text: Grand Prix

text: touring car

text: road racing

text: Remy

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text: 1997 season

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text: Fuji Speedway

text: Sportsland SUGO

text: 1998 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: Riley & Scott

text: Didier de Radiguès

text: Member of the Order of Australia

text: Sport Australia Hall of Fame

text: Australian Sports Medal

text: Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit

text: An interview with Wayne Gardner

categories: Porsche Supercup drivers,Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees,Australian Touring Car Championship drivers,Australian motorcycle racers,Members of the Order of Australia,1959 births,Living people,Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal,24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,Supercars Championship drivers,500cc World Championship riders,Formula Holden drivers,Racing drivers from New South Wales,People from Wollongong,Participants in Australian reality television series

paragraph: Wayne Gardner

paragraph: Wayne Michael Gardner (born 11 October 1959) is an Australian former professional Grand Prix motorcycle and touring car racer. His most notable achievement was winning the 1987 500 cc Motorcycle World Championship, becoming the first Australian to win motorcycling's premier class. His success on the world motorcycle road racing circuit earned him the nickname "The Wollongong Whiz". Both Wayne's sons, Remy and Luca, are racing motorcycles like their father.

paragraph: Section::::Motorcycle racing career.

paragraph: Gardner was born in Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. He began his racing career in 1977 at the age of 18, riding a second-hand Yamaha TZ250 bike in the Australian championship and finishing second on debut at Amaroo Park. He went on to record his first win a few weeks later at Oran Park Raceway. In 1981 Gardner was hired by Mamoru Moriwaki to race in the Australian Superbike championship aboard the Moriwaki Kawasaki Kz1000s. Gardner and co-rider John Pace qualified their Moriwaki Kawasaki on pole position at the prestigious 1981 Suzuka 8 Hours, ahead of all the major factory racing teams. Fellow racer, Graeme Crosby gave Gardner his first opportunity to race in Europe. Although Crosby was contracted to ride for Suzuki, he decided to sponsor Gardner to compete in the British Superbike championship riding Kawasakis run by the British Moriwaki concession owned by Crosby. On the way to Europe, Gardner rode the Moriwaki Kawasaki to an impressive fourth-place finish at the 1981 Daytona Superbike race behind Yoshimura Suzuki riders Crosby, Wes Cooley and Honda's Freddie Spencer. Moriwaki and Gardner proceeded to compete in the British championship, winning their first race in England. Gardner entered the final race of the season with a chance to win the title but, an engine misfire relegated him to third place overall in the championship.

paragraph: Gardner's impressive results on the Moriwaki Kawasaki eventually earned him a contract with the Honda Britain racing team. He rode a Honda to a fourth-place finish in the 1982 Formula TT championship. Gardner made his 500 cc Grand Prix debut with the Honda Britain team at the 1983 Dutch TT during which he was involved in an accident with reigning world champion, Franco Uncini. Uncini fell off his bike as he was exiting a corner and as he tried to run off the track, he was struck on his helmet by Gardner's bike. Uncini went into a coma but, subsequently recovered from his injuries. Gardner failed to score any points in the two Grand Prix races he had entered in 1983. In 1984, he won the British 500cc national championship for Honda and was able to compete in five Grand Prix world championship races. He scored points in all five of the Grand Prix races in which he was able to compete in during 1984, including an impressive third-place finish at the Swedish Grand Prix, earning a seventh place in the final championship standings.

paragraph: Gardner's performance earned him full support in 1985 from the Honda-HRC factory racing team alongside teammate Freddie Spencer. He won his first Grand Prix race at the Spanish Grand Prix, before going on to win two more races and finish second in the championship behind Eddie Lawson. In 1987, Gardner became the first Australian to win the 500 cc World Championship, winning seven of sixteen races and wrapping up the title with a win in the penultimate round in Brazil at Goiânia. Gardner's race engineer in 1987 was fellow Australian Jeremy Burgess who had previously worked with 1985 World Champion Freddie Spencer.

paragraph: In defense of his title in 1988, Gardner was hampered by the Honda NSR500 not being easy to ride. He finished second in the championship behind American Eddie Lawson who rode for the factory Marlboro Yamaha team. He still managed wins in the Netherlands, Belgium, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia, and would have won at the Paul Ricard Circuit in France had he not suffered mechanical problems only a third of a lap from the finish while holding a 2-second lead.

paragraph: Gardner's 1987 World Championship saw a sharp rise in the popularity of Grand Prix Motorcycle racing in Australia, with increased television and print media coverage. This led to the inaugural running of the Australian motorcycle Grand Prix at Phillip Island in 1989. The Wollongong Whiz gave the home crowd something to cheer as he won his home race in 1989, just edging out Wayne Rainey and Christian Sarron. Unfortunately his season came unglued at the next round at Laguna Seca where he crashed and broke his leg, causing him to miss half of the season. From the 1985 season, Gardner raced for the factory Rothmans Honda team and was joined on that team by fellow Australian Michael Doohan in 1989. Ironically, Eddie Lawson also joined Rothmans Honda in 1989 and went on to win his fourth World Championship.

paragraph: Gardner had a frustrating season in 1990. After winning at Jerez in Spain, he missed three rounds through injury and only managed 5th in the World Championship. He did finish the season on a high note though, winning his second straight Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix at Phillip Island from teammate Mick Doohan and World Champion elect Wayne Rainey. For over half the race, Gardner had to contend with the faring of his Honda threatening to part company with the bike after some of the front mountings had broken.

paragraph: Gardner also won four Suzuka 8 Hours races in 1985, 1986, 1991 and 1992. Gardner retired from motorcycle racing following the 1992 season but stayed closely involved with the sport, helping various riders like Daryl Beattie early in their careers. He rode at special events like the "Goodwood Festival of Speed" on classic Honda motorcycles and raced again at the Goodwood race meeting against fellow bikers James Whitham, the late Barry Sheene and ex-Formula One driver Damon Hill.

paragraph: Section::::Four-wheel racing career.

paragraph: Wayne Gardner's first foray into car racing came when he was to race a Formula Holden in the final round of the 1990 Australian Drivers' Championship which was run as a support race to that years Australian Formula One Grand Prix, driving a Shrike 002 built and developed for the category by the students of the Croydon Park Institute of TAFE in Adelaide where the race was held. After only arriving in Adelaide on the opening day of practice having spent the previous week in Japan testing his 1991 NRS500 Grand Prix bike, Gardner had qualified in a credible 11th place for his first competitive drive in an Open-wheel car. However, a crash into the wall just past the chicane at the end of the pit straight when he spun on coolant that had been dropped by the Ralt RT20 of Drew Price, heavily damaged the front of the car. He was hopeful that the car could be repaired for the race, but his chances ended when another car also spun on the coolant and crashed into the Shrike damaging it beyond immediate repair.

paragraph: Following his retirement from the 500 cc championship at the end of 1992, Gardner turned his interests to four-wheeled motorsport. He began his touring car career in 1992, driving the Raider Motorsport built Bob Forbes Racing Holden VN Commodore SS Group A, leased by Graham Moore for the 1992 Tooheys 1000 at Bathurst. The Moore/Gardner Commodore finished the crash shortened race in 26th place after qualifying 21st. Gardner's first drive in the race happened to be soon after the circuit was hit by rain which lasted for almost two hours, and his cause was not helped by the Commodore's windscreen de-mister not working which saw the screen fog up making visibility, already poor due to the heavy rain and fog on The Mountain, almost impossible.

paragraph: In 1993, Gardner was recruited to drive a VP Commodore for the Holden Racing Team in the 1993 Australian Touring Car Championship, the first year of the 5.0 litre touring cars which later became the V8 Supercars. In November 1993, Gardner won one of the Group A support races at the Australian Grand Prix in Adelaide, after earlier in the year finishing third Tooheys 1000 co-driving with Brad Jones. Many incidents while driving for the Holden Racing Team in 1993 led to him being given the nickname "Captain Chaos", and it was thought that his continued on-track clashes was what had led to his brief suspension from the team for that year's Sandown 500, though the real reason was that Gardner had been openly talking to both Holden and Coca-Cola about starting his own team.

paragraph: For the 1994 season, Gardner formed his own team, Wayne Gardner Racing (sponsored by Coca-Cola), where he raced for three seasons with teammate, Channel 7 commentator Neil Crompton. The team's low point came at the Bathurst round of the 1995 ATCC in March. Soon after the start of the first heat, Crompton was hit by the VP Commodore of Phil Ward. This pushed him straight into Gardner's car and both of the Coke sponsored cars ended their race in the wall before they got to Hell Corner on the first lap (Ward continued on with little to no damage). The team recovered though and Gardner sensationally won the start and led the opening laps of the 1995 Tooheys 1000, before he and Crompton went on to finish 3rd in the race, while their teammates Brad Jones and former Bathurst winner Win Percy finished 5th, only a few seconds behind.

paragraph: Gardner's ATCC highlight was winning the 1997 Calder Park round, held under lights at Calder Park Raceway. Following the withdrawal of their major sponsor Coca-Cola who chose instead to invest in the upcoming Sydney Olympics in 2000, thus losing a rumoured $2 million a year in sponsorship which made it basically impossible for the team to function financially, the team folded after a partial 1999 season with a leased car from Perkins Engineering, but he continued racing V8 Supercars until 2002, with the highlight of taking pole position for the FAI 1000 at Bathurst in 2000, in appalling conditions. Wayne Gardner also took a surprise win in the first round in the V8 Supercar Championship's inaugural season in 1997, at Calder Park Raceway. It was surprising, as Gardner had announced that due to a lack of available funds, it was unlikely that he would race the full 1997 season, and he wasn't considered a race or championship favourite.

paragraph: Gardner also made a foray into the All Japan Grand Touring Car Championship, racing a works Toyota Supra in 1996, and raced in this competition until his retirement from motorsport in 2002. He won a round of the championship in 1999 (at Fuji Speedway) and 2001 (at Sportsland SUGO). He also had the distinction in 2001 of being the only Toyota driver to finish every race that season, and he also finished every race in the points.

paragraph: Gardner made a one-off appearance at the 1998 24 Hours of Le Mans. Gardner was entered in the Riley & Scott with Philippe Gache and fellow ex-motorcycle rider Didier de Radiguès. They qualified 26th, but failed to finish due to engine problems after completing 155 laps.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Following his victory in the 1987 500 cc World Championship, Gardner was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in 1988s Honours List.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme honored him as a MotoGP Legend.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He received an Australian Sports Medal in 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The main straight at Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit is named the Gardner Straight in his honour.

paragraph: Section::::Grand Prix career statistics.

paragraph: Points system from 1969 to 1987:

paragraph: Points system from 1988 to 1992:

paragraph: Section::::Car racing results.

paragraph: In part sourced from

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- An interview with Wayne Gardner at Faster and Faster

description: Australian motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Wayne Gardner

wikipedia_title: Wayne Gardner


text: courtesy name

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text: horologist

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text: mineralogist

text: zoologist

text: botanist

text: mechanical

text: architectural engineer

text: poet

text: antiquarian

text: ambassador

text: Song Dynasty

text: hydro-mechanical

text: astronomical

text: clock tower

text: Kaifeng

text: escapement

text: Buddhist

text: monk

text: Yi Xing

text: armillary sphere

text: chain drive

text: clock jack

text: sound the hours

text: Joseph Needham

text: invading

text: Jurchen

text: celestial atlas

text: star map

text: terrestrial

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text: Jesuit

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text: Nicolas Trigault

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text: sundial

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text: Shen Kuo

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text: Chinese calendar

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text: equator

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text: copper sulphate

text: flax

text: Urtica thunbergiana

text: realgar

text: Zheng Xuan

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paragraph: Su Song

paragraph: Su Song (; courtesy name: Zirong ) (1020–1101 AD) was a renowned Hokkien polymath who was described as a scientist, mathematician, statesman, astronomer, cartographer, horologist, medical doctor, pharmacologist, mineralogist, zoologist, botanist, mechanical and architectural engineer, poet, antiquarian, and ambassador of the Song Dynasty (960–1279).

paragraph: Su Song was the engineer of a hydro-mechanical astronomical clock tower in medieval Kaifeng, which employed the use of an early escapement mechanism. The escapement mechanism of Su's clock tower had been invented by Buddhist monk Yi Xing and government official Liang Lingzan in 725 AD to operate a water-powered armillary sphere, although Su's armillary sphere was the first to be provided with a mechanical clock drive. Su's clock tower also featured the oldest known endless power-transmitting chain drive, called the "tian ti" (), or "celestial ladder", as depicted in his horological treatise. The clock tower had 133 different clock jacks to indicate and sound the hours. Su Song's treatise about the clock tower, "Xinyi Xiangfayao" (), has survived since its written form in 1092 and official printed publication in 1094. The book has been analyzed by many historians, such as Joseph Needham. The clock itself, however, was dismantled by the invading Jurchen army in 1127 AD, and although attempts were made to reassemble it, the tower was never successfully reinstated.

paragraph: The "Xinyi Xiangfayao" was Su's best-known treatise, but the polymath compiled other works as well. He completed a large celestial atlas of several star maps, several terrestrial maps, as well as a treatise on pharmacology. The latter discussed related subjects on mineralogy, zoology, botany, and metallurgy.

paragraph: European Jesuit visitors to China like Matteo Ricci and Nicolas Trigault briefly wrote about Chinese clocks with wheel drives, but others mistakenly believed that the Chinese had never advanced beyond the stage of the clepsydra, incense clock, and sundial. They thought that advanced mechanical clockworks were new to China and that these mechanisms were something valuable that Europeans could offer to the Chinese. Although not as prominent as in the Song period, contemporary Chinese texts of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) described a relatively unbroken history of mechanical clocks in China, from the 13th century to the 16th. However, Su Song's clock tower still relied on the use of a waterwheel to power it, and was thus not fully mechanical like late medieval European clocks.

paragraph: Section::::Life and works.

paragraph: Section::::Life and works.:Career as a scholar-official.

paragraph: Su Song was a Hokkien who was born in modern-day Fujian, near medieval Quanzhou. Like a contemporary, Shen Kuo (1031–1095), Su Song was a polymath, a person whose expertise spans a significant number of different interests. It was written by his junior colleague and Hanlin scholar Ye Mengde (1077–1148) that in Su's youth, he mastered the provincial exams and rose to the top of the examination list for writing the best article on general principles and structure of the Chinese calendar. From an early age, his interests in astronomy and calendrical science led him onto a distinguished path as a state bureaucrat. In his spare time, he was fond of writing poetry, which he used to praise the works of artists such as the painter Li Gonglin (1049–1106). He was also an antiquarian and collector of old artworks from previous dynasties.

paragraph: In matters of administrative government, he had attained the rank of Ambassador and President of the Ministry of Personnel at the capital of Kaifeng, and was known also as an expert in administration and finance. After serving in the Ministry of Personnel, he became a Minister of Justice in 1086. He was appointed as a distinguished editor for the Academy of Scholarly Worthies, where in 1063 he edited, redacted, commented on, and added a preface for the classic work "Huainanzi" of the Han Dynasty (202 BC–220 AD). Eventually, Su rose to the post of Vice President of the Chancellery Secretariat. Among many honorable positions and titles conferred upon him, Su Song was also one of the 'Deputy Tutors of the Heir Apparent'. At court, he chose to distance himself from the political rivalries of the Conservatives, led by Prime Minister Sima Guang (1019–1086), and the Reformists, led by Prime Minister Wang Anshi (1021–1086); although many of his associates were of the Conservative faction.

paragraph: In 1077, he was dispatched on a diplomatic mission to the Liao Dynasty of the Khitan people to the north, sharing ideas about calendrical science, as the Liao state had created its own calendar in 994 AD. In a finding that reportedly embarrassed the court, Su Song acknowledged to the emperor that the calendar of the Khitan people was in fact a bit more accurate than their own, resulting in the fining and punishment of officials in the Bureau of Astronomy and Calendar. Su was supposed to travel north to Liao and arrive promptly for a birthday celebration and feast on a day which coincided with the winter solstice of the Song calendar, but was actually a day behind the Liao calendar. Historian Liu Heping states that Emperor Zhezong of Song sponsored Su Song's clocktower in 1086 in order to compete with the Liao for "scientific and national superiority." In 1081, the court instructed Su Song to compile into a book the diplomatic history of Song-Liao relations, an elaborate task that, once complete, filled 200 volumes. With his extensive knowledge of cartography, Su Song was able to settle a heated border dispute between the Song and Liao dynasties.

paragraph: Section::::Life and works.:Astronomy.

paragraph: Su Song also created a celestial atlas (in five separate maps), which had the hour circles between the xiu (lunar mansions) forming the astronomical meridians, with stars marked in an equidistant cylindrical projection on each side of the equator, and thus, was in accordance to their north polar distances. Furthermore, Su Song must have taken advantage of the astronomical findings of his political rival and contemporary astronomer Shen Kuo. This is so because Su Song's fourth star map places the position of the pole star halfway between Tian shu (−350 degrees) and the current Polaris; this was the more accurate calculation (by 3 degrees) that Shen Kuo had made when he observed the pole star over a period of three months with his width-improved sighting tube. There were many star maps written before Song's book, but the greatest significance of these star maps by Su Song is, that they represent the oldest extant star maps in printed form.

paragraph: Section::::Life and works.:Pharmacology, botany, zoology, and mineralogy.

paragraph: In 1070, Su Song and a team of scholars compiled and edited the "Bencao Tujing" ('Illustrated Pharmacopoeia', original source material from 1058–1061), which was a groundbreaking treatise on pharmaceutical botany, zoology, and mineralogy. In compiling information for pharmaceutical knowledge, Su Song worked with such notable scholars as Zhang Yuxi, Lin Yi, Zhang Dong, and many others.

paragraph: This treatise documented a wide range of pharmaceutical practices, including the use of ephedrine as a drug. It includes valuable information on metallurgy and the steel and iron industries during 11th century China. He created a systematic approach to listing various different minerals and their use in medicinal concoctions, such as all the variously known forms of mica that could be used to cure ills through digestion. He wrote of the subconchoidal fracture of native cinnabar, signs of ore beds, and provided description on crystal form. Similar to the ore channels formed by circulation of ground water written of by the later German scientist Georgius Agricola, Su Song made similar statements concerning copper carbonate, as did the earlier "Rihua Bencao" of 970 with copper sulphate. Su's book was also the first pharmaceutical treatise written in China to describe the flax, "Urtica thunbergiana", and "Corchoropsis tomentosa" (crenata) plants. According to Edward H. Schafer, Su accurately described the translucent quality of fine realgar, its origin from pods found in rocky river gorges, its matrix being pitted with holes and having a deep red, almost purple color, and that the mineral varied in sizes ranging from the size of a pea to a walnut.

paragraph: Citing evidence from an ancient work by Zheng Xuan (127–200), Su believed that physicians of the ancient Zhou Dynasty (1046–256 BC) used realgar as a remedy for ulcers. As believed in Su's day, the "five poisons" used by Zhou era physicians for this purpose were thought to be cinnabar, realgar, chalcanthite, alum, and magnetite. Su made systematic descriptions of animals and the environmental regions they could be found, such as different species of freshwater, marine, and shore crabs. For example, he noted that the freshwater crab species "Eriocher sinensis" could be found in the Huai River running through Anhui, in waterways near the capital city, as well as reservoirs and marshes of Hebei. Su's book was preserved and copied into the "Bencao Gangmu" of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) physician and pharmacologist Li Shizhen (1518–1593).

paragraph: Section::::Life and works.:Horology and mechanical engineering.

paragraph: Su Song compiled one of the greatest Chinese horological treatises of the Middle Ages, surrounding himself with an entourage of notable engineers and astronomers to assist in various projects. "Xinyi Xiangfayao" (lit. "Essentials of a New Method for Mechanizing the Rotation of an Armillary Sphere and a Celestial Globe"), written in 1092, was the final product of his life's achievements in horology and clockwork. The book included 47 different illustrations of great detail of the mechanical workings for his astronomical clock tower.

paragraph: Su Song's greatest project was the 40-foot-tall water-powered astronomical clock tower constructed in Kaifeng, the wooden pilot model completed in 1088, the bronze components cast by 1090, while the wholly finished work was completed by 1094 during the reign of Emperor Zhezong of Song. The emperor had previously commissioned Han Gonglian, Acting Secretary of the Ministry of Personnel, to head the project, but the leadership position was instead handed down to Su Song. The emperor ordered in 1086 for Su to reconstruct the "hun yi", or "armillary clock", for a new clock tower in the capital city. Su worked with the aid of Han Gong-lian, who applied his extensive knowledge of mathematics to the construction of the clock tower. A small-scale wooden model was first crafted by Su Song, testing its intricate parts before applying it to an actual full-scale clock tower. In the end, the clock tower had many impressive features, such as the hydro-mechanical, rotating armillary sphere crowning the top level and weighing some 10 to 20 tons, a bronze celestial globe located in the middle that was 4.5 feet in diameter, mechanically-timed and rotating mannequins dressed in miniature Chinese clothes that exited miniature opening doors to announce the time of day by presenting designated reading plaques, ringing bells and gongs, or beating drums, a sophisticated use of oblique gears and an escapement mechanism, as well as an exterior facade of a fanciful Chinese pagoda. Upon its completion, the tower was called the "Shui Yun Yi Xiang Tai", or "Tower for the Water-Powered Sphere and Globe". Joseph Needham writes:

paragraph: Years after Su's death, the capital city of Kaifeng was besieged and captured in 1127 by the Jurchens of the Manchuria-based Jin Dynasty during the Jin–Song wars. The clock tower was dismantled piece by piece by the Jurchens, who carted its components back to their own capital in modern-day Beijing. However, due to the complexity of the tower, they were unable to piece it back together. The new Emperor Gaozong of Song instructed Su's son, Su Xie, to construct a new astronomical clock tower in its place, and Su Xie set to work studying his father's texts with a team of other experts. However, they were also unsuccessful in creating another clock tower, and Su Xie was convinced that Su Song had purposefully left out essential components in his written work and diagrams so that others would not steal his ideas.

paragraph: As the sinologist historian Derk Bodde points out, Su Song's astronomical clock did not lead to a new generation of mass-produced clockworks throughout China since his work was largely a government-sponsored endeavor for the use of astronomers and astrologers in the imperial court. Yet the mechanical legacy of Su Song did not end with his work. In about 1150, the writer Xue Jixuan noted that there were four types of clocks in his day, the basic waterclock, the incense clock, the sundial, and the clock with 'revolving and snapping springs' ('gun tan'). The rulers of the continuing Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368 AD) had a vested interest in the advancement of mechanical clockworks. The astronomer Guo Shoujing helped restore the Beijing Ancient Observatory beginning in 1276, where he crafted a water-powered armillary sphere and clock with clock jacks being fully implemented and sounding the hours. Complex gearing for uniquely Chinese clockworks were continued in the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), with new designs driven by the power of falling sand instead of water to provide motive power to the wheel drive, and some Ming clocks perhaps featured reduction gearing rather than the earlier escapement of Su Song. The earliest such design of a sand-clock was made by Zhan Xiyuan around 1370, which featured not only the scoop wheel of Su Song' device, but also a new addition of a stationary dial face over which a pointer circulated, much like new European clocks of the same period.

paragraph: Section::::Su Song's escapement mechanism.

paragraph: In Su Song's waterwheel linkwork device, the action of the escapement's arrest and release was achieved by gravity exerted periodically as the continuous flow of liquid filled containers of a limited size. In a single line of evolution, Su Song's clock therefore united the concept of the clepsydra and the mechanical clock into one device run by mechanics and hydraulics. In his memorial, Su Song wrote about this concept:

paragraph: In his writing, Su Song credited, as the predecessor of his working clock, the hydraulic-powered armillary sphere of Zhang Heng (78–139 AD), an earlier Chinese scientist. Su Song was also strongly influenced by the earlier armillary sphere created by Zhang Sixun (976 AD), who also employed the escapement mechanism and used liquid mercury instead of water in the waterwheel of his astronomical clock tower (since liquid mercury would not freeze during winter and would not corrode and rust metal components over time). However, Su Song stated in his writing that after Zhang's death, no one was able to replicate his device, much like his own.

paragraph: The mechanical clockworks for Su Song's astronomical tower featured a great driving-wheel that was 11 feet in diameter, carrying 36 scoops, into each of which water poured at a uniform rate from the "constant-level tank" (Needham, Fig. 653). The main driving shaft of iron, with its cylindrical necks supported on iron crescent-shaped bearings, ended in a pinion, which engaged a gear wheel at the lower end of the main vertical transmission shaft.

paragraph: Joseph Needham gives a general description of the clock tower itself:

paragraph: That was figure Fig. 650, while Fig. 656 displays the upper and lower norias with their tanks and the manual wheel for operating them.

paragraph: Fig. 657 displays a rather miniature and scaled-down picture for the basics of the escapement mechanism in an illustration (from Su's book), with Needham's caption here in this quote: "The 'celestial balance' or escapement mechanism of Su Song's clockwork (Xinyi Xiangfayao, ch. 3, p. 18b)". The latter figure carefully labels:

paragraph: BULLET::::- a right upper lock

paragraph: BULLET::::- upper link

paragraph: BULLET::::- left upper lock

paragraph: BULLET::::- axle or pivot

paragraph: BULLET::::- long chain

paragraph: BULLET::::- upper counterweight

paragraph: BULLET::::- sump

paragraph: BULLET::::- checking fork of the lower balancing lever

paragraph: BULLET::::- coupling tongue

paragraph: BULLET::::- main (i.e., lower) counterweight

paragraph: Figure 658 displays a more intricate and most-telling half-page scale drawing of Su Song's large escapement mechanism, labeling these individual parts as they interact with one another:

paragraph: BULLET::::- arrested spoke

paragraph: BULLET::::- left upper lock

paragraph: BULLET::::- scoop being filled by

paragraph: BULLET::::- water jet from constant-level tank

paragraph: BULLET::::- small counterweight

paragraph: BULLET::::- checking fork tripped by a projection pin on the scoop, and forming the near end of

paragraph: BULLET::::- the lower balancing lever with

paragraph: BULLET::::- its lower counterweight

paragraph: BULLET::::- coupling tongue, connected by

paragraph: BULLET::::- the long chain with

paragraph: BULLET::::- the upper balancing lever, which has at its far end

paragraph: BULLET::::- the upper counterweight, and at its near end

paragraph: BULLET::::- a short length chain connecting it with the upper lock beneath it;

paragraph: BULLET::::- right upper lock

paragraph: Section::::The endless chain drive.

paragraph: The world's oldest illustrated depiction of an endless power-transmitting chain drive is from Su Song's horological treatise. It was used in the clockworks for coupling the main drive shaft to the armillary sphere gearbox (rotating three small pinions), as seen in Needham's Fig. 410 and Fig. 652. This belonged to the uppermost end of the main vertical transmission shaft, incorporating right angle gears and oblique gears connected by a short idling shaft. The toothed ring gear called the diurnal motion gear ring was fit around the shell of the armillary sphere along the declination parallel near the southern pole. Although the ancient Greek Philo of Byzantium (3rd century BC) featured a sort of endless belt for his magazine arcuballista, which did not transmit continuous power, the influential source for Su Song's chain drive is most likely the continuously-driven chain pump known in China since the Han Dynasty (202 BC–220 AD). From his horological treatise, Su Song states:

paragraph: In addition, the motion gear rings and the upper drive wheel both had 600 teeth, which by Su's mathematical precision carefully calculated measured units of the day in a division of 1/600. These gears, having 600 teeth, thus ensured the division of the day into measurements of 2 minutes and 24 seconds each.

paragraph: Section::::Su Song's armillary sphere.

paragraph: In Joseph Needham's third volume of "Science and Civilization in China", the drawing for Fig. 159 displays a drawing of Su Song's armillary sphere (as depicted in his 11th century treatise), complete with three 'nests' or layers of mechanically-rotated rings. It was the earlier Chinese astronomer Li Chun-feng of the Tang Dynasty who in 633 AD created the first armillary sphere with three layers to calibrate multiple aspects of astronomical observation. Zhang's armillary sphere has often been compared to that of the 13th century monarch Alfonso X of Castile in Islamic-era Spain. The chief difference was that Alfonso's instrument featured an arrangement for making measurements of the azimuth and altitude, which was present in the Arabic tradition, while Su Song's armillary sphere was duly graduated. For the drawing of Su's armillary sphere, the listing of components are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Outer Nest

paragraph: BULLET::::- meridian circle

paragraph: BULLET::::- horizon circle

paragraph: BULLET::::- outer equator circle

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Middle Nest

paragraph: BULLET::::- solstitial colure circle

paragraph: BULLET::::- ecliptic circle

paragraph: BULLET::::- diurnal motion gear-ring, connecting with the power-drive

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Inner Nest

paragraph: BULLET::::- polar-mounted declination ring or hour-angle circle, with

paragraph: BULLET::::- sighting tube attached to it and strengthened by a

paragraph: BULLET::::- diametral brace

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other Parts

paragraph: BULLET::::- vertical column concealing the transmission shaft

paragraph: BULLET::::- supporting columns in the form of dragons

paragraph: BULLET::::- cross-piece of the base, incorporating water-levels

paragraph: BULLET::::- south polar pivot

paragraph: BULLET::::- north polar pivot

paragraph: Section::::Transmission of Su's text and his legacy.

paragraph: When Su Song's "Xinyi Xiangfayao" was written in 1092 and the horological monograph finalized and presented in 1094, his work was published and widely printed in the north (see woodblock printing and movable type of Bi Sheng). In the south, printing and circulation of his work was not widely distributed until Shi Yuanzhi of Jiangsu had it printed there in 1172.

paragraph: When presenting his clocktower design to the Emperor Zhezong, Su Song equated the constant flow of water with the continuous movements of the heavens, the latter of which symbolized the unceasing power of the emperor. This appealed to emperor, who featured artwork representing the clocktower on vehicles of major imperial processions, as illustrated in the "Illustration of the Imperial Grand Carriage Procession" of 1053.

paragraph: The later Ming Dynasty/Qing Dynasty scholar Qian Zeng (1629–1699) held an old volume of Su's work, which he faithfully reproduced in a newly printed edition. He took special care in avoiding any rewording or inconsistencies with the original text as well. Again, it was later reprinted by Zhang Xizu (1799–1844).

paragraph: Su Song's treatise on astronomical clockwork was not the only one made in China during his day, as the "Song Shi" (compiled in 1345) records the written treatise of the "Shuiyunhun Tianjiyao" (Wade–Giles: "Shui Yun Hun Thien Chi Yao"; lit. Essentials of the [Technique of] making Astronomical Apparatus revolve by Water-Power), written by Juan Taifa. However, this treatise no longer survives.

paragraph: In the realm of modern research, the late British biochemist and historian of Chinese science Joseph Needham (1900–1995) (known as Li Yuese in China) did extensive research and analysis of Su Song's texts and various achievements in his "Science and Civilization in China" book series. Joseph Needham also related many detailed passages from Su's contemporary medieval Chinese sources on the life of Su and his achievements known in his day. In 1956, John Christiansen reconstructed a model of Su Song's clocktower in a famous drawing, which garnered attention in the West towards 11th-century Chinese engineering. A miniature model of Su Song's clock was reconstructed by John Cambridge and is now on display at the National Science Museum at South Kensington, London. In China, the clocktower was reconstructed to one-fifth its actual scale by Wang Zhenduo, who worked for the Chinese Historical Museum in Beijing in the 1950s.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhang Heng, second-century inventor of water-powered armillary sphere

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clock tower

paragraph: BULLET::::- Technology of the Song Dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Water clock

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cartographers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mineralogists

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chinese writers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chinese inventions and discoveries

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bodde, Derk (1991). "Chinese Thought, Society, and Science". Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bowman, John S. (2000). "Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture". New York: Columbia University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Breslin, Thomas A. (2001). "Beyond Pain: The Role of Pleasure and Culture in the Making of Foreign Affairs". Westport: Praeger Publishers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ceccarelli, Marco (2004). "International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms". New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edwards, Richard. "Li Gonglin's Copy of Wei Yan's 'Pasturing Horses'," "Artibus Asiae" (Volume 53, Number 1/2, 1993): 168–181; 184–194.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fry, Tony (2001). "The Architectural Theory Review: Archineering in Chinatime". Sydney: University of Sydney.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harrist, Robert E., Jr. "The Artist as Antiquarian: Li Gonglin and His Study of Early Chinese Art," Artibus Asiae (Volume 55, Number 3/4, 1995): 237–280.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu, Heping. ""The Water Mill" and Northern Song Imperial Patronage of Art, Commerce, and Science," "The Art Bulletin" (Volume 84, Number 4, 2002): 566–595.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Needham, Joseph, Wang Ling & Lu Gwei-Djen (1986) [1965], "Science and Civilization in China", Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. (reprint edition of Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Volume 3: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Volume 4: Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2: Mechanical Engineering"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Volume 4: Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3: Civil Engineering and Nautics"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Volume 6: Biology and Biological Technology, Part 1, Botany"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roth, Harold D. "Text and Edition in Early Chinese Philosophical Literature," "Journal of the American Oriental Society" (Volume 113, Number 2, 1993): 214–227.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schafer, Edward H. "Orpiment and Realgar in Chinese Technology and Tradition," "Journal of the American Oriental Society" (Volume 75, Number 2, 1955): 73–89.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sivin, Nathan (1995). "Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections". Brookfield, Vermont: VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unschuld, Paul U. (2003). "Nature, Knowledge, Imagery in an Ancient Chinese Medical Text". Berkeley: University of California Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- West, Stephen H. "Cilia, Scale and Bristle: The Consumption of Fish and Shellfish in The Eastern Capital of The Northern Song," "Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies" (Volume 47, Number 2, 1987): 595–634.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wittfogel, Karl A. and Feng Chia-Sheng. "History of Chinese Society Liao (907–1125)," Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (Volume 36, 1946): i–xv; 1–752.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wright, David Curtis (2001) "The History of China". Westport: Greenwood Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wu, Jing-nuan (2005). "An Illustrated Chinese Materia Medica". New York: Oxford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xi, Zezong. "Chinese Studies in the History of Astronomy, 1949–1979," "Isis" (Volume 72, Number 3, 1981): 456–470.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Su Song's Clock 1088

paragraph: BULLET::::- Su Song in the Encyclopædia Britannica

paragraph: BULLET::::- Su Song at Bookrags.com

description: polymath

wikidata_label: Su Song

wikipedia_title: Su Song


categories: Chiba Lotte Marines players,Japanese baseball players,Sportspeople from Saga Prefecture,Nippon Professional Baseball infielders,1989 births,Hanshin Tigers players,Living people

paragraph: Takuya Takahama

description: baseball player

wikidata_label: Takuya Takahama

wikipedia_title: Takuya Takahama


text:
English
singer
guitarist
record producer
frontman
art rock
band
Audience
London
Fats Domino
Screamin’ Jay Hawkins
Little Richard
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Luminous Records
Keith Gemmell
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Letz Zep
Simon Jeffrey
Trevor Williams
Audience at AllMusic
AllMusic
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AllMusic

categories: English rock guitarists,1947 births,English record producers,English rock singers,Living people

paragraph: Howard Werth

paragraph: Howard Werth (born 26 March 1947) is an English singer, guitarist and record producer. He was the founder and frontman of the cult British art rock band Audience from 1967 to 1972, and 2004 to date.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Howard Werth was born at the Mother's Hospital, Clapton, East London, in 1947. His earliest rock 'n' roll influences were 1950s' stars Fats Domino, Screamin’ Jay Hawkins, Little Richard, Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, The Everlys and Buddy Holly through to The Coasters, The Drifters, and others. Later his taste expanded to the jazz influences of Charles Mingus, Thelonious Monk, Art Blakey and Miles Davis. Later still the voice of Ray Charles and the soul of James Brown.

paragraph: During the 1960s Werth went to art school at the outset of the pop-art era and was trained by some of the major British exponents of that movement. His graphic art skills led to a job designing album covers at Pye Records for The Kinks, Sandie Shaw, Marlene Dietrich and the Gerry Anderson "Thunderbirds" (and related) EP series, among countless other projects.

paragraph: In the later part of the '60s Werth was gigging around London with various musicians and the notion of setting up the band Audience first came to light.

paragraph: The year 1969 saw the first Audience album and sharing the stage with Led Zeppelin and Pink Floyd and touring with Rod Stewart and The Faces, Jeff Beck and others. Audience was often supported by another Charisma stablemate, Genesis. Audience recorded three further albums with Charisma. The first album, "Friends Friends Friend", was produced and designed by the band members. Later legendary producer Gus Dudgeon, arranger Robert Kirby and top record sleeve designers Hipgnosis were bought in for their follow-up albums "House on the Hill", their most successful album, and "Lunch".

paragraph: In 1972 Werth and Trevor Wiliams decided to disband Audience in order to pursue other projects. Werth recorded his first solo album, "King Brilliant", in late 1972 as "Howard Werth and the Moonbeams". At the same time he was approached by The Doors to step in as a replacement for the late Jim Morrison. After a period of rehearsals in London, Ray Manzarek made the decision for The Doors not to continue without Morrison. It was an amicable split and, later on, Werth worked with Manzarek in Hollywood, some of which led to Werth's next album "Six Of One and Half a Dozen of the Other". This was originally released on Howard’s own METAbop! label, in conjunction with Jake Riviera, Elvis Costello’s manager and business partner, the man who started Stiff Records.

paragraph: During his time in West Coast America, Werth worked extensively with Captain Beefheart’s Magic Band.

paragraph: When Werth returned to the UK he created a new label,4D LIGHT followed by Luminous Records, for his future releases.

paragraph: Although not shelving his solo projects Audience reunited in 2004. With Keith Gemmell and Trevor Williams went back on the road, gigging in Germany, Italy, Canada and the UK, replacing Tony Connor with drummer/vocalist John Fisher (born 8 December 1960, Buxton, Derbyshire) and recording a live album "Alive & Kickin' & Screamin' & Shoutin’" for Eclectic Records.

paragraph: After John Fisher died from pancreatic cancer on 27 September 2008, Audience recruited Letz Zep drummer Simon Jeffrey.

paragraph: Audience re-emerged again when they played London's 100 Club in March 2013 which will be followed by a short UK tour later in the year but Werth, along with bassist Trevor Williams, has been performing on & off with blues rock band Blue Pulse since 2009.

paragraph: In early 2012 a track recorded with Blue Pulse, "Kebab and Burger", is being considered for release as a single under the name HOWARD WERTH and Blue Pulse. Later in the year a compilation "Best of ..." album is being put together under the title "the Grapes of Werth".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- AllMusic "Audience at AllMusic", "AllMusic"

paragraph: BULLET::::- AllMusic "House on the Hill", "AllMusic"

description: English musician

wikidata_label: Howard Werth

wikipedia_title: Howard Werth


text: Eugen Rehfisch

text: Marlene Dietrich

text: Erwin Piscator

text: Warner Brothers

text: The Life of Emile Zola

text: BBC

text: Office of Strategic Services

text: Sefton Internment Camp

text: Hermann Friedmann

text: Staatsschauspiel Dresden

text: Guilty Melody

text: Birmingham Repertory Theatre

text: George Stephenson

text: The New School for Social Research

text: Academy of Arts, Berlin

text: Dreyfus

text: Dreams That Money Can Buy

text: Hans Richter

text: Kenneth Macpherson

text: Peggy Guggenheim

text: Max Ernst

text: Marcel Duchamp

text: Man Ray

text: Alexander Calder

text: Darius Milhaud

text: Fernand Léger

text: Venice Film Festival

text: Tzadikim Nistarim

text: Children of the Street

text: Dreyfus

text: Disk 413

text: Guilty Melody

text: Water for Canitoga

text: Doctor Bertram

text: The Little Slave

text: The Last Company

text: Danton

text: Dreams That Money Can Buy

text: Peggy Guggenheim

text: Bluebeard

text: Hans Rehfisch at the British Film Institute

text: Hans Rehfisch on the German Film Portal

text: Refugee Artists from Nazi Germany

text: Amazon Germany

text: Jewish Theatre: A Global View

categories: German screenwriters,German theatre managers and producers,20th-century German dramatists and playwrights,1891 births,German male dramatists and playwrights,German short story writers,German male short story writers

paragraph: Hans Rehfisch

paragraph: Hans Rehfisch (10 April 1891 – 9 June 1960), also known as Hans José Rehfisch or H.J. Rehfisch, was a German playwright, short story writer and film script writer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born to Jewish parents in Berlin, where his father Eugen Rehfisch was a physician, Hans began his career as a successful lawyer before turning his hand to literature and the theatre. He became the most famous German playwright of the 1920s. Marlene Dietrich made her name as a young actress in Berlin playing the role of Lou in Rehfisch's social satire "Duel at the Lido" in 1926.

paragraph: Together with Erwin Piscator he led the Zentraltheater in 1920, in the Alten Jakobstrasse, Berlin-Mitte.

paragraph: His most notorious work was probably "The Dreyfus Affair" (1929) a historical play written in collaboration with Wilhelm Herzog. It was made into a German film (1930), a British film (1931) and plagiarised in a Hollywood film. Rehfisch sued Warner Brothers film studios for using his work in the film "The Life of Emile Zola" (1937) and though he was awarded damages he did not win a writer's credit on the film.

paragraph: Section::::1930s and 1940s.

paragraph: Rehfisch also published works under the pseudonyms H.G. Tennyson Holmes, René Kestner, Sydney Phillips, Georg Turner-Krebs, José Rehfisch and Georg Turner. He was a freelance writer until March 1933, when he was arrested by the Nazis in Dresden after the premiere of a play called "Hauptmann Grisel's Betrayal", a warning of the dangers of National Socialism.

paragraph: He was released on the condition that he left the country never to return, so he escaped first to Vienna and then to London, where he worked first as a metal worker,

paragraph: then for the BBC and the US Office of Strategic Services.

paragraph: While interred at Sefton Internment Camp on the Isle of Man in 1940, Rehfisch directed a modern-dress production of Julius Caesar (see citation 6 above). Once released and in London, together with the philosopher Hermann Friedmann, the journalist Heinz Jaeger (1899-1975) and the former artistic director of the Staatsschauspiel Dresden Karl Wollf (1876-1952), Rehfisch founded The Club 1943,

paragraph: a cultural association of German-speaking emigrants. (This was after he left the FGCL or Free German League of Culture).

paragraph: In 1944 he edited a symposium "On Tyrants: 4 Centuries of Struggle against Tyranny in Germany", published by The Club 1943. Some of his plays written in English were produced in London, for instance "G.I. Brides at Sea", which was played at the Granville Theatre of Varieties in Walham Green in July 1946. One of his short stories, titled "Guilty Melody", was made into a British film in 1936. In 1938 "The Iron Road" was written in English by Rehfisch in collaboration with the English screenwriter Rupert Downing, for a production at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre which opened on 8 October that year. It was commissioned to mark the centenary of the London to Birmingham railway line, and dramatised the trials of George Stephenson who had to build over a swamp, and the effect of the railways on trade and the common man. Directed by Herbert M. Prentice it was considered an artistic success but did not transfer to London.

paragraph: Section::::Return to Germany.

paragraph: After World War II he taught at The New School for Social Research in New York (1947–49), then returned to Germany in 1950 to settle in Hamburg. He made the first of many visits to East Germany in 1957. Rehfisch wrote many successful plays, mostly on the subject of politics, contemporary society and the abuse of power. "Wer weint um Juckenack?" or "Who Cries for Juckenack" (1924) was made into a TV film in 1965.

paragraph: Rehfisch plays were often forensic in nature, involving the uncovering of truth and often featuring lawyers and judges. He was twice president of the Union of German Stage Writers and Composers (1931–33 and 1951–53). In 1967 his selected works appeared in four volumes, edited by the Eastern German Academy of Arts, Berlin.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: In "The Dreyfus Affair" (1929) Rehfisch used a historical story to denounce militarism and anti-Semitism. It was adapted into a British film, entitled "Dreyfus", in 1931. "Der Verrat des Hauptmanns Grisel" ("Captain Grisel's Betrayal") (1932) warned of the approaching fascist dictatorship. His last play, "The Boomerang" (1960, presented that year at the Leipziger Schauspielhaus) deals with the 1872 trial of A. Bebel and W. Liebknecht. Rehfisch also wrote the novels "The Witches of Paris" (1951) and "Lysistrata’s Marriage" (1959). His book about Danton was made into a German film in 1931.

paragraph: His greatest success in the postwar period was the antimilitarist "Colonel Chabert" comedy in 1955-56. He also wrote radio plays, and for a time was chairman of the Society for the Exploitation of Literary Copyrights (GELU).

paragraph: He was co-writer of an experimental American film called "Dreams That Money Can Buy". A 1947 feature in colour, it was directed by surrealist artist and dada film-theorist Hans Richter, and produced by Kenneth Macpherson and Peggy Guggenheim. Collaborators included Max Ernst, Marcel Duchamp, Man Ray, Alexander Calder, Darius Milhaud and Fernand Léger. The film won the Award for the Best Original Contribution to the Progress of Cinematography at the 1947 Venice Film Festival.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Rehfisch married first Lilli Stadhagen (1917-1938) an Adlerian psychoanalyst. They had two children, the poet Beata Duncan and her brother Tom Rehfisch, before divorcing. He was then married to Antonie Wald from 1942 until his death in Scuol, Switzerland on 9 June 1960.

paragraph: Section::::Plays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die goldenen Waffen" - Tragedy (1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das Paradies" - a Tragedy (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Chauffeur Martin" - A tragedy in 5 acts (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deukalion" - A mythological drama (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Erziehung durch „Kolibri“" - Comedy in 3 acts (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wer weint um Juckenack?" ("Who Weeps for Juckenack?") - Tragi-comedy in 3 acts (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nickel and the 36 Righteous" (about the Tzadikim Nistarim) - Comedy in 3 acts (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Duel at the Lido" - Comedy in 3 acts (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Darüber läßt sich reden" - Berlin Bilderbogen in 3 acts (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Razzia" - ("Raid") A Berlin tragi-comedy in 9 sketches (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Frauenarzt" - (The Gynaecologist) play in 3 acts (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pietro Aretino" - Play in 3 Akten (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dreyfus Affair" - Play in 5 acts (1929) (collaboration with Wilhelm Herzog)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brest-Litowsk" - A drama on European Peace (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Verrat des Hauptmanns Grisel" - Play in 3 acts (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Doktor Semmelweis" - Play (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gentlemen" - Play (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der lächerliche Sir Anthony" - Play (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " The Chain'´ - play in 3 acts (1935), as HG Tennyson-Holme

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Water for Canitoga" - Play in 3 acts (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Erste Liebe" - Comedy (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kampf ums Blatt" - Play (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "College Boys" - Play (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Iron Road" - Play (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "G.I. Brides at Sea" - Play (1943) (with Lionel Birch)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quell der Verheissung" - Play (1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hände Weg Von Helena!" - Play (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Eiserne Straße" - Play (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Von Der Reise Zurück" - Play (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das Ewig Weibliche" - Play (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Kassenarzt" - Play (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oberst Chabert" - Play in 3 acts based on a story by Balzac (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Strafsache Doktor Helbig" (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jenseits der Angst" - Play in 3 acts (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bumerang" - Play (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Verrat in Rom" - Play in 3 acts (1960)

paragraph: Section::::Films.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Children of the Street" (Germany, 1929, based on the play "Razzia")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dreyfus" (UK, 1931, based on the play "The Dreyfus Affair")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Disk 413" (France, 1936, based on the short story "The Guilty Voice")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guilty Melody" (UK, 1936, based on the short story "The Guilty Voice")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Water for Canitoga" (Germany, 1939, based on the play "Water for Canitoga") - uncredited

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Doctor Bertram" (West Germany, 1957, based on the play "Der Frauenarzt")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hexen von Paris" (East Germany, 1958, TV play, based on the novel "The Witches of Paris")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Affäre Dreyfus" (West Germany, 1959, TV play, based on the play "The Dreyfus Affair")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wer weint um Juckenack?" (West Germany, 1965, TV play, based on the play "Wer weint um Juckenack?")

paragraph: Section::::Films.:Screenwriter.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Little Slave" (Germany, 1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Last Company" (Germany, 1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Danton" (Germany, 1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dreams That Money Can Buy" (1947, produced by Peggy Guggenheim)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bluebeard" (France/West Germany, 1951)

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Tyrannos - Four centuries of struggle against tyranny in Germany. A symposium. (Hrsg. by Hans Rehfisch, 1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Witches of Paris - novel (1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lysistratas Wedding - novel (1959)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sashenkov, E. “Poslednee slovo bol’shogo dramaturga.” Teatr, 1960, no. 12. (in Russian)

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Golos pravdy razryvaet ‘bonnskoe molchanie.’” Inostrannaia lit-ra, 1962, no. 4. (in Russian)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daniel Fulda: Rehfisch, Hans. In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Band 21, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2003, , S. 280 f. (Digitalisat).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eva Maria Quatember: Hans José Rehfisch. Eine Einführung in sein dramatisches Werk. Wien, 1983 (Dissertation als Manuskript in der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sonja Bognar: Hans José Rehfisch im österreichischen Exil. Wien, 2005 (Dissertation als Manuskript in der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kay Weniger: Zwischen Bühne und Baracke. Lexikon der verfolgten Theater-, Film- und Musikkünstler 1933 bis 1945. Metropol, Berlin 2008, , S. 282f

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hans Rehfisch at the British Film Institute

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hans Rehfisch on the German Film Portal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Erwin Piscator's Political Theatre: the Development of Modern German Drama by C D Innes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jewish Filmmakers in Germany, Association of Jewish Refugees

paragraph: BULLET::::- Refugee Artists from Nazi Germany

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amazon Germany

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jewish Theatre: A Global View

description: German screenwriter and writer (1891-1960)

wikidata_label: Hans José Rehfisch

wikipedia_title: Hans Rehfisch


text:
Philadelphia
Pennsylvania
lighting designer
production designer
Pink Floyd
Paul McCartney
48 Hours
Blue Man Group
Christina Aguilera
David Gilmour
Nine Inch Nails
John Mayer
Pink
Keith Urban
Barbra Streisand
Black Eyed Peas
Roger Waters
Whitney Houston
Slipknot
Bruce Springsteen
Hans Zimmer
Yusuf Islam
Steven Spielberg
Minority Report
A.I. Artificial Intelligence
Sam Raimi
Spider-Man
Running Man
I Robot
Cat in the Hat
Let’s Make A Deal
Chris Botti
Empire State Building
Young Frankenstein
The Rascals
Empire State Building
Grateful Dead
Soldier Field

categories: 1953 births,Central High School (Philadelphia) alumni,American production designers,Living people

paragraph: Marc Brickman

paragraph: Marc Brickman (born June 15, 1953, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is a director, producer, lighting designer and production designer. He is an Emmy nominee. His visuals for Pink Floyd are well-known. Paul McCartney "48 Hours", Barcelona and Nagano Olympics Ceremonies, Cirque du Soleil (Viva Elvis), Blue Man Group, Christina Aguilera, David Gilmour, Nine Inch Nails, John Mayer, Pink, Keith Urban, Barbra Streisand, Black Eyed Peas, Roger Waters, Whitney Houston, Slipknot, Bruce Springsteen, Composer Hans Zimmer’s Concert Series and Yusuf Islam are among his show designs.

paragraph: Film projects have included Steven Spielberg’s Minority Report, A.I. Artificial Intelligence, Sam Raimi’s Spider-Man, Running Man, I Robot, and Cat in the Hat. Television credits include "Let’s Make A Deal", "Live to Dance" and Chris Botti’s PBS Specials.

paragraph: Arts commissions include a large-scale multimedia and digital installation at the Salzburg Festpiel. Architectural projects include the 2012 re-lighting of the Empire State Building.

paragraph: Brickman made his Broadway debut in 2007 with Young Frankenstein. His show for which he is co-director and producer, “Once Upon A Dream” starring The Rascals completed a sold out Broadway run. featuring The Rascals.

paragraph: On July 4, 2015, "Billboard" reported that Brickman's lighting of the Empire State Building in New York was designed as a tribute to the Grateful Dead’s Fare Thee Well shows at Soldier Field in Chicago and Independence Day, New York’s iconic skyscraper turned red, white and blue, with a “swirl of the color spectrum” to approximate the band’s tied-dyed ethic.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::-  1988 Pink Floyd interview by M. Williams

paragraph: BULLET::::-  September 1994 Lighting Dimensions: Pink Floyd World Tour (US Leg)

paragraph: BULLET::::-  Marc Brickman's work on Waters Tour

description: American designer

wikidata_label: Marc Brickman

wikipedia_title: Marc Brickman


text: Col.

text: Kaszyce

text: Lwów

text: Second Polish Republic

text: Commander-in-chief

text: defense of Lwów

text: Polish–Ukrainian War

text: Polish–Soviet War

text: Virtuti Militari

text: monograph

text: University of Łódź

text: University of Łódź

text: Jarosław

text: Lviv University

text: Gymnasium

text: Przemyśl

text: partitions

text: Austro-Hungarian Army

text: Polish Army

text: Polish-Ukrainian War

text: battle of Lemberg (1918)

text: Polish-Soviet War

text: colonel

text: ppłk

text: pogrom erupted in the Jewish Quarter

text: Jewish Religious Community

text: Bolesław Roja

text: Bolesław Roja

text: Colonel

text: Warsaw

text: Sejm

text: Christian Union of National Unity

text: Cross of Independence

text: Polish–Soviet War

text: Lwów pogrom

text: Lviv

text: collapse of the Soviet Union

text: Order of Virtuti Militari

text: Cross of Independence

text: Order of Polonia Restituta

text: Cross of Valour

text: Lwów pogrom (1918)

text: Czesław Mączyński. Biography.

categories: Officers of the Order of Polonia Restituta,Recipients of the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari,Polish Army officers,1935 deaths,Austro-Hungarian Army officers,1881 births,Recipients of the Cross of Independence with Swords

paragraph: Czesław Mączyński

paragraph: Col. Czesław Mączyński (9 July 1881 in Kaszyce - 15 July 1935 in Lwów) was a Polish officer, politician in the Second Polish Republic, and the Commander-in-chief of the Polish military contingent during the defense of Lwów – also called the Battle of Lemberg – throughout November 1918 (part of the Polish–Ukrainian War), as well as the Polish–Soviet War of 1920. He was the recipient of some of the highest Polish military awards including Virtuti Militari, and a subject of the 2004 monograph by Jacek Miliński from University of Łódź.Książki, Pułkownik Czesław Mączyński 1881–1935. Obrońca Lwowa i polityk Drugiej Rzeczpospolitej (The Defender of Lwów and Politician of the Second Republic) By Jacek Miliński (University of Łódź), Publisher: Trio, Warsaw 2004, ./ref

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Mączyński graduated from high-school in Jarosław and studied at the University of Lemberg (now Lviv University, Ukraine). He worked as teacher of the Polish, Latin and Greek languages at the Gymnasium No.1 in Przemyśl under partitions. When the First World War erupted, he was drafted by the Austrians. He served in the Austro-Hungarian Army, reaching a rank of captain. Around 1918 he joined the nascent Polish Army fighting for independence, and in the Polish-Ukrainian War served in the battle of Lemberg (1918), where he organized the defense of the city, and was "de facto" in command. Later, he fought in the Polish-Soviet War, and reached the rank of colonel in the Polish Army.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Commander of Lwów.

paragraph: Mączyński, along with ppłk Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski won the battle for Lwów, which lasted for three weeks, and has taken the lives of 439 Polish and 250 Ukrainian soldiers. They took over the city on the night of 21/22 November 1918. On the morning of 22 November Mączyński issued a proclamation to all inhabitants of Lwów regardless of creed or religion assuring that they have nothing to fear and their rights will be respected by the new Polish administration providing they don't take up arms. However, at about 9am that same morning a pogrom erupted in the Jewish Quarter. Within hours Mączyński was visited by the President of the Jewish Religious Community Emil Parnas with Emil Wasser requesting protection; also addressed by them, were Ernest Adam from "Polski Komitet Obywatelski" and President Władysław Stesłowicz. General Roja issued an order convening of courts martial in deserving cases, but Mączyński did not receive it until two days later, which was blamed on the office-shop mishap.

paragraph: On Saturday, 23 November, Brigadier General Bolesław Roja nominated Mączyński as the Commander of Lwów and its County, and transferred his military duties to Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski. Meanwhile, the pogrom continued throughout Saturday. Wiktor Chajes, Emil Parnas and Emil Wasser pleaded also with Roja and received his promise of protection. The assailants set on fire a few Jewish houses on the north side of Krakowski Square and the nearby streets. The Zipper's jewelry store in the square was ransacked, along with Gabriel Starck at Akademicki Square, Stauber's on Mariacki Square and the Jewish stores along ul. Karola Ludwika including the "Abbazia" café and the "New York" café, not to mention the actual Jewish Quarter where stores were robbed as a matter of course. Roja declared martial law. Soldiers were prohibited from leaving the barracks. Patrols were sent out and ordered to disarm any soldier without a unit. Roja confiscated an appeal to the Jewish community written by Mączyński, because he mentioned in it instances of Jewish attacks on Polish servicemen reported to him, including shooting from concealment and throwing of axes. The riots were extinguished by General Roja on 24 November 1918.

paragraph: According to historian Carole Fink, Mączyński delayed the implementation of a November 22 order for martial law from Brigadier General Bolesław Roja for a day and a half. In the interim, Mączyński issued inflammatory proclamations, using what has been described as "medieval terminology," of supposed acts of Jewish treachery against Polish troops. He claimed, for example, that Jews had attacked Poles with axes. The Jewish quarter was cordoned off for 48 hours by fire officials, and buildings in the quarter, including 3 synagogues, were allowed to burn. The killing and burning in the quarter had already been done by the time Mączyński allowed patrols to enter the area.

paragraph: The report written by Colonel Czesław Mączyński afterwards attempted to summarize the terrible human losses from his perspective as Commander of Lwów.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Official investigation.

paragraph: Soon after the pogrom, a special state commission arrived from Warsaw in order to investigate, including Leon Chrzanowski and Józef Wasserzug. Their initial assessment was not entirely researched and suggested over 150 victims. Death count was later adjusted to include 73 persons killed of whom the youngest was only 11 years old, and the oldest, 80. There were 372 Jews seriously wounded, and over 50 homes burned including the Old Synagogue at Bożnicza Street and the Hasidic Synagogue at the corner of pl. św. Teodora and ul. Węglana. At least 3,729 homes, stores and workshops were robbed. Subsequently, some 1,600 persons were arrested, suspected of participating in the pogrom. The majority of them were released soon thereafter. In mid February 1919 charges were laid against 79 suspects, including 46 women and 8 army soldiers. Convicted of crime were 44 individuals, sentenced from 10 days to 18 months in prison. Three participants were sentenced to death for capital offences, and executed. According to internal investigation by the Jewish Rescue Committee ("Żydowski Komitet Ratunkowy") held alongside the official state investigation, most rapes, robberies and murders were committed by unidentified soldiers.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Postwar career.

paragraph: After the war, Mączyński settled near Brzeżany and became a social activist. In 1922 he was elected as Deputy to the first Polish parliament (Sejm) as member of the right-wing Christian Union of National Unity coalition from Lwów. He returned to the Army in 1927 at the age of 46 but retired two years later in 1929, and in 1933 was awarded the Cross of Independence with Swords for his service during the Polish–Soviet War. He also published his memoirs and analysis of the battle of Lwów, titled " Boje Lwowskie", with description of the anti-Jewish "Lwów pogrom". Mączyński remained single. Known to local nationalists, he was a target of notable arsons. He died of an illness at the age of 54. His place in the Polish history of Lviv was reasserted only after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

paragraph: Section::::Honours and awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Silver Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cross of Independence with Swords

paragraph: BULLET::::- Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cross of Valour - four times

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lwów pogrom (1918)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Czesław Mączyński. Biography. Fundacja Edukacyjna „Perspektywy”, I Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Juliusza Słowackiego w Przemyślu.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stefan Mękarski, "Czesław Mączyński" (in "Obrona Lwowa" t.II, Warszawa 1993)

description: Officer of the Polish Army, polish politician

wikidata_label: Czesław Mączyński

wikipedia_title: Czesław Mączyński


text:
blues
Thank You Shirl-ee May
nightclub singer
Famous Amos
Wally Amos
schizoaffective disorder
Thank You Shirl-ee May
The Huffington Post
Marta Martin
Miramax
The Prophecy
Rhino Entertainment
A&R
Grammy
Quincy Jones
Rhino
Shout! Factory
Thank You Shirl-ee May
Solomon Burke
Marvin Gaye
What's Going On
Dirty Dozen Brass Band
Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass
Ozomatli
The Tonight Show with Jay Leno
Amos Content Group
The New York Times
FleishmanHillard
GMR Marketing
Forbes
Milken Institute
CES
Freshwire
FleishmanHillard
Shreveport
Grammy
Mindi Abair
Official Website
FleishmanHillard profile

categories: Tisch School of the Arts alumni,Songwriters from New York (state),Boston University alumni,American technology chief executives,Living people,1967 births,Record producers from New York (state),Williston Northampton School alumni,Musicians from New York City

paragraph: Shawn Amos

paragraph: Shawn Ellis Amos (born September 13, 1967) is an American songwriter, blues singer, record producer and digital marketing entrepreneur.

paragraph: His most well-known album, "Thank You Shirl-ee May", was released in 2005. It was written as an homage to his mother, a nightclub singer who performed under the stage name "Shirl-ee May".

paragraph: Section::::Personal background.

paragraph: Amos was born in New York, New York. He is the youngest son of Famous Amos chocolate chip cookie founder Wally Amos and the only son of Shirlee Ellis (professionally known as Shirl-ee May in the early 1960s). Throughout Amos' childhood and adulthood, his mother suffered from schizoaffective disorder and ultimately committed suicide in 2003. The trauma of the event and his subsequent discovery of her early singing career were the inspiration behind his 2005 album release Thank You Shirl-ee May.

paragraph: On January 19, 2011, The Huffington Post released the first installment of a four-part series chronicling his childhood in 1970s Los Angeles.

paragraph: Amos sits on the Didi Hirsch Mental Health Services Board of Directors.

paragraph: Amos married actress Marta Martin in 1999. The couple have three children and reside in Los Angeles.

paragraph: Section::::Professional background.

paragraph: In 1995, Amos' song "Angel in Black" was placed in the Miramax film "The Prophecy".

paragraph: While at Rhino Entertainment's A&R department in 1997, Amos produced the Grammy-nominated historical box set "Rhapsodies in Black: Music and Words from the Harlem Renaissance".

paragraph: In 2001, Amos produced Quincy Jones' career overview "". Jones subsequently asked Amos to run his Listen Up Foundation as Executive Director.

paragraph: Amos released the album "In Between" in 2002. In 2003, he was recruited by Rhino co-founders Richard Foos, Garson Foos and Bob Emmer to oversee the A&R department of their newly formed entertainment company, Shout! Factory. The label released his "Thank You Shirl-ee May" album, and his song "Vicious Circle" from Harlem was sung by label mate Solomon Burke. In 2007, Amos performed on and produced the "Solomon Burke & Friends: Live in Nashville" televised concert.

paragraph: During 2005-06, Amos conceived and co-produced a remake of the 1971 Marvin Gaye album "What's Going On", performed by the Dirty Dozen Brass Band; conceived and executive produced a remix album of Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass' "Whipped Cream and Other Delights"; and joined with Alpert and Ozomatli for a performance of "Love Potion No. 9" on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" in March 2006.

paragraph: On November 4, 2009, Amos announced the formation of his own company, Amos Content Group, to develop content for digital media and traditional companies.

paragraph: In August 2012, "The New York Times" announced that Amos Content Group, public relations company FleishmanHillard, and GMR Marketing created a new joint venture called Freshwire.

paragraph: In October 2012, Amos was named one of Forbes "Up and Comers."

paragraph: Amos has moderated or spoken at several notable industry panels, including the Milken Institute, the Thread Summit in Colorado, Las Vegas' CES Convention, TEDxEast, and "OMD Predicts" in Dubai, an event for EMEA marketing leaders.

paragraph: In 2015, Freshwire officially became FleishmanHillard ContentWorks, and Amos was named Chief Content Innovation Officer of the Americas.

paragraph: Section::::Recent music activity.

paragraph: In 2014, Amos released "The Reverend Shawn Amos Tells It", a six-song EP including four cover songs and two original songs.

paragraph: His second full-length album, "The Reverend Shawn Amos Loves You", was released on October 16, 2015. It was recorded in Shreveport, Louisiana, and is produced by two-time Grammy-nominated American saxophonist Mindi Abair

paragraph: Section::::Production credits.

paragraph: [ AllMusic.com]

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- FleishmanHillard profile

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Shawn Amos

wikipedia_title: Shawn Amos


text:
Paris
Estagel
French
astronomer
École Polytechnique
astronomy
Bureau des Longitudes
French Academy of Sciences
binary star
ξ Ursae Majoris
Ampère

categories: 1841 deaths,1797 births,French astronomers

paragraph: Félix Savary

paragraph: Félix Savary, who was born on 4 October 1797 in Paris and died on 15 July 1841 in Estagel, was a French astronomer.

paragraph: He studied at the École Polytechnique, where he was later a professor of astronomy. He was a librarian at the Bureau des Longitudes between 1823 and 1829, and was elected to the French Academy of Sciences on 24 December 1832.

paragraph: In his works "Mémoire sur les orbites des étoiles doubles" and "Sur la détermination des orbites que décrivent autour de leur centre de gravité deux étoiles très rapprochées l'une de l'autre", published in 1827, he was the first to use observations of a visual binary star to calculate the orbit of one star about the other. He applied his method to the star ξ Ursae Majoris.

paragraph: He worked with Ampère, publishing in 1823 the work "Mémoire sur l'application du calcul aux phénomènes électro-dynamiques".

description: French astronomer

wikidata_label: Félix Savary

wikipedia_title: Félix Savary


text: London

text: Cairo

text: Ottoman

text: Armenian

text: architect

text: Bulgarian St. Stephen Church

text: Istanbul

text: Turkey

text: Istanbul

text: Rome

text: Ramgavar Party

text: Armenian Genocide

text: Egypt

text: Short biography of Hovsep Aznavur

text: Stefan Bulgar Kilisesi

categories: 1854 births,1935 deaths,Artists from London,People of the Ottoman Empire,Architects of the Ottoman Empire,Armenians of the Ottoman Empire,Ethnic Armenian architects,British Armenians

paragraph: Hovsep Aznavur

paragraph: Hovsep Aznavur (; 1854, London - June 1935, Cairo) was an Ottoman Armenian architect. He is noted for his construction plans for the Bulgarian St. Stephen Church of Istanbul, Turkey.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in London in 1854, Aznavur's family moved to Istanbul in 1867. Aznavur completed his studies at the Academy of Fine Arts in Rome. He was active in Armenian community life. In 1921, he became a founding member of the Ramgavar Party, one of the three major historic Armenian political parties. He escaped from Istanbul after the Armenian Genocide and died at the end of June 1935 in Cairo, Egypt.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pamukçiyan, Kevork. "IV. Biyografileriyle Ermeniler, Ermeni Kaynaklarından Tarihe Katkılar", yayına hazırlayan: Osman Köker, Aras Yayıncılık, Istanbul, August 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Short biography of Hovsep Aznavur

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tigran Khzmalyan. Armenian Architects of Istanbul: Online Exhibition, March 27, 2015

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stefan Bulgar Kilisesi

alias:
Hovsep Aznavour
Hovsep Kerovbei Aznavuryan

description: Ottoman-Armenian architect

wikidata_label: Hovsep Aznavur

wikipedia_title: Hovsep Aznavur


text:
British
LMP1
Le Mans 24 Hours
Scottish
rallycross
classic cars
South Kensington
racing
Goodwood Revival
Nordschleife
Nordschleife
BMW M3
Sebring 12 Hours
Le Mans 24 Hours
Porsche GT3
American Le Mans Series
Le Mans 24 Hours
Le Mans Series
Istanbul
Le Mans Series
Larbre Competition
Aston Martin DBR9
Interlagos
Le Mans 24 Hours
Paul Ricard
Le Mans Classic
American Le Mans Series
LMP1
Road America
Official Gregor Fisken website

categories: 1964 births,European Le Mans Series drivers,American Le Mans Series drivers,British GT Championship drivers,24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,British sports businesspeople,British racing drivers,Living people

paragraph: Gregor Fisken

paragraph: Gregor Fisken is a British racing driver and businessman (born 28 September 1964) who currently races historic and modern-day sportscars. He is one of only a handful of racing drivers to have driven in all four classes (LMP1, LMP2, GT1 and GT2) at the famous Le Mans 24 Hours motor race.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Fisken began his career as an apprentice mechanic with the famous Scottish restorer and dealer of pre-war motorcars, Bunty Scott-Moncrieff, while also trying his luck at rallycross in old cars he prepared. In the late 1980s Gregor worked in the sales department of Coys of Kensington, an upmarket classic car dealership in a Kensington Mews.

paragraph: In 1996 Fisken’s passion for classic cars led him to open his dealership, Fiskens Fine Historic Automobiles, in London’s upmarket South Kensington. As of 2014, the business continues to operate successfully, with work currently underway to expand the premises.

paragraph: Section::::Racing Success.

paragraph: With continuing business success, Fisken decided to turn his attention back to racing – both in historic cars and more modern machinery.

paragraph: In 1998, Fisken managed the feat of winning his class in both the Tour Auto and the Monaco Historic Grand Prix as well as finish a competitive second overall in the British Empire Trophy at Silverstone in a Porsche 962 Group C car. A first foray in modern racing netted Fisken a third in the Silverstone GT race in a McLaren F1 GTR.

paragraph: Due to a lack of spare time, Fisken was forced to cut back on his racing activities in 1999 and 2000, only being able to compete in one race each year. Success still arrived though, scoring a third in class in the Spa 3 Hours and winning his class for the second time in the Monaco Historic Grand Prix.

paragraph: For 2001, Fisken competed in the Spa 24 Hours, but was unable to finish due to mechanical failure, in modern racing as well as two other races in classic cars: the Goodwood Revival Meeting Tourist Trophy, which he won with team-mate Emmanuele Pirro, and the Nurburgring 500 km where he won his class on the famous Nordschleife.

paragraph: 2002 saw him return to the Nordschleife for the Nurburgring 24 Hours where he finished third in class in a BMW M3 despite spending over an hour in the pits with mechanical problems.

paragraph: Work commitments proved too much in 2003, but a return to modern racing in 2004 saw Fisken compete in two iconic races: the Sebring 12 Hours and the Le Mans 24 Hours, both with the GT – Racers Group Porsche GT3 RSR.

paragraph: Attracted by endurance racing, in 2005 Fisken signed up to the Intersport team for two rounds of the American Le Mans Series (with a best in class result in Portland) and the Le Mans 24 Hours (retired after having led his class), and with Team Jota for two rounds of the Le Mans Series (best result of fifth overall in Istanbul).

paragraph: Mechanical problems plagued the 2006 season in which the best result possible was a first in class in the Shell Historic Ferrari Challenge and a fourth in the Donington 1000 km driving an LMP1 works Courage.

paragraph: 2007 saw Fisken race for the complete year in the Le Mans Series for Larbre Competition in the Aston Martin DBR9 with a best result being 1st in class in the Mille Milhas, Interlagos, Brazil. He did, however, manage to make the finish in the Le Mans 24 Hours, with the same car, with a respectable 13th in class. He was also awarded the Scott Moncrieffe award, named after his former employer Bunty, given for sportsmanship and services to historic racing.

paragraph: In 2008, Fisken experienced the thrill of a lifetime driving the famous Ferrari 330 P3 at Paul Ricard, twice finishing on the podium. An appearance at the Le Mans Classic and Silverstone Classic weekends showed that he had lost none of his passion for old-timers. A return to the American Le Mans Series quickly followed with 19th position overall and 4th in the LMP1 class at Road America with Intersport.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Gregor Fisken website

description: British racing driver

wikidata_label: Gregor Fisken

wikipedia_title: Gregor Fisken


text:
professional wrestler
Chikara
The Osirian Portal
stable
Hieracon
gimmick
mask
The Wrestle Factory
Mike Quackenbush
Chikara Wrestle Factory
gimmick
masks
The Osirian Portal
anthropomorphic
King Cobra
break dancing
pharaoh
hypnosis
wheelbarrow hold
Shane Storm
Jigsaw
King of Trios
The Batiri
Delirious
Under the Hood
Sarcophagus match
Hallowicked
Frightmare
Chikara
Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas
1 time
Amasis
Silver Ant
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Cagematch profile

categories: Masked wrestlers,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people),American male professional wrestlers

paragraph: Ophidian (wrestler)

paragraph: Ophidian is a professional wrestler best known for performing with Chikara. He was previously a member of The Osirian Portal stable along with his former partners Amasis and Hieracon. His gimmick is an anthropomorphic Egyptian cobra, which is reflected in his in-ring gear and cobra head mask as well as his mannerisms and speech. Ophidian currently serves as an assistant trainer at The Wrestle Factory, operated by Chikara founder Mike Quackenbush.

paragraph: Ophidian trained at the Chikara Wrestle Factory wrestling school. Upon graduation he began teaming with Amasis and the pair adopted their gimmick and their masks to become The Osirian Portal, a team inspired by ancient Egyptian culture. Ophidian became an anthropomorphic King Cobra while Amasis became a break dancing pharaoh. Part of their gimmick involved hypnosis, wherein Amasis would hold Ophidian in a wheelbarrow hold, while the latter places his hands together and waves them in front of their opponents, hypnotizing them.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Chikara.:The Osirian Portal (2007–2011).

paragraph: Amasis and Ophidian made their debut as a tag team on September 22, 2007 at the Chikara show "Cibernetico and Robin", defeating "ShaneSaw" (Shane Storm and Jigsaw) in their first match together. Ophidian had made his debut on June 5 at an XCW Wrestling Mid-West event and had wrestled two matches on his own in Chikara, on July 4 and 21, while for Amasis this was his professional wrestling debut. In early 2008 Amasis and Ophidian entered the King of Trios tournament along with Mecha Mummy forming "Team Egypt". Since that time they tag teamed through 2007 until Amasis retired in September 2011 due to a non-wrestling injury, Ophidian turned on Amasis thus ending the Osirian Portal and turning Ophidian into a Rudo (heel).

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Chikara.:Rudo turn and singles competition (2011–present).

paragraph: Ophidian began using a new look at Chikara shows for the eleventh season, switching to a red snake mask instead of a cobra's head at . Throughout the eleventh season he also began allying himself with The Batiri and Delirious.

paragraph: On October 31, Ophidian released a hip-hop song, "Death To Amasis", about the breakup and "death" of former partner Amasis. Also included were various instrumentals.

paragraph: Amasis returned to Chikara on December 2, 2012, at Under the Hood, starting a rivalry with Ophidian. The two faced off on June 2, 2013, at , where Amasis defeated Ophidian in a Sarcophagus match. Afterwards, Ophidian and Amasis reunited at a Wrestling is Cool event and once again began teaming together.

paragraph: In 2017, Ophidian was defeated in a Sarcophagus match by Hallowicked. Afterwards, The Whisper claimed Ophidian's mask to become the new Ophidian, while the original Ophidian adopted a new mask and the ring name Ouroboros. At CHIKARA’s Season 19 premiere, "Beware The Snowman," Ophidian, stealing the identity of former CHIKARA rudo 17, defeated Ophidian II (The Whisper) by knockout and put his old mask back on, and becoming the original Ophidian again. After the match, Ophidian revealed that he would face Frightmare at National Pro Wrestling Day 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Training.

paragraph: Ophidian is currently a trainer at the Chikara Wrestle Factory and also has run training seminars in Japan, England, Wales, Canada, Jersey (The Channel Islands), Denmark and the United States of America.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chikara

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas (1 time) – with Amasis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rey de Voladores (2010, 2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chilanga Mask

paragraph: BULLET::::- Torneo de Parejas (2015) – with Silver Ant

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Force One Pro Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Force One Pro Wrestling Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Amasis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWI ranked Ophidian #346 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Real Championship Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- RCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Amasis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vicious Outcast Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- VOW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Amasis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Channel Island World Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- United States Champion of the World (1 time)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cagematch profile

description: American professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Ophidian

wikipedia_title: Ophidian (wrestler)


text:
President
New Hampshire Senate
Concord, New Hampshire
Haverhill, New Hampshire
Boston

categories: 19th-century American journalists,Members of the New Hampshire House of Representatives,19th-century American male writers,19th-century American politicians,1856 deaths,New Hampshire Democrats,New Hampshire state senators,Presidents of the New Hampshire Senate,American male journalists,People from Landaff, New Hampshire,American newspaper publishers (people),1811 births

paragraph: James M. Rix

paragraph: James Madison Rix (December 23, 1811 – March 25, 1856) was an American newspaper printer editor, politician and lawyer who served as the President of the New Hampshire Senate.

paragraph: Rix was born to Caleb and Eliza Morrell Rix on December 23, 1811.

paragraph: Rix married Mary Palmer of Concord, New Hampshire, they had a daughter Eliza Rix

paragraph: Rix learned the trade of printing by working in the office of "The Democratic Republican" newspaper in Haverhill, New Hampshire.

paragraph: In July 1838 Rix co-founded "The Coös County Democrat" with James M. Whittemore.

paragraph: Rix died March 25, 1856 in the City Hotel in Boston, Massachusetts.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: James M. Rix

wikipedia_title: James M. Rix