text: Mid-Tudor

text: Elizabethan period

text: Shropshire

text: landed gentry

text: Thomas Bromley

text: Welsh marches

text: Inner Temple

text: Liskeard

text: Much Wenlock

text: Shropshire

text: Autumn Reader

text: recorder (judge)

text: Thomas Bromley

text: Chief Justice of the King's Bench

text: Mary I

text: Council in the Marches of Wales

text: wardship

text: Wistanswick

text: Worfield

text: Bridgnorth

text: Lord Chancellor

text: called to the bar

text: auditor

text: bencher

text: Richard Onslow

text: Puritan

text: All Souls' Day

text: recusant

text: Sussex

text: Francis Gawdy

text: Elizabeth's

text: Edward Flowerdew

text: Much Wenlock

text: Sir George Blount

text: order of precedence

text: Bridgnorth

text: High Sheriff of Shropshire

text: bailiff

text: Richard Newport

text: Roland Lacon

text: Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford

text: Lord Burleigh

text: Liskeard

text: Stannaries

text: Reginald Mohun

text: Elizabeth's

text: judiciary

text: Council in the Marches of Wales

text: Justice of the Peace

text: Cheshire

text: Warwickshire

text: Privy Council

text: Thomas Bentham

text: Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry

text: Attorney-General

text: Duchy of Lancaster

text: ecclesiastical commissioner

text: Custos rotulorum

text: circuit

text: Council in the Marches of Wales

text: Worcestershire

text: Sir Henry Sidney

text: Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester

text: Merionethshire

text: Elizabethan religious settlement

text: oyer and terminer

text: Act of Uniformity 1558

text: Book of Common Prayer

text: assize

text: Westminster

text: Montgomeryshire

text: Denbighshire

text: clockkeeper

text: Ludlow Castle

text: Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke

text: knight of the shire

text: Shropshire

text: Sir Andrew Corbet

text: George Mainwaring

text: Papal bull

text: Bulls, etc., from Rome Act 1570

text: House of Lords

text: Rebellion Act 1572

text: Reginald Grey, 5th Earl of Kent

text: Tonbridge School

text: Henry Fisher

text: Worshipful Company of Skinners

text: Peter Wentworth

text: Puritan

text: Tregony

text: Tower of London

text: Arthur Hall

text: parliamentary privilege

text: St Paul's churchyard

text: House of Commons

text: Francis Bromley

text: Sir John Throckmorton

text: knighted

text: Ridley, Cheshire

text: Thomas Egerton

text: William Chaderton

text: Bishop of Chester

text: Sir Christopher Hatton

text: Shrewsbury School

text: Thomas Ashton

text: Edward Leighton

text: Henry

text: St Peter's church

text: Kidderminster

text: Mary Bateson

text: The Camden Miscellany, Volume the Ninth

text: Camden Society

text: Open Library

text: Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion

text: Open Library

text: John Paul Rylands

text: Somerset Herald

text: Augustine Vincent

text: Rouge Croix Pursuivant

text: William Camden

text: Clarenceux king of arms

text: Harleian Society

text: Internet Archive

text: John Paul Rylands

text: Harleian Society

text: Internet Archive

text: Historical Manuscripts Commission

text: Frederick Andrew Inderwick

text: Open Library

text: Open Library

text: "Worfield and its Townships"

text: Madeley, Shropshire

text: Open Library

text: Robert Glover

text: William Flower

text: Norroy king of arms

text: Lancaster Herald

text: Thomas Benolt

categories: People from Shropshire,English MPs 1559,English MPs 1558,1520s births,English MPs 1572–1583,English MPs 1563–1567,16th-century English judges,Members of the Inner Temple,English judges,Members of the pre-1707 English Parliament for constituencies in Cornwall,People of the Tudor period,1589 deaths,English MPs 1571

paragraph: George Bromley (politician)

paragraph: George Bromley (ca. 1526–1589) was an English lawyer, landowner, politician and judge of the Mid-Tudor and Elizabethan period, a member of an important Shropshire legal and landed gentry dynasty. Although his career was overshadowed by that of his brother Thomas Bromley, George Bromley was of considerable importance in the affairs of the Welsh marches and the Inner Temple. He was an MP for Liskeard 1563, Much Wenlock in 1558 and 1559 and Shropshire in 1571 and 1572.

paragraph: Section::::Background and early life.

paragraph: George Bromley was born around 1526. He was the first son of

paragraph: The elder George Bromley was a prominent lawyer, important in the affairs of the Inner Temple, where he was Autumn Reader for 1508 and Lent Reader for 1509, although he refused the honour for Lent 1515. He was also recorder (judge) of Shrewsbury. His younger cousin, Thomas Bromley, also served as recorder of Shrewsbury and was made Chief Justice of the King's Bench by Mary I. The cousins both exercised considerable power regionally as legal officers of the Council in the Marches of Wales, which embodied the power of central government in this still-turbulent region.

paragraph: The young George Bromley was left without a father in 1533 and must have undergone a protracted, wardship but nothing is known of it. It was possibly ameliorated by the influence of his father's cousin, Chief Justice Thomas Bromley.

paragraph: Section::::Landowner.

paragraph: The Bromleys were a landed gentry family in a county without a resident aristocracy and dominated throughout the century by the gentry. However, their estates were not large: their wealth came from their use of their education and contacts to tap into the opportunities for enrichment offered by the State, both national and local. George Bromley was the heir to the family estates, the most substantial at Hawkstone, near Hodnet, where they lived cheek by jowl with the Hills, their closest allies. George also had land at Wistanswick, a few miles east of Hodnet, at Allerton, and elsewhere in Shropshire.

paragraph: However, Bromley made a strategic marriage to Joan Waverton, heiress to the estate of Hallon, in the parish of Worfield, east of Bridgnorth. Hallon, also rendered Hawne, which represents its pronunciation more effectively, lay to the south-west of Worfield village. Bromley made it his home and it was passed on to his heirs. However, his granddaughter, Jane, daughter of Francis Bromley, married into the Davenport family, allegedly after a secret courtship. An extremely protracted legal battle left Hallon in the hands of the Davenports and the seat of the Bromleys was replaced by Davenport House, although Hallon remains as a local toponym and street name.

paragraph: Section::::Legal training and career at Inner Temple.

paragraph: The chief justice probably influenced also the legal training of his cousins once removed: certainly he left a small annuity as a bequest to encourage George's younger brother, the future Lord Chancellor, to continue his legal studies. George himself was trained at the Inner Temple and called to the bar, followed a few years later by his brother, Thomas.

paragraph: The Inn gradually entrusted George with posts of honour and authority, beginning with ceremonial functions, like steward to the reader's dinner in 1555 and for the Lent vacation in 1556. The followed more responsible posts: he was appointed auditor to the steward of the Inn in November 1556 and surveyor of the Inn's church in the summer of 1558. With the new reign, his career at the Inn, as in other respects, immediately accelerated. He was made a bencher by a resolution of the Inn's parliament on 23 April 1559, along with William Rothewood and Richard Onslow, another successful Shropshire lawyer-politician and a noted Puritan. Bromley's first appearance as a bencher at the parliament of the Inn was recorded as 2 October 1559, although the sequence suggests that this is a mistake for All Souls' Day, 2 November, one of the customary days for the parliament. His attendance at parliament thereafter was very frequent, although from February 1563, when Thomas first appeared as a bencher, the brothers more often alternated than attended together.

paragraph: Further honours now followed rapidly. A parliament on 4 May 1561 appointed Bromley Autumn Reader for the year. and a year later, in recognition of his discharge of the office, he was allowed to make a special admission to the inn of Edward Caryll, a member of a well-known recusant family from Sussex. On 3 November 1567 Bromley was elected treasurer of the Inn. It appears that Bromley, like his brother some years later, clamped down on debt and dereliction of duty to steady the Inn's shaky finances. Later in the month parliament decreed penalties for those who were more than 40 shillings in arrears. Officials who failed to perform their duties at Christmas were fined £5 – a large sum. In the summer of 1568 debtors were warned that they faced loss of their chambers if they failed to pay within three months. The new regime seems to have met with the approval of most, as exactly a year after he was first elected, Bromley was re-elected treasurer and appointed Lent Reader for 1569 Soon he was extracting large sums of £20 and £40 from members to commute future fees and duties, while the precise fees for admissions were reasserted and minuted. Bromley was evidently elected for a third term, as he attended parliament as treasurer until he was replaced by Francis Gawdy on 2 November 1570.

paragraph: Elizabeth's ministers had long been concerned about Catholic influence in the legal profession and had sought to exclude recusants from the Inns of Court from 1569. Bromley and Edward Flowerdew were given the task of compiling a return of suspected recusants at the inner Temple in 1577. This they did with great thoroughness, returning 59 names, carefully classified according to presumed levels of complicity.

paragraph: Bromley retained a chamber at the Inner Temple until his death. It was situated in an area known as Mr. Hare's Court, as Hugh Hare had long had a study on the upper floor. The chamber had been restored to use after it had fallen into decay by William Towse, who was allowed to share it with Bromley for life.

paragraph: Section::::Political and judicial career.:Early parliamentary career.

paragraph: Bromley was a made a Steward of crown lands in Shropshire by March 1554, perhaps by Queen Mary and was from the outset of his career committed to a poer base in his own county of Shropshire. He was elected MP for Much Wenlock in the last parliament of Mary's reign, which assembled on 23 January 1558 and lasted until the succession of Elizabeth brought about its dissolution on 17 November. Sir George Blount was the other MP, elected ahead of Bromley in order of precedence, while Thomas Bromley was elected for Bridgnorth.

paragraph: The brothers were favoured by the great influence of their relatives. Their mother's family, the Lacons, exercised considerable sway in the Shropshire borough elections. At Much Wenlock the contracting parties to the election were the High Sheriff of Shropshire, the town's bailiff and the bugesses, the sheriff being Richard Newport, who was married to their second cousin, Margaret, the daughter of the late Chief Justice Thomas Bromley. George was elected to the next parliament, the first of Elizabeth's reign, on 19 January 1559, again for Much Wenlock: this time his colleague was Roland Lacon, who was his first cousin and Blount's uncle.

paragraph: Bromley was also elected to the following parliament, which assembled in January 1563. This time he seems to have relied on powerful court connections which he shared with his brother: specifically Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford, and Lord Burleigh, the queen's closest adviser. They had great influence over the return of MPs for the borough of Liskeard in Cornwall, where Bedford was Lord Warden of the Stannaries. Bromley was returned alongside a local gentry politician, Reginald Mohun.

paragraph: Section::::Political and judicial career.:Judicial and administrative preferment.

paragraph: However, in Elizabeth's reign he was appointed to a series of important posts in both the judiciary and in civic authority. A member of the Council in the Marches of Wales, he was appointed Justice of the Peace successively in counties across the border country and West Midlands: Shropshire, Cheshire, Denbighshire and Warwickshire. In 1564 the bishops were asked by the Privy Council to report on the suitability and religious reliability of the local magistrates. For Shropshire, Thomas Bentham, the Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, Bromley's good standing as a Protestant and commented:

paragraph: With such episcopal approval, his promotion was swift. From 1566 to 1580 he was Attorney-General of the Duchy of Lancaster 1566–80, a post of great power and patronage, especially in the north-west of England, although the duchy had land and employees all over the country. He became an ecclesiastical commissioner in 1572. By 1574 he was Custos rotulorum of Shropshire, the senior civil authority in the county. After serving as justice of the Anglesey circuit from 1567–80, he was appointed justice of Chester in May 1580. Thereafter he collected at least three recorderships: at Worcester, Shrewsbury and Bridgnorth by 1583.

paragraph: Section::::Political and judicial career.:The Council in the Marches.

paragraph: Bromley was a member of the Council in the Marches of Wales by 1560, but may have been appointed considerably earlier. It was the main organ of the state not only in most of Wales but also in the neighbouring counties of England and even Worcestershire, and for 26 years from 1560 its president was Sir Henry Sidney, a pillar of the Protestant establishment and brother-in-law of Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, the queen's favourite. Bromley the chief legal official of the council, receiving the substantial salary of £200 per annum.

paragraph: Bromley was sometimes given tasks beyond his remit as a legal officer: in 1569, for example, he was one of those named as responsible for the official store of arms and ammunition in Merionethshire. Frequently he was involved in the imposition of the Elizabethan religious settlement, a role he took on also at the Inner Temple. In 1573 he was appointed to a commission of oyer and terminer with the task of imposing the Act of Uniformity 1558, which made it mandatory for everyone to worship regularly in their parish church according to the Book of Common Prayer. In 1577 he was appointed to another commission of oyer and terminer on the death of the assize judges.

paragraph: Like other council members, Bromley was reputed for his attention to justice, especially to speed and fairness to the poor. In November 1580 Bromley and Henry Townshend, the MP for Bridgnorth, and Justice of Chester, wrote to Thomas Bromley, now Lord Chancellor, asking him to intervene against one John Hughes, who was using vexatious tactics against 17 poor men of the region, deliberately taking up residence in Westminster and suing them in the capital. Bromley and Townshent pointed out that Hughes had already acquired a reputation as a litigious nuisance in Montgomeryshire. Next month, Bromley was appointed to the Denbighshire commission for musters, the body responsible for raising troops in the county: in this case extremely detailed instructions were given to ensure that all eligible men were available and equipped. The council was proud of its efficiency as well as its relative freedom from corruption. In January 1581 Bromley and Sidney raised by 50% the pay of the clockkeeper at Ludlow Castle, where the council generally met, because of his diligence. In 1586, on the death of Sidney, Bromley took the leadership of the council until a new appointment, Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, could take over.

paragraph: Section::::Political and judicial career.:MP for Shropshire.

paragraph: Bromley was elected knight of the shire for Shropshire in 1571, second to the Catholic landowner Sir George Blount, as he had been at Much Wenlock at the very beginning of his political career. Despite his religious views, Blount was known to be entirely loyal to Elizabeth and her government. However, these were turbulent times, with rebellion and plots constantly in the air. The Privy Council had written on the queen's behalf to reliable Protestant agents in each county to secure careful vetting of candidates, in Shropshire selecting Sir Andrew Corbet. Corbet had certainly written to the bailiffs at Shrewsbury, urging them to consider "hie Grace's sayde letters to the accomplishment off hie highness playsyer theryn," and probably in similar terms to other returning officers and contracting parties. He exercised a veto over parliamentary nominations throughout the county in 1571 and 1572. Bromley was elected again in 1572, this time taking the senior seat over George Mainwaring. Bromley would have been well-known to Corbet through their work together for the Council in the Marches. They were seen together in public on many occasions, and were feasted together at a cost of £2 1s. 6d. by Shrewsbury council in 1573.

paragraph: By now a reputable lawyer, Bromley was given considerable responsibility, mainly within his own areas of interest and expertise and also in important matters of State and Church. In 1571 he sat on a committee concerning Papal bulls, considering what became the Bulls, etc., from Rome Act 1570. He attended a conference with the House of Lords on the treasons bill that was to issue in the Rebellion Act 1572 and another on the 12 shires of Wales. In 1572 Bromley served on two different committees considering the problem of Mary Queen of Scots. He was also on a committee concerned with the restoration of title and lands to Reginald Grey, 5th Earl of Kent. Another of his committees dealt with a bill to restore the finances of Tonbridge School, which had almost lost its buildings and land because its endowment by Henry Fisher of the Worshipful Company of Skinners was challenged by his descendants.

paragraph: After its brief 1572 session, Parliament did not assemble again until 1576. In February Bromley helped question Peter Wentworth, the Puritan MP for Tregony. Wentworth had delivered a speech in which he declared that "in this House which is termed a place of free speech there is nothing so necessary for the preservation of the prince and state as free speech, and without it it is a scorn and mockery to call it a Parliament house," and had gone on explicitly to criticise the queen for attempting to influence proceedings. As a result of the committee's examination, he was committed to the Tower of London and only released for the end of the session. Later that month Bromley helped investigate the case of Arthur Hall, who was using parliamentary privilege to avoid paying damages of £100 in compensation for an injury inflicted by one of his servants on Melchisedech Mallory during a brawl over a dice game in St Paul's churchyard. Bromley reported back to the House on developments and ultimately the House of Commons asserted for the first time its right to discipline as well as protect members and their staff.

paragraph: Parliament was not called again until 1584 and on that occasion Bromley was able to get his eldest son, Francis Bromley, elected MP for Shropshire.

paragraph: Section::::Political and judicial career.:Justice and recorder.

paragraph: Bromley's appointment as Justice of Chester in May 1580 was apparently through the influence of Burleigh himself. He joined Henry Townshend, who had been appointed a year before, and replaced Sir John Throckmorton, who had recently died after falling into disgrace a year earlier for giving judgment in favour of a relative. The month after his appointment at Chester, Bromley was knighted.

paragraph: In May 1582 Bromley intervened in the case of the aged Lady Mary Egerton of Ridley, Cheshire, who was accused of recusancy. His attention was probably drawn to this by her husband's illegitimate son, Thomas Egerton, already a distinguished lawyer and a future Lord Chancellor. Bromley wrote to William Chaderton, the Bishop of Chester, and Sir Henry Stanley, asking them to delay proceedings against her for three months and telling them he had "good hope of conformitie in her." He seems to have pulled his more powerful connections into the campaign, for his brother Thomas, the Lord Chancellor, sent a supporting letter in July and Sir Christopher Hatton did the same in January 1583.

paragraph: In 1585 Bromley felt compelled to write to the mayor and sheriffs of Chester to complain about the very poor quality of board and lodging they afforded him. He probably had fewer complaints about Shrewsbury, where he was elected recorder in June 1580, admittedly at a fee of only £4 per annum. Even before his appointment, he had advised and drafted ordinances for Shrewsbury School, assuring the headmaster, Thomas Ashton that earlier charters did not prevent him setting aside funds for university scholarships. In August 1581, when his son Francis married Joyce Leighton, daughter of Edward Leighton, the council decided make a gift to each father valued at £5, in goods of their choice, and to make a gift even to George Bromley's nephew, Henry, who was attending the event. The council must have valued Bromley highly, as in 1582 they gave him a considerable say in the financing and payment of a public preacher at St Mary's church. The Puritan Edward Bulkeley was retiring and was replaced by the even more radical iconoclast, John Tomkys. However, Bromley's responsibilities were now heavy and varied. At Bridgnorth, where he was also recorder, he had to install a deputy from 1586, when he was forced to take up leadership of the Council in the Marches.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Bromley died on 2 March 1589. He was interred in St Peter's church at Worfield. His second son, Edward, had an impressive altar tomb constructed for George Bromley and Joan Waverton, bearing their effigies. The epitaph he composed reads:

paragraph: The tomb stood at the east end of the north aisle, together with Edward's own tomb. The church underwent a major restoration in 1861-2 and the Bromley tombs were moved further west in 1866 to improve the space for congregational worship.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.

paragraph: George Bromley married Joan Waverton, the daughter of John Waverton of Worfield. The name is also rendered Wannerton, as on Bromley's epitaph, and Waterton. The family are described as "rather obscure" and their origins are not certain, although the hamlet of Wannerton, near Kidderminster, is the main candidate. The Heraldic Visitation indicates that John Waverton acquired Hallon through marriage to the heiress Alicia Barker, but Randall's history of Worfield has the Wavertons acquiring Hallon from the Barkers a generation earlier. The Barker family, long the owners of Hallon, had many branches and had close links with the Hills. Joan Waverton or Wannerton long outlived George Bromley, dying on 19 November 1606 at the age of 73. Of their children,

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Bateson (ed) (1893). A collection of original letters from the bishops to the Privy Council, 1564 in The Camden Miscellany, Volume the Ninth, Camden Society, 1895.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Augusta Elizabeth Brickdale Corbet (c.1918). The family of Corbet; its life and times, Volume 2, London, St. Catherine Press. Accessed 13 May 2014 at Open Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coulton, Barbara, 2010. "Regime and Religion: Shrewsbury 1400–1700", Logaston Press .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ralph Flenley (1916). "A calendar of the register of the Queen's Majesty's Council in the Dominion and Principality of Wales and the Marches of the same (1535) 1569–1591", Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion. Accessed 7 May 2014 at the Open Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Grazebrook and John Paul Rylands (editors) (1889). "The Visitation of Shropshire, taken in the year 1623: Part I" by Robert Tresswell, Somerset Herald, and Augustine Vincent, Rouge Croix Pursuivant of arms; marshals and deputies to William Camden, Clarenceux king of arms. With additions from the pedigrees of Shropshire gentry taken by the heralds in the years 1569 and 1584, and other sources, Harleian Society. Accessed 7 May 2014 at Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Grazebrook and John Paul Rylands (editors) (1889). "The Visitation of Shropshire, taken in the year 1623: Part II", Harleian Society. Accessed 10 May 2014 at Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical Manuscripts Commission, 1899. The Manuscripts of Shrewsbury and Coventry Corporations [etc] – Fourth report, Appendix: Part X, Institute of Historical Research. Accessed 13 May 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederick Andrew Inderwick (editor) (1896). "The Inner Temple: its early history, as illustrated by its records, 1505–1603", Masters of the Inner Temple and H. Sotheran. Accessed 7 May 2014 at the Open Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Ormerod (1819). "The History of the County Palatine and City of Chester", Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor, and Jones. Accessed 7 May 2014 at the Open Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Randall (1887). "Worfield and its Townships", published by the author at Madeley, Shropshire. Accessed 7 May 2014 at the Open Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Paul Rylands (editor), 1882: "The Visitation of Cheshire in the year 1580" made by Robert Glover, Somerset herald, for William Flower, Norroy king of arms, with numerous additions and continuations, including those from the visitation of Cheshire made in the year 1566, by the same herald. With an appendix, containing The visitation of a part of Cheshire in the year 1533, made by William Fellows, Lancaster Herald, for Thomas Benolte, Clarenceux king of arms. And a fragment of the visitation of the city of Chester in the year 1591, made by Thomas Chaloner, deputy to the Office of arms, Harleian Society. Accessed 7 May 2014 at Internet Archive.

description: English politician

wikidata_label: George Bromley

wikipedia_title: George Bromley (politician)


text: Pau

text: Georges Brassens

text: François Béranger

text: Maxime Le Forestier

text: Rickie Lee Jones

text: Lycée militaire de Saint-Cyr

text: Paris School of Business

text: Auvergne

text: Vichy

text: Lola Bessis

text: Florent Pagny

text: Shaka Ponk

text: Joyce Jonathan

text: Christine and the Queens

text: Indila

text: Black M

text: The Dø

text: Victoires de la musique

text: Victoires de la musique

text: Victoires de la musique

text: Official website

categories: French songwriters,People from Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques,French male singers,1991 births,21st-century French singers,Living people

paragraph: Vianney (singer)

paragraph: Vianney Bureau (; born in Pau on 13 February 1991), better known by the mononym Vianney, is a French singer-songwriter. At 24 years old he won the award for performing artist of the year at the "Victoires de la musique 2016" one year after having been named in the revelations of the "Victoires de la musique 2015". His debut album "Idées blanches" was certified platinum. His second album was released on 25 November 2016 and was certified double platinum.

paragraph: Section::::Beginnings.

paragraph: Born to a father who was a helicopter pilot in the army and a mother who worked in air traffic control, Vianney comes from a family of three brothers. Vianney grew up in music-loving family. Listening to his father sing while playing songs on the guitar by artists such as Georges Brassens, François Béranger, Maxime Le Forestier and Rickie Lee Jones, Vianney discovered a passion for music from the age of 12 and began to write songs from then on. In 2005, his father introduced him to some musician friends with whom he recorded his first track along with his older brother. In 2007, he held his first concert in an auditorium, the New Morning in Paris. He grew up in Paris and studied at Notre-Dame-des-Oiseaux College in the 16th district; where he would write a song of the same name, present on his first album "Idées blanches""." He then attended the Lycée militaire de Saint-Cyr, where he would spend three years. After his baccalaureate, in 2009, he studied at Paris School of Business, formerly the ESG Management School de Paris, for three more years and later earned a business diploma in London. Finally, he studied styling at École supérieure des arts et techniques de la mode (ESMOD), graduating in June 2014. He explained his school life by his "desire to live in different ways", and believes that these experiences had "opened [his] mind, socially and artistically".

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 2011, Vianney met Isabelle Vaudey, who became his manager. It was Vaudey who encouraged Vianney to reveal his songs to the general public, and she arranged a meeting with vocalist Antoine Essertier, who offered to produce his debut album, "Idées blanches", which was recorded throughout two weeks during summer of 2013 in the Auvergne mountains, not far from Vichy. The album was realised on 20 October 2014. With the album, he was signed to the "Tôt ou tard" record label in February 2014. His first charting single from the album was "Je te déteste" with the music video directed by Nicolas Davenel. The follow up single "Pas là" became his biggest chart success. The music video was directed by Nicolas Bary and featured Lola Bessis.

paragraph: He took part in the 30-event tour of Florent Pagny entitled Vieillir Ensemble, and has recorded with other artists, including Samaha of Shaka Ponk, and then with Joyce Jonathan in "Les filles d'aujourd'hui". He also recorded an acoustic version of his album "Idées blanches".

paragraph: On 27 January 2015, he won the W9 Talent Award over other nominated acts Christine and the Queens, Indila, Black M, Irma, The Dø, Camélia Jordana, Peter Peter, Brigitte and Adrien Gallo. He was nominated for "Revelation Album of the Year" during Victoires de la musique 2015. In 2016, he won the "Artiste interprète of the Year" at the same event.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and nomination.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: Won "Virgin Radio Male Revelation of the Year"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: Won W9 Talents Award 2015

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: Won SACEM's Francis Lemarque Award for Best New Singer-Songwriter of the Year

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: Won RFM Award for Songwriter of the Year for "Pas là"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: Nomination for Victoires de la musique 2015, in category: "Revelation Album of the Year" for album "Idées blanches"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: Pre-nomination at NRJ Music Award 2015 as "Revelation Artist of the Year"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: Won Victoires de la musique 2016 for category "Artiste interprète" of the Year de l'année

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

description: French singer-songwriter

wikidata_label: Vianney

wikipedia_title: Vianney (singer)


text:
magician
mentalist
telepathy
bullet catch
rifle
bullet
Maurice Fogel on the Bullet Catch

categories: 1911 births,1981 deaths,British magicians

paragraph: Maurice Fogel

paragraph: Maurice Fogel (July 7, 1911 – October 30, 1981) was a British magician and mentalist. He described himself as "the world's greatest mind-reader".

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1948, on the BBC radio Fogel made the claim that he could read peoples minds. This intrigued the journalist Arthur Helliwell who wanted to discover his methods. He found that Fogel's mind reading acts were all based on trickery, he relied on information about members of his audience before the show started. Helliwell exposed Fogel's methods in a newspaper article. Although Fogel managed to fool some people into believing he could perform genuine telepathy, the majority of his audience knew he was a showman.

paragraph: Fogel also became well known for performing the famous bullet catch. Six rifles were used in his routine. Five of these had genuine bullets and one had no bullet. The rifles were mixed up and one was selected to be fired directly at Fogel.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fogelism" (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Top Secret Series: No. 1 The Gambling Ghost" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Top Secret Series: No. 2 The Fortune Formula" (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maurice Fogel Gives Himself Away" (1978)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chris Woodward, Richard Mark. (2007). "Maurice Fogel: In Search Of The Sensational". Hermetic Press.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maurice Fogel on the Bullet Catch

description: British magician and mentalist

wikidata_label: Maurice Fogel

wikipedia_title: Maurice Fogel


text:
cricket
first-class cricket
Hampshire
Hambledon Club
Berkshire
Kent
Surrey
Marylebone Cricket Club
underarm
Elvetham
Odiham
Alresford
Kent
Joey Ring
All-England
Berkshire
Essex
Windmill Down
Tom Sueter
hit the ball twice
White Conduit Club
Bourne Paddock
Tom Walker
Tom Taylor
Sir Horatio Mann
Earl of Winchilsea
Lord's Old Ground
All-England
gout
W Wells
Crookham Village
John Nyren
Thomas Boxall
Tom
Harry Walker
potter
G B Buckley
Arthur Haygarth
Ashley Mote
John Nyren
Ashley Mote
James Pycroft
David Underdown
H T Waghorn

categories: English cricketers of 1701 to 1786,Surrey cricketers,Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers,1755 births,White Conduit Club cricketers,West Kent cricketers,Hampshire cricketers,English cricketers of 1787 to 1825,English cricketers,Left-Handed v Right-Handed cricketers,Hambledon cricketers,Colonel C. Lennox's XI cricketers,Kent cricketers,1803 deaths,East Kent cricketers

paragraph: David Harris (English cricketer)

paragraph: David Harris (c. 1755 – 19 May 1803) was an English professional cricketer who played first-class cricket from 1782 to 1798.

paragraph: He made 79 known first-class appearances and was mainly associated with Hampshire when its teams were organised by the Hambledon Club. As well as playing for Hampshire, Harris appeared for a number of other teams including Berkshire, Kent, Surrey, Marylebone Cricket Club and several invitation XIs.

paragraph: Noted for his fast and accurate bowling, Harris was a right arm fast underarm bowler and a left-handed batsman.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Born c. 1755, Elvetham, Hampshire, The earliest known mention of David Harris occurs in a minor match at Odiham on 27 May 1782 when he played for Alresford and Odiham against a Hampshire County XI. He played for Odiham again in October 1782 in a match against a Berkshire XI, when another Odiham player in the game was one T. Harris.

paragraph: Harris' first recorded game for Hampshire was against Kent on 3–5 July 1782, a match which also featured the known debut of Kent's Joey Ring. Although he was never noted as a batsman, Harris made the top score of 27 in Hampshire's first innings, in which they were dismissed for 87. Harris played three times for Hampshire in the 1783 season, twice against Kent and once against All-England. He took nine wickets in these matches.

paragraph: Harris is only recorded once in 1784 when he again played for Odiham in a minor match. In 1785, when few first-class matches took place, Harris played for Berkshire against Essex.

paragraph: On 13 July 1776, Harris had his best known performance to date when he took four 1st innings wickets for Hampshire v. Kent at Windmill Down, Hampshire winning the game by 1 wicket. This was the match in which Tom Sueter was given out hit the ball twice, the earliest recorded instance of this form of dismissal. On 8–12 August of the same year, Harris played for the White Conduit Club against Kent at Bourne Paddock and took six wickets in the match, three in each innings, to help White Conduit to a 164 run victory. White Conduit's big win was due to Tom Walker and Tom Taylor becoming the first players known to score a century in the same innings. Walker made 95* and 102, just missing the honour of becoming the first player to score two centuries in a match.

paragraph: Playing for Sir Horatio Mann's XI against the Earl of Winchilsea's XI at the new Lord's Old Ground on 26–28 May 1788, Harris took 10 wickets in the match with 4 in the 1st innings and 6 in the 2nd. But it was to little avail as Winchilsea's XI won by 106 runs.

paragraph: By now, Harris' reputation was well established and he played regularly in major matches into the 1790s. He was a frequent taker of wickets and again took ten in a match on 30–31 August 1790 when he guided Hampshire to a 10-wicket win against All-England at Lord's Old Ground. On 15–17 August 1792, Harris had the best known return of his career when he took 11 wickets in the match for Hampshire against Kent at Cobham Park, including eight in the first innings. Hampshire won by 8 wickets.

paragraph: His later career was ruined by attacks of gout and Harris played his final match on 13–15 August 1798 for All-England v. Surrey at Lord's Old Ground. He took five wickets in the 1st innings and his last, subject to the batting order, was when he bowled W Wells for 5. He scored 0* in his final innings and his team won the match by an innings and 1 run. He died 19 May 1803, Crookham Village, Hampshire

paragraph: Section::::Style and technique.

paragraph: Harris was highly rated by his contemporaries, especially John Nyren, who called him "the very best bowler; a bowler who, between any one and himself, comparison must fail".

paragraph: Nyren described Harris' style and technique in some detail. Harris began from an erect stance "like a soldier at drill" and raised the ball to his forehead before stepping forward. In his delivery stride, he brought the ball from under his arm "by a twist" and nearly as high as his armpit. With this action he would "push it, as it were, from him". Nyren says the speed of the delivery was "extraordinary" and that he could not understand how Harris managed to achieve such speed.

paragraph: Some line drawings of Harris and other players of the 1790s have survived. Harris is shown in the characteristic pose described by Nyren as he began his action, standing erect with the ball raised over his head. The ball when delivered was pitched very fast and accurately. Harris seems to have got "pace off the pitch" and Nyren has recorded that numerous batsmen received nasty injuries to their unprotected hands from balls that trapped their (ungloved) fingers against the bat handle.

paragraph: Like Thomas Boxall and the brothers Tom and Harry Walker, Harris used to practice his bowling in a barn during the winter.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Harris was born at Elvetham but moved when still a child to Crookham, where he lived for the rest of his life. He never married and was a potter by trade.

paragraph: Nyren, who knew Harris personally, described him as "a muscular, bony man, standing about five feet 9½ inches". Nyren remarked on Harris' personality and looks by saying he had "a remarkably kind and gentle expression" and an "honest face". Harris, said Nyren, was "a man of so strict a principle" and "such high honour".

paragraph: Harris suffered from gout in his later years and the sources have recorded how he would arrive at a game on crutches and then sit on a chair between deliveries. He was unable to play after 1798 and "latterly, in fact, was quite a cripple". He died in 1803 at Crookham and was buried at nearby Crondall, though no tombstone was erected.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- G B Buckley, "Fresh Light on 18th Century Cricket", Cotterell, 1935

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur Haygarth, "Scores & Biographies", Volume 1 (1744–1826), Lillywhite, 1862

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ashley Mote, "The Glory Days of Cricket", Robson, 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Nyren, "The Cricketers of my Time" (ed. Ashley Mote), Robson, 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Pycroft, "The Cricket Field", Longman, 1854

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Underdown, "Start of Play", Allen Lane, 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- H T Waghorn, "The Dawn of Cricket", Electric Press, 1906

description: English cricketer, born 1755

wikidata_label: David Harris

wikipedia_title: David Harris (English cricketer)


text: King of the Isles

text: Henry I, King of England

text: Alexander I

text: David I

text: protégé

text: Guðrøðr

text: Kingdom of the Isles

text: archipelagic

text: Hebrides

text: Mann

text: Lǫgmaðr

text: Magnús Óláfsson, King of Norway

text: Irish Sea

text: Domnall mac Taidc

text: abbey of St Mary of Rushen

text: Diocese of the Isles

text: Hákon Pálsson, Earl of Orkney

text: Fergus, Lord of Galloway

text: Ingi Haraldsson, King of Norway

text: Archdiocese of Niðaróss

text: Crovan dynasty

text: eponymous

text: kingship of the Isles

text: Muirchertach Ua Briain, King of Munster

text: Mann

text: Chronicle of Mann

text: Lǫgmaðr

text: emasculated

text: Uí Briain

text: Domnall mac Taidc

text: Annals of the Four Masters

text: Magnús Óláfsson, King of Norway

text: Ingimundr

text: Lewis and Harris

text: Anglesey

text: Magnúss saga berfœtts

text: Heimskringla

text: Gruffudd ap Cynan, King of Gwynedd

text: Edgar, King of Scotland

text: Norway

text: Sigurðr

text: Bjaðmunjo

text: Jerusalem

text: crusade

text: First Crusade

text: siege and capture of Jerusalem

text: Sigurðr's expedition to Holy Land

text: Uí Ímair

text: Havelok the Dane

text: Estoire des Engleis

text: English literature

text: Historia regum Anglorum

text: Alexander I, King of Scotland

text: Scots

text: Cumbria

text: Meic Lochlainn

text: Gesta regum Anglorum

text: trade embargo

text: Arnulf de Montgomery

text: Fergus, Lord of Galloway

text: Henry II, King of England

text: abbey of St Mary of Furness

text: Lord of Lancaster

text: Stephen of Blois

text: King of England

text: Argyll

text: Orkneyinga saga

text: Cumbria

text: Furness

text: honour

text: Rǫgnvaldr

text: Fagrskinna

text: Hákon Pálsson, Earl of Orkney

text: Rǫgnvaldr

text: Ragnall

text: Orkney

text: Páll Hákonarson, Earl of Orkney

text: Scottish monarchy

text: Matilda

text: David I, King of Scotland

text: religious order

text: Augustinians

text: Savignac

text: Cisterian

text: Diocese of the Isles

text: imperium

text: Dublin

text: Archbishop of York

text: Gerald

text: Thomas

text: Thurstan

text: abbey of St Mary of Rushen

text: Lancashire

text: monk

text: Bishop of the Isles

text: Diocese of Whithorn

text: Wimund, Bishop of the Isles

text: Historia rerum Anglicarum

text: Skye

text: Snizort Cathedral

text: Earl of Moray

text: diocesan see

text: chapter

text: Nicholas

text: Robert de Ghent, Dean of York

text: dean

text: Henry Murdac, Archbishop of York

text: Flores historiarum

text: Benedictine

text: Normandy

text: Archdiocese of Canterbury

text: Archdiocese of York

text: Archbishop of Canterbury

text: archdiocese

text: Archbishop of Dublin

text: episcopal see

text: Orkney

text: Archdiocese of St Andrews

text: metropolitan

text: papacy

text: Archdiocese of Niðaróss

text: feudalism

text: manorialism

text: parochial system

text: demesne

text: floruit

text: Latin

text: Gaelic

text: Guðrøðr Haraldsson, King of the Isles

text: Angevin

text: Manx kingship

text: knighted

text: Sleat History

text: Ardnamurchan

text: North Uist

text: Rhinns of Galloway

text: Mac Congail, King of the Rhinns

text: Fingal mac Gofraid

text: Gilla Aldan

text: Bishop of Whithorn

text: of Galloway

text: tithe

text: Loch Kildonan

text: South Uist

text: Uist

text: skald

text: Morkinskinna

text: axe

text: Gallovidians

text: Ingi Haraldsson, King of Norway

text: Malcolm IV, King of Scotland

text: Clann Somairle

text: mausoleum

text: Iona

text: St Oran's Chapel

text: Irish influences

categories: 12th-century monarchs in Europe,Crovan dynasty,11th-century Scottish people,1153 deaths,Monarchs of the Isle of Man,12th-century murdered monarchs,12th-century Scottish people,12th-century Manx people,Rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles,Assassinated royalty,12th-century rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles,11th-century Manx people

paragraph: Óláfr Guðrøðarson (died 1153)

paragraph: Óláfr Guðrøðarson (died 29 June 1153) was a twelfth-century King of the Isles. As a younger son of Guðrøðr Crovan, King of Dublin and the Isles, Óláfr witnessed a vicious power struggle between his elder brothers in the aftermath of their father's death. At some point, the young Óláfr was entrusted to the care of Henry I, King of England, and like the contemporaneous Scottish monarchs, Alexander I and David I, Óláfr appears to have been a protégé of the English king. As King of the Isles, Óláfr contracted marital alliances with neighbouring maritime rulers. Although he appears to have overseen successful military operations to reclaim the northern-most territories once controlled by his father, he may have witnessed the loss of authority in Galloway as well. Like his counterpart David I, Óláfr was a reformer and moderniser of his realm. However, his four-decade reign ended in abrupt disaster when he was assassinated by three nephews in 1153. Following the ensuing power struggle, Óláfr's son Guðrøðr overcame the kin-slayers, and assumed the kingship of the Kingdom of the Isles.

paragraph: The Isles—an archipelagic region roughly incorporating the Hebrides and Mann—was ruled by Guðrøðr Crovan for over two decades until his death in 1095, whereupon his eldest son Lǫgmaðr assumed control. Warring soon broke out between factions supporting Lǫgmaðr's younger brother Haraldr, which led to the intervention and encroachment of Irish power into the region. After a short period of Irish domination, the region lapsed into further conflict which was capitalised on by Magnús Óláfsson, King of Norway, who led two military campaigns throughout the Isles and surrounding Irish Sea region at about the turn of the twelfth century. Magnús dominated these regions until his death in 1103, whereupon control of the Isles appears to have fragmented into chaos once again.

paragraph: Rather than allow ambitious Irish powers fill the power vacuum, Henry I appears to have installed Óláfr on the throne at some point between 1112 and 1115, about the time that Domnall mac Taidc relocated from the Isles to Ireland. Óláfr is recorded to have spent his youth at Henry I's court, and Óláfr's later religious foundations reveal that he was greatly influenced by his English upbringing. In the second quarter of the eleventh century, Óláfr founded the abbey of St Mary of Rushen, a reformed religious house on Mann. He further oversaw the formation of the Diocese of the Isles, the territorial extent of which appears to reveal the boundaries of his realm. Óláfr is recorded to have had at least two wives: Ingibjǫrg, daughter of Hákon Pálsson, Earl of Orkney; and Affraic, daughter of Fergus, Lord of Galloway. The unions seem to reveal that Óláfr shifted from an alliance with Orkney to that with Galloway. Not long after his marriage to Affraic, one of Óláfr's daughters married Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, Lord of Argyll, an emerging power in the region.

paragraph: Although Óláfr's reign is recorded to have been peaceful, there is reason to suspect that his own succession was uncertain. In 1152, Guðrøðr travelled to Norway and rendered homage to Ingi Haraldsson, King of Norway. At about this time, the Diocese of the Isles was incorporated within the recently elevated Archdiocese of Niðaróss. Whilst this strengthened Norwegian links with the Isles, it secured the ecclesiastical independence of Óláfr's domain, and safeguard his secular authority in the region. Nevertheless, before Guðrøðr returned to the Isles, three sons of Haraldr confronted Óláfr, and demanded a share of the kingdom before slaying him. Although the three men appear to have taken significant steps to counter military intervention from Galloway, they were soon after crushed by Guðrøðr, who returned to the region strengthened by Norwegian military might. Óláfr's descendants went on to reign as kings of the Isles for over a century.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Óláfr was a member of the Crovan dynasty, and one of three sons of this family's eponymous ancestor, Guðrøðr Crovan, King of Dublin and the Isles. The latter appears to have secured the kingship of the Isles in the late 1070s, and to have seized the kingship of Dublin in the early 1090s. Guðrøðr Crovan's downfall came in 1094 when he was forced from Ireland altogether by Muirchertach Ua Briain, King of Munster. There is reason to suspect that Guðrøðr Crovan was driven from Mann as well, since he is recorded to have died on Islay the following year.

paragraph: According to the thirteenth- to fourteenth-century "Chronicle of Mann", Guðrøðr Crovan's eldest son, Lǫgmaðr, succeeded to the kingship of the Isles. The chronicle further reveals that Lǫgmaðr faced opposition from within his own family in the form of a rebellion by his brother, Haraldr. Lǫgmaðr eventually overcame Haraldr, however, and is stated to have had him blinded and emasculated. Afterwards, Lǫgmaðr appears to have faced further opposition in the form of a faction supporting his youngest brother, Óláfr. Apparently unable to overthrow Lǫgmaðr on their own, the dissidents turned to Muirchertach, whose recent conquest of Dublin gave him control of that realm's dominating naval forces.

paragraph: If the chronicle is to be believed, Óláfr's supporters petitioned Muirchertach to provide a regent from his own kin—the Uí Briain—to govern the Isles until Óláfr was old enough to assume control himself. Such a clause may well have been a condition of Muirchertach's involvement, rather than a request. Nevertheless, the chronicle indicates that Muirchertach installed his nephew, Domnall mac Taidc, upon the throne. Although Domnall had previously opposed Muirchertach over the kingship of Munster, he was the son of Muirchertach's brother, and further possessed strong familial connections with the Isles through his maternal descent from Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, King of Dublin and the Isles. Regardless, the death of Domnall's brother, Amlaíb, recorded by the seventeenth-century "Annals of the Four Masters" in 1096, suggests that Domnall and the rest of the Meic Taidc faced significant opposition in the Isles, possibly in the form of Lǫgmaðr's adherents. Domnall's reign appears to have been brief. The chronicle's account of warfare on the island in about 1097–1098 fails to mention him at all, a fact which seems to be evidence that he had lost control by then.

paragraph: Probably late in 1097, Magnús Óláfsson, King of Norway turned his attention towards the Isles, and sent a certain Ingimundr into the region to take control on his behalf. Unfortunately for Magnús, Ingimundr was soon after slain on Lewis and Harris by leading Islesmen. The following year Magnús took matters into his own hands, and led an invasion-fleet of his into the area. As the invaders successfully carved their way through the Isles towards Mann, Lǫgmaðr was evidently overcome and captured. From Mann, the Norwegians campaigned against the English in Anglesey. Although "Magnúss saga berfœtts", within the thirteenth century "Heimskringla", places this particular episode in the context of Norwegian conquest, it is likely that Magnús had merely assumed the same protector role that Óláfr's father had once filled with Gruffudd ap Cynan, King of Gwynedd. Magnús gained the submission of Galloway, and may have consolidated his campaign through a treaty with Edgar, King of Scotland.

paragraph: Magnús overwintered in the Isles, and left for Norway in the summer. He made his return to the region, nearly four years later, in 1102 or 1103. After reestablishing himself on Mann, Magnús entered into an marital alliance with Muirchertach formalised through the marriage between Magnús's young son, Sigurðr, and Muirchertach's young daughter, Bjaðmunjo. The fact that Magnús intended to return to Norway reveals that Muirchertach benefited to most from the arrangement, although the alliance appears to have bound the kings against a common enemy in the region, Domnall Mac Lochlainn, King of Cenél nEógain. Unfortunately for Muirchertach, and his long-term ambitions in the Isles, Magnús was slain in Ulster in 1103, and Sigurðr immediately repudiated his bride and returned to Norway. Although Muirchertach was able to regain control of Dublin and still had held considerable influence in the Isles, Magnús' death left a vacuum which neither Muirchertach nor Domnall Mac Lochlainn could fill.

paragraph: Section::::Restoration of the Crovan dynasty.

paragraph: If the "Chronicle of Mann" is to be believed, at one point in his career Lǫgmaðr repented the cruelty that he had inflicted upon Haraldr, and remorsefully resigned his kingdom before setting off to Jerusalem where he died. The particular terminology employed by the chronicle—that Lǫgmaðr departed the kingdom "marked with the sign of the Lord's cross"—suggests that he participated in a crusade. On the other hand, since the chronicle was compiled in the thirteenth century, during a period when the idea of a cross-bearing pilgrim was well established, it is possible that this depiction of Lǫgmaðr has been contaminated by anachronistic conceptions.

paragraph: If Lǫgmaðr was indeed a crusader, it is uncertain which particular crusade he undertook. One possibility is that he took part in the First Crusade, a movement that reached its climax with the successful siege and capture of Jerusalem in mid 1099. Lǫgmaðr could have embarked upon this enterprise in about 1096, the year the pope's calls reached England. Alternately, in light of Lǫgmaðr's capture by the Norwegians in 1098, it is conceivable that his release from custody was made conditional upon his exile and participation in the First Crusade. On the other hand, it is not impossible that Lǫgmaðr originally undertook a pilgrimage before catching wind of the crusade en route.

paragraph: Another possibility is that Lǫgmaðr regained some form of control in the Isles following Magnús' death, and afterwards joined Sigurðr's expedition to Holy Land in the first decade of the twelfth century. The precise chronology of this enterprise is uncertain, although the Norwegian fleet certainly reached England before the end of the first decade of the twelfth century. It may have been at this point, whilst Sigurðr overwintered at the English royal court, that Lǫgmaðr joined up with him. If Lǫgmaðr and Sigurðr indeed rendezvoused in England, this may have been the time when Óláfr was entrusted to the safekeeping of the English king. Certainly, the chronicle reveals that Óláfr was brought up at the English court. The reason why he was entrusted into the care of the English may have been because Henry I was thought to have been the only monarch who could guarantee Óláfr's safety.

paragraph: A probable tenth-century ancestor of Óláfr was the Uí Ímair dynast Óláfr kváran, King of Northumbria and Dublin, This man was likely the prototype of the mediaeval literary character variously known as Havelok the Dane. The earliest surviving source detailing Havelok is the twelfth-century "Estoire des Engleis". The catalyst for Óláfr kváran's incorporation into twelfth-century English literature may have been Óláfr's stay at the court of Henry I. Conceivably, writers may have sought out the patronage of the young Óláfr by borrowing tales of his famous like-named forebear.

paragraph: According to the twelfth-century "Historia regum Anglorum", Alexander I, King of Scotland struggled to maintain control of his kingdom. One region which may have caused the Scots some concern was the Isles. In 1111, Domnall mac Taidc seized the kingship of the region, possibly with the aid of Muirchertach's northern opponent, Domnall Mac Lochlainn. This encroachment of competing Irish factions into the Isles may well have been as unpalatable to the English and Scots as the power vacuum left in the wake of Magnús' demise. The chronicle accords Óláfr a reign spanning forty years. His accession to the kingship of the Isles, therefore, appears to date to about 1112, 1113, 1114, or 1115. As such, Óláfr's accession dates to about the time of Muirchertach's faltering authority in 1114. Domnall may have been driven out of the Isles by force, or he could have been drawn back to Ireland in an attempt to capitalise upon his uncle's failing health and fleeting authority.

paragraph: Óláfr's return to the Isles from England appears to have been the work of Henry I, who would have likely welcomed a steadfast dependent in control a region of strategic importance. Although the English and Scottish kings were certainly at odds over Cumbria at about this time, it is likely that they would have cooperated to combat the extension of Uí Briain and Meic Lochlainn influence in the Isles. In fact, the Scottish king's participation in the 1114 English expedition against Gruffudd—a man who seems to have been an associate of Muirchertach—may have been undertaken in this context. Furthermore, Muirchertach was closely associated with the Bellême-Montgomery family that had risen in a failed revolt against the English Crown in the first decade of the century. According to the twelfth-century "Gesta regum Anglorum", the English imposed a trade embargo against Muirchertach at some point during the reign of Henry I. Whilst it is possible that this action was a consequence of Muirchertach's familial relationship with his son-in-law Arnulf de Montgomery—and Muirchertach's apparent part in the Bellême-Montgomery insurrection—another possibility is that the sanctions concerned Muirchertach's ambitions in the Irish Sea region, especially since Óláfr had been entrusted into Henry I's care. By establishing Óláfr in the Isles, Henry I may have sought to mitigate the extension of Irish influence in the Isles, and escalate the expansion of English authority into the Irish Sea region.

paragraph: Section::::Alliances.

paragraph: According to the "Chronicle of Mann", Óláfr married Affraic, daughter of Fergus, Lord of Galloway. Although the union is not dated by contemporary sources, it appears to have been arranged in the 1130s or 1140s. Affraic is specifically identified as the mother of Guðrøðr by the chronicle. The fact that he is recorded to have travelled to Norway on a diplomatic mission in 1152 suggests that he was an adult by this date, and may indicate that Óláfr and Affraic's union commenced in the 1130s. Several contemporary sources concerning Fergus' descendants suggest that he had married an illegitimate daughter of Henry I in about the 1120s, and that this woman was the mother of at least some of Fergus' offspring, including Affraic herself. In fact, the shared kinship between Guðrøðr and Henry I's succeeding grandson, Henry II, King of England, is noted by the twelfth-century "Chronica" of Robert de Torigni, Abbot of Mont Saint-Michel. The marital alliance forged between Óláfr and Fergus gave the Crovan dynasty valuable familial-connections with the English king, one of the most powerful rulers in western Europe. Fergus profited from the marriage pact as well, since it bound Galloway more tightly to the Isles, a neighbouring realm from which Galloway had been invaded during the time of Magnús' overlordship. The union also ensured Fergus the protection of one of Britain's most formidable fleets, and gave him a valuable ally then outwith the orbit of the Scottish king.

paragraph: Óláfr's dealings with the abbey of St Mary of Furness—a religious house founded by the Lord of Lancaster, Stephen of Blois—could be evidence that Óláfr and Stephen enjoyed amiable relations in the first third of the twelfth century, and may indicate that Óláfr supported Stephen as King of England after 1135. At about this time, David I appears to have consolidated his overlordship of Argyll, a region located on the western periphery of the Scottish realm. By about 1140, not only had Óláfr and Fergus bound themselves together, but Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, Lord of Argyll married one of Óláfr's illegitimate daughters. Although the name of this woman is not recorded by the "Chronicle of Mann", she is identified as Ragnhildr by the thirteenth-century "Orkneyinga saga". The marital binding of Óláfr with two of David I's dependants—Fergus and Somairle—roughly coincided with the Scottish king's endeavour to establish control of Cumbria in the 1130s and 1140s. During this period, David's authority extended southwards along the Cumbrian coast through Copeland, Furness, into Stephen's former honour of Lancaster, thereby making him a principal power in the northern Irish Sea region. The martial alliances concerning Óláfr, therefore, may have formed part of a Scottish strategy to not only isolate him from an English alliance, but to project Scottish authority into the Irish Sea, and draw Óláfr into David I's sphere of influence.

paragraph: Besides his wife Affraic, the chronicle states that Óláfr had many concubines by whom he had several daughters and three sons: Rǫgnvaldr, Lǫgmaðr, and Haraldr. The B-text of the thirteenth-century "Fagrskinna" records that Óláfr married Ingibjǫrg, daughter of Hákon Pálsson, Earl of Orkney. Whilst Ingibjǫrg is not referred to by the chronicle, she is certainly linked to Óláfr by "Orkneyinga saga", although this source also incorrectly states—in a passage concerning Guðrøðr's son and successor, Rǫgnvaldr—that Ingibjǫrg was Guðrøðr's mother. As a consequence of this error, there is reason to suspect that the saga has conflated Guðrøðr's son with Somairle's like-named son, Ragnall. The saga's confused entry, therefore, may be evidence that Ingibjǫrg was the mother of Óláfr's daughter, Ragnhildr. The terminology employed by the sources documenting Affraic and Ingibjǫrg reveal that the latter's relationship with Óláfr came to be viewed differently in Orkney than the Isles. Although "Orkneyinga saga" acknowledges that the union between Ingibjǫrg's own parents was not a canonical marriage either, the coupling formed the basis for her family's claim to the earldom. Whatever the case, Óláfr's union with Ingibjǫrg likely predates his marriage to Affraic. Accordingly, Óláfr appears to have turned from an alliance with Ingibjǫrg's brother and Norwegian dependant, Páll Hákonarson, Earl of Orkney, to establish an alliance with Fergus, who was then a rising power in the Irish Sea region. The end result of this shift may be alluded to by the chronicle which states that Óláfr held peaceful alliances with Irish and Scottish kings so that none "dared disturbed" the Kingdom of the Isles.

paragraph: Section::::Ecclesiastical foundations and appointments.

paragraph: Whilst at the English royal court, Óláfr could well have met members of the Scottish monarchy. For example, Henry I's wife was Matilda, whose royal brothers, Alexander I and the future David I, King of Scotland, both resided in England before the onset of their reigns (the brothers respectively reigned in 1102–1124 and 1124–1153). Óláfr would have certainly been exposed to Henry I's efforts to reform the English Church. Both Matilda and her husband were renowned patrons of religious orders, the Augustinians in particular. Although Óláfr's stay at Henry's court predated the arrival of the Savignac and Cisterian orders in England, Óláfr's experiences in England clearly influenced his decision to introduce reformed monastic orders into his own realm. In fact, the ecclesiastical actions of Óláfr's Scottish contemporaries—David I, and his predecessing Alexander I—were similarly influenced by their time spent in England. Óláfr's interest in religious reform is alluded to by the "Chronicle of Mann", which declares: "he was devout and enthusiastic in matters of religion and was welcome both to God and men".

paragraph: The ecclesiastical jurisdiction within Óláfr's kingdom was the Diocese of the Isles. Little is known of its early history, although its origins may well lie with the Uí Ímair imperium. Ecclesiastical interconnection between the Isles and Dublin seems to have been severed during a period of Irish overlordship of Dublin, at about the beginning of Guðrøðr Crovan's reign in the Isles. By the time of Óláfr's reign, the diocese appears to have encompassed the islands that had formerly been claimed by Magnús, and may well have included territory in western Galloway. In a letter that appears to date to about 1113, at about start of his reign, Óláfr presented an unnamed bishop for consecration to an Archbishop of York. Although the letter identifies the bishop with the initial "G", which potentially could represent Gerald, whose tenure dates to 1100–1108, the fact that Óláfr's reign appears to have commenced several years later suggests that the initial is erroneous, and that the initial "T" was intended, perhaps in reference to either archbishop Thomas, or the Thomas' successor, Thurstan. No consecration is recorded in English sources, and Óláfr's candidate is not recorded in the chronicle.

paragraph: In about 1134, the chronicle reveals that Óláfr founded the abbey of St Mary of Rushen on Mann by granting Ivo, Abbot of Furness land to establish the house. As a Savignac daughter house of the nearby abbey of St Mary of Furness—a religious house seated just across the Irish Sea in Lancashire—the abbey of Rushen was the first reformed house in the Isles, and its foundation partly evidences the importance of links between Mann and northern England. The abbey's foundation charter reveals that Óláfr granted the monks of Furness the right to elect the Bishop of the Isles, a provision that further emphasised Óláfr's royal prerogative. The charter implies that episcopal authority within his realm had fallen to outsiders, and expresses the king's desire that the Isles be administered by its own bishop. This could be evidence that the former diocesan bishop, Hamond, died several years previous, and that a period of vacancy ensued in which neighbouring bishops took up the slack. The reestablishment of the Diocese of Whithorn in 1128, may have been undertaken in this context, and may also signal the loss of western Galloway from the Kingdom of the Isles.

paragraph: In a letter that probably dates not long after his foundation, Óláfr wrote to Thurstan, and confirmed the candidate elected by the monks of Furness. Hamond's successor appears to have been the shadowy Wimund, Bishop of the Isles. According to the twelfth-century "Historia rerum Anglicarum", Wimund began his ecclesiastical career at Furness before removing to Rushen. Although a twelfth-century chronicle of the ecclesiastical history of York states that Wimund professed obedience to Thomas, this archbishop's early tenure (1109–1114) suggests he has been confused with Thurstan. The fact that this source identifies Wimund's see as "" ("the holy Church of Skye") seems to be evidence that the diocesan seat had not yet been permanently centred on Mann, and that Wimund was seated at the site of the later mediaeval Snizort Cathedral. As a monk of Furness, Wimund may have originally relocated to Mann in the context of Óláfr's foundation of Rushen. He appears to have been the first Bishop of the Isles elected by the monks of Furness, and seems to have been consecrated by Thurstan. Wimund appears to have used his elevated position to violently seek the inheritance of an Earl of Moray in the late 1140s. Wimund's warring against the Scots eventually forced David I to cede him lands near Furness before his capture and mutilation in 1152. It is likely that Wimund's campaigning led to the abandonment of his diocesan see, and that his actions posed a serious threat to Óláfr's authority.

paragraph: The fact that Wimund is not listed amongst other diocesan bishops by the "Chronicle of Mann" could be evidence that Óláfr eventually came to repudiate him. A letter from Óláfr to the chapter of York suggests that the king unsuccessfully attempted to have a replacement, a certain Nicholas, consecrated by Robert de Ghent, Dean of York. The fact that Óláfr interacted with the dean suggests that the correspondence dates between the 1147 deposition of William fitz Herbert, Archbishop of York and the 1152 consecration of Henry Murdac, Archbishop of York. Óláfr's inability to have his man consecrated may have been due to the Wimund episode being unresolved at the time. According to Robert de Torigni's "Chronica" and the thirteenth-century Wendover version "Flores historiarum", Henry Murdac consecrated John, a Benedictine monk from Normandy, as Bishop of the Isles in 1152. The fact that the "Chronicle of Mann" fails to record John's name amongst other diocesan bishops appears to indicate that he was an unacceptable candidate to Óláfr and the Islesmen, and that John never occupied his see.

paragraph: Section::::Ecclesiastical and secular independence.

paragraph: By way of his ecclesiastical actions, Óláfr firmly established the Diocese of the Isles to correspond to the territorial borders of his kingdom, and seems to have initiated the transfer the ecclesiastical obedience of the Isles from the Archdiocese of Canterbury to the Archdiocese of York. Such changes may have been orchestrated as a means to further distance his diocese from that of Dublin, where diocesan bishops were consecrated by the Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1152, steps were undertaken by the papacy to elevate the Diocese of Dublin to an archdiocese. Dublin's political and economic ties with the Isles could have meant that the Bishop of the Isles was now in danger of becoming subordinate to the Archbishop of Dublin. For Óláfr, such an event would have threatened to undermine both his ecclesiastical authority and secular power within his own realm. As a result of Óláfr's inability to have Nicholas formally consecrated, and his refusal to accept John as bishop, the episcopal see of the Isles appears to have been vacant at the same time of Dublin's ecclesiastical ascendancy. In consequence, without a consecrated bishop of its own, Óláfr's diocese seems to have been in jeopardy of falling under Dublin's increasing authority. Moreover, in 1152, David I attempted to have the dioceses of Orkney and the Isles included within the prospective Scottish Archdiocese of St Andrews.

paragraph: It may have been in the context of this ecclesiastical crisis in the Isles that Guðrøðr undertook his journey to Norway in 1152. Guðrøðr's overseas objective, therefore, may have been to secure the patronage of a Scandinavian metropolitan willing to protect the Diocese of the Isles. Certainly, Guðrøðr's stay in Norway coincided with the Scandinavian visit of the papal legate Nicholas Breakspeare, Cardinal-Bishop of Albano, a man who had been tasked to create Norwegian and Swedish ecclesiastical provinces in order to further extend the papacy's authority into the northern European periphery. Eventually the newly created Norwegian province—the Archdiocese of Niðaróss—encompassed eleven dioceses within and outwith mainland Norway. One such overseas diocese was that of the Isles, officially incorporated within the province in November 1154. Although Óláfr did not live long enough to witness the latter formality, it is evident that the remarkable overseas statecraft undertaken by Óláfr and Guðrøðr secured their kingdom's ecclesiastical and secular independence from nearby Dublin. The establishment of the Norwegian archdiocese bound outlying Norse territories closer to Norwegian royal power. In effect, the political reality of the Diocese of the Isles—its territorial borders and nominal subjection to far-off Norway—appears to have mirrored that of the Kingdom of the Isles.

paragraph: Section::::Kingship.

paragraph: In some respects, Óláfr's kingship may be comparable to that of David I, a significant moderniser of the Scottish realm. Due to his time spent in England, Óláfr seems to have introduced modern forms of feudalism into his realm, and to have developed manorialism on Mann. Óláfr seems to have introduced the parochial system into the Isles; and like David I, Óláfr transformed the church within his realm, creating a territorially defined diocese. His establishment of a more modern territorial kingship, which came to be associated with its demesne on Mann, may have led to the alienation of outlying areas. Although climatic conditions in the Isles improved in the eleventh century, and agricultural production appears to have increased as a result, there appears to have been a decrease in manufacturing by the twelfth century. Evidence of an eleventh-century mint on Mann exists prior to Guðrøðr Crovan's rule, but there is no evidence of one during Óláfr's reign, and no coins bearing the names of any of the members of his dynasty have been found.

paragraph: The acclamation or election of a king was an important component of kingship in northern mediaeval Europe. There are several examples of the role played by chieftains in the kingship of the Isles during Óláfr's floruit. For instance, the leading men of the realm are recorded to have brokered the deal to have Muirchertach provide a regent until Óláfr was old enough to reign, whilst disaffected chieftains are reported to have brought about the dramatic end of Ingimundr's regency, and chieftains are said to have accompanied Óláfr from England to begin his reign. Even in the immediate aftermath of Óláfr's demise, the "Chronicle of Mann" reveals that the chieftains of the Isles (") gathered together and unanimously elected Guðrøðr as king.

paragraph: There is surviving evidence of only twenty royal charters dating from the reign of the Crovan dynasty. Of these, only one dates to the reign of Óláfr. Óláfr styled himself ', a Latin equivalent of a Gaelic title first accorded to his 10th century predecessor, Guðrøðr Haraldsson, King of the Isles. Surviving sources indicate that Óláfr was the first of several kings from his dynasty to claim to rule ' ("by the grace of God"). The use of this formula was common amongst contemporary European monarchs but its use by the kings of the Isles, like the kings of Scotland, appears to have been adopted in imitation of the charters issued by the Angevin kings of England. Like the Scots, Óláfr and his successors appear to have adopted the formula to emphasise their sovereign right to kingship, to take their place amongst the leading monarchs of their time. Óláfr's use of the formula exemplifies the fact that—in comparison to his royal predecessors in the Isles—he was a new kind of ruler and the real founder of later Manx kingship. The fact that Óláfr was brought up at the English royal court could suggest that he, like David I, was knighted by the English king. Certainly, several of Óláfr's thirteenth-century royal successors were knighted by their English counterpart.

paragraph: Óláfr appears to have been an energetic king who consolidated his rule in the northern portion of the Isles by way of military force. There is reason to suspect that this region had fallen under Orcadian influence before being reclaimed by the Islesmen under Óláfr. According to Hebridean tradition preserved by the seventeenth-century "Sleat History", he was aided by Somairle in military operations (otherwise unrecorded in contemporary sources) against the "ancient Danes north of Ardnamurchan". Together with its claim that Óláfr also campaigned on North Uist, this source may be evidence that the bitter struggle between Guðrøðr and Somairle (fought after Óláfr's demise) took place in the context of Somairle taking back territories that he had originally helped secure into Óláfr's kingdom. Somairle first emerges into the historical record in the 1130s supporting an unsuccessful rival branch of the Scottish royal family against David I. By about the time of Somairle's marriage to Óláfr's daughter, David I seems to have successfully imposed his authority over Argyll. As a result of this apparent overlorship, Somairle may have been encouraged to redirect his energies from Scotland into the Isles.

paragraph: There is reason to suspect that the Kingdom of the Isles lost control of territories in Galloway during Óláfr's floruit. Earlier in the mid eleventh century, the Rhinns of Galloway may have been ruled by Guðrøðr Crovan's predecessor, Echmarcach. By the last years of the century, the region was ruled by Mac Congail, King of the Rhinns, who may have been a descendant of Guðrøðr Crovan's immediate predecessor, Fingal mac Gofraid. Whether Mac Congail ruled independently or subordinate to Guðrøðr Crovan is unknown. The installation of Gilla Aldan as Bishop of Whithorn, in the third decade of the twelfth century, may mark the date when the Rhinns finally separated from the Kingdom of the Isles. Although support from the rulers of Galloway and Scotland may well have strengthened Óláfr's position in the Isles, and the chronicle portrays his reign as one of peacefulness, other sources vaguely recount the mainland depredations wrought by Wimund. The latter's warring against the Scots suggests that Óláfr may have struggled to maintain control of his far-flung kingdom.

paragraph: It is uncertain how the Diocese of the Isles was organised during Óláfr's reign. There may well have been several regional centres where diocesan bishops, accompanied by retinues of clerics and warriors, would have visited each successive region, living off the rendered tithes. In time however, the ecclesiastical endowments on Mann, commenced by Óláfr and further developed by his successors, would have reduced the need for such peripatetic diocesan bishops. As the kings of the Isles became more identified with their seat on Mann, so too were the bishops of the Isles, which may have resulted in the alienation of outlying areas.

paragraph: The now-ruinous ecclesiastical site of Cille Donnain, near Loch Kildonan on South Uist, could well have been a bishop's seat and twelfth-century power-centre in the Isles. Its precise place in the organisation of the Isles is uncertain. Certainly, Lǫgmaðr is associated with the Uists by a particular verse of poetry, attributed to the contemporary skald Gísl Illugason, preserved by the early thirteenth-century "Morkinskinna". This contemporary composition could be evidence of a connection between him, or an associated bishop, with the Uist chain of islands. It is possible that, at a later date, the Cille Donnain site could have formed a residence for the peripatetic diocesan bishops of the Isles during their periodic visitations in the Uists.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: The year 1153 was a watershed in the history of the Kingdom of the Isles. Not only did David I die late in May, but Óláfr himself was assassinated about a month later on 29 June, whilst Guðrøðr was still absent in Norway. According to the "Chronicle of Mann", Óláfr had been confronted by three Dublin-based nephews—the Haraldssonar—the sons of his exiled brother, Haraldr. After hearing the demands of these men—that half of the kingdom should be handed over to them—a formal council was convened in which one of the Haraldssonar—a man named Rǫgnvaldr—approached Óláfr, raised his axe as if to salute the king, and decapitated him in a single stroke. In the resulting aftermath, the chronicle relates that the Haraldssonar partitioned the island amongst themselves. Whether the men attained any form of authority in the rest of the Isles is unknown. Once in control of Mann, the chronicle reveals that the men fortified themselves against forces loyal to Guðrøðr, the kingdom's legitimate heir, by launching a preemptive strike against his maternal grandfather, Fergus. Although the invasion of Galloway was repulsed with heavy casualties, once the Haraldssonar returned to Mann the chronicle records that they slaughtered and expelled all resident Gallovidians that they could find. This ruthless reaction evidently reveals an attempt to uproot local factions adhering to Guðrøðr and his mother.

paragraph: Within months of his father's assassination, Guðrøðr executed his vengeance. According to the chronicle, he journeyed from Norway to Orkney, enstrengthened by Norwegian military support, and was unanimously acclaimed as king by the leading Islesmen. He is then stated to have continued on to Mann where he overcame his three kin-slaying cousins, putting one to death whilst blinding the other two, and successfully secured the kingship for himself. Guðrøðr's reliance upon Norwegian assistance, instead of support from his maternal-grandfather, could suggest that the attack upon Galloway was more successful than the compiler of the chronicle cared to admit. Additionally, the account of incessant inter-dynastic strife amongst the ruling family of Galloway, recorded in the twelfth-century "Vita Ailredi", suggests that Fergus may have struggled to maintain control of his lordship by the mid 1150s, and may also explain his failure to come to Guðrøðr's aid following Óláfr's death.

paragraph: The fact that Óláfr sent Guðrøðr to Norway in 1152 could suggest there had been anxiety over the succession of the Kingdom of the Isles, and that Guðrøðr rendered homage to Ingi Haraldsson, King of Norway in an effort secure assistance in safeguarding the kingship. The chronicle's account of Guðrøðr's return from Norway notes that he arrived with a fleet of five ships, which could indicate that overseas support was indeed obtained. The earlier episode of conflict between Óláfr's elder brothers, his own slaying at the hands of his nephews, and the later internecine struggles endured by his descendants, reveal that competition for the kingship of the Isles was incredibly competitive and exceptionally violent. The turn to Ingi occurred at about the same time that Norwegian encroachment superseded roughly thirty years of Scottish influence in Orkney and Caithness, and could be evidence of a perceived wane in Scottish royal authority in the first years of the 1150s. In November 1153, following the death of David I, Somairle seized the initiative and rose in revolt against the recently inaugurated Malcolm IV, King of Scotland. The dynastic challenges faced by Malcolm, and the ebb of Scottish influence in the Isles, may partly account for Guðrøðr's success in consolidating control of the kingdom, and may be perceptible in the seemingly more aggressive policy he pursued as king in comparison to his father.

paragraph: Through Guðrøðr, Óláfr was the patrilineal-ancestor of later rulers of the Crovan dynasty, a kindred whose tenure of power in the Isles lasted until the second half of the thirteenth century. Through Ragnhildr, Óláfr was an important ancestor of the rulers of Clann Somairle, the descendants of Ragnhildr's husband Somairle. Whilst the union certainly testifies to Somairle's esteemed status, the key to his successful career may well have been the marriage itself. In fact, the early rulers of Clann Somairle appear to have owed their claim to the kingship of the Isles by right of their genealogical link to Óláfr through Ragnhildr.

paragraph: Although the burial place of Óláfr is unrecorded and unknown, by the second quarter of the thirteenth century St Mary of Rushen appears to have filled the role of royal mausoleum for the Crovan dynasty. Guðrøðr was himself buried on Iona, an island upon which the oldest intact building is St Oran's Chapel. Certain Irish influences in this building's architecture indicate that it dates to about the mid twelfth century. The chapel could well have been erected by Óláfr or Guðrøðr. Certainly, their family's remarkable ecclesiastical activities during this period suggest that patronage of Iona is probable.

alias:
Óláf
Óláfr Bitlingr
Amlaíb
Amlaim
Olafr
Ólafr
Óláfr
Amhlaíbh Derg mac Gofhraidh
Amlaíb mac Gofraid
Amlaíb mac Gofraid Méránaich
Olaf Godredsson
Olaf Gudrodson
Óláf Guðrøðsson
Óláfr bitlingr Guðrøðsson
Olafr Godredsson
Óláfr Godredsson
Óláfr Gothfrithsson
Ólafr Guðrøðarson
Óláfr Guðröðarson
Óláfr Guðrǫðarson
Óláfr Guðrøðarsson
Óláfr Guðrøðson
Óláfr Guthfrithsson
Amlaíb 'the Red'
Amlaíb Derg
Olaf Bitling
Olaf Kleining
Olaf the Diminutive
Olaf the Red
Olaf Titbit
Óláfr Bitling
Ólafr Suðreyjakonungr
Óláfr Titbit
Olaf
Olafr Bitlingr
Amlaib
Amhlaibh Derg mac Gofhraidh
Amlaib mac Gofraid
Amlaib mac Gofraid Meranaich
Olafr Gothfrithsson
Olafr Guthfrithsson
Amlaib Derg
Olafr Bitling
Olafr Titbit
Amhlaibh
Amhlaoibh

description: King of the Isles

wikidata_label: Óláfr Guðrøðarson

wikipedia_title: Óláfr Guðrøðarson (died 1153)