text: Civil War

text: María Lacrampe

text: Claudina García Perez

text: Claudina García Perez

text: Julia Vigre

text: Carmen Guelin

text: feminist

text: psuedo

text: fascist

text: organic democracy

text: Roman Catholic

text: Spanish Civil War

text: Misogyny

text: heteronormativity

text: patria

text: Melilla

text: Falange Española Tradicionalista

text: José Antonio Primo de Rivera

text: Juan Carlos

text: Luis Carrero Blanco

text: ETA

text: Unión General de Trabajadores

text: Marxist ideology

text: anti-clericalism

text: Partido Comunista Española

text: Asturian miners' strike of 1934

text: mines in Asturias

text: Arnedo

text: Logroño

text: Unión General de Trabajadores

text: Guardia Civil

text: Francisco Largo Caballero

text: María Lacrampe

text: Asociación Socialista de Madrid

text: Belgium

text: Claudina García Perez

text: María Elisa García Saez

text: Múgica

text: Oran

text: Algeria

text: Selina Asenjo Puello

text: María Lejárraga

text: Ángeles García Ortega

text: María Lacrampe

text: Las Ventas Prison

text: Dolores Bañares Villanueva

text: Pilar Pascual

text: Yecla

text: Murcia

text: Ángeles Malonda

text: María Añó

text: Claudina García Perez

text: Biscay

text: Partido Nacionalista Vasco

text: Emakume Abertzaleen Batzak

text: Claudina García Perez

text: Julia Vigre

text: Victoria Zárate Zurita

text: Julia Vigre

text: Agrupación Socialista Madrileña

text: Carmen Guelin

text: Unión Democrática Española

text: PSOE

text: Izquierda Republicana

text: Unión Republicana

text: Partido Republicano Federal

text: Unió de Rabassaires

text: Aliança Nacional de Catalunya

text: Partido Comunista Española

text: Juan Negrín

text: Agrupación de Socialistas Asturianos

text: Purificación Tomás

text: Mexico

text: Carmen García Bloise

text: Paris

text: Pozo María Luisa

text: Oviedo

text: Campo de Caso

text: Nalón

text: Caudal

text: José Federico de Carvajal

text: Antonio Alonso Baño

text: Luis Castillo Almena

text: Carlos Zayas

text: María Luisa Suárez Roldán

text: Antonio Amat

text: The Times

text: Associated Press

text: Agence France-Presse

text: Josefina Arrillaga Lansorena

text: Unión General de Trabajadores

text: Comisiones Obreras

text: Manuela Moreno

text: Peter Benenson

text: Fritz Erler

text: German SPD

text: IG Metall

text: Manuel Fernández-Montesinos

text: Manuel Fernández-Montesinos

text: Alianza Sindical Obrera

text: World Federation of Trade Unions

text: Ludivina García Arias

text: José Luis Rodríguez Vigil

text: Carmen García Bloise

text: Nicolás Redondo

text: Eduardo López Albizu

text: Agustín González

text: Enrique Múgica

text: Pablo Castellano

text: Felipe González

text: Antonio García Duarte

text: José Mata

text: Paulino Barrabés

text: Manuel Simón

text: Juan Iglesias

text: Carmen García Bloise

text: Renault

text: Paris

text: Carmen Muriana

text: Liga Comunista Revolucionaria

text: Matilde Fernández

text: María Teresa Revilla

text: Ludivina García Arias

text: Carmen García Bloise

text: Carmen Muriana

text: Josefina Arrillaga

categories: Women in Francoist Spain,Spanish Socialist Workers' Party,Women in the Spanish transition to democracy

paragraph: Women in Unión General de Trabajadores in Francoist Spain

paragraph: Women in Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT) in Francoist Spain played important roles in the union dating back to the Second Republic period, even as their specific needs like maternity leave, childcare provisions and equal pay were subverted for the improvement of better overall working conditions. Women UGT leaders in the Civil War period included María Lacrampe and Claudina García Perez.

paragraph: In the post-Civil War period, the Franco regime confiscated all UGT property and other assets. Many members of UGT went into exile, where they formed an external UGT leadership group. Women who remained faced repression, harassment, prison and were disappeared. Feminism and socialism continued to have a fraught relationship. An interior UGT body was formed in 1943, with Claudina García Perez, Julia Vigre and  Carmen Guelin some of the most important women inside Spain in this period. Socialist women worked as liaisons or as messengers for clandestine PSOE and UGT activities. In the exterior, the biggest groups were in France and Mexico.

paragraph: The 1950s and 1960s continued a period where women's issues were ignored as part of broader political ideologies.  PSOE also found itself having little control over UGT despite a huge overlap in leadership. Mining strikes in Asturias were some of the biggest labor challenges faced by the regime in this period, with UGT activists at the center of this.  Josefina Arrillaga on the interior would begin to set the stage for the fissure that would erupt in 1970 between those in Spain and those in leadership in exile.  In the interior, Carmen Romero, Carmen Muriana and Manuela Moreno  would be some of those most influential women.  On the exterior, Carmen García Bloise would play a pivotal role in getting UGT to change leadership to the interior.

paragraph: Leadership was formally changed from the exterior to the interior by 1971 with the help of Asturian unionists and militants.  Franco dided in 1975. The involvement of women in the movement assisted in a push for more democratic ideals that would come about in the 1970s, which would also see feminism merge politically with the movement as part of individual and collective goals towards creating a more democratic society following the death of Franco. In 2019, UGT declared itself as an explicitly feminist union.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Francoist Spain was a psuedo-fascist state whose ideology rejected what it considered the inorganic democracy of the Second Republic.  It was an embrace of organic democracy, defined as a reassertion of traditional Spanish Roman Catholic values that served as a counterpoint to the Communism of the Soviet Union during the same period. It came into exist in 1939 following the end of the Spanish Civil War. Misogyny and heteronormativity where linchpins of fascism in Spain, where the philosophy revolved around "patria" and fixed gender roles that praised the role of strong male leadership.

paragraph: In July 1936, the Spanish Civil War started with a military coup attempt launched from the Spanish enclave of Melilla.  In October of that same year, Franco took over as the Generalissimo and Chief of State in Nationalist zones.  On 19 April 1937, Catholic and Falangist parties were merged, making Falange Española Tradicionalista the official state party behind Nationalist lines.  On 30 January 1938, the first National State Cabinet meeting was held, with the Spanish Civil War formally coming to an end on 1 April 1939 and an official government formalized on 8 August 1939.

paragraph: The Franco regime banned all political parties and trade unions.  The only permissible type organization was Falange, founded by José Antonio Primo de Rivera in 1933. An election was held in 1966, where people were given the option to affirm or deny Franco's leadership.  With more voters than electors, Franco was affirmed as Head of State. Prince Juan Carlos was appointed as Franco's official successor in 1970, with Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco being the unofficial successor. Carrero Blanco was assassinated in 1973 by ETA. Franco died in November 1975.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Section::::History.:Pre-Francoism period.

paragraph: Pablo Iglesias founded Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT) on 12 August 1888 in Barcelona as a trade union affiliate to his socialist party, PSOE, that he had founded in Madrid in 1879.  Early growth for UGT was slowed as it was in competition with an anarchist trade union that focused on reaching out to Spain's working class.  UGT's connection with PSOE also gave the union a rigid Marxist ideology coupled with anti-clericalism.  This was sometimes difficult for Spain's small industrial working class population who had many other left-wing political options to chose from.  In 1921, a split developed inside PSOE which resulted in the creation of Partido Comunista Española (PCE).  Despite this, during the 1920s the party continued to grow and was the largest one in the country by 1931 when the Second Republic was founded.

paragraph: Women were involved in UGT during the 1930s, playing important roles in events like the Asturian miners' strike of 1934. The strike was one of the first major conflicts of the Second Republic, when workers' militias seized control of the mines in Asturias. Originally planned as a nation wide strike, the workers collective action only really took place in Asturias. Some women were involved in propaganda and others in assisting the miners. After the government quelled the insurrection by bringing in Moroccan legionaries, some 30,000 people found themselves in prison and another 1,000 were put into graves.  A large number of those put into prison were women.  Women also played an advocacy role in trying to see their husbands and male relatives released. Among the UGT women involved in the strike was María Lacrampe, who had joined the union in 1932.

paragraph: Near the end of 1931,  workers at a shoe factor in the village of Arnedo near Logroño were fired because they were members of Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT).  Villagers decided to protest their firing outside the townhall, and were fired upon for no discernible reason by the Guardia Civil. Four women, a child and a male worker were killed, while another thirty were injured.

paragraph: In this period, major unions like UGT and Confederación Nacional del trabajo (CNT) ignored specific needs of women, including maternity leave, childcare provisions and equal pay; they instead focused on general needs or needs of men in the workforces they represented. Only 4% of UGT's membership was female by 1932.

paragraph: Section::::History.:Civil War period (1936 - 1939).

paragraph: UGT leader Francisco Largo Caballero served as Spain's Prime Minister from 1936 to 1937. UGT and PSOE were both banned by Franco in 1938. In November 1937, María Lacrampe became the secretary of the Asociación Socialista de Madrid.  As part of her work, she assisted in bringing Spanish Republican children into exile in Belgium.  Claudina García Perez served as a member of UGT's Executive Committee from October 1937 to April 1939.

paragraph: Most of the militias that were created during the immediate outbreak of the Civil War came from civil society groups like trade unions and political parties.  CNT, UGT and other unions stepped in to provide logistical support for many of these militias. Aragón UGT militant María Elisa García Saez was killed in combat in the mountains of Múgica on 9 May 1937.

paragraph: Section::::History.:Post Civil War period (1939 - 1945).

paragraph: The Franco regime confiscated all UGT property and other assets, starting in the Civil War and continuing into their early period of governance.  Around the start of the War, UGT owned more than 1,100 properties in support of their activities of supporting Spanish workers, including providing relief services and assisting mutual aid societies.

paragraph: Many members of UGT went into exile and the group had to rely on international support as a consequence of domestic repression. Oran, Algeria would receive around 7,000 members of PSOE and UGT who fled into exile as a result of the Spanish Civil War. UGT and PSOE party member Selina Asenjo Puello went into exile in Argentina after 12 years in France. María Lejárraga also spent time in exile in many European and South American countries.

paragraph: Women who were affiliated with UGT were disappeared during the early Francoist period. UGT members also went to prison in the immediate post-Civil War period, where found themselves facing deplorable conditions. During 1939, conditions in prison for children of mothers imprisoned for political offenses were awful.  In the Las Ventas prison, an average of eight children died a day as a result of lack of food an unhygienic conditions.

paragraph: PSOE and UGT militant Ángeles García Ortega was sent to prison for three years in 1939. At the conclusion of the war, María Lacrampe unsuccessfully tried to escape via boat by claiming she was a French citizen.  By June 1939, she was in the Las Ventas Prison in Madrid, where she used her time to work as a nurse assisting children of other female prisoners. She would also be present right before many women were put to death, with many of these women offering her their last testimonies. Because of her political involvement, Dolores Bañares Villanueva went to Las Ventas Prison in Madrid on 28 April 1939, where a court martial on 12 June 1940 gave the 39-year-old a twelve year prison sentence.  She was released from an Avila prison on 9 January 1941. PSOE and UGT militant Pilar Pascual was arrested in March 1939 in Yecla, Murcia for writing an article about socialism.  Sentenced to death, she would spend time in prison in Yelca, Murcia and Las Ventas in Madrid after her conviction was commuted.  After leaving prison, she rejoined PSOE and was active with the organization until she died. Ángeles Malonda was one of the UGT women imprisoned during the Franco regime as a result of her involvement with the union during the Civil War. PSOE and UGT militant María Añó was involved in clandestine PSOE organizations, and would be sent to prison several times as a result of her political activities. By May 1939, when the Spanish Civil War was officially over, Claudina García Perez was in the Las Ventas Prison in Madrid.  The case against her was dismissed in 1940, and she was released from prison.

paragraph: Wives of UGT members also found themselves subject to harassment in Francoist Spain.  They could lose their jobs, and have the state take away their children, forcing them into internal exile. Teachers were a group particularly repressed during this period. In the Basque Country, following the Nationalist seizing control of the area, women found themselves being investigated by the new regime.  In Biscay, over 300 different women were investigated in this period.  Many were also imprisoned.  They were subject to scrutiny because people accused them of being involved with or having sympathies for groups like PCE, PSOE, UGT, Partido Nacionalista Vasco (PNV), and Emakume Abertzaleen Batzak.

paragraph: Feminism and socialism continued to have a fraught relationship during the early Francoist period.

paragraph: Following the end of the Spanish Civil War, the UGT Executive Committee officially convened abroad with no domestic body until 1943.  In 1943, Claudina García Perez was invited to serve in on the interior Executive Commission.  She would also on the PSOE First and Second Executive Commission in the same period.  Franco's government spied on her and persecuted her, before hunting her down with the intention of arresting her.  García Perez then fled to exile in France in December 1946. She then moved to Mexico in February 1948.

paragraph: Socialist women worked as liaisons or as messengers for clandestine PSOE and UGT activities.  Some were sent to prison for many years as a result. Socialist women played an important role in Asturias by doing clandestine work, such as coordinating between cells, supporting covert strike actions and taking over roles left vacant because male leaders were incarcerated.

paragraph: PSOE and UGT militant Julia Vigre played a central role in organizing clandestine union and party activities.  She went to prison several times as a result. María Lacrampe was released in 1943. Victoria Zárate Zurita had been a member of the executive committee of the UGT aligned Federación de Trabajadores de la Enseñanza (FETE).  She was arrested and savagely tortured while in prison.  Valencia FETE executive committee member Ángela Semper was imprisoned from the end of the Civil War until 1944.  Neither woman managed to escape Spain.

paragraph: Julia Vigre was released from prison in 1943, and got back into contact with members of the UGT and PSOE Executive Committees.  She developed a clandestine contact network inside Spanish prisons and with militant male Spanish activities in exile in Toulouse.  She then facilitated clandestine communications between the two groups.  She was re-arrested in 1945 before being freed against in 1948.  Upon her release from prison, she went into hiding but continued her work in some Madrid based UGT and PSOE executive committees.  She became involved with Agrupación Socialista Madrileña, and collaborated with another female militant socialist, Carmen Guelin.  The work of the pair was critical in establishing the “malla de cristal”, a network that allowed communication between imprisoned socialist militants with their brethren in exile.

paragraph: In the Region of Murcia, the first union led strike was led by picadoras del esparto  women.  Coordinating between former CNT and UGT members, they managed to get work stopped in three factories. In 1946, women political prisoners in Madrid's Las Ventas prison held a hunger strike to protest the poor quality of food they were provided.  Women from socialist, communist and anarchist organizations came together behind bars to coordinate the strike.  While they were successful in seeing food quality improved, prison officials subsequently reorganized the prison population to prevent further political collaboration within the confines of the prison.

paragraph: In 1942, Spanish Republican groups in exile met in Mexico, forming the Unión Democrática Española (UDE).  Participants included PSOE, UGT, Izquierda Republicana (IR),  Unión Republicana (UR),  Partido Republicano Federal (PRF), Unió de Rabassaires and  Aliança Nacional de Catalunya (ANC). Partido Comunista Española (PCE) was excluded as communists were out of favor following the end of the Spanish Civil War. The goal of the meeting was to establish an alternative Juan Negrín led government abroad in opposition to Franco. Agrupación de Socialistas Asturianos en México member Purificación Tomás would play an important role among socialist women in Mexico in the 1940s and 1950s.  She was affiliated with the UGT affiliated exile group Círculo Pablo Iglesias.

paragraph: PSOE, UGT, PCE, CNT, Juventudes Socialistas de España (JSE),  Movimiento Libertario Español (MLE) and the Moviment Socialista de Catalunya (MSC) continued their struggle in exile.  From 1944 to 1960, the French city of Toulouse served as a major publishing hub for many of these organization's home in exile.  The city of Toulouse itself would see around 40,000 exiles from these groups settle permanently in the city. Carmen García Bloise was the daughter of a Spanish PSOE exile, arriving in Paris in 1948 with a family that had been in exile since 1939. Santander local Dolores Rosada de Miranda was a UGT member forced into exile as a result of the Spanish Civil War.  She remained active in the UGT de Castelsarrasin (Tarn et Garonne), before dying in France in January 1948.

paragraph: During the 1950s and 1960s, neither UGT nor PSOE put much consideration into political ideologies and practices related to improving the lives of women. Unlike other European countries where parties held control over unions, PSOE had very little leverage over UGT in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s despite a large overlap in leadership.

paragraph: Carmen García Bloise joined Juventudes Socialistas in 1952. Following the death of PSOE leader Tomás Centeno in prison in 1953, the PSOE Executive Committee and broader leadership were largely destroyed. Starting in the 1950s, Josefina Arrillaga Lansorena, a lawyer, began attending clandestine socialist meetings in Madrid.  She became involved with Antonio Amat, who wanted to replace the dead Tomás Centeno in order to reconstruct both UGT and PSOE.

paragraph: From 1957 to 1962, the Franco regime faced labor strikes in Asturias, with the biggest in Pozo María Luisa. Sindicato de los Obreros Mineros de Asturias (SOMA) had its greatest strength in this region, with socialist and communist women leading the organization of strikes on 23 March 1957.  They organized in two locations, including the esplanade of Pozo María Luisa and at the highway connecting Oviedo with Campo de Caso.  Their actions would serve as a blueprint for future strikes at the Nalón and Caudal mining basins.

paragraph: In 1958, Josefina Arrillaga and José Federico de Carvajal created a Spain based a UGT Lawyers' Office, which allowed the organization to provide legal services to many people including Antonio Alonso Baño, Luis Castillo Almena, Carlos Zayas and María Luisa Suárez Roldán. PSOE and UGT were almost decapitated in 1958 following a police arrest of many of the leading figures of the movement from Asturias, Basque Country and Madrid. Antonio Amat was among those arrested.  He was represented by Josefina Arrillaga Lansorena.  While Amat was in prison, Josefina Arrillaga Lansorena took control of the PSOE party apparatus.  One of the most important things Arrillaga Lansorena did was establish a relationship with the socialist backed Asturian miners. Another important thing she did was make contact with foreign newspapers including Britain's "The Times", the American Associated Press, and the French Agence France-Presse where she provided a different perspective on the realities of Francoist Spain.

paragraph: In November 1958, there were a large number of raids conducted by the Spanish state that saw many people arrested and sent to prison around the whole of Spain.  People picked up in this period would include many women involved with the miners strike in Asturias earlier in the year.  Many of the women imprisoned as a consequence of the raid would go on to play leading roles in the Spanish socialist community of the 1960s.  Among those arrested was Josefina Arrillaga Lansorena.

paragraph: Socialist Unión General de Trabajadores and Communist Comisiones Obreras were the two leading underground clandestine unions during the 1960s and 1970s. Women were involved with UGT as part of their opposition to the regime.

paragraph: Carmen Romero and Felipe González met at university in Seville, where both were already already involved in anti-Francoist militancy.  On 17 July 1969, the couple were civilly married by proxy as Felipe González was in Bordeaux, only returning on 18 July for a religious ceremony.  The couple had their honeymoon in France so Felipe González could attend a Socialist Youth meeting in Toulouse. Returning from their honeymoon, Carmen Romero set up an house in 1969 which later became the headquarters for the Federación Española de Trabajadores de la Enseñanza de UGT at calle Espinosa and Cárcel in Seville. By 1970, Carmen Romero was working as a teacher.

paragraph: UGT militant Manuela Moreno spent time in prisons in  Caspe, Torrero and Barbastro  because of her membership in UGT. Her longest sentence resulted in her not leaving prison until 1962 because she was found guilty of serving as a liaison to Aragon guerrillas.

paragraph: Carmen Muriana started working as a clothing store salesperson in the early 1960s, before taking a job in a wholesale drugstore.  It was in the latter position that she became involved with labor organization. In 1969, Carmen Muriana immigrated to London, working in a number of jobs including waitress and hotel receptionists.  It was in London that she first began to have contact with anti-Francoists.  She returned home to Madrid for Christmas on holiday that year, witnessing confrontations between the regime and opponents as a result of the Burgos process, which saw people protesting the sixteen members of ETA given a death sentence after being accused of murdering three people.

paragraph: Carmen García Bloise was one of the female leaders inside PSOE during the 1960s.  She believed that PSOE and UGT needed to be governed from inside Spain, not from the exterior.  Along with others in the informal Paris group, she believed that militants inside Spain should be given greater weight and consideration inside PSOE and UGT.  Her position closely aligned her with ASO. Carmen García Bloise was delegate for the Section of Paris at the VIII UGT Congress in 1962, led the Secretariado Femenino from February 1965 to August 1970, and was member of the Committee of Formation of the Militant from 1966 to 1969.

paragraph: Section::::History.:1960s.:Interior - exterior conflicts.

paragraph: By 1959, divisions had emerged between socialist elements in the Spanish interior and those in leadership in Toulouse in the exterior. Josefina Arrillaga was at the center of this battle for the heart of PSOE and UGT.  She had been serving at the primary contact with Toulouse but, on 12 April 1960, she was dismissed from this role. Despite her dismissal, Josefina Arrillaga still played a key role in facilitating clandestine communications between Toulouse and key jailed socialist figures in Spain's interior.  Her role would see the November 1961 trial of seven Basque nationalists attended by the British journalist and Labour MP Ernest Davies as well as Christian Democrat Right leader José Maria Gil Robles, and the secretary of the Christian Democrat Left. Josefina Arrillaga would continue to develop her contact network in 1961 to aid in the socialist cause.  New contacts would include Amnesty International founder Peter Benenson, Fritz Erler  of the German SPD, German metalworks union IG Metall, and UGT members like Manuel Fernández-Montesinos living in exile in Germany.

paragraph: On 21 May 1962, León Ramos informed the Spanish Democrats Defence Committee (SDDC) that Amat, Josefine Arillaga and Vicente Girbau were trying to destroy PSOE from within  and were actively collaborating with the communist. The SDDC was a PSOE and British Labour Party working group. The British Labour party decided to maintain contact with all involved as a 1959 party rule dictated they not become involved in internal Spanish party squabbling.

paragraph: Madrid based Josefina Arrillaga and Manuel Fernández-Montesinos would further split from the Toulouse group over their support of the creation of the Alianza Sindical Obrera (ASO), which drew heavily from UGT membership and advocated for a radical change in approach for the movement in the interior.  Arrillaga  would support World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) participation by ASO, attending several of WFTU's international congresses. Arrillaga's participation internationally ended the monopoly held by Toulouse of representing PSOE internationally and as Spain's primary free trade unionist organization. Josefina Arrillaga later immigrated to Germany in 1966, which along with the arrest of figures like Manuel Fernández Montesinos and the dissolution of the Madrid PSOE group, saw ASO go into the decline.

paragraph: The arrest of the core of the Madrid group including Fernández-Montesinos, Nuero and Nogués left Josefina Arrillaga uncertain.  The Lawyers Group could not overcome their loss.  The remaining members Madrid group still had to deal with tensions from leadership in Toulouse.  Consequently, Arrillaga felt she could not overcome these difficulties and left for Germany in 1966 and became politically inactive.

paragraph: Section::::History.:Francoist 1970s (1970 - 1975).

paragraph: During the early 1970s, Asturian socialists and militants played a critical role in providing a renewal for PSOE and UGT's leadership.   Ludivina García Arias and José Luis Rodríguez Vigil played a critical role in rebuilding UGT in Oveido during the 1970s. Encarna Vega and Ludivina García Arias both spent time in hiding.  They worked to coordinate their activities to promote UGT and PSOE in Oviedo during the early 1970s.

paragraph: Carmen García Bloise held several positions in UGT in the early 1970s, including being part of the National Committee as substitute member representing the 7th area (Seine) from 1971 to 1973, a member of the Committee of Formation of the Militant from 1971 to 1975, and a delegate of the Departmental Group of Seine to the XI UGT Congress in exile in 1971. In October 1975, Carmen García Bloise and her husband Rafael Robledo moved to Madrid.

paragraph: In 1971, with the help of Asturian unionists and militants, UGT leadership moved from the exterior to the interior. The XI Congreso of UGT in 1971 resulted in a rupture inside UGT as a result of divisions over who should govern the organization.  The interior side was led by an executive committee formed by Nicolás Redondo, Eduardo López Albizu, Agustín González, Enrique Múgica, Pablo Castellano and Felipe González from the interior, and Antonio García Duarte, José Mata, Paulino Barrabés, Manuel Simón, and Juan Iglesias from the exterior.  They were supported in their efforts by Carmen García Bloise, who at the time was working as an accountant for Renault in Paris.

paragraph: Carmen Muriana returned to London in January 1970, but quickly made the decision to permanently return home to Madrid and takes a job in a marble shop.  Fired because she became pregnant, she worked with her union Sindicato Vertical  to protest the dismissal and was compensated for wrongful termination. Carmen Muriana worked for ODAG and then Standard Eléctrica y Plata Meneses during the 1970s.  Her work put her into contact with a number of clandestine organizations including Liga Comunista Revolucionaria, CCOO and PCE.  With them, she participated in strike actions and demonstrations.  She also distributed union propaganda. Carmen Muriana took control of the Women's Section of the UGT in the 1970s.

paragraph: Carmen Romero moved with her husband to Madrid in 1974 after he became the Secretary General of PSOE. She took up teaching in Madrid and became more active in UGT's Federación Española de Trabajadores de la Enseñanza . Josefina Arrillaga returned to Spain in 1974. Matilde Fernández joined UGT in the last years of the dictatorship.

paragraph: Section::::History.:Democratic transition 1970s (1976-1985).

paragraph: The involvement of women in the movement assisted in a push for more democratic ideals that would come about in the 1970s, which would also see feminism merge politically with the movement as part of individual and collective goals towards creating a more democratic society following the death of Franco. In the transition period, HOAC, JEC, Comisiones Obreras and UGT were largely focused on the creation of a new Spanish democracy. While female only labor associations had existed underground in the Francoist period, these organizations and the specific needs of women they espoused were largely ignored by  HOAC, JEC, Comisiones Obreras and UGT. Despite this, in the Constituent Assembly that drafted the 1978 Spanish constitution, only 27 members were women.  The final drawing up of the Spanish constitution had no women involved in the process.  The only woman involved in the 39 member commission that debated the constitutional process was UGT's María Teresa Revilla.

paragraph: Revilla said of the process, "The Constitution was a fundamental and decisive leap for women in Spain. From there, the inequalities in the laws began to be corrected. The woman really began to be able to be what she herself achieved with her effort (...) I believe that none of the deputies of that constituent legislature were satisfied with the regulation of the Crown in regard to the order of succession. How was it then possible to discriminate against women in flagrant contradiction with what was said in article 14 of the Constitution itself? Even today I can not find sufficient reason ."

paragraph: When the UGT was still semi-clandestine in 1976, Ludivina García Arias was elected at XXX UGT Congress in Madrid in April as UGT Secretary of Emigration of the Executive Commission. Carmen García Bloise attended the same congress, representing the Section of Grenoble (Isère). In 1976, Carmen Muriana joined UGT.  In 1977, because of an amnesty, she got her job at Standard back.  In UGT elections the following year, she was elected to the Comité de Empresa, and would go on to hold many more leadership positions in UGT. In 1977, Carmen Romero became UGT's Executive Education Committee Press Secretary. Josefina Arrillaga would briefly rejoin PSOE during the transition period.

paragraph: The Primeras Jornadas de la Mujer were held in the Basque Country from 8 - 11 December 1978. The Primeras Jornadas de la Mujer were held in Granada in 1979.  At both, the issue of dual militancy was discussed by women trade unionists and political party members in attendance.  For many of these women, even though they were able to work, their husbands often demanded they do traditional women's housework and childcare because the husband said his unionist and political activities were more important than hers.  This left many women feeling insecure in their activism.

paragraph: Section::::History.:Democratic Spain (1985 - present).

paragraph: It was not until 2019 that UGT declared itself as an explicitly feminist union. On 8 March 2019, UGT Deputy Secretary General Cristina Antoñanzas was quoted as saying that UGT "has always fought against discrimination and the distribution of wealth. We have always done it, beyond that some see the fight for equality as a fad now. UGT has been, is and will always be a feminist." She went on to say, "UGT has not declared itself a feminist until today. Since our foundation, more than 130 years ago, the union was already clear that the work of women had to be paid equal to that of men and that women had to have more positions of responsibility." In 2018, an exhibition was held in Córdoba specifically to honor those women involved with UGT who were repressed in the Civil War and Francoist period.  One of the purposes of the exhibit was to restore the dignity of victims as victims of repression.

paragraph: Carmen García Bloise died on 13 July 1994 as the result of a failed liver transplant.

description: Spanish deputy

wikidata_label: María Teresa Revilla López


text:
Croix de guerre
Charles de Gaulle
Caen
"Cycling"
Marcel Planes
Ken Webb
Rudge-Whitworth
Walter Greaves
Jock Wadley
Alexandra Palace
Bidlake
memorial
Sandy, Bedfordshire
Tommy Godwin
Marble Arch
Big Ben
plus-fours
Marble Arch
Wolverhampton
Jacques Goddet
velodrome
Hyde Park Corner
Tommy Godwin
Ken Webb

categories: French people of Scottish descent,Scottish male cyclists,1889 births,French male cyclists,Sportspeople from Caen,1971 deaths

paragraph: René Menzies

paragraph: René Menzies (c. November 1889 – c. 1971) was a French long-distance cyclist who at 48 held a record for the greatest distance ridden on a bicycle in a year. He rode in 1937. He was decorated with the Croix de guerre in the First World War and was chauffeur to the French leader, Charles de Gaulle in the second world war. After the war he tried to ride in a year to celebrate his 63rd birthday but finished with .

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: René Menzies was born in Caen, France, of French and Scottish descent. He moved to England in the early 1930s. His talent for long distances was well known, and it eventually led him to try for the record for the greatest distance in a year.

paragraph: Section::::World endurance record for distance cycled in a single year.

paragraph: In 1911, the weekly magazine "Cycling" began a competition for the highest number of rides or "centuries" in a single year. The winner was Marcel Planes with 332 centuries in which he covered . The inspiration for the competition was said to be the efforts of Harry Long, a commercial traveller who rode a bicycle on his rounds covering every part of England and Scotland and who covered in 1910. The record has been officially established nine times. A tenth claim, by the English rider Ken Webb, was later disallowed.

paragraph: In that era bicycle companies competed to show their machines were the most reliable. Menzies was sponsored by a British manufacturer, Rudge-Whitworth. Menzies' ambition was to break not only the record for the year but another, for , which he achieved in 532 days.

paragraph: The year record was held by an Australian professional, Ossie Nicholson. It was established in 1933 and broken in 1936 by a one-armed English amateur, Walter Greaves. Nicholson said he would set it again. He had competition, however, from Bernard Bennett, another British rider, and from Menzies. All three men were trying for the record at the same time.

paragraph: Nicholson started more than 10 kg overweight but rode 300 km a day. He had ridden 40,000 km by the end of May but Menzies had started to close the gap. Menzies, in the European winter, had fallen on icy roads, broken a bone and missed 24 days. The writer Jock Wadley recalled:

paragraph: That first day of January 1937, soaked to the skin, he came running excitedly to the office about teatime with the news: 'One hundred and feefty miles.' It was the first day of a year's ride; 364 days later he had ridden and had shown the real meaning of the French word "courage" by riding for weeks with a broken wrist in plaster and sling.

paragraph: Winter arrived in Australia as summer came to Europe. Nicholson often rode in the dark to keep up his distance but Menzies had daylight and the two men were level by the start of October. They both beat Greaves' record on the same day.

paragraph: Menzies reached Greaves' record at Alexandra Palace in London, with Greaves beside him.

paragraph: "Cycling" reported:

paragraph: A year's race had commenced between two widely separated contestants, Ossie Nicholson from Down Under who had already tasted success, and a newcomer, René Menzies, a 48-year-old Frenchman of Scottish descent. René rode in the UK and on the Continent, searching for the hotter weather... Many miles away, Nicholson had found better weather and financial support; at the end of his year he had collected an amazing this time tasting more than glory as he had also pedalled his way clear of beating the record, this time in 532 days.

paragraph: Each of the three riders beat Greaves' mark with Bennett riding and Menzies riding . Nicholson regained the record with

paragraph: Dorothy Curtis, writing in the magazine of the National Cycle Collection in Britain, said Menzies lived in London and sometimes rode from there to Brighton and back in the morning and then to a café that her mother owned near the Bidlake memorial at Girtford Bridge near Sandy, Bedfordshire, north of London, in the afternoon before returning to London. She said:

paragraph: He asked my mother if he could put a hut up in the garden with a single bed and a chair so that is he did a night ride he could pop in there and not disturb anybody. Of course we had to sign papers that he had done the miles and also feed him. Sometimes he used to be a bit downhearted so we girls used to buck him up or cheer him on. We used to say 'Now come on, you know all after this looking after you we're expecting a nice prize at the end. I shan't get that free Rudge-Whitworth bike if you don't keep on with your ride.'

paragraph: At the end of the year, Nicholson is reported to have said "Will you cable Rene Menzies, and tell him I want to be numbered among his greatest admirers. That tough little Frenchman made me ride every mile, and nobody can appreciate his pluck and pedalling ability, and his capacity to take punishment better than I can."

paragraph: Section::::Veteran ride.

paragraph: War stopped Menzies from trying to beat Nicholson. The Australian's distance had in any case been improved to by a British rider, Tommy Godwin, in 1939, a distance that still stands. Menzies decided in 1952 to beat Nicholson's distance regardless, to set an unofficial veterans' record, and to ride to mark his 63rd birthday. Jock Wadley wrote:

paragraph: We have known René Menzies a long time now... It was therefore not much of a surprise at 1.30pm on December 31, 1951, just as we had closed for press, to get a 'phone call from René saying he was starting his record at midnight. 'Yes, René,' we said. "Which record?"

paragraph: 'Why, of course, the year's mileage record, of course!...' Only four watched that story translated into reality as we saw him off at about twenty past midnight on January 1, 1952. He started without much trade support, but with supreme confidence in his ability to command it as he went along. 'I post my first card from the post office at Marble Arch,' he called out... Since then these cards have showered on our office – there must have been well over 1,000 of them. Each one was signed at the start of a day's ride, at the 'turn', and again at the finish by anybody who happened to be around (postmen, policemen and pull-up-for-carmen-café workers were the chief witnesses), the mileage at each point being logged according to the speedometer reading.

paragraph: He left from Big Ben in central London as it chimed in 1 January. He wore three woollen sweaters, a beret and plus-fours. He started with a circuit of Parliament Square and rode to Oxford Circus, then Marble Arch to end his first day at Wolverhampton after 121 miles. At one stage he considered returning to France to ride the same roads as the Tour de France. He was dissuaded by the race official, Jacques Goddet, who sent a telegram: "Menzies – don't be a fool. Stay where you have roads like a velodrome. Don't you know when you're well off?" Menzies completed the year with 62,785 miles, beating Nicholson's figure at 10.16 am on the last day. Among those who celebrated with him was another Frenchman, Marcel Planes, who set the first distance record, 34,366 miles, in 1911.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Menzies died at 82 whilst pedalling around Hyde Park Corner, one of the busiest junctions in London.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tommy Godwin – Endurance cyclist

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ken Webb – Endurance cyclist

description: French long distance cyclist

wikidata_label: René Menzies

wikipedia_title: René Menzies


text: Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset

text: Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk

text: allowance

text: Henry VIII of England

text: godmothers

text: Elizabeth I of England

text: Hans Holbein the Younger

text: Lady Jane Grey

text: Boughton Malherbe

text: Kent

text: Edward Belknap

text: Sir Edward Wotton

text: Treasurer of Calais

text: Nicholas Wotton

text: Anne of Cleves

text: Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset

text: Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset

text: Margaret Audley, Duchess of Norfolk

text: Henry Fitzalan, 19th Earl of Arundel

text: Kett's Rebellion

text: Wollaton

text: Nottinghamshire

text: Sir Francis

text: Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk

text: Frances Brandon

text: Lady Jane Grey

text: Lady Katherine Grey

text: treason

text: Lady Jane Grey

text: Thomas Wyatt

text: Thomas Wyatt

text: Princess Mary

text: Louis XII of France

text: Greenwich Palace

text: Princess Elizabeth

text: Anne Boleyn

text: coronation

text: Tower of London

text: Westminster Abbey

text: Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk

text: Bradgate House

text: Thomas Cromwell

categories: Grey family,Women of the Tudor period,16th-century English nobility,15th-century English women,1485 births,1541 deaths,English marchionesses,16th-century English women

paragraph: Margaret Wotton, Marchioness of Dorset

paragraph: Margaret Wotton, Marchioness of Dorset (1485–6 Oct 1535) was the second wife of Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset, and the mother of his children, including Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, with whom she engaged in many quarrels during his minority over money and his allowance. Her lack of generosity to Henry shocked her peers as unmotherly, and inappropriate behaviour toward a high-ranking nobleman, relative of King Henry VIII of England. In 1534, she was compelled to answer to the charges that she was an "unnatural mother".

paragraph: On 10 September 1533, she stood as one of the godmothers of the future Queen Elizabeth I of England.

paragraph: She was the subject of two portraits by Hans Holbein the Younger.

paragraph: One of her many grandchildren was Lady Jane Grey.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Margaret was born in 1485, the daughter of Sir Robert Wotton of Boughton Malherbe, Kent, and Anne Belknap, daughter of Henry Belknap esquire, and sister of Sir Edward Belknap, Two of her brothers held important positions in the government. Sir Edward Wotton was Treasurer of Calais, and Nicholas Wotton was a diplomat who arranged the marriage of Henry VIII to Anne of Cleves in 1539.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and issue.

paragraph: In 1505, Margaret married her first husband, William Medley, esquire, by whom she had one son, George (died 1562). In 1509, sometime after the death of her husband in February of that year, she married as his second wife, Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset, the eldest son of Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset by Cecily Bonville, Baroness Harington and Bonville. She was styled Marchioness of Dorset upon her marriage.

paragraph: By her second husband she had four sons and four daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Grey (1510–1564), who married firstly Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden by whom she had two daughters, including Margaret Audley, Duchess of Norfolk; she married secondly, George Norton.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katherine Grey (1512 – 1 May 1542), who married Henry Fitzalan, 19th Earl of Arundel, by whom she had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne Grey (d.1548), who married Sir Henry Willoughby (slain 27 August 1549 during Kett's Rebellion) of Wollaton, Nottinghamshire, by whom she had two sons, Thomas (d.1559) and Sir Francis, and a daughter, Margaret.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk (12 January 1517 – 23 February 1554), who married Lady Frances Brandon, by whom he had three daughters, including Lady Jane Grey, and Lady Katherine Grey. Executed for treason, together with his eldest daughter, Lady Jane Grey, and younger brother, Thomas, for having participated in Thomas Wyatt's rebellion in 1554.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord John Grey (1523 – 19 November 1569)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord Thomas Grey (1526 – after 1554), who was executed together with his brother, Henry, and niece, Jane, for having participated in Thomas Wyatt's rebellion in 1554.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leonard Grey.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Grey.

paragraph: Margaret and her husband were part of the group who accompanied Henry VIII's sister, Princess Mary, to France in the autumn of 1514, for the latter's wedding to King Louis XII of France.

paragraph: In October 1530, her husband died and she was given custody of all his property during their eldest son, Henry's minority.

paragraph: On 10 September 1533 at Greenwich Palace, Margaret stood as one of the two godmothers of Princess Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, who would later rule as Queen Elizabeth I of England. Three months earlier, on 1 June, Margaret had ridden in Anne Boleyn's coronation procession from the Tower of London to Westminster Abbey.

paragraph: Section::::Quarrels with her son.

paragraph: Margaret first began a long series of quarrels with her son, who had succeeded to the Marquessate of Dorset in 1530, when he was forced to pay a fine of £4000 for breach of contract after he had renounced his betrothal to Katherine Fitzalan, daughter of the Earl of Arundel. As a result, she tried to restrict his allowance throughout his minority which caused much consternation from her peers, who labelled her actions "unmotherly", and inappropriate behaviour towards a nobleman closely related to the King. Margaret only agreed to Henry's marriage with Lady Frances Brandon, niece of the King, on the condition that her father, Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk would support the couple until her son reached his majority.

paragraph: In 1534, she felt compelled to answer charges that she was "an unnatural mother". As a result, she offered to contribute to her son's advancement "as my small power is and shall be".

paragraph: Several years later when he came of age, Henry brought his quarrel with his mother before the Kings' Council, where she belatedly admitted that her son's allowance was not "meet or sufficient to maintain his estate", and she offered to increase it. Henry was not appeased, therefore she moved out of the Grey family seat at Bradgate House; however, Henry would not let her remove her personal property, so she wrote a letter to Thomas Cromwell, pleading with him to order her son to release her goods.

paragraph: Margaret died on 6 Oct 1535 at the age of 50.

alias:
Mary Wotton
Lady Guildford

description: Marchioness of Dorset

wikidata_label: Margaret Wotton, Marchioness of Dorset

wikipedia_title: Margaret Wotton, Marchioness of Dorset


text: Trapani

text: Florence

text: Italian

text: composer

text: Munich

text: double bass

text: opera

text: orchestra

text: symphonies

text: concerto

text: bassoon

text: piano

text: string quartet

text: fugue

text: incidental music

text: choral

text: lied

categories: 19th-century classical composers,20th-century classical composers,Italian male classical composers,20th-century Italian composers,1922 deaths,Italian Romantic composers,People from Trapani,Italian classical double-bassists,Italian opera composers,1850 births,Italian classical composers,Male double-bassists,19th-century male musicians,Male opera composers,20th-century male musicians,19th-century Italian composers

paragraph: Antonio Scontrino

paragraph: Antonio Scontrino (17 May 1850, Trapani – 7 January 1922, Florence) was an Italian composer.

paragraph: Scontrino studied at the Palermo Conservatory from 1861 and 1870 and later in Munich. He began performing as a double bassist in 1891. In 1898, he became a professor of composition at the Palermo Conservatory and also taught in Florence afterwards. (Indeed, there are references to him as a teacher of counterpoint at the Florence Conservatory somewhat earlier, in 1897.)

paragraph: He composed five operas (from 1879 to 1896), several large orchestral works (including symphonies), one concerto each for double bass, bassoon, and piano, four string quartets and a prelude and fugue for quartet, incidental music, pieces for piano, choral music, and lieder.

paragraph: Scontrino's String Quartets are: E minor (Prelude and Fugue) 1895?; G minor in 4 movements, 1900; C major 4 movements, 1903; A minor 4 movements, 1905?; F major 4 movements, 1918?

paragraph: The Conservatorio di Musica "Antonio Scontrino" in Trapani is named in his memory.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grande polonese"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Marcia trionfale"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sinfonia marinesca"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sinfonia romantica"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Preludio religioso"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Marion De Lorme"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Idillio di Sigfrido"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pierre Gringoire"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La cortigiana"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trapani Conservatory homepage (in Italian)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timeline of Scontrino's life (in Italian)

description: Italian composer

wikidata_label: Antonio Scontrino

wikipedia_title: Antonio Scontrino


text: Republican

text: United States House of Representatives

text: Massachusetts

text: attorney

text: Gardiner, Maine

text: Bates College

text: Georgetown University

text: Oxford University

text: Rhodes Scholar

text: Interstate Commerce Commission

text: United States Department of Education

text: Army

text: World War I

text: King Albert Medal

text: Northeastern University

text: Springfield, Massachusetts

text: assistant district attorney

text: district attorney

text: United States House of Representatives

text: Foster Furcolo

text: Springfield, Massachusetts

categories: Bates College alumni,Northeastern University faculty,Members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts,Legal educators,Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives,People from Gardiner, Maine,Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives,1985 deaths,Massachusetts Republicans,American Methodists,American Rhodes Scholars,Georgetown University Law Center alumni,1890 births,Western New England University faculty

paragraph: Charles R. Clason

paragraph: Charles Russell Clason (September 3, 1890 – July 7, 1985) was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts and an attorney. Clason was born in Gardiner, Maine. He attended Bates College, and received his law degree from Georgetown University. Clason went on to Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar.

paragraph: He worked for the Interstate Commerce Commission and the United States Department of Education in 1913 and 1914. He served as a sergeant major in the Coast Artillery in the Army in World War I. He was a member of the Commission for the Relief of Belgium in 1914 and 1915 and was decorated with the King Albert Medal.

paragraph: Clason was a law instructor at Northeastern University's Springfield, Massachusetts campus from 1920 to 1937. During this time, he served as assistant district attorney of the western district of Massachusetts (1922–1926) and then district attorney (1927–1930).

paragraph: He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1936, and served six consecutive terms. After he lost the 1948 election to Foster Furcolo, Clason became dean of the Western New England College School of Law, located in Springfield, Massachusetts.

paragraph: In 1988, the Western New England College School of Law honored Clason by naming a speaker series in his honor. The Clason Speaker Series provided a venue for 4-5 legal experts each year to present works-in-progress on current legal topics through lectures.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Charles Russell Clason

wikipedia_title: Charles R. Clason


text: Attorney-General

text: Chief Justice

text: Birmingham

text: Ellesmere College

text: Trinity Hall, Cambridge

text: Inner Temple

text: Middle Temple

text: called to the bar

text: Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry

text: Attorney-General

text: British Mandate for Palestine

text: Michael McDonnell

text: Chief Justice

text: Marshall Warmington

categories: British Cyprus people,British prisoners of war,British Leeward Islands judges,1888 births,World War II prisoners of war held by Japan,Attorneys General of the Leeward Islands,Federated Malay States judges,Queen's Counsel 1901–2000,1985 deaths,People from Birmingham, West Midlands,Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge,Members of the Inner Temple,Chief justices,Knights Bachelor,People educated at Ellesmere College,Attorneys-General of British Cyprus,Mandatory Palestine judges

paragraph: Harry Trusted

paragraph: Sir Harry Herbert Trusted (27 June 1888 – 8 December 1985) was a British colonial Attorney-General and Chief Justice.

paragraph: He was born in Birmingham, the only son of the Rev. Wilson Trusted of Salisbury and educated at Ellesmere College and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. He studied law at the Inner Temple, but joined the Middle Temple on 31 January 1911, withdrawing this Inn in 1913. He was called to the bar that year at Inner Temple. He served overseas in the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry during the First World War (1914–1918).

paragraph: In 1925 he was appointed a Puisne Judge in the Leeward Islands Supreme Court, becoming Attorney-General in 1927. In 1929 he was transferred to be Attorney-General of Cyprus.

paragraph: From 1932 to 1936 he served as Attorney-General of the British Mandate for Palestine, then replaced Michael McDonnell as Chief Justice in 1936. As Chief Justice he is remembered for granting additional powers to the Bedouin Tribal Courts on condition they abandoned the practice of ordeal by fire (Bish'a). He was knighted in 1938.

paragraph: In 1941 he moved to be Chief Justice of the Federated Malay States, which lasted until 1946. For much of that time he was a Prisoner of War of the invading Japanese army.

paragraph: In 1948 he chaired a Commission of Inquiry into the anti-Jewish riots in the British Protectorate of Aden.

paragraph: He died in Surrey in 1985. He had married Mary Warmington, daughter of Sir Marshall Warmington, 1st Baronet. They had 2 sons and 3 daughters. His son John Marshall Trusted died at 21.

wikidata_label: Harry Herbert Trusted

wikipedia_title: Harry Trusted


text: River Aire

text: Saltaire

text: Harewood

text: Leeds

text: Eldwick

text: Bingley

text: West Riding of Yorkshire

text: Baildon

text: besom

text: Bingley Grammar School

text: John Milton

text: Shakespeare

text: Alexander Pope

text: Hautboy

text: Wesleyan

text: Methodism

text: Temperance Society

text: Robert Blair

text: Edward Young

text: Napoleonic

text: Iberian Peninsula

text: Pontefract

text: Bradford

text: Harden Beck

text: Sir Titus Salt

text: Keighley

text: Bingley All Saints Parish Church

text: Salts Mill

categories: People educated at Bingley Grammar School,1790 births,People from Leeds,19th-century English poets

paragraph: John Nicholson (poet)

paragraph: John Nicholson (29 November 1790 – 13 April 1843) was popularly known as the Airedale Poet and also as the Bingley Byron. His most notable work was "Airedale in Ancient Times". He died trying to cross the swollen River Aire near to Dixon's mill in Saltaire.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Nicholson was born in Harewood, Leeds and was moved with the rest of the family to Eldwick, near Bingley, West Riding of Yorkshire in his infancy. He was educated on the moorland above Baildon and he was employed to pick heather whilst he repeated the lessons laid down to him by the schoolmaster, Briggs. The heather was used to make besoms, as the master did not have enough scholars to pay his way.

paragraph: By the age of eight, he began to show a predilection for poetry when he wrote on his maternal grandfather's barn door; 'Good god of truth, take Mat and Ruth, unto the heavenly throne, then good old Frank, may live in crank, and be disturb'd by none.' These lines were written in response to two people who were haranguing his grandfather.

paragraph: His education at twelve years old consisted of a final year at Bingley Grammar School tutored by Dr Hartley. Under Dr Hartley he flourished and with 'attention and good studies' he progressed well. He became good friends with Dr Hartley after his schooling, even so much so that Dr Hartley edited "Airedale in Ancient Times" for him.

paragraph: At the age of thirteen, he was put to work in his father's mill as a woolsorter. His parents had high ambitions for him, but in spite of this, he remained a woolsorter (or woolcomber) for the rest of his life alongside writing poetry.

paragraph: At night he would devour the works of John Milton, Shakespeare and Alexander Pope by candlelight and when his mother confiscated his candles, he made his own from a mustard pot, a cotton cord for a wick and olive oil to burn. Literary appreciation was his only shared ideal with his father, Thomas Nicholson, who on wild winter nights, would read the collected works to his family beside the fireplace.

paragraph: Section::::Adulthood and marriages.

paragraph: John Nicholson did not prosper as a woolsorter and when his father was away from their home, he would take himself off across the moors or into the dells around Eldwick and read or play his Hautboy. He was quite accomplished on the Hautboy and his skill at this would introduce him to his first wife, Mary Driver, whom he met whilst playing at a wedding they both attended. They married when he was 19 and she 18.

paragraph: In 1810, not too long after the marriage, whilst delivering twins, Mary died in childbirth. Though one of the twins survived, Nicholson was disconsolate and pledged himself to the Wesleyan community. His father, mother and grandfather were all Wesleyan activists and driven by their fervour for Methodism, he willingly abandoned his previous activities and 'Took The Pledge' with the Temperance Society. He even buried his Hautboy on the moor as a token to his new found religious direction, though he did carve his name into a rock in Eldwick. This rock is still, to this day, known as 'Nicholson's Rock.'

paragraph: He became a preacher in the Bingley area and was well known for his original and zealous sermons which were peppered with quotes from Robert Blair and Edward Young. In 1813, after a probation of 18 months, he married again. His second wife was Martha Wild of Bingley. The marriage and the lack of probation time as a preacher (four years was required) prevented him from becoming a full-time minister and he left the Wesleyans in 1815.

paragraph: He was well known for his compassion and understanding. As part of the West Riding Militia during the Napoleonic fighting in the Iberian Peninsula, he was billeted at Pontefract. Whilst on drill, a boy hurt his head when knocked to the ground and when drill was over, Nicholson sought out the boy's family, made reparations and accosted his Colonel for knocking the boy over in the first place. Later, in Bradford, he paid for a destitute sailor to have bed and board after discovering he was a veteran of Trafalgar.

paragraph: Section::::Publishing.

paragraph: In 1818, he moved his family to Red Beck and worked in Shipley Fields Mill. These were his happiest days, when he could write and work and the family was not too big (he eventually had nine sons and daughters, eight with Martha and one surviving twin from his marriage to Mary). He was said to be knowledgeable and was well liked within the area. This led to him being commissioned to write a play, The Robber of the Alps, which was swiftly followed by another play, The Siege of Bradford, based upon events from the civil war.

paragraph: In 1822 he moved to Harden Beck and wrote beside the river and rose in the early morning to sit by rocks overlooking the valley and write his poetry. It was here that "Airedale in Ancient Times" was finished and it had its first print run in April 1825. Such was his fame in the area, that the first print run sold out very quickly and the second edition was printed in November of the same year.

paragraph: After the success of "Airedale in Ancient Times", he embarked upon selling his books across the north of England and abandoned his former job as a woolcomber. Despite some reports that he spent all the money he earned on drink, his sons attested that he always came home with pockets full. In 1827 he undertook his first trip to London to try and sell his poetry there too. Whilst out with friends in Drury Lane, Nicholson was left to his own devices and was quite drunk. He argued with a statue of Shakespeare and caused such a racket that he was imprisoned overnight and tried before a judge next morning. By all accounts, the trial was a humorous affair and the judge released him without charge, but not before Nicholson dragged the officer who arrested him around the court in retaliation for how he had been treated the night before.

paragraph: Nicholson left London soon after in case his wife heard of his antics through the papers and came to collect him. Despite the early trip to London going wrong, he visited London once more, though this time Martha accompanied him to ensure he remained out of trouble. Whilst there, they buried one of their children who had died in infancy.

paragraph: On his return to Yorkshire, the family moved to Saltaire and Nicholson took to work for Sir Titus Salt, whom he viewed as a kind benefactor. In spite of Sir Salt's avowed distaste for alcohol, he overlooked the fact that Nicholson was drinking more and more, year on year.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Nicholson liked to go out onto the moors and breathe in the air to get away from the smoke of Bradford. Every holiday he would spend on the moors and on Good Friday 1843 (April 13) he set out to visit his aunt. On the way he visited several 'places' and by the time he came to the stepping stones (known locally as the Hippings) across the River Aire at Saltaire, he was quite drunk. He slipped and fell into the water and was carried down the river for a short distance. He managed to haul himself out of the river, but he died on the riverbank. His body was taken to the Bay Horse Inn at Baildon and he was buried in Bingley All Saints Graveyard on the 18 April 1843.

paragraph: His funeral was attended by a thousand mourners and a friendly benefactor paid for the gravestone. He left behind his second wife, Martha and eight children. By 1858, the stepping stones in the River Aire had been removed and a campaign was underway to raise money for the family Nicholson left behind. Queen Victoria personally sent £5 to the family.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.:Plays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Robber of the Alps (1820)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Siege of Bradford (1820)

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.:Poems.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Airedale in Ancient Times

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Lyre of Ebor

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Poacher

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elwood and Elvina

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genius and Intemperance

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Drunkard's Retribution

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Fall of Belshazzar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Airedale's Beauties

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bingley's Beauties

paragraph: BULLET::::- January

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evening in April

paragraph: BULLET::::- May Day

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morning in May

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary of Marley

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Maid of Lowdore

paragraph: BULLET::::- An Old Oak Tree in Bradford

paragraph: BULLET::::- On Visiting a Workhouse

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Malt Inn Fire

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Snowdrop

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Place of Rural Retirement

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Vale of Ilkley

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hunter's Dirge

paragraph: BULLET::::- Female Constancy

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Faithful Wife

paragraph: BULLET::::- Song (The Lament for Elvina)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alas, Where are they?

paragraph: BULLET::::- The New Church at Wilsden

paragraph: BULLET::::- Return of the Swallow

paragraph: BULLET::::- Man's Little Life's a Life of Care

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Night Scene

paragraph: BULLET::::- Psalm xviii

paragraph: BULLET::::- Psalm cxiv

paragraph: BULLET::::- Psalm cxlviii

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solemn Reflections

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Absent Lover

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Dying Lover

paragraph: BULLET::::- Love sans Reason

paragraph: BULLET::::- I Will Love Thee, Mary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary, I Will Think of You

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ode to Laura

paragraph: BULLET::::- True Affection

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Deserted Maid

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Fragment (Dialogue on Love)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appeal of the Spanish Refugees

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elegy on the Death of Lord Byron

paragraph: BULLET::::- On the Death of the Poets Child in London

paragraph: BULLET::::- On Returning from London

paragraph: BULLET::::- Song for a Wounded Seaman

paragraph: BULLET::::- On a Young Lady Drowned in the Strid

paragraph: BULLET::::- To the Critics

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Siege of Bradford in 1642

paragraph: Section::::Modern times.

paragraph: Some of Nicholson's original manuscripts can be found in Saltaire and Keighley libraries. These manuscripts belonged to members of Nicholson's family and were donated in the late 19th century.

paragraph: In 1904, the graveyard surrounding Bingley All Saints Parish Church was bisected by the building of a new road. During this construction many graves were moved and the gravestones were used as flags to line the pathways around the church. It was during this period of reconstruction that John Nicholson's gravestone was destroyed. His first wife's gravestone is located in the western part of the churchyard just south west of the main entrance into the church.

paragraph: A play was written about the poet and first performed in 1993 in Salts Mill just metres from where the poet died. Poetry or Bust written by Tony Harrison is a tragi-comic tale that relates the life and sad death of the Airedale Poet. Tony Harrison has a bust of John Nicholson in his house.

paragraph: The Saltaire Sentinel runs a poetry competition each year entitled 'The John Nicholson Poetry Prize.' In 2011 the John Nicholson Prize was won by the Derbyshire Poet Martin Ward with the poem 'Saltaire at 13 O'clock. Martin Ward is sometimes known as 'The Runner Poet', and his published works include 'The Beresford Monuments' and 'Seven Women Dancing' from the anthology 'A Place of Wonder' published by Templar Poetry.

paragraph: A plinth commemorating the poet was installed at the Prince of Wales Park, Bingley, in 1870. The plinth was funded by public donation.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Poetical Works of John Nicholson with biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art UK Site with a portrait of John Nicholson

description: English poet

wikidata_label: John Nicholson

wikipedia_title: John Nicholson (poet)


text:
American football
cornerback
Miami Dolphins
2010 NFL Draft
college football
Maryland
Philadelphia Eagles
Dallas Cowboys
Green Cove Springs, Florida
Jennifer
Lieutenant Governor of Florida
United States Navy
lieutenant commander
Senior Master Sergeant
United States Air Force
Clay High School
letterman
starting
wide receiver
The Florida Times-Union
Dixie
athletic scholarship
Central Florida
Colorado
Louisville
Maryland
Mississippi
Scout.com
Rivals.com
University of Maryland
2005 season
redshirt
scout team
Florida State
2006
special teams
kickoff return
West Virginia
Boston College
Wake Forest
2007
cornerback
tackle
2007 Emerald Bowl
Oregon State
2008
2008 Humanitarian Bowl
Nevada
passes
2009 season
James Madison
Don Brown
CBS Sports
2010 NFL Draft
CBS Sports
2010 NFL Draft
Miami Dolphins
2010 NFL Draft
San Francisco 49ers
Ted Ginn
kickoff return
New England Patriots
Green Bay Packers
New York Jets
Sal Alosi
Zach Thomas
Mark Sanchez
Richard Marshall
Philadelphia Eagles
New York Giants
cornerback
Byron Maxwell
Dallas Cowboys
Monday Night Football
New York Giants
Eli Manning
touchdown
injured reserve list
Detroit Lions
Dallas Cowboys
cornerback
Brandon Carr
Morris Claiborne
Denver Broncos
Maryland Terrapins bio
Miami Dolphins bio

categories: 1987 births,Philadelphia Eagles players,Dallas Cowboys players,Players of American football from Florida,People from Green Cove Springs, Florida,American people of Trinidad and Tobago descent,Maryland Terrapins football players,Miami Dolphins players,American football cornerbacks,Living people

paragraph: Nolan Carroll

paragraph: Nolan Alexander Carroll II (born January 18, 1987) is an American football cornerback who is currently a free agent. He was selected by the Miami Dolphins in the fifth round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He played college football at Maryland. He has also played for the Philadelphia Eagles and Dallas Cowboys.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Nolan Carroll II was born on January 18, 1987 in Green Cove Springs, Florida. His mother, Jennifer, is a former Lieutenant Governor of Florida and a former United States Navy lieutenant commander. His father, Nolan Carroll, was a Senior Master Sergeant in the United States Air Force.

paragraph: He attended Clay High School in Green Cove Springs, where he was a one-year letterman in soccer and a three-year starting wide receiver for the football team. In his second football game as a senior, he broke his leg and was forced to sit out for the rest of the 2004 season. Nevertheless, "The Florida Times-Union" named him to its Super 11 and Super 24 teams. PrepStar named him an All-Southeast region and SuperPrep an All-Dixie region player.

paragraph: Carroll received athletic scholarship offers from Central Florida, Colorado, Louisville, Maryland, and Mississippi. Scout.com rated him a two-star college prospect, while Rivals.com considered him a three-star prospect. He ultimately committed to attend the University of Maryland.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Carroll sat out the 2005 season on redshirt status, and was named the scout team player of the week for his performance in the practices in preparation for the Florida State game. In 2006, Carroll saw action in all 13 games as a reserve wide receiver and on special teams. He recorded five kickoff returns for 60 yards. Against West Virginia, he had two returns for 12 yards; against Boston College, he had two for 31 yards; and against Wake Forest, he had one for 17 yards.

paragraph: In 2007, he was converted to the cornerback position, and saw action in all 13 games as a reserve. He recorded seven tackles on special teams, and returned five kickoffs for 84 yards. He saw action in the 2007 Emerald Bowl against Oregon State, but recorded no statistics. In 2008, he saw action in ten games including four starts as a cornerback. Carroll recorded 37 tackles. In the 2008 Humanitarian Bowl against Nevada, he tallied seven tackles including four solo, and broke up two passes.

paragraph: Carroll entered the 2009 season as a starting cornerback, but broke his leg in a September 12 game against James Madison, and missed the rest of the season. Prior to the season, he was elected by his teammates as one of the team's four captains. Defensive coordinator Don Brown said of Carroll, "If you were going to clone a guy at that position that he plays, he'd be one of the prototypes." The NFL Draft Scout, a CBS Sports affiliate, considered Carroll the 25th out of 225 ranked cornerback prospects for the 2010 NFL Draft, and projected him as a sixth- or seventh-round selection.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Miami Dolphins.

paragraph: Carroll was selected by the Miami Dolphins in the fifth round (145th overall) of the 2010 NFL Draft. The pick was received in a trade with the San Francisco 49ers for wide receiver Ted Ginn. He was considered one of the team's most promising rookies, and saw action on special teams during the preseason. In Week 4, he handled kickoff return duties against the New England Patriots. Carroll was part of an improved Miami special teams unit two weeks later against the Green Bay Packers, a game in which he averaged 26.0 yards per kickoff return.

paragraph: On December 13, 2010, New York Jets strength and conditioning coach Sal Alosi extended his knee to trip Carroll as he was running out of bounds to avoid being blocked during a punt (it is illegal to block or tackle players out of bounds, non-players like Alosi are not permitted to be on the field during live play.) Ex-Dolphin Zach Thomas later claimed that Alosi had ordered a wall formed on the edge of the coaching box in order to prevent the practice of players running out of bounds to avoid being blocked. Alosi was eventually suspended for the rest of the 2010 season. In the same game, Carroll recorded his first career interception when he picked off Jets' quarterback Mark Sanchez.

paragraph: In 2012, after cornerback Richard Marshall was placed on IR, Carroll was elevated to the starting role for the majority of season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Eagles.

paragraph: On March 13, 2014, he signed a two-year, $5 million contract with the Philadelphia Eagles. He started in the last game of the season against the New York Giants.

paragraph: In 2015, he was named the starter at cornerback opposite Byron Maxwell. On September 20, during the home opener loss against the Dallas Cowboys, Carroll tackled a fan who ran on the field. On October 19, in the Monday Night Football game vs. the New York Giants Carroll intercepted Giant's quarterback Eli Manning and returned the interception for a touchdown giving his team a 14-7 lead (the Eagles won the game 27-7). On November 27, he was placed on injured reserve list with a broken right fibula he suffered against the Detroit Lions. He finished with 11 starts.

paragraph: On March 15, 2016, Carroll re-signed a one-year, $2.36 million contract. He started 16 games, registering 4 tackles and one interception.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Dallas Cowboys.

paragraph: On March 10, 2017, Carroll signed a three-year, $10 million contract with the Dallas Cowboys, to help replace cornerbacks Brandon Carr and Morris Claiborne who left in free agency. On May 29, he was arrested on suspicion of driving while intoxicated.

paragraph: Although he struggled in preseason, he was named the starter at right cornerback for the season opener. He suffered a concussion in the second game against the Denver Broncos and was declared inactive for the next three contests. On October 11, Carroll was released after playing less than six full quarters.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maryland Terrapins bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miami Dolphins bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Nolan Carroll

wikipedia_title: Nolan Carroll


text: Kampen

text: Cologne

text: cartographer

text: Renaissance

text: Deventer

text: Kampen

text: Netherlands

text: University of Leuven

text: Mechelen

text: Cologne

text: Dutch Revolt

text: Charles V

text: triangulation

text: Gemma Frisius

text: Brabant

text: Philip II

text: city map

text: Friesland

text: France

text: Luxembourg

text: Germany

text: Middelburg

text: World War II

text: Royal Library of Brussels

text: Biblioteca Nacional Espana¹

text: Biblioteca Nacional Espana²

text: Utrechts Archief

categories: 16th-century cartographers,Dutch cartographers,1500s births,People from Kampen, Overijssel,University of Leuven alumni,1575 deaths

paragraph: Jacob van Deventer (cartographer)

paragraph: Jacob Roelofs van Deventer (c. 1500/1505 in Kampen – 1575 in Cologne) was a Dutch cartographer of the Renaissance. He is today best known for his work in systematically cartographing all Dutch towns and cities of his time.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Little biographical information exists about Jacob van Deventer. His patronage would suggest he was Catholic. Despite his name, he was probably not born in Deventer, but in Kampen in the north of the Netherlands. His mother married a man called Roelof in Deventer in 1510, and Jacob probably grew up there. He first appears in the sources on 24 April 1520, when he enrolled at the University of Leuven under the name of "Jacobus de Daventria". On this basis, his date of birth is conjectured to have been around 1500–1505. In Leuven, Jacob's interests were first directed towards medicine and philosophy, but he then began to take an interest in geography and cartography. he later moved to Mechelen, from where in 1572 he relocated to Cologne to flee the upheavals of the Dutch Revolt against the Spanish rule. During his career as a cartographer in the Spanish royal service, he earned himself the title of "Imperial Cartographer" from emperor Charles V in 1540 (later changed to that of "Royal Cartographer", after the emperor's abdication in 1555).

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Jacob van Deventer was among the first to make systematic use of triangulation, a technique whose theory was described by his contemporary Gemma Frisius in his 1533 book, "Libellus de locorum describendorum ratione". In 1536 he produced a printed map of Brabant, the first such map to be published in the Netherlands. He then launched into an impressive career as a mapmaker. In 1559, he was tasked by King Philip II with the project that was to become his life's work: the systematic cartography of all cities of the Netherlands. The resulting maps were kept unpublished because of their military value. As a result, they later became forgotten and were rediscovered only in the late 19th century.

paragraph: Jacobus van Deventer worked on this monumental project until his death in 1575. In the course of fifteen years, he created between 250 and 260 city maps, covering an area from Friesland to what is today the north of France, and reaching into Luxembourg and the west of Germany.

paragraph: All maps were made according to the same scheme, using a scale of c. 1:8,000. Most were made in three versions: the first was a "minute" version or first draft of the city in its nearer surroundings, based on topographical data that was collected by surveying on the site, with texts in Dutch. Of these draft versions, 152 were discovered in 1859 in various provincial archives in the Netherlands and in the Royal Library of Brussels. (A number that were kept in Middelburg were later destroyed during World War II and are preserved only as copies).

paragraph: The second stage was a "main chart" ("netkaart" or "hoofdkaart"), representing a cleaned-up elaborated version of the previous minute map, with texts in Latin.

paragraph: A third map, termed a "bijkaart" (ancillary chart) was produced that showed only the city itself, without the surroundings. It contains only the fortification works and canals, and the principal buildings and streets. The main charts with their ancillary charts were preserved as a three-volume atlas in the National Library of Madrid. Of this, one volume has been lost; 179 maps are preserved (in addition to 152 drafts).

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leven en werk van cartograaf Jacob van Deventer"; Georges Vande Winkel; in: "Het Land van Aalst", 60, 2008, p. 225-242.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Geschiedenis van de cartografie"; J. Goss; Zuid Boekprodukties, Lisse; 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De stadsplattegronden van Jacob van Deventer"; C. Koeman, J.C. Visser; Robas BV, Landsmeer (In samenwerking met Canaletto, Alphen aan den Rijn); 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Holland in kaart en prent"; J.E.A. Boomgaard; Fibula-Van Dishoeck, Weesp, & Lannoo, Tielt; 1984.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal Library of Brussels

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biblioteca Nacional Espana¹

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biblioteca Nacional Espana²

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reproduits en fac simile Biblioteca Nacional Espana³

paragraph: BULLET::::- Utrechts Archief

description: Dutch cartographer

wikidata_label: Jacob van Deventer

wikipedia_title: Jacob van Deventer (cartographer)


text:
Yoruba
Kano
Oyo State
Nigeria
Nigerian Civil War
Lagos
measles
Nigerian Police
Alhaji Ado Bayero
naira
Rotary International
Ogun State
Osun State

categories: 20th-century Nigerian businesspeople,Assassinated Nigerian people,2014 deaths,1930 births

paragraph: Ganiyu Akanbi Bello

paragraph: Alhaji Ganiyu Akanbi Bello (10 July 1930 – 5 June 2014) was a prominent Yoruba community leader and business tycoon.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Dr. Alhaji G A Bello, a Yoruba community ambassador in Kano, was the chairman and chief executive of Criss Cross Ltd. He was popularly known as G A Bello.

paragraph: Bello was born in Oyo State, Nigeria on 10 July 1930 to Abdullahi Yusuf and Sinota Bello, the second of three children. Both parents died while he was a child and he was sent to live with his uncle who refused to send him to school. He left his uncle and started cutting wood in order to fund his school fees.

paragraph: Bello married Sakirat Ayoka Ogabi in approximately 1959. Their first child named Tawakalitu Bello Sanusi, was followed by Moriliatu Bisola Bello Sanusi, Basira Biodun Bello Oyefeso, and a son Nurudeen Bello. Between 1966 and 1967, during the Nigerian Civil War, known as the Biafran War, Bello sent his wife and children to Lagos while he remained in Kano. His family returned shortly after to join him, and they had their fifth child, Shamsideen Bello. His sixth child, Fausat Bello, was born around 1970 but died of measles as an infant. They were married until his death in 2014. In 2015, she has since been in a political asylum after the emergence of Mohamadu Buhari as the next president.

paragraph: In 1950, Bello joined the Nigerian Police under British colonial rule. During the time he was a police officer, his closest friend was Alhaji Ado Bayero, the Chief of the Nigerian Police Force who was later appointed Emir of Kano in 1963. He resigned around 1958 and founded a company which dealt in Building and Civil Engineering.

paragraph: His company was the first to build a multi-storey building in Kano on Odutola Street which was a residential estate. He later bought his first private residence along Abedee Street Sabon Gari, Kano. He opened the first filling station in Kano in 1968 and behind it he opened a club known as the Criss Cross Club which sold drinks, chicken, and pepper soup. His company built its first hotel, the Criss Cross Hotel, in 1971. His second hotel, known as Gab Hotel, and was built in 1980.

paragraph: His two eldest daughters, Tawakalitu and Moriliatu, married on the same day in 1988. Tawa married Dr Lukman Sanusi while Morili married Retired Colonel Olawale Sanusi. In 1989, his youngest daughter, Basira, married Sakiru Olanipekun Oyefeso, the founder and managing director of Standard Trust Assurance Company. His eldest son, Nuru, married Salawat Titilope.

paragraph: From 1990 to 2000, G A Bello was the Vice-Chairman of the Independent Petroleum Association (IPMAN) in the Kano Nigerian National Petroleum Cooperation (NNPC).

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Education.

paragraph: Even though Bello only had a secondary school education, he was a great believer in it and each of his children attended university.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Hobbies.

paragraph: In the 1970s Bello loved playing golf on the golf course opposite the Daula Hotel along Murtala Mohammed Way. He also sponsored the Black Scorpion Football Club during that time.

paragraph: Section::::Business life.

paragraph: Section::::Business life.:Government.

paragraph: Bello was an advocate of unity in Kano. He encouraged the government to foster unity between the different tribes in Kano State. He advised the government to encourage Nigerians to stop tribalism and live in harmony. This encouraged the Yorubas to continue to live in Kano. In January 2006, Bello was the acting Oba of the Yoruba Community in Kano State for sixty days.

paragraph: Section::::Business life.:Mosque.

paragraph: Bello contributed to many Islamic causes in Kano including the construction of two Juma't Mosques built in Sabon Gari, a non-native's settlement area. The first mosque was built around 1982 at Nomans Land, Kano and it was commissioned by the Emir of Kano, Alhaji Ado Bayero. In early 2000, he built a second mosque, the Ahammadiya Mosque along Emir Road, for the Ahmadiya Muslims.

paragraph: Section::::Business life.:Charity.

paragraph: Alhaji Bello donated millions of naira to charity related issues, including the Rotary International. He donated equally generously to communities, Mosques and Churches. This earned him a long list of honorary awards.

paragraph: Section::::Titles/Awards.

paragraph: Bello held many Chieftaincy titles such as: Aarre Egbe Omo Balogun Maiyegun of Ibadanland, Babasaiye of Owu, Abeokuta of Ogun State, and Aarre Basorun Timi Agbale of Ede in Osun State. He was also given an Honorary Doctorate Degree in Business Administration by Kenton University. He once received a Yoruba Ambassador's award for the North from Central Council of Ibaban indigenes CCII inside Mapo Hall, Ibadan.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Bello was murdered a month before his 84th birthday on 5 June 2014 by unknown assailants in Kano. He was buried in his residence at Race Course Road. The deputy Governor of Kano State, Dr Abdullahi Umar Ganduje, paid a condolence visit to Bello's grave on 12 June 2014.

paragraph: Abubakar Abdurrahman Sadiq was caught by Nigerian police in August 2014 and confessed to the murder. Sadiq had broken into Bello's house to steal money and stabbed him when Bello tried to stop him. Sadiq had previously worked in one of Bello's hotels, but was let go for stealing.

description: Nigerian businessman

wikidata_label: Ganiyu Akanbi Bello

wikipedia_title: Ganiyu Akanbi Bello


text: humanitarian

text: evangelist

text: pseudonym

text: Havana

text: radiologist

text: controller

text: tobacco

text: monastery

text: Canary Islands

text: Nacar Colunga

text: Aesop's Fables

text: humanitarian

text: Corail

text: Beaumont

text: Roseaux

text: Luis Palau

text: Christafari

text: Los Profetas de Gúlumm

text: El Fin de Toda Jactancia:

text: Lecciones de un Viejo Profeta Mentiroso

text: Las Reglas que Regulan la Abundancia

text: Las Suegras

text: Evangelismo Efectivo

text: Saber Llegar

text: La Ciencia del Pobre

text: Lider con Mente de Reino

text: 40 Profecias Cumplidas

text: El Fin

text: Juntos por el Continente

categories: Cuban non-fiction writers,Humanitarians,People from Havana,Evangelists,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Jorge Armando Pérez

paragraph: Jorge Armando Pérez is a Cuban humanitarian, author, and evangelist. He has written more than 20 books under the pseudonym of Jorge Armando Pérez Venâncio, taking the second last name of Venâncio, in honor of his grandfather, Francisco Venâncio.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: J.A. Pérez was born in a small village named El Gabriel, in the province of Havana, Cuba. He has two younger brothers. His father, Armando Pérez Martín, is a radiologist; his mother, Teresita Juana María Hernandez, is an English teacher and controller for an American tobacco company.

paragraph: His twin younger brothers suffered from health problems as children, requiring frequent hospitalizations. Consequently, Pérez spent most of his childhood years under the care of his maternal grandparents, Francisco Venâncio Hernandez and Hilda Alfonso.

paragraph: Section::::Early influences.

paragraph: Pérez was influenced greatly by his grandfather Francisco, who was known in El Gabriel as "Pancho el Largo" (meaning "Tall Frank" in English). Francisco was a tall man, born and raised by monks in a monastery in the Canary Islands.

paragraph: When Pérez was young, his grandfather would read him short stories and passages from an old Nacar Colunga Bible. By the time Pérez was five years old, he knew all of Aesop's Fables by heart.

paragraph: Section::::Humanitarian work.

paragraph: Pérez runs an organization which brings humanitarian campaigns to countries in Latin America. His team includes medical professionals, family counselors, and volunteers. The organization recently held a Humanitarian Festival in Costa Rica called the "Republic of Joy", with over 18,000 people in attendance. Teams of doctors and dentists worked during the day at the Rafael Ángel Camacho Cordero Stadium, providing care to low-income families.

paragraph: Section::::Mass events.

paragraph: Pérez also organizes festivals which are held at stadiums or plazas. During the day, ongoing educational workshops are offered. Arts, theater, and music productions are held, with a concert every night. At every festival, Pérez speaks to the audience.

paragraph: Other mass events were held in 2014 in Corail, Beaumont, and Roseaux in Haiti. There, Pérez collaborated with the Luis Palau Association to hold a city-wide concert by the Reggae group Christafari.

paragraph: Section::::Books by pen name.

paragraph: Section::::Books by pen name.:Jorge Armando Pérez Venancio.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los Profetas de Gúlumm Publisher: Keen Sight Books (May 27, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- El Fin de Toda Jactancia: Exaltando la completa obra de Jesucristo (June 16, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lecciones de un Viejo Profeta Mentiroso (April 18, 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Las Reglas que Regulan la Abundancia: 10 reglas elementales que le ayudarán a prosperar de la manera que Dios quiere (December 30, 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Las Suegras: 7 principios para mejorar las relaciones entre nueras y suegras Publisher: Independent Publishing Platform (July 1, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evangelismo Efectivo: Manual Interactivo Escuela de Evangelismo Publisher: Independent Publishing Platform (July 29, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saber Llegar: No se trata de llegar primero Publisher: Independent Publishing Platform (January 6, 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Ciencia del Pobre Publisher: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (February 7, 2011)

paragraph: Section::::Books by pen name.:J.A. Pérez.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lider con Mente de Reino: 10 principios culturalmente sensitivos para el liderazgo internacional Publisher: Keen Sight Books (April 28, 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poetas, Profetas y Otros con Imaginación Publisher: Independent Publishing Platform (November 27, 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 40 Profecias Cumplidas Publisher: Keen Sight Books (August 21, 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- El Fin: Estado Profetico de las Naciones Publisher: Keen Sight Books; 1 edition (December 27, 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 100 Dias de Comunion, Sabiduria y Gracia Publisher: Keen Sight Books (September 21, 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juntos por el Continente Publisher: Keen Sight Books 1 edition (April 13, 2013)

description: Cuban humanist

wikidata_label: J.A. Pérez

wikipedia_title: Jorge Armando Pérez


text: Qing Dynasty

text: Yangzhou

text: Jiangsu

text: courtesy name

text: pseudonym

text: Jin Nong

text: Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou

text: Fang Wanyi

text: Jin Nong

text: Chinaculture

categories: 1799 deaths,1733 births,Painters from Yangzhou,Qing dynasty painters

paragraph: Luo Ping

paragraph: Luo Ping ( 1733 - 1799) was a Chinese painter of the Qing Dynasty who lived in Ganquan (甘泉; present-day Yangzhou, Jiangsu. His courtesy name was Dunfu (遯夫) and his pseudonyms were Liangfeng (兩峰; Liǎngfēng; lit. "Two Peaks") and Huazhisi Seng (花之寺僧; Huāzhisì Sēng; lit. "Monk of the Temple of Flowers"). He studied painting under Jin Nong and developed a unique personal style. He painted people, Buddhist images, plum with bamboo, flowers, and scenery paintings. He refused government service to live a life of poverty selling paintings. He was the youngest of the Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou.

paragraph: Luo Ping's life began with loss and sadness. His father died when Luo was just one year old, and his mother soon after. But from an early age the youth orphan was recognized as a talented poet and gained admission to the exclusive artistic circles of his home town, Yangzhou. At nineteen he married - for love—the poet and painter Fang Wanyi (方婉儀, 1732 - 1779). Their daughter and two sons (Yǔnshào, 允绍, and Yǔnzuǎn, 允缵) also went on to become artists. All painted plum blossoms, the family trade mark (罗家梅派).

paragraph: Five years after his marriage Luo met the man who would change his life. This was the nationally renowned poet, artist and bon vivant Jin Nong (1687 - 1763). The 70-year-old master took a great liking to the talented young man, who was in turn inspired by the emotional and expressive art of his mentor. Luo also painted pictures for Jin Nong, who signed them with his own name and sold them. When, after 6 years of this close collaboration, Jin Nong died, Luo buried his teacher with as much reverence as if it were the funeral of his own father.

paragraph: In the second half of his life, Luo often visited the capital, Beijing, where he caused a sensation in the fashionable cultural scene. On to a long painting scroll which he showed to everyone, he had painted ghosts and claimed to have seen such creatures with his own eyes: "Some expose teeth like melon seeds, and have fingers large as thighs." Luo died, highly esteemed, at the age of sixty-six. Throughout his life he saw himself as an austere Buddhist and signed his works with the name "Monk of the Temple of Flowers".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ci hai bian ji wei yuan hui (辞海编辑委员会）. Ci hai （辞海）. Shanghai: Shanghai ci shu chu ban she （上海辞书出版社）, 1979.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wan Zhiwen (宛志文）. Han Yu Da Zi Dian (Xiu Jian Ben) （漢語大字典(袖珍本)）. Chengdu: Sichuan ci shu chu ban she （四川辭書出版社）, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eccentric Visions: The Worlds of Luo Ping (1733-1799)," ed. Kim Karlsson, Alfreda Murck,and Michele Matteini, Museum Rietberg, Zürich, 2010

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chinaculture

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eccentric Visions: The Worlds of Luo Ping (1733–1799) from the Metropolitan Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Audio guide transcript of "Eccentric Visions: The Worlds of Luo Ping (1733–1799)" from the Metropolitan Museum of Art

alias: Yiyun Heshang, Huazhi Siseng hao Liangfeng

description: Chinese painter of the Qing Dynasty

wikidata_label: Luo Ping

wikipedia_title: Luo Ping


text: Chinese:

text: Qing

text: Chinese

text: painter

text: Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou

text: Yangzhou

categories: 1688 births,1753 deaths,Painters from Yangzhou,Qing dynasty painters

paragraph: Gao Xiang

paragraph: Gao Xiang (Chinese: 高翔; 1688–1753) was a Qing Chinese painter, and one of the Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou. He was born in Ganquan in Yangzhou prefecture.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gao Xiang in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum, New York

alias:
Fenggang
Xitang
Gao Xiang

description: Chinese artist

wikidata_label: Gao Xiang

wikipedia_title: Gao Xiang