text:
Warsaw
Polish
Marie
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg
Paris
Baden-Baden
Friedrich Karl von Nesselrode
Saint Petersburg
Karl Robert von Nesselrode
Russian
Tsar
minister of foreign affairs
Chopin
salon
Cyprian Norwid
Liszt
Richard Wagner
Das Judentum in der Musik
de Musset
Moniuszko
Gautier
Heine
Chopin
Stanisław Moniuszko
Halka
Siergiej Muchanow
złoty
Warsaw Conservatory
Warsaw Philharmonic
Siergiej Muchanow
Powązki Cemetery
Heinrich von Coudenhove
Franz Josef
Coudenhove-Calergi
Mitsuko Aoyama
Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi
Paneuropean Union
Stanisław Szenic
Stanisław Szenic
Powązki Cemetery
Pierścień Wielkiej Damy
Cyprian Kamil Norwid

categories: Polish women pianists,1874 deaths,1822 births,Polish people of Russian descent,Polish patrons of music,Westphalian nobility,Russian nobility,People from Warsaw Governorate,Polish salon-holders,Pupils of Frédéric Chopin,Polish philanthropists,Musicians from Warsaw,Kallergis family,19th-century classical pianists,Burials at Powązki Cemetery,Polish people of German descent,Baltic nobility,19th-century composers,Polish classical pianists

paragraph: Maria Kalergis

paragraph: Maria Ludwika Kalergis (-Muchanow), née Reichsgräfin von Nesselrode-Ereshoven; Warsaw, 7 August 1822 – 22 May 1874, Warsaw) was a countess, Polish pianist and patron of the arts.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: At the age of seventeen Maria von Nesselrode married Jan Kalergis, a rich landowner, who was much older and proved to be of a jealous disposition. Though they had a daughter, Marie, born in 1840 in Saint Petersburg, less than a year after their wedding they mutually decided to separate. Despite several attempts to overcome their aversion for each other, they would continue living separately, without divorcing, until Jan's death. He ensured Maria a prosperous life; to be sure, after their separation the division of their assets was in dispute, but they did allow her to tour Europe, including Saint Petersburg, Warsaw, Paris and Baden-Baden.

paragraph: The course of Maria's marriage may have been influenced by her childhood experiences. A year after her birth, her father, Friedrich Karl von Nesselrode (of German ethnicity) and his wife Tekla Nałęcz-Górska (of Polish ethnicity), had separated due to personality differences. From her sixth year, Maria had been reared in Saint Petersburg in the home of her paternal uncle, Karl Robert von Nesselrode, a Russian diplomat of German descent who for forty years (1816–56) was the Tsar's minister of foreign affairs and who saw to it that Maria received a thorough education.

paragraph: She may have inherited her musical talent from her parents, and for a while took lessons from Chopin, who praised her talent. She was taught Polish by her mother and also spoke French (then the language of Polish salons), German, English, Italian and Russian.

paragraph: She is remembered as the great love of Cyprian Norwid. For her, the acquaintance with the young poet was but one of many episodes in an active social life. He, shy and deferential, withdrew into the shade of the beautiful Maria's other admirers. For many years he harbored feelings for her that more than once served him as a source of poetic inspiration. He confided his feelings in letters to Maria Trembicka (General Stanisław Tręmbicki's daughter who later married a man named Faleński), a close friend of the "white siren." Encouraged by his confidante's friendship, he proposed to Maria Kalergis but was not accepted.

paragraph: From 1847 she lived in Paris, then from 1857 in Warsaw. Guests at her salons included Liszt, Richard Wagner (who addressed his infamous essay "Das Judentum in der Musik" to her), de Musset, Moniuszko, Gautier, Heine (who dedicated his poem "The White Elephant" to her) and Chopin. Back in Warsaw she became a patroness of the arts and took part in charity fund-raising concerts and theatrical performances. Her resources were always available to those in need.

paragraph: When Stanisław Moniuszko wanted to premiere the four-act version of his opera "Halka" in Warsaw, he was opposed by the director of the Warsaw government theaters, Siergiej Muchanow (who was also the Warsaw chief of police and in 1863 would become Maria's second husband). Thanks to Maria's intervention, Moniuszko managed to get the opera put on. Three months after the January 1858 opening, she organized a concert to benefit Moniuszko, who was having financial difficulties. The concert raised 25,000 Polish "złotych", which enabled the composer to meet his basic needs and take a journey abroad.

paragraph: Maria Kalergis had an appreciable influence on the development of musical culture, helping found the Warsaw Musical Institute (now the Warsaw Conservatory) and founding with Moniuszko the Warsaw Musical Society, now the Warsaw Philharmonic. In 1857–71 she frequently appeared as a pianist.

paragraph: Soon after her husband's death in 1863, she married Siergiej Muchanow, ten years her junior. He was with her during her illness and nursed her devotedly through her final days. It was probably then that, sensing the approaching end of her life, Maria destroyed her correspondence. Her letters to her daughter, son-in-law and friends have survived, however, and have made it possible to reconstruct many facts about her life and are a valuable source of knowledge about the period. She was interred together with her late father at Warsaw's Powązki Cemetery. On her death, Liszt wrote his "Elegy on Marie Kalergi".

paragraph: Section::::Descendants.

paragraph: Maria Kalergis' grandson, Heinrich von Coudenhove, with Emperor Franz Josef's permission, changed his surname to Coudenhove-Calergi. He married a Japanese lady, Mitsuko Aoyama. Their son, Count Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi, in 1923 founded the Paneuropean Union.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Kalergis, "Listy do Adama Potockiego" (Letters to Adam Potocki), ed. by Halina Kenarowa, translated from the French by Halina Kenarowa and Róża Drojecka, Warsaw, 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stanisław Szenic, "Maria Kalergi", Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1963.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stanisław Szenic, "Cmentarz Powązkowski 1851-1860" (The Powązki Cemetery, 1851–60), Warsaw, 1982.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pierścień Wielkiej Damy by Cyprian Kamil Norwid

description: Polish musician

wikidata_label: Maria Kalergis

wikipedia_title: Maria Kalergis


text: Korean Neo-Confucian

text: Jungjong of Joseon

text: Third Literati Purge of 1519

text: seonbi

text: Munmyo

text: Kim Gwoeng-pil

text: Kim Jong-jik

text: First Literati Purge of 1498

text: Joseon Dynasty politics

text: Sarim

text: seonbi

text: King Seongjong

text: Yeonsangun

text: Jungjong

text: Gwageo

text: Seonggyungwan

text: Hyang'yak

text: Zhu Xi

text: neo-Confucianism

text: Emperor Yao

text: Shun

text: hangul

text: Annals of the Joseon Dynasty

text: baekjeong

text: King Injong

text: Chief State Councillor

text: Yi I

text: Three Offices

text: Annals of Joseon Dynasty

text: Hanja

text: Goryeo

text: Joseon

text: Yi Seong-gye

text: Annals of the Joseon Dynasty

text: Chief State Councillor

text: Yeonsangun

text: State Council

text: Six Ministries

text: seonbi

text: Seonggyungwan

text: a poem declaring his loyalty

text: seonbi

text: Injong of Joseon

text: Seonjo of Joseon

text: Yi Hwang

text: Yi I

text: Yi Eonjeok

text: seonbi

text: Joseon Dynasty

text: Seonggyungwan

text: Dae Jang Geum

text: Immortal Admiral Yi Sun-sin

text: Yi Sun-shin

text: Hwang Jini

text: List of Korean philosophers

text: Neo-Confucianism

text: Nam Gon

text: Kim Jong-jik

text: Kim Il-son

text: Sim Jeong

categories: Neo-Confucianism,Joseon Dynasty people,16th-century Korean people,Korean Confucianists,1482 births,Joseon Dynasty writers,1520 deaths

paragraph: Jo Gwangjo

paragraph: Jo Gwangjo (, 23 August 1482 – 10 January 1520), also often called by his pen name Jeong-am (), was Korean Neo-Confucian scholar who pursued radical reforms during the reign of Jungjong of Joseon in the early 16th century.

paragraph: He was framed with charges of factionalism by the power elite that opposed his reform measures and was sentenced to drink poison in the Third Literati Purge of 1519. He has been widely venerated as a Confucian martyr and an embodiment of "seonbi spirit" by later generations in Korea. Some historians consider him one of the most influential figures in 16th century Korea. He's one of the 18 Sages of Korea () and honored as Munmyo Baehyang ().

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early years.

paragraph: Jo Gwangjo was the son of Jo Wongang (조원강, 趙元綱) and was from the Hanyang Jo clan (한양조씨, 漢陽趙氏). Jo studied under neo-Confucian scholar Kim Gwoeng-pil, Kim Jong-jik's disciple who was in exile at the time following the First Literati Purge of 1498. When Kim Gwoeng-pil was later executed (by poison) following the Second Literati Purge of 1504, Jo was exiled for being Kim's disciple.

paragraph: At this time, Joseon Dynasty politics was primarily marked by power struggle between two aristocratic yangban factions - the established "Hungu" power elites who were generally conservative and the upstart Sarim scholars called seonbis, who belonged to neo-Confucian school of Kim Jong-jik and other thinkers. Sarim faction had entered the court politics during the reign of King Seongjong but suffered two bloody purges under his successor Yeonsangun. When Yeonsangun was eventually deposed in 1506, Jungjong was placed on the throne as the eleventh king of Joseon by the Hungu leaders who led the coup. For first ten years of his reign, Jungjong could not truly rule the country with regal authority (he was forced to depose his faithful queen because her father was killed by the coup leaders, and they feared that the queen might take revenge.) However, three main coup leaders died of natural causes by then, and Jungjong began to welcome Sarim scholars to his court to check Hungu faction's power. The Sarim faction considered Hungu faction as a whole as greedy and corrupt men unworthy of respect and sought to establish ideal neo-Confucian society. (Indeed, many of coup leaders had enjoyed Yeonsangun's favor during most of his reign, and their chief Park Won-jong led the coup mainly for personal revenge for his sister was raped by Yeonsangun.)

paragraph: Jo Gwangjo came from a prominent family that belonged to Hungu faction but was called "crazy man" and "source of disaster" by people around him for studying neo-Confucianism under exiled Sarim scholar Kim Gwoeng-pil at the height of persecution of the Sarim faction. In 1510, Jo Gwangjo passed the Gwageo exam and became a student at Royal Academy called Seonggyungwan. He was often recommended for a court position by high officials and fellow students at Seonggyngwan, but he delayed entering civil service to pursue further study until 1515, when he was recommended to King Jungjong by Minister of Personnel Ahn Dang and 200 Seonggyungwan students and was immediately appointed to a position of junior sixth rank. However, he was ashamed to take office with others' help and took Al-seung-si exam, and his essay caught Jungjong's attention.

paragraph: By then, Jo was already known for unbending and outspoken character as he soon emerged as the leader of Sarim faction. For instance, when he became a jung-un, lowest position at Office of Censors, the first thing he did on the following day was to petition the king to fire all his superiors at the Office of Censors and Office of Inspector General. At the time, two Sarim officials had petitioned the king to restore status of the deposed queen, who was deposed by Hungu faction. Office of Inspector General and Office of Censors had them exiled for their impertinent petition. Jo Gwangjo argued that two offices violated their given function by suppressing free speech and petitioned the king to fire his superiors or accept his resignation since he could not work with them. To the surprise of everyone, Jungjong replaced everyone in two offices except Jo. This event reflected Jungjong's complete trust and confidence in Jo, who rose in a series of unprecedented promotions from rank of junior sixth rank to junior second rank in only three years.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Jo Gwangjo's reforms.

paragraph: King Jungjong wanted to bring new talents to the royal court that was dominated by Hungu faction, and Jo complied by introducing a new system of government recruitment via recommendations that were based on the candidates' moral character as well as scholarship. He argued that existing officer examination were too philosophical and placed too much emphasis on literary skills, detached from the practical needs of the government. The supplementary examination that Jo introduced was called an "examination for the learned and the virtuous" ("hyeollanggwa"). This was an abbreviated examination for candidates recommended by local magistrates as men of highest integrity in the presence of the king, who chose the winning candidates. This system allowed Jo to recruit many talented Sarim scholars who had been living secluded life in rural provinces. However, it also left him open to Hungu faction's attack that Jo formed a clique of his supporters by placing them in key positions.

paragraph: Jo and his supporters then pushed forth a series of radical reforms as they established local self-government system called Hyang'yak to strengthen local autonomy and communal spirit among people. In this system, deference was placed according to senority of villagers rather than their social status. The Sarim faction also sought to reduce gap between the rich and poor with a land reform that would distribute land to farmers equally and limit amount of land and number of slaves that one could own. This measure also targeted Hungu faction's accumulation of land and wealth.

paragraph: Deeply influenced by Zhu Xi's neo-Confucianism, Jo Gwangjo believed that ideal world of mythical Chinese Emperor Yao and Shun, could be achieved if all people from the king down to low-born became morally refined and followed Confucius' teachings. The Sarim faction therefore promulgated Confucian writings among the populace by translating them in Korean hangul and distributing them widely. They also suppressed Buddhism and Taoism as superstitious religions by destroying the royal Taoist temple and confiscating properties of Buddhist temples.

paragraph: As Inspector General, he impeached many officials for corruption and bribery. According to Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, it was said that no official dared to receive a bribe or exploit the populace during this time because of such strict enforcement. He also sought to trim the size of government by reducing the number of bureaucrats and their wages.

paragraph: Jo also believed that any talented people including slaves should be appointed as officials regardless of social status. He was said to judge people by moral character and did not greet superior officials if he considered them of unworthy characters while he was courteous even to his servants. For instance, he formed a friendship with a butcher/tanner of lowest class (baekjeong) who did not even have a name and admired his learning so much that he discussed state affairs with him and wanted to appoint him as a court official. But the tanner repeatedly refused Jo's offer and then disappeared without a trace according to Records of Yeonryeoshil (연려실기술), a collection of official and unofficial history books compiled by Yi Geung-ik in late Joseon Dynasty. (It is said that King Injong, Jungjong's successor who admired his tutor Jo Gwangjo, listed the "tanner" as Chief State Councillor for his future cabinet for he was greatly admired by Jo.) According to famous Korean philosopher Yi I, Jo was admired so much by populace that when he appeared on streets people gathered before him saying, "Our master is coming."

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Sarim's Power Base.

paragraph: Jo Gwangjo's radical reforms were popular with the populace, who called him the "living Buddha", but he faced fierce opposition and hostility from the Hungu faction. In early 1519, several Hungu officials began a plot to assassinate Sarim officials, though they were discovered in time.

paragraph: Jo's power base was concentrated in four offices: Inspector General's Office (사헌부; whose main function was to impeach corrupt or unprincipled government officials in court and local administration), Office of Censors (사간원; whose role was to criticize wrong policies of the king or ministers), Hongmoongwan (홍문관; an advisory council that answered the king's questions and educated the king with history and Confucian philosophy), and Royal Secretariat (승정원; which served as liaison between the king and ministries). The first three offices were collectively called Three Offices, or Samsa (삼사), as they provided checks and balance on the power of the king and the ministers and also served as organ of press that influenced general opinion of the court.

paragraph: However, the Sarim faction did not control any army nor had financial base. Sarim's power was solely dependent on the king's support, which Jo believed to be steadfast in their mutual pursuit of reforms. However, Jo's unbending character and his frequent remonstrations to Jungjong to support his radical programs began to irritate the king. Even when he disagreed with Jo, Jungjong almost always ended up adopting Jo's petition because Jo would refuse to bend his will and Three Offices would threaten to resign en masse. Furthermore, Jo and Hongmoongwan officials often instructed Jungjong on the ways of king in long lessons. Because Jungjong was not a crown prince, he had not received a thorough royal education expected of future king, and Sarim scholars sought to rectify this, believing that only learning could prevent a despot like Yeonsangun. Jungjong began to feel hounded by his subjects and resented it.

paragraph: The Hungu faction, which sensed Jungjong's irritation with Jo Gwangjo, found an opportunity to strike Sarim faction when Jo Gwangjo decided to go after the "heroes" of the 1506 coup that brought Jungjong to power. According to Jo, many officials who were awarded with special privileges including tax exemptions and huge stipends did not actually contribute much to the coup but gained their status through bribes or familial connections. He petitioned Jungjong to revoke such status from two thirds out of 110 people who received special status in connection with the coup. This move infuriated the Hungu faction, and they soon after proceeded to frame Jo Gwangjo with charges of disloyalty.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:"Cho will become the King".

paragraph: At the behest of Hungu leaders including Hong Kyung-ju, Nam Gon, and Shim Jung, Consort Gyeong of Park clan and Consort Hui of Hong clan (Hong Kyung-ju's daughter) sought to estrange Jungjong and Jo Gwangjo by often questioning Jo's loyalty and claiming that popular support was shifting to Jo. They told Jungjong that people were saying that it was actually Jo Gwangjo who ruled the country and that populace wanted to make him their king. Even if Jo was not disloyal, he would not be able to stop his supporters from doing so, they said.

paragraph: According to Annals of Joseon Dynasty, Nam Gon now set out to slander Jo and wrote a phrase "Ju cho will become the king" (주초위왕, 走肖爲王)" with honey or sugary water on mulberry leaves so that caterpillars left behind such phrase on leaves in the palace. When two Hanja (Chinese) characters "ju"(走) and "cho"(肖) are put together, they form a new Hanja character "jo"(趙), which happen to be Jo Gwangjo's family name. Consort Hong or Consort Park showed the leaf to Jungjong and claimed that this was the heaven's warning that Jo would take the throne himself after eliminating Hungu faction. Jungjong, who himself rose to the throne through a coup d'état, began to distrust Jo Gwangjo. [It should be noted that when Goryeo dynasty fell and was replaced by Joseon dynasty, there was popular saying "Son of wood will gain the country" (목자득국 木子得國). When two Hanja characters meaning wood(木) and son(子) are combined, they form a new character "yi"(李), which happens to be the family name of Yi Seong-gye, who deposed the last king of Goryeo and founded Joseon dynasty. These phrases helped Yi Seong-gye win popular support for the new dynasty as heaven's will.]

paragraph: When Jo petitioned Jungjong to revoke special privileges of people who falsely contributed to 1506 coup, Jungjong's suspicion was further heightened. Now feeling certain that Jungjong was sufficiently estranged from Jo, Hong Kyung-ju secretly entered the palace to warn King Jungjong that the court was filled with Jo's supporters and that no one could dare oppose him openly. Jungjong dispatched a secret letter to Hong Kyung-ju, expressing his fear that Jo Gwangjo would next go after Hungu officials who did contribute to the coup by questioning legitimacy of the coup and then turn against the king himself. Jungjong instructed Hungu leaders to kill Jo Gwangjo and then inform him. On November 15, 1519, Hungu leaders entered the palace secretly at night to bypass Royal Secretariat and present to the king written charges against Jo: he and his supporters "deceived the king and put the state in disorder by forming a clique and abusing their positions to promote their supporters while excluding their opponents, and thereby misleading young people to make extremism into habit, causing the young to despise the old, the low-born to disrespect the high-born." Inspector General Jo Gwangjo, Justice Minister Kim Jung, and six others were immediately arrested, and they were about to be killed extrajudicially without trial or even investigation. The whole event had appearance of coup d'état except that it was sanctioned by the king.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:"What is their crime?".

paragraph: They would have been immediately killed except that War Minister Yi Jang-gon, who arrested Sarim officials, entreated that ministers should be consulted for such decision. The cabinet meeting on the following day regarding Jo's fate is described in detail in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty. Most officials expressed their shock at Jo Gwangjo's arrest and Jungjong's intention to kill him. They entreated that he may have been extreme in his youthful zeal to improve the country but could not possibly have private agenda. Chief State Councillor Jeong Gwang-pil said in tears: "I have frequently witnessed horrid calamities during the reign of deposed king (Yeonsangun), but how could I imagine to see such thing again even after meeting the wise king?" When Jungjong tried to leave, he even grasped the royal cloth to entreat further. He "could not understand on what charges the king wanted to punish them" for "mere demotion of 2-3 ranks would be already excessive." Eighteen younger officials requested to the king to imprison them with Jo Gwangjo. State Council and Six Ministries jointly entreated that punishing Jo and others on such charges without evidence would become a blot on the king's reputation. Even Hong Sook, who became Justice Minister overnight and interrogated Jo, reported to the king that he was "deeply moved" by Jo's loyalty.

paragraph: New Inspector General Yu Eun, who replaced Jo, protested in even stronger terms: "If Jo Gwangjo is guilty of crime, he should be punished in open and just manner... Instead, Your Majesty is handing out such punishment according to secret words by two people in the middle of night... What is so difficult about punishing few seonbis with authority of king that Your Majesty should do so covertly by sending a secret message?... If there is a crime, it should be dealt with clearly and justly, but Your Majesty appeared to trust and be friendly with them on the outside while thinking of eliminating them in mind." He was finally dismissed after asking Jungjong to "cut my head to please the wicked people."

paragraph: Meanwhile, 150 Seonggyungwan students stormed the palace to protest Jo's arrest and filled the palace with shouts of entreaties, and later 240 students petitioned to claim Jo's innocence and requested to be imprisoned together. There was such popular outpouring for Jo's release that it may have increased Jungjong's suspicion and anger.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Third Literati Purge of 1519.

paragraph: Jo Gwangjo was completely caught off guard with turn of the event. The Sarim faction had scored its biggest victory just four days ago when Jungjong granted their petition to revoke special status for 70 Hungu officials. He continued to believe that Jungjong was misled by his enemies and was confident that he could persuade the king of his loyalty once he could face him in the interrogation. He wrote to Jungjong of his fear for this incident becoming a bloody purge and entreated that he would not regret dying ten thousand times if only he could be granted an audience. However, he would never have a chance to see Jungjong again. Amid petitions for leniency, Jungjong commuted the death sentence to exile, and Jo Gwangjo was exiled to Neung-ju.

paragraph: Nevertheless, Jungjong was determined to put Jo Gwangjo to death. In the Annals, there was no official demand for Jo's death, not even by Hong Kyung-joo, Nam Gon, and Shim Jung, except for a petition by three Seunggyungwan students (as opposed to 300 who petitioned for his release). Nam Gon rather urged against executing Jo multiple times even as he was adding more and more names to the list of people to be purged through exile or dismissal. Yet Jungjong turned against Jo with the same intensity as when he favored him. He reinstated death sentence by poison for Jo less than a month after their exile. He fired many ministers who entreated on Jo's behalf including Chief State Councillor Jeong Gwang-pill, Deputy State Councillor Ahn Dang, and even War Minister Yi Jang-gon, who took part in arresting Sarim officials.

paragraph: Jo Gwangjo still could not believe Jungjong's heart really turned against him and hoped to be recalled by the king, keeping a north door open each day during exile. Even when soldiers arrived with poison, he was suspicious that Hungu leaders might be trying to kill him without Jungjong's approval. But when he learned that Nam Gon and Shim Jung became Vice State Councillor and Minister of Personnel, he finally realized that Jungjong's change of heart was final.

paragraph: Before drinking the poison, Jo wrote a poem declaring his loyalty, asked his people not to make coffin too heavy, and apologized to the owner and servant of the house for not paying his debt and instead showing them terrible sight and desecrating their house. He then bowed four times toward the north in the direction of palace. (It was customary to pay respect to the king in gratitude for granting poison, which was not an official method of execution and was considered more honorable form of death, instead of beheading or hanging.) When he drank poison, he did not die immediately and soldiers tried to strangle him. Jo rebuked them saying that the king intended to spare his neck by sending the poison and requested for another bowl of poison. He died at the age of 37. Later when there was a severe drought in the country, the populace blamed that it was heaven's punishment for killing an innocent seonbi. Many of remaining Sarim scholars left the central government in protest and retreated to rural provinces. Most of Jo's reforms were revoked with his fall.

paragraph: The Third Literati Purge of 1519 (기묘사화 己卯士禍) was widely viewed as a missed opportunity to reform Joseon Dynasty by later generations because Joseon politics soon degenerated into power struggle among in-laws and relatives of the royal family. A year after the purge, a histographer wrote that bribery and corruption became widespread in the court and local administrations. Later, purge victims were venerated as "Wise Men of Gimyo" (Gimyo is the Korean calendar name for year 1519) while three main instigators (Hong Kyung-ju, Nam Gon, and Shim Jung) were collectively called "Evil Three of Gimyo".

paragraph: Hong Kyung-ju died two years later of natural causes, but Shim Jung and Consort Kyung of Park clan were later executed on a framed charge of cursing the crown prince in a plot concocted by their rival Kim Anro (Kim Anro was killed by rival Yoon Won-hyung, who in turn was purged by King Myeongjong - Shim, Kim, and Yoon are all considered some of the most corrupt officials in Joseon dynasty). Nam Gon, who was reportedly deeply saddened at Jo's death, regretted his role in the purge and willed that all his writings be burnt, saying that he "deceived the world with vain name," so no writing of his remains except for one short poem although he was one of the most famous writers of his time. Nam Gon, initially of Sarim faction as a disciple of Kim Jong-jik, was a moderate supporter of reforms and supposedly sought Jo Gwangjo's friendship but was rebuffed by Jo and his supporters as a petty Hungu official.

paragraph: Ten years after the purge, King Jungjong again began to advance Sarim scholars by recalling them from exile and reappointing them to the royal court. Nevertheless, Jungjong did not rehabilitate Jo Gwangjo's name to the end despite endless petitions, saying at one time that what happened in 1519 was "neither right nor wrong."

paragraph: (There is speculation as to what Jungjong really believed about the leaf incident since Jungjong never accused Jo of disloyalty or anything but pure intentions after first few days of Jo's arrest. From very early on, Jungjong's official position has been that Jo intended well but caused a situation that could only be rectified with a purge.) Jo Gwangjo was finally rehabilitated by his son Injong of Joseon, and was posthumously honored as a chief state councillor by Seonjo of Joseon in 1568.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Legacy.

paragraph: Jo Gwangjo was greatly venerated by later generations of Korean neo-Confucianists as their spiritual head, but was also criticized for mistakes that led to the failure of his reforms. Yi Hwang and Yi I, often considered Joseon's two greatest Confucian philosophers, lamented that he entered politics too early before his scholarship was completed and pursued his reforms too rapidly. Nevertheless, Yi Hwang praised him as one of "Four Wise of the East" along with Kim Gwoeng-pil, Jeong Yeo-chang, and Yi Eonjeok and said that Jo showed the direction for all seonbis to aim and follow and unveiled the foundation of governing a country. Jo Gwangjo's emphasis on neo-Confucian ethics as practical philosophy has been very influential as the previous focus has been on more literary aspects of Confucianism. It was also during his time that Confucianism finally took roots deeply among the common populace. Even though Confucianism was the official state religion since the founding of Joseon Dynasty, Confucian practices were largely limited to aristocratic class. His dream of making neo-Confucianism the predominant philosophy of Joseon was soon accomplished by the reign of Seonjo, fifty years after his death. He was canonized and enshrined in the Seonggyungwan in 1610, one of only eighteen Korean Confucian scholars so honored by the Joseon Dynasty. However, Sarim faction that venerated Jo Gwangjo's name did not attempt to carry out his reforms when they seized political power during Seonjo's reign and all the while they maintained power until the end of Joseon dynasty. Some people blame Jo Gwangjo for dogmatism of Korean Neo-Confucianism, which became very conservative and caused Korea to resist changes and new learnings from abroad.

paragraph: Today his name remains a byword for reform in Korea, and his example is often raised when there is a controversy about a reform.

paragraph: Section::::Modern portrayal.

paragraph: Jo Gwangjo was the protagonist of 1996 KBS TV series "Jo Gwangjo" and was a prominent character in 2001 SBS TV series "Ladies of the Palace".

paragraph: In MBC TV series "Dae Jang Geum" (2003-4), he does not appear as a character, but his name is mentioned frequently as the political foe of fictitious villain Right Minister Oh. Main protagonist Jang-geum and Lady Han are falsely accused of being in conspiracy with Jo Gwangjo while male protagonist Min Jung-ho is portrayed as his supporter (Min Jung-ho found a doctor for him and is shown recruiting his followers to return to politics). In the musical version of "Dae Jang Geum", Jo Gwangjo is a prominent character as a friend of Min Jung-ho.

paragraph: In KBS TV series "Immortal Admiral Yi Sun-sin" (2004-5), Yi Sun-shin's grandfather is described to have been executed for supporting Jo Gwangjo and Yi's father is arrested while holding a memorial rite at Jo's abandoned house.

paragraph: In 2006 KBS series "Hwang Jini", the male protagonist Kim Jeong-han is portrayed as Jo Gwangjo's disciple while another character Lee Saeng become Hwang Jini's bodyguard after he leaves his father's home in disgust because his father is Jo Gwango-jo's friend but betrays him to become prime minister.

paragraph: In these three dramas, Jo Gwangjo does not appear as a character but serves as a plot device to set the main characters as righteous people by association.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Korean philosophers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neo-Confucianism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nam Gon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kim Jong-jik

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kim Il-son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sim Jeong

description: Korean philosopher

wikidata_label: Jo Gwang-jo

wikipedia_title: Jo Gwangjo


text: Muslim

text: Yemen

text: Islamic

text: Prophet

text: Muhammad

text: His burial place

text: Salalah

text: Oman

text: al-Raqqah

text: Syria

text: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

text: Imam

text: Muʻawiyah

text: ibn

text: Abu Sufyan

text: Battle of Siffeen

text: Ibn Battuta

text: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

text: Ammar ibn Yasir

text: Mosul

text: Uwaisi

text: Islamic mysticism

text: Sahabah

text: Tabi‘un

text: The Extreme Mourning of Uwais al-Qarni

text: Uwais Qarni

categories: Oveyssi order,594 births,657 deaths,Sahabah favored by Shias,Tabi‘un

paragraph: Uwais al-Qarani

paragraph: Owais ibn ʻAmir ibn Harb al-Qarni (), was a Muslim from Yemen who lived during the lifetime of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. His burial place is in Salalah, Oman. His memorial shrine is in al-Raqqah, Syria. It was destroyed by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in 2013.

paragraph: One of the most comprehensive books according to the Shiaon Uwais Al Qarni is undoubtedly the book by the name of “The Life and Times of Owais Al Qarni” which was written by a South African scholar by the name of Moulana Uwais Al Qarni Ahmed.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Uwais' father, ʻAmir, was a strong believer in Islam. He died when Uwais was young.

paragraph: Section::::Martyrdom in the Battle of Siffin.

paragraph: In 657 CE, Uwais fought on the side of Imam ʻAli against Muʻawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan in the Battle of Siffeen. As reported by Ibn Battuta, Uwais was killed in this battle.

paragraph: Section::::Shrines.

paragraph: The main mausoleum and shrine of Uwais Qarni is at Raqqa, Syria in the Ammar Ibn Yasir Mosque. On March 11, 2013 the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant bombed and heavily damaged the mosque of Uwais and ʻAmmar ibn Yasir located in Raqqa.

paragraph: Uwais also has a shrine in Mosul/nowiki, Iraq but it was also destroyed in 2014.

paragraph: Purported tombs are also revered in Pakistan and Oman.￼

paragraph: Section::::Uwaisi Order.

paragraph: The Uwaisi form of Islamic mysticism was named after Uwais, as it refers to the transmission of spiritual knowledge between two individuals without the need for physical interaction between them.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sahabah

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tabi‘un

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Film on Uwais Al Qarani subtitled by Al-Masumeen.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maktab Tarighat Oveyssi Shahmaghsoudi (School of Islamic Sufism)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Extreme Mourning of Uwais al-Qarni

paragraph: BULLET::::- Islamic Sufism Genealogy, November 2004, Tehran University Publications

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Uwaisi Transmission of Spiritual Knowledge (Naqshbandi-Haqqani website)

paragraph: BULLET::::- About Uwais al-Qarni, from "The Children Around the Table of Allah," by Shaykh Muhammad Sa'id al-Jamal ar-Rifa'i

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uwais Qarni

description: Muslim saint

wikidata_label: Uwais Qarni

wikipedia_title: Uwais al-Qarani


text:
Grey Brydges, 5th Baron Chandos
Lady Anne Stanley
King Henry VIII
Mary Tudor
James VI of Scotland
Mervyn Tuchet, 2nd Earl of Castlehaven
Charles I of England
first Battle of Newbury
First English Civil War
Henry Montagu, 1st Earl of Manchester
John Savage, 2nd Earl Rivers
William Brydges
James Brydges
Constantinople
duel
Putney
manslaughter
smallpox
Sudeley Castle

categories: Cavaliers,Barons in the Peerage of England,Duellists,Brydges/Brugge family,1655 deaths,Burials at St Mary's Chapel, Sudeley Castle,Deaths from smallpox,Lord-Lieutenants of Gloucestershire,1620 births

paragraph: George Brydges, 6th Baron Chandos

paragraph: George Brydges, 6th Baron Chandos (1620–1655), was the son of Grey Brydges, 5th Baron Chandos (c. 1580 – 10 August 1621) and Lady Anne Stanley; his mother in her youth had been considered heiress to the English throne (as a descendant of King Henry VIII's sister, Princess Mary Tudor), but had been passed over for King James VI of Scotland. George's stepfather was Mervyn Tuchet, 2nd Earl of Castlehaven. In 1621, George succeeded his father as Baron Chandos, being only just one years of age.

paragraph: George was a supporter of King Charles I of England, during his struggle with Parliament, and distinguished himself at the first Battle of Newbury in 1643. Afterwards, he fought in the west of England. At the close of the First English Civil War, he paid a large fine to the parliament.

paragraph: George Brydges firstly married Lady Susan Montagu, daughter of Henry Montagu, 1st Earl of Manchester, by whom he had three daughters, and secondly, Lady Jane Savage, daughter of John Savage, 2nd Earl Rivers, by whom he had another three daughters. His brother, William Brydges, succeeded him as 7th Baron Chandos. After William's death in 1676, the Barony was passed to a kinsman, James Brydges, who was English ambassador to Constantinople, from 1680 to 1685.

paragraph: On 13 May 1653, George killed Henry Compton in a duel at Putney, and was tried and found guilty of manslaughter on 17 May 1654, after a long imprisonment. In February 1655, he died of smallpox, and was buried at Sudeley Castle, his residence.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: English Baron

wikidata_label: George Brydges, 6th Baron Chandos

wikipedia_title: George Brydges, 6th Baron Chandos


text: Jaén, Spain

text: Córdoba, Andalusia

text: Isaac ben Ezra

text: Jew

text: Hebrew

text: Arabic

text: Latin

text: medicine

text: panacea

text: Abd-ar-Rahman III

text: vizier

text: Constantine VII

text: Pedanius Dioscorides

text: John of Gorze

text: Otto I

text: León

text: Navarre

text: Toda of Pamplona

text: Sancho I of León

text: al-Hakam II

text: Khazar

text: Croatia

text: Khazar Correspondence

text: Helena of Byzantium

text: Jews of Byzantium

text: yeshiva

text: Sura

text: Pumbedita

text: Saadia Gaon

text: Babylonia

text: Moses ben Hanoch

text: Abraham ibn Daud

text: Andalusia

text: Baghdad

text: Menahem ben Saruq

text: Tortosa

text: Dunash ben Labrat

text: al-Andalus

text: Kuzari

text: Sephardim

text: Umayyad Caliphate

text: Judah Halevi

text: The Letter of Rabbi Hasdai ibn Shaprut

text: Filosseno Luzzatto

text: Reinhart Dozy

text: Rios

text: Geiger

text: Carmoly

text: Cassel

text: Grätz

categories: 915 births,10th-century deaths,Khazar diplomacy and documents,Jews of Al-Andalus,10th-century rabbis,Medieval Jewish physicians of Spain

paragraph: Hasdai ibn Shaprut

paragraph: Hasdai (Abu Yusuf ben Yitzhak ben Ezra) ibn Shaprut (; , Abu Yussuf ibn Shaprut) born about 915 at Jaén, Spain; died about 970 at Córdoba, Andalusia, was a Jewish scholar, physician, diplomat, and patron of science.

paragraph: His father, Isaac ben Ezra, was a wealthy and learned Jew of Jaén. Hasdai acquired in his youth a thorough knowledge of Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin, the last-named language being at that time known only to the higher clergy of Spain. He also studied medicine, and is said to have discovered a panacea, called "Al-Faruk". Appointed physician to Caliph Abd-ar-Rahman III (912-961), he, by his engaging manners, knowledge, character, and extraordinary ability, gained his master's confidence to such a degree that he became the caliph's confidant and faithful counselor. Without bearing the title of vizier he was in reality minister of foreign affairs; he had also control of the customs and ship-dues in the port of Córdoba. Hasdai arranged the alliances formed by the caliph with foreign powers, and he received the envoys sent by the latter to Córdoba. In 949 an embassy was sent by Constantine VII to form a diplomatic league between the hard-pressed Byzantine empire and the powerful ruler of Spain. Among the presents brought by the embassy was a magnificent codex of Pedanius Dioscorides' work on botany, which the Arabic physicians and naturalists valued highly. Hasdai, with the aid of a learned Greek monk named Nicholas, translated it into Arabic, making it thereby the common property of the Arabs and of medieval Europe.

paragraph: Section::::As minister.

paragraph: Hasdai rendered important services to the caliph by his treatment of an embassy headed by John of Gorze, sent to Córdoba in 956 by Otto I. The caliph, fearing that the letter of the German emperor might contain matter derogatory to Islam, commissioned Hasdai to open the negotiations with the envoys. Hasdai, who soon perceived that the letter could not be delivered to the caliph in its present form, persuaded the envoys to send for another letter which should contain no objectionable matter. John of Gorze said that he had "never seen a man of such subtle intellect as the Jew Hasdeu".

paragraph: Hasdai secured a great diplomatic triumph during the difficulties which arose between the kingdoms of León and Navarre, when the ambitious Queen Toda of Pamplona sought the aid of Abd ar-Rahman in reinstating her deposed grandson, Sancho I of León. Hasdai was sent to the court of Navarre; and he succeeded after a long struggle in persuading the queen to go to Córdoba with her son and grandson, in order to prostrate herself before the caliph, her old enemy, and implore the aid of his arms (958). The proud Navarrese allowed herself to be convinced by Hasdai – as a Jewish poet of the time expressed himself - "by the charm of his words, the strength of his wisdom, the force of his cunning, and his thousand tricks."

paragraph: Hasdai retained his high position under 'Abd ar-Rahman's son and successor, al-Hakam II, who even surpassed his father in his love for science.

paragraph: Section::::Jewish activity.

paragraph: Hasdai was very active on behalf of his co-religionists and Jewish science. Allegedly, when he heard that in Central Asia there was a Jewish state with a Jewish ruler, he desired to enter into correspondence with this monarch; and when the report of the existence of the Khazar state was confirmed by two Jews, Mar Saul and Mar Joseph, who had come in the retinue of an embassy from the Croatian king to Córdoba, Hasdai entrusted to them a letter, written in good Hebrew addressed to the Jewish king, in which he gave an account of his position in the Western state, described the geographical situation of Andalusia and its relation to foreign countries, and asked for detailed information in regard to the Khazars, their origin, their political and military organization, etc. ("See also the Khazar Correspondence.")

paragraph: Hasdai sent a letter to Empress Helena of Byzantium in which he pleaded for religious liberty for the Jews of Byzantium. He pointed to his own warm relations with the Muslim Caliph in Córdoba as well as his benevolent attitude towards the Christians of Spain. ("See http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/Taylor-Schechter/exhibition.html, T-S J2.71.")

paragraph: Hasdai sent rich presents to the yeshiva of Sura and that of Pumbedita in Babylonia, and corresponded with Dosa, the son of Saadia Gaon. He was also instrumental in transferring the center of Jewish theological studies from Babylonia to Spain, by appointing Moses ben Hanoch, who had been stranded at Córdoba, director of a school, and thereby detaching Judaism from its dependence on the East, to the great joy of the caliph, as Abraham ibn Daud says ("Sefer ha-Kabbalah" p. 68). Ibn Abi 'UKaibia writes of him: "Hasdai b. Isaac was among the foremost Jewish scholars versed in their law. He opened to his coreligionists in Andalusia the gates of knowledge of the religious law, of chronology, etc. Before his time they had to apply to the Jews of Baghdad on legal questions, and on matters referring to the calendar and the dates of the festivals" (ed. Müller, ii. 50).

paragraph: Hasdai marks the beginning of the florescence of Andalusian Jewish culture, and the rise of poetry and of the study of Hebrew grammar among the Spanish Jews. Himself a scholar, he encouraged scholarship among his coreligionists by the purchase of Hebrew books, which he imported from the East, and by supporting Jewish scholars whom he gathered about him. Among the latter were Menahem ben Saruq of Tortosa, the protégé of Hasdai's father, and Dunash ben Labrat, both of whom addressed poems to their patron. Dunash, however, prejudiced Hasdai to such a degree against Menahem that Hasdai caused Menahem to be maltreated.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: There is no record of Shaprut having a wife. The family originated from Turkey that has the surname Chiprut claims descent from Hasdai.

paragraph: In addition several families throughout the Jewish Diaspora carry variations of the Hasdai name which came about when moving from one country to another [i.e.: Hazday, Hazdai, Hasday, Hazbay]

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- al-Andalus

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kuzari"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sephardim

paragraph: BULLET::::- Umayyad Caliphate

paragraph: BULLET::::- Judah Halevi

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Letter of Rabbi Hasdai ibn Shaprut (deprecated)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Letter of Rabbi Hasdai ibn Shaprut to the Khazars and King Joseph's Reply

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gampel, Benjamin R. "Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Medieval Iberia: Convivencia through the Eyes of Sephardic Jews." "Convivencia: Jews, Muslims, and Christians in Medieval Spain." Mann, Vivan B. et al. eds. New York; George Braziller, Inc., 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roth, Norman. "Ibn Shaprut, Hasdai." "Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia." Gerli, E. Michael, ed. 1st ed. 2003. Print.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Filosseno Luzzatto, "Notice sur Abou-Jousouf Hasdai ibn-Shaprout," Paris, 1852;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reinhart Dozy, "Geschichte der Mauren in Spanien", ii.53;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rios, "Hist." i.145;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geiger, "Das Judenthum und Seine Gesch." ii.82;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carmoly, "Histoire des Médecins Juifs," p. 30 (very inadequate);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cassel, in "Miscellany of Hebrew Literature," i.73;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grätz, "Gesch." v.360.

description: Spanish rabbi

wikidata_label: Hasdai ibn Shaprut

wikipedia_title: Hasdai ibn Shaprut


text:
Kashmir
Privy Seal
finance minister
Diwan
Punjab
Maharaja
Ranjit Singh
Bakht Mal
Delhi
Afghan
Ganga Ram Raina
Diwan
First Sikh War
Shah Jahan
Raja Amar Nath Madan
Raja Man Nath Madan
Raja Gyan Nath Madan
Kanwar Bharam Nath Madan
Raja Ravindra Nath Madan
Raja Rajeev Madan
Kanwar Ramachandra Madan
Well of Dina Nath
Lahore
Pakistan

categories: People of the Sikh Empire,1795 births,History of Sikhism,History of Jammu and Kashmir,Kashmiri people

paragraph: Raja Dina Nath

paragraph: Raja Dina Nath Madan (Razdan) (1795 - 1857) aka Diwan Dina Nath or Dina Nath, who was a Kashmiri, rose to the position of the Privy Seal and finance minister (Diwan) in the Punjab empire of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Dina Nath was civil administrator and counsellor of considerable influence at the Sikh court for well over three decades, was the son of a Kashmiri Pandit, Bakht Mal, who had migrated to Delhi in 1815, during the oppressive rule of the Afghan governors of the valley and obtained a berth in the Estate Office at Lahore. He was also closely related to Diwan Ganga Ram Raina, head of the military accounts and keeper of the privy seal at Lahore.

paragraph: In 1815, at the instance of Diwan Ganga Ram Raina, Maharaja Ranjit Singh invited Dina Nath to Lahore and offered him the post of mutsaddi, or writer, in the department of military accounts.

paragraph: In 1826, when Diwan Ganga Ram died, Dina Nath succeeded him as the head of military accounts department and keeper of the privy seal. In 1834, when Diwan Bhavani Das died, the Maharaja made him the head of the civil and finance office and conferred upon him, in 1838, the honorary title of Diwan.

paragraph: By his ability and political acumen, Dina Nath rose to the highest position of power and influence in the affairs of the State. Lepel Griffin styles him the Talleyrand of the Punjab. After the Maharaja's death, Raja Dina Nath's influence increased.But Dina Nath knew how to keep his ambition in check and was one man in Lahore who made no enemies at the court.In the turbulent days following Ranjit Singh`s death, he refused to take sides with Rani Chand Kaur or Karivar Sher Singh. Sher Singh upon his succession to the throne, reposed his full trust in him. Dina Nath retained his position at the court during.

paragraph: He was one of the signatories to the treaty which was concluded between the Sikhs and the British after the First Sikh War. Later, when a council was constituted in December 1846 for the governance of the Punjab, Raja Dina Nath was made its President, with the active support of the British. He was the greatest man alive and most faithful to Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

paragraph: Yet under the British rule he actively financed the independence efforts in secrecy. The family of Raja Dina Nath came originally from Kashmir, where in the reign of the Mughal King Shah Jahan, some members of it held offices relating to court affairs.

paragraph: Dina Nath, whose father had a subordinate appointment at Delhi, came to the Panjab in 1815 and obtained a berth in the Estate Office at Lahore.He first attracted Ranjit Singh's notice in 1818 by the great rapidity and clearness with which he did some important work entrusted to him.

paragraph: Among the men who rose to power during the later days of the Maharaja's life, no one was more remarkable than Raja Dina Nath.

paragraph: He was well and happily styled Talleyrand of the Panjab and his life and character bore a strong resemblance to those of the European statesmen.

paragraph: Revolutions in which his friends and patrons perished passed him by: in the midst of bloodshed and assassination his life was never endangered. While confiscation and judicial robbery were the rule of the State, his wealth and power continually increased.

paragraph: His sagacity and far-sightedness were such that when to other eyes the political sky was clear, he could perceive the signs of coming storm, which warned him to desert a losing party, or a falling friend.

paragraph: Honest men do not survive many revolutions, and the Raja's falseness was the means to his success.

paragraph: He was patriotic, but his love of country was subordinate to self.

paragraph: He hated the English bitterly, for they were stronger than he or his country, but his interest compelled him to serve, like Samson, the Philistines he hated.

paragraph: He was not without his notions of fidelity, and would stand by a friend, as long as he could do so with safety to himself. Even when he deserted him it was more from thoughts of danger to his wealth and influence than from personal fear, for, Raja Dina Nath was physically brave, and also possessed moral courage in an eminent degree, though it did not lead him to do right regardless of consequences.He possessed immense local knowledge and vast capacity for work; but his desire of keeping power in his own hands had an evil effect on the progress of (State) business.

paragraph: He was an accomplished man of the world, courteous and considerate; well educated though nothing of a scholar; and in conversation with Europeans he would express himself with a boldness and apparent candour that were as pleasant, as they are unusual in Asiatics.

paragraph: It was only in 1834 that Raja Dina Nath was made Finance Minister for which his qualifications were exceedingly high, but Maharaja (Ranjit Singh) had for many years reposed confidence in him, and he was on all occasions of importance, one of his most talented advisers.

paragraph: After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, he retained great influence with the chiefs and the army, and on British occupation of Lahore was appointed to the Council of Regency, of which he was the most able and useful member.

paragraph: Although his position as the Head of Financial Department gave him many opportunities of enriching himself at the public expense, I of which there is every reason to believe he availed himself, he still worked more disinterestedly than others, and was of great service to the Resident of Lahore.

paragraph: In November 1847, the title of the Raja of Kalanaur, with a jagir worth 20,000 rupees annually, was conferred upon him. With his clear head and business-like habits, it would have been almost impossible to disentangle the Darbar Accountancy, and after the annexation of the Panjab, Dina Nath's aid in Revenue and Jagir matters was almost as valuable as before.

paragraph: At the time of revolt of Sikh army in 1848, it was asserted by some that Raja Dina Nath was a traitor at heart, that he himself had Encouraged the rising, and that had he not been a wealthy man with houses and gardens and many lakhs of rupees in Lahore, convenient for confiscation, he would have joined the rebels without hesitation, but these stories were perhaps invented by his enemies. Certain it is that on being recalled to Lahore, he zealously carried out the wishes of the British authorities in counteracting their (i.e. the rebels' anti-British) schemes.

paragraph: After the annexation of the Panjab, Raja Dina Nath was confirmed in all of his jagirs, worth Rs. 46,460, which he held till his death in 1857. He died near Kot Khawaja Saeed, at Lahore, Pakistan. There he had developed a beautiful garden and it is still called as 'Rajay Wala Bagh'. The spot is a few meters away towards West from Samadh Maharajah Sher Singh at Kot Khawaja Saeed, Lahore. His descendants are:

paragraph: 1. Raja Amar Nath Madan

paragraph: 2. Raja Man Nath Madan

paragraph: 3. Raja Gyan Nath Madan

paragraph: 4. Kanwar Bharam Nath Madan

paragraph: 5. Raja Rajindra Nath Madan

paragraph: 6. Raja Sanjay Madan

paragraph: 7. Raja Sunil Madan

paragraph: 6. Raja Ravindra Nath Madan

paragraph: 7. Raja Rajeev Madan

paragraph: 8. Kanwar Sikander Madan

paragraph: 9. Kanwar Ramachandra Madan

paragraph: Raja Gyan Nath Madan was the Prime Minister of Jaipur. He was a CIE, a ‘Companion of the British Empire’, an honorary title bestowed upon him by the British, in recognition of his numerous services to the Empire. Raja Gyan Nath Madan was also conferred the hereditary title of ‘Raja’ by the British, which could be passed onto and used by the eldest son of each successive generation.

paragraph: He purchased Khud Cottage in 1939, several years prior to Partition, when his family settled in Shimla. His son, Kanwar Bharamnath Madan, was the first Deputy Commissioner of Shimla. Successively, the title of ‘Raja’ has been passed on to Raja Gyan Nath Madan’s grandson, Ravindra Nath Madan and currently his great grandson, Rajeev Madan, whom still owns Khud Cottage.

paragraph: Section::::Water well.

paragraph: Dina Nath commissioned the Well of Dina Nath in Lahore, Pakistan which, according to legend, has always been dry.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suri, Sohan Lal, `Umdat-ut-Twarikh. Lahore, 1885–89

paragraph: BULLET::::- Griffin, Lepel, and C.F. Massy, Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab. Lahore, 1909

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hasrat, B.J., Life and Times of Ranjit Singh. Hoshiarpur, 1977

description: Indian noble

wikidata_label: Raja Dina Nath

wikipedia_title: Raja Dina Nath


text:
Imperial Russian Army
World War I
White Army
Russian Civil War
Ukrainian
Mikhail Rodzianko
State Duma
Page Corps
Cadre Noir
Saumur
France
Chevalier Guard regiment
Pinerolo
Federico Caprilli
1912 Olympic Games
Stockholm
World War I
Riga
Pskov
Russian Revolution of 1917
Prince Lieven
Latvia
Nikolay Yudenich
Northern Corps
Reds
Northwestern Army
England
United Kingdom
United States
Paul Rodzyanko
Dublin
New York City
Novo-Diveevo
Nanuet
Rockland County
New York
Order of St. Vladimir
Order of St. Anna
Order of Saint Stanislaus
Order of St. Anna
grwar.ru
hrono.ru

categories: Ukrainian nobility,Ukrainian generals,Equestrians at the 1912 Summer Olympics,Imperial Russian emigrants to the United Kingdom,Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class,1970 deaths,Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus, 3rd class,Russian generals,Olympic equestrians of Russia,Russian people of Ukrainian descent,Russian male equestrians,Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 3rd class,White movement generals,1879 births,Ukrainian anti-communists,People of the Russian Civil War,Russian military personnel of World War I

paragraph: Alexander Rodzyanko

paragraph: Alexander Pavlovich Rodzyanko (; 26 August 1879 – 6 May 1970) was an officer of the Imperial Russian Army during the World War I and lieutenant-general and a corps commander of the White Army during the Russian Civil War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Rodzyanko came from an old Ukrainian aristocratic family: his father Pavel Rodzyanko was a major landowner and his uncle Mikhail Rodzianko chaired the State Duma from 1911 to 1917. Aleksandr received his education in the Russian Page Corps military academy and at the Cadre Noir cavalry-school in Saumur in France; he then joined the elite Russian Chevalier Guard regiment. An excellent equestrian sportsman, he also studied for a year at the cavalry school at Pinerolo in Italy under Captain Federico Caprilli, known as "the father of the modern forward seat". After successfully participating in London (1911), winning the King Eduard VII Cup, he competed in the 5th-placed jumping team for Russia at the 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm. Most of the equestrian information about Rodzyanko was published by a Dutch horse magazine, called the 'Hoefslag' by the secretary of the FEI Max E. Amman.

paragraph: Promoted Colonel in 1912, he went on to take part in World War I. In 1914 he was sent to the frontline where he briefly served in the 2nd Kuban regiment, 1st Linear Cossiack regiment and headed 16-th Don regiment. Later served at the 8-th Army and Chevalier Guard Regiment. Since May 1916 headed the Cavalry Officers School. In June-July 1917 headed the Garrison of Riga. In October 1917 in Pskov the 17-th Cavalry division that he headed was disbanded and he was interned by the Germans.

paragraph: After the Russian Revolution of 1917 he accompanied Prince Lieven to solicit (unsuccessfully) British help for counter-revolutionaries active in Latvia. In 1918 he lived in Riga and received the German assistance in recruiting the volunteers into the anti-bolshevik units. In 1919 General Nikolay Yudenich appointed Rodzyanko (then commander of the Whites' Northern Corps) as his aide, where he led the counter-offensive actions against the Reds and participated in the unsuccessful advance on Petrograd. Once the Northwestern Army had been pushed back to Narva, Estonia, on 23 November 1919 Yudenich sent him to England to seek financial support for the further anti-bolshevik combat. After his mission proved abortive, he chose not to return to Estonia but settled in the United Kingdom  and later in the United States.

paragraph: His brother Paul Rodzyanko became an instructor at the Irish cavalry school in Dublin and later emigrated to the United States. Aleksandr Pavlovich Rodzyanko became president of the Chevalier Guards association, wrote memoirs and died in New York City aged 90. He is buried at the Novo-Diveevo cemetery in Nanuet, Rockland County, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Honours and awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class with Swords (1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of St. Anna, 3rd class (1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of Saint Stanislaus, 3rd class (1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of St. Anna, 4th class (1915)

paragraph: More than 7 medals

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- grwar.ru

paragraph: BULLET::::- hrono.ru

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amman, Max E., De ruiters van de Tsaar, from the Dutch Horse Magazine -De Hoefslag-, 18 December 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Glahn, Erich, Reitkunst am Scheideweg. Die XVIe Olympischen Reiterspiele in Stockholm 1956, Heideheim, Hoffmann publishers, 1956

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vieux Sang, Een ruiterlijk ruiterleven, from the Dutch Horse Magazine -De Hoefslag-, 20 juni 1968

paragraph: BULLET::::- Littauer, Vladimir S. Russian Hussar. London: J.A. Allen & Co. Ltd., 1965.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Littauer, Vladimir S. Horseman's Progress: The Development of Modern Riding. Princeton: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1962. (p. 226)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steinkraus, William C. "Foreword." The Development of Modern Riding. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1991. (p. xiv)

description: Ukrainian general

wikidata_label: Aleksandr Rodzyanko

wikipedia_title: Alexander Rodzyanko


text:
Chemnitz
Saxony
Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
United States
German-American
aerospace engineer
World War II
Operation Paperclip
NASA
Marshall Space Flight Center
NASA Distinguished Service Medal
American Astronautical Society

categories: NASA people,1915 births,People from Huntsville, Alabama,German aerospace engineers,German emigrants to the United States,1989 deaths

paragraph: Ernst Geissler

paragraph: Ernst Geissler (3 August 1915 in Chemnitz, Saxony, Germany – 3 June 1989 in Huntsville, Alabama, United States) was a German-American aerospace engineer. After World War II, he came to the United States on 16 November 1945 as part of the Argentina group, Operation Paperclip.

paragraph: Geissler became director of the Aeroballistics Division at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in 1960.

paragraph: Geissler was the recipient of the NASA Certificate of Appreciation in 1973.

paragraph: He was awarded the 1973 NASA Distinguished Service Medal.

paragraph: He was elected a Fellow of the American Astronautical Society.

description: German-American aerospace engineer

wikidata_label: Ernst Geissler

wikipedia_title: Ernst Geissler


text: Italian

text: painter

text: sculptor

text: Renaissance

text: Franchino Ferrari

text: Valduggia

text: Valsesia

text: Duchy of Milan

text: Province of Vercelli

text: Piedmont

text: Vercelli

text: Gerolamo Giovenone

text: Milan

text: Bernardino Luini

text: Florence

text: Rome

text: Defendente Ferrari

text: Chivasso

text: Eusebio Ferrari

text: Leonardo

text: Bramantino

text: Sacro Monte of Varallo

text: Life of Christ

text: fresco

text: Santa Maria delle Grazie

text: Varallo Sesia

text: Sacro Monte di Varallo

text: Saronno

text: Andrea Solario

text: Giovanni Battista Cerva

text: Gian Paolo Lomazzo

text: Fermo Stella

text: Royal Gallery

text: Turin

text: Brera Gallery

text: Santa Maria della Pace, Milan

text: Vercelli

text: Varallo

text: Varallo

text: Saronno

text: Santa Maria delle Grazie

text: Gaudenzio Ferrari

categories: Italian male painters,1470s births,People from the Province of Vercelli,1546 deaths,Milanese painters,16th-century Italian painters,15th-century Italian painters,15th-century Italian sculptors,Italian male sculptors

paragraph: Gaudenzio Ferrari

paragraph: Gaudenzio Ferrari (c. 1471 – January 11, 1546) was a Northern Italian painter and sculptor of the Renaissance.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Gaudenzio was born to Franchino Ferrari at Valduggia in the Valsesia in the Duchy of Milan. Valduggia is now in the Province of Vercelli in Piedmont. He is said to have first learned the art of painting at Vercelli from Gerolamo Giovenone. He subsequently studied in Milan, in the school of the Cathedral artisan Giovanni Stefano Scotti, and perhaps alongside Bernardino Luini. HCirca 1504 he proceeded to Florence. It was once thought that he later moved to Rome. He died in Milan.

paragraph: Gaudenzio was not related to Defendente Ferrari (c.1490–1535) a painter from Chivasso, nor to Eusebio Ferrari (1508–33) the painter from Vercelli.

paragraph: Section::::Mature work.

paragraph: His initial pictorial style may be considered as derived mainly from the old Milanese school, which had imbibed the classic influence of Leonardo and pupils such as Bramantino. However, the provincial impetus was also strong, as is demonstrated in his emotive work at the Sacro Monte of Varallo.

paragraph: By 1513, Gaudenzio had depicted the "Life of Christ" in a fresco at Santa Maria delle Grazie in Varallo Sesia. He returned to work in the chapels of the Sacro Monte di Varallo by 1524. The chapels are dispersed over a hilltop sanctuary, connected by a winding path, and containing a combination of "diorama and wax museum" with life-size terracotta figures. He executed his most memorable work, a fresco of the Crucifixion (pictured right), with a multitude of figures, no less than twenty-six of them being modelled in actual relief, and colored; on the vaulted ceiling are lamenting angels. The figures include goitrous bestial assailants.

paragraph: There are other works which show flashes of innovation such as the crowded chorus decorating duomo of Santa Maria dei Miracoli in Saronno or his fresco of "St Anne". This painting shows the overlap of Milanese realism and Venetian colorism.

paragraph: He was a very prolific painter, distinguished by strong animation. In general character, his work suggests more the 15th than the 16th century. His subjects were always religious. Andrea Solario, Giovanni Battista Cerva, Gian Paolo Lomazzo, and Fermo Stella were his principle students.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pietà", in the Royal Gallery, Turin

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St Catharine Miraculously Saved from the Torture of the Wheel", Brera Gallery, Milan,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frescoes in church of Santa Maria della Pace, Milan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Virgin with Angels and Saints under an Orange Tree", Cathedral, Vercelli

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Last Supper", Refectory of San Paolo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Birth of the Virgin", "Annunciation", "Visitation", "Adoration of the Shepherds and Kings", "Crucifixion", "Assumption of the Virgin" (1532–1535), Church of San Cristoforo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St Paul Meditating", Louvre, Paris.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Presentation in the Temple", "Christ among the Doctors", "History of Christ" (1507), Convent of the Minorites, Varallo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adoration" (after 1527), Santa Maria di Loreto, near Varallo

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Glory of Angels" (1535), Dome of the Santa Maria dei Miracoli, Saronno

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scourging of Christ", "Ecce Homo" and "Crucifixion" (1542), Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- HALTADEFINIZIONE by HAL9000 S.r.l. – High Resolution Photos, an 8.6GP Scan of the Parete Gaudenziana that was the largest digital photo in the world when it was produced

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gaudenzio Ferrari at www.wga.hu, Web Gallery of Art

alias:
Gaudenzio de Vince
Gaudenzio de Vincio
Gaudenzio da Vincio
Gaudinzio Ferrari
Godiancure
Gaudenzio De Vincio Ferrari
Gaudenzio de Vincius
Gaudenzio Milanese
g. ferrari
Guadenzio Ferrari
Gaudentio Ferrari
Gandenzio
Le Gaudentio
disciple de Raphaël Gaudentio Ferrari
Ferrari
Gaudentius
Gaudentio
Gaudentio da Verallo
Gaudenzio

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Gaudenzio Ferrari

wikipedia_title: Gaudenzio Ferrari


text: Southwark

text: Surrey

text: Duddington

text: Northamptonshire

text: KG

text: Lancastrian

text: William Brandon

text: Southwark

text: Sir Robert Wingfield

text: Letheringham

text: Suffolk

text: Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk

text: William

text: battle of Bosworth

text: Calais

text: Archduke Philip of Austria

text: Nicholas West

text: Emperor Maximilian

text: Antwerp

text: Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk

text: Milan

text: Order of the Garter

text: master of the king's horse

text: Prince Henry

text: Knight of the Bath

text: Duke of York

text: Knight of the Garter

text: Balthasar de Castiglione

text: Duke of Urbino

text: Sir John Fiennes

text: Alice FitzHugh

text: 5th Baron FitzHugh

text: Lady Alice Neville

text: Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick

text: Richard Fiennes, 7th Baron Dacre

text: St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle

text: Fulk Bourchier, 10th Baron FitzWarin

text: Elton, Huntingdonshire

text: John Dinham

text: John Dynham, 1st Baron Dynham

text: Bishop Fisher

text: Greyfriars

text: London

categories: 16th-century English diplomats,Knights of the Garter,Medieval English diplomats,Year of birth unknown,Brandon family,15th-century English people,1510 deaths,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Thomas Brandon (diplomat)

paragraph: Sir Thomas Brandon, of Southwark, Surrey, and of Duddington, Northamptonshire, KG (died 27 January 1510) was an English soldier, courtier and diplomat.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was from a Lancastrian family, the son of William Brandon (died 1491) of Southwark and Elizabeth Wingfield (died 1497), daughter of Sir Robert Wingfield of Letheringham, Suffolk. He was uncle to Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk. His brother, William, was killed at the battle of Bosworth defending the standard of the future Henry VII. A contemporary manuscript speaks of Sir Thomas as having 'greatly favoured and followed the party of Henry, earl of Richmond.’

paragraph: He was appointed to the embassy charged with concluding peace with France in 1492, and again in 1500 he formed one of the suite which accompanied Henry VII to Calais to meet the Archduke Philip of Austria. In 1503, together with Nicholas West, he was given the mission of concluding a treaty with the Emperor Maximilian at Antwerp. The main object of this treaty was to induce Maximilian to withdraw his support from Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk, and banish him and the other English rebels from his dominions. Other points touched upon were the treatment of Milan and the question of Maximilian receiving the Order of the Garter. Maximilian was indecisive and allowed the English ambassadors to leave.

paragraph: On his return to England, Brandon was given offices, including master of the king's horse. He was noted for his prowess as a knight and skill in military affairs. In the records of a tournament held in 1494 to celebrate the creation of the Prince Henry as Knight of the Bath and Duke of York, Brandon is mentioned as having distinguished himself. He was made a Knight of the Garter.

paragraph: In October 1507 he was sent to meet Balthasar de Castiglione, ambassador for the Duke of Urbino, who came to England to receive the Garter for his master. Brandon died on 27 January 1510.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and issue.

paragraph: Brandon married firstly, before 16 May 1496, Anne Fiennes (died 10 September 1497), widow of William Berkeley, 1st Marquess of Berkeley (died 14 February 1492). She was the daughter of Sir John Fiennes by Alice FitzHugh, daughter of Sir Henry FitzHugh, 5th Baron FitzHugh, and Lady Alice Neville, sister of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick ("Warwick, the Kingmaker"). By her father, she was the granddaughter of Richard Fiennes, 7th Baron Dacre of the South (died 1483). There was no issue from the marriage. She died 10 September 1497 and was buried at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.

paragraph: Brandon married secondly, Elizabeth Dynham (died 19 October 1516), widow of Fulk Bourchier, 10th Baron FitzWarin (25 October 1445 – 18 September 1479) and of Sir John Sapcote (died 1501) of Elton, Huntingdonshire. She was the daughter of Sir John Dinham (1406–1458) by Joan Arches (died 1497), and the sister and coheir of John Dynham, 1st Baron Dynham (died 1501). According to Gunn, after Brandon's death his widow, Elizabeth, took a vow of celibacy before Bishop Fisher on 21 April 1510. She died 19 October 1516, and was buried in the Greyfriars, London.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Will of Fulk Bourchier, proved 10 November 1480, National Archives. Retrieved 5 April 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- Will of Sir Thomas Brandon, proved 11 May 1510, National Archives. Retrieved 5 April 2013

description: English courtier and diplomat

wikidata_label: Thomas Brandon

wikipedia_title: Thomas Brandon (diplomat)


text:
poet
novelist
André Chénier
George Sand
La Châtre
Indre
Emile Deschamps
André Chénier
Daunou
Beranger
duchess of Duras
Ourika
Constitutionnel
Mercure du XIXe siècle
Le Figaro
monarchy of July
Gustave Planche
Revue des deux mondes
Val d’Aulnay
Sainte-Beuve

categories: French male novelists,French poets,French male poets,1851 deaths,People from Indre,19th-century French novelists,1785 births

paragraph: Henri de Latouche

paragraph: Hyacinthe-Joseph Alexandre Thabaud de Latouche, commonly known as Henri de Latouche (2 February 1785 – 9 March 1851) was a French poet and novelist known for his publication of André Chénier and early encouragement of George Sand. (His family name is also seen as "Thabaud de La Touche" and even sometimes "Delatouche".)

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born at La Châtre (Indre).

paragraph: Among his works may be distinguished his comedies: "Projets de sagesse" (1811), and, in collaboration with Emile Deschamps, "Selmours de Florian" (1818), which ran for a hundred nights; also "La Reine d'Espagne" (1831), which proved too indecent for the public taste; a novel, "Fragoletta ou Naples et Paris en 1799" (1829), which attained a success of notoriety; "La Vallée aux loups" (1833), a volume of prose essays and verse; and two volumes of poems, "Les Adieus", (1843) and "Les Agrestes" (1844).

paragraph: Latouche's chief claim to remembrance is that he revealed to the world the genius of André Chénier, then only known to a limited few. The remains of the poet's work had passed from the hands of Daunou to Latouche, who had sufficient critical insight instantly to recognize their value. In editing the first selection of Chénier's poems (1819) he made some trifling emendations, but did not, as Beranger afterwards asserted, make radical and unnecessary changes.

paragraph: Latouche was guilty of more than one literary fraud. He caused a licentious story of his own to be attributed to the duchess of Duras, the irreproachable author of "Ourika". He made many enemies by malicious attacks on his contemporaries. The "Constitutionnel" was suppressed in 1817 by the government for an obscure political allusion in an article by Latouche. He then undertook the management of the "Mercure du XIXe siècle", and began a bitter warfare against the monarchy.

paragraph: After 1830 he edited "Le Figaro", and spared neither the liberal politicians nor the romanticists who triumphed under the monarchy of July. In his turn he was violently attacked by Gustave Planche in the "Revue des deux mondes" for November 1831. But it must be remembered to the credit of Latouche that he did much to encourage George Sand at the beginning of her career.

paragraph: The last twenty years of his life were spent in retirement at Val d’Aulnay.

paragraph: Sainte-Beuve, in the "Causeries du lundi", vol. 3, gives a not too sympathetic portrait of Latouche. See also George Sand in the "Siecle" for the 18th, 19th and 20 July 1851.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: French writer

wikidata_label: Henri de Latouche

wikipedia_title: Henri de Latouche


text:
Cincinnati Kelly's Killers
American Association
Baseball-reference

categories: Cedar Rapids Bunnies players,St. Joseph Saints players,Cincinnati Kelly's Killers players,Baseball players from Indiana,Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players,Year of birth missing,Grand Rapids Gold Bugs players,Major League Baseball pitchers,Oshkosh Indians players,19th-century baseball players,Jacksonville Jacks players,Montgomery Colts players,Easton Dutchmen players,Year of death missing,Grand Rapids Rippers players

paragraph: John Slagle

paragraph: John A. Slagle was an American major league baseball pitcher. He pitched one game, 1 scoreless innings, for the Cincinnati Kelly's Killers of the American Association on April 30, 1891. After his brief Major League appearance, he pitched through 1896 in the minor leagues.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Baseball-reference

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: John Slagle

wikipedia_title: John Slagle


text: German

text: botanist

text: geneticist

text: heredity

text: Gregor Mendel

text: Erich Tschermak von Seysenegg

text: Hugo de Vries

text: William Jasper Spillman

text: Karl Nägeli

text: Munich

text: Switzerland

text: Munich

text: Karl Nägeli

text: University of Tübingen

text: Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology

text: model organism

text: cytoplasmic inheritance

text: University of Tübingen

text: hawkweed

text: Charles Darwin

text: genetics

text: chromosomal

text: four o'clock

text: ovule

text: recessive gene

text: dominant gene

text: non-mendelian inheritance

text: gene

text: chloroplast

text: ribosome

text: homozygous

text: recessive

text: organelle

text: angiosperms

text: cytoplasmic inheritance

categories: German geneticists,Phycologists,Bryologists,1864 births,Pteridologists,German mycologists,1933 deaths,German botanists,People from Munich

paragraph: Carl Correns

paragraph: Carl Erich Correns (19 September 1864 – 14 February 1933) was a German botanist and geneticist, who is notable primarily for his independent discovery of the principles of heredity, and for his rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's earlier paper on that subject, which he achieved simultaneously but independently of the botanists Erich Tschermak von Seysenegg and Hugo de Vries, and the agronomist William Jasper Spillman.

paragraph: Correns was a student of Karl Nägeli, a renowned botanist with whom Mendel corresponded about his work with peas, but who failed to understand how significant Mendel's work was.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Carl Correns was born September 1864 in Munich. Orphaned at an early age, he was raised by an aunt in Switzerland. He entered the University of Munich in 1885. While there, he was encouraged to study botany by Karl Nägeli, a botanist whom Mendel corresponded with on the subject of his pea plant experiments. After completing his thesis, Correns became a tutor at the University of Tübingen and in 1913 he became the first director of the newly founded Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology in Berlin-Dahlem.

paragraph: Carl Correns conducted much of the foundational work for the field of genetics at the turn of the 20th century. He rediscovered and independently verified the work of Mendel in a separate model organism. He also discovered cytoplasmic inheritance, an important extension of Mendel's theories, which demonstrated the existence of extra-chromosomal factors on phenotype. Most of Correns' work went unpublished however, and was destroyed in the Berlin bombings of 1945.

paragraph: Section::::Key experiments and findings.:Rediscovery of Mendel.

paragraph: In 1892, while at the University of Tübingen, Correns began to experiment with trait inheritance in plants. He focused mainly on the hawkweed plant experiments that Mendel carried out, not being aware of the pea plant results. Correns published his first paper on 25 January 1900, which cited both Charles Darwin and Mendel, though without fully recognising the relevance of genetics to Darwin's ideas. In Correns' paper, "G. Mendel's Law Concerning the Behavior of the Progeny of Racial Hybrids", he restated Mendel's results and his law of segregation and law of independent assortement.

paragraph: Section::::Key experiments and findings.:Cytoplasmic inheritance.

paragraph: After rediscovering Mendel's laws of heredity, which apply to chromosomal inheritance, he undertook experiments with the four o'clock ("Mirabilis jalapa") to investigate apparent counterexamples to Mendel's laws in the heredity of variegated (green and white mottled) leaf color. Correns found that, while Mendelian traits behave independently of the sex of the source parent, leaf color depended greatly on which parent had which trait. For instance, pollinating an ovule from a white branch with pollen from another white area resulted in white progeny, the predicted result for a recessive gene. Green pollen used on a green stigma resulted in all green progeny, the expected result for a dominant gene. However, if green pollen fertilized a white stigma, the progeny were white, but if the sexes of the donors were reversed (white pollen on a green stigma), the progeny were green.

paragraph: This non-mendelian inheritance pattern was later traced to a gene named "iojap" which codes for a small protein required for proper assembly of the chloroplast ribosome. Even though "iojap" assorts according to Mendel's rules, if the mother is homozygous recessive, then the protein is not produced, the chloroplast ribosomes fail to form, and the plasmid becomes non-functional because the ribosomes cannot be imported into the organelle. The progeny could have functional copies of "iojap", but since the chloroplasts come exclusively from the mother in most angiosperms, they would have been inactivated in the previous generation, and so will give white plants. Conversely, if a white father is paired with a green mother with functional chloroplasts, the progeny will only inherit functional chloroplasts, and will thus be green. In his 1909 paper, he established variegated leaf color as the first conclusive example of cytoplasmic inheritance.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article relating the work of Gregor Mendel

alias:
Correns
Carl Erich Correns

description: German botanist and geneticist

wikidata_label: Carl Correns

wikipedia_title: Carl Correns


text:
Hungary
First Hungarian People's Republic
Prime Minister
President
Roman Catholic
Fót
Austria-Hungary
left-wing
First World War
István Tisza
Woodrow Wilson
Fourteen Points
Budapest
Aster Revolution
Charles IV
Habsburgs
Austria
Hungarian Democratic Republic
Hungarian Social Democratic Party
Oszkár Jászi
Soviet
Russia
Dual Power
Austria-Hungary
Armistice of villa Giusti
Padua
Italy
Belgrade
Louis Franchet d'Esperey
Romanians
Yugoslavs
Transylvania
Galicia
Czechoslovakia
coal
unemployment
inflation
Lajos Hatvany
Harold Nicolson
Sigmund Freud
István Tisza
Vix Note
Dénes Berinkey
Béla Kun
Hungarian Soviet Republic
Barna Buza
Ernő Garami
Béla Linder
Albert Bartha
Sándor Festetics
Pál Szende
Tivadar Batthyány
Vince Nagy
Barna Buza
Dénes Berinkey
Tivadar Batthyány
Márton Lovászy
Zsigmond Kunfi
Oszkár Jászi
Zsigmond Kunfi
Béla Linder
Zsigmond Kunfi
Transylvania
István Bethlen
Admiral Horthy
Archduke Joseph
Szeged
France
Britain
Horthy era
Communist
Morris Ernst
socialist
Hungary
László Rajk
Vence
Imre Varga
Kossuth Lajos tér
Siófok

categories: Presidents of Hungary,Foreign ministers of Hungary,Prime Ministers of Hungary,1875 births,People from Pest County,1955 deaths,Finance ministers of Hungary,Hungarian revolutionaries,Hungarian socialists,Ambassadors of Hungary to France,Burials at Kerepesi Cemetery,Hungarian people of the Hungarian–Romanian War,Károlyi family

paragraph: Mihály Károlyi

paragraph: Count Mihály Ádám György Miklós Károlyi de Nagykároly (4 March 1875 – 19 March 1955) was briefly Hungary's leader from 1918 to 1919 during the short-lived First Hungarian People's Republic. He served as Prime Minister between 1 and 16 November 1918 and as President between 16 November 1918 and 21 March 1919.

paragraph: Section::::Background and early career.

paragraph: The Károlyi family were an illustrious, extremely wealthy, Roman Catholic aristocratic family who had played an important role in Hungarian life since the 17th century. Mihály was born in Fót, Austria-Hungary in what is today Hungary. In his youth, he was a wastrel, but as he grew older, he became devoted to more serious pursuits. In 1909, he became the President of the OMGE (National Agricultural Society), the main rural organization of the nobility. Initially a supporter of the existing political and social system in Hungary, Károlyi gradually became more progressive and left-wing during his career.

paragraph: In 1910, Károlyi was elected to Parliament as a member of the opposition Party of Independence.

paragraph: Section::::Background and early career.:World War I.

paragraph: During the First World War, the pro-Entente Károlyi led a small but very active pacifist anti-war maverick fraction in the Hungarian parliament. Károlyi made contact with British and French Entente diplomats behind the scenes in Switzerland during the war. The Károlyi Party was always a weak group with no mass organization and only 20 members in Parliament, most of whom had little commitment to the party. Károlyi argued for peace with the Allies, looser ties between Austria and Hungary, abolishing the property-based franchise requirements that allowed only 5.8% of the population to vote and run for office before the war, and giving women the right to vote and hold office. In particular, Károlyi's demand in 1915 that veterans should be granted the right to vote won so much popular support that enraged the Prime Minister, Count István Tisza. In 1916 Károlyi broke off with his party, which had found his openly pro-Entente attitude to be too radical and dangerous for a war-time pacifist faction. Károlyi formed a new party, called the United Party of Independence and of 1848, and generally known as the Károlyi Party.

paragraph: In January 1918, Károlyi proclaimed himself a follower of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.

paragraph: On 7 November 1914 in Budapest, Károlyi married Countess Katalin Andrássy de Csíkszentkirály et Krasznahorka, with whom he had three children. Károlyi's wife was a member of one of Hungary's most powerful families, and this marriage won Károlyi the protection of his influential father-in-law.

paragraph: Following the Aster Revolution of October 1918, Károlyi became leader of the nation. On 25 October 1918 Károlyi had formed an opposition National Council. His reputation as an opponent of the much-hated war had thrust him into a role for which he was not suited. King-Emperor Charles IV designated him as Prime Minister as a part of a desperate attempt to hold Hungary on to the Habsburgs. Károlyi would have preferred to keep the monarchy and some link to Austria if possible. Only after Charles's withdrawal from government on 16 November 1918 made Károlyi proclaim the Hungarian Democratic Republic, with himself as Provisional President. On 11 January 1919 the National Council formally recognized him as President.

paragraph: Many citizens thought that Károlyi could negotiate soft peace terms with the Allies for Hungary. Károlyi headed the Provisional Government from 1 November 1918 until 16 November, when the Hungarian Democratic Republic was proclaimed. Károlyi ruled Hungary through a National Council, transformed into the government that consisted of his party in alliance with the large Hungarian Social Democratic Party and the small Civic Radical Party led by Oszkár Jászi.

paragraph: At the same time, there existed various revolutionary councils, which were dominated by the Social Democrats, which were not unlike the "Soviets" (Councils) that existed in Russia in 1917. This situation of Dual Power gave Károlyi responsibility without much power while giving the Social Democrats power without much responsibility.

paragraph: During their brief periods in power, Károlyi and Jászi, who served as Nationalities Minister, tried to create an "Eastern Switzerland" by persuading the non-Magyar peoples of Hungary to stay as part of the new Hungarian Democratic Republic.

paragraph: Additional trouble for the new government occurred over the question of the armistice. Austria-Hungary had signed the lenient Armistice of villa Giusti (close to Padua, Italy) with the Allies on 3 November 1918. Since Hungary was now independent, some in the Cabinet argued that Hungary needed to sign a new armistice. Against his better judgement, Károlyi agreed to this idea, and had Hungary sign in November 1918, a new armistice with the Allies in Belgrade with the Allied Commander in the Balkans, the French General Louis Franchet d'Esperey.

paragraph: General Franchet d'Esperey treated the Hungarians with open contempt and imposed a much harsher armistice on the defeated nation than the Padua Armistice had. This was the source of much criticism of Károlyi, who had been expected – and who himself expected – the Allies to treat Hungary as a friend, not an enemy. Moreover, Károlyi's opponents argued that by needlessly seeking a second armistice, Károlyi had worsened Hungary's situation.

paragraph: Furthermore, the Social Democrats who were Hungary's largest party by far, frequently undercut Károlyi and imposed their decisions on him without taking responsibility for their actions. Károlyi wished to transfer almost all of the rural lands to the peasants. To set an example, he gave all of his own vast family estates to his tenants. But this was the only land transfer that took place; the Social Democrats blocked any measures that might give the control of those lands to the peasantry on the grounds that it was promoting capitalism.

paragraph: In another equally unfortunate move, the pacific-minded Károlyi had abolished almost all the Hungarian armed forces in November 1918. All through the winter of 1918–19, the Romanians, the Yugoslavs and the Czechoslovaks often broke the armistice in order to seize more territory for themselves. After January 1919, Károlyi ordered the build-up of a Hungarian army and started to consider the idea of an alliance with Soviet Russia, through Károlyi was opposed to the idea of Communism in Hungary itself.

paragraph: In addition, as Hungary had signed an armistice, not a peace treaty, the Allied blockade continued until such time as a peace treaty was signed. Hungary had suffered from food shortages throughout the war and deaths from starvation had become common from 1917 onwards. Furthermore, the country had been overwhelmed with refugees from Transylvania and Galicia.

paragraph: Making things worse was the creation of Czechoslovakia which had cut Hungary off from supplies of German coal. Hungary which possessed little coal depended upon German coal imports. Without coal, most had to live without heat in the winter of 1918–19, and the railroad network had gradually ceased to function. The collapse of railroads in their turn caused the collapse of industry and hence mass unemployment.

paragraph: Making things even worse was the economic incompetence of the government which printed more and more money, leading to massive inflation and even more impoverishment. Károlyi's failure to improve living conditions or persuade the Allies to lift the blockade led to public criticism of Károlyi.

paragraph: Baron Lajos Hatvany described Károlyi's leadership well when he noted "From the discussions no decisions arose, and from the decisions – no actions. A cabinet? No, it was a debating club". In the same vein, the British writer Harold Nicolson, who had known Károlyi during his exile in Britain, when reviewing Károlyi's memoirs in 1957 noted that: "he had many qualities, but unfortunately lacked those for which a man is taken seriously by serious people".

paragraph: Sigmund Freud, the Austrian psychologist—who had known the two politicians personally—wrote about the assassination of István Tisza and the appointment of Mihály Károlyi as new prime minister of Hungary:

paragraph: On 20 March 1919 the French presented the Vix Note ordering Hungarian troops further back into Hungary; it was widely assumed that the military lines would be the new frontiers. Károlyi and Prime Minister Dénes Berinkey were now in an untenable position. Although they did not want to accept this French demand, they were in no position to reject it either. On 21 March, Berinkey resigned. Károlyi then announced that only the Social Democrats could form a new government. Unknown to Károlyi, however, the Social Democrats had merged their party with the Communists led by Béla Kun. Hours after Berinkey resigned, the newly merged Hungarian Socialist Party announced Károlyi's resignation and the formation of the Hungarian Soviet Republic. At that point, Károlyi accepted the "fait accompli" and retired from active politics.

paragraph: Section::::Leading the Democratic Republic.:Károlyi's cabinet.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minister of Agriculture: Barna Buza

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minister of Commerce: Ernő Garami

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minister of Defense: Béla Linder (31 October 1918 to 9 November 1918); Albert Bartha (9 November 1918 to 12 December 1918; Mihály Károlyi (12 December 1918 to 29 December 1918; Sándor Festetics (29 December 1918 to 19 January 1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minister of Finance: Mihály Károlyi (31 October 1918 to 25 November 1918; Pál Szende (25 November 1918 to 19 January 1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minister of Food: Ferenc Nagy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minister of the Interior: Tivadar Batthyány (31 October 1918 to 12 December 1918; Vince Nagy (12 December 1918 to 19 January 1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minister of Justice: Barna Buza (31 October 1918 to 3 November 1918; Dénes Berinkey (3 November 1918 to 19 January 1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- King's Personal Minister: Tivadar Batthyány (31 October 1918 to 1 November 1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minister of Religion and Education: Márton Lovászy (31 October 1918 to 23 December 1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minister of Welfare and Labour: Zsigmond Kunfi (12 December 1918 to 19 January 1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minister Without Portfolio: Oszkár Jászi (31 October 1918 to 1 November 1918); Zsigmond Kunfi (31 October 1918 to 12 November 1918); Béla Linder (9 November 1918 to 12 December 1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minister Without Portfolio for Croatia-Slavonia and Dalmatia: Zsigmond Kunfi (6 November 1918 to 19 January 1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minister Without Portfolio for Nationalities: Oszkár Jászi (1 November 1918 to 19 January 1919)

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: On 10 April 1919, "Romanian troops began to invade Hungary to forestall reconquest of Transylvania. A provisional government was set up by Count Julius Karolyi (brother of Michael), Count István Bethlen, Admiral Horthy, and Archduke Joseph at Szeged (under French occupation)."

paragraph: In July 1919, Károlyi went into exile in France and during World War Two, in Britain. Throughout the Horthy era, Károlyi was in a state of official disgrace in his homeland.

paragraph: In 1924, while Károlyi's wife was in the United States she came down with typhoid fever. Károlyi applied for a visa to come to the United States to visit her, but the State Department imposed a gag order, preventing him from giving any political speeches, as the State Department believed him to be a Communist. A year later, Countess Károlyi was denied a visa to visit the United States, but Secretary Kellogg of the State Department refused to explain on what grounds her visa denial was made. Morris Ernst acted as Károlyi's lawyer for these issues.

paragraph: In 1946, Károlyi, who by that time had become a socialist, returned to Hungary and from 1947–49 served as the Hungarian Ambassador to France. In 1949, he resigned in protest over the show trial and execution of László Rajk.

paragraph: He wrote two volumes of memoirs in exile; "Egy egész világ ellen" ("Against the Entire World") in 1925 and "Memoirs: Faith without Illusion" in 1954.

paragraph: He died in Vence, France.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In 1975, a memorial to Károlyi, sculpted by Imre Varga, was installed in Budapest's Kossuth Lajos tér. In 2012, the government began renovation to the square to the way it looked before World War II, and Károlyi's statue was moved to Siófok. At the same time, throughout Hungary, many cities changed the name of their own streets named after Mihály Károlyi. In Budapest for example the name of the prominent street in downtown, was changed from "Károlyi Mihály utca" to simply "Károlyi utca", removing the association with him.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deak, Istvan "The Decline and Fall of Habsburg Hungary, 1914–18" pages 10–30 from "Hungary in Revolution" edited by Ivan Volgyes Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Menczer, Bela "Bela Kun and the Hungarian Revolution of 1919" pages 299–309 from "History Today" Volume XIX, Issue #5, May 1969, History Today Inc: London

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pastor, Peter, "Hungary between Wilson and Lenin: the Hungarian revolution of 1918–1919 and the Big Three", Boulder: East European Quarterly; New York: distributed by Columbia University Press, 1976.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Szilassy, Sándor "Revolutionary Hungary, 1918–1921", Astor Park. Fla., Danubian Press 1971.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vermes, Gabor "The October Revolution In Hungary" pages 31–60 from "Hungary in Revolution" edited by Ivan Volgyes Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971.

description: Hungarian politician, president, prime minister of Hungary and ambassador to France

wikidata_label: Mihály Károlyi

wikipedia_title: Mihály Károlyi