in the 1/11th (County of London) Battalion, (Finsbury Rifles), London Regiment, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: On 21 December/22 December 1917, at Fejja, Palestine, after a position had been captured, the enemy immediately made counter-attacks up the communication trenches. Lance-Corporal Christie, seeing what was happening, took a supply of bombs and went alone about 50 yards in the open along the communication trench and bombed the enemy. He continued to do this in spite of heavy opposition until a block had been established. On his way back he bombed more of the enemy who were moving up the trench. His prompt action cleared a difficult position at a most difficult time and saved many lives.

paragraph: His medal is privately held.

paragraph: Section::::Memorials.

paragraph: Jock Christie had been a parcels clerk employed by the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) at Euston Station. In 1920 the LNWR named "Claughton"-class locomotive No. 1407 'L/Cpl J.A. Christie, V.C.' in his honour.

paragraph: A plaque inside Euston Station commemorating the action of Jock Christie VC was unveiled by his son on 28 March 2014.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scotland's Forgotten Valour (Graham Ross, 1995)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Memorial bench

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(Manchester)"

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: John Alexander Christie

wikipedia_title: John Alexander Christie


text: VC

text: OBE

text: English

text: Victoria Cross

text: British

text: Commonwealth

text: Artists Rifles

text: Battle of the Somme

text: Vimy Ridge

text: Givenchy

text: Lieutenant

text: British Army

text: First World War

text: Lens, France

text: colonel

text: Second World War

text: Deputy Lieutenant

text: Biography

text: Location of grave and VC medal

categories: Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog,Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment officers,1897 births,British Army personnel of World War I,1985 deaths,British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross,Officers of the Order of the British Empire,People from Herne Hill,Royal Pioneer Corps officers,Artists' Rifles soldiers,Deputy Lieutenants of Kent,British Army personnel of World War II

paragraph: Donald John Dean

paragraph: Colonel Donald John Dean VC OBE (19 April 1897 – 9 December 1985) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Dean served as a private with the 28th London (Artists Rifles) Regiment in the Ypres Salient and during the Battle of the Somme. In October 1916 he was commissioned into the Royal West Kent Regiment and fought at Vimy Ridge and around Givenchy.

paragraph: He was 21 years old, and a Temporary Lieutenant in the 8th Battalion, The Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: During the period 24 September–26 September 1918, north-west of Lens, France, Lieutenant Dean with his platoon held an advance post established in a newly captured enemy trench. The post was ill-prepared for defence and the lieutenant worked unceasingly with his men consolidating the position, under very heavy fire. Five times in all the post was attacked and on each occasion the attack was repulsed. Throughout the whole of this time Lieutenant Dean inspired his command with his own contempt of danger and set the highest example of valour, leadership and devotion to duty.

paragraph: He later achieved the rank of colonel and served in the Second World War. Dean was among the last to leave the port of Boulogne in 1940. Later he served in Madagascar and Italy, earning two Mentions in Despatches and a promotion to full colonel in 1945. He also served as a Deputy Lieutenant of Kent.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1923, Dean married Marjorie Wood. They had one son and one daughter.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(Kent)"

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Donald John Dean

wikipedia_title: Donald John Dean


text: Victoria Cross

text: World War II

text: Royal Navy

text: Fleet Air Arm

text: Eugene Esmonde

text: Trail, British Columbia

text: Nelson

text: University of Alberta

text: University of British Columbia

text: Bachelor of Arts

text: Phi Delta Theta Fraternity

text: Calgary

text: Alberta

text: RCAF Station Kingston

text: 757 Squadron

text: Winchester

text: Hawker Hurricane

text: Nairobi

text: Corsair

text: 1841 Squadron

text: Norway

text: Mentioned in Dispatches

text: destroyer

text: British Pacific Fleet

text: invasion of Okinawa

text: Tokyo

text: Distinguished Service Cross

text: London Gazette

text: Onagawa Bay

text: Miyagi Prefecture

text: Vought F4U Corsair

text: Japanese

text: Point Pleasant Park

text: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Royal Canadian Legion

text: Valiants Memorial

text: Vintage Wings of Canada

text: Corsair

text: Geographic Board of Canada

text: Kokanee Glacier Provincial Park

text: British Columbia

text: Grays Peak

text: Kokanee beer

text: elementary school

text: CFB Shearwater

text: 789 Lt. R. Hampton Gray VC Squadron

text: Vintage Wings of Canada article on Gray

categories: Royal Canadian Navy officers,Canadian World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross,Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom),University of British Columbia alumni,1917 births,Fleet Air Arm aviators,Canadian military personnel killed in World War II,People from Trail, British Columbia,1945 deaths

paragraph: Robert Hampton Gray

paragraph: Robert Hampton "Hammy" Gray, (November 2, 1917 – August 9, 1945) was a Canadian naval officer, pilot, and recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC) during World War II, one of only two members of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm to have been thus decorated in that war. (The other was Eugene Esmonde, a British pilot.) Gray is the last Canadian to win the Victoria Cross.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Gray was born in Trail, British Columbia, Canada, but resided from an early age in Nelson, where his father was a jeweller. In 1940, following education at the University of Alberta and University of British Columbia, where he completed his Bachelor of Arts and was a member of the Phi Delta Theta Fraternity, he enlisted in the Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve (RCNVR) at in Calgary, Alberta. Originally sent to England for training, Gray was sent back to Canada to train at RCAF Station Kingston.

paragraph: Section::::War service.

paragraph: Section::::War service.:Africa and Norway.

paragraph: Gray initially joined 757 Squadron at Winchester, England. He was then assigned to the African theatre, flying Hawker Hurricanes for shore-based squadrons, nos. 795, 803, and 877, where he spent two years at Nairobi.

paragraph: He trained to fly the Corsair fighter and in 1944 he was assigned to 1841 Squadron, based on . From August 24–29, 1944, he took part in a series of unsuccessful raids against the , in Norway. On August 29, 1944, he was Mentioned in Dispatches for his participation in an attack on three German destroyers, during which his plane's rudder was shot off. On January 16, 1945, he received a further Mention, "For undaunted courage, skill and determination in carrying out daring attacks on the German battleship Tirpitz."

paragraph: Section::::War service.:Japan.

paragraph: In April 1945, HMS "Formidable" joined the British Pacific Fleet which was involved in the invasion of Okinawa. By July 1945, the carrier was involved in strikes on the Japanese mainland. On July 18, Gray led a strafing mission against airfields in the Tokyo area. On July 24, Gray led another flight to the inland sea which damaged one merchant ship, and damaged two seaplane bases and one airbase. Gray earned a Distinguished Service Cross for aiding in sinking a Japanese destroyer in the area of Tokyo on July 28. The award was not announced until August 21, 1945, when the notice appeared in the "London Gazette" with the citation, "For determination and address in air attacks on targets in Japan".

paragraph: Section::::War service.:Japan.:VC action.

paragraph: On August 9, 1945, at Onagawa Bay, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, Lieutenant Gray (flying a Vought F4U Corsair) led an attack on a group of Japanese naval vessels, sinking the before his plane crashed into the bay. The citation for his VC, gazetted on November 13, 1945, describes what happened:

paragraph: Gray was one of the last Canadians to die during World War II, and was the last Canadian to be awarded the Victoria Cross. His VC is owned by the Gray family.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: As Gray's remains were never found, he was listed as missing in action and presumed dead. He is commemorated, with other Canadians who died or were buried at sea during the First and Second World Wars, at the Halifax Memorial in Point Pleasant Park, Halifax, Nova Scotia. The War Memorial Gym at University of British Columbia, Royal Canadian Legion hall in Nelson, numerous other sites in Nelson, and the wardroom of HMCS "Tecumseh" (his RCNVR home unit) also bear plaques in his honour.

paragraph: A memorial for Gray was erected at Onagawa Bay in 1989 in Sakiyama Park. This is the only memorial dedicated to a foreign soldier on Japanese soil. Following the devastation of the March 11, 2011 earthquake, the monument (with new plaque) was moved from its original location in Sakiyama Park to one beside the hospital (Onagawacho Community Medicine Center) in Onagawa Town. A rededication ceremony was held 24 August 2012. Gray is one of fourteen figures commemorated at the Valiants Memorial in Ottawa.

paragraph: To celebrate the Centennial of the Canadian Navy, during the 2010 air show season, Vintage Wings of Canada flew at events across Canada in a Corsair bearing the markings of the plane Gray was likely flying that fateful day.

paragraph: His life is recorded in A Formidable Hero, Lt. R.H. Gray, VC, DSC, RCNVR (second edition) by Stuart E. Soward, published by Trafford Neptune.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Grays Peak, British Columbia.

paragraph: On March 12, 1946, the Geographic Board of Canada named a mountain in Kokanee Glacier Provincial Park, British Columbia, after Gray and his brother, John Balfour Gray, who was also killed in World War II. Rising to a height of 2,753m, Grays Peak is well known in Canada as the mountain pictured on the label of Kokanee beer.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Hampton Gray Memorial Elementary.

paragraph: The elementary school at CFB Shearwater is named after Gray.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Royal Canadian Sea Cadets.

paragraph: The Royal Canadian Sea Cadet Corps in Nelson, BC is named 81 Hampton Gray, VC Royal Canadian Sea Cadet Corps.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Royal Canadian Air Cadets.

paragraph: In 2012, the Royal Canadian Air Cadets created a new squadron in his honour called 789 Lt. R. Hampton Gray VC Squadron which is located in Mississauga, Ontario.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Harry DeWolf-class offshore patrol vessel.

paragraph: The six and final Harry DeWolf-class offshore patrol vessel will be named for Gray.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vintage Wings of Canada article on Gray

description: recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Robert Hampton Gray

wikipedia_title: Robert Hampton Gray


text: Sumerian

text: short chronology

text: Sumer

text: Third Dynasty of Ur

text: Mesopotamia

text: Akkadian

text: Gutian

text: legal code

text: Code of Ur-Nammu

text: Lagash

text: Uruk

text: Eridu

text: Nippur

text: Larsa

text: Kish

text: Adab

text: Umma

text: ziggurat

text: Great Ziggurat of Ur

text: Shulgi

text: Leonard Woolley

text: Penn Museum

text: Jeanny Canby

text: Sumerian King List

text: Code of Ur-Nammu

text: Nabonidus dedication to the Ziggurat

text: The Code of Ur-Nammu at Britannica

categories: Sumerian rulers,21st-century BC rulers,Ancient legislators

paragraph: Ur-Nammu

paragraph: Ur-Nammu (or Ur-Namma, Ur-Engur, Ur-Gur, Sumerian: , ca. 2047-2030 BC short chronology) founded the Sumerian Third Dynasty of Ur, in southern Mesopotamia, following several centuries of Akkadian and Gutian rule. His main achievement was state-building, and Ur-Nammu is chiefly remembered today for his legal code, the Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest known surviving example in the world.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Year-names are known for 17 of Ur-Nammu's 18 years, but their order is uncertain. One year-name of his reign records the devastation of Gutium, while two years seem to commemorate his legal reforms: "Year in which Ur-Nammu the king put in order the ways (of the people in the country) from below to above", and "Year Ur-Nammu made justice in the land".

paragraph: Among his military exploits were the conquest of Lagash and the defeat of his former masters at Uruk. He was eventually recognized as a significant regional ruler (of Ur, Eridu, and Uruk) at a coronation in Nippur, and is believed to have constructed buildings at Nippur, Larsa, Kish, Adab, and Umma. He was known for restoring the roads and general order after the Gutian period.

paragraph: Ur Nammu was also responsible for ordering the construction of a number of ziggurats, including the Great Ziggurat of Ur.

paragraph: He was succeeded by his son Shulgi, after an 18-year reign. His death on the battle-field against the Gutians (after he had been abandoned by his army) was commemorated in a long Sumerian poetic composition.

paragraph: Section::::Stele.

paragraph: In 1925, a shattered nine-foot tall limestone pillar was discovered in Mesopotamia. Under the remote supervision of Leonard Woolley, it was reconstructed by the Penn Museum. In 1985, Jeanny Canby determined that it had been pieced back incorrectly. She removed the plaster filler of the stele, and added the rearranged pieces she found in the museum's storeroom, and discovered the figure of a courtesan embracing a deity. "It's an amazingly intimate scene for a royal monument," she said.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sumerian King List

paragraph: BULLET::::- Code of Ur-Nammu

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Site drawings of the temple built by Ur-Nammu at Ur to the moon god Nanna.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nabonidus dedication to the Ziggurat

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Code of Ur-Nammu at Britannica

paragraph: BULLET::::- Foundation Figurine of King Ur-Nammu at the Oriental Institute of Chicago

paragraph: BULLET::::- The face of Ur-Namma. A realistic statue of Ur-Namma shows us how he may have looked.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A brief description of the reign of Ur-Namma.

paragraph: BULLET::::- I am Ur-Namma. The life and death of Ur-Namma, as told in Babylonian literature.

alias: Urnammu Ur-Namma

description: Sumerian king

wikidata_label: Ur-Nammu

wikipedia_title: Ur-Nammu


text: Slavonic

text: bishop

text: Gaza

text: Christianizing

text: pagan

text: demolishing its temples

text: Mark the Deacon

text: John II of Jerusalem

text: hagiography

text: Zejtun

text: Malta

text: Christians

text: persecution of Diocletian

text: Julian

text: vita

text: Marnas

text: Constantinople

text: Marneion

text: Caesarea Palaestina

text: Eudoxia

text: Arcadius

text: Cynegius

text: Aphrodite

text: Hecate

text: Apollo

text: Kore (Persephone)

text: Tyche

text: burning the idols and private libraries

text: Zeus Marnas

text: Hellenistic

text: Dagon

text: third millennium BCE

text: Hadrian

text: Gerizim

text: Samaritans

text: Jews

text: Theodoret of Cyrrhus

text: John II, Bishop of Jerusalem

text: Praylius

text: Georgian

text: hagiography

text: Hippolyte Delehaye

text: Ramsay MacMullen

text: Ramsay MacMullen

text: Medieval Sourcebook:

text: Catholic Encyclopedia: "Gaza"

text: Catholic Encyclopedia: "St. Porphyry"

text: "Prologue From Ochrid" - February 26:

categories: 420 deaths,Saints from the Holy Land,347 births,Byzantine saints,People from Gaza City,Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire,5th-century Christian saints

image: 512px-Порфирий_Газский.jpg

paragraph: Porphyry of Gaza

paragraph: Saint Porphyry (; , "Porphyrios"; Slavonic: Порфирий, "Porfiriy"; –420) was bishop of Gaza from 395 to 420, known, from the account in his "Life", for Christianizing the recalcitrant pagan city of Gaza, and demolishing its temples.

paragraph: Porphyry of Gaza is known only from a vivid biography by Mark the Deacon and from a reference made by Archbishop John II of Jerusalem. The "Vita Porphyrii" appears to be a contemporary account of Porphyry that chronicles in some detail the end of paganism in Gaza in the early fifth century. However, the text has been identified in the 20th century as hagiography rather than history, and some elements of it are examples of the stereotyped fictional events characteristic of this literary form. On the other hand, the author was certainly intimately familiar with Gaza in late Antiquity, and his statements are of interest for reflecting 5th century attitudes. A street in the village of Zejtun, Malta, bears his name.

paragraph: Section::::The account in "Vita Porphyrii".

paragraph: Gaza had a history as a place hostile to the early Christians. Several had suffered martyrdom there in the persecution of Diocletian (303-313), and the brief pagan revival under Julian (362-363) had seen the burning of the Christian basilica and various Christians put to death.

paragraph: The people of Gaza were so hostile to Christians that the Christian church had to be built outside the walls, at a safe distance, and the Christian bishops of the 4th century were specifically termed "bishops of the churches about Gaza". The Christian community in Gaza then scarcely numbered 280, according to the "vita" of St. Porphyry, and the community-at-large resisted the closing of temples and destruction of pagan images which had started in more Christianized regions.

paragraph: According to the "vita", St. Porphyry was appointed bishop at the age of 45. He arrived in the city without incident, but a drought followed the same year, and the pagans "imputed the thing to the coming of the blessed man, saying that 'It was revealed unto us by Marnas that the feet of Porphyry bring bad luck to the city'." (Vita 19-20) Further harassment followed (Vita 21, 25) with the support of local officials.

paragraph: In response, St. Porphyry sent Marcus, his deacon and chronicler, to Constantinople in 398 to obtain an order to close the pagan temples of Gaza. An official named Hilarius duly arrived with soldiers to close the temples, but the Marneion remained open because Hilarius was bribed with a large sum of money ("Vita" 27). There was no great change, however, in the attitude of the people, who refused to allow Christians "to hold any civil office, but entreated them as naughty slaves" ("Vita" 32).

paragraph: St. Porphyry then went to Constantinople during the winter of 401-402, accompanied by the bishop of Caesarea Palaestina, and together they convinced the Empress Eudoxia, who was the dominant force at the court of Arcadius, to prevail upon the Emperor and obtain from him a decree for the destruction of the pagan temples at Gaza. Cynegius, a special imperial envoy, executed the decree in May, 402. Eight temples, those of Aphrodite, Hecate, the Sun, Apollo, Kore (Persephone), Tyche ("Tychaion"), the shrine of a hero ("Heroeion"), and even the Marneion, were either pulled down or burnt. "And there were also other very many idols in the houses and in the villages," Marcus relates, but the upper class who had such things had fled from the city in advance. Simultaneously soldiers, who were billeted in the vacated houses visited every house, seizing and burning the idols and private libraries as "books of magic".

paragraph: The Marneion, a temple sacred to Zeus Marnas, who was the local Hellenistic incarnation of Dagon, the patron of agriculture, a god who had been worshipped in the Levant since the third millennium BCE, was set afire with pitch, sulfur and fat; it continued to burn for many days; stones of the Marneion were triumphantly reused for paving the streets. This temple had been rebuilt under the direction of Hadrian (ruled 117-138), who visited Gaza; it was first represented on the Gaza coins of Hadrian himself. To one of Hadrian's visits, also, we may conjecturally assign the foundation of the great temple of the god Marnas, which the "Vita" describes with a mixture of pride and abhorrence. it was believed that the 'Olympian' Emperor who founded the great temple of Zeus on the sacred mountain Gerizim of the Samaritans would not be slow to recognize the claims of the "Cretan Zeus" of the Gazaeans. After the suppression of a revolt of the Jews in 119 AD, Hadrian allegedly selected Gaza as the place at which to sell his Jewish captives.

paragraph: Directly upon the ruins of the Marneion, at the expense of the empress, a large church called the "Eudoxiana" was erected in her honor and dedicated on 14 April 407. Thus with approved violence, paganism officially ceased to exist in Gaza.

paragraph: Section::::Modern assessment of the "Vita Porphyrii".

paragraph: The text exists in a Greek and a Georgian recension.

paragraph: Grégoire and Kugener (1930), the editors of the "Vita Porphyrii", reviewed the challenges to the integrity of the work and summarized the previous scholarship. These included the lack of other attestation to major figures, including Porphyry himself, in an otherwise well-documented period of history. But they concluded that the text had a historical basis and "that the solution of most problems is to be found in the fact that the text of the "Vita" transmitted to us represents a revision of the sixth century, which borrowed from the church history of Theodoret of Cyrrhus of 444, e.g. for the Proemium, and deleted in particular each mention of John II, Bishop of Jerusalem, replacing it with the name of Praylius, his successor as bishop of Jerusalem in the time of Porphyrius".

paragraph: Paul Peeters (1941) published the Georgian texts and showed that they depended on a lost Syriac original that must have been written in the later fifth or the sixth century.

paragraph: Head wrote, "The textual problems can be resolved if we assume that the "Life of St Porphyry" was composed in two successive stages: the original notes by a contemporary and eyewitness (whom we may call 'Mark') were later, perhaps in the 450's, given their final shape and put into circulation by another author who does not appear in the text." (Head 2001:55). He adds that "the text abounds with such convincing historical detail and shows such an intimate knowledge of the region of Gaza in late antiquity, that at the very least the general storyline merits our confidence." (2001:56) But he acknowledges that Porphyry is otherwise undocumented in the historical record, and that the text contains the "usual stereotypes" of hagiography documented by Hippolyte Delehaye.

paragraph: Other scholars are more dismissive. "Richly detailed glimpses of imperial circles and great names in Constantinople are all fake; specific important people—an archbishop, a governor, and others—are all fake; and Mark and Porphyry themselves may never have existed at all," is MacMullen's conclusion (1984:87). "The "vita" "comes to be routinely cited as real history by all sorts of fine scholars" writes Ramsay MacMullen in "Christianizing the Roman Empire", 1984, p 86. "There is a strong temptation to use it because it is so full, specific and vivid." He concludes that "it should be possible, then, to learn about the general way things happened in well-known and recurring situations around the turn of the fourth century, even as they appear in a manifestly deceptive text" (MacMullen 1984:87).

paragraph: Section::::Prayer to St. Porphyrius.

paragraph: Hear our prayers, we beseech Thee, O Lord, offered by us on the feast of Blessed Porphyrius, Thy Confessor and Bishop; and by the interceding merits of him who was found worthy to serve Thee, free us from all sin. Through Our Lord Jesus Christ, Thy Son, Who liveth and reigneth with Thee in the unity of the Holy Ghost, God, world without end. Amen.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas F. Head, "Medieval Hagiography: an anthology", (Routledge) 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ramsay MacMullen, "Christianizing the Roman Empire", (Yale University Press) 1984.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medieval Sourcebook: G.F. Hill, 1913. Translator and editor, Mark the Deacon, "Life of Porphyry, Bishop of Gaza" (e-text, in English)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Encyclopedia: "Gaza"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Encyclopedia: "St. Porphyry"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip Schaff, editor "The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge": St. Porphyry

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prologue From Ochrid" - February 26: Saint Porphyrius, Bishop of Gaza

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asmaa al-Ghoul. "Gaza's Orthodox Church Celebrates 1,606 Years." Al-Monitor. March 11, 2013.

description: Byzantine saint

wikidata_label: Porphyry of Gaza

wikipedia_title: Porphyry of Gaza


text:
German
theologian
Protestant Reformation
Swabia
Veringendorf
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
Apollo
Virgil
Melanchthon
Pforzheim
University of Vienna
Latin
Hellenist
Buda
Dominicans
Wittenberg
University of Heidelberg
Eucharist
Catholic
John Oecolampadius
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
Henry VIII
exegetical
New Testament
Württemberg
University of Tübingen
Ambrosius Blarer
Constance
First Helvetic Confession
Wittenberg Concord
the plague
John Calvin
Plutarch
Aristotle
John Chrysostom
Euclid's Elements
Thomas
Rötteln
Johann Jakob
deistical
Pierre Bayle
Hauck

categories: 16th-century German writers,1493 births,German male non-fiction writers,16th-century German Protestant theologians,German Calvinist and Reformed theologians,People from Veringenstadt,16th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians,1541 deaths

paragraph: Simon Grynaeus

paragraph: Simon Grynaeus (born Simon Griner; 1493 – 1 August 1541) was a German scholar and theologian of the Protestant Reformation.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Grynaeus was the son of Jacob Gryner, a Swabian peasant, and was born at Veringendorf, in Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. He adopted the name "Grynaeus" from the epithet of Apollo in Virgil. He was a schoolmate of Melanchthon at Pforzheim, whence he went to the University of Vienna, distinguishing himself there as a Latinist and Hellenist.

paragraph: His appointment as rector of a school at Buda was of no long continuance: his views excited the zeal of the Dominicans, and he was thrown into prison. He gained his freedom at the instance of Hungarian magnates, visited Melanchthon at Wittenberg, and in 1524 became professor of Greek at the University of Heidelberg, being in addition professor of Latin from 1526. His Zwinglian view of the Eucharist disturbed his relations with his Catholic colleagues. From 1526, he had corresponded with John Oecolampadius, who in 1529 invited him to Basel, which Erasmus had just left. The university being disorganized, Grynaeus pursued his studies, and in 1531 visited England for research in libraries.

paragraph: A commendatory letter from Erasmus gained him the good offices of Sir Thomas More. He returned to Basel charged with the task of collecting the opinions of continental reformers on the subject of Henry VIII's divorce, and was present at the death of Oecolampadius (24 November 1531). He now, while holding the chair of Greek, was appointed extraordinary professor of theology, and gave exegetical lectures on the New Testament.

paragraph: In 1534, Duke Ulrich called him to Württemberg in aid of the Reformation there, as well as for the reconstitution of the University of Tübingen, which he carried out in concert with Ambrosius Blarer of Constance. Two years later, he had an active hand in the so-called First Helvetic Confession (the work of Swiss divines at Basel in January 1536); also in the conferences which urged the Swiss acceptance of the Wittenberg Concord (1536).

paragraph: At the Worms conference (1540) between Catholics and Protestants, he was the sole representative of the Swiss churches, being deputed by the authorities of Basel. He was carried off suddenly in his prime by the plague at Basel on 1 August 1541. A brilliant scholar, a mediating theologian, and personally of lovable temperament, his influence was great and wisely exercised. Erasmus and John Calvin were among his correspondents. His chief works were Latin versions of Plutarch, Aristotle and John Chrysostom, and the editing of the first printed version of Euclid's Elements in ancient Greek.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: His son Samuel (1539–1599) was professor of jurisprudence at Basel. His nephew Thomas (1512–1564) was professor at Basel and minister in Rötteln, and left four distinguished sons of whom Johann Jakob was a leader in the religious affairs of Basel. The last of the direct descendants of Simon Grynaeus was his namesake Simon (1725–1799), translator into German of French and English anti-deistical works, and author of a version of the Bible in modern German (1776).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- This work in turn cites:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pierre Bayle, "Dictionnaire"

paragraph: BULLET::::- W.T. Streuber in Hauck's "Realencyklopädie" (1899)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Streuber, "S. Grynaei epistolae", for bibliography (1847)

description: German theologian

wikidata_label: Simon Grynaeus

wikipedia_title: Simon Grynaeus


text:
French
mathematician
chemist
École Polytechnique
Monge
lieutenant
Napoleon
artillery
professor
Vincennes
proof
Brianchon's theorem
Brianchon's Theorem

categories: École Polytechnique alumni,19th-century French mathematicians,1783 births,1864 deaths

paragraph: Charles Julien Brianchon

paragraph: Charles Julien Brianchon (19 December 1783 – 29 April 1864) was a French mathematician and chemist.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He entered into the École Polytechnique in 1804 at the age of eighteen, and studied under Monge, graduating first in his class in 1808, after which he took up a career as a lieutenant in Napoleon's artillery. Later, in 1818, Brianchon became a professor in the Artillery School of the Royal Guard at Vincennes.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Brianchon is best known for his proof of "Brianchon's theorem" (1810).

paragraph: Brianchon's book "Mémoire sur les lignes du second ordre" (Paris, 1817) is available online .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brianchon's Theorem

description: French mathematician

wikidata_label: Charles Julien Brianchon

wikipedia_title: Charles Julien Brianchon


text:
Cape Neddick, Maine
Concarneau
Brittany
France
Hamilton Easter Field
Rome
Maurice Sterne
Giuseppe Doratori
British Academy
Brooklyn
Indiana University
National Sculpture Society
Smithsonian American Art Museum
landscapes
seascape

categories: 20th-century American sculptors,People from Concarneau,Art Students League of New York faculty,1970 deaths,People of the New Deal arts projects,Indiana University faculty,American male sculptors,1890 births,French emigrants to the United States

paragraph: Robert Laurent

paragraph: Robert Laurent (June 29, 1890 – April 20, 1970) was an American sculptor, known for his interpretations of the human form. Born in 1890, he died in Cape Neddick, Maine in 1970 at the age of 80.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Laurent was born in Concarneau, Brittany, France in 1890. There, at the age of 12 his artistic talents were recognized by art connoisseur Hamilton Easter Field who then brought him to the United States when he was twenty years old. In 1908 he travelled to Rome with Field and there studied with Maurice Sterne as well as with wood carver Giuseppe Doratori at the British Academy.

paragraph: Laurent served in the Navy during the First World War. He visited his native Brittany during this time and met Mimi Caraes, who became his wife. He returned to Brooklyn in 1919.

paragraph: in 1922, when his mentor Hamilton Easter Field died, he left Laurent his art collection and Brooklyn home. After inheriting this collection, Laurent established the Hamilton Easter Field Foundation with the aide of other New York artists.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Laurent taught at the Art Students League in New York City, the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington DC, Vassar College, and Goucher College. He then became a Professor of Fine Arts at Indiana University, a position he held from 1942 to 1960.

paragraph: Laurent once said "The beauty of alabaster is its transparency. This is what gives it life and vibration."

paragraph: Laurent won the Audubon Sculpture Award in New York in 1945, several first prizes in Hoosier salons, and in exhibits at the John Herron Museum, Indianapolis. He received high distinction in 1954 when was named sculptor in residence at the American Academy in Rome for a year. Laurent was one of 23 American sculptors whose works were selected for official exhibit of American art shown in Russia in 1959.

paragraph: Laurent was a fellow of the National Sculpture Society, president of the Hamilton Easter Field Foundation, and a member of the Sculptor's Guild - Indiana Artists, New England Sculptors' Association, and the College Art Association.

paragraph: Section::::Artwork.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Madame De" Felt-tipped pen and ink on paper. sheet: 16 x 10 5/8 in. (40.7 x 27.1 cm), Smithsonian American Art Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mimi", Smithsonian American Art Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Polynesian", Smithsonian American Art Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shipping" (one-third scale model of Federal Trade Building Relief). 1937. Plaster, wire, and burlap, 29 1/8 x 24 1/2 x 3 3/8 in. (74.1 x 62.2 x 8.6 cm.), Smithsonian American Art Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sleeping Dog", 1920. Crayon and pencil on paper. Sheet: 17 x 22 1/8 in. (43.3 x 56.1 cm), Smithsonian American Art Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Two Boys", Smithsonian American Art Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mother and Child", 1924. Depicts his wife and young son on smoothly polished white marble. Alabaster relief in wood frame. 17 1/2 x 11 3/4 x 2 in. (44.5 x 29.9 x 5.2 cm.), Smithsonian American Art Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Showalter Fountain", Indiana University Campus, Bloomington, Indiana

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Salome", Indiana University Eskenazi Museum of Art, Bloomington, Indiana,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Veritas Filia Temporis," 1968"." Depicts Father Time and his daughter Truth. Ballantine Hall, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Robert Laurent Memorial Exhibition," The Ogunquit Art Association - July, 1970

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Laurent's son, John, was a prominent painter in Maine who was known for his landscapes and seascapes.

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Robert Laurent

wikipedia_title: Robert Laurent


text: Tang Dynasty

text: Yongji, Shanxi

text: Han Yu

text: Classical Prose Movement

text: courtesy name

text: civil service

text: Yongzhou, Hunan

text: Liuzhou, Guangxi

text: poem

text: fables

text: Confucianism

text: Taoism

text: Buddhism

text: Three Hundred Tang Poems

text: Chinese painting

text: Guoyu

text: Liu Zhang

text: Jiang Duanli

text: Yu Pan

text: Yu Ji

text: Classical Chinese poetry

text: List of Three Hundred Tang Poems poets

text: Tang poetry

text: Nienhauser Jr., William H.

text: Liu Zongyuan in Wengu textbase

text: Quan Tangshi

text: Chinese Text Project

text: Book 350

text: Book 351

text: Book 352

text: Book 353

categories: Tang dynasty essayists,819 deaths,Politicians from Yuncheng,8th-century Chinese poets,Poets from Shanxi,773 births,9th-century Chinese poets,Tang dynasty politicians from Shanxi

paragraph: Liu Zongyuan

paragraph: Liu Zongyuan (77328 November 819) was a Chinese writer, politician, and poet who lived during the Tang Dynasty. Liu was born in present-day Yongji, Shanxi. Along with Han Yu, he was a founder of the Classical Prose Movement. He has been traditionally classed as one of the "Eight Great Prose Masters of the Tang and Song".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Liu Zongyuan was born in 773. His courtesy name was Zihou.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Civil service career.

paragraph: Liu Zongyuan's civil service career was initially successful; but, in 805, he fell out of favour with the imperial government because of his association with a failed reformist movement. He was exiled first to Yongzhou, Hunan, and then to Liuzhou, Guangxi, where he eventually became the city Governor. A park and temple in Liuzhou is dedicated to his memory. His exile allowed his literary career to flourish: he produced poems, fables, reflective travelogues and essays synthesizing elements of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: He died in 819.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Liu's best-known travel pieces are the "Eight Records of Excursions in Yongzhou" (永州八游记). Around 180 of his poems are extant, of which five have been collected in the anthology Three Hundred Tang Poems. Some of his works celebrate his freedom from office, while others mourn his banishment.

paragraph: One of his most famous poems is ""Jiangxue"" (江雪), sometimes translated into English as "Winter Snow" or "River Snow": this poem has been an inspiration to many works of Chinese painting.

paragraph: Liu Zongyuan wrote "Fei Guoyu" (T: 非國語, S: 非国语, "Argument against the Harangues of the Various States"), a criticism of "Guoyu". In response, Liu Zhang (, circa 1095–1177); Jiang Duanli (T: 江端禮, S: 江端礼); and Yu Pan (虞 槃 fl. 1300), Yu Ji's (, 1272–1348) younger brother, wrote texts titled "Fei Fei Guoyu" T: 非非國語, S: 非非国语; "Argument against the Argument against the Harangues of the Various States") in opposition to Liu Zongyuan's essay.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Classical Chinese poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Three Hundred Tang Poems poets

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tang poetry

paragraph: Section::::Works cited.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Jo-shui, "Liu Tsung-yüan and Intellectual Change in T'ang China, 773–819", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nienhauser Jr., William H.; Hartmann, Charles; Crawford, William Bruce; Walls, Jan W.; Neighbors, Lloyd, "Liu Tsung-yüan", New York: Twayne Publishers Inc., 1973.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Zongyuan in Wengu textbase, five poems in traditional Chinese arrayed with Bynner's translation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography and translations of five poems. (Translated by Tony Barnstone and Chou Ping)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Books of the "Quan Tangshi" that include collected poems of Liu Zongyuan at the Chinese Text Project:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Book 350

paragraph: BULLET::::- Book 351

paragraph: BULLET::::- Book 352

paragraph: BULLET::::- Book 353

alias:
Liu Zongyuan
Liu Ba
Zihou
Liu Liuzhou
Liu Hedong

description: Chinese writer

wikidata_label: Liu Zongyuan

wikipedia_title: Liu Zongyuan


text: Tang dynasty poet

text: Wang Wei

text: Li Bai

text: Du Fu

text: Hubei

text: Qing dynasty

text: Three Hundred Tang Poems

text: Du Fu

text: Li Bai

text: Wang Wei

text: Li Shangyin

text: Witter Bynner

text: Kiang Kanghu

text: Japanese poetry

text: Xiangyang

text: Han River

text: Hubei

text: Jinshi

text: Chang'an

text: landscape

text: history

text: legend

text: Wang Wei

text: landscape poets

text: Classical Chinese poetry

text: Meng Jiao

text: Tang poetry

text: Wang Wei

text: "Meng Haoran"

text: Encyclopedia of China

categories: 740 deaths,Poets from Hubei,Three Hundred Tang Poems poets,7th-century births,People from Xiangyang

paragraph: Meng Haoran

paragraph: Meng Haoran (; 689/691–740) was a major Tang dynasty poet, and a somewhat older contemporary of Wang Wei, Li Bai and Du Fu. Despite his brief pursuit of an official career, Meng Haoran mainly lived in and wrote about the area in which he was born and raised, in what is now Hubei province, China. Meng Haoran was a major influence on other contemporary and subsequent poets of the High Tang era because of his focus on nature as a main topic for poetry. Meng Haoran was also prominently featured in the Qing dynasty (and subsequently frequently republished) poetry anthology "Three Hundred Tang Poems", having the fifth largest number of his poems included, for a total of fifteen, exceeded only by Du Fu, Li Bai, Wang Wei, and Li Shangyin. These poems of Meng Haoran were available in the English translations by Witter Bynner and Kiang Kanghu, by 1920, with the publication of "The Jade Mountain". The "Three Hundred Tang Poems" also has two poems by Li Bai addressed to Meng Haoran, one in his praise and one written in farewell on the occasion of their parting company. Meng Haoran was also influential to Japanese poetry.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: First of the major High Tang poets, Meng Haoran was born in Xiangyang, south of the Han River, in the modern province of Hubei. He remained strongly attached to this area and its scenery throughout his life. He had a rather abbreviated civil service career, passing the Jinshi civil service test, beginning at the late age of 39 and ending not much later. He received his only position three years before his death but resigned after less than a year. He lived in the Xiangyang area almost all his life (although he traveled to the major metropolis of Chang'an, where he was hosted by Wang Wei in 728). The landscape, history and legends of his home area are the subjects of many poems. Particularly prominent are Nanshan (or South Mountain, his family seat) and Lumen Shan, a temple site, where he briefly lived in retreat.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Meng Haoran is often bracketed with Wang Wei, due to the friendship they shared and their prominence as landscape poets. In fact, Haoran composed several poems about Wei and their separation. While Wei focused on the natural world, in particular the solitude and reprieve it granted from human life along with the scale of the natural world, Meng Haoran focuses more on foreground details and human life, such as returning villagers waiting at the ferry crossing, fishermen, or (often unseen) mountain hermits dwelling in religious seclusion. His works are generally considered less consistently successful than Wang's; however, the themes and styles of Meng Haoran's poetry helped to set a convention followed by younger poets, such as Wang Wei.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Classical Chinese poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meng Jiao

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tang poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang Wei

paragraph: BULLET::::- (In Chinese)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nienhauser, William H (ed.). "The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature". Indiana University Press 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ma, Maoyuan, "Meng Haoran". "Encyclopedia of China" (Chinese Literature Edition), 1st ed.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Five-character regulated verses of Meng Haoran, with English translation, pinyin transliteration, and tonal patterns.

alias:
Meng Liu
Haoran

description: poet from the Tang Dynasty

enwikiquote_title: Meng Haoran

wikidata_label: Meng Haoran

wikipedia_title: Meng Haoran


text: American

text: Iranian

text: Central Asian Studies

text: Aga Khan

text: Harvard University

text: philology

text: Iran

text: Central Asia

text: Birmingham, Alabama

text: Sweden

text: Iranian-Assyrian

text: Eden Naby

text: Urmia

text: Iran

text: Columbia University

text: Russian

text: German

text: Arabic

text: Persian

text: Pashto

text: French

text: Uzbek

text: Turkish

text: Avestan

text: Pahlavi

text: Sogdian

text: Iran

text: Iranian people

text: Byzantine

text: Caucasian

text: Ottoman

text: Eastern Turkistan

text: Assyria

text: Assyrian people

text: Iranian art

text: Islamic art

text: Sufism

text: Avestan

text: Old Persian

text: Middle Persian

text: Parthian

text: Sogdian

text: Khotanese

text: Bactrian

text: New Persian

text: Arabic

text: University of Illinois

text: Harvard University

text: Asiatic history

text: Office of Strategic Services

text: World War II

text: Afghanistan

text: Middle East

text: Central Asia

text: South Asia

text: Sar Masshad

text: Gur-e Dokhtar

text: Persian

text: Habibiya College

text: Kabul

text: Frankfurt University

text: Hamburg University

text: Pahlavi University

text: Shiraz

text: University of Tajikistan

text: Iranian studies

text: Shiraz

text: Pahlavi University

text: Shiraz

text: Annemarie Schimmel

text: Oleg Grabar

text: Frank Huddle

text: Tajikistan

text: John Limbert

text: Michael Crichton

text: Hollywood

text: The 13th Warrior

text: Ibn Fadlan

text: Volga

text: Henry Kissinger

text: Mehdi Haeri Yazdi

text: Sadegh Choubak

text: Jalal al Ahmad

text: Persian civilization

text: Muslim

text: Arab

text: Mosaddegh

text: Ali Akbar Dehkhoda

text: Assyrian continuity

text: Assyrians

text: Iranian Studies

text: Persian language

text: Iran

text: Zayandeh River

text: Isfahan

text: Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

text: Arthur Pope

text: Phyllis Ackerman

text: Isfahan

text: UCLA

text: Architecture of Tehran

text: Harvard Oriental Series

text: Famous Americans in Iran

text: Iranistics

text: another

text: Dr. Frye's page at the "Vohuman.org"

text: Ahmadinejad says 'Yes' to Prof. Frye

text: "Ethnic Identity in Iran." 2002.

categories: Harvard University alumni,University of Illinois alumni,Shiraz University faculty,1920 births,Guggenheim Fellows,American historians,Iranologists,People of the Office of Strategic Services,2014 deaths,American Iranologists,American Turkologists,American people of Swedish descent,Harvard University faculty

paragraph: Richard N. Frye

paragraph: Richard Nelson Frye (January 10, 1920 – March 27, 2014) was an American scholar of Iranian and Central Asian Studies, and Aga Khan Professor Emeritus of Iranian Studies at Harvard University. His professional areas of interest were Iranian philology and the history of Iran and Central Asia before 1000 CE.

paragraph: Born in Birmingham, Alabama, to a family of immigrants from Sweden, "Freij" had four children, his second marriage being to an Iranian-Assyrian scholar, Eden Naby, from Urmia, Iran who teaches at Columbia University. He spoke fluent Russian, German, Arabic, Persian, Pashto, French, Uzbek, and Turkish, and had extensive knowledge of Avestan, Pahlavi, Sogdian, and other Iranian languages and dialects, both extinct and current.

paragraph: Although Frye is mostly known for his works about Iran, the Iranian peoples and Iranian Central Asia, the scope of his studies was much wider and includes Byzantine, Caucasian, and Ottoman history, Eastern Turkistan, Assyria and the Assyrian people, ancient and medieval Iranian art, Islamic art, Sufism, Chinese and Japanese archeology, and a variety of Iranian and non-Iranian languages including Avestan, Old Persian, Middle Persian, Parthian, Sogdian, Khotanese, and Bactrian, New Persian, Arabic, Turkish, and even Chinese, beside research languages which include French, German, Italian, and Russian.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Frye was born in Birmingham, Alabama. He first attended the University of Illinois, where he received a BA in history and philosophy in 1939. He received his MA from Harvard University in 1940 and his PhD from Harvard in 1946, in Asiatic history.

paragraph: Frye served with the Office of Strategic Services during World War II. He was stationed in Afghanistan and traveled extensively in the Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asia. In 1948 he visited Sar Masshad, and was the first European to find and report the existence of the Gur-e Dokhtar tomb (meaning "Tomb of the Maiden" in Persian.

paragraph: He returned to Harvard to teach. He was a member of the Harvard faculty from 1948 until 1990. He then became a professor emeritus at Harvard. He also served as faculty, guest lecturer, or visiting scholar at:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Habibiya College in Kabul (1942–44)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frankfurt University (1959–60)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hamburg University (1968–69)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pahlavi University of Shiraz (1970–76)

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of Tajikistan (1990–92).

paragraph: Professor Frye helped found the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Harvard, the first Iranian studies program in America. He also served as Director of the "Asia Institute" in Shiraz (1970–1975), was on the Board of Trustees of the Pahlavi University at Shiraz (1974–78), and Chairman, "Committee on Inner Asian Studies", at Harvard (1983–89), and as Editor of the "Bulletin of the Asia Institute" (1970–1975 and 1987–99).

paragraph: Among Frye's students were Annemarie Schimmel, Oleg Grabar, Frank Huddle (former US Ambassador to Tajikistan), John Limbert, and Michael Crichton, whose Hollywood film The 13th Warrior is loosely based on Frye's translation of Ibn Fadlan's account of his travels up the river Volga.

paragraph: Frye was also directly responsible for inviting Iranian scholars as distinguished visiting fellows to Harvard University, under a fellowship program initiated by Henry Kissinger. Examples of such guests include Mehdi Haeri Yazdi (1923–1999), Sadegh Choubak, Jalal al Ahmad, and others.

paragraph: Section::::Frye as a proponent of Persian culture.

paragraph: Frye felt that Persian civilization was under-appreciated by other Muslims, and Arab Muslims in particular. Frye wrote:

paragraph: In August 1953, shortly before the fall of Mosaddegh, prominent Iranian linguist Ali Akbar Dehkhoda gave Frye the title: "Irandoost" (meaning "a friend of Iran").

paragraph: In addition, Frye was a long standing supporter of Assyrian continuity; the historical and ancestral connection between modern Assyrians and the Ancient Mesopotamians.

paragraph: A ceremony was held in Iran on June 27, 2004 to pay tribute to the six-decade endeavors of Professor Frye on his lifetime contribution to Iranian Studies, research work on the Persian language, and the history and culture of Iran.

paragraph: In his will, Professor Frye expressed his wish to be buried next to the Zayandeh River in Isfahan. This request was approved by Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in September 2007.

paragraph: Two other American scholars of Iranian Studies, Arthur Pope and Phyllis Ackerman, are already buried there.

paragraph: In 2010, a house in Isfahan was gifted by Iranian government to Professor Frye in recognition of his services to Iranian studies.

paragraph: On June 8, 2014, the family of Dr. Frye decided to cremate his remains after waiting more than 2 months for official Iranian permission to bury him in Isfahan. His death coincided with growing resentment by Iranian hard-liners over signs of reconciliation with the United States after decades of estrangement. It is not clear what the family intended to do with his ashes.

paragraph: Section::::Frye as a public speaker.

paragraph: Frye was a popular public speaker at numerous Iran-related gatherings. In 2005, he spoke at UCLA, encouraging the Iranians present to cherish their culture and identity. In 2004, he spoke at an architectural conference in Tehran, expressing his dismay at hasty modernization that ignores the beauties of traditional Iranian architectural styles (see Architecture of Tehran).

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Near East and the Great Powers", Harvard University Press, 1951

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Iran", George Allen and Unwin, London, 1960

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Heritage of Persia: The pre-Islamic History of One of the World's Great Civilizations", World Publishing Company, New York, 1963. Reprinted by Mazda Publishers, 2004. www.mazdapublishers.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bukhara: The Medieval Achievement", University of Oklahoma Press, 1965. Reprinted by Mazda Publishers, 1997. www.mazdapublishers.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Histories of Nishapur", Harvard University Press, (Harvard Oriental Series, 45) 1965

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum, vol. III", Dura-Europos, London, 1968

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Persia" (3rd edition) Allen and Unwin, London, 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The United States and Turkey and Iran", Archon Books, 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sasanian Remains from Qasr-i Abu Nasr. Seals, Sealings, and Coins", Harvard University Press, 1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Neue Methodologie in der Iranistik", Wiesbaden, 1974

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Golden Age Of Persia: The Arabs in the East", Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1988

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The heritage of Central Asia from antiquity to the Turkish expansion" Markus Wiener, Princeton, 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Notes on the Early Coinage of Transoxania; Numismatic Notes, 113", American Numismatic Association, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Greater Iran", Mazda Publishers, 2005,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ibn Fadlan's Journey To Russia", 2005, Markus Wiener Publisher,

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Famous Americans in Iran

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iranistics

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other notable scholars of Iranian studies

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iranians pay tribute to Richard Nelson Frye, "Mehr News Agency", July 5, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Waghmar, Burzine. Obituary: Richard Nelson Frye (1920–2014). "Societas Iranologica Europaea" .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Professor Frye, a great American Iranologist wills to be buried in Iran another

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dr. Frye's statements at UCLA in March 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photos of Dr. Frye's lecture at UCLA, March 13, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dr. Frye criticized the architectural development of modern Tehran.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Excerpts from "The Greater Iran: A 20th-Century Odyssey", the memoirs of R. N. Frye

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dr. Frye's page at the "Iran Heritage" website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dr. Frye's page at the "Vohuman.org"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Former President of Iran Mr. Khatami praised Dr. Frye

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ahmadinejad says 'Yes' to Prof. Frye

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frye, R. N. Reforms of Khosrow Anoushirvan, the Sasanian Shahanshah of Iran, "The History of Ancient Iran", 1983.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Syria and Assyria

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cover story on Dr. Frye in OCPC magazine

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frye, R. N. "Ethnic Identity in Iran." 2002.

description: American historian

wikidata_label: Richard N. Frye

wikipedia_title: Richard N. Frye


text: Ōmi Province

text: Kyoto

text: Ashikaga shōguns

text: Joseon

text: "suiboku" ink painting

text: Xia Gui

text: Ma Yuan

text: Shōkoku-ji

text: Josetsu

text: Chinese

text: Song Dynasty

text: Sesshū Tōyō

text: Kanō Masanobu

text: Kanō school of painting

text: National Treasure

text: Tokyo National Museum

text: Seikadō Bunko Art Museum

text: Annals of the Joseon Dynasty

text: "Japan encyclopedia."

text: Harvard University Press

text: OCLC 58053128

text: Varley, H. Paul

text: Ten Oxherding Pictures

categories: 1463 deaths,1414 births,National Treasures of Japan,Japanese painters,Buddhist artists

paragraph: Tenshō Shūbun

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Shūbun was born in the late 14th century in Ōmi Province and became a professional painter around 1403. He settled in Kyoto, then the capital city. He became director of the court painting bureau, established by Ashikaga shōguns, which consisted of influential art patrons. He was chosen by the members of the diplomatic mission to Joseon in 1423.

paragraph: Shūbun is considered to be the founder of the Chinese style of "suiboku" ink painting in Japan. He was influenced by Chinese landscape painters Xia Gui and Ma Yuan.

paragraph: Throughout his life, Shūbun was associated with the Zen Buddhist temple, Shōkoku-ji. Early in his career, he studied painting there under Josetsu, a Chinese immigrant who became the father of the new Japanese ink painting tradition. Under Josetsu's influence, Shūbun started studying Chinese Song Dynasty painting by masters such as Xia Gui and Ma Yuan; consequently, Shūbun's style was an intermediate step between early Japanese artists who imitated Chinese models very closely, and later artists, who developed a national style. Later in life, Shūbun became overseer of buildings and grounds at Shōkoku-ji.

paragraph: In the 1440s he taught the young Sesshū Tōyō, who became his best pupil and the most highly regarded Japanese artist of his time. Another important pupil may have been Kanō Masanobu, who succeeded Shūbun as the chief painter of the Ashikaga shogunate, and also founded the Kanō school of painting.

paragraph: Shūbun's most well-known painting, designated as a National Treasure in Japan, is "Reading in a Bamboo Grove", now kept in the Tokyo National Museum. The same museum houses a few other works attributed to Shūbun, among them a pair of titled . Two more pairs of folding screens depicting landscapes of the four seasons are held by the Seikadō Bunko Art Museum. As with many Japanese and Chinese artists of this and earlier periods, many works survive that are attributed to Shūbun, but only for a few is this attribution secure. Contemporary accounts describe Shūbun as a very versatile artist, yet the only extant works with the authorship issue resolved are landscapes.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annals of the Joseon Dynasty

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deal, William E. 2007. "Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan". Oxford University Press US.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). "Japan encyclopedia." Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 58053128

paragraph: BULLET::::- Varley, H. Paul. (2000). "Japanese Culture." Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Landscapes of the Four Seasons in the Seikado Foundation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ten Oxherding Pictures, attributed to Shūbun

paragraph: BULLET::::- Landscape in the Seattle Art Museum Permanent Collection, attributed to Shūbun

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bridge of dreams: the Mary Griggs Burke collection of Japanese art, a catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Tenshō Shūbun (see index)

alias:
Tensho Shubun
Tenshou Shuubun

description: Japanese artist

wikidata_label: Tenshō Shūbun

wikipedia_title: Tenshō Shūbun


text:
Ottoman Empire
Mehmed I
Simavna (Kyprinos)
Edirne
ghazi
Muslim
Christian
syncretic
Cemal Kafadar
kadi
jurisprudence
Thrace
Konya
Cairo
Mamluk sultanate
Ardabil
Iranian Azerbaijan
Timurids
pantheistic
oneness of being
Sunni Islam
state religion
Ottoman Interregnum
Bayezid I
Tamerlane
kadiasker
timar
Musa
Ottoman sultan
Mehmed I
Iznik
Sinop
Wallachia
Izmir
Dobrudja
Saruhan
Turcomans
sipahi
medrese
Karaburun
Borkluje Mustafa
Torlak Kemal
Manisa
Dobrudja
Danube Delta
Saruhan
Bayezid Pasha
Doukas
Serres
Ibn al-‘Arabi
monist
pantheistic
Mahdi
Seljuk royal house
Murad II
Janissaries
Deliorman
Kizilbash
Bektashi
Nazim Hikmet
Mahmud II
Istanbul
Erol Toy

categories: Turkish people of Jewish descent,1420 deaths,People executed by the Ottoman Empire,People of the Ottoman Interregnum,15th-century Muslim scholars of Islam,Ottoman Sufis,People of the Ottoman Empire of Greek descent,Rebels of the Ottoman Empire,People executed by the Ottoman Empire by hanging,Ottoman period in Anatolia,Kazasker,15th-century people of the Ottoman Empire,1359 births,Muslim theologians,History of social movements

paragraph: Sheikh Bedreddin

paragraph: Sheikh Bedreddin (1359–1420) () was an influential mystic, scholar, theologian, and revolutionary. He is most well known for his role in a 1416 revolt against the Ottoman Empire, in which he and his disciples posed a serious challenge to the authority of Sultan Mehmed I and the Ottoman state. His full name was Sheikh Bedreddin Mahmud Bin Israel Bin Abdulaziz.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Many details of Bedreddin's early life are disputed, as much of it is the subject of legend and folklore. He was born in 1359 in the town of Simavna (Kyprinos), near Edirne. His father was the "ghazi" of the town, and his mother was the daughter of a Greek Byzantine fortress commander. Notably, Bedreddin was of mixed Muslim and Christian parentage, with a Christian mother and a Muslim father; this contributed to his syncretic religious beliefs later in life. Turkish scholar Cemal Kafadar argues that Bedreddin's ghazi roots may also have contributed to his commitment to religious coexistence. In his youth he was a "kadi" to Ottoman warriors on the marches, which gave him ample experience in jurisprudence, a field of study in which he would become well-versed. Bedreddin was exposed to a variety of different cultures during his education, traveling far from his birthplace in Thrace. He studied theology in Konya, and then in Cairo, which was the capital of the Mamluk sultanate. After this, he traveled to Ardabil, in what is now Iranian Azerbaijan. Ardabil was under the control of the Timurids, and was home to the mystic Safavid order. Surrounded by mystics and far removed from the religious norms of the Ottoman Empire, Bedreddin was in an excellent place to cultivate his unconventional religious ideology. There he found an environment sympathetic to his pantheistic religious beliefs, and particularly the doctrine of "oneness of being". This doctrine condemned oppositions such as those of religion and social class as interference in the oneness of God and the individual, and such doctrine ran contrary to increasing Ottoman efforts to establish Sunni Islam as the state religion. By adopting it, Bedreddin further established himself as a subversive.

paragraph: During the Ottoman Interregnum after the defeat of sultan Bayezid I by Tamerlane in 1402, Bedreddin served as the kadiasker, or chief military judge, of the Ottoman prince Musa as Musa struggled with his brothers for control of the Ottoman sultanate. Along with the frontier bey Mihaloglu, he was a chief proponent of Musa's revolutionary regime. While kadiasker, Bedreddin gained the favor of many frontier ghazis by distributing "timars" among them. Through this he aided these unpaid ghazis in their struggle against centralization, a clear indication of his subversive side.

paragraph: Section::::Revolt of 1416.

paragraph: After Musa’s defeat by Ottoman sultan Mehmed I in 1413, Bedreddin was exiled to Iznik, and his followers were dispossessed of their timars. However, he soon decided to capitalize on the climate of opposition to Mehmed I following the disorder of the still-fresh interregnum. Leaving his exile in Iznik in 1415, Bedreddin made his way to Sinop and from there across the Black Sea to Wallachia. In 1416, he raised the standard of revolt against the Ottoman state.

paragraph: Most of the revolts that ensued took place in regions of Izmir, Dobrudja, and Saruhan. The majority of his followers were Turcomans. The rest included frontier ghazis, dispossessed "sipahis", medrese students, and Christian peasants. The first of these rebellions was kindled in Karaburun, near Izmir. There, Borkluje Mustafa, one of Bedreddin’s foremost disciples, instigated an idealistic popular revolt by preaching the communal ownership of property and the equality of Muslims and Christians. Most those who revolted were Turkish nomads, but Borkluje’s followers also included many Christians. In total, approximately 6,000 people revolted against the Ottoman state in Karaburun. Torlak Kemal, another of Bedreddin’s followers, led another rebellion in Manisa, and Bedreddin himself was the leader of a revolt in Dobrudja, in contemporary northeastern Bulgaria. The heartland for the Dobrudja revolt was in the "wild forest" region south of the Danube Delta. Bedreddin found disciples among many who were discontent with sultan Mehmed; he became a figurehead for those who felt they had been disenfranchised by the sultan, including disgruntled marcher lords and many of those who had been given timars by Bedreddin as Musa's kadiasker, which had been revoked by Mehmed.

paragraph: These uprisings posed a serious challenge to the authority of Mehmed I as he attempted to reunite the Ottoman Empire and govern his Balkan provinces. Although they were all eventually stifled, the series of coordinated revolts instigated by Bedreddin and his disciples was suppressed after only great difficulty. Torlak Kemal's rebellion in Manisa was crushed and he was executed, along with thousands of his followers. Borkluje's rebellion put up more of a fight than the others, defeating first the army of the governor of Saruhan and then that of the Ottoman governor Ali Bey, before finally it was finally crushed by the Vizier Bayezid Pasha. According to the Greek historian Doukas, Bayezid slaughtered unconditionally to ensure the rebellion's defeat, and Borkluje was executed along with two thousand of his followers. Sheikh Bedreddin's own Dobrudja rebellion was a short-lived one, and came to an end when Bedreddin was apprehended by Mehmed's forces and taken to Serres. Accused of disturbing the public order by preaching religious syncretism and the communal ownership of property, he was executed in the marketplace.

paragraph: Section::::Thought and writings.

paragraph: Sheikh Bedreddin was a prolific writer and religious scholar, and a distinguished member of the Islamic religious hierarchy. He is often regarded as a talented voice in religious sciences, particularly for his thoughts on Islamic law. For his works on jurisprudence he is classed among the great scholars of Islamic thought. On the other hand, many condemn him as a heretic for his radical ideas on religious syncretism. Bedreddin advocated overlooking religious difference, arguing against zealous proselytism in favor of a utopian synthesis of faiths. This latitudinarian interpretation of religion was a major part of what allowed him and his disciples to instigate a broad-reaching popular revolt in 1416, unifying a very heterogeneous base of support.

paragraph: Bedreddin's religious origins were as a mystic. His form of mysticism was greatly influenced by the work of Ibn al-‘Arabi, and he is known to have written a commentary of al-‘ Arabi's book "Fusus al-hikam" (The Quintessence of Wisdom). Through his writings, he developed his own form of mysticism. His most significant book, "Varidat", or "Divine Inspirations," was a compilation of his discourses which reflected on his ideas about mysticism and religion. Bedreddin was a monist, believing that reality is a manifestation of God's essence, and that the spiritual and physical worlds were inseparable and necessary to one another. As he writes in "Varidat", he believed that "This world and the next, in their entirety, are imaginary fantasies; heaven and hell are no more than the spiritual manifestations, sweet and bitter, of good and evil actions."

paragraph: Bedreddin's pantheistic beliefs greatly influenced many of his political and social ideas, particularly the doctrine of "oneness of being." This doctrine condemns oppositions which its adherents believe hinder the oneness of the individual with God, including oppositions between religions and between the privileged and the powerless. This belief system is reflected in the beliefs of Bedreddin and his disciples, who, among other things, preached that all religions are essentially the same, as well as that ownership of property should be communal. Such ideas appealed greatly to those who felt marginalized in Ottoman society, and this egalitarian ideology played a major role in inspiring popular revolt in 1416.

paragraph: Sheikh Bedreddin clearly had ambitious political aspirations when he began his rebellion. According to the 15th-century Sunni historian Idris of Bitlis, Bedreddin considered himself the Mahdi, who would bring about God's unity in the world by distributing his lands among his followers. Although Idris' account is partial, Bedreddin's ambitions as a political and religious leader are apparent. He even went so far as to claim that he was descended from the Seljuk royal house, undoubtedly to bolster his legitimacy as a potential ruler. It is plausible that he aspired to win the sultanate.

paragraph: Section::::Impact.

paragraph: The revolt of 1416 marked a turning point in the toleration of non-Muslims by the Ottoman state. By crushing the rebellion aggressively and stigmatizing those who revolted, the state condemned popular discontent as illegitimate and further defined its position of opposition to religious nonconformists. After the revolt, Turco-Muslim presence in the Balkans became equivalent to an Ottoman presence. Bedreddin's rebellion made it clear to Ottoman statesmen that religious dissidence could pose a serious threat to their administrative structure, and in the years that followed, Murad II, Mehmed's successor, took steps to ensure that Islam was further established as the state's religion. For example, Murad expanded the Janissaries in the wake of the Bedreddin revolt to increase Ottoman military power, but also to create a steady flow of Christians being converted to Islam. This demonstrates a clear shift in Ottoman policy away from toleration of non-Muslims and closer to one of assimilation, a trend that would continue in the coming centuries.

paragraph: Sects of Bedreddin's followers continued to survive long after his death. His teachings remained influential, and his sectarians were considered a threat until the late sixteenth century. Known as the Simavnis or the Bedreddinlus, a sect of his followers in Dobrudja and Deliorman continued to survive for hundreds of years after his execution. Unsurprisingly, the Ottoman government viewed this group with great suspicion. In the sixteenth century, they were regarded as identical to the Kizilbash, and persecuted along with them. Some of Bedreddin's doctrines also became common among some other mystic sects. One such sect was the Bektashi, a dervish order commonly associated with the Janissaries.

paragraph: Sheikh Bedreddin continues to be known in Turkey, especially among socialists, communists, and other political leftists. In the twentieth century, he was brought back into the spotlight by the communist Turkish writer Nazim Hikmet, who wrote "The Epic of Sheikh Bedreddin" to voice opposition to the rise of fascism in the 1930s. Hikmet's work popularized Bedreddin as a historical champion of socialism and an opponent of fascist tyranny, and his name has remained well known to those on the left of the political spectrum. His bones were exhumed in 1924, but his devotees were so fearful of a backlash against Bedreddin's newfound political significance by the Turkish government that he was not buried until 1961. He was finally put to rest near the mausoleum of Mahmud II, in Istanbul.

paragraph: Section::::Books on Sheikh Bedreddin in Turkish.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Şaban Er, "Edirne-Simâvne Kâdîsı ve Emîri İsrâ’îl Oğlu Şeyh Bedreddîn Hakkında Son Söz", Kutupyıldızı Yayınları, İstanbul, Hazîran 2016 ( Cildli 657 Sayfa, ) (The Last Word about Sheikh Bedreddin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cemil Yener : Varidat, İstanbul : Elif Yayınları, 1970.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Erol Toy : Azap ortakları, 1973.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vecihi Timuroğlu : Şeyh Bedrettin Varidat Ankara : Türkiye Yazıları Yayınları, 1979

paragraph: BULLET::::- İsmet Zeki Eyüboğlu : Şeyh Bedreddin Varidat, Derin Yayınları, 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cengiz Ketene: Varidat: Simavna Kadısıoğlu Şeyh Bedreddin Simavi, 823/1420 ; trc. Cengiz Ketene, Ankara : Kültür Bakanlığı, 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seyyid Muhammed Nur : Varidat şerhi . Simavna Kadısıoğlu Şeyh Bedreddin Simavi, 823/1420 ; Haz. Mahmut Sadettin Bilginer, H. Mustafa Varlı, İstanbul : Esma Yayınları, 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- Radi Fiş: Ben De Halimce Bedreddinem Evrensel Basım Yayın.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nazım Hikmet: Şeyh Bedrettin Destanı YKY.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mine G. Kirikkanat, Gulun Oteki Adi (The Other Name Of The Rose)

paragraph: Section::::Works cited.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finkel, Caroline. "Osman’s Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300-1923." New York: Basic Books, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hikmet, Nazim, Randy Blasing, and Mutlu Konuk. "Poems of Nazim Hikmet." New York: Persea Books, 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imber, Colin. "The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650". Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inalcik, Halil. "The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Empire 1300-1600." New York: Praeger Publishers, 1973.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kafadar, Cemal. "Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State." Berkley: University of California Press, 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lowry, Heath. "The Nature of the Early Ottoman State." Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003.

alias:
Badr al-Dīn Samāvī, Maḥmūd ibn Isrāʼīl,
Badr al-Din ibn Kadi Samawna

description: Ottoman rebel

wikidata_label: Sheikh Bedreddin

wikipedia_title: Sheikh Bedreddin


text:
chapman stick
The Mute Gods
Kajagoogoo
Iona
Ellis, Beggs, & Howard
Steven Wilson
Winslow, Buckinghamshire
dustman
pescetarian
vegetarian
livestock industry
Steve Askew
Jez Strode
Limahl
Kajagoogoo
Too Shy
record
number 1
UK Singles Chart
Ellis, Beggs, & Howard
folk
Iona
recorded
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Belinda Carlisle
Emma Bunton
Life in Mono
Led Zeppelin
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Howard Jones
Artists and repertoire
Phonogram Records
Guitar-X
recorded
BBC TV
Let Me Entertain You
Lifesigns
John Young
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Grace For Drowning
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Hand. Cannot. Erase.
41/2
To the Bone
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Do Nothing till You Hear from Me
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instruments
Chapman Stick
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Out of the Tunnel's Mouth
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Get All You Deserve
The Raven that Refused to Sing
Drive Home
Hand. Cannot. Erase.
41/2
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Do Nothing till You Hear from Me
Tardigrades Will Inherit the Earth
Nick Beggs Official Website
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Official MySpace
KajaFax – The KajaGooGoo Fan Community
Facebook page for Lifesigns
The Mute Gods

categories: English male guitarists,Male bass guitarists,People from Winslow, Buckinghamshire,1961 births,English new wave musicians,English bass guitarists,Chapman Stick players,Lifesigns members,Living people

paragraph: Nick Beggs

paragraph: Nicholas Beggs (born 15 December 1961) is an English musician, noted for playing the bass guitar and the chapman stick; he is a member of The Mute Gods and Kajagoogoo, formerly also a part of Iona and Ellis, Beggs, & Howard and plays in the band of Steven Wilson.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Beggs was born in Winslow, Buckinghamshire in 1961. His parents were Herby and Joan Beggs, and he has a younger sister, Jacqueline. His father left when he was young but came back into his life at a later age. In November 1979, Beggs' mother died of cancer, leaving him to care for his sister, who was then 15. He took a job as a dustman upon leaving school.

paragraph: His daughter Lula was born on 29 May 1991 and his first marriage to Eleni Gagoushi ended in 1994. He had another daughter, Willow Beggs, in 2002 with his girlfriend Ann Staniford, whom he married in 2003. He is stepfather to his wife’s three children, Olivia, Callum and Jake Keenan. Beggs currently lives in Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire.

paragraph: Beggs was a pescetarian for a while and currently is a vegetarian due to his rejection of the livestock industry.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Beggs' first band Johnny and the Martians (formed when he was 10) consisted of two friends on trumpet and acoustic guitar and Beggs on drums. He went to Linslade Secondary School.

paragraph: After attending art school, in 1978 Beggs formed the band Art Nouveau, with Steve Askew, Stuart Croxford Neale and Jez Strode. Chris Hamill (Limahl) joined the band in 1981 and at Beggs' suggestion it was renamed Kajagoogoo. The release of the first single, "Too Shy", in January 1983 saw the band on a promotional tour as the record reached number 1 in the UK Singles Chart.

paragraph: After firing lead singer Limahl and, following a split with Strode, the three remaining band members reformed as 'Kaja'.

paragraph: Between 1985 and 1987, Beggs concentrated on writing with various other songwriters and finally formed Ellis, Beggs, & Howard in March 1987. Ellis, Beggs and Howard split in 1989, and in 1990 Beggs joined the progressive folk band, Iona. He recorded two albums with them, "The Book of Kells" and "Beyond These Shores".

paragraph: He continued working with various artists and bands including Gary Numan, Alphaville, Belinda Carlisle, Emma Bunton (on her album Life in Mono) and Led Zeppelin's former bass player, John Paul Jones. In 1996, Beggs met Howard Jones on a flight from the United States and a friendship was established. Jones invited Beggs to tour as part of his band. Beggs has also worked with various bands and artists.

paragraph: Beggs went on to work as an Artists and repertoire manager for Phonogram Records, where he worked for eight months. He later became a contributor to various guitar publications, and is now a staff writer for "Bass Guitar" magazine. He is also a Patron of London-based guitar and bass school, Guitar-X.

paragraph: He has recorded and released two solo albums and an EP: *""Stick Insect"" (2002) & *""The Maverick Helmsman"" (2004) *Stick Enterprises, as well as *""The Darkness Inside Mens Hearts"", 2014 Burning Shed: a compilation of the solo Chapman Stick pieces from his two earlier albums, with 2 newly recorded Chapman Stick-based songs that bookend the releases.

paragraph: Beggs and Askew have been heavily involved with a new duo called Industrial Salt, who have been successful in Japan. They have also written material for Claudia Mills, a finalist on the BBC TV talent show, "Let Me Entertain You".

paragraph: A reformed Kajagoogoo with Beggs, Askew and Croxford Neale toured in 2004. Since then Limahl and Strode have both rejoined and the band has toured extensively over Europe in 2008 and 2009.

paragraph: In February 2013, Beggs's project, Lifesigns, with John Young and Frosty Beedle, released a self-titled album.

paragraph: As of 2011, Beggs is a member of Steven Wilson's touring band, having also played in Wilson's albums, "Grace For Drowning", "The Raven That Refused to Sing", "Hand. Cannot. Erase.", the EP "41/2" and "To the Bone".

paragraph: Beggs also became a member of the band Fish On Friday from Belgium, who released an album named Godspeed at the end of 2014, and contributed to John Mitchell's solo project Lonely Robot, which released the album Please Come Home in February 2015 as well as appearing on the Spectral Mornings EP.

paragraph: Beggs's latest collaboration is called The Mute Gods, with Marco Minneman and Roger King. Their first album was released in January 2016, entitled "Do Nothing till You Hear from Me". This was followed-up with "Tardigrades Will Inherit The Earth" in February 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Instruments.

paragraph: Beggs' primary instruments are Chapman Stick and bass guitar.

paragraph: He has also significantly modified a Chapman Stick to a fully MIDI-capable instrument triggering MIDI from both bass and melody strings. He has named this the "Virtual Stick".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Ellis, Beggs and Howard.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Big Bubbles No Troubles" – RCA PB 42089 – June 88 – # 59 UK

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bad Times" – RCA PB 42041 – August 88

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Where Did Tomorrow Go?" – RCA PB42317 – November 1988

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Big Bubbles No Troubles" remix – RCA PB 42089 – February 89 – # 41 UK

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Big Bubbles No Troubles" remix – RCA PB 42788 – April 1989

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Ellis, Beggs and Howard.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Homelands" – RCA – 1988

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lost Years Volume One" – available from Nick Beggs website

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lost Years Volume Two" – again, available from Nick Beggs website as of February 2010

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Lifesigns.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lifesigns" – Esoteric Antenna – 2013

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""Stick Insect"", 2002 CD Stick Enterprises

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""The Maverick Helmsman"", 2004 CD Stick Enterprises

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""The Darkness Inside Mens Hearts"", 2014 Burning Shed: a compilation of the solo Chapman Stick pieces from his two albums, ""Stick Insect"" (2002) and ""The Maverick Helmsman"" (2004) with 2 newly recorded songs bookending the release.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With other artists.

paragraph: With Steve Hackett

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Out of the Tunnel's Mouth", 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beyond the Shrouded Horizon", 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live Rails", 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Genesis Revisited II", 2012

paragraph: With Steven Wilson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grace For Drowning", 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Catalog / Preserve / Amass" (live), 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Get All You Deserve" (live), 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Raven that Refused to Sing", 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Drive Home", 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hand. Cannot. Erase.", 2015

paragraph: BULLET::::- "41/2", 2016

paragraph: BULLET::::- "To the Bone", 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Home Invasion: In Concert at the Royal Albert Hall, 2018"

paragraph: With Lonely Robot (i.e. John Mitchell)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Please Come Home", 2015

paragraph: With The Mute Gods

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Do Nothing till You Hear from Me" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tardigrades Will Inherit the Earth" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Atheists and Believers" (2019)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nick Beggs Official Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- KajaGooGoo Official Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official MySpace

paragraph: BULLET::::- KajaFax – The KajaGooGoo Fan Community

paragraph: BULLET::::- Facebook page for Lifesigns

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Mute Gods

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Nick Beggs

wikipedia_title: Nick Beggs