text: Andalusian

text: poet

text: polymath

text: historian

text: jurist

text: philosopher

text: theologian

text: Córdoba

text: Spain

text: Zahiri

text: school of Islamic thought

text: Encyclopaedia of Islam

text: Muslim world

text: comparative religious studies

text: Umayyad

text: Caliph

text: Hisham II

text: Umayyad

text: Caliphs of Córdoba

text: Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir

text: Grand Vizier

text: Hisham III

text: Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo

text: al-Muzaffar

text: Córdoba

text: Taifa

text: Umayyads

text: Zahiri

text: school of Islamic thought

text: Majorca

text: al-Hajjaj

text: Athari

text: grammatical

text: syntactical

text: Qur'an

text: deductive reasoning

text: juristic discretion

text: Maliki

text: Sunni Islam

text: Shafi'i

text: Zahiri

text: Santarém Municipality

text: Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari

text: exegesis of the Qur'an

text: Islamic science

text: theology

text: perception

text: reason

text: Qur'an

text: reflection

text: revelation

text: sense

text: sense experience

text: research

text: discovery

text: sense perception

text: empiricism

text: reason

text: logic

text: Muslim

text: revelation

text: Islam

text: Ihsan Abbas

text: Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri

text: Ibn Said al-Maghribi

text: Arabic language

text: Hebrew language

text: Syriac language

text: Al-Isra

text: Epicurus

text: Prodicus of Ceos

text: free will

text: God

text: Yemen

text: Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i

text: prophetic tradition

text: Muhammad

text: Sahaba

text: Masjid al-Haram

text: Mecca

text: Al-Masjid an-Nabawi

text: Medina

text: Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri

text: Ahmad Shakir

text: Muhammad Abu Zahra

text: Sa'id al-Afghani

text: Ihsan Abbas

text: Hazm (name)

text: Miguel Asín Palacios

text: Camilla Adang

text: Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri

text: Lebanon

text: Eva Riad

text: Biodata at MuslimScholars.info

text: Ibn Hazm and female prophethood

text: Biography

categories: 10th-century Al-Andalus people,People from Córdoba, Andalusia,Critics of Shia Islam,11th-century Al-Andalus people,1064 deaths,Hadith scholars,Muslim theologians,Ibn Hazm,Atharis,Mujaddid,994 births

paragraph: Ibn Hazm

paragraph: Abū Muḥammad ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad ibn Saʿīd ibn Ḥazm (; also sometimes known as al-Andalusī aẓ-Ẓāhirī; November 7, 994 – August 15, 1064 (456 AH) was an Andalusian poet, polymath, historian, jurist, philosopher, and theologian, born in Córdoba, present-day Spain. He was a leading proponent and codifier of the Zahiri school of Islamic thought and produced a reported 400 works, of which only 40 still survive. The Encyclopaedia of Islam refers to him as having been one of the leading thinkers of the Muslim world, and he is widely acknowledged as the father of comparative religious studies.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Lineage.

paragraph: Ibn Hazm's grandfather Sa'id and his father Ahmad both held high advisory positions in the court of the Umayyad Caliph Hisham II. Scholars believe that they were Iberian Christians who converted to Islam.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Upbringing.

paragraph: Having been raised in a politically and economically important family, Ibn Hazm mingled with people of power and influence all his life. He had access to levels of government by his adolescence that most people at the time would never know throughout their whole lives. These experiences with government and politicians caused Ibn Hazm to develop a reluctant and even sad skepticism about human nature and the capacity of human beings to deceive and oppress. His reaction was to believe that there was no refuge or truth except with an infallible God, and that with men resided only corruption. Ibn Hazm was thus known for his cynicism regarding humanity and a strong respect for the principles of language and sincerity in communication.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Ibn Hazm lived among the circle of the ruling hierarchy of the Umayyad government. His experiences produced an eager and observant attitude, and he gained an excellent education at Córdoba. His talent gained him fame and allowed him to enter service under the Caliphs of Córdoba and Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir, Grand Vizier to the last of the Umayyad caliphs, Hisham III. He was also a colleague of Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo.

paragraph: After the death of the grand vizier al-Muzaffar in 1008, the Umayyad Caliphate of Iberia became embroiled in a civil war that lasted until 1031 resulting in its collapse of the central authority of Córdoba and the emergence of many smaller incompetent states called Taifas.

paragraph: Ibn Hazm's father died in 1012. Ibn Hazm was frequently imprisoned as a suspected supporter of the Umayyads. By 1031, Ibn Hazm retreated to his family estate at Manta Lisham and had begun to express his activist convictions in the literary form. He was a leading proponent and codifier of the Zahiri school of Islamic thought, and produced a reported 400 works of which only 40 still survive. Due to his political and religious opponents gaining power after the collapse of the caliphate, he accepted an offer of asylum from the governor of the island of Majorca in the 1040s, and he continued to propagate the Zahiri school there before returning to Andalusia.

paragraph: Contemporaries coined the saying, "the tongue of Ibn Hazm was a twin brother to the sword of al-Hajjaj" (an infamous 7th century general and governor of Iraq), and he became so frequently quoted that the phrase "Ibn Hazm said" became proverbial.

paragraph: As an Athari, he opposed the allegorical interpretation of religious texts, preferring instead a grammatical and syntactical interpretation of the Qur'an. He granted cognitive legitimacy only to revelation and sensation and considered deductive reasoning insufficient in legal and religious matters. He rejected practices common among more orthodox schools such as juristic discretion. While initially a follower of the Maliki school of law within Sunni Islam, he switched to the Shafi'i school later and, around the age of thirty, finally settled with the Zahiri school. He is perhaps the most well-known adherent to the school, and the main source of extant works on Zahirite law. He studied the school's precepts and methods under Abu al-Khiyar al-Dawudi al-Zahiri of Santarém Municipality, and was eventually promoted to the level of a teacher of the school himself. In 1029, the two of them were expelled from the main mosque of Cordoba for their activities.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Ibn Hazm has been described as a very prolific author in Muslim history, surpassed by the likes of Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari and as-Suyuti in terms of works authored. While much of Ibn Hazm's work was burned in Seville by an alliance of his sectarian and political opponents, a number of his books have survived. His writing style has been described as repetitive, which was Ibn Hazm's way of emphasizing a point he felt was important to a given discussion. His method of dialogue was harsh, and he appeared to have little fear or respect for those who disagreed with him, be they fellow academics or government officials.

paragraph: In addition to works on law and theology, Ibn Hazm also wrote more than ten books on medicine. He also addressed the issue of integrating the sciences into a standard curriculum for education; his work "Organization of the sciences" divides education of the various fields diachronically into stages of progressive acquisition. The entire curriculum he suggests spans five years, starting with language and exegesis of the Qur'an, includes the life and physical sciences and culminates with a sort of rational theology.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"Detailed Critical Examination".

paragraph: In his "Fisal" ("Detailed Critical Examination"), a treatise on Islamic science and theology, Ibn Hazm stressed the importance of sense perception as he realized that human reason can be flawed. While he recognized the importance of reason, since the Qur'an itself invites reflection, he argued that this reflection refers mainly to revelation and sense data, since the principles of reason are themselves derived entirely from sense experience. He concludes that reason is not a faculty for independent research or discovery, but that sense perception should be used in its place, an idea that forms the basis of empiricism.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Jurisprudence.

paragraph: Perhaps ibn Hazm's most influential work in the Arabic in modern times (selections have been translated into English), is The Muhallah (المحلى بالأثار), Or the Adorned Treatise. It is reported to be a Summary of a much longer work known as al-Mujallah (المجلى). It is essential focused on matters of jurisprudence or fiqh (فقه), but also touches of matters of creed in its first chapter Kitab al-Tawheed (كتاب التوحيد), Which focuses on credal matters related to monotheism and fundamental principles of approach to divine texts. One of the main points that emerges from this masterpiece of jurisprudencial thought is that ibn Hazm rejects analogical reasoning or qiyas (قياس), preferring a far more direct and literal approach to the texts.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Logic.

paragraph: Ibn Hazm wrote the "Scope of Logic", in which he stressed on the importance of sense perception as a source of knowledge. He wrote that the "first sources of all human knowledge are the soundly used senses and the intuitions of reason, combined with a correct understanding of a language". Ibn Hazm also criticized some of the more traditionalist theologians who were opposed to the use of logic and argued that the first generations of Muslims did not rely on logic. His response was that the early Muslims had witnessed the revelation directly, whereas the Muslims of his time have been exposed to contrasting beliefs, hence the use of logic is necessary in order to preserve the true teachings of Islam. The work was first re-published in Arabic by Ihsan Abbas in 1959, and most recently by Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri in 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Ethics.

paragraph: In his book, "In Pursuit of Virtue", ibn Hazm had urged his readers with the following:

paragraph: Do not use your energy except for a cause more noble than yourself. Such a cause cannot be found except in Almighty God Himself: to preach the truth, to defend womanhood, to repel humiliation which your creator has not imposed upon you, to help the oppressed. Anyone who uses his energy for the sake of the vanities of the world is like someone who exchanges gemstones for gravel.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Poetry.

paragraph: A poem, or fragment of a poem, by him is preserved in Ibn Said al-Maghribi's "Pennants of the Champions":

paragraph: Section::::Views.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Language.

paragraph: In addition to his views on honesty in communication, Ibn Hazm also addressed the science of language to some degree. He viewed the Arabic language, the Hebrew language and the Syriac language as all essentially being one language which branched out as the speakers settled in different geographic regions and developed different vocabularies and grammars from the common root. He also differed with many Muslim theologians in that he didn't view Arabic as superior to other languages; this was due to the fact that the Qur'an does not describe Arabic as such, and in Ibn Hazm's view there was no proof for claiming any language was superior to another.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Literalism.

paragraph: Ibn Hazm was well known for his strict literalism and is considered the champion of the literalist Zahirite school within Sunni Islām. A commonly cited example is his interpretation of the first half of verse 23 in the Qur'anic chapter of Al-Isra prohibiting one from saying "uff" to one's parents; Ibn Hazm said that half of the verse only prohibits saying "uff" and doesn't prohibit hitting one's parents for example, but rather that hitting them is prohibited by the second half of the verse as well as verse 24 which command kind treatment of parents.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Philosophy.

paragraph: Ibn Hazm's works lightly touched upon the traditions of Greek philosophy. Agreeing with both Epicurus and Prodicus of Ceos, he stated that pleasure brings happiness in life and there is nothing to fear in death. He believed that these philosophical traditions, while useful, were not enough to properly build an individual's character, and stated that Islamic faith was also necessary.

paragraph: The concept of absolute free will was rejected by Ibn Hazm, as he believed that all of an individual's attributes are created by God.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Shia.

paragraph: Ibn Hazm was highly critical of the Shia sect. He said about them:"The Persians possessed a great kingdom and an upper hand above all other nations. They magnified the danger they posed [to others nations] by calling themselves al-Ahrār (the free ones) and al-Asyād (the noble ones). As a result, they considered all other people their slaves. However, they were afflicted with the destruction of their empire at the hands of the Arabs whom they had considered a lesser danger among the other nations [to their empire]. Their affairs became exacerbated and their afflictions doubled as they plotted wars against Islam various times. However, in all of their plots, Allāh made the Truth manifest. They continued to plot more useful stunts. So, some of their people accepted Islām only to turn towards Shī'ism, with the claim of loving Ahl al-Bayt (the family of the Prophet) and abhorrence to the oppression against 'Alī. Then, they traversed upon this way until it led them away from the path of Guidance [Islām]."

paragraph: Section::::Reception.

paragraph: Muslim scholars, especially those subscribing to Zahirism, have often praised Ibn Hazm for what they perceive as his knowledge and perseverance. Yemeni preacher Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i was one of Ibn Hazm's admirers in recent times, holding the view that no other Muslim scholar had embodied the prophetic tradition of the Muhammad and the Sahaba. Similarly, Pakistani cleric Badi' ud-Din Shah al-Rashidi taught Ibn Hazm's book Al-Muhalla to students in Masjid al-Haram, while living in Mecca. al-Wadi'i himself taught Al-Muhalla in Al-Masjid an-Nabawi, while in Medina. Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri, the primary biographer of Ibn Hazm in the modern era, has authored a number of works on Ibn Hazm's life and career, many published through Ibn Aqil's printing press which is named after Ibn Hazm.

paragraph: Modernist revival of Ibn Hazm's general critique of Islamic legal theory has seen several key moments in Arab intellectual history, including Ahmad Shakir's re-publishing of Al-Muhalla, Muhammad Abu Zahra's biography of Ibn Hazm, and the re-publishing of archived epistles on legal theory by Sa'id al-Afghani in 1960 and Ihsan Abbas between 1980 and 1983.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hazm (name)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miguel Asín Palacios

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Ring of the Dove" by Ibn Hazm, translation and preface by A. J. Arberry

paragraph: BULLET::::- "al-Fasl fi al-milal wa-al-ahwa' wa-al-nihal", by Ibn Hazm. Bairut: Dar al-Jil, 1985

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Abenházam de Córdoba y su Historia crítica de las ideas religiosas" vols. 1–5, by Miguel Asín Palacios. Madrid, 1928–1932

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Muslim writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible : from Ibn Rabban to Ibn Hazm", by Camilla Adang. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ibn Hazm et la polémique islamo-chrétienne dans l´histoire de l´Islam", by Abdelilah Ljamai. Leiden: Brill, 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ibn Hazam Khilal Alf Aam", by Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri. Lebanon: Dar al-Gharab al-Islami, 1982. 303 pages.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kitab al-'axlaq wa-s-siyar ou Risala fi mudawat an-nufus wa-tahdib al-'axlaq wa-z-zuhd fi r-rada'il / Ibn Hazm al-'Andalusi; introd., éd. critique, remarques par Eva Riad". Uppsala : Univ. ; Stockholm : Almqvist & Wiksell international (distr.), 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Zahiris, Their Doctrine and Their History: a contribution to the history of Islamic theology" by Ignaz Goldziher, trans. and ed. Wolfgang Behn. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1971.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ibn Hazm of Cordova: on Porphyry's Isagoge", by Rafael Ramón Guerrero, in J. Meirinhos - O. Weijers (eds.): "Florilegium mediaevale. Études offertes à Jacqueline Hamesse à l'occasion de son éméritat", Louvain-La-Neuve, FIDEM, 2009, pp. 525–540.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biodata at MuslimScholars.info

paragraph: BULLET::::- The original Arabic manuscript of Tawq Alhamama

paragraph: BULLET::::- Global webpost Ibn Hazm and female prophethood

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muslim Heritage Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Britannica.org Encyclopædia Britannica article on Ibn Hazm

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Position of Ibn Hazm about Asharism by at-tawhid.net

description: Arab theologian

wikidata_label: Ibn Hazm

wikipedia_title: Ibn Hazm


text: king of Italy

text: Roman Emperor

text: March of Friuli

text: Charles the Fat

text: Otto the Great

text: interregnum

text: Unruochings

text: Unruoch II

text: Eberhard of Friuli

text: Gisela

text: Louis the Pious

text: Judith

text: Cividale

text: Bertilla

text: Suppo II

text: Supponid

text: Unruoch III

text: March of Friuli

text: Carolingian Empire

text: Croats

text: Slavs

text: Haimo

text: Bishop of Belluno

text: Emperor Louis II

text: King of Italy

text: Louis the German

text: Carloman

text: Charles the Bald

text: West Francia

text: Charles the Fat

text: Bavaria

text: Guy III of Spoleto

text: Nonantula

text: Duchy of Spoleto

text: Saracens

text: Liutward

text: Bishop of Vercelli

text: nunnery of San Salvatore

text: Brescia

text: Vercelli

text: Waiblingen

text: Kirchen

text: Louis of Provence

text: East Francia

text: Bernard

text: Arnulf of Carinthia

text: Pavia

text: Trent

text: Karnberg

text: Battle of the Trebbia

text: Pope Stephen V

text: Charles III of France

text: Rudolph I of Upper Burgundy

text: Zwentibold

text: Bergamo

text: Milan

text: March of Tuscany

text: Lombardy

text: Adalbert II of Tuscany

text: Waltfred

text: Rome

text: Pope Formosus

text: Berengar II

text: Otto I

text: Ratold

text: Lake Como

text: Lambert

text: Gesta Berengarii Imperatoris

text: Adda

text: Po

text: Annales Fuldenses

text: Liutprand of Cremona

text: Borgo San Donnino

text: Magyars

text: Brenta River

text: Battle of the Brenta

text: Pope Benedict IV

text: Verona

text: Provence

text: Engelberga

text: Pope John X

text: Saracen threat in southern Italy

text: Battle of the Garigliano

text: diocese of Liège

text: Bishop Stephen

text: Herman I

text: Archbishop of Cologne

text: Lotharingia

text: Hilduin

text: Richer

text: Bertilla

text: onomastic

text: Leo VI the Wise

text: Byzantine Emperor

text: Lothair I

text: Bertha

text: abbess

text: Santa Giulia in Brescia

text: Gisela of Friuli

text: Adalbert I of Ivrea

text: Anscarids

text: Hugh of Arles

text: Iron Crown

text: Boso

text: Rudolph II of Upper Burgundy

text: Berengar of Ivrea

text: John

text: Bishop of Pavia

text: Battle of Fiorenzuola

text: Piacenza

text: incastellamento

text: Berengar

text: Previté-Orton, C. W.

text: The English Historical Review

text: Reuter, Timothy

text: The Annals of Fulda

text: Speculum

text: Wickham, Chris

categories: 924 deaths,9th-century kings of Italy,10th-century Italian people,10th-century Holy Roman Emperors,Unruoching dynasty,Frankish warriors,Christian monarchs,Italian monarchs,10th-century rulers in Europe,845 births,Margraves of Friuli,10th-century kings of Italy

paragraph: Berengar I of Italy

paragraph: Berengar I (; ; 845 – 7 April 924) was the king of Italy from 887. He was Roman Emperor between 915 and his death in 924. He is usually known as Berengar of Friuli, since he ruled the March of Friuli from 874 until at least 890, but he had lost control of the region by 896.

paragraph: Berengar rose to become one of the most influential laymen in the empire of Charles the Fat, and he was elected to replace Charles in Italy after the latter's deposition in November 887. His long reign of 36 years saw him opposed by no less than seven other claimants to the Italian throne. His reign is usually characterised as "troubled" because of the many competitors for the crown and because of the arrival of Magyar raiders in Western Europe. He was the last emperor before Otto the Great was crowned in 962, after a 38-year interregnum.

paragraph: Section::::Margrave of Friuli, 874–887.

paragraph: His family was called the Unruochings after his grandfather, Unruoch II. Berengar was a son of Eberhard of Friuli and Gisela, daughter of Louis the Pious and his second wife Judith. He was thus of Carolingian extraction on his mother's side. He was born probably at Cividale. Sometime during his margraviate, he married Bertilla, daughter of Suppo II, thus securing an alliance with the powerful Supponid family. She would later rule alongside him as a "consors", a title specifically denoting her informal power and influence, as opposed to a mere "coniunx", "wife."

paragraph: When his older brother Unruoch III died in 874, Berengar succeeded him in the March of Friuli. With this he obtained a key position in the Carolingian Empire, as the march bordered the Croats and other Slavs who were a constant threat to the Italian peninsula. He was a territorial magnate with lordship over several counties in northeastern Italy. He was an important channel for the men of Friuli to get access to the emperor and for the emperor to exercise authority in Friuli. He even had a large degree of influence on the church of Friuli. In 884–885, Berengar intervened with the emperor on behalf of Haimo, Bishop of Belluno.

paragraph: When, in 875, the Emperor Louis II, who was also King of Italy, died, having come to terms with Louis the German whereby the German monarch's eldest son, Carloman, would succeed in Italy, Charles the Bald of West Francia invaded the peninsula and had himself crowned king and emperor. Louis the German sent first Charles the Fat, his youngest son, and then Carloman himself, with armies containing Italian magnates led by Berengar, to possess the Italian kingdom. This was not successful until the death of Charles the Bald in 877. The proximity of Berengar's march to Bavaria, which Carloman already ruled under his father, may explain their cooperation.

paragraph: In 883, the newly succeeded Guy III of Spoleto was accused of treason at an imperial synod held at Nonantula late in May. He returned to the Duchy of Spoleto and made an alliance with the Saracens. The emperor, then Charles the Fat, sent Berengar with an army to deprive him of Spoleto. Berengar was successful before an epidemic of disease, which ravaged all Italy, affecting the emperor and his entourage as well as Berengar's army, forced him to retire.

paragraph: In 886, Liutward, Bishop of Vercelli, took Berengar's sister from the nunnery of San Salvatore at Brescia in order to marry her to a relative of his; whether or not by force or by the consent of the convent and Charles the Fat, her relative, is uncertain. Berengar and Liutward had a feud that year, which involved his attack on Vercelli and plundering of the bishop's goods. Berengar's actions are explicable if his sister was abducted by the bishop, but if the bishop's actions were justified, then Berengar appears as the initiator of the feud. Whatever the case, bishop and margrave were reconciled shortly before Liutward was dismissed from court in 887.

paragraph: By his brief war with Liutward, Berengar had lost the favour of his cousin the emperor. Berengar came to the emperor's assembly at Waiblingen in early May 887. He made peace with the emperor and compensated for the actions of the previous year by dispensing great gifts. In June or July, Berengar was again at the emperor's side at Kirchen, when Louis of Provence was adopted as the emperor's son. It is sometimes alleged that Berengar was pining to be declared Charles' heir and that he may in fact have been so named in Italy, where he was acclaimed (or made himself) king immediately after Charles' deposition by the nobles of East Francia in November that year (887). On the other hand, his presence may merely have been necessary to confirm Charles' illegitimate son Bernard as his heir (Waiblingen), a plan which failed when the pope refused to attend, and then to confirm Louis instead (Kirchen).

paragraph: Section::::King of Italy, 887–915.

paragraph: Berengar was the only one of the "reguli" (petty kings) to crop up in the aftermath of Charles' deposition besides Arnulf of Carinthia, his deposer, who was made king before the emperor's death. Charter evidence begins Berengar's reign at Pavia between 26 December 887 and 2 January 888, though this has been disputed. Berengar was not the undisputed leading magnate in Italy at the time, but he may have made an agreement with his former rival, Guy of Spoleto, whereby Guy would have West Francia and he Italy on the emperor's death. Both Guy and Berengar were related to the Carolingians in the female line. They represented different factions in Italian politics: Berengar the pro-German and Guy the pro-French.

paragraph: In Summer 888, Guy, who had failed in his bid to take the West Frankish throne, returned to Italy to gather an army from among the Spoletans and Lombards and oppose Berengar. This he did, but the battle they fought near Brescia in the fall was a slight victory for Berengar, though his forces were so diminished that he sued for peace nevertheless. The truce was to last until 6 January 889.

paragraph: After the truce with Guy was signed, Arnulf of Germany endeavoured to invade Italy through Friuli. Berengar, in order to prevent a war, sent dignitaries (leading men) ahead to meet Arnulf. He himself then had a meeting, sometime between early November and Christmas, at Trent. He was allowed to keep Italy, as Arnulf's vassal, but the "curtes" of Navus and Sagus were taken from him. Arnulf allowed his army to return to Germany, but he himself celebrated Christmas in Friuli, at Karnberg.

paragraph: Early in 889, their truce having expired, Guy defeated Berengar at the Battle of the Trebbia and made himself sole king in Italy, though Berengar maintained his authority in Friuli. Represented by his counsellor Walfred at the city of Verona, he remained master in Friuli, which was always the base of his support. Though Guy had been supported by Pope Stephen V since before the death of Charles the Fat, he was now abandoned by the pope, who turned to Arnulf. Arnulf, for his part, remained a staunch partisan of Berengar and it has even been suggested that he was creating a Carolingian alliance between himself and Louis of Provence, Charles III of France, and Berengar against Guy and Rudolph I of Upper Burgundy.

paragraph: In 893, Arnulf sent his illegitimate son Zwentibold into Italy. He met up with Berengar and together they cornered Guy at Pavia, but did not press their advantage (it is believed that Guy bribed them off). In 894, Arnulf and Berengar defeated Guy at Bergamo and took control of Pavia and Milan. Berengar was with Arnulf's army that invaded Italy in 896. However, he left the army while it was sojourning in the March of Tuscany and returned to Lombardy. A rumour spread that Berengar had turned against the king and had brought Adalbert II of Tuscany with him. The truth or falsehood of the rumour cannot be ascertained, but Berengar was removed from Friuli and replaced with Waltfred, a former supporter and "highest counsellor" of Berengar's, who soon died. The falling out between Berengar and Arnulf, who was crowned Emperor in Rome by Pope Formosus, has been likened to that between Berengar II and Otto I more than half a century later.

paragraph: Arnulf left Italy in the charge of his young son Ratold, who soon crossed Lake Como to Germany, leaving Italy in the control of Berengar, who made a pact with Lambert, Guy's son and successor. According to the "Gesta Berengarii Imperatoris", the two kings met at Pavia in October and November and agreed to divide the kingdom, Berengar receiving the eastern half between the Adda and the Po, "as if by hereditary right" according to the "Annales Fuldenses". Bergamo was to be shared between them. This was a confirmation of the "status quo" of 889. It was this partitioning which caused the later chronicler Liutprand of Cremona to remark that the Italians always suffered under two monarchs. As surety for the accord, Lambert pledged to marry Gisela, Berengar's daughter.

paragraph: The peace did not last long. Berengar advanced on Pavia, but was defeated by Lambert at Borgo San Donnino and taken prisoner. Nonetheless, Lambert died within days, on 15 October 898. Days later Berengar had secured Pavia and become sole ruler. It was during this period that the Magyars made their first attacks on Western Europe. They invaded Italy first in 899. This first invasion may have been unprovoked, but some historians have suspected that the Magyars were either called in by Arnulf, no friend of Berengar's, or by Berengar himself, as allies. Berengar gathered a large army to meet them and refused their request for an armistice. His army was surprised and routed near the Brenta River in the eponymous Battle of the Brenta (24 September 899).

paragraph: This defeat handicapped Berengar and caused the nobility to question his ability to protect Italy. As a result, they supported another candidate for the throne, the aforementioned Louis of Provence, another maternal relative of the Carolingians. In 900, Louis marched into Italy and defeated Berengar; the following year he was crowned Emperor by Pope Benedict IV. In 902, however, Berengar struck back and defeated Louis, making him promise never to return to Italy. When he broke this oath by invading the peninsula again in 905, Berengar defeated him at Verona, captured him, and ordered him to be blinded on 21 July. Louis returned to Provence and ruled for another twenty years as Louis the Blind. Berengar thereby cemented his position as king and ruled undisputed, except for a brief spell, until 922. As king, Berengar made his seat at Verona, which he heavily fortified. During the years when Louis posed a threat to Berengar's kingship, his wife, Bertilla, who was a niece of the former empress Engelberga, Louis's grandmother, played an important part in the legitimisation of his rule. She later disappeared from the scene, as indicated by her absence in his charters post-905.

paragraph: In 904, Bergamo was subjected to a long siege by the Magyars. After the siege, Berengar granted the bishop of the city walls and the right to rebuild them with the help of the citizens and the refugees fleeing the Magyars. The bishop attained all the rights of a count in the city.

paragraph: Section::::Emperor, 915–924.

paragraph: In January 915, Pope John X tried to forge an alliance between Berengar and the local Italian rulers in hopes that he could face the Saracen threat in southern Italy. Berengar was unable to send troops, but after the great Battle of the Garigliano, a victory over the Saracens, John crowned Berengar as Emperor in Rome (December). Berengar, however, returned swiftly to the north, where Friuli was still threatened by the Magyars.

paragraph: As emperor, Berengar intervened in an episcopal election in the diocese of Liège, outside of the kingdom of Italy. After the death of the saintly Bishop Stephen in 920, Herman I, Archbishop of Cologne, representing the German interests in Lotharingia, tried to impose his choice of the monks of the local cloister, one Hilduin, on the vacant see. The clergy opposed to this interference appealed to Berengar, King Charles III of France and Pope John. In the end, the pope excommunicated Hilduin and another monk, Richer, was appointed to the see with the support of the emperor.

paragraph: In his latter years, his wife Bertilla was charged with infidelity, a charge not uncommon against wives of declining kings of that period. She was poisoned. He had remarried to one named Anna by December 915. It has been suggested, largely for onomastic reasons, that Anna was a daughter of Louis of Provence and his wife Anna, the possible daughter of Leo VI the Wise, Byzantine Emperor. In that case, she would have been betrothed to Berengar while still a child and only become his "consors" and "imperatrix" in 923. Her marriage was an attempt by Louis to advance his children while he himself was being marginalised and by Berengar to legitimise his rule by relating himself by marriage to the house of Lothair I which had ruled Italy by hereditary right since 817.

paragraph: By 915, Berengar's elder daughter, Bertha, was abbess of Santa Giulia in Brescia, where her aunt had once been a nun. In that year, the following year, and in 917, Berengar endowed her monastery with three privileges to build or man fortifications. His younger daughter, Gisela of Friuli, had married Adalbert I of Ivrea as early as 898 (and no later than 910), but this failed to spark an alliance with the Anscarids. She was dead by 913, when Adalbert remarried. Adalbert was one of Berengar's earliest internal enemies after the defeat of Louis of Provence. He called on Hugh of Arles between 917 and 920 to take the Iron Crown. Hugh did invade Italy, with his brother Boso, and advanced as far as Pavia, where Berengar starved them into submission, but allowed them to pass out of Italy freely.

paragraph: Dissatisfied with the emperor, who had ceased his policy of grants and family alliances in favour of paying Magyar mercenaries, several Italian nobles — led by Adalbert and many of the bishops — invited Rudolph II of Upper Burgundy to take the Italian throne in 921. Moreover, his own grandson, Berengar of Ivrea (who would rule as Berengar II of Italy from 950), rose up against him, incited by Rudolph. Berengar retreated to Verona and had to watch sidelined as the Magyars pillaged the country. John, Bishop of Pavia, surrendered his city to Rudolph in 922 and it was sacked by the Magyars in 924. On 29 July 923, the forces of Rudolph, Adalbert, and Berengar of Ivrea met those of Berengar and defeated him in the Battle of Fiorenzuola, near Piacenza. The battle was decisive and Berengar was "de facto" dethroned and replaced by Rudolf. Berengar was soon after murdered at Verona by one of his own men, possibly at Rudolph's instigation. He left no sons, only two daughters, Bertha and Gisela.

paragraph: Berengar has been accused of having "faced [the] difficulties [of his reign] with particular incompetence," having "never once won a pitched battle against his rivals," and being "not recorded as having ever won a battle" in "forty years of campaigning." Particularly, he has been seen as alienating public lands and "districtus" (defence command) to private holders, especially bishops, though this is disputed. Some historians have seen his "private defense initiatives" in a more positive light and have found a coherent policy of gift giving. Despite this, his role in inaugurating the "incastellamento" of the succeeding decades is hardly disputed.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arnaldi, Girolamo. "Berengario I, duca-marchese del Friuli, re d'Italia, imperatore" "Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani" 9. Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 1967.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Berengar." (2007). "Encyclopædia Britannica". Retrieved 14 May 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daris, Joseph. "Histoire du Diocèse et de la Principalité de Liège: depuis leur origine jusqu'au XIII siècle", Volume 1. Éditions Culture et Civilisation, 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Llewellyn, Peter. "Rome in the Dark Ages". London: Faber and Faber, 1970. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- MacLean, Simon. "Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century: Charles the Fat and the end of the Carolingian Empire". Cambridge University Press: 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Previté-Orton, C. W. "Italy and Provence, 900–950." "The English Historical Review", Vol. 32, No. 127. (Jul., 1917), pp 335–347.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reuter, Timothy (trans.) "The Annals of Fulda". (Manchester Medieval series, Ninth-Century Histories, Volume II.) Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reuter, Timothy. "Germany in the Early Middle Ages 800–1056". New York: Longman, 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rosenwein, Barbara H. "The Family Politics of Berengar I, King of Italy (888–924)." "Speculum", Vol. 71, No. 2. (Apr., 1996), pp 247–289.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tabacco, Giovanni. "The Struggle for Power in Medieval Italy: Structures and Political Rule". (Cambridge Medieval Textbooks.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wickham, Chris. "Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society 400–1000". MacMillan Press: 1981.

alias:
Berengar
Berengario I

description: Holy Roman Emperor

wikidata_label: Berengar I of Italy

wikipedia_title: Berengar I of Italy


text: You Light Up My Life

text: "Billboard" Hot 100

text: Grammy Award

text: Best New Artist

text: Are You on the Road to Lovin' Me Again

text: Christian music

text: Contemporary Christian

text: Hackensack, New Jersey

text: Pat Boone

text: Red Foley

text: Cherry

text: Motown

text: Curb

text: Billboard

text: Supremes

text: ABBA

text: Mike Curb

text: You Light Up My Life

text: "Billboard" Hot 100

text: Hot 100

text: Billboard

text: Grammy Award

text: Best New Artist

text: American Music Award

text: Barbra Streisand

text: the Eagles

text: Hotel California

text: You Light Up My Life

text: Adult Contemporary

text: album

text: Joe Brooks

text: film

text: movie

text: Didi Conn

text: Kacey Cisyk

text: Joe Brooks

text: Midstream

text: Hot 100

text: When You're Loved

text: The Magic of Lassie

text: Academy Award

text: Sherman Brothers

text: You Light Up My Life

text: country music

text: Pat

text: Red Foley

text: Connie Francis

text: My Heart Has a Mind of Its Own

text: Connie Francis

text: Breakin' in a Brand New Broken Heart

text: eponymous album

text: Francis

text: Francis

text: Everybody's Somebody's Fool

text: The Best of Debby Boone

text: Love Has No Reason

text: Kenny Rogers

text: Crystal Gayle

text: It's Like We Never Said Goodbye

text: Dottie West

text: A Lesson in Leaving

text: Emmylou Harris

text: Beneath Still Waters

text: Tammy Wynette

text: Two Story House

text: George Jones

text: Savin' It Up

text: contemporary Christian music

text: With My Song

text: Surrender

text: Choose Life

text: Friends For Life

text: Be Thou My Vision

text: Home For Christmas

text: Rosemary Clooney

text: White Christmas

text: O. Henry

text: John Rubinstein

text: born again

text: evangelical

text: Kirstie Alley

text: Barbara Carrera

text: Kim Cattrall

text: Anthony Geary

text: Nielsen

text: Seven Brides for Seven Brothers

text: Akron

text: Kenley Players

text: Fox Theater (San Diego)

text: Broadway

text: New York Times

text: Frank Rich

text: regional theater

text: The Sound of Music

text: Lincoln Center

text: Sacramento Music Circus

text: O'Keefe Centre (Toronto)

text: Westbury (New York) Music Fair

text: Fox Theatre (Atlanta)

text: Benedum Center (Pittsburgh)

text: Fair Park Music Hall (Dallas)

text: Butler University (Indianapolis)

text: Japan

text: Eugene O'Neill Theatre

text: Grease

text: Gramercy Theater

text: Meet Me in St. Louis

text: Fox Theatre, St. Louis

text: Orange County Performing Arts Center

text: South Pacific

text: Valley Forge Music Fair

text: The King and I

text: Thousand Oaks Civic Arts Center

text: San Jose Center for the Performing Arts

text: Branson

text: Camelot

text: North Carolina Theatre

text: ensemble musicals

text: The Human Comedy

text: Barrington Stage Company

text: Berkshire County

text: Into the Woods

text: Denver

text: 42nd Street

text: Tempe Center for the Arts

text: Reflections Of Rosemary

text: Rosemary Clooney

text: Lifestyle Lift

text: infomercial

text: Episcopal Church

text: Jose Ferrer

text: Rosemary Clooney

text: Miguel Ferrer

text: Rafael Ferrer

text: Nick Clooney

text: George Clooney

text: Tessa

text: You Light Up My Life

text: Midstream

text: Debby Boone

text: Love Has No Reason

text: With My Song

text: Savin' It Up

text: Surrender

text: Choose Life

text: Friends for Life

text: Be Thou My Vision

text: Reflections of Rosemary

text: Good Housekeeping

text: Best New Artist

text: Best Inspirational Performance

text: Best Gospel Performance – Duo/Group

text: Phil Driscoll

text: Record Of The Year

text: You Light Up My Life

text: Best Pop Vocal Performance – Female

text: Best Gospel Performance – Female

categories: American women children's writers,Writers from Hackensack, New Jersey,American female pop singers,Actresses from New Jersey,1956 births,Grammy Award winners,20th-century American writers,Cabaret singers,American evangelicals,21st-century women singers,American musical theatre actresses,Boone family (show business),Living people,20th-century American women writers,American performers of Christian music,Actors from Hackensack, New Jersey,American children's writers,American country singer-songwriters,American female country singers,Traditional pop music singers

paragraph: Debby Boone

paragraph: Deborah Anne Boone (born September 22, 1956) is an American singer, author, and actress. She is best known for her 1977 hit, "You Light Up My Life", which spent ten weeks at No. 1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and led to her winning the Grammy Award for Best New Artist the following year. Boone later focused her music career on country music resulting in the 1980 No. 1 country hit "Are You on the Road to Lovin' Me Again". In the 1980s, she recorded Christian music which garnered her four top 10 Contemporary Christian albums as well as two more Grammys. Throughout her career, Boone has appeared in several musical theater productions and has co-authored many children's books with husband, Gabriel Ferrer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Beginnings.

paragraph: Debby Boone was born in Hackensack, New Jersey, the third of four daughters born to singer-actor Pat Boone and Shirley Foley Boone, daughter of country music star Red Foley. When Boone was 14 years old, she began touring with her parents and three sisters: Cherry, Lindy, and Laury. The sisters first recorded with their parents as The Pat Boone Family and later as the Boones or Boone Girls. They primarily recorded gospel music, although the sisters also released singles for the Motown and Curb labels that were remakes of secular pop music featuring Debby as the lead vocalist.

paragraph: The Boones twice reached Billboard's AC charts with 1975's "When The Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes" (No. 25), a remake of the Supremes' first top 40 hit, and 1977's "Hasta Mañana" (No. 32), a cover of a track from ABBA's "Waterloo" album.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:"You Light Up My Life".

paragraph: With her older sisters married and younger sister Laury in college, Boone was actively encouraged by producer Mike Curb to launch a solo career. Boone released her first solo effort, "You Light Up My Life" (which had been featured in the film of the same name) in 1977. The song became the biggest hit of the 1970s lasting ten consecutive weeks at No. 1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 — longer than any other song in Hot 100 history to that point. (In 2008, "Billboard" ranked the song No. 7 among all songs that charted in the 50-year history of the Hot 100.) The song earned Boone a Grammy Award for "Best New Artist" and an American Music Award for Favorite Pop Single of 1977. She also received Grammy nominations for Best Pop Vocal Performance – Female and Record of the Year won by, respectively, Barbra Streisand ("Love Theme From "A Star Is Born" (Evergreen)") and the Eagles ("Hotel California"). "You Light Up My Life" also succeeded on Billboard's Adult Contemporary (No. 1 for one week) and Country (No. 4) singles charts. The single and the album (No. 6 Pop, No. 6 Country) of the same name were both certified platinum.

paragraph: The song, written and produced by Joe Brooks, was from the film of the same name. Brooks earned Song of the Year awards at both the 1978 Grammys and Oscars for writing the song. (Boone performed the song at both awards shows.) Boone's version was not used in the movie or featured on its soundtrack. The song was lip-synched in the film by its star, Didi Conn, performing to vocals recorded by Kacey Cisyk. It was written as a love song, but Boone interpreted the song as inspirational and stated that she recorded the song for God.

paragraph: Boone's overnight success led to a tour with her father and frequent television appearances, but she was unable to maintain her success in pop music after "You Light Up My Life". Her follow-up single, "California" (also written and produced by Joe Brooks), peaked at No. 50 Pop and No. 20 AC. "California" was included on Boone's second album, "Midstream", which faltered at No. 147 Pop. Her next single, the double-sided "God Knows"/"Baby I'm Yours", also struggled, peaking at No. 74 Pop, becoming her last entry on the Hot 100. However, the single charted AC (No. 14) and returned Boone to the country chart (No. 22). Boone then released another movie theme, "When You're Loved", from "The Magic of Lassie." Like "You Light Up My Life", the song was nominated for an Academy Award for its composers, the Sherman Brothers, but it failed to replicate the success of her first single charting only No. 48 AC. Boone's wholesome persona contrasted with the image-conscious pop-music industry, leading her career in different musical directions.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Country music.

paragraph: With the crossover success of "You Light Up My Life" and "God Knows/Baby, I'm Yours", Boone began to focus on country music. (Her father, Pat, and maternal grandfather, Red Foley, had also recorded in that genre.) Her first country single, "In Memory of Your Love" (1978), fizzled at No. 61. But, she then hit No. 11 in 1979 with a remake of Connie Francis' "My Heart Has a Mind of Its Own". Boone released another Connie Francis cover, "Breakin' in a Brand New Broken Heart" (No. 25), before releasing her 1979 eponymous album. Although the album included the two Francis remakes, her next two singles were not culled from this album – a remake of the Happenings' "See You in September" (No. 41 Country, No. 45 AC) and yet another Francis cover, "Everybody's Somebody's Fool" (No. 48). (To date, "See You in September" has never been featured on any of Boone's albums, while "Everybody's Somebody's Fool" was included on her 1986 compilation, "The Best of Debby Boone".)

paragraph: Her next album, 1980's "Love Has No Reason" (No. 17 Country), was produced by Larry Butler who helmed many of Kenny Rogers' records during the late 1970s. It resulted in the No. 1 Country and No. 31 AC hit, "Are You on the Road to Lovin' Me Again". Two weeks before "Are You on the Road to Lovin' Me Again" ascended to No. 1, Boone was part of a historic Top 5 on the Billboard Country chart. For the week ending April 19, 1980, the Top 5 positions were all held by women:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Crystal Gayle ("It's Like We Never Said Goodbye")

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Dottie West ("A Lesson in Leaving")

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Debby Boone ("Are You on the Road to Lovin' Me Again")

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Emmylou Harris ("Beneath Still Waters")

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Tammy Wynette ("Two Story House" with George Jones)

paragraph: The album generated two more country singles, "Free to Be Lonely Again" (No. 14) and "Take It Like a Woman" (No. 44). The latter single charted simultaneously with her father's "Colorado Country Morning" (No. 60). Butler also produced Boone's next album, 1981's "Savin' It Up" (No. 49 Country), which yielded two more country singles, "Perfect Fool" (No. 23 Country, No. 37 AC) and "It'll Be Him" (No. 46). Boone has not charted on either the Billboard AC or Country charts since the release of "Savin' It Up".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Christian music.

paragraph: Boone turned her music career to contemporary Christian music winning two GMA Dove Awards and two more Grammys. Boone first recorded in this genre in 1980 with the Grammy winning "With My Song". Subsequent Christian albums included "Surrender" (1983), "Choose Life" (1985), "Friends For Life" (1987), and "Be Thou My Vision" (1989).

paragraph: In 1989, Boone released her Christmas album "Home For Christmas", which boasted a duet with her mother-in-law, Rosemary Clooney, of Clooney's signature White Christmas.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Television/ theatrical career.

paragraph: In 1978, Boone debuted as a screen actress in an original television musical adaptation of O. Henry's "The Gift of the Magi" co-starring John Rubinstein: a frequent variety show guest star Boone also headlined two of her own NBC television music specials – "The Same Old Brand New Me" (1980) and "One Step Closer" (1982). In 1984, Boone co-starred in the television movie "Sins of the Past" as Clarissa Hope, a call girl who is born again and becomes an evangelical singer: also co-starring Kirstie Alley, Barbara Carrera, Kim Cattrall and Anthony Geary, "Sins of the Past" became a Top 10 Nielsen hit. Boone has since made guest appearances on several television shows including "Step by Step" and "Baywatch Nights" and was featured in the television films "Come on, Get Happy: The Partridge Family Story" and "Treehouse Hostage".

paragraph: In 1981 Boone made her debut as a stage musical actress in "Seven Brides for Seven Brothers" with a June showcase engagement in the Akron-based Kenley Players season followed by an eighteen month US tour launched with a December 1981 engagement at the Fox Theater (San Diego). A critical and commercial success on tour, the production opened on Broadway in July 1982 to generally lackluster reviews, with a particularly scathing "New York Times" critique by Frank Rich being blamed for the show's closure after five performances.

paragraph: Boone has remained an occasional stage musical actress mostly in regional theater productions, although she did play the lead role of Maria in the 1990 revival of "The Sound of Music" mounted at Lincoln Center (nominated as Outstanding Musical Revival by the Drama Desk Awards): Boone had earlier played Maria on tour in both 1987 and 1988 with 1987 dates including the Sacramento Music Circus (premiere), the O'Keefe Centre (Toronto), the Starlight Theater in Kansas City (Missouri), and the Westbury (New York) Music Fair, and 1988 dates including the Fox Theatre (Atlanta) (premiere), Benedum Center (Pittsburgh), Fair Park Music Hall (Dallas), Hilton U. Brown Theatre at Butler University (Indianapolis), and also four dates in Japan. Boone would return to the Broadway stage in 1996 to play - against her wholesome image - "bad girl" Rizzo in the Eugene O'Neill Theatre revival of "Grease" and on March 7, 2011 Boone would perform at the Gramercy Theater in the 24 Hours Musicals original production "Things Can't Always Be Awesome". Boone's regional theater credits include lead roles in "Meet Me in St. Louis" (Fair Park Music Hall, Dallas; Fox Theatre, St. Louis; Orange County Performing Arts Center/ 1991), "South Pacific" (Valley Forge Music Fair/ 1995), "The King and I" (Thousand Oaks Civic Arts Center/ 2001; San Jose Center for the Performing Arts/ 2006), "Mississippi Love" (Mark Twain Playhouse, Branson/ 2001), and "Camelot" (North Carolina Theatre/ 2005), with more recent theatrical credits in ensemble musicals: "The Human Comedy" (Barrington Stage Company, Berkshire County/ 2006), "Into the Woods" (Candlelight Dinner Theater, Denver/ 2016), and "42nd Street" (Tempe Center for the Arts/ 2018).

paragraph: Once her children were grown, Boone revived her recording career in 2005 with the release of "Reflections Of Rosemary". The CD was a fond tribute to her mother-in-law, Rosemary Clooney, featuring songs performed by Clooney as well as other songs not associated with Clooney which Boone felt showed her as the person she and her family knew and loved. Boone toured extensively for the album, including several nights at New York's famed cabaret, Feinstein's, where Clooney had often performed. In 2011, Boone released an album—and subsequent concert tour—called "Swing This!", celebrating the swing music and culture of 1960s Las Vegas.

paragraph: In 2012, Boone's profile, as well as her most popular hit song, were enhanced when she became the official spokesperson for Lifestyle Lift, a company that provides facial and neck cosmetic procedures. She appears in extended TV commercials and hosts a 30-minute infomercial. In all promotions, her signature song, "You Light Up My Life", is pervasively featured throughout. In the infomercial, Boone is portrayed recording the song, because she indeed re-recorded the 35-year-old song, with full orchestration. However, at no time does the songstress state that she has personally utilized the company's services.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Boone married Gabriel Ferrer on September 1, 1979. He is an ordained priest in the Episcopal Church. Like Boone, Ferrer is a member of another well-known Hollywood family. He is the son of Jose Ferrer and Rosemary Clooney, the brother of actors Miguel Ferrer and Rafael Ferrer, the nephew of journalist Nick Clooney and the cousin of actor George Clooney. The couple has four children: son Jordan (born 1980), twin daughters Gabrielle and Dustin (born 1983), and daughter Tessa (born 1986).

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "You Light Up My Life" (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Midstream" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Debby Boone" (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love Has No Reason" (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "With My Song" (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Savin' It Up" (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Surrender" (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Choose Life" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Friends for Life" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Be Thou My Vision" (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reflections of Rosemary" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Swing This" (2013)

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: Boone and her husband collaborated on several children's books, which were all illustrated by Ferrer.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981: "Debby Boone So Far" (autobiography)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988: "Bedtime Hugs for Little Ones"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989: "Tomorrow Is a Brand New Day"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991: "The Snow Angel"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996: "Welcome to This World"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998: "Counting Blessings"

paragraph: "The Snow Angel" was released both in book form and in a special audio edition featuring original songs by Mari Falcone, Boone's musical director for many years. Boone also released the two-volume children's video series entitled "Debby Boone's Hug-a-Long Songs." She and her children appeared frequently on the cover of "Good Housekeeping" magazine during their childhood.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.:Academy of Country Music.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977: Top New Female Vocalist

paragraph: Section::::Awards.:Dove Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981: Best Album by a Secular Artist, "With My Song"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984: Best Album by a Secular Artist, "Surrender"

paragraph: Section::::Awards.:Grammys.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977: Best New Artist

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980: Best Inspirational Performance: "With My Song"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983: Best Gospel Performance – Duo/Group for "Keep The Flame Burning" (with Phil Driscoll)

paragraph: Nominations:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977: Record Of The Year, "You Light Up My Life"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977: Best Pop Vocal Performance – Female

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984: Best Gospel Performance – Female

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985: Best Gospel Performance – Female

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987: Best Gospel Performance – Female

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989: Best Gospel Performance – Female

paragraph: Section::::Awards.:Music City News.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978: Best New Female Artist

paragraph: Section::::Awards.:Record World.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977: Pop New Female Vocalist – Albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977: Pop New Female Vocalist – Singles

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977: Pop Single (Solo Artist), "You Light Up My Life"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977: Special Achievement

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978: Pop New Female Vocalist – Albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978: Pop New Female Vocalist – Singles

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978: Pop Single (Solo Artist), "You Light Up My Life"

alias:
Deborah Anne Boone
Deborah Boone

description: American singer

wikidata_label: Debby Boone

wikipedia_title: Debby Boone


text:
Dutch
artist
poet
translator
Roemer Visscher
Maria Tesselschade Visscher
Amsterdam
calligraphy
embroidery
drawing
painting
glass engraving
Leiden
Renaissance
Muiderkring
P. C. Hooft
Jacob Cats
Joost van den Vondel
Constantijn Huygens
Sappho
Flemish
Peter Paul Rubens
Michel Lasne
Lucas Vorsterman
emblem book
Georgette de Montenay's
Jacob Cats
Anna Maria van Schurman
Alkmaar

wikipedia_title:
Dutch people
Artist
Poet
Translation
Roemer Visscher
Maria Tesselschade Visscher
Amsterdam
Calligraphy
Embroidery
Drawing
Painting
Glass engraving
Leiden
Renaissance
Muiderkring
Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft
Jacob Cats
Joost van den Vondel
Constantijn Huygens
Sappho
Flanders
Peter Paul Rubens
Michel Lasne
Lucas Vorsterman
Emblem book
Georgette de Montenay
Jacob Cats
Anna Maria van Schurman
Alkmaar

categories: Women printmakers,16th-century women,Glass engravers,Dutch women artists,17th-century Dutch poets,17th-century Dutch women writers,16th-century Dutch people,17th-century women artists,Dutch women poets,1651 deaths,Writers from Amsterdam,Translators from French,17th-century engravers,Muiderkring,Women engravers,1583 births

paragraph: Anna Visscher

paragraph: Anna Roemers Visscher (c. 2 February 1584 – 6 December 1651) was a Dutch artist, poet, and translator.

paragraph: Anna Roemers Visscher, well known for her literary work, was the eldest daughter of Amsterdam merchant and poet Roemer Visscher and the sister of Maria Tesselschade Visscher. Her family's economic and social status in Amsterdam enabled Visscher to be schooled in languages, calligraphy, embroidery, drawing, painting, glass engraving and other arts. Visscher married Dominicus Booth van Wesel in 1624. In 1646, they moved with their two sons Roemer and Johan to Leiden.

paragraph: Visscher lived during the Renaissance where women poets were often praised for who they were more than for their literary work. She was amongst the group of artists, writers and musicians who formed the Muiderkring or Muiden Circle. She was highly admired by the artistic elite such as P. C. Hooft, Jacob Cats, Joost van den Vondel, Constantijn Huygens and others. They called her a muse, the second Sappho, a fourth grace and more, and often dedicated works to her. Jacob Cats, for example, dedicated "Maagdeplicht" ("The Duties of a Maiden") to Visscher. The Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens dedicated an engraving of his "Susanna and the Elders", executed by Michel Lasne (ca. 1617-18) under Rubens's supervision, to Anna Visscher; the inscription praises her virtue. A second engraving, executed by Lucas Vorsterman (1620) after another of Rubens's "Susanna and the Elders", carries the same dedication from Rubens to Visscher.

paragraph: Anna Visscher is particularly regarded for her diamond-point glass engraving. Additionally, she had an apparent interest in emblem books, as she translated into Dutch thirteen epigrams from Georgette de Montenay's "Emblèmes, ou devises chrestiennes" of 1584 . She also contributed poetry to the 1618 emblem book, "Silenus Alcibiadis, Sive Proteus"  by Jacob Cats. She was a contemporary and friend of Anna Maria van Schurman.

paragraph: Anna Visscher died in Alkmaar, at the home of her sister Maria.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lennep, J, Herman F. C. Kate, and W P. Hoevenaar. Galerij Van Beroemde Nederlanders Uit Het Tijdvak Van Frederik Hendrik. Utrecht: L.E. Bosch en Zoon, 1868.

description: Dutch artist

wikidata_label: Anna Visscher

wikipedia_title: Anna Visscher


text:
American
musician
drummer
percussionist
alternative
rock
band
The Flaming Lips
Topeka, Kansas
all-female
mariachi
Beatles
album
8-track tape
Hyatt Regency walkway collapse
Kansas City
school band
marching band
Ringo Starr
cover band
strip club
Lawrence
roadie
tour
promote
The Soft Bulletin
Beck
backing band
multi-instrumentalist
Steven Drozd
lead guitar
Wayne Coyne
Michael Ivins
Embryonic
Embryonic
2003
Fight Test
EP
Christina Fallin
cultural appropriation
Super Furry Animals
Gruff Rhys
Guto Pryce
Cardiff, Wales
Gwenno
Alchemy Cymbals
Allmusic
Lawrence Journal-World

wikipedia_title:
United States
Musician
Drummer
Percussion instrument
Alternative rock
Rock music
Musical ensemble
The Flaming Lips
Topeka, Kansas
All-female band
Mariachi
The Beatles
Album
8-track tape
Hyatt Regency walkway collapse
Kansas City, Missouri
School band
Marching band
Ringo Starr
Cover band
Strip club
Lawrence, Kansas
Road crew
Concert
Promotion (marketing)
The Soft Bulletin
Beck
Backup band
Multi-instrumentalist
Steven Drozd
Lead guitar
Wayne Coyne
Michael Ivins
Embryonic
Embryonic
2003 in music
Fight Test
Extended play
Christina Fallin
Cultural appropriation
Super Furry Animals
Gruff Rhys
Guto Pryce
Cardiff
Gwenno Saunders
Istanbul Agop Cymbals
AllMusic
Lawrence Journal-World

categories: Musicians from Topeka, Kansas,The Flaming Lips members,Road crew,20th-century American drummers,American male drummers,Musicians from Lawrence, Kansas,Living people,1973 births

paragraph: Kliph Scurlock

paragraph: Clifton Thomas "Kliph" Scurlock (born June 16, 1973) is an American musician. He was the drummer and percussionist for alternative rock band The Flaming Lips from 2002 to 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Scurlock was born in Topeka, Kansas, the son of Roger W. Scurlock (born ca. 1946) and Linda Louise Rokey (September 6, 1944 – July 17, 1981). His love of music was inspired by his mother. Linda Scurlock was in the first all-female mariachi band, Mariachi Estrella. She also gave him his first Beatles album, which was on 8-track tape.

paragraph: When he was eight years old, his mother died in the Hyatt Regency walkway collapse in Kansas City, where she was performing with Mariachi Estrella. After her death, Scurlock went to live with his father. He began playing in the school band and marching band in 6th grade. When he was in 11th grade, he began spelling his name K-l-i-p-h to distinguish himself from another student named Cliff. The spelling variant stuck and family and friends began spelling it that way.

paragraph: At age 16, Scurlock bought a Ringo Starr series 1964 Ludwig Silver Sparkle Drum Set. Within two weeks, he was in his first band—a cover band whose first show was at a Topeka strip club named the Golden Horseshoe. The following year, he joined his first "real" band, Slackjaw, based out of Lawrence. When he was 18, he moved there. He quit Slackjaw in 1993 and played in a lot of other bands, including Kill Creek, Sleeztax, Panel Donor, the Rohypnol Rangers, and Contortion Horse.

paragraph: In March 1999, Scurlock was hired as a roadie for the Flaming Lips while the band was on tour to promote their album "The Soft Bulletin". He remained with them on their next tour while they served as Beck's backing band in 2002. Scurlock was chosen to play the drums on that tour, to enable another band member, multi-instrumentalist Steven Drozd, to play lead guitar. Scurlock then became the Flaming Lips' touring drummer so Drozd could continue playing guitar and keyboards live. Subsequently, there was a distinction between the Flaming Lips (Wayne Coyne, Michael Ivins, Drozd) and the Flaming Lips Live (which included Scurlock). However, upon the release of the Flaming Lips album "Embryonic" in October 2009, Scurlock was formally recognized in the liner notes as a full-fledged member of the band. In addition to the "Embryonic" album, he is credited on the 2003 "Fight Test" EP

paragraph: In March 2014, Scurlock left the band. In May, Scurlock said that he had been fired for negative comments about Wayne Coyne's friend Christina Fallin, the daughter of Oklahoma's governor and leader of a band called Pink Pony. Fallin had recently been criticized for cultural appropriation after she wore a Native American headdress in a publicity photo. According to Scurlock, his criticism of Fallin's actions led to conflict with Coyne and his dismissal. In response, Drozd said, "[t]his Lips/Kliph bullshit has gone too far. We parted ways because of the usual band musical differences. The rest has been blown way out."

paragraph: Scurlock toured alongside Super Furry Animals frontman Gruff Rhys, as part of Rhys's backing band on the 2014-15 "American Interior" tour. He's also played with the band Gulp, fronted by SFA bassist Guto Pryce, and was part of SFA's stage crew during their May 2015 gigs. Scurlock now resides in Cardiff, Wales and regularly collaborates with Welsh musicians such as Gwenno.

paragraph: Scurlock is an endorser for Alchemy Cymbals.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- [ Kliph Scurlock Credits] at Allmusic

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 Kliph Scurlock interview with Jon Niccum, "Lawrence Journal-World", June 10, 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 Kliph Scurlock interview with "The Drummer’s Journal"

description: American drummer

wikidata_label: Kliph Scurlock

wikipedia_title: Kliph Scurlock


text:
speed skater
Leiderdorp
2014 Winter Olympics
Sochi
3000 metres
2018 Winter Olympics
5000 metres

wikipedia_title: Speed skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Women's 3000 metres

wikipedia_title: Speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Women's 5000 metres

categories: World Allround Speed Skating Championships medalists,1986 births,People from Leiderdorp,Dutch female speed skaters,Olympic speed skaters of the Netherlands,Living people,Speed skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics,Speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Annouk van der Weijden

paragraph: Annouk van der Weijden (born 27 June 1986) is a Dutch speed skater. Born in Leiderdorp, she competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, where she placed fifth in 3000 metres. She competed again at the 2018 Winter Olympics and finished fourth in 5000 metres.

description: speed skater

wikidata_label: Annouk van der Weijden

wikipedia_title: Annouk van der Weijden


text:
speed skater
3000 m
2018 Winter Olympics
2014 Winter Olympics
Sochi
3000 meters
world record holder
adelskalender

wikipedia_title: Speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Women's 3000 metres

wikipedia_title: 2013–14 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – World Cup 2 – Women's 3000 metres

categories: People from Heerenveen,Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics,World Allround Speed Skating Championships medalists,World Single Distances Speed Skating Championships medalists,Olympic bronze medalists for the Netherlands,1995 births,Dutch female speed skaters,Sportspeople from Friesland,Olympic medalists in speed skating,Olympic silver medalists for the Netherlands,Olympic speed skaters of the Netherlands,Living people,Speed skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics,Speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Antoinette de Jong

paragraph: Antoinette de Jong (; born 6 April 1995) is a Dutch speed skater. She won the bronze medal in the 3000 m at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. She also competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, where she placed seventh in 3000 meters. She is the world record holder of 3000 meters in juniors.

paragraph: Section::::Personal records.

paragraph: She is currently in 11th position in the adelskalender with a points total of 158.565.

description: Dutch speed skater

wikidata_label: Antoinette de Jong

wikipedia_title: Antoinette de Jong


text: trompe-l'œil

text: Djerbahood

text: Cascais

text: Portugal

text: trompe l'oeil

text: azulejo

text: Cascais

text: canvas

text: Cascais

text: Galo de Barcelos

text: Arraiolos

text: tapestries

text: azulejo

text: mural

text: stencil

text: Coimbra

text: Portugal

text: Bern

text: Switzerland

text: Tour Paris 13

text: Paris

text: France

text: Lisbon

text: Portugal

text: Cascais

text: Portugal

text: London

text: United Kingdom

text: Lisbon

text: Portugal

text: Lisbon

text: Portugal

text: Cascais

text: Portugal

text: Red Bull

text: Lisbon

text: Portugal

text: Paris

text: France

text: Mulhouse

text: France

text: Lagos, Portugal

text: Figueira da Foz

text: Portugal

text: Coimbra

text: Portugal

text: Lisbon

text: Portugal

text: Alcântara (Lisbon)

text: Portugal

text: Ponta Delgada

text: Azores

text: Lisbon

text: Portugal

text: Lisboa

text: Berlin

text: Barreiro (city)

text: Portugal

text: Alcântara (Lisbon)

text: Portugal

text: Alfa Romeo

text: Burton Snowboards

text: Europa Magazine

text: FUEL TV

text: MTV

text: MySpace

text: Nike, Inc.

text: Popular Mechanics

text: Red Bull

text: Meo (mobile phone company)

text: Wired (magazine)

text: Choco la Design (2013): "Os azulejos de Add Fuel"

categories: 1980 births,Date of birth missing (living people),Living people,Portuguese graffiti artists,People from Cascais,Portuguese artists,Street artists

paragraph: Add Fuel

paragraph: Add Fuel is Portuguese visual artist and illustrator Diogo Machado (born 1980). With a degree in Graphic Design from Lisbon's IADE – Institute of Visual Arts, Design and Marketing, he spent a few years working in design studios in Portugal, followed by an eight-month stint in Munich, Germany. Since 2007, he has been focusing exclusively on his artistic work. Starting out under the full name Add Fuel to the Fire, he first created a dark yet exuberant visual universe populated by a cast of slimy, eccentric and joyful creatures, influenced by a variety of interests ranging from video games to comics, animation, sci-fi, low-budget B films, designer toys, and urban visual culture.

paragraph: In 2008, fascinated with the aesthetic possibilities of symmetrical patterning and tessellations, he shortened his moniker and began redirecting his focus towards working with and reinterpreting the language of traditional tile design, and that of the Portuguese tin-glazed ceramic "azulejo" in particular. Effortlessly blending these two seemingly-irreconcilable visual idioms, his current practice seeks to combine traditional decorative elements with contemporary visual referents into new forms that reveal an impressive complexity and a masterful attention to detail. If, on the face of it, his work in small- and medium-sized tile panels, large-scale stencil-painted murals, and print editions might seem simply a pastiche of classic formalism, a closer inspection rewards the viewer with a chaotic world of unequivocally original motifs and characters brimming with irony and humour. Creating balance and harmony from symmetrical repetitions, a build-up of layers and techniques of visual illusion such as trompe-l'œil, his multi-layered patterned compositions produce a poetic rhythm that plays with the viewer's perception and the (multiple) possibilities of interpretation. Exploring a wide range of both manual and digital techniques in the fields of drawing, painting, ceramics, and printing, his practice expresses a sophisticated dialogue between the old and the new, between heritage and modernity.

paragraph: Besides the numerous public art interventions he has been creating in various countries, he has also been showcasing his work in solo and group exhibitions in reputed galleries, including Underdogs Gallery (Lisbon, 2017 and 2014), Saatchi Gallery (London, 2017), Nuart Gallery (Stavanger, 2017), ABV Gallery (Atlanta, 2017), Colab Gallery (Weil am Rhein, 2015), Galerie SOON (Zurich, 2013), and Pure Evil Gallery (London, 2012), and leading urban art events such as Nuart Festival (Aberdeen, 2017; Stavanger, 2016), PUBLIC’16 (Perth and Albany, 2016), Sacramento Mural Fest (Sacramento, 2016), Forgotten Project (Rome, 2015), Djerbahood (Djerba, 2014), and Tour Paris 13 (Paris, 2013), among many others.

paragraph: Diogo Machado lives and works in Cascais, Portugal.

paragraph: Section::::Artistic style.

paragraph: Diogo Machado's artwork combines fictional characters, decorative elements, and humor. His mural work using tiles and stencils is inspired by trompe l'oeil, and often emphasizes symmetry.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Illustration.

paragraph: Add Fuel has cited an older cousin who introduced him to a wide range of popular and classical artforms as a childhood influence.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Street Art, Ceramic panels and Murals.

paragraph: Add Fuel has used azulejo mosaic tiles as a medium for graffiti and other works, and has also described is as a cultural influence.

paragraph: Machado traces his initial interest in reviving azulejo to the Cascais ArtSpace festival in Cascais in 2008. "At the time, I received the invitation to cover an entire building with a giant printed canvas and my idea was to develop an illustration piece that would represent me as an inhabitant of my city, being the festival in Cascais." he says. "I investigated several portuguese traditional techniques and elements, such as the Galo de Barcelos and the Arraiolos tapestries, but it was a building, so the azulejo aesthetic was the one it felt right to work on"

paragraph: After this first experience, Machado studied azulejo and ceramics and began applying it to other urban art settings, often in incongruous and non-traditional contexts. Noteworthy pieces include a 30 meters long ceramic mural, made for the Walk & Talk Public Art Festival on Ponta Delgada in the Azores islands.

paragraph: Add Fuel has also used stencil techniques, partly as a response to the cost and logistical challenges of tile murals.

paragraph: Explaining why he chose the name Add Fuel, Machado has said "it's an abbreviation of the expression 'add fuel to the fire' which I like and used as my name for some time. The fact that it's in English is just because it's easier to work in an international market. Diogo Machado is hard to pronounce and to work just in the Portuguese market, unfortunately is not possible."

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014. Concentricum (Mercearia de Arte Alves & Silvestre, Coimbra, Portugal)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013. International Colors (SOON Gallery, Bern, Switzerland)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013. Tour Paris 13 (Paris, France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012. Urb4n Art LX (Influx Contemporary Art Gallery, Lisbon, Portugal)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012. Cascais ArtSpace (Cascais, Portugal)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012. Spaces Within (Pure Evil Gallery, London, United Kingdom)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011. 'Planet Fire' app release (Montana Shop & Gallery, Lisbon, Portugal)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009. 'Le Coq Tuguese (Experimenta Design, Lisbon, Portugal)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008. Cascais ArtSpace (Cascais, Portugal)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007. Red Bull Street Gallery (Lisbon, Portugal)

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Others.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014. Fenêtre Sur le Portugal (Paris, France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013. Le M.U.R. (Mulhouse, France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013. ArturB Residency (Lagos, Portugal)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013. Fusing Cultural Experience (Figueira da Foz, Portugal)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013. WOOL on Tour - Tem Sempre Encanto (Coimbra, Portugal)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013. Muro Azul - CHPL (Lisbon, Portugal)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012. WOOL on Tour - Lx Factory (Alcântara (Lisbon), Portugal)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012. Walk & Talk Public Art Festival (Ponta Delgada, Azores)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012. GAU - Lowbrow (Lisbon, Portugal)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010. Secret Wars - Lisbon Team (Lisboa & Berlin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009. MTV From Grey to Rainbow (Barreiro (city), Portugal)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008. Fuel TV - Portugal Launch - Lx Factory (Alcântara (Lisbon), Portugal)

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Commissioned projects.

paragraph: A Better Tomorrow, Alfa Romeo, Avalon7, Beatbombers, Burton Snowboards, Cropp, Colourlovers, Computer Arts, Dj Ride, Don't Panic, Digit, Europa Magazine, Feed The Beast FUEL TV, GAU Lisbon, MTV, MySpace, Nike, Inc., Popular Mechanics, Pyknic Clothing, Pocket Frenz, Red Bull, Toy2R, TMN (Meo (mobile phone company)), Wired (magazine), X-Funs, Yes No Maybe.

paragraph: Section::::Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jornal O Público (2014): "Azulejo tradicional de Add Fuel em Coimbra"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jornal i Online (2014): "Devolver os azulejos ás paredes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neo Pop Tv (2013): "NEW POP CULTURE: Diogo Machado Ep.2"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neo Pop Tv (2013): "NEW POP CULTURE: Diogo Machado Ep.1"

paragraph: BULLET::::- IdN (International designers' Network) (2013): "Creative Country: Portugal"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Street Art News (2013): "The Rise of Portuguese "Arte Urbana"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lux WOMAN (2013): "Mental Idade de Diogo Machado e Eime"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Choco la Design (2013): "Os azulejos de Add Fuel"

paragraph: BULLET::::- INFLUX Contemporary Art Gallery Featured Artist (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jornal O Público (2013): "Artistas portugueses “ocupam” prédio abandonado em Paris"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jornal O Público (2012): "Walk&Talk, um abecedário de arte pública"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Le blog de la galerie d'art Limitedartgallery.com (2012): "Arty Friday #4 – Diogo Machado aka ADD FUEL TO THE FIRE"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jornal O Público (2012): "O azulejo tradicional reinventado por artistas contemporâneos"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Science of the Time (2011): "Portuguese Mosaic Tiles Meet Urban Graffiti"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arize Magazine (2008): "Diogo Machado–Well known illustrator Diogo…Adds Fuel to the Fire"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Falar Criativo podcast (2015) :Interview of Add Fuel

description: illustrator, street artist

wikidata_label: Add Fuel

wikipedia_title: Add Fuel


text: cross-country skier

text: Liechtenstein

text: 15 kilometre classical

text: 30 kilometre skiathlon

categories: Cross-country skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics,Liechtenstein male cross-country skiers,1991 births,Living people,Olympic cross-country skiers of Liechtenstein

image: 512px-Филипп_Хельг.JPG

paragraph: Philipp Haelg

paragraph: Philipp Haelg (born November 3, 1991) is a cross-country skier from Liechtenstein. He competed for Liechtenstein at the 2014 Winter Olympics in the 15 kilometre classical and 30 kilometre skiathlon races.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liechtenstein at the 2014 Winter Olympics

description: cross-country skier from Liechtenstein

wikidata_label: Philipp Haelg

wikipedia_title: Philipp Haelg


text: soldier

text: United States Army

text: Korean War

text: posthumously

text: Medal of Honor

text: prisoner of war

text: 24th Infantry Division

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients

categories: 1951 deaths,Korean War recipients of the Medal of Honor,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,1923 births,American military personnel killed in the Korean War

paragraph: Ray E. Duke

paragraph: Ray Eugene Duke (May 9, 1923 – November 11, 1951) was a soldier in the United States Army during the Korean War. He posthumously received the Medal of Honor for his actions on April 26, 1951. He was captured by the enemy, and died as a prisoner of war later that year.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Rank and organization: Sergeant First Class, U.S. Army, Company C, 21st Infantry Regiment, 24th Infantry Division

paragraph: Place and date: Near Mugok, Korea, April 26, 1951

paragraph: Entered service at: Whitwell (Marion County), Tenn. Born: May 9, 1923, Whitwell, Tenn.

paragraph: G.O. No.: 20, March 19, 1954

paragraph: Citation:

paragraph: Sfc. Duke, a member of Company C, distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and outstanding courage above and beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy. Upon learning that several of his men were isolated and heavily engaged in an area yielded by his platoon when ordered to withdraw, he led a small force in a daring assault which recovered the position and the beleaguered men. Another enemy attack in strength resulted in numerous casualties but Sfc. Duke, although wounded by mortar fragments, calmly moved along his platoon line to coordinate fields of fire and to urge his men to hold firm in the bitter encounter. Wounded a second time he received first aid and returned to his position. When the enemy again attacked shortly after dawn, despite his wounds, Sfc. Duke repeatedly braved withering fire to insure maximum defense of each position. Threatened with annihilation and with mounting casualties, the platoon was again ordered to withdraw when Sfc. Duke was wounded a third time in both legs and was unable to walk. Realizing that he was impeding the progress of 2 comrades who were carrying him from the hill, he urged them to leave him and seek safety. He was last seen pouring devastating fire into the ranks of the onrushing assailants. The consummate courage, superb leadership, and heroic actions of Sfc. Duke, displayed during intensive action against overwhelming odds, reflect the highest credit upon himself, the infantry, and the U.S. Army.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients

wikidata_label: Ray E. Duke

wikipedia_title: Ray E. Duke


text: soldier

text: United States Army

text: Korean War

text: posthumously

text: Medal of Honor

text: First Battle of Wonju

text: Indianola, Iowa

text: World War II

text: Indianola, Iowa

text: 23rd Infantry Regiment

text: 2nd Infantry Division

text: platoon

text: machine gun

text: grenades

text: small-arms

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients

text: List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients

categories: 1951 deaths,People from Indianola, Iowa,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,1926 births,American military personnel killed in the Korean War

paragraph: Junior D. Edwards

paragraph: Junior Dean Edwards (October 7, 1926 – January 2, 1951) was a soldier in the United States Army during the Korean War. He posthumously received the Medal of Honor for his actions on January 2, 1951 during the First Battle of Wonju.

paragraph: Edwards joined the Army from his birthplace of Indianola, Iowa in January 1945, and served in the final months of World War II as a cook and a military policeman, until he was discharged in August 1946. He rejoined the Army in June 1947. He is buried in IOOF Cemetery Indianola, Iowa.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Rank and organization: Sergeant First Class, U.S. Army, Company E, 23rd Infantry Regiment, 2nd Infantry Division

paragraph: Place and date: Near Changbong-ni, Korea, January 2, 1951

paragraph: Entered service at: Indianola, Iowa. Born: October 7, 1926, Indianola, Iowa

paragraph: G.O. No.: 13, February 1, 1952

paragraph: Citation:

paragraph: Sfc. Edwards, Company E, distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy. When his platoon, while assisting in the defense of a strategic hill, was forced out of its position and came under vicious raking fire from an enemy machine gun set up on adjacent high ground, Sfc. Edwards individually charged the hostile emplacement, throwing grenades as he advanced. The enemy withdrew but returned to deliver devastating fire when he had expended his ammunition. Securing a fresh supply of grenades, he again charged the emplacement, neutralized the weapon and killed the crew, but was forced back by hostile small-arms fire. When the enemy emplaced another machine gun and resumed fire, Sfc. Edwards again renewed his supply of grenades, rushed a third time through a vicious hail of fire, silenced this second gun and annihilated its crew. In this third daring assault he was mortally wounded but his indomitable courage and successful action enabled his platoon to regain and hold the vital strongpoint. Sfc. Edwards' consummate valor and gallant self-sacrifice reflect the utmost glory upon himself and are in keeping with the esteemed traditions of the infantry and military service.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

description: Korean War Medal of Honor recipient

wikidata_label: Junior D. Edwards

wikipedia_title: Junior D. Edwards


text: soldier

text: United States Army

text: Korean War

text: posthumously

text: Medal of Honor

text: Holland, Michigan

text: 7th Infantry Regiment

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients

categories: 1951 deaths,1928 births,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,People from Holland, Michigan,United States Army soldiers,American military personnel killed in the Korean War

paragraph: John Essebagger Jr.

paragraph: John Essebagger Jr. (October 29, 1928 – April 25, 1951) was a soldier in the United States Army during the Korean War. He posthumously received the Medal of Honor for his actions on April 25, 1951.

paragraph: Essebagger joined the Army from his birthplace in 1950. He is buried in Pilgrim Home Cemetery, Holland, Michigan.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Rank and organization: Corporal, U.S. Army, Company A, 7th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division

paragraph: Place and date: Near Popsudong, Korea, April 25, 1951

paragraph: Entered service at: Holland, Mich. Born: October 29, 1928, Holland, Mich.

paragraph: G.O. No.: 61, April 24, 1952

paragraph: Citation:

paragraph: Cpl. Essebagger, a member of Company A, distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and outstanding courage above and beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy. Committed to effect a delaying action to cover the 3d Battalion's withdrawal through Company A, Cpl. Essebagger, a member of 1 of 2 squads maintaining defensive positions in key terrain and defending the company's right flank, had participated in repulsing numerous attacks. In a frenzied banzai charge the numerically superior enemy seriously threatened the security of the planned route of withdrawal and isolation of the small force. Badly shaken, the grossly outnumbered detachment started to fall back and Cpl. Essebagger, realizing the impending danger, voluntarily remained to provide security for the withdrawal. Gallantly maintaining a l-man stand, Cpl. Essebagger raked the menacing hordes with crippling fire and, with the foe closing on the position, left the comparative safety of his shelter and advanced in the face of overwhelming odds, firing his weapon and hurling grenades to disconcert the enemy and afford time for displacement of friendly elements to more tenable positions. Scorning the withering fire and bursting shells, Cpl. Essebagger continued to move forward, inflicting destruction upon the fanatical foe until he was mortally wounded. Cpl. Essebagger's intrepid action and supreme sacrifice exacted a heavy toll in enemy dead and wounded, stemmed the onslaught, and enabled the retiring squads to reach safety. His valorous conduct and devotion to duty reflected lasting glory upon himself and was in keeping with the noblest traditions of the infantry and the U.S. Army.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

wikidata_label: John Essebagger, Jr.

wikipedia_title: John Essebagger Jr.


text: U.S. Army

text: Medal of Honor

text: Korean War

text: grenade

text: Cherokee, North Carolina

text: Cherokee

text: Whittier, North Carolina

text: rank

text: Private First Class

text: 179th Infantry Regiment

text: 45th Infantry Division

text: Songnae-dong

text: Korea

text: VA Medical Center

text: Asheville, North Carolina

text: Charles George VA Medical Center

text: GCM

categories: 1932 births,1952 deaths,Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians,Cherokee people,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,People from Cherokee, North Carolina,United States Army soldiers,American military personnel killed in the Korean War

paragraph: Charles George

paragraph: Charles George (August 23, 1932 – November 30, 1952) was a U.S. Army soldier who received the Medal of Honor for his actions in combat on November 30, 1952, during the Korean War. He was fatally wounded when he threw himself on a grenade to protect other soldiers in his company and was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: George was born in Cherokee, North Carolina and was a Cherokee Native American. He entered service at Whittier, North Carolina. At the time of George's death in battle he held the rank of Private First Class in Company C of the 179th Infantry Regiment, 45th Infantry Division. The action for which he received the Medal of Honor was near Songnae-dong, Korea.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: The Medal of Honor was awarded on March 18, 1954. The citation read:

paragraph: Section::::Charles George VA Medical Center.

paragraph: The VA Medical Center in Asheville, North Carolina is named in honor of Charles George and thus is officially known as the Charles George VA Medical Center.

paragraph: Several boys recovered George's Purple Heart, Bronze Star and GCM in an antique shop. The owner donated the medals on the condition the boys find the family and return them, which they did.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

wikidata_label: Charles George

wikipedia_title: Charles George


text: County Tipperary

text: flat racing

text: jockey

text: Ireland

text: Britain

text: County Tipperary

text: Champion Hurdle

text: Irish 1,000 Guineas

text: Kilkenny College

text: Aidan O'Brien

text: Ballydoyle

text: Irish flat racing Champion Jockey

text: Kieren Fallon

text: British flat racing Champion Jockey

text: Seb Sanders

text: Shergar Cup

text: Channel 4 Racing

text: Emma Ramsden

text: Irish 2,000 Guineas

text: Irish 1,000 Guineas

text: Tattersalls Gold Cup

text: Irish Oaks

text: Matron Stakes (Ireland)

text: Moyglare Stud Stakes

text: Flying Five Stakes

text: St Leger Stakes

text: Ascot Gold Cup

text: Champion Stakes

text: Lockinge Stakes

text: Epsom Oaks

text: St James's Palace Stakes

text: Eclipse Stakes

text: Falmouth Stakes

text: Goodwood Cup

text: Nunthorpe Stakes

text: Haydock Sprint Cup

text: Middle Park Stakes

text: Sun Chariot Stakes

text: Fillies' Mile

text: British Champions Sprint Stakes

text: Vertem Futurity Trophy

text: Grosser Preis von Berlin

text: Prix Maurice de Gheest

text: Prix du Moulin de Longchamp

text: Prix de l'Abbaye de Longchamp

text: Prix Jean-Luc Lagardère

text: Critérium de Saint-Cloud

text: Dubai Turf

text: Jebel Hatta

text: UAE Derby

text: Arlington Million

text: Man o' War Stakes

text: Belmont Derby

text: Woodbine Mile

text: Northern Dancer Turf Stakes

text: E. P. Taylor Stakes

text: Natalma Stakes

categories: 1980 births,Irish Anglicans,Living people,People educated at Kilkenny College,Lester Award winners,Irish jockeys

paragraph: Jamie Spencer

paragraph: Jamie Spencer (born 8 June 1980, County Tipperary) is an Irish flat racing jockey currently riding in the UK. He has been champion jockey in both Ireland and Britain and has won four classics, two in each country. Spencer is an advocate for the art of holding up horses late into the races, and then making use of their natural dash of speed.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.

paragraph: The son of former County Tipperary National Hunt trainer George Spencer, who trained Winning Fair to win the Champion Hurdle in 1963, Jamie Spencer came to horse riding relatively late in childhood. He made rapid progress and was just 17 when he won his first classic, the 1998 Irish 1,000 Guineas on Tarascon, in the process becoming the youngest jockey to win a classic. He was champion apprentice in Ireland the following year with 46 winners. Spencer was educated at Kilkenny College.

paragraph: Spencer's mercurial talents, coupled with riding Brian Boru to victory in the 2003 St Leger at Doncaster for O'Brien, led to him briefly becoming stable jockey for Aidan O'Brien at Ballydoyle. While in that job, he was Irish flat racing Champion Jockey in 2004, with 93 winners. After O'Brien and Spencer parted company, he was replaced as stable jockey in 2005 by Kieren Fallon. He moved to Britain, where he was British flat racing Champion Jockey in 2005, with 180 winners.

paragraph: In 2007 Spencer was again British Champion Jockey, sharing the title on this occasion with Seb Sanders.

paragraph: In January 2010, Spencer signed a contract to ride as retained jockey for Mrs Fitri Hay, whose principal trainer is Paul Cole, with other horses trained by Stan Moore and Tom Tate.

paragraph: In 2010, the trainers for whom Spencer rode most frequently were Michael Bell, Kevin Ryan and Paul Cole. The Hay contract saw him riding again for Aidan O'Brien after she bought shares in multiple Group 1 winners Fame And Glory and Cape Blanco, both of whom continued to be trained by O'Brien. Spencer's wins for O'Brien in the Hay colours included the 2011 Ascot Gold Cup on Fame And Glory. Spencer was retained by Qatar Racing in 2013 and they teamed up for many wins including the Irish 1000 Guineas with Just The Judge.

paragraph: On 21 August 2014, citing family reasons, Spencer announced he would retire from race riding at the end of the 2014 season and would take up a role as a special advisor at Qatar Racing's stable. However, in December 2014, he reversed that decision and announced he would continue riding as a freelance jockey.

paragraph: Spencer rode his 2,000th winner in British flat racing in August 2017 when Stake Acclaim won at the Shergar Cup meeting. The milestone made him only the 22nd jockey to ride 2,000 flat winners in Britain, and one of only four jockeys active in 2017 to have reached the landmark.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Spencer married Channel 4 Racing presenter Emma Ramsden in February 2005 and they have three children. They divorced in 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Major wins.

paragraph: Ireland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irish 2,000 Guineas – (1) – " Phoenix of Spain (2019) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irish 1,000 Guineas – (3) – " Tarascon (1998), Gossamer (2002), Just The Judge (2013) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tattersalls Gold Cup – (1) – " Powerscourt (2004) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irish Oaks – (1) – " Sariska (2009) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matron Stakes (Ireland) – (1) – " Red Evie (2006) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moyglare Stud Stakes – (1) – " Sequoyah (2000) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flying Five Stakes – (1) – " Oratorio (2004) "

paragraph: Great Britain

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Leger Stakes – (1) – " Brian Boru (2003) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ascot Gold Cup – (1) – " Fame and Glory (2011) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Champion Stakes – (1) – " David Junior (2005) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lockinge Stakes – (1) – " Red Evie (2007) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Epsom Oaks – (1) – " Sariska (2009) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- St James's Palace Stakes – (1) – "Excellent Art (2007) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eclipse Stakes – (1) – " David Junior (2006) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Falmouth Stakes – (1) – " Macadamia (2003) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Goodwood Cup – (2) – " Big Orange (2015,2016) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nunthorpe Stakes – (1) – " Kyllachy (2002) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haydock Sprint Cup – (1) – " Goodricke (2005) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Middle Park Stakes – (1) – " Ad Valorem (2004) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sun Chariot Stakes – (1) – " Echoes in Eternity (2003) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fillies' Mile – (1) – " Gossamer (2001) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- British Champions Sprint Stakes – (1) – " Maarek (2012) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vertem Futurity Trophy – (1) – " Crowded House (2008) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grosser Preis von Berlin – (1) – " Second Step (2015) "

paragraph: France

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prix Maurice de Gheest – (1) – " King Charlemagne (2001) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prix du Moulin de Longchamp – (1) – " Excelebration (2011) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prix de l'Abbaye de Longchamp – (1) – " Desert Lord (2006) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prix Jean-Luc Lagardère – (1) – " Desert Lord (2006) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Critérium de Saint-Cloud – (1) – " Ballingarry (2001) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dubai Turf – (1) – " David Junior (2006) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jebel Hatta – (2) – " Divine Task (2002), Wigmore Hall (2011) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- UAE Derby – (1) – " Toast of New York (2014) "

paragraph: United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joe Hirsch Turf Classic Invitational Stakes – (1) – " Cape Blanco (2011) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arlington Million – (1) – " Cape Blanco (2011) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Man o' War Stakes – (1) – " Cape Blanco (2011) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Belmont Derby – (1) – " Deauville (2016) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Woodbine Mile – (1) – " Trade Storm (2014) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Northern Dancer Turf Stakes – (2) – " Wigmore Hall (2011,2012) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. P. Taylor Stakes – (1) – " Just The Judge (2014) "

paragraph: BULLET::::- Natalma Stakes – (1) – " La Pelosa (2018) "

description: Irish jockey

wikidata_label: Jamie Spencer

wikipedia_title: Jamie Spencer