text: philosopher

text: moralist

text: economist

text: Ashigarakami

text: gun

text: Sagami province

text: Odawara Domain

text: Sagami Province

text: ritsuryō

text: Buddhism

text: Shintōism

text: Confucianism

text: Kami

text: compound interest

text: samurai

text: peasants

text: soroban

text: credit union

text: Obasan

text: Joy Kogawa

text: Odawara

text: Rollins College

text: Winter Park, Florida

text: United States

text: Japan

text: Okinawa Prefecture

text: war loot

text: United States Navy

text: Battle of Okinawa

text: Hamilton Holt

text: U.S. State Department

text: World War II

text: Tadaatsu Ishiguro

categories: 1787 births,Agriculture in Japan,Moral philosophers,People of the Empire of Japan,Japanese philosophers,Japanese economists,Japanese culture,1856 deaths,People from Kanagawa Prefecture,Japan–United States relations,Education in Japan

paragraph: Ninomiya Sontoku

paragraph: , born Ninomiya Kinjirō (二宮 金次郎), was a prominent 19th-century Japanese agricultural leader, philosopher, moralist and economist.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Ninomiya Sontoku was born to a poor peasant family with a name of Kinjiro in Kayama (栢山), Ashigarakami-gun, Sagami province. His father died when he was 14 and his mother died two years later. He was then placed in his uncle's household.

paragraph: While working in his uncle's land, Sontoku studied on his own. He later obtained abandoned land on his own and transformed it into agricultural land, eventually restoring his household on his own at the age of 20. He achieved considerable wealth as a landlord while in his 20s. He was then recruited to run a small feudal district which was facing considerable financial difficulty. He achieved this by reviving local economy, particularly through agricultural development. The daimyō, hearing of his achievement, eventually recruited Sontoku to run Odawara Domain then Sagami Province.

paragraph: It is said that during his administration a famine struck Odawara. Sontoku proposed opening up the public granaries to feed the starving populace. He was opposed by his fellow bureaucrats who reminded him that permission had to be granted by the shōgun for commoners to have access to the rice stores. In that case, Sontoku replied, no one, including the bureaucrats, could eat the public rice before getting the shōgun's approval. They quickly changed their minds and decided that, since it was an emergency, the people should be fed immediately. He was eventually entrusted with one of the shogunate's estate, which was a great honour for someone of his low origin.

paragraph: His philosophy and methodology became a standard format in feudal land, developmental and economic management. The name "Sontoku" was given to him for his accomplishments. After his death, the emperor awarded him with "Jyu Yoni", Lower Fourth Honour under the "ritsuryō" rank system.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.

paragraph: Though he did not leave written philosophical work, his ideas were later transcribed by his disciples: Tomita Takayoshi, Fukuzumi Masae and Saitō Takayuki. Ninomiya combined three strands of traditional teachings — Buddhism, Shintōism and Confucianism — and transformed them into practical ethical principles that matured out of his experiences. He saw agriculture as the highest form of humanity because it was the cultivation of resources given by the Kami.

paragraph: Section::::Economics.

paragraph: Ninomiya Sontoku emphasized the importance of compound interest which was not well understood among samurai and peasants. He calculated the maturity of each interest rate for 100 years to show its significance by using the Japanese abacus (soroban).

paragraph: He viewed agricultural village life as communal, where surpluses from one year were invested to develop further land or saved for worse years, and shared by members of the community. He was aware that developed land had a lower tax base than established agricultural land, and he was adept at financial management which he applied to his estate. He encouraged migrants from other estates and rewarded them if they successfully established an agricultural household.

paragraph: He started his own financial institutions called "gojoukou" (五常講, ごじょうこう), which appear to be forerunners of credit unions. Each member of the village union could borrow interest-free funds for 100 days, while the entire membership shared the cost in case of default. The combination of land development, immigration, and communal finance all managed under the diligent use of abacuses was a success and became the standard methodology of economic development in feudal Japan.

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: It is not uncommon to see statues of Ninomiya in or in front of Japanese schools, especially elementary schools. Typically they show him as a boy reading a book while walking and carrying firewood on his back. These statues depict popular stories that said Ninomiya was reading and studying every moment he could.

paragraph: There is a reference to him in the novel "Obasan" by Joy Kogawa. The father often tells the story of Ninomiya Sontoku to his children, relating how

paragraph: "Up early to the mountains for wood before the rooster calls 'ko-ke-kok-ko!' He studies and works every day to feed his baby brother and his mother. That is how he becomes the great teacher, Ninomiya Sontaku of Odawara, Japan."

paragraph: Section::::War loot.

paragraph: In October 1994, Rollins College, a small private liberal arts college in Winter Park, Florida, United States made international headlines when the government of Japan, per a request from Okinawa Prefecture, asked for the return of a statue that was taken as war loot. It was taken by Clinton C. Nichols, a lieutenant commander in the United States Navy and Rollins graduate, after the Battle of Okinawa. Nichols presented the statue of Ninomiya Sontoku in 1946 to then Rollins President Hamilton Holt who promised to keep it in the main lobby of the college's Warren Administration Building forever.

paragraph: At first, the college rejected the offer made by Okinawan officials, who suggested that a replica of the statue would be presented to the school if the original was returned. However, after consulting with the U.S. State Department and the college's board of trustees, then Rollins President Rita Bornstein accepted the offer. The statue was returned to Okinawa in 1995 in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the end of World War II. In addition to providing the college with a replica of the original statue, the government of Okinawa and Rollins signed an "agreement of cooperation" that pledges to develop cooperative projects between the college and Shogaku Junior and Senior High School — where the original statue has been placed.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: The primary reference in English is:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A peasant sage of Japan: the life and work of Sontoku Ninomiya" (1912), a translation by Tadasu YOSHIMOTO (1878–1973) of "Hōtokuki" by Kōkei TOMITA (1814–1890) (富田高慶『報徳記』宮内省 1883年).

paragraph: This was a record of Sontoku's life written by his disciple Tomita in the decades after Sontoku's death. As this is out of copyright, various editions exist, including freely online, together with reprints. These include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A peasant sage of Japan: the life and work of Sontoku Ninomiya" (1912) (Google scan)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A peasant sage of Japan: the life and work of Sontoku Ninomiya" (1912) (Cornell scan)

paragraph: Other references include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Just before the dawn: the life and work of Ninomiya Sontoku" (1912), Robert Cornell Armstrong (Cornell scan)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (reprint edition)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ninomiya Sontoku: His life and evening talks," by Tadaatsu Ishiguro (1884–1960), English publication by Kenkyusha, 1955 and 1987

paragraph: More contemporary references exist in Japanese; see .

description: Japanese philosopher

wikidata_label: Ninomiya Sontoku

wikipedia_title: Ninomiya Sontoku


text: Yamato

text: Enryaku

text: Udoneri

text: Emperor Shōmu

text: Dazaifu

text: Kyūshū

text: rebellion of Fujiwara no Hirotsugu

text: Etchū Province

text: Nanba

text: Man'yōshū

text: Fujiwara no Yoshitsugu

text: Isonokami Yakatsugu

text: Saeki no Imaemishi

text: Fujiwara no Nakamaro

text: Satsuma Province

text: Ise Province

text: Hikami no Kawatsugu

text: Mutsu Province

text: shōgun

text: Fujiwara no Tanetsugu

text: Man'yōshū

text: Shika Wakashū

text: Gunka

text: Umi Yukaba

text: banka

text: Prince Asaka

text: 8th century in poetry

text: Japanese poetry

categories: Man'yō poets,785 deaths,Japanese male poets,8th-century Japanese poets,718 births,Deaths by drowning,Hyakunin Isshu poets,Date of birth unknown,Shōguns,8th-century shōguns

paragraph: Ōtomo no Yakamochi

paragraph: Section::::Political life.

paragraph: The Ōtomo clan were warriors and bureaucrats in the Yamato Court, and Yakamochi served as a in several provinces. Like his grandfather and father before him, Yakamochi was a well-known politician, and by Enryaku rose to the position of , his highest bureaucratic position.

paragraph: In 738, he met Udoneri, and in 740 at the behest of Emperor Shōmu went to Dazaifu (Kyūshū) to suppress the rebellion of Fujiwara no Hirotsugu. In 745 he became a . In July of the following year, he became governor of Etchū Province, a post he lasted in until 751. By this time he was already the author of 220 "waka". In 751 he was promoted to and returned to the capital.

paragraph: In 754 he was appointed , and the following year concerned himself with the at Nanba, a time that is described in the "Sakimori Songs Collection" in the "Man'yōshū". Yakamochi did not take part in the . Instead, he conspired with Fujiwara no Yoshitsugu, Isonokami Yakatsugu and Saeki no Imaemishi to plot the assassination of Fujiwara no Nakamaro. Afterwards Yoshitsugu took sole responsibility for the affair, but due to suspicions about Yakamochi's involvement he was transferred to the governorship of Satsuma Province.

paragraph: In 777 he rose to the governorship of Ise Province. According to the records of the , he served in this post for about five years. In 780 he was promoted to . Fearing suspicion and banishment from the capital for aiding in Hikami no Kawatsugu's , he remained quiet and was promoted to in 783.

paragraph: He died by drowning in Mutsu Province while attending to his concurrent post as "shōgun". Soon after his death, Fujiwara no Tanetsugu was assassinated; suspecting that Yakamochi was involved in the affair, his burial was denied and he was posthumously disgraced and excommunicated. His son was stripped of rank and forced into exile, and it was only in 806 that he regained his rank.

paragraph: Section::::Poetic works.

paragraph: Yakamochi was one of the compilers of the "Man'yōshū", the first poetry anthology created in Japanese history, for which he not only wrote several poems but also transcribed, rewrote, and refashioned an unknown number of ancient poems and folklore. He was the most prolific and prominent writer of his time, and had a great influence on the "Shika Wakashū" as well. The famous Gunka song "Umi Yukaba" used one of his most famous and outstanding poem as lyrics, and was considered Japan's second anthem during wartime.

paragraph: He wrote a eulogy ("banka") for Prince Asaka (安積皇子 "Asaka-no-miko").

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 8th century in poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Japanese poetry

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- This article is based on material from the equivalent article in the Japanese Wikipedia.

description: Japanese writer

wikidata_label: Ōtomo no Yakamochi

wikipedia_title: Ōtomo no Yakamochi


text: Hebrew

text: Jew

text: kohen

text: Mattathias

text: Maccabean Revolt

text: Seleucid Empire

text: Hanukkah

text: Second Temple

text: Mattathias

text: Hasmonean

text: Jewish priest

text: Modiin

text: Eleazar

text: Simon

text: John

text: Jonathan

text: Seleucid

text: Antiochus IV Epiphanes

text: Jewish

text: First Book of Maccabees

text: Aramaic

text: Hebrew

text: Charles Martel

text: acronym

text: Torah

text: Exodus

text: guerrilla warfare

text: battle of Nahal el-Haramiah

text: Samaria

text: routed a larger Seleucid army

text: Beth-Horon

text: Battle of Emmaus

text: Nicanor

text: Gorgias

text: Lysias

text: viceroy

text: Parthians

text: Battle of Emmaus

text: Emmaus

text: Judea

text: Idumea

text: Acra

text: Temple of Jerusalem

text: Kislev

text: Hanukkah

text: Temple was destroyed

text: Gilead

text: Transjordan

text: Galilee

text: Greek

text: Edomites

text: Hebron

text: Maresha

text: Ashdod

text: Acra

text: Hellenistic

text: Antiochus V Eupator

text: Parthia

text: Beth-Zur

text: Battle of Beth-zechariah

text: Bethlehem

text: sabbatical year

text: Antioch

text: Demetrius

text: Seleucus IV Philopator

text: High Priest

text: Menelaus

text: Alcimus

text: Demetrius I Soter

text: Seleucus IV Philopator

text: Roman Senate

text: Bacchides

text: Antioch

text: battle near Adasa

text: Adar

text: Roman-Jewish Treaty

text: Roman Republic

text: Josephus

text: Jewish

text: Romans

text: Battle of Elasa

text: Modiin

text: the Divine Comedy

text: Dante

text: Shakespeare

text: Love's Labour's Lost

text: Nine Worthies

text: Judas Iscariot

text: Naples

text: Castilian

text: Portuguese

text: Marrano

text: Pierre du Ryer

text: Handel

text: "Judas Maccabaeus" oratorio

text: oratorio

text: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: Yiddish

text: Howard Fast

text: historical novel

text: My Glorious Brothers

text: 1947–1949 Palestine war

text: William Tell

text: Edward Einhorn

text: medieval

text: Christian

text: Old Testament

text: Jean Fouquet

text: Rubens

text: Counter-Reformation

text: Catholics

text: Protestants

text: purgatory

text: Tournai

text: George Frideric Handel

text: oratorio

text: Judas Maccabeus

text: Jacobite rising of 1745

text: Thomas Morell

text: Duke of Cumberland

text: Scottish

text: Jacobite

text: Battle of Culloden

text: Christian

text: Easter

text: Maccabiah Games

text: Israel

text: Hanukkah

text: Beethoven

text: Tom Lehrer

text: Mirah

text: The Goldbergs

text: Jewish leadership

text: List of Hasmonean and Herodian rulers

text: Nine Worthies

text: Encyclopaedia Judaica

text: Cecil Roth

text: Jewish Encyclopedia

text: Catholic Encyclopedia

text: Playing Dreidel with Judah Maccabee

text: Judah Maccabee

text: Who Was Judah Maccabee?

text: Dr. Henry Abramson

categories: Maccabees,Hasmonean dynasty,People in the Deuterocanonical books,2nd-century BC High Priests of Israel,160 BC deaths,Year of birth unknown,Military personnel killed in action,2nd-century BCE Jews,2nd-century BC Hasmonean rulers

paragraph: Judas Maccabeus

paragraph: Judah Maccabee (or Judas Maccabeus, also spelled Machabeus, or Maccabaeus, Hebrew: יהודה המכבי, "Yehudah ha-Makabi") was a Jewish priest ("kohen") and a son of the priest Mattathias. He led the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire (167–160 BCE).

paragraph: The Jewish holiday of Hanukkah ("Dedication") commemorates the restoration of Jewish worship at the Second Temple in Jerusalem in 164 BCE, after Judah Maccabeus removed all of the statues depicting Greek gods and goddesses and purified it.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life.

paragraph: Judah was the third son of Mattathias the Hasmonean, a Jewish priest from the village of Modiin. In 167 BCE Mattathias, together with his sons Judah, Eleazar, Simon, John, and Jonathan, started a revolt against the Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who since 175 BCE had issued decrees that forbade Jewish religious practices. After Mattathias's death in 166 BCE, Judah assumed leadership of the revolt in accordance with the deathbed disposition of his father. The First Book of Maccabees praises Judah's valor and military talent, suggesting that those qualities made Judah a natural choice for the new commander.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Origin of Name "The Hammer".

paragraph: In the early days of the rebellion, Judah received a surname Maccabee. Several explanations have been put forward for this surname. One suggestion is that the name derives from the Aramaic "maqqaba" ("makebet" in modern Hebrew), "hammer" or "sledgehammer" (cf. the cognomen of Charles Martel, the 8th century Frankish leader), in recognition of his ferocity in battle. Others believe it is in reference to his weapon of choice.

paragraph: It is also possible that the name Maccabee is an acronym for the Torah verse "Mi kamokha ba'elim Adonai", "Who among the gods is like you, O Adonai?", his battle-cry to motivate troops. (Exodus 15:11). Rabbi Moshe Schreiber writes that it is an acronym for his father's name Mattityahu Kohen Ben Yochanan. Some scholars maintain that the name is a shortened form of the Hebrew "maqqab-ya ¯hû" (from "na ¯qab", ‘‘to

paragraph: mark, to designate’’), meaning ‘‘the one designated by Yahweh.’

paragraph: Mindful of the superiority of Seleucid forces during the first two years of the revolt, Judah's strategy was to avoid any engagement with their regular army, and to resort to guerrilla warfare, in order to give them a feeling of insecurity. The strategy enabled Judah to win a string of victories. At the battle of Nahal el-Haramiah (wadi haramia), he defeated a small Seleucid force under the command of Apollonius, governor of Samaria, who was killed. Judah took possession of Apollonius's sword and used it until his death as a symbol of vengeance. After Nahal el-Haramiah, recruits flocked to the Jewish cause.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early victories.

paragraph: Shortly thereafter, Judah routed a larger Seleucid army under the command of Seron near Beth-Horon, largely thanks to a good choice of battlefield. Then in the Battle of Emmaus, Judah proceeded to defeat the Seleucid forces led by generals Nicanor and Gorgias. This force was dispatched by Lysias, whom Antiochus left as viceroy after departing on a campaign against the Parthians. By a forced night march, Judah succeeded in eluding Gorgias, who had intended to attack and destroy the Jewish forces in their camp with his cavalry. While Gorgias was searching for him in the mountains, Judah made a surprise attack upon the Seleucid camp and defeated the Seleucids at the Battle of Emmaus. The Seleucid commander had no alternative but to withdraw to the coast.

paragraph: The defeat at Emmaus convinced Lysias that he must prepare for a serious and prolonged war. He accordingly assembled a new and larger army and marched with it on Judea from the south via Idumea. After several years of conflict Judah drove out his foes from Jerusalem, except for the garrison in the citadel of Acra. He purified the defiled Temple of Jerusalem and on the 25th of Kislev (December 14, 164 BCE) restored the service in the Temple. The reconsecration of the Temple became a permanent Jewish holiday, Hanukkah, which continued even after the Temple was destroyed in 70 CE. Hanukkah is still celebrated annually. The liberation of Jerusalem was the first step on the road to ultimate independence.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:After Jerusalem.

paragraph: Upon hearing the news that the Jewish communities in Gilead, Transjordan, and Galilee were under attack by neighboring Greek cities, Judah immediately went to their aid. Judah sent his brother, Simeon, to Galilee at the head of 3,000 men; Simeon proceeded to successfully fulfill his task, achieving numerous victories and transplanted a substantial portion of the Jewish settlements, including women and children, to Judea. Judah personally led the campaign in Transjordan, taking with him his brother Jonathan. After fierce fighting, he defeated the Transjordanian tribes and rescued the Jews concentrated in fortified towns in Gilead. The Jewish population of the areas taken by the Maccabees was evacuated to Judea. At the conclusion of the fighting in Transjordan, Judah turned against the Edomites in the south, captured and destroyed Hebron and Maresha. He then marched on the coast of the Mediterranean, destroyed the altars and statues of the pagan gods in Ashdod, and returned to Judea with much spoils.

paragraph: Judah then laid siege to the Seleucid garrison at the Acra, the Seleucid citadel of Jerusalem. The besieged, who included not only Syrian-Greek troops but also Hellenistic Jews, appealed for help to Lysias, who effectively became the regent of the young king Antiochus V Eupator after the death of Antiochus Epiphanes at the end of 164 BCE during the Parthian campaign. Lysias together with Eupator set out for a new campaign in Judea. Lysias skirted Judea as he had done in his first campaign, entering it from the south, and besieged Beth-Zur. Judah raised the siege of the Acra and went to meet Lysias. In the Battle of Beth-zechariah, south of Bethlehem, the Seleucids achieved their first major victory over the Maccabees, and Judah was forced to withdraw to Jerusalem. Beth-Zur was compelled to surrender and Lysias reached Jerusalem, laying siege to the city. The defenders found themselves in a precarious situation because their provisions were exhausted, it being a sabbatical year during which the fields were left uncultivated. However, just as capitulation seemed imminent, Lysias and Eupator had to withdraw when Antiochus Epiphanes's commander-in-chief Philip, whom the late ruler appointed regent before his death, rebelled against Lysias and was about to enter Antioch and seize power. Lysias decided to propose a peaceful settlement, which was concluded at the end of 163 BCE. The terms of peace were based on the restoration of religious freedom, the permission for the Jews to live in accordance with their own laws, and the official return of the Temple to the Jews. Lysias defeated Philip, only to be overthrown by Demetrius, son of the late Seleucus IV Philopator; returned from years as a hostage in Rome. Demetrius appointed Alcimus (Jakim), a Hellenist Jew, as high priest, a choice the Hasidim (Pietists) might have accepted since he was of priestly descent.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Internal conflict.

paragraph: When war against the external enemy came to an end, an internal struggle broke out between the party led by Judah and the Hellenist party. The influence of the Hellenizers all but collapsed in the wake of the Seleucid defeat. The Hellenizing High Priest Menelaus was removed from office and executed. His successor was another Hellenizer Alcimus. When Alcimus executed sixty priests who were opposed to him, he found himself in open conflict with the Maccabees. Alcimus fled from Jerusalem and went to the Seleucid king, asking for help.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Demetrius I Soter, son of Seleucus IV Philopator and nephew of the late Antiochus IV Epiphanes, fled from Rome in defiance of the Roman Senate, arrived in Syria. Declaring himself the rightful king, he captured and killed Lysias and Antiochus Eupator, taking the throne. It was thus Demetrius to whom the delegation led by Alcimus, complained of the persecution of the Hellenist party in Judea. Demetrius granted Alcimus's request to be appointed High Priest under the protection of the king's army and sent to Judea an army led by Bacchides. The weaker Jewish army couldn't oppose the enemy and withdrew from Jerusalem, so Judah returned to wage guerrilla warfare. Soon after, it was necessary for the Seleucid Army to return to Antioch because of the turbulent political situation. Judah's forces returned to Jerusalem and the Seleucids dispatched another army, again led by Nicanor. In a battle near Adasa, on the 13th Adar 161 BCE, the Seleucid army was destroyed and Nicanor was killed. The annual "Day of Nicanor" was instituted to commemorate this victory.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:The Agreement with Rome and the Death of Judas Maccabeus.

paragraph: The Roman-Jewish Treaty was an agreement made between Judah Maccabee and the Roman Republic in 161 BCE according to and Josephus. It was the first recorded contract between the Jewish people and the Romans.

paragraph: The agreement with Rome failed to have any effect on Demetrius' policy. On receipt of the news of Nicanor's defeat, he dispatched a new army, again commanded by Bacchides. This time the Seleucid forces of 20,000 men were numerically so superior that most of Judah's men left the field of battle and advised their leader to do likewise and to await a more favorable opportunity. However, Judah decided to stand his ground.

paragraph: In the Battle of Elasa, Judah and those who remained faithful to him were killed. His body was taken by his brothers from the battlefield and buried in the family sepulchre at Modiin. The death of Judah Maccabee (d. 160 BCE) stirred the Jews to renewed resistance. After several additional years of war under the leadership of two of Mattathias' other sons (Jonathan and Simon), the Jews finally achieved independence and the liberty to worship freely.

paragraph: Section::::In the arts.

paragraph: Section::::In the arts.:Pre-19th century.

paragraph: As warrior hero and national liberator, Judah Maccabee has inspired many writers, and several artists and composers. In the Divine Comedy, Dante sees his spirit in the Heaven of Mars with the other "heroes of the true faith". In Shakespeare's Love's Labour's Lost, he is enacted along with the other Nine Worthies, but heckled for sharing a name with Judas Iscariot. Most significant works dedicated solely to him date from the 17th century onwards. William Houghton's "Judas Maccabaeus", performed in about 1601 but now lost, is thought to have been the first drama on the theme; however, "Judas Macabeo," an early "comedia" by crucial Spanish playwright Pedro Calderón de la Barca is extant. Fernando Rodríguez-Gallego details its history in his critical edition: the play was performed in the 1620s in different versions and finally published as part of an anthology by Vera Tassis in 1637. Following on its heels is "El Macabeo" (Naples, 1638), a Castilian epic by the Portuguese Marrano Miguel de Silveyra. Two other 17th century works are "La chevalerie de Judas Macabé" by French poet Pierre du Ryer (c. 1600–1658) and the anonymous neo-Latin work "Judas Machabaeus" (Rome, 1695). Handel wrote his "Judas Maccabaeus" oratorio (1746) on the subject.

paragraph: Section::::In the arts.:19th century.

paragraph: There has been interest in Judah in every century. "Giuda Macabeo, ossia la morte di Nicanore..." (1839), is an Italian "azione sacra" based on which Vallicella composed an oratorio. One of the best-known literary works on the theme is "Judas Maccabaeus" (1872), a five-act verse tragedy by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. A Hebrew version of Longfellow's play was published in 1900. Two later 19th-century interpretations of the story are "Judas Makkabaeus", a novella by the German writer Josef Eduard Konrad Bischoff, which appeared in "Der Gefangene von Kuestrin" (1885), and "The Hammer" (1890), a book by Alfred J. Church and Richmond Seeley.

paragraph: Section::::In the arts.:20th century.

paragraph: Several 20th-century Jewish authors have also written works devoted to Judah Maccabee and the Maccabeean Revolt. Jacob Benjamin Katznelson (1855–1930) wrote the poem, "Alilot Gibbor ha-Yehudim Yehudah ha-Makkabi le-Veit ha-Hashmona'im" (1922); the Yiddish writer Moses Schulstein wrote the dramatic poem, "Yehudah ha-Makkabi" (in "A Layter tsu der Zun", 1954); Jacob Fichmann's "Yehudah ha-Makkabi" is one of the heroic tales included in "Sippurim le-Mofet" (1954). Amit Arad's historical novel "Lions of Judea - The miraculous story of the Maccabees" (2014). Many children's plays have also been written on the theme by various Jewish authors.

paragraph: In addition, the American writer Howard Fast penned the historical novel, "My Glorious Brothers", which was published in 1948, during the 1947–1949 Palestine war.

paragraph: During World War II the Swiss-German writer Karl Boxler published his novel "Judas Makkabaeus; ein Kleinvolk kaempft um Glaube und Heimat" (1943), the subtitle of which suggests that Swiss democrats then drew a parallel between their own national hero, William Tell, and the leader of the Maccabean revolt against foreign tyranny.

paragraph: The modern play "Playing Dreidel with Judah Maccabee" by Edward Einhorn is about a contemporary boy who meets the historical figure.

paragraph: Section::::In the arts.:Visual arts.

paragraph: In the medieval Christian art, Judah Maccabee was regarded as one of the heroes of the Old Testament. He figures in a tenth-century illustrated manuscript "Libri Maccabaeorum". The late medieval French artist Jean Fouquet painted an illustration of Judah triumphing over his enemies for his famous manuscript of Josephus. Rubens painted Judah Maccabee praying for the dead; the painting illustrates an episode from 2 Maccabees 12:39–48 in which Judah's troops find stolen idolatrous charms on the corpses of Jewish warriors slain on the battlefield. He therefore offers prayers and an expiatory sacrifice for these warriors who have died in a state of sin. During the Counter-Reformation the passage was used by Catholics against Protestants in order to justify the doctrine of purgatory. Accordingly, Rubens painted the scene for the Chapel of the Dead in Tournai cathedral. In the 19th century, Paul Gustave Doré executed an engraving of Judah Maccabee victoriously pursuing the shattered troops of the Syrian enemy.

paragraph: Section::::In the arts.:Music.

paragraph: In music, almost all the compositions inspired by the Hasmonean rebellion revolve around Judah. In 1746, the composer George Frideric Handel composed his oratorio "Judas Maccabeus," putting the biblical story in the context of the Jacobite rising of 1745. This work, with libretto by Thomas Morell, had been written for the celebrations following the Duke of Cumberland's victory over the Scottish Jacobite rebels at the Battle of Culloden in 1746. The oratorio's most famous chorus is "See, the conqu'ring hero comes". The tune of this chorus was later adopted as a Christian Easter hymn tune "Thine Be The Glory, Risen Conquering Son". A Hebrew translation of Handel's "Judas Maccabaeus" was prepared for the 1932 Maccabiah Games and is now popular in Israel with the motif of "conqu'ring hero" becoming a Hanukkah song. Beethoven composed a set of theme and variations 12 Variations on 'See the conqu'ring hero comes' for Cello and Piano, WoO 45.

paragraph: Tom Lehrer refers to Judas Maccabeus in his song "Hanukkah in Santa Monica".

paragraph: Mirah refers to Judah Maccabee in her song "Jerusalem".

paragraph: In "The Goldbergs Mixtape", a parody song is named "Judah Macabee".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jewish leadership

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Hasmonean and Herodian rulers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nine Worthies

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schalit, Abraham (1997). "Judah Maccabee". "Encyclopaedia Judaica" (CD-ROM Edition Version 1.0). Ed. Cecil Roth. Keter Publishing House.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schäfer, Peter (2003). "The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World". Routledge.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hasmoneans on the Web (Resource Index)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Judas Maccabeus on the Web (pictures and directory)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jewish Encyclopedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Encyclopedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lions of Judea - The miraculous story of the Maccabees

paragraph: BULLET::::- Playing Dreidel with Judah Maccabee (script excerpt from play)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Judah Maccabee

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Under the Influence: Hellenism in Ancient Jewish Life" Biblical Archaeology Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- Who Was Judah Maccabee? by Dr. Henry Abramson

description: Jewish revolutionary

wikidata_label: Judah Maccabee

wikipedia_title: Judas Maccabeus


text: King of the Isles

text: Somairle mac Gilla Brigte

text: Clann Somairle

text: eponymous

text: Clann Dubgaill

text: Guðrøðr Óláfsson

text: Scotland

text: this defeat

text: Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson

text: St Cuthbert

text: Durham Cathedral

text: continental Europe

text: Ragnall

text: Diocese of Argyll

text: Lorne

text: Mull

text: Hebrides

text: Aongus

text: Somairle mac Gilla Brigte

text: Norse-Gaelic

text: Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles

text: Chronicle of Mann

text: Ragnall

text: Aongus

text: Orkneyinga saga

text: Gaelic

text: Clann Somairle

text: Guðrøðr

text: inconclusive sea-battle

text: Islay

text: Mull

text: attacked Mann

text: Magnús Óláfsson, King of Norway

text: Sigurðr

text: Bjaðmunjo

text: King of Munster

text: Orkney

text: Mac Scelling

text: King of Dublin

text: battle

text: Renfrew

text: Gesta Annalia I

text: Annals of Tigernach

text: floruit

text: Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson

text: Glenelg

text: Mull of Kintyre

text: Lorne

text: Kintyre

text: Sleat History

text: Clann Domnaill

text: Loch Leven

text: Asknish

text: illegitimacy

text: Ardnamurchan branch

text: Moidart

text: Ardnamurchan

text: Durham Cathedral

text: St Bartholomew

text: mark

text: St Cuthbert

text: York

text: William I, King of Scotland

text: Henry II, King of England

text: Durham "Liber vitae"

text: Donnchad

text: Diocese of the Isles

text: imperium

text: Archdiocese of Niðaróss

text: Diocese of Argyll

text: Dunblane

text: Dunkeld

text: Moray

text: diocesan seat

text: Lismore

text: bishops

text: see

text: continental Europe

text: comarba

text: St Columba

text: Iona

text: Benedictine

text: Book of Clanranald

text: Pope Innocent III

text: Benedictine Rule

text: Bethóc

text: prioress

text: Iona Nunnery

text: Augustinian

text: black

text: Clann Dubgaill

text: Clann Ruaidrí

text: Book of Lecan

text: Óspakr-Hákon

text: Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway

text: Annals of Ulster

text: Skye

text: Ruaidrí

text: lowland

text: Robert I, King of Scotland

categories: Scandinavian Scotland,Clann Somhairle,12th-century Norwegian people,Clan MacDougall,Year of birth unknown,12th-century Scottish people,Rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles,Norse-Gaels,Scottish clan chiefs,12th-century rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles

paragraph: Dubgall mac Somairle

paragraph: Dubgall mac Somairle (died 1175×) was an apparent King of the Isles. He was a son of Somairle mac Gilla Brigte and Ragnhildr Óláfsdóttir. Dubgall was a leading figure of Clann Somairle, and the eponymous ancestor of Clann Dubgaill. Dubgall's career is obscure, and little is certain of his life.

paragraph: In 1155 or 1156, Dubgall was produced as a candidate to the kingship of the Isles, then-possessed by his maternal uncle, Guðrøðr Óláfsson. Later that year, Somairle defeated Guðrøðr, and the kingdom was divided between them. Two years later, Somairle again defeated Guðrøðr, and assumed control over the entirety of the realm. Whilst is possible that Dubgall was the nominal King of the Isles, it is apparent that his father possessed the real power.

paragraph: Dubgall's father died in an invasion of Scotland in 1164. At least one of Somairle's sons was slain in this defeat, and it is unknown if Dubgall was present. Whilst it is possible that Dubgall retained a degree of royal authority after Somairle's death, it is evident that his maternal uncle Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson seized the kingship before being defeated by Guðrøðr. Nevertheless, the territories seized by Somairle in 1156 were retained by Clann Somairle.

paragraph: Dubgall's next and last attestation occurs in 1175, when he is recorded to have made a donation to St Cuthbert at Durham Cathedral. Whilst Somairle appears to have been a religious traditionalist, his descendants associated themselves with reformed monastic orders from continental Europe. Either Dubgall, his father, or his brother Ragnall, may have been responsible for the foundation of the Diocese of Argyll.

paragraph: Although the division of Clann Somairle territories is uncertain, it is possible that Dubgall held Lorne on the mainland, and the Mull group of islands in the Hebrides. The date of Dubgall's death is unknown. There is reason to suspect that he was succeeded or superseded by Ragnall at some point. Certainly, Ragnall and yet another brother, Aongus, came into conflict before the end of the century—possibly over the leadership of Clann Somairle. Despite Dubgall's apparent overshadowing by Ragnall, the former's Clann Dubgaill descendants were the most powerful branch of Clann Somairle until the fourteenth century.

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry.

paragraph: Dubgall was a son of Somairle mac Gilla Brigte and Ragnhildr Óláfsdóttir. Somairle's familial origins are obscure, although he was almost certainly of Norse-Gaelic ancestry. Ragnhildr was a daughter of Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles. The union of Somairle and Ragnhildr may date to about 1140. According to the thirteenth- to fourteenth-century "Chronicle of Mann", the couple had several sons: Dubgall, Ragnall, Aongus, and Amlaíb. There is reason to suspect that Dubgall was the eldest of these sons. Certainly, near contemporary sources such as the chronicle and the thirteenth-century "Orkneyinga saga" list his name before those of his brothers. Dubgall's name is Gaelic. The mixture of Gaelic and Scandinavian names borne by Somairle's sons appears to exemplify the hybrid Norse-Gaelic milieu of the Isles. The marriage between Somairle and Ragnhildr had severe repercussions on the later history of the Isles, as it gave Somairle's descendants—Clann Somairle—a claim to the kingship by way of Ragnhildr's royal descent.

paragraph: Section::::King of the Isles.

paragraph: The year 1153 marked a watershed in the history for the Kingdom of the Isles. In June of this year—whilst Óláfr's son, Guðrøðr, was absent in Norway—Óláfr was assassinated by three Dublin-based nephews. Within months, Guðrøðr was able to overcome his kin-slaying cousins, and thereby secured kingship for himself. During the latter's reign as king, both Guðrøðr and Somairle appear to have involved themselves in military campaigns in Ireland. In 1154, for instance, troops from the Isles and the western seaboard of Scotland certainly supported Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn, King of Cenél nEógain in a defeat against the latter's rival Toirrdelbach Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht. Guðrøðr further appears to have unsuccessfully attempted to secure the kingship of Dublin. However, these setbacks suffered under Guðrøðr's rule—perhaps coupled with the rise of Muirchertach's influence in the Isles—may well have incited Dubgall's father to seize the initiative.

paragraph: In 1155 or 1156, the "Chronicle of Mann" reveals that Somairle conducted a coup against Guðrøðr, specifying that Þorfinnr Óttarsson—described as one of the leading men of the Isles—produced Dubgall as a replacement to Guðrøðr's rule. The fact that the chronicle identifies Dubgall as the chosen son seems to be further evidence that he was the senior-most of Somairle's sons. Nevertheless, Somairle's stratagem does not appear to have received unanimous support, as the chronicle specifies that the leading Islesmen were made to render pledges and surrender hostages unto him, and that one such chieftain alerted Guðrøðr of Somairle's treachery. Late in 1156, on the night of 5/6 January, Somairle and Guðrøðr finally clashed in a bloody but inconclusive sea-battle. According to the chronicle, Somairle's fleet numbered eighty ships, and when the fighting concluded, the feuding brothers-in-law divided the Kingdom of the Isles between themselves.

paragraph: Although the precise partitioning is unrecorded and uncertain, the allotment of lands seemingly held by Somairle's descendants in the twelfth- and thirteenth centuries could be evidence that he and his son gained the southern-most islands of the Hebrides, whilst Guðrøðr retained the northern-most. As such, Somairle could well have secured control of the Islay and Mull groupings of islands, which left his brother-in-law with Mann and the rest of the Hebrides. Two years after Somairle's initial victory of Guðrøðr, the chronicle reveals that Somairle, with a fleet of fifty-three ships, attacked Mann and drove Guðrøðr from the kingship into exile.

paragraph: With Guðrøðr gone, it appears that either Dubgall or Somairle became King of the Isles. Although the young Dubgall may well have been the nominal monarch, the chronicle makes it clear that it was Somairle who possessed the real power. Certainly, Irish sources regard Somairle as a king by the end of his career. The reason why the Islesmen specifically sought Dubgall as their ruler instead of Somairle is unknown. Evidently, Somairle was somehow an unacceptable candidate, and it is possible that Ragnhildr's royal ancestry lent credibility to Dubgall that Somairle lacked himself. It was certainly not an unheard-of phenomenon for a powerful figure to set up a son as king under his own overlordship. In fact, Magnús Óláfsson, King of Norway did just this about half a century before by marrying his young son, Sigurðr, to Bjaðmunjo, daughter of the King of Munster, and installing Sigurðr as king over Orkney and the Isles.

paragraph: There may be reason to suspect that Guðrøðr's defeat to Somairle was partly enabled by an alliance between Muirchertach and Somairle. For example, Argyllmen formed part of the mercenary fleet utilised by Muirchertach in 1154, and it is possible that the commander of the fleet, a certain Mac Scelling, was a relation of Somairle himself. If Muirchertach and Somairle were indeed allied at this point in time it may have meant that Guðrøðr faced a united front of opposition. If correct, it could also be possible that Þorfinnr participated in Somairle's insurrection as an agent of Muirchertach. On the other hand, the fact that Somairle and Muirchertach jostled over ecclesiastical affairs in the 1160s suggests that these two were in fact rivals. Furthermore, the fact that Þorfinnr may have been related to a previous King of Dublin could reveal that Þorfinnr himself was opposed to Muirchertach's foreign overlordship. If Guðrøðr's difficulties in Dublin date to a period just before Somairle's coup, the cooperation of men like Þorfinnr could be evidence that Dubgall—on account of his mother's ancestry and his father's power—was advanced as a royal candidate in an effort to counter Muirchertach's overlordship of Dublin.

paragraph: Section::::Clann Somairle succession.

paragraph: Somairle died in a seaborne invasion of Scotland that culminated in a disastrous battle fought near Renfrew in 1164. The various depictions of Somairle's forces—stated to have been drawn from Argyll, Dublin, and the Isles—appear to reflect the remarkable reach of power that this man possessed at his peak. Several sources also state that a son of Somairle was slain in the battle. According to the thirteenth-century "Gesta Annalia I", Somairle was killed with a son named Gilla Coluim. It is possible that this source has mistaken the latter's name for Gilla Brigte, the name that the fourteenth-century "Annals of Tigernach" accords to Somairle's slain son. In any case, Gilla Brigte appears to have been a product of another marriage, a union that may have predated Somairle's binding to Ragnhildr. It is unknown if Dubgall was at the battle with Somairle and Gilla Brigte. In fact, it is unknown what role Dubgall played in the administration of the Isles during his father's floruit.

paragraph: Although it is conceivable that Dubgall was able to secure power following his father's demise, it is evident from the "Chronicle of Mann" that the kingship was seized before the end of the year by Guðrøðr's brother, Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson. Almost immediately afterwards, Guðrøðr is said by the same source to have arrived on Mann, and ruthlessly overpowered his brother. Guðrøðr thereafter regained the kingship, and the realm was divided between the Crovan dynasty and Clann Somairle, in a partitioning that stemmed from Somairle's original strike against Guðrøðr in 1156. At one point, after noting this 1156 segmentation, the chronicle laments the "downfall" of the Kingdom of the Isles from the time Somairle's sons "took possession of it". One possibility is that this statement is evidence that members of Clann Somairle held a share of the kingdom before their father's demise. It could even be evidence that it was not Somairle who possessed the partition, but his sons.

paragraph: There is uncertainty regarding the succession of Clann Somairle after Somairle's demise. Although the "Chronicle of Mann" appears to reveal that Dubgall was the senior dynast in the 1150s, his next and last attestation fails to accord him a royal title. One possibility is that Dubgall was succeeded or supplanted by Ragnall, whose recorded title of "rex insularum, dominus de Ergile et Kyntyre" ("king of the Isles, lord of Argyll and Kintyre") could indicate that Ragnall claimed control over the Clann Somairle territories. Quite how Dubgall was succeeded or superseded is unrecorded and unknown.

paragraph: Although there is no direct evidence that Somairle's imperium fragmented upon his death, there is reason to suspect that it was indeed divided between his sons. Whilst the division of territories amongst later generations of Clann Somairle can be readily discerned, such boundaries are unlikely to have existed during the chaotic twelfth century. It is possible that the territory of the first generation of Clann Somairle stretched from Glenelg in the north, to the Mull of Kintyre in the south: with Aongus ruling in the north, Dubgall centred in Lorne (with possibly the bulk of the inheritance), and Ragnall in Kintyre and the southern islands.

paragraph: There is reason to suspect that Dubgall also controlled the Mull group of islands. According to the seventeenth-century "Sleat History"—a Clann Domnaill source that is opening disparaging in its treatment of Dubgall's descendants—the territories allotted to Dubgall was confined to Lorne—from the head of Loch Leven in the north, to Asknish in the south. The source further claims that he had no right of inheritance in the Isles on account of illegitimacy, and thus depicts Dubgall's control of the Mull group of islands as a baseless extension of authority at the expense of legitimate members of Clann Somairle. As such, the "Sleat History" attempts to associate the Ardnamurchan branch of Clann Domnaill with the maritime regions of Moidart and Ardnamurchan, during the floruit of Ragnall, by way of a convoluted tale concerning the defeat of a supposed associate of Dubgall. In fact, when Ardnamurchan appears on record in 1293 it may have comprised part of the lordship held by Dubgall's descendants, and may well have been held by them for a considerable period of time before.

paragraph: Section::::English attestation.

paragraph: Following Dubgall's part in his father's coup of 1156, Dubgall's next and last attestation occurs in 1175, when he visited Durham Cathedral upon the eve of the feast of St Bartholomew (23 August), with the "Durham Cantor's Book" recording his gift of two gold rings and the pledge of 1 mark annuity to St Cuthbert for the rest of his life.

paragraph: Dubgall's donation was evidently undertaken in the context of travelling from York, where William I, King of Scotland and leading Scottish magnates are otherwise known to have sworn fealty to Henry II, King of England that very year.

paragraph: Upon the occasion of his donation, Dubgall is stated to have been accompanied by Stephen—his chaplain—and a certain Adam de Stanford. Together the three are said to have been accepted into the fraternity of the church of Durham. The text specifies that Dubgall's gift was made "at the feet of the saint", suggesting that the ceremony took place before an image of St Cuthbert, or (perhaps more likely) at his shrine.

paragraph: The Durham "Liber vitae" corroborates Dubgall's presence in Durham by recording his name with those of Stephen and Adam. Also noted are three sons of Dubgall: Amlaíb, Donnchad, and Ragnall. If the latter three were indeed present, however, it is unclear why they are not recorded to have entered the fraternity of St Cuthbert like the other three.

paragraph: Section::::Possible ecclesiastical foundation.

paragraph: The ecclesiastical jurisdiction within the Kingdom of the Isles was the far-flung Diocese of the Isles. Little is known of its early history, although its origins may well lie with the Uí Ímair imperium. Early in Guðrøðr's reign, the diocese came to be incorporated into the newly established Norwegian Archdiocese of Niðaróss. In effect, the political reality of the Diocese of the Isles—its territorial borders and nominal subjection to far-off Norway—appears to have mirrored that of the Kingdom of the Isles. Before the close of the twelfth century, however, evidence of a new ecclesiastical jurisdiction—the Diocese of Argyll—begins to emerge during ongoing contentions between Clann Somairle and the Crovan dynasty.

paragraph: Although the early diocesan succession of Argyll is uncertain, the jurisdiction itself appears to have lain outwith the domain of the Crovan dynasty, allowing Clann Somairle to readily act as religious patrons without outside interference. Like the Kingdom of the Isles itself, the great geographic size of the Diocese of the Isles appears to have contributed to the alienation of outlying areas, and to its eventual disintegration. In fact, there is reason to suspect that portions of the Diocese of Argyll were likewise detached from the Scottish dioceses of Dunblane, Dunkeld, and Moray. Although the Scottish Crown may well have welcomed the formation of the new diocese as a means to project Scottish royal authority into the region, Clann Somairle rulers generally appear to have been hostile to the Scots, and the diocesan seat on Lismore lay far outwith the Scottish king's sphere of authority.

paragraph: The foundation of the Diocese of Argyll appears to have been a drawn-out and gradual process that is unlikely to have been the work of a single individual—be he Somairle, Ragnall, or Dubgall himself. Nevertheless, Dubgall's attestation in Durham could indicate that he was closely associated with William I. If the latter was involved in the creation of the diocese, he could well have facilitated the lords of Argyll in their ecclesiastical endeavours. The evidence of an amiable relationship between William I and Dubgall could add weight to the possibility that Dubgall was also involved. Although the early diocese suffered from prolonged vacancies—with only two bishops are recorded to have occupied the see before the turn of the mid thirteenth century—over time it became firmly established in the region, allowing the Clann Somairle leadership to retain local control of ecclesiastical power and prestige.

paragraph: Compared to his immediate descendants, who associated themselves with reformed monastic orders from continental Europe, Somairle appears have been something a religious traditionalist. In 1164, he attempted to persuade Flaithbertach Ua Brolcháin, Abbot of Derry—the "comarba" ("heir" or "successor") of St Columba—to relocate to Iona. This attempt by Somairle to restore the Columban leadership to Iona starkly contrasted with the actions of his descendants, who oversaw the obliteration of the island's Columban monastery, and founded a Benedictine monastery in its place. The new monastery's foundation charter dates to December 1203, which could indicate that Ragnall was responsible for its foundation. The eighteenth-century "Book of Clanranald" certainly identifies Ragnall as the founder. However, there is no hard evidence linking him to it. Since the charter reveals that the monastery received substantial endowments from throughout the Clann Somairle domain, it is likely that the foundation was supported by other leading members the kindred, such as Dubgall (if he were still alive) or Donnchad. Dubgall's attestation in Durham certainly shows that he was a benefactor of the Benedictine order. In any event, the charter placed the monastery under the protection of Pope Innocent III, which secured its episcopal independence from the Diocese of the Isles. As such, the price for the privilege of Iona's papal protection appears to have been the adoption of the Benedictine Rule, and the supersession of the island's centuries-old institution of St Columba.

paragraph: Bethóc, a daughter of Somairle, appears to have been the first prioress of Iona Nunnery. This Augustinian house may have been built near the end of the twelfth century, or perhaps in the first decade of the next. According to the "Book of Clanranald", Ragnall was responsible for the foundation of this house. The same source describes Bethóc as "a religious woman and a Black Nun", whilst the "Sleat History" states that she was a prioress on Iona. Although these accounts are somewhat suspect—as the colour black refers to Benedictines not Augustinians—Bethóc's historicity is corroborated by an inscription upon her tombstone, transcribed in the seventeenth-century as: "". Dubgall's donation to the cult of St Cuthbert in Durham, together with the establishment of a Benedictine monastery and an Augustinian nunnery on Iona, are evidence of fundamental ecclesiastical changes affecting the Norse-Gaelic society of the Isles in the twelfth- and thirteenth centuries.

paragraph: Section::::Descendants.

paragraph: Dubgall's attestation in Durham is one of the few examples of Clann Somairle integration into the Scottish realm before the end of the thirteenth century. Nothing further is recorded or known of Dubgall, and the date of his death is unknown.

paragraph: Dubgall was the eponymous ancestor of the Clann Dubgaill branch of Clann Somairle. The two other main branches of Clann Somairle—Clann Ruaidrí and Clann Domnaill—descended from eponymous sons of Dubgall's brother, Ragnall. Several late mediaeval pedigrees—such as those preserved by National Library of Scotland Advocates' 72.1.1 (MS 1467) and the "Book of Lecan"—identify Dubgall's descendants variously as "Clann Somairle". The fact that such terminology is not accorded to Clann Ruaidrí and Clann Domnaill may be further evidence that Dubgall and his successors represented the senior line of Somairle's descendants.

paragraph: Other than their notice by the "Liber vitae", nothing further is recorded of Dubgall's sons Amlaíb and Ragnall. Scandinavian sources reveal that Dubgall was the father of a certain Dubgall, who is accorded an epithet meaning "screech". Both Donnchad and this man—alongside a certain kinsman Somairle, who could have been either a son or nephew of Dubgall—are recorded to have participated in a Norwegian-backed invasion of the Isles in 1230. The leader of this campaign was Óspakr-Hákon, yet another possible son of Dubgall. Certainly, Scandinavian sources state that Óspakr-Hákon was a brother of Dubgall's sons Dubgall and Donnchad. Óspakr-Hákon evidently carved out a career in Norway earlier in the century, and was eventually installed as King of the Isles by Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway. Donnchad's last certain attestation occurs in 1237.

paragraph: About three and a half decades after Dubgall's final notice, several historical sources appear to indicate that kin-strife amongst Clann Somairle was a cause of increasing instability in the Isles: for example the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century "Annals of Ulster" reports that Ragnall's sons attacked the men of Skye in 1209, whilst the "Chronicle of Mann" relates that Aongus—along with his three sons—fell in battle on the same island in 1210. These records may be evidence that Ragnall's sons were attempting to extend their authority over Skye, and it is possible that they overcame and slew Aongus and his sons there. This last stand on Skye could indicate that Aongus had succeeded Ragnall as the representative of Clann Somairle, and that Ragnall's sons responded by eliminating their uncle and his line. If so, it is possible that Ragnall's son, Ruaidrí, seized the Clann Somairle succession after the annihilation of Aongus' branch of the kindred. These accounts of Hebridean warfare may, therefore, signify a radical redistribution of the Clann Somairle imperium.

paragraph: Earlier in 1192, the "Chronicle of Mann" records that Ragnall was defeated by Aongus in a particularly bloody battle. The chronicle does not identify the location of the battle, or elaborate under what circumstances it was fought. Nevertheless, it is possible that the conflict took place in the northern part of the Clann Somairle domain where some of Aongus' territories may have lain. Whilst this clash could have been result of Ragnall's rise in power and expansion at Dubgall's expense, the encounter could also mark Ragnall's downfall, and perhaps even his death.

paragraph: Although there is reason to suspect that there was also contention between Dubgall and Ragnall, and that the former came to be overshadowed by the latter, Dubgall's descendants overtook Ragnall's by the mid part of the thirteenth century. By the 1240s, for example, Clann Dubgaill was the dominant kindred on Scotland's western seaboard, and had begun to align itself with leading families in the eastern and lowland regions of the Scottish realm. Clann Dubgaill retained its supremacy in the west until its eclipse in the fourteenth century, during the reign of Robert I, King of Scotland.

alias:
Donngal
Donnghal
Dougal
Dougall
Dubgall
Dubhgall
Dubhghall
Dufgal
Dufgall
Dugal
Dugald
Dugall
Duggáll
Dùghall
Dungal
Dúngal
Dùnghal
Dubgall mac Sumairlid
Dubhgall mac Somhairle
Dugald mac Somerled
Dugald MacSorley

description: King of the Isles

wikidata_label: Dubgall mac Somairle

wikipedia_title: Dubgall mac Somairle


text: freemason

text: Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs

text: Rusinów

text: Polish Socialist Party

text: attorney

text: Warsaw

text: Russian partition

text: Congress Poland

text: political prisoner

text: political dissident

text: Russian partition

text: Warsaw Citadel

text: Stefania Sempołowska

text: Stefan Aleksander Okrzeja

text: Józef Montwiłł-Mirecki

text: orator

text: tsar

text: repressed

text: death penalty

text: Józef Piłsudski

text: attorneys

text: Russian Empire

text: newspaper "Zvezda"

text: Poland regained independence in 1918

text: new Polish legal system

text: Supreme Court

text: Polish National Committee

text: Paris

text: Treaty of Versailles

text: Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs

text: envoy

text: Tokyo

text: Moscow

text: Soviet Union

text: Soviet-Polish Non-Aggression Pact

text: ambassador

text: Washington

text: senator of Poland

text: president

text: Józef Beck

text: German invasion of Poland

text: Polish Jews

text: Warsaw

text: Warsaw Uprising

text: Luftwaffe

categories: Ambassadors of Poland to Russia,Polish civilians killed in World War II,Polish lawyers,1944 deaths,Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Second Polish Republic,1866 births,Polish socialists,Ambassadors of Poland to the United States,People from Przysucha County

paragraph: Stanisław Patek

paragraph: Stanisław Jan Patek (; 1 May 1866 – 25 August 1944), Polish lawyer, freemason and diplomat, served as Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1919 to 1920.

paragraph: Section::::The lawyer.

paragraph: Born in Rusinów, he was an activist of the Polish Socialist Party who began his career as an attorney in 1894 in Warsaw, Russian partition (Congress Poland). From 1903 he became involved in legal assistance for political prisoners, and since defended many Poles accused for political dissident as well as members of Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party before the Russian courts in Russian partitioned Poland (particularly in the Warsaw Citadel). Founder and activist of Polish legal association grouping like-minded lawyers ("Koło Obrońców Politycznych - The Circle of Political Defenders") as well as of other organizations dedicated to helping political prisoners ("Ogólna Kasa Pomocy dla Więźniów Politycznych" (General Bank for Helping Political Prisoners), "Związek Pomocy dla Ofiar Politycznych" (Association of Help for Political Repression Victims); those organizations would be headquartered in his legal offices. In the years 1905-1907 the lawyers of "Koło" took part in about 260 trials; over 20% were found innocent. During that period he met his future partner, Stefania Sempołowska, a semi-official secretary and counselor of the Koło. He was the personal defender of such high-profile defendants as Stefan Aleksander Okrzeja and Józef Montwiłł-Mirecki, and gained reputation as an excellent orator and lawyer. He gained such a reputation, and skills, that government provocateurs and agents he liked to call for witness commonly made mistakes in their testimonies. He didn't hesitate to criticize the existing political situation, and discuss the common repressions and brutality of tsar's police. In his famous speech during Okrzeja's trial he said:

paragraph: The organizations defending political prisoners had an unclear legal status in Russian Empire, and were repressed by the government. Due to his activities, as the leading Polish lawyer with an unmatched track of getting his defendants out of the death penalty, and often out from prison altogether, Patek became increasingly inconvenient to the Russian government, and became a target for repressions himself; in 1908 he was accused of "ties with the defendants" (indeed, for a time, even Józef Piłsudski, future leader of Poland, was hiding in Patek's house); Patek was arrested and briefly imprisoned for a month, but after an intervention by several known Polish and even Russian lawyers, he was released. In 1910 he was subject to another disciplinary hearing for "usage of improper terms during the trials", "conspiracy to change statements", "membership in secret illegal organizations"; he was declared innocent by a regional court, only to have the prosecution open another case against him or appeal against the verdict. Finally, in 1911, despite protests from lawyers from Poland and Russia, he was dropped from the list of the attorneys in Russian Empire; as contemporary Russian newspaper "Zvezda" put it, "due to political considerations".

paragraph: After Poland regained independence in 1918, in recognition of his status as one of the most outstanding Polish lawyers, he was involved in creation of the new Polish legal system. In November 1918 he became the President of the Criminal Division of the Appellate Court in Warsaw, and was soon appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court.

paragraph: Section::::The diplomat.

paragraph: Member of the Polish National Committee in Paris as one of the Piłsudski's representatives and Polish delegation at the Treaty of Versailles. Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs (16 December 1919 - 9 June 1920). From 1921 to 1926, Polish envoy to Tokyo, Japan. From 1926 to 1932 envoy to Moscow, Soviet Union, where he negotiated for the Soviet-Polish Non-Aggression Pact. From 1933-1935 ambassador in Washington, United States. Returned to Poland due to illness, senator of Poland, nominated by the president, from 1936 to 1939. A member of the Parliamentary Commission on Foreign Affairs, he was critical of Polish Foreign Minister Józef Beck.

paragraph: Section::::Last years.

paragraph: After the German invasion of Poland, he was involved in protecting the Polish Jews. He died on 25 August 1944, in a hospital in Warsaw, during the Warsaw Uprising, as a result of injuries sustained on 22 August in an explosion of a Luftwaffe bomb.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stanisław Patek, "Wspomnienia z ważkich okresów pracy", Warszawa 1938.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Krzysztof Pol, "Poczet prawników polskich", Warszawa 2000 Wyd. C.H.Beck,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leon Berenson, "Z sali śmierci", Warszawa 1929

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emil Stanisław Rappaport, "Moje czasy adwokackie", „Palestra” 1959, nr 2–3, s. 39.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stanisław Patek, "Raporty i korespondencja z Moskwy", Warszawa 2010 Wyd. Wydawnictwo Neriton Instytut Historii PAN,

description: Polish lawyer and diplomat

wikidata_label: Stanisław Patek

wikipedia_title: Stanisław Patek


text:
Argentine
prelate
Catholic Church
Tucumán
San Miguel de Tucumán
Pope Francis
Luis Hector Villalba
local soccer team's stadium
Archdiocese of Tucumán

categories: 1963 births,People from Tucumán Province,Living people,Argentine Roman Catholic bishops

paragraph: Carlos Alberto Sánchez

paragraph: Carlos Alberto Sánchez (born 24 April 1963) is an Argentine prelate of the Catholic Church. He has been Archbishop of Tucumán since 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Carlos Alberto Sánchez was born on 24 April 1963 in San Miguel de Tucumán. He attended the Minor Seminary of Saint Joseph and then studied philosophy and theology at the Major Seminary of Our Lady of Mercy and Saint Joseph.

paragraph: He was ordained a priest on 24 June 1988 by Horacio Alberto Bózzoli, Archbishop of Tucumán. He held several parish assignments, was spiritual director and rector of the major seminary from 2007 to 2011, and episcopal vicar for pastoral care from 2012 to 2014. Beginning in 2011, he was a parish pastor, taught at the major seminary, and served on several diocesan committees. Pope Francis named him Archbishop of Tucumán on 23 August 2017. He was consecrated a bishop by Cardinal Luis Hector Villalba and installed there on 13 October before a crowd of 15,000 in the local soccer team's stadium ("el estadio de Atlético"). He chose as his episcopal motto "Estoy entre ustedes como el que sirve" (I am among you as one who serves) from Luke 22:27.

paragraph: In November 2017, he spoke of Juan Viroche, a priest whose murder in 2016 was accepted by his predecessor as a suicide, as someone who gave his life fighting drug trafficking. In April 2018, he and other local bishops defended those who argued that religious education in public schools represented a form of discrimination while arguing that such education was rooted in the provincial constitution. He said such education aided "integration among different religions" and that even those who opposed religious education could see the value of teaching "values". Their statement said that since everyone should support "a school that includes all of us ... we want to open a space for dialogue with interested people".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archdiocese of Tucumán

wikidata_label: Carlos Alberto Sánchez

wikipedia_title: Carlos Alberto Sánchez


text: Waltershausen

text: Thuringia

text: East German

text: bobsled

text: 1980 Winter Olympics

text: Lake Placid

text: FIBT World Championships

categories: 1949 births,Bobsledders at the 1980 Winter Olympics,Olympic bronze medalists for East Germany,Bobsledders at the 1976 Winter Olympics,Sportspeople from Thuringia,People from Waltershausen,National People's Army military athletes,Olympic bobsledders of East Germany,German male bobsledders,Medalists at the 1980 Winter Olympics,Living people,Olympic medalists in bobsleigh

paragraph: Horst Schönau

paragraph: Horst Schönau (born 2 April 1949 in Waltershausen, Thuringia) is an East German bobsledder who competed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. He won a bronze medal in the four-man event at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid.

paragraph: Schönau also won a complete set of medals at the FIBT World Championships with a gold (Four-man: 1978), a silver (Two-man: 1981), and a bronze (Two-man: 1982).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bobsleigh four-man Olympic medalists for 1924, 1932–56, and since 1964

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bobsleigh two-man world championship medalists since 1931

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bobsleigh four-man world championship medalists since 1930

description: East German bobsledder

wikidata_label: Horst Schönau

wikipedia_title: Horst Schönau


text: East German

text: hammer throw

text: bob pusher

text: Wolfgang Hoppe

text: Winter Olympics

text: Erlbach-Kirchberg

text: Saxony

text: FIBT World Championships

text: Suhl

text: Thuringia

text: Bobsleigh four-man Olympic medalists for 1924, 1932–56, and since 1964

text: Bobsleigh two-man world championship medalists since 1931

categories: 2010 deaths,Bobsledders at the 1980 Winter Olympics,Olympic gold medalists for East Germany,Olympic bronze medalists for East Germany,Olympic medalists in bobsleigh,Bobsledders at the 1984 Winter Olympics,National People's Army military athletes,Medalists at the 1984 Winter Olympics,German male hammer throwers,Olympic bobsledders of East Germany,German male bobsledders,Medalists at the 1980 Winter Olympics,1953 births,East German male hammer throwers

paragraph: Andreas Kirchner

paragraph: Andreas Kirchner (17 August 1953 – 10 November 2010) was an East German hammer thrower and bob pusher for record holder Wolfgang Hoppe.

paragraph: He competed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Competing in two Winter Olympics, he won two medals in the four-man with a gold in 1984 and a bronze in 1980. He was born in Erlbach-Kirchberg, Saxony.

paragraph: Kirchner also won two medals in the two-man event at the FIBT World Championships with a silver in 1981 and a bronze in 1982.

paragraph: On 15 November 2010 he was found dead in his apartment in Suhl, Thuringia where he worked as a teacher. He was 57.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

description: East German bobsledder

wikidata_label: Andreas Kirchner

wikipedia_title: Andreas Kirchner


text: Lieutenant-General

text: British Army

text: First

text: Second World Wars

text: commissioned

text: Gloucestershire Regiment

text: First World War

text: Commanding Officer

text: Machine Gun Corps

text: General Staff Officer

text: Scottish Command

text: Commander

text: 19th Brigade

text: Second World War

text: General Officer Commanding

text: 11th African Division

text: Abyssinia

text: Kenya

text: Italian Somaliland

text: Ethiopia

text: East Africa Force

text: Commander-in-Chief, Ceylon

text: Commander-in-Chief, Ceylon

text: Sri Lankan independence struggle

text: Generals of World War II

categories: Companions of the Order of the Bath,Commander-in-Chief, Ceylon,1979 deaths,Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire,Recipients of the Military Cross,People from Belgravia,British Army personnel of World War I,1889 births,British military personnel of the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine,Companions of the Distinguished Service Order,Military history of British Somaliland during World War II,Military history of Ceylon in World War II,British Army generals of World War II,Gloucestershire Regiment officers

paragraph: Harry Edward de Robillard Wetherall

paragraph: Lieutenant-General Sir Harry Edward de Robillard Wetherall, (22 February 1889 – 18 November 1979) was an officer in the British Army during the First and Second World Wars.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Wetherall was commissioned into the Gloucestershire Regiment in 1909.

paragraph: He served in the First World War in France and Belgium, becoming Commanding Officer of 4th Battalion Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry in 1917. In March 1918 he was seriously wounded by a piece of shell in his neck.

paragraph: After the war he became a lieutenant colonel in the Machine Gun Corps and then a General Staff Officer for Weapon Training in Scottish Command in 1930. He then served in Palestine where he was appointed Commanding Officer of 1st Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment in 1936 and then Commander of 19th Brigade in 1938.

paragraph: He served in the Second World War as General Officer Commanding 11th African Division in Abyssinia in 1941: he was part of the "Southern Front" for this campaign and commanded the Division during the advance from Kenya, through Italian Somaliland, and into Ethiopia. In late 1941, with the campaign all but over, the 11th African Division was disbanded and he became General Officer Commanding the East Africa Force. He was then appointed Commander-in-Chief, Ceylon in 1943.

paragraph: After the war he became Commander-in-Chief, Ceylon at a time when the Sri Lankan independence struggle was ongoing; he retired in 1946.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Generals of World War II

description: British Army general

wikidata_label: Harry Edward de Robillard Wetherall

wikipedia_title: Harry Edward de Robillard Wetherall


text: Greek

text: Kerameies

text: Cefalonia

text: Greek diaspora

text: Taganrog

text: Russian Empire

text: Crimean War

text: Russian wheat export crop

text: exchange-traded wheat contracts

text: Great Powers

text: Baltic Exchange

text: World War I

text: Greek shipping

text: National Library of Greece

text: Athens

text: Saint Sophia Cathedral

text: Greek Orthodox

text: West Norwood Cemetery

text: neoclassical Greek

text: mausoleum

text: Tower of the Winds

text: listed Grade II

text: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

text: Friends of West Norwood Cemetery

categories: British businesspeople in shipping,Greek emigrants to England,Greek philanthropists,People from Cephalonia,1814 births,Greek businesspeople in shipping,1902 deaths,Burials at West Norwood Cemetery

paragraph: Panayis Athanase Vagliano

paragraph: Panayis Athanase Vagliano ( "Panagis Vallianos"; 1814–1902) was a Greek merchant and shipowner, acclaimed as the 'father of modern Greek shipping'.

paragraph: He was born in Kerameies on the Greek island of Cefalonia, where he first became a sailor, before becoming part of the Greek diaspora.

paragraph: Section::::Russia.

paragraph: He joined his brothers Marinos and Andreas, initially settling in Taganrog, Russian Empire around 1840. Together they formed "Vaglianos Bros." as grain-merchants and shippers, making good profits from the high prices of grain during the Crimean War. It is said that they sometimes bought the whole Russian wheat export crop, and were pioneers of exchange-traded wheat contracts.

paragraph: After the war ended, fellow Greeks had problems finding shippers for their cargoes from the Great Powers; Vaglianos Bros. stepped in and offered them financing and transport on their own ships.

paragraph: Section::::London.

paragraph: Vagliano moved his business to London in 1858, as grain merchants, bankers, and shippers, but kept in contact with Russia through his brothers. There was already a well-established Greek merchant community in London, and they assisted his membership of the Baltic Exchange from where his business thrived. His operation based in London avoided restrictive Greek commercial laws, enabling him to loan money to other Greeks for shipbuilding, and he was quoted as wishing for 'the seas covered with a thick forest of Greek masts'.

paragraph: Section::::Legacies.

paragraph: Vagliano Bros. continued operating after his death, and survived the loss of its traditional markets in Russia and Turkey after World War I by concentrating on shipping and finance; in this way they helped develop Greek shipping dynasties.

paragraph: However, he is probably best remembered in his native Greece for a donation that funded the National Library of Greece in Athens. He was also a philanthropist in London, and donated money towards Saint Sophia Cathedral in London and the Greek Orthodox cemetery within West Norwood Cemetery, where he is interred next to his brother Marinos in a grand neoclassical Greek mausoleum modelled on the Tower of the Winds, now listed Grade II. At his death he was enormously wealthy (his estate was valued at £3M) and he willed a considerable legacy to Kefalonia for charitable purposes.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stuart Thompstone "Vagliano, Panayis Athanase" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friends of West Norwood Cemetery ref: Vagliano & Vallianos

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Statue of Vallianos outside the National Library of Greece/a

description: Anglo-Greek businessman

wikidata_label: Panayis Athanase Vagliano

wikipedia_title: Panayis Athanase Vagliano


text: Delta blues

text: nine-string guitar

text: Blues Hall of Fame

text: Oktibbeha County

text: Crawford, Mississippi

text: Rabbit Foot Minstrels

text: Birmingham Jug Band

text: Okeh Records

text: St. Louis, Missouri

text: Lester Melrose

text: Bluebird Records

text: Baby, Please Don't Go

text: Crawlin' King Snake

text: Sonny Boy Williamson

text: Robert Nighthawk

text: Peetie Wheatstraw

text: folk blues

text: Trumpet

text: Delmark

text: Prestige

text: Vocalion

text: Greenwich Village

text: Joe Williams

text: Count Basie

text: aneuristic

text: Delta blues

text: pickup

text: Macon, Mississippi

text: Clifford Antone

text: Austin, Texas

text: Mt. Zion Memorial Fund

text: Charlie Musselwhite

text: Mt. Zion Memorial Fund

text: Delta Blues Museum

text: Chicago

text: Hand Me Down My Old Walking Stick

text: J.D. Short

text: Malvina My Sweet Woman

text: Biography: Big Joe Williams

text: Me and Big Joe

text: Michael Bloomfield

categories: People from Macon, Mississippi,American buskers,1982 deaths,Country blues musicians,People from Oktibbeha County, Mississippi,20th-century American singers,American male singers,American rhythm and blues musicians,Delta blues musicians,Delmark Records artists,Guitarists from Mississippi,Blues revival musicians,Electric blues musicians,American male guitarists,Bluebird Records artists,20th-century American guitarists,1903 births,Juke Joint blues musicians,American blues singers,American blues guitarists,Blues musicians from Mississippi

paragraph: Big Joe Williams

paragraph: Joseph Lee "Big Joe" Williams (October 16, 1903 – December 17, 1982) was an American Delta blues guitarist, singer and songwriter, notable for the distinctive sound of his nine-string guitar. Performing over four decades, he recorded the songs "Baby Please Don't Go", "Crawlin' King Snake" and "Peach Orchard Mama", among many others, for various record labels, including Bluebird, Delmark, Okeh, Prestige and Vocalion. He was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame on October 4, 1992.

paragraph: The blues historian Barry Lee Pearson ("Sounds Good to Me: The Bluesman's Story", "Virginia Piedmont Blues") described Williams's performance:

paragraph: Section::::From busking to Bluebird.

paragraph: Born in Oktibbeha County, a few miles west of Crawford, Mississippi, Williams as a youth began wandering across the United States busking and playing in stores, bars, alleys and work camps. In the early 1920s he worked in the Rabbit Foot Minstrels revue. He recorded with the Birmingham Jug Band in 1930 for Okeh Records.

paragraph: In 1934, he was in St. Louis, Missouri, where he met the record producer Lester Melrose, who signed him to Bluebird Records in 1935. He stayed with Bluebird for ten years, recording such blues hits as "Baby, Please Don't Go" (1935) and "Crawlin' King Snake" (1941), both of which were later covered by many other musicians. He also recorded with other blues singers, including Sonny Boy Williamson, Robert Nighthawk and Peetie Wheatstraw.

paragraph: During the early Thirties, Williams was accompanied on his travels through the Mississippi Delta by a young Muddy Waters. Williams recounted to Blewett Thomas, "I picked Muddy up in Rolling Fork when he was about 15. He went all 'round the Delta playin' harmonica behind me. But I had to put him down after awhile. All these women were comin' up to me and sayin', 'Oh. your young son is so nice!' See, I had to put Muddy down because he was takin' away my women."

paragraph: Section::::Festival fame.

paragraph: Williams remained a noted blues artist in the 1950s and 1960s, when his guitar style and vocals became popular with folk blues fans. He recorded for Trumpet, Delmark, Prestige, Vocalion and other labels. He became a regular on the concert and coffeehouse circuits, touring Europe and Japan in the late 1960s and early 1970s and performing at major U.S. music festivals.

paragraph: Williams also had an influence on a young Bob Dylan during the early Sixties. According to Lenni Brenner ("How Dylan Found His Voice: Big Joe Williams, the Lower East Side, Peyote and the Forging of Dylan's Art), Williams encouraged Dylan to move away from singing traditional songs and write his own music. Williams later said, "Bob wrote me thanking me for the advice I had given him about music. What he earned, what he done, he got it honest. They ask me, 'Is he real?' and I tell them that they should let him live his own life." William and Dylan also recorded several duets in 1962 for Victoria Spivey's label, Spivey Records.

paragraph: Marc Miller described a 1965 performance in Greenwich Village:Sandwiched in between the two sets, perhaps as an afterthought, was the bluesman Big Joe Williams (not to be confused with the jazz and rhythm and blues singer Joe Williams who sang with Count Basie). He looked terrible. He had a big bulbous aneuristic protrusion bulging out of his forehead. He was equipped with a beat up old acoustic guitar which I think had nine strings and sundry homemade attachments and a wire hanger contraption around his neck fashioned to hold a kazoo while keeping his hands free to play the guitar. Needless to say, he was a big letdown after the folk rockers. My date and I exchanged pained looks in empathy for what was being done this Delta blues man who was ruefully out of place. After three or four songs the unseen announcer came on the p. a. system and said, "Lets have a big hand for Big Joe Williams, ladies and gentlemen; thank you, Big Joe". But Big Joe wasn't finished. He hadn't given up on the audience, and he ignored the announcer. He continued his set and after each song the announcer came over the p. a. and tried to politely but firmly get Big Joe off the stage. Big Joe was having none of it, and he continued his set with his nine-string acoustic and his kazoo. Long about the sixth or seventh song he got into his groove and started to wail with raggedy slide guitar riffs, powerful voice, as well as intense percussion on the guitar and its various accoutrements. By the end of the set he had that audience of jaded '60s rockers on their feet cheering and applauding vociferously. Our initial pity for him was replaced by wondrous respect. He knew he had it in him to move that audience, and he knew that thousands of watts and hundreds of decibels do not change one iota the basic power of a song.

paragraph: Williams's guitar playing was in the Delta blues style and yet was unique. He played driving rhythm and virtuosic lead lines simultaneously and sang over it all. He played with picks on his thumb and index finger. His guitar was heavily modified. Williams added a rudimentary electric pickup, whose wires coiled all over the top of his guitar. He also added three extra strings, creating unison pairs for the first, second and fourth strings. His guitar was usually tuned to open G (D2 G2 D3D3 G3 B3B3 D4D4), with a capo placed on the second fret to set the tuning to the key of A. During the 1920s and 1930s, Williams gradually added the extra strings to prevent other guitarists from playing his guitar. In his later years, he occasionally used a 12-string guitar tuned to open G. Williams sometimes tuned a six-string guitar to a modification of open G: the bass D string (D2) was replaced with a .08-gauge string and tuned to G4. The resulting tuning was (G4 G2 D3 G3 B3 D4), with the G4 string being used as a melody string. This tuning was used exclusively for slide playing.

paragraph: Section::::Back to Mississippi.

paragraph: Williams died December 17, 1982, in Macon, Mississippi. He was buried in a private cemetery outside Crawford, near the Lowndes County line. His headstone was primarily paid for by friends and partially funded by a collection taken up among musicians at Clifford Antone's nightclub in Austin, Texas, organized by the music writer Dan Forte, and erected through the Mt. Zion Memorial Fund on October 9, 1994. The harmonica virtuoso Charlie Musselwhite, a one-time touring companion, delivered the eulogy at the unveiling. Williams's epitaph, composed by Forte, proclaims him "King of the 9 String Guitar."

paragraph: Remaining funds raised for Williams's memorial were donated by the Mt. Zion Memorial Fund to the Delta Blues Museum in order to purchase one of the last guitars Williams used from his sister Mary May. The guitar purchased by the museum is a 12-string guitar that Williams used in his later days. The last nine-string (a 1950s Kay cutaway converted to Williams's nine-string specifications) is missing at this time. Williams' previous nine-string (converted from a 1944 Gibson L-7 presented to him by Wilson Ramsay, known as Beef Stew, a name given to him by Williams) is in the possession of Williams's road agent and fellow traveler, Blewett Thomas.

paragraph: One of Williams's nine-string guitars is kept under the counter of the Jazz Record Mart in Chicago, which is owned by Bob Koester, the founder of Delmark Records. Williams can be seen playing the nine-string guitar in "American Folk-Blues Festival: The British Tours, 1963–1966", released on DVD in 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Studio albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Piney Woods Blues" (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tough Times" (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blues on Highway 49" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nine String Guitar Blues" (1961, later re-released as "Walking Blues")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mississippi's Big Joe Williams and His Nine-String Guitar" (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blues for Nine Strings" (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Back to the Country" (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ramblin' and Wanderin' Blues" (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Classic Delta Blues" (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Studio Blues" (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Big Joe Williams" (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thinking of What They Did to Me" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hand Me Down My Old Walking Stick" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Big Joe Williams" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blues from the Mississippi Delta" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don't Your Plums Look Mellow Hanging on Your Tree" (1974)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Live album.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "At Folk City" (1962)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Collaborative albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three Kings And The Queen (1962, P.1964 Spivey LP 1004) with Victoria Spivey, Lonnie Johnson, Roosevelt Sykes, Bob Dylan

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stavin' Chain Blues" (1966), with J.D. Short

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hell Bound and Heaven Sent" (1964), with John Wesley (Short Stuff) Macon

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three Kings And The Queen, Volume Two (1970, P.2013) (Spivey LP 1014) with Victoria Spivey, Memphis Slim, Roosevelt Sykes, Lonnie Johnson

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Selected compilations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Malvina My Sweet Woman" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Big Joe Williams" WarnerBlues Les Incontournables (1998)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Posthumous albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shake Your Boogie" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Going Back to Crawford" (1999), recorded 1971, with Austen Pete, John "Shortstuff" Macon, Glover Lee Connor and Amelia Johnson

paragraph: Section::::Quotations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "When I went back down South, boy, they'd put me up on top of a house to hear me play."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Illustrated Big Joe Williams discography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography: Big Joe Williams

paragraph: BULLET::::- Me and Big Joe by Michael Bloomfield (1980)

alias:
Joseph Lee Williams
00032982184 IPI

description: American Delta blues guitarist, recording artist, singer and songwriter

wikidata_label: Big Joe Williams

wikipedia_title: Big Joe Williams


text:
Irish
Iron Age
bog body
Irish
bog
Croghan Hill
Daingean
County Offaly
National Museum of Ireland
Dublin
Clonycavan Man
County Meath
wheat
buttermilk
lungs
pleurisy
leather
Druids
decapitated
Cashel Man
cereal
milk
Croghan Hill
The Boyhood Deeds of Fionn
Samain
Clonycavan Man
Cashel Man
Bog body

categories: Bogs of Ireland,People from County Offaly,Collection of the National Museum of Ireland,Year of death uncertain,Year of birth unknown,Bog bodies,Celtic archaeological sites,Deaths by stabbing in the United Kingdom,Archaeological sites in County Offaly

paragraph: Old Croghan Man

paragraph: Old Croghan Man ("Seanfhear Chruacháin" in Irish) is a well-preserved Iron Age bog body found in an Irish bog in June 2003. The remains are named after Croghan Hill, north of Daingean, County Offaly, near where the body was found. The find is on display in the National Museum of Ireland in Dublin.

paragraph: Old Croghan Man was found three months after a similar find, dubbed Clonycavan Man, in County Meath.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The man is calculated (based on his arm span) to have stood approximately tall: which is considered to be exceptionally tall for the period when he lived. The man's apparently manicured nails led to speculation that he was not someone who engaged in manual labour, and possibly therefore of high status.

paragraph: His last meal (analysed from the contents in his stomach) was believed to have been wheat and buttermilk. However, he was shown to have had a meat rich diet for at least the 4 months prior to his death. Scars on his lungs suggest he may have suffered from pleurisy.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Old Croghan Man is believed to have died between 362 BC and 175 BC, making the body over 2,000 years old. Evidence indicates that the man was in his early twenties when he was killed.

paragraph: The body was naked except for a plaited leather band around his left arm. This likely indicated high status.

paragraph: The man was buried at a bog (likely once a lake) at the foot of an ancient hill that was used for kingship ceremonies. A 2014 documentary suggested that the man was once a king and was sacrificed by Druids due to poor weather or harvests. These ancient tribes may have believed that this was caused by the failure of the king and he was responsible.

paragraph: The man is believed to have died from a stab wound to the chest. He had been decapitated and had his body cut in half. He also has an injury to one arm, possible evidence that he tried to defend himself. A similar wound has been seen on the Cashel Man, who was found in 2011, also in Ireland.

paragraph: The body was found to have deep cuts under each nipple. Several theories have been suggested to explain this, including that the damage was caused (after death) by conditions in the bog, that the cuts were indicative of torture while the man was alive, or that the nipples were deliberately mutilated (either before or after death) for symbolic purposes. The latter theory, put forward by Eamonn Kelly of the National Museum of Ireland, suggests that the mutilation was a symbolic gesture to mark the man as a rejected ruler. Other theories suggest that Old Croghan Man and other bog bodies were sacrifices to gods of fertility or harvest, and killed and buried to ensure good yields of cereals and milk.

paragraph: Section::::Arm-Ring.

paragraph: The arm-ring found with the body was made from waterlogged leather, strands of fibres and four bronze mounts. According to Louise Mumford of the National Museum, the leather ring was made with two strands of leather joined together through numerous small slits.

paragraph: The ring was initially removed from the body and wet cleaned to remove elements like peat from the leather. To prevent further decay of the waterlogged leather work and mould growth the arm-ring was stored in a 20% solution of glycerol and de-ionised water for two weeks in a process called consolidation. After drying and further chemical cleaning and treatment to prevent corrosion, the arm-ring was returned to the body for display.

paragraph: Section::::Related mythology.

paragraph: Croghan Hill is known as Bri Eile in Irish myth. In "The Boyhood Deeds of Fionn," we are told "At that time there was a very beautiful maiden in Bri Ele, that is to say, in the fairy-knoll of Bri Ele, and the name of that maiden was Ele. The men of Ireland were at feud about that maiden. One man after another went to woo her. Every year on Samain the wooing used to take place; for the fairy-mounds of Ireland were always open about Samain; for on Samain nothing could ever be hidden in the fairy-mounds. To each man that went to woo her this used to happen: one of his people was slain. This was done to mark the occasion, nor was it ever found out who did it."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clonycavan Man

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cashel Man

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bog body

description: Iron age bog body from Ireland

wikidata_label: Old Croghan Man

wikipedia_title: Old Croghan Man


text:
Uzbek
Sufi
Wrestling
Turkistan
Zourkhaneh
Zourkhaneh
Varzesh-e Pahlavani

categories: 14th-century Iranian people,Year of birth unknown,Iranian folklore,Iranian male sport wrestlers,1322 deaths

paragraph: Pourya-ye Vali

paragraph: Pahlavān Mahmoud, more commonly known as Pouryā-ye Vali (died 1322 CE), was an Uzbek Sufi and Wrestling champion.

paragraph: The nickname Pouryā-ye Vali has been attributed to Pahlavān Mahmoud in Turkistan. The location of his tomb is uncertain.

paragraph: He also wrote a book titled "Kanz ol-Haghayegh" (literally The Treasure of Truths) in Persian. A couplet from him which is sung in Zourkhaneh, is:

paragraph: افتادگی آموز اگر طالب فیضی

paragraph: هرگز نخورد آب زمینی که بلند است

paragraph: Pronunciation:

paragraph: oftādegi āmooz agar tālebe feyzi,

paragraph: hargez nakhorad āb zamini ke boland ast

paragraph: Literal translation:

paragraph: Learn modesty if you desire knowledge,

paragraph: A high land would never be irrigated

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zourkhaneh

paragraph: BULLET::::- Varzesh-e Pahlavani

description: Iranian sport wrestler

wikidata_label: Pourya-ye Vali

wikipedia_title: Pourya-ye Vali