text:
Santo Domingo
Ciudad Victoria
Dominican
independence movement
Republic of Spanish Haiti
Ephemeral independence
Unification of Hispaniola
Haitian government
perfunctory rule
Hispaniola
anti-colonial
"criollo"
fabulist
Spanish America
satirical
El Duende
2ndLt.
University of Santo Tomás de Aquino
colony of Santo Domingo
Treaty of Basel
Audiencia Real
Camagüey
Cuba
Charles IV
Havana
Battle of Palo Hincado
Lieutenant Governor
General Counsel
Judge Advocate General's Corps
José Álvarez de Toledo
Cádiz Cortes
Juan Sánchez Ramírez
Royal Audiencia of Quito
Colombia
Francisco Javier Caro
Gran Colombia
Sebastián Kindelán y O'Regan
Simón Bolivar
Dajabón
Monte Cristi
Separatist Movement
Independent State of Spanish Haiti
Manuel Carvajal
Juan Vicente Moscoso
Antonio Martinez Valdés
L. Juan Nepomuceno de Arredondo
Juan Ruiz
Vicente Mancebo
Manuel Lopez de Umeres
Haiti
Venezuela
Simon Bolívar
Caracas
Francisco de Paula Santander
José Antonio Páez
Santo Domingo
Jean-Pierre Boyer
Haiti
Dajabón
Monte Cristi
Maracaibo
Caracas
José Antonio Páez
Valencia
Bogotá
Mexico
San Luis Potosi
Ciudad Victoria
Tamaulipas
Public Finance
El Duende
Maracaibo
Caracas
Simón Bolívar
Venezuela
Aesop
Phaedrus
Jean de La Fontaine
Samaniego
Tomás de Iriarte
Camagüey
Cuba
Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo

categories: People of the Latin American wars of independence,History of Venezuela,Dominican Republic male writers,Dominican Republic emigrants to Venezuela,1846 deaths,Dominican Republic people of Spanish descent,People from Santo Domingo,People of the Dominican War of Independence,1772 births,Cuban politicians,Dominican Republic emigrants to Mexico,Dominican Republic politicians,Presidents of the Dominican Republic

paragraph: José Núñez de Cáceres

paragraph: José Núñez de Cáceres y Albor (Santo Domingo, March 14, 1772 – Ciudad Victoria, September 11, 1846) was a Dominican politician and writer. He is better known for being the leader of the independence movement against Spain in 1821 and the only President of the short-lived Republic of Spanish Haiti, which lasted only from December 1, 1821 to February 9, 1822. This period is also known as the Ephemeral independence because it quickly ended two months later with the Unification of Hispaniola under the Haitian government. Shortly before these events, while Spain exercised a perfunctory rule over the east side of Hispaniola, Núñez de Cáceres pioneered the use of literature as a weapon for social protest and anti-colonial politics. He was also the first Dominican and "criollo" fabulist, and one of the first "criollo" storytellers in Spanish America. Many of his works appeared in his own satirical newspaper, El Duende, the second newspaper created in Santo Domingo.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: José Núñez de Cáceres Albor was born on March 14, 1772 (or 1779), in Santo Domingo. He was the son of 2ndLt. Francisco Núñez de Cáceres and María Albor Polanco. His mother died a few days after his birth. He was raised by his aunt María Núñez de Cáceres. Since his childhood, Núñez de Cáceres showed great love for his education but his father was a farmer and wanted his son to dedicate himself to also working the field. Núñez de Cáceres was raised in a very poor family. He had to study using the books of his classmates because he did not have all the books he needed. He earned some money helping his aunt sell the doves that an acquaintance hunted. Despite early obstacles, at age 23, in 1795, Nuñez de Cáceres got the Civil Law degree, he formed a distinguished clientele, and he became a professor at the University of Santo Tomás de Aquino.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: In 1799, after transfer of the colony of Santo Domingo to France under the Treaty of Basel, the family moved to the Audiencia Real of Puerto Príncipe (now Camagüey), Cuba. It was in this city, where in August 1800, Núñez de Cáceres was appointed Rapporteur by Charles IV, which was not prevented from exercising their teacher profession.

paragraph: Núñez de Cáceres also served in tenure and advice from the government in Havana. In late 1808 after the Dominican reconquest by Spain, he returned to his homeland, where he wrote his famous song "The winners of Battle of Palo Hincado" in the action of November 7, 1808, and between the June 29, 1810 and May 7, 1813 he was appointed Lieutenant Governor, General Counsel and Government Service Judge Advocate General's Corps of the province of Santo Domingo. In 1812, in an attempt to improve the feeble economy of Santo Domingo, Núñez de Cáceres ordered the issuance of paper money and adopted emergency measures.

paragraph: Núñez de Cáceres was involved in trouble with Lieutenant José Álvarez de Toledo, who had been appointed by the Spanish Central as Junta alternate deputy to the Cádiz Cortes. His revolutionary ideas were denounced by Núñez de Cáceres, President of the Cortes, based on two confidential letters that Álvarez de Toledo had sent to Juan Sánchez Ramírez. The Cortes decided to prosecute Alvarez de Toledo, but he was nowhere to be found. In 1812, Núñez de Caceres started shifting his views on the colonial status of the territories in Spanish America.

paragraph: He had constant clashes with the authorities, especially with Juan Sánchez Ramírez. At his death, Núñez de Cáceres tried to occupy a position as member of the Royal Audiencia of Quito, which was vacant, but he found great opposition in court and he did not get the job. Apparently this disappointment drove him to do revolutionary work to bring the colony under the protectorate of Bolívar's Gran Colombia. For ten years he tried to not climb to Court's in rise as creditor of their services. According to his biographer, Dr. Morilla, the failure of claimant was probably due to his enmity with Francisco Javier Caro, director of the Indies, because Núñez de Cáceres he entered in the political scene, after that a family member had passed to the island of Cuba on charges of conspiring in favor of Haiti. It seems like this disappointment, was which led him to start his early revolutionary, not to wean the colony, but for put under the protectorate of Colombia, others say it was to join federation to that republic. In 1815, while he devoted himself to politics, he returned to teaching in the old University of Santo Domingo.

paragraph: Section::::The struggle for independence.

paragraph: Núñez de Cáceres wanted independence from Spain and asked for the annexation of his country to the Gran Colombia. He had tried to wean his country from Spain by a coup in the spring of 1821, but this failed due to measures taken by Col. Sebastián Kindelán y O'Regan, and the conspirators to did not receive a response to time of Simón Bolivar. The governor, however, despite the steps taken, and denunciation of the plot, did not mind, allowing Núñez de Cáceres prosecute to captain Manuel Martinez for the crime of libel. Pascual Real, the new Spanish governor, who arrived to the colony in May of that year, not only gave credit to the whistleblowers who confirmed the veracity of the conspiracy by Núñez de Cáceres, but very soon learned the name of his followers. As Real had no troops, he devoted himself to observe the behavior of the suspects and to win the confidence of key military leaders.

paragraph: A haitianophile group, familiar with the plans of Núñez de Cáceres and its people, explained to Boyer the political situation that the Dominican Republic lived at this time, with the purpose of annexation the that former colony. On November 8, Major Andrew Amarante proclaimed the start of annexation of that Republic in Beler and seven days later he spoke in the same direction of Dajabón and Monte Cristi. He oup decided to act quickly.

paragraph: Also the same day it announced the Constitutive Act of Independence, that rules out the general functions of the new government and secured their determination to conclude an agreement with the Gran Colombia to establish a Confederate state with her, without giving up sovereignty the country; he start the Separatist Movement on November 30, 1821 and the next month, Friday 30. December, troops of the battalion, commanded by dark, they took by assault the fortress, enclosing within its walls to the governor. At dawn the next day it was announced the establishment of the Independent State of Spanish Haiti. Immediately thereafter, they proceeded to the reading of the signed by Núñez de Cáceres, Manuel Carvajal, Juan Vicente Moscoso, Antonio Martinez Valdés, L. Juan Nepomuceno de Arredondo, Juan Ruiz, Vicente Mancebo y Manuel Lopez de Umeres. He established a joint interim government, whose president was himself Núñez de Cáceres and he gave a Constitution that contains a stain of disgrace, which was unacceptable to his time. That blur was the maintenance of slavery. Núñez de Cáceres was president of the provisional government. To avoided an invasion from neighboring Haiti, Núñez de Cáceres sent to Venezuela to one of the most prominent members of his party, Antonio María Pineda, to inform Simon Bolívar, the Liberator but was absent from Caracas, and neither the vice president Francisco de Paula Santander or the commanding general of the city, General José Antonio Páez, lent him the slightest attention.

paragraph: Section::::Haitian occupation.

paragraph: Almost simultaneously with the proclamation of the Independent State of Spanish Haiti, arrived in Santo Domingo a commission of three sent by Jean-Pierre Boyer, President of Haiti. Haitian officials had to report the pronouncements of Pascual Real and observe the situation from Dajabón and Monte Cristi. Aware of political change, Colonel Fremont, Haitian head of the commission, informed Núñez de Cáceres, newly appointed chairman of the state, which he would support the new government Boyer. However, this called to Senate to inform the decision to move to the east in order to enforce the unity and indivisibility of the island. On January 11, 1822, as Núñez de Cáceres found no support he sought in Colombia, Boyer wrote to Núñez de Cáceres a letter announcing his intention to visit the eastern part together with stunning force, but not as an invader, but as a peacemaker, while warning him there would be able to avoid obstacles. When Núñez de Cáceres read that message, he realized that everything for which he had fought in vain. The majority among the Dominican social and military elite preferred to ally with Haiti, and thus he had no other choice but to answer that military command, and the City had agreed to be placed under the protection of Haitian law. Núñez de Cáceres himself, seven weeks later, on Saturday January 19, lowered the Colombian flag and replaced it with the Haitian flag, and on Saturday February 9, 1822, he presented to President Boyer the keys to the city of Santo Domingo. However, in August, Cáceres was still in Santo Domingo, making clandestine efforts to obtain support from the authorities of Gran Colombia. Boyer learned of his activities and demanded the exile José Núñez de Cáceres arguing that his presence was an inconvenience on the island and that if it was absent voluntarily, embarked by force.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: In late 1822, Núñez de Cáceres lived with his family in Maracaibo, Venezuela. In 1824, he was in Caracas, putting the printing trade. Later on, after of his participation in some newspapers of country, exploded of the antibolivarian movement of , to which he actively joined. On May 5, 1826, when the Municipality of Caracas decided to give full powers to General José Antonio Páez and join the revolution started in Valencia, José Núñez de Cáceres was chosen, together with Pedro Pablo Diaz, to bring the news to Páez. On May 14, Núñez de Cáceres was beside him when in Valencia he reaffirmed his disobedience to Bogotá government. Subsequently, Páez appointed to Núñez as private secretary and adviser, a position he held until early January 1827. With this office he forced Bolívar to wean Venezuelan from la Gran Colombia. Páez Accepted the idea of Núñez de Cáceres so he gave her international passport to Bolívar. On November 7 the same year, in the Assembly the held in the convent of San Francisco in Caracas, in which he participated and spoke Paez, he gave one of the most revolutionary speeches, arguing that "the social pact was dissolved". In early 1827, when the movement was paralyzed in the presence of Bolivar, Núñez de Cáceres decided to leave Venezuela bound for Mexico.

paragraph: He and his family went to Mexico, where he first settled in the city of San Luis Potosi and then in Ciudad Victoria, capital of Tamaulipas.

paragraph: In the early years, he practiced law. In 1830 he was named prosecutor of the supreme court. In 1833 he was elected senator of the State of Tamaulipas and member of the Mexican Confederation Congress and in the same year he was named Distinguished Citizen of Tamaulipas.

paragraph: He served with General Moctezuma at the Well of Caramel, and he endorsed the agenda of this soldier. In 1834 he was appointed treasurer of Public Finance, a position which he alternated with his attorney Professions.

paragraph: By 1844 he became seriously ill and the State Government and the Departmental Board of Tamaulipas assigned a pension to alleviate their pain. On September 11, 1846 he died in Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas.

paragraph: Section::::Literary career.

paragraph: José Núñez de Cáceres also had an important role as a writer and teacher. In 1795, he was professor at the University of Santo Tomás de Aquino. En January 6, 1815, after rebuilt the old University of Santo Domingo, where he had taught, he returned to teaching at this university and because of the efforts he made as captain-general, the cloister of doctors chose him as the first rector of the institute and they agreed that his portrait, paid for by the guild, be placed in the lecture hall.

paragraph: José Núñez de Cáceres founded on April 15, 1821, in Santo Domingo, the satirical newspaper El Duende, considered the second national Dominican newspaper. This weekly -political and satirical newspaper that circulated the Sunday in the city of Santo Domingo had thirteen numbers disappearing on July 15 of that year. Through El Duende, Núñez de Cáceres was released as a fabulist, for here he published nine of his fables. He also founded the newspaper El Relámpago (Lightning) in this city. In late 1822, Núñez de Cáceres lived with his family in Maracaibo, Venezuela. In 1824, he was in Caracas, putting the printing trade. From his studio came during the years of 1824–1826, several newspapers, books and pamphlets; between newspapers include: El Constitucional Caraqueño (The Constitutional from Caracas) and La Cometa (The Comet), a newspaper that harshly attacked Simón Bolívar, as well as recent issues of the newspaper El Venezolano.

paragraph: In Venezuela, in addition to the forum and engage in journalism, he wrote others three fables.

paragraph: Some of the fables he wrote were:el conejo (the rabbit), la oveja y el lobo (the sheep and the shepherd), el lobo y el zorro (the wolf and the fox), la araña y el águila (the spider and the eagle) and la aveja y abejorros (the bee and bumble).

paragraph: These fables were signed under the pseudonym "El fabulista principiante" (The fabulist beginner). He was credited as the first Dominican fabulist and one of the first storyteller in Hispanic America.

paragraph: Núñez de Cáceres was well-read. He was familiar with the classics 'fabulists' (Aesop, Phaedrus, Jean de La Fontaine, Samaniego and Tomás de Iriarte). They influenced him especially in the use of character animals : eagle, bee, Donkey, Stork, Rabbit, Lamb, Owl, Wolf, Mule, Palomo, Raposa. As a rational person, it is common the Pastor. Of the nineteen characters who act in the eleven tales of Creole fabulist, thirteen are found in Iriarte, twelve in Aesop and La Fontaine, nine in Phaedrus and eight in Samaniego. The mule, horse and donkey cross-and bumble appear in two of the fables of Núñez de Cáceres, but not in any of those written by the classic fable above.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: At the end of the 18th century Núñez de Cáceres married Juana de Mata Madrigal Cordero and they had six children: the first, Pedro, was born in Santo Domingo on April 2, 1800, and last, Maria de la Merced, in the same city in 1816. When Ñúñez de Cáceres lived in Camagüey, Cuba, other three children were born: José, the September 9, 1804; Francisco de Asis, September 15, 1805, and Gregorio, on June 8, 1809.

paragraph: After the Dominican hero's death, his disciple Simon de Portes, who moved with him to Mexico, made in the act of inhumaci of the remains of the great Dominican, a speech where he said: "Rare event: here, not far Padilla, which ceased to be the hero of Igualada, which sealed the independence of Mexico, Dominican gentleman dies almost hear the roar of the cannon of the unjust invading Anglo-time same as before his death this unfortunate hero rejoices with the nice idea that the inhabitants of Santo Domingo, after many battles, been driven from its territory to its oppressors ... It is full of joy José Núñez de Cáceres with such a happy event, and as you stop the course of death gradually led him to the grave ".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20120309042355/http://www.hoy.com.do/opiniones/2008/8/9/243013/print José Núñez de Cáceres: 187 años después (In Spanish) (José Núñez de Cáceres: 187 years after)

description: Dominican writer and politician

wikidata_label: José Núñez de Cáceres

wikipedia_title: José Núñez de Cáceres


text:
salonist
Copenhagen
Nørregade
Knud Lyne Rahbek
Bakkehuset
Friederike Brun
Charlotte Schimmelmann
Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger
Jens Baggesen
Sophie Ørsted
Poul Martin Møller
N. F. S. Grundtvig
B. S. Ingemann
H. C. Andersen
Peter Oluf Brøndsted
Johan Ludvig Heiberg
Frederiksberg
Frederiksberg Ældre Kirkegård
silhouette
Wikipedia's
Women in Red
Sophia Magdalena Krag Juel Vind
Bakkehusmuseet website

categories: 1829 deaths,18th-century Danish artists,19th-century Danish artists,1775 births,18th-century women artists,19th-century women artists,Danish salon-holders

paragraph: Kamma Rahbek

paragraph: Karen Margrethe "Kamma" Rahbek, née "Heger" (19 October 1775 – 21 January 1829) was a Danish artist, salonist and lady of letters.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Karen Margrethe Rahbek was born in Copenhagen, Denmark

paragraph: She was the daughter of the official Hans Heger (1747–1819) and Anne Louise Drewsen (1751–1799).

paragraph: She grew up in a wealthy home in Nørregade. She received a broad based education and could speak several languages including German, French, Spanish, Latin, Greek and Italian.

paragraph: In 1798, she married the writer Knud Lyne Rahbek (1760–1830). Her husband was a writer, poet, literary historian and magazine editor.

paragraph: Her salon at Bakkehuset became a cultural centre and the gathering place for the writers of the Danish Golden age and was considered the salon of the middle class in contrast to the more aristocratic Friederike Brun and Charlotte Schimmelmann.

paragraph: Among her guests were Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger, who was married to her sister Christiane Oehlenschläger (1782-1841). Other notable visitors included Jens Baggesen, Sophie Ørsted, Poul Martin Møller, N. F. S. Grundtvig, B. S. Ingemann, H. C. Andersen, Peter Oluf Brøndsted and Johan Ludvig Heiberg. Rahbek befriended the writers of the Romantic style, while her spouse preferred the moralists.

paragraph: Kamma Rahbek was also a diligent writer. Several of her letters and memories have been published. She died in 1829 at Frederiksberg and was buried in Frederiksberg Ældre Kirkegård.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Her silhouette is used as the logo for Wikipedia's Women in Red initiative.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sophia Magdalena Krag Juel Vind

paragraph: Section::::Other Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knud Lyne Rahbek: "Erindringer af mit liv" (Copenhagen: Jens Hostrup Schultz) 5 volumes published between 1824-29

paragraph: Section::::Related reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kirsten Dreyer (ed.) "Kamma Rahbeks brevveksling med Chr. Molbech, 1–3" (Museum Tusculanums Forlag) 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Helleberg: "Vilde kvinder, milde kvinder : 12 kvindeliv fra guldalderen " (Lindhardt og Ringhof) 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne E. Jensen: "Kamma Rahbek 1775–1828. I anledning af 200 års dagen den 19. oktober 1975" (Bakkehusmuseet by Historisk-Topografisk Selskab for Frederiksberg) 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hans Kyrre, "Knud Lyne Rahbek og Kamma Rahbek og Livet paa Bakkehuset" (H. Hagerups Forlag) 1929.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne Scott Sørensen, "Blomsterpoesi – om Kamma Rahbek og Bakkehuset" in "Nordisk salonkultur – et studie i nordiske skønånder og salonmiljøer 1780–1850", Anne Scott Sørensen (ed.) (Odense Universitetsforlag) 1998. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bakkehusmuseet website

description: Danish salon holder

wikidata_label: Kamma Rahbek

wikipedia_title: Kamma Rahbek


text:
Slovenian
Protestant Reformer
Lutheran
Slovene language
printed
Duchy of Carniola
Slovene language
Lutheranism
Austrian Habsburgs
Counter-Reformation
Prekmurje
Rašica
Municipality of Velike Lašče
Duchy of Carniola
Habsburgs
Rijeka
Salzburg
Trieste
Pietro Bonomo
Humanist
Erasmus of Rotterdam
Loka pri Zidanem Mostu
University of Vienna
Ljubljana
Rothenburg
Catechismus
Abecedarium
Schwäbisch Hall
Pier Paolo Vergerio
Gospel of Matthew
New Testament
South Slavic Bible Institute
Derendingen
Holy Roman Empire
Tübingen
Drago Jančar
Polde Bibič
10 tolar banknote
Slovenian 1 euro coin
Government of Slovenia
commemorative €2 coin
Reformation Movement
National Museum of Slovenia
Google
Google Doodle
Adam Bohorič
Sebastian Krelj
Jurij Dalmatin
István Küzmics
Jovan Maleševac

categories: 16th-century Lutheran clergy,Lutheran writers,Carniolan translators,Carniolan Lutherans,1508 births,Protestant Reformers,People from the Municipality of Velike Lašče,1586 deaths,16th-century Carniolan writers

paragraph: Primož Trubar

paragraph: Primož Trubar or Primus Truber () (1508 – 28 June 1586) was a Slovenian Protestant Reformer of the Lutheran tradition, mostly known as the author of the first Slovene language printed book, the founder and the first superintendent of the Protestant Church of the Duchy of Carniola, and for consolidating the Slovene language. Trubar introduced Lutheranism in Slovenia, but after the Austrian Habsburgs introduced the Counter-Reformation only a small community remained in the Prekmurje region. Trubar is the key figure of Slovenian cultural history and in many aspects a major historical personality.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Trubar was born in the village of Rašica (now in the Municipality of Velike Lašče) in the Duchy of Carniola, then under the Habsburgs. In the years 1520–1521 he attended school in Rijeka, in 1522–1524 he continued his education in Salzburg. From there he went to Trieste under the tutorship of the Roman Catholic bishop Pietro Bonomo, where he got in touch with the Humanist writers, in particular Erasmus of Rotterdam. In 1527 the bishop Pietro Bonomo assigned Trubar a priest position in Loka pri Zidanem Mostu. In 1528 he enrolled at the University of Vienna, but did not complete his studies. In 1530 he returned to the Slovene Lands and became a preacher. He gradually leaned towards Protestantism and was expelled from Ljubljana in 1547.

paragraph: In 1550, while a Protestant preacher in Rothenburg, he wrote the first two books in Slovene, "Catechismus" and "Abecedarium", which were then printed that year in Schwäbisch Hall by Peter Frentz. "Catechismus" also contained the first Slovene musical manuscript in print.

paragraph: Altogether, Trubar authored 22 books in Slovene and two books in German. He was the first to translate parts of the Bible into Slovene. After the exhortation by Pier Paolo Vergerio, he translated the Gospel of Matthew in 1555 and until 1577 in three parts published the translation of the entire New Testament. In period between 1561 and 1565 Trubar was the manager and supervisor of the South Slavic Bible Institute.

paragraph: Trubar died in Derendingen, Holy Roman Empire (now part of the city of Tübingen, Germany), where he is also buried.

paragraph: Section::::Commemoration.

paragraph: On June 4, 1952, the street "Šentpeterska cesta" in Ljubljana was renamed "Trubarjeva cesta" after Trubar. It is one of the oldest roads in the city, first mentioned in 1802, and starts in "Prešernov trg" (Prešeren Square), named after Slovenia's national poet. The street is currently known for its high concentration of ethnic restaurants.

paragraph: In 1986, the Slovenian television produced a TV series, directed by Andrej Strojan with the screenplay written by Drago Jančar, in which Trubar was played by the Slovenian actor Polde Bibič.

paragraph: Trubar was commemorated on the 10 tolar banknote in 1992, and on the Slovenian 1 euro coin in 2007. In 2008, the Government of Slovenia proclaimed the Year of Primož Trubar and the 500th anniversary of Trubar's birth was celebrated throughout the country. A commemorative €2 coin and a postage stamp were issued. An exhibition dedicated to the life and work of Primož Trubar, and the achievements of the Slovenian Reformation Movement was on display at the National Museum of Slovenia from 6 March to 31 December 2008.

paragraph: In 2009, the Trubar Forum Association printed Trubar's Catechism and Abecedarium in modern Slovene, in a scholarly edition that includes both the Trubar-era Slovene and the modern Slovene translation with scholarly notes.

paragraph: The "Sermon on Faith", a portion of the Catechism, is available in modern Slovene, English, German and Esperanto.

paragraph: Since 2010, 8 June is commemorated in Slovenia as Primož Trubar Day. Google celebrated his 505th birthday anniversary with a dedicated Google Doodle.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Books written or published by Trubar include:

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adam Bohorič

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sebastian Krelj

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jurij Dalmatin

paragraph: BULLET::::- István Küzmics

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jovan Maleševac

description: Carniolan writer, Protestant reformer

wikidata_label: Primož Trubar

wikipedia_title: Primož Trubar


text:
Erzurum
Turkish
Shkodra
Damascus
Jules Verne
Committee of Union and Progress
Second Constitutional Era

categories: Turkish male writers,Turkish translators,1942 deaths,Place of death missing,1868 births,Republican People's Party (Turkey) politicians,People from Erzurum

paragraph: Ahmet İhsan Tokgöz

paragraph: Ahmet İhsan Tokgöz (1868, Erzurum – 1942) was a Turkish bureaucrat, politician, writer and sports official.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Erzurum. He completed his primary and secondary education in Shkodra and Damascus. In 1887, he graduated from the Faculty of Law. He became interested in literature during his school years and translated translations from French, especially Jules Verne.

paragraph: The year he finished the estate, he published a fifteen-day magazine, Umran. He worked as a translator at the Translation Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. At the same time, he started to work in Servet newspaper in 1888. In 1890, he left the Tophane Müşirliği and became a partner in the ’Realm Printing House 18. On March 27, 1891, he began to publish the weekly Servet-i Fünun magazine. In 1907, the company was renamed as Ahmet İhsan Matbaası by the separation of its partners.

paragraph: In 1907 he joined the Committee of Union and Progress. After the Second Constitutional Era, Servet-i Fünun was transformed into a daily political newspaper. In 1909 Servet-i Fünun'u began to remove again weekly. In the same year, he continued to teach the economic geography courses he started in the Trade School until 1915. In 1912, he served as the mayor of Beyoğlu for fourteen months. In 1917, he began to publish Le Soir in French. In 1924 he re-established Servet-i Fünun which he had interrupted during the armistice. In 1931, he was elected as a member of the parliament, in the meanwhile he continued to publish his journal until his death.

description: Turkish journalist and politician

wikidata_label: Ahmed Ihsan Tokgöz

wikipedia_title: Ahmet İhsan Tokgöz


text:
Berlin
painting
The State University of New Paltz
sculpture
The Slade School of Fine Art
Exeter School of Art
Hochschule für Bildende Künste Dresden
Norwegian Museum of Contemporary Art
Diamanda Galas
drawing
painting
sculpture
installation
video
performance
Los Caprichos
Ludwig Museum, Budapest
Norwegian Museum of Contemporary Art
Kupferstichkabinett Berlin
Berlinische Galerie
Aschersleben
BOMB Magazine
Norwegian Museum of Contemporary Art
Official website
Laura Bruce
Portfolio
Interview mit Laura Bruce
Dangerpony
SoundCloud

categories: 20th-century American artists,1959 births,American contemporary artists,21st-century American artists,People from Berlin,Drawers (artists),Living people

paragraph: Laura Bruce

paragraph: Laura Bruce (born September 28, 1959) is an American contemporary artist living in Berlin.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Bruce studied painting at The State University of New Paltz, New York and sculpture at The Slade School of Fine Art in London. She has been visiting professor at the Exeter School of Art, The Slade School of Fine in London, the Berlin-Weissensee Kunsthochschule, and the Hochschule für Bildende Künste Dresden. Bruce has taught at the summer academies in Leipzig, Bremerhaven, Dresden, and at the Summer Workshops at the Neo Rauch Grafikstiftung. She is an art educator at the Otto Hahn School in Berlin.

paragraph: Laura Bruce is the lead singer in the concept band Dangerpony, who performed live in 2012 for the exhibition opening "I Wish This Was A Song" at the Norwegian Museum of Contemporary Art in a program including Jan Köchermann & Doppelgenscher, Diamanda Galas, and Killl.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Her work explores drawing, painting, sculpture, installation, video and performance. Large-scale black and white graphite drawings are an important part of her oeuvre. They are characterized by bold strokes, clear contrasts of black and white, and a distinctive representation of nature as power / phenomenon / myth and the human relationship to it.

paragraph: Her drawing process of detailed mark making against smooth, large surfaces of complex gray tones. Her drawings have echoes of 19th century European Romantic painting and Hudson River School painting in the U.S. Bruce often works with historical references, which she approaches from a contemporary perspective, for instance in her installation "Perpetual", a work of 79 drawings based on Francisco Goya’s "Los Caprichos", which she showed in full for the first time at Haus am Waldsee Museum in Berlin in 2018.  Or her drawing / sound installation "Goodbye is Half the Words You Know" (2009-2013), where Bruce presents 10 portraits of classic country singers and reinterprets their songs with her band, Dangerpony. A part of this work was exhibited in 2016 in the exhibition "Passion - Fan Behavior and Art" (curated by Christoph Tannert) at Künstlerhaus Bethanien, Berlin and the Ludwig Museum, Budapest. It was shown in full in the group exhibition "I Wish This Was A Song" (curated by Stina Högkvist and Sabrina van der Ley) at the Norwegian Museum of Contemporary Art in 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Public collections.

paragraph: Bruce' works can be found in the collections of the Neuer Berliner Kunstverein (Artothek and the Video-Forum), the Kupferstichkabinett Berlin, the Berlinische Galerie, the Collection of the City of Mainz and the Vattenfall Foundation, Berlin.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Public commissions.

paragraph: Laura Bruce’s large-format (10 x 6 m) site-specific commission, “De Septentrione ad Astrum” is a permanent mural realized in 2015 in Aschersleben in the Bestehornpark building and officially handed over to the city of Aschersleben.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: Losito Kunstpreis

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: Grant of the Senate for Cultural Activities, Berlin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: Käthe Dorsch Foundation

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: Grant of the Senate for Cultural Activities, Berlin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: Stiftung Kunstfonds, Bonn

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: Käthe Dorsch Foundation, Berlin

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.:Solo exhibitions (selection).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: "To Kiss or Kill", Galerie Rompone, Cologne

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "Love and Other Machines", New Art Projects, London, UK

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "BRUCE SILL", with Heidi Sill, Kunsthaus Erfurt

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "Whippersnapper!!", Fahnemann Projects, Berlin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "Augenweide", Vattenfall Foundation, Berlin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "Holy Rollers", with Hannah Dougherty, The Forgotten Bar, Berlin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: "The Hunt", fruehsorge contemporary drawings

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: "Night Twist", Delikatessenhaus, Leipzig

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "Landowners", Galerie Pankow, Berlin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: "Big Sky", Galerie Ulrike Buschlinger, Wiesbaden

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: "The Wide", Büro für Kunst, Dresden

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: "BOMB Magazine", artist’s supplement, Nr. 142

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: "Drunk on Dreams", "FUKT MAGAZINE"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "The Animation Issue", "FUKT MAGAZINE"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: Article: "Endlich glücklich sitzen", Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 22. März

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: Article: "The hidden beauty of everyday objects we take for granted", Scotland on Sunday, 29. Feb.

paragraph: Section::::Dangerpony.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: "KGB Sounds", Heimathafen Berlin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: Podewil, Berlin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: Neuer Berliner Kunstverein, Berlin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Missklang", West Germany, Berlin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "I Wish This Was A Song", Norwegian Museum of Contemporary Art, Oslo, Norway

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: Picture disk vinyl release, West Germany, Berlin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "The Carnival Within", Uferhallen, Berlin

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laura Bruce on "artitious.com"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portfolio In: "bombmagazine.org"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview mit Laura Bruce In: "independent-collectors.com." 03/31/2017.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dangerpony on SoundCloud

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Laura Bruce

wikipedia_title: Laura Bruce


text: Lowestoft

text: overfishing

text: Manchester

text: John William Graham

text: Lake District

text: Cumberland

text: Bootham School

text: York

text: Royal Navy

text: King’s College, Cambridge

text: Lowestoft

text: Lake Victoria

text: River Tyne

text: Dove Marine Laboratory

text: Lowestoft

text: Lowestoft

text: Ray Beverton

text: Sidney Holt

text: Second World War

text: operational research

text: RAF

text: Order of the British Empire

text: Lancashire

text: Salford University

text: Fisheries Survey of Lake Victoria

text: Lake Victoria

text: Nile Perch

text: Lake Victoria

text: Colonial Office

text: Haplochromis

text: Nile perch

text: Lake Albert

text: Lake Albert

text: Haplochromis

text: Haplochromis flavipinnis

text: Haplochromis gowersii

text: Haplochromis longirostris

text: Haplochromis macrognathus

text: Haplochromis michaeli

text: Haplochromis nigrescens

text: Haplochromis prognathus

text: specific name

text: Haplochromis michaeli

text: type

text: Linnean Society

text: Lowestoft

text: cod

text: North Sea

text: North Sea

text: University of East Anglia

text: Lowestoft

text: University of East Anglia

text: Ecology

text: Fisheries science

categories: People educated at Bootham School,1898 births,Alumni of King's College, Cambridge,British marine biologists,Officers of the Order of the British Empire,1972 deaths

paragraph: Michael Graham (scientist)

paragraph: Michael Graham (1898–1972) CMG OBE was a British fisheries scientist, author, and ecologist. He was the director of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (United Kingdom) fisheries laboratory in Lowestoft (1945-1958), now known as the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas). His classic book, "The Fish Gate", published in 1943, paints a picture of the near-collapse of the British fishing industry through overfishing that occurred before both the First and the Second World Wars.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Godfrey Michael Graham was born in Manchester on 22 February 1898, the son of the Quaker writer John William Graham (1859–1932) and Margaret Brockbank. As a boy he loved the Lake District and the wildlife he encountered on his relation’s Cumberland farm. His outstanding interest at Bootham School in York was in natural history. During World War I he served in the Royal Navy and afterwards read Natural Science at King’s College, Cambridge. His professional career was spent as a scientific civil servant on the staff of the Fisheries Laboratory in Lowestoft. Here he could combine biological science with his experience and love of the sea, knowing that his research would be both practical and useful. In 1927-28 Michael Graham was dispatched by the fisheries laboratory and spent a year surveying fish populations in Lake Victoria. This survey represented the first ever systematic survey of one of Africa’s great lakes and provides a unique baseline against which all subsequent changes can be compared.

paragraph: Graham married Edith Meek in 1925, who had assisted Ministry staff in their investigation of pollution problems in the River Tyne and who was a daughter of Alexander Meek, one of the founders of the Dove Marine Laboratory, Cullercoats. He designed his own home in Lowestoft, acquiring enough land on which to keep cattle and horses and so in a small way to indulge his lifelong interest in farming. He always had a touch of eccentricity, as witnessed by his habit of writing with quills fashioned from the feathers of his own geese, wearing a flowing cape with a specially made inside pocket big enough for a ministry file and riding his Arab horse around Lowestoft at night with rear-lights fitted to his riding hat and stirrups.

paragraph: In Lowestoft, Graham’s work led him to be particularly concerned with the problem of overfishing. He was appointed Principal Naturalist in 1944 and Director of Fishery Investigations in 1945. He published several highly influential and thought-provoking books during this time, most notably "The Fish Gate" in 1943, "Human Needs" in 1951 and "Sea Fisheries: Their Investigation in the United Kingdom" in 1956. As Director of Fisheries to HM Government he was made CMG (Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George) in January 1954, he was also responsible for recruiting Ray Beverton and Sidney Holt whose treatise "On the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Populations" (1957) is dedicated to Graham and is widely regarded as the cornerstone of modern fisheries science.

paragraph: During the Second World War, Michael Graham was engaged on operational research in the RAF, for which he was awarded the OBE (Order of the British Empire). He retired in 1958 to devote himself to reclaiming derelict land in south Lancashire, and successfully demonstrated a practical and economic way of ‘greening over’ post-industrial slag heaps. From 1966 to 1971 he was a visiting Lecturer in the Department of Biology at Salford University, and to his great joy the Department adopted and continued his work of land reclamation. Sadly, Michael Graham didn’t live to see his last book "A Natural Ecology" (1973) published; he died on New Year's Day 1972 at the age of 72.

paragraph: Section::::Fisheries Survey of Lake Victoria.

paragraph: Lake Victoria has witnessed many dramatic changes over the past Century as a result of the introduction of Nile Perch, eutrophication and climatic change. These influences have in-turn resulted in major alteration to indigenous fish communities. In 1927 Michael Graham was sent from the fisheries laboratory in Lowestoft to spend a year surveying fish populations and fisheries in Lake Nyanza (Lake Victoria) on behalf of the Colonial Office. This unique survey represents the first ever characterisation of Lake Victoria fish communities.

paragraph: The original hand-written 'Naturalists Logbooks' from this survey have recently been re-discovered in the archive of the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), these are now being digitized and made available to researchers seeking a 'baseline' against which subsequent changes can be compared.

paragraph: During his survey of Lake Victoria, Michael Graham recorded fifty-eight species of Haplochromis including many new species, and commented that ""the number of individuals is almost incredible!"". While Graham regretted that the enormous haplochromine population was not really 'useful', he warned against introduction of a large predator that could convert these little, bony fish – which the colonial fisheries officers called trash fish – into large fish that could be caught for food. The leading candidate at that time was the Nile perch, which was tasty, grew to over six feet (about 2 metres) and two hundred pounds (a hundred kilograms), and already lived in nearby Lake Albert. At the time Graham wrote ""The introduction of a large predatory species from another area would be attended with the upmost danger, unless preceded by extensive research into the probable effects of this operation"". In a footnote he added that his warning had just been strengthened by a recent research report from Lake Albert, which described how rare the tilapia had become.

paragraph: Survey catches included several Haplochromis species that are now thought to be extinct, including: "Haplochromis flavipinnis", "Haplochromis gowersii", "Haplochromis longirostris", "Haplochromis macrognathus", "Haplochromis michaeli", "Haplochromis nigrescens", "Haplochromis prognathus". The specific name "Haplochromis michaeli" honours Michael Graham as the collector of the type specimen.

paragraph: On 13th December 1928, Certificates of recommendation were received by the Linnean Society for election of Michael Graham to Fellowship status. Michael Graham read his paper on ‘‘The Natural History of the Victoria Nyanza”, at the Linnean Society on the 24th May 1929.

paragraph: Section::::"The Fish Gate" and Graham’s ""Great Law of Fishing"".

paragraph: Michael Graham’s given task on joining the Lowestoft laboratory was to study the North Sea cod fishery. He continued, with breaks for field studies in Africa and Canada, throughout the 1920s and 1930s, describing the cod’s life cycle and spawning grounds, and showing the age composition of the fishery through a laborious process of scale-reading. In a 1935 paper Graham conclusively showed that the North Sea stock was overfished. His classic book, "The Fish Gate" reminds us that by 1939 the North Sea was exhausted and many fishermen were unemployed – the inevitable result of unrestrained over-fishing.

paragraph: The problem, according to Michael Graham, was that as soon as fishermen began fishing, stocks started to decline. To compensate, fishermen bought bigger nets and engines, but after a certain point, profits would slide. Graham thought the solution was to regulate fishing so that only larger, older fish could be caught. Graham distilled the observations of 20 years at sea into his "‘Great Law of Fishing’", a simple declarative statement such that "“Fisheries that are unlimited become unprofitable”". Graham said this was a law demonstrable by experience, not scientific theory (although this was later proven mathematically by Beverton and Holt). As long as the effort is free and urged on by competition, fisheries will eventually fail. The "Great Law", he pointed out, was only fruitful in its inverse form "“that limiting effort will restore profit to a fishery”". While some thought that fishermen needed to conserve stocks so their sons could fish, Graham believed fishermen had to change the way they fished so they themselves could continue to make a living.

paragraph: To a later generation, trying to explain why the North Sea and other seas declined and their fishing ports collapsed, Graham is a seminal figure, both for his influence on the ‘golden age’ of fisheries science and for his restless advocacy of ‘rational’ fishing and the conservation of biological systems on which humans depend for food.

paragraph: "The Fish Gate" is notable for citing Das Kapital (Marx) in the context of the growing industrialisation of the fishing industry.

paragraph: Section::::The Michael Graham Prizes.

paragraph: The MAFF – Directorate of Fisheries (now Cefas) has been an affiliated institute of the University of East Anglia (UEA) since 1965. In 1974, staff at the Lowestoft laboratory created an endowment called "The Michael Graham Prize", funded through royalties received from sale of the book "Sea Fisheries Research". This book had been written by members of the laboratory as a tribute to their esteemed former Director who had died in 1972.

paragraph: Three prizes of £100 each, now collectively known as the "Michael Graham Prizes", are awarded annually to students in the Faculty of Science at the University of East Anglia, one for best performance in the Ecology degree, one for best performance in the MSc in Applied Ecology and Conservation and one for the best conservation project by an undergraduate student from either ENV (School of Environmental Sciences) or BIO (School of Biological Sciences).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fisheries science

description: British ichthyologist and fisheries scientist

wikidata_label: Michael Graham

wikipedia_title: Michael Graham (scientist)


text:
American football
tight end
San Francisco 49ers
National Football League
college football
San Diego
Oak Ridge High School
El Dorado Hills, California
quarterback
tight end
redshirting
Toreros
Pioneer Football League
Football Championship Subdivision
San Francisco 49ers
undrafted free agent
Green Bay Packers
Oakland Raiders
San Francisco 49ers bio
USD Toreros bio

categories: Players of American football from California,San Francisco 49ers players,American football tight ends,1995 births,San Diego Toreros football players,People from El Dorado Hills, California,Living people

paragraph: Ross Dwelley

paragraph: Ross Dwelley (born January 26, 1995) is an American football tight end for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at San Diego.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Dwelley attended Oak Ridge High School in El Dorado Hills, California, where he played baseball and football. Originally a quarterback during his first two seasons, Dwelley opted not to play football his junior year to focus on baseball but was convinced by Oak Ridge's football coach to return to the sport for his senior season. After moving to tight end, Dwelley made 43 catches for 568 receiving yards and five touchdowns and was named the team's offensive MVP.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: After redshirting his freshman year, Dwelley appeared in 47 games (44 starts) over the course of four seasons with the Toreros. During that time he totaled 197 receptions for 2,305 yards and 26 touchdowns. Dwelley was named 2nd team All-Pioneer Football League during his sophomore and junior seasons and to the first team as a senior. During his senior season Dwelley led all Football Championship Subdivision tight ends with 10 touchdown receptions, despite missing two games due to injury. Dwelley graduated from USD with a degree in industrial engineering.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Dwelley signed with the San Francisco 49ers as an undrafted free agent on April 30, 2018. He was initially cut at the end of training camp and subsequently signed to the team's practice squad. Dwelley was promoted from the practice squad to the 49ers' active roster on October 15, 2018 and made his NFL debut on the same night in a 30-33 loss to the Green Bay Packers. Dwelley caught his first career pass, an eight-yard reception, on November 1, 2018 in a 34-3 win against the Oakland Raiders. As a rookie Dwelley played in 11 games and caught two passes for 14 yards.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Francisco 49ers bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- USD Toreros bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Ross Dwelley

wikipedia_title: Ross Dwelley


text: professional baseball

text: catcher

text: Miami Marlins

text: Major League Baseball

text: Cincinnati Reds

text: switch hitter

text: free agent

text: Arizona Diamondbacks

text: farm system

text: Pioneer League

text: Triple-A

text: Class A

text: Class A-Advanced

text: Double-A

text: Mobile BayBears

text: batting average

text: Tucson Sidewinders

text: Pacific Coast League

text: RBI

text: Cincinnati Reds

text: Adam Dunn

text: Pittsburgh Pirates

text: pinch hitter

text: T. J. Beam

text: Triple-A

text: Louisville Bats

text: spring training

text: Atlanta Braves

text: Gwinnett Braves

text: slash line

text: Colorado Rockies

text: Colorado Springs Sky Sox

text: Los Angeles Dodgers

text: Mexican League

text: Triple-A

text: Vaqueros Laguna

text: Toros de Tijuana

text: Broncos de Reynosa

text: Mexican Baseball League

text: Pittsburgh Pirates

text: Toronto Blue Jays

text: Buffalo Bisons

text: New York Yankees

text: Long Island Ducks

text: New York Yankees

text: Miami Marlins

text: New Orleans Baby Cakes

text: Philadelphia Phillies

categories: Miami Marlins players,Long Island Ducks players,Broncos de Reynosa players,Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players,Scottsdale Scorpions players,Trenton Thunder players,Indianapolis Indians players,Missoula Osprey players,Gwinnett Braves players,Cincinnati Reds players,Colorado Springs Sky Sox players,New Hampshire Fisher Cats players,Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders players,Mobile BayBears players,Mexican League baseball catchers,Louisville Bats players,Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic,Major League Baseball catchers,Tennessee Smokies players,Leones del Escogido players,Toros de Tijuana players,1984 births,Lancaster JetHawks players,New Orleans Baby Cakes players,Caribbean Series players,Living people,Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States,Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Mexico,South Bend Silver Hawks players,Tigres del Licey players,Tucson Sidewinders players

paragraph: Wilkin Castillo

paragraph: Wilkin Castillo (born June 1, 1984) is a Dominican professional baseball catcher for the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played in MLB for the Cincinnati Reds. Listed at and , Castillo throws right-handed and is a switch hitter.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Early career.

paragraph: Castillo was originally signed as an undrafted free agent in 2002 by the Arizona Diamondbacks. He first played in Arizona's farm system in 2004, mostly in the rookie-level Pioneer League, while also appearing in six Triple-A games. He spent 2005 playing in Class A and spent 2006 in Class A-Advanced, Double-A, and Triple-A. In 2007, he played for the Double-A Mobile BayBears where he had a .302 batting average in 109 games. In 2008, Castillo was named the 14th-best prospect in the Diamondbacks organization, and played 104 games in Triple-A for the Tucson Sidewinders of the Pacific Coast League, batting .254 with six home runs and 47 RBIs.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cincinnati Reds.

paragraph: On August 14, 2008, Castillo was sent to the Cincinnati Reds as a part of the Adam Dunn trade, which took place August 11. On September 1, he was called up and made his MLB debut the following day against the Pittsburgh Pirates, flying out to left in his one at-bat as a pinch hitter. His first hit was on September 3, a single to right field off T. J. Beam of the Pirates, also as a pinch hitter. Castillo played in 18 MLB games in 2008, with 9 hits in 32 at-bats for a .281 average. He began the 2009 season with the Triple-A Louisville Bats after failing to earn a spot on the Reds' roster. On June 20, he was called up to the Reds and appeared in four games with two hits in three at-bats. He played in a total of 22 games with the Reds over the two seasons, with 11 hits in 35 at-bats for a .314 average.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Minor league and international play.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atlanta Braves

paragraph: Following the 2010 season, Castillo became a minor league free agent. He signed a minor league contract, with an invitation to spring training, with the Atlanta Braves. He spent the 2011 season with the Triple-A Gwinnett Braves, recording a slash line of .262/.285/.366 with 5 HR and 37 RBI in 80 games.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colorado Rockies

paragraph: On December 16, 2011, Castillo signed a minor league contract with the Colorado Rockies and played in Triple-A for the Colorado Springs Sky Sox, slashing .253/.273/.365 with 4 HR and 34 RBI in 74 games.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los Angeles Dodgers

paragraph: On November 21, 2012, Castillo signed a minor league deal with the Los Angeles Dodgers. The Dodgers released him at the end of spring training.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vaqueros Laguna

paragraph: On May 24, 2013, Castillo was signed to the Mexican League Triple-A Vaqueros Laguna team.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toros de Tijuana

paragraph: On April 1, 2014, Castillo was traded to the Toros de Tijuana. He was released on April 12, 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Broncos de Reynosa

paragraph: On May 28, 2014, Castillo signed with the Broncos de Reynosa of the Mexican Baseball League. He was released on July 1, 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pittsburgh Pirates

paragraph: On January 30, 2015, Castillo signed a minor league contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates. He elected free agency on November 6.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toronto Blue Jays

paragraph: On February 26, 2016, Castillo signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays, and was assigned to the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons.

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York Yankees

paragraph: On January 7, 2017, Castillo signed a minor league contract with the New York Yankees. He elected free agency on November 6, 2017.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Long Island Ducks

paragraph: On March 27, 2018, Castillo signed with the Long Island Ducks of the independent Atlantic League of Professional Baseball.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second stint with Yankees

paragraph: On May 24, 2018, Castillo's contract was purchased by the New York Yankees. He elected free agency on November 2, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Miami Marlins.

paragraph: On February 28, 2019, Castillo signed a minor league contract with the Miami Marlins. He opened the 2019 season with the New Orleans Baby Cakes. His contract was selected by the Marlins on June 21. The next day, in his first MLB game in 10 years and two days, Castillo hit a go-ahead two-run double in a Marlins 5–3 win over the Philadelphia Phillies.

description: Dominican Republic baseball player

wikidata_label: Wilkin Castillo

wikipedia_title: Wilkin Castillo


text: Scottish

text: knight

text: feudal

text: lord

text: Wars of Scottish Independence

text: Sir William Douglas

text: William Wallace

text: Tower of London

text: Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland

text: William Lamberton

text: St. Andrews

text: Robert Clifford

text: Edward I of England

text: The Brus

text: Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick

text: John Comyn

text: Dumfries

text: Glasgow

text: Bishop Wishart

text: Scone

text: Crown of Scotland

text: Methven

text: Battle of Dalrigh

text: Douglasdale

text: Douglas Castle

text: Palm Sunday

text: MacDougall

text: Lorn

text: Ben Cruachan

text: Loch Awe

text: Argyllshire

text: Battle of Pass of Brander

text: Edward Bruce

text: Rutherglen castle

text: Glasgow

text: Galloway

text: Edward II

text: Roxburgh

text: Shrove Tuesday

text: Ash Wednesday

text: Lent

text: slighted

text: Stirling Castle

text: Bannock Burn

text: knight banneret

text: pennon

text: John Barbour

text: Battle of Bannockburn

text: Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray

text: vanguard

text: Walter Stewart

text: Edward Bruce

text: Dunbar Castle

text: Berwick

text: Pontefract

text: Humber

text: hobbins

text: hobelar

text: Viking

text: longship

text: Ireland

text: Skaithmuir

text: Coldstream

text: Edmond de Caillou

text: Piers Gaveston

text: Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel

text: Jedburgh

text: Ralph Neville, 1st Baron Neville de Raby

text: Steward

text: Battle of Faughart

text: Robert II

text: Queen Isabella

text: York

text: Yorkshire

text: Nottingham

text: William Melton, Archbishop of York

text: Battle of Myton

text: Edinburgh

text: Solway Firth

text: Rievaulx Abbey

text: John de Bretagne, 1st Earl of Richmond

text: Byland Abbey

text: Battle of Old Byland

text: Roger Mortimer, Lord Wigmore

text: Edward III

text: Weardale

text: Battle of Stanhope Park

text: Treaty of Northampton

text: Holy Sepulchre

text: Jerusalem

text: Berwick upon Tweed

text: Sluys

text: Flanders

text: Alfonso XI of Castile

text: Muslims

text: kingdom of Granada

text: Seville

text: John Barbour

text: Jean Froissart

text: John Barbour

text: Battle of Teba

text: John Barbour

text: Sir William St. Clair

text: Rosslyn

text: Sir William St. Clair

text: Rosslyn

text: Sir Robert Logan

text: Restalrig

text: Sir William Keith of Galston in Ayrshire

text: Sir Simon Locard

text: Melrose Abbey

text: John Barbour

text: William, Lord of Douglas

text: Battle of Halidon Hill

text: Archibald the Grim

text: Lord of Galloway

text: Earl of Douglas

text: Patricia Kennealy-Morrison

text: Nigel Tranter

text: The Bruce

text: Aaron Taylor-Johnson

text: Outlaw King

text: scotch whisky

text: Broughton Brewery

text: Corries

text: Barbour, John

text: Barbour, J.

text: The Brus

text: Mackenzie, W.M.

text: Bower, Walter

text: Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland

text: Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough

text: Camden Society

text: W. J. Ashley

text: Fordun, John of

text: W. F. Skene

text: Scalicronica

text: H. Maxwell

text: Lanercost Chronicle

text: Palgrave, F.

text: Froissart, Jean

text: Brown, M

text: Fraser, Sir William

text: The Douglas Book

text: Maxwell, Sir Herbert

text: A History of the House of Douglas

text: Ross, David R.

text: James Lord of Douglas

text: Sion nan Gaidheal - Byland Moor

text: Black Douglas descendents in Deal

text: Video footage of St Bride's Church and Douglas Castle

categories: 1330 deaths,Signatories to the Declaration of Arbroath,Scottish people of the Wars of Scottish Independence,Scottish knights,House of Douglas and Angus,Scottish generals,1280s births,Scottish pre-union military personnel killed in action,People of the Reconquista

paragraph: James Douglas, Lord of Douglas

paragraph: Sir James Douglas (also known as Good Sir James and the Black Douglas) (c. 1286 – 25 August 1330) was a Scottish knight and feudal lord. He was one of the chief commanders during the Wars of Scottish Independence.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was the eldest son of Sir William Douglas, known as "le Hardi" or "the bold", who had been the first noble supporter of William Wallace (the elder Douglas died circa 1298, a prisoner in the Tower of London). His mother was Elizabeth Stewart, the daughter of Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland, who died circa 1287 or early 1288. His father remarried in late 1288 so Douglas' birth had to be prior to that; however, the destruction of records in Scotland makes an exact date or even year impossible to pinpoint.

paragraph: Douglas was sent to France for safety in the early days of the Wars of Independence, and was educated in Paris. There he met William Lamberton, Bishop of St. Andrews, who took him as a squire. He returned to Scotland with Lamberton. His lands had been seized and awarded to Robert Clifford. Lamberton presented him at the occupying English court to petition for the return of his land shortly after the capture of Stirling Castle in 1304, but when Edward I of England heard whose son he was he grew angry and Douglas was forced to depart.

paragraph: Section::::Alliance with Bruce.

paragraph: For Douglas, who now faced life as a landless outcast on the fringes of feudal society, the return of his ancestral estates was to become an overriding obsession, inevitably impacting on his political allegiances. In John Barbour's rhyming chronicle, "The Brus", as much a paean to the young knight as the hero king, Douglas makes his feelings plain to Lamberton;

paragraph: This was a particularly dramatic moment in Scottish history: Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick had played a role in the slaying of John Comyn, a leading Scottish rival, on 6 February 1306 at Greyfriars Kirk in Dumfries. Bruce, having wounded Comyn with his dagger, rushed from the church and encountered his attendants outside. Bruce told them what had happened and said, "I must be off, for I doubt I have slain the Red Comyn,"[2] "Doubt?" Sir Roger de Kirkpatrick of Closeburn answered, "I mak sikker," ("I'll make sure," or "I make sure") and rushing into the church, finishing Comyn.[2]Bruce immediately claimed the crown of Scotland, in defiance of the English king. Less than seven weeks after the killing in Dumfries, Bruce was crowned King on 25 March. It was while he was on his way to Glasgow to meet with Bishop Wishart, and then to Scone, the traditional site of Scottish coronations, that he was met by Douglas, riding on a horse borrowed from Bishop Lamberton. The site is traditionally believed to be the summit of a hill in Dumfries and Galloway, that is now known as the Crown of Scotland. Douglas explained his circumstances and immediately offered his services;

paragraph: Douglas was set to share in Bruce's early misfortunes, being present at the defeats at Methven and Battle of Dalrigh. But for both men these setbacks were to provide a valuable lesson in tactics: limitations in both resources and equipment meant that the Scots would always be at a disadvantage in conventional medieval warfare. By the time the war was renewed in the spring of 1307 they had learnt the value of guerrilla warfare — known at the time as "secret war" — using fast moving, lightly equipped and agile forces to maximum effect against an enemy often locked into static defensive positions.

paragraph: Section::::The Douglas Larder.

paragraph: Douglas's actions for most of 1307 and early 1308, although confined for the most part to his native Douglasdale, were essential to keeping the enemy in the South and freeing Bruce to campaign in the north. He soon created a formidable reputation for himself as a soldier and a tactician. While Bruce was campaigning in the north against his domestic enemies, Douglas used the cover of Selkirk Forest to mount highly effective mobile attacks against the enemy. He also showed himself to be utterly ruthless, particularly in his relentless attacks on the English garrison in his own Douglas Castle, the most famous of which quickly passed into popular history. Barbour dates this incident to Palm Sunday 1307, which fell on 19 March. Some question whether this date is too early as Bruce and his small army were not yet established in south-west Scotland, suggesting Palm Sunday 1308 – 17 April – as a more accurate date. However, as Barbour states that at the time of the Douglas Larder the Scots were not yet established in south-west Scotland and indeed that Douglas was the only one of Bruce's men anywhere in the area, there is reason to think that Barbour's date is probably correct. Barbour says that the Larder was the first act toward becoming established in that part of Scotland.

paragraph: With the help of local farmer Thomas Dickson, a former vassal of his father, Douglas and his small troop were hidden until the morning of Palm Sunday, when the garrison left the battlements to attend the local church. Gathering local support, he entered the church and the war-cry "Douglas! Douglas!" went up for the first time. Some of the English soldiers were killed and others taken prisoner. The prisoners were taken to the castle, now largely empty. All the stores were piled together in the cellar, the wine casks burst open and the wood used for fuel. The prisoners were then beheaded and placed on top of the pile, which was set alight. Before departing, the wells were poisoned with salt and the carcasses of dead horses. The local people soon gave the whole gruesome episode the name "the Douglas Larder." As an example of frightfulness in war, it was meant to leave a lasting impression, not least upon the men who came to replace their dead colleagues. Further attacks followed by the man now known to the English as "The blak Dowglas", a sinister and murderous force "mair fell than wes ony devill in hell." It would seem in this that Douglas was an early practitioner of psychological warfare – as well as guerrilla warfare – in his knowledge that fear alone could do much of the work of a successful commander.

paragraph: In August 1308, Douglas met the king for a joint attack on the MacDougalls of Lorn, kinsmen of the Comyns, the climax to Bruce's campaign in the north. Two years before, the Macdougalls had intercepted and mauled the royal army at the Battle of Dalrigh. Now they awaited the arrival of their opponents in the narrow Pass of Brander, between Ben Cruachan and Loch Awe in Argyllshire. While Bruce pinned down the enemy in a frontal advance through the pass, Douglas, completely unobserved, led a party of loyal Highlanders further up the mountain, launching a surprise attack from the rear. Soon the Battle of Pass of Brander turned into a rout. Returning south soon after, Douglas joined with Edward Bruce, the king's brother, in a successful assault on Rutherglen castle near Glasgow, going on to a further campaign in Galloway.

paragraph: Section::::Roxburgh Falls.

paragraph: In the years that followed Douglas was given time to enhance his skills as a soldier. Edward II came north with an army in 1310 in fruitless pursuit of an enemy that simply refused to be pinned down. The frustrations this obviously caused are detailed in the "Vita Edwardi Secundi", a contemporary English chronicle;

paragraph: "The king entered Scotland with his army but not a rebel was to be found...At that time Robert Bruce, who lurked continually in hiding, did them all the injury he could. One day, when some English and Welsh, always ready for plunder, had gone out on a raid, accompanied by many horsemen from the army, Robert Bruce's men, who had been concealed in caves and woodland, made a serious attack on our men...From such ambushes our men suffered heavy losses. For Robert Bruce, knowing himself unequal to the king of England in strength or fortune, decided it would be better to resist our king by secret warfare rather than dispute his right in open battle."

paragraph: Edward was even moved to write to the Pope in impotent fury, complaining that "Robert Bruce and his accomplices, when lately we went into parts of Scotland to repress their rebellion, concealed themselves in secret places after the manner of foxes."

paragraph: In the years before 1314 the English presence in Scotland was reduced to a few significant strongholds. There were both strengths and weaknesses in this. The Scots had no heavy equipment or the means of attacking castles by conventional means. However, this inevitably produced a degree of complacency in garrisons provisioned enough to withstand a blockade. In dealing with this problem the Scots responded in the manner of foxes; and among the more cunning of their exploits was Douglas' capture of the powerful fortress at Roxburgh. His tactic, though simple, was brilliantly effective. On the night of 19/20 February 1314 – Shrove Tuesday and Ash Wednesday – several dark shapes were seen beneath the battlements and mistakenly assumed to be cattle. Douglas had ordered his men to cover themselves with their cloaks and crawl towards the castle on their hands and knees. With most of the garrison celebrating just prior to the fast of Lent, scaling hooks with rope ladders attached were thrown up the walls. Taken by complete surprise the defenders were overwhelmed in a short space of time. Roxburgh Castle, among the best in the land, was slighted or destroyed in accordance with Bruce's policy of denying strongpoints to the enemy.

paragraph: Section::::Bannockburn.

paragraph: The greatest challenge for Bruce came that same year as Edward invaded Scotland with a large army, nominally aimed at the relief of Stirling Castle, but with the real intention of drawing out Bruce and his men. The Scots army, roughly a quarter the size of the enemy force, was poised to the south of Stirling and prepared to make a quick withdrawal into the wild country to the west. However, their position just north of the Bannock Burn had strong natural advantages, and the king gave orders to suspend for a time the guerrilla tactics pursued hitherto. On the morning of the 24th June and prior to battle, Barbour states it was then that Douglas was made a knight. Many now believe that Douglas was made a knight banneret. The knight banneret was established under Edward I. A knight banneret held no command responsibilities so much as greater honours. A knight banneret fought under his own banner unlike a knight bachelor who was limited to a pennon. In his "The Brus", John Barbour writes in Book XV that Douglas fought under his own banner, hence Douglas had to be a knight banneret. Barbour does state Douglas and others were knighted on the field of the Battle of Bannockburn, "each in their own degree" which would suggest not all were knights bachelor. Others believe that he was knighted late in his career. There is disagreement on the point.

paragraph: Traditional Scottish accounts dating from the 1370s state that during the battle, Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray commanded the vanguard, the left wing though nominally led by the young Walter Stewart was commanded by his cousin Douglas, Edward Bruce took the right wing, and King Robert the rearguard. However, contemporary English accounts state that the Scottish army consisted of three units, so the idea that Douglas and Stewart commanded a unit could be a later invention or the English account is simply mistaken.

paragraph: Once the English army was defeated, Douglas requested the honour of pursuing the fleeing Edward and his party of knights, a task carried out with such relentless vigour that the fugitives, according to Barbour, "had not even leisure to make water". In the end Edward managed to evade Douglas by taking refuge in Dunbar Castle.

paragraph: Bannockburn effectively ended the English presence in Scotland, with all strongpoints – outwith Berwick – now in Bruce's hands. It did not, however, end the war. Edward had been soundly defeated but he still refused to abandon his claim to Scotland. For Douglas one struggle had ended and another was about to begin.

paragraph: Section::::Warlord.

paragraph: Bannockburn left northern England open to attack and in the years that followed many communities in the area became closely acquainted with the 'Blak Dowglas.' Along with Randolph, Douglas was to make a new name for himself in a war of mobility, which carried Scots raiders as far south as Pontefract and the Humber. But in a real sense this 'war of the borders' belonged uniquely to Douglas, and became the basis for his family's steady ascent to greatness in years to come. War ruined many ancient noble houses; it was the true making of the house of Douglas. The tactics used by Douglas were simple but effective: his men rode into battle – or retreated as the occasion demanded – on small horses known as hobbins, giving the name of 'hobelar' to both horse and rider. All fighting, however, was on foot. Scottish hobelars were to cause the same degree of panic throughout northern England as the Viking longships of the ninth century.

paragraph: With the king, Moray and Edward Bruce diverted in 1315 to a new theatre of operations in Ireland, Douglas became even more significant as a border fighter. In February 1316 he won a significant engagement at Skaithmuir near Coldstream with a party of horsemen sent out from the garrison of Berwick. The dead included one Edmond de Caillou Gascon governor of Berwick Castle, and seemingly a nephew of Piers Gaveston, the former favourite of Edward II. Douglas reckoned this to be the toughest fight in which he had ever taken part. Further successes followed: another raiding party led by Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel was intercepted and defeated at Lintalee, to the south of Jedburgh; a third group was defeated outside the walls of Berwick, where their leader, Sir Robert Neville, known as the 'Peacock of the North', and elder son to Ralph Neville, 1st Baron Neville de Raby, was killed by Douglas in single combat. Such was Douglas' status and reputation that he was made Lieutenant of the Realm, with the Steward, when Bruce and Moray went to Ireland in the autumn of 1316.

paragraph: Douglas' military achievements inevitably increased his political standing still further. When Edward Bruce, the king's brother and designated successor, was killed in Ireland at the Battle of Faughart in the autumn of 1318, Douglas was named as Guardian of the Realm and tutor to the future Robert II, after Randolph if Robert should die without a male heir. This was decided at a parliament held at Scone in December 1318, where it was noted that "Randolph and Sir James took the guardianship upon themselves with the approbation of the whole community."

paragraph: Section::::Myton and Byland.

paragraph: In April 1318 Douglas was instrumental in capturing Berwick from the English, the first time the castle and town had been in Scottish hands since 1296. For Edward, seemingly blind to the sufferings of his northern subjects, this was one humiliation too many. A new army was assembled, the largest since 1314, with the intention of recapturing what had become a symbol of English prestige and their last tangible asset in Scotland. Edward arrived at the gates of the town in the summer of 1319, Queen Isabella accompanying him as far as York, where she took up residence. Not willing to risk a direct attack on the enemy, Bruce ordered Douglas and Moray on a large diversionary raid into Yorkshire.

paragraph: It would appear that the Scottish commanders had news of the Queen's whereabouts, for the rumour spread that one of the aims of the raid was to take her prisoner. As the Scots approached York she was hurriedly removed from the city, eventually taking refuge in Nottingham. With no troops in the area, William Melton, Archbishop of York, set about organising a home guard, which of necessity included a great number of priests and other minor clerics. The two sides met up at Myton-on-Swale, with inevitable consequences. So many priests, friars and clerics were killed in the Battle of Myton that it became widely known as the 'Chapter of Myton.' It was hardly a passage of any great military glory for Douglas but as a strategy the whole Yorkshire raid produced the result intended: there was such dissension among Edward's army that the attempt on Berwick was abandoned. It was to remain in Scottish hands for the next fifteen years.

paragraph: Four years later Edward mounted what was to be his last invasion of Scotland, advancing to the gates of Edinburgh. Bruce had pursued a scorched-earth campaign, denying the enemy essential supplies, so effective that they were forced to retreat by the spur of starvation alone. Once again this provided the signal for a Scottish advance: Bruce, Douglas and Moray crossed the Solway Firth, advancing by rapid stages deep into Yorkshire. Edward and Isabella had taken up residence at Rievaulx Abbey. All that stood between them and the enemy raiders was a force commanded by John de Bretagne, 1st Earl of Richmond, positioned on Scawton Moor, between Rievaulx and Byland Abbey. To dislodge him King Robert used essentially the same tactics as that of Brander in 1308: while Douglas and Moray attacked from the front a party of Highlanders scaled the cliffs on Richmond's flank and attacked from the rear. The Battle of Old Byland turned into a rout, and Edward and his queen were forced into a rapid and undignified flight from Rievaulx, the second time in three years that a Queen of England had taken to her heels.

paragraph: Section::::More raids.

paragraph: In 1327 the hapless Edward II was deposed in a "coup" led by his wife and her lover, Roger Mortimer, Lord Wigmore. He was replaced by Edward III, his teenage son, though all power remained in the hands of Mortimer and Isabella. The new political arrangements in England effectively broke the truce with the former king, arranged some years before. Once again the raids began, with the intention of forcing concessions from the government. By mid-summer Douglas and Moray were ravaging Weardale and the adjacent valleys. On 10 July a large English army, under the nominal command of the young king, left York in a campaign that resembles nothing less than an elephant in pursuit of a hare. The English commanders finally caught sight of their elusive opponents on the southern banks of the River Wear. The Scots were in a good position and declined all attempts to draw them into battle. After a while they left, only to take up an even stronger position at Stanhope Park, a hunting preserve belonging to the bishops of Durham. From here on the night of 4 August Douglas led an assault party across the river in a surprise attack on the sleeping English, later described in a French eyewitness account;

paragraph: "The Lord James Douglas took with him about two hundred men-at-arms, and passed the river far off from the host so that he was not perceived: and suddenly he broke into the English host about midnight crying 'Douglas!' 'Douglas!' 'Ye shall all die thieves of England'; and he slew three hundred men, some in their beds and some scarcely ready: and he stroke his horse with spurs, and came to the King's tent, always crying 'Douglas!', and stroke asunder two or three cords of the King's tent."

paragraph: Panic and confusion spread throughout the camp: Edward himself only narrowly escaped capture, his own pastor being killed in his defence. The Battle of Stanhope Park, minor as it was, was a serious humiliation, and after the Scots outflanked their enemy the following night, heading back to the border, Edward is said to have wept in impotent rage. His army retired to York and disbanded. With no other recourse Mortimer and Isabella opened peace negotiations, finally concluded the following year with the Treaty of Northampton, which recognised the Bruce monarchy and the independence of Scotland.

paragraph: Section::::Final campaign.

paragraph: Robert Bruce died in 1329. According to Jean Froissart, when Bruce was dying he asked that Sir James, as his friend and lieutenant, should carry his heart to the Holy Land and present it at the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem as a mark of penance. John Barbour, alternatively, has Bruce ask that his heart should simply be carried in battle against "God's foes" as a token of his unfulfilled ambition to go on crusade. Given that Jerusalem had been in Muslim hands since 1187, this second is perhaps more likely. When Bruce was dead, his heart was cut from his body and placed in a silver and enamelled casket which Sir James placed around his neck. Early in 1330, Douglas set sail from Berwick upon Tweed, accompanied by seven other knights with twenty six esquires and gentlemen.

paragraph: The party stopped first at Sluys in Flanders. There it may be that Douglas received confirmation that Alfonso XI of Castile was preparing a campaign against the Muslims of the kingdom of Granada. In anticipation, he had with him a letter of introduction to King Alfonso from Edward III of England, his cousin. Accordingly, the Scots sailed on to Seville, where, according to John Barbour, Sir James and his solemn relic were received by Alfonso with great honour.

paragraph: Douglas and his company joined Alfonso's army, which then was setting out for the frontier of Granada to besiege the castle of Teba. Uthman, the Berber general in command of the Moorish forces, marched to relieve the border stronghold. At some point during the siege, Douglas was killed. Sources and commentators differ as to how. According to Jean Froissart and the "Gran Cronica de Alfonso XI", Douglas was killed as a result of making a premature attack on the enemy. The "Gran Cronica" suggests this might have been during fighting for access to water. Citing John Barbour, some modern commentators believe he died in the decisive Battle of Teba. Barbour describes a grand battle in Spain but the setting is vague and the outcome ambiguous.

paragraph: According to the "Gran Cronica de Alfonso XI", Uthman, unable to bring the Christians to battle, devised a stratagem in an attempt to force them to abandon the siege. A body of cavalry was sent to make a diversionary attack across the Guadalteba river, luring Alfonso out to fight while Uthman circled round to attack the Christian camp and destroy the besieging army's supplies. Alfonso, however, having received intelligence of Uthman's preparations, kept most of his army back in camp while he sent a contingent to meet the demonstration on the river. It is as part of this force that some commentators assume Douglas and his company joined the battle. When Uthman arrived at the enemy camp he found Alonso's men armed and ready. He abandoned his attack and rode to support the diversionary force on the river where, unable to withstand the Castilian assault, his men were already starting to fall back.

paragraph: Uthman arrived too late to prevent a general rout and the entire Granadan force was

paragraph: driven back in confusion to their camp in the Turon valley, 10 miles to the south. It is in this phase of the battle that some modern commentators have placed Douglas' death, either caught in flank when Uthman's force reached the river or in the ensuing pursuit to the Granadan camp.

paragraph: According to John Barbour's description of Douglas' last battle, when the enemy broke, Sir James and his companions followed hard behind. Having outstripped most of his men in the pursuit, Douglas suddenly found himself far out in front with only a few of his followers around him. As he rode back to rejoin the main body, he saw Sir William St. Clair of Rosslyn surrounded by a body of Moors who, seizing their opportunity, had quickly rallied and counterattacked. With the few knights who were with him, Douglas turned aside to attempt a rescue but, outnumbered twenty to one, the group was overrun. It has become a popular legend that Douglas then took from his neck the silver casket which contained the heart of Bruce and threw it before him among the enemy, saying, "Now pass thou onward as thou wert wont, and Douglas will follow thee or die." This anecdote has its origin in a 16th-century addition to Barbour's poem which, however, describes Douglas making the gesture at the beginning of his final battle. It was Sir Walter Scott in "Tales of a Grandfather" who created the image of Douglas throwing Bruce's heart as his dying act.

paragraph: The Castilian "cronica" makes no reference to such a catastrophe. It does, however, state that in a fierce skirmish some days prior to the climactic battle, an unnamed "foreign count" (arguably a reference to Douglas) had died as a result of his own rash behaviour. This is one of only two battle casualties mentioned individually in the Castilian narrative of the campaign.

paragraph: Barbour relates that Douglas and all the men caught with him were killed, including Sir William St. Clair of Rosslyn and Sir Robert Logan of Restalrig. Barbour states that, after this battle, Douglas' body and the casket with Bruce's heart were recovered. His bones, the flesh boiled off them, were taken back to Scotland by Sir William Keith of Galston in Ayrshire (who had missed the battle because of a broken arm), and deposited at St Bride's Church. The tradition that Sir Simon Locard was a member of the company and also survived is not found in any of the sources. The heart of Bruce was taken by Moray, the regent, and solemnly interred under the high altar of Melrose Abbey.

paragraph: The poet and chronicler John Barbour provides us with a pen portrait of the "Black Douglas", among the first of its kind in Scottish history;

paragraph: Section::::Succession.

paragraph: Sir James had two children by unknown mothers:

paragraph: BULLET::::- William, Lord of Douglas killed 1333 at the Battle of Halidon Hill

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archibald the Grim (circa 1330–1400), Lord of Galloway succeeded his once removed cousin as Earl of Douglas in 1388.

paragraph: By 1333 the 'bloody heart' was incorporated in the arms of Sir James' son, William, Lord of Douglas. It subsequently appeared, sometimes with a royal crown, in every branch of the Douglas family.

paragraph: Section::::Modern culture.

paragraph: Section::::Modern culture.:Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir James Douglas is the lead character in author Patricia Kennealy-Morrison's novella "The Last Voyage", which is collected in her short-story compilation "Tales of Spiral Castle".

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Douglas is the lead character of the novella, “The Knight” by Monica McCarty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir James Douglas is a major character in author Nigel Tranter's Robert the Bruce trilogy. The trilogy focuses on Robert the Bruce and the Scottish War of Independence.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir James Douglas is the lead character in the novel "A Kingdom's Cost" by J. R. Tomlin.

paragraph: Section::::Modern culture.:Films.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir James Douglas is a character in the low-budget film "The Bruce".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir James Douglas was portrayed by Aaron Taylor-Johnson in the 2018's film "Outlaw King". The film is a historical action drama, focusing on Robert the Bruce and the Scottish Wars of Independence.

paragraph: Section::::Modern culture.:Liquor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Black Douglas" is an export market scotch whisky named in his honour.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A popular real ale from the Broughton Brewery in the Scottish Borders also bears the name "Black Douglas". It carries the descriptive note, 'Dark and Bitter'.

paragraph: Section::::Modern culture.:Music.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Black Douglas" is a song that first appeared on the Corries' album, "A Little of What You Fancy".

paragraph: Section::::Modern culture.:Railways.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Black Douglas" was the name given to British Rail locomotive 87030.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.:Documentary and narrative.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barbour, John, "The Bruce", trans. A. A. H. Duncan, 1964.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barbour, J., "The Brus" ed.Mackenzie, W.M.. London 1909.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bower, Walter, "Scoticronicon", ed. D. E. R. Watt, 1987-96.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland", ed. Bain, J. Vol III, AD 1307-1357. Edinburgh 1887.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough", ed. H. Rothwell, Camden Society, vol. 89, 1957.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Edward III and his Wars: Extracts from the Chronicles", ed. W. J. Ashley, 1887.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fordun, John of, "Chronica Gentis Scotorum", ed. W. F. Skene, 1871-2.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gray, Sir Thomas, "Scalicronica", trans. H. Maxwell, 1913.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lanercost Chronicle", trans. H. Maxwell, 1913.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palgrave, F. ed. Documents and Records Illustrating the History of Scotland, 1837.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vita Edwardi Secundi", ed. N. Denholm Young, 1957.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Froissart, Jean, "Chronicles", online project.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.:Secondary.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barrow, G., "Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland", 1976.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barron, E. M., "The Scottish War of Independence", 1934.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brown, M, "The Black Douglases: War and Lordship in late Medieval Scotland", 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Davis, I.M., "The Black Douglas", London 1974.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fraser, Sir William, "The Douglas Book" IV vols. Edinburgh 1885.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maxwell, Sir Herbert, "A History of the House of Douglas" II vols. London 1902.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ross, David R., "James the Good:The Black Douglas". Glasgow 2008.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Lord of Douglas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sion nan Gaidheal - Byland Moor

paragraph: BULLET::::- Black Douglas descendents in Deal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Video footage of St Bride's Church and Douglas Castle

alias:
Good Sir James
The Black Douglas

description: Scottish knight and feudal lord

wikidata_label: James Douglas, Lord of Douglas

wikipedia_title: James Douglas, Lord of Douglas


text:
general
Honduran military
head of state
Honduras
1975 Honduran coup d'état
Oswaldo López Arellano
United Fruit Company
land reform
politician
Nora Gúnera de Melgar
Tegucigalpa
National Party
President of Honduras
Liberal Party
Carlos Roberto Flores
San Pedro Sula
National Party of Honduras

categories: Leaders ousted by a coup,Leaders who took power by coup,1930 births,1987 deaths,Presidents of Honduras,People from La Paz Department (Honduras)

paragraph: Juan Alberto Melgar Castro

paragraph: Juan Alberto Melgar Castro (20 June 1930 – 2 December 1987) was a general of the Honduran military who served as the head of state of Honduras from 22 April 1975 to 7 August 1978, when he was removed from power by others in the military.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: General Melgar Castro took power in the 1975 Honduran coup d'état which removed Oswaldo López Arellano after his bribery scandal with United Fruit Company.

paragraph: During his rule, the process of land reform slowed because of pressure from land-owning sectors and influential politicians.

paragraph: His wife Nora Gúnera de Melgar was Mayor of Tegucigalpa. She was the nominee of the National Party ("Partido Nacional") for President of Honduras in 1997, but lost to the Liberal Party nominee, Carlos Roberto Flores.

paragraph: General Melgar Castro died of a heart attack near San Pedro Sula on 2 December 1987.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Party of Honduras official site

description: Honduran general and president

wikidata_label: Juan Alberto Melgar Castro

wikipedia_title: Juan Alberto Melgar Castro


text: lute

text: composer

text: music theorist

text: Galileo Galilei

text: Michelagnolo Galilei

text: Renaissance

text: Baroque

text: physics

text: natural science

text: Santa Maria a Monte

text: Pisa

text: Michelagnolo

text: lute

text: Gioseffo Zarlino

text: Venice

text: ancient Greek music

text: Florentine Camerata

text: Giovanni de' Bardi

text: Girolamo Mei

text: dissonance

text: suspensions

text: recitative

text: opera

text: monody

text: madrigals

text: acoustics

text: vibrating string

text: Marin Mersenne

text: Christiaan Huygens

text: (subscription access)

text: Reese, Gustave

text: Free scores

text: Mutopia Project

text: "Fronimo Dialogo"

categories: Italian male classical composers,1591 deaths,1520s births,Renaissance composers,Italian music theorists,Italian lutenists,Italian classical composers,Galilei family

paragraph: Vincenzo Galilei

paragraph: Vincenzo Galilei (3 April 1520, c. 1520, or late 1520s – buried 1 or 2 July 1591) was an Italian lutenist, composer, and music theorist, and the father of astronomer and physicist Galileo Galilei and the lute virtuoso and composer Michelagnolo Galilei. He was a seminal figure in the musical life of the late Renaissance and contributed significantly to the musical revolution which demarcates the beginning of the Baroque era.

paragraph: In his study of pitch and string tension, Galilei produced perhaps the first non-linear mathematical description of a natural phenomenon known to history. It was an extension of a Pythagorean tradition but went beyond it. Many scholars credit him with directing the activity of his son away from pure, abstract mathematics and towards experimentation using mathematical quantitative description of the results, a direction of utmost importance for the history of physics and natural science.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born around 1520 in Santa Maria a Monte, Pisa, Tuscany and began studying the lute at an early age. Sometime before 1562 he moved to Pisa, where he married into a noble family. Galileo Galilei was oldest of six or seven children; another son, Michelagnolo, born in 1575, became an accomplished lutenist and composer.

paragraph: Galilei was a skilled player of the lute who early in life attracted the attention of powerful patrons. In 1563 he met Gioseffo Zarlino, the most important music theorist of the sixteenth century, in Venice, and began studying with him. Somewhat later he became interested in the attempts to revive ancient Greek music and drama, by way of his association with the Florentine Camerata, a group of poets, musicians and intellectuals led by Count Giovanni de' Bardi, as well as his contacts with Girolamo Mei, the foremost scholar of the time of ancient Greek music. Sometime in the 1570s his interests in music theory, as well as his composition, began to move in this direction. Some of Galilei's most important theoretical contributions involve the treatment of dissonance: he had a largely modern conception, allowing passing dissonance "if the voices flow smoothly" as well as on-the-beat dissonance, such as suspensions, which he called "essential dissonance." This describes Baroque practice, especially as he defines rules for resolution of suspensions by a preliminary leap away from, followed by a return to, the expected note of resolution. The use of recitative in opera is widely attributed to Galilei, since he was one of the inventors of monody, the musical style closest to recitative.

paragraph: Galilei composed two books of madrigals, as well as music for lute, and a considerable quantity of music for voice and lute; this latter category is considered to be his most important contribution as it anticipated in many ways the style of the early Baroque.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Acoustics.

paragraph: Vincenzo Galilei was one of the pioneers in the systematic study of acoustics, mainly in his research (assisted by his son Galileo) in the mathematical formula of stretched strings. Galileo told his biographer that Vincenzo introduced him to the idea of systematic testing and measurement through their Pisa house basement which was strung with lengths of lute string materials, each of different lengths, with different weights attached.

paragraph: Galilei made discoveries in acoustics, particularly involving the physics of vibrating strings and columns of air. He discovered that while the ratio of an interval is proportional to string lengths [for example, a perfect fifth has the proportions of 3:2] it varied with the "square root" of the tension applied (and the cube root of concave volumes of air). Weights suspended from strings of equal length need to be in a ratio of 9:4 to produce the 3:2 perfect fifth.

paragraph: This work was taken further by Marin Mersenne who formulated the current law of vibrating strings. Mersenne was a regular correspondent to many scientists and, after the death of Vincenzo he maintained a regular link to Galileo, and treated him as a prized member of his scientific network. He communicated Galileo's ideas for a pendulum clock to Christiaan Huygens (who improved on it).

paragraph: Despite being a priest, Mersenne defended Galileo when he came under attack by the church in 1633, but he also questioned Galileo's claims and disputed the accuracy of some of Galileo's findings. He conducted his own duplicate experiments which improved on their accuracy.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palisca, Claude. "Vincenzo Galilei", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed March 7, 2007), (subscription access)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reese, Gustave, "Music in the Renaissance". New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sadie, Stanley, ed. "Vincenzo Galilei", "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians", 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. [Retrieved 2004-05-27]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Slonimsky, Nicolas, ed. "The Concise Edition of Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians", 8th ed. New York, Schirmer Books, 1993. [Retrieved 2004-05-27]

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Free scores at the Mutopia Project

paragraph: BULLET::::- Books by Vincenzo Galilei

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dialogo di Vincentio Galilei ... della musica antica, et della moderna" (published by Giorgio Marescotti, 1581)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fronimo Dialogo"

description: Italian lutenist, composer and music theorist

wikidata_label: Vincenzo Galilei

wikipedia_title: Vincenzo Galilei