text:
Hellenistic
Seleucid Empire
Alexander Balas
Antiochus VI Dionysus
Apamea
Antioch
Demetrius II Nicator
Cilicia
Jonathan Apphus
Basileus
Imperator
Philip II
Alexander the Great
Dor
Judea
Athenaeus
Antiochus VII Sidetes
Cleopatra Thea
Molon
Timarchus
List of Syrian monarchs
Timeline of Syrian history
Polybius
Livy
Strabo
Geographica
Josephus
Antiquities of the Jews
Appian
Justin
Diodorus Siculus

categories: 138 BC deaths,2nd-century BC Seleucid rulers,Seleucid rulers,Year of birth unknown,Seleucid people in the books of the Maccabees,2nd-century BC rulers

paragraph: Diodotus Tryphon

paragraph: Diodotus Tryphon () was a king of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire who initially acted as regent and tutor for the son of Alexander Balas, but soon declared himself king in 142 BC after the death of his charge, Antiochus VI Dionysus, and reigned until his own death in 138 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:As general for Balas and Antiochus VI.

paragraph: Originally from , a dependent town of the city of Apamea, he had served as a general for Alexander Balas and along with the Egyptian Heirax was given command of the city of Antioch. With the impending defeat of Balas at the hand of Demetrius II Nicator, Diodotus defected and surrendered Antioch to Demetrius, but after the victory of Demetrius in 145 BC, he again defected to fight for the claim to the throne of the son of Alexander Balas, Antiochus VI Dionysus.

paragraph: Ignored initially by Demetrius, Diodotus utilised the discontent against the ruling regime and gathered a large army, based at his headquarters at Chalcis, and eventually ejected Demetrius from Antioch itself in 144 BC. Diodotus, in the name of the boy-king Antiochus VI, controlled most of Inland Syria, including Antioch, Apamea, Larisa and Chalcis – these cities having been angered by Demetrius II’s misrule and the discharge of the native Greco-Macedonian soldiery in favour of foreign Cretan mercenaries. Demetrius on the other hand held sway in the outer regions of the empire, including Cilicia and the eastern provinces (where news and the effects of his misrule were not known well enough for discontent to be shown) and along the Syrian and Phoenician coastal cities.

paragraph: At the same time Diodotus made diplomatic overtures to the Jews under Jonathan Apphus in order to have them join with him against Demetrius, who was incredibly unpopular due to his continued persecution of the Jews. It was made easier for Jonathan to ally with Antiochus VI due to his association with his father Balas, who was a great friend of the Jews.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:As King.

paragraph: In 142 or 141 BC Antiochus VI Dionysus died, supposedly during a medical operation; however, accusations were made against Diodotus that he was himself behind the young king’s death. Despite this he convinced the army to elect him king, taking the titles of Basileus, as was tradition for Hellenistic kings, but also that of Autokrator. The term Autokrator is unique in the fact that it is not included on the coinage of any other Greek ruler from this period and that the Latin equivalent is that of Imperator. However the Macedonian kings Philip II and Alexander the Great took the titles of Strategos Autokrator when they were elected by the Greek states to lead their armies - so Diodotus may well have intended this title to denote his election as king by the 'free Greco-Macedonian states of Syria'. As king he took the regal name of Tryphon. Having been made king Diodotus, Tryphon expanded his control to at least Ptolemais-Akke and Dor.

paragraph: To further legitimize his position and extend his connection to the army, many of his coins depicted on their obverse the 'national' helmet of the Greco-Macedonian soldiery.

paragraph: However the boldness of the Jewish offensives against the loyalists of Demetrius led Diodotus to fear an ever-increasing Jewish independence, and as such began to plot against Jonathan – this being whilst Antiochus VI was still alive. Luring Jonathan to Ptolemais with a small guard, Diodotus kidnapped him and unsuccessfully held him for ransom. He eventually had Jonathan executed and initiated an invasion of Judea, which failed due to either weather conditions or Jewish garrisons blocking the suitable pathways into Judea.

paragraph: In the same year an army of Tryphon’s routed a pro-Demetrius force under Sarpedon in between Ptolemais and Tyre, but as they were marching along the coast in pursuit, a great tidal wave wiped out the army, according to Athenaeus.

paragraph: Demetrius, meanwhile, had journeyed east to combat the encroachment of the Parthians, but in 139 BC was captured in Parthia. With the detested Demetrius gone, his brother, Antiochus VII Sidetes, left his home in Rhodes and married the wife of Demetrius, Cleopatra Thea, further legitimizing his position. Tryphon’s support began to deteriorate with Antiochus now the leader of the Seleucid dynastic faction in the empire.

paragraph: Antiochus successfully pushed back Tryphon’s forces and besieged him in the fortress-city of Dor on the coast. Tryphon escaped by sea to Orthosia and made his way to his home-region of Apamea, where, being chased by Antiochus, he was either put to death or committed suicide.

paragraph: Diodotus Tryphon was unique in the history of the Seleucid empire to be the only major rebel to actively claim the throne for the whole kingdom, as opposed to the rebels Molon and Timarchus who had launched regional bids for power and had not desired to rule the whole kingdom. In addition, Tryphon’s rebellion was one of the longest lasting – beginning in 145 and ending with his death in 138 BC.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Syrian monarchs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timeline of Syrian history

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polybius, ‘Histories’

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livy, ‘Periochae’

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strabo, ‘Geographica’

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josephus, ‘Antiquities of the Jews’ (AJ)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appian, ‘Syrian Wars’

paragraph: BULLET::::- Justin, ‘Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus’

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diodorus Siculus, ‘Bibliotheca historica’

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bevan, Edwyn Robert, (1902), "The House of Seleucus", Vol.II

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schwerin-White, Susan, & Kuhrt, Amelie, (1993), "From Samarkhand to Sardis: A new approach to the Seleucid Empire"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grainger, John D., (1997), “A Seleukid Prosopography and Gazetter”

description: Seleucid king

wikidata_label: Diodotus Tryphon

wikipedia_title: Diodotus Tryphon


text:
Brazil
Spiritualist
São Paulo
Brazil
Spiritism
Allan Kardec
poltergeist
lunatic asylum
automatic handwriting
ectoplasm
levitation
movement of objects
materializations
psychical researchers
Hans Driesch
séance
apportation
lawsuit
witchcraft
Antônio da Silva Mello
Theodore Besterman
Society for Psychical Research
Gordon Stein
photograph
Cambridge University Library
Theodore Besterman
"The Mediumship of Carlos Mirabelli"
Eric Dingwall
Guy Lyon Playfair
Gordon Stein
Fate
Gordon Stein
Skeptical Inquirer

categories: 1951 deaths,Psychokineticists,1889 births,People from São Paulo,Brazilian people of Italian descent

paragraph: Carmine Mirabelli

paragraph: Carmine Carlos Mirabelli (2 January 1889 - 30 April 1951) was a Brazilian physical medium and Spiritualist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Mirabelli was born in Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil, of Italian parents. He studied Spiritism at an early age and was introduced to the writings of Allan Kardec. As a teenager he worked in a shoe shop and claimed to have experienced poltergeist activity where shoe boxes would literally fly off the shelves. He was placed in a lunatic asylum for observation and psychologists said there was something wrong with him, but he was not physically sick. Mirabelli later became a medium and it was alleged he could produce automatic handwriting, materializations of objects and people (ectoplasm), levitations and movement of objects.

paragraph: In the 1920s, Mirabelli was tested by the Academia de Estudos Psychicos Cesare Lombroso in São Paulo and a report published in 1926 wrote that in more than 300 sittings genuine materializations had been observed. When the report was published in English, it was challenged by various psychical researchers. In 1928, the German scientist Hans Driesch investigated Mirabelli and found that some objects had been moved in the séance room but that there was no evidence for his supposed abilities of materialization or apportation. Mirabelli later began giving public mediumship demonstrations which were described as theatrical displays. Throughout his life Mirabelli had been involved with 15 lawsuits for the illegal practice of witchcraft. He was suspected of utilizing tricks.

paragraph: It was alleged that Mirabelli could move bottles of magnetized water on a table without contact with them. This was disputed by Antônio da Silva Mello who noted that such a trick could have been performed "by means of a thread led to the table or by several other means, principally by the help of a partner who in this particular case was suspected by several persons present to be the medium's wife."

paragraph: Section::::Society for Psychical Research Investigation.

paragraph: In 1934 Theodore Besterman, a research officer for the Society for Psychical Research, visited Brazil to investigate Mirabelli. He discovered that some of the witness reports from the Academia de Estudos Psychicos Cesare Lombroso were unreliable and it was not an independent organization but one that was associated with Mirabelli and his personal friends. Whilst investigating the séances, Besterman claimed to have detected trickery.

paragraph: Section::::Levitation trick.

paragraph: In 1990, Dr. Gordon Stein found a levitation photograph of Mirabelli in the Society for Psychical Research (SPR) collection at the Cambridge University Library. It was inscribed by Mirabelli to Besterman from his visit in 1934. The levitation in the photograph was discovered to be a trick as there were signs of chemical retouching under Mirabelli's feet. The retouching showed that Mirabelli was not levitating but was standing on a ladder which was erased from the photograph.

paragraph: According to Stein:

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theodore Besterman. (1935). "The Mediumship of Carlos Mirabelli". Journal of the Society for Psychical Research 29: 141-153.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eric Dingwall. (1930). "An amazing case: The mediumship of Carlos Mirabelli". Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research 24: 296–306.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guy Lyon Playfair. (1992). "Mirabelli and the Phantom Ladder". Journal of the Society for Psychical Research 58: 201-203.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gordon Stein. (1991). "The Amazing Medium Mirabelli". "Fate" 44: 86-95.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gordon Stein. (1991). "Famous Levitation Photo Is a Fake". "Skeptical Inquirer" 15: 119-120.

description: Italian spiritualist

wikidata_label: Carmine Mirabelli

wikipedia_title: Carmine Mirabelli


href: Duns Berwickshire Dundee calendar

text:
Duns
Berwickshire
Dundee
calendar manager

categories: Scottish photographers,Year of birth missing,1922 deaths

paragraph: Alexander Wilson (photographer)

paragraph: Alexander Wilson (born in Duns, Berwickshire, Scotland; died 1922) was a noted amateur photographer who worked as supervisor in a Dundee jute mill for over 20 years.

paragraph: Wilson moved to Dundee in his twenties to become calendar manager in the Baltic Street Calendar of Baxter Brothers of Dundee. For over 30 years, he devoted his spare time to photography. He was particularly interested in architecture. He took black and white photographs of buildings in Dundee from the 1870s to 1905. It was fortunate that he was active at this time, because subsequent redevelopment work in Dundee resulted in some buildings of the City vanishing forever.

paragraph: Before his death in 1922 he bequeathed the majority of his 5,000 glass negatives to the Free Library Committee of the Town Council, with the sum of £50 to assist with the cost of conservation.

description: Scottish photographer

wikidata_label: Alexander Wilson

wikipedia_title: Alexander Wilson (photographer)


text: Motown Records

text: dirty south

text: Jeezy

text: Gucci Mane

text: T.I.

text: Lil Boosie

text: Lil Wayne

text: Kilo Ali

text: Outkast

text: Goodie Mob

text: Rich as in Spirit

text: "Billboard" 200

text: Atlanta, Georgia

text: Ronald McNair Sr. High School

text: center fielder

text: Fort Valley State University

text: XXL

text: mixtape

text: Trinidad James

text: Gucci Mane

text: Trap House III

text: Young Thug

text: Type of Way

text: The New York Times

text: Future

text: Young Scooter

text: "Billboard" Hot 100

text: Rolling Stone

text: iTunes Store

text: Def Jam Recordings

text: hip hop

text: Cash Money Records

text: My Nigga

text: YG

text: Young Jeezy

text: 2 Chainz

text: Walk Thru

text: Problem

text: Rose Bowl

text: XXL

text: Walk Thru

text: Problem

text: Back to the Basics

text: Rich as in Spirit

text: Louisville, Georgia

text: Rich as in Spirit

text: Official website

categories: Rappers from Atlanta,21st-century American rappers,African-American male rappers,1989 births,Rich Homie Quan,Rappers from Georgia (U.S. state),Living people,Southern hip hop musicians

paragraph: Rich Homie Quan

paragraph: Dequantes Devontay Lamar (born October 4, 1989), better known by his stage name Rich Homie Quan, is an American rapper, singer, and songwriter. He was previously signed to independent label T.I.G. Entertainment and is currently with Motown Records. Rich Homie Quan was influenced by dirty south rap, including Jeezy, Gucci Mane, T.I., Lil Boosie, Lil Wayne, Kilo Ali, Outkast, and Goodie Mob. Quan's debut studio album "Rich as in Spirit" was released on March 16, 2018 and debuted at number thirty-two on the US "Billboard" 200.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: In school, Lamar had a particular interest in reading. Literature was his favorite subject and he enjoyed creative writing classes. He played baseball for over four years while he attended Atlanta, Georgia's Ronald McNair Sr. High School with the aspiration to play professionally. As center fielder and leadoff hitter, Lamar began playing at the varsity level during his freshman year and earned a scholarship offer from Fort Valley State University. While Lamar decided to focus his interests elsewhere, he began rapping and got a job at a nearby airport. When he lost his job, Lamar got involved in illegal activities, including burglary that eventually led to him serving 15 months in prison. "I never saw myself going this far with music. Music was just a hobby at first. I never saw myself being on stage and rocking out shows. After I got out of jail, I started to take it more serious and that’s when my dream came true", he said in an interview to XXL.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 2012, Lamar's song "Differences" was released as the first single from his mixtape "Still Going In". In 2013, he toured with Trinidad James. He was also featured on Gucci Mane's album "Trap House III" on songs such as "I Heard", "Can't Trust Her" and "Chasin' Paper", also featuring Young Thug. Reviewing his single, "Type of Way", "The New York Times" wrote that he was "part of Atlanta’s rising generation of rappers—think Future, Young Thug, Young Scooter—who deliver lines with melody and heart, like singers on the verge of a breakdown". The song peaked at number 50 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. "Still Goin' In (Reloaded)" would be named the tenth best mixtape of 2013 by "Rolling Stone".

paragraph: In August 2013, "Type of Way" was released to the iTunes Store by Def Jam Recordings, suggesting that he had signed to the well-known hip hop-based record label Wash House Entertainment. However, Rich Homie Quan was still independent and was considering signing a deal with Cash Money Records. Quan was featured on the song "My Nigga" by YG also featuring Young Jeezy, which peaked at number 19 on the Hot 100. He was also featured on 2 Chainz' second studio album "", on the song "Extra". In September 2013, he confirmed that he was 30% done with his debut album. His mixtape, called "I Promise I'll Never Stop Going In" was released on November 26, 2013. It was supported by the single "Walk Thru" featuring Problem. The 2013 Michigan State Spartans football team adopted "Type of Way" as an anthem, and Quan joined them on the sidelines in a green jersey at the 100th Rose Bowl, while also participating in their post-game locker-room celebration singing "Type of Way". He was named to the 2014 "XXL" freshman class.

paragraph: On May 6, 2014, Rich Homie Quan went home to Atlanta to shoot the video for his single "Walk Thru" with LA rapper Problem. Hours later, it was reported that he had two "seizures," falling and "cracking his head" on set, according to TMZ. Rich Homie Quan cleared up the rumors sending Billboard a statement saying that he fainted and hit his head. He denied it had anything to do with drugs. On September 29, 2014, he was part of the mixtape, called . His song "Flex (Ooh, Ooh, Ooh)" and its music video were released on April 1, 2015 on YouTube.

paragraph: On March 16, 2017, Rich Homie Quan made his return to music by releasing his first single since 2015, "Replay". A mixtape, "Back to the Basics" followed on April 14, 2017. His debut album "Rich as in Spirit" was released on March 18, 2018. The album was supported by the two singles "Changed" and "34".

paragraph: Section::::Legal issues.

paragraph: In November of 2016, Quan sued former label, "Think Its A Game" for 2 million dollars because of unpaid royalties. The label counter sued him for breach of contract. Both Quan and the label settled the issues outside of court.

paragraph: On May 28, 2017, Quan was arrested with four others on felony drug charges after being stopped at a checkpoint on Highway 1 in Louisville, Georgia. Police claimed to have recovered heroin, marijuana, drug paraphernalia and weapons from the vehicle. Quan was charged with felony drug possession with an intent to distribute.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rich as in Spirit" (2018)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

description: American rapper and singer from Georgia

wikidata_label: Rich Homie Quan

wikipedia_title: Rich Homie Quan


text:
American football
defensive end
college football
Connecticut
Houston Texans
2013 NFL Draft
Arizona Cardinals
Indianapolis Colts
Washington Redskins
Toronto Argonauts
Jamaica
Central High School
Bridgeport, Connecticut
Central High School
100 meters
200 meters
100 meters
200 meters
University of Connecticut
Connecticut Huskies football
quarterback sack
Big East Conference
Houston Texans
2013 NFL Draft
Arizona Cardinals
Indianapolis Colts
Washington Redskins
Washington Redskins bio
Indianapolis Colts bio
UConn Huskies bio

categories: Canadian football defensive linemen,Houston Texans players,UConn Huskies football players,African-American players of American football,Washington Redskins players,Toronto Argonauts players,American people of Jamaican descent,American football defensive ends,Jamaican players of American football,Players of American football from Connecticut,American football linebackers,1990 births,African-American players of Canadian football,Indianapolis Colts players,Arizona Cardinals players,Living people

paragraph: Trevardo Williams

paragraph: Trevardo V. Williams (born December 31, 1990) is an American football defensive end who is currently a free agent. He played college football at Connecticut, and was drafted by the Houston Texans in the fourth round of the 2013 NFL Draft. Williams has also been a member of the Arizona Cardinals, Indianapolis Colts, Washington Redskins, Toronto Argonauts.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Williams was born in Jamaica, and moved to the United States as a child in 1999. He attended Central High School in Bridgeport, Connecticut, where he played high school football for the Central Hilltoppers. The "Hartford Courant" and "New Haven Register" named him to their all-state football teams in 2007. Upon graduation, Williams attended boarding school Canterbury School in New Milford, CT and competed for the Saints.

paragraph: Williams was also a standout athlete for the Central High School track team. He finished 3rd in the 100 meters at the 2007 State Open championships with a time of 10.74 seconds. He finished 2nd in the 200 meters at the 2008 State Class LL Championships, with a time of 22.41 seconds. He was timed at a career-best time of 10.69 seconds in the 100 meters in his senior year. He also ran a personal best time of 21.98 in the 200 meters.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Williams attended the University of Connecticut, where he played for the Connecticut Huskies football team from 2009 to 2012. During his college career, he started 30 of 50 games in which he appeared, recording 133 tackles and 30.5 quarterback sacks. The 30.5 sacks are a team record. Following his senior season in 2012, he was a unanimous first-team All-Big East Conference selection.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Houston Texans.

paragraph: The Houston Texans selected Williams in the fourth round, with the 124th overall pick, of the 2013 NFL Draft. He was released by the Texans on August 1, 2014

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Cardinals.

paragraph: Williams was claimed off waivers by the Arizona Cardinals on August 2, 2014, but was released on August 8.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Indianapolis Colts.

paragraph: Williams signed with the Indianapolis Colts' practice squad on September 23, 2014. He was released on November 25.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Washington Redskins.

paragraph: Williams signed with the Washington Redskins practice squad on December 2, 2014. He was promoted to the active roster on December 9. He was waived/injured on August 14, 2015. After going unclaimed, the Redskins placed him on injured reserve. The Redskins released Williams from injured reserve with a settlement on August 19.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Washington Redskins bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indianapolis Colts bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- UConn Huskies bio

description: American football player, linebacker

wikidata_label: Trevardo Williams

wikipedia_title: Trevardo Williams


text:
Chosroid dynasty
presiding prince
Iberia
Kartli
Georgia
Bakur III
eristavi
Kakheti
Byzantine
Khazar
Tbilisi
Byzantine emperor
Heraclius
Sassanid
Stephanus I
battle of al-Qādisiyyah
Nihawānd
Albanian
Javanshir
Movses Daskhurantsi
Wachtang Djobadze
Jvari Monastery
Mtskheta
Cyril Toumanoff
Adarnase II
patrikios
stratelates

categories: 7th-century monarchs in Asia,Patricii,Princes of Iberia

paragraph: Adarnase I of Iberia

paragraph: Adarnase I () or Adrnerse (ადრნერსე, also transliterated as Atrnerseh), of the Chosroid dynasty, was a presiding prince of Iberia (Kartli, eastern Georgia) from 627 to 637/642.

paragraph: He was the son of Bakur III, the last king of Iberia, and a hereditary duke (eristavi) of Kakheti. In 627, he assisted the Byzantine-Khazar army with the siege of Tbilisi and was made ruler of Iberia by the Byzantine emperor Heraclius who had the pro-Sassanid prince Stephanus I executed. Somewhere between 637 and 642 (i.e., after the battle of al-Qādisiyyah and before that of Nihawānd), he joined his forces with the Albanian prince Javanshir in an attack on Iranian garrisons in Albania.

paragraph: According to the 7th-century historian Movses Daskhurantsi, Adarnase wore three Byzantine titles. He is identified by the art historian Wachtang Djobadze with the honorary consul Adarnase (Adrnerse hypatos) recorded on an inscription from the Jvari Monastery at Mtskheta, Georgia. Cyril Toumanoff argues, however, that this Adrnerse is actually Adarnase II active in the late 7th century. His other titles are likely to have been those of "patrikios" and perhaps "stratelates".

wikidata_label: Adarnase I of Iberia

wikipedia_title: Adarnase I of Iberia


text:
Chosroid dynasty
presiding prince
Iberia
Kartli
Georgia
patricius
Apocrisarius
martyrdom
Maximus the Confessor
Arabs
Armenia
Hovannes Draskhanakertsi
Stephen II
Caliphate
Albanian
Khazars
Guaram II
Guaramid Dynasty
church of the Holy Cross
Mtskheta
hypatos
Stephen I
Guaram
Demetre
Adarnase I
Cyril Toumanoff
Stephen

categories: Princes of Iberia,7th-century monarchs in Asia,680s deaths,Year of birth unknown,Patricii,Chosroid dynasty,Monarchs killed in action

paragraph: Adarnase II of Iberia

paragraph: Adarnase II (), of the Chosroid dynasty, was a presiding prince of Iberia (Kartli, eastern Georgia) from c. 650 to 684/5. He is presumably the Iberian "patricius" mentioned in the 660s letter of Anastasius Apocrisarius pertaining to the martyrdom of Maximus the Confessor, and the prince Nerses whose revolt against Arabs is reported by the Armenian chronicler Hovannes Draskhanakertsi.

paragraph: Adarnase succeeded his father Stephen II and ruled as a vassal of the Caliphate. In 681/2, however, he joined the Armenian and Albanian princes in a general uprising against the Arab hegemony. He held off the Arab attacks for three years – until the Khazars entered the fight. Adarnase/Nerses was killed, and the Arabs installed Guaram II of the rival Guaramid Dynasty in Iberia.

paragraph: The exterior stone plaque of the church of the Holy Cross at Mtskheta, Georgia, mentions the principal builders of this church: Stephanos the "patricius", Demetrius the "hypatos", and Adarnase the "hypatos" who have traditionally been equated by the Georgian scholars with Stephen I, son of Guaram; Demetre, brother of Stephen I and Adarnase I. However, an opinion expressed by Professor Cyril Toumanoff disagrees with this view by identifying these individuals with Stephen II, Demetre (brother of Stephen I), and Adarnase II, respectively. He had a son, Stephen.

wikidata_label: Adarnase II of Iberia

wikipedia_title: Adarnase II of Iberia


text:
Denmark
House of Olaf
Adam of Bremen
Gnupa
Sigtrygg Runestones
Schleswig
DR2
DR4
Harthacnut
Heimskringla
Gorm the Old

categories: 10th-century monarchs in Europe,10th-century deaths,Year of birth unknown,Viking Age monarchs,Danish monarchs

paragraph: Sigtrygg Gnupasson

paragraph: Sigtrygg Gnupasson was a king of Denmark of the House of Olaf who ruled in the 10th century, according to Adam of Bremen.

paragraph: Sigtrygg was son of Gnupa and the Danish noblewoman Asfrid. According to Adam, he became a Danish king during the tenure of Archbishop Hoger of Bremen (909–915/7). He is remembered on the two Sigtrygg Runestones found near Schleswig, (DR2 and DR4), erected by his mother after his death, suggesting this area represented the power-base of the family.

paragraph: Based on the testimony of king Sweyn, Adam reports that prior to Hoger's death, Harthacnut came to Denmark and immediately deposed the young king Sigtrygg. However other sources show a "Chnuba" (usually identified with Gnupa, Sigtrygg's father) still ruling in 934, while Heimskringla reports Gnupa's defeat by Gorm the Old, again placing his death later than Adam would have it. Adam himself mentions the existence of other kings at this time and expresses doubt that Denmark represented a single united realm.

alias: Sigtryg Sigerich

description: King in Denmark

wikidata_label: Sigtrygg Gnupasson

wikipedia_title: Sigtrygg Gnupasson


text:
freestyle skier
Women's Ski Cross event
2010 Winter Olympics
Vancouver
ski cross
Gjøvik
Gro Kvinlog Genlid

categories: Norwegian female freestyle skiers,1976 births,Freestyle skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Olympic freestyle skiers of Norway,Living people

paragraph: Gro Kvinlog

paragraph: Gro Kvinlog Genlid (born 8 June 1976) is a Norwegian freestyle skier. She represented Norway in the Women's Ski Cross event at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.

paragraph: She competed at the 2010 World Cup in ski cross.

paragraph: She was born in Gjøvik.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gro Kvinlog Genlid at the official Vancouver 2010 website

description: Norwegian freestlyle skier

wikidata_label: Gro Kvinlog

wikipedia_title: Gro Kvinlog


text:
Anglican
bishop
Cashel, County Tipperary
Trinity College School
University of Toronto
curate
Toronto
Fort Albany
Archdeacon
Moosonee
World War I
Archdeacon
Hamilton
rector
Vancouver
Dean of New Westminster
Bishop of Athabasca
rector
Toronto
Bishop of Moosonee
Metropolitan of Ontario
Renison University College
Waterloo, Ontario

categories: Anglican archdeacons in North America,Anglican bishops of Athabasca,20th-century Anglican bishops,Metropolitans of Ontario,1957 deaths,Anglican bishops of Moosonee,University of Toronto alumni,People from County Tipperary,Trinity College (Canada) alumni,1866 births,20th-century Anglican archbishops,Deans of New Westminster

paragraph: Robert Renison

paragraph: Robert John Renison was an Anglican bishop in the mid 20th century.

paragraph: Renison was born in Cashel, County Tipperary into an ecclesiastical family on 8 September 1875 and educated at Trinity College School and the University of Toronto. Ordained in 1896, his first position was as a curate at the Church of the Messiah, Toronto, after which he was a missionary at Fort Albany. He was the Archdeacon of Moosonee and, after World War I service, the Archdeacon of Hamilton. He was then rector of Christ Church, Vancouver until 1929 when he became Dean of New Westminster. In 1931 he was elected Bishop of Athabasca but only held the post for a year. From then until 1943 he was rector of St Paul’s Toronto when he became the Bishop of Moosonee. In 1952 he became the Metropolitan of Ontario, a position he held until retirement in 1954. He died on 6 October 1957. Renison University College in Waterloo, Ontario is named after him.

description: Canadian bishop

wikidata_label: Robert Renison

wikipedia_title: Robert Renison


text:
India
Mount Everest
Indian Army
H. P. S. Ahluwalia
Nawang Gombu
Sonam Wangyal
Sonam Gyatso
Harish Chandra Singh Rawat
Chandra Prakash Vohra
Parachute regiment
Arjuna award
Padma
List of Mount Everest records of India

categories: Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports,Recipients of the Arjuna Award,1933 births,Indian summiters of Mount Everest,Military personnel from Rajasthan,Indian mountain climbers,People from Sri Ganganagar district,Indian Army officers,Indian Sikhs,1989 deaths

paragraph: Avtar Singh Cheema

paragraph: Avtar Singh Cheema (1933–1989): along with 8 others were the first Indians to lead a successful expedition that climbed Mount Everest on 20 May 1965. He was a part of the third mission undertaken by the Indian Army, in 1965, to climb Mt. Everest after two failed attempts.

paragraph: The 1965 Indian Army expedition was the first successful Indian Expedition to Everest which put 9 mountaineers on top, a record to last 17 years. He along with H. P. S. Ahluwalia, Nawang Gombu, Sonam Wangyal, Sonam Gyatso, Harish Chandra Singh Rawat, Chandra Prakash Vohra among others successfully summited the peak. He was a captain in the 7th Bn Parachute regiment at that time. Later he was promoted to colonel.

paragraph: . He is also founder of Guru Harkrishan Public School in Sri Ganganagar District,Rajasthan.

paragraph: He was awarded Arjuna award and Padma for his achievements.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Mount Everest records of India

description: Indian mountain climber

wikidata_label: Avtar Singh Cheema

wikipedia_title: Avtar Singh Cheema


text:
Scottish
merchant
Member of Parliament
Glasgow
Shieldhall
Richard Oswald
Richard Alexander Oswald
Alexander Haldane Oswald
Auchincruive
Kirkcudbright
Fee tail
Richard Oswald
Glasgow Bank
Alexander Dennistoun
mill
Barrowfield
cotton
yarn
James Stevenson
James Croesus Stevenson
bankruptcy
Govan
Liberal
Glasgow
Chiltern Hundreds
Lord William Bentinck
Feargus O’Connor
Chartist
Reform Act 1832
Robert Peel
select committee
abstract
petition
Whig
Radical Whig Association
Edinburgh
Glasgow Cathedral
Baron Marochetti
Sauchiehall Street
George Square
Robert Peel

categories: UK MPs 1832–1835,UK MPs 1835–1837,19th-century Scottish people,UK MPs 1837–1841,Scottish merchants,1853 deaths,1779 births,Scottish Liberal Party MPs,UK MPs 1841–1847

paragraph: James Oswald (merchant)

paragraph: James Oswald (2 May 1779 – 3 June 1853) was a Scottish merchant and Member of Parliament (MP) for Glasgow.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: James Oswald was born on 2 May 1779, the fifth child and second son of Alexander Oswald of Shieldhall, Glasgow, and Margaret Dundas, and was the grand-nephew of Richard Oswald.

paragraph: He was the paternal first cousin of Richard Alexander Oswald and paternal uncle of Alexander Haldane Oswald, both Members of Parliament.

paragraph: On the death of Richard in 1841, James Oswald succeeded to the family estate at Auchincruive, and the estates of Cavens and Preston in Kirkcudbright, by deed of Entail (Fee tail) specified by Richard Oswald.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Shortly after the founding of the Glasgow Bank by Alexander Dennistoun in 1809, Oswald joined other influential merchants there.

paragraph: Oswald’s older brother, Richard Alexander Oswald was also a merchant in Glasgow and together they owned a mill in Barrowfield. In 1812, they formed Oswald, Stevenson & Co., a company formed for mercantile transactions in cottons and yarns, with Nathaniel Stevenson and his brother James. On the death of Richard Alexander Oswald in 1821, James Stevenson took control of the cotton branch while Oswald remained in partnership with Nathaniel for a further nearly 40 years, with Nathaniel's son, James Croesus Stevenson, taking over in 1843. Oswald retired from the company, which operated in Glasgow and Manchester, on 31 December 1848. Another of Oswald’s business ventures was a company called Oswald, Tennant & Co., which went into bankruptcy due to a "trail of rapid commercial misfortunes connected with India". It is not clear when this occurred, but the company was still trading in 1837

paragraph: In 1828 James Oswald was on the Committee of the Trustees for the Parish of Govan Prior to becoming an M.P., Oswald commanded the Glasgow squadron of mounted Yeomanry.

paragraph: James Oswald was Liberal Member of Parliament for Glasgow from 10 December 1832 until 26 May 1837, when he accepted the Chiltern Hundreds. Oswald returned to Parliament upon the death of Lord William Bentinck on 24 June 1839, when he stood against Feargus O’Connor, a well known Chartist. Oswald was one of the leading supporters of the movement that led to the Reform Act 1832. and one of the first M.P.’s for Glasgow to be elected by manhood suffrage.

paragraph: Described as a "powerful orator", and a "steady, consistent, honourable man" who claimed to "always put the interests of my country and cause of reform first" he is credited with 20 recorded contributions in Parliament during his terms of office. It is said that while in Parliament, Oswald "seldom troubled the House unless he had something particular to say".

paragraph: On 20 February 1833, Oswald was appointed with Sir Robert Peel and others to a parliamentary select committee to classify and prepare abstracts for petitions presented to the house. In February the following year, he was appointed to another select committee to scrutinise the education, practice and usage of the medical profession in the United Kingdom.

paragraph: Oswald is described variously as a Liberal or Whig. In 1835, he was appointed to the acting committee for the management of the affairs of the Radical Whig Association, formed to protect the interests during a surge in conservative activity. On 16 February 1841 he was appointed to a select committee to investigate the laws concerning the exportation of machinery.

paragraph: He remained in Parliament until 29 July 1847.

paragraph: Oswald died on 3 June 1853 at Edinburgh. He was buried at Glasgow Cathedral.

paragraph: In 1856, friends and admirers of Oswald commissioned a statue by Baron Marochetti. Originally erected in Sandyford Place, off Sauchiehall Street, it was moved to the north-east corner of George Square in 1875, after the Council were petitioned by his great-nephew, Richard Alexander Oswald. It had long been felt by Oswald’s friends and family that he should be accorded the same honour as his political opponent Robert Peel, whose monument had been erected in George Square in 1859.

description: British politician (1779-1853)

wikidata_label: James Oswald

wikipedia_title: James Oswald (merchant)


text:
German
mathematician
University of Heidelberg
University of Munich
differential equation
partial differential equation
Perron method
Dirichlet problem
elliptic partial differential equation
continued fraction
Edmund Hlawka
Keller's conjecture
Perron–Frobenius theorem
Perron's formula
Perron number
Henstock–Kurzweil integral
Oskar Perron
Historia Mathematica Heidelbergensis

categories: 20th-century mathematicians,German mathematicians,Recipients of the Bavarian Order of Merit,PDE theorists,1975 deaths,1880 births,Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich faculty,Heidelberg University faculty

paragraph: Oskar Perron

paragraph: Oskar Perron (7 May 1880 – 22 February 1975) was a German mathematician.

paragraph: He was a professor at the University of Heidelberg from 1914 to 1922 and at the University of Munich from 1922 to 1951. He made numerous contributions to differential equations and partial differential equations, including the Perron method to solve the Dirichlet problem for elliptic partial differential equations. He wrote an encyclopedic book on continued fractions "Die Lehre von den Kettenbrüchen". He introduced "Perron's paradox":

paragraph: to illustrate the danger of assuming that the solution of an optimization problem exists.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Über die Drehung eines starren Körpers um seinen Schwerpunkt bei Wirkung äußerer Kräfte", Diss. München 1902

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grundlagen für eine Theorie der Jacobischen Kettenbruchalgorithmus", Habilitationsschrift Leipzig 1906

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Lehre von den Kettenbrüchen", 2 vols., 1913, 3rd edn. Teubner Verlag 1954 (vol. 1 Elementare Kettenbrüche, vol. 2 analytische und funktionentheoretische Kettenbrüche)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Irrationalzahlen", 1921, 2nd edn. 1939, 4th edn. de Gruyter, Berlin 1960

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Algebra I, II", Sammlung Göschen 1927, 3rd edn, 1951

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Evelyn Frank:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nichteuklidische Elementargeometrie der Ebene", Teubner, Stuttgart 1962

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edmund Hlawka: "Das Werk Perrons auf dem Gebiete der diophantischen Approximationen." Jahresbericht der DMV 80, 1978, S. 1–12

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josef Heinhold: "Oskar Perron", Jahresbericht der DMV 90, 1988, S. 184–199 (in der DML Bielefeld: )

paragraph: BULLET::::- Freddy Litten: "Oskar Perron – Ein Beispiel von Zivilcourage im Dritten Reich", Mitteilungen der DMV Heft 3, 1994, S. 11–12; erweitert in: "Frankenthal einst und jetzt", 1995, S. 26–28 (auf der Homepage von Litten: )

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leon Bernstein: "The modified algorithm of Jacobi-Perron." Memoirs of the AMS 67, Providence, 1966

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leon Bernstein: "The Jacobi-Perron algorithm - its theory and application." Lecture Notes Math. 207, Springer-Verlag, 1971

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keller's conjecture

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perron–Frobenius theorem

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perron's formula

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perron number

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henstock–Kurzweil integral

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gabriele Dörflinger: Oskar Perron. In: Historia Mathematica Heidelbergensis.

description: German mathematician

wikidata_label: Oskar Perron

wikipedia_title: Oskar Perron


text:
Niederschönhausen
silent film
Hanns Kräly
Ernst Lubitsch
The Merry Jail
I Don't Want to Be a Man
The Oyster Princess
The Doll
Mary Pickford
Ufa
The Star of Valencia
Prague
Nächte des Grauens
Shoe Palace Pinkus
When Four Do the Same
The Ballet Girl
The Toboggan Cavalier
I Don't Want to Be a Man
The Swabian Maiden
My Wife, the Movie Star
Meyer from Berlin
The Oyster Princess
The Doll
Hundemamachen
The Housing Shortage
Love at the Wheel
The Girl with the Mask
Colibri
Niniche
Express Train of Love
The Girl with a Patron
The Adventure of Mr. Philip Collins
Countess Ironing-Maid
The Wooing of Eve
Darling, Count the Cash
The Little Variety Star
The Girl on a Swing
A Crazy Night
A Serious Case
Floretta and Patapon
It Attracted Three Fellows
The Weekend Bride
The House Without Men
Sir or Madam
The Fourth from the Right
Josef the Chaste
The Star of Valencia
Photographs and literature
Find a Grave
Olšany Cemetery
from Ossi Oswalda

categories: 1947 deaths,1897 births,German film actresses,German silent film actresses,German stage actresses,Actresses from Berlin

paragraph: Ossi Oswalda

paragraph: Ossi Oswalda (2 February 1897 – 7. March 1947), born Oswalda Stäglich in Niederschönhausen, was a German actress, who mostly appeared in silent films. She was given the nickname 'The German Mary Pickford' due to her popularity at the time.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Oswalda trained as a ballerina and became a dancer for a theater in Berlin. She made her film debut in Richard Oswald's "Nächte des Grauens" ("Night of Horrors") before being discovered by the actor and screenwriter Hanns Kräly, who in turn recommended her to director Ernst Lubitsch. During her early career, she starred in several films by Lubitsch, including "The Merry Jail", "I Don't Want to Be a Man", "The Oyster Princess" and "The Doll". Her popularity at the time earned her the nickname 'The German Mary Pickford'.

paragraph: In 1921, Oswalda von Koczian-Miskolczy started her own film production company with her husband at the time, Gustav Wilhelm Viktor Freiherr von Koczian-Miskolczy (1877–1958). However, during the next four years they only produced four films, all starring Oswalda. From 1925 on, she was contracted to Ufa. 1926 the couple that had married 20 November 1919 divorced.

paragraph: Oswalda's career waned along with the silent film era, and she only acted in two sound films, making her final appearance on screen in the 1933 film "The Star of Valencia". Later on, she became a stage actor, and in 1943, wrote the story for the Czechoslovakian film "Čtrnáctý u stolu". Oswalda died in the most miserable condition in Prague at the age of 50.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nächte des Grauens" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shoe Palace Pinkus" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Hilferuf" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leutnant auf Befehl" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Tod auf Zeche Silva" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der G.m.b.H.-Tenor" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das fidele Gefängnis" ("The Merry Jail", 1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ossi's Tagebuch" (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "When Four Do the Same" (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prinz Sami" (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dem Licht entgegen" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Ballet Girl" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Toboggan Cavalier" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Don't Want to Be a Man" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Swabian Maiden" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Wife, the Movie Star" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das Mädchen aus dem Wilden Westen" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das Millionenmädel" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meyer from Berlin" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Oyster Princess" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Doll" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hundemamachen" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Housing Shortage" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kakadu und Kiebitz" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Putschliesel" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love at the Wheel" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Girl with the Mask" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ein Weihnachtsfilm für Große" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Colibri" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Niniche" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Express Train of Love" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Girl with a Patron" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Adventure of Mr. Philip Collins" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Countess Ironing-Maid" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wooing of Eve" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Darling, Count the Cash" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Little Variety Star" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Girl on a Swing" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Crazy Night" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Serious Case" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Floretta and Patapon" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "It Attracted Three Fellows" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Weekend Bride" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eddy Polo mit Pferd und Lasso" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The House Without Men" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sir or Madam" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Dieb im Schlafcoupée" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fourth from the Right" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Josef the Chaste" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Star of Valencia" (1933)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photographs and literature

paragraph: BULLET::::- Find a Grave on Olšany Cemetery from Ossi Oswalda

description: German actress

wikidata_label: Ossi Oswalda

wikipedia_title: Ossi Oswalda


text:
Mino Province
their demise
Oda Nobunaga
Matsukura Castle
Takayama Castle
Sen no Rikyū
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Sen Dōan

categories: 1608 deaths,Japanese tea masters,Daimyo,Deified Japanese people,1524 births

paragraph: Kanamori Nagachika

paragraph: Nagachika first served the Saitō clan of Mino Province; however, after their demise, he became a retainer of Oda Nobunaga. During this time he served as the ruler of Matsukura Castle and Takayama Castle.

paragraph: Nagachika was also a tea master and an admirer of Sen no Rikyū. After Toyotomi Hideyoshi ordered Rikyū's death, Nagachika sheltered Rikyū's son, Sen Dōan.

description: samurai

wikidata_label: Kanamori Nagachika

wikipedia_title: Kanamori Nagachika


text:
Ikoma Chikamasa
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Battle of Sekigahara
Ishida Mitsunari
Marugame Castle
Takamatsu Castle
Masatoshi

paragraph: Ikoma Kazumasa

paragraph: Kazumasa was the eldest son of Ikoma Chikamasa. He fought with distinction under Oda Nobunaga, and then in Korea with Toyotomi Hideyoshi's forces. He sided with the Tokugawa at the Battle of Sekigahara, though his father sided with the forces of Ishida Mitsunari; as a result, the Ikoma family's fief was saved. His father yielded him headship in 1600. It was then that the fief's capital was moved from Marugame Castle to Takamatsu Castle.

paragraph: After Kazumasa's death in 1610, his son Masatoshi succeeded him.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~me4k-skri/han/shikoku/marugame.html

description: samurai who served the Oda clan

wikidata_label: Ikoma Kazumasa

wikipedia_title: Ikoma Kazumasa


text:
Siege of Osaka
Takatoshi

paragraph: Ikoma Masatoshi

paragraph: Masatoshi fought at the Siege of Osaka in 1614, commanding a detached force on the side of the Tokugawa.

paragraph: After his death, he was succeeded as family head by his son, Takatoshi.

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: Japanese samurai

wikidata_label: Ikoma Masatoshi

wikipedia_title: Ikoma Masatoshi


href: Italy Bergamo rococo Neoclassicism Giuseppe%20Macinata Triduum Palazzo%20Pitti Florence Sforza%20Castle Milan

text:
Italian
Bergamo
rococo
neoclassical
Giuseppe Macinata
Triduum
Palazzo Pitti
Florence
Sforza Castle
Milan

categories: Bergamese painters,Italian male painters,People from Bergamo,17th-century Italian painters,1839 deaths,18th-century Italian painters,1757 births,Italian portrait painters

paragraph: Paolo Vincenzo Bonomini

paragraph: Paolo Vincenzo Bonomini (23 January 1757 – 1839) was an Italian painter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Bonomini was born in Bergamo to an artist father Paolo Maria, who encouraged his son's artistic study. Bonomini's early works were done in a rococo style that later developed into neoclassical. He worked in many fields. He left as a decorator of civil and sacred, but reached the popularity for his portraits, and especially for his caricatures. From 1824 to 1827 he had the painter Giuseppe Macinata as a pupil.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: One of his most noted works was scenes of the cycle of living skeletons that were commissioned by the Parish of Santa Grata Inter Vites Borgo Canale to remember the celebration of the Triduum of the dead. These paintings, after being exposed annually during the Triduum of the Dead in the parish of Borgo Canale, were exhibited at the Palazzo Pitti in Florence in 1922, with great success. Noteworthy are also some decorations of public and private buildings in the Bergamo area, as well as the collection of his drawings kept at the Civic Art Collections of the Sforza Castle in Milan.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The mysteries of Bergamo" by Emanuele Roncalli

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Little anecdotes of Bergamo" by Martino Compagnoni and Caesar Bonfanti

alias:
Vincenzo Boromino
Vineenzo Bonomini
Vincenzo Borromino
Paolo Vincenzo Bonomino
Paolo Vincenzo Borromini
Paolo Vincenzo Boromini
Vincenzo Bonomini
Paolo Vicenzo Bonomini
Vicenzo Bonomini

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Paolo Vincenzo Bonomini

wikipedia_title: Paolo Vincenzo Bonomini


text: Chicago

text: Illinois

text: political scientist

text: catastrophism

text: Immanuel Velikovsky

text: Licodia

text: Catania

text: WPA

text: Sebastian de Grazia

text: Pulitzer Prize

text: Edward de Grazia

text: Cardozo School of Law

text: Yeshiva University

text: Victor de Grazia

text: Illinois

text: University of Chicago

text: A.B.

text: Columbia University

text: The New York Times

text: August Heckscher

text: New York Herald Tribune

text: Charles E. Merriam

text: United States Army

text: psychological warfare

text: Battle of Monte Cassino

text: Scott Turow

text: Ordinary Heroes

text: CIA

text: Korean War

text: Department of Defence

text: Vietnam War

text: Special Operations Command

text: Fort Bragg

text: Bronze Star

text: EAME Campaign Medal

text: Croix de Guerre

text: Legion of Honor

text: François Hollande

text: Robert A. McClure

text: assistant professor

text: political science

text: University of Minnesota, Minneapolis

text: associate professor

text: Brown University

text: Stanford University

text: Ford Foundation

text: academic tenure

text: New York University

text: Chicago school

text: behaviorist

text: sociology

text: social science

text: Steven Schier

text: American Enterprise Institute

text: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

text: Immanuel Velikovsky

text: catastrophist

text: scientific community

text: Michael Polanyi

text: Henry Bauer

text: Haute-Nendaz

text: Switzerland

text: Beat

text: William S. Burroughs

text: Ted Morgan

text: University of Bergamo

text: Italy

text: University of Rome

text: University of Bombay

text: University of Istanbul

text: University of Gothenburg

text: Sweden

text: Columbia University

text: American Academy

text: WWII

text: placed online

text: Jerome Bruner

text: Arthur M. Schlesinger

text: American Enterprise Institute

text: Bhopal

text: Bhopal

text: Canaan

text: Israel

text: Palestine

text: Velikovskyism

text: Festschrift

text: The American State of Canaan

categories: People from Chicago,American political scientists,Catastrophism,2014 deaths,American military personnel of World War II,1919 births,Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur

paragraph: Alfred de Grazia

paragraph: Alfred de Grazia (December 29, 1919 – July 13, 2014), born in Chicago, Illinois, was a political scientist and author. He developed techniques of computer-based social network analysis in the 1950s, developed new ideas about personal digital archives in the 1970s, and defended the catastrophism thesis of Immanuel Velikovsky.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: His father, Joseph Alfred de Grazia, was born in Licodia, province of Catania, in Sicily and was politically active in a troubled period in the history of the island. He emigrated to the United States at the age of twenty, after having hit the mayor of Licodia with his clarinet during a political scuffle. He became a bandmaster, music teacher, in and out of the WPA and a musical union leader in Chicago. In 1916, he married Chicago-born Katherine Lupo Cardinale whose parents had emigrated from Sicily. Her brother was the boxer Charles Kid Lucca, Canadian champion welter-weight champion from 1910-1914. They had three more sons, Sebastian de Grazia, winner of the Pulitzer Prize, Edward de Grazia, a prominent first amendment lawyer and co-founder of Cardozo School of Law at Yeshiva University, and Victor de Grazia who was Deputy-Governor of the State of Illinois from 1973 to 1977 .

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: De Grazia attended the University of Chicago, receiving an A.B. there in 1939, attended law school at Columbia University from 1940–1941, and in 1948 earned a PhD in political science from the University of Chicago. His thesis was published in 1951 as "Public and Republic: Political Representation in America". When reviewed by "The New York Times" it was called "A thoroughgoing examination of the meaning of representation, the fundamental element in any definition of republic." and August Heckscher in the "New York Herald Tribune" said it was "A sober scholarly volume, authoritative in its field." Charles E. Merriam, founder of the behavioristic approach in political science, wrote: "All scholars in the field of political science and particularly those in the area of representation are under lasting obligation to the writer of this volume for a learned and helpful treatment of one of the major problems of our times. The book will enrich the literature on this very important subject."

paragraph: Section::::Military activity.

paragraph: In World War II, de Grazia served in the United States Army, rising from private to captain. He specialized in mechanized warfare, intelligence and psychological warfare. He received training in this then new field in Washington D.C. and the newly established Camp Ritchie in Maryland. He served with the 3rd, 5th and 7th Armies and as a liaison officer with the British 8th Army. He took part in six campaigns, from North Africa to Italy (Battle of Monte Cassino) to France and Germany.

paragraph: De Grazia co-authored a report on psychological warfare for the Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Force. By the end of the war, he was Commanding Officer of the Psychological Warfare Propaganda Team attached to the headquarters of the 7th Army. With his fiancée and later wife, wife Jill deGrazia (née Bertha Oppenheim), he carried on an extensive wartime correspondence of over 2,000 lengthy letters, published on the web under the title "Letters of Love and War". Scott Turow cites the letters as being among the sources for his 2005 novel "Ordinary Heroes"

paragraph: De Grazia wrote manuals of psychological warfare for the CIA for the Korean War and organized and investigated psychological operations for the Department of Defence during the Vietnam War. His reports on psychological operations, now largely declassified, include "Target Analysis and Media in Propaganda to Audiences Abroad" (1952), "Elites Analysis" (1955), as well as "Psychological Operations in Vietnam" (1968). On October 31, 2014, he posthumously made a Distinguished Member of the Regiment of Psychological Operations of the Special Operations Command at Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

paragraph: For his service in World War II, de Grazia earned the Bronze Star and the EAME Campaign Medal, as well as the Croix de Guerre from France. On December 31, 2013, he was awarded the highest French distinction, being made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor by decree of President François Hollande.

paragraph: He is also a recipient (posthumously) of the MG Robert A. McClure Medal for Exemplary Service in Psychological Operations

paragraph: Section::::Academic career.

paragraph: De Grazia was assistant professor of political science at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis from 1948 to 1950, before becoming associate professor of political science at Brown University. In 1952, he was appointed to be Director of the Committee for Research in the Social Sciences at Stanford University, supported by a Ford Foundation grant. He wrote the textbook "The Elements of Political Science" in two volumes: "Political Behavior" and "Political Organization" (1952). One reviewer of it wrote: "Mr. De Grazia has undertaken to dissect the whole body of political science... He achieves his purpose with unfailing clarity, and his readers will learn from him the range, the goals, and the techniques of the study of politics..."

paragraph: In 1955, he was turned down for academic tenure at Stanford after doing a study of "the origins and present restrictions on the political activities of workers" for a foundation. From 1959, he was professor of government and social theory at New York University.

paragraph: In 1957 de Grazia founded "PROD: Political Research: Organization and Design", which was described as "probably...the authentic spokesman for the newest currents among the "avant-garde" of political behavior". It was later renamed "The American Behavioral Scientist", an academic journal devoted to the Chicago school of behaviorist sociology. In 1965, he began the "Universal Reference System," the first computerized reference system in the social sciences.

paragraph: De Grazia was a staunch supporter of the power of Congress against the encroachments of the Presidency, which he called the "Executive Force" According to Raymond Tatalovich and Steven Schier:

paragraph: The American Enterprise Institute published several of his books on the subject, including "Congress and the Presidency: their Role in Modern Times", a debate with Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., who defended the case for a strong Presidency.

paragraph: Section::::Support for Velikovsky.

paragraph: De Grazia became interested in Immanuel Velikovsky's catastrophist theories. Following considerable criticism of Velikovsky's claims by the scientific community, de Grazia dedicated the entire September 1963 issue of "American Behavioral Scientist" to the issue. He also self-published two books on it, "The Velikovsky Affair: The Warfare of Science and Scientism" and "Cosmic Heretics: A Personal History of Attempts to Establish and Resist Theories of Quantavolution and Catastrophe in the Natural and Human Sciences".

paragraph: Michael Polanyi stated:

paragraph: In a review of the second book, Henry Bauer suggests that de Grazia's efforts may be responsible for Velikovsky's continuing notability.

paragraph: In both books de Grazia subscribes to the thesis that, in the words of Henry Bauer, "the affair revealed something seriously rotten in the state of science". The review however suggests that the rejection came about ...

paragraph: The review further suggests that "de Grazia does not understand how the content of science is generated" and that his "understanding of science as a social activity is ambiguous."

paragraph: In the second book, de Grazia upholds Velikovsky's most general claim, that geologically recent (in the last 15,000 years) extraterrestrially-caused catastrophes occurred, and had a significant impact on the Earth and its inhabitants. De Grazia terms this belief "Quantavolution".

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: In the early 1970s, de Grazia founded the "University of the New World" in Haute-Nendaz Switzerland, as an unstructured alternative to American universities. He invited Beat author William S. Burroughs to teach at it. In his biography of Burroughs, Ted Morgan described the students that it attracted as "drifters and dropouts on the international hippie circuit"; he suggested that this resulted in a culture clash with the "prim Swiss", and that the university lacked adequate facilities or a sound business model.

paragraph: In 2002, de Grazia was appointed visiting professor in the Department of Mathematics, Statistics, Computing and Applications of the University of Bergamo in Italy. He had previously been a visiting lecturer at the University of Rome, the University of Bombay, the University of Istanbul, and the University of Gothenburg in Sweden.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Alfred de Grazia was married to Jill Oppenheim (d. 1996) from 1942 to 1971, to Nina Mavridis from 1972 to 1973, and from 1982 to his death to Anne-Marie (Ami) Hueber - de Grazia, a French writer

paragraph: He had seven children with Jill Oppenheim. One of them, Carl, a musician, died in 2000. One of his daughters, Victoria de Grazia, a Professor of Contemporary History at Columbia University, is a member of the American Academy.

paragraph: The entire WWII correspondence between Alfred de Grazia and Jill Oppenheim, comprising about a thousand letters dated from February 1942 to September 1945, survived and was published and placed online, edited by one of their children, Ami Hueber de Grazia.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michels, Robert, "First lectures in political sociology". Translated, with an introduction, by Alfred de Grazia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, [1949]. And Harper & Row, 1965.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Public and republic: political representation in America". New York: Knopf, 1951.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The elements of political science"]. Series: Borzoi Books in Political Science. New York: Knopf, 1952. And second revised edition: "Politics and government: the elements of political science". Vol 1: the element of political science and Vol. 2: Political organization. [1962]. New York: Collier, 1962– ;new revised edition, New York: Free Press London: Collier Macmillan, 1965.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Western Public: 1952 and beyond. [A study of political behaviour in the western United States.]". Stanford: Stanford University Press, [1954.]

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The American way of government". National edition. New York : Wiley, [1957]. There is also a "National, State and Local edition".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Foundation for Voluntary Welfare. "Grass roots private welfare : winning essays of the 1956 national awards competition of the Foundation for Voluntary Welfare". Alfred de Grazia, editor. New York: New York University Press, 1957.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "American welfare". New York: New York University Press, 1961 (with Ted Gurr).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "World politics: a study in international relations". Series: College Outline Series. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1962.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Apportionment and representative government". Series: Books that matter. New York : Praeger, c.1963

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Essay on apportionment and representative government". Washington : American Enterprise Institute, 1963

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Revolution in teaching: new theory, technology, and curricula". With an introduction by Jerome Bruner. New York: Bantam Books, [1964] (Editor, with David A. Sohn).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Universal Reference System. "Political science, government, and public policy: an annotated and intensively indexed compilation of significant books, pamphlets, and articles, selected and processed by the Universal Reference System". Prepared under the direction of Alfred De Grazia, general editor, Carl E. Martinson, managing editor, and John B. Simeone, consultant. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Research Pub. Co., 1965–69. "Plus" nine more volumes on the subjects of: "International Affairs;" "Economic Regulation;" "Public Policy and the Management of Science;" "Administrative Management;" "Comparative Government and Cultures;" "Legislative Process;" "Bibliography of Bibliographies in Political Science, Government and Public Policy;" "Current Events and Problems of Modern Society;" "Public Opinion, Mass Behavior and Political Psychology;" " Law, Jurisprudence and Judicial Process."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Republic in crisis: Congress against the executive force". New York: Federal Legal Publications, [1965]

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Political behavior". Series: Elements of political science; 1. New, revised edition. New York: Free press paperback, 1966.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Congress, The First Branch of Government," editor, Doubleday – Anchor Books, 1967

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Congress and the Presidency: Their Roles in Modern Times," with Arthur M. Schlesinger, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Washington, 1967.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Passage of the Year," Poetry, Quiddity Press, Metron publications, Princeton, N.J., 1967.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Behavioral Sciences: Essays in honor of George A. Lundberg," editor, Behavioral Research Council, Great Barrington, Mass;, 1968.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kalos: What is to be Done with Our World?,", New York University Press, 1968.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Old Government, New People: Readings for the New politics," et al., Scott, Foresman, Glenview, Ill., 1971.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Politics for Better or Worse," Scott, Foresman, Glenview, Ill., 1973.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eight Branches of Government: American Government Today," w. Eric Weise, Collegiate Pub., 1975.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eight Bads – Eight Goods: The American Contradictions," Doubleday – Anchor Books, 1975.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Supporting Art and Culture: 1001 Questions on Policy," Lieber-Atherton, New York, 1979.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kalotics: A Revolution of Scientists and Technologists for World Development," Kalos Foundation, Bombay, 1979.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Cloud Over Bhopal: Causes, Consequences, and Constructive Solutions," Kalos Foundation for the India-America Committee for the Bhopal Victims: Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Babe, Child of Boom and Bust in Old Chicago, umbilicus mundi," Quiddity Press, Metron Publications, Princeton, N.J., 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Student: at Chicago in Hutchin's Hey-day," Quiddity Press, Metron Publications, Princeton N.J., 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Taste of War: Soldiering in World War II," Quiddity Press, Metron Publications, Princeton, N.J., 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Twentieth Century Fire-Sale," Poetry, Quiddity Press, Metron Publications, Princeton, N.J., 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The American State of Canaan – the peaceful, prosperous juncture of Israel and Palestine as the 51st State of the United States of America," Metron Publications, Princeton, NJ, 2009 LCCN 2008945276.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Velikovskyism

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Notes

paragraph: Further reading

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tresman, Ian (ed.) "Quantavolution - Challenges to Conventional Science," Knowledge Computing, UK (2010) (hardcover) Festschrift in honor of de Grazia's 90th birthday.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Grazian Archive: archived works of Alfred de Grazia

paragraph: BULLET::::- The American State of Canaan

description: American political scientist

wikidata_label: Alfred de Grazia

wikipedia_title: Alfred de Grazia


text:
Brünn
Habsburg Moravia
Wien
Austria
Czech
Austrian
botanist
Molisch's test
chemical test
carbohydrate
professor
University of Prague
Vienna University
Tohoku University
Japan
India
vice-president
Austrian Academy of Sciences
Julius von Sachs

categories: People from the Margraviate of Moravia,1937 deaths,Austrian botanists,1856 births,Tohoku University faculty,People from Brno

paragraph: Hans Molisch

paragraph: Hans Molisch (6 December 1856, Brünn, Habsburg Moravia - 8 December 1937, Wien, Austria) was a Czech-Austrian botanist.

paragraph: Molisch's test is named after him, it is a sensitive chemical test for the presence of carbohydrates.

paragraph: He taught as a professor at the German University of Prague (1894-), Vienna University (1909-1928), Tohoku Imperial University (now Tohoku University, Japan; 1922-1925), and a university in India.

paragraph: From 1931 to 1937 he acted as the vice-president of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.

paragraph: Hans Molisch expanded on Julius von Sachs's work by developing ´starch pictures´ in intact leaves by using actual photographic negatives as masks over the illuminated leaves.

paragraph: Section::::Literary works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Pflanzen in ihren Beziehungen zum Eisen", 1892

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leuchtende Pflanzen", 1904

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Purpurbakterien", 1907

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Eisenbakterien", 1910

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mikrochemie der Pflanzen", 1913

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pflanzenphysiologie", 1920

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pflanzenphysiologie in Japan", 1926

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Im Lande der aufgehenden Sonne", 1927

description: Austrian botanist

wikidata_label: Hans Molisch

wikipedia_title: Hans Molisch


text: Charleston, Mississippi

text: Militia

text: Fort Worth, Texas

text: 2nd Lieutenant

text: United States Army Air Corps

text: Carruthers Field

text: ground school

text: University of Texas

text: Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company

text: Vicksburg, Mississippi

text: New Orleans, Louisiana

text: Tulsa, Oklahoma

text: Dallas, Texas

text: wire

text: Monroe, Louisiana

text: Garland Aircraft Corporation

text: Houston, Texas

text: American Airways

text: San Antonio, Texas

text: flight incident

text: Air Mail Scandal

text: Long & Harmon, Inc

text: Ford Trimotor

text: inaugural

text: Amarillo

text: Brownsville

text: Galveston

text: Stinson Reliant

text: Pan American Airways, inc

text: San Antonio, Texas

text: South American

text: co-pilot

text: Brownsville, Texas

text: Tampico, Mexico

text: Tegucigalpa, Honduras

text: Fairchild 100-A Pilgrim

text: Fort Worth Municipal airport

text: cockpit

text: White House

text: Airmail Flyers’ Medal of Honor

text: Franklin Delano Roosevelt

text: Veterans Administration

text: Lackland Air Force Base

text: Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery

text: JOMSA article 1990 Vol. 141.3.13

text: JOMSA article 1953 May - Aug

text: JOMSA article 1966 Vol. 17.12.7

text: Chicago Tribune, 3 Nov 1935

text: C. R. Smith (American Airlines) Museum

text: Flying for a Rogue Airline

text: Port Townsend Aero Museum

text: Chapter V, 1929 – The Biggest Year Yet

text: Chapter 8, Flying for a Rogue Airline

categories: General Mills,1951 deaths,United States airmail pilots,Commercial aviators,1888 births,Medals,Aviators from Mississippi

paragraph: Lewis S. Turner

paragraph: Lewis Summers Turner ( – ) was a clerk, automobile salesman, Army pilot, barnstormer, airmail pilot, airline pilot, and one of ten recipients of the Airmail Flyers' Medal of Honor.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Lewis Summers Turner was born on 12 December 1888 in Charleston, Mississippi. He was the first of two children born to Lewis R Turner and Evelyn Mary Summers, both of Mississippi. Turner had one sibling, sister Margaret Evelyn, that was 12 years younger than he. After the death of his father in 1898 his mother remarried to an Attorney named Anselm Helm Jayne and the family moved to Texas.

paragraph: Section::::Military.

paragraph: While in Texas Turner spent two years in the Militia and worked as a Clerk in the 1st Texas Cavalry of the 36th Division. When the draft went into effect in 1917 Turner was working as an automobile salesman and was married to his first wife. He became a cadet at the School of Military Aeronautics, Air Service in Fort Worth, Texas (2-578-629) and later a 2nd Lieutenant (0-230284) in the United States Army Air Corps Reserve. Turner served from 5 January 1918 until 8 January 1919 and spent all his active duty time in Texas. He was made an Instructor at Carruthers Field, one of three Fort Worth fields at the time and later he was an Instructor for the aviation ground school at the University of Texas.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Motor cars.

paragraph: For a short time before WWI Turner worked as a Machinist in 1916 for the Ford Motor Company in Memphis, Tennessee. Then in 1917 he became a Salesman for Powell Motor Company at the first showroom for Ford's in Vicksburg before going into the service during the war. After getting out of the service Turner went to work as a local sales representative for Palmer Abbott Auto Company of New Orleans, selling Curtiss airplanes before being hired as a pilot.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Curtiss airplanes.

paragraph: Like many post war aviators Turner continued using his skills to make a living. Turner spent many years as a sales representative for the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company including working for several small locally owned companies across the south central United States. This work caused him to travel and spend a lot of time away from home and his family. Turner was based in places like Vicksburg, Mississippi; New Orleans, Louisiana; Tulsa, Oklahoma; Dallas, Texas supporting the surrounding areas with Curtiss Planes and Plane parts as well as taking people on rides, and acrobatic thrills. Turner also continued to act as an instructor for employers and at times operating his own pilot school. On 4 September 1924 Turner received a wire from his wife in Louisiana that their only child, son Robert, was seriously ill. Turner made the flight from Dallas to Monroe, Louisiana in his Curtiss plane in about 6 hours to be with his son. Robert Howard Turner died within 24 hours of his father’s arrival. Robert shares a plot with his mother in Arkansas.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:American Airways inc.

paragraph: In 1930 Turner made the move from sales, leaving Garland Aircraft Corporation in Tulsa, and moved to Houston, Texas and full-time piloting. He found work with American Airways in their Southern Airway Division based in San Antonio, Texas. It was while on a routine American Airways flight the evening of 16 March 1933 Turner had to use his skills to save the lives of his passengers and his cargo during a flight incident in which his plane caught fire just after takeoff from Fort Worth en route to Dallas. After the Air Mail Scandal of February 1934 the government cancelled all airmail contracts. American lost its airmail contract and Turner made another move, this time too Long & Harmon, Inc in Dallas.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Long & Harmon inc.

paragraph: Long & Harmon (L&H) was awarded a temporary, one-year, contract on 20 April for the airmail route Turner had been flying for American. They had ordered some Ford Trimotor's to increase capacity and be more competitive for the airmail bids that were going to be opened, but they had no multi-engine qualified pilots. Turner, along with Maurice M Kay and George L Hays, were hired to solve this issue due to their multi-engine qualifications. On 1 June 1934 Turner made the inaugural flight of the new Long-Harmon air mail and passenger route connecting Fort Worth and Amarillo with Brownsville and Galveston. They were able to carry more mail, in one of the five L&H Stinson Reliant monoplanes, than was carried under the old schedule Turner had flown with American Airways before the route suspension on 10 September 1933. The new big tri-motor Fords were put on the schedule 1 October 1934. After receiving their first paycheck Turner and the others noticed they were not being paid as the new law stated they should so Turner contacted friend Dave Behncke, head of the new Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA), for help. When notified of the issue H&L fired the pilots.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Barham Oil Drilling.

paragraph: After being fired from L&H Turner found work flying for a small drilling company out of Midland, Texas. George Beverly Barham ran an oil drilling company out of Louisiana that was doing work in the oil fields of west Texas near the panhandle. Barham had a Stinson that Turner piloted for him flying out of Midland, Texas.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Pan American Airways inc.

paragraph: Turner went to work for Pan American Airways, inc after being illegally fired by L&H. Pan-Am also had offices in Dallas and during WWII Turner worked as a pilot instructor. With the end of the war Turner transferred to San Antonio, Texas as part of the South American Department where he flew as co-pilot on the route between Brownsville, Texas and Tampico, Mexico. His last flying was done as co-pilot on the route between Brownsville and Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Turner retired in 1948 in failing health and returned to Mississippi.

paragraph: Section::::Flight incident.

paragraph: On the evening of 16 March 1933 Turner was at the controls of one of the Fairchild 100-A Pilgrim (NC-731 N) aircraft built for American Airways Inc beginning in 1931. The scheduled flight was a trip from Fort Worth Municipal airport to Amarillo via Dallas and on board was the typical load of Airmail as well as two passengers. Merle Brock, another pilot for American Airways, was on board as a passenger being shuttled to Dallas. R Staulter, the Station Manager for American Airways, was also on his way back to Dallas. The flight begin as any other however fire suddenly seemed to engulf the plane from nose to tail when they had only reached an altitude of about 150 feet. Turner immediately banked steeply to return to the field for an emergency landing. The two passengers opened the side compartment door and jumped from the plane before it had come to a stop. Turner opened the top hatch to leave the cockpit but the flames prevented him making his escape. He then opened the cockpit side door and jumped, spraining his ankle due to the height of the jump. Due to the fire around him Turner was unable to use the specially placed footholds for climbing in and out of the cockpit. He ran to get his passengers out, finding they had made their escape he entered the passenger compartment and grabbed the sacks of mail. Shortly after Turner left the plane the gasoline tank in one of the wings exploded. The three men escaped with their lives and were transported to the hospital. Turner left the hospital immediately after burns on his hands were treated. Brock had abrasions on his hands and burns on his neck. Staulter was treated for burns on the face and hands and dislocated shoulder. Brock and Staulter remained in the hospital. The fire damaged the plane badly and partially burned three of the mail pouches, one of which was from Amarillo.

paragraph: Section::::Medal from the President.

paragraph: 29 October 1935 at a ceremony (12:00 - 12:15) in the White House Turner was one of seven aviators awarded the Airmail Flyers’ Medal of Honor by president Franklin Delano Roosevelt for extraordinary achievement. All seven of the pilots saved the mail in hazardous landings.

paragraph: Present at the ceremony were: President, Franklin Delano Roosevelt; Postmaster General, James A Farley; Lewis S Turner of Fort Worth, Texas; James H Carmichael, Jr. of Detroit, Michigan; Edward A Bellande of Los Angeles, California; Gordon S Darnell of Kansas City, Missouri; Willington P McFail of Murfreesboro, Tennessee; Roy H Warner of Portland, Oregon; And Grover Tyler of Seattle, Washington. Turner's deed was chronicled on the well known "Wheaties" cereal box cover as part of a series of 8 box covers regarding the feats of pilot's awarded the Air Mail Flyers Medal of Honor.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and death.

paragraph: Turner retired from Pan American and flying in February 1948. He spent 31 years of flying, his last being in Honduras for Pan-American. He flew during WWI and was a pilot instructor during WW II with Pan-American. After retirement he suffered from poor health and spent much of his time at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Jackson, Mississippi. He was living with his mother Evelyn Kingston and his sister Marguerite Ford there in Jackson. He had gone to visit his son, Private Lewis Summers Turner, Jr serving at Lackland Air Force Base, and suffered a heart attack dying at his son's home in San Antonio, Texas on 2 January 1951. Turner was interred at Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery 5 January 1951.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- JOMSA article 1990 Vol. 141.3.13

paragraph: BULLET::::- JOMSA article 1953 May - Aug

paragraph: BULLET::::- JOMSA article 1966 Vol. 17.12.7

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chicago Tribune, 3 Nov 1935

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fort Worth American Airways Hangar, National Registry of Historic Places

paragraph: BULLET::::- Virginia Aviation Historic Project, American Airways Ford Trimotor

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. R. Smith (American Airlines) Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Everything PanAm.com, The Virtual Pan Am Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- The University of Miami Libraries Special Collections, Pan American World Airways, Inc. Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- Douglas DC-3/Dakota History, Pan American Airways Fleet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Incident Report, Pan American DC-3A-S1C3G, NC 25657

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flying for a Rogue Airline

paragraph: BULLET::::- Port Townsend Aero Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chapter V, 1929 – The Biggest Year Yet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chapter 8, Flying for a Rogue Airline

wikidata_label: Lewis S Turner

wikipedia_title: Lewis S. Turner


text:
La Rochelle
Saint-Domingue
Société des amis des noirs
Assemblée Nationale Constituante
Gulf of Guinea
Collège Samuel de Missy

categories: 1755 births,18th-century French businesspeople,1820 deaths,People from La Rochelle,French slave traders

paragraph: Samuel de Missy

paragraph: Samuel de Missy (Samuel, Pierre, Joseph, David, de Missy or Demissy, 30 October 1755 – 20 October 1820) was a French trader and businessman, from the city of La Rochelle, where he was born. He enriched himself by selling clothes to slaving expeditions setting off for islands such as Saint-Domingue, where La Rochelle "armateurs" owned plantations.

paragraph: Although a participant in and beneficiary of the slave trade, de Missy disputed the legitimacy of enslavement, and joined the "Société des amis des noirs" ("Society of the friends of the Blacks"). He was much attacked for his positions in his own city, and finally had to recant his abolitionist stance for fear of damaging the economy of the city.

paragraph: He became a representative at the Assemblée Nationale Constituante (Parliament, "National Constituent Assembly") in 1789.

paragraph: The slave trade of La Rochelle ended with the event of the French Revolution and the war with England in the 1790s, the last La Rochelle slave ship, the "Saint-Jacques" was captured in 1793 in the Gulf of Guinea. In February 1794, the National Assembly legislated the Universal Emancipation decree, which effectively freed all colonial slaves.

paragraph: The Collège Samuel de Missy in La Rochelle is named after him.

description: French politician

wikidata_label: Samuel de Missy

wikipedia_title: Samuel de Missy


text:
Czech
aviator
aircraft
aviation
Czech lands
Pardubice
cycling
automobilism
Prague
Czech Technical University in Prague
Laurin & Klement
aircraft engine
monoplane
Antoinette
Hubert Latham
Blériot
Calais
Dover
Blériot XI
Anzani
Velká Chuchle
Otto Hieronymus
long-haul flight
Pardubice
Chrudim
Velká Chuchle
Austro-Hungarian Empire
National Technical Museum
World War I

categories: Suicides in the Czech Republic,1927 deaths,Czech aerospace engineers,People from Pardubice,1883 births,Czech aviators

paragraph: Jan Kašpar

paragraph: Jan Kašpar (20 May 1883 – 2 March 1927) was a Czech aviator, aircraft constructor, designer and engineer. He is considered an aviation pioneer in the Czech lands.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Kašpar was born at Pardubice. From his early years, he was an enthusiastic fan of cycling and automobilism. After finishing his studies at secondary school in Pardubice, he moved to Prague. In 1907, Kašpar graduated at the Czech Technical University in Prague. Later, he continued his studies in Germany where he concentrated on aircraft engine construction. Following that, he has worked as a builder in the Laurin & Klement factory. Together with his colleague, engineer Hieronimus, Kašpar participated in construction of the first aircraft engine in the Czech lands. His passion for aviation forced him to leave the company where, together with his cousin Evžen Čihák, he devoted himself solely to aircraft construction.

paragraph: His first attempts to construct a monoplane were inspired by the model "Antoinette" by the French designer Hubert Latham. In 1909, during the construction of his own monoplane, Kašpar heard about Blériot's successful flight from Calais to Dover. Kašpar had completed his own aircraft, but he was unable to take off. Some of his first attempts nearly cost him his life. He decided to buy a Blériot XI (No. 76) by the French manufacturer. At first, he equipped the Blériot XI with his own engine, but later switched to an engine made by Anzani.

paragraph: On 16 April 1910, Kašpar made his first successful flight with the Blériot XI. The flight covered two kilometres at a height 20–25 metres. This day became a celebrated milestone in Czech aviation because of the flight and Kašpar being the first pilot of Czech nationality. Despite this, Kašpar was not the first person to fly these relatively new inventions in the Czech lands. In January, 1910, French pilot Gaubert flew over the aerodrome in the Velká Chuchle district of Prague. German aviator Otto Hieronymus, the chief engineer at Laurin & Klement, undertook his flight two weeks before Kašpar.

paragraph: A year later, in 1911, Kašpar managed to construct his own functional aircraft which he called "JK". With this aircraft, he planned to embark on the first long-haul flight in the Czech lands. The first test flight took place on 30 April 1911, from Pardubice to Chrudim and back. The same day Kašpar also made the first flight with a passenger, his cousin Čihák. Kašpar's most famous flight took place on 13 May 1911. Departing Pardubice to Velká Chuchle (121 km) the flight lasted 92 minutes. At that time, it was the longest flight in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Kašpar later donated the aircraft which he had flown for that historical flight to the National Technical Museum in Prague where it remains today.

paragraph: Kašpar's later years were marked by personal tragedy and financial hardship. Following World War I he lost his financial resources and fell into poverty. In 1927, impoverished and suffering from mental illness, Jan Kašpar committed suicide in Pardubice.

description: Czech aviator, aircraft constructor

wikidata_label: Jan Kašpar

wikipedia_title: Jan Kašpar


text:
German
ice hockey
New York Islanders
National Hockey League
Pittsburgh Penguins
Augsburger Panther
Deutsche Eishockey Liga
2010 NHL Entry Draft
NHL Central Scouting Bureau
Pittsburgh Penguins
CHL Import Draft
2010–11 season
2016
Landshut Cannibals
Tobias Rieder
2nd Bundesliga
Deutsche Eishockey Liga
Augsburger Panther
Canadian Hockey League Import Draft
Ontario Hockey League
Windsor Spitfires
2009–10 season
2010–11 season
NHL Central Scouting Bureau
Pittsburgh Penguins
2010 NHL Entry Draft
2011–12 season
Niagara IceDogs
Phillip Di Giuseppe
Kitchener Rangers
Ryan Murphy
2012–13 season
American Hockey League
Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins
Tampa Bay Lightning
New York Rangers
Scott Wilson
Bryan Rust
2016 Stanley Cup playoffs
New York Rangers
Washington Capitals
Tampa Bay Lightning
San Jose Sharks
Stanley Cup
Uwe Krupp
Dennis Seidenberg
2017–18 season
New York Islanders
World U-17 Hockey Challenge
IIHF World U18 Championship
IIHF World U20 Championship
German national team
France
qualification tournament
2018 Winter Olympics
Latvia
Pyeongchang
Landshut
Bavaria
Erich
Winter Olympics

categories: Wheeling Nailers players,Stanley Cup champions,EV Landshut players,Pittsburgh Penguins draft picks,Bridgeport Sound Tigers players,New York Islanders players,Pittsburgh Penguins players,1992 births,Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins players,Augsburger Panther players,Niagara IceDogs players,People from Landshut,German ice hockey players,Living people

paragraph: Tom Kühnhackl

paragraph: Tom Kühnhackl (born 21 January 1992) is a German professional ice hockey player who currently plays for the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played professionally in the NHL with the Pittsburgh Penguins, as well as for Augsburger Panther of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL), the top-tier hockey league of Germany.

paragraph: He was a top-ranked prospect for the 2010 NHL Entry Draft, ranked eighth among European skaters by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau, and was selected 110th overall by the Pittsburgh Penguins. Kühnhackl was selected by the Windsor Spitfires 24th overall in the 2009 CHL Import Draft and moved to North America for the 2010–11 season. After several seasons with the Penguins' minor league affiliates, Kühnhackl made his NHL debut with the team in 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Kühnhackl played youth hockey for the Landshut Cannibals program for three seasons beginning in 2007 alongside Tobias Rieder. He made his professional debut during the 2008–09 season, playing 42 games with Landshut's professional team in the 2nd Bundesliga, the second-highest level in Germany. He debuted in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL) during the 2009–10 season, playing four games with the Augsburger Panther.

paragraph: Kühnhackl was selected 24th overall in the 2009 Canadian Hockey League Import Draft by the Ontario Hockey League (OHL)'s Windsor Spitfires. He intended to join the team for the 2009–10 season, but a series of injuries kept him in Germany. In May 2010, he signed a contract with the Spitfires to join the team for the 2010–11 season.

paragraph: Ranked as the eighth-best European skater of the 2010 draft class by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau, Kühnhackl was selected 110th overall by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft. Kühnhackl was happy to be drafted by Pittsburgh, as he listed the Penguins as his favorite team.

paragraph: On 22 March 2011, he signed a three-year, entry-level contract with the Penguins worth $1.83 million.

paragraph: Kühnhackl finished the 2010–11 season with 39 goals and 29 assists for 68 points in 63 games with Windsor. He played four games with the Spitfires to start the 2011–12 season, recording one goal and three assists, before he was traded (along with Windsor's second round choice in the 2013 CHL Import Draft) on 2 November 2011 to the Niagara IceDogs in exchange for Phillip Di Giuseppe, Jaroslav Pavelka, Niagara's second-round picks in 2012, 2014 and 2015 and Niagara's first-round pick in the 2013 CHL Import Draft.

paragraph: On 4 November 2011, Kühnhackl delivered an elbow to the head of Kitchener Rangers defenceman Ryan Murphy and was assessed a five-minute major for charging and game misconduct. In a website video, the OHL noted that Kühnhackl made contact with the opponent's head and hit a vulnerable, unsuspecting player. The OHL also considered the speed and distance travelled when making its decision and noted that Murphy was injured on the play. On 8 November 2011, OHL president David Branch announced that Kühnhackl would be suspended for 20 games as a result of the hit.

paragraph: Kühnhackl made his professional debut in the 2012–13 season with the Pittsburgh Penguins' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins, but was sidelined by injury after only 11 games. On 2 December 2012, Kühnhackl dislocated his shoulder, requiring season ending surgery.

paragraph: On 20 February 2016, Kühnhackl scored his first NHL goal, a shorthanded breakaway goal during a game against the Tampa Bay Lightning. On 14 March, after recording 6 points in his first 28 games, including a two-assist game against the New York Rangers the day before, Kühnhackl signed a two-year contract extension with Pittsburgh, along with fellow breakout players Scott Wilson and Bryan Rust.

paragraph: Kühnhackl had an impressive run with the Penguins in the 2016 Stanley Cup playoffs, defeating the New York Rangers (4–1), Washington Capitals (4–2), Tampa Bay Lightning (4–3) and San Jose Sharks (4–2) to clinch the Stanley Cup. He became the third German-born NHL player (after Uwe Krupp and Dennis Seidenberg) to win the Cup. In 2017, after the Penguins repeated as Stanley Cup champions, Kühnhackl became the first German-born NHL player to win the Stanley Cup twice with the same team.

paragraph: After the conclusion of the 2017–18 season, his sixth season within the Penguins' organization, Kühnhackl was unable to agree to terms on a new contract as a restricted free agent. On 25 June 2018, he was not tendered a qualifying offer and was released to explore the free agent market. On 2 July, as a free agent, he signed a one-year contract with the New York Islanders.

paragraph: Section::::International play.

paragraph: Kühnhackl has represented Germany internationally, playing in the 2008 and 2009 World U-17 Hockey Challenge, the 2009 and 2010 IIHF World U18 Championships, and the 2010 and 2011 IIHF World U20 Championships.

paragraph: He first played for the German national team in an exhibition game against France on 27 August 2016. A couple of days later, he scored the game-winning goal in the last game of the qualification tournament for the 2018 Winter Olympics against host Latvia, which gave Germany a place in Pyeongchang.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Kühnhackl was born and raised in Landshut, Bavaria, and first began to play hockey at age two. His father, Erich, played in the top German leagues from 1968 until 1989 and appeared in five Winter Olympics for West Germany. He was named Germany's ice hockey player of the 20th century in 2000. Kühnhackl has been a lifelong fan of the Pittsburgh Penguins, the team that drafted him. He got his start in hockey at age five, following in his family's footsteps—his brother, sister and dad all played hockey in Germany.

description: German ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Tom Kühnhackl

wikipedia_title: Tom Kühnhackl